,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! pr9t$ text %[s mo/ sections 7,roman num]als7 z a cont9u\s block1 ) *apt] numb]s 9 ! m>g94 ,9 ?is e-text1 *apt]s are giv5 z sep>ate p>agraphs det]m9$ by s5t5ce breaks1 ) cont9u+ quotation m>ks suppli$ :]e necess>y4 ,except = footnotes1 any brackets are f ! orig9al text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,long9us ,,on ,,! ,,sublime ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,h4 ,l4 ,,havell1 ,b4,a4 ,=m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d ) an ,introduction by ,,&rew ,,lang ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 & ,new ,york #ahij ,all rights res]v$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,s4 ,h4 ,,but*]1 ,esq41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge & ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d ,?is ,attempt to ,pres5t ! ,great ,?\ghts ( ,long9us 9 an ,engli% ,=m ,is ,d$icat$ 9 ,ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,k9d ,support b = ,:i* ,x ,might ,nev] ,h ,se5 ! ,light & ( ! ,b5efits ( ,t ,in/ruction to ,:i* ,x ,l>gely ,owes ,:atev] ( ,s*ol>ly ,quality ,x ,may ,possess ,,translator',s ,,preface ,! text :i* has be5 foll[$ 9 ! pres5t ,translation is t ( ,jahn 7,bonn1 #ahfg71 revis$ by ,vahl51 & republi%$ 9 #ahhd4 ,9 sev]al in/ances x has be5 f\nd necess>y to div]ge f ,vahl5's read+s1 su* div]g5cies be+ duly po9t$ out 9 ! ,notes4 ,"o ^w z to ! aim & scope ( ! pres5t ,translation4 ,my object ?r\gh\t has be5 to make ,long9us speak 9 ,engli%1 to pres]ve1 z f> z lay 9 my p[]1 ! noble fire & l(ty tone ( ! orig9al4 ,h[ to effect ?is1 )\t be+ betray$ into a loose p>aphrase1 0 an exce$+ly difficult problem4 ,! /yle ( ,long9us is 9 a high degree orig9al1 occasionally runn+ into /range ecc5tricities ( language2 & no "o :o has n made ! attempt c realise ! difficulty ( giv+ any?+ l an adequate v]sion ( ! m elaborate passages4 ,^! consid]ations ,i submit to ^? to :om ,i may seem at fir/ sight to h h&l$ my text too freely4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,dr4 ,but*]1 ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :o f fir/ to la/ has %[n a lively int]e/ 9 ! pres5t und]tak+ :i* ,i c nev] suffici5tly ackn[l$ge4 ,he has read ! ,translation ?r\gh\t1 & act+ on 8 sugge/ions ,i h be5 able 9 num]\s in/ances to br+ my v]sion into a clos] con=mity ) ! orig9al4 ,i h also to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ! di/+ui%$ writ] :o has contribut$ ! ,introduction1 & :o1 9 spite ( ! heavy dem&s on 8 "t1 has l5t 8 p[]ful support to help on ! "w ( "o :o 0 p]sonally unkn[n to him4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i may be all[$ to express a hope t ! pres5t attempt may contribute some?+ to reawak5 an int]e/ 9 an unju/ly neglect$ classic4 ,,analysis ,! ,treatise on ! ,sublime may be divid$ into six ,p>ts1 z foll[s3-- ,i4--cc4 i1 ii4 ,! ,"w ( ,caecilius4 ,def9ition ( ! ,sublime4 ,:e!r ,sublimity falls )9 ! rules ( ,art4 ,,ii4--cc4 iii-v4 ,! beg9n+ lo/4 ,vices ( ,/yle oppos$ to ! ,sublime3 ,affectation1 ,bomba/1 ,false ,s5tim5t1 ,frigid ,conceits4 ,! cause ( su* defects4 ,,iii4--cc4 vi1 vii4 ,! true ,sublime1 :at x is1 & h[ di/+ui%able4 ,,iv4--cc4 viii-xl4 ,five ,s\rces ( ! ,sublime 7h[ ,sublimity is relat$ to ,passion1 c4 viii1 #b-d74 7i47 ,gr&eur ( ,?\ght1 cc4 ix-xv4 a4 ,z ! natural outcome ( nobility ( s\l4 ,examples 7c4 ix74 b4 ,*oice ( ! mo/ /rik+ circum/ances4 ,sappho's ,ode 7c4 x74 c4 ,amplification4 ,plato comp>$ ) ,demo/h5es1 ,demo/h5es ) ,cic]o 7cc4 xi-xiii74 d4 ,imitation 7cc4 xiii1 xiv74 e4 ,imag]y 7c4 xv74 7ii47 ,p[] ( mov+ ! ,passions 7omitt$ "h1 because dealt ) 9 a sep>ate "w74 7iii47 ,figures ( ,spee* 7cc4 xvi-xxix74 a4 ,! ,figure ( ,adjuration 7c4 xvi74 ,! ,art to conceal ,art 7c4 xvii74 b4 ,rhetorical ,"q 7c4 xviii74 c4 ,asyndeton 7c4 xix-xxi74 d4 ,hyp]baton 7c4 xxii74 e4 ,*anges ( ,numb]1 ,p]son1 ,t5se1 etc4 7cc4 xxiii-xxvii74 f4 ,p]iphrasis 7cc4 xxviii1 xxix74 7iv47 ,graceful ,expression 7cc4 xxx-xxxii & xxxvii1 xxxviii74 a4 ,*oice ( ,words 7c4 xxx74 b4 ,ornam5ts ( ,/yle 7cc4 xxxi1 xxxii & xxxvii1 xxxviii74 77 ,on ! use ( ,famili> ,words 7c4 xxxi74 77 ,metaphors2 accumulat$2 extract f ! ,timaeus2 abuse ( ,metaphors2 c]ta9 ta/eless conceits blam$ 9 ,plato 7c4 xxxii74 ,h5ce arises a digression 7cc4 xxxiii-xxxvi7 on ! _s 9 :i* we %\ld judge ( ! faults ( great au?ors4 ,demo/h5es comp>$ ) ,hyp]ides1 ,lysias ) ,plato4 ,sublimity1 h[ev] f> f faultless1 to be always pref]r$ to a tame correctness4 77 ,comp>isons & ,similes lo/ 7c4 xxxvii74 77 ,hyp]bole 7c4 xxxviii74 7v47 ,dignity & ,elevation ( ,/ructure 7cc4 xxxix1 xl74 a4 ,modulation ( ,syllables 7c4 xxxix74 b4 ,composition 7c4 xl74 ,v4--cc4 xli-xliii4 ,vices ( ,/yle de/ructive to ,sublimity4 7i47 ,abuse ( ,rhy?m 7ii47 ,brok5 & ,j]ky ,clauses 7cc4 xli1 xlii74 7iii47 ,undue ,prolixity 7iv47 ,improp] ,use ( ,famili> ,words4 ,anti-climax4 ,example f ,!opompus 7c4 xliii74 ,,vi4--,:y ?is age is s b>r5 ( great au?ors--:e!r ! cause is to be s\ght 9 a despotic =m ( gov]nm5t1 or1 z ,long9us r ?9ks1 9 ! prevail+ corruption ( mann]s1 & 9 ! sordid & paltry views ( life :i* almo/ univ]sally prevail 7c4 xliv74 ,,introduction ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,sublime ,boileau1 9 8 introduction to 8 v]sion ( ! anci5t ,treatise on ! ,sublime1 says t he is mak+ no valueless pres5t to 8 age4 ,n valueless1 to a g5]ation :i* talks mu* ab\t /yle & me?od 9 lit]ature1 %\ld be ?is new r5d]+ ( ! noble fragm5t1 long attribut$ to ,long9us1 ! ,greek tutor & political advis] ( ,z5obia4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a mod]n ,engli% v]sion by ,spurd51#a b t is n[ r>e1 & seldom comes into ! m>ket4 ,r>e1 too1 is ,vau*]'s critical essay 7#ahed71 :i* is unlucky1 z ! ,fr5* & ,engli% books bo? conta9 valuable disquisitions on ! age ( ! au?or ( ! ,treatise4 ,?is excell5t "w has _h curi\s =tunes4 ,x is nev] quot$ nor ref]r$ to by any extant classical writ]1 &1 among ! _m books attribut$ by ,suidas to ,long9us1 x is n m5tion$4 ,decid$ly ! old _w has left no m noble relic ( criticism4 ,yet ! date ( ! book is obscure1 & x did n come into ! h&s ( ! le>n$ 9 mod]n ,europe till ,rob]telli & ,manutius ea* publi%$ editions 9 #aedd4 ,f t "t ! ,treatise has (t5 be5 pr9t$1 edit$1 translat$2 b op9ion /ill floats undecid$ ab\t its orig9 & p]iod4 ,does x belong to ! age ( ,augu/us1 or to ! age ( ,aurelian8 ,is ! au?or ! hi/orical ,long9us--! fri5d ( ,plot9us1 ! tutor ( ,porphyry1 ! victim ( ,aurelian1--or h we "h a "w by an unkn[n h& m ?an two c5turies e>li]8 ,manuscripts & traditions are "h ( little s]vice4 ,! olde/ manuscript1 t ( ,p>is1 is reg>d$ z ! p>5t ( ! re/4 ,x is a small qu>to ( #dad pages1 :]e( #cce are occupi$ by ! 8,problems0 ( ,ari/otle4 ,sev]al leaves h be5 lo/1 h5ce ! fragm5t>y "* ( ! essay4 ,! ,p>is ,,ms4 has an index1 fir/ m5tion+ ! 8,problems10 & !n 1 t is1 8,! "w ( ,dionysius1 or ( ,long9us1 ab\t ! ,sublime40 ,footnote #a3 ,longmans1 ,london1 #ahcf4 ,on ?is %[+ ! transcrib] ( ! ,,ms4 consid]$ its au?or%ip dubi\s4 ,suppos+ t ! au?or 0 ,dionysius1 :i* ( ! _m writ]s ( t "n 0 he8 ,aga91 if he 0 ,long9us1 h[ f> does 8 "w tally ) ! *>act]i/ics ascrib$ to t late critic1 & peculi> to 8 age8 ,ab\t ?is ,long9us1 :ile mu* is writt51 little is c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,0 he a desc5dant ( a fre$man ( "o ( ! ,cassii ,long9i1 or ( an ea/]n family ) a mixture ( ,greek & ,roman blood8 ,! au?or ( ! ,treatise av[s himself a ,greek1 & apologises1 z a ,greek1 = attempt+ an e/imate ( ,cic]o4 ,long9us himself 0 ! nephew & heir ( ,fronto1 a ,syrian rhetorician ( ,emesa4 ,:e!r ,long9us 0 born !re or n1 & :5 he 0 born1 are ?+s unc]ta94 ,porphyry1 born 9 #bcc ,a4,d41 0 8 pupil3 grant+ t ,long9us 0 tw5ty ye>s ,porphyry's s5ior1 he mu/ h come into ! _w ab\t #bac ,a4,d4 ,he travell$ mu*1 /udi$ 9 _m cities1 & 0 ! fri5d ( ! my/ic ,neoplatoni/s1 ,plot9us & ,ammonius4 ,! =m] call$ him 8a philologi/1 n a philosoph]40 ,porphyry %[s u ,long9us at a supp] :]e ! plagi>isms ( ,greek writ]s are discuss$--a topic de> to trivial or spiteful m$iocrity4 ,he is be/ kn[n by 8 dea?4 ,z ! ,greek secret>y ( ,z5obia he inspir$ a haughty answ] f ! que5 to ,aurelian1 :o !re=e put him to dea?4 ,_m rhetorical & philosophic treatises are ascrib$ to him1 :]e( only fragm5ts survive4 ,did he write ! ,treatise on ! ,sublime8 ,mod]n /ud5ts pref] to believe t ! fam\s essay is1 if n by ,plut>*1 z "s hold1 at lea/ by "s au?or ( 8 age1 ! age ( ! e>ly ,caes>s4 ,! argum5ts = depriv+ ,long9us1 ,z5obia's tutor1 ( ! cr$it ( ! ,treatise lie on ! surface1 & may be briefly /at$4 ,he addresses 8 "w z a lett] to a fri5d1 probably a ,roman pupil1 ,t]5tianus1 ) :om he has be5 read+ a "w on ! ,sublime by ,caecilius4 ,n[ ,caecilius1 a volum9\s critic1 c]ta9ly liv$ n lat] ?an ,plut>*1 :o speaks ( him ) a sne]4 ,x is unlikely !n t an au?or1 two c5turies lat]1 w\ld make ! old book ( ,caecilius ! />t+-po9t ( 8 own4 ,he w\ld probably h select$ "s rec5t or ev5 contempor>y rhetorician4 ,once m1 ! writ] ( ! ,treatise ( ! ,sublime quotes no au?ors lat] ?an ! ,augu/an p]iod4 ,_h he liv$ z late z ! hi/orical ,long9us he w\ld surely h s\ght examples ( bad /yle1 if n ( good1 f ! works ( ! ,silv] ,age4 ,p]haps he w\ld h>dly h resi/$ ! malici\s pleasure ( c5sur+ ! failures among :om he liv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he cites no late au?or1 no classical au?or cites him1 9 spite ( ! excell5ce ( 8 book4 ,b we c h>dly draw ! inf]5ce t he 0 ( late date f ?is purely negative evid5ce4 ,aga91 he describes1 9 a v int]e/+ & e>ne/ mann]1 ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 own p]iod 7,translation1 pp4 #hb-hf74 ,:y1 he is ask$1 has g5ius become s r>e8 ,!re are _m clev] m51 b sc>ce any highly exalt$ & wide-rea*+ g5ius4 ,has eloqu5ce di$ ) lib]ty8 8,we h le>n$ ! lesson ( a b5ignant despotism1 & h nev] ta/$ fre$om40 ,! au?or answ]s t x is easy & *>act]i/ic ( m5 to blame ! pres5t times4 ,g5ius may h be5 corrupt$1 n by a _w-wide peace1 b by love ( ga9 & pleasure1 passions s /rong t 8,i fe>1 = su* m5 z we are x is bett] to s]ve ?an to be free4 ,if our appetites 7 let loose altoge!r aga9/ our neighb\rs1 !y w\ld be l wild bea/s uncag$1 & br+ a deluge ( calamity on ! :ole civilis$ _w40 ,melan*oly words1 & appropriate to our own age1 :5 clev]ness is almo/ univ]sal1 & g5ius r>e inde$1 & ! *oice betwe5 lib]ty & s]vitude h>d to make1 7 ! *oice )9 our p[]4 ,b ^! words assur$ly apply closely to ! peaceful p]iod ( ,augu/us1 :5 ,virgil & ,horace 8prais+ _! tyrant sang10 n to ! confus$ age ( ! hi/orical ,long9us4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! allusion to 8! ,lawgiv] ( ! ,jews0 z 8no ord9>y p]son10 b t rem>k might h be5 made by a hea!n acqua9t$ ) ! ,septuag9t1 at ei!r ( ! disput$ dates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our au?or 7,section ,,xiii7 quotes ! critical ideas ( 8,ammonius & 8 s*ool10 z to ! debt ( ,plato to ,hom]4 ,n[ ! hi/orical ,long9us 0 a fri5d ( ! ,neoplatoni/ tea*] 7n writ]71 ,ammonius ,saccas4 ,if we c\ld be sure t ! ,ammonius ( ! ,treatise 0 ?is ,ammonius1 ! "q w\ld be settl$ 9 fav\r ( ! late date4 ,our au?or w\ld be t ,long9us :o inspir$ ,z5obia to resi/ ,aurelian1 & :o p]i%$ "u 8 rev5ge4 ,b ,ammonius is n a v uncommon "n1 & we h no reason to suppose t ! ,neoplatoni/ ,ammonius busi$ himself ) ! lit]>y criticism ( ,hom] & ,plato4 ,!re 01 among o!rs1 an ,egyptian ,ammonius1 ! tutor ( ,plut>*4 ,^! are ! mass ( ! argum5ts on bo? sides4 ,m4 ,egg] sums !m up ?us3 8,aft] c>efully exam9+ ! tradition ( ! ,,mss41 & ! "o v late te/imony 9 fav\r ( ,long9us1 ,i hesitat$ = long z to ! date ( ?is preci\s "w4 ,9 #ahed ,m4 ,vau*]#b incl9$ me to believe t ,plut>* 0 ! au?or4#c ,all seems to concur t[>ds ! op9ion t1 if n ,plut>*1 at lea/ "o ( 8 contempor>ies wrote ! mo/ orig9al ,greek essay 9 its k9d s9ce ! ,rhetoric & ,poetic ( ,ari/otle40#d ,footnote #b3 ,etude ,critique sur la trait du ,sublime et les ecrits de ,long94 ,g5eva4 ,footnote #c3 ,see also ,m4 ,naudet1 ,j\rnal des ,savants1 ,m>s #ahch1 & ,m4 ,egg]1 9 ! same ,j\rnal1 ,may #ahhd4 ,footnote #d3 ,egg]1 ,hi/oire de la ,critique *ez les ,grecs1 p4 #dbf4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,we may1 on ! :ole1 agree t ! nobility ( ! au?or's ?\ght1 8 habit ( quot+ no?+ m rec5t ?an ! ,augu/an age1 & 8 description ( 8 own "t1 :i* seems s p]t95t to t epo*1 m>k him z its *ild r ?an z a great critic lo/ among ! somnia ,py?agorea ( ! ,neoplatoni/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! au?or be a man ( high he>t & c\rage1 z he seems1 s 0 t m>tyr ( indep5d5ce1 ,long9us4 ,n )\t scruple1 !n1 c we deprive ,z5obia's tutor ( ! glory atta*$ s long to 8 "n4 ,:atev] its date1 & :oev] its au?or may be1 ! ,treatise is fragm5t>y4 ,! lo/ p>ts may v probably conta9 ! secret ( its p]iod & au?or%ip4 ,! writ]1 at ! reque/ ( 8 fri5d1 ,t]5tianus1 & dissatisfi$ ) ! essay ( ,caecilius1 sets ab\t exam9+ ! nature ( ! ,sublime 9 poetry & oratory4 ,to ! latt] he assigns1 z is natural1 mu* m lit]>y importance ?an we d1 9 an age :5 !re is s little oratory ( lit]>y m]it1 & s mu* popul> rant4 ,! subject ( sublimity mu/ naturally h attract$ a writ] ^: own moral nature 0 pure & l(ty1 :o 0 incl9$ to discov] 9 moral qualities ! true f\ndation ( ! highe/ lit]>y m]it4 ,ev5 9 8 op5+ words he /rikes ! keynote ( 8 own disposition1 :]e he approves ! say+ t 8! po9ts 9 :i* we resemble ! div9e nature are b5evol5ce & love ( tru?40 ,e>li] or lat] born1 he mu/ h liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( lit]>y activity1 curi\s1 eag]1 occupi$ ) petty que/ions & petty qu>rels1 conc]n$1 z m5 9 ! be/ times are n v greatly conc]n$1 ) que/ions ( te*nique & detail4 ,cut (f f politics1 p f\nd 9 composition a field = _! activity4 ,we c readily fancy :at lit]ature becomes :5 n only its born *ildr51 b ! m9or busybodies ^: natural place is politics1 exclud$ f ^!1 p\r into ! /udy ( lett]s4 ,love ( notoriety1 vague activity1 fanta/ic indol5ce1 we may be sure1 7 work+ _! w 9 ! sacr$ close ( ! ,muses4 ,!re 7 lit]>y sets1 jeal\sies1 recitations ( new poems2 !re 0 a _w ( amateurs1 if !re 7 no pap]s & p>agraphs4 ,to ?is _w ! au?or speaks l a voice f ! old] & grav] age ( ,greece4 ,if he liv$ late1 we c imag9e t he did n quote contempor>ies1 n because he did n "k !m1 b because he e/imat$ !m correctly4 ,he may h suff]$1 z we suff]1 f critics :o1 ( all ! _w's lit]ature1 "k only 8! la/ ?+ out10 & :o take t z a /&>d = ! pa/1 to !m unfamili>1 & = ! hidd5 future4 ,z we are told t excell5ce is n ( ! great pa/1 b ( ! pres5t1 n 9 ! classical ma/]s1 b 9 mod]n ,muscovites1 ,portuguese1 or ,am]ican "y wom51 s ! au?or ( ! ,treatise may h be5 tr\bl$ by ,asiatic eloqu5ce1 n[ long =gott51 by names ( :i* n a %ad[ survives4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 has a "r to be he>d because he has practis$ a long famili>ity ) :at is old & good4 ,8 m9d has ev] be5 9 contact ) ma/]pieces1 z ! m9d ( a critic %\ld be1 z ! m9d ( a review] seldom is1 = ! review] has to hurry up & d[n inspect+ new lit]>y adv5tur]s4 ,n among _! exp]im5ts w he f9d a t\*/one ( excell5ce1 a te/ ( greatness1 & t te/ w seldom be appli$ to contempor>y p]=mances4 ,:at is ! te/1 aft] all1 ( ! ,sublime1 by :i* our au?or means ! truly great1 ! be/ & mo/ passionate ?\ghts1 nature's high & r>e inspirations1 express$ 9 ! be/ *os5 words8 ,he replies t 8a j judgm5t ( /yle is ! f9al fruit ( long exp]i5ce40 8,mu* has he travell$ 9 ! realms ( gold40 ,! ^w 8/yle0 has become a we>9ess to ?9k ^u2 s mu* is said1 s mu* is pr9t$ ab\t ! art ( expression1 ab\t me?ods1 tricks1 & turns2 s _m p1 )\t any long exp]i5ce1 set up to be judges ( /yle1 on ! /r5g? ( hav+ admir$ two or ?ree mod]n & (t5 r fanta/ic writ]s4 ,ab\t our au?or1 h[ev]1 we "k t 8 exp]i5ce has be5 long1 & ( ! be/1 t he does n speak f a ha/y acqua9tance ) a few contempor>y prcieux & prcieuses4 ,! bad writ+ ( 8 "t he traces1 z mu* ( our own may be trac$1 to 8! pursuit ( novelty 9 ?\ght10 or r 9 expression4 8,x is ?is t has turn$ ! bra9 ( ne>ly all our le>n$ _w to-day40 8,g>dons n\s d'crire trop bi510 he might h said1 8c'e/ la pire manire qu'il y'ait d'crire40#e ,footnote #e3 ,m4 ,anatole ,france4 ,! ,sublime1 ) :i* he conc]ns himself1 is 8a c]ta9 l(t9ess & excell5ce ( language10 :i* 8takes ! read] out ( himself4444 ,! ,sublime1 act+ ) an imp]i\s & irresi/ible =ce1 sways e read] :e!r he w or no40 ,9 its own sph]e ! ,sublime does :at 8natural magic0 does 9 ! poetical r5d]+ ( nature1 & p]haps 9 ! same sc>cely-to-be-analys$ fa%ion4 ,:e!r ?is art c be taught or n is a "q :i* ! au?or treats ) mode/y4 ,!n1 z n[1 p 7 d5y+ 7& n unju/ly7 t ?is art c be taught by rule4 ,! au?or does n g s f> z to say t ,criticism1 8unlike ,ju/ice1 does little evil1 & little good2 t is1 if to ent]ta9 = a mom5t delicate & curi\s m9ds is to d little good40 ,he does n rate 8 bus9ess s l[ z t4 ,he admits t ! inspiration comes f g5ius1 f nature4 ,b 8an au?or c only le>n f art :5 he is to ab&on himself to ! direction ( 8 g5ius40 ,nature mu/ 8bur/ out ) a k9d ( f9e madness & div9e inspiration40 ,! madness mu/ be f9e4 ,h[ c art aid x to ?is end8 ,by k (1 by sympa?y & emulation )1 8! great poets & prose writ]s ( ! pa/40 ,by ^! we may be inspir$1 z ! ,py?oness by ,apollo4 ,f ! g5ius ( ! pa/ 8an efflu5ce brea!s ^u u40 ,! writ] is n to imitate1 b to keep be=e him ! p]fection ( :at has be5 done by ! greate/ poets4 ,he is to look on !m z beacons2 he is to keep !m z exempl>s or ideals4 ,he is to place !m z judges ( 8 "w4 8,h[ w\ld ,hom]1 h[ w\ld ,demo/h5es1 h be5 affect$ by :at ,i h writt580 ,?is is practical c\nsel1 & ev5 ! mo/ florid mod]n au?or1 aft] poli%+ a p>agraph1 may te> x up :5 he has ask$ himself1 8,:at w\ld ,addison h said ab\t ?is eloqu5ce ( m9e1 or ,sa9te ,beuve1 or ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold80 ,9 ?is way :at we call inspiration1 t is ! p]=mance ( ! heat$ m9d1 p]haps work+ at its be/1 p]haps ov]/ra9+ itself1 & ov]/at+ its idea1 might really be regulat$4 ,b !y are few :o consid] s closely1 few] p]haps !y :o h ! he>t to cut out _! own f9e or ref9$ ?+s4 ,aga91 our au?or sugge/s ano!r crit]ion4 ,we are1 z 9 ,lamb's phrase1 8to write = antiquity10 ) ! s\ls ( poets dead & gone = our judges4 ,b we are also to write = ! future1 ask+ ) :at feel+s po/]ity w read u--if x reads u at all4 ,?is is a good discipl9e4 ,we "k by practice :at w hit "s contempor>y ta/es2 we "k ! measure ( sm>tness1 say1 or ! delicate flippancy1 or ! s5t5ce ) 8a dy+ fall40 ,b "o %\ld also "k t ^! are fancies ( ! h\r--^! & ! t\* ( ar*aism1 & ! sp9/]-l & artificial precision1 :i* seem to be po9ts 9 "s /yles ( ! mom5t4 ,su* reflections z our au?or bids u make1 ) a little self-respect add$1 may r5d] our "w less popul> & effective1 & c]ta9ly are n likely to c>ry x d[n to remote po/]ity4 ,b all su* reflections1 & action 9 accordance ) :at !y tea*1 are elem5ts ( lit]>y self-respect4 ,x is h>d to be consci5ti\s1 especially h>d = him :o writes mu*1 & ( necessity1 & = bread4 ,b consci5ce is nev] to be obey$ ) ease1 ?\gh ! ease gr[s ) ! ob$i5ce4 ,! book attribut$ to ,long9us w n h miss$ its m>k if x rem9ds u t1 9 lit]ature at lea/1 = consci5ce !re is yet a place1 possibly ev5 a rew>d1 ?\gh t is uness5tial4 ,by virtue ( reason+s l ^!1 & by insi/+ t nobility ( /yle is1 z x 71 ! bloom on nobility ( s\l1 ! ,treatise on ! ,sublime becomes a tonic "w1 :olesome to be read by "y au?ors & old4 8,x is natural 9 u to feel our s\ls lift$ up by ! true ,sublime1 &1 conceiv+ a sort ( g5]\s exultation1 to be fill$ ) joy & pride1 z ?\gh we _h ourselves orig9at$ ! ideas :i* we read40 ,"h speaks 8 natural dis9t]e/$ greatness ! au?or himself is "h sublime1 & tea*es by example z well z precept1 = few ?+s are pur] ?an a pure & ard5t admiration4 ,! critic is ev5 confid5t en\gh to expect to f9d 8 own nobility 9 o!rs1 believ+ t :at is truly ,sublime 8w always please1 & please all read]s40 ,& 9 ?is univ]sal acceptance by ! populace & ! lit]ate1 by critics & creators1 by "y & old1 he f9ds ! true ext]nal canon ( sublimity4 ,! v]dict lies n ) contempor>ies1 b ) ! l>ge public1 n ) ! little set ( dilettanti1 b mu/ be spok5 by all4 ,su* v]dicts assign ! cr[n to ,%akespe>e & ,molire1 to ,hom] & ,c]vantes2 we %\ld n clamor\sly anticipate ?is fav\rable judgm5t = ,bryant or ,em]son1 nor = ! greate/ ( our own contempor>ies4 ,boileau s mu* misconceiv$ ^! l(ty ideas t he reg>d$ 8,long9us's0 judgm5t z solely t 8( good s5se10 & held t1 9 8 "t1 8no?+ 0 good or bad till he _h spok540 ,b !re is f> m ?an good s5se1 !re is high poetic imag9ation & moral greatness1 9 ! criticism ( our au?or1 :o c]ta9ly w\ld h reject$ ,boileau's complim5t :5 he selects ,long9us z a lit]>y dictator4 ,inde$ we almo/ grudge our au?or's *oice ( a subject4 ,he :o wrote t 8x 0 n 9 nature's plan = u1 h] *ildr51 to be base & ignoble2 no1 %e br\ght u into life z into "s great field ( conte/10 %\ld h _h ano!r field ( conte/ ?an lit]>y criticism4 ,x is almo/ a pity t we h to d\bt ! tradition1 accord+ to :i* our au?or 0 ,long9us1 &1 be+ b a rhetorician1 greatly d>$ & bravely di$4 ,tak+ lit]ature = 8 !me1 he w&]s away into gramm>1 into consid]ations ( tropes & figures1 plurals & s+ul>s1 trump]y me*anical p$antries1 z we ?9k n[1 to :om gramm> is no long]1 z ( old1 8a new inv5t$ game40 ,moreov]1 he has to give examples ( ! faults oppos$ to sublimity1 he has to dive into & se>* ! ba?os1 to dally ov] examples ( ! bomba/ic1 ! ov]-wr\ght1 ! pu]ile4 ,^! faults are n ! s9s ( 8m9ds g5]\s & aspir+10 & we h !m ) u always4 ,! additions to ,boileau's preface 7,p>is1 #aggb7 conta9 abundance ( examples ( faults f ,voiture1 ,masc>on1 ,bossuet1 select$ by ,m4 de ,/4 ,m>c1 :o no d\bt f\nd abundance ( ent]ta9m5t 9 ! *a/is+ ( ^! obvi\s affectations4 ,x h>dly seems ! prop] "w = an au?or l him :o wrote ! ,treatise on ! ,sublime4 ,b x is tempt+1 ev5 n[1 to give contempor>y in/ances ( skill 9 ! ,art ( ,s9k+--mod]n cases ( bomba/1 triviality1 false rhetoric4 8,speak+ g5]ally1 x w\ld seem t bomba/ is "o ( ! h>de/ ?+s to avoid 9 writ+10 says an au?or :o himself avoids x s well4 ,bomba/ is ! voice ( %am passion1 ! %ad[ ( an ins9c]e attitude4 8,ev5 ! wret*$ phantom :o /ill bore ! imp]ial title /oop$ to pay ?is ignom9i\s blackmail10 cries bomba/ 9 ,macaulay's ,"l ,clive4 ,! picture ( a phantom :o is n only a phantom b wret*$1 /oop+ to pay blackmail :i* is n only blackmail b ignom9i\s1 may div]t ! read] & rem9d him t ! faults ( ! pa/ are ! faults ( ! pres5t4 ,aga91 8,! desolate isl&s along ! sea-coa/1 ov]gr[n by noxi\s vegetation1 & sw>m+ ) de] & tig]s0--d1 :at does any "o suppose1 p]=m :at =lorn "p 9 ! economy ( ! _w8 ,:y1 !y 8supply ! cultivat$ di/ricts ) abundance ( salt40 ,x is z comic z-- 8,& ?\ ,dalh\sie1 ?\ great ,god ( ,w>1 ,lieut5ant-,colonel to ! ,e>l ( ,m>40 ,bomba/ 8transc5ds ! ,sublime10 & falls on ! o!r side4 ,our au?or gives m examples ( pu]ility4 8,slips ( ?is sort are made by ^? :o1 aim+ at brilliancy1 poli%1 & especially attractiv5ess1 are l&$ 9 paltr9ess & silly affectation40 ,"s mod]n in/ances we _h *os52 ! field ( *oice is l>ge & ri*ly f]tile 9 ^? blossoms4 ,b ! read] may be left to tw9e a g>l& ( !m = himself2 to select f contempor>ies 7 invidi\s1 & might provoke retaliation4 ,:5 our au?or c5sures ,timaeus = say+ t ,alex&] took less "t to annex ,asia ?an ,isocrates sp5t 9 writ+ an oration1 to bid ! ,greeks attack ,p]sia1 we "k :at he w\ld h ?\ght ( ,macaulay's anti!sis4 ,he blames ,x5ophon = a poor pun1 & ,plato1 less ju/ly1 = m]e figurative bad9age4 ,x w\ld be an easy task to ransack contempor>ies1 ev5 great contempor>ies1 = simil> fail+s1 = pomposity1 = ! florid1 = s5t5ces l processions ( intoxicat$ tor*-be>]s1 = p$antic display ( *eap erudition1 = misplac$ flippancy1 = nice d]angem5t ( epitaphs :]e9 no adjective is us$ :i* is appropriate4 ,) a libr>y ( cultivat$ ,am]ican noveli/s & uncultivat$ ,engli% romanc]s at h&1 ) our own volum9\s essays1 & ! essays & hi/ories & 8art criticisms0 ( our neighb\rs to draw f1 no /ud5t ne$ lack examples ( :at is wrong4 ,he :o writes1 reflect+ on 8 own innum]able s9s1 c b beat 8 brea/1 cry ,mea ,culpa1 & resi/ ! temptation to beat ! brea/s ( 8 coevals4 ,!re are n _m au?ors1 !re h nev] be5 _m1 :o did n ne$ to turn ov] ! treatise ( ! ,sublime by day & night4#f ,footnote #f3 ,! examples ( bomba/ us$ to be drawn z late z ,spurd5's translation 7#ahcf71 f ,lee1 f ,troilus & ,cressida1 & ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew4 ,c[ley & ,cra%aw furni%$ in/ances ( conceits2 ,wall]1 ,"y1 & ,hayley ( frigidity2 & ,d>w9 ( affectation4 8,:at beaux & beauties cr[d ! gaudy groves1 ,& woo & w9 _! vegetable loves0-- a phrase adopt$--8vapid vegetable loves0--by ! ,laureate 9 8,! ,talk+ ,oak40 ,z a lit]>y critic ( ,hom] our au?or is mo/ int]e/+ ev5 9 8 errors4 ,he comp>es ! poet ( ! ,odyssey to ! sunset3 ! ,iliad is noonday "w1 ! ,odyssey is t\*$ ) ! gl[ ( ev5+--! s(tness & ! %ad[s4 8,old age naturally leans10 l *ildhood1 8t[>ds ! fabul\s40 ,! tide has fl[$ back1 & left dim bulks ( ?+s on ! long %ad[y s&s4 ,yet he makes an exception1 oddly en\gh1 9 fav\r ( ! /ory ( ! ,cyclops1 :i* really is ! mo/ fabul\s & crude ( ! fairy tales 9 ! fir/ & greate/ ( romances4 ,! ,slay+ ( ! ,woo]s1 t admirable fight1 wor?y ( a saga1 he ?9ks too improbable1 & "o ( ! 8trifles into :i* second *ildhood is apt to be betray$40 ,he fancies t ! ag$ ,hom] _h 8lo/ 8 p[] ( depict+ ! passions02 9 fact1 he is h>dly a compet5t or sympa!tic critic ( ! ,odyssey4 ,p]haps he _h liv$ among ,romans till he lo/ 8 s5se ( hum\r2 p]haps he nev] _h any to lose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he pres]v$ = u t ine/imable & n to be translat$ fragm5t ( ,sappho-- 4 ,x is curi\s to f9d him contra/+ ,apollonius ,rhodius z faultless1 ) ,hom] z great b faulty4 ,! 8faultlessness0 ( ,apollonius is n 8 m]it1 = he is (t5 t$i\s1 & he has little skill 9 selection2 moreov]1 he is delib]ately antiqu>ian1 if n p$antic4 ,8 true m]it is 9 8 orig9al &1 z we ?9k1 mod]n tell+ ( a love tale--pure1 passionate1 & t5d]1 ! fir/ 9 kn[n lit]ature4 ,m$ea is (t5 sublime1 & always t\*+4 ,b x is n on ^! m]its t our au?or l+]s2 he loves only ! highe/ lit]ature1 &1 ?\gh he f9ds spots on ! sun & faults 9 ,hom]1 he condones !m z ov]sights pass$ 9 ! poet's 8contempt ( little ?+s40 ,su* = u to-day are ! lessons ( ,long9us4 ,he traces dignity & fire ( /yle to dignity & fire ( s\l4 ,he detects & d5\nces ! v faults ( :i*1 9 ea* o!r1 all writ]s are consci\s1 & :i* he br+s home to ourselves4 ,he proclaims ! ess5tial m]its ( conviction1 & ( selection4 ,he sets be=e u ! noble/ examples ( ! pa/1 mo/ welcome 9 a /ra9+ age :i* tries already to live 9 ! future4 ,he admoni%es & he inspires4 ,he kn[s ! 8m>vell\s p[] & en?rall+ *>m ( appropriate & /rik+ words0 )\t dropp+ into m]e ^w-ta/+4 8,beautiful words are ! v light ( ?\ght10 he says1 b does n maund] ab\t ! 8col\r0 ( words1 9 ! /yle ( ! decad5ce4 ,& !n he 8leaves ?is g5]ation to its fate10 & calmly turns himself to ! "w t lies ne>e/ 8 h&4 ,to u he is z mu* a moral z a lit]>y tea*]4 ,we admire t ,roman greatness ( s\l 9 a ,greek1 & ! "* ( ?is unkn[n man1 :o c>ri$ ! s\l ( a poet1 ! he>t ( a h]o "u ! g[n ( a pr(essor4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :om books _c debilitate1 nor a life ( /udy incapacitate = ! /udy ( life4 ,a4 ,l4 ,i #a ,! treatise ( ,caecilius on ! ,sublime1 :51 z y rememb]1 my de> ,t]5tian1 we exam9$ x toge!r1 seem$ to u to be b5ea? ! dignity ( ! :ole subject1 to fail entirely 9 seiz+ ! sali5t po9ts1 & to (f] little pr(it 7:i* %\ld be ! pr9cipal aim ( e writ]7 = ! tr\ble ( its p]usal4 ,!re are two ?+s ess5tial to a te*nical treatise3 ! fir/ is to def9e ! subject2 ! second 7,i mean second 9 ord]1 z x is by mu* ! fir/ 9 importance7 to po9t out h[ & by :at me?ods we may become ma/]s ( x ourselves4 ,& yet ,caecilius1 :ile wa/+ 8 ef=ts 9 a ?\s& illu/rations ( ! nature ( ! ,sublime1 z ?\gh "h we 7 q 9 ! d>k1 someh[ passes by z immat]ial ! "q h[ we might be able to exalt our own g5ius to a c]ta9 degree ( progress 9 sublimity4 ,h[ev]1 p]haps x w\ld be fair] to comm5d ?is writ]'s intellig5ce & zeal 9 !mselves1 in/ead ( blam+ him = 8 omissions4 #b ,& s9ce y h bidd5 me also to put toge!r1 if only = y\r ent]ta9m5t1 a few notes on ! subject ( ! ,sublime1 let me see if !re is any?+ 9 my speculations :i* promises advantage to m5 ( affairs4 ,9 y1 de> fri5d--su* is my confid5ce 9 y\r abilities1 & su* ! "p :i* becomes y--,i look = a sympa?is+ & disc]n+#a critic ( ! sev]al p>ts ( my treatise4 ,= t 0 a j rem>k ( 8 :o pron\nc$ t ! po9ts 9 :i* we resemble ! div9e nature are b5evol5ce & love ( tru?4 ,footnote #a3 ,read+ 4 #c ,z ,i am address+ a p]son s accompli%$ 9 lit]ature1 ,i ne$ only /ate1 )\t enl>g+ fur!r on ! matt]1 t ! ,sublime1 :]ev] x occurs1 consi/s 9 a c]ta9 l(t9ess & excell5ce ( language1 & t x is by ?is1 & ?is only1 t ! greate/ poets & prose-writ]s h ga9$ em95ce1 & won !mselves a la/+ place 9 ! ,temple ( ,fame4 #d ,a l(ty passage does n conv9ce ! reason ( ! read]1 b takes him out ( himself4 ,t :i* is admirable ev] conf\nds our judgm5t1 & eclipses t :i* is m]ely reasonable or agreeable4 ,to believe or n is usually 9 our own p[]2 b ! ,sublime1 act+ ) an imp]i\s & irresi/ible =ce1 sways e read] :e!r he w or no4 ,skill 9 inv5tion1 lucid arrangem5t & disposition ( facts1 are appreciat$ n by "o passage1 or by two1 b gradually manife/ !mselves 9 ! g5]al /ructure ( a "w2 b a sublime ?\ght1 if happily tim$1 illum9es#b an entire subject ) ! vividness ( a lightn+-fla%1 & exhibits ! :ole p[] ( ! orator 9 a mom5t ( "t4 ,y\r own exp]i5ce1 ,i am sure1 my de>e/ ,t]5tian1 w\ld enable y to illu/rate ^! & simil> po9ts ( doctr9e4 ,footnote #b3 ,read+ 4 ,,ii ,! fir/ "q :i* pres5ts itself = solution is :e!r !re is any art :i* c tea* sublimity or l(t9ess 9 writ+4 ,= "s hold g5]ally t !re is m]e delusion 9 attempt+ to r$uce su* subjects to te*nical rules4 8,! ,sublime10 !y tell u1 8is born 9 a man1 & n to be acquir$ by in/ruction2 g5ius is ! only ma/] :o c tea* x4 ,! vigor\s products ( nature0 7su* is _! view7 8are weak5$ & 9 e respect debas$1 :5 robb$ ( _! fle% & blood by frigid te*nicalities40 #b ,b ,i ma9ta9 t ! tru? c be %[n to /& o!rwise 9 ?is matt]4 ,let u look at ! case 9 ?is way2 ,nature 9 h] l(ti] & m passionate moods1 :ile dete/+ all appe>ance ( re/ra9t1 is n wont to %[ h]self utt]ly wayw>d & reckless2 & ?\gh 9 all cases ! vital in=m+ pr9ciple is d]iv$ f h]1 yet to det]m9e ! "r degree & ! "r mom5t1 & to contribute ! precision ( practice & exp]i5ce1 is ! peculi> prov9ce ( sci5tific me?od4 ,! great passions1 :5 left to _! own bl9d & ra% impulses )\t ! control ( reason1 are 9 ! same dang] z a %ip let drive at r&om )\t balla/4 ,(t5 !y ne$ ! spur1 b sometimes also ! curb4 #c ,! rem>k ( ,demo/h5es ) reg>d to human life 9 g5]al1--t ! greate/ ( all bless+s is to be =tunate1 b next to t & equal 9 importance is to be well advis$1--= good =tune is utt]ly ru9$ by ! abs5ce ( good c\nsel1--may be appli$ to lit]ature1 if we sub/itute g5ius = =tune1 & art = c\nsel4 ,!n1 aga9 7& ?is is ! mo/ important po9t ( all71 a writ] c only le>n f art :5 he is to ab&on himself to ! direction ( 8 g5ius4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lit]ally1 8,b ! mo/ important po9t ( all is t ! actual fact t !re are "s p>ts ( lit]ature :i* are 9 ! p[] ( natural g5ius alone1 mu/ be le>nt f no o!r s\rce ?an f art40 ,^! are ! consid]ations :i* ,i submit to ! unfav\rable critic ( su* useful /udies4 ,p]haps !y may induce him to alt] 8 op9ion z to ! vanity & idl5ess ( our pres5t inve/igations4 ,,iii 444 8,& let !m *eck ! /ove's long tongues ( fire3 ,= if ,i see "o t5ant ( ! he>?1 ,i'll ?ru/ )9 "o curl+ torr5t flame1 ,& br+ t ro( 9 a%es to ! gr\nd3 ,b n[ n yet is sung my noble lay40#a ,su* phrases cease to be tragic1 & become burlesque1--,i mean phrases l 8curl+ torr5t flames0 & 8vomit+ to heav510 & repres5t+ ,boreas z a pip]1 & s on4 ,su* expressions1 & su* images1 produce an effect ( confusion & obscurity1 n ( en]gy2 & if ea* sep>ately be exam9$ "u ! light ( criticism1 :at seem$ t]rible gradually s9ks into absurdity4 ,s9ce !n1 ev5 9 trag$y1 :]e ! natural dignity ( ! subject makes a swell+ diction all[able1 we _c p>don a ta/eless gr&iloqu5ce1 h[ mu* m incongru\s mu/ x seem 9 sob] prose6 ,footnote #a3 ,aes*ylus 9 8 lo/ ,orei?yia4 #b ,h5ce we laugh at ^? f9e words ( ,gorgias ( ,leont9i1 su* z 8,x]xes ! ,p]sian ,zeus0 & 8vultures1 ^? liv+ tombs10 & at c]ta9 conceits ( ,calli/h5es :i* are high-fl[n r ?an sublime1 & at "s 9 ,cleit>*us m ludicr\s /ill--a writ] ^: fro?y /yle tempts u to trave/y ,sophocles & say1 8,he bl[s a little pipe1 & bl[s x ill40 ,! same faults may be obs]v$ 9 ,amphicrates & ,hegesias & ,matris1 :o 9 _! frequ5t mom5ts 7z !y ?9k7 ( inspiration1 in/ead ( play+ ! g5ius are simply play+ ! fool4 #c ,speak+ g5]ally1 x w\ld seem t bomba/ is "o ( ! h>de/ ?+s to avoid 9 writ+4 ,= all ^? writ]s :o are ambiti\s ( a l(ty /yle1 ?r\gh dread ( be+ convict$ ( feebl5ess & pov]ty ( language1 slide by a natural gradation into ! opposite extreme4 8,:o fails 9 great endeav\r1 nobly fails10 is _! cre$4 #d ,n[ bulk1 :5 holl[ & affect$1 is always objectionable1 :e!r 9 mat]ial bodies or 9 writ+s1 & 9 dang] ( produc+ on u an impression ( littl5ess3 8no?+10 x is said1 8is dri] ?an a man ) ! dropsy40 ,! *>act]i/ic1 !n1 ( bomba/ is t x transc5ds ! ,sublime3 b !re is ano!r fault diametrically oppos$ to gr&eur3 ?is is call$ pu]ility1 & x is ! fail+ ( feeble & n>r[ m9ds1--inde$1 ! mo/ ignoble ( all vices 9 writ+4 ,by pu]ility we mean a p$antic habit ( m9d1 :i* by ov]-elaboration ends 9 frigidity4 ,slips ( ?is sort are made by ^? :o1 aim+ at brilliancy1 poli%1 & especially attractiv5ess1 are l&$ 9 paltr9ess & silly affectation4 #e ,closely associat$ ) ?is is a ?ird sort ( vice1 9 deal+ ) ! passions1 :i* ,!odorus us$ to call false s5tim5t1 mean+ by t an ill-tim$ & empty display ( emotion1 :]e no emotion is call$ =1 or ( great] emotion ?an ! situation w>rants4 ,?us we (t5 see an au?or hurri$ by ! tumult ( 8 m9d into t$i\s displays ( m]e p]sonal feel+ :i* has no connection ) ! subject4 ,yet h[ ju/ly ridicul\s mu/ an au?or appe>1 ^: mo/ viol5t transports leave 8 read]s q cold6 ,h[ev]1 ,i w dismiss ?is subject1 z ,i int5d to devote a sep>ate "w to ! treatm5t ( ! pa!tic 9 writ+4 ,,iv ,! la/ ( ! faults :i* ,i m5tion$ is frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ,timaeus--,i mean ! fault ( frigidity4 ,9 o!r respects he is an able writ]1 & sometimes n unsuccessful 9 ! l(ti] /yle2 a man ( wide k1 & full ( +5uity2 a mo/ bitt] critic ( ! fail+s ( o!rs--b unhappily bl9d to 8 own4 ,9 8 eag]ness to be always /rik+ out new ?\ghts he frequ5tly falls into ! mo/ *ildi% absurdities4 #b ,i w only in/ance "o or two passages1 z mo/ ( !m h be5 po9t$ out by ,caecilius4 ,wi%+ to say some?+ v f9e ab\t ,alex&] ! ,great he speaks ( him z a man 8:o annex$ ! :ole ( ,asia 9 few] ye>s ?an ,isocrates sp5t 9 writ+ 8 panegyric oration 9 :i* he urges ! ,greeks to make w> on ,p]sia40 ,h[ /range is ! comp>ison ( ! 8great ,ema?ian conqu]or0 ) an ,a!nian rhetorician6 ,by ?is mode ( reason+ x is pla9 t ! ,sp>tans 7 v inf]ior to ,isocrates 9 c\rage1 s9ce x took !m ?irty ye>s to conqu] ,mess5e1 :ile he f9i%$ ! composition ( ?is h>angue 9 t54 #c ,obs]ve1 too1 8 language on ! ,a!nians tak5 9 ,sicily4 8,!y paid ! p5alty = _! impi\s outrage on ,h]mes 9 mutilat+ 8 /atues2 & ! *ief ag5t 9 _! de/ruction 0 "o :o 0 desc5d$ on 8 fa!r's side f ! injur$ deity--,h]mocrates1 son ( ,h]mon40 ,i wond]1 my de>e/ ,t]5tian1 h[ he omitt$ to say ( ! tyrant ,dionysius t = 8 impiety t[>ds ,zeus & ,h]akles he 0 depriv$ ( 8 p[] by ,dion & ,h]akleides4 #d ,yet :y speak ( ,timaeus1 :5 ev5 m5 l ,x5ophon & ,plato--! v demi-gods ( lit]ature--?\gh !y _h sat at ! feet ( ,socrates1 sometimes =got !mselves 9 ! pursuit ( su* paltry conceits4 ,! =m]1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,sp>tan ,polity1 has ^! words3 8,_! voice y w\ld no m he> ?an if !y 7 ( m>ble1 _! gaze is z immovable z if !y 7 ca/ 9 bronze2 y w\ld deem !m m mode/ ?an ! v maid5s 9 _! eyes40#a ,to speak ( ! pupils ( ! eye z 8mode/ maid5s0 0 a piece ( absurdity becom+ ,amphicrates#b r ?an ,x5ophon4 ,& !n :at a /range delusion to suppose t mode/y is always )\t exception express$ 9 ! eye6 :]eas x is commonly said t !re is no?+ by :i* an impud5t fell[ betrays 8 "* s mu* z by ! expression ( 8 eyes4 ,?us ,a*illes addresses ,agamemnon 9 ! ,iliad z 8drunk>d1 ) eye ( dog40#c ,footnote #a3 ,x54 de ,rep4 ,lac$4 #c1 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,c4 iii4 sect4 #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,il4 i4 #bbe4 #e ,timaeus1 h[ev]1 ) t want ( judgm5t :i* *>act]ises plagi>i/s1 c\ld n leave to ,x5ophon ! possession ( ev5 ?is piece ( frigidity4 ,9 relat+ h[ ,aga?ocles c>ri$ (f 8 c\s91 :o 0 w$d$ to ano!r man1 f ! fe/ival ( ! unveil+1 he asks1 8,:o c\ld h done su* a de$1 unless he _h h>lots in/ead ( maid5s 9 8 eyes80 #f ,& ,plato himself1 else:]e s supreme a ma/] ( /yle1 mean+ to describe c]ta9 record+ tablets1 says1 8,!y %all write1 & deposit 9 ! temples memorials ( cypress wood02#d & aga91 8,!n conc]n+ walls1 ,megillus1 ,i give my vote ) ,sp>ta t we %\ld let !m lie asleep )9 ! gr\nd1 & n awak5 !m40#e ,footnote #d3 ,plat4 de ,legg4 v4 #gda1 ,c4 ,footnote #e3 ,ib4 vi4 #ggh1 ,d4 #g ,& ,h]odotus falls pretty mu* "u ! same c5sure1 :5 he speaks ( beautiful wom5 z 8tortures to ! eye10#f ?\gh "h !re is "s excuse1 z ! speak]s 9 ?is passage are drunk5 b>b>ians4 ,/ill1 ev5 f dramatic motives1 su* errors 9 ta/e %\ld n be p]mitt$ to deface ! pages ( an immortal "w4 ,footnote #f3 v4 #ah4 ,v ,n[ all ^! gl>+ improprieties ( language may be trac$ to "o common root--! pursuit ( novelty 9 ?\ght4 ,x is ?is t has turn$ ! bra9 ( ne>ly all ! le>n$ _w ( to-day4 ,human bless+s & human ills commonly fl[ f ! same s\rce3 &1 to apply ?is pr9ciple to lit]ature1 ^? ornam5ts ( /yle1 ^? sublime & delightful images1 :i* contribute to success1 are ! f\ndation & ! orig91 n only ( excell5ce1 b also ( failure4 ,x is ?us ) ! figures call$ transitions1 & hyp]boles1 & ! use ( plurals = s+ul>s4 ,i %all %[ pres5tly ! dang]s :i* !y seem to involve4 ,our next task1 !re=e1 mu/ be to propose & to settle ! "q h[ we may avoid ! faults ( /yle relat$ to sublimity4 ,,vi ,our be/ hope ( do+ ?is w be fir/ ( all to grasp "s def9ite !ory & crit]ion ( ! true ,sublime4 ,nev]!less ?is is a h>d matt]2 = a j judgm5t ( /yle is ! f9al fruit ( long exp]i5ce2 /ill1 ,i believe t ! way ,i %all indicate w enable u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & false ,sublime1 s f> z x c be done by rule4 ,,vii ,x is prop] to obs]ve t 9 human life no?+ is truly great :i* is despis$ by all elevat$ m9ds4 ,= example1 no man ( s5se c reg>d weal?1 hon\r1 glory1 & p[]1 or any ( ^? ?+s :i* are surr\nd$ by a great ext]nal p>ade ( pomp & circum/ance1 z ! highe/ bless+s1 see+ t m]ely to despise su* ?+s is a bless+ ( no common ord]3 c]ta9ly ^? :o possess !m are admir$ mu* less ?an ^? :o1 hav+ ! opportunity to acquire !m1 ?r\gh greatness ( s\l neglect x4 ,n[ let u apply ?is pr9ciple to ! ,sublime 9 poetry or 9 prose2 let u ask 9 all cases1 is x m]ely a speci\s sublimity8 is ?is gorge\s ext]ior a m]e false & clumsy pageant1 :i* if laid op5 w be f\nd to conceal no?+ b empt9ess8 = if s1 a noble m9d w scorn in/ead ( admir+ x4 #b ,x is natural to u to feel our s\ls lift$ up by ! true ,sublime1 & conceiv+ a sort ( g5]\s exultation to be fill$ ) joy & pride1 z ?\gh we _h ourselves orig9at$ ! ideas :i* we read4 #c ,if !n any "w1 on be+ repeat$ly submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( an acute & cultivat$ critic1 fails to dispose 8 m9d to l(ty ideas2 if ! ?\ghts :i* x sugge/s d n ext5d beyond :at is actually express$2 & if1 ! long] y read x1 ! less y ?9k ( x1--!re c be "h no true sublimity1 :5 ! effect is n su/a9$ beyond ! m]e act ( p]usal4 ,b :5 a passage is pregnant 9 sugge/ion1 :5 x is h>d1 nay impossible1 to di/ract ! att5tion f x1 & :5 x takes a /rong & la/+ hold on ! memory1 !n we may be sure t we h light$ on ! true ,sublime4 #d ,9 g5]al we may reg>d ^? words z truly noble & sublime :i* always please & please all read]s4 ,= :5 ! same book always produces ! same impression on all :o read x1 :atev] be ! diff]5ce 9 _! pursuits1 _! mann] ( life1 _! aspirations1 _! ages1 or _! language1 su* a h>mony ( opposites gives irresi/ible au?ority to _! fav\rable v]dict4 ,,viii ,i %all n[ proce$ to enum]ate ! five pr9cipal s\rces1 z we may call !m1 f :i* almo/ all sublimity is d]iv$1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 ! prelim9>y gift on :i* all ^! five s\rces dep5d1 namely1 comm& ( language4 ,! fir/ & ! mo/ important is 7#a7 gr&eur ( ?\ght1 z ,i h po9t$ out else:]e 9 my "w on ,x5ophon4 ,! second is 7#b7 a vigor\s & spirit$ treatm5t ( ! passions4 ,^! two conditions ( sublimity dep5d ma9ly on natural end[m5ts1 :]eas ^? :i* foll[ d]ive assi/ance f ,art4 ,! ?ird is 7#c7 a c]ta9 artifice 9 ! employm5t ( figures1 :i* are ( two k9ds1 figures ( ?\ght & figures ( spee*4 ,! f\r? is 7#d7 dignifi$ expression1 :i* is sub-divid$ into 7a7 ! prop] *oice ( words1 & 7b7 ! use ( metaphors & o!r ornam5ts ( diction4 ,! fif? cause ( sublimity1 :i* embraces all ^? prec$+1 is 7#e7 maje/y & elevation ( /ructure4 ,let u consid] :at is involv$ 9 ea* ( ^! five =ms sep>ately4 ,i mu/ fir/1 h[ev]1 rem>k t "s ( ^! five divisions are omitt$ by ,caecilius2 = in/ance1 he says no?+ ab\t ! passions4 #b ,n[ if he made ?is omission f a belief t ! ,sublime & ! ,pa!tic are "o & ! same ?+1 hold+ !m to be always coexi/5t & int]dep5d5t1 he is 9 error4 ,"s passions are f\nd :i*1 s f> f be+ l(ty1 are actually l[1 su* z pity1 grief1 fe>2 & conv]sely1 sublimity is (t5 n 9 ! lea/ affect+1 z we may see 7among innum]able o!r in/ances7 9 ^? bold expressions ( our great poet on ! sons ( ,alou-- 8,highly !y rag$ ,to pile huge ,ossa on ! ,olympian peak1 ,& ,pelion ) all 8 wav+ trees ,on ,ossa's cre/ to raise1 & climb ! sky20 & ! yet m trem5d\s climax-- 8,& n[ _h !y accompli%$ x40 #c ,& 9 orators1 9 all passages deal+ ) panegyric1 & 9 all ! m impos+ & declamatory places1 dignity & sublimity play an indisp5sable "p2 b pa?os is mo/ly abs5t4 ,h5ce ! mo/ pa!tic orators h usually b little skill 9 panegyric1 & conv]sely ^? :o are p[]ful 9 panegyric g5]ally fail 9 pa?os4 #d ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,caecilius suppos$ t pa?os nev] contributes to sublimity1 & ?is is :y he ?\ght x ali5 to ! subject1 he is entirely deceiv$4 ,= ,i w\ld confid5tly pron\nce t no?+ is s conducive to sublimity z an appropriate display ( g5u9e passion1 :i* bur/s out ) a k9d ( 8f9e madness0 & div9e inspiration1 & falls on our e>s l ! voice ( a god4 ,,ix ,i h already said t ( all ^! five conditions ( ! ,sublime ! mo/ important is ! fir/1 t is1 a c]ta9 l(ty ca/ ( m9d4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ?is is a faculty r natural ?an acquir$1 nev]!less x w be well = u 9 ?is in/ance also to tra9 up our s\ls to sublimity1 & make !m z x 7 ev] big ) noble ?\ghts4 #b ,h[1 x may be ask$1 is ?is to be done8 ,i h h9t$ else:]e 9 my writ+s t sublimity is1 s to say1 ! image ( greatness ( s\l4 ,h5ce a ?\ght 9 its nak$ simplicity1 ev5 ?\gh unutt]$1 is sometimes admirable by ! %e] =ce ( its sublimity2 = in/ance1 ! sil5ce ( ,ajax 9 ! elev5? ,odyssey#a is great1 & gr&] ?an any?+ he c\ld h said4 ,footnote #a3 ,od4 xi4 #edc4 #c ,x is absolutely ess5tial1 !n1 fir/ ( all to settle ! "q :5ce ?is gr&eur ( conception arises2 & ! answ] is t true eloqu5ce c be f\nd only 9 ^? ^: _s is g5]\s & aspir+4 ,= ^? ^: :ole lives are wa/$ 9 paltry & illib]al ?\ghts & habits _c possibly produce any "w wor?y ( ! la/+ rev]5ce ( mank9d4 ,x is only natural t _! words %\ld be full ( sublimity ^: ?\ghts are full ( maje/y4 #d ,h5ce sublime ?\ghts belong prop]ly to ! l(tie/ m9ds4 ,su* 0 ! reply ( ,alex&] to 8 g5]al ,p>m5io1 :5 ! latt] _h obs]v$1 8,7 ,i ,alex&]1 ,i %\ld h be5 satisfi$02 8,& ,i1 7 ,i ,p>m5io0444 ,! di/ance betwe5 heav5 & e>?#a--;a measure1 "o might say1 n less appropriate to ,hom]'s g5ius ?an to ! /ature ( 8 discord4 ,footnote #a3 ,il4 iv4 #ddb4 #e ,h[ diff]5t is t t\* ( ,hesiod's 9 8 description ( sorr[--if ! ,%ield is really "o ( 8 works3 8rheum f h] no/rils fl[$0#b--;an image n t]rible1 b disgu/+4 ,n[ consid] h[ ,hom] gives dignity to 8 div9e p]sons-- 8,z f> z lies 8 airy k51 :o sits ,on "s tall crag1 & scans ! w9e-d>k sea3 ,s f> ext5ds ! heav5ly c\rs]s' /ride40#c ,he measures _! spe$ by ! ext5t ( ! :ole _w--a gr& comp>ison1 :i* might reasonably lead u to rem>k t if ! div9e /e$s 7 to take two su* leaps 9 succession1 !y w\ld f9d no room 9 ! _w = ano!r4 ,footnote #b3 ,scut4 ,h]c4 #bfg4 ,footnote #c3 ,il4 v4 #ggj4 #f ,sublime also are ! images 9 ! 8,battle ( ! ,gods0-- 8,a trumpet s\nd ,rang ?r\gh ! air1 & %ook ! ,olympian height2 ,!n t]ror seiz$ ! mon>* ( ! dead1 ,& spr++ f 8 ?rone he cri$ al\d ,) fe>ful voice1 le/ ! e>?1 r5t asund] ,by ,neptune's mighty arm1 =?) reveal ,to mortal & immortal eyes ^? halls ,s dre> & dank1 :i* e'en ! gods abhor40#d ,e>? r5t f its f\ndations6 ,t>t>us itself laid b>e6 ,! :ole _w torn asund] & turn$ upside d[n6 ,:y1 my de> fri5d1 ?is is a p]fect hurly-burly1 9 :i* ! :ole univ]se1 heav5 & hell1 mortals & immortals1 %>e ! conflict & ! p]il4 ,footnote #d3 ,il4 xxi4 #chh2 xx4 #fa4 #g ,a t]rible picture1 c]ta9ly1 b 7unless p]haps x is to be tak5 allegorically7 d[nright impi\s1 & ov]/epp+ ! b\nds ( dec5cy4 ,x seems to me t ! /range m$ley ( w\nds1 qu>rels1 rev5ges1 te>s1 bonds1 & o!r woes :i* makes up ! ,hom]ic tradition ( ! gods 0 design$ by its au?or to degrade 8 deities1 z f> z possible1 into m51 & exalt 8 m5 into deities--or r1 8 gods are worse (f ?an 8 human *>act]s1 s9ce we1 :5 we are unhappy1 h a hav5 f ills 9 dea?1 :ile ! gods1 accord+ to him1 n only live = ev]1 b live = ev] 9 mis]y4 #h ,f> to be pref]r$ to ?is description ( ! ,battle ( ! ,gods are ^? passages :i* exhibit ! div9e nature 9 its true light1 z some?+ spotless1 great1 & pure1 z1 = in/ance1 a passage :i* has (t5 be5 h&l$ by my pr$ecessors1 ! l9es on ,poseidon3-- 8,m\nta9 & wood & solit>y peak1 ,! %ips ,a*aian1 & ! t[]s ( ,troy1 ,trembl$ b5ea? ! god's immortal feet4 ,ov] ! waves he rode1 & r\nd him play$1 ,lur$ f ! deeps1 ! ocean's mon/r\s brood1 ,) unc\? gambols welcom+ _! "l3 ,! *>md bill[s p>t$3 on !y flew40#e ,footnote #e3 ,il4 xiii4 #ah2 xx4 #fj2 xiii4 #ai1 #bg4 #i ,& ?us also ! lawgiv] ( ! ,jews1 no ord9>y man1 hav+ =m$ an adequate conception ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 gave x adequate expression 9 ! op5+ words ( 8 8,laws03 8,god said0--:at8--8let !re be light1 & !re 0 light3 let !re be l&1 & !re 040 #aj ,i tru/ y w n ?9k me t$i\s if ,i quote yet "o m passage f our great poet 7ref]r+ ?is "t to human *>act]s7 9 illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* he leads u ) him to h]oic heights4 ,a sudd5 & baffl+ d>kness z ( night has ov]spread ! ranks ( 8 w>r+ ,greeks4 ,!n ,ajax 9 sore p]plexity cries al\d-- 8,almighty ,sire1 ,only f d>kness save ,a*aia's sons2 ,no m ,i ask1 b give u back ! day2 ,grant b our sight1 & slay u1 if ?\ wilt40#f ,! feel+s are j :at we %\ld look = 9 ,ajax4 ,he does n1 y obs]ve1 ask = 8 life--su* a reque/ w\ld h be5 unwor?y ( 8 h]oic s\l--b f9d+ himself p>alys$ by d>kness1 & prohibit$ f employ+ 8 val\r 9 any noble action1 he *afes because 8 arms are idle1 & prays = a spe$y return ( light4 8,at lea/10 he ?9ks1 8,i %all f9d a w>rior's grave1 ev5 ?\gh ,zeus himself %\ld fight aga9/ me40 ,footnote #f3 ,il4 xvii4 #fde4 #aa ,9 su* passages ! m9d ( ! poet is swept along 9 ! :irlw9d ( ! /ruggle1 &1 9 8 own words1 he 8,l ! fi]ce w>-god1 raves1 or wa/+ fire ,?r\gh ! deep ?ickets on a m\nta9-side2 ,8 lips drop foam40#g ,footnote #g3 ,il4 xv4 #fje4 #ab ,b !re is ano!r & a v int]e/+ aspect ( ,hom]'s m9d4 ,:5 we turn to ! ,odyssey we f9d occasion to obs]ve t a great poetical g5ius 9 ! decl9e ( p[] :i* comes ) old age naturally leans t[>ds ! fabul\s4 ,= x is evid5t t ?is "w 0 compos$ aft] ! ,iliad1 9 pro( ( :i* we may m5tion1 among _m o!r indications1 ! introduction 9 ! ,odyssey ( ! sequel to ! /ory ( 8 h]oes' adv5tures at ,troy1 z s _m additional episodes 9 ! ,trojan w>1 & especially ! tribute ( sorr[ & m\rn+ :i* is paid 9 t poem to dep>t$ h]oes1 z if 9 fulfilm5t ( "s previ\s design4 ,! ,odyssey is1 9 fact1 a sort ( epilogue to ! ,iliad-- 8,!re w>rior ,ajax lies1 ,a*illes !re1 ,& !re ,patroclus1 godlike c\nsellor2 ,!re lies my own de> son40#h ,footnote #h3 ,od4 iii4 #aji4 #ac ,& = ! same reason1 ,i imag9e1 :]eas 9 ! ,iliad1 :i* 0 writt5 :5 8 g5ius 0 9 its prime1 ! :ole /ructure ( ! poem is f\nd$ on action & /ruggle1 9 ! ,odyssey he g5]ally pref]s ! n>rative /yle1 :i* is prop] to old age4 ,h5ce ,hom] 9 8 ,odyssey may be comp>$ to ! sett+ sun3 he is /ill z great z ev]1 b he has lo/ 8 f]v5t heat4 ,! /ra9 is n[ pit*$ to a l[] key ?an 9 ! 8,tale ( ,troy div9e03 we beg9 to miss t high & equable sublimity :i* nev] flags or s9ks1 t cont9u\s curr5t ( mov+ incid5ts1 ^? rapid transitions1 t =ce ( eloqu5ce1 t opul5ce ( imag]y :i* is ev] true to ,nature4 ,l ! sea :5 x retires ^u itself & leaves its %ores wa/e & b>e1 h5ce=? ! tide ( sublimity beg9s to ebb1 & draws u away into ! dim region ( my? & leg5d4 #ad ,9 say+ ?is ,i am n =gett+ ! f9e /orm-pieces 9 ! ,odyssey1 ! /ory ( ! ,cyclops1#i & o!r /rik+ passages4 ,x is ,hom] gr[n old ,i am discuss+1 b /ill x is ,hom]4 ,yet 9 e "o ( ^! passages ! my?ical pr$om9ates ov] ! real4 ,my purpose 9 mak+ ?is digression 01 z ,i said1 to po9t out into :at trifles ! second *ildhood ( g5ius is too apt to be betray$2 su*1 ,i mean1 z ! bag 9 :i* ! w9ds are conf9$1#aj ! tale ( ,odysseus's comrades be+ *ang$ by ,circe into sw9e#aa 78:imp]+ pork]s0 ,zolus call$ !m71 & h[ ,zeus 0 f$ l a ne/l+ by ! doves1#ab & h[ ,odysseus pass$ t5 nights on ! %ipwreck )\t food1#ac & ! improbable incid5ts 9 ! slay+ ( ! suitors4#ad ,:5 ,hom] nods l ?is1 we mu/ be cont5t to say t he dreams z ,zeus might dream4 ,footnote #i3 ,od4 ix4 #ahb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,od4 x4 #ag4 ,footnote #aa3 ,od4 x4 #bcg4 ,footnote #ab3 ,od4 xii4 #fb4 ,footnote #ac3 ,od4 xii4 #ddg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,od4 xxii4 passim4 #ae ,ano!r reason = ^! rem>ks on ! ,odyssey is t ,i wi%$ to make y und]/& t great poets & prose-writ]s1 aft] !y h lo/ _! p[] ( depict+ ! passions1 turn naturally to ! del9eation ( "*4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! lifelike & *>act]i/ic picture ( ! palace ( ,odysseus1 :i* may be call$ a sort ( com$y ( mann]s4 ,x ,let u n[ consid] :e!r !re is any?+ fur!r :i* conduces to ! ,sublime 9 writ+4 ,x is a law ( ,nature t 9 all ?+s !re are c]ta9 con/itu5t p>ts1 coexi/5t ) _! sub/ance4 ,x necess>ily foll[s1 !re=e1 t "o cause ( sublimity is ! *oice ( ! mo/ /rik+ circum/ances involv$ 9 :atev] we are describ+1 &1 fur!r1 ! p[] ( aft]w>ds comb9+ !m into "o animate :ole4 ,! read] is attract$ p>tly by ! selection ( ! incid5ts1 p>tly by ! skill :i* has weld$ !m toge!r4 ,= in/ance1 ,sappho1 9 deal+ ) ! passionate manife/ations att5d+ on ! fr5zy ( lov]s1 always *ooses h] /rokes f ! signs :i* %e has obs]v$ to be actually exhibit$ 9 su* cases4 ,b h] peculi> excell5ce lies 9 ! felicity ) :i* %e *ooses & unites toge!r ! mo/ /rik+ & p[]ful features4 #b 8,i deem t man div9ely ble/ ,:o sits1 &1 gaz+ on ?y face1 ,he>s !e disc\rse ) eloqu5t lips1 ,& m>ks ?y lovely smile4 ,?is1 ?is x is t made my he>t ,s wildly flutt] 9 my brea/2 ,:5e'er ,i look on !e1 my voice ,falt]s1 & fa9ts1 & fails2 ,my tongue's b5umb$2 a subtle fire ,?r\gh all my body inly /eals2 ,m9e eyes 9 d>kness reel & swim2 ,/range murmurs dr[n my e>s2 ,) dewy damps my limbs are *ill$2 ,an icy %iv] %akes my frame2 ,pal] ?an a%es gr[s my *eek2 ,& ,dea? seems nigh at h&40 #c ,is x n wond]ful h[ at ! same mom5t s\l1 body1 e>s1 tongue1 eyes1 col\r1 all fail h]1 & are lo/ to h] z completely z if !y 7 n h] own8 ,obs]ve too h[ h] s5sations contradict "o ano!r--%e freezes1 %e burns1 %e raves1 %e reasons1 & all at ! same in/ant4 ,& ?is description is design$ to %[ t %e is assail$1 n by any p>ticul> emotion1 b by a tumult ( diff]5t emotions4 ,all ^! tok5s belong to ! passion ( love2 b x is 9 ! *oice1 z ,i said1 ( ! mo/ /rik+ features1 & 9 ! comb9ation ( !m into "o picture1 t ! p]fection ( ?is ,ode ( ,sappho's lies4 ,simil>ly ,hom] 9 8 descriptions ( tempe/s always picks out ! mo/ t]rific circum/ances4 #d ,! poet ( ! 8,arimaspeia0 int5d$ ! foll[+ l9es to be gr&-- 8,h]e9 ,i f9d a wond] pass+ /range1 ,t m5 %\ld make _! dwell+ on ! deep1 ,:o f> f l& essay+ bold to range ,) anxi\s he>t _! toilsome vigils keep2 ,_! eyes are fix$ on heav5's />ry /eep2 ,! rav5+ bill[s hung] = _! lives2 ,& (t ea* %iv]+ wret*1 con/ra9$ to weep1 ,) suppliant h&s to move heav5's pity /rives1 ,:ile _m a direful qualm 8 v vitals rives40 ,all mu/ see t !re is m ( ornam5t ?an ( t]ror 9 ! description4 ,n[ let u turn to ,hom]4 #e ,"o passage w suffice to %[ ! contra/4 8,on !m he leap$1 z leaps a rag+ wave1 ,*ild ( ! w9ds1 "u ! d>k5+ cl\ds1 ,on a swift %ip1 & buries h] 9 foam2 ,!n cracks ! sail b5ea? ! ro>+ bla/1 ,& quakes ! brea?less seam5's %udd]+ he>t ,9 t]ror dire3 dea? l\rs on e wave40#a ,footnote #a3 ,il4 xv4 #fbd4 #f ,aratus has tri$ to give a new turn to ?is la/ ?\ght-- 8,b "o frail timb] %ields !m f _! doom10#b-- bani%+ by ?is feeble piece ( subtlety all ! t]ror f 8 description2 sett+ limits1 moreov]1 to ! p]il describ$ by say+ 8%ields !m02 = s long z x %ields !m x matt]s n :e!r ! 8timb]0 be 8frail0 or /\t4 ,b ,hom] does n set any fix$ limit to ! dang]1 b gives u a vivid picture ( m5 a ?\s& times on ! br9k ( de/ruction1 e wave ?reat5+ !m ) in/ant dea?4 ,moreov]1 by 8 bold & =cible comb9ation ( prepositions ( opposite mean+ he tortures 8 language to imitate ! agony ( ! sc5e1 ! con/ra9t :i* is put on ! words accurately reflect+ ! anxiety ( ! sailors' m9ds1 & ! diction be+ /amp$1 z x 71 ) ! peculi> t]ror ( ! situation4 ,footnote #b3 ,pha5om5a1 #bii4 #g ,simil>ly ,ar*ilo*us 9 8 description ( ! %ipwreck1 & simil>ly ,demo/h5es :5 he describes h[ ! news came ( ! tak+ ( ,elatea#c--8;,x 0 ev5+10 etc4 ,ea* ( ^! au?ors fa/idi\sly rejects :atev] is n ess5tial to ! subject1 & 9 putt+ toge!r ! mo/ vivid features is c>eful to gu>d aga9/ ! int]position ( any?+ frivol\s1 unbecom+1 or tiresome4 ,su* blemi%es m> ! g5]al effect1 & give a pat*$ & gap+ appe>ance to ! edifice ( sublimity1 :i* ought to be built up 9 a solid & uni=m /ructure4 ,footnote #c3 ,de ,cor4 #afi4 ,,xi ,closely associat$ ) ! "p ( our subject we h j treat$ ( is t excell5ce ( writ+ :i* is call$ amplification1 :5 a writ] or plead]1 ^: !me admits ( _m successive />t+-po9ts & pauses1 br+s on "o impressive po9t aft] ano!r 9 a cont9u\s & asc5d+ scale4 #b ,n[ :e!r ?is is employ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( a commonplace1 or 9 ! way ( exagg]ation1 :e!r to place argum5ts or facts 9 a /rong light1 or 9 ! disposition ( actions1 or ( passions--= amplification takes a hundr$ diff]5t %apes--9 all cases ! orator mu/ be caution$ t none ( ^! me?ods is complete )\t ! aid ( sublimity1--unless1 inde$1 x be our object to excite pity1 or to depreciate an oppon5t's argum5t4 ,9 all o!r uses ( amplification1 if y subtract ! elem5t ( sublimity y w take z x 7 ! s\l f ! body4 ,no soon] is ! support ( sublimity remov$ ?an ! :ole becomes lifeless1 n]veless1 & dull4 #c ,!re is a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! rules ,i am n[ giv+ & ^? j m5tion$4 ,!n ,i 0 speak+ ( ! del9eation & co-ord9ation ( ! pr9cipal circum/ances4 ,my next task1 !re=e1 mu/ be briefly to def9e ?is diff]5ce1 & ) x ! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 amplification & sublimity4 ,our :ole disc\rse w ?us ga9 9 cle>ness4 ,,xii ,i mu/ fir/ rem>k t ,i am n satisfi$ ) ! def9ition ( amplification g5]ally giv5 by au?orities on rhetoric4 ,!y expla9 x to be a =m ( language :i* inve/s ! subject ) a c]ta9 gr&eur4 ,yes1 b ?is def9ition may be appli$ indiff]5tly to sublimity1 pa?os1 & ! use ( figurative language1 s9ce all ^! inve/ ! disc\rse ) "s sort ( gr&eur4 ,! diff]5ce seems to me to lie 9 ?is1 t sublimity gives elevation to a subject1 :ile amplification gives ext5sion z well4 ,?us ! sublime is (t5 convey$ 9 a s+le ?\ght1#a b amplification c only subsi/ ) a c]ta9 prolixity & diffusiv5ess4 ,footnote #a3 ,comp4 i4 #d4 #bf4 #b ,! mo/ g5]al def9ition ( amplification w\ld expla9 x to consi/ 9 ! ga!r+ toge!r ( all ! con/itu5t p>ts & topics ( a subject1 emphasis+ ! argum5t by repeat$ insi/5ce1 h]e9 diff]+ f pro(1 t :]eas ! object ( pro( is logical demon/ration1 444 ,plato1 l ! sea1 p\rs =? 8 ri*es 9 a copi\s & expansive flood4 #c ,h5ce ! /yle ( ! orator1 :o is ! great] ma/] ( our emotions1 is (t51 z x 71 r$-hot & ablaze ) passion1 :]eas ,plato1 ^: /r5g? lay 9 a sort ( weighty & sob] magnific5ce1 ?\gh nev] frigid1 does n rival ! ?und]s ( ,demo/h5es4 #d ,&1 if a ,greek may be all[$ to express an op9ion on ! subject ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 ,i ?9k ! same diff]5ce may be disc]n$ 9 ! gr&eur ( ,cic]o z comp>$ ) t ( 8 ,grecian rival4 ,! sublimity ( ,demo/h5es is g5]ally sudd5 & abrupt3 t ( ,cic]o is equally diffus$4 ,demo/h5es is vehem5t1 rapid1 vigor\s1 t]rible2 he burns & sweeps away all be=e him2 & h5ce we may lik5 him to a :irlw9d or a ?und]bolt3 ,cic]o is l a widespread conflagration1 :i* rolls ov] & fe$s on all ar\nd x1 ^: fire is ext5sive & burns long1 break+ out successively 9 diff]5t places1 & f9d+ its fuel n[ "h1 n[ !re4 #e ,su* po9ts1 h[ev]1 ,i resign to y\r m compet5t judgm5t4 ,to resume1 !n1 ! high-/rung sublimity ( ,demo/h5es is appropriate to all cases :]e x is desir$ to exagg]ate1 or to r\se "s vehem5t emotion1 & g5]ally :5 we want to c>ry away our audi5ce ) u4 ,we mu/ employ ! diffusive /yle1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 we wi% to ov]p[] !m ) a flood ( language4 ,x is suitable1 = example1 to famili> topics1 & to p]orations 9 mo/ cases1 & to digressions1 & to all descriptive & declamatory passages1 & 9 deal+ ) hi/ory or natural sci5ce1 & 9 num]\s o!r cases4 ,,xiii ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ,plato3 h[ gr& he c be ) all t g5tle & noiseless fl[ ( eloqu5ce y w be rem9d$ by ?is *>act]i/ic passage1 :i* y h read 9 8 ,republic3 8,!y1 !re=e1 :o h no k ( wisdom & virtue1 ^: lives are pass$ 9 fea/+ & simil> joys1 are borne d[nw>ds1 z is b natural1 & 9 ?is region !y w&] all _! lives2 b !y nev] lift$ up _! eyes nor 7 borne upw>ds to ! true _w above1 nor ev] ta/$ ( pleasure abid+ & unalloy$2 b l bea/s !y ev] look d[nw>ds1 & _! heads are b5t to ! gr\nd1 or r to ! table2 !y fe$ full _! bellies & _! lu/s1 & long+ ev] m & m = su* ?+s !y kick & gore "o ano!r ) horns & ho(s ( iron1 & slay "o ano!r 9 _! insatiable desires40#a ,footnote #a3 ,rep4 ix4 #ehf1 ,a4 #b ,we may le>n f ?is au?or1 if we w\ld b obs]ve 8 example1 t !re is yet ano!r pa? besides ^? m5tion$ :i* leads to sublime heights4 ,:at pa? d ,i mean8 ,! emul\s imitation ( ! great poets & prose-writ]s ( ! pa/4 ,on ?is m>k1 de> fri5d1 let u keep our eyes ev] /eadfa/ly fix$4 ,_m ga!r ! div9e impulse f ano!r's _s1 j z we are told t ! ,py?ian prie/ess1 :5 %e takes h] seat on ! tripod1 :]e !re is said to be a r5t 9 ! gr\nd brea?+ upw>ds a heav5ly emanation1 /raightway conceives f t s\rce ! godlike gift ( prophecy1 & utt]s h] inspir$ oracles2 s likewise f ! mighty g5ius ( ! great writ]s ( antiquity !re is c>ri$ into ! s\ls ( _! rivals1 z f a f\nt ( inspiration1 an efflu5ce :i* brea!s ^u !m until1 ev5 ?\gh _! natural temp] be b cold1 !y %>e ! sublime en?usiasm ( o!rs4 #c ,?us ,hom]'s "n is associat$ ) a num]\s b& ( illu/ri\s disciples--n only ,h]odotus1 b ,/esi*orus be=e him1 & ! great ,ar*ilo*us1 & above all ,plato1 :o f ! great f\nta9-head ( ,hom]'s g5ius drew into himself innum]able tribut>y /reams4 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 necess>y to illu/rate ?is po9t1 _h n ,ammonius & 8 s*ool already classifi$ & not$ d[n ! v>i\s examples4 #d ,n[ :at ,i am speak+ ( is n plagi>ism1 b resembles ! process ( copy+ f fair =ms or /atues or works ( skill$ lab\r4 ,nor 9 my op9ion w\ld s _m fair fl[]s ( imag]y h bloom$ among ! philosophical dogmas ( ,plato1 nor w\ld he h ris5 s (t5 to ! language & topics ( poetry1 _h he n engag$ he>t & s\l 9 a conte/ = prec$5ce ) ,hom]1 l a "y *ampion ent]+ ! li/s aga9/ a vet]an4 ,x may be t he %[$ too ambiti\s a _s 9 v5tur+ on su* a duel2 b nev]!less x 0 n )\t advantage to him3 8= /rife l ?is10 z ,hesiod says1 8is good = m540#b ,& :]e %all we f9d a m glori\s ar5a or a nobl] cr[n ?an "h1 :]e ev5 defeat at ! h&s ( our pr$ecessors is n ignoble8 ,footnote #b3 ,opp4 #bi4 ,,xiv ,!re=e x is good = u also1 :5 we are lab\r+ on "s subject :i* dem&s a l(ty & maje/ic /yle1 to imag9e to ourselves h[ ,hom] might h express$ ?is or t1 or h[ ,plato or ,demo/h5es w\ld h clo!d x ) sublimity1 or1 9 hi/ory1 ,?ucydides4 ,= by our fix+ an eye ( rivalry on ^? high examples !y w become l beacons to guide u1 & w p]haps lift up our s\ls to ! fulness ( ! /ature we conceive4 #b ,& x w\ld be /ill bett] %\ld we try to realise ?is fur!r ?\ght1 ,h[ w\ld ,hom]1 _h he be5 "h1 or h[ w\ld ,demo/h5es1 h li/5$ to :at ,i h writt51 or h[ w\ld !y h be5 affect$ by x8 ,= :at high] inc5tive to ex]tion c\ld a writ] h ?an to imag9e su* judges or su* an audi5ce ( 8 works1 & to give an acc\nt ( 8 writ+s ) h]oes l ^! to criticise & look on8 #c ,yet m inspir+ w\ld be ! ?\ght1 ,) :at feel+s w future ages ?r\gh all "t read ^! my works8 ,if ?is %\ld awak5 a fe> 9 any writ] t he w n be intelligible to 8 contempor>ies x w necess>ily foll[ t ! conceptions ( 8 m9d w be crude1 maim$1 & abortive1 & lack+ t ripe p]fection :i* alone c w9 ! applause ( ages to come4 ,,xv ,! dignity1 gr&eur1 & en]gy ( a /yle l>gely dep5d on a prop] employm5t ( images1 a t]m :i* ,i pref] to t usually giv54#a ,! t]m image 9 its mo/ g5]al acceptation includes e ?\ght1 h[soev] pres5t$1 :i* issues 9 spee*4 ,b ! t]m is n[ g5]ally conf9$ to ^? cases :5 he :o is speak+1 by reason ( ! rapt & excit$ /ate ( 8 feel+s1 imag9es himself to see :at he is talk+ ab\t1 & produces a simil> illusion 9 8 he>]s4 ,footnote #a3 1 8fictions ( ! imag9ation10 ,hickie4 #b ,poets & orators bo? employ images1 b ) a v diff]5t object1 z y are well aw>e4 ,! poetical image is design$ to a/\nd2 ! oratorical image to give p]spicuity4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 seek to "w on ! emotions4 8,"m1 ,i pray !e1 set n ?\ ^u me ,^? maids ) bloody face & s]p5t hair3 ,see1 see1 !y come1 !y're "h1 !y spr+ ^u me60#b ,& aga9-- 8,ah1 ah1 %e'll slay me6 :i!r %all ,i fly80#c ,! poet :5 he wrote l ?is saw ! ,er9yes ) 8 own eyes1 & he almo/ compels 8 read]s to see !m too4 ,footnote #b3 ,eur4 ,ore/4 #bee4 ,footnote #c3 ,iph4 ,taur4 #bia4 #c ,euripides f\nd 8 *ief delight 9 ! lab\r ( giv+ tragic expression to ^! two passions ( madness & love1 %[+ "h a real ma/]y :i* ,i _c ?9k he exhibit$ else:]e4 ,/ill1 he is by no means diffid5t 9 v5tur+ on o!r fields ( ! imag9ation4 ,8 g5ius 0 f> f be+ ( ! highe/ ord]1 b by tak+ pa9s he (t5 raises himself to a tragic elevation4 ,9 8 sublim] mom5ts he g5]ally rem9ds u ( ,hom]'s description ( ! lion-- 8,) tail he la%es bo? 8 flanks & sides1 ,& spurs himself to battle40#d ,footnote #d3 ,il4 xx4 #agj4 #d ,take1 = in/ance1 t passage 9 :i* ,helios1 9 h&+ ! re9s to 8 son1 says-- 8,drive on1 b %un ! burn+ ,libyan tract2 ,! hot dry air w let ?9e axle d[n3 ,t[>d ! sev5 ,pleiades keep ?y /eadfa/ way40 ,& !n-- 8,?is said1 8 son undaunt$ snat*$ ! re9s1 ,!n smote ! w+$ c\rs]s' sides3 !y b\nd ,=? on ! void & cav]n\s vault ( air4 ,8 fa!r m\nts ano!r /e$1 & rides ,) w>n+ voice guid+ 8 son4 #8,drive !re6 ,turn1 turn ?y c> ?is way4'0#e ,may we n say t ! _s ( ! poet m\nts ! *>iot ) 8 h]o1 & accompanies ! w+$ /e$s 9 _! p]il\s flight8 ,7 x n s1--_h n 8 imag9ation so>$ side by side ) !m 9 t cele/ial passage1--he w\ld nev] h conceiv$ s vivid an image4 ,simil> is t passage 9 8 8,cass&ra10 beg9n+ 8,ye ,trojans1 lov]s ( ! /e$40#f ,footnote #e3 ,eur4 ,phaet4 ,footnote #f3 ,p]haps f ! lo/ 8,alex&]0 7,jahn74 #e ,aes*ylus is especially bold 9 =m+ images suit$ to 8 h]oic !mes3 z :5 he says ( 8 8,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes0-- 8,sev5 mighty m51 & valiant capta9s1 slew ,ov] an iron-b\nd %ield a bull1 !n dipp$ ,_! f+]s 9 ! blood1 & all invok$ ,ares1 ,enyo1 & dea?-deal+ ,flight ,9 witness ( _! oa?s10#g & describes h[ !y all mutually pl$g$ !mselves )\t fl9*+ to die4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 8 ?\ghts are un%ap51 & z x 7 r\gh-hewn & rugg$4 ,n obs]v+ ?is1 ,euripides1 f too bl9d a rivalry1 sometimes falls "u ! same c5sure4 ,footnote #g3 ,sept4 c4 ,?4 #db4 #f ,aes*ylus ) a /range viol5ce ( language repres5ts ! palace ( ,lycurgus z possess$ at ! appe>ance ( ,dionysus-- 8,! halls ) rapture ?rill1 ! ro('s inspir$40#h ,"h ,euripides1 9 borr[+ ! image1 s(t5s its extravagance#i-- 8,& all ! m\nta9 felt ! god40#aj ,footnote #h3 ,aes*4 ,lycurg4 ,footnote #i3 ,lit4 8,giv+ x a diff]5t flav\r10 z ,ari/4 ,poet4 1 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,bac*4 #gbf4 #g ,sophocles has also %[n himself a great ma/] ( ! imag9ation 9 ! sc5e 9 :i* ! dy+ ,o$ipus prep>es himself = burial 9 ! mid/ ( a tempe/1#aa & :]e he tells h[ ,a*illes appe>$ to ! ,greeks ov] 8 tomb j z !y 7 putt+ out to sea on _! dep>ture f ,troy4#ab ,?is la/ sc5e has also be5 del9eat$ by ,simonides ) a vividness :i* leaves him inf]ior to none4 ,b x w\ld be an endless task to cite all possible examples4 ,footnote #aa3 ,o$4 ,col4 #aehf4 ,footnote #ab3 ,9 8 lo/ 8,polyx5a40 #h ,to return1 !n1#ac 9 poetry1 z ,i obs]v$1 a c]ta9 my?ical exagg]ation is all[able1 transc5d+ altoge!r m]e logical cr$5ce4 ,b ! *ief beauties ( an oratorical image are its en]gy & reality4 ,su* digressions become (f5sive & mon/r\s :5 ! language is ca/ 9 a poetical & fabul\s m\ld1 & runs into all sorts ( impossibilities4 ,?us mu* may be le>nt f ! great orators ( our own day1 :5 !y tell u 9 tragic tones t !y see ! ,furies#ad--;good p1 c't !y und]/& t :5 ,ore/es cries out 8,(f1 (f1 ,i say6 ,i "k !e :o ?\ art1 ,"o ( ! fi5ds t haunt me3 ,i feel ?9e arms ,ab\t me ca/1 to drag me d[n to hell10#ae ^! are ! halluc9ations ( a madman8 ,footnote #ac3 #b4 ,footnote #ad3 ,comp4 ,petronius1 ,satyricon1 *4 i4 passim4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ore/4 #bfd4 #i ,:]e91 !n1 lies ! =ce ( an oratorical image8 ,d\btless 9 add+ en]gy & passion 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways to a spee*2 b especially 9 ?is1 t :5 x is m+l$ ) ! practical1 argum5tative p>ts ( an oration1 x does n m]ely conv9ce ! he>]1 b en?ralls him4 ,su* is ! effect ( ^? words ( ,demo/h5es3#af 8,suppos+1 n[1 at ?is mom5t a cry ( al>m 7 he>d outside ! assize c\rts1 & ! news came t ! prison 0 brok5 op5 & ! prison]s escap$1 is !re any man "h :o is su* a trifl] t he w\ld n run to ! rescue at ! top ( 8 spe$8 ,b suppose "s "o came =w>d ) ! in=mation t !y _h be5 set at lib]ty by ! def5dant1 :at !n8 ,:y1 he w\ld be lyn*$ on ! spot60 ,footnote #af3 c4 ,timocrat4 #bjh4 #aj ,comp>e also ! way 9 :i* ,hyp]ides excus$ himself1 :5 he 0 proce$$ aga9/ = br++ 9 a bill to lib]ate ! slaves aft] ,*a]onea4 8,?is measure10 he said1 80 n drawn up by any orator1 b by ! battle ( ,*a]onea40 ,?is /rik+ image1 be+ ?r[n 9 by ! speak] 9 ! mid/ ( 8 pro(s1 enables him by "o bold /roke to c>ry all m]e logical objection be=e him4 #aa ,9 all su* cases our nature is drawn t[>ds t :i* affects x mo/ p[]fully3 h5ce an image lures u away f an argum5t3 judgm5t is p>alys$1 matt]s ( fact disappe> f view1 eclips$ by ! sup]ior blaze4 ,nor is x surpris+ t we %\ld be ?us affect$2 = :5 two =ces are ?us plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 ! /rong] mu/ always absorb into itself ! weak]4 #ab ,on sublimity ( ?\ght1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x arises f native greatness ( m9d1 f imitation1 & f ! employm5t ( images1 ?is brief outl9e mu/ suffice4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,he passes ov] *s4 x4 xi4 ,,xvi ,! subject :i* next claims our att5tion is t ( figures ( spee*4 ,i h already obs]v$ t figures1 judici\sly employ$1 play an important "p 9 produc+ sublimity4 ,x w\ld be a t$i\s1 or r an endless task1 to deal ) e detail ( ?is subject "h2 s 9 ord] to e/abli% :at ,i h laid d[n1 ,i w j run ov]1 )\t fur!r preface1 a few ( ^? figures :i* are mo/ effective 9 l5d+ gr&eur to language4 #b ,demo/h5es is def5d+ 8 policy2 8 natural l9e ( argum5t w\ld h be53 8,y did n d wrong1 m5 ( ,a!ns1 to take ^u y\rselves ! /ruggle = ! lib]ties ( ,hellas4 ,( ?is y h home pro(s4 ,!y did n wrong :o f\ght at ,m>a?on1 at ,salamis1 & ,plataea40 ,in/ead ( ?is1 9 a sudd5 mom5t ( supreme exaltation he bur/s out l "s inspir$ prophet ) t fam\s appeal to ! mighty dead3 8,ye did n1 c\ld n h done wrong4 ,i swe> x by ! m5 :o fac$ ! foe at ,m>a?on60#a ,he employs ! figure ( adjuration1 to :i* ,i w "h give ! "n ( ,apo/rophe4 ,& :at does he ga9 by x8 ,he exalts ! ,a!nian ance/ors to ! rank ( div9ities1 %[+ t we ought to invoke ^? :o h fall5 = _! c\ntry z gods2 he fills ! he>ts ( 8 judges ) ! h]oic pride ( ! old w>riors ( ,hellas2 =sak+ ! beat5 pa? ( argum5t he rises to ! l(tie/ altitude ( gr&eur & passion1 & comm&s ass5t by ! />tl+ novelty ( 8 appeal2 he applies ! heal+ *>m ( eloqu5ce1 & ?us 8m9i/]s to ! m9d diseas$0 ( 8 c\ntrym51 until lift$ by 8 brave words above _! mis=tunes !y beg9 to feel t ! disa/] ( ,*a]onea is no less glori\s ?an ! victories ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis4 ,all ?is he effects by ! use ( "o figure1 & s c>ries 8 he>]s away ) him4 ,footnote #a3 ,de ,cor4 #bjh4 #c ,x is said t ! g]m ( ?is adjuration is f\nd 9 ,eupolis-- 8,by m9e own fight1 by ,m>a?on1 ,i say1 ,:o makes my he>t to a*e %all rue ! day60#b ,b !re is no?+ gr& 9 ! m]e employm5t ( an oa?4 ,its gr&eur w dep5d on its be+ employ$ 9 ! "r place & ! "r mann]1 on ! "r occasion1 & ) ! "r motive4 ,9 ,eupolis ! oa? is no?+ beyond an oa?2 & ! ,a!nians to :om x is address$ are /ill prosp]\s1 & 9 ne$ ( no consolation4 ,moreov]1 ! poet does n1 l ,demo/h5es1 swe> by ! dep>t$ h]oes z deities1 s z to eng5d] 9 8 audi5ce a j conception ( _! val\r1 b div]ges f ! *ampions to ! battle--a m]e lifeless ?+4 ,b ,demo/h5es has s skilfully manag$ ! oa? t 9 address+ 8 c\ntrym5 aft] ! defeat ( ,*a]onea he takes out ( _! m9ds all s5se ( disa/]2 & at ! same "t1 :ile prov+ t no mi/ake has be5 made1 he holds up an example1 confirms 8 argum5ts by an oa?1 & makes 8 praise ( ! dead an inc5tive to ! liv+4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 8 7lo/7 8,demis40 #d ,& to rebut a possible objection :i* occurr$ to him--8,c y1 ,demo/h5es1 ^: policy end$ 9 defeat1 swe> by a victory80--! orator proce$s to measure 8 language1 *oos+ 8 v words s z to give no h&le to oppon5ts1 ?us %[+ u t ev5 9 our mo/ inspir$ mom5ts reason ought to hold ! re9s4#c ,let u m>k 8 words3 8,^? :o fac$ ! foe at ,m>a?on2 ^? :o f\ght 9 ! sea-fights ( ,salamis & ,artemisium2 ^? :o /ood 9 ! ranks at ,plataea40 ,note t he n[h]e says 8^? :o conqu]$10 artfully suppress+ any ^w :i* might h9t at ! successful issue ( ^? battles1 :i* w\ld h spoilt ! p>allel ) ,*a]onea4 ,& = ! same reason he /eals a m>* on 8 audi5ce1 add+ imm$iately3 8,all ( :om1 ,aes*9es1--n ^? :o 7 successful only1--7 buri$ by ! /ate at ! public exp5se40 ,footnote #c3 ,lit4 8,t ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! revels ( ,bac*us we ought to rema9 sob]40 ,,xvii ,!re is "o tru? :i* my /udies h l$ me to obs]ve1 :i* p]haps x w\ld be wor? :ile to set d[n briefly "h4 ,x is ?is1 t by a natural law ! ,sublime1 besides receiv+ an acquisition ( /r5g? f figures1 9 its turn l5ds support 9 a rem>kable mann] to !m4 ,to expla93 ! use ( figures has a peculi> t5d5cy to r\se a suspicion ( di%one/y1 & to create an impression ( trea*]y1 s*em+1 & false reason+2 especially if ! p]son address$ be a judge1 :o is ma/] ( ! situation1 & /ill m 9 ! case ( a despot1 a k+1 a milit>y pot5tate1 or any ( ^? :o sit 9 high places4#a ,if a man feels t ?is artful speak] is treat+ him l a silly boy & try+ to ?r[ du/ 9 8 eyes1 he at once gr[s irritat$1 & ?9k+ t su* false reason+ implies a contempt ( 8 und]/&+1 he p]haps flies into a rage & w n he> ano!r ^w2 or ev5 if he ma/]s 8 res5tm5t1 /ill he is utt]ly indispos$ to yield to ! p]suasive p[] ( eloqu5ce4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a figure is !n mo/ effectual :5 x appe>s 9 disguise4 ,footnote #a3 ,read+ ) ,cobet1 4 #b ,to allay1 !n1 ?is di/ru/ :i* atta*es to ! use ( figures we mu/ call 9 ! p[]ful aid ( sublimity & passion4 ,= art1 once associat$ ) ^! great allies1 w be ov]%ad[$ by _! gr&eur & beauty1 & pass beyond ! rea* ( all suspicion4 ,to prove ?is ,i ne$ only ref] to ! passage already quot$3 8,i swe> x by ! m510 etc4 ,x is ! v brilliancy ( ! orator's figure :i* bl9ds u to ! fact t x is a figure4 ,= z ! fa9t] lu/re ( ! />s is put out ( sight by ! all-encompass+ rays ( ! sun1 s :5 sublimity %$s its light all r\nd ! sophi/ries ( rhetoric !y become invisible4 #c ,a simil> illusion is produc$ by ! pa9t]'s art4 ,:5 light & %ad[ are repres5t$ 9 col\r1 ?\gh !y lie on ! same surface side by side1 x is ! light :i* meets ! eye fir/1 & appe>s n only m conspicu\s b also mu* ne>]4 ,9 ! same mann] passion & gr&eur ( language1 ly+ ne>] to our s\ls by reason bo? ( a c]ta9 natural aff9ity & ( _! radiance1 always /rike our m5tal eye be=e we become consci\s ( ! figure1 ?r[+ its artificial "* into ! %ade & hid+ x z x 7 9 a veil4 ,,xviii ,! figures ( "q & int]rogation#a also possess a specific quality :i* t5ds /rongly to /ir an audi5ce & give en]gy to ! speak]'s words4 8,or tell me1 d y want to run ab\t ask+ "o ano!r1 is !re any news8 :at great] news c\ld y h ?an t a man ( ,mac$on is mak+ himself ma/] ( ,hellas8 ,is ,philip dead8 ,n he4 ,h[ev]1 he is ill4 ,b :at is t to y8 ,ev5 if any?+ happ5s to him y w soon raise up ano!r ,philip40#b ,or ?is passage3 8,%all we sail aga9/ ,mac$on8 ,& :]e1 asks "o1 %all we effect a l&+8 ,! w> itself w %[ u :]e ,philip's weak places lie40#b ,n[ if ?is _h be5 put baldly x w\ld h lo/ greatly 9 =ce4 ,z we see x1 x is full ( ! quick alt]nation ( "q & answ]4 ,! orator replies to himself z ?\gh he 7 meet+ ano!r man's objections4 ,& ?is figure n only raises ! tone ( 8 words b makes !m m conv9c+4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,note4 ,footnote #b3 ,phil4 i4 #dd4 #b ,= an exhibition ( feel+ has !n mo/ effect on an audi5ce :5 x appe>s to fl[ naturally f ! occasion1 n to h be5 lab\r$ by ! art ( ! speak]2 & ?is device ( que/ion+ & reply+ to himself reproduces ! mom5t ( passion4 ,= z a sudd5 "q address$ to an individual w sometimes />tle him into a reply :i* is an ungu>d$ expression ( 8 g5u9e s5tim5ts1 s ! figure ( "q & int]rogation bl9ds ! judgm5t ( an audi5ce1 & deceives !m into a belief t :at is really ! result ( lab\r 9 e detail has be5 /ruck out ( ! speak] by ! inspiration ( ! mom5t4 ,!re is "o passage 9 ,h]odotus :i* is g5]ally cr$it$ ) extraord9>y sublimity4444 ,,xix 444 ,! removal ( connect+ p>ticles gives a quick ru% & 8torr5t rapture0 to a passage1 ! writ] appe>+ to be actually almo/ left beh9d by 8 own words4 ,!re is an example 9 ,x5ophon3 8,cla%+ _! %ields toge!r !y pu%$1 !y f\ght1 !y slew1 !y fell40#a ,& ! words ( ,eurylo*us 9 ! ,odyssey-- 8,we pass$ at ?y comm& ! woodl&'s %ade2 ,we f\nd a /ately hall built 9 a m\nta9 glade40#b ,words ?us sev]$ f "o ano!r )\t ! int]v5tion ( /ops give a lively impression ( "o :o ?r\gh di/ress ( m9d at once halts & hurries 9 8 spee*4 ,& ?is is :at ,hom] has express$ by us+ ! figure ,asyndeton4 ,footnote #a3 ,x54 ,hel4 iv4 #c4 #ai4 ,footnote #b3 ,od4 x4 #bea4 ,,xx ,b no?+ is s conducive to en]gy z a comb9ation ( diff]5t figures1 :5 two or ?ree unit+ _! res\rces mutually contribute to ! vig\r1 ! cog5cy1 & ! beauty ( a spee*4 ,s ,demo/h5es 9 8 spee* aga9/ ,meidias repeats ! same words & breaks up 8 s5t5ces 9 "o lively descriptive passage3 8,he :o receives a bl[ is hurt 9 _m ways :i* he c\ld n ev5 describe to ano!r1 by ge/ure1 by look1 by tone40 #b ,!n1 to v>y ! movem5t ( 8 spee*1 & prev5t x f /&+ /ill 7= /illness produces re/1 b passion requires a c]ta9 disord] ( language1 imitat+ ! agitation & commotion ( ! s\l71 he at once da%es (f 9 ano!r direction1 break+ up 8 words aga91 & repeat+ !m 9 a diff]5t =m1 8by ge/ure1 by look1 by tone--:5 insult1 :5 hatr$1 is add$ to viol5ce1 :5 he is /ruck ) ! fi/1 :5 he is /ruck z a slave60 ,by su* means ! orator imitates ! action ( ,meidias1 deal+ bl[ ^u bl[ on ! m9ds ( 8 judges4 ,imm$iately aft] l a hurricane he makes a fre% attack3 8,:5 he is /ruck ) ! fi/1 :5 he is /ruck 9 ! face2 ?is is :at moves1 ?is is :at madd5s a man1 unless he is inur$ to outrage2 no "o c\ld describe all ?is s z to br+ home to 8 he>]s its bitt]ness40#a ,y see h[ he pres]ves1 by cont9ual v>iation1 ! intr9sic =ce ( ^! repetitions & brok5 clauses1 s t 8 ord] seems irregul>1 & conv]sely 8 irregul>ity acquires a c]ta9 measure ( ord]4 ,footnote #a3 ,meid4 #gb4 ,,xxi ,suppos+ we add ! conjunctions1 aft] ! practice ( ,isocrates & 8 s*ool3 8,moreov]1 ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion t he :o /rikes a bl[ may hurt 9 _m ways1 9 ! fir/ place by ge/ure1 9 ! second place by look1 9 ! ?ird & la/ place by 8 tone40 ,if y comp>e ! words ?us set d[n 9 logical sequ5ce ) ! expressions ( ! 8,meidias10 y w see t ! rapidity & rugg$ abruptness ( passion1 :5 all is made regul> by connect+ l9ks1 w be smoo!d away1 & ! :ole po9t & fire ( ! passage w at once disappe>4 #b ,= z1 if y 7 to b9d two runn]s toge!r1 !y w =?) be depriv$ ( all lib]ty ( movem5t1 ev5 s passion rebels aga9/ ! trammels ( conjunctions & o!r p>ticles1 because !y curb its free ru% & de/roy ! impression ( me*anical impulse4 ,,xxii ,! figure hyp]baton belongs to ! same class4 ,by hyp]baton we mean a transposition ( words or ?\ghts f _! usual ord]1 be>+ unmi/akably ! *>act]i/ic /amp ( viol5t m5tal agitation4 ,9 real life we (t5 see a man "u ! influ5ce ( rage1 or fe>1 or indignation1 or beside himself ) jeal\sy1 or ) "s o!r out ( ! int]m9able li/ ( human passions1 beg9 a s5t5ce1 & !n sw]ve aside into "s inconsequ5t p>5!sis1 & !n aga9 d\ble back to 8 orig9al /atem5t1 be+ borne ) quick turns by 8 di/ress1 z ?\gh by a %ift+ w9d1 n[ ?is way1 n[ t1 & play+ a ?\s& caprici\s v>iations on 8 words1 8 ?\ghts1 & ! natural ord] ( 8 disc\rse4 ,n[ ! figure hyp]baton is ! means :i* is employ$ by ! be/ writ]s to imitate ^! signs ( natural emotion4 ,= art is !n p]fect :5 x seems to be nature1 & nature1 aga91 is mo/ effective :5 p]vad$ by ! unse5 pres5ce ( art4 ,an illu/ration w be f\nd 9 ! spee* ( ,dionysius ( ,phocaea 9 ,h]odotus3 8,a hair's bread? n[ decides our de/9y1 ,ionians1 :e!r we %all live z freem5 or z slaves--ay1 z runaway slaves4 ,n[1 !re=e1 if y *oose to endure a little h>d%ip1 y w be able at ! co/ ( "s pres5t ex]tion to ov]come y\r enemies40#a ,footnote #a3 vi4 #aa4 #b ,! regul> sequ5ce "h w\ld h be53 8,ionians1 n[ is ! "t = y to endure a little h>d%ip2 = a hair's bread? w n[ decide our de/9y40 ,b ! ,phocaean transposes ! title 8,ionians10 ru%+ at once to ! subject ( al>m1 z ?\gh 9 ! t]ror ( ! mom5t he _h =gott5 ! usual address to 8 audi5ce4 ,moreov]1 he inv]ts ! logical ord] ( 8 ?\ghts1 & in/ead ( beg9n+ ) ! necessity = ex]tion1 :i* is ! po9t he wi%es to urge ^u !m1 he fir/ gives !m ! reason = t necessity 9 ! words1 8a hair's bread? n[ decides our de/9y10 s t 8 words seem unprem$itat$1 & =c$ ^u him by ! crisis4 #c ,?ucydides surpasses all o!r writ]s 9 ! bold use ( ?is figure1 ev5 break+ up s5t5ces :i* are by _! nature absolutely "o & indivisible4 ,b n[h]e d we f9d x s unsp>+ly employ$ z 9 ,demo/h5es1 :o ?\gh n s d>+ 9 8 mann] ( us+ x z ! eld] writ] is v happy 9 giv+ to 8 spee*es by frequ5t transpositions ! lively air ( un/udi$ debate4 ,moreov]1 he drags1 z x 71 8 audi5ce ) him into ! p]ils ( a long inv]t$ clause4 #d ,he (t5 beg9s to say some?+1 !n leaves ! ?\ght 9 susp5se1 mean:ile ?ru/+ 9 betwe51 9 a position app>5tly =eign & unnatural1 "s extrane\s matt]s1 "o ^u ano!r1 & hav+ ?us made 8 he>]s fe> le/ ! :ole disc\rse %\ld break d[n1 & =c$ !m into eag] sympa?y ) ! dang] ( ! speak]1 :5 he is ne>ly at ! end ( a p]iod he adds j at ! "r mom5t1 i4e4 :5 x is lea/ expect$1 ! po9t :i* !y h be5 wait+ = s long4 ,& ?us by ! v boldness & haz>d ( 8 inv]sions he produces a mu* m a/\nd+ effect4 ,i =be> to cite examples1 z !y are too num]\s to require x4 ,,xxiii ,! juxtaposition ( diff]5t cases1 ! enum]ation ( p>ticul>s1 & ! use ( contra/ & climax1 all1 z y "k1 add mu* vig\r1 & give beauty & great elevation & life to a /yle4 ,! diction also ga9s greatly 9 div]sity & movem5t by *anges ( case1 "t1 p]son1 numb]1 & g5d]4 #b ,) reg>d to *ange ( numb]3 n only is ! /yle improv$ by ! use ( ^? words :i*1 ?\gh s+ul> 9 =m1 are f\nd on inspection to be plural 9 mean+1 z 9 ! l9es-- 8,a c\ntless ho/ disp]s$ along ! s& ,) joy\s cries ! %oal ( tunny hail$10 b x is m wor?y ( obs]vation t plurals = s+ul>s sometimes fall ) a m impressive dignity1 r\s+ ! imag9ation by ! m]e s5se ( va/ numb]4 #c ,su* is ! effect ( ^? words ( ,o$ipus 9 ,sophocles-- 8,oh fatal1 fatal ties6 ,ye gave u bir?1 & we be+ born ye s[$ ,! self-same se$1 & gave ! _w to view ,sons1 bro!rs1 sires1 dome/ic murd] f\l1 ,brides1 mo!rs1 wives4444 ,ay1 ye laid b>e ,! blacke/1 deepe/ place :]e ,%ame c dwell40#a ,"h we h 9 ei!r case b "o p]son1 fir/ ,o$ipus1 !n ,joca/a2 b ! expansion ( numb] into ! plural gives an impression ( multipli$ calamity4 ,s 9 ! foll[+ plurals-- 8,!re came =? ,hectors1 & !re came ,s>p$ons40 ,footnote #a3 ,o4 ,r4 #adjc4 #d ,& 9 ^? words ( ,plato's 7:i* we h already adduc$ else:]e71 ref]r+ to ! ,a!nians3 8,we h no ,pelopses or ,cadmuses or ,aegyptuses or ,danauses1 or any o!rs out ( all ! mob ( ,hell5is$ b>b>ians1 dwell+ among u2 no1 ?is is ! l& ( pure ,greeks1 ) no mixture ( =eign elem5ts10#b etc4 ,su* an accumulation ( words 9 ! plural numb] necess>ily gives great] pomp & s\nd to a subject4 ,b we mu/ only h rec\rse to ?is device :5 ! nature ( our !me makes x all[able to amplify1 to multiply1 or to speak 9 ! tones ( exagg]ation or passion4 ,to ov]lay e s5t5ce ) ornam5t#c is v p$antic4 ,footnote #b3 ,m5ex4 #bde1 ,d4 ,footnote #c3 ,lit4 8,to hang bells ev]y:]e10 a metaphor f ! bells :i* 7 atta*$ to horses' trapp+s on fe/ive occasions4 ,,xxiv ,on ! o!r h&1 ! contraction ( plurals into s+ul>s sometimes creates an appe>ance ( great dignity2 z 9 t phrase ( ,demo/h5es3 8,!reupon all ,peloponnesus 0 divid$40#a ,!re is ano!r 9 ,h]odotus3 8,:5 ,phryni*us br\ght a drama on ! /age entitl$ ,! ,tak+ ( ,miletus1 ! :ole !atre fell a weep+0--in/ead ( 8all ! spectators40 ,?is knitt+ toge!r ( a numb] ( scatt]$ p>ticul>s into "o :ole gives !m an aspect ( corporate life4 ,& ! beauty ( bo? uses lies1 ,i ?9k1 9 _! betok5+ emotion1 by giv+ a sudd5 *ange ( complexion to ! circum/ances1--:e!r a ^w :i* is /rictly s+ul> is unexpect$ly *ang$ into a plural1--or :e!r a numb] ( isolat$ units are comb9$ by ! use ( a s+le sonor\s ^w "u "o head4 ,footnote #a3 ,de ,cor4 #ah4 ,,xxv ,:5 pa/ ev5ts are introduc$ z happ5+ 9 pres5t "t ! n>rative =m is *ang$ into a dramatic action4 ,su* is t description 9 ,x5ophon3 8,a man :o has fall51 & is be+ trampl$ "u foot by ,cyrus's horse1 /rikes ! belly ( ! animal ) 8 scimit>2 ! horse />ts aside & unseats ,cyrus1 & he falls40 ,simil>ly 9 _m passages ( ,?ucydides4 ,,xxvi ,equally dramatic is ! int]*ange ( p]sons1 (t5 mak+ a read] fancy himself to be mov+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! p]ils describ$-- 8,unwe>i$1 ?\ w\ld/ deem1 ) toil unsp5t1 ,!y met 9 w>2 s furi\sly !y f\ght40#a & t l9e 9 ,aratus-- 8,bew>e t mon? to tempt ! surg+ sea40#b ,footnote #a3 ,il4 xv4 #fig4 ,footnote #b3 ,pha54 #bhg4 #b ,9 ! same way ,h]odotus3 8,pass+ f ! city ( ,elephant9e y w sail upw>ds until y rea* a level pla94 ,y cross ?is region1 & !re ent]+ ano!r %ip y w sail on = two days1 & s rea* a great city1 ^: "n is ,m]oe40#c ,obs]ve h[ he takes u1 z x 71 by ! h&1 & leads u 9 _s ?r\gh ^! places1 mak+ u no long] read]s1 b spectators4 ,su* a direct p]sonal address always has ! effect ( plac+ ! read] 9 ! mid/ ( ! sc5e ( action4 ,footnote #c3 ii4 #bi4 #c ,& by po9t+ y\r words to ! individual read]1 in/ead ( to ! read]s g5]ally1 z 9 ! l9e 8,?\ _h'/ n kn[n = :om ,tydides f\ght10#d & ?us excit+ him by an appeal to himself1 y w r\se int]e/1 & fix att5tion1 & make him a p>tak] 9 ! action ( ! book4 ,footnote #d3 ,il4 v4 #he4 ,,xxvii ,sometimes1 aga91 a writ] 9 ! mid/ ( a n>rative 9 ! ?ird p]son sudd5ly /eps aside & makes a transition to ! fir/4 ,x is a k9d ( figure :i* /rikes l a sudd5 outbur/ ( passion4 ,?us ,hector 9 ! ,iliad 8,) mighty voice call$ to ! m5 ( ,troy ,to /orm ! %ips1 & leave ! bloody spoils3 ,if any ,i behold ) will+ foot ,%unn+ ! %ips1 & l+]+ on ! pla91 ,t h\r ,i w contrive 8 dea?40#a ,! poet !n takes ^u himself ! n>rative "p1 z be+ 8 prop] bus9ess2 b ?is abrupt ?reat he attributes1 )\t a ^w ( w>n+1 to ! enrag$ ,trojan *ief4 ,to h int]pos$ any su* words z 8,hector said s & s0 w\ld h _h a frigid effect4 ,z ! l9es /& ! writ] is left beh9d by 8 own words1 & ! transition is effect$ :ile he is prep>+ = x4 ,footnote #a3 ,il4 xv4 #cdf4 #b ,accord+ly ! prop] use ( ?is figure is 9 deal+ ) "s urg5t crisis :i* w n all[ ! writ] to l+]1 b compels him to make a rapid *ange f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,s 9 ,hecataeus3 8,n[ ,ceyx took ?is 9 dudgeon1 & /raightway bade ! *ildr5 ( ,h]acles to dep>t4 #8,behold1 ,i c give y no help2 le/1 !re=e1 ye p]i% y\rselves & br+ hurt ^u me also1 get ye =? into "s o!r l&4'0 #c ,!re is a diff]5t use ( ! *ange ( p]sons 9 ! spee* ( ,demo/h5es aga9/ ,ari/ogeiton1 :i* places be=e u ! quick turns ( viol5t emotion4 8,is !re none to be f\nd among y10 he asks1 8:o ev5 feels indignation at ! outrage\s conduct ( a loa?some & %ameless wret* :o1--vile/ ( m51 :5 y 7 deb>r$ f fre$om ( spee*1 n by b>ri]s or by doors1 :i* might inde$ be op5$10#b etc4 ,?us 9 ! mid/ ( a half-express$ ?\ght he makes a quick *ange ( front1 & hav+ almo/ 9 8 ang] torn "o ^w into two p]sons1 8:o1 vile/ ( m510 etc41 he !n breaks (f 8 address to ,ari/ogeiton1 & seems to leave him1 nev]!less1 by ! passion ( 8 utt]ance1 r\s+ all ! m ! att5tion ( ! c\rt4 ,footnote #b3 c4 ,ari/og4 i4 #bg4 #d ,! same feature may be obs]v$ 9 a spee* ( ,p5elope's-- 8,:y com'/ ?\1 ,m$on1 f ! woo]s pr\d8 ,com'/ ?\ to bid ! h&maids ( my "l ,to cease _! tasks1 & make = !m good *e]8 ,ill f>e _! woo+1 & _! ga!r+ "h6 ,w\ld ,god t "h ?is h\r !y all might take ,_! la/1 _! late/ meal6 ,:o day by day ,make "h y\r mu/]1 to dev\r & wa/e ,! sub/ance ( my son3 h ye n he>d ,:5 *ildr5 at y\r fa!rs' knee ! de$s ,& pr[ess ( y\r k+80#c ,footnote #c3 ,od4 iv4 #fha4 ,,xxviii ,none1 ,i suppose1 w\ld dispute ! fact t p]iphrasis t5ds mu* to sublimity4 ,=1 z 9 music ! simple air is r5d]$ m pleas+ by ! addition ( h>mony1 s 9 language p]iphrasis (t5 s\nds 9 concord ) a lit]al expression1 add+ mu* to ! beauty ( its tone1--provid$ always t x is n inflat$ & h>%1 b agreeably bl5d$4 #b ,to confirm ?is "o passage f ,plato w suffice--! op5+ words ( 8 ,fun]al ,oration3 8,9 de$ ^! m5 h n[ receiv$ f u _! due1 & t tribute paid !y are n[ pass+ on _! de/9$ j\rney1 ) ! ,/ate spe$+ !m all & 8 own fri5ds spe$+ ea* "o ( !m on 8 way40#a ,dea?1 y see1 he calls ! 8de/9$ j\rney02 to receive ! rites ( burial is to be publicly 8sp$ on y\r way0 by ! ,/ate4 ,& ^! turns ( language l5d dignity 9 no common measure to ! ?\ght4 ,he takes ! words 9 _! nak$ simplicity & h&les !m z a musician1 inve/+ !m ) melody1--h>monis+ !m1 z x 71--by ! use ( p]iphrasis4 ,footnote #a3 ,m5ex4 #bcf1 ,d4 #c ,s ,x5ophon3 8,lab\r y reg>d z ! guide to a pleasant life1 & y h laid up 9 y\r s\ls ! faire/ & mo/ soldi]-l ( all gifts3 9 praise is y\r delight1 m ?an 9 any?+ else40#b ,by say+1 in/ead ( 8y are ready to lab\r10 8y reg>d lab\r z ! guide to a pleasant life10 & by simil>ly exp&+ ! re/ ( t passage1 he gives to 8 eulogy a mu* wid] & l(ti] range ( s5tim5t4 ,let u add t inimitable phrase 9 ,h]odotus3 8,^? ,scy?ians :o pillag$ ! temple 7 smitt5 f heav5 by a female malady40 ,footnote #b3 ,cyrop4 i4 #e4 #ab4 ,,xxix ,b ?is figure1 m ?an any o!r1 is v liable to abuse1 & great re/ra9t is requir$ 9 employ+ x4 ,x soon beg9s to c>ry an impression ( feebl5ess1 sav\rs ( vapid trifl+1 & ar\ses disgu/4 ,h5ce ,plato1 :o is v bold & n always happy 9 8 use ( figures1 is mu* ridicul$ = say+ 9 8 ,laws t 8nei!r gold nor silv] weal? mu/ be all[$ to e/abli% itself 9 our ,/ate10#a sugge/+1 x is said1 t if he _h =bidd5 prop]ty 9 ox5 or %eep he w\ld c]ta9ly h spok5 ( x z 8bov9e & ov9e weal?40 ,footnote #a3 ,de ,legg4 vii4 #hja1 ,b4 #b ,"h we mu/ quit ?is "p ( our subject1 hop+1 my de> fri5d ,t]5tian1 t y\r le>n$ curiosity w be satisfi$ ) ?is %ort excursion on ! use ( figures 9 _! relation to ! ,sublime4 ,all ^? :i* ,i h m5tion$ help to r5d] a /yle m en]getic & impassion$2 & passion contributes z l>gely to sublimity z ! del9eation ( "* to amusem5t4 ,,xxx ,b s9ce ! ?\ghts convey$ by words & ! expression ( ^? ?\ghts are = ! mo/ "p int]wov5 ) "o ano!r1 we w n[ add "s consid]ations :i* h hi!rto be5 ov]look$ on ! subject ( expression4 ,to say t ! *oice ( appropriate & /rik+ words has a m>vell\s p[] & an en?rall+ *>m = ! read]1 t ?is is ! ma9 object ( pursuit ) all orators & writ]s1 t x is ?is1 & ?is alone1 :i* causes ! works ( lit]ature to exhibit ! gl[+ p]fections ( ! f9e/ /atues1 _! gr&eur1 _! beauty1 _! mell[ness1 _! dignity1 _! en]gy1 _! p[]1 & all _! o!r graces1 & t x is ?is :i* end[s ! facts ) a vocal s\l2 to say all ?is w\ld1 ,i fe>1 be1 to ! initiat$1 an imp]t95ce4 ,inde$1 we may say ) /rict tru? t beautiful words are ! v light ( ?\ght4 #b ,i d n mean to say t impos+ language is appropriate to e occasion4 ,a trifl+ subject trick$ out 9 gr& & /ately words w\ld h ! same effect z a huge tragic mask plac$ on ! head ( a little *ild4 ,only 9 poetry & 444 ,,xxxi 444 ,!re is a g5u9e r+ 9 t l9e ( ,anacreon's-- 8,! ,?racian filly ,i no long] he$40 ,! same m]it belongs to t orig9al phrase 9 ,!ophra/us2 to me1 at lea/1 f ! clos5ess ( its analogy1 x seems to h a peculi> expressiv5ess1 ?\gh ,caecilius c5sures x1 )\t tell+ u :y4 8,philip10 says ! hi/orian1 8%[$ a m>vell\s alacrity 9 tak+ doses ( tr\ble40#a ,we see f ?is t ! mo/ homely language is sometimes f> m vivid ?an ! mo/ ornam5tal1 be+ recognis$ at once z ! language ( common life1 & ga9+ imm$iate curr5cy by its famili>ity4 ,9 speak+1 !n1 ( ,philip z 8tak+ doses ( tr\ble10 ,!opompus has laid hold on a phrase :i* describes ) peculi> vividness "o :o = ! sake ( advantage endur$ :at 0 base & sordid ) pati5ce & *e]fulness4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,note4 #b ,! same may be obs]v$ ( two passages 9 ,h]odotus3 8,cleom5es hav+ lo/ 8 wits1 cut 8 own fle% into pieces ) a %ort sword1 until by gradually m9c+ 8 :ole body he de/roy$ himself02#b & 8,py!s cont9u$ fight+ on 8 %ip until he 0 entirely hack$ to pieces40#c ,su* t]ms come home at once to ! vulg> read]1 b _! own vulg>ity is r$eem$ by _! expressiv5ess4 ,footnote #b3 vi4 #ge4 ,footnote #c3 vii4 #aha4 ,,xxxii ,conc]n+ ! numb] ( metaphors to be employ$ toge!r ,caecilius seems to give 8 vote ) ^? critics :o make a law t n m ?an two1 or at ! utmo/ ?ree1 %\ld be comb9$ 9 ! same place4 ,! use1 h[ev]1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! occasion4 ,^? outbur/s ( passion :i* drive onw>ds l a w9t] torr5t draw ) !m z an indisp5sable accessory :ole masses ( metaphor4 ,x is ?us 9 t passage ( ,demo/h5es 7:o "h also is our safe/ guide73#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,note4 #b 8,^? vile fawn+ wret*es1 ea* "o ( :om has lopp$ f 8 c\ntry h] faire/ memb]s1 :o h toa/$ away _! lib]ty1 fir/ to ,philip1 n[ to ,alex&]1 :o measure happ9ess by _! belly & _! vile/ appetites1 :o h ov]?r[n ! old l&m>ks & /&>ds ( felicity among ,greeks1--to be freem51 & to h no "o = a ma/]40#b ,"h ! numb] ( ! metaphors is obscur$ by ! orator's indignation aga9/ ! betray]s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,footnote #b3 ,de ,cor4 #bif4 #c ,& to effect ?is ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us recomm5d ! s(t5+ ( h>% metaphors by ! use ( "s su* phrase z 8,s to say10 8,z x 710 8,if ,i may be p]mitt$ ! expression10 8,if s bold a t]m is all[able40 ,= ?us to =e/all criticism#c mitigates1 !y ass]t1 ! boldness ( ! metaphors4 ,footnote #c3 ,read+ 4 #d ,& ,i w n d5y t ^! h _! use4 ,nev]!less ,i mu/ repeat ! rem>k :i* ,i made 9 ! case ( figures1#d & ma9ta9 t !re are native antidotes to ! numb] & boldness ( metaphors1 9 well-tim$ displays ( /rong feel+1 & 9 unaffect$ sublimity1 because ^! h an innate p[] by ! da% ( _! movem5t ( sweep+ along & c>ry+ all else be=e !m4 ,or %\ld we n r say t !y absolutely dem& z indisp5sable ! use ( d>+ metaphors1 & w n all[ ! he>] to pause & criticise ! numb] ( !m1 because he %>es ! passion ( ! speak]8 ,footnote #d3 ,*4 xvii4 #e ,9 ! treatm5t1 aga91 ( famili> topics & 9 descriptive passages no?+ gives su* di/9ctness z a close & cont9u\s s]ies ( metaphors4 ,x is by ?is means t ,x5ophon has s f9ely del9eat$ ! anatomy ( ! human frame4#e ,& !re is a /ill m brilliant & life-l picture 9 ,plato4#f ,! human head he calls a citadel2 ! neck is an i/hmus set to divide x f ! *e/2 to support x b5ea? are ! v]tebrae1 turn+ l h+es2 pleasure he describes z a bait to tempt m5 to ill2 ! tongue is ! arbit] ( ta/es4 ,! he>t is at once ! knot ( ! ve9s & ! s\rce ( ! rapidly circulat+ blood1 & is /ation$ 9 ! gu>d-room ( ! body4 ,! ramify+ blood-vessels he calls alleys4 8,& ca/+ ab\t10 he says1 8= some?+ to su/a9 ! viol5t palpitation ( ! he>t :5 x is al>m$ by ! approa* ( dang] or agitat$ by passion1 s9ce at su* times x is ov]heat$1 !y 7! gods7 implant$ 9 u ! lungs1 :i* are s fa%ion$ t be+ s(t & bloodless1 & hav+ cavities )91 !y act l a buff]1 & :5 ! he>t boils ) inw>d passion by yield+ to its ?robb+ save x f injury40 ,he comp>es ! seat ( ! desires to ! wom5's qu>t]s1 ! seat ( ! passions to ! m5's qu>t]s1 9 a h\se4 ,! sple51 aga91 is ! napk9 ( ! int]nal organs1 by ^: excretions x is saturat$ f "t to "t1 & swells to a great size ) inw>d impurity4 8,aft] ?is10 he cont9ues1 8!y %r\d$ ! :ole ) fle%1 ?r[+ x =w>d1 l a cu%ion1 z a b>ri] aga9/ injuries f )\t40 ,! blood he t]ms ! pa/ure ( ! fle%4 8,to assi/ ! process ( nutrition10 he goes on1 8!y divid$ ! body into ducts1 cutt+ tr5*es l ^? 9 a g>d51 s t1 ! body be+ a sy/em ( n>r[ conduits1 ! curr5t ( ! ve9s might fl[ z f a p]5nial f\nta9-head4 ,& :5 ! end is at h&10 he says1 8! s\l is ca/ loose f h] moor+s l a %ip1 & free to w&] :i!r %e w40 ,footnote #e3 ,memorab4 i4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #f3 ,timaeus1 #fi1 ,d2 #gd1 ,a2 #fe1 ,c2 #gb1 ,g2 #gd1 ,b1 ,d2 #hj1 ,e2 #gg1 ,g2 #gh1 ,e2 #he1 ,e4 #f ,^!1 & a hundr$ simil> fancies1 foll[ "o ano!r 9 quick succession4 ,b ^? :i* ,i h po9t$ out are suffici5t to demon/rate h[ great is ! natural p[] ( figurative language1 & h[ l>gely metaphors conduce to sublimity1 & to illu/rate ! important "p :i* !y play 9 all impassion$ & descriptive passages4 #g ,t ! use ( figurative language1 z ( all o!r beauties ( /yle1 has a con/ant t5d5cy t[>ds excess1 is an obvi\s tru? :i* ,i ne$ n dwell ^u4 ,x is *iefly on ?is acc\nt t ev5 ,plato comes 9 = a l>ge %>e ( disp>agem5t1 because he is (t5 c>ri$ away by a sort ( fr5zy ( language into an intemp]ate use ( viol5t metaphors & inflat$ allegory4 8,x is n easy to rem>k0 7he says 9 "o place7 8t a city ought to be bl5d$ l a b[l1 9 :i* ! mad w9e boils :5 x is p\r$ out1 b be+ discipl9$ by ano!r & a sob] god 9 t fair society produces a good & temp]ate dr9k40#g ,really1 x is said1 to speak ( wat] z a 8sob] god10 & ( ! process ( mix+ z a 8discipl9e10 is to talk l a poet1 & no v sob] "o ei!r4 ,footnote #g3 ,legg4 vi4 #ggc1 ,g4 #h ,x 0 su* defects z ^! t ! ho/ile critic#h ,caecilius made 8 gr\nd ( attack1 :5 he _h ! boldness 9 8 essay 8,on ! ,beauties ( ,lysias0 to pron\nce t writ] sup]ior 9 e respect to ,plato4 ,n[ ,caecilius 0 d\bly unqualifi$ = a judge3 he lov$ ,lysias bett] ev5 ?an himself1 & at ! same "t 8 hatr$ ( ,plato & all 8 works is great] ev5 ?an 8 love = ,lysias4 ,moreov]1 he is s bl9d a p>tisan t 8 v premises are op5 to dispute4 ,he vaunts ,lysias z a faultless & immaculate writ]1 :ile ,plato is1 accord+ to him1 full ( blemi%es4 ,n[ ?is is n ! case3 f> f x4 ,footnote #h3 ,read+ 1 by a conjecture ( ! translator4 ,,xxxiii ,b suppos+ n[ t we assume ! exi/5ce ( a really unblemi%$ & irreproa*able writ]4 ,is x n wor? :ile to raise ! :ole "q :e!r 9 poetry & prose we %\ld pref] sublimity accompani$ by "s faults1 or a /yle :i* nev] ris+ above mod]ate excell5ce nev] /umbles & nev] requires correction8 & aga91 :e!r ! fir/ place 9 lit]ature is ju/ly to be assign$ to ! m num]\s1 or ! l(ti] excell5ces8 ,= ^! are que/ions prop] to an inquiry on ! ,sublime1 & urg5tly ask+ = settlem5t4 #b ,i "k1 !n1 t ! l>ge/ intellects are f> f be+ ! mo/ exact4 ,a m9d always int5t on correctness is apt to be dissipat$ 9 trifles2 b 9 great afflu5ce ( ?\ght1 z 9 va/ mat]ial weal?1 !re mu/ ne$s be an occasional neglect ( detail4 ,& is x n inevitably s8 ,is x n by risk+ no?+1 by nev] aim+ high1 t a writ] ( l[ or middl+ p[]s keeps g5]ally cle> ( faults & secure ( blame8 :]eas ! l(ti] walks ( lit]ature are by _! v l(t9ess p]il\s8 #c ,i am well aw>e1 aga91 t !re is a law by :i* 9 all human productions ! weak po9ts cat* ! eye fir/1 by :i* _! faults rema9 indelibly /amp$ on ! memory1 :ile _! beauties quickly fade away4 #d ,yet1 ?\gh ,i h myself not$ n a few faulty passages 9 ,hom] & 9 o!r au?ors ( ! highe/ rank1 & ?\gh ,i am f> f be+ p>tial to _! fail+s1 nev]!less ,i w\ld call !m n s mu* wilful blund]s z ov]sights :i* 7 all[$ to pass unreg>d$ ?r\gh t contempt ( little ?+s1 t 8brave disord]10 :i* is natural to an exalt$ g5ius2 & ,i /ill ?9k t ! great] excell5ces1 ?\gh n ev]y:]e equally su/a9$1 ought always to be vot$ to ! fir/ place 9 lit]ature1 if = no o!r reason1 = ! m]e gr&eur ( s\l !y ev9ce4 ,let u take an in/ance3 ,apollonius 9 8 ,argonautica has giv5 u a poem actually faultless2 & 9 8 pa/oral poetry ,!ocritus is em95tly happy1 except :5 he occasionally attempts ano!r /yle4 ,& :at !n8 ,w\ld y r be a ,hom] or an ,apollonius8 #e ,or take ,erato/h5es & 8 ,erigone2 because t little "w is )\t a flaw1 is he !re=e a great] poet ?an ,ar*ilo*us1 ) all 8 disord]ly pr(usion8 great] ?an t impetu\s1 t god-gift$ g5ius1 :i* *af$ aga9/ ! re/ra9ts ( law8 or 9 lyric poetry w\ld y *oose to be a ,bac*ylides or a ,p9d>8 9 trag$y a ,sophocles or 7save ! m>k67 an ,io ( ,*ios8 ,yet ,io & ,bac*ylides nev] /umble1 _! /yle is always neat1 always pretty2 :ile ,p9d> & ,sophocles sometimes move onw>ds ) a wide blaze ( spl5d\r1 b (t5 drop out ( view 9 sudd5 & disa/r\s eclipse4 ,nev]!less no "o 9 8 s5ses w\ld d5y t a s+le play ( ,sophocles1 ! ,o$ipus1 is ( high] value ?an all ! dramas ( ,io put toge!r4 ,,xxxiv ,if ! numb] & n ! l(t9ess ( an au?or's m]its is to be our /&>d ( success1 judg$ by ?is te/ we mu/ admit t ,hyp]ides is a f> sup]ior orator to ,demo/h5es4 ,= 9 ,hyp]ides !re is a ri*] modulation1 a great] v>iety ( excell5ce4 ,he is1 we may say1 9 ev]y?+ second-be/1 l ! *ampion ( ! p5ta?lon1 :o1 ?\gh 9 e conte/ he has to yield ! prize to "s o!r combatant1 is sup]ior to ! unpractis$ 9 all five4 #b ,n only has he rivall$ ! success ( ,demo/h5es 9 ev]y?+ b 8 mann] ( composition1 b1 z ?\gh t 7 n en\gh1 he has tak5 9 all ! excell5ces & graces ( ,lysias z well4 ,he kn[s :5 x is prop] to speak ) simplicity1 & does n1 l ,demo/h5es1 cont9ue ! same key ?r\gh\t4 ,8 t\*es ( "* are racy & sp>kl+1 & full ( a delicate flav\r4 ,!n h[ admirable is 8 wit1 h[ poli%$ 8 raill]y6 ,h[ well-br$ he is1 h[ dext]\s 9 ! use ( irony6 ,8 je/s are po9t$1 b )\t any ( ! grossness & vulg>ity ( ! old ,attic com$y4 ,he is skill$ 9 mak+ light ( an oppon5t's argum5t1 full ( a well-aim$ satire :i* amuses :ile x /+s2 & ?r\gh all ?is !re runs a p]vad+1 may we n say1 a mat*less *>m4 ,he is mo/ apt 9 mov+ compassion2 8 my?ical digressions %[ a flu5t ease1 & he is p]fect 9 b5d+ 8 c\rse & f9d+ a way out ( !m )\t viol5ce or ef=t4 ,?us :5 he tells ! /ory ( ,leto he is really almo/ a poet2 & 8 fun]al oration %[s a declamatory magnific5ce to :i* ,i h>dly "k a p>allel4 #c ,demo/h5es1 on ! o!r h&1 has no t\*es ( "*1 none ( ! v]satility1 flu5cy1 or declamatory skill ( ,hyp]ides4 ,he is1 9 fact1 almo/ entirely de/itute ( all ^? excell5ces :i* ,i h j enum]at$4 ,:5 he makes viol5t ef=ts to be humor\s & witty1 ! only laught] he ar\ses is aga9/ himself2 & ! ne>] he tries to get to ! w9n+ grace ( ,hyp]ides1 ! f>!r he rec$es f x4 ,_h he1 = in/ance1 attempt$ su* a task z ! little spee* 9 def5ce ( ,phryne or ,a!nagoras1 he w\ld only h add$ to ! reputation ( 8 rival4 #d ,nev]!less all ! beauties ( ,hyp]ides1 h[ev] num]\s1 _c make him sublime4 ,he nev] exhibits /rong feel+1 has little en]gy1 r\ses no emotion2 c]ta9ly he nev] k9dles t]ror 9 ! brea/ ( 8 read]s4 ,b ,demo/h5es foll[$ a great ma/]1#a & drew 8 consummate excell5ces1 8 high-pit*$ eloqu5ce1 8 liv+ passion1 8 copi\sness1 8 sagacity1 8 spe$--t ma/]y & p[] :i* c nev] be approa*$--f ! highe/ ( s\rces4 ,^! mighty1 ^! heav5-s5t gifts 7,i d>e n call !m human71 he made 8 own bo? "o & all4 ,!re=e1 ,i say1 by ! noble qualities :i* he does possess he rema9s supreme above all rivals1 & ?r[s a cl\d ov] 8 fail+s1 sil5c+ by 8 ?und]s & bl9d+ by 8 lightn+s ! orators ( all ages4 ,yes1 x w\ld be easi] to meet ! lightn+-/roke ) /eady eye ?an to gaze unmov$ :5 8 impassion$ eloqu5ce is s5d+ out fla% aft] fla%4 ,footnote #a3 ,i4e4 ,?ucydides4 ,see ! passage ( ,dionysius quot$ 9 ! ,note4 ,,xxxv ,b 9 ! case ( ,plato & ,lysias !re is1 z ,i said1 a fur!r diff]5ce4 ,n only is ,lysias va/ly inf]ior to ,plato 9 ! degree ( 8 m]its1 b 9 _! numb] z well2 & at ! same "t he is z f> ahead ( ,plato 9 ! numb] ( 8 faults z he is beh9d 9 t ( 8 m]its4 #b ,:at tru?1 !n1 0 x t 0 pres5t to ^? mighty spirits ( ! pa/1 :o1 mak+ :atev] is greate/ 9 writ+ _! aim1 ?\ght x b5ea? !m to be exact 9 e detail8 ,among _m o!rs especially ?is1 t x 0 n 9 nature's plan = u h] *os5 *ildr5 to be creatures base & ignoble1--no1 %e br\ght u into life1 & into ! :ole univ]se1 z into "s great field ( conte/1 t we %\ld be at once spectators & ambiti\s rivals ( h] mighty de$s1 & f ! fir/ implant$ 9 our s\ls an inv9cible ye>n+ = all t is great1 all t is div9] ?an ourselves4 #c ,!re=e ev5 ! :ole _w is n wide en\gh = ! so>+ range ( human ?\ght1 b man's m9d (t5 ov]leaps ! v b\nds ( space4#a ,:5 we survey ! :ole circle ( life1 & see x ab\nd+ ev]y:]e 9 :at is elegant1 gr&1 & beautiful1 we le>n at once :at is ! true end ( man's be+4 ,footnote #a3 ,comp4 ,lucretius on ,epicurus3 8,ergo vivida vis animi p]vicit1 et extra ,processit longe flammantia mo5ia mundi10 etc4 #d ,& ?is is :y nature prompts u to admire1 n ! cle>ness & usefulness ( a little /ream1 b ! ,nile1 ! ,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 & f> beyond all ! ,ocean2 n to turn our w&]+ eyes f ! heav5ly fires1 ?\gh (t5 d>k5$1 to ! little flame k9dl$ by human h&s1 h[ev] pure & /eady its light2 n to ?9k t t9y lamp m wondr\s ?an ! cav]ns ( ,aetna1 f ^: rag+ dep?s are hurl$ up /ones & :ole masses ( rock1 & torr5ts sometimes come p\r+ f e>?'s c5tre ( pure & liv+ fire4 ,to sum ! :ole3 :atev] is useful or ne$ful lies easily )9 man's rea*2 b he keeps 8 homage = :at is a/\nd+4 ,,xxxvi ,h[ mu* m d ^! pr9ciples apply to ! ,sublime 9 lit]ature1 :]e gr&eur is nev]1 z x sometimes is 9 nature1 dissociat$ f utility & advantage4 ,!re=e all ^? :o h a*iev$ x1 h[ev] f> f faultless1 are /ill m ?an mortal4 ,:5 a writ] uses any o!r res\rce he %[s himself to be a man2 b ! ,sublime lifts him ne> to ! great _s ( ! ,deity4 ,he :o makes no slips mu/ be satisfi$ ) negative approbation1 b he :o is sublime comm&s positive rev]5ce4 #b ,:y ne$ ,i add t ea* "o ( ^? great writ]s (t5 r$eems all 8 errors by "o gr& & ma/]ly /roke8 ,b ! /ronge/ po9t ( all is t1 if y 7 to pick out all ! blund]s ( ,hom]1 ,demo/h5es1 ,plato1 & all ! greate/ names 9 lit]ature1 & add !m toge!r1 !y w\ld be f\nd to be> a v small1 or r an inf9itesimal proportion to ! passages 9 :i* ^! supreme ma/]s h atta9$ absolute p]fection4 ,!re=e x is t all po/]ity1 ^: judgm5t envy h]self _c impea*1 has br\ght & be/[$ on !m ! cr[n ( glory1 has gu>d$ _! fame until ?is day aga9/ all attack1 & is likely to pres]ve x 8,z long z l(ty trees %all gr[1 ,& re/less wat]s seaw>d fl[40 #c ,x has be5 urg$ by "o writ] t we %\ld n pref] ! huge disproportion$ ,colossus to ! ,doryphorus ( ,polycletus4 ,b 7to give "o out ( _m possible answ]s7 9 art we admire exactness1 9 ! works ( nature magnific5ce2 & x is f nature t man d]ives ! faculty ( spee*4 ,:]eas1 !n1 9 /atu>y we look = close resemblance to humanity1 9 lit]ature we require some?+ :i* transc5ds humanity4 #d ,nev]!less 7to reit]ate ! advice :i* we gave at ! beg9n+ ( ?is essay71 s9ce t success :i* consi/s 9 avoidance ( error is usually ! gift ( art1 :ile high1 ?\gh unequal excell5ce is ! attribute ( g5ius1 x is prop] on all occasions to call 9 art z an ally to nature4 ,by ! comb9$ res\rces ( ^! two we may hope to a*ieve p]fection4 ,su* are ! conclusions :i* 7 =c$ ^u me conc]n+ ! po9ts at issue2 b e "o may consult 8 own ta/e4 ,,xxxvii ,to return1 h[ev]1 f ?is long digression2 closely alli$ to metaphors are comp>isons & similes1 diff]+ only 9 ?is 99 99 99#a ,footnote #a3 ,! a/]isks d5ote gaps 9 ! orig9al text4 ,,xxxviii ,su* absurdities z1 8,unless y c>ry y\r bra9s next to ! gr\nd 9 y\r heels40#a ,h5ce x is necess>y to "k :]e to draw ! l9e2 = if ev] x is ov]/epp$ ! effect ( ! hyp]bole is spoilt1 be+ 9 su* cases relax$ by ov]/ra9+1 & produc+ ! v opposite to ! effect desir$4 ,footnote #a3 ,pseud4 ,dem4 de ,halon4 #de4 #b ,isocrates1 = in/ance1 f an ambiti\s desire ( l5d+ ev]y?+ a /rong rhetorical col\r+1 %[s himself 9 q a *ildi% light4 ,hav+ 9 8 ,panegyrical ,oration set himself to prove t ! ,a!nian /ate has surpass$ t ( ,sp>ta 9 h] s]vices to ,hellas1 he />ts (f at ! v outset ) ^! words3 8,su* is ! p[] ( language t x c ext5uate :at is great1 & l5d greatness to :at is little1 give fre%ness to :at is antiquat$1 & describe :at is rec5t s t x seems to be ( ! pa/40#b ,come1 ,isocrates 7x might be ask$71 is x ?us t y are go+ to tamp] ) ! facts ab\t ,sp>ta & ,a!ns8 ,?is fl\ri% ab\t ! p[] ( language is l a signal hung out to w>n 8 audi5ce n to believe him4 ,footnote #b3 ,paneg4 #h4 #c ,we may repeat "h :at we said ab\t figures1 & say t ! hyp]bole is !n mo/ effective :5 x appe>s 9 disguise4#c ,& ?is effect is produc$ :5 a writ]1 impell$ by /rong feel+1 speaks 9 ! acc5ts ( "s trem5d\s crisis2 z ,?ucydides does 9 describ+ ! massacre 9 ,sicily4 8,! ,syracusans10 he says1 8w5t d[n aft] !m1 & slew ^? especially :o 7 9 ! riv]1 & ! wat] 0 at once defil$1 yet /ill !y w5t on dr9k+ x1 ?\gh m+l$ ) mud & gore1 mo/ ( !m ev5 fight+ = x40#d ,! dr9k+ ( mud & gore1 & ev5 ! fight+ = x1 is made cr$ible by ! awful horror ( ! sc5e describ$4 ,footnote #c3 xvii4 #a4 ,footnote #d3 ,?uc4 vii4 #hd4 #d ,simil>ly ,h]odotus on ^? :o fell at ,!rmopylae3 8,"h z !y f\ght1 ^? :o /ill _h !m1 ) dagg]s1 ! re/ ) h&s & tee?1 ! b>b>ians buri$ !m "u _! javel9s40#e ,t !y f\ght ) ! tee? aga9/ heavy-arm$ assailants1 & t !y 7 buri$ ) javel9s1 are p]haps h>d say+s1 b n incr$ible1 = ! reasons already expla9$4 ,we c see t ^! circum/ances h n be5 dragg$ 9 to produce a hyp]bole1 b t ! hyp]bole has gr[n naturally out ( ! circum/ances4 ,footnote #e3 vii4 #bbe4 #e ,=1 z ,i am nev] tir$ ( expla9+1 9 actions & passions v]g+ on fr5zy !re lies a k9d ( remission & palliation ( any lic5ce ( language4 ,h5ce "s comic extravagances1 h[ev] improbable1 ga9 cr$5ce by _! hum\r1 su* z-- 8,he _h a f>m1 a little f>m1 :]e space sev]ely p9*es2 ',twas small] ?an ! la/ despat* f ,sp>ta by "s in*es40 #f ,= mir? is "o ( ! passions1 hav+ its seat 9 pleasure4 ,& hyp]boles may be employ$ ei!r to increase or to less5--s9ce exagg]ation is common to bo? uses4 ,?us 9 ext5uat+ an oppon5t's argum5t we try to make x seem small] ?an x is4 ,,xxxix ,we h /ill left1 my de> sir1 ! fif? ( ^? s\rces :i* we set d[n at ! outset z contribut+ to sublimity1 t :i* consi/s 9 ! m]e arrangem5t ( words 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,hav+ already publi%$ two books deal+ fully ) ?is subject--s f> at lea/ z our inve/igations _h c>ri$ u--x w be suffici5t = ! purpose ( our pres5t inquiry to add t h>mony is an in/rum5t :i* has a natural p[]1 n only to w9 & to delight1 b also 9 a rem>kable degree to exalt ! s\l & sway ! he>t ( man4 #b ,:5 we see t a flute k9dles c]ta9 emotions 9 its he>]s1 r5d]+ !m almo/ beside !mselves & full ( an orgia/ic fr5zy1 & t by />t+ "s k9d ( rhy?mical beat x compels him :o li/5s to move 9 "t & assimilate 8 ge/ures to ! tune1 ev5 ?\gh he has no ta/e :atev] = music2 :5 we "k t ! s\nds ( a h>p1 :i* 9 !mselves h no mean+1 by ! *ange ( key1 by ! mutual relation ( ! notes1 & _! arrangem5t 9 symphony1 (t5 lay a wond]ful spell on an audi5ce-- #c ?\gh ^! are m]e %ad[s & spuri\s imitations ( p]suasion1 n1 z ,i h said1 g5u9e manife/ations ( human nature3--c we d\bt t composition 7be+ a k9d ( h>mony ( t language :i* nature has taught u1 & :i* rea*es1 n our e>s only1 b our v s\ls71 :5 x raises *ang+ =ms ( words1 ( ?\ghts1 ( actions1 ( beauty1 ( melody1 all ( :i* are engra9$ 9 & ak9 to ourselves1 & :5 by ! bl5d+ ( its manifold tones x br+s home to ! m9ds ( ^? :o /& by ! feel+s pres5t to ! speak]1 & ev] disposes ! he>] to sympa?ise ) ^? feel+s1 add+ ^w to ^w1 until x has rais$ a maje/ic & h>moni\s /ructure3--c we wond] if all ?is en*ants u1 :]ev] we meet ) x1 & fill+ u ) ! s5se ( pomp & dignity & sublimity1 & :atev] else x embraces1 ga9s a complete ma/]y ov] our m9ds8 ,x w\ld be m]e infatuation to jo9 issue on tru?s s univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce beyond dispute4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read+ 1 & putt+ a full /op at 4 #d ,n[ to give an in/ance3 t is d\btless a sublime ?\ght1 inde$ wond]fully f9e1 :i* ,demo/h5es applies to 8 decree3 1 8,?is decree caus$ ! dang] :i* !n hung r\nd our city to pass away l a cl\d40 ,b ! modulation is z p]fect z ! s5tim5t itself is weighty4 ,x is utt]$ :olly 9 ! dactylic measure1 ! noble/ & mo/ magnific5t ( all measures1 & h5ce =m+ ! *ief con/itu5t 9 ! f9e/ metre we "k1 ! h]oic4 ,& x is ) great judgm5t t ! words are res]v$ till ! end4#b ,suppos+ we transpose !m f _! prop] place & read1 say --nay1 let u m]ely cut (f "o syllable1 read+ --& y w und]/& h[ close is ! unison betwe5 h>mony & sublimity4 ,9 ! passage be=e u ! words move fir/ 9 a heavy measure1 :i* is metrically equival5t to f\r %ort syllables3 b on remov+ "o syllable1 & read+ 1 ! gr&eur ( movem5t is at once crippl$ by ! abridgm5t4 ,s conv]sely if y l5g!n into 1 ! mean+ is /ill ! same1 b x does n /rike ! e> 9 ! same mann]1 because by l+]+ ov] ! f9al syllables y at once dissipate & relax ! abrupt gr&eur ( ! passage4 ,footnote #b3 ,!re is a break "h 9 ! text2 b ! context indicates ! s5se ( ! words lo/1 :i* has accord+ly be5 suppli$4 ,,xl ,!re is ano!r me?od v effici5t 9 exalt+ a /yle4 ,z ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! body1 none ( :i*1 if sev]$ f its connection1 has any intr9sic excell5ce1 unite by _! mutual comb9ation to =m a complete & p]fect organism1 s also ! elem5ts ( a f9e passage1 by ^: sep>ation f "o ano!r its high quality is simultane\sly dissipat$ & evaporates1 :5 jo9$ 9 "o organic :ole1 & /ill fur!r compact$ by ! bond ( h>mony1 by ! m]e r\nd+ ( ! p]iod ga9 p[] ( tone4 #b ,9 fact1 a clause may be said to d]ive its sublimity f ! jo9t contributions ( a numb] ( p>ticul>s4 ,& fur!r 7z we h %[n at l>ge else:]e71 _m writ]s 9 prose & v]se1 ?\gh _! natural p[]s 7 n high1 7 p]haps ev5 l[1 & ?\gh ! t]ms !y employ$ 7 usually common & popul> & convey+ no impression ( ref9em5t1 by ! m]e h>mony ( _! composition h atta9$ dignity & elevation1 & avoid$ ! appe>ance ( meanness4 ,su* among _m o!rs are ,phili/us1 ,ari/ophanes occasionally1 ,euripides almo/ always4 #c ,?us :5 ,h]acles says1 aft] ! murd] ( 8 *ildr51 8,i'm full ( woes1 ,i h no room = m10#a ! words are q common1 b !y are made sublime by be+ ca/ 9 a f9e m\ld4 ,by *ang+ _! position y w see t ! poetical quality ( ,euripides dep5ds m on 8 arrangem5t ?an on 8 ?\ghts4 ,footnote #a3 ,h4 ,f4 #abde4 #d ,comp>e 8 l9es on ,dirce dragg$ by ! bull-- 8,:atev] cross$ 8 pa?1 ,caught 9 8 victim's =m1 he seiz$1 & dragg+ ,oak1 woman1 rock1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 he flies40#b ,! circum/ance is noble 9 itself1 b x ga9s 9 vig\r because ! language is dispos$ s z n to hurry ! movem5t1 n runn+1 z x 71 on :eels1 because !re is a di/9ct /ress on ea* ^w1 & ! "t is delay$1 advanc+ sl[ly to a pit* ( /ately sublimity4 ,footnote #b3 ,antiope 7,nauck1 #bbb74 ,,xli ,no?+ s mu* degrades ! tone ( a /yle z an effem9ate & hurri$ movem5t 9 ! language1 su* z is produc$ by pyrrhics & tro*ees & di*orees fall+ 9 "t toge!r into a regul> dance measure4 ,su* abuse ( rhy?m is sure to sav\r ( coxcombry & petty affectation1 & gr[s tiresome 9 ! highe/ degree by a monoton\s sam5ess ( tone4 #b ,b its wor/ effect is t1 z ^? :o li/5 to a ballad h _! att5tion di/ract$ f its subject & c ?9k ( no?+ b ! tune1 s an ov]-rhy?mical passage does n affect ! he>] by ! mean+ ( its words1 b m]ely by _! cad5ce1 s t sometimes1 kn[+ :]e ! pause mu/ come1 !y beat "t ) ! speak]1 /rik+ ! expect$ close l danc]s be=e ! /op is rea*$4 ,equally undignifi$ is ! splitt+ up ( a s5t5ce into a numb] ( little words & %ort syllables cr[d$ too closely toge!r & =c$ into cohesion1--hamm]$1 z x 71 successively toge!r1--aft] ! mann] ( mortice & t5on4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i mu/ ref] to ,weiske's ,note1 :i* ,i h foll[$1 = ! probable int]pretation ( ?is extraord9>y passage4 ,,xlii ,sublimity is fur!r dim9i%$ by cramp+ ! diction4 ,de=mity in/ead ( gr&eur ensues f ov]-compression4 ,"h ,i am n ref]r+ to a judici\s compactness ( phrase1 b to a /yle :i* is dw>f$1 & its =ce fritt]$ away4 ,to cut y\r words too %ort is to prune away _! s5se1 b to be concise is to be direct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t a /yle becomes lifeless by ov]-ext5sion1 ,i mean by be+ relax$ to an unseasonable l5g?4 ,,xliii ,! use ( mean words has also a /rong t5d5cy to degrade a l(ty passage4 ,?us 9 t description ( ! /orm 9 ,h]odotus ! matt] is admirable1 b "s ( ! words admitt$ are b5ea? ! dignity ( ! subject2 su*1 p]haps1 z 8! seas hav+ see!d0 because ! ill-s\nd+ phrase 8hav+ see!d0 detracts mu* f its impressiv5ess3 or :5 he says 8! w9d wore away10 & 8^? :o clung r\nd ! wreck met ) an unwelcome end40#a 8,wore away0 is ignoble & vulg>1 & 8unwelcome0 inadequate to ! ext5t ( ! disa/]4 ,footnote #a3 ,hdt4 vii4 #ahh1 #aia1 #ac4 #b ,simil>ly ,!opompus1 aft] giv+ a f9e picture ( ! ,p]sian k+'s desc5t aga9/ ,egypt1 has expos$ ! :ole to c5sure by c]ta9 paltry expressions4 8,!re 0 no city1 no p ( ,asia1 :i* did n s5d an embassy to ! k+2 no product ( ! e>?1 no "w ( art1 :e!r beautiful or preci\s1 :i* 0 n among ! gifts br\ght to him4 ,_m & co/ly 7 ! hang+s & robes1 "s purple1 "s embroid]$1 "s :ite2 _m ! t5ts1 ( clo? ( gold1 furni%$ ) all ?+s useful2 _m ! tape/ries & c\*es ( great price4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 gold & silv] plate ri*ly wr\ght1 goblets & b[ls1 "s ( :i* might be se5 /udd$ ) gems1 & o!rs besides work$ 9 relief ) great skill & at va/ exp5se4 ,besides ^! !re 7 suits ( arm\r 9 numb] pa/ computation1 p>tly ,greek1 p>tly =eign1 endless tra9s ( baggage animals & fat cattle = slaught]1 _m bu%els ( spices1 _m panni]s & sacks & %eets ( writ+-pap]2 & all o!r necess>ies 9 ! same proportion4 ,& !re 0 salt meat ( all k9ds ( bea/s 9 imm5se quantity1 heap$ toge!r to su* a height z to %[ at a di/ance l m\nds & hills ?r[n up "o aga9/ ano!r40 #c ,he runs (f f ! gr&] p>ts ( 8 subject to ! mean]1 & s9ks :]e he ought to rise4 ,/ill worse1 by 8 mix+ up panni]s & spices & bags ) 8 wond]ful recital ( t va/ & busy sc5e "o w\ld imag9e t he 0 describ+ a kit*54 ,let u suppose t 9 t %[ ( magnific5ce "s "o _h tak5 a set ( wret*$ baskets & bags & plac$ !m 9 ! mid/1 among vessels ( gold1 jewell$ b[ls1 silv] plate1 & t5ts & goblets ( gold2 h[ incongru\s w\ld h seem$ ! effect6 ,n[ j 9 ! same way ^! petty words1 introduc$ out ( season1 /& out l de=mities & blots on ! diction4 #d ,^! details might h be5 giv5 9 "o or two broad /rokes1 z :5 he speaks ( m\nds be+ heap$ toge!r4 ,s 9 deal+ ) ! o!r prep>ations he might h told u ( 8waggons & camels & a long tra9 ( baggage animals load$ ) all k9ds ( supplies = ! luxury & enjoym5t ( ! table10 or h m5tion$ 8piles ( gra9 ( e species1 & ( all ! *oice/ delicacies requir$ by ! art ( ! cook or ! ta/e ( ! epicure10 or 7if he mu/ ne$s be s v precise7 he might h spok5 ( 8:atev] da9ties are suppli$ by ^? :o lay or ^? :o dress ! banquet40 #e ,9 our sublim] ef=ts we %\ld nev] /oop to :at is sordid & despicable1 unless v h>d press$ by "s urg5t necessity4 ,if we w\ld write becom+ly1 our utt]ance %\ld be wor?y ( our !me4 ,we %\ld take a lesson f nature1 :o :5 %e plann$ ! human frame did n set our gross] p>ts1 or ! ducts = purg+ ! body1 9 our face1 b z f> z %e c\ld conceal$ !m1 8div]t+10 z ,x5ophon says1 8^? canals z f> z possible f our s5ses10#b & ?us %unn+ 9 any "p to m> ! beauty ( ! :ole creature4 ,footnote #b3 ,mem4 i4 #d4 #f4 #f ,h[ev]1 x is n incumb5t on u to specify & enum]ate :atev] dim9i%es a /yle4 ,we h n[ po9t$ out ! v>i\s means ( giv+ x nobility & l(t9ess4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t :atev] is contr>y to ^! w g5]ally degrade & de=m x4 ,,xliv ,!re is /ill ano!r po9t :i* rema9s to be cle>$ up1 my de> ,t]5tian1 & on :i* ,i %all n hesitate to add "s rem>ks1 to gratify y\r inquir+ _s4 ,x relates to a "q :i* 0 rec5tly put to me by a c]ta9 philosoph]4 8,to me10 he said1 89 common1 ,i may say1 ) _m o!rs1 x is a matt] ( wond] t 9 ! pres5t age1 :i* produces _m highly skill$ 9 ! arts ,( popul> p]suasion1 _m ( ke5 & active p[]s1 _m especially ri* 9 e pleas+ gift ( language1 ! gr[? ( highly exalt$ & wide-rea*+ g5ius has ) a few r>e exceptions almo/ entirely ceas$4 ,s univ]sal is ! de>? ( eloqu5ce :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! _w4 #b 8,mu/ we really10 he ask$1 8give cr$it to t (t-repeat$ ass]tion t democracy is ! k9d nurse ( g5ius1 & t high lit]>y excell5ce has fl\ri%$ ) h] prime & fad$ ) h] decay8 ,lib]ty1 x is said1 is all-p[]ful to fe$ ! aspirations ( high intellects1 to hold out hope1 & keep alive ! flame ( mutual rivalry & ambiti\s /ruggle = ! highe/ place4 #c 8,moreov]1 ! prizes :i* are (f]$ 9 e free /ate keep ! spirits ( h] =emo/ orators :ett$ by p]petual ex]cise2#a !y are1 z x 71 ignit$ by friction1 & naturally blaze =? freely because !y are surr\nd$ by fre$om4 ,b we ( to-day10 he cont9u$1 8seem to h le>nt 9 our *ildhood ! lessons ( a b5ignant despotism1 to h be5 cradl$ 9 h] habits & cu/oms f ! "t :5 our m9ds 7 /ill t5d]1 & nev] to h ta/$ ! faire/ & mo/ fruitful f\nta9 ( eloqu5ce1 ,i mean lib]ty4 ,h5ce we develop no?+ b a f9e g5ius = flatt]y4 ,footnote #a3 ,comp4 ,p]icles 9 ,?uc4 ii41 4 #d 8,?is is ! reason :y1 ?\gh all o!r faculties are consi/5t ) ! s]vile condition1 no slave ev] became an orator2 because 9 him !re is a dumb _s :i* w n be kept d[n3 8 s\l is *a9$3 he is l "o :o has le>nt to be ev] expect+ a bl[4 ,=1 z ,hom] says-- #e 8',! day ( slav]y ,takes half our manly wor? away4'#b 8,z1 !n 7if :at ,i h he>d is cr$ible71 ! cages 9 :i* ^? pigmies commonly call$ dw>fs are re>$ n only /op ! gr[? ( ! imprison$ creature1 b absolutely make him small] by compress+ e "p ( 8 body1 s all despotism1 h[ev] equitable1 may be def9$ z a cage ( ! s\l & a g5]al prison40 ,footnote #b3 ,od4 xvii4 #cbb4 #f ,my answ] 0 z foll[s3 8,my de> fri5d1 x is s easy1 & s *>act]i/ic ( human nature1 always to f9d fault ) ! pres5t4#c ,consid]1 n[1 :e!r ! corruption ( g5ius is to be attribut$1 n to a _w-wide peace1#d b r to ! w> )9 u :i* kn[s no limit1 :i* engages all our desires1 yes1 & /ill fur!r to ! bad passions :i* lay siege to u to-day1 & make utt] havoc & spoil ( our lives4 ,are we n enslav$1 nay1 are n our c>e]s completely %ipwreck$1 by love ( ga91 t fev] :i* rages unappeas$ 9 u all1 & love ( pleasure8--"o ! mo/ debas+1 ! o!r ! mo/ ignoble ( ! m9d's diseases4 ,footnote #c3 ,comp4 ,byron1 8,! good old times1--all times :5 old are good40 ,footnote #d3 ,a euphemism = 8a _w-wide tyranny40 #g 8,:5 ,i consid] x ,i c f9d no means by :i* we1 :o hold 9 su* high hon\r1 or1 to speak m correctly1 :o idolise b\ndless ri*es1 c close ! door ( our s\ls aga9/ ^? evil spirits :i* gr[ up ) !m4 ,= ,weal? unmeasur$ & unbridl$ is dogg$ by ,extravagance3 %e /icks close to him1 & treads 9 8 foot/eps3 & z soon z he op5s ! gates ( cities or ( h\ses %e ent]s ) him & makes h] abode ) him4 ,& aft] a "t !y build _! ne/s 7to use a wise man's words#e7 9 t corn] ( life1 & spe$ily set ab\t bre$+1 & beget ,boa/fulness1 & ,vanity1 & ,wantonness1 no base-born *ildr51 b _! v own4 ,& if ^! also1 ! (fspr+ ( ,weal?1 be all[$ to come to _! prime1 quickly !y eng5d] 9 ! s\l ^? pitiless tyrants1 ,viol5ce1 & ,lawlessness1 & ,%amelessness4 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,rep4 ix4 #egc1 ,e4 #h 8,:5ev] a man takes to wor%ipp+ :at is mortal & irrational#f 9 him1 & neglects to *]i% :at is immortal1 ^! are ! inevitable results4 ,he nev] looks up aga92 he has lo/ all c>e = good report2 by sl[ degrees ! ru9 ( 8 life goes on1 until x is consummat$ all r\nd2 all t is great 9 8 s\l fades1 )]s away1 & is despis$4 ,footnote #f3 ,read+ 4 #i 8,if a judge :o passes s5t5ce = a bribe c nev] m give a free & s\nd decision on a po9t ( ju/ice or hon\r 7= to him :o takes a bribe hon\r & ju/ice mu/ be measur$ by 8 own int]e/s71 h[ c we ( to-day expect1 :5 ! :ole life ( ea* "o ( u is controll$ by brib]y1 :ile we lie 9 wait = o!r m5's dea? & plan h[ to get a place 9 _! wills1 :5 we buy ga91 f :atev] s\rce1 ea* "o ( u1 ) our v s\ls 9 our slavi% gre$1 h[1 ,i say1 c we expect1 9 ! mid/ ( su* a moral pe/il5ce1 t !re is /ill left ev5 "o lib]al & imp>tial critic1 ^: v]dict w n be biass$ by av>ice 9 judg+ ( ^? great works :i* live on ?r\gh all "t8 #aj 8,alas6 ,i fe> t = su* m5 z we are x is bett] to s]ve ?an to be free4 ,if our appetites 7 let loose altoge!r aga9/ our neighb\rs1 !y w\ld be l wild bea/s uncag$1 & br+ a deluge ( calamity on ! :ole civilis$ _w48 #aa ,i end$ by rem>k+ g5]ally t ! g5ius ( ! pres5t age is wa/$ by t indiff]5ce :i* ) a few exceptions runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( life4 ,if we ev] %ake (f our apa?y#g & apply ourselves to "w1 x is always ) a view to pleasure or applause1 n = t solid advantage :i* is wor?y to be /riv5 = & held 9 hon\r4 ,footnote #g3 ,comp4 ,?uc4 vi4 #bf4 #b1 = ?is s5se ( 4 #ab ,we _h bett] !n leave ?is g5]ation to its fate1 & turn to :at foll[s1 :i* is ! subject ( ! passions1 to :i* we promis$ e>ly 9 ?is treatise to devote a sep>ate "w4#h ,!y play an important "p 9 lit]ature g5]ally1 & especially 9 relation to ! ,sublime4 ,footnote #h3 iii4 #e4 ,,notes ,,on ,,long9us ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,citation =mat is z 9 ! pr9t$ text4 ,! la/ numb] 9 ea* gr\p appe>s to ref] to clauses 9 ! orig9al ,greek2 !re is no correspond5ce ) l9e numb]s 9 ! pr9t$ book4 ,i4 #b4 #aj4 ,!re seems to be an anti!sis impli$ 9 1 ref]r+ to ! well-kn[n di/9ction betwe5 ! & ! 4 #d4 #bg4 ,i h v5tur$ to return to ! orig9al read+1 1 ?\gh all editors seem to h adopt$ ! correction 1 on acc\nt1 ,i suppose1 ( 4 ,to illum9e a l>ge subject1 z a l&scape is light$ up at night by a fla% ( lightn+1 is surely a f> m vivid & intelligible expression ?an to sweep away a subject4#a ,footnote #a3 ,comp4 = ! metaphor ,goe!1 ,di*tung und ,wahrheit1 ,b #h4 8,wie vor e9em ,blitz erleu*tet5 si* uns alle ,folg5 dieses h]rli*5 ,g$ank5s40 ,,iii4 #b4 #ag4 1 lit4 8)\t a *eek-/rap10 :i* 0 worn by trumpet]s to assi/ !m 9 regulat+ _! brea?4 ,! l9e is contract$ f two ( ,sophocles's1 & ,long9us's po9t is t ! extravagance ( ,cleit>*us is n t ( a /rong b ill-regulat$ nature1 b ! ludicr\s /ra9+ aft] gr&eur ( a writ] at once feeble & pret5ti\s4 ,ruhnk5 gives an extract f "s in$it$ 8v]sus politici0 ( ,tzetzes1 9 :i* are "s amus+ specim5s ( ^? felicities ( language ,long9us is "h laugh+ at4 ,/ones are ! 8bones10 riv]s ! 8ve9s10 ( ! e>?2 ! moon is 8! sigma ( ! sky0 7 ! old =m ( 72 sailors1 8! ants ( ocean02 ! /rap ( a p$l>'s pack1 8! girdle ( 8 load02 pit*1 8! o9tm5t ( doors10 & s on4 ,,iv4 #d4 #d4 ,! play ^u ! d\ble mean+ ( 1 7#a7 maid51 7#b7 pupil ( ! eye1 c h>dly be kept 9 ,engli%4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t our text ( ,x5ophon has 1 a p]fectly natural expression4 ,su* a v>iation w\ld seem to po9t to a v e>ly corruption ( anci5t manuscripts1 or to extraord9>y inaccuracy on ! "p ( ,long9us1 :o1 inde$1 else:]e displays great loos5ess ( citation1 confus+ toge!r totally diff]5t passages4 #i4 4 ,i c make no?+ ( ?is ^w4 ,v>i\s corrections h be5 sugge/$1 b ) little c]ta9ty4 #e4 #aj4 1 lit]ally1 8z ?\gh he 7 lay+ h&s on a piece ( /ol5 prop]ty40 ,! po9t seems to be1 t plagi>i/s1 l o!r robb]s1 %[ no discrim9ation 9 _! pilf]+s1 seiz+ :at comes fir/ to h&4 ,,viii4 #a4 #bj4 4 ,i h avoid$ ! r h>% confusion ( metaphor :i* ?is ^w involves1 tak5 9 connection ) 4 ,,ix4 #b4 #ac4 1 prop]ly an 8e*o10 a metaphor r ,greek ?an ,engli%4 ,x4 #b4 #ac4 1 lit4 8m wan ?an grass0--( ! sickly yell[ hue :i* w\ld appe> on a d>k ,s\!rn face "u ! influ5ce ( viol5t emotion4#b ,footnote #b3 ,! notion ( yell[ness1 z associat$ ) grass1 is made intelligible by a passage 9 ,longus1 i4 #ag4 #ai4 #c4 #f4 ,! words 444 are omitt$ 9 ! translation1 be+ corrupt1 & giv+ no satisfactory s5se4 ,ruhnk5 corrects1 1 1 1 4 4 4 #ah4 ,probably ( sea-sickness2 & s ,i f9d ,ruhnk5 took x1 quot+ ,plut>*1 ,t4 ii4 #hca3 1 4 ,an objection on ! score ( ta/e w\ld be out ( place 9 criticis+ ! laureate ( ! ,arimaspi4 ,x4 #g4 #b4 appe>s to be a cond5s$ phrase = 4 8,hav+ *os5 ! mo/ /rik+ circum/ances p> excell5ce1 & hav+ reliev$ !m ( all sup]fluity10 w\ld p]haps give ! lit]al mean+4 ,long9us seems consci\s ( "s /rang5ess 9 8 language1 mak+ a quasi-apology 9 4 #c4 ,p>tly ) ! help ( ,t\p1 we may em5d ?is corrupt passage z foll[s3 1 1 4 "h 8omn9o40 ,to expla9 ! process ( corruption1 w\ld easily drop out aft] ! f9al - 9 2 is simply a corruption ( 1 :i* is itself a gloss on 1 hav+ aft]w>ds crept into ! text2 became corrupt$ into ?r\gh ! error ( "s copyi/1 :o wi%$ to make x agree ) 4 ,! :ole maybe translat$3 8,su* int]polations1 l s _m pat*es or r5ts1 m> altoge!r ! effect ( ^? details :i*1 by be+ built up 9 an un9t]rupt$ s]ies 4 41 produce sublimity 9 a "w40 ,,xii4 #d4 #b4 2 ! s5se seems cle>ly to require 4 ,,xiv4 #c4 #af4 444 ,mo/ ( ! editors ins]t be=e 1 ?us ru9+ ! s5se ( ?is f9e passage4 ,long9us has j said t a writ] %\ld always "w ) an eye to po/]ity4 ,if 7he adds7 he ?9ks ( no?+ b ! ta/e & judgm5t ( 8 contempor>ies1 he w h no *ance ( 8leav+ some?+ s writt5 t ! _w w n will+ly let x die40 ,a book1 !n1 :i* is 1 is a book :i* is 9 advance ( its own times4 ,su* 7 ! poems ( ,lucretius1 ( ,milton1 ( ,wordswor?4#c ,footnote #c3 ,comp>e ! 8,geflgelte ,worte0 9 ! ,vorspiel to ,goe!'s ,fau/3 ,0 glnzt1 i/ fr d5 ,aug5blick gebor51 ,das ,ae*te bleibt d] ,na*welt unv]lor54 ,,xv4 #e4 #bc4 1 lit4 8l raw1 undress$ wool40 ,,xvii4 #a4 #be4 ,i con/ruct ! inf9it4 ) 1 ?\gh ! ord9>y int]pretation jo9s 3 8proprium e/ v]borum l5oc9iis suspicionem mov]e0 7,weiske74 #b4 #h4 4 ,?is ^w has giv5 mu* tr\ble2 b is x n simply a cont9uation ( ! metaphor impli$ 9 8 1 9 ! s5se ( call+ 9 an ally1 is a common en\gh use4 ,?is w\ld be cle>] if we c\ld read 4 ,i h omitt$ 9 translat+1 z x seems to me to h evid5tly crept 9 f above 7p4 #cc1 l4 #be74 1 8! art ( play+ ! villa910 is surely1 9 ,long9us's own words1 1 8a />tl+ novelty0 ( language4 #ab4 4 ,! words may rem9d u ( ,%elley's 8,l a poet hidd5 9 ! light ( ?\ght40 ,,xviii4 #a4 #bd4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 or & or is said to be t is a simple "q1 :i* c be answ]$ yes or no2 a full] inquiry1 requir+ a full] answ]4 ,aquila ,romanus 9 libro de figuris s5t5ti>um et elocutionis1 #ab 7,weiske74 ,,xxxi4 #a4 #aa4 1 prop]ly ( ! fix$ diet ( a?letes1 :i* seems to h be5 excessive 9 quantity1 & sometimes nause\s 9 quality4 ,i d n "k :at w be ?\ght ( my r5d]+ "h2 x is c]ta9ly n elegant1 b x 0 necess>y to provide "s sort ( equival5t to ! ,greek4 8,swall[10 :i* ! o!r translators give1 is q inadequate4 ,we require a ?reefold comb9ation--7#a7 ,to swall[ 7#b7 some?+ na/y 7#c7 = ! sake ( prospective advantage4 ,,xxxii4 #a4 #c4 ,! text is 9 great confusion "h4 ,foll[+ a h9t 9 ,vahl9's critical note1 ,i h transpos$ ! words ?us3 1 41 1 1 1 444 #h4 #af4 ,"s words h probably be5 lo/ "h4 ,! s5se ( 1 & ! abs5ce ( anti!sis to 1 po9t 9 ?is direction4 ,! orig9al read+ may h be5 some?+ ( ?is sort3 1 ! s5se be+ t1 ?\gh we may all[ some?+ to ! p>tiality ( ,caecilius1 yet ?is does n excuse him f argu+ on premises :i* are uns\nd4 ,,xxxiv4 #d4 #aj4 1 444 ,probably ! d>ke/ place 9 ! :ole treatise4 ,t\p cites a rem>kable passage f ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 f :i* we may p]haps conclude t ,long9us is ref]r+ "h to ,?ucydides1 ! traditional ma/] ( ,demo/h5es4 ,de ,?ucyd4 #ec1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,s close a p>allel c h>dly be accid5tal4 ,,xxxv4 #d4 #e4 ,long9us probably _h 8 eye on ! spl5did l9es 9 ,p9d>'s ,fir/ ,py?ian3 1 -- - 1 :i* ,i f9d has also be5 po9t$ out by ,t\p1 :o rem>ks t confirms ! read+ "h1 :i* has be5 suspect$ )\t reason4 ,,xxxviii4 #b4 #g4 ,comp4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bfg1 ,a3 1 1 1 1 4 ,,app5dix ,,"s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,less ,,kn[n ,,writ]s ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,sublime ,,ammonius4--,alex&rian gramm>ian1 c>ri$ on ! s*ool ( ,ari/>*us previ\sly to ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,! allusion "h is to a "w on ! passages 9 :i* ,plato has imitat$ ,hom]4 7,suidas1 s4v42 ,s*ol4 on ,hom4 ,il4 ix4 #edj1 quot$ by ,jahn47 ,,amphikrates4--,au?or ( a book ,on ,fam\s ,m51 ref]r$ to by ,a!naeus1 xiii4 #egf1 ,g1 & ,diog4 ,la]t4 ii4 #aja4 ,c4 ,mull]1 ,hi/4 ,gr4 ,fragm4 iv4 p4 #cjj1 consid]s him to be ! ,a!nian rhetorician :o1 accord+ to ,plut>* 7,lucullus1 c4 #bb71 retir$ to ,seleucia1 & clos$ 8 life at ! ,c\rt ( ,kleopatra1 daught] ( ,mi?ridates & wife ( ,tigranes 7,pauly1 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft74 ,plut>* tells a /ory illu/rative ( 8 arrogance4 ,be+ ask$ by ! ,seleucians to op5 a s*ool ( rhetoric1 he repli$1 8,a di% is n l>ge en\gh = a dolph90 7 71 v4 ,luculli1 c4 #bb1 quot$ by ,pe>ce4 ,,ari/eas4--,a "n involv$ 9 a mi/ ( fable4 ,accord+ to ,suidas he 0 a contempor>y ( ,kroesus1 ?\gh ,h]odotus assigns to him a mu* remot] antiquity4 ,! latt] au?ority describes him z visit+ ! nor!rn peoples ( ,europe & record+ 8 travels 9 an epic poem1 a fragm5t ( :i* is giv5 "h by ,long9us4 ,! passage be=e u appe>s to be int5d$ z ! words ( "s ,arimaspian1 :o1 z belong+ to a remote inl& race1 expresses 8 a/oni%m5t t any m5 c\ld be f\nd bold en\gh to commit !mselves to ! m]cy ( ! sea1 & tries to describe ! t]ror ( human be+s plac$ 9 su* a situation 7,pe>ce ad4 l42 ,abi*t on ,hdt4 iv4 #ab2 ,suidas1 s4v47 ,,bak*ylides1 nephew & pupil ( ! great ,simonides1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #dfj ,b4,c4 ,he foll[$ 8 uncle to ! ,c\rt ( ,hi]o at ,syracuse1 & enjoy$ ! patronage ( t despot4 ,aft] ,hi]o's dea? he return$ to 8 home 9 ,keos2 b f9d+ himself discont5t$ ) ! mode ( life pursu$ 9 a free ,greek community1 = :i* 8 exp]i5ces at ,hi]o's ,c\rt may well h disqualifi$ him1 he retir$ to ,peloponnesus1 :]e he di$4 ,8 works comprise specim5s ( almo/ e k9d ( lyric composition1 z practis$ by ! ,greeks ( 8 "t4 ,horace is said to h imitat$ him 9 8 ,prophecy ( ,n]eus1 c4 ,i4 xv4 7,pauly1 z above74 ,s f> z we c judge f :at rema9s ( 8 works1 he 0 di/+ui%$ r by elegance ?an by =ce4 ,a consid]able fragm5t on ! ,bless+s ( ,peace has be5 translat$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds 9 8 "w on ! ,greek poets4 ,he is made ! subject ( a v bitt] allusion by ,p9d> 7,ol4 ii4 s4 f94 c4 ,s*ol47 ,we may suppose t ! /]n & l(ty _s ( ,p9d> _h little sympa?y ) ! 8te>ful0 7,catullus1 xxxviii47 /ra9s ( ,simonides or 8 imitators4 ,,caecilius1 a native ( ,kale ,akte 9 ,sicily1 & h5ce kn[n z ,caecilius ,kalakt9us1 liv$ 9 ,rome at ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,he is m5tion$ ) di/9ction z a le>n$ ,greek rhetorician & gramm>ian1 & 0 ! au?or ( num]\s works1 frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ,plut>* & o!r lat] writ]s4 ,he may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,greek rhetoricians ( 8 "t4 ,8 works1 all ( :i* h p]i%$1 compris$1 among _m o!rs1 comm5t>ies on ,antipho & ,lysias2 sev]al treatises on ,demo/h5es1 among :i* is a diss]tation on ! g5u9e & spuri\s spee*es1 & ano!r comp>+ t orator ) ,cic]o2 8,on ! ,di/9ction betwe5 ,a!nian & ,asiatic ,eloqu5ce02 & ! "w on ! ,sublime1 ref]r$ to by ,long9us 7,pauly74 ,! criticism ( ,long9us on ! above "w may be ?us summ$ up3 ,caecilius is c5sur$ 7#a7 z fail+ to rise to ! dignity ( 8 subject2 7#b7 z miss+ ! c>d9al po9ts2 & 7#c7 z fail+ 9 practical utility4 ,he wa/es 8 en]gy 9 t$i\s attempts to def9e ! ,sublime1 b does n tell u h[ x is to be atta9$ 7,i4 i47 ,he is fur!r blam$ = omitt+ to deal ) ! ,pa!tic 7,,viii4 i4 sqq47 ,he all[s only two metaphors to be employ$ toge!r 9 ! same passage 7,,xxxii4 ii47 ,he extols ,lysias z a f> great] writ] ?an ,plato 7ib4 viii471 & is a bitt] assailant ( ,plato's /yle 7ib47 ,on ! :ole1 he seems to h be5 a cold & un9spir$ critic1 f9d+ 8 *ief pleasure 9 m9ute v]bal details1 & incapable ( ris+ to an elevat$ & ext5sive view ( 8 subject4 ,,erato/h5es1 a native ( ,cyr5e1 born 9 #bge ,b4,c42 appo9t$ by ,ptolemy ,,iii4 ,eu]getes z ! successor ( ,kallima*us 9 ! po/ ( libr>ian 9 ! great libr>y ( ,alex&ria4 ,he 0 ! tea*] ( ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium1 & 8 fame z a man ( le>n+ is te/ifi$ by ! v>i\s fanciful titles :i* 7 conf]r$ on him1 su* z 8,! ,p5ta?lete10 8,! second ,plato10 etc4 ,8 great "w 0 a treatise on geography 7,lbk]74 ,,gorgias ( ,leont9i1 accord+ to "s au?orities a pupil ( ,emp$okles1 came1 :5 already advanc$ 9 ye>s1 z ambassador f 8 native city to ask help aga9/ ,syracuse 7#dbg ,b4,c47 ,"h he attract$ notice by a novel /yle ( eloqu5ce4 ,"s "t aft] he settl$ p]man5tly 9 ,greece1 w&]+ f city to city1 & acquir+ weal? & fame by practis+ & tea*+ rhetoric4 ,we f9d him la/ 9 ,l>issa1 :]e he di$ at ! age ( a hundr$ 9 #cge ,b4,c4 ,z a tea*] ( eloqu5ce ,gorgias belongs to :at is kn[n z ! ,sicilian s*ool1 9 :i* he foll[$ ! /eps ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ,korax & ,tisias4 ,at ! "t :5 ?is s*ool arose ! ,greek e> 0 /ill accu/om$ to ! rhy?m & beat ( poetry1 & ! :ole rhetorical sy/em ( ! ,gorgian s*ool 7comp>e ! phrases 1 7 is built on a poetical plan 7,lbk]1 ,reallexikon des classis*5 ,alt]?ums74 ,h]mog5es1 z quot$ by ,jahn1 appe>s to classify him among ! 8holl[ p$ants0 7 71 8:o10 he says1 8talk ( vultures z #8liv+ tombs1' to :i* !y !mselves w\ld be/ be committ$1 & indulge 9 _m o!r su* frigid conceits40 7,) ! metaphor c5sur$ by ,long9us comp>e ,a*illes ,tatius1 ,,iii4 v4 #ej1 ed4 ,didot47 ,see also ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bfg1 ,a4 ,,hegesias ( ,magnesia1 rhetorician & hi/orian1 contempor>y ( ,timaeus 7#cjj ,b4,c47 ,he belongs to ! p]iod ( ! decl9e ( ,greek le>n+1 & ,cic]o treats him z ! repres5tative ( ! decl9e ( ta/e4 ,8 /yle 0 h>% & brok5 9 "*1 & a p>ody on ! ,old ,attic4 ,he wrote a life ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ( :i* ,plut>* 7,alex&]1 c4 #c7 gives ! foll[+ specim53 8,on ! day ( ,alex&]'s bir? ! temple ( ,artemis 9 ,ephesus 0 burnt d[n1 a co9cid5ce :i* occasions ,hegesias to utt] a conceit frigid en\gh to ext+ui% ! conflagration4 #8,x 0 natural1' he says1 #8t ! temple %\ld be burnt d[n1 z ,artemis 0 engag$ ) br++ ,alex&] into ! _w'0 7,pauly1 ) ! ref]5ces74 ,,hekataeus ( ,miletus1 ! logograph]2 born 9 #edi ,b4,c41 di$ soon aft] ! battle ( ,plataea4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( two works--7#a7 2 & 7#b7 4 ,! ,p]iodos deals 9 two books1 fir/ ) ,europe1 !n ) ,asia & ,libya4 ,! quotation 9 ! text is f 8 g5ealogies 7,lbk]74 ,,ion ( ,*ios1 poet1 hi/orian1 & philosoph]1 highly di/+ui%$ among 8 contempor>ies1 & m5tion$ by ,/rabo among ! celebrat$ m5 ( ! isl&4 ,he won ! tragic prize at ,a!ns 9 #deb ,b4,c41 & ,ari/ophanes 7,peace1 #dba ,b4,c47 speaks ( him z already dead4 ,he 0 n less celebrat$ z an elegiac poet1 & we /ill possess "s specim5s ( 8 elegies1 :i* are *>act]is$ by an ,anacreontic _s1 a *e]ful1 joy\s tone1 & ev5 by a c]ta9 degree ( inspiration4 ,he wrote also ,skolia1 ,hymns1 & ,epigrams1 & 0 a pretty volum9\s writ] 9 prose 7,pauly74 ,comp>e ! ,s*olia/ on ,ar4 ,peace1 #hja4 ,,kalli/h5es ( ,olyn?us1 a ne> relative ( ,ari/otle2 born 9 #cfj1 & educat$ by ! philosoph] z fell[-pupil ) ,alex&]1 aft]w>ds ! ,great4 ,he subsequ5tly visit$ ,a!ns1 :]e he enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,!ophra/us1 & devot$ himself to hi/ory & natural philosophy4 ,he aft]w>ds accompani$ ,alex&] on 8 ,asiatic exp$ition1 b soon became obnoxi\s to ! tyrant on acc\nt ( 8 indep5d5t & manly be>+1 :i* he c>ri$ ev5 to ! extreme ( rud5ess & arrogance4 ,he at la/ excit$ ! enmity ( ,alex&] to su* a degree t ! latt] took ! opportunity af=d$ by ! conspiracy ( ,h]molaus1 9 :i* ,kalli/h5es 0 accus$ ( p>ticipat+1 to rid himself ( 8 =m] s*ool companion1 :om he caus$ to be put to dea?4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( v>i\s hi/orical & sci5tific works4 ,( ! latt] two are m5tion$--7#a7 ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,eye2 7#b7 ,on ! ,nature ( ,plants4 ,among 8 hi/orical works are m5tion$ 7#a7 ! ,phocian ,w> 7read 8,phocicum0 = v4 l4 8,troikum0 9 ,cic4 ,epp4 ad ,div4 v4 #ab72 7#b7 a ,hi/ory ( ,greece 9 t5 books2 7#c7 1 app>5tly id5tical ) ! description ( ,alex&]'s m>*1 ( :i* we /ill possess fragm5ts4 ,z an hi/orian he seems to h display$ an undue love ( record+ signs & wond]s4 ,polybius1 h[ev] 7vi4 #de71 classes him among ! be/ hi/orical writ]s4 ,8 /yle is said by ,cic]o 7de ,or4 ii4 #ad7 to approximate to ! rhetorical 7,pauly74 ,,kleit>*us1 a contempor>y ( ,alex&]1 accompani$ t mon>* on 8 ,asiatic exp$ition1 & wrote a hi/ory ( ! same 9 twelve books1 :i* mu/ h includ$ at lea/ a %ort retrospect on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,asia4 ,8 tal5ts are spok5 ( 9 high t]ms1 b 8 cr$it z an hi/orian is held v light--8probatur +5ium1 fides infamatur10 ,qu9t4 x4 #a1 #gd4 ,cic]o also 7de ,leg4 i4 #b7 ranks him v l[4 ,t 8 cr$it z an hi/orian 0 sacrific$ to a *ildi% cr$ulity & a fooli% love ( fable & adv5ture is suffici5tly te/ifi$ by ! pretty num]\s fragm5ts :i* /ill rema9 7,pauly74 ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 quot$ by ,pe>ce1 quotes a gr&iloqu5t description ( ! wasp tak5 f ,kleit>*us1 8fe$+ on ! m\nta9side1 h] home ! holl[ oak40 ,,matris1 a native ( ,!bes1 au?or ( a panegyric on ,h]akles1 :e!r 9 v]se or prose is unc]ta94 ,9 "o passage ,a!naeus speaks ( him z an ,a!nian1 b ?is mu/ be a mi/ake4 ,t\p re/ores a v]se f an allusion 9 ,diodorus ,siculus 7i4 #bd71 :i*1 if g5u9e1 w\ld agree well ) ! description giv5 ( him by ,long9us3 1 7see ,t\p ad ,long4 ,,iii4 ii47 ,,phili/us ( ,syracuse1 a relative ( ! eld] ,dionysius1 :om he assi/$ ) 8 weal? 9 8 attack on ! lib]ty ( t city1 & rema9$ ) him until #chf ,b4,c41 :5 he 0 bani%$ by ! jeal\s suspicions ( ! tyrant4 ,he retir$ to ,epirus1 :]e he rema9$ until ,dionysius's dea?4 ,! y\ng] ,dionysius recall$ him1 wi%+ to employ him 9 ! "* ( support] aga9/ ,dion4 ,by 8 in/rum5tality x w\ld seem t ,dion & ,plato 7 bani%$ f ,syracuse4 ,he comm&$ ! fleet 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,dion & ,dionysius1 & lo/ a battle1 :]eupon he 0 seiz$ & put to dea? by ! p4 ,dur+ 8 bani%m5t he wrote 8 hi/orical "w1 1 divid$ into two p>ts & numb]+ elev5 books4 ,! fir/ division embrac$ ! hi/ory ( ,sicily f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! capture ( ,agrig5tum 7sev5 books71 & ! rema9+ f\r books dealt ) ! life ( ,dionysius ! eld]4 ,he aft]w>ds add$ a supplem5t 9 two books1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! y\ng] ,dionysius1 :i* he did n1 h[ev]1 complete4 ,he is describ$ z an imitator1 ?\gh at a great di/ance1 ( ,?ucydides1 & h5ce 0 kn[n z 8! little ,?ucydides40 ,z an hi/orian he is defici5t 9 consci5ti\sness & c&\r2 he appe>s z a p>tisan ( ,dionysius1 & seeks to ?r[ a veil ov] 8 discr$itable actions4 ,/ill he belongs to ! mo/ important ( ! ,greek hi/orians 7,lbk]74 ,,!odorus ( ,gad>a1 a rhetorician 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/2 tutor ( ,tib]ius1 fir/ 9 ,rome1 aft]w>ds 9 ,rhodes1 f :i* t[n he call$ himself a ,rhodian1 & :]e ,tib]ius dur+ 8 exile dilig5tly att5d$ 8 in/ruction4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( v>i\s grammatical & o!r works1 b 8 fame *iefly re/$ on 8 abilities z a tea*]1 9 :i* capacity he seems to h _h great influ5ce 7,pauly74 ,he 0 ! au?or ( t fam\s description ( ,tib]ius :i* is giv5 by ,suetonius 7,tib4 #eg71 1 8,a clod knead$ toge!r ) blood40#a ,footnote #a3 ,a rem>kable p>allel1 if n actually an imitation1 occurs 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 8,du ,spottgeburt von ,dreck und ,feu]40 ,,!opompus1 a native ( ,*ios2 born #chj ,b4,c4 ,he came to ,a!ns :ile /ill a boy1 & /udi$ eloqu5ce "u ,isokrates1 :o is said1 9 comp>+ him ) ano!r pupil1 ,ephorus1 to h made use ( ! image :i* we f9d 9 ,long9us1 c4 ii4 8,!opompus10 he said1 8ne$s ! curb1 ,ephorus ! spur0 7,suidas1 quot$ by ,jahn ad v47 ,he appe>$ ) applause 9 v>i\s great cities z an advocate1 b especially di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! conte/ ( eloqu5ce in/itut$ by ,artemisia at ! obsequies ( h] husb& ,mausolus1 :]e he won ! prize4 ,he aft]w>ds devot$ himself to hi/orical composition4 ,8 great "w 0 a hi/ory ( ,greece1 9 :i* he takes up ! ?read ( ,?ucydides's n>rative1 & c>ries x on un9t]rupt$ly 9 twelve books d[n to ! battle ( ,knidus1 sev5te5 ye>s lat]4 ,"h he broke (f1 & began a new "w entitl$ ,! ,philippics1 9 fifty-eight books4 ,?is "w dealt ) ! hi/ory ( ,greece 9 ! ,mac$onian p]iod1 b 0 padd$ out to a prepo/]\s bulk by all k9ds ( digressions on my?ological1 hi/orical1 or social topics4 ,only a few fragm5ts rema94 ,he e>n$ an ill "n among anci5t critics by ! bitt]ness ( 8 c5sures1 8 love ( ! m>vell\s1 & ! inord9ate l5g? ( 8 digressions4 ,8 /yle is by "s critics c5sur$ z feeble1 & extoll$ by o!rs z cle>1 n]v\s1 & elevat$ 7,lbk] & ,pauly74 ,,timaeus1 a native ( ,taurom5ium 9 ,sicily2 born ab\t #ceb ,b4,c4 ,be+ driv5 out ( ,sicily by ,aga?okles1 he liv$ a retir$ life = fifty ye>s 9 ,a!ns1 :]e he compos$ 8 ,hi/ory4 ,subsequ5tly he return$ to ,sicily1 & di$ at ! age ( n9ety-six 9 #bef ,b4,c4 ,8 *ief "w 0 a ,hi/ory ( ,sicily f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! #abi? ,olympiad4 ,x numb]$ sixty-eight books1 & consi/$ ( two pr9cipal divisions1 ^: limits _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,9 a sep>ate "w he h&l$ ! campaigns ( ,pyrrhus1 & also wrote ,olympionikae1 probably deal+ ) *ronological matt]s4 ,timaeus has be5 sev]ely criticis$ & h>%ly condemn$ by ! anci5ts1 especially by ,polybius1 :o d5ies him e faculty requir$ by ! hi/orical writ] 7xii4 #c-ae1 #bc-bh74 ,& ?\gh ,cic]o diff]s f ?is judgm5t1 yet x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ,timaeus 0 bett] qualifi$ = ! task ( le>n$ compilation ?an = hi/orical rese>*1 & held no di/+ui%$ place among ! hi/orians ( ,greece4 ,8 works h p]i%$1 only a few fragm5ts rema9+ 7,lbk]74 ,,zoilus1 a ,greek rhetorician1 native ( ,amphipolis 9 ,mac$onia1 9 ! "t probably ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7#bhe-bdg ,b4,c471 :o is said by ,vitruvius to h crucifi$ him = 8 abuse ( ,hom]4 ,he won ! "n ( ,hom]oma/ix1 8! sc\rge ( ,hom]10 & 0 also kn[n z 1 8! dog ( rhetoric10 on acc\nt ( 8 bit+ s>casm2 & 8 "n 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% ,d5nis7 came to be us$ to signify 9 g5]al a c>p+ & malici\s critic4 ,suidas m5tions two works ( 81 writt5 ) ! object ( injur+ or de/roy+ ! fame ( ,hom]--7#a7 ,n9e ,books aga9/ ,hom]2 & 7#b7 ,c5sures on ,hom] 7,pauly74 ,! facts conta9$ 9 ! above %ort notices are tak5 *iefly f ,lbk]'s ,reallexikon des classis*5 ,alt]?ums1 & ! v copi\s & elaborate ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft1 edit$ by ,pauly4 ,i h "h to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,wollseiff51 ,gymnasialdirektor 9 ,crefeld1 9 plac+ at my disposal ! libr>y ( ! ,crefeld ,gymnasium1 b = :i* ^! biographical notes1 :i* 7 put toge!r at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,lang1 c\ld n h be5 compil$4 ,,crefeld1 #ca/ ,july #ahij4 ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh ,,classical ,,libr>y4 ,texts1 ,edit$ ) ,introductions & ,notes1 = ! use ( ,advanc$ ,/ud5ts2 ,comm5t>ies & ,translations4 ,,s*ylus4--,,! ,,supplices4 ,a ,revis$ ,text1 ) ,translation4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,tuck]1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,classical ,philology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,melb\rne4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,aga9/ ,,!bes4 ,) ,translation4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,v]rall1 ,litt4,d41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,agamemnon4 ,) ,translation4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,v]rall1 ,litt4,d4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,,agamemnon1 ,,*oephor1 ,,& ,,eum5ides4 ,by ,a4 ,o4 ,,prick>d1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 #hvo4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,ari/otle4--,,! ,,metaphysics4 ,,book ,i4 ,translat$ by a ,cambridge ,graduate4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,! ,,politics4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,welldon1 ,m4,a41 ,headma/] ( ,h>r[4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,rhetoric4 ,translat$ by ! same4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,ari/otle',s ,,rhetoric4 ,) ,analysis1 ,notes1 & ,app5dices4 ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,cope1 ,fell[ & late ,tutor ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 #hvo4 #ads4 ,,! ,,e?ics4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,welldon1 ,m4,a4 ,cr4 #hvo4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,! ,,sophi/ici ,,el5*i4 ,) ,translation4 ,by ,e4 ,,po/e1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,attic ,,orators4--,,f ,,antiphon ,,to ,,isaeos4 ,by ,r4 ,c4 ,,jebb1 ,litt4,d41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bes4 ,,babrius4--,) ,lexicon4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,ru!r=d1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,headma/] ( ,we/m9/]4 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,cic]o4--,,! ,,academica4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,reid1 ,litt4,d41 ,fell[ ( ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,,! ,,academics4 ,translat$ by ! same4 #hvo4 #es4 #f;d4 ,,select ,,lett]s4 ,aft] ! ,edition ( ,,alb]t ,,watson1 ,m4,a4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,e4 ,,jeans1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,euripides4--,,m$ea4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,w4 ,,v]rall1 ,litt4,d4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,iphig5ia ,,9 ,,aulis4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,,engl&1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,h]odotus4--,,books ,i4-,,iii4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,empires ,,( ,,! ,,ea/4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,,sayce1 ,deputy-,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,philology1 ,ox=d4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,,books ,,iv4-,,ix4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,w4 ,,macan1 ,m4,a41 ,lectur] 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory at ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 #hvo4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,! ,,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,,macaulay1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,hom]4--,,! ,,iliad4 ,by ,,walt] ,,leaf1 ,litt4,d4 #hvo4 ,books ,i4-,,xii4 #ads4 ,books ,,xiii4-,,xxiv4 #ads4 ,,! ,,iliad4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,prose by ,,&rew ,,lang1 ,m4,a41 ,,walt] ,,leaf1 ,litt4,d41 & ,,erne/ ,,my]s1 ,m4,a4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,odyssey4 ,done into ,engli% by ,s4 ,h4 ,,but*]1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & ,,&rew ,,lang1 ,m4,a4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,horace4--,,/udies1 ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,hi/orical1 ,,9 ,,! ,,odes ,,( ,,horace4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,v]rall1 ,litt4,d4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,juv5al4--,,?irte5 ,,satires ,,( ,,juv5al4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,b4 ,,mayor1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #b vols4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,?irte5 ,,satires4 ,translat$ by ,,alex4 ,,leep]1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,w>d5 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,melb\rne4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ktesias4--,,! ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,p]sika ,,( ,,ktesias4 ,by ,,john ,,gilmore1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,livy4--,,books ,,xxi4-,,xxv4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,brodribb1 ,m4,a4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,pausanias4--,,description ,,( ,,greece4 ,translat$ ) ,comm5t>y by ,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,phryni*us4--,,! ,,new ,,phryni*us2 be+ a ,revis$ ,text ( ! ,ecloga ( ! ,gramm>ian ,phryni*us4 ,) ,introduction & ,comm5t>y by ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,ru!r=d1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,headma/] ( ,we/m9/]4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,p9d>4--,,! ,,extant ,,odes ,,( ,,p9d>4 ,translat$ by ,,erne/ ,,my]s1 ,m4,a4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,! ,,nemean ,,odes4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,bury1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,plato4--,,ph,,d4 ,by ,r4 ,d4 ,,ar*]-,,h9d1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,ph,,d4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,g$des1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,timaeus4 ,) ,translation4 ,by ,r4 ,d4 ,,ar*]-,,h9d1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,plato4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,,ll4 ,,davies1 ,m4,a41 & ,d4 ,j4 ,,vaughan1 ,m4,a4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,eu?yphro1 ,,apology1 ,,crito1 ,,& ,,ph,,d4 ,translat$ by ,f4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,ph,,drus1 ,,lysis1 ,,& ,,protagoras4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,plautus4--,,! ,,mo/ell>ia4 ,by ,,william ,,ramsay1 ,m4,a4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,g4 ,,ramsay1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,humanity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 #hvo4 #ads4 ,,pl9y4--,,correspond5ce ,,) ,,trajan4 ,c4 ,pl9ii ,caecilii ,secundi ,epi/ul ad ,traianum ,imp]atorem cum ,eiusdem ,responsis4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,,h>dy1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,polybius4--,,! ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,polybius4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,s4 ,,%uckburgh1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bds4 ,,tacitus4--,,! ,,annals4 ,by ,g4 ,o4 ,,holbrooke1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,h>t=d1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,) ,maps4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,,! ,,annals4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,brodribb1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,maps4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,hi/ories4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,spoon]1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,! ,,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,brodribb1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,map4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,agricola ,,& ,,g]many1 ,,) ,,! ,,dialogue ,,on ,,oratory4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,brodribb1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,maps4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,!ocritus1 ,,bion1 ,,& ,,mos*us4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,,lang1 ,m4,a4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,also an ,edition on ,l>ge ,pap]4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #is4 ,,?ucydides4--,,book ,,iv4 ,a ,revision ( ! 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