,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,bullet9 ,no4 #ajia ,also ,te*nical ,bullet9 ,no4 #a ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,univ]sity ( ,arizona ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pr(essional ,,pap] ,septemb] #ac1 #aibb ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,kang>oo ,,rat ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis ,m]riam ,,by ,,*>les ,t4 ,,vorhies1 ,entomologi/ ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,univ]sity ( ,arizona2 & ,,walt] ,p4 ,,taylor1 ,assi/ant ,biologi/ ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,,cont5ts ,importance ( ,rod5t ,gr\ps #a ,id5tification #c ,description #e ,occurr5ce #g ,habits #i ,food & ,/orage #ah ,burr[ ,sy/ems1 or ,d5s #bh ,comm5sals & ,enemies #cc ,abundance #cf ,economic ,consid]ations #cf ,summ>y #ch ,bibliography #dj ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aibb ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,bann]-tail$ ,kang>oo ,rat 7,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis ,m]riam74 ,f ,dipodomys m]riami ,me>ns & subspecies1 :i* occur ov] mu* ( its range1 ?is =m is easily di/+ui%$ by its l>g] size & ! conspicu\s :ite bru% on ! tail4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,bullet9 ,no4 #ajia ,also ,te*nical ,bullet9 ,no4 #a ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,univ]sity ( ,arizona ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pr(essional ,,pap] ,septemb]1 #aibb ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,kang>oo ,,rat1 ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis ,m]riam4 ,by ,,*>les ,t4 ,,vorhies1 ,entomologi/1 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,univ]sity ( ,arizona2 & ,,walt] ,p4 ,,taylor1 ,assi/ant ,biologi/1 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,importance ( rod5t gr\ps #a ,inve/igational me?ods #b ,id5tification #c ,description #e ,g5]al *>act]s #e ,color #f ,oil gl& #f ,measurem5ts & weights #g ,occurr5ce #g ,g5]al di/ribution #g ,habitat #g ,habits #i ,evid5ce ( pres5ce #i ,m\nds #i ,runways & tracks #aj ,signals #aa ,voice #ab ,daily & seasonal activity #ab ,pugnacity & sociability #ac ,s5se developm5ts #ad ,movem5ts & attitudes #ae ,/or+ habits #ae ,bre$+ habits #af ,food & /orage #ah ,burr[ sy/ems1 or d5s #bh ,comm5sals & enemies #cc ,comm5sals #cc ,natural *ecks #cd ,p>asites #ce ,abundance #cf ,economic consid]ations #cf ,control #cg ,summ>y #ch ,bibliography #dj ,,note4--,?is bullet91 a jo9t contribution ( ! ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey & ! ,arizona ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 conta9s a summ>y ( ! results ( inve/igations ( ! relation ( a subspecies ( kang>oo rat to ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! op5 ranges1 be+ "o phase ( a g5]al /udy ( ! life hi/ories ( rod5t gr\ps z !y affect agriculture1 =e/ry1 & graz+4 ,,importance ,,( ,,rod5t ,,gr\ps4 ,z ! s]i\s "* ( ! depr$ations by h>mful rod5ts is recogniz$1 ,/ate1 ,f$]al1 & private exp5ditures = _! control increase ye> by ye>4 ,^! depr$ations include n only ! attacks by introduc$ rats & mice on food mat]ials /or$ 9 gran>ies1 w>eh\ses1 comm]cial e/abli%m5ts1 docks1 & private h\ses1 b also1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! ravages ( sev]al gr\ps ( native gr\nd squirrels & o!r noxi\s rod5ts 9 gra9 & c]ta9 o!r field crops4 ,nor is ?is all1 = x has be5 f\nd t su* rod5ts z prairie dogs1 pocket goph]s1 m>mots1 gr\nd squirrels1 & rabbits take appreciable & s]i\s toll ( ! =age on ! op5 graz+ range2 9 fact1 t !y r$uce ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! range to su* an ext5t t exp5ditures = control measures are amply ju/ifi$4 ,curr5t e/imates place ! loss ( goods due to rats & mice 9 w>eh\ses & /ores ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates at no less ?an #bjj1jjj1jjj annually1 & damage to ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! op5 range & to cultivat$ crops g5]ally by native rod5ts 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates at #cjj1jjj1jjj additional2 add$ toge!r1 we h an impressive total f depr$ations ( rod5ts4 ,! di/ribution & life habits ( rod5ts & ! g5]al consid]ation ( _! relation to agriculture1 =e/ry1 & graz+1 ) special ref]5ce to ! c>ry+ capacity ( /ock ranges1 is a subject t has receiv$ att5tion = _m ye>s f ! ,biological ,survey ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,z a result ( ! inve/igations conduct$ mu* has be5 le>n$ conc]n+ ! economic /atus ( mo/ ( ! m important gr\ps1 & ! k already ga9$ =ms ! basis ( ! ext5sive rod5t-control "w already 9 progress1 & 9 :i* _m ,/ates are coop]at+ ) ! bureau4 ,if ! "w is to be prosecut$ intellig5tly & ! fulle/ measure ( success a*iev$1 x is ess5tial t ! consid]ation l>gely ( gr\ps z a :ole be supplem5t$ by m exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! life hi/ories ( individual species & ( _! place 9 ! biological complex4 ,! pres5t report is bas$ ^u inve/igations1 *iefly 9 ,arizona1 ( ! life hi/ory1 habits1 & economic /atus ( ! bann]-tail$ kang>oo rat1 ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis ,m]riam 7,pl4 ,i74 ,,inve/igational ,,me?ods4 ,"s #ah ye>s ago 79 #aijc7 a tract ( l& #di4b squ>e miles 9 area on ! ,coronado ,national ,=e/ ne> ! ,santa ,rita ,m\nta9s1 ,pima ,c\nty1 s\!rn ,arizona1 0 clos$ to graz+ by arrangem5t betwe5 ! ,=e/ ,s]vice & ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona4 ,s9ce t "t ano!r small tract ( ne>ly a section has be5 inclos$ 7,griffi?s1 #aiaj1 #ga74 ,?is total area ( approximately #ej squ>e miles is kn[n z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,range ,res]ve1 & is be+ devot$ to a /udy ( graz+ conditions 9 ?is section & to work+ out ! be/ me?ods ( adm9i/]+ ! range 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #a74 ,= "s ye>s an int5sive /udy ( ! =age & o!r vegetative conditions ( ?is area has be5 made1 ! p]man5t vegetation quadrat1 z propos$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,clem5ts 7#aije1 #afa-age71 be+ l>gely utiliz$4 ,dur+ ! autumn ( #aiag repres5tatives ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution & ! ,arizona ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation visit$ ! ,res]ve & 7 impress$ ) ! evid5ce ( rod5t damage to ! grass cov]4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s appe>ance ( damage 0 not$ ab\t ! habitations ( ! bann]-tail$ kang>oo rat 7,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis ,m]riam71 al?\gh x 0 obs]v$ also t jack rabbits ( two species 7,lepus cali=nicus eremicus ,all5 & ,l4 all5i all5i ,me>ns71 :i* 7 v abundant 9 "s portions ( ! res]ve1 7 app>5tly affect+ adv]sely ! =age conditions 9 p>ticul> localities4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,biological ,survey1 ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona1 ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice h und]tak5 a /udy ( ! relation ( ! m important rod5ts to ! =age crop ( ! ,range ,res]ve 9 ,arizona4 ,! pres5t pap] is a fir/ /ep 9 ?is l>g] inve/igation4#b ,9 ?is "w ! au?ors h made no attempt to deal ) ! taxonomic side ( ! kang>oo rat problem4 ,x is n unlikely t int5sive /udies w %[ t ! =m n[ kn[n z ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis is made up ( a numb] ( local v>iants1 "s ( !m p]haps wor?y ( recognition z additional subspecies4 ,b x is felt t ! conclusions "h rea*$ w be little1 if at all1 affect$ by su* developm5ts4 ,color descriptions are bas$ on ,ridgway's ,color ,/&>ds & ,color ,nom5clature publi%$ 9 #aiab4 ,footnote #a3 ,ref]5ces 9 p>5!ses are to ! ,bibliography1 p4 #dj 7! la/ figure be+ to ! page ( ! publication74 ,ref]5ces to au?orities :]e no citation ( lit]ature is app5d$ relate = ! mo/ "p to manuscript notes 9 ! files ( ! ,biological ,survey or ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 addition to assi/ance r5d]$ by (ficials ( ! ,biological ,survey & ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona1 :i* is h]eby ackn[l$g$1 ! au?ors are indebt$ to ! foll[+ p]sons = helpful sugge/ions & assi/ance3 ,g4 ,s4 ,mill] & ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum2 ,dr4 ,fr$]ic ,e4 ,clem5ts & ,gorm ,l(tfield1 ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution2 ,morgan ,heb>d1 ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia2 ,james ,t4 ,j>d9e & ,r4 ,l4 ,h5sel1 bo? =m]ly connect$ ) ! ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice2 & ,r4 ,r4 ,hill1 ( ! ,=e/ ,s]vice4 ,!y are also indebt$ to ,william ,ni*olson1 ( ,cont95tal1 ,ariz41 = _m c\rtesies ext5d$ 9 connection ) "w on ! ,res]ve4 ,,id5tification4 ,!re are only ?ree gr\ps ( mammals 9 ! ,s\?we/ hav+ ext]nal *eek p\*es4 ,^! are 7a7 ! pocket goph]s 7,geomyid71 :i* h /rong =e feet1 relatively weak h9d feet1 & %ort tail1 z comp>$ ) weak =e feet1 relatively /rong h9d feet1 & long tail 9 ! o!r two2 7b7 ! pocket mice 7,p]ogna?us71 :i* are consid]ably small] ?an ! kang>oo rats & lack ! conspicu\s :ite hip /ripe possess$ by all ! latt]2 & 7c7 ! kang>oo rats 7,dipodomys74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,range1 ea/ ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ( ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis comp>$ ) t ( ,dipodomys m]riami4 ,cross hat*+ indicates area ( ov]lapp+ ( ! two =ms4 ,! range ( ,dipodomys des]ti1 n %[n on ! map1 is we/ ( t ( spectabilis1 & s f> z kn[n ! two d n ov]lap4 ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis ,m]riam requires comp>ison ) ?ree o!r =ms ( kang>oo rats 9 ! same g5]al region1 namely1 ,d4 des]ti ,/eph5s1 ( approximately ! same size1 & ,d4 m]riami ,me>ns & ,d4 ordii ,woodh\se1 ! la/ two ( decid$ly small] size4 ,! range ( des]ti lies pr9cipally to ! we/ ( t ( spectabilis1 & ! two d n1 s f> z kn[n1 ov]lap4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m]riami & ordii1 & subspecies1 occur ov] a l>ge "p ( ! range ( spectabilis1 liv+ 9 v close proximity to its burr[s2 m]riami is ev5 suspect$ ( pillag+ ! /ores ( spectabilis4 ,! range ( m]riami1 h[ev]1 is mu* m ext5sive ?an t ( spectabilis 7,fig4 #a71 :i* argues aga9/ a def9ite ecological dep5d5ce or relation%ip4 ,sep>ation ( ! f\r =ms m5tion$ may be easily accompli%$ by ! foll[+ key3 ,key to ,species ( ,dipodomys 9 ,arizona4 a#a4 ,size mu* l>g] 7h9d foot & greate/ l5g? ( skull m ?an #db millimet]s72 tail tipp$ ) :ite4 b#a4 ,upp] p>ts d>k br[ni% buffy2 tail d>k br[ni% or blacki% ) m %>ply contra/$ :ite tip2 int]p>ietal broad]1 di/9ctly sep>at+ ma/oids 7range 9 ,arizona ma9ly s\!a/]n "p7 ,dipodomys spectabilis4 b#b4 ,upp] p>ts light o*race\s-buffy2 tail pale br[ni% ) less %>ply contra/$ :ite tip2 int]p>ietal n>r[]1 r$uc$ to m]e spicule betwe5 ma/oids 7range 9 ,arizona ma9ly s\?we/]n "p7 ,dipodomys des]ti4 a#b4 ,size mu* small] 7h9d foot & greate/ l5g? ( skull less ?an #db millimet]s72 tail n tipp$ ) :ite4 b#a4 ,h9d foot ) f\r toes ,dipodomys m]riami4 b#b4 ,h9d foot ) five toes ,dipodomys ordii4 ,on acc\nt ( ! small size1 m]riami & ordii d n require detail$ color comp>ison ) ! o!r two4 ,! g5]al color ( ! upp]p>ts ( spectabilis is mu* d>k] ?an t ( des]ti2 :]eas spectabilis is o*race\s-buff or light o*race\s-buff grizzl$ ) blacki%1 des]ti is ne> pale o*race\s-buff & lacks ! blacki%4 ,! color ( ! upp]p>ts alone amply suffices to di/+ui% spectabilis & des]ti2 b ! diff]5t coloration ( ! tail is ! mo/ obvi\s diagno/ic feature4 ,! ne> black ( ! middle portion ( ! tail1 ! conspicu\s :ite side /ripes1 & ! pure :ite tip make ! tail ( spectabilis /& 9 r vivid contra/ to ! pale-br[n & :iti% tail ( des]ti4 ,! d5s ( ! two l>g] species ( ,dipodomys--spectabilis & des]ti--c be di/+ui%$ at a glance f ^? ( ! two small]--m]riami & ordii--by ! fact t ! m\nds ( ! =m] are usually ( consid]able size & ! burr[ m\?s are ( great] diamet]4 ,on ! ,range ,res]ve m]riami erects no m\nds1 b excavates its burr[s 9 ! op5 or at ! base ( ,prosopis1 ,lycium1 or o!r bru%4 ,! m\nds ( spectabilis are high] ?an ^? ( des]ti1 ! entrances are l>g]1 & !y are locat$ 9 h>d] soil 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! d5s ( des]ti are usually m ext5sive 9 surface area ?an ^? ( spectabilis1 & h a great] numb] ( op5+s 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,w9t] ,,view ,,( ,,area ,,inhabit$ ,,by ,,kang>oo ,,rats4 ,a wat]-hole sc5e on ! ,u4 ,s4 ,range ,res]ve at ! base ( ! ,santa ,rita ,m\nta9s1 ,ariz41 :]e coop]ative inve/igations are be+ conduct$ to asc]ta9 ! relation ( rod5ts to =age4 ,?is is typical ( a l>ge section ( c\ntry occupi$ by ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis & ,dipodomys m]riami4 ,! bru% is mesquite 7,prosopis71 cat's-claw 7,acacia71 & palov]de 7,c]cidium74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,kang>oo ,,rat ,,c\ntry ,,foll[+ ,,summ] ,,dr\ght4 ,an area ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,range ,res]ve 9 ! autumn ( #aiah1 %[+ ! result ( failure ( summ] ra9s4 ,su* a condition is critical n only = ! /ockm5 b also = kang>oo rats & o!r des]t rod5ts1 & results 9 competition betwe5 !m z to :i* %all b5efit by :at ! range has to (f]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,kang>oo ,,rat ,,m\nd 7,,dipodomys ,s4 ,,spectabilis74 ,typical ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis m\nd on ! ,range ,res]ve1 "u %elt] ( des]t hackb]ry 7,celtis pallida74 ,mo/ d5s on ! res]ve are locat$ 9 ! %elt] ( bru% plants1 ! m important be+ mesquite 7,prosopis velut9a71 cat's-claw 7,acacia spp471 & ! des]t hackb]ry4 7,see also ,pl4 ,,viii ,fig4 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,kang>oo ,,rat ,,m\nd 7,,dipodomys ,,des]ti74 ,d5 ( ,dipodomys des]ti des]ti1 %[+ typical wide1 l[ m\nd ) num]\s entrance holes4 ,?is species excavates its d5 9 s(t1 s&y soil4 ,! tree is a species ( ,dalea4 ,,description4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]s4 ,size l>ge2 e>s mod]ate1 e> f cr[n 7tak5 9 dry sk97 #i or #aj millimet]s2 eyes prom95t2 :isk]s long & s5sitive2 =e feet %ort & weak2 h9d feet long & p[]ful1 provid$ ) f\r well-develop$ toes2 tail v long1 usually #cj to #dj p] c5t long] ?an ! body4 ,cranium triangul>1 ! occiput =m+ ! base & ! po9t ( ! nose ! apex ( ! triangle1 mu* flatt5$1 auditory & p>ticul>ly ma/oid bullae conspicu\sly inflat$4 ,,color4 ,g5]al color above1 br[ni% buffy1 v>y+ 9 "s specim5s to light] buffy t9ts1 grizzl$ ) black2 oblique hip /ripes :ite2 tail ) d>k-br[n or blacki% /ripes above & bel[1 runn+ into blacki% ab\t halfway betwe5 base & tip1 & ) two lat]al side /ripes ( :ite to a po9t ab\t halfway back2 tail tipp$ ) pure :ite = ab\t #dj millimet]s 7,pl4 ,i74 ,und]p>ts :ite1 hairs :ite to bases1 ) "s plumbe\s & buffy hairs ab\t base ( tail2 =e legs & =e feet :ite all ar\nd2 h9d legs l back1 br[n above1 hairs ) gray bases1 becom+ blacki% 7fusc\s-black or *tura-black7 ab\t ankles1 hairs on "u side :ite to bases2 h9d feet :ite above1 d>k-br[n or blacki% 7ne> fusc\s7 bel[4 ,color v>iations 9 a s]ies ( #ab specim5s f ! type locality & po9ts widely scatt]$ ?r\gh ! range ( spectabilis consi/ 9 m9or modifications ( ! degree ( coloration1 l5g? ( :ite tip ( tail1 & l5g? ( :ite lat]al tail /ripes4 ,9 g5]al ! color patt]n & *>act]s are rem>kably uni=m4 ,"y specim5s1 :ile exhibit+ ! color patt]n & g5]al color ( adults1 are conspicu\sly less br[n1 & m grayi%4 ,!re appe>s to be little v>iation 9 color ) season4 ,9 ! s]ies at h&1 mo/ specim5s tak5 dur+ ! fall1 w9t]1 & spr+ are v slightly br[n] ?an ^? ( summ]1 sugge/+ t ! fre% pelage foll[+ ! fall molt is a little bright] ?an is ! pelage aft] be+ worn all w9t] & into ! foll[+ summ]4 ,b at mo/ ! diff]5ce is slight4 ,,oil ,,gl&4 ,^u sep>at+ ! hairs ( ! middle region ( ! back ab\t a ?ird ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! e>s & ! rump1 "o uncov]s a prom95t gl&1 elliptical 9 outl9e1 ) long axis longitud9al & ab\t #i millimet]s 9 l5g?4 ,! gl& pres5ts a r\gh5$ & granul> appe>ance1 & few] hairs gr[ ^u x ?an else:]e on ! back4 ,! hairs 9 ! vic9ity are frequ5tly matt$1 z if ) a secretion4 ,9 worn /age ( pelage ! gl& may be visible f above )\t sep>at+ ! hairs4 ,bailey has sugge/$ t ?is functions z an oil gl& = dress+ ! fur1 & our obs]vations be> out ?is view4 ,kang>oo rats kept 9 captivity )\t e>? or s& soon come to h a b$raggl$ appe>ance1 z if ! pelage 7 moi/4 ,:5 suppli$ ) f9e1 du/y s&1 !y soon recov] _! normal sleek appe>ance4 ,app>5tly ! =m] condition is due to an excess ( oil1 ! latt] to ! absorption ( ! excess 9 a du/ ba?4 ,! oil is d\btless an important adjunct to ! pres]vation ( ! sk9 & hair amid ! du/y surr\nd+s 9 :i* ! animal lives4 ,,measurem5ts ,,& ,,weights4 ,ext]nal measurem5ts include3 ,total l5g?1 f tip ( nose to tip ( tail )\t hairs1 measur$ be=e sk9n+2 tail v]tebr1 l5g? ( tail f po9t 9 angle :5 tail is b5t at "r angles to body to tip ( tail )\t hairs2 & h9d foot1 f heel to tip ( longe/ claw4 ,! foll[+ are measurem5ts ( a s]ies f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,range ,res]ve3 ,transcrib] note3 ,next l9e 0 correct$ p] erratum4 ,! orig9al text 0 ( ! foll[+ p>agraph 7,av]ages = #ag adult females3 ,total l5g?1 #cbf4d millimet]s74 ,av]age measurem5ts ( #cj adult specim5s ( bo? sexes3 ,total l5g?1 #cbf4b millimet]s 7#cdi-caj72 tail v]tebr1 #ahh4d 7#bjh-ahj72 h9d foot1 #di4e 7#ea-dg72 ! av]age weight ( #bi adult specim5s ( bo? sexes 0 #aad4e grams 7#aca4i-ih4j74 ,av]ages = #ag adult females3 ,total l5g?1 #cbf4d millimet]s 7#cdi-caj72 tail v]tebr1 #ahh4h 7#bjh-agi72 weight 7#af individuals71 #aac4g 7#aca4i-ih4j72 exclud+ pregnant females1 #ac individuals av]ag$ #aab4i grams 7#aca4i-ih4j74 ,av]ages = #ac adult males3 ,total l5g?1 #cbf millimet]s 7#cde-caa72 tail v]tebr1 #ahg4h 7#bjb-afh72 weight1 #aaf4h grams 7#abi-ajj74 ,!re appe>s to be no significant diff]5ce 9 ! measurem5ts & weights ( males & females1 ) ! possible exception ( ! comp>ison ( adult males & adult nonpregnant females4 ,,occurr5ce4 ,,g5]al ,,di/ribution4 ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis is f\nd 9 s\!a/]n ,arizona1 9 nor?we/]n1 c5tral1 & s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 9 extreme we/]n ,texas1 9 nor!rn ,sonora1 & 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,*ihuahua 7,fig4 #a74 ,a subspecies1 ,d4 s4 cratodon ,m]riam1 has be5 describ$ f ,*icalote1 ,aguas ,cali5tes1 ,mexico1 ! geographic range ( :i* lies 9 c5tral ,mexico 9 portions ( ! ,/ates ( ,zacatecas1 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 & ,aguas ,cali5tes4 ,,habitat4 ,9 ! ,tucson region spectabilis is typically a resid5t ( ! ,l[] ,sonoran ,zone4 ,?is is p]haps ! pr9cipal zone inhabit$ ov] its entire range1 b ! animal is (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,sonoran also1 & 9 ! ,gall9a ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,mexico ,holli/] f\nd x invad+ ! yell[ p9e ,transition :]e ! soil 0 dry & s&y & ! p9e woods ( op5 "*4 ,! same obs]v] f\nd x common 9 grassy & we$-gr[n p>ks among ! l>ge junip]s1 p9yons1 & scatt]+ yell[ p9es ( ! ,be> ,spr+ ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,mex4 ,bailey calls att5tion to ! fact t ! animal app>5tly does n inhabit ! l[] half ( ! ,l[] ,sonoran ,zone1 z x ext5ds nei!r into ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley ( ,texas nor ! ,gila ,valley ( ,arizona4 ,9 extreme we/]n ,texas x is common at ! upp] edge ( ! arid ,l[] ,sonoran ,zone1 & 9 ?is region does n ent] ! ,upp] ,sonoran to any ext5t4 ,9 ,july1 #aiad1 ,goldman f\nd ?is kang>oo rat common on ! pla9 at #d1fjj feet altitude1 ne> ,bonita1 ,graham ,c\nty1 ,ariz41 & not$ a few z high z #e1jjj feet altitude on ! w>m s\?we/]n slopes ( ! ,graham ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,=t ,grant4 ,app>5tly spectabilis rea*es its upp] altitude limit 9 ! ,burro ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,mex41 :]e ,bailey has f\nd x sp>+ly on w>m slopes up to #e1gjj feet1 & at ! we/]n base ( ! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s1 ea/ ( ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 :]e d5s occur at approximately #f1jjj feet4 ,ab\t ,tucson x is und\bt$ly m common 9 ! some:at high] portions ( ! ,l[] ,sonoran ,zone1 above ! ,covillea association1 ?an else:]e 7,pl4 ,,iv1 ,figs4 #a & #b74 ,a few scatt]$ d5s are to be se5 9 ! ,covillea belt1 b z "o rises to altitudes ( #c1ejj to #d1jjj feet1 & ! ,covillea is replac$ by ! cat's-claws 7,acacia sp4 & ,mimosa sp47 & scatt]$ mesquite 7,prosopis71 ) ! ,opuntia becom+ less abundant1 kang>oo rat m\nds come m & m 9 evid5ce4 ,"h is to be f\nd ! pr9cipal grass gr[? support+ ! graz+ indu/ry1 & ! pres5ce ( a m luxuriant grass flora is probably an important factor 9 ! great] abundance ( kang>oo rats1 bo? spectabilis & m]riami4 ,9 ?is g5]ally pref]r$ environm5t ! des]t hackb]ry 7,celtis pallida7 is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s %rubs2 clumps ( ?is species are commonly accompani$ by kang>oo rat m\nds4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! bann]-tail$ kang>oo rat has any m>k$ pref]5ce = build+ its m\nds "u ,celtis or "s o!r p>ticul> plant1 all ! obs]vable m\nds 7 c\nt$ 9 a /rip ab\t #bj rods wide & approximately #d miles long1 an area ( approximately #afj acres1 p>ticul> note be+ tak5 ( ! k9d ( %rub "u :i* ea* m\nd 0 locat$4 ,( #cjj m\nds 9 ?is area1 #if 7 "u ,prosopis1 #ie "u ,acacia1 #fe "u ,celtis1 #aa "u ,lycium1 #ca 9 ! op51 #a ab\t a *olla cactus 7,opuntia sp9osior71 & #a ab\t a prickly pe> 7,opuntia sp474 ,!re is app>5tly no /rongly m>k$ pref]5ce = any s+le species ( plant4 ,:ile bo? des]t hackb]ry & ! cat's-claws af=d a bett] protection ?an mesquite--s9ce cattle m (t5 seek %ade "u ! latt]1 & 9 s do+ frequ5tly trample ! m\nds sev]ely--x appe>s t ! g5]al protection ( a tree or %rub ( "s sort is s\ght by kang>oo rats1 r ?an ! specific protection ( ! ?icke/ or ?ornie/ species4 ,! foll[+ records indicate p>ticul> habitat pref]5ces ( spectabilis z not$ at diff]5t po9ts 9 its range3 ,occurs on op5 b>e knolls expos$ to w9ds1 also on gravelly places at l[] edge ( foo?ills 7,frankl9 ,m\nta9s1 ,tex41 ,gaut72 "h & !re ov] ! b>e/ & h>de/ ( ! gravelly mesas 7,bailey1 ,tex41 #aije1 #adg72 on op5 creosote-bu% & giant-cactus des]t 7,tucson1 ,ariz41 ,vorhies & ,taylor72 on firm1 gravelly1 or ev5 rocky soil on ! grassy bajada l& along ! nor?we/ base ( ! m\nta9s1 ei!r 9 ! op5 or "u ,celtis1 ,prosopis1 ,lycium1 ,acacia greggii1 or o!r bru% 7,santa ,rita ,m\nta9s1 ,ariz41 ,vorhies & ,taylor72 m\nds usually ?r[n up ar\nd a bun* ( cactus or mesquite bru% 7,magdal5a1 ,sonora1 ,bailey72 9 heavy soil 7,ajo1 ,ariz41 ,a4 ,b4 ,h[ell72 loamy soil 7,gunsight1 ,ariz41 ,a4 ,b4 ,h[ell72 9 mesa :]e n too /ony 7,magdal5a1 ,sonora1 ,bailey72 grassy pla9 7,gallego1 ,*ihuahua1 ,nelson72 9 op5 valley & high op5 pla9s 7,santa ,rosa1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,bailey72 9 grassy & we$-gr[n p>ks among ! l>g] junip]s1 p9yons1 & scatt]+ yell[ p9es 7,be> ,spr+ ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,holli/]72 on s&-dune /rip 7ea/ side ( ,pecos ,riv]1 #ae miles nor!a/ ( ,roswell1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,bailey72 among ,eph$ra pat*es 7,san ,juan ,valley1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,birdseye72 9 op5 s&y soil along dry wa% 7,rio ,alamosa1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,goldman72 on sides & cre/s ( b>e1 /ony hills 7,mesa ,jumanes1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,gaut72 9 op51 arid "p ( ! valley & /ony mesas 7,c>lsbad & ,pecos ,valley1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,bailey72 ab\t ! edges ( ! pla9s ( ,san ,augu/9e & ! foo?ills ( ! ,datil & ,gall9a ,m\nta9s1 & 9 ! ,transition ,zone yell[-p9e =e/ ( ! ,gall9a ,m\nta9s 7,datil region1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,holli/]72 on h>d limy ridges 7,monahans1 ,tex41 ,c>y74 ,a4 ,brazi] ,h[ell notes t spectabilis occurs 9 h>d] soil ?an does des]ti4 ,?is obs]vation is confirm$ by o!rs1 & seems to af=d a conspicu\s habitat diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 = des]ti is typically an animal ( ! %ift+ aeolian s&s4 ,usually1 z on ! ,range ,res]ve1 ! rod5ts are widely di/ribut$ ov] a consid]able area4 ,occasionally1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ,rio ,alamosa1 ,n4 ,mex41 z report$ by ,goldman1 !y occur only 9 small colonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,range ,,conditions ,,favor+ ,,kang>oo ,,rats4 ,view on high] portion ( ,range ,res]ve1 %[+ type ( c\ntry :]e ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis is mo/ abundant4 ,good gr[? ( grama & ne$le grasses 9 ,octob]1 foll[+ summ] gr[? & be=e graz+ (f by cattle & rod5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,range ,,conditions ,,less ,,favorable ,,to ,,kang>oo ,,rats4 ,view on l[] portion ( ,range ,res]ve1 :]e ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis is less abundant4 ,vegetation consi/s pr9cipally ( ,lycium1 mesquite1 rabbit bru%1 & cactus1 !re be+ v little grass4 ,,habits4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,pres5ce4 ,,m\nds4 ,"o travel+ ov] t]ritory ?ickly occupi$ by ! bann]-tail$ kang>oo rat is c]ta9 to note ! num]\s & conspicu\s m\nds s *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 p>ticul>ly if ! region is ( ! savannah type1 grassy r ?an bru%y4 ,^! l[1 r\nd$ m\nds occupy an area ( sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 & rise to v>y+ heights above ! g5]al surface ( ! surr\nd+ soil1 ! height dep5d+ r m ^u ! "* ( ! soil & ! location ( ! m\nd z to exposure or protection ?an ^u ! area occupi$ by ! burr[ sy/em :i* lies )9 & is ! reason = ! m\nd4 ,a d5 9 s&y soil 9 ! op5 may be ( maximum size 9 area occupi$ & yet sc>cely pres5t ! appe>ance ( a m\nd 9 any s5se1 due probably bo? to ! fact t ! s&y soil w n heap up to su* a height ov] a honeycomb ( tunnels z w a firm] or rocky soil1 & also to its great] exposure to ! level+ action ( ra9s & ! trampl+ ( animals4 ,^! m\nds are 9 !mselves l>ge en\gh to attract "s att5tion1 b _! conspicu\sness is enhanc$ by ! fact t !y are m or less completely d5ud$ ( vegetation & are ! c5t]s ( cle>$ areas (t5 z mu* z #cj feet 9 diamet] 7,pl4 ,v1 ,fig4 #a72 & fur!r t f #c to #ab l>ge d>k op5+s loom up 9 e m\nd4 ,! l>g] op5+s are ( su* size z to sugge/ ! pres5ce ( a mu* l>g] animal ?an actually inhabits ! m\nd4 ,add to ! above ! fact t ! travel] by day nev] sees ! m\nd build]1 & we h ! *ief reasons :y curiosity is s (t5 ar\s$ by ^! habitations4 ,on ! ,range ,res]ve ! m\nds are usually r5d]$ conspicu\s by ! abs5ce ( small vegetation1 b ,nelson writes t 9 ! vic9ity ( ,gallego1 ,*ihuahua1 !y c be readily di/+ui%$ at a di/ance because ( a gr[? ( we$s & small bu%es ov] _! summits1 :i* ov]top ! grass4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,bailey reports 7& ?is 0 rec5tly confirm$ by ,vorhies7 t ! m\nds ab\t ! holes ( spectabilis are (t5 h>dly noticeable4 ,holli/] writes t 9 ! yell[-p9e =e/s ( ! ,gall9a ,m\nta9s ! burr[s are usually "u ! trunk ( "s fall5 p9e1 bo? sides ( x 9 "s cases be+ tak5 up ) holes1 !re be+ "s eight or t5 entrances along ea* side1 ! burr[s ext5d+ into ! gr\nd b5ea? ! log4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,blanco1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,birdseye says t occasionally spectabilis makes typical d5s b m (t5 lives 9 old prairie-dog holes 7,cynomys71 or 9 holes :i* look m l ^? ( ,d4 ordii4 ,,runways ,,& ,,tracks4 ,/ill o!r features add to ! int]e/ 9 ! dwell+ places ( spectabilis4 ,radiat+ 9 v>i\s directions f "s ( ! op5+s ( ! m\nds well-us$ runways are to be se51 "s ( !m fad+ out 9 ! surr\nd+ vegetation1 b o!rs ext5d+ #cj1 #dj1 or ev5 #ej or m y>ds to neighbor+ burr[s or m\nds 7,pl4 ,v1 ,fig4 #b2 ,pl4 ,,vi1 ,fig4 #a74 ,^! runways & ! entrances to ! m\nds are well worn1 %[+ t ! inhabitants are at home & are at "s "t ( day v active4 ,! worn pa?s become mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! autumnal h>ve/ season1 :5 !y /& out 9 /rong contra/ to surr\nd+ grass4 ,"o usually f9ds n f> di/ant f ! ma9 habitation "o or m small] burr[s1 ea* ) f "o to ?ree typical op5+s1 connect$ by ! trail or runway sy/em ) ! c5tral d51 & ^! we h call$ subsidi>y burr[s 7,pl4 ,,vi1 ,fig4 #b74 ,^! w be aga9 ref]r$ to 9 discuss+ ! detail$ plan ( ! entire %elt] sy/em4 ,exam9ation ( ! runways & ( ! d5ud$ area ab\t a m\nd discloses an abundance ( almo/ indeciph]able tracks4 ,! du/ or s& is ord9>ily mu* too dry & %ift+ to record cle> footpr9ts1 & !re are no opportunities to see footpr9ts ( ?is species record$ 9 good impressionable soil4 ,v *>act]i/ic traces ( kang>oo rats may be readily obs]v$ 9 ! du/ ab\t ! m\nds1 h[ev]1 & ^! are long1 n>r[1 sometimes curv+1 furr[s made by ! long tails z ! animals :isk ab\t _! "w or play4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,cle>+ ,,ab\t ,a ,,m\nd4 ,a typical cle>+ ab\t a m\nd ( ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis1 %[+ ! autumnal d5udation ( ! m\nd & surr\nd+ areas4 ,9 ?is in/ance ab\t #cj feet 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,m\nd ,,& ,,runways4 ,a small m\nd ( ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis 9 e>ly autumn1 %[+ runways radiat+ f ! d54 ,evid5ces ( activity may be not$ 9 & ab\t ! surface ( ! m\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,runway ,,( ,,dipodomys ,s4 ,,spectabilis4 ,well-travel$ pa? lead+ f ! ma9 d51 9 ! =egr\nd1 to a subsidi>y burr[ 7see ,fig4 #b1 bel[71 ab\t #cj feet di/ant1 at app>5t end ( runway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,subsidi>y ,,burr[ ,,( ,,dipodomys ,s4 ,,spectabilis4 ,locat$ at ! end ( ! #cj-;foot runway %[n 9 ,figure #a1 above4 ,?is has ?ree op5+s1 two 9 ! =egr\nd & ! ?ird a little to ! re> & indicat$ by an arr[4 ,,signals4 ,if a scrat*+ or tapp+ s\nd be made at ! m\? ( a burr[1 ev5 9 ! daytime1 "o is likely to he> a muffl$ tapp+ 9 response1 & ?is may at times be he>d :ile "o is engag$ 9 excavat+ a m\nd4 ,x has a *irr+ or flutt]+ quality1 describ$ by ,fi%] z resembl+ ! noise ( a quail fly+4 ,bailey 7#aije1 #adh7 is ( ! op9ion t x is us$ z a signal ( al>m1 call note1 or *all5ge1 a view :i* ! pres5t au?ors believe to be correct4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aibj-ba1 h[ev]1 bo? ,bailey & ,vorhies discov]$ t ?is s\nd1 or a v simil> "o1 is made by ! rapid action ( ! =efeet 9 digg+4 ,on "o occasion 9 ! laboratory ! s\nd 0 giv5 by "o ( a pair & 0 respond$ to at once by ! o!r1 ! two be+ 9 sep>ate b contigu\s cages4 ,?is obs]vation1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be repeat$4 7,vorhies ,,ms47 ,"o ev5+1 :ile work+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,burro ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,goldman he>d a kang>oo rat ne> camp mak+ ?is ?ump+ noise4 ,tak+ a lant]n1 he approa*$ ! d51 v cauti\sly1 until )9 #aj feet4 ,! kang>oo rat 0 j outside ! entrance ( "o ( its burr[s1 & ?\gh mov+ ab\t m or less re/lessly at fir/ %[$ little fe>1 & kept up ! ?ump+ or drumm+ at int]vals4 ,:5 mak+ ! noise ! animal 0 /&+ ) ! =efeet on ! gr\nd & ! tail ly+ ext5d$4 ,! noise seem$ to be made ) ! h9d feet only1 & ! vibration ( ! feet c\ld be se54 ,! tapp+ 0 kept up = a second or two at a "t1 ! s\nds com+ close toge!r & be+ repeat$ rhy?mically aft] a v %ort int]val1 sugge/+ ! di/ant gallop+ ( a horse4 ,aft] cont9u+ 9 ?is way = a %ort "t1 ! animal turn$ quickly ab\t1 ) its head 9 ! opposite direction1 & began tapp+4 ,x appe>$ to pay little att5tion to ! light1 b f9ally gave a sudd5 b\nd & ent]$ "o ( its holes ab\t #d feet f ! "o 9 front ( :i* x _h be5 /&+4 ,vorhies has repeat$ly not$ :5 wat*+ = ! appe>ance ( a kang>oo rat at night t ?is s\nd inv>iably prec$es ! rod5t's fir/ em]g5ce into ! op51 & (t5 its appe>ance aft] an al>m1 ?\gh :5 ! /orage season has begun & ! kang>oo rat is c>ry+ loads ( grass heads or o!r mat]ial into its d51 x regul>ly comes out )\t prelim9>y signal+4 ,vorhies has also obs]v$ x mak+ ! s\nd :ile on top ( ! m\nd1 & c]ta9ly n digg+1 b 0 unable to see h[ x 0 made4 ,,voice4 ,no data conc]n+ any call notes or s\nds o!r ?an ^? describ$ above are at h&1 ) ! foll[+ exception3 ,price 79 ,all51 #ahie1 #bac71 :o /udi$ ! habits ( ! animal 9 ! moonlight1 at ,willcox1 ,ariz41 says t a l[ *uckle 0 utt]$ at int]vals2 & ,vorhies has _h "o captive female t w\ld repeat$ly utt] a simil> *uckle 9 a peevi% mann] :5 di/urb$ by day1 & "o captive male :i*1 :5 teas$ into a /ate ( ang] & excitem5t1 w\ld squeal mu* l a corn]$ h\se rat4 ,vorhies has sp5t _m moonlight h\rs obs]v+ kang>oo rats1 b )\t ev] he>+ a vocal s\nd utt]$ by free individuals4 ,,daily ,,& ,,seasonal ,,activity4 ,! kang>oo rat is /rictly nocturnal4 ,an obs]v] wat*+ pati5tly by a d5 9 ! ev5+ = ! animal's fir/ appe>ance is n rew>d$ until d>kness has fall5 completely1 & unless ! moon is %9+ ! animal c h>dly be se54 ,7 x n = ! :ite tail-bru% ( spectabilis & its :ite belly :5 upright on ! h9d legs & tail1 "o c\ld n z a rule see ! animal at all :5 x makes its fir/ ev5+ appe>ance4 ,) ! fir/ /reak ( dawn activity usually ceases completely & mu* m abruptly ?an x began ) ! com+ ( d>kness1 b on a rec5t occasion ,vorhies obs]v$ t a kang>oo rat :i* did n appe> until ne> morn+ rema9$ above gr\nd until q light1 b n fully daylight4 ,on removal ( ! plug f ! m\? ( a kang>oo rat burr[1 "o may sometimes see a fre% mass ( e>? & refuse %ov$ into ! op5+ f )94 ,z (t5 z n1 h[ev]1 ev5 ?is unwelcome att5tion does n elicit any response by day1 ! great majority ( ! burr[ op5+s ( ?is species1 z obs]v$ by ! au?ors1 rema9+ p]man5tly op54 ,! ord9>y activities ( ! kang>oo rat 9 s\!rn ,arizona c sc>cely be said to %[ any true seasonal v>iation4 ,! animals are active all ! ye> 9 ?is region1 !re be+ nei!r hib]nation nor e/ivation1 bo? p]haps be+ r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! /orage habit1 to be discuss$ 9 full lat] 7pp4 #ae-af71 & by ! mildness ( ! w9t] climate4 ,on any p>ticul> night t ! wea!r is ra9y1 or ! gr\nd too wet & cold1 activity is conf9$ to ! int]ior ( ! burr[ sy/em1 & = ?is reason "o has no opportunity to see a p]fect impr9t ( ! foot 9 fre%ly wet soil or 9 sn[4 ,on two or ?ree ( ! comp>atively r>e occasions on :i* !re 0 a light fall ( sn[ on ! ,range ,res]ve a se>* 0 made = tracks 9 ! sn[4 ,at ^! times1 h[ev]1 z on ra9y nights1 ! only signs ( activity 7 ! pu%+ or ?r[+ out ( fre% e>? & food refuse f )9 ! burr[4 ,?is is s common a sight z to be complete evid5ce t ! animals are active )9 _! d5s dur+ /ormy wea!r b d n v5ture outside4 ,trapp+ has aga9 & aga9 prov$ to be useless on ra9y nights1 unless ! ra9 is scant & a "p ( ! night favorable1 9 :i* case occasional individuals are tak54 ,^! /atem5ts apply to ! ,range ,res]ve p>ticul>ly2 ! facts may be q diff]5t :]e ! animals exp]i5ce m w9t]1 z at ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 al?\gh 9 ,novemb]1 #aiba1 ,vorhies not$ no indications ( less5$ activity 9 t region4 ,,pugnacity ,,& ,,sociability4 ,s f> z _! reactions t[>d man are conc]n$1 kang>oo rats are g5tle & make confid+ & int]e/+ pets2 ?is is especially ! case ) m]riami4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is ! m surpris+ 9 view ( ! fact t !y w fight ea* o!r s readily & s vici\sly1 & yet probably x is expla9$ 9 "p by _! me?od ( fight+4 ,!y d n appe> to use _! tee? t[>d ea* o!r1 b fight by leap+ 9 ! air & /rik+ ) ! p[]ful h9d feet1 rem9d+ "o mo/ =cibly ( a pair ( game cocks1 fac+ ea* o!r & gu>d+ 9 ! same mann]4 ,sometimes !y c>ry on a sp>r+ mat* ) _! =e feet4 ,bit+1 if done at all1 is only a second>y means ( combat4 ,:5 tak5 9 h&1 ev5 = ! fir/ "t1 !y w use _! tee? only 9 ! ev5t t !y are w\nd$4 ,! jaws are n p[]ful1 & ?\gh ! animals may lay hold ( a b>e f+]1 ) ! app>5t int5tion ( bit+1 usually !y d n succe$ 9 draw+ blood4 ,z ,bailey says 7#aije1 #adh71 !y are g5tle & timid1 &1 l rabbits1 dep5d ^u flight & _! burr[s = protection4 ,! well-travel$ trails else:]e describ$ 7p4 #aj7 indicate a degree ( sociability difficult to expla9 9 connection ) _! pugnacity t[>d ea* o!r4 ,:ile ?ree or f\r individuals may sometimes be trapp$ at a s+le m\nd1 m ?an two are seldom s caught1 & mo/ (t5 only "o 9 "o night4 ,trapp+ on successive nights at "o m\nd (t5 yields ! l>g] numb]1 yet 9 "s cases ! numb] is expla9$ by ! fact t two or ?ree ne>ly mature "y are tak51 & ! capture ( sev]al individuals at a s+le m\nd c n be tak5 to indicate t all are f ! "o d54 ,our inve/igations t5d /rongly to ! conclusion t only "o adult occupies a m\nd1 except dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! "y are 9 ! p>5tal 7or mat]nal7 d54 ,9 ! gass+ & excavat+ ( #be or m m\nds we h nev] f\nd m ?an "o animal 9 a d51 except 9 "o in/ance1 & !n ! two pres5t 7 obvi\sly "y animals4 ,,s5se ,,developm5ts4 ,)\t mak+ special inve/igations ?r\gh a /udy ( behavior or o!r special me?ods1 "o c speak 9 only g5]al t]ms reg>d+ :at appe> to be ! special s5se developm5ts ( kang>oo rats4 ,! eyes are l>ge1 z is v (t5 ! case 9 nocturnal animals1 & :5 br\ght out into ! bright light ( day ! rats p]haps d n see well4 ,yet1 if an animal leaves a d5 :i* is 9 process ( excavation1 & foll[s "o runway1 ev5 9 bright sunlight1 x makes excell5t spe$ to ! next op5+1 (t5 a di/ance ( sev]al y>ds4 ,:e!r ?is is accompli%$ *iefly by ! aid ( sight or 9 l>ge measure by a maze-foll[+ ability1 su* z exp]im5ts h %[n "s rod5ts to h1 c n be /at$ )\t precise exp]im5tation4 ,m>k$ ability to foll[ a maze w\ld n be at all surpris+ 9 view ( ! labyr9?9e "* ( ! und]gr\nd passages :i* make up ! normal habitation4 ,:5 wat*+ beside a m\nd by moonlight "o is impress$ ) ! fact t ! rats possess ei!r a v ke5 s5se ( he>+ or ( sight1 probably bo?4 ,! v slighte/ movem5t or noise on ! "p ( ! obs]v] results1 ) a timid individual1 9 an in/antane\s leap = safety1 a disappe>ance into ! burr[ s sudd5 z to be almo/ />tl+4 ,all attempts to obta9 fla%light photographs at ! m\nds 7 failures1 ! animal ei!r hav+ gott5 completely out ( ! field be=e ! light fla%$ foll[+ ! pull ( ! trigg]1 or leav+ m]ely an indi/+ui%able blur on ! plate z x w5t1 & ?is 9 spite ( c>efully hid+ ! trigg] *a9 beh9d a scre54 ,a slight noise accompany+ ! trigg] action gave ! al>m 9 "o case1 & 9 ano!r ! l5g? ( "t ( ! fla% 0 suffici5t = ! get-away4 ,! m>vel\s quickness ( ! animal cle>ly indicates a rem>kably %ort reaction "t4 ,occasionally a bold individual is f\nd1 z 9 ! case ( "o :i* came out repeat$ly1 ev5 aft] be+ fla%$ twice 9 ! same night4 ,c]ta9 peculi> physical *>act]i/ics sugge/ a relation%ip to s5se reactions4 ,on ^!1 h[ev]1 ! au?ors are n prep>$ to d m ?an (f] sugge/ions = future "w4 ,! extremely l>ge ma/oids f\nd 9 kang>oo rats sugge/ a connection 9 "s way ) special developm5ts ( ! s5se ( he>+ or ( balance4 ,x may be not$ t an int]m$iate condition betwe5 ! kang>oo rats & ! majority ( rod5ts 9 respect to ?is "* is to be f\nd 9 ! pocket mice 7,p]ogna?us71 :i* belong to ! same family4 ,h]e9 lies a field = "s int]e/+ exp]im5tation & discov]y4 ,! small1 po9t$ nose might sugge/ a n ov]ke5 s5se ( smell1 & !re appe>s no reason to believe t ?is s5se is p>ticul>ly well develop$4 ,h[ev]1 ! turb9als are v complex4 ,! vibriss are long & s5sitive1 & may indicate a special developm5t ( ! s5se ( t\* z an adaptation to nocturnal habits & to life 9 an und]gr\nd labyr9?4 ,! long1 well-hair$ tail d\btless s]ves z an important tactile organ z well z a balance4 ,,movem5ts ,,& ,,attitudes4 ,movem5ts & attitudes are *>act]i/ic4 ,z a kang>oo rat em]ges f ! burr[ a reason = ! relatively l>ge size ( ! op5+ is se5 9 ! fact t1 kang>oolike1 ! animal ma9ta9s a p>tially upright position4 ,its ord9>y mode ( progression is hopp+ along on ! l>ge h9d legs1 or1 :5 9 ! op5 & go+ at spe$1 leap+4 ,:5 mov+ sl[ly ab\t ov] ! m\nd1 z if se>*+ = food1 x uses ! =e legs 9 a k9d ( creep+ movem5t4 ,x appe>s to be creep+ :5 pocket+ gra9 /rewn ab\t1 b close obs]vation %[s t ! =e feet are !n us$ = sweep+ mat]ial into ! pockets1 rem9d+ "o some:at ( a vacuum clean]4 ,:5 x assumes a p>tially upright position ! =e limbs are usually drawn up s closely t !y c be se5 only by look+ upw>d f a some:at l[] level ?an t occupi$ by ! animal4 ,! sl[] movem5ts ( se>*+ or play+ ab\t ! m\nd are occasionally int]rupt$ by a sudd5 leap directly upw>d to a height ( #a-a_/b to #b feet1 (t5 ) no app>5t reason o!r ?an play4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a fight+ or gu>d+ movem5t1 ?\gh indulg$ 9 = play4 ,! play in/9ct seems to be well develop$1 & 9 evid5ce on any moonlight night :5 actual h>ve/+ op]ations are n go+ on4 ,,/or+ ,,habits4 ,probably no in/9ct is ( great] importance to ! kang>oo rat ?an t ( /or+ food supplies4 ,:5 a crop ( desirable se$s is matur+ ! animal's activities appe> to be conc5trat$ on ?is "w4 ,dur+ ,septemb]1 #aiai1 :5 a good crop ( grass se$ 0 rip5+ foll[+ ! summ] ra9s1 a kang>oo rat "u obs]vation made repeat$ r\nd trips to ! h>ve/ field ( grass heads4 ,ea* outw>d trip occupi$ f #a to #a-a_/b m9utes1 :ile ! unload+ trip into ! burr[ took only #ae to #bj seconds4 ,"o individual 9 a laboratory cage1 :i* _h n yet be5 giv5 a ne/ box1 busi$ itself 9 broad daylight 9 c>ry+ its gra9 supply into ! d>ke/ corn] ( ! cage4 ,:5 a ne/ box is suppli$ ! individual w retreat into its d>k %elt]1 & w only come =? aft] d>kness has fall5 unless =cibly eject$1 b w /ore ! food suppli$4 ,9 ano!r case an animal escap$ :ile be+ h&l$1 & s\ght refuge beh9d a built-9 laboratory table1 :]e x c\ld n be recov]$ )\t te>+ out ! table4 ,= f\r days & nights x _h ! run ( ! laboratory4 ,on ! fir/ night ( its fre$om x f\nd & ent]$ a burlap bag ( grass se$ t _h be5 tak5 f a m\nd4 ,a trail ( se$ & *aff next morn+ %[$ t x _h be5 busily engag$ 9 mak+ its new qu>t]s com=table ) b$d+ & food4 ,aft] f\r nights ( fre$om x 0 captur$ alive 9 a trap1 & lat] x 0 f\nd t x _h mov$ f ! corn] beh9d ! table to ! space b5ea? a ne>-by draw]1 :]e x _h /or$ ab\t #b qu>ts ( ! grass se$ & a h&ful ( ! oatmeal us$ = trap bait4 ,,bre$+ ,,habits4 ,obs]vations on bre$+ habits h consi/$ ma9ly 9 tak+ records f ! females trapp$ at all seasons ( ! ye> ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation1 & f exam9ations made dur+ poison+ op]ations1 & yet f ?is s\rce ! numb] ( pregnant females tak5 or ( "y discov]$ is disappo9t+ly small4 ,! records indicate a bre$+ p]iod ( consid]able l5g?1 ext5d+ f ,janu>y to ,augu/1 inclusive4 ,x is possible t ! l5g? ( ! p]iod may be increas$ by a second litt] f ! e>lie/ bre$+ females 9 summ]1 b ! l>ge p]c5tage ( nonpregnant or nonbre$+ animals :i* occurs ?r\gh\t ! season w\ld indicate a wide v>iation 9 ! "t ( bre$+ ( diff]5t individuals4 ,trapp+ 9 ,febru>y & ,m>* = ! purpose ( secur+ great] numb]s ( female specim5s1 begun ) ! idea t ^! mon?s 7 mo/ likely to be ! bre$+ mon?s1 has inv>iably yield$ an unsatisfactory numb] ( nonbre$+ specim5s & males4 ,un=tunately1 ! numb]s ( females secur$ 9 "s mon?s 7 n suffici5t to be significant if work$ out 9 p]c5tages ( bre$+ & nonbre$+ individuals1 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t ! importance ( record+ c>efully all nonbre$]s 0 n at fir/ recogniz$1 makes x impossible to tabulate su* in=mation reliably4 ,! total ( females tak5 9 ,april1 = example1 is only #c1 ( :i* #a 0 bre$+2 :ile 9 ,june1 dur+ ! c\rse ( poison+ op]ations1 #de females 7 exam9$1 ( :i* #ba 7 bre$+4 ,five bre$+ females 7 tak5 9 ,janu>y1 all dur+ ! la/ ?ree days ( ! mon?4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a suckl+ female1 ! "y ( :i* 7 secur$ alive & 7 probably at lea/ a week old :5 tak54 ,?is mu/ h be5 exceptionally e>ly = "y1 s9ce ( a numb] ( adult kang>oo rats tak5 dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,janu>y none h be5 f\nd to be bre$+4 ,two records f ,v]non ,bailey are z foll[s3 ,may #ai-;,june #h1 #aijc1 "y specim5 9 ne/ 7,santa ,rosa1 ,n4 ,mex472 ,june #ab1 #ahhi1 "o female1 two embryos 7,oracle1 ,ariz474 ,! consid]able proportion 7:i* we believe to be m ?an #ej p] c5t7 ( nonbre$+ females tak5 dur+ all ^? mon?s 9 :i* bre$+ has be5 f\nd to occur may also indicate an ext5d$ p]iod ( bre$+1 ) a small p]c5tage bre$+ at any "o "t4 ,?is p]iod also furni%es ample "t = ! re>+ ( two litt]s a ye> by "s females1 b we h no evid5ce z to ! occurr5ce ( two litt]s4 ,"y ( ! ye>1 practically gr[n1 are tak5 dur+ & aft] ! mon? ( ,april4 ,! mammae are arrang$ 9 ?ree pairs1 pectoral1 #a_/a2 +u9al1 #b_/b4 ,kang>oo rats are among ^? rod5ts 9 :i* ! vag9a becomes plugg$ ) a r solid mat]ial1 transluc5t1 & ( ! consi/5cy ( a /iff gelat9e1 aft] copulation4 ,?is mu/ occur v soon aft] coitus1 s9ce 9 ^? individuals tak5 9 ?is condition no def9ite evid5ce ( ! beg9n+ ( developm5t ( embryos c\ld be detect$ by exam9ation4 ,! l5g? ( ! ge/ation p]iod ( spectabilis is unkn[n4 ,! "y are born nak$1 a fact inf]r$ by failure to f9d any fetus %[+ noticeable hair developm5t1 & f ! conditions obs]v$ 9 su* "y z h be5 se54 ,a suckl+ female 0 tak5 by ,vorhies1 ,janu>y #ca1 #aibj1 & h] d5 imm$iately excavat$ 9 ! hope ( secur+ ! "y4 ,two juv5iles 7 f\nd 9 a special ne/ *amb] 7see p4 #cj74 ,^! 7 e/imat$ to be p]haps two weeks old4 ,a s]i\s ef=t 0 made to raise ! little animals by fe$+ milk ) a pipette & keep+ !m w>m ) a hot wat] bottle1 b !y surviv$ only #aj days1 )\t ! eyes hav+ op5$4 ,! unev5 temp]ature z well z ! "* ( ! food 0 probably responsible = _! dea?s4 ,on ,febru>y #c !y 7 measur$ & weigh$1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,measurem5ts 79 millimetres74 ,weight ------------------------------- 79 ,total ,tail ,h9d grams74 l5g?4 v]tebrae4 foot4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,no4 #a #ac4c #ij #ch #bd ,no4 #b #ab4f #ic #ch #bd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,at ?is /age ! "y 7 p>tially clo!d ) a coat ( f9e velvety fur1 m especially on ! bodies1 ! tails be+ /ill ne>ly nak$4 ,! body color 0 d>k plumbe\s1 j ! color ( ! d>k und]fur ( ! adult1 or a %ade d>k]1 :ile ! *>act]i/ic :ite m>k+s ( ! adult /ood out %>ply z p9ki%-:ite areas aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd 7see ,pl4 ,,ix1 ,fig4 #b1 at p4 #cb74 ,! proportions 7 mu* z 9 ! adult1 except t ! tails 7 relatively mu* %ort] & ! feet relatively long]4 ,only "o o!r record ( "y is at h&1 t by ,bailey1 :o secur$ ! "y aft] capture ( a suckl+ female at ,santa ,rosa1 ,n4 ,mex4 ,9 ?is case ! litt] conta9$ only "o4 ,?is 0 squeak+ :5 f\nd1 b 0 n l>ge en\gh to crawl away4 ,its eyes & e>s 7 clos$1 & its s(t1 nak$ sk9 0 di/9ctly m>k$ ) ! patt]n ( ! adult1 ! colors be+ z giv5 = ! o!r two4 ,?is juv5ile liv$ only a week4 ,"y less ?an half gr[n 7 n trapp$ or not$ 9 our poison+ op]ations outside ! d5s4 ,kang>oo rats1 if spectabilis be repres5tative1 reproduce at a sl[ rate z comp>$ ) _m o!r small rod5ts4 ,we h records ( #fg females ) embryos or sc>s %[+ ! numb] produc$1 & ( ! two litt]s ( "y describ$ above4 ,( ! #fi females ?us record$1 #ae1 or #ba4g p] c5t1 _h b "o (fspr+ ea*2 #eb1 or #ge4c p] c5t1 b two ea*2 :ile only #b individuals1 or #b4i p] c5t1 _h ?ree4 ,?ree "y is ! maximum litt] record$4 ,?is1 tak5 9 connection ) ! protract$ bre$+ season & lack ( sure evid5ce ( ! production ( two broods a ye>1 gives a surpris+ly l[ rate ( reproduction1 indicat+ relative fre$om f inimical factors4 ,our bre$+ records = m]riami are few] ?an = spectabilis1 b are v simil> 9 e way s f> z !y g1 bo? z to ! "t ( ye> & numb] ( "y4 ,,food ,,& ,,/orage4 ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis does n hib]nate1 s mu/ prep>e = unfavorable seasons by ext5sive /orage ( food mat]ials4 ,!re are two seasons ( ! ye>1 9 s\!a/]n ,arizona at lea/1 :5 /orage ( food takes place1 namely1 9 spr+1 dur+ ,april or ,may1 & 9 fall1 f ,septemb] to ,novemb]1 ! latt] be+ ! m important4 ,= ! p]iods betwe51 ! animal mu/ rely l>gely on /or$ mat]ials4 ,n infrequ5tly a season ( sev]e dr\ght precludes ! possibility ( any /orage4 ,! summ] & fall ( #aiah 0 su* a season on ! ,range ,res]ve 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #b74 ,if food /ores are inadequate at su* a "t ! kang>oo rats mu/ p]i% 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,fi%] f\nd _m des]t$ m\nds 9 ! vic9ity ( ,dos ,cabezos1 ,ariz41 9 ,june1 #ahid1 :i* may be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,9 #aiba ,vorhies f\nd all m\nds )9 #d or #e miles ( ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 des]t$ by spectabilis1 result+ probably f ov]graz+ by %eep & goats dur+ a succession ( dry ye>s4 ,9 ! arid ,s\?we/ natural selection probably favors ! animals ) ! l>ge/ food /ores1 & x is n surpris+ t ! /or+ habit has be5 develop$ to a rem>kable degree4 ,"s /or$ mat]ial is likely to be f\nd at any "t ( ye> 9 any m\nd exam9$1 ! l>ge/ quantity usually 9 fall & w9t]1 ! smalle/ 9 ,july or ,augu/ 7,table #a1 d5s #a1 #b1 #ad1 & #bd74 ,am\nts f\nd by diff]5t obs]v]s v>y f a few ounces to sev]al qu>ts or pecks1 & /or$ mat]ials tak5 f #bb m\nds on ! ,range ,res]ve v>y 9 weight f #e to #d1abg grams 7m ?an #i p\nds74 ,?is is exce$$ by "o lot f ,new ,mexico1 :i* total$ #e1gej grams 7#ab4fg p\nds74 ,x is fairly evid5t t 9 seasons ( scanty =age = /ock ! appropriation ( su* quantities ( grass se$s & cr[ns & o!r graz+ mat]ials by num]\s kang>oo rats may appreciably r$uce ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! range4 ,/udies ( *eek-p\* cont5ts & food /ores tak5 f d5s %[ t ! natural food ( spectabilis consi/s pr9cipally ( v>i\s se$s & fruits1 p>ticul>ly ! se$s ( c]ta9 grasses4 ,! /udy ( burr[ cont5ts has be5 especially illum9at+ & valuable4 ,all ( ! /or$ mat]ial f #bb d5s on ! ,range ,res]ve & f #b ne> ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 has be5 sav$ & analyz$ z to species z c>efully z ! conditions ( /orage w\ld p]mit4 ,)9 ! m\nd ! food /or$ is usually m or less segregat$ by plant species1 ?\gh ! /ores ( mat]ial ( any "o k9d may be f\nd 9 sev]al places ?r\gh ! m\nd1 & (t5 ! mat]ial is mix$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! quantities ( ! v>i\s species c only be e/imat$1 b 9 ! =m] ! species may be kept sep>ate by ! use ( sev]al bags = collect+ ! se$s1 & a fairly accurate laboratory weigh+ c be made lat]4 ,v frequ5tly1 ! explanation ( ?is sep>ation ( species lies 9 ! diff]5t seasons ( rip5+1 b sometimes :]e two species are ripe at ! same "t ne> ! m\nd1 "o is work$ ^u = a "t to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,! "o k9d is (t5 pack$ 9 tightly aga9/ ! o!r1 b ) a v abrupt *ange 9 ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,a numb] ( ! m int]e/+ & repres5tative results ( ! weigh+ & analyses ( burr[ cont5ts are pres5t$ h]e) 9 tabul> =m4 ,! data = ea* d51 or lot1 %[s 9 grams ! quantity ( /or$ mat]ial remov$ & ! be/ e/imate x 0 possible to make ( ! p]c5tages or weights ( ! v>i\s species4 ,:5 ! weight 0 less ?an #e grams1 ! m]e trace ( ! species frequ5tly is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ tables by ! abbreviation ,tr4 ,,table #a4--;,analyses ( plants /or$ by ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis ,m]riam1 obta9$ f exam9ation ( repres5tative d5s 7all except ,d5 #bd f ,u4 ,s4 ,range ,res]ve1 ne> ! ,santa ,rita ,m\nta9s1 ,ariz474 ,,d5 #a4 ,febru>y #g1 #aiah4 ,burr[ typical1 locat$ on bank ( wa% 9 p>tially d5ud$ grass-l&1 ,b\tel\a ro?rockii & we$ type2 soil s&y2 burr[ photograph$ 9 section 7,pl4 ,,vii1 ,fig4 #a74 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,b\tel\a ro?rockii #b1bje ,b\tel\a ari/idoides 7,b4 eriopoda & ,b4 ro?rockii1 ,tr47 #a1dde ,plantago ignota #ddb ,eriogonum polycladon #ce ----- ,total #d1abg ,f\r species ( plants repres5t$ 9 burr[ cont5ts 7,pl4 ,,vii1 ,fig4 #b74 ,maximum quantity = s+le burr[ 9 s]ies ( #bb f ,range ,res]ve4 ,,d5 #b4 ,m>* #i1 #aiah4 ,surr\nd+s ov]graz$ & p>tially re/or$ by complete protection4 ,r$ soil1 ) mu* co>se r\gh gravel & /one4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7ne>ly pure7 #a1dfj ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7mix$ ) ,ari/ida spp47 #ide ,bo]haavia wrightii #ffj ,b\tel\a ro?rockii ,b\tel\a ari/idoides #ebe ,ari/ida div>icata ,ari/ida bromoides ,kall/roemia laetevir5s ,tr4 ,het]o!ca subaxill>is ,tr4 ,plantago ignota #ae ,fle%y fungi #aj ----- ,total #c1fae ,eight species ( plants repres5t$ by se$s4 ,"o species ( fle%y fungus 9 addition4 ,,d5 #d4 ,septemb] #bj1 #aiah4 ,9 ,calli&ra type4 ,/ony or gravelly soil1 r$1 ne>ly d5ud$ ( grass4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,prosopis velut9a #aij ,mollugo v]ticillata 7pure7 #ij ,anisolotus trisp]mus 7mix$1 b mo/ly ( ?is g5us7 #ej ,solanum elaeagnifolium 7#ab fruits7 #b ,p] c5t4 ,mollugo v]ticillata 7insep>able7 #ej ,b\tel\a ro?rockii #a ,b\tel\a ari/idoides #aj ,lepidium lasioc>pum ,tr4 ,polygala pub]ula ,tr4 ,ay5ia microphylla #b ,portulaca suffrutesc5s #a #djj ,aplopappus gracilis ,tr4 ,alt]nan!ra rep5s #a ,trid5s pul*ella #a ,plantago ignota #cc ,panicum hallii ,tr4 ,fle%y fungi 7puffballs7 #b --- ,total #gcd ,fifte5 species repres5t$ 9 addition to ! fle%y fungi4 ,no p]ceptible grass gr[? f ! summ] ra9s "h1 !re=e dep5d5t on a wide v>iety ( scatt]+ plants4 ,,d5 #f4 ,octob] #ag1 #aiah4 ,mix$ type1 p>tially d5ud$1 no gr[? f summ] ra9s4 ,s&y soil4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7cr[ns7 7heads #a to #b p] c5t7 #a1dce ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7heads & cr[ns1 ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ea*7 #cbe ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7) small p]c5tage ( cr[ns7 #cae ,bo]haavia wrightii 7) a few grass cr[ns7 #aej ,prosopis velut9a #ij ,solanum elaeagnifolium 7#c fruits7 ,tr4 ----- ,total #b1cae ,f\r species repres5t$4 ,c\nt ( #ajj grams ( /or$ ,b\tel\a cr[ns gives #a1gjj1 or #ag cr[ns p] gram4 ,at ?is rate !re 7 at lea/ #bg1jjj cr[ns /or$ 9 ?is burr[4 ,if a d5sity ( #bej plants to ! squ>e y>d be assum$ 7a high e/imate7 ^! cr[ns repres5t ! total ,b4 ro?rockii on #ajd squ>e y>ds ( range surface4 ,fur!r exam9ation ( ! vic9ity ( ?is d5 %[$ t ! surr\nd+ area 0 n completely cle>$1 b 0 devoid ( ,b4 ro?rockii1 :ile /ill hav+ ,b4 eriopoda ) cr[ns undi/urb$4 ,,d5 #aa4 ,april #i1 #aiai4 ,9 p>tially d5ud$ l& :]e good spr+ gr[? ( ,es*s*oltzia 0 9 bloom at "t ( excavation4 ,/oma* ( spectabilis kill$ 9 ?is burr[ conta9$ a mass ( fre% b f9ely comm9ut$ gre5 mat]ial1 probably poppy leaves1 /rongly color$ ) yell[ f blossoms4 ,no summ] gr[? "h 9 #aiah4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7cr[ns7 7miscellane\s *aff1 etc47 #ajg ,es*s*oltzia mexicana 7buds & fl[]s7 ,anisolotus trisp]mus 7leaves & pods7 ,ga]tn]ia t5uifolia 7leaves7 #aj ,lup9us sp>siflorus 7fl[]s7 ,solanum elaeagnifolium 7#b fruits7 ,tr4 --- ,total #aag ,six species repres5t$1 "s only by leaves or fl[]s & n by se$s4 ,su* /orage is nev] 9 l>ge quantity4 ,! fre% /orage mat]ial 0 weigh$ aft] becom+ air dry4 ,?is illu/rates a late spr+ condition1 /orage runn+ l[4 ,,d5 #ad4 ,augu/ #h1 #aiai4 ,excell5t summ] gr[? all ov] range4 ,?is burr[ 9 mix$ gr[?1 grasses & we$s4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,miscellane\s portions ( gre5 plants ( mix$ species1 no se$s #e ,repres5t+ m9imum = any "o ( ! #bb burr[s /udi$4 ,active /orage does n beg9 until ,septemb]4 ,,d5 #af4 ,octob] #ag1 #aiai4 ,9 good grass1 b m\nd ov]run by a l>ge ,apodan!ra v9e4 ,species /or$4 ,p] c5t4 ,grams4 ,ari/ida div>icata #ij to #ie ,*amaecri/a leptad5ia #aj to #e #eh ,b\tel\a ro?rockii ,tr4 ,prosopis velut9a #bjj ,apodan!ra undulata #ee --- ,total #cac ,five species repres5t$4 ,two species1 ,apodan!ra1 & ,*amaecri/a leptad5ia1 new to /orage records4 ,sev]al :ole fruits ( ,apodan!ra1 ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]1 /or$ 9 addition to se$s alone2 se$s ( ?is =m n previ\sly not$ 9 burr[s1 b v abundant 9 ?is "o1 indicat+ importance ( ! factor ( accessibility 9 /orage4 ,,d5 #ai4 ,octob] #ca1 ,novemb] #a1 #aiai4 ,9 good grass4 ,entire burr[ sy/em mapp$ 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #bi74 ,species /or$4 ,p] c5t4 ,grams4 ,ari/ida spp4 7probably mo/ly div>icata7 #ih ,eriogonum sp ,tr4 ,b\tel\a ro?rockii #a #a1hac ,b\tel\a ari/idoides #a ,panicum sp ,tr4 ,prosopis velut9a #a1bac ----- ,total #c1jbf ,five species repres5t$1 9 addition to ^? ( ,ari/ida4 ,l>ge/ /orage ( ,prosopis f\nd4 ,m\nd 0 ne> a good-siz$ mesquite tree4 ,no /orage 9 subsidi>y burr[s4 ,,d5 #ba4 ,janu>y #ca1 #aibj4 ,male trapp$ "h night ( ,janu>y #bi1 & suckl+ female trapp$ at same place & same op5+ ( m\nd1 night ( ,janu>y #cj4 ,burr[ excavat$ to secure "y1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 special ne/ *amb]4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,ari/ida spp4 7intimate mixture ( undet]m9$ species7 #a1aae ,es*s*oltzia mexicana 7f spr+ ( #aiai7 #dh ,opuntia 7prickly pe>1 se$s only1 no fruits7 #aj ----- ,total #a1agc ,?ree species repres5t$4 ,prickly pe> hi!rto f\nd z fruits only4 ,,d5 #bb4 ,janu>y #a1 #aiba4 ,r good grass gr[? "h 9 summ] ( #aibj4 ,burr[ typical1 s&y soil4 ,two skulls ( =m] resid5ts une>!d4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,aplopappus gracilis 7"s ,b4 ro?rockii7 #a1jcj ,a/ragalus nuttallianus #fcj ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7"s ,a4 gracilis7 #ecj ,sida diffusa #cj ,solanum elaeagnifolium 7#bhb fruits7 #ec ,loefl+ia pusilla ,tr4 ,b\tel\a ari/idoides ,tr4 ,plantago ignota ,tr4 ,lup9us sp>siflorus ,tr4 ,old /orage 7mo/ly ,b\tel\a ari/idoides ) traces ( ,b4 ro?rockii & ,ari/ida div>icata7 #fj ----- ,total #b1ccc ,elev5 species repres5t$4 ,fir/ in/ance ( quantity /orage ( ,aplopappus gracilis4 ,fir/ occurr5ce ( ,loefl+ia pusilla & ,a/ragalus nuttallianus4 ,,d5 #bd4 ,novemb] #h1 #aiba4 ,on mesa nor!a/ ( ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 ne> base ( ,s&ia ,m\nta9s4 ,fair grass gr[? "h dur+ prec$+ summ]4 ,species /or$4 ,grams4 ,sporobolus crypt&rus /rictus #e1dee ,salsola pe/if] #bie ----- ,total #e1gej ,two species repres5t$4 ,! heads ( ,sporobolus crypt&rus /rictus are reta9$ to a great ext5t )9 ! leaf %ea?s4 ,?is necessitates ! cutt+ ( ! /ems into suitable l5g?s = c>ry+1 & ! /or$ mat]ial appe>s to be m]ely cut sections ( ! /ems4 ,close exam9ation1 h[ev]1 discloses ! heads )91 & %[s t z 9 o!r in/ances se$ /orage is ! end s\ght4 ,^! pieces are pack$ beautifully p>allel l s _m mat*es1 & v>y f a m9imum l5g? ( #bj to a maximum ( #cg millimet]s1 av]ag+ ab\t #cj4 ,c\nt ( #b grams ( ! above ,sporobolus mat]ial %[s t !re are #abe sep>ate cut sections p] gram1 or a total ( approximately #fhj1jjj pieces 9 ?is "o lot ( /orage1 indicat+ a rem>kable activity on ! "p ( ! individual rat 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,d5 ,,excavat$ ,,on ,,range ,,res]ve4 ,v]tical section ?r\gh ,d5 ,no4 #a1 ( ,table #a 7p4 #bj71 %[+ ! complex sy/em ( burr[s1 "s ( !m plugg$ ) closely pack$ /orage 7outl9$ 9 :ite71 ! dep? ( ! d51 & ! wid5$ *amb]s c5trally locat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,cont5t ,,( ,,excavat$ ,,d54 ,/orage cont5t ( ,d5 ,no4 #a 7,fig4 #a1 above71 %[+ ! sep>ate species ( plants li/$ 9 ,table #a4 ,! rod is #a met] long4 ,! l>ge pile on ! left is compos$ ( se$-lad5 heads ( cr[foot grama 7,b\tel\a ro?rockii71 ! l>ge pile on ! "r consi/s ( heads ( six-weeks grama 7,b\tel\a ari/idoides71 ! pile ( heads 9 ! c5t] is des]t planta9 7,plantago ignota71 & ! smalle/ heap is compos$ ( buck:eat-bu% se$s 7,eriogonum polycladon74 ,! numb] ( lots ( /orage 7#bd7 /udi$ 9 detail1 ext5d+ z x does ov] a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s ) seasons ( v>y+ gr[? conditions1 is n suffici5t to p]mit ! con/ruction ( a curve %[+ increase & decrease 9 quantity ( /or$ mat]ial ) gr[+ seasons & int]vals betwe52 b ! results indicate a v decid$ increase dur+ ! autumn /or+ season1 & cont9u+ l>ge well into ! w9t]1 s9ce "s outside mat]ial c /ill be obta9$ until midw9t]4 ,f ab\t ,febru>y to ,april a decrease may be not$1 foll[$1 if ! spr+ gr[? ( annuals be good1 by a slight increase2 & we c v ne>ly pr$ict ! g5]al "* ( ! increases & decreases by ! precipitation & consequ5t gr[? conditions4 ,,table #b4--,quantity ( /orage p] d5 correlat$ ) "t ( ye> & gr[? conditions ( prec$+ season 7*iefly f ,unit$ ,/ates ,range ,res]ve ne> ! ,santa ,rita ,m\nta9s1 ,ariz474 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,d5 ,no4 ,date4 ,quantity4 ,prec$+ season4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #aiah4 ,grams4 #a ,feb4 #g #d1abg ,good4 #b ,m>4 #i #c1fae ,d4 #c ,july #be #dja ,poor4 #d ,sept4 #bj #gcd ,d4 #e ,sept4 #ba #b1ebj ,d4 #f ,oct4 #ag #b1cae ,d4 #g ,dec4 #bj #a1bdg ,d4 #aiai4 #h ,feb4 #g #a1fjj ,d4 #i ,m>4 #ac #cgj ,d4 #aj ,apr4 #g #ahj ,d4#c #aa ,apr4 #i #aag ,good4#c #ab ,may #g #bih ,d4#c #ac ,may #aa #a1eij ,d4 #ad ,aug4 #h #e ,good4 #ae ,sept4 #d #aea ,d4 #af ,oct4 #ag #cac ,d4 #ag ,oct4 #ah #ehc ,d4 #ah ,oct4 #be #c1daj ,d4 #ai ,nov4 #a #c1jbf ,d4 #bj ,dec4 #ac #b1haf ,d4 #aibj4 #ba ,jan4 #ca #a1agc ,d4 #aiba4 #bb ,jan4 #a #b1ccc ,fair4 #bcd ,nov4 #g #a1fhe ,good4 #bdd ,nov4 #h #e1gej ,d4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,footnote #c3 ,*ang+ f poor summ] season ( #aiah to excell5t spr+ gr[? ( #aiai4 ,footnote #d3 ,f ne> ! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,mex42 o!rs f ,unit$ ,/ates ,range ,res]ve1 ne> ! ,santa ,rita ,m\nta9s1 ,ariz4 ,9 pres5t+ ,table #b1 %[+ quantity ( /orage p] burr[ correlat$ ) ! "t ( ye> & ! "* ( ! prec$+ gr[+ season1 ! fact may be emphasiz$ t ! gr[+ seasons 9 s\!rn ,arizona are two 9 numb]--e>ly spr+ & midsumm]4 ,! spr+ season is ! less important1 ! plants consi/+ *iefly ( a v>iety ( small annuals1 :ile ! important range grasses make _! *ief gr[? & head out almo/ exclusively 9 ! ,july-,augu/ ra9y season4 ,x may be not$ also t ! actual increases 9 /orage appe> some:at aft] ! gr[? p]iod prop]1 s9ce /or+ does n get well "u way until ! se$ crop is mature4 ,! bann]-tail$ kang>oo rat %[s a m>k$ adaptability to diff]5t foods available 9 ! neighborhood ( its burr[s4 ,x mu/1 p]=ce1 adapt itself & its /orage program to ! food t x c get1 & ?is v>ies enorm\sly ) ! climatic conditions ( successive seasons4 ,! l>ge numb]s pres5t 9 suitable localities cle>ly indicate t ! animal is successful 9 meet+ ! *ang+ & sometimes extremely adv]se conditions ( its environm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,cont5t ,,( ,,d5 ,,excavat$ ,,9 ,,new ,,mexico4 ,/orage cont5t ( ,d5 ,no4 #bd1 ( ,table #a1 f ,s&ia ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,mex4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ lot ( /orage tak5 9 ! c\rse ( ! inve/igations4 ,! l>g] pile consi/s :olly ( a valuable grass1 ,sporobolus crypt&rus /rictus3 ! small] ( ,russian ?i/le 7,salsola pe/if]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,gr[? ,,foll[+ ,,elim9ation ,,( ,,kang>oo ,,rats4 ,! same m\nd z %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figure #a1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( protection1 ! rod5ts hav+ be5 kill$ out4 ,ne>ly z good grass recov]y foll[+ poison+ op]ations occurr$ 9 ! s+le excell5t season ( #aiba4 ,at times1 m especially 9 ! seasons ( active gr[?1 "s ( ! gre5 & succul5t portions ( plants are eat54 ,?is 0 v noticeable 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai1 :5 a mo/ luxuriant gr[? ( ,mexican poppy 7,es*s*oltzia mexicana7 occurr$4 ,/oma*s at ?is "t 7 fill$ ) ! yell[ & gre5 mixture und\bt$ly produc$ by ! gr9d+ up ( ! buds & fl[]s ( ?is plant4 ,small ca*es ( ab\t a tablespoonful ( ^! buds 7 also f\nd 9 ! burr[s at ?is "t4 ,occasionally 9 spr+ "o may f9d a few gre5 leaves ( v>i\s plants1 ,ga]tn]ia v commonly1 tuck$ away 9 small pockets along ! und]gr\nd tunnels1 indicat+ t su* mat]ials are us$ to "s ext5t4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 detail1 h[ev] 7,table #a71 ! *ief /orage1 & und\bt$ly ! *ief food1 consi/s ( air-dry se$s4 ,! "* ( ! /orage1 ! abs5ce ( ra9 = mon?s at a "t 9 "s ye>s1 & ! consequ5t failure ( gre5 succul5ts %[ t )\t d\bt spectabilis possesses rem>kable p[]1 z to its wat] requirem5ts1 ( exi/+ l>gely if n :olly ^u ! wat] d]iv$ f air-dry />*y foods1 i4e41 metabolic wat] s]ves x 9 lieu ( dr9k 7,nelson1 #aiah1 #djj71 ?is be+ =m$ 9 consid]able quantities by oxidation ( c>bohydrates & fats 7,babcock1 #aiab1 #aei1 #agj74 ,dur+ ! long dry p]iods *>act]i/ic ( s\!rn ,arizona1 no evid5ce t ! animal seeks a supply ( succul5t food1 z cactus1 is f\nd2 & if x may g = two1 ?ree1 or six mon?s )\t wat] or succul5t food1 x is reasonable to suppose t x may d s indef9itely4 ,9 ! laboratory spectabilis ord9>ily does n dr9k1 b r %[s a dislike = gett+ its nose wet4 ,dur+ ! p]iods ( dr\ght ! attacks ^u ! cactuses by o!r rod5ts ( ! same region1 z ,lepus1 ,sylvilagus1 ,neotoma1 & ,ammosp]mophilus1 become increas+ly evid5t4 ,! li/ ( plant species ?us f> f\nd repres5t$ 9 ! /orage mat]ials ( spectabilis on ! ,range ,res]ve is %[n 9 ,table #c4 ,,table #c4--,li/ ( all plant species f\nd 9 #bb d5s ( ,dipodomys spectabilis on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,range ,res]ve1 ne> ! ,santa ,rita ,m\nta9s1 ,ariz41 ) approximate total weights4 ,,grasses4 ,grams4 ,ari/ida bromoides 7six-weeks ne$legrass7 #ecf ,ari/ida div>icata 7,humboldt ne$legrass7 #i1dab ,ari/ida scabra 7r\gh ne$legrass7 #cdd ,b\tel\a ari/idoides 7six-weeks grama7 #c1jic ,b\tel\a radicosa 7grama7 #a1bfi ,b\tel\a eriopoda 7black grama7 ,tr4 ,b\tel\a ro?rockii 7se$s1 #h1die2 cr[ns1 #c1eag grams7 7cr[foot grama7 #ab1jab ,fe/uca oct(lora 7fescue grass7 #gj ,panicum arizonicum 7,arizona panic-grass7 #aa ,panicum hallii 7,hall panic-grass7 ,tr4 ,pappaphorum wrightii ,tr4 ,trid5s pul*ella ,tr4 ,valota sac*>ata ,tr4 ,,o!r ,,plants4 ,alt]nan!ra rep5s ,tr4 ,anisolotus trisp]mus 7bird's-foot trefoil7 #ahf ,aplopappus gracilis #a1jcj ,apodan!ra undulata 7melon loco7 #ee ,a/ragalus nuttallianus 7milk vet*7 #fcj ,ay5ia microphylla ,tr4 ,bo]haavia wrightii #hhe ,*amaecri/a leptad5ia 7p>tridge pea7 #e ,e*9ocactus wisliz5i 7visnaga7 #e ,eriogonum polycladon #ce ,es*s*oltzia mexicana 7,mexican poppy7 #bej ,ga]tn]ia t5uifolia 7frans]ia7 ,tr4 ,collomia gracilis 7false gilia7 ,tr4 ,het]o!ca subaxill>is ,tr4 ,kall/roemia laetevir5s ,tr4 ,lup9us sp>siflorus 7lup9e7 ,tr4 ,m>tynia al!aefolia 7small devil's-horns7 #ab ,mollugo v]ticillata 7c>petwe$7 #cbd ,o5o!ra primiv]us 7ev5+ primrose7 #ae ,opuntia discata 7prickly pe>7 #ae ,loefl+ia pusilla ,tr4 ,lepidium lasioc>pum 7pepp]grass7 ,tr4 ,plantago ignota 7planta97 #hah ,polygala pub]ula 7milkwort7 ,tr4 ,portulaca suffrutesc5s 7purslane7 ,tr4 ,prosopis velut9a 7mesquite7 #a1egj ,sida diffusa 7spread+ sida7 #cj ,solanum elaeagnifolium 7#gdb fruits7 7trompillo1 prickly solanum7 #aef ,puffballs & fle%y fungi 7undet]m9$7 #ab ,total species1 exclusive ( fungi1 #da4 ,x w be se5 f ,table #c t :ile a l>ge numb] ( species ( plants are repres5t$ 9 ! totals f s _m d5s1 a majority ( !m are ( v m9or importance1 & t ! se$s ( grasses are ! pr9cipal /orage & probably !re=e ! pr9cipal food mat]ial4 ,six ( ! mo/ important species ( grasses 7disreg>d+ species furni%+ less ?an #e grams7 comprise #he4f p] c5t ( ! total weight ( /orage f #bb d5s4 ,cr[foot grama 7,b\tel\a ro?rockii7 /&s fir/ 9 quantity 9 ! total1 =m+ #ci4d p] c5t ( all /or$ mat]ial1 #df p] c5t ( ! six important grasses1 & #de p] c5t ( all grasses4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt ( /orage ( any "o species ( grass 9 any "o d5 on ! ,range ,res]ve also is ( ?is species1 #b1bje grams#e 7,table #a1 d5 #a1 p4 #bj1 & ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,fig4 #b74 ,?is is exce$$ by a dropse$ grass1 ,sporobolus crypt&rus /rictus1 :i* am\nt$ to #e1dee grams 9 a lot f ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex4 7,table #a1 d5 #bd1 & ,pl4 ,,viii1 ,fig4 #a74 ,footnote #e3 ,?is am\nt ( dry grama grass se$ 7heads7 am\nts to approximately a bu%el4 ,( ! species o!r ?an grasses f\nd /or$ 9 ^! d5s1 mesquite beans 7,prosopis velut9a7 are mo/ important bo? by weight & numb] ( d5s conta9+ !m4 ,! total = ! #bb ,range ,res]ve d5s is #a1egj grams1 or #ce4i p] c5t ( ! se$s o!r ?an grasses1 b only #e4a p] c5t ( ! total /orage4 ,9 bulk mesquite beans d n loom up l>ge1 z !y are probably ! heavie/ mat]ial /or$4 ,sections ( pods :i* mu/ h be5 dragg$ into ! burr[s are f\nd1 "s ( !m c]ta9ly be+ mu* too long = c>riage 9 ! p\*es4 ,! species ( plant o!r ?an grass f\nd 9 ! l>ge/ quantity 9 any "o d51 h[ev]1 0 ,aplopappus gracilis1 n record$ 9 quantity f any d5 until ! excavation ( ! tw5ty-second1 & !n f\nd 9 a v l>ge bulk ( s(t1 fluffy mat]ial1 ) mo/ ( ! se$s sep>at$ f ! heads1 & weigh+ #a1jcj grams 7,table #a1 d5 #bb74 ,any ( ! food mat]ials above li/$ are likely to be f\nd 9 ! *eek p\*es1 :ile 9 addition su* extrane\s matt] z /ones & feces h also be5 f\nd4 ,all species ( plants /or$ are accessible 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! m\nd1 & :5 any p>ticul> plant is f\nd se$+ 9 abundance 9 ! vic9ity ( ! d5 x is likely to be repres5t$ 9 ! /orage4 ,usually ! animals c be readily trapp$ ) almo/ any k9d ( gra9 bait1 z oats1 roll$ oats1 roll$ b>ley1 & :eat2 & nut meats also are attractive1 ?\gh we h no record ( ! /or+ ( any true nut 9 ! d5s1 su* n be+ available 9 ! range ( ! animal on ! ,range ,res]ve4 ,! foll[+ plants n repres5t$ 9 ! li/ /or$ by ! kang>oo rat on ! ,range ,res]ve h be5 f\nd 9 ! *eek p\*es or m\nds ( spectabilis 9 o!r localities3 ,am>an?us palm]i1 ,sesuvium portulaca/rum1 & ,atriplex wrightii 7alluvial soil ( ,santa ,cruz ,valley1 ,cont95tal1 ,ariz41 ,bailey74 ,cut leaves & /ems ( a small sagebru% 7,frankl9 ,m\nta9s1 ,tex41 ,gaut74 ,guti]rezia heads 7,san ,juan ,valley1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,birdseye74 ,v]bes9a enceliodes1 ,portulaca ol]acea1 ,b\tel\a gracilis1 & ,munroa squ>rosa 7,rio ,alamosa1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,goldman74 ,tops ( buds ( ,artemisia filifolia 7,mesa ,jumanes1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,gaut74 ,tumblewe$ 7,am>an?us graecizans71 ,russian ?i/le 7,salsola pe/if]71 ,munroa squ>rosa1 & ,sporobolus crypt&rus /rictus 7,s&ia ,m\nta9s1 ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,vorhies74 ,,burr[ ,,sy/ems1 ,,or ,,d5s4 ,! burr[ sy/em1 or d51 9 :i* spectabilis /ores its ca*es ( food mat]ials1 has its ne/1 & rema9s ?r\gh\t ! h\rs ( daylight is a complicat$ labyr9? ( tunnels4 ,ejection ( refuse & soil f ?is retreat builds up ! m\nd frequ5tly ref]r$ to4 ,^! m\nds are1 z ,bailey says1 *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 & are z unmi/akable z muskrat h\ses or beav] dams1 & z c>efully plann$ & built = z def9ite a purpose--home & %elt]4 ,!y are1 fur!rmore1 ! mo/ notable ( all kang>oo rat dwell+ places 7,nelson1 #aiah1 #djj74 ,!y range 9 height f #f in*es to approximately #d feet & f #e to #ae feet 9 diamet]4 ,! m\nd is built up n only ?r\gh ! clean+ out ( *aff & o!r food refuse1 b ?r\gh ext5sion & modification ( ! tunnels2 old tunnels1 entrances1 & ca*es ( mu/y food mat]ial are f "t to "t clos$ up & o!rs excavat$1 repair & rebuild+ be+ especially necess>y aft] ! collapse ( portions ( ! d5 z a result ( heavy ra9s or trampl+ by cattle4 ,eject$ mat]ial is mo/ commonly simply ?r[n out fan-wise f ! op5+s1 )\t mu* app>5t ef=t to add to ! height ( ! m\nd4 ,!re are usually f #f to #ab entrance holes 9 ea* m\nd op5+ into ! subt]ranean burr[ sy/em1 ea* hole f #d to #e-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! holes are ne>ly all situat$ a little above ! surface ( ! surr\nd+ soil1 & z ,price has sugge/$ 79 ,all51 #ahie1 #bac71 ?is is d\btless a wise provision aga9/ flood+1 z torr5tial ra9s sometimes occur 9 ! kang>oo rat c\ntry4 ,bo? ,bailey & ,nelson /ate t z a rule sev]al ( ! holes are clos$ ) s& or miscellane\s e>? & old /orage mat]ial dur+ ! daytime1 b our obs]vations on ! ,range ,res]ve are t su* clos+ is only occasional4 ,_m occupi$ d5s h n a s+le op5+ clos$4 ,fur!r1 night obs]vations disclose t ! inhabitant ( ! m\nd w appe> f "s "o ( ! two or ?ree mo/-us$ op5+s :5 night falls1 & n necess>ily f "o :i* has be5 clos$ by day4 ,rec5tly an op5+ clos$ "o day 0 obs]v$ 9 use dur+ ! night1 b 0 left op5 all ! next day4 ,9 attempt+ to det]m9e :e!r !re exi/ simil>ities ( plan or sy/em 9 ! d5s1 x 0 consid]$ advisable to map !m ) "s degree ( accuracy4 ,?is we 7 enabl$ to d by lay+ (f a squ>e ab\t a giv5 m\nd1 #b-a_/b or #c met]s ea* way1 & subdivid+ x into a s]ies ( small squ>es ( half a met] on ea* side by draw+ cross-l9es on ! surface ( ! gr\nd ov] ! top ( ! m\nd4 ,"o p]son !n did ! digg+ & explor+ ( ! tunnels1 z to direction & dep?1 :ile ! o!r not$ ! results on coord9ate pap] 7,figs4 #b & #c72 ! prop] excavation & mapp+ ( "o ( ^! work+s occupi$ f f\r to eight h\rs = ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagram ( a typical d5 ( ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis4 ,d\ble %ad+ indicates :]e "o portion ( tunnel lies above ano!r & solid black a ?ree-/ory arrangem5t2 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 active op5+s to surface2 figures )\t arr[s1 dep?s 9 c5timet]s to tunnel ro(s2 figures ) arr[s1 tunnel wid?s 9 c5timet]s2 ,n4 ne/ *amb]2 ,s1 /orage2 ,,os1 old /orage2 ,y1 probably an old ne/ *amb]2 ,z1 old1 unus$1 or p>tially plugg$ op5+s4 ,:ile !re is great] complexity 9 ! l>g]1 & probably old]1 m\nds ?an 9 ! small]1 all are extremely complicat$ & c only be describ$ z labyr9?9e 9 "*4 ,! tunnels w9d ab\t ?r\gh ! m\nd1 ris+ & fall+ 9 v]tical dep?1 int]communicat+ frequ5tly1 b ) occasional cul-de-sacs1 & 9 places exp&+ into *amb]s1 ( :i* !re may be ?ree or f\r l>ge ones4 ,! /or$ mat]ials are f\nd 9 "s1 b n necess>ily all1 ( ^! *amb]s1 & may also occupy consid]able l5g?s ( ord9>y tunnel1 especially :5 ! quantity pres5t is l>ge4 ,small evag9ations ( ! tunnels frequ5tly conta9 less] ca*es1 & x is 9 su* pockets t bits ( fre% mat]ial are plac$ dur+ a gr[+ season1 or t gra9 suppli$ ! previ\s night = bait is usually f\nd4 ,! ma9 masses ( /orage are mo/ (t5 f\nd c5trally locat$ at dep?s ( f #ae to #eg c5timet]s1 al?\gh at times "o may f9d a ca*e ne> ! p]iph]y ( ! sy/em & z ne> ! surface z #b or #c c5timet]s4 ,9 ! latt] case ! mat]ials are subject to wett+ f ra9s1 & consequ5t spoilage4 ,! major portion ( ! :ole tunnel sy/em is )9 ab\t #ej c5timet]s ( ! surface ( ! m\nd1 b usually "s "o bran* tunnel goes to some:at great] dep?1 & ?is is likely to be ! "o conta9+ ! ne/2 ?is is also likely to ext5d t[>d or beyond ! p]iph]y ( ! ma9 sy/em1 & always ends bl9dly4 ,su* a "o1 f :i* two "y 7 tak5 on ,janu>y #ca1 #aibj1 0 at a dep? ( ab\t #fe c5timet]s1 & ab\t #a-a_/b met]s beyond ! p]iph]y ( ! m\nd itself4 ,! individual tunnels av]age ab\t #h c5timet]s 9 height1 & ab\t #aa c5timet]s 9 wid?1 ?\gh ! v>iation1 especially 9 wid?1 is consid]able4 ,! expansions m5tion$ z be+ ! *ief places ( /orage are f #ae to #be c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & may or may n involve a consid]able increase 9 height4 ,!y are frequ5tly locat$ at junction po9ts ( two or m bran*es ( ! tunnel sy/em4 ,! ne/ cavity is a *amb] ( approximately sph]ical %ape & f #ag to #bc c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,*amb]s ( ?is "* 7 obs]v$ & not$ z old /orage 9 a numb] ( cases4 ,!y 7 sometimes cut (f f ! re/ ( ! habitation1 & at fir/ 7 suppos$ to conta9 ab&on$ mu/y /orage4 ,z exp]i5ce 9 excavat+ & int]pret+ results has be5 ga9$ we h conclud$ t ^! *amb]s 9 fact repres5t ab&on$ ne/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,diagram ( ! sy/em ( surface runways & subsidi>y d5s ( ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis4 ,! und]gr\nd tunnels ( ! ma9 d5 7 too complicat$ to illu/rate on ?is scale1 be+ v simil> to ^? ( ,figure #b4 ,! und]gr\nd tunnels ( ! subsidi>ies are %[n 9 solid black4 ,"s runways fade out 9 ! grass 9 a mann] t c n be indicat$ 9 a l9e draw+4 ,bailey gives ! dim5sions ( ne/ *amb]s obs]v$ 9 ,new ,mexico z ab\t #f by #h in*es to #h by #aj in*es4 ,! ne/ is compos$ ( f9]1 s(t]1 & m *affy mat]ial ?an ! regul> /orage4 ,! *aff refuse f ! food probably contributes l>gely to x1 ?\gh "s leaves ( grasses n /or$ = food may also be f\nd1 & a ne/1 especially ! "o 9 use1 may be di/+ui%$1 if excavat+ is c>efully done1 by ! di/9ct cavity ab\t ! size ( a fi/ 9 its int]ior 7,pl4 ,,ix1 ,fig4 #a74 ,"o may sometimes f9d ?is cavity di/9ctly w>m f ! rec5t pres5ce ( ! inhabitant4 ,! walls or p>titions betwe5 ! *amb]s & tunnels are 9 places surpris+ly ?91 & x is no wond] t "o is almo/ c]ta9 to break ?r\gh 9 /epp+ on a m\nd1 s9ce ! :ole is a honeycomblike /ructure ( f two to f\r /ories 9 v]tical plan1 z %[n by ! transect ( a m\nd 9 ,plate ,,vii1 ,figure #a4 ,z ,bailey writes1 ^! p>tition walls are a mixture ( e>? & old food & ne/ mat]ial disc>d$ ye>s ago1 resembl+ ! adobe walls ( ! ,mexican h\ses built ( *opp$ e>? & /raw4 ,?is is ! result ( ! cont9ual ejection ( refuse & e>? z be=e m5tion$1 comb9$ ) ! cav+ action ( ra9s & di/urbances f l>g] animals4 ,app>5tly !re are no special pockets = deposit ( feces 9 ,dipodomys burr[s2 su* matt] may be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! d51 & is m or less mix$ ) ! food refuse :i* c>pets practically ! entire tunnel sy/em4 ,! ne/ & food /ores are1 h[ev]1 clean & neat1 ! dropp+s be+ dry &1 ?\gh pres5t on ! floor ( a /orage *amb]1 n actually m+l$ ) ! food4 ,evid5tly ! animal does n clean up ! floor litt] be=e /or+ food mat]ial4 ,! entire sy/em = any "o d5 seems to consi/ n only ( ! burr[s )9 ! m\nd itself1 z describ$1 b ( ^? small outly+ ones :i* we h ref]r$ to z subsidi>y burr[s4 ,^! are two to f\r 9 numb]1 & are connect$ ) ! ma9 m\nd by ! runways already m5tion$4 ,!y (t5 seem to be way /ations on ! runways connect+ ma9 m\nds1 & !re is seldom any m\nd ( e>? :atev] 9 connection ) !m4 ,"o entire d5 sy/em1 ! home m\nd & ?ree subsidi>ies1 0 mapp$ aft] be+ excavat$ 7,fig4 #c71 all hav+ be5 c>efully gass$ ) c>bon bisulphide4 ,! subsidi>ies 7 simple & conta9$ no /orage4 ,two ( !m 7 %all[1 :ile 9 ! ?ird a dep? ( #dh c5timet]s 0 rea*$4 ,!y appe> to be m]ely places ( refuge1 ?\gh ! well-worn trails connect+ !m ) ! ma9 m\nd indicate regul> use4 ,^! runways are conspicu\s on ! ,range ,res]ve1 & are app>5tly *>act]i/ic ( m\nds ?r\gh\t ! range ( ! animal4 ,dwell]s 9 diff]5t m\nds mu/ h r ext5sive social contacts1 not)/&+ ! enmity ( individuals t[>d ea* o!r 9 captivity4 ,! ma9 m\nd1 9 ?is in/ance v complicat$1 0 9 "o place ?ree /ories high1 & we h f\nd z _m z f\r utiliz$ /ories2 b z a rule !re are two or ?ree only4 ,s9ce collapses are r frequ5t dur+ ra9y seasons1 aside f ! trampl+ previ\sly ref]r$ to1 ! kang>oo rats1 :]e abundant1 z on ! ,range ,res]ve1 may well be a factor 9 increas+ soil porosity & f]tility2 = 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y probably h succe$$ 9 pl[+ & cultivat+ ! :ole surface lay] ( ! soil4 ,!y may ?us be a factor 9 ecologic succession1 t5d+ to improve ! "* ( ! soil & adapt x to ano!r /age4 ,d\btless _! own work+s af=d ! only %elt] ! animals "k4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our digg+ 9 "o m\nd1 ! occupant1 an adult male1 did n =sake ! d5 until ! excavation 0 ?ree-f\r?s complet$2 & ev5 !n x did n leave by a burr[ lead+ away f our op]ations1 b came t[>d u1 escap$ ! active ef=ts ( f\r individuals b5t on its capture1 & ran spe$ily along a us$ runway t[>d ano!r burr[ sev]al met]s di/ant4 ,a sack _h be5 /uff$ 9 ! m\? ( ?is1 h[ev]1 &1 baffl$1 ! rat !n return$ to ! orig9al burr[ & 0 captur$4 ,obs]vations on o!r rats ?us driv5 f ! home m\nd indicate t !y are v famili> ) ! runways ( ! vic9ity ( ! m\nd & ! v>i\s subsidi>y burr[s1 & x is a "q :e!r !y ne$ to see cle>ly to foll[ ^! runs4 ,app>5tly !y nev] attempt to escape by =sak+ _! well-travel$ runways4 ,te/s ( ! maze-runn+ ability ( ^! animals by animal-behavior exp]ts w\ld be ( extraord9>y int]e/1 9 view ( ! "* ( ! homes :i* !y always inhabit & ! network ( runs on ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,kang>oo ,,rat ,,ne/ ,,& ,,"y4 ,ne/ & ! two "y1 ! ord9>y numb] 9 ! litt]1 ( ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis1 tak5 f d5 on ,janu>y #ca1 #aibj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,"y ,,( ,,! ,,kang>oo ,,rat4 ,! same "y z %[n 9 ,figure #a1 above4 ,!y 7 probably ab\t two weeks old1 ! pelage be+ %ort b ) ! :ite m>k+s ( ! adult2 ! tails are relatively %ort & ) sc>cely any hair4 ,,comm5sals ,,& ,,enemies4 ,,comm5sals4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any animals live 9 a truly comm5sal relation%ip ) spectabilis1 b ( n unfri5dly associates !re are a great numb]4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( ,bailey1 corroborat$ by obs]vations ( ,vorhies on liv+ animals1 t ^! kang>oo rats are active 9 def5d+ _! ca*es ( food1 & w ev5 fight individuals ( ! same species savagely & to ! dea?4 ,"o moonlight night a /range individual 0 lib]at$ on a m\nd4 ,x delib]ately ent]$ "o ( ! op5+s1 b aft] ab\t two m9utes' "t made an exce$+ly rapid exit1 runn+ rapidly out ( sight z if pursu$1 ?\gh ! own] ( ! home did n appe> outside ( ! burr[4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! /rang] 0 precipitately eject$ by ! own]4 ,we suspect1 ?\gh ?is is a po9t difficult to prove satisfactorily1 t m]riami does n always /ore food supplies = itself1 b visits ! burr[s ( spectabilis regul>ly to pilf] ! se$ /or$ !re94 ,! obs]v$ facts ?us f> record$ :i* sugge/ ?is are t 9 no m]riami burr[ exam9$ has a /ore ( food be5 f\nd1 & also t 9 trapp+ = spectabilis on its own *>act]i/ic m\nds "o cat*es a l>ge p]c5tage ( m]riami4 ,on two sep>ate occasions ,vorhies has obs]v$ ! small] species runn+ ov] ! m\nds ( ! l>g]1 actually c>ry+ away ! gra9 :i* _h be5 plac$ to entice ! l>g] :5 x might appe>4 7,9 ^! cases ! l>g] species did n put 9 an appe>ance until ne> morn+47 ,fur!rmore1 ! d5s ( m]riami are (t5 connect$ by di/9ct runways ) ^? ( spectabilis1 indicat+ mu* travel+ or visit+4 ,t ?is is probably n fri5dly visit+ is sugge/$ by ! c]ta9ty ) :i* an individual ( ! l>g] species w /rike & kill "o ( ! small] :5 !y are plac$ toge!r 9 ! same inclosure4 ,! ^w ?ief expresses ?is suspect$ relation%ip bett] ?an w\ld ! t]m p>asite4 ,x is n to be expect$ t su* obvi\s %elt] retreats z ! m\nds ( spectabilis %\ld fail to attract ! att5tion ( o!r animals4 ,we h f\nd a small gecko 7,coleonyx v>iegatus71 scorpions ( two or ?ree undet]m9$ species1 & c]ta9 insects 7( ! ,ord] ,or?opt]a7 to be v common inhabitants ( ! d5s4 ,) ! exception ( ! p>asitic insects ! mo/ common are w+less locu/ids 7,ceu?ophilus spp47 & ! peculi> w+less females ( a species ( cockroa* 7,ar5ivaga erratica74 ,^! two are seldom abs5t :5 a burr[ is excavat$1 ! female cockroa*es be+ abundant1 al?\gh ! w+$ males h nev] be5 tak5 9 ! burr[s4 ,c>y's obs]vations at ,monahans1 ,tex41 & ^? ( o!rs at num]\s localities1 comb9$ ) our own1 %[ t at v>i\s times ! d5s furni% protection & %elt] = v>i\s species ( cottontail rabbits 7,sylvilagus71 gr\nd squirrels 7,citellus & ,ammosp]mophilus71 wood rats 7,neotoma71 gras%opp] mice 7,ony*omys71 rattlesnakes 7,crotalus71 & mo/ ( ! common liz>ds4 ,( ^! ! gr\nd squirrels ,citellus t]eticaudus & ,ammosp]mophilus h>risii are mo/ (t5 not$ on ! ,range ,res]ve us+ ! d5s z a retreat1 ! ,ammosp]mophilus seldom be+ obs]v$ to ent] any o!r k9d ( burr[4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! total obs]vations include d5s :i* h be5 des]t$ by _! rightful own]s4 ,,natural ,,*ecks4 ,! enemies ( ! kang>oo rat are n det]m9$ 9 detail1 or z to relative importance1 b ! badg] 7,taxidea taxus b]l&i]i7 & ! kit fox1 or swift 7,vulpes macrotis neomexicana71 may well be =emo/4 ,d5s :i* h be5 deeply excavat$ by badg]s are frequ5tly se51 & sometimes two or ?ree badg] tunnels p5etrate "o burr[ sy/em4 ,d5s ?us despoil$ are probably soon reoccupi$ ev5 if ! orig9al own] is captur$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s ! rework+ ( ! abode oblit]ates ! signs ( de/ruction4 ,dropp+s ( ! kit fox %[ an abundance ( bones ( small mammals ( kang>oo rat size1 among !m ^? ( spectabilis4 ,bobcats 7,lynx baileyi7 & coyotes 7,canis me>nsi7 probably are a prejudicial factor4 ,skunks may sometimes be able to surprise ! kang>oo rats1 b probably n (t54 ,! we/]n horn$ owl 7,bubo virg9ianus pallesc5s71 ! b>n owl 7,tyto alba prat9cola71 & p]haps o!rs may well be among ! mo/ fe>$ enemies1 b no special inve/igation ( owl pellets on ! res]ve has be5 possible4 ,9 #eib b>n-owl pellets f ,cali=nia 7 f\nd rema9s ( #bcj kang>oo rats1 only "o o!r rod5t be+ repres5t$ by a l>g] numb] 7,mc,atee1 #aiba1 #beh74 ,mu* m in=mation on enemies is ne$$4 ,! relatively l[ rate ( reproduction 7see p4 #ah7 indicates comp>ative fre$om f inimical factors4 ,,p>asites4 ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis is regul>ly infe/$ ) a species ( flea1 ,ct5oph?almus sp4 ,seldom or nev] is a specim5 tak5 9 reasonably fre% condition )\t "s ( ^! p>asites pres5t on its body1 ?\gh ( c\rse !y des]t ! body ( ! ho/ aft] x becomes cold1 & h5ce dead specim5s left too long may be free f !m4 ,! d5 conditions are ideal = ! bre$+ ( ?is p>asite1 because ( ! great quantities ( f9e1 du/y1 organic refuse litt]+ ! tunnels & furni%+ food & refuge = ! l>v4 ,z demon/rat$ to u by ,f4 ,c4 ,bi%opp1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology1 a h&ful ( ?is refuse tak5 f ! floor ( a burr[ )9 arm's l5g? ( ! entrance is almo/ c]ta9 to conta9 ^! l>v4 ,less regul>ly pres5t1 p]haps because ( its diff]5t life hi/ory1 is a small tick1 ,trombicula sp4 ,at times ?is p>asite is v common1 be+ pres5t on ne>ly e individual rat1 & at o!r times specim5s are difficult to f9d2 x appe>s to be m commonly pres5t 9 summ] & fall ?an at o!r seasons1 & is f\nd atta*$ *iefly to ! e>s4 ,no int]nal p>asites h be5 detect$4 ,! nocturnal & fossorial habits ( ! animal seem to give complete protection aga9/ a =m ( p>asite :i* is v common among "s o!r rod5ts ( ! ,range ,res]ve1 notably ,lepus & ,sylvilagus4 ,ne>ly all rabbits are infe/$ ) w>bles1 ! l>v ( a species ( bot-fly1 ,cut]ebra 7family ,oe/ridae74 ,o!r small mammals also are occasionally p>asitiz$ by ! ,cut]ebra1 b 9 ! h&l+ & exam9ation ( p]haps #bjj or m individuals ( spectabilis & m]riami1 we h yet to f9d a s+le case ( infe/ation by an oe/rid fly4 ,,abundance4 ,"o's fir/ impression ( a well-occupi$ spectabilis area is t a l>ge family mu/ inhabit ea* d51 b1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 we h gradually be5 compell$ to %ift f ?is conception to ! idea ( b a s+le animal to a m\nd1 except :5 ! "y are pres5t4 ,!re=e a c5sus ( ! adult kang>oo rat population c readily be made1 simply by c\nt+ ! m\nds4 ,su* a c5sus af=ds at lea/ a cons]vative e/imate ( ! numb] ( adult individuals occupy+ a giv5 area4 ,! fir/ e/imates ( abundance on ! ,range ,res]ve 7 f actual c\nts ( d5s on areas measur$ (f = exp]im5tal f5c+1 & gave ! figure ( ab\t two m\nds to ! acre4 ,f "t to "t r\gh e/imates 7 made on diff]5t portions ( ! pa/ures1 & ^! *eck$ well ) ! above4 ,lat] /ill1 a c>eful c\nt %[$ #cjj m\nds on approximately #afj acres 7see p4 #h71 or #a4hg m\nds p] acre4 ,n9e areas ( #b acres ea*1 repres5t+ diff]5t environm5tal conditions1 7 lat] select$ 9 diff]5t portions ( ! ,range ,res]ve1 & ! d5s accurately c\nt$4 ,! numb] ( d5s p] #b acres v>i$ f none to a maximum infe/ation ( #ab1 nei!r extreme occurr+ ov] l>ge areas4 ,! total numb] ( d5s 0 f\nd to be #dc on ! #ah acres1 or an av]age ( #b4ch d5s p] acre4 ,f all ^! e/imates x may fairly be conclud$ t two m\nds1 or two animals1 p] acre is a cons]vative e/imate = ! infe/ation ( ! entire ,range ,res]ve1 ) ! possible exception ( small areas at its upp] edges1 :]e ! altitude limit ( spectabilis is pass$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to e/imate ! area ( ! ,/ate infe/$ ) kang>oo rats1 = "s l>ge /ret*es ( f9e grassl& %[ no kang>oo rats :atev]1 :ile o!rs h m ?an are pres5t on ! res]ve2 & we h no e/imates ( ! ext5t ( ei!r type4 ,,economic ,,consid]ations4 ,9 ,may1 #ahid1 ,fi%] f\nd a ran*man at ,willcox1 ,ariz41 :o compla9$ m bitt]ly ( ! depr$ations ( spectabilis ?an ( ^? ( any o!r mammal4 ,on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,range ,res]ve ! food mat]ial appropriat$ by ! kang>oo rat dur+ good ye>s is inappreciable4 ,!re is su* an excess ( =age grass produc$ t all ! rod5ts toge!r make v little diff]5ce4 ,b ) ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( lean ye>s1 :5 dr\ght conditions are su* t little or no grass gr[s1 ! effects ( rod5t damage n only become app>5t1 b may be a critical factor det]m9+ :e!r a giv5 numb] ( dome/ic animals c be graz$ on ! area 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,fig4 #b74 ,) two kang>oo rats to ! acre 7#a1bhj p] squ>e mile71 !re w\ld be #fd1jjj animals on ! #ej squ>e miles ( ! ,range ,res]ve4 ,if ea* rat /ores #d p\nds ( grass se$s & cr[ns & o!r edible =age dur+ ! season 7& 9 sev]e seasons we f9d t m cr[ns are /or$ ?an "u ord9>y conditions71 a total ( #bef1jjj p\nds1 or #abh tons1 ( edible =age are r5d]$ unavailable to /ock4 ,9 dry ye>s x is probable t ?is am\nt ( =age w\ld be ( critical importance4 ,all[+ #ej p\nds ( food a day = ea* /e]1 ! =age de/roy$ w\ld be suffici5t to provide = ! ne$s ( "o /e] = #e1abj days1 or = ! ne$s ( #ad /e]s = "o ye>4 ,on a /ock ran* ! size ( ! ,range ,res]ve ?is might mean ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure4 ,x seems n unlikely1 !re=e1 t dur+ seasons ( dr\ght ! bann]-tail$ kang>oo rat1 :]e x is abundant on ! graz+ ranges ( ! ,s\?we/1 may be a factor ( critical importance 9 relation to =age production & c>ry+ capacity4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t ! /or$ mat]ial consi/s l>gely ( se$s1 s t ?is loss is ( great] importance ?an w\ld be ! case 7 x ord9>y =age4 ,"s ( ! range grasses ( ?is region f\nd 9 greate/ quantity 9 ! /or$ mat]ial dep5d 9 l>ge "p1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ^u se$ reproduction4 ,rehabilitation ( a deplet$ range aft] sev]e dr\ght & consequ5t close graz+ & trampl+ is ret>d$ by ! heavy toll ( se$ tak5 by ! kang>oo rats4 ,,control4 ,kang>oo rats may be easily eradicat$ by ! use ( ! poison$ gra9 us$ = prairie-dog control by ! ,biological ,survey & ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona ,ext5sion ,s]vice4 ,?is c be obta9$ by application to ! ,/ate repres5tative ( ! ,biological ,survey or to ! local c\nty agricultural ag5t1 or may be mix$ z foll[s3 ,=mula = poison$ bait4--,dissolve #a ounce ( /ry*n9e sulphate 9 #a-a_/b p9ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,add #a heap+ tablespoonful ( gloss />*1 previ\sly mix$ ) a little cold wat]1 & boil until a cle> pa/e is =m$4 ,add #a ounce ( bak+ soda & /ir to a creamy mass4 ,add #a_/b ounce ( glyc]9e & #a_/d p9t ( corn sirup & /ir ?or\ghly4 ,p\r ov] #af qu>ts ( roll$ b>ley & mix well until e gra9 is ev5ly coat$4 ,all[ to dry be=e us+4 ,9 bu%el quantities use z above direct$1 #b ounces ( /ry*n9e1 #b ounces ( soda1 #a ounce ( glyc]91 #a-a_/d ounces ( />*1 #a-a_/b qu>ts ( boil+ wat]1 & #e_/h p9t ( corn sirup4 ,scatt] poison1 :5 ! natural food ( ! kang>oo rat is sc>ce1 on clean h>d places ne> ! holes1 #a qu>t to #ej holes4 ,if p[d]$ /ry*n9e alkaloid is us$1 prep>e ! hot />* pa/e fir/4 ,!n sift /ry*n9e & bak+ soda1 previ\sly ?or\ghly mix$1 into ! hot />* pa/e & /ir to a creamy mass4 ,proce$ z 9 ! above directions ) sirup1 glyc]91 etc4 ,use ?is poison )9 five days aft] mix+ or reta9 9 air-tight conta9]s4 ,caution4--,all poison conta9]s & all ut5sils us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( poison %\ld be kept pla9ly label$ & out ( rea* ( *ildr51 irresponsible p]sons1 & live /ock4 ,a spoonful ( ! poison$ gra9 scatt]$ ab\t ! us$ entrances ( a m\nd is suffici5t1 & prebait+ is n necess>y1 z ) prairie dogs4 ,a ^w ( caution %\ld p]haps be (f]$ 9 connection ) control measures4 ,z man has come to occupy a great] portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 & z he has become m & m ! ma/] ( 8 environm5t1 he has inevitably di/urb$ ! relation%ips ( ! birds & mammals ab\t him1 has upset ! balance ( nature4 ,if he kills ! c>nivor\s species because ( _! depr$ations on game & live /ock he mu/ be prep>$ to cope ) ! increas$ hordes ( rod5ts :i* fe$ on vegetation & on :i* ! c>nivor\s animals act z a *eck4 ,if he de/roys ! rod5ts1 he may remove ! *ecks on c]ta9 noxi\s plants or insects4 ,"o control measure (t5 necessitates ! adoption ( ano!r4 ,?is is n to argue aga9/ control measures1 = if our h>mful species 7 n controll$1 agriculture 9 _m sections w\ld be impossible4 ,control measures1 h[ev]1 %\ld be sci5tifically f\nd$ & appli$4 ,! indiscrim9ate slaught] ( suppos$ly h>mful species ( birds & mammals 9 ! guise ( b5efit+ agriculture may d f> m h>m ?an good4 ,_m ( ! species :i* d "s h>m d f> m good4 ,! exact /atus ( ea* suspect$ species %\ld be c>efully det]m9$ ?r\gh an adequate sci5tific inve/igation4 ,if ! species is condemn$1 s\nd control measures %\ld be ?or\ghly appli$4 ,9 graz+ di/ricts or 9 areas devot$ to int5sive agriculture ! dea? s5t5ce %\ld probably be pass$ on ! bann]-tail$ kang>oo rat4 ,x %\ld be recall$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! l>ge/ & "o ( ! h&some/ ( all its family1 & t x is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & int]e/+ ( all ! des]t fauna2 :]e ext5sive graz+ or agricultural op]ations are n und]tak51 !re=e1 we feel t ! kang>oo rat %\ld be let alone1 unless its pres5ce ?reat5s infe/ation ( valuable agricultural or graz+ l&s4 ,,summ>y4 7#a7 ,kang>oo rats may be sep>at$ ) ease f all o!r mammals2 ! long tail & %ort & weak =e feet sep>ate !m f ! pocket goph]s2 ! :ite hip-/ripe di/+ui%es !m f ! pocket mice4 ,! decid$ly l>g] size & ! :ite-tipp$ tail sep>ate ,dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis & ,d4 des]ti f ,d4 m]riami & ,d4 ordii4 ,! d>k] color & vividly contra/$ black-&-:ite tail ( spectabilis di/+ui% x f des]ti4 7#b7 ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis occurs 9 ! op5 arid c\ntry ( portions ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,sonoran ,zones ( ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 ,sonora1 & ,*ihuahua4 ,x lives 9 h>d] soil ?an does des]ti1 & builds m conspicu\s m\nds4 7#c7 ,!re is no evid5ce ( int]gradation or hybridization betwe5 spectabilis & des]ti4 7#d7 ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis is nocturnal2 x is g5tle1 & does n (f] to bite :5 tak5 9 ! h&2 is sil5t = ! mo/ "p2 active2 some:at sociable ) its fell[s1 b fights 9 def5se ( its food /ores2 progresses *iefly by leap+2 signals by a drumm+ or tapp+ on ! gr\nd ) its h9d feet4 7#e7 ,! bre$+ season ( spectabilis beg9s 9 ,janu>y & cont9ues into ,augu/4 ,:e!r m ?an "o litt] is rais$ 9 a s+le season is unkn[n4 ,! numb] ( "y 9 ea* litt] v>ies f #a to #c1 av]ag+ #b4 7#f7 ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis does n hib]nate1 b provides food /ores1 mo/ly se$s1 = use dur+ seasons :5 food w\ld be o!rwise unavailable4 ,/orage 9 ea* d5 v>ies 9 quantity f #e grams 7ab\t #a_/f ounce7 to #e1gej grams 7#ab4fg p\nds74 ,mat]ials /or$ include sev]al important =age plants2 = example1 v>i\s species ( ,b\tel\a & ,ari/ida1 ) ,b4 ro?rockii 7cr[foot grama7 ! mo/ important4 ,accessibility & abundance ( diff]5t plants h mu* to d ) ! k9ds ( /orage f\nd4 7#g7 ,! d5s ( spectabilis are ! mo/ notable ( all kang>oo rat dwell+ places4 ,!y range f #f in*es to #d feet 9 v]tical height1 & f #e to #ae feet 9 diamet]4 ,"h ! kang>oo rat has its home1 %elt]1 & food-/orage *amb]s4 ,)9 ! d5 is f\nd a tortu\s network ( burr[s1 ) _m /orage & "s ne/ *amb]s1 ! :ole arrang$ s z to be two to f\r /ories high4 7#h7 ,dipodomys s4 spectabilis is n ( great economic significance1 except locally1 9 ord9>y seasons4 ,dur+ p]iods ( extreme dr\ght x may be ( critical importance on graz+ areas f ! /&po9t ( ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! range4 7#i7 ,kang>oo rats are easy to poison by foll[+ ! same =mula z t us$ by ! ,biological ,survey = de/roy+ prairie dogs4 7#aj7 ,9 _m places unsuit$ to ext5sive graz+ or agriculture spectabilis does no appreciable damage4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! rod5ts peculi> to our ,s\?we/]n des]ts1 & %\ld n be mole/$ except :]e x is de/ructive4 ,,bibliography4 ,,all51 ,j4 ,a4 #ahie4 ,on a collection ( mammals f ,arizona & ,mexico1 made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,price1 ) field notes by ! collector4 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 #g1 art4 #f1 pp4 #aic-beh4 #ag figs4 9 text4 ,,babcock1 ,s4 ,m4 #aiab4 ,metabolic wat]3 ,its production & rle 9 vital ph5om5a4 ,rese>* ,bull4 ,no4 #bb1 ,univ4 ,wiscons9 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/ation1 pp4 #aei & #agj1 ,m>*4 ,,bailey1 ,v4 #aije4 ,biological survey ( ,texas4 ,nor? ,am]4 ,fauna ,no4 #be1 ,biol4 ,surv41 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 pp4 #bbb1 #af pls41 #bd figs4 9 text4 ,,clem5ts1 ,f4 ,e4 #aije4 ,rese>* me?ods 9 ecology4 ,l9coln1 ,univ4 ,pub4 ,co41 pp4 xvii1 #ccd1 #he figs4 9 text4 ,,griffi?s1 ,d4 #aiaj4 ,a protect$ /ock range 9 ,arizona4 ,bull4 ,no4 #agg1 ,bur4 ,plant ,ind41 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 pp4 #bh1 #f pls41 #a fig4 9 text4 ,,gr9nell1 ,,joseph4 #aiba4 ,revis$ li/ ( ! species 9 ! g5us ,dipodomys4 ,j\rnal ( ,mammalogy1 vol4 #b1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #id-ig1 ,may #b4 ,,mcatee1 ,w4 ,l4 #aiba4 ,f>m help f ! birds4 ,9 ,ye>book ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 = #aibj1 pp4 #bec-bgj2 unnumb]$ figs4 9 text4 ,,m]riam1 ,c4 ,h4 #ahij4 ,description ( ?ree new kang>oo rats1 ) rem>ks on ! id5tity ( ,dipodomys ordii ( ,woodh\se4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]4 ,fauna ,no4 #d1 ,div4 ,orni?4 & ,mamm4 7,biol4 ,surv471 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #da-di4 ,,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 #aiah4 ,small] mammals ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,nat4 ,geog4 ,mag41 vol4 #cc1 ,no4 #e1 pp4 #cga-dic2 num]\s unnumb]$ figs4 & color$ pls4 9 text4 ,,additional ,,copies ,,( ,,?is ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procur$ ,,f ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,docum5ts ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #ae ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,copy