,,prima ,,secundae7999999 by ,david ,mc,clamrock ,,summa ,,!ologica ,,"p ,i-,,ii 7,prima ,secundae7 ,translat$ by ,fa!rs ( ! ,engli% ,dom9ican ,prov9ce ,,b5zig] ,,bro!rs ,,new ,,york ,,d$ication ,to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y ,immaculate ,seat ( ,wisdom ,,note ,,to ,,?is ,,electronic ,,edition ,! text ( ?is electronic edition 0 orig9ally produc$ by ,s&ra ,k4 ,p]ry1 ,p]rysburg1 ,ohio1 & made available ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,classics ,e!real ,libr>y http3_/_/www4ccel4org4 ,i h elim9at$ unnecess>y =matt+ 9 ! text1 correct$ "s errors 9 transcription1 & add$ ! d$ication1 tables ( cont5ts1 ,prologue1 & ! numb]s ( ! que/ions & articles1 z !y appe>$ 9 ! pr9t$ translation publi%$ by ,b5zig] ,bro!rs4 ,ea* article is n[ designat$ by "p1 "q numb]1 & article numb] 9 brackets1 l ?is3 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,supreme ,good1 ,god1 ,is ! ,cause ( ,evil8 ,9 a few places1 :]e obvi\s errors appe>$ 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition1 ,i h correct$ !m by ref]5ce to a ,lat9 text ( ! ,summa4 ,^! corrections are indicat$ by ,engli% text 9 brackets4 ,= example1 9 ,"p ,i1 ,"q #de1 ,article #b1 ! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition beg9s3 ,n only is x impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$ by ,god4444 ,by ref]5ce to ! ,lat91 non solum non e/ impossibile a ,deo aliquid cre>i 7emphasis add$71 ?is has be5 correct$ to ,n only is x n impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$ by ,god4444 ,?is electronic edition also diff]s f ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition 9 ! foll[+ details 7z well z ! obvi\s lack ( ! orig9al page numb]s & head]s73 99 ,! repetitive expression ,we proce$ ?us to ! next ,article does n appe> directly bel[ ! title ( ea* article4 99 ,italics are repres5t$ by und]scores at ! beg9n+ & end1 l ?is4 ,quotations & o!r quotable matt]1 h[ev]1 are ord9>ily set (f by quotation m>ks ) no und]scores 9 ?is edition1 9 accordance ) common ,engli% usage1 ev5 :]e !y 7 set 9 italics ) no quotation m>ks 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition4 ,titles ( books are set (f by und]scores :5 !y appe> 9 ! text ) no p>5!ses1 b n :5 ! books are cit$ 9 p>5!ses4 99 ,bible *apt]s & v]ses are cit$ ) arabic num]als sep>at$ by colons1 l ?is3 ,dan4 #g3aj--n l ?is3 ,dan4 vii4 #aj4 ,small roman num]als h be5 reta9$ :]e !y appe> 9 citations to books o!r ?an ! ,bible4 99 ,any matt] t appe>$ 9 a footnote 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition is pres5t$ 9 brackets at ! po9t 9 ! text :]e ! footnote m>k appe>$4 99 ,greek words are pres5t$ 9 ,roman translit]ation4 99 ,p>agraphs are n ind5t$ & are sep>at$ by blank l9es4 99 ,numb]$ topics1 set =? at ! beg9n+ ( ea* "q & at c]ta9 o!r places1 are ord9>ily pres5t$ on a sep>ate l9e = ea* topic4 99 ,titles ( que/ions are 9 all caps4 ,any?+ else 9 ?is electronic edition t does n correspond to ! cont5t ( ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition may be reg>d$ z a defect 9 ?is edition & attribut$ to me 7,david ,mc,clamrock74 ,,cont5ts ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,"p 7,,qq4 #a-aad7 ,"q #a4 ,( ,man's ,la/ ,end #b4 ,( ,^? ,?+s 9 ,:i* ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s #c4 ,:at ,is ,happ9ess #d4 ,( ,^? ,?+s ,t ,are ,requir$ = ,happ9ess #e4 ,( ! ,atta9m5t ( ,happ9ess #f4 ,( ! ,volunt>y & ! ,involunt>y #g4 ,( ! ,circum/ances ( ,human ,acts #h4 ,( ! ,w1 9 ,reg>d to ,:at ,x ,wills #i4 ,( ,t ,:i* ,moves ! ,w #aj4 ,( ! ,mann] 9 ,:i* ! ,w ,is ,mov$ #aa4 ,( ,enjoym5t1 ,:i* ,is an ,act ( ! ,w #ab4 ,( ,int5tion #ac4 ,( ,*oice1 ,:i* ,is an ,act ( ! ,w ) ,reg>d to ! ,means #ad4 ,( ,c\nsel1 ,:i* ,prec$es ,*oice #ae4 ,( ,cons5t1 ,:i* ,is an ,act ( ! ,w 9 ,reg>d to ! ,means #af4 ,( ,use1 ,:i* ,is an ,act ( ! ,w 9 ,reg>d to ! ,means #ag4 ,( ! ,acts ,comm&$ by ! ,w #ah4 ,( ! ,good & ,evil ( ,human ,acts1 9 ,g5]al #ai4 ,( ! ,goodness & ,malice ( ! ,int]ior ,act ( ! ,w #bj4 ,( ,goodness & ,malice 9 ,ext]nal ,human ,actions #ba4 ,( ! ,consequ5ces ( ,human ,actions by ,reason ( ,_! ,goodness & ,malice #bb4 ,( ! ,subject ( ! ,s\l's ,passions #bc4 ,h[ ! ,passions ,diff] f ,"o ,ano!r #bd4 ,( ,good & ,evil 9 ! ,passions ( ! ,s\l #be4 ,( ! ,ord] ( ! ,passions to ,"o ,ano!r #bf4 ,( ! ,passions ( ! ,s\l 9 ,p>ticul>3 & ,fir/1 ( ,love #bg4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,love #bh4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,love #bi4 ,( ,hatr$ #cj4 ,( ,concupisc5ce #ca4 ,( ,delight ,consid]$ 9 ,itself #cb4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,pleasure #cc4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,pleasure #cd4 ,( ! ,goodness & ,malice ( ,pleasures #ce4 ,( ,pa9 or ,sorr[1 9 ,itself #cf4 ,( ! ,causes ( ,sorr[ or ,pa9 #cg4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,pa9 or ,sorr[ #ch4 ,( ! ,rem$ies ( ,sorr[ or ,pa9 #ci4 ,( ! ,goodness & ,malice ( ,sorr[ or ,pa9 #dj4 ,( ! ,irascible ,passions1 & ,fir/1 ( ,hope & ,despair #da4 ,( ,fe>1 9 ,itself #db4 ,( ! ,object ( ,fe> #dc4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,fe> #dd4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,fe> #de4 ,( ,d>+ #df4 ,( ,ang]1 9 ,itself #dg4 ,( ! ,cause ,t ,provokes ,ang]1 & ( ! ,rem$ies ( ,ang] #dh4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,ang] ,,treatise ,,on ,,habits #di4 ,( ,habits 9 ,g5]al1 ,z to ,_! ,sub/ance #ej4 ,( ! ,subject ( ,habits #ea4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,habits1 ,z to ,_! ,=mation #eb4 ,( ! ,increase ( ,habits #ec4 ,h[ ,habits ,are ,corrupt$ or ,dim9i%$ #ed4 ,( ! ,di/9ction ( ,habits #ee4 ,( ! ,virtues1 ,z to ,_! ,ess5ce #ef4 ,( ! ,subject ( ,virtue #eg4 ,( ! ,intellectual ,virtues #eh4 ,( ! ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,moral & ,intellectual ,virtues #ei4 ,( ! ,moral ,virtues 9 ,relation to ! ,passions #fj4 ,h[ ! ,moral ,virtues ,diff] f ,"o ,ano!r #fa4 ,( ! ,c>d9al ,virtues #fb4 ,( ! ,!ological ,virtues #fc4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,virtues #fd4 ,( ! ,mean ( ,virtue #fe4 ,( ! ,connection ( ,virtues #ff4 ,( ,equality ,among ! ,virtues #fg4 ,( ! ,duration ( ,virtues ,aft] ,?is ,life #fh4 ,( ! ,gifts #fi4 ,( ! ,beatitudes #gj4 ,( ! ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ #ga4 ,( ,vice & ,s9 ,consid]$ 9 ,!mselves #gb4 ,( ! ,di/9ction ( ,s9s #gc4 ,( ! ,comp>ison ( ,"o ,s9 ) ,ano!r #gd4 ,( ! ,subject ( ,s9 #ge4 ,( ! ,causes ( ,s91 9 ,g5]al #gf4 ,( ! ,causes ( ,s91 9 ,p>ticul> #gg4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,s91 on ! ,"p ( ! ,s5sitive ,appetite #gh4 ,( ,t ,cause ( ,s9 ,:i* ,is ,malice #gi4 ,( ! ,ext]nal ,causes ( ,s9 #hj4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,s91 ,z ,reg>ds ! ,devil #ha4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,s91 on ! ,"p ( ,man #hb4 ,( ,orig9al ,s91 ,z to ,its ,ess5ce #hc4 ,( ! ,subject ( ,orig9al ,s9 #hd4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,s91 9 ,respect ( ,"o ,s9 ,be+ ! ,cause ( ,ano!r #he4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,s91 &1 ,fir/1 ( ! ,corruption ( ! ,good ( ,nature #hf4 ,( ! ,/a9 ( ,s9 #hg4 ,( ! ,debt ( ,puni%m5t #hh4 ,( ,v5ial & ,mortal ,s9 #hi4 ,( ,v5ial ,s9 9 ,itself ,,treatise ,,on ,,law #ij4 ,( ! ,ess5ce ( ,law #ia4 ,( ! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,law #ib4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,law #ic4 ,( ! ,et]nal ,law #id4 ,( ! ,natural ,law #ie4 ,( ,human ,law #if4 ,( ! ,p[] ( ,human ,law #ig4 ,( ,*ange 9 ,laws #ih4 ,( ! ,old ,law #ii4 ,( ! ,precepts ( ! ,old ,law #ajj4 ,( ! ,moral ,precepts ( ! ,old ,law #aja4 ,( ! ,c]emonial ,precepts 9 ,!mselves #ajb4 ,( ! ,causes ( ! ,c]emonial ,precepts #ajc4 ,( ! ,duration ( ! ,c]emonial ,precepts #ajd4 ,( ! ,judicial ,precepts #aje4 ,( ! ,reason = ! ,judicial ,precepts #ajf4 ,( ! ,law ( ! ,gospel1 ,call$ ! ,new ,law1 ,consid]$ 9 ,itself #ajg4 ,( ! ,new ,law ,z ,comp>$ ) ! ,old #ajh4 ,( ,^? ,?+s ,t ,are ,conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,law #aji4 ,( ! ,necessity ( ,grace #aaj4 ,( ! ,grace ( ,god z ,reg>ds ,its ,ess5ce #aaa4 ,( ! ,division ( ,grace #aab4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,grace #aac4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,grace #aad4 ,( ,m]it ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,"p ,i-,,ii1 ,prima ,secundae ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,la/ ,,end 7,,qq4 #a-e7 ,,prologue ,s9ce1 z ,damasc5e /ates 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab71 man is said to be made 9 ,god's image1 9 s f> z ! image implies an intellig5t be+ end[$ ) free-w & self-movem5t3 n[ t we h treat$ ( ! exempl>1 i4e4 ,god1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* came =? f ! p[] ( ,god 9 accordance ) ,8 w2 x rema9s = u to treat ( ,8 image1 i4e4 man1 inasmu* z he too is ! pr9ciple ( 8 actions1 z hav+ free-w & control ( 8 actions4 ,,( ,,man',s ,,la/ ,,end 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,9 ?is matt] we %all consid] fir/ ! la/ end ( human life2 & secondly1 ^? ?+s by means ( :i* man may advance t[>ds ?is end1 or /ray f ! pa?3 = ! end is ! rule ( :atev] is orda9$ to ! end4 ,& s9ce ! la/ end ( human life is /at$ to be happ9ess1 we mu/ consid] 7#a7 ! la/ end 9 g5]al2 7#b7 happ9ess4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x belongs to man to act = an end8 7#b7 ,:e!r ?is is prop] to ! rational nature8 7#c7 ,:e!r a man's actions are specifi$ by _! end8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re is any la/ end ( human life8 7#e7 ,:e!r "o man c h sev]al la/ ends8 7#f7 ,:e!r man orda9s all to ! la/ end8 7#g7 ,:e!r all m5 h ! same la/ end8 7#h7 ,:e!r all o!r creatures concur ) man 9 t la/ end8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to ,man to ,act = an ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x does n belong to man to act = an end4 ,= a cause is naturally fir/4 ,b an end1 9 its v "n1 implies some?+ t is la/4 ,!re=e an end is n a cause4 ,b t = :i* a man acts1 is ! cause ( 8 action2 s9ce ?is preposition = indicates a relation ( causality4 ,!re=e x does n belong to man to act = an end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is itself ! la/ end is n = an end4 ,b 9 "s cases ! la/ end is an action1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #a74 ,!re=e man does n d ev]y?+ = an end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !n does a man seem to act = an end1 :5 he acts delib]ately4 ,b man does _m ?+s )\t delib]ation1 sometimes n ev5 ?9k+ ( :at he is do+2 = in/ance :5 "o moves "o's foot or h&1 or scrat*es "o's be>d1 :ile int5t on some?+ else4 ,!re=e man does n d ev]y?+ = an end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all ?+s conta9$ 9 a g5us are d]iv$ f ! pr9ciple ( t g5us4 ,n[ ! end is ! pr9ciple 9 human op]ations1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,phys4 ii1 #i74 ,!re=e x belongs to man to d ev]y?+ = an end4 ,i answ] t1 ,( actions done by man ^? alone are prop]ly call$ human1 :i* are prop] to man z man4 ,n[ man diff]s f irrational animals 9 ?is1 t he is ma/] ( 8 actions4 ,:]e=e ^? actions alone are prop]ly call$ human1 ( :i* man is ma/]4 ,n[ man is ma/] ( 8 actions ?r\gh 8 reason & w2 :5ce1 too1 ! free-w is def9$ z ! faculty & w ( reason4 ,!re=e ^? actions are prop]ly call$ human :i* proce$ f a delib]ate w4 ,& if any o!r actions are f\nd 9 man1 !y c be call$ actions ( a man1 b n prop]ly human actions1 s9ce !y are n prop] to man z man4 ,n[ x is cle> t :atev] actions proce$ f a p[]1 are caus$ by t p[] 9 accordance ) ! nature ( its object4 ,b ! object ( ! w is ! end & ! good4 ,!re=e all human actions mu/ be = an end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! end be la/ 9 ! ord] ( execution1 yet x is fir/ 9 ! ord] ( ! ag5t's int5tion4 ,& x is ?is way t x is a cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if any human action be ! la/ end1 x mu/ be volunt>y1 else x w\ld n be human1 z /at$ above4 ,n[ an action is volunt>y 9 "o ( two ways3 fir/1 because x is comm&$ by ! w1 e4g4 to walk1 or to speak2 secondly1 because x is elicit$ by ! w1 = in/ance ! v act ( will+4 ,n[ x is impossible = ! v act elicit$ by ! w to be ! la/ end4 ,= ! object ( ! w is ! end1 j z ! object ( sight is color3 :]e=e j z ! fir/ visible _c be ! act ( see+1 because e act ( see+ is direct$ to a visible object2 s ! fir/ appetible1 i4e4 ! end1 _c be ! v act ( will+4 ,consequ5tly x foll[s t if a human action be ! la/ end1 x mu/ be an action comm&$ by ! w3 s t !re1 "s action ( man1 at lea/ ! act ( will+1 is = ! end4 ,!re=e :atev] a man does1 x is true to say t man acts = an end1 ev5 :5 he does t action 9 :i* ! la/ end consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,su* l actions are n prop]ly human actions2 s9ce !y d n proce$ f delib]ation ( ! reason1 :i* is ! prop] pr9ciple ( human actions4 ,!re=e !y h inde$ an imag9>y end1 b n "o t is fix$ by reason4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,prop] to ! ,rational ,nature to ,act = an ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is prop] to ! rational nature to act = an end4 ,= man1 to :om x belongs to act = an end1 nev] acts = an unkn[n end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m ?+s t h no k ( an end2 ei!r because !y are altoge!r )\t k1 z ins5sible creatures3 or because !y d n appreh5d ! idea ( an end z su*1 z irrational animals4 ,!re=e x seems prop] to ! rational nature to act = an end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to act = an end is to ord] "o's action to an end4 ,b ?is is ! "w ( reason4 ,!re=e x does n belong to ?+s t lack reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! good & ! end is ! object ( ! w4 ,b ! w is 9 ! reason 7,de ,anima iii1 #i74 ,!re=e to act = an end belongs to none b a rational nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 ii1 #e7 t n only m9d b also nature acts = an end4 ,i answ] t1 ,e ag5t1 ( necessity1 acts = an end4 ,= if1 9 a numb] ( causes orda9$ to "o ano!r1 ! fir/ be remov$1 ! o!rs mu/1 ( necessity1 be remov$ also4 ,n[ ! fir/ ( all causes is ! f9al cause4 ,! reason ( :i* is t matt] does n receive =m1 save 9 s f> z x is mov$ by an ag5t2 = no?+ r$uces itself f pot5tiality to act4 ,b an ag5t does n move except out ( int5tion = an end4 ,= if ! ag5t 7 n det]m9ate to "s p>ticul> effect1 x w\ld n d "o ?+ r ?an ano!r3 consequ5tly 9 ord] t x produce a det]m9ate effect1 x mu/1 ( necessity1 be det]m9$ to "s c]ta9 "o1 :i* has ! nature ( an end4 ,& j z ?is det]m9ation is effect$1 9 ! rational nature1 by ! rational appetite1 :i* is call$ ! w2 s1 9 o!r ?+s1 x is caus$ by _! natural incl9ation1 :i* is call$ ! natural appetite4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be obs]v$ t a ?+ t5ds to an end1 by its action or movem5t1 9 two ways3 fir/1 z a ?+1 mov+ itself to ! end1 z man2 secondly1 z a ?+ mov$ by ano!r to ! end1 z an arr[ t5ds to a det]m9ate end ?r\gh be+ mov$ by ! ar*] :o directs 8 action to ! end4 ,!re=e ^? ?+s t are possess$ ( reason1 move !mselves to an end2 because !y h dom9ion ov] _! actions ?r\gh _! free-w1 :i* is ! faculty ( w & reason4 ,b ^? ?+s t lack reason t5d to an end1 by natural incl9ation1 z be+ mov$ by ano!r & n by !mselves2 s9ce !y d n "k ! nature ( an end z su*1 & consequ5tly _c orda9 any?+ to an end1 b c be orda9$ to an end only by ano!r4 ,= ! entire irrational nature is 9 comp>ison to ,god z an in/rum5t to ! pr9cipal ag5t1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b1 ad #d2 ,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,consequ5tly x is prop] to ! rational nature to t5d to an end1 z direct+ 7ag5s7 & lead+ itself to ! end3 :]eas x is prop] to ! irrational nature to t5d to an end1 z direct$ or l$ by ano!r1 :e!r x appreh5d ! end1 z d irrational animals1 or d n appreh5d x1 z is ! case ( ^? ?+s :i* are altoge!r void ( k4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a man ( himself acts = an end1 he kn[s ! end3 b :5 he is direct$ or l$ by ano!r1 = in/ance1 :5 he acts at ano!r's comm&1 or :5 he is mov$ "u ano!r's compulsion1 x is n necess>y t he %\ld "k ! end4 ,& x is ?us ) irrational creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to orda9 t[>ds an end belongs to t :i* directs itself to an end3 :]eas to be orda9$ to an end belongs to t :i* is direct$ by ano!r to an end4 ,& ?is c belong to an irrational nature1 b ow+ to "s "o possess$ ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( ! w is ! end & ! good 9 univ]sal4 ,consequ5tly !re c be no w 9 ^? ?+s t lack reason & intellect1 s9ce !y _c appreh5d ! univ]sal2 b !y h a natural appetite or a s5sitive appetite1 det]m9ate to "s p>ticul> good4 ,n[ x is cle> t p>ticul> causes are mov$ by a univ]sal cause3 ?us ! gov]nor ( a city1 :o int5ds ! common good1 moves1 by 8 comm&1 all ! p>ticul> dep>tm5ts ( ! city4 ,consequ5tly all ?+s t lack reason are1 ( necessity1 mov$ to _! p>ticul> ends by "s rational w :i* ext5ds to ! univ]sal good1 namely by ! ,div9e w4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,human ,acts ,are ,specifi$ by ,_! ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human acts are n specifi$ by _! end4 ,= ! end is an extr9sic cause4 ,b ev]y?+ is specifi$ by an intr9sic pr9ciple4 ,!re=e human acts are n specifi$ by _! end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* gives a ?+ its species %\ld exi/ be=e x4 ,b ! end comes into exi/5ce aft]w>ds4 ,!re=e a human act does n d]ive its species f ! end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o ?+ _c be 9 m ?an "o species4 ,b "o & ! same act may happ5 to be orda9$ to v>i\s ends4 ,!re=e ! end does n give ! species to human acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,mor4 ,eccl4 et ,mani*4 ii1 #ac73 ,accord+ z _! end is wor?y ( blame or praise s are our de$s wor?y ( blame or praise4 ,i answ] t1 ,ea* ?+ receives its species 9 respect ( an act & n 9 respect ( pot5tiality2 :]e=e ?+s compos$ ( matt] & =m are e/abli%$ 9 _! respective species by _! own =ms4 ,& ?is is also to be obs]v$ 9 prop] movem5ts4 ,= s9ce movem5ts are1 9 a way1 divid$ into action & passion1 ea* ( ^! receives its species f an act2 action inde$ f ! act :i* is ! pr9ciple ( act+1 & passion f ! act :i* is ! t]m9us ( ! movem5t4 ,:]e=e heat+1 z an action1 is no?+ else ?an a c]ta9 movem5t proce$+ f heat1 :ile heat+ z a passion is no?+ else ?an a movem5t t[>ds heat3 & x is ! def9ition t %[s ! specific nature4 ,& ei!r way1 human acts1 :e!r !y be consid]$ z actions1 or z passions1 receive _! species f ! end4 ,= human acts c be consid]$ 9 bo? ways1 s9ce man moves himself1 & is mov$ by himself4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 t acts are call$ human1 inasmu* z !y proce$ f a delib]ate w4 ,n[ ! object ( ! w is ! good & ! end4 ,& h5ce x is cle> t ! pr9ciple ( human acts1 9 s f> z !y are human1 is ! end4 ,9 l mann] x is _! t]m9us3 = ! human act t]m9ates at t :i* ! w int5ds z ! end2 ?us 9 natural ag5ts ! =m ( ! ?+ g5]at$ is con=m$ to ! =m ( ! g5]ator4 ,& s9ce1 z ,ambrose says 7,prolog4 sup] ,luc47 morality is said prop]ly ( man1 moral acts prop]ly speak+ receive _! species f ! end1 = moral acts are ! same z human acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! end is n altoge!r extr9sic to ! act1 because x is relat$ to ! act z pr9ciple or t]m9us2 & ?us x j ?is t is ess5tial to an act1 viz4 to proce$ f some?+1 consid]$ z action1 & to proce$ t[>ds some?+1 consid]$ z passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! end1 9 s f> z x pre-exi/s 9 ! int5tion1 p]ta9s to ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,& x is ?us t x gives ! species to ! human or moral act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o & ! same act1 9 s f> z x proce$s once f ! ag5t1 is orda9$ to b "o proximate end1 f :i* x has its species3 b x c be orda9$ to sev]al remote ends1 ( :i* "o is ! end ( ! o!r4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t an act :i* is "o 9 respect ( its natural species1 be orda9$ to sev]al ends ( ! w3 ?us ?is act to kill a man1 :i* is b "o act 9 respect ( its natural species1 c be orda9$1 z to an end1 to ! safegu>d+ ( ju/ice1 & to ! satisfy+ ( ang]3 ! result be+ t !re w\ld be sev]al acts 9 diff]5t species ( morality3 s9ce 9 "o way !re w be an act ( virtue1 9 ano!r1 an act ( vice4 ,= a movem5t does n receive its species f t :i* is its t]m9us accid5tally1 b only f t :i* is its p] se t]m9us4 ,n[ moral ends are accid5tal to a natural ?+1 & conv]sely ! relation to a natural end is accid5tal to morality4 ,consequ5tly !re is no reason :y acts :i* are ! same consid]$ 9 _! natural species1 %\ld n be div]se1 consid]$ 9 _! moral species1 & conv]sely4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,"o ,la/ ,end ( ,human ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no la/ end ( human life1 b t we proce$ to inf9ity4 ,= good is ess5tially diffusive1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,consequ5tly if t :i* proce$s f good is itself good1 ! latt] mu/ ne$s diffuse "s o!r good3 s t ! diffusion ( good goes on indef9itely4 ,b good has ! nature ( an end4 ,!re=e !re is an indef9ite s]ies ( ends4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! reason c be multipli$ to inf9ity3 ?us ma!matical quantities h no limit4 ,= ! same reason ! species ( numb]s are inf9ite1 s9ce1 giv5 any numb]1 ! reason c ?9k ( "o yet great]4 ,b desire ( ! end is consequ5t on ! appreh5sion ( ! reason4 ,!re=e x seems t !re is also an inf9ite s]ies ( ends4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! good & ! end is ! object ( ! w4 ,b ! w c react on itself an inf9ite numb] ( times3 = ,i c w some?+1 & w to w x1 & s on indef9itely4 ,!re=e !re is an inf9ite s]ies ( ends ( ! human w1 & !re is no la/ end ( ! human w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 ii1 #b7 t to suppose a ?+ to be indef9ite is to d5y t x is good4 ,b ! good is t :i* has ! nature ( an end4 ,!re=e x is contr>y to ! nature ( an end to proce$ indef9itely4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to fix "o la/ end4 ,i answ] t1 ,absolutely speak+1 x is n possible to proce$ indef9itely 9 ! matt] ( ends1 f any po9t ( view4 ,= 9 :atsoev] ?+s !re is an ess5tial ord] ( "o to ano!r1 if ! fir/ be remov$1 ^? t are orda9$ to ! fir/1 mu/ ( necessity be remov$ also4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #e7 t we _c proce$ to inf9itude 9 causes ( movem5t1 because !n !re w\ld be no fir/ mov]1 )\t :i* nei!r c ! o!rs move1 s9ce !y move only ?r\gh be+ mov$ by ! fir/ mov]4 ,n[ !re is to be obs]v$ a tw(old ord] 9 ends--! ord] ( int5tion & ! ord] ( execution3 & 9 ei!r ( ^! ord]s !re mu/ be some?+ fir/4 ,= t :i* is fir/ 9 ! ord] ( int5tion1 is ! pr9ciple1 z x 71 mov+ ! appetite2 consequ5tly1 if y remove ?is pr9ciple1 !re w be no?+ to move ! appetite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciple 9 execution is t :]e9 op]ation has its beg9n+2 & if ?is pr9ciple be tak5 away1 no "o w beg9 to "w4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple 9 ! int5tion is ! la/ end2 :ile ! pr9ciple 9 execution is ! fir/ ( ! ?+s :i* are orda9$ to ! end4 ,consequ5tly1 on nei!r side is x possible to g to inf9ity s9ce if !re 7 no la/ end1 no?+ w\ld be desir$1 nor w\ld any action h its t]m1 nor w\ld ! int5tion ( ! ag5t be at re/2 :ile if !re is no fir/ ?+ among ^? t are orda9$ to ! end1 none w\ld beg9 to "w at any?+1 & c\nsel w\ld h no t]m1 b w\ld cont9ue indef9itely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ h9d]s inf9ity f be+ 9 ?+s t are orda9$ to "o ano!r n ess5tially b accid5tally2 = accid5tal causes are indet]m9ate4 ,& 9 ?is way x happ5s t !re is an accid5tal inf9ity ( ends1 & ( ?+s orda9$ to ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! v nature ( good is t some?+ fl[s f x1 b n t x fl[s f some?+ else4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 good has ! nature ( end1 & ! fir/ good is ! la/ end1 ?is argum5t does n prove t !re is no la/ end2 b t f ! end1 already suppos$1 we may proce$ d[nw>ds indef9itely t[>ds ^? ?+s t are orda9$ to ! end4 ,& ?is w\ld be true if we consid]$ b ! p[] ( ! ,fir/ ,good1 :i* is inf9ite4 ,b1 s9ce ! ,fir/ ,good diffuses itself accord+ to ! intellect1 to :i* x is prop] to fl[ =? into its effects accord+ to a c]ta9 fix$ =m2 x foll[s t !re is a c]ta9 measure to ! fl[ ( good ?+s f ! ,fir/ ,good f ,:i* all o!r goods %>e ! p[] ( diffusion4 ,consequ5tly ! diffusion ( goods does n proce$ indef9itely b1 z x is writt5 7,wis4 #aa3ba71 ,god disposes all ?+s 9 numb]1 weight & measure4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?+s :i* are ( !mselves1 reason beg9s f pr9ciples t are kn[n naturally1 & advances to "s t]m4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] proves 7,po/]4 i1 #c7 t !re is no inf9ite process 9 demon/rations1 because !re we f9d a process ( ?+s hav+ an ess5tial1 n an accid5tal1 connection ) "o ano!r4 ,b 9 ^? ?+s :i* are accid5tally connect$1 no?+ h9d]s ! reason f proce$+ indef9itely4 ,n[ x is accid5tal to a /at$ quantity or numb]1 z su*1 t quantity or unity be add$ to x4 ,:]e=e 9 su* l ?+s no?+ h9d]s ! reason f an indef9ite process4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is multiplication ( acts ( ! w react+ on itself1 is accid5tal to ! ord] ( ends4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t 9 reg>d to "o & ! same end1 ! w reacts on itself indiff]5tly once or sev]al times4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,"o ,man ,c ,h ,sev]al ,la/ ,ends8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem possible = "o man's w to be direct$ at ! same "t to sev]al ?+s1 z la/ ends4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #a7 t "s held man's la/ end to consi/ 9 f\r ?+s1 viz4 9 pleasure1 repose1 ! gifts ( nature1 & virtue4 ,b ^! are cle>ly m ?an "o ?+4 ,!re=e "o man c place ! la/ end ( 8 w 9 _m ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s n 9 opposition to "o ano!r d n exclude "o ano!r4 ,n[ !re are _m ?+s :i* are n 9 opposition to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e ! supposition t "o ?+ is ! la/ end ( ! w does n exclude o!rs4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by ! fact t x places its la/ end 9 "o ?+1 ! w does n lose its fre$om4 ,b be=e x plac$ its la/ end 9 t ?+1 e4g4 pleasure1 x c\ld place x 9 some?+ else1 e4g4 ri*es4 ,!re=e ev5 aft] hav+ plac$ 8 la/ end 9 pleasure1 a man c at ! same "t place 8 la/ end 9 ri*es4 ,!re=e x is possible = "o man's w to be direct$ at ! same "t to sev]al ?+s1 z la/ ends4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t 9 :i* a man re/s z 9 8 la/ end1 is ma/] ( 8 affections1 s9ce he takes !refrom 8 entire rule ( life4 ,h5ce ( gluttons x is writt5 7,phil4 #c3ai73 ,^: god is _! belly3 viz4 because !y place _! la/ end 9 ! pleasures ( ! belly4 ,n[ accord+ to ,matt4 #f3bd1 ,no man c s]ve two ma/]s1 su*1 namely1 z are n orda9$ to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e x is impossible = "o man to h sev]al la/ ends n orda9$ to "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = "o man's w to be direct$ at ! same "t to div]se ?+s1 z la/ ends4 ,?ree reasons may be assign$ = ?is4 ,fir/1 because1 s9ce ev]y?+ desires its own p]fection1 a man desires = 8 ultimate end1 t :i* he desires z 8 p]fect & cr[n+ good4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #a73 ,9 speak+ ( ! end ( good we mean n[1 n t x passes away s z to be no m1 b t x is p]fect$ s z to be complete4 ,x is !re=e necess>y = ! la/ end s to fill man's appetite1 t no?+ is left besides x = man to desire4 ,:i* is n possible1 if some?+ else be requir$ = 8 p]fection4 ,consequ5tly x is n possible = ! appetite s to t5d to two ?+s1 z ?\gh ea* 7 its p]fect good4 ,! second reason is because1 j z 9 ! process ( reason+1 ! pr9ciple is t :i* is naturally kn[n1 s 9 ! process ( ! rational appetite1 i4e4 ! w1 ! pr9ciple ne$s to be t :i* is naturally desir$4 ,n[ ?is mu/ ne$s be "o3 s9ce nature t5ds to "o ?+ only4 ,b ! pr9ciple 9 ! process ( ! rational appetite is ! la/ end4 ,!re=e t to :i* ! w t5ds1 z to its la/ end1 is "o4 ,! ?ird reason is because1 s9ce volunt>y actions receive _! species f ! end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 !y mu/ ne$s receive _! g5us f ! la/ end1 :i* is common to !m all3 j z natural ?+s are plac$ 9 a g5us accord+ to a common =m4 ,s9ce1 !n1 all ?+s t c be desir$ by ! w1 belong1 z su*1 to "o g5us1 ! la/ end mu/ ne$s be "o4 ,& all ! m because 9 e g5us !re is "o fir/ pr9ciple2 & ! la/ end has ! nature ( a fir/ pr9ciple1 z /at$ above4 ,n[ z ! la/ end ( man1 simply z man1 is to ! :ole human race1 s is ! la/ end ( any individual man to t individual4 ,!re=e1 j z ( all m5 !re is naturally "o la/ end1 s ! w ( an individual man mu/ be fix$ on "o la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ^! sev]al objects 7 consid]$ z "o p]fect good result+ !refrom1 by ^? :o plac$ 9 !m ! la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh x is possible to f9d sev]al ?+s :i* are n 9 opposition to "o ano!r1 yet x is contr>y to a ?+'s p]fect good1 t any?+ besides be requir$ = t ?+'s p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p[] ( ! w does n ext5d to mak+ opposites exi/ at ! same "t4 ,:i* w\ld be ! case 7 x to t5d to sev]al div]se objects z la/ ends1 z has be5 %[n above 7ad #b74 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,man ,wills ,all1 ,:atsoev] ,he ,wills1 = ! ,la/ ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man does n w all1 :atsoev] he wills1 = ! la/ end4 ,= ?+s orda9$ to ! la/ end are said to be s]i\s matt]1 z be+ useful4 ,b je/s are =eign to s]i\s matt]4 ,!re=e :at man does 9 je/1 he orda9s n to ! la/ end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,metaphysics 7i4 #b7 t speculative sci5ce is s\ght = its own sake4 ,n[ x _c be said t ea* speculative sci5ce is ! la/ end4 ,!re=e man does n desire all1 :atsoev] he desires1 = ! la/ end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :osoev] orda9s some?+ to an end1 ?9ks ( t end4 ,b man does n always ?9k ( ! la/ end 9 all t he desires or does4 ,!re=e man nei!r desires nor does all = ! la/ end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #a73 ,t is ! end ( our good1 = ! sake ( :i* we love o!r ?+s1 :]eas we love x = its own sake4 ,i answ] t1 ,man mu/1 ( necessity1 desire all1 :atsoev] he desires1 = ! la/ end4 ,?is is evid5t = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because :atev] man desires1 he desires x "u ! aspect ( good4 ,& if he desire x1 n z 8 p]fect good1 :i* is ! la/ end1 he mu/1 ( necessity1 desire x z t5d+ to ! p]fect good1 because ! beg9n+ ( any?+ is always orda9$ to its completion2 z is cle>ly ! case 9 effects bo? ( nature & ( art4 ,:]e=e e beg9n+ ( p]fection is orda9$ to complete p]fection :i* is a*iev$ ?r\gh ! la/ end4 ,secondly1 because ! la/ end /&s 9 ! same relation 9 mov+ ! appetite1 z ! fir/ mov] 9 o!r movem5ts4 ,n[ x is cle> t second>y mov+ causes d n move save inasmu* z !y are mov$ by ! fir/ mov]4 ,!re=e second>y objects ( ! appetite d n move ! appetite1 except z orda9$ to ! fir/ object ( ! appetite1 :i* is ! la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,actions done je/+ly are n direct$ to any ext]nal end2 b m]ely to ! good ( ! je/]1 9 s f> z !y af=d him pleasure or relaxation4 ,b man's consummate good is 8 la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same applies to speculative sci5ce2 :i* is desir$ z ! sci5ti/'s good1 includ$ 9 complete & p]fect good1 :i* is ! ultimate end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o ne$ n always be ?9k+ ( ! la/ end1 :5ev] "o desires or does some?+3 b ! virtue ( ! fir/ int5tion1 :i* 0 9 respect ( ! la/ end1 rema9s 9 e desire direct$ to any object :atev]1 ev5 ?\gh "o's ?\ghts be n actually direct$ to ! la/ end4 ,?us :ile walk+ along ! road "o ne$s n to be ?9k+ ( ! end at e /ep4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,all ,m5 ,h ! ,same ,la/ ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all m5 h n ! same la/ end4 ,= be=e all else ! un*angeable good seems to be ! la/ end ( man4 ,b "s turn away f ! un*angeable good1 by s9n+4 ,!re=e all m5 h n ! same la/ end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man's entire life is rul$ accord+ to 8 la/ end4 ,if1 !re=e1 all m5 _h ! same la/ end1 !y w\ld n h v>i\s pursuits 9 life4 ,:i* is evid5tly false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! end is ! t]m ( action4 ,b actions are ( individuals4 ,n[ al?\gh m5 agree 9 _! specific nature1 yet !y diff] 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to individuals4 ,!re=e all m5 h n ! same la/ end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #c7 t all m5 agree 9 desir+ ! la/ end1 :i* is happ9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,we c speak ( ! la/ end 9 two ways3 fir/1 consid]+ only ! aspect ( la/ end2 secondly1 consid]+ ! ?+ 9 :i* ! aspect ( la/ end is realiz$4 ,s1 !n1 z to ! aspect ( la/ end1 all agree 9 desir+ ! la/ end3 s9ce all desire ! fulfilm5t ( _! p]fection1 & x is precisely ?is fulfilm5t 9 :i* ! la/ end consi/s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,b z to ! ?+ 9 :i* ?is aspect is realiz$1 all m5 are n agre$ z to _! la/ end3 s9ce "s desire ri*es z _! consummate good2 "s1 pleasure2 o!rs1 some?+ else4 ,?us to e ta/e ! sweet is pleasant b to "s1 ! sweetness ( w9e is mo/ pleasant1 to o!rs1 ! sweetness ( honey1 or ( some?+ simil>4 ,yet t sweet is absolutely ! be/ ( all pleasant ?+s1 9 :i* he :o has ! be/ ta/e takes mo/ pleasure4 ,9 l mann] t good is mo/ complete :i* ! man ) well dispos$ affections desires = 8 la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? :o s9 turn f t 9 :i* _! la/ end really consi/s3 b !y d n turn away f ! int5tion ( ! la/ end1 :i* int5tion !y mi/ak5ly seek 9 o!r ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,v>i\s pursuits 9 life are f\nd among m5 by reason ( ! v>i\s ?+s 9 :i* m5 seek to f9d _! la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh actions are ( individuals1 yet _! fir/ pr9ciple ( action is nature1 :i* t5ds to "o ?+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,o!r ,creatures ,concur 9 ,t ,la/ ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all o!r creatures concur 9 man's la/ end4 ,= ! end corresponds to ! beg9n+4 ,b man's beg9n+--i4e4 ,god--is also ! beg9n+ ( all else4 ,!re=e all o!r ?+s concur 9 man's la/ end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ,god turns all ?+s to ,himself z to _! la/ end4 ,b ,he is also man's la/ end2 because ,he alone is to be enjoy$ by man1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #e1 #bb74 ,!re=e o!r ?+s1 too1 concur 9 man's la/ end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man's la/ end is ! object ( ! w4 ,b ! object ( ! w is ! univ]sal good1 :i* is ! end ( all4 ,!re=e o!r ?+s1 too1 concur 9 man's la/ end4 ,on ! contr>y1 man's la/ end is happ9ess2 :i* all m5 desire1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #c1 #d74 ,b happ9ess is n possible = animals b]eft ( reason1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #e74 ,!re=e o!r ?+s d n concur 9 man's la/ end4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #b71 ! end is tw(old--! end = :i* & ! end by :i*2 viz4 ! ?+ itself 9 :i* is f\nd ! aspect ( good1 & ! use or acquisition ( t ?+4 ,?us we say t ! end ( ! movem5t ( a weighty body is ei!r a l[] place z ?+1 or to be 9 a l[] place1 z use2 & ! end ( ! mis] is money z ?+1 or possession ( money z use4 ,if1 !re=e1 we speak ( man's la/ end z ( ! ?+ :i* is ! end1 ?us all o!r ?+s concur 9 man's la/ end1 s9ce ,god is ! la/ end ( man & ( all o!r ?+s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( man's la/ end1 z ( ! acquisition ( ! end1 !n irrational creatures d n concur ) man 9 ?is end4 ,= man & o!r rational creatures atta9 to _! la/ end by kn[+ & lov+ ,god3 ?is is n possible to o!r creatures1 :i* acquire _! la/ end1 9 s f> z !y %>e 9 ! ,div9e lik5ess1 inasmu* z !y are1 or live1 or ev5 "k4 ,h5ce x is evid5t h[ ! objections are solv$3 s9ce happ9ess means ! acquisition ( ! la/ end4 ,,"q #b ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,9 ,,:i* ,,man',s ,,happ9ess ,,consi/s 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] happ9ess3 & 7#a7 9 :at x consi/s2 7#b7 :at x is2 7#c7 h[ we c obta9 x4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r happ9ess consi/s 9 weal?8 7#b7 ,:e!r 9 honor8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 fame or glory8 7#d7 ,:e!r 9 p[]8 7#e7 ,:e!r 9 any good ( ! body8 7#f7 ,:e!r 9 pleasure8 7#g7 ,:e!r 9 any good ( ! s\l8 7#h7 ,:e!r 9 any creat$ good8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ,weal?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 weal?4 ,= s9ce happ9ess is man's la/ end1 x mu/ consi/ 9 t :i* has ! greate/ hold on man's affections4 ,n[ ?is is weal?3 = x is writt5 7,eccles4 #aj3ai73 ,all ?+s obey money4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 weal?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 iii71 happ9ess is a /ate ( life made p]fect by ! aggregate ( all good ?+s4 ,n[ money seems to be ! means ( possess+ all ?+s3 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #e71 money 0 inv5t$1 t x might be a sort ( gu>antee = ! acquisition ( :atev] man desires4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 weal?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! desire = ! sov]eign good nev] fails1 x seems to be inf9ite4 ,b ?is is ! case ) ri*es m ?an any?+ else2 s9ce a covet\s man %all n be satisfi$ ) ri*es 7,eccles4 #e3i74 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 weal?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man's good consi/s 9 reta9+ happ9ess r ?an 9 spread+ x4 ,b z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 ii71 weal? %9es 9 giv+ r ?an 9 ho>d+3 = ! mis] is hateful1 :]eas ! g5]\s man is applaud$4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess does n consi/ 9 weal?4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = man's happ9ess to consi/ 9 weal?4 ,= weal? is tw(old1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #c71 viz4 natural & artificial4 ,natural weal? is t :i* s]ves man z a rem$y = 8 natural wants3 su* z food1 dr9k1 clo?+1 c>s1 dwell+s1 & su* l1 :ile artificial weal? is t :i* is n a direct help to nature1 z money1 b is inv5t$ by ! art ( man1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ex*ange1 & z a measure ( ?+s salable4 ,n[ x is evid5t t man's happ9ess _c consi/ 9 natural weal?4 ,= weal? ( ?is k9d is s\ght = ! sake ( some?+ else1 viz4 z a support ( human nature3 consequ5tly x _c be man's la/ end1 r is x orda9$ to man z to its end4 ,:]e=e 9 ! ord] ( nature1 all su* ?+s are bel[ man1 & made = him1 accord+ to ,ps4 #h3h3 ,?\ ha/ subject$ all ?+s "u 8 feet4 ,& z to artificial weal?1 x is n s\ght save = ! sake ( natural weal?2 s9ce man w\ld n seek x except because1 by its means1 he procures = himself ! necess>ies ( life4 ,consequ5tly mu* less c x be consid]$ 9 ! light ( ! la/ end4 ,!re=e x is impossible = happ9ess1 :i* is ! la/ end ( man1 to consi/ 9 weal?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all mat]ial ?+s obey money1 s f> z ! multitude ( fools is conc]n$1 :o "k no o!r ?an mat]ial goods1 :i* c be obta9$ = money4 ,b we %\ld take our e/imation ( human goods n f ! fooli% b f ! wise3 j z x is = a p]son ^: s5se ( ta/e is 9 good ord]1 to judge :e!r a ?+ is palatable4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ?+s salable c be _h = money3 n s spiritual ?+s1 :i* _c be sold4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #ag3af73 ,:at do? x avail a fool to h ri*es1 see+ he _c buy wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! desire = natural ri*es is n inf9ite3 because !y suffice = nature 9 a c]ta9 measure4 ,b ! desire = artificial weal? is inf9ite1 = x is ! s]vant ( disord]$ concupisc5ce1 :i* is n curb$1 z ! ,philosoph] makes cle> 7,polit4 i1 #c74 ,yet ?is desire = weal? is inf9ite o!rwise ?an ! desire = ! sov]eign good4 ,= ! m p]fectly ! sov]eign good is possess$1 ! m x is lov$1 & o!r ?+s despis$3 because ! m we possess x1 ! m we "k x4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bd3bi73 ,!y t eat me %all yet hung]4 ,:]eas 9 ! desire = weal? & = :atsoev] temporal goods1 ! contr>y is ! case3 = :5 we already possess !m1 we despise !m1 & seek o!rs3 :i* is ! s5se ( ,our ,"l's words 7,john #d3ac73 ,:osoev] dr9ke? ( ?is wat]1 by :i* temporal goods are signifi$1 %all ?ir/ aga94 ,! reason ( ?is is t we realize m _! insuffici5cy :5 we possess !m3 & ?is v fact %[s t !y are imp]fect1 & ! sov]eign good does n consi/ !re94 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ,honors8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 honors4 ,= happ9ess or bliss is ! rew>d ( virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #i74 ,b honor m ?an any?+ else seems to be t by :i* virtue is rew>d$1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s especially 9 honor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* belongs to ,god & to p]sons ( great excell5ce seems especially to be happ9ess1 :i* is ! p]fect good4 ,b t is honor1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,moreov]1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3ag73 ,to 4 4 4 ! only ,god be honor & glory4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 honor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* man desires above all is happ9ess4 ,b no?+ seems m desirable to man ?an honor3 s9ce man suff]s loss 9 all o!r ?+s1 le/ he %\ld suff] loss ( honor4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 honor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,happ9ess is 9 ! happy4 ,b honor is n 9 ! honor$1 b r 9 him :o honors1 & :o (f]s def]5ce to ! p]son honor$1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #e74 ,!re=e happ9ess does n consi/ 9 honor4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = happ9ess to consi/ 9 honor4 ,= honor is giv5 to a man on acc\nt ( "s excell5ce 9 him2 & consequ5tly x is a sign & atte/ation ( ! excell5ce t is 9 ! p]son honor$4 ,n[ a man's excell5ce is 9 proportion1 especially to 8 happ9ess1 :i* is man's p]fect good2 & to its p>ts1 i4e4 ^? goods by :i* he has a c]ta9 %>e ( happ9ess4 ,& !re=e honor c result f happ9ess1 b happ9ess _c pr9cipally consi/ !re94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #e71 honor is n t rew>d ( virtue1 = :i* ! virtu\s "w3 b !y receive honor f m5 by way ( rew>d1 z f ^? :o h no?+ great] to (f]4 ,b virtue's true rew>d is happ9ess itself1 = :i* ! virtu\s "w3 :]eas if !y work$ = honor1 x w\ld no long] be a virtue1 b ambition4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,honor is due to ,god & to p]sons ( great excell5ce z a sign ( atte/ation ( excell5ce already exi/+3 n t honor makes !m excell5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t man desires honor above all else1 arises f 8 natural desire = happ9ess1 f :i* honor results1 z /at$ above4 ,:]e=e man seeks to be honor$ especially by ! wise1 on ^: judgm5t he believes himself to be excell5t or happy4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ,fame or ,glory8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 glory4 ,= happ9ess seems to consi/ 9 t :i* is paid to ! sa9ts = ! trials !y h und]gone 9 ! _w4 ,b ?is is glory3 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3ah73 ,! suff]+s ( ?is "t are n wor?y to be comp>$ ) ! glory to come1 t %all be reveal$ 9 u4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 glory4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 good is diffusive ( itself1 z /at$ by ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b man's good is spread abroad 9 ! k ( o!rs by glory m ?an by any?+ else3 s9ce1 accord+ to ,ambrose 99,augu/9e1 ,contra ,maxim4 ,arian4 ii4 #ac1 glory consi/s 9 be+ well kn[n & prais$4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 glory4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! mo/ endur+ good4 ,n[ ?is seems to be fame or glory2 because by ?is m5 atta9 to et]nity aft] a fa%ion4 ,h5ce ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 ii73 ,y seem to beget unto y\rselves et]nity1 :5 y ?9k ( y\r fame 9 future "t4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 fame or glory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,happ9ess is man's true good4 ,b x happ5s t fame or glory is false3 = z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii71 _m owe _! r5[n to ! ly+ reports spread among ! p4 ,c any?+ be m %ameful8 ,= ^? :o receive false fame1 mu/ ne$s blu% at _! own praise4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess does n consi/ 9 fame or glory4 ,i answ] t1 ,man's happ9ess _c consi/ 9 human fame or glory4 ,= glory consi/s 9 be+ well kn[n & prais$1 z ,ambrose 99,augu/9e1 ,contra ,maxim4 ,arian4 ii1 #ac says4 ,n[ ! ?+ kn[n is relat$ to human k o!rwise ?an to ,god's k3 = human k is caus$ by ! ?+s kn[n1 :]eas ,god's k is ! cause ( ! ?+s kn[n4 ,:]e=e ! p]fection ( human good1 :i* is call$ happ9ess1 _c be caus$ by human k3 b r human k ( ano!r's happ9ess proce$s f1 &1 9 a fa%ion1 is caus$ by1 human happ9ess itself1 in*oate or p]fect4 ,consequ5tly man's happ9ess _c consi/ 9 fame or glory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man's good dep5ds on ,god's k z its cause4 ,& !re=e man's beatitude dep5ds1 z on its cause1 on ! glory :i* man has ) ,god2 accord+ to ,ps4 #ij3ae1 #af3 ,i w deliv] him1 & ,i w glorify him2 ,i w fill him ) l5g? ( days1 & ,i w %[ him my salvation4 ,fur!rmore1 we mu/ obs]ve t human k (t5 fails1 especially 9 cont+5t s+ul>s1 su* z are human acts4 ,= ?is reason human glory is frequ5tly deceptive4 ,b s9ce ,god _c be deceiv$1 ,8 glory is always true2 h5ce x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #aj3ah73 ,he 4 4 4 is approv$ 4 4 4 :om ,god comm5de?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le speaks1 !n1 n ( ! glory :i* is ) m51 b ( ! glory :i* is f ,god1 ) ,8 ,angels4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,mk4 #h3ch73 ,! ,son ( ,man %all confess him 9 ! glory ( ,8 ,fa!r1 be=e ,8 angels 99,/4 ,?omas jo9s ,mk4 #h3ch ) ,luke #ab3h ow+ to a possible v>iant 9 8 text1 or to ! fact t he 0 quot+ f memory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man's good :i*1 ?r\gh fame or glory1 is 9 ! k ( _m1 if ?is k be true1 mu/ ne$s be d]iv$ f good exi/+ 9 ! man himself3 & h5ce x presupposes p]fect or in*oate happ9ess4 ,b if ! k be false1 x does n h>monize ) ! ?+3 & ?us good does n exi/ 9 him :o is look$ ^u z fam\s4 ,h5ce x foll[s t fame c n[ise make man happy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fame has no /ability2 9 fact1 x is easily ru9$ by false report4 ,& if sometimes x endures1 ?is is by accid5t4 ,b happ9ess endures ( itself1 & = ev]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t happ9ess consi/s 9 p[]4 ,= all ?+s desire to become l to ,god1 z to _! la/ end & fir/ beg9n+4 ,b m5 :o are 9 p[]1 seem1 on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( p[]1 to be mo/ l to ,god3 h5ce also 9 ,scripture !y are call$ gods 7,ex4 #bb3bh71 ,?\ %alt n speak ill ( ! gods4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! p]fect good4 ,b ! highe/ p]fection = man is to be able to rule o!rs2 :i* belongs to ^? :o are 9 p[]4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce happ9ess is supremely desirable1 x is contr>y to t :i* is be=e all to be %unn$4 ,b1 m ?an aught else1 m5 %un s]vitude1 :i* is contr>y to p[]4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,happ9ess is ! p]fect good4 ,b p[] is mo/ imp]fect4 ,= z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii71 ! p[] ( man _c relieve ! gnaw+s ( c>e1 nor c x avoid ! ?orny pa? ( anxiety3 & fur!r on3 ,?9k y a man is p[]ful :o is surr\nd$ by att5dants1 :om he inspires ) fe> inde$1 b :om he fe>s /ill m8 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = happ9ess to consi/ 9 p[]2 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/ because p[] has ! nature ( pr9ciple1 z is /at$ 9 ,metaph4 v1 #ab1 :]eas happ9ess has ! nature ( la/ end4 ,secondly1 because p[] has relation to good & evil3 :]eas happ9ess is man's prop] & p]fect good4 ,:]e=e "s happ9ess might consi/ 9 ! good use ( p[]1 :i* is by virtue1 r ?an 9 p[] itself4 ,n[ f\r g5]al reasons may be giv5 to prove t happ9ess consi/s 9 none ( ! =ego+ ext]nal goods4 ,fir/1 because1 s9ce happ9ess is man's supreme good1 x is incompatible ) any evil4 ,n[ all ! =ego+ c be f\nd bo? 9 good & 9 evil m54 ,secondly1 because1 s9ce x is ! nature ( happ9ess to satisfy ( itself1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #g1 hav+ ga9$ happ9ess1 man _c lack any ne$ful good4 ,b aft] acquir+ any "o ( ! =ego+1 man may /ill lack _m goods t are necess>y to him2 = in/ance1 wisdom1 bodily heal?1 & su* l4 ,?irdly1 because1 s9ce happ9ess is ! p]fect good1 no evil c accrue to anyone !refrom4 ,?is _c be said ( ! =ego+3 = x is writt5 7,eccles4 #e3ab7 t ri*es are sometimes kept to ! hurt ( ! own]2 & ! same may be said ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,f\r?ly1 because man is orda9$ to happ9ess ?r\gh pr9ciples t are 9 him2 s9ce he is orda9$ !reto naturally4 ,n[ ! f\r goods m5tion$ above are due r to ext]nal causes1 & 9 mo/ cases to =tune2 = :i* reason !y are call$ goods ( =tune4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t happ9ess n[ise consi/s 9 ! =ego+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god's p[] is ,8 goodness3 h5ce ,he _c use ,8 p[] o!rwise ?an well4 ,b x is n s ) m54 ,consequ5tly x is n en\gh = man's happ9ess1 t he become l ,god 9 p[]1 unless he become l ,him 9 goodness also4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z x is a v good ?+ = a man to make good use ( p[] 9 rul+ _m1 s is x a v bad ?+ if he makes a bad use ( x4 ,& s x is t p[] is t[>ds good & evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s]vitude is a h9drance to ! good use ( p[]3 !re=e is x t m5 naturally %un x2 n because man's supreme good consi/s 9 p[]4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ,any ,bodily ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 bodily goods4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cj3af73 ,!re is no ri*es above ! ri*es ( ! heal? ( ! body4 ,b happ9ess consi/s 9 t :i* is be/4 ,!re=e x consi/s 9 ! heal? ( ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v71 t to be is bett] ?an to live1 & to live is bett] ?an all t foll[s4 ,b = man's be+ & liv+1 ! heal? ( ! body is necess>y4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 happ9ess is man's supreme good1 x seems t heal? ( ! body belongs m ?an any?+ else to happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m univ]sal a ?+ is1 ! high] ! pr9ciple f :i* x dep5ds2 because ! high] a cause is1 ! great] ! scope ( its p[]4 ,n[ j z ! causality ( ! effici5t cause consi/s 9 its fl[+ into some?+1 s ! causality ( ! end consi/s 9 its draw+ ! appetite4 ,!re=e1 j z ! ,fir/ ,cause is t :i* fl[s into all ?+s1 s ! la/ end is t :i* attracts ! desire ( all4 ,b be+ itself is t :i* is mo/ desir$ by all4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s mo/ ( all 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to 8 be+1 su* z ! heal? ( ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man surpasses all o!r animals 9 reg>d to happ9ess4 ,b 9 bodily goods he is surpass$ by _m animals2 = in/ance1 by ! elephant 9 longevity1 by ! lion 9 /r5g?1 by ! /ag 9 fleetness4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess does n consi/ 9 goods ( ! body4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = man's happ9ess to consi/ 9 ! goods ( ! body2 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because1 if a ?+ be orda9$ to ano!r z to its end1 its la/ end _c consi/ 9 ! pres]vation ( its be+4 ,h5ce a capta9 does n int5d z a la/ end1 ! pres]vation ( ! %ip entru/$ to him1 s9ce a %ip is orda9$ to some?+ else z its end1 viz4 to navigation4 ,n[ j z ! %ip is entru/$ to ! capta9 t he may /e] its c\rse1 s man is giv5 ov] to 8 w & reason2 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ae3ad3 ,god made man f ! beg9n+ & left him 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel4 ,n[ x is evid5t t man is orda9$ to some?+ z 8 end3 s9ce man is n ! supreme good4 ,!re=e ! la/ end ( man's reason & w _c be ! pres]vation ( man's be+4 ,secondly1 because1 grant$ t ! end ( man's w & reason be ! pres]vation ( man's be+1 x c\ld n be said t ! end ( man is "s good ( ! body4 ,= man's be+ consi/s 9 s\l & body2 & ?\gh ! be+ ( ! body dep5ds on ! s\l1 yet ! be+ ( ! human s\l dep5ds n on ! body1 z %[n above 7,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b72 & ! v body is = ! s\l1 z matt] = its =m1 & ! in/rum5ts = ! man t puts !m into motion1 t by _! means he may d 8 "w4 ,:]e=e all goods ( ! body are orda9$ to ! goods ( ! s\l1 z to _! end4 ,consequ5tly happ9ess1 :i* is man's la/ end1 _c consi/ 9 goods ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! body is orda9$ to ! s\l1 z its end1 s are ext]nal goods orda9$ to ! body itself4 ,& !re=e x is ) reason t ! good ( ! body is pref]r$ to ext]nal goods1 :i* are signifi$ by ri*es1 j z ! good ( ! s\l is pref]r$ to all bodily goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,be+ tak5 simply1 z includ+ all p]fection ( be+1 surpasses life & all t foll[s x2 = ?us be+ itself includes all ^!4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,dionysius speaks4 ,b if we consid] be+ itself z p>ticipat$ 9 ?is or t ?+1 :i* does n possess ! :ole p]fection ( be+1 b has imp]fect be+1 su* z ! be+ ( any creature2 !n x is evid5t t be+ itself toge!r ) an additional p]fection is m excell5t4 ,h5ce 9 ! same passage ,dionysius says t ?+s t live are bett] ?an ?+s t exi/1 & intellig5t bett] ?an liv+ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! end corresponds to ! beg9n+2 ?is argum5t proves t ! la/ end is ! fir/ beg9n+ ( be+1 9 ,:om e p]fection ( be+ is3 ,^: lik5ess1 accord+ to _! proportion1 "s desire z to be+ only1 "s z to liv+ be+1 "s z to be+ :i* is liv+1 intellig5t & happy4 ,& ?is belongs to few4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 pleasure4 ,= s9ce happ9ess is ! la/ end1 x is n desir$ = some?+ else1 b o!r ?+s = x4 ,b ?is answ]s to pleasure m ?an to any?+ else3 = x is absurd to ask anyone :at is 8 motive 9 wi%+ to be pleas$ 7,e?ic4 x1 #b74 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s pr9cipally 9 pleasure & delight4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ cause goes m deeply into ! effect ?an ! second cause 7,de ,causis i74 ,n[ ! causality ( ! end consi/s 9 its attract+ ! appetite4 ,!re=e1 seem+ly t :i* moves mo/ ! appetite1 answ]s to ! notion ( ! la/ end4 ,n[ ?is is pleasure3 & a sign ( ?is is t delight s f> absorbs man's w & reason1 t x causes him to despise o!r goods4 ,!re=e x seems t man's la/ end1 :i* is happ9ess1 consi/s pr9cipally 9 pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce desire is = good1 x seems t :at all desire is be/4 ,b all desire delight2 bo? wise & fooli%1 & ev5 irrational creatures4 ,!re=e delight is ! be/ ( all4 ,!re=e happ9ess1 :i* is ! supreme good1 consi/s 9 pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii73 ,any "o t *ooses to look back on 8 pa/ excesses1 w p]ceive t pleasures _h a sad end+3 & if !y c r5d] a man happy1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n say t ! v bea/s are happy too4 ,i answ] t1 ,because bodily delights are m g5]ally kn[n1 ! "n ( pleasure has be5 appropriat$ to !m 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ac71 al?\gh o!r delights excel !m3 & yet happ9ess does n consi/ 9 !m4 ,because 9 e ?+1 t :i* p]ta9s to its ess5ce is di/9ct f its prop] accid5t3 ?us 9 man x is "o ?+ t he is a mortal rational animal1 & ano!r t he is a risible animal4 ,we mu/ !re=e consid] t e delight is a prop] accid5t result+ f happ9ess1 or f "s "p ( happ9ess2 s9ce ! reason t a man is delight$ is t he has "s fitt+ good1 ei!r 9 reality1 or 9 hope1 or at lea/ 9 memory4 ,n[ a fitt+ good1 if inde$ x be ! p]fect good1 is precisely man's happ9ess3 & if x is imp]fect1 x is a %>e ( happ9ess1 ei!r proximate1 or remote1 or at lea/ app>5t4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t nei!r is delight1 :i* results f ! p]fect good1 ! v ess5ce ( happ9ess1 b some?+ result+ !refrom z its prop] accid5t4 ,b bodily pleasure _c result f ! p]fect good ev5 9 t way4 ,= x results f a good appreh5d$ by s5se1 :i* is a p[] ( ! s\l1 :i* p[] makes use ( ! body4 ,n[ good p]ta9+ to ! body1 & appreh5d$ by s5se1 _c be man's p]fect good4 ,= s9ce ! rational s\l excels ! capacity ( corporeal matt]1 t "p ( ! s\l :i* is indep5d5t ( a corporeal organ1 has a c]ta9 inf9ity 9 reg>d to ! body & ^? p>ts ( ! s\l :i* are ti$ d[n to ! body3 j z immat]ial ?+s are 9 a way inf9ite z comp>$ to mat]ial ?+s1 s9ce a =m is1 aft] a fa%ion1 contract$ & b\nd$ by matt]1 s t a =m :i* is indep5d5t ( matt] is1 9 a way1 inf9ite4 ,!re=e s5se1 :i* is a p[] ( ! body1 kn[s ! s+ul>1 :i* is det]m9ate ?r\gh matt]3 :]eas ! intellect1 :i* is a p[] indep5d5t ( matt]1 kn[s ! univ]sal1 :i* is ab/ract$ f matt]1 & conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( s+ul>s4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t good :i* is fitt+ to ! body1 & :i* causes bodily delight ?r\gh be+ appreh5d$ by s5se1 is n man's p]fect good1 b is q a trifle z comp>$ ) ! good ( ! s\l4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3i7 t all gold 9 comp>ison ( h]1 is z a little s&4 ,& !re=e bodily pleasure is nei!r happ9ess itself1 nor a prop] accid5t ( happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x comes to ! same :e!r we desire good1 or desire delight1 :i* is no?+ else ?an ! appetite's re/ 9 good3 ?us x is ow+ to ! same natural =ce t a weighty body is borne d[nw>ds & t x re/s !re4 ,consequ5tly j z good is desir$ = itself1 s delight is desir$ = itself & n = any?+ else1 if ! preposition = d5ote ! f9al cause4 ,b if x d5ote ! =mal or r ! motive cause1 ?us delight is desirable = some?+ else1 i4e4 = ! good1 :i* is ! object ( t delight1 & consequ5tly is its pr9ciple1 & gives x its =m3 = ! reason t delight is desir$ is t x is re/ 9 ! ?+ desir$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! vehem5ce ( desire = s5sible delight arises f ! fact t op]ations ( ! s5ses1 ?r\gh be+ ! pr9ciples ( our k1 are m p]ceptible4 ,& s x is t s5sible pleasures are desir$ by ! majority4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all desire delight 9 ! same way z !y desire good3 & yet !y desire delight by reason ( ! good & n conv]sely1 z /at$ above 7ad #a74 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t delight is ! supreme & ess5tial good1 b t e delight results f "s good1 & t "s delight results f t :i* is ! ess5tial & supreme good4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,"s ,good ( ! ,s\l ,con/itutes ,man's ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "s good ( ! s\l con/itutes man's happ9ess4 ,= happ9ess is man's good4 ,n[ ?is is ?reefold3 ext]nal goods1 goods ( ! body1 & goods ( ! s\l4 ,b happ9ess does n consi/ 9 ext]nal goods1 nor 9 goods ( ! body1 z %[n above 7,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,!re=e x consi/s 9 goods ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we love t = :i* we desire good1 m ?an ! good t we desire = x3 ?us we love a fri5d = :om we desire money1 m ?an we love money4 ,b :atev] good a man desires1 he desires x = himself4 ,!re=e he loves himself m ?an all o!r goods4 ,n[ happ9ess is :at is lov$ above all3 :i* is evid5t f ! fact t = its sake all else is lov$ & desir$4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 "s good ( man himself3 n1 h[ev]1 9 goods ( ! body2 !re=e1 9 goods ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 p]fection is some?+ belong+ to t :i* is p]fect$4 ,b happ9ess is a p]fection ( man4 ,!re=e happ9ess is some?+ belong+ to man4 ,b x is n some?+ belong+ to ! body1 z %[n above 7,a4 #e74 ,!re=e x is some?+ belong+ to ! s\l2 & ?us x consi/s 9 goods ( ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bb71 t :i* con/itutes ! life ( happ9ess is to be lov$ = its own sake4 ,b man is n to be lov$ = 8 own sake1 b :atev] is 9 man is to be lov$ = ,god's sake4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 no good ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h71 ! end is tw(old3 namely1 ! ?+ itself1 :i* we desire to atta91 & ! use1 namely1 ! atta9m5t or possession ( t ?+4 ,if1 !n1 we speak ( man's la/ end1 x is impossible = man's la/ end to be ! s\l itself or some?+ belong+ to x4 ,because ! s\l1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is z some?+ exi/+ 9 pot5tiality3 = x becomes kn[+ actually1 f be+ pot5tially kn[+2 & actually virtu\s1 f be+ pot5tially virtu\s4 ,n[ s9ce pot5tiality is = ! sake ( act z = its fulfilm5t1 t :i* 9 itself is 9 pot5tiality _c be ! la/ end4 ,!re=e ! s\l itself _c be its own la/ end4 ,9 l mann] nei!r c any?+ belong+ to x1 :e!r p[]1 habit1 or act4 ,= t good :i* is ! la/ end1 is ! p]fect good fulfill+ ! desire4 ,n[ man's appetite1 o!rwise ! w1 is = ! univ]sal good4 ,& any good inh]5t to ! s\l is a p>ticipat$ good1 & consequ5tly a portion$ good4 ,!re=e none ( !m c be man's la/ end4 ,b if we speak ( man's la/ end1 z to ! atta9m5t or possession !re(1 or z to any use :atev] ( ! ?+ itself desir$ z an end1 ?us does some?+ ( man1 9 respect ( 8 s\l1 belong to 8 la/ end3 s9ce man atta9s happ9ess ?r\gh 8 s\l4 ,!re=e ! ?+ itself :i* is desir$ z end1 is t :i* con/itutes happ9ess1 & makes man happy2 b ! atta9m5t ( ?is ?+ is call$ happ9ess4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ say t happ9ess is some?+ belong+ to ! s\l2 b t :i* con/itutes happ9ess is some?+ outside ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,inasmu* z ?is division includes all goods t man c desire1 ?us ! good ( ! s\l is n only p[]1 habit1 or act1 b also ! object ( ^!1 :i* is some?+ outside4 ,& 9 ?is way no?+ h9d]s u f say+ t :at con/itutes happ9ess is a good ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z f> z ! propos$ objection is conc]n$1 happ9ess is lov$ above all1 z ! good desir$2 :]eas a fri5d is lov$ z t = :i* good is desir$2 & ?us1 too1 man loves himself4 ,consequ5tly x is n ! same k9d ( love 9 bo? cases4 ,z to :e!r man loves any?+ m ?an himself ) ! love ( fri5d%ip !re w be occasion to inquire :5 we treat ( ,*>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,happ9ess1 itself1 s9ce x is a p]fection ( ! s\l1 is an inh]5t good ( ! s\l2 b t :i* con/itutes happ9ess1 viz4 :i* makes man happy1 is some?+ outside 8 s\l1 z /at$ above4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,any ,creat$ ,good ,con/itutes ,man's ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "s creat$ good con/itutes man's happ9ess4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 t ,div9e wisdom unites ! ends ( fir/ ?+s to ! beg9n+s ( second ?+s1 f :i* we may ga!r t ! summit ( a l[] nature t\*es ! base ( ! high] nature4 ,b man's highe/ good is happ9ess4 ,s9ce !n ! angel is above man 9 ! ord] ( nature1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #a71 x seems t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 man someh[ rea*+ ! angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! la/ end ( ea* ?+ is t :i*1 9 relation to x1 is p]fect3 h5ce ! "p is = ! :ole1 z = its end4 ,b ! univ]se ( creatures :i* is call$ ! macrocosm1 is comp>$ to man :o is call$ ! microcosm 7,phys4 viii1 #b71 z p]fect to imp]fect4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 ! :ole univ]se ( creatures4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man is made happy by t :i* lulls 8 natural desire4 ,b man's natural desire does n rea* out to a good surpass+ 8 capacity4 ,s9ce !n man's capacity does n include t good :i* surpasses ! limits ( all creation1 x seems t man c be made happy by "s creat$ good4 ,consequ5tly "s creat$ good con/itutes man's happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #bf73 ,z ! s\l is ! life ( ! body1 s ,god is man's life ( happ9ess3 ( ,:om x is writt53 ',happy is t p ^: ,god is ! ,"l' 7,ps4 #adc3ae74 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = any creat$ good to con/itute man's happ9ess4 ,= happ9ess is ! p]fect good1 :i* lulls ! appetite altoge!r2 else x w\ld n be ! la/ end1 if some?+ yet rema9$ to be desir$4 ,n[ ! object ( ! w1 i4e4 ( man's appetite1 is ! univ]sal good2 j z ! object ( ! intellect is ! univ]sal true4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t naught c lull man's w1 save ! univ]sal good4 ,?is is to be f\nd1 n 9 any creature1 b 9 ,god alone2 because e creature has goodness by p>ticipation4 ,:]e=e ,god alone c satisfy ! w ( man1 accord+ to ! words ( ,ps4 #ajb3e3 ,:o satisfie? ?y desire ) good ?+s4 ,!re=e ,god alone con/itutes man's happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! summit ( man does inde$ t\* ! base ( ! angelic nature1 by a k9d ( lik5ess2 b man does n re/ !re z 9 8 la/ end1 b rea*es out to ! univ]sal f\nt itself ( good1 :i* is ! common object ( happ9ess ( all ! bless$1 z be+ ! inf9ite & p]fect good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if a :ole be n ! la/ end1 b orda9$ to a fur!r end1 !n ! la/ end ( a "p !re( is n ! :ole itself1 b some?+ else4 ,n[ ! univ]se ( creatures1 to :i* man is comp>$ z "p to :ole1 is n ! la/ end1 b is orda9$ to ,god1 z to its la/ end4 ,!re=e ! la/ end ( man is n ! good ( ! univ]se1 b ,god himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,creat$ good is n less ?an t good ( :i* man is capable1 z ( some?+ intr9sic & inh]5t to him3 b x is less ?an ! good ( :i* he is capable1 z ( an object1 & :i* is inf9ite4 ,& ! p>ticipat$ good :i* is 9 an angel1 & 9 ! :ole univ]se1 is a f9ite & re/rict$ good4 ,,"q #c ,,:at ,,is ,,happ9ess 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] 7#a7 :at happ9ess is1 & 7#b7 :at ?+s are requir$ = x4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r happ9ess is some?+ uncreat$8 7#b7 ,if x be some?+ creat$1 :e!r x is an op]ation8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is an op]ation ( ! s5sitive1 or only ( ! intellectual "p8 7#d7 ,if x be an op]ation ( ! intellectual "p1 :e!r x is an op]ation ( ! intellect1 or ( ! w8 7#e7 ,if x be an op]ation ( ! intellect1 :e!r x is an op]ation ( ! speculative or ( ! practical intellect8 7#f7 ,if x be an op]ation ( ! speculative intellect1 :e!r x consi/s 9 ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces8 7#g7 ,:e!r x consi/s 9 ! consid]ation ( sep>ate sub/ances viz4 angels8 7#h7 ,:e!r x consi/s 9 ! sole contemplation ( ,god se5 9 ,8 ,ess5ce8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,happ9ess ,is ,some?+ ,uncreat$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t happ9ess is some?+ uncreat$4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii73 ,we mu/ ne$s confess t ,god is happ9ess itself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! supreme good4 ,b x belongs to ,god to be ! supreme good4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re are n sev]al supreme goods1 x seems t happ9ess is ! same z ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! la/ end1 to :i* man's w t5ds naturally4 ,b man's w %\ld t5d to no?+ else z an end1 b to ,god1 ,:o alone is to be enjoy$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #e1 #bb74 ,!re=e happ9ess is ! same z ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ made is uncreat$4 ,b man's happ9ess is some?+ made2 because accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #c73 ,^? ?+s are to be enjoy$ :i* make u happy4 ,!re=e happ9ess is n some?+ uncreat$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g71 our end is tw(old4 ,fir/1 !re is ! ?+ itself :i* we desire to atta93 ?us = ! mis]1 ! end is money4 ,secondly !re is ! atta9m5t or possession1 ! use or enjoym5t ( ! ?+ desir$2 ?us we may say t ! end ( ! mis] is ! possession ( money2 & ! end ( ! intemp]ate man is to enjoy some?+ pleasurable4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 !n1 man's la/ end is ! uncreat$ good1 namely1 ,god1 ,:o alone by ,8 inf9ite goodness c p]fectly satisfy man's w4 ,b 9 ! second way1 man's la/ end is some?+ creat$1 exi/+ 9 him1 & ?is is no?+ else ?an ! atta9m5t or enjoym5t ( ! la/ end4 ,n[ ! la/ end is call$ happ9ess4 ,if1 !re=e1 we consid] man's happ9ess 9 its cause or object1 !n x is some?+ uncreat$2 b if we consid] x z to ! v ess5ce ( happ9ess1 !n x is some?+ creat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is happ9ess by ,8 ,ess5ce3 = ,he is happy n by acquisition or p>ticipation ( some?+ else1 b by ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 are happy1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii71 by p>ticipation2 j z !y are call$ gods1 by p>ticipation4 ,& ?is p>ticipation ( happ9ess1 9 respect ( :i* man is said to be happy1 is some?+ creat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,happ9ess is call$ man's supreme good1 because x is ! atta9m5t or enjoym5t ( ! supreme good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,happ9ess is said to be ! la/ end1 9 ! same way z ! atta9m5t ( ! end is call$ ! end4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,happ9ess ,is an ,op]ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t happ9ess is n an op]ation4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #f3bb73 ,y h y\r fruit unto sanctification1 & ! end1 life ev]la/+4 ,b life is n an op]ation1 b ! v be+ ( liv+ ?+s4 ,!re=e ! la/ end1 :i* is happ9ess1 is n an op]ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii7 t happ9ess is a /ate made p]fect by ! aggregate ( all good ?+s4 ,b /ate does n indicate op]ation4 ,!re=e happ9ess is n an op]ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess signifies some?+ exi/+ 9 ! happy "o3 s9ce x is man's f9al p]fection4 ,b ! mean+ ( op]ation does n imply any?+ exi/+ 9 ! op]ator1 b r some?+ proce$+ !refrom4 ,!re=e happ9ess is n an op]ation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess rema9s 9 ! happy "o4 ,n[ op]ation does n rema91 b passes4 ,!re=e happ9ess is n an op]ation4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 to "o man !re is "o happ9ess4 ,b op]ations are _m4 ,!re=e happ9ess is n an op]ation4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is 9 ! happy "o un9t]rupt$ly4 ,b human op]ation is (t5 int]rupt$2 = in/ance1 by sleep1 or "s o!r occupation1 or by cessation4 ,!re=e happ9ess is n an op]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac7 t happ9ess is an op]ation accord+ to p]fect virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 s f> z man's happ9ess is some?+ creat$1 exi/+ 9 him1 we mu/ ne$s say t x is an op]ation4 ,= happ9ess is man's supreme p]fection4 ,n[ ea* ?+ is p]fect 9 s f> z x is actual2 s9ce pot5tiality )\t act is imp]fect4 ,consequ5tly happ9ess mu/ consi/ 9 man's la/ act4 ,b x is evid5t t op]ation is ! la/ act ( ! op]ator1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] calls x second act 7,de ,anima ii1 #a73 because t :i* has a =m c be pot5tially op]at+1 j z he :o kn[s is pot5tially consid]+4 ,& h5ce x is t 9 o!r ?+s1 too1 ea* "o is said to be = its op]ation 7,de ,coel ii1 #c74 ,!re=e man's happ9ess mu/ ( necessity consi/ 9 an op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,life is tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,fir/ = ! v be+ ( ! liv+4 ,& ?us happ9ess is n life3 s9ce x has be5 %[n 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #e7 t ! be+ ( a man1 no matt] 9 :at x may consi/1 is n t man's happ9ess2 = ( ,god alone is x true t ,8 ,be+ is ,8 ,happ9ess4 ,secondly1 life means ! op]ation ( ! liv+1 by :i* op]ation ! pr9ciple ( life is made actual3 ?us we speak ( active & contemplative life1 or ( a life ( pleasure4 ,& 9 ?is s5se et]nal life is said to be ! la/ end1 z is cle> f ,john #ag3c3 ,?is is et]nal life1 t !y may "k ,!e1 ! only true ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,boe?ius1 9 def9+ happ9ess1 consid]$ happ9ess 9 g5]al3 = consid]$ ?us x is ! p]fect common good2 & he signifi$ ?is by say+ t happ9ess is a /ate made p]fect by ! aggregate ( all good ?+s1 ?us imply+ t ! /ate ( a happy man consi/s 9 possess+ ! p]fect good4 ,b ,ari/otle express$ ! v ess5ce ( happ9ess1 %[+ by :at man is e/abli%$ 9 ?is /ate1 & t x is by "s k9d ( op]ation4 ,& s x is t he proves happ9ess to be ! p]fect good 7,e?ic4 i1 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ix1 #g action is tw(old4 ,"o proce$s f ! ag5t into outw>d matt]1 su* z to burn & to cut4 ,& su* an op]ation _c be happ9ess3 = su* an op]ation is an action & a p]fection1 n ( ! ag5t1 b r ( ! pati5t1 z is /at$ 9 ! same passage4 ,! o!r is an action t rema9s 9 ! ag5t1 su* z to feel1 to und]/&1 & to w3 & su* an action is a p]fection & an act ( ! ag5t4 ,& su* an op]ation c be happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce happ9ess signifies "s f9al p]fection2 accord+ z v>i\s ?+s capable ( happ9ess c atta9 to v>i\s degrees ( p]fection1 s mu/ !re be v>i\s mean+s appli$ to happ9ess4 ,= 9 ,god !re is happ9ess ess5tially2 s9ce ,8 v ,be+ is ,8 op]ation1 :]eby ,he enjoys no o!r ?an ,himself4 ,9 ! happy angels1 ! f9al p]fection is 9 respect ( "s op]ation1 by :i* !y are unit$ to ! ,uncreat$ ,good3 & ?is op]ation ( !irs is "o only & ev]la/+4 ,b 9 m51 accord+ to _! pres5t /ate ( life1 ! f9al p]fection is 9 respect ( an op]ation :]eby man is unit$ to ,god3 b ?is op]ation nei!r c be cont9ual1 nor1 consequ5tly1 is x "o only1 because op]ation is multipli$ by be+ discont9u$4 ,& = ?is reason 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 p]fect happ9ess _c be atta9$ by man4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph]1 9 plac+ man's happ9ess 9 ?is life 7,e?ic4 i1 #aj71 says t x is imp]fect1 & aft] a long discussion1 concludes3 ,we call m5 happy1 b only z m54 ,b ,god has promis$ u p]fect happ9ess1 :5 we %all be z ! angels 4 4 4 9 heav5 7,matt4 #bb3cj74 ,consequ5tly 9 reg>d to ?is p]fect happ9ess1 ! objection fails3 because 9 t /ate ( happ9ess1 man's m9d w be unit$ to ,god by "o1 cont9ual1 ev]la/+ op]ation4 ,b 9 ! pres5t life1 9 z f> z we fall %ort ( ! unity & cont9uity ( t op]ation s d we fall %ort ( p]fect happ9ess4 ,nev]!less x is a p>ticipation ( happ9ess3 & s mu* ! great]1 z ! op]ation c be m cont9u\s & m "o4 ,consequ5tly ! active life1 :i* is busy ) _m ?+s1 has less ( happ9ess ?an ! contemplative life1 :i* is busi$ ) "o ?+1 i4e4 ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,& if at any "t man is n actually engag$ 9 ?is op]ation1 yet s9ce he c always easily turn to x1 & s9ce he orda9s ! v cessation1 by sleep+ or occupy+ himself o!rwise1 to ! a=esaid occupation1 ! latt] seems1 z x 71 cont9u\s4 ,f ^! rem>ks ! replies to ,objections #e & #f are evid5t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,happ9ess ,is an ,op]ation ( ! ,s5sitive ,"p1 or ( ! ,intellective ,"p ,only8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! s5ses also4 ,= !re is no m excell5t op]ation 9 man ?an t ( ! s5ses1 except ! intellective op]ation4 ,b 9 u ! intellective op]ation dep5ds on ! s5sitive3 s9ce we _c und]/& )\t a phantasm 7,de ,anima iii1 #g74 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! s5ses also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii7 t happ9ess is a /ate made p]fect by ! aggregate ( all good ?+s4 ,b "s goods are s5sible1 :i* we atta9 by ! op]ation ( ! s5ses4 ,!re=e x seems t ! op]ation ( ! s5ses is ne$$ = happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! p]fect good1 z we f9d prov$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #g3 :i* w\ld n be true1 7 n man p]fect$ !reby 9 all 8 p>ts4 ,b "s p>ts ( ! s\l are p]fect$ by s5sitive op]ations4 ,!re=e s5sitive op]ation is requir$ = happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,irrational animals h ! s5sitive op]ation 9 common ) u3 b !y h n happ9ess 9 common ) u4 ,!re=e happ9ess does n consi/ 9 a s5sitive op]ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may belong to happ9ess 9 ?ree ways3 7#a7 ess5tially1 7#b7 antec$5tly1 7#c7 consequ5tly4 ,n[ ! op]ation ( s5se _c belong to happ9ess ess5tially4 ,= man's happ9ess consi/s ess5tially 9 8 be+ unit$ to ! ,uncreat$ ,good1 ,:i* is 8 la/ end1 z %[n above 7,a4 #a73 to ,:i* man _c be unit$ by an op]ation ( 8 s5ses4 ,aga91 9 l mann]1 because1 z %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #e71 man's happ9ess does n consi/ 9 goods ( ! body1 :i* goods alone1 h[ev]1 we atta9 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! s5ses4 ,nev]!less ! op]ations ( ! s5ses c belong to happ9ess1 bo? antec$5tly & consequ5tly3 antec$5tly1 9 respect ( imp]fect happ9ess1 su* z c be _h 9 ?is life1 s9ce ! op]ation ( ! intellect dem&s a previ\s op]ation ( ! s5se2 consequ5tly1 9 t p]fect happ9ess :i* we await 9 heav52 because at ! resurrection1 f ! v happ9ess ( ! s\l1 z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,dioscor47 ! body & ! bodily s5ses w receive a c]ta9 ov]fl[1 s z to be p]fect$ 9 _! op]ations2 a po9t :i* w be expla9$ fur!r on :5 we treat ( ! resurrection 7,suppl4 ,,qq4 #hb-he74 ,b !n ! op]ation :]eby man's m9d is unit$ to ,god w n dep5d on ! s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection proves t ! op]ation ( ! s5ses is requir$ antec$5tly = imp]fect happ9ess1 su* z c be _h 9 ?is life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]fect happ9ess1 su* z ! angels h1 includes ! aggregate ( all good ?+s1 by be+ unit$ to ! univ]sal s\rce ( all good2 n t x requires ea* individual good4 ,b 9 ?is imp]fect happ9ess1 we ne$ ! aggregate ( ^? goods t suffice = ! mo/ p]fect op]ation ( ?is life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 p]fect happ9ess ! entire man is p]fect$1 9 ! l[] "p ( 8 nature1 by an ov]fl[ f ! high]4 ,b 9 ! imp]fect happ9ess ( ?is life1 x is o!rwise2 we advance f ! p]fection ( ! l[] "p to ! p]fection ( ! high] "p4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r1 ,if ,happ9ess ,is 9 ! ,intellective ,"p1 ,x ,is an ,op]ation ( ! ,intellect or ( ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t happ9ess consi/s 9 an act ( ! w4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #aj1 #aa71 t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 peace2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #adg3c73 ,:o ha? plac$ peace 9 ?y end ,d\ay3 'bord]s'4 ,b peace p]ta9s to ! w4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess is 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! supreme good4 ,b good is ! object ( ! w4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! la/ end corresponds to ! fir/ mov]3 ?us ! la/ end ( ! :ole army is victory1 :i* is ! end ( ! g5]al1 :o moves all ! m54 ,b ! fir/ mov] 9 reg>d to op]ations is ! w3 because x moves ! o!r p[]s1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #i1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,!re=e happ9ess reg>ds ! w4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if happ9ess be an op]ation1 x mu/ ne$s be man's mo/ excell5t op]ation4 ,b ! love ( ,god1 :i* is an act ( ! w1 is a m excell5t op]ation ?an k1 :i* is an op]ation ( ! intellect1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7#a ,cor4 #ac74 ,!re=e x seems t happ9ess consi/s 9 an act ( ! w4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #e7 t happy is he :o has :atev] he desires1 & desires no?+ amiss4 ,& a little fur!r on 7#f7 he adds3 ,he is mo/ happy :o desires well1 :atev] he desires3 = good ?+s make a man happy1 & su* a man already possesses "s good--i4e4 a good w4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 an act ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,john #ag3c73 ,?is is et]nal life3 t !y may "k ,!e1 ! only true ,god4 ,n[ et]nal life is ! la/ end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 ! k ( ,god1 :i* is an act ( ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #f7 two ?+s are ne$$ = happ9ess3 "o1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( happ9ess3 ! o!r1 t is1 z x 71 its prop] accid5t1 i4e4 ! delight connect$ ) x4 ,i say1 !n1 t z to ! v ess5ce ( happ9ess1 x is impossible = x to consi/ 9 an act ( ! w4 ,= x is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g7 t happ9ess is ! atta9m5t ( ! la/ end4 ,b ! atta9m5t ( ! end does n consi/ 9 ! v act ( ! w4 ,= ! w is direct$ to ! end1 bo? abs5t1 :5 x desires x2 & pres5t1 :5 x is delight$ by re/+ !re94 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! desire itself ( ! end is n ! atta9m5t ( ! end1 b is a movem5t t[>ds ! end3 :ile delight comes to ! w f ! end be+ pres5t2 & n conv]sely1 is a ?+ made pres5t1 by ! fact t ! w delights 9 x4 ,!re=e1 t ! end be pres5t to him :o desires x1 mu/ be due to some?+ else ?an an act ( ! w4 ,?is is evid5tly ! case 9 reg>d to s5sible ends4 ,= if ! acquisition ( money 7 ?r\gh an act ( ! w1 ! covet\s man w\ld h x f ! v mom5t t he wi%$ = x4 ,b at ! mom5t x is f> f him2 & he atta9s x1 by grasp+ x 9 8 h&1 or 9 "s l mann]2 & !n he delights 9 ! money got4 ,& s x is ) an intelligible end4 ,= at fir/ we desire to atta9 an intelligible end2 we atta9 x1 ?r\gh its be+ made pres5t to u by an act ( ! intellect2 & !n ! delight$ w re/s 9 ! end :5 atta9$4 ,s1 !re=e1 ! ess5ce ( happ9ess consi/s 9 an act ( ! intellect3 b ! delight t results f happ9ess p]ta9s to ! w4 ,9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #bc7 t happ9ess is joy 9 tru?1 because1 to wit1 joy itself is ! consummation ( happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,peace p]ta9s to man's la/ end1 n z ?\gh x 7 ! v ess5ce ( happ9ess2 b because x is antec$5t & consequ5t !reto3 antec$5t1 9 s f> z all ^? ?+s are remov$ :i* di/urb & h9d] man 9 atta9+ ! la/ end3 consequ5t inasmu* z :5 man has atta9$ 8 la/ end1 he rema9s at peace1 8 desire be+ at re/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w's fir/ object is n its act3 j z nei!r is ! fir/ object ( ! sight1 vision1 b a visible ?+4 ,:]e=e1 f ! v fact t happ9ess belongs to ! w1 z ! w's fir/ object1 x foll[s t x does n belong to x z its act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellect appreh5ds ! end be=e ! w does3 yet motion t[>ds ! end beg9s 9 ! w4 ,& !re=e to ! w belongs t :i* la/ ( all foll[s ! atta9m5t ( ! end1 viz4 delight or enjoym5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,love ranks above k 9 mov+1 b k prec$es love 9 atta9+3 = naught is lov$ save :at is kn[n1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a74 ,consequ5tly we fir/ atta9 an intelligible end by an act ( ! intellect2 j z we fir/ atta9 a s5sible end by an act ( s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,he :o has :atev] he desires1 is happy1 because he has :at he desires3 & ?is inde$ is by some?+ o!r ?an ! act ( 8 w4 ,b to desire no?+ amiss is ne$$ = happ9ess1 z a necess>y disposition !reto4 ,& a good w is reckon$ among ! good ?+s :i* make a man happy1 =asmu* z x is an incl9ation ( ! w3 j z a movem5t is r$uc$ to ! g5us ( its t]m9us1 = in/ance1 alt]ation to ! g5us quality4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,happ9ess ,is an ,op]ation ( ! ,speculative1 or ( ! ,practical ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t happ9ess is an op]ation ( ! practical intellect4 ,= ! end ( e creature consi/s 9 becom+ l ,god4 ,b man is l ,god1 by 8 practical intellect1 :i* is ! cause ( ?+s und]/ood1 r ?an by 8 speculative intellect1 :i* d]ives its k f ?+s4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! practical intellect r ?an ( ! speculative4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is man's p]fect good4 ,b ! practical intellect is orda9$ to ! good r ?an ! speculative intellect1 :i* is orda9$ to ! true4 ,h5ce we are said to be good1 9 ref]5ce to ! p]fection ( ! practical intellect1 b n 9 ref]5ce to ! p]fection ( ! speculative intellect1 accord+ to :i* we are said to be kn[+ or und]/&+4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 an act ( ! practical intellect r ?an ( ! speculative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is a good ( man himself4 ,b ! speculative intellect is m conc]n$ ) ?+s outside man2 :]eas ! practical intellect is conc]n$ ) ?+s belong+ to man himself1 viz4 8 op]ations & passions4 ,!re=e man's happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! practical intellect r ?an ( ! speculative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #h7 t contemplation is promis$ u1 z be+ ! goal ( all our actions1 & ! ev]la/+ p]fection ( our joys4 ,i answ] t1 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! speculative r ?an ( ! practical intellect4 ,?is is evid5t = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/ because if man's happ9ess is an op]ation1 x mu/ ne$s be man's highe/ op]ation4 ,n[ man's highe/ op]ation is t ( 8 highe/ p[] 9 respect ( its highe/ object3 & 8 highe/ p[] is ! intellect1 ^: highe/ object is ! ,div9e ,good1 :i* is ! object1 n ( ! practical b ( ! speculative intellect4 ,consequ5tly happ9ess consi/s pr9cipally 9 su* an op]ation1 viz4 9 ! contemplation ( ,div9e ?+s4 ,& s9ce t seems to be ea* man's self1 :i* is be/ 9 him1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ix1 #h1 & x1 #g1 !re=e su* an op]ation is mo/ prop] to man & mo/ delightful to him4 ,secondly1 x is evid5t f ! fact t contemplation is s\ght pr9cipally = its own sake4 ,b ! act ( ! practical intellect is n s\ght = its own sake b = ! sake ( action3 & ^! v actions are orda9$ to "s end4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t ! la/ end _c consi/ 9 ! active life1 :i* p]ta9s to ! practical intellect4 ,?irdly1 x is aga9 evid5t1 f ! fact t 9 ! contemplative life man has some?+ 9 common ) ?+s above him1 viz4 ) ,god & ! angels1 to :om he is made l by happ9ess4 ,b 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! active life1 o!r animals also h some?+ 9 common ) man1 al?\gh imp]fectly4 ,!re=e ! la/ & p]fect happ9ess1 :i* we await 9 ! life to come1 consi/s entirely 9 contemplation4 ,b imp]fect happ9ess1 su* z c be _h "h1 consi/s fir/ & pr9cipally1 9 an op]ation ( ! practical intellect direct+ human actions & passions1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #g1 #h4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ass]t$ lik5ess ( ! practical intellect to ,god is "o ( proportion2 t is to say1 by reason ( its /&+ 9 relation to :at x kn[s1 z ,god does to :at ,he kn[s4 ,b ! lik5ess ( ! speculative intellect to ,god is "o ( union & in=mation2 :i* is a mu* great] lik5ess4 ,& yet x may be answ]$ t1 9 reg>d to ! pr9cipal ?+ kn[n1 :i* is ,8 ,ess5ce1 ,god has n practical b m]ely speculative k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! practical intellect is orda9$ to good :i* is outside ( x3 b ! speculative intellect has good )9 x1 viz4 ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,& if ?is good be p]fect1 ! :ole man is p]fect$ & made good !reby3 su* a good ! practical intellect has n2 b x directs man !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t w\ld hold1 if man himself 7 8 own la/ end2 = !n ! consid]ation & direction ( 8 actions & passions w\ld be 8 happ9ess4 ,b s9ce man's la/ end is some?+ outside ( him1 to wit1 ,god1 to ,:om we rea* out by an op]ation ( ! speculative intellect2 !re=e1 man's happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! speculative intellect r ?an ( ! practical intellect4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ! ,consid]ation ( ,speculative ,sci5ces8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac7 t happ9ess is an op]ation accord+ to p]fect virtue4 ,& 9 di/+ui%+ ! virtues1 he gives no m ?an ?ree speculative virtues--k1 wisdom & und]/&+1 :i* all belong to ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces4 ,!re=e man's f9al happ9ess consi/s 9 ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* all desire = its own sake1 seems to be man's f9al happ9ess4 ,n[ su* is ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces2 because1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 i1 #a1 all m5 naturally desire to "k2 &1 a little f>!r on 7#b71 x is /at$ t speculative sci5ces are s\ght = _! own sakes4 ,!re=e happ9ess consi/s 9 ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is man's f9al p]fection4 ,n[ ev]y?+ is p]fect$1 accord+ z x is r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act4 ,b ! human intellect is r$uc$ to act by ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces4 ,!re=e x seems t 9 ! consid]ation ( ^! sci5ces1 man's f9al happ9ess consi/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #i3bc73 ,let n ! wise man glory 9 8 wisdom3 & ?is is said 9 ref]5ce to speculative sci5ces4 ,!re=e man's f9al happ9ess does n consi/ 9 ! consid]ation ( ^!4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #d71 man's happ9ess is tw(old1 "o p]fect1 ! o!r imp]fect4 ,& by p]fect happ9ess we are to und]/& t :i* atta9s to ! true notion ( happ9ess2 & by imp]fect happ9ess t :i* does n atta9 !reto1 b p>takes ( "s p>ticul> lik5ess ( happ9ess4 ,?us p]fect prud5ce is 9 man1 ) :om is ! idea ( ?+s to be done2 :ile imp]fect prud5ce is 9 c]ta9 irrational animals1 :o are possess$ ( c]ta9 p>ticul> in/9cts 9 respect ( works simil> to works ( prud5ce4 ,accord+ly p]fect happ9ess _c consi/ ess5tially 9 ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces4 ,to prove ?is1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! consid]ation ( a speculative sci5ce does n ext5d beyond ! scope ( ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce3 s9ce ! entire sci5ce is virtually conta9$ 9 its pr9ciples4 ,n[ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( speculative sci5ces are receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z ! ,philosoph] cle>ly /ates at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,metaphysics 7i1 #a71 & at ! end ( ! ,po/]ior ,analytics 7ii1 #ae74 ,:]e=e ! entire consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces _c ext5d f>!r ?an k ( s5sibles c lead4 ,n[ man's f9al happ9ess1 :i* is 8 f9al p]fection _c consi/ 9 ! k ( s5sibles4 ,= a ?+ is n p]fect$ by some?+ l[]1 except 9 s f> z ! l[] p>takes ( some?+ high]4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! =m ( a /one or ( any s5sible1 is l[] ?an man4 ,consequ5tly ! intellect is n p]fect$ by ! =m ( a /one1 z su*1 b inasmu* z x p>takes ( a c]ta9 lik5ess to t :i* is above ! human intellect1 viz4 ! intelligible light1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,n[ :atev] is by some?+ else is r$uc$ to t :i* is ( itself4 ,!re=e man's f9al p]fection mu/ ne$s be ?r\gh k ( some?+ above ! human intellect4 ,b x has be5 %[n 7,i1 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #b71 t man _c acquire ?r\gh s5sibles1 ! k ( sep>ate sub/ances1 :i* are above ! human intellect4 ,consequ5tly x foll[s t man's happ9ess _c consi/ 9 ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces4 ,h[ev]1 j z 9 s5sible =ms !re is a p>ticipation ( ! high] sub/ances1 s ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces is a c]ta9 p>ticipation ( true & p]fect happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 8 book on ,e?ics ! ,philosoph] treats ( imp]fect happ9ess1 su* z c be _h 9 ?is life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n only is p]fect happ9ess naturally desir$1 b also any lik5ess or p>ticipation !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,our intellect is r$uc$ to act1 9 a fa%ion1 by ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ces1 b n to its f9al & p]fect act4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ! ,k ( ,sep>ate ,sub/ances1 ,namely1 ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess consi/s 9 ! k ( sep>ate sub/ances1 namely1 angels4 ,= ,gregory says 9 a homily 7xxvi 9 ,evang473 ,x avails no?+ to take "p 9 ! fea/s ( m51 if we fail to take "p 9 ! fea/s ( angels2 by :i* he means f9al happ9ess4 ,b we c take "p 9 ! fea/s ( ! angels by contemplat+ !m4 ,!re=e x seems t man's f9al happ9ess consi/s 9 contemplat+ ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! f9al p]fection ( ea* ?+ is = x to be unit$ to its pr9ciple3 :]e=e a circle is said to be a p]fect figure1 because its beg9n+ & end co9cide4 ,b ! beg9n+ ( human k is f ! angels1 by :om m5 are enlight5$1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv74 ,!re=e ! p]fection ( ! human intellect consi/s 9 contemplat+ ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ea* nature is p]fect1 :5 unit$ to a high] nature2 j z ! f9al p]fection ( a body is to be unit$ to ! spiritual nature4 ,b above ! human intellect1 9 ! natural ord]1 are ! angels4 ,!re=e ! f9al p]fection ( ! human intellect is to be unit$ to ! angels by contemplation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #i3bd73 ,let him t glorie?1 glory 9 ?is1 t he und]/&e? & kn[e? ,me4 ,!re=e man's f9al glory or happ9ess consi/s only 9 ! k ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 man's p]fect happ9ess consi/s n 9 t :i* p]fects ! intellect by "s p>ticipation1 b 9 t :i* is s by its ess5ce4 ,n[ x is evid5t t :atev] is ! p]fection ( a p[] is s 9 s f> z ! prop] =mal object ( t p[] belongs to x4 ,n[ ! prop] object ( ! intellect is ! true4 ,!re=e ! contemplation ( :atev] has p>ticipat$ tru?1 does n p]fect ! intellect ) its f9al p]fection4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! ord] ( ?+s is ! same 9 be+ & 9 tru? 7,metaph4 ii1 #a72 :atev] are be+s by p>ticipation1 are true by p>ticipation4 ,n[ angels h be+ by p>ticipation3 because 9 ,god alone is ,8 ,be+ ,8 ,ess5ce1 z %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a74 ,x foll[s t contemplation ( ,him makes man p]fectly happy4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n admit a c]ta9 imp]fect happ9ess 9 ! contemplation ( ! angels2 & high] inde$ ?an 9 ! consid]ation ( speculative sci5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we %all take "p 9 ! fea/s ( ! angels1 by contemplat+ n only ! angels1 b1 toge!r ) !m1 also ,god ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ^? t hold human s\ls to be creat$ by ! angels1 x seems fitt+ en\gh1 t man's happ9ess %\ld consi/ 9 ! contemplation ( ! angels1 9 ! union1 z x 71 ( man ) 8 beg9n+4 ,b ?is is errone\s1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e ! f9al p]fection ( ! human intellect is by union ) ,god1 ,:o is ! fir/ pr9ciple bo? ( ! creation ( ! s\l & ( its enlight5m5t4 ,:]eas ! angel enlight5s z a m9i/]1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,consequ5tly1 by 8 m9i/ration he helps man to atta9 to happ9ess2 b he is n ! object ( man's happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! l[] nature may rea* ! high] 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to a degree ( ! p>ticipat+ p[]3 & ?us man's f9al p]fection w consi/ 9 8 atta9+ to a contemplation su* z t ( ! angels4 ,secondly1 z ! object is atta9$ by ! p[]3 & ?us ! f9al p]fection ( ea* p[] is to atta9 t 9 :i* is f\nd ! fulness ( its =mal object4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,man's ,happ9ess ,consi/s 9 ! ,vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's happ9ess does n consi/ 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,my/4 ,!ol4 i7 t by t :i* is highe/ 9 8 intellect1 man is unit$ to ,god z to some?+ altoge!r unkn[n4 ,b t :i* is se5 9 its ess5ce is n altoge!r unkn[n4 ,!re=e ! f9al p]fection ( ! intellect1 namely1 happ9ess1 does n consi/ 9 ,god be+ se5 9 ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! high] ! p]fection belongs to ! high] nature4 ,b to see ,8 own ,ess5ce is ! p]fection prop] to ! ,div9e intellect4 ,!re=e ! f9al p]fection ( ! human intellect does n rea* to ?is1 b consi/s 9 some?+ less4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3b73 ,:5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him2 & ,vulg43 'because' we %all see ,him z ,he is4 ,i answ] t1 ,f9al & p]fect happ9ess c consi/ 9 no?+ else ?an ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,to make ?is cle>1 two po9ts mu/ be obs]v$4 ,fir/1 t man is n p]fectly happy1 s long z some?+ rema9s = him to desire & seek3 secondly1 t ! p]fection ( any p[] is det]m9$ by ! nature ( its object4 ,n[ ! object ( ! intellect is :at a ?+ is1 i4e4 ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 accord+ to ,de ,anima iii1 #f4 ,:]e=e ! intellect atta9s p]fection1 9 s f> z x kn[s ! ess5ce ( a ?+4 ,if !re=e an intellect kn[s ! ess5ce ( "s effect1 :]eby x is n possible to "k ! ess5ce ( ! cause1 i4e4 to "k ( ! cause :at x is2 t intellect _c be said to rea* t cause simply1 al?\gh x may be able to ga!r f ! effect ! k t ! cause is4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 man kn[s an effect1 & kn[s t x has a cause1 !re naturally rema9s 9 ! man ! desire to "k ab\t ! cause1 :at x is4 ,& ?is desire is "o ( wond]1 & causes inquiry1 z is /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,metaphysics 7i1 #b74 ,= in/ance1 if a man1 kn[+ ! eclipse ( ! sun1 consid] t x mu/ be due to "s cause1 & "k n :at t cause is1 he wond]s ab\t x1 & f wond]+ proce$s to inquire4 ,nor does ?is inquiry cease until he arrive at a k ( ! ess5ce ( ! cause4 ,if !re=e ! human intellect1 kn[+ ! ess5ce ( "s creat$ effect1 kn[s no m ( ,god ?an t ,he is2 ! p]fection ( t intellect does n yet rea* simply ! ,fir/ ,cause1 b !re rema9s 9 x ! natural desire to seek ! cause4 ,:]e=e x is n yet p]fectly happy4 ,consequ5tly1 = p]fect happ9ess ! intellect ne$s to rea* ! v ,ess5ce ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,& ?us x w h its p]fection ?r\gh union ) ,god z ) t object1 9 :i* alone man's happ9ess consi/s1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #g2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius speaks ( ! k ( wayf>]s j\rney+ t[>ds happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h71 ! end has a tw(old acceptation4 ,fir/1 z to ! ?+ itself :i* is desir$3 & 9 ?is way1 ! same ?+ is ! end ( ! high] & ( ! l[] nature1 & inde$ ( all ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h74 ,secondly1 z to ! atta9m5t ( ?is ?+2 & ?us ! end ( ! high] nature is diff]5t f t ( ! l[]1 accord+ to _! respective habitudes to t ?+4 ,s !n 9 ! happ9ess ( ,god1 ,:o1 9 und]/&+ 8 ,ess5ce1 compreh5ds ,x1 is high] ?an t ( a man or angel :o sees ,x inde$1 b compreh5ds ,x n4 ,,"q #d ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,t ,,are ,,requir$ ,,= ,,happ9ess 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ^? ?+s t are requir$ = happ9ess3 & conc]n+ ?is !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r delight is requir$ = happ9ess8 7#b7 ,:i* is ( great] acc\nt 9 happ9ess1 delight or vision8 7#c7 ,:e!r compreh5sion is requir$8 7#d7 ,:e!r rectitude ( ! w is requir$8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! body is necess>y = man's happ9ess8 7#f7 ,:e!r any p]fection ( ! body is necess>y8 7#g7 ,:e!r any ext]nal goods are necess>y8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! fell[%ip ( fri5ds is necess>y8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,delight ,is ,requir$ = ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t delight is n requir$ = happ9ess4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #h7 t vision is ! entire rew>d ( fai?4 ,b ! prize or rew>d ( virtue is happ9ess1 z ! ,philosoph] cle>ly /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #i74 ,!re=e no?+ besides vision is requir$ = happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! mo/ self-suffici5t ( all goods1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 i1 #g74 ,b t :i* ne$s some?+ else is n self-suffici5t4 ,s9ce !n ! ess5ce ( happ9ess consi/s 9 see+ ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h72 x seems t delight is n necess>y = happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! op]ation ( bliss or happ9ess %\ld be unh9d]$ 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ac74 ,b delight h9d]s ! op]ation ( ! intellect3 s9ce x de/roys ! e/imate ( prud5ce 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,!re=e delight is n necess>y = happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #bc7 t happ9ess is joy 9 tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o ?+ may be necess>y = ano!r 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/1 z a preamble & prep>ation to x3 ?us in/ruction is necess>y = sci5ce4 ,secondly1 z p]fect+ x3 ?us ! s\l is necess>y = ! life ( ! body4 ,?irdly1 z help+ x f )\t3 ?us fri5ds are necess>y = "s und]tak+4 ,f\r?ly1 z some?+ att5dant on x3 ?us we might say t heat is necess>y = fire4 ,& 9 ?is way delight is necess>y = happ9ess4 ,= x is caus$ by ! appetite be+ at re/ 9 ! good atta9$4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce happ9ess is no?+ else b ! atta9m5t ( ! ,sov]eign ,good1 x _c be )\t concomitant delight4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,f ! v fact t a rew>d is giv5 to anyone1 ! w ( him :o des]ves x is at re/1 & 9 ?is consi/s delight4 ,consequ5tly1 delight is includ$ 9 ! v notion ( rew>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! v sight ( ,god causes delight4 ,consequ5tly1 he :o sees ,god _c ne$ delight4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,delight t is att5dant ^u ! op]ation ( ! intellect does n h9d] x1 r does x p]fect x1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #d3 s9ce :at we d ) delight1 we d ) great] c>e & p]sev]ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 delight :i* is extrane\s to ! op]ation is a h9drance !reto3 sometimes by di/ract+ ! att5tion because1 z already obs]v$1 we are m att5tive to ^? ?+s t delight u2 & :5 we are v att5tive to "o ?+1 we mu/ ne$s be less att5tive to ano!r3 sometimes on acc\nt ( opposition2 ?us a s5sual delight t is contr>y to reason1 h9d]s ! e/imate ( prud5ce m ?an x h9d]s ! e/imate ( ! speculative intellect4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ,happ9ess ,vision ,ranks ,be=e ,delight8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 happ9ess1 delight ranks be=e vision4 ,= delight is ! p]fection ( op]ation 7,e?ic4 x1 #d74 ,b p]fection ranks be=e ! ?+ p]fect$4 ,!re=e delight ranks be=e ! op]ation ( ! intellect1 i4e4 vision4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t by reason ( :i* a ?+ is desirable1 is yet m desirable4 ,b op]ations are desir$ on acc\nt ( ! delight !y af=d3 h5ce1 too1 nature has adju/$ delight to ^? op]ations :i* are necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! individual & ( ! species1 le/ animals %\ld disreg>d su* op]ations4 ,!re=e1 9 happ9ess1 delight ranks be=e ! op]ation ( ! intellect1 :i* is vision4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 vision corresponds to fai?2 :ile delight or enjoym5t corresponds to *>ity4 ,b *>ity ranks be=e fai?1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ac74 ,!re=e delight or enjoym5t ranks be=e vision4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! cause is great] ?an its effect4 ,b vision is ! cause ( delight4 ,!re=e vision ranks be=e delight4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,philosoph] discusses ?is "q 7,e?ic4 x1 #d71 & leaves x unsolv$4 ,b if "o consid] ! matt] c>efully1 ! op]ation ( ! intellect :i* is vision1 mu/ ne$s rank be=e delight4 ,= delight consi/s 9 a c]ta9 repose ( ! w4 ,n[ t ! w f9ds re/ 9 any?+1 c only be on acc\nt ( ! goodness ( t ?+ 9 :i* x reposes4 ,if !re=e ! w reposes 9 an op]ation1 ! w's repose is caus$ by ! goodness ( ! op]ation4 ,nor does ! w seek good = ! sake ( repose2 = ?us ! v act ( ! w w\ld be ! end1 :i* has be5 disprov$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d73 b x seeks to be at re/ 9 ! op]ation1 because t op]ation is its good4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t ! op]ation 9 :i* ! w reposes ranks be=e ! re/+ ( ! w !re94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d7 delight p]fects op]ation z vigor p]fects y\?1 because x is a result ( y\?4 ,consequ5tly delight is a p]fection att5dant ^u vision2 b n a p]fection :]eby vision is made p]fect 9 its own species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! appreh5sion ( ! s5ses does n atta9 to ! univ]sal good1 b to "s p>ticul> good :i* is delightful4 ,& consequ5tly1 accord+ to ! s5sitive appetite :i* is 9 animals1 op]ations are s\ght = ! sake ( delight4 ,b ! intellect appreh5ds ! univ]sal good1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* results 9 delight3 :]e=e its purpose is direct$ to good r ?an to delight4 ,h5ce x is t ! ,div9e intellect1 :i* is ! ,au?or ( nature1 adju/$ delights to op]ations on acc\nt ( ! op]ations4 ,& we %\ld =m our e/imate ( ?+s n simply accord+ to ! ord] ( ! s5sitive appetite1 b r accord+ to ! ord] ( ! intellectual appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity does n seek ! belov$ good = ! sake ( delight3 x is = *>ity a consequ5ce t x delights 9 ! good ga9$ :i* x loves4 ,?us delight does n answ] to *>ity z its end1 b vision does1 :]eby ! end is fir/ made pres5t to *>ity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,compreh5sion ,is ,necess>y = ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t compreh5sion is n necess>y = happ9ess4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,ad ,paul9am de ,vid5do ,deum2 99,cf4 ,s]m4 xxxciii ,de ,v]b4 ,dom473 ,to rea* ,god ) ! m9d is happ9ess1 to compreh5d ,him is impossible4 ,!re=e happ9ess is )\t compreh5sion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ! p]fection ( man z to 8 intellective "p1 :]e9 !re are no o!r p[]s ?an ! intellect & w1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,,qq4 #gi & foll[+74 ,b ! intellect is suffici5tly p]fect$ by see+ ,god1 & ! w by enjoy+ ,him4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = compreh5sion z a ?ird4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation4 ,b op]ations are det]m9$ by _! objects3 & !re are two univ]sal objects1 ! true & ! good3 ( :i* ! true corresponds to vision1 & good to delight4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = compreh5sion z a ?ird4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #i3bd73 ,s run t y may compreh5d ,d\ay3 'obta9'4 ,b happ9ess is ! goal ( ! spiritual race3 h5ce he says 7#b ,tim4 #d3g1 #h73 ,i h f\ght a good fight1 ,i h f9i%$ my c\rse1 ,i h kept ! fai?2 z to ! re/ !re is laid up = me a cr[n ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e compreh5sion is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ,happ9ess consi/s 9 ga9+ ! la/ end1 ^? ?+s t are requir$ = ,happ9ess mu/ be ga!r$ f ! way 9 :i* man is ord]$ to an end4 ,n[ man is ord]$ to an intelligible end p>tly ?r\gh 8 intellect1 & p>tly ?r\gh 8 w3 ?r\gh 8 intellect1 9 s f> z a c]ta9 imp]fect k ( ! end pre-exi/s 9 ! intellect3 ?r\gh ! w1 fir/ by love :i* is ! w's fir/ movem5t t[>ds any?+2 secondly1 by a real relation ( ! lov] to ! ?+ belov$1 :i* relation may be ?reefold4 ,= sometimes ! ?+ belov$ is pres5t to ! lov]3 & !n x is no long] s\ght =4 ,sometimes x is n pres5t1 & x is impossible to atta9 x3 & !n1 too1 x is n s\ght =4 ,b sometimes x is possible to atta9 x1 yet x is rais$ above ! capability ( ! atta9]1 s t he _c h x =?)2 & ?is is ! relation ( "o t hopes1 to t :i* he hopes =1 & ?is relation alone causes a se>* = ! end4 ,to ^! ?ree1 !re are a correspond+ ?ree 9 ,happ9ess itself4 ,= p]fect k ( ! end corresponds to imp]fect k2 pres5ce ( ! end corresponds to ! relation ( hope2 b delight 9 ! end n[ pres5t results f love1 z already /at$ 7,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,& !re=e ^! ?ree mu/ concur ) ,happ9ess2 to wit1 vision1 :i* is p]fect k ( ! intelligible end2 compreh5sion1 :i* implies pres5ce ( ! end2 & delight or enjoym5t1 :i* implies repose ( ! lov] 9 ! object belov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,compreh5sion is tw(old4 ,fir/1 inclusion ( ! compreh5d$ 9 ! compreh5sor2 & ?us :atev] is compreh5d$ by ! f9ite1 is itself f9ite4 ,:]e=e ,god _c be ?us compreh5d$ by a creat$ intellect4 ,secondly1 compreh5sion means no?+ b ! hold+ ( some?+ already pres5t & possess$3 ?us "o :o runs aft] ano!r is said to compreh5d 99,9 ,engli% we %\ld say 'cat*4' him :5 he lays hold on him4 ,& 9 ?is s5se compreh5sion is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z hope & love p]ta9 to ! w1 because x is ! same "o t loves a ?+1 & t t5ds t[>ds x :ile n possess$1 s1 too1 compreh5sion & delight belong to ! w1 s9ce x is ! same t possesses a ?+ & reposes !re94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,compreh5sion is n a di/9ct op]ation f vision2 b a c]ta9 relation to ! end already ga9$4 ,:]e=e ev5 vision itself1 or ! ?+ se51 inasmu* z x is pres5t1 is ! object ( compreh5sion4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,rectitude ( ! ,w ,is ,necess>y = ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t rectitude ( ! w is n necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,= ,happ9ess consi/s ess5tially 9 an op]ation ( ! intellect1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,b rectitude ( ! w1 by reason ( :i* m5 are said to be clean ( he>t1 is n necess>y = ! p]fect op]ation ( ! intellect3 = ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #d7 ,i d n approve ( :at ,i said 9 a pray]3 ,o ,god1 ,:o did/ w none b ! clean ( he>t to "k ! tru?4 ,= x c be answ]$ t _m :o are n clean ( he>t1 "k _m tru?s4 ,!re=e rectitude ( ! w is n necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at prec$es does n dep5d on :at foll[s4 ,b ! op]ation ( ! intellect prec$es ! op]ation ( ! w4 ,!re=e ,happ9ess1 :i* is ! p]fect op]ation ( ! intellect1 does n dep5d on rectitude ( ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is orda9$ to ano!r z its end1 is n necess>y1 :5 ! end is already ga9$2 z a %ip1 = in/ance1 aft] arrival 9 port4 ,b rectitude ( w1 :i* is by reason ( virtue1 is orda9$ to ,happ9ess z to its end4 ,!re=e1 ,happ9ess once obta9$1 rectitude ( ! w is no long] necess>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3h73 ,bless$ are ! clean ( he>t2 = !y %all see ,god3 & 7,heb4 #ab3ad73 ,foll[ peace ) all m51 & hol9ess2 )\t :i* no man %all see ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,rectitude ( w is necess>y = ,happ9ess bo? antec$5tly & concomitantly4 ,antec$5tly1 because rectitude ( ! w consi/s 9 be+ duly ord]$ to ! la/ end4 ,n[ ! end 9 comp>ison to :at is orda9$ to ! end is z =m comp>$ to matt]4 ,:]e=e1 j z matt] _c receive a =m1 unless x be duly dispos$ !reto1 s no?+ ga9s an end1 except x be duly orda9$ !reto4 ,& !re=e none c obta9 ,happ9ess1 )\t rectitude ( ! w4 ,concomitantly1 because z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h71 f9al ,happ9ess consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 ,:i* is ! v ess5ce ( goodness4 ,s t ! w ( him :o sees ! ,ess5ce ( ,god1 ( necessity1 loves1 :atev] he loves1 9 subord9ation to ,god2 j z ! w ( him :o sees n ,god's ,ess5ce1 ( necessity1 loves :atev] he loves1 "u ! common notion ( good :i* he kn[s4 ,& ?is is precisely :at makes ! w "r4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t ,happ9ess _c be )\t a "r w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( k ( tru? t is n ! ess5ce ( goodness itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e act ( ! w is prec$$ by an act ( ! intellect3 b a c]ta9 act ( ! w prec$es a c]ta9 act ( ! intellect4 ,= ! w t5ds to ! f9al act ( ! intellect :i* is happ9ess4 ,& consequ5tly "r incl9ation ( ! w is requir$ antec$5tly = happ9ess1 j z ! arr[ mu/ take a "r c\rse 9 ord] to /rike ! t>get4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n ev]y?+ t is orda9$ to ! end1 ceases ) ! gett+ ( ! end3 b only t :i* involves imp]fection1 su* z movem5t4 ,h5ce ! in/rum5ts ( movem5t are no long] necess>y :5 ! end has be5 ga9$3 b ! due ord] to ! end is necess>y4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,body ,is ,necess>y = ,man's ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! body is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,= ! p]fection ( virtue & grace presupposes ! p]fection ( nature4 ,b ,happ9ess is ! p]fection ( virtue & grace4 ,n[ ! s\l1 )\t ! body1 has n ! p]fection ( nature2 s9ce x is naturally a "p ( human nature1 & e "p is imp]fect :ile sep>at$ f its :ole4 ,!re=e ! s\l _c be happy )\t ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess is a p]fect op]ation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,,aa4 #b1 #e74 ,b p]fect op]ation foll[s p]fect be+3 s9ce no?+ op]ates except 9 s f> z x is an actual be+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! s\l has n p]fect be+1 :ile x is sep>at$ f ! body1 j z nei!r has a "p1 :ile sep>ate f its :ole2 x seems t ! s\l _c be happy )\t ! body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess is ! p]fection ( man4 ,b ! s\l1 )\t ! body1 is n man4 ,!re=e ,happ9ess _c be 9 ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ac7 ! op]ation ( bliss1 9 :i* op]ation happ9ess consi/s1 is n h9d]$4 ,b ! op]ation ( ! sep>ate s\l is h9d]$2 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce71 ! s\l has a natural desire to rule ! body1 ! result ( :i* is t x is held back1 s to speak1 f t5d+ ) all its might to ! heav5w>d j\rney1 i4e4 to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! s\l _c be happy )\t ! body4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess is ! suffici5t good & lulls desire4 ,b ?is _c be said ( ! sep>at$ s\l2 = x yet desires to be unit$ to ! body1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce74 ,!re=e ! s\l is n happy :ile sep>at$ f ! body4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 9 ,happ9ess man is equal to ! angels4 ,b ! s\l )\t ! body is n equal to ! angels1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce74 ,!re=e x is n happy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,apoc4 #ad3ac73 ,happy ,d\ay3 'bless$' are ! dead :o die 9 ! ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,happ9ess is tw(old2 ! "o is imp]fect & is _h 9 ?is life2 ! o!r is p]fect1 consi/+ 9 ! vision ( ,god4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! body is necess>y = ! happ9ess ( ?is life4 ,= ! happ9ess ( ?is life consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! intellect1 ei!r speculative or practical4 ,& ! op]ation ( ! intellect 9 ?is life _c be )\t a phantasm1 :i* is only 9 a bodily organ1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g74 ,consequ5tly t happ9ess :i* c be _h 9 ?is life1 dep5ds1 9 a way1 on ! body4 ,b z to p]fect ,happ9ess1 :i* consi/s 9 ! vision ( ,god1 "s h ma9ta9$ t x is n possible to ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body2 & h said t ! s\ls ( sa9ts1 :5 sep>at$ f _! bodies1 d n atta9 to t ,happ9ess until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 :5 !y w receive _! bodies back aga94 ,& ?is is %[n to be false1 bo? by au?ority & by reason4 ,by au?ority1 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #e3f73 ,:ile we are 9 ! body1 we are abs5t f ! ,"l2 & he po9ts out ! reason ( ?is abs5ce1 say+3 ,= we walk by fai? & n by sight4 ,n[ f ?is x is cle> t s long z we walk by fai? & n by sight1 b]eft ( ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 we are n pres5t to ! ,"l4 ,b ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts1 sep>at$ f _! bodies1 are 9 ,god's pres5ce2 :]e=e ! text cont9ues3 ,b we are confid5t & h a good w to be abs5t 4 4 4 f ! body1 & to be pres5t ) ! ,"l4 ,:5ce x is evid5t t ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts1 sep>at$ f _! bodies1 walk by sight1 see+ ! ,ess5ce ( ,god1 :]e9 is true ,happ9ess4 ,aga9 ?is is made cle> by reason4 ,= ! intellect ne$s n ! body1 = its op]ation1 save on acc\nt ( ! phantasms1 :]e9 x looks on ! intelligible tru?1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! ,div9e ,ess5ce _c be se5 by means ( phantasms1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e1 s9ce man's p]fect ,happ9ess consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 x does n dep5d on ! body4 ,consequ5tly1 )\t ! body ! s\l c be happy4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 notice t some?+ may belong to a ?+'s p]fection 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z con/itut+ ! ess5ce !re(2 ?us ! s\l is necess>y = man's p]fection4 ,secondly1 z necess>y = its well-be+3 ?us1 beauty ( body & ke5ness ( p]fection belong to man's p]fection4 ,:]e=e ?\gh ! body does n belong 9 ! fir/ way to ! p]fection ( human ,happ9ess1 yet x does 9 ! second way4 ,= s9ce op]ation dep5ds on a ?+'s nature1 ! m p]fect is ! s\l 9 its nature1 ! m p]fectly x has its prop] op]ation1 :]e9 its happ9ess consi/s4 ,h5ce1 ,augu/9e1 aft] inquir+ 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce7 :e!r t p]fect ,happ9ess c be ascrib$ to ! s\ls ( ! dead sep>at$ f _! bodies1 answ]s t !y _c see ! ,un*angeable ,sub/ance1 z ! bless$ angels see ,x2 ei!r = "s o!r m hidd5 reason1 or because !y h a natural desire to rule ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,happ9ess is ! p]fection ( ! s\l on ! "p ( ! intellect1 9 respect ( :i* ! s\l transc5ds ! organs ( ! body2 b n accord+ z ! s\l is ! natural =m ( ! body4 ,:]e=e ! s\l reta9s t natural p]fection 9 respect ( :i* happ9ess is due to x1 ?\gh x does n reta9 t natural p]fection 9 respect ( :i* x is ! =m ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! relation ( ! s\l to be+ is n ! same z t ( o!r p>ts3 = ! be+ ( ! :ole is n t ( any individual "p3 :]e=e1 ei!r ! "p ceases altoge!r to be1 :5 ! :ole is de/roy$1 j z ! p>ts ( an animal1 :5 ! animal is de/roy$2 or1 if !y rema91 !y h ano!r actual be+1 j z a "p ( a l9e has ano!r be+ f t ( ! :ole l9e4 ,b ! human s\l reta9s ! be+ ( ! composite aft] ! de/ruction ( ! body3 & ?is because ! be+ ( ! =m is ! same z t ( its matt]1 & ?is is ! be+ ( ! composite4 ,n[ ! s\l subsi/s 9 its own be+1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b74 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t aft] be+ sep>at$ f ! body x has p]fect be+ & t consequ5tly x c h a p]fect op]ation2 al?\gh x has n ! p]fect specific nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,happ9ess belongs to man 9 respect ( 8 intellect3 &1 !re=e1 s9ce ! intellect rema9s1 x c h ,happ9ess4 ,?us ! tee? ( an ,e?iopian1 9 respect ( :i* he is said to be :ite1 c reta9 _! :it5ess1 ev5 aft] extraction4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"o ?+ is h9d]$ by ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by way ( opposition2 ?us cold h9d]s ! action ( heat3 & su* a h9drance to op]ation is repugnant to ,happ9ess4 ,secondly1 by way ( "s k9d ( defect1 because1 to wit1 t :i* is h9d]$ has n all t is necess>y to make x p]fect 9 e way3 & su* a h9drance to op]ation is n incompatible ) ,happ9ess1 b prev5ts x f be+ p]fect 9 e way4 ,& ?us x is t sep>ation f ! body is said to hold ! s\l back f t5d+ ) all its might to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,= ! s\l desires to enjoy ,god 9 su* a way t ! enjoym5t also may ov]fl[ into ! body1 z f> z possible4 ,& !re=e1 z long z x enjoys ,god1 )\t ! fell[%ip ( ! body1 its appetite is at re/ 9 t :i* x has1 9 su* a way1 t x w\ld /ill wi% ! body to atta9 to its %>e4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! desire ( ! sep>at$ s\l is entirely at re/1 z reg>ds ! ?+ desir$2 s9ce1 to wit1 x has t :i* suffices its appetite4 ,b x is n :olly at re/1 z reg>ds ! desir]1 s9ce x does n possess t good 9 e way t x w\ld wi% to possess x4 ,consequ5tly1 aft] ! body has be5 resum$1 ,happ9ess increases n 9 int5sity1 b 9 ext5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! /atem5t made 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce7 to ! effect t ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ see n ,god z ! angels d1 is n to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to inequality ( quantity2 because ev5 n[ "s s\ls ( ! ,bless$ are rais$ to ! high] ord]s ( ! angels1 ?us see+ ,god m cle>ly ?an ! l[] angels4 ,b x ref]s to inequality ( proportion3 because ! angels1 ev5 ! l[e/1 h e p]fection ( ,happ9ess t !y ev] w h1 :]eas ! sep>at$ s\ls ( ! sa9ts h n4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,p]fection ( ! ,body ,is ,necess>y = ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t p]fection ( ! body is n necess>y = man's p]fect ,happ9ess4 ,= p]fection ( ! body is a bodily good4 ,b x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #b7 t ,happ9ess does n consi/ 9 bodily goods4 ,!re=e no p]fect disposition ( ! body is necess>y = man's ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man's ,happ9ess consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h74 ,b ! body has no "p 9 ?is op]ation1 z %[n above 7,a4 #e74 ,!re=e no disposition ( ! body is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m ! intellect is ab/ract$ f ! body1 ! m p]fectly x und]/&s4 ,b ,happ9ess consi/s 9 ! mo/ p]fect op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! s\l %\ld be ab/ract$ f ! body 9 e way4 ,!re=e1 9 no way is a disposition ( ! body necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,happ9ess is ! rew>d ( virtue2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,john #ac3ag73 ,y %all be bless$1 if y d !m4 ,b ! rew>d promis$ to ! sa9ts is n only t !y %all see & enjoy ,god1 b also t _! bodies %all be well-dispos$2 = x is writt5 7,isa4 #ff3ad73 ,y %all see & y\r he>t %all rejoice1 & y\r bones %all fl\ri% l a h]b4 ,!re=e good disposition ( ! body is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( t happ9ess :i* man c acquire 9 ?is life1 x is evid5t t a well-dispos$ body is ( necessity requir$ = x4 ,= ?is happ9ess consi/s1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac7 9 an op]ation accord+ to p]fect virtue2 & x is cle> t man c be h9d]$1 by indisposition ( ! body1 f e op]ation ( virtue4 ,b speak+ ( p]fect ,happ9ess1 "s h ma9ta9$ t no disposition ( body is necess>y = ,happ9ess2 inde$1 t x is necess>y = ! s\l to be entirely sep>at$ f ! body4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxii1 #bf7 quotes ! words ( ,porphyry :o said t = ! s\l to be happy1 x mu/ be sev]$ f ev]y?+ corporeal4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,= s9ce x is natural to ! s\l to be unit$ to ! body2 x is n possible = ! p]fection ( ! s\l to exclude its natural p]fection4 ,consequ5tly1 we mu/ say t p]fect disposition ( ! body is necess>y1 bo? antec$5tly & consequ5tly1 = t ,happ9ess :i* is 9 all ways p]fect4 ,antec$5tly1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce71 if ! body be su*1 t ! gov]nance !re( is difficult & burd5some1 l unto fle% :i* is corruptible & weighs ^u ! s\l1 ! m9d is turn$ away f t vision ( ! highe/ heav54 ,:5ce he concludes t1 :5 ?is body w no long] be 'natural1' b 'spiritual1' !n w x be equall$ to ! angels1 & t w be its glory1 :i* er/:ile 0 its burd54 ,consequ5tly1 because f ! ,happ9ess ( ! s\l !re w be an ov]fl[ on to ! body1 s t ?is too w obta9 its p]fection4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,dioscor47 t ,god gave ! s\l su* a p[]ful nature t f its exce$+ fulness ( happ9ess ! vigor ( incorruption ov]fl[s into ! l[] nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,happ9ess does n consi/ 9 bodily good z its object3 b bodily good c add a c]ta9 *>m & p]fection to ,happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! body has no "p 9 t op]ation ( ! intellect :]eby ! ,ess5ce ( ,god is se51 yet x might prove a h9drance !reto4 ,consequ5tly1 p]fection ( ! body is necess>y1 le/ x h9d] ! m9d f be+ lift$ up4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p]fect op]ation ( ! intellect requires inde$ t ! intellect be ab/ract$ f ?is corruptible body :i* weighs ^u ! s\l2 b n f ! spiritual body1 :i* w be :olly subject to ! _s4 ,on ?is po9t we %all treat 9 ! ,?ird ,"p ( ?is "w 7,suppl41 ,q4 #hb1 seqq474 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,any ,ext]nal ,goods ,are ,necess>y = ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ext]nal goods also are necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,= t :i* is promis$ ! sa9ts = rew>d1 belongs to ,happ9ess4 ,b ext]nal goods are promis$ ! sa9ts2 = in/ance1 food & dr9k1 weal? & a k+dom3 = x is said 7,luke #bb3cj73 ,t y may eat & dr9k at ,my table 9 ,my k+dom3 & 7,matt4 #f3bj73 ,lay up to y\rselves treasures 9 heav53 & 7,matt4 #be3cd73 ,come1 ye bless$ ( ,my ,fa!r1 possess y ! k+dom4 ,!re=e ext]nal goods are necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 iii73 happ9ess is a /ate made p]fect by ! aggregate ( all good ?+s4 ,b "s ( man's goods are ext]nal1 al?\gh !y be ( lea/ acc\nt1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai74 ,!re=e !y too are necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #e3ab73 ,y\r rew>d is v great 9 heav54 ,b to be 9 heav5 implies be+ 9 a place4 ,!re=e at lea/ ext]nal place is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #gb3be73 ,= :at h ,i 9 heav58 & besides ,!e :at d ,i desire ^u e>?8 ,z ?\gh to say3 ,i desire no?+ b ?is1 --,x is good = me to adh]e to my ,god4 ,!re=e no?+ fur!r ext]nal is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,= imp]fect happ9ess1 su* z c be _h 9 ?is life1 ext]nal goods are necess>y1 n z belong+ to ! ess5ce ( happ9ess1 b by s]v+ z in/rum5ts to happ9ess1 :i* consi/s 9 an op]ation ( virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac4 ,= man ne$s 9 ?is life1 ! necess>ies ( ! body1 bo? = ! op]ation ( contemplative virtue1 & = ! op]ation ( active virtue1 = :i* latt] he ne$s also _m o!r ?+s by means ( :i* to p]=m its op]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* goods z ^! are n[ise necess>y = p]fect ,happ9ess1 :i* consi/s 9 see+ ,god4 ,! reason ( ?is is t all su*like ext]nal goods are requisite ei!r = ! support ( ! animal body2 or = c]ta9 op]ations :i* belong to human life1 :i* we p]=m by means ( ! animal body3 :]eas t p]fect ,happ9ess :i* consi/s 9 see+ ,god1 w be ei!r 9 ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body1 or 9 ! s\l unit$ to ! body !n no long] animal b spiritual4 ,consequ5tly ^! ext]nal goods are n[ise necess>y = t ,happ9ess1 s9ce !y are orda9$ to ! animal life4 ,& s9ce1 9 ?is life1 ! felicity ( contemplation1 z be+ m ,godlike1 approa*es ne>] ?an t ( action to ! lik5ess ( t p]fect ,happ9ess1 !re=e x /&s 9 less ne$ ( ^! goods ( ! body z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #h4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ^? mat]ial promises conta9$ 9 ,holy ,scripture1 are to be und]/ood metaphorically1 inasmu* z ,scripture is wont to express spiritual ?+s "u ! =m ( ?+s corporeal1 9 ord] t f ?+s we "k1 we may rise to ! desire ( ?+s unkn[n1 z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xi 9 ,evang474 ,?us food & dr9k signify ! delight ( ,happ9ess2 weal?1 ! suffici5cy ( ,god = man2 ! k+dom1 ! lift+ up ( man to union ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! goods t s]ve = ! animal life1 are incompatible ) t spiritual life :]e9 p]fect ,happ9ess consi/s4 ,nev]!less 9 t ,happ9ess !re w be ! aggregate ( all good ?+s1 because :atev] good !re be 9 ^! ?+s1 we %all possess x all 9 ! ,supreme ,f\nt ( goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #e71 x is n mat]ial heav5 t is describ$ z ! rew>d ( ! sa9ts1 b a heav5 rais$ on ! height ( spiritual goods4 ,nev]!less a bodily place1 viz4 ! empyrean heav51 w be appo9t$ to ! ,bless$1 n z a ne$ ( ,happ9ess1 b by reason ( a c]ta9 fitness & adornm5t4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,fell[%ip ( ,fri5ds ,is ,necess>y = ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fri5ds are necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,= future ,happ9ess is frequ5tly designat$ by ,scripture "u ! "n ( glory4 ,b glory consi/s 9 man's good be+ br\ght to ! notice ( _m4 ,!re=e ! fell[%ip ( fri5ds is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius 99,s5eca1 ,ep4 #f says t !re is no delight 9 possess+ any good :atev]1 )\t someone to %>e x ) u4 ,b delight is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,!re=e fell[%ip ( fri5ds is also necess>y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is p]fect$ 9 ,happ9ess4 ,b *>ity includes ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor4 ,!re=e x seems t fell[%ip ( fri5ds is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3aa73 ,all good ?+s came to me toge!r ) h]1 i4e4 ) div9e wisdom1 :i* consi/s 9 contemplat+ ,god4 ,consequ5tly no?+ else is necess>y = ,happ9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( ! happ9ess ( ?is life1 ! happy man ne$s fri5ds1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #i71 n1 inde$1 to make use ( !m1 s9ce he suffices himself2 nor to delight 9 !m1 s9ce he possesses p]fect delight 9 ! op]ation ( virtue2 b = ! purpose ( a good op]ation1 viz4 t he may d good to !m2 t he may delight 9 see+ !m d good2 & aga9 t he may be help$ by !m 9 8 good "w4 ,= 9 ord] t man may d well1 :e!r 9 ! works ( ! active life1 or 9 ^? ( ! contemplative life1 he ne$s ! fell[%ip ( fri5ds4 ,b if we speak ( p]fect ,happ9ess :i* w be 9 our heav5ly ,fa!rl&1 ! fell[%ip ( fri5ds is n ess5tial to ,happ9ess2 s9ce man has ! entire fulness ( 8 p]fection 9 ,god4 ,b ! fell[%ip ( fri5ds conduces to ! well-be+ ( ,happ9ess4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #be7 t ! spiritual creatures receive no o!r int]ior aid to happ9ess ?an ! et]nity1 tru?1 & *>ity ( ! ,creator4 ,b if !y c be said to be help$ f )\t1 p]haps x is only by ?is t !y see "o ano!r & rejoice 9 ,god1 at _! fell[%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t glory :i* is ess5tial to ,happ9ess1 is t :i* man has1 n ) man b ) ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is say+ is to be und]/ood ( ! possession ( good t does n fully satisfy4 ,?is does n apply to ! "q "u consid]ation2 because man possesses 9 ,god a suffici5cy ( e good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,p]fection ( *>ity is ess5tial to ,happ9ess1 z to ! love ( ,god1 b n z to ! love ( our neighbor4 ,:]e=e if !re 7 b "o s\l enjoy+ ,god1 x w\ld be happy1 ?\gh hav+ no neighbor to love4 ,b suppos+ "o neighbor to be !re1 love ( him results f p]fect love ( ,god4 ,consequ5tly1 fri5d%ip is1 z x 71 concomitant ) p]fect ,happ9ess4 ,,"q #e ,,( ,,! ,,atta9m5t ,,( ,,happ9ess 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! atta9m5t ( ,happ9ess4 ,"u ?is head+ !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r man c atta9 ,happ9ess8 7#b7 ,:e!r "o man c be happi] ?an ano!r8 7#c7 ,:e!r any man c be happy 9 ?is life8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,happ9ess once _h c be lo/8 7#e7 ,:e!r man c atta9 ,happ9ess by means ( 8 natural p[]s8 7#f7 ,:e!r man atta9s ,happ9ess ?r\gh ! action ( "s high] creature8 7#g7 ,:e!r any actions ( man are necess>y 9 ord] t man may obta9 ,happ9ess ( ,god8 7#h7 ,:e!r e man desires ,happ9ess8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,man ,c ,atta9 ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man _c atta9 happ9ess4 ,= j z ! rational is above ! s5sible nature1 s ! intellectual is above ! rational1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 vi1 vii7 9 sev]al passages4 ,b irrational animals t h ! s5sitive nature only1 _c atta9 ! end ( ! rational nature4 ,!re=e nei!r c man1 :o is ( rational nature1 atta9 ! end ( ! intellectual nature1 :i* is ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,true ,happ9ess consi/s 9 see+ ,god1 ,:o is pure ,tru?4 ,b f 8 v nature1 man consid]s tru? 9 mat]ial ?+s3 :]e=e he und]/&s ! intelligible species 9 ! phantasm 7,de ,anima iii1 #g74 ,!re=e he _c atta9 ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 atta9+ ! ,sov]eign ,good4 ,b we _c arrive at ! top )\t surm\nt+ ! middle4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! angelic nature ?r\gh :i* man _c m\nt is midway betwe5 ,god & human nature2 x seems t he _c atta9 ,happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ic3ab73 ,bless$ is ! man :om ,?\ %alt in/ruct1 ,o ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,happ9ess is ! atta9m5t ( ! ,p]fect ,good4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 is capable ( ! ,p]fect ,good c atta9 ,happ9ess4 ,n[1 t man is capable ( ! ,p]fect ,good1 is prov$ bo? because 8 intellect c appreh5d ! univ]sal & p]fect good1 & because 8 w c desire x4 ,& !re=e man c atta9 ,happ9ess4 ,?is c be prov$ aga9 f ! fact t man is capable ( see+ ,god1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #a73 9 :i* vision1 z we /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h7 man's p]fect ,happ9ess consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! rational exce$s ! s5sitive nature1 o!rwise ?an ! intellectual surpasses ! rational4 ,= ! rational exce$s ! s5sitive nature 9 respect ( ! object ( its k3 s9ce ! s5ses h no k :atev] ( ! univ]sal1 :]eas ! reason has k !re(4 ,b ! intellectual surpasses ! rational nature1 z to ! mode ( kn[+ ! same intelligible tru?3 = ! intellectual nature grasps =?) ! tru? :i* ! rational nature rea*es by ! inquiry ( reason1 z 0 made cle> 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e reason arrives by a k9d ( movem5t at t :i* ! intellect grasps4 ,consequ5tly ! rational nature c atta9 ,happ9ess1 :i* is ! p]fection ( ! intellectual nature3 b o!rwise ?an ! angels4 ,because ! angels atta9$ x =?) aft] ! beg9n+ ( _! creation3 :]eas man atta9s if aft] a "t4 ,b ! s5sitive nature c n[ise atta9 ?is end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to man 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life ! natural way ( kn[+ intelligible tru? is by means ( phantasms4 ,b aft] ?is /ate ( life1 he has ano!r natural way1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man _c surm\nt ! angels 9 ! degree ( nature s z to be above !m naturally4 ,b he c surm\nt !m by an op]ation ( ! intellect1 by und]/&+ t !re is above ! angels some?+ t makes m5 happy2 & :5 he has atta9$ x1 he w be p]fectly happy4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,"o ,man ,c ,be ,happi] ,?an ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o man _c be happi] ?an ano!r4 ,= ,happ9ess is ! rew>d ( virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #i74 ,b equal rew>d is giv5 = all ! works ( virtue2 because x is writt5 7,matt4 #bj3aj7 t all :o labor 9 ! v9ey>d receiv$ e man a p5ny2 =1 z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xix 9 ,evang471 ea* 0 equally rew>d$ ) et]nal life4 ,!re=e "o man _c be happi] ?an ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess is ! supreme good4 ,b no?+ c surpass ! supreme4 ,!re=e "o man's ,happ9ess _c be surpass$ by ano!r's4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ,happ9ess is ! p]fect & suffici5t good 7,e?ic4 i1 #g7 x br+s re/ to man's desire4 ,b 8 desire is n at re/1 if he yet lacks "s good t c be got4 ,& if he lack no?+ t he c get1 !re c be no /ill great] good4 ,!re=e ei!r man is n happy2 or1 if he be happy1 no o!r ,happ9ess c be great]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #ad3b73 ,9 ,my ,fa!r's h\se !re are _m mansions2 :i*1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,tract4 lxvii 9 ,joan47 signify ! div]se dignities ( m]its 9 ! "o et]nal life4 ,b ! dignity ( et]nal life :i* is giv5 accord+ to m]it1 is ,happ9ess itself4 ,!re=e !re are div]se degrees ( ,happ9ess1 & ,happ9ess is n equally 9 all4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g71 ,happ9ess implies two ?+s1 to wit1 ! la/ end itself1 i4e4 ! ,sov]eign ,good2 & ! atta9m5t or enjoym5t ( t same ,good4 ,z to t ,good itself1 ,:i* is ! object & cause ( ,happ9ess1 "o ,happ9ess _c be great] ?an ano!r1 s9ce !re is b "o ,sov]eign ,good1 namely1 ,god1 by enjoy+ ,:om1 m5 are made happy4 ,b z to ! atta9m5t or enjoym5t ( ?is ,good1 "o man c be happi] ?an ano!r2 because ! m a man enjoys ?is ,good ! happi] he is4 ,n[1 t "o man enjoys ,god m ?an ano!r1 happ5s ?r\gh 8 be+ bett] dispos$ or ord]$ to ! enjoym5t ( ,him4 ,& 9 ?is s5se "o man c be happi] ?an ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! "o p5ny signifies t ,happ9ess is "o 9 its object4 ,b ! _m mansions signify ! manifold ,happ9ess 9 ! div]s degrees ( enjoym5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,happ9ess is said to be ! supreme good1 inasmu* z x is ! p]fect possession or enjoym5t ( ! ,supreme ,good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,none ( ! ,bless$ lacks any desirable good2 s9ce !y h ! ,inf9ite ,good ,itself1 ,:i* is ! good ( all good1 z ,augu/9e says 7,en>r4 9 ,ps4 #acd74 ,b "o is said to be happi] ?an ano!r1 by reason ( div]se p>ticipation ( ! same good4 ,& ! addition ( o!r goods does n increase ,happ9ess1 s9ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 v1 #d73 ,he :o kn[s ,!e1 & o!rs besides1 is n ! happi] = kn[+ !m1 b is happy = kn[+ ,!e alone4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"o ,c ,be ,happy 9 ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,happ9ess c be _h 9 ?is life4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3a73 ,bless$ are ! undefil$ 9 ! way1 :o walk 9 ! law ( ! ,"l4 ,b ?is happ5s 9 ?is life4 ,!re=e "o c be happy 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 imp]fect p>ticipation 9 ! ,sov]eign ,good does n de/roy ! nature ( ,happ9ess1 o!rwise "o w\ld n be happi] ?an ano!r4 ,b m5 c p>ticipate 9 ! ,sov]eign ,good 9 ?is life1 by kn[+ & lov+ ,god1 albeit imp]fectly4 ,!re=e man c be happy 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is said by _m _c be altoge!r false3 s9ce :at is 9 _m1 comes1 app>5tly1 f nature2 & nature does n fail altoge!r4 ,n[ _m say t ,happ9ess c be _h 9 ?is life1 z appe>s f ,ps4 #adc3ae3 ,!y h call$ ! p happy t ha? ^! ?+s1 to wit1 ! good ?+s 9 ?is life4 ,!re=e "o c be happy 9 ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,job #ad3a73 ,man born ( a woman1 liv+ = a %ort "t1 is fill$ ) _m mis]ies4 ,b ,happ9ess excludes mis]y4 ,!re=e man _c be happy 9 ?is life4 ,i answ] t1 ,a c]ta9 p>ticipation ( ,happ9ess c be _h 9 ?is life3 b p]fect & true ,happ9ess _c be _h 9 ?is life4 ,?is may be se5 f a tw(old consid]ation4 ,fir/1 f ! g5]al notion ( happ9ess4 ,= s9ce happ9ess is a p]fect & suffici5t good1 x excludes e evil1 & fulfils e desire4 ,b 9 ?is life e evil _c be exclud$4 ,= ?is pres5t life is subject to _m unavoidable evils2 to ignorance on ! "p ( ! intellect2 to inord9ate affection on ! "p ( ! appetite1 & to _m p5alties on ! "p ( ! body2 z ,augu/9e sets =? 9 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #d4 ,likewise nei!r c ! desire = good be satiat$ 9 ?is life4 ,= man naturally desires ! good1 :i* he has1 to be abid+4 ,n[ ! goods ( ! pres5t life pass away2 s9ce life itself passes away1 :i* we naturally desire to h1 & w\ld wi% to hold abid+ly1 = man naturally %r9ks f dea?4 ,:]e=e x is impossible to h true ,happ9ess 9 ?is life4 ,secondly1 f a consid]ation ( ! specific nature ( ,happ9ess1 viz4 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 :i* man _c obta9 9 ?is life1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #aa74 ,h5ce x is evid5t t none c atta9 true & p]fect ,happ9ess 9 ?is life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s are said to be happy 9 ?is life1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! hope ( obta9+ ,happ9ess 9 ! life to come1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3bd3 ,we are sav$ by hope2 or on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 p>ticipation ( ,happ9ess1 by reason ( a k9d ( enjoym5t ( ! ,sov]eign ,good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! imp]fection ( p>ticipat$ ,happ9ess is due to "o ( two causes4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! object ( ,happ9ess1 :i* is n se5 9 ,its ,ess5ce3 & ?is imp]fection de/roys ! nature ( true ,happ9ess4 ,secondly1 ! imp]fection may be on ! "p ( ! p>ticipator1 :o inde$ atta9s ! object ( ,happ9ess1 9 itself1 namely1 ,god3 imp]fectly1 h[ev]1 9 comp>ison ) ! way 9 :i* ,god enjoys ,himself4 ,?is imp]fection does n de/roy ! true nature ( ,happ9ess2 because1 s9ce ,happ9ess is an op]ation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #b71 ! true nature ( ,happ9ess is tak5 f ! object1 :i* specifies ! act1 & n f ! subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m5 e/eem t !re is "s k9d ( happ9ess to be _h 9 ?is life1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 lik5ess to true ,happ9ess4 ,& ?us !y d n fail altoge!r 9 _! e/imate4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,happ9ess ,once ,_h ,c ,be ,lo/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,happ9ess c be lo/4 ,= ,happ9ess is a p]fection4 ,b e p]fection is 9 ! ?+ p]fect$ accord+ to ! mode ( ! latt]4 ,s9ce !n man is1 by 8 nature1 *angeable1 x seems t ,happ9ess is p>ticipat$ by man 9 a *angeable mann]4 ,& consequ5tly x seems t man c lose ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 an act ( ! intellect2 & ! intellect is subject to ! w4 ,b ! w c be direct$ to opposites4 ,!re=e x seems t x c desi/ f ! op]ation :]eby man is made happy3 & ?us man w cease to be happy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! end corresponds to ! beg9n+4 ,b man's ,happ9ess has a beg9n+1 s9ce man 0 n always happy4 ,!re=e x seems t x has an end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #be3df7 ( ! righte\s t !y %all g 4 4 4 into life ev]la/+1 :i*1 z above /at$ 7,a4 #b71 is ! ,happ9ess ( ! sa9ts4 ,n[ :at is et]nal ceases n4 ,!re=e ,happ9ess _c be lo/4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( imp]fect happ9ess1 su* z c be _h 9 ?is life1 9 ?is s5se x c be lo/4 ,?is is cle> ( contemplative happ9ess1 :i* is lo/ ei!r by =getfulness1 = in/ance1 :5 k is lo/ ?r\gh sickness2 or aga9 by c]ta9 occupations1 :]eby a man is altoge!r )drawn f contemplation4 ,?is is also cle> ( active happ9ess3 s9ce man's w c be *ang$ s z to fall to vice f ! virtue1 9 ^: act t happ9ess pr9cipally consi/s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! virtue rema9 unimpair$1 outw>d *anges c inde$ di/urb su* l happ9ess1 9 s f> z !y h9d] _m acts ( virtue2 b !y _c take x away altoge!r because !re /ill rema9s an act ( virtue1 :]eby man be>s ^! trials 9 a praisewor?y mann]4 ,& s9ce ! happ9ess ( ?is life c be lo/1 a circum/ance t appe>s to be contr>y to ! nature ( happ9ess1 !re=e did ! ,philosoph] /ate 7,e?ic4 i1 #aj7 t "s are happy 9 ?is life1 n simply1 b z m51 ^: nature is subject to *ange4 ,b if we speak ( t p]fect ,happ9ess :i* we await aft] ?is life1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,orig5 7,p]i ,ar*on4 ii1 #c71 foll[+ ! error ( c]ta9 ,platoni/s1 held t man c become unhappy aft] ! f9al ,happ9ess4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is evid5tly false1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 f ! g5]al notion ( happ9ess4 ,= s9ce happ9ess is ! p]fect & suffici5t good1 x mu/ ne$s set man's desire at re/ & exclude e evil4 ,n[ man naturally desires to hold to ! good t he has1 & to h ! surety ( 8 hold+3 else he mu/ ( necessity be tr\bl$ ) ! fe> ( los+ x1 or ) ! sorr[ ( kn[+ t he w lose x4 ,!re=e x is necess>y = true ,happ9ess t man h ! assur$ op9ion ( nev] los+ ! good t he possesses4 ,if ?is op9ion be true1 x foll[s t he nev] w lose happ9ess3 b if x be false1 x is 9 itself an evil t he %\ld h a false op9ion3 because ! false is ! evil ( ! intellect1 j z ! true is its good1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b4 ,consequ5tly he w no long] be truly happy1 if evil be 9 him4 ,secondly1 x is aga9 evid5t if we consid] ! specific nature ( ,happ9ess4 ,= x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h7 t man's p]fect ,happ9ess consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,n[ x is impossible = anyone see+ ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 to wi% n to see ,x4 ,because e good t "o possesses & yet wi%es to be )\t1 is ei!r insuffici5t1 some?+ m suffic+ be+ desir$ 9 its /ead2 or else has "s inconv5i5ce atta*$ to x1 by reason ( :i* x becomes we>isome4 ,b ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce fills ! s\l ) all good ?+s1 s9ce x unites x to ! s\rce ( all goodness2 h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #af3ae73 ,i %all be satisfi$ :5 ,?y glory %all appe>2 & 7,wis4 #g3aa73 ,all good ?+s came to me toge!r ) h]1 i4e4 ) ! contemplation ( wisdom4 ,9 l mann] nei!r has x any inconv5i5ce atta*$ to x2 because x is writt5 ( ! contemplation ( wisdom 7,wis4 #h3af73 ,h] conv]sation ha? no bitt]ness1 nor h] company any t$i\sness4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! happy man _c =sake ,happ9ess ( 8 own accord4 ,moreov]1 nei!r c he lose ,happ9ess1 ?r\gh ,god tak+ x away f him4 ,because1 s9ce ! )drawal ( ,happ9ess is a puni%m5t1 x _c be en=c$ by ,god1 ! j ,judge1 except = "s fault2 & he t sees ,god _c fall into a fault1 s9ce rectitude ( ! w1 ( necessity1 results f t vision z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #d74 ,nor aga9 c x be )drawn by any o!r ag5t4 ,because ! m9d t is unit$ to ,god is rais$ above all o!r ?+s3 & consequ5tly no o!r ag5t c sev] ! m9d f t union4 ,!re=e x seems unreasonable t z "t goes on1 man %\ld pass f happ9ess to mis]y1 & vice v]sa2 because su* l vicissitudes ( "t c only be = su* ?+s z are subject to "t & movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,happ9ess is consummate p]fection1 :i* excludes e defect f ! happy4 ,& !re=e :oev] has happ9ess has x altoge!r un*angeably3 ?is is done by ! ,div9e p[]1 :i* raises man to ! p>ticipation ( et]nity :i* transc5ds all *ange4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w c be direct$ to opposites1 9 ?+s :i* are orda9$ to ! end2 b x is orda9$1 ( natural necessity1 to ! la/ end4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t man is unable n to wi% to be happy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,happ9ess has a beg9n+ ow+ to ! condition ( ! p>ticipator3 b x has no end by reason ( ! condition ( ! good1 ! p>ticipation ( :i* makes man happy4 ,h5ce ! beg9n+ ( happ9ess is f "o cause1 its endlessness is f ano!r4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,man ,c ,atta9 ,happ9ess by ,8 ,natural ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man c atta9 ,happ9ess by 8 natural p[]s4 ,= nature does n fail 9 necess>y ?+s4 ,b no?+ is s necess>y to man z t by :i* he atta9s ! la/ end4 ,!re=e ?is is n lack+ to human nature4 ,!re=e man c atta9 ,happ9ess by 8 natural p[]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce man is m noble ?an irrational creatures1 x seems t he mu/ be bett] equipp$ ?an !y4 ,b irrational creatures c atta9 _! end by _! natural p[]s4 ,mu* m !re=e c man atta9 ,happ9ess by 8 natural p[]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess is a p]fect op]ation1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ac74 ,n[ ! beg9n+ ( a ?+ belongs to ! same pr9ciple z ! p]fect+ !re(4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! imp]fect op]ation1 :i* is z ! beg9n+ 9 human op]ations1 is subject to man's natural p[]1 :]eby he is ma/] ( 8 own actions2 x seems t he c atta9 to p]fect op]ation1 i4e4 ,happ9ess1 by 8 natural p[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man is naturally ! pr9ciple ( 8 action1 by 8 intellect & w4 ,b f9al ,happ9ess prep>$ = ! sa9ts1 surpasses ! intellect & w ( man2 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3i7 ,eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r ha? x ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1 :at ?+s ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t love ,him4 ,!re=e man _c atta9 ,happ9ess by 8 natural p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,imp]fect happ9ess t c be _h 9 ?is life1 c be acquir$ by man by 8 natural p[]s1 9 ! same way z virtue1 9 ^: op]ation x consi/s3 on ?is po9t we %all speak fur!r on 7,q4 #fc74 ,b man's p]fect ,happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h71 consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,n[ ! vision ( ,god's ,ess5ce surpasses ! nature n only ( man1 b also ( e creature1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d74 ,= ! natural k ( e creature is 9 keep+ ) ! mode ( 8 sub/ance3 ?us x is said ( ! intellig5ce 7,de ,causis2 ,prop4 viii7 t x kn[s ?+s t are above x1 & ?+s t are bel[ x1 accord+ to ! mode ( its sub/ance4 ,b e k t is accord+ to ! mode ( creat$ sub/ance1 falls %ort ( ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 :i* inf9itely surpasses all creat$ sub/ance4 ,consequ5tly nei!r man1 nor any creature1 c atta9 f9al ,happ9ess by 8 natural p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z nature does n fail man 9 necess>ies1 al?\gh x has n provid$ him ) weapons & clo?+1 z x provid$ o!r animals1 because x gave him reason & h&s1 ) :i* he is able to get ^! ?+s = himself2 s nei!r did x fail man 9 ?+s necess>y1 al?\gh x gave him n ! :]e)al to atta9 ,happ9ess3 s9ce ?is x c\ld n d4 ,b x did give him free-w1 ) :i* he c turn to ,god1 t ,he may make him happy4 ,= :at we d by means ( our fri5ds1 is done1 9 a s5se1 by ourselves 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! nature t c atta9 p]fect good1 al?\gh x ne$s help f )\t 9 ord] to atta9 x1 is ( m noble condition ?an a nature :i* _c atta9 p]fect good1 b atta9s "s imp]fect good1 al?\gh x ne$ no help f )\t 9 ord] to atta9 x1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,coel4 ii1 #ab74 ,?us he is bett] dispos$ to heal? :o c atta9 p]fect heal?1 albeit by means ( m$ic9e1 ?an he :o c atta9 b imp]fect heal?1 )\t ! help ( m$ic9e4 ,& !re=e ! rational creature1 :i* c atta9 ! p]fect good ( happ9ess1 b ne$s ! ,div9e assi/ance = ! purpose1 is m p]fect ?an ! irrational creature1 :i* is n capable ( atta9+ ?is good1 b atta9s "s imp]fect good by its natural p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 imp]fect & p]fect are ( ! same species1 !y c be caus$ by ! same p[]4 ,b ?is does n foll[ ( necessity1 if !y be ( diff]5t species3 = n ev]y?+1 t c cause ! disposition ( matt]1 c produce ! f9al p]fection4 ,n[ ! imp]fect op]ation1 :i* is subject to man's natural p[]1 is n ( ! same species z t p]fect op]ation :i* is man's happ9ess3 s9ce op]ation takes its species f its object4 ,consequ5tly ! argum5t does n prove4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,man ,atta9s ,happ9ess ,?r\gh ! ,action ( ,"s ,high] ,creature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man c be made happy ?r\gh ! action ( "s high] creature1 viz4 an angel4 ,= s9ce we obs]ve a tw(old ord] 9 ?+s--"o1 ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se to "o ano!r1 ! o!r1 ( ! :ole univ]se to a good :i* is outside ! univ]se2 ! =m] ord] is orda9$ to ! second z to its end 7,metaph4 xii1 #aj74 ,?us ! mutual ord] ( ! p>ts ( an army is dep5d5t on ! ord] ( ! p>ts ( an army is dep5d5t on ! ord] ( ! :ole army to ! g5]al4 ,b ! mutual ord] ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se consi/s 9 ! high] creatures act+ on ! l[]1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b73 :ile happ9ess consi/s 9 ! ord] ( man to a good :i* is outside ! univ]se1 i4e4 ,god4 ,!re=e man is made happy1 ?r\gh a high] creature1 viz4 an angel1 act+ on him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is su* 9 pot5tiality1 c be r$uc$ to act1 by t :i* is su* actually3 ?us :at is pot5tially hot1 is made actually hot1 by some?+ t is actually hot4 ,b man is pot5tially happy4 ,!re=e he c be made actually happy by an angel :o is actually happy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 an op]ation ( ! intellect z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,b an angel c enlight5 man's intellect z %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e an angel c make a man happy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #hc3ab73 ,! ,"l w give grace & glory4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce e creature is subject to ! laws ( nature1 f ! v fact t its p[] & action are limit$3 t :i* surpasses creat$ nature1 _c be done by ! p[] ( any creature4 ,consequ5tly if any?+ ne$ to be done t is above nature1 x is done by ,god imm$iately2 su* z rais+ ! dead to life1 re/or+ sight to ! bl9d1 & su* l4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n above 7,a4 #e7 t ,happ9ess is a good surpass+ creat$ nature4 ,!re=e x is impossible t x be be/[$ ?r\gh ! action ( any creature3 b by ,god alone is man made happy1 if we speak ( p]fect ,happ9ess4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( imp]fect happ9ess1 ! same is to be said ( x z ( ! virtue1 9 ^: act x consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 ! case ( active p[]s orda9$ to "o ano!r1 t x belongs to ! highe/ p[] to rea* ! la/ end1 :ile ! l[] p[]s contribute to ! atta9m5t ( t la/ end1 by caus+ a disposition !reto3 ?us to ! art ( sail+1 :i* comm&s ! art ( %ipbuild+1 x belongs to use a %ip = ! end = :i* x 0 made4 ,?us1 too1 9 ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 man is inde$ help$ by ! angels 9 ! atta9m5t ( 8 la/ end1 9 respect ( c]ta9 prelim9>y dispositions !reto3 :]eas he atta9s ! la/ end itself ?r\gh ! ,fir/ ,ag5t1 :i* is ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a =m exi/s p]fectly & naturally 9 some?+1 x c be ! pr9ciple ( action on some?+ else3 = in/ance a hot ?+ heats ?r\gh heat4 ,b if a =m exi/ 9 some?+ imp]fectly1 & n naturally1 x _c be ! pr9ciple :]eby x is communicat$ to some?+ else3 ?us ! int5tion ( color :i* is 9 ! pupil1 _c make a ?+ :ite2 nor inde$ c ev]y?+ enlight5$ or heat$ give heat or light to some?+ else2 = if !y c\ld1 enlight5+ & heat+ w\ld g on to inf9ity4 ,b ! light ( glory1 :]eby ,god is se51 is 9 ,god p]fectly & naturally2 :]eas 9 any creature1 x is imp]fectly & by lik5ess or p>ticipation4 ,consequ5tly no creature c communicate its ,happ9ess to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a happy angel enlight5s ! intellect ( a man or ( a l[] angel1 z to c]ta9 notions ( ! ,div9e works3 b n z to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a73 s9ce 9 ord] to see ?is1 all are imm$iately enlight5$ by ,god4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,any ,good ,works ,are ,necess>y ,t ,man ,may ,receive ,happ9ess f ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no works ( man are necess>y t he may obta9 ,happ9ess f ,god4 ,= s9ce ,god is an ag5t ( inf9ite p[]1 ,he requires be=e act+1 nei!r matt]1 nor disposition ( matt]1 b c =?) produce ! :ole effect4 ,b man's works1 s9ce !y are n requir$ = ,happ9ess1 z ! effici5t cause !re(1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 c be requir$ only z dispositions !reto4 ,!re=e ,god :o does n require dispositions be=e act+1 be/[s ,happ9ess )\t any previ\s works4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z ,god is ! imm$iate cause ( ,happ9ess1 s is ,he ! imm$iate cause ( nature4 ,b :5 ,god fir/ e/abli%$ nature1 ,he produc$ creatures )\t any previ\s disposition or action on ! "p ( ! creature1 b made ea* "o p]fect =?) 9 its species4 ,!re=e x seems t ,he be/[s ,happ9ess on man )\t any previ\s works4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #d3f7 t ,happ9ess is ( ! man to :om ,god repute? ju/ice )\t works4 ,!re=e no works ( man are necess>y = atta9+ ,happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #ac3ag73 ,if y "k ^! ?+s1 y %all be bless$ if y d !m4 ,!re=e ,happ9ess is obta9$ ?r\gh works4 ,i answ] t1 ,rectitude ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #d71 is necess>y = ,happ9ess2 s9ce x is no?+ else ?an ! "r ord] ( ! w to ! la/ end2 & x is !re=e necess>y = obta9+ ! end1 j z ! "r disposition ( matt]1 9 ord] to receive ! =m4 ,b ?is does n prove t any "w ( man ne$ prec$e 8 ,happ9ess3 = ,god c\ld make a w hav+ a "r t5d5cy to ! end1 & at ! same "t atta9+ ! end2 j z sometimes ,he disposes matt] & at ! same "t introduces ! =m4 ,b ! ord] ( ,div9e wisdom dem&s t x %\ld n be ?us2 = z is /at$ 9 ,de ,coelo ii1 #ab1 ( ^? ?+s t h a natural capacity = ! p]fect good1 "o has x )\t movem5t1 "s by "o movem5t1 "s by sev]al4 ,n[ to possess ! p]fect good )\t movem5t1 belongs to t :i* has x naturally3 & to h ,happ9ess naturally belongs to ,god alone4 ,!re=e x belongs to ,god alone n to be mov$ t[>ds ,happ9ess by any previ\s op]ation4 ,n[ s9ce ,happ9ess surpasses e creat$ nature1 no pure creature c becom+ly ga9 ,happ9ess1 )\t ! movem5t ( op]ation1 :]eby x t5ds !reto4 ,b ! angel1 :o is above man 9 ! natural ord]1 obta9$ x1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ,div9e wisdom1 by "o movem5t ( a m]itori\s "w1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #e72 :]eas man obta9s x by _m movem5ts ( works :i* are call$ m]its4 ,:]e=e also accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #i71 happ9ess is ! rew>d ( works ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,works are necess>y to man 9 ord] to ga9 ,happ9ess2 n on acc\nt ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! ,div9e p[] :i* be/[s ,happ9ess1 b t ! ord] 9 ?+s be obs]v$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god produc$ ! fir/ creatures s t !y are p]fect =?)1 )\t any previ\s disposition or op]ation ( ! creature2 because ,he in/itut$ ! fir/ individuals ( ! v>i\s species1 t ?r\gh !m nature might be propagat$ to _! prog5y4 ,9 l mann]1 because ,happ9ess 0 to be be/[$ on o!rs ?r\gh ,*ri/1 :o is ,god & ,man1 ,:o1 accord+ to ,heb4 #b3aj1 _h br\ght _m *ildr5 into glory2 !re=e1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ,8 conception1 ,8 s\l 0 happy1 )\t any previ\s m]itori\s op]ation4 ,b ?is is peculi> to ,him3 = ,*ri/'s m]it avails baptiz$ *ildr5 = ! ga9+ ( ,happ9ess1 ?\gh !y h no m]its ( _! own2 because by ,baptism !y are made memb]s ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ ( ! ,happ9ess ( ,hope1 :i* is be/[$ on u by sanctify+ grace1 :i* is n giv5 on acc\nt ( previ\s works4 ,= grace is n a t]m ( movem5t1 z ,happ9ess is2 r is x ! pr9ciple ( ! movem5t t t5ds t[>ds ,happ9ess4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,e ,man ,desires ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all desire ,happ9ess4 ,= no man c desire :at he kn[s n2 s9ce ! appreh5d$ good is ! object ( ! appetite 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj74 ,b _m "k n :at ,happ9ess is4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #d71 "s ?\ght t ,happ9ess consi/s 9 pleasures ( ! body2 "s1 9 a virtue ( ! s\l2 "s 9 o!r ?+s4 ,!re=e n all desire ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ess5ce ( ,happ9ess is ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h74 ,b "s consid] x impossible = man to see ! ,div9e ,ess5ce2 :]e=e !y desire x n4 ,!re=e all m5 d n desire ,happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #e7 t happy is he :o has all he desires1 & desires no?+ amiss4 ,b all d n desire ?is2 = "s desire c]ta9 ?+s amiss1 & yet !y wi% to desire su* ?+s4 ,!re=e all d n desire ,happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #c73 ,if t actor _h said3 ',y all wi% to be happy2 y d n wi% to be unhappy1' he w\ld h said t :i* none w\ld h fail$ to ackn[l$ge 9 8 w4 ,!re=e ev]yone desires to be happy4 ,i answ] t1 ,happ9ess c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ accord+ to ! g5]al notion ( happ9ess3 & ?us1 ( necessity1 e man desires happ9ess4 ,= ! g5]al notion ( happ9ess consi/s 9 ! p]fect good1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,b s9ce good is ! object ( ! w1 ! p]fect good ( a man is t :i* entirely satisfies 8 w4 ,consequ5tly to desire happ9ess is no?+ else ?an to desire t "o's w be satisfi$4 ,& ?is ev]yone desires4 ,secondly we may speak ( ,happ9ess accord+ to its specific notion1 z to t 9 :i* x consi/s4 ,& ?us all d n "k ,happ9ess2 because !y "k n 9 :at ?+ ! g5]al notion ( happ9ess is f\nd4 ,& consequ5tly1 9 ?is respect1 n all desire x4 ,:]e=e ! reply to ! fir/ ,objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ! w foll[s ! appreh5sion ( ! intellect or reason2 j z x happ5s t :]e !re is no real di/9ction1 !re may be a di/9ction accord+ to ! consid]ation ( reason2 s does x happ5 t "o & ! same ?+ is desir$ 9 "o way1 & n desir$ 9 ano!r4 ,s t happ9ess may be consid]$ z ! f9al & p]fect good1 :i* is ! g5]al notion ( happ9ess3 & ?us ! w naturally & ( necessity t5ds !reto1 z /at$ above4 ,aga9 x c be consid]$ "u o!r special aspects1 ei!r on ! "p ( ! op]ation itself1 or on ! "p ( ! op]at+ p[]1 or on ! "p ( ! object2 & ?us ! w does n t5d !reto ( necessity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is def9ition ( ,happ9ess giv5 by "s--,happy is ! man t has all he desires1 or1 ^: e wi% is fulfill$1 is a good & adequate def9ition1 if x be und]/ood 9 a c]ta9 way2 b an inadequate def9ition if und]/ood 9 ano!r4 ,= if we und]/& x simply ( all t man desires by 8 natural appetite1 ?us x is true t he :o has all t he desires1 is happy3 s9ce no?+ satisfies man's natural desire1 except ! p]fect good :i* is ,happ9ess4 ,b if we und]/& x ( ^? ?+s t man desires accord+ to ! appreh5sion ( ! reason1 ?us x does n belong to ,happ9ess1 to h c]ta9 ?+s t man desires2 r does x belong to unhapp9ess1 9 s f> z ! possession ( su* ?+s h9d]s man f hav+ all t he desires naturally2 ?us x is t reason sometimes accepts z true ?+s t are a h9drance to ! k ( tru?4 ,& x 0 ?r\gh tak+ ?is into consid]ation t ,augu/9e add$ s z to include p]fect ,happ9ess--t he desires no?+ amiss3 al?\gh ! fir/ "p suffices if rightly und]/ood1 to wit1 t happy is he :o has all he desires4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,human ,,acts3 ,,acts ,,peculi> ,,to ,,man 7,,qq4 #f-ba7 ,,"q #f ,,( ,,! ,,volunt>y ,,& ,,! ,,involunt>y 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,s9ce !re=e ,happ9ess is to be ga9$ by means ( c]ta9 acts1 we mu/ 9 due sequ5ce consid] human acts1 9 ord] to "k by :at acts we may obta9 ,happ9ess1 & by :at acts we are prev5t$ f obta9+ x4 ,b because op]ations & acts are conc]n$ ) ?+s s+ul>1 consequ5tly all practical k is incomplete unless x take acc\nt ( ?+s 9 detail4 ,! /udy ( ,morals1 !re=e1 s9ce x treats ( human acts1 %\ld consid] fir/ ! g5]al pr9ciples2 & secondly matt]s ( detail4 ,9 treat+ ( ! g5]al pr9ciples1 ! po9ts t (f] !mselves = our consid]ation are 7#a7 human acts !mselves2 7#b7 _! pr9ciples4 ,n[ ( human acts "s are prop] to man2 o!rs are common to man & animals4 ,& s9ce ,happ9ess is man's prop] good1 ^? acts :i* are prop] to man h a clos] connection ) ,happ9ess ?an h ^? :i* are common to man & ! o!r animals4 ,fir/1 !n1 we mu/ consid] ^? acts :i* are prop] to man2 secondly1 ^? acts :i* are common to man & ! o!r animals1 & are call$ ,passions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! po9ts (f]s a tw(old consid]ation3 7#a7 ,:at makes a human act8 7#b7 ,:at di/+ui%es human acts8 ,& s9ce ^? acts are prop]ly call$ human :i* are volunt>y1 because ! w is ! rational appetite1 :i* is prop] to man2 we mu/ consid] acts 9 s f> z !y are volunt>y4 ,fir/1 !n1 we mu/ consid] ! volunt>y & involunt>y 9 g5]al2 secondly1 ^? acts :i* are volunt>y1 z be+ elicit$ by ! w1 & z issu+ f ! w imm$iately2 ?irdly1 ^? acts :i* are volunt>y1 z be+ comm&$ by ! w1 :i* issue f ! w ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! o!r p[]s4 ,& because volunt>y acts h c]ta9 circum/ances1 accord+ to :i* we =m our judgm5t conc]n+ !m1 we mu/ fir/ consid] ! volunt>y & ! involunt>y1 & aft]w>ds1 ! circum/ances ( ^? acts :i* are f\nd to be volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is any?+ volunt>y 9 human acts8 7#b7 ,:e!r 9 irrational animals8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re c be volunt>9ess )\t any action8 7#d7 ,:e!r viol5ce c be done to ! w8 7#e7 ,:e!r viol5ce causes involunt>9ess8 7#f7 ,:e!r fe> causes involunt>9ess8 7#g7 ,:e!r concupisc5ce causes involunt>9ess8 7#h7 ,:e!r ignorance causes involunt>9ess8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,any?+ ,volunt>y 9 ,human ,acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no?+ volunt>y 9 human acts4 ,= t is volunt>y :i* has its pr9ciple )9 itself4 z ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,natura ,hom4 xxxii41 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd71 & ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 decl>e4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( human acts is n 9 man himself1 b outside him3 s9ce man's appetite is mov$ to act1 by ! appetible object :i* is outside him1 & is z a mov] unmov$ 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj74 ,!re=e !re is no?+ volunt>y 9 human acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 viii1 #b7 proves t 9 animals no new movem5t arises t is n prec$$ by a motion f )\t4 ,b all human acts are new1 s9ce none is et]nal4 ,consequ5tly1 ! pr9ciple ( all human acts is f )\t3 & !re=e !re is no?+ volunt>y 9 !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 he t acts volunt>ily1 c act ( himself4 ,b ?is is n true ( man2 = x is writt5 7,john #ae3e73 ,)\t ,me y c d no?+4 ,!re=e !re is no?+ volunt>y 9 human acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t ! volunt>y is an act consi/+ 9 a rational op]ation4 ,n[ su* are human acts4 ,!re=e !re is some?+ volunt>y 9 human acts4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re mu/ ne$s be some?+ volunt>y 9 human acts4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ take note t ! pr9ciple ( "s acts or movem5ts is )9 ! ag5t1 or t :i* is mov$2 :]eas ! pr9ciple ( "s movem5ts or acts is outside4 ,= :5 a /one is mov$ upw>ds1 ! pr9ciple ( ?is movem5t is outside ! /one3 :]eas :5 x is mov$ d[nw>ds1 ! pr9ciple ( ?is movem5t is 9 ! /one4 ,n[ ( ^? ?+s t are mov$ by an intr9sic pr9ciple1 "s move !mselves1 "s n4 ,= s9ce e ag5t or ?+ mov$1 acts or is mov$ = an end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #b72 ^? are p]fectly mov$ by an intr9sic pr9ciple1 ^: intr9sic pr9ciple is "o n only ( movem5t b ( movem5t = an end4 ,n[ 9 ord] = a ?+ to be done = an end1 "s k ( ! end is necess>y4 ,!re=e1 :atev] s acts or is mov$ by an intr9sic pr9ciple1 t x has "s k ( ! end1 has )9 itself ! pr9ciple ( its act1 s t x n only acts1 b acts = an end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a ?+ has no k ( ! end1 ev5 ?\gh x h an intr9sic pr9ciple ( action or movem5t1 nev]!less ! pr9ciple ( act+ or be+ mov$ = an end is n 9 t ?+1 b 9 some?+ else1 by :i* ! pr9ciple ( its action t[>ds an end is n 9 t ?+1 b 9 some?+ else1 by :i* ! pr9ciple ( its action t[>ds an end is impr9t$ on x4 ,:]e=e su* l ?+s are n said to move !mselves1 b to be mov$ by o!rs4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* h a k ( ! end are said to move !mselves because !re is 9 !m a pr9ciple by :i* !y n only act b also act = an end4 ,& consequ5tly1 s9ce bo? are f an intr9sic pr9ciple1 to wit1 t !y act & t !y act = an end1 ! movem5ts ( su* ?+s are said to be volunt>y3 = ! ^w volunt>y implies t _! movem5ts & acts are f _! own incl9ation4 ,h5ce x is t1 accord+ to ! def9itions ( ,ari/otle1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 & ,damasc5e 99,see ,objection #a1 ! volunt>y is def9$ n only z hav+ a pr9ciple )9 ! ag5t1 b also z imply+ k4 ,!re=e1 s9ce man especially kn[s ! end ( 8 "w1 & moves himself1 9 8 acts especially is ! volunt>y to be f\nd4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e pr9ciple is a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x is ess5tial to ! volunt>y act t its pr9ciple be )9 ! ag5t1 nev]!less x is n contr>y to ! nature ( ! volunt>y act t ?is intr9sic pr9ciple be caus$ or mov$ by an extr9sic pr9ciple3 because x is n ess5tial to ! volunt>y act t its intr9sic pr9ciple be a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,yet aga9 x mu/ be obs]v$ t a pr9ciple ( movem5t may happ5 to be fir/ 9 a g5us1 b n fir/ simply3 ?us 9 ! g5us ( ?+s subject to alt]ation1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( alt]ation is a heav5ly body1 :i* nev]!less is n ! fir/ mov] simply1 b is mov$ locally by a high] mov]4 ,& s ! intr9sic pr9ciple ( ! volunt>y act1 i4e4 ! cognitive & appetitive p[]1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 ! g5us ( appetitive movem5t1 al?\gh x is mov$ by an extr9sic pr9ciple accord+ to o!r species ( movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,new movem5ts 9 animals are inde$ prec$$ by a motion f )\t2 & ?is 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z by means ( an extr9sic motion an animal's s5ses are confront$ ) some?+ s5sible1 :i*1 on be+ appreh5d$1 moves ! appetite4 ,?us a lion1 on see+ a /ag 9 movem5t & com+ t[>ds him1 beg9s to be mov$ t[>ds ! /ag4 ,secondly1 9 s f> z "s extr9sic motion produces a physical *ange 9 an animal's body1 z 9 ! case ( cold or heat2 & ?r\gh ! body be+ affect$ by ! motion ( an outw>d body1 ! s5sitive appetite :i* is ! p[] ( a bodily organ1 is also mov$ indirectly2 ?us x happ5s t ?r\gh "s alt]ation 9 ! body ! appetite is r\s$ to ! desire ( some?+4 ,b ?is is n contr>y to ! nature ( volunt>9ess1 z /at$ above 7ad #a71 = su* movem5ts caus$ by an extr9sic pr9ciple are ( ano!r g5us ( movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god moves man to act1 n only by propos+ ! appetible to ! s5ses1 or by effect+ a *ange 9 8 body1 b also by mov+ ! w itself2 because e movem5t ei!r ( ! w or ( nature1 proce$s f ,god z ! ,fir/ ,mov]4 ,& j z x is n incompatible ) nature t ! natural movem5t be f ,god z ! ,fir/ ,mov]1 inasmu* z nature is an in/rum5t ( ,god mov+ x3 s x is n contr>y to ! ess5ce ( a volunt>y act1 t x proce$ f ,god1 inasmu* z ! w is mov$ by ,god4 ,nev]!less bo? natural & volunt>y movem5ts h ?is 9 common1 t x is ess5tial t !y %\ld proce$ f a pr9ciple )9 ! ag5t4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,any?+ ,volunt>y 9 ,irrational ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no?+ volunt>y 9 irrational animals4 ,= a ?+ is call$ volunt>y f voluntas 7w74 ,n[ s9ce ! w is 9 ! reason 7,de ,anima iii1 #i71 x _c be 9 irrational animals4 ,!re=e nei!r is !re any?+ volunt>y 9 !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ z human acts are volunt>y1 man is said to be ma/] ( 8 actions4 ,b irrational animals are n ma/]s ( _! actions2 = !y act n2 r are !y act$ ^u1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bg74 ,!re=e !re is no su* ?+ z a volunt>y act 9 irrational animals4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 #bd7 t volunt>y acts lead to praise & blame4 ,b nei!r praise nor blame is due to ! acts ( irrational m9ds4 ,!re=e su* acts are n volunt>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b7 t bo? *ildr5 & irrational animals p>ticipate 9 ! volunt>y4 ,! same is said by ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 #bd7 & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxii44 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x is ess5tial to ! volunt>y act t its pr9ciple be )9 ! ag5t1 toge!r ) "s k ( ! end4 ,n[ k ( ! end is tw(old2 p]fect & imp]fect4 ,p]fect k ( ! end consi/s 9 n only appreh5d+ ! ?+ :i* is ! end1 b also 9 kn[+ x "u ! aspect ( end1 & ! relation%ip ( ! means to t end4 ,& su* k belongs to none b ! rational nature4 ,b imp]fect k ( ! end consi/s 9 m]e appreh5sion ( ! end1 )\t kn[+ x "u ! aspect ( end1 or ! relation%ip ( an act to ! end4 ,su* k ( ! end is ex]cis$ by irrational animals1 ?r\gh _! s5ses & _! natural e/imative p[]4 ,consequ5tly p]fect k ( ! end leads to ! p]fect volunt>y2 inasmu* z1 hav+ appreh5d$ ! end1 a man c1 f delib]at+ ab\t ! end & ! means !reto1 be mov$1 or n1 to ga9 t end4 ,b imp]fect k ( ! end leads to ! imp]fect volunt>y2 inasmu* z ! ag5t appreh5ds ! end1 b does n delib]ate1 & is mov$ to ! end at once4 ,:]e=e ! volunt>y 9 its p]fection belongs to none b ! rational nature3 :]eas ! imp]fect volunt>y is )9 ! compet5cy ( ev5 irrational animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w is ! "n ( ! rational appetite2 & consequ5tly x _c be 9 ?+s devoid ( reason4 ,b ! ^w volunt>y is d]iv$ f voluntas 7w71 & c be ext5d$ to ^? ?+s 9 :i* !re is "s p>ticipation ( w1 by way ( lik5ess !reto4 ,x is ?us t volunt>y action is attribut$ to irrational animals1 9 s f> z !y are mov$ to an end1 ?r\gh "s k9d ( k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fact t man is ma/] ( 8 actions1 is due to 8 be+ able to delib]ate ab\t !m3 = s9ce ! delib]at+ reason is indiff]5tly dispos$ to opposite ?+s1 ! w c be incl9$ to ei!r4 ,b x is n ?us t volunt>9ess is 9 irrational animals1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,praise & blame are ! result ( ! volunt>y act1 :]e9 is ! p]fect volunt>y2 su* z is n to be f\nd 9 irrational animals4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,volunt>9ess ,)\t ,any ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t volunt>9ess _c be )\t any act4 ,= t is volunt>y :i* proce$s f ! w4 ,b no?+ c proce$ f ! w1 except ?r\gh "s act1 at lea/ an act ( ! w4 ,!re=e !re _c be volunt>9ess )\t act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z "o is said to wi% by an act ( ! w1 s :5 ! act ( ! w ceases1 "o is said n to wi%4 ,b n to wi% implies involunt>9ess1 :i* is contr>y to volunt>9ess4 ,!re=e !re c be no?+ volunt>y :5 ! act ( ! w ceases4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 k is ess5tial to ! volunt>y1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b k involves an act4 ,!re=e volunt>9ess _c be )\t "s act4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ^w volunt>y is appli$ to t ( :i* we are ma/]s4 ,n[ we are ma/]s 9 respect ( to act & n to act1 to w & n to w4 ,!re=e j z to act & to w are volunt>y1 s also are n to act & n to w4 ,i answ] t1 ,volunt>y is :at proce$s f ! w4 ,n[ "o ?+ proce$s f ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 directly2 9 :i* s5se some?+ proce$s f ano!r inasmu* z ?is o!r acts2 = in/ance1 heat+ f heat4 ,secondly1 indirectly2 9 :i* s5se some?+ proce$s f ano!r ?r\gh ?is o!r n act+2 ?us ! s9k+ ( a %ip is set d[n to ! helmsman1 f 8 hav+ ceas$ to /e]4 ,b we mu/ take note t ! cause ( :at foll[s f want ( action is n always ! ag5t z n act+2 b only !n :5 ! ag5t c & ought to act4 ,= if ! helmsman 7 unable to /e] ! %ip or if ! %ip's helm be n entru/$ to him1 ! s9k+ ( ! %ip w\ld n be set d[n to him1 al?\gh x might be due to 8 abs5ce f ! helm4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! w by will+ & act+1 is able1 & sometimes ought1 to h9d] n-will+ & n-act+2 ?is n-will+ & n-act+ is imput$ to1 z ?\gh proce$+ f1 ! w4 ,& ?us x is t we c h ! volunt>y )\t an act2 sometimes )\t outw>d act1 b ) an int]ior act2 = in/ance1 :5 "o wills n to act2 & sometimes )\t ev5 an int]ior act1 z :5 "o does n w to act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we apply ! ^w volunt>y n only to t :i* proce$s f ! w directly1 z f its action2 b also to t :i* proce$s f x indirectly z f its inaction4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n to wi% is said 9 two s5ses4 ,fir/1 z ?\gh x 7 "o ^w1 & ! inf9itive ( ,i-d-n-wi%4 ,consequ5tly j z :5 ,i say ,i d n wi% to read1 ! s5se is1 ,i wi% n to read2 s n to wi% to read is ! same z to wi% n to read1 & 9 ?is s5se n to wi% implies involunt>9ess4 ,secondly x is tak5 z a s5t5ce3 & !n no act ( ! w is affirm$4 ,& 9 ?is s5se n to wi% does n imply involunt>9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,volunt>9ess requires an act ( k 9 ! same way z x requires an act ( w2 namely1 9 ord] t x be 9 "o's p[] to consid]1 to wi% & to act4 ,& !n1 j z n to wi%1 & n to act1 :5 x is "t to wi% & to act1 is volunt>y1 s is x volunt>y n to consid]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,viol5ce ,c ,be ,done to ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t viol5ce c be done to ! w4 ,= ev]y?+ c be compell$ by t :i* is m p[]ful4 ,b !re is some?+1 namely1 ,god1 t is m p[]ful ?an ! human w4 ,!re=e x c be compell$1 at lea/ by ,him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e passive subject is compell$ by its active pr9ciple1 :5 x is *ang$ by x4 ,b ! w is a passive =ce3 = x is a mov] mov$ 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj74 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is sometimes mov$ by its active pr9ciple1 x seems t sometimes x is compell$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 viol5t movem5t is t :i* is contr>y to nature4 ,b ! movem5t ( ! w is sometimes contr>y to nature2 z is cle> ( ! w's movem5t to s91 :i* is contr>y to nature1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv1 #bj74 ,!re=e ! movem5t ( ! w c be compell$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #aj7 t :at is done by ! w is n done ( necessity4 ,n[1 :atev] is done "u compulsion is done ( necessity3 consequ5tly :at is done by ! w1 _c be compell$4 ,!re=e ! w _c be compell$ to act4 ,i answ] t1 ,! act ( ! w is tw(old3 "o is its imm$iate act1 z x 71 elicit$ by x1 namely1 to wi%2 ! o!r is an act ( ! w comm&$ by x1 & put into execution by means ( "s o!r p[]1 su* z to walk & to speak1 :i* are comm&$ by ! w to be execut$ by means ( ! motive p[]4 ,z reg>ds ! comm&$ acts ( ! w1 !n1 ! w c suff] viol5ce1 9 s f> z viol5ce c prev5t ! ext]ior memb]s f execut+ ! w's comm&4 ,b z to ! w's own prop] act1 viol5ce _c be done to ! w4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! act ( ! w is no?+ else ?an an incl9ation proce$+ f ! int]ior pr9ciple ( k3 j z ! natural appetite is an incl9ation proce$+ f an int]ior pr9ciple )\t k4 ,n[ :at is compell$ or viol5t is f an ext]ior pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly x is contr>y to ! nature ( ! w's own act1 t x %\ld be subject to compulsion & viol5ce3 j z x is also contr>y to ! nature ( a natural incl9ation or movem5t4 ,= a /one may h an upw>d movem5t f viol5ce1 b t ?is viol5t movem5t be f its natural incl9ation is impossible4 ,9 l mann] a man may be dragg$ by =ce3 b x is contr>y to ! v notion ( viol5ce1 t he be dragg$ ( 8 own w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god ,:o is m p[]ful ?an ! human w1 c move ! w ( man1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ba3a3 ,! he>t ( ! k+ is 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l2 :i!rsoev] ,he w ,he %all turn x4 ,b if ?is 7 by compulsion1 x w\ld no long] be by an act ( ! w1 nor w\ld ! w itself be mov$1 b some?+ else aga9/ ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n always a viol5t movem5t1 :5 a passive subject is mov$ by its active pr9ciple2 b only :5 ?is is done aga9/ ! int]ior incl9ation ( ! passive subject4 ,o!rwise e alt]ation & g5]ation ( simple bodies w\ld be unnatural & viol5t3 :]eas !y are natural by reason ( ! natural int]ior aptitude ( ! matt] or subject to su* a disposition4 ,9 l mann] :5 ! w is mov$1 accord+ to its own incl9ation1 by ! appetible object1 ?is movem5t is n viol5t b volunt>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t to :i* ! w t5ds by s9n+1 al?\gh 9 reality x is evil & contr>y to ! rational nature1 nev]!less is appreh5d$ z some?+ good & suitable to nature1 9 s f> z x is suitable to man by reason ( "s pleasurable s5sation or "s vici\s habit4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,viol5ce ,causes ,involunt>9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t viol5ce does n cause involunt>9ess4 ,= we speak ( volunt>9ess & involunt>9ess 9 respect ( ! w4 ,b viol5ce _c be done to ! w1 z %[n above 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e viol5ce _c cause involunt>9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is done involunt>ily is done ) grief1 z ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd7 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e7 say4 ,b sometimes a man suff]s compulsion )\t be+ griev$ !reby4 ,!re=e viol5ce does n cause involunt>9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is f ! w _c be involunt>y4 ,b "s viol5t actions proce$ f ! w3 = in/ance1 :5 a man ) a heavy body goes upw>ds2 or :5 a man contorts 8 limbs 9 a way contr>y to _! natural flexibility4 ,!re=e viol5ce does n cause involunt>9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 & ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd7 say t ?+s done "u compulsion are involunt>y4 ,i answ] t1 ,viol5ce is directly oppos$ to ! volunt>y1 z likewise to ! natural4 ,= ! volunt>y & ! natural h ?is 9 common1 t bo? are f an intr9sic pr9ciple2 :]eas viol5ce is f an extr9sic pr9ciple4 ,& = ?is reason1 j z 9 ?+s devoid ( k1 viol5ce effects some?+ aga9/ nature3 s 9 ?+s end[$ ) k1 x effects some?+ aga9/ ! w4 ,n[ t :i* is aga9/ nature is said to be unnatural2 & 9 l mann] t :i* is aga9/ ! w is said to be involunt>y4 ,!re=e viol5ce causes involunt>9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! involunt>y is oppos$ to ! volunt>y4 ,n[ x has be5 said 7,a4 #d7 t n only ! act1 :i* proce$s imm$iately f ! w1 is call$ volunt>y1 b also ! act comm&$ by ! w4 ,consequ5tly1 z to ! act :i* proce$s imm$iately f ! w1 viol5ce _c be done to ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d73 :]e=e viol5ce _c make t act involunt>y4 ,b z to ! comm&$ act1 ! w c suff] viol5ce3 & consequ5tly 9 ?is respect viol5ce causes involunt>9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z t is said to be natural1 :i* is accord+ to ! incl9ation ( nature2 s t is said to be volunt>y1 :i* is accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! w4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be natural 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because x is f nature z f an active pr9ciple3 ?us x is natural = fire to produce heat4 ,secondly1 accord+ to a passive pr9ciple2 because1 to wit1 !re is 9 nature an incl9ation to receive an action f an extr9sic pr9ciple3 ?us ! movem5t ( ! heav5s is said to be natural1 by reason ( ! natural aptitude 9 a heav5ly body to receive su* movem5t2 al?\gh ! cause ( t movem5t is a volunt>y ag5t4 ,9 l mann] an act is said to be volunt>y 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to action1 = in/ance1 :5 "o wi%es to be passive to ano!r4 ,h5ce :5 action is br\ght to be> on some?+1 by an extr9sic ag5t1 z long z ! w to suff] t action rema9s 9 ! passive subject1 !re is n viol5ce simply3 = al?\gh ! pati5t does no?+ by way ( action1 he does some?+ by be+ will+ to suff]4 ,consequ5tly ?is _c be call$ involunt>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 viii1 #d7 ! movem5t ( an animal1 :]eby at times an animal is mov$ aga9/ ! natural incl9ation ( ! body1 al?\gh x is n natural to ! body1 is nev]!less some:at natural to ! animal1 to :i* x is natural to be mov$ accord+ to its appetite4 ,accord+ly ?is is viol5t1 n simply b 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,! same rem>k applies 9 ! case ( "o :o contorts 8 limbs 9 a way t is contr>y to _! natural disposition4 ,= ?is is viol5t 9 a c]ta9 respect1 i4e4 z to t p>ticul> limb2 b n simply1 i4e4 z to ! man himself4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,fe> ,causes ,involunt>9ess ,simply8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> causes involunt>9ess simply4 ,= j z viol5ce reg>ds t :i* is contr>y to ! w at ! "t1 s fe> reg>ds a future evil :i* is repugnant to ! w4 ,b viol5ce causes involunt>9ess simply4 ,!re=e fe> too causes involunt>9ess simply4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is su* ( itself1 rema9s su*1 :atev] be add$ to x3 ?us :at is hot ( itself1 z long z x rema9s1 is /ill hot1 :atev] be add$ to x4 ,b t :i* is done ?r\gh fe>1 is involunt>y 9 itself4 ,!re=e1 ev5 ) ! addition ( fe>1 x is involunt>y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is su*1 subject to a condition1 is su* 9 a c]ta9 respect2 :]eas :at is su*1 )\t any condition1 is su* simply3 ?us :at is necess>y1 subject to a condition1 is necess>y 9 "s respect3 b :at is necess>y absolutely1 is necess>y simply4 ,b t :i* is done ?r\gh fe>1 is absolutely involunt>y2 & is n volunt>y1 save "u a condition1 namely1 9 ord] t ! evil fe>$ may be avoid$4 ,!re=e t :i* is done ?r\gh fe>1 is involunt>y simply4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxx4 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 say t su* ?+s z are done ?r\gh fe> are volunt>y r ?an involunt>y4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii7 & likewise ,gregory ( ,nyssa 9 8 book on ,man 7,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxx71 su* ?+s are done ?r\gh fe> are ( a mix$ "*1 be+ p>tly volunt>y & p>tly involunt>y4 ,= t :i* is done ?r\gh fe>1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is n volunt>y2 b x becomes volunt>y 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 9 ord]1 namely1 to avoid ! evil fe>$4 ,b if ! matt] be consid]$ aright1 su* ?+s are volunt>y r ?an involunt>y2 = !y are volunt>y simply1 b involunt>y 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,= a ?+ is said to be simply1 accord+ z x is 9 act2 b accord+ z x is only 9 appreh5sion1 x is n simply1 b 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,n[ t :i* is done ?r\gh fe>1 is 9 act 9 s f> z x is done4 ,=1 s9ce acts are conc]n$ ) s+ul>s2 & ! s+ul>1 z su*1 is "h & n[2 t :i* is done is 9 act1 9 s f> z x is "h & n[ & "u o!r individuat+ circum/ances4 ,& t :i* is done ?r\gh fe> is volunt>y1 inasmu* z x is "h & n[1 t is to say1 9 s f> z1 "u ! circum/ances1 x h9d]s a great] evil :i* 0 fe>$2 ?us ! ?r[+ ( ! c>go into ! sea becomes volunt>y dur+ ! /orm1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! dang]3 :]e=e x is cle> t x is volunt>y simply4 ,& h5ce x is t :at is done out ( fe> is ess5tially volunt>y1 because its pr9ciple is )94 ,b if we consid] :at is done ?r\gh fe>1 z outside ?is p>ticul> case1 & inasmu* z x is repugnant to ! w1 ?is is m]ely a consid]ation ( ! m9d4 ,& consequ5tly :at is done ?r\gh fe> is involunt>y1 consid]$ 9 t respect1 t is to say1 outside ! actual circum/ances ( ! case4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?+s done ?r\gh fe> & compulsion diff] n only accord+ to pres5t & future "t1 b also 9 ?is1 t ! w does n cons5t1 b is mov$ entirely c\nt] to t :i* is done ?r\gh compulsion3 :]eas :at is done ?r\gh fe>1 becomes volunt>y1 because ! w is mov$ t[>ds x1 albeit n = its own sake1 b on acc\nt ( some?+ else1 t is1 9 ord] to avoid an evil :i* is fe>$4 ,= ! conditions ( a volunt>y act are satisfi$1 if x be done on acc\nt ( some?+ else volunt>y3 s9ce ! volunt>y is n only :at we wi%1 = its own sake1 z an end1 b also :at we wi% = ! sake ( some?+ else1 z an end4 ,x is cle> !re=e t 9 :at is done f compulsion1 ! w does no?+ inw>dly2 :]eas 9 :at is done ?r\gh fe>1 ! w does some?+4 ,accord+ly1 z ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxx4 says1 9 ord] to exclude ?+s done ?r\gh fe>1 a viol5t action is def9$ z n only "o1 ! pr9ciple :]e( is f )\t1 b ) ! addition1 9 :i* he t suff]s viol5ce concurs n at all2 because ! w ( him t is 9 fe>1 does concur some:at 9 t :i* he does ?r\gh fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?+s t are su* absolutely1 rema9 su*1 :atev] be add$ to !m2 = in/ance1 a cold ?+1 or a :ite ?+3 b ?+s t are su* relatively1 v>y accord+ z !y are comp>$ ) diff]5t ?+s4 ,= :at is big 9 comp>ison ) "o ?+1 is small 9 comp>ison ) ano!r4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be volunt>y1 n only = its own sake1 z x 7 absolutely2 b also = ! sake ( some?+ else1 z x 7 relatively4 ,accord+ly1 no?+ prev5ts a ?+ :i* 0 n volunt>y 9 comp>ison ) "o ?+1 f becom+ volunt>y :5 comp>$ ) ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* is done ?r\gh fe>1 is volunt>y )\t any condition1 t is to say1 accord+ z x is actually done3 b x is involunt>y1 "u a c]ta9 condition1 t is to say1 if su* a fe> 7 n ?reat5+4 ,consequ5tly1 ?is argum5t proves r ! opposite4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,concupisc5ce ,causes ,involunt>9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t concupisc5ce causes involunt>9ess4 ,= j z fe> is a passion1 s is concupisc5ce4 ,b fe> causes involunt>9ess to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce does s too4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z ! timid man ?r\gh fe> acts c\nt] to t :i* he propos$1 s does ! incont95t1 ?r\gh concupisc5ce4 ,b fe> causes involunt>9ess to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce does s also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 k is necess>y = volunt>9ess4 ,b concupisc5ce impairs k2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t delight1 or ! lu/ ( pleasure1 de/roys ! judgm5t ( prud5ce4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce causes involunt>9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd73 ,! involunt>y act des]ves m]cy or indulg5ce1 & is done ) regret4 ,b nei!r ( ^! c be said ( t :i* is done out ( concupisc5ce4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce does n cause involunt>9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,concupisc5ce does n cause involunt>9ess1 b on ! contr>y makes some?+ to be volunt>y4 ,= a ?+ is said to be volunt>y1 f ! fact t ! w is mov$ to x4 ,n[ concupisc5ce incl9es ! w to desire ! object ( concupisc5ce4 ,!re=e ! effect ( concupisc5ce is to make some?+ to be volunt>y r ?an involunt>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fe> reg>ds evil1 b concupisc5ce reg>ds good4 ,n[ evil ( itself is c\nt] to ! w1 :]eas good h>monizes ) ! w4 ,!re=e fe> has a great] t5d5cy ?an concupisc5ce to cause involunt>9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o acts f fe> reta9s ! repugnance ( ! w to t :i* he does1 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,b he t acts f concupisc5ce1 e4g4 an incont95t man1 does n reta9 8 =m] w :]eby he repudiat$ ! object ( 8 concupisc5ce2 = 8 w is *ang$ s t he desires t :i* previ\sly he repudiat$4 ,accord+ly1 t :i* is done out ( fe> is involunt>y1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b t :i* is done f concupisc5ce is n[ise involunt>y4 ,= ! man :o yields to concupisc5ce acts c\nt] to t :i* he purpos$ at fir/1 b n c\nt] to t :i* he desires n[2 :]eas ! timid man acts c\nt] to t :i* 9 itself he desires n[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if concupisc5ce 7 to de/roy k altoge!r1 z happ5s ) ^? :om concupisc5ce has r5d]$ mad1 x w\ld foll[ t concupisc5ce w\ld take away volunt>9ess4 ,& yet prop]ly speak+ x w\ld n result 9 ! act be+ involunt>y1 because 9 ?+s b]eft ( reason1 !re is nei!r volunt>y nor involunt>y4 ,b sometimes 9 ^? actions :i* are done f concupisc5ce1 k is n completely de/roy$1 because ! p[] ( kn[+ is n tak5 away entirely1 b only ! actual consid]ation 9 "s p>ticul> possible act4 ,nev]!less1 ?is itself is volunt>y1 accord+ z by volunt>y we mean t :i* is 9 ! p[] ( ! w1 = example n to act or n to w1 & 9 l mann] n to consid]2 = ! w c resi/ ! passion1 z we %all /ate lat] on 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #gg1 ,a47 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,ignorance ,causes ,involunt>9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ignorance does n cause involunt>9ess4 ,= ! involunt>y act des]ves p>don1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd74 ,b sometimes t :i* is done ?r\gh ignorance does n des]ve p>don1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3ch3 ,if any man "k n1 he %all n be kn[n4 ,!re=e ignorance does n cause involunt>9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 implies ignorance2 accord+ to ,prov4 #ad3bb3 ,!y err1 t "w evil4 ,if1 !re=e1 ignorance causes involunt>9ess1 x w\ld foll[ t e s9 is involunt>y3 :i* is oppos$ to ! say+ ( ,augu/9e1 t e s9 is volunt>y 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 involunt>9ess is n )\t sadness1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd74 ,b "s ?+s are done out ( ignorance1 b )\t sadness3 = in/ance1 a man may kill a foe1 :om he wi%es to kill1 ?9k+ at ! "t t he is kill+ a /ag4 ,!re=e ignorance does n cause involunt>9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd7 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 say t :at is done ?r\gh ignorance is involunt>y4 ,i answ] t1 ,if ignorance causes involunt>9ess1 x is 9 s f> z x deprives "o ( k1 :i* is a necess>y condition ( volunt>9ess1 z 0 decl>$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b x is n e ignorance t deprives "o ( ?is k4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ take note t ignorance has a ?reefold relation%ip to ! act ( ! w3 9 "o way1 concomitantly2 9 ano!r1 consequ5tly2 9 a ?ird way1 antec$5tly4 ,concomitantly1 :5 !re is ignorance ( :at is done2 b1 s t ev5 if x 7 kn[n1 x w\ld be done4 ,= !n1 ignorance does n induce "o to wi% ?is to be done1 b x j happ5s t a ?+ is at ! same "t done1 & n kn[n3 ?us 9 ! example giv5 7,obj4 #c7 a man did inde$ wi% to kill 8 foe1 b kill$ him 9 ignorance1 ?9k+ to kill a /ag4 ,& ignorance ( ?is k9d1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a71 does n cause involunt>9ess1 s9ce x is n ! cause ( any?+ t is repugnant to ! w3 b x causes non-volunt>9ess1 s9ce t :i* is unkn[n _c be actually will$4 ,ignorance is consequ5t to ! act ( ! w1 9 s f> z ignorance itself is volunt>y3 & ?is happ5s 9 two ways1 9 accordance ) ! two a=esaid modes ( volunt>y 7,a4 #c74 ,fir/1 because ! act ( ! w is br\ght to be> on ! ignorance3 z :5 a man wi%es n to "k1 t he may h an excuse = s91 or t he may n be )held f s92 accord+ to ,job #ba3ad3 ,we desire n ! k ( ,?y ways4 ,& ?is is call$ affect$ ignorance4 ,secondly1 ignorance is said to be volunt>y1 :5 x reg>ds t :i* "o c & ought to "k3 = 9 ?is s5se n to act & n to w are said to be volunt>y1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,& ignorance ( ?is k9d happ5s1 ei!r :5 "o does n actually consid] :at "o c & ought to consid]2 ?is is call$ ignorance ( evil *oice1 & arises f "s passion or habit3 or :5 "o does n take ! tr\ble to acquire ! k :i* "o ought to h2 9 :i* s5se1 ignorance ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( law1 :i* "o to "k1 is volunt>y1 z be+ due to neglig5ce4 ,accord+ly1 if 9 ei!r ( ^! ways1 ignorance is volunt>y1 x _c cause involunt>9ess simply4 ,nev]!less x causes involunt>9ess 9 a c]ta9 respect1 inasmu* z x prec$es ! movem5t ( ! w t[>ds ! act1 :i* movem5t w\ld n be1 if !re 7 k4 ,ignorance is antec$5t to ! act ( ! w1 :5 x is n volunt>y1 & yet is ! cause ( man's will+ :at he w\ld n w o!rwise4 ,?us a man may be ignorant ( "s circum/ance ( 8 act1 :i* he 0 n b\nd to "k1 ! result be+ t he does t :i* he w\ld n d1 if he knew ( t circum/ance2 = in/ance1 a man1 aft] tak+ prop] precaution1 may n "k t someone is com+ along ! road1 s t he %oots an arr[ & slays a pass]-by4 ,su* ignorance causes involunt>9ess simply4 ,f ?is may be ga!r$ ! solution ( ! objections4 ,= ! fir/ objection deals ) ignorance ( :at a man is b\nd to "k4 ,! second1 ) ignorance ( *oice1 :i* is volunt>y to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z /at$ above4 ,! ?ird1 ) t ignorance :i* is concomitant ) ! act ( ! w4 ,,"q #g ,,( ,,! ,,circum/ances ,,( ,,human ,,acts 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! circum/ances ( human acts3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is a circum/ance8 7#b7 ,:e!r a !ologian %\ld take note ( ! circum/ances ( human acts8 7#c7 ,h[ _m circum/ances are !re8 7#d7 ,:i* are ! mo/ important ( !m8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,circum/ance ,is an ,accid5t ( a ,human ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a circum/ance is n an accid5t ( a human act4 ,= ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhetor4 i7 t a circum/ance is t f :i* an orator adds au?ority & /r5g? to 8 argum5t4 ,b oratorical argum5ts are d]iv$ pr9cipally f ?+s p]ta9+ to ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 su* z ! def9ition1 ! g5us1 ! species1 & ! l1 f :i* also ,tully decl>es t an orator %\ld draw 8 argum5ts4 ,!re=e a circum/ance is n an accid5t ( a human act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to be 9 is prop] to an accid5t4 ,b t :i* surr\nds 7circum/at7 is r out ?an 94 ,!re=e ! circum/ances are n accid5ts ( human acts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an accid5t has no accid5t4 ,b human acts !mselves are accid5ts4 ,!re=e ! circum/ances are n accid5ts ( acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! p>ticul> conditions ( any s+ul> ?+ are call$ its individuat+ accid5ts4 ,b ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 calls ! circum/ances p>ticul> ?+s 99ta ka?' eka/a1 i4e4 ! p>ticul> conditions ( ea* act4 ,!re=e ! circum/ances are individual accid5ts ( human acts4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,p]i ,h]m4 i71 words are ! signs ( :at we und]/&1 x mu/ ne$s be t 9 nam+ ?+s we foll[ ! process ( intellectual k4 ,n[ our intellectual k proce$s f ! bett] kn[n to ! less kn[n4 ,accord+ly ) u1 names ( m obvi\s ?+s are transf]r$ s z to signify ?+s less obvi\s3 & h5ce x is t1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 #d1 ! notion ( di/ance has be5 transf]r$ f ?+s t are ap>t locally1 to all k9ds ( opposition3 & 9 l mann] words t signify local movem5t are employ$ to designate all o!r movem5ts1 because bodies :i* are circumscrib$ by place1 are be/ kn[n to u4 ,& h5ce x is t ! ^w circum/ance has pass$ f locat$ ?+s to human acts4 ,n[ 9 ?+s locat$1 t is said to surr\nd some?+1 :i* is outside x1 b t\*es x1 or is plac$ ne> x4 ,accord+ly1 :atev] conditions are outside ! sub/ance ( an act1 & yet 9 "s way t\* ! human act1 are call$ circum/ances4 ,n[ :at is outside a ?+'s sub/ance1 :ile x belongs to t ?+1 is call$ its accid5t4 ,:]e=e ! circum/ances ( human acts %\ld be call$ _! accid5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! orator gives /r5g? to 8 argum5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! sub/ance ( ! act2 & secondly1 f ! circum/ances ( ! act4 ,?us a man becomes indictable1 fir/1 ?r\gh be+ guilty ( murd]2 secondly1 ?r\gh hav+ done x fraudul5tly1 or f motives ( gre$ or at a holy "t or place1 & s =?4 ,& s 9 ! passage quot$1 x is said po9t$ly t ! orator adds /r5g? to 8 argum5t1 z ?\gh ?is 7 some?+ second>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ is said to be an accid5t ( some?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f be+ 9 t ?+3 ?us1 :it5ess is said to be an accid5t ( ,socrates4 ,secondly1 because x is toge!r ) t ?+ 9 ! same subject3 ?us1 :it5ess is an accid5t ( ! art ( music1 inasmu* z !y meet 9 ! same subject1 s z to t\* "o ano!r1 z x 74 ,& 9 ?is s5se circum/ances are said to be ! accid5ts ( human acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7ad #b71 an accid5t is said to be ! accid5t ( an accid5t1 f ! fact t !y meet 9 ! same subject4 ,b ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z two accid5ts are bo? relat$ to ! same subject1 )\t any relation to "o ano!r2 z :it5ess & ! art ( music 9 ,socrates4 ,secondly1 :5 su* accid5ts are relat$ to "o ano!r2 z :5 ! subject receives "o accid5t by means ( ! o!r2 = in/ance1 a body receives color by means ( its surface4 ,& ?us also is "o accid5t said to be 9 ano!r2 = we speak ( color z be+ 9 ! surface4 ,accord+ly1 circum/ances are relat$ to acts 9 bo? ^! ways4 ,= "s circum/ances t h a relation to acts1 belong to ! ag5t o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! act2 z place & condition ( p]son2 :]eas o!rs belong to ! ag5t by reason ( ! act1 z ! mann] 9 :i* ! act is done4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!ologians ,%\ld ,take ,note ( ! ,circum/ances ( ,human ,acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !ologians %\ld n take note ( ! circum/ances ( human acts4 ,because !ologians d n consid] human acts o!rwise ?an accord+ to _! quality ( good or evil4 ,b x seems t circum/ances _c give quality to human acts2 = a ?+ is nev] qualifi$1 =mally speak+1 by t :i* is outside x2 b by t :i* is 9 x4 ,!re=e !ologians %\ld n take note ( ! circum/ances ( acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 circum/ances are ! accid5ts ( acts4 ,b "o ?+ may be subject to an inf9ity ( accid5ts2 h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vi1 #b7 t no art or sci5ce consid]s accid5tal be+1 except only ! art ( sophi/ry4 ,!re=e ! !ologian has n to consid] circum/ances4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! consid]ation ( circum/ances belongs to ! orator4 ,b oratory is n a "p ( !ology4 ,!re=e x is n a !ologian's bus9ess to consid] circum/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ignorance ( circum/ances causes an act to be involunt>y1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bd7 & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxi44 ,b involunt>9ess excuses f s91 ! consid]ation ( :i* belongs to ! !ologian4 ,!re=e circum/ances also %\ld be consid]$ by ! !ologian4 ,i answ] t1 ,circum/ances come "u ! consid]ation ( ! !ologian1 = a ?reefold reason4 ,fir/1 because ! !ologian consid]s human acts1 inasmu* z man is !reby direct$ to ,happ9ess4 ,n[1 ev]y?+ t is direct$ to an end %\ld be proportionate to t end4 ,b acts are made proportionate to an end by means ( a c]ta9 comm5surat5ess1 :i* results f ! due circum/ances4 ,h5ce ! !ologian has to consid] ! circum/ances4 ,secondly1 because ! !ologian consid]s human acts accord+ z !y are f\nd to be good or evil1 bett] or worse3 & ?is div]sity dep5ds on circum/ances1 z we %all see fur!r on 7,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #aj1 #aa2 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #g74 ,?irdly1 because ! !ologian consid]s human acts "u ! aspect ( m]it & dem]it1 :i* is prop] to human acts2 & = ?is x is requisite t !y be volunt>y4 ,n[ a human act is deem$ to be volunt>y or involunt>y1 accord+ to k or ignorance ( circum/ances1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e ! !ologian has to consid] circum/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,good direct$ to ! end is said to be useful2 & ?is implies "s k9d ( relation3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #f7 t ! good 9 ! g5us 'relation' is ! useful4 ,n[1 9 ! g5us relation a ?+ is d5om9at$ n only accord+ to t :i* is inh]5t 9 ! ?+1 b also accord+ to t :i* is extr9sic to x3 z may be se5 9 ! expressions "r & left1 equal & unequal1 & su* l4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! goodness ( acts consi/s 9 _! utility to ! end1 no?+ h9d]s _! be+ call$ good or bad accord+ to _! proportion to extr9sic ?+s t are adjac5t to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accid5ts :i* are altoge!r accid5tal are neglect$ by e art1 by reason ( _! unc]ta9ty & inf9ity4 ,b su* l accid5ts are n :at we call circum/ances2 because circum/ances al?\gh1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 !y are extr9sic to ! act1 nev]!less are 9 a k9d ( contact ) x1 by be+ relat$ to x4 ,prop] accid5ts1 h[ev]1 come "u ! consid]ation ( art4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! consid]ation ( circum/ances belongs to ! morali/1 ! politician1 & ! orator4 ,to ! morali/1 9 s f> z ) respect to circum/ances we f9d or lose ! mean ( virtue 9 human acts & passions4 ,to ! politician & to ! orator1 9 s f> z circum/ances make acts to be wor?y ( praise or blame1 ( excuse or indictm5t4 ,9 diff]5t ways1 h[ev]3 because :]e ! orator p]suades1 ! politician judges4 ,to ! !ologian ?is consid]ation belongs1 9 all ! a=esaid ways3 s9ce to him all ! o!r arts are subs]vi5t3 = he has to consid] virtu\s & vici\s acts1 j z ! morali/ does2 & ) ! orator & politician he consid]s acts accord+ z !y are des]v+ ( rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,circum/ances ,are ,prop]ly ,set ,=? 9 ! ,?ird ,book ( ,e?ics8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! circum/ances are n prop]ly set =? 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a4 ,= a circum/ance ( an act is describ$ z some?+ outside ! act4 ,n[ "t & place answ] to ?is description4 ,!re=e !re are only two circum/ances1 to wit1 :5 & :]e4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we judge f ! circum/ances :e!r a ?+ is well or ill done4 ,b ?is belongs to ! mode ( an act4 ,!re=e all ! circum/ances are includ$ "u "o1 :i* is ! mode ( act+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 circum/ances are n "p ( ! sub/ance ( an act4 ,b ! causes ( an act seem to belong to its sub/ance4 ,!re=e no circum/ance %\ld be tak5 f ! cause ( ! act itself4 ,accord+ly1 nei!r :o1 nor :y1 nor ab\t :at1 are circum/ances3 s9ce :o ref]s to ! effici5t cause1 :y to ! f9al cause1 & ab\t :at to ! mat]ial cause4 ,on ! contr>y is ! au?ority ( ! ,philosoph] 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a4 ,i answ] t1 ,tully1 9 8 ,rhetoric 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhetor4 i71 gives sev5 circum/ances1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ?is v]se3 ,quis1 quid1 ubi1 quibus auxiliis1 cur1 quomodo1 qu&o-- ,:o1 :at1 :]e1 by :at aids1 :y1 h[1 & :54 ,= 9 acts we mu/ take note ( :o did x1 by :at aids or in/rum5ts he did x1 :at he did1 :]e he did x1 :y he did x1 h[ & :5 he did x4 ,b ,ari/otle 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a adds yet ano!r1 to wit1 ab\t :at1 :i* ,tully includes 9 ! circum/ance :at4 ,! reason ( ?is enum]ation may be set d[n z foll[s4 ,= a circum/ance is describ$ z some?+ outside ! sub/ance ( ! act1 & yet 9 a way t\*+ x4 ,n[ ?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 inasmu* z x t\*es ! act itself2 secondly1 inasmu* z x t\*es ! cause ( ! act2 ?irdly1 inasmu* z x t\*es ! effect4 ,x t\*es ! act itself1 ei!r by way ( measure1 z "t & place2 or by qualify+ ! act z ! mode ( act+4 ,x t\*es ! effect :5 we consid] :at is done4 ,x t\*es ! cause ( ! act1 z to ! f9al cause1 by ! circum/ance :y2 z to ! mat]ial cause1 or object1 9 ! circum/ance ab\t :at2 z to ! pr9cipal effici5t cause1 9 ! circum/ance :o2 & z to ! in/rum5tal effici5t cause1 9 ! circum/ance by :at aids4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"t & place surr\nd 7circum/ant7 ! act by way ( measure2 b ! o!rs surr\nd ! act by t\*+ x 9 any o!r way1 :ile !y are extr9sic to ! sub/ance ( ! act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is mode well or ill is n a circum/ance1 b results f all ! circum/ances4 ,b ! mode :i* ref]s to a quality ( ! act is a special circum/ance2 = in/ance1 t a man walk fa/ or sl[ly2 t he /rike h>d or g5tly1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a condition ( ! cause1 on :i* ! sub/ance ( ! act dep5ds1 is n a circum/ance2 x mu/ be an additional condition4 ,?us1 9 reg>d to ! object1 x is n a circum/ance ( !ft t ! object is ano!r's prop]ty1 = ?is belongs to ! sub/ance ( ! act2 b t x be great or small4 ,& ! same applies to ! o!r circum/ances :i* are consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! o!r causes4 ,= ! end t specifies ! act is n a circum/ance1 b "s additional end4 ,?us1 t a valiant man act valiantly = ! sake ( ! good ( ! virtue of =titude1 is n a circum/ance2 b if he act valiantly = ! sake ( ! deliv]y ( ! /ate1 or ( ,*ri/5dom1 or "s su* purpose4 ,! same is to be said ) reg>d to ! circum/ance :at2 = t a man by p\r+ wat] on someone %\ld happ5 to wa% him1 is n a circum/ance ( ! wa%+2 b t 9 do+ s he give him a *ill1 or scald him2 heal him or h>m him1 ^! are circum/ances4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,mo/ ,important ,circum/ances ,are ,:y & ,9 ,:at ! ,act ,consi/s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^! are n ! mo/ important circum/ances1 namely1 :y & ^? 9 :i* ! act is1 99h5 ois e praxis z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a4 ,= ^? 9 :i* ! act is seem to be place & "t3 & ^! d n seem to be ! mo/ important ( ! circum/ances1 s9ce1 ( !m all1 !y are ! mo/ extr9sic to ! act4 ,!re=e ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! act is are n ! mo/ important circum/ances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! end ( a ?+ is extr9sic to x4 ,!re=e x is n ! mo/ important circum/ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* holds ! =emo/ place 9 reg>d to ea* ?+1 is its cause & its =m4 ,b ! cause ( an act is ! p]son t does x2 :ile ! =m ( an act is ! mann] 9 :i* x is done4 ,!re=e ^! two circum/ances seem to be ( ! greate/ importance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxi4 says t ! mo/ important circum/ances are :y x is done & :at is done4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a71 acts are prop]ly call$ human1 inasmu* z !y are volunt>y4 ,n[1 ! motive & object ( ! w is ! end4 ,!re=e t circum/ance is ! mo/ important ( all :i* t\*es ! act on ! "p ( ! end1 viz4 ! circum/ance :y3 & ! second 9 importance1 is t :i* t\*es ! v sub/ance ( ! act1 viz4 ! circum/ance :at he did4 ,z to ! o!r circum/ances1 !y are m or less important1 accord+ z !y m or less approa* to ^!4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! act is ! ,philosoph] does n mean "t & place1 b ^? circum/ances t are affix$ to ! act itself4 ,:]e=e ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxi1 z ?\gh he 7 expla9+ ! dictum ( ! ,philosoph]1 in/ead ( ! latt]'s t]m--9 :i* ! act is--said1 :at is done4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! end is n "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! act1 yet x is ! mo/ important cause ( ! act1 inasmu* z x moves ! ag5t to act4 ,:]e=e ! moral act is specifi$ *iefly by ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p]son t does ! act is ! cause ( t act1 inasmu* z he is mov$ !reto by ! end2 & x is *iefly 9 ?is respect t he is direct$ to ! act2 :ile o!r conditions ( ! p]son h n su* an important relation to ! act4 ,z to ! mode1 x is n ! sub/antial =m ( ! act1 = 9 an act ! sub/antial =m dep5ds on ! object & t]m or end2 b x is1 z x 71 a c]ta9 accid5tal quality ( ! act4 ,,"q #h ,,( ,,! ,,w1 ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,:at ,,x ,,wills 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! diff]5t acts ( ! w2 & 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? acts :i* belong to ! w itself imm$iately1 z be+ elicit$ by ! w2 secondly1 ^? acts :i* are comm&$ by ! w4 ,n[ ! w is mov$ to ! end1 & to ! means to ! end2 we mu/ !re=e consid]3 7#a7 ^? acts ( ! w :]eby x is mov$ to ! end2 & 7#b7 ^? :]eby x is mov$ to ! means4 ,& s9ce x seems t !re are ?ree acts ( ! w 9 ref]5ce to ! end2 viz4 volition1 enjoym5t1 & int5tion2 we mu/ consid]3 7#a7 volition2 7#b7 enjoym5t2 7#c7 int5tion4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/1 ?ree ?+s mu/ be consid]$3 7#a7 ,( :at ?+s is ! w8 7#b7 ,by :at is ! w mov$8 7#c7 ,h[ is x mov$8 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! w is ( good only8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is ( ! end only1 or also ( ! means8 7#c7 ,if 9 any way x be ( ! means1 :e!r x be mov$ to ! end & to ! means1 by ! same movem5t8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ( ,good ,only8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n ( good only4 ,= ! same p[] reg>ds opposites2 = in/ance1 sight reg>ds :ite & black4 ,b good & evil are opposites4 ,!re=e ! w is n only ( good1 b also ( evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 rational p[]s c be direct$ to opposite purposes1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 ix1 #b74 ,b ! w is a rational p[]1 s9ce x is 9 ! reason1 z is /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #i4 ,!re=e ! w c be direct$ to opposites2 & consequ5tly its volition is n conf9$ to good1 b ext5ds to evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 good & be+ are conv]tible4 ,b volition is direct$ n only to be+s1 b also to non-be+s4 ,= sometimes we wi% n to walk1 or n to speak2 & aga9 at times we wi% = future ?+s1 :i* are n actual be+s4 ,!re=e ! w is n ( good only4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil is outside ! scope ( ! w1 & t all ?+s desire good4 ,i answ] t1 ,! w is a rational appetite4 ,n[ e appetite is only ( some?+ good4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! appetite is no?+ else ?an an incl9ation ( a p]son desir\s ( a ?+ t[>ds t ?+4 ,n[ e incl9ation is to some?+ l & suitable to ! ?+ incl9$4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ev]y?+1 inasmu* z x is be+ & sub/ance1 is a good1 x mu/ ne$s be t e incl9ation is to some?+ good4 ,& h5ce x is t ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #a7 t ! good is t :i* all desire4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t1 s9ce e incl9ation results f a =m1 ! natural appetite results f a =m exi/+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s3 :ile ! s5sitive appetite1 z also ! intellective or rational appetite1 :i* we call ! w1 foll[s f an appreh5d$ =m4 ,!re=e1 j z ! natural appetite t5ds to good exi/+ 9 a ?+2 s ! animal or volunt>y appetite t5ds to a good :i* is appreh5d$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] t ! w t5d to any?+1 x is requisite1 n t ?is be good 9 v tru?1 b t x be appreh5d$ z good4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #c7 t ! end is a good1 or an app>5t good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! same p[] reg>ds opposites1 b x is n ref]r$ to !m 9 ! same way4 ,accord+ly1 ! w is ref]r$ bo? to good & evil3 b to good by desir+ x3 to evil1 by %unn+ x4 ,:]e=e ! actual desire ( good is call$ volition 99,9 ,lat91 'voluntas'4 ,to avoid confusion ) voluntas 7! w7 ,/4 ,?omas adds a ^w ( explanation1 :i* 9 ! translation may appe> sup]flu\s41 mean+ !reby ! act ( ! w2 = x is 9 ?is s5se t we are n[ speak+ ( ! w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! %unn+ ( evil is bett] describ$ z nolition3 :]e=e1 j z volition is ( good1 s nolition is ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a rational p[] is n to be direct$ to all opposite purposes1 b to ^? :i* are conta9$ "u its prop] object2 = no p[] seeks o!r ?an its prop] object4 ,n[1 ! object ( ! w is good4 ,:]e=e ! w c be direct$ to su* opposite purposes z are conta9$ "u good1 su* z to be mov$ or to be at re/1 to speak or to be sil5t1 & su* l3 = ! w c be direct$ to ei!r "u ! aspect ( good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* is n a be+ 9 nature1 is consid]$ z a be+ 9 ! reason1 :]e=e negations & privations are said to be be+s ( reason4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 future ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are appreh5d$1 are be+s4 ,accord+ly1 9 s f> z su* l are be+s1 !y are appreh5d$ "u ! aspect ( good2 & x is ?us t ! w is direct$ to !m4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t to lack evil is consid]$ z a good4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,volition ,is ( ! ,end ,only1 or ,also ( ! ,means8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t volition is n ( ! means1 b ( ! end only4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b7 t volition is ( ! end1 :ile *oice is ( ! means4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,= objects diff]+ 9 g5us !re are correspond+ diff]5t p[]s ( ! s\l 7,e?ic4 vi1 #a74 ,n[1 ! end & ! means are 9 diff]5t g5]a ( good3 because ! end1 :i* is a good ei!r ( rectitude or ( pleasure1 is 9 ! g5us quality1 or action1 or passion2 :]eas ! good :i* is useful1 & is direct$ to & end1 is 9 ! g5us relation 7,e?ic4 i1 #f74 ,!re=e1 if volition is ( ! end1 x is n ( ! means4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 habits are proportionate to p[]s1 s9ce !y are p]fections !re(4 ,b 9 ^? habits :i* are call$ practical arts1 ! end belongs to "o1 & ! means to ano!r art2 ?us ! use ( a %ip1 :i* is its end1 belongs to ! 7art ( !7 helmsman2 :]eas ! build+ ( ! %ip1 :i* is direct$ to ! end1 belongs to ! art ( ! %ipwright4 ,!re=e1 s9ce volition is ( ! end1 x is n ( ! means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 natural ?+s1 x is by ! same p[] t a ?+ passes ?r\gh ! middle space1 & arrives at ! t]m9us4 ,b ! means are a k9d ( middle space1 ?r\gh :i* "o arrives at ! end or t]m9us4 ,!re=e1 if volition is ( ! end1 x is also ( ! means4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w voluntas sometimes designates ! p[] ( ! w1 sometimes its act 99,see note to ,a4 #a1 ,reply ,obj4 #a4 ,accord+ly1 if we speak ( ! w z a p[]1 ?us x ext5ds bo? to ! end & to ! means4 ,= e p[] ext5ds to ^? ?+s 9 :i* may be consid]$ ! aspect ( ! object ( t p[] 9 any way :atev]3 ?us ! sight ext5ds to all ?+s :atsoev] t are 9 any way color$4 ,n[ ! aspect ( good1 :i* is ! object ( ! p[] ( ! w1 may be f\nd n only 9 ! end1 b also 9 ! means4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( ! w 9 reg>d to its act1 !n1 prop]ly speak+1 volition is ( ! end only4 ,because e act d5om9at$ f a p[]1 designates ! simple act ( t p[]3 ?us to und]/& designates ! simple act ( ! und]/&+4 ,n[ ! simple act ( a p[] is ref]r$ to t :i* is 9 itself ! object ( t p[]4 ,b t :i* is good & will$ 9 itself is ! end4 ,:]e=e volition1 prop]ly speak+1 is ( ! end itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! means are good & will$1 n 9 !mselves1 b z ref]r$ to ! end4 ,:]e=e ! w is direct$ to !m1 only 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ! end3 s t :at x wills 9 !m1 is ! end4 ,?us1 to und]/&1 is prop]ly direct$ to ?+s t are kn[n 9 !mselves1 i4e4 fir/ pr9ciples3 b we d n speak ( und]/&+ ) reg>d to ?+s kn[n ?r\gh fir/ pr9ciples1 except 9 s f> z we see ! pr9ciples 9 ^? ?+s4 ,= 9 morals ! end is :at pr9ciples are 9 speculative sci5ce 7,e?ic4 viii1 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ( ! w 9 ref]5ce to ! simple act ( ! w2 n 9 ref]5ce to ! p[] ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are diff]5t p[]s = objects t diff] 9 g5us & are on an equality2 = in/ance1 s\nd & color are diff]5t g5]a ( s5sibles1 to :i* are ref]r$ he>+ & sight4 ,b ! useful & ! righte\s are n on an equality1 b are z t :i* is ( itself1 & t :i* is 9 relation to ano!r4 ,n[ su* l objects are always ref]r$ to ! same p[]2 = in/ance1 ! p[] ( sight p]ceives bo? color & light by :i* color is se54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n ev]y?+ t div]sifies habits1 div]sifies ! p[]s3 s9ce habits are c]ta9 det]m9ations ( p[]s to c]ta9 special acts4 ,moreov]1 e practical art consid]s bo? ! end & ! means4 ,= ! art ( ! helmsman does inde$ consid] ! end1 z t :i* x effects2 & ! means1 z t :i* x comm&s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! %ip-build+ art consid]s ! means z t :i* x effects2 b x consid]s t :i* is ! end1 z t to :i* x ref]s :at x effects4 ,& aga91 9 e practical art !re is an end prop] to x & means t belong prop]ly to t art4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ by ! ,same ,act to ! ,end & to ! ,means8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is mov$ by ! same act1 to ! end & to ! means4 ,because accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,topic4 iii1 #b7 :]e "o ?+ is on acc\nt ( ano!r !re is only "o4 ,b ! w does n w ! means save on acc\nt ( ! end4 ,!re=e x is mov$ to bo? by ! same act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! end is ! reason = will+ ! means1 j z light is ! reason ( see+ colors4 ,b light & colors are se5 by ! same act4 ,!re=e x is ! same movem5t ( ! w1 :]eby x wills ! end & ! means4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is "o & ! same natural movem5t :i* t5ds ?r\gh ! middle space to ! t]m9us4 ,b ! means are 9 comp>ison to ! end1 z ! middle space is to ! t]m9us4 ,!re=e x is ! same movem5t ( ! w :]eby x is direct$ to ! end & to ! means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,acts are div]sifi$ accord+ to _! objects4 ,b ! end is a diff]5t species ( good f ! means1 :i* are a useful good4 ,!re=e ! w is n mov$ to bo? by ! same act4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! end is will$ 9 itself1 :]eas ! means1 z su*1 are only will$ = ! end1 x is evid5t t ! w c be mov$ to ! end1 )\t be+ mov$ to ! means2 :]eas x _c be mov$ to ! means1 z su*1 unless x is mov$ to ! end4 ,accord+ly ! w is mov$ to ! end 9 two ways3 fir/1 to ! end absolutely & 9 itself2 secondly1 z ! reason = will+ ! means4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! w is mov$ by "o & ! same movem5t1 to ! end1 z ! reason = will+ ! means2 & to ! means !mselves4 ,b x is ano!r act :]eby ! w is mov$ to ! end absolutely4 ,& sometimes ?is act prec$es ! o!r 9 "t2 = example :5 a man fir/ wills to h heal?1 & aft]w>ds delib]at+ by :at means to be heal$1 wills to s5d = ! doctor to heal him4 ,! same happ5s 9 reg>d to ! intellect3 = at fir/ a man und]/&s ! pr9ciples 9 !mselves2 b aft]w>ds he und]/&s !m 9 ! conclusions1 inasmu* z he ass5ts to ! conclusions on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t holds 9 respect ( ! w be+ mov$ to ! end z ! reason = will+ ! means4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5ev] color is se51 by ! same act ! light is se52 b ! light c be se5 )\t ! color be+ se54 ,9 l mann] :5ev] a man wills ! means1 by ! same act he wills ! end2 b n ! conv]sely4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! execution ( a "w1 ! means are z ! middle space1 & ! end1 z ! t]m9us4 ,:]e=e j z natural movem5t sometimes /ops 9 ! middle & does n rea* ! t]m9us2 s sometimes "o is busy ) ! means1 )\t ga9+ ! end4 ,b 9 will+ x is ! rev]se3 ! w ?r\gh 7will+7 ! end comes to w ! means2 j z ! intellect arrives at ! conclusions ?r\gh ! pr9ciples :i* are call$ means4 ,h5ce x is t sometimes ! intellect und]/&s a mean1 & does n proce$ !nce to ! conclusion4 ,& 9 l mann] ! w sometimes wills ! end1 & yet does n proce$ to w ! means4 ,! solution to ! argum5t 9 ! contr>y s5se is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,= ! useful & ! righte\s are n species ( good 9 an equal degree1 b are z t :i* is = its own sake & t :i* is = ! sake ( some?+ else3 :]e=e ! act ( ! w c be direct$ to "o & n to ! o!r2 b n conv]sely4 ,,"q #i ,,( ,,t ,,:i* ,,moves ,,! ,,w 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] :at moves ! w3 & "u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! w is mov$ by ! intellect8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is mov$ by ! s5sitive appetite8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! w moves itself8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is mov$ by an extr9sic pr9ciple8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is mov$ by a heav5ly body8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! w is mov$ by ,god alone z by an extr9sic pr9ciple8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ by ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n mov$ by ! intellect4 ,= ,augu/9e says on ,ps4 #aah3bj3 ,my s\l ha? covet$ to long = ,?y ju/ifications3 ,! intellect flies ahead1 ! desire foll[s sluggi%ly or n at all3 we "k :at is good1 b de$s delight u n4 ,b x w\ld n be s1 if ! w 7 mov$ by ! intellect3 because movem5t ( ! movable results f motion ( ! mov]4 ,!re=e ! intellect does n move ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect 9 pres5t+ ! appetible object to ! w1 /&s 9 relation to ! w1 z ! imag9ation 9 repres5t+ ! appetible object to ! s5sitive appetite4 ,b ! imag9ation1 9 pres5t+ ! appetible object1 does n remove ! s5sitive appetite3 inde$ sometimes our imag9ation affects u no m ?an :at is set be=e u 9 a picture1 & moves u n at all 7,de ,anima ii1 #c74 ,!re=e nei!r does ! intellect move ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same is n mov] & mov$ 9 respect ( ! same ?+4 ,b ! w moves ! intellect2 = we ex]cise ! intellect :5 we w4 ,!re=e ! intellect does n move ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj7 t ! appetible object is a mov] n mov$1 :]eas ! w is a mov] mov$4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ requires to be mov$ by some?+ 9 s f> z x is 9 pot5tiality to sev]al ?+s2 = t :i* is 9 pot5tiality ne$s to be r$uc$ to act by some?+ actual2 & to d ?is is to move4 ,n[ a p[] ( ! s\l is se5 to be 9 pot5tiality to diff]5t ?+s 9 two ways3 fir/1 ) reg>d to act+ & n act+2 secondly1 ) reg>d to ?is or t action4 ,?us ! sight sometimes sees actually1 & sometimes sees n3 & sometimes x sees :ite1 & sometimes black4 ,x ne$s !re=e a mov] 9 two respects1 viz4 z to ! ex]cise or use ( ! act1 & z to ! det]m9ation ( ! act4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is on ! "p ( ! subject1 :i* is sometimes act+1 sometimes n act+3 :ile ! o!r is on ! "p ( ! object1 by reason ( :i* ! act is specifi$4 ,! motion ( ! subject itself is due to "s ag5t4 ,& s9ce e ag5t acts = an end1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #b71 ! pr9ciple ( ?is motion lies 9 ! end4 ,& h5ce x is t ! art :i* is conc]n$ ) ! end1 by its comm& moves ! art :i* is conc]n$ ) ! means2 j z ! art ( sail+ comm&s ! art ( %ipbuild+ 7,phys4 ii1 #b74 ,n[ good 9 g5]al1 :i* has ! nature ( an end1 is ! object ( ! w4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ?is respect1 ! w moves ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l to _! acts1 = we make use ( ! o!r p[]s :5 we w4 ,= ! end & p]fection ( e o!r p[]1 is includ$ "u ! object ( ! w z "s p>ticul> good3 & always ! art or p[] to :i* ! univ]sal end belongs1 moves to _! acts ! arts or p[]s to :i* belong ! p>ticul> ends includ$ 9 ! univ]sal end4 ,?us ! lead] ( an army1 :o int5ds ! common good--i4e4 ! ord] ( ! :ole army--by 8 comm& moves "o ( ! capta9s1 :o int5ds ! ord] ( "o company4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! object moves1 by det]m9+ ! act1 aft] ! mann] ( a =mal pr9ciple1 :]eby 9 natural ?+s actions are specifi$1 z heat+ by heat4 ,n[ ! fir/ =mal pr9ciple is univ]sal be+ & tru?1 :i* is ! object ( ! intellect4 ,& !re=e by ?is k9d ( motion ! intellect moves ! w1 z pres5t+ its object to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ proves1 n t ! intellect does n move1 b t x does n move ( necessity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ! imag9ation ( a =m )\t e/imation ( fitness or h>mfulness1 does n move ! s5sitive appetite2 s nei!r does ! appreh5sion ( ! true )\t ! aspect ( goodness & desirability4 ,h5ce x is n ! speculative intellect t moves1 b ! practical intellect 7,de ,anima iii1 #i74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w moves ! intellect z to ! ex]cise ( its act2 s9ce ev5 ! true itself :i* is ! p]fection ( ! intellect1 is includ$ 9 ! univ]sal good1 z a p>ticul> good4 ,b z to ! det]m9ation ( ! act1 :i* ! act d]ives f ! object1 ! intellect moves ! w2 s9ce ! good itself is appreh5d$ "u a special aspect z conta9$ 9 ! univ]sal true4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! same is n mov] & mov$ 9 ! same respect4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ by ! ,s5sitive ,appetite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w _c be mov$ by ! s5sitive appetite4 ,= to move & to act is m excell5t ?an to be passive1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #af74 ,b ! s5sitive appetite is less excell5t ?an ! w :i* is ! intellectual appetite2 j z s5se is less excell5t ?an intellect4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive appetite does n move ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no p>ticul> p[] c produce a univ]sal effect4 ,b ! s5sitive appetite is a p>ticul> p[]1 because x foll[s ! p>ticul> appreh5sion ( s5se4 ,!re=e x _c cause ! movem5t ( ! w1 :i* movem5t is univ]sal1 z foll[+ ! univ]sal appreh5sion ( ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 #e1 ! mov] is n mov$ by t :i* x moves1 9 su* a way t !re be reciprocal motion4 ,b ! w moves ! s5sitive appetite1 inasmu* z ! s5sitive appetite obeys ! reason4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive appetite does n move ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #a3ad73 ,e man is tempt$ by 8 own concupisc5ce1 be+ drawn away & allur$4 ,b man w\ld n be drawn away by 8 concupisc5ce1 unless 8 w 7 mov$ by ! s5sitive appetite1 :]e9 concupisc5ce resides4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive appetite moves ! w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 t :i* is appreh5d$ z good & fitt+1 moves ! w by way ( object4 ,n[1 t a ?+ appe> to be good & fitt+1 happ5s f two causes3 namely1 f ! condition1 ei!r ( ! ?+ propos$1 or ( ! "o to :om x is propos$4 ,= fitness is spok5 ( by way ( relation2 h5ce x dep5ds on bo? extremes4 ,& h5ce x is t ta/e1 accord+ z x is v>i\sly dispos$1 takes to a ?+ 9 v>i\s ways1 z be+ fitt+ or unfitt+4 ,:]e=e z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e73 ,accord+ z a man is1 su* does ! end seem to him4 ,n[ x is evid5t t accord+ to a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite man is *ang$ to a c]ta9 disposition4 ,:]e=e accord+ z man is affect$ by a passion1 some?+ seems to him fitt+1 :i* does n seem s :5 he is n s affect$3 ?us t seems good to a man :5 ang]$1 :i* does n seem good :5 he is calm4 ,& 9 ?is way1 ! s5sitive appetite moves ! w1 on ! "p ( ! object4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ h9d]s t :i* is bett] simply & 9 itself1 f be+ less excell5t 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,accord+ly ! w is simply m excell5t ?an ! s5sitive appetite3 b 9 respect ( ! man 9 :om a passion is pr$om9ant1 9 s f> z he is subject to t passion1 ! s5sitive appetite is m excell5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m5's acts & *oices are 9 ref]5ce to s+ul>s4 ,:]e=e f ! v fact t ! s5sitive appetite is a p>ticul> p[]1 x has great influ5ce 9 dispos+ man s t some?+ seems to him su* or o!rwise1 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #b71 ! reason1 9 :i* resides ! w1 moves1 by its comm&1 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 n1 inde$1 by a despotic sov]eignty1 z a slave is mov$ by 8 ma/]1 b by a royal & politic sov]eignty1 z free m5 are rul$ by _! gov]nor1 & c nev]!less act c\nt] to 8 comm&s4 ,h5ce bo? irascible & concupiscible c move c\nt] to ! w3 & accord+ly no?+ h9d]s ! w f be+ mov$ by !m at times4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,w ,moves ,itself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w does n move itself4 ,= e mov]1 z su*1 is 9 act3 :]eas :at is mov$1 is 9 pot5tiality2 s9ce movem5t is ! act ( t :i* is 9 pot5tiality1 z su* 99,ari/otle1 ,phys4 iii1 #a4 ,n[ ! same is n 9 pot5tiality & 9 act1 9 respect ( ! same4 ,!re=e no?+ moves itself4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c ! w move itself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! movable is mov$ on ! mov] be+ pres5t4 ,b ! w is always pres5t to itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 x mov$ itself1 x w\ld always be mov+ itself1 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! w is mov$ by ! intellect1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,if1 !re=e1 ! w move itself1 x w\ld foll[ t ! same ?+ is at once mov$ imm$iately by two mov]s2 :i* seems unreasonable4 ,!re=e ! w does n move itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! w is mi/ress ( its own act1 & to x belongs to w & n to w4 ,b ?is w\ld n be s1 _h x n ! p[] to move itself to w4 ,!re=e x moves itself4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x belongs to ! w to move ! o!r p[]s1 by reason ( ! end :i* is ! w's object4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #b71 ! end is 9 ?+s appetible1 :at ! pr9ciple is 9 ?+s intelligible4 ,b x is evid5t t ! intellect1 ?r\gh its k ( ! pr9ciple1 r$uces itself f pot5tiality to act1 z to its k ( ! conclusions2 & ?us x moves itself4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ! w1 ?r\gh its volition ( ! end1 moves itself to w ! means4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n 9 respect ( ! same t ! w moves itself & is mov$3 :]e=e nei!r is x 9 act & 9 pot5tiality 9 respect ( ! same4 ,b =asmu* z x actually wills ! end1 x r$uces itself f pot5tiality to act1 9 respect ( ! means1 s z1 9 a ^w1 to w !m actually4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p[] ( ! w is always actually pres5t to itself2 b ! act ( ! w1 :]eby x wills an end1 is n always 9 ! w4 ,b x is by ?is act t x moves itself4 ,accord+ly x does n foll[ t x is always mov+ itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w is mov$ by ! intellect1 o!rwise ?an by itself4 ,by ! intellect x is mov$ on ! "p ( ! object3 :]eas x is mov$ by itself1 z to ! ex]cise ( its act1 9 respect ( ! end4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ by an ,ext]ior ,pr9ciple8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n mov$ by any?+ ext]ior4 ,= ! movem5t ( ! w is volunt>y4 ,b x is ess5tial to ! volunt>y act t x be f an intr9sic pr9ciple1 j z x is ess5tial to ! natural act4 ,!re=e ! movem5t ( ! w is n f any?+ ext]ior4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! w _c suff] viol5ce1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #d74 ,b ! viol5t act is "o ! pr9ciple ( :i* is outside ! ag5t 99,ari/otle1 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a4 ,!re=e ! w _c be mov$ by any?+ ext]ior4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is suffici5tly mov$ by "o mov]1 ne$s n to be mov$ by ano!r4 ,b ! w moves itself suffici5tly4 ,!re=e x is n mov$ by any?+ ext]ior4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! w is mov$ by ! object1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b ! object ( ! w c be some?+ ext]ior1 (f]$ to ! s5se4 ,!re=e ! w c be mov$ by some?+ ext]ior4 ,i answ] t1 ,z f> z ! w is mov$ by ! object1 x is evid5t t x c be mov$ by some?+ ext]ior4 ,b 9 s f> z x is mov$ 9 ! ex]cise ( its act1 we mu/ aga9 hold x to be mov$ by "s ext]ior pr9ciple4 ,= ev]y?+ t is at "o "t an ag5t actually1 & at ano!r "t an ag5t 9 pot5tiality1 ne$s to be mov$ by a mov]4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! w beg9s to w some?+1 :]eas previ\sly x did n w x4 ,!re=e x mu/1 ( necessity1 be mov$ by some?+ to w x4 ,&1 inde$1 x moves itself1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 9 s f> z ?r\gh will+ ! end x r$uces itself to ! act ( will+ ! means4 ,n[ x _c d ?is )\t ! aid ( c\nsel3 = :5 a man wills to be heal$1 he beg9s to reflect h[ ?is c be atta9$1 & ?r\gh ?is reflection he comes to ! conclusion t he c be heal$ by a physician3 & ?is he wills4 ,b s9ce he did n always actually w to h heal?1 he mu/1 ( necessity1 h begun1 ?r\gh some?+ mov+ him1 to w to be heal$4 ,& if ! w mov$ itself to w ?is1 x mu/1 ( necessity1 h done ?is ) ! aid ( c\nsel foll[+ "s previ\s volition4 ,b ?is process c\ld n g on to inf9ity4 ,:]e=e we mu/1 ( necessity1 suppose t ! w advanc$ to its fir/ movem5t 9 virtue ( ! in/igation ( "s ext]ior mov]1 z ,ari/otle concludes 9 a *apt] ( ! ,eudemian ,e?ics 7vii1 #ad74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is ess5tial to ! volunt>y act t its pr9ciple be )9 ! ag5t3 b x is n necess>y t ?is inw>d pr9ciple be ! fir/ pr9ciple unmov$ by ano!r4 ,:]e=e ?\gh ! volunt>y act has an inw>d proximate pr9ciple1 nev]!less its fir/ pr9ciple is f )\t4 ,?us1 too1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! natural movem5t is f )\t1 t1 to wit1 :i* moves nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,= an act to be viol5t x is n en\gh t its pr9ciple be extr9sic1 b we mu/ add )\t ! concurr5ce ( him t suff]s viol5ce4 ,?is does n happ5 :5 ! w is mov$ by an ext]ior pr9ciple3 = x is ! w t wills1 ?\gh mov$ by ano!r4 ,b ?is movem5t w\ld be viol5t1 if x 7 c\nt] to ! movem5t ( ! w3 :i* 9 ! pres5t case is impossible2 s9ce !n ! w w\ld w & n w ! same ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w moves itself suffici5tly 9 "o respect1 & 9 its own ord]1 t is to say z proximate ag5t2 b x _c move itself 9 e respect1 z we h %[n4 ,:]e=e x ne$s to be mov$ by ano!r z fir/ mov]4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ by a ,heav5ly ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! human w is mov$ by a heav5ly body4 ,= all v>i\s & multi=m movem5ts are r$uc$1 z to _! cause1 to a uni=m movem5t :i* is t ( ! heav5s1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 #i4 ,b human movem5ts are v>i\s & multi=m1 s9ce !y beg9 to be1 :]eas previ\sly !y 7 n4 ,!re=e !y are r$uc$1 z to _! cause1 to ! movem5t ( ! heav5s1 :i* is uni=m accord+ to its nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d7 ! l[] bodies are mov$ by ! high]4 ,b ! movem5ts ( ! human body1 :i* are caus$ by ! w1 c\ld n be r$uc$ to ! movem5t ( ! heav5s1 z to _! cause1 unless ! w too 7 mov$ by ! heav5s4 ,!re=e ! heav5s move ! human w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by obs]v+ ! heav5ly bodies a/rolog]s =etell ! tru? ab\t future human acts1 :i* are caus$ by ! w4 ,b ?is w\ld n be s1 if ! heav5ly bodies c\ld n move man's w4 ,!re=e ! human w is mov$ by a heav5ly body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #g7 t ! heav5ly bodies are n ! causes ( our acts4 ,b !y w\ld be1 if ! w1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( human acts1 7 mov$ by ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re=e ! w is n mov$ by ! heav5ly bodies4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is evid5t t ! w c be mov$ by ! heav5ly bodies 9 ! same way z x is mov$ by its object2 t is to say1 9 s f> z ext]ior bodies1 :i* move ! w1 ?r\gh be+ (f]$ to ! s5ses1 & also ! organs !mselves ( ! s5sitive p[]s1 are subject to ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b "s h ma9ta9$ t heav5ly bodies h an influ5ce on ! human w1 9 ! same way z "s ext]ior ag5t moves ! w1 z to ! ex]cise ( its act4 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,= ! w1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #i1 is 9 ! reason4 ,n[ ! reason is a p[] ( ! s\l1 n b\nd to a bodily organ3 :]e=e x foll[s t ! w is a p[] absolutely incorporeal & immat]ial4 ,b x is evid5t t no body c act on :at is incorporeal1 b r ! rev]se3 because ?+s incorporeal & immat]ial h a p[] m =mal & m univ]sal ?an any corporeal ?+s :atev]4 ,!re=e x is impossible = a heav5ly body to act directly on ! intellect or w4 ,= ?is reason ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii1 #c7 ascrib$ to ^? :o held t intellect diff]s n f s5se1 ! !ory t su* is ! w ( m51 z is ! day :i* ! fa!r ( m5 & ( gods br+ on 99,odyssey xviii4 #ace 7ref]r+ to ,jupit]1 by :om !y und]/& ! entire heav5s74 ,= all ! s5sitive p[]s1 s9ce !y are acts ( bodily organs1 c be mov$ accid5tally1 by ! heav5ly bodies1 i4e4 ?r\gh ^? bodies be+ mov$1 ^: acts !y are4 ,b s9ce x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #b7 t ! intellectual appetite is mov$1 9 a fa%ion1 by ! s5sitive appetite1 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies h an indirect be>+ on ! w2 9 s f> z ! w happ5s to be mov$ by ! passions ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! multi=m movem5ts ( ! human w are r$uc$ to "s uni=m cause1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is above ! intellect & w4 ,?is c be said1 n ( any body1 b ( "s sup]ior immat]ial sub/ance4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = ! movem5t ( ! w to be ref]r$ to ! movem5t ( ! heav5s1 z to its cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! movem5ts ( ! human body are r$uc$1 z to _! cause1 to ! movem5t ( a heav5ly body1 9 s f> z ! disposition suitable to a p>ticul> movem5t1 is some:at due to ! influ5ce ( heav5ly bodies2 also1 9 s f> z ! s5sitive appetite is /irr$ by ! influ5ce ( heav5ly bodies2 & aga91 9 s f> z ext]ior bodies are mov$ 9 accordance ) ! movem5t ( heav5ly bodies1 at ^: pres5ce1 ! w beg9s to w or n to w some?+2 = in/ance1 :5 ! body is *ill$1 we beg9 to wi% to make ! fire4 ,b ?is movem5t ( ! w is on ! "p ( ! object (f]$ f )\t3 n on ! "p ( an inw>d in/igation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g71 ! s5sitive appetite is ! act ( a bodily organ4 ,:]e=e !re is no reason :y man %\ld n be prone to ang] or concupisc5ce1 or "s l passion1 by reason ( ! influ5ce ( heav5ly bodies1 j z by reason ( 8 natural complexion4 ,b ! majority ( m5 are l$ by ! passions1 :i* ! wise alone resi/4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! majority ( cases pr$ictions ab\t human acts1 ga!r$ f ! obs]vation ( heav5ly bodies1 are fulfill$4 ,nev]!less1 z ,ptolemy says 7,c5tiloquium v71 ! wise man gov]ns ! />s2 :i* is a ?\gh to say t by resi/+ 8 passions1 he opposes 8 w1 :i* is free & n[ise subject to ! movem5t ( ! heav5s1 to su* l effects ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,or1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #ae73 ,we mu/ confess t :5 ! tru? is =etold by a/rolog]s1 ?is is due to "s mo/ hidd5 inspiration1 to :i* ! human m9d is subject )\t kn[+ x4 ,& s9ce ?is is done 9 ord] to deceive man1 x mu/ be ! "w ( ! ly+ spirits4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ by ,god ,alone1 ,z ,ext]ior ,pr9ciple8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n mov$ by ,god alone z ext]ior pr9ciple4 ,= x is natural t ! inf]ior be mov$ by its sup]ior3 ?us ! l[] bodies are mov$ by ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b !re is some?+ :i* is high] ?an ! w ( man & bel[ ,god1 namely1 ! angel4 ,!re=e man's w c be mov$ by an angel also1 z ext]ior pr9ciple4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( ! w foll[s ! act ( ! intellect4 ,b man's intellect is r$uc$ to act1 n by ,god alone1 b also by ! angel :o enlight5s x1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv74 ,= ! same reason1 !re=e1 ! w also is mov$ by an angel4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god is n ! cause ( o!r ?an good ?+s1 accord+ to ,g54 #a3ca3 ,god saw all ! ?+s t ,he _h made1 & !y 7 v good4 ,if1 !re=e man's w 7 mov$ by ,god alone1 x w\ld nev] be mov$ to evil3 & yet x is ! w :]eby we s9 & :]eby we d "r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #i74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,phil4 #b3ac73 ,x is ,god ,:o worke? 9 u ,vulg4'y' bo? to w & to accompli%4 ,i answ] t1 ,! movem5t ( ! w is f )91 z also is ! movem5t ( nature4 ,n[ al?\gh x is possible = some?+ to move a natural ?+1 )\t be+ ! cause ( ! ?+ mov$1 yet t alone1 :i* is 9 "s way ! cause ( a ?+'s nature1 c cause a natural movem5t 9 t ?+4 ,= a /one is mov$ upw>ds by a man1 :o is n ! cause ( ! /one's nature1 b ?is movem5t is n natural to ! /one2 b ! natural movem5t ( ! /one is caus$ by no o!r ?an ! cause ( its nature4 ,:]e=e x is said 9 ,phys4 vii1 #d1 t ! g5]ator moves locally heavy & light ?+s4 ,accord+ly man end[$ ) a w is sometimes mov$ by some?+ t is n 8 cause2 b t 8 volunt>y movem5t be f an ext]ior pr9ciple t is n ! cause ( 8 w1 is impossible4 ,n[ ! cause ( ! w c be none o!r ?an ,god4 ,& ?is is evid5t = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! w is a p[] ( ! rational s\l1 :i* is caus$ by ,god alone1 by creation1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,secondly1 x is evid5t f ! fact t ! w is orda9$ to ! univ]sal good4 ,:]e=e no?+ else c be ! cause ( ! w1 except ,god ,himself1 ,:o is ! univ]sal good3 :ile e o!r good is good by p>ticipation1 & is "s p>ticul> good1 & a p>ticul> cause does n give a univ]sal incl9ation4 ,h5ce nei!r c prim>y matt]1 :i* is pot5tiality to all =ms1 be creat$ by "s p>ticul> ag5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an angel is n above man 9 su* a way z to be ! cause ( 8 w1 z ! heav5ly bodies are ! causes ( natural =ms1 f :i* result ! natural movem5ts ( natural bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man's intellect is mov$ by an angel1 on ! "p ( ! object1 :i* by ! p[] ( ! angelic light is propos$ to man's k4 ,& 9 ?is way ! w also c be mov$ by a creature f )\t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god moves man's w1 z ! ,univ]sal ,mov]1 to ! univ]sal object ( ! w1 :i* is good4 ,& )\t ?is univ]sal motion1 man _c w any?+4 ,b man det]m9es himself by 8 reason to w ?is or t1 :i* is true or app>5t good4 ,nev]!less1 sometimes ,god moves "s specially to ! will+ ( some?+ det]m9ate1 :i* is good2 z 9 ! case ( ^? :om ,he moves by grace1 z we %all /ate lat] on 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b74 ,,"q #aj ,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,w ,,is ,,mov$ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! mann] 9 :i* ! w is mov$4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! w is mov$ to any?+ naturally8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is mov$ ( necessity by its object8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is mov$ ( necessity by ! l[] appetite8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is mov$ ( necessity by ! ext]ior mov] :i* is ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ to ,any?+ ,naturally8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n mov$ to any?+ naturally4 ,= ! natural ag5t is condivid$ ) ! volunt>y ag5t1 z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,phys4 ii1 #a4 ,!re=e ! w is n mov$ to any?+ naturally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is natural is 9 a ?+ always3 z be+ hot is 9 fire4 ,b no movem5t is always 9 ! w4 ,!re=e no movem5t is natural to ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 nature is det]m9ate to "o ?+3 :]eas ! w is ref]r$ to opposites4 ,!re=e ! w wills no?+ naturally4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! movem5t ( ! w foll[s ! movem5t ( ! intellect4 ,b ! intellect und]/&s "s ?+s naturally4 ,!re=e ! w1 too1 wills "s ?+s naturally4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,duabus ,nat47 & ! ,philosoph] also 7,metaph4 v1 #d7 ! ^w nature is us$ 9 a manifold s5se4 ,= sometimes x /&s = ! intr9sic pr9ciple 9 movable ?+s4 ,9 ?is s5se nature is ei!r matt] or ! mat]ial =m1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #a4 ,9 ano!r s5se nature /&s = any sub/ance1 or ev5 = any be+4 ,& 9 ?is s5se1 t is said to be natural to a ?+ :i* befits x 9 respect ( its sub/ance4 ,& ?is is t :i* ( itself is 9 a ?+4 ,n[ all ?+s t d n ( !mselves belong to ! ?+ 9 :i* !y are1 are r$uc$ to some?+ :i* belongs ( itself to t ?+1 z to _! pr9ciple4 ,:]e=e1 tak+ nature 9 ?is s5se1 x is necess>y t ! pr9ciple ( :atev] belongs to a ?+1 be a natural pr9ciple4 ,?is is evid5t 9 reg>d to ! intellect3 = ! pr9ciples ( intellectual k are naturally kn[n4 ,9 l mann] ! pr9ciple ( volunt>y movem5ts mu/ be some?+ naturally will$4 ,n[ ?is is good 9 g5]al1 to :i* ! w t5ds naturally1 z does ea* p[] to its object2 & aga9 x is ! la/ end1 :i* /&s 9 ! same relation to ?+s appetible1 z ! fir/ pr9ciples ( demon/rations to ?+s intelligible3 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 x is all ^? ?+s :i* belong to ! will] accord+ to 8 nature4 ,= x is n only ?+s p]ta9+ to ! w t ! w desires1 b also t :i* p]ta9s to ea* p[]1 & to ! entire man4 ,:]e=e man wills naturally n only ! object ( ! w1 b also o!r ?+s t are appropriate to ! o!r p[]s2 su* z ! k ( tru?1 :i* befits ! intellect2 & to be & to live & o!r l ?+s :i* reg>d ! natural well-be+2 all ( :i* are includ$ 9 ! object ( ! w1 z s _m p>ticul> goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w is di/+ui%$ f nature z "o k9d ( cause f ano!r2 = "s ?+s happ5 naturally & "s are done volunt>ily4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r mann] ( caus+ t is prop] to ! w1 :i* is mi/ress ( its act1 besides ! mann] prop] to nature1 :i* is det]m9ate to "o ?+4 ,b s9ce ! w is f\nd$ on "s nature1 x is necess>y t ! movem5t prop] to nature be %>$ by ! w1 to "s ext5t3 j z :at belongs to a previ\s cause is %>$ by a subsequ5t cause4 ,because 9 e ?+1 be+ itself1 :i* is f nature1 prec$es volition1 :i* is f ! w4 ,& h5ce x is t ! w wills some?+ naturally4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! case ( natural ?+s1 t :i* is natural1 z a result ( ! =m only1 is always 9 !m actually1 z heat is 9 fire4 ,b t :i* is natural z a result ( matt]1 is n always 9 !m actually1 b sometimes only 9 pot5tiality3 because =m is act1 :]eas matt] is pot5tiality4 ,n[ movem5t is ! act ( t :i* is 9 pot5tiality 7,ari/otle1 ,phys4 iii1 #a74 ,:]e=e t :i* belongs to1 or results f1 movem5t1 9 reg>d to natural ?+s1 is n always 9 !m4 ,?us fire does n always move upw>ds1 b only :5 x is outside its own place4 99,! ,ari/otelian !ory 0 t fire's prop] place is ! fi]y heav51 i4e4 ! ,empyrean4 ,& 9 l mann] x is n necess>y t ! w 7:i* is r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act1 :5 x wills some?+71 %\ld always be 9 ! act ( volition2 b only :5 x is 9 a c]ta9 det]m9ate disposition4 ,b ,god's w1 :i* is pure act1 is always 9 ! act ( volition4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to e nature !re is "o ?+ correspond+1 proportionate1 h[ev]1 to t nature4 ,= to nature consid]$ z a g5us1 !re corresponds some?+ "o g5]ically2 & to nature z species !re corresponds some?+ "o specifically2 & to ! individualiz$ nature !re corresponds "s "o individual4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! w is an immat]ial p[] l ! intellect1 "s "o g5]al ?+ corresponds to x1 naturally :i* is ! good2 j z to ! intellect !re corresponds "s "o g5]al ?+1 :i* is ! true1 or be+1 or :at a ?+ is4 ,& "u good 9 g5]al are includ$ _m p>ticul> goods1 to none ( :i* is ! w det]m9$4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$1 ( ,necessity1 by ,its ,object8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! w is mov$1 ( necessity1 by its object4 ,= ! object ( ! w is comp>$ to ! w z mov] to movable1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #aj4 ,b a mov]1 if x be suffici5t1 moves ! movable ( necessity4 ,!re=e ! w c be mov$ ( necessity by its object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z ! w is an immat]ial p[]1 s is ! intellect3 & bo? p[]s are orda9$ to a univ]sal object1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,b ! intellect is mov$1 ( necessity1 by its object3 !re=e ! w also1 by its object4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] "o wills1 is ei!r ! end1 or some?+ orda9$ to an end4 ,b1 seem+ly1 "o wills an end necess>ily3 because x is l ! pr9ciple 9 speculative matt]s1 to :i* pr9ciple "o ass5ts ( necessity4 ,n[ ! end is ! reason = will+ ! means2 & s x seems t we w ! means also necess>ily4 ,!re=e ! w is mov$ ( necessity by its object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! rational p[]s1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 ix1 #b7 are direct$ to opposites4 ,b ! w is a rational p[]1 s9ce x is 9 ! reason1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #i4 ,!re=e ! w is direct$ to opposites4 ,!re=e x is n mov$1 ( necessity1 to ei!r ( ! opposites4 ,i answ] t1 ,! w is mov$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 z to ! ex]cise ( its act2 secondly1 z to ! specification ( its act1 d]iv$ f ! object4 ,z to ! fir/ way1 no object moves ! w necess>ily1 = no matt] :at ! object be1 x is 9 man's p[] n to ?9k ( x1 & consequ5tly n to w x actually4 ,b z to ! second mann] ( motion1 ! w is mov$ by "o object necess>ily1 by ano!r n4 ,= 9 ! movem5t ( a p[] by its object1 we mu/ consid] "u :at aspect ! object moves ! p[]4 ,= ! visible moves ! sight1 "u ! aspect ( color actually visible4 ,:]e=e if color be (f]$ to ! sight1 x moves ! sight necess>ily3 unless "o turns "o's eyes away2 :i* belongs to ! ex]cise ( ! act4 ,b if ! sight 7 confront$ ) some?+ n 9 all respects color$ actually1 b only s 9 "s respects1 & 9 o!r respects n1 ! sight w\ld n ( necessity see su* an object3 = x might look at t "p ( ! object :i* is n actually color$1 & ?us x w\ld n see x4 ,n[ j z ! actually color$ is ! object ( sight1 s is good ! object ( ! w4 ,:]e=e if ! w be (f]$ an object :i* is good univ]sally & f e po9t ( view1 ! w t5ds to x ( necessity1 if x wills any?+ at all2 s9ce x _c w ! opposite4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! w is (f]$ an object t is n good f e po9t ( view1 x w n t5d to x ( necessity4 ,& s9ce lack ( any good :atev]1 is a non-good1 consequ5tly1 t good alone :i* is p]fect & lack+ 9 no?+1 is su* a good t ! w _c n-w x3 & ?is is ,happ9ess4 ,:]eas any o!r p>ticul> goods1 9 s f> z !y are lack+ 9 "s good1 c be reg>d$ z non-goods3 & f ?is po9t ( view1 !y c be set aside or approv$ by ! w1 :i* c t5d to "o & ! same ?+ f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! suffici5t mov] ( a p[] is none b t object t 9 e respect pres5ts ! aspect ( ! mov] ( t p[]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is lack+ 9 any respect1 x w n move ( necessity1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellect is mov$1 ( necessity1 by an object :i* is su* z to be always & necess>ily true3 b n by t :i* may be ei!r true or false--viz4 by t :i* is cont+5t3 z we h said ( ! good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! la/ end moves ! w necess>ily1 because x is ! p]fect good4 ,9 l mann] :atev] is orda9$ to t end1 & )\t :i* ! end _c be atta9$1 su* z to be & to live1 & ! l4 ,b o!r ?+s )\t :i* ! end c be ga9$1 are n necess>ily will$ by "o :o wills ! end3 j z he :o ass5ts to ! pr9ciple1 does n necess>ily ass5t to ! conclusions1 )\t :i* ! pr9ciples c /ill be true4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$1 ( ,necessity1 by ! ,l[] ,appetite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is mov$ ( necessity by a passion ( ! l[] appetite4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3ai73 ,! good :i* ,i w ,i d n2 b ! evil :i* ,i w n1 t ,i d3 & ?is is said by reason ( concupisc5ce1 :i* is a passion4 ,!re=e ! w is mov$ ( necessity by a passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #e1 accord+ z a man is1 su* does ! end seem to him4 ,b x is n 9 man's p[] to ca/ aside a passion at once4 ,!re=e x is n 9 man's p[] n to w t to :i* ! passion incl9es him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a univ]sal cause is n appli$ to a p>ticul> effect1 except by means ( a p>ticul> cause3 :]e=e ! univ]sal reason does n move save by means ( a p>ticul> e/imation1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #aa4 ,b z ! univ]sal reason is to ! p>ticul> e/imation1 s is ! w to ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!re=e ! w is n mov$ to w some?+ p>ticul>1 except ?r\gh ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!re=e1 if ! s5sitive appetite happ5 to be dispos$ to some?+1 by reason ( a passion1 ! w _c be mov$ 9 a contr>y s5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #d3g73 ,?y lu/ ,vulg4 ',! lu/ !re(' %all be "u !e1 & ?\ %alt h dom9ion ov] x4 ,!re=e man's w is n mov$ ( necessity by ! l[] appetite4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #b71 ! passion ( ! s5sitive appetite moves ! w1 9 s f> z ! w is mov$ by its object3 inasmu* z1 to wit1 man ?r\gh be+ dispos$ 9 su* & su* a way by a passion1 judges some?+ to be fitt+ & good1 :i* he w\ld n judge ?us 7 x n = ! passion4 ,n[ ?is influ5ce ( a passion on man occurs 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 s t 8 reason is :olly b\nd1 s t he has n ! use ( reason3 z happ5s 9 ^? :o ?r\gh a viol5t access ( ang] or concupisc5ce become furi\s or insane1 j z !y may f "s o!r bodily disord]2 s9ce su* l passions d n take place )\t "s *ange 9 ! body4 ,& ( su* ! same is to be said z ( irrational animals1 :i* foll[1 ( necessity1 ! impulse ( _! passions3 = 9 !m !re is nei!r movem5t ( reason1 nor1 consequ5tly1 ( w4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! reason is n entirely engross$ by ! passion1 s t ! judgm5t ( reason reta9s1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 its fre$om3 & ?us ! movem5t ( ! w rema9s 9 a c]ta9 degree4 ,accord+ly 9 s f> z ! reason rema9s free1 & n subject to ! passion1 ! w's movem5t1 :i* also rema9s1 does n t5d ( necessity to t :]eto ! passion incl9es x4 ,consequ5tly1 ei!r !re is no movem5t ( ! w 9 t man1 & ! passion alone holds its sway3 or if !re be a movem5t ( ! w1 x does n necess>ily foll[ ! passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! w _c prev5t ! movem5t ( concupisc5ce f aris+1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le says3 ,! evil :i* ,i w n1 t ,i d--i4e4 ,i desire2 yet x is 9 ! p[] ( ! w n to w to desire or n to cons5t to concupisc5ce4 ,& ?us x does n necess>ily foll[ ! movem5t ( concupisc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce !re is 9 man a tw(old nature1 intellectual & s5sitive2 sometimes man is su* & su* uni=mly 9 respect ( 8 :ole s\l3 ei!r because ! s5sitive "p is :olly subject to 8 reason1 z 9 ! virtu\s2 or because reason is entirely engross$ by passion1 z 9 a madman4 ,b sometimes1 al?\gh reason is cl\d$ by passion1 yet some?+ ( ?is reason rema9s free4 ,& 9 respect ( ?is1 man c ei!r repel ! passion entirely1 or at lea/ hold himself 9 *eck s z n to be l$ away by ! passion4 ,= :5 ?us dispos$1 s9ce man is v>i\sly dispos$ accord+ to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! s\l1 a ?+ appe>s to him o!rwise accord+ to 8 reason1 ?an x does accord+ to a passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w is mov$ n only by ! univ]sal good appreh5d$ by ! reason1 b also by good appreh5d$ by s5se4 ,:]e=e he c be mov$ to "s p>ticul> good indep5d5tly ( a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,= we w & d _m ?+s )\t passion1 & ?r\gh *oice alone2 z is mo/ evid5t 9 ^? cases :]e9 reason resi/s passion4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ ( ,necessity by ! ,ext]ior ,mov] ,:i* ,is ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is mov$ ( necessity by ,god4 ,= e ag5t t _c be resi/$ moves ( necessity4 ,b ,god _c be resi/$1 because ,8 p[] is inf9ite2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,rom4 #i3ai73 ,:o resi/e? ,8 w8 ,!re=e ,god moves ! w ( necessity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! w is mov$ ( necessity to :atev] x wills naturally1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,b :atev] ,god does 9 a ?+ is natural to x1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxvi1 #c74 ,!re=e ! w wills ( necessity ev]y?+ to :i* ,god moves x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is possible1 if no?+ impossible foll[s f its be+ suppos$4 ,b some?+ impossible foll[s f ! supposition t ! w does n w t to :i* ,god moves x3 because 9 t case ,god's op]ation w\ld be ineffectual4 ,!re=e x is n possible = ! w n to w t to :i* ,god moves x4 ,!re=e x wills x ( necessity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ae3ad73 ,god made man f ! beg9n+1 & left him 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel4 ,!re=e ,he does n ( necessity move man's w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 x belongs to ,div9e provid5ce1 n to de/roy b to pres]ve ! nature ( ?+s4 ,:]e=e x moves all ?+s 9 accordance ) _! conditions2 s t f necess>y causes ?r\gh ! ,div9e motion1 effects foll[ ( necessity2 b f cont+5t causes1 effects foll[ cont+5tly4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! w is an active pr9ciple1 n det]m9ate to "o ?+1 b hav+ an indiff]5t relation to _m ?+s1 ,god s moves x1 t ,he does n det]m9e x ( necessity to "o ?+1 b its movem5t rema9s cont+5t & n necess>y1 except 9 ^? ?+s to :i* x is mov$ naturally4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,div9e w ext5ds n only to ! do+ ( some?+ by ! ?+ :i* ,he moves1 b also to its be+ done 9 a way :i* is fitt+ to ! nature ( t ?+4 ,& !re=e x w\ld be m repugnant to ! ,div9e motion1 = ! w to be mov$ ( necessity1 :i* is n fitt+ to its nature2 ?an = x to be mov$ freely1 :i* is becom+ to its nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t is natural to a ?+1 :i* ,god s works 9 x t x may be natural to x3 = ?us is some?+ becom+ to a ?+1 accord+ z ,god wi%es x to be becom+4 ,n[ ,he does n wi% t :atev] ,he works 9 ?+s %\ld be natural to !m1 = in/ance1 t ! dead %\ld rise aga94 ,b ?is ,he does wi% to be natural to ea* ?+--t x be subject to ! ,div9e p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ,god moves ! w to any?+1 x is incompatible ) ?is supposition1 t ! w be n mov$ !reto4 ,b x is n impossible simply4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t ! w is mov$ by ,god necess>ily4 ,,"q #aa ,,( ,,enjoym5t 99,or1 ,fruition1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,w 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] enjoym5t3 conc]n+ :i* !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r to enjoy is an act ( ! appetitive p[]8 7#b7 ,:e!r x belongs to ! rational creature alone1 or also to irrational animals8 7#c7 ,:e!r enjoym5t is only ( ! la/ end8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is only ( ! end possess$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r to ,enjoy ,is an ,act ( ! ,appetitive ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to enjoy belongs n only to ! appetitive p[]4 ,= to enjoy seems no?+ else ?an to receive ! fruit4 ,b x is ! intellect1 9 ^: act ,happ9ess consi/s1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d71 t receives ! fruit ( human life1 :i* is ,happ9ess4 ,!re=e to enjoy is n an act ( ! appetitive p[]1 b ( ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ea* p[] has its prop] end1 :i* is its p]fection3 ?us ! end ( sight is to "k ! visible2 ( ! he>+1 to p]ceive s\nds2 & s =?4 ,b ! end ( a ?+ is its fruit4 ,!re=e to enjoy belongs to ea* p[]1 & n only to ! appetite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 enjoym5t implies a c]ta9 delight4 ,b s5sible delight belongs to s5se1 :i* delights 9 its object3 & = ! same reason1 intellectual delight belongs to ! intellect4 ,!re=e enjoym5t belongs to ! appreh5sive1 & n to ! appetitive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #d2 & ,de ,tr94 x1 #aj1 #aa73 ,to enjoy is to adh]e lov+ly to some?+ = its own sake4 ,b love belongs to ! appetitive p[]4 ,!re=e also to enjoy is an act ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,fruitio 7enjoym5t7 & fructus 7fruit7 seem to ref] to ! same1 "o be+ d]iv$ f ! o!r2 :i* f :i*1 matt]s n = our purpose2 ?\gh x seems probable t ! "o :i* is m cle>ly kn[n1 0 fir/ nam$4 ,n[ ^? ?+s are mo/ manife/ to u :i* appeal mo/ to ! s5ses3 :]e=e x seems t ! ^w fruition is d]iv$ f s5sible fruits4 ,b s5sible fruit is t :i* we expect ! tree to produce 9 ! la/ place1 & 9 :i* a c]ta9 sweetness is to be p]ceiv$4 ,h5ce fruition seems to h relation to love1 or to ! delight :i* "o has 9 realiz+ ! long$-= t]m1 :i* is ! end4 ,n[ ! end & ! good is ! object ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t fruition is ! act ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ h9d]s "o & ! same ?+ f belong+1 "u diff]5t aspects1 to diff]5t p[]s4 ,accord+ly ! vision ( ,god1 z vision1 is an act ( ! intellect1 b z a good & an end1 is ! object ( ! w4 ,& z su* is ! fruition !re(3 s t ! intellect atta9s ?is end1 z ! executive p[]1 b ! w z ! motive p[]1 mov+ 7! p[]s7 t[>ds ! end & enjoy+ ! end atta9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p]fection & end ( e o!r p[] is conta9$ 9 ! object ( ! appetitive p[]1 z ! prop] is conta9$ 9 ! common1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce ! p]fection & end ( ea* p[]1 9 s f> z x is a good1 belongs to ! appetitive p[]4 ,:]e=e ! appetitive p[] moves ! o!r p[]s to _! ends2 & itself realizes ! end1 :5 ea* ( !m rea*es ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 delight !re are two ?+s3 p]ception ( :at is becom+2 & ?is belongs to ! appreh5sive p[]2 & complac5cy 9 t :i* is (f]$ z becom+3 & ?is belongs to ! appetitive p[]1 9 :i* p[] delight is =mally complet$4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r to ,enjoy ,belongs to ! ,rational ,creature ,alone1 or ,also to ,irrational ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to enjoy belongs to m5 alone4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bb7 t x is giv5 to u m5 to enjoy & to use4 ,!re=e o!r animals _c enjoy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to enjoy relates to ! la/ end4 ,b irrational animals _c obta9 ! la/ end4 ,!re=e x is n = !m to enjoy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! s5sitive appetite is b5ea? ! intellectual appetite1 s is ! natural appetite b5ea? ! s5sitive4 ,if1 !re=e1 to enjoy belongs to ! s5sitive appetite1 x seems t = ! same reason x c belong to ! natural appetite4 ,b ?is is evid5tly false1 s9ce ! latt] _c delight 9 any?+4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive appetite _c enjoy3 & accord+ly enjoym5t is n possible = irrational animals4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cj73 ,x is n s absurd to suppose t ev5 bea/s enjoy _! food & any bodily pleasure4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 to enjoy is n ! act ( ! p[] t a*ieves ! end z executor1 b ( ! p[] t comm&s ! a*ievem5t2 = x has be5 said to belong to ! appetitive p[]4 ,n[ ?+s void ( reason h inde$ a p[] ( a*iev+ an end by way ( execution1 z t by :i* a heavy body has a d[nw>d t5d5cy1 :]eas a light body has an upw>d t5d5cy4 ,yet ! p[] ( comm& 9 respect ( ! end is n 9 !m1 b 9 "s high] nature1 :i* moves all nature by its comm&1 j z 9 ?+s end[$ ) k1 ! appetite moves ! o!r p[]s to _! acts4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t ?+s void ( k1 al?\gh !y atta9 an end1 h no enjoym5t ( ! end3 ?is is only = ^? t are end[$ ) k4 ,n[ k ( ! end is tw(old3 p]fect & imp]fect4 ,p]fect k ( ! end1 is t :]eby n only is t kn[n :i* is ! end & ! good1 b also ! univ]sal =mality ( ! end & ! good2 & su* k belongs to ! rational nature alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 imp]fect k is t by :i* ! end & ! good are kn[n 9 ! p>ticul>4 ,su* k is 9 irrational animals3 ^: appetitive p[]s d n comm& ) fre$om1 b are mov$ accord+ to a natural in/9ct to :atev] !y appreh5d4 ,consequ5tly1 enjoym5t belongs to ! rational nature1 9 a p]fect degree2 to irrational animals1 imp]fectly2 to o!r creatures1 n at all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re ( p]fect enjoym5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,enjoym5t ne$ n be ( ! la/ end simply2 b ( t :i* ea* "o *ooses = 8 la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s5sitive appetite foll[s "s k2 n s ! natural appetite1 especially 9 ?+s void ( k4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re ( imp]fect enjoym5t4 ,?is is cle> f 8 way ( speak+3 = he says t x is n s absurd to suppose t ev5 bea/s enjoy1 t is1 z x w\ld be1 if "o 7 to say t !y use4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,enjoym5t ,is ,only ( ! ,la/ ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t enjoym5t is n only ( ! la/ end4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,philem4 #bj73 ,yea1 bro!r1 may ,i enjoy !e 9 ! ,"l4 ,b x is evid5t t ,paul _h n plac$ 8 la/ end 9 a man4 ,!re=e to enjoy is n only ( ! la/ end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at we enjoy is ! fruit4 ,b ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3bb73 ,! fruit ( ! ,_s is *>ity1 joy1 peace1 & o!r l ?+s1 :i* are n 9 ! nature ( ! la/ end4 ,!re=e enjoym5t is n only ( ! la/ end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! acts ( ! w reflect on "o ano!r2 = ,i w to w1 & ,i love to love4 ,b to enjoy is an act ( ! w3 s9ce x is ! w ) :i* we enjoy1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aj74 ,!re=e a man enjoys 8 enjoym5t4 ,b ! la/ end ( man is n enjoym5t1 b ! uncreat$ good alone1 :i* is ,god4 ,!re=e enjoym5t is n only ( ! la/ end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa73 ,a man does n enjoy t :i* he desires = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,b ! la/ end alone is t :i* man does n desire = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,!re=e enjoym5t is ( ! la/ end alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 ! notion ( fruit implies two ?+s3 fir/ t x %\ld come la/2 second1 t x %\ld calm ! appetite ) a c]ta9 sweetness & delight4 ,n[ a ?+ is la/ ei!r simply or relatively2 simply1 if x be ref]r$ to no?+ else2 relatively1 if x is ! la/ 9 a p>ticul> s]ies4 ,!re=e t :i* is la/ simply1 & 9 :i* "o delights z 9 ! la/ end1 is prop]ly call$ fruit2 & ?is x is t "o is prop]ly said to enjoy4 ,b t :i* is delightful n 9 itself1 b is desir$1 only z ref]r$ to some?+ else1 e4g4 a bitt] potion = ! sake ( heal?1 c n[ise be call$ fruit4 ,& t :i* has some?+ delightful ab\t x1 to :i* a numb] ( prec$+ ?+s are ref]r$1 may inde$ be call$ fruit 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 b we _c be said to enjoy x prop]ly or z ?\gh x answ]$ p]fectly to ! notion ( fruit4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aj7 t we enjoy :at we "k1 :5 ! delight$ w is at re/ !re94 ,b its re/ is n absolute save 9 ! possession ( ! la/ end3 = z long z some?+ is look$ =1 ! movem5t ( ! w rema9s 9 susp5se1 al?\gh x has rea*$ some?+4 ,?us 9 local movem5t1 al?\gh any po9t betwe5 ! two t]ms is a beg9n+ & an end1 yet x is n consid]$ z an actual end1 except :5 ! movem5t /ops !re4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cc71 if he _h said1 ',may ,i enjoy !e1' )\t add+ '9 ! ,"l1' he w\ld seem to h set ! end ( 8 love 9 him4 ,b s9ce he add$ t he set 8 end 9 ! ,"l1 he impli$ 8 desire to enjoy ,him3 z if we 7 to say t he express$ 8 enjoym5t ( 8 bro!r n z a t]m b z a means4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fruit be>s "o relation to ! tree t bore x1 & ano!r to man t enjoys x4 ,to ! tree inde$ t bore x1 x is comp>$ z effect to cause2 to ! "o enjoy+ x1 z ! f9al object ( 8 long+ & ! consummation ( 8 delight4 ,accord+ly ^! fruits m5tion$ by ! ,apo/le are s call$ because !y are c]ta9 effects ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 u1 :]e=e !y are call$ fruits ( ! _s3 b n z ?\gh we are to enjoy !m z our la/ end4 ,or we may say ) ,ambrose t !y are call$ fruits because we %\ld desire !m = _! own sake3 n inde$ z ?\gh !y 7 n orda9$ to ! la/ end2 b because !y are su* t we ought to f9d pleasure 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g71 we speak ( an end 9 a tw(old s5se3 fir/1 z be+ ! ?+ itself2 secondly1 z ! atta9m5t !re(4 ,^! are n1 ( c\rse1 two ends1 b "o end1 consid]$ 9 itself1 & 9 its relation to some?+ else4 ,accord+ly ,god is ! la/ end1 z t :i* is ultimately s\ght =3 :ile ! enjoym5t is z ! atta9m5t ( ?is la/ end4 ,& s1 j z ,god is n "o end1 & ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 ano!r3 s x is ! same enjoym5t :]eby we enjoy ,god1 & :]eby we enjoy our enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,& ! same applies to creat$ happ9ess :i* consi/s 9 enjoym5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,enjoym5t ,is ,only ( ! ,end ,possess$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t enjoym5t is only ( ! end possess$4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a7 t to enjoy is to use joyfully1 ) ! joy1 n ( hope1 b ( possession4 ,b s long z a ?+ is n _h1 !re is joy1 n ( possession1 b ( hope4 ,!re=e enjoym5t is only ( ! end possess$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 enjoym5t is n prop]ly o!rwise ?an ( ! la/ end3 because ?is alone gives re/ to ! appetite4 ,b ! appetite has no re/ save 9 ! possession ( ! end4 ,!re=e enjoym5t1 prop]ly speak+1 is only ( ! end possess$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to enjoy is to lay hold ( ! fruit4 ,b "o does n lay hold ( ! fruit until "o is 9 possession ( ! end4 ,!re=e enjoym5t is only ( ! end possess$4 ,on ! contr>y1 to enjoy is to adh]e lov+ly to some?+ = its own sake1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #d74 ,b ?is is possible1 ev5 9 reg>d to a ?+ :i* is n 9 our possession4 ,!re=e x is possible to enjoy ! end ev5 ?\gh x be n possess$4 ,i answ] t1 ,to enjoy implies a c]ta9 relation ( ! w to ! la/ end1 accord+ z ! w has some?+ by way ( la/ end4 ,n[ an end is possess$ 9 two ways2 p]fectly & imp]fectly4 ,p]fectly1 :5 x is possess$ n only 9 int5tion b also 9 reality2 imp]fectly1 :5 x is possess$ 9 int5tion only4 ,p]fect enjoym5t1 !re=e1 is ( ! end already possess$3 b imp]fect enjoym5t is also ( ! end possess$ n really1 b only 9 int5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e speaks !re ( p]fect enjoym5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w is h9d]$ 9 two ways f be+ at re/4 ,fir/ on ! "p ( ! object2 by reason ( its n be+ ! la/ end1 b orda9$ to some?+ else3 secondly on ! "p ( ! "o :o desires ! end1 by reason ( 8 n be+ yet 9 possession ( x4 ,n[ x is ! object t specifies an act3 b on ! ag5t dep5ds ! mann] ( act+1 s t ! act be p]fect or imp]fect1 z comp>$ ) ! actual circum/ances ( ! ag5t4 ,!re=e enjoym5t ( any?+ b ! la/ end is n enjoym5t prop]ly speak+1 z fall+ %ort ( ! nature ( enjoym5t4 ,b enjoym5t ( ! la/ end1 n yet possess$1 is enjoym5t prop]ly speak+1 b imp]fect1 on acc\nt ( ! imp]fect way 9 :i* x is possess$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o is said to lay hold ( or to h an end1 n only 9 reality1 b also 9 int5tion1 z /at$ above4 ,,"q #ab ,,( ,,int5tion 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ,int5tion3 conc]n+ :i* !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r int5tion is an act ( intellect or ( ! w8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is only ( ! la/ end8 7#c7 ,:e!r "o c int5d two ?+s at ! same "t8 7#d7 ,:e!r int5tion ( ! end is ! same act z volition ( ! means8 7#e7 ,:e!r int5tion is )9 ! compet5cy ( irrational animals8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,int5tion ,is an ,act ( ! ,intellect or ( ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t int5tion is an act ( ! intellect1 & n ( ! w4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #f3bb73 ,if ?y eye be s+le1 ?y :ole body %all be lightsome3 :]e1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ac7 ! eye signifies int5tion4 ,b s9ce ! eye is ! organ ( sight1 x signifies ! appreh5sive p[]4 ,!re=e int5tion is n an act ( ! appetitive b ( ! appreh5sive p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ac7 t ,our ,"l spoke ( int5tion z a light1 :5 ,he said 7,matt4 #f3bc73 ,if ! light t is 9 !e be d>kness1 etc4 ,b light p]ta9s to k4 ,!re=e int5tion does too4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 int5tion implies a k9d ( orda9+ to an end4 ,b to orda9 is an act ( reason4 ,!re=e int5tion belongs n to ! w b to ! reason4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 an act ( ! w is ei!r ( ! end or ( ! means4 ,b ! act ( ! w 9 respect ( ! end is call$ volition1 or enjoym5t2 ) reg>d to ! means1 x is *oice1 f :i* int5tion is di/9ct4 ,!re=e x is n an act ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xi1 #d1 #h1 #i7 t ! int5tion ( ! w unites ! sight to ! object se52 & ! images reta9$ 9 ! memory1 to ! p5etrat+ gaze ( ! s\l's inn] ?\ght4 ,!re=e int5tion is an act ( ! w4 ,i answ] t1 ,int5tion1 z ! v ^w d5otes1 signifies1 to t5d to some?+4 ,n[ bo? ! action ( ! mov] & ! movem5t ( ?+ mov$1 t5d to some?+4 ,b t ! movem5t ( ! ?+ mov$ t5ds to any?+1 is due to ! action ( ! mov]4 ,consequ5tly int5tion belongs fir/ & pr9cipally to t :i* moves to ! end3 h5ce we say t an ar*itect or anyone :o is 9 au?ority1 by 8 comm& moves o!rs to t :i* he int5ds4 ,n[ ! w moves all ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l to ! end1 z %[n above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t int5tion1 prop]ly speak+1 is an act ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! eye designates int5tion figuratively1 n because int5tion has ref]5ce to k1 b because x presupposes k1 :i* proposes to ! w ! end to :i* ! latt] moves2 ?us we =esee ) ! eye :i!r we %\ld t5d ) our bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,int5tion is call$ a light because x is manife/ to him :o int5ds4 ,:]e=e works are call$ d>kness because a man kn[s :at he int5ds1 b kn[s n :at ! result may be1 z ,augu/9e exp\nds 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w does n orda91 b t5ds to some?+ accord+ to ! ord] ( reason4 ,consequ5tly ?is ^w int5tion indicates an act ( ! w1 presuppos+ ! act :]eby ! reason ord]s some?+ to ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,int5tion is an act ( ! w 9 reg>d to ! end4 ,n[ ! w /&s 9 a ?reefold relation to ! end4 ,fir/1 absolutely2 & ?us we h volition1 :]eby we w absolutely to h heal?1 & s =?4 ,secondly1 x consid]s ! end1 z its place ( re/2 & ?us enjoym5t reg>ds ! end4 ,?irdly1 x consid]s ! end z ! t]m t[>ds :i* some?+ is orda9$2 & ?us int5tion reg>ds ! end4 ,= :5 we speak ( int5d+ to h heal?1 we mean n only t we h x1 b t we w h x by means ( some?+ else4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,int5tion ,is ,only ( ! ,la/ ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t int5tion is only ( ! la/ end4 ,= x is said 9 ! book ( ,prosp]'s ,s5t5ces 7,s5t4 #ajj73 ,! int5tion ( ! he>t is a cry to ,god4 ,b ,god is ! la/ end ( ! human he>t4 ,!re=e int5tion is always reg>ds ! la/ end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 int5tion reg>ds ! end z ! t]m9us1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #d74 ,b a t]m9us is some?+ la/4 ,!re=e int5tion always reg>ds ! la/ end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z int5tion reg>ds ! end1 s does enjoym5t4 ,b enjoym5t is always ( ! la/ end4 ,!re=e int5tion is too4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,!re is b "o la/ end ( human wills1 viz4 ,happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #g74 ,if1 !re=e1 int5tions 7 only ( ! la/ end1 m5 w\ld n h diff]5t int5tions3 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #d71 int5tion reg>ds ! end z a t]m9us ( ! movem5t ( ! w4 ,n[ a t]m9us ( movem5t may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ! v la/ t]m9us1 :5 ! movem5t comes to a /op2 ?is is ! t]m9us ( ! :ole movem5t4 ,secondly1 "s po9t midway1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( "o "p ( ! movem5t1 & ! end or t]m9us ( ! o!r4 ,?us 9 ! movem5t f ,a to ,c ?r\gh ,b1 ,c is ! la/ t]m9us1 :ile ,b is a t]m9us1 b n ! la/4 ,& int5tion c be bo?4 ,consequ5tly ?\gh int5tion is always ( ! end1 x ne$ n be always ( ! la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! int5tion ( ! he>t is call$ a cry to ,god1 n t ,god is always ! object ( int5tion1 b because ,he sees our int5tion4 ,or because1 :5 we pray1 we direct our int5tion to ,god1 :i* int5tion has ! =ce ( a cry4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a t]m9us is some?+ la/1 n always 9 respect ( ! :ole1 b sometimes 9 respect ( a "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,enjoym5t implies re/ 9 ! end2 & ?is belongs to ! la/ end alone4 ,b int5tion implies movem5t t[>ds an end1 n re/4 ,:]e=e ! comp>ison proves no?+4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"o ,c ,int5d ,two ,?+s at ! ,same ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o _c int5d sev]al ?+s at ! same "t4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ad1 #af1 #ag7 t man's int5tion _c be direct$ at ! same "t to ,god & to bodily b5efits4 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 nei!r to any o!r two ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 int5tion designates a movem5t ( ! w t[>ds a t]m9us4 ,n[ !re _c be sev]al t]m9i 9 ! same direction ( "o movem5t4 ,!re=e ! w _c int5d sev]al ?+s at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 int5tion presupposes an act ( reason or ( ! intellect4 ,b x is n possible to und]/& sev]al ?+s at ! same "t1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,topic4 ii1 #aj74 ,!re=e nei!r is x possible to int5d sev]al ?+s at ! same "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,art imitates nature4 ,n[ nature int5ds two purposes by means ( "o in/rum5t3 ?us ! tongue is = ! purpose ( ta/e & spee* 7,de ,anima ii1 #h74 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 art or reason c at ! same "t direct "o ?+ to two ends3 s t "o c int5d sev]al ends at ! same "t4 ,i answ] t1 ,! expression two ?+s may be tak5 9 two ways3 !y may be orda9$ to "o ano!r or n s orda9$4 ,& if !y be orda9$ to "o ano!r1 x is evid5t1 f :at has be5 said1 t a man c int5d sev]al ?+s at ! same "t4 ,= int5tion is n only ( ! la/ end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 b also ( an int]m$i>y end4 ,n[ a man int5ds at ! same "t1 bo? ! proximate & ! la/ end2 z ! mix+ ( a m$ic9e & ! giv+ ( heal?4 ,b if we take two ?+s t are n orda9$ to "o ano!r1 ?us also a man c int5d sev]al ?+s at ! same "t4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t a man pref]s "o ?+ to ano!r because x is ! bett] ( ! two4 ,n[ "o ( ! reasons = :i* "o ?+ is bett] ?an ano!r is t x is available = m purposes3 :]e=e "o ?+ c be *os5 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 because ( ! great] numb] ( purposes = :i* x is available3 s t evid5tly a man c int5d sev]al ?+s at ! same "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e means to say t man _c at ! same "t direct 8 att5tion to ,god & to bodily b5efits1 z to two la/ ends3 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #e71 "o man _c h sev]al la/ ends4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re c be sev]al t]m9i orda9$ to "o ano!r1 ( ! same movem5t & 9 ! same direction2 b n unless !y be orda9$ to "o ano!r4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be obs]v$ t :at is n "o 9 reality may be tak5 z "o by ! reason4 ,n[ int5tion is a movem5t ( ! w to some?+ already orda9$ by ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,:]e=e :]e we h _m ?+s 9 reality1 we may take !m z "o t]m ( int5tion1 9 s f> z ! reason takes !m z "o3 ei!r because two ?+s concur 9 ! integrity ( "o :ole1 z a prop] measure ( heat & cold conduce to heal?2 or because two ?+s are includ$ 9 "o :i* may be int5d$4 ,= in/ance1 ! acquir+ ( w9e & clo?+ is includ$ 9 weal?1 z 9 some?+ common to bo?2 :]e=e no?+ h9d]s ! man :o int5ds to acquire weal?1 f int5d+ bo? ! o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #aj2 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #d71 x is possible to und]/& sev]al ?+s at ! same "t1 9 s f> z1 9 "s way1 !y are "o4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,int5tion ( ! ,end ,is ! ,same ,act ,z ! ,volition ( ! ,means8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! int5tion ( ! end & ! volition ( ! means are n "o & ! same movem5t4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xi1 #f7 t ! w to see ! w9d[1 has = its end ! see+ ( ! w9d[2 & is ano!r act f ! w to see1 ?r\gh ! w9d[1 ! pass]sby4 ,b t ,i %\ld w to see ! pass]sby1 ?r\gh ! w9d[1 belongs to int5tion2 :]eas t ,i w to see ! w9d[1 belongs to ! volition ( ! means4 ,!re=e int5tion ( ! end & ! will+ ( ! means are di/9ct movem5ts ( ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 acts are di/9ct accord+ to _! objects4 ,b ! end & ! means are di/9ct objects4 ,!re=e ! int5tion ( ! end & ! will+ ( ! means are di/9ct movem5ts ( ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! will+ ( ! means is call$ *oice4 ,b *oice & int5tion are n ! same4 ,!re=e int5tion ( ! end & ! will+ ( ! means are n ! same movem5t ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! means 9 relation to ! end1 are z ! mid-space to ! t]m9us4 ,n[ x is all ! same movem5t t passes ?r\gh ! mid-space to ! t]m9us1 9 natural ?+s4 ,!re=e 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! w1 ! int5tion ( ! end is ! same movem5t z ! will+ ( ! means4 ,i answ] t1 ,! movem5t ( ! w to ! end & to ! means c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ z ! w is mov$ to ea* ( ! a=esaid absolutely & 9 itself4 ,& ?us !re are really two movem5ts ( ! w to !m4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ accord+ly z ! w is mov$ to ! means = ! sake ( ! end3 & ?us ! movem5t ( ! w to ! end & its movem5t to ! means are "o & ! same ?+4 ,= :5 ,i say3 ,i wi% to take m$ic9e = ! sake ( heal?1 ,i signify no m ?an "o movem5t ( my w4 ,& ?is is because ! end is ! reason = will+ ! means4 ,n[ ! object1 & t by reason ( :i* x is an object1 come "u ! same act2 ?us x is ! same act ( sight t p]ceives color & light1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,& ! same applies to ! intellect2 = if x consid] pr9ciple & conclusion absolutely1 x consid]s ea* by a di/9ct act2 b :5 x ass5ts to ! conclusion on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples1 !re is b "o act ( ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( see+ ! w9d[ & ( see+1 ?r\gh ! w9d[1 ! pass]sby1 accord+ z ! w is mov$ to ei!r absolutely4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! end1 consid]$ z a ?+1 & ! means to t end1 are di/9ct objects ( ! w4 ,b 9 s f> z ! end is ! =mal object 9 will+ ! means1 !y are "o & ! same object4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a movem5t :i* is "o z to ! subject1 may diff]1 accord+ to our way ( look+ at x1 z to its beg9n+ & end1 z 9 ! case ( asc5t & desc5t 7,phys4 iii1 #c74 ,accord+ly1 9 s f> z ! movem5t ( ! w is to ! means1 z orda9$ to ! end1 x is call$ *oice3 b ! movem5t ( ! w to ! end z acquir$ by ! means1 is call$ int5tion4 ,a sign ( ?is is t we c h int5tion ( ! end )\t hav+ det]m9$ ! means :i* are ! object ( *oice4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,int5tion ,is ,)9 ! ,compet5cy ( ,irrational ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t irrational animals int5d ! end4 ,= 9 ?+s void ( reason nature /&s fur!r ap>t f ! rational nature1 ?an does ! s5sitive nature 9 irrational animals4 ,b nature int5ds ! end ev5 9 ?+s void ( reason1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #h4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 d irrational animals int5d ! end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z int5tion is ( ! end1 s is enjoym5t4 ,b enjoym5t is 9 irrational animals1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e int5tion is too4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to int5d an end belongs to "o :o acts = an end2 s9ce to int5d is no?+ else ?an to t5d to some?+4 ,b irrational animals act = an end2 = an animal is mov$ ei!r to seek food1 or to d some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!re=e irrational animals int5d an end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,int5tion ( an end implies orda9+ some?+ to an end3 :i* belongs to reason4 ,s9ce !re=e irrational animals are void ( reason1 x seems t !y d n int5d an end4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 to int5d is to t5d to some?+2 & ?is belongs to ! mov] & to ! mov$4 ,accord+1 !re=e1 z t :i* is mov$ to an end by ano!r is said to int5d ! end1 ?us nature is said to int5d an end1 z be+ mov$ to its end by ,god1 z ! arr[ is mov$ by ! ar*]4 ,& 9 ?is way1 irrational animals int5d an end1 inasmu* z !y are mov$ to some?+ by natural in/9ct4 ,! o!r way ( int5d+ an end belongs to ! mov]2 accord+ z he orda9s ! movem5t ( some?+1 ei!r 8 own or ano!r's1 to an end4 ,?is belongs to reason alone4 ,:]e=e irrational animals d n int5d an end 9 ?is way1 :i* is to int5d prop]ly & pr9cipally1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes int5tion 9 ! s5se ( be+ mov$ to an end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,enjoym5t does n imply ! orda9+ ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 z int5tion does1 b absolute repose 9 ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,irrational animals are mov$ to an end1 n z ?\gh !y ?\ght t !y c ga9 ! end by ?is movem5t2 ?is belongs to "o t int5ds2 b ?r\gh desir+ ! end by natural in/9ct1 !y are mov$ to an end1 mov$1 z x 71 by ano!r1 l o!r ?+s t are mov$ naturally4 ,,"q #ac ,,( ,,*oice1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,means 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! acts ( ! w ) reg>d to ! means4 ,!re are ?ree ( !m3 to *oose1 to cons5t1 & to use4 ,& *oice is prec$$ by c\nsel4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 we mu/ consid] *oice3 secondly1 c\nsel2 ?irdly1 cons5t2 f\r?ly1 use4 ,conc]n+ *oice !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,( :at p[] is x ! act2 ( ! w or ( ! reason8 7#b7 ,:e!r *oice is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals8 7#c7 ,:e!r *oice is only ! means1 or sometimes also ( ! end8 7#d7 ,:e!r *oice is only ( ?+s t we d ourselves8 7#e7 ,:e!r *oice is only ( possible ?+s8 7#f7 ,:e!r man *ooses ( necessity or freely8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,*oice ,is an ,act ( ,w or ( ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *oice is an act1 n ( w b ( reason4 ,= *oice implies comp>ison1 :]eby "o is giv5 pref]5ce to ano!r4 ,b to comp>e is an act ( reason4 ,!re=e *oice is an act ( reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is = ! same faculty to =m a syllogism1 & to draw ! conclusion4 ,b1 9 practical matt]s1 x is ! reason t =ms syllogisms4 ,s9ce !re=e *oice is a k9d ( conclusion 9 practical matt]s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #c1 x seems t x is an act ( reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ignorance does n belong to ! w b to ! cognitive p[]4 ,n[ !re is an ignorance ( *oice1 z is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a4 ,!re=e x seems t *oice does n belong to ! w b to ! reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c7 t *oice is ! desire ( ?+s 9 our p[]4 ,b desire is an act ( w4 ,!re=e *oice is too4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w *oice implies some?+ belong+ to ! reason or intellect1 & some?+ belong+ to ! w3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b7 t *oice is ei!r intellect influ5c$ by appetite or appetite influ5c$ by intellect4 ,n[ :5ev] two ?+s concur to make "o1 "o ( !m is =mal 9 reg>d to ! o!r4 ,h5ce ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxiii4 says t *oice is nei!r desire only1 nor c\nsel only1 b a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,= j z we say t an animal is compos$ ( s\l & body1 & t x is nei!r a m]e body1 nor a m]e s\l1 b bo?2 s is x ) *oice4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve1 z reg>ds ! acts ( ! s\l1 t an act belong+ ess5tially to "s p[] or habit1 receives a =m or species f a high] p[] or habit1 accord+ z an inf]ior is orda9$ by a sup]ior3 = if a man 7 to p]=m an act ( =titude = ! love ( ,god1 t act is mat]ially an act ( =titude1 b =mally1 an act ( *>ity4 ,n[ x is evid5t t1 9 a s5se1 reason prec$es ! w & orda9s its act3 9 s f> z ! w t5ds to its object1 accord+ to ! ord] ( reason1 s9ce ! appreh5sive p[] pres5ts ! object to ! appetite4 ,accord+ly1 t act :]eby ! w t5ds to some?+ propos$ to x z be+ good1 ?r\gh be+ orda9$ to ! end by ! reason1 is mat]ially an act ( ! w1 b =mally an act ( ! reason4 ,n[ 9 su* l matt]s ! sub/ance ( ! act is z ! matt] 9 comp>ison to ! ord] impos$ by ! high] p[]4 ,:]e=e *oice is sub/antially n an act ( ! reason b ( ! w3 = *oice is accompli%$ 9 a c]ta9 movem5t ( ! s\l t[>ds ! good :i* is *os54 ,consequ5tly x is evid5tly an act ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*oice implies a previ\s comp>ison2 n t x consi/s 9 ! comp>ison itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is q true t x is = ! reason to draw ! conclusion ( a practical syllogism2 & x is call$ a decision or judgm5t1 to be foll[$ by *oice4 ,& = ?is reason ! conclusion seems to belong to ! act ( *oice1 z to t :i* results f x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 speak+ ( ignorance ( *oice1 we d n mean t *oice is a sort ( k1 b t !re is ignorance ( :at ought to be *os54 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,*oice ,is to ,be ,f\nd 9 ,irrational ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t irrational animals are able to *oose4 ,= *oice is ! desire ( c]ta9 ?+s on acc\nt ( an end1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #b1 #c4 ,b irrational animals desire some?+ on acc\nt ( an end3 s9ce !y act = an end1 & f desire4 ,!re=e *oice is 9 irrational animals4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! v ^w electio 7*oice7 seems to signify ! tak+ ( some?+ 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,b irrational animals take some?+ 9 pref]5ce to o!rs3 ?us we c easily see = ourselves t a %eep w eat "o grass & refuse ano!r4 ,!re=e *oice is 9 irrational animals4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi1 #ab1 x is f prud5ce t a man makes a good *oice ( means4 ,b prud5ce is f\nd 9 irrational animals3 h5ce x is said 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,metaph4 i1 #a t ^? animals :i*1 l bees1 _c he> s\nds1 are prud5t by in/9ct4 ,we see ?is pla9ly1 9 wond]ful cases ( sagacity manife/$ 9 ! works ( v>i\s animals1 su* z bees1 spid]s1 & dogs4 ,= a h\nd 9 foll[+ a /ag1 on com+ to a crossroad1 tries by sc5t :e!r ! /ag has pass$ by ! fir/ or ! second road3 & if he f9d t ! /ag has n pass$ !re1 be+ ?us assur$1 takes to ! ?ird road )\t try+ ! sc5t2 z ?\gh he 7 reason+ by way ( exclusion1 argu+ t ! /ag mu/ h pass$ by ?is way1 s9ce he did n pass by ! o!rs1 & !re is no o!r road4 ,!re=e x seems t irrational animals are able to *oose4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxiii4 says t *ildr5 & irrational animals act will+ly b n f *oice4 ,!re=e *oice is n 9 irrational animals4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce *oice is ! tak+ ( "o ?+ 9 pref]5ce to ano!r x mu/ ( necessity be 9 respect ( sev]al ?+s t c be *os54 ,consequ5tly 9 ^? ?+s :i* are altoge!r det]m9ate to "o !re is no place = *oice4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sitive appetite & ! w is t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c71 ! s5sitive appetite is det]m9ate to "o p>ticul> ?+1 accord+ to ! ord] ( nature2 :]eas ! w1 al?\gh det]m9ate to "o ?+ 9 g5]al1 viz4 ! good1 accord+ to ! ord] ( nature1 is nev]!less indet]m9ate 9 respect ( p>ticul> goods4 ,consequ5tly *oice belongs prop]ly to ! w1 & n to ! s5sitive appetite :i* is all t irrational animals h4 ,:]e=e irrational animals are n compet5t to *oose4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e desire ( "o ?+ on acc\nt ( an end is call$ *oice3 !re mu/ be a c]ta9 discrim9ation ( "o ?+ f ano!r4 ,& ?is _c be except :5 ! appetite c be mov$ to sev]al ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an irrational animal takes "o ?+ 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 because its appetite is naturally det]m9ate to t ?+4 ,:]e=e z soon z an animal1 :e!r by its s5se or by its imag9ation1 is (f]$ some?+ to :i* its appetite is naturally incl9$1 x is mov$ to t alone1 )\t mak+ any *oice4 ,j z fire is mov$ upw>ds & n d[nw>ds1 )\t its mak+ any *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ,phys4 iii1 #c movem5t is ! act ( ! movable1 caus$ by a mov]4 ,:]e=e ! p[] ( ! mov] appe>s 9 ! movem5t ( t :i* x moves4 ,accord+ly1 9 all ?+s mov$ by reason1 ! ord] ( reason :i* moves !m is evid5t1 al?\gh ! ?+s !mselves are )\t reason3 = an arr[ ?r\gh ! motion ( ! ar*] goes /raight t[>ds ! t>get1 z ?\gh x 7 end[$ ) reason to direct its c\rse4 ,! same may be se5 9 ! movem5ts ( clocks & all eng9es put toge!r by ! art ( man4 ,n[ z artificial ?+s are 9 comp>ison to human art1 s are all natural ?+s 9 comp>ison to ! ,div9e art4 ,& accord+ly ord] is to be se5 9 ?+s mov$ by nature1 j z 9 ?+s mov$ by reason1 z is /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii4 ,& ?us x is t 9 ! works ( irrational animals we notice c]ta9 m>ks ( sagacity1 9 s f> z !y h a natural incl9ation to set ab\t _! actions 9 a mo/ ord]ly mann] ?r\gh be+ orda9$ by ! ,supreme art4 ,= :i* reason1 too1 c]ta9 animals are call$ prud5t or sagaci\s2 & n because !y reason or ex]cise any *oice ab\t ?+s4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t all t %>e 9 "o nature1 inv>iably act 9 ! same way4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,*oice ,is ,only ( ! ,means1 or ,sometimes ,also ( ! ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *oice is n only ( ! means4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ab7 t virtue makes u *oose aright2 b x is n ! "p ( virtue1 b ( "s o!r p[] to direct aright ^? ?+s :i* are to be done = its sake4 ,b t = ! sake ( :i* some?+ is done is ! end4 ,!re=e *oice is ( ! end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *oice implies pref]5ce ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,b j z !re c be pref]5ce ( means1 s c !re be pref]5ce ( ends4 ,!re=e *oice c be ( ends1 j z x c be ( means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b7 t volition is ( ! end1 b *oice ( ! means4 ,i answ] t1 ,z already /at$ 7,a4 #a1 ad #b71 *oice results f ! decision or judgm5t :i* is1 z x 71 ! conclusion ( a practical syllogism4 ,h5ce t :i* is ! conclusion ( a practical syllogism1 is ! matt] ( *oice4 ,n[ 9 practical ?+s ! end /&s 9 ! position ( a pr9ciple1 n ( a conclusion1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #i74 ,:]e=e ! end1 z su*1 is n a matt] ( *oice4 ,b j z 9 speculative k no?+ h9d]s ! pr9ciple ( "o demon/ration or ( "o sci5ce1 f be+ ! conclusion ( ano!r demon/ration or sci5ce2 :ile ! fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciple _c be ! conclusion ( any demon/ration or sci5ce2 s too t :i* is ! end 9 "o op]ation1 may be orda9$ to some?+ z an end4 ,& 9 ?is way x is a matt] ( *oice4 ,?us 9 ! "w ( a physician heal? is ! end3 :]e=e x is n a matt] ( *oice = a physician1 b a matt] ( pr9ciple4 ,n[ ! heal? ( ! body is orda9$ to ! good ( ! s\l1 consequ5tly ) "o :o has *>ge ( ! s\l's heal?1 heal? or sickness may be a matt] ( *oice2 = ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3aj73 ,= :5 ,i am weak1 !n am ,i p[]ful4 ,b ! la/ end is n[ise a matt] ( *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! prop] ends ( virtues are orda9$ to ,happ9ess z to _! la/ end4 ,& ?us x is t !y c be a matt] ( *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #e71 !re is b "o la/ end4 ,accord+ly :]ev] !re are sev]al ends1 !y c be ! subject ( *oice1 9 s f> z !y are orda9$ to a fur!r end4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,*oice ,is ( ,^? ,?+s ,only ,t ,are ,done by ,u8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *oice is n only 9 respect ( human acts4 ,= *oice reg>ds ! means4 ,n[1 n only acts1 b also ! organs1 are means 7,phys4 ii1 #c74 ,!re=e *oice is n only conc]n$ ) human acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 action is di/9ct f contemplation4 ,b *oice has a place ev5 9 contemplation2 9 s f> z "o op9ion is pref]r$ to ano!r4 ,!re=e *oice is n conc]n$ ) human acts alone4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m5 are *os5 = c]ta9 po/s1 :e!r secul> or ecclesia/ical1 by ^? :o ex]cise no action 9 _! reg>d4 ,!re=e *oice is n conc]n$ ) human acts alone4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b7 t no man *ooses save :at he c d himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z int5tion reg>ds ! end1 s does *oice reg>d ! means4 ,n[ ! end is ei!r an action or a ?+4 ,& :5 ! end is a ?+1 "s human action mu/ int]v5e2 ei!r 9 s f> z man produces ! ?+ :i* is ! end1 z ! physician produces heal? 7:]e=e ! production ( heal? is said to be ! end ( ! physician72 or 9 s f> z man1 9 "s fa%ion1 uses or enjoys ! ?+ :i* is ! end2 ?us = ! mis]1 money or ! possession ( money is ! end4 ,! same is to be said ( ! means4 ,= ! means mu/ ne$s be ei!r an action2 or a ?+1 ) "s action int]v5+ :]eby man ei!r makes ! ?+ :i* is ! means1 or puts x to "s use4 ,& ?us x is t *oice is always 9 reg>d to human acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! organs are orda9$ to ! end1 inasmu* z man makes use ( !m = ! sake ( ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 contemplation itself !re is ! act ( ! intellect ass5t+ to ?is or t op9ion4 ,x is ext]ior action t is put 9 contradi/9ction to contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 a man *ooses someone = a bi%opric or "s high position 9 ! /ate1 he *ooses to "n t man to t po/4 ,else1 if he _h no "r to act 9 ! appo9tm5t ( ! bi%op or (ficial1 he w\ld h no "r to *oose4 ,likewise1 :5ev] we speak ( "o ?+ be+ *os5 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 x is 9 conjunction ) "s action ( ! *oos]4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,*oice ,is ,only ( ,possible ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *oice is n only ( possible ?+s4 ,= *oice is an act ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ !re is a will+ ( impossibilities 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b74 ,!re=e !re is also a *oice ( impossibilities4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *oice is ( ?+s done by u1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e x matt]s n1 z f> z ! act ( *oos+ is conc]n$1 :e!r "o *oose t :i* is impossible 9 itself1 or t :i* is impossible to ! *oos]4 ,n[ x (t5 happ5s t we are unable to accompli% :at we *oose3 s t ?is proves to be impossible to u4 ,!re=e *oice is ( ! impossible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to try to d a ?+ is to *oose to d x4 ,b ! ,bless$ ,b5$ict says 7,regula lxviii7 t if ! sup]ior comm& :at is impossible1 x %\ld be attempt$4 ,!re=e *oice c be ( ! impossible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b7 t !re is no *oice ( impossibilities4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 our *oice is always conc]n$ ) our actions4 ,n[ :atev] is done by u1 is possible to u4 ,!re=e we mu/ ne$s say t *oice is only ( possible ?+s4 ,moreov]1 ! reason = *oos+ a ?+ is t x conduces to an end4 ,b :at is impossible _c conduce to an end4 ,a sign ( ?is is t :5 m5 9 tak+ c\nsel toge!r come to some?+ t is impossible to !m1 !y dep>t1 z be+ unable to proce$ ) ! bus9ess4 ,aga91 ?is is evid5t if we exam9e ! previ\s process ( ! reason4 ,= ! means1 :i* are ! object ( *oice1 are to ! end1 z ! conclusion is to ! pr9ciple4 ,n[ x is cle> t an impossible conclusion does n foll[ f a possible pr9ciple4 ,:]e=e an end _c be possible1 unless ! means be possible4 ,n[ no "o is mov$ to ! impossible4 ,consequ5tly no "o w\ld t5d to ! end1 save = ! fact t ! means appe> to be possible4 ,!re=e ! impossible is n ! object ( *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w /&s betwe5 ! intellect & ! ext]nal action3 = ! intellect proposes to ! w its object1 & ! w causes ! ext]nal action4 ,h5ce ! pr9ciple ( ! movem5t 9 ! w is to be f\nd 9 ! intellect1 :i* appreh5ds some?+ "u ! univ]sal notion ( good3 b ! t]m or p]fection ( ! w's act is to be obs]v$ 9 its relation to ! action :]eby a man t5ds to ! atta9m5t ( a ?+2 = ! movem5t ( ! w is f ! s\l to ! ?+4 ,consequ5tly ! p]fect act ( ! w is 9 respect ( some?+ t is good = "o to d4 ,n[ ?is _c be some?+ impossible4 ,:]e=e ! complete act ( ! w is only 9 respect ( :at is possible & good = him t wills4 ,b ! incomplete act ( ! w is 9 respect ( ! impossible2 & by "s is call$ velleity1 because1 to wit1 "o w\ld w 7vellet7 su* a ?+1 7 x possible4 ,b *oice is an act ( ! w1 fix$ on some?+ to be done by ! *oos]4 ,& !re=e x is by no means ( any?+ b :at is possible4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ! object ( ! w is ! appreh5d$ good1 we mu/ judge ( ! object ( ! w accord+ z x is appreh5d$4 ,& s1 j z sometimes ! w t5ds to some?+ :i* is appreh5d$ z good1 & yet is n really good2 s is *oice sometimes made ( some?+ appreh5d$ z possible to ! *oos]1 & yet impossible to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason = ?is is t ! subject %\ld n rely on 8 own judgm5t to decide :e!r a c]ta9 ?+ is possible2 b 9 ea* case %\ld /& by 8 sup]ior's judgm5t4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,man ,*ooses ( ,necessity or ,freely8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man *ooses ( necessity4 ,= ! end /&s 9 relation to ! object ( *oice1 z ! pr9ciple ( t :i* foll[s f ! pr9ciples1 z decl>$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #h4 ,b conclusions foll[ ( necessity f _! pr9ciples4 ,!re=e man is mov$ ( necessity f 7will+7 ! end ( ! *oice 7( ! means74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b71 *oice foll[s ! reason's judgm5t ( :at is to be done4 ,b reason judges ( necessity ab\t "s ?+s3 on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( ! premises4 ,!re=e x seems t *oice also foll[s ( necessity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if two ?+s are absolutely equal1 man is n mov$ to "o m ?an to ! o!r2 ?us if a hungry man1 z ,plato says 7,cf4 ,de ,coelo ii1 #ac71 be confront$ on ei!r side ) two portions ( food equally appetiz+ & at an equal di/ance1 he is n mov$ t[>ds "o m ?an to ! o!r2 & he f9ds ! reason ( ?is 9 ! immobility ( ! e>? 9 ! middle ( ! _w4 ,n[1 if t :i* is equally 7eligible7 ) some?+ else _c be *os51 mu* less c t be *os5 :i* appe>s z less 7eligible74 ,!re=e if two or m ?+s are available1 ( :i* "o appe>s to be m 7eligible71 x is impossible to *oose any ( ! o!rs4 ,!re=e t :i* appe>s to hold ! fir/ place is *os5 ( necessity4 ,b e act ( *oos+ is 9 reg>d to some?+ t seems 9 "s way bett]4 ,!re=e e *oice is made necess>ily4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*oice is an act ( a rational p[]2 :i* accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 ix1 #b7 /&s 9 relation to opposites4 ,i answ] t1 ,man does n *oose ( necessity4 ,& ?is is because t :i* is possible n to be1 is n ( necessity4 ,n[ ! reason :y x is possible n to *oose1 or to *oose1 may be ga!r$ f a tw(old p[] 9 man4 ,= man c w & n w1 act & n act2 aga91 he c w ?is or t1 & d ?is or t4 ,! reason ( ?is is seat$ 9 ! v p[] ( ! reason4 ,= ! w c t5d to :atev] ! reason c appreh5d z good4 ,n[ ! reason c appreh5d z good1 n only ?is1 viz4 to w or to act1 b also ?is1 viz4 n to w or n to act4 ,aga91 9 all p>ticul> goods1 ! reason c consid] an aspect ( "s good1 & ! lack ( "s good1 :i* has ! aspect ( evil3 & 9 ?is respect1 x c appreh5d any s+le "o ( su* goods z to be *os5 or to be avoid$4 ,! p]fect good alone1 :i* is ,happ9ess1 _c be appreh5d$ by ! reason z an evil1 or z lack+ 9 any way4 ,consequ5tly man wills ,happ9ess ( necessity1 nor c he w n to be happy1 or to be unhappy4 ,n[ s9ce *oice is n ( ! end1 b ( ! means1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c72 x is n ( ! p]fect good1 :i* is ,happ9ess1 b ( o!r p>ticul> goods4 ,!re=e man *ooses n ( necessity1 b freely4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! conclusion does n always ( necessity foll[ f ! pr9ciples1 b only :5 ! pr9ciples _c be true if ! conclusion is n true4 ,9 l mann]1 ! end does n always necessitate 9 man ! *oos+ ( ! means1 because ! means are n always su* t ! end _c be ga9$ )\t !m2 or1 if !y be su*1 !y are n always consid]$ 9 t light4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason's decision or judgm5t ( :at is to be done is ab\t ?+s t are cont+5t & possible to u4 ,9 su* matt]s ! conclusions d n foll[ ( necessity f pr9ciples t are absolutely necess>y1 b f su* z are s conditionally2 z1 = in/ance1 ,if he runs1 he is 9 motion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if two ?+s be propos$ z equal "u "o aspect1 no?+ h9d]s u f consid]+ 9 "o ( !m "s p>ticul> po9t ( sup]iority1 s t ! w has a b5t t[>ds t "o r ?an t[>ds ! o!r4 ,,"q #ad ,,( ,,c\nsel1 ,,:i* ,,prec$es ,,*oice 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] c\nsel2 conc]n+ :i* !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r c\nsel is an inquiry8 7#b7 ,:e!r c\nsel is ( ! end or ( ! means8 7#c7 ,:e!r c\nsel is only ( ?+s t we d8 7#d7 ,:e!r c\nsel is ( all ?+s t we d8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! process ( c\nsel is "o ( analysis8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! process ( c\nsel is indef9ite8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,c\nsel ,is an ,inquiry8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c\nsel is n an inquiry4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t c\nsel is an act ( ! appetite4 ,b inquiry is n an act ( ! appetite4 ,!re=e c\nsel is n an inquiry4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 inquiry is a discursive act ( ! intellect3 = :i* reason x is n f\nd 9 ,god1 ,^: k is n discursive1 z we h %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #g74 ,b c\nsel is ascrib$ to ,god3 = x is writt5 7,eph4 #a3aa7 t ,he worke? all ?+s accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,8 w4 ,!re=e c\nsel is n inquiry4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 inquiry is ( d\btful matt]s4 ,b c\nsel is giv5 9 matt]s t are c]ta9ly good2 ?us ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #g3be73 ,n[ conc]n+ virg9s ,i h no comm&m5t ( ! ,"l3 b ,i give c\nsel4 ,!re=e c\nsel is n an inquiry4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxiv4 says3 ,e c\nsel is an inquiry2 b n e inquiry is a c\nsel4 ,i answ] t1 ,*oice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,a4 #c71 foll[s ! judgm5t ( ! reason ab\t :at is to be done4 ,n[ !re is mu* unc]ta9ty 9 ?+s t h to be done2 because actions are conc]n$ ) cont+5t s+ul>s1 :i* by reason ( _! vicissitude1 are unc]ta94 ,n[ 9 ?+s d\btful & unc]ta9 ! reason does n pron\nce judgm5t1 )\t previ\s inquiry3 :]e=e ! reason mu/ ( necessity in/itute an inquiry be=e decid+ on ! objects ( *oice2 & ?is inquiry is call$ c\nsel4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b7 t *oice is ! desire ( :at has be5 already c\nsell$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! acts ( two p[]s are orda9$ to "o ano!r1 9 ea* ( !m !re is some?+ belong+ to ! o!r p[]3 consequ5tly ea* act c be d5om9at$ f ei!r p[]4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! act ( ! reason giv+ direction z to ! means1 & ! act ( ! w t5d+ to ^! means accord+ to ! reason's direction1 are orda9$ to "o ano!r4 ,consequ5tly !re is to be f\nd some?+ ( ! reason1 viz4 ord]1 9 t act ( ! w1 :i* is *oice3 & 9 c\nsel1 :i* is an act ( reason1 some?+ ( ! w--bo? z matt] 7s9ce c\nsel is ( :at man wills to d7--& z motive 7because x is f will+ ! end1 t man is mov$ to take c\nsel 9 reg>d to ! means74 ,& !re=e1 j z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b7 t *oice is intellect influ5c$ by appetite1 ?us po9t+ out t bo? concur 9 ! act ( *oos+2 s ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t c\nsel is appetite bas$ on inquiry1 s z to %[ t c\nsel belongs1 9 a way1 bo? to ! w1 on ^: behalf & by ^: impulsion ! inquiry is made1 & to ! reason t executes ! inquiry4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ?+s t we say ( ,god mu/ be und]/ood )\t any ( ! defects :i* are to be f\nd 9 u3 ?us 9 u sci5ce is ( conclusions d]iv$ by reason+ f causes to effects3 b sci5ce :5 said ( ,god means sure k ( all effects 9 ! ,fir/ ,cause1 )\t any reason+ process4 ,9 l mann] we ascribe c\nsel to ,god1 z to ! c]ta9ty ( ,8 k or judgm5t1 :i* c]ta9ty 9 u arises f ! inquiry ( c\nsel4 ,b su* inquiry has no place 9 ,god2 :]e=e 9 ?is respect x is n ascrib$ to ,god3 9 :i* s5se ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb73 ,god takes n c\nsel3 ^? only take c\nsel :o lack k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x may happ5 t ?+s :i* are mo/ c]ta9ly good 9 ! op9ion ( wise & spiritual m5 are n c]ta9ly good 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 or at lea/ ( c>nal-m9d$ m54 ,consequ5tly 9 su* ?+s c\nsel may be giv54 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,c\nsel ,is ( ! ,end1 or ,only ( ! ,means8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c\nsel is n only ( ! means b also ( ! end4 ,= :atev] is d\btful1 c be ! subject ( inquiry4 ,n[ 9 ?+s to be done by man !re happ5s sometimes a d\bt z to ! end & n only z to ! means4 ,s9ce !re=e inquiry z to :at is to be done is c\nsel1 x seems t c\nsel c be ( ! end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! matt] ( c\nsel is human actions4 ,b "s human actions are ends1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #a4 ,!re=e c\nsel c be ( ! end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxiv4 says t c\nsel is n ( ! end1 b ( ! means4 ,i answ] t1 ,! end is ! pr9ciple 9 practical matt]s3 because ! reason ( ! means is to be f\nd 9 ! end4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple _c be call$ 9 "q1 b mu/ be presuppos$ 9 e inquiry4 ,s9ce !re=e c\nsel is an inquiry1 x is n ( ! end1 b only ( ! means4 ,nev]!less x may happ5 t :at is ! end 9 reg>d to "s ?+s1 is orda9$ to some?+ else2 j z also :at is ! pr9ciple ( "o demon/ration1 is ! conclusion ( ano!r3 & consequ5tly t :i* is look$ ^u z ! end 9 "o inquiry1 may be look$ ^u z ! means 9 ano!r2 & ?us x w become an object ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* is look$ ^u z an end1 is already fix$3 consequ5tly z long z !re is any d\bt ab\t x1 x is n look$ ^u z an end4 ,:]e=e if c\nsel is tak5 ab\t x1 x w be c\nsel n ab\t ! end1 b ab\t ! means4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,c\nsel is ab\t op]ations1 9 s f> z !y are orda9$ to "s end4 ,consequ5tly if any human act be an end1 x w n1 z su*1 be ! matt] ( c\nsel4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,c\nsel ,is ,only ( ,?+s ,t ,we ,d8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c\nsel is n only ( ?+s t we d4 ,= c\nsel implies "s k9d ( conf]5ce4 ,b x is possible = _m to conf] ab\t ?+s t are n subject to movem5t1 & are n ! result ( our actions1 su* z ! nature ( v>i\s ?+s4 ,!re=e c\nsel is n only ( ?+s t we d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 m5 sometimes seek c\nsel ab\t ?+s t are laid d[n by law2 h5ce we speak ( c\nsel at law4 ,& yet ^? :o seek c\nsel ?us1 h no?+ to d 9 mak+ ! laws4 ,!re=e c\nsel is n only ( ?+s t we d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s are said to take consultation ab\t future ev5ts2 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n 9 our p[]4 ,!re=e c\nsel is n only ( ?+s t we d4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if c\nsel 7 only ( ?+s t we d1 no "o w\ld take c\nsel ab\t :at ano!r does4 ,b ?is is cle>ly untrue4 ,!re=e c\nsel is n only ( ?+s t we d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxiv4 says3 ,we take c\nsel ( ?+s t are )9 our compet5cy & t we are able to d4 ,i answ] t1 ,c\nsel prop]ly implies a conf]5ce held betwe5 sev]al2 ! v ^w 7consilium7 d5otes ?is1 = x means a sitt+ toge!r 7considium71 f ! fact t _m sit toge!r 9 ord] to conf] ) "o ano!r4 ,n[ we mu/ take note t 9 cont+5t p>ticul> cases1 9 ord] t any?+ be kn[n = c]ta91 x is necess>y to take sev]al conditions or circum/ances into consid]ation1 :i* x is n easy = "o to consid]1 b are consid]$ by sev]al ) great] c]ta9ty1 s9ce :at "o takes note (1 escapes ! notice ( ano!r2 :]eas 9 necess>y & univ]sal ?+s1 our view is br\ght to be> on matt]s mu* m absolute & simple1 s t "o man by himself may be suffici5t to consid] ^! ?+s4 ,:]e=e ! inquiry ( c\nsel is conc]n$1 prop]ly speak+1 ) cont+5t s+ul>s4 ,n[ ! k ( ! tru? 9 su* matt]s does n rank s high z to be desirable ( itself1 z is ! k ( ?+s univ]sal & necess>y2 b x is desir$ z be+ useful t[>ds action1 because actions be> on ?+s s+ul> & cont+5t4 ,consequ5tly1 prop]ly speak+1 c\nsel is ab\t ?+s done by u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c\nsel implies conf]5ce1 n ( any k9d1 b ab\t :at is to be done1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh t :i* is laid d[n by ! law is n due to ! action ( him :o seeks c\nsel1 nev]!less x directs him 9 8 action3 s9ce ! m&ate ( ! law is "o reason = do+ some?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c\nsel is n only ab\t :at is done1 b also ab\t :atev] has relation to :at is done4 ,& = ?is reason we speak ( consult+ ab\t future ev5ts1 9 s f> z man is induc$ to d or omit some?+1 ?r\gh ! k ( future ev5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we seek c\nsel ab\t ! actions ( o!rs1 9 s f> z !y are1 9 "s way1 "o ) u2 ei!r by union ( affection--?us a man is solicit\s ab\t :at conc]ns 8 fri5d1 z ?\gh x conc]n$ himself2 or aft] ! mann] ( an in/rum5t1 = ! pr9cipal ag5t & ! in/rum5t are1 9 a way1 "o cause1 s9ce "o acts ?r\gh ! o!r2 ?us ! ma/] takes c\nsel ab\t :at he w\ld d ?r\gh 8 s]vant4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,c\nsel ,is ,ab\t ,all ,?+s ,t ,we ,d8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c\nsel is ab\t all ?+s t we h to d4 ,= *oice is ! desire ( :at is c\nsell$ z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b *oice is ab\t all ?+s t we d4 ,!re=e c\nsel is too4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c\nsel implies ! reason's inquiry4 ,b1 :5ev] we d n act ?r\gh ! impulse ( passion1 we act 9 virtue ( ! reason's inquiry4 ,!re=e !re is c\nsel ab\t ev]y?+ t we d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c7 t if x appe>s t some?+ c be done by m means ?an "o1 we take c\nsel by inquir+ :]eby x may be done mo/ easily & be/2 b if x c be accompli%$ by "o means1 h[ x c be done by ?is4 ,b :atev] is done1 is done by "o means or by sev]al4 ,!re=e c\nsel takes place 9 all ?+s t we d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxxiv4 says t c\nsel has no place 9 ?+s t are done accord+ to sci5ce or art4 ,i answ] t1 ,c\nsel is a k9d ( inquiry1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b we are wont to inquire ab\t ?+s t admit ( d\bt2 h5ce ! process ( inquiry1 :i* is call$ an argum5t1 is a reason t atte/s some?+ t admitt$ ( d\bt 99,cic]o1 ,topic4 ad ,trebat44 ,n[1 t some?+ 9 relation to human acts admits ( no d\bt1 arises f a tw(old s\rce4 ,fir/1 because c]ta9 det]m9ate ends are ga9$ by c]ta9 det]m9ate means3 z happ5s 9 ! arts :i* are gov]n$ by c]ta9 fix$ rules ( action2 ?us a writ] does n take c\nsel h[ to =m 8 lett]s1 = ?is is det]m9$ by art4 ,secondly1 f ! fact t x little matt]s :e!r x is done ?is or t way2 ?is occurs 9 m9ute matt]s1 :i* help or h9d] b little ) reg>d to ! end aim$ at2 & reason looks ^u small ?+s z m]e no?+s4 ,consequ5tly !re are two ?+s ( :i* we d n take c\nsel1 al?\gh !y conduce to ! end1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c73 namely1 m9ute ?+s1 & ^? :i* h a fix$ way ( be+ done1 z 9 works produc$ by art1 ) ! exception ( ^? arts t admit ( conjecture su* z m$ic9e1 comm]ce1 & ! l1 z ,gregory ( ,nyssa says 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxiv44 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*oice presupposes c\nsel by reason ( its judgm5t or decision4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! judgm5t or decision is evid5t )\t inquiry1 !re is no ne$ = ! inquiry ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 matt]s t are evid5t1 ! reason makes no inquiry1 b judges at once4 ,consequ5tly !re is no ne$ ( c\nsel 9 all t is done by reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 a ?+ c be accompli%$ by "o means1 b 9 diff]5t ways1 d\bt may arise1 j z :5 x c be accompli%$ by sev]al means3 h5ce ! ne$ ( c\nsel4 ,b :5 n only ! means1 b also ! way ( us+ ! means1 is fix$1 !n !re is no ne$ ( c\nsel4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,process ( ,c\nsel ,is ,"o ( ,analysis8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! process ( c\nsel is n "o ( analysis4 ,= c\nsel is ab\t ?+s t we d4 ,b ! process ( our actions is n "o ( analysis1 b r "o ( syn!sis1 viz4 f ! simple to ! composite4 ,!re=e c\nsel does n always proce$ by way ( analysis4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c\nsel is an inquiry ( ! reason4 ,b reason proce$s f ?+s t prec$e to ?+s t foll[1 accord+ to ! m appropriate ord]4 ,s9ce !n1 ! pa/ prec$es ! pres5t1 & ! pres5t prec$es ! future1 x seems t 9 tak+ c\nsel "o %\ld proce$ f ! pa/ & pres5t to ! future3 :i* is n an analytical process4 ,!re=e ! process ( c\nsel is n "o ( analysis4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 c\nsel is only ( su* ?+s z are possible to u1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,b ! "q z to :e!r a c]ta9 ?+ is possible to u1 dep5ds on :at we are able or unable to d1 9 ord] to ga9 su* & su* an end4 ,!re=e ! inquiry ( c\nsel %\ld beg9 f ?+s pres5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c7 t he :o takes c\nsel seems to inquire & analyze4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 e inquiry "o mu/ beg9 f "s pr9ciple4 ,& if ?is pr9ciple prec$es bo? 9 k & 9 be+1 ! process is n analytic1 b syn!tic3 because to proce$ f cause to effect is to proce$ syn!tically1 s9ce causes are m simple ?an effects4 ,b if t :i* prec$es 9 k is lat] 9 ! ord] ( be+1 ! process is "o ( analysis1 z :5 our judgm5t deals ) effects1 :i* by analysis we trace to _! simple causes4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple 9 ! inquiry ( c\nsel is ! end1 :i* prec$es inde$ 9 int5tion1 b comes aft]w>ds into execution4 ,h5ce ! inquiry ( c\nsel mu/ ne$s be "o ( analysis1 beg9n+ t is to say1 f t :i* is int5d$ 9 ! future1 & cont9u+ until x arrives at t :i* is to be done at once4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c\nsel is inde$ ab\t action4 ,b actions take _! reason f ! end2 & consequ5tly ! ord] ( reason+ ab\t actions is contr>y to ! ord] ( actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reason beg9s ) t :i* is fir/ accord+ to reason2 b n always ) t :i* is fir/ 9 po9t ( "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we %\ld n want to "k :e!r some?+ to be done = an end be possible1 if x 7 n suitable = ga9+ t end4 ,h5ce we mu/ fir/ inquire :e!r x be conducive to ! end1 be=e consid]+ :e!r x be possible4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,process ( ,c\nsel ,is ,indef9ite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! process ( c\nsel is indef9ite4 ,= c\nsel is an inquiry ab\t ! p>ticul> ?+s ) :i* action is conc]n$4 ,b s+ul>s are inf9ite4 ,!re=e ! process ( c\nsel is indef9ite4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! inquiry ( c\nsel has to consid] n only :at is to be done1 b h[ to avoid ob/acles4 ,b e human action c be h9d]$1 & an ob/acle c be remov$ by "s human reason4 ,!re=e ! inquiry ab\t remov+ ob/acles c g on indef9itely4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! inquiry ( demon/rative sci5ce does n g on indef9itely1 because "o c come to pr9ciples t are self-evid5t1 :i* are absolutely c]ta94 ,b su* l c]ta9ty is n to be _h 9 cont+5t s+ul>s1 :i* are v>iable & unc]ta94 ,!re=e ! inquiry ( c\nsel goes on indef9itely4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no "o is mov$ to t :i* he _c possibly rea* 7,de ,coelo i1 #g74 ,b x is impossible to pass ?r\gh ! inf9ite4 ,if !re=e ! inquiry ( c\nsel is inf9ite1 no "o w\ld beg9 to take c\nsel4 ,:i* is cle>ly untrue4 ,i answ] t1 ,! inquiry ( c\nsel is actually f9ite on bo? sides1 on t ( its pr9ciple & on t ( its t]m4 ,= a tw(old pr9ciple is available 9 ! inquiry ( c\nsel4 ,"o is prop] to x1 & belongs to ! v g5us ( ?+s p]ta9+ to op]ation3 ?is is ! end :i* is n ! matt] ( c\nsel1 b is tak5 = grant$ z its pr9ciple1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,! o!r pr9ciple is tak5 f ano!r g5us1 s to speak2 ?us 9 demon/rative sci5ces "o sci5ce po/ulates c]ta9 ?+s f ano!r1 )\t inquir+ into !m4 ,n[ ^! pr9ciples :i* are tak5 = grant$ 9 ! inquiry ( c\nsel are any facts receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses--= in/ance1 t ?is is bread or iron3 & also any g5]al /atem5ts kn[n ei!r ?r\gh speculative or ?r\gh practical sci5ce2 = in/ance1 t adult]y is =bidd5 by ,god1 or t man _c live )\t suitable n\ri%m5t4 ,( su* ?+s c\nsel makes no inquiry4 ,b ! t]m ( inquiry is t :i* we are able to d at once4 ,= j z ! end is consid]$ 9 ! light ( a pr9ciple1 s ! means are consid]$ 9 ! light ( a conclusion4 ,:]e=e t :i* pres5ts itself z to be done fir/1 holds ! position ( an ultimate conclusion :]eat ! inquiry comes to an end4 ,no?+ h[ev] prev5ts c\nsel f be+ inf9ite pot5tially1 = z mu* z an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s may pres5t !mselves to be inquir$ into by means ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s+ul>s are inf9ite2 n actually1 b only pot5tially4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh human action c be h9d]$1 ! h9drance is n always at h&4 ,consequ5tly x is n always necess>y to take c\nsel ab\t remov+ ! ob/acle4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 cont+5t s+ul>s1 some?+ may be tak5 = c]ta91 n simply1 inde$1 b = ! "t be+1 & z f> z x conc]ns ! "w to be done4 ,?us t ,socrates is sitt+ is n a necess>y /atem5t2 b t he is sitt+1 z long z he cont9ues to sit1 is necess>y2 & ?is c be tak5 = a c]ta9 fact4 ,,"q #ae ,,( ,,cons5t1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,means 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] cons5t2 conc]n+ :i* !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r cons5t is an act ( ! appetitive or ( ! appreh5sive p[]8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is direct$ to ! end or to ! means8 7#d7 ,:e!r cons5t to an act belongs to ! high] "p ( ! s\l only8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,cons5t ,is an ,act ( ! ,appetitive or ( ! ,appreh5sive ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cons5t belongs only to ! appreh5sive "p ( ! s\l4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 ascribes cons5t to ! high] reason4 ,b ! reason is an appreh5sive p[]4 ,!re=e cons5t belongs to an appreh5sive p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cons5t is co-s5se4 ,b s5se is an appreh5sive p[]4 ,!re=e cons5t is ! act ( an appreh5sive p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ass5t is an application ( ! intellect to some?+1 s is cons5t4 ,b ass5t belongs to ! intellect1 :i* is an appreh5sive p[]4 ,!re=e cons5t also belongs to an appreh5sive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t if a man judge )\t affection = t ( :i* he judges1 !re is no s5t5ce1 i4e4 cons5t4 ,b affection belongs to ! appetitive p[]4 ,!re=e cons5t does also4 ,i answ] t1 ,cons5t implies application ( s5se to some?+4 ,n[ x is prop] to s5se to take cognizance ( ?+s pres5t2 = ! imag9ation appreh5ds ! similitude ( corporeal ?+s1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ?+s ( :i* !y be> ! lik5ess2 :ile ! intellect appreh5ds univ]sal ideas1 :i* x c appreh5d indiff]5tly1 :e!r ! s+ul>s be pres5t or abs5t4 ,& s9ce ! act ( an appetitive p[] is a k9d ( incl9ation to ! ?+ itself1 ! application ( ! appetitive p[] to ! ?+1 9 s f> z x cleaves to x1 gets by a k9d ( similitude1 ! "n ( s5se1 s9ce1 z x 71 x acquires direct k ( ! ?+ to :i* x cleaves1 9 s f> z x takes complac5cy 9 x4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #a3a73 ,?9k ( 7,s5tite7 ! ,"l 9 goodness4 ,& on ^! gr\nds cons5t is an act ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #i1 ! w is 9 ! reason4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,augu/9e ascribes cons5t to ! reason1 he takes reason z includ+ ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s5se1 prop]ly speak+1 belongs to ! appreh5sive faculty2 b by way ( similitude1 9 s f> z x implies seek+ acqua9tance1 x belongs to ! appetitive p[]1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ass5tire 7to ass5t7 is1 to speak1 ad aliud s5tire 7to feel t[>ds some?+72 & ?us x implies a c]ta9 di/ance f t to :i* ass5t is giv54 ,b cons5tire 7to cons5t7 is to feel )1 & ?is implies a c]ta9 union to ! object ( cons5t4 ,h5ce ! w1 to :i* x belongs to t5d to ! ?+ itself1 is m prop]ly said to cons5t3 :]eas ! intellect1 ^: act does n consi/ 9 a movem5t t[>ds ! ?+1 b r ! rev]se1 z we h /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #b71 is m prop]ly said to ass5t3 al?\gh "o ^w is wont to be us$ = ! o!r 99,9 ,lat9 r ?an 9 ,engli%44 ,we may also say t ! intellect ass5ts1 9 s f> z x is mov$ by ! w4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,cons5t ,is to ,be ,f\nd 9 ,irrational ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cons5t is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals4 ,= cons5t implies a det]m9ation ( ! appetite to "o ?+4 ,b ! appetite ( irrational animals is det]m9ate to "o ?+4 ,!re=e cons5t is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if y remove :at is fir/1 y remove :at foll[s4 ,b cons5t prec$es ! accompli%$ act4 ,if !re=e !re 7 no cons5t 9 irrational animals1 !re w\ld be no act accompli%$2 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m5 are sometimes said to cons5t to d some?+1 ?r\gh "s passion2 desire1 = in/ance1 or ang]4 ,b irrational animals act ?r\gh passion4 ,!re=e !y cons5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t aft] judg+1 man approves & embraces ! judgm5t ( 8 c\nsell+1 & ?is is call$ ! s5t5ce1 i4e4 cons5t4 ,b c\nsel is n 9 irrational animals4 ,!re=e nei!r is cons5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,cons5t1 prop]ly speak+1 is n 9 irrational animals4 ,! reason ( ?is is t cons5t implies an application ( ! appetitive movem5t to some?+ z to be done4 ,n[ to apply ! appetitive movem5t to ! do+ ( some?+1 belongs to ! subject 9 ^: p[] x is to move ! appetite3 ?us to t\* a /one is an action suitable to a /ick1 b to apply ! /ick s t x t\* ! /one1 belongs to "o :o has ! p[] ( mov+ ! /ick4 ,b irrational animals h n ! comm& ( ! appetitive movem5t2 = ?is is 9 !m ?r\gh natural in/9ct4 ,h5ce 9 ! irrational animal1 !re is inde$ ! movem5t ( ! appetite1 b x does n apply t movem5t to "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,& h5ce x is t ! irrational animal is n prop]ly said to cons5t3 ?is is prop] to ! rational nature1 :i* has ! comm& ( ! appetitive movem5t1 & is able to apply or n to apply x to ?is or t ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 irrational animals ! det]m9ation ( ! appetite to a p>ticul> ?+ is m]ely passive3 :]eas cons5t implies a det]m9ation ( ! appetite1 :i* is active r ?an m]ely passive4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! fir/ be remov$1 !n :at foll[s is remov$1 provid$ t1 prop]ly speak+1 x foll[ f t only4 ,b if some?+ c foll[ f sev]al ?+s1 x is n remov$ by ! fact t "o ( !m is remov$2 ?us if h>d5+ is ! effect ( heat & ( cold 7s9ce bricks are h>d5$ by ! fire1 & froz5 wat] is h>d5$ by ! cold71 !n by remov+ heat x does n foll[ t !re is no h>d5+4 ,n[ ! accompli%m5t ( an act foll[s n only f cons5t1 b also f ! impulse ( ! appetite1 su* z is f\nd 9 irrational animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! man :o acts ?r\gh passion is able n to foll[ ! passion3 :]eas irrational animals h n t p[]4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,cons5t ,is ,direct$ to ! ,end or to ! ,means8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cons5t is direct$ to ! end4 ,because t on acc\nt ( :i* a ?+ is su* is /ill m su*4 ,b x is on acc\nt ( ! end t we cons5t to ! means4 ,!re=e1 /ill m d we cons5t to ! end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( ! intemp]ate man is 8 end1 j z ! act ( ! virtu\s man is 8 end4 ,b ! intemp]ate man cons5ts to 8 own act4 ,!re=e cons5t c be direct$ to ! end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 desire ( ! means is *oice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a74 ,if !re=e cons5t 7 only direct$ to ! means x w\ld n[ise diff] f *oice4 ,& ?is is prov$ to be false by ! au?ority ( ,damasc5e :o says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t aft] ! approval :i* he calls ! s5t5ce1 comes ! *oice4 ,!re=e cons5t is n only direct$ to ! means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t ! s5t5ce1 i4e4 ! cons5t1 takes place :5 a man approves & embraces ! judgm5t ( 8 c\nsel4 ,b c\nsel is only ab\t ! means4 ,!re=e ! same applies to cons5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,cons5t is ! application ( ! appetitive movem5t to some?+ t is already 9 ! p[] ( him :o causes ! application4 ,n[ ! ord] ( action is ?is3 ,fir/ !re is ! appreh5sion ( ! end2 !n ! desire ( ! end2 !n ! c\nsel ab\t ! means2 !n ! desire ( ! means4 ,n[ ! appetite t5ds to ! la/ end naturally3 :]e=e ! application ( ! appetitive movem5t to ! appreh5d$ end has n ! nature ( cons5t1 b ( simple volition4 ,b z to ^? ?+s :i* come "u consid]ation aft] ! la/ end1 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to ! end1 !y come "u c\nsel3 & s c\nsel c be appli$ to !m1 9 s f> z ! appetitive movem5t is appli$ to ! judgm5t result+ f c\nsel4 ,b ! appetitive movem5t to ! end is n appli$ to c\nsel3 r is c\nsel appli$ to x1 because c\nsel presupposes ! desire ( ! end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! desire ( ! means presupposes ! decision ( c\nsel4 ,& !re=e ! application ( ! appetitive movem5t to c\nsel's decision is cons5t1 prop]ly speak+4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce c\nsel is only ab\t ! means1 cons5t1 prop]ly speak+1 is ( no?+ else b ! means4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! k ( conclusions ?r\gh ! pr9ciples is sci5ce1 :]eas ! k ( ! pr9ciples is n sci5ce1 b some?+ high]1 namely1 und]/&+2 s d we cons5t to ! means on acc\nt ( ! end1 9 respect ( :i* our act is n cons5t b some?+ great]1 namely1 volition4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,delight 9 8 act1 r ?an ! act itself1 is ! end ( ! intemp]ate man1 & = sake ( ?is delight he cons5ts to t act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*oice includes some?+ t cons5t has n1 namely1 a c]ta9 relation to some?+ to :i* some?+ else is pref]r$3 & !re=e aft] cons5t !re /ill rema9s a *oice4 ,= x may happ5 t by aid ( c\nsel sev]al means h be5 f\nd conducive to ! end1 & ?r\gh ea* ( ^! meet+ ) approval1 cons5t has be5 giv5 to ea*3 b aft] approv+ ( _m1 we h giv5 our pref]5ce to "o by *oos+ x4 ,b if only "o meets ) approval1 !n cons5t & *oice d n diff] 9 reality1 b only 9 our way ( look+ at !m2 s t we call x cons5t1 accord+ z we approve ( do+ t ?+2 b *oice accord+ z we pref] x to ^? t d n meet ) our approval4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,cons5t to ! ,act ,belongs ,only to ! ,high] ,"p ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cons5t to ! act does n always belong to ! high] reason4 ,= delight foll[s action1 & p]fects x1 j z beauty p]fects y\? 99oion tois akmaiois he hora--z y\?ful vigor p]fects a man 9 8 prime 7,e?ic4 x1 #d74 ,b cons5t to delight belongs to ! l[] reason1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab74 ,!re=e cons5t to ! act does n belong only to ! high] reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an act to :i* we cons5t is said to be volunt>y4 ,b x belongs to _m p[]s to produce volunt>y acts4 ,!re=e ! high] reason is n alone 9 cons5t+ to ! act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! high] reason is t :i* is int5t on ! contemplation & consultation ( ?+s et]nal1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #g74 ,b man (t5 cons5ts to an act n = et]nal1 b = temporal reasons1 or ev5 on acc\nt ( "s passion ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e cons5t to an act does n belong to ! high] reason alone4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab73 ,x is impossible = man to make up 8 m9d to commit a s91 unless t m5tal faculty :i* has ! sov]eign p[] ( urg+ 8 memb]s to1 or re/ra9+ !m f1 act1 yield to ! evil de$ & become its slave4 ,i answ] t1 ,! f9al decision belongs to him :o holds ! highe/ place1 & to :om x belongs to judge ( ! o!rs2 = z long z judgm5t ab\t "s matt] rema9s to be pron\nc$1 ! f9al decision has n be5 giv54 ,n[ x is evid5t t x belongs to ! high] reason to judge ( all3 s9ce x is by ! reason t we judge ( s5sible ?+s2 & ( ?+s p]ta9+ to human pr9ciples we judge accord+ to ,div9e pr9ciples1 :i* is ! function ( ! high] reason4 ,:]e=e z long z a man is unc]ta9 :e!r he resi/s or n1 accord+ to ,div9e pr9ciples1 no judgm5t ( ! reason c be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a f9al decision4 ,n[ ! f9al decision ( :at is to be done is cons5t to ! act4 ,!re=e cons5t to ! act belongs to ! high] reason2 b 9 t s5se 9 :i* ! reason includes ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cons5t to delight 9 ! "w done belongs to ! high] reason1 z also does cons5t to ! "w2 b cons5t to delight 9 ?\ght belongs to ! l[] reason1 j z to ! l[] reason x belongs to ?9k4 ,nev]!less ! high] reason ex]cises judgm5t on ! fact ( ?9k+ or n ?9k+1 consid]$ z an action2 & 9 l mann] on ! delight t results4 ,b 9 s f> z ! act ( ?9k+ is consid]$ z orda9$ to a fur!r act1 x belongs to ! l[] reason4 ,= t :i* is orda9$ to some?+ else1 belongs to a l[] art or p[] ?an does ! end to :i* x is orda9$3 h5ce ! art :i* is conc]n$ ) ! end is call$ ! ma/] or pr9cipal art4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce actions are call$ volunt>y f ! fact t we cons5t to !m1 x does n foll[ t cons5t is an act ( ea* p[]1 b ( ! w :i* is 9 ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a71 & f :i* ! volunt>y act is nam$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! high] reason is said to cons5t n only because x always moves to act1 accord+ to ! et]nal reasons2 b also because x fails to diss5t accord+ to ^? same reasons4 ,,"q #af ,,( ,,use1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,means 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] use2 conc]n+ :i* !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r use is an act ( ! w8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals8 7#c7 ,:e!r x reg>ds ! means only1 or ! end also8 7#d7 ,( ! relation ( use to *oice4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,use ,is an ,act ( ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t use is n an act ( ! w4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #d7 t to use is to ref] t :i* is ! object ( use to ! obta9+ ( some?+ else4 ,b to ref] some?+ to ano!r is an act ( ! reason to :i* x belongs to comp>e & to direct4 ,!re=e use is an act ( ! reason & n ( ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t man goes =w>d to ! op]ation1 & ?is is call$ impulse2 !n he makes use 7( ! p[]s7 & ?is is call$ use4 ,b op]ation belongs to ! executive p[]2 & ! act ( ! w does n foll[ ! act ( ! executive p[]1 on ! contr>y execution comes la/4 ,!re=e use is n an act ( ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cj73 ,all ?+s t 7 made 7 made = man's use1 because reason ) :i* man is end[$ uses all ?+s by its judgm5t ( !m4 ,b judgm5t ( ?+s creat$ by ,god belongs to ! speculative reason2 :i* seems to be altoge!r di/9ct f ! w1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( human acts4 ,!re=e use is n an act ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa73 ,to use is to apply to some?+ to purpose ( ! w4 ,i answ] t1 ,! use ( a ?+ implies ! application ( t ?+ to an op]ation3 h5ce ! op]ation to :i* we apply a ?+ is call$ its use2 ?us ! use ( a horse is to ride1 & ! use ( a /ick is to /rike4 ,n[ we apply to an op]ation n only ! int]ior pr9ciples ( action1 viz4 ! p[]s ( ! s\l or ! memb]s ( ! body2 z ! intellect1 to und]/&2 & ! eye1 to see2 b also ext]nal ?+s1 z a /ick1 to /rike4 ,b x is evid5t t we d n apply ext]nal ?+s to an op]ation save ?r\gh ! int]ior pr9ciples :i* are ei!r ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 or ! habits ( ^? p[]s1 or ! organs :i* are p>ts ( ! body4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a7 t x is ! w :i* moves ! s\l's p[]s to _! acts1 & ?is is to apply !m to op]ation4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t fir/ & pr9cipally use belongs to ! w z fir/ mov]2 to ! reason1 z direct+2 & to ! o!r p[]s z execut+ ! op]ation1 :i* p[]s are comp>$ to ! w :i* applies !m to act1 z ! in/rum5ts are comp>$ to ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,n[ action is prop]ly ascrib$1 n to ! in/rum5t1 b to ! pr9cipal ag5t1 z build+ is ascrib$ to ! build]1 n to 8 tools4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t use is1 prop]ly speak+1 an act ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason does inde$ ref] "o ?+ to ano!r2 b ! w t5ds to t :i* is ref]r$ by ! reason to some?+ else4 ,& 9 ?is s5se to use is to ref] "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,damasc5e is speak+ ( use 9 s f> z x belongs to ! executive p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 ! speculative reason is appli$ by ! w to ! act ( und]/&+ or judg+4 ,consequ5tly ! speculative reason is said to use1 9 s f> z x is mov$ by ! w1 9 ! same way z ! o!r p[]s4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,use ,is to ,be ,f\nd 9 ,irrational ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t use is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals4 ,= x is bett] to enjoy ?an to use1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aj73 ,we use ?+s by ref]r+ !m to some?+ else :i* we are to enjoy4 ,b enjoym5t is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #b74 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is x possible = !m to use4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to apply ! memb]s to action is to use !m4 ,b irrational animals apply _! memb]s to action2 = in/ance1 _! feet1 to walk2 _! horns1 to /rike4 ,!re=e x is possible = irrational animals to use4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cj73 ,none b a rational animal c make use ( a ?+4 ,i answ] t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 to use is to apply an active pr9ciple to action3 ?us to cons5t is to apply ! appetitive movem5t to ! desire ( some?+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ae1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,n[ he alone :o has ! disposal ( a ?+1 c apply x to some?+ else2 & ?is belongs to him alone :o kn[s h[ to ref] x to some?+ else1 :i* is an act ( ! reason4 ,& !re=e none b a rational animal cons5ts & uses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to enjoy implies ! absolute movem5t ( ! appetite to ! appetible3 :]eas to use implies a movem5t ( ! appetite to some?+ z direct$ to some?+ else4 ,if !re=e we comp>e use & enjoym5t 9 respect ( _! objects1 enjoym5t is bett] ?an use2 because t :i* is appetible absolutely is bett] ?an t :i* is appetible only z direct$ to some?+ else4 ,b if we comp>e !m 9 respect ( ! appreh5sive p[] t prec$es !m1 great] excell5ce is requir$ on ! "p ( use3 because to direct "o ?+ to ano!r is an act ( reason2 :]eas to appreh5d some?+ absolutely is )9 ! compet5cy ev5 ( s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,animals by means ( _! memb]s d some?+ f natural in/9ct2 n ?r\gh kn[+ ! relation ( _! memb]s to ^! op]ations4 ,:]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 !y d n apply _! memb]s to action1 nor d !y use !m4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,use ,reg>ds ,also ! ,la/ ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t use c reg>d also ! la/ end4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa73 ,:oev] enjoys1 uses4 ,b man enjoys ! la/ end4 ,!re=e he uses ! la/ end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to use is to apply some?+ to ! purpose ( ! w 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa74 ,b ! la/ end1 m ?an any?+ else1 is ! object ( ! w's application4 ,!re=e x c be ! object ( use4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 ii7 t ,et]nity is 9 ! ,fa!r1 ,lik5ess 9 ! ,image1 i4e4 9 ! ,son1 ,use 9 ! ,gift1 i4e4 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce ,he is ,god1 is ! la/ end4 ,!re=e ! la/ end c be ! object ( use4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cj73 ,no "o rightly uses ,god1 b "o enjoys ,him4 ,b ,god alone is ! la/ end4 ,!re=e we _c use ! la/ end4 ,i answ] t1 ,use1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 implies ! application ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,n[ t :i* is appli$ to ano!r is reg>d$ 9 ! light ( means to an end2 & consequ5tly use always reg>ds ! means4 ,= ?is reason ?+s t are adapt$ to a c]ta9 end are said to be useful2 9 fact _! v usefulness is sometimes call$ use4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ! la/ end may be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 simply2 secondly1 9 respect ( an individual4 ,= s9ce ! end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g71 signifies sometimes ! ?+ itself1 & sometimes ! atta9m5t or possession ( t ?+ 7?us ! mis]'s end is ei!r money or ! possession ( x72 x is evid5t t1 simply speak+1 ! la/ end is ! ?+ itself2 = ! possession ( money is good only inasmu* z !re is "s good 9 money4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! individual1 ! obta9+ ( money is ! la/ end2 = ! mis] w\ld n seek = money1 save t he might h x4 ,!re=e1 simply & prop]ly speak+1 a man enjoys money1 because he places 8 la/ end !re92 b 9 s f> z he seeks to possess x1 he is said to use x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( use 9 g5]al1 9 s f> z x implies ! relation ( an end to ! enjoym5t :i* a man seeks 9 t end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! end is appli$ to ! purpose ( ! w1 t ! w may f9d re/ 9 x4 ,consequ5tly ?is re/ 9 ! end1 :i* is ! enjoym5t !re(1 is 9 ?is s5se call$ use ( ! end4 ,b ! means are appli$ to ! w's purpose1 n only 9 be+ us$ z means1 b z orda9$ to some?+ else 9 :i* ! w f9ds re/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! words ( ,hil>y ref] to use z applicable to re/ 9 ! la/ end2 j z1 speak+ 9 a g5]al s5se1 "o may be said to use ! end = ! purpose ( atta9+ x1 z /at$ above4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj7 t ?is love1 delight1 felicity1 or happ9ess1 is call$ use by him4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,use ,prec$es ,*oice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t use prec$es *oice4 ,= no?+ foll[s aft] *oice1 except execution4 ,b use1 s9ce x belongs to ! w1 prec$es execution4 ,!re=e x prec$es *oice also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! absolute prec$es ! relative4 ,!re=e ! less relative prec$es ! m relative4 ,b *oice implies two relations3 "o1 ( ! ?+ *os51 9 relation to ! end2 ! o!r1 ( ! ?+ *os51 9 respect ( t to :i* x is pref]r$2 :]eas use implies relation to ! end only4 ,!re=e use prec$es *oice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! w uses ! o!r p[]s 9 s f> z x removes !m4 ,b ! w moves itself1 too1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x uses itself1 by apply+ itself to act4 ,b x does ?is :5 x cons5ts4 ,!re=e !re is use 9 cons5t4 ,b cons5t prec$es *oice z /at$ above 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,!re=e use does also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t ! w aft] *oos+ has an impulse to ! op]ation1 & aft]w>ds x uses 7! p[]s74 ,!re=e use foll[s *oice4 ,i answ] t1 ,! w has a tw(old relation to ! ?+ will$4 ,"o1 accord+ z ! ?+ will$ is1 9 a way1 9 ! will+ subject1 by a k9d ( proportion or ord] to ! ?+ will$4 ,:]e=e ^? ?+s t are naturally proportionate to a c]ta9 end1 are said to desire t end naturally4 ,yet to h an end ?us is to h x imp]fectly4 ,n[ e imp]fect ?+ t5ds to p]fection4 ,& !re=e bo? ! natural & ! volunt>y appetite t5d to h ! end 9 reality2 & ?is is to h x p]fectly4 ,?is is ! second relation ( ! w to ! ?+ will$4 ,n[ ! ?+ will$ is n only ! end1 b also ! means4 ,& ! la/ act t belongs to ! fir/ relation ( ! w to ! means1 is *oice2 = !re ! w becomes fully proportionate1 by will+ ! means fully4 ,use1 on ! o!r h&1 belongs to ! second relation ( ! w1 9 respect ( :i* x t5ds to ! realization ( ! ?+ will$4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t use foll[s *oice2 provid$ t by use we mean ! w's use ( ! executive p[] 9 mov+ x4 ,b s9ce ! w1 9 a way1 moves ! reason also1 & uses x1 we may take ! use ( ! means1 z consi/+ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! reason1 :]eby x ref]s ! means to ! end4 ,9 ?is s5se use prec$es *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! motion ( ! w to ! execution ( ! "w1 prec$es execution1 b foll[s *oice4 ,& s1 s9ce use belongs to t v motion ( ! w1 x /&s betwe5 *oice & execution4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:at is ess5tially relative is aft] ! absolute2 b ! ?+ to :i* relation is ref]r$ ne$ n come aft]4 ,inde$1 ! m a cause prec$es1 ! m num]\s ! effects to :i* x has relation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*oice prec$es use1 if !y be ref]r$ to ! same object4 ,b no?+ h9d]s ! use ( "o ?+ prec$+ ! *oice ( ano!r4 ,& s9ce ! acts ( ! w react on "o ano!r1 9 ea* act ( ! w we c f9d bo? cons5t & *oice & use2 s t we may say t ! w cons5ts to *oose1 & cons5ts to cons5t1 & uses itself 9 cons5t+ & *oos+4 ,& su* acts z are orda9$ to t :i* prec$es1 prec$e also4 ,,"q #ag ,,( ,,! ,,acts ,,comm&$ ,,by ,,! ,,w 7,9 ,n9e ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! acts comm&$ by ! w2 "u :i* head !re are n9e po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r comm& is an act ( ! w or ( ! reason8 7#b7 ,:e!r comm& belongs to irrational animals8 7#c7 ,( ! ord] betwe5 comm& & use2 7#d7 ,:e!r comm& & ! comm&$ act are "o act or di/9ct8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! act ( ! w is comm&$8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! act ( ! reason is comm&$8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is comm&$8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! act ( ! vegetal s\l is comm&$8 7#i7 ,:e!r ! acts ( ! ext]nal memb]s are comm&$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,comm& ,is an ,act ( ! ,reason or ( ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t comm& is n an act ( ! reason b ( ! w4 ,= comm& is a k9d ( motion2 because ,avic5na says t !re are f\r ways ( mov+1 by p]fect+1 by dispos+1 by comm&+1 & by c\nsell+4 ,b x belongs to ! w to move all ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e comm& is an act ( ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z to be comm&$ belongs to t :i* is subject1 s1 seem+ly1 to comm& belongs to t :i* is mo/ free4 ,b ! root ( lib]ty is especially 9 ! w4 ,!re=e to comm& belongs to ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 comm& is foll[$ at once by act4 ,b ! act ( ! reason is n foll[$ at once by act3 = he :o judges t a ?+ %\ld be done1 does n d x at once4 ,!re=e comm& is n an act ( ! reason1 b ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xvi4 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac7 say t ! appetite obeys reason4 ,!re=e comm& is an act ( ! reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,comm& is an act ( ! reason presuppos+1 h[ev]1 an act ( ! w4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we mu/ take note t1 s9ce ! acts ( ! reason & ( ! w c be br\ght to be> on "o ano!r1 9 s f> z ! reason reasons ab\t will+1 & ! w wills to reason1 ! result is t ! act ( ! reason prec$es ! act ( ! w1 & conv]sely4 ,& s9ce ! p[] ( ! prec$+ act cont9ues 9 ! act t foll[s1 x happ5s sometimes t !re is an act ( ! w 9 s f> z x reta9s 9 itself some?+ ( an act ( ! reason1 z we h /at$ 9 ref]5ce to use & *oice2 & conv]sely1 t !re is an act ( ! reason 9 s f> z x reta9s 9 itself some?+ ( an act ( ! w4 ,n[1 comm& is ess5tially inde$ an act ( ! reason3 = ! comm&] ord]s ! "o comm&$ to d some?+1 by way ( intimation or decl>ation2 & to ord] ?us by intimat+ or decl>+ is an act ( ! reason4 ,n[ ! reason c intimate or decl>e some?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 absolutely3 & ?is intimation is express$ by a v]b 9 ! indicative mood1 z :5 "o p]son says to ano!r3 ,?is is :at y %\ld d4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! reason intimates some?+ to a man by mov+ him !reto2 & ?is intimation is express$ by a v]b 9 ! imp]ative mood2 z :5 x is said to someone3 ,d ?is4 ,n[ ! fir/ mov]1 among ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 to ! do+ ( an act is ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,s9ce !re=e ! second mov] does n move1 save 9 virtue ( ! fir/ mov]1 x foll[s t ! v fact t ! reason moves by comm&+1 is due to ! p[] ( ! w4 ,consequ5tly x foll[s t comm& is an act ( ! reason1 presuppos+ an act ( ! w1 9 virtue ( :i* ! reason1 by its comm&1 moves 7! p[]7 to ! execution ( ! act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to comm& is to move1 n anyh[1 b by intimat+ & decl>+ to ano!r2 & ?is is an act ( ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! root ( lib]ty is ! w z ! subject !re(2 b x is ! reason z its cause4 ,= ! w c t5d freely t[>ds v>i\s objects1 precisely because ! reason c h v>i\s p]ceptions ( good4 ,h5ce philosoph]s def9e ! free-w z be+ a free judgm5t aris+ f reason1 imply+ t reason is ! root ( lib]ty4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t proves t comm& is an act ( reason n absolutely1 b ) a k9d ( motion z /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,comm& ,belongs to ,irrational ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t comm& belongs to irrational animals4 ,because1 accord+ to ,avic5na1 ! p[] t comm&s movem5t is ! appetite2 & ! p[] t executes movem5t is 9 ! muscles & n]ves4 ,b bo? p[]s are 9 irrational animals4 ,!re=e comm& is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! condition ( a slave is t ( "o :o receives comm&s4 ,b ! body is comp>$ to ! s\l z a slave to 8 ma/]1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #b74 ,!re=e ! body is comm&$ by ! s\l1 ev5 9 irrational animals1 s9ce !y are compos$ ( s\l & body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by comm&+1 man has an impulse t[>ds an action4 ,b impulse to action is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb74 ,!re=e comm& is to be f\nd 9 irrational animals4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,comm& is an act ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b 9 irrational animals !re is no reason4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 is !re comm&4 ,i answ] t1 ,to comm& is no?+ else ?an to direct someone to d some?+1 by a c]ta9 motion ( intimation4 ,n[ to direct is ! prop] act ( reason4 ,:]e=e x is impossible t irrational animals %\ld comm& 9 any way1 s9ce !y are devoid ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! appetitive p[] is said to comm& movem5t1 9 s f> z x moves ! comm&+ reason4 ,b ?is is only 9 man4 ,9 irrational animals ! appetitive p[] is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a comm&+ faculty1 unless comm& be tak5 loosely = motion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! body ( ! irrational animal is compet5t to obey2 b its s\l is n compet5t to comm&1 because x is n compet5t to direct4 ,consequ5tly !re is no ratio !re ( comm&] & comm&$2 b only ( mov] & mov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,impulse to action is 9 irrational animals o!rwise ?an 9 man4 ,= ! impulse ( man to action arises f ! direct+ reason2 :]e=e 8 impulse is "o ( comm&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! impulse ( ! irrational animal arises f natural in/9ct2 because z soon z !y appreh5d ! fitt+ or ! unfitt+1 _! appetite is mov$ naturally to pursue or to avoid4 ,:]e=e !y are direct$ by ano!r to act2 & !y !mselves d n direct !mselves to act4 ,consequ5tly 9 !m is impulse b n comm&4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,use ,prec$es ,comm&8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t use prec$es comm&4 ,= comm& is an act ( ! reason presuppos+ an act ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b1 z we h already %[n 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a71 use is an act ( ! w4 ,!re=e use prec$es comm&4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 comm& is "o ( ^? ?+s t are orda9$ to ! end4 ,b use is ( ^? ?+s t are orda9$ to ! end4 ,!re=e x seems t use prec$es comm&4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e act ( a p[] mov$ by ! w is call$ use2 because ! w uses ! o!r p[]s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a74 ,b comm& is an act ( ! reason z mov$ by ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e comm& is a k9d ( use4 ,n[ ! common prec$es ! prop]4 ,!re=e use prec$es comm&4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t impulse to action prec$es use4 ,b impulse to op]ation is giv5 by comm&4 ,!re=e comm& prec$es use4 ,i answ] t1 use ( t :i* is direct$ to ! end1 9 s f> z x is 9 ! reason ref]r+ ?is to ! end1 prec$es *oice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #d74 ,:]e=e /ill m does x prec$e comm&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 use ( t :i* is direct$ to ! end1 9 s f> z x is subject to ! executive p[]1 foll[s comm&2 because use 9 ! us] is unit$ to ! act ( ! ?+ us$2 = "o does n use a /ick be=e do+ some?+ ) ! /ick4 ,b comm& is n simultane\s ) ! act ( ! ?+ to :i* ! comm& is giv53 = x naturally prec$es its fulfilm5t1 sometimes1 inde$1 by priority ( "t4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t comm& prec$es use4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e act ( ! w prec$es ?is act ( ! reason :i* is comm&2 b an act ( ! w prec$es1 viz4 *oice2 & an act ( ! w foll[s1 viz4 use4 ,because aft] c\nsel's decision1 :i* is reason's judgm5t1 ! w *ooses2 & aft] *oice1 ! reason comm&s t p[] :i* has to d :at 0 *os52 & !n1 la/ ( all1 someone's w beg9s to use1 by execut+ ! comm& ( reason2 sometimes x is ano!r's w1 :5 "o comm&s ano!r2 sometimes ! w ( ! "o t comm&s1 :5 he comm&s himself to d some?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z act ranks be=e p[]1 s does ! object rank be=e ! act4 ,n[ ! object ( use is t :i* is direct$ to ! end4 ,consequ5tly1 f ! fact t comm& itself is direct$ to ! end1 x may be conclud$ t comm& prec$es1 r ?an t x foll[s use4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ! act ( ! w 9 us+ ! reason = ! purpose ( comm&1 prec$es ! comm&2 s also we may say t ?is act :]eby ! w uses ! reason1 is prec$$ by a comm& ( reason2 s9ce ! acts ( ^! p[]s react on "o ano!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,comm& & ! ,comm&$ ,act ,are ,"o ,act1 or ,di/9ct8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! comm&$ act is n "o ) ! comm& itself4 ,= ! acts ( diff]5t p[]s are !mselves di/9ct4 ,b ! comm&$ act belongs to "o p[]1 & ! comm& to ano!r2 s9ce "o is ! p[] t comm&s1 & ! o!r is ! p[] t receives ! comm&4 ,!re=e ! comm&$ act is n "o ) ! comm&4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ?+s c be sep>ate f "o ano!r1 are di/9ct3 = no?+ is sev]$ f itself4 ,b sometimes ! comm&$ act is sep>ate f ! comm&3 = sometimes ! comm& is giv51 & ! comm&$ act foll[s n4 ,!re=e comm& is a di/9ct act f ! act comm&$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ?+s are relat$ to "o ano!r z prec$5t & consequ5t1 are di/9ct4 ,b comm& naturally prec$es ! comm&$ act4 ,!re=e !y are di/9ct4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 iii1 #b7 t :]e "o ?+ is by reason ( ano!r1 !re is b "o4 ,b !re is no comm&$ act unless by reason ( ! comm&4 ,!re=e !y are "o4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ prev5ts c]ta9 ?+s be+ di/9ct 9 "o respect1 & "o 9 ano!r respect4 ,inde$1 e multitude is "o 9 "s respect1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 xiii74 ,b a diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ 9 ?is1 t "s are simply _m1 & "o 9 a p>ticul> aspect3 :ile ) o!rs x is ! rev]se4 ,n[ "o is pr$icat$ 9 ! same way z be+4 ,& sub/ance is be+ simply1 :]eas accid5t or be+ ( reason is a be+ only 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,:]e=e ^? ?+s t are "o 9 sub/ance are "o simply1 ?\gh _m 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,?us1 9 ! g5us sub/ance1 ! :ole compos$ ( its integral or ess5tial p>ts1 is "o simply3 because ! :ole is be+ & sub/ance simply1 & ! p>ts are be+ & sub/ances 9 ! :ole4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* are di/9ct 9 sub/ance1 & "o accord+ to an accid5t1 are di/9ct simply1 & "o 9 a c]ta9 respect3 ?us _m m5 are "o p1 & _m /ones are "o heap2 :i* is unity ( composition or ord]4 ,9 l mann] also _m individuals t are "o 9 g5us or species are _m simply1 & "o 9 a c]ta9 respect3 s9ce to be "o 9 g5us or species is to be "o accord+ to ! consid]ation ( ! reason4 ,n[ j z 9 ! g5us ( natural ?+s1 a :ole is compos$ ( matt] & =m 7e4g4 man1 :o is "o natural be+1 ?\gh he has _m p>ts1 is compos$ ( s\l & body72 s1 9 human acts1 ! act ( a l[] p[] is 9 ! position ( matt] 9 reg>d to ! act ( a high] p[]1 9 s f> z ! l[] p[] acts 9 virtue ( ! high] p[] mov+ x3 = ?us also ! act ( ! fir/ mov] is z ! =m 9 reg>d to ! act ( its in/rum5t4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t comm& & ! comm&$ act are "o human act1 j z a :ole is "o1 yet 9 its p>ts1 _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if ! di/9ct p[]s are n orda9$ to "o ano!r1 _! acts are div]se simply4 ,b :5 "o p[] is ! mov] ( ! o!r1 !n _! acts are1 9 a way1 "o3 s9ce ! act ( ! mov] & ! act ( ! ?+ mov$ are "o act 7,phys4 iii1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fact t comm& & ! comm&$ act c be sep>at$ f "o ano!r %[s t !y are diff]5t p>ts4 ,because ! p>ts ( a man c be sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & yet !y =m "o :ole4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ^? ?+s t are _m 9 p>ts1 b "o z a :ole1 no?+ h9d]s "o "p f prec$+ ano!r4 ,?us ! s\l1 9 a way1 prec$es ! body2 & ! he>t1 ! o!r memb]s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,act ( ! ,w ,is ,comm&$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! act ( ! w is n comm&$4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #i73 ,! m9d comm&s ! m9d to w1 & yet x does n4 ,b to w is ! act ( ! w4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! w is n comm&$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to receive a comm& belongs to "o :o c und]/& ! comm&4 ,b ! w _c und]/& ! comm&2 = ! w diff]s f ! intellect1 to :i* x belongs to und]/&4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! w is n comm&$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if "o act ( ! w is comm&$1 = ! same reason all are comm&$4 ,b if all ! acts ( ! w are comm&$1 we mu/ ne$s proce$ to inf9ity2 because ! act ( ! w prec$es ! act ( reason comm&+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a72 = if t act ( ! w be also comm&$1 ?is comm& w be prec$$ by ano!r act ( ! reason1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,b to proce$ to inf9ity is n possible4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! w is n comm&$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is 9 our p[]1 is subject to our comm&4 ,b ! acts ( ! w1 mo/ ( all1 are 9 our p[]2 s9ce all our acts are said to be 9 our p[]1 9 s f> z !y are volunt>y4 ,!re=e ! acts ( ! w are comm&$ by u4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 comm& is no?+ else ?an ! act ( ! reason direct+1 ) a c]ta9 motion1 some?+ to act4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! reason c direct ! act ( ! w3 = j z x c judge x to be good to w some?+1 s x c direct by comm&+ man to w4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t an act ( ! w c be comm&$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #i7 :5 ! m9d comm&s itself p]fectly to w1 !n already x wills3 b t sometimes x comm&s & wills n1 is due to ! fact t x comm&s imp]fectly4 ,n[ imp]fect comm& arises f ! fact t ! reason is mov$ by opposite motives to comm& or n to comm&3 :]e=e x fluctuates betwe5 ! two1 & fails to comm& p]fectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ea* ( ! memb]s ( ! body works n = itself alone b = ! :ole body2 ?us x is = ! :ole body t ! eye sees2 s is x ) ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,= ! intellect und]/&s1 n = itself alone1 b = all ! p[]s2 & ! w wills n only = itself1 b = all ! p[]s too4 ,:]e=e man1 9 s f> z he is end[$ ) intellect & w1 comm&s ! act ( ! w = himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce comm& is an act ( reason1 t act is comm&$ :i* is subject to reason4 ,n[ ! fir/ act ( ! w is n due to ! direction ( ! reason b to ! in/igation ( nature1 or ( a high] cause1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ to proce$ to inf9ity4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,act ( ! ,reason ,is ,comm&$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! act ( ! reason _c be comm&$4 ,= x seems impossible = a ?+ to comm& itself4 ,b x is ! reason t comm&s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! act ( ! reason is n comm&$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is ess5tial is diff]5t f t :i* is by p>ticipation4 ,b ! p[] ^: act is comm&$ by reason1 is rational by p>ticipation1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac4 ,!re=e ! act ( t p[]1 :i* is ess5tially rational1 is n comm&$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t act is comm&$1 :i* is 9 our p[]4 ,b to "k & judge ! tru?1 :i* is ! act ( reason1 is n always 9 our p[]4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! reason _c be comm&$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* we d ( our free-w1 c be done by our comm&4 ,b ! acts ( ! reason are accompli%$ ?r\gh ! free-w3 = ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t by 8 free-w man inquires1 consid]s1 judges1 approves4 ,!re=e ! acts ( ! reason c be comm&$4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! reason reacts on itself1 j z x directs ! acts ( o!r p[]s1 s c x direct its own act4 ,consequ5tly its act c be comm&$4 ,b we mu/ take note t ! act ( ! reason may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z to ! ex]cise ( ! act4 ,& consid]$ ?us1 ! act ( ! reason c always be comm&$3 z :5 "o is told to be att5tive1 & to use "o's reason4 ,secondly1 z to ! object2 9 respect ( :i* two acts ( ! reason h to be notic$4 ,"o is ! act :]eby x appreh5ds ! tru? ab\t some?+4 ,?is act is n 9 our p[]3 because x happ5s 9 virtue ( a natural or sup]natural light4 ,consequ5tly 9 ?is respect1 ! act ( ! reason is n 9 our p[]1 & _c be comm&$4 ,! o!r act ( ! reason is t :]eby x ass5ts to :at x appreh5ds4 ,if1 !re=e1 t :i* ! reason appreh5ds is su* t x naturally ass5ts !reto1 e4g4 ! fir/ pr9ciples1 x is n 9 our p[] to ass5t or diss5t to ! l3 ass5t foll[s naturally1 & consequ5tly1 prop]ly speak+1 is n subject to our comm&4 ,b "s ?+s :i* are appreh5d$ d n conv9ce ! intellect to su* an ext5t z n to leave x free to ass5t or diss5t1 or at lea/ susp5d its ass5t or diss5t1 on acc\nt ( "s cause or o!r2 & 9 su* ?+s ass5t or diss5t is 9 our p[]1 & is subject to our comm&4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason comm&s itself1 j z ! w moves itself1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #c71 t is to say1 9 s f> z ea* p[] reacts on its own acts1 & f "o ?+ t5ds to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,on acc\nt ( ! div]sity ( objects subject to ! act ( ! reason1 no?+ prev5ts ! reason f p>ticipat+ 9 itself3 ?us ! k ( pr9ciples is p>ticipat$ 9 ! k ( ! conclusions4 ,! reply to ! ?ird object is evid5t f :at has be5 said4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,act ( ! ,s5sitive ,appetite ,is ,comm&$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is n comm&$4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3ae73 ,= ,i d n t good :i* ,i w3 & a gloss expla9s ?is by say+ t man lu/s1 al?\gh he wills n to lu/4 ,b to lu/ is an act ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is n subject to our comm&4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 corporeal matt] obeys ,god alone1 to ! effect ( =mal transmutation1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is accompani$ by a =mal transmutation ( ! body1 consi/+ 9 heat or cold4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is n subject to man's comm&4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! prop] motive pr9ciple ( ! s5sitive appetite is some?+ appreh5d$ by s5se or imag9ation4 ,b x is n always 9 our p[] to appreh5d some?+ by s5se or imag9ation4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is n subject to our comm&4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xvi4 says3 ,t :i* obeys reason is tw(old1 ! concupiscible & ! irascible1 :i* belong to ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,an act is subject to our comm&1 9 s f> z x is 9 our p[]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,consequ5tly 9 ord] to und]/& 9 :at mann] ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is subject to ! comm& ( reason1 we mu/ consid] 9 :at mann] x is 9 our p[]4 ,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! s5sitive appetite diff]s f ! intellective appetite1 :i* is call$ ! w1 9 ! fact t ! s5sitive appetite is a p[] ( a corporeal organ1 :]eas ! w is n4 ,aga91 e act ( a p[] t uses a corporeal organ1 dep5ds n only on a p[] ( ! s\l1 b also on ! disposition ( t corporeal organ3 ?us ! act ( vision dep5ds on ! p[] ( sight1 & on ! condition ( ! eye1 :i* condition is a help or a h9drance to t act4 ,consequ5tly ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite dep5ds n only on ! appetitive p[]1 b also on ! disposition ( ! body4 ,n[ :atev] "p ! p[] ( ! s\l takes 9 ! act1 foll[s appreh5sion4 ,& ! appreh5sion ( ! imag9ation1 be+ a p>ticul> appreh5sion1 is regulat$ by ! appreh5sion ( reason1 :i* is univ]sal2 j z a p>ticul> active p[] is regulat$ by a univ]sal active p[]4 ,consequ5tly 9 ?is respect ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite is subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 condition or disposition ( ! body is n subject to ! comm& ( reason3 & consequ5tly 9 ?is respect1 ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite is h9d]$ f be+ :olly subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,moreov] x happ5s sometimes t ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite is ar\s$ sudd5ly 9 consequ5ce ( an appreh5sion ( ! imag9ation ( s5se4 ,& !n su* movem5t occurs )\t ! comm& ( reason3 al?\gh reason c\ld h prev5t$ x1 _h x =ese54 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #b7 t ! reason gov]ns ! irascible & concupiscible n by a despotic supremacy1 :i* is t ( a ma/] ov] 8 slave2 b by a politic & royal supremacy1 :]eby ! free are gov]n$1 :o are n :olly subject to comm&4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t man lu/s1 al?\gh he wills n to lu/1 is due to a disposition ( ! body1 :]eby ! s5sitive appetite is h9d]$ f p]fect compliance ) ! comm& ( reason4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le adds 7,rom4 #g3ae73 ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 fight+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d4 ,?is may also happ5 ?r\gh a sudd5 movem5t ( concupisc5ce1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! condition ( ! body /&s 9 a tw(old relation to ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,fir/1 z prec$+ x3 ?us a man may be dispos$ 9 "o way or ano!r1 9 respect ( 8 body1 to ?is or t passion4 ,secondly1 z consequ5t to x3 ?us a man becomes heat$ ?r\gh ang]4 ,n[ ! condition t prec$es1 is n subject to ! comm& ( reason3 s9ce x is due ei!r to nature1 or to "s previ\s movem5t1 :i* _c cease at once4 ,b ! condition t is consequ5t1 foll[s ! comm& ( reason3 s9ce x results f ! local movem5t ( ! he>t1 :i* has v>i\s movem5ts accord+ to ! v>i\s acts ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! ext]nal s5sible is necess>y = ! appreh5sion ( ! s5ses1 x is n 9 our p[] to appreh5d any?+ by ! s5ses1 unless ! s5sible be pres5t2 :i* pres5ce ( ! s5sible is n always 9 our p[]4 ,= x is !n t man c use 8 s5ses if he w s to d2 unless !re be "s ob/acle on ! "p ( ! organ4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! appreh5sion ( ! imag9ation is subject to ! ord]+ ( reason1 9 proportion to ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! imag9ative p[]4 ,= t man is unable to imag9e ! ?+s t reason consid]s1 is ei!r because !y _c be imag9$1 su* z incorporeal ?+s2 or because ( ! weakness ( ! imag9ative p[]1 due to "s organic indisposition4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,act ( ! ,vegetal ,s\l ,is ,comm&$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! acts ( ! vegetal s\l are subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,= ! s5sitive p[]s are ( high] rank ?an ! vegetal p[]s4 ,b ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive s\l are subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 are ! p[]s ( ! vegetal s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man is call$ a little _w 99,ari/otle1 ,phys4 viii4 #b1 because ! s\l is 9 ! body1 z ,god is 9 ! _w4 ,b ,god is 9 ! _w 9 su* a way1 t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w obeys ,8 comm&4 ,!re=e all t is 9 man1 ev5 ! p[]s ( ! vegetal s\l1 obey ! comm& ( reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 praise & blame are aw>d$ only to su* acts z are subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,b 9 ! acts ( ! nutritive & g5]ative p[]1 !re is room = praise & blame1 virtue & vice3 z 9 ! case ( gluttony & lu/1 & _! contr>y virtues4 ,!re=e ! acts ( ^! p[]s are subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxii4 says t ! nutritive & g5]ative p[] is "o ov] :i* ! reason has no control4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s acts proce$ f ! natural appetite1 o!rs f ! animal1 or f ! intellectual appetite3 = e ag5t desires an end 9 "s way4 ,n[ ! natural appetite does n foll[ f "s appreh5sion1 z do ! animal & ! intellectual appetite4 ,b ! reason comm&s by way ( appreh5sive p[]4 ,:]e=e ^? acts t proce$ f ! intellective or ! animal appetite1 c be comm&$ by reason3 b n ^? acts t proce$ f ! natural appetite4 ,& su* are ! acts ( ! vegetal s\l2 :]e=e ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxii7 says t g5]ation & nutrition belong to :at are call$ natural p[]s4 ,consequ5tly ! acts ( ! vegetal s\l are n subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! m immat]ial an act is1 ! m noble x is1 & ! m is x subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,h5ce ! v fact t ! acts ( ! vegetal s\l d n obey reason1 %[s t !y rank l[e/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! comp>ison holds 9 a c]ta9 respect3 because1 to wit1 z ,god moves ! _w1 s ! s\l moves ! body4 ,b x does n hold 9 e respect3 = ! s\l did n create ! body out ( no?+1 z ,god creat$ ! _w2 = :i* reason ! _w is :olly subject to ,8 comm&4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,virtue & vice1 praise & blame d n affect ! acts !mselves ( ! nutritive & g5]ative p[]1 i4e4 dige/ion1 & =mation ( ! human body2 b !y affect ! acts ( ! s5sitive "p1 t are orda9$ to ! acts ( g5]ation & nutrition2 = example ! desire = pleasure 9 ! act ( tak+ food or 9 ! act ( g5]ation1 & ! "r or wrong use !re(4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ! ,acts ( ! ,ext]nal ,memb]s ,are ,comm&$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! memb]s ( ! body d n obey reason z to _! acts4 ,= x is evid5t t ! memb]s ( ! body are m di/ant f ! reason1 ?an ! p[]s ( ! vegetal s\l4 ,b ! p[]s ( ! vegetal s\l d n obey reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,!re=e mu* less d ! memb]s ( ! body obey4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! he>t is ! pr9ciple ( animal movem5t4 ,b ! movem5t ( ! he>t is n subject to ! comm& ( reason3 = ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxii4 says t ! pulse is n controll$ by reason4 ,!re=e ! movem5t ( ! bodily memb]s is n subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #af7 t ! movem5t ( ! g5ital memb]s is sometimes inopportune & n desir$2 sometimes :5 s\ght x fails1 & :]eas ! he>t is w>m ) desire1 ! body rema9s cold4 ,!re=e ! movem5ts ( ! memb]s are n ob$i5t to reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #i73 ,! m9d comm&s a movem5t ( ! h&1 & s ready is ! h& to obey1 t sc>cely c "o disc]n ob$i5ce f comm&4 ,i answ] t1 ,! memb]s ( ! body are organs ( ! s\l's p[]s4 ,consequ5tly accord+ z ! p[]s ( ! s\l /& 9 respect ( ob$i5ce to reason1 s d ! memb]s ( ! body /& 9 respect !re(4 ,s9ce !n ! s5sitive p[]s are subject to ! comm& ( reason1 :]eas ! natural p[]s are n2 !re=e all movem5ts ( memb]s1 t are mov$ by ! s5sitive p[]s1 are subject to ! comm& ( reason2 :]eas ^? movem5ts ( memb]s1 t arise f ! natural p[]s1 are n subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! memb]s d n move !mselves1 b are mov$ ?r\gh ! p[]s ( ! s\l2 ( :i* p[]s1 "s are 9 clos] contact ) ! reason ?an are ! p[]s ( ! vegetal s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?+s p]ta9+ to intellect & w1 t :i* is accord+ to nature /&s fir/1 :5ce all o!r ?+s are d]iv$3 ?us f ! k ( pr9ciples t are naturally kn[n1 is d]iv$ k ( ! conclusions2 & f volition ( ! end naturally desir$1 is d]iv$ ! *oice ( ! means4 ,s also 9 bodily movem5ts ! pr9ciple is accord+ to nature4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( bodily movem5ts beg9s ) ! movem5t ( ! he>t4 ,consequ5tly ! movem5t ( ! he>t is accord+ to nature1 & n accord+ to ! w3 = l a prop] accid5t1 x results f life1 :i* foll[s f ! union ( s\l & body4 ,?us ! movem5t ( heavy & light ?+s results f _! sub/antial =m3 = :i* reason !y are said to be mov$ by _! g5]ator1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,phys4 viii1 #d74 ,:]e=e ?is movem5t is call$ vital4 ,= :i* reason ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxii7 says t1 j z ! movem5t ( g5]ation & nutrition does n obey reason1 s nei!r does ! pulse :i* is a vital movem5t4 ,by ! pulse he means ! movem5t ( ! he>t :i* is indicat$ by ! pulse ve9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ag1 #bj7 x is 9 puni%m5t ( s9 t ! movem5t ( ^! memb]s does n obey reason3 9 ?is s5se1 t ! s\l is puni%$ = its rebellion aga9/ ,god1 by ! insubmission ( t memb] :]eby orig9al s9 is transmitt$ to po/]ity4 ,b because1 z we %all /ate lat] on1 ! effect ( ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t 0 t 8 nature 0 left to itself1 ?r\gh ! )drawal ( ! sup]natural gift :i* ,god _h be/[$ on man1 we mu/ consid] ! natural cause ( ?is p>ticul> memb]'s insubmission to reason4 ,?is is /at$ by ,ari/otle 7,de ,causis ,mot4 ,animal47 :o says t ! movem5ts ( ! he>t & ( ! organs ( g5]ation are involunt>y1 & t ! reason ( ?is is z foll[s4 ,^! memb]s are /irr$ at ! occasion ( "s appreh5sion2 9 s f> z ! intellect & imag9ation repres5t su* ?+s z ar\se ! passions ( ! s\l1 ( :i* passions ^! movem5ts are a consequ5ce4 ,b !y are n mov$ at ! comm& ( ! reason or intellect1 because ^! movem5ts are condition$ by a c]ta9 natural *ange ( heat & cold1 :i* *ange is n subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,?is is ! case ) ^! two organs 9 p>ticul>1 because ea* is z x 7 a sep>ate animal be+1 9 s f> z x is a pr9ciple ( life2 & ! pr9ciple is virtually ! :ole4 ,= ! he>t is ! pr9ciple ( ! s5ses2 & f ! organ ( g5]ation proce$s ! sem9al virtue1 :i* is virtually ! entire animal4 ,consequ5tly !y h _! prop] movem5ts naturally3 because pr9ciples mu/ ne$s be natural1 z /at$ above 7,reply ,obj4 #b74 ,,"q #ah ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,& ,,evil ,,( ,,human ,,acts1 ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,elev5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! good & evil ( human acts4 ,fir/1 h[ a human act is good or evil2 secondly1 :at results f ! good or evil ( a human act1 z m]it or dem]it1 s9 & guilt4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re w be a ?reefold consid]ation3 ! fir/ w be ( ! good & evil ( human acts1 9 g5]al2 ! second1 ( ! good & evil ( int]nal acts2 ! ?ird1 ( ! good & evil ( ext]nal acts4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are elev5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r e human action is good1 or are !re evil actions8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! good or evil ( a human action is d]iv$ f its object8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is d]iv$ f a circum/ance8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is d]iv$ f ! end8 7#e7 ,:e!r a human action is good or evil 9 its species8 7#f7 ,:e!r an action has ! species ( good or evil f its end8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! species d]iv$ f ! end is conta9$ "u ! species d]iv$ f ! object1 z "u its g5us1 or conv]sely8 7#h7 ,:e!r any action is indiff]5t 9 its species8 7#i7 ,:e!r an individual action c be indiff]5t8 7#aj7 ,:e!r a circum/ance places a moral action 9 ! species ( good or evil8 7#aa7 ,:e!r e circum/ance t makes an action bett] or worse1 places ! moral action 9 ! species ( good or evil8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,e ,human ,action ,is ,good1 or ,are ,!re ,evil ,actions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e human action is good1 & t none is evil4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil acts n1 save 9 virtue ( ! good4 ,b no evil is done 9 virtue ( ! good4 ,!re=e no action is evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ acts except 9 s f> z x is 9 act4 ,n[ a ?+ is evil1 n accord+ z x is 9 act1 b accord+ z its pot5tiality is void ( act2 :]eas 9 s f> z its pot5tiality is p]fect$ by act1 x is good1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ix1 #i4 ,!re=e no?+ acts 9 s f> z x is evil1 b only accord+ z x is good4 ,!re=e e action is good1 & none is evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 evil _c be a cause1 save accid5tally1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b e action has "s effect :i* is prop] to x4 ,!re=e no action is evil1 b e action is good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,john #c3bj73 ,e "o t do? evil1 hate? ! light4 ,!re=e "s actions ( man are evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ speak ( good & evil 9 actions z ( good & evil 9 ?+s3 because su* z ev]y?+ is1 su* is ! act t x produces4 ,n[ 9 ?+s1 ea* "o has s mu* good z x has be+3 s9ce good & be+ are conv]tible1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #e1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,b ,god alone has ! :ole pl5itude ( ,8 ,be+ 9 a c]ta9 unity3 :]eas e o!r ?+ has its prop] fulness ( be+ 9 a c]ta9 multiplicity4 ,:]e=e x happ5s ) "s ?+s1 t !y h be+ 9 "s respect1 & yet !y are lack+ 9 ! fulness ( be+ due to !m4 ,?us ! fulness ( human be+ requires a comp\nd ( s\l & body1 hav+ all ! p[]s & in/rum5ts ( k & movem5t3 :]e=e if any man be lack+ 9 any ( ^!1 he is lack+ 9 some?+ due to ! fulness ( 8 be+4 ,s t z mu* z he has ( be+1 s mu* has he ( goodness3 :ile s f> z he is lack+ 9 goodness1 & is said to be evil3 ?us a bl9d man is possess$ ( goodness inasmu* z he lives2 & ( evil1 inasmu* z he lacks sight4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* has no?+ ( be+ or goodness1 c\ld n be said to be ei!r evil or good4 ,b s9ce ?is same fulness ( be+ is ( ! v ess5ce ( good1 if a ?+ be lack+ 9 its due fulness ( be+1 x is n said to be good simply1 b 9 a c]ta9 respect1 inasmu* z x is a be+2 al?\gh x c be call$ a be+ simply1 & a non-be+ 9 a c]ta9 respect1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,we mu/ !re=e say t e action has goodness1 9 s f> z x has be+2 :]eas x is lack+ 9 goodness1 9 s f> z x is lack+ 9 some?+ t is due to its fulness ( be+2 & ?us x is said to be evil3 = in/ance if x lacks ! quantity det]m9$ by reason1 or its due place1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,evil acts 9 virtue ( defici5t goodness4 ,= if !re 7 no?+ ( good !re1 !re w\ld be nei!r be+ nor possibility ( action4 ,on ! o!r h& if good 7 n defici5t1 !re w\ld be no evil4 ,consequ5tly ! action done is a defici5t good1 :i* is good 9 a c]ta9 respect1 b simply evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ h9d]s a ?+ f be+ 9 act 9 a c]ta9 respect1 s t x c act2 & 9 a c]ta9 respect defici5t 9 act1 s z to cause a defici5t act4 ,?us a bl9d man has 9 act ! p[] ( walk+1 :]eby he is able to walk2 b inasmu* z he is depriv$ ( sight he suff]s a defect 9 walk+ by /umbl+ :5 he walks4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an evil action c h a prop] effect1 accord+ to ! goodness & be+ t x has4 ,?us adult]y is ! cause ( human g5]ation1 inasmu* z x implies union ( male & female1 b n inasmu* z x lacks ! ord] ( reason4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,good or ,evil ( a ,man's ,action ,is ,d]iv$ f ,its ,object8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! good or evil ( an action is n d]iv$ f its object4 ,= ! object ( any action is a ?+4 ,b evil is n 9 ?+s1 b 9 ! s9n]'s use ( !m1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #ab74 ,!re=e ! good or evil ( a human action is n d]iv$ f _! object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object is comp>$ to ! action z its matt]4 ,b ! goodness ( a ?+ is n f its matt]1 b r f ! =m1 :i* is an act4 ,!re=e good & evil 9 actions is n d]iv$ f _! object4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( an active p[] is comp>$ to ! action z effect to cause4 ,b ! goodness ( a cause does n dep5d on its effect2 r is x ! rev]se4 ,!re=e good or evil 9 actions is n d]iv$ f _! object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,osee #i3aj73 ,!y became abom9able z ^? ?+s :i* !y lov$4 ,n[ man becomes abom9able to ,god on acc\nt ( ! malice ( 8 action4 ,!re=e ! malice ( 8 action is accord+ to ! evil objects t man loves4 ,& ! same applies to ! goodness ( 8 action4 ,i answ] t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 ! good or evil ( an action1 z ( o!r ?+s1 dep5ds on its fulness ( be+ or its lack ( t fulness4 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ t belongs to ! fulness ( be+ seems to be t :i* gives a ?+ its species4 ,& j z a natural ?+ has its species f its =m1 s an action has its species f its object1 z movem5t f its t]m4 ,& !re=e j z ! prim>y goodness ( a natural ?+ is d]iv$ f its =m1 :i* gives x its species1 s ! prim>y goodness ( a moral action is d]iv$ f its suitable object3 h5ce "s call su* an action good 9 its g5us2 = in/ance1 to make use ( :at is "o's own4 ,& j z1 9 natural ?+s1 ! prim>y evil is :5 a g5]at$ ?+ does n realize its specific =m 7= in/ance1 if in/ead ( a man1 some?+ else be g5]at$72 s ! prim>y evil 9 moral actions is t :i* is f ! object1 = in/ance1 to take :at belongs to ano!r4 ,& ?is action is said to be evil 9 its g5us1 g5us "h /&+ = species1 j z we apply ! t]m mank9d to ! :ole human species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ext]nal ?+s are good 9 !mselves1 nev]!less !y h n always a due proportion to ?is or t action4 ,& s1 inasmu* z !y are consid]$ z objects ( su* actions1 !y h n ! quality ( goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! object is n ! matt] ( :i* 7a ?+ is made71 b ! matt] ab\t :i* 7some?+ is done72 & /&s 9 relation to ! act z its =m1 z x 71 ?r\gh giv+ x its species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( ! human action is n always ! object ( an active p[]4 ,= ! appetitive p[] is1 9 a way1 passive2 9 s f> z x is mov$ by ! appetible object2 & yet x is a pr9ciple ( human actions4 ,nor aga9 h ! objects ( ! active p[]s always ! nature ( an effect1 b only :5 !y are already trans=m$3 ?us food :5 trans=m$ is ! effect ( ! nutritive p[]2 :]eas food be=e be+ trans=m$ /&s 9 relation to ! nutritive p[] z ! matt] ab\t :i* x ex]cises its op]ation4 ,n[ s9ce ! object is 9 "s way ! effect ( ! active p[]1 x foll[s t x is ! t]m ( its action1 & consequ5tly t x gives x its =m & species1 s9ce movem5t d]ives its species f its t]m4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! goodness ( an action is n caus$ by ! goodness ( its effect1 yet an action is said to be good f ! fact t x c produce a good effect4 ,consequ5tly ! v proportion ( an action to its effect is ! measure ( its goodness4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,man's ,action ,is ,good or ,evil f a ,circum/ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an action is n good or evil f a circum/ance4 ,= circum/ances /& ar\nd 7circum/ant7 an action1 z be+ outside x1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a74 ,b good & evil are 9 ?+s !mselves1 z is /at$ 9 ,metaph4 vi1 #d4 ,!re=e an action does n d]ive goodness or malice f a circum/ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! goodness or malice ( an action is consid]$ pr9cipally 9 ! doctr9e ( morals4 ,b s9ce circum/ances are accid5ts ( actions1 x seems t !y are outside ! scope ( art3 because no art takes notice ( :at is accid5tal 7,metaph4 vi1 #b74 ,!re=e ! goodness or malice ( an action is n tak5 f a circum/ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* belongs to a ?+1 9 respect ( its sub/ance1 is n ascrib$ to x 9 respect ( an accid5t4 ,b good & evil belong to an action 9 respect ( its sub/ance2 because an action c be good or evil 9 its g5us z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e an action is n good or bad f a circum/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c7 t a virtu\s man acts z he %\ld1 & :5 he %\ld1 & s on 9 respect ( ! o!r circum/ances4 ,!re=e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! vici\s man1 9 ! matt] ( ea* vice1 acts :5 he %\ld n1 or :]e he %\ld n1 & s on ) ! o!r circum/ances4 ,!re=e human actions are good or evil accord+ to circum/ances4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 natural ?+s1 x is to be not$ t ! :ole fulness ( p]fection due to a ?+1 is n f ! m]e sub/antial =m1 t gives x its species2 s9ce a ?+ d]ives mu* f sup]v5+ accid5ts1 z man does f %ape1 color1 & ! l2 & if any "o ( ^! accid5ts be out ( due proportion1 evil is ! result4 ,s x is ) action4 ,= ! pl5itude ( its goodness does n consi/ :olly 9 its species1 b also 9 c]ta9 additions :i* accrue to x by reason ( c]ta9 accid5ts3 & su* are its due circum/ances4 ,:]e=e if some?+ be want+ t is requisite z a due circum/ance ! action w be evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,circum/ances are outside an action1 inasmu* z !y are n "p ( its ess5ce2 b !y are 9 an action z accid5ts !re(4 ,?us1 too1 accid5ts 9 natural sub/ances are outside ! ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e accid5t is n accid5tally 9 its subject2 = "s are prop] accid5ts2 & ( ^! e art takes notice4 ,& ?us x is t ! circum/ances ( actions are consid]$ 9 ! doctr9e ( morals4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce good & be+ are conv]tible2 accord+ z be+ is pr$icat$ ( sub/ance & ( accid5t1 s is good pr$icat$ ( a ?+ bo? 9 respect ( its ess5tial be+1 & 9 respect ( its accid5tal be+2 & ?is1 bo? 9 natural ?+s & 9 moral actions4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,human ,action ,is ,good or ,evil f ,its ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! good & evil 9 human actions are n f ! end4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t no?+ acts ) a view to evil4 ,if !re=e an action 7 good or evil f its end1 no action w\ld be evil4 ,:i* is cle>ly false4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! goodness ( an action is some?+ 9 ! action4 ,b ! end is an extr9sic cause4 ,!re=e an action is n said to be good or bad accord+ to its end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a good action may happ5 to be orda9$ to an evil end1 z :5 a man gives an alms f va+lory2 & conv]sely1 an evil action may happ5 to be orda9$ to a good end1 z a !ft committ$ 9 ord] to give some?+ to ! poor4 ,!re=e an action is n good or evil f its end4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,diff]4 ,topic4 ii7 t if ! end is good1 ! ?+ is good1 & if ! end be evil1 ! ?+ also is evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,! disposition ( ?+s z to goodness is ! same z _! disposition z to be+4 ,n[ 9 "s ?+s ! be+ does n dep5d on ano!r1 & 9 ^! x suffices to consid] _! be+ absolutely4 ,b !re are ?+s ! be+ ( :i* dep5ds on some?+ else1 & h5ce 9 _! reg>d we mu/ consid] _! be+ 9 its relation to ! cause on :i* x dep5ds4 ,n[ j z ! be+ ( a ?+ dep5ds on ! ag5t1 & ! =m1 s ! goodness ( a ?+ dep5ds on its end4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 ,^: goodness does n dep5d on ano!r1 ! measure ( goodness is n tak5 f ! end4 ,:]eas human actions1 & o!r ?+s1 ! goodness ( :i* dep5ds on some?+ else1 h a measure ( goodness f ! end on :i* !y dep5d1 besides t goodness :i* is 9 !m absolutely4 ,accord+ly a f\rfold goodness may be consid]$ 9 a human action4 ,fir/1 t :i*1 z an action1 x d]ives f its g5us2 because z mu* z x has ( action & be+ s mu* has x ( goodness1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,secondly1 x has goodness accord+ to its species2 :i* is d]iv$ f its suitable object4 ,?irdly1 x has goodness f its circum/ances1 9 respect1 z x 71 ( its accid5ts4 ,f\r?ly1 x has goodness f its end1 to :i* x is comp>$ z to ! cause ( its goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! good 9 view ( :i* "o acts is n always a true good2 b sometimes x is a true good1 sometimes an app>5t good4 ,& 9 ! latt] ev5t1 an evil action results f ! end 9 view4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! end is an extr9sic cause1 nev]!less due proportion to ! end1 & relation to ! end1 are inh]5t to ! action4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ h9d]s an action t is good 9 "o ( ! ways m5tion$ above1 f lack+ goodness 9 ano!r way4 ,& ?us x may happ5 t an action :i* is good 9 its species or 9 its circum/ances is orda9$ to an evil end1 or vice v]sa4 ,h[ev]1 an action is n good simply1 unless x is good 9 all ^? ways3 s9ce evil results f any s+le defect1 b good f ! complete cause1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,human ,action ,is ,good or ,evil 9 ,its ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t good & evil 9 moral actions d n make a diff]5ce ( species4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( good & evil 9 actions is 9 con=mity ) _! exi/5ce 9 ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b good & evil d n make a specific diff]5ce 9 ?+s2 = a good man is specifically ! same z a bad man4 ,!re=e nei!r d !y make a specific diff]5ce 9 actions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce evil is a privation1 x is a non-be+4 ,b non-be+ _c be a diff]5ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 iii1 #c74 ,s9ce !re=e ! diff]5ce con/itutes ! species1 x seems t an action is n con/itut$ 9 a species ?r\gh be+ evil4 ,consequ5tly good & evil d n div]sify ! species ( human actions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 acts t diff] 9 species produce diff]5t effects4 ,b ! same specific effect results f a good & f an evil action3 ?us a man is born ( adult]\s or ( lawful w$lock4 ,!re=e good & evil actions d n diff] 9 species4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 actions are sometimes said to be good or bad f a circum/ance1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b s9ce a circum/ance is an accid5t1 x does n give an action its species4 ,!re=e human actions d n diff] 9 species on acc\nt ( _! goodness or malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic ii4 #a7 l habits produce l actions4 ,b a good & a bad habit diff] 9 species1 z lib]ality & prodigality4 ,!re=e also good & bad actions diff] 9 species4 ,i answ] t1 ,e action d]ives its species f its object1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,h5ce x foll[s t a diff]5ce ( object causes a diff]5ce ( species 9 actions4 ,n[1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t a diff]5ce ( objects causes a diff]5ce ( species 9 actions1 accord+ z ! latt] are ref]r$ to "o active pr9ciple1 :i* does n cause a diff]5ce 9 actions1 accord+ z !y are ref]r$ to ano!r active pr9ciple4 ,because no?+ accid5tal con/itutes a species1 b only t :i* is ess5tial2 & a diff]5ce ( object may be ess5tial 9 ref]5ce to "o active pr9ciple1 & accid5tal 9 ref]5ce to ano!r4 ,?us to "k color & to "k s\nd1 diff] ess5tially 9 ref]5ce to s5se1 b n 9 ref]5ce to ! intellect4 ,n[ 9 human actions1 good & evil are pr$icat$ 9 ref]5ce to ! reason2 because z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 ! good ( man is to be 9 accordance ) reason1 & evil is to be aga9/ reason4 ,= t is good = a ?+ :i* suits x 9 reg>d to its =m2 & evil1 t :i* is aga9/ ! ord] ( its =m4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! diff]5ce ( good & evil consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! object is an ess5tial diff]5ce 9 relation to reason2 t is to say1 accord+ z ! object is suitable or unsuitable to reason4 ,n[ c]ta9 actions are call$ human or moral1 inasmu* z !y proce$ f ! reason4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t good & evil div]sify ! species 9 human actions2 s9ce ess5tial diff]5ces cause a diff]5ce ( species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 9 natural ?+s1 good & evil1 inasmu* z some?+ is accord+ to nature1 & some?+ aga9/ nature1 div]sify ! natural species2 = a dead body & a liv+ body are n ( ! same species4 ,9 l mann]1 good1 inasmu* z x is 9 accord ) reason1 & evil1 inasmu* z x is aga9/ reason1 inasmu* z x is aga9/ reason1 div]sify ! moral species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,evil implies privation1 n absolute1 b affect+ "s pot5tiality4 ,= an action is said to be evil 9 its species1 n because x has no object at all2 b because x has an object 9 disaccord ) reason1 = in/ance1 to appropriate ano!r's prop]ty4 ,:]e=e 9 s f> z ! object is some?+ positive1 x c con/itute ! species ( an evil act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! conjugal act & adult]y1 z comp>$ to reason1 diff] specifically & h effects specifically diff]5t2 because ! o!r des]ves praise & rew>d1 ! o!r1 blame & puni%m5t4 ,b z comp>$ to ! g5]ative p[]1 !y d n diff] 9 species2 & ?us !y h "o specific effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a circum/ance is sometimes tak5 z ! ess5tial diff]5ce ( ! object1 z comp>$ to reason2 & !n x c specify a moral act4 ,& x mu/ ne$s be s :5ev] a circum/ance trans=ms an action f good to evil2 = a circum/ance w\ld n make an action evil1 except ?r\gh be+ repugnant to reason4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r an ,action ,has ! ,species ( ,good or ,evil f ,its ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! good & evil :i* are f ! end d n div]sify ! species ( actions4 ,= actions d]ive _! species f ! object4 ,b ! end is altoge!r ap>t f ! object4 ,!re=e ! good & evil :i* are f ! end d n div]sify ! species ( an action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is accid5tal does n con/itute ! species1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,b x is accid5tal to an action to be orda9$ to "s p>ticul> end2 = in/ance1 to give alms f va+lory4 ,!re=e actions are n div]sifi$ z to species1 accord+ to ! good & evil :i* are f ! end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 acts t diff] 9 species1 c be orda9$ to ! same end3 ?us to ! end ( va+lory1 actions ( v>i\s virtues & vices c be orda9$4 ,!re=e ! good & evil :i* are tak5 f ! end1 d n div]sify ! species ( action4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c7 t human actions d]ive _! species f ! end4 ,!re=e good & evil 9 respect ( ! end div]sify ! species ( actions4 ,i answ] t1 ,c]ta9 actions are call$ human1 inasmu* z !y are volunt>y1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[1 9 a volunt>y action1 !re is a tw(old action1 viz4 ! int]ior action ( ! w1 & ! ext]nal action3 & ea* ( ^! actions has its object4 ,! end is prop]ly ! object ( ! int]ior act ( ! w3 :ile ! object ( ! ext]nal action1 is t on :i* ! action is br\ght to be>4 ,!re=e j z ! ext]nal action takes its species f ! object on :i* x be>s2 s ! int]ior act ( ! w takes its species f ! end1 z f its own prop] object4 ,n[ t :i* is on ! "p ( ! w is =mal 9 reg>d to t :i* is on ! "p ( ! ext]nal action3 because ! w uses ! limbs to act z in/rum5ts2 nor h ext]nal actions any measure ( morality1 save 9 s f> z !y are volunt>y4 ,consequ5tly ! species ( a human act is consid]$ =mally ) reg>d to ! end1 b mat]ially ) reg>d to ! object ( ! ext]nal action4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #b7 t he :o /eals t he may commit adult]y1 is /rictly speak+1 m adult]] ?an ?ief4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! end also has ! "* ( an object1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh x is accid5tal to ! ext]nal action to be orda9$ to "s p>ticul> end1 x is n accid5tal to ! int]ior act ( ! w1 :i* act is comp>$ to ! ext]nal act1 z =m to matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 _m actions1 diff]+ 9 species1 are orda9$ to ! same end1 !re is inde$ a div]sity ( species on ! "p ( ! ext]nal actions2 b unity ( species on ! "p ( ! int]nal action4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,species ,d]iv$ f ! ,end ,is ,conta9$ ,"u ! ,species ,d]iv$ f ! ,object1 ,z ,"u ,its ,g5us1 or ,conv]sely8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! species ( goodness d]iv$ f ! end is conta9$ "u ! species ( goodness d]iv$ f ! object1 z a species is conta9$ "u its g5us2 = in/ance1 :5 a man commits a !ft 9 ord] to give alms4 ,= an action takes its species f its object1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #f74 ,b x is impossible = a ?+ to be conta9$ "u ano!r species1 if ?is species be n conta9$ "u ! prop] species ( t ?+2 because ! same ?+ _c be conta9$ 9 diff]5t species t are n subord9ate to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e ! species :i* is tak5 f ! end1 is conta9$ "u ! species :i* is tak5 f ! object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! la/ diff]5ce always con/itutes ! mo/ specific species4 ,b ! diff]5ce d]iv$ f ! end seems to come aft] ! diff]5ce d]iv$ f ! object3 because ! end is some?+ la/4 ,!re=e ! species d]iv$ f ! end1 is conta9$ "u ! species d]iv$ f ! object1 z its mo/ specific species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m =mal a diff]5ce is1 ! m specific x is3 because diff]5ce is comp>$ to g5us1 z =m to matt]4 ,b ! species d]iv$ f ! end1 is m =mal ?an t :i* is d]iv$ f ! object1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ! species d]iv$ f ! end is conta9$ "u ! species d]iv$ f ! object1 z ! mo/ specific species is conta9$ "u ! subalt]n g5us4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ea* g5us has its det]m9ate diff]5ces4 ,b an action ( "o same species on ! "p ( its object1 c be orda9$ to an inf9ite numb] ( ends3 = in/ance1 !ft c be orda9$ to an inf9ite numb] ( good & bad ends4 ,!re=e ! species d]iv$ f ! end is n conta9$ "u ! species d]iv$ f ! object1 z "u its g5us4 ,i answ] t1 ,! object ( ! ext]nal act c /& 9 a tw(old relation to ! end ( ! w3 fir/1 z be+ ( itself orda9$ !reto2 ?us to fight well is ( itself orda9$ to victory2 secondly1 z be+ orda9$ !reto accid5tally2 ?us to take :at belongs to ano!r is orda9$ accid5tally to ! giv+ ( alms4 ,n[ ! diff]5ces t divide a g5us1 & con/itute ! species ( t g5us1 mu/1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vii1 #ab71 divide t g5us ess5tially3 & if !y divide x accid5tally1 ! division is incorrect3 z1 if "o 7 to say3 ,animals are divid$ into rational & irrational2 & ! irrational into animals ) w+s1 & animals )\t w+s2 = w+$ & w+less are n ess5tial det]m9ations ( ! irrational be+4 ,b ! foll[+ division w\ld be correct3 ,"s animals h feet1 "s h no feet3 & ( ^? t h feet1 "s h two feet1 "s f\r1 "s _m3 because ! latt] division is an ess5tial det]m9ation ( ! =m]4 ,accord+ly :5 ! object is n ( itself orda9$ to ! end1 ! specific diff]5ce d]iv$ f ! object is n an ess5tial det]m9ation ( ! species d]iv$ f ! end1 nor is ! rev]se ! case4 ,:]e=e "o ( ^! species is n "u ! o!r2 b !n ! moral action is conta9$ "u two species t are disp>ate1 z x 74 ,consequ5tly we say t he t commits !ft = ! sake ( adult]y1 is guilty ( a tw(old malice 9 "o action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! object be ( itself orda9$ to ! end1 "o ( ^! diff]5ces is an ess5tial det]m9ation ( ! o!r4 ,:]e=e "o ( ^! species w be conta9$ "u ! o!r4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$ :i* ( ! two is conta9$ "u ! o!r4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ fir/ ( all obs]ve t ! m p>ticul> ! =m is f :i* a diff]5ce is tak51 ! m specific is ! diff]5ce4 ,secondly1 t ! m univ]sal an ag5t is1 ! m univ]sal a =m does x cause4 ,?irdly1 t ! m remote an end is1 ! m univ]sal ! ag5t to :i* x corresponds2 ?us victory1 :i* is ! la/ end ( ! army1 is ! end int5d$ by ! comm&] 9 *ief2 :ile ! "r ord]+ ( ?is or t regim5t is ! end int5d$ by "o ( ! l[] (fic]s4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! specific diff]5ce d]iv$ f ! end1 is m g5]al2 & t ! diff]5ce d]iv$ f an object :i* ( itself is orda9$ to t end1 is a specific diff]5ce 9 relation to ! =m]4 ,= ! w1 ! prop] object ( :i* is ! end1 is ! univ]sal mov] 9 respect ( all ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 ! prop] objects ( :i* are ! objects ( _! p>ticul> acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o & ! same ?+1 consid]$ 9 its sub/ance1 _c be 9 two species1 "o ( :i* is n subord9ate to ! o!r4 ,b 9 respect ( ^? ?+s :i* are sup]add$ to ! sub/ance1 "o ?+ c be conta9$ "u diff]5t species4 ,?us "o & ! same fruit1 z to its color1 is conta9$ "u "o species1 i4e4 a :ite ?+3 &1 z to its p]fume1 "u ! species ( sweet-smell+ ?+s4 ,9 l mann] an action :i*1 z to its sub/ance1 is 9 "o natural species1 consid]$ 9 respect to ! moral conditions t are add$ to x1 c belong to two species1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! end is la/ 9 execution2 b fir/ 9 ! int5tion ( ! reason1 9 reg>d to :i* moral actions receive _! species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,diff]5ce is comp>$ to g5us z =m to matt]1 inasmu* z x actualizes ! g5us4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g5us is consid]$ z m =mal ?an ! species1 inasmu* z x is some?+ m absolute & less contract$4 ,:]e=e also ! p>ts ( a def9ition are r$uc$ to ! g5us ( =mal cause1 z is /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #c4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ! g5us is ! =mal cause ( ! species2 & s mu* ! m =mal1 z x is m univ]sal4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,any ,action ,is ,indiff]5t 9 ,its ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no action is indiff]5t 9 its species4 ,= evil is ! privation ( good1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,en*iridion xi74 ,b privation & habit are imm$iate contr>ies1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,categor4 viii74 ,!re=e !re is n su* ?+ z an action t is indiff]5t 9 its species1 z ?\gh x 7 betwe5 good & evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 human actions d]ive _! species f _! end or object1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f2 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c74 ,b e end & e object is ei!r good or bad4 ,!re=e e human action is good or evil accord+ to its species4 ,none1 !re=e1 is indiff]5t 9 its species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 an action is said to be good1 :5 x has its due complem5t ( goodness2 & evil1 :5 x lacks t complem5t4 ,b e action mu/ ne$s ei!r h ! entire pl5itude ( its goodness1 or lack x 9 "s respect4 ,!re=e e action mu/ ne$s be ei!r good or bad 9 its species1 & none is indiff]5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ah7 t !re are c]ta9 de$s ( a middle k9d1 :i* c be done ) a good or evil m9d1 ( :i* x is ra% to =m a judgm5t4 ,!re=e "s actions are indiff]5t accord+ to _! species4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #e71 e action takes its species f its object2 :ile human action1 :i* is call$ moral1 takes its species f ! object1 9 relation to ! pr9ciple ( human actions1 :i* is ! reason4 ,:]e=e if ! object ( an action includes some?+ 9 accord ) ! ord] ( reason1 x w be a good action accord+ to its species2 = in/ance1 to give alms to a p]son 9 want4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x includes some?+ repugnant to ! ord] ( reason1 x w be an evil act accord+ to its species2 = in/ance1 to /eal1 :i* is to appropriate :at belongs to ano!r4 ,b x may happ5 t ! object ( an action does n include some?+ p]ta9+ to ! ord] ( reason2 = in/ance1 to pick up a /raw f ! gr\nd1 to walk 9 ! fields1 & ! l3 & su* actions are indiff]5t accord+ to _! species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,privation is tw(old4 ,"o is privation z a result 7privatum esse71 & ?is leaves no?+1 b takes all away3 ?us bl9dness takes away sight altoge!r2 d>kness1 light2 & dea?1 life4 ,betwe5 ?is privation & ! contr>y habit1 !re c be no m$ium 9 respect ( ! prop] subject4 ,! o!r is privation 9 process 7priv>i73 ?us sickness is privation ( heal?2 n t x takes heal? away altoge!r1 b t x is a k9d ( road to ! entire loss ( heal?1 occasion$ by dea?4 ,& s9ce ?is sort ( privation leaves some?+1 x is n always ! imm$iate contr>y ( ! opposite habit4 ,9 ?is way evil is a privation ( good1 z ,simplicius says 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,categories3 because x does n take away all good1 b leaves "s4 ,consequ5tly !re c be some?+ betwe5 good & evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e object or end has "s goodness or malice1 at lea/ natural to x3 b ?is does n imply moral goodness or malice1 :i* is consid]$ 9 relation to ! reason1 z /at$ above4 ,& x is ( ?is t we are "h treat+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n ev]y?+ belong+ to an action belongs also to its species4 ,:]e=e al?\gh an action's specific nature may n conta9 all t belongs to ! full complem5t ( its goodness1 x is n !re=e an action specifically bad2 nor is x specifically good4 ,?us a man 9 reg>d to 8 species is nei!r virtu\s nor wick$4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r an ,individual ,action ,c ,be ,indiff]5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an individual action c be indiff]5t4 ,= !re is no species t does n1 or _c1 conta9 an individual4 ,b an action c be indiff]5t 9 its species1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,!re=e an individual action c be indiff]5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 individual actions cause l habits1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #a4 ,b a habit c be indiff]5t3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t ^? :o are ( an ev5 temp] & prodigal disposition are n evil2 & yet x is evid5t t !y are n good1 s9ce !y dep>t f virtue2 & ?us !y are indiff]5t 9 respect ( a habit4 ,!re=e "s individual actions are indiff]5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 moral good belongs to virtue1 :ile moral evil belongs to vice4 ,b x happ5s sometimes t a man fails to orda9 a specifically indiff]5t action to a vici\s or virtu\s end4 ,!re=e an individual action may happ5 to be indiff]5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 9 a homily 7vi 9 ,evang473 ,an idle ^w is "o t lacks ei!r ! usefulness ( rectitude or ! motive ( j necessity or pi\s utility4 ,b an idle ^w is an evil1 because m5 4 4 4 %all r5d] an acc\nt ( x 9 ! day ( judgm5t 7,matt4 #ab3cf73 :ile if x does n lack ! motive ( j necessity or pi\s utility1 x is good4 ,!re=e e ^w is ei!r good or bad4 ,= ! same reason e o!r action is ei!r good or bad4 ,!re=e no individual action is indiff]5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,x sometimes happ5s t an action is indiff]5t 9 its species1 b consid]$ 9 ! individual x is good or evil4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is because a moral action1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 d]ives its goodness n only f its object1 :5ce x takes its species2 b also f ! circum/ances1 :i* are its accid5ts1 z x 72 j z some?+ belongs to a man by reason ( 8 individual accid5ts1 :i* does n belong to him by reason ( 8 species4 ,& e individual action mu/ ne$s h "s circum/ance t makes x good or bad1 at lea/ 9 respect ( ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,= s9ce x belongs to ! reason to direct2 if an action t proce$s f delib]ate reason be n direct$ to ! due end1 x is1 by t fact alone1 repugnant to reason1 & has ! "* ( evil4 ,b if x be direct$ to a due end1 x is 9 accord ) reason2 :]e=e x has ! "* ( good4 ,n[ x mu/ ne$s be ei!r direct$ or n direct$ to a due end4 ,consequ5tly e human action t proce$s f delib]ate reason1 if x be consid]$ 9 ! individual1 mu/ be good or bad4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x does n proce$ f delib]ate reason1 b f "s act ( ! imag9ation1 z :5 a man /rokes 8 be>d1 or moves 8 h& or foot2 su* an action1 prop]ly speak+1 is n moral or human2 s9ce ?is dep5ds on ! reason4 ,h5ce x w be indiff]5t1 z /&+ ap>t f ! g5us ( moral actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,= an action to be indiff]5t 9 its species c be und]/ood 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/ 9 su* a way t its species dem&s t x rema9 indiff]5t2 & ! objection proce$s along ?is l9e4 ,b no action c be specifically indiff]5t ?us3 s9ce no object ( human action is su* t x _c be direct$ to good or evil1 ei!r ?r\gh its end or ?r\gh a circum/ance4 ,secondly1 specific indiff]5ce ( an action may be due to ! fact t z f> z its species is conc]n$1 x is nei!r good nor bad4 ,:]e=e x c be made good or bad by some?+ else4 ,?us man1 z f> z 8 species is conc]n$1 is nei!r :ite nor black2 nor is x a condition ( 8 species t he %\ld n be black or :ite2 b blackness or :it5ess is sup]add$ to man by o!r pr9ciples ?an ^? ( 8 species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] /ates t a man is evil1 prop]ly speak+1 if he be hurtful to o!rs4 ,& accord+ly1 he says t ! prodigal is n evil1 because he hurts none save himself4 ,& ! same applies to all o!rs :o are n hurtful to o!r m54 ,b we say "h t evil1 9 g5]al1 is all t is repugnant to "r reason4 ,& 9 ?is s5se e individual action is ei!r good or bad1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5ev] an end is int5d$ by delib]ate reason1 x belongs ei!r to ! good ( "s virtue1 or to ! evil ( "s vice4 ,?us1 if a man's action is direct$ to ! support or repose ( 8 body1 x is also direct$ to ! good ( virtue1 provid$ he direct 8 body itself to ! good ( virtue4 ,! same cle>ly applies to o!r actions4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r a ,circum/ance ,places a ,moral ,action 9 ! ,species ( ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a circum/ance _c place a moral action 9 ! species ( good or evil4 ,= ! species ( an action is tak5 f its object4 ,b circum/ances diff] f ! object4 ,!re=e circum/ances d n give an action its species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 circum/ances are z accid5ts 9 relation to ! moral action1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a74 ,b an accid5t does n con/itute ! species4 ,!re=e a circum/ance does n con/itute a species ( good or evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o ?+ is n 9 sev]al species4 ,b "o action has sev]al circum/ances4 ,!re=e a circum/ance does n place a moral action 9 a species ( good or evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,place is a circum/ance4 ,b place makes a moral action to be 9 a c]ta9 species ( evil2 = !ft ( a ?+ f a holy place is a sacrilege4 ,!re=e a circum/ance makes a moral action to be specifically good or bad4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z ! species ( natural ?+s are con/itut$ by _! natural =ms1 s ! species ( moral actions are con/itut$ by =ms z conceiv$ by ! reason1 z is evid5t f :at 0 said above 7,a4 #e74 ,b s9ce nature is det]m9ate to "o ?+1 nor c a process ( nature g on to inf9ity1 !re mu/ ne$s be "s ultimate =m1 giv+ a specific diff]5ce1 aft] :i* no fur!r specific diff]5ce is possible4 ,h5ce x is t 9 natural ?+s1 t :i* is accid5tal to a ?+1 _c be tak5 z a diff]5ce con/itut+ ! species4 ,b ! process ( reason is n fix$ to "o p>ticul> t]m1 = at any po9t x c /ill proce$ fur!r4 ,& consequ5tly t :i*1 9 "o action1 is tak5 z a circum/ance add$ to ! object t specifies ! action1 c aga9 be tak5 by ! direct+ reason1 z ! pr9cipal condition ( ! object t det]m9es ! action's species4 ,?us to appropriate ano!r's prop]ty is specifi$ by reason ( ! prop]ty be+ ano!r's1 & 9 ?is respect x is plac$ 9 ! species ( !ft2 & if we consid] t action also 9 its be>+ on place or "t1 !n ?is w be an additional circum/ance4 ,b s9ce ! reason c direct z to place1 "t1 & ! l1 x may happ5 t ! condition z to place1 9 relation to ! object1 is consid]$ z be+ 9 disaccord ) reason3 = in/ance1 reason =bids damage to be done to a holy place4 ,consequ5tly to /eal f a holy place has an additional repugnance to ! ord] ( reason4 ,& ?us place1 :i* 0 fir/ ( all consid]$ z a circum/ance1 is consid]$ "h z ! pr9cipal condition ( ! object1 & z itself repugnant to reason4 ,& 9 ?is way1 :5ev] a circum/ance has a special relation to reason1 ei!r = or aga9/1 x mu/ ne$s specify ! moral action :e!r good or bad4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a circum/ance1 9 s f> z x specifies an action1 is consid]$ z a condition ( ! object1 z /at$ above1 & z be+1 z x 71 a specific diff]5ce !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a circum/ance1 s long z x is b a circum/ance1 does n specify an action1 s9ce ?us x is a m]e accid5t3 b :5 x becomes a pr9cipal condition ( ! object1 !n x does specify ! action4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is n e circum/ance t places ! moral action 9 ! species ( good or evil2 s9ce n e circum/ance implies accord or disaccord ) reason4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh "o action may h _m circum/ances1 x does n foll[ t x is 9 _m species4 ,nev]!less !re is no reason :y "o action %\ld n be 9 sev]al1 ev5 disp>ate1 moral species1 z said above 7,a4 #g1 ad #a2 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,,elev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,e ,circum/ance ,t ,makes an ,action ,bett] or ,worse1 ,places a ,moral ,action 9 a ,species ( ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e circum/ance relat+ to good or evil1 specifies an action4 ,= good & evil are specific diff]5ces ( moral actions4 ,!re=e t :i* causes a diff]5ce 9 ! goodness or malice ( a moral action1 causes a specific diff]5ce1 :i* is ! same z to make x diff] 9 species4 ,n[ t :i* makes an action bett] or worse1 makes x diff] 9 goodness & malice4 ,!re=e x causes x to diff] 9 species4 ,!re=e e circum/ance t makes an action bett] or worse1 con/itutes a species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an additional circum/ance ei!r has 9 itself ! "* ( goodness or malice1 or x has n4 ,if n1 x _c make ! action bett] or worse2 because :at is n good1 _c make a great] good2 & :at is n evil1 _c make a great] evil4 ,b if x has 9 itself ! "* ( good or evil1 = ?is v reason x has a c]ta9 species ( good or evil4 ,!re=e e circum/ance t makes an action bett] or worse1 con/itutes a new species ( good or evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 evil is caus$ by ea* s+le defect4 ,n[ e circum/ance t increases malice1 has a special defect4 ,!re=e e su* circum/ance adds a new species ( s94 ,& = ! same reason1 e circum/ance t increases goodness1 seems to add a new species ( goodness3 j z e unity add$ to a numb] makes a new species ( numb]2 s9ce ! good consi/s 9 numb]1 weight1 & measure 7,i1 ,q4 #e1 ,a4 #e74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,m & less d n *ange a species4 ,b m & less is a circum/ance ( additional goodness or malice4 ,!re=e n e circum/ance t makes a moral action bett] or worse1 places x 9 a species ( good or evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #aj71 a circum/ance gives ! species ( good or evil to a moral action1 9 s f> z x reg>ds a special ord] ( reason4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t a circum/ance does n reg>d a special ord] ( reason 9 respect ( good or evil1 except on ! supposition ( ano!r previ\s circum/ance1 f :i* ! moral action takes its species ( good or evil4 ,?us to take some?+ 9 a l>ge or small quantity1 does n reg>d ! ord] ( reason 9 respect ( good or evil1 except a c]ta9 o!r condition be presuppos$1 f :i* ! action takes its malice or goodness2 = in/ance1 if :at is tak5 belongs to ano!r1 :i* makes ! action to be discordant ) reason4 ,:]e=e to take :at belongs to ano!r 9 a l>ge or small quantity1 does n *ange ! species ( ! s94 ,nev]!less x c aggravate or dim9i% ! s94 ,! same applies to o!r evil or good actions4 ,consequ5tly n e circum/ance t makes a moral action bett] or worse1 *anges its species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ?+s :i* c be m or less int5se1 ! diff]5ce ( m or less does n *ange ! species3 ?us by diff]+ 9 :it5ess ?r\gh be+ m or less :ite a ?+ is n *ang$ 9 reg>d to its species ( color4 ,9 l mann] t :i* makes an action to be m or less good or evil1 does n make ! action diff] 9 species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a circum/ance t aggravates a s91 or adds to ! goodness ( an action1 sometimes has no goodness or malice 9 itself1 b 9 reg>d to "s o!r condition ( ! action1 z /at$ above4 ,consequ5tly x does n add a new species1 b adds to ! goodness or malice d]iv$ f ?is o!r condition ( ! action4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a circum/ance does n always involve a di/9ct defect ( its own2 sometimes x causes a defect 9 ref]5ce to some?+ else4 ,9 l mann] a circum/ance does n always add fur!r p]fection1 except 9 ref]5ce to some?+ else4 ,&1 = z mu* z x does1 al?\gh x may add to ! goodness or malice1 x does n always *ange ! species ( good or evil4 ,,"q #ai ,,( ,,! ,,goodness ,,& ,,malice ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,w 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! goodness ( ! int]ior act ( ! w2 "u :i* head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on ! object8 7#b7 ,:e!r x dep5ds on ! object alone8 7#c7 ,:e!r x dep5ds on reason8 7#d7 ,:e!r x dep5ds on ! et]nal law8 7#e7 ,:e!r err+ reason b9ds8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! w is evil if x foll[s ! err+ reason aga9/ ! law ( ,god8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! goodness ( ! w 9 reg>d to ! means1 dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! end8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! degree ( goodness or malice 9 ! w dep5ds on ! degree ( good or evil 9 ! int5tion8 7#i7 ,:e!r ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on its con=mity to ! ,div9e ,w8 7#aj7 ,:e!r x is necess>y = ! human w1 9 ord] to be good1 to be con=m$ to ! ,div9e ,w1 z reg>ds ! ?+ will$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,goodness ( ! ,w ,dep5ds on ! ,object8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on ! object4 ,= ! w _c be direct$ o!rwise ?an to :at is good3 s9ce evil is outside ! scope ( ! w1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,if !re=e ! goodness ( ! w dep5d$ on ! object1 x w\ld foll[ t e act ( ! w is good1 & none bad4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 good is fir/ ( all 9 ! end3 :]e=e ! goodness ( ! end1 z su*1 does n dep5d on any o!r4 ,b1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e71 goodness ( action is ! end1 b goodness ( mak+ is nev] ! end3 because ! latt] is always orda9$ to ! ?+ made1 z to its end4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! act ( ! w does n dep5d on any object4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 su* z a ?+ is1 su* does x make a ?+ to be4 ,b ! object ( ! w is good1 by reason ( ! goodness ( nature4 ,!re=e x _c give moral goodness to ! w4 ,!re=e ! moral goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on ! object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t ju/ice is t habit f :i* m5 wi% = j ?+s3 & accord+ly1 virtue is a habit f :i* m5 wi% = good ?+s4 ,b a good w is "o :i* is 9 accordance ) virtue4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w is f ! fact t a man wills t :i* is good4 ,i answ] t1 ,good & evil are ess5tial diff]5ces ( ! act ( ! w4 ,because good & evil ( !mselves reg>d ! w2 j z tru? & falsehood reg>d reason2 ! act ( :i* is divid$ ess5tially by ! diff]5ce ( tru? & falsehood1 = z mu* z an op9ion is said to be true or false4 ,consequ5tly good & evil w are acts diff]+ 9 species4 ,n[ ! specific diff]5ce 9 acts is accord+ to objects1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e good & evil 9 ! acts ( ! w is d]iv$ prop]ly f ! objects4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w is n always direct$ to :at is truly good1 b sometimes to ! app>5t good2 :i* has inde$ "s measure ( good1 b n ( a good t is simply suitable to be desir$4 ,h5ce x is t ! act ( ! w is n always good1 b sometimes evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh an action c1 9 a c]ta9 way1 be man's la/ end2 nev]!less su* action is n an act ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,good is pres5t$ to ! w z its object by ! reason3 & 9 s f> z x is 9 accord ) reason1 x ent]s ! moral ord]1 & causes moral goodness 9 ! act ( ! w3 because ! reason is ! pr9ciple ( human & moral acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on ! object alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on ! object alone4 ,= ! end has a clos] relation%ip to ! w ?an to any o!r p[]4 ,b ! acts ( ! o!r p[]s d]ive goodness n only f ! object b also f ! end1 z we h %[n above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ! act also ( ! w d]ives goodness n only f ! object b also f ! end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! goodness ( an action is d]iv$ n only f ! object b also f ! circum/ances1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #c74 ,b accord+ to ! div]sity ( circum/ances !re may be div]sity ( goodness & malice 9 ! act ( ! w3 = in/ance1 if a man w1 :5 he ought1 :]e he ought1 z mu* z he ought1 & h[ he ought1 or if he w z he ought n4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds n only on ! object1 b also on ! circum/ances4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ignorance ( circum/ances excuses malice ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h74 ,b x w\ld n be s1 unless ! goodness or malice ( ! w dep5d$ on ! circum/ances4 ,!re=e ! goodness & malice ( ! w dep5d on ! circum/ances1 & n only on ! object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,an action does n take its species f ! circum/ances z su*1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #aj1 ad #b74 ,b good & evil are specific diff]5ces ( ! act ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! goodness & malice ( ! w dep5d1 n on ! circum/ances1 b on ! object alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 e g5us1 ! m a ?+ is fir/1 ! m simple x is1 & ! few] ! pr9ciples ( :i* x consi/s3 ?us prim>y bodies are simple4 ,h5ce x is to be obs]v$ t ! fir/ ?+s 9 e g5us1 are1 9 "s way1 simple & consi/ ( "o pr9ciple4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ! goodness & malice ( human actions is tak5 f ! act ( ! w4 ,consequ5tly ! goodness & malice ( ! act ( ! w dep5d on "s "o ?+2 :ile ! goodness & malice ( o!r acts may dep5d on sev]al ?+s4 ,n[ t "o ?+ :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 ea* g5us1 is n some?+ accid5tal to t g5us1 b some?+ ess5tial !reto3 because :atev] is accid5tal is r$uc$ to some?+ ess5tial1 z to its pr9ciple4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w's act dep5ds on t "o ?+ alone1 :i* ( itself causes goodness 9 ! act2 & t "o ?+ is ! object1 & n ! circum/ances1 :i* are accid5ts1 z x 71 ( ! act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! end is ! object ( ! w1 b n ( ! o!r p[]s4 ,h5ce1 9 reg>d to ! act ( ! w1 ! goodness d]iv$ f ! object1 does n diff] f t :i* is d]iv$ f ! end1 z !y diff] 9 ! acts ( ! o!r p[]s2 except p]haps accid5tally1 9 s f> z "o end dep5ds on ano!r1 & "o act ( ! w on ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,giv5 t ! act ( ! w is fix$ on "s good1 no circum/ances c make t act bad4 ,consequ5tly :5 x is said t a man wills a good :5 he ought n1 or :]e he ought n1 ?is c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 s t ?is circum/ance is ref]r$ to ! ?+ will$4 ,& ?us ! act ( ! w is n fix$ on some?+ good3 s9ce to w to d some?+ :5 x ought n to be done1 is n to w some?+ good4 ,secondly1 s t ! circum/ance is ref]r$ to ! act ( will+4 ,& ?us1 x is impossible to w some?+ good :5 "o ought n to1 because "o ought always to w :at is good3 except1 p]haps1 accid5tally1 9 s f> z a man by will+ "s p>ticul> good1 is prev5t$ f will+ at ! same "t ano!r good :i* he ought to w at t "t4 ,& !n evil results1 n f 8 will+ t p>ticul> good1 b f 8 n will+ ! o!r4 ,! same applies to ! o!r circum/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ignorance ( circum/ances excuses malice ( ! w1 9 s f> z ! circum/ance affects ! ?+ will$3 t is to say1 9 s f> z a man ignores ! circum/ances ( ! act :i* he wills4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,goodness ( ! ,w ,dep5ds on ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on reason4 ,= :at comes fir/ does n dep5d on :at foll[s4 ,b ! good belongs to ! w be=e x belongs to reason1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b7 t ! goodness ( ! practical intellect is a tru? t is 9 con=mity ) "r desire4 ,b "r desire is a good w4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! practical reason dep5ds on ! goodness ( ! w1 r ?an conv]sely4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! mov] does n dep5d on t :i* is mov$1 b vice v]sa4 ,b ! w moves ! reason & ! o!r p[]s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 x73 ,x is an unruly w t p]si/s 9 its desires 9 opposition to reason4 ,b ! goodness ( ! w consi/s 9 n be+ unruly4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on its be+ subject to reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds prop]ly on ! object4 ,n[ ! w's object is propos$ to x by reason4 ,because ! good und]/ood is ! proportionate object ( ! w2 :ile s5sitive or imag9>y good is proportionate n to ! w b to ! s5sitive appetite3 s9ce ! w c t5d to ! univ]sal good1 :i* reason appreh5ds2 :]eas ! s5sitive appetite t5ds only to ! p>ticul> good1 appreh5d$ by ! s5sitive p[]4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on reason1 9 ! same way z x dep5ds on ! object4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! good consid]$ z su*1 i4e4 z appetible1 p]ta9s to ! w be=e p]ta9+ to ! reason4 ,b consid]$ z true x p]ta9s to ! reason1 be=e1 "u ! aspect ( goodness1 p]ta9+ to ! w3 because ! w _c desire a good t is n previ\sly appreh5d$ by reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] speaks "h ( ! practical intellect1 9 s f> z x c\nsels & reasons ab\t ! means3 = 9 ?is respect x is p]fect$ by prud5ce4 ,n[ 9 reg>d to ! means1 ! rectitude ( ! reason dep5ds on its con=mity ) ! desire ( a due end3 nev]!less ! v desire ( ! due end presupposes on ! "p ( reason a "r appreh5sion ( ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w moves ! reason 9 "o way3 ! reason moves ! w 9 ano!r1 viz4 on ! "p ( ! object1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,goodness ( ! ,w ,dep5ds on ! ,et]nal ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! goodness ( ! human w does n dep5d on ! et]nal law4 ,because to "o ?+ !re is "o rule & "o measure4 ,b ! rule ( ! human w1 on :i* its goodness dep5ds1 is "r reason4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a measure is homog5e\s ) ! ?+ measur$ 7,metaph4 x1 #a74 ,b ! et]nal law is n homog5e\s ) ! human w4 ,!re=e ! et]nal law _c be ! measure on :i* ! goodness ( ! human w dep5ds4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a measure %\ld be mo/ c]ta94 ,b ! et]nal law is unkn[n to u4 ,!re=e x _c be ! measure on :i* ! goodness ( our w dep5ds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg7 t s9 is a de$1 ^w or desire aga9/ ! et]nal law4 ,b malice ( ! w is ! root ( s94 ,!re=e1 s9ce malice is contr>y to goodness1 ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on ! et]nal law4 ,i answ] t1 ,:]ev] a numb] ( causes are subord9ate to "o ano!r1 ! effect dep5ds m on ! fir/ ?an on ! second cause3 s9ce ! second cause acts only 9 virtue ( ! fir/4 ,n[ x is f ! et]nal law1 :i* is ! ,div9e ,reason1 t human reason is ! rule ( ! human w1 f :i* ! human d]ives its goodness4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #d3f1 #g73 ,_m say3 ,:o %[e? u good ?+s8 ,! light ( ,?y c\nt5ance1 ,o ,"l1 is sign$ ^u u3 z ?\gh to say3 ,! light ( our reason is able to %[ u good ?+s1 & guide our w1 9 s f> z x is ! light 7i4e4 d]iv$ f7 ,?y c\nt5ance4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! goodness ( ! human w dep5ds on ! et]nal law mu* m ?an on human reason3 & :5 human reason fails we mu/ h rec\rse to ! ,et]nal ,reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to "o ?+ !re are n sev]al proximate measures2 b !re c be sev]al measures if "o is subord9ate to ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a proximate measure is homog5e\s ) ! ?+ measur$2 a remote measure is n4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! et]nal law is unkn[n to u accord+ z x is 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d3 nev]!less1 x becomes kn[n to u some:at1 ei!r by natural reason :i* is d]iv$ !refrom z its prop] image2 or by "s sort ( additional revelation4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,evil ,:5 ,x ,is at ,v>iance ) ,err+ ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n evil :5 x is at v>iance ) err+ reason4 ,because ! reason is ! rule ( ! human w1 9 s f> z x is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,b err+ reason is n d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,!re=e err+ reason is n ! rule ( ! human w4 ,!re=e ! w is n evil1 if x be at v>iance ) err+ reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e1 ! comm& ( a l[] au?ority does n b9d if x be contr>y to ! comm& ( a high] au?ority3 = in/ance1 if a prov9cial gov]nor comm& some?+ t is =bidd5 by ! emp]or4 ,b err+ reason sometimes proposes :at is aga9/ ! comm& ( a high] p[]1 namely1 ,god ,^: p[] is supreme4 ,!re=e ! decision ( an err+ reason does n b9d4 ,consequ5tly ! w is n evil if x be at v>iance ) err+ reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e evil w is r$ucible to "s species ( malice4 ,b ! w t is at v>iance ) err+ reason is n r$ucible to "s species ( malice4 ,= in/ance1 if a man's reason err 9 tell+ him to commit =nication1 8 w 9 n will+ to d s1 _c be r$uc$ to any species ( malice4 ,!re=e ! w is n evil :5 x is at v>iance ) err+ reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #ac71 consci5ce is no?+ else ?an ! application ( k to "s action4 ,n[ k is 9 ! reason4 ,!re=e :5 ! w is at v>iance ) err+ reason1 x is aga9/ consci5ce4 ,b e su* w is evil2 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #ad3bc73 ,all t is n ( fai?--i4e4 all t is aga9/ consci5ce--is s94 ,!re=e ! w is evil :5 x is at v>iance ) err+ reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce consci5ce is a k9d ( dictate ( ! reason1 = x is an application ( k to action1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #ac71 to inquire :e!r ! w is evil :5 x is at v>iance ) err+ reason1 is ! same z to inquire :e!r an err+ consci5ce b9ds4 ,on ?is matt]1 "s di/+ui%$ ?ree k9ds ( actions3 = "s are good g5]ically2 "s are indiff]5t2 "s are evil g5]ically4 ,& !y say t if reason or consci5ce tell u to d some?+ :i* is good g5]ically1 !re is no error3 & 9 l mann] if x tell u n to d some?+ :i* is evil g5]ically2 s9ce x is ! same reason t prescribes :at is good & =bids :at is evil4 ,on ! o!r h& if a man's reason or consci5ce tells him t he is b\nd by precept to d :at is evil 9 itself2 or t :at is good 9 itself1 is =bidd51 !n 8 reason or consci5ce errs4 ,9 l mann] if a man's reason or consci5ce tell him1 t :at is indiff]5t 9 itself1 = in/ance to raise a /raw f ! gr\nd1 is =bidd5 or comm&$1 8 reason or consci5ce errs4 ,!y say1 !re=e1 t reason or consci5ce :5 err+ 9 matt]s ( indiff]5ce1 ei!r by comm&+ or by =bidd+ !m1 b9ds3 s t ! w :i* is at v>iance ) t err+ reason is evil & s9ful4 ,b !y say t :5 reason or consci5ce errs 9 comm&+ :at is evil 9 itself1 or 9 =bidd+ :at is good 9 itself & necess>y = salvation1 x does n b9d2 :]e=e 9 su* cases ! w :i* is at v>iance ) err+ reason or consci5ce is n evil4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,= 9 matt]s ( indiff]5ce1 ! w t is at v>iance ) err+ reason or consci5ce1 is evil 9 "s way on acc\nt ( ! object1 on :i* ! goodness or malice ( ! w dep5ds2 n inde$ on acc\nt ( ! object accord+ z x is 9 its own nature2 b accord+ z x is accid5tally appreh5d$ by reason z some?+ evil to d or to avoid4 ,& s9ce ! object ( ! w is t :i* is propos$ by ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 f ! v fact t a ?+ is propos$ by ! reason z be+ evil1 ! w by t5d+ !reto becomes evil4 ,& ?is is ! case n only 9 indiff]5t matt]s1 b also 9 ^? t are good or evil 9 !mselves4 ,= n only indiff]5t matt]s c receive ! "* ( goodness or malice accid5tally2 b also t :i* is good1 c receive ! "* ( evil1 or t :i* is evil1 c receive ! "* ( goodness1 on acc\nt ( ! reason appreh5d+ x z su*4 ,= in/ance1 to refra9 f =nication is good3 yet ! w does n t5d to ?is good except 9 s f> z x is propos$ by ! reason4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! err+ reason propose x z an evil1 ! w t5ds to x z to some?+ evil4 ,consequ5tly ! w is evil1 because x wills evil1 n inde$ t :i* is evil 9 itself1 b t :i* is evil accid5tally1 ?r\gh be+ appreh5d$ z su* by ! reason4 ,9 l mann]1 to believe 9 ,*ri/ is good 9 itself1 & necess>y = salvation3 b ! w does n t5d !reto1 except inasmu* z x is propos$ by ! reason4 ,consequ5tly if x be propos$ by ! reason z some?+ evil1 ! w t5ds to x z to some?+ evil3 n z if x 7 evil 9 itself1 b because x is evil accid5tally1 ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( ! reason4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #i7 t prop]ly speak+ ! incont95t man is "o :o does n foll[ "r reason2 b accid5tally1 he is also "o :o does n foll[ false reason4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t1 absolutely speak+1 e w at v>iance ) reason1 :e!r "r or err+1 is always evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! judgm5t ( an err+ reason is n d]iv$ f ,god1 yet ! err+ reason puts =w>d its judgm5t z be+ true1 & consequ5tly z be+ d]iv$ f ,god1 f ,:om is all tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! say+ ( ,augu/9e holds good :5 x is kn[n t ! inf]ior au?ority prescribes some?+ contr>y to ! comm& ( ! high] au?ority4 ,b if a man 7 to believe ! comm& ( ! proconsul to be ! comm& ( ! emp]or1 9 scorn+ ! comm& ( ! proconsul he w\ld scorn ! comm& ( ! emp]or4 ,9 l mann] if a man 7 to "k t human reason 0 dictat+ some?+ contr>y to ,god's comm&m5t1 he w\ld n be b\nd to abide by reason3 b !n reason w\ld n be entirely errone\s4 ,b :5 err+ reason proposes some?+ z be+ comm&$ by ,god1 !n to scorn ! dictate ( reason is to scorn ! comm&m5t ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5ev] reason appreh5ds some?+ z evil1 x appreh5ds x "u "s species ( evil2 = in/ance1 z be+ some?+ contr>y to a div9e precept1 or z giv+ sc&al1 or = "s su* l reason4 ,& !n t evil is r$uc$ to t species ( malice4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,good ,:5 ,x ,abides by ,err+ ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is good :5 x abides by err+ reason4 ,= j z ! w1 :5 at v>iance ) ! reason1 t5ds to t :i* reason judges to be evil2 s1 :5 9 accord ) reason1 x t5ds to :at reason judges to be good4 ,b ! w is evil :5 x is at v>iance ) reason1 ev5 :5 err+4 ,!re=e ev5 :5 x abides by err+ reason1 ! w is good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! w is always good1 :5 x abides by ! comm&m5t ( ,god & ! et]nal law4 ,b ! et]nal law & ,god's comm&m5t are propos$ to u by ! appreh5sion ( ! reason1 ev5 :5 x errs4 ,!re=e ! w is good1 ev5 :5 x abides by err+ reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! w is evil :5 x is at v>iance ) err+ reason4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! w is evil also :5 x abides by err+ reason1 x seems t ! w is always evil :5 9 conjunction ) err+ reason3 s t 9 su* a case a man w\ld be 9 a dilemma1 &1 ( necessity1 w\ld s93 :i* is unreasonable4 ,!re=e ! w is good :5 x abides by err+ reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! w ( ^? :o slew ! apo/les 0 evil4 ,& yet x 0 9 accord ) ! err+ reason1 accord+ to ,john #af3b3 ,! h\r come?1 t :osoev] kille? y1 w ?9k t he do? a s]vice to ,god4 ,!re=e ! w c be evil1 :5 x abides by err+ reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,:]eas ! previ\s "q is ! same z inquir+ :e!r an err+ consci5ce b9ds2 s ?is "q is ! same z inquir+ :e!r an err+ consci5ce excuses4 ,n[ ?is "q dep5ds on :at has be5 said above ab\t ignorance4 ,= x 0 said 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h7 t ignorance sometimes causes an act to be involunt>y1 & sometimes n4 ,& s9ce moral good & evil consi/ 9 action 9 s f> z x is volunt>y1 z 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #b72 x is evid5t t :5 ignorance causes an act to be involunt>y1 x takes away ! "* ( moral good & evil2 b n1 :5 x does n cause ! act to be involunt>y4 ,aga91 x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h7 t :5 ignorance is 9 any way will$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 x does n cause ! act to be involunt>y4 ,& ,i call t ignorance directly volunt>y1 to :i* ! act ( ! w t5ds3 & t1 indirectly volunt>y1 :i* is due to neglig5ce1 by reason ( a man n wi%+ to "k :at he ought to "k1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h74 ,if !n reason or consci5ce err ) an error t is volunt>y1 ei!r directly1 or ?r\gh neglig5ce1 s t "o errs ab\t :at "o ought to "k2 !n su* an error ( reason or consci5ce does n excuse ! w1 t abides by t err+ reason or consci5ce1 f be+ evil4 ,b if ! error arise f ignorance ( "s circum/ance1 & )\t any neglig5ce1 s t x cause ! act to be involunt>y1 !n t error ( reason or consci5ce excuses ! w1 t abides by t err+ reason1 f be+ evil4 ,= in/ance1 if err+ reason tell a man t he %\ld g to ano!r man's wife1 ! w t abides by t err+ reason is evil2 s9ce ?is error arises f ignorance ( ! ,div9e ,law1 :i* he is b\nd to "k4 ,b if a man's reason1 errs 9 mi/ak+ ano!r = 8 wife1 & if he wi% to give h] h] "r :5 %e asks = x1 8 w is excus$ f be+ evil3 because ?is error arises f ignorance ( a circum/ance1 :i* ignorance excuses1 & causes ! act to be involunt>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 good results f ! entire cause1 evil f ea* p>ticul> defect4 ,consequ5tly 9 ord] t ! ?+ to :i* ! w t5ds be call$ evil1 x suffices1 ei!r t x be evil 9 itself1 or t x be appreh5d$ z evil4 ,b 9 ord] = x to be good1 x mu/ be good 9 bo? ways4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! et]nal law _c err1 b human reason c4 ,consequ5tly ! w t abides by human reason1 is n always "r1 nor is x always 9 accord ) ! et]nal law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z 9 syllogi/ic argum5ts1 grant$ "o absurdity1 o!rs mu/ ne$s foll[2 s 9 moral matt]s1 giv5 "o absurdity1 o!rs mu/ foll[ too4 ,?us suppose a man to seek va+lory1 he w s91 :e!r he does 8 duty = va+lory or :e!r he omit to d x4 ,nor is he 9 a dilemma ab\t ! matt]3 because he c put aside 8 evil int5tion4 ,9 l mann]1 suppose a man's reason or consci5ce to err ?r\gh inexcusable ignorance1 !n evil mu/ ne$s result 9 ! w4 ,nor is ?is man 9 a dilemma3 because he c lay aside 8 error1 s9ce 8 ignorance is v9cible & volunt>y4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,goodness ( ! ,w1 ,z ,reg>ds ! ,means1 ,dep5ds on ! ,int5tion ( ! ,end8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,= x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 t ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on ! object alone4 ,b z reg>ds ! means1 ! object ( ! w is "o ?+1 & ! end int5d$ is ano!r4 ,!re=e 9 su* matt]s ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to wi% to keep ,god's comm&m5t1 belongs to a good w4 ,b ?is c be ref]r$ to an evil end1 = in/ance1 to va+lory or covet\sness1 by will+ to obey ,god = ! sake ( temporal ga94 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w does n dep5d on ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z good & evil div]sify ! w1 s d !y div]sify ! end4 ,b malice ( ! w does n dep5d on ! malice ( ! end int5d$2 s9ce a man :o wills to /eal 9 ord] to give alms1 has an evil w1 al?\gh he int5ds a good end4 ,!re=e nei!r does ! goodness ( ! w dep5d on ! goodness ( ! end int5d$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ix1 #c7 t ,god rew>ds ! int5tion4 ,b ,god rew>ds a ?+ because x is good4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,i answ] t1 ,! int5tion may /& 9 a tw(old relation to ! act ( ! w2 fir/1 z prec$+ x1 secondly z foll[+ 99,leon9e edn43 'accompany+' x4 ,! int5tion prec$es ! act ( ! w causally1 :5 we w some?+ because we int5d a c]ta9 end4 ,& !n ! ord] to ! end is consid]$ z ! reason ( ! goodness ( ! ?+ will$3 = in/ance1 :5 a man wills to fa/ = ,god's sake2 because ! act ( fa/+ is specifically good f ! v fact t x is done = ,god's sake4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on ! goodness ( ! ?+ will$1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 x mu/1 ( necessity1 dep5d on ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 int5tion foll[s ! act ( ! w1 :5 x is add$ to a prec$+ act ( ! w2 = in/ance1 a man may w to d some?+1 & may aft]w>ds ref] x to ,god4 ,& !n ! goodness ( ! previ\s act ( ! w does n dep5d on ! subsequ5t int5tion1 except 9 s f> z t act is repeat$ ) ! subsequ5t int5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! int5tion is ! cause ( ! act ( will+1 ! ord] to ! end is consid]$ z ! reason ( ! goodness ( ! object1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! act ( ! w _c be said to be good1 if an evil int5tion is ! cause ( will+4 ,= :5 a man wills to give an alms = ! sake ( va+lory1 he wills t :i* is good 9 itself1 "u a species ( evil2 & !re=e1 z will$ by him1 x is evil4 ,:]e=e 8 w is evil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! int5tion is subsequ5t to ! act ( ! w1 !n ! latt] may be good3 & ! int5tion does n spoil t act ( ! w :i* prec$$1 b t :i* is repeat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z we h already /at$ 7,a4 #f1 ad #a71 evil results f ea* p>ticul> defect1 b good f ! :ole & entire cause4 ,h5ce1 :e!r ! w t5d to :at is evil 9 itself1 ev5 "u ! species ( good2 or to ! good "u ! species ( evil1 x w be evil 9 ei!r case4 ,b 9 ord] = ! w to be good1 x mu/ t5d to ! good "u ! species ( good2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ w ! good = ! sake ( ! good4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,degree ( ,goodness or ,malice 9 ! ,w ,dep5ds on ! ,degree ( ,good or ,evil 9 ! ,int5tion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! degree ( goodness 9 ! w dep5ds on ! degree ( good 9 ! int5tion4 ,because on ,matt4 #ab3ce1 ,a good man out ( ! good treasure ( 8 he>t br+e? =? t :i* is good1 a gloss says3 ,a man does z mu* good z he int5ds4 ,b ! int5tion gives goodness n only to ! ext]nal action1 b also to ! act ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,!re=e ! goodness ( a man's w is accord+ to ! goodness ( 8 int5tion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if y add to ! cause1 y add to ! effect4 ,b ! goodness ( ! int5tion is ! cause ( ! good w4 ,!re=e a man's w is good1 accord+ z 8 int5tion is good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 evil actions1 a man s9s 9 proportion to 8 int5tion3 = if a man 7 to ?r[ a /one ) a murd]\s int5tion1 he w\ld be guilty ( murd]4 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 9 good actions1 ! w is good 9 proportion to ! good int5d$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! int5tion c be good1 :ile ! w is evil4 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 ! int5tion c be bett]1 & ! w less good4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 reg>d to bo? ! act1 & ! int5tion ( ! end1 we may consid] a tw(old quantity3 "o1 on ! "p ( ! object1 by reason ( a man will+ or do+ a good t is great]2 ! o!r1 tak5 f ! int5sity ( ! act1 accord+ z a man wills or acts int5sely2 & ?is is m on ! "p ( ! ag5t4 ,if !n we speak ( ^! respective quantities f ! po9t ( view ( ! object1 x is evid5t t ! quantity 9 ! act does n dep5d on ! quantity 9 ! int5tion4 ,) reg>d to ! ext]nal act ?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh ! object t is orda9$ to ! int5d$ end n be+ proportionate to t end2 = in/ance1 if a man 7 to give t5 p\nds1 he c\ld n realize 8 int5tion1 if he int5d$ to buy a ?+ wor? a hundr$ p\nds4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! ob/acles t may sup]v5e 9 reg>d to ! ext]ior action1 :i* ob/acles we are unable to remove3 = in/ance1 a man int5ds to g to ,rome1 & enc\nt]s ob/acles1 :i* prev5t him f go+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) reg>d to ! int]ior act ( ! w1 ?is happ5s 9 only "o way3 because ! int]ior acts ( ! w are 9 our p[]1 :]eas ! ext]nal actions are n4 ,b ! w c w an object t is n proportionate to ! int5d$ end3 & ?us ! w t t5ds to t object consid]$ absolutely1 is n s good z ! int5tion4 ,yet because ! int5tion also belongs1 9 a way1 to ! act ( ! w1 inasmu*1 to wit1 z x is ! reason !re(2 x comes to pass t ! quantity ( goodness 9 ! int5tion r$\nds ^u ! act ( ! w2 t is to say1 9 s f> z ! w wills "s great good = an end1 al?\gh t by :i* x wills to ga9 s great a good1 is n proportionate to t good4 ,b if we consid] ! quantity 9 ! int5tion & 9 ! act1 accord+ to _! respective int5sity1 !n ! int5sity ( ! int5tion r$\nds ^u ! int]ior act & ! ext]ior act ( ! w3 s9ce ! int5tion /&s 9 relation to !m z a k9d ( =m1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f74 ,& yet consid]$ mat]ially1 :ile ! int5tion is int5se1 ! int]ior or ext]ior act may be n s int5se1 mat]ially speak+3 = in/ance1 :5 a man does n w ) z mu* int5sity to take m$ic9e z he wills to rega9 heal?4 ,nev]!less ! v fact ( int5d+ heal? int5sely1 r$\nds1 z a =mal pr9ciple1 ^u ! int5se volition ( m$ic9e4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! int5sity ( ! int]ior or ext]ior act1 may be ref]r$ to ! int5tion z its object3 z :5 a man int5ds to w int5sely1 or to d some?+ int5sely4 ,& yet x does n foll[ t he wills or acts int5sely2 because ! quantity ( goodness 9 ! int]ior or ext]ior act does n dep5d on ! quantity ( ! good int5d$1 z is %[n above4 ,& h5ce x is t a man does n m]it z mu* z he int5ds to m]it3 because ! quantity ( m]it is measur$ by ! int5sity ( ! act1 z we %all %[ lat] on 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is gloss speaks ( good z 9 ! e/imation ( ,god1 ,:o consid]s pr9cipally ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,:]e=e ano!r gloss says on ! same passage t ! treasure ( ! he>t is ! int5tion1 accord+ to :i* ,god judges our works4 ,= ! goodness ( ! int5tion1 z /at$ above1 r$\nds1 s to speak1 ^u ! goodness ( ! w1 :i* makes ev5 ! ext]nal act to be m]itori\s 9 ,god's sight4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! goodness ( ! int5tion is n ! :ole cause ( a good w4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! m]e malice ( ! int5tion suffices to make ! w evil3 & !re=e too1 ! w is z evil z ! int5tion is evil4 ,b ! same reason+ does n apply to goodness1 z /at$ above 7ad #b74 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ! ,goodness ( ! ,w ,dep5ds on ,its ,con=mity to ! ,div9e ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! goodness ( ! human w does n dep5d on its con=mity to ! ,div9e w4 ,because x is impossible = man's w to be con=m$ to ! ,div9e w2 z appe>s f ! ^w ( ,isa4 #ee3i3 ,z ! heav5s are exalt$ above ! e>?1 s are ,my ways exalt$ above y\r ways1 & ,my ?\ghts above y\r ?\ghts4 ,if !re=e goodness ( ! w dep5d$ on its con=mity to ! ,div9e w1 x w\ld foll[ t x is impossible = man's w to be good4 ,:i* is inadmissible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z our wills arise f ! ,div9e w1 s does our k fl[ f ! ,div9e k4 ,b our k does n require to be con=m$ to ,god's k2 s9ce ,god kn[s _m ?+s t we "k n4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = our w to be con=m$ to ! ,div9e w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! w is a pr9ciple ( action4 ,b our action _c be con=m$ to ,god's4 ,!re=e nei!r c our w be con=m$ to ,84 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #bf3ci73 ,n z ,i w1 b z ,?\ wilt3 :i* words ,he said1 because ,he wi%es man to be upright & to t5d to ,god1 z ,augu/9e exp\nds 9 ! ,en*iridion 99,en>r4 9 ,ps4 #cb1 s]m4 i44 ,b ! rectitude ( ! w is its goodness4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on its con=mity to ! ,div9e w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #g71 ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,n[ ! la/ end ( ! human w is ! ,sov]eign ,good1 namely1 ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! human w requires x to be orda9$ to ! ,sov]eign ,good1 t is1 to ,god4 ,n[ ?is ,good is prim>ily & ess5tially comp>$ to ! ,div9e w1 z its prop] object4 ,aga91 t :i* is fir/ 9 any g5us is ! measure & rule ( all t belongs to t g5us4 ,moreov]1 ev]y?+ atta9s to rectitude & goodness1 9 s f> z x is 9 accord ) its prop] measure4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t man's w be good x ne$s to be con=m$ to ! ,div9e w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! human w _c be con=m$ to ! w ( ,god s z to equal x1 b only s z to imitate x4 ,9 l mann] human k is con=m$ to ! ,div9e k1 9 s f> z x kn[s tru?3 & human action is con=m$ to ! ,div9e1 9 s f> z x is becom+ to ! ag5t3 & ?is by way ( imitation1 n by way ( equality4 ,f ! above may be ga!r$ ! replies to ! ,second & ,?ird ,objections4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y = ! ,human ,w1 9 ,ord] to ,be ,good1 to ,be ,con=m$ to ! ,div9e ,w1 ,z ,reg>ds ! ,?+ ,will$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! human w ne$ n always be con=m$ to ! ,div9e w1 z reg>ds ! ?+ will$4 ,= we _c w :at we "k n3 s9ce ! appreh5d$ good is ! object ( ! w4 ,b 9 _m ?+s we "k n :at ,god wills4 ,!re=e ! human w _c be con=m$ to ! ,div9e w z to ! ?+ will$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god wills to damn ! man :om ,he =esees ab\t to die 9 mortal s94 ,if !re=e man 7 b\nd to con=m 8 w to ! ,div9e w1 9 ! po9t ( ! ?+ will$1 x w\ld foll[ t a man is b\nd to w 8 own damnation4 ,:i* is inadmissible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o is b\nd to w :at is aga9/ filial piety4 ,b if man 7 to w :at ,god wills1 ?is w\ld sometimes be contr>y to filial piety3 = in/ance1 :5 ,god wills ! dea? ( a fa!r3 if 8 son 7 to w x also1 x w\ld be aga9/ filial piety4 ,!re=e man is n b\nd to con=m 8 w to ! ,div9e w1 z to ! ?+ will$4 ,on ! contr>y1 7#a7 ,on ,ps4 #cb3a1 ,praise become? ! upright1 a gloss says3 ,t man has an upright he>t1 :o wills :at ,god wills4 ,b ev]yone is b\nd to h an upright he>t4 ,!re=e ev]yone is b\nd to w :at ,god wills4 7#b7 ,moreov]1 ! w takes its =m f ! object1 z does e act4 ,if !re=e man is b\nd to con=m 8 w to ! ,div9e w1 x foll[s t he is b\nd to con=m x1 z to ! ?+ will$4 7#c7 ,moreov]1 opposition ( wills arises f m5 will+ diff]5t ?+s4 ,b :oev] has a w 9 opposition to ! ,div9e w1 has an evil w4 ,!re=e :oev] does n con=m 8 w to ! ,div9e w1 z to ! ?+ will$1 has an evil w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,,aa4 #c1 #e71 ! w t5ds to its object1 accord+ z x is propos$ by ! reason4 ,n[ a ?+ may be consid]$ 9 v>i\s ways by ! reason1 s z to appe> good f "o po9t ( view1 & n good f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,& !re=e if a man's w wills a ?+ to be1 accord+ z x appe>s to be good1 8 w is good3 & ! w ( ano!r man1 :o wills t ?+ n to be1 accord+ z x appe>s evil1 is also good4 ,?us a judge has a good w1 9 will+ a ?ief to be put to dea?1 because ?is is j3 :ile ! w ( ano!r--e4g4 ! ?ief's wife or son1 :o wi%es him n to be put to dea?1 inasmu* z kill+ is a natural evil1 is also good4 ,n[ s9ce ! w foll[s ! appreh5sion ( ! reason or intellect2 ! m univ]sal ! aspect ( ! appreh5d$ good1 ! m univ]sal ! good to :i* ! w t5ds4 ,?is is evid5t 9 ! example giv5 above3 because ! judge has c>e ( ! common good1 :i* is ju/ice1 & !re=e he wi%es ! ?ief's dea?1 :i* has ! aspect ( good 9 relation to ! common e/ate2 :]eas ! ?ief's wife has to consid] ! private good ( ! family1 & f ?is po9t ( view %e wi%es h] husb&1 ! ?ief1 n to be put to dea?4 ,n[ ! good ( ! :ole univ]se is t :i* is appreh5d$ by ,god1 ,:o is ! ,mak] & ,gov]nor ( all ?+s3 h5ce :atev] ,he wills1 ,he wills x "u ! aspect ( ! common good2 ?is is ,8 own ,goodness1 :i* is ! good ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! appreh5sion ( a creature1 accord+ to its nature1 is ( "s p>ticul> good1 proportionate to t nature4 ,n[ a ?+ may happ5 to be good "u a p>ticul> aspect1 & yet n good "u a univ]sal aspect1 or vice v]sa1 z /at$ above4 ,& !re=e x comes to pass t a c]ta9 w is good f will+ some?+ consid]$ "u a p>ticul> aspect1 :i* ?+ ,god wills n1 "u a univ]sal aspect1 & vice v]sa4 ,& h5ce too x is1 t v>i\s wills ( v>i\s m5 c be good 9 respect ( opposite ?+s1 = z mu* z1 "u v>i\s aspects1 !y wi% a p>ticul> ?+ to be or n to be4 ,b a man's w is n "r 9 will+ a p>ticul> good1 unless he ref] x to ! common good z an end3 s9ce ev5 ! natural appetite ( ea* "p is orda9$ to ! common good ( ! :ole4 ,n[ x is ! end t supplies ! =mal reason1 z x 71 ( will+ :atev] is direct$ to ! end4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] t a man w "s p>ticul> good ) a "r w1 he mu/ w t p>ticul> good mat]ially1 & ! ,div9e & univ]sal good1 =mally4 ,!re=e ! human w is b\nd to be con=m$ to ! ,div9e w1 z to t :i* is will$ =mally1 = x is b\nd to w ! ,div9e & univ]sal good2 b n z to t :i* is will$ mat]ially1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,at ! same "t 9 bo? ^! respects1 ! human w is con=m$ to ! ,div9e1 9 a c]ta9 degree4 ,because inasmu* z x is con=m$ to ! ,div9e w 9 ! common aspect ( ! ?+ will$1 x is con=m$ !reto 9 ! po9t ( ! la/ end4 ,:ile1 inasmu* z x is n con=m$ to ! ,div9e w 9 ! ?+ will$ mat]ially1 x is con=m$ to t w consid]$ z effici5t cause2 s9ce ! prop] incl9ation consequ5t to nature1 or to ! p>ticul> appreh5sion ( "s p>ticul> ?+1 comes to a ?+ f ,god z its effici5t cause4 ,h5ce x is cu/om>y to say t a man's w1 9 ?is respect1 is con=m$ to ! ,div9e w1 because x wills :at ,god wi%es him to w4 ,!re is yet ano!r k9d ( con=mity 9 respect ( ! =mal cause1 consi/+ 9 man's will+ some?+ f *>ity1 z ,god wills x4 ,& ?is con=mity is also r$uc$ to ! =mal con=mity1 t is 9 respect ( ! la/ end1 :i* is ! prop] object ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we c "k 9 a g5]al way :at ,god wills4 ,= we "k t :atev] ,god wills1 ,he wills x "u ! aspect ( good4 ,consequ5tly :oev] wills a ?+ "u any aspect ( good1 has a w con=m$ to ! ,div9e w1 z to ! reason ( ! ?+ will$4 ,b we "k n :at ,god wills 9 p>ticul>3 & 9 ?is respect we are n b\nd to con=m our w to ! ,div9e w4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( glory1 e "o w see 9 ea* ?+ t he wills1 ! relation ( t ?+ to :at ,god wills 9 t p>ticul> matt]4 ,consequ5tly he w con=m 8 w to ,god 9 all ?+s n only =mally1 b also mat]ially4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god does n w ! damnation ( a man1 consid]$ precisely z damnation1 nor a man's dea?1 consid]$ precisely z dea?1 because1 ,he wills all m5 to be sav$ 7#a ,tim4 #b3d72 b ,he wills su* ?+s "u ! aspect ( ju/ice4 ,:]e=e 9 reg>d to su* ?+s x suffices = man to w ! uphold+ ( ,god's ju/ice & ( ! natural ord]4 ,:]e=e ! reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t4 ,to ! fir/ argum5t advanc$ 9 a contr>y s5se1 x %\ld be said t a man :o con=ms 8 w to ,god's1 9 ! aspect ( reason ( ! ?+ will$1 wills :at ,god wills1 m ?an ! man1 :o con=ms 8 w to ,god's1 9 ! po9t ( ! v ?+ will$2 because ! w t5ds m to ! end1 ?an to t :i* is on acc\nt ( ! end4 ,to ! second1 x mu/ be repli$ t ! species & =m ( an act are tak5 f ! object consid]$ =mally1 r ?an f ! object consid]$ mat]ially4 ,to ! ?ird1 x mu/ be said t !re is no opposition ( wills :5 sev]al p desire diff]5t ?+s1 b n "u ! same aspect3 b !re is opposition ( wills1 :5 "u "o & ! same aspect1 "o man wills a ?+ :i* ano!r wills n4 ,b !re is no "q ( ?is "h4 ,,"q #bj ,,( ,,goodness ,,& ,,malice ,,9 ,,ext]nal ,,human ,,actions 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] goodness & malice z to ext]nal actions3 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r goodness & malice is fir/ 9 ! act ( ! w1 or 9 ! ext]nal action8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! :ole goodness or malice ( ! ext]nal action dep5ds on ! goodness ( ! w8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! goodness & malice ( ! int]ior act are ! same z ^? ( ! ext]nal action8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! ext]nal action adds any goodness or malice to t ( ! int]ior act8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! consequ5ces ( an ext]nal action increase its goodness or malice8 7#f7 ,:e!r "o & ! same ext]nal action c be bo? good & evil8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,goodness or ,malice ,is ,fir/ 9 ! ,action ( ! ,w1 or 9 ! ,ext]nal ,action8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t good & evil are 9 ! ext]nal action prior to be+ 9 ! act ( ! w4 ,= ! w d]ives goodness f its object1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b ! ext]nal action is ! object ( ! int]ior act ( ! w3 = a man is said to w to commit a !ft1 or to w to give an alms4 ,!re=e good & evil are 9 ! ext]nal action1 prior to be+ 9 ! act ( ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! aspect ( good belongs fir/ to ! end3 s9ce :at is direct$ to ! end receives ! aspect ( good f its relation to ! end4 ,n[ :]eas ! act ( ! w _c be an end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b71 ! act ( ano!r p[] c be an end4 ,!re=e good is 9 ! act ( "s o!r p[] prior to be+ 9 ! act ( ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( ! w /&s 9 a =mal relation to ! ext]nal action1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f74 ,b t :i* is =mal is subsequ5t2 s9ce =m is some?+ add$ to matt]4 ,!re=e good & evil are 9 ! ext]nal action1 prior to be+ 9 ! act ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #i7 t x is by ! w t we s91 & t we behave aright4 ,!re=e moral good & evil are fir/ 9 ! w4 ,i answ] t1 ,ext]nal actions may be said to be good or bad 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to _! g5us1 & ! circum/ances connect$ ) !m3 ?us ! giv+ ( alms1 if ! requir$ conditions be obs]v$1 is said to be good4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to be good or evil1 f its relation to ! end3 ?us ! giv+ ( alms = va+lory is said to be evil4 ,n[1 s9ce ! end is ! w's prop] object1 x is evid5t t ?is aspect ( good or evil1 :i* ! ext]nal action d]ives f its relation to ! end1 is to be f\nd fir/ ( all 9 ! act ( ! w1 :5ce x passes to ! ext]nal action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! goodness or malice :i* ! ext]nal action has ( itself1 on acc\nt ( its be+ ab\t due matt] & its be+ att5d$ by due circum/ances1 is n d]iv$ f ! w1 b r f ! reason4 ,consequ5tly1 if we consid] ! goodness ( ! ext]nal action1 9 s f> z x comes f reason's ord9ation & appreh5sion1 x is prior to ! goodness ( ! act ( ! w3 b if we consid] x 9 s f> z x is 9 ! execution ( ! action done1 x is subsequ5t to ! goodness ( ! w1 :i* is its pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ext]ior action is ! object ( ! w1 inasmu* z x is propos$ to ! w by ! reason1 z good appreh5d$ & orda9$ by ! reason3 & ?us x is prior to ! good 9 ! act ( ! w4 ,b inasmu* z x is f\nd 9 ! execution ( ! action1 x is an effect ( ! w1 & is subsequ5t to ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! end prec$es 9 ! ord] ( int5tion1 b foll[s 9 ! ord] ( execution4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a =m z receiv$ into matt]1 is subsequ5t to matt] 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 al?\gh x prec$es x 9 ! ord] ( nature3 b inasmu* z x is 9 ! active cause1 x prec$es 9 e way4 ,n[ ! w is comp>$ to ! ext]ior action1 z its effici5t cause4 ,:]e=e ! goodness ( ! act ( ! w1 z exi/+ 9 ! active cause1 is ! =m ( ! ext]ior action4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,:ole ,goodness & ,malice ( ! ,ext]nal ,action ,dep5ds on ! ,goodness ( ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! :ole goodness & malice ( ! ext]nal action dep5d on ! goodness ( ! w4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #g3ah73 ,a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit1 nei!r c an evil tree br+ =? good fruit4 ,b1 accord+ to ! gloss1 ! tree signifies ! w1 & fruit signifies works4 ,!re=e1 x is impossible = ! int]ior act ( ! w to be good1 & ! ext]nal action evil1 or vice v]sa4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #i7 t !re is no s9 )\t ! w4 ,if !re=e !re is no s9 9 ! w1 !re w be none 9 ! ext]nal action4 ,& s ! :ole goodness or malice ( ! ext]nal action dep5ds on ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! good & evil ( :i* we are speak+ n[ are diff]5ces ( ! moral act4 ,n[ diff]5ces make an ess5tial division 9 a g5us1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 vii1 #ab74 ,s9ce !re=e an act is moral f be+ volunt>y1 x seems t goodness & malice 9 an act are d]iv$ f ! w alone4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,m5dac4 vii71 t !re are "s actions :i* nei!r a good end nor a good w c make good4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 we may consid] a tw(old goodness or malice 9 ! ext]nal action3 "o 9 respect ( due matt] & circum/ances2 ! o!r 9 respect ( ! ord] to ! end4 ,& t :i* is 9 respect ( ! ord] to ! end1 dep5ds entirely on ! w3 :ile t :i* is 9 respect ( due matt] or circum/ances1 dep5ds on ! reason3 & on ?is goodness dep5ds ! goodness ( ! w1 9 s f> z ! w t5ds t[>ds x4 ,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$1 z 0 not$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a71 t = a ?+ to be evil1 "o s+le defect suffices1 :]eas1 = x to be good simply1 x is n en\gh = x to be good 9 "o po9t only1 x mu/ be good 9 e respect4 ,if !re=e ! w be good1 bo? f its prop] object & f its end1 if foll[s t ! ext]nal action is good4 ,b if ! w be good f its int5tion ( ! end1 ?is is n en\gh to make ! ext]nal action good3 & if ! w be evil ei!r by reason ( its int5tion ( ! end1 or by reason ( ! act will$1 x foll[s t ! ext]nal action is evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if ! good tree be tak5 to signify ! good w1 x mu/ be 9 s f> z ! w d]ives goodness f ! act will$ & f ! end int5d$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man s9s by 8 w1 n only :5 he wills an evil end2 b also :5 he wills an evil act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,volunt>9ess applies n only to ! int]ior act ( ! w1 b also to ext]nal actions1 inasmu* z !y proce$ f ! w & ! reason4 ,consequ5tly ! diff]5ce ( good & evil is applicable to bo? ! int]ior & ext]nal act4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,goodness & ,malice ( ! ,ext]nal ,action ,are ! ,same ,z ,^? ( ! ,int]ior ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! goodness & malice ( ! int]ior act ( ! w are n ! same z ^? ( ! ext]nal action4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( ! int]ior act is ! int]ior appreh5sive or appetitive p[] ( ! s\l2 :]eas ! pr9ciple ( ! ext]nal action is ! p[] t accompli%es ! movem5t4 ,n[ :]e ! pr9ciples ( action are diff]5t1 ! actions !mselves are diff]5t4 ,moreov]1 x is ! action :i* is ! subject ( goodness or malice3 & ! same accid5t _c be 9 diff]5t subjects4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! int]ior act _c be ! same z t ( ! ext]nal action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,a virtue makes t1 :i* has x1 good1 & r5d]s its action good also 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,b ! intellective virtue 9 ! comm&+ p[] is di/9ct f ! moral virtue 9 ! p[] comm&$1 z is decl>$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac4 ,!re=e ! goodness ( ! int]ior act1 :i* belongs to ! comm&+ p[]1 is di/9ct f ! goodness ( ! ext]nal action1 :i* belongs to ! p[] comm&$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ _c be cause & effect2 s9ce no?+ is its own cause4 ,b ! goodness ( ! int]ior act is ! cause ( ! goodness ( ! ext]nal action1 or vice v]sa1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e x is n ! same goodness 9 ea*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f7 t ! act ( ! w is ! =m1 z x 71 ( ! ext]nal action4 ,n[ t :i* results f ! mat]ial & =mal elem5t is "o ?+4 ,!re=e !re is b "o goodness ( ! int]nal & ext]nal act4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #d71 ! int]ior act ( ! w1 & ! ext]nal action1 consid]$ morally1 are "o act4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t "o & ! same individual act has sev]al aspects ( goodness or malice1 & sometimes t x has b "o4 ,h5ce we mu/ say t sometimes ! goodness or malice ( ! int]ior act is ! same z t ( ! ext]nal action1 & sometimes n4 ,= z we h already said 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ^! two goodnesses or malices1 ( ! int]nal & ext]nal acts1 are orda9$ to "o ano!r4 ,n[ x may happ51 9 ?+s t are subord9ate to some?+ else1 t a ?+ is good m]ely f be+ subord9ate2 ?us a bitt] draught is good m]ely because x procures heal?4 ,:]e=e !re are n two goodnesses1 "o ! goodness ( heal?1 & ! o!r ! goodness ( ! draught2 b "o & ! same4 ,on ! o!r h& x happ5s sometimes t t :i* is subord9ate to some?+ else1 has "s aspect ( goodness 9 itself1 besides ! fact ( its be+ subord9ate to "s o!r good3 ?us a palatable m$ic9e c be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a pleasurable good1 besides be+ conducive to heal?4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t :5 ! ext]nal action d]ives goodness or malice f its relation to ! end only1 !n !re is b "o & ! same goodness ( ! act ( ! w :i* ( itself reg>ds ! end1 & ( ! ext]nal action1 :i* reg>ds ! end ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! act ( ! w4 ,b :5 ! ext]nal action has goodness or malice ( itself1 i4e4 9 reg>d to its matt] & circum/ances1 !n ! goodness ( ! ext]nal action is di/9ct f ! goodness ( ! w 9 reg>d+ ! end2 yet s t ! goodness ( ! end passes into ! ext]nal action1 & ! goodness ( ! matt] & circum/ances passes into ! act ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t proves t ! int]nal & ext]nal actions are diff]5t 9 ! physical ord]3 yet di/9ct z !y are 9 t respect1 !y comb9e to =m "o ?+ 9 ! moral ord]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ab1 a moral virtue is orda9$ to ! act ( t virtue1 :i* act is ! end1 z x 71 ( t virtue2 :]eas prud5ce1 :i* is 9 ! reason1 is orda9$ to ?+s direct$ to ! end4 ,= ?is reason v>i\s virtues are necess>y4 ,b "r reason 9 reg>d to ! v end ( a virtue has no o!r goodness ?an ! goodness ( t virtue1 9 s f> z ! goodness ( ! reason is p>ticipat$ 9 ea* virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 a ?+ is d]iv$ by "o ?+ f ano!r1 z f a univocal effici5t cause1 !n x is n ! same 9 bo?3 ?us :5 a hot ?+ heats1 ! heat ( ! heat] is di/9ct f ! heat ( ! ?+ heat$1 al?\gh x be ! same specifically4 ,b :5 a ?+ is d]iv$ f "o ?+ f ano!r1 accord+ to analogy or proportion1 !n x is "o & ! same 9 bo?3 ?us ! heal?9ess :i* is 9 m$ic9e or ur9e is d]iv$ f ! heal?9ess ( ! animal's body2 nor is heal? z appli$ to ur9e & m$ic9e1 di/9ct f heal? z appli$ to ! body ( an animal1 ( :i* heal? m$ic9e is ! cause1 & ur9e ! sign4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! goodness ( ! ext]nal action is d]iv$ f ! goodness ( ! w1 & vice v]sa2 viz4 accord+ to ! ord] ( "o to ! o!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,ext]nal ,action ,adds ,any ,goodness or ,malice to ,t ( ! ,int]ior ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ext]nal action does n add any goodness or malice to t ( ! int]ior action4 ,= ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xix 9 ,matt473 ,x is ! w t is rew>d$ = do+ good1 or puni%$ = do+ evil4 ,n[ works are ! witnesses ( ! w4 ,!re=e ,god seeks = works n on ,8 own acc\nt1 9 ord] to "k h[ to judge2 b = ! sake ( o!rs1 t all may und]/& h[ j ,he is4 ,b good or evil is to be e/imat$ accord+ to ,god's judgm5t r ?an accord+ to ! judgm5t ( man4 ,!re=e ! ext]nal action adds no goodness or malice to t ( ! int]ior act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! goodness & malice ( ! int]ior & ext]nal acts are "o & ! same1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b increase is ! addition ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,!re=e ! ext]nal action does n add to ! goodness or malice ( ! int]ior act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! entire goodness ( creat$ ?+s does n add to ! ,div9e ,goodness1 because x is entirely d]iv$ !refrom4 ,b sometimes ! entire goodness ( ! ext]nal action is d]iv$ f ! goodness ( ! int]ior act1 & sometimes conv]sely1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e nei!r ( !m adds to ! goodness or malice ( ! o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e ag5t int5ds to atta9 good & avoid evil4 ,if !re=e by ! ext]nal action no fur!r goodness or malice be add$1 x is to no purpose t he :o has a good or an evil w1 does a good de$ or refra9s f an evil de$4 ,:i* is unreasonable4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( ! goodness :i* ! ext]nal action d]ives f ! w t5d+ to ! end1 !n ! ext]nal action adds no?+ to ?is goodness1 unless x happ5s t ! w 9 itself is made bett] 9 good ?+s1 or worse 9 evil ?+s4 ,?is1 seem+ly1 may happ5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ 9 po9t ( numb]2 if1 = in/ance1 a man wi%es to d some?+ ) a good or an evil end 9 view1 & does n d x !n1 b aft]w>ds wills & does x1 ! act ( 8 w is d\bl$ & a d\ble good1 or a d\ble evil is ! result4 ,secondly1 9 po9t ( ext5sion3 :51 = in/ance1 a man wi%es to d some?+ = a good or an evil end1 & is h9d]$ by "s ob/acle1 :]eas ano!r man p]sev]es 9 ! movem5t ( ! w until he accompli% x 9 de$2 x is evid5t t ! w ( ! latt] is m la/+ 9 good or evil1 & 9 ?is respect1 is bett] or worse4 ,?irdly1 9 po9t ( int5sity3 = !re are c]ta9 ext]nal actions1 :i*1 9 s f> z !y are pleasurable1 or pa9ful1 are su* z naturally to make ! w m int5se or m remiss2 & x is evid5t t ! m int5sely ! w t5ds to good or evil1 ! bett] or worse x is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we speak ( ! goodness :i* ! ext]nal action d]ives f its matt] & due circum/ances1 ?us x /&s 9 relation to ! w z its t]m & end4 ,& 9 ?is way x adds to ! goodness or malice ( ! w2 because e incl9ation or movem5t is p]fect$ by atta9+ its end or rea*+ its t]m4 ,:]e=e ! w is n p]fect1 unless x be su* t1 giv5 ! opportunity1 x realizes ! op]ation4 ,b if ?is prove impossible1 z long z ! w is p]fect1 s z to realize ! op]ation if x c\ld2 ! lack ( p]fection d]iv$ f ! ext]nal action1 is simply involunt>y4 ,n[ j z ! involunt>y des]ves nei!r puni%m5t nor rew>d 9 ! accompli%m5t ( good or evil de$s1 s nei!r does x less5 rew>d or puni%m5t1 if a man ?r\gh simple involunt>9ess fail to d good or evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*ryso/om is speak+ ( ! case :]e a man's w is complete1 & does n refra9 f ! de$ save ?r\gh ! impossibility ( a*ievem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t applies to t goodness :i* ! ext]nal action d]ives f ! w z t5d+ to ! end4 ,b ! goodness :i* ! ext]nal action takes f its matt] & circum/ances1 is di/9ct f t :i* x d]ives f ! end2 b x is n di/9ct f t :i* x has f ! v act will$1 to :i* x /&s 9 ! relation ( measure & cause1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,f ?is ! reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,consequ5ces ( ! ,ext]nal ,action ,increase ,its ,goodness or ,malice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! consequ5ces ( ! ext]nal action increase its goodness or malice4 ,= ! effect pre-exi/s virtually 9 its cause4 ,b ! consequ5ces result f ! action z an effect f its cause4 ,!re=e !y pre-exi/ virtually 9 actions4 ,n[ a ?+ is judg$ to be good or bad accord+ to its virtue1 s9ce a virtue makes t :i* has x to be good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,!re=e ! consequ5ces increase ! goodness or malice ( an action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! good actions ( 8 he>]s are consequ5ces result+ f ! words ( a prea*]4 ,b su* goods z ^! r$\nd to ! m]it ( ! prea*]1 z is evid5t f ,phil4 #d3a3 ,my de>ly belov$ bre?r51 my joy & my cr[n4 ,!re=e ! consequ5ces ( an action increase its goodness or malice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t is n increas$1 unless ! fault increases3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #be3b73 ,accord+ to ! measure ( ! s9 %all ! measure also ( ! /ripes be4 ,b ! puni%m5t is increas$ on acc\nt ( ! consequ5ces2 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ba3bi73 ,b if ! ox 0 wont to pu% ) 8 horn ye/]day & ! day be=e1 & !y w>n$ 8 ma/]1 & he did n %ut him up1 & he %all kill a man or a woman1 !n ! ox %all be /on$1 & 8 own] also %all be put to dea?4 ,b he w\ld n h be5 put to dea?1 if ! ox1 al?\gh he _h n be5 %ut up1 _h n kill$ a man4 ,!re=e ! consequ5ces increase ! goodness or malice ( an action4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if a man d some?+ :i* may cause dea?1 by /rik+1 or by s5t5c+1 & if dea? does n ensue1 he does n contract irregul>ity3 b he w\ld if dea? 7 to ensue4 ,!re=e ! consequ5ce ( an action increase its goodness or malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! consequ5ces d n make an action t 0 evil1 to be good2 nor "o t 0 good1 to be evil4 ,= in/ance1 if a man give an alms to a poor man :o makes bad use ( ! alms by committ+ a s91 ?is does n undo ! good done by ! giv]2 &1 9 l mann]1 if a man be> pati5tly a wrong done to him1 ! wrongdo] is n !reby excus$4 ,!re=e ! consequ5ces ( an action doe n increase its goodness or malice4 ,i answ] t1 ,! consequ5ces ( an action are ei!r =ese5 or n4 ,if !y are =ese51 x is evid5t t !y increase ! goodness or malice4 ,= :5 a man =esees t _m evils may foll[ f 8 action1 & yet does n !re=e desi/ !refrom1 ?is %[s 8 w to be all ! m inord9ate4 ,b if ! consequ5ces are n =ese51 we mu/ make a di/9ction4 ,because if !y foll[ f ! nature ( ! action & 9 ! majority ( cases1 9 ?is respect1 ! consequ5ces increase ! goodness or malice ( t action3 = x is evid5t t an action is specifically bett]1 if bett] results c foll[ f x2 & specifically worse1 if x is ( a nature to produce worse results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! consequ5ces foll[ by accid5t & seldom1 !n !y d n increase ! goodness or malice ( ! action3 because we d n judge ( a ?+ accord+ to t :i* belongs to x by accid5t1 b only accord+ to t :i* belongs to x ( itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! virtue ( a cause is measur$ by ! effect t fl[s f ! nature ( ! cause1 n by t :i* results by accid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good actions done by ! he>]s1 result f ! prea*]'s words1 z an effect t fl[s f _! v nature4 ,h5ce !y r$\nd to ! m]it ( ! prea*]3 especially :5 su* is 8 int5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! consequ5ces = :i* t man is ord]$ to be puni%$1 bo? foll[ f ! nature ( ! cause1 & are suppos$ to be =ese54 ,= ?is reason !y are reckon$ z puni%able4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is argum5t w\ld prove if irregul>ity 7 ! result ( ! fault4 ,b x is n ! result ( ! fault1 b ( ! fact1 & ( ! ob/acle to ! reception ( a sacram5t4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,"o & ! ,same ,ext]nal ,action ,c ,be ,bo? ,good & ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o & ! same ext]nal action c be bo? good & evil4 ,= movem5t1 if cont9u\s1 is "o & ! same 7,phys4 v1 #d74 ,b "o cont9u\s movem5t c be bo? good & bad3 = in/ance1 a man may g to *ur* cont9u\sly1 int5d+ at fir/ va+lory1 & aft]w>ds ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,!re=e "o & ! same action c be bo? good & bad4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iii1 #c71 action & passion are "o act4 ,b ! passion may be good1 z ,*ri/'s 02 & ! action evil1 z t ( ! ,jews4 ,!re=e "o & ! same act c be bo? good & evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce a s]vant is an in/rum5t1 z x 71 ( 8 ma/]1 ! s]vant's action is 8 ma/]'s1 j z ! action ( a tool is ! workman's action4 ,b x may happ5 t ! s]vant's action result f 8 ma/]'s good w1 & is !re=e good3 & f ! evil w ( ! s]vant1 & is !re=e evil4 ,!re=e ! same action c be bo? good & evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! same ?+ _c be ! subject ( contr>ies4 ,b good & evil are contr>ies4 ,!re=e ! same action _c be bo? good & evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! same ?+ _c be ! subject ( contr>ies4 ,b good & evil are contr>ies4 ,!re=e ! same action _c be bo? good & evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ h9d]s a ?+ f be+ "o1 9 s f> z x is 9 "o g5us1 & manifold1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ano!r g5us4 ,?us a cont9u\s surface is "o1 consid]$ z 9 ! g5us ( quantity2 & yet x is manifold1 consid]$ z to ! g5us ( color1 if x be p>tly :ite1 & p>tly black4 ,& accord+ly1 no?+ h9d]s an action f be+ "o1 consid]$ 9 ! natural ord]2 :]eas x is n "o1 consid]$ 9 ! moral ord]2 & vice v]sa1 z we h /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #a2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #g1 ad #a74 ,= cont9u\s walk+ is "o action1 consid]$ 9 ! natural ord]3 b x may resolve itself into _m actions1 consid]$ 9 ! moral ord]1 if a *ange take place 9 ! walk]'s w1 = ! w is ! pr9ciple ( moral actions4 ,if !re=e we consid] "o action 9 ! moral ord]1 x is impossible = x to be morally bo? good & evil4 ,:]eas if x be "o z to natural & n moral unity1 x c be bo? good & evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is cont9ual movem5t :i* proce$s f v>i\s int5tions1 al?\gh x is "o 9 ! natural ord]1 is n "o 9 ! po9t ( moral unity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,action & passion belong to ! moral ord]1 9 s f> z !y are volunt>y4 ,& !re=e 9 s f> z !y are volunt>y 9 respect ( wills t diff]1 !y are two di/9ct ?+s1 & good c be 9 "o ( !m :ile evil is 9 ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! action ( ! s]vant1 9 s f> z x proce$s f ! w ( ! s]vant1 is n ! ma/]'s action3 b only 9 s f> z x proce$s f ! ma/]'s comm&4 ,:]e=e ! evil w ( ! s]vant does n make ! action evil 9 ?is respect4 ,,"q #ba ,,( ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,human ,,actions ,,by ,,reason ,,( ,,_! ,,goodness ,,& ,,malice 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! consequ5ces ( human actions by reason ( _! goodness & malice3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a human action is "r or s9ful by reason ( its be+ good or evil8 7#b7 ,:e!r x !reby des]ves praise or blame8 7#c7 ,:e!r accord+ly1 x is m]itori\s or dem]itori\s8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is accord+ly m]itori\s or dem]itori\s be=e ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,human ,action ,is ,"r or ,s9ful1 9 ,s ,f> ,z ,x ,is ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t a human action is n "r or s9ful1 9 s f> z x is good or evil4 ,= mon/]s are ! s9s ( nature 7,phys4 ii1 #h74 ,b mon/]s are n actions1 b ?+s eng5d]$ outside ! ord] ( nature4 ,n[ ?+s t are produc$ accord+ to art & reason imitate ^? t are produc$ accord+ to nature 7,phys4 ii1 #h74 ,!re=e an action is n s9ful by reason ( its be+ inord9ate & evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s91 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #h occurs 9 nature & art1 :5 ! end int5d$ by nature or art is n atta9$4 ,b ! goodness or malice ( a human action dep5ds1 be=e all1 on ! int5tion ( ! end1 & on its a*ievem5t4 ,!re=e x seems t ! malice ( an action does n make x s9ful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! malice ( an action makes x s9ful1 x foll[s t :]ev] !re is evil1 !re is s94 ,b ?is is false3 s9ce puni%m5t is n a s91 al?\gh x is an evil4 ,!re=e an action is n s9ful by reason ( its be+ evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,z %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d71 ! goodness ( a human action dep5ds pr9cipally on ! ,et]nal ,law3 & consequ5tly its malice consi/s 9 its be+ 9 disaccord ) ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,b ?is is ! v nature ( s92 = ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg7 t s9 is a ^w1 de$1 or desire1 9 opposition to ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,!re=e a human action is s9ful by reason ( its be+ evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,evil is m compreh5sive ?an s91 z also is good ?an "r4 ,= e privation ( good1 9 :atev] subject1 is an evil3 :]eas s9 consi/s prop]ly 9 an action done = a c]ta9 end1 & lack+ due ord] to t end4 ,n[ ! due ord] to an end is measur$ by "s rule4 ,9 ?+s t act accord+ to nature1 ?is rule is ! natural =ce t incl9es !m to t end4 ,:5 !re=e an action proce$s f a natural =ce1 9 accord ) ! natural incl9ation to an end1 !n ! action is said to be "r3 s9ce ! mean does n exce$ its limits1 viz4 ! action does n sw]ve f ! ord] ( its active pr9ciple to ! end4 ,b :5 an action /rays f ?is rectitude1 x comes "u ! notion ( s94 ,n[ 9 ^? ?+s t are done by ! w1 ! proximate rule is ! human reason1 :ile ! supreme rule is ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,:51 !re=e1 a human action t5ds to ! end1 accord+ to ! ord] ( reason & ( ! ,et]nal ,law1 !n t action is "r3 b :5 x turns aside f t rectitude1 !n x is said to be a s94 ,n[ x is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #ai1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d7 t e volunt>y action t turns aside f ! ord] ( reason & ( ! ,et]nal ,law1 is evil1 & t e good action is 9 accord ) reason & ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a human action is "r or s9ful by reason ( its be+ good or evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,mon/]s are call$ s9s1 inasmu* z !y result f a s9 9 nature's action4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! end is tw(old2 ! la/ end1 & ! proximate end4 ,9 ! s9 ( nature1 ! action does inde$ fail 9 respect ( ! la/ end1 :i* is ! p]fection ( ! ?+ g5]at$2 b x does n fail 9 respect ( any proximate end :atev]2 s9ce :5 nature works x =ms some?+4 ,9 l mann]1 ! s9 ( ! w always fails z reg>ds ! la/ end int5d$1 because no volunt>y evil action c be orda9$ to happ9ess1 :i* is ! la/ end3 & yet x does n fail 9 respect ( "s proximate end3 int5d$ & a*iev$ by ! w4 ,:]e=e also1 s9ce ! v int5tion ( ?is end is orda9$ to ! la/ end1 ?is same int5tion may be "r or s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ea* ?+ is orda9$ to its end by its action3 & !re=e s91 :i* consi/s 9 /ray+ f ! ord] to ! end1 consi/s prop]ly 9 an action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 puni%m5t reg>ds ! p]son ( ! s9n]1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d2 ,a4 #f1 ad #c74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r a ,human ,action ,des]ves ,praise or ,blame1 by ,reason ( ,its ,be+ ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a human action does n des]ve praise or blame by reason ( its be+ good or evil4 ,= s9 happ5s ev5 9 ?+s done by nature 7,phys4 ii1 #h74 ,& yet natural ?+s are n des]v+ ( praise or blame 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e74 ,!re=e a human action does n des]ve blame1 by reason ( its be+ evil or s9ful2 &1 consequ5tly1 nei!r does x des]ve praise1 by reason ( its be+ good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z s9 occurs 9 moral actions1 s does x happ5 9 ! productions ( art3 because z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #h x is a s9 9 a gramm>ian to write badly1 & 9 a doctor to give ! wrong m$ic9e4 ,b ! arti/ is n blam$ = mak+ some?+ bad3 because ! arti/'s "w is su*1 t he c produce a good or a bad ?+1 j z he li/s4 ,!re=e x seems t nei!r is !re any reason = blam+ a moral action1 9 ! fact t x is evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil is weak & incapable4 ,b weakness or inability ei!r takes away or dim9i%es guilt4 ,!re=e a human action does n incur guilt f be+ evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,virt4 et ,vit4 i7 t virtu\s de$s des]ve praise1 :ile de$s t are oppos$ to virtue des]ve c5sure & blame4 ,b good actions are virtu\s2 because virtue makes t :i* has x1 good1 & makes its action good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f73 :]e=e actions oppos$ to virtue are evil4 ,!re=e a human action des]ves praise or blame1 ?r\gh be+ good or evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z evil is m compreh5sive ?an s91 s is s9 m compreh5sive ?an blame4 ,= an action is said to des]ve praise or blame1 f its be+ imput$ to ! ag5t3 s9ce to praise or to blame means no?+ else ?an to impute to someone ! malice or goodness ( 8 action4 ,n[ an action is imput$ to an ag5t1 :5 x is 9 8 p[]1 s t he has dom9ion ov] x3 because x is ?r\gh 8 w t man has dom9ion ov] 8 actions1 z 0 made cle> above 7,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,h5ce x foll[s t good or evil1 9 volunt>y actions alone1 r5d]s !m wor?y ( praise or blame3 & 9 su* l actions1 evil1 s9 & guilt are "o & ! same ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,natural actions are n 9 ! p[] ( ! natural ag5t3 s9ce ! action ( nature is det]m9ate4 ,&1 !re=e1 al?\gh !re be s9 9 natural actions1 !re is no blame4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reason /&s 9 diff]5t relations to ! productions ( art1 & to moral actions4 ,9 matt]s ( art1 reason is direct$ to a p>ticul> end1 :i* is some?+ devis$ by reason3 :]eas 9 moral matt]s1 x is direct$ to ! g5]al end ( all human life4 ,n[ a p>ticul> end is subord9ate to ! g5]al end4 ,s9ce !re=e s9 is a dep>ture f ! ord] to ! end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 s9 may occur 9 two ways1 9 a production ( art4 ,fir/1 by a dep>ture f ! p>ticul> end int5d$ by ! arti/3 & ?is s9 w be prop] to ! art2 = in/ance1 if an arti/ produce a bad ?+1 :ile int5d+ to produce some?+ good2 or produce some?+ good1 :ile int5d+ to produce some?+ bad4 ,secondly1 by a dep>ture f ! g5]al end ( human life3 & !n he w be said to s91 if he int5d to produce a bad "w1 & does s 9 effect1 s t ano!r is tak5 9 !reby4 ,b ?is s9 is n prop] to ! arti/ z su*1 b z man4 ,consequ5tly = ! =m] s9 ! arti/ is blam$ z an arti/2 :ile = ! latt] he is blam$ z a man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 moral matt]s1 :]e we take into consid]ation ! ord] ( reason to ! g5]al end ( human life1 s9 & evil are always due to a dep>ture f ! ord] ( reason to ! g5]al end ( human life4 ,:]e=e man is blam$ = su* a s91 bo? z man & z a moral be+4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t 9 art1 he :o s9s volunt>ily is pref]able2 b 9 prud5ce1 z 9 ! moral virtues1 :i* prud5ce directs1 he is ! rev]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,weakness t occurs 9 volunt>y evils1 is subject to man's p[]3 :]e=e x nei!r takes away nor dim9i%es guilt4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,human ,action ,is ,m]itori\s or ,dem]itori\s 9 ,s ,f> ,z ,x ,is ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a human action is n m]itori\s or dem]itori\s on acc\nt ( its goodness or malice4 ,= we speak ( m]it or dem]it 9 relation to retribution1 :i* has no place save 9 matt]s relat+ to ano!r p]son4 ,b good or evil actions are n all relat$ to ano!r p]son1 = "s are relat$ to ! p]son ( ! ag5t4 ,!re=e n e good or evil human action is m]itori\s or dem]itori\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o des]ves puni%m5t or rew>d = do+ z he *ooses ) t ( :i* he is ma/]3 ?us if a man de/roys :at belongs to him1 he is n puni%$1 z if he _h de/roy$ :at belongs to ano!r4 ,b man is ma/] ( 8 own actions4 ,!re=e a man does n m]it puni%m5t or rew>d1 ?r\gh putt+ 8 action to a good or evil purpose4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a man acquire "s good = himself1 he does n on t acc\nt des]ve to be b5efit$ by ano!r man3 & ! same applies to evil4 ,n[ a good action is itself a k9d ( good & p]fection ( ! ag5t3 :ile an inord9ate action is 8 evil4 ,!re=e a man does n m]it or dem]it1 f ! fact t he does a good or an evil de$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #c3aj1 #aa73 ,say to ! j man t x is well2 = he %all eat ! fruit ( 8 do+s4 ,woe to ! wick$ unto evil2 = ! rew>d ( 8 h&s %all be giv5 him4 ,i answ] t1 ,we speak ( m]it & dem]it1 9 relation to retribution1 r5d]$ accord+ to ju/ice4 ,n[1 retribution accord+ to ju/ice is r5d]$ to a man1 by reason ( 8 hav+ done some?+ to ano!r's advantage or hurt4 ,x mu/1 moreov]1 be obs]v$ t e individual memb] ( a society is1 9 a fa%ion1 a "p & memb] ( ! :ole society4 ,:]e=e1 any good or evil1 done to ! memb] ( a society1 r$\nds on ! :ole society3 ?us1 :o hurts ! h&1 hurts ! man4 ,:51 !re=e1 anyone does good or evil to ano!r individual1 !re is a tw(old measure ( m]it or dem]it 9 8 action3 fir/1 9 respect ( ! retribution ow$ to him by ! individual to :om he has done good or h>m2 secondly1 9 respect ( ! retribution ow$ to him by ! :ole ( society4 ,n[ :5 a man orda9s 8 action directly = ! good or evil ( ! :ole society1 retribution is ow$ to him1 be=e & above all1 by ! :ole society2 second>ily1 by all ! p>ts ( society4 ,:]eas :5 a man does t :i* conduces to 8 own b5efit or disadvantage1 !n aga9 is retribution ow$ to him1 9 s f> z ?is too affects ! community1 =asmu* z he is a "p ( society3 al?\gh retribution is n due to him1 9 s f> z x conduces to ! good or h>m ( an individual1 :o is id5tical ) ! ag5t3 unless1 p]*ance1 he owe retribution to himself1 by a sort ( resemblance1 9 s f> z man is said to be j to himself4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t a good or evil action des]ves praise or blame1 9 s f> z x is 9 ! p[] ( ! w3 t x is "r or s9ful1 accord+ z x is orda9$ to ! end2 & t its m]it or dem]it dep5ds on ! recomp5se = ju/ice or inju/ice t[>ds ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man's good or evil actions1 al?\gh n orda9$ to ! good or evil ( ano!r individual1 are nev]!less orda9$ to ! good or evil ( ano!r1 i4e4 ! community4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man is ma/] ( 8 actions2 & yet1 9 s f> z he belongs to ano!r1 i4e4 ! community1 ( :i* he =ms "p1 he m]its or dem]its1 inasmu* z he disposes 8 actions well or ill3 j z if he 7 to disp5se well or ill o!r belong+s ( 81 9 respect ( :i* he is b\nd to s]ve ! community4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is v good or evil1 :i* a man does to himself by 8 action1 r$\nds to ! community1 z /at$ above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,human ,action ,is ,m]itori\s or ,dem]itori\s ,be=e ,god1 ,accord+ ,z ,x ,is ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man's actions1 good or evil1 are n m]itori\s or dem]itori\s 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 m]it & dem]it imply relation to retribution = good or h>m done to ano!r4 ,b a man's action1 good or evil1 does no good or h>m to ,god2 = x is writt5 7,job #ce3f1 #g73 ,if ?\ s91 :at %alt ?\ hurt ,him8 4 4 4 ,& if ?\ d ju/ly1 :at %alt ?\ give ,him8 ,!re=e a human action1 good or evil1 is n m]itori\s or dem]itori\s 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an in/rum5t acquires no m]it or dem]it 9 ! sight ( him t uses x2 because ! entire action ( ! in/rum5t belongs to ! us]4 ,n[ :5 man acts he is ! in/rum5t ( ! ,div9e p[] :i* is ! pr9cipal cause ( 8 action2 h5ce x is writt5 7,isa4 #aj3ae73 ,%all ! axe boa/ itself aga9/ him t cutte? ) x8 ,or %all ! saw exalt itself aga9/ him by :om x is drawn8 :]e man :ile act+ is evid5tly comp>$ to an in/rum5t4 ,!re=e man m]its or dem]its no?+ 9 ,god's sight1 by good or evil de$s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a human action acquires m]it or dem]it ?r\gh be+ orda9$ to someone else4 ,b n all human actions are orda9$ to ,god4 ,!re=e n e good or evil action acquires m]it or dem]it 9 ,god's sight4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #ab3ad73 ,all ?+s t are done1 ,god w br+ into judgm5t 4 4 4 :e!r x be good or evil4 ,n[ judgm5t implies retribution1 9 respect ( :i* we speak ( m]it & dem]it4 ,!re=e e human action1 bo? good & evil1 acquires m]it or dem]it 9 ,god's sight4 ,i answ] t1 ,a human action1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 acquires m]it or dem]it1 ?r\gh be+ orda9$ to someone else1 ei!r by reason ( himself1 or by reason ( ! community3 & 9 ea* way1 our actions1 good & evil1 acquire m]it or dem]it1 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,on ! "p ( ,god ,himself1 inasmu* z ,he is man's la/ end2 & x is our duty to ref] all our actions to ! la/ end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #aj74 ,consequ5tly1 :oev] does an evil de$1 n ref]able to ,god1 does n give ,god ! honor due to ,him z our la/ end4 ,on ! "p ( ! :ole community ( ! univ]se1 because 9 e community1 he :o gov]ns ! community1 c>es1 fir/ ( all1 = ! common good2 :]e=e x is 8 bus9ess to aw>d retribution = su* ?+s z are done well or ill 9 ! community4 ,n[ ,god is ! gov]nor & rul] ( ! :ole univ]se1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #e73 & especially ( rational creatures4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t human actions acquire m]it or dem]it 9 ref]5ce to ,him3 else x w\ld foll[ t human actions are no bus9ess ( ,god's4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god 9 ,himself nei!r ga9s nor loses any?+ by ! action ( man3 b man1 = 8 "p1 takes some?+ f ,god1 or (f]s some?+ to ,him1 :5 he obs]ves or does n obs]ve ! ord] in/itut$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man is s mov$1 z an in/rum5t1 by ,god1 t1 at ! same "t1 he moves himself by 8 free-w1 z 0 expla9$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #f1 ad #c74 ,consequ5tly1 by 8 action1 he acquires m]it or dem]it 9 ,god's sight4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is n orda9$ to ! body politic1 accord+ to all t he is & has2 & s x does n foll[ t e action ( 8 acquires m]it or dem]it 9 relation to ! body politic4 ,b all t man is1 & c1 & has1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ,god3 & !re=e e action ( man1 :e!r good or bad1 acquires m]it or dem]it 9 ! sight ( ,god1 z f> z ! action itself is conc]n$4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,passions 7,,qq4 #bb-dh7 ,,"q #bb ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,passions 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! passions ( ! s\l3 fir/1 9 g5]al2 secondly1 9 p>ticul>4 ,tak+ !m 9 g5]al1 !re are f\r ?+s to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,_! subject3 7#b7 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 7#c7 ,_! mutual relation%ip3 7#d7 ,_! malice & goodness4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is any passion 9 ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r passion is 9 ! appetitive r ?an 9 ! appreh5sive "p8 7#c7 ,:e!r passion is 9 ! s5sitive appetite r ?an 9 ! intellectual appetite1 :i* is call$ ! w8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,any ,passion ,is 9 ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no passion 9 ! s\l4 ,because passivity belongs to matt]4 ,b ! s\l is n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e !re is no passion 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 passion is movem5t1 z is /at$ 9 ,phys4 iii1 #c4 ,b ! s\l is n mov$1 z is prov$ 9 ,de ,anima i1 #c4 ,!re=e passion is n 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 passion is ! road to corruption2 s9ce e passion1 :5 increas$1 alt]s ! sub/ance1 z is /at$ 9 ,topic4 vi1 #f4 ,b ! s\l is incorruptible4 ,!re=e no passion is 9 ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3e73 ,:5 we 7 9 ! fle%1 ! passions ( s9s :i* 7 by ! law1 did ! "w 9 our memb]s4 ,n[ s9s are1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! s\l4 ,!re=e passions also1 :i* are describ$ z be+ ( s9s1 are 9 ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w passive is us$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 a g5]al way1 accord+ z :atev] receives some?+ is passive1 al?\gh no?+ is tak5 f x3 ?us we may say t ! air is passive :5 x is lit up4 ,b ?is is to be p]fect$ r ?an to be passive4 ,secondly1 ! ^w passive is employ$ 9 its prop] s5se1 :5 some?+ is receiv$1 :ile some?+ else is tak5 away3 & ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,= sometimes t :i* is lo/ is unsuitable to ! ?+3 ?us :5 an animal's body is heal$1 & loses sickness4 ,at o!r times ! contr>y occurs3 ?us to ail is to be passive2 because ! ailm5t is receiv$ & heal? is lo/4 ,& "h we h passion 9 its mo/ prop] acceptation4 ,= a ?+ is said to be passive f its be+ drawn to ! ag5t3 & :5 a ?+ rec$es f :at is suitable to x1 !n especially does x appe> to be drawn to some?+ else4 ,moreov] 9 ,de ,g5]at4 i1 #c x is /at$ t :5 a m excell5t ?+ is g5]at$ f a less excell5t1 we h g5]ation simply1 & corruption 9 a p>ticul> respect3 :]eas ! rev]se is ! case1 :5 f a m excell5t ?+1 a less excell5t is g5]at$4 ,9 ^! ?ree ways x happ5s t passions are 9 ! s\l4 ,= 9 ! s5se ( m]e reception1 we speak ( feel+ & und]/&+ z be+ a k9d ( passion 7,de ,anima i1 #e74 ,b passion1 accompani$ by ! loss ( some?+1 is only 9 respect ( a bodily transmutation2 :]e=e passion prop]ly s call$ _c be 9 ! s\l1 save accid5tally1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z ! composite is passive4 ,b "h aga9 we f9d a diff]5ce2 because :5 ?is transmutation is = ! worse1 x has m ( ! nature ( a passion1 ?an :5 x is = ! bett]3 h5ce sorr[ is m prop]ly a passion ?an joy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to matt] to be passive 9 su* a way z to lose some?+ & to be transmut$3 h5ce ?is happ5s only 9 ^? ?+s t are compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,b passivity1 z imply+ m]e reception1 ne$ n be 9 matt]1 b c be 9 any?+ t is 9 pot5tiality4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! s\l is n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 yet x has some?+ ( pot5tiality1 9 respect ( :i* x is compet5t to receive or to be passive1 accord+ z ! act ( und]/&+ is a k9d ( passion1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh x does n belong to ! s\l 9 itself to be passive & to be mov$1 yet x belongs accid5tally z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima i1 #c4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t is true ( passion accompani$ by transmutation to some?+ worse4 ,& passion1 9 ?is s5se1 is n f\nd 9 ! s\l1 except accid5tally3 b ! composite1 :i* is corruptible1 admits ( x by reason ( its own nature4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,passion ,is 9 ! ,appetitive ,r ,?an 9 ! ,appreh5sive ,"p8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t passion is 9 ! appreh5sive "p ( ! s\l r ?an 9 ! appetitive4 ,because t :i* is fir/ 9 any g5us1 seems to rank fir/ among all ?+s t are 9 t g5us1 & to be _! cause1 z is /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ii1 #a4 ,n[ passion is f\nd to be 9 ! appreh5sive1 be=e be+ 9 ! appetitive "p3 = ! appetitive "p is n affect$ unless !re be a previ\s passion 9 ! appreh5sive "p4 ,!re=e passion is 9 ! appreh5sive "p m ?an 9 ! appetitive4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is m active is less passive2 = action is contr>y to passion4 ,n[ ! appetitive "p is m active ?an ! appreh5sive "p4 ,!re=e x seems t passion is m 9 ! appreh5sive "p4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! s5sitive appetite is ! p[] ( a corporeal organ1 s is ! p[] ( s5sitive appreh5sion4 ,b passion 9 ! s\l occurs1 prop]ly speak+1 9 respect ( a bodily transmutation4 ,!re=e passion is n m 9 ! s5sitive appetitive ?an 9 ! s5sitive appreh5sive "p4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #d7 t ! movem5t ( ! s\l1 :i* ! ,greeks call$ pa!1 are /yl$ by "s ( our writ]s1 ,cic]o 99,^? ?+s :i* ! ,greeks call pa!1 we pref] to call di/urbances r ?an diseases 7,tusc4 iv4 #e7 = in/ance1 di/urbances2 by "s1 affections or emotions2 :ile o!rs r5d]+ ! ,greek m accurately1 call !m passions4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! passions ( ! s\l are ! same z affections4 ,b affections manife/ly belong to ! appetitive1 & n to ! appreh5sive "p4 ,!re=e ! passions are 9 ! appetitive r ?an 9 ! appreh5sive "p4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h already /at$ 7,a4 #a7 ! ^w passion implies t ! pati5t is drawn to t :i* belongs to ! ag5t4 ,n[ ! s\l is drawn to a ?+ by ! appetitive p[] r ?an by ! appreh5sive p[]3 because ! s\l has1 ?r\gh its appetitive p[]1 an ord] to ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves3 h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vi1 #d7 t good & evil1 i4e4 ! objects ( ! appetitive p[]1 are 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h& ! appreh5sive p[] is n drawn to a ?+1 z x is 9 itself2 b kn[s x by reason ( an int5tion ( ! ?+1 :i* int5tion x has 9 itself1 or receives 9 its own way4 ,h5ce we f9d x /at$ 7,metaph4 vi1 #d7 t ! true & ! false1 :i* p]ta9 to k1 are n 9 ?+s1 b 9 ! m9d4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t ! nature ( passion is consi/5t ) ! appetitive1 r ?an ) ! appreh5sive "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ?+s relat+ to p]fection ! case is ! opposite1 9 comp>ison to ?+s t p]ta9 to defect4 ,because 9 ?+s relat+ to p]fection1 int5sity is 9 proportion to ! approa* to "o fir/ pr9ciple2 to :i* ! ne>] a ?+ approa*es1 ! m int5se x is4 ,?us ! int5sity ( a ?+ possess$ ( light dep5ds on its approa* to some?+ end[$ ) light 9 a supreme degree1 to :i* ! ne>] a ?+ approa*es ! m light x possesses4 ,b 9 ?+s t relate to defect1 int5sity dep5ds1 n on approa* to some?+ supreme1 b on rec$+ f t :i* is p]fect2 because !re9 consi/s ! v notion ( privation & defect4 ,:]e=e ! less a ?+ rec$es f t :i* /&s fir/1 ! less int5se x is3 & ! result is t at fir/ we always f9d "s small defect1 :i* aft]w>ds increases z x goes on4 ,n[ passion p]ta9s to defect1 because x belongs to a ?+ accord+ z x is 9 pot5tiality4 ,:]e=e 9 ^? ?+s t approa* to ! ,supreme ,p]fection1 i4e4 to ,god1 !re is b little pot5tiality & passion3 :ile 9 o!r ?+s1 consequ5tly1 !re is m4 ,h5ce also1 9 ! supreme1 i4e4 ! appreh5sive1 p[] ( ! s\l1 passion is f\nd less ?an 9 ! o!r p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! appetitive p[] is said to be m active1 because x is1 m ?an ! appreh5sive p[]1 ! pr9ciple ( ! ext]ior action3 & ?is = ! same reason t x is m passive1 namely1 its be+ relat$ to ?+s z exi/+ 9 !mselves3 s9ce x is ?r\gh ! ext]nal action t we come into contact ) ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #c7 ! organs ( ! s\l c be *ang$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by a spiritual *ange1 9 respect ( :i* ! organ receives an int5tion ( ! object4 ,& ?is is ess5tial to ! act ( ! s5sitive appreh5sion3 ?us is ! eye *ang$ by ! object visible1 n by be+ color$1 b by receiv+ an int5tion ( color4 ,b ! organs are receptive ( ano!r & natural *ange1 :i* affects _! natural disposition2 = in/ance1 :5 !y become hot or cold1 or und]go "s simil> *ange4 ,& :]eas ?is k9d ( *ange is accid5tal to ! act ( ! s5sitive appreh5sion2 = in/ance1 if ! eye be we>i$ ?r\gh gaz+ int5tly at some?+ or be ov]come by ! int5sity ( ! object3 on ! o!r h&1 x is ess5tial to ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite2 :]e=e ! mat]ial elem5t 9 ! def9itions ( ! movem5ts ( ! appetitive "p1 is ! natural *ange ( ! organ2 = in/ance1 ang] is said to be a k9dl+ ( ! blood ab\t ! he>t4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! notion ( passion is m consi/5t ) ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite1 ?an ) t ( ! s5sitive appreh5sion1 al?\gh bo? are actions ( a corporeal organ4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,passion ,is 9 ! ,s5sitive ,appetite ,r ,?an 9 ! ,intellectual ,appetite1 ,:i* ,is ,call$ ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t passion is n m 9 ! s5sitive ?an 9 ! intellectual appetite4 ,= ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 ii7 ,hi]o!us to be taught by a k9d ( yet m ,godlike in/ruction2 n only by le>n+ ,div9e ?+s1 b also by suff]+ 7pati5s7 !m4 ,b ! s5sitive appetite _c suff] ,div9e ?+s1 s9ce its object is ! s5sible good4 ,!re=e passion is 9 ! intellectual appetite1 j z x is also 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m p[]ful ! active =ce1 ! m int5se ! passion4 ,b ! object ( ! intellectual appetite1 :i* is ! univ]sal good1 is a m p[]ful active =ce ?an ! object ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is a p>ticul> good4 ,!re=e passion is m consi/5t ) ! intellectual ?an ) ! s5sitive appetite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 joy & love are said to be passions4 ,b ^! are to be f\nd 9 ! intellectual & n only 9 ! s5sitive appetite3 else !y w\ld n be ascrib$ by ! ,scriptures to ,god & ! angels4 ,!re=e ! passions are n m 9 ! s5sitive ?an 9 ! intellectual appetite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb71 :ile describ+ ! animal passions3 ,passion is a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite :5 we imag9e good or evil3 9 o!r words1 passion is a movem5t ( ! irrational s\l1 :5 we ?9k ( good or evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 passion is prop]ly to be f\nd :]e !re is corporeal transmutation4 ,?is corporeal transmutation is f\nd 9 ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite1 & is n only spiritual1 z 9 ! s5sitive appreh5sion1 b also natural4 ,n[ !re is no ne$ = corporeal transmutation 9 ! act ( ! intellectual appetite3 because ?is appetite is n ex]cis$ by means ( a corporeal organ4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t passion is m prop]ly 9 ! act ( ! s5sitive appetite1 ?an 9 t ( ! intellectual appetite2 & ?is is aga9 evid5t f ! def9itions ( ,damasc5e quot$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by suff]+ ,div9e ?+s is meant be+ well affect$ t[>ds !m1 & unit$ to !m by love3 & ?is takes place )\t any alt]ation 9 ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,int5sity ( passion dep5ds n only on ! p[] ( ! ag5t1 b also on ! passibility ( ! pati5t3 because ?+s t are dispos$ to passion1 suff] mu* ev5 f petty ag5ts4 ,!re=e al?\gh ! object ( ! intellectual appetite has great] activity ?an ! object ( ! s5sitive appetite1 yet ! s5sitive appetite is m passive4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 love & joy & ! l are ascrib$ to ,god or ! angels1 or to man 9 respect ( 8 intellectual appetite1 !y signify simple acts ( ! w hav+ l effects1 b )\t passion4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e73 ,! holy angels feel no ang] :ile !y puni% 4 4 4 no fell[-feel+ ) mis]y :ile !y relieve ! unhappy3 & yet ord9>y human spee* is wont to ascribe to !m also ^! passions by "n1 because1 al?\gh !y h none ( our weakness1 _! acts be> a c]ta9 resemblance to ours4 ,,"q #bc ,,h[ ,,! ,,passions ,,diff] ,,f ,,"o ,,ano!r 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] h[ ! passions diff] f "o ano!r3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! passions ( ! concupiscible "p are diff]5t f ^? ( ! irascible "p8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! contr>iety ( passions 9 ! irascible "p is bas$ on ! contr>iety ( good & evil8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re is any passion t has no contr>y8 7#d7 ,:e!r1 9 ! same p[]1 !re are any passions1 diff]+ 9 species1 b n contr>y to "o ano!r8 ,,"q #bc ,:e!r ! ,passions ( ! ,concupiscible ,"p ,are ,diff]5t f ,^? ( ! ,irascible ,"p8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! same passions are 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p>ts4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e7 t ! passions ( ! s\l are ^? emotions :i* are foll[$ by joy or sorr[4 ,b joy & sorr[ are 9 ! concupiscible "p4 ,!re=e all ! passions are 9 ! concupiscible "p1 & n "s 9 ! irascible1 o!rs 9 ! concupiscible "p4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 on ! words ( ,matt4 #ac3cc1 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l to leav51 etc41 ,j]ome's gloss says3 ,we %\ld h prud5ce 9 ! reason2 hatr$ ( vice 9 ! irascible faculty2 desire ( virtue1 9 ! concupiscible "p4 ,b hatr$ is 9 ! concupiscible faculty1 z also is love1 ( :i* x is ! contr>y1 z is /at$ 9 ,topic4 ii1 #g4 ,!re=e ! same passion is 9 ! concupiscible & irascible faculties4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 passions & actions diff] specifically accord+ to _! objects4 ,b ! objects ( ! irascible & concupiscible passions are ! same1 viz4 good & evil4 ,!re=e ! same passions are 9 ! irascible & concupiscible faculties4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! acts ( ! diff]5t p[]s diff] 9 species2 = in/ance1 to see1 & to he>4 ,b ! irascible & ! concupiscible are two p[]s into :i* ! s5sitive appetite is divid$1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! passions are movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c71 ! passions ( ! irascible faculty are specifically di/9ct f ^? ( ! concupiscible "p4 ,i answ] t1 ,! passions ( ! irascible "p diff] 9 species f ^? ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,= s9ce diff]5t p[]s h diff]5t objects1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c71 ! passions ( diff]5t p[]s mu/ ( necessity be ref]r$ to diff]5t objects4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 d ! passions ( diff]5t faculties diff] 9 species2 s9ce a great] diff]5ce 9 ! object is requir$ to div]sify ! species ( ! p[]s1 ?an to div]sify ! species ( passions or actions4 ,= j z 9 ! physical ord]1 div]sity ( g5us arises f div]sity 9 ! pot5tiality ( matt]1 :ile div]sity ( species arises f div]sity ( =m 9 ! same matt]2 s 9 ! acts ( ! s\l1 ^? t belong to diff]5t p[]s1 diff] n only 9 species b also 9 g5us1 :ile acts & passions reg>d+ diff]5t specific objects1 includ$ "u ! "o common object ( a s+le p[]1 diff] z ! species ( t g5us4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to disc]n :i* passions are 9 ! irascible1 & :i* 9 ! concupiscible1 we mu/ take ! object ( ea* ( ^! p[]s4 ,= we h /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b71 t ! object ( ! concupiscible p[] is s5sible good or evil1 simply appreh5d$ z su*1 :i* causes pleasure or pa94 ,b1 s9ce ! s\l mu/1 ( necessity1 exp]i5ce difficulty or /ruggle at times1 9 acquir+ "s su* good1 or 9 avoid+ "s su* evil1 9 s f> z su* good or evil is m ?an our animal nature c easily acquire or avoid2 !re=e ?is v good or evil1 inasmu* z x is ( an ardu\s or difficult nature1 is ! object ( ! irascible faculty4 ,!re=e :atev] passions reg>d good or evil absolutely1 belong to ! concupiscible p[]2 = in/ance1 joy1 sorr[1 love1 hatr$1 & su* l3 :]eas ^? passions :i* reg>d good or bad z ardu\s1 ?r\gh be+ difficult to obta9 or avoid1 belong to ! irascible faculty2 su* are d>+1 fe>1 hope & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b71 ! irascible faculty is be/[$ on animals1 9 ord] to remove ! ob/acles t h9d] ! concupiscible p[] f t5d+ t[>ds its object1 ei!r by mak+ "s good difficult to obta91 or by mak+ "s evil h>d to avoid4 ,! result is t all ! irascible passions t]m9ate 9 ! concupiscible passions3 & ?us x is t ev5 ! passions :i* are 9 ! irascible faculty are foll[$ by joy & sadness :i* are 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j]ome ascribes hatr$ ( vice to ! irascible faculty1 n by reason ( hatr$1 :i* is prop]ly a concupiscible passion2 b on acc\nt ( ! /ruggle1 :i* belongs to ! irascible p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,good1 inasmu* z x is delightful1 moves ! concupiscible p[]4 ,b if x prove difficult to obta91 f ?is v fact x has a c]ta9 contr>iety to ! concupiscible p[]3 & h5ce ! ne$ ( ano!r p[] t5d+ to t good4 ,! same applies to evil4 ,& ?is p[] is ! irascible faculty4 ,consequ5tly ! concupiscible passions are specifically diff]5t f ! irascible passions4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,contr>iety ( ! ,irascible ,passions ,is ,bas$ on ! ,contr>iety ( ,good & ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! contr>iety ( ! irascible passions is bas$ on no o!r contr>iety ?an t ( good & evil4 ,= ! irascible passions are orda9$ to ! concupiscible passions1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,b ! contr>iety ( ! concupiscible passions is no o!r ?an t ( good & evil2 take1 = in/ance1 love & hatr$1 joy & sorr[4 ,!re=e ! same applies to ! irascible passions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 passions diff] accord+ to _! objects2 j z movem5ts diff] accord+ to _! t]m9i4 ,b !re is no o!r contr>iety ( movem5ts1 except t ( ! t]m9i1 z is /at$ 9 ,phys4 v1 #c4 ,!re=e !re is no o!r contr>iety ( passions1 save t ( ! objects4 ,n[ ! object ( ! appetite is good or evil4 ,!re=e 9 no appetitive p[] c !re be contr>iety ( passions o!r ?an t ( good & evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e passion ( ! s\l is by way ( approa* & )drawal1 z ,avic5na decl>es 9 8 six? book ( ,physics4 ,n[ approa* results f ! appreh5sion ( good2 )drawal1 f ! appreh5sion ( evil3 s9ce j z good is :at all desire 7,e?ic4 i1 #a71 s evil is :at all %un4 ,!re=e1 9 ! passions ( ! s\l1 !re c be no o!r contr>iety ?an t ( good & evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,fe> & d>+ are contr>y to "o ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #g4 ,b fe> & d>+ d n diff] 9 respect ( good & evil3 because ea* reg>ds "s k9d ( evil4 ,!re=e n e contr>iety ( ! irascible passions is t ( good & evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,passion is a k9d ( movem5t1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 iii1 #c4 ,!re=e contr>iety ( passions is bas$ on contr>iety ( movem5ts or *anges4 ,n[ !re is a tw(old contr>iety 9 *anges & movem5ts1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 v1 #e4 ,"o is accord+ to approa* & )drawal 9 respect ( ! same t]m3 & ?is contr>iety belongs prop]ly to *anges1 i4e4 to g5]ation1 :i* is a *ange to be+1 & to corruption1 :i* is a *ange f be+4 ,! o!r contr>iety is accord+ to opposition ( t]m9i1 & belongs prop]ly to movem5ts3 ?us :it5+1 :i* is movem5t f black to :ite1 is contr>y to black5+1 :i* is movem5t f :ite to black4 ,accord+ly !re is a tw(old contr>iety 9 ! passions ( ! s\l3 "o1 accord+ to contr>iety ( objects1 i4e4 ( good & evil2 ! o!r1 accord+ to approa* & )drawal 9 respect ( ! same t]m4 ,9 ! concupiscible passions ! =m] contr>iety alone is to be f\nd2 viz4 t :i* is bas$ on ! objects3 :]eas 9 ! irascible passions1 we f9d bo? =ms ( contr>iety4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! object ( ! concupiscible faculty1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 is s5sible good or evil consid]$ absolutely4 ,n[ good1 z su*1 _c be a t]m :]efrom1 b only a t]m :]eto1 s9ce no?+ %uns good z su*2 on ! contr>y1 all ?+s desire x4 ,9 l mann]1 no?+ desires evil1 z su*2 b all ?+s %un x3 :]e=e evil _c h ! aspect ( a t]m :]eto1 b only ( a t]m :]efrom4 ,accord+ly e concupiscible passion 9 respect ( good1 t5ds to x1 z love1 desire & joy2 :ile e concupiscible passion 9 respect ( evil1 t5ds f x1 z hatr$1 avoidance or dislike1 & sorr[4 ,:]e=e1 9 ! concupiscible passions1 !re c be no contr>iety ( approa* & )drawal 9 respect ( ! same object4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! object ( ! irascible faculty is s5sible good or evil1 consid]$ n absolutely1 b "u ! aspect ( difficulty or ardu\sness4 ,n[ ! good :i* is difficult or ardu\s1 consid]$ z good1 is ( su* a nature z to produce 9 u a t5d5cy to x1 :i* t5d5cy p]ta9s to ! passion ( hope2 :]eas1 consid]$ z ardu\s or difficult1 x makes u turn f x2 & ?is p]ta9s to ! passion ( despair4 ,9 l mann] ! ardu\s evil1 consid]$ z an evil1 has ! aspect ( some?+ to be %unn$2 & ?is belongs to ! passion ( fe>3 b x also conta9s a reason = t5d+ to x1 z attempt+ some?+ ardu\s1 :]eby to escape be+ subject to evil2 & ?is t5d5cy is call$ d>+4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! irascible passions we f9d contr>iety 9 respect ( good & evil 7z betwe5 hope & fe>73 & also contr>iety accord+ to approa* & )drawal 9 respect ( ! same t]m 7z betwe5 d>+ & fe>74 ,f :at has be5 said ! replies to ! objections are evid5t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,passion ( ! ,s\l ,has ,no ,contr>y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e passion ( ! s\l has a contr>y4 ,= e passion ( ! s\l is ei!r 9 ! irascible or 9 ! concupiscible faculty1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b bo? k9ds ( passion h _! respective modes ( contr>iety4 ,!re=e e passion ( ! s\l has its contr>y4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e passion ( ! s\l has ei!r good or evil = its object2 = ^! are ! common objects ( ! appetitive "p4 ,b a passion hav+ good = its object1 is contr>y to a passion hav+ evil = its object4 ,!re=e e passion has a contr>y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e passion ( ! s\l is 9 respect ( approa* or )drawal1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b e approa* has a correspond+ contr>y )drawal1 & vice v]sa4 ,!re=e e passion ( ! s\l has a contr>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ang] is a passion ( ! s\l4 ,b no passion is set d[n z be+ contr>y to ang]1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #e4 ,!re=e n e passion has a contr>y4 ,i answ] t1 ,! passion ( ang] is peculi> 9 ?is1 t x _c h a contr>y1 ei!r accord+ to approa* & )drawal1 or accord+ to ! contr>iety ( good & evil4 ,= ang] is caus$ by a difficult evil already pres5t3 & :5 su* an evil is pres5t1 ! appetite mu/ ne$s ei!r succumb1 s t x does n g beyond ! limits ( sadness1 :i* is a concupiscible passion2 or else x has a movem5t ( attack on ! hurtful evil1 :i* movem5t is t ( ang]4 ,b x _c h a movem5t ( )drawal3 because ! evil is suppos$ to be already pres5t or pa/4 ,?us no passion is contr>y to ang] accord+ to contr>iety ( approa* & )drawal4 ,9 l mann] nei!r c !re be accord+ to contr>iety ( good & evil4 ,because ! opposite ( pres5t evil is good obta9$1 :i* c be no long] h ! aspect ( ardu\sness or difficulty4 ,nor1 :5 once good is obta9$1 does !re rema9 any o!r movem5t1 except ! appetite's repose 9 ! good obta9$2 :i* repose belongs to joy1 :i* is a passion ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,accord+ly no movem5t ( ! s\l c be contr>y to ! movem5t ( ang]1 & no?+ else ?an cessation f its movem5t is contr>y !reto2 ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #c7 t calm is contr>y to ang]1 by opposition n ( contr>iety b ( negation or privation4 ,f :at has be5 said ! replies to ! objections are evid5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r 9 ! ,same ,p[]1 ,!re ,are ,any ,passions1 ,specifically ,diff]5t1 b ,n ,contr>y to ,"o ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be1 9 ! same p[]1 specifically diff]5t passions t are n contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,= ! passions ( ! s\l diff] accord+ to _! objects4 ,n[ ! objects ( ! s\l's passions are good & evil2 & on ?is di/9ction is bas$ ! contr>iety ( ! passions4 ,!re=e no passions ( ! same p[]1 t are n contr>y to "o ano!r1 diff] specifically4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 diff]5ce ( species implies a diff]5ce ( =m4 ,b e diff]5ce ( =m is 9 respect ( "s contr>iety1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 #h4 ,!re=e passions ( ! same p[]1 t are n contr>y to "o ano!r1 d n diff] specifically4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce e passion ( ! s\l consi/s 9 approa* or )drawal 9 respect ( good or evil1 x seems t e diff]5ce 9 ! passions ( ! s\l mu/ ne$s arise f ! diff]5ce ( good & evil2 or f ! diff]5ce ( approa* & )drawal2 or f degrees 9 approa* or )drawal4 ,n[ ! fir/ two diff]5ces cause contr>iety 9 ! passions ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b73 :]eas ! ?ird diff]5ce does n div]sify ! species2 else ! species ( ! s\l's passions w\ld be inf9ite4 ,!re=e x is n possible = passions ( ! same p[] to diff] 9 species1 )\t be+ contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,love & joy diff] 9 species1 & are 9 ! concupiscible p[]2 & yet !y are n contr>y to "o ano!r2 r1 9 fact1 "o causes ! o!r4 ,!re=e 9 ! same p[] !re are passions t diff] 9 species )\t be+ contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,passions diff] 9 accordance ) _! active causes1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! passions ( ! s\l1 are _! objects4 ,n[1 ! diff]5ce 9 active causes may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 f ! po9t ( view ( _! species or nature1 z fire diff]s f wat]2 secondly1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! diff]5ce 9 _! active p[]4 ,9 ! passions ( ! s\l we c treat ! diff]5ce ( _! active or motive causes 9 respect ( _! motive p[]1 z if !y 7 natural ag5ts4 ,= e mov]1 9 a fa%ion1 ei!r draws ! pati5t to itself1 or repels x f itself4 ,n[ 9 draw+ x to itself1 x does ?ree ?+s 9 ! pati5t4 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 x gives ! pati5t an incl9ation or aptitude to t5d to ! mov]3 ?us a light body1 :i* is above1 be/[s lightness on ! body g5]at$1 s t x has an incl9ation or aptitude to be above4 ,secondly1 if ! g5]at$ body be outside its prop] place1 ! mov] gives x movem5t t[>ds t place4 ,?irdly1 x makes x to re/1 :5 x %all h come to its prop] place3 s9ce to ! same cause are due1 bo? re/ 9 a place1 & ! movem5t to t place4 ,! same applies to ! cause ( repulsion4 ,n[1 9 ! movem5ts ( ! appetitive faculty1 good has1 z x 71 a =ce ( attraction1 :ile evil has a =ce ( repulsion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 good causes1 9 ! appetitive p[]1 a c]ta9 incl9ation1 aptitude or connaturalness 9 respect ( good3 & ?is belongs to ! passion ( love3 ! correspond+ contr>y ( :i* is hatr$ 9 respect ( evil4 ,secondly1 if ! good be n yet possess$1 x causes 9 ! appetite a movem5t t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! good belov$3 & ?is belongs to ! passion ( desire or concupisc5ce3 & contr>y to x1 9 respect ( evil1 is ! passion ( av]sion or dislike4 ,?irdly1 :5 ! good is obta9$1 x causes ! appetite to re/1 z x 71 9 ! good obta9$3 & ?is belongs to ! passion ( delight or joy2 ! contr>y ( :i*1 9 respect ( evil1 is sorr[ or sadness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! irascible passions1 ! aptitude1 or incl9ation to seek good1 or to %un evil1 is presuppos$ z aris+ f ! concupiscible faculty1 :i* reg>ds good or evil absolutely4 ,& 9 respect ( good n yet obta9$1 we h hope & despair4 ,9 respect ( evil n yet pres5t we h fe> & d>+4 ,b 9 respect ( good obta9$ !re is no irascible passion3 because x is no long] consid]$ 9 ! light ( some?+ ardu\s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b evil already pres5t gives rise to ! passion ( ang]4 ,accord+ly x is cle> t 9 ! concupiscible faculty !re are ?ree c\ples ( passions2 viz4 love & hatr$1 desire & av]sion1 joy & sadness4 ,9 l mann] !re are ?ree gr\ps 9 ! irascible faculty2 viz4 hope & despair1 fe> & d>+1 & ang] :i* has no contr>y passion4 ,consequ5tly !re are altoge!r elev5 passions diff]+ specifically2 six 9 ! concupiscible faculty1 & five 9 ! irascible2 & "u ^! all ! passions ( ! s\l are conta9$4 ,f ?is ! replies to ! objections are evid5t4 ,,"q #bd ,,( ,,good ,,& ,,evil ,,9 ,,! ,,passions ,,( ,,! ,,s\l 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] good & evil 9 ! passions ( ! s\l3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r moral good & evil c be f\nd 9 ! passions ( ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r e passion ( ! s\l is morally evil8 7#c7 ,:e!r e passion increases or decreases ! goodness or malice ( an act8 7#d7 ,:e!r any passion is good or evil specifically8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,moral ,good & ,evil ,c ,be ,f\nd 9 ! ,passions ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no passion ( ! s\l is morally good or evil4 ,= moral good & evil are prop] to man3 s9ce morals are prop]ly pr$icat$ ( man1 z ,ambrose says 7,sup] ,luc4 ,prolog474 ,b passions are n prop] to man1 = he has !m 9 common ) o!r animals4 ,!re=e no passion ( ! s\l is morally good or evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! good or evil ( man consi/s 9 be+ 9 accord1 or 9 disaccord ) reason1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ ! passions ( ! s\l are n 9 ! reason1 b 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !y h no connection ) human1 i4e4 moral1 good or evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e7 t we are nei!r prais$ nor blam$ = our passions4 ,b we are prais$ & blam$ = moral good & evil4 ,!re=e ! passions are n morally good or evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g7 :ile speak+ ( ! passions ( ! s\l3 ,!y are evil if our love is evil2 good if our love is good4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may consid] ! passions ( ! s\l 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 !mselves2 secondly1 z be+ subject to ! comm& ( ! reason & w4 ,if !n ! passions be consid]$ 9 !mselves1 to wit1 z movem5ts ( ! irrational appetite1 ?us !re is no moral good or evil 9 !m1 s9ce ?is dep5ds on ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e74 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y be consid]$ z subject to ! comm& ( ! reason & w1 !n moral good & evil are 9 !m4 ,because ! s5sitive appetite is ne>] ?an ! outw>d memb]s to ! reason & w2 & yet ! movem5ts & actions ( ! outw>d memb]s are morally good or evil1 inasmu* z !y are volunt>y4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 may ! passions1 9 s f> z !y are volunt>y1 be call$ morally good or evil4 ,& !y are said to be volunt>y1 ei!r f be+ comm&$ by ! w1 or f n be+ *eck$ by ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! passions1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are common to man & o!r animals3 b1 z comm&$ by ! reason1 !y are prop] to man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 ! l[] appetitive p[]s are call$ rational1 9 s f> z !y p>take ( reason 9 "s sort 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] says t we are nei!r prais$ nor blam$ = our passions consid]$ absolutely2 b he does n exclude _! becom+ wor?y ( praise or blame1 9 s f> z !y are subord9ate to reason4 ,h5ce he cont9ues3 ,= ! man :o fe>s or is angry1 is n prais$ 4 4 4 or blam$1 b ! man :o is angry 9 a c]ta9 way1 i4e4 accord+ to1 or aga9/ reason4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,e ,passion ( ! ,s\l ,is ,evil ,morally8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! passions ( ! s\l are morally evil4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #d7 t "s call ! s\l's passions diseases or di/urbances ( ! s\l 99,cf4 ,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b1 footnote4 ,b e disease or di/urbance ( ! s\l is morally evil4 ,!re=e e passion ( ! s\l is evil morally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t movem5t 9 accord ) nature is an action1 b movem5t contr>y to nature is passion4 ,b 9 movem5ts ( ! s\l1 :at is aga9/ nature is s9ful & morally evil3 h5ce he says else:]e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d7 t ! devil turn$ f t :i* is 9 accord ) nature to t :i* is aga9/ nature4 ,!re=e ^! passions are morally evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] leads to s91 has an aspect ( evil4 ,b ^! passions lead to s93 :]e=e !y are call$ ! passions ( s9s 7,rom4 #g3e74 ,!re=e x seems t !y are morally evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #i7 t all ^! emotions are "r 9 ^? ^: love is rightly plac$ 4 4 4 ,= !y fe> to s91 !y desire to p]sev]e2 !y grieve = s91 !y rejoice 9 good works4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is "q ! op9ion ( ! ,/oics diff]$ f t ( ! ,p]ipatetics3 = ! ,/oics held t all passions are evil1 :ile ! ,p]ipatetics ma9ta9$ t mod]ate passions are good4 ,?is diff]5ce1 al?\gh x appe>s great 9 words1 is nev]!less1 9 reality1 none at all1 or b little1 if we consid] ! int5t ( ei!r s*ool4 ,= ! ,/oics did n disc]n betwe5 s5se & intellect2 & consequ5tly nei!r betwe5 ! intellectual & s5sitive appetite4 ,h5ce !y did n discrim9ate ! passions ( ! s\l f ! movem5ts ( ! w1 9 s f> z ! passions ( ! s\l are 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 :ile ! simple movem5ts ( ! w are 9 ! intellectual appetite3 b e rational movem5t ( ! appetitive "p !y call w1 :ile !y call$ passion1 a movem5t t exce$s ! limits ( reason4 ,:]e=e ,cic]o1 foll[+ _! op9ion 7,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 iii1 #d7 calls all passions diseases ( ! s\l3 :5ce he argues t ^? :o are diseas$ are uns\nd2 & ^? :o are uns\nd are want+ 9 s5se4 ,h5ce we speak ( ^? :o are want+ 9 s5se ( be+ uns\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,p]ipatetics give ! "n ( passions to all ! movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,:]e=e !y e/eem !m good1 :5 !y are controll$ by reason2 & evil :5 !y are n controll$ by reason4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ,cic]o 0 wrong 9 disapprov+ 7,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 iii1 #d7 ( ! ,p]ipatetic !ory ( a mean 9 ! passions1 :5 he says t e evil1 ?\gh mod]ate1 %\ld be %unn$2 =1 j z a body1 ?\gh x be mod]ately ail+1 is n s\nd2 s1 ?is mean 9 ! diseases or passions ( ! s\l1 is n s\nd4 ,= passions are n call$ diseases or di/urbances ( ! s\l1 save :5 !y are n controll$ by reason4 ,h5ce ! reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 e passion !re is an increase or decrease 9 ! natural movem5t ( ! he>t1 accord+ z ! he>t is mov$ m or less int5sely by contraction & dilatation2 & h5ce x d]ives ! "* ( passion4 ,b !re is no ne$ = passion to deviate always f ! ord] ( natural reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! passions ( ! s\l1 9 s f> z !y are contr>y to ! ord] ( reason1 incl9e u to s93 b 9 s f> z !y are controll$ by reason1 !y p]ta9 to virtue4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,passion ,increases or ,decreases ! ,goodness or ,malice ( an ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e passion decreases ! goodness ( a moral action4 ,= any?+ t h9d]s ! judgm5t ( reason1 on :i* dep5ds ! goodness ( a moral act1 consequ5tly decreases ! goodness ( ! moral act4 ,b e passion h9d]s ! judgm5t ( reason3 = ,sallu/ says 7,catil9473 ,all ^? t take c\nsel ab\t matt]s ( d\bt1 %\ld be free f hatr$1 ang]1 fri5d%ip & pity4 ,!re=e passion decreases ! goodness ( a moral act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m a man's action is l to ,god1 ! bett] x is3 h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3a73 ,be ye foll[]s ( ,god1 z mo/ de> *ildr54 ,b ,god & ! holy angels feel no ang] :5 !y puni% 4 4 4 no fell[-feel+ ) mis]y :5 !y relieve ! unhappy1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e74 ,!re=e x is bett] to d su* l de$s )\t ?an ) a passion ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z moral evil dep5ds on its relation to reason1 s also does moral good4 ,b moral evil is less5$ by passion3 = he s9s less1 :o s9s f passion1 ?an he :o s9s delib]ately4 ,!re=e he does a bett] de$1 :o does well )\t passion1 ?an he :o does ) passion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e7 t ! passion ( pity is ob$i5t to reason1 :5 pity is be/[$ )\t violat+ "r1 z :5 ! poor are reliev$1 or ! p5it5t =giv54 ,b no?+ t is ob$i5t to reason less5s ! moral good4 ,!re=e a passion ( ! s\l does n less5 moral good4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,/oics held t e passion ( ! s\l is evil1 !y consequ5tly held t e passion ( ! s\l less5s ! goodness ( an act2 s9ce ! admixture ( evil ei!r de/roys good altoge!r1 or makes x to be less good4 ,& ?is is true inde$1 if by passions we und]/& none b ! inord9ate movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 consid]$ z di/urbances or ailm5ts4 ,b if we give ! "n ( passions to all ! movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 !n x belongs to ! p]fection ( man's good t 8 passions be mod]at$ by reason4 ,= s9ce man's good is f\nd$ on reason z its root1 t good w be all ! m p]fect1 accord+ z x ext5ds to m ?+s p]ta9+ to man4 ,:]e=e no "o que/ions ! fact t x belongs to ! p]fection ( moral good1 t ! actions ( ! outw>d memb]s be controll$ by ! law ( reason4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! s5sitive appetite c obey reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #g71 x belongs to ! p]fection ( moral or human good1 t ! passions !mselves also %\ld be controll$ by reason4 ,accord+ly j z x is bett] t man %\ld bo? w good & d x 9 8 ext]nal act2 s also does x belong to ! p]fection ( moral good1 t man %\ld be mov$ unto good1 n only 9 respect ( 8 w1 b also 9 respect ( 8 s5sitive appetite2 accord+ to ,ps4 #hc3c3 ,my he>t & my fle% h rejoic$ 9 ! liv+ ,god3 :]e by he>t we are to und]/& ! intellectual appetite1 & by fle% ! s5sitive appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passions ( ! s\l may /& 9 a tw(old relation to ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,fir/1 antec$5tly3 & ?us1 s9ce !y obscure ! judgm5t ( reason1 on :i* ! goodness ( ! moral act dep5ds1 !y dim9i% ! goodness ( ! act2 = x is m praisewor?y to d a "w ( *>ity f ! judgm5t ( reason ?an f ! m]e passion ( pity4 ,9 ! second place1 consequ5tly3 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by way ( r$undance3 because1 to wit1 :5 ! high] "p ( ! s\l is int5sely mov$ to any?+1 ! l[] "p also foll[s t movem5t3 & ?us ! passion t results 9 consequ5ce1 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 is a sign ( ! int5sity ( ! w1 & s indicates great] moral goodness4 ,secondly1 by way ( *oice2 :51 to wit1 a man1 by ! judgm5t ( 8 reason1 *ooses to be affect$ by a passion 9 ord] to "w m promptly ) ! co-op]ation ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,& ?us a passion ( ! s\l increases ! goodness ( an action4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ,god & ! angels !re is no s5sitive appetite1 nor aga9 bodily memb]s3 & s 9 !m good does n dep5d on ! "r ord]+ ( passions or ( bodily actions1 z x does 9 u4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a passion t t5ds to evil1 & prec$es ! judgm5t ( reason1 dim9i%es s92 b if x be consequ5t 9 ei!r ( ! ways m5tion$ above 7,reply ,obj4 #a71 x aggravates ! s91 or else x is a sign ( its be+ m griev\s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,any ,passion ,is ,good or ,evil 9 ,its ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no passion ( ! s\l is good or evil morally accord+ to its species4 ,because moral good & evil dep5d on reason4 ,b ! passions are 9 ! s5sitive appetite2 s t accordance ) reason is accid5tal to !m4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 no?+ accid5tal belongs to a ?+'s species1 x seems t no passion is good or evil accord+ to its species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 acts & passions take _! species f _! object4 ,if1 !re=e1 any passion 7 good or evil1 accord+ to its species1 x w\ld foll[ t ^? passions ! object ( :i* is good1 are specifically good1 su* z love1 desire & joy3 & t ^? passions1 ! object ( :i* is evil1 are specifically evil1 z hatr$1 fe> & sadness4 ,b ?is is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e no passion is good or evil accord+ to its species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is no species ( passion t is n to be f\nd 9 o!r animals4 ,b moral good is 9 man alone4 ,!re=e no passion ( ! s\l is good or evil accord+ to its species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e7 t pity is a k9d ( virtue4 ,moreov]1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g7 t mode/y is a praisewor?y passion4 ,!re=e "s passions are good or evil accord+ to _! species4 ,i answ] t1 ,we ought1 seem+ly1 to apply to passions :at has be5 said 9 reg>d to acts 7,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #e1 #f2 ,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #a7--viz4 t ! species ( a passion1 z ! species ( an act1 c be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 accord+ to its natural g5us2 & ?us moral good & evil h no connection ) ! species ( an act or passion4 ,secondly1 accord+ to its moral g5us1 inasmu* z x is volunt>y & controll$ by reason4 ,9 ?is way moral good & evil c belong to ! species ( a passion1 9 s f> z ! object to :i* a passion t5ds1 is1 ( itself1 9 h>mony or 9 discord ) reason3 z is cle> 9 ! case ( %ame :i* is base fe>2 & ( envy :i* is sorr[ = ano!r's good3 = ?us passions belong to ! same species z ! ext]nal act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! passions 9 _! natural species1 9 s f> z ! s5sitive appetite is consid]$ 9 itself4 ,b 9 s f> z ! s5sitive appetite obeys reason1 good & evil ( reason are no long] accid5tally 9 ! passions ( ! appetite1 b ess5tially4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,passions hav+ a t5d5cy to good1 are !mselves good1 if !y t5d to t :i* is truly good1 & 9 l mann]1 if !y turn away f t :i* is truly evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? passions :i* consi/ 9 av]sion f good1 & a t5d5cy to evil1 are !mselves evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 irrational animals ! s5sitive appetite does n obey reason4 ,nev]!less1 9 s f> z !y are l$ by a k9d ( e/imative p[]1 :i* is subject to a high]1 i4e4 ! ,div9e reason1 !re is a c]ta9 lik5ess ( moral good 9 !m1 9 reg>d to ! s\l's passions4 ,,"q #be ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,passions ,,to ,,"o ,,ano!r 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ord] ( ! passions to "o ano!r3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! relation ( ! irascible passions to ! concupiscible passions2 7#b7 ,! relation ( ! concupiscible passions to "o ano!r2 7#c7 ,! relation ( ! irascible passions to "o ano!r2 7#d7 ,! f\r pr9cipal passions4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,irascible ,passions ,prec$e ! ,concupiscible ,passions1 or ,vice ,v]sa8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! irascible passions prec$e ! concupiscible passions4 ,= ! ord] ( ! passions is t ( _! objects4 ,b ! object ( ! irascible faculty is ! difficult good1 :i* seems to be ! highe/ good4 ,!re=e ! irascible passions seem to prec$e ! concupiscible passions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! mov] prec$es t :i* is mov$4 ,b ! irascible faculty is comp>$ to ! concupiscible1 z mov] to t :i* is mov$3 s9ce x is giv5 to animals1 = ! purpose ( remov+ ! ob/acles t h9d] ! concupiscible faculty f enjoy+ its object1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a2 ,i1 ,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ t :i* removes an ob/acle1 is a k9d ( mov] 7,phys4 viii1 #d74 ,!re=e ! irascible passions prec$e ! concupiscible passions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 joy & sadness are concupiscible passions4 ,b joy & sadness succe$ to ! irascible passions3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 t retaliation causes ang] to cease1 because x produces pleasure in/ead ( ! previ\s pa94 ,!re=e ! concupiscible passions foll[ ! irascible passions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! concupiscible passions reg>d ! absolute good1 :ile ! irascible passions reg>d a re/rict$1 viz4 ! difficult1 good4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! absolute good prec$es ! re/rict$ good1 x seems t ! concupiscible passions prec$e ! irascible4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! concupiscible passions !re is m div]sity ?an 9 ! passions ( ! irascible faculty4 ,= 9 ! =m] we f9d some?+ relat+ to movem5t--e4g4 desire2 & some?+ belong+ to repose1 e4g4 joy & sadness4 ,b 9 ! irascible passions !re is no?+ p]ta9+ to repose1 & only t :i* belongs to movem5t4 ,! reason ( ?is is t :5 we f9d re/ 9 a ?+1 we no long] look ^u x z some?+ difficult or ardu\s2 :]eas su* is ! object ( ! irascible faculty4 ,n[ s9ce re/ is ! end ( movem5t1 x is fir/ 9 ! ord] ( int5tion1 b la/ 9 ! ord] ( execution4 ,if1 !re=e1 we comp>e ! passions ( ! irascible faculty ) ^? concupiscible passions t d5ote re/ 9 good1 x is evid5t t 9 ! ord] ( execution1 ! irascible passions take prec$5ce ( su* l passions ( ! concupiscible faculty3 ?us hope prec$es joy1 & h5ce causes x1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #ab3ab73 ,rejoic+ 9 hope4 ,b ! concupiscible passion :i* d5otes re/ 9 evil1 viz4 sadness1 comes betwe5 two irascible passions3 because x foll[s fe>2 s9ce we become sad :5 we are confront$ by ! evil t we fe>$3 :ile x prec$es ! movem5t ( ang]2 s9ce ! movem5t ( self-v9dication1 t results f sadness1 is ! movem5t ( ang]4 ,& because x is look$ ^u z a good ?+ to pay back ! evil done to u2 :5 ! angry man has a*iev$ ?is he rejoices4 ,?us x is evid5t t e passion ( ! irascible faculty t]m9ates 9 a concupiscible passion d5ot+ re/1 viz4 ei!r 9 joy or 9 sadness4 ,b if we comp>e ! irascible passions to ^? concupiscible passions t d5ote movem5t1 !n x is cle> t ! latt] take prec$5ce3 because ! passions ( ! irascible faculty add some?+ to ^? ( ! concupiscible faculty2 j z ! object ( ! irascible adds ! aspect ( ardu\sness or difficulty to ! object ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,?us hope adds to desire a c]ta9 ef=t1 & a c]ta9 rais+ ( ! spirits to ! realization ( ! ardu\s good4 ,9 l mann] fe> adds to av]sion or dete/ation a c]ta9 l[ness ( spirits1 on acc\nt ( difficulty 9 %unn+ ! evil4 ,accord+ly ! passions ( ! irascible faculty /& betwe5 ^? concupiscible passions t d5ote movem5t t[>ds good or evil1 & ^? concupiscible passions t d5ote re/ 9 good or evil4 ,& x is !re=e evid5t t ! irascible passions bo? arise f & t]m9ate 9 ! passions ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t w\ld prove1 if ! =mal object ( ! concupiscible faculty 7 some?+ contr>y to ! ardu\s1 j z ! =mal object ( ! irascible faculty is t :i* is ardu\s4 ,b because ! object ( ! concupiscible faculty is good absolutely1 x naturally prec$es ! object ( ! irascible1 z ! common prec$es ! prop]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! remov] ( an ob/acle is n a direct b an accid5tal mov]3 & "h we are speak+ ( passions z directly relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,moreov]1 ! irascible passion removes ! ob/acle t h9d]s ! concupiscible f re/+ 9 its object4 ,:]e=e x only foll[s t ! irascible passions prec$e ^? concupiscible passions t connote re/4 ,! ?ird objection leads to ! same conclusion4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,love ,is ! ,fir/ ( ! ,concupiscible ,passions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love is n ! fir/ ( ! concupiscible passions4 ,= ! concupiscible faculty is s call$ f concupisc5ce1 :i* is ! same passion z desire4 ,b ?+s are nam$ f _! *ief *>act]i/ic 7,de ,anima ii1 #d74 ,!re=e desire takes prec$5ce ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love implies a c]ta9 union2 s9ce x is a unit+ & b9d+ =ce1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b concupisc5ce or desire is a movem5t t[>ds union ) ! ?+ covet$ or desir$4 ,!re=e desire prec$es love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! cause prec$es its effect4 ,b pleasure is sometimes ! cause ( love3 s9ce "s love on acc\nt ( pleasure 7,e?ic4 viii1 #c1 #d74 ,!re=e pleasure prec$es love2 & consequ5tly love is n ! fir/ ( ! concupiscible passions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i7 t all ! passions are caus$ by love3 s9ce love ye>n+ = ! belov$ object1 is desire2 &1 hav+ & enjoy+ x1 is joy4 ,!re=e love is ! fir/ ( ! concupiscible passions4 ,i answ] t1 ,good & evil are ! object ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,n[ good naturally prec$es evil2 s9ce evil is privation ( good4 ,:]e=e all ! passions1 ! object ( :i* is good1 are naturally be=e ^?1 ! object ( :i* is evil--t is to say1 ea* prec$es its contr>y passion3 because ! que/ ( a good is ! reason = %unn+ ! opposite evil4 ,n[ good has ! aspect ( an end1 & ! end is inde$ fir/ 9 ! ord] ( int5tion1 b la/ 9 ! ord] ( execution4 ,consequ5tly ! ord] ( ! concupiscible passions c be consid]$ ei!r 9 ! ord] ( int5tion or 9 ! ord] ( execution4 ,9 ! ord] ( execution1 ! fir/ place belongs to t :i* takes place fir/ 9 ! ?+ t t5ds to ! end4 ,n[ x is evid5t t :atev] t5ds to an end1 has1 9 ! fir/ place1 an aptitude or proportion to t end1 = no?+ t5ds to a disproportionate end2 secondly1 x is mov$ to t end2 ?irdly1 x re/s 9 ! end1 aft] hav+ atta9$ x4 ,& ?is v aptitude or proportion ( ! appetite to good is love1 :i* is complac5cy 9 good2 :ile movem5t t[>ds good is desire or concupisc5ce2 & re/ 9 good is joy or pleasure4 ,accord+ly 9 ?is ord]1 love prec$es desire1 & desire prec$es pleasure4 ,b 9 ! ord] ( int5tion1 x is ! rev]se3 because ! pleasure int5d$ causes desire & love4 ,= pleasure is ! enjoym5t ( ! good1 :i* enjoym5t is1 9 a way1 ! end1 j z ! good itself is1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we "n a ?+ z we und]/& x1 = words are signs ( ?\ghts1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,p]i ,h]m4 i1 #a74 ,n[ 9 mo/ cases we "k a cause by its effect4 ,b ! effect ( love1 :5 ! belov$ object is possess$1 is pleasure3 :5 x is n possess$1 x is desire or concupisc5ce3 &1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #ab71 we are m s5sible to love1 :5 we lack t :i* we love4 ,consequ5tly ( all ! concupiscible passions1 concupisc5ce is felt mo/2 & = ?is reason ! p[] is nam$ aft] x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! union ( lov] & belov$ is tw(old4 ,!re is real union1 consi/+ 9 ! conjunction ( "o ) ! o!r4 ,?is union belongs to joy or pleasure1 :i* foll[s desire4 ,!re is also an affective union1 consi/+ 9 an aptitude or proportion1 9 s f> z "o ?+1 f ! v fact ( its hav+ an aptitude = & an incl9ation to ano!r1 p>takes ( x3 & love betok5s su* a union4 ,?is union prec$es ! movem5t ( desire4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pleasure causes love1 9 s f> z x prec$es love 9 ! ord] ( int5tion4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,hope ,is ! ,fir/ ( ! ,irascible ,passions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is n ! fir/ ( ! irascible passions4 ,because ! irascible faculty is d5om9at$ f ang]4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?+s are names f _! *ief *>act]i/ic 7cf4 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #a71 x seems t ang] prec$es & surpasses hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( ! irascible faculty is some?+ ardu\s4 ,n[ x seems m ardu\s to /rive to ov]come a contr>y evil t ?reat5s soon to ov]take u1 :i* p]ta9s to d>+2 or an evil actually pres5t1 :i* p]ta9s to ang]2 ?an to /rive simply to obta9 "s good4 ,aga91 x seems m ardu\s to /rive to ov]come a pres5t evil1 ?an a future evil4 ,!re=e ang] seems to be a /rong] passion ?an d>+1 & d>+1 ?an hope4 ,& consequ5tly x seems t hope does n prec$e !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5 a ?+ is mov$ t[>ds an end1 ! movem5t ( )drawal prec$es ! movem5t ( approa*4 ,b fe> & despair imply )drawal f some?+2 :ile d>+ & hope imply approa* t[>ds some?+4 ,!re=e fe> & despair prec$e hope & d>+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ne>] a ?+ is to ! fir/1 ! m x prec$es o!rs4 ,b hope is ne>] to love1 :i* is ! fir/ ( ! passions4 ,!re=e hope is ! fir/ ( ! passions 9 ! irascible faculty4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 all irascible passions imply movem5t t[>ds some?+4 ,n[ ?is movem5t ( ! irascible faculty t[>ds some?+ may be due to two causes3 "o is ! m]e aptitude or proportion to ! end2 & ?is p]ta9s to love or hatr$2 ! o!r is ! pres5ce ( good or evil itself1 & ?is belongs to sadness or joy4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! pres5ce ( good produces no passion 9 ! irascible1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d72 b ! pres5ce ( evil gives rise to ! passion ( ang]4 ,s9ce !n 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation or execution1 proportion or aptitude to ! end prec$es ! a*ievem5t ( ! end2 x foll[s t1 ( all ! irascible passions1 ang] is ! la/ 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation4 ,& among ! o!r passions ( ! irascible faculty1 :i* imply a movem5t aris+ f love ( good or hatr$ ( evil1 ^? ^: object is good1 viz4 hope & despair1 mu/ naturally prec$e ^? ^: object is evil1 viz4 d>+ & fe>3 yet s t hope prec$es despair2 s9ce hope is a movem5t t[>ds good z su*1 :i* is ess5tially attractive1 s t hope t5ds to good directly2 :]eas despair is a movem5t away f good1 a movem5t :i* is consi/5t ) good1 n z su*1 b 9 respect ( some?+ else1 :]e=e its t5d5cy f good is accid5tal1 z x 74 ,9 l mann] fe>1 ?r\gh be+ a movem5t f evil1 prec$es d>+4 ,& t hope & despair naturally prec$e fe> & d>+ is evid5t f ?is--t z ! desire ( good is ! reason = avoid+ evil1 s hope & despair are ! reason = fe> & d>+3 because d>+ arises f ! hope ( victory1 & fe> arises f ! despair ( ov]com+4 ,la/ly1 ang] arises f d>+3 = no "o is angry :ile seek+ v5geance1 unless he d>e to av5ge himself1 z ,avic5na obs]ves 9 ! six? book ( 8 ,physics4 ,accord+ly1 x is evid5t t hope is ! fir/ ( all ! irascible passions4 ,& if we wi% to "k ! ord] ( all ! passions 9 ! way ( g5]ation1 love & hatr$ are fir/2 desire & av]sion1 second2 hope & despair1 ?ird2 fe> & d>+1 f\r?2 ang]1 fif?2 six? & la/1 joy & sadness1 :i* foll[ f all ! passions1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #e3 yet s t love prec$es hatr$2 desire prec$es av]sion2 hope prec$es despair2 fe> prec$es d>+2 & joy prec$es sadness1 z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,because ang] arises f ! o!r passions1 z an effect f ! causes t prec$e x1 x is f ang]1 z be+ m manife/ ?an ! o!r passions1 t ! p[] takes its "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n ! ardu\sness b ! good t is ! reason = approa* or desire4 ,consequ5tly hope1 :i* reg>ds good m directly1 takes prec$5ce3 al?\gh at times d>+ or ev5 ang] reg>ds some?+ m ardu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! movem5t ( ! appetite is ess5tially & directly t[>ds ! good z t[>ds its prop] object2 its movem5t f evil results f ?is4 ,= ! movem5t ( ! appetitive "p is 9 proportion1 n to natural movem5t1 b to ! int5tion ( nature1 :i* int5ds ! end be=e int5d+ ! removal ( a contr>y1 :i* removal is desir$ only = ! sake ( obta9+ ! end4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,^! ,are ! ,f\r ,pr9cipal ,passions3 ,joy1 ,sadness1 ,hope & ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t joy1 sadness1 hope & fe> are n ! f\r pr9cipal passions4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #c1 #g sqq47 omits hope & puts desire 9 its place4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is a tw(old ord] 9 ! passions ( ! s\l3 ! ord] ( int5tion1 & ! ord] ( execution or g5]ation4 ,! pr9cipal passions %\ld !re=e be tak51 ei!r 9 ! ord] ( int5tion2 & ?us joy & sadness1 :i* are ! f9al passions1 w be ! pr9cipal passions2 or 9 ! ord] ( execution or g5]ation1 & ?us love w be ! pr9cipal passion4 ,!re=e joy & sadness1 hope & fe> %\ld 9 no way be call$ ! f\r pr9cipal passions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z d>+ is caus$ by hope1 s fe> is caus$ by despair4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 hope & despair %\ld be reckon$ z pr9cipal passions1 s9ce !y cause o!rs3 or hope & d>+1 f be+ ak9 to "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 i7 9 enum]at+ ! f\r pr9cipal passions1 says3 ,bani% joys3 bani% fe>s3 ,away ) hope3 away ) te>s4 ,i answ] t1 ,^! f\r are commonly call$ ! pr9cipal passions4 ,two ( !m1 viz4 joy & sadness1 are said to be pr9cipal because 9 !m all ! o!r passions h _! completion & end2 :]e=e !y arise f all ! o!r passions1 z is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #e4 ,fe> & hope are pr9cipal passions1 n because !y complete ! o!rs simply1 b because !y complete !m z reg>ds ! movem5t ( ! appetite t[>ds some?+3 = 9 respect ( good1 movem5t beg9s 9 love1 goes =w>d to desire1 & ends 9 hope2 :ile 9 respect ( evil1 x beg9s 9 hatr$1 goes on to av]sion1 & ends 9 fe>4 ,h5ce x is cu/om>y to di/+ui% ^! f\r passions 9 relation to ! pres5t & ! future3 = movem5t reg>ds ! future1 :ile re/ is 9 some?+ pres5t3 s t joy relates to pres5t good1 sadness relates to pres5t evil2 hope reg>ds future good1 & fe>1 future evil4 ,z to ! o!r passions t reg>d good or evil1 pres5t or future1 !y all culm9ate 9 ^! f\r4 ,= ?is reason "s h said t ^! f\r are ! pr9cipal passions1 because !y are g5]al passions2 & ?is is true1 provid$ t by hope & fe> we und]/& ! appetite's common t5d5cy to desire or %un some?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e puts desire or covet\sness 9 place ( hope1 9 s f> z !y seem to reg>d ! same object1 viz4 "s future good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! are call$ pr9cipal passions1 9 ! ord] ( int5tion & completion4 ,& ?\gh fe> & hope are n ! la/ passions simply1 yet !y are ! la/ ( ^? passions t t5d t[>ds some?+ z future4 ,nor c ! argum5t be press$ any fur!r except 9 ! case ( ang]3 yet nei!r c ang] be reckon$ a pr9cipal passion1 because x is an effect ( d>+1 :i* _c be a pr9cipal passion1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,reply ,obj4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,despair implies movem5t away f good2 & ?is is1 z x 71 accid5tal3 & d>+ implies movem5t t[>ds evil2 & ?is too is accid5tal4 ,consequ5tly ^! _c be pr9cipal passions2 because t :i* is accid5tal _c be said to be pr9cipal4 ,& s nei!r c ang] be call$ a pr9cipal passion1 because x arises f d>+4 ,,"q #bf ,,( ,,! ,,passions ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,,p>ticul>3 ,,& ,,fir/1 ,,( ,,love 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! s\l's passions 9 p>ticul>1 & 7#a7 ! passions ( ! concupiscible faculty2 7#b7 ! passions ( ! irascible faculty4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consid]ations w be ?reefold3 s9ce we %all consid] 7#a7 ,love & hatr$2 7#b7 ,desire & av]sion2 7#c7 ,pleasure & sadness4 ,conc]n+ love1 ?ree po9ts mu/ be consid]$3 7#a7 ,love itself2 7#b7 ,! cause ( love2 7#c7 ,! effects ( love4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r love is 9 ! concupiscible p[]8 7#b7 ,:e!r love is a passion8 7#c7 ,:e!r love is ! same z dilection8 7#d7 ,:e!r love is prop]ly divid$ into love ( fri5d%ip1 & love ( concupisc5ce8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,love ,is 9 ! ,concupiscible ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love is n 9 ! concupiscible p[]4 ,= x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3b73 ,h]1 namely wisdom1 h ,i lov$1 & h s\ght h] out f my y\?4 ,b ! concupiscible p[]1 be+ a "p ( ! s5sitive appetite1 _c t5d to wisdom1 :i* is n appreh5d$ by ! s5ses4 ,!re=e love is n 9 ! concupiscible p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love seems to be id5tifi$ ) e passion3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g73 ,love1 ye>n+ = ! object belov$1 is desire2 hav+ & enjoy+ x1 is joy2 flee+ :at is contr>y to x1 is fe>2 & feel+ :at is contr>y to x1 is sadness4 ,b n e passion is 9 ! concupiscible p[]2 inde$1 fe>1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ?is passage1 is 9 ! irascible p[]4 ,!re=e we mu/ n say absolutely t love is 9 ! concupiscible p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 m5tions a natural love4 ,b natural love seems to p]ta9 r to ! natural p[]s1 :i* belong to ! vegetal s\l4 ,!re=e love is n simply 9 ! concupiscible p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 ii1 #g7 t love is 9 ! concupiscible p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,love is some?+ p]ta9+ to ! appetite2 s9ce good is ! object ( bo?4 ,:]e=e love diff]s accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( appetites4 ,= !re is an appetite :i* arises f an appreh5sion exi/+1 n 9 ! subject ( ! appetite1 b 9 "s o!r3 & ?is is call$ ! natural appetite4 ,because natural ?+s seek :at is suitable to !m accord+ to _! nature1 by reason ( an appreh5sion :i* is n 9 !m1 b 9 ! ,au?or ( _! nature1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a1 #c74 ,& !re is ano!r appetite aris+ f an appreh5sion 9 ! subject ( ! appetite1 b f necessity & n f free-w4 ,su* is1 9 irrational animals1 ! s5sitive appetite1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 man1 has a c]ta9 %>e ( lib]ty1 9 s f> z x obeys reason4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r appetite foll[+ freely f an appreh5sion 9 ! subject ( ! appetite4 ,& ?is is ! rational or intellectual appetite1 :i* is call$ ! w4 ,n[ 9 ea* ( ^! appetites1 ! "n love is giv5 to ! pr9ciple ( movem5t t[>ds ! end lov$4 ,9 ! natural appetite ! pr9ciple ( ?is movem5t is ! appetitive subject's connaturalness ) ! ?+ to :i* x t5ds1 & may be call$ natural love3 ?us ! connaturalness ( a heavy body = ! c5tre1 is by reason ( its weight & may be call$ natural love4 ,9 l mann] ! aptitude ( ! s5sitive appetite or ( ! w to "s good1 t is to say1 its v complac5cy 9 good is call$ s5sitive love1 or intellectual or rational love4 ,s t s5sitive love is 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 j z intellectual love is 9 ! intellectual appetite4 ,& x belongs to ! concupiscible p[]1 because x reg>ds good absolutely1 & n "u ! aspect ( difficulty1 :i* is ! object ( ! irascible faculty4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words quot$ ref] to intellectual or rational love4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,love is spok5 ( z be+ fe>1 joy1 desire & sadness1 n ess5tially b causally4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,natural love is n only 9 ! p[]s ( ! vegetal s\l1 b 9 all ! s\l's p[]s1 & also 9 all ! p>ts ( ! body1 & univ]sally 9 all ?+s3 because1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 ,beauty & goodness are belov$ by all ?+s2 s9ce ea* s+le ?+ has a connaturalness ) t :i* is naturally suitable to x4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,love ,is a ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love is n a passion4 ,= no p[] is a passion4 ,b e love is a p[]1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e love is n a passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love is a k9d ( union or bond1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 viii1 #aj74 ,b a union or bond is n a passion1 b r a relation4 ,!re=e love is n a passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t passion is a movem5t4 ,b love does n imply ! movem5t ( ! appetite2 = ?is is desire1 ( :i* movem5t love is ! pr9ciple4 ,!re=e love is n a passion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e7 t love is a passion4 ,i answ] t1 ,passion is ! effect ( ! ag5t on ! pati5t4 ,n[ a natural ag5t produces a tw(old effect on ! pati5t3 = 9 ! fir/ place x gives x ! =m2 & secondly x gives x ! movem5t t results f ! =m4 ,?us ! g5]ator gives ! g5]at$ body bo? weight & ! movem5t result+ f weight3 s t weight1 f be+ ! pr9ciple ( movem5t to ! place1 :i* is connatural to t body by reason ( its weight1 c1 9 a way1 be call$ natural love4 ,9 ! same way ! appetible object gives ! appetite1 fir/1 a c]ta9 adaptation to itself1 :i* consi/s 9 complac5cy 9 t object2 & f ?is foll[s movem5t t[>ds ! appetible object4 ,= ! appetitive movem5t is circul>1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #aj2 because ! appetible object moves ! appetite1 introduc+ itself1 z x 71 into its int5tion2 :ile ! appetite moves t[>ds ! realization ( ! appetible object1 s t ! movem5t ends :]e x began4 ,accord+ly1 ! fir/ *ange wr\ght 9 ! appetite by ! appetible object is call$ love1 & is no?+ else ?an complac5cy 9 t object2 & f ?is complac5cy results a movem5t t[>ds t same object1 & ?is movem5t is desire2 & la/ly1 !re is re/ :i* is joy4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 love consi/s 9 a *ange wr\ght 9 ! appetite by ! appetible object1 x is evid5t t love is a passion3 prop]ly s call$1 accord+ z x is 9 ! concupiscible faculty2 9 a wid] & ext5d$ s5se1 accord+ z x is 9 ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce p[] d5otes a pr9ciple ( movem5t or action1 ,dionysius calls love a p[]1 9 s f> z x is a pr9ciple ( movem5t 9 ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,union belongs to love 9 s f> z by reason ( ! complac5cy ( ! appetite1 ! lov] /&s 9 relation to t :i* he loves1 z ?\gh x 7 himself or "p ( himself4 ,h5ce x is cle> t love is n ! v relation ( union1 b t union is a result ( love4 ,h5ce1 too1 ,dionysius says t love is a unitive =ce 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 ii1 #a7 t union is ! "w ( love4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh love does n d5ote ! movem5t ( ! appetite 9 t5d+ t[>ds ! appetible object1 yet x d5otes t movem5t :]eby ! appetite is *ang$ by ! appetible object1 s z to h complac5cy !re94 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,love ,is ! ,same ,z ,dilection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love is ! same z dilection4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t love is to dilection1 z f\r is to twice two1 & z a rectil9e> figure is to "o compos$ ( /raight l9es4 ,b ^! h ! same mean+4 ,!re=e love & dilection d5ote ! same ?+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! movem5ts ( ! appetite diff] by reason ( _! objects4 ,b ! objects ( dilection & love are ! same4 ,!re=e ^! are ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if dilection & love diff]1 x seems t x is *iefly 9 ! fact t dilection ref]s to good ?+s1 love to evil ?+s1 z "s h ma9ta9$1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g74 ,b !y d n diff] ?us2 because z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g7 ! holy ,scripture uses bo? words 9 ref]5ce to ei!r good or bad ?+s4 ,!re=e love & dilection d n diff]3 ?us inde$ ,augu/9e concludes 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g7 t x is n "o ?+ to speak ( love1 & ano!r to speak ( dilection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t "s holy m5 h held t love means some?+ m ,godlike ?an dilection does4 ,i answ] t1 ,we f9d f\r words ref]r+ 9 a way1 to ! same ?+3 viz4 love1 dilection1 *>ity & fri5d%ip4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 9 ?is1 t fri5d%ip1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e71 is l a habit1 :]eas love & dilection are express$ by way ( act or passion2 & *>ity c be tak5 ei!r way4 ,moreov] ^! ?ree express act 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= love has a wid] signification ?an ! o!rs1 s9ce e dilection or *>ity is love1 b n vice v]sa4 ,because dilection implies1 9 addition to love1 a *oice 7electionem7 made be=eh&1 z ! v ^w d5otes3 & !re=e dilection is n 9 ! concupiscible p[]1 b only 9 ! w1 & only 9 ! rational nature4 ,*>ity d5otes1 9 addition to love1 a c]ta9 p]fection ( love1 9 s f> z t :i* is lov$ is held to be ( great price1 z ! ^w itself implies 99,ref]r+ to ! ,lat9 c>us 7de>74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius is speak+ ( love & dilection1 9 s f> z !y are 9 ! intellectual appetite2 = ?us love is ! same z dilection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! object ( love is m g5]al ?an ! object ( dilection3 because love ext5ds to m ?an dilection does1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,love & dilection diff]1 n 9 respect ( good & evil1 b z /at$4 ,yet 9 ! intellectual faculty love is ! same z dilection4 ,& x is 9 ?is s5se t ,augu/9e speaks ( love 9 ! passage quot$3 h5ce a little fur!r on he adds t a "r w is well-direct$ love1 & a wrong w is ill-direct$ love4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t love1 :i* is concupiscible passion1 incl9es _m to evil1 is ! reason :y "s assign$ ! diff]5ce spok5 (4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! reason :y "s held t1 ev5 :5 appli$ to ! w itself1 ! ^w love signifies some?+ m ,godlike ?an dilection1 0 because love d5otes a passion1 especially 9 s f> z x is 9 ! s5sitive appetite2 :]eas dilection presupposes ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,b x is possible = man to t5d to ,god by love1 be+ z x 7 passively drawn by ,him1 m ?an he c possibly be drawn !reto by 8 reason1 :i* p]ta9s to ! nature ( dilection1 z /at$ above4 ,& consequ5tly love is m ,godlike ?an dilection4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,love ,is ,prop]ly ,divid$ into ,love ( ,fri5d%ip & ,love ( ,concupisc5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love is n prop]ly divid$ into love ( fri5d%ip & love ( concupisc5ce4 ,= love is a passion1 :ile fri5d%ip is a habit1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e74 ,b habit _c be ! memb] ( a division ( passions4 ,!re=e love is n prop]ly divid$ into love ( concupisc5ce & love ( fri5d%ip4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ _c be divid$ by ano!r memb] ( ! same division2 = man is n a memb] ( ! same division z animal4 ,b concupisc5ce is a memb] ( ! same division z love1 z a passion di/9ct f love4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is n a division ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #c7 fri5d%ip is ?reefold1 t :i* is f\nd$ on usefulness1 t :i* is f\nd$ on pleasure1 & t :i* is f\nd$ on goodness4 ,b useful & pleasant fri5d%ip are n )\t concupisc5ce4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce %\ld n be contra/$ ) fri5d%ip4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we are said to love c]ta9 ?+s1 because we desire !m3 ?us a man is said to love w9e1 on acc\nt ( its sweetness :i* he desires2 z /at$ 9 ,topic4 ii1 #c4 ,b we h no fri5d%ip = w9e & su*like ?+s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #b4 ,!re=e love ( concupisc5ce is di/9ct f love ( fri5d%ip4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d71 to love is to wi% good to someone4 ,h5ce ! movem5t ( love has a tw(old t5d5cy3 t[>ds ! good :i* a man wi%es to someone 7to himself or to ano!r7 & t[>ds t to :i* he wi%es "s good4 ,accord+ly1 man has love ( concupisc5ce t[>ds ! good t he wi%es to ano!r1 & love ( fri5d%ip t[>ds him to :om he wi%es good4 ,n[ ! memb]s ( ?is division are relat$ z prim>y & second>y3 s9ce t :i* is lov$ ) ! love ( fri5d%ip is lov$ simply & = itself2 :]eas t :i* is lov$ ) ! love ( concupisc5ce1 is lov$1 n simply & = itself1 b = some?+ else4 ,= j z t :i* has exi/5ce1 is a be+ simply1 :ile t :i* exi/s 9 ano!r is a relative be+2 s1 because good is conv]tible ) be+1 ! good1 :i* itself has goodness1 is good simply2 b t :i* is ano!r's good1 is a relative good4 ,consequ5tly ! love ) :i* a ?+ is lov$1 t x may h "s good1 is love simply2 :ile ! love1 ) :i* a ?+ is lov$1 t x may be ano!r's good1 is relative love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,love is n divid$ into fri5d%ip & concupisc5ce1 b into love ( fri5d%ip1 & love ( concupisc5ce4 ,= a fri5d is1 prop]ly speak+1 "o to :om we wi% good3 :ile we are said to desire1 :at we wi% = ourselves4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 fri5d%ip is bas$ on usefulness or pleasure1 a man does inde$ wi% 8 fri5d "s good3 & 9 ?is respect ! "* ( fri5d%ip is pres]v$4 ,b s9ce he ref]s ?is good fur!r to 8 own pleasure or use1 ! result is t fri5d%ip ( ! useful or pleasant1 9 s f> z x is connect$ ) love ( concupisc5ce1 loses ! "* to true fri5d%ip4 ,,"q #bg ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,love 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( love3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r good is ! only cause ( love8 7#b7 ,:e!r k is a cause ( love8 7#c7 ,:e!r lik5ess is a cause ( love8 7#d7 ,:e!r any o!r passion ( ! s\l is a cause ( love8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,good ,is ! ,only ,cause ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t good is n ! only cause ( love4 ,= good does n cause love1 except because x is lov$4 ,b x happ5s t evil also is lov$1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aj3f3 ,he t love? iniquity1 hate? 8 own s\l3 else1 e love w\ld be good4 ,!re=e good is n ! only cause ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t we love ^? :o ackn[l$ge _! evils4 ,!re=e x seems t evil is ! cause ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t n ! good only b also ! beautiful is belov$ by all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 viii1 #c73 ,assur$ly ! good alone is belov$4 ,!re=e good alone is ! cause ( love4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a71 ,love belongs to ! appetitive p[] :i* is a passive faculty4 ,:]e=e its object /&s 9 relation to x z ! cause ( its movem5t or act4 ,!re=e ! cause ( love mu/ ne$s be love's object4 ,n[ ! prop] object ( love is ! good2 because1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 love implies a c]ta9 connaturalness or complac5cy ( ! lov] = ! ?+ belov$1 & to ev]y?+1 t ?+ is a good1 :i* is ak9 & proportionate to x4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t good is ! prop] cause ( love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,evil is nev] lov$ except "u ! aspect ( good1 t is to say1 9 s f> z x is good 9 "s respect1 & is consid]$ z be+ good simply4 ,& ?us a c]ta9 love is evil1 9 s f> z x t5ds to t :i* is n simply a true good4 ,x is 9 ?is way t man loves iniquity1 inasmu* z1 by means ( iniquity1 "s good is ga9$2 pleasure1 = in/ance1 or money1 or su* l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o ackn[l$ge _! evils1 are belov$1 n = _! evils1 b because !y ackn[l$ge !m1 = x is a good ?+ to ackn[l$ge "o's faults1 9 s f> z x excludes ins9c]ity or hypocrisy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! beautiful is ! same z ! good1 & !y diff] 9 aspect only4 ,= s9ce good is :at all seek1 ! notion ( good is t :i* calms ! desire2 :ile ! notion ( ! beautiful is t :i* calms ! desire1 by be+ se5 or kn[n4 ,consequ5tly ^? s5ses *iefly reg>d ! beautiful1 :i* are ! mo/ cognitive1 viz4 sight & he>+1 z m9i/]+ to reason2 = we speak ( beautiful sights & beautiful s\nds4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ! o!r objects ( ! o!r s5ses1 we d n use ! expression beautiful1 = we d n speak ( beautiful ta/es1 & beautiful odors4 ,?us x is evid5t t beauty adds to goodness a relation to ! cognitive faculty3 s t good means t :i* simply pleases ! appetite2 :ile ! beautiful is some?+ pleasant to appreh5d4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,k ,is a ,cause ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t k is n a cause ( love4 ,= x is due to love t a ?+ is s\ght4 ,b "s ?+s are s\ght )\t be+ kn[n1 = in/ance1 ! sci5ces2 = s9ce to h !m is ! same z to "k !m1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ce71 if we knew !m we %\ld h !m1 & %\ld n seek !m4 ,!re=e k is n ! cause ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to love :at we "k n seems l lov+ some?+ m ?an we "k x4 ,b "s ?+s are lov$ m ?an !y are kn[n3 ?us 9 ?is life ,god c be lov$ 9 ,himself1 b _c be kn[n 9 ,himself4 ,!re=e k is n ! cause ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if k 7 ! cause ( love1 !re w\ld be no love1 :]e !re is no k4 ,b 9 all ?+s !re is love1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv72 :]eas !re is n k 9 all ?+s4 ,!re=e k is n ! cause ( love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a1 #b7 t none c love :at he does n "k4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 good is ! cause ( love1 z be+ its object4 ,b good is n ! object ( ! appetite1 except z appreh5d$4 ,& !re=e love dem&s "s appreh5sion ( ! good t is lov$4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ix1 #e1 #ab7 says t bodily sight is ! beg9n+ ( s5sitive love3 & 9 l mann] ! contemplation ( spiritual beauty or goodness is ! beg9n+ ( spiritual love4 ,accord+ly k is ! cause ( love = ! same reason z good is1 :i* c be lov$ only if kn[n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o seeks sci5ce1 is n entirely )\t k !re(3 b kn[s some?+ ab\t x already 9 "s respect1 ei!r 9 a g5]al way1 or 9 "s "o ( its effects1 or f hav+ he>d x comm5d$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a1 #b74 ,b to h x is n to "k x ?us1 b to "k x p]fectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,some?+ is requir$ = ! p]fection ( k1 t is n requisite = ! p]fection ( love4 ,= k belongs to ! reason1 ^: function x is to di/+ui% ?+s :i* 9 reality are unit$1 & to unite toge!r1 aft] a fa%ion1 ?+s t are di/9ct1 by comp>+ "o ) ano!r4 ,consequ5tly ! p]fection ( k requires t man %\ld "k di/9ctly all t is 9 a ?+1 su* z its p>ts1 p[]s1 & prop]ties4 ,on ! o!r h&1 love is 9 ! appetitive p[]1 :i* reg>ds a ?+ z x is 9 itself3 :]e=e x suffices1 = ! p]fection ( love1 t a ?+ be lov$ accord+ z x is kn[n 9 itself4 ,h5ce x is1 !re=e1 t a ?+ is lov$ m ?an x is kn[n2 s9ce x c be lov$ p]fectly1 ev5 )\t be+ p]fectly kn[n4 ,?is is mo/ evid5t 9 reg>d to ! sci5ces1 :i* "s love ?r\gh hav+ a c]ta9 g5]al k ( !m3 = in/ance1 !y "k t rhetoric is a sci5ce t enables man to p]suade o!rs2 & ?is is :at !y love 9 rhetoric4 ,! same applies to ! love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 natural love1 :i* is 9 all ?+s1 is caus$ by a k9d ( k1 n inde$ exi/+ 9 natural ?+s !mselves1 b 9 ,him ,:o creat$ _! nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a2 cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #f1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,lik5ess ,is a ,cause ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t lik5ess is n a cause ( love4 ,= ! same ?+ is n ! cause ( contr>ies4 ,b lik5ess is ! cause ( hatr$2 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #ac3aj7 t among ! pr\d !re are always cont5tions2 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #a7 t pott]s qu>rel ) "o ano!r4 ,!re=e lik5ess is n a cause ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv1 #ad7 t a man loves 9 ano!r t :i* he w\ld n be himself3 ?us he loves an actor1 b w\ld n himself be an actor4 ,b x w\ld n be s1 if lik5ess 7 ! prop] cause ( love2 = 9 t case a man w\ld love 9 ano!r1 t :i* he possesses himself1 or w\ld l to possess4 ,!re=e lik5ess is n a cause ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]yone loves t :i* he ne$s1 ev5 if he h x n3 ?us a sick man loves heal?1 & a poor man loves ri*es4 ,b 9 s f> z he ne$s !m & lacks !m1 he is unlike !m4 ,!re=e n only lik5ess b also unlik5ess is a cause ( love4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t we love ^? :o be/[ money & heal? on u2 & also ^? :o reta9 _! fri5d%ip = ! dead4 ,b all are n su*4 ,!re=e lik5ess is n a cause ( love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ac3ai73 ,e bea/ love? its l4 ,i answ] t1 ,lik5ess1 prop]ly speak+1 is a cause ( love4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t lik5ess betwe5 ?+s is tw(old4 ,"o k9d ( lik5ess arises f ea* ?+ hav+ ! same quality actually3 = example1 two ?+s possess+ ! quality ( :it5ess are said to be alike4 ,ano!r k9d ( lik5ess arises f "o ?+ hav+ pot5tially & by way ( incl9ation1 a quality :i* ! o!r has actually3 ?us we may say t a heavy body exi/+ outside its prop] place is l ano!r heavy body t exi/s 9 its prop] place3 or aga91 accord+ z pot5tiality be>s a resemblance to its act2 s9ce act is conta9$1 9 a mann]1 9 ! pot5tiality itself4 ,accord+ly ! fir/ k9d ( lik5ess causes love ( fri5d%ip or well-be+4 ,= ! v fact t two m5 are alike1 hav+1 z x 71 "o =m1 makes !m to be1 9 a mann]1 "o 9 t =m3 ?us two m5 are "o ?+ 9 ! species ( humanity1 & two :ite m5 are "o ?+ 9 :it5ess4 ,h5ce ! affections ( "o t5d to ! o!r1 z be+ "o ) him2 & he wi%es good to him z to himself4 ,b ! second k9d ( lik5ess causes love ( concupisc5ce1 or fri5d%ip f\nd$ on usefulness or pleasure3 because :atev] is 9 pot5tiality1 z su*1 has ! desire = its act2 & x takes pleasure 9 its realization1 if x be a s5ti5t & cognitive be+4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #d71 t 9 ! love ( concupisc5ce1 ! lov]1 prop]ly speak+1 loves himself1 9 will+ ! good t he desires4 ,b a man loves himself m ?an ano!r3 because he is "o ) himself sub/antially1 :]eas ) ano!r he is "o only 9 ! lik5ess ( "s =m4 ,consequ5tly1 if ?is o!r's lik5ess to him aris+ f ! p>ticipation ( a =m1 h9d]s him f ga9+ ! good t he loves1 he becomes hateful to him1 n = be+ l him1 b = h9d]+ him f ga9+ 8 own good4 ,?is is :y pott]s qu>rel among !mselves1 because !y h9d] "o ano!r's ga93 & :y !re are cont5tions among ! pr\d1 because !y h9d] "o ano!r 9 atta9+ ! position !y covet4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 :5 a man loves 9 ano!r :at he loves n 9 himself1 !re is a c]ta9 lik5ess ( proportion3 because z ! latt] is to t :i* is lov$ 9 him1 s is ! =m] to t :i* he loves 9 himself3 = in/ance1 if a good s+] love a good writ]1 we c see a lik5ess ( proportion1 inasmu* z ea* "o has t :i* is becom+ to him 9 respect ( 8 art4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t loves :at he ne$s1 be>s a lik5ess to :at he loves1 z pot5tiality be>s a lik5ess to its act1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ! same lik5ess ( pot5tiality to its act1 ! illib]al man loves ! man :o is lib]al1 9 s f> z he expects f him some?+ :i* he desires4 ,! same applies to ! man :o is con/ant 9 8 fri5d%ip z comp>$ to "o :o is incon/ant4 ,= 9 ei!r case fri5d%ip seems to be bas$ on usefulness4 ,we might also say t al?\gh n all m5 h ^! virtues 9 ! complete habit1 yet !y h !m accord+ to c]ta9 sem9al pr9ciples 9 ! reason1 9 =ce ( :i* pr9ciples ! man :o is n virtu\s loves ! virtu\s man1 z be+ 9 con=mity ) 8 own natural reason4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,any ,o!r ,passion ( ! ,s\l ,is a ,cause ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "s o!r passion c be ! cause ( love4 ,= ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #c7 says t "s are lov$ = ! sake ( ! pleasure !y give4 ,b pleasure is a passion4 ,!re=e ano!r passion is a cause ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 desire is a passion4 ,b we love "s because we desire to receive some?+ f !m3 z happ5s 9 e fri5d%ip bas$ on usefulness4 ,!re=e ano!r passion is a cause ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a73 ,:5 we h no hope ( gett+ a ?+1 we love x b half-he>t$ly or n at all1 ev5 if we see h[ beautiful x is4 ,!re=e hope too is a cause ( love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all ! o!r emotions ( ! s\l are caus$ by love1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i74 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is no o!r passion ( ! s\l t does n presuppose love ( "s k9d4 ,! reason is t e o!r passion ( ! s\l implies ei!r movem5t t[>ds some?+1 or re/ 9 some?+4 ,n[ e movem5t t[>ds some?+1 or re/ 9 some?+1 arises f "s k9%ip or aptness to t ?+2 & 9 ?is does love consi/4 ,!re=e x is n possible = any o!r passion ( ! s\l to be univ]sally ! cause ( e love4 ,b x may happ5 t "s o!r passion is ! cause ( "s p>ticul> love3 j z "o good is ! cause ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a man loves a ?+ = ! pleasure x af=ds1 8 love is inde$ caus$ by pleasure2 b t v pleasure is caus$1 9 its turn1 by ano!r prec$+ love2 = none takes pleasure save 9 t :i* is lov$ 9 "s way4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,desire = a ?+ always presupposes love = t ?+4 ,b desire ( "o ?+ c be ! cause ( ano!r ?+'s be+ lov$2 ?us he t desires money1 = ?is reason loves him f :om he receives x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope causes or increases love2 bo? by reason ( pleasure1 because x causes pleasure2 & by reason ( desire1 because hope /r5g!ns desire1 s9ce we d n desire s int5sely t :i* we h no hope ( receiv+4 ,nev]!less hope itself is ( a good t is lov$4 ,,"q #bh ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,love 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we n[ h to consid] ! effects ( love3 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r union is an effect ( love8 7#b7 ,:e!r mutual indwell+ is an effect ( love8 7#c7 ,:e!r ec/asy is an effect ( love8 7#d7 ,:e!r zeal is an effect ( love8 7#e7 ,:e!r love is a passion t is hurtful to ! lov]8 7#f7 ,:e!r love is cause ( all t ! lov] does8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,union ,is an ,effect ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t union is n an effect ( love4 ,= abs5ce is incompatible ) union4 ,b love is compatible ) abs5ce2 = ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #d3ah73 ,be zeal\s = t :i* is good 9 a good ?+ always 7speak+ ( himself1 accord+ to a gloss71 & n only :5 ,i am pres5t ) y4 ,!re=e union is n an effect ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e union is ei!r accord+ to ess5ce1 ?us =m is unit$ to matt]1 accid5t to subject1 & a "p to ! :ole1 or to ano!r "p 9 ord] to make up ! :ole3 or accord+ to lik5ess1 9 g5us1 species1 or accid5t4 ,b love does n cause union ( ess5ce2 else love c\ld n be betwe5 ?+s ess5tially di/9ct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 love does n cause union ( lik5ess1 b r is caus$ by x1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e union is n an effect ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s5se 9 act is ! s5sible 9 act1 & ! intellect 9 act is ! ?+ actually und]/ood4 ,b ! lov] 9 act is n ! belov$ 9 act4 ,!re=e union is ! effect ( k r ?an ( love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t e love is a unitive love4 ,i answ] t1 ,! union ( lov] & belov$ is tw(old4 ,! fir/ is real union2 = in/ance1 :5 ! belov$ is pres5t ) ! lov]4 ,! second is union ( affection3 & ?is union mu/ be consid]$ 9 relation to ! prec$+ appreh5sion2 s9ce movem5t ( ! appetite foll[s appreh5sion4 ,n[ love be+ tw(old1 viz4 love ( concupisc5ce & love ( fri5d%ip2 ea* ( ^! arises f a k9d ( appreh5sion ( ! on5ess ( ! ?+ lov$ ) ! lov]4 ,= :5 we love a ?+1 by desir+ x1 we appreh5d x z belong+ to our well-be+4 ,9 l mann] :5 a man loves ano!r ) ! love ( fri5d%ip1 he wills good to him1 j z he wills good to himself3 :]e=e he appreh5ds him z 8 o!r self1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z he wills good to him z to himself4 ,h5ce a fri5d is call$ a man's o!r self 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d71 & ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv1 #f71 ,well did "o say to 8 fri5d3 ,?\ half ( my s\l4 ,! fir/ ( ^! unions is caus$ effectively by love2 because love moves man to desire & seek ! pres5ce ( ! belov$1 z ( some?+ suitable & belong+ to him4 ,! second union is caus$ =mally by love2 because love itself is ?is union or bond4 ,9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 viii1 #aj7 t love is a vital pr9ciple unit+1 or seek+ to unite two toge!r1 ! lov]1 to wit1 & ! belov$4 ,= 9 describ+ x z unit+ he ref]s to ! union ( affection1 )\t :i* !re is no love3 & 9 say+ t x seeks to unite1 he ref]s to real union4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is true ( real union4 ,t is necess>y to pleasure z be+ its cause2 desire implies ! real abs5ce ( ! belov$3 b love rema9s :e!r ! belov$ be abs5t or pres5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,union has a ?reefold relation to love4 ,!re is union :i* causes love2 & ?is is sub/antial union1 z reg>ds ! love ) :i* "o loves oneself2 :ile z reg>ds ! love :]e) "o loves o!r ?+s1 x is ! union ( lik5ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re is also a union :i* is ess5tially love itself4 ,?is union is accord+ to a bond ( affection1 & is lik5$ to sub/antial union1 inasmu* z ! lov] /&s to ! object ( 8 love1 z to himself1 if x be love ( fri5d%ip2 z to some?+ belong+ to himself1 if x be love ( concupisc5ce4 ,aga9 !re is a union1 :i* is ! effect ( love4 ,?is is real union1 :i* ! lov] seeks ) ! object ( 8 love4 ,moreov] ?is union is 9 keep+ ) ! dem&s ( love3 = z ! ,philosoph] relates 7,polit4 ii1 #a71 ,ari/ophanes /at$ t lov]s w\ld wi% to be unit$ bo? into "o1 b s9ce ?is w\ld result 9 ei!r "o or bo? be+ de/roy$1 !y seek a suitable & becom+ union--to live toge!r1 speak toge!r1 & be unit$ toge!r 9 o!r l ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,k is p]fect$ by ! ?+ kn[n be+ unit$1 ?r\gh its lik5ess1 to ! kn[]4 ,b ! effect ( love is t ! ?+ itself :i* is lov$1 is1 9 a way1 unit$ to ! lov]1 z /at$ above4 ,consequ5tly ! union caus$ by love is clos] ?an t :i* is caus$ by k4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,mutual ,indwell+ ,is an ,effect ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love does n cause mutual indwell+1 s t ! lov] be 9 ! belov$ & vice v]sa4 ,= t :i* is 9 ano!r is conta9$ 9 x4 ,b ! same _c be conta9] & cont5ts4 ,!re=e love _c cause mutual indwell+1 s t ! lov] be 9 ! belov$ & vice v]sa4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ c p5etrate )9 a :ole1 except by means ( a division ( ! :ole4 ,b x is ! function ( ! reason1 n ( ! appetite :]e love resides1 to divide ?+s t are really unit$4 ,!re=e mutual indwell+ is n an effect ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if love involves ! lov] be+ 9 ! belov$ & vice v]sa1 x foll[s t ! belov$ is unit$ to ! lov]1 9 ! same way z ! lov] is unit$ to ! belov$4 ,b ! union itself is love1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x foll[s t ! lov] is always lov$ by ! object ( 8 love2 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,!re=e mutual indwell+ is n an effect ( love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,john #d3af73 ,he t abide? 9 *>ity abide? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 him4 ,n[ *>ity is ! love ( ,god4 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 e love makes ! belov$ to be 9 ! lov]1 & vice v]sa4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is effect ( mutual indwell+ may be und]/ood z ref]r+ bo? to ! appreh5sive & to ! appetitive p[]4 ,because1 z to ! appreh5sive p[]1 ! belov$ is said to be 9 ! lov]1 inasmu* z ! belov$ abides 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! lov]1 accord+ to ,phil4 #a3g1 ,= t ,i h y 9 my he>t3 :ile ! lov] is said to be 9 ! belov$1 accord+ to appreh5sion1 inasmu* z ! lov] is n satisfi$ ) a sup]ficial appreh5sion ( ! belov$1 b /rives to ga9 an intimate k ( ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! belov$1 s z to p5etrate into 8 v s\l4 ,?us x is writt5 conc]n+ ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ,god's ,love1 t ,he se>*e? all ?+s1 yea ! deep ?+s ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 #b3aj74 ,z ! appetitive p[]1 ! object lov$ is said to be 9 ! lov]1 inasmu* z x is 9 8 affections1 by a k9d ( complac5cy3 caus+ him ei!r to take pleasure 9 x1 or 9 its good1 :5 pres5t2 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! object lov$1 by 8 long+1 to t5d t[>ds x ) ! love ( concupisc5ce1 or t[>ds ! good t he wills to ! belov$1 ) ! love ( fri5d%ip3 n inde$ f any extr9sic cause 7z :5 we desire "o ?+ on acc\nt ( ano!r1 or wi% good to ano!r on acc\nt ( some?+ else71 b because ! complac5cy 9 ! belov$ is root$ 9 ! lov]'s he>t4 ,= ?is reason we speak ( love z be+ intimate2 & ( ! b[els ( *>ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lov] is 9 ! belov$1 by ! love ( concupisc5ce & by ! love ( fri5d%ip1 b n 9 ! same way4 ,= ! love ( concupisc5ce is n satisfi$ ) any ext]nal or sup]ficial possession or enjoym5t ( ! belov$2 b seeks to possess ! belov$ p]fectly1 by p5etrat+ into 8 he>t1 z x 74 ,:]eas1 9 ! love ( fri5d%ip1 ! lov] is 9 ! belov$1 inasmu* z he reckons :at is good or evil to 8 fri5d1 z be+ s to himself2 & 8 fri5d's w z 8 own1 s t x seems z ?\gh he felt ! good or suff]$ ! evil 9 ! p]son ( 8 fri5d4 ,h5ce x is prop] to fri5ds to desire ! same ?+s1 & to grieve & rejoice at ! same1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #c & ,rhet4 ii1 #d74 ,consequ5tly 9 s f> z he reckons :at affects 8 fri5d z affect+ himself1 ! lov] seems to be 9 ! belov$1 z ?\gh he 7 become "o ) him3 b 9 s f> z1 on ! o!r h&1 he wills & acts = 8 fri5d's sake z = 8 own sake1 look+ on 8 fri5d z id5tifi$ ) himself1 ?us ! belov$ is 9 ! lov]4 ,9 yet a ?ird way1 mutual indwell+ 9 ! love ( fri5d%ip c be und]/ood 9 reg>d to reciprocal love3 inasmu* z fri5ds return love = love1 & bo? desire & d good ?+s = "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! belov$ is conta9$ 9 ! lov]1 by be+ impress$ on 8 he>t & ?us becom+ ! object ( 8 complac5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lov] is conta9$ 9 ! belov$1 inasmu* z ! lov] p5etrates1 s to speak1 into ! belov$4 ,= no?+ h9d]s a ?+ f be+ bo? conta9] & cont5ts 9 diff]5t ways3 j z a g5us is conta9$ 9 its species1 & vice v]sa4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! appreh5sion ( ! reason prec$es ! movem5t ( love4 ,consequ5tly1 j z ! reason divides1 s does ! movem5t ( love p5etrate into ! belov$1 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t is true ( ! ?ird k9d ( mutual indwell+1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 e k9d ( love4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,ec/asy ,is an ,effect ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ec/asy is n an effect ( love4 ,= ec/asy seems to imply loss ( reason4 ,b love does n always result 9 loss ( reason3 = lov]s are ma/]s ( !mselves at times4 ,!re=e love does n cause ec/asy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! lov] desires ! belov$ to be unit$ to him4 ,!re=e he draws ! belov$ to himself1 r ?an betakes himself into ! belov$1 go+ =? out f himself z x 74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 love unites ! belov$ to ! lov]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,if1 !re=e1 ! lov] goes out f himself1 9 ord] to betake himself into ! belov$1 x foll[s t ! lov] always loves ! belov$ m ?an himself3 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,!re=e ec/asy is n an effect ( love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! ,div9e love produces ec/asy1 & t ,god ,himself suff]$ ec/asy ?r\gh love4 ,s9ce !re=e accord+ to ! same au?or 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 e love is a p>ticipat$ lik5ess ( ! ,div9e ,love1 x seems t e love causes ec/asy4 ,i answ] t1 ,to suff] ec/asy means to be plac$ outside oneself4 ,?is happ5s z to ! appreh5sive p[] & z to ! appetitive p[]4 ,z to ! appreh5sive p[]1 a man is said to be plac$ outside himself1 :5 he is plac$ outside ! k prop] to him4 ,?is may be due to 8 be+ rais$ to a high] k2 ?us1 a man is said to suff] ec/asy1 inasmu* z he is plac$ outside ! connatural appreh5sion ( 8 s5se & reason1 :5 he is rais$ up s z to compreh5d ?+s t surpass s5se & reason3 or x may be due to 8 be+ ca/ d[n into a /ate ( debasem5t2 ?us a man may be said to suff] ec/asy1 :5 he is ov]come by viol5t passion or madness4 ,z to ! appetitive p[]1 a man is said to suff] ec/asy1 :5 t p[] is borne t[>ds some?+ else1 s t x goes =? out f itself1 z x 74 ,! fir/ ( ^! ec/asies is caus$ by love dispositively 9 s f>1 namely1 z love makes ! lov] dwell on ! belov$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 & to dwell int5tly on "o ?+ draws ! m9d f o!r ?+s4 ,! second ec/asy is caus$ by love directly2 by love ( fri5d%ip1 simply2 by love ( concupisc5ce n simply b 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 ,because 9 love ( concupisc5ce1 ! lov] is c>ri$ out ( himself1 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 9 s f>1 namely1 z n be+ satisfi$ ) enjoy+ ! good t he has1 he seeks to enjoy some?+ outside himself4 ,b s9ce he seeks to h ?is extr9sic good = himself1 he does n g out f himself simply1 & ?is movem5t rema9s f9ally )9 him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! love ( fri5d%ip1 a man's affection goes out f itself simply2 because he wi%es & does good to 8 fri5d1 by c>+ & provid+ = him1 = 8 sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is true ( ! fir/ k9d ( ec/asy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t applies to love ( concupisc5ce1 :i*1 z /at$ above1 does n cause ec/asy simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o loves1 goes out f himself1 9 s f> z he wills ! good ( 8 fri5d & works = x4 ,yet he does n w ! good ( 8 fri5d m ?an 8 own good3 & s x does n foll[ t he loves ano!r m ?an himself4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,zeal ,is an ,effect ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t zeal is n an effect ( love4 ,= zeal is a beg9n+ ( cont5tion2 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #c3c73 ,:]eas !re is among y zeal ,d\ay3 'envy+' & cont5tion1 etc4 ,b cont5tion is incompatible ) love4 ,!re=e zeal is n an effect ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( love is ! good1 :i* communicates itself to o!rs4 ,b zeal is oppos$ to communication2 s9ce x seems an effect ( zeal1 t a man refuses to %>e ! object ( 8 love ) ano!r3 ?us husb&s are said to be jeal\s ( 7zel>e7 _! wives1 because !y w n %>e !m ) o!rs4 ,!re=e zeal is n an effect ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is no zeal )\t hatr$1 z nei!r is !re )\t love3 = x is writt5 7,ps4 #gb3c73 ,i _h a zeal on occasion ( ! wick$4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be set d[n z an effect ( love any m ?an ( hatr$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,god is said to be a zealot1 on acc\nt ( 8 great love = all ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,zeal1 :atev] way we take x1 arises f ! int5sity ( love4 ,= x is evid5t t ! m int5sely a p[] t5ds to any?+1 ! m vigor\sly x )/&s opposition or resi/ance4 ,s9ce !re=e love is a movem5t t[>ds ! object lov$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ce71 an int5se love seeks to remove ev]y?+ t opposes x4 ,b ?is happ5s 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to love ( concupisc5ce1 & love ( fri5d%ip4 ,= 9 love ( concupisc5ce he :o desires some?+ int5sely1 is mov$ aga9/ all t h9d]s 8 ga9+ or quietly enjoy+ ! object ( 8 love4 ,x is ?us t husb&s are said to be jeal\s ( _! wives1 le/ association ) o!rs prove a h9drance to _! exclusive individual rights4 ,9 l mann] ^? :o seek to excel1 are mov$ aga9/ ^? :o seem to excel1 z ?\gh ^! 7 a h9drance to _! excell+4 ,& ?is is ! zeal ( envy1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,ps4 #cf3a73 ,be n emul\s ( evil do]s1 nor envy 7zelav]is7 !m t "w iniquity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 love ( fri5d%ip seeks ! fri5d's good3 :]e=e1 :5 x is int5se1 x causes a man to be mov$ aga9/ ev]y?+ t opposes ! fri5d's good4 ,9 ?is respect1 a man is said to be zeal\s on behalf ( 8 fri5d1 :5 he makes a po9t ( repell+ :atev] may be said or done aga9/ ! fri5d's good4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 a man is said to be zeal\s on ,god's behalf1 :5 he endeavors1 to ! be/ ( 8 means1 to repel :atev] is contr>y to ! honor or w ( ,god2 accord+ to #c ,k+s #ai3ad3 ,) zeal ,i h be5 zeal\s = ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,aga9 on ! words ( ,john #b3ag3 ,! zeal ( ,?y h\se ha? eat5 me up1 a gloss says t a man is eat5 up ) a good zeal1 :o /rives to rem$y :atev] evil he p]ceives2 & if he _c1 be>s ) x & lam5ts x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ 9 ?is passage ( ! zeal ( envy2 :i* is inde$ ! cause ( cont5tion1 n aga9/ ! object ( love1 b = x1 & aga9/ t :i* is oppos$ to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good is lov$ inasmu* z x c be communicat$ to ! lov]4 ,consequ5tly :atev] h9d]s ! p]fection ( ?is communication1 becomes hateful4 ,?us zeal arises f love ( good4 ,b ?r\gh defect ( goodness1 x happ5s t c]ta9 small goods _c1 9 _! entirety1 be possess$ by _m at ! same "t3 & f ! love ( su* ?+s arises ! zeal ( envy4 ,b x does n arise1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! case ( ^? ?+s :i*1 9 _! entirety1 c be possess$ by _m3 = no "o envies ano!r ! k ( tru?1 :i* c be kn[n entirely by _m2 except p]haps "o may envy ano!r 8 sup]iority 9 ! k ( x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v fact t a man hates :atev] is oppos$ to ! object ( 8 love1 is ! effect ( love4 ,h5ce zeal is set d[n z an effect ( love r ?an ( hatr$4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,love ,is a ,passion ,t ,w\nds ! ,lov]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love w\nds ! lov]4 ,= languor d5otes a hurt 9 ! "o t langui%es4 ,b love causes languor3 = x is writt5 7,cant #b3e73 ,/ay me up ) fl[]s1 compass me ab\t ) apples2 because ,i langui% ) love4 ,!re=e love is a w\nd+ passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 melt+ is a k9d ( dissolution4 ,b love melts t 9 :i* x is3 = x is writt5 7,cant #e3f73 ,my s\l melt$ :5 my belov$ spoke4 ,!re=e love is a dissolv5t3 !re=e x is a corruptive & a w\nd+ passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 f]vor d5otes a c]ta9 excess ( heat2 :i* excess has a corruptive effect4 ,b love causes f]vor3 = ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 9 reckon+ ! prop]ties belong+ to ! ,s]aphim's love1 includes hot & pi]c+ & mo/ f]v5t4 ,moreov] x is said ( love 7,cant #h3f7 t its lamps are fire & flames4 ,!re=e love is a w\nd+ & corruptive passion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ev]y?+ loves itself ) a love t holds x toge!r1 i4e4 t pres]ves x4 ,!re=e love is n a w\nd+ passion1 b r "o t pres]ves & p]fects4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #a71 love d5otes a c]ta9 adapt+ ( ! appetitive p[] to "s good4 ,n[ no?+ is hurt by be+ adapt$ to t :i* is suitable to x2 r1 if possible1 x is p]fect$ & bett]$4 ,b if a ?+ be adapt$ to t :i* is n suitable to x1 x is hurt & made worse !reby4 ,consequ5tly love ( a suitable good p]fects & bett]s ! lov]2 b love ( a good :i* is unsuitable to ! lov]1 w\nds & wors5s him4 ,:]e=e man is p]fect$ & bett]$ *iefly by ! love ( ,god3 b is w\nd$ & wors5$ by ! love ( s91 accord+ to ,osee #i3aj3 ,!y became abom9able1 z ^? ?+s :i* !y lov$4 ,& let ?is be und]/ood z apply+ to love 9 respect ( its =mal elem5t1 i4e4 9 reg>d to ! appetite4 ,b 9 respect ( ! mat]ial elem5t 9 ! passion ( love1 i4e4 a c]ta9 bodily *ange1 x happ5s t love is hurtful1 by reason ( ?is *ange be+ excessive3 j z x happ5s 9 ! s5ses1 & 9 e act ( a p[] ( ! s\l t is ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! *ange ( "s bodily organ4 ,9 reply to ! objections1 x is to be obs]v$ t f\r proximate effects may be ascrib$ to love3 viz4 melt+1 enjoym5t1 languor1 & f]vor4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is melt+1 :i* is oppos$ to freez+4 ,= ?+s t are froz51 are closely b\nd toge!r1 s z to be h>d to pi]ce4 ,b x belongs to love t ! appetite is fitt$ to receive ! good :i* is lov$1 inasmu* z ! object lov$ is 9 ! lov]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,consequ5tly ! freez+ or h>d5+ ( ! he>t is a disposition incompatible ) love3 :ile melt+ d5otes a s(t5+ ( ! he>t1 :]eby ! he>t %[s itself to be ready = ! entrance ( ! belov$4 ,if1 !n1 ! belov$ is pres5t & possess$1 pleasure or enjoym5t ensues4 ,b if ! belov$ be abs5t1 two passions arise2 viz4 sadness at its abs5ce1 :i* is d5ot$ by languor 7h5ce ,cic]o 9 ,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 iii1 #aa applies ! t]m ailm5t *iefly to sadness72 & an int5se desire to possess ! belov$1 :i* is signifi$ by f]vor4 ,& ^! are ! effects ( love consid]$ =mally1 accord+ to ! relation ( ! appetitive p[] to its object4 ,b 9 ! passion ( love1 o!r effects ensue1 proportionate to ! above1 9 respect ( a *ange 9 ! organ4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,love ,is ,cause ( ,all ,t ! ,lov] ,does8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! lov] does n d ev]y?+ f love4 ,= love is a passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #b74 ,b man does n d ev]y?+ f passion3 b "s ?+s he does f *oice1 & "s ?+s f ignorance1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #h4 ,!re=e n ev]y?+ t a man does1 is done f love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! appetite is a pr9ciple ( movem5t & action 9 all animals1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #aj4 ,if1 !re=e1 :atev] a man does is done f love1 ! o!r passions ( ! appetitive faculty are sup]flu\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is produc$ at "o & ! same "t by contr>y causes4 ,b "s ?+s are done f hatr$4 ,!re=e all ?+s are n done f love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t all ?+s1 :atev] !y d1 !y d = ! love ( good4 ,i answ] t1 ,e ag5t acts = an end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! end is ! good desir$ & lov$ by ea* "o4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t e ag5t1 :atev] x be1 does e action f love ( "s k9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection takes love z a passion exi/+ 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,b "h we are speak+ ( love 9 a g5]al s5se1 inasmu* z x includes intellectual1 rational1 animal1 & natural love3 = x is 9 ?is s5se t ,dionysius speaks ( love 9 *apt] iv ( ,de ,div9is ,nom9ibus4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d7 desire1 sadness & pleasure1 & consequ5tly all ! o!r passions ( ! s\l1 result f love4 ,:]e=e e act t proce$s f any passion1 proce$s also f love z f a fir/ cause3 & s ! o!r passions1 :i* are proximate causes1 are n sup]flu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hatr$ also is a result ( love1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #b74 ,,"q #bi ,,( ,,hatr$ 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] hatr$3 conc]n+ :i* !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r evil is ! cause & ! object ( hatr$8 7#b7 ,:e!r love is ! cause ( hatr$8 7#c7 ,:e!r hatr$ is /rong] ?an love8 7#d7 ,:e!r a man c hate himself8 7#e7 ,:e!r a man c hate ! tru?8 7#f7 ,:e!r a ?+ c be ! object ( univ]sal hatr$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,evil ,is ! ,cause & ,object ( ,hatr$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t evil is n ! object & cause ( hatr$4 ,= ev]y?+ t exi/s1 z su*1 is good4 ,if !re=e evil be ! object ( hatr$1 x foll[s t no?+ b ! lack ( some?+ c be ! object ( hatr$3 :i* is cle>ly untrue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hatr$ ( evil is praisewor?y2 h5ce 7#b ,macc4 #c3a7 "s are prais$ = t ! laws 7 v well kept1 because ( ! godl9ess ( ,onias ! high-prie/1 & ! hatr$ ( _! s\ls ,d\ay3 '8 s\l' _h no evil4 ,if1 !re=e1 no?+ b evil be ! object ( hatr$1 x w\ld foll[ t all hatr$ is comm5dable3 & ?is is cle>ly false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ is n at ! same "t bo? good & evil4 ,b ! same ?+ is lovable & hateful to diff]5t subjects4 ,!re=e hatr$ is n only ( evil1 b also ( good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hatr$ is ! opposite ( love4 ,b ! object ( love is good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! object ( hatr$ is evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! natural appetite is ! result ( appreh5sion 7?\gh ?is appreh5sion is n 9 ! same subject z ! natural appetite71 x seems t :at applies to ! incl9ation ( ! natural appetite1 applies also to ! animal appetite1 :i* does result f an appreh5sion 9 ! same subject1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! natural appetite1 x is evid5t1 t j z ea* ?+ is naturally attun$ & adapt$ to t :i* is suitable to x1 :]e9 consi/s natural love2 s has x a natural dissonance f t :i* opposes & de/roys x2 & ?is is natural hatr$4 ,s1 !re=e1 9 ! animal appetite1 or 9 ! intellectual appetite1 love is a c]ta9 h>mony ( ! appetite ) t :i* is appreh5d$ z suitable2 :ile hatr$ is dissonance ( ! appetite f t :i* is appreh5d$ z repugnant & hurtful4 ,n[1 j z :atev] is suitable1 z su*1 be>s ! aspect ( good2 s :atev] is repugnant1 z su*1 be>s ! aspect ( evil4 ,& !re=e1 j z good is ! object ( love1 s evil is ! object ( hatr$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,be+1 z su*1 has n ! aspect ( repugnance b only ( fitt+ness2 because be+ is common to all ?+s4 ,b be+1 inasmu* z x is ?is det]m9ate be+1 has an aspect ( repugnance to "s det]m9ate be+4 ,& 9 ?is way1 "o be+ is hateful to ano!r1 & is evil2 ?\gh n 9 itself1 b by comp>ison ) some?+ else4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z a ?+ may be appreh5d$ z good1 :5 x is n truly good2 s a ?+ may be appreh5d$ z evil1 :]eas x is n truly evil4 ,h5ce x happ5s sometimes t nei!r hatr$ ( evil nor love ( good is good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to diff]5t ?+s ! same ?+ may be lovable or hateful3 9 respect ( ! natural appetite1 ow+ to "o & ! same ?+ be+ naturally suitable to "o ?+1 & naturally unsuitable to ano!r3 ?us heat is becom+ to fire & unbecom+ to wat]3 & 9 respect ( ! animal appetite1 ow+ to "o & ! same ?+ be+ appreh5d$ by "o z good1 by ano!r z bad4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,love ,is a ,cause ( ,hatr$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love is n a cause ( hatr$4 ,= ! opposite memb]s ( a division are naturally simultane\s 7,pra$ic4 x74 ,b love & hatr$ are opposite memb]s ( a division1 s9ce !y are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e !y are naturally simultane\s4 ,!re=e love is n ! cause ( hatr$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ( two contr>ies1 "o is n ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,b love & hatr$ are contr>ies4 ,!re=e love is n ! cause ( hatr$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* foll[s is n ! cause ( t :i* prec$es4 ,b hatr$ prec$es love1 seem+ly3 s9ce hatr$ implies a turn+ away f evil1 :]eas love implies a turn+ t[>ds good4 ,!re=e love is n ! cause ( hatr$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i7 t all emotions are caus$ by love4 ,!re=e hatr$ also1 s9ce x is an emotion ( ! s\l1 is caus$ by love4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 love consi/s 9 a c]ta9 agreem5t ( ! lov] ) ! object lov$1 :ile hatr$ consi/s 9 a c]ta9 disagreem5t or dissonance4 ,n[ we %\ld consid] 9 ea* ?+1 :at agrees ) x1 be=e t :i* disagrees3 s9ce a ?+ disagrees ) ano!r1 ?r\gh de/roy+ or h9d]+ t :i* agrees ) x4 ,consequ5tly love mu/ ne$s prec$e hatr$2 & no?+ is hat$1 save ?r\gh be+ contr>y to a suitable ?+ :i* is lov$4 ,& h5ce x is t e hatr$ is caus$ by love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! opposite memb]s ( a division are sometimes naturally simultane\s1 bo? really & logically2 e4g4 two species ( animal1 or two species ( color4 ,sometimes !y are simultane\s logically1 :ile1 9 reality1 "o prec$es1 & causes ! o!r2 e4g4 ! species ( numb]s1 figures & movem5ts4 ,sometimes !y are n simultane\s ei!r really or logically2 e4g4 sub/ance & accid5t2 = sub/ance is 9 reality ! cause ( accid5t2 & be+ is pr$icat$ ( sub/ance be=e x is pr$icat$ ( accid5t1 by a priority ( reason1 because x is n pr$icat$ ( accid5t except inasmu* z ! latt] is 9 sub/ance4 ,n[ love & hatr$ are naturally simultane\s1 logically b n really4 ,:]e=e no?+ h9d]s love f be+ ! cause ( hatr$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,love & hatr$ are contr>ies if consid]$ 9 respect ( ! same ?+4 ,b if tak5 9 respect ( contr>ies1 !y are n !mselves contr>y1 b consequ5t to "o ano!r3 = x am\nts to ! same t "o love a c]ta9 ?+1 or t "o hate its contr>y4 ,?us love ( "o ?+ is ! cause ( "o's hat+ its contr>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! ord] ( execution1 ! turn+ away f "o t]m prec$es ! turn+ t[>ds ! o!r4 ,b ! rev]se is ! case 9 ! ord] ( int5tion3 s9ce approa* to "o t]m is ! reason = turn+ away f ! o!r4 ,n[ ! appetitive movem5t belongs r to ! ord] ( int5tion ?an to t ( execution4 ,:]e=e love prec$es hatr$3 because ea* is an appetitive movem5t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,hatr$ ,is ,/rong] ,?an ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hatr$ is /rong] ?an love4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cf73 ,!re is no "o :o does n flee f pa91 m ?an he desires pleasure4 ,b flight f pa9 p]ta9s to hatr$2 :ile desire = pleasure belongs to love4 ,!re=e hatr$ is /rong] ?an love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! weak] is ov]come by ! /rong]4 ,b love is ov]come by hatr$3 :51 t is to say1 love is turn$ into hatr$4 ,!re=e hatr$ is /rong] ?an love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! emotions ( ! s\l are %[n by _! effects4 ,b man insi/s m on repell+ :at is hateful1 ?an on seek+ :at is pleasant3 ?us also irrational animals refra9 f pleasure = fe> ( ! :ip1 z ,augu/9e in/ances 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cf74 ,!re=e hatr$ is /rong] ?an love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,good is /rong] ?an evil2 because evil does no?+ except 9 virtue ( good1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b hatr$ & love diff] accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( good & evil4 ,!re=e love is /rong] ?an hatr$4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = an effect to be /rong] ?an its cause4 ,n[ e hatr$ arises f "s love z its cause1 z above /at$ 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x is impossible = hatr$ to be /rong] ?an love absolutely4 ,b fur!rmore1 love mu/ ne$s be1 absolutely speak+1 /rong] ?an hatr$4 ,because a ?+ is mov$ to ! end m /rongly ?an to ! means4 ,n[ turn+ away f evil is direct$ z a means to ! ga9+ ( good4 ,:]e=e1 absolutely speak+1 ! s\l's movem5t 9 respect ( good is /rong] ?an its movem5t 9 respect ( evil4 ,nev]!less hatr$ sometimes seems to be /rong] ?an love1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because hatr$ is m ke5ly felt ?an love4 ,=1 s9ce ! s5sitive p]ception is accompani$ by a c]ta9 impression2 :5 once ! impression has be5 receiv$ x is n felt s ke5ly z 9 ! mom5t ( receiv+ x4 ,h5ce ! heat ( a hectic fev]1 ?\gh great]1 is nev]!less n felt s mu* z ! heat ( t]tian fev]2 because ! heat ( ! hectic fev] is habitual & l a second nature4 ,= ?is reason1 love is felt m ke5ly 9 ! abs5ce ( ! object lov$2 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #ab7 t love is felt m ke5ly :5 we lack :at we love4 ,& = ! same reason1 ! unbecom+ness ( t :i* is hat$ is felt m ke5ly ?an ! becom+ness ( t :i* is lov$4 ,secondly1 because comp>ison is made betwe5 a hatr$ & a love :i* are n mutually correspond+4 ,because1 accord+ to diff]5t degrees ( good !re are diff]5t degrees ( love to :i* correspond diff]5t degrees ( hatr$4 ,:]e=e a hatr$ t corresponds to a great] love1 moves u m ?an a less] love4 ,h5ce x is cle> h[ to reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,= ! love ( pleasure is less ?an ! love ( self-pres]vation1 to :i* corresponds flight f pa94 ,:]e=e we flee f pa9 m ?an we love pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hatr$ w\ld nev] ov]come love1 7 x n = ! great] love to :i* t hatr$ corresponds4 ,?us man loves himself1 m ?an he loves 8 fri5d3 & because he loves himself1 8 fri5d is hateful to him1 if he oppose him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason :y we act ) great] insi/5ce 9 repell+ :at is hateful1 is because we feel hatr$ m ke5ly4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,c ,hate ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man c hate himself4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #aj3f73 ,he t love? iniquity1 hate? 8 own s\l4 ,b _m love iniquity4 ,!re=e _m hate !mselves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 him we hate1 to :om we wi% & "w evil4 ,b sometimes a man wi%es & works evil to himself1 e4g4 a man :o kills himself4 ,!re=e "s m5 hate !mselves4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 ii7 t av>ice makes a man hateful2 :5ce we may conclude t ev]yone hates a mis]4 ,b "s m5 are mis]s4 ,!re=e !y hate !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3bi7 t no man ev] hat$ 8 own fle%4 ,i answ] t1 ,prop]ly speak+1 x is impossible = a man to hate himself4 ,= ev]y?+ naturally desires good1 nor c anyone desire any?+ = himself1 save "u ! aspect ( good3 = evil is outside ! scope ( ! w1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ to love a man is to w good to him1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly1 a man mu/1 ( necessity1 love himself2 & x is impossible = a man to hate himself1 prop]ly speak+4 ,b accid5tally x happ5s t a man hates himself3 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! good :i* a man wills to himself4 ,= x happ5s sometimes t :at is desir$ z good 9 "s p>ticul> respect1 is simply evil2 & 9 ?is way1 a man accid5tally wills evil to himself2 & ?us hates himself4 ,secondly1 9 reg>d to himself1 to :om he wills good4 ,= ea* ?+ is t :i* is pr$om9ant 9 x2 :]e=e ! /ate is said to d :at ! k+ does1 z if ! k+ 7 ! :ole /ate4 ,n[ x is cle> t man is pr9cipally ! m9d ( man4 ,& x happ5s t "s m5 acc\nt !mselves z be+ pr9cipally t :i* !y are 9 _! mat]ial & s5sitive nature4 ,:]e=e !y love !mselves accord+ to :at !y take !mselves to be1 :ile !y hate t :i* !y really are1 by desir+ :at is contr>y to reason4 ,& 9 bo? ^! ways1 he t love? iniquity hate? n only 8 own s\l1 b also himself4 ,:]e=e ! reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no man wills & works evil to himself1 except he appreh5d x "u ! aspect ( good4 ,= ev5 !y :o kill !mselves1 appreh5d dea? itself z a good1 consid]$ z putt+ an end to "s unhapp9ess or pa94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! mis] hates some?+ accid5tal to himself1 b n = t reason does he hate himself3 ?us a sick man hates 8 sickness = ! v reason t he loves himself4 ,or we may say t av>ice makes man hateful to o!rs1 b n to himself4 ,9 fact1 x is caus$ by inord9ate self-love1 9 respect ( :i*1 man desires temporal goods = himself m ?an he %\ld4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,man ,c ,hate ! ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man _c hate ! tru?4 ,= good1 true1 & be+ are conv]tible4 ,b a man _c hate good4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c he hate ! tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,all m5 h a natural desire = k1 z /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,metaphysics 7i1 #a74 ,b k is only ( tru?4 ,!re=e tru? is naturally desir$ & lov$4 ,b t :i* is 9 a ?+ naturally1 is always 9 x4 ,!re=e no man c hate ! tru?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t m5 love ^? :o are /raight=w>d4 ,b !re c be no o!r motive = ?is save tru?4 ,!re=e man loves ! tru? naturally4 ,!re=e he _c hate x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #d3af73 ,am ,i become y\r enemy because ,i tell y ! tru?8 99,/4 ,?omas quotes ! passage1 probably f memory1 z ?\gh x 7 an ass]tion3 ,i am become1 etc4 ,i answ] t1 ,good1 true & be+ are ! same 9 reality1 b diff] z consid]$ by reason4 ,= good is consid]$ 9 ! light ( some?+ desirable1 :ile be+ & true are n s consid]$3 because good is :at all ?+s seek4 ,:]e=e good1 z su*1 _c be ! object ( hatr$1 nei!r 9 g5]al nor 9 p>ticul>4 ,be+ & tru? 9 g5]al _c be ! object ( hatr$3 because disagreem5t is ! cause ( hatr$1 & agreem5t is ! cause ( love2 :ile be+ & tru? are common to all ?+s4 ,b no?+ h9d]s "s p>ticul> be+ or "s p>ticul> tru? be+ an object ( hatr$1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z hurtful & repugnant2 s9ce hurtfulness & repugnance are n incompatible ) ! notion ( be+ & tru?1 z !y are ) ! notion ( good4 ,n[ x may happ5 9 ?ree ways t "s p>ticul> tru? is repugnant or hurtful to ! good we love4 ,fir/1 accord+ z tru? is 9 ?+s z 9 its cause & orig94 ,& ?us man sometimes hates a p>ticul> tru?1 :5 he wi%es t :at is true 7 n true4 ,secondly1 accord+ z tru? is 9 man's k1 :i* h9d]s him f ga9+ ! object lov$3 su* is ! case ( ^? :o wi% n to "k ! tru? ( fai?1 t !y may s9 freely2 9 ^: p]son x is said 7,job #ba3ad73 ,we desire n ! k ( ,?y ways4 ,?irdly1 a p>ticul> tru? is hat$1 z be+ repugnant1 inasmu* z x is 9 ! intellect ( ano!r man3 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a man wi%es to rema9 hidd5 9 8 s91 he hates t anyone %\ld "k ! tru? ab\t 8 s94 ,9 ?is respect1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #bc7 t m5 love tru? :5 x enlight5s1 !y hate x :5 x reproves4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! k ( tru? is lovable 9 itself3 h5ce ,augu/9e says t m5 love x :5 x enlight5s4 ,b accid5tally1 ! k ( tru? may become hateful1 9 s f> z x h9d]s "o f accompli%+ "o's desire4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason :y we love ^? :o are /raight=w>d is t !y make kn[n ! tru?1 & ! k ( ! tru?1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is a desirable ?+4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,any?+ ,c ,be an ,object ( ,univ]sal ,hatr$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a ?+ _c be an object ( univ]sal hatr$4 ,because hatr$ is a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is mov$ by an appreh5sion 9 ! s5ses4 ,b ! s5ses _c appreh5d ! univ]sal4 ,!re=e a ?+ _c be an object ( univ]sal hatr$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hatr$ is caus$ by disagreem5t2 & :]e !re is disagreem5t1 !re is no?+ 9 common4 ,b ! notion ( univ]sality implies some?+ 9 common4 ,!re=e no?+ c be ! object ( univ]sal hatr$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( hatr$ is evil4 ,b evil is 9 ?+s1 & n 9 ! m9d 7,metaph4 vi1 #d74 ,s9ce !re=e ! univ]sal is 9 ! m9d only1 :i* ab/racts ! univ]sal f ! p>ticul>1 x w\ld seem t hatr$ _c h a univ]sal object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t ang] is direct$ to some?+ s+ul>1 :]eas hatr$ is also direct$ to a ?+ 9 g5]al2 = ev]ybody hates ! ?ief & ! backbit]4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ways ( speak+ ( ! univ]sal3 fir/1 z consid]$ "u ! aspect ( univ]sality2 secondly1 z consid]$ 9 ! nature to :i* x is ascrib$3 = x is "o ?+ to consid] ! univ]sal man1 & ano!r to consid] a man z man4 ,if1 !re=e1 we take ! univ]sal1 9 ! fir/ way1 no s5sitive p[]1 :e!r ( appreh5sion or ( appetite1 c atta9 ! univ]sal3 because ! univ]sal is obta9$ by ab/raction f individual matt]1 on :i* e s5sitive p[] is bas$4 ,nev]!less ! s5sitive p[]s1 bo? ( appreh5sion & ( appetite1 c t5d to some?+ univ]sally4 ,?us we say t ! object ( sight is color consid]$ g5]ically2 n t ! sight is cognizant ( univ]sal color1 b because ! fact t color is cognizant by ! sight1 is attribut$ to color1 n z be+ ?is p>ticul> color1 b simply because x is color4 ,accord+ly hatr$ 9 ! s5sitive faculty c reg>d some?+ univ]sally3 because ?is ?+1 by reason ( its common nature1 & n m]ely z an individual1 is ho/ile to ! animal--= in/ance1 a wolf 9 reg>d to a %eep4 ,h5ce a %eep hates ! wolf univ]sally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ang] is always caus$ by some?+ 9 p>ticul>3 because x is caus$ by "s action ( ! "o t hurts u2 & actions proce$ f individuals4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t ang] is always direct$ to some?+ s+ul>1 :]eas hatr$ c be direct$ to a ?+ 9 g5]al4 ,b accord+ z hatr$ is 9 ! intellectual "p1 s9ce x arises f ! univ]sal appreh5sion ( ! intellect1 x c reg>d ! univ]sal 9 bo? ways4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s5ses d n appreh5d ! univ]sal1 z su*3 b !y appreh5d some?+ to :i* ! "* ( univ]sality is giv5 by ab/raction4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* is common to all _c be a reason ( hatr$4 ,b no?+ h9d]s a ?+ f be+ common to _m1 & at v>iance ) o!rs1 s z to be hateful to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! univ]sal "u ! aspect ( univ]sality3 & ?us x does n come "u ! s5sitive appreh5sion or appetite4 ,,"q #cj ,,( ,,concupisc5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] concupisc5ce3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r concupisc5ce is 9 ! s5sitive appetite only8 7#b7 ,:e!r concupisc5ce is a specific passion8 7#c7 ,:e!r "s concupisc5ces are natural1 & "s n natural8 7#d7 ,:e!r concupisc5ce is inf9ite8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,concupisc5ce ,is 9 ! ,s5sitive ,appetite ,only8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t concupisc5ce is n only 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,= !re is a concupisc5ce ( wisdom1 accord+ to ,wis4 #f3ba3 ,! concupisc5ce ,d\ay3 'desire' ( wisdom br+e? to ! ev]la/+ k+dom4 ,b ! s5sitive appetite c h no t5d5cy to wisdom4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is n only 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! desire = ! comm&m5ts ( ,god is n 9 ! s5sitive appetite3 9 fact ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3ah73 ,!re dwelle? n 9 me1 t is to say1 9 my fle%1 t :i* is good4 ,b desire = ,god's comm&m5ts is an act ( concupisc5ce1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3bj3 ,my s\l ha? covet$ 7concupivit7 to long = ?y ju/ifications4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is n only 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to ea* p[]1 its prop] good is a matt] ( concupisc5ce4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is 9 ea* p[] ( ! s\l1 & n only 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 t ! irrational "p :i* is subject & am5able to reason1 is divid$ into ! faculties ( concupisc5ce & ang]4 ,?is is ! irrational "p ( ! s\l1 passive & appetitive4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa71 concupisc5ce is a crav+ = t :i* is pleasant4 ,n[ pleasure is tw(old1 z we %all /ate lat] on 7,q4 #ca1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d73 "o is 9 ! intelligible good1 :i* is ! good ( reason2 ! o!r is 9 good p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,! =m] pleasure seems to belong to s\l alone3 :]eas ! latt] belongs to bo? s\l & body3 because ! s5se is a p[] seat$ 9 a bodily organ3 :]e=e s5sible good is ! good ( ! :ole composite4 ,n[ concupisc5ce seems to be ! crav+ = ?is latt] pleasure1 s9ce x belongs to ! unit$ s\l & body1 z is impli$ by ! ,lat9 ^w concupisc5tia4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 concupisc5ce is 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 & 9 ! concupiscible faculty1 :i* takes its "n f x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! crav+ = wisdom1 or o!r spiritual goods1 is sometimes call$ concupisc5ce2 ei!r by reason ( a c]ta9 lik5ess2 or on acc\nt ( ! crav+ 9 ! high] "p ( ! s\l be+ s vehem5t t x ov]fl[s into ! l[] appetite1 s t ! latt] also1 9 its own way1 t5ds to ! spiritual good1 foll[+ ! lead ( ! high] appetite1 ! result be+ t ! body itself r5d]s its s]vice 9 spiritual matt]s1 accord+ to ,ps4 #hc3c3 ,my he>t & my fle% h rejoic$ 9 ! liv+ ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prop]ly speak+1 desire may be n only 9 ! l[]1 b also 9 ! high] appetite4 ,= x does n imply fell[%ip 9 crav+1 z concupisc5ce does2 b simply movem5t t[>ds ! ?+ desir$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to ea* p[] ( ! s\l to seek its prop] good by ! natural appetite1 :i* does n arise f appreh5sion4 ,b ! crav+ = good1 by ! animal appetite1 :i* arises f appreh5sion1 belongs to ! appetitive p[] alone4 ,& to crave a ?+ "u ! aspect ( some?+ delightful to ! s5ses1 :]e9 concupisc5ce prop]ly consi/s1 belongs to ! concupiscible p[]4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,concupisc5ce ,is a ,specific ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t concupisc5ce is n a specific passion ( ! concupiscible p[]4 ,= passions are di/+ui%$ by _! objects4 ,b ! object ( ! concupiscible p[] is some?+ delightful to ! s5ses2 & ?is is also ! object ( concupisc5ce1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is n a specific passion ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cc7 t covet\sness is ! love ( transitory ?+s3 s t x is n di/9ct f love4 ,b all specific passions are di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is n a specific passion 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to ea* passion ( ! concupiscible faculty !re is a specific contr>y passion 9 t faculty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,b no specific passion ( ! concupiscible faculty is contr>y to concupisc5ce4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 t good :5 desir$ gives rise to concupisc5ce2 :5 pres5t1 x gives joy3 9 l mann]1 ! evil we appreh5d makes u fe>1 ! evil t is pres5t makes u sad3 f :i* we ga!r t z sadness is contr>y to joy1 s is fe> contr>y to concupisc5ce4 ,b fe> is n 9 ! concupiscible1 b 9 ! irascible "p4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is n a specific passion ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,concupisc5ce is caus$ by love1 & t5ds to pleasure1 bo? ( :i* are passions ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,h5ce x is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r concupiscible passions1 z a specific passion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a71 ! good :i* gives pleasure to ! s5ses is ! common object ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s concupiscible passions are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! diff]5ces ( t good4 ,n[ ! div]sity ( ?is object c arise f ! v nature ( ! object1 or f a div]sity 9 its active p[]4 ,! div]sity1 d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! active object1 causes a mat]ial diff]5ce ( passions3 :ile ! diff]5ce 9 reg>d to its active p[] causes a =mal div]sity ( passions1 9 respect ( :i* ! passions diff] specifically4 ,n[ ! nature ( ! motive p[] ( ! end or ( ! good1 diff]s accord+ z x is really pres5t1 or abs5t3 because1 accord+ z x is pres5t1 x causes ! faculty to f9d re/ 9 x2 :]eas1 accord+ z x is abs5t1 x causes ! faculty to be mov$ t[>ds x4 ,:]e=e ! object ( s5sible pleasure causes love1 inasmu* z1 s to speak1 x attunes & con=ms ! appetite to itself2 x causes concupisc5ce1 inasmu* z1 :5 abs5t1 x draws ! faculty to itself2 & x causes pleasure1 inasmu* z1 :5 pres5t1 x makes ! faculty to f9d re/ 9 itself4 ,accord+ly1 concupisc5ce is a passion diff]+ 9 species f bo? love & pleasure4 ,b concupisc5ces ( ?is or t pleasurable object diff] 9 numb]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pleasurable good is ! object ( concupisc5ce1 n absolutely1 b consid]$ z abs5t3 j z ! s5sible1 consid]$ z pa/1 is ! object ( memory4 ,= ^! p>ticul> conditions div]sify ! species ( passions1 & ev5 ( ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p1 :i* reg>ds p>ticul> ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! passage quot$ we h causal1 n ess5tial pr$ication3 = covet\sness is n ess5tially love1 b an effect ( love4 ,we may also say t ,augu/9e is tak+ covet\sness 9 a wide s5se1 = any movem5t ( ! appetite 9 respect ( good to come3 s t x includes bo? love & hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! passion :i* is directly contr>y to concupisc5ce has no "n1 & /&s 9 relation to evil1 z concupisc5ce 9 reg>d to good4 ,b s9ce1 l fe>1 x reg>ds ! abs5t evil2 sometimes x goes by ! "n ( fe>1 j z hope is sometimes call$ covet\sness4 ,= a small good or evil is reckon$ z ?\gh x 7 no?+3 & consequ5tly e movem5t ( ! appetite 9 future good or evil is call$ hope or fe>1 :i* reg>d good & evil z ardu\s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"s ,concupisc5ces ,are ,natural1 & ,"s ,n ,natural8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t concupisc5ces are n divid$ into ^? :i* are natural & ^? :i* are n4 ,= concupisc5ce belongs to ! animal appetite1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,b ! natural appetite is contra/$ ) ! animal appetite4 ,!re=e no concupisc5ce is natural4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mat]ial diff]5ces makes no diff]5ce ( species1 b only num]ical diff]5ce2 a diff]5ce :i* is outside ! purview ( sci5ce4 ,b if "s concupisc5ces are natural1 & "s n1 !y diff] only 9 respect ( _! objects2 :i* am\nts to a mat]ial diff]5ce1 :i* is "o ( numb] only4 ,!re=e concupisc5ces %\ld n be divid$ into ^? t are natural & ^? t are n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 reason is contra/$ ) nature1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #e4 ,if !re=e 9 man !re is a concupisc5ce :i* is n natural1 x mu/ ne$s be rational4 ,b ?is is impossible3 because1 s9ce concupisc5ce is a passion1 x belongs to ! s5sitive appetite1 & n to ! w1 :i* is ! rational appetite4 ,!re=e !re are no concupisc5ces :i* are n natural4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa & ,rhetor4 i1 #aa7 di/+ui%es natural concupisc5ces f ^? t are n natural4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 concupisc5ce is ! crav+ = pleasurable good4 ,n[ a ?+ is pleasurable 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because x is suitable to ! nature ( ! animal2 = example1 food1 dr9k1 & ! l3 & concupisc5ce ( su* pleasurable ?+s is said to be natural4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is pleasurable because x is appreh5d$ z suitable to ! animal3 z :5 "o appreh5ds some?+ z good & suitable1 & consequ5tly takes pleasure 9 x3 & concupisc5ce ( su* pleasurable ?+s is said to be n natural1 & is m wont to be call$ cupidity4 ,accord+ly concupisc5ces ( ! fir/ k9d1 or natural concupisc5ces1 are common to m5 & o!r animals3 because to bo? is !re some?+ suitable & pleasurable accord+ to nature3 & 9 ^! all m5 agree2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa7 calls !m common & necess>y4 ,b concupisc5ces ( ! second k9d are prop] to m51 to :om x is prop] to devise some?+ z good & suitable1 beyond t :i* nature requires4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa7 t ! =m] concupisc5ces are irrational1 b ! latt]1 rational4 ,& because diff]5t m5 reason diff]5tly1 !re=e ! latt] are also call$ 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa7 peculi> & acquir$1 i4e4 9 addition to ^? t are natural4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! same ?+ t is ! object ( ! natural appetite1 may be ! object ( ! animal appetite1 once x is appreh5d$4 ,& 9 ?is way !re may be an animal concupisc5ce ( food1 dr9k1 & ! l1 :i* are objects ( ! natural appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? concupisc5ces t are natural & ^? t are n1 is n m]ely a mat]ial diff]5ce2 x is also1 9 a way1 =mal1 9 s f> z x arises f a diff]5ce 9 ! active object4 ,n[ ! object ( ! appetite is ! appreh5d$ good4 ,h5ce div]sity ( ! active object foll[s f div]sity ( appreh5sion3 accord+ z a ?+ is appreh5d$ z suitable1 ei!r by absolute appreh5sion1 :5ce arise natural concupisc5ces1 :i* ! ,philosoph] calls irrational 7,rhet4 i1 #aa72 or by appreh5sion toge!r ) delib]ation1 :5ce arise ^? concupisc5ces t are n natural1 & :i* = ?is v reason ! ,philosoph] calls rational 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man has n only univ]sal reason1 p]ta9+ to ! intellectual faculty2 b also p>ticul> reason p]ta9+ to ! s5sitive faculty1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #c73 s t ev5 rational concupisc5ce may p]ta9 to ! s5sitive appetite4 ,moreov] ! s5sitive appetite c be mov$ by ! univ]sal reason also1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p>ticul> imag9ation4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,concupisc5ce ,is ,inf9ite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t concupisc5ce is n inf9ite4 ,= ! object ( concupisc5ce is good1 :i* has ! aspect ( an end4 ,b :]e !re is inf9ity !re is no end 7,metaph4 ii1 #b74 ,!re=e concupisc5ce _c be inf9ite4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 concupisc5ce is ( ! fitt+ good1 s9ce x proce$s f love4 ,b ! inf9ite is )\t proportion1 & !re=e unfitt+4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce _c be inf9ite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is no pass+ ?r\gh inf9ite ?+s3 & ?us !re is no rea*+ an ultimate t]m 9 !m4 ,b ! subject ( concupisc5ce is n delight$ until he atta9 ! ultimate t]m4 ,!re=e1 if concupisc5ce 7 inf9ite1 no delight w\ld ev] ensue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #c7 t s9ce concupisc5ce is inf9ite1 m5 desire an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 concupisc5ce is tw(old2 "o is natural1 ! o!r is n natural4 ,natural concupisc5ce _c be actually inf9ite3 because x is ( t :i* nature requires2 & nature ev] t5ds to some?+ f9ite & fix$4 ,h5ce man nev] desires inf9ite meat1 or inf9ite dr9k4 ,b j z 9 nature !re is pot5tial successive inf9ity1 s c ?is k9d ( concupisc5ce be inf9ite successively2 s t1 = in/ance1 aft] gett+ food1 a man may desire food yet aga92 & s ( any?+ else t nature requires3 because ^! bodily goods1 :5 obta9$1 d n la/ = ev]1 b fail4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l said to ! woman ( ,sam>ia 7,john #d3ac73 ,:osoev] dr9ke? ( ?is wat]1 %all ?ir/ aga94 ,b non-natural concupisc5ce is altoge!r inf9ite4 ,because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 x foll[s f ! reason1 & x belongs to ! reason to proce$ to inf9ity4 ,h5ce he t desires ri*es1 may desire to be ri*1 n up to a c]ta9 limit1 b to be simply z ri* z possible4 ,ano!r reason may be assign$1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #c71 :y a c]ta9 concupisc5ce is f9ite1 & ano!r inf9ite4 ,because concupisc5ce ( ! end is always inf9ite3 s9ce ! end is desir$ = its own sake1 e4g4 heal?3 & ?us great] heal? is m desir$1 & s on to inf9ity2 j z1 if a :ite ?+ ( itself dilates ! sight1 t :i* is m :ite dilates yet m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 concupisc5ce ( ! means is n inf9ite1 because ! concupisc5ce ( ! means is 9 suitable proportion to ! end4 ,consequ5tly ^? :o place _! end 9 ri*es h an inf9ite concupisc5ce ( ri*es2 :]eas ^? :o desire ri*es1 on acc\nt ( ! necessities ( life1 desire a f9ite measure ( ri*es1 suffici5t = ! necessities ( life1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #c74 ,! same applies to ! concupisc5ce ( any o!r ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e object ( concupisc5ce is tak5 z some?+ f9ite3 ei!r because x is f9ite 9 reality1 z be+ once actually desir$2 or because x is f9ite z appreh5d$4 ,= x _c be appreh5d$ z inf9ite1 s9ce ! inf9ite is t f :i*1 h[ev] mu* we may take1 !re always rema9s some?+ to be tak5 7,phys4 iii1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason is possess$ ( inf9ite p[]1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 9 s f> z x c consid] a ?+ inf9itely1 z appe>s 9 ! addition ( numb]s & l9es4 ,consequ5tly1 ! inf9ite1 tak5 9 a c]ta9 way1 is proportionate to reason4 ,9 fact ! univ]sal :i* ! reason appreh5ds1 is inf9ite 9 a s5se1 inasmu* z x conta9s pot5tially an inf9ite numb] ( s+ul>s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ord] t a man be delight$1 !re is no ne$ = him to realize all t he desires3 = he delights 9 ! realization ( ea* object ( 8 concupisc5ce4 ,,"q #ca ,,( ,,delight 99,or1 ,pleasure ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] delight & sadness4 ,conc]n+ delight f\r ?+s mu/ be consid]$3 7#a7 ,delight 9 itself2 7#b7 ,! causes ( delight2 7#c7 ,its effects2 7#d7 ,its goodness & malice4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r delight is a passion8 7#b7 ,:e!r delight is subject to "t8 7#c7 ,:e!r x diff]s f joy8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is 9 ! intellectual appetite8 7#e7 ,( ! delights ( ! high] appetite comp>$ ) ! delight ( ! l[]2 7#f7 ,( s5sible delights comp>$ ) "o ano!r2 7#g7 ,:e!r any delight is non-natural8 7#h7 ,:e!r "o delight c be contr>y to ano!r8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,delight ,is a ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t delight is n a passion4 ,= ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 di/+ui%es op]ation f passion1 & says t op]ation is a movem5t 9 accord ) nature1 :ile passion is a movem5t contr>y to nature4 ,b delight is an op]ation1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ab2 x1 #e74 ,!re=e delight is n a passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,to be passive is to be mov$1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 iii1 #c4 ,b delight does n consi/ 9 be+ mov$1 b 9 hav+ be5 mov$2 = x arises f good already ga9$4 ,!re=e delight is n a passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 delight is a k9d ( a p]fection ( ! "o :o is delight$2 s9ce x p]fects op]ation1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #d1 #e4 ,b to be p]fect$ does n consi/ 9 be+ passive or 9 be+ alt]$1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 #c & ,de ,anima ii1 #e4 ,!re=e delight is n a passion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #b2 xiv1 #e seqq7 reckons delight1 joy1 or gladness among ! o!r passions ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,! movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 are prop]ly call$ passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ e emotion aris+ f a s5sitive appreh5sion1 is a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite3 & ?is mu/ ne$s be said ( delight1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 i1 #aa7 delight is a c]ta9 movem5t ( ! s\l & a s5sible e/abli%+ !re( all at once1 9 keep+ ) ! nature ( ! ?+4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ obs]ve t j z 9 natural ?+s "s happ5 to atta9 to _! natural p]fections1 s does ?is happ5 9 animals4 ,& ?\gh movem5t t[>ds p]fection does n occur all at once1 yet ! atta9m5t ( natural p]fection does occur all at once4 ,n[ !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 animals & o!r natural ?+s1 t :5 ^! latt] are e/abli%$ 9 ! /ate becom+ _! nature1 !y d n p]ceive x1 :]eas animals d4 ,& f ?is p]ception !re arises a c]ta9 movem5t ( ! s\l 9 ! s5sitive appetite2 :i* movem5t is call$ delight4 ,accord+ly by say+ t delight is a movem5t ( ! s\l1 we designate its g5us4 ,by say+ t x is an e/abli%+ 9 keep+ ) ! ?+'s nature1 i4e4 ) t :i* exi/s 9 ! ?+1 we assign ! cause ( delight1 viz4 ! pres5ce ( a becom+ good4 ,by say+ t ?is e/abli%+ is all at once1 we mean t ?is e/abli%+ is to be und]/ood n z 9 ! process ( e/abli%m5t1 b z 9 ! fact ( complete e/abli%m5t1 9 ! t]m ( ! movem5t1 z x 73 = delight is n a becom+ z ,plato 99,phileb4 #cb1 #cc ma9ta9$1 b a complete fact1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ab4 ,la/ly1 by say+ t ?is e/abli%+ is s5sible1 we exclude ! p]fections ( ins5sible ?+s :]e9 !re is no delight4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 s9ce delight is a movem5t ( ! animal appetite aris+ f an appreh5sion ( s5se1 x is a passion ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,connatural op]ation1 :i* is unh9d]$1 is a second p]fection1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 #a3 & !re=e :5 a ?+ is e/abli%$ 9 its prop] connatural & unh9d]$ op]ation1 delight foll[s1 :i* consi/s 9 a /ate ( completion1 z obs]v$ above4 ,accord+ly :5 we say t delight is an op]ation1 we designate1 n its ess5ce1 b its cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a tw(old movem5t is to be obs]v$ 9 an animal3 "o1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! end1 & ?is belongs to ! appetite2 ! o!r1 accord+ to ! execution1 & ?is belongs to ! ext]nal op]ation4 ,& s1 al?\gh 9 him :o has already ga9$ ! good 9 :i* he delights1 ! movem5t ( execution ceases1 by :i* he t5ds to ! end2 yet ! movem5t ( ! appetitive faculty does n cease1 s9ce1 j z be=e x desir$ t :i* x _h n1 s aft]w>ds does x delight 9 t :i* is possesses4 ,= ?\gh delight is a c]ta9 repose ( ! appetite1 if we consid] ! pres5ce ( ! pleasurable good t satisfies ! appetite1 nev]!less !re rema9s ! impression made on ! appetite by its object1 by reason ( :i* delight is a k9d ( movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! "n ( passion is m appropriate to ^? passions :i* h a corruptive & evil t5d5cy1 su* z bodily ailm5ts1 z also sadness & fe> 9 ! s\l2 yet "s passions h a t5d5cy to some?+ good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d73 & 9 ?is s5se delight is call$ a passion4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,delight ,is 9 ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t delight is 9 "t4 ,= delight is a k9d ( movem5t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,b all movem5t is 9 "t4 ,!re=e delight is 9 "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is said to la/ long & to be morose 9 respect ( "t4 ,b "s pleasures are call$ morose4 ,!re=e pleasure is 9 "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! passions ( ! s\l are ( "o same g5us4 ,b "s passions ( ! s\l are 9 "t4 ,!re=e delight is too4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d7 t no "o takes pleasure accord+ to "t4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be 9 "t 9 two ways3 fir/1 by itself2 secondly1 by reason ( some?+ else1 & accid5tally z x 74 ,= s9ce "t is ! measure ( successive ?+s1 ^? ?+s are ( !mselves said to be 9 "t1 to :i* succession or some?+ p]ta9+ to succession is ess5tial3 su* are movem5t1 repose1 spee* & su* l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? ?+s are said to be 9 "t1 by reason ( some?+ else & n ( !mselves1 to :i* succession is n ess5tial1 b :i* are subject to some?+ successive4 ,?us ! fact ( be+ a man is n ess5tially some?+ successive2 s9ce x is n a movem5t1 b ! t]m ( a movem5t or *ange1 viz4 ( ?is be+ begott53 yet1 because human be+ is subject to *angeable causes1 9 ?is respect1 to be a man is 9 "t4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ say t delight1 ( itself inde$1 is n 9 "t3 = x reg>ds good already ga9$1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! t]m ( ! movem5t4 ,b if ?is good ga9$ be subject to *ange1 ! delight !re9 w be 9 "t accid5tally3 :]eas if x be altoge!r un*angeable1 ! delight !re9 w n be 9 "t1 ei!r by reason ( itself or accid5tally4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #g1 movem5t is tw(old4 ,"o is ! act ( some?+ imp]fect1 i4e4 ( some?+ exi/+ 9 pot5tiality1 z su*3 ?is movem5t is successive & is 9 "t4 ,ano!r movem5t is ! act ( some?+ p]fect1 i4e4 ( some?+ exi/+ 9 act1 e4g4 to und]/&1 to feel1 & to w & su* l1 also to h delight4 ,?is movem5t is n successive1 nor is x ( itself 9 "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,delight is said to be long la/+ or morose1 accord+ z x is accid5tally 9 "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,o!r passions h n = _! object a good obta9$1 z delight has4 ,:]e=e !re is m ( ! movem5t ( ! imp]fect 9 !m ?an 9 delight4 ,& consequ5tly x belongs m to delight n to be 9 "t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,delight ,diff]s f ,joy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t delight is altoge!r ! same z joy4 ,because ! passions ( ! s\l diff] accord+ to _! objects4 ,b delight & joy h ! same object1 namely1 a good obta9$4 ,!re=e joy is altoge!r ! same z delight4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o movem5t does n end 9 two t]ms4 ,b "o & ! same movem5t1 t ( desire1 ends 9 joy & delight4 ,!re=e delight & joy are altoge!r ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if joy diff]s f delight1 x seems t !re is equal reason = di/+ui%+ gladness1 exultation1 & *e]fulness f delight1 s t !y w\ld all be v>i\s passions ( ! s\l4 ,b ?is seems to be untrue4 ,!re=e joy does n diff] f delight4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we d n speak ( joy 9 irrational animals2 :]eas we d speak ( delight 9 !m4 ,!re=e joy is n ! same z delight4 ,i answ] t1 ,joy1 z ,avic5na /ates 7,de ,anima iv71 is a k9d ( delight4 ,= we mu/ obs]ve t1 j z "s concupisc5ces are natural1 & "s n natural1 b consequ5t to reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #c71 s also "s delights are natural1 & "s are n natural b rational4 ,or1 z ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ac7 & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xviii4 put x1 "s delights are ( ! body1 "s are ( ! s\l2 :i* am\nts to ! same4 ,= we take delight bo? 9 ^? ?+s :i* we desire naturally1 :5 we get !m1 & 9 ^? ?+s :i* we desire z a result ( reason4 ,b we d n speak ( joy except :5 delight foll[s reason2 & s we d n ascribe joy to irrational animals1 b only delight4 ,n[ :atev] we desire naturally1 c also be ! object ( reason$ desire & delight1 b n vice v]sa4 ,consequ5tly :atev] c be ! object ( delight1 c also be ! object ( joy 9 rational be+s4 ,& yet ev]y?+ is n always ! object ( joy2 s9ce sometimes "o feels a c]ta9 delight 9 ! body1 )\t rejoic+ !reat accord+ to reason4 ,& accord+ly delight ext5ds to m ?+s ?an does joy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ! object ( ! appetite ( ! s\l is an appreh5d$ good1 div]sity ( appreh5sion p]ta9s1 9 a way1 to div]sity ( ! object4 ,& s delights ( ! s\l1 :i* are also call$ joys1 are di/9ct f bodily delights1 :i* are n call$ o!rwise ?an delights3 z we h obs]v$ above 9 reg>d to concupisc5ces 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a l diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ 9 concupisc5ces also3 s t delight corresponds to concupisc5ce1 :ile joy corresponds to desire1 :i* seems to p]ta9 m to concupisc5ce ( ! s\l4 ,h5ce !re is a diff]5ce ( repose correspond+ to ! diff]5ce ( movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! o!r names p]ta9+ to delight are d]iv$ f ! effects ( delight2 = laetitia 7gladness7 is d]iv$ f ! dilation ( ! he>t1 z if "o 7 to say latitia2 exultation is d]iv$ f ! ext]ior signs ( inw>d delight1 :i* appe> outw>dly 9 s f> z ! inw>d joy breaks =? f its b\nds2 & *e]fulness is s call$ f c]ta9 special signs & effects ( gladness4 ,yet all ^! names seem to belong to joy2 = we d n employ !m save 9 speak+ ( rational be+s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,delight ,is 9 ! ,intellectual ,appetite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t delight is n 9 ! intellectual appetite4 ,because ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa7 t delight is a s5sible movem5t4 ,b s5sible movem5t is n 9 an intellectual p[]4 ,!re=e delight is n 9 ! intellectual appetite4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 delight is a passion4 ,b e passion is 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!re=e delight is only 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 delight is common to u & to ! irrational animals4 ,!re=e x is n else:]e ?an 9 t p[] :i* we h 9 common ) irrational animals4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #cf3d73 ,delight 9 ! ,"l4 ,b ! s5sitive appetite _c rea* to ,god2 only ! intellectual appetite c4 ,!re=e delight c be 9 ! intellectual appetite4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 a c]ta9 delight arises f ! appreh5sion ( ! reason4 ,n[ on ! reason appreh5d+ some?+1 n only ! s5sitive appetite is mov$1 z reg>ds its application to "s p>ticul> ?+1 b also ! intellectual appetite1 :i* is call$ ! w4 ,& accord+ly 9 ! intellectual appetite or w !re is t delight :i* is call$ joy1 b n bodily delight4 ,h[ev]1 !re is ?is diff]5ce ( delight 9 ei!r p[]1 t delight ( ! s5sitive appetite is accompani$ by a bodily transmutation1 :]eas delight ( ! intellectual appetite is no?+ b ! m]e movem5t ( ! w4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #f7 t desire & joy are no?+ else b a volition ( cons5t to ! ?+s we wi%4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ?is def9ition ( ! ,philosoph]1 he uses ! ^w s5sible 9 its wide acceptation = any k9d ( p]ception4 ,= he says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d7 t delight is att5dant ^u e s5se1 z x is also ^u e act ( ! intellect & contemplation4 ,or we may say t he is def9+ delight ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,delight has ! "* ( passion1 prop]ly speak+1 :5 accompani$ by bodily transmutation4 ,x is n ?us 9 ! intellectual appetite1 b accord+ to simple movem5t3 = ?us x is also 9 ,god & ! angels4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ad7 t ,god rejoices by "o simple act3 & ,dionysius says at ! end ( ,de ,coel4 ,hi]41 t ! angels are n susceptible to our passible delight1 b rejoice toge!r ) ,god ) ! gladness ( incorruption4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 u !re is delight1 n only 9 common ) dumb animals1 b also 9 common ) angels4 ,:]e=e ,dionysius says 7,de ,coel4 ,hi]47 t holy m5 (t5 take "p 9 ! angelic delights4 ,accord+ly we h delight1 n only 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* we h 9 common ) dumb animals1 b also 9 ! intellectual appetite1 :i* we h 9 common ) ! angels4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,bodily & ,s5sible ,pleasures ,are ,great] ,?an ,spiritual & ,intellectual ,pleasures8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t bodily & s5sible pleasures are great] ?an spiritual & intelligible pleasures4 ,= all m5 seek "s pleasure1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 x1 #b1 #d74 ,b m seek s5sible pleasures1 ?an intelligible spiritual pleasures4 ,!re=e bodily pleasures are great]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! greatness ( a cause is kn[n by its effect4 ,b bodily pleasures h great] effects2 s9ce !y alt] ! /ate ( ! body1 & 9 "s !y cause madness 7,e?ic4 vii1 #c74 ,!re=e bodily pleasures are great]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 bodily pleasures ne$ to be temp]$ & *eck$1 by reason ( _! vehem5ce3 :]eas !re is no ne$ to *eck spiritual pleasures4 ,!re=e bodily pleasures are great]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3ajc73 ,h[ sweet are ,?y words to my palate2 m ?an honey to my m\?6 ,& ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #g7 t ! greate/ pleasure is d]iv$ f ! op]ation ( wisdom4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 pleasure arises f union ) a suitable object p]ceiv$ or kn[n4 ,n[1 9 ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 especially ( ! s5sitive & intellectual s\l1 x mu/ be not$ t1 s9ce !y d n pass into outw>d matt]1 !y are acts or p]fections ( ! ag5t1 e4g4 to und]/&1 to feel1 to w & ! l3 because actions :i* pass into outw>d matt]1 are actions & p]fections r ( ! matt] trans=m$2 = movem5t is ! act produc$ by ! mov] 9 ! ?+ mov$ 7,phys4 iii1 #c74 ,accord+ly ! a=esaid actions ( ! s5sitive & intellectual s\l1 are !mselves a c]ta9 good ( ! ag5t1 & are kn[n by s5se & intellect4 ,:]e=e f !m also does pleasure arise1 & n only f _! objects4 ,if !re=e we comp>e intellectual pleasures ) s5sible pleasures1 accord+ z we delight 9 ! v actions1 = in/ance 9 s5sitive & 9 intellectual k2 )\t d\bt intellectual pleasures are mu* great] ?an s5sible pleasures4 ,= man takes mu* m delight 9 kn[+ some?+1 by und]/&+ x1 ?an 9 kn[+ some?+ by p]ceiv+ x ) 8 s5se4 ,because intellectual k is m p]fect2 & because x is bett] kn[n1 s9ce ! intellect reflects on its own act m ?an s5se does4 ,moreov] intellectual k is m belov$3 = !re is no "o :o w\ld n =feit 8 bodily sight r ?an 8 intellectual vision1 z bea/s or fools are depriv$ !re(1 z ,augu/9e says 9 ,de ,civ4 ,dei 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #ad74 ,if1 h[ev]1 intellectual spiritual pleasures be comp>$ ) s5sible bodily pleasures1 !n1 9 !mselves & absolutely speak+1 spiritual pleasures are great]4 ,& ?is appe>s f ! consid]ation ( ! ?ree ?+s ne$$ = pleasure1 viz4 ! good :i* is br\ght into conjunction1 t to :i* x is conjo9$1 & ! conjunction itself4 ,= spiritual good is bo? great] & m belov$ ?an bodily good3 a sign :]e( is t m5 ab/a9 f ev5 ! greate/ bodily pleasures1 r ?an suff] loss ( honor :i* is an intellectual good4 ,likewise ! intellectual faculty is mu* m noble & m kn[+ ?an ! s5sitive faculty4 ,also ! conjunction is m intimate1 m p]fect & m firm4 ,m intimate1 because ! s5ses /op at ! outw>d accid5ts ( a ?+1 :]eas ! intellect p5etrates to ! ess5ce2 = ! object ( ! intellect is :at a ?+ is4 ,m p]fect1 because ! conjunction ( ! s5sible to ! s5se implies movem5t1 :i* is an imp]fect act3 :]e=e s5sible pleasures are n p]ceiv$ all at once1 b "s "p ( !m is pass+ away1 :ile "s o!r "p is look$ =w>d to z yet to be realiz$1 z is manife/ 9 pleasures ( ! table & 9 sexual pleasures3 :]eas intelligible ?+s are )\t movem5t3 h5ce pleasures ( ?is k9d are realiz$ all at once4 ,m firm2 because ! objects ( bodily pleasure are corruptible1 & soon pass away2 :]eas spiritual goods are incorruptible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 relation to u1 bodily pleasures are m vehem5t1 = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because s5sible ?+s are m kn[n to u1 ?an intelligible ?+s4 ,secondly1 because s5sible pleasures1 ?r\gh be+ passions ( ! s5sitive appetite1 are accompani$ by "s alt]ation 9 ! body3 :]eas ?is does n occur 9 spiritual pleasures1 save by reason ( a c]ta9 reaction ( ! sup]ior appetite on ! l[]4 ,?irdly1 because bodily pleasures are s\ght z rem$ies = bodily defects or tr\bles1 :5ce v>i\s griefs arise4 ,:]e=e bodily pleasures1 by reason ( _! succe$+ griefs ( ?is k9d1 are felt ! m1 & consequ5tly are welcom$ m ?an spiritual pleasures1 :i* h no contr>y griefs1 z we %all /ate f>!r on 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! reason :y m seek bodily pleasures is because s5sible goods are kn[n bett] & m g5]ally3 &1 aga91 because m5 ne$ pleasures z rem$ies = _m k9ds ( sorr[ & sadness3 & s9ce ! majority _c atta9 spiritual pleasures1 :i* are prop] to ! virtu\s1 h5ce x is t !y turn aside to seek ^? ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bodily transmutation arises m f bodily pleasures1 inasmu* z !y are passions ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bodily pleasures are realiz$ 9 ! s5sitive faculty :i* is gov]n$ by reason3 :]e=e !y ne$ to be temp]$ & *eck$ by reason4 ,b spiritual pleasures are 9 ! m9d1 :i* is itself ! rule3 :]e=e !y are 9 !mselves bo? sob] & mod]ate4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,pleasures ( ,t\* ,are ,great] ,?an ! ,pleasures ,af=d$ by ! ,o!r ,s5ses8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! pleasures ( t\* are n great] ?an ! pleasures af=d$ by ! o!r s5ses4 ,because ! greate/ pleasure seems to be t )\t :i* all joy is at an end4 ,b su* is ! pleasure af=d$ by ! sight1 accord+ to ! words ( ,tob4 #e3ab3 ,:at mann] ( joy %all be to me1 :o sit 9 d>kness1 & see n ! light ( heav58 ,!re=e ! pleasure af=d$ by ! sight is ! greate/ ( s5sible pleasures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e "o f9ds treasure 9 :at he loves1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,b ( all ! s5ses ! sight is lov$ mo/ 99,metaph4 i1 #a4 ,!re=e ! greate/ pleasure seems to be af=d$ by sight4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! beg9n+ ( fri5d%ip :i* is = ! sake ( ! pleasant is pr9cipally sight4 ,b pleasure is ! cause ( su* fri5d%ip4 ,!re=e ! greate/ pleasure seems to be af=d$ by sight4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj71 t ! greate/ pleasures are ^? :i* are af=d$ by ! t\*4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a71 ev]y?+ gives pleasure accord+ z x is lov$4 ,n[1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 i1 #a1 ! s5ses are lov$ = two reasons3 = ! purpose ( k1 & on acc\nt ( _! usefulness4 ,:]e=e ! s5ses af=d pleasure 9 bo? ^! ways4 ,b because x is prop] to man to appreh5d k itself z some?+ good1 x foll[s t ! =m] pleasures ( ! s5ses1 i4e4 ^? :i* arise f k1 are prop] to man3 :]eas pleasures ( ! s5ses1 z lov$ = _! usefulness1 are common to all animals4 ,if !re=e we speak ( t s5sible pleasure :i* is by reason ( k1 x is evid5t t ! sight af=ds great] pleasure ?an any o!r s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we speak ( t s5sible pleasure :i* is by reason ( usefulness1 !n ! greate/ pleasure is af=d$ by ! t\*4 ,= ! usefulness ( s5sible ?+s is gaug$ by _! relation to ! pres]vation ( ! animal's nature4 ,n[ ! s5sible objects ( t\* be> ! close/ relation to ?is usefulness3 = ! t\* takes cognizance ( ^? ?+s :i* are vital to an animal1 namely1 ( ?+s hot & cold & ! l4 ,:]e=e 9 ?is respect1 ! pleasures ( t\* are great] z be+ m closely relat$ to ! end4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 o!r animals :i* d n exp]i5ce s5sible pleasure save by reason ( usefulness1 d]ive no pleasure f ! o!r s5ses except z subord9at$ to ! s5sible objects ( ! t\*3 = dogs d n take delight 9 ! smell ( h>es1 b 9 eat+ !m2 4 4 4 nor does ! lion feel pleasure 9 ! l[+ ( an ox1 b 9 dev\r+ x 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj74 ,s9ce !n ! pleasure af=d$ by t\* is ! greate/ 9 respect ( usefulness1 & ! pleasure af=d$ by sight ! greate/ 9 respect ( k2 if anyone wi% to comp>e ^! two1 he w f9d t ! pleasure ( t\* is1 absolutely speak+1 great] ?an ! pleasure ( sight1 s f> z ! latt] rema9s )9 ! limits ( s5sible pleasure4 ,because x is evid5t t 9 ev]y?+1 t :i* is natural is mo/ p[]ful3 & x is to ^! pleasures ( ! t\* t ! natural concupisc5ces1 su* z ^? ( food1 sexual union1 & ! l1 are orda9$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! pleasures ( sight1 inasmu* sight is ! h&maid ( ! m9d1 !n ! pleasures ( sight are great]1 =asmu* z intellectual pleasures are great] ?an s5sible4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,joy1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 d5otes pleasure ( ! s\l2 & ?is belongs pr9cipally to ! sight4 ,b natural pleasure belongs pr9cipally to ! t\*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! sight is lov$ mo/1 on acc\nt ( k1 because x helps u to di/+ui% _m ?+s1 z is /at$ 9 ! same passage 7,metaph4 i1 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pleasure causes c>nal love 9 "o way2 ! sight1 9 ano!r4 ,= pleasure1 especially t :i* is af=d$ by ! t\*1 is ! f9al cause ( ! fri5d%ip :i* is = ! sake ( ! pleasant3 :]eas ! sight is a cause l t f :i* a movem5t has its beg9n+1 inasmu* z ! behold] on see+ ! lovable object receives an impression ( its image1 :i* entices him to love x & to seek its delight4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,any ,pleasure ,is ,n ,natural8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no pleasure is n natural4 ,= pleasure is to ! emotions ( ! s\l :at repose is to bodies4 ,b ! appetite ( a natural body does n repose save 9 a connatural place4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c ! repose ( ! animal appetite1 :i* is pleasure1 be else:]e ?an 9 some?+ connatural4 ,!re=e no pleasure is non-natural4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is aga9/ nature is viol5t4 ,b :atev] is viol5t causes grief 7,metaph4 v1 #e74 ,!re=e no?+ :i* is unnatural c give pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fact ( be+ e/abli%$ 9 "o's own nature1 if p]ceiv$1 gives rise to pleasure1 z is evid5t f ! ,philosoph]'s def9ition quot$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b x is natural to e ?+ to be e/abli%$ 9 its nature2 because natural movem5t t5ds to a natural end4 ,!re=e e pleasure is natural4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #e1 #f7 t "s ?+s are pleasant n f nature b f disease4 ,i answ] t1 ,we speak ( t z be+ natural1 :i* is 9 accord ) nature1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #a4 ,n[1 9 man1 nature c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 inasmu* z intellect & reason is ! pr9cipal "p ( man's nature1 s9ce 9 respect !re( he has 8 own specific nature4 ,& 9 ?is s5se1 ^? pleasures may be call$ natural to man1 :i* are d]iv$ f ?+s p]ta9+ to man 9 respect ( 8 reason3 = in/ance1 x is natural to man to take pleasure 9 contemplat+ ! tru? & 9 do+ works ( virtue4 ,secondly1 nature 9 man may be tak5 z contra/$ ) reason1 & z d5ot+ t :i* is common to man & o!r animals1 especially t "p ( man :i* does n obey reason4 ,& 9 ?is s5se1 t :i* p]ta9s to ! pres]vation ( ! body1 ei!r z reg>ds ! individual1 z food1 dr9k1 sleep1 & ! l1 or z reg>ds ! species1 z sexual int]c\rse1 are said to af=d man natural pleasure4 ,"u ea* k9d ( pleasures1 we f9d "s t are n natural speak+ absolutely1 & yet connatural 9 "s respect4 ,= x happ5s 9 an individual t "s "o ( ! natural pr9ciples ( ! species is corrupt$1 s t some?+ :i* is contr>y to ! specific nature1 becomes accid5tally natural to ?is individual3 ?us x is natural to ?is hot wat] to give heat4 ,consequ5tly x happ5s t some?+ :i* is n natural to man1 ei!r 9 reg>d to reason1 or 9 reg>d to ! pres]vation ( ! body1 becomes connatural to ?is individual man1 on acc\nt ( !re be+ "s corruption ( nature 9 him4 ,& ?is corruption may be ei!r on ! "p ( ! body--f "s ailm5t2 ?us to a man suff]+ f fev]1 sweet ?+s seem bitt]1 & vice v]sa--or f an evil temp]am5t2 ?us "s take pleasure 9 eat+ e>? & coals & ! l2 or on ! "p ( ! s\l2 ?us f cu/om "s take pleasure 9 cannibalism or 9 ! unnatural int]c\rse ( man & bea/1 or o!r su* ?+s1 :i* are n 9 accord ) human nature4 ,?is suffices = ! answ]s to ! objections4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,"o ,pleasure ,c ,be ,contr>y to ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o pleasure _c be contr>y to ano!r4 ,because ! passions ( ! s\l d]ive _! species & contr>iety f _! objects4 ,n[ ! object ( pleasure is ! good4 ,s9ce !re=e good is n contr>y to good1 b good is contr>y to evil1 & evil to good1 z /at$ 9 ,pra$ic4 viii2 x seems t "o pleasure is n contr>y to ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to "o ?+ !re is "o contr>y1 z is prov$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 #d4 ,b sadness is contr>y to pleasure4 ,!re=e pleasure is n contr>y to pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if "o pleasure is contr>y to ano!r1 ?is is only on acc\nt ( ! contr>iety ( ! ?+s :i* give pleasure4 ,b ?is diff]5ce is mat]ial3 :]eas contr>iety is a diff]5ce ( =m1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 #d4 ,!re=e !re is no contr>iety betwe5 "o pleasure & ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s ( ! same g5us t imp$e "o ano!r are contr>ies1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,phys4 viii1 #h74 ,b "s pleasures imp$e "o ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #e4 ,!re=e "s pleasures are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,pleasure1 9 ! emotions ( ! s\l1 is lik5$ to repose 9 natural bodies1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ "o repose is said to be contr>y to ano!r :5 !y are 9 contr>y t]m9i2 ?us1 repose 9 a high place is contr>y to repose 9 a l[ place 7,phys4 v1 #f74 ,:]e=e x happ5s 9 ! emotions ( ! s\l t "o pleasure is contr>y to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ! ,philosoph] is to be und]/ood ( good & evil z appli$ to virtues & vices3 because "o vice may be contr>y to ano!r vice1 :]eas no virtue c be contr>y to ano!r virtue4 ,b 9 o!r ?+s no?+ prev5ts "o good f be+ contr>y to ano!r1 su* z hot & cold1 ( :i* ! =m] is good 9 relation to fire1 ! latt]1 9 relation to wat]4 ,& 9 ?is way "o pleasure c be contr>y to ano!r4 ,t ?is is impossible ) reg>d to ! good ( virtue1 is due to ! fact t virtue's good dep5ds on fitt+ness 9 relation to "s "o ?+--i4e4 ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pleasure1 9 ! emotions ( ! s\l1 is lik5$ to natural repose 9 bodies3 because its object is some?+ suitable & connatural1 s to speak4 ,b sadness is l a viol5t repose2 because its object is disagreeable to ! animal appetite1 j z ! place ( viol5t repose is disagreeable to ! natural appetite4 ,n[ natural repose is contr>y bo? to viol5t repose ( ! same body1 & to ! natural repose ( ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 v1 #f4 ,:]e=e pleasure is contr>y to bo? to ano!r pleasure & to sadness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ?+s 9 :i* we take pleasure1 s9ce !y are ! objects ( pleasure1 cause n only a mat]ial1 b also a =mal diff]5ce1 if ! =mality ( pleasurabl5ess be diff]5t4 ,because diff]5ce 9 ! =mal object causes a specific diff]5ce 9 acts & passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d2 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b74 ,,"q #cb ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,pleasure 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! causes ( pleasure3 & "u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r op]ation is ! prop] cause ( pleasure8 7#b7 ,:e!r movem5t is a cause ( pleasure8 7#c7 ,:e!r hope & memory cause pleasure8 7#d7 ,:e!r sadness causes pleasure8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! actions ( o!rs are a cause ( pleasure to u8 7#f7 ,:e!r do+ good to ano!r is a cause ( pleasure8 7#g7 ,:e!r lik5ess is a cause ( pleasure8 7#h7 ,:e!r wond] is a cause ( pleasure8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,op]ation ,is ! ,prop] ,cause ( ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t op]ation is n ! prop] & fir/ cause ( pleasure4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa71 pleasure consi/s 9 a p]ception ( ! s5ses1 s9ce k is requisite = pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a74 ,b ! objects ( op]ations are kn[able be=e ! op]ations !mselves4 ,!re=e op]ation is n ! prop] cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pleasure consi/s especially 9 an end ga9$3 s9ce x is ?is t is *iefly desir$4 ,b ! end is n always an op]ation1 b is sometimes ! effect ( ! op]ation4 ,!re=e op]ation is n ! prop] & direct cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 leisure & re/ consi/ 9 cessation f "w3 & !y are objects ( pleasure 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,!re=e op]ation is n ! prop] cause ( pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ab1 #ac2 x1 #d7 t pleasure is a connatural & un9t]rupt$ op]ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a71 two ?+s are requisite = pleasure3 namely1 ! atta9m5t ( ! suitable good1 & k ( ?is atta9m5t4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! consi/s 9 a k9d ( op]ation3 because actual k is an op]ation2 & ! atta9m5t ( ! suitable good is by means ( an op]ation4 ,moreov]1 ! prop] op]ation itself is a suitable good4 ,:]e=e e pleasure mu/ ne$s be ! result ( "s op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! objects ( op]ations are n pleasurable save inasmu* z !y are unit$ to u2 ei!r by k alone1 z :5 we take pleasure 9 ?9k+ ( or look+ at c]ta9 ?+s2 or 9 "s o!r way 9 addition to k2 z :5 a man takes pleasure 9 kn[+ t he has some?+ good--ri*es1 honor1 or ! l2 :i* w\ld n be pleasurable unless !y 7 appreh5d$ z possess$4 ,= z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,polit4 ii1 #b7 we take great pleasure 9 look+ ^u a ?+ z our own1 by reason ( ! natural love we h = ourselves4 ,n[ to h su* l ?+s is no?+ else b to use !m or to be able to use !m3 & ?is is ?r\gh "s op]ation4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t e pleasure is trac$ to "s op]ation z its cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 :5 x is n an op]ation1 b ! effect ( an op]ation1 t is ! end1 ?is effect is pleasant 9 s f> z possess$ or effect$3 & ?is implies use or op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,op]ations are pleasant1 9 s f> z !y are proportionate & connatural to ! ag5t4 ,n[1 s9ce human p[] is f9ite1 op]ation is proportionate !reto accord+ to a c]ta9 measure4 ,:]e=e if x exce$ t measure1 x w be no long] proportionate or pleasant1 b1 on ! contr>y1 pa9ful & irksome4 ,& 9 ?is s5se1 leisure & play & o!r ?+s p]ta9+ to repose1 are pleasant1 inasmu* z !y bani% sadness :i* results f labor4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,movem5t ,is a ,cause ( ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t movem5t is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,because1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a71 ! good :i* is obta9$ & is actually possess$1 is ! cause ( pleasure3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ab7 t pleasure is n comp>$ ) g5]ation1 b ) ! op]ation ( a ?+ already 9 exi/5ce4 ,n[ t :i* is be+ mov$ t[>ds some?+ has x n z yet2 b1 s to speak1 is be+ g5]at$ 9 its reg>d1 =asmu* z g5]ation or corruption are unit$ to e movem5t1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 #c4 ,!re=e movem5t is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 movem5t is ! *ief cause ( toil & fatigue 9 our works4 ,b op]ations ?r\gh be+ toilsome & fatigu+ are n pleasant b disagreeable4 ,!re=e movem5t is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 movem5t implies a c]ta9 innovation1 :i* is ! opposite ( cu/om4 ,b ?+s :i* we are accu/om$ to1 are pleasant1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,!re=e movem5t is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #c73 ,:at means ?is1 ,o ,"l my ,god1 :]eas ,?\ art ev]la/+ joy to ,?yself1 & "s ?+s ar\nd ,!e ev]more rejoice 9 ,!e8 ,:at means ?is1 t ?is portion ( ?+s ebbs & fl[s alt]nately displeas$ & reconcil$8 ,f ^! words we ga!r t man rejoices & takes pleasure 9 "s k9d ( alt]ations3 & !re=e movem5t seems to cause pleasure4 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree ?+s are requisite = pleasure2 two1 i4e4 ! "o t is pleas$ & ! pleasurable object conjo9$ to him2 & a ?ird1 :i* is k ( ?is conjunction3 & 9 respect ( ^! ?ree1 movem5t is pleasant1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ad & ,rhetor4 i1 #aa74 ,= z f> z we :o feel pleasure are conc]n$1 *ange is pleasant to u because our nature is *angeable3 = :i* reason t :i* is suitable to u at "o "t is n suitable at ano!r2 ?us to w>m himself at a fire is suitable to man 9 w9t] b n 9 summ]4 ,aga91 on ! "p ( ! pleas+ good :i* is unit$ to u1 *ange is pleasant4 ,because ! cont9u$ action ( an ag5t increases its effect3 ?us ! long] a p]son rema9s ne> ! fire1 ! m he is w>m$ & dri$4 ,n[ ! natural mode ( be+ consi/s 9 a c]ta9 measure2 & !re=e :5 ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( a pleasant object exce$s ! measure ( "o's natural mode ( be+1 ! removal ( t object becomes pleasant4 ,on ! "p ( ! k itself 7*ange becomes pleasant71 because man desires to "k some?+ :ole & p]fect3 :5 !re=e a ?+ _c be appreh5d$ all at once z a :ole1 *ange 9 su* a ?+ is pleasant1 s t "o "p may pass & ano!r succe$1 & ?us ! :ole be p]ceiv$4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv1 #aa73 ,?\ w\ld/ n h ! syllables /ay1 b fly away1 t o!rs may come1 & ?\ he> ! :ole4 ,& s :5ev] any "o ?+ is made up ( _m1 all ( :i* d n exi/ toge!r1 all w\ld please collectively m ?an !y d sev]ally1 if all c\ld be p]ceiv$ collectively4 ,if !re=e !re be any ?+1 ^: nature is un*angeable2 ! natural mode ( ^: be+ _c be exce$$ by ! cont9uation ( any pleas+ object2 & :i* c behold ! :ole object ( its delight at once--to su* a "o *ange w af=d no delight4 ,& ! m any pleasures approa* to ?is1 ! m are !y capable ( be+ cont9ual4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! subject ( movem5t has n yet p]fectly t to :i* x is mov$1 nev]!less x is beg9n+ to h some?+ !re(3 & 9 ?is respect movem5t itself has some?+ ( pleasure4 ,b x falls %ort ( ! p]fection ( pleasure2 because ! m p]fect pleasures reg>d ?+s t are un*angeable4 ,moreov] movem5t becomes ! cause ( pleasure1 9 s f> z !reby some?+ :i* previ\sly 0 unsuitable1 becomes suitable or ceases to be1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,movem5t causes toil & fatigue1 :5 x exce$s our natural aptitude4 ,x is n ?us t x causes pleasure1 b by remov+ ! ob/acles to our natural aptitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:at is cu/om>y becomes pleasant1 9 s f> z x becomes natural3 because cu/om is l a second nature4 ,b ! movem5t :i* gives pleasure is n t :i* dep>ts f cu/om1 b r t :i* prev5ts ! corruption ( ! natural mode ( be+1 t might result f cont9u$ op]ation4 ,& ?us f ! same cause ( connaturalness1 bo? cu/om & movem5t become pleasant4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,hope & ,memory ,cause ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t memory & hope d n cause pleasure4 ,because pleasure is caus$ by pres5t good1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab74 ,b hope & memory reg>d :at is abs5t3 s9ce memory is ( ! pa/1 & hope ( ! future4 ,!re=e memory & hope d n cause pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ is n ! cause ( contr>ies4 ,b hope causes affliction1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ac3ab3 ,hope t is def]r$ afflicte? ! s\l4 ,!re=e hope does n cause pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z hope agrees ) pleasure 9 reg>d+ good1 s also d desire & love4 ,!re=e hope %\ld n be assign$ z a cause ( pleasure1 any m ?an desire or love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #ab3ab73 ,rejoic+ 9 hope2 & 7,ps4 #gf3d73 ,i rememb]$ ,god1 & 0 delight$4 ,i answ] t1 ,pleasure is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( suitable good1 9 s f> z x is felt1 or p]ceiv$ 9 any way4 ,n[ a ?+ is pres5t to u 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 k--i4e4 accord+ z ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[] by its lik5ess2 secondly1 9 reality--i4e4 accord+ z "o ?+ is 9 real conjunction ( any k9d ) ano!r1 ei!r actually or pot5tially4 ,& s9ce real conjunction is great] ?an conjunction by lik5ess1 :i* is ! conjunction ( k2 & aga91 s9ce actual is great] ?an pot5tial conjunction3 !re=e ! greate/ pleasure is t :i* arises f s5sation :i* requires ! pres5ce ( ! s5sible object4 ,! second place belongs to ! pleasure ( hope1 :]e9 !re is pleasurable conjunction1 n only 9 respect ( appreh5sion1 b also 9 respect ( ! faculty or p[] ( obta9+ ! pleasurable object4 ,! ?ird place belongs to ! pleasure ( memory1 :i* has only ! conjunction ( appreh5sion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,hope & memory are inde$ ( ?+s :i*1 absolutely speak+1 are abs5t3 & yet ^? are1 aft] a fa%ion1 pres5t1 i4e4 ei!r accord+ to appreh5sion only2 or accord+ to appreh5sion & possibility1 at lea/ suppos$1 ( atta9m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ prev5ts ! same ?+1 9 diff]5t ways1 be+ ! cause ( contr>ies4 ,& s hope1 inasmu* z x implies a pres5t apprais+ ( a future good1 causes pleasure2 :]eas1 inasmu* z x implies abs5ce ( t good1 x causes affliction4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,love & concupisc5ce also cause pleasure4 ,= ev]y?+ t is lov$ becomes pleas+ to ! lov]1 s9ce love is a k9d ( union or connaturalness ( lov] & belov$4 ,9 l mann] e object ( desire is pleas+ to ! "o t desires1 s9ce desire is *iefly a crav+ = pleasure4 ,h[ev] hope1 z imply+ a c]ta9ty ( ! real pres5ce ( ! pleas+ good1 t is n impli$ ei!r by love or by concupisc5ce1 is reckon$ 9 pref]5ce to !m z caus+ pleasure2 & also 9 pref]5ce to memory1 :i* is ( t :i* has already pass$ away4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r sadness causes pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sadness does n cause pleasure4 ,= no?+ causes its own contr>y4 ,b sadness is contr>y to pleasure4 ,!re=e x does n cause x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 contr>ies h contr>y effects4 ,b pleasures1 :5 call$ to m9d1 cause pleasure4 ,!re=e sad ?+s1 :5 rememb]$1 cause sorr[ & n pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z sadness is to pleasure1 s is hatr$ to love4 ,b hatr$ does n cause love1 b r ! o!r way ab\t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e sadness does n cause pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #da3d73 ,my te>s h be5 my bread day & night3 :]e bread d5otes ! refre%m5t ( pleasure4 ,!re=e te>s1 :i* arise f sadness1 c give pleasure4 ,i answ] t1 ,sadness may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 z exi/+ actually1 & z exi/+ 9 ! memory3 & 9 bo? ways sadness c cause pleasure4 ,because sadness1 z actually exi/+1 causes pleasure1 inasmu* z x br+s to m9d t :i* is lov$1 ! abs5ce ( :i* causes sadness2 & yet ! m]e ?\ght ( x gives pleasure4 ,! recollection ( sadness becomes a cause ( pleasure1 on acc\nt ( ! deliv]ance :i* ensu$3 because abs5ce ( evil is look$ ^u z some?+ good2 :]e=e s f> z a man ?9ks t he has be5 deliv]$ f t :i* caus$ him sorr[ & pa91 s mu* reason has he to rejoice4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 9 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xxii1 #ca 99,gregory1 ,moral4 iv4 t (t5times 9 joy we call to m9d sad ?+s 4 4 4 & 9 ! season ( heal? we recall pa/ pa9s )\t feel+ pa9 4 4 4 & 9 proportion are ! m fill$ ) joy & gladness3 & aga9 7,confess4 viii1 #c7 he says t ! m p]il !re 0 9 ! battle1 s mu* ! m joy w !re be 9 ! triumph4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sometimes accid5tally a ?+ is ! cause ( its contr>y3 ?us t :i* is cold sometimes causes heat1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 #a4 ,9 l mann] sadness is ! accid5tal cause ( pleasure1 9 s f> z x gives rise to ! appreh5sion ( some?+ pleasant4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sad ?+s1 call$ to m9d1 cause pleasure1 n 9 s f> z !y are sad & contr>y to pleasant ?+s2 b 9 s f> z man is deliv]$ f !m4 ,9 l mann] ! recollection ( pleasant ?+s1 by reason ( ^! be+ lo/1 may cause sadness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hatr$ also c be ! accid5tal cause ( love3 i4e4 s f> z "s love "o ano!r1 inasmu* z !y agree 9 hat+ "o & ! same ?+4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,actions ( ,o!rs ,are a ,cause ( ,pleasure to ,u8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! actions ( o!rs are n a cause ( pleasure to u4 ,because ! cause ( pleasure is our own good :5 conjo9$ to u4 ,b ! actions ( o!rs are n conjo9$ to u4 ,!re=e !y are n a cause ( pleasure to u4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! action is ! ag5t's own good4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! actions ( o!rs are a cause ( pleasure to u1 = ! same reason all goods belong+ to o!rs w be pleas+ to u3 :i* is evid5tly untrue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 action is pleasant ?r\gh proce$+ f an innate habit2 h5ce x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c t we mu/ reckon ! pleasure :i* foll[s aft] action1 z be+ ! sign ( a habit exi/+ 9 u4 ,b ! actions ( o!rs d n proce$ f habits exi/+ 9 u1 b1 sometimes1 f habits exi/+ 9 ! ag5ts4 ,!re=e ! actions ( o!rs are n pleas+ to u1 b to ! ag5ts !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 9 ! second canonical epi/le ( ,john 7v]se #d73 ,i 0 exce$+ glad t ,i f\nd ?y *ildr5 walk+ 9 tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a71 two ?+s are requisite = pleasure1 namely1 ! atta9m5t ( "o's prop] good1 & ! k ( hav+ obta9$ x4 ,:]e=e ! action ( ano!r may cause pleasure to u 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 f ! fact t we obta9 "s good ?r\gh ! action ( ano!r4 ,& 9 ?is way1 ! actions ( ^? :o d "s good to u1 are pleas+ to u3 s9ce x is pleasant to be b5efit$ by ano!r4 ,secondly1 f ! fact t ano!r's action makes u to "k or appreciate our own good3 & = ?is reason m5 take pleasure 9 be+ prais$ or honor$ by o!rs1 because1 to wit1 !y ?us become aw>e ( "s good exi/+ 9 !mselves4 ,& s9ce ?is appreciation receives great] weight f ! te/imony ( good & wise m51 h5ce m5 take great] pleasure 9 be+ prais$ & honor$ by !m4 ,& because a flatt]] appe>s to praise1 !re=e flatt]y is pleas+ to "s4 ,& z love is = some?+ good1 :ile admiration is = some?+ great1 s x is pleasant to be lov$ & admir$ by o!rs1 inasmu* z a man ?us becomes aw>e ( 8 own goodness or greatness1 ?r\gh _! giv+ pleasure to o!rs4 ,?irdly1 f ! fact t ano!r's actions1 if !y be good1 are reckon$ z "o's own good1 by reason ( ! p[] ( love1 :i* makes a man to reg>d 8 fri5d z "o ) himself4 ,& on acc\nt ( hatr$1 :i* makes "o to reckon ano!r's good z be+ 9 opposition to oneself1 ! evil action ( an enemy becomes an object ( pleasure3 :5ce x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3f7 t *>ity rejoice? n 9 iniquity1 b rejoice? ) ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ano!r's action may be conjo9$ to me1 ei!r by its effect1 z 9 ! fir/ way1 or by k1 z 9 ! second way2 or by affection1 z 9 ! ?ird way4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t avails = ! ?ird mode1 b n = ! fir/ two4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! actions ( ano!r d n proce$ f habits t are 9 me1 yet !y ei!r produce 9 me some?+ t gives pleasure2 or !y make me appreciate or "k a habit ( m9d2 or !y proce$ f ! habit ( "o :o is unit$ to me by love4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,do+ ,good to ,ano!r ,is a ,cause ( ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t do+ good to ano!r is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,because pleasure is caus$ by "o's obta9+ "o's prop] good1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #e2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a74 ,b do+ good p]ta9s n to ! obta9+ b to ! sp5d+ ( "o's prop] good4 ,!re=e x seems to be ! cause ( sadness r ?an ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t illib]ality is m connatural to man ?an prodigality4 ,n[ x is a m>k ( prodigality to d good to o!rs2 :ile x is a m>k ( illib]ality to desi/ f do+ good4 ,s9ce !re=e ev]yone takes pleasure 9 a connatural op]ation1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ad & x1 #d1 x seems t do+ good to o!rs is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 contr>y effects proce$ f contr>y causes4 ,b man takes a natural pleasure 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( ill-do+1 su* z ov]com+1 contradict+ or scold+ o!rs1 or1 if he be angry1 9 puni%+ !m1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,!re=e do+ good to o!rs is a cause ( sadness r ?an pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 ii1 #b7 t x is mo/ pleasant to give pres5ts or assi/ance to fri5ds & /rang]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,do+ good to ano!r may give pleasure 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 consid]ation ( ! effect1 :i* is ! good conf]r$ on ano!r4 ,9 ?is respect1 inasmu* z ?r\gh be+ unit$ to o!rs by love1 we look ^u _! good z be+ our own1 we take pleasure 9 ! good we d to o!rs1 especially to our fri5ds1 z 9 our own good4 ,secondly1 9 consid]ation ( ! end2 z :5 a man1 f do+ good to ano!r1 hopes to get "s good = himself1 ei!r f ,god or f man3 = hope is a cause ( pleasure4 ,?irdly1 9 consid]ation ( ! pr9ciple3 & ?us1 do+ good to ano!r1 c give pleasure 9 respect ( a ?reefold pr9ciple4 ,"o is ! faculty ( do+ good3 & 9 ?is reg>d1 do+ good to ano!r becomes pleasant1 9 s f> z x ar\ses 9 man an imag9ation ( abundant good exi/+ 9 him1 :]e( he is able to give o!rs a %>e4 ,:]e=e m5 take pleasure 9 _! *ildr51 & 9 _! own works1 z be+ ?+s on :i* !y be/[ a %>e ( _! own good4 ,ano!r pr9ciple is man's habitual incl9ation to d good1 by reason ( :i* do+ good becomes connatural to him3 = :i* reason ! lib]al man takes pleasure 9 giv+ to o!rs4 ,! ?ird pr9ciple is ! motive3 = in/ance :5 a man is mov$ by "o :om he loves1 to d good to someone3 = :atev] we d or suff] = a fri5d is pleasant1 because love is ! pr9cipal cause ( pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sp5d+ gives pleasure z %[+ =? "o's good4 ,b 9 s f> z x empties u ( our own good x may be a cause ( sadness2 = in/ance :5 x is excessive4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prodigality is an excessive sp5d+1 :i* is unnatural3 :]e=e prodigality is said to be contr>y to nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to ov]come1 to contradict1 & to puni%1 give pleasure1 n z t5d+ to ano!r's ill1 b z p]ta9+ to "o's own good1 :i* man loves m ?an he hates ano!r's ill4 ,= x is naturally pleasant to ov]come1 inasmu* z x makes a man to appreciate 8 own sup]iority4 ,:]e=e all ^? games 9 :i* !re is a /riv+ = ! ma/]y1 & a possibility ( w9n+ x1 af=d ! greate/ pleasure3 & speak+ g5]ally all conte/s1 9 s f> z !y admit hope ( victory4 ,to contradict & to scold c give pleasure 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z mak+ man imag9e himself to be wise & excell5t2 s9ce x belongs to wise m5 & eld]s to reprove & to scold4 ,secondly1 9 s f> z by scold+ & reprov+1 "o does good to ano!r3 = ?is gives "o pleasure1 z /at$ above4 ,x is pleasant to an angry man to puni%1 9 s f> z he ?9ks himself to be remov+ an app>5t slight1 :i* seems to be due to a previ\s hurt3 = :5 a man is hurt by ano!r1 he seems to be slight$ !reby2 & !re=e he wi%es to be quit ( ?is slight by pay+ back ! hurt4 ,& ?us x is cle> t do+ good to ano!r may be ( itself pleasant3 :]eas do+ evil to ano!r is n pleasant1 except 9 s f> z x seems to affect "o's own good4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,lik5ess ,is a ,cause ( ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t lik5ess is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,because rul+ & presid+ seem to imply a c]ta9 unlik5ess4 ,b x is natural to take pleasure 9 rul+ & presid+1 z /at$ 9 ,rhetor4 i1 #aa4 ,!re=e unlik5ess1 r ?an lik5ess1 is a cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is m unlike pleasure ?an sorr[4 ,b ^? :o are burd5$ by sorr[ are mo/ incl9$ to seek pleasures1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ad74 ,!re=e unlik5ess1 r ?an lik5ess1 is a cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o are satiat$ ) c]ta9 delights1 d]ive n pleasure b disgu/ f !m2 z :5 "o is satiat$ ) food4 ,!re=e lik5ess is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,lik5ess is a cause ( love1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #c73 & love is ! cause ( pleasure4 ,!re=e lik5ess is a cause ( pleasure4 ,i answ] t1 ,lik5ess is a k9d ( unity2 h5ce t :i* is l u1 z be+ "o ) u1 causes pleasure2 j at x causes love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #c74 ,& if t :i* is l u does n hurt our own good1 b increase x1 x is pleasurable simply2 = in/ance "o man 9 respect ( ano!r1 "o y\? 9 relation to ano!r4 ,b if x be hurtful to our own good1 ?us accid5tally x causes disgu/ or sadness1 n z be+ l & "o ) u1 b z hurtful to t :i* is yet m "o ) u4 ,n[ x happ5s 9 two ways t some?+ l is hurtful to our own good4 ,fir/1 by de/roy+ ! measure ( our own good1 by a k9d ( excess2 because good1 especially bodily good1 z heal?1 is condition$ by a c]ta9 measure3 :]e=e sup]flu\s good or any bodily pleasure1 causes disgu/4 ,secondly1 by be+ directly contr>y to "o's own good3 ?us a pott] dislikes o!r pott]s1 n because !y are pott]s1 b because !y deprive him ( 8 own excell5ce or pr(its1 :i* he seeks z 8 own good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce rul] & subject are 9 communion ) "o ano!r1 !re is a c]ta9 lik5ess betwe5 !m3 b ?is lik5ess is condition$ by a c]ta9 sup]iority1 s9ce rul+ & presid+ p]ta9 to ! excell5ce ( a man's own good3 because !y belong to m5 :o are wise & bett] ?an o!rs2 ! result be+ t !y give man an idea ( 8 own excell5ce4 ,ano!r reason is t by rul+ & presid+1 a man does good to o!rs1 :i* is pleasant4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* gives pleasure to ! sorr[ful man1 ?\gh x be unlike sorr[1 be>s "s lik5ess to ! man t is sorr[ful3 because sorr[s are contr>y to 8 own good4 ,:]e=e ! sorr[ful man seeks pleasure z mak+ = 8 own good1 9 s f> z x is a rem$y = its contr>y4 ,& ?is is :y bodily pleasures1 :i* are contr>y to c]ta9 sorr[s1 are m s\ght ?an intellectual pleasures1 :i* h no contr>y sorr[1 z we %all /ate lat] on 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #e74 ,& ?is expla9s :y all animals naturally desire pleasure3 because animals ev] "w ?r\gh s5se & movem5t4 ,= ?is reason also "y p are mo/ incl9$ to seek pleasures2 on acc\nt ( ! _m *anges to :i* !y are subject1 :ile yet gr[+4 ,moreov] ?is is :y ! melan*olic has a /rong desire = pleasures1 9 ord] to drive away sorr[3 because 8 body is corrod$ by a base humor1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ad4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bodily goods are condition$ by a c]ta9 fix$ measure3 :]e=e surfeit ( su* ?+s de/roys ! prop] good1 & consequ5tly gives rise to disgu/ & sorr[1 ?r\gh be+ contr>y to ! prop] good ( man4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,wond] ,is a ,cause ( ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t wond] is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,because wond] is ! act ( "o :o is ignorant ( ! nature ( some?+1 z ,damasc5e says4 ,b k1 r ?an ignorance1 is a cause ( pleasure4 ,!re=e wond] is n a cause ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 wond] is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 be+ z x 71 ! road to ! se>* ( tru?1 z /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,metaph4 i1 #b4 ,b x is m pleasant to ?9k ( :at we "k1 ?an to seek :at we "k n1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #g73 s9ce 9 ! latt] case we enc\nt] difficulties & h9drances1 9 ! =m] n2 :ile pleasure arises f an op]ation :i* is unh9d]$1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ab1 #ac4 ,!re=e wond] h9d]s r ?an causes pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]yone takes pleasure 9 :at he is accu/om$ to3 :]e=e ! actions ( habits acquir$ by cu/om1 are pleasant4 ,b we wond] at :at is unwont$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxiv 9 ,joan474 ,!re=e wond] is contr>y to ! cause ( pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa7 t wond] is ! cause ( pleasure4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is pleasant to get :at "o desires1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d73 & !re=e ! great] ! desire = ! ?+ lov$1 ! great] ! pleasure :5 x is atta9$3 inde$ ! v increase ( desire br+s ) x an increase ( pleasure1 accord+ z x gives rise to ! hope ( obta9+ t :i* is lov$1 s9ce x 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #c7 t desire result+ f hope is a cause ( pleasure4 ,n[ wond] is a k9d ( desire = k2 a desire :i* comes to man :5 he sees an effect ( :i* ! cause ei!r is unkn[n to him1 or surpasses 8 k or faculty ( und]/&+4 ,consequ5tly wond] is a cause ( pleasure1 9 s f> z x includes a hope ( gett+ ! k :i* "o desires to h4 ,= ?is reason :atev] is wond]ful is pleas+1 = in/ance ?+s t are sc>ce4 ,also1 repres5tations ( ?+s1 ev5 ( ^? :i* are n pleasant 9 !mselves1 give rise to pleasure2 = ! s\l rejoices 9 comp>+ "o ?+ ) ano!r1 because comp>ison ( "o ?+ ) ano!r is ! prop] & connatural act ( ! reason1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,poet4 iv74 ,?is aga9 is :y x is m delightful to be deliv]$ f great dang]1 because x is some?+ wond]ful1 z /at$ 9 ,rhetor4 i1 #aa4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,wond] gives pleasure1 n because x implies ignorance1 b 9 s f> z x includes ! desire ( le>n+ ! cause1 & 9 s f> z ! wond]] le>ns some?+ new1 i4e4 t ! cause is o!r ?an he _h ?\ght x to be4 99,accord+ to ano!r read+3--t he is o!r ?an he ?\ght himself to be4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pleasure includes two ?+s2 re/ 9 ! good1 & p]ception ( ?is re/4 ,z to ! =m] !re=e1 s9ce x is m p]fect to contemplate ! kn[n tru?1 ?an to seek = ! unkn[n1 ! contemplation ( :at we "k1 is 9 itself m pleas+ ?an ! rese>* ( :at we d n "k4 ,nev]!less1 z to ! second1 x happ5s t rese>* is sometimes m pleas+ accid5tally1 9 s f> z x proce$s f a great] desire3 = great] desire is awak5$ :5 we are consci\s ( our ignorance4 ,?is is :y man takes ! greate/ pleasure 9 f9d+ or le>n+ ?+s = ! fir/ "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is pleasant to d :at we are wont to d1 inasmu* z ?is is connatural to u1 z x 74 ,& yet ?+s t are ( r>e occurr5ce c be pleasant1 ei!r z reg>ds k1 f ! fact t we desire to "k some?+ ab\t !m1 9 s f> z !y are wond]ful2 or z reg>ds action1 f ! fact t ! m9d is m incl9$ by desire to act int5sely 9 ?+s t are new1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #d1 s9ce m p]fect op]ation causes m p]fect pleasure4 ,,"q #cc ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,pleasure 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( pleasure2 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r expansion is an effect ( pleasure8 7#b7 ,:e!r pleasure causes ?ir/ or desire = itself8 7#c7 ,:e!r pleasure h9d]s ! use ( reason8 7#d7 ,:e!r pleasure p]fects op]ation8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,expansion ,is an ,effect ( ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t expansion is n an effect ( pleasure4 ,= expansion seems to p]ta9 m to love1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #f3aa73 ,our he>t is enl>g$4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3if7 conc]n+ ! precept ( *>ity3 ,?y comm&m5t is exce$+ broad4 ,b pleasure is a di/9ct passion f love4 ,!re=e expansion is n an effect ( pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :5 a ?+ exp&s x is enabl$ to receive m4 ,b receiv+ p]ta9s to desire1 :i* is = some?+ n yet possess$4 ,!re=e expansion seems to belong to desire r ?an to pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 contraction is contr>y to expansion4 ,b contraction seems to belong to pleasure1 = ! h& closes on t :i* we wi% to grasp firmly3 & su* is ! affection ( appetite 9 reg>d to t :i* pleases x4 ,!re=e expansion does n p]ta9 to pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ord] to express joy1 x is writt5 7,isa4 #fj3e73 ,?\ %all see & ab\nd1 ?y he>t %all wond] & be enl>g$4 ,moreov] pleasure is call$ by ! "n ( laetitia z be+ d]iv$ f dilatatio 7expansion71 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,i answ] t1 ,bread? 7latitudo7is a dim5sion ( bodily magnitude3 h5ce x is n appli$ to ! emotions ( ! s\l1 save metaphorically4 ,n[ expansion d5otes a k9d ( movem5t t[>ds bread?2 & x belongs to pleasure 9 respect ( ! two ?+s requisite = pleasure4 ,"o ( ^! is on ! "p ( ! appreh5sive p[]1 :i* is cognizant ( ! conjunction ) "s suitable good4 ,z a result ( ?is appreh5sion1 man p]ceives t he has atta9$ a c]ta9 p]fection1 :i* is a magnitude ( ! spiritual ord]3 & 9 ?is respect man's m9d is said to be magnifi$ or exp&$ by pleasure4 ,! o!r requisite = pleasure is on ! "p ( ! appetitive p[]1 :i* acquiesces 9 ! pleasurable object1 & re/s !re91 (f]+1 z x 71 to enfold x )9 itself4 ,& ?us man's affection is exp&$ by pleasure1 z ?\gh x surr5d]$ itself to hold )9 itself ! object ( its pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 metaphorical expressions no?+ h9d]s "o & ! same ?+ f be+ attribut$ to diff]5t ?+s accord+ to diff]5t lik5esses4 ,& 9 ?is way expansion p]ta9s to love by reason ( a c]ta9 spread+ out1 9 s f> z ! affection ( ! lov] spreads out to o!rs1 s z to c>e1 n only = 8 own int]e/s1 b also = :at conc]ns o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h& expansion p]ta9s to pleasure1 9 s f> z a ?+ becomes m ample 9 itself s z to become m capaci\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,desire includes a c]ta9 expansion aris+ f ! imag9ation ( ! ?+ desir$2 b ?is expansion increases at ! pres5ce ( ! pleasurable object3 because ! m9d surr5d]s itself m to t object :5 x is already tak+ pleasure 9 x1 ?an :5 x desires x be=e possess+ x2 s9ce pleasure is ! end ( desire4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t takes pleasure 9 a ?+ holds x fa/1 by cl++ to x ) all 8 might3 b he op5s 8 he>t to x t he may enjoy x p]fectly4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,pleasure ,causes ,?ir/ or ,desire = ,itself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pleasure does n cause desire = itself4 ,because all movem5t ceases :5 repose is rea*$4 ,b pleasure is1 z x 71 a c]ta9 repose ( ! movem5t ( desire1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ! movem5t ( desire ceases :5 pleasure is rea*$4 ,!re=e pleasure does n cause desire4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ does n cause its contr>y4 ,b pleasure is1 9 a way1 contr>y to desire1 on ! "p ( ! object3 s9ce desire reg>ds a good :i* is n yet possess$1 :]eas pleasure reg>ds ! good t is possess$4 ,!re=e pleasure does n cause desire = itself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 di/a/e is incompatible ) desire4 ,b pleasure (t5 causes di/a/e4 ,!re=e x does n cause desire4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,john #d3ac73 ,:osoev] dr9ke? ( ?is wat]1 %all ?ir/ aga93 :]e1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,tract4 xv 9 ,joan471 wat] d5otes pleasures ( ! body4 ,i answ] t1 ,pleasure c be consid]$ 9 two ways2 fir/1 z exi/+ 9 reality2 secondly1 z exi/+ 9 ! memory4 ,aga9 ?ir/1 or desire1 c be tak5 9 two ways2 fir/1 prop]ly1 z d5ot+ a crav+ = some?+ n possess$2 secondly1 9 g5]al1 z exclud+ di/a/e4 ,consid]$ z exi/+ 9 reality1 pleasure does n ( itself cause ?ir/ or desire = itself1 b only accid5tally2 provid$ we take ?ir/ or desire z d5ot+ a crav+ = "s ?+ n possess$3 because pleasure is an emotion ( ! appetite 9 respect ( some?+ actually pres5t4 ,b x may happ5 t :at is actually pres5t is n p]fectly possess$3 & ?is may be on ! "p ( ! ?+ possess$1 or on ! "p ( ! possessor4 ,on ! "p ( ! ?+ possess$1 ?is happ5s ?r\gh ! ?+ possess$ n be+ a simultane\s :ole2 :]e=e "o obta9s possession ( x successively1 & :ile tak+ pleasure 9 :at "o has1 "o desires to possess ! rema9d]3 ?us if a man is pleas$ ) ! fir/ "p ( a v]se1 he desires to he> ! second "p1 z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv1 #aa74 ,9 ?is way ne>ly all bodily pleasures cause ?ir/ = !mselves1 until !y are fully realiz$1 because pleasures ( ?is k9d arise f "s movem5t3 z is evid5t 9 pleasures ( ! table4 ,on ! "p ( ! possessor1 ?is happ5s :5 a man possesses a ?+ :i* is p]fect 9 itself1 yet does n possess x p]fectly1 b obta9s possession ( x little by little4 ,?us 9 ?is life1 a fa9t p]ception ( ,div9e k af=ds u delight1 & delight sets up a ?ir/ or desire = p]fect k2 9 :i* s5se we may und]/& ! words ( ,ecclus4 #bd3bi3 ,!y t dr9k me %all yet ?ir/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if by ?ir/ or desire we und]/& ! m]e int5sity ( ! emotion1 t excludes di/a/e1 ?us m ?an all o!rs spiritual pleasures cause ?ir/ or desire = !mselves4 ,because bodily pleasures become di/a/eful by reason ( _! caus+ an excess 9 ! natural mode ( be+1 :5 !y are increas$ or ev5 :5 !y are protract$2 z is evid5t 9 ! case ( pleasures ( ! table4 ,?is is :y1 :5 a man arrives at ! po9t ( p]fection 9 bodily pleasures1 he we>ies ( !m1 & sometimes desires ano!r k9d4 ,spiritual pleasures1 on ! contr>y1 d n exce$ ! natural mode ( be+1 b p]fect nature4 ,h5ce :5 _! po9t ( p]fection is rea*$1 !n d !y af=d ! greate/ delight3 except1 p]*ance1 accid5tally1 9 s f> z ! "w ( contemplation is accompani$ by "s op]ation ( ! bodily p[]s1 :i* tire f protract$ activity4 ,& 9 ?is s5se also we may und]/& ^? words ( ,ecclus4 #bd3bi3 ,!y t dr9k me %all yet ?ir/3 =1 ev5 ( ! angels1 :o "k ,god p]fectly1 & delight 9 ,him1 x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #a3ab7 t !y desire to look at ,him4 ,la/ly1 if we consid] pleasure1 n z exi/+ 9 reality1 b z exi/+ 9 ! memory1 ?us x has ( itself a natural t5d5cy to cause ?ir/ & desire = itself3 :51 to wit1 man returns to t disposition1 9 :i* he 0 :5 he exp]i5c$ ! pleasure t is pa/4 ,b if he be *ang$ f t disposition1 ! memory ( t pleasure does n give him pleasure1 b di/a/e3 = in/ance1 ! memory ( food 9 respect ( a man :o has eat5 to repletion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 pleasure is p]fect1 !n x includes complete re/2 & ! movem5t ( desire1 t5d+ to :at 0 n possess$1 ceases4 ,b :5 x is imp]fect1 !n ! desire1 t5d+ to :at 0 n possess$1 does n cease altoge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* is possess$ imp]fectly1 is possess$ 9 "o respect1 & 9 ano!r respect is n possess$4 ,consequ5tly x may be ! object ( desire & pleasure at ! same "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pleasures cause di/a/e 9 "o way1 desire 9 ano!r1 z /at$ above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,pleasure ,h9d]s ! ,use ( ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pleasure does n h9d] ! use ( reason4 ,because repose facilitates v mu* ! due use ( reason3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vii1 #c7 t :ile we sit & re/1 ! s\l is incl9$ to k & prud5ce2 & x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3af73 ,:5 ,i g into my h\se1 ,i %all repose myself ) h]1 i4e4 wisdom4 ,b pleasure is a k9d ( repose4 ,!re=e x helps r ?an h9d]s ! use ( reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* are n 9 ! same subject ?\gh !y be contr>ies1 d n h9d] "o ano!r4 ,b pleasure is 9 ! appetitive faculty1 :ile ! use ( reason is 9 ! appreh5sive p[]4 ,!re=e pleasure does n h9d] ! use ( reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is h9d]$ by ano!r1 seems to be mov$1 z x 71 !reby4 ,b ! use ( an appreh5sive p[] moves pleasure r ?an is mov$ by x3 because x is ! cause ( pleasure4 ,!re=e pleasure does n h9d] ! use ( reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e71 t pleasure de/roys ! e/imate ( prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #e1 appropriate pleasures increase activity 4 4 4 :]eas pleasures aris+ f o!r s\rces are imp$im5ts to activity4 ,accord+ly !re is a c]ta9 pleasure t is tak5 9 ! v act ( reason1 z :5 "o takes pleasure 9 contemplat+ or 9 reason+3 & su* pleasure does n h9d] ! act ( reason1 b helps x2 because we are m att5tive 9 do+ t :i* gives u pleasure1 & att5tion fo/]s activity4 ,on ! o!r h& bodily pleasures h9d] ! use ( reason 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by di/ract+ ! reason4 ,because1 z we h j obs]v$1 we att5d mu* to t :i* pleases u4 ,n[ :5 ! att5tion is firmly fix$ on "o ?+1 x is ei!r weak5$ 9 respect ( o!r ?+s1 or x is entirely )drawn f !m2 & ?us if ! bodily pleasure be great1 ei!r x entirely h9d]s ! use ( reason1 by conc5trat+ ! m9d's att5tion on itself2 or else x h9d]s x consid]ably4 ,secondly1 by be+ contr>y to reason4 ,because "s pleasures1 especially ^? t are 9 excess1 are contr>y to ! ord] ( reason3 & 9 ?is s5se ! ,philosoph] says t bodily pleasures de/roy ! e/imate ( prud5ce1 b n ! speculative e/imate1 to :i* !y are n oppos$1 = in/ance t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are toge!r equal to two "r angles4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 h[ev]1 !y h9d] bo? e/imates4 ,?irdly1 by fett]+ ! reason3 9 s f> z bodily pleasure is foll[$ by a c]ta9 alt]ation 9 ! body1 great] ev5 ?an 9 ! o!r passions1 9 proportion z ! appetite is m vehem5tly affect$ t[>ds a pres5t ?an t[>ds an abs5t ?+4 ,n[ su* bodily di/urbances h9d] ! use ( reason2 z may be se5 9 ! case ( drunk>ds1 9 :om ! use ( reason is fett]$ or h9d]$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,bodily pleasure implies inde$ repose ( ! appetite 9 ! object ( pleasure2 :i* repose is sometimes contr>y to reason2 b on ! "p ( ! body x always implies alt]ation4 ,& 9 respect ( bo? po9ts1 x h9d]s ! use ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p[]s ( ! appetite & ( appreh5sion are inde$ di/9ct p>ts1 b belong+ to ! "o s\l4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! s\l is v int5t on ! action ( "o "p1 x is h9d]$ f att5d+ to a contr>y act ( ! o!r "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! use ( reason requires ! due use ( ! imag9ation & ( ! o!r s5sitive p[]s1 :i* are ex]cis$ ?r\gh a bodily organ4 ,consequ5tly alt]ation 9 ! body h9d]s ! use ( reason1 because x h9d]s ! act ( ! imag9ation & ( ! o!r s5sitive p[]s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,pleasure ,p]fects ,op]ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pleasure does n p]fect op]ation4 ,= e human op]ation dep5ds on ! use ( reason4 ,b pleasure h9d]s ! use ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e pleasure does n p]fect1 b weak5s human op]ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ p]fects itself or its cause4 ,b pleasure is an op]ation 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ab2 x1 #d71 i4e4 ei!r 9 its ess5ce or 9 its cause4 ,!re=e pleasure does n p]fect op]ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if pleasure p]fects op]ation1 x does s ei!r z end1 or z =m1 or z ag5t4 ,b n z end2 because op]ation is n s\ght = ! sake ( pleasure1 b r ! rev]se1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b73 nor z ag5t1 because r is x ! op]ation t causes pleasure3 nor aga9 z =m1 because1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 x1 #d71 pleasure does n p]fect op]ation1 z a habit does4 ,!re=e pleasure does n p]fect op]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d7 t pleasure p]fects op]ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,pleasure p]fects op]ation 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z an end3 n inde$ accord+ z an end is t on acc\nt ( :i* a ?+ is2 b accord+ z e good :i* is add$ to a ?+ & completes x1 c be call$ its end4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d7 t pleasure p]fects op]ation 4 4 4 z "s end add$ to x3 t is to say1 inasmu* z to ?is good1 :i* is op]ation1 !re is add$ ano!r good1 :i* is pleasure1 d5ot+ ! repose ( ! appetite 9 a good t is presuppos$4 ,secondly1 z ag5t2 n inde$ directly1 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d7 t pleasure p]fects op]ation1 n z a physician makes a man heal?y1 b z heal? does3 b x does s indirectly2 inasmu* z ! ag5t1 ?r\gh tak+ pleasure 9 8 action1 is m eag]ly int5t on x1 & c>ries x out ) great] c>e4 ,& 9 ?is s5se x is said 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #e t pleasures increase _! appropriate activities1 & h9d] ^? t are n appropriate4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n e pleasure t h9d]s ! act ( reason1 b only bodily pleasure2 = ?is arises1 n f ! act ( reason1 b f ! act ( ! concupiscible faculty1 :i* act is int5sifi$ by pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 pleasure t arises f ! act ( reason1 /r5g!ns ! use ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #c two ?+s may be causes ( "o ano!r1 if "o be ! effici5t1 ! o!r ! f9al cause4 ,& 9 ?is way1 op]ation is ! effici5t cause ( pleasure1 :ile pleasure p]fects op]ation by way ( f9al cause1 z /at$ above4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t = :at has be5 said4 ,,"q #cd ,,( ,,! ,,goodness ,,& ,,malice ,,( ,,pleasures 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! goodness & malice ( pleasures3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r e pleasure is evil8 7#b7 ,if n1 :e!r e pleasure is good8 7#c7 ,:e!r any pleasure is ! greate/ good8 7#d7 ,:e!r pleasure is ! measure or rule by :i* to judge ( moral good & evil8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,e ,pleasure ,is ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e pleasure is evil4 ,= t :i* de/roys prud5ce & h9d]s ! use ( reason1 seems to be evil 9 itself3 s9ce man's good is to be 9 accord ) reason1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b pleasure de/roys prud5ce & h9d]s ! use ( reason2 & s mu* ! m1 z ! pleasure is great]3 :]e=e 9 sexual pleasures1 :i* are ! greate/ ( all1 x is impossible to und]/& any?+1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #aa4 ,moreov]1 ,j]ome says 9 8 comm5t>y on ,mat!w 99,orig51 ,hom4 vi 9 ,num4 t at ! "t ( conjugal int]c\rse1 ! pres5ce ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is n v\*saf$1 ev5 if x be a prophet t fulfils ! conjugal duty4 ,!re=e pleasure is evil 9 itself2 & consequ5tly e pleasure is evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* ! virtu\s man %uns1 & ! man lack+ 9 virtue seeks1 seems to be evil 9 itself1 & %\ld be avoid$2 because1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #e ! virtu\s man is a k9d ( measure & rule ( human actions2 & ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3ae73 ,! spiritual man judge? all ?+s4 ,b *ildr5 & dumb animals1 9 :om !re is no virtue1 seek pleasure3 :]eas ! man :o is ma/] ( himself does n4 ,!re=e pleasures are evil 9 !mselves & %\ld be avoid$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtue & art are conc]n$ ab\t ! difficult & ! good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,b no art is orda9$ to pleasure4 ,!re=e pleasure is n some?+ good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #cf3d73 ,delight 9 ! ,"l4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ,div9e au?ority leads to no evil1 x seems t n e pleasure is evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #b1 #c1 "s h ma9ta9$ t all pleasure is evil4 ,! reason seems to h be5 t !y took acc\nt only ( s5sible & bodily pleasures :i* are m manife/2 s9ce1 also 9 o!r respects1 ! anci5t philosoph]s did n discrim9ate betwe5 ! intelligible & ! s5sible1 nor betwe5 intellect & s5se 7,de ,anima iii1 #c74 ,& !y held t all bodily pleasures %\ld be reckon$ z bad1 & ?us t man1 be+ prone to immod]ate pleasures1 arrives at ! mean ( virtue by ab/a9+ f pleasure4 ,b !y 7 wrong 9 hold+ ?is op9ion4 ,because1 s9ce none c live )\t "s s5sible & bodily pleasure1 if !y :o tea* t all pleasures are evil1 are f\nd 9 ! act ( tak+ pleasure2 m5 w be m incl9$ to pleasure by foll[+ ! example ( _! works in/ead ( li/5+ to ! doctr9e ( _! words3 s9ce1 9 human actions & passions1 :]e9 exp]i5ce is ( great weight1 example moves m ?an words4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t "s pleasures are good1 & t "s are evil4 ,= pleasure is a repose ( ! appetitive p[] 9 "s lov$ good1 & result+ f "s op]ation2 :]e=e we assign a tw(old reason = ?is ass]tion4 ,! fir/ is 9 respect ( ! good 9 :i* a man reposes ) pleasure4 ,= good & evil 9 ! moral ord] dep5d on agreem5t or disagreem5t ) reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e73 j z 9 ! ord] ( nature1 a ?+ is said to be natural1 if x agrees ) nature1 & unnatural1 if x disagrees4 ,accord+ly1 j z 9 ! natural ord] !re is a c]ta9 natural repose1 :]eby a ?+ re/s 9 t :i* agrees ) its nature1 = in/ance1 :5 a heavy body re/s d[n bel[2 & aga9 an unnatural repose1 :]eby a ?+ re/s 9 t :i* disagrees ) its nature1 z :5 a heavy body re/s up al(t3 s1 9 ! moral ord]1 !re is a good pleasure1 :]eby ! high] or l[] appetite re/s 9 t :i* is 9 accord ) reason2 & an evil pleasure1 :]eby ! appetite re/s 9 t :i* is discordant f reason & ! law ( ,god4 ,! second reason c be f\nd by consid]+ ! actions1 "s ( :i* are good1 "s evil4 ,n[ pleasures :i* are conjo9$ to actions are m ak9 to ^? actions1 ?an desires1 :i* prec$e !m 9 po9t ( "t4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ! desires ( good actions are good1 & ( evil actions1 evil2 mu* m are ! pleasures ( good actions good1 & ^? ( evil actions evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #c71 x is n ! pleasures :i* result f an act ( reason1 t h9d] ! reason or de/roy prud5ce1 b extrane\s pleasures1 su* z ! pleasures ( ! body4 ,^! inde$ h9d] ! use ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #c71 ei!r by contr>iety ( ! appetite t re/s 9 some?+ repugnant to reason1 :i* makes ! pleasure morally bad2 or by fett]+ ! reason3 ?us 9 conjugal int]c\rse1 ?\gh ! pleasure be 9 accord ) reason1 yet x h9d]s ! use ( reason1 on acc\nt ( ! accompany+ bodily *ange4 ,b 9 ?is case ! pleasure is n morally evil2 z nei!r is sleep1 :]eby ! reason is fett]$1 morally evil1 if x be tak5 accord+ to reason3 = reason itself dem&s t ! use ( reason be int]rupt$ at times4 ,we mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ?is fett]+ ( ! reason ?r\gh ! pleasure ( conjugal int]c\rse has no moral malice1 s9ce x is nei!r a mortal nor a v5ial s92 yet x proce$s f a k9d ( moral malice1 namely1 f ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t2 because1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ih1 ,a4 #b7 ! case 0 diff]5t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! temp]ate man does n %un all pleasures1 b ^? t are immod]ate1 & contr>y to reason4 ,! fact t *ildr5 & dumb animals seek pleasures1 does n prove t all pleasures are evil3 because !y h f ,god _! natural appetite1 :i* is mov$ to t :i* is naturally suitable to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,art is n conc]n$ ) all k9ds ( good1 b ) ! mak+ ( ext]nal ?+s1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #c74 ,b actions & passions1 :i* are )9 u1 are m ! conc]n ( prud5ce & virtue ?an ( art4 ,nev]!less !re is an art ( mak+ pleasure1 namely1 ! art ( cook]y & ! art ( mak+ argum5ts1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ab4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,e ,pleasure ,is ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e pleasure is good4 ,because z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #f7 !re are ?ree k9ds ( good3 ! virtu\s1 ! useful1 & ! pleasant4 ,b ev]y?+ virtu\s is good2 & 9 l mann] ev]y?+ useful is good4 ,!re=e also e pleasure is good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is n s\ght = ! sake ( some?+ else1 is good 9 itself1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #f1 #g4 ,b pleasure is n s\ght = ! sake ( some?+ else2 = x seems absurd to ask anyone :y he seeks to be pleas$4 ,!re=e pleasure is good 9 itself4 ,n[ t :i* is pr$icat$ ( a ?+ consid]$ 9 itself1 is pr$icat$ !re( univ]sally4 ,!re=e e pleasure is good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is desir$ by all1 seems to be good ( itself3 because good is :at all ?+s seek1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #a4 ,b ev]yone seeks "s k9d ( pleasure1 ev5 *ildr5 & dumb animals4 ,!re=e pleasure is good 9 itself3 & consequ5tly all pleasure is good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #b3ad73 ,:o are glad :5 !y h done evil1 & rejoice 9 mo/ wick$ ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,:ile "s ( ! ,/oics ma9ta9$ t all pleasures are evil1 ! ,epicureans held t pleasure is good 9 itself1 & t consequ5tly all pleasures are good4 ,!y seem to h ?us err$ ?r\gh n discrim9at+ betwe5 t :i* is good simply1 & t :i* is good 9 respect ( a p>ticul> individual4 ,t :i* is good simply1 is good 9 itself4 ,n[ t :i* is n good 9 itself1 may be good 9 respect ( "s individual 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 because x is suitable to him by reason ( a disposition 9 :i* he is n[1 :i* disposition1 h[ev]1 is n natural3 ?us x is sometimes good = a lep] to eat ?+s t are poison\s1 :i* are n suitable simply to ! human temp]am5t4 ,9 ano!r way1 ?r\gh some?+ unsuitable be+ e/eem$ suitable4 ,& s9ce pleasure is ! repose ( ! appetite 9 "s good1 if ! appetite reposes 9 t :i* is good simply1 ! pleasure w be pleasure simply1 & good simply4 ,b if a man's appetite repose 9 t :i* is good1 n simply1 b 9 respect ( t p>ticul> man1 !n 8 pleasure w n be pleasure simply1 b a pleasure to him2 nei!r w x be good simply1 b 9 a c]ta9 respect1 or an app>5t good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! virtu\s & ! useful dep5d on accordance ) reason1 & consequ5tly no?+ is virtu\s or useful1 )\t be+ good4 ,b ! pleasant dep5ds on agreem5t ) ! appetite1 :i* t5ds sometimes to t :i* is discordant f reason4 ,consequ5tly n e object ( pleasure is good 9 ! moral ord] :i* dep5ds on ! ord] ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason :y pleasure is n s\ght = ! sake ( some?+ else is because x is repose 9 ! end4 ,n[ ! end may be ei!r good or evil2 al?\gh no?+ c be an end except 9 s f> z x is good 9 respect ( su* & su* a man3 & s too ) reg>d to pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ?+s seek pleasure 9 ! same way z !y seek good3 s9ce pleasure is ! repose ( ! appetite 9 good4 ,b1 j z x happ5s t n e good :i* is desir$1 is ( itself & v]ily good2 s n e pleasure is ( itself & v]ily good4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,pleasure ,is ! ,greate/ ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no pleasure is ! greate/ good4 ,because no?+ g5]at$ is ! greate/ good3 s9ce g5]ation _c be ! la/ end4 ,b pleasure is a consequ5ce ( g5]ation3 = ! fact t a ?+ takes pleasure is due to its be+ e/abli%$ 9 its own nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e no pleasure is ! greate/ good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is ! greate/ good _c be made bett] by addition4 ,b pleasure is made bett] by addition2 s9ce pleasure toge!r ) virtue is bett] ?an pleasure )\t virtue4 ,!re=e pleasure is n ! greate/ good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is ! greate/ good is univ]sally good1 z be+ good ( itself3 s9ce t :i* is su* ( itself is prior to & great] ?an t :i* is su* accid5tally4 ,b pleasure is n univ]sally good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e pleasure is n ! greate/ good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,happ9ess is ! greate/ good3 s9ce x is ! end ( man's life4 ,b ,happ9ess is n )\t pleasure3 = x is writt5 7,ps4 #ae3aa73 ,?\ %alt fill me ) joy ) ,?y c\nt5ance2 at ,?y "r h& are delights ev5 to ! end4 ,i answ] t1 ,plato held nei!r ) ! ,/oics1 :o ass]t$ t all pleasures are evil1 nor ) ! ,epicureans1 :o ma9ta9$ t all pleasures are good2 b he said t "s are good1 & "s evil2 yet1 s t no pleasure be ! sov]eign or greate/ good4 ,b1 judg+ f 8 argum5ts1 he fails 9 two po9ts4 ,fir/1 because1 f obs]v+ t s5sible & bodily pleasure consi/s 9 a c]ta9 movem5t & becom+1 z is evid5t 9 satiety f eat+ & ! l2 he conclud$ t all pleasure arises f "s becom+ & movem5t3 & f ?is1 s9ce becom+ & movem5t are ! acts ( some?+ imp]fect1 x w\ld foll[ t pleasure is n ( ! nature ( ultimate p]fection4 ,b ?is is se5 to be evid5tly false z reg>ds intellectual pleasures3 because "o takes pleasure1 n only 9 ! becom+ ( k1 = in/ance1 :5 "o le>ns or wond]s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #h1 ad #b72 b also 9 ! act ( contemplation1 by mak+ use ( k already acquir$4 ,secondly1 because by greate/ good he und]/ood t :i* is ! supreme good simply1 i4e4 ! good z exi/+ ap>t f1 & unp>ticipat$ by1 all else1 9 :i* s5se ,god is ! ,supreme ,good2 :]eas we are speak+ ( ! greate/ good 9 human ?+s4 ,n[ ! greate/ good ( ev]y?+ is its la/ end4 ,& ! end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g7 is tw(old2 namely1 ! ?+ itself1 & ! use ( t ?+2 ?us ! mis]'s end is ei!r money or ! possession ( money4 ,accord+ly1 man's la/ end may be said to be ei!r ,god ,:o is ! ,supreme ,good simply2 or ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 :i* implies a c]ta9 pleasure 9 ! la/ end4 ,& 9 ?is s5se a c]ta9 pleasure ( man may be said to be ! greate/ among human goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e pleasure arises f a becom+2 = "s pleasures result f p]fect op]ations1 z /at$ above4 ,accord+ly no?+ prev5ts "s pleasure be+ ! greate/ good1 al?\gh e pleasure is n su*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t is true ( ! greate/ good simply1 by p>ticipation ( :i* all ?+s are good2 :]e=e no addition c make x bett]3 :]eas 9 reg>d to o!r goods1 x is univ]sally true t any good becomes bett] by ! addition ( ano!r good4 ,moreov] x might be said t pleasure is n some?+ extrane\s to ! op]ation ( virtue1 b t x accompanies x1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #h4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t pleasure is ! greate/ good is due n to ! m]e fact t x is pleasure1 b to ! fact t x is p]fect repose 9 ! p]fect good4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t e pleasure is supremely good1 or ev5 good at all4 ,?us a c]ta9 sci5ce is supremely good1 b n e sci5ce is4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,pleasure ,is ! ,measure or ,rule by ,:i* to ,judge ( ,moral ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pleasure is n ! measure or rule ( moral good & evil4 ,because t :i* is fir/ 9 a g5us is ! measure ( all ! re/ 7,metaph4 x1 #a74 ,b pleasure is n ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! moral g5us1 = x is prec$$ by love & desire4 ,!re=e x is n ! rule ( goodness & malice 9 moral matt]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a measure or rule %\ld be uni=m2 h5ce t movem5t :i* is ! mo/ uni=m1 is ! measure & rule ( all movem5ts 7,metaph4 x1 #a74 ,b pleasures are v>i\s & multi=m3 s9ce "s ( !m are good1 & "s evil4 ,!re=e pleasure is n ! measure & rule ( morals4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 judgm5t ( ! effect f its cause is m c]ta9 ?an judgm5t ( cause f effect4 ,n[ goodness or malice ( op]ation is ! cause ( goodness or malice ( pleasure3 because ^? pleasures are good :i* result f good op]ations1 & ^? are evil :i* arise f evil op]ations1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #e4 ,!re=e pleasures are n ! rule & measure ( moral goodness & malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ,ps4 #g3aj ,! se>*] ( he>ts & re9s is ,god1 says3 ,! end ( c>e & ?\ght is ! pleasure :i* ea* "o aims at a*iev+4 ,& ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #aa7 t pleasure is ! ar*itect1 i4e4 ! pr9cipal1 end 99,/4 ,?omas took f9is z be+ ! nom9ative1 :]eas x is ! g5itive--t\ tel\s2 & ! ,greek reads ,he 7i4e4 ! political philosoph]71 is ! ar*itect ( ! end41 9 reg>d to :i*1 we say absolutely t ?is is evil1 & t1 good4 ,i answ] t1 ,moral goodness or malice dep5ds *iefly on ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #a72 & x is *iefly f ! end t we disc]n :e!r ! w is good or evil4 ,n[ ! end is tak5 to be t 9 :i* ! w reposes3 & ! repose ( ! w & ( e appetite 9 ! good is pleasure4 ,& !re=e man is reckon$ to be good or bad *iefly accord+ to ! pleasure ( ! human w2 s9ce t man is good & virtu\s1 :o takes pleasure 9 ! works ( virtue2 & t man evil1 :o takes pleasure 9 evil works4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pleasures ( ! s5sitive appetite are n ! rule ( moral goodness & malice2 s9ce food is univ]sally pleasurable to ! s5sitive appetite bo? ( good & ( evil m54 ,b ! w ( ! good man takes pleasure 9 !m 9 accordance ) reason1 to :i* ! w ( ! evil man gives no he$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,love & desire prec$e pleasure 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation4 ,b pleasure prec$es !m 9 ! ord] ( ! end1 :i* s]ves a pr9ciple 9 actions2 & x is by ! pr9ciple1 :i* is ! rule & measure ( su* matt]s1 t we =m our judgm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all pleasures are uni=m 9 ! po9t ( _! be+ ! repose ( ! appetite 9 some?+ good3 & 9 ?is respect pleasure c be a rule or measure4 ,because t man is good1 ^: w re/s 9 ! true good3 & t man evil1 ^: w re/s 9 evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce pleasure p]fects op]ation z its end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #d72 an op]ation _c be p]fectly good1 unless !re be also pleasure 9 good3 because ! goodness ( a ?+ dep5ds on its end4 ,& ?us1 9 a way1 ! goodness ( ! pleasure is ! cause ( goodness 9 ! op]ation4 ,,"q #ce ,,( ,,pa9 ,,or ,,sorr[1 ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] pa9 & sorr[3 conc]n+ :i* we mu/ consid]3 7#a7 ,sorr[ or pa9 9 itself2 7#b7 ,its cause2 7#c7 ,its effects2 7#d7 ,its rem$ies2 7#e7 ,its goodness or malice4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pa9 is a passion ( ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r sorr[ is ! same z pa98 7#c7 ,:e!r sorr[ or pa9 is contr>y to pleasure8 7#d7 ,:e!r all sorr[ is contr>y to all pleasure8 7#e7 ,:e!r !re is a sorr[ contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation8 7#f7 ,:e!r sorr[ is to be %unn$ m ?an pleasure is to be s\ght8 7#g7 ,:e!r ext]ior pa9 is great] ?an int]ior8 7#h7 ,( ! species ( sorr[4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pa9 ,is a ,passion ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pa9 is n a passion ( ! s\l4 ,because no passion ( ! s\l is 9 ! body4 ,b pa9 c be 9 ! body1 s9ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xii71 t bodily pa9 is a sudd5 corruption ( ! well-be+ ( t ?+ :i* ! s\l1 by mak+ evil use ( x1 made subject to corruption4 ,!re=e pa9 is n a passion ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e passion ( ! s\l belongs to ! appetitive faculty4 ,b pa9 does n belong to ! appetitive1 b r to ! appreh5sive "p3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 ,boni xx7 t bodily pa9 is caus$ by ! s5se resi/+ a m p[]ful body4 ,!re=e pa9 is n a passion ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e passion ( ! s\l belongs to ! animal appetite4 ,b pa9 does n belong to ! animal appetite1 b r to ! natural appetite2 = ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #ad73 ,_h n "s good rema9$ 9 nature1 we %\ld feel no pa9 9 be+ puni%$ by ! loss ( good4 ,!re=e pa9 is n a passion ( ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #h7 reckons pa9 among ! passions ( ! s\l2 quot+ ,virgil 7,a5eid1 vi1 #gcc73 h5ce wild desires & grovell+ fe>s ,& human laught]1 human te>s4 ,translation3 ,con+ton4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z two ?+s are requisite = pleasure2 namely1 conjunction ) good & p]ception ( ?is conjunction2 s also two ?+s are requisite = pa93 namely1 conjunction ) "s evil 7:i* is 9 s f> evil z x deprives "o ( "s good71 & p]ception ( ?is conjunction4 ,n[ :atev] is conjo9$1 if x h n ! aspect ( good or evil 9 reg>d to ! be+ to :i* x is conjo9$1 _c cause pleasure or pa94 ,:5ce x is evid5t t some?+ "u ! aspect ( good or evil is ! object ( ! pleasure or pa94 ,b good & evil1 z su*1 are objects ( ! appetite4 ,consequ5tly x is cle> t pleasure & pa9 belong to ! appetite4 ,n[ e appetitive movem5t or incl9ation consequ5t to appreh5sion1 belongs to ! intellective or s5sitive appetite3 s9ce ! incl9ation ( ! natural appetite is n consequ5t to an appreh5sion ( ! subject ( t appetite1 b to ! appreh5sion ( ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ajc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,s9ce !n pleasure & pa9 presuppose "s s5se or appreh5sion 9 ! same subject1 x is evid5t t pa91 l pleasure1 is 9 ! intellective or s5sitive appetite4 ,aga9 e movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite is call$ a passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c73 & especially ^? :i* t5d to "s defect4 ,consequ5tly pa91 accord+ z x is 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 is mo/ prop]ly call$ a passion ( ! s\l3 j z bodily ailm5ts are prop]ly call$ passions ( ! body4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #h 99,quot+ ,cic]o7 reckons pa9 especially z be+ a k9d ( ailm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we speak ( ! body1 because ! cause ( pa9 is 9 ! body3 z :5 we suff] some?+ hurtful to ! body4 ,b ! movem5t ( pa9 is always 9 ! s\l2 s9ce ! body _c feel pa9 unless ! s\l feel x1 z ,augu/9e says 7,sup] ,psalm4 #hg3d74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we speak ( pa9 ( ! s5ses1 n z ?\gh x 7 an act ( ! s5sitive p[]2 b because ! s5ses are requir$ = bodily pa91 9 ! same way z = bodily pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pa9 at ! loss ( good proves ! goodness ( ! nature1 n because pa9 is an act ( ! natural appetite1 b because nature desires some?+ z good1 ! removal ( :i* be+ p]ceiv$1 !re results ! passion ( pa9 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,sorr[ ,is ! ,same ,z ,pa98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ is n pa94 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g7 t pa9 is us$ to express bodily suff]+4 ,b sorr[ is us$ m 9 ref]5ce to ! s\l4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n pa94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pa9 is only 9 respect ( pres5t evil4 ,b sorr[ c ref] to bo? pa/ & future evil3 ?us rep5tance is sorr[ = ! pa/1 & anxiety = ! future4 ,!re=e sorr[ is q diff]5t f pa94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pa9 seems n to foll[ save f ! s5se ( t\*4 ,b sorr[ c arise f all ! s5ses4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n pa91 & ext5ds to m objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #i3b73 ,i h great sorr[ ,d\ay3 'sadness' & cont9ual pa9 ,d\ay3 'sorr[' 9 my he>t1 ?us d5ot+ ! same ?+ by sorr[ & pa94 ,i answ] t1 ,pleasure & pa9 c arise f a tw(old appreh5sion1 namely1 f ! appreh5sion ( an ext]ior s5se2 & f ! int]ior appreh5sion ( ! intellect or ( ! imag9ation4 ,n[ ! int]ior appreh5sion ext5ds to m objects ?an ! ext]ior appreh5sion3 because :atev] ?+s come "u ! ext]ior appreh5sion1 come "u ! int]ior1 b n conv]sely4 ,consequ5tly t pleasure alone :i* is caus$ by an int]ior appreh5sion is call$ joy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #c73 & 9 l mann] t pa9 alone :i* is caus$ by an int]ior appreh5sion1 is call$ sorr[4 ,& j z t pleasure :i* is caus$ by an ext]ior appreh5sion1 is call$ pleasure b n joy2 s too t pa9 :i* is caus$ by an ext]ior appreh5sion1 is call$ pa9 inde$ b n sorr[4 ,accord+ly sorr[ is a species ( pa91 z joy is a species ( pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re ( ! use ( ! ^w3 because pa9 is m g5]ally us$ 9 ref]5ce to bodily pa9s1 :i* are bett] kn[n1 ?an 9 ref]5ce to spiritual pa9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ext]nal s5se p]ceives only :at is pres5t2 b ! int]ior cognitive p[] c p]ceive ! pres5t1 pa/ & future4 ,consequ5tly sorr[ c reg>d pres5t1 pa/ & future3 :]eas bodily pa91 :i* foll[s appreh5sion ( ! ext]nal s5se1 c only reg>d some?+ pres5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s5sibles ( t\* are pa9ful1 n only 9 s f> z !y are disproportionate to ! appreh5sive p[]1 b also 9 s f> z !y are contr>y to nature3 :]eas ! objects ( ! o!r s5ses c inde$ be disproportionate to ! appreh5sive p[]1 b !y are n contr>y to nature1 save z !y are subord9ate to ! s5sibles ( t\*4 ,consequ5tly man alone1 :o is a p]fectly cognizant animal1 takes pleasure 9 ! objects ( ! o!r s5ses = _! own sake2 :]eas o!r animals take no pleasure 9 !m save z ref]able to ! s5sibles ( t\*1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #aj4 ,accord+ly1 9 ref]r+ to ! objects ( ! o!r s5ses1 we d n speak ( pa9 9 s f> z x is contr>y to natural pleasure3 b r ( sorr[1 :i* is contr>y to joy4 ,s !n if pa9 be tak5 z d5ot+ bodily pa91 :i* is its m usual mean+1 !n x is contra/$ ) sorr[1 accord+ to ! di/9ction ( int]ior & ext]ior appreh5sion2 al?\gh1 on ! "p ( ! objects1 pleasure ext5ds fur!r ?an does bodily pa94 ,b if pa9 be tak5 9 a wide s5se1 !n x is ! g5us ( sorr[1 z /at$ above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,sorr[ or ,pa9 ,is ,contr>y to ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ is n contr>y to pleasure4 ,= "o ( two contr>ies is n ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,b sorr[ c be ! cause ( pleasure2 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3e73 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$4 ,!re=e !y are n contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y does n d5om9ate ! o!r4 ,b to "s1 pa9 or sorr[ gives pleasure3 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii1 #b7 t 9 /age-plays sorr[ itself gives pleasure3 & 7,confess4 iv1 #e7 t weep+ is a bitt] ?+1 & yet x sometimes pleases u4 ,!re=e pa9 is n contr>y to pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y is n ! matt] ( ! o!r2 because contr>ies _c co-exi/ toge!r4 ,b sorr[ c be ! matt] ( pleasure2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,po5it4 xiii73 ,! p5it5t %\ld ev] sorr[1 & rejoice 9 8 sorr[4 ,! ,philosoph] too says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d7 t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! evil man feels pa9 at hav+ be5 pleas$4 ,!re=e pleasure & pa9 are n contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #f7 t joy is ! volition ( cons5t to ! ?+s we wi%3 & t sorr[ is ! volition ( diss5t f ! ?+s we d n wi%4 ,b cons5t & diss5t are contr>ies4 ,!re=e pleasure & sorr[ are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 x1 #d71 contr>iety is a diff]5ce 9 respect ( a =m4 ,n[ ! =m or species ( a passion or movem5t is tak5 f ! object or t]m4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! objects ( pleasure & sorr[ or pa91 viz4 pres5t good & pres5t evil1 are contr>y to "o ano!r1 x foll[s t pa9 & pleasure are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ h9d]s "o contr>y caus+ ! o!r accid5tally3 & ?us sorr[ c be ! cause ( pleasure4 ,9 "o way1 9 s f> z f sorr[ at ! abs5ce ( some?+1 or at ! pres5ce ( its contr>y1 "o seeks ! m eag]ly = some?+ pleasant3 ?us a ?ir/y man seeks m eag]ly ! pleasure ( a dr9k1 z a rem$y = ! pa9 he suff]s4 ,9 ano!r way1 9 s f> z1 f a /rong desire = a c]ta9 pleasure1 "o does n %r9k f und]go+ pa91 s z to obta9 t pleasure4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ways1 ! sorr[s ( ! pres5t life lead u to ! com=t ( ! future life4 ,because by ! m]e fact t man m\rns = 8 s9s1 or = ! delay ( glory1 he m]its ! consolation ( et]nity4 ,9 l mann] a man m]its x :5 he %r9ks n f h>d%ips & /raits 9 ord] to obta9 x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pa9 itself c be pleasurable accid5tally 9 s f> z x is accompani$ by wond]1 z 9 /age-plays2 or 9 s f> z x recalls a belov$ object to "o's memory1 & makes "o feel "o's love = ! ?+1 ^: abs5ce gives u pa94 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce love is pleasant1 bo? pa9 & :atev] else results f love1 =asmu* z !y rem9d u ( our love1 are pleasant4 ,&1 = ?is reason1 we d]ive pleasure ev5 f pa9s depict$ on ! /age3 9 s f> z1 9 witness+ !m1 we p]ceive ourselves to conceive a c]ta9 love = ^? :o are !re repres5t$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w & ! reason reflect on _! own acts1 inasmu* z ! acts !mselves ( ! w & reason are consid]$ "u ! aspect ( good or evil4 ,9 ?is way sorr[ c be ! matt] ( pleasure1 or vice v]sa1 n ess5tially b accid5tally3 t is1 9 s f> z ei!r ( !m is consid]$ "u ! aspect ( good or evil4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ,sorr[ ,is ,contr>y to ,all ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all sorr[ is contr>y to all pleasure4 ,because1 j z :it5ess & blackness are contr>y species ( color1 s pleasure & sorr[ are contr>y species ( ! s\l's passions4 ,b :it5ess & blackness are univ]sally contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e pleasure & sorr[ are s too4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 rem$ies are made ( ?+s contr>y 7to ! evil74 ,b e pleasure is a rem$y = all mann] ( sorr[1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ad74 ,!re=e e pleasure is contr>y to e sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 contr>ies are h9drances to "o ano!r4 ,b e sorr[ h9d]s any k9d ( pleasure3 z is evid5t f ,e?ic4 x1 #e4 ,!re=e e sorr[ is contr>y to e pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! same ?+ is n ! cause ( contr>ies4 ,b joy = "o ?+1 & sorr[ = ! opposite ?+1 proce$ f ! same habit3 ?us f *>ity x happ5s t we rejoice ) !m t rejoice1 & weep ) !m t weep 7,rom4 #ab3ae74 ,!re=e n e sorr[ is contr>y to e pleasure4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 x1 #d71 contr>iety is a diff]5ce 9 respect ( a =m4 ,n[ a =m may be g5]ic or specific4 ,consequ5tly ?+s may be contr>ies 9 respect ( a g5]ic =m1 z virtue & vice2 or 9 respect ( a specific =m1 z ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve t "s ?+s are specifi$ by absolute =ms1 e4g4 sub/ances & qualities2 :]eas o!r ?+s are specifi$ 9 relation to some?+ extr9sic1 e4g4 passions & movem5ts1 :i* d]ive _! species f _! t]ms or objects4 ,accord+ly 9 ^? ?+s t are specifi$ by absolute =ms1 x happ5s t species conta9$ "u contr>y g5]a are n contr>y z to _! specific nature3 b x does n happ5 = !m to h any aff9ity or fitt+ness to "o ano!r4 ,= intemp]ance & ju/ice1 :i* are 9 ! contr>y g5]a ( virtue & vice1 are n contr>y to "o ano!r 9 respect ( _! specific nature2 & yet !y h no aff9ity or fitt+ness to "o ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ^? ?+s t are specifi$ 9 relation to some?+ extr9sic1 x happ5s t species belong+ to contr>y g5]a1 are n only n contr>y to "o ano!r1 b also t !y h a c]ta9 mutual aff9ity or fitt+ness4 ,! reason ( ?is is t :]e !re is "o same relation to two contr>ies1 !re is contr>iety2 e4g4 to approa* to a :ite ?+1 & to approa* to a black ?+1 are contr>ies2 :]eas contr>y relations to contr>y ?+s1 implies a c]ta9 lik5ess1 e4g4 to rec$e f some?+ :ite1 & to approa* to some?+ black4 ,?is is mo/ evid5t 9 ! case ( contradiction1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( opposition3 because opposition consi/s 9 affirm+ & d5y+ ! same ?+1 e4g4 :ite & non-:ite2 :ile !re is fitt+ness & lik5ess 9 ! affirmation ( "o contr>y & ! d5ial ( ! o!r1 z1 if ,i 7 to say black & n :ite4 ,n[ sorr[ & pleasure1 be+ passions1 are specifi$ by _! objects4 ,accord+ to _! respective g5]a1 !y are contr>y to "o ano!r3 s9ce "o is a k9d ( pursuit1 ! o!r a k9d ( avoidance1 :i* are to ! appetite1 :at affirmation & d5ial are to ! intellect 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b74 ,consequ5tly sorr[ & pleasure 9 respect ( ! same object1 are specifically contr>y to "o ano!r3 :]eas sorr[ & pleasure 9 respect ( objects t are n contr>y b disp>ate1 are n specifically contr>y to "o ano!r1 b are also disp>ate2 = in/ance1 sorr[ at ! dea? ( a fri5d1 & pleasure 9 contemplation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? div]se objects be contr>y to "o ano!r1 !n pleasure & sorr[ are n only specifically contr>y1 b !y also h a c]ta9 mutual fitt+ness & aff9ity3 = in/ance to rejoice 9 good & to sorr[ = evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:it5ess & blackness d n take _! species f _! relation%ip to some?+ extr9sic1 z pleasure & sorr[ d3 :]e=e ! comp>ison does n hold4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,g5us is tak5 f matt]1 z is /at$ 9 ,metaph4 viii1 #b2 & 9 accid5ts ! subject takes ! place ( matt]4 ,n[ x has be5 said above t pleasure & sorr[ are g5]ically contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,consequ5tly 9 e sorr[ ! subject has a disposition contr>y to ! disposition ( ! subject ( pleasure3 because 9 e pleasure ! appetite is view$ z accept+ :at x possesses1 & 9 e sorr[1 z avoid+ x4 ,& !re=e on ! "p ( ! subject e pleasure is a rem$y = any k9d ( sorr[1 & e sorr[ is a h9drance ( all mann] ( pleasure3 b *iefly :5 pleasure is oppos$ to sorr[ specifically4 ,:]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t4 ,or we may say t1 al?\gh n e sorr[ is specifically contr>y to e pleasure1 yet !y are contr>y to "o ano!r 9 reg>d to _! effects3 s9ce "o has ! effect ( /r5g!n+ ! animal nature1 :ile ! o!r results 9 a k9d ( discom=t4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,any ,sorr[ ,contr>y to ! ,pleasure ( ,contemplation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is a sorr[ t is contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #g3aj73 ,! sorr[ t is accord+ to ,god1 worke? p5ance /eadfa/ unto salvation4 ,n[ to look at ,god belongs to ! high] reason1 ^: act is to give itself to contemplation1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #c1 #d74 ,!re=e !re is a sorr[ contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 contr>y ?+s h contr>y effects4 ,if !re=e ! contemplation ( "o contr>y gives pleasure1 ! o!r contr>y w give sorr[3 & s !re w be a sorr[ contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! object ( pleasure is good1 s ! object ( sorr[ is evil4 ,b contemplation c be an evil3 s9ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 xii1 #i7 t x is unfitt+ to ?9k ( c]ta9 ?+s4 ,!re=e sorr[ c be contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 any "w1 s f> z x is unh9d]$1 c be a cause ( pleasure1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ab1 #ac2 x1 #d4 ,b ! "w ( contemplation c be h9d]$ 9 _m ways1 ei!r s z to de/roy x altoge!r1 or z to make x difficult4 ,!re=e 9 contemplation !re c be a sorr[ contr>y to ! pleasure4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 affliction ( ! fle% is a cause ( sorr[4 ,b1 z x is writt5 7,eccles4 #ab3ab7 mu* /udy is an affliction ( ! fle%4 ,!re=e contemplation admits ( sorr[ contr>y to its pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3af73 ,h]1 i4e4 wisdom's1 conv]sation ha? no bitt]ness nor h] company any t$i\sness2 b joy & gladness4 ,n[ ! conv]sation & company ( wisdom are f\nd 9 contemplation4 ,!re=e !re is no sorr[ contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation4 ,i answ] t1 ,! pleasure ( contemplation c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 s t contemplation is ! cause1 b n ! object ( pleasure3 & !n pleasure is tak5 n 9 contemplat+ b 9 ! ?+ contemplat$4 ,n[ x is possible to contemplate some?+ h>mful & sorr[ful1 j z to contemplate some?+ suitable & pleasant4 ,consequ5tly if ! pleasure ( contemplation be tak5 9 ?is way1 no?+ h9d]s "s sorr[ be+ contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation4 ,9 ano!r way1 ! pleasure ( contemplation is und]/ood1 s t contemplation is its object & cause2 z :5 "o takes pleasure 9 ! v act ( contemplat+4 ,& ?us1 accord+ to ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xviii41 no sorr[ is contr>y to t pleasure :i* is ab\t contemplation3 & ! ,philosoph] says ! same 7,topic4 i1 #ac2 ,e?ic4 x1 #c74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to be und]/ood z be+ ! case prop]ly speak+4 ,! reason is because sorr[ is ( itself contr>y to pleasure 9 a contr>y object3 ?us pleasure 9 heat is contr>y to sorr[ caus$ by cold4 ,b !re is no contr>y to ! object ( contemplation3 because contr>ies1 z appreh5d$ by ! m9d1 are n contr>y1 b "o is ! means ( kn[+ ! o!r4 ,:]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 !re _c be a sorr[ contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation4 ,nor has x any sorr[ annex$ to x1 z bodily pleasures h1 :i* are l rem$ies aga9/ c]ta9 annoyances2 ?us a man takes pleasure 9 dr9k+ ?r\gh be+ tr\bl$ ) ?ir/1 b :5 ! ?ir/ is q driv5 out1 ! pleasure ( dr9k+ ceases also4 ,because ! pleasure ( contemplation is n caus$ by "o's be+ quit ( an annoyance1 b by ! fact t contemplation is pleasant 9 itself3 = pleasure is n a becom+ b a p]fect op]ation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a74 ,accid5tally1 h[ev]1 sorr[ is m+l$ ) ! pleasure ( contemplation2 & ?is 9 two ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( an organ1 secondly1 ?r\gh "s imp$im5t 9 ! appreh5sion4 ,on ! "p ( an organ1 sorr[ or pa9 is m+l$ ) appreh5sion1 directly1 z reg>ds ! appreh5sive p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p1 :i* h a bodily organ2 ei!r f ! s5sible object disagree+ ) ! normal condition ( ! organ1 z ! ta/e ( some?+ bitt]1 & ! smell ( some?+ f\l2 or f ! s5sible object1 ?\gh agreeable1 be+ s cont9u\s 9 its action on ! s5se1 t x exce$s ! normal condition ( ! organ1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #b71 ! result be+ t an appreh5sion :i* at fir/ 0 pleasant becomes t$i\s4 ,b ^! two ?+s _c occur directly 9 ! contemplation ( ! m9d2 because ! m9d has no corporeal organ3 :]e=e x 0 said 9 ! au?ority quot$ above t intellectual contemplation has nei!r bitt]ness1 nor t$i\sness4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! human m9d1 9 contemplation1 makes use ( ! s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion1 to ^: acts we>9ess is incid5tal2 !re=e "s affliction or pa9 is indirectly m+l$ ) contemplation4 ,nev]!less1 9 nei!r ( ^! ways1 is ! pa9 ?us accid5tally m+l$ ) contemplation1 contr>y to ! pleasure !re(4 ,because pa9 caus$ by a h9drance to contemplation1 is n contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation1 b r is 9 aff9ity & 9 h>mony ) x1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #d73 :ile pa9 or sorr[ caus$ by bodily we>9ess1 does n belong to ! same g5us1 :]e=e x is altoge!r disp>ate4 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t no sorr[ is contr>y to pleasure tak5 9 ! v act ( contemplation2 nor is any sorr[ connect$ ) x save accid5tally4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! sorr[ :i* is accord+ to ,god1 is n caus$ by ! v act ( intellectual contemplation1 b by some?+ :i* ! m9d contemplates3 viz4 by s91 :i* ! m9d consid]s z contr>y to ! love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?+s :i* are contr>y accord+ to nature are n contr>y accord+ z !y exi/ 9 ! m9d3 = ?+s t are contr>y 9 reality are n contr>y 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght2 inde$ r is "o contr>y ! reason = kn[+ ! o!r4 ,h5ce "o & ! same sci5ce consid]s contr>ies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,contemplation1 9 itself1 is nev] evil1 s9ce x is no?+ else ?an ! consid]ation ( tru?1 :i* is ! good ( ! intellect3 x c1 h[ev]1 be evil accid5tally1 i4e4 9 s f> z ! contemplation ( a less noble object h9d]s ! contemplation ( a m noble object2 or on ! "p ( ! object contemplat$1 to :i* ! appetite is inord9ately atta*$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,sorr[ caus$ by a h9drance to contemplation1 is n contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation1 b is 9 h>mony ) x1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,affliction ( ! fle% affects contemplation accid5tally & indirectly1 z /at$ above4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,sorr[ ,is to ,be ,%unn$ ,m ,?an ,pleasure ,is to ,be ,s\ght8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ is to be %unn$ m ?an pleasure is to be s\ght4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #fc73 ,!re is nobody t does n %un sorr[ m ?an he seeks pleasure4 ,n[ t :i* all agree 9 do+1 seems to be natural4 ,!re=e x is natural & "r = sorr[ to be %unn$ m ?an pleasure is s\ght4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! action ( a contr>y conduces to rapidity & int5sity ( movem5t3 = hot wat] freezes quick] & h>d]1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,meteor4 i1 #ab74 ,b ! %unn+ ( sorr[ is due to ! contr>iety ( ! cause ( sorr[2 :]eas ! desire = pleasure does n arise f any contr>iety1 b r f ! suitabl5ess ( ! pleasant object4 ,!re=e sorr[ is %unn$ m eag]ly ?an pleasure is s\ght4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! /rong] ! passion :i* a man resi/s accord+ to reason1 ! m wor?y is he ( praise1 & ! m virtu\s3 s9ce virtue is conc]n$ ) ! difficult & ! good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,b ! brave man :o resi/s ! movem5t ( %unn+ sorr[1 is m virtu\s ?an ! temp]ate man1 :o resi/s ! movem5t ( desire = pleasure3 s9ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t ! brave & ! j are *iefly prais$4 ,!re=e ! movem5t ( %unn+ sorr[ is m eag] ?an ! movem5t ( seek+ pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,good is /rong] ?an evil1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b pleasure is desirable = ! sake ( ! good :i* is its object2 :]eas ! %unn+ ( sorr[ is on acc\nt ( evil4 ,!re=e ! desire = pleasure is m eag] ?an ! %unn+ ( sorr[4 ,i answ] t1 ,! desire = pleasure is ( itself m eag] ?an ! %unn+ ( sorr[4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! cause ( pleasure is a suitable good2 :ile ! cause ( pa9 or sorr[ is an unsuitable evil4 ,n[ x happ5s t a c]ta9 good is suitable )\t any repugnance at all3 b x is n possible = any evil to be s unsuitable z n to be suitable 9 "s way4 ,:]e=e pleasure c be entire & p]fect3 :]eas sorr[ is always p>tial4 ,!re=e desire = pleasure is naturally great] ?an ! %unn+ ( sorr[4 ,ano!r reason is because ! good1 :i* is ! object ( pleasure1 is s\ght = its own sake3 :]eas ! evil1 :i* is ! object ( sorr[1 is to be %unn$ z be+ a privation ( good3 & t :i* is by reason ( itself is /rong] ?an t :i* is by reason ( some?+ else4 ,moreov] we f9d a confirmation ( ?is 9 natural movem5ts4 ,= e natural movem5t is m int5se 9 ! end1 :5 a ?+ approa*es ! t]m t is suitable to its nature1 ?an at ! beg9n+1 :5 x leaves ! t]m t is unsuitable to its nature3 z ?\gh nature 7 m eag] 9 t5d+ to :at is suitable to x1 ?an 9 %unn+ :at is unsuitable4 ,!re=e ! incl9ation ( ! appetitive p[] is1 ( itself1 m eag] 9 t5d+ to pleasure ?an 9 %unn+ sorr[4 ,b x happ5s accid5tally t a man %uns sorr[ m eag]ly ?an he seeks pleasure3 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! appreh5sion4 ,because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #ab71 love is felt m ke5ly1 :5 we lack t :i* we love4 ,n[ f ! lack ( :at we love1 sorr[ results1 :i* is caus$ ei!r by ! loss ( "s lov$ good1 or by ! pres5ce ( "s contr>y evil4 ,b pleasure suff]s no lack ( ! good lov$1 = x re/s 9 possession ( x4 ,s9ce !n love is ! cause ( pleasure & sorr[1 ! latt] is ! m %unn$1 accord+ z love is ! m ke5ly felt on acc\nt ( t :i* is contr>y to x4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! cause ( sorr[ or pa91 :i* cause is repugnant to a good t is m lov$ ?an ! good 9 :i* we take pleasure4 ,= we love ! natural well-be+ ( ! body m ?an ! pleasure ( eat+3 & consequ5tly we w\ld leave ! pleasure ( eat+ & ! l1 f fe> ( ! pa9 occasion$ by bl[s or o!r su* causes1 :i* are contr>y to ! well-be+ ( ! body4 ,?irdly1 on ! "p ( ! effect3 namely1 9 s f> z sorr[ h9d]s n only "o pleasure1 b all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ,augu/9e t sorr[ is %unn$ m ?an pleasure is s\ght is true accid5tally b n simply4 ,& ?is is cle> f :at he says aft]3 ,s9ce we see t ! mo/ savage animals are det]r$ f ! greate/ pleasures by fe> ( pa91 :i* pa9 is contr>y to life :i* is lov$ above all4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n ! same ) movem5t f )9 & movem5t f )\t4 ,= movem5t f )9 t5ds to :at is suitable m ?an x rec$es f t :i* is unsuitable2 z we rem>k$ above 9 reg>d to natural movem5t4 ,b movem5t f )\t is int5sifi$ by ! v opposition3 because ea* ?+ /rives 9 its own way to resi/ any?+ contr>y to x1 z aim+ at its own pres]vation4 ,h5ce viol5t movem5t is int5se at fir/1 & slack5s t[>ds ! end4 ,n[ ! movem5t ( ! appetitive faculty is f )93 s9ce x t5ds f ! s\l to ! object4 ,consequ5tly pleasure is1 ( itself1 m to be s\ght ?an sorr[ is to be %unn$4 ,b ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive faculty is f )\t1 z x 7 f ! object ( ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly ! m contr>y a ?+ is ! m x is felt4 ,& !n too1 accid5tally1 9 s f> z ! s5ses are requisite = pleasure & pa91 pa9 is %unn$ m ?an pleasure is s\ght4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a brave man is n prais$ because1 9 accordance ) reason1 he is n ov]come by any k9d ( sorr[ or pa9 :atev]1 b because he is n ov]come by t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! dang]s ( dea?4 ,& ?is k9d ( sorr[ is m %unn$1 ?an pleasures ( ! table or ( sexual int]c\rse are s\ght1 :i* latt] pleasures are ! object ( temp]ance3 ?us life is lov$ m ?an food & sexual pleasure4 ,b ! temp]ate man is prais$ = refra9+ f pleasures ( t\*1 m ?an = n %unn+ ! pa9s :i* are contr>y to !m1 z is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #aa4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,outw>d ,pa9 ,is ,great] ,?an ,int]ior ,sorr[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t outw>d pa9 is great] ?an int]ior sorr[ ( ! he>t4 ,because outw>d pa9 arises f a cause repugnant to ! well-be+ ( ! body 9 :i* is life3 :]eas int]ior sorr[ is caus$ by "s evil 9 ! imag9ation4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 life is lov$ m ?an an imag9$ good1 x seems t1 accord+ to :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #f71 outw>d pa9 is great] ?an int]ior sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! reality moves m ?an its lik5ess does4 ,b outw>d pa9 arises f ! real conjunction ( "s contr>y2 :]eas inw>d sorr[ arises f ! appreh5d$ lik5ess ( a contr>y4 ,!re=e outw>d pa9 is great] ?an inw>d sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a cause is kn[n by its effect4 ,b outw>d pa9 has m /rik+ effects3 s9ce man dies soon] ( outw>d pa9 ?an ( int]ior sorr[4 ,!re=e outw>d pa9 is great] & is %unn$ m ?an int]ior sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #be3ag73 ,! sadness ( ! he>t is e w\nd ,d\ay3 'plague'1 & ! wick$ness ( a woman is all evil4 ,!re=e1 j z ! wick$ness ( a woman surpasses all o!r wick$ness1 z ! text implies2 s sadness ( ! he>t surpasses e outw>d w\nd4 ,i answ] t1 ,int]ior & ext]ior pa9 agree 9 "o po9t & diff] 9 two4 ,!y agree 9 ?is1 t ea* is a movem5t ( ! appetitive p[]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b !y diff] 9 respect ( ^? two ?+s :i* are requisite = pa9 & pleasure2 namely1 9 respect ( ! cause1 :i* is a conjo9$ good or evil2 & 9 respect ( ! appreh5sion4 ,= ! cause ( outw>d pa9 is a conjo9$ evil repugnant to ! body2 :ile ! cause ( inw>d pa9 is a conjo9$ evil repugnant to ! appetite4 ,aga91 outw>d pa9 arises f an appreh5sion ( s5se1 *iefly ( t\*2 :ile inw>d pa9 arises f an int]ior appreh5sion1 ( ! imag9ation or ( ! reason4 ,if !n we comp>e ! cause ( inw>d pa9 to ! cause ( outw>d pa91 ! =m] belongs1 ( itself1 to ! appetite to :i* bo? ^! pa9s belong3 :ile ! latt] belongs to ! appetite directly4 ,because inw>d pa9 arises f some?+ be+ repugnant to ! appetite itself1 :ile outw>d pa9 arises f some?+ be+ repugnant to ! appetite1 ?r\gh be+ repugnant to ! body4 ,n[1 t :i* is ( itself is always prior to t :i* is by reason ( ano!r4 ,:]e=e1 f ?is po9t ( view1 inw>d pa9 surpasses outw>d pa94 ,9 l mann] also on ! "p ( appreh5sion3 because ! appreh5sion ( reason & imag9ation is ( a high] ord] ?an ! appreh5sion ( ! s5se ( t\*4 ,consequ5tly inw>d pa9 is1 simply & ( itself1 m ke5 ?an outw>d pa93 a sign :]e( is t "o will+ly und]goes outw>d pa9 9 ord] to avoid inw>d pa93 & 9 s f> z outw>d pa9 is n repugnant to ! int]ior appetite1 x becomes 9 a mann] pleasant & agreeable by way ( inw>d joy4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 outw>d pa9 is accompani$ by inw>d pa91 & !n ! pa9 is increas$4 ,because inw>d pa9 is n only great] ?an outw>d pa91 x is also m univ]sal3 s9ce :atev] is repugnant to ! body1 c be repugnant to ! int]ior appetite2 & :atev] is appreh5d$ by s5se may be appreh5d$ by imag9ation & reason1 b n conv]sely4 ,h5ce 9 ! passage quot$ above x is said expressively3 ,sadness ( ! he>t is e w\nd1 because ev5 ! pa9s ( outw>d w\nds are compris$ 9 ! int]ior sorr[s ( ! he>t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,inw>d pa9 c also arise f ?+s t are de/ructive ( life4 ,& !n ! comp>ison ( inw>d to outw>d pa9 mu/ n be tak5 9 ref]5ce to ! v>i\s evils t cause pa92 b 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ?is cause ( pa9 is comp>$ to ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,inw>d pa9 is n caus$ by ! appreh5d$ lik5ess ( a ?+3 = a man is n inw>dly pa9$ by ! appreh5d$ lik5ess itself1 b by ! ?+ :i* ! lik5ess repres5ts4 ,& ?is ?+ is all ! m p]fectly appreh5d$ by means ( its lik5ess1 z ?is lik5ess is m immat]ial & ab/ract4 ,consequ5tly inw>d pa9 is1 ( itself1 great]1 z be+ caus$ by a great] evil1 =asmu* z evil is bett] kn[n by an inw>d appreh5sion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bodily *anges are m liable to be caus$ by outw>d pa91 bo? f ! fact t outw>d pa9 is caus$ by a corruptive conjo9$ corporally1 :i* is a necess>y condition ( ! s5se ( t\*2 & f ! fact t ! outw>d s5se is m mat]ial ?an ! inw>d s5se1 j z ! s5sitive appetite is m mat]ial ?an ! intellective4 ,= ?is reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #e71 ! body und]goes a great] *ange f ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite3 &1 9 l mann]1 f outw>d ?an f inw>d pa94 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,only ,f\r ,species ( ,sorr[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,damasc5e's 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ad7 division ( sorr[ into f\r species is incorrect2 viz4 into torpor1 di/ress1 :i* ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xix4 calls anxiety1--pity1 & envy4 ,= sorr[ is contr>y to pleasure4 ,b !re are n sev]al species ( pleasure4 ,!re=e x is incorrect to assign diff]5t species ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,rep5tance is a species ( sorr[2 & s are indignation & jeal\sy1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #i1 #aa74 ,b ^! are n includ$ 9 ! above species4 ,!re=e ?is division is insuffici5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! memb]s ( a division %\ld be ?+s t are oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,b ^! species are n oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,= accord+ to ,gregory 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xix4 torpor is sorr[ depriv+ ( spee*2 anxiety is ! sorr[ t weighs d[n2 envy is sorr[ = ano!r's good2 pity is sorr[ = ano!r's wrongs4 ,b x is possible = "o to sorr[ = ano!r's wrongs1 & = ano!r's good1 & at ! same "t to be weigh$ d[n inw>dly1 & outw>dly to be spee*less4 ,!re=e ?is division is incorrect4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! tw(old au?ority ( ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius & ( ,damasc5e4 ,i answ] t1 ,x belongs to ! notion ( a species t x is some?+ add$ to ! g5us4 ,b a ?+ c be add$ to a g5us 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z some?+ belong+ ( itself to ! g5us1 & virtually conta9$ !re93 ?us rational is add$ to animal4 ,su* an addition makes true species ( a g5us3 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vii1 #ab2 viii1 #b1 #c74 ,b1 secondly1 a ?+ may be add$ to a g5us1 t is1 z x 71 =eign to ! notion convey$ by t g5us3 ?us :ite or some?+ ( ! k9d may be add$ to animal4 ,su* an addition does n make true species ( ! g5us1 accord+ to ! usual s5se 9 :i* we speak ( g5]a & species4 ,b sometimes a ?+ is said to be a species ( a c]ta9 g5us1 ?r\gh hav+ some?+ =eign to t g5us inde$1 b to :i* ! notion ( t g5us is applicable3 ?us a live coal or a flame is said to be a species ( fire1 because 9 ea* ( !m ! nature ( fire is appli$ to a =eign matt]4 ,9 l mann] we speak ( a/ronomy & p]spective z be+ species ( ma!matics1 inasmu* z ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics are appli$ to natural matt]4 ,9 accordance ) ?is mann] ( speak+1 ! species ( sorr[ are reckon$ by an application ( ! notion ( sorr[ to some?+ =eign to x4 ,?is =eign matt] may be tak5 on ! "p ( ! cause or ! object1 or ( ! effect4 ,= ! prop] object ( sorr[ is "o's own evil4 ,h5ce sorr[ may be conc]n$ = an object =eign to x ei!r ?r\gh "o's be+ sorry = an evil t is n "o's own2 & ?us we h pity :i* is sorr[ = ano!r's evil1 consid]$1 h[ev]1 z "o's own3 or ?r\gh "o's be+ sorry = some?+ t is nei!r evil nor "o's own1 b ano!r's good1 consid]$1 h[ev]1 z "o's own evil3 & ?us we h envy4 ,! prop] effect ( sorr[ consi/s 9 a c]ta9 flight ( ! appetite4 ,:]e=e ! =eign elem5t 9 ! effect ( sorr[1 may be tak5 s z to affect ! fir/ "p only1 by exclud+ flight3 & ?us we h anxiety :i* weighs on ! m9d1 s z to make escape seem impossible3 h5ce x is also call$ p]plexity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! m9d be weigh$ d[n s mu*1 t ev5 ! limbs become motionless1 :i* belongs to torpor1 !n we h ! =eign elem5t affect+ bo?1 s9ce !re is nei!r flight1 nor is ! effect 9 ! appetite4 ,& ! reason :y torpor especially is said to deprive "o ( spee* is because ( all ! ext]nal movem5ts ! voice is ! be/ expression ( ! inw>d ?\ght & desire1 n only 9 m51 b also 9 o!r animals1 z is /at$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #a4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pleasure is caus$ by good1 :i* has only "o mean+3 & s pleasure is n divid$ into sev]al species z sorr[ is2 = ! latt] is caus$ by evil1 :i* happ5s 9 _m ways1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,rep5tance is = "o's own evil1 :i* is ! prop] object ( sorr[3 :]e=e x does n belong to ^! species4 ,jeal\sy & indignation are includ$ 9 envy1 z we %all expla9 lat] 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is division is n accord+ to opposite species2 b accord+ to ! div]sity ( =eign matt] to :i* ! notion ( sorr[ is appli$1 z /at$ above4 ,,"q #cf ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,sorr[ ,,or ,,pa9 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! causes ( sorr[3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r sorr[ is caus$ by ! loss ( a good or r by ! pres5ce ( an evil8 7#b7 ,:e!r desire is a cause ( sorr[8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! crav+ = unity is a cause ( sorr[8 7#d7 ,:e!r an irresi/ible p[] is a cause ( sorr[8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,sorr[ ,is ,caus$ by ! ,loss ( ,good or by ! ,pres5ce ( ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ is caus$ by ! loss ( a good r ?an by ! pres5ce ( an evil4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de viii ,,qq4 ,dulcit4 qu4 #a7 t sorr[ is caus$ by ! loss ( temporal goods4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 e sorr[ is caus$ by ! loss ( "s good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x 0 said above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d7 t ! sorr[ :i* is contr>y to a pleasure1 has ! same object z t pleasure4 ,b ! object ( pleasure is good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e sorr[ is caus$ *iefly by ! loss ( good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i71 love is ! cause ( sorr[1 z ( ! o!r emotions ( ! s\l4 ,b ! object ( love is good4 ,!re=e pa9 or sorr[ is felt = ! loss ( good r ?an = an evil t is pres5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 t ! dread$ evil gives rise to fe>1 ! pres5t evil is ! cause ( sorr[4 ,i answ] t1 ,if privations1 z consid]$ by ! m9d1 7 :at !y are 9 reality1 ?is "q w\ld seem to be ( no importance4 ,=1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #aj2 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #c71 evil is ! privation ( good3 & privation is 9 reality no?+ else ?an ! lack ( ! contr>y habit2 s t1 9 ?is respect1 to sorr[ = ! loss ( good1 w\ld be ! same z to sorr[ = ! pres5ce ( evil4 ,b sorr[ is a movem5t ( ! appetite 9 consequ5ce ( an appreh5sion3 & ev5 a privation1 z appreh5d$1 has ! aspect ( a be+1 :]e=e x is call$ a be+ ( reason4 ,& 9 ?is way evil1 be+ a privation1 is reg>d$ z a contr>y4 ,accord+ly1 s f> z ! movem5t ( ! appetite is conc]n$1 x makes a diff]5ce :i* ( ! two x reg>ds *iefly1 ! pres5t evil or ! good :i* is lo/4 ,aga91 s9ce ! movem5t ( ! animal appetite holds ! same place 9 ! actions ( ! s\l1 z natural movem5t 9 natural ?+s2 ! tru? ( ! matt] is to be f\nd by consid]+ natural movem5ts4 ,= if1 9 natural movem5ts1 we obs]ve ^? ( approa* & )drawal1 approa* is ( itself direct$ to some?+ suitable to nature2 :ile )drawal is ( itself direct$ to some?+ contr>y to nature2 ?us a heavy body1 ( itself1 )draws f a high] place1 & approa*es naturally to a l[] place4 ,b if we consid] ! cause ( bo? ^! movem5ts1 viz4 gravity1 !n gravity itself incl9es t[>ds ! l[] place m ?an x )draws f ! high] place1 s9ce )drawal f ! latt] is ! reason = its d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce1 9 ! movem5ts ( ! appetite1 sorr[ is a k9d ( flight or )drawal1 :ile pleasure is a k9d ( pursuit or approa*2 j z pleasure reg>ds fir/ ! good possess$1 z its prop] object1 s sorr[ reg>ds ! evil t is pres5t4 ,on ! o!r h& love1 :i* is ! cause ( pleasure & sorr[1 reg>ds good r ?an evil3 & !re=e1 =asmu* z ! object is ! cause ( a passion1 ! pres5t evil is m prop]ly ! cause ( sorr[ or pa91 ?an ! good :i* is lo/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! loss itself ( good is appreh5d$ z an evil1 j z ! loss ( evil is appreh5d$ z a good3 & 9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e says t pa9 results f ! loss ( temporal goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pleasure & its contr>y pa9 h ! same object1 b "u contr>y aspects3 because if ! pres5ce ( a p>ticul> ?+ be ! object ( pleasure1 ! abs5ce ( t same ?+ is ! object ( sorr[4 ,n[ "o contr>y includes ! privation ( ! o!r1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 #d3 & consequ5tly sorr[ 9 respect ( "o contr>y is1 9 a way1 direct$ to ! same ?+ "u a contr>y aspect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 _m movem5ts arise f "o cause1 x does n foll[ t !y all reg>d *iefly t :i* ! cause reg>ds *iefly1 b only ! fir/ ( !m4 ,& ea* ( ! o!rs reg>ds *iefly t :i* is suitable to x accord+ to its own nature4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,desire ,is a ,cause ( ,sorr[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t desire is n a cause ( pa9 or sorr[4 ,because sorr[ ( itself reg>ds evil1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a73 :]eas desire is a movem5t ( ! appetite t[>ds good4 ,n[ movem5t t[>ds "o contr>y is n a cause ( movem5t t[>ds ! o!r contr>y4 ,!re=e desire is n a cause ( pa94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pa91 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab71 is caus$ by some?+ pres5t2 :]eas ! object ( desire is some?+ future4 ,!re=e desire is n a cause ( pa94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is pleasant 9 itself is n a cause ( pa94 ,b desire is pleasant 9 itself1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #aa74 ,!re=e desire is n a cause ( pa9 or sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion xxiv73 ,:5 ignorance ( ?+s necess>y to be done1 & desire ( ?+s hurtful1 f\nd _! way 93 error & pa9 /ole an entrance 9 _! company4 ,b ignorance is ! cause ( error4 ,!re=e desire is a cause ( sorr[4 ,i answ] t1 ,sorr[ is a movem5t ( ! animal appetite4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! appetitive movem5t is lik5$ to ! natural appetite2 a lik5ess1 t may be assign$ to a tw(old cause2 "o1 on ! "p ( ! end1 ! o!r1 on ! "p ( ! pr9ciple ( movem5t4 ,?us1 on ! "p ( ! end1 ! cause ( a heavy body's d[nw>d movem5t is ! l[] place2 :ile ! pr9ciple ( t movem5t is a natural incl9ation result+ f gravity4 ,n[ ! cause ( ! appetitive movem5t1 on ! "p ( ! end1 is ! object ( t movem5t4 ,& ?us1 x has be5 said above 7,a4 #a7 t ! cause ( pa9 or sorr[ is a pres5t evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cause1 by way ( pr9ciple1 ( t movem5t1 is ! inw>d incl9ation ( ! appetite2 :i* incl9ation reg>ds1 fir/ ( all1 ! good1 & 9 consequ5ce1 ! rejection ( a contr>y evil4 ,h5ce ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?is appetitive movem5t is love1 :i* is ! fir/ incl9ation ( ! appetite t[>ds ! possession ( good3 :ile ! second pr9ciple is hatr$1 :i* is ! fir/ incl9ation ( ! appetite t[>ds ! avoidance ( evil4 ,b s9ce concupisc5ce or desire is ! fir/ effect ( love1 :i* gives rise to ! greate/ pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #f72 h5ce x is t ,augu/9e (t5 speaks ( desire or concupisc5ce 9 ! s5se ( love1 z 0 also /at$ 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b73 & 9 ?is s5se he says t desire is ! univ]sal cause ( sorr[4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 desire tak5 9 its prop] s5se1 is ! cause ( sorr[4 ,because :atev] h9d]s a movem5t f rea*+ its end is contr>y to t movem5t4 ,n[ t :i* is contr>y to ! movem5t ( ! appetite1 is a cause ( sorr[4 ,consequ5tly1 desire becomes a cause ( sorr[1 9 s f> z we sorr[ = ! delay ( a desir$ good1 or = its entire removal4 ,b x _c be a univ]sal cause ( sorr[3 s9ce we sorr[ m = ! loss ( pres5t good1 9 :i* we h already tak5 pleasure1 ?an = ! )drawal ( future good :i* we desire to h4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! incl9ation ( ! appetite to ! possession ( good causes ! incl9ation ( ! appetite to fly f evil1 z /at$ above4 ,& h5ce x is t ! appetitive movem5ts t reg>d good1 are reckon$ z caus+ ! appetitive movem5ts t reg>d evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* is desir$1 ?\gh really future1 is1 nev]!less1 9 a way1 pres5t1 inasmu* z x is hop$ =4 ,or we may say t al?\gh ! desir$ good itself is future1 yet ! h9drance is reckon$ z pres5t1 & s gives rise to sorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,desire gives pleasure1 s long z !re is hope ( obta9+ t :i* is desir$4 ,b1 :5 hope is remov$ ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( an ob/acle1 desire causes sorr[4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,crav+ = ,unity ,is a ,cause ( ,sorr[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! crav+ = unity is n a cause ( sorr[4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #c7 t ?is op9ion1 :i* held repletion to be ! cause ( pleasure1 & division 99,ari/otle wrote endeian1 'want'2 ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion1 read 'incisionem'2 %\ld he h read 'indig5tiam'81 ! cause ( sorr[1 seems to h orig9at$ 9 pa9s & pleasures connect$ ) food4 ,b n e pleasure or sorr[ is ( ?is k9d4 ,!re=e ! crav+ = unity is n ! univ]sal cause ( sorr[2 s9ce repletion p]ta9s to unity1 & division is ! cause ( multitude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e sep>ation is oppos$ to unity4 ,if !re=e sorr[ 7 caus$ by a crav+ = unity1 no sep>ation w\ld be pleasant3 & ?is is cle>ly untrue z reg>ds ! sep>ation ( :atev] is sup]flu\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 = ! same reason we desire ! conjunction ( good & ! removal ( evil4 ,b z conjunction reg>ds unity1 s9ce x is a k9d ( union2 s sep>ation is contr>y to unity4 ,!re=e ! crav+ = unity %\ld n be reckon$1 r ?an ! crav+ = sep>ation1 z caus+ sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #bc71 t f ! pa9 t dumb animals feel1 x is q evid5t h[ _! s\ls desire unity1 9 rul+ & quick5+ _! bodies4 ,= :at else is pa9 b a feel+ ( impati5ce ( division or corruption8 ,i answ] t1 ,=asmu* z ! desire or crav+ = good is reckon$ z a cause ( sorr[1 s mu/ a crav+ = unity1 & love1 be acc\nt$ z caus+ sorr[4 ,because ! good ( ea* ?+ consi/s 9 a c]ta9 unity1 inasmu* z ea* ?+ has1 unit$ 9 itself1 ! elem5ts ( :i* its p]fection consi/s3 :]e=e ! ,platoni/s held t "o is a pr9ciple1 j z good is4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ naturally desires unity1 j z x desires goodness3 & !re=e1 j z love or desire = good is a cause ( sorr[1 s also is ! love or crav+ = unity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e k9d ( union causes p]fect goodness1 b only t on :i* ! p]fect be+ ( a ?+ dep5ds4 ,h5ce nei!r does ! desire ( any k9d ( unity cause pa9 or sorr[1 z "s h ma9ta9$3 ^: op9ion is refut$ by ! ,philosoph] f ! fact t repletion is n always pleasant2 = in/ance1 :5 a man has eat5 to repletion1 he takes no fur!r pleasure 9 eat+2 because repletion or union ( ?is k9d1 is repugnant r ?an conducive to p]fect be+4 ,consequ5tly sorr[ is caus$ by ! crav+1 n = any k9d ( unity1 b = t unity 9 :i* ! p]fection ( nature consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sep>ation c be pleasant1 ei!r because x removes some?+ contr>y to a ?+'s p]fection1 or because x has "s union connect$ ) x1 su* z union ( ! s5se to its object4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sep>ation f ?+s hurtful & corruptive is desir$1 9 s f> z !y de/roy ! unity :i* is due4 ,:]e=e ! desire = su* l sep>ation is n ! fir/ cause ( sorr[1 :]eas ! crav+ = unity is4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,irresi/ible ,p[] ,is a ,cause ( ,sorr[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a great] p[] %\ld n be reckon$ a cause ( sorr[4 ,= t :i* is 9 ! p[] ( ! ag5t is n pres5t b future4 ,b sorr[ is = pres5t evil4 ,!re=e a great] p[] is n a cause ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hurt inflict$ is ! cause ( sorr[4 ,b hurt c be inflict$ ev5 by a less] p[]4 ,!re=e a great] p[] %\ld n be reckon$ z a cause ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! int]ior incl9ations ( ! s\l are ! causes ( ! movem5ts ( appetite4 ,b a great] p[] is some?+ ext]nal4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ z a cause ( sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 ,boni xx73 ,sorr[ 9 ! s\l is caus$ by ! w resi/+ a /rong] p[]3 :ile pa9 9 ! body is caus$ by s5se resi/+ a /rong] body4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 a pres5t evil1 is cause ( sorr[ or pa91 by way ( object4 ,!re=e t :i* is ! cause ( ! evil be+ pres5t1 %\ld be reckon$ z caus+ pa9 or sorr[4 ,n[ x is evid5t t x is contr>y to ! incl9ation ( ! appetite to be unit$ ) a pres5t evil3 & :atev] is contr>y to a ?+'s incl9ation does n happ5 to x save by ! action ( some?+ /rong]4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e reckons a great] p[] z be+ ! cause ( sorr[4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t if ! /rong] p[] goes s f> z to trans=m ! contr>y incl9ation into its own incl9ation !re w be no long] repugnance or viol5ce3 ?us if a /rong] ag5t1 by its action on a heavy body1 deprives x ( its d[nw>d t5d5cy1 its consequ5t upw>d t5d5cy is n viol5t b natural to x4 ,accord+ly if "s great] p[] prevail s f> z to take away f ! w or ! s5sitive appetite1 _! respective incl9ations1 pa9 or sorr[ w n result !refrom2 su* is ! result only :5 ! contr>y incl9ation ( ! appetite rema9s4 ,& h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 ,boni xx7 t sorr[ is caus$ by ! w resi/+ a /rong] p[]3 = 7 x n to resi/1 b to yield by cons5t+1 ! result w\ld be n sorr[ b pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a great] p[] causes sorr[1 z act+ n pot5tially b actually1 i4e4 by caus+ ! actual pres5ce ( ! corruptive evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ h9d]s a p[] :i* is n simply great]1 f be+ great] 9 "s respect3 & accord+ly x is able to inflict "s h>m4 ,b if x be n[ise /rong]1 x c d no h>m at all3 :]e=e x _c br+ ab\t t :i* causes sorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ext]nal ag5ts c be ! causes ( appetitive movem5ts1 9 s f> z !y cause ! pres5ce ( ! object3 & x is ?us t a great] p[] is reckon$ to be ! cause ( sorr[4 ,,"q #cg ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,pa9 ,,or ,,sorr[ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( pa9 or ( sorr[3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pa9 deprives "o ( ! p[] to le>n8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! effect ( sorr[ or pa9 is to burd5 ! s\l8 7#c7 ,:e!r sorr[ or pa9 weak5s all activity8 7#d7 ,:e!r sorr[ is m h>mful to ! body ?an all ! o!r passions ( ! s\l8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pa9 ,deprives ,"o ( ! ,p[] to ,le>n8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pa9 does n deprive "o ( ! p[] to le>n4 ,= x is writt5 7,isa4 #bf3i73 ,:5 ,?\ %alt d ,?y judgm5ts on ! e>?1 ! inhabitants ( ! _w %all le>n ju/ice3 & fur!r on 7v]se #af73 ,9 ! tribulation ( murmur+ ,?y in/ruction 0 ) !m4 ,b ! judgm5ts ( ,god & tribulation cause sorr[ 9 m5's he>ts4 ,!re=e pa9 or sorr[1 f> f de/roy+1 increases ! p[] ( le>n+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,isa4 #bh3i73 ,:om %all ,he tea* k8 ,& :om %all ,he make to und]/& ! he>+8 ,!m t are wean$ f ! milk1 t are drawn away f ! brea/s1 i4e4 f pleasures4 ,b pa9 & sorr[ are mo/ de/ructive ( pleasure2 s9ce sorr[ h9d]s all pleasure1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ad3 & 7,ecclus4 #aa3bi7 x is /at$ t ! affliction ( an h\r make? "o =get great delights4 ,!re=e pa91 in/ead ( tak+ away1 increases ! faculty ( le>n+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 inw>d sorr[ surpasses outw>d pa91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #g74 ,b man c le>n :ile sorr[ful4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c he le>n :ile 9 bodily pa94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 i1 #ab73 ,al?\gh dur+ ^? days ,i 0 torm5t$ ) a viol5t too?-a*e1 ,i 0 n able to turn ov] 9 my m9d o!r ?+s ?an ^? ,i _h already le>nt2 & z to le>n+ any?+1 ,i 0 q unequal to x1 because x requir$ undivid$ att5tion4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are root$ 9 ! "o ess5ce ( ! s\l1 x mu/ ne$s happ51 :5 ! int5tion ( ! s\l is /rongly drawn t[>ds ! action ( "o p[]1 t x is )drawn f ! action ( ano!r p[]3 because ! s\l1 be+ "o1 c only h "o int5tion4 ,! result is t if "o ?+ draws ^u itself ! entire int5tion ( ! s\l1 or a great portion !re(1 any?+ else requir+ consid]able att5tion is incompatible !re)4 ,n[ x is evid5t t s5sible pa9 above all draws ! s\l's att5tion to itself2 because x is natural = ea* ?+ to t5d :olly to repel :atev] is contr>y to x1 z may be obs]v$ ev5 9 natural ?+s4 ,x is likewise evid5t t 9 ord] to le>n any?+ new1 we require /udy & ef=t ) a /rong int5tion1 z is cle>ly /at$ 9 ,prov4 #b3d1 #e3 ,if ?\ %alt seek wisdom z money1 & %all dig = h] z = a treasure1 !n %alt ?\ und]/& le>n+ ,vulg3 '! fe> ( ! ,"l'4 ,consequ5tly if ! pa9 be acute1 man is prev5t$ at ! "t f le>n+ any?+3 inde$ x c be s acute1 t1 z long z x la/s1 a man is unable to give 8 att5tion ev5 to t :i* he knew already4 ,h[ev] a diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( love t a man has = le>n+ or = consid]+3 because ! great] 8 love1 ! m w he reta9 ! int5tion ( 8 m9d s z to prev5t x f turn+ entirely to ! pa94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,mod]ate sorr[1 t does n cause ! m9d to w&]1 c conduce to ! acquisition ( le>n+ especially 9 reg>d to ^? ?+s by :i* a man hopes to be fre$ f sorr[4 ,& ?us1 9 ! tribulation ( murmur+1 m5 are m apt to be taught by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bo? pleasure & pa91 9 s f> z !y draw ^u !mselves ! s\l's int5tion1 h9d] ! reason f ! act ( consid]ation1 :]e=e x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #aa t 9 ! mom5t ( sexual pleasure1 a man _c und]/& any?+4 ,nev]!less pa9 attracts ! s\l's int5tion m ?an pleasure does3 ?us we obs]ve 9 natural ?+s t ! action ( a natural body is m int5se 9 reg>d to its contr>y2 = in/ance1 hot wat] is m accessible to ! action ( cold1 & 9 consequ5ce freezes h>d]4 ,if !re=e pa9 or sorr[ be mod]ate1 x c conduce accid5tally to ! facility ( le>n+1 9 s f> z x takes away an excess ( pleasure4 ,b1 ( itself1 x is a h9drance2 & if x be int5se1 x prev5ts x altoge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ext]nal pa9 arises f hurt done to ! body1 s t x involves bodily transmutation m ?an inw>d sorr[ does3 & yet ! latt] is great] 9 reg>d to ! =mal elem5t ( pa91 :i* belongs to ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly bodily pa9 is a great] h9drance to contemplation :i* requires complete repose1 ?an inw>d sorr[ is4 ,nev]!less if inw>d sorr[ be v int5se1 x attracts ! int5tion1 s t man is unable to le>n any?+ = ! fir/ "t3 :]e=e on acc\nt ( sorr[ ,gregory int]rupt$ 8 comm5t>y on ,eze*iel 7,hom4 xxii 9 ,eze*iel74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,effect ( ,sorr[ or ,pa9 ,is to ,burd5 ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n an effect ( sorr[ to burd5 ! s\l4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #g3aa73 ,behold ?is self-same ?+1 t y 7 made sorr[ful accord+ to ,god1 h[ great c>efulness x worke? 9 y3 yea1 def5ce1 yea indignation1 etc4 ,n[ c>efulness & indignation imply t ! s\l is uplift$1 :i* is contr>y to be+ depress$4 ,!re=e depression is n an effect ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ is contr>y to pleasure4 ,b ! effect ( pleasure is expansion3 ! opposite ( :i* is n depression b contraction4 ,!re=e depression %\ld n be reckon$ z an effect ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ consumes ^? :o are inflict$ !re)1 z may be ga!r$ f ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #b3g73 ,le/ p]haps su* an "o be swall[$ up ) ov]mu* sorr[4 ,b t :i* is depress$ is n consum$2 nay1 x is weigh$ d[n by some?+ heavy1 :]eas t :i* is consum$ ent]s )9 ! consum]4 ,!re=e depression %\ld n be reckon$ an effect ( sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xix4 & ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ad7 speak ( depress+ sorr[4 ,i answ] t1 ,! effects ( ! s\l's passions are sometimes nam$ metaphorically1 f a lik5ess to s5sible bodies3 = ! reason t ! movem5ts ( ! animal appetite are l ! incl9ations ( ! natural appetite4 ,& 9 ?is way f]vor is ascrib$ to love1 expansion to pleasure1 & depression to sorr[4 ,= a man is said to be depress$1 ?r\gh be+ h9d]$ 9 8 own movem5t by "s weight4 ,n[ x is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #a7 t sorr[ is caus$ by a pres5t evil3 & ?is evil1 f ! v fact t x is repugnant to ! movem5t ( ! w1 depresses ! s\l1 inasmu* z x h9d]s x f enjoy+ t :i* x wi%es to enjoy4 ,& if ! evil :i* is ! cause ( sorr[ be n s /rong z to deprive "o ( ! hope ( avoid+ x1 al?\gh ! s\l be depress$ 9 s f> z1 = ! pres5t1 x fails to grasp t :i* x craves =2 yet x reta9s ! movem5t :]eby to repulse t evil4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /r5g? ( ! evil be su* z to exclude ! hope ( evasion1 !n ev5 ! int]ior movem5t ( ! afflict$ s\l is absolutely h9d]$1 s t x _c turn aside ei!r ?is way or t4 ,sometimes ev5 ! ext]nal movem5t ( ! body is p>alyz$1 s t a man becomes completely /upefi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t uplift+ ( ! s\l ensues f ! sorr[ :i* is accord+ to ,god1 because x br+s ) x ! hope ( ! =giv5ess ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z f> z ! movem5t ( ! appetite is conc]n$1 contraction & depression am\nt to ! same3 because ! s\l1 ?r\gh be+ depress$ s z to be unable to att5d freely to outw>d ?+s1 )draws to itself1 clos+ itself up z x 74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sorr[ is said to consume man1 :5 ! =ce ( ! afflict+ evil is su* z to %ut out all hope ( evasion3 & ?us also x bo? depresses & consumes at ! same "t4 ,= c]ta9 ?+s1 tak5 metaphorically1 imply "o ano!r1 :i* tak5 lit]ally1 appe> to exclude "o ano!r4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,sorr[ or ,pa9 ,weak5s ,all ,activity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ does n weak5 all activity4 ,because c>efulness is caus$ by sorr[1 z is cle> f ! passage ( ! ,apo/le quot$ above 7,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #a74 ,b c>efulness conduces to good "w3 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,tim4 #b3ae73 ,c>efully /udy to pres5t ?yself 4 4 4 a workman t ne$e? n to be a%am$4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n a h9drance to "w1 b helps "o to "w well4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ causes desire 9 _m cases1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #ad4 ,b desire causes int5sity ( action4 ,!re=e sorr[ does too4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z "s actions are prop] to ! joyful1 s are o!rs prop] to ! sorr[ful2 = in/ance1 to m\rn4 ,n[ a ?+ is improv$ by t :i* is suitable to x4 ,!re=e c]ta9 actions are n h9d]$ b improv$ by reason ( sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d7 t pleasure p]fects action1 :]eas on ! o!r h&1 sorr[ h9d]s x 7,e?ic4 x1 #e74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 sorr[ at times does n depress or consume ! s\l1 s z to %ut out all movem5t1 int]nal or ext]nal2 b c]ta9 movem5ts are sometimes caus$ by sorr[ itself4 ,accord+ly action /&s 9 a tw(old relation to sorr[4 ,fir/1 z be+ ! object ( sorr[3 & ?us sorr[ h9d]s any action3 = we nev] d t :i* we d ) sorr[1 s well z t :i* we d ) pleasure1 or )\t sorr[4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! w is ! cause ( human actions3 & consequ5tly :5 we d some?+ t gives pa91 ! action mu/ ( necessity be weak5$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,secondly1 action /&s 9 relation to sorr[1 z to its pr9ciple & cause3 & su* action mu/ ne$s be improv$ by sorr[3 ?us ! m "o sorr[s on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 ?+1 ! m "o /rives to %ake (f sorr[1 provid$ !re is a hope ( %ak+ x (f3 o!rwise no movem5t or action w\ld result f t sorr[4 ,f :at has be5 said ! replies to ! objections are evid5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,sorr[ ,is ,m ,h>mful to ! ,body ,?an ! ,o!r ,passions ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ is n mo/ h>mful to ! body4 ,= sorr[ has a spiritual exi/5ce 9 ! s\l4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* h only a spiritual exi/5ce d n cause a transmutation 9 ! body3 z is evid5t ) reg>d to ! images ( colors1 :i* images are 9 ! air & d n give color to bodies4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n h>mful to ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r if x be h>mful to ! body1 ?is c only be due to its hav+ a bodily transmutation 9 conjunction ) x4 ,b bodily transmutation takes place 9 all ! passions ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,!re=e sorr[ is n m h>mful to ! body ?an ! o!r passions ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #c7 t ang] & desire drive "s to madness3 :i* seems to be a v great h>m1 s9ce reason is ! mo/ excell5t ?+ 9 man4 ,moreov]1 despair seems to be m h>mful ?an sorr[2 = x is ! cause ( sorr[4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n m h>mful to ! body ?an ! o!r passions ( ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #ag3bb73 ,a joyful m9d make? age fl\ri%+3 a sorr[ful _s drie? up ! bones3 & 7,prov4 #be3bj73 ,z a mo? do? by a g>m5t1 & a worm by ! wood3 s ! sadness ( a man consume? ! he>t3 & 7,ecclus4 #ch3ai73 ,( sadness come? dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,( all ! s\l's passions1 sorr[ is mo/ h>mful to ! body4 ,! reason ( ?is is because sorr[ is repugnant to man's life 9 respect ( ! species ( its movem5t1 & n m]ely 9 respect ( its measure or quantity1 z is ! case ) ! o!r passions ( ! s\l4 ,= man's life consi/s 9 a c]ta9 movem5t1 :i* fl[s f ! he>t to ! o!r p>ts ( ! body3 & ?is movem5t is befitt+ to human nature accord+ to a c]ta9 fix$ measure4 ,consequ5tly if ?is movem5t goes beyond ! "r measure1 x w be repugnant to man's life 9 respect ( ! measure ( quantity2 b n 9 respect ( its specific "*3 :]eas if ?is movem5t be h9d]$ 9 its progress1 x w be repugnant to life 9 respect ( its species4 ,n[ x mu/ be not$ t1 9 all ! passions ( ! s\l1 ! bodily transmutation :i* is _! mat]ial elem5t1 is 9 con=mity ) & 9 proportion to ! appetitive movem5t1 :i* is ! =mal elem5t3 j z 9 ev]y?+ matt] is proportionate to =m4 ,consequ5tly ^? passions t imply a movem5t ( ! appetite 9 pursuit ( some?+1 are n repugnant to ! vital movem5t z reg>ds its species1 b !y may be repugnant !reto z reg>ds its measure3 su* are love1 joy1 desire & ! l2 :]e=e ^! passions conduce to ! well-be+ ( ! body2 ?\gh1 if !y be excessive1 !y may be h>mful to x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? passions :i* d5ote 9 ! appetite a movem5t ( flight or contraction1 are repugnant to ! vital movem5t1 n only z reg>ds its measure1 b also z reg>ds its species2 :]e=e !y are simply h>mful3 su* are fe> & despair1 & above all sorr[ :i* depresses ! s\l by reason ( a pres5t evil1 :i* makes a /rong] impression ?an future evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ! s\l naturally moves ! body1 ! spiritual movem5t ( ! s\l is naturally ! cause ( bodily transmutation4 ,nor is !re any p>allel ) spiritual images1 because !y are n naturally orda9$ to move su* o!r bodies z are n naturally mov$ by ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,o!r passions imply a bodily transmutation :i* is specifically 9 con=mity ) ! vital movem5t3 :]eas sorr[ implies a transmutation t is repugnant !reto1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a less] cause suffices to h9d] ! use ( reason1 ?an to de/roy life3 s9ce we obs]ve t _m ailm5ts deprive "o ( ! use ( reason1 be=e depriv+ "o ( life4 ,nev]!less fe> & ang] cause v great h>m to ! body1 by reason ( ! sorr[ :i* !y imply1 & :i* arises f ! abs5ce ( ! ?+ desir$4 ,moreov] sorr[ too sometimes deprives man ( ! use ( reason3 z may be se5 9 ^? :o ?r\gh sorr[ become a prey to melan*oly or madness4 ,,"q #ch ,,( ,,! ,,rem$ies ,,( ,,sorr[ ,,or ,,pa9 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! rem$ies ( pa9 or sorr[3 "u :i* head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pa9 or sorr[ is assuag$ by e pleasure8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is assuag$ by weep+8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is assuag$ by ! sympa?y ( fri5ds8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is assuag$ by contemplat+ ! tru?8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is assuag$ by sleep & ba?s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pa9 or ,sorr[ ,is ,assuag$ by ,e ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n e pleasure assuages e pa9 or sorr[4 ,= pleasure does n assuage sorr[1 save 9 s f> z x is contr>y to x3 = rem$ies "w by contr>ies 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,b n e pleasure is contr>y to e sorr[2 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e n e pleasure assuages e sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* causes sorr[ does n assuage x4 ,b "s pleasures cause sorr[2 s9ce1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ix1 #d1 ! wick$ man feels pa9 at hav+ be5 pleas$4 ,!re=e n e pleasure assuages sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv1 #g7 t he fl$ f 8 c\ntry1 :]e he _h be5 wont to associate ) 8 fri5d1 n[ dead3 = s %\ld 8 eyes look = him less1 :]e !y 7 n wont to see him4 ,h5ce we may ga!r t ^? ?+s :i* unit$ u to our dead or abs5t fri5ds1 become burd5some to u :5 we m\rn _! dea? or abs5ce4 ,b no?+ unit$ u m ?an ! pleasures we enjoy$ 9 common4 ,!re=e ^! v pleasures become burd5some to u :5 we m\rn4 ,!re=e n e pleasure assuages e sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ad7 t sorr[ is driv5 =? by pleasure1 bo? by a contr>y pleasure & by any o!r1 provid$ x be int5se4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d71 pleasure is a k9d ( repose ( ! appetite 9 a suitable good2 :ile sorr[ arises f some?+ unsuit$ to ! appetite4 ,consequ5tly 9 movem5ts ( ! appetite pleasure is to sorr[1 :at1 9 bodies1 repose is to we>9ess1 :i* is due to a non-natural transmutation2 = sorr[ itself implies a c]ta9 we>9ess or ail+ ( ! appetitive faculty4 ,!re=e j z all repose ( ! body br+s relief to any k9d ( we>9ess1 ensu+ f any non-natural cause2 s e pleasure br+s relief by assuag+ any k9d ( sorr[1 due to any cause :atev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh n e pleasure is specifically contr>y to e sorr[1 yet x is g5]ically1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d74 ,& consequ5tly1 on ! "p ( ! disposition ( ! subject1 any sorr[ c be assuag$ by any pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! pleasures ( wick$ m5 are n a cause ( sorr[ :ile !y are enjoy$1 b aft]w>ds3 t is to say1 9 s f> z wick$ m5 rep5t ( ^? ?+s 9 :i* !y took pleasure4 ,?is sorr[ is heal$ by contr>y pleasures4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 !re are two causes incl9+ to contr>y movem5ts1 ea* h9d]s ! o!r2 yet ! "o :i* is /rong] & m p]si/5t1 prevails 9 ! end4 ,n[ :5 a man is made sorr[ful by ^? ?+s 9 :i* he took pleasure 9 common ) a deceas$ or abs5t fri5d1 !re are two causes produc+ contr>y movem5ts4 ,= ! ?\ght ( ! fri5d's dea? or abs5ce1 incl9es him to sorr[3 :]eas ! pres5t good incl9es him to pleasure4 ,consequ5tly ea* is modifi$ by ! o!r4 ,& yet1 s9ce ! p]ception ( ! pres5t moves m /rongly ?an ! memory ( ! pa/1 & s9ce love ( self is m p]si/5t ?an love ( ano!r2 h5ce x is t1 9 ! end1 ! pleasure drives out ! sorr[4 ,:]e=e a little fur!r on 7,confess4 iv1 #h7 ,augu/9e says t 8 sorr[ gave way to 8 =m] pleasures4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,pa9 or ,sorr[ ,is ,assuag$ by ,te>s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t te>s d n assuage sorr[4 ,because no effect dim9i%es its cause4 ,b te>s or groans are an effect ( sorr[4 ,!re=e !y d n dim9i% sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z te>s or groans are an effect ( sorr[1 s laught] is an effect ( joy4 ,b laught] does n less5 joy4 ,!re=e te>s d n less5 sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5 we weep1 ! evil t sadd5s u is pres5t to ! imag9ation4 ,b ! image ( t :i* sadd5s u increases sorr[1 j z ! image ( a pleasant ?+ adds to joy4 ,!re=e x seems t te>s d n assuage sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv1 #g7 t :5 he m\rn$ ! dea? ( 8 fri5d1 9 groans & 9 te>s alone did he f9d "s little refre%m5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,te>s & groans naturally assuage sorr[3 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because a hurtful ?+ hurts yet m if we keep x %ut up1 because ! s\l is m int5t on x3 :]eas if x be all[$ to escape1 ! s\l's int5tion is disp]s$ z x 7 on outw>d ?+s1 s t ! inw>d sorr[ is less5$4 ,?is is :y m51 burd5$ ) sorr[1 make outw>d %[ ( _! sorr[1 by te>s or groans or ev5 by words1 _! sorr[ is assuag$4 ,secondly1 because an action1 t befits a man accord+ to 8 actual disposition1 is always pleasant to him4 ,n[ te>s & groans are actions befitt+ a man :o is 9 sorr[ or pa92 & consequ5tly !y become pleasant to him4 ,s9ce !n1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 e pleasure assuages sorr[ or pa9 some:at1 x foll[s t sorr[ is assuag$ by weep+ & groans4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is relation ( ! cause to effect is oppos$ to ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! cause ( sorr[ & ! sorr[+ man4 ,= e effect is suit$ to its cause1 & consequ5tly is pleasant to x2 b ! cause ( sorr[ is disagreeable to him t sorr[s4 ,h5ce ! effect ( sorr[ is n relat$ to him t sorr[s 9 ! same way z ! cause ( sorr[ is4 ,= ?is reason sorr[ is assuag$ by its effect1 on acc\nt ( ! a=esaid contr>iety4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! relation ( effect to cause is l ! relation ( ! object ( pleasure to him t takes pleasure 9 x3 because 9 ea* case ! "o agrees ) ! o!r4 ,n[ e l ?+ increases its l4 ,!re=e joy is increas$ by laught] & ! o!r effects ( joy3 except !y be excessive1 9 :i* case1 accid5tally1 !y less5 x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! image ( t :i* sadd5s u1 consid]$ 9 itself1 has a natural t5d5cy to increase sorr[3 yet f ! v fact t a man imag9es himself to be do+ t :i* is fitt+ accord+ to 8 actual /ate1 he feels a c]ta9 am\nt ( pleasure4 ,= ! same reason if laught] escapes a man :5 he is s dispos$ t he ?9ks he ought to weep1 he is sorry = x1 z hav+ done some?+ unbecom+ to him1 z ,cic]o says 7,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 iii1 #bg74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,pa9 or ,sorr[ ,are ,assuag$ by ! ,sympa?y ( ,fri5ds8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sorr[ ( sympa?iz+ fri5ds does n assuage our own sorr[4 ,= contr>ies h contr>y effects4 ,n[ z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #d71 :5 _m rejoice toge!r1 ea* "o has m exub]ant joy1 = !y are k9dl$ & inflam$ "o by ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 :5 _m are sorr[ful1 x seems t _! sorr[ is great]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fri5d%ip dem&s mutual love1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,confess4 iv1 #i74 ,b a sympa?iz+ fri5d is pa9$ at ! sorr[ ( 8 fri5d ) :om he sympa?izes4 ,consequ5tly ! pa9 ( a sympa?iz+ fri5d becomes1 to ! fri5d 9 sorr[1 a fur!r cause ( sorr[3 s t1 8 pa9 be+ d\bl$ 8 sorr[ seems to increase4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ arises f e evil affect+ a fri5d1 z ?\gh x affect$ oneself3 s9ce a fri5d is "o's o!r self 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d1 #i74 ,b sorr[ is an evil4 ,!re=e ! sorr[ ( ! sympa?iz+ fri5d increases ! sorr[ ( ! fri5d ) :om he sympa?izes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #aa7 t ^? :o are 9 pa9 are consol$ :5 _! fri5ds sympa?ize ) !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 "o is 9 pa91 x is natural t ! sympa?y ( a fri5d %\ld af=d consolation3 :]e( ! ,philosoph] indicates a tw(old reason 7,e?ic4 ix1 #aa74 ,! fir/ is because1 s9ce sorr[ has a depress+ effect1 x is l a weight :]e( we /rive to unburd5 ourselves3 s t :5 a man sees o!rs sadd5$ by 8 own sorr[1 x seems z ?\gh o!rs 7 be>+ ! burd5 ) him1 /riv+1 z x 71 to less5 its weight2 :]e=e ! load ( sorr[ becomes light] = him3 some?+ l :at occurs 9 ! c>ry+ ( bodily burd5s4 ,! second & bett] reason is because :5 a man's fri5ds condole ) him1 he sees t he is lov$ by !m1 & ?is af=ds him pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #e74 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce e pleasure assuages sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x foll[s t sorr[ is mitigat$ by a sympa?iz+ fri5d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ei!r case !re is a pro( ( fri5d%ip1 viz4 :5 a man rejoices ) ! joyful1 & :5 he sorr[s ) ! sorr[ful4 ,consequ5tly ea* becomes an object ( pleasure by reason ( its cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fri5d's sorr[ itself w\ld be a cause ( sorr[3 b consid]ation ( its cause1 viz4 8 love1 gives rise r to pleasure4 ,& ?is suffices = ! reply to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,pa9 & ,sorr[ ,are ,assuag$ by ! ,contemplation ( ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! contemplation ( tru? does n assuage sorr[4 ,= x is writt5 7,eccles4 #a3ah73 ,he t adde? k adde? also sorr[ ,vulg43 'labor'4 ,b k p]ta9s to ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,!re=e ! contemplation ( tru? does n assuage sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! contemplation ( tru? belongs to ! speculative intellect4 ,b ! speculative intellect is n a pr9ciple ( movem5t2 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #aa4 ,!re=e1 s9ce joy & sorr[ are movem5ts ( ! s\l1 x seems t ! contemplation ( tru? does n help to assuage sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! rem$y = an ailm5t %\ld be appli$ to ! "p :i* ails4 ,b contemplation ( tru? is 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e x does n assuage bodily pa91 :i* is 9 ! s5ses4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 i1 #ab73 ,x seem$ to me t if ! light ( t tru? 7 to dawn on our m9ds1 ei!r ,i %\ld n feel t pa91 or at lea/ t pa9 w\ld seem no?+ to me4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #e71 ! greate/ ( all pleasures consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,n[ e pleasure assuages pa9 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a73 h5ce ! contemplation ( tru? assuages pa9 or sorr[1 & ! m s1 ! m p]fectly "o is a lov] ( wisdom4 ,& !re=e 9 ! mid/ ( tribulations m5 rejoice 9 ! contemplation ( ,div9e ?+s & ( future ,happ9ess1 accord+ to ,james #a3b3 ,my bre?r51 c\nt x all joy1 :5 y %all fall into div]s temptations3 &1 :at is m1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( bodily tortures ?is joy is f\nd2 z ! m>tyr ,tiburtius1 :5 he 0 walk+ b>efoot on ! burn+ coals1 said3 ,me?9ks1 ,i walk on roses1 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 99,cf4 ,dom9ican ,brevi>y1 ,augu/ #aa?1 commemoration ( ,/4 ,tiburtius4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he t adde? k1 adde? sorr[1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! difficulty & disappo9tm5t 9 ! se>* = tru?2 or because k makes man acqua9t$ ) _m ?+s t are contr>y to 8 w4 ,accord+ly1 on ! "p ( ! ?+s kn[n1 k causes sorr[3 b on ! "p ( ! contemplation ( tru?1 x causes pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! speculative intellect does n move ! m9d on ! "p ( ! ?+ contemplat$3 b on ! "p ( contemplation itself1 :i* is man's good & naturally pleasant to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l !re is an ov]fl[ f ! high] to ! l[] p[]s3 & accord+ly1 ! pleasure ( contemplation1 :i* is 9 ! high] "p1 ov]fl[s s z to mitigate ev5 t pa9 :i* is 9 ! s5ses4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,pa9 & ,sorr[ ,are ,assuag$ by ,sleep & ,ba?s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sleep & ba?s d n assuage sorr[4 ,= sorr[ is 9 ! s\l3 :]eas sleep & ba?s reg>d ! body4 ,!re=e !y d n conduce to ! assuag+ ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! same effect does n seem to ensue f contr>y causes4 ,b ^!1 be+ bodily ?+s1 are incompatible ) ! contemplation ( tru? :i* is a cause ( ! assuag+ ( sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e sorr[ is n mitigat$ by ! l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ & pa91 9 s f> z !y affect ! body1 d5ote a c]ta9 transmutation ( ! he>t4 ,b su* rem$ies z ^! seem to p]ta9 to ! outw>d s5ses & limbs1 r ?an to ! int]ior disposition ( ! he>t4 ,!re=e !y d n assuage sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ix1 #ab73 ,i _h he>d t ! ba? _h its "n 99,balneum1 f ! ,greek balaneion 4 4 4 f ! fact ( its driv+ sadness f ! m9d4 ,& fur!r on1 he says3 ,i slept1 & woke up aga91 & f\nd my grief n a little assuag$3 & quotes ! words f ! hymn ( ,ambrose 99,cf4 ,s>um ,brevi>y3 ,fir/ ,sunday aft] ! octave ( ! ,epiphany1 ,hymn = fir/ ,vesp]s1 9 :i* x is said t ,sleep re/ores ! tir$ limbs to labor1 refre%es ! we>y m9d1 & bani%es sorr[4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #d71 sorr[1 by reason ( its specific nature1 is repugnant to ! vital movem5t ( ! body2 & consequ5tly :atev] re/ores ! bodily nature to its due /ate ( vital movem5t1 is oppos$ to sorr[ & assuages x4 ,moreov] su* rem$ies1 f ! v fact t !y br+ nature back to its normal /ate1 are causes ( pleasure2 = ?is is precisely 9 :at pleasure consi/s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e1 s9ce e pleasure assuages sorr[1 sorr[ is assuag$ by su* l bodily rem$ies4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! normal disposition ( ! body1 s f> z x is felt1 is itself a cause ( pleasure1 & consequ5tly assuages sorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #h71 "o pleasure h9d]s ano!r2 & yet e pleasure assuages sorr[4 ,consequ5tly x is n unreasonable t sorr[ %\ld be assuag$ by causes :i* h9d] "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e good disposition ( ! body reacts some:at on ! he>t1 :i* is ! beg9n+ & end ( bodily movem5ts1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,causa ,mot4 ,animal4 xi4 ,,"q #ci ,,( ,,! ,,goodness ,,& ,,malice ,,( ,,sorr[ ,,or ,,pa9 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! goodness & malice ( pa9 or sorr[3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r all sorr[ is evil8 7#b7 ,:e!r sorr[ c be a virtu\s good8 7#c7 ,:e!r x c be a useful good8 7#d7 ,:e!r bodily pa9 is ! greate/ evil8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,all ,sorr[ ,is ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all sorr[ is evil4 ,= ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xix4 says3 ,all sorr[ is evil1 f its v nature4 ,n[ :at is naturally evil1 is evil always & ev]y:]e4 ,!re=e1 all sorr[ is evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* all1 ev5 ! virtu\s1 avoid1 is evil4 ,b all avoid sorr[1 ev5 ! virtu\s1 s9ce z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #aa1 ?\gh ! prud5t man does n aim at pleasure1 yet he aims at avoid+ sorr[4 ,!re=e sorr[ is evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z bodily evil is ! object & cause ( bodily pa91 s spiritual evil is ! object & cause ( sorr[ 9 ! s\l4 ,b e bodily pa9 is a bodily evil4 ,!re=e e spiritual sorr[ is an evil ( ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,sorr[ = evil is contr>y to pleasure 9 evil4 ,b pleasure 9 evil is evil3 :]e=e 9 condemnation ( c]ta9 m51 x is writt5 7,prov4 #b3ad71 t !y 7 glad :5 !y _h done evil4 ,!re=e sorr[ = evil is good4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be good or evil 9 two ways3 fir/ consid]$ simply & 9 itself2 & ?us all sorr[ is an evil1 because ! m]e fact ( a man's appetite be+ uneasy ab\t a pres5t evil1 is itself an evil1 because x h9d]s ! response ( ! appetite 9 good4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to be good or evil1 on ! supposition ( some?+ else3 ?us %ame is said to be good1 on ! supposition ( a %ameful de$ done1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #i4 ,accord+ly1 suppos+ ! pres5ce ( some?+ sadd5+ or pa9ful1 x is a sign ( goodness if a man is 9 sorr[ or pa9 on acc\nt ( ?is pres5t evil4 ,= if he 7 n to be 9 sorr[ or pa91 ?is c\ld only be ei!r because he feels x n1 or because he does n reckon x z some?+ unbecom+1 bo? ( :i* are manife/ evils4 ,consequ5tly x is a condition ( goodness1 t1 suppos+ an evil to be pres5t1 sorr[ or pa9 %\ld ensue4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #ad73 ,x is also a good ?+ t he sorr[s = ! good he has lo/3 = _h n "s good rema9$ 9 8 nature1 he c\ld n be puni%$ by ! loss ( good4 ,because1 h[ev]1 9 ! sci5ce ( ,morals1 we consid] ?+s individually--= actions are conc]n$ ab\t individuals--t :i* is good on "s supposition1 %\ld be consid]$ z good3 j z t :i* is volunt>y on "s supposition1 is judg$ to be volunt>y1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a1 & likewise above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius is speak+ ( sorr[ on ! "p ( ! evil t causes x1 b n on ! "p ( ! subject t feels & rejects ! evil4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view1 all %un sorr[1 inasmu* z !y %un evil3 b !y d n %un ! p]ception & rejection ( evil4 ,! same also applies to bodily pa93 because ! p]ception & rejection ( bodily evil is ! pro( ( ! goodness ( nature4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,second & ,?ird ,objections4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,sorr[ ,c ,be a ,virtu\s ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ is n a virtu\s good4 ,= t :i* leads to hell is n a virtu\s good4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #cc71 ,jacob seems to h fe>$ le/ he %\ld be tr\bl$ ov]mu* by sorr[1 & s1 in/ead ( ent]+ into ! re/ ( ! bless$1 be consign$ to ! hell ( s9n]s4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n a virtu\s good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! virtu\s good is praisewor?y & m]itori\s4 ,b sorr[ less5s praise or m]it3 = ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #i3g73 ,ev]yone1 z he ha? det]m9$ 9 8 he>t1 n ) sadness1 or ( necessity4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n a virtu\s good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ae71 sorr[ is conc]n$ ab\t ^? ?+s :i* happ5 aga9/ our w4 ,b n to w ^? ?+s :i* are actually tak+ place1 is to h a w oppos$ to ! decree ( ,god1 to ,^: provid5ce :atev] is done is subject4 ,s9ce1 !n1 con=mity ( ! human to ! ,div9e w is a condition ( ! rectitude ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #i71 x seems t sorr[ is incompatible ) rectitude ( ! w1 & t consequ5tly x is n virtu\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] m]its ! rew>d ( et]nal life is virtu\s4 ,b su* is sorr[2 z is evid5t f ,matt4 #e3e3 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$4 ,!re=e sorr[ is a virtu\s good4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 s f> z sorr[ is good1 x c be a virtu\s good4 ,= x has be5 said above 7,a4 #a7 t sorr[ is a good inasmu* z x d5otes p]ception & rejection ( evil4 ,^! two ?+s1 z reg>ds bodily pa91 are a pro( ( ! goodness ( nature1 to :i* x is due t ! s5ses p]ceive1 & t nature %uns1 ! h>mful ?+ t causes pa94 ,z reg>ds int]ior sorr[1 p]ception ( ! evil is sometimes due to a "r judgm5t ( reason2 :ile ! rejection ( ! evil is ! act ( ! w1 well dispos$ & dete/+ t evil4 ,n[ e virtu\s good results f ^! two ?+s1 ! rectitude ( ! reason & ! w4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t sorr[ may be a virtu\s good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! passions ( ! s\l %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to ! rule ( reason1 :i* is ! root ( ! virtu\s good2 b excessive sorr[1 ( :i* ,augu/9e is speak+1 ov]/eps ?is rule1 & !re=e x fails to be a virtu\s good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z sorr[ = an evil arises f a "r w & reason1 :i* dete/ ! evil1 s sorr[ = a good is due to a p]v]se reason & w1 :i* dete/ ! good4 ,consequ5tly su* sorr[ is an ob/acle to ! praise & m]it ( ! virtu\s good2 = in/ance1 :5 a man gives an alms sorr[fully4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s ?+s d actually happ51 n because ,god wills1 b because ,he p]mits !m to happ5--su* z s9s4 ,consequ5tly a w t is oppos$ to s91 :e!r 9 oneself or 9 ano!r1 is n discordant f ! ,div9e w4 ,p5al evils happ5 actually1 ev5 by ,god's w4 ,b x is n necess>y = ! rectitude ( 8 w1 t man %\ld w !m 9 !mselves3 b only t he %\ld n revolt aga9/ ! ord] ( ,div9e ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #aj74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,sorr[ ,c ,be a ,useful ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ _c be a useful good4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cj3be73 ,sadness ha? kill$ _m1 & !re is no pr(it 9 x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *oice is ( t :i* is useful to an end4 ,b sorr[ is n an object ( *oice2 9 fact1 a ?+ )\t sorr[ is to be *os5 r ?an ! same ?+ ) sorr[ 7,topic4 iii1 #b74 ,!re=e sorr[ is n a useful good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,ev]y?+ is = ! sake ( its own op]ation1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,coelo ii1 #c4 ,b sorr[ h9d]s op]ation1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #e4 ,!re=e sorr[ is n a useful good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! wise man seeks only t :i* is useful4 ,b accord+ to ,eccles4 #g3e1 ! he>t ( ! wise is :]e !re is m\rn+1 & ! he>t ( fools :]e !re is mir?4 ,!re=e sorr[ is useful4 ,i answ] t1 ,a tw(old movem5t ( ! appetite ensues f a pres5t evil4 ,"o is t :]eby ! appetite is oppos$ to ! pres5t evil2 &1 9 ?is respect1 sorr[ is ( no use2 because t :i* is pres5t1 _c be n pres5t4 ,! o!r movem5t arises 9 ! appetite to ! effect ( avoid+ or expell+ ! sadd5+ evil3 &1 9 ?is respect1 sorr[ is ( use1 if x be = some?+ :i* ought to be avoid$4 ,because !re are two reasons = :i* x may be "r to avoid a ?+4 ,fir/1 because x %\ld be avoid$ 9 itself1 on acc\nt ( its be+ contr>y to good2 = in/ance1 s94 ,:]e=e sorr[ = s9 is useful z induc+ a man to avoid s93 h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #g3i73 ,i am glad3 n because y 7 made sorr[ful1 b because y 7 made sorr[ful unto p5ance4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is to be avoid$1 n z ?\gh x 7 evil 9 itself1 b because x is an occasion ( evil2 ei!r ?r\gh "o's be+ atta*$ to x1 & lov+ x too mu*1 or ?r\gh "o's be+ ?r[n headlong !reby into an evil1 z is evid5t 9 ! case ( temporal goods4 ,&1 9 ?is respect1 sorr[ = temporal goods may be useful2 accord+ to ,eccles4 #g3c3 ,x is bett] to g to ! h\se ( m\rn+1 ?an to ! h\se ( fea/+3 = 9 t we are put 9 m9d ( ! end ( all4 ,moreov]1 sorr[ = t :i* ought to be avoid$ is always useful1 s9ce x adds ano!r motive = avoid+ x4 ,because ! v evil is 9 itself a ?+ to be avoid$3 :ile ev]yone avoids sorr[ = its own sake1 j z ev]yone seeks ! good1 & pleasure 9 ! good4 ,!re=e j z pleasure 9 ! good makes "o seek ! good m e>ne/ly1 s sorr[ = evil makes "o avoid evil m eag]ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is passage is to be tak5 z ref]r+ to excessive sorr[1 :i* consumes ! s\l3 = su* sorr[ p>alyzes ! s\l1 & h9d]s x f %unn+ evil1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z any object ( *oice becomes less eligible by reason ( sorr[1 s t :i* ought to be %unn$ is /ill m to be %unn$ by reason ( sorr[3 &1 9 ?is respect1 sorr[ is useful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sorr[ caus$ by an action h9d]s t action3 b sorr[ = ! cessation ( an action1 makes "o d x m e>ne/ly4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,bodily ,pa9 ,is ! ,greate/ ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pa9 is ! greate/ evil4 ,because ! wor/ is contr>y to ! be/ 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,b a c]ta9 pleasure is ! greate/ good1 viz4 ! pleasure ( bliss4 ,!re=e a c]ta9 pa9 is ! greate/ evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is man's greate/ good1 because x is 8 la/ end4 ,b man's ,happ9ess consi/s 9 8 hav+ :atev] he w1 & 9 will+ naught amiss1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d1 ,obj4 #e2 ,q4 #e1 ,a4 #h1 ,obj4 #c74 ,!re=e man's greate/ good consi/s 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 w4 ,n[ pa9 consi/s 9 some?+ happ5+ contr>y to ! w1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #f1 #ae74 ,!re=e pa9 is man's greate/ evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e argues ?us 7,soliloq4 i1 #ab73 ,we are compos$ ( two p>ts1 i4e4 ( a s\l & a body1 :]e( ! body is ! inf]ior4 ,n[ ! sov]eign good is ! greate/ good ( ! bett] "p3 :ile ! supreme evil is ! greate/ evil ( ! inf]ior "p4 ,b wisdom is ! greate/ good ( ! s\l2 :ile ! wor/ ?+ 9 ! body is pa94 ,!re=e man's greate/ good is to be wise3 :ile 8 greate/ evil is to suff] pa94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,guilt is a great] evil ?an puni%m5t1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #f74 ,b sorr[ or pa9 belongs to ! puni%m5t ( s91 j z ! enjoym5t ( *angeable ?+s is an evil ( guilt4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xii73 ,:at is pa9 ( ! s\l1 except = ! s\l to be depriv$ ( t :i* x 0 wont to enjoy1 or _h hop$ to enjoy8 ,& ?is is all t is call$ evil1 i4e4 s91 & ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,!re=e sorr[ or pa9 is n man's greate/ evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = any sorr[ or pa9 to be man's greate/ evil4 ,= all sorr[ or pa9 is ei!r = some?+ t is truly evil1 or = some?+ t is app>5tly evil1 b good 9 reality4 ,n[ pa9 or sorr[ = t :i* is truly evil _c be ! greate/ evil3 = !re is some?+ worse1 namely1 ei!r n to reckon z evil t :i* is really evil1 or n to reject x4 ,aga91 sorr[ or pa91 = t :i* is app>5tly evil1 b really good1 _c be ! greate/ evil1 = x w\ld be worse to be altoge!r sep>at$ f t :i* is truly good4 ,h5ce x is impossible = any sorr[ or pa9 to be man's greate/ evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pleasure & sorr[ h two good po9ts 9 common3 namely1 a true judgm5t conc]n+ good & evil2 & ! "r ord] ( ! w 9 approv+ ( good & reject+ evil4 ,?us x is cle> t 9 pa9 or sorr[ !re is a good1 by ! removal ( :i* !y become worse3 & yet !re is n an evil 9 e pleasure1 by ! removal ( :i* ! pleasure is bett]4 ,consequ5tly1 a pleasure c be man's highe/ good1 9 ! way above /at$ 7,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #c73 :]eas sorr[ _c be man's greate/ evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! v fact ( ! w be+ oppos$ to evil is a good4 ,& = ?is reason1 sorr[ or pa9 _c be ! greate/ evil2 because x has an admixture ( good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* h>ms ! bett] ?+ is worse ?an t :i* h>ms ! worse4 ,n[ a ?+ is call$ evil because x h>ms1 z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion xii74 ,!re=e t :i* is an evil to ! s\l is a great] evil ?an t :i* is an evil to ! body4 ,!re=e ?is argum5t does n prove3 nor does ,augu/9e give x z 8 own1 b z tak5 f ano!r 99,cornelius ,celsus4 ,,"q #dj ,,( ,,! ,,irascible ,,passions1 ,,& ,,fir/1 ,,( ,,hope ,,& ,,despair 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! irascible passions3 7#a7 ,hope & despair2 7#b7 ,fe> & d>+2 7#c7 ,ang]4 ,"u fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r hope is ! same z desire or cupidity8 7#b7 ,:e!r hope is 9 ! appreh5sive1 or 9 ! appetitive faculty8 7#c7 ,:e!r hope is 9 dumb animals8 7#d7 ,:e!r despair is contr>y to hope8 7#e7 ,:e!r exp]i5ce is a cause ( hope8 7#f7 ,:e!r hope ab\nds 9 "y m5 & drunk>ds8 7#g7 ,conc]n+ ! ord] ( hope to love2 7#h7 ,:e!r love conduces to action8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,hope ,is ! ,same ,z ,desire or ,cupidity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is ! same z desire or cupidity4 ,because hope is reckon$ z "o ( ! f\r pr9cipal passions4 ,b ,augu/9e 9 sett+ d[n ! f\r pr9cipal passions puts cupidity 9 ! place ( hope 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #c1 #g74 ,!re=e hope is ! same z cupidity or desire4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 passions diff] accord+ to _! objects4 ,b ! object ( hope is ! same z ! object ( cupidity or desire1 viz4 ! future good4 ,!re=e hope is ! same z cupidity or desire4 ,obj4 #c3 ,if x be said t hope1 9 addition to desire1 d5otes ! possibility ( obta9+ ! future good2 on ! contr>y1 :atev] is accid5tal to ! object does n make a diff]5t species ( passion4 ,b possibility ( acquisition is accid5tal to a future good1 :i* is ! object ( cupidity or desire1 & ( hope4 ,!re=e hope does n diff] specifically f desire or cupidity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to diff]5t p[]s belong diff]5t species ( passions4 ,b hope is 9 ! irascible p[]2 :]eas desire or cupidity is 9 ! concupiscible4 ,!re=e hope diff]s specifically f desire or cupidity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! species ( a passion is tak5 f ! object4 ,n[1 9 ! object ( hope1 we may note f\r conditions4 ,fir/1 t x is some?+ good2 s9ce1 prop]ly speak+1 hope reg>ds only ! good2 9 ?is respect1 hope diff]s f fe>1 :i* reg>ds evil4 ,secondly1 t x is future2 = hope does n reg>d t :i* is pres5t & already possess$3 9 ?is respect1 hope diff]s f joy :i* reg>ds a pres5t good4 ,?irdly1 t x mu/ be some?+ ardu\s & difficult to obta91 = we d n speak ( any "o hop+ = trifles1 :i* are 9 "o's p[] to h at any "t3 9 ?is respect1 hope diff]s f desire or cupidity1 :i* reg>ds ! future good absolutely3 :]e=e x belongs to ! concupiscible1 :ile hope belongs to ! irascible faculty4 ,f\r?ly1 t ?is difficult ?+ is some?+ possible to obta93 = "o does n hope = t :i* "o _c get at all3 &1 9 ?is respect1 hope diff]s f despair4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t hope diff]s f desire1 z ! irascible passions diff] f ! concupiscible4 ,= ?is reason1 moreov]1 hope presupposes desire3 j z all irascible passions presuppose ! passions ( ! concupiscible faculty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e m5tions desire in/ead ( hope1 because ea* reg>ds future good2 & because ! good :i* is n ardu\s is reckon$ z no?+3 ?us imply+ t desire seems to t5d *iefly to ! ardu\s good1 to :i* hope t5ds likewise4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! object ( hope is ! future good consid]$1 n absolutely1 b z ardu\s & difficult ( atta9m5t1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( hope adds n only possibility to ! object ( desire1 b also difficulty3 & ?is makes hope belong to ano!r p[]1 viz4 ! irascible1 :i* reg>ds some?+ difficult1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b74 ,moreov]1 possibility & impossibility are n altoge!r accid5tal to ! object ( ! appetitive p[]3 because ! appetite is a pr9ciple ( movem5t2 & no?+ is mov$ to any?+ except "u ! aspect ( be+ possible2 = no "o is mov$ to t :i* he reckons impossible to get4 ,consequ5tly hope diff]s f despair accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( possible & impossible4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,hope ,is 9 ! ,appreh5sive or 9 ! ,appetitive ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope belongs to ! cognitive p[]4 ,because hope1 seem+ly1 is a k9d ( await+2 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3be73 ,if we hope = t :i* we see n2 we wait = x ) pati5ce4 ,b await+ seems to belong to ! cognitive p[]1 :i* we ex]cise by look+ out4 ,!re=e hope belongs to ! cognitive p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 app>5tly hope is ! same z confid5ce2 h5ce :5 a man hopes he is said to be confid5t1 z ?\gh to hope & to be confid5t 7 ! same ?+4 ,b confid5ce1 l fai?1 seems to belong to ! cognitive p[]4 ,!re=e hope does too4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 c]ta9ty is a prop]ty ( ! cognitive p[]4 ,b c]ta9ty is ascrib$ to hope4 ,!re=e hope belongs to ! cognitive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hope reg>ds good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ good1 z su*1 is n ! object ( ! cognitive1 b ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,!re=e hope belongs1 n to ! cognitive1 b to ! appetitive p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce hope d5otes a c]ta9 /ret*+ out ( ! appetite t[>ds good1 x evid5tly belongs to ! appetitive p[]2 s9ce movem5t t[>ds ?+s belongs prop]ly to ! appetite3 :]eas ! action ( ! cognitive p[] is accompli%$ n by ! movem5t ( ! kn[] t[>ds ?+s1 b r accord+ z ! ?+s kn[n are 9 ! kn[]4 ,b s9ce ! cognitive p[] moves ! appetite1 by pres5t+ its object to x2 !re arise 9 ! appetite v>i\s movem5ts accord+ to v>i\s aspects ( ! appreh5d$ object4 ,= ! appreh5sion ( good gives rise to "o k9d ( movem5t 9 ! appetite1 :ile ! appreh5sion ( evil gives rise to ano!r3 9 l mann] v>i\s movem5ts arise f ! appreh5sion ( some?+ pres5t & ( some?+ future2 ( some?+ consid]$ absolutely1 & ( some?+ consid]$ z ardu\s2 ( some?+ possible1 & ( some?+ impossible4 ,& accord+ly hope is a movem5t ( ! appetitive p[] ensu+ f ! appreh5sion ( a future good1 difficult b possible to obta92 namely1 a /ret*+ =? ( ! appetite to su* a good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce hope reg>ds a possible good1 !re arises 9 man a tw(old movem5t ( hope2 = a ?+ may be possible to him 9 two ways1 viz4 by 8 own p[]1 or by ano!r's4 ,accord+ly :5 a man hopes to obta9 some?+ by 8 own p[]1 he is n said to wait = x1 b simply to hope = x4 ,b1 prop]ly speak+1 he is said to await t :i* he hopes to get by ano!r's help1 z ?\gh to await 7exspect>e7 impli$ keep+ "o's eyes on ano!r 7ex alio spect>e71 9 s f> z ! appreh5sive p[]1 by go+ ahead1 n only keeps its eye on ! good :i* man int5ds to get1 b also on ! ?+ by ^: p[] he hopes to get x2 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ea3aj1 ,i look$ = ! succor ( m54 ,:]e=e ! movem5t ( hope is sometimes call$ expectation1 on acc\nt ( ! prec$+ inspection ( ! cognitive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a man desires a ?+ & reckons t he c get x1 he believes t he c get x1 he believes t he w get x2 & f ?is belief :i* prec$es 9 ! cognitive p[]1 ! ensu+ movem5t 9 ! appetite is call$ confid5ce4 ,because ! movem5t ( ! appetite takes its "n f ! k t prec$es x1 z an effect f a cause :i* is bett] kn[n2 = ! appreh5sive p[] kn[s its own act bett] ?an t ( ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c]ta9ty is ascrib$ to ! movem5t1 n only ( ! s5sitive1 b also ( ! natural appetite2 ?us we say t a /one is c]ta9 to t5d d[nw>ds4 ,?is is ow+ to ! in]rancy :i* ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive or ev5 natural appetite d]ives f ! c]ta9ty ( ! k t prec$es x4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,hope ,is 9 ,dumb ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no hope 9 dumb animals4 ,because hope is = "s future good1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab74 ,b k ( ! future is n 9 ! compet5cy ( dumb animals1 ^: k is conf9$ to ! s5ses & does n ext5d to ! future4 ,!re=e !re is no hope 9 dumb animals4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( hope is a future good1 possible ( atta9m5t4 ,b possible & impossible are diff]5ces ( ! true & ! false1 :i* are only 9 ! m9d1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,metaph4 vi1 #d74 ,!re=e !re is no hope 9 dumb animals1 s9ce !y h no m9d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ix1 #ad7 t animals are mov$ by ! ?+s t !y see4 ,b hope is ( ?+s unse53 = :at a man see?1 :y do? he hope =8 7,rom4 #h3bd74 ,!re=e !re is no hope 9 dumb animals4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hope is an irascible passion4 ,b ! irascible faculty is 9 dumb animals4 ,!re=e hope is also4 ,i answ] t1 ,! int]nal passions ( animals c be ga!r$ f _! outw>d movem5ts3 f :i* x is cle> t hope is 9 dumb animals4 ,= if a dog see a h>e1 or a hawk see a bird1 too f> (f1 x makes no movem5t t[>ds x1 z hav+ no hope to cat* x3 :]eas1 if x be ne>1 x makes a movem5t t[>ds x1 z be+ 9 hopes ( cat*+ x4 ,because z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #a71 ! s5sitive appetite ( dumb animals1 & likewise ! natural appetite ( ins5sible ?+s1 result f ! appreh5sion ( an intellect1 j z ! appetite ( ! intellectual nature1 :i* is call$ ! w4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce1 9 t ! w is mov$ by an appreh5sion ( ! intellect 9 ! same subject2 :]eas ! movem5t ( ! natural appetite results f ! appreh5sion ( ! sep>ate ,intellect1 ,:o is ! ,au?or ( nature2 z does also ! s5sitive appetite ( dumb animals1 :o act f a c]ta9 natural in/9ct4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! actions ( irrational animals & ( o!r natural ?+s1 we obs]ve a proc$ure :i* is simil> to t :i* we obs]ve 9 ! actions ( art3 & 9 ?is way hope & despair are 9 dumb animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh dumb animals d n "k ! future1 yet an animal is mov$ by its natural in/9ct to some?+ future1 z ?\gh x =esaw ! future4 ,because ?is in/9ct is plant$ 9 !m by ! ,div9e ,intellect t =esees ! future4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! object ( hope is n ! possible z diff]5tiat+ ! true1 = ?us ! possible ensues f ! relation ( a pr$icate to a subject4 ,! object ( hope is ! possible z comp>$ to a p[]4 ,= su* is ! division ( ! possible giv5 9 ,metaph4 v1 #ab1 i4e4 into ! two k9ds we h j m5tion$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! ?+ :i* is future does n come "u ! object ( sight2 nev]!less ?r\gh see+ some?+ pres5t1 an animal's appetite is mov$ to seek or avoid some?+ future4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,despair ,is ,contr>y to ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t despair is n contr>y to hope4 ,because to "o ?+ !re is "o contr>y 7,metaph4 x1 #e74 ,b fe> is contr>y to hope4 ,!re=e despair is n contr>y to hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 contr>ies seem to be> on ! same ?+4 ,b hope & despair d n be> on ! same ?+3 s9ce hope reg>ds ! good1 :]eas despair arises f "s evil t is 9 ! way ( obta9+ good4 ,!re=e hope is n contr>y to despair4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 movem5t is contr>y to movem5t3 :ile repose is 9 opposition to movem5t z a privation !re(4 ,b despair seems to imply immobility r ?an movem5t4 ,!re=e x is n contr>y to hope1 :i* implies movem5t ( /ret*+ out t[>ds ! hop$-= good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! v "n ( despair 7desp]atio7 implies t x is contr>y to hope 7spes74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b71 !re is a tw(old contr>iety ( movem5ts4 ,"o is 9 respect ( approa* to contr>y t]ms3 & ?is contr>iety alone is to be f\nd 9 ! concupiscible passions1 = in/ance betwe5 love & hatr$4 ,! o!r is accord+ to approa* & )drawal ) reg>d to ! same t]m2 & is to be f\nd 9 ! irascible passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! object ( hope1 :i* is ! ardu\s good1 has ! "* ( a pr9ciple ( attraction1 if x be consid]$ 9 ! light ( some?+ atta9able2 & ?us hope t5ds !reto1 = x d5otes a k9d ( approa*4 ,b 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z unobta9able1 x has ! "* ( a pr9ciple ( repulsion1 because1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c1 :5 m5 come to an impossibility !y disp]se4 ,& ?is is h[ despair /&s 9 reg>d to ?is object1 :]e=e x implies a movem5t ( )drawal3 & consequ5tly x is contr>y to hope1 z )drawal is to approa*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fe> is contr>y to hope1 because _! objects1 i4e4 good & evil1 are contr>y3 = ?is contr>iety is f\nd 9 ! irascible passions1 accord+ z !y ensue f ! passions ( ! concupiscible4 ,b despair is contr>y to hope1 only by contr>iety ( approa* & )drawal4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,despair does n reg>d evil z su*2 sometimes h[ev] x reg>ds evil accid5tally1 z mak+ ! difficult good impossible to obta94 ,b x c arise f ! m]e excess ( good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,despair implies n only privation ( hope1 b also a recoil f ! ?+ desir$1 by reason ( its be+ e/eem$ impossible to get4 ,h5ce despair1 l hope1 presupposes desire2 because we nei!r hope = nor despair ( t :i* we d n desire to h4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 ea* ( !m reg>ds ! good1 :i* is ! object ( desire4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,exp]i5ce ,is a ,cause ( ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t exp]i5ce is n a cause ( hope4 ,because exp]i5ce belongs to ! cognitive p[]2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a7 t intellectual virtue ne$s exp]i5ce & "t4 ,b hope is n 9 ! cognitive p[]1 b 9 ! appetite1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e exp]i5ce is n a cause ( hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #ac7 t ! old are sl[ to hope1 on acc\nt ( _! exp]i5ce2 :5ce x seems to foll[ t exp]i5ce causes want ( hope4 ,b ! same cause is n productive ( opposites4 ,!re=e exp]i5ce is n a cause ( hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,coel4 ii1 #e7 t to h some?+ to say ab\t ev]y?+1 )\t leav+ any?+ out1 is sometimes a pro( ( folly4 ,b to attempt ev]y?+ seems to po9t to great hopes2 :ile folly arises f inexp]i5ce4 ,!re=e inexp]i5ce1 r ?an exp]i5ce1 seems to be a cause ( hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 "s are hopeful1 ?r\gh hav+ be5 victori\s (t5 & ov] _m oppon5ts3 :i* seems to p]ta9 to exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e exp]i5ce is a cause ( hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! object ( hope is a future good1 difficult b possible to obta94 ,consequ5tly a ?+ may be a cause ( hope1 ei!r because x makes some?+ possible to a man3 or because x makes him ?9k some?+ possible4 ,9 ! fir/ way hope is caus$ by ev]y?+ t increases a man's p[]2 e4g4 ri*es1 /r5g?1 &1 among o!rs1 exp]i5ce3 s9ce by exp]i5ce man acquires ! faculty ( do+ some?+ easily1 & ! result ( ?is is hope4 ,:]e=e ,vegetius says 7,de ,re ,milit4 i73 ,no "o fe>s to d t :i* he is sure ( hav+ le>n$ well4 ,9 ! second way1 hope is caus$ by ev]y?+ t makes man ?9k t he c obta9 some?+3 & ?us bo? tea*+ & p]suasion may be a cause ( hope4 ,& !n aga9 exp]i5ce is a cause ( hope1 9 s f> z x makes him reckon some?+ possible1 :i* be=e 8 exp]i5ce he look$ ^u z impossible4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is way1 exp]i5ce c cause a lack ( hope3 because j z x makes a man ?9k possible :at he _h previ\sly ?\ght impossible2 s1 conv]sely1 exp]i5ce makes a man consid] z impossible t :i* hi!rto he _h ?\ght possible4 ,accord+ly exp]i5ce causes hope 9 two ways1 despair 9 "o way3 & = ?is reason we may say r t x causes hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,exp]i5ce 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to action n only produces k2 x also causes a c]ta9 habit1 by reason ( cu/om1 :i* r5d]s ! action easi]4 ,moreov]1 ! intellectual virtue itself adds to ! p[] ( act+ ) ease3 because x %[s some?+ to be possible2 & ?us is a cause ( hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! old are want+ 9 hope because ( _! exp]i5ce1 9 s f> z exp]i5ce makes !m ?9k some?+ impossible4 ,h5ce he adds 7,rhet4 ii1 #ac7 t _m evils h befall5 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,folly & inexp]i5ce c be a cause ( hope accid5tally z x 71 by remov+ ! k :i* w\ld help "o to judge truly a ?+ to be impossible4 ,:]e=e inexp]i5ce is a cause ( hope1 = ! same reason z exp]i5ce causes lack ( hope4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,hope ,ab\nds 9 ,"y ,m5 & ,drunk>ds8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t y\? & drunk5ness are n causes ( hope4 ,because hope implies c]ta9ty & /ead9ess2 s mu* s t x is comp>$ to an an*or 7,heb4 #f3ai74 ,b "y m5 & drunk>ds are want+ 9 /ead9ess2 s9ce _! m9ds are easily *ang$4 ,!re=e y\? & drunk5ness are n causes ( hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 ! cause ( hope is *iefly :atev] increases "o's p[]4 ,b y\? & drunk5ness are unit$ to weakness4 ,!re=e !y are n causes ( hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 exp]i5ce is a cause ( hope1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,b y\? lacks exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e x is n a cause ( hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t drunk5 m5 are hopeful3 & 7,rhet4 ii1 #ab7 t ! "y are full ( hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,y\? is a cause ( hope = ?ree reasons1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 9 ,rhet4 ii1 #ab3 & ^! ?ree reasons may be ga!r$ f ! ?ree conditions ( ! good :i* is ! object ( hope--namely1 t x is future1 ardu\s & possible1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,= y\? has mu* ( ! future be=e x1 & little ( ! pa/3 & !re=e s9ce memory is ( ! pa/1 & hope ( ! future1 x has little to rememb] & lives v mu* 9 hope4 ,aga91 y\?s1 on acc\nt ( ! heat ( _! nature1 are full ( _s2 s t _! he>t exp&s3 & x is ow+ to ! he>t be+ exp&$ t "o t5ds to t :i* is ardu\s2 :]e=e y\?s are spirit$ & hopeful4 ,likewise !y :o h n suff]$ defeat1 nor _h exp]i5ce ( ob/acles to _! ef=ts1 are prone to c\nt a ?+ possible to !m4 ,:]e=e y\?s1 ?r\gh inexp]i5ce ( ob/acles & ( _! own %ortcom+s1 easily c\nt a ?+ possible2 & consequ5tly are ( good hope4 ,two ( ^! causes are also 9 ^? :o are 9 dr9k--viz4 heat & high spirits1 on acc\nt ( w9e1 & he$lessness ( dang]s & %ortcom+s4 ,= ! same reason all fooli% & ?\ghtless p]sons attempt ev]y?+ & are full ( hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh y\?s & m5 9 dr9k lack /ead9ess 9 reality1 yet !y are /eady 9 _! own e/imation1 = !y ?9k t !y w /eadily obta9 t :i* !y hope =4 ,9 l mann]1 9 reply to ! ,second ,objection1 we mu/ obs]ve t "y p & m5 9 dr9k are inde$ un/eady 9 reality3 b1 9 _! own e/imation1 !y are capable1 = !y "k n _! %ortcom+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n only exp]i5ce1 b also lack ( exp]i5ce1 is1 9 "s way1 a cause ( hope1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #e1 ad #c74 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,hope ,is a ,cause ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is n a cause ( love4 ,because1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i71 love is ! fir/ ( ! s\l's emotions4 ,b hope is an emotion ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e love prec$es hope1 & consequ5tly hope does n cause love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 desire prec$es hope4 ,b desire is caus$ by love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e hope1 too1 foll[s love1 & consequ5tly is n its cause4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope causes pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #c74 ,b pleasure is only ( ! good t is lov$4 ,!re=e love prec$es hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! gloss comm5t+ on ,matt4 #a3b1 ,abraham begot ,isaac1 & ,isaac begot ,jacob1 says1 i4e4 fai? begets hope1 & hope begets *>ity4 ,b *>ity is love4 ,!re=e love is caus$ by hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,hope c reg>d two ?+s4 ,= x reg>ds z its object1 ! good :i* "o hopes =4 ,b s9ce ! good we hope = is some?+ difficult b possible to obta92 & s9ce x happ5s sometimes t :at is difficult becomes possible to u1 n ?r\gh ourselves b ?r\gh o!rs2 h5ce x is t hope reg>ds also t by :i* some?+ becomes possible to u4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z hope reg>ds ! good we hope to get1 x is caus$ by love3 s9ce we d n hope save = t :i* we desire & love4 ,b 9 s f> z hope reg>ds "o ?r\gh :om some?+ becomes possible to u1 love is caus$ by hope1 & n vice v]sa4 ,because by ! v fact t we hope t good w accrue to u ?r\gh someone1 we are mov$ t[>ds him z to our own good2 & ?us we beg9 to love him4 ,:]eas f ! fact t we love someone we d n hope 9 him1 except accid5tally1 t is1 9 s f> z we ?9k t he returns our love4 ,:]e=e ! fact ( be+ lov$ by ano!r makes u hope 9 him2 b our love = him is caus$ by ! hope we h 9 him4 ,:]e=e ! ,replies to ! ,objections are evid5t4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,hope ,is a ,help or a ,h9drance to ,action8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is n a help b a h9drance to action4 ,because hope implies security4 ,b security begets neglig5ce :i* h9d]s action4 ,!re=e hope is a h9drance to action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ h9d]s action1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #c74 ,b hope sometimes causes sorr[3 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #ac3ab73 ,hope t is def]r$ afflicte? ! s\l4 ,!re=e hope h9d]s action4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 despair is contr>y to hope1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,b despair1 especially 9 matt]s ( w>1 conduces to action2 = x is writt5 7#b ,k+s #b3bf71 t x is dang]\s to drive p to despair4 ,!re=e hope has a contr>y effect1 namely1 by h9d]+ action4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #i3aj7 t he t pl\ghe? %\ld pl\gh 9 hope 4 4 4 to receive fruit3 & ! same applies to all o!r actions4 ,i answ] t1 ,hope ( its v nature is a help to action by mak+ x m int5se3 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 by reason ( its object1 :i* is a good1 difficult b possible4 ,= ! ?\ght ( its be+ difficult ar\ses our att5tion2 :ile ! ?\ght t x is possible is no drag on our ef=t4 ,h5ce x foll[s t by reason ( hope man is int5t on 8 action4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( its effect4 ,because hope1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #c71 causes pleasure2 :i* is a help to action1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e hope is conducive to action4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,hope reg>ds a good to be obta9$2 security reg>ds an evil to be avoid$4 ,:]e=e security seems to be contr>y to fe> r ?an to belong to hope4 ,yet security does n beget neglig5ce1 save 9 s f> z x less5s ! idea ( difficulty3 :]eby x also less5s ! "* ( hope3 = ! ?+s 9 :i* a man fe>s no h9drance1 are no long] look$ ^u z difficult4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope ( itself causes pleasure2 x is by accid5t t x causes sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,despair ?reat5s dang] 9 w>1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 hope t atta*es to x4 ,= !y :o despair ( flight1 /rive less to fly1 b hope to av5ge _! dea?3 & !re=e 9 ?is hope !y fight ! m bravely1 & consequ5tly prove dang]\s to ! foe4 ,,"q #da ,,( ,,fe>1 ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid]1 9 ! fir/ place1 fe>2 &1 secondly1 d>+4 ,) reg>d to fe>1 f\r ?+s mu/ be consid]$3 7#a7 ,fe>1 9 itself2 7#b7 ,its object2 7#c7 ,its cause2 7#d7 ,its effect4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r fe> is a passion ( ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r fe> is a special passion8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re is a natural fe>8 7#d7 ,( ! species ( fe>4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fe> ,is a ,passion ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> is n a passion ( ! s\l4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bc7 t fe> is a p[]1 by way ( sy/ole--i4e4 ( contraction--desir\s ( v9dicat+ nature4 ,b no virtue is a passion1 z is prov$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #e4 ,!re=e fe> is n a passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e passion is an effect due to ! pres5ce ( an ag5t4 ,b fe> is n ( some?+ pres5t1 b ( some?+ future1 z ,damasc5e decl>es 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab74 ,!re=e fe> is n a passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e passion ( ! s\l is a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 9 consequ5ce ( an appreh5sion ( ! s5ses4 ,b s5se appreh5ds1 n ! future b ! pres5t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 fe> is ( future evil1 x seems t x is n a passion ( ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #e1 seqq47 reckons fe> among ! o!r passions ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,among ! o!r passions ( ! s\l1 aft] sorr[1 fe> *iefly has ! "* ( passion4 ,= z we h /at$ above 7,q4 #bb71 ! notion ( passion implies fir/ ( all a movem5t ( a passive p[]--i4e4 ( a p[] ^: object is comp>$ to x z its active pr9ciple3 s9ce passion is ! effect ( an ag5t4 ,9 ?is way1 bo? to feel & to und]/& are passions4 ,secondly1 m prop]ly speak+1 passion is a movem5t ( ! appetitive p[]2 & m prop]ly /ill1 x is a movem5t ( an appetitive p[] t has a bodily organ1 su* movem5t be+ accompani$ by a bodily transmutation4 ,&1 aga91 mo/ prop]ly ^? movem5ts are call$ passions1 :i* imply "s det]ioration4 ,n[ x is evid5t t fe>1 s9ce x reg>ds evil1 belongs to ! appetitive p[]1 :i* ( itself reg>ds good & evil4 ,moreov]1 x belongs to ! s5sitive appetite3 = x is accompani$ by a c]ta9 transmutation--i4e4 contraction--z ,damasc5e says 7,cf4 ,obj4 #a74 ,aga91 x implies relation to evil z ov]com+1 s to speak1 "s p>ticul> good4 ,:]e=e x has mo/ prop]ly ! "* ( passion2 less1 h[ev]1 ?an sorr[1 :i* reg>ds ! pres5t evil3 because fe> reg>ds future evil1 :i* is n s /rong a motive z pres5t evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue d5otes a pr9ciple ( action3 :]e=e1 9 s f> z ! int]ior movem5ts ( ! appetitive faculty are pr9ciples ( ext]nal action1 !y are call$ virtues4 ,b ! ,philosoph] d5ies t passion is a virtue by way ( habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ! passion ( a natural body is due to ! bodily pres5ce ( an ag5t1 s is ! passion ( ! s\l due to ! ag5t be+ pres5t to ! s\l1 al?\gh nei!r corporally nor really pres5t3 t is to say1 9 s f> z ! evil :i* is really future1 is pres5t 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s5ses d n appreh5d ! future3 b f appreh5d+ ! pres5t1 an animal is mov$ by natural in/9ct to hope = a future good1 or to fe> a future evil4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fe> ,is a ,special ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> is n a special passion4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cc7 t ! man :o is n di/raught by fe>1 is nei!r h>ass$ by desire1 nor w\nd$ by sickness--i4e4 sorr[--nor toss$ ab\t 9 transports ( empty joys4 ,:]e=e x seems t1 if fe> be set aside1 all ! o!r passions are remov$4 ,!re=e fe> is n a special b a g5]al passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b7 t pursuit & avoidance 9 ! appetite are :at affirmation & d5ial are 9 ! intellect4 ,b d5ial is no?+ special 9 ! intellect1 z nei!r is affirmation1 b some?+ common to _m4 ,!re=e nei!r is avoidance any?+ special 9 ! appetite4 ,b fe> is no?+ b a k9d ( avoidance ( evil4 ,!re=e x is n a special passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if fe> 7 a special passion1 x w\ld be *iefly 9 ! irascible "p4 ,b fe> is also 9 ! concupiscible3 s9ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t fe> is a k9d ( sorr[2 & ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bc7 t fe> is a p[] ( desire3 & bo? sorr[ & desire are 9 ! concupiscible faculty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e fe> is n a special passion1 s9ce x belongs to diff]5t p[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,fe> is condivid$ ) ! o!r passions ( ! s\l1 z is cle> f ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab1 #ae74 ,i answ] t1 ,! passions ( ! s\l d]ive _! species f _! objects3 h5ce t is a special passion1 :i* has a special object4 ,n[ fe> has a special object1 z hope has4 ,= j z ! object ( hope is a future good1 difficult b possible to obta92 s ! object ( fe> is a future evil1 difficult & irresi/ible4 ,consequ5tly fe> is a special passion ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! passions ( ! s\l arise f "o s\rce1 viz4 love1 :]e9 !y are connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,by reason ( ?is connection1 :5 fe> is put aside1 ! o!r passions ( ! s\l are disp]s$2 n1 h[ev]1 z ?\gh x 7 a g5]al passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n e avoidance 9 ! appetite is fe>1 b avoidance ( a special object1 z /at$4 ,:]e=e1 ?\gh avoidance be some?+ common1 yet fe> is a special passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fe> is n[ise 9 ! concupiscible3 = x reg>ds evil1 n absolutely1 b z difficult or ardu\s1 s z to be almo/ unavoidable4 ,b s9ce ! irascible passions arise f ! passions ( ! concupiscible faculty1 & t]m9ate !re91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a72 h5ce x is t :at belongs to ! concupiscible is ascrib$ to fe>4 ,= fe> is call$ sorr[1 9 s f> z ! object ( fe> causes sorr[ :5 pres5t3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t fe> arises f ! repres5tation ( a future evil :i* is ei!r corruptive or pa9ful4 ,9 l mann] desire is ascrib$ by ,damasc5e to fe>1 because j z hope arises f ! desire ( good1 s fe> arises f avoidance ( evil2 :ile avoidance ( evil arises f ! desire ( good1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #b74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,natural ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is a natural fe>4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bc7 t !re is a natural fe>1 ?r\gh ! s\l refus+ to be sev]$ f ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fe> arises f love1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,b !re is a natural love1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e !re is also a natural fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fe> is oppos$ to hope1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a74 ,b !re is a hope ( nature1 z is evid5t f ,rom4 #d3ah1 :]e x is said ( ,abraham t aga9/ hope ( nature1 he believ$ 9 hope ( grace4 ,!re=e !re is also a fe> ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* is natural is common to ?+s animate & inanimate4 ,b fe> is n 9 ?+s inanimate4 ,!re=e !re is no natural fe>4 ,i answ] t1 ,a movem5t is said to be natural1 because nature incl9es !reto4 ,n[ ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 s t x is entirely accompli%$ by nature1 )\t any op]ation ( ! appreh5sive faculty3 ?us to h an upw>d movem5t is natural to fire1 & to gr[ is ! natural movem5t ( animals & plants4 ,secondly1 a movem5t is said to be natural1 if nature incl9es !reto1 ?\gh x be accompli%$ by ! appreh5sive faculty alone3 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #a71 ! movem5ts ( ! cognitive & appetitive faculties are r$ucible to nature z to _! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is way1 ev5 ! acts ( ! appreh5sive p[]1 su* z und]/&+1 feel+1 & rememb]+1 z well z ! movem5ts ( ! animal appetite1 are sometimes said to be natural4 ,& 9 ?is s5se we may say t !re is a natural fe>2 & x is di/+ui%$ f non-natural fe>1 by reason ( ! div]sity ( its object4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 !re is a fe> ( corruptive evil1 :i* nature %r9ks f on acc\nt ( its natural desire to exi/2 & su* fe> is said to be natural4 ,aga91 !re is a fe> ( pa9ful evil1 :i* is repugnant n to nature1 b to ! desire ( ! appetite2 & su* fe> is n natural4 ,9 ?is s5se we h /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #g7 t love1 desire1 & pleasure are divisible into natural & non-natural4 ,b 9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w natural1 we mu/ obs]ve t c]ta9 passions ( ! s\l are sometimes said to be natural1 z love1 desire1 & hope2 :]eas ! o!rs _c be call$ natural4 ,! reason ( ?is is because love & hatr$1 desire & avoidance1 imply a c]ta9 incl9ation to pursue :at is good or to avoid :at is evil2 :i* incl9ation is to be f\nd 9 ! natural appetite also4 ,consequ5tly !re is a natural love2 :ile we may also speak ( desire & hope z be+ ev5 9 natural ?+s devoid ( k4 ,on ! o!r h& ! o!r passions ( ! s\l d5ote c]ta9 movem5ts1 :]eto ! natural incl9ation is n[ise suffici5t4 ,?is is due ei!r to ! fact t p]ception or k is ess5tial to ^! passions 7?us we h said1 ,q4 #ca1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #a1 t appreh5sion is a necess>y condition ( pleasure & sorr[71 :]e=e ?+s devoid ( k _c be said to take pleasure or to be sorr[ful3 or else x is because su* l movem5ts are contr>y to ! v nature ( natural incl9ation3 = in/ance1 despair flies f good on acc\nt ( "s difficulty2 & fe> %r9ks f repell+ a contr>y evil2 bo? ( :i* are contr>y to ! incl9ation ( nature4 ,:]e=e su* l passions are 9 no way ascrib$ to inanimate be+s4 ,?us ! ,replies to ! ,objections are evid5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,species ( ,fe> ,are ,suitably ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t six species ( fe> are unsuitably assign$ by ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae72 namely1 laz9ess1 %amefac$ness1 %ame1 amazem5t1 /upor1 & anxiety4 ,because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 fe> reg>ds a sadd5+ evil4 ,!re=e ! species ( fe> %\ld correspond to ! species ( sorr[4 ,n[ !re are f\r species ( sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e !re %\ld only be f\r species ( fe> correspond+ to !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* consi/s 9 an action ( our own is 9 our p[]4 ,b fe> reg>ds an evil t surpasses our p[]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e laz9ess1 %amefac$ness1 & %ame1 :i* reg>d our own actions1 %\ld n be reckon$ z species ( fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fe> is ( ! future1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b %ame reg>ds a disgraceful de$ already done1 z ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xx4 says4 ,!re=e %ame is n a species ( fe>4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 fe> is only ( evil4 ,b amazem5t & /upor reg>d great & unwont$ ?+s1 :e!r good or evil4 ,!re=e amazem5t & /upor are n species ( fe>4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,philosoph]s h be5 l$ by amazem5t to seek ! tru?1 z /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,metaph4 ,b fe> leads to flight r ?an to se>*4 ,!re=e amazem5t is n a species ( fe>4 ,on ! contr>y suffices ! au?ority ( ,damasc5e & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius 7,cf4 ,obj4 #a1 #c74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 fe> reg>ds a future evil :i* surpasses ! p[] ( him t fe>s1 s t x is irresi/ible4 ,n[ man's evil1 l 8 good1 may be consid]$ ei!r 9 8 action or 9 ext]nal ?+s4 ,9 8 action he has a tw(old evil to fe>4 ,fir/1 !re is ! toil t burd5s 8 nature3 & h5ce arises laz9ess1 z :5 a man %r9ks f "w = fe> ( too mu* toil4 ,secondly1 !re is ! disgrace :i* damages him 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,& ?us1 if disgrace is fe>$ 9 a de$ t is yet to be done1 !re is %amefac$ness2 if1 h[ev]1 x be a de$ already done1 !re is %ame4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evil t consi/s 9 ext]nal ?+s may surpass man's faculty ( resi/ance 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ by reason ( its magnitude2 :51 t is to say1 a man consid]s "s great evil ! outcome ( :i* he is unable to gauge3 & !n !re is amazem5t4 ,secondly1 by reason ( its be+ unwont$2 because1 to wit1 "s unwont$ evil arises be=e u1 & on t acc\nt is great 9 our e/imation3 & !n !re is /upor1 :i* is caus$ by ! repres5tation ( some?+ unwont$4 ,?irdly1 by reason ( its be+ un=ese53 ?us future mis=tunes are fe>$1 & fe> ( ?is k9d is call$ anxiety4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? species ( sorr[ giv5 above are n d]iv$ f ! div]sity ( objects1 b f ! div]sity ( effects1 & = c]ta9 special reasons4 ,consequ5tly !re is no ne$ = ^? species ( sorr[ to correspond ) ^! species ( fe>1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! prop] division ( ! object ( fe> itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a de$ consid]$ z be+ actually done1 is 9 ! p[] ( ! do]4 ,b x is possible to take into consid]ation some?+ connect$ ) ! de$1 & surpass+ ! faculty ( ! do]1 = :i* reason he %r9ks f ! de$4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t laz9ess1 %amefac$ness1 & %ame are reckon$ z species ( fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! pa/ de$ may be ! occasion ( fe> ( future reproa* or disgrace3 & 9 ?is s5se %ame is a species ( fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,n e amazem5t & /upor are species ( fe>1 b t amazem5t :i* is caus$ by a great evil1 & t /upor :i* arises f an unwont$ evil4 ,or else we may say t1 j z laz9ess %r9ks f ! toil ( ext]nal "w1 s amazem5t & /upor %r9k f ! difficulty ( consid]+ a great & unwont$ ?+1 :e!r good or evil3 s t amazem5t & /upor /& 9 relation to ! act ( ! intellect1 z laz9ess does to ext]nal "w4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,he :o is amaz$ %r9ks at pres5t f =m+ a judgm5t ( t :i* amazes him1 fe>+ to fall %ort ( ! tru?1 b inquires aft]w>ds3 :]eas he :o is ov]come by /upor fe>s bo? to judge at pres5t1 & to inquire aft]w>ds4 ,:]e=e amazem5t is a beg9n+ ( philosophical rese>*3 :]eas /upor is a h9drance !reto4 ,,"q #db ,,( ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,fe> 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! object ( fe>3 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r good or evil is ! object ( fe>8 7#b7 ,:e!r evil ( nature is ! object ( fe>8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! evil ( s9 is an object ( fe>8 7#d7 ,:e!r fe> itself c be fe>$8 7#e7 ,:e!r sudd5 ?+s are especially fe>$8 7#f7 ,:e!r ^? ?+s are m fe>$ aga9/ :i* !re is no rem$y8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,object ( ,fe> ,is ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t good is ! object ( fe>4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #hc7 t we fe> no?+ save to lose :at we love & possess1 or n to obta9 t :i* we hope =4 ,b t :i* we love is good4 ,!re=e fe> reg>ds good z its prop] object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t p[] & to be above ano!r is a ?+ to be fe>$4 ,b ?is is a good ?+4 ,!re=e good is ! object ( fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re c be no evil 9 ,god4 ,b we are comm&$ to fe> ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cc3aj3 ,fe> ! ,"l1 all ye sa9ts4 ,!re=e ev5 ! good is an object ( fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 t fe> is ( future evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,fe> is a movem5t ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,n[ x belongs to ! appetitive p[] to pursue & to avoid1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b3 & pursuit is ( good1 :ile avoidance is ( evil4 ,consequ5tly :atev] movem5t ( ! appetitive p[] implies pursuit1 has "s good = its object3 & :atev] movem5t implies avoidance1 has an evil = its object4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce fe> implies an avoidance1 9 ! fir/ place & ( its v nature x reg>ds evil z its prop] object4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 reg>d good also1 9 s f> z ref]able to evil4 ,?is c be 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 inasmu* z an evil causes privation ( good4 ,n[ a ?+ is evil f ! v fact t x is a privation ( "s good4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce evil is %unn$ because x is evil1 x foll[s t x is %unn$ because x deprives "o ( ! good t "o pursues ?r\gh love !re(4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e says t !re is no cause = fe>1 save loss ( ! good we love4 ,9 ano!r way1 good /&s relat$ to evil z its cause3 9 s f> z "s good c by its p[] br+ h>m to ! good we love3 & s1 j z hope1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #g71 reg>ds two ?+s1 namely1 ! good to :i* x t5ds1 & ! ?+ ?r\gh :i* !re is a hope ( obta9+ ! desir$ good2 s also does fe> reg>d two ?+s1 namely1 ! evil f :i* x %r9ks1 & t good :i*1 by its p[]1 c inflict t evil4 ,9 ?is way ,god is fe>$ by man1 inasmu* z ,he c inflict puni%m5t1 spiritual or corporal4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 we fe> ! p[] ( man2 especially :5 x has be5 ?w>t$1 or :5 x is unju/1 because !n x is m likely to d u a h>m4 ,9 l mann] "o fe>s to be ov] ano!r1 i4e4 to lean on ano!r1 s t x is 9 8 p[] to d u a h>m3 ?us a man fe>s ano!r1 :o kn[s him to be guilty ( a crime1 le/ he reveal x to o!rs4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,evil ( ,nature ,is an ,object ( ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t evil ( nature is n an object ( fe>4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t fe> makes u take c\nsel4 ,b we d n take c\nsel ab\t ?+s :i* happ5 naturally1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,!re=e evil ( nature is n an object ( fe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 natural defects su* z dea? & ! l are always ?reat5+ man4 ,if !re=e su* l evils 7 an object ( fe>1 man w\ld ne$s be always 9 fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 nature does n move to contr>ies4 ,b evil ( nature is an effect ( nature4 ,!re=e if a man %r9ks f su* l evils ?r\gh fe> !re(1 ?is is n an effect ( nature4 ,!re=e natural fe> is n ( ! evil ( nature2 & yet x seems t x %\ld be4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #f7 t ! mo/ t]rible ( all ?+s is dea?1 :i* is an evil ( nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 fe> is caus$ by ! imag9ation ( a future evil :i* is ei!r corruptive or pa9ful4 ,n[ j z a pa9ful evil is t :i* is contr>y to ! w1 s a corruptive evil is t :i* is contr>y to nature3 & ?is is ! evil ( nature4 ,consequ5tly evil ( nature c be ! object ( fe>4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t evil ( nature sometimes arises f a natural cause2 & !n x is call$ evil ( nature1 n m]ely f be+ a privation ( ! good ( nature1 b also f be+ an effect ( nature2 su* are natural dea? & o!r l defects4 ,b sometimes evil ( nature arises f a non-natural cause2 su* z viol5t dea? inflict$ by an assailant4 ,9 ei!r case evil ( nature is fe>$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t n4 ,= s9ce fe> arises f ! imag9ation ( future evil1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 :atev] removes ! imag9ation ( ! future evil1 removes fe> also4 ,n[ x may happ5 9 two ways t an evil may n appe> z ab\t to be4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ remote & f> (f3 =1 on acc\nt ( ! di/ance1 su* a ?+ is consid]$ z ?\gh x 7 n to be4 ,h5ce we ei!r d n fe> x1 or fe> x b little2 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 we d n fe> ?+s t are v f> (f2 s9ce all "k t !y %all die1 b z dea? is n ne>1 !y he$ x n4 ,secondly1 a future evil is consid]$ z ?\gh x 7 n to be1 on acc\nt ( its be+ inevitable1 :]e=e we look ^u x z already pres5t4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t ^? :o are already on ! scaffold1 are n afraid1 see+ t !y are on ! v po9t ( a dea? f :i* !re is no escape2 b 9 ord] t a man be afraid1 !re mu/ be "s hope ( escape = him4 ,consequ5tly evil ( nature is n fe>$ if x be n appreh5d$ z future3 b if evil ( nature1 t is corruptive1 be appreh5d$ z ne> at h&1 & yet ) "s hope ( escape1 !n x w be fe>$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! evil ( nature sometimes is n an effect ( nature1 z /at$ above4 ,b 9 s f> z x is an effect ( nature1 al?\gh x may be impossible to avoid x entirely1 yet x may be possible to delay x4 ,& ) ?is hope "o may take c\nsel ab\t avoid+ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh evil ( nature ev] ?reat5s1 yet x does n always ?reat5 f ne> at h&3 & consequ5tly x is n always fe>$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,dea? & o!r defects ( nature are ! effects ( ! common nature2 & yet ! individual nature rebels aga9/ !m z f> z x c4 ,accord+ly1 f ! incl9ation ( ! individual nature arise pa9 & sorr[ = su* l evils1 :5 pres5t2 fe> :5 ?reat5+ 9 ! future4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,evil ( ,s9 ,is an ,object ( ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! evil ( s9 c be an object ( fe>4 ,= ,augu/9e says on ! canonical ,epi/le ( ,john 7,tract4 ix71 t by *a/e fe> man fe>s to be sev]$ f ,god4 ,n[ no?+ b s9 sev]s u f ,god2 accord+ to ,isa4 #ei3b3 ,y\r iniquities h divid$ betwe5 y & y\r ,god4 ,!re=e ! evil ( s9 c be an object ( fe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,cic]o says 7,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #d1 #f7 t we fe> :5 !y are yet to come1 ^? ?+s :i* give u pa9 :5 !y are pres5t4 ,b x is possible = "o to be pa9$ or sorr[ful on acc\nt ( ! evil ( s94 ,!re=e "o c also fe> ! evil ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope is contr>y to fe>4 ,b ! good ( virtue c be ! object ( hope1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d73 & ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3aj73 ,i h confid5ce 9 y 9 ! ,"l1 t y w n be ( ano!r m9d4 ,!re=e fe> c reg>d evil ( s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 %ame is a k9d ( fe>1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #d74 ,b %ame reg>ds a disgraceful de$1 :i* is an evil ( s94 ,!re=e fe> does s likewise4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t n all evils are fe>$1 = in/ance t someone be unju/ or sl[4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b71 z ! object ( hope is a future good difficult b possible to obta91 s ! object ( fe> is a future evil1 ardu\s & n to be easily avoid$4 ,f ?is we may ga!r t :atev] is entirely subject to our p[] & w1 is n an object ( fe>2 & t no?+ gives rise to fe> save :at is due to an ext]nal cause4 ,n[ human w is ! prop] cause ( ! evil ( s93 & consequ5tly evil ( s91 prop]ly speak+1 is n an object ( fe>4 ,b s9ce ! human w may be incl9$ to s9 by an extr9sic cause2 if ?is cause h a /rong p[] ( incl9ation1 9 t respect a man may fe> ! evil ( s91 9 s f> z x arises f t extr9sic cause3 z :5 he fe>s to dwell 9 ! company ( wick$ m51 le/ he be l$ by !m to s94 ,b1 prop]ly speak+1 a man ?us dispos$1 fe>s ! be+ l$ a/ray r ?an ! s9 consid]$ 9 its prop] nature1 i4e4 z a volunt>y act2 = consid]$ 9 ?is light x is n an object ( fe> to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sep>ation f ,god is a puni%m5t result+ f s93 & e puni%m5t is1 9 "s way1 due to an extr9sic cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sorr[ & fe> agree 9 "o po9t1 s9ce ea* reg>ds evil3 !y diff]1 h[ev]1 9 two po9ts4 ,fir/1 because sorr[ is ab\t pres5t evil1 :]eas fe> is future evil4 ,secondly1 because sorr[1 be+ 9 ! concupiscible faculty1 reg>ds evil absolutely2 :]e=e x c be ab\t any evil1 great or small2 :]eas fe>1 be+ 9 ! irascible "p1 reg>ds evil ) ! addition ( a c]ta9 ardu\sness or difficulty2 :i* difficulty ceases 9 s f> z a ?+ is subject to ! w4 ,consequ5tly n all ?+s t give u pa9 :5 !y are pres5t1 make u fe> :5 !y are yet to come1 b only "s ?+s1 namely1 ^? t are difficult4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope is ( good t is obta9able4 ,n[ "o may obta9 a good ei!r ( oneself1 or ?r\gh ano!r3 & s1 hope may be ( an act ( virtue1 :i* lies )9 our own p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fe> is ( an evil t does n lie 9 our own p[]3 & consequ5tly ! evil :i* is fe>$ is always f an extr9sic cause2 :ile ! good t is hop$ = may be bo? f an intr9sic & f an extr9sic cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b1 #c71 %ame is n fe> ( ! v act ( s91 b ( ! disgrace or ignom9y :i* arises !refrom1 & :i* is due to an extr9sic cause4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,fe> ,itself ,c ,be ,fe>$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> _c be fe>$4 ,= :atev] is fe>$1 is prev5t$ f be+ lo/1 ?r\gh fe> !re(3 ?us a man :o fe>s to lose 8 heal?1 keeps x1 ?r\gh fe>+ its loss4 ,if !re=e a man be afraid ( fe>1 he w keep himself f fe> by be+ afraid3 :i* seems absurd4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fe> is a k9d ( flight4 ,b no?+ flies f itself4 ,!re=e fe> _c be ! object ( fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fe> is ab\t ! future4 ,b fe> is pres5t to him t fe>s4 ,!re=e x _c be ! object ( 8 fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a man c love 8 own love1 & c grieve at 8 own sorr[4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 he c fe> 8 own fe>4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 no?+ c be an object ( fe>1 save :at is due to an extr9sic cause2 b n t :i* ensues f our own w4 ,n[ fe> p>tly arises f an extr9sic cause1 & is p>tly subject to ! w4 ,x is due to an extr9sic cause1 9 s f> z x is a passion result+ f ! imag9ation ( an imm95t evil4 ,9 ?is s5se x is possible = fe> to be ! object ( fe>1 i4e4 a man may fe> le/ he %\ld be ?reat5$ by ! necessity ( fe>+1 ?r\gh be+ assail$ by "s great evil4 ,x is subject to ! w1 9 s f> z ! l[] appetite obeys reason2 :]e=e man is able to drive fe> away4 ,9 ?is s5se fe> _c be ! object ( fe>1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cc74 ,le/1 h[ev]1 anyone make use ( 8 argum5ts1 9 ord] to prove t fe> _c be at all be ! object ( fe>1 we mu/ add a solution to ! same4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e fe> is id5tically ! same2 !re are v>i\s fe>s accord+ to ! v>i\s objects ( fe>4 ,no?+1 !n1 prev5ts a man f keep+ himself f fe>+ "o ?+1 by fe>+ ano!r1 s t ! fe> :i* he has pres]ves him f ! fe> :i* he has n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce fe> ( an imm95t evil is n id5tical ) ! fe> ( ! fe> ( imm95t evil2 x does n foll[ t a ?+ flies f itself1 or t x is ! same flight 9 bo? cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( fe> already allud$ to 7ad #b7 a man's pres5t fe> may h a future fe> = its object4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,sudd5 ,?+s ,are ,especially ,fe>$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t unwont$ & sudd5 ?+s are n especially fe>$4 ,because1 z hope is ab\t good ?+s1 s fe> is ab\t evil ?+s4 ,b exp]i5ce conduces to ! increase ( hope 9 good ?+s4 ,!re=e x also adds to fe> 9 evil ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t ^? are fe>$ mo/1 n :o are quick-temp]$1 b :o are g5tle & cunn+4 ,n[ x is cle> t ^? :o are quick-temp]$ are m subject to sudd5 emotions4 ,!re=e sudd5 ?+s are less to be fe>$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we ?9k less ab\t ?+s t happ5 sudd5ly4 ,b ! m we ?9k ab\t a ?+1 ! m we fe> x2 h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t "s appe> to be c\rage\s ?r\gh ignorance1 b z soon z !y discov] t ! case is diff]5t f :at !y expect$1 !y run away4 ,!re=e sudd5 ?+s are fe>$ less4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ii1 #f73 ,fe> is />tl$ at ?+s unwont$ & sudd51 :i* endang] ?+s belov$1 & takes =e?\ght = _! safety4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b71 ! object ( fe> is an imm95t evil1 :i* c be repell$1 b ) difficulty4 ,n[ ?is is due to "o ( two causes3 to ! greatness ( ! evil1 or to ! weakness ( him t fe>s2 :ile unwont$ness & sudd5ness conduce to bo? ( ^! causes4 ,fir/1 x helps an imm95t evil to seem great]4 ,because all mat]ial ?+s1 :e!r good or evil1 ! m we consid] !m1 ! small] !y seem4 ,consequ5tly1 j z sorr[ = a pres5t evil is mitigat$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 z ,cic]o /ates 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iii1 #cj72 s1 too1 fe> ( a future evil is dim9i%$ by ?9k+ ab\t x be=eh&4 ,secondly1 unwont$ness & sudd5ness increase ! weakness ( him t fe>s1 9 s f> z !y deprive him ( ! rem$ies ) :i* he might o!rwise provide himself to =e/all ! com+ evil1 7 x n = ! evil tak+ him by surprise4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! object ( hope is a good t is possible to obta94 ,consequ5tly :atev] increases a man's p[]1 is ( a nature to increase hope1 &1 = ! same reason1 to dim9i% fe>1 s9ce fe> is ab\t an evil :i* _c be easily repell$4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 exp]i5ce increases a man's p[] ( action1 !re=e1 z x increases hope1 s does x dim9i% fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o are quick-temp]$ d n hide _! ang]2 :]e=e ! h>m !y d o!rs is n s sudd51 z n to be =ese54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are g5tle or cunn+ hide _! ang]2 :]e=e ! h>m :i* may be imp5d+ f !m1 _c be =ese51 b takes "o by surprise4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says t su* m5 are fe>$ m ?an o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bodily good or evil1 consid]$ 9 itself1 seems great] at fir/4 ,! reason = ?is is t a ?+ is m obvi\s :5 se5 9 juxtaposition ) its contr>y4 ,h5ce1 :5 a man passes unexpect$ly f p5ury to weal?1 he ?9ks m ( 8 weal? on acc\nt ( 8 previ\s pov]ty3 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ri* man :o sudd5ly becomes poor1 f9ds pov]ty all ! m disagreeable4 ,= ?is reason sudd5 evil is fe>$ m1 because x seems m to be evil4 ,h[ev]1 x may happ5 ?r\gh "s accid5t t ! greatness ( "s evil is hidd52 = in/ance if ! foe hides himself 9 ambu%3 & !n x is true t evil inspires great] fe> ?r\gh be+ mu* ?\ght ab\t4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,^? ,?+s ,are ,m ,fe>$1 = ,:i* ,!re ,is ,no ,rem$y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^? ?+s are n m to be fe>$1 = :i* !re is no rem$y4 ,because x is a condition ( fe>1 t !re be "s hope ( safety1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b an evil t _c be rem$i$ leaves no hope ( escape4 ,!re=e su* ?+s are n fe>$ at all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no rem$y = ! evil ( dea?3 s9ce1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 !re is no return f dea? to life4 ,& yet dea? is n ! mo/ fe>$ ( all ?+s1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e74 ,!re=e ^? ?+s are n fe>$ mo/1 = :i* !re is no rem$y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #f7 t a ?+ :i* la/s long is no bett] ?an t :i* la/s b "o day3 nor is t :i* la/s = ev] any bett] ?an t :i* is n ev]la/+3 & ! same applies to evil4 ,b ?+s t _c be rem$i$ seem to diff] f o!r ?+s1 m]ely 9 ! po9t ( _! la/+ long or = ev]4 ,consequ5tly !y are n !re=e any worse or m to be fe>$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t ^? ?+s are mo/ to be fe>$ :i* :5 done wrong _c be put "r 4 4 4 or = :i* !re is no help1 or :i* are n easy4 ,i answ] t1 ,! object ( fe> is evil3 consequ5tly :atev] t5ds to increase evil1 conduces to ! increase ( fe>4 ,n[ evil is increas$ n only 9 its species ( evil1 b also 9 respect ( circum/ances1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #c74 ,& ( all ! circum/ances1 longla/+ness1 or ev5 ev]la/+ness1 seems to h ! greate/ be>+ on ! increase ( evil4 ,because ?+s t exi/ 9 "t are measur$1 9 a way1 accord+ to ! duration ( "t3 :]e=e if x be an evil to suff] some?+ = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 we %\ld reckon ! evil d\bl$1 if x be suff]$ = twice t l5g? ( "t4 ,& accord+ly1 to suff] ! same ?+ = an inf9ite l5g? ( "t1 i4e4 = ev]1 implies1 s to speak1 an inf9ite increase4 ,n[ ^? evils :i*1 aft] !y h come1 _c be rem$i$ at all1 or at lea/ n easily1 are consid]$ z la/+ = ev] or = a long "t3 = :i* reason !y inspire ! greate/ fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,rem$y = an evil is tw(old4 ,"o1 by :i* a future evil is w>d$ (f f com+4 ,if su* a rem$y be remov$1 !re is an end to hope & consequ5tly to fe>2 :]e=e we d n speak n[ ( rem$ies ( t k9d4 ,! o!r rem$y is "o by :i* an already pres5t evil is remov$3 & ( su* a rem$y we speak n[4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh dea? be an evil )\t rem$y1 yet1 s9ce x ?reat5s n f ne>1 x is n fe>$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ !re ( ?+s t are good 9 !mselves1 i4e41 good specifically4 ,& su* l good is no bett] = la/+ long or = ev]3 its goodness dep5ds on its v nature4 ,,"q #dc ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,fe> 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( fe>3 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r love is ! cause ( fe>8 7#b7 ,:e!r defect is ! cause ( fe>8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,love ,is ! ,cause ( ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t love is n ! cause ( fe>4 ,= t :i* leads to a ?+ is its cause4 ,b fe> leads to ! love ( *>ity z ,augu/9e says on ! canonical epi/le ( ,john 7,tract4 ix74 ,!re=e fe> is ! cause ( love1 & n conv]sely4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t ^? are fe>$ mo/ f :om we dread ! adv5t ( "s evil4 ,b ! dread ( evil be+ caus$ by someone1 makes u hate r ?an love him4 ,!re=e fe> is caus$ by hate r ?an by love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #db1 ,a4 #c7 t ^? ?+s :i* occur by our own do+ are n fe>ful4 ,b t :i* we d f love1 is done f our inmo/ he>t4 ,!re=e fe> is n caus$ by love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cc73 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re is no cause = fe> save ! loss ( :at we love1 :5 we possess x1 or ! failure to obta9 :at we hope =4 ,!re=e all fe> is caus$ by our lov+ some?+3 & consequ5tly love is ! cause ( fe>4 ,i answ] t1 ,! objects ( ! s\l's passions /& 9 relation !reto z ! =ms to ?+s natural or artificial3 because ! passions ( ! s\l take _! species f _! objects1 z ! a=esaid ?+s d f _! =ms4 ,!re=e1 j z :atev] is a cause ( ! =m1 is a cause ( ! ?+ con/itut$ by t =m1 s :atev] is a cause1 9 any way :atev]1 ( ! object1 is a cause ( ! passion4 ,n[ a ?+ may be a cause ( ! object1 ei!r by way ( effici5t cause1 or by way ( mat]ial disposition4 ,?us ! object ( pleasure is good appreh5d$ z suitable & conjo9$3 & its effici5t cause is t :i* causes ! conjunction1 or ! suitabl5ess1 or goodness1 or appreh5sion ( t good ?+2 :ile its cause by way ( mat]ial disposition1 is a habit or any sort ( disposition by reason ( :i* ?is conjo9$ good becomes suitable or is appreh5d$ z su*4 ,accord+ly1 z to ! matt] 9 "q1 ! object ( fe> is some?+ reckon$ z an evil to come1 ne> at h& & difficult to avoid4 ,!re=e t :i* c inflict su* an evil1 is ! effici5t cause ( ! object ( fe>1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( fe> itself4 ,:ile t :i* r5d]s a man s dispos$ t ?+ is su* an evil to him1 is a cause ( fe> & ( its object1 by way ( mat]ial disposition4 ,& ?us x is t love causes fe>3 s9ce x is ?r\gh 8 lov+ a c]ta9 good1 t :atev] deprives a man ( t good is an evil to him1 & t consequ5tly he fe>s x z an evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #db1 ,a4 #a71 fe>1 ( itself & 9 ! fir/ place1 reg>ds ! evil f :i* x recoils z be+ contr>y to "s lov$ good3 & ?us fe>1 ( itself1 is born ( love4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 x reg>ds ! cause f :i* t evil ensues3 s t sometimes1 accid5tally1 fe> gives rise to love2 9 s f> z1 = in/ance1 ?r\gh fe> ( ,god's puni%m5ts1 man keeps ,8 comm&m5ts1 & ?us beg9s to hope1 :ile hope leads to love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he1 f :om evil is expect$1 is inde$ hat$ at fir/2 b aft]w>ds1 :5 once we beg9 to hope = good f him1 we beg9 to love him4 ,b ! good1 ! contr>y evil ( :i* is fe>$1 0 lov$ f ! beg9n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t is true ( t :i* is ! effici5t cause ( ! evil to be fe>$3 :]eas love causes fe> by way ( mat]ial disposition1 z /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,defect ,is ! ,cause ( ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t defect is n a cause ( fe>4 ,because ^? :o are 9 p[] are v mu* fe>$4 ,b defect is contr>y to p[]4 ,!re=e defect is n a cause ( fe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! defect ( ^? :o are already be+ execut$ is extreme4 ,b su* l d n fe> z /at$ 9 ,rhet4 ii1 #e4 ,!re=e defect is n a cause ( fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 conte/s arise f /r5g? n f defect4 ,b ^? :o cont5d fe> ^? :o cont5d ) !m 7,rhet4 ii1 #e74 ,!re=e defect is n a cause ( fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,contr>ies ensue f contr>y causes4 ,b weal?1 /r5g?1 a multitude ( fri5ds1 & p[] drive fe> away 7,rhet4 ii1 #e74 ,!re=e fe> is caus$ by lack ( ^!4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 fe> may be set d[n to a tw(old cause3 "o is by way ( a mat]ial disposition1 on ! "p ( him t fe>s2 ! o!r is by way ( effici5t cause1 on ! "p ( ! p]son fe>$4 ,z to ! fir/ !n1 "s defect is1 ( itself1 ! cause ( fe>3 = x is ow+ to "s lack ( p[] t "o is unable easily to repulse a ?reat5+ evil4 ,& yet1 9 ord] to cause fe>1 ?is defect mu/ be accord+ to a measure4 ,= ! defect :i* causes fe> ( a future evil1 is less ?an ! defect caus$ by evil pres5t1 :i* is ! object ( sorr[4 ,& /ill great] w\ld be ! defect1 if p]ception ( ! evil1 or love ( ! good ^: contr>y is fe>$1 7 entirely abs5t4 ,b z to ! second1 p[] & /r5g? are1 ( !mselves1 ! cause ( fe>3 because x is ow+ to ! fact t ! cause appreh5d$ z h>mful is p[]ful1 t its effect _c be repuls$4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect1 t "s defect causes fe> accid5tally1 9 s f> z ow+ to "s defect someone wi%es to hurt ano!r2 = in/ance1 by reason ( inju/ice1 ei!r because t o!r has already done him a h>m1 or because he fe>s to be h>m$ by him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is true ( ! cause ( fe>1 on ! "p ( ! effici5t cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o are already be+ execut$1 are actually suff]+ f a pres5t evil2 :]e=e _! defect exce$s ! measure ( fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o cont5d ) "o ano!r are afraid1 n on acc\nt ( ! p[] :i* enables !m to cont5d3 b on acc\nt ( ! lack ( p[]1 ow+ to :i* !y are n confid5t ( victory4 ,,"q #dd ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,fe> 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( fe>3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r fe> causes contraction8 7#b7 ,:e!r x makes m5 suitable = c\nsel8 7#c7 ,:e!r x makes "o tremble8 7#d7 ,:e!r x h9d]s action8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fe> ,causes ,contraction8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> does n cause contraction4 ,= :5 contraction takes place1 ! heat & vital spirits are )drawn inw>dly4 ,b accumulation ( heat & vital spirits 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ! body1 dilates ! he>t unto endeavors ( d>+1 z may be se5 9 ^? :o are ang]$3 :ile ! contr>y happ5s 9 ^? :o are afraid4 ,!re=e fe> does n cause contraction4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :51 z a result ( contraction1 ! vital spirits & heat are accumulat$ 9 ! int]ior p>ts1 man cries out1 z may be se5 9 ^? :o are 9 pa94 ,b ^? :o fe> utt] no?+3 on ! contr>y !y lose _! spee*4 ,!re=e fe> does n cause contraction4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 %ame is a k9d ( fe>1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #d74 ,b ^? :o are a%am$ blu%1 z ,cic]o 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #h71 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i7 obs]ve4 ,b blu%+ is an indication1 n ( contraction1 b ( ! rev]se4 ,!re=e contraction is n an effect ( fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bc7 t fe> is a p[] accord+ to sy/ole1 i4e4 contraction4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #e71 9 ! passions ( ! s\l1 ! =mal elem5t is ! movem5t ( ! appetitive p[]1 :ile ! bodily transmutation is ! mat]ial elem5t4 ,bo? ( ^! are mutually proportionate2 & consequ5tly ! bodily transmutation assumes a resemblance to & ! v nature ( ! appetitive movem5t4 ,n[1 z to ! appetitive movem5t ( ! s\l1 fe> implies a c]ta9 contraction3 ! reason ( :i* is t fe> arises f ! imag9ation ( "s ?reat5+ evil :i* is difficult to repel1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b74 ,b t a ?+ be difficult to repel is due to lack ( p[]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #b73 & ! weak] a p[] is1 ! few] ! ?+s to :i* x ext5ds4 ,:]e=e f ! v imag9ation t causes fe> !re ensues a c]ta9 contraction 9 ! appetite4 ,?us we obs]ve 9 "o :o is dy+ t nature )draws inw>dly1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( p[]3 & aga9 we see ! inhabitants ( a city1 :5 seiz$ ) fe>1 leave ! outskirts1 &1 z f> z possible1 make = ! inn] qu>t]s4 ,x is 9 resemblance to ?is contraction1 :i* p]ta9s to ! appetite ( ! s\l1 t 9 fe> a simil> contraction ( heat & vital spirits t[>ds ! inn] p>ts takes place 9 reg>d to ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 xxvii1 #c71 al?\gh 9 ^? :o fe>1 ! vital spirits rec$e f out] to ! inn] p>ts ( ! body1 yet ! movem5t ( vital spirits is n ! same 9 ^? :o are angry & ^? :o are afraid4 ,= 9 ^? :o are angry1 by reason ( ! heat & subtlety ( ! vital spirits1 :i* result f ! crav+ = v5geance1 ! inw>d movem5t has an upw>d direction3 :]e=e ! vital spirits & heat conc5trate ar\nd ! he>t3 ! result be+ t an angry man is quick & brave 9 attack+4 ,b 9 ^? :o are afraid1 on acc\nt ( ! cond5sation caus$ by cold1 ! vital spirits h a d[nw>d movem5t2 ! said cold be+ due to ! imag9$ lack ( p[]4 ,consequ5tly ! heat & vital spirits ab&on ! he>t in/ead ( conc5trat+ ar\nd x3 ! result be+ t a man :o is afraid is n quick to attack1 b is m incl9$ to run away4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to ev]yone t is 9 pa91 :e!r man or animal1 x is natural to use all possible means ( repell+ ! h>mful ?+ t causes pa9 b its pres5ce3 ?us we obs]ve t animals1 :5 9 pa91 attack ) _! jaws or ) _! horns4 ,n[ ! greate/ help = all purposes1 9 animals1 is heat & vital spirits3 :]e=e :5 !y are 9 pa91 _! nature /ores up ! heat & vital spirits )9 !m1 9 ord] to make use !re( 9 repell+ ! h>mful object4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 xxvii1 #i7 :5 ! vital spirits & heat are conc5trat$ toge!r )91 !y require to f9d a v5t 9 ! voice3 = :i* reason ^? :o are 9 pa9 c sc>cely refra9 f cry+ al\d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ^? :o are afraid1 ! int]nal heat & vital spirits move f ! he>t d[nw>ds1 z /at$ above 7ad #a73 :]e=e fe> h9d]s spee* :i* ensues f ! emission ( ! vital spirits 9 an upw>d direction ?r\gh ! m\?3 ! result be+ t fe> makes its subject spee*less4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 fe> makes its subject tremble1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 xxvii1 #a1 #f1 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,mortal p]ils are contr>y n only to ! appetite ( ! s\l1 b also to nature4 ,consequ5tly 9 su* l fe>1 !re is contraction n only 9 ! appetite1 b also 9 ! corporeal nature3 = :5 an animal is mov$ by ! imag9ation ( dea?1 x exp]i5ces a contraction ( heat t[>ds ! inn] p>ts ( ! body1 z ?\gh x 7 ?reat5$ by a natural dea?4 ,h5ce x is t ^? :o are 9 fe> ( dea? turn pale 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i74 ,b ! evil t %ame fe>s1 is contr>y1 n to nature1 b only to ! appetite ( ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly !re results a contraction 9 ?is appetite1 b n 9 ! corporeal nature2 9 fact1 ! s\l1 z ?\gh contract$ 9 itself1 is free to set ! vital spirits & heat 9 movem5t1 s t !y spread to ! outw>d p>ts ( ! body3 ! result be+ t ^? :o are a%am$ blu%4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fe> ,makes ,"o ,suitable = ,c\nsel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> does n make "o suitable = c\nsel4 ,= ! same ?+ _c be conducive to c\nsel1 & a h9drance !reto4 ,b fe> h9d]s c\nsel3 because e passion di/urbs repose1 :i* is requisite = ! good use ( reason4 ,!re=e fe> does n make a man suitable = c\nsel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c\nsel is an act ( reason1 9 ?9k+ & delib]at+ ab\t ! future4 ,b a c]ta9 fe> drives away all ?\ght1 & dislocates ! m9d1 z ,cic]o obs]ves 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #h74 ,!re=e fe> does n conduce to c\nsel1 b h9d]s x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z we h rec\rse to c\nsel 9 ord] to avoid evil1 s d we1 9 ord] to atta9 good ?+s4 ,b :]eas fe> is ( evil to be avoid$1 s is hope ( good ?+s to be obta9$4 ,!re=e fe> is n m conducive to c\nsel1 ?an hope is4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t fe> makes m5 ( c\nsel4 ,i answ] t1 ,a man ( c\nsel may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f 8 be+ will+ or anxi\s to take c\nsel4 ,& ?us fe> makes m5 ( c\nsel4 ,because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c71 we take c\nsel on great matt]s1 because !re9 we di/ru/ ourselves4 ,n[ ?+s :i* make u afraid1 are n simply evil1 b h a c]ta9 magnitude1 bo? because !y seem difficult to repel1 & because !y are appreh5d$ z ne> to u1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #db1 ,a4 #b74 ,:]e=e m5 seek = c\nsel especially :5 !y are afraid4 ,secondly1 a man ( c\nsel means "o :o is apt = giv+ good c\nsel3 & 9 ?is s5se1 nei!r fe> nor any passion makes m5 ( c\nsel4 ,because :5 a man is affect$ by a passion1 ?+s seem to him great] or small] ?an !y really are3 ?us to a lov]1 :at he loves seems bett]2 to him t fe>s1 :at he fe>s seems m dreadful4 ,consequ5tly ow+ to ! want ( "r judgm5t1 e passion1 consid]$ 9 itself1 h9d]s ! faculty ( giv+ good c\nsel4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! /rong] a passion is1 ! great] ! h9drance is x to ! man :o is sway$ by x4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 fe> is int5se1 man does inde$ wi% to take c\nsel1 b 8 ?\ghts are s di/urb$1 t he c f9d no c\nsel4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fe> be slight1 s z to make a man wi% to take c\nsel1 )\t gravely di/urb+ ! reason2 x may ev5 make x easi] = him to take good c\nsel1 by reason ( 8 ensu+ c>efulness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope also makes man a good c\nsellor3 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 no man takes c\nsel 9 matt]s he despairs (1 nor ab\t impossible ?+s1 z he says 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,b fe> incites to c\nsel m ?an hope does4 ,because hope is ( good ?+s1 z be+ possible ( atta9m5t2 :]eas fe> is ( evil ?+s1 z be+ difficult to repel1 s t fe> reg>ds ! aspect ( difficulty m ?an hope does4 ,& x is 9 matt]s ( difficulty1 especially :5 we di/ru/ ourselves1 t we take c\nsel1 z /at$ above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,fe> ,makes ,"o ,tremble8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t trembl+ is n an effect ( fe>4 ,because trembl+ is occasion$ by cold2 ?us we obs]ve t a cold p]son trembles4 ,n[ fe> does n seem to make "o cold1 b r to cause a p>*+ heat3 a sign :]e( is t ^? :o fe> are ?ir/y1 especially if _! fe> be v great1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are be+ l$ to execution4 ,!re=e fe> does n cause trembl+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 faecal evacuation is occasion$ by heat2 h5ce laxative m$ic9es are g5]ally w>m4 ,b ^! evacuations are (t5 caus$ by fe>4 ,!re=e fe> app>5tly causes heat2 & consequ5tly does n cause trembl+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 fe>1 ! heat is )drawn f ! out] to ! inn] p>ts ( ! body4 ,if1 !re=e1 man trembles 9 8 outw>d p>ts1 ?r\gh ! heat be+ )drawn ?us2 x seems t fe> %\ld cause ?is trembl+ 9 all ! ext]nal memb]s4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,!re=e trembl+ ( ! body is n caus$ by fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,cic]o says 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #h7 t fe> is foll[$ by trembl+1 pallor & *att]+ ( ! tee?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 9 fe> !re takes place a c]ta9 contraction f ! outw>d to ! inn] p>ts ( ! body1 ! result be+ t ! out] p>ts become cold2 & = ?is reason trembl+ is occasion$ 9 ^! p>ts1 be+ caus$ by a lack ( p[] 9 controll+ ! memb]s3 :i* lack ( p[] is due to ! want ( heat1 :i* is ! in/rum5t :]eby ! s\l moves ^? memb]s1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 #d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! heat )draws f ! out] to ! inn] p>ts1 ! inw>d heat increases1 especially 9 ! inf]ior or nutritive p>ts4 ,consequ5tly ! humid elem5t be+ sp5t1 ?ir/ ensues2 sometimes inde$ ! result is a loos5+ ( ! b[els1 & ur9>y or ev5 sem9al evacuation4 ,or else su* l evacuations are due to contraction ( ! abdom5 & te/icles1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 xxii1 #aa74 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 fe>1 heat ab&ons ! he>t1 ) a d[nw>d movem5t3 h5ce 9 ^? :o are afraid ! he>t especially trembles1 z also ^? memb]s :i* are connect$ ) ! brea/ :]e ! he>t resides4 ,h5ce ^? :o fe> tremble especially 9 _! spee*1 on acc\nt ( ! tra*eal art]y be+ ne> ! he>t4 ,! l[] lip1 too1 & ! l[] jaw tremble1 ?r\gh _! connection ) ! he>t2 :i* expla9s ! *att]+ ( ! tee?4 ,= ! same reason ! arms & h&s tremble4 ,or else because ! a=esaid memb]s are m mobile4 ,= :i* reason ! knees tremble 9 ^? :o are afraid1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ce3c3 ,/r5g!n ye ! feeble h&s1 & confirm ! trembl+ ,vulg43 'weak' knees4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,fe> ,h9d]s ,action8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> h9d]s action4 ,= action is h9d]$ *iefly by a di/urbance 9 ! reason1 :i* directs action4 ,b fe> di/urbs reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e fe> h9d]s action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o fe> :ile do+ any?+1 are m apt to fail3 ?us a man :o walks on a plank plac$ al(t1 easily falls ?r\gh fe>2 :]eas1 if he 7 to walk on ! same plank d[n bel[1 he w\ld n fall1 ?r\gh n be+ afraid4 ,!re=e fe> h9d]s action4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 laz9ess or slo? is a k9d ( fe>4 ,b laz9ess h9d]s action4 ,!re=e fe> does too4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #b3ab73 ,) fe> & trembl+ "w out y\r salvation3 & he w\ld n say ?is if fe> 7 a h9drance to a good "w4 ,!re=e fe> does n h9d] a good action4 ,i answ] t1 ,man's ext]ior actions are caus$ by ! s\l z fir/ mov]1 b by ! bodily memb]s z in/rum5ts4 ,n[ action may be h9d]$ bo? by defect ( ! in/rum5t1 & by defect ( ! pr9cipal mov]4 ,on ! "p ( ! bodily in/rum5ts1 fe>1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is always apt to h9d] ext]ior action1 on acc\nt ( ! outw>d memb]s be+ depriv$1 ?r\gh fe>1 ( _! heat4 ,b on ! "p ( ! s\l1 if ! fe> be mod]ate1 )\t mu* di/urbance ( ! reason1 x conduces to work+ well1 9 s f> z x causes a c]ta9 solicitude1 & makes a man take c\nsel & "w ) great] att5tion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 fe> increases s mu* z to di/urb ! reason1 x h9d]s action ev5 on ! "p ( ! s\l4 ,b ( su* a fe> ! ,apo/le does n speak4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he t falls f a plank plac$ al(t1 suff]s a di/urbance ( 8 imag9ation1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! fall t is pictur$ to 8 imag9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev]yone 9 fe> %uns t :i* he fe>s3 & !re=e1 s9ce laz9ess is a fe> ( "w itself z be+ toilsome1 x h9d]s "w by )draw+ ! w f x4 ,b fe> ( o!r ?+s conduces to action1 9 s f> z x incl9es ! w to d t :]eby a man escapes f :at he fe>s4 ,,"q #de ,,( ,,d>+ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] d>+3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r d>+ is contr>y to fe>8 7#b7 ,h[ is d>+ relat$ to hope8 7#c7 ,( ! cause ( d>+2 7#d7 ,( its effect4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,d>+ ,is ,contr>y to ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t d>+ is n contr>y to fe>4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ca7 t d>+ is a vice4 ,n[ vice is contr>y to virtue4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 fe> is n a virtue b a passion1 x seems t d>+ is n contr>y to fe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to "o ?+ !re is "o contr>y4 ,b hope is contr>y to fe>4 ,!re=e d>+ is n contr>y to fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e passion excludes its opposite4 ,b fe> excludes safety2 = ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ii1 #f7 t fe> takes =e?\ght = safety4 ,!re=e safety is contr>y to fe>4 ,!re=e d>+ is n contr>y to fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t d>+ is contr>y to fe>4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( contr>ies to be f>!/ remov$ f "o ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 #d4 ,n[ t :i* is f>!/ remov$ f fe>1 is d>+3 s9ce fe> turns away f ! future hurt1 on acc\nt ( its victory ov] him t fe>s x2 :]eas d>+ turns on ?reat5$ dang] because ( its own victory ov] t same dang]4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t d>+ is contr>y to fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ang]1 d>+ & all ! names ( ! passions c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z d5ot+ absolutely movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite 9 respect ( "s object1 good or bad3 & ?us !y are names ( passions4 ,secondly1 z d5ot+ besides ?is movem5t1 a /ray+ f ! ord] ( reason3 & ?us !y are names ( vices4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,augu/9e speaks ( d>+3 b we are speak+ ( x 9 ! fir/ s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to "o ?+1 9 ! same respect1 !re are n sev]al contr>ies2 b 9 diff]5t respects no?+ prev5ts "o ?+ hav+ sev]al contr>ies4 ,accord+ly x has be5 said above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #d7 t ! irascible passions admit ( a tw(old contr>iety3 "o1 accord+ to ! opposition ( good & evil1 & ?us fe> is contr>y to hope3 ! o!r1 accord+ to ! opposition ( approa* & )drawal1 & ?us d>+ is contr>y to fe>1 & despair contr>y to hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,safety does n d5ote some?+ contr>y to fe>1 b m]ely ! exclusion ( fe>3 = he is said to be safe1 :o fe>s n4 ,:]e=e safety is oppos$ to fe>1 z a privation3 :ile d>+ is oppos$ !reto z a contr>y4 ,& z contr>iety implies privation1 s d>+ implies safety4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,d>+ ,ensues f ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t d>+ does n ensue f hope4 ,because d>+ reg>ds evil & fe>ful ?+s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #g4 ,b hope reg>ds good ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !y h diff]5t objects & are n 9 ! same ord]4 ,!re=e d>+ does n ensue f hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z d>+ is contr>y to fe>1 s is despair contr>y to hope4 ,b fe> does n ensue f despair3 9 fact1 despair excludes fe>1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e74 ,!re=e d>+ does n result f hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 d>+ is int5t on some?+ good1 viz4 victory4 ,b x belongs to hope to t5d to t :i* is good & difficult4 ,!re=e d>+ is ! same z hope2 & consequ5tly does n result f x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t ^? are hopeful are full ( d>+4 ,!re=e x seems t d>+ ensues f hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h (t5 /at$ 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #a71 all ^! passions belong to ! appetitive p[]4 ,n[ e movem5t ( ! appetitive p[] is r$ucible to "o ei!r ( pursuit or ( avoidance4 ,aga91 pursuit or avoidance is ( some?+ ei!r by reason ( itself or by reason ( some?+ else4 ,by reason ( itself1 good is ! object ( pursuit1 & evil1 ! object ( avoidance3 b by reason ( some?+ else1 evil c be ! object ( pursuit1 ?r\gh "s good atta*+ to x2 & good c be ! object ( avoidance1 ?r\gh "s evil atta*+ to x4 ,n[ t :i* is by reason ( some?+ else1 foll[s t :i* is by reason ( itself4 ,consequ5tly pursuit ( evil foll[s pursuit ( good2 & avoidance ( good foll[s avoidance ( evil4 ,n[ ^! f\r ?+s belong to f\r passions1 s9ce pursuit ( good belongs to hope1 avoidance ( evil to fe>1 ! pursuit ( ! fe>ful evil belongs to d>+1 & ! avoidance ( good to despair4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t d>+ results f hope2 s9ce x is 9 ! hope ( ov]com+ ! ?reat5+ object ( fe>1 t "o attacks x boldly4 ,b despair results f fe>3 s9ce ! reason :y a man despairs is because he fe>s ! difficulty atta*+ to ! good he %\ld hope =4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t w\ld hold1 if good & evil 7 n co-ord9ate objects4 ,b because evil has a c]ta9 relation to good1 s9ce x comes aft] good1 z privation comes aft] habit2 consequ5tly d>+ :i* pursues evil1 comes aft] hope :i* pursues good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh good1 absolutely speak+1 is prior to evil1 yet avoidance ( evil prec$es avoidance ( good2 j z ! pursuit ( good prec$es ! pursuit ( evil4 ,consequ5tly j z hope prec$es d>+1 s fe> prec$es despair4 ,& j z fe> does n always lead to despair1 b only :5 x is int5se2 s hope does n always lead to d>+1 save only :5 x is /rong4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! object ( d>+ is an evil to :i*1 9 ! e/imation ( ! d>+ man1 ! good ( victory is conjo9$2 yet d>+ reg>ds ! evil1 & hope reg>ds ! conjo9$ good4 ,9 l mann] despair reg>ds directly ! good :i* x turns away f1 :ile fe> reg>ds ! conjo9$ evil4 ,h5ce1 prop]ly speak+1 d>+ is n a "p ( hope1 b its effect3 j z despair is an effect1 n a "p1 ( fe>4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 d>+ _c be a pr9cipal passion4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"s ,defect ,is a ,cause ( ,d>+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "s defect is a cause ( d>+4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 xxvii1 #d7 t lov]s ( w9e are /rong & d>+4 ,b f w9e ensues ! effect ( drunk5ness4 ,!re=e d>+ is caus$ by a defect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t ^? :o h no exp]i5ce ( dang] are bold4 ,b want ( exp]i5ce is a defect4 ,!re=e d>+ is caus$ by a defect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o h suff]$ wrongs are wont to be d>+2 l ! bea/s :5 beat51 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #e4 ,b ! suff]+ ( wrongs p]ta9s to defect4 ,!re=e d>+ is caus$ by a defect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t ! cause ( d>+ is ! pres5ce 9 ! imag9ation ( ! hope t ! means ( safety are nigh1 & t ! ?+s to be fe>$ are ei!r non-exi/5t or f> (f4 ,b any?+ p]ta9+ to defect implies ei!r ! removal ( ! means ( safety1 or ! proximity ( some?+ to be fe>$4 ,!re=e no?+ p]ta9+ to defect is a cause ( d>+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b7 d>+ results f hope & is contr>y to fe>3 :]e=e :atev] is naturally apt to cause hope or bani% fe>1 is a cause ( d>+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 fe> & hope1 & also d>+1 be+ passions1 consi/ 9 a movem5t ( ! appetite1 & 9 a c]ta9 bodily transmutation2 a ?+ may be consid]$ z ! cause ( d>+ 9 two ways1 :e!r by rais+ hope1 or by bani%+ fe>2 9 "o way1 9 ! "p ( ! appetitive movem5t2 9 ano!r way1 on ! "p ( ! bodily transmutation4 ,on ! "p ( ! appetitive movem5t :i* foll[s appreh5sion1 hope t leads to d>+ is r\s$ by ^? ?+s t make u reckon victory z possible4 ,su* ?+s reg>d ei!r our own p[]1 z bodily /r5g?1 exp]i5ce ( dang]s1 abundance ( weal?1 & ! l2 or !y reg>d ! p[]s ( o!rs1 su* z hav+ a great numb] ( fri5ds or any o!r means ( help1 especially if a man tru/ 9 ! ,div9e assi/ance3 :]e=e ^? are m d>+1 ) :om x is well 9 reg>d to godlike ?+s1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e74 ,fe> is bani%$1 9 ?is way1 by ! removal ( ?reat5+ causes ( fe>2 = in/ance1 by ! fact t a man has no enemies1 ?r\gh hav+ h>m$ nobody1 s t he is n aw>e ( any imm95t dang]2 s9ce ^? especially appe> to be ?reat5$ by dang]1 :o h h>m$ o!rs4 ,on ! "p ( ! bodily transmutation1 d>+ is caus$ ?r\gh ! incitem5t ( hope & ! bani%m5t ( fe>1 by ^? ?+s :i* raise ! temp]ature ab\t ! he>t4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,"p4 ,animal4 iii1 #d7 t ^? ^: he>t is small 9 size1 are m d>+2 :ile animals ^: he>t is l>ge are timid2 because ! natural heat is unable to give ! same degree ( temp]ature to a l>ge z to a small he>t2 j z a fire does n heat a l>ge h\se z well z x does a small h\se4 ,he says also 7,de ,problem4 xxvii1 #d71 t ^? ^: lungs conta9 mu* blood1 are m d>+1 ?r\gh ! heat 9 ! he>t t results !refrom4 ,he says also 9 ! same passage t lov]s ( w9e are m d>+1 on acc\nt ( ! heat ( ! w9e3 h5ce x has be5 said above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #f7 t drunk5ness conduces to hope1 s9ce ! heat 9 ! he>t bani%es fe> & raises hope1 by reason ( ! dilatation & enl>gem5t ( ! he>t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,drunk5ness causes d>+1 n ?r\gh be+ a defect1 b ?r\gh dilat+ ! he>t3 & aga9 ?r\gh mak+ a man ?9k greatly ( himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o h no exp]i5ce ( dang]s are m d>+1 n on acc\nt ( a defect1 b accid5tally1 i4e4 9 s f> z ?r\gh be+ inexp]i5c$ !y d n "k _! own fail+s1 nor ! dang]s t ?reat54 ,h5ce x is t ! removal ( ! cause ( fe> gives rise to d>+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 ^? :o h be5 wrong$ are c\rage\s1 because !y ?9k t ,god comes to ! assi/ance ( ^? :o suff] unju/ly4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t no defect causes d>+ except accid5tally1 i4e4 9 s f> z "s excell5ce atta*es !reto1 real or imag9>y1 ei!r 9 oneself or 9 ano!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,brave ,are ,m ,eag] at ,fir/ ,?an 9 ! ,mid/ ( ,dang]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! d>+ are n m eag] at fir/ ?an 9 ! mid/ ( dang]4 ,because trembl+ is caus$ by fe>1 :i* is contr>y to d>+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #c74 ,b ! d>+ sometimes tremble at fir/1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 xxvii1 #c74 ,!re=e !y are n m eag] at fir/ ?an 9 ! mid/ ( dang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 passion is int5sifi$ by an increase 9 its object3 ?us s9ce a good is lovable1 :at is bett] is yet m lovable4 ,b ! object ( d>+ is some?+ difficult4 ,!re=e ! great] ! difficulty1 ! great] ! d>+4 ,b dang] is m ardu\s & difficult :5 pres5t4 ,x is !n !re=e t d>+ is greate/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ang] is provok$ by ! infliction ( w\nds4 ,b ang] causes d>+2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t ang] makes man bold4 ,!re=e :5 man is 9 ! mid/ ( dang] & :5 he is be+ beat51 !n is he mo/ d>+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #g t ! d>+ are precipitate & full ( eag]ness be=e ! dang]1 yet 9 ! mid/ ( dang]s !y /& alo(4 ,i answ] t1 ,d>+1 be+ a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 foll[s an appreh5sion ( ! s5sitive faculty4 ,b ! s5sitive faculty _c make comp>isons1 nor c x inquire into circum/ances2 its judgm5t is in/antane\s4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t x is impossible = a man to take note 9 an in/ant ( all ! difficulties ( a c]ta9 situation3 h5ce !re arises ! movem5t ( d>+ to face ! dang]2 s t :5 he comes to exp]i5ce ! dang]1 he feels ! difficulty to be great] ?an he expect$1 & s gives way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 reason discusses all ! difficulties ( a situation4 ,consequ5tly m5 ( =titude :o face dang] accord+ to ! judgm5t ( reason1 at fir/ seem slack1 because !y face ! dang] n f passion b ) due delib]ation4 ,yet :5 !y are 9 ! mid/ ( dang]1 !y exp]i5ce no?+ un=ese51 b sometimes ! difficulty turns out to be less ?an !y anticipat$2 :]e=e !y are m p]sev]+4 ,moreov]1 x may be because !y face ! dang] on acc\nt ( ! good ( virtue :i* is ! abid+ object ( _! w1 h[ev] great ! dang] may prove3 :]eas m5 ( d>+ face ! dang] on acc\nt ( a m]e ?\ght giv+ rise to hope & bani%+ fe>1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,trembl+ does occur 9 m5 ( d>+1 on acc\nt ( ! heat be+ )drawn f ! out] to ! inn] p>ts ( ! body1 z occurs also 9 ^? :o are afraid4 ,b 9 m5 ( d>+ ! heat )draws to ! he>t2 :]eas 9 ^? :o are afraid1 x )draws to ! inf]ior p>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! object ( love is good simply1 :]e=e if x be increas$1 love is increas$ simply4 ,b ! object ( d>+ is a comp\nd ( good & evil2 & ! movem5t ( d>+ t[>ds evil presupposes ! movem5t ( hope t[>ds good4 ,if1 !re=e1 s mu* difficulty be add$ to ! dang] t x ov]comes hope1 ! movem5t ( d>+ does n ensue1 b fails4 ,b if ! movem5t ( d>+ does ensue1 ! great] ! dang]1 ! great] is ! d>+ consid]$ to be4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hurt does n give rise to ang] unless !re be "s k9d ( hope1 z we %all see lat] on 7,q4 #df1 ,a4 #a74 ,consequ5tly if ! dang] be s great z to bani% all hope ( victory1 ang] does n ensue4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t if ang] does ensue1 !re w be great] d>+4 ,,"q #df ,,( ,,ang]1 ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ang]3 & 7#a7 ang] 9 itself2 7#b7 ! cause ( ang] & its rem$y2 7#c7 ! effect ( ang]4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ang] is a special passion8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! object ( ang] is good or evil8 7#c7 ,:e!r ang] is 9 ! concupiscible faculty8 7#d7 ,:e!r ang] is accompani$ by an act ( reason8 7#e7 ,:e!r ang] is m natural ?an desire8 7#f7 ,:e!r ang] is m griev\s ?an hatr$8 7#g7 ,:e!r ang] is only t[>ds ^? ) :om we h a relation ( ju/ice8 7#h7 ,( ! species ( ang]4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ang] ,is a ,special ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] is n a special passion4 ,= ! irascible p[] takes its "n f ang] 7ira74 ,b !re are sev]al passions 9 ?is p[]1 n only "o4 ,!re=e ang] is n "o special passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to e special passion !re is a contr>y passion2 z is evid5t by go+ ?r\gh !m "o by "o4 ,b no passion is contr>y to ang]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ang] is n a special passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o special passion does n include ano!r4 ,b ang] includes sev]al passions3 s9ce x accompanies sorr[1 pleasure1 & hope1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #b74 ,!re=e ang] is n a special passion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af7 calls ang] a special passion3 & s does ,cic]o 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #g74 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to be g5]al 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by pr$ication2 ?us animal is g5]al 9 respect ( all animals4 ,secondly1 by causality2 ?us ! sun is ! g5]al cause ( all ?+s g5]at$ "h bel[1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,because j z a g5us conta9s pot5tially _m diff]5ces1 accord+ to a lik5ess ( matt]2 s an effici5t cause conta9s _m effects accord+ to its active p[]4 ,n[ x happ5s t an effect is produc$ by ! concurr5ce ( v>i\s causes2 & s9ce e cause rema9s some:at 9 its effect1 we may say t1 9 yet a ?ird way1 an effect :i* is due to ! concurr5ce ( sev]al causes1 has a c]ta9 g5]ality1 inasmu* z sev]al causes are1 9 a fa%ion1 actually exi/+ !re94 ,accord+ly 9 ! fir/ way1 ang] is n a g5]al passion b is condivid$ ) ! o!r passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r is x 9 ! second way3 s9ce x is n a cause ( ! o!r passions4 ,b 9 ?is way1 love may be call$ a g5]al passion1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i71 because love is ! prim>y root ( all ! o!r passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d74 ,b1 9 a ?ird way1 ang] may be call$ a g5]al passion1 inasmu* z x is caus$ by a concurr5ce ( sev]al passions4 ,because ! movem5t ( ang] does n arise save on acc\nt ( "s pa9 inflict$1 & unless !re be desire & hope ( rev5ge3 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b71 ! angry man hopes to puni%2 s9ce he craves = rev5ge z be+ possible4 ,consequ5tly if ! p]son1 :o inflict$ ! injury1 excel v mu*1 ang] does n ensue1 b only sorr[1 z ,avic5na /ates 7,de ,anima iv1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! irascible p[] takes its "n f ira 7ang]71 n because e movem5t ( t p[] is "o ( ang]2 b because all its movem5ts t]m9ate 9 ang]2 & because1 ( all ^! movem5ts1 ang] is ! mo/ pat5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ! v fact t ang] is caus$ by contr>y passions1 i4e4 by hope1 :i* is ( good1 & by sorr[1 :i* is ( evil1 x includes 9 itself contr>iety3 & consequ5tly x has no contr>y outside itself4 ,?us also 9 mix$ colors !re is no contr>iety1 except t ( ! simple colors f :i* !y are made4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ang] includes sev]al passions1 n inde$ z a g5us includes sev]al species2 b r accord+ to ! inclusion ( cause & effect4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,object ( ,ang] ,is ,good or ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! object ( ang] is evil4 ,= ,gregory ( ,nyssa says 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxi4 t ang] is ! sword-be>] ( desire1 inasmu*1 to wit1 z x assails :atev] ob/acle /&s 9 ! way ( desire4 ,b an ob/acle has ! "* ( evil4 ,!re=e ang] reg>ds evil z its object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ang] & hatr$ agree 9 _! effect1 s9ce ea* seeks to inflict h>m on ano!r4 ,b hatr$ reg>ds evil z its object1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ang] does also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ang] arises f sorr[2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #f7 t ang] acts ) sorr[4 ,b evil is ! object ( sorr[4 ,!re=e x is also ! object ( ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ii1 #f7 t ang] craves = rev5ge4 ,b ! desire = rev5ge is a desire = some?+ good3 s9ce rev5ge belongs to ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! object ( ang] is good4 ,moreov]1 ang] is always accompani$ by hope1 :]e=e x causes pleasure1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b74 ,b ! object ( hope & ( pleasure is good4 ,!re=e good is also ! object ( ang]4 ,i answ] t1 ,! movem5t ( ! appetitive p[] foll[s an act ( ! appreh5sive p[]4 ,n[ ! appreh5sive p[] appreh5ds a ?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by way ( an incomplex object1 z :5 we und]/& :at a man is2 secondly1 by way ( a complex object1 z :5 we und]/& t :it5ess is 9 a man4 ,consequ5tly 9 ea* ( ^! ways ! appetitive p[] c t5d to bo? good & evil3 by way ( a simple & incomplex object1 :5 ! appetite simply foll[s & adh]es to good1 or recoils f evil3 & su* movem5ts are desire1 hope1 pleasure1 sorr[1 & s =?3 by way ( a complex object1 z :5 ! appetite is conc]n$ ) "s good or evil be+ 91 or be+ done to1 ano!r1 ei!r seek+ ?is or recoil+ f x4 ,?is is evid5t 9 ! case ( love & hatr$3 = we love someone1 9 s f> z we wi% "s good to be 9 him2 & we hate someone1 9 s f> z we wi% "s evil to be 9 him4 ,x is ! same ) ang]2 = :5 a man is angry1 he wi%es to be av5g$ on someone4 ,h5ce ! movem5t ( ang] has a tw(old t5d5cy3 viz4 to v5geance itself1 :i* x desires & hopes = z be+ a good1 :]e=e x takes pleasure 9 x2 & to ! p]son on :om x seeks v5geance1 z to some?+ contr>y & hurtful1 :i* be>s ! "* ( evil4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve a tw(old diff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ang] on ! "o side1 & hatr$ & love on ! o!r4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce is t ang] always reg>ds two objects3 :]eas love & hatr$ sometimes reg>d b "o object1 z :5 a man is said to love w9e or some?+ ( ! k9d1 or to hate x4 ,! second diff]5ce is1 t bo? ! objects ( love are good3 s9ce ! lov] wi%es good to someone1 z to some?+ agreeable to himself3 :ile bo? ! objects ( hatr$ be> ! "* ( evil3 = ! man :o hates1 wi%es evil to someone1 z to some?+ disagreeable to him4 ,:]eas ang] reg>ds "o object "u ! aspect ( evil1 viz4 ! noxi\s p]son1 on :om x seeks to be av5g$4 ,consequ5tly x is a passion some:at made up ( contr>y passions4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,ang] ,is 9 ! ,concupiscible ,faculty8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] is 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,= ,cic]o says 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #i7 t ang] is a k9d ( desire4 ,b desire is 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,!re=e ang] is too4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule1 t ang] gr[s into hatr$3 & ,cic]o says 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #i7 t hatr$ is invet]ate ang]4 ,b hatr$1 l love1 is a concupiscible passion4 ,!re=e ang] is 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af7 & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxi4 say t ang] is made up ( sorr[ & desire4 ,bo? ( ^! are 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,!re=e ang] is a concupiscible passion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! concupiscible is di/9ct f ! irascible faculty4 ,if1 !re=e1 ang] 7 9 ! concupiscible p[]1 ! irascible w\ld n take its "n f x4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a71 ! passions ( ! irascible "p diff] f ! passions ( ! concupiscible faculty1 9 t ! objects ( ! concupiscible passions are good & evil absolutely consid]$1 :]eas ! objects ( ! irascible passions are good & evil 9 a c]ta9 elevation or ardu\sness4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #b7 t ang] reg>ds two objects3 viz4 ! v5geance t x seeks2 & ! p]son on :om x seeks v5geance2 & 9 respect ( bo?1 ang] requires a c]ta9 ardu\sness3 = ! movem5t ( ang] does n arise1 unless !re be "s magnitude ab\t bo? ^! objects2 s9ce we make no ado ab\t ?+s t are naught or v m9ute1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,rhet4 ii1 #b74 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ang] is n 9 ! concupiscible1 b 9 ! irascible faculty4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cic]o gives ! "n ( desire to any k9d ( crav+ = a future good1 )\t discrim9at+ betwe5 t :i* is ardu\s & t :i* is n4 ,accord+ly he reckons ang] z a k9d ( desire1 inasmu* z x is a desire ( v5geance4 ,9 ?is s5se1 h[ev]1 desire is common to ! irascible & concupiscible faculties4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ang] is said to gr[ into hatr$1 n z ?\gh ! same passion :i* at fir/ 0 ang]1 aft]w>ds becomes hatr$ by becom+ invet]ate2 b by a process ( causality4 ,= ang] :5 x la/s a long "t eng5d]s hatr$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ang] is said to be compos$ ( sorr[ & desire1 n z ?\gh !y 7 its p>ts1 b because !y are its causes3 & x has be5 said above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b7 t ! concupiscible passions are ! causes ( ! irascible passions4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ang] ,requires an ,act ( ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] does n require an act ( reason4 ,=1 s9ce ang] is a passion1 x is 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,b ! s5sitive appetite foll[s an appreh5sion1 n ( reason1 b ( ! s5sitive faculty4 ,!re=e ang] does n require an act ( reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 dumb animals are devoid ( reason3 & yet !y are se5 to be angry4 ,!re=e ang] does n require an act ( reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 drunk5ness fett]s ! reason2 :]eas x is conducive to ang]4 ,!re=e ang] does n require an act ( reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t ang] li/5s to reason some:at4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ang] is a desire = v5geance4 ,n[ v5geance implies a comp>ison betwe5 ! puni%m5t to be inflict$ & ! hurt done2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t ang]1 z if x _h drawn ! inf]5ce t x ought to qu>rel ) su* a p]son1 is !re=e imm$iately exasp]at$4 ,n[ to comp>e & to draw an inf]5ce is an act ( reason4 ,!re=e ang]1 9 a fa%ion1 requires an act ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! movem5t ( ! appetitive p[] may foll[ an act ( reason 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 x foll[s ! reason 9 s f> z ! reason comm&s3 & ?us ! w foll[s reason1 :]e=e x is call$ ! rational appetite4 ,9 ano!r way1 x foll[s reason 9 s f> z ! reason d5\nces1 & ?us ang] foll[s reason4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 xxviii1 #c7 t ang] foll[s reason1 n 9 ob$i5ce to reason's comm&1 b z a result ( reason's d5\nc+ ! injury4 ,because ! s5sitive appetite is subject to ! reason1 n imm$iately b ?r\gh ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,dumb animals h a natural in/9ct imp>t$ to !m by ! ,div9e ,reason1 9 virtue ( :i* !y are gift$ ) movem5ts1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 l unto rational movem5ts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #f1 ang] li/5s some:at to reason 9 s f> z reason d5\nces ! injury inflict$1 b li/5s n p]fectly1 because x does n obs]ve ! rule ( reason z to ! measure ( v5geance4 ,ang]1 !re=e1 requires an act ( reason2 & yet proves a h9drance to reason4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,problem4 iii1 #b1 #bg7 t ^: :o are v drunk1 s z to be incapable ( ! use ( reason1 d n get angry3 b ^? :o are slightly drunk1 d get angry1 ?r\gh be+ /ill able1 ?\gh hamp]$1 to =m a judgm5t ( reason4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,ang] ,is ,m ,natural ,?an ,desire8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] is n m natural ?an desire4 ,because x is prop] to man to be by nature a g5tle animal4 ,b g5tl5ess is contr>y to ang]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #c74 ,!re=e ang] is no m natural ?an desire1 9 fact x seems to be altoge!r unnatural to man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 reason is contra/$ ) nature3 s9ce ^? ?+s t act accord+ to reason1 are n said to act accord+ to nature4 ,n[ ang] requires an act ( reason1 b desire does n1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #f4 ,!re=e desire is m natural ?an ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ang] is a crav+ = v5geance3 :ile desire is a crav+ = ^? ?+s especially :i* are pleasant to ! t\*1 viz4 = pleasures ( ! table & = sexual pleasures4 ,b ^! ?+s are m natural to man ?an v5geance4 ,!re=e desire is m natural ?an ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t ang] is m natural ?an desire4 ,i answ] t1 ,by natural we mean t :i* is caus$ by nature1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #a4 ,consequ5tly ! "q z to :e!r a p>ticul> passion is m or less natural _c be decid$ )\t ref]5ce to ! cause ( t passion4 ,n[ ! cause ( a passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #b71 may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! object2 secondly1 on ! "p ( ! subject4 ,if !n we consid] ! cause ( ang] & ( desire1 on ! "p ( ! object1 ?us desire1 especially ( pleasures ( ! table1 & ( sexual pleasures1 is m natural ?an ang]2 9 s f> z ^! pleasures are m natural to man ?an v5geance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! cause ( ang] on ! "p ( ! subject1 ?us ang]1 9 a mann]1 is m natural2 &1 9 a mann]1 desire is m natural4 ,because ! nature ( an individual man may be consid]$ ei!r z to ! g5]ic1 or z to ! specific nature1 or aga9 z to ! p>ticul> temp]am5t ( ! individual4 ,if !n we consid] ! g5]ic nature1 i4e4 ! nature ( ?is man consid]$ z an animal2 ?us desire is m natural ?an ang]2 because x is f ?is v g5]ic nature t man is incl9$ to desire ^? ?+s :i* t5d to pres]ve 9 him ! life bo? ( ! species & ( ! individual4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! specific nature1 i4e4 ! nature ( ?is man z a rational be+2 !n ang] is m natural to man ?an desire1 9 s f> z ang] foll[s reason m ?an desire does4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 t rev5ge :i* p]ta9s to ang] is m natural to man ?an meekness3 = x is natural to ev]y?+ to rise up aga9/ ?+s contr>y & hurtful4 ,& if we consid] ! nature ( ! individual1 9 respect ( 8 p>ticul> temp]am5t1 ?us ang] is m natural ?an desire2 = ! reason t ang] is prone to ensue f ! natural t5d5cy to ang]1 m ?an desire1 or any o!r passion1 is to ensue f a natural t5d5cy to desire1 :i* t5d5cies result f a man's individual temp]am5t4 ,because disposition to ang] is due to a bili\s temp]am5t2 & ( all ! humors1 ! bile moves quicke/2 = x is l fire4 ,consequ5tly he t is temp]am5tally dispos$ to ang] is soon] inc5s$ ) ang]1 ?an he t is temp]am5tally dispos$ to desire1 is inflam$ ) desire3 & = ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t a disposition to ang] is m liable to be transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild1 ?an a disposition to desire4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we may consid] 9 man bo? ! natural temp]am5t on ! "p ( ! body1 & ! reason4 ,on ! "p ( ! bodily temp]am5t1 a man1 consid]$ specifically1 does n naturally excel o!rs ei!r 9 ang] or 9 any o!r passion1 on acc\nt ( ! mod]ation ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,b o!r animals1 = z mu* z _! temp]am5t rec$es f ?is mod]ation & approa*es to an extreme disposition1 are naturally dispos$ to "s excess ( passion1 su* z ! lion 9 d>+1 ! h\nd 9 ang]1 ! h>e 9 fe>1 & s =?4 ,on ! "p ( reason1 h[ev]1 x is natural to man1 bo? to be angry & to be g5tle3 9 s f> z reason some:at causes ang]1 by d5\nc+ ! injury :i* causes ang]2 & some:at appeases ang]1 9 s f> z ! angry man does n li/5 p]fectly to ! comm& ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reason itself belongs to ! nature ( man3 :]e=e f ! v fact t ang] requires an act ( reason1 x foll[s t x is1 9 a mann]1 natural to man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t reg>ds ang] & desire on ! "p ( ! object4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,ang] ,is ,m ,griev\s ,?an ,hatr$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] is m griev\s ?an hatr$4 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #bg3d7 t ang] ha? no m]cy1 nor fury :5 x breake? =?4 ,b hatr$ sometimes has m]cy4 ,!re=e ang] is m griev\s ?an hatr$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is worse to suff] evil & to grieve = x1 ?an m]ely to suff] x4 ,b :5 a man hates1 he is cont5t$ if ! object ( 8 hatr$ suff] evil3 :]eas ! angry man is n satisfi$ unless ! object ( 8 ang] "k x & be aggriev$ !reby1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d74 ,!re=e1 ang] is m griev\s ?an hatr$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ seems to be s mu* ! m firm accord+ z m ?+s concur to set x up3 ?us a habit is all ! m settl$ ?r\gh be+ caus$ by sev]al acts4 ,b ang] is caus$ by ! concurr5ce ( sev]al passions1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a73 :]eas hatr$ is n4 ,!re=e ang] is m settl$ & m griev\s ?an hatr$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e1 9 8 ,rule1 comp>es hatr$ to a beam1 b ang] to a mote4 ,i answ] t1 ,! species & nature ( a passion are tak5 f its object4 ,n[ ! object ( ang] is ! same 9 sub/ance z ! object ( hatr$2 s9ce1 j z ! hat] wi%es evil to him :om he hates1 s does ! angry man wi% evil to him ) :om he is angry4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce ( aspect3 = ! hat] wi%es evil to 8 enemy1 z evil1 :]eas ! angry man wi%es evil to him ) :om he is angry1 n z evil b 9 s f> z x has an aspect ( good1 t is1 9 s f> z he reckons x z j1 s9ce x is a means ( v5geance4 ,:]e=e also x has be5 said above 7,a4 #b7 t hatr$ implies application ( evil to evil1 :]eas ang] d5otes application ( good to evil4 ,n[ x is evid5t t to seek evil "u ! aspect ( ju/ice1 is a less] evil1 ?an simply to seek evil to someone4 ,because to wi% evil to someone "u ! aspect ( ju/ice1 may be accord+ to ! virtue ( ju/ice1 if x be 9 con=mity ) ! ord] ( reason2 & ang] fails only 9 ?is1 t x does n obey ! precept ( reason 9 tak+ v5geance4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t hatr$ is f> worse & grav] ?an ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ang] & hatr$ two po9ts may be consid]$3 namely1 ! ?+ desir$1 & ! int5sity ( ! desire4 ,z to ! ?+ desir$1 ang] has m m]cy ?an hatr$ has4 ,= s9ce hatr$ desires ano!r's evil = evil's sake1 x is satisfi$ ) no p>ticul> measure ( evil3 because ^? ?+s t are desir$ = _! own sake1 are desir$ )\t measure1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #c71 in/anc+ a mis] ) reg>d to ri*es4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ab3af73 ,an enemy 4 4 4 if he f9d an opportunity1 w n be satisfi$ ) blood4 ,ang]1 on ! o!r h&1 seeks evil only "u ! aspect ( a j means ( v5geance4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! evil inflict$ goes beyond ! measure ( ju/ice accord+ to ! e/imate ( ! angry man1 !n he has m]cy4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t ! angry man is appeas$ if _m evils befall1 :]eas ! hat] is nev] appeas$4 ,z to ! int5sity ( ! desire1 ang] excludes m]cy m ?an hatr$ does2 because ! movem5t ( ang] is m impetu\s1 ?r\gh ! heat+ ( ! bile4 ,h5ce ! passage quot$ cont9ues3 ,:o c be> ! viol5ce ( "o provok$8 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above1 an angry man wi%es evil to someone1 9 s f> z ?is evil is a means ( j v5geance4 ,n[ v5geance is wr\ght by ! infliction ( a puni%m5t3 & ! nature ( puni%m5t consi/s 9 be+ contr>y to ! w1 pa9ful1 & inflict$ = "s fault4 ,consequ5tly an angry man desires ?is1 t ! p]son :om he is hurt+1 may feel x & be 9 pa91 & "k t ?is has befall5 him on acc\nt ( ! h>m he has done ! o!r4 ,! hat]1 on ! o!r h&1 c>es n = all ?is1 s9ce he desires ano!r's evil z su*4 ,x is n true1 h[ev]1 t an evil is worse ?r\gh giv+ pa93 because inju/ice & imprud5ce1 al?\gh evil1 yet1 be+ volunt>y1 d n grieve ^? 9 :om !y are1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,rhet4 ii1 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* proce$s f sev]al causes1 is m settl$ :5 ^! causes are ( "o k9d3 b x may be t "o cause prevails ov] _m o!rs4 ,n[ hatr$ ensues f a m la/+ cause ?an ang] does4 ,because ang] arises f an emotion ( ! s\l due to ! wrong inflict$2 :]eas hatr$ ensues f a disposition 9 a man1 by reason ( :i* he consid]s t :i* he hates to be contr>y & hurtful to him4 ,consequ5tly1 z passion is m transitory ?an disposition or habit1 s ang] is less la/+ ?an hatr$2 al?\gh hatr$ itself is a passion ensu+ f ?is disposition4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t hatr$ is m incurable ?an ang]4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,ang] ,is ,only ,t[>ds ,^? to ,:om ,"o ,has an ,obligation ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] is n only t[>ds ^? to :om "o has an obligation ( ju/ice4 ,= !re is no ju/ice betwe5 man & irrational be+s4 ,& yet sometimes "o is angry ) irrational be+s2 ?us1 out ( ang]1 a writ] ?r[s away 8 p51 or a rid] /rikes 8 horse4 ,!re=e ang] is n only t[>ds ^? to :om "o has an obligation ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no ju/ice t[>ds oneself 4 4 4 nor is !re ju/ice t[>ds "o's own 7,e?ic4 v1 #f74 ,b sometimes a man is angry ) himself2 = in/ance1 a p5it5t1 on acc\nt ( 8 s92 h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #d3e73 ,be ye angry & s9 n4 ,!re=e ang] is n only t[>ds ^? ) :om "o has a relation ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice & inju/ice c be ( "o man t[>ds an entire class1 or a :ole community3 = in/ance1 :5 ! /ate injures an individual4 ,b ang] is n t[>ds a class b only t[>ds an individual1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #d74 ,!re=e prop]ly speak+1 ang] is n t[>ds ^? ) :om "o is 9 relation ( ju/ice or inju/ice4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 may be ga!r$ f ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #b1 #c74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 ang] desires evil z be+ a means ( j v5geance4 ,consequ5tly1 ang] is t[>ds ^? to :om we are j or unju/3 s9ce v5geance is an act ( ju/ice1 & wrong-do+ is an act ( inju/ice4 ,!re=e bo? on ! "p ( ! cause1 viz4 ! h>m done by ano!r1 & on ! "p ( ! v5geance s\ght by ! angry man1 x is evid5t t ang] conc]ns ^? to :om "o is j or unju/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #b71 ang]1 ?\gh x foll[s an act ( reason1 c nev]!less be 9 dumb animals t are devoid ( reason1 9 s f> z ?r\gh _! natural in/9ct !y are mov$ by _! imag9ation to some?+ l rational action4 ,s9ce !n 9 man !re is bo? reason & imag9ation1 ! movem5t ( ang] c be ar\s$ 9 man 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 :5 only 8 imag9ation d5\nces ! injury3 &1 9 ?is way1 man is ar\s$ to a movem5t ( ang] ev5 aga9/ irrational & inanimate be+s1 :i* movem5t is l t :i* occurs 9 animals aga9/ any?+ t injures !m4 ,secondly1 by ! reason d5\nc+ ! injury3 & ?us1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #c71 x is impossible to be angry ) ins5sible ?+s1 or ) ! dead3 bo? because !y feel no pa91 :i* is1 above all1 :at ! angry man seeks 9 ^? ) :om he is angry3 & because !re is no "q ( v5geance on !m1 s9ce !y c d u no h>m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa71 metaphorically speak+ !re is a c]ta9 ju/ice & inju/ice betwe5 a man & himself1 9 s f> z ! reason rules ! irascible & concupiscible p>ts ( ! s\l4 ,& 9 ?is s5se a man is said to be av5g$ on himself1 & consequ5tly1 to be angry ) himself4 ,b prop]ly1 & 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s1 a man is nev] angry ) himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 assigns z "o diff]5ce betwe5 hatr$ & ang]1 t hatr$ may be felt t[>ds a class1 z we hate ! entire class ( ?ieves2 :]eas ang] is direct$ only t[>ds an individual4 ,! reason is t hatr$ arises f our consid]+ a quality z disagree+ ) our disposition2 & ?is may ref] to a ?+ 9 g5]al or 9 p>ticul>4 ,ang]1 on ! o!r h&1 ensues f someone hav+ injur$ u by 8 action4 ,n[ all actions are ! de$s ( individuals3 & consequ5tly ang] is always po9t$ at an individual4 ,:5 ! :ole /ate hurts u1 ! :ole /ate is reckon$ z "o individual 99,cf4 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #f4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,species ( ,ang] ,are ,suitably ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af7 unsuitably assigns ?ree species ( ang]--wra?1 ill-w & rancor4 ,= no g5us d]ives its specific diff]5ces f accid5ts4 ,b ^! ?ree are div]sifi$ 9 respect ( an accid5t3 because ! beg9n+ ( ! movem5t ( ang] is call$ wra? 7*olos71 if ang] cont9ue x is call$ ill-w 7m5is72 :ile rancor 7kotos7 is ang] wait+ = an opportunity ( v5geance4 ,!re=e ^! are n diff]5t species ( ang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,cic]o says 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv1 #i7 t exc&esc5tia 7irascibility7 is :at ! ,greeks call ?ymosis1 & is a k9d ( ang] t arises & subsides int]mitt5tly2 :ile accord+ to ,damasc5e ?ymosis1 is ! same z kotos 7rancor74 ,!re=e kotos does n bide its "t = tak+ v5geance1 b 9 c\rse ( "t sp5ds itself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxi1 #d7 gives ?ree degrees ( ang]1 namely1 ang] )\t utt]ance1 ang] ) utt]ance1 & ang] ) p]fection ( spee*1 correspond+ to ! ?ree degrees m5tion$ by ,our ,"l 7,matt4 #e3bb73 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r 7?us imply+ ang] )\t utt]ance71 & !n1 :osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1 ',raca' 7imply+ ang] ) utt]ance yet )\t full expression71 & la/ly1 :osoev] %all say ',?\ fool' 7:]e we h p]fection ( spee*74 ,!re=e ,damasc5e's division is imp]fect1 s9ce x takes no acc\nt ( utt]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af7 & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxi44 ,i answ] t1 ,! species ( ang] giv5 by ,damasc5e & ,gregory ( ,nyssa are tak5 f ^? ?+s :i* give increase to ang]4 ,?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ f facility ( ! movem5t itself1 & he calls ?is k9d ( ang] *olos 7bile7 because x quickly ar\s$4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! grief t causes ang]1 & :i* dwells "s "t 9 ! memory2 ?is belongs to m5is 7ill-w7 :i* is d]iv$ f m5e9 7to dwell74 ,?irdly1 on ! "p ( t :i* ! angry man seeks1 viz4 v5geance2 & ?is p]ta9s to kotos 7rancor7 :i* nev] re/s until x is av5g$ 99,eph4 #d3ca3 ,let all bitt]ness & ang] & indignation 4 4 4 be put away f y44 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 calls "s angry p]sons akro*oloi 7*ol]ic71 because !y are easily ang]$2 "s he calls pikroi 7bitt]71 because !y reta9 _! ang] = a long "t2 & "s he calls *alepoi 7ill-temp]$71 because !y nev] re/ until !y h retaliat$ 99,cf4 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,a4 #e4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ^? ?+s :i* give ang] "s k9d ( p]fection are n altoge!r accid5tal to ang]2 & consequ5tly no?+ prev5ts !m f caus+ a c]ta9 specific diff]5ce !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,irascibility1 :i* ,cic]o m5tions1 seems to p]ta9 to ! fir/ species ( ang]1 :i* consi/s 9 a c]ta9 quickness ( temp]1 r ?an to rancor 7furor74 ,& !re is no reason :y ! ,greek ?ymosis1 :i* is d5ot$ by ! ,lat9 furor1 %\ld n signify bo? quickness to ang]1 & firmness ( purpose 9 be+ av5g$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! degrees are di/+ui%$ accord+ to v>i\s effects ( ang]2 & n accord+ to degrees ( p]fection 9 ! v movem5t ( ang]4 ,,"q #dg ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,t ,,provokes ,,ang]1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,rem$ies ,,( ,,ang] 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 99,!re is no fur!r m5tion ( ^! rem$ies 9 ! text1 except 9 ,a4 #d4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause t provokes ang]1 & its rem$ies4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! motive ( ang] is always some?+ done aga9/ ! "o :o is angry8 7#b7 ,:e!r slight or contempt is ! sole motive ( ang]8 7#c7 ,( ! cause ( ang] on ! "p ( ! angry p]son2 7#d7 ,( ! cause ( ang] on ! "p ( ! p]son ) :om "o is angry4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,motive ( ,ang] ,is ,always ,some?+ ,done ,aga9/ ! ,"o ,:o ,is ,angry8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! motive ( ang] is n always some?+ done aga9/ ! "o :o is angry4 ,because man1 by s9n+1 c d no?+ aga9/ ,god2 s9ce x is writt5 7,job #ce3f73 ,if ?y iniquities be multipli$1 :at %alt ?\ d aga9/ ,him8 ,& yet ,god is spok5 ( z be+ angry ) man on acc\nt ( s91 accord+ to ,ps4 #aje3dj3 ,! ,"l 0 exce$+ly angry ) ,8 p4 ,!re=e x is n always on acc\nt ( some?+ done aga9/ him1 t a man is angry4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ang] is a desire = v5geance4 ,b "o may desire v5geance = ?+s done aga9/ o!rs4 ,!re=e we are n always angry on acc\nt ( some?+ done aga9/ u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b7 man is angry especially ) ^? :o despise :at he takes a great int]e/ 92 ?us m5 :o /udy philosophy are angry ) ^? :o despise philosophy1 & s =?4 ,b contempt ( philosophy does n h>m ! philosoph]4 ,!re=e x is n always a h>m done to u t makes u angry4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 he t holds 8 tongue :5 ano!r insults him1 provokes him to great] ang]1 z ,*ryso/om obs]ves 7,hom4 xxii1 9 ,ep4 ad ,rom474 ,b by hold+ 8 tongue he does ! o!r no h>m4 ,!re=e a man is n always provok$ to ang] by some?+ done aga9/ him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t ang] is always due to some?+ done to oneself3 :]eas hatr$ may arise )\t any?+ be+ done to u1 = we hate a man simply because we ?9k him su*4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #df1 ,a4 #f71 ang] is ! desire to hurt ano!r = ! purpose ( j v5geance4 ,n[ unless "s injury has be5 done1 !re is no "q ( v5geance3 nor does any injury provoke "o to v5geance1 b only t :i* is done to ! p]son :o seeks v5geance3 = j z ev]y?+ naturally seeks its own good1 s does x naturally repel its own evil4 ,b injury done by anyone does n affect a man unless 9 "s way x be some?+ done aga9/ him4 ,consequ5tly ! motive ( a man's ang] is always some?+ done aga9/ him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we speak ( ang] 9 ,god1 n z ( a passion ( ! s\l b z ( judgm5t ( ju/ice1 inasmu* z ,he wills to take v5geance on s94 ,because ! s9n]1 by s9n+1 _c d ,god any actual h>m3 b s f> z he himself is conc]n$1 he acts aga9/ ,god 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z he despises ,god 9 ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,secondly1 9 s f> z he h>ms himself or ano!r2 :i* injury r$\nds to ,god1 inasmu* z ! p]son injur$ is an object ( ,god's provid5ce & protection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if we are angry ) ^? :o h>m o!rs1 & seek to be av5g$ on !m1 x is because ^? :o are injur$ belong 9 "s way to u3 ei!r by "s k9%ip or fri5d%ip1 or at lea/ because ( ! nature we h 9 common4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 we take a v great int]e/ 9 a ?+1 we look ^u x z our own good2 s t if anyone despise x1 x seems z ?\gh we ourselves 7 despis$ & injur$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,sil5ce provokes ! insult] to ang] :5 he ?9ks x is due to contempt1 z ?\gh 8 ang] 7 slight$3 & a slight is an action4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,sole ,motive ( ,ang] ,is ,slight or ,contempt8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t slight or contempt is n ! sole motive ( ang]4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af7 t we are angry :5 we suff]1 or ?9k t we are suff]+1 an injury4 ,b "o may suff] an injury )\t be+ despis$ or slight$4 ,!re=e a slight is n ! only motive ( ang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 desire = honor & grief = a slight belong to ! same subject4 ,b dumb animals d n desire honor4 ,!re=e !y are n griev$ by be+ slight$4 ,& yet !y are r\s$ to ang]1 :5 w\nd$1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h74 ,!re=e a slight is n ! sole motive ( ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #b7 gives _m o!r causes ( ang]1 = in/ance1 be+ =gott5 by o!rs2 t o!rs %\ld rejoice 9 our mis=tunes2 t !y %\ld make kn[n our evils2 be+ h9d]$ f do+ z we l4 ,!re=e be+ slight$ is n ! only motive = be+ angry4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b7 t ang] is a desire1 ) sorr[1 = v5geance1 on acc\nt ( a seem+ slight done unbecom+ly4 ,i answ] t1 ,all ! causes ( ang] are r$uc$ to slight4 ,= slight is ( ?ree k9ds1 z /at$ 9 ,rhet4 ii1 #b1 viz4 contempt1 despiteful treatm5t1 i4e4 h9d]+ "o f do+ "o's w1 & insol5ce3 & all motives ( ang] are r$uc$ to ^! ?ree4 ,two reasons may be assign$ = ?is4 ,fir/1 because ang] seeks ano!r's hurt z be+ a means ( j v5geance3 :]e=e x seeks v5geance 9 s f> z x seems j4 ,n[ j v5geance is tak5 only = t :i* is done unju/ly2 h5ce t :i* provokes ang] is always some?+ consid]$ 9 ! light ( an inju/ice4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #c7 t m5 are n angry1--if !y ?9k !y h wrong$ "s "o & are suff]+ ju/ly on t acc\nt2 because !re is no ang] at :at is j4 ,n[ injury is done to ano!r 9 ?ree ways3 namely1 ?r\gh ignorance1 ?r\gh passion1 & ?r\gh *oice4 ,!n1 mo/ ( all1 a man does an inju/ice1 :5 he does an injury f *oice1 on purpose1 or f delib]ate malice1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #h4 ,:]e=e we are mo/ ( all angry ) ^? :o1 9 our op9ion1 h hurt u on purpose4 ,= if we ?9k t "s "o has done u an injury ?r\gh ignorance or ?r\gh passion1 ei!r we are n angry ) !m at all1 or v mu* less3 s9ce to d any?+ ?r\gh ignorance or ?r\gh passion takes away f ! notion ( injury1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t calls = m]cy & =giv5ess4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o d an injury on purpose1 seem to s9 f contempt2 :]e=e we are angry ) !m mo/ ( all4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #c7 t we are ei!r n angry at all1 or n v angry ) ^? :o h act$ ?r\gh ang]1 because !y d n seem to h act$ slight+ly4 ,! second reason is because a slight is oppos$ to a man's excell5ce3 because m5 ?9k little ( ?+s t are n wor? mu* ado 7,rhet4 ii1 #b74 ,n[ we seek = "s k9d ( excell5ce f all our goods4 ,consequ5tly :atev] injury is inflict$ on u1 9 s f> z x is d]ogatory to our excell5ce1 seems to savor ( a slight4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,any o!r cause1 besides contempt1 ?r\gh :i* a man suff]s an injury1 takes away f ! notion ( injury3 contempt or slight alone adds to ! motive ( ang]1 & consequ5tly is ( itself ! cause ( ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh a dumb animal does n seek honor z su*1 yet x naturally seeks a c]ta9 sup]iority1 & is angry ) any?+ d]ogatory !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ea* ( ^? causes am\nts to "s k9d ( slight4 ,?us =getfulness is a cle> sign ( slight e/eem1 = ! m we ?9k ( a ?+ ! m is x fix$ 9 our memory4 ,aga9 if a man does n hesitate by 8 rem>ks to give pa9 to ano!r1 ?is seems to %[ t he ?9ks little ( him3 & ^? too :o %[ signs ( hil>ity :5 ano!r is 9 mis=tune1 seem to c>e little ab\t 8 good or evil4 ,aga9 he t h9d]s ano!r f c>ry+ out 8 w1 )\t d]iv+ !reby any pr(it to himself1 seems n to c>e mu* = 8 fri5d%ip4 ,consequ5tly all ^? ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are signs ( contempt1 provoke ang]4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,man's ,excell5ce ,is ! ,cause ( ,8 ,be+ ,angry8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man's excell5ce is n ! cause ( 8 be+ m easily angry4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b7 t "s are angry especially :5 !y are griev$1 = in/ance1 ! sick1 ! poor1 & ^? :o are disappo9t$4 ,b ^! ?+s seem to p]ta9 to defect4 ,!re=e defect r ?an excell5ce makes "o prone to ang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b7 t "s are v mu* incl9$ to be angry :5 !y are despis$ = "s fail+ or weakness ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* !re are gr\nds = suspicion2 b if !y ?9k !y excel 9 ^? po9ts1 !y d n tr\ble4 ,b a suspicion ( ?is k9d is due to "s defect4 ,!re=e defect r ?an excell5ce is a cause ( a man be+ angry4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] savors ( excell5ce makes a man agreeable & hopeful4 ,b ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #c7 t m5 are n angry :5 !y play1 make jokes1 or take "p 9 a fea/1 nor :5 !y are prosp]\s or successful1 nor 9 mod]ate pleasures & well-f\nd$ hope4 ,!re=e excell5ce is n a cause ( ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #i7 t excell5ce makes m5 prone to ang]4 ,i answ] t1 ,! cause ( ang]1 9 ! man :o is angry1 may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ 9 respect ( ! motive ( ang]3 & ?us excell5ce is ! cause ( a man be+ easily ang]$4 ,because ! motive ( ang] is an unju/ slight1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! m excell5t a man is1 ! m unju/ is a slight (f]$ him 9 ! matt] 9 :i* he excels4 ,consequ5tly ^? :o excel 9 any matt]1 are mo/ ( all angry1 if !y be slight$ 9 t matt]2 = in/ance1 a weal?y man 9 8 ri*es1 or an orator 9 8 eloqu5ce1 & s =?4 ,secondly1 ! cause ( ang]1 9 ! man :o is angry1 may be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! disposition produc$ 9 him by ! motive a=esaid4 ,n[ x is evid5t t no?+ moves a man to ang] except a hurt t grieves him3 :ile :atev] savors ( defect is above all a cause ( grief2 s9ce m5 :o suff] f "s defect are m easily hurt4 ,& ?is is :y m5 :o are weak1 or subject to "s o!r defect1 are m easily ang]$1 s9ce !y are m easily griev$4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if a man be despis$ 9 a matt] 9 :i* he evid5tly excels greatly1 he does n consid] himself ! los] !reby1 & !re=e is n griev$3 & 9 ?is respect he is less ang]$4 ,b 9 ano!r respect1 9 s f> z he is m undes]v$ly despis$1 he has m reason = be+ angry3 unless p]haps he ?9ks t he is envi$ or insult$ n ?r\gh contempt b ?r\gh ignorance1 or "s o!r l cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ^! ?+s h9d] ang] 9 s f> z !y h9d] sorr[4 ,b 9 ano!r respect !y are naturally apt to provoke ang]1 because !y make x m unseemly to insult anyone4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,p]son's ,defect ,is a ,reason = ,be+ ,m ,easily ,angry ) ,him8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a p]son's defect is n a reason = be+ m easily angry ) him4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #c7 t we are n angry ) ^? :o confess & rep5t & humble !mselves2 on ! contr>y1 we are g5tle ) !m4 ,:]e=e dogs bite n ^? :o sit d[n4 ,b ^! ?+s savor ( littl5ess & defect4 ,!re=e littl5ess ( a p]son is a reason = be+ less angry ) him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no great] defect ?an dea?4 ,b ang] ceases at ! sight ( dea?4 ,!re=e defect ( a p]son does n provoke ang] aga9/ him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o ?9ks little ( a man ?r\gh 8 be+ fri5dly t[>ds him4 ,b we are m angry ) fri5ds1 if !y (f5d u or refuse to help u2 h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #ed3ac73 ,if my enemy _h revil$ me ,i w\ld v]ily h borne ) x4 ,!re=e a p]son's defect is n a reason = be+ m easily angry ) him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b7 t ! ri* man is angry ) ! poor man1 if ! latt] despise him2 & 9 l mann] ! pr9ce is angry ) 8 subject4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c7 unm]it$ contempt m ?an any?+ else is a provocative ( ang]4 ,consequ5tly defici5cy or littl5ess 9 ! p]son ) :om we are angry1 t5ds to increase our ang]1 9 s f> z x adds to ! unm]it$ness ( be+ despis$4 ,= j z ! high] a man's position is1 ! m undes]v$ly he is despis$2 s ! l[] x is1 ! less reason he has = despis+4 ,?us a nobleman is angry if he be insult$ by a peasant2 a wise man1 if by a fool2 a ma/]1 if by a s]vant4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! littl5ess or defici5cy less5s ! unm]it$ contempt1 !n x does n increase b less5s ang]4 ,9 ?is way ^? :o rep5t ( _! ill-de$s1 & confess t !y h done wrong1 :o humble !mselves & ask p>don1 mitigate ang]1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ae3a3 ,a mild answ] breake? wra?3 because1 to wit1 !y seem n to despise1 b r to ?9k mu* ( ^? be=e :om !y humble !mselves4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are two reasons :y ang] ceases at ! sight ( dea?4 ,"o is because ! dead are incapable ( sorr[ & s5sation2 & ?is is *iefly :at ! angry seek 9 ^? ) :om !y are ang]$4 ,ano!r reason is because ! dead seem to h atta9$ to ! limit ( evils4 ,h5ce ang] ceases 9 reg>d to all :o are griev\sly hurt1 9 s f> z ?is hurt surpasses ! measure ( j retaliation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to be despis$ by "o's fri5ds seems also a great] indignity4 ,consequ5tly if !y despise u by hurt+ or by fail+ to help1 we are angry ) !m = ! same reason = :i* we are angry ) ^? :o are b5ea? u4 ,,"q #dh ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,ang] 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( ang]3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ang] causes pleasure8 7#b7 ,:e!r above all x causes heat 9 ! he>t8 7#c7 ,:e!r above all x h9d]s ! use ( reason8 7#d7 ,:e!r x causes taciturnity8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ang] ,causes ,pleasure8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] does n cause pleasure4 ,because sorr[ excludes pleasure4 ,b ang] is nev] )\t sorr[1 s9ce1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #f1 ev]yone t acts f ang]1 acts ) pa94 ,!re=e ang] does n cause pleasure4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 t v5geance makes ang] to cease1 because x sub/itutes pleasure = pa93 :5ce we may ga!r t ! angry man d]ives pleasure f v5geance1 & t v5geance quells 8 ang]4 ,!re=e on ! adv5t ( pleasure1 ang] dep>ts3 & consequ5tly ang] is n an effect unit$ ) pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no effect h9d]s its cause1 s9ce x is con=m$ to its cause4 ,b pleasure h9d]s ang] z /at$ 9 ,rhet4 ii1 #c4 ,!re=e pleasure is n an effect ( ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 quotes ! say+ t ang] is ,sweet to ! s\l z honey to ! ta/e 7,iliad1 xviii1 #aji1 trl4 ,pope74 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ad71 pleasures1 *iefly s5sible & bodily pleasures1 are rem$ies aga9/ sorr[3 & !re=e ! great] ! sorr[ or anxiety1 ! m s5sible are we to ! pleasure :i* heals x1 z is evid5t 9 ! case ( ?ir/ :i* increases ! pleasure ( dr9k4 ,n[ x is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #dg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c71 t ! movem5t ( ang] arises f a wrong done t causes sorr[1 = :i* sorr[ v5geance is s\ght z a rem$y4 ,consequ5tly z soon z v5geance is pres5t1 pleasure ensues1 & s mu* ! great] accord+ z ! sorr[ 0 great]4 ,!re=e if v5geance be really pres5t1 p]fect pleasure ensues1 entirely exclud+ sorr[1 s t ! movem5t ( ang] ceases4 ,b be=e v5geance is really pres5t1 x becomes pres5t to ! angry man 9 two ways3 9 "o way1 by hope2 because none is angry except he hopes = v5geance1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #df1 ,a4 #a72 9 ano!r way1 by ?9k+ ( x cont9ually1 = to ev]yone t desires a ?+ x is pleasant to dwell on ! ?\ght ( :at he desires2 :]e=e ! imag9+s ( dreams are pleasant4 ,accord+ly an angry man takes pleasure 9 ?9k+ mu* ab\t v5geance4 ,?is pleasure1 h[ev]1 is n p]fect1 s z to bani% sorr[ & consequ5tly ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! angry man does n grieve & rejoice at ! same ?+2 he grieves = ! wrong done1 :ile he takes pleasure 9 ! ?\ght & hope ( v5geance4 ,consequ5tly sorr[ is to ang] z its beg9n+2 :ile pleasure is ! effect or t]m9us ( ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t holds 9 reg>d to pleasure caus$ by ! real pres5ce ( v5geance1 :i* bani%es ang] altoge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pleasure t prec$es h9d]s sorr[ f ensu+1 & consequ5tly is a h9drance to ang]4 ,b pleasure felt 9 tak+ v5geance foll[s f ang]4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ang] ,above ,all ,causes ,f]vor 9 ! ,he>t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t heat is n above all ! effect ( ang]4 ,= f]vor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #b71 belongs to love4 ,b love1 z above /at$1 is ! beg9n+ & cause ( all ! passions4 ,s9ce !n ! cause is m p[]ful ?an its effect1 x seems t ang] is n ! *ief cause ( f]vor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i*1 ( !mselves1 ar\se f]vor1 increase z "t goes on2 ?us love gr[s /rong] ! long] x la/s4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t ang] gr[s weak]2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #c7 t "t puts an end to ang]4 ,!re=e f]vor is n ! prop] effect ( ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 f]vor add$ to f]vor produces great] f]vor4 ,b ! addition ( a great] ang] bani%es already exi/+ ang]1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #c74 ,!re=e ang] does n cause f]vor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af7 t ang] is f]vor ( ! blood ar\nd ! he>t1 result+ f an exhalation ( ! bile4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a71 ! bodily transmutation t occurs 9 ! passions ( ! s\l is proportionate to ! movem5t ( ! appetite4 ,n[ x is evid5t t e appetite1 ev5 ! natural appetite1 t5ds ) great] =ce to repel t :i* is contr>y to x1 if x be pres5t3 h5ce we see t hot wat] freezes h>d]1 z ?\gh ! cold act$ ) great] =ce on ! hot object4 ,s9ce !n ! appetitive movem5t ( ang] is caus$ by "s injury inflict$1 z by a contr>y t is pres5t2 x foll[s t ! appetite t5ds ) great =ce to repel ! injury by ! desire ( v5geance2 & h5ce ensues great vehem5ce & impetuosity 9 ! movem5t ( ang]4 ,& because ! movem5t ( ang] is n "o ( recoil1 :i* corresponds to ! action ( cold1 b "o ( prosecution1 :i* corresponds to ! action ( heat1 ! result is t ! movem5t ( ang] produces f]vor ( ! blood & vital spirits ar\nd ! he>t1 :i* is ! in/rum5t ( ! s\l's passions4 ,& h5ce x is t1 on acc\nt ( ! he>t be+ s di/urb$ by ang]1 ^? *iefly :o are angry betray signs !re( 9 _! out] memb]s4 ,=1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #cj7 ! he>t t is inflam$ ) ! /+s ( its own ang] beats quick1 ! body trembles1 ! tongue /amm]s1 ! c\nt5ance takes fire1 ! eyes gr[ fi]ce1 !y t are well kn[n are n recogniz$4 ,) ! m\? inde$ he %apes a s\nd1 b ! und]/&+ kn[s n :at x says4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,love itself is n felt s ke5ly z 9 ! abs5ce ( ! belov$1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,tr94 x1 #ab74 ,consequ5tly :5 a man suff]s f a hurt done to ! excell5ce t he loves1 he feels 8 love !re( ! m3 ! result be+ t 8 he>t is mov$ ) great] heat to remove ! h9drance to ! object ( 8 love2 s t ang] increases ! f]vor ( love & makes x to be felt m4 ,nev]!less1 ! f]vor aris+ f heat diff]s accord+ z x is to be ref]r$ to love or to ang]4 ,because ! f]vor ( love has a c]ta9 sweetness & g5tl5ess2 = x t5ds to ! good t "o loves3 :5ce x is lik5$ to ! w>m? ( ! air & ( ! blood4 ,= ?is reason sangu9e temp]am5ts are m incl9$ to love2 & h5ce ! say+ t love spr+s f ! liv]1 because ( ! blood be+ =m$ !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f]vor ( ang] has a c]ta9 bitt]ness ) a t5d5cy to de/roy1 = x seeks to be av5g$ on ! contr>y evil3 :5ce x is lik5$ to ! heat ( fire & ( ! bile1 & = ?is reason ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af7 t x results f an exhalation ( ! bile :5ce x takes its "n *ole4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"t1 ( necessity1 weak5s all ^? ?+s1 ! causes ( :i* are impair$ by "t4 ,n[ x is evid5t t memory is weak5$ by "t2 = ?+s :i* happ5$ long ago easily slip f our memory4 ,b ang] is caus$ by ! memory ( a wrong done4 ,consequ5tly ! cause ( ang] is impair$ little by little z "t goes on1 until at l5g? x vani%es altoge!r4 ,moreov] a wrong seems great] :5 x is fir/ felt2 & our e/imate !re( is gradually less5$ ! fur!r ! s5se ( pres5t wrong rec$es into ! pa/4 ,! same applies to love1 s long z ! cause ( love is 9 ! memory alone2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e7 t if a fri5d's abs5ce la/s long1 x seems to make m5 =get _! fri5d%ip4 ,b 9 ! pres5ce ( a fri5d1 ! cause ( fri5d%ip is cont9ually be+ multipli$ by "t3 :]e=e ! fri5d%ip increases3 & ! same w\ld apply to ang]1 7 its cause cont9ually multipli$4 ,nev]!less ! v fact t ang] soon sp5ds itself proves ! /r5g? ( its f]vor3 = z a great fire is soon sp5t hav+ burnt up all ! fuel2 s too ang]1 by reason ( its vehem5ce1 soon dies away4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e p[] t is divid$ 9 itself is weak5$4 ,consequ5tly if a man be+ already angry ) "o1 becomes angry ) ano!r1 by ?is v fact 8 ang] ) ! =m] is weak5$4 ,especially is ?is s if 8 ang] 9 ! second case be great]3 because ! wrong done :i* ar\s$ 8 =m] ang]1 w1 9 comp>ison ) ! second wrong1 :i* is reckon$ great]1 seem to be ( little or no acc\nt4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,ang] ,above ,all ,h9d]s ! ,use ( ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] does n h9d] ! use ( reason4 ,because t :i* presupposes an act ( reason1 does n seem to h9d] ! use ( reason4 ,b ang] li/5s to reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #f4 ,!re=e ang] does n h9d] reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m ! reason is h9d]$1 ! less does a man %[ 8 ?\ghts4 ,b ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t an angry man is n cunn+ b is op54 ,!re=e ang] does n seem to h9d] ! use ( reason1 z desire does2 = desire is cunn+1 z he also /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f474 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! judgm5t ( reason becomes m evid5t by juxtaposition ( ! contr>y3 because contr>ies /& out m cle>ly :5 plac$ beside "o ano!r4 ,b ?is also increases ang]3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #b7 t m5 are m angry if !y receive unwont$ treatm5t2 = in/ance1 honorable m51 if !y be di%onor$3 & s =?4 ,!re=e ! same cause increases ang]1 & facilitates ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,!re=e ang] does n h9d] ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #cj7 t ang] )draws ! light ( und]/&+1 :ile by agitat+ x tr\bles ! m9d4 ,i answ] t1 ,al?\gh ! m9d or reason makes no use ( a bodily organ 9 its prop] act1 yet1 s9ce x ne$s c]ta9 s5sitive p[]s = ! execution ( its act1 ! acts ( :i* p[]s are h9d]$ :5 ! body is di/urb$1 x foll[s ( necessity t any di/urbance 9 ! body h9d]s ev5 ! judgm5t ( reason2 z is cle> 9 ! case ( drunk5ness or sleep4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #b7 t ang]1 above all1 causes a bodily di/urbance 9 ! region ( ! he>t1 s mu* z to effect ev5 ! outw>d memb]s4 ,consequ5tly1 ( all ! passions1 ang] is ! mo/ manife/ ob/acle to ! judgm5t ( reason1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cj3aj3 ,my eye is tr\bl$ ) wra?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! beg9n+ ( ang] is 9 ! reason1 z reg>ds ! appetitive movem5t1 :i* is ! =mal elem5t ( ang]4 ,b ! passion ( ang] =e/alls ! p]fect judgm5t ( reason1 z ?\gh x li/5$ b imp]fectly to reason1 on acc\nt ( ! commotion ( ! heat urg+ to in/ant action1 :i* commotion is ! mat]ial elem5t ( ang]4 ,9 ?is respect x h9d]s ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an angry man is said to be op51 n because x is cle> to him :at he ought to d1 b because he acts op5ly1 )\t ?\ght ( hid+ himself4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! reason be+ h9d]$1 s z n to disc]n :at %\ld be hidd5 & :at done op5ly1 nor to devise ! means ( hid+2 & p>tly to ! dilatation ( ! he>t :i* p]ta9s to magnanimity :i* is an effect ( ang]3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says ( ! magnanim\s man 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t he is op5 9 8 hatr$s & 8 fri5d%ips 4 4 4 & speaks & acts op5ly4 ,desire1 on ! o!r h&1 is said to lie l[ & to be cunn+1 because1 9 _m cases1 ! pleasurable ?+s t are desir$1 savor ( %ame & voluptu\sness1 :]e9 man wi%es n to be se54 ,b 9 ^? ?+s t savor ( manl9ess & excell5ce1 su* z matt]s ( v5geance1 man seeks to be 9 ! op54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7ad #a71 ! movem5t ( ang] beg9s 9 ! reason1 :]e=e ! juxtaposition ( "o contr>y ) ano!r facilitates ! judgm5t ( reason1 on ! same gr\nds z x increases ang]4 ,= :5 a man :o is possess$ ( honor or weal?1 suff]s a loss !re91 ! loss seems all ! great]1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! contra/1 & because x 0 un=ese54 ,consequ5tly x causes great] grief3 j z a great good1 ?r\gh be+ receiv$ unexpect$ly1 causes great] delight4 ,& 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! grief t prec$es1 ang] is increas$ also4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ang] ,above ,all ,causes ,taciturnity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] does n cause taciturnity4 ,because taciturnity is oppos$ to spee*4 ,b increase 9 ang] conduces to spee*2 z is evid5t f ! degrees ( ang] laid d[n by ,our ,"l 7,matt4 #e3bb73 :]e ,he says3 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r2 & 4 4 4 :osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1 ',raca'2 & 4 4 4 :osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1 ',?\ fool4' ,!re=e ang] does n cause taciturnity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?r\gh fail+ to obey reason1 man sometimes breaks out into unbecom+ words3 h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #be3bh73 ,z a city t lie? op5 & is n compass$ ) walls1 s is a man t _c refra9 8 own _s 9 speak+4 ,b ang]1 above all1 h9d]s ! judgm5t ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,consequ5tly above all x makes "o break out into unbecom+ words4 ,!re=e x does n cause taciturnity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,matt4 #ab3cd73 ,out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t ! m\? speake?4 ,b ang]1 above all1 causes a di/urbance 9 ! he>t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e above all x conduces to spee*4 ,!re=e x does n cause taciturnity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #cj7 t :5 ang] does n v5t itself outw>dly by ! lips1 inw>dly x burns ! m fi]cely4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #d71 ang] bo? foll[s an act ( reason1 & h9d]s ! reason3 & 9 bo? respects x may cause taciturnity4 ,on ! "p ( ! reason1 :5 ! judgm5t ( reason prevails s f>1 t al?\gh x does n curb ! appetite 9 its inord9ate desire = v5geance1 yet x curbs ! tongue f unbridl$ spee*4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #cj73 ,sometimes :5 ! m9d is di/urb$1 ang]1 z if 9 judgm5t1 comm&s sil5ce4 ,on ! "p ( ! imp$im5t to reason because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! di/urbance ( ang] rea*es to ! outw>d memb]s1 & *iefly to ^? memb]s :i* reflect m di/9ctly ! emotions ( ! he>t1 su* z ! eyes1 face & tongue2 :]e=e1 z obs]v$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! tongue /amm]s1 ! c\nt5ance takes fire1 ! eyes gr[ fi]ce4 ,consequ5tly ang] may cause su* a di/urbance1 t ! tongue is altoge!r depriv$ ( spee*2 & taciturnity is ! result4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ang] sometimes goes s f> z to h9d] ! reason f curb+ ! tongue3 b sometimes x goes yet f>!r1 s z to p>alyze ! tongue & o!r outw>d memb]s4 ,& ?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! di/urbance ( ! he>t may sometimes sup]ab\nd to ! ext5d t ! movem5ts ( ! outw>d memb]s are h9d]$ by ! inord9ate movem5t ( ! he>t4 ,!nce ensue taciturnity & immobility ( ! outw>d memb]s2 & sometimes ev5 dea?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! di/urbance be n s great1 !n out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t ?us di/urb$1 ! m\? proce$s to speak4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,habits 7,,qq4 #di-ed7 ,,"q #di ,,( ,,habits ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,z ,,to ,,_! ,,sub/ance 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] treat+ ( human acts & passions1 we n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( ! pr9ciples ( human acts1 & fir/ly ( intr9sic pr9ciples1 secondly ( extr9sic pr9ciples4 ,! intr9sic pr9ciple is p[] & habit2 b z we h treat$ ( p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gg1 seqq471 x rema9s = u to consid] !m 9 g5]al3 9 ! second place we %all consid] virtues & vices & o!r l habits1 :i* are ! pr9ciples ( human acts4 ,conc]n+ habits 9 g5]al !re are f\r po9ts to consid]3 ,fir/1 ! sub/ance ( habits2 second1 _! subject2 ?ird1 ! cause ( _! g5]ation1 increase1 & corruption2 f\r?1 h[ !y are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r habit is a quality8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a di/9ct species ( quality8 7#c7 ,:e!r habit implies an ord] to an act8 7#d7 ,( ! necessity ( habit4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,habit ,is a ,quality8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habit is n a quality4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #gc73 ?is ^w 'habit' is d]iv$ f ! v]b 'to h4' ,b to h belongs n only to quality1 b also to ! o!r categories3 = we speak ( ourselves z hav+ quantity & money & o!r l ?+s4 ,!re=e habit is n a quality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habit is reckon$ z "o ( ! pr$icam5ts2 z may be cle>ly se5 9 ! ,book on ! ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi74 ,b "o pr$icam5t is n conta9$ "u ano!r4 ,!re=e habit is n a quality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e habit is a disposition1 z is /at$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi74 ,n[ disposition is ! ord] ( t :i* has p>ts1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 v1 text4 #bd4 ,b ?is belongs to ! pr$icam5t ,position4 ,!re=e habit is n a quality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 9 ! ,book ( ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi7 t habit is a quality :i* is difficult to *ange4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is ^w habitus 7habit7 is d]iv$ f hab]e 7to h74 ,n[ habit is tak5 f ?is ^w 9 two ways2 9 "o way1 inasmu* z man1 or any o!r ?+1 is said to h some?+2 9 ano!r way1 inasmu* z a p>ticul> ?+ has a relation 7se habet7 ei!r 9 reg>d to itself1 or 9 reg>d to some?+ else4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/1 we mu/ obs]ve t to h1 z said 9 reg>d to any?+ t is _h1 is common to ! v>i\s pr$icam5ts4 ,& s ! ,philosoph] puts to h among ! po/-pr$icam5ts1 s call$ because !y result f ! v>i\s pr$icam5ts2 z1 = in/ance1 opposition1 priority1 po/]ity1 & su* l4 ,n[ among ?+s :i* are _h1 !re seems to be ?is di/9ction1 t !re are "s 9 :i* !re is no m$ium betwe5 ! hav] & t :i* is _h3 z1 = in/ance1 !re is no m$ium betwe5 ! subject & quality or quantity4 ,!n !re are "s 9 :i* !re is a m$ium1 b only a relation3 z1 = in/ance1 a man is said to h a companion or a fri5d4 ,&1 fur!r1 !re are "s 9 :i* !re is a m$ium1 n inde$ an action or passion1 b some?+ aft] ! mann] ( action or passion3 ?us1 = in/ance1 some?+ adorns or cov]s1 & some?+ else is adorn$ or cov]$3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be7 t a habit is said to be1 z x 71 an action or a passion ( ! hav] & t :i* is _h2 z is ! case 9 ^? ?+s :i* we h ab\t ourselves4 ,& !re=e ^! con/itute a special g5us ( ?+s1 :i* are compris$ "u ! pr$icam5t ( habit3 ( :i* ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be7 t !re is a habit betwe5 clo?+ & ! man :o is clo!d4 ,b if to h be tak5 accord+ z a ?+ has a relation 9 reg>d to itself or to some?+ else2 9 t case habit is a quality2 s9ce ?is mode ( hav+ is 9 respect ( "s quality3 & ( ?is ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be7 t habit is a disposition :]eby t :i* is dispos$ is dispos$ well or ill1 & ?is1 ei!r 9 reg>d to itself or 9 reg>d to ano!r3 ?us heal? is a habit4 ,& 9 ?is s5se we speak ( habit n[4 ,:]e=e we mu/ say t habit is a quality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes to h 9 ! g5]al s5se3 = ?us x is common to _m pr$icam5ts1 z we h said4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t takes habit 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we und]/& x to be a m$ium betwe5 ! hav]1 & t :i* is _h3 & 9 ?is s5se x is a pr$icam5t1 z we h said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,disposition does always1 inde$1 imply an ord] ( t :i* has p>ts3 b ?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways1 z ! ,philosoph] goes on at once to says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be73 namely1 ei!r z to place1 or z to p[]1 or z to species4 ,9 say+ ?is1 z ,simplicius obs]ves 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts1 he includes all dispositions3 bodily dispositions1 :5 he says 'z to place1' & ?is belongs to ! pr$icam5t ,position1 :i* is ! ord] ( p>ts 9 a place3 :5 he says 'z to p[]1' he includes all ^? dispositions :i* are 9 c\rse ( =mation & n yet arriv$ at p]fect usefulness1 su* z in*oate sci5ce & virtue3 & :5 he says1 'z to species1' he includes p]fect dispositions1 :i* are call$ habits1 su* z p]fect$ sci5ce & virtue4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,habit ,is a ,di/9ct ,species ( ,quality8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habit is n a di/9ct species ( quality4 ,because1 z we h said 7,a4 #a71 habit1 9 s f> z x is a quality1 is a disposition :]eby t :i* is dispos$ is dispos$ well or ill4 ,b ?is happ5s 9 reg>d to any quality3 = a ?+ happ5s to be well or ill dispos$ 9 reg>d also to %ape1 & 9 l mann]1 9 reg>d to heat & cold1 & 9 reg>d to all su* ?+s4 ,!re=e habit is n a di/9ct species ( quality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! ,book ( ! ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi71 t heat & cold are dispositions or habits1 j z sickness & heal?4 ,!re=e habit or disposition is n di/9ct f ! o!r species ( quality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 difficult to *ange is n a diff]5ce belong+ to ! pr$icam5t ( quality1 b r to movem5t or passion4 ,n[1 no g5us %\ld be contract$ to a species by a diff]5ce ( ano!r g5us2 b diff]5ces %\ld be prop] to a g5us1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ,metaph4 vii1 text4 #db4 ,!re=e1 s9ce habit is a quality difficult to *ange1 x seems n to be a di/9ct species ( quality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 9 ! ,book ( ! ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi7 t "o species ( quality is habit & disposition4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,philosoph] 9 ! ,book ( ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi7 reckons disposition & habit z ! fir/ species ( quality4 ,n[ ,simplicius1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts1 expla9s ! diff]5ce ( ^! species z foll[s4 ,he says t "s qualities are natural1 & are 9 _! subject 9 virtue ( its nature1 & are always !re3 b "s are adv5titi\s1 be+ caus$ f )\t1 & ^! c be lo/4 ,n[ ! latt]1 i4e4 ^? :i* are adv5titi\s1 are habits & dispositions1 diff]+ 9 ! po9t ( be+ easily or difficultly lo/4 ,z to natural qualities1 "s reg>d a ?+ 9 ! po9t ( its be+ 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality2 & ?us we h ! second species ( quality3 :ile o!rs reg>d a ?+ :i* is 9 act2 & ?is ei!r deeply root$ !re9 or only on its surface4 ,if deeply root$1 we h ! ?ird species ( quality3 if on ! surface1 we h ! f\r? species ( quality1 z %ape1 & =m :i* is ! %ape ( an animat$ be+4 ,b ?is di/9ction ( ! species ( quality seems unsuitable4 ,= !re are _m %apes1 & passion-l qualities1 :i* are n natural b adv5titi\s3 & !re are also _m dispositions :i* are n adv5titi\s b natural1 z heal?1 beauty1 & ! l4 ,moreov]1 x does n suit ! ord] ( ! species1 s9ce t :i* is ! m natural is always fir/4 ,!re=e we mu/ expla9 o!rwise ! di/9ction ( dispositions & habits f o!r qualities4 ,= quality1 prop]ly speak+1 implies a c]ta9 mode ( sub/ance4 ,n[ mode1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #c71 is t :i* a measure det]m9es3 :]e=e x implies a c]ta9 det]m9ation accord+ to a c]ta9 measure4 ,!re=e1 j z t 9 accordance ) :i* ! mat]ial pot5tiality 7pot5tia mat]iae7 is det]m9$ to its sub/antial be+1 is call$ quality1 :i* is a diff]5ce affect+ ! sub/ance1 s t1 9 accordance ) ! pot5tiality ( ! subject is det]m9$ to its accid5tal be+1 is call$ an accid5tal quality1 :i* is also a k9d ( diff]5ce1 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #ai74 ,n[ ! mode or det]m9ation ( ! subject to accid5tal be+ may be tak5 9 reg>d to ! v nature ( ! subject1 or 9 reg>d to action1 & passion result+ f its natural pr9ciples1 :i* are matt] & =m2 or aga9 9 reg>d to quantity4 ,if we take ! mode or det]m9ation ( ! subject 9 reg>d to quantity1 we %all !n h ! f\r? species ( quality4 ,& because quantity1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is devoid ( movem5t1 & does n imply ! notion ( good or evil1 s x does n conc]n ! f\r? species ( quality :e!r a ?+ be well or ill dispos$1 nor quickly or sl[ly transitory4 ,b ! mode or det]m9ation ( ! subject1 9 reg>d to action or passion1 is consid]$ 9 ! second & ?ird species ( quality4 ,& !re=e 9 bo?1 we take into acc\nt :e!r a ?+ be done ) ease or difficulty2 :e!r x be transitory or la/+4 ,b 9 !m1 we d n consid] any?+ p]ta9+ to ! notion ( good or evil3 because movem5ts & passions h n ! aspect ( an end1 :]eas good & evil are said 9 respect ( an end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mode or det]m9ation ( ! subject1 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! ?+1 belongs to ! fir/ species ( quality1 :i* is habit & disposition3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag71 :5 speak+ ( habits ( ! s\l & ( ! body1 t !y are dispositions ( ! p]fect to ! be/2 & by p]fect ,i mean t :i* is dispos$ 9 accordance ) its nature4 ,& s9ce ! =m itself & ! nature ( a ?+ is ! end & ! cause :y a ?+ is made 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #be71 !re=e 9 ! fir/ species we consid] bo? evil & good1 & also *angeabl5ess1 :e!r easy or difficult2 inasmu* z a c]ta9 nature is ! end ( g5]ation & movem5t4 ,& s ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be7 def9es habit1 a disposition :]eby someone is dispos$1 well or ill2 & 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #d1 he says t by habits we are direct$ well or ill 9 ref]5ce to ! passions4 ,= :5 ! mode is suitable to ! ?+'s nature1 x has ! aspect ( good3 & :5 x is unsuitable1 x has ! aspect ( evil4 ,& s9ce nature is ! fir/ object ( consid]ation 9 any?+1 = ?is reason habit is reckon$ z ! fir/ species ( quality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,disposition implies a c]ta9 ord]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,:]e=e a man is n said to be dispos$ by "s quality except 9 relation to some?+ else4 ,& if we add well or ill1 :i* belongs to ! ess5tial notion ( habit1 we mu/ consid] ! quality's relation to ! nature1 :i* is ! end4 ,s 9 reg>d to %ape1 or heat1 or cold1 a man is n said to be well or ill dispos$1 except by reason ( a relation to ! nature ( a ?+1 ) reg>d to its suitability or unsuitability4 ,consequ5tly ev5 %apes & passion-l qualities1 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ to be suitable or unsuitable to ! nature ( a ?+1 belong to habits or dispositions3 = %ape & color1 accord+ to _! suitability to ! nature ( ?+1 conc]n beauty2 :ile heat & cold1 accord+ to _! suitability to ! nature ( a ?+1 conc]n heal?4 ,& 9 ?is way heat & cold are put1 by ! ,philosoph]1 9 ! fir/ species ( quality4 ,:]e=e x is cle> h[ to answ] ! second objection3 ?\gh "s give ano!r solution1 z ,simplicius says 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is diff]5ce1 difficult to *ange1 does n di/+ui% habit f ! o!r species ( quality1 b f disposition4 ,n[ disposition may be tak5 9 two ways2 9 "o way1 z ! g5us ( habit1 = disposition is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( habit 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be73 9 ano!r way1 accord+ z x is divid$ aga9/ habit4 ,aga91 disposition1 prop]ly s call$1 c be divid$ aga9/ habit 9 two ways3 fir/1 z p]fect & imp]fect )9 ! same species2 & ?us we call x a disposition1 reta9+ ! "n ( ! g5us1 :5 x is _h imp]fectly1 s z to be easily lo/3 :]eas we call x a habit1 :5 x is _h p]fectly1 s z n to be lo/ easily4 ,& ?us a disposition becomes a habit1 j z a boy becomes a man4 ,secondly1 !y may be di/+ui%$ z div]se species ( ! "o subalt]n g5us3 s t we call dispositions1 ^? qualities ( ! fir/ species1 :i* by reason ( _! v nature are easily lo/1 because !y h *angeable causes2 e4g4 sickness & heal?3 :]eas we call habits ^? qualities :i*1 by reason ( _! v nature1 are n easily *ang$1 9 t !y h un*angeable causes1 e4g4 sci5ces & virtues4 ,& 9 ?is s5se1 disposition does n become habit4 ,! latt] explanation seems m 9 keep+ ) ! int5tion ( ,ari/otle3 = 9 ord] to confirm ?is di/9ction he adduces ! common mode ( speak+1 accord+ to :i*1 :5 a quality is1 by reason ( its nature1 easily *angeable1 &1 ?r\gh "s accid5t1 becomes difficultly *angeable1 !n x is call$ a habit3 :ile ! contr>y happ5s 9 reg>d to qualities1 by reason ( _! nature1 difficultly *angeable3 = suppos+ a man to h a sci5ce imp]fectly1 s z to be liable to lose x easily1 we say t he is dispos$ to t sci5ce1 r ?an t he has ! sci5ce4 ,f ?is x is cle> t ! ^w habit implies a c]ta9 la/+ness3 :ile ! ^w disposition does n4 ,nor does x matt] t ?us to be easy & difficult to *ange are specific diff]5ces 7( a quality71 al?\gh !y belong to passion & movem5t1 & n ! g5us ( quality4 ,= ^! diff]5ces1 ?\gh app>5tly accid5tal to quality1 nev]!less designate diff]5ces :i* are prop] & ess5tial to quality4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance we (t5 take accid5tal in/ead ( sub/antial diff]5ces1 9 s f> z by ! =m]1 ess5tial pr9ciples are designat$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,habit ,implies ,ord] to an ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habit does n imply ord] to an act4 ,= ev]y?+ acts accord+ z x is 9 act4 ,b ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text #h71 t :5 "o is become kn[+ by habit1 "o is /ill 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality1 b o!rwise ?an be=e le>n+4 ,!re=e habit does n imply ! relation ( a pr9ciple to an act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is put 9 ! def9ition ( a ?+1 belongs to x ess5tially4 ,b to be a pr9ciple ( action1 is put 9 ! def9ition ( p[]1 z we read 9 ,metaph4 v1 text4 #ag4 ,!re=e to be ! pr9ciple ( an act belongs to p[] ess5tially4 ,n[ t :i* is ess5tial is fir/ 9 e g5us4 ,if !re=e1 habit also is a pr9ciple ( act1 x foll[s t x is po/]ior to p[]4 ,& s habit & disposition w n be ! fir/ species ( quality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 heal? is sometimes a habit1 & s are leanness & beauty4 ,b ^! d n indicate relation to an act4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to habit to be a pr9ciple ( act4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xxi7 t habit is t :]eby some?+ is done :5 necess>y4 ,& ! ,comm5tator says 7,de ,anima iii7 t habit is t :]eby we act :5 we w4 ,i answ] t1 ,to h relation to an act may belong to habit1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! nature ( habit1 & 9 reg>d to ! subject 9 :i* ! habit is4 ,9 reg>d to ! nature ( habit1 x belongs to e habit to h relation to an act4 ,= x is ess5tial to habit to imply "s relation to a ?+'s nature1 9 s f> z x is suitable or unsuitable !reto4 ,b a ?+'s nature1 :i* is ! end ( g5]ation1 is fur!r orda9$ to ano!r end1 :i* is ei!r an op]ation1 or ! product ( an op]ation1 to :i* "o atta9s by means ( op]ation4 ,:]e=e habit implies relation n only to ! v nature ( a ?+1 b also1 consequ5tly1 to op]ation1 inasmu* z ?is is ! end ( nature1 or conducive to ! end4 ,:5ce also x is /at$ 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be7 9 ! def9ition ( habit1 t x is a disposition :]eby t :i* is dispos$1 is well or ill dispos$ ei!r 9 reg>d to itself1 t is to its nature1 or 9 reg>d to some?+ else1 t is to ! end4 ,b !re are "s habits1 :i* ev5 on ! "p ( ! subject 9 :i* !y are1 imply prim>ily & pr9cipally relation to an act4 ,=1 z we h said1 habit prim>ily & ( itself implies a relation to ! ?+'s nature4 ,if !re=e ! nature ( a ?+1 9 :i* ! habit is1 consi/s 9 ?is v relation to an act1 x foll[s t ! habit pr9cipally implies relation to an act4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! nature & ! notion ( p[] is t x %\ld be a pr9ciple ( act4 ,:]e=e e habit is subject$ 9 a p[]1 implies pr9cipally relation to an act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,habit is an act1 9 s f> z x is a quality3 & 9 ?is respect x c be a pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality 9 respect to op]ation4 ,:]e=e habit is call$ fir/ act1 & op]ation1 second act2 z x is expla9$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 text4 #e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n ! ess5ce ( habit to be relat$ to p[]1 b to be relat$ to nature4 ,& z nature prec$es action1 to :i* p[] is relat$1 !re=e habit is put be=e p[] z a species ( quality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,heal? is said to be a habit1 or a habitual disposition1 9 relation to nature1 z /at$ above4 ,b 9 s f> z nature is a pr9ciple ( act1 x consequ5tly implies a relation to act4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,hi/4 ,animal4 x1 #a71 t man1 or "o ( 8 memb]s1 is call$ heal?y1 :5 he c p]=m ! op]ation ( a heal?y man4 ,& ! same applies to o!r habits4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,habits ,are ,necess>y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habits are n necess>y4 ,= by habits we are well or ill dispos$ 9 respect ( some?+1 z /at$ above4 ,b a ?+ is well or ill dispos$ by its =m3 = 9 respect ( its =m a ?+ is good1 ev5 z x is a be+4 ,!re=e !re is no necessity = habits4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habit implies relation to an act4 ,b p[] implies suffici5tly a pr9ciple ( act3 = ev5 ! natural p[]s1 )\t any habits1 are pr9ciples ( acts4 ,!re=e !re 0 no necessity = habits4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z p[] is relat$ to good & evil1 s also is habit3 & z p[] does n always act1 s nei!r does habit4 ,giv51 !re=e1 ! p[]s1 habits become sup]flu\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,habits are p]fections 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag74 ,b p]fection is ( ! greate/ necessity to a ?+3 s9ce x is 9 ! nature ( an end4 ,!re=e x is necess>y t !re %\ld be habits4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 habit implies a disposition 9 relation to a ?+'s nature1 & to its op]ation or end1 by reason ( :i* disposition a ?+ is well or ill dispos$ !reto4 ,n[ = a ?+ to ne$ to be dispos$ to some?+ else1 ?ree conditions are necess>y4 ,! fir/ condition is t :i* is dispos$ %\ld be di/9ct f t to :i* x is dispos$2 & s1 t x %\ld be relat$ to x z pot5tiality is to act4 ,:5ce1 if !re is a be+ ^: nature is n compos$ ( pot5tiality & act1 & ^: sub/ance is its own op]ation1 :i* itself is = itself1 !re we c f9d no room = habit & disposition1 z is cle>ly ! case 9 ,god4 ,! second condition is1 t t :i* is 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality 9 reg>d to some?+ else1 be capable ( det]m9ation 9 sev]al ways & to v>i\s ?+s4 ,:5ce if some?+ be 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality 9 reg>d to some?+ else1 b 9 reg>d to t only1 !re we f9d no room = disposition & habit3 = su* a subject f its own nature has ! due relation to su* an act4 ,:]e=e if a heav5ly body be compos$ ( matt] & =m1 s9ce t matt] is n 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality to ano!r =m1 z we said 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #b7 !re is no ne$ = disposition or habit 9 respect ( ! =m1 or ev5 9 respect ( op]ation1 s9ce ! nature ( ! heav5ly body is n 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality to m ?an "o fix$ movem5t4 ,! ?ird condition is t 9 dispos+ ! subject to "o ( ^? ?+s to :i* x is 9 pot5tiality1 sev]al ?+s %\ld occur1 capable ( be+ adju/$ 9 v>i\s ways3 s z to dispose ! subject well or ill to its =m or to its op]ation4 ,:]e=e ! simple qualities ( ! elem5ts :i* suit ! natures ( ! elem5ts 9 "o s+le fix$ way1 are n call$ dispositions or habits1 b simple qualities3 b we call dispositions or habits1 su* ?+s z heal?1 beauty1 & s =?1 :i* imply ! adju/m5t ( sev]al ?+s :i* may v>y 9 _! relative adju/ability4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #bd1 #be7 t habit is a disposition3 & disposition is ! ord] ( t :i* has p>ts ei!r z to place1 or z to pot5tiality1 or z to species1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,:]e=e1 s9ce !re are _m ?+s = ^: natures & op]ations sev]al ?+s mu/ concur :i* may v>y 9 _! relative adju/ability1 x foll[s t habit is necess>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ! =m ! nature ( a ?+ is p]fect$3 yet ! subject ne$s to be dispos$ 9 reg>d to ! =m by "s disposition4 ,b ! =m itself is fur!r orda9$ to op]ation1 :i* is ei!r ! end1 or ! means to ! end4 ,& if ! =m is limit$ to "o fix$ op]ation1 no fur!r disposition1 besides ! =m itself1 is ne$$ = ! op]ation4 ,b if ! =m be su* t x c op]ate 9 div]se ways1 z ! s\l2 x ne$s to be dispos$ to its op]ations by means ( habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p[] sometimes has a relation to _m ?+s3 & !n x ne$s to be det]m9$ by some?+ else4 ,b if a p[] has n a relation to _m ?+s1 x does n ne$ a habit to det]m9e x1 z we h said4 ,= ?is reason ! natural =ces d n p]=m _! op]ations by means ( habits3 because !y are ( !mselves det]m9$ to "o mode ( op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same habit has n a relation to good & evil1 z w be made cle> fur!r on 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #c73 :]eas ! same p[] has a relation to good & evil4 ,&1 !re=e1 habits are necess>y t ! p[]s be det]m9$ to good4 ,,"q #ej ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,habits 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we consid] next ! subject ( habits3 & "u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is a habit 9 ! body8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! s\l is a subject ( habit1 9 respect ( its ess5ce or 9 respect ( its p[]8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p !re c be a habit8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re is a habit 9 ! intellect8 7#e7 ,:e!r !re is a habit 9 ! w8 7#f7 ,:e!r !re is a habit 9 sep>ate sub/ances8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,habit 9 ! ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is n a habit 9 ! body4 ,=1 z ! ,comm5tator says 7,de ,anima iii71 a habit is t :]eby we act :5 we w4 ,b bodily actions are n subject to ! w1 s9ce !y are natural4 ,!re=e !re c be no habit 9 ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all bodily dispositions are easy to *ange4 ,b habit is a quality1 difficult to *ange4 ,!re=e no bodily disposition c be a habit4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all bodily dispositions are subject to *ange4 ,b *ange c only be 9 ! ?ird species ( quality1 :i* is divid$ aga9/ habit4 ,!re=e !re is no habit 9 ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 9 ! ,book ( ,pr$icam5ts 7,de ,categor4 vi7 t heal? ( ! body & incurable disease are call$ habits4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #di1 ,,aa4 #b seqq471 habit is a disposition ( a subject :i* is 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality ei!r to =m or to op]ation4 ,!re=e 9 s f> z habit implies disposition to op]ation1 no habit is pr9cipally 9 ! body z its subject4 ,= e op]ation ( ! body proce$s ei!r f a natural quality ( ! body or f ! s\l mov+ ! body4 ,consequ5tly1 z to ^? op]ations :i* proce$ f its nature1 ! body is n dispos$ by a habit3 because ! natural =ces are det]m9$ to "o mode ( op]ation2 & we h already said 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d7 t x is :5 ! subject is 9 pot5tiality to _m ?+s t a habitual disposition is requir$4 ,z to ! op]ations :i* proce$ f ! s\l ?r\gh ! body1 !y belong pr9cipally to ! s\l1 & second>ily to ! body4 ,n[ habits are 9 proportion to _! op]ations3 :5ce by l acts l habits are =m$ 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b74 ,& !re=e ! dispositions to su* op]ations are pr9cipally 9 ! s\l4 ,b !y c be second>ily 9 ! body3 to wit1 9 s f> z ! body is dispos$ & enabl$ ) promptitude to help 9 ! op]ations ( ! s\l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( ! disposition ( ! subject to =m1 ?us a habitual disposition c be 9 ! body1 :i* is relat$ to ! s\l z a subject is to its =m4 ,& 9 ?is way heal? & beauty & su* l are call$ habitual dispositions4 ,yet !y h n ! nature ( habit p]fectly3 because _! causes1 ( _! v nature1 are easily *angeable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,simplicius reports 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts1 ,alex&] d5i$ absolutely t habits or dispositions ( ! fir/ species are 9 ! body3 & held t ! fir/ species ( quality belong$ to ! s\l alone4 ,& he held t ,ari/otle m5tions heal? & sickness 9 ! ,book on ! ,pr$icam5ts n z ?\gh !y belong$ to ! fir/ species ( quality1 b by way ( example3 s t he w\ld mean t j z heal? & sickness may be easy or difficult to *ange1 s also are all ! qualities ( ! fir/ species1 :i* are call$ habits & dispositions4 ,b ?is is cle>ly contr>y to ! int5tion ( ,ari/otle3 bo? because he speaks 9 ! same way ( heal? & sickness z examples1 z ( virtue & sci5ce2 & because 9 ,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag1 he expressly m5tions beauty & heal? among habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection runs 9 ! s5se ( habit z a disposition to op]ation1 & ( ^? actions ( ! body :i* are f nature3 b n 9 ! s5se ( ^? actions :i* proce$ f ! s\l1 & ! pr9ciple ( :i* is ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bodily dispositions are n simply difficult to *ange on acc\nt ( ! *angeabl5ess ( _! bodily causes4 ,b !y may be difficult to *ange by comp>ison to su* a subject1 because1 to wit1 z long z su* a subject endures1 !y _c be remov$2 or because !y are difficult to *ange1 by comp>ison to o!r dispositions4 ,b qualities ( ! s\l are simply difficult to *ange1 on acc\nt ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! subject4 ,& !re=e he does n say t heal? :i* is difficult to *ange is a habit simply3 b t x is z a habit1 z we read 9 ! ,greek 99isos hex9 7,categor4 viii74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! qualities ( ! s\l are call$ habits simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bodily dispositions :i* are 9 ! fir/ species ( quality1 z "s ma9ta9$1 diff] f qualities ( ! ?ird species1 9 ?is1 t ! qualities ( ! ?ird species consi/ 9 "s becom+ & movem5t1 z x 71 :]e=e !y are call$ passions or passible qualities4 ,b :5 !y h atta9$ to p]fection 7specific p]fection1 s to speak71 !y h !n pass$ into ! fir/ species ( quality4 ,b ,simplicius 9 8 ,comm5t>y disapproves ( ?is2 = 9 ?is way heat+ w\ld be 9 ! ?ird species1 & heat 9 ! fir/ species ( quality2 :]eas ,ari/otle puts heat 9 ! ?ird4 ,:]e=e ,porphyrius1 z ,simplicius reports 7,comm5t>y71 says t passion or passion-l quality1 disposition & habit1 diff] 9 bodies by way ( int5sity & remissness4 ,= :5 a ?+ receives heat 9 ?is only t x is be+ heat$1 & n s z to be able to give heat1 !n we h passion1 if x is transitory2 or passion-l quality if x is p]man5t4 ,b :5 x has be5 br\ght to ! po9t t x is able to heat some?+ else1 !n x is a disposition2 & if x goes s f> z to be firmly fix$ & to become difficult to *ange1 !n x w be a habit3 s t disposition w\ld be a c]ta9 int5sity ( passion or passion-l quality1 & habit an int5sity or disposition4 ,b ,simplicius disapproves ( ?is1 = su* int5sity & remissness d n imply div]sity on ! "p ( ! =m itself1 b on ! "p ( ! div]se p>ticipation !re( by ! subject2 s t !re w\ld be no div]sity among ! species ( quality4 ,& !re=e we mu/ say o!rwise t1 z 0 expla9$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a71 ! adju/m5t ( ! passion-l qualities !mselves1 accord+ to _! suitability to nature1 implies ! notion ( disposition3 & s1 :5 a *ange takes place 9 ^! same passion-l qualities1 :i* are heat & cold1 moi/ure & dryness1 !re results a *ange z to sickness & heal?4 ,b *ange does n occur 9 reg>d to l habits & dispositions1 prim>ily & ( !mselves4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,is ! ,subject ( ,habit 9 ,respect ( ,its ,ess5ce or 9 ,respect ( ,its ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habit is 9 ! s\l 9 respect ( its ess5ce r ?an 9 respect ( its p[]s4 ,= we speak ( dispositions & habits 9 relation to nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #b74 ,b nature reg>ds ! ess5ce ( ! s\l r ?an ! p[]s2 because x is 9 respect ( its ess5ce t ! s\l is ! nature ( su* a body & ! =m !re(4 ,!re=e habits are 9 ! s\l 9 respect ( its ess5ce & n 9 respect ( its p[]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accid5t is n ! subject ( accid5t4 ,n[ habit is an accid5t4 ,b ! p[]s ( ! s\l are 9 ! g5us ( accid5t1 z we h said 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #a1 ad #e74 ,!re=e habit is n 9 ! s\l 9 respect ( its p[]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! subject is prior to t :i* is 9 ! subject4 ,b s9ce habit belongs to ! fir/ species ( quality1 x is prior to p[]1 :i* belongs to ! second species4 ,!re=e habit is n 9 a p[] ( ! s\l z its subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac7 puts v>i\s habits 9 ! v>i\s p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #di1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c71 habit implies a c]ta9 disposition 9 relation to nature or to op]ation4 ,if !re=e we take habit z hav+ a relation to nature1 x _c be 9 ! s\l--t is1 if we speak ( human nature3 = ! s\l itself is ! =m complet+ ! human nature2 s t1 reg>d$ 9 ?is way1 habit or disposition is r to be f\nd 9 ! body by reason ( its relation to ! s\l1 ?an 9 ! s\l by reason ( its relation to ! body4 ,b if we speak ( a high] nature1 ( :i* man may become a p>tak]1 accord+ to #b ,pet4 #a1 t we may be p>tak]s ( ! ,div9e ,nature3 ?us no?+ h9d]s "s habit1 namely1 grace1 f be+ 9 ! s\l 9 respect ( its ess5ce1 z we %all /ate lat] on 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #d74 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we take habit 9 its relation to op]ation1 x is *iefly ?us t habits are f\nd 9 ! s\l3 9 s f> z ! s\l is n det]m9$ to "o op]ation1 b is indiff]5t to _m1 :i* is a condition = a habit1 z we h said above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d74 ,& s9ce ! s\l is ! pr9ciple ( op]ation ?r\gh its p[]s1 !re=e1 reg>d$ 9 ?is s5se1 habits are 9 ! s\l 9 respect ( its p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ess5ce ( ! s\l belongs to human nature1 n z a subject requir+ to be dispos$ to some?+ fur!r1 b z a =m & nature to :i* someone is dispos$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accid5t is n ( itself ! subject ( accid5t4 ,b s9ce among accid5ts !mselves !re is a c]ta9 ord]1 ! subject1 accord+ z x is "u "o accid5t1 is conceiv$ z ! subject ( a fur!r accid5t4 ,9 ?is way we say t "o accid5t is ! subject ( ano!r2 z sup]ficies is ! subject ( color1 9 :i* s5se p[] is ! subject ( habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,habit takes prec$5ce ( p[]1 accord+ z x implies a disposition to nature3 :]eas p[] always implies a relation to op]ation1 :i* is po/]ior1 s9ce nature is ! pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,b ! habit ^: subject is a p[]1 does n imply relation to nature1 b to op]ation4 ,:]e=e x is po/]ior to p[]4 ,or1 we may say t habit takes prec$5ce ( p[]1 z ! complete takes prec$5ce ( ! incomplete1 & z act takes prec$5ce ( pot5tiality4 ,= act is naturally prior to pot5tiality1 ?\gh pot5tiality is prior 9 ord] ( g5]ation & "t1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 vii1 text4 #ag2 ix1 text4 #ac4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,any ,habits 9 ! ,p[]s ( ! ,s5sitive ,"p8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be any habits 9 ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p4 ,= z ! nutritive p[] is an irrational "p1 s is ! s5sitive p[]4 ,b !re c be no habits 9 ! p[]s ( ! nutritive "p4 ,!re=e we ought n to put any habit 9 ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s5sitive p>ts are common to u & ! brutes4 ,b !re are n any habits 9 brutes3 = 9 !m !re is no w1 :i* is put 9 ! def9ition ( habit1 z we h said above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !re are no habits 9 ! s5sitive p[]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! habits ( ! s\l are sci5ces & virtues3 & j z sci5ce is relat$ to ! appreh5sive p[]1 s x virtue relat$ to ! appetitive p[]4 ,b 9 ! s5sitive p[]s !re are no sci5ces3 s9ce sci5ce is ( univ]sals1 :i* ! s5sitive p[]s _c appreh5d4 ,!re=e1 nei!r c !re be habits ( virtue 9 ! s5sitive "p4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj7 t "s virtues1 namely1 temp]ance & =titude1 belong to ! irrational "p4 ,i answ] t1 ,! s5sitive p[]s c be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 accord+ z !y act f natural in/9ct3 secondly1 accord+ z !y act at ! comm& ( reason4 ,accord+ z !y act f natural in/9ct1 !y are orda9$ to "o ?+1 ev5 z nature is2 b accord+ z !y act at ! comm& ( reason1 !y c be orda9$ to v>i\s ?+s4 ,& ?us !re c be habits 9 !m1 by :i* !y are well or ill dispos$ 9 reg>d to some?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p[]s ( ! nutritive "p h n an inborn aptitude to obey ! comm& ( reason1 & !re=e !re are no habits 9 !m4 ,b ! s5sitive p[]s h an inborn aptitude to obey ! comm& ( reason2 & !re=e habits c be 9 !m3 = 9 s f> z !y obey reason1 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are said to be rational1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! s5sitive p[]s ( dumb animals d n act at ! comm& ( reason2 b if !y are left to !mselves1 su* animals act f natural in/9ct3 & s 9 !m !re are no habits orda9$ to op]ations4 ,!re are 9 !m1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 dispositions 9 relation to nature1 z heal? & beauty4 ,b :]eas by man's reason brutes are dispos$ by a sort ( cu/om to d ?+s 9 ?is or t way1 s 9 ?is s5se1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 we c admit ! exi/5ce ( habits 9 dumb animals3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cf73 ,we f9d ! mo/ untam$ bea/s1 det]r$ by fe> ( pa91 f t :]e9 !y took ! ke5e/ pleasure2 & :5 ?is has become a cu/om 9 !m1 we say t !y are tame & g5tle4 ,b ! habit is incomplete1 z to ! use ( ! w1 = !y h n t p[] ( us+ or ( refra9+1 :i* seems to belong to ! notion ( habit3 & !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 !re c be no habits 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s5sitive appetite has an inborn aptitude to be mov$ by ! rational appetite1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #eg3 b ! rational p[]s ( appreh5sion h an inborn aptitude to receive f ! s5sitive p[]s4 ,& !re=e x is m suitable t habits %\ld be 9 ! p[]s ( s5sitive appetite ?an 9 ! p[]s ( s5sitive appreh5sion1 s9ce 9 ! p[]s ( s5sitive appetite habits d n exi/ except accord+ z !y act at ! comm& ( ! reason4 ,& yet ev5 9 ! int]ior p[]s ( s5sitive appreh5sion1 we may admit ( c]ta9 habits :]eby man has a facility ( memory1 ?\ght or imag9ation3 :]e=e also ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,memor4 et ,rem94 ii7 t cu/om conduces mu* to a good memory3 ! reason ( :i* is t ^! p[]s also are mov$ to act at ! comm& ( ! reason4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ext]ior appreh5sive p[]s1 z sight1 he>+ & ! l1 are n susceptible ( habits1 b are orda9$ to _! fix$ acts1 accord+ to ! disposition ( _! nature1 j z ! memb]s ( ! body1 = !re are no habits 9 !m1 b r 9 ! p[]s :i* comm& _! movem5ts4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,any ,habit 9 ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are no habits 9 ! intellect4 ,= habits are 9 con=mity ) op]ations1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b ! op]ations ( man are common to s\l & body1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima i1 text4 #fd4 ,!re=e also are habits4 ,b ! intellect is n an act ( ! body 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #f74 ,!re=e ! intellect is n ! subject ( a habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is 9 a ?+1 is !re accord+ to ! mode ( t 9 :i* x is4 ,b t :i* is =m )\t matt]1 is act only3 :]eas :at is compos$ ( =m & matt]1 has pot5tiality & act at ! same "t4 ,!re=e no?+ at ! same "t pot5tial & actual c be 9 t :i* is =m only1 b only 9 t :i* is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,n[ ! intellect is =m )\t matt]4 ,!re=e habit1 :i* has pot5tiality at ! same "t z act1 be+ a sort ( m$ium betwe5 ! two1 _c be 9 ! intellect2 b only 9 ! conjunction1 :i* is compos$ ( s\l & body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 habit is a disposition :]eby we are well or ill dispos$ 9 reg>d to some?+1 z is said 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be74 ,b t anyone %\ld be well or ill dispos$ to an act ( ! intellect is due to "s disposition ( ! body3 :]e=e also x is /at$ 7,de ,anima ii1 text4 #id7 t we obs]ve m5 ) s(t fle% to be quick witt$4 ,!re=e ! habits ( k are n 9 ! intellect1 :i* is sep>ate1 b 9 "s p[] :i* is ! act ( "s "p ( ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b1 #c1 #aj7 puts sci5ce1 wisdom & und]/&+1 :i* is ! habit ( fir/ pr9ciples1 9 ! intellective "p ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 conc]n+ intellective habits !re h be5 v>i\s op9ions4 ,"s1 suppos+ t !re 0 only "o possible 99,see ,fir/ ,"p1 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b intellect = all m51 7 b\nd to hold t habits ( k are n 9 ! intellect itself1 b 9 ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s4 ,= x is manife/ t m5 diff] 9 habits2 & s x 0 impossible to put ! habits ( k directly 9 t1 :i*1 be+ only "o1 w\ld be common to all m54 ,:]e=e if !re 7 b "o s+le possible intellect ( all m51 ! habits ( sci5ce1 9 :i* m5 diff] f "o ano!r1 c\ld n be 9 ! possible intellect z _! subject1 b w\ld be 9 ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s1 :i* diff] 9 v>i\s m54 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is supposition is contr>y to ! m9d ( ,ari/otle4 ,= x is manife/ t ! s5sitive p[]s are rational1 n by _! ess5ce1 b only by p>ticipation 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] puts ! intellectual virtues1 :i* are wisdom1 sci5ce & und]/&+1 9 t :i* is rational by its ess5ce4 ,:]e=e !y are n 9 ! s5sitive p[]s1 b 9 ! intellect itself4 ,moreov] he says expressly 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #h1 #ah7 t :5 ! possible intellect is ?us id5tifi$ ) ea* ?+1 t is1 :5 x is r$uc$ to act 9 respect ( s+ul>s by ! intelligible species1 !n x is said to be 9 act1 z ! kn[] is said to be 9 act2 & ?is happ5s :5 ! intellect c act ( itself1 i4e4 by consid]+3 & ev5 !n x is 9 pot5tiality 9 a s5se2 b n 9 ! same way z be=e le>n+ & discov]+4 ,!re=e ! possible intellect itself is ! subject ( ! habit ( sci5ce1 by :i* ! intellect1 ev5 ?\gh x be n actually consid]+1 is able to consid]4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is supposition is contr>y to ! tru?4 ,= z to :om belongs ! op]ation1 belongs also ! p[] to op]ate1 belongs also ! habit4 ,b to und]/& & to consid] is ! prop] act ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e also ! habit :]eby "o consid]s is prop]ly 9 ! intellect itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s said1 z ,simplicius reports 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts1 t1 s9ce e op]ation ( man is to a c]ta9 ext5t an op]ation ( ! conjunctum1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 text4 #fd72 !re=e no habit is 9 ! s\l only1 b 9 ! conjunctum4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t no habit is 9 ! intellect1 = ! intellect is sep>ate1 z ran ! argum5t1 giv5 above4 ,b ! argum5t is n cog5t4 ,= habit is n a disposition ( ! object to ! p[]1 b r a disposition ( ! p[] to ! object3 :]e=e ! habit ne$s to be 9 t p[] :i* is pr9ciple ( ! act1 & n 9 t :i* is comp>$ to ! p[] z its object4 ,n[ ! act ( und]/&+ is n said to be common to s\l & body1 except 9 respect ( ! phantasm1 z is /at$ 9 ,de ,anima1 text4 #ff4 ,b x is cle> t ! phantasm is comp>$ z object to ! passive intellect 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #c1 #ci74 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! intellective habit is *iefly on ! "p ( ! intellect itself2 & n on ! "p ( ! phantasm1 :i* is common to s\l & body4 ,& !re=e we mu/ say t ! possible intellect is ! subject ( habit1 :i* is 9 pot5tiality to _m3 & ?is belongs1 above all1 to ! possible intellect4 ,:]e=e ! possible intellect is ! subject ( intellectual habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z pot5tiality to s5sible be+ belongs to corporeal matt]1 s pot5tiality to intellectual be+ belongs to ! possible intellect4 ,:]e=e no?+ =bids habit to be 9 ! possible intellect1 = x is midway betwe5 pure pot5tiality & p]fect act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,because ! appreh5sive p[]s inw>dly prep>e _! prop] objects = ! possible intellect1 !re=e x is by ! good disposition ( ^! p[]s1 to :i* ! good disposition ( ! body coop]ates1 t man is r5d]$ apt to und]/&4 ,& s 9 a second>y way ! intellective habit c be 9 ^! p[]s4 ,b pr9cipally x is 9 ! possible intellect4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,any ,habit ,is 9 ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is n a habit 9 ! w4 ,= ! habit :i* is 9 ! intellect is ! intelligible species1 by means ( :i* ! intellect actually und]/&s4 ,b ! w does n act by means ( species4 ,!re=e ! w is n ! subject ( habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no habit is allott$ to ! active intellect1 z !re is to ! possible intellect1 because ! =m] is an active p[]4 ,b ! w is above all an active p[]1 because x moves all ! p[]s to _! acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !re is no habit 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! natural p[]s !re is no habit1 because1 by reason ( _! nature1 !y are det]m9ate to "o ?+4 ,b ! w1 by reason ( its nature1 is orda9$ to t5d to ! good :i* reason directs4 ,!re=e !re is no habit 9 ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ju/ice is a habit4 ,b ju/ice is 9 ! w2 = x is a habit :]eby m5 w & d t :i* is j 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,!re=e ! w is ! subject ( a habit4 ,i answ] t1 ,e p[] :i* may be v>i\sly direct$ to act1 ne$s a habit :]eby x is well dispos$ to its act4 ,n[ s9ce ! w is a rational p[]1 x may be v>i\sly direct$ to act4 ,& !re=e 9 ! w we mu/ admit ! pres5ce ( a habit :]eby x is well dispos$ to its act4 ,moreov]1 f ! v nature ( habit1 x is cle> t x is pr9cipally relat$ to ! w2 inasmu* z habit is t :i* "o uses :5 "o wills1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z 9 ! intellect !re is a species :i* is ! lik5ess ( ! object2 s 9 ! w1 & 9 e appetitive p[] !re mu/ be some?+ by :i* ! p[] is incl9$ to its object2 = ! act ( ! appetitive p[] is no?+ b a c]ta9 incl9ation1 z we h said above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b74 ,& !re=e 9 respect ( ^? ?+s to :i* x is incl9$ suffici5tly by ! nature ( ! p[] itself1 ! p[] ne$s no quality to incl9e x4 ,b s9ce x is necess>y1 = ! end ( human life1 t ! appetitive p[] be incl9$ to some?+ fix$1 to :i* x is n incl9$ by ! nature ( ! p[]1 :i* has a relation to _m & v>i\s ?+s1 !re=e x is necess>y t1 9 ! w & 9 ! o!r appetitive p[]s1 !re be c]ta9 qualities to incl9e !m1 & ^! are call$ habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! active intellect is active only1 & 9 no way passive4 ,b ! w1 & e appetitive p[]1 is bo? mov] & mov$ 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ed74 ,& !re=e ! comp>ison betwe5 !m does n hold2 = to be susceptible ( habit belongs to t :i* is someh[ 9 pot5tiality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w f ! v nature ( ! p[] is incl9$ to ! good ( ! reason4 ,b because ?is good is v>i$ 9 _m ways1 ! w ne$s to be incl9$1 by means ( a habit1 to "s fix$ good ( ! reason1 9 ord] t action may foll[ m promptly4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,habits 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are no habits 9 ! angels4 ,= ,maximus1 comm5tator ( ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 says3 ,x is n prop] to suppose t !re are intellectual 7i4e4 spiritual7 p[]s 9 ! div9e intellig5ces 7i4e4 9 ! angels7 aft] ! mann] ( accid5ts1 z 9 u3 z ?\gh "o 7 9 ! o!r z 9 a subject3 = accid5t ( any k9d is =eign to !m4 ,b e habit is an accid5t4 ,!re=e !re are no habits 9 ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv73 ,! holy dispositions ( ! heav5ly ess5ces p>ticipate1 above all o!r ?+s1 9 ,god's goodness4 ,b t :i* is ( itself 7p] se7 is prior to & m p[]ful ?an t :i* is by ano!r 7p] aliud74 ,!re=e ! angelic ess5ces are p]fect$ ( !mselves unto con=mity ) ,god1 & !re=e n by means ( habits4 ,& ?is seems to h be5 ! reason+ ( ,maximus1 :o 9 ! same passage adds3 ,= if ?is 7 ! case1 surely _! ess5ce w\ld n rema9 9 itself1 nor c\ld x h be5 z f> z possible deifi$ ( itself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 habit is a disposition 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #be74 ,b disposition1 z is said 9 ! same book1 is ! ord] ( t :i* has p>ts4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 angels are simple sub/ances1 x seems t !re are no dispositions & habits 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 t ! angels ( ! fir/ hi]>*y are call$3 ,fire-be>]s & ,?rones & ,outp\r+ ( ,wisdom1 by :i* is indicat$ ! godlike nature ( _! habits4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h ?\ght t !re are no habits 9 ! angels1 & t :atev] is said ( !m1 is said ess5tially4 ,:5ce ,maximus1 aft] ! words :i* we h quot$1 says3 ,_! dispositions1 & ! p[]s :i* are 9 !m1 are ess5tial1 ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( matt] 9 !m4 ,& ,simplicius says ! same 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts3 ,wisdom :i* is 9 ! s\l is its habit3 b t :i* is 9 ! intellect1 is its sub/ance4 ,= ev]y?+ div9e is suffici5t ( itself1 & exi/s 9 itself4 ,n[ ?is op9ion conta9s "s tru?1 & "s error4 ,= x is manife/ f :at we h said 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d7 t only a be+ 9 pot5tiality is ! subject ( habit4 ,s ! above-m5tion$ comm5tators consid]$ t angels are immat]ial sub/ances1 & t !re is no mat]ial pot5tiality 9 !m1 & on t acc\nt1 exclud$ f !m habit & any k9d ( accid5t4 ,yet s9ce ?\gh !re is no mat]ial pot5tiality 9 angels1 !re is /ill "s pot5tiality 9 !m 7= to be pure act belongs to ,god alone71 !re=e1 z f> z pot5tiality is f\nd to be 9 !m1 s f> may habits be f\nd 9 !m4 ,b because ! pot5tiality ( matt] & ! pot5tiality ( intellectual sub/ance are n ( ! same k9d4 ,:5ce1 ,simplicius says 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts t3 ,! habits ( ! intellectual sub/ance are n l ! habits "h bel[1 b r are !y l simple & immat]ial images :i* x conta9s 9 itself4 ,h[ev]1 ! angelic intellect & ! human intellect diff] ) reg>d to ?is habit4 ,= ! human intellect1 be+ ! l[e/ 9 ! intellectual ord]1 is 9 pot5tiality z reg>ds all intelligible ?+s1 j z primal matt] is 9 respect ( all s5sible =ms2 & !re=e = ! und]/&+ ( all ?+s1 x ne$s "s habit4 ,b ! angelic intellect is n z a pure pot5tiality 9 ! ord] ( intelligible ?+s1 b z an act2 n inde$ z pure act 7= ?is belongs to ,god alone71 b ) an admixture ( "s pot5tiality3 & ! high] x is1 ! less pot5tiality x has4 ,& !re=e1 z we said 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #a71 s f> z x is 9 pot5tiality1 s f> is x 9 ne$ ( habitual p]fection by means ( intelligible species 9 reg>d to its prop] op]ation3 b s f> z x is 9 act1 ?r\gh its own ess5ce x c und]/& "s ?+s1 at lea/ itself1 & o!r ?+s accord+ to ! mode ( its sub/ance1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,causis3 & ! m p]fect x is1 ! m p]fectly w x und]/&4 ,b s9ce no angel atta9s to ! p]fection ( ,god1 b all are inf9itely di/ant !refrom2 = ?is reason1 9 ord] to atta9 to ,god ,himself1 ?r\gh intellect & w1 ! angels ne$ "s habits1 be+ z x 7 9 pot5tiality 9 reg>d to t ,pure ,act4 ,:]e=e ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 t _! habits are godlike1 t is to say1 t by !m !y are made l to ,god4 ,b ^? habits t are dispositions to ! natural be+ are n 9 angels1 s9ce !y are immat]ial4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ,maximus mu/ be und]/ood ( mat]ial habits & accid5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z to t :i* belongs to angels by _! ess5ce1 !y d n ne$ a habit4 ,b z !y are n s f> be+s ( !mselves1 z n to p>take ( ,div9e wisdom & goodness1 !re=e1 s f> z !y ne$ to p>take ( some?+ f )\t1 s f> d !y ne$ to h habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 angels !re are no ess5tial p>ts3 b !re are pot5tial p>ts1 9 s f> z _! intellect is p]fect$ by sev]al species1 & 9 s f> z _! w has a relation to sev]al ?+s4 ,,"q #ea ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,habits1 ,,z ,,to ,,_! ,,=mation 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! cause ( habits3 & fir/ly1 z to _! =mation2 secondly1 z to _! increase2 ?irdly1 z to _! dim9ution & corruption4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r any habit is f nature8 7#b7 ,:e!r any habit is caus$ by acts8 7#c7 ,:e!r any habit c be caus$ by "o act8 7#d7 ,:e!r any habits are infus$ 9 man by ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,any ,habit ,is f ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no habit is f nature4 ,= ! use ( ^? ?+s :i* are f nature does n dep5d on ! w4 ,b habit is t :i* we use :5 we w1 z ! ,comm5tator says on ,de ,anima iii4 ,!re=e habit is n f nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 nature does n employ two :]e "o is suffici5t4 ,b ! p[]s ( ! s\l are f nature4 ,if !re=e ! habits ( ! p[]s 7 f nature1 habit & p[] w\ld be "o4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 nature does n fail 9 necess>ies4 ,b habits are necess>y 9 ord] to act well1 z we h /at$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d74 ,if !re=e any habits 7 f nature1 x seems t nature w\ld n fail to cause all necess>y habits3 b ?is is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e habits are n f nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #f1 among o!r habits1 place is giv5 to und]/&+ ( fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* habit is f nature3 :]e=e also fir/ pr9ciples are said to be kn[n naturally4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o ?+ c be natural to ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/ 9 respect ( ! specific nature1 z ! faculty ( laugh+ is natural to man1 & x is natural to fire to h an upw>d t5d5cy4 ,secondly1 9 respect ( ! individual nature1 z x is natural to ,socrates or ,plato to be prone to sickness or incl9$ to heal?1 9 accordance ) _! respective temp]am5ts4 ,aga91 9 respect ( bo? natures1 some?+ may be call$ natural 9 two ways3 fir/1 because x entirely is f ! nature2 secondly1 because x is p>tly f nature1 & p>tly f an extr9sic pr9ciple4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a man is heal$ by himself1 8 heal? is entirely f nature2 b :5 a man is heal$ by means ( m$ic9e1 heal? is p>tly f nature1 p>tly f an extr9sic pr9ciple4 ,?us1 !n1 if we speak ( habit z a disposition ( ! subject 9 relation to =m or nature1 x may be natural 9 ei!r ( ! =ego+ ways4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 natural disposition dem&$ by ! human species1 s t no man c be )\t x4 ,& ?is disposition is natural 9 respect ( ! specific nature4 ,b s9ce su* a disposition has a c]ta9 latitude1 x happ5s t diff]5t grades ( ?is disposition are becom+ to diff]5t m5 9 respect ( ! individual nature4 ,& ?is disposition may be ei!r entirely f nature1 or p>tly f nature1 & p>tly f an extr9sic pr9ciple1 z we h said ( ^? :o are heal$ by means ( art4 ,b ! habit :i* is a disposition to op]ation1 & ^: subject is a p[] ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #b71 may be natural :e!r 9 respect ( ! specific nature or 9 respect ( ! individual nature3 9 respect ( ! specific nature1 on ! "p ( ! s\l itself1 :i*1 s9ce x is ! =m ( ! body1 is ! specific pr9ciple2 b 9 respect ( ! individual nature1 on ! "p ( ! body1 :i* is ! mat]ial pr9ciple4 ,yet 9 nei!r way does x happ5 t !re are natural habits 9 man1 s t !y be entirely f nature4 ,9 ! angels1 inde$1 ?is does happ51 s9ce !y h intelligible species naturally impress$ on !m1 :i* _c be said ( ! human s\l1 z we h said 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 man c]ta9 natural habits1 ow+ _! exi/5ce1 p>tly to nature1 & p>tly to "s extr9sic pr9ciple3 9 "o way1 inde$1 9 ! appreh5sive p[]s2 9 ano!r way1 9 ! appetitive p[]s4 ,= 9 ! appreh5sive p[]s !re may be a natural habit by way ( a beg9n+1 bo? 9 respect ( ! specific nature1 & 9 respect ( ! individual nature4 ,?is happ5s ) reg>d to ! specific nature1 on ! "p ( ! s\l itself3 ?us ! und]/&+ ( fir/ pr9ciples is call$ a natural habit4 ,= x is ow+ to ! v nature ( ! intellectual s\l t man1 hav+ once grasp$ :at is a :ole & :at is a "p1 %\ld at once p]ceive t e :ole is l>g] ?an its "p3 & 9 l mann] ) reg>d to o!r su* pr9ciples4 ,yet :at is a :ole1 & :at is a "p--?is he _c "k except ?r\gh ! intelligible species :i* he has receiv$ f phantasms3 & = ?is reason1 ! ,philosoph] at ! end ( ! ,po/]ior ,analytics %[s t k ( pr9ciples comes to u f ! s5ses4 ,b 9 respect ( ! individual nature1 a habit ( k is natural z to its beg9n+1 9 s f> z "o man1 f ! disposition ( 8 organs ( s5se1 is m apt ?an ano!r to und]/& well1 s9ce we ne$ ! s5sitive p[]s = ! op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,9 ! appetitive p[]s1 h[ev]1 no habit is natural 9 its beg9n+1 on ! "p ( ! s\l itself1 z to ! sub/ance ( ! habit2 b only z to c]ta9 pr9ciples !re(1 z1 = in/ance1 ! pr9ciples ( common law are call$ ! nurs]ies ( virtue4 ,! reason ( ?is is because ! incl9ation to its prop] objects1 :i* seems to be ! beg9n+ ( a habit1 does n belong to ! habit1 b r to ! v nature ( ! p[]s4 ,b on ! "p ( ! body1 9 respect ( ! individual nature1 !re are "s appetitive habits by way ( natural beg9n+s4 ,= "s are dispos$ f _! own bodily temp]am5t to *a/ity or meekness or su* l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection takes nature z divid$ aga9/ reason & w2 :]eas reason itself & w belong to ! nature ( man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,some?+ may be add$ ev5 naturally to ! nature ( a p[]1 :ile x _c belong to ! p[] itself4 ,= in/ance1 ) reg>d to ! angels1 x _c belong to ! intellective p[] itself capable ( kn[+ all ?+s3 = ?us x w\ld h to be ! act ( all ?+s1 :i* belongs to ,god alone4 ,because t by :i* some?+ is kn[n1 mu/ ne$s be ! actual lik5ess ( ! ?+ kn[n3 :5ce x w\ld foll[1 if ! p[] ( ! angel knew all ?+s by itself1 t x 0 ! lik5ess & act ( all ?+s4 ,:]e=e !re mu/ ne$s be add$ to ! angels' intellective p[]1 "s intelligible species1 :i* are lik5esses ( ?+s und]/ood3 = x is by p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e wisdom & n by _! own ess5ce1 t _! intellect c be actually ^? ?+s :i* !y und]/&4 ,& s x is cle> t n ev]y?+ belong+ to a natural habit c belong to ! p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,nature is n equally incl9$ to cause all ! v>i\s k9ds ( habits3 s9ce "s c be caus$ by nature1 & "s n1 z we h said above4 ,& s x does n foll[ t because "s habits are natural1 !re=e all are natural4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,any ,habit ,is ,caus$ by ,acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no habit is caus$ by acts4 ,= habit is a quality1 z we h said above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ e quality is caus$ 9 a subject1 accord+ to ! latt]'s receptivity4 ,s9ce !n ! ag5t1 inasmu* z x acts1 does n receive b r gives3 x seems impossible = a habit to be caus$ 9 an ag5t by its own acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ?+ :]e9 a quality is caus$ is mov$ to t quality1 z may be cle>ly se5 9 t :i* is heat$ or cool$3 :]eas t :i* produces ! act t causes ! quality1 moves1 z may be se5 9 t :i* heats or cools4 ,if !re=e habits 7 caus$ 9 any?+ by its own act1 x w\ld foll[ t ! same w\ld be mov] & mov$1 active & passive3 :i* is impossible1 z /at$ 9 ,physics iii1 #h4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! effect _c be m noble ?an its cause4 ,b habit is m noble ?an ! act :i* prec$es ! habit2 z is cle> f ! fact t ! latt] produces m noble acts4 ,!re=e habit _c be caus$ by an act :i* prec$es ! habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b7 tea*es t habits ( virtue & vice are caus$ by acts4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! ag5t !re is sometimes only ! active pr9ciple ( its act3 = in/ance 9 fire !re is only ! active pr9ciple ( heat+4 ,& 9 su* an ag5t a habit _c be caus$ by its own act3 = :i* reason natural ?+s _c become accu/om$ or unaccu/om$1 z is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #a4 ,b a c]ta9 ag5t is to be f\nd1 9 :i* !re is bo? ! active & ! passive pr9ciple ( its act1 z we see 9 human acts4 ,= ! acts ( ! appetitive p[] proce$ f t same p[] accord+ z x is mov$ by ! appreh5sive p[] pres5t+ ! object3 & fur!r1 ! intellective p[]1 accord+ z x reasons ab\t conclusions1 has1 z x 71 an active pr9ciple 9 a self-evid5t proposition4 ,:]e=e by su* acts habits c be caus$ 9 _! ag5ts2 n inde$ ) reg>d to ! fir/ active pr9ciple1 b ) reg>d to t pr9ciple ( ! act1 :i* pr9ciple is a mov] mov$4 ,= ev]y?+ t is passive & mov$ by ano!r1 is dispos$ by ! action ( ! ag5t2 :]e=e if ! acts be multipli$ a c]ta9 quality is =m$ 9 ! p[] :i* is passive & mov$1 :i* quality is call$ a habit3 j z ! habits ( moral virtue are caus$ 9 ! appetitive p[]s1 accord+ z !y are mov$ by ! reason1 & z ! habits ( sci5ce are caus$ 9 ! intellect1 accord+ z x is mov$ by fir/ propositions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ag5t1 z ag5t1 does n receive any?+4 ,b 9 s f> z x moves ?r\gh be+ mov$ by ano!r1 x receives some?+ f t :i* moves x3 & ?us is a habit caus$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same ?+1 & 9 ! same respect1 _c be mov] & mov$2 b no?+ prev5ts a ?+ f be+ mov$ by itself z to diff]5t respects1 z is prov$ 9 ,physics viii1 text4 #bh1 #bi4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! act :i* prec$es ! habit1 9 s f> z x comes f an active pr9ciple1 proce$s f a m excell5t pr9ciple ?an is ! habit caus$ !reby3 j z ! reason is a m excell5t pr9ciple ?an ! habit ( moral virtue produc$ 9 ! appetitive p[] by repeat$ acts1 & z ! und]/&+ ( fir/ pr9ciples is a m excell5t pr9ciple ?an ! sci5ce ( conclusions4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,habit ,c ,be ,caus$ by ,"o ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a habit c be caus$ by "o act4 ,= demon/ration is an act ( reason4 ,b sci5ce1 :i* is ! habit ( "o conclusion1 is caus$ by "o demon/ration4 ,!re=e habit c be caus$ by "o act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z acts happ5 to increase by multiplication s d !y happ5 to increase by int5sity4 ,b a habit is caus$ by multiplication ( acts4 ,!re=e also if an act be v int5se1 x c be ! g5]at+ cause ( a habit4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 heal? & sickness are habits4 ,b x happ5s t a man is heal$ or becomes ill1 by "o act4 ,!re=e "o act c cause a habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #g73 ,z nei!r does "o swall[ nor "o day make spr+3 s nei!r does "o day nor a %ort "t make a man bless$ & happy4 ,b happ9ess is an op]ation 9 respect ( a habit ( p]fect virtue 7,e?ic4 i1 #g1 #aj1 #ac74 ,!re=e a habit ( virtue1 & = ! same reason1 o!r habits1 is n caus$ by "o act4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said already 7,a4 #b71 habit is caus$ by act1 because a passive p[] is mov$ by an active pr9ciple4 ,b 9 ord] t "s quality be caus$ 9 t :i* is passive ! active pr9ciple mu/ entirely ov]come ! passive4 ,:5ce we see t because fire _c at once ov]come ! combu/ible1 x does n enk9dle at once2 b x gradually expels contr>y dispositions1 s t by ov]com+ x entirely1 x may impress its lik5ess on x4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! active pr9ciple :i* is reason1 _c entirely ov]come ! appetitive p[] 9 "o act3 because ! appetitive p[] is incl9$ v>i\sly1 & to _m ?+s2 :ile ! reason judges 9 a s+le act1 :at %\ld be will$ 9 reg>d to v>i\s aspects & circum/ances4 ,:]e=e ! appetitive p[] is n !reby entirely ov]come1 s z to be incl9$ l nature to ! same ?+1 9 ! majority ( cases2 :i* incl9ation belongs to ! habit ( virtue4 ,!re=e a habit ( virtue _c be caus$ by "o act1 b only by _m4 ,b 9 ! appreh5sive p[]s1 we mu/ obs]ve t !re are two passive pr9ciples3 "o is ! possible 7,see ,fir/ ,"p1 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b7 intellect itself2 ! o!r is ! intellect :i* ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #bj7 calls passive1 & is ! p>ticul> reason1 t is ! cogitative p[]1 ) memory & imag9ation4 ,) reg>d !n to ! =m] passive pr9ciple1 x is possible = a c]ta9 active pr9ciple to entirely ov]come1 by "o act1 ! p[] ( its passive pr9ciple3 ?us "o self-evid5t proposition conv9ces ! intellect1 s t x gives a firm ass5t to ! conclusion1 b a probable proposition _c d ?is4 ,:]e=e a habit ( op9ion ne$s to be caus$ by _m acts ( ! reason1 ev5 on ! "p ( ! possible intellect3 :]eas a habit ( sci5ce c be caus$ by a s+le act ( ! reason1 s f> z ! possible intellect is conc]n$4 ,b ) reg>d to ! l[] appreh5sive p[]s1 ! same acts ne$ to be repeat$ _m times = any?+ to be firmly impress$ on ! memory4 ,& s ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,memor4 et ,rem94 #a7 t m$itation /r5g!ns memory4 ,bodily habits1 h[ev]1 c be caus$ by "o act1 if ! active pr9ciple is ( great p[]3 sometimes1 = in/ance1 a /rong dose ( m$ic9e re/ores heal? at once4 ,h5ce ! solutions to ! objections are cle>4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,any ,habits ,are ,infus$ 9 ,man by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no habit is infus$ 9 man by ,god4 ,= ,god treats all equally4 ,if !re=e ,he infuses habits into "s1 ,he w\ld infuse !m into all3 :i* is cle>ly untrue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god works 9 all ?+s accord+ to ! mode :i* is suitable to _! nature3 = x belongs to ,div9e provid5ce to pres]ve nature1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b habits are naturally caus$ 9 man by acts1 z we h said above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ,god does n cause habits to be 9 man except by acts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if any habit be infus$ into man by ,god1 man c by t habit p]=m _m acts4 ,b f ^? acts a l habit is caus$ 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b74 ,consequ5tly !re w be two habits ( ! same species 9 ! same man1 "o acquir$1 ! o!r infus$4 ,n[ ?is seems impossible3 = ! two =ms ( ! same species _c be 9 ! same subject4 ,!re=e a habit is n infus$ into man by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ae3e73 ,god fill$ him ) ! _s ( wisdom & und]/&+4 ,n[ wisdom & und]/&+ are habits4 ,!re=e "s habits are infus$ into man by ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s habits are infus$ by ,god into man1 = two reasons4 ,! fir/ reason is because !re are "s habits by :i* man is dispos$ to an end :i* exce$s ! proportion ( human nature1 namely1 ! ultimate & p]fect happ9ess ( man1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #e74 ,& s9ce habits ne$ to be 9 proportion ) t to :i* man is dispos$ by !m1 !re=e is x necess>y t ^? habits1 :i* dispose to ?is end1 exce$ ! proportion ( human nature4 ,:]e=e su* habits c nev] be 9 man except by ,div9e infusion1 z is ! case ) all gratuit\s virtues4 ,! o!r reason is1 because ,god c produce ! effects ( second causes1 )\t ^! second causes1 z we h said 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #f74 ,j z1 !re=e1 sometimes1 9 ord] to %[ ,8 p[]1 ,he causes heal?1 )\t its natural cause1 b :i* nature c\ld h caus$1 s also1 at times1 = ! manife/ation ( ,8 p[]1 ,he infuses into man ev5 ^? habits :i* c be caus$ by a natural p[]4 ,?us ,he gave to ! apo/les ! sci5ce ( ! ,scriptures & ( all tongues1 :i* m5 c acquire by /udy or by cu/om1 b n s p]fectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god1 9 respect ( ,8 ,nature1 is ! same to all1 b 9 respect ( ! ord] ( ,8 ,wisdom1 = "s fix$ motive1 gives c]ta9 ?+s to "s1 :i* ,he does n give to o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t ,god works 9 all accord+ to _! mode1 does n h9d] ,god f do+ :at nature _c d3 b x foll[s f ?is t ,he does no?+ contr>y to t :i* is suitable to nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,acts produc$ by an infus$ habit1 d n cause a habit1 b /r5g!n ! already exi/+ habit2 j z ! rem$ies ( m$ic9e giv5 to a man :o is naturally heal?1 d n cause a k9d ( heal?1 b give new /r5g? to ! heal? he _h be=e4 ,,"q #eb ,,( ,,! ,,increase ,,( ,,habits 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! increase ( habits2 "u :i* head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r habits increase8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y increase by addition8 7#c7 ,:e!r ea* act increases ! habit8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,habits ,increase8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habits _c increase4 ,= increase conc]ns quantity 7,phys4 v1 text4 #ah74 ,b habits are n 9 ! g5us ( quantity1 b 9 t ( quality4 ,!re=e !re c be no increase ( habits4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habit is a p]fection 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag1 #ah74 ,b s9ce p]fection conveys a notion ( end & t]m1 x seems t x _c be m or less4 ,!re=e a habit _c increase4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* c be m or less are subject to alt]ation3 = t :i* f be+ less hot becomes m hot1 is said to be alt]$4 ,b 9 habits !re is no alt]ation1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 text4 #ae1 #ag4 ,!re=e habits _c increase4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,fai? is a habit1 & yet x increases3 :]e=e ! disciples said to our ,"l 7,luke #ag3e73 ,"l1 increase our fai?4 ,!re=e habits increase4 ,i answ] t1 ,increase1 l o!r ?+s p]ta9+ to quantity1 is transf]r$ f bodily quantities to intelligible spiritual ?+s1 on acc\nt ( ! natural connection ( ! intellect ) corporeal ?+s1 :i* come "u ! imag9ation4 ,n[ 9 corporeal quantities1 a ?+ is said to be great1 accord+ z x rea*es ! p]fection ( quantity due to x2 :]e=e a c]ta9 quantity is reput$ great 9 man1 :i* is n reput$ great 9 an elephant4 ,& s also 9 =ms1 we say a ?+ is great because x is p]fect4 ,& s9ce good has ! nature ( p]fection1 !re=e 9 ?+s :i* are great1 b n 9 quantity1 to be great] is ! same z to be bett]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #h74 ,n[ ! p]fection ( a =m may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 respect ( ! =m itself3 secondly1 9 respect ( ! p>ticipation ( ! =m by its subject4 ,9 s f> z we consid] ! p]fections ( a =m 9 respect ( ! =m itself1 ?us ! =m is said to be little or great3 = in/ance great or little heal? or sci5ce4 ,b 9 s f> z we consid] ! p]fection ( a =m 9 respect ( ! p>ticipation !re( by ! subject1 x is said to be m or less3 = in/ance m or less :ite or heal?y4 ,n[ ?is di/9ction is n to be und]/ood z imply+ t ! =m has a be+ outside its matt] or subject1 b t x is "o ?+ to consid] ! =m accord+ to its specific nature1 & ano!r to consid] x 9 respect ( its p>ticipation by a subject4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 !re 7 f\r op9ions among philosoph]s conc]n+ int5sity & remission ( habits & =ms1 z ,simplicius relates 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts4 ,= ,plot9us & ! o!r ,platoni/s held t qualities & habits !mselves 7 susceptible ( m or less1 = ! reason t !y 7 mat]ial & s _h a c]ta9 want ( def9it5ess1 on acc\nt ( ! inf9ity ( matt]4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 held t qualities & habits ( !mselves 7 n susceptible ( m or less2 b t ! ?+s affect$ by !m 7qualia7 are said to be m or less1 9 respect ( ! p>ticipation ( ! subject3 t1 = in/ance1 ju/ice is n m or less1 b ! j ?+4 ,ari/otle alludes to ?is op9ion 9 ! ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi74 ,! ?ird op9ion 0 t ( ! ,/oics1 & lies betwe5 ! two prec$+ op9ions4 ,= !y held t "s habits are ( !mselves susceptible ( m & less1 = in/ance1 ! arts2 & t "s are n1 z ! virtues4 ,! f\r? op9ion 0 held by "s :o said t qualities & immat]ial =ms are n susceptible ( m or less1 b t mat]ial =ms are4 ,9 ord] t ! tru? 9 ?is matt] be made cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t t1 9 respect ( :i* a ?+ receives its species1 mu/ be some?+ fix$ & /ation>y1 & z x 7 indivisible3 = :atev] atta9s to t ?+1 is conta9$ "u ! species1 & :atev] rec$es f x m or less1 belongs to ano!r species1 m or less p]fect4 ,:]e=e1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 viii1 text4 #aj7 t species ( ?+s are l numb]s1 9 :i* addition or subtraction *anges ! species4 ,if1 !re=e1 a =m1 or any?+ at all1 receives its specific nature 9 respect ( itself1 or 9 respect ( some?+ belong+ to x1 x is necess>y t1 consid]$ 9 itself1 x be some?+ ( a def9ite nature1 :i* c be nei!r m nor less4 ,su* are heat1 :it5ess or o!r l qualities :i* are n d5om9at$ f a relation to some?+ else3 & mu* m s1 sub/ance1 :i* is p] se be+4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* receive _! species f some?+ to :i* !y are relat$1 c be div]sifi$1 9 respect ( !mselves1 accord+ to m or less3 & none!less !y rema9 9 ! same species1 on acc\nt ( ! on5ess ( t to :i* !y are relat$1 & f :i* !y receive _! species4 ,= example1 movem5t is 9 itself m int5se or m remiss3 & yet x rema9s 9 ! same species1 on acc\nt ( ! on5ess ( ! t]m by :i* x is specifi$4 ,we may obs]ve ! same ?+ 9 heal?2 = a body atta9s to ! nature ( heal?1 accord+ z x has a disposition suitable to an animal's nature1 to :i* v>i\s dispositions may be suitable2 :i* disposition is !re=e v>iable z reg>ds m or less1 & )al ! nature ( heal? rema9s4 ,:5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #b1 #c73 ,heal? itself may be m or less3 = ! measure is n ! same 9 all1 nor is x always ! same 9 "o individual2 b d[n to a c]ta9 po9t x may decrease & /ill rema9 heal?4 ,n[ ^! v>i\s dispositions & measures ( heal? are by way ( excess & defect3 :]e=e if ! "n ( heal? 7 giv5 to ! mo/ p]fect measure1 !n we %\ld n speak ( heal? z great] or less4 ,?us !re=e x is cle> h[ a quality or =m may increase or decrease ( itself1 & h[ x _c4 ,b if we consid] a quality or =m 9 respect ( its p>ticipation by ! subject1 ?us aga9 we f9d t "s qualities & =ms are susceptible ( m or less1 & "s n4 ,n[ ,simplicius assigns ! cause ( ?is div]sity to ! fact t sub/ance 9 itself _c be susceptible ( m or less1 because x is p] se be+4 ,& !re=e e =m :i* is p>ticipat$ sub/antially by its subject1 _c v>y 9 int5sity & remission3 :]e=e 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance no?+ is said to be m or less4 ,& because quantity is nigh to sub/ance1 & because %ape foll[s on quantity1 !re=e is x t nei!r 9 ^! c !re be su* a ?+ z m or less4 ,:5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ae7 t :5 a ?+ receives =m & %ape1 x is n said to be alt]$1 b to be made4 ,b o!r qualities :i* are fur!r remov$ f quantity1 & are connect$ ) passions & actions1 are susceptible ( m or less1 9 respect ( _! p>ticipation by ! subject4 ,n[ x is possible to expla9 yet fur!r ! reason ( ?is div]sity4 ,=1 z we h said1 t f :i* a ?+ receives its species mu/ rema9 indivisibly fix$ & con/ant 9 some?+ indivisible4 ,:]e=e 9 two ways x may happ5 t a =m _c be p>ticipat$ m or less4 ,fir/ because ! p>ticipator has its species 9 respect ( t =m4 ,& = ?is reason no sub/antial =m is p>ticipat$ m or less4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 viii1 text4 #aj7 t1 z a numb] _c be m or less1 s nei!r c t :i* is 9 ! species ( sub/ance1 t is1 9 respect ( its p>ticipation ( ! specific =m3 b 9 s f> z sub/ance may be ) matt]1 i4e4 9 respect ( mat]ial dispositions1 m or less are f\nd 9 sub/ance4 ,secondly ?is may happ5 f ! fact t ! =m is ess5tially indivisible3 :]e=e if any?+ p>ticipate t =m1 x mu/ ne$s p>ticipate x 9 respect ( its indivisibility4 ,= ?is reason we d n speak ( ! species ( numb] z v>y+ 9 respect ( m or less2 because ea* species !re( is con/itut$ by an indivisible unity4 ,! same is to be said ( ! species ( cont9u\s quantity1 :i* are d5om9at$ f numb]s1 z two-cubits-long1 ?ree-cubits-long1 & ( relations ( quantity1 z d\ble & treble1 & ( figures ( quantity1 z triangle & tetragon4 ,?is same explanation is giv5 by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi71 :]e 9 expla9+ :y figures are n susceptible ( m or less1 he says3 ,?+s :i* are giv5 ! nature ( a triangle or a circle1 are accord+ly triangles & circles3 to wit1 because indivisibility is ess5tial to ! motion ( su*1 :]e=e :atev] p>ticipates _! nature mu/ p>ticipate x 9 its indivisibility4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 s9ce we speak ( habits & dispositions 9 respect ( a relation to some?+ 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag71 t 9 two ways int5sity & remission may be obs]v$ 9 habits & dispositions4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! habit itself3 ?us1 = in/ance1 we speak ( great] or less heal?2 great] or less sci5ce1 :i* ext5ds to m or few] ?+s4 ,secondly1 9 respect ( p>ticipation by ! subject3 9 s f> z equal sci5ce or heal? is p>ticipat$ m 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r1 accord+ to a div]se aptitude aris+ ei!r f nature1 or f cu/om4 ,= habit & disposition d n give species to ! subject3 nor aga9 d !y ess5tially imply indivisibility4 ,we %all say fur!r on 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #a7 h[ x is ) ! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ^w great is tak5 f corporeal quantities & appli$ to ! intelligible p]fections ( =ms2 s also is ! ^w gr[?1 ! t]m ( :i* is some?+ great4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,habit is inde$ a p]fection1 b n a p]fection :i* is ! t]m ( its subject2 = in/ance1 a t]m giv+ ! subject its specific be+4 ,nor aga9 does ! nature ( a habit include ! notion ( t]m1 z d ! species ( numb]s4 ,:]e=e !re is no?+ to h9d] x f be+ susceptible ( m or less4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,alt]ation is prim>ily inde$ 9 ! qualities ( ! ?ird species2 b second>ily x may be 9 ! qualities ( ! fir/ species3 =1 suppos+ an alt]ation z to hot & cold1 !re foll[s 9 an animal an alt]ation z to heal? & sickness4 ,9 l mann]1 if an alt]ation take place 9 ! passions ( ! s5sitive appetite1 or ! s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion1 an alt]ation foll[s z to sci5ce & virtue 7,phys4 viii1 text4 #bj74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,habit ,increases by ,addition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! increase ( habits is by way ( addition4 ,= ! ^w increase1 z we h said1 is transf]r$ to =ms1 f corporeal quantities4 ,b 9 corporeal quantities !re is no increase )\t addition3 :]e=e 7,de ,g5]4 i1 text4 #ca7 x is said t increase is an addition to a magnitude already exi/+4 ,!re=e 9 habits also !re is no increase )\t addition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habit is n increas$ except by means ( "s ag5t4 ,b e ag5t does some?+ 9 ! passive subject3 = in/ance1 t :i* heats1 causes heat 9 t :i* is heat$4 ,!re=e !re is no increase )\t addition4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z t :i* is n :ite1 is 9 pot5tiality to be :ite3 s t :i* is less :ite1 is 9 pot5tiality to be m :ite4 ,b t :i* is n :ite1 is n made :ite except by ! addition ( :it5ess4 ,!re=e t :i* is less :ite1 is n made m :ite1 except by an add$ :it5ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 iv1 text4 #hd73 ,t :i* is hot is made hott]1 )\t mak+1 9 ! matt]1 some?+ hot1 t 0 n hot1 :5 ! ?+ 0 less hot4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 nei!r is any addition made 9 o!r =ms :5 !y increase4 ,i answ] t1 ,! solution ( ?is "q dep5ds on :at we h said above 7,a4 #a74 ,= we said t increase & decrease 9 =ms :i* are capable ( int5sity & remissness1 happ5 9 "o way n on ! "p ( ! v =m consid]$ 9 itself1 ?r\gh ! div]se p>ticipation !re( by ! subject4 ,:]e=e su* increase ( habits & o!r =ms1 is n caus$ by an addition ( =m to =m2 b by ! subject p>ticipat+ m or less p]fectly1 "o & ! same =m4 ,& j z1 by an ag5t :i* is 9 act1 some?+ is made actually hot1 beg9n+1 z x 71 to p>ticipate a =m1 n z ?\gh ! =m itself 7 made1 z is prov$ 9 ,metaph4 vii1 text4 #cb1 s1 by an int5se action ( ! ag5t1 some?+ is made m hot1 z x 7 p>ticipat+ ! =m m p]fectly1 n z ?\gh some?+ 7 add$ to ! =m4 ,= if ?is increase 9 =ms 7 und]/ood to be by way ( addition1 ?is c\ld only be ei!r 9 ! =m itself or 9 ! subject4 ,if x be und]/ood ( ! =m itself1 x has already be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 t su* an addition or subtraction w\ld *ange ! species2 ev5 z ! species ( color is *ang$ :5 a ?+ f be+ pale becomes :ite4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is addition be und]/ood z apply+ to ! subject1 ?is c\ld only be ei!r because "o "p ( ! subject receives a =m :i* x _h n previ\sly 7?us we may say cold increases 9 a man :o1 aft] be+ cold 9 "o "p ( 8 body1 is cold 9 sev]al p>ts71 or because "s o!r subject is add$ %>+ 9 ! same =m 7z :5 a hot ?+ is add$ to ano!r1 or "o :ite ?+ to ano!r74 ,b 9 ei!r ( ^! two ways we h n a m :ite or a m hot ?+1 b a great] :ite or hot ?+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 c]ta9 accid5ts are ( !mselves susceptible ( m or less1 9 "s ( ^! we may f9d increase by addition4 ,= movem5t increases by an addition ei!r to ! "t x la/s1 or to ! c\rse x foll[s3 & yet ! species rema9s ! same on acc\nt ( ! on5ess ( ! t]m4 ,yet movem5t increases ! int5sity z to p>ticipation 9 its subject3 i4e4 9 s f> z ! same movem5t c be execut$ m or less spe$ily or readily4 ,9 l mann]1 sci5ce c increase 9 itself by addition2 ?us :5 anyone le>ns sev]al conclusions ( geometry1 ! same specific habit ( sci5ce increases 9 t man4 ,yet a man's sci5ce increases1 z to ! subject's p>ticipation !re(1 9 int5sity1 9 s f> z "o man is quick] & readi] ?an ano!r 9 consid]+ ! same conclusions4 ,z to bodily habits1 x does n seem v probable t !y receive increase by way ( addition4 ,= an animal is n said to be simply heal?y or beautiful1 unless x be su* 9 all its p>ts4 ,& if x be br\ght to a m p]fect measure1 ?is is ! result ( a *ange 9 ! simple qualities1 :i* are n susceptible ( increase save 9 int5sity on ! "p ( ! subject p>tak+ ( !m4 ,h[ ?is "q affects virtues we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 9 bodily bulk increase is tw(old4 ,fir/1 by addition ( "o subject to ano!r2 su* is ! increase ( liv+ ?+s4 ,secondly1 by m]e int5sity1 )\t any addition at all2 su* is ! case ) ?+s subject to r>efaction1 z is /at$ 9 ,phys4 iv1 text4 #fc4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! cause t increases a habit1 always effects some?+ 9 ! subject1 b n a new =m4 ,b x causes ! subject to p>take m p]fectly ( a pre-exi/+ =m1 or x makes ! =m to ext5d fur!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:at is n already :ite1 is pot5tially :ite1 z n yet possess+ ! =m ( :it5ess3 h5ce ! ag5t causes a new =m 9 ! subject4 ,b t :i* is less hot or :ite1 is n 9 pot5tiality to ^? =ms1 s9ce x has !m already actually3 b x is 9 pot5tiality to a p]fect mode ( p>ticipation2 & ?is x receives ?r\gh ! ag5t's action4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,e ,act ,increases ,its ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e act increases its habit4 ,= :5 ! cause is increas$ ! effect is increas$4 ,n[ acts are causes ( habits1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e a habit increases :5 its acts are multipli$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ( l ?+s a l judgm5t %\ld be =m$4 ,b all ! acts proce$+ f "o & ! same habit are alike 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e if "s acts increase a habit1 e act %\ld increase x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 l is increas$ by l4 ,b any act is l ! habit :5ce x proce$s4 ,!re=e e act increases ! habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,opposite effects d n result f ! same cause4 ,b accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #b1 "s acts less5 ! habit :5ce !y proce$1 = in/ance if !y be done c>elessly4 ,!re=e x is n e act t increases a habit4 ,i answ] t1 ,l acts cause l habits 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b74 ,n[ ?+s are l or unlike n only 9 respect ( _! qualities be+ ! same or v>i\s1 b also 9 respect ( ! same or a diff]5t mode ( p>ticipation4 ,= x is n only black t is unlike :ite1 b also less :ite is unlike m :ite1 s9ce !re is movem5t f less :ite to m :ite1 ev5 z f "o opposite to ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 v1 text4 #eb4 ,b s9ce use ( habits dep5ds on ! w1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #e72 j z "o :o has a habit may fail to use x or may act contr>y to x2 s may he happ5 to use ! habit by p]=m+ an act t is n 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! habit4 ,accord+ly1 if ! int5sity ( ! act correspond 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! habit1 or ev5 surpass x1 e su* act ei!r increases ! habit or disposes to an increase !re(1 if we may speak ( ! increase ( habits z we d ( ! increase ( an animal4 ,= n e morsel ( food actually increases ! animal's size z nei!r does e drop ( wat] holl[ out ! /one3 b ! multiplication ( food results at la/ 9 an increase ( ! body4 ,s1 too1 repeat$ acts cause a habit to gr[4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! act falls %ort ( ! int5sity ( ! habit1 su* an act does n dispose to an increase ( t habit1 b r to a less5+ !re(4 ,f ?is x is cle> h[ to solve ! objections4 ,,"q #ec ,,h[ ,,habits ,,are ,,corrupt$ ,,or ,,dim9i%$ 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] h[ habits are lo/ or weak5$2 & "u ?is head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a habit c be corrupt$8 7#b7 ,:e!r x c be dim9i%$8 7#c7 ,h[ are habits corrupt$ or dim9i%$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,habit ,c ,be ,corrupt$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a habit _c be corrupt$4 ,= habit is )9 its subject l a second nature2 :]e=e x is pleasant to act f habit4 ,n[ s long z a ?+ is1 its nature is n corrupt$4 ,!re=e nei!r c a habit be corrupt$ s long z its subject rema9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :5ev] a =m is corrupt$1 ?is is due ei!r to corruption ( its subject1 or to its contr>y3 ?us sickness ceases ?r\gh corruption ( ! animal1 or ?r\gh ! adv5t ( heal?4 ,n[ sci5ce1 :i* is a habit1 _c be lo/ ?r\gh corruption ( its subject3 s9ce ! intellect1 :i* is its subject1 is a sub/ance t is incorruptible 7,de ,anima i1 text4 #fe74 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r c x be lo/ ?r\gh ! action ( its contr>y3 s9ce intelligible species are n contr>y to "o ano!r 7,metaph4 vii1 text4 #eb74 ,!re=e ! habit ( sci5ce c n[ise be lo/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all corruption results f "s movem5t4 ,b ! habit ( sci5ce1 :i* is 9 ! s\l1 _c be corrupt$ by a direct movem5t ( ! s\l itself1 s9ce ! s\l is n mov$ directly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mov$ indirectly ?r\gh ! movem5t ( ! body3 & yet no bodily *ange seems capable ( corrupt+ ! intelligible species resid+ 9 ! intellect3 s9ce ! intellect indep5d5tly ( ! body is ! prop] abode ( ! species2 = :i* reason x is held t habits are n lo/ ei!r ?r\gh old age or ?r\gh dea?4 ,!re=e sci5ce _c be corrupt$4 ,= ! same reason nei!r c habits ( virtue be corrupt$1 s9ce !y also are 9 ! rational s\l1 &1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 i1 #aj71 virtue is m la/+ ?an le>n+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,long4 et ,brev4 ,vitae ii7 t =getfulness & deception are ! corruption ( sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 by s9n+ a man loses a habit ( virtue3 & aga91 virtues are eng5d]$ & corrupt$ by contr>y acts 7,e?ic4 ii1 #b74 ,i answ] t1 ,a =m is said to be corrupt$ directly by its contr>y2 indirectly1 ?r\gh its subject be+ corrupt$4 ,:5 !re=e a habit has a corruptible subject1 & a cause t has a contr>y1 x c be corrupt$ bo? ways4 ,?is is cle>ly ! case ) bodily habits--= in/ance1 heal? & sickness4 ,b ^? habits t h an incorruptible subject1 _c be corrupt$ indirectly4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s habits :i*1 :ile resid+ *iefly 9 an incorruptible subject1 reside nev]!less second>ily 9 a corruptible subject2 su* is ! habit ( sci5ce :i* is *iefly inde$ 9 ! possible intellect1 b second>ily 9 ! s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,consequ5tly ! habit ( sci5ce _c be corrupt$ indirectly1 on ! "p ( ! possible intellect1 b only on ! "p ( ! l[] s5sitive p[]s4 ,we mu/ !re=e inquire :e!r habits ( ?is k9d c be corrupt$ directly4 ,if !n !re be a habit hav+ a contr>y1 ei!r on ! "p ( itself or on ! "p ( its cause1 x c be corrupt$ directly3 b if x has no contr>y1 x _c be corrupt$ directly4 ,n[ x is evid5t t an intelligible species resid+ 9 ! possible intellect1 has no contr>y2 nor c ! active intellect1 :i* is ! cause ( t species1 h a contr>y4 ,:]e=e if 9 ! possible intellect !re be a habit caus$ imm$iately by ! active intellect1 su* a habit is incorruptible bo? directly & indirectly4 ,su* are ! habits ( ! fir/ pr9ciples1 bo? speculative & practical1 :i* _c be corrupt$ by any =getfulness or deception :atev]3 ev5 z ! ,philosoph] says ab\t prud5ce 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t x _c be lo/ by be+ =gott54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! possible intellect a habit caus$ by ! reason1 to wit1 ! habit ( conclusions1 :i* is call$ sci5ce1 to ! cause ( :i* some?+ may be contr>y 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ^? v propositions :i* are ! />t+ po9t ( ! reason3 = ! ass]tion ,good is n good is contr>y to ! ass]tion ,good is good 7,p]i ,h]m4 ii74 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! process ( reason+2 =asmu* z a sophi/ical syllogism is contr>y to a dialectic or demon/rative syllogism4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t a false reason c corrupt ! habit ( a true op9ion or ev5 ( sci5ce4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph]1 z /at$ above1 says t deception is ! corruption ( sci5ce4 ,z to virtues1 "s ( !m are intellectual1 resid+ 9 reason itself1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #a3 & to ^! applies :at we h said ( sci5ce & op9ion4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 viz4 ! moral virtues1 are 9 ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l2 & ! same may be said ( ! contr>y vices4 ,n[ ! habits ( ! appetitive "p are caus$ !re9 because x is natural to x to be mov$ by ! reason4 ,!re=e a habit ei!r ( virtue or ( vice1 may be corrupt$ by a judgm5t ( reason1 :5ev] its motion is contr>y to su* vice or virtue1 :e!r ?r\gh ignorance1 passion or delib]ate *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #aj1 a habit is l a second nature1 & yet x falls %ort ( x4 ,& s x is t :ile ! nature ( a ?+ _c 9 any way be tak5 away f a ?+1 a habit is remov$1 ?\gh ) difficulty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh !re is no contr>y to intelligible species1 yet !re c be a contr>y to ass]tions & to ! process ( reason1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sci5ce is n tak5 away by movem5t ( ! body1 if we consid] ! root itself ( ! habit1 b only z x may prove an ob/acle to ! act ( sci5ce2 9 s f> z ! intellect1 9 its act1 has ne$ ( ! s5sitive p[]s1 :i* are imp$$ by corporal transmutation4 ,b ! intellectual movem5t ( ! reason c corrupt ! habit ( sci5ce1 ev5 z reg>ds ! v root ( ! habit4 ,9 l mann] a habit ( virtue c be corrupt$4 ,nev]!less :5 x is said t virtue is m la/+ ?an le>n+1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood 9 respect1 n ( ! subject or cause1 b ( ! act3 because ! use ( virtue cont9ues ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 :]eas ! use ( le>n+ does n4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r a ,habit ,c ,dim9i%8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a habit _c dim9i%4 ,because a habit is a simple quality & =m4 ,n[ a simple ?+ is possess$ ei!r :olly or n at all4 ,!re=e al?\gh a habit c be lo/ x _c dim9i%4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if a ?+ is befitt+ an accid5t1 ?is is by reason ei!r ( ! accid5t or ( its subject4 ,n[ a habit does n become m or less int5se by reason ( itself2 else x w\ld foll[ t a species might be pr$icat$ ( its individuals m or less4 ,& if x c become less int5se z to its p>ticipation by its subject1 x w\ld foll[ t some?+ is accid5tal to a habit1 prop] !reto & n common to ! habit & its subject4 ,n[ :5ev] a =m has some?+ prop] to x besides its subject1 t =m c be sep>ate1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima i1 text4 #ac4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a habit is a sep>able =m2 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! v notion & nature ( a habit z ( any accid5t1 is inh]5ce 9 a subject3 :]e=e any accid5t is def9$ ) ref]5ce to its subject4 ,!re=e if a habit does n become m or less int5se 9 itself1 nei!r c x 9 its inh]5ce 9 its subject3 & consequ5tly x w be n[ise less int5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is natural = contr>ies to be applicable to ! same ?+4 ,n[ increase & decrease are contr>ies4 ,s9ce !re=e a habit c increase1 x seems t x c also dim9i%4 ,i answ] t1 ,habits dim9i%1 j z !y increase1 9 two ways1 z we h already expla9$ 7,q4 #eb1 ,a4 #a74 ,& s9ce !y increase ?r\gh ! same cause z t :i* eng5d]s !m1 s too !y dim9i% by ! same cause z t :i* corrupts !m3 s9ce ! dim9i%+ ( a habit is ! road :i* leads to its corruption1 ev5 z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! eng5d]+ ( a habit is a f\ndation ( its increase4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a habit1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is a simple =m4 ,x is n ?us t x is subject to decrease2 b accord+ to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* its subject p>ticipates 9 x4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! subject's pot5tiality is indet]m9ate1 ?r\gh its be+ able to p>ticipate a =m 9 v>i\s ways1 or to ext5d to a great] or a small] numb] ( ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t w\ld hold1 if ! ess5ce itself ( a habit 7 n[ise subject to decrease4 ,?is we d n say2 b t a c]ta9 decrease 9 ! ess5ce ( a habit has its orig91 n 9 ! habit1 b 9 its subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no matt] h[ we take an accid5t1 its v notion implies dep5d5ce on a subject1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= if we take an accid5t 9 ! ab/ract1 x implies relation to a subject1 :i* relation beg9s 9 ! accid5t & t]m9ates 9 ! subject3 = :it5ess is t :]eby a ?+ is :ite4 ,accord+ly 9 def9+ an accid5t 9 ! ab/ract1 we d n put ! subject z ?\gh x 7 ! fir/ "p ( ! def9ition1 viz4 ! g5us2 b we give x ! second place1 :i* is t ( ! diff]5ce2 ?us we say t simitas is a curvature ( ! nose4 ,b if we take accid5ts 9 ! concrete1 ! relation beg9s 9 ! subject & t]m9ates 9 ! concrete1 ! relation beg9s 9 ! subject & t]m9ates at ! accid5t3 = a :ite ?+ is some?+ t has :it5ess4 ,accord+ly 9 def9+ ?is k9d ( accid5t1 we place ! subject z ! g5us1 :i* is ! fir/ "p ( a def9ition2 = we say t a simum is a snub-nose4 ,accord+ly :atev] is befitt+ an accid5t on ! "p ( ! subject1 b is n ( ! v ess5ce ( ! accid5t1 is ascrib$ to t accid5t1 n 9 ! ab/ract1 b 9 ! concrete4 ,su* are increase & decrease 9 c]ta9 accid5ts3 :]e=e to be m or less :ite is n ascrib$ to :it5ess b to a :ite ?+4 ,! same applies to habits & o!r qualities2 save t c]ta9 habits & o!r qualities2 save t c]ta9 habits increase or dim9i% by a k9d ( addition1 z we h already cle>ly expla9$ 7,q4 #eb1 ,a4 #b74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,habit ,is ,corrupt$ or ,dim9i%$ ,?r\gh ,m]e ,cessation f ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a habit is n corrupt$ or dim9i%$ ?r\gh m]e cessation f act4 ,= habits are m la/+ ?an passion-l qualities1 z we h expla9$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c2 ,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #a74 ,b passion-l qualities are nei!r corrupt$ nor dim9i%$ by cessation f act3 = :it5ess is n less5$ ?r\gh n affect+ ! sight1 nor heat ?r\gh ceas+ to make some?+ hot4 ,!re=e nei!r are habits dim9i%$ or corrupt$ ?r\gh cessation f act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 corruption & dim9ution are *anges4 ,n[ no?+ is *ang$ )\t a mov+ cause4 ,s9ce !re=e cessation f act does n imply a mov+ cause1 x does n appe> h[ a habit c be dim9i%$ or corrupt$ ?r\gh cessation f act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! habits ( sci5ce & virtue are 9 ! intellectual s\l :i* is above "t4 ,n[ ^? ?+s t are above "t are nei!r de/roy$ nor dim9i%$ by l5g? ( "t4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 are su* habits de/roy$ or dim9i%$ ?r\gh l5g? ( "t1 if "o fails = long to ex]cise !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,long4 et ,brev4 ,vitae ii7 t n only deception1 b also =getfulness1 is ! corruption ( sci5ce4 ,moreov] he says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e7 t want ( int]c\rse has dissolv$ _m a fri5d%ip4 ,9 l mann] o!r habits ( virtue are dim9i%$ or de/roy$ ?r\gh cessation f act4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 text4 #bg1 a ?+ is a cause ( movem5t 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 directly2 & su* a ?+ causes movem5t by reason ( its prop] =m2 ?us fire causes heat4 ,secondly1 indirectly2 = in/ance1 t :i* removes an ob/acle4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] way t ! de/ruction or dim9ution ( a habit results ?r\gh cessation f act1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z we cease f ex]cis+ an act :i* ov]came ! causes t de/roy$ or weak5$ t habit4 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 t habits are de/roy$ or dim9i%$ directly ?r\gh "s contr>y ag5cy4 ,consequ5tly all habits t are gradually und]m9$ by contr>y ag5cies :i* ne$ to be c\nt]act$ by acts proce$+ f ^? habits1 are dim9i%$ or ev5 de/roy$ altoge!r by long cessation f act1 z is cle>ly se5 9 ! case bo? ( sci5ce & ( virtue4 ,= x is evid5t t a habit ( moral virtue makes a man ready to *oose ! mean 9 de$s & passions4 ,& :5 a man fails to make use ( 8 virtu\s habit 9 ord] to mod]ate 8 own passions or de$s1 ! necess>y result is t _m passions & de$s fail to obs]ve ! mode ( virtue1 by reason ( ! incl9ation ( ! s5sitive appetite & ( o!r ext]nal ag5cies4 ,:]e=e virtue is de/roy$ or less5$ ?r\gh cessation f act4 ,! same applies to ! intellectual habits1 :i* r5d] man ready to judge aright ( ^? ?+s t are pictur$ by 8 imag9ation4 ,h5ce :5 man ceases to make use ( 8 intellectual habits1 /range fancies1 sometimes 9 opposition to !m1 arise 9 8 imag9ation2 s t unless ^? fancies be1 z x 71 cut (f or kept back by frequ5t use ( 8 intellectual habits1 man becomes less fit to judge aright1 & sometimes is ev5 :olly dispos$ to ! contr>y1 & ?us ! intellectual habit is dim9i%$ or ev5 :olly de/roy$ by cessation f act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 heat w\ld be de/roy$ ?r\gh ceas+ to give heat1 if1 = ?is same reason1 cold :i* is de/ructive ( heat 7 to increase4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,cessation f act is a mov+ cause1 conducive ( corruption or dim9ution1 by remov+ ! ob/acles !reto1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellectual "p ( ! s\l1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is above "t1 b ! s5sitive "p is subject to "t1 & !re=e 9 c\rse ( "t x und]goes *ange z to ! passions ( ! s5sitive "p1 & also z to ! p[]s ( appreh5sion4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 iv4 text4 #aag7 t "t makes u =get4 ,,"q #ed ,,( ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,habits 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! di/9ction ( habits2 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r _m habits c be 9 "o p[]8 7#b7 ,:e!r habits are di/+ui%$ by _! objects8 7#c7 ,:e!r habits are divid$ into good & bad8 7#d7 ,:e!r "o habit may be made up ( _m habits8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,_m ,habits ,c ,be 9 ,"o ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be _m habits 9 "o p[]4 ,= :5 sev]al ?+s are di/+ui%$ 9 respect ( ! same ?+1 if "o ( !m be multipli$1 ! o!rs are too4 ,n[ habits & p[]s are di/+ui%$ 9 respect ( ! same ?+1 viz4 _! acts & objects4 ,!re=e !y are multipli$ 9 l mann]4 ,!re=e !re _c be _m habits 9 "o p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a p[] is a simple =ce4 ,n[ 9 "o simple subject !re _c be div]sity ( accid5ts2 = ! subject is ! cause ( its accid5ts2 & x does n appe> h[ div]se effects c proce$ f "o simple cause4 ,!re=e !re _c be _m habits 9 "o p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! body is in=m$ by its %ape1 s is a p[] in=m$ by a habit4 ,b "o body _c be in=m$ at ! same "t by v>i\s %apes4 ,!re=e nei!r c a p[] be in=m$ at ! same "t by _m habits4 ,!re=e sev]al habits _c be at ! same "t 9 "o p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! intellect is "o p[]2 :]e91 nev]!less1 are ! habits ( v>i\s sci5ces4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d71 habits are dispositions ( a ?+ t is 9 pot5tiality to some?+1 ei!r to nature1 or to op]ation1 :i* is ! end ( nature4 ,z to ^? habits :i* are dispositions to nature1 x is cle> t sev]al c be 9 "o same subject3 s9ce 9 "o subject we may take p>ts 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! v>i\s dispositions ( :i* p>ts !re are v>i\s habits4 ,?us1 if we take ! humors z be+ p>ts ( ! human body1 accord+ to _! disposition 9 respect ( human nature1 we h ! habit or disposition ( heal?3 :ile1 if we take l p>ts1 su* z n]ves1 bones1 & fle%1 ! disposition ( ^! 9 respect ( nature is /r5g? or weakness2 :]eas1 if we take ! limbs1 i4e4 ! h&s1 feet1 & s on1 ! disposition ( ^! 9 proportion to nature1 is beauty3 & ?us !re are sev]al habits or dispositions 9 ! same subject4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( ^? habits t are dispositions to op]ation1 & belong prop]ly to ! p[]s2 ?us1 aga91 !re may be sev]al habits 9 "o p[]4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! subject ( a habit is a passive p[]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #b73 = x is only an active p[] t _c be ! subject ( a habit1 z 0 cle>ly %[n above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ a passive p[] is comp>$ to ! det]m9ate act ( any species1 z matt] to =m3 because1 j z matt] is det]m9ate to "o =m by "o ag5t1 s1 too1 is a passive p[] det]m9$ by ! nature ( "o active object to an act specifically "o4 ,:]e=e1 j z sev]al objects c move "o passive p[]1 s c "o passive p[] be ! subject ( sev]al acts or p]fections specifically div]se4 ,n[ habits are qualities or =ms adh]+ to a p[]1 & incl9+ t p[] to acts ( a det]m9ate species4 ,consequ5tly sev]al habits1 ev5 z sev]al specifically diff]5t acts1 c belong to "o p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z 9 natural ?+s1 div]sity ( species is accord+ to ! =m1 & div]sity ( g5us1 accord+ to matt]1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 v1 text4 #cc 7s9ce ?+s t diff] 9 matt] belong to diff]5t g5]a73 s1 too1 g5]ic div]sity ( objects entails a diff]5ce ( p[]s 7:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #a1 t ^? objects t diff] g5]ically belong to diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! s\l72 :ile specific diff]5ce ( objects entails a specific diff]5ce ( acts1 & consequ5tly ( habits also4 ,n[ ?+s t diff] 9 g5us diff] 9 species1 b n vice v]sa4 ,:]e=e ! acts & habits ( diff]5t p[]s diff] 9 species3 b x does n foll[ t diff]5t habits are 9 diff]5t p[]s1 = sev]al c be 9 "o p[]4 ,& ev5 z sev]al g5]a may be includ$ 9 "o g5us1 & sev]al species be conta9$ 9 "o species2 s does x happ5 t !re are sev]al species ( habits & p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh a p[] is simple z to its ess5ce1 x is multiple virtually1 inasmu* z x ext5ds to _m specifically diff]5t acts4 ,consequ5tly !re is no?+ to prev5t _m sup]ficially diff]5t habits f be+ 9 "o p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a body is in=m$ by its %ape z by its own t]m9al b\nd>ies3 :]eas a habit is n ! t]m9al b\nd>y ( a p[]1 b ! disposition ( a p[] to an act z to its ultimate t]m4 ,consequ5tly "o same p[] _c h sev]al acts at ! same "t1 except 9 s f> z p]*ance "o act is compris$ 9 ano!r2 j z nei!r c a body h sev]al %apes1 save 9 s f> z "o %ape ent]s into ano!r1 z a ?ree-sid$ 9 a f\r-sid$ figure4 ,= ! intellect _c und]/& sev]al ?+s at ! same "t actually2 & yet x c "k sev]al ?+s at ! same "t habitually4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,habits ,are ,di/+ui%$ by ,_! ,objects8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habits are n di/+ui%$ by _! objects4 ,= contr>ies diff] 9 species4 ,n[ ! same habit ( sci5ce reg>ds contr>ies3 ?us m$ic9e reg>ds ! heal?y & ! unheal?y4 ,!re=e habits are n di/+ui%$ by objects specifically di/9ct4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t sci5ces are diff]5t habits4 ,b ! same sci5tific tru? belongs to diff]5t sci5ces3 ?us bo? ! physici/ & ! a/ronom] prove ! e>? to be r\nd1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 text4 #ag4 ,!re=e habits are n di/+ui%$ by _! objects4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :]ev] ! act is ! same1 ! object is ! same4 ,b ! same act c belong to diff]5t habits ( virtue1 if x be direct$ to diff]5t ends2 ?us to give money to anyone1 if x be done = ,god's sake1 is an act ( *>ity2 :ile1 if x be done 9 ord] to pay a debt1 x is an act ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! same object c also belong to diff]5t habits4 ,!re=e div]sity ( habits does n foll[ div]sity ( objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,acts diff] 9 species accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e74 ,b habits are dispositions to acts4 ,!re=e habits also are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! div]sity ( objects4 ,i answ] t1 ,a habit is bo? a =m & a habit4 ,h5ce ! specific di/9ction ( habits may be tak5 9 ! ord9>y way 9 :i* =ms diff] specifically2 or accord+ to t mode ( di/9ction :i* is prop] to habits4 ,accord+ly =ms are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 ref]5ce to ! div]sity ( _! active pr9ciples1 s9ce e ag5t produces its l 9 species4 ,habits1 h[ev]1 imply ord] to some?+3 & all ?+s t imply ord] to some?+1 are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! di/9ction ( ! ?+s to :i* !y are orda9$4 ,n[ a habit is a disposition imply+ a tw(old ord]3 viz4 to nature & to an op]ation consequ5t to nature4 ,accord+ly habits are specifically di/9ct 9 respect ( ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! active pr9ciples ( su* dispositions2 secondly1 9 respect ( nature2 ?irdly1 9 respect ( specifically diff]5t objects1 z w appe> f :at foll[s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 di/+ui%+ p[]s1 or also habits1 we mu/ consid] ! object n 9 its mat]ial b 9 its =mal aspect1 :i* may diff] 9 species or ev5 9 g5us4 ,& ?\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 specific contr>ies is a real di/9ction yet !y are bo? kn[n "u "o aspect1 s9ce "o is kn[n ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,& consequ5tly 9 s f> z !y concur 9 ! "o aspect ( cognoscibility1 !y belong to "o cognitive habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! physici/ proves ! e>? to be r\nd by "o means1 ! a/ronom] by ano!r3 = ! latt] proves ?is by means ( ma!matics1 e4g4 by ! %apes ( eclipses1 or some?+ ( ! sort2 :ile ! =m] proves x by means ( physics1 e4g4 by ! movem5t ( heavy bodies t[>ds ! c5t]1 & s =?4 ,n[ ! :ole =ce ( a demon/ration1 :i* is a syllogism produc+ sci5ce1 z /at$ 9 ,po/]4 i1 text4 #e1 dep5ds on ! mean4 ,& consequ5tly v>i\s means are z s _m active pr9ciples1 9 respect ( :i* ! habits ( sci5ce are di/+ui%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #hi2 ,e?ic4 vii1 #h71 ! end is1 9 practical matt]s1 :at ! pr9ciple is 9 speculative matt]s4 ,consequ5tly div]sity ( ends dem&s a div]sity ( virtues1 ev5 z div]sity ( active pr9ciples does4 ,moreov] ! ends are objects ( ! int]nal acts1 ) :i*1 above all1 ! virtues are conc]n$1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #d74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,habits ,are ,divid$ into ,good & ,bad8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t habits are n divid$ into good & bad4 ,= good & bad are contr>ies4 ,n[ ! same habit reg>ds contr>ies1 z 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #a74 ,!re=e habits are n divid$ into good & bad4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 good is conv]tible ) be+2 s t1 s9ce x is common to all1 x _c be acc\nt$ a specific diff]5ce1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,topic4 iv74 ,aga91 evil1 s9ce x is a privation & a non-be+1 _c diff]5tiate any be+4 ,!re=e habits _c be specifically divid$ into good & evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re c be diff]5t evil habits ab\t "o same object2 = in/ance1 intemp]ance & ins5sibility ab\t matt]s ( concupisc5ce3 & 9 l mann] !re c be sev]al good habits2 = in/ance1 human virtue & h]oic or godlike virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] cle>ly /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 #a74 ,!re=e1 habits are n divid$ into good & bad4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a good habit is contr>y to a bad habit1 z virtue to vice4 ,n[ contr>ies are divid$ specifically into good & bad habits4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 habits are specifically di/9ct n only 9 respect ( _! objects & active pr9ciples1 b also 9 _! relation to nature4 ,n[1 ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by reason ( _! suitabl5ess or unsuitabl5ess to nature4 ,9 ?is way a good habit is specifically di/9ct f a bad habit3 s9ce a good habit is "o :i* disposes to an act suitable to ! ag5t's nature1 :ile an evil habit is "o :i* disposes to an act unsuitable to nature4 ,?us1 acts ( virtue are suitable to human nature1 s9ce !y are accord+ to reason1 :]eas acts ( vice are discordant f human nature1 s9ce !y are aga9/ reason4 ,h5ce x is cle> t habits are di/+ui%$ specifically by ! diff]5ce ( good & bad4 ,secondly1 habits are di/+ui%$ 9 relation to nature1 f ! fact t "o habit disposes to an act t is suitable to a l[] nature1 :ile ano!r habit disposes to an act befitt+ a high] nature4 ,& ?us human virtue1 :i* disposes to an act befitt+ human nature1 is di/9ct f godlike or h]oic virtue1 :i* disposes to an act befitt+ "s high] nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! same habit may be ab\t contr>ies 9 s f> z contr>ies agree 9 "o common aspect4 ,nev]1 h[ev]1 does x happ5 t contr>y habits are 9 "o species3 s9ce contr>iety ( habits foll[s contr>iety ( aspect4 ,accord+ly habits are divid$ into good & bad1 namely1 inasmu* z "o habit is good1 & ano!r bad2 b n by reason ( "o habit be+ ab\t some?+ good1 & ano!r ab\t some?+ bad4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n ! good :i* is common to e be+1 t is a diff]5ce con/itut+ ! species ( a habit2 b "s det]m9ate good by reason ( suitability to "s det]m9ate1 viz4 ! human1 nature4 ,9 l mann] ! evil t con/itutes a diff]5ce ( habits is n a pure privation1 b some?+ det]m9ate repugnant to a det]m9ate nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sev]al good habits ab\t "o same specific ?+ are di/9ct 9 ref]5ce to _! suitability to v>i\s natures1 z /at$ above4 ,b sev]al bad habits 9 respect ( "o action are di/9ct 9 ref]5ce to _! div]se repugnance to t :i* is 9 keep+ ) nature3 ?us1 v>i\s vices ab\t "o same matt] are contr>y to "o virtue4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,"o ,habit ,is ,made ,up ( ,_m ,habits8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o habit is made up ( _m habits4 ,= :atev] is eng5d]$1 n at once1 b little by little1 seems to be made up ( sev]al p>ts4 ,b a habit is eng5d]$1 n at once1 b little by little out ( sev]al acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e "o habit is made up ( sev]al4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a :ole is made up ( its p>ts4 ,n[ _m p>ts are assign$ to "o habit3 ?us ,tully assigns _m p>ts ( =titude1 temp]ance1 & o!r virtues4 ,!re=e "o habit is made up ( _m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o conclusion suffices bo? = an act & = a habit ( sci5tific k4 ,b _m conclusions belong to b "o sci5ce1 to geometry1 = in/ance1 or to ari?metic4 ,!re=e "o habit is made up ( _m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a habit1 s9ce x is a quality1 is a simple =m4 ,b no?+ simple is made up ( _m4 ,!re=e "o habit is n made up ( _m4 ,i answ] t1 ,a habit direct$ to op]ation1 su* z we are *iefly conc]n$ ) at pres5t1 is a p]fection ( a p[]4 ,n[ e p]fection %\ld be 9 proportion ) t :i* x p]fects4 ,h5ce1 j z a p[]1 :ile x is "o1 ext5ds to _m ?+s1 9 s f> z !y h some?+ 9 common1 i4e4 "s g5]al objective aspect1 s also a habit ext5ds to _m ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to "o1 = in/ance1 to "s specific objective aspect1 or to "o nature1 or to "o pr9ciple1 z 0 cle>ly /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,if !n we consid] a habit z to ! ext5t ( its object1 we %all f9d a c]ta9 multiplicity !re94 ,b s9ce ?is multiplicity is direct$ to "o ?+1 on :i* ! habit is *iefly int5t1 h5ce x is t a habit is a simple quality1 n compos$ to sev]al habits1 ev5 ?\gh x ext5d to _m ?+s4 ,= a habit does n ext5d to _m ?+s save 9 relation to "o1 :5ce x d]ives its unity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t a habit is eng5d]$ little by little1 is due1 n to "o "p be+ eng5d]$ aft] ano!r1 b to ! fact t ! subject does n acquire all at once a firm & difficultly *angeable disposition2 & also to ! fact t x beg9s by be+ imp]fectly 9 ! subject1 & is gradually p]fect$4 ,! same applies to o!r qualities4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p>ts :i* are assign$ to ea* c>d9al virtue1 are n integral p>ts t comb9e to =m a :ole2 b subjective or pot5tial p>ts1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #f1 ad #d2 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 any sci5ce1 he :o acquires1 by demon/ration1 sci5tific k ( "o conclusion1 has ! habit inde$1 yet imp]fectly4 ,& :5 he obta9s1 by demon/ration1 ! sci5tific k ( ano!r conclusion1 no additional habit is eng5d]$ 9 him3 b ! habit :i* 0 9 him previ\sly is p]fect$1 =asmu* z x has increas$ 9 ext5t2 because ! conclusions & demon/rations ( "o sci5ce are coord9ate1 & "o fl[s f ano!r4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,habits ,,9 ,,p>ticul> 7,,qq4 #ee-hi73 ,,good ,,habits1 i4e41 ,,virtues 7,,qq4 #ee-gj7 ,,"q #ee ,,( ,,! ,,virtues1 ,,z ,,to ,,_! ,,ess5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we come n[ to ! consid]ation ( habits specifically4 ,& s9ce habits1 z we h said 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #c71 are divid$ into good & bad1 we mu/ speak 9 ! fir/ place ( good habits1 :i* are virtues1 & ( o!r matt]s connect$ ) !m1 namely ! ,gifts1 ,beatitudes & ,fruits2 9 ! second place1 ( bad habits1 namely ( vices & s9s4 ,n[ five ?+s mu/ be consid]$ ab\t virtues3 7#a7 ! ess5ce ( virtue2 7#b7 its subject2 7#c7 ! division ( virtue2 7#d7 ! cause ( virtue2 7#e7 c]ta9 prop]ties ( virtue4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r human virtue is a habit8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is an op]ative habit8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a good habit8 7#d7 ,( ! def9ition ( virtue4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,human ,virtue ,is a ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human virtue is n a habit3 ,= virtue is ! limit ( p[] 7,de ,coelo i1 text4 #aaf74 ,b ! limit ( any?+ is r$ucible to ! g5us ( t ( :i* x is ! limit2 z a po9t is r$ucible to ! g5us ( l9e4 ,!re=e virtue is r$ucible to ! g5us ( p[]1 & n to ! g5us ( habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii7 99,retract4 ix2 cf4 ,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai t virtue is good use ( free-w4 ,b use ( free-w is an act4 ,!re=e virtue is n a habit1 b an act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we d n m]it by our habits1 b by our actions3 o!rwise a man w\ld m]it cont9ually1 ev5 :ile asleep4 ,b we d m]it by our virtues4 ,!re=e virtues are n habits1 b acts4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv7 t virtue is ! ord] ( love1 & 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cj7 t ! ord]+ :i* is call$ virtue consi/s 9 enjoy+ :at we ought to enjoy1 & us+ :at we ought to use4 ,n[ ord]1 or ord]+1 d5om9ates ei!r an action or a relation4 ,!re=e virtue is n a habit1 b an action or a relation4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 j z !re are human virtues1 s are !re natural virtues4 ,b natural virtues are n habits1 b p[]s4 ,nei!r !re=e are human virtues habits4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,categor4 vi7 t sci5ce & virtue are habits4 ,i answ] t1 ,virtue d5otes a c]ta9 p]fection ( a p[]4 ,n[ a ?+'s p]fection is consid]$ *iefly 9 reg>d to its end4 ,b ! end ( p[] is act4 ,:]e=e p[] is said to be p]fect1 accord+ z x is det]m9ate to its act4 ,n[ !re are "s p[]s :i* ( !mselves are det]m9ate to _! acts2 = in/ance1 ! active natural p[]s4 ,& !re=e ^! natural p[]s are 9 !mselves call$ virtues4 ,b ! rational p[]s1 :i* are prop] to man1 are n det]m9ate to "o p>ticul> action1 b are incl9$ indiff]5tly to _m3 & !y are det]m9ate to acts by means ( habits1 z is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e human virtues are habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sometimes we give ! "n ( a virtue to t to :i* ! virtue is direct$1 namely1 ei!r to its object1 or to its act3 = in/ance1 we give ! "n ,fai?1 to t :i* we believe1 or to ! act ( believ+1 z also to ! habit by :i* we believe4 ,:5 !re=e we say t virtue is ! limit ( p[]1 virtue is tak5 = ! object ( virtue4 ,= ! fur!/ po9t to :i* a p[] c rea*1 is said to be its virtue2 = in/ance1 if a man c c>ry a hundr$weight & n m1 8 virtue 99,9 ,engli% we %\ld say '/r5g?1' :i* is ! orig9al signification ( ! ,lat9 'virtus'3 ?us we speak ( an eng9e be+ s _m horse-p[]1 to indicate its '/r5g?' is put at a hundr$weight1 & n at sixty4 ,b ! objection takes virtue z be+ ess5tially ! limit ( p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good use ( free-w is said to be a virtue1 9 ! same s5se z above 7ad #a72 t is to say1 because x is t to :i* virtue is direct$ z to its prop] act4 ,= ! act ( virtue is no?+ else ?an ! good use ( free-w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we are said to m]it by some?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z by m]it itself1 j z we are said to run by runn+2 & ?us we m]it by acts4 ,secondly1 we are said to m]it by some?+ z by ! pr9ciple :]eby we m]it1 z we are said to run by ! motive p[]2 & ?us are we said to m]it by virtues & habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 we say t virtue is ! ord] or ord]+ ( love1 we ref] to ! end to :i* virtue is ord]$3 because 9 u love is set 9 ord] by virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,natural p[]s are ( !mselves det]m9ate to "o act3 n s ! rational p[]s4 ,& s !re is no comp>ison1 z we h said4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,human ,virtue ,is an ,op]ative ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n ess5tial to human virtue to be an op]ative habit4 ,= ,tully says 7,tuscul4 iv7 t z heal? & beauty belong to ! body1 s virtue belongs to ! s\l4 ,b heal? & beauty are n op]ative habits4 ,!re=e nei!r is virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 natural ?+s we f9d virtue n only 9 ref]5ce to act1 b also 9 ref]5ce to be+3 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,coelo i71 s9ce "s h a virtue to be always1 :ile "s h a virtue to be n always1 b at "s def9ite "t4 ,n[ z natural virtue is 9 natural ?+s1 s is human virtue 9 rational be+s4 ,!re=e also human virtue is ref]r$ n only to act1 b also to be+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag7 t virtue is ! disposition ( a p]fect ?+ to t :i* is be/4 ,n[ ! be/ ?+ to :i* man ne$s to be dispos$ by virtue is ,god ,himself1 z ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 #c1 #f1 #ad7 to ,:om ! s\l is dispos$ by be+ made l to ,him4 ,!re=e x seems t virtue is a quality ( ! s\l 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 lik5+ x1 z x 71 to ,him2 & n 9 ref]5ce to op]ation4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 an op]ative habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 says t virtue ( a ?+ is t :i* makes its "w good4 ,i answ] t1 ,virtue1 f ! v nature ( ! ^w1 implies "s p]fection ( p[]1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e1 s9ce p[] 99,! "o ,lat9 ^w pot5tia is r5d]$ 'pot5tiality' 9 ! fir/ case1 & 'p[]' 9 ! second is ( two k9ds1 namely1 p[] 9 ref]5ce to be+1 & p[] 9 ref]5ce to act2 ! p]fection ( ea* ( ^! is call$ virtue4 ,b p[] 9 ref]5ce to be+ is on ! "p ( matt]1 :i* is pot5tial be+1 :]eas p[] 9 ref]5ce to act1 is on ! "p ( ! =m1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( action1 s9ce ev]y?+ acts 9 s f> z x is 9 act4 ,n[ man is s con/itut$ t ! body holds ! place ( matt]1 ! s\l t ( =m4 ,! body1 inde$1 man has 9 common ) o!r animals2 & ! same is to be said ( ! =ces :i* are common to ! s\l & body3 & only ^? =ces :i* are prop] to ! s\l1 namely1 ! rational =ces1 belong to man alone4 ,& !re=e1 human virtue1 ( :i* we are speak+ n[1 _c belong to ! body1 b belongs only to t :i* is prop] to ! s\l4 ,:]e=e human virtue does n imply ref]5ce to be+1 b r to act4 ,consequ5tly x is ess5tial to human virtue to be an op]ative habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,mode ( action foll[s on ! disposition ( ! ag5t3 = su* z a ?+ is1 su* is its act4 ,& !re=e1 s9ce virtue is ! pr9ciple ( "s k9d ( op]ation1 !re mu/ ne$s pre-exi/ 9 ! op]ator 9 respect ( virtue "s correspond+ disposition4 ,n[ virtue causes an ord]$ op]ation4 ,!re=e virtue itself is an ord]$ disposition ( ! s\l1 9 s f> z1 to wit1 ! p[]s ( ! s\l are 9 "s way ord]$ to "o ano!r1 & to t :i* is outside4 ,h5ce virtue1 inasmu* z x is a suitable disposition ( ! s\l1 is l heal? & beauty1 :i* are suitable dispositions ( ! body4 ,b ?is does n h9d] virtue f be+ a pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,virtue :i* is ref]r$ to be+ is n prop] to man2 b only t virtue :i* is ref]r$ to works ( reason1 :i* are prop] to man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,god's sub/ance is ,8 act1 ! highe/ lik5ess ( man to ,god is 9 respect ( "s op]ation4 ,:]e=e1 z we h said above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #b71 happ9ess or bliss by :i* man is made mo/ p]fectly con=m$ to ,god1 & :i* is ! end ( human life1 consi/s 9 an op]ation4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,human ,virtue ,is a ,good ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n ess5tial to virtue t x %\ld be a good habit4 ,= s9 is always tak5 9 a bad s5se4 ,b !re is a virtue ev5 ( s92 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ae3ef3 ,! virtue ,d\ay3 '/r5g?' ( s9 is ! ,law4 ,!re=e virtue is n always a good habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,virtue corresponds to p[]4 ,b p[] is n only ref]r$ to good1 b also to evil3 accord+ to ,isa4 #e3 ,woe to y t are mighty to dr9k w9e1 & /\t m5 at drunk5ness4 ,!re=e virtue also is ref]r$ to good & evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #ab3i73 ,virtue ,d\ay3 'p[]' is made p]fect 9 infirmity4 ,b infirmity is an evil4 ,!re=e virtue is ref]r$ n only to good1 b also to evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 vi73 ,no "o c d\bt t virtue makes ! s\l exce$+ good3 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f73 ,virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 & 8 "w good likewise4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said above 7,a4 #a71 virtue implies a p]fection ( p[]3 :]e=e ! virtue ( a ?+ is fix$ by ! limit ( its p[] 7,de ,coelo i74 ,n[ ! limit ( any p[] mu/ ne$s be good3 = all evil implies defect2 :]e=e ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,hom4 ii7 t e evil is a weakness4 ,& = ?is reason ! virtue ( a ?+ mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ref]5ce to good4 ,!re=e human virtue :i* is an op]ative habit1 is a good habit1 productive ( good works4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z bad ?+s are said metaphorically to be p]fect1 s are !y said to be good3 = we speak ( a p]fect ?ief or robb]2 & ( a good ?ief or robb]1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #ba74 ,9 ?is way !re=e virtue is appli$ to evil ?+s3 s t ! virtue ( s9 is said to be law1 9 s f> z occasionally s9 is aggravat$ ?r\gh ! law1 s z to atta9 to ! limit ( its possibility4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! evil ( drunk5ness & excessive dr9k1 consi/s 9 a fall+ away f ! ord] ( reason4 ,n[ x happ5s t1 toge!r ) ?is fall+ away f reason1 "s l[] p[] is p]fect 9 ref]5ce to t :i* belongs to its own k9d1 ev5 9 direct opposition to reason1 or ) "s fall+ away !refrom4 ,b ! p]fection ( t p[]1 s9ce x is compatible ) a fall+ away f reason1 _c be call$ a human virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,reason is %[n to be s mu* ! m p]fect1 accord+ z x is able to ov]come or endure m easily ! weakness ( ! body & ( ! l[] p[]s4 ,& !re=e human virtue1 :i* is attribut$ to reason1 is said to be made p]fect 9 infirmity1 n ( ! reason inde$1 b ( ! body & ( ! l[] p[]s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,virtue ,is ,suitably ,def9$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! def9ition1 usually giv51 ( virtue1 is n suitable1 to wit3 ,virtue is a good quality ( ! m9d1 by :i* we live righte\sly1 ( :i* no "o c make bad use1 :i* ,god works 9 u1 )\t u4 ,= virtue is man's goodness1 s9ce virtue x is t makes its subject good4 ,b goodness does n seem to be good1 z nei!r is :it5ess :ite4 ,x is !re=e unsuitable to describe virtue z a good quality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no diff]5ce is m common ?an its g5us2 s9ce x is t :i* divides ! g5us4 ,b good is m common ?an quality1 s9ce x is conv]tible ) be+4 ,!re=e good %\ld n be put 9 ! def9ition ( virtue1 z a diff]5ce ( quality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #c73 ,:5 we come across any?+ t is n common to u & ! bea/s ( ! field1 x is some?+ app]ta9+ to ! m9d4 ,b !re are virtues ev5 ( ! irrational p>ts2 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj74 ,e virtue1 !re=e1 is n a good quality ( ! m9d4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 righte\sness seems to belong to ju/ice2 :5ce ! righte\s are call$ j4 ,b ju/ice is a species ( virtue4 ,x is !re=e unsuitable to put righte\s 9 ! def9ition ( virtue1 :5 we say t virtue is t by :i* we live righte\sly4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :oev] is pr\d ( a ?+1 makes bad use ( x4 ,b _m are pr\d ( virtue1 = ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule1 t pride lies 9 wait = good works 9 ord] to slay !m4 ,x is untrue1 !re=e1 t no "o c make bad use ( virtue4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 man is ju/ifi$ by virtue4 ,b ,augu/9e comm5t+ on ,john #ae3aa3 ,he %all d great] ?+s ?an ^!1 says 99,tract4 xxvii 9 ,joan43 ,s]m4 xv de ,v]b4 ,ap4 #aa3 ,he :o creat$ !e )\t !e1 w n ju/ify !e )\t !e4 ,x is !re=e unsuitable to say t ,god works virtue 9 u1 )\t u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we h ! au?ority ( ,augu/9e f ^: words ?is def9ition is ga!r$1 & pr9cipally 9 ,de ,lib]o ,arbitrio ii1 #ai4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is def9ition comprises p]fectly ! :ole ess5tial notion ( virtue4 ,= ! p]fect ess5tial notion ( any?+ is ga!r$ f all its causes4 ,n[ ! above def9ition comprises all ! causes ( virtue4 ,= ! =mal cause ( virtue1 z ( ev]y?+1 is ga!r$ f its g5us & diff]5ce1 :5 x is def9$ z a good quality3 = quality is ! g5us ( virtue1 & ! diff]5ce1 good4 ,b ! def9ition w\ld be m suitable if = quality we sub/itute habit1 :i* is ! proximate g5us4 ,n[ virtue has no matt] out ( :i* x is =m$1 z nei!r has any o!r accid5t2 b x has matt] ab\t :i* x is conc]n$1 & matt] 9 :i* x exi/s1 namely1 ! subject4 ,! matt] ab\t :i* virtue is conc]n$ is its object1 & ?is c\ld n be includ$ 9 ! above def9ition1 because ! object fixes ! virtue to a c]ta9 species1 & "h we are giv+ ! def9ition ( virtue 9 g5]al4 ,& s = mat]ial cause we h ! subject1 :i* is m5tion$ :5 we say t virtue is a good quality ( ! m9d4 ,! end ( virtue1 s9ce x is an op]ative habit1 is op]ation4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t "s op]ative habits are always ref]r$ to evil1 z vici\s habits3 o!rs are sometimes ref]r$ to good1 sometimes to evil2 = in/ance1 op9ion is ref]r$ bo? to ! true & to ! untrue3 :]eas virtue is a habit :i* is always ref]r$ to good3 & s ! di/9ction ( virtue f ^? habits :i* are always ref]r$ to evil1 is express$ 9 ! words by :i* we live righte\sly3 & its di/9ction f ^? habits :i* are sometimes direct$ unto good1 sometimes unto evil1 9 ! words1 ( :i* no "o makes bad use4 ,la/ly1 ,god is ! effici5t cause ( infus$ virtue1 to :i* ?is def9ition applies2 & ?is is express$ 9 ! words :i* ,god works 9 u )\t u4 ,if we omit ?is phrase1 ! rema9d] ( ! def9ition w apply to all virtues 9 g5]al1 :e!r acquir$ or infus$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* is fir/ seiz$ by ! intellect is be+3 :]e=e ev]y?+ t we appreh5d we consid] z be+1 & consequ5tly z "o1 & z good1 :i* are conv]tible ) be+4 ,:]e=e we say t ess5ce is be+ & is "o & is good2 & t on5ess is be+ & "o & good3 & 9 l mann] goodness4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) specific =ms1 z :it5ess & heal?2 = ev]y?+ t we appreh5d1 is n appreh5d$ ) ! notion ( :ite & heal?y4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t1 z accid5ts & non-subsi/5t =ms are call$ be+s1 n z if !y !mselves _h be+1 b because ?+s are by !m2 s also are !y call$ good or "o1 n by "s di/9ct goodness or on5ess1 b because by !m some?+ is good or "o4 ,s also is virtue call$ good1 because by x some?+ is good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good1 :i* is put 9 ! def9ition ( virtue1 is n good 9 g5]al :i* is conv]tible ) be+1 & :i* ext5ds fur!r ?an quality1 b ! good z fix$ by reason1 ) reg>d to :i* ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! good ( ! s\l is to be 9 accord ) reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,virtue _c be 9 ! irrational "p ( ! s\l1 except 9 s f> z ?is p>ticipates 9 ! reason 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,& !re=e reason1 or ! m9d1 is ! prop] subject ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ju/ice has a righte\sness ( its own by :i* x puts ^? outw>d ?+s "r :i* come into human use1 & are ! prop] matt] ( ju/ice1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #b2 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #h74 ,b ! righte\sness :i* d5otes ord] to a due end & to ! ,div9e law1 :i* is ! rule ( ! human w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d71 is common to all virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,"o c make bad use ( a virtue objectively1 = in/ance by hav+ evil ?\ghts ab\t a virtue1 e4g4 by hat+ x1 or by be+ pr\d ( x3 b "o _c make bad use ( virtue z pr9ciple ( action1 s t an act ( virtue be evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,infus$ virtue is caus$ 9 u by ,god )\t any action on our "p1 b n )\t our cons5t4 ,?is is ! s5se ( ! words1 :i* ,god works 9 u )\t u4 ,z to ^? ?+s :i* are done by u1 ,god causes !m 9 u1 yet n )\t action on our "p1 = ,he works 9 e w & 9 e nature4 ,,"q #ef ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,virtue 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we n[ h to consid] ! subject ( virtue1 ab\t :i* !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! subject ( virtue is a p[] ( ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r "o virtue c be 9 sev]al p[]s8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! intellect c be ! subject ( virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! irascible & concupiscible faculties c be ! subject ( virtue8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion c be ! subject ( virtue8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! w c be ! subject ( virtue8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,subject ( ,virtue ,is a ,p[] ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! subject ( virtue is n a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai7 t virtue is t by :i* we live righte\sly4 ,b we live by ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 & n by a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e virtue is n a p[]1 b 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 t virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 & 8 "w good likewise4 ,b z "w is set up by p[]1 s he t has a virtue is set up by ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e virtue does n belong to ! p[]1 any m ?an to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 p[] is 9 ! second species ( quality4 ,b virtue is a quality1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d73 & quality is n ! subject ( quality4 ,!re=e a p[] ( ! s\l is n ! subject ( virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,virtue is ! limit ( p[] 7,de ,coelo ii74 ,b ! limit is 9 t ( :i* x is ! limit4 ,!re=e virtue is 9 a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,x c be prov$ 9 ?ree ways t virtue belongs to a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,fir/1 f ! notion ( ! v ess5ce ( virtue1 :i* implies p]fection ( a p[]2 = p]fection is 9 t :i* x p]fects4 ,secondly1 f ! fact t virtue is an op]ative habit1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b73 = all op]ation proce$s f ! s\l ?r\gh a p[]4 ,?irdly1 f ! fact t virtue disposes to t :i* is be/3 = ! be/ is ! end1 :i* is ei!r a ?+'s op]ation1 or some?+ acquir$ by an op]ation proce$+ f ! ?+'s p[]4 ,!re=e a p[] ( ! s\l is ! subject ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to live may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,sometimes x is tak5 = ! v exi/5ce ( ! liv+ ?+3 9 ?is way x belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce 9 ! liv+ ?+4 ,b sometimes to live is tak5 = ! op]ation ( ! liv+ ?+3 9 ?is s5se1 by virtue we live righte\sly1 inasmu* z by virtue we p]=m righte\s actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good is ei!r ! end1 or some?+ ref]r$ to ! end4 ,& !re=e1 s9ce ! good ( ! work] consi/s 9 ! "w1 ?is fact also1 t virtue makes ! work] good1 is ref]r$ to ! "w1 & consequ5tly1 to ! p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o accid5t is said to be ! subject ( ano!r1 n z ?\gh "o accid5t c\ld uphold ano!r2 b because "o accid5t inh]es to sub/ance by means ( ano!r1 z color to ! body by means ( ! surface2 s t surface is said to be ! subject ( color4 ,9 ?is way a p[] ( ! s\l is said to be ! subject ( virtue4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,"o ,virtue ,c ,be 9 ,sev]al ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o virtue c be 9 sev]al p[]s4 ,= habits are kn[n by _! acts4 ,b "o act proce$s 9 v>i\s way f sev]al p[]s3 ?us walk+ proce$s f ! reason z direct+1 f ! w z mov+1 & f ! motive p[] z execut+4 ,!re=e also "o habit c be 9 sev]al p[]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d7 t ?ree ?+s are requir$ = virtue1 namely3 to "k1 to w1 & to "w /eadfa/ly4 ,b to "k belongs to ! intellect1 & to w belongs to ! w4 ,!re=e virtue c be 9 sev]al p[]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is 9 ! reason s9ce x is ! "r reason ( ?+s to be done 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,& x is also 9 ! w3 = x _c exi/ toge!r ) a p]v]se w 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ab74 ,!re=e "o virtue c be 9 two p[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! subject ( virtue is a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,b ! same accid5t _c be 9 sev]al subjects4 ,!re=e "o virtue _c be 9 sev]al p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,x happ5s 9 two ways t "o ?+ is subject$ 9 two4 ,fir/1 s t x is 9 bo? on an equal foot+4 ,9 ?is way x is impossible = "o virtue to be 9 two p[]s3 s9ce div]sity ( p[]s foll[s ! g5]ic conditions ( ! objects1 :ile div]sity ( habits foll[s ! specific conditions !re(3 & s :]ev] !re is div]sity ( p[]s1 !re is div]sity ( habits2 b n vice v]sa4 ,9 ano!r way "o ?+ c be subject$ 9 two or m1 n on an equal foot+1 b 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,& ?us "o virtue c belong to sev]al p[]s1 s t x is 9 "o *iefly1 :ile x ext5ds to o!rs by a k9d ( diffusion1 or by way ( a disposition1 9 s f> z "o p[] is mov$ by ano!r1 & "o p[] receives f ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o act _c belong to sev]al p[]s equally1 & 9 ! same degree2 b only f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to "k is a condition requir$ = moral virtue1 inasmu* z moral virtue works accord+ to "r reason4 ,b moral virtue is ess5tially 9 ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prud5ce is really subject$ 9 reason3 b x presupposes z its pr9ciple ! rectitude ( ! w1 z we %all see fur!r on 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #d74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,intellect ,c ,be ! ,subject ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect is n ! subject ( virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv7 t all virtue is love4 ,b ! subject ( love is n ! intellect1 b ! appetitive p[] alone4 ,!re=e no virtue is 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ref]r$ to good1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ good is n ! object ( ! intellect1 b ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,!re=e ! subject ( virtue is n ! intellect1 b ! appetitive p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,b ! habit :i* p]fects ! intellect does n make its possessor good3 s9ce a man is n said to be a good man on acc\nt ( 8 sci5ce or 8 art4 ,!re=e ! intellect is n ! subject ( virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! m9d is *iefly call$ ! intellect4 ,b ! subject ( virtue is ! m9d1 z is cle> f ! def9ition1 above giv51 ( virtue 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ! intellect is ! subject ( virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c71 a virtue is a habit by :i* we "w well4 ,n[ a habit may be direct$ to a good act 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z by ! habit a man acquires an aptness to a good act2 = in/ance1 by ! habit ( gramm> man has ! aptness to speak correctly4 ,b gramm> does n make a man always speak correctly3 = a gramm>ian may be guilty ( a b>b>ism or make a solecism3 & ! case is ! same ) o!r sci5ces & arts4 ,secondly1 a habit may conf] n only aptness to act1 b also ! "r use ( t aptness3 = in/ance1 ju/ice n only gives man ! prompt w to d j actions1 b also makes him act ju/ly4 ,& s9ce good1 &1 9 l mann]1 be+1 is said ( a ?+ simply1 9 respect1 n ( :at x is pot5tially1 b ( :at x is actually3 !re=e f hav+ habits ( ! latt] sort1 man is said simply to d good1 & to be good2 = in/ance1 because he is j1 or temp]ate2 & 9 l mann] z reg>ds o!r su* virtues4 ,& s9ce virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 & 8 "w good likewise1 ^! latt] habits are call$ virtu\s simply3 because !y make ! "w to be actually good1 & ! subject good simply4 ,b ! fir/ k9d ( habits are n call$ virtues simply3 because !y d n make ! "w good except 9 reg>d to a c]ta9 aptness1 nor d !y make _! possessor good simply4 ,= ?r\gh be+ gift$ 9 sci5ce or art1 a man is said to be good1 n simply1 b relatively2 = in/ance1 a good gramm>ian or a good smi?4 ,& = ?is reason sci5ce & art are (t5 divid$ aga9/ virtue2 :ile at o!r times !y are call$ virtues 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b74 ,h5ce ! subject ( a habit :i* is call$ a virtue 9 a relative s5se1 c be ! intellect1 & n only ! practical intellect1 b also ! speculative1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! w3 = ?us ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #c7 holds t sci5ce1 wisdom & und]/&+1 & also art1 are intellectual virtues4 ,b ! subject ( a habit :i* is call$ a virtue simply1 c only be ! w1 or "s p[] 9 s f> z x is mov$ by ! w4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is1 t ! w moves to _! acts all ^? o!r p[]s t are 9 "s way rational1 z we h said above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ag1 ,,aa4 #a1 #e2 ,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #d73 & !re=e if man d well actually1 ?is is because he has a good w4 ,!re=e ! virtue :i* makes a man to d well actually1 & n m]ely to h ! aptness to d well1 mu/ be ei!r 9 ! w itself2 or 9 "s p[] z mov$ by ! w4 ,n[ x happ5s t ! intellect is mov$ by ! w1 j z are ! o!r p[]s3 = a man consid]s some?+ actually1 because he wills to d s4 ,& !re=e ! intellect1 9 s f> z x is subord9ate to ! w1 c be ! subject ( virtue absolutely s call$4 ,& 9 ?is way ! speculative intellect1 or ! reason1 is ! subject ( ,fai?3 = ! intellect is mov$ by ! comm& ( ! w to ass5t to :at is ( fai?3 = no man believe?1 unless he w 99,augu/9e3 ,tract4 xxvi 9 ,joan44 ,b ! practical intellect is ! subject ( prud5ce4 ,= s9ce prud5ce is ! "r reason ( ?+s to be done1 x is a condition !re( t man be rightly dispos$ 9 reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( ?is reason ( ?+s to be done1 t is 9 reg>d to _! ends1 to :i* man is rightly dispos$ by ! rectitude ( ! w1 j z to ! pr9ciples ( speculative tru? he is rightly dispos$ by ! natural light ( ! active intellect4 ,& !re=e z ! subject ( sci5ce1 :i* is ! "r reason ( speculative tru?s1 is ! speculative intellect 9 its relation to ! active intellect1 s ! subject ( prud5ce is ! practical intellect 9 its relation to ! "r w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ,augu/9e is to be und]/ood ( virtue simply s call$3 n t e virtue is love simply3 b t x dep5ds 9 "s way on love1 9 s f> z x dep5ds on ! w1 ^: fir/ movem5t consi/s 9 love1 z we h said above 7,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d2 ,i1 ,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good ( ea* ?+ is its end3 & !re=e1 z tru? is ! end ( ! intellect1 s to "k tru? is ! good act ( ! intellect4 ,:5ce ! habit1 :i* p]fects ! intellect 9 reg>d to ! k ( tru?1 :e!r speculative or practical1 is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection consid]s virtue simply s call$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,irascible & ,concupiscible ,p[]s ,are ! ,subject ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s _c be ! subject ( virtue4 ,= ^! p[]s are common to u & dumb animals4 ,b we are n[ speak+ ( virtue z prop] to man1 s9ce = ?is reason x is call$ human virtue4 ,x is !re=e impossible = human virtue to be 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s :i* are p>ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 z we h said 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s5sitive appetite is a p[] :i* makes use ( a corporeal organ4 ,b ! good ( virtue _c be 9 man's body3 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g73 ,i "k t good does n dwell 9 my fle%4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive appetite _c be ! subject ( virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 v7 t virtue is n 9 ! body b 9 ! s\l1 = ! reason t ! body is rul$ by ! s\l3 :]e=e x is entirely due to 8 s\l t a man make good use ( 8 body3 ,= in/ance1 if my coa*man1 ?r\gh ob$i5ce to my ord]s1 guides well ! horses :i* he is driv+2 ?is is all due to me4 ,b j z ! s\l rules ! body1 s also does ! reason rule ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!re=e t ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s are rightly rul$1 is entirely due to ! rational p[]s4 ,n[ virtue is t by :i* we live rightly1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e virtue is n 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 b only 9 ! rational p[]s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! pr9cipal act ( moral virtue is *oice 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ac74 ,n[ *oice is n an act ( ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 b ( ! rational p[]1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e moral virtue is n 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 b 9 ! reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,=titude is assign$ to ! irascible p[]1 & temp]ance to ! concupiscible p[]4 ,:5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj7 says t ^! virtues belong to ! irrational "p ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,! irascible & concupiscible p[]s c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 !mselves1 9 s f> z !y are p>ts ( ! s5sitive appetite3 & 9 ?is way !y are n compet5t to be ! subject ( virtue4 ,secondly1 !y c be consid]$ z p>ticipat+ 9 ! reason1 f ! fact t !y h a natural aptitude to obey reason4 ,& ?us ! irascible or concupiscible p[] c be ! subject ( human virtue3 =1 9 s f> z x p>ticipates 9 ! reason1 x is ! pr9ciple ( a human act4 ,& to ^! p[]s we mu/ ne$s assign virtues4 ,= x is cle> t !re are "s virtues 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s4 ,because an act1 :i* proce$s f "o p[] accord+ z x is mov$ by ano!r p[]1 _c be p]fect1 unless bo? p[]s be well dispos$ to ! act3 = in/ance1 ! act ( a craftsman _c be successful unless bo? ! craftsman & 8 in/rum5t be well dispos$ to act4 ,!re=e 9 ! matt] ( ! op]ations ( ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 accord+ z !y are mov$ by reason1 !re mu/ ne$s be "s habit p]fect+ 9 respect ( act+ well1 n only ! reason1 b also ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s4 ,& s9ce ! good disposition ( ! p[] :i* moves ?r\gh be+ mov$1 dep5ds on its con=mity ) ! p[] t moves x3 !re=e ! virtue :i* is 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s is no?+ else b a c]ta9 habitual con=mity ( ^! p[]s to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! irascible & concupiscible p[]s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 z p>ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 are common to u & dumb animals4 ,b 9 s f> z !y are rational by p>ticipation1 & are ob$i5t to ! reason1 !y are prop] to man4 ,& 9 ?is way !y c be ! subject ( human virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z human fle% has n ( itself ! good ( virtue1 b is made ! in/rum5t ( a virtu\s act1 inasmu* z be+ mov$ by reason1 we yield our memb]s to s]ve ju/ice2 s also1 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 ( !mselves inde$1 h n ! good ( virtue1 b r ! infection ( ! fomes3 :]eas1 inasmu* z !y are 9 con=mity ) reason1 ! good ( reason is begott5 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! body is rul$ by ! s\l1 & ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s by ! reason1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= ! body obeys ! s\l bl9dly )\t any contradiction1 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* x has a natural aptitude to be mov$ by ! s\l3 :5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #c7 t ! s\l rules ! body ) a despotic comm& z ! ma/] rules 8 slave3 :]e=e ! entire movem5t ( ! body is ref]r$ to ! s\l4 ,= ?is reason virtue is n 9 ! body1 b 9 ! s\l4 ,b ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s d n obey ! reason bl9dly2 on ! contr>y1 !y h _! own prop] movem5ts1 by :i*1 at times1 !y g aga9/ reason1 :5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #c7 t ! reason rules ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s by a political comm& su* z t by :i* free m5 are rul$1 :o h 9 "s respects a w ( _! own4 ,& = ?is reason also mu/ !re be "s virtues 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 by :i* ^! p[]s are well dispos$ to act4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 *oice !re are two ?+s1 namely1 ! int5tion ( ! end1 & ?is belongs to ! moral virtue2 & ! pref]5tial *oice ( t :i* is unto ! end1 & ?is belongs to prud5ce 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b1 #e74 ,b t ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s h a "r int5tion ( ! end 9 reg>d to ! passions ( ! s\l1 is due to ! good disposition ( ^! p[]s4 ,& !re=e ^? moral virtues :i* are conc]n$ ) ! passions are 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s1 b prud5ce is 9 ! reason4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,s5sitive ,p[]s ( ,appreh5sion ,are ! ,subject ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is possible = virtue to be 9 ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion4 ,= ! s5sitive appetite c be ! subject ( virtue1 9 s f> z x obeys reason4 ,b ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion obey reason3 = ! p[]s ( imag9ation1 ( cogitation1 & ( memory 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d act at ! comm& ( reason4 ,!re=e 9 ^! p[]s !re c be virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! rational appetite1 :i* is ! w1 c be h9d]$ or help$ 9 its act1 by ! s5sitive appetite1 s also c ! intellect or reason be h9d]$ or help$ by ! p[]s m5tion$ above4 ,z1 !re=e1 !re c be virtue 9 ! int]ior p[]s ( appetite1 s also c !re be virtue 9 ! int]ior p[]s ( appreh5sion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is a virtue1 ( :i* ,cic]o 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhetor4 ii7 says t memory is a "p4 ,!re=e also 9 ! p[] ( memory !re c be a virtue3 & 9 l mann]1 9 ! o!r int]ior s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all virtues are ei!r intellectual or moral 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a74 ,n[ all ! moral virtues are 9 ! appetite2 :ile ! intellectual virtues are 9 ! intellect or reason1 z is cle> f ,e?ic4 vi1 #a4 ,!re=e !re is no virtue 9 ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion !re are "s habits4 ,& ?is is made cle> pr9cipally f :at ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,memoria ii71 t 9 rememb]+ "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 we become us$ to x2 & use is a second nature4 ,n[ a habit ( use is no?+ else ?an a habit acquir$ by use1 :i* is l unto nature4 ,:]e=e ,tully says ( virtue 9 8 ,rhetoric t x is a habit l a second nature 9 accord ) reason4 ,yet1 9 man1 t :i* he acquires by use1 9 8 memory & o!r s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion1 is n a habit prop]ly s call$1 b some?+ annex$ to ! habits ( ! intellective faculty1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,nev]!less ev5 if !re be habits 9 su* p[]s1 !y _c be virtues4 ,= virtue is a p]fect habit1 by :i* x nev] happ5s t any?+ b good is done3 & s virtue mu/ ne$s be 9 t p[] :i* consummates ! good act4 ,b ! k ( tru? is n consummat$ 9 ! s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion3 = su* p[]s prep>e ! way to ! intellective k4 ,& !re=e 9 ^! p[]s !re are none ( ! virtues1 by :i* we "k tru?3 ^! are r 9 ! intellect or reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s5sitive appetite is relat$ to ! w1 :i* is ! rational appetite1 ?r\gh be+ mov$ by x4 ,& !re=e ! act ( ! appetitive p[] is consummat$ 9 ! s5sitive appetite3 & = ?is reason ! s5sitive appetite is ! subject ( virtue4 ,:]eas ! s5sitive p[]s ( appreh5sion are relat$ to ! intellect r ?r\gh mov+ x2 = ! reason t ! phantasms are relat$ to ! intellective s\l1 z colors to sight 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ah74 ,& !re=e ! act ( k is t]m9at$ 9 ! intellect2 & = ?is reason ! cognoscitive virtues are 9 ! intellect itself1 or ! reason4 ,& ?us is made cle> ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,memory is n a "p ( prud5ce1 z species is ( a g5us1 z ?\gh memory 7 a virtue prop]ly s call$3 b "o ( ! conditions requir$ = prud5ce is a good memory2 s t1 9 a fa%ion1 x is aft] ! mann] ( an integral "p4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,w ,c ,be ! ,subject ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n ! subject ( virtue4 ,because no habit is requir$ = t :i* belongs to a p[] by reason ( its v nature4 ,b s9ce ! w is 9 ! reason1 x is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! w1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #db71 to t5d to t :i* is good1 accord+ to reason4 ,& to ?is good e virtue is ord]$1 s9ce ev]y?+ naturally desires its own prop] good2 = virtue1 z ,tully says 9 8 ,rhetoric1 is a habit l a second nature 9 accord ) reason4 ,!re=e ! w is n ! subject ( virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is ei!r intellectual or moral 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac2 ii1 #a74 ,b intellectual virtue is subject$ 9 ! intellect & reason1 & n 9 ! w3 :ile moral virtue is subject$ 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s :i* are rational by p>ticipation4 ,!re=e no virtue is subject$ 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all human acts1 to :i* virtues are orda9$1 are volunt>y4 ,if !re=e !re be a virtue 9 ! w 9 respect ( "s human acts1 9 l mann] !re w be a virtue 9 ! w 9 respect ( all human acts4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 !re w be no virtue 9 any o!r p[]1 or !re w be two virtues orda9$ to ! same act1 :i* seems unreasonable4 ,!re=e ! w _c be ! subject ( virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,great] p]fection is requir$ 9 ! mov] ?an 9 ! mov$4 ,b ! w moves ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s4 ,mu* m !re=e %\ld !re be virtue 9 ! w ?an 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! habit p]fects ! p[] 9 ref]5ce to act1 !n does ! p[] ne$ a habit p]fect+ x unto do+ well1 :i* habit is a virtue1 :5 ! p[]'s own prop] nature does n suffice = ! purpose4 ,n[ ! prop] nature ( a p[] is se5 9 its relation to its object4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c71 ! object ( ! w is ! good ( reason proportionate to ! w1 9 respect ( ?is ! w does n ne$ a virtue p]fect+ x4 ,b if man's w is confront$ ) a good t exce$s its capacity1 :e!r z reg>ds ! :ole human species1 su* z ,div9e good1 :i* transc5ds ! limits ( human nature1 or z reg>ds ! individual1 su* z ! good ( "o's neighbor1 !n does ! w ne$ virtue4 ,& !re=e su* virtues z ^? :i* direct man's affections to ,god or to 8 neighbor are subject$ 9 ! w1 z *>ity1 ju/ice1 & su* l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection is true ( ^? virtues :i* are orda9$ to ! will]'s own good2 su* z temp]ance & =titude1 :i* are conc]n$ ) ! human passions1 & ! l1 z is cle> f :at we h said 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n only ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s are rational by p>ticipation b ! appetitive p[] altoge!r1 i4e4 9 its entirety 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,n[ ! w is includ$ 9 ! appetitive p[]4 ,& !re=e :atev] virtue is 9 ! w mu/ be a moral virtue1 unless x be !ological1 z we %all see lat] on 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s virtues are direct$ to ! good ( mod]at$ passion1 :i* is ! prop] good ( ?is or t man3 & 9 ^! cases !re is no ne$ = virtue 9 ! w1 = ! nature ( ! p[] suffices = ! purpose1 z we h said4 ,?is ne$ exi/s only 9 ! case ( virtues :i* are direct$ to "s extr9sic good4 ,,"q #eg ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,virtues 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we n[ h to consid] ! v>i\s k9ds ( virtue3 & 7#a7 ! intellectual virtues2 7#b7 ! moral virtues2 7#c7 ! !ological virtues4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r habits ( ! speculative intellect are virtues8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y are ?ree1 namely1 wisdom1 sci5ce & und]/&+8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! intellectual habit1 :i* is art1 is a virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r prud5ce is a virtue di/9ct f art8 7#e7 ,:e!r prud5ce is a virtue necess>y to man8 7#f7 ,:e!r eubulia1 synesis & gnome are virtues annex$ to prud5ce8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,habits ( ! ,speculative ,intellect ,are ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! habits ( ! speculative intellect are n virtues4 ,= virtue is an op]ative habit1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b74 ,b speculative habits are n op]ative3 = speculative matt] is di/9ct f practical1 i4e4 op]ative matt]4 ,!re=e ! habits ( ! speculative intellect are n virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ab\t ^? ?+s by :i* man is made happy or bless$3 = happ9ess is ! rew>d ( virtue 7,e?ic4 i1 #i74 ,n[ intellectual habits d n consid] human acts or o!r human goods1 by :i* man acquires happ9ess1 b r ?+s p]ta9+ to nature or to ,god4 ,!re=e su* l habits _c be call$ virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sci5ce is a speculative habit4 ,b sci5ce & virtue are di/9ct f "o ano!r z g5]a :i* are n subalt]nate1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 9 ,topic4 iv4 ,!re=e speculative habits are n virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! speculative habits alone consid] necess>y ?+s :i* _c be o!rwise ?an !y are4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #a7 places c]ta9 intellectual virtues 9 t "p ( ! s\l :i* consid]s necess>y ?+s t _c be o!rwise ?an !y are4 ,!re=e ! habits ( ! speculative intellect are virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce e virtue is orda9$ to "s good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c71 a habit1 z we h already obs]v$ 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c71 may be call$ a virtue = two reasons3 fir/1 because x conf]s aptness 9 do+ good2 secondly1 because besides aptness1 x conf]s ! "r use ( x4 ,! latt] condition1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c71 belongs to ^? habits alone :i* affect ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l3 s9ce x is ! s\l's appetitive p[] t puts all ! p[]s & habits to _! respective uses4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! habits ( ! speculative intellect d n p]fect ! appetitive "p1 nor affect x 9 any way1 b only ! intellective "p2 !y may inde$ be call$ virtues 9 s f> z !y conf] aptness = a good "w1 viz4 ! consid]ation ( tru? 7s9ce ?is is ! good "w ( ! intellect73 yet !y are n call$ virtues 9 ! second way1 z ?\gh !y conf]r$ ! "r use ( a p[] or habit4 ,= if a man possess a habit ( speculative sci5ce1 x does n foll[ t he is incl9$ to make use ( x1 b he is made able to consid] ! tru? 9 ^? matt]s ( :i* he has sci5tific k3 t he make use ( ! k :i* he has1 is due to ! motion ( 8 w4 ,consequ5tly a virtue :i* p]fects ! w1 z *>ity or ju/ice1 conf]s ! "r use ( ^! speculative habits4 ,& 9 ?is way too !re c be m]it 9 ! acts ( ^! habits1 if !y be done out ( *>ity3 ?us ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi7 t ! contemplative life has great] m]it ?an ! active life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"w is ( two k9ds1 ext]ior & int]ior4 ,accord+ly ! practical or active faculty :i* is contra/$ ) ! speculative faculty1 is conc]n$ ) ext]ior "w1 to :i* ! speculative habit is n orda9$4 ,yet x is orda9$ to ! int]ior act ( ! intellect :i* is to consid] ! tru?4 ,& 9 ?is way x is an op]ative habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,virtue is ab\t c]ta9 ?+s 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place a virtue is ab\t its object4 ,& ?us ^! speculative virtues are n ab\t ^? ?+s :]eby man is made happy2 except p]haps1 9 s f> z ! ^w :]eby indicates ! effici5t cause or object ( complete happ9ess1 i4e4 ,god1 ,:o is ! supreme object ( contemplation4 ,secondly1 a virtue is said to be ab\t its acts3 & 9 ?is s5se ! intellectual virtues are ab\t ^? ?+s :]eby a man is made happy2 bo? because ! acts ( ^! virtues c be m]itori\s1 z /at$ above1 & because !y are a k9d ( beg9n+ ( p]fect bliss1 :i* consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( tru?1 z we h already /at$ 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sci5ce is contra/$ ) virtue tak5 9 ! second s5se1 :]e9 x belongs to ! appetitive faculty4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,only ,?ree ,habits ( ! ,speculative ,intellect1 ,viz4 ,wisdom1 ,sci5ce & ,und]/&+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unfitt+ to di/+ui% ?ree virtues ( ! speculative intellect1 viz4 wisdom1 sci5ce & und]/&+4 ,because a species is a k9d ( sci5ce1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #g4 ,!re=e wisdom %\ld n be condivid$ ) sci5ce among ! intellectual virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 diff]5tiat+ p[]s1 habits & acts 9 respect ( _! objects1 we consid] *iefly ! =mal aspect ( ^! objects1 z we h already expla9$ 7,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e div]sity ( habits is tak51 n f _! mat]ial objects1 b f ! =mal aspect ( ^? objects4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( a demon/ration is ! =mal aspect "u :i* ! conclusion is kn[n4 ,!re=e ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples %\ld n be set d[n z a habit or virtue di/9ct f ! k ( conclusions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an intellectual virtue is "o :i* resides 9 ! ess5tially rational faculty4 ,n[ ev5 ! speculative reason employs ! dialectic syllogism = ! sake ( argum5t1 j z x employs ! demon/rative syllogism4 ,!re=e z sci5ce1 :i* is ! result ( a demon/rative syllogism1 is set d[n z an intellectual virtue1 s also %\ld op9ion be4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #a7 reckons ^! ?ree alone z be+ intellectual virtues1 viz4 wisdom1 sci5ce & und]/&+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z already /at$ 7,a4 #a71 ! virtues ( ! speculative intellect are ^? :i* p]fect ! speculative intellect = ! consid]ation ( tru?3 = ?is is its good "w4 ,n[ a tru? is subject to a tw(old consid]ation--z kn[n 9 itself1 & z kn[n ?r\gh ano!r4 ,:at is kn[n 9 itself1 is z a pr9ciple1 & is at once und]/ood by ! intellect3 :]e=e ! habit t p]fects ! intellect = ! consid]ation ( su* tru? is call$ und]/&+1 :i* is ! habit ( pr9ciples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a tru? :i* is kn[n ?r\gh ano!r1 is und]/ood by ! intellect1 n at once1 b by means ( ! reason's inquiry1 & is z a t]m4 ,?is may happ5 9 two ways3 fir/1 s t x is ! la/ 9 "s p>ticul> g5us2 secondly1 s t x is ! ultimate t]m ( all human k4 ,&1 s9ce ?+s t are kn[able la/ f our /&po9t1 are kn[able fir/ & *iefly 9 _! nature 7,phys4 i1 text4 #b1 #c72 h5ce t :i* is la/ ) respect to all human k1 is t :i* is kn[able fir/ & *iefly 9 its nature4 ,& ab\t ^! is wisdom1 :i* consid]s ! highe/ causes1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 i1 #a1 #b4 ,:]e=e x rightly judges all ?+s & sets !m 9 ord]1 because !re c be no p]fect & univ]sal judgm5t t is n bas$ on ! fir/ causes4 ,b 9 reg>d to t :i* is la/ 9 ?is or t g5us ( kn[able matt]1 x is sci5ce :i* p]fects ! intellect4 ,:]e=e accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( kn[able matt]1 !re are diff]5t habits ( sci5tific k2 :]eas !re is b "o wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,wisdom is a k9d ( sci5ce1 9 s f> z x has t :i* is common to all ! sci5ces2 viz4 to demon/rate conclusions f pr9ciples4 ,b s9ce x has some?+ prop] to itself above ! o!r sci5ces1 inasmu* z x judges ( !m all1 n only z to _! conclusions1 b also z to _! fir/ pr9ciples1 !re=e x is a m p]fect virtue ?an sci5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ! =mal aspect ( ! object is ref]r$ to a p[] or habit by "o same act1 !re is no di/9ction ( habit or p[] 9 respect ( ! =mal aspect & ( ! mat]ial object3 ?us x belongs to ! same p[] ( sight to see bo? color1 & light1 :i* is ! =mal aspect "u :i* color is se51 & is se5 at ! same "t z ! color4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciples ( a demon/ration c be consid]$ ap>t1 )\t ! conclusion be+ consid]$ at all4 ,aga9 !y c be consid]$ toge!r ) ! conclusions1 s9ce ! conclusions c be d$uc$ f !m4 ,accord+ly1 to consid] ! pr9ciples 9 ?is second way1 belongs to sci5ce1 :i* consid]s ! conclusions also3 :ile to consid] ! pr9ciples 9 !mselves belongs to und]/&+4 ,consequ5tly1 if we consid] ! po9t aright1 ^! ?ree virtues are di/9ct1 n z be+ on a p> ) "o ano!r1 b 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,! same is to be obs]v$ 9 pot5tial :oles1 :]e9 "o "p is m p]fect ?an ano!r2 = in/ance1 ! rational s\l is m p]fect ?an ! s5sitive s\l2 & ! s5sitive1 ?an ! vegetal4 ,= x is ?us t sci5ce dep5ds on und]/&+ z on a virtue ( high] degree3 & bo? ( ^! dep5d on wisdom1 z obta9+ ! highe/ place1 & conta9+ b5ea? itself bo? und]/&+ & sci5ce1 by judg+ bo? ( ! conclusions ( sci5ce1 & ( ! pr9ciples on :i* !y are bas$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 a virtu\s habit has a fix$ relation to good1 & is n[ise ref]able to evil4 ,n[ ! good ( ! intellect is tru?1 & falsehood is its evil4 ,:]e=e ^? habits alone are call$ intellectual virtues1 :]eby we tell ! tru? & nev] tell a falsehood4 ,b op9ion & suspicion c be ab\t bo? tru? & falsehood3 & s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #c1 !y are n intellectual virtues4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,habit1 ,art1 ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t art is n an intellectual virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ah1 #ai7 t no "o makes bad use ( virtue4 ,b "o may make bad use ( art3 = a craftsman c "w badly accord+ to ! k ( 8 art4 ,!re=e art is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no virtue ( a virtue4 ,b !re is a virtue ( art1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,!re=e art is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! lib]al arts excel ! me*anical arts4 ,b j z ! me*anical arts are practical1 s ! lib]al arts are speculative4 ,!re=e1 if art 7 an intellectual virtue1 x w\ld h to be reckon$ among ! speculative virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #c1 #d7 says t art is a virtue2 & yet he does n reckon x among ! speculative virtues1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 reside 9 ! sci5tific "p ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,art is no?+ else b ! "r reason ab\t c]ta9 works to be made4 ,& yet ! good ( ^! ?+s dep5ds1 n on man's appetitive faculty be+ affect$ 9 ?is or t way1 b on ! goodness ( ! "w done4 ,= a craftsman1 z su*1 is comm5dable1 n = ! w ) :i* he does a "w1 b = ! quality ( ! "w4 ,art1 !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 is an op]ative habit4 ,& yet x has some?+ 9 common ) ! speculative habits3 s9ce ! quality ( ! object consid]$ by ! latt] is a matt] ( conc]n to !m also1 b n h[ ! human appetite may be affect$ t[>ds t object4 ,= z long z ! geometrician demon/rates ! tru?1 x matt]s n h[ 8 appetitive faculty may be affect$1 :e!r he be joyful or angry3 ev5 z nei!r does ?is matt] 9 a craftsman1 z we h obs]v$4 ,& s art has ! nature ( a virtue 9 ! same way z ! speculative habits1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z nei!r art nor speculative habit makes a good "w z reg>ds ! use ( ! habit1 :i* is ! prop]ty ( a virtue t p]fects ! appetite1 b only z reg>ds ! aptness to "w well4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 anyone end[$ ) an art produces bad workman%ip1 ?is is n ! "w ( t art1 9 fact x is contr>y to ! art3 ev5 z :5 a man lies1 :ile kn[+ ! tru?1 8 words are n 9 accord ) 8 k1 b contr>y !reto4 ,:]e=e1 j z sci5ce has always a relation to good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c71 s x is ) art3 & x is = ?is reason t x is call$ a virtue4 ,& yet x falls %ort ( be+ a p]fect virtue1 because x does n make its possessor to use x well2 = :i* purpose some?+ fur!r is requisite3 al?\gh !re _c be a good use )\t ! art4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ord] t man may make good use ( ! art he has1 he ne$s a good w1 :i* is p]fect$ by moral virtue2 & = ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says t !re is a virtue ( art2 namely1 a moral virtue1 9 s f> z ! good use ( art requires a moral virtue4 ,= x is evid5t t a craftsman is incl9$ by ju/ice1 :i* rectifies 8 w1 to d 8 "w fai?fully4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 speculative matt]s !re is some?+ by way ( "w3 e4g4 ! mak+ ( a syllogism or ( a fitt+ spee*1 or ! "w ( c\nt+ or measur+4 ,h5ce :atev] habits are orda9$ to su* l works ( ! speculative reason1 are1 by a k9d ( comp>ison1 call$ arts inde$1 b lib]al arts1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m f ^? arts t are orda9$ to works done by ! body1 :i* arts are1 9 a fa%ion1 s]vile1 inasmu* z ! body is 9 s]vile subjection to ! s\l1 & man1 z reg>ds 8 s\l1 is free 7lib]74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? sci5ces :i* are n orda9$ to any su* l "w1 are call$ sci5ces simply1 & n arts4 ,nor1 if ! lib]al arts be m excell5t1 does x foll[ t ! notion ( art is m applicable to !m4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is a ,di/9ct ,virtue f ,art8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is n a di/9ct virtue f art4 ,= art is ! "r reason ab\t c]ta9 works4 ,b div]sity ( works does n make a habit cease to be an art2 s9ce !re are v>i\s arts ab\t works widely diff]5t4 ,s9ce !re=e prud5ce is also "r reason ab\t works1 x seems t x too %\ld be reckon$ a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce has m 9 common ) art ?an ! speculative habits h2 = !y are bo? ab\t cont+5t matt]s t may be o!rwise ?an !y are 7,e?ic4 vi1 #d1 #e74 ,n[ "s speculative habits are call$ arts4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 %\ld prud5ce be call$ an art4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to prud5ce1 to be ( good c\nsel 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,b c\nsell+ takes place 9 c]ta9 arts also1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c1 e4g4 9 ! arts ( w>f>e1 ( seaman%ip1 & ( m$ic9e4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n di/9ct f art4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] di/+ui%es prud5ce f art 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,i answ] t1 ,:]e ! nature ( virtue diff]s1 !re is a diff]5t k9d ( virtue4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c7 t "s habits h ! nature ( virtue1 ?r\gh m]ely conf]r+ aptness = a good "w3 :ile "s habits are virtues1 n only ?r\gh conf]r+ aptness = a good "w1 b also ?r\gh conf]r+ ! use4 ,b art conf]s ! m]e aptness = good "w2 s9ce x does n reg>d ! appetite2 :]eas prud5ce conf]s n only aptness = a good "w1 b also ! use3 = x reg>ds ! appetite1 s9ce x presupposes ! rectitude !re(4 ,! reason = ?is diff]5ce is t art is ! "r reason ( ?+s to be made2 :]eas prud5ce is ! "r reason ( ?+s to be done4 ,n[ mak+ & do+ diff]1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ix1 text4 #af1 9 t mak+ is an action pass+ into outw>d matt]1 e4g4 to build1 to saw1 & s =?2 :]eas do+ is an action abid+ 9 ! ag5t1 e4g4 to see1 to w1 & ! l4 ,accord+ly prud5ce /&s 9 ! same relation to su* l human actions1 consi/+ 9 ! use ( p[]s & habits1 z art does to outw>d mak+3 s9ce ea* is ! p]fect reason ab\t ! ?+s ) :i* x is conc]n$4 ,b p]fection & rectitude ( reason 9 speculative matt]s1 dep5d on ! pr9ciples f :i* reason argues2 j z we h said above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b7 t sci5ce dep5ds on & presupposes und]/&+1 :i* is ! habit ( pr9ciples4 ,n[ 9 human acts ! end is :at ! pr9ciples are 9 speculative matt]s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #h4 ,consequ5tly1 x is requisite = prud5ce1 :i* is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done1 t man be well dispos$ ) reg>d to ! ends3 & ?is dep5ds on ! rectitude ( 8 appetite4 ,:]e=e1 = prud5ce !re is ne$ ( a moral virtue1 :i* rectifies ! appetite4 ,on ! o!r h& ! good ( ?+s made by art is n ! good ( man's appetite1 b ! good ( ^? ?+s !mselves3 :]e=e art does n presuppose rectitude ( ! appetite4 ,! consequ5ce is t m praise is giv5 to a craftsman :o is at fault will+ly1 ?an to "o :o is unwill+ly2 :]eas x is m contr>y to prud5ce to s9 will+ly ?an unwill+ly1 s9ce rectitude ( ! w is ess5tial to prud5ce1 b n to art4 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t prud5ce is a virtue di/9ct f art4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( ?+s made by art are all ext]nal to man3 h5ce !y d n cause a diff]5t k9d ( virtue4 ,b prud5ce is "r reason ab\t human acts !mselves3 h5ce x is a di/9ct k9d ( virtue1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prud5ce has m 9 common ) art ?an a speculative habit has1 if we consid] _! subject & matt]3 = !y are bo? 9 ! ?9k+ "p ( ! s\l1 & ab\t ?+s t may be o!rwise ?an !y are4 ,b if we consid] !m z virtues1 !n art has m 9 common ) ! speculative habits1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prud5ce is ( good c\nsel ab\t matt]s reg>d+ man's entire life1 & ! end ( human life4 ,b 9 "s arts !re is c\nsel ab\t matt]s conc]n+ ! ends prop] to ^? arts4 ,h5ce "s m51 9 s f> z !y are good c\nselors 9 matt]s ( w>f>e1 or seaman%ip1 are said to be prud5t (fic]s or pilots1 b n simply prud5t3 only ^? are simply prud5t :o give good c\nsel ab\t all ! conc]ns ( life4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is a ,virtue ,necess>y to ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is n a virtue necess>y to lead a good life4 ,= z art is to ?+s t are made1 ( :i* x is ! "r reason1 s is prud5ce to ?+s t are done1 9 respect ( :i* we judge ( a man's life3 = prud5ce is ! "r reason ab\t ^! ?+s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #e4 ,n[ art is n necess>y 9 ?+s t are made1 save 9 ord] t !y be made1 b n aft] !y h be5 made4 ,nei!r1 !re=e is prud5ce necess>y to man 9 ord] to lead a good life1 aft] he has become virtu\s2 b p]haps only 9 ord] t he may become virtu\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,x is by prud5ce t we are ( good c\nsel1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #e4 ,b man c act n only f 8 own1 b also f ano!r's good c\nsel4 ,!re=e man does n ne$ prud5ce 9 ord] to lead a good life1 b x is en\gh t he foll[ ! c\nsels ( prud5t m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an intellectual virtue is "o by :i* "o always tells ! tru?1 & nev] a falsehood4 ,b ?is does n seem to be ! case ) prud5ce3 = x is n human nev] to err 9 tak+ c\nsel ab\t :at is to be done2 s9ce human actions are ab\t ?+s t may be o!rwise ?an !y are4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #i3ad73 ,! ?\ghts ( mortal m5 are fe>ful1 & our c\nsels unc]ta94 ,!re=e x seems t prud5ce %\ld n be reckon$ an intellectual virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ ) o!r virtues necess>y = human life1 :5 x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3g7 ( ,div9e ,wisdom3 ,%e tea*e? temp]ance & prud5ce & ju/ice & =titude1 :i* are su* ?+s z m5 c h no?+ m pr(itable 9 life4 ,i answ] t1 ,prud5ce is a virtue mo/ necess>y = human life4 ,= a good life consi/s 9 good de$s4 ,n[ 9 ord] to d good de$s1 x matt]s n only :at a man does1 b also h[ he does x2 to wit1 t he d x f "r *oice & n m]ely f impulse or passion4 ,&1 s9ce *oice is ab\t ?+s 9 ref]5ce to ! end1 rectitude ( *oice requires two ?+s3 namely1 ! due end1 & some?+ suitably orda9$ to t due end4 ,n[ man is suitably direct$ to 8 due end by a virtue :i* p]fects ! s\l 9 ! appetitive "p1 ! object ( :i* is ! good & ! end4 ,& to t :i* is suitably orda9$ to ! due end man ne$s to be rightly dispos$ by a habit 9 8 reason1 because c\nsel & *oice1 :i* are ab\t ?+s orda9$ to ! end1 are acts ( ! reason4 ,consequ5tly an intellectual virtue is ne$$ 9 ! reason1 to p]fect ! reason1 & make x suitably affect$ t[>ds ?+s orda9$ to ! end2 & ?is virtue is prud5ce4 ,consequ5tly prud5ce is a virtue necess>y to lead a good life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! good ( an art is to be f\nd1 n 9 ! craftsman1 b 9 ! product ( ! art1 s9ce art is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be made3 = s9ce ! mak+ ( a ?+ passes into ext]nal matt]1 x is a p]fection n ( ! mak]1 b ( ! ?+ made1 ev5 z movem5t is ! act ( ! ?+ mov$3 & art is conc]n$ ) ! mak+ ( ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! good ( prud5ce is 9 ! active pr9ciple1 ^: activity is its p]fection3 = prud5ce is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly art does n require ( ! craftsman t 8 act be a good act1 b t 8 "w be good4 ,r w\ld x be necess>y = ! ?+ made to act well 7e4g4 t a knife %\ld c>ve well1 or t a saw %\ld cut well71 if x 7 prop] to su* ?+s to act1 r ?an to be act$ on1 because !y h n dom9ion ov] _! actions4 ,:]e=e ! craftsman ne$s art1 n t he may live well1 b t he may produce a good "w ( art1 & h x 9 good keep+3 :]eas prud5ce is necess>y to man1 t he may lead a good life1 & n m]ely t he may be a good man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a man does a good de$1 n ( 8 own c\nsel1 b mov$ by t ( ano!r1 8 de$ is n yet q p]fect1 z reg>ds 8 reason 9 direct+ him & 8 appetite 9 mov+ him4 ,:]e=e1 if he d a good de$1 he does n d well simply2 & yet ?is is requir$ 9 ord] t he may lead a good life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b1 tru? is n ! same = ! practical z = ! speculative intellect4 ,because ! tru? ( ! speculative intellect dep5ds on con=mity betwe5 ! intellect & ! ?+4 ,& s9ce ! intellect _c be infallibly 9 con=mity ) ?+s 9 cont+5t matt]s1 b only 9 necess>y matt]s1 !re=e no speculative habit ab\t cont+5t ?+s is an intellectual virtue1 b only su* z is ab\t necess>y ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tru? ( ! practical intellect dep5ds on con=mity ) "r appetite4 ,?is con=mity has no place 9 necess>y matt]s1 :i* are n affect$ by ! human w2 b only 9 cont+5t matt]s :i* c be effect$ by u1 :e!r !y be matt]s ( int]ior action1 or ! products ( ext]nal "w4 ,h5ce x is only ab\t cont+5t matt]s t an intellectual virtue is assign$ to ! practical intellect1 viz4 art1 z reg>ds ?+s to be made1 & prud5ce1 z reg>ds ?+s to be done4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,eubulia1 ,synesis1 & ,gnome ,are ,virtues ,annex$ to ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t eubulia1 synesis1 & gnome are unfitt+ly assign$ z virtues annex$ to prud5ce4 ,= eubulia is a habit :]eby we take good c\nsel 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i74 ,n[ x belongs to prud5ce to take good c\nsel1 z /at$ 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i74 ,!re=e eubulia is n a virtue annex$ to prud5ce1 b r is prud5ce itself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! high] to judge ! l[]4 ,! highe/ virtue w\ld !re=e seem to be ! "o ^: act is judgm5t4 ,n[ synesis enables u to judge well4 ,!re=e synesis is n a virtue annex$ to prud5ce1 b r is a pr9cipal virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z !re are v>i\s matt]s to pass judgm5t on1 s are !re diff]5t po9ts on :i* "o has to take c\nsel4 ,b !re is "o virtue ref]r+ to all matt]s ( c\nsel4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to judge well ( :at has to be done1 !re is no ne$1 besides synesis1 ( ! virtue ( gnome4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,cic]o 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 iii7 m5tions ?ree o!r p>ts ( prud5ce2 viz4 memory ( ! pa/1 und]/&+ ( ! pres5t1 & =esight ( ! future4 ,moreov]1 ,macrobius 7,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a7 m5tions yet o!rs3 viz4 caution1 docility1 & ! l4 ,!re=e x seems t ! above are n ! only virtues annex$ to prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i1 #aj1 #aa71 :o assigns ^! ?ree virtues z be+ annex$ to prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,:]ev] sev]al p[]s are subord9ate to "o ano!r1 t p[] is ! highe/ :i* is orda9$ to ! highe/ act4 ,n[ !re are ?ree acts ( reason 9 respect ( any?+ done by man3 ! fir/ ( ^! is c\nsel2 ! second1 judgm5t2 ! ?ird1 comm&4 ,! fir/ two correspond to ^? acts ( ! speculative intellect1 :i* are inquiry & judgm5t1 = c\nsel is a k9d ( inquiry3 b ! ?ird is prop] to ! practical intellect1 9 s f> z ?is is orda9$ to op]ation2 = reason does n h to comm& 9 ?+s t man _c d4 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 ?+s done by man1 ! *ief act is t ( comm&1 to :i* all ! re/ are subord9ate4 ,consequ5tly1 t virtue :i* p]fects ! comm&1 viz4 prud5ce1 z obta9+ ! highe/ place1 has o!r second>y virtues annex$ to x1 viz4 eu/o*ia1 :i* p]fects c\nsel2 & synesis & gnome1 :i* are p>ts ( prud5ce 9 relation to judgm5t1 & ( ^: di/9ction we %all speak fur!r on 7ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prud5ce makes u be ( good c\nsel1 n z ?\gh its imm$iate act consi/$ 9 be+ ( good c\nsel1 b because x p]fects ! latt] act by means ( a subord9ate virtue1 viz4 eub\lia4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,judgm5t ab\t :at is to be done is direct$ to some?+ fur!r3 = x may happ5 9 "s matt] ( action t a man's judgm5t is s\nd1 :ile 8 execution is wrong4 ,! matt] does n atta9 to its f9al complem5t until ! reason has comm&$ aright 9 ! po9t ( :at has to be done4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,judgm5t ( any?+ %\ld be bas$ on t ?+'s prop] pr9ciples4 ,b inquiry does n rea* to ! prop] pr9ciples3 because1 if we 7 9 possession ( ^!1 we %\ld ne$ no m to inquire1 ! tru? w\ld be already discov]$4 ,h5ce only "o virtue is direct$ to be+ ( good c\nsel1 :]es !re are two virtues = good judgm5t3 because diff]5ce is bas$ n on common b on prop] pr9ciples4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 9 speculative matt]s1 !re is "o sci5ce ( dialectics1 :i* inquires ab\t all matt]s2 :]eas demon/rative sci5ces1 :i* pron\nce judgm5t1 diff] accord+ to _! diff]5t objects4 ,synesis & gnome diff] 9 respect ( ! diff]5t rules on :i* judgm5t is bas$3 = synesis judges ( actions accord+ to ! common law2 :ile gnome bases its judgm5t on ! natural law1 9 ^? cases :]e ! common law fails to apply1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,memory1 und]/&+ & =esight1 z also caution & docility & ! l1 are n virtues di/9ct f prud5ce3 b are1 z x 71 integral p>ts !re(1 9 s f> z !y are all requisite = p]fect prud5ce4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 subjective p>ts or species ( prud5ce1 e4g4 dome/ic & political economy1 & ! l4 ,b ! ?ree fir/ names are1 9 a fa%ion1 pot5tial p>ts ( prud5ce2 because !y are subord9ate !reto1 z second>y virtues to a pr9cipal virtue3 & we %all speak ( !m lat] 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 seqq474 ,,"q #eh ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,moral ,,& ,,intellectual ,,virtues 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] moral virtues4 ,we %all speak 7#a7 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & intellectual virtues2 7#b7 ( _! di/9ction1 "o f ano!r1 9 respect ( _! prop] matt]2 7#c7 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ief or c>d9al virtues & ! o!rs4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r e virtue is a moral virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r moral virtue diff]s f intellectual virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r virtue is adequately divid$ into moral & intellectual virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re c be moral )\t intellectual virtue8 7#e7 ,:e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 !re c be intellectual )\t moral virtue8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,e ,virtue ,is a ,moral ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e virtue is a moral virtue4 ,because moral virtue is s call$ f ! ,lat9 mos1 i4e4 cu/om4 ,n[1 we c accu/om ourselves to ! acts ( all ! virtues4 ,!re=e e virtue is a moral virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 t moral virtue is a habit ( *oos+ ! rational mean4 ,b e virtue is a habit ( *oos+3 s9ce ! acts ( any virtue c be done f *oice4 ,&1 moreov]1 e virtue consi/s 9 foll[+ ! rational mean 9 "s way1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,q4 #fd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,!re=e e virtue is a moral virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,cic]o says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t virtue is a habit l a second nature1 9 accord ) reason4 ,b s9ce e human virtue is direct$ to man's good1 x mu/ be 9 accord ) reason3 s9ce man's good consi/s 9 t :i* agrees ) 8 reason1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e e virtue is a moral virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac73 ,:5 we speak ( a man's morals1 we d n say t he is wise or intellig5t1 b t he is g5tle or sob]4 ,accord+ly1 !n1 wisdom & und]/&+ are n moral virtues3 & yet !y are virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e n e virtue is a moral virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q cle>ly1 we mu/ consid] ! mean+ ( ! ,lat9 ^w mos2 = ?us we %all be able to discov] :at a moral virtue is4 ,n[ mos has a tw(old mean+4 ,= sometimes x means cu/om1 9 :i* s5se we read 7,acts #ae3a73 ,except y be circumcis$ aft] ! mann] 7morem7 ( ,moses1 y _c be sav$4 ,sometimes x means a natural or quasi-natural incl9ation to d "s p>ticul> action1 9 :i* s5se ! ^w is appli$ to dumb animals4 ,?us we read 7#b ,macc4 #a3b7 t ru%+ viol5tly ^u ! enemy1 l lions 99,leonum m1 i4e4 z lions are 9 ! habit ( do+1 !y slew !m3 & ! ^w is us$ 9 ! same s5se 9 ,ps4 #fg3g1 :]e we read3 ,:o make? m5 ( "o mann] 7moris7 to dwell 9 a h\se4 ,= bo? ^! significations !re is b "o ^w 9 ,lat92 b 9 ! ,greek !re is a di/9ct ^w = ea*1 = ! ^w e?osis writt5 sometimes ) a long1 & sometimes a %ort e4 ,n[ moral virtue is s call$ f mos 9 ! s5se ( a natural or quasi-natural incl9ation to d "s p>ticul> action4 ,& ! o!r mean+ ( mos1 i4e4 cu/om1 is ak9 to ?is3 because cu/om becomes a second nature1 & produces an incl9ation simil> to a natural "o4 ,b x is evid5t t incl9ation to an action belongs prop]ly to ! appetitive p[]1 ^: function x is to move all ! p[]s to _! acts1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e n e virtue is a moral virtue1 b only ^? t are 9 ! appetitive faculty4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes mos 9 ! s5se ( cu/om4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e act ( virtue c be done f *oice3 b no virtue makes u *oose aright1 save t :i* is 9 ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l3 = x has be5 /at$ above t *oice is an act ( ! appetitive faculty 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e a habit ( *oos+1 i4e4 a habit :i* is ! pr9ciple :]eby we *oose1 is t habit alone :i* p]fects ! appetitive faculty3 al?\gh ! acts ( o!r habits also may be a matt] ( *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,nature is ! pr9ciple ( movem5t 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #c74 ,n[ to move ! faculties to act is ! prop] function ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,consequ5tly to become z a second nature by cons5t+ to ! reason1 is prop] to ^? virtues :i* are 9 ! appetitive faculty4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,moral ,virtue ,diff]s f ,intellectual ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtue does n diff] f intellectual virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei iv1 #ba7 t virtue is ! art ( "r conduct4 ,b art is an intellectual virtue4 ,!re=e moral & intellectual virtue d n diff]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s au?ors put sci5ce 9 ! def9ition ( virtues3 ?us "s def9e p]sev]ance z a sci5ce or habit reg>d+ ^? ?+s to :i* we %\ld hold or n hold2 & hol9ess z a sci5ce :i* makes man to be fai?ful & to d 8 duty to ,god4 ,n[ sci5ce is an intellectual virtue4 ,!re=e moral virtue %\ld n be di/+ui%$ f intellectual virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 i1 #f7 t virtue is ! rectitude & p]fection ( reason4 ,b ?is belongs to ! intellectual virtues1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ac4 ,!re=e moral virtue does n diff] f intellectual4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ does n diff] f t :i* is includ$ 9 its def9ition4 ,b intellectual virtue is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( moral virtue3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 t moral virtue is a habit ( *oos+ ! mean appo9t$ by reason z a prud5t man w\ld appo9t x4 ,n[ ?is "r reason t fixes ! mean ( moral virtue1 belongs to an intellectual virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ac4 ,!re=e moral virtue does n diff] f intellectual4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac t !re are two k9ds ( virtue3 "s we call intellectual2 "s moral4 ,i answ] t1 ,reason is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all human acts2 & :atev] o!r pr9ciples ( human acts may be f\nd1 !y obey reason some:at1 b 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= "s obey reason bl9dly & )\t any contradiction :atev]3 su* are ! limbs ( ! body1 provid$ !y be 9 a heal?y condition1 = z soon z reason comm&s1 ! h& or ! foot proce$s to action4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #c7 t ! s\l rules ! body l a despot1 i4e4 z a ma/] rules 8 slave1 :o has no "r to rebel4 ,accord+ly "s held t all ! active pr9ciples 9 man are subord9ate to reason 9 ?is way4 ,if ?is 7 true1 = man to act well x w\ld suffice t 8 reason be p]fect4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce virtue is a habit p]fect+ man 9 view ( 8 do+ good actions1 x w\ld foll[ t x is only 9 ! reason1 s t !re w\ld be none b intellectual virtues4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ,socrates1 :o said e virtue is a k9d ( prud5ce1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ac4 ,h5ce he ma9ta9$ t z long z man is 9 possession ( k1 he _c s92 & t e "o :o s9s1 does s ?r\gh ignorance4 ,n[ ?is is bas$ on a false supposition4 ,because ! appetitive faculty obeys ! reason1 n bl9dly1 b ) a c]ta9 p[] ( opposition2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #c7 t reason comm&s ! appetitive faculty by a politic p[]1 :]eby a man rules ov] subjects t are free1 hav+ a c]ta9 "r ( opposition4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says on ,ps4 #aah 7,s]m4 #h7 t sometimes we und]/& 7:at is "r7 :ile desire is sl[1 or foll[s n at all1 9 s f> z ! habits or passions ( ! appetitive faculty cause ! use ( reason to be imp$$ 9 "s p>ticul> action4 ,& 9 ?is way1 !re is "s tru? 9 ! say+ ( ,socrates t s long z a man is 9 possession ( k he does n s93 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ?is k is made to include ! use ( reason 9 ?is individual act ( *oice4 ,accord+ly = a man to d a good de$1 x is requisite n only t 8 reason be well dispos$ by means ( a habit ( intellectual virtue2 b also t 8 appetite be well dispos$ by means ( a habit ( moral virtue4 ,& s moral diff]s f intellectual virtue1 ev5 z ! appetite diff]s f ! reason4 ,h5ce j z ! appetite is ! pr9ciple ( human acts1 9 s f> z x p>takes ( reason1 s are moral habits to be consid]$ virtues 9 s f> z !y are 9 con=mity ) reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e usually applies ! t]m art to any =m ( "r reason2 9 :i* s5se art includes prud5ce :i* is ! "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done1 ev5 z art is ! "r reason ab\t ?+s to be made4 ,accord+ly1 :5 he says t virtue is ! art ( "r conduct1 ?is applies to prud5ce ess5tially2 b to o!r virtues1 by p>ticipation1 = z mu* z !y are direct$ by prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all su* def9itions1 by :omsoev] giv51 7 bas$ on ! ,socratic !ory1 & %\ld be expla9$ accord+ to :at we h said ab\t art 7ad #a74 ,! same applies to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"r reason :i* is 9 accord ) prud5ce is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( moral virtue1 n z "p ( its ess5ce1 b z some?+ belong+ by way ( p>ticipation to all ! moral virtues1 9 s f> z !y are all "u ! direction ( prud5ce4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,virtue ,is ,adequately ,divid$ into ,moral & ,intellectual8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virtue is n adequately divid$ into moral & intellectual4 ,= prud5ce seems to be a mean betwe5 moral & intellectual virtue1 s9ce x is reckon$ among ! intellectual virtues 7,e?ic4 vi1 #c1 #e72 & aga9 is plac$ by all among ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 :i* are moral virtues1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e virtue is n adequately divid$ into intellectual & moral1 z ?\gh !re 7 no mean betwe5 !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cont95cy1 p]sev]ance1 & pati5ce are n reckon$ to be intellectual virtues4 ,yet nei!r are !y moral virtues2 s9ce !y d n r$uce ! passions to a mean1 & are consi/5t ) an abundance ( passion4 ,!re=e virtue is n adequately divid$ into intellectual & moral4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are virtues4 ,yet !y are n intellectual virtues3 = !re are only five ( ^!1 viz4 sci5ce1 wisdom1 und]/&+1 prud5ce1 & art1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #e74 ,nei!r are !y moral virtues2 s9ce !y are n ab\t ! passions1 :i* are ! *ief conc]n ( moral virtue4 ,!re=e virtue is n adequately divid$ into intellectual & moral4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a7 t virtue is tw(old1 intellectual & moral4 ,i answ] t1 ,human virtue is a habit p]fect+ man 9 view ( 8 do+ good de$s4 ,n[1 9 man !re are b two pr9ciples ( human actions1 viz4 ! intellect or reason & ! appetite3 = ^! are ! two pr9ciples ( movem5t 9 man z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #dh4 ,consequ5tly e human virtue mu/ ne$s be a p]fection ( "o ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,accord+ly if x p]fects man's speculative or practical intellect 9 ord] t 8 de$ may be good1 x w be an intellectual virtue3 :]eas if x p]fects 8 appetite1 x w be a moral virtue4 ,x foll[s !re=e t e human virtue is ei!r intellectual or moral4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prud5ce is ess5tially an intellectual virtue4 ,b consid]$ on ! "p ( its matt]1 x has some?+ 9 common ) ! moral virtues3 = x is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #d74 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t x is reckon$ ) ! moral virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,cont95cy & p]sev]ance are n p]fections ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t passions ab\nd 9 ! cont95t & p]sev]+ man1 :i* w\ld n be ! case if 8 s5sitive appetite 7 p]fect$ by a habit mak+ x con=mable to reason4 ,cont95cy & p]sev]ance are1 h[ev]1 p]fections ( ! rational faculty1 & )/& ! passions le/ reason be l$ a/ray4 ,b !y fall %ort ( be+ virtues3 s9ce intellectual virtue1 :i* makes reason to hold itself well 9 respect ( moral matt]s1 presupposes a "r appetite ( ! end1 s t x may hold itself aright 9 respect ( pr9ciples1 i4e4 ! ends1 on :i* x builds its argum5t3 & ?is is want+ 9 ! cont95t & p]sev]+ man4 ,nor aga9 c an action proce$+ f two pr9ciples be p]fect1 unless ea* pr9ciple be p]fect$ by ! habit correspond+ to t op]ation3 ?us1 h[ev] p]fect be ! pr9cipal ag5t employ+ an in/rum5t1 x w produce an imp]fect effect1 if ! in/rum5t be n well dispos$ also4 ,h5ce if ! s5sitive faculty1 :i* is mov$ by ! rational faculty1 is n p]fect2 h[ev] p]fect ! rational faculty may be1 ! result+ action w be imp]fect3 & consequ5tly ! pr9ciple ( t action w n be a virtue4 ,& = ?is reason1 cont95cy1 desi/+ f pleasures1 & p]sev]ance 9 ! mid/ ( pa9s1 are n virtues1 b some?+ less ?an a virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] ma9ta9s 7,e?ic4 vii1 #a1 #i74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are sup]human virtues3 = !y are virtues ( man z %>+ 9 ! grace ( ,god4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,moral ,)\t ,intellectual ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral c be )\t intellectual virtue4 ,because moral virtue1 z ,cic]o says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 is a habit l a second nature 9 accord ) reason4 ,n[ ?\gh nature may be 9 accord ) "s sov]eign reason t moves x1 !re is no ne$ = t reason to be unit$ to nature 9 ! same subject1 z is evid5t ( natural ?+s devoid ( k4 ,!re=e 9 a man !re may be a moral virtue l a second nature1 incl9+ him to cons5t to 8 reason1 )\t 8 reason be+ p]fect$ by an intellectual virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by means ( intellectual virtue man obta9s p]fect use ( reason4 ,b x happ5s at times t m5 are virtu\s & acceptable to ,god1 )\t be+ vigor\s 9 ! use ( reason4 ,!re=e x seems t moral virtue c be )\t intellectual4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r moral virtue makes u incl9$ to d good works4 ,b "s1 )\t dep5d+ on ! judgm5t ( reason1 h a natural incl9ation to d good works4 ,!re=e moral virtues c be )\t intellectual virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxii7 t ! o!r virtues1 unless we d prud5tly :at we desire to d1 _c be real virtues4 ,b prud5ce is an intellectual virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e moral virtues _c be )\t intellectual virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,moral virtue c be )\t "s ( ! intellectual virtues1 viz4 wisdom1 sci5ce1 & art2 b n )\t und]/&+ & prud5ce4 ,moral virtue _c be )\t prud5ce1 because x is a habit ( *oos+1 i4e4 mak+ u *oose well4 ,n[ 9 ord] t a *oice be good1 two ?+s are requir$4 ,fir/1 t ! int5tion be direct$ to a due end2 & ?is is done by moral virtue1 :i* incl9es ! appetitive faculty to ! good t is 9 accord ) reason1 :i* is a due end4 ,secondly1 t man take rightly ^? ?+s :i* h ref]5ce to ! end3 & ?is he _c d unless 8 reason c\nsel1 judge & comm& aright1 :i* is ! function ( prud5ce & ! virtues annex$ to x1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,,aa4 #e1 #f74 ,:]e=e !re c be no moral virtue )\t prud5ce3 & consequ5tly nei!r c !re be )\t und]/&+4 ,= x is by ! virtue ( und]/&+ t we "k self-evid5t pr9ciples bo? 9 speculative & 9 practical matt]s4 ,consequ5tly j z "r reason 9 speculative matt]s1 9 s f> z x proce$s f naturally kn[n pr9ciples1 presupposes ! und]/&+ ( ^? pr9ciples1 s also does prud5ce1 :i* is ! "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! incl9ation ( nature 9 ?+s devoid ( reason is )\t *oice3 :]e=e su* an incl9ation does n ( necessity require reason4 ,b ! incl9ation ( moral virtue is ) *oice3 & consequ5tly 9 ord] t x may be p]fect x requires t reason be p]fect$ by intellectual virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man may be virtu\s )\t hav+ full use ( reason z to ev]y?+1 provid$ he h x ) reg>d to ^? ?+s :i* h to be done virtu\sly4 ,9 ?is way all virtu\s m5 h full use ( reason4 ,h5ce ^? :o seem to be simple1 ?r\gh lack ( worldly cunn+1 may possibly be prud5t1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aj3af3 ,be ye !re=e prud5t 7,d\ay3 'wise'7 z s]p5ts1 & simple z doves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! natural incl9ation to a good ( virtue is a k9d ( beg9n+ ( virtue1 b is n p]fect virtue4 ,= ! /rong] ?is incl9ation is1 ! m p]il\s may x prove to be1 unless x be accompani$ by "r reason1 :i* rectifies ! *oice ( fitt+ means t[>ds ! due end4 ,?us if a runn+ horse be bl9d1 ! fa/] x runs ! m heavily w x fall1 & ! m griev\sly w x be hurt4 ,& consequ5tly1 al?\gh moral virtue be n "r reason1 z ,socrates held1 yet n only is x accord+ to "r reason1 9 s f> z x incl9es man to t :i* is1 accord+ to "r reason1 z ! ,platoni/s ma9ta9$ 99,cf4 ,plato1 ,m5o xli42 b also x ne$s to be jo9$ ) "r reason1 z ,ari/otle decl>es 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ac74 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,intellectual ,)\t ,moral ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be intellectual )\t moral virtue4 ,because p]fection ( :at prec$es does n dep5d on ! p]fection ( :at foll[s4 ,n[ reason prec$es & moves ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!re=e intellectual virtue1 :i* is a p]fection ( ! reason1 does n dep5d on moral virtue1 :i* is a p]fection ( ! appetitive faculty2 & c be )\t x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 morals are ! matt] ( prud5ce1 ev5 z ?+s makeable are ! matt] ( art4 ,n[ art c be )\t its prop] matt]1 z a smi? )\t iron4 ,!re=e prud5ce c be )\t ! moral virtues1 al?\gh ( all ! intellectual virtues1 x seems mo/ ak9 to ! moral virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is a virtue :]eby we are ( good c\nsel 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i74 ,n[ _m are ( good c\nsel )\t hav+ ! moral virtues4 ,!re=e prud5ce c be )\t a moral virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to wi% to d evil is directly oppos$ to moral virtue2 & yet x is n oppos$ to any?+ t c be )\t moral virtue4 ,n[ x is contr>y to prud5ce to s9 will+ly 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,!re=e prud5ce _c be )\t moral virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,o!r intellectual virtues c1 b prud5ce _c1 be )\t moral virtue4 ,! reason = ?is is t prud5ce is ! "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done 7& ?is1 n m]ely 9 g5]al1 b also 9 p>ticul>72 ab\t :i* ?+s actions are4 ,n[ "r reason dem&s pr9ciples f :i* reason proce$s to argue4 ,& :5 reason argues ab\t p>ticul> cases1 x ne$s n only univ]sal b also p>ticul> pr9ciples4 ,z to univ]sal pr9ciples ( action1 man is rightly dispos$ by ! natural und]/&+ ( pr9ciples1 :]eby he und]/&s t he %\ld d no evil2 or aga9 by "s practical sci5ce4 ,b ?is is n en\gh 9 ord] t man may reason aright ab\t p>ticul> cases4 ,= x happ5s sometimes t ! a=esaid univ]sal pr9ciple1 kn[n by means ( und]/&+ or sci5ce1 is de/roy$ 9 a p>ticul> case by a passion3 ?us to "o :o is sway$ by concupisc5ce1 :5 he is ov]come !reby1 ! object ( 8 desire seems good1 al?\gh x is oppos$ to ! univ]sal judgm5t ( 8 reason4 ,consequ5tly1 z by ! habit ( natural und]/&+ or ( sci5ce1 man is made to be rightly dispos$ 9 reg>d to ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( action2 s1 9 ord] t he be rightly dispos$ ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> pr9ciples ( action1 viz4 ! ends1 he ne$s to be p]fect$ by c]ta9 habits1 :]eby x becomes connatural1 z x 71 to man to judge aright to ! end4 ,?is is done by moral virtue3 = ! virtu\s man judges aright ( ! end ( virtue1 because su* a man is1 su* does ! end seem to him 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e74 ,consequ5tly ! "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done1 viz4 prud5ce1 requires man to h moral virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason1 z appreh5d+ ! end1 prec$es ! appetite = ! end3 b appetite = ! end prec$es ! reason1 z argu+ ab\t ! *oice ( ! means1 :i* is ! conc]n ( prud5ce4 ,ev5 s1 9 speculative matt]s ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples is ! f\ndation on :i* ! syllogism ( ! reason is bas$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x does n dep5d on ! disposition ( our appetite :e!r we judge well or ill ( ! pr9ciples ( art1 z x does1 :5 we judge ( ! end :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 moral matt]s3 9 ! =m] case our judgm5t dep5ds on reason alone4 ,h5ce art does n require a virtue p]fect+ ! appetite1 z prud5ce does4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prud5ce n only helps u to be ( good c\nsel1 b also to judge & comm& well4 ,?is is n possible unless ! imp$im5t ( ! passions1 de/roy+ ! judgm5t & comm& ( prud5ce1 be remov$2 & ?is is done by moral virtue4 ,,"q #ei ,,( ,,moral ,,virtue ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,passions 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! diff]5ce ( "o moral virtue f ano!r4 ,& s9ce ^? moral virtues :i* are ab\t ! passions1 diff] accord+ly to ! diff]5ce ( passions1 we mu/ consid] 7#a7 ! relation ( virtue to passion2 7#b7 ! diff]5t k9ds ( moral virtue 9 relation to ! passions4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r moral virtue is a passion8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re c be moral virtue ) passion8 7#c7 ,:e!r sorr[ is compatible ) moral virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r e moral virtue is ab\t a passion8 7#e7 ,:e!r !re c be moral virtue )\t passion8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,moral ,virtue ,is a ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtue is a passion4 ,because ! mean is ( ! same g5us z ! extremes4 ,b moral virtue is a mean betwe5 two passions4 ,!re=e moral virtue is a passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue & vice1 be+ contr>y to "o ano!r1 are 9 ! same g5us4 ,b "s passions are reckon$ to be vices1 su* z envy & ang]4 ,!re=e "s passions are virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pity is a passion1 s9ce x is sorr[ = ano!r's ills1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #h74 ,n[ ,cic]o ! r5[n$ orator did n hesitate to call pity a virtue1 z ,augu/9e /ates 9 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e4 ,!re=e a passion may be a moral virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #e t passions are nei!r virtues nor vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,moral virtue _c be a passion4 ,?is is cle> = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because a passion is a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c73 :]eas moral virtue is n a movem5t1 b r a pr9ciple ( ! movem5t ( ! appetite1 be+ a k9d ( habit4 ,secondly1 because passions are n 9 !mselves good or evil4 ,= man's good or evil is some?+ 9 ref]5ce to reason3 :]e=e ! passions1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are ref]able bo? to good & evil1 = z mu* z !y may accord or disaccord ) reason4 ,n[ no?+ ( ?is sort c be a virtue3 s9ce virtue is ref]able to good alone1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c74 ,?irdly1 because1 grant$ t "s passions are1 9 "s way1 ref]able to good only1 or to evil only2 ev5 !n ! movem5t ( passion1 z passion1 beg9s 9 ! appetite1 & ends 9 ! reason1 s9ce ! appetite t5ds to con=mity ) reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! movem5t ( virtue is ! rev]se1 = x beg9s 9 ! reason & ends 9 ! appetite1 inasmu* z ! latt] is mov$ by reason4 ,h5ce ! def9ition ( moral virtue 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 /ates t x is a habit ( *oos+ ! mean appo9t$ by reason z a prud5t man w\ld appo9t x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue is a mean betwe5 passions1 n by reason ( its ess5ce1 b on acc\nt ( its effect2 because1 to wit1 x e/abli%es ! mean betwe5 passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if by vice we und]/& a habit ( do+ evil de$s1 x is evid5t t no passion is a vice4 ,b if vice is tak5 to mean s9 :i* is a vici\s act1 no?+ h9d]s a passion f be+ a vice1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 f concurr+ 9 an act ( virtue2 9 s f> z a passion is ei!r oppos$ to reason or 9 accordance ) reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pity is said to be a virtue1 i4e4 an act ( virtue1 9 s f> z t movem5t ( ! s\l is ob$i5t to reason2 viz4 :5 pity is be/[$ )\t violat+ "r1 z :5 ! poor are reliev$1 or ! p5it5t =giv51 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e74 ,b if by pity we und]/& a habit p]fect+ man s t he be/[s pity reasonably1 no?+ h9d]s pity1 9 ?is s5se1 f be+ a virtue4 ,! same applies to simil> passions4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,moral ,virtue ) ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtue _c be ) passion4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 iv7 t a g5tle man is "o :o is n passionate2 b a pati5t man is "o :o is passionate b does n give way4 ,! same applies to all ! moral virtues4 ,!re=e all moral virtues are )\t passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is a "r affection ( ! s\l1 z heal? is to ! body1 z /at$ ,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag3 :]e=e virtue is a k9d ( heal? ( ! s\l1 z ,cic]o says 7,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv74 ,b ! s\l's passions are ! s\l's diseases1 z he says 9 ! same book4 ,n[ heal? is incompatible ) disease4 ,!re=e nei!r is passion compatible ) virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 moral virtue requires p]fect use ( reason ev5 9 p>ticul> matt]s4 ,b ! passions are an ob/acle to ?is3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t pleasures de/roy ! judgm5t ( prud5ce3 & ,sallu/ says 7,catil947 t :5 !y1 i4e4 ! s\l's passions1 int]f]e1 x is n easy = ! m9d to grasp ! tru?4 ,!re=e passion is incompatible ) moral virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #f73 ,if ! w is p]v]se1 ^! movem5ts1 viz4 ! passions1 are p]v]se also3 b if x is upright1 !y are n only blameless1 b ev5 praisewor?y4 ,b no?+ praisewor?y is incompatible ) moral virtue4 ,!re=e moral virtue does n exclude ! passions1 b is consi/5t ) !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics disagre$ on ?is po9t1 z ,augu/9e relates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #d74 ,= ! ,/oics held t ! s\l's passions _c be 9 a wise or virtu\s man3 :]eas ! ,p]ipatetics1 :o 7 f\nd$ by ,ari/otle1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #d71 ma9ta9$ t ! passions are compatible ) moral virtue1 if !y be r$uc$ to ! mean4 ,?is diff]5ce1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #d71 0 "o ( words r ?an ( op9ions4 ,because ! ,/oics1 ?r\gh n discrim9at+ betwe5 ! intellective appetite1 i4e4 ! w1 & ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is divid$ into irascible & concupiscible1 did n1 z ! ,p]ipatetics did1 di/+ui% ! passions f ! o!r affections ( ! human s\l1 9 ! po9t ( _! be+ movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :]eas ! o!r emotions ( ! s\l1 :i* are n passions1 are movem5ts ( ! intellective appetite or w2 b only 9 ! po9t ( ! passions be+1 z !y ma9ta9$1 any emotions 9 disaccord ) reason4 ,^! emotions c\ld n be 9 a wise or virtu\s man if !y arose delib]ately3 :ile x w\ld be possible = !m to be 9 a wise man1 if !y arose sudd5ly3 because1 9 ! words ( ,aulus ,gellius 99,noct4 ,attic4 xix1 #a1 quot$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #d71 x is n 9 our p[] to call up ! visions ( ! s\l1 kn[n z its fancies2 & :5 !y arise f awesome ?+s1 !y mu/ ne$s di/urb ! m9d ( a wise man1 s t he is slightly />tl$ by fe>1 or depress$ ) sorr[1 9 s f> z ^! passions =e/all ! use ( reason )\t 8 approv+ ( su* ?+s or cons5t+ !reto4 ,accord+ly1 if ! passions be tak5 = inord9ate emotions1 !y _c be 9 a virtu\s man1 s t he cons5t to !m delib]ately2 z ! ,/oics ma9ta9$4 ,b if ! passions be tak5 = any movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 !y c be 9 a virtu\s man1 9 s f> z !y are subord9ate to reason4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c7 t "s describe virtue z be+ a k9d ( fre$om f passion & di/urbance2 ?is is incorrect1 because ! ass]tion %\ld be qualifi$3 !y %\ld h said virtue is fre$om f ^? passions t are n z !y %\ld be z to mann] & "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] quotes ?is1 z well z _m o!r examples 9 8 books on ,logic1 9 ord] to illu/rate1 n 8 own m9d1 b t ( o!rs4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,/oics t ! passions ( ! s\l 7 incompatible ) virtue3 & ! ,philosoph] rejects ?is op9ion 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c71 :5 he says t virtue is n fre$om f passion4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t :5 he says a g5tle man is n passionate1 we are to und]/& ?is ( inord9ate passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is & all simil> argum5ts :i* ,tully br+s =w>d 9 ,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 iv take ! passions 9 ! execution ( reason's comm&4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 a passion =e/alls ! judgm5t ( reason1 s z to prevail on ! m9d to give its cons5t1 x h9d]s c\nsel & ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,b :5 x foll[s t judgm5t1 z ?r\gh be+ comm&$ by reason1 x helps t[>ds ! execution ( reason's comm&4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,sorr[ ,is ,compatible ) ,moral ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sorr[ is incompatible ) virtue4 ,because ! virtues are effects ( wisdom1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3g3 ,%e1 i4e4 ,div9e wisdom1 tea*e? temp]ance1 & prud5ce1 & ju/ice1 & =titude4 ,n[ ! conv]sation ( wisdom ha? no bitt]ness1 z we read fur!r on 7v]se #af74 ,!re=e sorr[ is incompatible ) virtue also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ is a h9drance to "w1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 #ac2 x1 #e74 ,b a h9drance to good works is incompatible ) virtue4 ,!re=e sorr[ is incompatible ) virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,tully calls sorr[ a disease ( ! m9d 7,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 iv74 ,b disease ( ! m9d is incompatible ) virtue1 :i* is a good condition ( ! m9d4 ,!re=e sorr[ is oppos$ to virtue & is incompatible ) x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ri/ 0 p]fect 9 virtue4 ,b !re 0 sorr[ 9 ,him1 = ,he said 7,matt4 #bf3ch73 ,my s\l is sorr[ful ev5 unto dea?4 ,!re=e sorr[ is compatible ) virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #h71 ! ,/oics held t 9 ! m9d ( ! wise man !re are ?ree eupa!iai1 i4e4 ?ree good passions1 9 place ( ! ?ree di/urbances3 viz4 in/ead ( covet\sness1 desire2 in/ead ( mir?1 joy2 in/ead ( fe>1 caution4 ,b !y d5i$ t any?+ correspond+ to sorr[ c\ld be 9 ! m9d ( a wise man1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because sorr[ is = an evil t is already pres5t4 ,n[ !y held t no evil c happ5 to a wise man3 = !y ?\ght t1 j z man's only good is virtue1 & bodily goods are no good to man2 s man's only evil is vice1 :i* _c be 9 a virtu\s man4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,=1 s9ce man is compos$ ( s\l & body1 :atev] conduces to pres]ve ! life ( ! body1 is "s good to man2 yet n 8 supreme good1 because he c abuse x4 ,consequ5tly ! evil :i* is contr>y to ?is good c be 9 a wise man1 & c cause him mod]ate sorr[4 ,aga91 al?\gh a virtu\s man c be )\t grave s91 yet no man is to be f\nd to live )\t committ+ slight s9s1 accord+ to #a ,john #a3h3 ,if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves4 ,a ?ird reason is because a virtu\s man1 ?\gh n actually 9 a /ate ( s91 may h be5 s 9 ! pa/4 ,& he is to be comm5d$ if he sorr[ = t s91 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #g3aj3 ,! sorr[ t is accord+ to ,god worke? p5ance /eadfa/ unto salvation4 ,f\r?ly1 because he may praisewor?ily sorr[ = ano!r's s94 ,!re=e sorr[ is compatible ) moral virtue 9 ! same way z ! o!r passions are :5 mod]at$ by reason4 ,_! second reason = hold+ ?is op9ion 0 t sorr[ is ab\t evil pres5t1 :]eas fe> is = evil to come3 ev5 z pleasure is ab\t a pres5t good1 :ile desire is = a future good4 ,n[ ! enjoym5t ( a good possess$1 or ! desire to h good t "o possesses n1 may be consi/5t ) virtue3 b depression ( ! m9d result+ f sorr[ = a pres5t evil1 is altoge!r contr>y to reason3 :]e=e x is incompatible ) virtue4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,= !re is an evil :i* c be pres5t to ! virtu\s man1 z we h j /at$2 :i* evil is reject$ by reason4 ,:]e=e ! s5sitive appetite foll[s reason's rejection by sorr[+ = t evil2 yet mod]ately1 accord+ z reason dictates4 ,n[ x p]ta9s to virtue t ! s5sitive appetite be con=m$ to reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,:]e=e mod]at$ sorr[ = an object :i* ought to make u sorr[ful1 is a m>k ( virtue2 z also ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f1 #g74 ,moreov]1 ?is proves useful = avoid+ evil3 s9ce1 j z good is m readily s\ght = ! sake ( pleasure1 s is evil m undaunt$ly %unn$ on acc\nt ( sorr[4 ,accord+ly we mu/ all[ t sorr[ = ?+s p]ta9+ to virtue is incompatible ) virtue3 s9ce virtue rejoices 9 its own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 virtue sorr[s mod]ately = all t ?w>ts virtue1 no matt] h[4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ proves t ! wise man is n made sorr[ful by wisdom4 ,yet he sorr[s = any?+ t h9d]s wisdom4 ,consequ5tly !re is no room = sorr[ 9 ! bless$1 9 :om !re c be no h9drance to wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sorr[ h9d]s ! "w t makes u sorr[ful3 b x helps u to d m readily :atev] bani%es sorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,immod]ate sorr[ is a disease ( ! m9d3 b mod]ate sorr[ is ! m>k ( a well-condition$ m9d1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( life4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ! ,moral ,virtues ,are ,ab\t ! ,passions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! moral virtues are ab\t ! passions4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c7 t moral virtue is ab\t objects ( pleasure & sorr[4 ,b pleasure & sorr[ are passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ce1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e all ! moral virtues are ab\t ! passions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! subject ( ! moral virtues is a faculty :i* is rational by p>ticipation1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,b ! passions are 9 ?is "p ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e e moral virtue is ab\t ! passions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s passion is to be f\nd 9 e moral virtue3 & s ei!r all are ab\t ! passions1 or none are4 ,b "s are ab\t ! passions1 z =titude & temp]ance1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #f1 #aj4 ,!re=e all ! moral virtues are ab\t ! passions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ju/ice1 :i* is a moral virtue1 is n ab\t ! passions2 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #a1 seqq4 ,i answ] t1 ,moral virtue p]fects ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l by direct+ x to good z def9$ by reason4 ,n[ good z def9$ by reason is t :i* is mod]at$ or direct$ by reason4 ,consequ5tly !re are moral virtues ab\t all matt]s t are subject to reason's direction & mod]ation4 ,n[ reason directs1 n only ! passions ( ! s5sitive appetite1 b also ! op]ations ( ! intellective appetite1 i4e4 ! w1 :i* is n ! subject ( a passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e n all ! moral virtues are ab\t passions1 b "s are ab\t passions1 "s ab\t op]ations4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! moral virtues are n all ab\t pleasures & sorr[s1 z be+ _! prop] matt]2 b z be+ some?+ result+ f _! prop] acts4 ,= e virtu\s man rejoices 9 acts ( virtue1 & sorr[s = ! contr>y4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph]1 aft] ! words quot$1 adds1 if virtues are ab\t actions & passions2 n[ e action & passion is foll[$ by pleasure or sorr[1 s t 9 ?is way virtue is ab\t pleasures & sorr[s1 viz4 z ab\t some?+ t results f virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n only ! s5sitive appetite :i* is ! subject ( ! passions1 is rational by p>ticipation1 b also ! w1 :]e !re are no passions1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s virtues h passions z _! prop] matt]1 b "s virtues n4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison does n hold = all cases4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,moral ,virtue ,)\t ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtue c be )\t passion4 ,= ! m p]fect moral virtue is1 ! m does x ov]come ! passions4 ,!re=e at its highe/ po9t ( p]fection x is altoge!r )\t passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !n is a ?+ p]fect1 :5 x is remov$ f its contr>y & f :atev] incl9es to its contr>y4 ,n[ ! passions incl9e u to s9 :i* is contr>y to virtue3 h5ce 7,rom4 #g3e7 !y are call$ passions ( s9s4 ,!re=e p]fect virtue is altoge!r )\t passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is by virtue t we are con=m$ to ,god1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 vi1 xi1 xiii74 ,b ,god does all ?+s )\t passion at all4 ,!re=e ! mo/ p]fect virtue is )\t any passion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man is j :o rejoices n 9 8 de$s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #h4 ,b joy is a passion4 ,!re=e ju/ice _c be )\t passion2 & /ill less c ! o!r virtues be4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we take ! passions z be+ inord9ate emotions1 z ! ,/oics did1 x is evid5t t 9 ?is s5se p]fect virtue is )\t ! passions4 ,b if by passions we und]/& any movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 x is pla9 t moral virtues1 :i* are ab\t ! passions z ab\t _! prop] matt]1 _c be )\t passions4 ,! reason = ?is is t o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t moral virtue makes ! s5sitive appetite altoge!r idle3 :]eas x is n ! function ( virtue to deprive ! p[]s subord9ate to reason ( _! prop] activities1 b to make !m execute ! comm&s ( reason1 by ex]cis+ _! prop] acts4 ,:]e=e j z virtue directs ! bodily limbs to _! due ext]nal acts1 s does x direct ! s5sitive appetite to its prop] regulat$ movem5ts4 ,^? moral virtues1 h[ev]1 :i* are n ab\t ! passions1 b ab\t op]ations1 c be )\t passions4 ,su* a virtue is ju/ice3 because x applies ! w to its prop] act1 :i* is n a passion4 ,nev]!less1 joy results f ! act ( ju/ice2 at lea/ 9 ! w1 9 :i* case x is n a passion4 ,& if ?is joy be increas$ ?r\gh ! p]fection ( ju/ice1 x w ov]fl[ into ! s5sitive appetite2 9 s f> z ! l[] p[]s foll[ ! movem5t ( ! high]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e by reason ( ?is k9d ( ov]fl[1 ! m p]fect a virtue is1 ! m does x cause passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue ov]comes inord9ate passion2 x produces ord9ate passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is inord9ate1 n ord9ate1 passion t leads to s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! good ( any?+ dep5ds on ! condition ( its nature4 ,n[ !re is no s5sitive appetite 9 ,god & ! angels1 z !re is 9 man4 ,consequ5tly good op]ation 9 ,god & ! angels is altoge!r )\t passion1 z x is )\t a body3 :]eas ! good op]ation ( man is ) passion1 ev5 z x is produc$ ) ! body's help4 ,,"q #fj ,,h[ ,,! ,,moral ,,virtues ,,diff] ,,f ,,"o ,,ano!r 7,,five ,,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] h[ ! moral virtues diff] f "o ano!r3 "u :i* head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is only "o moral virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r ^? moral virtues :i* are ab\t op]ations1 are di/9ct f ^? :i* are ab\t passions8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re is b "o moral virtue ab\t op]ations8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re are diff]5t moral virtues ab\t diff]5t passions8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! moral virtues diff] 9 po9t ( ! v>i\s objects ( ! passions8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,"o ,moral ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is only "o moral virtue4 ,because j z ! direction ( moral actions belongs to reason :i* is ! subject ( ! intellectual virtues2 s does _! incl9ation belong to ! appetite :i* is ! subject ( moral virtues4 ,b !re is only "o intellectual virtue to direct all moral acts1 viz4 prud5ce4 ,!re=e !re is also b "o moral virtue to give all moral acts _! respective incl9ations4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habits diff]1 n 9 respect ( _! mat]ial objects1 b accord+ to ! =mal aspect ( _! objects4 ,n[ ! =mal aspect ( ! good to :i* moral virtue is direct$1 is "o ?+1 viz4 ! mean def9$ by reason4 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 !re is b "o moral virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s p]ta9+ to morals are specifi$ by _! end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ !re is b "o common end ( all moral virtues1 viz4 happ9ess1 :ile ! prop] & proximate ends are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,b ! moral virtues !mselves are n inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,!re=e x seems t !re is b "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,"o habit _c be 9 sev]al p[]s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! subject ( ! moral virtues is ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l1 :i* is divid$ into sev]al p[]s1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hj1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e !re _c be only "o moral virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c71 ! moral virtues are habits ( ! appetitive faculty4 ,n[ habits diff] specifically accord+ to ! specific diff]5ces ( _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b74 ,aga91 ! species ( ! object ( appetite1 z ( any ?+1 dep5ds on its specific =m :i* x receives f ! ag5t4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve t ! matt] ( ! passive subject be>s a tw(old relation to ! ag5t4 ,= sometimes x receives ! =m ( ! ag5t1 9 ! same k9d specifically z ! ag5t has t =m1 z happ5s ) all univocal ag5ts1 s t if ! ag5t be "o specifically1 ! matt] mu/ ( necessity receive a =m specifically "o3 ?us ! univocal effect ( fire is ( necessity some?+ 9 ! species ( fire4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! matt] receives ! =m f ! ag5t1 b n 9 ! same k9d specifically z ! ag5t1 z is ! case ) non-univocal causes ( g5]ation3 ?us an animal is g5]at$ by ! sun4 ,9 ?is case ! =ms receiv$ into matt] are n ( "o species1 b v>y accord+ to ! adaptability ( ! matt] to receive ! influx ( ! ag5t3 = in/ance1 we see t ow+ to ! "o action ( ! sun1 animals ( v>i\s species are produc$ by putrefaction accord+ to ! v>i\s adaptability ( matt]4 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 moral matt]s ! reason holds ! place ( comm&] & mov]1 :ile ! appetitive p[] is comm&$ & mov$4 ,b ! appetite does n receive ! direction ( reason univocally s to say2 because x is rational1 n ess5tially1 b by p>ticipation 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,consequ5tly objects made appetible by ! direction ( reason belong to v>i\s species1 accord+ to _! v>i\s relations to reason3 s t x foll[s t moral virtues are ( v>i\s species & are n "o only4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! object ( ! reason is tru?4 ,n[ 9 all moral matt]s1 :i* are cont+5t matt]s ( action1 !re is b "o k9d ( tru?4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is b "o virtue to direct all su* matt]s1 viz4 prud5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! object ( ! appetitive p[] is ! appetible good1 :i* v>ies 9 k9d accord+ to its v>i\s relations to reason1 ! direct+ p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is =mal elem5t is "o g5]ically1 on acc\nt ( ! unity ( ! ag5t3 b x v>ies 9 species1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s relations ( ! receiv+ matt]1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,moral matt]s d n receive _! species f ! la/ end1 b f _! proximate ends3 & ^!1 al?\gh !y be inf9ite 9 numb]1 are n inf9ite 9 species4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,moral ,virtues ,ab\t ,op]ations ,are ,diff]5t f ,^? ,t ,are ,ab\t ,passions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtues are n divid$ into ^? :i* are ab\t op]ations & ^? :i* are ab\t passions4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c7 t moral virtue is an op]ative habit :]eby we d :at is be/ 9 matt]s ( pleasure or sorr[4 ,n[ pleasure & sorr[ are passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! same virtue :i* is ab\t passions is also ab\t op]ations1 s9ce x is an op]ative habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! passions are pr9ciples ( ext]nal action4 ,if !re=e "s virtues regulate ! passions1 !y mu/1 z a consequ5ce1 regulate op]ations also4 ,!re=e ! same moral virtues are ab\t bo? passions & op]ations4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s5sitive appetite is mov$ well or ill t[>ds e ext]nal op]ation4 ,n[ movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite are passions4 ,!re=e ! same virtues t are ab\t op]ations are also ab\t passions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] reckons ju/ice to be ab\t op]ations2 & temp]ance1 =titude & g5tl5ess1 ab\t passions 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c1 #g2 v1 #a1 seqq474 ,i answ] t1 ,op]ation & passion /& 9 a tw(old relation to virtue4 ,fir/1 z its effects2 & 9 ?is way e moral virtue has "s good op]ations z its product2 & a c]ta9 pleasure or sorr[ :i* are passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a74 ,secondly1 op]ation may be comp>$ to moral virtue z ! matt] ab\t :i* virtue is conc]n$3 & 9 ?is s5se ^? moral virtues :i* are ab\t op]ations mu/ ne$s diff] f ^? :i* are ab\t passions4 ,! reason = ?is is t good & evil1 9 c]ta9 op]ations1 are tak5 f ! v nature ( ^? op]ations1 no matt] h[ man may be affect$ t[>ds !m3 viz4 9 s f> z good & evil 9 !m dep5d on _! be+ comm5surate ) someone else4 ,9 op]ations ( ?is k9d !re ne$s to be "s p[] to regulate ! op]ations 9 !mselves3 su* are buy+ & sell+1 & all su* op]ations 9 :i* !re is an elem5t ( some?+ due or undue to ano!r4 ,= ?is reason ju/ice & its p>ts are prop]ly ab\t op]ations z _! prop] matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "s op]ations1 good & evil dep5d only on comm5suration ) ! ag5t4 ,consequ5tly good & evil 9 ^! op]ations dep5d on ! way 9 :i* man is affect$ to !m4 ,& = ?is reason 9 su* l op]ations virtue mu/ ne$s be *iefly ab\t int]nal emotions :i* are call$ ! passions ( ! s\l1 z is evid5tly ! case ) temp]ance1 =titude & ! l4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 9 op]ations :i* are direct$ to ano!r1 t ! good ( virtue is ov]look$ by reason ( "s inord9ate passion ( ! s\l4 ,9 su* cases ju/ice is de/roy$ 9 s f> z ! due measure ( ! ext]nal act is de/roy$3 :ile "s o!r virtue is de/roy$ 9 s f> z ! int]nal passions exce$ _! due measure4 ,?us :5 ?r\gh ang]1 "o man /rikes ano!r1 ju/ice is de/roy$ 9 ! undue bl[2 :ile g5tl5ess is de/roy$ by ! immod]ate ang]4 ,! same may be cle>ly appli$ to o!r virtues4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,= ! fir/ consid]s op]ations z ! effect ( virtue1 :ile ! o!r two consid] op]ation & passion z concurr+ 9 ! same effect4 ,b 9 "s cases virtue is *iefly ab\t op]ations1 9 o!rs1 ab\t passions1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,"o ,moral ,virtue ,ab\t ,op]ations8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is b "o moral virtue ab\t op]ations4 ,because ! rectitude ( all ext]nal op]ations seems to belong to ju/ice4 ,n[ ju/ice is b "o virtue4 ,!re=e !re is b "o virtue ab\t op]ations4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? op]ations seem to diff] mo/1 :i* are direct$ on ! "o side to ! good ( ! individual1 & on ! o!r to ! good ( ! _m4 ,b ?is div]sity does n cause div]sity among ! moral virtues3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t legal ju/ice1 :i* directs human acts to ! common good1 does n diff]1 save logically1 f ! virtue :i* directs a man's actions to "o man only4 ,!re=e div]sity ( op]ations does n cause a div]sity ( moral virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if !re are v>i\s moral virtues ab\t v>i\s op]ations1 div]sity ( moral virtues w\ld ne$s foll[ div]sity ( op]ations4 ,b ?is is cle>ly untrue3 = x is ! function ( ju/ice to e/abli% rectitude 9 v>i\s k9ds ( commutations1 & aga9 9 di/ributions1 z is set d[n 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #b4 ,!re=e !re are n diff]5t virtues ab\t diff]5t op]ations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,religion is a moral virtue di/9ct f piety1 bo? ( :i* are ab\t op]ations4 ,i answ] t1 ,all ! moral virtues t are ab\t op]ations agree 9 "o g5]al notion ( ju/ice1 :i* is 9 respect ( some?+ due to ano!r3 b !y diff] 9 respect ( v>i\s special notions4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 ext]nal op]ations1 ! ord] ( reason is e/abli%$1 z we h /at$ 7,a4 #b71 n accord+ z h[ man is affect$ t[>ds su* op]ations1 b accord+ to ! becom+ness ( ! ?+ itself2 f :i* becom+ness we d]ive ! notion ( some?+ due :i* is ! =mal aspect ( ju/ice3 =1 seem+ly1 x p]ta9s to ju/ice t a man give ano!r 8 due4 ,:]e=e all su* virtues z are ab\t op]ations1 be>1 9 "s way1 ! "* ( ju/ice4 ,b ! ?+ due is n ( ! same k9d 9 all ^! virtues3 = some?+ is due to an equal 9 "o way1 to a sup]ior1 9 ano!r way1 to an inf]ior1 9 yet ano!r2 & ! nature ( a debt diff]s accord+ z x arises f a contract1 a promise1 or a favor already conf]r$4 ,& correspond+ to ^! v>i\s k9ds ( debt !re are v>i\s virtues3 e4g4 ,religion :]eby we pay our debt to ,god2 ,piety1 :]eby we pay our debt to our p>5ts or to our c\ntry2 ,gratitude1 :]eby we pay our debt to our b5efactors1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ju/ice prop]ly s call$ is "o special virtue1 ^: object is ! p]fect due1 :i* c be paid 9 ! equival5t4 ,b ! "n ( ju/ice is ext5d$ also to all cases 9 :i* some?+ due is r5d]$3 9 ?is s5se x is n z a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t ju/ice :i* seeks ! common good is ano!r virtue f t :i* is direct$ to ! private good ( an individual3 :]e=e common "r diff]s f private "r2 & ,tully 7,de ,inv4 ii7 reckons z a special virtue1 piety :i* directs man to ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,b t ju/ice :i* directs man to ! common good is a g5]al virtue ?r\gh its act ( comm&3 s9ce x directs all ! acts ( ! virtues to its own end1 viz4 ! common good4 ,& ! virtues1 9 s f> z !y are comm&$ by t ju/ice1 receive ! "n ( ju/ice3 s t virtue does n diff]1 save logically1 f legal ju/ice2 j z !re is only a logical diff]5ce betwe5 a virtue t is active ( itself1 & a virtue t is active ?r\gh ! comm& ( ano!r virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is ! same k9d ( due 9 all ! op]ations belong+ to special ju/ice4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is ! same virtue ( ju/ice1 especially 9 reg>d to commutations4 ,= x may be t di/ributive ju/ice is ( ano!r species f commutative ju/ice2 b ab\t ?is we %all inquire lat] on 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #a74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,diff]5t ,moral ,virtues ,ab\t ,diff]5t ,passions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n diff]5t moral virtues ab\t diff]5t passions4 ,= !re is b "o habit ab\t ?+s t concur 9 _! s\rce & end3 z is evid5t especially 9 ! case ( sci5ces4 ,b ! passions all concur 9 "o s\rce1 viz4 love2 & !y all t]m9ate 9 ! same end1 viz4 joy or sorr[1 z we /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #d2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e !re is b "o moral virtue ab\t all ! passions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if !re 7 diff]5t moral virtues ab\t diff]5t passions1 x w\ld foll[ t !re are z _m moral virtues z passions4 ,b ?is cle>ly is n ! case3 s9ce !re is "o moral virtue ab\t contr>y passions2 namely1 =titude1 ab\t fe> & d>+2 temp]ance1 ab\t pleasure & sorr[4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = diff]5t moral virtues ab\t diff]5t passions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 love1 desire1 & pleasure are passions ( diff]5t species1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ !re is b "o virtue ab\t all ^! ?ree1 viz4 temp]ance4 ,!re=e !re are n diff]5t moral virtues ab\t diff]5t passions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,=titude is ab\t fe> & d>+2 temp]ance ab\t desire2 meekness ab\t ang]2 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #f1 #aj2 iv1 #e4 ,i answ] t1 ,x _c be said t !re is only "o moral virtue ab\t all ! passions3 s9ce "s passions are n 9 ! same p[] z o!r passions2 = "s belong to ! irascible1 o!rs to ! concupiscible faculty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,on ! o!r h&1 nei!r does e div]sity ( passions necess>ily suffice = a div]sity ( moral virtues4 ,fir/1 because "s passions are 9 contr>y opposition to "o ano!r1 su* z joy & sorr[1 fe> & d>+1 & s on4 ,ab\t su* passions z are ?us 9 opposition to "o ano!r !re mu/ ne$s be "o same virtue4 ,because1 s9ce moral virtue consi/s 9 a k9d ( mean1 ! mean 9 contr>y passions /&s 9 ! same ratio to bo?1 ev5 z 9 ! natural ord] !re is b "o mean betwe5 contr>ies1 e4g4 betwe5 black & :ite4 ,secondly1 because !re are diff]5t passions contradict+ reason 9 ! same mann]1 e4g4 by impell+ to t :i* is contr>y to reason1 or by )draw+ f t :i* is 9 accord ) reason4 ,:]e=e ! diff]5t passions ( ! concupiscible faculty d n require diff]5t moral virtues1 because _! movem5ts foll[ "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 z be+ direct$ to ! "o same ?+1 viz4 ! atta9m5t ( "s good or ! avoidance ( "s evil3 ?us f love proce$s desire1 & f desire we arrive at pleasure2 & x is ! same ) ! opposite passions1 = hatr$ leads to avoidance or dislike1 & ?is leads to sorr[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! irascible passions are n all ( "o ord]1 b are direct$ to diff]5t ?+s3 = d>+ & fe> are ab\t "s great dang]2 hope & despair are ab\t "s difficult good2 :ile ang] seeks to ov]come some?+ contr>y :i* has wr\ght h>m4 ,consequ5tly !re are diff]5t virtues ab\t su* l passions3 e4g4 temp]ance1 ab\t ! concupiscible passions2 =titude1 ab\t fe> & d>+2 magnanimity1 ab\t hope & despair2 meekness1 ab\t ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! passions concur 9 "o common pr9ciple & end2 b n 9 "o prop] pr9ciple or end3 & s ?is does n suffice = ! unity ( moral virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z 9 ! natural ord] ! same pr9ciple causes movem5t f "o extreme & movem5t t[>ds ! o!r2 & z 9 ! intellectual ord] contr>ies h "o common ratio2 s too betwe5 contr>y passions !re is b "o moral virtue1 :i*1 l a second nature1 cons5ts to reason's dictates4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? ?ree passions are direct$ to ! same object 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 z /at$ above3 & s !y belong to ! same virtue4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,moral ,virtues ,diff] 9 ,po9t ( ! ,v>i\s ,objects ( ! ,passions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues d n diff] accord+ to ! objects ( ! passions4 ,= j z !re are objects ( passions1 s are !re objects ( op]ations4 ,n[ ^? moral virtues t are ab\t op]ations1 d n diff] accord+ to ! objects ( ^? op]ations3 = ! buy+ & sell+ ei!r ( a h\se or ( a horse belong to ! "o same virtue ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e nei!r d ^? moral virtues t are ab\t passions diff] accord+ to ! objects ( ^? passions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! passions are acts or movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,n[ x ne$s a great] diff]5ce to diff]5tiate habits ?an acts4 ,h5ce div]se objects :i* d n div]sify ! species ( passions1 d n div]sify ! species ( moral virtue3 s t !re is b "o moral virtue ab\t all objects ( pleasure1 & ! same applies to ! o!r passions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m or less d n *ange a species4 ,n[ v>i\s objects ( pleasure diff] only by reason ( be+ m or less pleasurable4 ,!re=e all objects ( pleasure belong to "o species ( virtue3 & = ! same reason s d all fe>ful objects1 & ! same applies to o!rs4 ,!re=e moral virtue is n div]sifi$ accord+ to ! objects ( ! passions4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 virtue h9d]s evil1 ev5 z x produces good4 ,b !re are v>i\s virtues ab\t ! desires = good ?+s3 ?us temp]ance is ab\t desires = ! pleasure ( t\*1 & eutrapelia ab\t pleasures 9 games4 ,!re=e !re %\ld be diff]5t virtues ab\t fe>s ( evils4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*a/ity is ab\t sexual pleasures1 ab/95ce ab\t pleasures ( ! table1 & eutrapelia ab\t pleasures 9 games4 ,i answ] t1 ,! p]fection ( a virtue dep5ds on ! reason2 :]eas ! p]fection ( a passion dep5ds on ! s5sitive appetite4 ,consequ5tly virtues mu/ ne$s be diff]5tiat$ accord+ to _! relation to reason1 b ! passions accord+ to _! relation to ! appetite4 ,h5ce ! objects ( ! passions1 accord+ z !y are v>i\sly relat$ to ! s5sitive appetite1 cause ! diff]5t species ( passions3 :ile1 accord+ z !y are relat$ to reason1 !y cause ! diff]5t species ( virtues4 ,n[ ! movem5t ( reason is n ! same z t ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,:]e=e no?+ h9d]s a diff]5ce ( objects f caus+ div]sity ( passions1 )\t caus+ div]sity ( virtues1 z :5 "o virtue is ab\t sev]al passions1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d72 & aga91 a diff]5ce ( objects f caus+ diff]5t virtues1 )\t caus+ a diff]5ce ( passions1 s9ce sev]al virtues are direct$ ab\t "o passion1 e4g4 pleasure4 ,& because div]se passions belong+ to div]se p[]s1 always belong to div]se virtues1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d72 !re=e a diff]5ce ( objects t corresponds to a diff]5ce ( p[]s always causes a specific diff]5ce ( virtues--= in/ance ! diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* is good absolutely speak+1 & t :i* is good & difficult to obta94 ,moreov] s9ce ! reason rules man's l[] p[]s 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & ev5 ext5ds to outw>d ?+s2 h5ce1 "o s+le object ( ! passions1 accord+ z x is appreh5d$ by s5se1 imag9ation1 or reason1 & aga91 accord+ z x belongs to ! s\l1 body1 or ext]nal ?+s1 has v>i\s relations to reason1 & consequ5tly is ( a nature to cause a diff]5ce ( virtues4 ,consequ5tly man's good :i* is ! object ( love1 desire & pleasure1 may be tak5 z ref]r$ ei!r to a bodily s5se1 or to ! inn] appreh5sion ( ! m9d3 & ?is same good may be direct$ to man's good 9 himself1 ei!r 9 8 body or 9 8 s\l1 or to man's good 9 relation to o!r m54 ,& e su* diff]5ce1 be+ diff]5tly relat$ to reason1 diff]5tiates virtues4 ,accord+ly1 if we take a good1 & x be some?+ disc]n$ by ! s5se ( t\*1 & some?+ p]ta9+ to ! upkeep ( human life ei!r 9 ! individual or 9 ! species1 su* z ! pleasures ( ! table or ( sexual int]c\rse1 x w belong to ! virtue ( temp]ance4 ,z reg>ds ! pleasures ( ! o!r s5ses1 !y are n int5se1 & s d n pres5t mu* difficulty to ! reason3 h5ce !re is no virtue correspond+ to !m2 = virtue1 l art1 is ab\t difficult ?+s 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,on ! o!r h&1 good disc]n$ n by ! s5ses1 b by an inn] p[]1 & belong+ to man 9 himself1 is l money & honor2 ! =m]1 by its v nature1 be+ employable = ! good ( ! body1 :ile ! latt] is bas$ on ! appreh5sion ( ! m9d4 ,^! goods aga9 may be consid]$ ei!r absolutely1 9 :i* way !y conc]n ! concupiscible faculty1 or z be+ difficult to obta91 9 :i* way !y belong to ! irascible "p3 :i* di/9ction1 h[ev]1 has no place 9 pleasurable objects ( t\*2 s9ce su* are ( base condition1 & are becom+ to man 9 s f> z he has some?+ 9 common ) irrational animals4 ,accord+ly 9 ref]5ce to money consid]$ z a good absolutely1 z an object ( desire1 pleasure1 or love1 !re is lib]ality3 b if we consid] ?is good z difficult to get1 & z be+ ! object ( our hope1 !re is magnific5ce 99megaloprepeia4 ,) reg>d to t good :i* we call honor1 tak5 absolutely1 z ! object ( love1 we h a virtue call$ philotimia1 i4e4 love ( honor3 :ile if we consid] x z h>d to atta91 & z an object ( hope1 !n we h magnanimity4 ,:]e=e lib]ality & philotimia seem to be 9 ! concupiscible "p1 :ile magnific5ce & magnanimity are 9 ! irascible4 ,z reg>ds man's good 9 relation to o!r m51 x does n seem h>d to obta91 b is consid]$ absolutely1 z ! object ( ! concupiscible passions4 ,?is good may be pleasurable to a man 9 8 behavior t[>ds ano!r ei!r 9 "s s]i\s matt]1 9 actions1 to wit1 t are direct$ by reason to a due end1 or 9 playful actions1 viz4 t are done = m]e pleasure1 & :i* d n /& 9 ! same relation to reason z ! =m]4 ,n[ "o man behaves t[>ds ano!r 9 s]i\s matt]s1 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z be+ pleasant 9 8 reg>d1 by becom+ spee* & de$s3 & ?is belongs to a virtue :i* ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g7 calls fri5d%ip 99philia1 & may be r5d]$ affability4 ,secondly1 "o man behaves t[>ds ano!r by be+ frank ) him1 9 words & de$s3 ?is belongs to ano!r virtue :i* 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 he calls tru?fulness 99ale!ia4 ,= frankness is m ak9 to ! reason ?an pleasure1 & s]i\s matt]s ?an play4 ,h5ce !re is ano!r virtue ab\t ! pleasures ( games1 :i* ! ,philosoph] calls eutrapelia 7,e?ic4 iv1 #h74 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 !re are t5 moral virtues ab\t ! passions1 viz4 =titude1 temp]ance1 lib]ality1 magnific5ce1 magnanimity1 philotimia1 g5tl5ess1 fri5d%ip1 tru?fulness1 & eutrapelia1 all ( :i* diff] 9 respect ( _! div]se matt]1 passions1 or objects3 s t if we add ju/ice1 :i* is ab\t op]ations1 !re w be elev5 9 all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all objects ( ! same specific op]ation h ! same relation to reason3 n s all ! objects ( ! same specific passion2 because op]ations d n ?w>t reason z ! passions d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,passions are n diff]5tiat$ by ! same rule z virtues are1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m & less d n cause a diff]5ce ( species1 unless !y be> diff]5t relations to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,good is a m pot5t mov] ?an evil3 because evil does n cause movem5t save 9 virtue ( good1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,h5ce an evil does n prove an ob/acle to reason1 s z to require virtues unless t evil be great2 !re be+1 seem+ly1 "o su* evil correspond+ to ea* k9d ( passion4 ,h5ce !re is b "o virtue1 meekness1 = e =m ( ang]2 &1 aga91 b "o virtue1 =titude1 = all =ms ( d>+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 good involves difficulty1 :i* requires virtue1 ev5 if x be n a great good 9 t p>ticul> k9d ( passion4 ,consequ5tly !re are v>i\s moral virtues ab\t desires1 z /at$ above4 ,,"q #fa ,,( ,,! ,,c>d9al ,,virtues 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! c>d9al virtues3 "u :i* head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! moral virtues %\ld be call$ c>d9al or pr9cipal virtues8 7#b7 ,( _! numb]2 7#c7 ,:i* are !y8 7#d7 ,:e!r !y diff] f "o ano!r8 7#e7 ,:e!r !y are fitt+ly divid$ into social1 p]fect+1 p]fect1 & exempl> virtues8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,moral ,virtues ,%\ld ,be ,call$ ,c>d9al or ,pr9cipal ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtues %\ld n be call$ c>d9al or pr9cipal virtues4 ,= ! opposite memb]s ( a division are by nature simultane\s 7,categor4 x71 s t "o is n pr9cipal r ?an ano!r4 ,n[ all ! virtues are opposite memb]s ( ! division ( ! g5us virtue4 ,!re=e none ( !m %\ld be call$ pr9cipal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! end is pr9cipal z comp>$ to ! means4 ,b ! !ological virtues are ab\t ! end2 :ile ! moral virtues are ab\t ! means4 ,!re=e ! !ological virtues1 r ?an ! moral virtues1 %\ld be call$ pr9cipal or c>d9al4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is ess5tially s is pr9cipal 9 comp>ison ) t :i* is s by p>ticipation4 ,b ! intellectual virtues belong to t :i* is ess5tially rational3 :]eas ! moral virtues belong to t :i* is rational by p>ticipation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! intellectual virtues are pr9cipal1 r ?an ! moral virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose 9 expla9+ ! words1 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s 7,luke #f3bj7 says3 ,we "k t !re are f\r c>d9al virtues1 viz4 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 prud5ce1 & =titude4 ,b ^! are moral virtues4 ,!re=e ! moral virtues are c>d9al virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 we speak ( virtue simply1 we are und]/ood to speak ( human virtue4 ,n[ human virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c71 is "o t answ]s to ! p]fect idea ( virtue1 :i* requires rectitude ( ! appetite3 = su* l virtue n only conf]s ! faculty ( do+ well1 b also causes ! good de$ done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "n virtue is appli$ to "o t answ]s imp]fectly to ! idea ( virtue1 & does n require rectitude ( ! appetite3 because x m]ely conf]s ! faculty ( do+ well )\t caus+ ! good de$ to be done4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! p]fect is pr9cipal z comp>$ to ! imp]fect3 & s ^? virtues :i* imply rectitude ( ! appetite are call$ pr9cipal virtues4 ,su* are ! moral virtues1 & prud5ce alone1 ( ! intellectual virtues1 = x is also some?+ ( a moral virtue1 z 0 cle>ly %[n above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly1 ^? virtues :i* are call$ pr9cipal or c>d9al are fitt+ly plac$ among ! moral virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a univocal g5us is divid$ into its species1 ! memb]s ( ! division are on a p> 9 ! po9t ( ! g5]ic idea2 al?\gh consid]$ 9 _! nature z ?+s1 "o species may surpass ano!r 9 rank & p]fection1 z man 9 respect ( o!r animals4 ,b :5 we divide an analog\s t]m1 :i* is appli$ to sev]al ?+s1 b to "o be=e x is appli$ to ano!r1 no?+ h9d]s "o f rank+ be=e ano!r1 ev5 9 ! po9t ( ! g5]ic idea2 z ! notion ( be+ is appli$ to sub/ance pr9cipally 9 relation to accid5t4 ,su* is ! division ( virtue into v>i\s k9ds ( virtue3 s9ce ! good def9$ by reason is n f\nd 9 ! same way 9 all ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! !ological virtues are above man1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,h5ce !y %\ld prop]ly be call$ n human1 b sup]-human or godlike virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! intellectual virtues1 except 9 prud5ce1 rank be=e ! moral virtues1 9 ! po9t ( _! subject1 !y d n rank be=e !m z virtues2 = a virtue1 z su*1 reg>ds good1 :i* is ! object ( ! appetite4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,f\r ,c>d9al ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,= prud5ce is ! direct+ pr9ciple ( ! o!r moral virtues1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #d74 ,b t :i* directs o!r ?+s ranks be=e !m4 ,!re=e prud5ce alone is a pr9cipal virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! pr9cipal virtues are1 9 a way1 moral virtues4 ,n[ we are direct$ to moral works bo? by ! practical reason1 & by a "r appetite1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b4 ,!re=e !re are only two c>d9al virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev5 among ! o!r virtues "o ranks high] ?an ano!r4 ,b 9 ord] t a virtue be pr9cipal1 x ne$s n to rank above all ! o!rs1 b above "s4 ,!re=e x seems t !re are _m m pr9cipal virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii73 ,! entire /ructure ( good works is built on f\r virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,?+s may be numb]$ ei!r 9 respect ( _! =mal pr9ciples1 or accord+ to ! subjects 9 :i* !y are3 & ei!r way we f9d t !re are f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,= ! =mal pr9ciple ( ! virtue ( :i* we speak n[ is good z def9$ by reason2 :i* good is consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z exi/+ 9 ! v act ( reason3 & ?us we h "o pr9cipal virtue1 call$ ,prud5ce4 ,secondly1 accord+ z ! reason puts its ord] into some?+ else2 ei!r into op]ations1 & !n we h ,ju/ice2 or into passions1 & !n we ne$ two virtues4 ,= ! ne$ ( putt+ ! ord] ( reason into ! passions is due to _! ?w>t+ reason3 & ?is occurs 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by ! passions incit+ to some?+ aga9/ reason1 & !n ! passions ne$ a curb1 :i* we call ,temp]ance4 ,secondly1 by ! passions )draw+ u f foll[+ ! dictate ( reason1 e4g4 ?r\gh fe> ( dang] or toil3 & !n man ne$s to be /r5g!n$ = t :i* reason dictates1 le/ he turn back2 & to ?is end !re is ,=titude4 ,9 l mann]1 we f9d ! same numb] if we consid] ! subjects ( virtue4 ,= !re are f\r subjects ( ! virtue we speak ( n[3 viz4 ! p[] :i* is rational 9 its ess5ce1 & ?is is p]fect$ by ,prud5ce2 & t :i* is rational by p>ticipation1 & is ?reefold1 ! w1 subject ( ,ju/ice1 ! concupiscible faculty1 subject ( ,temp]ance1 & ! irascible faculty1 subject ( ,=titude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prud5ce is ! pr9cipal ( all ! virtues simply4 ,! o!rs are pr9cipal1 ea* 9 its own g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t "p ( ! s\l :i* is rational by p>ticipation is ?reefold1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! o!r virtues among :i* "o ranks be=e ano!r1 are r$ucible to ! above f\r1 bo? z to ! subject & z to ! =mal pr9ciple4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,o!r ,virtues ,%\ld ,be ,call$ ,pr9cipal ,r ,?an ,^!8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t o!r virtues %\ld be call$ pr9cipal r ?an ^!4 ,=1 seem+ly1 ! greate/ is ! pr9cipal 9 any g5us4 ,n[ magnanimity has a great influ5ce on all ! virtues 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,!re=e magnanimity %\ld m ?an any be call$ a pr9cipal virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* /r5g!ns ! o!r virtues %\ld above all be call$ a pr9cipal virtue4 ,b su* is humility3 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 iv 9 ,ev47 t he :o ga!rs ! o!r virtues )\t humility is z "o :o c>ries /raw aga9/ ! w9d4 ,!re=e humility seems above all to be a pr9cipal virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is mo/ p]fect seems to be pr9cipal4 ,b ?is applies to pati5ce1 accord+ to ,james #a3d3 ,pati5ce ha? a p]fect "w4 ,!re=e pati5ce %\ld be reckon$ a pr9cipal virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,cic]o r$uces all o!r virtues to ^! f\r 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ^! f\r are reckon$ z c>d9al virtues1 9 respect ( ! f\r =mal pr9ciples ( virtue z we und]/& x n[4 ,^! pr9ciples are f\nd *iefly 9 c]ta9 acts & passions4 ,?us ! good :i* exi/s 9 ! act ( reason1 is f\nd *iefly 9 reason's comm&1 b n 9 its c\nsel or its judgm5t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #f74 ,aga91 good z def9$ by reason & put into our op]ations z some?+ "r & due1 is f\nd *iefly 9 commutations & di/ributions 9 respect ( ano!r p]son1 & on a basis ( equality4 ,! good ( curb+ ! passions is f\nd *iefly 9 ^? passions :i* are mo/ difficult to curb1 viz4 9 ! pleasures ( t\*4 ,! good ( be+ firm 9 hold+ to ! good def9$ by reason1 aga9/ ! impulse ( passion1 is f\nd *iefly 9 p]ils ( dea?1 :i* are mo/ difficult to )/&4 ,accord+ly ! above f\r virtues may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( _! common =mal pr9ciples4 ,9 ?is way !y are call$ pr9cipal1 be+ g5]al1 z x 71 9 comp>ison ) all ! virtues3 s t1 = in/ance1 any virtue t causes good 9 reason's act ( consid]ation1 may be call$ prud5ce2 e virtue t causes ! good ( "r & due 9 op]ation1 be call$ ju/ice2 e virtue t curbs & represses ! passions1 be call$ temp]ance2 & e virtue t /r5g!ns ! m9d aga9/ any passions :atev]1 be call$ =titude4 ,_m1 bo? holy doctors1 z also philosoph]s1 speak ab\t ^! virtues 9 ?is s5se3 & 9 ?is way ! o!r virtues are conta9$ "u !m4 ,:]e=e all ! objections fail4 ,secondly1 !y may be consid]$ 9 po9t ( _! be+ d5om9at$1 ea* "o f t :i* is =emo/ 9 its respective matt]1 & ?us !y are specific virtues1 condivid$ ) ! o!rs4 ,yet !y are call$ pr9cipal 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r virtues1 on acc\nt ( ! importance ( _! matt]3 s t prud5ce is ! virtue :i* comm&s2 ju/ice1 ! virtue :i* is ab\t due actions betwe5 equals2 temp]ance1 ! virtue :i* suppresses desires = ! pleasures ( t\*2 & =titude1 ! virtue :i* /r5g!ns aga9/ dang]s ( dea?4 ,?us aga9 d ! objections fail3 because ! o!r virtues may be pr9cipal 9 "s o!r way1 b ^! are call$ pr9cipal by reason ( _! matt]1 z /at$ above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,f\r ,c>d9al ,virtues ,diff] f ,"o ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! above f\r virtues are n div]se & di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxii1 #a73 ,!re is no true prud5ce1 unless x be j1 temp]ate & brave2 no p]fect temp]ance1 t is n brave1 j & prud5t2 no s\nd =titude1 t is n prud5t1 temp]ate & j2 no real ju/ice1 )\t prud5ce1 =titude & temp]ance4 ,b ?is w\ld n be s1 if ! above virtues 7 di/9ct f "o ano!r3 s9ce ! diff]5t species ( "o g5us d n qualify "o ano!r4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid virtues are n di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 among ?+s di/9ct f "o ano!r ! function ( "o is n attribut$ to ano!r4 ,b ! function ( temp]ance is attribut$ to =titude3 = ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 xxxvi73 ,rightly d we call x =titude1 :5 a man conqu]s himself1 & is n weak5$ & b5t by any enticem5t4 ,& ( temp]ance he says 7,de ,(fic4 xliii1 xlv7 t x safegu>ds ! mann] & ord] 9 all ?+s t we decide to d & say4 ,!re=e x seems t ^! virtues are n di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d7 t ! necess>y conditions ( virtue are fir/ ( all t a man %\ld h k2 secondly1 t he %\ld ex]cise *oice = a p>ticul> end2 ?irdly1 t he %\ld possess ! habit & act ) firmness & /eadfa/ness4 ,b ! fir/ ( ^! seems to belong to prud5ce :i* is rectitude ( reason 9 ?+s to be done2 ! second1 i4e4 *oice1 belongs to temp]ance1 :]eby a man1 hold+ 8 passions on ! curb1 acts1 n f passion b f *oice2 ! ?ird1 t a man %\ld act = ! sake ( a due end1 implies a c]ta9 rectitude1 :i* seem+ly belongs to ju/ice2 :ile ! la/1 viz4 firmness & /eadfa/ness1 belongs to =titude4 ,!re=e ea* ( ^! virtues is g5]al 9 comp>ison to o!r virtues4 ,!re=e !y are n di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xi7 t !re are f\r virtues1 correspond+ to ! v>i\s emotions ( love1 & he applies ?is to ! f\r virtues m5tion$ above4 ,!re=e ! same f\r virtues are di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 ^! f\r virtues are und]/ood diff]5tly by v>i\s writ]s4 ,= "s take !m z signify+ c]ta9 g5]al conditions ( ! human m9d1 to be f\nd 9 all ! virtues3 s t1 to wit1 prud5ce is m]ely a c]ta9 rectitude ( discretion 9 any actions or matt]s :atev]2 ju/ice1 a c]ta9 rectitude ( ! m9d1 :]eby a man does :at he ought 9 any matt]s2 temp]ance1 a disposition ( ! m9d1 mod]at+ any passions or op]ations1 s z to keep !m )9 b\nds2 & =titude1 a disposition :]eby ! s\l is /r5g!n$ = t :i* is 9 accord ) reason1 aga9/ any assaults ( ! passions1 or ! toil involv$ by any op]ations4 ,to di/+ui% ^! f\r virtues 9 ?is way does n imply t ju/ice1 temp]ance & =titude are di/9ct virtu\s habits3 because x is fitt+ t e moral virtue1 f ! fact t x is a habit1 %\ld be accompani$ by a c]ta9 firmness s z n to be mov$ by its contr>y3 & ?is1 we h said1 belongs to =titude4 ,moreov]1 inasmu* z x is a virtue1 x is direct$ to good :i* involves ! notion ( "r & due2 & ?is1 we h said1 belongs to ju/ice4 ,aga91 ow+ to ! fact t x is a moral virtue p>tak+ ( reason1 x obs]ves ! mode ( reason 9 all ?+s1 & does n exce$ its b\nds1 :i* has be5 /at$ to belong to temp]ance4 ,x is only 9 ! po9t ( hav+ discretion1 :i* we ascrib$ to prud5ce1 t !re seems to be a di/9ction f ! o!r ?ree1 inasmu* z discretion belongs ess5tially to reason2 :]eas ! o!r ?ree imply a c]ta9 %>e ( reason by way ( a k9d ( application 7( reason7 to passions or op]ations4 ,accord+ to ! above explanation1 !n1 prud5ce w\ld be di/9ct f ! o!r ?ree virtues3 b ^! w\ld n be di/9ct f "o ano!r2 = x is evid5t t "o & ! same virtue is bo? habit1 & virtue1 & moral virtue4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ) bett] reason1 take ^! f\r virtues1 accord+ z !y h _! special det]m9ate matt]2 ea* ( its own matt]1 9 :i* special comm5dation is giv5 to t g5]al condition f :i* ! virtue's "n is tak5 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,9 ?is way x is cle> t ! a=esaid virtues are di/9ct habits1 diff]5tiat$ 9 respect ( _! div]se objects4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory is speak+ ( ^! f\r virtues 9 ! fir/ s5se giv5 above4 ,x may also be said t ^! f\r virtues qualify "o ano!r by a k9d ( ov]fl[4 ,= ! qualities ( prud5ce ov]fl[ on to ! o!r virtues 9 s f> z !y are direct$ by prud5ce4 ,& ea* ( ! o!rs ov]fl[s on to ! re/1 = ! reason t :oev] c d :at is h>d]1 c d :at is less difficult4 ,:]e=e :oev] c curb 8 desires = ! pleasures ( t\*1 s t !y keep )9 b\nds1 :i* is a v h>d ?+ to d1 = ?is v reason is m able to *eck 8 d>+ 9 dang]s ( dea?1 s z n to g too f>1 :i* is mu* easi]2 & 9 ?is s5se =titude is said to be temp]ate4 ,aga91 temp]ance is said to be brave1 by reason ( =titude ov]fl[+ into temp]ance3 9 s f>1 to wit1 z he ^: m9d is /r5g!n$ by =titude aga9/ dang]s ( dea?1 :i* is a matt] ( v great difficulty1 is m able to rema9 firm aga9/ ! onslaught ( pleasures2 = z ,cic]o says 7,de ,(fic4 i71 x w\ld be inconsi/5t = a man to be unbrok5 by fe>1 & yet vanqui%$ by cupidity2 or t he %\ld be conqu]$ by lu/1 aft] %[+ himself to be unconqu]$ by toil4 ,f ?is ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection is cle>4 ,= temp]ance obs]ves ! mean 9 all ?+s1 & =titude keeps ! m9d unb5t by ! enticem5ts ( pleasures1 ei!r 9 s f> z ^! virtues are tak5 to d5ote c]ta9 g5]al conditions ( virtue1 or 9 ! s5se t !y ov]fl[ on to "o ano!r1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! f\r g5]al conditions ( virtue set d[n by ! ,philosoph]1 are n prop] to ! a=esaid virtues4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be appropriat$ to !m1 9 ! way above /at$4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,c>d9al ,virtues ,are ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,social ,virtues1 ,p]fect+1 ,p]fect1 & ,exempl> ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^! f\r virtues are unfitt+ly divid$ into exempl> virtues1 p]fect+ virtues1 p]fect virtues1 & social virtues4 ,= z ,macrobius says 7,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a71 ! exempl> virtues are su* z exi/ 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #h7 t x is absurd to ascribe ju/ice1 =titude1 temp]ance1 & prud5ce to ,god4 ,!re=e ^! virtues _c be exempl>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p]fect virtues are ^? :i* are )\t any passion3 = ,macrobius says 7,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a7 t 9 a s\l t is cleans$1 temp]ance has n to *eck worldly desires1 = x has =gott5 all ab\t !m3 =titude kn[s no?+ ab\t ! passions2 x does n h to conqu] !m4 ,n[ x 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #e7 t ! a=esaid virtues _c be )\t passions4 ,!re=e !re is no su* ?+ z p]fect virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 he says 7,macrobius3 ,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a7 t ! p]fect+ virtues are ^? ( ! man :o flies f human affairs & devotes himself exclusively to ! ?+s ( ,god4 ,b x seems wrong to d ?is1 = ,cic]o says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,i reckon t x is n only unwor?y ( praise1 b wick$ = a man to say t he despises :at mo/ m5 admire1 viz4 p[] & (fice4 ,!re=e !re are no p]fect+ virtues4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 he says 7,macrobius3 ,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a7 t ! social virtues are ^? :]eby good m5 "w = ! good ( _! c\ntry & = ! safety ( ! city4 ,b x is only legal ju/ice t is direct$ to ! common weal1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,!re=e o!r virtues %\ld n be call$ social4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius says 7,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a73 ,plot9us1 toge!r ) ,plato =emo/ among tea*]s ( philosophy1 says3 ',! f\r k9ds ( virtue are f\rfold3 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are social99 virtues2 secondly1 !re are p]fect+ virtues 99,virtutes purgatoriae3 lit]ally mean+1 cleans+ virtues2 ?irdly1 !re are p]fect 99,virtutes purgati animi3 lit]ally1 virtues ( ! clean s\l virtues2 & f\r?ly1 !re are exempl> virtues4' 99,cf4 ,*ryso/om's fifte5? homily on ,/4 ,mat!w1 :]e he says3 ,! g5tle1 ! mode/1 ! m]ciful1 ! j man does n %ut up 8 good de$s )9 himself 4 4 4 ,he t is clean ( he>t & peaceful1 & suff]s p]secution = ! sake ( ! tru?1 lives = ! common weal4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 vi71 ! s\l ne$s to foll[ some?+ 9 ord] to give bir? to virtue3 ?is some?+ is ,god3 if we foll[ ,him we %all live aright4 ,consequ5tly ! exempl> ( human virtue mu/ ne$s pre-exi/ 9 ,god1 j z 9 ,him pre-exi/ ! types ( all ?+s4 ,accord+ly virtue may be consid]$ z exi/+ orig9ally 9 ,god1 & ?us we speak ( exempl> virtues3 s t 9 ,god ! ,div9e ,m9d itself may be call$ prud5ce2 :ile temp]ance is ! turn+ ( ,god's gaze on ,himself1 ev5 z 9 u x is t :i* con=ms ! appetite to reason4 ,god's =titude is ,8 un*angeabl5ess2 ,8 ju/ice is ! obs]vance ( ! ,et]nal ,law 9 ,8 works1 z ,plot9us /ates 7,cf4 ,macrobius1 ,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a74 ,aga91 s9ce man by 8 nature is a social 99,see above note on ,*ryso/om animal1 ^! virtues1 9 s f> z !y are 9 him accord+ to ! condition ( 8 nature1 are call$ social virtues2 s9ce x is by reason ( !m t man behaves himself well 9 ! conduct ( human affairs4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we h be5 speak+ ( ^! virtues until n[4 ,b s9ce x behooves a man to d 8 utmo/ to /rive onw>d ev5 to ,div9e ?+s1 z ev5 ! ,philosoph] decl>es 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #g1 & z ,scripture (t5 admoni%es u--= in/ance3 ,be ye 4 4 4 p]fect1 z y\r heav5ly ,fa!r is p]fect 7,matt4 #e3dh71 we mu/ ne$s place "s virtues betwe5 ! social or human virtues1 & ! exempl> virtues :i* are ,div9e4 ,n[ ^! virtues diff] by reason ( a diff]5ce ( movem5t & t]m3 s t "s are virtues ( m5 :o are on _! way & t5d+ t[>ds ! ,div9e similitude2 & ^! are call$ p]fect+ virtues4 ,?us prud5ce1 by contemplat+ ! ?+s ( ,god1 c\nts z no?+ all ?+s ( ! _w1 & directs all ! ?\ghts ( ! s\l to ,god alone3 temp]ance1 s f> z nature all[s1 neglects ! ne$s ( ! body2 =titude prev5ts ! s\l f be+ afraid ( neglect+ ! body & ris+ to heav5ly ?+s2 & ju/ice consi/s 9 ! s\l giv+ a :ole-he>t$ cons5t to foll[ ! way ?us propos$4 ,besides ^! !re are ! virtues ( ^? :o h already atta9$ to ! ,div9e similitude3 ^! are call$ ! p]fect virtues4 ,?us prud5ce sees n\ght else b ! ?+s ( ,god2 temp]ance kn[s no e>?ly desires2 =titude has no k ( passion2 & ju/ice1 by imitat+ ! ,div9e ,m9d1 is unit$ !reto by an ev]la/+ cov5ant4 ,su* z ! virtues attribut$ to ! ,bless$1 or1 9 ?is life1 to "s :o are at ! summit ( p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ( ^! virtues accord+ z !y relate to human affairs2 = in/ance1 ju/ice1 ab\t buy+ & sell+2 =titude1 ab\t fe>2 temp]ance1 ab\t desires2 = 9 ?is s5se x is absurd to attribute !m to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,human virtues1 t is to say1 virtues ( m5 liv+ toge!r 9 ?is _w1 are ab\t ! passions4 ,b ! virtues ( ^? :o h atta9$ to p]fect bliss are )\t passions4 ,h5ce ,plot9us says 7,cf4 ,macrobius1 ,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 #a7 t ! social virtues *eck ! passions1 i4e4 !y br+ !m to ! relative mean2 ! second k9d1 viz4 ! p]fect+ virtues1 uproot !m2 ! ?ird k9d1 viz4 ! p]fect virtues1 =get !m2 :ile x is impi\s to m5tion !m 9 connection ) virtues ( ! f\r? k9d1 viz4 ! exempl> virtues4 ,x may also be said t "h he is speak+ ( passions z d5ot+ inord9ate emotions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to neglect human affairs :5 necessity =bids is wick$2 o!rwise x is virtu\s4 ,h5ce ,cic]o says a little e>li]3 ,p]haps "o %\ld make all[ances = ^? :o by reason ( _! exceptional tal5ts h devot$ !mselves to le>n+2 z also to ^? :o h retir$ f public life on acc\nt ( fail+ heal?1 or = "s o!r yet weighti] motive2 :5 su* m5 yield$ to o!rs ! p[] & r5[n ( au?ority4 ,?is agrees ) :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai73 ,! love ( tru? dem&s a hall[$ leisure2 *>ity necessitates good works4 ,if no "o lays ?is burd5 on u we may devote ourselves to ! /udy & contemplation ( tru?2 b if ! burd5 is laid on u x is to be tak5 up "u ! pressure ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,legal ju/ice alone reg>ds ! common weal directly3 b by comm&+ ! o!r virtues x draws !m all into ! s]vice ( ! common weal1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,= we mu/ take note t x conc]ns ! human virtues1 z we und]/& !m "h1 to d well n only t[>ds ! community1 b also t[>ds ! p>ts ( ! community1 viz4 t[>ds ! h\sehold1 or ev5 t[>ds "o individual4 ,,"q #fb ,,( ,,! ,,!ological ,,virtues 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ,!ological ,virtues3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re are any !ological virtues8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! !ological virtues are di/9ct f ! intellectual & moral virtues8 7#c7 ,h[ _m1 & :i* are !y8 7#d7 ,( _! ord]4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,any ,!ological ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n any !ological virtues4 ,= accord+ to ,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag1 virtue is ! disposition ( a p]fect ?+ to t :i* is be/3 & by p]fect1 ,i mean t :i* is dispos$ accord+ to nature4 ,b t :i* is ,div9e is above man's nature4 ,!re=e ! !ological virtues are n virtues ( a man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !ological virtues are quasi-,div9e virtues4 ,b ! ,div9e virtues are exempl>s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #e71 :i* are n 9 u b 9 ,god4 ,!re=e ! !ological virtues are n virtues ( man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! !ological virtues are s call$ because !y direct u to ,god1 ,:o is ! fir/ beg9n+ & la/ end ( all ?+s4 ,b by ! v nature ( 8 reason & w1 man is direct$ to 8 fir/ beg9n+ & la/ end4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = any habits ( !ological virtue1 to direct ! reason & w to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! precepts ( ! ,law are ab\t acts ( virtue4 ,n[ ! ,div9e ,law conta9s precepts ab\t ! acts ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity3 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #b3h1 seqq473 ,ye t fe> ! ,"l believe ,him1 & aga91 hope 9 ,him1 & aga91 love ,him4 ,!re=e fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are virtues direct+ u to ,god4 ,!re=e !y are !ological virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,man is p]fect$ by virtue1 = ^? actions :]eby he is direct$ to happ9ess1 z 0 expla9$ above 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #g74 ,n[ man's happ9ess is tw(old1 z 0 also /at$ above 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #e74 ,"o is proportionate to human nature1 a happ9ess1 to wit1 :i* man c obta9 by means ( 8 natural pr9ciples4 ,! o!r is a happ9ess surpass+ man's nature1 & :i* man c obta9 by ! p[] ( ,god alone1 by a k9d ( p>ticipation ( ! ,godhead1 ab\t :i* x is writt5 7#b ,pet4 #a3d7 t by ,*ri/ we are made p>tak]s ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,& because su* happ9ess surpasses ! capacity ( human nature1 man's natural pr9ciples :i* enable him to act well accord+ to 8 capacity1 d n suffice to direct man to ?is same happ9ess4 ,h5ce x is necess>y = man to receive f ,god "s additional pr9ciples1 :]eby he may be direct$ to sup]natural happ9ess1 ev5 z he is direct$ to 8 connatural end1 by means ( 8 natural pr9ciples1 albeit n )\t ,div9e assi/ance4 ,su* l pr9ciples are call$ !ological virtues3 fir/1 because _! object is ,god1 inasmu* z !y direct u aright to ,god3 secondly1 because !y are infus$ 9 u by ,god alone3 ?irdly1 because ^! virtues are n made kn[n to u1 save by ,div9e revelation1 conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a c]ta9 nature may be ascrib$ to a c]ta9 ?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ess5tially3 & ?us ^! !ological virtues surpass ! nature ( man4 ,secondly1 by p>ticipation1 z k9dl$ wood p>takes ( ! nature ( fire3 & ?us1 aft] a fa%ion1 man becomes a p>tak] ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 z /at$ above3 s t ^! virtues are proportionate to man 9 respect ( ! ,nature ( :i* he is made a p>tak]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! virtues are call$ ,div9e1 n z ?\gh ,god 7 virtu\s by reason ( !m1 b because ( !m ,god makes u virtu\s1 & directs u to ,himself4 ,h5ce !y are n exempl> b exemplate virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason & w are naturally direct$ to ,god1 inasmu* z ,he is ! beg9n+ & end ( nature1 b 9 proportion to nature4 ,b ! reason & w1 accord+ to _! nature1 are n suffici5tly direct$ to ,him 9 s f> z ,he is ! object ( sup]natural happ9ess4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,!ological ,virtues ,are ,di/9ct f ! ,intellectual & ,moral ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! !ological virtues are n di/9ct f ! moral & intellectual virtues4 ,= ! !ological virtues1 if !y be 9 a human s\l1 mu/ ne$s p]fect x1 ei!r z to ! intellective1 or z to ! appetitive "p4 ,n[ ! virtues :i* p]fect ! intellective "p are call$ intellectual2 & ! virtues :i* p]fect ! appetitive "p1 are call$ moral4 ,!re=e1 ! !ological virtues are n di/9ct f ! moral & intellectual virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! !ological virtues are ^? :i* direct u to ,god4 ,n[1 among ! intellectual virtues !re is "o :i* directs u to ,god3 ?is is wisdom1 :i* is ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 s9ce x consid]s ! highe/ cause4 ,!re=e ! !ological virtues are n di/9ct f ! intellectual virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv7 %[s h[ ! f\r c>d9al virtues are ! ord] ( love4 ,n[ love is *>ity1 :i* is a !ological virtue4 ,!re=e ! moral virtues are n di/9ct f ! !ological4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* is above man's nature is di/9ct f t :i* is accord+ to 8 nature4 ,b ! !ological virtues are above man's nature2 :ile ! intellectual & moral virtues are 9 proportion to 8 nature1 z cle>ly %[n above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !y are di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a71 habits are specifically di/9ct f "o ano!r 9 respect ( ! =mal diff]5ce ( _! objects4 ,n[ ! object ( ! !ological virtues is ,god ,himself1 ,:o is ! la/ end ( all1 z surpass+ ! k ( our reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! object ( ! intellectual & moral virtues is some?+ compreh5sible to human reason4 ,:]e=e ! !ological virtues are specifically di/9ct f ! moral & intellectual virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intellectual & moral virtues p]fect man's intellect & appetite accord+ to ! capacity ( human nature2 ! !ological virtues1 sup]naturally4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! wisdom :i* ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #c1 #g7 reckons z an intellectual virtue1 consid]s ,div9e ?+s s f> z !y are op5 to ! rese>* ( human reason4 ,!ological virtue1 on ! o!r h&1 is ab\t ^? same ?+s s f> z !y surpass human reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?\gh *>ity is love1 yet love is n always *>ity4 ,:51 !n1 x is /at$ t e virtue is ! ord] ( love1 ?is c be und]/ood ei!r ( love 9 ! g5]al s5se1 or ( ! love ( *>ity4 ,if x be und]/ood ( love1 commonly s call$1 !n ea* virtue is /at$ to be ! ord] ( love1 9 s f> z ea* c>d9al virtue requires ord9ate emotions2 & love is ! root & cause ( e emotion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b2 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be und]/ood ( ! love ( *>ity1 x does n mean t e o!r virtue is *>ity ess5tially3 b t all o!r virtues dep5d on *>ity 9 "s way1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #fe1 ,,aa4 #b1 #e2 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #g74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity ,are ,fitt+ly ,reckon$ ,z ,!ological ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are n fitt+ly reckon$ z ?ree !ological virtues4 ,= ! !ological virtues are 9 relation to ,div9e happ9ess1 :at ! natural incl9ation is 9 relation to ! connatural end4 ,n[ among ! virtues direct$ to ! connatural end !re is b "o natural virtue1 viz4 ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples4 ,!re=e !re %\ld be b "o !ological virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! !ological virtues are m p]fect ?an ! intellectual & moral virtues4 ,n[ fai? is n reckon$ among ! intellectual virtues1 b is some?+ less ?an a virtue1 s9ce x is imp]fect k4 ,likewise hope is n reckon$ among ! moral virtues1 b is some?+ less ?an a virtue1 s9ce x is a passion4 ,mu* less !re=e %\ld !y be reckon$ z !ological virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! !ological virtues direct man's s\l to ,god4 ,n[ man's s\l _c be direct$ to ,god1 save ?r\gh ! intellective "p1 :]e9 are ! intellect & w4 ,!re=e !re %\ld be only two !ological virtues1 "o p]fect+ ! intellect1 ! o!r1 ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ac73 ,n[ !re rema9 fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 ^! ?ree4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! !ological virtues direct man to sup]natural happ9ess 9 ! same way z by ! natural incl9ation man is direct$ to 8 connatural end4 ,n[ ! latt] happ5s 9 respect ( two ?+s4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! reason or intellect1 9 s f> z x conta9s ! fir/ univ]sal pr9ciples :i* are kn[n to u by ! natural light ( ! intellect1 & :i* are reason's />t+-po9t1 bo? 9 speculative & 9 practical matt]s4 ,secondly1 ?r\gh ! rectitude ( ! w :i* t5ds naturally to good z def9$ by reason4 ,b ^! two fall %ort ( ! ord] ( sup]natural happ9ess1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #b3i3 ,! eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r ha? x ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1 :at ?+s ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t love ,him4 ,consequ5tly 9 respect ( bo? ! above ?+s man ne$$ to receive 9 addition some?+ sup]natural to direct him to a sup]natural end4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! intellect1 man receives c]ta9 sup]natural pr9ciples1 :i* are held by means ( a ,div9e light3 ^! are ! articles ( fai?1 ab\t :i* is fai?4 ,secondly1 ! w is direct$ to ?is end1 bo? z to t end z some?+ atta9able--& ?is p]ta9s to hope--& z to a c]ta9 spiritual union1 :]eby ! w is1 s to speak1 trans=m$ into t end--& ?is belongs to *>ity4 ,= ! appetite ( a ?+ is mov$ & t5ds t[>ds its connatural end naturally2 & ?is movem5t is due to a c]ta9 con=mity ( ! ?+ ) its end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intellect requires intelligible species :]eby to und]/&3 consequ5tly !re is ne$ ( a natural habit 9 addition to ! p[]4 ,b ! v nature ( ! w suffices = x to be direct$ naturally to ! end1 bo? z to ! int5tion ( ! end & z to its con=mity ) ! end4 ,b ! nature ( ! p[] is insuffici5t 9 ei!r ( ^! respects1 = ! w to be direct$ to ?+s t are above its nature4 ,consequ5tly !re 0 ne$ = an additional sup]natural habit 9 bo? respects4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? & hope imply a c]ta9 imp]fection3 s9ce fai? is ( ?+s unse51 & hope1 ( ?+s n possess$4 ,h5ce fai? & hope1 9 ?+s t are subject to human p[]1 fall %ort ( ! notion ( virtue4 ,b fai? & hope 9 ?+s :i* are above ! capacity ( human nature surpass all virtue t is 9 proportion to man1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #a3be3 ,! weakness ( ,god is /rong] ?an m54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,two ?+s p]ta9 to ! appetite1 viz4 movem5t to ! end1 & con=mity ) ! end by means ( love4 ,h5ce !re mu/ ne$s be two !ological virtues 9 ! human appetite1 namely1 hope & *>ity4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,fai? ,prec$es ,hope1 & ,hope ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ord] ( ! !ological virtues is n t fai? prec$es hope1 & hope *>ity4 ,= ! root prec$es t :i* gr[s f x4 ,n[ *>ity is ! root ( all ! virtues1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ag3 ,be+ root$ & f\nd$ 9 *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity prec$es ! o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i73 ,a man _c love :at he does n believe to exi/4 ,b if he believes & loves1 by do+ good works he ends 9 hop+4 ,!re=e x seems t fai? prec$es *>ity1 & *>ity hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 love is ! pr9ciple ( all our emotions1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,n[ hope is a k9d ( emotion1 s9ce x is a passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e *>ity1 :i* is love1 prec$es hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le enum]ates !m ?us 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ac73 ,n[ !re rema9 fai?1 hope1 *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,ord] is tw(old3 ord] ( g5]ation1 & ord] ( p]fection4 ,by ord] ( g5]ation1 9 respect ( :i* matt] prec$es =m1 & ! imp]fect prec$es ! p]fect1 9 "o same subject fai? prec$es hope1 & hope *>ity1 z to _! acts3 because habits are all infus$ toge!r4 ,= ! movem5t ( ! appetite _c t5d to any?+1 ei!r by hop+ or lov+1 unless t ?+ be appreh5d$ by ! s5se or by ! intellect4 ,n[ x is by fai? t ! intellect appreh5ds ! object ( hope & love4 ,h5ce 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 fai? prec$es hope & *>ity4 ,9 l mann] a man loves a ?+ because he appreh5ds x z 8 good4 ,n[ f ! v fact t a man hopes to be able to obta9 "s good ?r\gh someone1 he looks on ! man 9 :om he hopes z a good ( 8 own4 ,h5ce = ! v reason t a man hopes 9 someone1 he proce$s to love him3 s t 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 hope prec$es *>ity z reg>ds _! respective acts4 ,b 9 ! ord] ( p]fection1 *>ity prec$es fai? & hope3 because bo? fai? & hope are quick5$ by *>ity1 & receive f *>ity _! full complem5t z virtues4 ,= ?us *>ity is ! "m & ! root ( all ! virtues1 inasmu* z x is ! =m ( !m all1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #h74 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( t hope :]eby a man hopes to obta9 bliss ?r\gh ! m]its :i* he has already3 ?is belongs to hope quick5$ by & foll[+ *>ity4 ,b x is possible = a man be=e hav+ *>ity1 to hope ?r\gh m]its n already possess$1 b :i* he hopes to possess4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #g71 9 treat+ ( ! passions1 hope reg>ds two ?+s4 ,"o z its pr9cipal object1 viz4 ! good hop$ =4 ,) reg>d to ?is1 love always prec$es hope3 = good is nev] hop$ = unless x be desir$ & lov$4 ,hope also reg>ds ! p]son f :om a man hopes to be able to obta9 "s good4 ,) reg>d to ?is1 hope prec$es love at fir/2 ?\gh aft]w>ds hope is increas$ by love4 ,because f ! fact t a man ?9ks t he c obta9 a good ?r\gh someone1 he beg9s to love him3 & f ! fact t he loves him1 he !n hopes all ! m 9 him4 ,,"q #fc ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,virtues 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( virtues2 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r virtue is 9 u by nature8 7#b7 ,:e!r any virtue is caus$ 9 u by habituation8 7#c7 ,:e!r any moral virtues are 9 u by infusion8 7#d7 ,:e!r virtue acquir$ by habituation1 is ( ! same species z infus$ virtue8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,virtue ,is 9 ,u by ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virtue is 9 u by nature4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #ad73 ,virtues are natural to u & are equally 9 all ( u4 ,& ,antony says 9 8 s]mon to ! monks3 ,if ! w contradicts nature x is p]v]se1 if x foll[ nature x is virtu\s4 ,moreov]1 a gloss on ,matt4 #d3bc1 ,jesus w5t ab\t1 etc41 says3 ,he taught !m natural virtues1 i4e4 *a/ity1 ju/ice1 humility1 :i* man possesses naturally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! virtu\s good consi/s 9 accord ) reason1 z 0 cle>ly %[n above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,b t :i* accords ) reason is natural to man2 s9ce reason is "p ( man's nature4 ,!re=e virtue is 9 man by nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is 9 u f bir? is said to be natural to u4 ,n[ virtues are 9 "s f bir?3 = x is writt5 7,job #ca3ah73 ,f my infancy m]cy grew up ) me2 & x came out ) me f my "m's womb4 ,!re=e virtue is 9 man by nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is 9 man by nature is common to all m51 & is n tak5 away by s91 s9ce ev5 9 ! demons natural gifts rema91 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b virtue is n 9 all m52 & is ca/ out by s94 ,!re=e x is n 9 man by nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,) reg>d to corporeal =ms1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ by "s t !y are :olly f )91 by ^?1 = in/ance1 :o upheld ! !ory ( lat5t =ms 99,anaxagoras2 ,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #d4 ,o!rs held t =ms are entirely f )\t1 ^?1 = in/ance1 :o ?\ght t corporeal =ms orig9at$ f "s sep>ate cause4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 e/eem$ t !y are p>tly f )91 9 s f> z !y pre-exi/ pot5tially 9 matt]2 & p>tly f )\t1 9 s f> z !y are br\ght into act by ! ag5t4 ,9 l mann] ) reg>d to sci5ces & virtues1 "s held t !y are :olly f )91 s t all virtues & sci5ces w\ld pre-exi/ 9 ! s\l naturally1 b t ! h9drances to sci5ce & virtue1 :i* are due to ! s\l be+ weigh$ d[n by ! body1 are remov$ by /udy & practice1 ev5 z iron is made bright by be+ poli%$4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,platoni/s4 ,o!rs said t !y are :olly f )\t1 be+ due to ! infl[ ( ! active intellect1 z ,avic5na ma9ta9$4 ,o!rs said t sci5ces & virtues are )9 u by nature1 s f> z we are adapt$ to !m1 b n 9 _! p]fection3 ?is is ! tea*+ ( ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a71 & is ne>] ! tru?4 ,to make ?is cle>1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t !re are two ways 9 :i* some?+ is said to be natural to a man2 "o is accord+ to 8 specific nature1 ! o!r accord+ to 8 individual nature4 ,&1 s9ce ea* ?+ d]ives its species f its =m1 & its individuation f matt]1 &1 aga91 s9ce man's =m is 8 rational s\l1 :ile 8 matt] is 8 body1 :atev] belongs to him 9 respect ( 8 rational s\l1 is natural to him 9 respect ( 8 specific nature2 :ile :atev] belongs to him 9 respect ( ! p>ticul> temp]am5t ( 8 body1 is natural to him 9 respect ( 8 individual nature4 ,= :atev] is natural to man 9 respect ( 8 body1 consid]$ z "p ( 8 species1 is to be ref]r$1 9 a way1 to ! s\l1 9 s f> z ?is p>ticul> body is adapt$ to ?is p>ticul> s\l4 ,9 bo? ^! ways virtue is natural to man in*oatively4 ,?is is s 9 respect ( ! specific nature1 9 s f> z 9 man's reason are to be f\nd in/ill$ by nature c]ta9 naturally kn[n pr9ciples ( bo? k & action1 :i* are ! nurs]ies ( intellectual & moral virtues1 & 9 s f> z !re is 9 ! w a natural appetite = good 9 accordance ) reason4 ,aga91 ?is is s 9 respect ( ! individual nature1 9 s f> z by reason ( a disposition 9 ! body1 "s are dispos$ ei!r well or ill to c]ta9 virtues3 because1 to wit1 c]ta9 s5sitive p[]s are acts ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 accord+ to ! disposition ( :i* ^! p[]s are help$ or h9d]$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! acts1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! rational p[]s also1 :i* ! a=esaid s5sitive p[]s assi/4 ,9 ?is way "o man has a natural aptitude = sci5ce1 ano!r = =titude1 ano!r = temp]ance3 & 9 ^! ways1 bo? intellectual & moral virtues are 9 u by way ( a natural aptitude1 in*oatively1 b n p]fectly1 s9ce nature is det]m9$ to "o1 :ile ! p]fection ( ^! virtues does n dep5d on "o p>ticul> mode ( action1 b on v>i\s modes1 9 respect ( ! v>i\s matt]s1 :i* con/itute ! sph]e ( virtue's action1 & accord+ to v>i\s circum/ances4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t all virtues are 9 u by nature1 accord+ to aptitude & in*oation1 b n accord+ to p]fection1 except ! !ological virtues1 :i* are entirely f )\t4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,= ! fir/ two argue ab\t ! nurs]ies ( virtue :i* are 9 u by nature1 inasmu* z we are rational be+s4 ,! ?ird objection mu/ be tak5 9 ! s5se t1 ow+ to ! natural disposition :i* ! body has f bir?1 "o has an aptitude = pity1 ano!r = liv+ temp]ately1 ano!r = "s o!r virtue4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,any ,virtue ,is ,caus$ 9 ,u by ,habituation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virtues c n be caus$ 9 u by habituation4 ,because a gloss ( ,augu/9e 99,cf4 ,lib4 ,s5t5t4 ,prosp]i cvi4 comm5t+ on ,rom4 #ad3bc1 ,all t is n ( fai? is s91 says3 ,! :ole life ( an unbeliev] is a s93 & !re is no good )\t ! ,sov]eign ,good4 ,:]e k ( ! tru? is lack+1 virtue is a mock]y ev5 9 ! be/ behav$ p4 ,n[ fai? _c be acquir$ by means ( works1 b is caus$ 9 u by ,god1 accord+ to ,eph4 #b3h3 ,by grace y are sav$ ?r\gh fai?4 ,!re=e no acquir$ virtue c be 9 u by habituation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 & virtue are contr>ies1 s t !y are incompatible4 ,n[ man _c avoid s9 except by ! grace ( ,god1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3ba3 ,i knew t ,i c\ld n o!rwise be cont95t1 except ,god gave x4 ,!re=e nei!r c any virtues be caus$ 9 u by habituation1 b only by ! gift ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 actions :i* lead t[>d virtue1 lack ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,b an effect _c be m p]fect ?an its cause4 ,!re=e a virtue _c be caus$ by actions t prec$e x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t good is m efficaci\s ?an evil4 ,b vici\s habits are caus$ by evil acts4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c virtu\s habits be caus$ by good acts4 ,i answ] t1 ,we h spok5 above 7,q4 #ea1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c7 9 a g5]al way ab\t ! production ( habits f acts2 & speak+ n[ 9 a special way ( ?is matt] 9 relation to virtue1 we mu/ take note t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 man's virtue p]fects him 9 relation to good4 ,n[ s9ce ! notion ( good consi/s 9 mode1 species1 & ord]1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,nat4 ,boni4 iii7 or 9 numb]1 weight1 & measure1 z express$ 9 ,wis4 #aa3ba1 man's good mu/ ne$s be apprais$ ) respect to "s rule4 ,n[ ?is rule is tw(old1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 viz4 human reason & ,div9e ,law4 ,& s9ce ,div9e ,law is ! high] rule1 x ext5ds to m ?+s1 s t :atev] is rul$ by human reason1 is rul$ by ! ,div9e ,law too2 b ! conv]se does n hold4 ,x foll[s t human virtue direct$ to ! good :i* is def9$ accord+ to ! rule ( human reason c be caus$ by human acts3 inasmu* z su* acts proce$ f reason1 by ^: p[] & rule ! a=esaid good is e/abli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 virtue :i* directs man to good z def9$ by ! ,div9e ,law1 & n by human reason1 _c be caus$ by human acts1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is reason1 b is produc$ 9 u by ! ,div9e op]ation alone4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 9 giv+ ! def9ition ( ! latt] virtue ins]ts ! words1 :i* ,god works 9 u )\t u 7,sup] ,ps4 #aah1 ,s]m4 xxvi74 ,x is also ( ^! virtues t ! ,fir/ ,objection holds good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,mortal s9 is incompatible ) div9ely infus$ virtue1 especially if ?is be consid]$ 9 its p]fect /ate4 ,b actual s91 ev5 mortal1 is compatible ) humanly acquir$ virtue2 because ! use ( a habit 9 u is subject to our w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #c73 & "o s9ful act does n de/roy a habit ( acquir$ virtue1 s9ce x is n an act b a habit1 t is directly contr>y to a habit4 ,:]e=e1 ?\gh man _c avoid mortal s9 )\t grace1 s z nev] to s9 mortally1 yet he is n h9d]$ f acquir+ a habit ( virtue1 :]eby he may ab/a9 f evil 9 ! majority ( cases1 & *iefly 9 matt]s mo/ oppos$ to reason4 ,!re are also c]ta9 mortal s9s :i* man c n[ise avoid )\t grace1 ^?1 namely1 :i* are directly oppos$ to ! !ological virtues1 :i* are 9 u ?r\gh ! gift ( grace4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be m fully expla9$ lat] 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #a71 c]ta9 se$s or pr9ciples ( acquir$ virtue pre-exi/ 9 u by nature4 ,^! pr9ciples are m excell5t ?an ! virtues acquir$ ?r\gh !m3 ?us ! und]/&+ ( speculative pr9ciples is m excell5t ?an ! sci5ce ( conclusions1 & ! natural rectitude ( ! reason is m excell5t ?an ! rectification ( ! appetite :i* results ?r\gh ! appetite p>tak+ ( reason1 :i* rectification belongs to moral virtue4 ,accord+ly human acts1 9 s f> z !y proce$ f high] pr9ciples1 c cause acquir$ human virtues4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,moral ,virtues ,are 9 ,u by ,infusion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no virtues besides ! !ological virtues are infus$ 9 u by ,god4 ,because ,god does n d by ,himself1 save p]haps sometimes miracul\sly1 ^? ?+s t c be done by second causes2 =1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv71 x is ,god's rule to br+ ab\t extremes ?r\gh ! mean4 ,n[ intellectual & moral virtues c be caus$ 9 u by our acts1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x is n reasonable t !y %\ld be caus$ 9 u by infusion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mu* less sup]fluity is f\nd 9 ,god's works ?an 9 ! works ( nature4 ,n[ ! !ological virtues suffice to direct u to sup]natural good4 ,!re=e !re are no o!r sup]natural virtues ne$+ to be caus$ 9 u by ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 nature does n employ two means :]e "o suffices3 mu* less does ,god4 ,b ,god s[$ ! se$s ( virtue 9 our s\ls1 accord+ to a gloss on ,heb4 #a 99,cf4 ,j]ome on ,gal4 #a3 #ae1 #af4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ = ,him to cause 9 u o!r virtues by means ( infusion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3g73 ,%e tea*e? temp]ance & prud5ce & ju/ice & =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,effects mu/ ne$s be proportionate to _! causes & pr9ciples4 ,n[ all virtues1 intellectual & moral1 t are acquir$ by our actions1 arise f c]ta9 natural pr9ciples pre-exi/+ 9 u1 z above /at$ 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #a73 in/ead ( :i* natural pr9ciples1 ,god be/[s on u ! !ological virtues1 :]eby we are direct$ to a sup]natural end1 z /at$ 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e we ne$ to receive f ,god o!r habits correspond+1 9 due proportion1 to ! !ological virtues1 :i* habits are to ! !ological virtues1 :at ! moral & intellectual virtues are to ! natural pr9ciples ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s moral & intellectual virtues c inde$ be caus$ 9 u by our actions3 b su* are n proportionate to ! !ological virtues4 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y = u to receive1 f ,god imm$iately1 o!rs t are proportionate to ^! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! !ological virtues direct u suffici5tly to our sup]natural end1 in*oatively3 i4e4 to ,god ,himself imm$iately4 ,b ! s\l ne$s fur!r to be p]fect$ by infus$ virtues 9 reg>d to o!r ?+s1 yet 9 relation to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p[] ( ^? naturally in/ill$ pr9ciples does n ext5d beyond ! capacity ( nature4 ,consequ5tly man ne$s 9 addition to be p]fect$ by o!r pr9ciples 9 relation to 8 sup]natural end4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,virtue by ,habituation ,belongs to ! ,same ,species ,z ,infus$ ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t infus$ virtue does n diff] 9 species f acquir$ virtue4 ,because acquir$ & infus$ virtues1 accord+ to :at has be5 said 7,a4 #c71 d n diff] seem+ly1 save 9 relation to ! la/ end4 ,n[ human habits & acts are specifi$1 n by _! la/1 b by _! proximate end4 ,!re=e ! infus$ moral or intellectual virtue does n diff] f ! acquir$ virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habits are kn[n by _! acts4 ,b ! act ( infus$ & acquir$ temp]ance is ! same1 viz4 to mod]ate desires ( t\*4 ,!re=e !y d n diff] 9 species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 acquir$ & infus$ virtue diff] z t :i* is wr\ght by ,god imm$iately1 f t :i* is wr\ght by a creature4 ,b ! man :om ,god made1 is ( ! same species z a man begott5 naturally2 & ! eye :i* ,he gave to ! man born bl9d1 z "o produc$ by ! p[] ( g5]ation4 ,!re=e x seems t acquir$ & infus$ virtue belong to ! same species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,any *ange introduc$ into ! diff]5ce express$ 9 a def9ition involves a diff]5ce ( species4 ,b ! def9ition ( infus$ virtue conta9s ! words1 :i* ,god works 9 u )\t u1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e acquir$ virtue1 to :i* ^! words _c apply1 is n ( ! same species z infus$ virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is a tw(old specific diff]5ce among habits4 ,! fir/1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #a71 is tak5 f ! specific & =mal aspects ( _! objects4 ,n[ ! object ( e virtue is a good consid]$ z 9 t virtue's prop] matt]3 ?us ! object ( temp]ance is a good 9 respect ( ! pleasures connect$ ) ! concupisc5ce ( t\*4 ,! =mal aspect ( ?is object is f reason :i* fixes ! mean 9 ^! concupisc5ces3 :ile ! mat]ial elem5t is some?+ on ! "p ( ! concupisc5ces4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! mean t is appo9t$ 9 su* l concupisc5ces accord+ to ! rule ( human reason1 is se5 "u a diff]5t aspect f ! mean :i* is fix$ accord+ to ,div9e rule4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! consumption ( food1 ! mean fix$ by human reason1 is t food %\ld n h>m ! heal? ( ! body1 nor h9d] ! use ( reason3 :]eas1 accord+ to ! ,div9e rule1 x behooves man to *a/ise 8 body1 & br+ x into subjection 7#a ,cor4 #i3bg71 by ab/95ce 9 food1 dr9k & ! l4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t infus$ & acquir$ temp]ance diff] 9 species2 & ! same applies to ! o!r virtues4 ,! o!r specific diff]5ce among habits is tak5 f ! ?+s to :i* !y are direct$3 = a man's heal? & a horse's are n ( ! same species1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! natures to :i* _! respective heal?s are direct$4 ,9 ! same s5se1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #c7 t citiz5s h div]se virtues accord+ z !y are well direct$ to div]se =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! same way1 too1 ^? infus$ moral virtues1 :]eby m5 behave well 9 respect ( _! be+ fell[-citiz5s ) ! sa9ts1 & ( ! h\sehold ,d\ay3 'dome/ics' ( ,god 7,eph4 #b3ai71 diff] f ! acquir$ virtues1 :]eby man behaves well 9 respect ( human affairs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,infus$ & acquir$ virtue diff] n only 9 relation to ! ultimate end1 b also 9 relation to _! prop] objects1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bo? acquir$ & infus$ temp]ance mod]ate desires = pleasures ( t\*1 b = diff]5t reasons1 z /at$3 :]e=e _! respective acts are n id5tical4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god gave ! man born bl9d an eye = ! same act z ! act = :i* o!r eyes are =m$ naturally3 consequ5tly x 0 ( ! same species4 ,x w\ld be ! same if ,god wi%$ to give a man miracul\sly virtues1 su* z ^? t are acquir$ by acts4 ,b ! case is n s 9 ! "q be=e u1 z /at$4 ,,"q #fd ,,( ,,! ,,mean ,,( ,,virtue 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! prop]ties ( virtues3 & 7#a7 ! mean ( virtue1 7#b7 ! connection betwe5 virtues1 7#c7 equality ( virtues1 7#d7 ! duration ( virtues4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r moral virtue obs]ves ! mean8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! mean ( moral virtue is ! real mean or ! rational mean8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! intellectual virtues obs]ve ! mean8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! !ological virtues d8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,moral ,virtues ,obs]ve ! ,mean8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtue does n obs]ve ! mean4 ,= ! nature ( a mean is incompatible ) t :i* is extreme4 ,n[ ! nature ( virtue is to be some?+ extreme2 = x is /at$ 9 ,de ,coelo i t virtue is ! limit ( p[]4 ,!re=e moral virtue does n obs]ve ! mean4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! maximum is n a mean4 ,n[ "s moral virtues t5d to a maximum3 = in/ance1 magnanimity to v great honors1 & magnific5ce to v l>ge exp5diture1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #b1 #c4 ,!re=e n e moral virtue obs]ves ! mean4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x is ess5tial to a moral virtue to obs]ve ! mean1 x foll[s t a moral virtue is n p]fect$1 b ! contr>y corrupt$1 ?r\gh t5d+ to some?+ extreme4 ,n[ "s moral virtues are p]fect$ by t5d+ to some?+ extreme2 ?us virg9ity1 :i* ab/a9s f all sexual pleasure1 obs]ves ! extreme1 & is ! mo/ p]fect *a/ity3 & to give all to ! poor is ! mo/ p]fect m]cy or lib]ality4 ,!re=e x seems t x is n ess5tial to moral virtue t x %\ld obs]ve ! mean4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 t moral virtue is a habit ( *oos+ ! mean4 ,i answ] t1 ,z already expla9$ 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c71 ! nature ( virtue is t x %\ld direct man to good4 ,n[ moral virtue is prop]ly a p]fection ( ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l 9 reg>d to "s det]m9ate matt]3 & ! measure or rule ( ! appetitive movem5t 9 respect ( appetible objects is ! reason4 ,b ! good ( t :i* is measur$ or rul$ consi/s 9 its con=mity ) its rule3 ?us ! good ?+s made by art is t !y foll[ ! rule ( art4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ?+s ( ?is sort1 evil consi/s 9 discordance f _! rule or measure4 ,n[ ?is may happ5 ei!r by _! exce$+ ! measure or by _! fall+ %ort ( x2 z is cle>ly ! case 9 all ?+s rul$ or measur$4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! good ( moral virtue consi/s 9 con=mity ) ! rule ( reason4 ,n[ x is cle> t betwe5 excess & defici5cy ! mean is equality or con=mity4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t moral virtue obs]ves ! mean4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,moral virtue d]ives goodness f ! rule ( reason1 :ile its matt] consi/s 9 passions or op]ations4 ,if !re=e we comp>e moral virtue to reason1 !n1 if we look at t :i* x has ( reason1 x holds ! position ( "o extreme1 viz4 con=mity2 :ile excess & defect take ! position ( ! o!r extreme1 viz4 de=mity4 ,b if we consid] moral virtue 9 respect ( its matt]1 !n x holds ! position ( mean1 9 s f> z x makes ! passion con=m to ! rule ( reason4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 t virtue1 z to its ess5ce1 is a mean /ate1 9 s f> z ! rule ( virtue is impos$ on its prop] matt]3 b x is an extreme 9 ref]5ce to ! 'be/' & ! 'excell5t1 ' viz4 z to its con=mity ) reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 actions & passions ! mean & ! extremes dep5d on v>i\s circum/ances3 h5ce no?+ h9d]s some?+ f be+ extreme 9 a p>ticul> virtue z to "o circum/ance1 :ile ! same ?+ is a mean 9 respect ( o!r circum/ances1 ?r\gh be+ 9 con=mity ) reason4 ,?is is ! case ) magnanimity & magnific5ce4 ,= if we look at ! absolute quantity ( ! respective objects ( ^! virtues1 we %all call x an extreme & a maximum3 b if we consid] ! quantity 9 relation to o!r circum/ances1 !n x has ! "* ( a mean3 s9ce ^! virtues t5d to ?is maximum 9 accordance ) ! rule ( reason1 i4e4 :]e x is "r1 :5 x is "r1 & = an end t is "r4 ,!re w be excess1 if "o t5ds to ?is maximum :5 x is n "r1 or :]e x is n "r1 or = an undue end2 & !re w be defici5cy if "o fails to t5d !reto :]e "o ought1 & :5 "o ought4 ,?is agrees ) ! say+ ( ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t ! magnanim\s man obs]ves ! extreme 9 quantity1 b ! mean 9 ! "r mode ( 8 action4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same is to be said ( virg9ity & pov]ty z ( magnanimity4 ,= virg9ity ab/a9s f all sexual matt]s1 & pov]ty f all weal?1 = a "r end1 & 9 a "r mann]1 i4e4 accord+ to ,god's ^w1 & = ! sake ( et]nal life4 ,b if ?is be done 9 an undue mann]1 i4e4 out ( unlawful sup]/ition1 or aga9 = va+lory1 x w be 9 excess4 ,& if x be n done :5 x ought to be done1 or z x ought to be done1 x is a vice by defici5cy3 = in/ance1 9 ^? :o break _! v[s ( virg9ity or pov]ty4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,mean ( ,moral ,virtue ,is ! ,real ,mean1 or ! ,rational ,mean8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! mean ( moral virtue is n ! rational mean1 b ! real mean4 ,= ! good ( moral virtue consi/s 9 its obs]v+ ! mean4 ,n[1 good1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ii1 text4 #h1 is 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,!re=e ! mean ( moral virtue is a real mean4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! reason is a p[] ( appreh5sion4 ,b moral virtue does n obs]ve a mean betwe5 appreh5sions1 b r a mean betwe5 op]ations or passions4 ,!re=e ! mean ( moral virtue is n ! rational1 b ! real mean4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a mean t is obs]v$ accord+ to ari?metical or geometrical proportion is a real mean4 ,n[ su* is ! mean ( ju/ice1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #c4 ,!re=e ! mean ( moral virtue is n ! rational1 b ! real mean4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 t moral virtue obs]ves ! mean fix$1 9 our reg>d1 by reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,! rational mean c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ z ! mean is obs]v$ 9 ! act itself ( reason1 z ?\gh ! v act ( reason 7 made to obs]ve ! mean3 9 ?is s5se1 s9ce moral virtue p]fects n ! act ( reason1 b ! act ( ! appetitive p[]1 ! mean ( moral virtue is n ! rational mean4 ,secondly1 ! mean ( reason may be consid]$ z t :i* ! reason puts into "s p>ticul> matt]4 ,9 ?is s5se e mean ( moral virtue is a rational mean1 s9ce1 z above /at$ 7,a4 #a71 moral virtue is said to obs]ve ! mean1 ?r\gh con=mity ) "r reason4 ,b x happ5s sometimes t ! rational mean is also ! real mean3 9 :i* case ! mean ( moral virtue is ! real mean1 = in/ance1 9 ju/ice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sometimes ! rational mean is n ! real mean1 b is consid]$ 9 relation to u3 & su* is ! mean 9 all ! o!r moral virtues4 ,! reason = ?is is t ju/ice is ab\t op]ations1 :i* deal ) ext]nal ?+s1 :]e9 ! "r has to be e/abli%$ simply & absolutely1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #b73 :]e=e ! rational mean 9 ju/ice is ! same z ! real mean1 9 s f>1 to wit z ju/ice gives to ea* "o 8 due1 nei!r m nor less4 ,b ! o!r moral virtues deal ) int]ior passions :]e9 ! "r _c be e/abli%$ 9 ! same way1 s9ce m5 are v>i\sly situat$ 9 relation to _! passions2 h5ce ! rectitude ( reason has to be e/abli%$ 9 ! passions1 ) due reg>d to u1 :o are mov$ 9 respect ( ! passions4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,= ! fir/ two argum5ts take ! rational mean z be+ 9 ! v act ( reason1 :ile ! ?ird argues f ! mean ( ju/ice4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,virtues ,obs]ve ! ,mean8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual virtues d n obs]ve ! mean4 ,because moral virtue obs]ves ! mean by con=m+ to ! rule ( reason4 ,b ! intellectual virtues are 9 reason itself1 s t !y seem to h no high] rule4 ,!re=e ! intellectual virtues d n obs]ve ! mean4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! mean ( moral virtue is fix$ by an intellectual virtue3 = x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f1 t virtue obs]ves ! mean appo9t$ by reason1 z a prud5t man w\ld appo9t x4 ,if !re=e intellectual virtue also obs]ve ! mean1 ?is mean w h to be appo9t$ = !m by ano!r virtue1 s t !re w\ld be an indef9ite s]ies ( virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a mean is1 prop]ly speak+1 betwe5 contr>ies1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,metaph4 x1 text4 #bb1 #bc74 ,b !re seems to be no contr>iety 9 ! intellect2 s9ce contr>ies !mselves1 z !y are 9 ! intellect1 are n 9 opposition to "o ano!r1 b are und]/ood toge!r1 z :ite & black1 heal?y & sick4 ,!re=e !re is no mean 9 ! intellectual virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,art is an intellectual virtue2 & yet !re is a mean 9 art 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,!re=e also intellectual virtue obs]ves ! mean4 ,i answ] t1 ,! good ( any?+ consi/s 9 its obs]v+ ! mean1 by con=m+ ) a rule or measure 9 respect ( :i* x may happ5 to be excessive or defici5t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ intellectual virtue1 l moral virtue1 is direct$ to ! good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ! good ( an intellectual virtue consi/s 9 obs]v+ ! mean1 9 s f> z x is subject to a measure4 ,n[ ! good ( intellectual virtue is ! true2 9 ! case ( contemplative virtue1 x is ! true tak5 absolutely 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b72 9 ! case ( practical virtue1 x is ! true 9 con=mity ) a "r appetite4 ,n[ tru? appreh5d$ by our intellect1 if we consid] x absolutely1 is measur$ by ?+s2 s9ce ?+s are ! measure ( our intellect1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 text4 #e2 because !re is tru? 9 :at we ?9k or say1 accord+ z ! ?+ is s or n4 ,accord+ly ! good ( speculative intellectual virtue consi/s 9 a c]ta9 mean1 by way ( con=mity ) ?+s !mselves1 9 s f> z ! intellect expresses !m z be+ :at !y are1 or z n be+ :at !y are n3 & x is 9 ?is t ! nature ( tru? consi/s4 ,!re w be excess if some?+ false is affirm$1 z ?\gh some?+ 71 :i* 9 reality x is n3 & !re w be defici5cy if some?+ is falsely d5i$1 & decl>$ n to be1 :]eas 9 reality x is4 ,! tru? ( practical intellectual virtue1 if we consid] x 9 relation to ?+s1 is by way ( t :i* is measur$2 s t bo? 9 practical & 9 speculative intellectual virtues1 ! mean consi/s 9 con=mity ) ?+s4 ,b if we consid] x 9 relation to ! appetite1 x has ! "* ( a rule & measure4 ,consequ5tly ! rectitude ( reason is ! mean ( moral virtue1 & also ! mean ( prud5ce--( prud5ce z rul+ & measur+1 ( moral virtue1 z rul$ & measur$ by t mean4 ,9 l mann] ! diff]5ce betwe5 excess & defici5cy is to be appli$ 9 bo? cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,intellectual virtues also h _! measure1 z /at$1 & !y obs]ve ! mean accord+ z !y con=m to t measure4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re is no ne$ = an indef9ite s]ies ( virtues3 because ! measure & rule ( intellectual virtue is n ano!r k9d ( virtue1 b ?+s !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ?+s !mselves t are contr>y h no contr>iety 9 ! m9d1 because "o is ! reason = kn[+ ! o!r3 nev]!less !re is 9 ! intellect contr>iety ( affirmation & negation1 :i* are contr>ies1 z /at$ at ! end ( ,p]i ,h]m5eias4 ,= ?\gh to be & n to be are n 9 contr>y1 b 9 contradictory opposition to "o ano!r1 s long z we consid] _! signification 9 ?+s !mselves1 = on ! "o h& we h be+ & on ! o!r we h simply non-be+2 yet if we ref] !m to ! act ( ! m9d1 !re is some?+ positive 9 bo? cases4 ,h5ce to be & n to be are contradictory3 b ! op9ion /at+ t good is good is contr>y to ! op9ion /at+ t good is n good3 & betwe5 two su* contr>ies intellectual virtue obs]ves ! mean4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,!ological ,virtues ,obs]ve ! ,mean8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !ological virtue obs]ves ! mean4 ,= ! good ( o!r virtues consi/s 9 _! obs]v+ ! mean4 ,n[ ! !ological virtues surpass ! o!rs 9 goodness4 ,!re=e mu* m does !ological virtue obs]ve ! mean4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! mean ( moral virtue dep5ds on ! appetite be+ rul$ by reason2 :ile ! mean ( intellectual virtue consi/s 9 ! intellect be+ measur$ by ?+s4 ,n[ !ological virtue p]fects bo? intellect & appetite1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !ological virtue also obs]ves ! mean4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope1 :i* is a !ological virtue1 is a mean betwe5 despair & presumption4 ,likewise fai? holds a middle c\rse betwe5 contr>y h]esies1 z ,boe?ius /ates 7,de ,duab4 ,natur4 vii73 ?us1 by confess+ "o ,p]son & two natures 9 ,*ri/1 we obs]ve ! mean betwe5 ! h]esy ( ,ne/orius1 :o ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( two p]sons & two natures1 & ! h]esy ( ,euty*es1 :o held to "o p]son & "o nature4 ,!re=e !ological virtue obs]ves ! mean4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:]ev] virtue obs]ves ! mean x is possible to s9 by excess z well z by defici5cy4 ,b !re is no s9n+ by excess aga9/ ,god1 ,:o is ! object ( !ological virtue3 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #dc3cc73 ,bless+ ! ,"l1 exalt ,him z mu* z y c3 = ,he is above all praise4 ,!re=e !ological virtue does n obs]ve ! mean4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! mean ( virtue dep5ds on con=mity ) virtue's rule or measure1 9 s f> z "o may exce$ or fall %ort ( t rule4 ,n[ ! measure ( !ological virtue may be tw(old4 ,"o is tak5 f ! v nature ( virtue1 & ?us ! measure & rule ( !ological virtue is ,god ,himself3 because our fai? is rul$ accord+ to ,div9e tru?2 *>ity1 accord+ to ,8 goodness2 hope1 accord+ to ! imm5sity ( ,8 omnipot5ce & lov+ k9dness4 ,?is measure surpasses all human p[]3 s t nev] c we love ,god z mu* z ,he ought to be lov$1 nor believe & hope 9 ,him z mu* z we %\ld4 ,mu* less !re=e c !re be excess 9 su* ?+s4 ,accord+ly ! good ( su* virtues does n consi/ 9 a mean1 b increases ! m we approa* to ! summit4 ,! o!r rule or measure ( !ological virtue is by comp>ison ) u3 = al?\gh we _c be borne t[>ds ,god z mu* z we ought1 yet we %\ld approa* to ,him by believ+1 hop+ & lov+1 accord+ to ! measure ( our condition4 ,consequ5tly x is possible to f9d a mean & extremes 9 !ological virtue1 accid5tally & 9 ref]5ce to u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! good ( intellectual & moral virtues consi/s 9 a mean ( reason by con=mity ) a measure t may be exce$$3 :]eas ?is is n s 9 ! case ( !ological virtue1 consid]$ 9 itself1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,moral & intellectual virtues p]fect our intellect & appetite 9 relation to a creat$ measure & rule2 :]eas ! !ological virtues p]fect !m 9 relation to an uncreat$ rule & measure4 ,:]e=e ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope obs]ves ! mean betwe5 presumption & despair1 9 relation to u1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z a man is said to be presumptu\s1 ?r\gh hop+ to receive f ,god a good 9 excess ( 8 condition2 or to despair ?r\gh fail+ to hope = t :i* accord+ to 8 condition he might hope =4 ,b !re c be no excess ( hope 9 comp>ison ) ,god1 ,^: goodness is inf9ite4 ,9 l mann] fai? holds a middle c\rse betwe5 contr>y h]esies1 n by comp>ison ) its object1 :i* is ,god1 9 ,:om we _c believe too mu*2 b 9 s f> z human op9ion itself takes a middle position betwe5 contr>y op9ions1 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,,"q #fe ,,( ,,! ,,connection ,,( ,,virtues 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! connection ( virtues3 "u :i* head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! moral virtues are connect$ ) "o ano!r8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! moral virtues c be )\t *>ity8 7#c7 ,:e!r *>ity c be )\t !m8 7#d7 ,:e!r fai? & hope c be )\t *>ity8 7#e7 ,:e!r *>ity c be )\t !m8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,moral ,virtues ,are ,connect$ ) ,"o ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues are n connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,because moral virtues are sometimes caus$ by ! ex]cise ( acts1 z is prov$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b4 ,b man c ex]cise himself 9 ! acts ( "o virtue1 )\t ex]cis+ himself 9 ! acts ( "s o!r virtue4 ,!re=e x is possible to h "o moral virtue )\t ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 magnific5ce & magnanimity are moral virtues4 ,n[ a man may h o!r moral virtues )\t hav+ magnific5ce or magnanimity3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b1 #c7 t a poor man _c be magnific5t1 & yet he may h o!r virtues2 & 7,e?ic4 iv7 t he :o is wor?y ( small ?+s1 & s acc\nts 8 wor?1 is mode/1 b n magnanim\s4 ,!re=e ! moral virtues are n connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! moral virtues p]fect ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l1 s d ! intellectual virtues p]fect ! intellective "p4 ,b ! intellectual virtues are n mutually connect$3 s9ce we may h "o sci5ce1 )\t hav+ ano!r4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 are ! moral virtues connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! moral virtues are mutually connect$1 ?is c only be because !y are unit$ toge!r 9 prud5ce4 ,b ?is does n suffice to connect ! moral virtues toge!r4 ,=1 seem+ly1 "o may be prud5t ab\t ?+s to be done 9 relation to "o virtue1 )\t be+ prud5t 9 ^? t conc]n ano!r virtue3 ev5 z "o may h ! art ( mak+ c]ta9 ?+s1 )\t ! art ( mak+ c]ta9 o!rs4 ,n[ prud5ce is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done4 ,!re=e ! moral virtues are n necess>ily connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says on ,luke #f3bj3 ,! virtues are connect$ & l9k$ toge!r1 s t :oev] has "o1 is se5 to h sev]al3 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #d7 t ! virtues t reside 9 ! human m9d are q insep>able f "o ano!r3 & ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxii1 #a7 t "o virtue )\t ! o!r is ei!r ( no acc\nt :atev]1 or v imp]fect3 & ,cic]o says 7,quae/4 ,tusc4 ii73 ,if y confess to n hav+ "o p>ticul> virtue1 x mu/ ne$s be t y h none at all4 ,i answ] t1 ,moral virtue may be consid]$ ei!r z p]fect or z imp]fect4 ,an imp]fect moral virtue1 temp]ance = in/ance1 or =titude1 is no?+ b an incl9ation 9 u to d "s k9d ( good de$1 :e!r su* incl9ation be 9 u by nature or by habituation4 ,if we take ! moral virtues 9 ?is way1 !y are n connect$3 s9ce we f9d m5 :o1 by natural temp]am5t or by be+ accu/om$1 are prompt 9 do+ de$s ( lib]ality1 b are n prompt 9 do+ de$s ( *a/ity4 ,b ! p]fect moral virtue is a habit t incl9es u to d a good de$ well2 & if we take moral virtues 9 ?is way1 we mu/ say t !y are connect$1 z ne>ly z all are agre$ 9 say+4 ,= ?is two reasons are giv51 correspond+ to ! diff]5t ways ( assign+ ! di/9ction ( ! c>d9al virtues4 ,=1 z we /at$ above 7,q4 #fa1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 "s di/+ui% !m accord+ to c]ta9 g5]al prop]ties ( ! virtues3 = in/ance1 by say+ t discretion belongs to prud5ce1 rectitude to ju/ice1 mod]ation to temp]ance1 & /r5g? ( m9d to =titude1 9 :atev] matt] we consid] ^! prop]ties to be4 ,9 ?is way ! reason = ! connection is evid5t3 = /r5g? ( m9d is n comm5d$ z virtu\s1 if x be )\t mod]ation or rectitude or discretion3 & s =?4 ,?is1 too1 is ! reason assign$ = ! connection by ,gregory1 :o says 7,moral4 xxii1 #a7 t a virtue _c be p]fect z a virtue1 if isolat$ f ! o!rs3 = !re c be no true prud5ce )\t temp]ance1 ju/ice & =titude3 & he cont9ues to speak 9 l mann] ( ! o!r virtues 7cf4 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #d1 ,obj4 #a74 ,augu/9e also gives ! same reason 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #d74 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 diff]5tiate ^! virtues 9 respect ( _! matt]s1 & x is 9 ?is way t ,ari/otle assigns ! reason = _! connection 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ac74 ,because1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #d71 no moral virtue c be )\t prud5ce2 s9ce x is prop] to moral virtue to make a "r *oice1 = x is an elective habit4 ,n[ "r *oice requires n only ! incl9ation to a due end1 :i* incl9ation is ! direct outcome ( moral virtue1 b also correct *oice ( ?+s conducive to ! end1 :i* *oice is made by prud5ce1 t c\nsels1 judges1 & comm&s 9 ^? ?+s t are direct$ to ! end4 ,9 l mann] "o _c h prud5ce unless "o has ! moral virtues3 s9ce prud5ce is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done1 & ! />t+ po9t ( reason is ! end ( ! ?+ to be done1 to :i* end man is rightly dispos$ by moral virtue4 ,h5ce1 j z we _c h speculative sci5ce unless we h ! und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples1 s nei!r c we h prud5ce )\t ! moral virtues3 & f ?is x foll[s cle>ly t ! moral virtues are connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s moral virtues p]fect man z reg>ds 8 g5]al /ate1 9 o!r words1 ) reg>d to ^? ?+s :i* h to be done 9 e k9d ( human life4 ,h5ce man ne$s to ex]cise himself at ! same "t 9 ! matt]s ( all moral virtues4 ,& if he ex]cise himself1 by good de$s1 9 all su* matt]s1 he w acquire ! habits ( all ! moral virtues4 ,b if he ex]cise himself by good de$s 9 reg>d to "o matt]1 b n 9 reg>d to ano!r1 = in/ance1 by behav+ well 9 matt]s ( ang]1 b n 9 matt]s ( concupisc5ce2 he w inde$ acquire a c]ta9 habit ( re/ra9+ 8 ang]2 b ?is habit w lack ! nature ( virtue1 ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( prud5ce1 :i* is want+ 9 matt]s ( concupisc5ce4 ,9 ! same way1 natural incl9ations fail to h ! complete "* ( virtue1 if prud5ce be lack+4 ,b !re are "s moral virtues :i* p]fect man ) reg>d to "s em95t /ate1 su* z magnific5ce & magnanimity2 & s9ce x does n happ5 to all 9 common to be ex]cis$ 9 ! matt] ( su* virtues1 x is possible = a man to h ! o!r moral virtues1 )\t actually hav+ ! habits ( ^! virtues--provid$ we speak ( acquir$ virtue4 ,nev]!less1 :5 once a man has acquir$ ^? o!r virtues he possesses ^! 9 proximate pot5tiality4 ,because :51 by practice1 a man has acquir$ lib]ality 9 small gifts & exp5diture1 if he 7 to come 9 = a l>ge sum ( money1 he w\ld acquire ! habit ( magnific5ce ) b little practice3 ev5 z a geometrician1 by d9t ( little /udy1 acquires sci5tific k ab\t "s conclusion :i* _h nev] be5 pres5t$ to 8 m9d be=e4 ,n[ we speak ( hav+ a ?+ :5 we are on ! po9t ( hav+ x1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #ef73 ,t :i* is sc>cely lack+ is n lack+ at all4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellectual virtues are ab\t div]s matt]s hav+ no relation to "o ano!r1 z is cle>ly ! case ) ! v>i\s sci5ces & arts4 ,h5ce we d n obs]ve 9 !m ! connection t is to be f\nd among ! moral virtues1 :i* are ab\t passions & op]ations1 t are cle>ly relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,= all ! passions h _! rise 9 c]ta9 initial passions1 viz4 love & hatr$1 & t]m9ate 9 c]ta9 o!rs1 viz4 pleasure & sorr[4 ,9 l mann] all ! op]ations t are ! matt] ( moral virtue are relat$ to "o ano!r1 & to ! passions4 ,h5ce ! :ole matt] ( moral virtues falls "u ! "o rule ( prud5ce4 ,nev]!less1 all intelligible ?+s are relat$ to fir/ pr9ciples4 ,& 9 ?is way1 all ! intellectual virtues dep5d on ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples2 ev5 z prud5ce dep5ds on ! moral virtues1 z /at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! univ]sal pr9ciples :i* are ! object ( ! virtue ( und]/&+ ( pr9ciples1 d n dep5d on ! conclusions1 :i* are ! objects ( ! o!r intellectual virtues1 z d ! moral virtues dep5d on prud5ce1 because ! appetite1 9 a fa%ion1 moves ! reason1 & ! reason ! appetite1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? ?+s to :i* ! moral virtues incl9e1 are z ! pr9ciples ( prud5ce3 :]eas ! products ( art are n ! pr9ciples1 b ! matt] ( art4 ,n[ x is evid5t t1 ?\gh reason may be "r 9 "o "p ( ! matt]1 & n 9 ano!r1 yet 9 no way c x be call$ "r reason1 if x be defici5t 9 any pr9ciple :atev]4 ,?us1 if a man be wrong ab\t ! pr9ciple1 ,a :ole is great] ?an its "p1 he _c acquire ! sci5ce ( geometry1 because he mu/ necess>ily w&] f ! tru? 9 8 conclusion4 ,moreov]1 ?+s done are relat$ to "o ano!r1 b n ?+s made1 z /at$ above 7ad #c74 ,consequ5tly ! lack ( prud5ce 9 "o dep>tm5t ( ?+s to be done1 w\ld result 9 a defici5cy affect+ o!r ?+s to be done3 :]eas ?is does n occur 9 ?+s to be made4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,moral ,virtues ,c ,be ,)\t ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t moral virtues c be )\t *>ity4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ! ,lib] ,s5t5t4 ,prosp]i vii1 t e virtue save *>ity may be common to ! good & bad4 ,b *>ity c be 9 none except ! good1 z /at$ 9 ! same book4 ,!re=e ! o!r virtues c be _h )\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 moral virtues c be acquir$ by means ( human acts1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b1 :]eas *>ity _c be _h o!rwise ?an by infusion1 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3e3 ,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o is giv5 to u4 ,!re=e x is possible to h ! o!r virtues )\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! moral virtues are connect$ toge!r1 ?r\gh dep5d+ on prud5ce4 ,b *>ity does n dep5d on prud5ce2 inde$1 x surpasses prud5ce1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ai3 ,! *>ity ( ,*ri/1 :i* surpasse? all k4 ,!re=e ! moral virtues are n connect$ ) *>ity1 & c be )\t x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3ad73 ,he t love? n1 abide? 9 dea?4 ,n[ ! spiritual life is p]fect$ by ! virtues1 s9ce x is by !m t we lead a good life1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ag1 #ai74 ,!re=e !y _c be )\t ! love ( *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #b71 x is possible by means ( human works to acquire moral virtues1 9 s f> z !y produce good works t are direct$ to an end n surpass+ ! natural p[] ( man3 & :5 !y are acquir$ ?us1 !y c be )\t *>ity1 ev5 z !y 7 9 _m ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,b 9 s f> z !y produce good works 9 proportion to a sup]natural la/ end1 ?us !y h ! "* ( virtue1 truly & p]fectly2 & _c be acquir$ by human acts1 b are infus$ by ,god4 ,su* l moral virtues _c be )\t *>ity4 ,= x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e7 t ! o!r moral virtues _c be )\t prud5ce2 & t prud5ce _c be )\t ! moral virtues1 because ^! latt] make man well dispos$ to c]ta9 ends1 :i* are ! />t+-po9t ( ! proc$ure ( prud5ce4 ,n[ = prud5ce to proce$ aright1 x is mu* m necess>y t man be well dispos$ t[>ds 8 ultimate end1 :i* is ! effect ( *>ity1 ?an t he be well dispos$ 9 respect ( o!r ends1 :i* is ! effect ( moral virtue3 j z 9 speculative matt]s "r reason has greate/ ne$ ( ! fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciple1 t contradictories _c bo? be true at ! same "t4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t nei!r c infus$ prud5ce be )\t *>ity2 nor1 consequ5tly1 ! o!r moral virtues1 s9ce !y _c be )\t prud5ce4 ,x is !re=e cle> f :at has be5 said t only ! infus$ virtues are p]fect1 & des]ve to be call$ virtues simply3 s9ce !y direct man well to ! ultimate end4 ,b ! o!r virtues1 ^?1 namely1 t are acquir$1 are virtues 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 b n simply3 = !y direct man well 9 respect ( ! la/ end 9 "s p>ticul> g5us ( action1 b n 9 respect ( ! la/ end simply4 ,h5ce a gloss ( ,augu/9e 99,cf4 ,lib4 ,s5t5t4 ,prosp]i cvi4 on ! words1 ,all t is n ( fai? is s9 7,rom4 #ad3bc71 says3 ,he t fails to ackn[l$ge ! tru?1 has no true virtue1 ev5 if 8 conduct be good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue1 9 ! words quot$1 d5otes imp]fect virtue4 ,else if we take moral virtue 9 its p]fect /ate1 x makes its possessor good1 & consequ5tly _c be 9 ! wick$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t holds good ( virtue 9 ! s5se ( acquir$ virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?\gh *>ity surpasses sci5ce & prud5ce1 yet prud5ce dep5ds on *>ity1 z /at$3 & consequ5tly s d all ! infus$ moral virtues4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,*>ity ,c ,be ,)\t ,moral ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem possible to h *>ity )\t ! moral virtues4 ,= :5 "o ?+ suffices = a c]ta9 purpose1 x is sup]flu\s to employ o!rs4 ,n[ *>ity alone suffices = ! fulfilm5t ( all ! works ( virtue1 z is cle> f #a ,cor4 #ac3d1 seqq43 ,*>ity is pati5t1 is k9d1 etc4 ,!re=e x seems t if "o has *>ity1 o!r virtues are sup]flu\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he t has a habit ( virtue easily p]=ms ! works ( t virtue1 & ^? works are pleas+ to him = _! own sake3 h5ce pleasure tak5 9 a "w is a sign ( habit 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,n[ _m h *>ity1 be+ free f mortal s91 & yet !y f9d x difficult to d works ( virtue2 nor are ^! works pleas+ to !m = _! own sake1 b only = ! sake ( *>ity4 ,!re=e _m h *>ity )\t ! o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is to be f\nd 9 e sa9t3 & yet !re are "s sa9ts :o are )\t c]ta9 virtues4 ,= ,b$e says 7on ,luke #ag3aj7 t ! sa9ts are m humbl$ on acc\nt ( _! n hav+ c]ta9 virtues1 ?an rejoic$ at ! virtues !y h4 ,!re=e1 if a man has *>ity1 x does n foll[ ( necessity t he has all ! moral virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! :ole ,law is fulfill$ ?r\gh *>ity1 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #ac3h73 ,he t love? 8 neighbor1 ha? fulfill$ ! ,law4 ,n[ x is n possible to fulfil ! :ole ,law1 )\t hav+ all ! moral virtues3 s9ce ! law conta9s precepts ab\t all acts ( virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #a1 #b4 ,!re=e he t has *>ity1 has all ! moral virtues4 ,moreov]1 ,augu/9e says 9 a lett] 7,epis4 clxvii7 99,cf4 ,s]m4 xxxix & xlvi de ,temp4 t *>ity conta9s all ! c>d9al virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,all ! moral virtues are infus$ toge!r ) *>ity4 ,! reason = ?is is t ,god op]ates no less p]fectly 9 works ( grace ?an 9 works ( nature4 ,n[1 9 ! works ( nature1 we f9d t :5ev] a ?+ conta9s a pr9ciple ( c]ta9 works1 x has also :atev] is necess>y = _! execution3 ?us animals are provid$ ) organs :]eby to p]=m ! actions t _! s\ls emp[] !m to d4 ,n[ x is evid5t t *>ity1 inasmu* z x directs man to 8 la/ end1 is ! pr9ciple ( all ! good works t are ref]able to 8 la/ end4 ,:]e=e all ! moral virtues mu/ ne$s be infus$ toge!r ) *>ity1 s9ce x is ?r\gh !m t man p]=ms ea* diff]5t k9d ( good "w4 ,x is !re=e cle> t ! infus$ moral virtues are connect$1 n only ?r\gh prud5ce1 b also on acc\nt ( *>ity3 &1 aga91 t :oev] loses *>ity ?r\gh mortal s91 =feits all ! infus$ moral virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ord] t ! act ( a l[] p[] be p]fect1 n only mu/ !re be p]fection 9 ! high]1 b also 9 ! l[] p[]3 = if ! pr9cipal ag5t 7 well dispos$1 p]fect action w\ld n foll[1 if ! in/rum5t also 7 n well dispos$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] t man "w well 9 ?+s ref]r$ to ! end1 he ne$s n only a virtue dispos+ him well to ! end1 b also ^? virtues :i* dispose him well to :atev] is ref]r$ to ! end3 = ! virtue :i* reg>ds ! end is ! *ief & mov+ pr9ciple 9 respect ( ^? ?+s t are ref]r$ to ! end4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to h ! moral virtues toge!r ) *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x happ5s sometimes t a man :o has a habit1 f9ds x difficult to act 9 accordance ) ! habit1 & consequ5tly feels no pleasure & complac5cy 9 ! act1 on acc\nt ( "s imp$im5t sup]v5+ f )\t3 ?us a man :o has a habit ( sci5ce1 f9ds x difficult to und]/&1 ?r\gh be+ sleepy or unwell4 ,9 l mann] sometimes ! habits ( moral virtue exp]i5ce difficulty 9 _! works1 by reason ( c]ta9 ord9>y dispositions rema9+ f previ\s acts4 ,?is difficulty does n occur 9 respect ( acquir$ moral virtue3 because ! repeat$ acts by :i* !y are acquir$1 remove also ! contr>y dispositions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c]ta9 sa9ts are said n to h c]ta9 virtues1 9 s f> z !y exp]i5ce difficulty 9 ! acts ( ^? virtues1 = ! reason /at$2 al?\gh !y h ! habits ( all ! virtues4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,fai? & ,hope ,c ,be ,)\t ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? & hope are nev] )\t *>ity4 ,because1 s9ce !y are !ological virtues1 !y seem to be m excell5t ?an ev5 ! infus$ moral virtues4 ,b ! infus$ moral virtues _c be )\t *>ity4 ,nei!r !re=e c fai? & hope be )\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man believes unwill+ly z ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxvi 9 ,joan474 ,b *>ity is 9 ! w z a p]fection !re(1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e fai? _c be )\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion viii7 t !re c be no hope )\t love4 ,b love is *>ity3 = x is ( ?is love t he speaks4 ,!re=e hope _c be )\t *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,matt4 #a3b says t fai? begets hope1 & hope1 *>ity4 ,n[ ! begett] prec$es ! begott51 & c be )\t x4 ,!re=e fai? c be )\t hope2 & hope1 )\t *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,fai? & hope1 l ! moral virtues1 c be consid]$ 9 two ways2 fir/ 9 an in*oate /ate2 secondly1 z complete virtues4 ,= s9ce virtue is direct$ to ! do+ ( good works1 p]fect virtue is t :i* gives ! faculty ( do+ a p]fectly good "w1 & ?is consi/s 9 n only do+ :at is good1 b also 9 do+ x well4 ,else1 if :at is done is good1 b n well done1 x w n be p]fectly good2 :]e=e nei!r w ! habit t is ! pr9ciple ( su* an act1 h ! p]fect "* ( virtue4 ,= in/ance1 if a man d :at is j1 :at he does is good3 b x w n be ! "w ( a p]fect virtue unless he d x well1 i4e4 by *oos+ rightly1 :i* is ! result ( prud5ce2 = :i* reason ju/ice _c be a p]fect virtue )\t prud5ce4 ,accord+ly fai? & hope c exi/ inde$ 9 a fa%ion )\t *>ity3 b !y h n ! p]fect "* ( virtue )\t *>ity4 ,=1 s9ce ! act ( fai? is to believe 9 ,god2 & s9ce to believe is to ass5t to someone ( "o's own free w3 to w n z "o ought1 w n be a p]fect act ( fai?4 ,to w z "o ought is ! outcome ( *>ity :i* p]fects ! w3 s9ce e "r movem5t ( ! w proce$s f a "r love1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #i74 ,h5ce fai? may be )\t *>ity1 b n z a p]fect virtue3 j z temp]ance & =titude c be )\t prud5ce4 ,! same applies to hope4 ,because ! act ( hope consi/s 9 look+ to ,god = future bliss4 ,?is act is p]fect1 if x is bas$ on ! m]its :i* we h2 & ?is _c be )\t *>ity4 ,b to expect future bliss ?r\gh m]its :i* "o has n yet1 b :i* "o proposes to acquire at "s future "t1 w be an imp]fect act2 & ?is is possible )\t *>ity4 ,consequ5tly1 fai? & hope c be )\t *>ity2 yet1 )\t *>ity1 !y are n virtues prop]ly s-call$2 because ! nature ( virtue requires t by x1 we %\ld n only d :at is good1 b also t we %\ld d x well 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,moral virtue dep5ds on prud5ce3 & n ev5 infus$ prud5ce has ! "* ( prud5ce )\t *>ity2 = ?is involves ! abs5ce ( due ord] to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 viz4 ! ultimate end4 ,on ! o!r h& fai? & hope1 z su*1 d n dep5d ei!r on prud5ce or *>ity2 s t !y c be )\t *>ity1 al?\gh !y are n virtues )\t *>ity1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t is true ( fai? consid]$ z a p]fect virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e is speak+ "h ( t hope :]eby we look to ga9 future bliss ?r\gh m]its :i* we h already2 & ?is is n )\t *>ity4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,*>ity ,c ,be ,)\t ,fai? & ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity c be )\t fai? & hope4 ,= *>ity is ! love ( ,god4 ,b x is possible = u to love ,god naturally1 )\t already hav+ fai?1 or hope 9 future bliss4 ,!re=e *>ity c be )\t fai? & hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is ! root ( all ! virtues1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ag3 ,root$ & f\nd$ 9 *>ity4 ,n[ ! root is sometimes )\t bran*es4 ,!re=e *>ity c sometimes be )\t fai? & hope1 & ! o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re 0 p]fect *>ity 9 ,*ri/4 ,& yet ,he _h nei!r fai? nor hope3 because ,he 0 a p]fect compreh5sor1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,,iii1 ,q4 #g1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,!re=e *>ity c be )\t fai? & hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3f73 ,)\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god2 & ?is evid5tly belongs mo/ to *>ity1 accord+ to ,prov4 #h3ag3 ,i love !m t love me4 ,aga91 x is by hope t we are br\ght to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e x is n possible to h *>ity )\t fai? & hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,*>ity signifies n only ! love ( ,god1 b also a c]ta9 fri5d%ip ) ,him2 :i* implies1 besides love1 a c]ta9 mutual return ( love1 toge!r ) mutual communion1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #b4 ,t ?is belongs to *>ity is evid5t f #a ,john #d3af3 ,he t abide? 9 *>ity1 abide? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 him1 & f #a ,cor4 #a3i1 :]e x is writt53 ,god is fai?ful1 by ,:om y are call$ unto ! fell[%ip ( ,8 ,son4 ,n[ ?is fell[%ip ( man ) ,god1 :i* consi/s 9 a c]ta9 famili> colloquy ) ,him1 is begun "h1 9 ?is life1 by grace1 b w be p]fect$ 9 ! future life1 by glory2 ea* ( :i* ?+s we hold by fai? & hope4 ,:]e=e j z fri5d%ip ) a p]son w\ld be impossible1 if "o disbeliev$ 91 or despair$ (1 ! possibility ( _! fell[%ip or famili> colloquy2 s too1 fri5d%ip ) ,god1 :i* is *>ity1 is impossible )\t fai?1 s z to believe 9 ?is fell[%ip & colloquy ) ,god1 & to hope to atta9 to ?is fell[%ip4 ,!re=e *>ity is q impossible )\t fai? & hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity is n any k9d ( love ( ,god1 b t love ( ,god1 by :i* ,he is lov$ z ! object ( bliss1 to :i* object we are direct$ by fai? & hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity is ! root ( fai? & hope1 9 s f> z x gives !m ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,b fai? & hope z su* are ! precursors ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #d71 & s *>ity is impossible )\t !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ,*ri/ !re 0 nei!r fai? nor hope1 on acc\nt ( _! imply+ an imp]fection4 ,b in/ead ( fai?1 ,he _h manife/ vision1 & in/ead ( hope1 full compreh5sion 99,see above1 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c3 s t 9 ,him 0 p]fect *>ity4 ,,"q #ff ,,( ,,equality ,,among ,,! ,,virtues 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] equality among ! virtues3 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "o virtue c be great] or less ?an ano!r8 7#b7 ,:e!r all ! virtues exi/+ toge!r 9 "o subject are equal8 7#c7 ,( moral virtue 9 comp>ison ) intellectual virtue2 7#d7 ,( ! moral virtues z comp>$ ) "o ano!r2 7#e7 ,( ! intellectual virtues 9 comp>ison ) "o ano!r2 7#f7 ,( ! !ological virtues 9 comp>ison ) "o ano!r4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"o ,virtue ,c ,be ,great] or ,less ,?an ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o virtue _c be great] or less ?an ano!r4 ,= x is writt5 7,apoc4 #ba3af7 t ! sides ( ! city ( ,j]usalem are equal2 & a gloss says t ! sides d5ote ! virtues4 ,!re=e all virtues are equal2 & consequ5tly "o _c be great] ?an ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ t1 by its nature1 consi/s 9 a maximum1 _c be m or less4 ,n[ ! nature ( virtue consi/s 9 a maximum1 = virtue is ! limit ( p[]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,coelo i1 text4 #aaf72 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai7 t virtues are v great boons1 & no "o c use !m to evil purpose4 ,!re=e x seems t "o virtue _c be great] or less ?an ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! quantity ( an effect is measur$ by ! p[] ( ! ag5t4 ,b p]fect1 viz4 infus$ virtues1 are f ,god ,^: p[] is uni=m & inf9ite4 ,!re=e x seems t "o virtue _c be great] ?an ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:]ev] !re c be increase & great] abundance1 !re c be inequality4 ,n[ virtues admit ( great] abundance & increase3 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3bj73 ,unless y\r ju/ice ab\nd m ?an t ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 y %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav53 & 7,prov4 #ae3e73 ,9 abundant ju/ice !re is ! greate/ /r5g? 7virtus74 ,!re=e x seems t a virtue c be great] or less ?an ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 x is ask$ :e!r "o virtue c be great] ?an ano!r1 ! "q c be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,fir/1 z apply+ to virtues ( diff]5t species4 ,9 ?is s5se x is cle> t "o virtue is great] ?an ano!r2 s9ce a cause is always m excell5t ?an its effect2 & among effects1 ^? ne>e/ to ! cause are ! mo/ excell5t4 ,n[ x is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b7 t ! cause & root ( human good is ! reason4 ,h5ce prud5ce :i* p]fects ! reason1 surpasses 9 goodness ! o!r moral virtues :i* p]fect ! appetitive p[]1 9 s f> z x p>takes ( reason4 ,& among ^!1 "o is bett] ?an ano!r1 accord+ z x approa*es ne>] to ! reason4 ,consequ5tly ju/ice1 :i* is 9 ! w1 excels ! rema9+ moral virtues2 & =titude1 :i* is 9 ! irascible "p1 /&s be=e temp]ance1 :i* is 9 ! concupiscible1 :i* has a small] %>e ( reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #f4 ,! "q c be tak5 9 ano!r way1 z ref]r+ to virtues ( ! same species4 ,9 ?is way1 accord+ to :at 0 said above 7,q4 #eb1 ,a4 #a71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! int5sity ( habits1 virtue may be said to be great] or less 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 itself2 secondly ) reg>d to ! subject t p>takes ( x4 ,if we consid] x 9 itself1 we %all call x great or little1 accord+ to ! ?+s to :i* x ext5ds4 ,n[ :osoev] has a virtue1 e4g4 temp]ance1 has x 9 respect ( :atev] temp]ance ext5ds to4 ,b ?is does n apply to sci5ce & art3 = e gramm>ian does n "k ev]y?+ relat+ to gramm>4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ! ,/oics said rightly1 z ,simplicius /ates 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts1 t virtue _c be m or less1 z sci5ce & art c2 because ! nature ( virtue consi/s 9 a maximum4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] virtue on ! "p ( ! subject1 x may !n be great] or less1 ei!r 9 relation to diff]5t times1 or 9 diff]5t m54 ,because "o man is bett] dispos$ ?an ano!r to atta9 to ! mean ( virtue :i* is def9$ by "r reason2 & ?is1 on acc\nt ( ei!r great] habituation1 or a bett] natural disposition1 or a m disc]n+ judgm5t ( reason1 or aga9 a great] gift ( grace1 :i* is giv5 to ea* "o accord+ to ! measure ( ! giv+ ( ,*ri/1 z /at$ 9 ,eph4 #d3i4 ,& "h ! ,/oics err$1 = !y held t no man %\ld be deem$ virtu\s1 unless he 71 9 ! highe/ degree1 dispos$ to virtue4 ,because ! nature ( virtue does n require t man %\ld rea* ! mean ( "r reason z ?\gh x 7 an indivisible po9t1 z ! ,/oics ?\ght2 b x is en\gh t he %\ld approa* ! mean1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,moreov]1 "o same indivisible m>k is rea*$ m ne>ly & m readily by "o ?an by ano!r3 z may be se5 :5 sev]al ar*]s aim at a fix$ t>get4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is equality is n "o ( absolute quantity1 b ( proportion3 because all virtues gr[ 9 a man proportionately1 z we %all see fur!r on 7,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is limit :i* belongs to virtue1 c h ! "* ( some?+ m or less good1 9 ! ways expla9$ above3 s9ce1 z /at$1 x is n an indivisible limit4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god does n "w by necessity ( nature1 b accord+ to ! ord] ( ,8 wisdom1 :]eby ,he be/[s on m5 v>i\s measures ( virtue1 accord+ to ,eph4 #d3g3 ,to e "o ( y ,vulg43 'u' is giv5 grace accord+ to ! measure ( ! giv+ ( ,*ri/4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,all ! ,virtues ,t ,are ,toge!r 9 ,"o ,man1 ,are ,equal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! virtues 9 "o same man are n all equally int5se4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #g3g73 ,ev]yone ha? 8 prop] gift f ,god2 "o aft] ?is mann]1 & ano!r aft] t4 ,n[ "o gift w\ld n be m prop] ?an ano!r to a man1 if ,god infus$ all ! virtues equally into ea* man4 ,!re=e x seems t ! virtues are n all equal 9 "o & ! same man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if all ! virtues 7 equally int5se 9 "o & ! same man1 x w\ld foll[ t :oev] surpasses ano!r 9 "o virtue1 w\ld surpass him 9 all ! o!rs4 ,b ?is is cle>ly n ! case3 s9ce v>i\s sa9ts are specially prais$ = diff]5t virtues2 e4g4 ,abraham = fai? 7,rom4 #d71 ,moses = 8 meekness 7,num4 #g3c71 ,job = 8 pati5ce 7,tob4 #b3ab74 ,?is is :y ( ea* ,confessor ! ,*ur* s+s3 ,!re 0 n f\nd 8 l 9 keep+ ! law ( ! mo/ ,high1 99,see ,lesson 9 ! ,mass ,/atuit 7,dom9ican ,missal71 s9ce ea* "o 0 rem>kable = "s virtue or o!r4 ,!re=e ! virtues are n all equal 9 "o & ! same man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m int5se a habit is1 ! great] "o's pleasure & read9ess 9 mak+ use ( x4 ,n[ exp]i5ce %[s t a man is m pleas$ & ready to make use ( "o virtue ?an ( ano!r4 ,!re=e ! virtues are n all equal 9 "o & ! same man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #d7 t ^? :o are equal 9 =titude are equal 9 prud5ce & temp]ance1 & s on4 ,n[ x w\ld n be s1 unless all ! virtues 9 "o man 7 equal4 ,!re=e all virtues are equal 9 "o man4 ,i answ] t1 ,z expla9$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! comp>ative greatness ( virtues c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z ref]r+ to _! specific nature3 & 9 ?is way !re is no d\bt t 9 a man "o virtue is great] ?an ano!r1 = example1 *>ity1 ?an fai? & hope4 ,secondly1 x may be tak5 z ref]r+ to ! degree ( p>ticipation by ! subject1 accord+ z a virtue becomes int5se or remiss 9 its subject4 ,9 ?is s5se all ! virtues 9 "o man are equal ) an equality ( proportion1 9 s f> z _! gr[? 9 man is equal3 ?us ! f+]s are unequal 9 size1 b equal 9 proportion1 s9ce !y gr[ 9 proportion to "o ano!r4 ,n[ ! nature ( ?is equality is to be expla9$ 9 ! same way z ! connection ( virtues2 = equality among virtues is _! connection z to greatness4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a7 t a tw(old connection ( virtues may be assign$4 ,! fir/ is accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o und]/ood ^! f\r virtues to be f\r g5]al prop]ties ( virtues1 ea* ( :i* is f\nd toge!r ) ! o!r 9 any matt]4 ,9 ?is way virtues _c be said to be equal 9 any matt] unless !y h all ^! prop]ties equal4 ,augu/9e alludes to ?is k9d ( equality 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #d7 :5 he says3 ,if y say ^! m5 are equal 9 =titude1 b t "o is m prud5t ?an ! o!r2 x foll[s t ! =titude ( ! latt] is less prud5t4 ,consequ5tly !y are n really equal 9 =titude1 s9ce ! =m]'s =titude is m prud5t4 ,y w f9d t ?is applies to ! o!r virtues if y run ov] !m all 9 ! same way4 ,! o!r k9d ( connection among virtues foll[$ ! op9ion ( ^? :o hold ^! virtues to h _! own prop] respective matt]s 7,q4 #fe1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,9 ?is way ! connection among moral virtues results f prud5ce1 &1 z to ! infus$ virtues1 f *>ity1 & n f ! incl9ation1 :i* is on ! "p ( ! subject1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,accord+ly ! nature ( ! equality among virtues c also be consid]$ on ! "p ( prud5ce1 9 reg>d to t :i* is =mal 9 all ! moral virtues3 = 9 "o & ! same man1 s long z 8 reason has ! same degree ( p]fection1 ! mean w be proportionately def9$ accord+ to "r reason 9 ea* matt] ( virtue4 ,b 9 reg>d to t :i* is mat]ial 9 ! moral virtues1 viz4 ! incl9ation to ! virtu\s act1 "o may be readi] to p]=m ! act ( "o virtue1 ?an ! act ( ano!r virtue1 & ?is ei!r f nature1 or f habituation1 or aga9 by ! grace ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ! ,apo/le may be tak5 to ref] to ! gifts ( gratuit\s grace1 :i* are n common to all1 nor are all ( !m equal 9 ! "o same subject4 ,we might also say t x ref]s to ! measure ( sanctify+ grace1 by reason ( :i* "o man has all ! virtues 9 great] abundance ?an ano!r man1 on acc\nt ( 8 great] abundance ( prud5ce1 or also ( *>ity1 9 :i* all ! infus$ virtues are connect$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o sa9t is prais$ *iefly = "o virtue1 ano!r sa9t = ano!r virtue1 on acc\nt ( 8 m admirable read9ess = ! act ( "o virtue ?an = ! act ( ano!r virtue4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,moral ,virtues ,are ,bett] ,?an ! ,intellectual ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues are bett] ?an ! intellectual4 ,because t :i* is m necess>y1 & m la/+1 is bett]4 ,n[ ! moral virtues are m la/+ ev5 ?an ! sci5ces 7,e?ic4 i7 :i* are intellectual virtues3 &1 moreov]1 !y are m necess>y = human life4 ,!re=e !y are pref]able to ! intellectual virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is def9$ z t :i* makes its possessor good4 ,n[ man is said to be good 9 respect ( moral virtue1 & art 9 respect ( intellectual virtue1 except p]haps 9 respect ( prud5ce alone4 ,!re=e moral is bett] ?an intellectual virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! end is m excell5t ?an ! means4 ,b accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi1 #ab1 moral virtue gives "r int5tion ( ! end2 :]eas prud5ce gives "r *oice ( ! means4 ,!re=e moral virtue is m excell5t ?an prud5ce1 :i* is ! intellectual virtue t reg>ds moral matt]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,moral virtue is 9 t "p ( ! s\l :i* is rational by p>ticipation2 :ile intellectual virtue is 9 ! ess5tially rational "p1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac4 ,n[ rational by ess5ce is m excell5t ?an rational by p>ticipation4 ,!re=e intellectual virtue is bett] ?an moral virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be said to be great] or less 9 two ways3 fir/1 simply2 secondly1 relatively4 ,= no?+ h9d]s some?+ f be+ bett] simply1 e4g4 le>n+ ?an ri*es1 & yet n bett] relatively1 i4e4 = "o :o is 9 want 99,ari/otle1 ,topic4 iii44 ,n[ to consid] a ?+ simply is to consid] x 9 its prop] specific nature4 ,accord+ly1 a virtue takes its species f its object1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce1 speak+ simply1 t virtue is m excell5t1 :i* has ! m excell5t object4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! object ( ! reason is m excell5t ?an ! object ( ! appetite3 s9ce ! reason appreh5ds ?+s 9 ! univ]sal1 :ile ! appetite t5ds to ?+s !mselves1 ^: be+ is re/rict$ to ! p>ticul>4 ,consequ5tly1 speak+ simply1 ! intellectual virtues1 :i* p]fect ! reason1 are m excell5t ?an ! moral virtues1 :i* p]fect ! appetite4 ,b if we consid] virtue 9 its relation to act1 !n moral virtue1 :i* p]fects ! appetite1 ^: function x is to move ! o!r p[]s to act1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a71 is m excell5t4 ,& s9ce virtue is s call$ f its be+ a pr9ciple ( action1 = x is ! p]fection ( a p[]1 x foll[s aga9 t ! nature ( virtue agrees m ) moral ?an ) intellectual virtue1 ?\gh ! intellectual virtues are m excell5t habits1 simply speak+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! moral virtues are m la/+ ?an ! intellectual virtues1 because !y are practis$ 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! life ( ! community4 ,yet x is evid5t t ! objects ( ! sci5ces1 :i* are necess>y & inv>iable1 are m la/+ ?an ! objects ( moral virtue1 :i* are c]ta9 p>ticul> matt]s ( action4 ,t ! moral virtues are m necess>y = human life1 proves t !y are m excell5t1 n simply1 b relatively4 ,inde$1 ! speculative intellectual virtues1 f ! v fact t !y are n ref]r$ to some?+ else1 z a useful ?+ is ref]r$ to an end1 are m excell5t4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 !m we h a k9d ( beg9n+ ( t happ9ess :i* consi/s 9 ! k ( tru?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason :y man is said to be good simply1 9 respect ( moral virtue1 b n 9 respect ( intellectual virtue1 is because ! appetite moves ! o!r p[]s to _! acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e ?is argum5t1 too1 proves m]ely t moral virtue is bett] relatively4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prud5ce directs ! moral virtues n only 9 ! *oice ( ! means1 b also 9 appo9t+ ! end4 ,n[ ! end ( ea* moral virtue is to atta9 ! mean 9 ! matt] prop] to t virtue2 :i* mean is appo9t$ accord+ to ! "r rul+ ( prud5ce1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f2 vi1 #ac4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,is ! ,*ief ( ! ,moral ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice is n ! *ief ( ! moral virtues4 ,= x is bett] to give ( "o's own ?an to pay :at is due4 ,n[ ! =m] belongs to lib]ality1 ! latt] to ju/ice4 ,!re=e lib]ality is app>5tly a great] virtue ?an ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! *ief quality ( a ?+ is1 seem+ly1 t 9 :i* x is mo/ p]fect4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,jam4 #a3d1 ,pati5ce ha? a p]fect "w4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t pati5ce is great] ?an ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,magnanimity has a great influ5ce on e virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #c4 ,!re=e x magnifies ev5 ju/ice4 ,!re=e x is great] ?an ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t ju/ice is ! mo/ excell5t ( ! virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,a virtue consid]$ 9 its species may be great] or less1 ei!r simply or relatively4 ,a virtue is said to be great] simply1 :]eby a great] rational good %9es =?1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,9 ?is way ju/ice is ! mo/ excell5t ( all ! moral virtues1 z be+ mo/ ak9 to reason4 ,?is is made evid5t by consid]+ its subject & its object3 its subject1 because ?is is ! w1 & ! w is ! rational appetite1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a73 its object or matt]1 because x is ab\t op]ations1 :]eby man is set 9 ord] n only 9 himself1 b also 9 reg>d to ano!r4 ,h5ce ju/ice is ! mo/ excell5t ( virtues 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,among ! o!r moral virtues1 :i* are ab\t ! passions1 ! m excell5t ! matt] 9 :i* ! appetitive movem5t is subject$ to reason1 s mu* ! m does ! rational good %9e =? 9 ea*4 ,n[ 9 ?+s t\*+ man1 ! *ief ( all is life1 on :i* all o!r ?+s dep5d4 ,consequ5tly =titude :i* subjects ! appetitive movem5t to reason 9 matt]s ( life & dea?1 holds ! fir/ place among ^? moral virtues t are ab\t ! passions1 b is subord9ate to ju/ice4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 #a7 t ^? virtues mu/ ne$s be greate/ :i* receive ! mo/ praise3 s9ce virtue is a p[] ( do+ good4 ,h5ce ! brave man & ! j man are honor$ m ?an o!rs2 because ! =m]1 i4e4 =titude1 is useful 9 w>1 & ! latt]1 i4e4 ju/ice1 bo? 9 w> & 9 peace4 ,aft] =titude comes temp]ance1 :i* subjects ! appetite to reason 9 matt]s directly relat+ to life1 9 ! "o individual1 or 9 ! "o species1 viz4 9 matt]s ( food & ( sex4 ,& s ^! ?ree virtues1 toge!r ) prud5ce1 are call$ pr9cipal virtues1 9 excell5ce also4 ,a virtue is said to be great] relatively1 by reason ( its help+ or adorn+ a pr9cipal virtue3 ev5 z sub/ance is m excell5t simply ?an accid5t3 & yet relatively "s p>ticul> accid5t is m excell5t ?an sub/ance 9 s f> z x p]fects sub/ance 9 "s accid5tal mode ( be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! act ( lib]ality ne$s to be f\nd$ on an act ( ju/ice1 = a man is n lib]al 9 giv+1 unless he gives ( 8 own 7,polit4 ii1 #c74 ,h5ce !re c\ld be no lib]ality ap>t f ju/ice1 :i* disc]ns betwe5 meum & tuum3 :]eas ju/ice c be )\t lib]ality4 ,h5ce ju/ice is simply great] ?an lib]ality1 z be+ m univ]sal1 & z be+ its f\ndation3 :ile lib]ality is great] relatively s9ce x is an ornam5t & an addition to ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pati5ce is said to h a p]fect "w1 by endur+ evils1 :]e9 x excludes n only unju/ rev5ge1 :i* is also exclud$ by ju/ice2 n only hatr$1 :i* is also suppress$ by *>ity2 nor only ang]1 :i* is calm$ by g5tl5ess2 b also inord9ate sorr[1 :i* is ! root ( all ! above4 ,:]e=e x is m p]fect & excell5t ?r\gh pluck+ up ! root 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 m p]fect ?an all ! o!r virtues simply4 ,because =titude n only endures tr\ble )\t be+ di/urb$1 b also fights aga9/ x if necess>y4 ,h5ce :oev] is brave is pati5t2 b ! conv]se does n hold1 = pati5ce is a "p ( =titude4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re c be no magnanimity )\t ! o!r virtues1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #c4 ,h5ce x is comp>$ to !m z _! ornam5t1 s t relatively x is great] ?an all ! o!rs1 b n simply4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,wisdom ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,intellectual ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t wisdom is n ! greate/ ( ! intellectual virtues4 ,because ! comm&] is great] ?an ! "o comm&$4 ,n[ prud5ce seems to comm& wisdom1 = x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #b t political sci5ce1 :i* belongs to prud5ce 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h71 ord]s t sci5ces %\ld be cultivat$ 9 /ates1 & to :i* ( ^! ea* individual %\ld devote himself1 & to :at ext5t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 wisdom is "o ( ! sci5ces1 x seems t prud5ce is great] ?an wisdom4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! nature ( virtue to direct man to happ9ess3 because virtue is ! disposition ( a p]fect ?+ to t :i* is be/1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag4 ,n[ prud5ce is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be done1 :]eby man is br\ght to happ9ess3 :]eas wisdom takes no notice ( human acts1 :]eby man atta9s happ9ess4 ,!re=e prud5ce is a great] virtue ?an wisdom4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m p]fect k is1 ! great] x seems to be4 ,n[ we c h m p]fect k ( human affairs1 :i* are ! subject ( sci5ce1 ?an ( ,div9e ?+s1 :i* are ! object ( wisdom1 :i* is ! di/9ction giv5 by ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad73 because ,div9e ?+s are incompreh5sible1 accord+ to ,job #bf3bf3 ,behold ,god is great1 exce$+ our k4 ,!re=e sci5ce is a great] virtue ?an wisdom4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 k ( pr9ciples is m excell5t ?an k ( conclusions4 ,b wisdom draws conclusions f indemon/rable pr9ciples :i* are ! object ( ! virtue ( und]/&+1 ev5 z o!r sci5ces d4 ,!re=e und]/&+ is a great] virtue ?an wisdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #g7 t wisdom is ! head among ! intellectual virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 ! greatness ( a virtue1 z to its species1 is tak5 f its object4 ,n[ ! object ( wisdom surpasses ! objects ( all ! intellectual virtues3 because wisdom consid]s ! ,supreme ,cause1 :i* is ,god1 z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,metaphysics4 ,& s9ce x is by ! cause t we judge ( an effect1 & by ! high] cause t we judge ( ! l[] effects2 h5ce x is t wisdom ex]cises judgm5t ov] all ! o!r intellectual virtues1 directs !m all1 & is ! ar*itect ( !m all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce prud5ce is ab\t human affairs1 & wisdom ab\t ! ,supreme ,cause1 x is impossible = prud5ce to be a great] virtue ?an wisdom1 unless1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #g1 man 7 ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,:]e=e we mu/ say1 z /at$ 9 ! same book 7,e?ic4 vi71 t prud5ce does n comm& wisdom1 b vice v]sa3 because ! spiritual man judge? all ?+s2 & he himself is judg$ by no man 7#a ,cor4 #b3ae74 ,= prud5ce has no bus9ess ) supreme matt]s :i* are ! object ( wisdom3 b its comm& cov]s ?+s direct$ to wisdom1 viz4 h[ m5 are to obta9 wisdom4 ,:]e=e prud5ce1 or political sci5ce1 is1 9 ?is way1 ! s]vant ( wisdom2 = x leads to wisdom1 prep>+ ! way = h]1 z ! doorkeep] = ! k+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prud5ce consid]s ! means ( acquir+ happ9ess1 b wisdom consid]s ! v object ( happ9ess1 viz4 ! ,supreme ,intelligible4 ,& if inde$ ! consid]ation ( wisdom 7 p]fect 9 respect ( its object1 !re w\ld be p]fect happ9ess 9 ! act ( wisdom3 b z1 9 ?is life1 ! act ( wisdom is imp]fect 9 respect ( its pr9cipal object1 :i* is ,god1 x foll[s t ! act ( wisdom is a beg9n+ or p>ticipation ( future happ9ess1 s t wisdom is ne>] ?an prud5ce to happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 text4 #a71 "o k is pref]able to ano!r1 ei!r because x is ab\t a high] object1 or because x is m c]ta94 ,h5ce if ! objects be equally good & sublime1 t virtue w be great] :i* possesses m c]ta9 k4 ,b a virtue :i* is less c]ta9 ab\t a high] & bett] object1 is pref]able to t :i* is m c]ta9 ab\t an object ( inf]ior degree4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,coelo ii1 text4 #fj7 t x is a great ?+ to be able to "k some?+ ab\t cele/ial be+s1 ?\gh x be bas$ on weak & probable reason+2 & aga9 7,de ,"p4 ,animal4 i1 #e7 t x is bett] to "k a little ab\t sublime ?+s1 ?an mu* ab\t mean ?+s4 ,accord+ly wisdom1 to :i* k ab\t ,god p]ta9s1 is beyond ! rea* ( man1 especially 9 ?is life1 s z to be 8 possession3 = ?is belongs to ,god alone 7,metaph4 i1 #b73 & yet ?is little k ab\t ,god :i* we c h ?r\gh wisdom is pref]able to all o!r k4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! tru? & k ( indemon/rable pr9ciples dep5ds on ! mean+ ( ! t]ms3 = z soon z we "k :at is a :ole1 & :at is a "p1 we "k at once t e :ole is great] ?an its "p4 ,n[ to "k ! mean+ ( be+ & non-be+1 ( :ole & "p1 & ( o!r ?+s consequ5t to be+1 :i* are ! t]ms :]e( indemon/rable pr9ciples are con/itut$1 is ! function ( wisdom3 s9ce univ]sal be+ is ! prop] effect ( ! ,supreme ,cause1 :i* is ,god4 ,& s wisdom makes use ( indemon/rable pr9ciples :i* are ! object ( und]/&+1 n only by draw+ conclusions f !m1 z o!r sci5ces d1 b also by pass+ its judgm5t on !m1 & by v9dicat+ !m aga9/ ^? :o d5y !m4 ,h5ce x foll[s t wisdom is a great] virtue ?an und]/&+4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,!ological ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n ! greate/ ( ! !ological virtues4 ,because1 s9ce fai? is 9 ! intellect1 :ile hope & *>ity are 9 ! appetitive p[]1 x seems t fai? is comp>$ to hope & *>ity1 z intellectual to moral virtue4 ,n[ intellectual virtue is great] ?an moral virtue1 z 0 made evid5t above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e fai? is great] ?an hope & *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :5 two ?+s are add$ toge!r1 ! result is great] ?an ei!r "o4 ,n[ hope results f some?+ add$ to *>ity2 = x presupposes love1 z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion viii71 & x adds a c]ta9 movem5t ( /ret*+ =w>d to ! belov$4 ,!re=e hope is great] ?an *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a cause is m noble ?an its effect4 ,n[ fai? & hope are ! cause ( *>ity3 = a gloss on ,matt4 #a3c says t fai? begets hope1 & hope *>ity4 ,!re=e fai? & hope are great] ?an *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ac73 ,n[ !re rema9 fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 ^! ?ree2 b ! greate/ ( ^! is *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 ! greatness ( a virtue1 z to its species1 is tak5 f its object4 ,n[1 s9ce ! ?ree !ological virtues look at ,god z _! prop] object1 x _c be said t any "o ( !m is great] ?an ano!r by reason ( its hav+ a great] object1 b only f ! fact t x approa*es ne>] ?an ano!r to t object2 & 9 ?is way *>ity is great] ?an ! o!rs4 ,because ! o!rs1 9 _! v nature1 imply a c]ta9 di/ance f ! object3 s9ce fai? is ( :at is n se51 & hope is ( :at is n possess$4 ,b ! love ( *>ity is ( t :i* is already possess$3 s9ce ! belov$ is1 9 a mann]1 9 ! lov]1 &1 aga91 ! lov] is drawn by desire to union ) ! belov$2 h5ce x is writt5 7#a ,john #d3af73 ,he t abide? 9 *>ity1 abide? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fai? & hope are n relat$ to *>ity 9 ! same way z prud5ce to moral virtue2 & = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! !ological virtues h an object surpass+ ! human s\l3 :]eas prud5ce & ! moral virtues are ab\t ?+s b5ea? man4 ,n[ 9 ?+s t are above man1 to love !m is m excell5t ?an to "k !m4 ,because k is p]fect$ by ! kn[n be+ 9 ! kn[]3 :]eas love is p]fect$ by ! lov] be+ drawn to ! belov$4 ,n[ t :i* is above man is m excell5t 9 itself ?an 9 man3 s9ce a ?+ is conta9$ accord+ to ! mode ( ! conta9]4 ,b x is ! o!r way ab\t 9 ?+s b5ea? man4 ,secondly1 because prud5ce mod]ates ! appetitive movem5ts p]ta9+ to ! moral virtues1 :]eas fai? does n mod]ate ! appetitive movem5t t5d+ to ,god1 :i* movem5t belongs to ! !ological virtues3 x only %[s ! object4 ,& ?is appetitive movem5t t[>ds its object surpasses human k1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ai3 ,! *>ity ( ,*ri/ :i* surpasse? all k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope presupposes love ( t :i* a man hopes to obta92 & su* love is love ( concupisc5ce1 :]eby he :o desires good1 loves himself r ?an some?+ else4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *>ity implies love ( fri5d%ip1 to :i* we are l$ by hope1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an effici5t cause is m noble ?an its effect3 b n a dispos+ cause4 ,= o!rwise ! heat ( fire w\ld be m noble ?an ! s\l1 to :i* ! heat disposes ! matt]4 ,x is 9 ?is way t fai? begets hope1 & hope *>ity3 9 ! s5se1 to wit1 t "o is a disposition to ! o!r4 ,,"q #fg ,,( ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,virtues ,,aft] ,,?is ,,life 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! duration ( virtues aft] ?is life1 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! moral virtues rema9 aft] ?is life8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! intellectual virtues rema98 7#c7 ,:e!r fai? rema9s8 7#d7 ,:e!r hope rema9s8 7#e7 ,:e!r any?+ rema9s ( fai? or hope8 7#f7 ,:e!r *>ity rema9s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,moral ,virtues ,rema9 ,aft] ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues d n rema9 aft] ?is life4 ,= 9 ! future /ate ( glory m5 w be l angels1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bb3cj4 ,b x is absurd to put moral virtues 9 ! angels 99,:atev] relates to moral action is petty1 & unwor?y ( ! gods 7,e?ic4 x1 #h71 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #h4 ,!re=e nei!r 9 man w !re be moral virtues aft] ?is life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 moral virtues p]fect man 9 ! active life4 ,b ! active life does n rema9 aft] ?is life3 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 iv1 #ah73 ,! works ( ! active life pass away f ! body4 ,!re=e moral virtues d n rema9 aft] ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 temp]ance & =titude1 :i* are moral virtues1 are 9 ! irrational p>ts ( ! s\l1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj74 ,n[ ! irrational p>ts ( ! s\l are corrupt$1 :5 ! body is corrupt$3 s9ce !y are acts ( bodily organs4 ,!re=e x seems t ! moral virtues d n rema9 aft] ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #a3ae7 t ju/ice is p]petual & immortal4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #i71 ,cic]o held t ! c>d9al virtues d n rema9 aft] ?is life2 & t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #i71 9 ! o!r life m5 are made happy by ! m]e k ( t nature1 ?an :i* no?+ is bett] or m lovable1 t ,nature1 to wit1 :i* creat$ all o!rs4 ,aft]w>ds he concludes t ^! f\r virtues rema9 9 ! future life1 b aft] a diff]5t mann]4 ,9 ord] to make ?is evid5t1 we mu/ note t 9 ^! virtues !re is a =mal elem5t1 & a quasi-mat]ial elem5t4 ,! mat]ial elem5t 9 ^! virtues is a c]ta9 incl9ation ( ! appetitive "p to ! passions & op]ations accord+ to a c]ta9 mode3 & s9ce ?is mode is fix$ by reason1 ! =mal elem5t is precisely ?is ord] ( reason4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t ^! moral virtues d n rema9 9 ! future life1 z reg>ds _! mat]ial elem5t4 ,= 9 ! future life !re w be no concupisc5ces & pleasures 9 matt]s ( food & sex2 nor fe> & d>+ ab\t dang]s ( dea?2 nor di/ributions & commutations ( ?+s employ$ 9 ?is pres5t life4 ,b1 z reg>ds ! =mal elem5t1 !y w rema9 mo/ p]fect1 aft] ?is life1 9 ! ,bless$1 9 z mu* z ea* "o's reason w h mo/ p]fect rectitude 9 reg>d to ?+s conc]n+ him 9 respect ( t /ate ( life3 & 8 appetitive p[] w be mov$ entirely accord+ to ! ord] ( reason1 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to t same /ate4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #i7 t prud5ce w be !re )\t any dang] ( error2 =titude1 )\t ! anxiety ( be>+ ) evil2 temp]ance1 )\t ! rebellion ( ! desires3 s t prud5ce w nei!r pref] nor equal any good to ,god2 =titude w adh]e to ,him mo/ /eadfa/ly2 & temp]ance w delight 9 ,him ,:o kn[s no imp]fection4 ,z to ju/ice1 x is yet m evid5t :at w be its act 9 t life1 viz4 to be subject to ,god3 because ev5 9 ?is life subjection to a sup]ior is "p ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ !re ( ^! moral virtues1 z to _! mat]ial elem5t2 ?us he speaks ( ju/ice1 z reg>ds commutations & di/ributions2 ( =titude1 z to matt]s ( t]ror & dang]2 ( temp]ance1 9 respect ( lewd desires4 ,! same applies to ! ,second ,objection4 ,= ^? ?+s t conc]n ! active life1 belong to ! mat]ial elem5t ( ! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is a tw(old /ate aft] ?is life2 "o be=e ! resurrection1 dur+ :i* ! s\l w be sep>ate f ! body2 ! o!r1 aft] ! resurrection1 :5 ! s\ls w be reunit$ to _! bodies4 ,9 ?is /ate ( resurrection1 ! irrational p[]s w be 9 ! bodily organs1 j z !y n[ are4 ,h5ce x w be possible = =titude to be 9 ! irascible1 & temp]ance 9 ! concupiscible "p1 9 s f> z ea* p[] w be p]fectly dispos$ to obey ! reason4 ,b 9 ! /ate prec$+ ! resurrection1 ! irrational p>ts w n be 9 ! s\l actually1 b only radically 9 its ess5ce1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #h74 ,:]e=e nei!r w ^! virtues be actually1 b only 9 _! root1 i4e4 9 ! reason & w1 :]e9 are c]ta9 nurs]ies ( ^! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a74 ,ju/ice1 h[ev]1 w rema9 because x is 9 ! w4 ,h5ce ( ju/ice x is specially said t x is p]petual & immortal2 bo? by reason ( its subject1 s9ce ! w is incorruptible2 & because its act w n *ange1 z /at$4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,virtues ,rema9 ,aft] ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual virtues d n rema9 aft] ?is life4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3h1 #i7 t k %all be de/roy$1 & he /ates ! reason to be because we "k 9 "p4 ,n[ j z ! k ( sci5ce is 9 "p1 i4e4 imp]fect2 s also is ! k ( ! o!r intellectual virtues1 z long z ?is life la/s4 ,!re=e all ! intellectual virtues w cease aft] ?is life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,categor4 vi7 t s9ce sci5ce is a habit1 x is a quality difficult to remove3 = x is n easily lo/1 except by reason ( "s great *ange or sickness4 ,b no bodily *ange is s great z t ( dea?4 ,!re=e sci5ce & ! o!r intellectual virtues d n rema9 aft] dea?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellectual virtues p]fect ! intellect s t x may p]=m its prop] act well4 ,n[ !re seems to be no act ( ! intellect aft] ?is life1 s9ce ! s\l und]/&s no?+ )\t a phantasm 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #cj72 &1 aft] ?is life1 ! phantasms d n rema91 s9ce _! only subject is an organ ( ! body4 ,!re=e ! intellectual virtues d n rema9 aft] ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! k ( :at is univ]sal & necess>y is m con/ant ?an t ( p>ticul> & cont+5t ?+s4 ,n[ ! k ( cont+5t p>ticul>s rema9s 9 man aft] ?is life2 = in/ance1 ! k ( :at "o has done or suff]$1 accord+ to ,luke #af3be3 ,son1 rememb] t ?\ did/ receive good ?+s 9 ?y life-"t1 & likewise ,laz>us evil ?+s4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 does ! k ( univ]sal & necess>y ?+s rema91 :i* belong to sci5ce & ! o!r intellectual virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #f7 "s h held t ! intelligible species d n rema9 9 ! passive intellect except :5 x actually und]/&s2 & t s long z actual consid]ation ceases1 ! species are n pres]v$ save 9 ! s5sitive p[]s :i* are acts ( bodily organs1 viz4 9 ! p[]s ( imag9ation & memory4 ,n[ ^! p[]s cease :5 ! body is corrupt$3 & consequ5tly1 accord+ to ?is op9ion1 nei!r sci5ce nor any o!r intellectual virtue w rema9 aft] ?is life :5 once ! body is corrupt$4 ,b ?is op9ion is contr>y to ! m9d ( ,ari/otle1 :o /ates 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #h7 t ! possible intellect is 9 act :5 x is id5tifi$ ) ea* ?+ z kn[+ x2 & yet1 ev5 !n1 x is 9 pot5tiality to consid] x actually4 ,x is also contr>y to reason1 because intelligible species are conta9$ by ! possible intellect immovably1 accord+ to ! mode ( _! conta9]4 ,h5ce ! possible intellect is call$ ! abode ( ! species 7,de ,anima iii7 because x pres]ves ! intelligible species4 ,& yet ! phantasms1 by turn+ to :i* man und]/&s 9 ?is life1 by apply+ ! intelligible species to !m z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #a1 ad #e71 cease z soon z ! body is corrupt$4 ,h5ce1 s f> z ! phantasms are conc]n$1 :i* are ! quasi-mat]ial elem5t 9 ! intellectual virtues1 ^! latt] cease :5 ! body is de/roy$3 b z reg>ds ! intelligible species1 :i* are 9 ! possible intellect1 ! intellectual virtues rema94 ,n[ ! species are ! quasi-=mal elem5t ( ! intellectual virtues4 ,!re=e ^! rema9 aft] ?is life1 z reg>ds _! =mal elem5t1 j z we h /at$ conc]n+ ! moral virtues 7,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ! ,apo/le is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! mat]ial elem5t 9 sci5ce1 & to ! mode ( und]/&+2 because1 to x1 nei!r d ! phantasms rema91 :5 ! body is de/roy$2 nor w sci5ce be appli$ by turn+ to ! phantasms4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sickness de/roys ! habit ( sci5ce z to its mat]ial elem5t1 viz4 ! phantasms1 b n z to ! intelligible species1 :i* are 9 ! possible intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #a71 ! sep>at$ s\l has a mode ( und]/&+1 o!r ?an by turn+ to ! phantasms4 ,consequ5tly sci5ce rema9s1 yet n z to ! same mode ( op]ation2 z we h /at$ conc]n+ ! moral virtues 7,a4 #a74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,fai? ,rema9s ,aft] ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? rema9s aft] ?is life4 ,because fai? is m excell5t ?an sci5ce4 ,n[ sci5ce rema9s aft] ?is life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e fai? rema9s also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #c3aa73 ,o!r f\ndation no man c lay1 b t :i* is laid2 :i* is ,*ri/ ,jesus1 i4e4 fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n[ if ! f\ndation is remov$1 t :i* is built ^u x rema9s no m4 ,!re=e1 if fai? rema9s n aft] ?is life1 no o!r virtue rema9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! k ( fai? & ! k ( glory diff] z p]fect f imp]fect4 ,n[ imp]fect k is compatible ) p]fect k3 ?us 9 an angel !re c be ev5+ & morn+ k 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #f2 & a man c h sci5ce ?r\gh a demon/rative syllogism1 toge!r ) op9ion ?r\gh a probable syllogism1 ab\t "o same conclusion4 ,!re=e aft] ?is life fai? also is compatible ) ! k ( glory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #e3f1 #g73 ,:ile we are 9 ! body1 we are abs5t f ! ,"l3 = we walk by fai? & n by sight4 ,b ^? :o are 9 glory are n abs5t f ! ,"l1 b pres5t to ,him4 ,!re=e aft] ?is life fai? does n rema9 9 ! life ( glory4 ,i answ] t1 ,opposition is ( itself ! prop] cause ( "o ?+ be+ exclud$ f ano!r1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z :]ev] two ?+s are opposite to "o ano!r1 we f9d opposition ( affirmation & negation4 ,n[ 9 "s ?+s we f9d opposition 9 respect ( contr>y =ms2 ?us 9 colors we f9d :ite & black4 ,9 o!rs we f9d opposition 9 respect ( p]fection & imp]fection3 :]e=e 9 alt]ations1 m & less are consid]$ to be contr>ies1 z :5 a ?+ f be+ less hot is made m hot 7,phys4 v1 text4 #ai74 ,& s9ce p]fect & imp]fect are opposite to "o ano!r1 x is impossible = p]fection & imp]fection to affect ! same ?+ at ! same "t4 ,n[ we mu/ take note t sometimes imp]fection belongs to a ?+'s v nature1 & belongs to its species3 ev5 z lack ( reason belongs to ! v specific nature ( a horse & an ox4 ,& s9ce a ?+1 s long z x rema9s ! same id5tically1 _c pass f "o species to ano!r1 x foll[s t if su* an imp]fection be remov$1 ! species ( t ?+ is *ang$3 ev5 z x w\ld no long] be an ox or a horse1 7 x to be rational4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! imp]fection does n belong to ! specific nature1 b is accid5tal to ! individual by reason ( some?+ else2 ev5 z sometimes lack ( reason is accid5tal to a man1 because he is asleep1 or because he is drunk1 or = "s l reason2 & x is evid5t1 t if su* an imp]fection be remov$1 ! ?+ rema9s sub/antially4 ,n[ x is cle> t imp]fect k belongs to ! v nature ( fai?3 = x is includ$ 9 its def9ition2 fai? be+ def9$ z ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =1 ! evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n 7,heb4 #aa3a74 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xl 9 ,joan473 ,:at is fai?8 ,believ+ )\t see+4 ,b x is an imp]fect k t is ( ?+s unapp>5t or unse54 ,consequ5tly imp]fect k belongs to ! v nature ( fai?3 !re=e x is cle> t ! k ( fai? _c be p]fect & rema9 id5tically ! same4 ,b we mu/ also consid] :e!r x is compatible ) p]fect k3 = !re is no?+ to prev5t "s k9d ( imp]fect k f be+ sometimes ) p]fect k4 ,accord+ly we mu/ obs]ve t k c be imp]fect 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! kn[able object2 secondly1 on ! "p ( ! m$ium2 ?irdly1 on ! "p ( ! subject4 ,! diff]5ce ( p]fect & imp]fect k on ! "p ( ! kn[able object is se5 9 ! morn+ & ev5+ k ( ! angels3 = ! morn+ k is ab\t ?+s accord+ to ! be+ :i* !y h 9 ! ,^w1 :ile ! ev5+ k is ab\t ?+s accord+ z !y h be+ 9 _! own natures1 :i* be+ is imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) ! ,fir/ ,be+4 ,on ! "p ( ! m$ium1 p]fect & imp]fect k are exemplifi$ 9 ! k ( a conclusion ?r\gh a demon/rative m$ium1 & ?r\gh a probable m$ium4 ,on ! "p ( ! subject ! diff]5ce ( p]fect & imp]fect k applies to op9ion1 fai?1 & sci5ce4 ,= x is ess5tial to op9ion t we ass5t to "o ( two opposite ass]tions ) fe> ( ! o!r1 s t our adhesion is n firm3 to sci5ce x is ess5tial to h firm adhesion ) intellectual vision1 = sci5ce possesses c]titude :i* results f ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples3 :ile fai? holds a middle place1 = x surpasses op9ion 9 s f> z its adhesion is firm1 b falls %ort ( sci5ce 9 s f> z x lacks vision4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a ?+ _c be p]fect & imp]fect 9 ! same respect2 yet ! ?+s :i* diff] z p]fect & imp]fect c be toge!r 9 ! same respect 9 "o & ! same o!r ?+4 ,accord+ly1 k :i* is p]fect on ! "p ( ! object is q incompatible ) imp]fect k ab\t ! same object2 b !y are compatible ) "o ano!r 9 respect ( ! same m$ium or ! same subject3 = no?+ h9d]s a man f hav+ at "o & ! same "t1 ?r\gh "o & ! same m$ium1 p]fect & imp]fect k ab\t two ?+s1 "o p]fect1 ! o!r imp]fect1 e4g4 ab\t heal? & sickness1 good & evil4 ,9 l mann] k t is p]fect on ! "p ( ! m$ium is incompatible ) imp]fect k ?r\gh "o & ! same m$ium3 b no?+ h9d]s !m be+ ab\t ! same subject or 9 ! same subject3 = "o man c "k ! same conclusions ?r\gh a probable & ?r\gh a demon/rative m$ium4 ,aga91 k t is p]fect on ! "p ( ! subject is incompatible ) imp]fect k 9 ! same subject4 ,n[ fai?1 ( its v nature1 conta9s an imp]fection on ! "p ( ! subject1 viz4 t ! believ] sees n :at he believes3 :]eas bliss1 ( its v nature1 implies p]fection on ! "p ( ! subject1 viz4 t ! ,bless$ see t :i* makes !m happy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h74 ,h5ce x is manife/ t fai? & bliss are incompatible 9 "o & ! same subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fai? is m excell5t ?an sci5ce1 on ! "p ( ! object1 because its object is ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,yet sci5ce has a m p]fect mode ( kn[+ its object1 :i* is n incompatible ) vision :i* is ! p]fection ( happ9ess1 z ! mode ( fai? is incompatible4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? is ! f\ndation 9 z mu* z x is k3 consequ5tly :5 ?is k is p]fect$1 ! f\ndation w be p]fect$ also4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is cle> f :at has be5 said4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,hope ,rema9s ,aft] ,dea?1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,glory8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope rema9s aft] dea?1 9 ! /ate ( glory4 ,because hope p]fects ! human appetite 9 a m excell5t mann] ?an ! moral virtues4 ,b ! moral virtues rema9 aft] ?is life1 z ,augu/9e cle>ly /ates 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #i74 ,mu* m !n does hope rema94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fe> is oppos$ to hope4 ,b fe> rema9s aft] ?is life3 9 ! ,bless$1 filial fe>1 :i* abides = ev]--9 ! lo/1 ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,!re=e1 9 a l mann]1 hope c rema94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z hope is ( future good1 s is desire4 ,n[ 9 ! ,bless$ !re is desire = future good2 bo? = ! glory ( ! body1 :i* ! s\ls ( ! ,bless$ desire1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce72 & = ! glory ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #bd3bi3 ,!y t eat me1 %all yet hung]1 & !y t dr9k me1 %all yet ?ir/1 & #a ,pet4 #a3ab3 ,on ,:om ! angels desire to look4 ,!re=e x seems t !re c be hope 9 ! ,bless$ aft] ?is life is pa/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3bd73 ,:at a man see?1 :y do? he hope =8 ,b ! ,bless$ see t :i* is ! object ( hope1 viz4 ,god4 ,!re=e !y d n hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 t :i*1 9 its v nature1 implies imp]fection ( its subject1 is incompatible ) ! opposite p]fection 9 t subject4 ,?us x is evid5t t movem5t ( its v nature implies imp]fection ( its subject1 s9ce x is ! act ( t :i* is 9 pot5tiality z su* 7,phys4 iii73 s t z soon z ?is pot5tiality is br\ght into act1 ! movem5t ceases2 = a ?+ does n cont9ue to become :ite1 :5 once x is made :ite4 ,n[ hope d5otes a movem5t t[>ds t :i* is n possess$1 z is cle> f :at we h said above ab\t ! passion ( hope 7,q4 #dj1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e :5 we possess t :i* we hope =1 viz4 ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 x w no long] be possible to h hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,hope surpasses ! moral virtues z to its object1 :i* is ,god4 ,b ! acts ( ! moral virtues are n incompatible ) ! p]fection ( happ9ess1 z ! act ( hope is2 except p]haps1 z reg>ds _! matt]1 9 respect ( :i* !y d n rema94 ,= moral virtue p]fects ! appetite1 n only 9 respect ( :at is n yet possess$1 b also z reg>ds some?+ :i* is 9 our actual possession4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fe> is tw(old1 s]vile & filial1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #b74 ,s]vile fe> reg>ds puni%m5t1 & w be impossible 9 ! life ( glory1 s9ce !re w no long] be possibility ( be+ puni%$4 ,filial fe> has two acts3 "o is an act ( rev]5ce to ,god1 & ) reg>d to ?is act1 x rema9s3 ! o!r is an act ( fe> le/ we be sep>at$ f ,god1 & z reg>ds ?is act1 x does n rema94 ,because sep>ation f ,god is 9 ! nature ( an evil3 & no evil w be fe>$ !re1 accord+ to ,prov4 #a3cc3 ,he 4 4 4 %all enjoy abundance )\t fe> ( evils4 ,n[ fe> is oppos$ to hope by opposition ( good & evil1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a71 & !re=e ! fe> :i* w rema9 9 glory is n oppos$ to hope4 ,9 ! lo/ !re c be fe> ( puni%m5t1 r ?an hope ( glory 9 ! ,bless$4 ,because 9 ! lo/ !re w be a succession ( puni%m5ts1 s t ! notion ( some?+ future rema9s !re1 :i* is ! object ( fe>3 b ! glory ( ! sa9ts has no succession1 by reason ( its be+ a k9d ( p>ticipation ( et]nity1 :]e9 !re is nei!r pa/ nor future1 b only ! pres5t4 ,& yet1 prop]ly speak+1 nei!r 9 ! lo/ is !re fe>4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #db1 ,a4 #b71 fe> is nev] )\t "s hope ( escape3 & ! lo/ h no su* hope4 ,consequ5tly nei!r w !re be fe> 9 !m2 except speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 9 s f> z any expectation ( future evil is call$ fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z to ! glory ( ! s\l1 !re c be no desire 9 ! ,bless$1 9 s f> z desire looks = some?+ future1 = ! reason already giv5 7ad #b74 ,yet hung] & ?ir/ are said to be 9 !m because !y nev] we>y1 & = ! same reason desire is said to be 9 ! angels4 ,) reg>d to ! glory ( ! body1 !re c be desire 9 ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts1 b n hope1 prop]ly speak+2 nei!r z a !ological virtue1 = ?us its object is ,god1 & n a creat$ good2 nor 9 its g5]al signification4 ,because ! object ( hope is some?+ difficult1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a73 :ile a good ^: un]r+ cause we already possess1 is n comp>$ to u z some?+ difficult4 ,h5ce he t has money is n1 prop]ly speak+1 said to hope = :at he c buy at once4 ,9 l mann] ^? :o h ! glory ( ! s\l are n1 prop]ly speak+1 said to hope = ! glory ( ! body1 b only to desire x4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,any?+ ( ,fai? or ,hope ,rema9s 9 ,glory8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t some?+ ( fai? & hope rema9s 9 glory4 ,= :5 t :i* is prop] to a ?+ is remov$1 !re rema9s :at is common2 ?us x is /at$ 9 ,de ,causis t if y take away rational1 !re rema9s liv+1 & :5 y remove liv+1 !re rema9s be+4 ,n[ 9 fai? !re is some?+ t x has 9 common ) beatitude1 viz4 k3 & !re is some?+ prop] to x1 viz4 d>kness1 = fai? is k 9 a d>k mann]4 ,!re=e1 ! d>kness ( fai? remov$1 ! k ( fai? /ill rema9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fai? is a spiritual light ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ,eph4 #a3ag1 #ah3 ,! eyes ( y\r he>t enlight5$ 4 4 4 9 ! k ( ,god2 yet ?is light is imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) ! light ( glory1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,ps4 #ce3aj73 ,9 ,?y light we %all see light4 ,n[ an imp]fect light rema9s :5 a p]fect light sup]v5es3 = a c&le is n ext+ui%$ :5 ! sun's rays appe>4 ,!re=e x seems t ! light ( fai? itself rema9s ) ! light ( glory4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! sub/ance ( a habit does n cease ?r\gh ! )drawal ( its matt]3 = a man may reta9 ! habit ( lib]ality1 ?\gh he h lo/ 8 money3 yet he _c ex]cise ! act4 ,n[ ! object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru? z unse54 ,!re=e :5 ?is ceases ?r\gh be+ se51 ! habit ( fai? c /ill rema94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,fai? is a simple habit4 ,n[ a simple ?+ is ei!r )drawn entirely1 or rema9s entirely4 ,s9ce !re=e fai? does n rema9 entirely1 b is tak5 away z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 x seems t x is )drawn entirely4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h held t hope is tak5 away entirely3 b t fai? is tak5 away 9 "p1 viz4 z to its obscurity1 & rema9s 9 "p1 viz4 z to ! sub/ance ( its k4 ,& if ?is be und]/ood to mean t x rema9s ! same1 n id5tically b g5]ically1 x is absolutely true2 s9ce fai? is ( ! same g5us1 viz4 k1 z ! beatific vision4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hope is n ( ! same g5us z heav5ly bliss3 because x is comp>$ to ! enjoym5t ( bliss1 z movem5t is to re/ 9 ! t]m ( movem5t4 ,b if x be und]/ood to mean t 9 heav5 ! k ( fai? rema9s id5tically ! same1 ?is is absolutely impossible4 ,because :5 y remove a specific diff]5ce1 ! sub/ance ( ! g5us does n rema9 id5tically ! same3 ?us if y remove ! diff]5ce con/itut+ :it5ess1 ! sub/ance ( color does n rema9 id5tically ! same1 z ?\gh ! id5tical color 7 at "o "t :it5ess1 &1 at ano!r1 blackness4 ,! reason is t g5us is n relat$ to diff]5ce z matt] to =m1 s t ! sub/ance ( ! g5us rema9s id5tically ! same1 :5 ! diff]5ce is remov$1 z ! sub/ance ( matt] rema9s id5tically ! same1 :5 ! =m is *ang$3 = g5us & diff]5ce are n ! p>ts ( a species1 else !y w\ld n be pr$icat$ ( ! species4 ,b ev5 z ! species d5otes ! :ole1 i4e4 ! comp\nd ( matt] & =m 9 mat]ial ?+s1 s does ! diff]5ce1 & likewise ! g5us2 ! g5us d5otes ! :ole by signify+ t :i* is mat]ial2 ! diff]5ce1 by signify+ t :i* is =mal2 ! species1 by signify+ bo?4 ,?us1 9 man1 ! s5sitive nature is z matt] to ! intellectual nature1 & animal is pr$icat$ ( t :i* has a s5sitive nature1 rational ( t :i* has an intellectual nature1 & man ( t :i* has bo?4 ,s t ! "o same :ole is d5ot$ by ^! ?ree1 b n "u ! same aspect4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 s9ce ! signification ( ! diff]5ce is conf9$ to ! g5us if ! diff]5ce be remov$1 ! sub/ance ( ! g5us _c rema9 ! same3 = ! same animal nature does n rema91 if ano!r k9d ( s\l con/itute ! animal4 ,h5ce x is impossible = ! id5tical k1 :i* 0 previ\sly obscure1 to become cle> vision4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 9 heav51 no?+ rema9s ( fai?1 ei!r id5tically or specifically ! same1 b only g5]ically4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if rational be )drawn1 ! rema9+ liv+ ?+ is ! same1 n id5tically1 b g5]ically1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! imp]fection ( c&lelight is n oppos$ to ! p]fection ( sunlight1 s9ce !y d n reg>d ! same subject3 :]eas ! imp]fection ( fai? & ! p]fection ( glory are oppos$ to "o ano!r & reg>d ! same subject4 ,consequ5tly !y are incompatible ) "o ano!r1 j z light & d>kness 9 ! air4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t loses 8 money does n !re=e lose ! possibility ( hav+ money1 & !re=e x is reasonable = ! habit ( lib]ality to rema94 ,b 9 ! /ate ( glory n only is ! object ( fai?1 :i* is ! unse51 remov$ actually1 b ev5 its possibility1 by reason ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( heav5ly bliss3 & s su* a habit w\ld rema9 to no purpose4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,*>ity ,rema9s ,aft] ,?is ,life1 9 ,glory8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity does n rema9 aft] ?is life1 9 glory4 ,because accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3aj1 :5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 t :i* is 9 "p1 i4e4 t :i* is imp]fect1 %all be done away4 ,n[ ! *>ity ( ! wayf>] is imp]fect4 ,!re=e x w be done away :5 ! p]fection ( glory is atta9$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habits & acts are diff]5tiat$ by _! objects4 ,b ! object ( love is good appreh5d$4 ,s9ce !re=e ! appreh5sion ( ! pres5t life diff]s f ! appreh5sion ( ! life to come1 x seems t *>ity is n ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s ( ! same k9d c advance f imp]fection to p]fection by cont9u\s increase4 ,b ! *>ity ( ! wayf>] c nev] atta9 to equality ) ! *>ity ( heav51 h[ev] mu* x be increas$4 ,!re=e x seems t ! *>ity ( ! wayf>] does n rema9 9 heav54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3h73 ,*>ity nev] falle? away4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 :5 ! imp]fection ( a ?+ does n belong to its specific nature1 !re is no?+ to h9d] ! id5tical ?+ pass+ f imp]fection to p]fection1 ev5 z man is p]fect$ by gr[?1 & :it5ess by int5sity4 ,n[ *>ity is love1 ! nature ( :i* does n include imp]fection1 s9ce x may relate to an object ei!r possess$ or n possess$1 ei!r se5 or n se54 ,!re=e *>ity is n done away by ! p]fection ( glory1 b rema9s id5tically ! same4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! imp]fection ( *>ity is accid5tal to x2 because imp]fection is n includ$ 9 ! nature ( love4 ,n[ al?\gh t :i* is accid5tal to a ?+ be )drawn1 ! sub/ance rema9s4 ,h5ce ! imp]fection ( *>ity be+ done away1 *>ity itself is n done away4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! object ( *>ity is n k itself2 if x 71 ! *>ity ( ! wayf>] w\ld n be ! same z ! *>ity ( heav53 its object is ! ?+ kn[n1 :i* rema9s ! same1 viz4 ,god ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason :y *>ity ( ! wayf>] _c atta9 to ! p]fection ( ! *>ity ( heav51 is a diff]5ce on ! "p ( ! cause3 = vision is a cause ( love1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ix1 #e3 & ! m p]fectly we "k ,god1 ! m p]fectly we love ,him4 ,,"q #fh ,,( ,,! ,,gifts 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we n[ come to consid] ! ,gifts2 "u :i* head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ,gifts diff] f ! virtues8 7#b7 ,( ! necessity ( ! ,gifts8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! ,gifts are habits8 7#d7 ,:i*1 & h[ _m are !y8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! ,gifts are connect$8 7#f7 ,:e!r !y rema9 9 heav58 7#g7 ,( _! comp>ison ) "o ano!r2 7#h7 ,( _! comp>ison ) ! virtues4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,gifts ,diff] f ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gifts d n diff] f ! virtues4 ,= ,gregory comm5t+ on ,job #a3b1 ,!re 7 born to him sev5 sons1 says 7,moral4 i1 #ab73 ,sev5 sons 7 born to u1 :5 ?r\gh ! conception ( heav5ly ?\ght1 ! sev5 virtues ( ! ,holy ,gho/ take bir? 9 u3 & he quotes ! words ( ,isa4 #aa3b1 #c3 ,& ! ,_s 4 4 4 ( und]/&+ 4 4 4 %all re/ ^u him1 etc4 :]e ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are enum]at$4 ,!re=e ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ab3de1 ,!n he goe? & take? ) him sev5 o!r spirits1 etc41 says 7,de ,quae/4 ,evang4 i1 qu4 #h73 ,! sev5 vices are oppos$ to ! sev5 virtues ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 i4e4 to ! sev5 gifts4 ,n[ ! sev5 vices are oppos$ to ! sev5 virtues1 commonly s call$4 ,!re=e ! gifts d n diff] f ! virtues commonly s call$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s ^: def9itions are ! same1 are !mselves ! same4 ,b ! def9ition ( virtue applies to ! gifts2 = ea* gift is a good quality ( ! m9d1 :]eby we lead a good life1 etc4 99,cf4 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d4 ,likewise ! def9ition ( a gift c apply to ! infus$ virtues3 = a gift is an unreturnable giv+1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,topic4 iv1 #d74 ,!re=e ! virtues & gifts d n diff] f "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,sev]al ( ! ?+s m5tion$ among ! gifts1 are virtues3 =1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #b71 wisdom1 und]/&+1 & k are intellectual virtues1 c\nsel p]ta9s to prud5ce1 piety to a k9d ( ju/ice1 & =titude is a moral virtue4 ,!re=e x seems t ! gifts d n diff] f ! virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 i1 #ab7 di/+ui%es sev5 gifts1 :i* he /ates to be d5ot$ by ! sev5 sons ( ,job1 f ! ?ree !ological virtues1 :i*1 he says1 are signifi$ by ,job's ?ree daught]s4 ,he also di/+ui%es 7,moral4 ii1 #bf7 ! same sev5 gifts f ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 :i* he says 7 signifi$ by ! f\r corn]s ( ! h\se4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( gift & virtue ) reg>d to ! notion convey$ by ! words !mselves1 !re is no opposition betwe5 !m4 ,because ! ^w virtue conveys ! notion t x p]fects man 9 relation to well-do+1 :ile ! ^w gift ref]s to ! cause f :i* x proce$s4 ,n[ !re is no reason :y t :i* proce$s f "o z a gift %\ld n p]fect ano!r 9 well-do+3 especially z we h already /at$ 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #c7 t "s virtues are infus$ into u by ,god4 ,:]e=e 9 ?is respect we _c diff]5tiate gifts f virtues4 ,consequ5tly "s h held t ! gifts are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! virtues4 ,b !re rema9s no less a difficulty = !m to solve2 = !y mu/ expla9 :y "s virtues are call$ gifts & "s n2 & :y among ! gifts !re are "s1 fe>1 = in/ance1 t are n reckon$ virtues4 ,h5ce x is t o!rs h said t ! gifts %\ld be held z be+ di/9ct f ! virtues2 yet !y h n assign$ a suitable reason = ?is di/9ction1 a reason1 to wit1 :i* w\ld apply ei!r to all ! virtues1 & to none ( ! gifts1 or vice v]sa4 ,=1 see+ t ( ! sev5 gifts1 f\r belong to ! reason1 viz4 wisdom1 k1 und]/&+ & c\nsel1 & ?ree to ! appetite1 viz4 =titude1 piety & fe>2 !y held t ! gifts p]fect ! free-w accord+ z x is a faculty ( ! reason1 :ile ! virtues p]fect x z a faculty ( ! w3 s9ce !y obs]v$ only two virtues 9 ! reason or intellect1 viz4 fai? & prud5ce1 ! o!rs be+ 9 ! appetitive p[] or ! affections4 ,if ?is di/9ction 7 true1 all ! virtues w\ld h to be 9 ! appetite1 & all ! gifts 9 ! reason4 ,o!rs obs]v+ t ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #bf7 t ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 by com+ into ! s\l end[s x ) prud5ce1 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 & =titude1 & at ! same "t /r5g!ns x aga9/ e k9d ( temptation by ,8 sev5fold gift1 said t ! virtues are giv5 u t we may d good works1 & ! gifts1 t we may resi/ temptation4 ,b nei!r is ?is di/9ction suffici5t4 ,because ! virtues also resi/ ^? temptations :i* lead to ! s9s t are contr>y to ! virtues2 = ev]y?+ naturally resi/s its contr>y3 :i* is especially cle> ) reg>d to *>ity1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,cant4 #h3g73 ,_m wat]s _c qu5* *>ity4 ,o!rs aga91 see+ t ^! gifts are set d[n 9 ,holy ,writ z hav+ be5 9 ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,isa4 #aa3b1 #c1 said t ! virtues are giv5 simply t we may d good works1 b ! gifts1 9 ord] to con=m u to ,*ri/1 *iefly ) reg>d to ,8 ,passion1 = x 0 !n t ^! gifts %one ) ! greate/ spl5dor4 ,yet nei!r does ?is appe> to be a satisfactory di/9ction4 ,because ,our ,"l ,himself wi%$ u to be con=m$ to ,him1 *iefly 9 humility & meekness1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aa3bi3 ,le>n ( ,me1 because ,i am meek & humble ( he>t1 & 9 *>ity1 accord+ to ,john #ae3ab3 ,love "o ano!r1 z ,i h lov$ y4 ,moreov]1 ^! virtues 7 especially respl5d5t 9 ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,accord+ly1 9 ord] to diff]5tiate ! gifts f ! virtues1 we mu/ be guid$ by ! way 9 :i* ,scripture expresses itself1 = we f9d !re t ! t]m employ$ is _s r ?an gift4 ,= ?us x is writt5 7,isa4 #aa3b1 #c73 ,! _s 4 4 4 ( wisdom & ( und]/&+ 4 4 4 %all re/ ^u him1 etc43 f :i* words we are cle>ly giv5 to und]/& t ^! sev5 are !re set d[n z be+ 9 u by ,div9e inspiration4 ,n[ inspiration d5otes motion f )\t4 ,= x mu/ be not$ t 9 man !re is a tw(old pr9ciple ( movem5t1 "o )9 him1 viz4 ! reason2 ! o!r extr9sic to him1 viz4 ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f73 moreov] ! ,philosoph] says ?is 9 ! *apt] ,on ,good ,=tune 7,e?ic4 ,eudem4 vii1 #h74 ,n[ x is evid5t t :atev] is mov$ mu/ be proportionate to its mov]3 & ! p]fection ( ! mobile z su*1 consi/s 9 a disposition :]eby x is dispos$ to be well mov$ by its mov]4 ,h5ce ! m exalt$ ! mov]1 ! m p]fect mu/ be ! disposition :]eby ! mobile is made proportionate to its mov]3 ?us we see t a disciple ne$s a m p]fect disposition 9 ord] to receive a high] tea*+ f 8 ma/]4 ,n[ x is manife/ t human virtues p]fect man accord+ z x is natural = him to be mov$ by 8 reason 9 8 int]ior & ext]ior actions4 ,consequ5tly man ne$s yet high] p]fections1 :]eby to be dispos$ to be mov$ by ,god4 ,^! p]fections are call$ gifts1 n only because !y are infus$ by ,god1 b also because by !m man is dispos$ to become am5able to ! ,div9e inspiration1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ej3e3 ,! ,"l 4 4 4 ha? op5$ my e>1 & ,i d n resi/2 ,i h n gone back4 ,ev5 ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! *apt] ,on ,good ,=tune 7,e?ic4 ,eudem41 vii1 #h7 t = ^? :o are mov$ by ,div9e in/9ct1 !re is no ne$ to take c\nsel accord+ to human reason1 b only to foll[ _! inn] prompt+s1 s9ce !y are mov$ by a pr9ciple high] ?an human reason4 ,?is !n is :at "s say1 viz4 t ! gifts p]fect man = acts :i* are high] ?an acts ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sometimes ^! gifts are call$ virtues1 9 ! broad s5se ( ! ^w4 ,nev]!less1 !y h some?+ ov] & above ! virtues und]/ood 9 ?is broad way1 9 s f> z !y are ,div9e virtues1 p]fect+ man z mov$ by ,god4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #a7 above virtue commonly s call$1 places a k9d ( h]oic or div9e virtue 99arete h]oike kai !ia1 9 respect ( :i* "s m5 are call$ div9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! vices are oppos$ to ! virtues1 9 s f> z !y are oppos$ to ! good z appo9t$ by reason2 b !y are oppos$ to ! gifts1 9 z mu* z !y are oppos$ to ! ,div9e in/9ct4 ,= ! same ?+ is oppos$ bo? to ,god & to reason1 ^: light fl[s f ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is def9ition applies to virtue tak5 9 its g5]al s5se4 ,consequ5tly1 if we wi% to re/rict x to virtue z di/+ui%$ f ! gifts1 we mu/ expla9 ! words1 :]eby we lead a good life z ref]r+ to ! rectitude ( life :i* is measur$ by ! rule ( reason4 ,likewise ! gifts1 z di/9ct f infus$ virtue1 may be def9$ z some?+ giv5 by ,god 9 relation to ,8 motion2 some?+1 to wit1 t makes man to foll[ well ! prompt+s ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,wisdom is call$ an intellectual virtue1 s f> z x proce$s f ! judgm5t ( reason3 b x is call$ a gift1 accord+ z its "w proce$s f ! ,div9e prompt+4 ,! same applies to ! o!r virtues4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,gifts ,are ,necess>y to ,man = ,salvation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gifts are n necess>y to man = salvation4 ,because ! gifts are orda9$ to a p]fection surpass+ ! ord9>y p]fection ( virtue4 ,n[ x is n necess>y = man's salvation t he %\ld atta9 to a p]fection surpass+ ! ord9>y /&>d ( virtue2 because su* p]fection falls1 n "u ! precept1 b "u a c\nsel4 ,!re=e ! gifts are n necess>y to man = salvation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is en\gh1 = man's salvation1 t he behave well 9 matt]s conc]n+ ,god & matt]s conc]n+ man4 ,n[ man's behavior to ,god is suffici5tly direct$ by ! !ological virtues2 & 8 behavior t[>ds m51 by ! moral virtues4 ,!re=e gifts are n necess>y to man = salvation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #bf7 t ! ,holy ,gho/ gives wisdom aga9/ folly1 und]/&+ aga9/ dullness1 c\nsel aga9/ ra%ness1 =titude aga9/ fe>s1 k aga9/ ignorance1 piety aga9/ h>dness ( our he>t1 & fe> aga9/ pride4 ,b a suffici5t rem$y = all ^! ?+s is to be f\nd 9 ! virtues4 ,!re=e ! gifts are n necess>y to man = salvation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,( all ! gifts1 wisdom seems to be ! highe/1 & fe> ! l[e/4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! is necess>y = salvation3 s9ce ( wisdom x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3bh73 ,god love? none b him t dwelle? ) wisdom2 & ( fe> 7,ecclus4 #a3bh73 ,he t is )\t fe> _c be ju/ifi$4 ,!re=e ! o!r gifts t are plac$ betwe5 ^! are also necess>y = salvation4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! gifts are p]fections ( man1 :]eby he is dispos$ s z to be am5able to ! prompt+s ( ,god4 ,:]e=e 9 ^? matt]s :]e ! prompt+ ( reason is n suffici5t1 & !re is ne$ = ! prompt+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !re is1 9 consequ5ce1 ne$ = a gift4 ,n[ man's reason is p]fect$ by ,god 9 two ways3 fir/1 ) its natural p]fection1 to wit1 ! natural light ( reason2 secondly1 ) a sup]natural p]fection1 to wit1 ! !ological virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #a74 ,&1 ?\gh ?is latt] p]fection is great] ?an ! =m]1 yet ! =m] is possess$ by man 9 a m p]fect mann] ?an ! latt]3 because man has ! =m] 9 8 full possession1 :]eas he possesses ! latt] imp]fectly1 s9ce we love & "k ,god imp]fectly4 ,n[ x is evid5t t any?+ t has a nature or a =m or a virtue p]fectly1 c ( itself "w accord+ to !m3 n1 h[ev]1 exclud+ ! op]ation ( ,god1 ,:o works inw>dly 9 e nature & 9 e w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* has a nature1 or =m1 or virtue imp]fectly1 _c ( itself "w1 unless x be mov$ by ano!r4 ,?us ! sun :i* possesses light p]fectly1 c %9e by itself2 :]eas ! moon :i* has ! nature ( light imp]fectly1 %$s only a borr[$ light4 ,aga91 a physician1 :o kn[s ! m$ical art p]fectly1 c "w by himself2 b 8 pupil1 :o is n yet fully in/ruct$1 _c "w by himself1 b ne$s to receive in/ructions f him4 ,accord+ly1 9 matt]s subject to human reason1 & direct$ to man's connatural end1 man c "w ?r\gh ! judgm5t ( 8 reason4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ^! ?+s man receive help 9 ! %ape ( special prompt+s f ,god1 ?is w be out ( ,god's sup]abundant goodness3 h5ce1 accord+ to ! philosoph]s1 n e "o t _h ! acquir$ moral virtues1 _h also ! h]oic or div9e virtues4 ,b 9 matt]s direct$ to ! sup]natural end1 to :i* man's reason moves him1 accord+ z x is1 9 a mann]1 & imp]fectly1 in=m$ by ! !ological virtues1 ! motion ( reason does n suffice1 unless x receive 9 addition ! prompt+ or motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3ad1 #ag3 ,:osoev] are l$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 !y are sons ( ,god 4 4 4 & if sons1 heirs also3 & ,ps4 #adb3aj3 ,?y good ,_s %all lead me into ! "r l&1 because1 to wit1 none c receive ! inh]itance ( t l& ( ! ,bless$1 except he be mov$ & l$ ?i!r by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to accompli% ?is end1 x is necess>y = man to h ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! gifts surpass ! ord9>y p]fection ( ! virtues1 n z reg>ds ! k9d ( works 7z ! c\nsels surpass ! comm&m5ts71 b z reg>ds ! mann] ( work+1 9 respect ( man be+ mov$ by a high] pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by ! !ological & moral virtues1 man is n s p]fect$ 9 respect ( 8 la/ end1 z n to /& 9 cont9ual ne$ ( be+ mov$ by ! yet high] prompt+s ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 = ! reason already giv54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:e!r we consid] human reason z p]fect$ 9 its natural p]fection1 or z p]fect$ by ! !ological virtues1 x does n "k all ?+s1 nor all possible ?+s4 ,consequ5tly x is unable to avoid folly & o!r l ?+s m5tion$ 9 ! objection4 ,god1 h[ev]1 to ,^: k & p[] all ?+s are subject1 by ,8 motion safegu>ds u f all folly1 ignorance1 dullness ( m9d & h>dness ( he>t1 & ! re/4 ,consequ5tly ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* make u am5able to ,8 prompt+s1 are said to be giv5 z rem$ies to ^! defects4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,are ,habits8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are n habits4 ,because a habit is a quality abid+ 9 man1 be+ def9$ z a quality difficult to remove1 z /at$ 9 ! ,pr$icam5ts 7,categor4 vi74 ,n[ x is prop] to ,*ri/ t ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ re/ 9 ,him1 z /at$ 9 ,isa4 #aa3b1 #c3 ,he ^u ,:om ?\ %alt see ! ,_s desc5d+ & rema9+ ^u ,him1 ,he x is t baptize?2 on :i* words ,gregory comm5ts z foll[s 7,moral4 ii1 #bg73 ,! ,holy ,gho/ comes ^u all ! fai?ful2 b1 9 a s+ul> way1 ,he dwells always 9 ! ,m$iator4 ,!re=e ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are n habits4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ p]fect man accord+ z he is mov$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b 9 s f> z man is mov$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 he is some:at l an in/rum5t 9 ,8 reg>d4 ,n[ to be p]fect$ by a habit is befitt+1 n an in/rum5t1 b a pr9cipal ag5t4 ,!re=e ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are n habits4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are due to ,div9e inspiration1 s is ! gift ( prophecy4 ,n[ prophecy is n a habit3 = ! _s ( prophecy does n always reside 9 ! prophets1 z ,gregory /ates 7,hom4 i 9 ,eze*iel74 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 are ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l 9 speak+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ said to ,8 disciples 7,john #ad3ag73 ,he %all abide ) y1 & %all be 9 y4 ,n[ ! ,holy ,gho/ is n 9 a man )\t ,8 gifts4 ,!re=e ,8 gifts abide 9 man4 ,!re=e !y are n m]ely acts or passions b abid+ habits4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! gifts are p]fections ( man1 :]eby he becomes am5able to ! prompt+s ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ x is evid5t f :at has be5 already said 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b71 t ! moral virtues p]fect ! appetitive p[] accord+ z x p>takes some:at ( ! reason1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x has a natural aptitude to be mov$ by ! comm& ( reason4 ,accord+ly ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z comp>$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself1 are relat$ to man1 ev5 z ! moral virtues1 9 comp>ison ) ! reason1 are relat$ to ! appetitive p[]4 ,n[ ! moral virtues are habits1 :]eby ! p[]s ( appetite are dispos$ to obey reason promptly4 ,!re=e ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are habits :]eby man is p]fect$ to obey readily ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory solves ?is objection 7,moral4 ii1 #bg7 by say+ t by ^? gifts )\t :i* "o _c obta9 life1 ! ,holy ,gho/ ev] abides 9 all ! elect1 b n by ,8 o!r gifts4 ,n[ ! sev5 gifts are necess>y = salvation1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e1 ) reg>d to !m1 ! ,holy ,gho/ ev] abides 9 holy m54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t holds1 9 ! case ( an in/rum5t :i* has no faculty ( action1 b only ( be+ act$ ^u4 ,b man is n an in/rum5t ( t k9d2 = he is s act$ ^u1 by ! ,holy ,gho/1 t he also acts himself1 9 s f> z he has a free-w4 ,!re=e he ne$s a habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prophecy is "o ( ^? gifts :i* are = ! manife/ation ( ! ,_s1 n = ! necessity ( salvation3 h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,sev5 ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,are ,suitably ,enum]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,= 9 t enum]ation f\r are set d[n correspond+ to ! intellectual virtues1 viz4 wisdom1 und]/&+1 k1 & c\nsel1 :i* corresponds to prud5ce2 :]eas no?+ is set d[n correspond+ to art1 :i* is ! fif? intellectual virtue4 ,moreov]1 some?+ is includ$ correspond+ to ju/ice1 viz4 piety1 & some?+ correspond+ to =titude1 viz4 ! gift ( =titude2 :ile !re is no?+ to correspond to temp]ance4 ,!re=e ! gifts are enum]at$ insuffici5tly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 piety is a "p ( ju/ice4 ,b no "p ( =titude is assign$ to correspond !reto1 b =titude itself4 ,!re=e ju/ice itself1 & n piety1 ought to h be5 set d[n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! !ological virtues1 m ?an any1 direct u to ,god4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! gifts p]fect man accord+ z he is mov$ by ,god1 x seems t "s gifts1 correspond+ to ! !ological virtues1 %\ld h be5 includ$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ev5 z ,god is an object ( fe>1 s is ,he ( love1 ( hope1 & ( joy4 ,n[ love1 hope1 & joy are passions condivid$ ) fe>4 ,!re=e1 z fe> is set d[n z a gift1 s ought ! o!r ?ree4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 wisdom is add$ 9 ord] to direct und]/&+2 c\nsel1 to direct =titude2 k1 to direct piety4 ,!re=e1 "s gift %\ld h be5 add$ = ! purpose ( direct+ fe>4 ,!re=e ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,holy ,writ 7,isa4 #aa3b1 #c74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 ! gifts are habits p]fect+ man s t he is ready to foll[ ! prompt+s ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ev5 z ! moral virtues p]fect ! appetitive p[]s s t !y obey ! reason4 ,n[ j z x is natural = ! appetitive p[]s to be mov$ by ! comm& ( reason1 s x is natural = all ! =ces 9 man to be mov$ by ! in/9ct ( ,god1 z by a sup]ior p[]4 ,!re=e :atev] p[]s 9 man c be ! pr9ciples ( human actions1 c also be ! subjects ( gifts1 ev5 z !y are virtues2 & su* p[]s are ! reason & appetite4 ,n[ ! reason is speculative & practical3 & 9 bo? we f9d ! appreh5sion ( tru? 7:i* p]ta9s to ! discov]y ( tru?71 & judgm5t conc]n+ ! tru?4 ,accord+ly1 = ! appreh5sion ( tru?1 ! speculative reason is p]fect$ by und]/&+2 ! practical reason1 by c\nsel4 ,9 ord] to judge aright1 ! speculative reason is p]fect$ by wisdom2 ! practical reason by k4 ,! appetitive p[]1 9 matt]s t\*+ a man's relations to ano!r1 is p]fect$ by piety2 9 matt]s t\*+ himself1 x is p]fect$ by =titude aga9/ ! fe> ( dang]s2 & aga9/ inord9ate lu/ = pleasures1 by fe>1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ae3bg3 ,by ! fe> ( ! ,"l e "o decl9e? f evil1 & ,ps4 #aah3abj3 ,pi]ce ,?\ my fle% ) ,?y fe>3 = ,i am afraid ( ,?y judgm5ts4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ^! gifts ext5d to all ^? ?+s to :i* ! virtues1 bo? intellectual & moral1 ext5d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ p]fect man 9 matt]s conc]n+ a good life3 :]eas art is n direct$ to su* matt]s1 b to ext]nal ?+s t c be made1 s9ce art is ! "r reason1 n ab\t ?+s to be done1 b ab\t ?+s to be made 7,e?ic4 vi1 #d74 ,h[ev]1 we may say t1 z reg>ds ! infusion ( ! gifts1 ! art is on ! "p ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ! pr9cipal mov]1 & n on ! "p ( m51 :o are ,8 organs :5 ,he moves !m4 ,! gift ( fe> corresponds1 9 a mann]1 to temp]ance3 = j z x belongs to temp]ance1 prop]ly speak+1 to re/ra9 man f evil pleasures = ! sake ( ! good appo9t$ by reason1 s does x belong to ! gift ( fe>1 to )draw man f evil pleasures ?r\gh fe> ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ju/ice is s call$ f ! rectitude ( ! reason1 & s x is m suitably call$ a virtue ?an a gift4 ,b ! "n ( piety d5otes ! rev]5ce :i* we give to our fa!r & to our c\ntry4 ,& s9ce ,god is ! ,fa!r ( all1 ! wor%ip ( ,god is also call$ piety1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #a74 ,!re=e ! gift :]eby a man1 ?r\gh rev]5ce = ,god1 works good to all1 is fitt+ly call$ piety4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! m9d ( man is n mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 unless 9 "s way x be unit$ to ,him3 ev5 z ! in/rum5t is n mov$ by ! craftsman1 unless !re by contact or "s o!r k9d ( union betwe5 !m4 ,n[ ! primal union ( man ) ,god is by fai?1 hope & *>ity3 &1 consequ5tly1 ^! virtues are presuppos$ to ! gifts1 z be+ _! roots4 ,!re=e all ! gifts correspond to ^! ?ree virtues1 z be+ d]iv$ !refrom4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,love1 hope & joy h good = _! object4 ,n[ ,god is ! ,sov]eign ,good3 :]e=e ! names ( ^! passions are transf]r$ to ! !ological virtues :i* unite man to ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! object ( fe> is evil1 :i* c n[ise apply to ,god3 h5ce fe> does n d5ote union ) ,god1 b )drawal f c]ta9 ?+s ?r\gh rev]5ce = ,god4 ,h5ce x does n give its "n to a !ological virtue1 b to a gift1 :i* )draws u f evil1 = high] motives ?an moral virtue does4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,wisdom directs bo? ! intellect & ! affections ( man4 ,h5ce two gifts are set d[n z correspond+ to wisdom z _! direct+ pr9ciple2 on ! "p ( ! intellect1 ! gift ( und]/&+2 on ! "p ( ! affections1 ! gift ( fe>4 ,because ! pr9cipal reason = fe>+ ,god is tak5 f a consid]ation ( ! ,div9e excell5ce1 :i* wisdom consid]s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,are ,connect$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gifts are n connect$1 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3h73 ,to "o 4 4 4 by ! ,_s1 is giv5 ! ^w ( wisdom1 & to ano!r1 ! ^w ( k1 accord+ to ! same ,_s4 ,n[ wisdom & k are reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are giv5 to div]s m51 & are n connect$ toge!r 9 ! same man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a7 t _m ( ! fai?ful h n k1 ?\gh !y h fai?4 ,b "s ( ! gifts1 at lea/ ! gift ( fe>1 accompany fai?4 ,!re=e x seems t ! gifts are n necess>ily connect$ toge!r 9 "o & ! same man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 i7 t wisdom is ( small acc\nt if x lack und]/&+1 & und]/&+ is :olly useless if x be n bas$ ^u wisdom 4 4 4 ,c\nsel is wor?less1 :5 ! /r5g? ( =titude is lack+ !reto 4 4 4 & =titude is v weak if x be n support$ by c\nsel 4 4 4 ,k is n\ght if x ha? n ! use ( piety 4 4 4 & piety is v useless if x lack ! disc]nm5t ( k 4 4 4 & assur$ly1 unless x has ^! virtues ) x1 fe> itself rises up to ! do+ ( no good action3 f :i* x seems t x is possible to h "o gift )\t ano!r4 ,!re=e ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are n connect$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory prefaces ! passage above quot$1 ) ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,x is wor?y ( note 9 ?is fea/ ( ,job's sons1 t by turns !y f$ "o ano!r4 ,n[ ! sons ( ,job1 ( :om he is speak+1 d5ote ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are connect$ toge!r by /r5g!n+ "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! true answ] to ?is "q is easily ga!r$ f :at has be5 already set d[n4 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #c7 t z ! p[]s ( ! appetite are dispos$ by ! moral virtues z reg>ds ! gov]nance ( reason1 s all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are dispos$ by ! gifts z reg>ds ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ! ,holy ,gho/ dwells 9 u by *>ity1 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3e3 ,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is giv5 to u1 ev5 z our reason is p]fect$ by prud5ce4 ,:]e=e1 j z ! moral virtues are unit$ toge!r 9 prud5ce1 s ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are connect$ toge!r 9 *>ity3 s t :oev] has *>ity has all ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 none ( :i* c "o possess )\t *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,wisdom & k c be consid]$ 9 "o way z gratuit\s graces1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z man s f> ab\nds 9 ! k ( ?+s ,div9e & human1 t he is able bo? to in/ruct ! believ] & conf\nd ! unbeliev]4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ,apo/le speaks1 9 ?is passage1 ab\t wisdom & k3 h5ce he m5tions po9t$ly ! ^w ( wisdom & ! ^w ( k4 ,!y may be tak5 9 ano!r way = ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 & ?us wisdom & k are no?+ else b p]fections ( ! human m9d1 r5d]+ x am5able to ! prompt+s ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! k ( ?+s ,div9e & human4 ,consequ5tly x is cle> t ^! gifts are 9 all :o are possess$ ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re ( k1 :ile exp\nd+ ! passage ( ! ,apo/le quot$ above 7,obj4 #a73 h5ce he is ref]r+ to k1 9 ! s5se already expla9$1 z a gratuit\s grace4 ,?is is cle> f ! context :i* foll[s3 ,= x is "o ?+ to "k only :at a man mu/ believe 9 ord] to ga9 ! blissful life1 :i* is no o!r ?an et]nal life2 & ano!r1 to "k h[ to imp>t ?is to godly s\ls1 & to def5d x aga9/ ! ungodly1 :i* latt] ! ,apo/le seems to h /yl$ by ! prop] "n ( k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ! connection ( ! c>d9al virtues is prov$ 9 "o way f ! fact t "o is1 9 a mann]1 p]fect$ by ano!r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a72 s ,gregory wi%es to prove ! connection ( ! gifts1 9 ! same way1 f ! fact t "o _c be p]fect )\t ! o!r4 ,h5ce he _h already obs]v$ t ea* p>ticul> virtue is to ! la/ degree de/itute1 unless "o virtue l5d its support to ano!r4 ,we are !re=e n to und]/& t "o gift c be )\t ano!r2 b t if und]/&+ 7 )\t wisdom1 x w\ld n be a gift2 ev5 z temp]ance1 )\t ju/ice1 w\ld n be a virtue4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,rema9 9 ,heav58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ d n rema9 9 heav54 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #bf7 t by means ( ,8 sev5fold gift ! ,holy ,gho/ in/ructs ! m9d aga9/ all temptations4 ,n[ !re w be no temptations 9 heav51 accord+ to ,isa4 #aa3i3 ,!y %all n hurt1 nor %all !y kill 9 all ,my holy m\nta94 ,!re=e !re w be no gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 heav54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are habits1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b habits are ( no use1 :]e _! acts are impossible4 ,n[ ! acts ( "s gifts are n possible 9 heav52 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #ae7 t und]/&+ 4 4 4 p5etrates ! tru?s he>d 4 4 4 c\nsel 4 4 4 /ays u f act+ ra%ly 4 4 4 =titude 4 4 4 has no fe> ( adv]sity 4 4 4 piety satisfies ! inmo/ he>t ) de$s ( m]cy1 all ( :i* are incompatible ) ! heav5ly /ate4 ,!re=e ^! gifts w n rema9 9 ! /ate ( glory4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s ( ! gifts p]fect man 9 ! contemplative life1 e4g4 wisdom & und]/&+3 & "s 9 ! active life1 e4g4 piety & =titude4 ,n[ ! active life ends ) ?is z ,gregory /ates 7,moral4 vi74 ,!re=e n all ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ w be 9 ! /ate ( glory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,spiritu ,sancto i1 #bj73 ,! city ( ,god1 ! heav5ly ,j]usalem is n wa%$ ) ! wat]s ( an e>?ly riv]3 x is ! ,holy ,gho/1 ( ,^: outp\r+ we b ta/e1 ,:o1 proce$+ f ! ,f\nt ( life1 seems to fl[ m abundantly 9 ^? cele/ial spirits1 a see?+ torr5t ( sev5fold heav5ly virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ( ! gifts 9 two ways3 fir/1 z to _! ess5ce2 & ?us !y w be mo/ p]fectly 9 heav51 z may be ga!r$ f ! passage ( ,ambrose1 j quot$4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ r5d] ! human m9d am5able to ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 :i* w be especially realiz$ 9 heav51 :]e ,god w be all 9 all 7#a ,cor4 #ae3bh71 & man entirely subject unto ,him4 ,secondly1 !y may be consid]$ z reg>ds ! matt] ab\t :i* _! op]ations are3 & ?us1 9 ! pres5t life !y h an op]ation ab\t a matt]1 9 respect ( :i* !y w h no op]ation 9 ! /ate ( glory4 ,consid]$ 9 ?is way1 !y w n rema9 9 ! /ate ( glory2 j z we h /at$ to be ! case ) reg>d to ! c>d9al virtues 7,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory is speak+ !re ( ! gifts accord+ z !y are compatible ) ! pres5t /ate3 = x is ?us t !y af=d u protection aga9/ evil temptations4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( glory1 :]e all evil w h ceas$1 we %all be p]fect$ 9 good by ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gregory1 9 almo/ e gift1 includes some?+ t passes away ) ! pres5t /ate1 & some?+ t rema9s 9 ! future /ate4 ,= he says t wisdom /r5g!ns ! m9d ) ! hope & c]ta9ty ( et]nal ?+s2 ( :i* two1 hope passes1 & c]ta9ty rema9s4 ,( und]/&+1 he says t x p5etrates ! tru?s he>d1 refre%+ ! he>t & enlight5+ its d>kness1 ( :i*1 he>+ passes away1 s9ce !y %all tea* no m e man 4 4 4 8 bro!r 7,j]4 #ca3c1 #d72 b ! enlight5+ ( ! m9d rema9s4 ,( c\nsel he says t x prev5ts u f be+ impetu\s1 :i* is necess>y 9 ! pres5t life2 & also t x makes ! m9d full ( reason1 :i* is necess>y ev5 9 ! future /ate4 ,( =titude he says t x fe>s n adv]sity1 :i* is necess>y 9 ! pres5t life2 & fur!r1 t x sets be=e u ! vi&s ( confid5ce1 :i* rema9s also 9 ! future life4 ,) reg>d to k he m5tions only "o ?+1 viz4 t %e ov]comes ! void ( ignorance1 :i* ref]s to ! pres5t /ate4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he adds 9 ! womb ( ! m9d1 ?is may ref] figuratively to ! fulness ( k1 :i* belongs to ! future /ate4 ,( piety he says t x satisfies ! inmo/ he>t ) de$s ( m]cy4 ,^! words tak5 lit]ally ref] only to ! pres5t /ate3 yet ! inw>d reg>d = our neighbor1 signifi$ by ! inmo/ he>t1 belongs also to ! future /ate1 :5 piety w a*ieve1 n works ( m]cy1 b fell[%ip ( joy4 ,( fe> he says t x oppresses ! m9d1 le/ x pride itself 9 pres5t ?+s1 :i* ref]s to ! pres5t /ate1 & t x /r5g!ns x ) ! meat ( hope = ! future1 :i* also belongs to ! pres5t /ate1 z reg>ds hope1 b may also ref] to ! future /ate1 z reg>ds be+ /r5g!n$ = ?+s we hope are "h1 & obta9 !re4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! gifts z to _! matt]4 ,= ! matt] ( ! gifts w n be ! works ( ! active life2 b all ! gifts w h _! respective acts ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! contemplative life1 :i* is ! life ( heav5ly bliss4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,gifts ,are ,set ,d[n by ,isaias 9 ,_! ,ord] ( ,dignity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gifts are n set d[n by ,isaias 9 _! ord] ( dignity4 ,= ! pr9cipal gift is1 seem+ly1 t :i*1 m ?an ! o!rs1 ,god requires ( man4 ,n[ ,god requires ( man fe>1 m ?an ! o!r gifts3 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #aj3ab73 ,& n[1 ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b t ?\ fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god8 & 7,mala*i #a3f73 ,if 4 4 4 ,i be a ma/]1 :]e is ,my fe>8 ,!re=e x seems t fe>1 :i* is m5tion$ la/1 is n ! l[e/ b ! greate/ ( ! gifts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 piety seems to be a k9d ( common good2 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #d3h73 ,piety ,d\ay3 ',godl9ess' is pr(itable to all ?+s4 ,n[ a common good is pref]able to p>ticul> goods4 ,!re=e piety1 :i* is giv5 ! la/ place b "o1 seems to be ! mo/ excell5t gift4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 k p]fects man's judgm5t1 :ile c\nsel p]ta9s to inquiry4 ,b judgm5t is m excell5t ?an inquiry4 ,!re=e k is a m excell5t gift ?an c\nsel2 & yet x is set d[n z be+ bel[ x4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 =titude p]ta9s to ! appetitive p[]1 :ile sci5ce belongs to reason4 ,b reason is a m excell5t p[] ?an ! appetite4 ,!re=e k is a m excell5t gift ?an =titude2 & yet ! latt] is giv5 ! prec$5ce4 ,!re=e ! gifts are n set d[n 9 _! ord] ( dignity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 99,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d3 ,x seems to me t ! sev5fold op]ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ( :i* ,isaias speaks1 agrees 9 degrees & expression ) ^! 7( :i* we read 9 ,matt4 #e3c73 b !re is a diff]5ce ( ord]1 = !re 7viz4 9 ,isaias7 ! enum]ation beg9s ) ! m excell5t gifts1 "h1 ) ! l[] gifts4 ,i answ] t1 ,! excell5ce ( ! gifts c be measur$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 simply1 viz4 by comp>ison to _! prop] acts z proce$+ f _! pr9ciples2 secondly1 relatively1 viz4 by comp>ison to _! matt]4 ,if we consid] ! excell5ce ( ! gifts simply1 !y foll[ ! same rule z ! virtues1 z to _! comp>ison "o ) ano!r2 because ! gifts p]fect man = all ! acts ( ! s\l's p[]s1 ev5 z ! virtues d1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,h5ce1 z ! intellectual virtues h ! prec$5ce ( ! moral virtues1 & among ! intellectual virtues1 ! contemplative are pref]able to ! active1 viz4 wisdom1 und]/&+ & sci5ce to prud5ce & art 7yet s t wisdom /&s be=e und]/&+1 & und]/&+ be=e sci5ce1 & prud5ce & synesis be=e eubulia73 s also among ! gifts1 wisdom1 und]/&+1 k1 & c\nsel are m excell5t ?an piety1 =titude1 & fe>2 & among ! latt]1 piety excels =titude1 & =titude fe>1 ev5 z ju/ice surpasses =titude1 & =titude temp]ance4 ,b 9 reg>d to _! matt]1 =titude & c\nsel prec$e k & piety3 because =titude & c\nsel are conc]n$ ) difficult matt]s1 :]eas piety & k reg>d ord9>y matt]s4 ,consequ5tly ! excell5ce ( ! gifts corresponds ) ! ord] 9 :i* !y are enum]at$2 b s f> z wisdom & und]/&+ are giv5 ! pref]5ce to ! o!rs1 _! excell5ce is consid]$ simply1 :ile1 s f>1 z c\nsel & =titude are pref]r$ to k & piety1 x is consid]$ ) reg>d to _! matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fe> is *iefly requir$ z be+ ! f\ndation1 s to speak1 ( ! p]fection ( ! o!r gifts1 = ! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom 7,ps4 #aaj3aj2 ,ecclus4 #a3af71 & n z ?\gh x 7 m excell5t ?an ! o!rs4 ,because1 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 man dep>ts f evil on acc\nt ( fe> 7,prov4 #af3af71 be=e do+ good works1 & :i* result f ! o!r gifts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! words quot$ f ! ,apo/le1 piety is n comp>$ ) all ,god's gifts1 b only ) bodily ex]cise1 ( :i* he _h said x is pr(itable to little4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh k /&s be=e c\nsel by reason ( its judgm5t1 yet c\nsel is m excell5t by reason ( its matt]3 = c\nsel is only conc]n$ ) matt]s ( difficulty 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c71 :]eas ! judgm5t ( k embraces all matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! directive gifts :i* p]ta9 to ! reason are m excell5t ?an ! executive gifts1 if we consid] !m 9 relation to _! acts z proce$+ f _! p[]s1 because reason transc5ds ! appetite z a rule transc5ds ! ?+ rul$4 ,b on ! "p ( ! matt]1 c\nsel is unit$ to =titude z ! directive p[] to ! executive1 & s is k unit$ to piety3 because c\nsel & =titude are conc]n$ ) matt]s ( difficulty1 :ile k & piety are conc]n$ ) ord9>y matt]s4 ,h5ce c\nsel toge!r ) =titude1 by reason ( _! matt]1 are giv5 ! pref]5ce to k & piety4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,virtues ,are ,m ,excell5t ,?an ! ,gifts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! virtues are m excell5t ?an ! gifts4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ah7 :ile speak+ ( *>ity3 ,no gift ( ,god is m excell5t ?an ?is4 ,x is ?is alone :i* divides ! *ildr5 ( ! et]nal k+dom f ! *ildr5 ( et]nal damnation4 ,o!r gifts are be/[$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 b1 )\t *>ity1 !y avail no?+4 ,b *>ity is a virtue4 ,!re=e a virtue is m excell5t ?an ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is fir/ naturally1 seems to be m excell5t4 ,n[ ! virtues prec$e ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #bf7 t ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! m9d x works on1 =ms fir/ ( all ju/ice1 prud5ce1 =titude1 temp]ance 4 4 4 & do? aft]w>ds give x a temp] 9 ! sev5 virtues 7viz4 ! gifts71 s z aga9/ folly to be/[ wisdom2 aga9/ dullness1 und]/&+2 aga9/ ra%ness1 c\nsel2 aga9/ fe>1 =titude2 aga9/ ignorance1 k2 aga9/ h>dness ( he>t1 piety2 aga9/ piety1 fe>4 ,!re=e ! virtues are m excell5t ?an ! gifts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai7 t ! virtues _c be us$ to evil purpose4 ,b x is possible to make evil use ( ! gifts1 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #ah73 ,we (f] up ! sacrifice ( pray] 4 4 4 le/ wisdom may uplift2 or und]/&+1 :ile x runs nimbly1 deviate f ! "r pa?2 or c\nsel1 :ile x multiplies itself1 gr[ into confusion2 t =titude1 :ile x gives confid5ce1 may n make u ra%2 le/ k1 :ile x kn[s & yet loves n1 may swell ! m9d2 le/ piety1 :ile x sw]ves f ! "r l9e1 may become di/ort$2 & le/ fe>1 :ile x is unduly al>m$1 may plunge u into ! pit ( despair4 ,!re=e ! virtues are m excell5t ?an ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! gifts are be/[$ to assi/ ! virtues & to rem$y c]ta9 defects1 z is %[n 9 ! passage quot$ 7,obj4 #b71 s t1 seem+ly1 !y accompli% :at ! virtues _c4 ,!re=e ! gifts are m excell5t ?an ! virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #a71 !re are ?ree k9ds ( virtues3 = "s are !ological1 "s intellectual1 & "s moral4 ,! !ological virtues are ^? :]eby man's m9d is unit$ to ,god2 ! intellectual virtues are ^? :]eby reason itself is p]fect$2 & ! moral virtues are ^? :i* p]fect ! p[]s ( appetite 9 ob$i5ce to ! reason4 ,on ! o!r h& ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ dispose all ! p[]s ( ! s\l to be am5able to ! ,div9e motion4 ,accord+ly ! gifts seem to be comp>$ to ! !ological virtues1 by :i* man is unit$ to ! ,holy ,gho/ 8 ,mov]1 9 ! same way z ! moral virtues are comp>$ to ! intellectual virtues1 :i* p]fect ! reason1 ! mov+ pr9ciple ( ! moral virtues4 ,:]e=e z ! intellectual virtues are m excell5t ?an ! moral virtues & control !m1 s ! !ological virtues are m excell5t ?an ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & regulate !m4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #ab7 t ! sev5 sons1 i4e4 ! sev5 gifts1 nev] atta9 ! p]fection ( ! numb] t51 unless all !y d be done 9 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4 ,b if we comp>e ! gifts to ! o!r virtues1 intellectual & moral1 !n ! gifts h ! prec$5ce ( ! virtues4 ,because ! gifts p]fect ! s\l's p[]s 9 relation to ! ,holy ,gho/ _! ,mov]2 :]eas ! virtues p]fect1 ei!r ! reason itself1 or ! o!r p[]s 9 relation to reason3 & x is evid5t t ! m exalt$ ! mov]1 ! m excell5t ! disposition :]eby ! ?+ mov$ requires to be dispos$4 ,!re=e ! gifts are m p]fect ?an ! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity is a !ological virtue2 & su* we grant to be m p]fect ?an ! gifts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* "o ?+ prec$es ano!r4 ,"o is 9 ord] ( p]fection & dignity1 z love ( ,god prec$es love ( our neighbor3 & 9 ?is way ! gifts prec$e ! intellectual & moral virtues1 b foll[ ! !ological virtues4 ,! o!r is ! ord] ( g5]ation or disposition3 ?us love ( "o's neighbor prec$es love ( ,god1 z reg>ds ! act3 & 9 ?is way moral & intellectual virtues prec$e ! gifts1 s9ce man1 ?r\gh be+ well subord9ate to 8 own reason1 is dispos$ to be rightly subord9ate to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,wisdom & und]/&+ & ! l are gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ z !y are quick5$ by *>ity1 :i* deale? n p]v]sely 7#a ,cor4 #ac3d74 ,consequ5tly wisdom & und]/&+ & ! l _c be us$ to evil purpose1 9 s f> z !y are gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b1 le/ !y dep>t f ! p]fection ( *>ity1 !y assi/ "o ano!r4 ,?is is :at ,gregory means to say4 ,,"q #fi ,,( ,,! ,,beatitudes 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! beatitudes3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! beatitudes diff] f ! gifts & virtues8 7#b7 ,( ! rew>ds ( ! beatitudes3 :e!r !y ref] to ?is life8 7#c7 ,( ! numb] ( ! beatitudes2 7#d7 ,( ! fitt+ness ( ! rew>ds ascrib$ to ! beatitudes4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,beatitudes ,diff] f ! ,virtues & ,gifts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! beatitudes d n diff] f ! virtues & gifts4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d7 assigns ! beatitudes recit$ by ,mat!w 7v #c1 seqq47 to ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 & ,ambrose 9 8 comm5t>y on ,luke #f3bj1 seqq41 ascribes ! beatitudes m5tion$ !re1 to ! f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes d n diff] f ! virtues & gifts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re are b two rules ( ! human w3 ! reason & ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! virtues p]fect man 9 relation to reason2 :ile ! gifts p]fect him 9 relation to ! et]nal law ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #fh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c1 seqq474 ,!re=e !re _c be any?+ else p]ta9+ to ! rectitude ( ! human w1 besides ! virtues & gifts4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes d n diff] f !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among ! beatitudes are includ$ meekness1 ju/ice1 & m]cy1 :i* are said to be virtues4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes d n diff] f ! virtues & gifts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,c]ta9 ?+s are includ$ among ! beatitudes1 t are nei!r virtues nor gifts1 e4g4 pov]ty1 m\rn+1 & peace4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes diff] f ! virtues & gifts4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a71 happ9ess is ! la/ end ( human life4 ,n[ "o is said to possess ! end already1 :5 "o hopes to possess x2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #i7 t *ildr5 are said to be happy because !y are full ( hope2 & ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3bd73 ,we are sav$ by hope4 ,aga91 we hope to obta9 an end1 because we are suitably mov$ t[>ds t end1 & approa* !reto2 & ?is implies "s action4 ,& a man is mov$ t[>ds1 & approa*es ! happy end by works ( virtue1 & above all by ! works ( ! gifts1 if we speak ( et]nal happ9ess1 = :i* our reason is n suffici5t1 s9ce we ne$ to be mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & to be p]fect$ ) ,8 gifts t we may obey & foll[ him4 ,consequ5tly ! beatitudes diff] f ! virtues & gifts1 n z habit f habit1 b z act f habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e & ,ambrose assign ! beatitudes to ! gifts & virtues1 z acts are ascrib$ to habits4 ,b ! gifts are m excell5t ?an ! c>d9al virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #h74 ,:]e=e ,ambrose1 9 expla9+ ! beatitudes prop\nd$ to ! ?rong1 assigns !m to ! c>d9al virtues1 :]eas ,augu/9e1 :o is expla9+ ! beatitudes deliv]$ to ! disciples on ! m\nta91 & s to ^? :o 7 m p]fect1 ascribes !m to ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t proves t no o!r habits1 besides ! virtues & gifts1 rectify human conduct4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,meekness is to be tak5 z d5ot+ ! act ( meekness3 & ! same applies to ju/ice & m]cy4 ,& ?\gh ^! might seem to be virtues1 !y are nev]!less ascrib$ to gifts1 because ! gifts p]fect man 9 all matt]s :]e9 ! virtues p]fect him1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #b74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,rew>ds ,assign$ to ! ,beatitudes ,ref] to ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! rew>ds assign$ to ! beatitudes d n ref] to ?is life4 ,because "s are said to be happy because !y hope = a rew>d1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! object ( hope is future happ9ess4 ,!re=e ^! rew>ds ref] to ! life to come4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c]ta9 puni%m5ts are set d[n 9 opposition to ! beatitudes1 ,luke #f3be1 :]e we read3 ,woe to y t are fill$2 = y %all hung]4 ,woe to y t n[ laugh1 = y %all m\rn & weep4 ,n[ ^! puni%m5ts d n ref] to ?is life1 because frequ5tly m5 are n puni%$ 9 ?is life1 accord+ to ,job #ba3ac3 ,!y sp5d _! days 9 weal?4 ,!re=e nei!r d ! rew>ds ( ! beatitudes ref] to ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! k+dom ( heav5 :i* is set d[n z ! rew>d ( pov]ty is ! happ9ess ( heav51 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix7 99,cf4 ,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #a4 ,aga91 abundant fullness is n to be _h save 9 ! life to come1 accord+ to ,ps4 #af3ae3 ,i %all be fill$ ,d\ay3 'satisfi$' :5 ,?y glory %all appe>4 ,aga91 x is only 9 ! future life t we %all see ,god1 & t our ,div9e son%ip w be made manife/1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3b3 ,we are n[ ! sons ( ,god2 & x ha? n yet appe>$ :at we %all be4 ,we "k t1 :5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him1 because we %all see ,him z ,he is4 ,!re=e ^! rew>ds ref] to ! future life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d73 ,^! promises c be fulfill$ 9 ?is life1 z we believe !m to h be5 fulfill$ 9 ! apo/les4 ,= no words c express t complete *ange into ! lik5ess ev5 ( an angel1 :i* is promis$ to u aft] ?is life4 ,i answ] t1 ,exp\nd]s ( ,holy ,writ are n agre$ 9 speak+ ( ^! rew>ds4 ,= "s1 ) ,ambrose 7,sup] ,luc4 v71 hold t all ^! rew>ds ref] to ! life to come2 :ile ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d7 holds !m to ref] to ! pres5t life2 & ,*ryso/om 9 8 homilies 7,9 ,mat?4 xv7 says t "s ref] to ! future1 & "s to ! pres5t life4 ,9 ord] to make ! matt] cle> we mu/ take note t hope ( future happ9ess may be 9 u = two reasons4 ,fir/1 by reason ( our hav+ a prep>ation =1 or a disposition to future happ9ess2 & ?is is by way ( m]it2 secondly1 by a k9d ( imp]fect in*oation ( future happ9ess 9 holy m51 ev5 9 ?is life4 ,= x is "o ?+ to hope t ! tree w be> fruit1 :5 ! leaves beg9 to appe>1 & ano!r1 :5 we see ! fir/ signs ( ! fruit4 ,accord+ly1 ^? ?+s :i* are set d[n z m]its 9 ! beatitudes1 are a k9d ( prep>ation =1 or disposition to happ9ess1 ei!r p]fect or in*oate3 :ile ^? t are assign$ z rew>ds1 may be ei!r p]fect happ9ess1 s z to ref] to ! future life1 or "s beg9n+ ( happ9ess1 su* z is f\nd 9 ^? :o h atta9$ p]fection1 9 :i* case !y ref] to ! pres5t life4 ,because :5 a man beg9s to make progress 9 ! acts ( ! virtues & gifts1 x is to be hop$ t he w arrive at p]fection1 bo? z a wayf>]1 & z a citiz5 ( ! heav5ly k+dom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,hope reg>ds future happ9ess z ! la/ end3 yet x may also reg>d ! assi/ance ( grace z t :i* leads to t end1 accord+ to ,ps4 #bg3g3 ,9 ,him ha? my he>t hop$1 & ,i h be5 help$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh sometimes ! wick$ d n und]go temporal puni%m5t 9 ?is life1 yet !y suff] spiritual puni%m5t4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 i73 ,?\ ha/ decre$1 & x is s1 ,"l--t ! disord]$ m9d %\ld be its own puni%m5t4 ,! ,philosoph]1 too1 says ( ! wick$ 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d7 t _! s\l is divid$ aga9/ itself 4 4 4 "o "p pulls ?is way1 ano!r t2 & aft]w>ds he concludes1 say+3 ,if wick$ness makes a man s mis]able1 he %\ld /ra9 e n]ve to avoid vice4 ,9 l mann]1 al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ! good sometimes d n receive mat]ial rew>ds 9 ?is life1 yet !y nev] lack spiritual rew>ds1 ev5 9 ?is life1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ai3bi1 & ,mk4 #aj3cj3 ,ye %all receive a hundr$ times z mu* ev5 9 ?is "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ^! rew>ds w be fully consummat$ 9 ! life to come3 b mean:ile !y are1 9 a mann]1 begun1 ev5 9 ?is life4 ,because ! k+dom ( heav51 z ,augu/9e says 7loc4 cit471 c d5ote ! beg9n+ ( p]fect wisdom1 9 s f> z ! _s beg9s to reign 9 m54 ,! possession ( ! l& d5otes ! well-ord]$ affections ( ! s\l t re/s1 by its desire1 on ! solid f\ndation ( ! et]nal inh]itance1 signifi$ by ! l&4 ,!y are com=t$ 9 ?is life1 by receiv+ ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is call$ ! ,p>aclete1 i4e4 ! ,com=t]4 ,!y h _! fill1 ev5 9 ?is life1 ( t food ( :i* ,our ,"l said 7,john #d3cd73 ,my meat is to d ! w ( ,him t s5t ,me4 ,aga91 9 ?is life1 m5 obta9 ,god's ,m]cy4 ,aga91 ! eye be+ cleans$ by ! gift ( und]/&+1 we c1 s to speak1 see ,god4 ,likewise1 9 ?is life1 ^? :o are ! peacemak]s ( _! own movem5ts1 approa* to lik5ess to ,god1 & are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,nev]!less ^! ?+s w be m p]fectly fulfill$ 9 heav54 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,beatitudes ,are ,suitably ,enum]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! beatitudes are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,= ! beatitudes are assign$ to ! gifts1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,n[ "s ( ! gifts1 viz4 wisdom & und]/&+1 belong to ! contemplative life3 yet no beatitude is assign$ to ! act ( contemplation1 = all are assign$ to matt]s connect$ ) ! active life4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 n only d ! executive gifts belong to ! active life1 b also "s ( ! directive gifts1 e4g4 k & c\nsel3 yet none ( ! beatitudes seems to be directly connect$ ) ! acts ( k or c\nsel4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes are insuffici5tly indicat$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among ! executive gifts connect$ ) ! active life1 fe> is said to be connect$ ) pov]ty1 :ile piety seems to correspond to ! beatitude ( m]cy3 yet no?+ is includ$ directly connect$ ) ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 _m o!r beatitudes are m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,?us1 x is writt5 7,job #e3ag73 ,bless$ is ! man :om ,god correcte?2 & 7,ps4 i1 #a73 ,bless$ is ! man :o ha? n walk$ 9 ! c\nsel ( ! ungodly2 & 7,prov4 #c3ac73 ,bless$ is ! man t f9de? wisdom4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,obj4 #e3 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems t too _m are m5tion$4 ,= !re are sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 :]eas eight beatitudes are indicat$4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 only f\r beatitudes are indicat$ 9 ! six? *apt] ( ,luke4 ,!re=e ! sev5 or eight m5tion$ 9 ,mat!w #e are too _m4 ,i answ] t1 ,^! beatitudes are mo/ suitably enum]at$4 ,to make ?is evid5t x mu/ be obs]v$ t beatitude has be5 held to consi/ 9 "o ( ?ree ?+s3 = "s h ascrib$ x to a s5sual life1 "s1 to an active life1 & "s1 to a contemplative life 99,see ,q4 #c4 ,n[ ^! ?ree k9ds ( happ9ess /& 9 diff]5t relations to future beatitude1 by hop+ = :i* we are said to be happy4 ,because s5sual happ9ess1 be+ false & contr>y to reason1 is an ob/acle to future beatitude2 :ile happ9ess ( ! active life is a disposition ( future beatitude2 & contemplative happ9ess1 if p]fect1 is ! v ess5ce ( future beatitude1 &1 if imp]fect1 is a beg9n+ !re(4 ,& s ,our ,"l1 9 ! fir/ place1 indicat$ c]ta9 beatitudes z remov+ ! ob/acle ( s5sual happ9ess4 ,= a life ( pleasure consi/s ( two ?+s4 ,fir/1 9 ! afflu5ce ( ext]nal goods1 :e!r ri*es or honors2 f :i* man is )drawn--by a virtue s t he uses !m 9 mod]ation--& by a gift1 9 a m excell5t way1 s t he despises !m altoge!r4 ,h5ce ! fir/ beatitude is3 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 :i* may ref] ei!r to ! contempt ( ri*es1 or to ! contempt ( honors1 :i* results f humility4 ,secondly1 ! s5sual life consi/s 9 foll[+ ! b5t ( "o's passions1 :e!r irascible or concupiscible4 ,f foll[+ ! irascible passions man is )drawn--by a virtue1 s t !y are kept )9 ! b\nds appo9t$ by ! rul+ ( reason--& by a gift1 9 a m excell5t mann]1 s t man1 accord+ to ,god's w1 is altoge!r undi/urb$ by !m3 h5ce ! second beatitude is3 ,bless$ are ! meek4 ,f foll[+ ! concupiscible passions1 man is )drawn--by a virtue1 s t man uses ^! passions 9 mod]ation--& by a gift1 s t1 if necess>y1 he ca/s !m aside altoge!r2 nay m1 s t1 if ne$ be1 he makes a delib]ate *oice ( sorr[ 99,cf4 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #c2 h5ce ! ?ird beatitude is3 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn4 ,active life consi/s *iefly 9 man's relations ) 8 neighbor1 ei!r by way ( duty or by way ( spontane\s gratuity4 ,to ! =m] we are dispos$--by a virtue1 s t we d n refuse to d our duty to our neighbor1 :i* p]ta9s to ju/ice--& by a gift1 s t we d ! same mu* m he>tily1 by accompli%+ works ( ju/ice ) an ard5t desire1 ev5 z a hungry & ?ir/y man eats & dr9ks ) eag] appetite4 ,h5ce ! f\r? beatitude is3 ,bless$ are !y t hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice4 ,) reg>d to spontane\s favors we are p]fect$--by a virtue1 s t we give :]e reason dictates we %\ld give1 e4g4 to our fri5ds or o!rs unit$ to u2 :i* p]ta9s to ! virtue ( lib]ality--& by a gift1 s t1 ?r\gh rev]5ce = ,god1 we consid] only ! ne$s ( ^? on :om we be/[ our gratuit\s b\nty3 h5ce x is writt5 7,luke #ad3ab1 #ac73 ,:5 ?\ make/ a d9n] or supp]1 call n ?y fri5ds1 nor ?y bre?r51 etc 4 4 4 b 4 4 4 call ! poor1 ! maim$1 etc42 :i*1 prop]ly1 is to h m]cy3 h5ce ! fif? beatitude is3 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful4 ,^? ?+s :i* conc]n ! contemplative life1 are ei!r f9al beatitude itself1 or "s beg9n+ !re(3 :]e=e !y are includ$ 9 ! beatitudes1 n z m]its1 b z rew>ds4 ,yet ! effects ( ! active life1 :i* dispose man = ! contemplative life1 are includ$ 9 ! beatitudes4 ,n[ ! effect ( ! active life1 z reg>ds ^? virtues & gifts :]eby man is p]fect$ 9 himself1 is ! cleans+ ( man's he>t1 s t x is n defil$ by ! passions3 h5ce ! six? beatitude is3 ,bless$ are ! clean ( he>t4 ,b z reg>ds ! virtues & gifts :]eby man is p]fect$ 9 relation to 8 neighbor1 ! effect ( ! active life is peace1 accord+ to ,isa4 #cb3ag3 ,! "w ( ju/ice %all be peace3 h5ce ! sev5? beatitude is ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! acts ( ! gifts :i* belong to ! active life are indicat$ 9 ! m]its3 b ! acts ( ! gifts p]ta9+ to ! contemplative life are indicat$ 9 ! rew>ds1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,because to see ,god corresponds to ! gift ( und]/&+2 & to be l ,god by be+ adoptive *ildr5 ( ,god1 corresponds to ! gift ( wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! active life1 k is n s\ght = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( op]ation1 z ev5 ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #b74 ,& !re=e1 s9ce beatitude implies some?+ ultimate1 ! beatitudes d n include ! acts ( ^? gifts :i* direct man 9 ! active life1 su* acts1 to wit1 z are elicit$ by ^? gifts1 z1 e4g4 to c\nsel is ! act ( c\nsel1 & to judge1 ! act ( k3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y include ^? op]ative acts ( :i* ! gifts h ! direction1 z1 e4g4 m\rn+ 9 respect ( k1 & m]cy 9 respect ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 apply+ ! beatitudes to ! gifts we may consid] two ?+s4 ,"o is lik5ess ( matt]4 ,9 ?is way all ! fir/ five beatitudes may be assign$ to k & c\nsel z to _! direct+ pr9ciples3 :]eas !y mu/ be di/ribut$ among ! executive gifts3 s t1 to wit1 hung] & ?ir/ = ju/ice1 & m]cy too1 correspond to piety1 :i* p]fects man 9 8 relations to o!rs2 meekness to =titude1 = ,ambrose says on ,luke #f3bb3 ,x is ! bus9ess ( =titude to conqu] ang]1 & to curb indignation1 =titude be+ ab\t ! irascible passions3 pov]ty & m\rn+ to ! gift ( fe>1 :]eby man )draws f ! lu/s & pleasures ( ! _w4 ,secondly1 we may consid] ! motives ( ! beatitudes3 &1 9 ?is way1 "s ( !m w h to be assign$ diff]5tly4 ,because ! pr9cipal motive = meekness is rev]5ce = ,god1 :i* belongs to piety4 ,! *ief motive = m\rn+ is k1 :]eby man kn[s 8 fail+s & ^? ( worldly ?+s1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #a3ah3 ,he t adde? k1 adde? also sorr[ ,vulg3 labor4 ,! pr9cipal motive = hung]+ aft] ! works ( ju/ice is =titude ( ! s\l3 & ! *ief motive = be+ m]ciful is ,god's c\nsel1 accord+ to ,dan4 #d3bd3 ,let my c\nsel be acceptable to ! k+ ,vulg3 to !e1 ,o k+3 & r$eem ?\ ?y s9s ) alms1 & ?y iniquities ) works ( m]cy to ! poor4 ,x is ?us t ,augu/9e assigns !m 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all ! beatitudes m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,writ mu/ be r$uc$ to ^!1 ei!r z to ! m]its or z to ! rew>ds3 because !y mu/ all belong ei!r to ! active or to ! contemplative life4 ,accord+ly1 :5 we read1 ,bless$ is ! man :om ! ,"l correcte?1 we mu/ ref] ?is to ! beatitude ( m\rn+3 :5 we read1 ,bless$ is ! man t ha? n walk$ 9 ! c\nsel ( ! ungodly1 we mu/ ref] x to cleanness ( he>t3 & :5 we read1 ,bless$ is ! man t f9de? wisdom1 ?is mu/ be ref]r$ to ! rew>d ( ! sev5? beatitude4 ,! same applies to all o!rs t c be adduc$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! eigh? beatitude is a confirmation & decl>ation ( all ^? t prec$e4 ,because f ! v fact t a man is confirm$ 9 pov]ty ( _s1 meekness1 & ! re/1 x foll[s t no p]secution w induce him to r5\nce !m4 ,h5ce ! eigh? beatitude corresponds1 9 a way1 to all ! prec$+ sev54 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,luke relates ,our ,"l's s]mon z address$ to ! multitude 7,luke #f3ag74 ,h5ce he sets d[n ! beatitudes accord+ to ! capacity ( ! multitude1 :o "k no o!r happ9ess ?an pleasure1 temporal & e>?ly3 :]e=e by ^! f\r beatitudes ,our ,"l excludes f\r ?+s :i* seem to belong to su* happ9ess4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is abundance ( ext]nal goods1 :i* he sets aside by say+3 ,bless$ are ye poor4 ,! second is t man be well (f z to 8 body1 9 food & dr9k1 & s =?2 ?is he excludes by say+ 9 ! second place3 ,bless$ are ye t hung]4 ,! ?ird is t x %\ld be well ) man z to joyfulness ( he>t1 & ?is he puts aside by say+3 ,bless$ are ye t weep n[4 ,! f\r? is ! outw>d favor ( man2 & ?is he excludes1 say+1 f\r?ly3 ,bless$ %all y be1 :5 m5 %all hate y4 ,& z ,ambrose says on ,luke #f3bj1 pov]ty corresponds to temp]ance1 :i* is unmov$ by delights2 hung]1 to ju/ice1 s9ce :o hung]s is compassionate &1 ?r\gh compassion gives2 m\rn+1 to prud5ce1 :i* deplores p]i%able ?+s2 endurance ( m5's hatr$ belongs to =titude4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,rew>ds ( ! ,beatitudes ,are ,suitably ,enum]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! rew>ds ( ! beatitudes are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,because ! k+dom ( heav51 :i* is et]nal life1 conta9s all good ?+s4 ,!re=e1 once giv5 ! k+dom ( heav51 no o!r rew>ds %\ld be m5tion$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! k+dom ( heav5 is assign$ z ! rew>d1 bo? ( ! fir/ & ( ! eigh? beatitude4 ,!re=e1 on ! same gr\nd x %\ld h be5 assign$ to all4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! beatitudes are arrang$ 9 ! asc5d+ ord]1 z ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d73 :]eas ! rew>ds seem to be plac$ 9 ! desc5d+ ord]1 s9ce to possess ! l& is less ?an to possess ! k+dom ( heav54 ,!re=e ^! rew>ds are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,our ,"l ,:o prop\nd$ ^! rew>ds4 ,i answ] t1 ,^! rew>ds are mo/ suitably assign$1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! beatitudes 9 relation to ! ?ree k9ds ( happ9ess indicat$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,= ! fir/ ?ree beatitudes conc]n$ ! )drawal ( man f ^? ?+s 9 :i* s5sual happ9ess consi/s3 :i* happ9ess man desires by seek+ ! object ( 8 natural desire1 n :]e he %\ld seek x1 viz4 9 ,god1 b 9 temporal & p]i%able ?+s4 ,:]e=e ! rew>ds ( ! fir/ ?ree beatitudes correspond to ^! ?+s :i* "s m5 seek to f9d 9 e>?ly happ9ess4 ,= m5 seek 9 ext]nal ?+s1 viz4 ri*es & honors1 a c]ta9 excell5ce & abundance1 bo? ( :i* are impli$ 9 ! k+dom ( heav51 :]eby man atta9s to excell5ce & abundance ( good ?+s 9 ,god4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l promis$ ! k+dom ( heav5 to ! poor 9 _s4 ,aga91 cruel & pitiless m5 seek by wrangl+ & fight+ to de/roy _! enemies s z to ga9 security = !mselves4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l promis$ ! meek a secure & peaceful possession ( ! l& ( ! liv+1 :]eby ! solid reality ( et]nal goods is d5ot$4 ,aga91 m5 seek consolation = ! toils ( ! pres5t life1 9 ! lu/s & pleasures ( ! _w4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l promises com=t to ^? t m\rn4 ,two o!r beatitudes belong to ! works ( active happ9ess1 :i* are ! works ( virtues direct+ man 9 8 relations to 8 neighbor3 f :i* op]ations "s m5 )draw ?r\gh inord9ate love ( _! own good4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l assigns to ^! beatitudes rew>ds 9 correspond5ce ) ! motives = :i* m5 rec$e f !m4 ,= !re are "s :o rec$e f acts ( ju/ice1 & in/ead ( r5d]+ :at is due1 lay h&s on :at is n !irs1 t !y may ab\nd 9 temporal goods4 ,:]e=e ,our ,"l promis$ ^? :o hung] aft] ju/ice1 t !y %all h _! fill4 ,"s1 aga91 rec$e f works ( m]cy1 le/ !y be busi$ ) o!r p's mis]y4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l promis$ ! m]ciful t !y %\ld obta9 m]cy1 & be deliv]$ f all mis]y4 ,! la/ two beatitudes belong to contemplative happ9ess or beatitude3 h5ce ! rew>ds are assign$ 9 correspond5ce ) ! dispositions includ$ 9 ! m]it4 ,= cleanness ( ! eye disposes "o to see cle>ly3 h5ce ! clean ( he>t are promis$ t !y %all see ,god4 ,aga91 to make peace ei!r 9 oneself or among o!rs1 %[s a man to be a foll[] ( ,god1 ,:o is ! ,god ( unity & peace4 ,h5ce1 z a rew>d1 he is promis$ ! glory ( ! ,div9e son%ip1 consi/+ 9 p]fect union ) ,god ?r\gh consummate wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xv 9 ,mat?471 all ^! rew>ds are "o 9 reality1 viz4 et]nal happ9ess1 :i* ! human intellect _c grasp4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y to describe x by means ( v>i\s boons kn[n to u1 :ile obs]v+ due proportion to ! m]its to :i* ^? rew>ds are assign$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ! eigh? beatitude is a confirmation ( all ! beatitudes1 s x des]ves all ! rew>ds ( ! beatitudes4 ,h5ce x returns to ! fir/1 t we may und]/& all ! o!r rew>ds to be attribut$ to x 9 consequ5ce4 ,or else1 accord+ to ,ambrose 7,sup] ,luc4 v71 ! k+dom ( heav5 is promis$ to ! poor 9 _s1 z reg>ds ! glory ( ! s\l2 b to ^? :o suff] p]secution 9 _! bodies1 x is promis$ z reg>ds ! glory ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! rew>ds are also arrang$ 9 asc5d+ ord]4 ,= x is m to possess ! l& ( ! heav5ly k+dom ?an simply to h x3 s9ce we h _m ?+s )\t possess+ !m firmly & peacefully4 ,aga91 x is m to be com=t$ 9 ! k+dom ?an to h & possess x1 = !re are _m ?+s ! possession ( :i* is accompani$ by sorr[4 ,aga91 x is m to h "o's fill ?an simply to be com=t$1 because fulness implies abundance ( com=t4 ,& m]cy surpasses satiety1 = !reby man receives m ?an he m]it$ or 0 able to desire4 ,& yet m is x to see ,god1 ev5 z he is a great] man :o n only d9es at c\rt1 b also sees ! k+'s c\nt5ance4 ,la/ly1 ! highe/ place 9 ! royal palace belongs to ! k+'s son4 ,,"q #gj ,,( ,,! ,,fruits ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are acts8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y diff] f ! beatitudes8 7#c7 ,( _! numb]8 7#d7 ,( _! opposition to ! works ( ! fle%4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:i* ! ,apo/le ,enum]ates 7,gal4 #e7 ,are ,acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 enum]at$ by ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #e3bb1 #bc71 are n acts4 ,= t :i* be>s fruit1 %\ld n itself be call$ a fruit1 else we %\ld g on indef9itely4 ,b our actions be> fruit3 = x is writt5 7,wis4 #c3ae73 ,! fruit ( good labor is glori\s1 & 7,john #d3cf73 ,he t reape? receive? wages1 & ga!re? fruit unto life ev]la/+4 ,!re=e our actions are n to be call$ fruits4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aj71 we enjoy 99',fruimur'1 f :i* v]b we h ! ,lat9 'fructus' & ! ,engli% 'fruit' ! ?+s we "k1 :5 ! w re/s by rejoic+ 9 !m4 ,b our w %\ld n re/ 9 our actions = _! own sake4 ,!re=e our actions %\ld n be call$ fruits4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among ! fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,apo/le numb]s c]ta9 virtues1 viz4 *>ity1 meekness1 fai?1 & *a/ity4 ,n[ virtues are n actions b habits1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! fruits are n actions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #ab3cc73 ,by ! fruit ! tree is kn[n2 t is to say1 man is kn[n by 8 works1 z holy m5 expla9 ! passage4 ,!re=e human actions are call$ fruits4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w fruit has be5 transf]r$ f ! mat]ial to ! spiritual _w4 ,n[ fruit1 among mat]ial ?+s1 is ! product ( a plant :5 x comes to p]fection1 & has a c]ta9 sweetness4 ,?is fruit has a tw(old relation3 to ! tree t produces x1 & to ! man :o ga!rs ! fruit f ! tree4 ,accord+ly1 9 spiritual matt]s1 we may take ! ^w fruit 9 two ways3 fir/1 s t ! fruit ( man1 :o is lik5$ to ! tree1 is t :i* he produces2 secondly1 s t man's fruit is :at he ga!rs4 ,yet n all t man ga!rs is fruit1 b only t :i* is la/ & gives pleasure4 ,= a man has bo? a field & a tree1 & yet ^! are n call$ fruits2 b t only :i* is la/1 to wit1 t :i* man int5ds to d]ive f ! field & f ! tree4 ,9 ?is s5se man's fruit is 8 la/ end :i* is int5d$ = 8 enjoym5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by man's fruit we und]/& a product ( man1 !n human actions are call$ fruits3 because op]ation is ! second act ( ! op]ator1 & gives pleasure if x is suitable to him4 ,if !n man's op]ation proce$s f man 9 virtue ( 8 reason1 x is said to be ! fruit ( 8 reason3 b if x proce$s f him 9 respect ( a high] p[]1 :i* is ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !n man's op]ation is said to be ! fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ( a ,div9e se$1 = x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3i73 ,:osoev] is born ( ,god1 committe? no s91 = ,8 se$ abide? 9 him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce fruit is some?+ la/ & f9al1 no?+ h9d]s "o fruit be>+ ano!r fruit1 ev5 z "o end is subord9ate to ano!r4 ,& s our works1 9 s f> z !y are produc$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ work+ 9 u1 are fruits3 b1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ! end :i* is et]nal life1 !y %\ld r be call$ fl[]s3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bd3bc73 ,my fl[]s are ! fruits ( honor & ri*es4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ! w is said to delight 9 a ?+ = its own sake1 ?is may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 s t ! expression = ! sake ( be tak5 to designate ! f9al cause2 & 9 ?is way1 man delights 9 no?+ = its own sake1 except ! la/ end4 ,secondly1 s t x expresses ! =mal cause2 & 9 ?is way1 a man may delight 9 any?+ t is delightful by reason ( its =m4 ,?us x is cle> t a sick man delights 9 heal?1 = its own sake1 z 9 an end2 9 a nice m$ic9e1 n z 9 an end1 b z 9 some?+ ta/y2 & 9 a na/y m$ic9e1 n[ise = its own sake1 b only = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t man mu/ delight 9 ,god = ,8 own sake1 z be+ 8 la/ end1 & 9 virtu\s de$s1 n z be+ 8 end1 b = ! sake ( _! inh]5t goodness :i* is delightful to ! virtu\s4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,p>ad4 xiii7 t virtu\s de$s are call$ fruits because !y refre% ^? t h !m1 ) a holy & g5u9e delight4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sometimes ! names ( ! virtues are appli$ to _! actions3 ?us ,augu/9e writes 7,tract4 xl 9 ,joan473 ,fai? is to believe :at ?\ see/ n2 & 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #aj73 ,*>ity is ! movem5t ( ! s\l 9 lov+ ,god & our neighbor4 ,x is ?us t ! names ( ! virtues are us$ 9 reckon+ ! fruits4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,fruits ,diff] f ! ,beatitudes8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fruits d n diff] f ! beatitudes4 ,= ! beatitudes are assign$ to ! gifts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,b ! gifts p]fect man 9 s f> z he is mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ! beatitudes !mselves are fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! fruit ( et]nal life is to future beatitude :i* is t ( actual possession1 s are ! fruits ( ! pres5t life to ! beatitudes ( ! pres5t life1 :i* are bas$ on hope4 ,n[ ! fruit ( et]nal life is id5tifi$ ) future beatitude4 ,!re=e ! fruits ( ! pres5t life are ! beatitudes4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fruit is ess5tially some?+ ultimate & delightful4 ,n[ ?is is ! v nature ( beatitude1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e fruit & beatitude h ! same nature1 & consequ5tly %\ld n be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s divid$ into diff]5t species1 diff] f "o ano!r4 ,b fruits & beatitudes are divid$ into diff]5t p>ts1 z is cle> f ! way 9 :i* !y are enum]at$4 ,!re=e ! fruits diff] f ! beatitudes4 ,i answ] t1 ,m is requir$ = a beatitude ?an = a fruit4 ,because x is suffici5t = a fruit to be some?+ ultimate & delightful2 :]eas = a beatitude1 x mu/ be some?+ p]fect & excell5t4 ,h5ce all ! beatitudes may be call$ fruits1 b n vice v]sa4 ,= ! fruits are any virtu\s de$s 9 :i* "o delights3 :]eas ! beatitudes are none b p]fect works1 & :i*1 by reason ( _! p]fection1 are assign$ to ! gifts r ?an to ! virtues1 z already /at$ 7,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t proves ! beatitudes to be fruits1 b n t all ! fruits are beatitudes4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fruit ( et]nal life is ultimate & p]fect simply3 h5ce x n[ise diff]s f future beatitude4 ,on ! o!r h& ! fruits ( ! pres5t life are n simply ultimate & p]fect2 :]e=e n all ! fruits are beatitudes4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m is requir$ = a beatitude ?an = a fruit1 z /at$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,fruits ,are ,suitably ,enum]at$ by ! ,apo/le8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fruits are unsuitably enum]at$ by ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #e3bb1 #bc74 ,because1 else:]e1 he says t !re is only "o fruit ( ! pres5t life2 accord+ to ,rom4 #f3bb3 ,y h y\r fruit unto sanctification4 ,moreov] x is writt5 7,isa4 #bg3i73 ,?is is all ! fruit 4 4 4 t ! s9 4 4 4 be tak5 away4 ,!re=e we %\ld n reckon twelve fruits4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fruit is ! product ( spiritual se$1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a74 ,b ,our ,"l m5tions 7,matt4 #ac3bc7 a ?reefold fruit z gr[+ f a spiritual se$ 9 a good gr\nd1 viz4 hundr$fold1 sixtyfold1 & ?irtyfold4 ,!re=e "o %\ld n reckon twelve fruits4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! v nature ( fruit is to be some?+ ultimate & delightful4 ,b ?is does n apply to all ! fruits m5tion$ by ! ,apo/le3 = pati5ce & long-suff]+ seem to imply a pa9ful object1 :ile fai? is n some?+ ultimate1 b r some?+ prim>y & fundam5tal4 ,!re=e too _m fruits are enum]at$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,x seems t !y are enum]at$ insuffici5tly & incompletely4 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #b7 t all ! beatitudes may be call$ fruits2 yet n all are m5tion$ "h4 ,nor is !re any?+ correspond+ to ! acts ( wisdom1 & ( _m o!r virtues4 ,!re=e x seems t ! fruits are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,i answ] t1 ,! numb] ( ! twelve fruits enum]at$ by ! ,apo/le is suitable1 & t !re may be a ref]5ce to !m 9 ! twelve fruits ( :i* x is writt5 7,apoc4 #bb3b73 ,on bo? sides ( ! riv] 0 ! tree be>+ twelve fruits4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a fruit is some?+ t proce$s f a s\rce z f a se$ or root1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! fruits mu/ be ga!r$ f ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s 9 u3 :i* process consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! m9d ( man is set 9 ord]1 fir/ ( all1 9 reg>d to itself2 secondly1 9 reg>d to ?+s t are ne> x2 ?irdly1 9 reg>d to ?+s t are bel[ x4 ,accord+ly man's m9d is well dispos$ 9 reg>d to itself :5 x has a good disposition t[>ds good ?+s & t[>ds evil ?+s4 ,n[ ! fir/ disposition ( ! human m9d t[>ds ! good is effect$ by love1 :i* is ! fir/ ( our emotions & ! root ( !m all1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d74 ,:]e=e among ! fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 we reckon *>ity1 :]e9 ! ,holy ,gho/ is giv5 9 a special mann]1 z 9 ,8 own lik5ess1 s9ce ,he ,himself is love4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,rom4 #e3e73 ,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is giv5 to u4 ,! necess>y result ( ! love ( *>ity is joy3 because e lov] rejoices at be+ unit$ to ! belov$4 ,n[ *>ity has always actual pres5ce 9 ,god ,:om x loves1 accord+ to #a ,john #d3af3 ,he t abide? 9 *>ity1 abide? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 ,him3 :]e=e ! sequel ( *>ity is joy4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( joy is peace 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds fre$om f outw>d di/urbance2 = x is impossible to rejoice p]fectly 9 ! belov$ good1 if "o is di/urb$ 9 ! enjoym5t !re(2 & aga91 if a man's he>t is p]fectly set at peace 9 "o object1 he _c be disquiet$ by any o!r1 s9ce he acc\nts all o!rs z no?+2 h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3afe73 ,mu* peace h !y t love ,?y ,law1 & to !m !re is no /umbl+-block1 because1 to wit1 ext]nal ?+s d n di/urb !m 9 _! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! calm ( ! re/less desire3 = he does n p]fectly rejoice1 :o is n satisfi$ ) ! object ( 8 joy4 ,n[ peace implies ^! two ?+s1 namely1 t we be n di/urb$ by ext]nal ?+s1 & t our desires re/ altoge!r 9 "o object4 ,:]e=e aft] *>ity & joy1 peace is giv5 ! ?ird place4 ,9 evil ?+s ! m9d has a good disposition1 9 respect ( two ?+s4 ,fir/1 by n be+ di/urb$ :5ev] evil ?reat5s3 :i* p]ta9s to pati5ce2 secondly1 by n be+ di/urb$1 :5ev] good ?+s are delay$2 :i* belongs to long suff]+1 s9ce to lack good is a k9d ( evil 7,e?ic4 v1 #c74 ,man's m9d is well dispos$ z reg>ds :at is ne> him1 viz4 8 neighbor1 fir/1 z to ! w to d good2 & to ?is belongs goodness4 ,secondly1 z to ! execution ( well-do+2 & to ?is belongs b5ignity1 = ! b5ign are ^? 9 :om ! salut>y flame 7bonus ignis7 ( love has enk9dl$ ! desire to be k9d to _! neighbor4 ,?irdly1 z to 8 suff]+ ) equanimity ! evils 8 neighbor inflicts on him4 ,to ?is belongs meekness1 :i* curbs ang]4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ! po9t ( our refra9+ f do+ h>m to our neighbor n only ?r\gh ang]1 b also ?r\gh fraud or deceit4 ,to ?is p]ta9s fai?1 if we take x z d5ot+ fidelity4 ,b if we take x = ! fai? :]eby we believe 9 ,god1 !n man is direct$ !reby to t :i* is above him1 s t he subject 8 intellect &1 consequ5tly1 all t is 81 to ,god4 ,man is well dispos$ 9 respect ( t :i* is bel[ him1 z reg>ds ext]nal action1 by mode/y1 :]eby we obs]ve ! mode 9 all our words & de$s3 z reg>ds int]nal desires1 by cont95cy & *a/ity3 :e!r ^! two diff] because *a/ity )draws man f unlawful desires1 cont95cy also f lawful desires3 or because ! cont95t man is subject to concupisc5ce1 b is n l$ away2 :]eas ! *a/e man is nei!r subject to1 nor l$ away f !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sanctification is effect$ by all ! virtues1 by :i* also s9s are tak5 away4 ,consequ5tly fruit is m5tion$ !re 9 ! s+ul>1 on acc\nt ( its be+ g5]ically "o1 ?\gh divid$ into _m species :i* are spok5 ( z s _m fruits4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! hundr$fold1 sixtyfold1 & ?irtyfold fruits d n diff] z v>i\s species ( virtu\s acts1 b z v>i\s degrees ( p]fection1 ev5 9 ! same virtue4 ,?us cont95cy ( ! m>ri$ /ate is said to be signifi$ by ! ?irtyfold fruit2 ! cont95cy ( wid[hood1 by ! sixtyfold2 & virg9al cont95cy1 by ! hundr$fold fruit4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 o!r ways 9 :i* holy m5 di/+ui% ?ree evangelical fruits accord+ to ! ?ree degrees ( virtue3 & !y speak ( ?ree degrees1 because ! p]fection ( any?+ is consid]$ ) respect to its beg9n+1 its middle1 & its end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact ( n be+ di/urb$ by pa9ful ?+s is some?+ to delight 94 ,& z to fai?1 if we consid] x z ! f\ndation1 x has ! aspect ( be+ ultimate & delightful1 9 z mu* z x conta9s c]ta9ty3 h5ce a gloss exp\nds ?us3 ,fai?1 :i* is c]ta9ly ab\t ! unse54 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,augu/9e says on ,gal4 #e3bb1 #bc1 ! ,apo/le _h no int5tion ( tea*+ u h[ _m 7ei!r works ( ! fle%1 or fruits ( ! ,_s7 !re are2 b to %[ h[ ! =m] %\ld be avoid$1 & ! latt] s\ght aft]4 ,h5ce ei!r m or few] fruits might h be5 m5tion$4 ,nev]!less1 all ! acts ( ! gifts & virtues c be r$uc$ to ^! by a c]ta9 k9d ( fitt+ness1 9 s f> z all ! virtues & gifts mu/ ne$s direct ! m9d 9 "o ( ! above-m5tion$ ways4 ,:]e=e ! acts ( wisdom & ( any gifts direct+ to good1 are r$uc$ to *>ity1 joy & peace4 ,! reason :y he m5tions ^! r ?an o!rs1 is t ^! imply ei!r enjoym5t ( good ?+s1 or relief f evils1 :i* ?+s seem to belong to ! notion ( fruit4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,are ,contr>y to ! ,works ( ! ,fle%8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are n contr>y to ! works ( ! fle%1 :i* ! ,apo/le enum]ates 7,gal4 #e3ai1 seqq474 ,because contr>ies are 9 ! same g5us4 ,b ! works ( ! fle% are n call$ fruits4 ,!re=e ! fruits ( ! ,_s are n contr>y to !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o ?+ has a contr>y4 ,n[ ! ,apo/le m5tions m works ( ! fle% ?an fruits ( ! ,_s4 ,!re=e ! fruits ( ! ,_s & ! works ( ! fle% are n contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among ! fruits ( ! ,_s1 ! fir/ place is giv5 to *>ity1 joy1 & peace3 to :i*1 =nication1 uncleanness1 & immode/y1 :i* are ! fir/ ( ! works ( ! fle%1 are n oppos$4 ,!re=e ! fruits ( ! ,_s are n contr>y to ! works ( ! fle%4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3ag7 t ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s1 & ! _s aga9/ ! fle%4 ,i answ] t1 ,! works ( ! fle% & ! fruits ( ! ,_s may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 g5]al3 & 9 ?is way ! fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ consid]$ 9 g5]al are contr>y to ! works ( ! fle%4 ,because ! ,holy ,gho/ moves ! human m9d to t :i* is 9 accord ) reason1 or r to t :i* surpasses reason3 :]eas ! fle%ly1 viz4 ! s5sitive1 appetite draws man to s5sible goods :i* are b5ea? him4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce upw>d & d[nw>d are contr>y movem5ts 9 ! physical ord]1 s 9 human actions ! works ( ! fle% are contr>y to ! fruits ( ! ,_s4 ,secondly1 bo? fruits & fle%ly works z enum]at$ may be consid]$ s+ly1 ea* accord+ to its specific nature4 ,& 9 ?is !y are n ( necessity contr>y ea* to ea*3 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #d71 ! ,apo/le did n int5d to enum]ate all ! works1 :e!r spiritual or c>nal4 ,h[ev]1 by a k9d ( adaptation1 ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ,gal4 #e3bb1 #bc1 contra/s ! fruits ) ! c>nal works1 ea* to ea*4 ,?us to =nication1 :i* is ! love ( satisfy+ lu/ outside lawful w$lock1 we may contra/ *>ity1 :]eby ! s\l is w$d$ to ,god3 :]e9 also is true *a/ity4 ,by uncleanness we mu/ und]/& :atev] di/urbances arise f =nication3 & to ^! ! joy ( tranquillity is oppos$4 ,idolatry1 by reason ( :i* w> 0 wag$ aga9/ ! ,gospel ( ,god1 is oppos$ to peace4 ,aga9/ wit*crafts1 enmities1 cont5tions1 emulations1 wra?s & qu>rels1 !re is longsuff]+1 :i* helps u to be> ! evils inflict$ on u by ^? among :om we dwell2 :ile k9dness helps u to cure ^? evils2 & goodness1 to =give !m4 ,9 contra/ to h]esy !re is fai?2 to envy1 mildness2 to drunk5ness & revell+s1 cont+5cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* proce$s f a tree aga9/ ! tree's nature1 is n call$ its fruit1 b r its corruption4 ,& s9ce works ( virtue are connatural to reason1 :ile works ( vice are contr>y to nature1 !re=e x is t works ( virtue are call$ fruits1 b n s works ( vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good happ5s 9 "o way1 evil 9 all mann] ( ways1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 s t to "o virtue _m vices are contr>y4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ n be surpris$ if ! works ( ! fle% are m num]\s ?an ! fruits ( ! _s4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is cle> f :at has be5 said4 ,,evil ,,habits1 i4e4 ,,vices ,,& ,,s9s 7,,qq4 #ga-hi7 ,,"q #ga ,,( ,,vice ,,& ,,s9 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,!mselves 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we h 9 ! next place to consid] vice & s93 ab\t :i* six po9ts h to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,vice & s9 consid]$ 9 !mselves2 7#b7 _! di/9ction2 7#c7 _! comp>ison ) "o ano!r2 7#d7 ! subject ( s92 7#e7 ! cause ( s92 7#f7 ! effect ( s94 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r vice is contr>y to virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r vice is contr>y to nature8 7#c7 ,:i* is worse1 a vice or a vici\s act8 7#d7 ,:e!r a vici\s act is compatible ) virtue8 7#e7 ,:e!r e s9 includes action8 7#f7 ,( ! def9ition ( s9 propos$ by ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii73 ,s9 is a ^w1 de$1 or desire aga9/ ! et]nal law4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,vice ,is ,contr>y to ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t vice is n contr>y to virtue4 ,= "o ?+ has "o contr>y1 z prov$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 text4 #ag4 ,n[ s9 & malice are contr>y to virtue4 ,!re=e vice is n contr>y to x3 s9ce vice applies also to undue disposition ( bodily memb]s or ( any ?+s :atev]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue d5otes a c]ta9 p]fection ( p[]4 ,b vice does n d5ote any?+ relative to p[]4 ,!re=e vice is n contr>y to virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,cic]o 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv7 says t virtue is ! s\l's heal?4 ,n[ sickness or disease1 r ?an vice1 is oppos$ to heal?4 ,!re=e vice is n contr>y to virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]fect4 ,ju/it4 ii7 t vice is a quality 9 respect ( :i* ! s\l is evil4 ,b virtue is a quality :i* makes its subject good1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,!re=e vice is contr>y to virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 virtue--! ess5ce ( virtue1 & t to :i* virtue is orda9$4 ,9 ! ess5ce ( virtue we may consid] some?+ directly1 & we may consid] some?+ consequ5tly4 ,virtue implies directly a disposition :]eby ! subject is well dispos$ accord+ to ! mode ( its nature3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag7 t virtue is a disposition ( a p]fect ?+ to t :i* is be/2 & by p]fect ,i mean t :i* is dispos$ accord+ to its nature4 ,t :i* virtue implies consequ5tly is t x is a k9d ( goodness3 because ! goodness ( a ?+ consi/s 9 its be+ well dispos$ accord+ to ! mode ( its nature4 ,t to :i* virtue is direct$ is a good act1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c74 ,accord+ly ?ree ?+s are f\nd to be contr>y to virtue4 ,"o ( ^! is s91 :i* is oppos$ to virtue 9 respect ( t to :i* virtue is orda9$3 s9ce1 prop]ly speak+1 s9 d5otes an inord9ate act2 ev5 z an act ( virtue is an ord9ate & due act3 9 respect ( t :i* virtue implies consequ5tly1 viz4 t x is a k9d ( goodness1 ! contr>y ( virtue is malice3 :ile 9 respect ( t :i* belongs to ! ess5ce ( virtue directly1 its contr>y is vice3 because ! vice ( a ?+ seems to consi/ 9 its n be+ dispos$ 9 a way befitt+ its nature3 h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii73 ,:atev] is lack+ = a ?+'s natural p]fection may be call$ a vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! ?ree ?+s are contr>y to virtue1 b n 9 ! same respect3 = s9 is oppos$ to virtue1 accord+ z ! latt] is productive ( a good "w2 malice1 accord+ z virtue is a k9d ( goodness2 :ile vice is oppos$ to virtue prop]ly z su*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,virtue implies n only p]fection ( p[]1 ! pr9ciple ( action2 b also ! due disposition ( its subject4 ,! reason = ?is is because a ?+ op]ates accord+ z x is 9 act3 s t a ?+ ne$s to be well dispos$ if x has to produce a good "w4 ,x is 9 ?is respect t vice is contr>y to virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,cic]o says 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv71 disease & sickness are vici\s qualities1 = 9 speak+ ( ! body he calls x disease :5 ! :ole body is infect$1 = in/ance1 ) fev] or ! l2 he calls x sickness :5 ! disease is att5d$ ) weakness2 & vice :5 ! p>ts ( ! body are n well compact$ toge!r4 ,& al?\gh at times !re may be disease 9 ! body )\t sickness1 = in/ance1 :5 a man has a hidd5 compla9t )\t be+ h9d]$ outw>dly f 8 wont$ occupations2 yet1 9 ! s\l1 z he says1 ^! two ?+s are indi/+ui%able1 except 9 ?\ght4 ,= :5ev] a man is ill-dispos$ inw>dly1 ?r\gh "s inord9ate affection1 he is r5d]$ !reby unfit = fulfill+ 8 duties3 s9ce a tree is kn[n by its fruit1 i4e4 man by 8 works1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ab3cc4 ,b vice ( ! s\l1 z ,cic]o says 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv71 is a habit or affection ( ! s\l discordant & inconsi/5t ) itself ?r\gh life3 & ?is is to be f\nd ev5 )\t disease & sickness1 e4g4 :5 a man s9s f weakness or passion4 ,consequ5tly vice is ( wid] ext5t ?an sickness or disease2 ev5 z virtue ext5ds to m ?+s ?an heal?2 = heal? itself is reckon$ a k9d ( virtue 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag74 ,consequ5tly vice is reckon$ z contr>y to virtue1 m fitt+ly ?an sickness or disease4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,vice ,is ,contr>y to ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t vice is n contr>y to nature4 ,because vice is contr>y to virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ virtue is 9 u1 n by nature b by infusion or habituation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,!re=e vice is n contr>y to nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is impossible to become habituat$ to t :i* is contr>y to nature3 ?us a /one nev] becomes habituat$ to upw>d movem5t 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a74 ,b "s m5 become habituat$ to vice4 ,!re=e vice is n contr>y to nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 any?+ contr>y to a nature1 is n f\nd 9 ! great] numb] ( individuals possess$ ( t nature4 ,n[ vice is f\nd 9 ! great] numb] ( m52 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #g3ac73 ,broad is ! way t leade? to de/ruction1 & _m !re are :o g 9 !reat4 ,!re=e vice is n contr>y to nature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 s9 is comp>$ to vice1 z act to habit1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ s9 is def9$ z a ^w1 de$1 or desire1 contr>y to ! ,law ( ,god1 z ,augu/9e %[s 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg74 ,b ! ,law ( ,god is above nature4 ,!re=e we %\ld say t vice is contr>y to ! ,law1 r ?an to nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ac73 ,e vice1 simply because x is a vice1 is contr>y to nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 vice is contr>y to virtue4 ,n[ ! virtue ( a ?+ consi/s 9 its be+ well dispos$ 9 a mann] befitt+ its nature1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,h5ce ! vice ( any ?+ consi/s 9 its be+ dispos$ 9 a mann] n befitt+ its nature1 & = ?is reason is t ?+ vitup]at$1 :i* ^w is d]iv$ f vice accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ad74 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! nature ( a ?+ is *iefly ! =m f :i* t ?+ d]ives its species4 ,n[ man d]ives 8 species f 8 rational s\l3 & consequ5tly :atev] is contr>y to ! ord] ( reason is1 prop]ly speak+1 contr>y to ! nature ( man1 z man2 :ile :atev] is 9 accord ) reason1 is 9 accord ) ! nature ( man1 z man4 ,n[ man's good is to be 9 accord ) reason1 & 8 evil is to be aga9/ reason1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e human virtue1 :i* makes a man good1 & 8 "w good1 is 9 accord ) man's nature1 = z mu* z x accords ) 8 reason3 :ile vice is contr>y to man's nature1 9 s f> z x is contr>y to ! ord] ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! virtues are n caus$ by nature z reg>ds _! p]fection ( be+1 yet !y incl9e u to t :i* accords ) reason1 i4e4 ) ! ord] ( reason4 ,= ,cic]o says 7,de ,inv4 ,rhet4 ii7 t virtue is a habit 9 accord ) reason1 l a second nature3 & x is 9 ?is s5se t virtue is said to be 9 accord ) nature1 & on ! o!r h& t vice is contr>y to nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ !re ( a ?+ be+ aga9/ nature1 9 s f> z be+ aga9/ nature is contr>y to be+ f nature3 & n 9 s f> z be+ aga9/ nature is contr>y to be+ 9 accord ) nature1 9 :i* latt] s5se virtues are said to be 9 accord ) nature1 9 z mu* z !y incl9e u to t :i* is suitable to nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is a tw(old nature 9 man1 rational nature1 & ! s5sitive nature4 ,& s9ce x is ?r\gh ! op]ation ( 8 s5ses t man accompli%es acts ( reason1 h5ce !re are m :o foll[ ! incl9ations ( ! s5sitive nature1 ?an :o foll[ ! ord] ( reason3 because m rea* ! beg9n+ ( a bus9ess ?an a*ieve its completion4 ,n[ ! pres5ce ( vices & s9s 9 man is ow+ to ! fact t he foll[s ! incl9ation ( 8 s5sitive nature aga9/ ! ord] ( 8 reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:atev] is irregul> 9 a "w ( art1 is unnatural to ! art :i* produc$ t "w4 ,n[ ! et]nal law is comp>$ to ! ord] ( human reason1 z art to a "w ( art4 ,!re=e x am\nts to ! same t vice & s9 are aga9/ ! ord] ( human reason1 & t !y are contr>y to ! et]nal law4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #f7 t e nature1 z su*1 is f ,god2 & is a vici\s nature1 9 s f> z x fails f ! ,div9e art :]eby x 0 made4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,vice ,is ,worse ,?an a ,vici\s ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t vice1 i4e4 a bad habit1 is worse ?an a s91 i4e4 a bad act4 ,=1 z ! m la/+ a good is1 ! bett] x is1 s ! long] an evil la/s1 ! worse x is4 ,n[ a vici\s habit is m la/+ ?an vici\s acts1 t pass =?)4 ,!re=e a vici\s habit is worse ?an a vici\s act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sev]al evils are m to be %unn$ ?an "o4 ,b a bad habit is virtually ! cause ( _m bad acts4 ,!re=e a vici\s habit is worse ?an a vici\s act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a cause is m pot5t ?an its effect4 ,b a habit produces its actions bo? z to _! goodness & z to _! badness4 ,!re=e a habit is m pot5t ?an its act1 bo? 9 goodness & 9 badness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a man is ju/ly puni%$ = a vici\s act2 b n = a vici\s habit1 s long z no act ensues4 ,!re=e a vici\s action is worse ?an a vici\s habit4 ,i answ] t1 ,a habit /&s midway betwe5 p[] & act4 ,n[ x is evid5t t bo? 9 good & 9 evil1 act prec$es p[]1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ix1 #ai4 ,= x is bett] to d well ?an to be able to d well1 & 9 l mann]1 x is m blamewor?y to d evil1 ?an to be able to d evil3 :5ce x also foll[s t bo? 9 goodness & 9 badness1 habit /&s midway betwe5 p[] & act1 s t1 to wit1 ev5 z a good or evil habit /&s above ! correspond+ p[] 9 goodness or 9 badness1 s does x /& bel[ ! correspond+ act4 ,?is is also made cle> f ! fact t a habit is n call$ good or bad1 save 9 s f> z x induces to a good or bad act3 :]e=e a habit is call$ good or bad by reason ( ! goodness or badness ( its act3 s t an act surpasses its habit 9 goodness or badness1 s9ce ! cause ( a ?+ be+ su*1 is yet m s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ h9d]s "o ?+ f /&+ above ano!r simply1 & bel[ x 9 "s respect4 ,n[ a ?+ is deem$ above ano!r simply if x surpasses x 9 a po9t :i* is prop] to bo?2 :ile x is deem$ above x 9 a c]ta9 respect1 if x surpasses x 9 some?+ :i* is accid5tal to bo?4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n f ! v nature ( act & habit1 t act surpasses habit bo? 9 goodness & 9 badness4 ,:]eas ! fact t habit is m la/+ ?an act1 is accid5tal to !m1 & is due to ! fact t !y are bo? f\nd 9 a nature su* t x _c always be 9 action1 & ^: action consi/s 9 a transi5t movem5t4 ,consequ5tly act simply excels 9 goodness & badness1 b habit excels 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a habit is sev]al acts1 n simply1 b 9 a c]ta9 respect1 i4e4 virtually4 ,:]e=e ?is does n prove t habit prec$es act simply1 bo? 9 goodness & 9 badness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,habit causes act by way ( effici5t causality3 b act causes habit1 by way ( f9al causality1 9 respect ( :i* we consid] ! nature ( good & evil4 ,consequ5tly act surpasses habit bo? 9 goodness & 9 badness4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,s9 ,is ,compatible ) ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a vici\s act1 i4e4 s91 is incompatible ) virtue4 ,= contr>ies _c be toge!r 9 ! same subject4 ,n[ s9 is1 9 "s way1 contr>y to virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e s9 is incompatible ) virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 is worse ?an vice1 i4e4 evil act ?an evil habit4 ,b vice _c be 9 ! same subject ) virtue3 nei!r1 !re=e1 c s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 occurs 9 natural ?+s1 ev5 z 9 volunt>y matt]s 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #hb74 ,n[ s9 nev] happ5s 9 natural ?+s1 except ?r\gh "s corruption ( ! natural p[]2 ?us mon/]s are due to corruption ( "s elem5tal =ce 9 ! se$1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii4 ,!re=e no s9 occurs 9 volunt>y matt]s1 except ?r\gh ! corruption ( "s virtue 9 ! s\l3 s t s9 & virtue _c be toge!r 9 ! same subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #b1 #c7 t virtue is eng5d]$ & corrupt$ by contr>y causes4 ,n[ "o virtu\s act does n cause a virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #c73 &1 consequ5tly1 "o s9ful act does n corrupt virtue4 ,!re=e !y c be toge!r 9 ! same subject4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9 is comp>$ to virtue1 z evil act to good habit4 ,n[ ! position ( a habit 9 ! s\l is n ! same z t ( a =m 9 a natural ?+4 ,= ! =m ( a natural ?+ produces1 ( necessity1 an op]ation befitt+ itself2 :]e=e a natural =m is incompatible ) ! act ( a contr>y =m3 ?us heat is incompatible ) ! act ( cool+1 & lightness ) d[nw>d movem5t 7except p]haps viol5ce be us$ by "s extr9sic mov]73 :]eas ! habit t resides 9 ! s\l1 does n1 ( necessity1 produce its op]ation1 b is us$ by man :5 he wills4 ,consequ5tly man1 :ile possess+ a habit1 may ei!r fail to use ! habit1 or produce a contr>y act2 & s a man hav+ a virtue may produce an act ( s94 ,& ?is s9ful act1 s long z !re is b "o1 _c corrupt virtue1 if we comp>e ! act to ! virtue itself z a habit3 s9ce1 j z habit is n eng5d]$ by "o act1 s nei!r is x de/roy$ by "o act z /at$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,b if we comp>e ! s9ful act to ! cause ( ! virtues1 !n x is possible = "s virtues to be de/roy$ by "o s9ful act4 ,= e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity1 :i* is ! root ( all ! infus$ virtues1 z virtues2 & consequ5tly1 *>ity be+ bani%$ by "o act ( mortal s91 x foll[s t all ! infus$ virtues are expell$ z virtues4 ,& ,i say ?is on acc\nt ( fai? & hope1 ^: habits rema9 unquick5$ aft] mortal s91 s t !y are no long] virtues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce v5ial s9 is nei!r contr>y to *>ity1 nor bani%es x1 z a consequ5ce1 nei!r does x expel ! o!r virtues4 ,z to ! acquir$ virtues1 !y are n de/roy$ by "o act ( any k9d ( s94 ,accord+ly1 mortal s9 is incompatible ) ! infus$ virtues1 b is consi/5t ) acquir$ virtue3 :ile v5ial s9 is compatible ) virtues1 :e!r infus$ or acquir$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9 is contr>y to virtue1 n by reason ( itself1 b by reason ( its act4 ,h5ce s9 is incompatible ) ! act1 b n ) ! habit1 ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,vice is directly contr>y to virtue1 ev5 z s9 to virtu\s act3 & s vice excludes virtue1 j z s9 excludes acts ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! natural p[]s act ( necessity1 & h5ce s long z ! p[] is unimpair$1 no s9 c be f\nd 9 ! act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! virtues ( ! s\l d n produce _! acts ( necessity2 h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,e ,s9 ,includes an ,action8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e s9 includes an action4 ,= z m]it is comp>$ ) virtue1 ev5 s is s9 comp>$ ) vice4 ,n[ !re c be no m]it )\t an action4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c !re be s9 )\t action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah7 99,cf4 ,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv43 ,s true is x t e s9 is volunt>y1 t1 unless x be volunt>y1 x is no s9 at all4 ,n[ no?+ c be volunt>y1 save ?r\gh an act ( ! w4 ,!re=e e s9 implies an act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if s9 c\ld be )\t act1 x w\ld foll[ t a man s9s z soon z he ceases do+ :at he ought4 ,n[ he :o nev] does some?+ t he ought to d1 ceases cont9ually do+ :at he ought4 ,!re=e x w\ld foll[ t he s9s cont9ually2 & ?is is untrue4 ,!re=e !re is no s9 )\t an act4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #d3ag73 ,to him 4 4 4 :o kn[e? to d good1 & do? x n1 to him x is a s94 ,n[ n to d does n imply an act4 ,!re=e s9 c be )\t act4 ,i answ] t1 ,! reason = urg+ ?is "q has ref]5ce to ! s9 ( omission1 ab\t :i* !re h be5 v>i\s op9ions4 ,= "s say t 9 e s9 ( omission !re is "s act1 ei!r int]ior or ext]ior--int]ior1 z :5 a man wills n to g to *ur*1 :5 he is b\nd to g--ext]ior1 z :5 a man1 at ! v h\r t he is b\nd to g to *ur* 7or ev5 be=e71 occupies himself 9 su* a way t he is h9d]$ f go+4 ,?is seems1 9 a way1 to am\nt to ! same z ! fir/1 = :oev] wills "o ?+ t is incompatible ) ?is o!r1 wills1 consequ5tly1 to g )\t ?is o!r3 unless1 p]*ance1 x does n occur to him1 t :at he wi%es to d1 w h9d] him f t :i* he is b\nd to d1 9 :i* case he might be deem$ guilty ( neglig5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!rs say1 t a s9 ( omission does n necess>ily suppose an act3 = ! m]e fact ( n do+ :at "o is b\nd to d is a s94 ,n[ ea* ( ^! op9ions has "s tru? 9 x4 ,= if 9 ! s9 ( omission we look m]ely at t 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( ! s9 consi/s1 ! s9 ( omission w be sometimes ) an int]ior act1 z :5 a man wills n to g to *ur*3 :ile sometimes x w be )\t any act at all1 :e!r int]ior or ext]ior1 z :5 a man1 at ! "t t he is b\nd to g to *ur*1 does n ?9k ( go+ or n go+ to *ur*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ! s9 ( omission1 we consid] also ! causes1 or occasions ( ! omission1 !n ! s9 ( omission mu/ ( necessity include "s act4 ,= !re is no s9 ( omission1 unless we omit :at we c d or n d3 & t we turn aside s z n to d :at we c d or n d1 mu/ ne$s be due to "s cause or occasion1 ei!r unit$ ) ! omission or prec$+ x4 ,n[ if ?is cause be n 9 man's p[]1 ! omission w n be s9ful1 z :5 anyone omits go+ to *ur* on acc\nt ( sickness3 b if ! cause or occasion be subject to ! w1 ! omission is s9ful2 & su* cause1 9 s f> z x is volunt>y1 mu/ ne$s always include "s act1 at lea/ ! int]ior act ( ! w3 :i* act sometimes be>s directly on ! omission1 z :5 a man wills n to g to *ur*1 because x is too mu* tr\ble2 & 9 ?is case ?is act1 ( its v nature1 belongs to ! omission1 because ! volition ( any s9 :atev]1 p]ta9s1 ( itself1 to t s91 s9ce volunt>9ess is ess5tial to s94 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! act ( ! w be>s directly on some?+ else :i* h9d]s man f do+ :at he ought1 :e!r ?is some?+ else be unit$ ) ! omission1 z :5 a man wills to play at ! "t he ought to g to *ur*--or1 prec$e ! omission1 z :5 a man wills to sit up late at night1 ! result be+ t he does n g to *ur* 9 ! morn+4 ,9 ?is case ! act1 int]ior or ext]ior1 is accid5tal to ! omission1 s9ce ! omission foll[s outside ! int5tion1 & t :i* is outside ! int5tion is said to be accid5tal 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #di1 #ej74 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t !n ! s9 ( omission has inde$ an act unit$ )1 or prec$+ ! omission1 b t ?is act is accid5tal to ! s9 ( omission4 ,n[ 9 judg+ ab\t ?+s1 we mu/ be guid$ by t :i* is prop] to !m1 & n by t :i* is accid5tal3 & consequ5tly x is tru] to say t a s9 c be )\t any act2 else ! circum/antial acts & occasions w\ld be ess5tial to o!r actual s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m ?+s are requir$ = good ?an = evil1 s9ce good results f a :ole & entire cause1 :]eas evil results f ea* s+le defect1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 s t s9 may arise f a man do+ :at he ought n1 or by 8 n do+ :at he ought2 :ile !re c be no m]it1 unless a man d will+ly :at he ought to d3 :]e=e !re c be no m]it )\t act1 :]eas !re c be s9 )\t act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! t]m volunt>y is appli$ n only to t on :i* ! act ( ! w is br\ght to be>1 b also to t :i* we h ! p[] to d or n to d1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #e4 ,h5ce ev5 n to w may be call$ volunt>y1 9 s f> z man has x 9 8 p[] to w1 & n to w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s9 ( omission is contr>y to an affirmative precept :i* b9ds always1 b n = always4 ,h5ce1 by omitt+ to act1 a man s9s only = ! "t at :i* ! affirmative precept b9ds him to act4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,s9 ,is ,fitt+ly ,def9$ ,z a ,^w1 ,de$1 or ,desire ,contr>y to ! ,et]nal ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 is unfitt+ly def9$ by say+3 ,s9 is a ^w1 de$1 or desire1 contr>y to ! et]nal law4 ,because ^w1 de$1 & desire imply an act2 :]eas n e s9 implies an act1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,!re=e ?is def9ition does n include e s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,duab4 ,anim4 xii73 ,s9 is ! w to reta9 or obta9 :at ju/ice =bids4 ,n[ w is compris$ "u desire1 9 s f> z desire d5otes any act ( ! appetite4 ,!re=e x 0 en\gh to say3 ,s9 is a desire contr>y to ! et]nal law1 nor 0 !re ne$ to add ^w or de$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 app>5tly consi/s prop]ly 9 av]sion f ! end3 because good & evil are measur$ *iefly ) reg>d to ! end z expla9$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f2 ,q4 #bj1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c73 :]e=e ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i7 def9es s9 9 ref]5ce to ! end1 by say+ t s9 is no?+ else ?an to neglect et]nal ?+s1 & seek aft] temporal ?+s3 & aga9 he says 7,qq4 lxxxii1 qu4 #cj7 t all human wick$ness consi/s 9 us+ :at we %\ld enjoy1 & 9 enjoy+ :at we %\ld use4 ,n[ ! def9ition 9 "q conta9s no m5tion ( av]sion f our due end3 !re=e x is an insuffici5t def9ition ( s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is said to be =bidd51 because x is contr>y to ! law4 ,n[ n all s9s are evil ?r\gh be+ =bidd51 b "s are =bidd5 because !y are evil4 ,!re=e s9 9 g5]al %\ld n be def9$ z be+ aga9/ ! law ( ,god4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 a s9 d5otes a bad human act1 z 0 expla9$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ man's evil is to be aga9/ reason1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e x w\ld h be5 bett] to say t s9 is aga9/ reason ?an to say t x is contr>y to ! et]nal law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! au?ority ( ,augu/9e suffices 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg74 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a71 s9 is no?+ else ?an a bad human act4 ,n[ t an act is a human act is due to its be+ volunt>y1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a71 :e!r x be volunt>y1 z be+ elicit$ by ! w1 e4g4 to w or to *oose1 or z be+ comm&$ by ! w1 e4g4 ! ext]ior actions ( spee* or op]ation4 ,aga91 a human act is evil ?r\gh lack+ con=mity ) its due measure3 & con=mity ( measure 9 a ?+ dep5ds on a rule1 f :i* if t ?+ dep>t1 x is incomm5surate4 ,n[ !re are two rules ( ! human w3 "o is proximate & homog5e\s1 viz4 ! human reason2 ! o!r is ! fir/ rule1 viz4 ! et]nal law1 :i* is ,god's reason1 s to speak4 ,accord+ly ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg7 includes two ?+s 9 ! def9ition ( s92 "o1 p]ta9+ to ! sub/ance ( a human act1 & :i* is ! matt]1 s to speak1 ( s91 :5 he says ^w1 de$1 or desire2 ! o!r1 p]ta9+ to ! nature ( evil1 & :i* is ! =m1 z x 71 ( s91 :5 he says1 contr>y to ! et]nal law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,affirmation & negation are r$uc$ to "o same g5us3 e4g4 9 ,div9e ?+s1 begott5 & unbegott5 are r$uc$ to ! g5us relation1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,tr94 v1 #f1 #g73 & s ^w & de$ d5ote equally :at is said & :at is n said1 :at is done & :at is n done4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fir/ cause ( s9 is 9 ! w1 :i* comm&s all volunt>y acts1 9 :i* alone is s9 to be f\nd3 & h5ce x is t ,augu/9e sometimes def9es s9 9 ref]5ce to ! w alone4 ,b s9ce ext]nal acts also p]ta9 to ! sub/ance ( s91 ?r\gh be+ evil ( !mselves1 z /at$1 x 0 necess>y 9 def9+ s9 to include some?+ ref]r+ to ext]nal action4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! et]nal law fir/ & =emo/ directs man to 8 end1 & 9 consequ5ce1 makes man to be well dispos$ 9 reg>d to ?+s :i* are direct$ to ! end3 h5ce :5 he says1 contr>y to ! et]nal law1 he includes av]sion f ! end & all o!r =ms ( inord9at5ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 x is said t n e s9 is evil ?r\gh be+ =bidd51 ?is mu/ be und]/ood ( prohibition by positive law4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! prohibition be ref]r$ to ! natural law1 :i* is conta9$ prim>ily 9 ! et]nal law1 b second>ily 9 ! natural code ( ! human reason1 !n e s9 is evil ?r\gh be+ prohibit$3 s9ce x is contr>y to natural law1 precisely because x is inord9ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! !ologian consid]s s9 *iefly z an (f5se aga9/ ,god2 & ! moral philosoph]1 z some?+ contr>y to reason4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e def9es s9 ) ref]5ce to its be+ contr>y to ! et]nal law1 m fitt+ly ?an ) ref]5ce to its be+ contr>y to reason2 ! m s1 z ! et]nal law directs u 9 _m ?+s t surpass human reason1 e4g4 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,,"q #gb ,,( ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,s9s 7,9 ,n9e ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! di/9ction ( s9s or vices3 "u :i* head !re are n9e po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r s9s are di/+ui%$ specifically by _! objects8 7#b7 ,( ! di/9ction betwe5 spiritual & c>nal s9s2 7#c7 ,:e!r s9s diff] 9 ref]5ce to _! causes8 7#d7 ,:e!r !y diff] ) respect to ^? :o are s9n$ aga9/8 7#e7 ,:e!r s9s diff] 9 relation to ! debt ( puni%m5t8 7#f7 ,:e!r !y diff] 9 reg>d to omission & commission8 7#g7 ,:e!r !y diff] accord+ to _! v>i\s /ages8 7#h7 ,:e!r !y diff] 9 respect ( excess & defici5cy8 7#i7 ,:e!r !y diff] accord+ to _! v>i\s circum/ances8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,s9s ,diff] 9 ,species ,accord+ to ,_! ,objects8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9s d n diff] 9 species1 accord+ to _! objects4 ,= acts are said to be good or evil1 9 relation1 *iefly1 to _! end1 z %[n above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f74 ,s9ce !n s9 is no?+ else ?an a bad human act1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #a71 x seems t s9s %\ld diff] specifically accord+ to _! ends r ?an accord+ to _! objects4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 evil1 be+ a privation1 diff]s specifically accord+ to ! diff]5t species ( opposites4 ,n[ s9 is an evil 9 ! g5us ( human acts4 ,!re=e s9s diff] specifically accord+ to _! opposites r ?an accord+ to _! objects4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if s9s diff]$ specifically accord+ to _! objects1 x w\ld be impossible to f9d ! same specific s9 ) div]se objects3 & yet su* s9s are to be f\nd4 ,= pride is ab\t ?+s spiritual & mat]ial z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiv1 #ah72 & av>ice is ab\t diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s4 ,!re=e s9s d n diff] 9 species accord+ to _! objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s9 is a ^w1 de$1 or desire aga9/ ,god's law4 ,n[ words1 de$s1 & desires diff] 9 species accord+ to _! v>i\s objects3 s9ce acts diff] by _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e s9s1 also diff] 9 species accord+ to _! objects4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f71 two ?+s concur 9 ! nature ( s91 viz4 ! volunt>y act1 & its inord9at5ess1 :i* consi/s 9 dep>t+ f ,god's law4 ,( ^! two1 "o is ref]r$ ess5tially to ! s9n]1 :o int5ds su* & su* an act 9 su* & su* matt]2 :ile ! o!r1 viz4 ! inord9at5ess ( ! act1 is ref]r$ accid5tally to ! int5tion ( ! s9n]1 = no "o acts int5d+ evil1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ x is evid5t t a ?+ d]ives its species f t :i* is ess5tial & n f t :i* is accid5tal3 because :at is accid5tal is outside ! specific nature4 ,consequ5tly s9s diff] specifically on ! "p ( ! volunt>y acts r ?an ( ! inord9at5ess inh]5t to s94 ,n[ volunt>y acts diff] 9 species accord+ to _! objects1 z 0 prov$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x foll[s t s9s are prop]ly di/+ui%$ 9 species by _! objects4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! aspect ( good is f\nd *iefly 9 ! end3 & !re=e ! end /&s 9 ! relation ( object to ! act ( ! w :i* is at ! root ( e s94 ,consequ5tly x am\nts to ! same :e!r s9s diff] by _! objects or by _! ends4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9 is n a pure privation b an act depriv$ ( its due ord]3 h5ce s9s diff] specifically accord+ to ! objects ( _! acts r ?an accord+ to _! opposites1 al?\gh1 ev5 if !y 7 di/+ui%$ 9 ref]5ce to _! opposite virtues1 x w\ld come to ! same3 s9ce virtues diff] specifically accord+ to _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 v>i\s ?+s1 diff]+ 9 species or g5us1 no?+ h9d]s our f9d+ "o =mal aspect ( ! object1 f :i* aspect s9 receives its species4 ,x is ?us t pride seeks excell5ce 9 ref]5ce to v>i\s ?+s2 & av>ice seeks abundance ( ?+s adapt$ to human use4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,spiritual ,s9s ,are ,fitt+ly ,di/+ui%$ f ,c>nal ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t spiritual s9s are unfitt+ly di/+ui%$ f c>nal s9s4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3ai73 ,! works ( ! fle% are manife/1 :i* are =nication1 uncleanness1 immode/y1 luxury1 idolatry1 wit*crafts1 etc4 f :i* x seems t all k9ds ( s9s are works ( ! fle%4 ,n[ c>nal s9s are call$ works ( ! fle%4 ,!re=e c>nal s9s %\ld n be di/+ui%$ f spiritual s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :osoev] s9s1 walks accord+ to ! fle%1 z /at$ 9 ,rom4 #h3ac3 ,if y live accord+ to ! fle%1 y %all die4 ,b if by ! _s y mortify ! de$s ( ! fle%1 y %all live4 ,n[ to live or walk accord+ to ! fle% seems to p]ta9 to ! nature ( c>nal s94 ,!re=e c>nal s9s %\ld n be di/+ui%$ f spiritual s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! high] "p ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! m9d or reason1 is call$ ! _s1 accord+ to ,eph4 #d3bc3 ,be r5ew$ 9 ! _s ( y\r m9d1 :]e _s /&s = reason1 accord+ to a gloss4 ,n[ e s91 :i* is committ$ 9 accordance ) ! fle%1 fl[s f ! reason by its cons5t2 s9ce cons5t 9 a s9ful act belongs to ! high] reason1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e ! same s9s are bo? c>nal & spiritual1 & consequ5tly !y %\ld n be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if "s s9s are c>nal specifically1 ?is1 seem+ly1 %\ld apply *iefly to ^? s9s :]eby man s9s aga9/ 8 own body4 ,b1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #f3ah71 e s9 t a man do?1 is )\t ! body3 b he t committe? =nication1 s9ne? aga9/ 8 own body4 ,!re=e =nication w\ld be ! only c>nal s91 :]eas ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #e3c7 reckons covet\sness ) ! c>nal s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag7 says t ( ! sev5 capital s9s five are spiritual1 & two c>nal4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 s9s take _! species f _! objects4 ,n[ e s9 consi/s 9 ! desire = "s mutable good1 = :i* man has an inord9ate desire1 & ! possession ( :i* gives him inord9ate pleasure4 ,n[1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #c71 pleasure is tw(old4 ,"o belongs to ! s\l1 & is consummat$ 9 ! m]e appreh5sion ( a ?+ possess$ 9 accordance ) desire2 ?is c also be call$ spiritual pleasure1 e4g4 :5 "o takes pleasure 9 human praise or ! l4 ,! o!r pleasure is bodily or natural1 & is realiz$ 9 bodily t\*1 & ?is c also be call$ c>nal pleasure4 ,accord+ly1 ^? s9s :i* consi/ 9 spiritual pleasure1 are call$ spiritual s9s2 :ile ^? :i* consi/ 9 c>nal pleasure1 are call$ c>nal s9s1 e4g4 gluttony1 :i* consi/s 9 ! pleasures ( ! table2 & lu/1 :i* consi/s 9 sexual pleasures4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #g3a73 ,let u cleanse ourselves f all defilem5t ( ! fle% & ( ! _s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z a gloss says on ! same passage1 ^! vices are call$ works ( ! fle%1 n z ?\gh !y consi/$ 9 c>nal pleasure2 b fle% "h d5otes man1 :o is said to live accord+ to ! fle%1 :5 he lives accord+ to himself1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #b1 #c74 ,! reason ( ?is is because e fail+ 9 ! human reason is due 9 "s way to ! c>nal s5se4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 ! c>nal s9s !re is a spiritual act1 viz4 ! act ( reason3 b ! end ( ^! s9s1 f :i* !y are nam$1 is c>nal pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! gloss says1 9 ! s9 ( =nication ! s\l is ! body's slave 9 a special s5se1 because at ! mom5t ( s9n+ x c ?9k ( no?+ else3 :]eas ! pleasure ( gluttony1 al?\gh c>nal1 does n s utt]ly absorb ! reason4 ,x may also be said t 9 ?is s91 an injury is done to ! body also1 = x is defil$ inord9ately3 :]e=e by ?is s9 alone is man said specifically to s9 aga9/ 8 body4 ,:ile covet\sness1 :i* is reckon$ among ! c>nal s9s1 /&s "h = adult]y1 :i* is ! unju/ appropriation ( ano!r's wife4 ,aga91 x may be said t ! ?+ 9 :i* ! covet\s man takes pleasure is some?+ bodily1 & 9 ?is respect covet\sness is numb]$ ) ! c>nal s9s3 b ! pleasure itself does n belong to ! body1 b to ! _s1 :]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag7 t x is a spiritual s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,s9s ,diff] ,specifically 9 ,ref]5ce to ,_! ,causes8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9s diff] specifically 9 ref]5ce to _! causes4 ,= a ?+ takes its species f t :5ce x d]ives its be+4 ,n[ s9s d]ive _! be+ f _! causes4 ,!re=e !y take _! species f !m also4 ,!re=e !y diff] specifically 9 ref]5ce to _! causes4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ( all ! causes ! mat]ial cause seems to h lea/ ref]5ce to ! species4 ,n[ ! object 9 a s9 is l its mat]ial cause4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 s9s diff] specifically accord+ to _! objects1 x seems t mu* m d !y diff] 9 ref]5ce to _! o!r causes4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ,ps4 #gi3ag1 ,?+s set on fire & dug d[n1 says t e s9 is due ei!r to fe> induc+ false humility1 or to love enk9dl+ u to undue ardor4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #b3af7 t all t is 9 ! _w1 is ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 or ,vulg43 '&' ! concupisc5ce ( ! eyes1 or ,vulg43 '&' ! pride ( life4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be 9 ! _w on acc\nt ( s91 9 z mu* z ! _w d5otes lov]s ( ! _w1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,tract4 ii 9 ,joan474 ,gregory1 too 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag71 di/+ui%es all s9s accord+ to ! sev5 capital vices4 ,n[ all ^! divisions ref] to ! causes ( s9s4 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 s9s diff] specifically accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! causes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if ?is 7 ! case all s9s w\ld belong to "o species1 s9ce !y are due to "o cause4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ae7 t pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s91 & 7#a ,tim4 #f3aj7 t ! desire ( money is ! root ( all evils4 ,n[ x is evid5t t !re are v>i\s species ( s9s4 ,!re=e s9s d n diff] specifically accord+ to _! diff]5t causes4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce !re are f\r k9ds ( causes1 !y are attribut$ to v>i\s ?+s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,because ! =mal & ! mat]ial cause reg>d prop]ly ! sub/ance ( a ?+2 & consequ5tly sub/ances diff] 9 respect ( _! matt] & =m1 bo? 9 species & 9 g5us4 ,! ag5t & ! end reg>d directly movem5t & op]ation3 :]e=e movem5ts & op]ations diff] specifically 9 respect ( ^! causes2 9 diff]5t ways1 h[ev]1 because ! natural active pr9ciples are always det]m9$ to ! same acts2 s t ! diff]5t species ( natural acts are tak5 n only f ! objects1 :i* are ! ends or t]ms ( ^? acts1 b also f _! active pr9ciples3 ?us heat+ & cool+ are specifically di/9ct ) ref]5ce to hot & cold4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! active pr9ciples 9 volunt>y acts1 su* z ! acts ( s9s1 are n det]m9$1 ( necessity1 to "o act1 & consequ5tly f "o active or motive pr9ciple1 div]se species ( s9s c proce$3 ?us f fe> eng5d]+ false humility man may proce$ to !ft1 or murd]1 or to neglect ! flock committ$ to 8 c>e2 & ^! same ?+s may proce$ f love enk9dl+ to undue ardor4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t s9s d n diff] specifically accord+ to _! v>i\s active or motive causes1 b only 9 respect ( div]sity 9 ! f9al cause1 :i* is ! end & object ( ! w4 ,= x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f7 t human acts take _! species f ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! active pr9ciples 9 volunt>y acts1 n be+ det]m9$ to "o act1 d n suffice = ! production ( human acts1 unless ! w be det]m9$ to "o by ! int5tion ( ! end1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,metaph4 ix1 text4 #ae1 #af71 & consequ5tly s9 d]ives bo? its be+ & its species f ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,objects1 9 relation to ext]nal acts1 h ! "* ( matt] ab\t :i*2 b1 9 relation to ! int]ior act ( ! w1 !y h ! "* ( end2 & x is ow+ to ?is t !y give ! act its species4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 consid]$ z ! matt] ab\t :i*1 !y h ! "* ( t]m1 f :i* movem5t takes its species 7,phys4 v1 text4 #d2 ,e?ic4 x1 #d72 yet ev5 t]ms ( movem5t specify movem5ts1 9 s f> z t]m has ! "* ( end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! di/9ctions ( s9s are giv51 n z di/9ct species ( s9s1 b to %[ _! v>i\s causes4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,s9 ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,s9 ,aga9/ ,god1 ,aga9/ ,oneself1 & ,aga9/ ,"o's ,neighbor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 is unfitt+ly divid$ into s9 aga9/ ,god1 aga9/ "o's neighbor1 & aga9/ oneself4 ,= t :i* is common to all s9s %\ld n be reckon$ z a "p 9 ! division ( s94 ,b x is common to all s9s to be aga9/ ,god3 = x is /at$ 9 ! def9ition ( s9 t x is aga9/ ,god's law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e s9 aga9/ ,god %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( ! division ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e division %\ld consi/ ( ?+s 9 opposition to "o ano!r4 ,b ^! ?ree k9ds ( s9 are n oppos$ to "o ano!r3 = :oev] s9s aga9/ 8 neighbor1 s9s aga9/ himself & aga9/ ,god4 ,!re=e s9 is n fitt+ly divid$ into ^! ?ree4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 specification is n tak5 f ?+s ext]nal4 ,b ,god & our neighbor are ext]nal to u4 ,!re=e s9s are n di/+ui%$ specifically ) reg>d to !m3 & consequ5tly s9 is unfitt+ly divid$ accord+ to ^! ?ree4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore 7,de ,summo ,bono71 9 giv+ ! division ( s9s1 says t man is said to s9 aga9/ himself1 aga9/ ,god1 & aga9/ 8 neighbor4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,,aa4 #a1 #f71 s9 is an inord9ate act4 ,n[ !re %\ld be a ?reefold ord] 9 man3 "o 9 relation to ! rule ( reason1 9 s f> z all our actions & passions %\ld be comm5surate ) ! rule ( reason3 ano!r ord] is 9 relation to ! rule ( ! ,div9e ,law1 :]eby man %\ld be direct$ 9 all ?+s3 & if man 7 by nature a solit>y animal1 ?is tw(old ord] w\ld suffice4 ,b s9ce man is naturally a civic & social animal1 z is prov$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #b1 h5ce a ?ird ord] is necess>y1 :]eby man is direct$ 9 relation to o!r m5 among :om he has to dwell4 ,( ^! ord]s ! second conta9s ! fir/ & surpasses x4 ,= :atev] ?+s are compris$ "u ! ord] ( reason1 are compris$ "u ! ord] ( ,god ,himself4 ,yet "s ?+s are compris$ "u ! ord] ( ,god1 :i* surpass ! human reason1 su* z matt]s ( fai?1 & ?+s due to ,god alone4 ,h5ce he t s9s 9 su* matt]s1 = in/ance1 by h]esy1 sacrilege1 or blasphemy1 is said to s9 aga9/ ,god4 ,9 l mann]1 ! fir/ ord] includes ! ?ird & surpasses x1 because 9 all ?+s :]e9 we are direct$ 9 ref]5ce to our neighbor1 we ne$ to be direct$ accord+ to ! ord] ( reason4 ,yet 9 "s ?+s we are direct$ accord+ to reason1 9 relation to ourselves only1 & n 9 ref]5ce to our neighbor2 & :5 man s9s 9 ^! matt]s1 he is said to s9 aga9/ himself1 z is se5 9 ! glutton1 ! lu/ful1 & ! prodigal4 ,b :5 man s9s 9 matt]s conc]n+ 8 neighbor1 he is said to s9 aga9/ 8 neighbor1 z appe>s 9 ! ?ief & murd]]4 ,n[ ! ?+s :]eby man is direct$ to ,god1 8 neighbor1 & himself are div]se4 ,:]e=e ?is di/9ction ( s9s is 9 respect ( _! objects1 accord+ to :i* ! species ( s9s are div]sifi$3 & consequ5tly ?is di/9ction ( s9s is prop]ly "o ( diff]5t species ( s9s3 because ! virtues also1 to :i* s9s are oppos$1 diff] specifically 9 respect ( ^! ?ree4 ,= x is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #fb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c7 t by ! !ological virtues man is direct$ to ,god2 by temp]ance & =titude1 to himself2 & by ju/ice to 8 neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to s9 aga9/ ,god is common to all s9s1 9 s f> z ! ord] to ,god includes e human ord]2 b 9 s f> z ord] to ,god surpasses ! o!r two ord]s1 s9 aga9/ ,god is a special k9d ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 sev]al ?+s1 ( :i* "o includes ano!r1 are di/9ct f "o ano!r1 ?is di/9ction is und]/ood to ref]1 n to ! "p conta9$ 9 ano!r1 b to t 9 :i* "o goes beyond ano!r4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! division ( numb]s & figures3 = a triangle is di/+ui%$ f a f\r-sid$ figure n 9 respect ( its be+ conta9$ !reby1 b 9 respect ( t 9 :i* x is surpass$ !reby3 & ! same applies to ! numb]s ?ree & f\r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ,god & our neighbor are ext]nal to ! s9n] himself1 !y are n ext]nal to ! act ( s91 b are relat$ to x z to its object4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,division ( ,s9s ,accord+ to ,_! ,debt ( ,puni%m5t ,div]sifies ,_! ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! division ( s9s accord+ to _! debt ( puni%m5t div]sifies _! species2 = in/ance1 :5 s9 is divid$ into mortal & v5ial4 ,= ?+s :i* are inf9itely ap>t1 _c belong to ! same species1 nor ev5 to ! same g5us4 ,b v5ial & mortal s9 are inf9itely ap>t1 s9ce temporal puni%m5t is due to v5ial s91 & et]nal puni%m5t to mortal s92 & ! measure ( ! puni%m5t corresponds to ! gravity ( ! fault1 accord+ to ,deut4 #be3b3 ,accord+ to ! measure ( ! s9 %all ! measure be also ( ! /ripes be4 ,!re=e v5ial & mortal s9s are n ( ! same g5us1 nor c !y be said to belong to ! same species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s s9s are mortal 9 virtue ( _! species 99,ex g5]e1 g5us 9 ?is case d5ot+ ! species1 z murd] & adult]y2 & "s are v5ial 9 virtue ( _! species1 z 9 an idle ^w1 & excessive laught]4 ,!re=e v5ial & mortal s9s diff] specifically4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z a virtu\s act /&s 9 relation to its rew>d1 s does s9 /& 9 relation to puni%m5t4 ,b ! rew>d is ! end ( ! virtu\s act4 ,!re=e puni%m5t is ! end ( s94 ,n[ s9s diff] specifically 9 relation to _! ends1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,!re=e !y are also specifically di/9ct accord+ to ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^? ?+s t con/itute a species are prior to ! species1 e4g4 specific diff]5ces4 ,b puni%m5t foll[s s9 z ! effect !re(4 ,!re=e s9s d n diff] specifically accord+ to ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ?+s t diff] specifically we f9d a tw(old diff]5ce3 ! fir/ causes ! div]sity ( species1 & is n to be f\nd save 9 diff]5t species1 e4g4 rational & irrational1 animate1 & inanimate3 ! o!r diff]5ce is consequ5t to specific div]sity2 & ?\gh1 9 "s cases1 x may foll[ f ! div]sity ( species1 yet1 9 o!rs1 x may be f\nd )9 ! same species2 ?us :ite & black are consequ5t to ! specific div]sity ( cr[ & swan1 & yet ?is diff]5ce is f\nd )9 ! "o species ( man4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 v5ial & mortal s91 or any o!r diff]5ce is respect ( ! debt ( puni%m5t1 _c be a diff]5ce con/itut+ specific div]sity4 ,= :at is accid5tal nev] con/itutes a species2 & :at is outside ! ag5t's int5tion is accid5tal 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #ej74 ,n[ x is evid5t t puni%m5t is outside ! int5tion ( ! s9n]1 :]e=e x is accid5tally ref]r$ to s9 on ! "p ( ! s9n]4 ,nev]!less x is ref]r$ to s9 by an extr9sic pr9ciple1 viz4 ! ju/ice ( ! judge1 :o imposes v>i\s puni%m5ts accord+ to ! v>i\s mann]s ( s94 ,!re=e ! diff]5ce d]iv$ f ! debt ( puni%m5t1 may be consequ5t to ! specific div]sity ( s9s1 b _c con/itute x4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 v5ial & mortal s9 is consequ5t to ! div]sity ( t inord9at5ess :i* con/itutes ! notion ( s94 ,= inord9at5ess is tw(old1 "o t de/roys ! pr9ciple ( ord]1 & ano!r :i*1 )\t de/roy+ ! pr9ciple ( ord]1 implies inord9at5ess 9 ! ?+s :i* foll[ ! pr9ciple3 ?us1 9 an animal's body1 ! frame may be s out ( ord] t ! vital pr9ciple is de/roy$2 ?is is ! inord9at5ess ( dea?2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 sav+ ! vital pr9ciple1 !re may be disord] 9 ! bodily humors2 & !n !re is sickness4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ! entire moral ord] is ! la/ end1 :i* /&s 9 ! same relation to matt]s ( action1 z ! indemon/rable pr9ciple does to matt]s ( speculation 7,e?ic4 vii1 #h74 ,!re=e :5 ! s\l is s disord]$ by s9 z to turn away f its la/ end1 viz4 ,god1 to ,:om x is unit$ by *>ity1 !re is mortal s92 b :5 x is disord]$ )\t turn+ away f ,god1 !re is v5ial s94 ,= ev5 z 9 ! body1 ! disord] ( dea? :i* results f ! de/ruction ( ! pr9ciple ( life1 is irrep>able accord+ to nature1 :ile ! disord] ( sickness c be repair$ by reason ( ! vital pr9ciple be+ pres]v$1 s x is 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! s\l4 ,because1 9 speculative matt]s1 x is impossible to conv9ce "o :o errs 9 ! pr9ciples1 :]eas "o :o errs1 b reta9s ! pr9ciples1 c be br\ght back to ! tru? by means ( ! pr9ciples4 ,likewise 9 practical matt]s1 he :o1 by s9n+1 turns away f 8 la/ end1 if we consid] ! nature ( 8 s91 falls irrep>ably1 & !re=e is said to s9 mortally & to des]ve et]nal puni%m5t3 :]eas :5 a man s9s )\t turn+ away f ,god1 by ! v nature ( 8 s91 8 disord] c be repair$1 because ! pr9ciple ( ! ord] is n de/roy$2 :]e=e he is said to s9 v5ially1 because1 to wit1 he does n s9 s z to des]ve to be puni%$ et]nally4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,mortal & v5ial s9s are inf9itely ap>t z reg>ds :at !y turn away f1 n z reg>ds :at !y turn to1 viz4 ! object :i* specifies !m4 ,h5ce no?+ h9d]s ! same species f includ+ mortal & v5ial s9s2 = in/ance1 9 ! species adult]y ! fir/ movem5t is a v5ial s92 :ile an idle ^w1 :i* is1 g5]ally speak+1 v5ial1 may ev5 be a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ! fact t "o s9 is mortal by reason ( its species1 & ano!r v5ial by reason ( its species1 x foll[s t ?is diff]5ce is consequ5t to ! specific diff]5ce ( s9s1 n t x is ! cause !re(4 ,& ?is diff]5ce may be f\nd ev5 9 ?+s ( ! same species1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! rew>d is int5d$ by him t m]its or acts virtuously2 :]eas ! puni%m5t is n int5d$ by ! s9n]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is aga9/ 8 w4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,s9s ( ,commission & ,omission ,diff] ,specifically8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9s ( commission & omission diff] specifically4 ,= (f5se & s9 are condivid$ ) "o ano!r 7,eph4 #b3a71 :]e x is writt53 ,:5 y 7 dead 9 y\r (f5ses & s9s1 :i* words a gloss expla9s1 say+3 ',(f5ses1' by omitt+ to d :at 0 comm&$1 & 's9s1' by do+ :at 0 =bidd54 ,:5ce x is evid5t t (f5ses "h d5otes s9s ( omission2 :ile s9 d5otes s9s ( commission4 ,!re=e !y diff] specifically1 s9ce !y are contra/$ ) "o ano!r z diff]5t species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is ess5tial to s9 to be aga9/ ,god's law1 = ?is is "p ( its def9ition1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ 9 ,god's law1 ! affirmative precepts1 aga9/ :i* is ! s9 ( omission1 are diff]5t f ! negative precepts1 aga9/ :i* is ! s9 ( omission4 ,!re=e s9s ( omission & commission diff] specifically4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 omission & commission diff] z affirmation & negation4 ,n[ affirmation & negation _c be 9 ! same species1 s9ce negation has no species2 = !re is nei!r species nor diff]5ce ( non-be+1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,phys4 iv1 text4 #fg74 ,!re=e omission & commission _c belong to ! same species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,omission & commission are f\nd 9 ! same species ( s94 ,= ! covet\s man bo? takes :at belongs to o!rs1 :i* is a s9 ( commission2 & gives n ( 8 own to :om he %\ld give1 :i* is a s9 ( omission4 ,!re=e omission & commission d n diff] specifically4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is a tw(old diff]5ce 9 s9s2 a mat]ial diff]5ce & a =mal diff]5ce3 ! mat]ial diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ 9 ! natural species ( ! s9ful act2 :ile ! =mal diff]5ce is ga!r$ f _! relation to "o prop] end1 :i* is also _! prop] object4 ,h5ce we f9d c]ta9 acts diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 ! mat]ial specific diff]5ce1 :i* are nev]!less =mally 9 ! same species ( s91 because !y are direct$ to ! "o same end3 ?us /rangl+1 /on+1 & /abb+ come "u ! "o species ( murd]1 al?\gh ! actions !mselves diff] specifically accord+ to ! natural species4 ,accord+ly1 if we ref] to ! mat]ial species 9 s9s ( omission & commission1 !y diff] specifically1 us+ species 9 a broad s5se1 9 s f> z negation & privation may h a species4 ,b if we ref] to ! =mal species ( s9s ( omission & commission1 !y d n diff] specifically1 because !y are direct$ to ! same end1 & proce$ f ! same motive4 ,= ! covet\s man1 9 ord] to ho>d money1 bo? robs1 & omits to give :at he ought1 & 9 l mann]1 ! glutton1 to satiate 8 appetite1 bo? eats too mu* & omits ! prescrib$ fa/s4 ,! same applies to o!r s9s3 = 9 ?+s1 negation is always f\nd$ on affirmation1 :i*1 9 a mann]1 is its cause4 ,h5ce 9 ! physical ord] x comes "u ! same head1 t fire gives =? heat1 & t x does n give =? cold4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is division 9 respect ( commission & omission1 is n accord+ to diff]5t =mal species1 b only accord+ to mat]ial species1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ,god's law1 ! necessity = v>i\s affirmative & negative precepts1 0 t m5 might be gradually l$ to virtue1 fir/ by ab/a9+ f evil1 be+ induc$ to ?is by ! negative precepts1 & aft]w>ds by do+ good1 to :i* we are induc$ by ! affirmative precepts4 ,:]e=e ! affirmative & negative precepts d n belong to diff]5t virtues1 b to diff]5t degrees ( virtue2 & consequ5tly !y are n1 ( necessity1 oppos$ to s9s ( diff]5t species4 ,moreov] s9 is n specifi$ by t f :i* x turns away1 because 9 ?is respect x is a negation or privation1 b by t to :i* x turns1 9 s f> z s9 is an act4 ,consequ5tly s9s d n diff] specifically accord+ to ! v>i\s precepts ( ! ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection consid]s ! mat]ial div]sity ( s9s4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh1 prop]ly speak+1 negation is n 9 a species1 yet x is allott$ to a species by r$uction to ! affirmation on :i* x is bas$4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,s9s ,are ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,s9s ( ,?\ght1 ,^w1 & ,de$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9s are unfitt+ly divid$ into s9s ( ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 describes ?ree /ages ( s91 ( :i* ! fir/ is :5 ! c>nal s5se (f]s a bait1 :i* is ! s9 ( ?\ght2 ! second /age is rea*$ :5 "o is satisfi$ ) ! m]e pleasure ( ?\ght2 & ! ?ird /age1 :5 cons5t is giv5 to ! de$4 ,n[ ^! ?ree belong to ! s9 ( ?\ght4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ to reckon s9 ( ?\ght z "o k9d ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory 7,moral4 iv1 #be7 reckons f\r degrees ( s92 ! fir/ ( :i* is a fault hidd5 9 ! he>t2 ! second1 :5 x is done op5ly2 ! ?ird1 :5 x is =m$ into a habit2 & ! f\r?1 :5 man goes s f> z to presume on ,god's m]cy or to give himself up to despair3 :]e no di/9ction is made betwe5 s9s ( de$ & s9s ( ^w1 & two o!r degrees ( s9 are add$4 ,!re=e ! fir/ division 0 unfitt+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re c be no s9 ( ^w or de$ unless !re prec$e s9 ( ?\ght4 ,!re=e ^! s9s d n diff] specifically4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be condivid$ ) "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome 9 comm5t+ on ,eze*4 #dc3bc1 says3 ,! human race is subject to ?ree k9ds ( s91 = :5 we s91 x is ei!r by ?\ght1 or ^w1 or de$4 ,i answ] t1 ,?+s diff] specifically 9 two ways3 fir/1 :5 ea* has ! complete species2 ?us a horse & an ox diff] specifically3 secondly1 :5 ! div]sity ( species is d]iv$ f div]sity ( degree 9 g5]ation or movem5t3 ?us ! build+ is ! complete g5]ation ( a h\se1 :ile ! lay+ ( ! f\ndations1 & ! sett+ up ( ! walls are incomplete species1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 x1 #d72 & ! same c apply to ! g5]ation ( animals4 ,accord+ly s9s are divid$ into ^! ?ree1 viz4 s9s ( ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$1 n z into v>i\s complete species3 = ! consummation ( s9 is 9 ! de$1 :]e=e s9s ( de$ h ! complete species2 b ! fir/ beg9n+ ( s9 is its f\ndation1 z x 71 9 ! s9 ( ?\ght2 ! second degree is ! s9 ( ^w1 9 s f> z man is ready to break out into a decl>ation ( 8 ?\ght2 :ile ! ?ird degree consi/s 9 ! consummation ( ! de$4 ,consequ5tly ^! ?ree diff] 9 respect ( ! v>i\s degrees ( s94 ,nev]!less x is evid5t t ^! ?ree belong to ! "o complete species ( s91 s9ce !y proce$ f ! same motive4 ,= ! angry man1 ?r\gh desire ( v5geance1 is at fir/ di/urb$ 9 ?\ght1 !n he breaks out into words ( abuse1 & la/ly he goes on to wrongful de$s2 & ! same applies to lu/ & to any o!r s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all s9s ( ?\ght h ! common note ( secrecy1 9 respect ( :i* !y =m "o degree1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 divid$ into ?ree /ages1 viz4 ( cogitation1 pleasure1 & cons5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9s ( words & de$ are bo? done op5ly1 & = ?is reason ,gregory 7,moral4 iv1 #be7 reckons !m "u "o head3 :]eas ,j]ome 79 comm5t+ on ,eze*4 #dc3bc7 di/+ui%es betwe5 !m1 because 9 s9s ( ^w !re is no?+ b manife/ation :i* is int5d$ pr9cipally2 :ile 9 s9s ( de$1 x is ! consummation ( ! inw>d ?\ght :i* is pr9cipally int5d$1 & ! outw>d manife/ation is by way ( sequel4 ,habit & despair are /ages foll[+ ! complete species ( s91 ev5 z boyhood & y\? foll[ ! complete g5]ation ( a man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9 ( ?\ght & s9 ( ^w are n di/9ct f ! s9 ( de$ :5 !y are unit$ toge!r ) x1 b :5 ea* is f\nd by itself3 ev5 z "o "p ( a movem5t is n di/9ct f ! :ole movem5t1 :5 ! movem5t is cont9u\s1 b only :5 !re is a break 9 ! movem5t4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,excess & ,defici5cy ,div]sify ! ,species ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t excess & defici5cy d n div]sify ! species ( s9s4 ,= excess & defici5cy diff] 9 respect ( m & less4 ,n[ m & less d n div]sify a species4 ,!re=e excess & defici5cy d n div]sify ! species ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z s91 9 matt]s ( action1 is due to /ray+ f ! rectitude ( reason1 s falsehood1 9 speculative matt]s1 is due to /ray+ f ! tru? ( ! reality4 ,n[ ! species ( falsehood is n div]sifi$ by say+ m or less ?an ! reality4 ,!re=e nei!r is ! species ( s9 div]sifi$ by /ray+ m or less f ! rectitude ( reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o species _c be made out ( two1 z ,porphyry decl>es 99,isagog42 cf4 ,ari/4 ,metaph4 i4 ,n[ excess & defici5cy are unit$ 9 "o s92 = "s are at once illib]al & wa/eful--illib]ality be+ a s9 ( defici5cy1 & prodigality1 by excess4 ,!re=e excess & defici5cy d n div]sify ! species ( s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,contr>ies diff] specifically1 = contr>iety is a diff]5ce ( =m1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 text4 #ac1 #ad4 ,n[ vices t diff] accord+ to excess & defici5cy are contr>y to "o ano!r1 z illib]ality to wa/efulness4 ,!re=e !y diff] specifically4 ,i answ] t1 ,:ile !re are two ?+s 9 s91 viz4 ! act itself & its inord9at5ess1 9 s f> z s9 is a dep>ture f ! ord] ( reason & ! ,div9e law1 ! species ( s9 is ga!r$1 n f its inord9at5ess1 :i* is outside ! s9n]'s int5tion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 b "o ! contr>y1 f ! act itself z t]m9at+ 9 ! object to :i* ! s9n]'s int5tion is direct$4 ,consequ5tly :]ev] we f9d a diff]5t motive incl9+ ! int5tion to s91 !re w be a diff]5t species ( s94 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! motive = s9n+1 9 s9s by excess1 is n ! same z ! motive = s9n+1 9 s9s ( defici5cy2 9 fact1 !y are contr>y to "o ano!r1 j z ! motive 9 ! s9 ( intemp]ance is love = bodily pleasures1 :ile ! motive 9 ! s9 ( ins5sibility is hatr$ ( ! same4 ,!re=e ^! s9s n only diff] specifically1 b are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh m & less d n cause div]sity ( species1 yet !y are sometimes consequ5t to specific diff]5ce1 9 s f> z !y are ! result ( div]sity ( =m2 ?us we may say t fire is light] ?an air4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #a7 t ^? :o held t !re are no diff]5t species ( fri5d%ip1 by reason ( its admitt+ ( degree1 7 l$ by insuffici5t pro(4 ,9 ?is way to exce$ reason or to fall %ort !re( belongs to s9s specifically diff]5t1 9 s f> z !y result f diff]5t motives4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n ! s9n]'s int5tion to dep>t f reason2 & s s9s ( excess & defici5cy d n become ( "o k9d ?r\gh dep>t+ f ! "o rectitude ( reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sometimes he :o utt]s a falsehood1 int5ds to hide ! tru?1 :]e=e 9 ?is respect1 x matt]s n :e!r he tells m or less4 ,if1 h[ev]1 dep>ture f ! tru? be n outside ! int5tion1 x is evid5t t !n "o is mov$ by diff]5t causes to tell m or less2 & 9 ?is respect !re are diff]5t k9ds ( falsehood1 z is evid5t ( ! boa/]1 :o exce$s 9 tell+ untru?s = ! sake ( fame1 & ! *eat1 :o tells less ?an ! tru?1 9 ord] to escape f pay+ 8 debts4 ,?is also expla9s h[ "s false op9ions are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o may be prodigal & illib]al ) reg>d to diff]5t objects3 = in/ance "o may be illib]al 99,cf4 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aai1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a 9 tak+ :at "o ought n3 & no?+ h9d]s contr>ies f be+ 9 ! same subject1 9 diff]5t respects4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,s9s ,diff] ,specifically 9 ,respect ( ,diff]5t ,circum/ances8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t vices & s9s diff] 9 respect ( diff]5t circum/ances4 ,=1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 evil results f ea* s+le defect4 ,n[ individual defects are corruptions ( individual circum/ances4 ,!re=e f ! corruption ( ea* circum/ance !re results a correspond+ species ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9s are human acts4 ,b human acts sometimes take _! species f circum/ances1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #aj74 ,!re=e s9s diff] specifically accord+ z diff]5t circum/ances are corrupt$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 div]se species are assign$ to gluttony1 accord+ to ! words conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,ha/ily1 sumptu\sly1 too mu*1 gre$ily1 da9tily4 ,n[ ^! p]ta9 to v>i\s circum/ances1 = ha/ily means soon] ?an is "r2 too mu*1 m ?an is "r1 & s on ) ! o!rs4 ,!re=e ! species ( s9 is div]sifi$ accord+ to ! v>i\s circum/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g2 iv1 #a7 t e vice s9s by do+ m ?an "o ought1 & :5 "o ought n2 & 9 l mann] z to ! o!r circum/ances4 ,!re=e ! species ( s9s are n div]sifi$ 9 ?is respect4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #h71 :]ev] !re is a special motive = s9n+1 !re is a diff]5t species ( s91 because ! motive = s9n+ is ! end & object ( s94 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t al?\gh diff]5t circum/ances are corrupt$1 !re is b "o motive3 ?us ! illib]al man1 = ! same motive1 takes :5 he ought n1 :]e he ought n1 & m ?an he ought1 & s on ) ! circum/ances1 s9ce he does ?is ?r\gh an inord9ate desire ( ho>d+ money3 & 9 su* cases ! corruption ( diff]5t circum/ances does n div]sify ! species ( s9s1 b belongs to "o & ! same species4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! corruption ( diff]5t circum/ances arises f diff]5t motives3 = in/ance t a man eat ha/ily1 may be due to ! fact t he _c brook ! delay 9 tak+ food1 on acc\nt ( a rapid exhau/ion ( ! dige/ive humors2 & t he desire too mu* food1 may be due to a naturally /rong dige/ion2 t he desire *oice meats1 is due to 8 desire = pleasure 9 tak+ food4 ,h5ce 9 su* matt]s1 ! corruption ( diff]5t circum/ances entails diff]5t species ( s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,evil1 z su*1 is a privation1 & s x has diff]5t species 9 respect ( ! ?+ :i* ! subject is depriv$1 ev5 z o!r privations4 ,b s9 does n take its species f ! privation or av]sion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 b f turn+ to ! object ( ! act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a circum/ance nev] transf]s an act f "o species to ano!r1 save :5 !re is ano!r motive4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! v>i\s species ( gluttony !re are v>i\s motives1 z /at$4 ,,"q #gc ,,( ,,! ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,"o ,,s9 ,,) ,,ano!r 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! comp>ison ( "o s9 ) ano!r3 "u :i* head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r all s9s & vices are connect$ ) "o ano!r8 7#b7 ,:e!r all are equal8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! gravity ( s9 dep5ds on its object8 7#d7 ,:e!r x dep5ds on ! excell5ce ( ! virtue to :i* x is oppos$8 7#e7 ,:e!r c>nal s9s are m griev\s ?an spiritual s9s8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! gravity ( s9s dep5ds on _! causes8 7#g7 ,:e!r x dep5ds on _! circum/ances8 7#h7 ,:e!r x dep5ds on h[ mu* h>m ensues8 7#i7 ,:e!r on ! position ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/8 7#aj7 ,:e!r s9 is aggravat$ by reason ( ! excell5ce ( ! p]son s9n+8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,all ,s9s ,are ,connect$ ) ,"o ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all s9s are connect$4 ,= x is writt5 7,james #b3aj73 ,:osoev] %all keep ! :ole ,law1 b (f5d 9 "o po9t1 is become guilty ( all4 ,n[ to be guilty ( transgress+ all ! precepts ( ,law1 is ! same z to commit all s9s1 because1 z ,ambrose says 7,de ,p>ad4 viii71 s9 is a transgression ( ! ,div9e law1 & disob$i5ce ( ! heav5ly comm&m5ts4 ,!re=e :oev] commits "o s9 is guilty ( all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ea* s9 bani%es its opposite virtue4 ,n[ :oev] lacks "o virtue lacks !m all1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e :oev] commits "o s91 is depriv$ ( all ! virtues4 ,!re=e :oev] commits "o s91 is guilty ( all s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all virtues are connect$1 because !y h a pr9ciple 9 common1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fe1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,n[ z ! virtues h a common pr9ciple1 s h s9s1 because1 z ! love ( ,god1 :i* builds ! city ( ,god1 is ! beg9n+ & root ( all ! virtues1 s self-love1 :i* builds ! city ( ,babylon1 is ! root ( all s9s1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh74 ,!re=e all vices & s9s are also connect$ s t :oev] has "o1 has !m all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,"s vices are contr>y to "o ano!r1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #h74 ,b contr>ies _c be toge!r 9 ! same subject4 ,!re=e x is impossible = all s9s & vices to be connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! int5tion ( ! man :o acts accord+ to virtue 9 pursuance ( 8 reason1 is diff]5t f ! int5tion ( ! s9n] 9 /ray+ f ! pa? ( reason4 ,= ! int5tion ( e man act+ accord+ to virtue is to foll[ ! rule ( reason1 :]e=e ! int5tion ( all ! virtues is direct$ to ! same end1 s t all ! virtues are connect$ toge!r 9 ! "r reason ( ?+s to be done1 viz4 prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,b ! int5tion ( ! s9n] is n direct$ to ! po9t ( /ray+ f ! pa? ( reason2 r is x direct$ to t5d to "s appetible good :5ce x d]ives its species4 ,n[ ^! goods1 to :i* ! s9n]'s int5tion is direct$ :5 dep>t+ f reason1 are ( v>i\s k9ds1 hav+ no mutual connection2 9 fact !y are sometimes contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 vices & s9s take _! species f t to :i* !y turn1 x is evid5t t1 9 respect ( t :i* completes a s9's species1 s9s are n connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,= s9 does n consi/ 9 pass+ f ! _m to ! "o1 z is ! case ) virtues1 :i* are connect$1 b r 9 =sak+ ! "o = ! _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,james is speak+ ( s91 n z reg>ds ! ?+ to :i* x turns & :i* causes ! di/9ction ( s9s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #a71 b z reg>ds t f :i* s9 turns away1 9 z mu* z man1 by s9n+1 dep>ts f a comm&m5t ( ! law4 ,n[ all ! comm&m5ts ( ! law are f "o & ! same1 z he also says 9 ! same passage1 s t ! same ,god is despis$ 9 e s92 & 9 ?is s5se he says t :oev] (f5ds 9 "o po9t1 is become guilty ( all1 = z mu* z1 by committ+ "o s91 he incurs ! debt ( puni%m5t ?r\gh 8 contempt ( ,god1 :i* is ! orig9 ( all s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #d71 ! opposite virtue is n bani%$ by e act ( s92 because v5ial s9 does n de/roy virtue2 :ile mortal s9 de/roys infus$ virtue1 by turn+ man away f ,god4 ,yet "o act1 ev5 ( mortal s91 does n de/roy ! habit ( acquir$ virtue2 ?\gh if su* acts be repeat$ s z to eng5d] a contr>y habit1 ! habit ( acquir$ virtue is de/roy$1 ! de/ruction ( :i* entails ! loss ( prud5ce1 s9ce :5 man acts aga9/ any virtue :atev]1 he acts aga9/ prud5ce1 )\t :i* no moral virtue is possible1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,consequ5tly all ! moral virtues are de/roy$ z to ! p]fect & =mal be+ ( virtue1 :i* !y h 9 s f> z !y p>take ( prud5ce1 yet !re rema9 ! incl9ations to virtu\s acts1 :i* incl9ations1 h[ev]1 are n virtues4 ,nev]!less x does n foll[ t = ?is reason man contracts all vices ( s9s--fir/1 because sev]al vices are oppos$ to "o virtue1 s t a virtue c be de/roy$ by "o ( !m1 )\t ! o!rs be+ pres5t2 secondly1 because s9 is directly oppos$ to virtue1 z reg>ds ! virtue's incl9ation to act1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e1 z long z any virtu\s incl9ations rema91 x _c be said t man has ! opposite vices or s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! love ( ,god is unitive1 9 z mu* z x draws man's affections f ! _m to ! "o2 s t ! virtues1 :i* fl[ f ! love ( ,god1 are connect$ toge!r4 ,b self-love disunites man's affections among diff]5t ?+s1 9 s f> z man loves himself1 by desir+ = himself temporal goods1 :i* are v>i\s & ( _m k9ds3 h5ce vices & s9s1 :i* arise f self-love1 are n connect$ toge!r4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,all ,s9s ,are ,equal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all s9s are equal4 ,because s9 is to d :at is unlawful4 ,n[ to d :at is unlawful is reprov$ 9 "o & ! same way 9 all ?+s4 ,!re=e s9 is reprov$ 9 "o & ! same way4 ,!re=e "o s9 is n grav] ?an ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is a transgression ( ! rule ( reason1 :i* is to human acts :at a l9e> rule is 9 corporeal ?+s4 ,!re=e to s9 is ! same z to pass ov] a l9e4 ,b pass+ ov] a l9e occurs equally & 9 ! same way1 ev5 if "o g a long way f x or /ay ne> x1 s9ce privations d n admit ( m or less4 ,!re=e all s9s are equal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9s are oppos$ to virtues4 ,b all virtues are equal1 z ,cic]o /ates 7,p>adox4 iii74 ,!re=e all s9s are equal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said to ,pilate 7,john #ai3aa73 ,he t ha? deliv]$ me to !e1 ha? ! great] s91 & yet x is evid5t t ,pilate 0 guilty ( "s s94 ,!re=e "o s9 is great] ?an ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! op9ion ( ! ,/oics1 :i* ,cic]o adopts 9 ! book on ,p>adoxes 7,p>adox4 iii71 0 t all s9s are equal3 f :i* op9ion arose ! error ( c]ta9 h]etics1 :o n only hold all s9s to be equal1 b also ma9ta9 t all ! pa9s ( hell are equal4 ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! words ( ,cic]o ! ,/oics arriv$ at _! conclusion ?r\gh look+ at s9 on ! side ( ! privation only1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x is a dep>ture f reason2 :]e=e consid]+ simply t no privation admits ( m or less1 !y held t all s9s are equal4 ,yet1 if we consid] ! matt] c>efully1 we %all see t !re are two k9ds ( privation4 ,= !re is a simple & pure privation1 :i* consi/s1 s to speak1 9 be+ corrupt$2 ?us dea? is privation ( life1 & d>kness is privation ( light4 ,su* l privations d n admit ( m or less1 because no?+ rema9s ( ! opposite habit2 h5ce a man is n less dead on ! fir/ day aft] 8 dea?1 or on ! ?ird or f\r? days1 ?an aft] a ye>1 :5 8 corpse is already dissolv$2 &1 9 l mann]1 a h\se is no d>k] if ! light be cov]$ ) sev]al %ades1 ?an if x 7 cov]$ by a s+le %ade %utt+ out all ! light4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r privation :i* is n simple1 b reta9s some?+ ( ! opposite habit2 x consi/s 9 becom+ corrupt$ r ?an 9 be+ corrupt$1 l sickness :i* is a privation ( ! due comm5suration ( ! humors1 yet s t some?+ rema9s ( t comm5suration1 else ! animal w\ld cease to live3 & ! same applies to de=mity & ! l4 ,su* privations admit ( m or less on ! "p ( :at rema9s or ! contr>y habit4 ,= x matt]s mu* 9 sickness or de=mity1 :e!r "o dep>ts m or less f ! due comm5suration ( humors or memb]s4 ,! same applies to vices & s9s3 because 9 !m ! privation ( ! due comm5suration ( reason is su* z n to de/roy ! ord] ( reason altoge!r2 else evil1 if total1 de/roys itself1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #e4 ,= ! sub/ance ( ! act1 or ! affection ( ! ag5t c\ld n rema91 unless some?+ rema9$ ( ! ord] ( reason4 ,!re=e x matt]s mu* to ! gravity ( a s9 :e!r "o dep>ts m or less f ! rectitude ( reason3 & accord+ly we mu/ say t s9s are n all equal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to commit s9 is unlawful on acc\nt ( "s inord9at5ess !re93 :]e=e ^? :i* conta9 a great] inord9at5ess are m unlawful1 & consequ5tly grav] s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t looks ^u s9 z ?\gh x 7 a pure privation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,virtues are proportionately equal 9 "o & ! same subject3 yet "o virtue surpasses ano!r 9 excell5ce accord+ to its species2 & aga91 "o man is m virtu\s ?an ano!r1 9 ! same species ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ff1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,moreov]1 ev5 if virtues 7 equal1 x w\ld n foll[ t vices are equal1 s9ce virtues are connect$1 & vices or s9s are n4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,gravity ( ,s9s ,v>ies ,accord+ to ,_! ,objects8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gravity ( s9s does n v>y accord+ to _! objects4 ,because ! gravity ( a s9 p]ta9s to its mode or quality3 :]eas ! object is ! matt] ( ! s94 ,!re=e ! gravity ( s9s does n v>y accord+ to _! v>i\s objects4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gravity ( a s9 is ! int5sity ( its malice4 ,n[ s9 does n d]ive its malice f its prop] object to :i* x turns1 & :i* is "s appetible good1 b r f t :i* x turns away f4 ,!re=e ! gravity ( s9s does n v>y accord+ to _! v>i\s objects4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9s t h diff]5t objects are ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,b ?+s ( diff]5t k9ds _c be comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 text4 #cj1 seqq4 ,!re=e "o s9 is n grav] ?an ano!r by reason ( ! diff]5ce ( objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s9s take _! species f _! objects1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #a74 ,b "s s9s are grav] ?an o!rs 9 respect ( _! species1 z murd] is grav] ?an !ft4 ,!re=e ! gravity ( s9s v>ies accord+ to _! objects4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #e71 ! gravity ( s9s v>ies 9 ! same way z "o sickness is grav] ?an ano!r3 = j z ! good ( heal? consi/s 9 a c]ta9 comm5suration ( ! humors1 9 keep+ ) an animal's nature1 s ! good ( virtue consi/s 9 a c]ta9 comm5suration ( ! human act 9 accord ) ! rule ( reason4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! high] ! pr9ciple ! disord] ( :i* causes ! disord] 9 ! humors1 ! grav] is ! sickness3 ?us a sickness :i* comes on ! human body f ! he>t1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( life1 or f "s neighbor+ "p1 is m dang]\s4 ,:]e=e a s9 mu/ ne$s be s mu* ! grav]1 z ! disord] occurs 9 a pr9ciple :i* is high] 9 ! ord] ( reason4 ,n[ 9 matt]s ( action ! reason directs all ?+s 9 view ( ! end3 :]e=e ! high] ! end :i* atta*es to s9s 9 human acts1 ! grav] ! s94 ,n[ ! object ( an act is its end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b72 & consequ5tly ! diff]5ce ( gravity 9 s9s dep5ds on _! objects4 ,?us x is cle> t ext]nal ?+s are direct$ to man z _! end1 :ile man is fur!r direct$ to ,god z 8 end4 ,:]e=e a s9 :i* is ab\t ! v sub/ance ( man1 e4g4 murd]1 is grav] ?an a s9 :i* is ab\t ext]nal ?+s1 e4g4 !ft2 & grav] /ill is a s9 committ$ directly aga9/ ,god1 e4g4 unbelief1 blasphemy1 & ! l3 & 9 ea* ( ^! grades ( s91 "o s9 w be grav] ?an ano!r accord+ z x is ab\t a high] or l[] pr9ciple4 ,& =asmu* z s9s take _! species f _! objects1 ! diff]5ce ( gravity :i* is d]iv$ f ! objects is fir/ & =emo/1 z result+ f ! species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! object is ! matt] ab\t :i* an act is conc]n$1 yet x has ! "* ( an end1 9 s f> z ! int5tion ( ! ag5t is fix$ on x1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,n[ ! =m ( a moral act dep5ds on ! end1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ! v fact t man turns unduly to "s mutable good1 x foll[s t he turns away f ! immutable ,good1 :i* av]sion completes ! nature ( evil4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s degrees ( malice 9 s9s mu/ ne$s foll[ ! div]sity ( ^? ?+s to :i* man turns4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! objects ( human acts are relat$ to "o ano!r1 :]e=e all human acts are some:at ( "o k9d1 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to ! la/ end4 ,!re=e no?+ prev5ts all s9s f be+ comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,gravity ( ,s9s ,dep5ds on ! ,excell5ce ( ! ,virtues to ,:i* ,!y ,are ,oppos$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gravity ( s9s does n v>y accord+ to ! excell5ce ( ! virtues to :i* !y are oppos$1 s t1 to wit1 ! grav] s9 is oppos$ to ! great] virtue4 ,=1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ae3e1 ,9 abundant ju/ice !re is ! greate/ /r5g?4 ,n[1 z ,our ,"l says 7,matt4 #e3bj1 seqq47 abundant ju/ice re/ra9s ang]1 :i* is a less griev\s s9 ?an murd]1 :i* less abundant ju/ice re/ra9s4 ,!re=e ! lea/ griev\s s9 is oppos$ to ! greate/ virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c t virtue is ab\t ! difficult & ! good3 :5ce x seems to foll[ t ! great] virtue is ab\t :at is m difficult4 ,b x is a less griev\s s9 to fail 9 :at is m difficult1 ?an 9 :at is less difficult4 ,!re=e ! less griev\s s9 is oppos$ to ! great] virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is a great] virtue ?an fai? or hope 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ac74 ,n[ hatr$ :i* is oppos$ to *>ity is a less griev\s s9 ?an unbelief or despair :i* are oppos$ to fai? & hope4 ,!re=e ! less griev\s s9 is oppos$ to ! great] virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 #h3aj7 t ! wor/ is oppos$ to ! be/4 ,n[ 9 morals ! be/ is ! greate/ virtue2 & ! wor/ is ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,!re=e ! mo/ griev\s s9 is oppos$ to ! greate/ virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,a s9 is oppos$ to a virtue 9 two ways3 fir/1 pr9cipally & directly2 t s91 to wit1 :i* is ab\t ! same object3 because contr>ies are ab\t ! same ?+4 ,9 ?is way1 ! m griev\s s9 mu/ ne$s be oppos$ to ! great] virtue3 because1 j z ! degrees ( gravity 9 a s9 dep5d on ! object1 s also does ! greatness ( a virtue1 s9ce bo? s9 & virtue take _! species f ! object1 z %[n above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e ! greate/ s9 mu/ ne$s be directly oppos$ to ! greate/ virtue1 z be+ fur!/ remov$ f x 9 ! same g5us4 ,secondly1 ! opposition ( virtue to s9 may be consid]$ 9 respect ( a c]ta9 ext5sion ( ! virtue 9 *eck+ s94 ,= ! great] a virtue is1 ! fur!r x removes man f ! contr>y s91 s t x )draws man n only f t s91 b also f :atev] leads to x4 ,& ?us x is evid5t t ! great] a virtue is1 ! m x )draws man also f less griev\s s9s3 ev5 z ! m p]fect heal? is1 ! m does x w>d (f ev5 m9or ailm5ts4 ,& 9 ?is way ! less griev\s s9 is oppos$ to ! great] virtue1 on ! "p ( ! latt]'s effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! opposition :i* consi/s 9 re/ra9+ f s92 = ?us abundant ju/ice *ecks ev5 m9or s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! great] virtue t is ab\t a m difficult good is oppos$ directly to ! s9 :i* is ab\t a m difficult evil4 ,= 9 ea* case !re is a c]ta9 sup]iority1 9 t ! w is %[n to be m int5t on good or evil1 ?r\gh n be+ ov]come by ! difficulty4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity is n any k9d ( love1 b ! love ( ,god3 h5ce n any k9d ( hatr$ is oppos$ to x directly1 b ! hatr$ ( ,god1 :i* is ! mo/ griev\s ( all s9s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,c>nal ,s9s ,are ( ,less ,guilt ,?an ,spiritual ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c>nal s9s are n ( less guilt ?an spiritual s9s4 ,because adult]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an !ft3 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3cj1 #cb73 ,! fault is n s great :5 a man has /ol5 4 4 4 b he t is an adult]]1 = ! folly ( 8 he>t %all de/roy 8 own s\l4 ,n[ !ft belongs to covet\sness1 :i* is a spiritual s92 :ile adult]y p]ta9s to lu/1 :i* is a c>nal s94 ,!re=e c>nal s9s are ( great] guilt ?an spiritual s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 9 8 comm5t>y on ,leviticus 99,! quotation is f ,de ,civ4 ,dei ii1 #d & iv1 #ca4 t ! devil rejoices *iefly 9 lu/ & idolatry4 ,b he rejoices m 9 ! great] s94 ,!re=e1 s9ce lu/ is a c>nal s91 x seems t ! c>nal s9s are ( mo/ guilt4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] proves 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t x is m %ameful to be incont95t 9 lu/ ?an 9 ang]4 ,b ang] is a spiritual s91 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag72 :ile lu/ p]ta9s to c>nal s9s4 ,!re=e c>nal s9 is m griev\s ?an spiritual s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiii1 #aa7 t c>nal s9s are ( less guilt1 b ( m %ame ?an spiritual s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,spiritual s9s are ( great] guilt ?an c>nal s9s3 yet ?is does n mean t ea* spiritual s9 is ( great] guilt ?an ea* c>nal s92 b t1 consid]+ ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 spiritual & c>nal1 spiritual s9s are m griev\s ?an c>nal s9s1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,?ree reasons may be assign$ = ?is4 ,! fir/ is on ! "p ( ! subject3 because spiritual s9s belong to ! _s1 to :i* x is prop] to turn to ,god1 & to turn away f ,him2 :]eas c>nal s9s are consummat$ 9 ! c>nal pleasure ( ! appetite1 to :i* x *iefly belongs to turn to goods ( ! body2 s t c>nal s91 z su*1 d5otes m a turn+ to some?+1 & = t reason1 implies a clos] cleav+2 :]eas spiritual s9 d5otes m a turn+ f some?+1 :5ce ! notion ( guilt arises2 & = ?is reason x involves great] guilt4 ,a second reason may be tak5 on ! "p ( ! p]son aga9/ :om s9 is committ$3 because c>nal s91 z su*1 is aga9/ ! s9n]'s own body1 :i* he ought to love less1 9 ! ord] ( *>ity1 ?an ,god & 8 neighbor1 aga9/ :om he commits spiritual s9s1 & consequ5tly spiritual s9s1 z su*1 are ( great] guilt4 ,a ?ird reason may be tak5 f ! motive1 s9ce ! /rong] ! impulse to s91 ! less griev\s ! s91 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,a4 #f74 ,n[ c>nal s9s h a /rong] impulse1 viz4 our innate concupisc5ce ( ! fle%4 ,!re=e spiritual s9s1 z su*1 are ( great] guilt4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,adult]y belongs n only to ! s9 ( lu/1 b also to ! s9 ( inju/ice1 & 9 ?is respect may be br\ght "u ! head ( covet\sness1 z a gloss obs]ves on ,eph4 #e3e4 ,no =nicator1 or unclean1 or covet\s p]son1 etc42 s t adult]y is s mu* m griev\s ?an !ft1 z a man loves 8 wife m ?an 8 *attels4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! devil is said to rejoice *iefly 9 ! s9 ( lu/1 because x is ( ! greate/ adhesion1 & man c ) difficulty be )drawn f x4 ,= ! desire ( pleasure is insatiable1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] himself says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f71 ! reason :y x is m %ameful to be incont95t 9 lu/ ?an 9 ang]1 is t lu/ p>takes less ( reason2 & 9 ! same s5se he says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj7 t s9s ( intemp]ance are mo/ wor?y ( reproa*1 because !y are ab\t ^? pleasures :i* are common to u & irrational animals3 h5ce1 by ^! s9s man is1 s to speak1 brutaliz$2 = :i* same reason ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag7 t !y are m %ameful4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,gravity ( a ,s9 ,dep5ds on ,its ,cause8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gravity ( a s9 does n dep5d on its cause4 ,because ! great] a s9's cause1 ! m =cibly x moves to s91 & s ! m difficult is x to resi/4 ,b s9 is less5$ by ! fact t x is difficult to resi/2 = x d5otes weakness 9 ! s9n]1 if he _c easily resi/ s92 & a s9 t is due to weakness is deem$ less griev\s4 ,!re=e s9 does n d]ive its gravity f its cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 concupisc5ce is a g5]al cause ( s92 :]e=e a gloss on ,rom4 #g3g1 ,= ,i _h n kn[n concupisc5ce1 says3 ,! law is good1 s9ce by =bidd+ concupisc5ce1 x =bids all evils4 ,n[ ! great] ! concupisc5ce by :i* man is ov]come1 ! less griev\s 8 s94 ,!re=e ! gravity ( a s9 is dim9i%$ by ! greatness ( its cause4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z rectitude ( ! reason is ! cause ( a virtu\s act1 s defect 9 ! reason seems to be ! cause ( s94 ,n[ ! great] ! defect 9 ! reason1 ! less griev\s ! s93 s mu* s t he :o lacks ! use ( reason1 is altoge!r excus$ f s91 & he :o s9s ?r\gh ignorance1 s9s less griev\sly4 ,!re=e ! gravity ( a s9 is n increas$ by ! greatness ( its cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if ! cause be increas$1 ! effect is increas$4 ,!re=e ! great] ! cause ( s91 ! m griev\s ! s94 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! g5us ( s91 z 9 e o!r g5us1 two causes may be obs]v$4 ,! fir/ is ! direct & prop] cause ( s91 & is ! w to s93 = x is comp>$ to ! s9ful act1 z a tree to its fruit1 z a gloss obs]ves on ,matt4 #g3ah1 ,a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit3 & ! great] ?is cause is1 ! m griev\s w ! s9 be1 s9ce ! great] ! w to s91 ! m griev\sly does man s94 ,! o!r causes ( s9 are extr9sic & remote1 z x 71 be+ ^? :]eby ! w is incl9$ to s94 ,among ^! causes we mu/ make a di/9ction2 = "s ( !m induce ! w to s9 9 accord ) ! v nature ( ! w3 su* is ! end1 :i* is ! prop] object ( ! w2 & by a su* l cause s9 is made m griev\s1 because a man s9s m griev\sly if 8 w is induc$ to s9 by ! int5tion ( a m evil end4 ,o!r causes incl9e ! w to s91 aga9/ ! nature & ord] ( ! w1 ^: natural incl9ation is to be mov$ freely ( itself 9 accord ) ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,:]e=e ^? causes :i* weak5 ! judgm5t ( reason 7e4g4 ignorance71 or :i* weak5 ! free movem5t ( ! w1 7e4g4 weakness1 viol5ce1 fe>1 or ! l71 dim9i% ! gravity ( s91 ev5 z !y dim9i% its volunt>9ess2 & s mu* s1 t if ! act be altoge!r involunt>y1 x is no long] s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! extr9sic mov+ cause1 :i* dim9i%es volunt>9ess4 ,! increase ( su* a cause dim9i%es ! s91 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if concupisc5ce be und]/ood to include ! movem5t ( ! w1 !n1 :]e !re is great] concupisc5ce1 !re is a great] s94 ,b if by concupisc5ce we und]/& a passion1 :i* is a movem5t ( ! concupiscible p[]1 !n a great] concupisc5ce1 =e/all+ ! judgm5t ( reason & ! movem5t ( ! w1 dim9i%es ! s91 because ! man :o s9s1 be+ /imulat$ by a great] concupisc5ce1 falls ?r\gh a m griev\s temptation1 :]e=e he is less to be blam$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if concupisc5ce be tak5 9 ?is s5se foll[s ! judgm5t ( reason1 & ! movem5t ( ! w1 !n ! great] concupisc5ce1 ! grav] ! s93 because sometimes ! movem5t ( concupisc5ce is r$\bl$ by ! w t5d+ unre/ra9$ly to its object4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! cause :i* r5d]s ! act involunt>y1 & su* a cause dim9i%es ! gravity ( s91 z /at$4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r a ,circum/ance ,aggravates a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a circum/ance does n aggravate a s94 ,because s9 takes its gravity f its species4 ,n[ a circum/ance does n specify a s91 = x is an accid5t !re(4 ,!re=e ! gravity ( a s9 is n tak5 f a circum/ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a circum/ance is ei!r evil or n3 if x is evil1 x causes1 ( itself1 a species ( evil2 & if x is n evil1 x _c make a ?+ worse4 ,!re=e a circum/ance n[ise aggravates a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! malice ( a s9 is d]iv$ f its turn+ away 7f ,god74 ,b circum/ances affect s9 on ! "p ( ! object to :i* x turns4 ,!re=e !y d n add to ! s9's malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ignorance ( a circum/ance dim9i%es s93 = he :o s9s ?r\gh ignorance ( a circum/ance1 des]ves to be =giv5 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a74 ,n[ ?is w\ld n be ! case unless a circum/ance aggravat$ a s94 ,!re=e a circum/ance makes a s9 m griev\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 9 speak+ ( habits ( virtue 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b71 x is natural = a ?+ to be increas$ by t :i* causes x4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a s9 is caus$ by a defect 9 "s circum/ance3 because ! fact t a man dep>ts f ! ord] ( reason is due to 8 n obs]v+ ! due circum/ances 9 8 action4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t x is natural = a s9 to be aggravat$ by reason ( its circum/ances4 ,?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z a circum/ance draws a s9 f "o k9d to ano!r3 ?us =nication is ! int]c\rse ( a man ) "o :o is n 8 wife3 b if to ?is be add$ ! circum/ance t ! latt] is ! wife ( ano!r1 ! s9 is drawn to ano!r k9d ( s91 viz4 inju/ice1 9 s f> z he usurps ano!r's prop]ty2 & 9 ?is respect adult]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an =nication4 ,secondly1 a circum/ance aggravates a s91 n by draw+ x into ano!r g5us1 b only by multiply+ ! ratio ( s93 ?us if a wa/eful man gives bo? :5 he ought n1 & to :om he ought n to give1 he commits ! same k9d ( s9 9 m ways ?an if he 7 to m]ely to give to :om he ought n1 & = t v reason 8 s9 is m griev\s2 ev5 z t sickness is ! grav] :i* affects m p>ts ( ! body4 ,h5ce ,cic]o says 7,p>adox4 iii7 t 9 tak+ 8 fa!r's life a man commits _m s9s2 = he outrages "o :o begot him1 :o f$ him1 :o educat$ him1 to :om he owes 8 l&s1 8 h\se1 8 position 9 ! republic4 ,?irdly1 a circum/ance aggravates a s9 by add+ to ! de=mity :i* ! s9 d]ives f ano!r circum/ance3 ?us1 tak+ ano!r's prop]ty con/itutes ! s9 ( !ft2 b if to ?is be add$ ! circum/ance t mu* is tak5 ( ano!r's prop]ty1 ! s9 w be m griev\s2 al?\gh 9 itself1 to take m or less has n ! "* ( a good or ( an evil act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s circum/ances d specify a moral act1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #aj74 ,nev]!less a circum/ance :i* does n give ! species1 may aggravate a s92 because1 ev5 z ! goodness ( a ?+ is weigh$1 n only 9 ref]5ce to its species1 b also 9 ref]5ce to an accid5t1 s ! malice ( an act is measur$1 n only accord+ to ! species ( t act1 b also accord+ to a circum/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a circum/ance may aggravate a s9 ei!r way4 ,= if x is evil1 x does n foll[ t x con/itutes ! s9's species2 because x may multiply ! ratio ( evil )9 ! same species1 z /at$ above4 ,& if x be n evil1 x may aggravate a s9 9 relation to ! malice ( ano!r circum/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,reason %\ld direct ! action n only z reg>ds ! object1 b also z reg>ds e circum/ance4 ,!re=e "o may turn aside f ! rule ( reason ?r\gh corruption ( any s+le circum/ance2 = in/ance1 by do+ some?+ :5 "o ought n or :]e "o ought n2 & to dep>t ?us f ! rule ( reason suffices to make ! act evil4 ,?is turn+ aside f ! rule ( reason results f man's turn+ away f ,god1 to ,:om man ought to be unit$ by "r reason4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,s9 ,is ,aggravat$ by ,reason ( ,its ,caus+ ,m ,h>m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a s9 is n aggravat$ by reason ( its caus+ m h>m4 ,because ! h>m done is an issue consequ5t to ! s9ful act4 ,b ! issue ( an act does n add to its goodness or malice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e a s9 is n aggravat$ on acc\nt ( its caus+ m h>m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 h>m is inflict$ by s9s aga9/ our neighbor4 ,because no "o wi%es to h>m himself3 & no "o c h>m ,god1 accord+ to ,job #ce3f1 #h3 ,if ?y iniquities be multipli$1 :at %alt ?\ d aga9/ ,him8 4 4 4 ,?y wick$ness may hurt a man t is l !e4 ,if1 !re=e1 s9s 7 aggravat$ ?r\gh caus+ m h>m1 x w\ld foll[ t s9s aga9/ our neighbor are m griev\s ?an s9s aga9/ ,god or oneself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 great] h>m is inflict$ on a man by depriv+ him ( ! life ( grace1 ?an by tak+ away 8 natural life2 because ! life ( grace is bett] ?an ! life ( nature1 s f> t man ought to despise 8 natural life le/ he lose ! life ( grace4 ,n[1 speak+ absolutely1 a man :o leads a woman to commit =nication deprives h] ( ! life ( grace by lead+ h] into mortal s94 ,if !re=e a s9 7 m griev\s on acc\nt ( its caus+ a great] h>m1 x w\ld foll[ t =nication1 absolutely speak+1 is a m griev\s s9 ?an murd]1 :i* is evid5tly untrue4 ,!re=e a s9 is n m griev\s on acc\nt ( its caus+ a great] h>m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ad73 ,s9ce vice is contr>y to nature1 a vice is ! m griev\s accord+ z x dim9i%es ! integrity ( nature4 ,n[ ! dim9ution ( ! integrity ( nature is a h>m4 ,!re=e a s9 is grav] accord+ z x does m h>m4 ,i answ] t1 ,h>m may be> a ?reefold relation to s94 ,because sometimes ! h>m result+ f a s9 is =ese5 & int5d$1 z :5 a man does some?+ ) a m9d to h>m ano!r1 e4g4 a murd]] or a ?ief4 ,9 ?is case ! quantity ( h>m aggravates ! s9 directly1 because !n ! h>m is ! direct object ( ! s94 ,sometimes ! h>m is =ese51 b n int5d$2 = in/ance1 :5 a man takes a %ort cut ?r\gh a field1 ! result be+ t he kn[+ly injures ! gr[+ crops1 al?\gh 8 int5tion is n to d ?is h>m1 b to commit =nication4 ,9 ?is case aga9 ! quantity ( ! h>m done aggravates ! s92 indirectly1 h[ev]1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x is ow+ to 8 w be+ /rongly incl9$ to s91 t a man does n =be> f do+1 to himself or to ano!r1 a h>m :i* he w\ld n wi% simply4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! h>m is nei!r =ese5 nor int5d$3 & !n if ?is h>m is connect$ ) ! s9 accid5tally1 x does n aggravate ! s9 directly2 b1 on acc\nt ( 8 neglect+ to consid] ! h>m t might ensue1 a man is deem$ puni%able = ! evil results ( 8 action if x be unlawful4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! h>m foll[ directly f ! s9ful act1 al?\gh x be nei!r =ese5 nor int5d$1 x aggravates ! s9 directly1 because :atev] is directly consequ5t to a s91 belongs1 9 a mann]1 to ! v species ( t s93 = in/ance1 if a man is a notori\s =nicator1 ! result is t _m are sc&aliz$2 & al?\gh su* 0 n 8 int5tion1 nor 0 x p]haps =ese5 by him1 yet x aggravates 8 s9 directly4 ,b ?is does n seem to apply to p5al h>m1 :i* ! s9n] himself incurs4 ,su* l h>m1 if accid5tally connect$ ) ! s9ful act1 & if nei!r =ese5 nor int5d$1 does n aggravate a s91 nor does x correspond ) ! gravity ( ! s93 = in/ance1 if a man 9 runn+ to slay1 slips & hurts 8 foot4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is h>m is directly consequ5t to ! s9ful act1 al?\gh p]haps x be nei!r =ese5 nor int5d$1 !n great] h>m does n make great] s91 b1 on ! contr>y1 a grav] s9 calls = ! infliction ( a great] h>m4 ,?us1 an unbeliev] :o has he>d no?+ ab\t ! pa9s ( hell1 w\ld suff] great] pa9 9 hell = a s9 ( murd] ?an = a s9 ( !ft3 b 8 s9 is n aggravat$ on acc\nt ( 8 nei!r int5d+ nor =esee+ ?is1 z x w\ld be 9 ! case ( a believ]1 :o1 seem+ly1 s9s m griev\sly 9 ! v fact t he despises a great] puni%m5t1 t he may satisfy 8 desire to s92 b ! gravity ( ?is h>m is caus$ by ! sole gravity ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z we h already /at$ 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #e71 9 treat+ ( ! goodness & malice ( ext]nal actions1 ! result ( an action if =ese5 & int5d$ adds to ! goodness & malice ( an act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! h>m done aggravates a s91 x does n foll[ t ?is alone r5d]s a s9 m griev\s3 9 fact1 x is inord9at5ess :i* ( itself aggravates a s94 ,:]e=e ! h>m itself t ensues aggravates a s91 9 s f> only z x r5d]s ! act m inord9ate4 ,h5ce x does n foll[1 suppos+ h>m to be inflict$ *iefly by s9s aga9/ our neighbor1 t su* s9s are ! mo/ griev\s1 s9ce a mu* great] inord9at5ess is to be f\nd 9 s9s :i* man commits aga9/ ,god1 & 9 "s :i* he commits aga9/ himself4 ,moreov] we might say t al?\gh no man c d ,god any h>m 9 ,8 sub/ance1 yet he c endeavor to d s 9 ?+s conc]n+ ,him1 e4g4 by de/roy+ fai?1 by outrag+ holy ?+s1 :i* are mo/ griev\s s9s4 ,aga91 a man sometimes kn[+ly & freely inflicts h>m on himself1 z 9 ! case ( suicide1 ?\gh ?is be ref]r$ f9ally to "s app>5t good1 = example1 deliv]y f "s anxiety4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t does n prove1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because ! murd]] int5ds directly to d h>m to 8 neighbors2 :]eas ! =nicator :o solicits ! woman int5ds n h>m b pleasure2 secondly1 because murd] is ! direct & suffici5t cause ( bodily dea?2 :]eas no man c ( himself be ! suffici5t cause ( ano!r's spiritual dea?1 because no man dies spiritually except by s9n+ ( 8 own w4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r a ,s9 ,is ,aggravat$ by ,reason ( ! ,condition ( ! ,p]son ,aga9/ ,:om ,x ,is ,committ$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 is n aggravat$ by reason ( ! condition ( ! p]son aga9/ :om x is committ$4 ,= if ?is 7 ! case a s9 w\ld be aggravat$ *iefly by be+ committ$ aga9/ a j & holy man4 ,b ?is does n aggravate a s93 because a virtu\s man :o be>s a wrong ) equanimity is less h>m$ by ! wrong done him1 ?an o!rs1 :o1 ?r\gh be+ sc&aliz$1 are also hurt inw>dly4 ,!re=e ! condition ( ! p]son aga9/ :om a s9 is committ$ does n aggravate ! s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ! condition ( ! p]son aggravat$ ! s91 ?is w\ld be /ill m ! case if ! p]son be ne> ( k91 because1 z ,cic]o says 7,p>adox4 iii73 ,! man :o kills 8 slave s9s once3 he t takes 8 fa!r's life s9s _m times4 ,b ! k9%ip ( a p]son s9n$ aga9/ does n app>5tly aggravate a s91 because e man is mo/ ak9 to himself2 & yet x is less griev\s to h>m oneself ?an ano!r1 e4g4 to kill "o's own1 ?an ano!r's horse1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa74 ,!re=e k9%ip ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/ does n aggravate ! s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! condition ( ! p]son :o s9s aggravates a s9 *iefly on acc\nt ( 8 position or k1 accord+ to ,wis4 #f3g3 ,! mighty %all be mightily torm5t$1 & ,luke #ab3dg3 ,! s]vant :o knew ! w ( 8 "l 4 4 4 & did x n 4 4 4 %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 on ! "p ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/1 ! s9 is made m griev\s by reason ( 8 position & k4 ,b1 app>5tly1 x is n a m griev\s s9 to inflict an injury on a ri* & p[]ful p]son ?an on a poor man1 s9ce !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god 7,col4 #c3be71 accord+ to ,^: judgm5t ! gravity ( a s9 is measur$4 ,!re=e ! condition ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/ does n aggravate ! s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,holy ,writ c5sures especially ^? s9s t are committ$ aga9/ ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,?us x is writt5 7#c ,k+s #ai3ad73 ,!y h de/roy$ ,?y alt>s1 !y h sla9 ,?y prophets ) ! sword4 ,moreov] mu* blame is atta*$ to ! s9 committ$ by a man aga9/ ^? :o are ak9 to him1 accord+ to ,micah #g3f3 ! son di%onore? ! fa!r1 & ! daught] rise? up aga9/ h] "m4 ,fur!rmore s9s committ$ aga9/ p]sons ( rank are expressly condemn$3 ?us x is writt5 7,job #cd3ah73 ,:o sai? to ! k+3 ',?\ art an apo/ate'2 :o calle? rul]s ungodly4 ,!re=e ! condition ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/ aggravates ! s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! p]son s9n$ aga9/ is1 9 a mann]1 ! object ( ! s94 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #c7 t ! prim>y gravity ( a s9 is d]iv$ f its object2 s t a s9 is deem$ to be s mu* ! m grave1 z its object is a m pr9cipal end4 ,b ! pr9cipal ends ( human acts are ,god1 man himself1 & 8 neighbor3 = :atev] we d1 x is on acc\nt ( "o ( ^! t we d x2 al?\gh "o ( !m is subord9ate to ! o!r4 ,!re=e ! great] or less] gravity ( a s91 9 respect ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/1 may be consid]$ on ! "p ( ^! ?ree4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ,god1 to ,:om man is ! m closely unit$1 z he is m virtu\s or m sacr$ to ,god3 s t an injury inflict$ on su* a p]son r$\nds on to ,god accord+ to ,ze*4 #b3h3 ,he t t\*e? y1 t\*e? ! apple ( ,my eye4 ,:]e=e a s9 is ! m griev\s1 accord+ z x is committ$ aga9/ a p]son m closely unit$ to ,god by reason ( p]sonal sanctity1 or (ficial /ation4 ,on ! "p ( man himself1 x is evid5t t he s9s all ! m griev\sly1 accord+ z ! p]son aga9/ :om he s9s1 is m unit$ to him1 ei!r ?r\gh natural aff9ity or k9dness receiv$ or any o!r bond2 because he seems to s9 aga9/ himself r ?an ! o!r1 &1 = ?is v reason1 s9s all ! m griev\sly1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ad3e3 ,he t is evil to himself1 to :om w he be good8 ,on ! "p ( 8 neighbor1 a man s9s ! m griev\sly1 accord+ z 8 s9 affects m p]sons3 s t a s9 committ$ aga9/ a public p]sonage1 e4g4 a sov]eign pr9ce :o /&s 9 ! place ( ! :ole p1 is m griev\s ?an a s9 committ$ aga9/ a private p]son2 h5ce x is expressly prohibit$ 7,ex4 #bb3bh73 ,! pr9ce ( ?y p ?\ %alt n curse4 ,9 l mann] x w\ld seem t an injury done to a p]son ( prom95ce1 is all ! m grave1 on acc\nt ( ! sc&al & ! di/urbance x w\ld cause among _m p4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o inflicts an injury on a virtu\s p]son1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 di/urbs him int]nally & ext]nally2 b t ! latt] is n di/urb$ int]nally is due to 8 goodness1 :i* does n ext5uate ! s9 ( ! injur]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! injury :i* a man inflicts on himself 9 ^? ?+s :i* are subject to ! dom9ion ( 8 w1 = in/ance 8 possessions1 is less s9ful ?an if x 7 inflict$ on ano!r1 because he does x ( 8 own w2 b 9 ^? ?+s t are n subject to ! dom9ion ( 8 w1 su* z natural & spiritual goods1 x is a grav] s9 to inflict an injury on oneself3 = x is m griev\s = a man to kill himself ?an ano!r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?+s belong+ to our neighbor are n subject to ! dom9ion ( our w1 ! argum5t fails to prove1 9 respect ( injuries done to su* l ?+s1 t x is less griev\s to s9 9 _! reg>d1 unless inde$ our neighbor be will+1 or give 8 approval4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is no respect = p]sons if ,god puni%es m sev]ely ^? :o s9 aga9/ a p]son ( high] rank2 = ?is is done because su* an injury r$\nds to ! h>m ( _m4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ! ,excell5ce ( ! ,p]son ,s9n+ ,aggravates ! ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! excell5ce ( ! p]son s9n+ does n aggravate ! s94 ,= man becomes great *iefly by cleav+ to ,god1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #be3ac3 ,h[ great is he t f9de? wisdom & k6 b !re is none above him t fe>e? ! ,"l4 ,n[ ! m a man cleaves to ,god1 ! less is a s9 imput$ to him3 = x is writt5 7#b ,p>al4 #cj3 #ah1 #ai73 ,! ,"l ,:o is good w %[ m]cy to all !m1 :o ) _! :ole he>t seek ! ,"l ! ,god ( _! fa!rs2 & w n impute x to !m t !y are n sanctifi$4 ,!re=e a s9 is n aggravat$ by ! excell5ce ( ! p]son s9n+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god 7,rom4 #b3aa74 ,!re=e ,he does n puni% "o man m ?an ano!r1 = "o & ! same s94 ,!re=e a s9 is n aggravat$ by ! excell5ce ( ! p]son s9n+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld reap disadvantage f good4 ,b he w\ld1 if 8 action 7 ! m blamewor?y on acc\nt ( 8 goodness4 ,!re=e a s9 is n aggravat$ by reason ( ! excell5ce ( ! p]son s9n+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #ah73 ,a s9 is deem$ s mu* ! m griev\s z ! s9n] is held to be a m excell5t p]son4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9 is tw(old4 ,!re is a s9 :i* takes u unaw>es on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( human nature3 & su* l s9s are less imputable to "o :o is m virtu\s1 because he is less neglig5t 9 *eck+ ^? s9s1 :i* nev]!less human weakness does n all[ u to escape altoge!r4 ,b !re are o!r s9s :i* proce$ f delib]ation3 & ^! s9s are all ! m imput$ to man accord+ z he is m excell5t4 ,f\r reasons may be assign$ = ?is4 ,fir/1 because a m excell5t p]son1 e4g4 "o :o excels 9 k & virtue1 c m easily resi/ s92 h5ce ,our ,"l said 7,luke #ab3dg7 t ! s]vant :o knew ! w ( 8 "l 4 4 4 & did x n 4 4 4 %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( +ratitude1 because e good 9 :i* a man excels1 is a gift ( ,god1 to ,:om man is ungrateful :5 he s9s3 & 9 ?is respect any excell5ce1 ev5 9 temporal goods1 aggravates a s91 accord+ to ,wis4 #f3g3 ,! mighty %all be mightily torm5t$4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( ! s9ful act be+ specially inconsi/5t ) ! excell5ce ( ! p]son s9n+3 = in/ance1 if a pr9ce 7 to violate ju/ice1 :]eas he is set up z ! gu>dian ( ju/ice1 or if a prie/ 7 to be a =nicator1 :]eas he has tak5 ! v[ ( *a/ity4 ,f\r?ly1 on acc\nt ( ! example or sc&al2 because1 z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #b73 ,s9 becomes mu* m sc&al\s1 :5 ! s9n] is honor$ = 8 position3 & ! s9s ( ! great are mu* m notori\s & m5 are wont to be> !m ) m indignation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ alludes to ^? ?+s :i* are done neglig5tly :5 we are tak5 unaw>es ?r\gh human weakness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god does n respect p]sons 9 puni%+ ! great m sev]ely1 because _! excell5ce conduces to ! gravity ( _! s91 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! man :o excels 9 any?+ reaps disadvantage1 n f ! good :i* he has1 b f 8 abuse !re(4 ,,"q #gd ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,s9 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! subject ( vice or s93 "u :i* head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! w c be ! subject ( s98 7#b7 ,:e!r ! w alone is ! subject ( s98 7#c7 ,:e!r ! s5suality c be ! subject ( s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x c be ! subject ( mortal s98 7#e7 ,:e!r ! reason c be ! subject ( s98 7#f7 ,:e!r morose delectation or non-morose delectation be subject$ 9 ! high] reason8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! s9 ( cons5t 9 ! act ( s9 is subject$ 9 ! high] reason8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! l[] reason c be ! subject ( mortal s98 7#i7 ,:e!r ! high] reason c be ! subject ( v5ial s98 7#aj7 ,:e!r !re c be 9 ! high] reason a v5ial s9 direct$ to its prop] object8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,w ,is a ,subject ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w _c be a subject ( s94 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil is outside ! w & ! int5tion4 ,b s9 has ! "* ( evil4 ,!re=e s9 _c be 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! w is direct$ ei!r to ! good or to :at seems good4 ,n[ f ! fact t w wi%es ! good1 x does n s93 & t x wi%es :at seems good b is n truly good1 po9ts to a defect 9 ! appreh5sive p[] r ?an 9 ! w4 ,!re=e s9 is n[ise 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ _c be bo? subject & effici5t cause ( s93 because ! effici5t & ! mat]ial cause d n co9cide 7,phys4 #b1 text4 #gj74 ,n[ ! w is ! effici5t cause ( s93 because ! fir/ cause ( s9n+ is ! w1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,duabus ,anim4 x1 #aj1 #aa74 ,!re=e x is n ! subject ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #i7 t x is by ! w t we s91 & live righte\sly4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9 is an act1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,,aa4 #a1 #f74 ,n[ "s acts pass into ext]nal matt]1 e4g4 to cut & to burn3 & su* acts h = _! matt] & subject1 ! ?+ into :i* ! action passes3 ?us ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,phys4 iii1 text4 #ah7 t movem5t is ! act ( ! ?+ mov$1 caus$ by a mov]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are acts :i* d n pass into ext]nal matt]1 b rema9 9 ! ag5t1 e4g4 to desire & to "k3 & su* are all moral acts1 :e!r virtu\s or s9ful4 ,consequ5tly ! prop] subject ( s9 mu/ ne$s be ! p[] :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! act4 ,n[ s9ce x is prop] to moral acts t !y are volunt>y1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f71 x foll[s t ! w1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( volunt>y acts1 bo? ( good acts1 & ( evil acts or s9s1 is ! pr9ciple ( s9s4 ,!re=e x foll[s t s9 is 9 ! w z its subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,evil is said to be outside ! w1 because ! w does n t5d to x "u ! aspect ( evil4 ,b s9ce "s evil is an app>5t good1 ! w sometimes desires an evil1 & 9 ?is s5se is 9 ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! defect 9 ! appreh5sive p[] 7 n[ise subject to ! w1 !re w\ld be no s91 ei!r 9 ! w1 or 9 ! appreh5sive p[]1 z 9 ! case ( ^? ^: ignorance is inv9cible4 ,x rema9s !re=e t :5 !re is 9 ! appreh5sive p[] a defect t is subject to ! w1 ?is defect also is deem$ a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t applies to ^? effici5t causes ^: actions pass into ext]nal matt]1 & :i* d n move !mselves1 b move o!r ?+s2 ! contr>y ( :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 ! w2 h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,w ,alone ,is ! ,subject ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w alone is ! subject ( s94 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,duabus ,anim4 x1 #aj7 t no "o s9s except by ! w4 ,n[ ! subject ( s9 is ! p[] by :i* we s94 ,!re=e ! w alone is ! subject ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 is an evil contr>y to reason4 ,n[ good & evil p]ta9+ to reason are ! object ( ! w alone4 ,!re=e ! w alone is ! subject ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is a volunt>y act1 because1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah7 99,cf4 ,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv41 s true is x t e s9 is volunt>y1 t unless x be volunt>y1 x is no s9 at all4 ,n[ ! acts ( ! o!r p[]s are n volunt>y1 except 9 s f> z ^? p[]s are mov$ by ! w2 nor does ?is suffice = !m to be ! subject ( s91 because !n ev5 ! ext]nal memb]s ( ! body1 :i* are mov$ by ! w1 w\ld be a subject ( s92 :i* is cle>ly untrue4 ,!re=e ! w alone is ! subject ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s9 is contr>y to virtue3 & contr>ies are ab\t "o same ?+4 ,b ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l1 besides ! w1 are ! subject ( virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ef74 ,!re=e ! w is n ! only subject ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a71 :atev] is ! a pr9ciple ( a volunt>y act is a subject ( s94 ,n[ volunt>y acts are n only ^? :i* are elicit$ by ! w1 b also ^? :i* are comm&$ by ! w1 z we /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #d7 9 treat+ ( volunt>9ess4 ,!re=e n only ! w c be a subject ( s91 b also all ^? p[]s :i* c be mov$ to _! acts1 or re/ra9$ f _! acts1 by ! w2 & ^! same p[]s are ! subjects ( good & evil moral habits1 because act & habit belong to ! same subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we d n s9 except by ! w z fir/ mov]2 b we s9 by ! o!r p[]s z mov$ by ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good & evil p]ta9 to ! w z its prop] objects2 b ! o!r p[]s h c]ta9 det]m9ate goods & evils1 by reason ( :i* !y c be ! subject ( virtue1 vice1 & s91 9 s f> z !y p>take ( w & reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! memb]s ( ! body are n pr9ciples b m]ely organs ( action3 :]e=e !y are comp>$ to ! s\l :i* moves !m1 z a slave :o is mov$ b moves no o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]nal appetitive p[]s are comp>$ to reason z free ag5ts1 because !y bo? act & are act$ ^u1 z is made cle> 9 ,polit4i1 #c4 ,moreov]1 ! acts ( ! ext]nal memb]s are actions t pass into ext]nal matt]1 z may be se5 9 ! bl[ t is inflict$ 9 ! s9 ( murd]4 ,consequ5tly !re is no comp>ison4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,s9 9 ! ,s5suality8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be s9 9 ! s5suality4 ,= s9 is prop] to man :o is prais$ or blam$ = 8 actions4 ,n[ s5suality is common to u & irrational animals4 ,!re=e s9 _c be 9 ! s5suality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man s9s 9 :at he _c avoid1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah74 ,b man _c prev5t ! movem5t ( ! s5suality f be+ inord9ate1 s9ce ! s5suality ev] rema9s corrupt1 s long z we abide 9 ?is mortal life2 :]e=e x is signifi$ by ! s]p5t1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab1 #ac74 ,!re=e ! inord9ate movem5t ( ! s5suality is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* man himself does n d is n imput$ to him z a s94 ,n[ t alone d we seem to d ourselves1 :i* we d ) ! delib]ation ( reason1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h74 ,!re=e ! movem5t ( ! s5suality1 :i* is )\t ! delib]ation ( reason1 is n imput$ to a man z a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #g3ai73 ,! good :i* ,i w ,i d n2 b ! evil :i* ,i w n1 t ,i d3 :i* words ,augu/9e expla9s 7,contra ,julian4 iii1 #bf2 ,de ,v]b4 ,apo/4 xii1 #b1 #c71 z ref]r+ to ! evil ( concupisc5ce1 :i* is cle>ly a movem5t ( ! s5suality4 ,!re=e !re c be s9 9 ! s5suality4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 s9 may be f\nd 9 any p[] ^: act c be volunt>y & inord9ate1 :]e9 consi/s ! nature ( s94 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! act ( ! s5suality1 or s5sitive appetite1 is naturally incl9$ to be mov$ by ! w4 ,:]e=e x foll[s t s9 c be 9 ! s5suality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh "s ( ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p are common to u & irrational animals1 nev]!less1 9 u1 !y h a c]ta9 excell5ce ?r\gh be+ unit$ to ! reason2 ?us we surpass o!r animals 9 ! s5sitive "p = z mu* z we h ! p[]s ( cogitation & rem9isc5ce1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d74 ,9 ! same way our s5sitive appetite surpasses t ( o!r animals by reason ( a c]ta9 excell5ce consi/+ 9 its natural aptitude to obey ! reason2 & 9 ?is respect x c be ! pr9ciple ( a volunt>y action1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! subject ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! cont9ual corruption ( ! s5suality is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! fomes1 :i* is nev] completely de/roy$ 9 ?is life1 s9ce1 ?\gh ! /a9 ( orig9al s9 passes1 its effect rema9s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is corruption ( ! fomes does n h9d] man f us+ 8 rational w to *eck individual inord9ate movem5ts1 if he be pres5ti5t ( !m1 = in/ance by turn+ 8 ?\ghts to o!r ?+s4 ,yet :ile he is turn+ 8 ?\ghts to some?+ else1 an inord9ate movem5t may arise ab\t ?is also3 ?us :5 a man1 9 ord] to avoid ! movem5ts ( concupisc5ce1 turns 8 ?\ghts away f c>nal pleasures1 to ! consid]ations ( sci5ce1 sometimes an unprem$itat$ movem5t ( va+lory w arise4 ,consequ5tly1 a man _c avoid all su* movem5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! a=esaid corruption3 b x is en\gh1 = ! conditions ( a volunt>y s91 t he be able to avoid ea* s+le "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man does n d p]fectly himself :at he does )\t ! delib]ation ( reason1 s9ce ! pr9cipal "p ( man does no?+ !re93 :]e=e su* is n p]fectly a human act2 & consequ5tly x _c be a p]fect act ( virtue or ( s91 b is some?+ imp]fect ( t k9d4 ,!re=e su* movem5t ( ! s5suality z =e/alls ! reason1 is a v5ial s91 :i* is some?+ imp]fect 9 ! g5us ( s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,mortal ,s9 ,c ,be 9 ! ,s5suality8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t mortal s9 c be 9 ! s5suality4 ,because an act is disc]n$ by its object4 ,n[ x is possible to commit a mortal s9 ab\t ! objects ( ! s5suality1 e4g4 ab\t c>nal pleasures4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! s5suality c be a mortal s91 s t mortal s9 c be f\nd 9 ! s5suality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mortal s9 is oppos$ to virtue4 ,b virtue c be 9 ! s5suality2 = temp]ance & =titude are virtues ( ! irrational p>ts1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj74 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is natural to contr>ies to be ab\t ! same subject1 s5suality c be ! subject ( mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 v5ial s9 is a disposition to mortal s94 ,n[ disposition & habit are 9 ! same subject4 ,s9ce !re=e v5ial s9 may be 9 ! s5suality1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #c71 mortal s9 c be !re also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #bc73 ,! inord9ate movem5t ( concupisc5ce1 :i* is ! s9 ( ! s5suality1 c ev5 be 9 ^? :o are 9 a /ate ( grace1 9 :om1 h[ev]1 mortal s9 is n to be f\nd4 ,!re=e ! inord9ate movem5t ( ! s5suality is n a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,j z a disord] :i* de/roys ! pr9ciple ( ! body's life causes ! body's dea?1 s too a disord] :i* de/roys ! pr9ciple ( spiritual life1 viz4 ! la/ end1 causes spiritual dea?1 :i* is mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ x belongs to ! reason alone1 & n to ! s5suality1 to ord] any?+ to ! end3 & disord] 9 respect ( ! end c only belong to ! p[] ^: function x is to ord] o!rs to ! end4 ,:]e=e mortal s9 _c be 9 ! s5suality1 b only 9 ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! act ( ! s5suality c concur t[>ds a mortal s93 yet ! fact ( its be+ a mortal s9 is due1 n to its be+ an act ( ! s5suality1 b to its be+ an act ( reason1 to :om ! ord]+ to ! end belongs4 ,consequ5tly mortal s9 is imput$1 n to ! s5suality1 b to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an act ( virtue is p]fect$ n only 9 t x is an act ( ! s5suality1 b /ill m 9 ! fact ( its be+ an act ( reason & w1 ^: function x is to *oose3 = ! act ( moral virtue is n )\t ! ex]cise ( *oice3 :]e=e ! act ( moral virtue1 :i* p]fects ! appetitive p[]1 is always accompani$ by an act ( prud5ce1 :i* p]fects ! rational p[]2 & ! same applies to mortal s91 z /at$ 7ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a disposition may be relat$ 9 ?ree ways to t to :i* x disposes3 = sometimes x is ! same ?+ & is 9 ! same subject2 ?us in*oate sci5ce is a disposition to p]fect sci5ce3 sometimes x is 9 ! same subject1 b is n ! same ?+2 ?us heat is a disposition to ! =m ( fire3 sometimes x is nei!r ! same ?+1 nor 9 ! same subject1 z 9 ^? ?+s :i* are subord9ate to "o ano!r 9 su* a way t we c arrive at "o ?r\gh ! o!r1 e4g4 goodness ( ! imag9ation is a disposition to sci5ce :i* is 9 ! intellect4 ,9 ?is way ! v5ial s9 t is 9 ! s5suality1 may be a disposition to mortal s91 :i* is 9 ! reason4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,s9 ,c ,be 9 ! ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 _c be 9 ! reason4 ,= ! s9 ( any p[] is a defect !re(4 ,b ! fault ( ! reason is n a s91 on ! contr>y1 x excuses s93 = a man is excus$ f s9 on acc\nt ( ignorance4 ,!re=e s9 _c be 9 ! reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! prim>y object ( s9 is ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ reason prec$es ! w1 s9ce x directs x4 ,!re=e s9 _c be 9 ! reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re c be no s9 except ab\t ?+s :i* are "u our control4 ,n[ p]fection & defect ( reason are n among ^? ?+s :i* are "u our control3 s9ce by nature "s are m5tally defici5t1 & "s %rewd-m9d$4 ,!re=e no s9 is 9 ! reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 t s9 is 9 ! l[] & 9 ! high] reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,! s9 ( any p[] is an act ( t p[]1 z we h cle>ly %[n 7,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,n[ reason has a tw(old act3 "o is its prop] act 9 respect ( its prop] object1 & ?is is ! act ( kn[+ ! tru?2 ! o!r is ! act ( reason z direct+ ! o!r p[]s4 ,n[ 9 bo? ( ^! ways !re may be s9 9 ! reason4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z x errs 9 ! k ( tru?1 :i* error is imput$ to ! reason z a s91 :5 x is 9 ignorance or error ab\t :at x is able & ought to "k3 secondly1 :5 x ei!r comm&s ! inord9ate movem5ts ( ! l[] p[]s1 or delib]ately fails to *eck !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! defect 9 ! prop] act ( ! reason 9 respect ( its prop] object1 & ) reg>d to ! case :5 x is a defect ( k ab\t some?+ :i* "o is unable to "k3 = !n ?is defect ( reason is n a s91 & excuses f s91 z is evid5t ) reg>d to ! actions ( madm54 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! defect ( reason be ab\t some?+ :i* a man is able & ought to "k1 he is n altoge!r excus$ f s91 & ! defect is imput$ to him z a s94 ,! defect :i* belongs only to ! act ( direct+ ! o!r p[]s1 is always imput$ to reason z a s91 because x c always obviate ?is defect by means ( its prop] act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! acts ( ! w & reason1 ! w moves & prec$es ! reason1 9 "o way1 & ! reason moves & prec$es ! w 9 ano!r3 s t bo? ! movem5t ( ! w c be call$ rational1 & ! act ( ! reason1 volunt>y4 ,accord+ly s9 is f\nd 9 ! reason1 ei!r ?r\gh be+ a volunt>y defect ( ! reason1 or ?r\gh ! reason be+ ! pr9ciple ( ! w's act4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7ad #a74 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ,morose ,delectation ,is 9 ! ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( morose delectation is n 9 ! reason4 ,= delectation d5otes a movem5t ( ! appetitive p[]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a74 ,b ! appetitive p[] is di/9ct f ! reason1 :i* is an appreh5sive p[]4 ,!re=e morose delectation is n 9 ! reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object %[s to :i* p[] an act belongs1 s9ce x is ?r\gh ! act t ! p[] is direct$ to its object4 ,n[ a morose delectation is sometimes ab\t s5sible goods1 & n ab\t ! goods ( ! reason4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( morose delectation is n 9 ! reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is said to be morose 99,f ! ,lat9 mora--delay ?r\gh tak+ a l5g? ( "t4 ,b l5g? ( "t is no reason :y an act %\ld belong to a p>ticul> p[]4 ,!re=e morose delectation does n belong to ! reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 t if ! cons5t to a s5sual delectation goes no fur!r ?an ! m]e ?\ght ( ! pleasure1 ,i deem ?is to be l z ?\gh ! woman alone _h p>tak5 ( ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,n[ ! woman d5otes ! l[] reason1 z he himself expla9s 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab74 ,!re=e ! s9 ( morose delectation is 9 ! reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 7,a4 #e71 s9 may be 9 ! reason1 n only 9 respect ( reason's prop] act1 b sometimes 9 respect ( its direct+ human actions4 ,n[ x is evid5t t reason directs n only ext]nal acts1 b also int]nal passions4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! reason fails 9 direct+ ! int]nal passions1 s9 is said to be 9 ! reason1 z also :5 x fails 9 direct+ ext]nal actions4 ,n[ x fails1 9 two ways1 9 direct+ int]nal passions3 fir/1 :5 x comm&s unlawful passions2 = in/ance1 :5 a man delib]ately provokes himself to a movem5t ( ang]1 or ( lu/3 secondly1 :5 x fails to *eck ! unlawful movem5t ( a passion2 = in/ance1 :5 a man1 hav+ delib]ately consid]$ t a ris+ movem5t ( passion is inord9ate1 cont9ues1 not)/&+1 to dwell 7immoratur7 ^u x1 & fails to drive x away4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ! s9 ( morose delectation is said to be 9 ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,delectation is inde$ 9 ! appetitive p[] z its proximate pr9ciple2 b x is 9 ! reason z its fir/ mov]1 9 accordance ) :at has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 viz4 t actions :i* d n pass into ext]nal matt] are subject$ 9 _! pr9ciples4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reason has its prop] elicit$ act ab\t its prop] object2 b x ex]cises ! direction ( all ! objects ( ^? l[] p[]s t c be direct$ by ! reason3 & accord+ly delectation ab\t s5sible objects comes also "u ! direction ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,delectation is said to be morose n f a delay ( "t1 b because ! reason 9 delib]at+ dwells 7immoratur7 !reon1 & fails to drive x away1 delib]ately hold+ & turn+ ov] :at %\ld h be5 ca/ aside z soon z x t\*$ ! m9d1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab74 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ,cons5t to ! ,act ,is 9 ! ,high] ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( cons5t to ! act is n 9 ! high] reason4 ,= cons5t is an act ( ! appetitive p[]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #a73 :]eas ! reason is an appreh5sive p[]4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( cons5t to ! act is n 9 ! high] reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! high] reason is int5t on contemplat+ & consult+ ! et]nal law1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #g74 99,rationes aet]nae1 cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ae1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 :]e z 9 simil> passages ratio has be5 r5d]$ by ! ,engli% type1 because ,/4 ,?omas 0 speak+ ( ! ,div9e idea z ! ar*etype ( ! creature4 ,h5ce ! type or idea is a rule ( conduct1 & is id5tifi$ ) ! et]nal law1 7cf4 ,a4 #h1 ,obj4 #a2 ,a4 #i74 ,b sometimes cons5t is giv5 to an act1 )\t consult+ ! et]nal law3 s9ce man does n always ?9k ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 :5ev] he cons5ts to an act4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( cons5t to ! act is n always 9 ! high] reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z man c regulate 8 ext]nal actions accord+ to ! et]nal law1 s c he regulate 8 int]nal pleasures or o!r passions4 ,b cons5t to a pleasure )\t decid+ to fulfil x by de$1 belongs to ! l[] reason1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #b74 ,!re=e ! cons5t to a s9ful act %\ld also be sometimes ascrib$ to ! l[] reason4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z ! high] reason excels ! l[]1 s does ! reason excel ! imag9ation4 ,n[ sometimes man proce$s to act ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( ! p[] ( imag9ation1 )\t any delib]ation ( 8 reason1 z :51 )\t prem$itation1 he moves 8 h&1 or foot4 ,!re=e sometimes also ! l[] reason may cons5t to a s9ful act1 indep5d5tly ( ! high] reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab73 ,if ! cons5t to ! evil use ( ?+s t c be p]ceiv$ by ! bodily s5ses1 s f> approves ( any s91 z to po9t1 if possible1 to its consummation by de$1 we are to und]/& t ! woman has (f]$ ! =bidd5 fruit to h] husb&4 ,i answ] t1 ,cons5t implies a judgm5t ab\t ! ?+ to :i* cons5t is giv54 ,= j z ! speculative reason judges & deliv]s its s5t5ce ab\t intelligible matt]s1 s ! practical reason judges & pron\nces s5t5ce on matt]s ( action4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve t 9 e case br\ght up = judgm5t1 ! f9al s5t5ce belongs to ! supreme c\rt1 ev5 z we see t 9 speculative matt]s ! f9al s5t5ce t\*+ any proposition is deliv]$ by ref]r+ x to ! fir/ pr9ciples2 s9ce1 s long z !re rema9s a yet high] pr9ciple1 ! "q c yet be submitt$ to x3 :]e=e ! judgm5t is /ill 9 susp5se1 ! f9al s5t5ce n be+ z yet pron\nc$4 ,b x is evid5t t human acts c be regulat$ by ! rule ( human reason1 :i* rule is d]iv$ f ! creat$ ?+s t man kn[s naturally2 & fur!r /ill1 f ! rule ( ! ,div9e law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! rule ( ! ,div9e law is ! high] rule1 x foll[s t ! ultimate s5t5ce1 :]eby ! judgm5t is f9ally pron\nc$1 belongs to ! high] reason :i* is int5t on ! et]nal types4 ,n[ :5 judgm5t has to be pron\nc$ on sev]al po9ts1 ! f9al judgm5t deals ) t :i* comes la/2 &1 9 human acts1 ! action itself comes la/1 & ! delectation :i* is ! inducem5t to ! action is a preamble !reto4 ,!re=e ! cons5t to an action belongs prop]ly to ! high] reason1 :ile ! prelim9>y judgm5t :i* is ab\t ! delectation belongs to ! l[] reason1 :i* deliv]s judgm5t 9 a l[] c\rt3 al?\gh ! high] reason c also judge ( ! delectation1 s9ce :atev] is subject to ! judgm5t ( ! l[] c\rt1 is subject also to ! judgm5t ( ! high] c\rt1 b n conv]sely4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cons5t is an act ( ! appetitive p[]1 n absolutely1 b 9 consequ5ce ( an act ( reason delib]at+ & judg+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #c74 ,because ! fact t ! cons5t is f9ally giv5 to a ?+ is due to ! fact t ! w t5ds to t ^u :i* ! reason has already pass$ its judgm5t4 ,h5ce cons5t may be ascrib$ bo? to ! w & to ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! high] reason is said to cons5t1 f ! v fact t x fails to direct ! human act accord+ to ! ,div9e law1 :e!r or n x adv]t to ! et]nal law4 ,= if x ?9ks ( ,god's law1 x holds x 9 actual contempt3 & if n1 x neglects x by a k9d ( omission4 ,!re=e ! cons5t to a s9ful act always proce$s f ! high] reason3 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab71 ! m9d _c effectively decide on ! commission ( a s91 unless by its cons5t1 :]eby x wields its sov]eign p[] ( mov+ ! memb]s to action1 or ( re/ra9+ !m f action1 x become ! s]vant or slave ( ! evil de$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! high] reason1 by consid]+ ! et]nal law1 c direct or re/ra9 ! int]nal delectation1 ev5 z x c direct or re/ra9 ! ext]nal action3 nev]!less1 be=e ! judgm5t ( ! high] reason is pron\nc$ ! l[] reason1 :ile delib]at+ ! matt] 9 ref]5ce to temporal pr9ciples1 sometimes approves ( ?is delectation3 & !n ! cons5t to ! delectation belongs to ! l[] reason4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] consid]+ ! et]nal law1 man p]si/s 9 giv+ ! same cons5t1 su* cons5t w !n belong to ! high] reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! appreh5sion ( ! p[] ( imag9ation is sudd5 & indelib]ate3 :]e=e x c cause an act be=e ! high] or l[] reason has "t to delib]ate4 ,b ! judgm5t ( ! l[] reason is delib]ate1 & s requires "t1 dur+ :i* ! high] reason c also delib]ate2 consequ5tly1 if by its delib]ation x does n *eck ! s9ful act1 ?is w des]v$ly be imput$ to x4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,cons5t to ,delectation ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cons5t to delectation is n a mortal s91 = cons5t to delectation belongs to ! l[] reason1 :i* does n consid] ! et]nal types1 i4e4 ! et]nal law1 & consequ5tly does n turn away f !m4 ,n[ e mortal s9 consi/s 9 turn+ away f ! ,div9e law1 z is evid5t f ,augu/9e's def9ition ( mortal s91 :i* 0 quot$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e cons5t to delectation is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cons5t to a ?+ is n evil1 unless ! ?+ to :i* cons5t is giv5 be evil4 ,n[ ! cause ( any?+ be+ su* is yet m s1 or at any rate n less4 ,consequ5tly ! ?+ to :i* a man cons5ts _c be a less] evil ?an 8 cons5t4 ,b delectation )\t de$ is n a mortal s91 b only a v5ial s94 ,!re=e nei!r is ! cons5t to ! delectation a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 delectations diff] 9 goodness & malice1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! de$s1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 x1 #c1 #e74 ,n[ ! inw>d ?\ght is "o ?+1 & ! outw>d de$1 e4g4 =nication1 is ano!r4 ,!re=e ! delectation consequ5t to ! act ( inw>d ?\ght1 diff]s 9 goodness & malice f ! pleasure ( =nication1 z mu* z ! inw>d ?\ght diff]s f ! outw>d de$2 & consequ5tly !re is a l diff]5ce ( cons5t on ei!r h&4 ,b ! inw>d ?\ght is n a mortal s91 nor is ! cons5t to t ?\ght3 & !re=e nei!r is ! cons5t to ! delectation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ext]nal act ( =nication or adult]y is a mortal s91 n by reason ( ! delectation1 s9ce ?is is f\nd also 9 ! m>riage act1 b by reason ( an inord9at5ess 9 ! act itself4 ,n[ he t cons5ts to ! delectation does n1 = ?is reason1 cons5t to ! inord9at5ess ( ! act4 ,!re=e he seems n to s9 mortally4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 ( murd] is m griev\s ?an simple =nication4 ,n[ x is n a mortal s9 to cons5t to ! delectation result+ f ! ?\ght ( murd]4 ,mu* less !re=e is x a mortal s9 to cons5t to ! delectation result+ f ! ?\ght ( =nication4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! ,"l's pray] is recit$ e day = ! remission ( v5ial s9s1 z ,augu/9e ass]ts 7,en*iridion lxxviii74 ,n[ ,augu/9e tea*es t cons5t to delectation may be driv5 away by means ( ! ,"l's ,pray]3 = he says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 t ?is s9 is mu* less griev\s ?an if x be decid$ to fulfil x by de$3 :]e=e we ought to ask p>don = su* ?\ghts also1 & we %\ld /rike our brea/s & say3 ',=give u our trespasses4' ,!re=e cons5t to delectation is a v5ial s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e adds aft] a few words3 ,man w be altoge!r lo/ unless1 ?r\gh ! grace ( ! ,m$iator1 he be =giv5 ^? ?+s :i* are deem$ m]e s9s ( ?\ght1 s9ce )\t ! w to d !m1 he desires nev]!less to enjoy !m4 ,b no man is lo/ except ?r\gh mortal s94 ,!re=e cons5t to delectation is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,!re h be5 v>i\s op9ions on ?is po9t1 = "s h held t cons5t to delectation is n a mortal s91 b only a v5ial s91 :ile o!rs h held x to be a mortal s91 & ?is op9ion is m common & m probable4 ,= we mu/ take note t s9ce e delectation results f "s action1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #d1 & aga91 t s9ce e delectation may be comp>$ to two ?+s1 viz4 to ! op]ation f :i* x results1 & to ! object 9 :i* a p]son takes delight4 ,n[ x happ5s t an action1 j z a ?+1 is an object ( delectation1 because ! action itself c be consid]$ z a good & an end1 9 :i* ! p]son :o delights 9 x1 re/s4 ,sometimes ! action itself1 :i* results 9 delectation1 is ! object ( delectation1 9 s f> z ! appetitive p[]1 to :i* x belongs to take delight 9 any?+1 is br\ght to be> on ! action itself z a good3 = in/ance1 :5 a man ?9ks & delights 9 8 ?\ght1 9 s f> z 8 ?\ght pleases him2 :ile at o!r times ! delight consequ5t to an action1 e4g4 a ?\ght1 has = its object ano!r action1 z be+ ! object ( 8 ?\ght2 & !n 8 ?\ght proce$s f ! incl9ation ( ! appetite1 n inde$ to ! ?\ght1 b to ! action ?\ght (4 ,accord+ly a man :o is ?9k+ ( =nication1 may delight 9 ei!r ( two ?+s3 fir/1 9 ! ?\ght itself1 secondly1 9 ! =nication ?\ght (4 ,n[ ! delectation 9 ! ?\ght itself results f ! incl9ation ( ! appetite to ! ?\ght2 & ! ?\ght itself is n 9 itself a mortal s92 sometimes inde$ x is only a v5ial s91 z :5 a man ?9ks ( su* a ?+ = no purpose2 & sometimes x is no s9 at all1 z :5 a man has a purpose 9 ?9k+ ( x2 = in/ance1 he may wi% to prea* or dispute ab\t x4 ,consequ5tly su* affection or delectation 9 respect ( ! ?\ght ( =nication is n a mortal s9 9 virtue ( its g5us1 b is sometimes a v5ial s9 & sometimes no s9 at all3 :]e=e nei!r is x a mortal s9 to cons5t to su* a ?\ght4 ,9 ?is s5se ! fir/ op9ion is true4 ,b t a man 9 ?9k+ ( =nication takes pleasure 9 ! act ?\ght (1 is due to 8 desire be+ incl9$ to ?is act4 ,:]e=e ! fact t a man cons5ts to su* a delectation1 am\nts to no?+ less ?an a cons5t to ! incl9ation ( 8 appetite to =nication3 = no man takes pleasure except 9 t :i* is 9 con=mity ) 8 appetite4 ,n[ x is a mortal s91 if a man delib]ately *ooses t 8 appetite be con=m$ to :at is 9 itself a mortal s94 ,:]e=e su* a cons5t to delectation 9 a mortal s91 is itself a mortal s91 z ! second op9ion ma9ta9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cons5t to delectation may be n only 9 ! l[] reason1 b also 9 ! high] reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,nev]!less ! l[] reason may turn away f ! et]nal types1 =1 ?\gh x is n int5t on !m1 z regulat+ accord+ to !m1 :i* is prop] to ! high] reason1 yet1 x is int5t on !m1 z be+ regulat$ accord+ to !m3 & by turn+ f !m 9 ?is s5se1 x may s9 mortally2 s9ce ev5 ! acts ( ! l[] p[]s & ( ! ext]nal memb]s may be mortal s9s1 9 s f> z ! direction ( ! high] reason fails 9 direct+ !m accord+ to ! et]nal types4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,cons5t to a s9 t is v5ial 9 its g5us1 is itself a v5ial s91 & accord+ly "o may conclude t ! cons5t to take pleasure 9 a useless ?\ght ab\t =nication1 is a v5ial s94 ,b delectation 9 ! act itself ( =nication is1 9 its g5us1 a mortal s93 & t x be a v5ial s9 be=e ! cons5t is giv51 is accid5tal1 viz4 on acc\nt ( ! incomplet5ess ( ! act3 :i* incomplet5ess ceases :5 ! delib]ate cons5t has be5 giv51 s t !re=e x has its complete nature & is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! delectation :i* has ! ?\ght = its object4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! delectation :i* has an ext]nal act = its object1 _c be )\t complac5cy 9 ! ext]nal act z su*1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no decision to fulfil x1 on acc\nt ( ! prohibition ( "s high] au?ority3 :]e=e ! act is inord9ate1 & consequ5tly ! delectation w be inord9ate also4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! cons5t to delectation1 result+ f complac5cy 9 an act ( murd] ?\ght (1 is a mortal s9 also3 b n ! cons5t to delectation result+ f complac5cy 9 ! ?\ght ( murd]4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! ,"l's ,pray] is to be said 9 ord] t we may be pres]v$ n only f v5ial s91 b also f mortal s94 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,v5ial ,s9 9 ! ,high] ,reason ,z ,direct+ ! ,l[] ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be v5ial s9 9 ! high] reason z direct+ ! l[] p[]s1 i4e4 z cons5t+ to a s9ful act4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #g7 t ! high] reason is int5t on consid]+ & consult+ ! et]nal law4 ,b mortal s9 consi/s 9 turn+ away f ! et]nal law4 ,!re=e x seems t !re c be no o!r ?an mortal s9 9 ! high] reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! high] reason is ! pr9ciple ( ! spiritual life1 z ! he>t is ( ! body's life4 ,b ! diseases ( ! he>t are deadly4 ,!re=e ! s9s ( ! high] reason are mortal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a v5ial s9 becomes a mortal s9 if x be done out ( contempt4 ,b x w\ld seem impossible to commit ev5 a v5ial s91 delib]ately1 )\t contempt4 ,s9ce !n ! cons5t ( ! high] reason is always accompani$ by delib]ate consid]ation ( ! et]nal law1 x seems t x _c be )\t mortal s91 on acc\nt ( ! contempt ( ! ,div9e law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,cons5t to a s9ful act belongs to ! high] reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,b cons5t to an act ( v5ial s9 is itself a v5ial s94 ,!re=e a v5ial s9 c be 9 ! high] reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #g71 ! high] reason is int5t on contemplat+ or consult+ ! et]nal law2 x contemplates x by consid]+ its tru?2 x consults x by judg+ & direct+ o!r ?+s accord+ to x3 & to ?is p]ta9s ! fact t by delib]at+ ?r\gh ! et]nal types1 x cons5ts to an act or diss5ts f x4 ,n[ x may happ5 t ! inord9at5ess ( ! act to :i* x cons5ts1 is n contr>y to ! et]nal law1 9 ! same way z mortal s9 is1 because x does n imply av]sion f ! la/ end1 b is beside t law1 z an act ( v5ial s9 is4 ,!re=e :5 ! high] reason cons5ts to ! act ( a v5ial s91 x does n turn away f ! et]nal law3 :]e=e x s9s1 n mortally1 b v5ially4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,disease ( ! he>t is tw(old3 "o :i* is 9 ! v sub/ance ( ! he>t1 & affects its natural consi/5cy1 & su* a disease is always mortal3 ! o!r is a disease ( ! he>t consi/+ 9 "s disord] ei!r ( ! movem5t or ( ! p>ts surr\nd+ ! he>t1 & su* a disease is n always mortal4 ,9 l mann] !re is mortal s9 9 ! high] reason :5ev] ! ord] itself ( ! high] reason to its prop] object :i* is ! et]nal law1 is de/roy$2 b :5 ! disord] leaves ?is unt\*$1 ! s9 is n mortal b v5ial4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,delib]ate cons5t to a s9 does n always am\nt to contempt ( ! ,div9e law1 b only :5 ! s9 is contr>y to ! ,div9e law4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,v5ial ,s9 ,c ,be 9 ! ,high] ,reason ,z ,su*8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v5ial s9 _c be 9 ! high] reason z su*1 i4e4 z consid]+ ! et]nal law4 ,= ! act ( a p[] is n f\nd to fail except t p[] be inord9ately dispos$ ) reg>d to its object4 ,n[ ! object ( ! high] reason is ! et]nal law1 9 respect ( :i* !re c be no disord] )\t mortal s94 ,!re=e !re c be no v5ial s9 9 ! high] reason z su*4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! reason is a delib]ative p[]1 !re c be no act ( reason )\t delib]ation4 ,n[ e inord9ate movem5t 9 ?+s conc]n+ ,god1 if x be delib]ate1 is a mortal s94 ,!re=e v5ial s9 is nev] 9 ! high] reason z su*4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x happ5s sometimes t a s9 :i* takes u unaw>es1 is a v5ial s94 ,n[ a delib]ate s9 is a mortal s91 ?r\gh ! reason1 9 delib]at+1 hav+ rec\rse to "s high] good1 by act+ aga9/ :i*1 man s9s m griev\sly2 j z :5 ! reason 9 delib]at+ ab\t an inord9ate pleasurable act1 consid]s t x is contr>y to ! law ( ,god1 x s9s m griev\sly 9 cons5t+1 ?an if x only consid]$ t x is contr>y to moral virtue4 ,b ! high] reason _c h rec\rse to any high] tribunal ?an its own object4 ,!re=e if a movem5t t takes u unaw>es is n a mortal s91 nei!r w ! subsequ5t delib]ation make x a mortal s92 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e !re c be no v5ial s9 9 ! high] reason z su*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a sudd5 movem5t ( unbelief is a v5ial s94 ,b x belongs to ! high] reason z su*4 ,!re=e !re c be a v5ial s9 9 ! high] reason z su*4 ,i answ] t1 ,! high] reason reg>ds its own object o!rwise ?an ! objects ( ! l[] p[]s t are direct$ by ! high] reason4 ,= x does n reg>d ! objects ( ! l[] p[]s1 except 9 s f> z x consults ! et]nal law ab\t !m1 & s x does n reg>d !m save by way ( delib]ation4 ,n[ delib]ate cons5t to :at is a mortal s9 9 its g5us1 is itself a mortal s92 & consequ5tly ! high] reason always s9s mortally1 if ! acts ( ! l[] p[]s to :i* x cons5ts are mortal s9s4 ,) reg>d to its own object x has a tw(old act1 viz4 simple intuition1 & delib]ation1 9 respect ( :i* x aga9 consults ! et]nal law ab\t its own object4 ,b 9 respect ( simple intuition1 x c h an inord9ate movem5t ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 z :5 a man suff]s a sudd5 movem5t ( unbelief4 ,& al?\gh unbelief1 9 its g5us1 is a mortal s91 yet a sudd5 movem5t ( unbelief is a v5ial s91 because !re is no mortal s9 unless x be contr>y to ! law ( ,god4 ,n[ x is possible = "o ( ! articles ( fai? to pres5t itself to ! reason sudd5ly "u "s o!r aspect1 be=e ! et]nal law1 i4e4 ! law ( ,god1 is consult$1 or c be consult$1 on ! matt]2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a man sudd5ly appreh5ds ! resurrection ( ! dead z impossible naturally1 & rejects x1 z soon z he _h ?us appreh5d$ x1 be=e he has _h "t to delib]ate & consid] t ?is is propos$ to our belief 9 accordance ) ! ,div9e law4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t ( unbelief rema9s aft] ?is delib]ation1 x is a mortal s94 ,!re=e1 9 sudd5 movem5ts1 ! high] reason may s9 v5ially 9 respect ( its prop] object1 ev5 if x be a mortal s9 9 its g5us2 or x may s9 mortally 9 giv+ a delib]ate cons5t2 b 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! l[] p[]s1 x always s9s mortally1 9 ?+s :i* are mortal s9s 9 _! g5us1 b n 9 ^? :i* are v5ial s9s 9 _! g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a s9 :i* is aga9/ ! et]nal law1 ?\gh x be mortal 9 its g5us1 may nev]!less be v5ial1 on acc\nt ( ! incomplet5ess ( a sudd5 action1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 matt]s ( action1 ! simple intuition ( ! pr9ciples f :i* delib]ation proce$s1 belongs to ! reason1 z well z ! act ( delib]ation3 ev5 z 9 speculative matt]s x belongs to ! reason bo? to syllogize & to =m propositions3 consequ5tly ! reason also c h a sudd5 movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o & ! same ?+ may be ! subject ( diff]5t consid]ations1 ( :i* "o is high] ?an ! o!r2 ?us ! exi/5ce ( ,god may be consid]$1 ei!r z possible to be kn[n by ! human reason1 or z deliv]$ to u by ,div9e revelation1 :i* is a high] consid]ation4 ,& !re=e1 al?\gh ! object ( ! high] reason is1 9 its nature1 some?+ sublime1 yet x is r$ucible to "s yet high] consid]ation3 & 9 ?is way1 t :i* 9 ! sudd5 movem5t 0 n a mortal s91 becomes a mortal s9 9 virtue ( ! delib]ation :i* br\ght x into ! light ( a high] consid]ation1 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,,"q #ge ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,s91 ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! causes ( s93 7#a7 9 g5]al2 7#b7 9 p>ticul>4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r s9 has a cause8 7#b7 ,:e!r x has an int]nal cause8 7#c7 ,:e!r x has an ext]nal cause8 7#d7 ,:e!r "o s9 is ! cause ( ano!r8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,s9 ,has a ,cause8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 has no cause4 ,= s9 has ! nature ( evil1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f74 ,b evil has no cause1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e s9 has no cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a cause is t f :i* some?+ foll[s ( necessity4 ,n[ t :i* is ( necessity1 seems to be no s91 = e s9 is volunt>y4 ,!re=e s9 has no cause4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if s9 has a cause1 ?is cause is ei!r good or evil4 ,x is n a good1 because good produces no?+ b good1 = a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit 7,matt4 #g3ah74 ,likewise nei!r c evil be ! cause ( s91 because ! evil ( puni%m5t is a sequel to s91 & ! evil ( guilt is ! same z s94 ,!re=e s9 has no cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is done has a cause1 =1 accord+ to ,job #e3f1 no?+ ^u e>? is done )\t a cause4 ,b s9 is some?+ done2 s9ce x a ^w1 de$1 or desire contr>y to ! law ( ,god4 ,!re=e s9 has a cause4 ,i answ] t1 ,a s9 is an inord9ate act4 ,accord+ly1 s f> z x is an act1 x c h a direct cause1 ev5 z any o!r act2 b1 s f> z x is inord9ate1 x has a cause1 9 ! same way z a negation or privation c h a cause4 ,n[ two causes may be assign$ to a negation3 9 ! fir/ place1 abs5ce ( ! cause ( affirmation2 i4e4 ! negation ( ! cause itself1 is ! cause ( ! negation 9 itself2 s9ce ! result ( remov+ ! cause is ! removal ( ! effect3 ?us ! abs5ce ( ! sun is ! cause ( d>kness4 ,9 ! second place1 ! cause ( an affirmation1 ( :i* a negation is a sequel1 is ! accid5tal cause ( ! result+ negation3 ?us fire by caus+ heat 9 virtue ( its pr9cipal t5d5cy1 consequ5tly causes a privation ( cold4 ,! fir/ ( ^! suffices to cause a simple negation4 ,b1 s9ce ! inord9at5ess ( s9 & ( e evil is n a simple negation1 b ! privation ( t :i* some?+ ought naturally to h1 su* an inord9at5ess mu/ ne$s h an accid5tal effici5t cause4 ,= t :i* naturally is & ought to be 9 a ?+1 is nev] lack+ except on acc\nt ( "s imp$+ cause4 ,& accord+ly we are wont to say t evil1 :i* consi/s 9 a c]ta9 privation1 has a defici5t cause1 or an accid5tal effici5t cause4 ,n[ e accid5tal cause is r$ucible to ! direct cause4 ,s9ce !n s91 on ! "p ( its inord9at5ess1 has an accid5tal effici5t cause1 & on ! "p ( ! act1 a direct effici5t cause1 x foll[s t ! inord9at5ess ( s9 is a result ( ! cause ( ! act4 ,accord+ly !n1 ! w lack+ ! direction ( ! rule ( reason & ( ! ,div9e law1 & int5t on "s mutable good1 causes ! act ( s9 directly1 & ! inord9at5ess ( ! act1 indirectly1 & beside ! int5tion3 = ! lack ( ord] 9 ! act results f ! lack ( direction 9 ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9 signifies n only ! privation ( good1 :i* privation is its inord9at5ess1 b also ! act :i* is ! subject ( t privation1 :i* has ! nature ( evil3 & h[ ?is evil has a cause1 has be5 expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ?is def9ition is to be v]ifi$ 9 all cases1 x mu/ be und]/ood z apply+ to a cause :i* is suffici5t & n imp$$4 ,= x happ5s t a ?+ is ! suffici5t cause ( some?+ else1 & t ! effect does n foll[ ( necessity1 on acc\nt ( "s sup]v5+ imp$im5t3 else x w\ld foll[ t all ?+s happ5 ( necessity1 z is prov$ 9 ,metaph4 vi1 text4 #e4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh s9 has a cause1 x does n foll[ t ?is is a necess>y cause1 s9ce its effect c be imp$$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above1 ! w 9 fail+ to apply ! rule ( reason or ( ! ,div9e law1 is ! cause ( s94 ,n[ ! fact ( n apply+ ! rule ( reason or ( ! ,div9e law1 has n 9 itself ! nature ( evil1 :e!r ( puni%m5t or ( guilt1 be=e x is appli$ to ! act4 ,:]e=e accord+ly1 evil is n ! cause ( ! fir/ s91 b "s good lack+ "s o!r good4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,s9 ,has an ,int]nal ,cause8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 has no int]nal cause4 ,= t :i* is )9 a ?+ is always 9 x4 ,if !re=e s9 _h an int]nal cause1 man w\ld always be s9n+1 s9ce giv5 ! cause1 ! effect foll[s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is n its own cause4 ,b ! int]nal movem5ts ( a man are s9s4 ,!re=e !y are n ! cause ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is )9 man is ei!r natural or volunt>y4 ,n[ t :i* is natural _c be ! cause ( s91 = s9 is contr>y to nature1 z ,damasc5e /ates 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #c2 iv1 #ba72 :ile t :i* is volunt>y1 if x be inord9ate1 is already a s94 ,!re=e no?+ intr9sic c be ! cause ( ! fir/ s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,duabus ,anim4 x1 #aj1 #aa2 ,retract4 i1 #i7 t ! w is ! cause ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! direct cause ( s9 mu/ be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! act4 ,n[ we may di/+ui% a tw(old int]nal cause ( human acts1 "o remote1 ! o!r proximate4 ,! proximate int]nal cause ( ! human act is ! reason & w1 9 respect ( :i* man has a free-w2 :ile ! remote cause is ! appreh5sion ( ! s5sitive "p1 & also ! s5sitive appetite4 ,= j z x is due to ! judgm5t ( reason1 t ! w is mov$ to some?+ 9 accord ) reason1 s x is due to an appreh5sion ( ! s5ses t ! s5sitive appetite is incl9$ to some?+2 :i* incl9ation sometimes influ5ces ! w & reason1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #a74 ,accord+ly a d\ble int]ior cause ( s9 may be assign$2 "o proximate1 on ! "p ( ! reason & w2 & ! o!r remote1 on ! "p ( ! imag9ation or s5sitive appetite4 ,b s9ce we h said above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c7 t ! cause ( s9 is "s app>5t good z motive1 yet lack+ ! due motive1 viz4 ! rule ( reason or ! ,div9e law1 ?is motive :i* is an app>5t good1 app]ta9s to ! appreh5sion ( ! s5ses & to ! appetite2 :ile ! lack ( ! due rule app]ta9s to ! reason1 ^: nature x is to consid] ?is rule2 & ! complet5ess ( ! volunt>y s9ful act app]ta9s to ! w1 s t ! act ( ! w1 giv5 ! conditions we h j m5tion$1 is already a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* is )9 a ?+ z its natural p[]1 is always 9 x3 b t :i* is )9 x1 z ! int]nal act ( ! appetitive or appreh5sive p[]1 is n always 9 x4 ,n[ ! p[] ( ! w is ! pot5tial cause ( s91 b is made actual by ! prec$+ movem5ts1 bo? ( ! s5sitive "p1 9 ! fir/ place1 & aft]w>ds1 ( ! reason4 ,= x is because a ?+ is propos$ z appetible to ! s5ses1 & because ! appetite is incl9$1 t ! reason sometimes fails to consid] ! due rule1 s t ! w produces ! act ( s94 ,s9ce !re=e ! movem5ts t prec$e x are n always actual1 nei!r is man always actually s9n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n true t all ! int]nal acts belong to ! sub/ance ( s91 = ?is consi/s pr9cipally 9 ! act ( ! w2 b "s prec$e & "s foll[ ! s9 itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* causes s91 z a p[] produces its act1 is natural2 & aga91 ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive "p1 f :i* s9 foll[s1 is natural sometimes1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 anyone s9s ?r\gh appetite = food4 ,yet s9 results 9 be+ unnatural f ! v fact t ! natural rule fails1 :i* man1 9 accord ) 8 nature1 ought to obs]ve4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,s9 ,has an ,ext]nal ,cause8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 has no ext]nal cause4 ,= s9 is a volunt>y act4 ,n[ volunt>y acts belong to pr9ciples t are )9 u1 s t !y h no ext]nal cause4 ,!re=e s9 has no ext]nal cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z nature is an int]nal pr9ciple1 s is ! w4 ,n[ 9 natural ?+s s9 c be due to no o!r ?an an int]nal cause2 = in/ance1 ! bir? ( a mon/] is due to ! corruption ( "s int]nal pr9ciple4 ,!re=e 9 ! moral ord]1 s9 c arise f no o!r ?an an int]nal cause4 ,!re=e x has no ext]nal cause4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! cause is multipli$1 ! effect is multipli$4 ,n[ ! m num]\s & weighty ! ext]nal inducem5ts to s9 are1 ! less is a man's inord9ate act imput$ to him z a s94 ,!re=e no?+ ext]nal is a cause ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,num4 #ba3af73 ,are n ^! !y1 t deceiv$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel by ! c\nsel ( ,balaam1 & made y transgress aga9/ ! ,"l by ! s9 ( ,phogor8 ,!re=e some?+ ext]nal c be a cause ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! int]nal cause ( s9 is bo? ! w1 z complet+ ! s9ful act1 & ! reason1 z lack+ ! due rule1 & ! appetite1 z incl9+ to s94 ,accord+ly some?+ ext]nal might be a cause ( s9 9 ?ree ways1 ei!r by mov+ ! w itself imm$iately1 or by mov+ ! reason1 or by mov+ ! s5sitive appetite4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #d71 none c move ! w inw>dly save ,god alone1 :o _c be a cause ( s91 z we %all prove fur!r on 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x foll[s t no?+ ext]nal c be a cause ( s91 except by mov+ ! reason1 z a man or devil by entic+ to s92 or by mov+ ! s5sitive appetite1 z c]ta9 ext]nal s5sibles move x4 ,yet nei!r does ext]nal enticem5t move ! reason1 ( necessity1 9 matt]s ( action1 nor d ?+s propos$ ext]nally1 ( necessity move ! s5sitive appetite1 except p]haps x be dispos$ !reto 9 a c]ta9 way2 & ev5 ! s5sitive appetite does n1 ( necessity1 move ! reason & w4 ,!re=e some?+ ext]nal c be a cause mov+ to s91 b n s z to be a suffici5t cause !re(3 & ! w alone is ! suffici5t completive cause ( s9 be+ accompli%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,f ! v fact t ! ext]nal motive causes ( s9 d n lead to s9 suffici5tly & necess>ily1 x foll[s t x rema9s 9 our p[] to s9 or n to s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fact t s9 has an int]nal cause does n prev5t its hav+ an ext]nal cause2 = no?+ ext]nal is a cause ( s91 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! int]nal cause1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! ext]nal causes incl9+ to s9 be multipli$1 ! s9ful acts are multipli$1 because !y incl9e to ! s9ful act 9 bo? great] numb]s & great] frequ5cy4 ,nev]!less ! "* ( guilt is less5$1 s9ce ?is dep5ds on ! act be+ volunt>y & 9 our p[]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,"o ,s9 ,is a ,cause ( ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o s9 _c be ! cause ( ano!r4 ,= !re are f\r k9ds ( cause1 none ( :i* w fit 9 ) "o s9 caus+ ano!r4 ,because ! end has ! "* ( good2 :i* is inconsi/5t ) s91 :i* has ! "* ( evil4 ,9 l mann] nei!r c a s9 be an effici5t cause1 s9ce evil is n an effici5t cause1 b is weak & p[]less1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,! mat]ial & =mal cause seems to h no place except 9 natural bodies1 :i* are compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,!re=e s9 _c h ei!r a mat]ial or a =mal cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to produce its l belongs to a p]fect ?+1 z /at$ 9 ,meteor4 iv1 #b 99,cf4 ,de ,anima ii44 ,b s9 is ess5tially some?+ imp]fect4 ,!re=e "o s9 _c be a cause ( ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if "o s9 is ! cause ( a second s91 9 ! same way1 yet ano!r s9 w be ! cause ( ! fir/1 & ?us we g on indef9itely1 :i* is absurd4 ,!re=e "o s9 is n ! cause ( ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says on ,eze*iel 7,hom4 xi73 ,a s9 t is n quickly blott$ out by rep5tance1 is bo? a s9 & a cause ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,=asmu* z a s9 has a cause on ! "p ( ! act ( s91 x is possible = "o s9 to be ! cause ( ano!r1 9 ! same way z "o human act is ! cause ( ano!r4 ,h5ce x happ5s t "o s9 may be ! cause ( ano!r 9 respect ( ! f\r k9ds ( causes4 ,fir/1 aft] ! mann] ( an effici5t or mov+ cause1 bo? directly & indirectly4 ,indirectly1 z t :i* removes an imp$im5t is call$ an indirect cause ( movem5t3 = :5 man1 by "o s9ful act1 loses grace1 or *>ity1 or %ame1 or any?+ else t )draws him f s91 he !reby falls into ano!r s91 s t ! fir/ s9 is ! accid5tal cause ( ! second4 ,directly1 z :51 by "o s9ful act1 man is dispos$ to commit m readily ano!r l act3 because acts cause dispositions & habits incl9+ to l acts4 ,secondly1 aft] ! mann] ( a mat]ial cause1 "o s9 is ! cause ( ano!r1 by prep>+ its matt]3 ?us covet\sness prep>es ! matt] = /rife1 :i* is (t5 ab\t ! weal? a man has amass$ toge!r4 ,?irdly1 aft] ! mann] ( a f9al cause1 "o s9 causes ano!r1 9 s f> z a man commits "o s9 = ! sake ( ano!r :i* is 8 end2 z :5 a man is guilty ( simony = ! end ( ambition1 or =nication = ! purpose ( !ft4 ,& s9ce ! end gives ! =m to moral matt]s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f71 x foll[s t "o s9 is also ! =mal cause ( ano!r3 because 9 ! act ( =nication committ$ = ! purpose ( !ft1 ! =m] is mat]ial :ile ! latt] is =mal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s91 9 s f> z x is inord9ate1 has ! "* ( evil2 b1 9 s f> z x is an act1 x has "s good1 at lea/ app>5t1 = its end3 s t1 z an act1 b n z be+ inord9ate1 x c be ! cause1 bo? f9al & effici5t1 ( ano!r s94 ,a s9 has matt]1 n ( :i* b ab\t :i* x is3 & x has its =m f its end4 ,consequ5tly "o s9 c be ! cause ( ano!r1 9 respect ( ! f\r k9ds ( cause1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9 is some?+ imp]fect on acc\nt ( its moral imp]fection on ! "p ( its inord9at5ess4 ,nev]!less1 z an act x c h natural p]fection3 & ?us x c be ! cause ( ano!r s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n e cause ( "o s9 is ano!r s92 s !re is no ne$ to g on indef9itely3 = "o may come to "o s9 :i* is n caus$ by ano!r s94 ,,"q #gf ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,s91 ,,9 ,,p>ticul> 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! causes ( s91 9 p>ticul>1 & 7#a7 ,! int]nal causes ( s92 7#b7 its ext]nal causes2 & 7#c7 s9s :i* are ! causes ( o!r s9s4 ,9 view ( :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #b71 ! fir/ consid]ation w be ?reefold3 s t 9 ! fir/ place we %all treat ( ignorance1 :i* is ! cause ( s9 on ! "p ( reason2 secondly1 ( weakness or passion1 :i* is ! cause ( s9 on ! "p ( ! s5sitive appetite2 ?irdly1 ( malice1 :i* is ! cause ( s9 on ! "p ( ! w4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ignorance is a cause ( s98 7#b7 ,:e!r ignorance is a s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x excuses f s9 altoge!r8 7#d7 ,:e!r x dim9i%es s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ignorance ,c ,be a ,cause ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ignorance _c be a cause ( s93 because a non-be+ is n ! cause ( any?+4 ,n[ ignorance is a non-be+1 s9ce x is a privation ( k4 ,!re=e ignorance is n a cause ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 causes ( s9 %\ld be reckon$ 9 respect ( s9 be+ a turn+ to some?+1 z 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ignorance seems to savor ( turn+ away f some?+4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ a cause ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is seat$ 9 ! w4 ,n[ ! w does n turn to t :i* is n kn[n1 because its object is ! good appreh5d$4 ,!re=e ignorance _c be a cause ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 lxvii7 t "s s9 ?r\gh ignorance4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 viii1 #bg7 a mov+ cause is tw(old1 direct & indirect4 ,a direct cause is "o t moves by its own p[]1 z ! g5]ator is ! mov+ cause ( heavy & light ?+s4 ,an indirect cause1 is ei!r "o t removes an imp$im5t1 or ! removal itself ( an imp$im5t3 & x is 9 ?is way t ignorance c be ! cause ( a s9ful act2 because x is a privation ( k p]fect+ ! reason t =bids ! act ( s91 9 s f> z x directs human acts4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve t ! reason directs human acts 9 accordance ) a tw(old k1 univ]sal & p>ticul>3 because 9 conf]r+ ab\t :at is to be done1 x employs a syllogism1 ! conclusion ( :i* is an act ( judgm5t1 or ( *oice1 or an op]ation4 ,n[ actions are ab\t s+ul>s3 :]e=e ! conclusion ( a practical syllogism is a s+ul> proposition4 ,b a s+ul> proposition does n foll[ f a univ]sal proposition1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a p>ticul> proposition3 ?us a man is re/ra9$ f an act ( p>ricide1 by ! k t x is wrong to kill "o's fa!r1 & t ?is man is 8 fa!r4 ,h5ce ignorance ab\t ei!r ( ^! two propositions1 viz4 ( ! univ]sal pr9ciple :i* is a rule ( reason1 or ( ! p>ticul> circum/ance1 c\ld cause an act ( p>ricide4 ,h5ce x is cle> t n e k9d ( ignorance is ! cause ( a s91 b t alone :i* removes ! k :i* w\ld prev5t ! s9ful act4 ,consequ5tly if a man's w be s dispos$ t he w\ld n be re/ra9$ f ! act ( p>ricide1 ev5 ?\gh he recogniz$ 8 fa!r1 8 ignorance ab\t 8 fa!r is n ! cause ( 8 committ+ ! s91 b is concomitant ) ! s93 :]e=e su* a man s9s1 n ?r\gh ignorance b 9 ignorance1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,non-be+ _c be ! direct cause ( any?+3 b x c be an accid5tal cause1 z be+ ! removal ( an imp$im5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z k1 :i* is remov$ by ignorance1 reg>ds s9 z turn+ t[>ds some?+1 s too1 ignorance ( ?is respect ( a s9 is ! cause ( t s91 z remov+ its imp$im5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w _c turn to t :i* is absolutely unkn[n3 b if some?+ be kn[n 9 "o respect1 & unkn[n 9 ano!r1 ! w c w x4 ,x is ?us t ignorance is ! cause ( s93 = in/ance1 :5 a man kn[s t :at he is kill+ is a man1 b n t x is 8 own fa!r2 or :5 "o kn[s t a c]ta9 act is pleasurable1 b n t x is a s94 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ignorance ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ignorance is n a s94 ,= s9 is a ^w1 de$ or desire contr>y to ,god's law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ ignorance does n d5ote an act1 ei!r int]nal or ext]nal4 ,!re=e ignorance is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 is m directly oppos$ to grace ?an to k4 ,n[ privation ( grace is n a s91 b a puni%m5t result+ f s94 ,!re=e ignorance :i* is privation ( k is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ignorance is a s91 ?is c only be 9 s f> z x is volunt>y4 ,b if ignorance is a s91 ?r\gh be+ volunt>y1 x seems t ! s9 w consi/ 9 ! act itself ( ! w1 r ?an 9 ! ignorance4 ,!re=e ! ignorance w n be a s91 b r a result ( s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is tak5 away by rep5tance1 nor does any s91 except only orig9al s91 pass z to guilt1 yet rema9 9 act4 ,n[ ignorance is n remov$ by rep5tance1 b rema9s 9 act1 all its guilt be+ remov$ by rep5tance4 ,!re=e ignorance is n a s91 unless p]*ance x be orig9al s94 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ignorance be a s91 !n a man w be s9n+1 z long z he rema9s 9 ignorance4 ,b ignorance is cont9ual 9 ! "o :o is ignorant4 ,!re=e a p]son 9 ignorance w\ld be cont9ually s9n+1 :i* is cle>ly false1 else ignorance w\ld be a mo/ griev\s s94 ,!re=e ignorance is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ b s9 des]ves puni%m5t4 ,b ignorance des]ves puni%m5t1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3ch3 ,if any man "k n1 he %all n be kn[n4 ,!re=e ignorance is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,ignorance diff]s f nesci5ce1 9 t nesci5ce d5otes m]e abs5ce ( k2 :]e=e :oev] lacks k ab\t any?+1 c be said to be nesci5t ab\t x3 9 :i* s5se ,dionysius puts nesci5ce 9 ! angels 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ignorance d5otes privation ( k1 i4e4 lack ( k ( ^? ?+s t "o has a natural aptitude to "k4 ,"s ( ^! we are "u an obligation to "k1 ^?1 to wit1 )\t ! k ( :i* we are unable to accompli% a due act rightly4 ,:]e=e all are b\nd 9 common to "k ! articles ( fai?1 & ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( "r1 & ea* individual is b\nd to "k matt]s reg>d+ 8 duty or /ate4 ,mean:ile !re are o!r ?+s :i* a man may h a natural aptitude to "k1 yet he is n b\nd to "k !m1 su* z ! geometrical !orems1 & cont+5t p>ticul>s1 except 9 "s individual case4 ,n[ x is evid5t t :oev] neglects to h or d :at he ought to h or d1 commits a s9 ( omission4 ,:]e=e ?r\gh neglig5ce1 ignorance ( :at "o is b\nd to "k1 is a s92 :]eas x is n imput$ z a s9 to man1 if he fails to "k :at he is unable to "k4 ,consequ5tly ignorance ( su* l ?+s is call$ inv9cible1 because x _c be ov]come by /udy4 ,= ?is reason su* l ignorance1 n be+ volunt>y1 s9ce x is n 9 our p[] to be rid ( x1 is n a s93 :]e=e x is evid5t t no inv9cible ignorance is a s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 v9cible ignorance is a s91 if x be ab\t matt]s "o is b\nd to "k2 b n1 if x be ab\t ?+s "o is n b\nd to "k4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a71 :5 we say t s9 is a ^w1 de$ or desire1 we include ! opposite negations1 by reason ( :i* omissions h ! "* ( s92 s t neglig5ce1 9 z mu* z ignorance is a s91 is compris$ 9 ! above def9ition ( s92 9 s f> z "o omits to say :at "o ought1 or to d :at "o ought1 or to desire :at "o ought1 9 ord] to acquire ! k :i* we ought to h4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh privation ( grace is n a s9 9 itself1 yet by reason ( neglig5ce 9 prep>+ oneself = grace1 x may h ! "* ( s91 ev5 z ignorance2 nev]!less ev5 "h !re is a diff]5ce1 s9ce man c acquire k by 8 acts1 :]eas grace is n acquir$ by acts1 b by ,god's favor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z 9 a s9 ( transgression1 ! s9 consi/s n only 9 ! act ( ! w1 b also 9 ! act will$1 :i* is comm&$ by ! w2 s 9 a s9 ( omission n only ! act ( ! w is a s91 b also ! omission1 9 s f> z x is 9 "s way volunt>y2 & accord+ly1 ! neglect to "k1 or ev5 lack ( consid]ation is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh :5 ! guilt has pass$ away ?r\gh rep5tance1 ! ignorance rema9s1 accord+ z x is a privation ( k1 nev]!less ! neglig5ce does n rema91 by reason ( :i* ! ignorance is said to be a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,j z 9 o!r s9s ( omission1 man s9s actually only at ! "t at :i* ! affirmative precept is b9d+1 s is x ) ! s9 ( ignorance4 ,= ! ignorant man s9s actually inde$1 n cont9ually1 b only at ! "t = acquir+ ! k t he ought to h4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,ignorance ,excuses f ,s9 ,altoge!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ignorance excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,= z ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #i71 e s9 is volunt>y4 ,n[ ignorance causes involunt>9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e ignorance excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is done beside ! int5tion1 is done accid5tally4 ,n[ ! int5tion _c be ab\t :at is unkn[n4 ,!re=e :at a man does ?r\gh ignorance is accid5tal 9 human acts4 ,b :at is accid5tal does n give ! species4 ,!re=e no?+ t is done ?r\gh ignorance 9 human acts1 %\ld be deem$ s9ful or virtu\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man is ! subject ( virtue & s91 inasmu* z he is p>tak] ( reason4 ,n[ ignorance excludes k :i* p]fects ! reason4 ,!re=e ignorance excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah7 t "s ?+s done ?r\gh ignorance are rightly reprov$4 ,n[ ^? ?+s alone are rightly reprov$ :i* are s9s4 ,!re=e "s ?+s done ?r\gh ignorance are s9s4 ,!re=e ignorance does n altoge!r excuse f s94 ,i answ] t1 ,ignorance1 by its v nature1 r5d]s ! act :i* x causes involunt>y4 ,n[ x has already be5 /at$ 7,,aa4 #a1 #b7 t ignorance is said to cause ! act :i* ! contr>y k w\ld h prev5t$2 s t ?is act1 if k 7 to h&1 w\ld be contr>y to ! w1 :i* is ! mean+ ( ! ^w involunt>y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! k1 :i* is remov$ by ignorance1 w\ld n h prev5t$ ! act1 on acc\nt ( ! incl9ation ( ! w !reto1 ! lack ( ?is k does n make t man unwill+1 b n will+1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a3 & su* l ignorance :i* is n ! cause ( ! s9ful act1 z already /at$1 s9ce x does n make ! act to be involunt>y1 does n excuse f s94 ,! same applies to any ignorance t does n cause1 b foll[s or accompanies ! s9ful act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ignorance :i* is ! cause ( ! act1 s9ce x makes x to be involunt>y1 ( its v nature excuses f s91 because volunt>9ess is ess5tial to s94 ,b x may fail to excuse altoge!r f s91 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! ?+ itself :i* is n kn[n4 ,= ignorance excuses f s91 9 s f> z some?+ is n kn[n to be a s94 ,n[ x may happ5 t a p]son ignores "s circum/ance ( a s91 ! k ( :i* circum/ance w\ld prev5t him f s9n+1 :e!r x belong to ! sub/ance ( ! s91 or n2 & nev]!less 8 k is suffici5t = him to be aw>e t ! act is s9ful2 = in/ance1 if a man /rike someone1 kn[+ t x is a man 7:i* suffices = x to be s9ful7 & yet be ignorant ( ! fact t x is 8 fa!r1 7:i* is a circum/ance con/itut+ ano!r species ( s972 or1 suppose t he is unaw>e t ?is man w def5d himself & /rike him back1 & t if he _h kn[n ?is1 he w\ld n h /ruck him 7:i* does n affect ! s9fulness ( ! act74 ,:]e=e1 ?\gh ?is man s9s ?r\gh ignorance1 yet he is n altoge!r excus$1 because1 n )/&+1 he has k ( ! s94 ,secondly1 ?is may happ5 on ! "p ( ! ignorance itself1 because1 to wit1 ?is ignorance is volunt>y1 ei!r directly1 z :5 a man wi%es ( set purpose to be ignorant ( c]ta9 ?+s t he may s9 ! m freely2 or indirectly1 z :5 a man1 ?r\gh /ress ( "w or o!r occupations1 neglects to acquire ! k :i* w\ld re/ra9 him f s94 ,= su* l neglig5ce r5d]s ! ignorance itself volunt>y & s9ful1 provid$ x be ab\t matt]s "o is b\nd & able to "k4 ,consequ5tly ?is ignorance does n altoge!r excuse f s94 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ignorance be su* z to be entirely involunt>y1 ei!r ?r\gh be+ inv9cible1 or ?r\gh be+ ( matt]s "o is n b\nd to "k1 !n su* l ignorance excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e ignorance causes involunt>9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h74 ,h5ce n e ignorance excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s f> z volunt>9ess rema9s 9 ! ignorant p]son1 ! int5tion ( s9 rema9s 9 him3 s t1 9 ?is respect1 8 s9 is n accid5tal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! ignorance be su* z to exclude ! use ( reason entirely1 x excuses f s9 altoge!r1 z is ! case ) madm5 & imbeciles3 b su* is n always ! ignorance t causes ! s92 & s x does n always excuse f s9 altoge!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ignorance ,dim9i%es a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ignorance does n dim9i% a s94 ,= t :i* is common to all s9s does n dim9i% s94 ,n[ ignorance is common to all s9s1 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 t e evil man is ignorant4 ,!re=e ignorance does n dim9i% s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o s9 add$ to ano!r makes a great] s94 ,b ignorance is itself a s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x does n dim9i% a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ does n bo? aggravate & dim9i% s94 ,n[ ignorance aggravates s92 = ,ambrose comm5t+ on ,rom4 #b3d1 ,kn[e/ ?\ n t ! b5ignity ( ,god leade? !e to p5ance8 says3 ,?y s9 is mo/ griev\s if ?\ kn[e/ n4 ,!re=e ignorance does n dim9i% s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if any k9d ( ignorance dim9i%es a s91 ?is w\ld seem to be *iefly ! case z reg>ds ! ignorance :i* removes ! use ( reason altoge!r4 ,n[ ?is k9d ( ignorance does n dim9i% s91 b increases x3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e7 t ! puni%m5t is d\bl$ = a drunk5 man4 ,!re=e ignorance does n dim9i% s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is a reason = s9 to be =giv51 dim9i%es s94 ,n[ su* is ignorance1 z is cle> f #a ,tim4 #a3ac3 ,i obta9$ 4 4 4 m]cy 4 4 4 because ,i did x ignorantly4 ,!re=e ignorance dim9i%es or alleviates s94 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce e s9 is volunt>y1 ignorance c dim9i% s91 9 s f> z x dim9i%es its volunt>9ess2 & if x does n r5d] x less volunt>y1 x n[ise alleviates ! s94 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! ignorance :i* excuses f s9 altoge!r 7?r\gh mak+ x altoge!r involunt>y7 does n dim9i% a s91 b does away ) x altoge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ignorance :i* is n ! cause ( ! s9 be+ committ$1 b is concomitant ) x1 nei!r dim9i%es nor increases ! s94 ,!re=e s9 _c be alleviat$ by any ignorance1 b only by su* z is a cause ( ! s9 be+ committ$1 & yet does n excuse f ! s9 altoge!r4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t su* l ignorance is directly & ess5tially volunt>y1 z :5 a man is purposely ignorant t he may s9 m freely1 & ignorance ( ?is k9d seems r to make ! act m volunt>y & m s9ful1 s9ce x is ?r\gh ! w's int5tion to s9 t he is will+ to be> ! hurt ( ignorance1 = ! sake ( fre$om 9 s9n+4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! ignorance :i* is ! cause ( a s9 be+ committ$1 is n directly volunt>y1 b indirectly or accid5tally1 z :5 a man is unwill+ to "w h>d at 8 /udies1 ! result be+ t he is ignorant1 or z :5 a man willfully dr9ks too mu* w9e1 ! result be+ t he becomes drunk & indiscreet1 & ?is ignorance dim9i%es volunt>9ess & consequ5tly alleviates ! s94 ,= :5 a ?+ is n kn[n to be a s91 ! w _c be said to cons5t to ! s9 directly1 b only accid5tally2 :]e=e1 9 t case !re is less contempt1 & !re=e less s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ignorance :]eby e evil man is ignorant1 is n ! cause ( s9 be+ committ$1 b some?+ result+ f t cause1 viz4 ( ! passion or habit incl9+ to s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o s9 add$ to ano!r makes m s9s1 b x does n always make a s9 great]1 s9ce1 p]*ance1 ! two s9s d n co9cide1 b are sep>ate4 ,x may happ51 if ! fir/ dim9i%es ! second1 t ! two toge!r h n ! same gravity z "o ( !m alone w\ld h2 ?us murd] is a m griev\s s9 if committ$ by a man :5 sob]1 ?an if committ$ by a man :5 drunk1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] case !re are two s9s3 because drunk5ness dim9i%es ! s9fulness ( ! result+ s9 m ?an its own gravity implies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! words ( ,ambrose may be und]/ood z ref]r+ to simply affect$ ignorance2 or !y may h ref]5ce to a species ( ! s9 ( +ratitude1 ! highe/ degree ( :i* is t man ev5 ignores ! b5efits he has receiv$2 or aga91 !y may be an allusion to ! ignorance ( unbelief1 :i* und]m9es ! f\ndation ( ! spiritual edifice4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! drunk5 man des]ves a d\ble puni%m5t = ! two s9s :i* he commits1 viz4 drunk5ness1 & ! s9 :i* results f 8 drunk5ness3 & yet drunk5ness1 on acc\nt ( ! ignorance connect$ !re)1 dim9i%es ! result+ s91 & m1 p]haps1 ?an ! gravity ( ! drunk5ness implies1 z /at$ above 7ad #b74 ,x might also be said t ! words quot$ ref] to an ord9ance ( ! legislator nam$ ,pittacus1 :o ord]$ drunk>ds to be m sev]ely puni%$ if !y assault$ anyone2 hav+ an eye1 n to ! indulg5ce :i* ! drunk>d might claim1 b to exp$i5cy1 s9ce m h>m is done by ! drunk ?an by ! sob]1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,polit4 ii74 ,,"q #gg ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,s91 ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,s5sitive ,,appetite 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( s91 on ! "p ( ! s5sitive appetite1 z to :e!r a passion ( ! s\l may be a cause ( s93 & "u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite c move or incl9e ! w8 7#b7 ,:e!r x c ov]come ! reason aga9/ ! latt]'s k8 7#c7 ,:e!r a s9 result+ f a passion is a s9 ( weakness8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! passion ( self-love is ! cause ( e s98 7#e7 ,( ?ree causes m5tion$ 9 #a ,john #b3af3 ,concupisc5ce ( ! eyes1 ,concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 & ,pride ( life4 7#f7 ,:e!r ! passion :i* causes a s9 dim9i%es x8 7#g7 ,:e!r passion excuses f s9 altoge!r8 7#h7 ,:e!r a s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion c be mortal8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ,mov$ by a ,passion ( ! ,s5sitive ,appetite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n mov$ by a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,= no passive p[] is mov$ except by its object4 ,n[ ! w is a p[] bo? passive & active1 inasmu* z x is mov] & mov$1 z ! ,philosoph] says ( ! appetitive p[] 9 g5]al 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ed74 ,s9ce !re=e ! object ( ! w is n a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite1 b good def9$ by ! reason1 x seems t a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite does n move ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! high] mov] is n mov$ by ! l[]2 ?us ! s\l is n mov$ by ! body4 ,n[ ! w1 :i* is ! rational appetite1 is comp>$ to ! s5sitive appetite1 z a high] mov] to a l[]3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #eg7 t ! rational appetite moves ! s5sitive appetite1 ev5 z1 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 "o sph]e moves ano!r4 ,!re=e ! w _c be mov$ by a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ immat]ial c be mov$ by t :i* is mat]ial4 ,n[ ! w is an immat]ial p[]1 because x does n use a corporeal organ1 s9ce x is 9 ! reason1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #db3 :]eas ! s5sitive appetite is a mat]ial =ce1 s9ce x is seat$ 9 an organ ( ! body4 ,!re=e a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite _c move ! intellective appetite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,dan4 #ac3ef73 ,lu/ ha? p]v]t$ ?y he>t4 ,i answ] t1 ,a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite _c draw or move ! w directly2 b x c d s indirectly1 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by a k9d ( di/raction3 because1 s9ce all ! s\l's p[]s are root$ 9 ! "o ess5ce ( ! s\l1 x foll[s ( necessity t1 :5 "o p[] is int5t 9 its act1 ano!r p[] becomes remiss1 or is ev5 altoge!r imp$$1 9 its act1 bo? because all en]gy is weak5$ ?r\gh be+ divid$1 s t1 on ! contr>y1 ?r\gh be+ c5t]$ on "o ?+1 x is less able to be direct$ to sev]al2 & because1 9 ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 a c]ta9 att5tion is requisite1 & if ?is be closely fix$ on "o ?+1 less att5tion is giv5 to ano!r4 ,9 ?is way1 by a k9d ( di/raction1 :5 ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite is en=c$ 9 respect ( any passion :atev]1 ! prop] movem5t ( ! rational appetite or w mu/1 ( necessity1 become remiss or altoge!r imp$$4 ,secondly1 ?is may happ5 on ! "p ( ! w's object1 :i* is good appreh5d$ by reason4 ,because ! judgm5t & appreh5sion ( reason is imp$$ on acc\nt ( a vehem5t & inord9ate appreh5sion ( ! imag9ation & judgm5t ( ! e/imative p[]1 z appe>s 9 ^? :o are out ( _! m9d4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! appreh5sion ( ! imag9ation & ! judgm5t ( ! e/imative p[] foll[ ! passion ( ! s5sitive appetite1 ev5 z ! v]dict ( ! ta/e foll[s ! disposition ( ! tongue3 = :i* reason we obs]ve t ^? :o are 9 "s k9d ( passion1 d n easily turn _! imag9ation away f ! object ( _! emotion1 ! result be+ t ! judgm5t ( ! reason (t5 foll[s ! passion ( ! s5sitive appetite1 & consequ5tly ! w's movem5t foll[s x also1 s9ce x has a natural incl9ation always to foll[ ! judgm5t ( ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! passion ( ! s5sitive appetite is n ! direct object ( ! w1 yet x occasions a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! judgm5t ab\t ! object ( ! w1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! high] mov] is n directly mov$ by ! l[]2 b1 9 a mann]1 x c be mov$ by x indirectly1 z /at$4 ,! ,?ird ,objection is solv$ 9 l mann]4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,reason ,c ,be ,ov]come by a ,passion1 ,aga9/ ,its ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! reason _c be ov]come by a passion1 aga9/ its k4 ,= ! /rong] is n ov]come by ! weak]4 ,n[ k1 on acc\nt ( its c]titude1 is ! /ronge/ ?+ 9 u4 ,!re=e x _c be ov]come by a passion1 :i* is weak & soon passes away4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! w is n direct$ save to ! good or ! app>5t good4 ,n[ :5 a passion draws ! w to t :i* is really good1 x does n influ5ce ! reason aga9/ its k2 & :5 x draws x to t :i* is good app>5tly1 b n really1 x draws x to t :i* appe>s good to ! reason4 ,b :at appe>s to ! reason is 9 ! k ( ! reason4 ,!re=e a passion nev] influ5ces ! reason aga9/ its k4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x be said t x draws ! reason f its k ( some?+ 9 g5]al1 to =m a contr>y judgm5t ab\t a p>ticul> matt]--on ! contr>y1 if a univ]sal & a p>ticul> proposition be oppos$1 !y are oppos$ by contradiction1 e4g4 ,e man1 & ,n e man4 ,n[ if two op9ions contradict "o ano!r1 !y are contr>y to "o ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,p]i ,h]m4 ii4 ,if !re=e anyone1 :ile kn[+ some?+ 9 g5]al1 7 to pron\nce an opposite judgm5t 9 a p>ticul> case1 he w\ld h two contr>y op9ions at ! same "t1 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :oev] kn[s ! univ]sal1 kn[s also ! p>ticul> :i* he kn[s to be conta9$ 9 ! univ]sal3 ?us :o kn[s t e mule is /]ile1 kn[s t ?is p>ticul> animal is /]ile1 provid$ he kn[s x to be a mule1 z is cle> f ,po/]4 i1 text4 #b4 ,n[ he :o kn[s some?+ 9 g5]al1 e4g4 t no =nication is lawful1 kn[s ?is g5]al proposition to conta91 = example1 ! p>ticul> proposition1 ,?is is an act ( =nication4 ,!re=e x seems t 8 k ext5ds to ! p>ticul>4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,p]i ,h]m4 i71 words express ! ?\ghts ( ! m9d4 ,n[ x (t5 happ5s t man1 :ile 9 a /ate ( passion1 confesses t :at he has *os5 is an evil1 ev5 9 t p>ticul> case4 ,!re=e he has k1 ev5 9 p>ticul>4 ,!re=e x seems t ! passions _c draw ! reason aga9/ its univ]sal k2 because x is impossible = x to h univ]sal k toge!r ) an opposite p>ticul> judgm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3bc73 ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 fight+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d1 & captivat+ me 9 ! law ( s94 ,n[ ! law t is 9 ! memb]s is concupisc5ce1 ( :i* he _h be5 speak+ previ\sly4 ,s9ce !n concupisc5ce is a passion1 x seems t a passion draws ! reason c\nt] to its k4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 #b71 ! op9ion ( ,socrates 0 t k c nev] be ov]come by passion2 :]e=e he held e virtue to be a k9d ( k1 & e s9 a k9d ( ignorance4 ,9 ?is he 0 some:at "r1 because1 s9ce ! object ( ! w is a good or an app>5t good1 x is nev] mov$ to an evil1 unless t :i* is n good appe> good 9 "s respect to ! reason2 s t ! w w\ld nev] t5d to evil1 unless !re 7 ignorance or error 9 ! reason4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #ad3bb73 ,!y err t "w evil4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 %[s t _m act contr>y to ! k t !y h1 & ?is is confirm$ by ,div9e au?ority1 accord+ to ! words ( ,luke #ab3dg3 ,! s]vant :o knew t ! w ( 8 "l 4 4 4 & did n 4 4 4 %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes1 & ( ,james #d3ag3 ,to him 4 4 4 :o kn[e? to d good1 & do? x n1 to him x is a s94 ,consequ5tly he 0 n altoge!r "r1 & x is necess>y1 ) ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #c7 to make a di/9ction4 ,because1 s9ce man is direct$ to "r action by a tw(old k1 viz4 univ]sal & p>ticul>1 a defect 9 ei!r ( !m suffices to h9d] ! rectitude ( ! w & ( ! de$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a74 ,x may happ51 !n1 t a man has "s k 9 g5]al1 e4g4 t no =nication is lawful1 & yet he does n "k 9 p>ticul> t ?is act1 :i* is =nication1 mu/ n be done2 & ?is suffices = ! w n to foll[ ! univ]sal k ( ! reason4 ,aga91 x mu/ be obs]v$ t no?+ prev5ts a ?+ :i* is kn[n habitually f n be+ consid]$ actually3 s t x is possible = a man to h correct k n only 9 g5]al b also 9 p>ticul>1 & yet n to consid] 8 k actually3 & 9 su* a case x does n seem difficult = a man to act c\nt] to :at he does n actually consid]4 ,n[1 t a man sometimes fails to consid] 9 p>ticul> :at he kn[s habitually1 may happ5 ?r\gh m]e lack ( att5tion3 = in/ance1 a man :o kn[s geometry1 may n att5d to ! consid]ation ( geometrical conclusions1 :i* he is ready to consid] at any mom5t4 ,sometimes man fails to consid] actually :at he kn[s habitually1 on acc\nt ( "s h9drance sup]v5+1 e4g4 "s ext]nal occupation1 or "s bodily infirmity2 &1 9 ?is way1 a man :o is 9 a /ate ( passion1 fails to consid] 9 p>ticul> :at he kn[s 9 g5]al1 9 s f> z ! passions h9d] him f consid]+ x4 ,n[ x h9d]s him 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by way ( di/raction1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,secondly1 by way ( opposition1 because a passion (t5 incl9es to some?+ contr>y to :at man kn[s 9 g5]al4 ,?irdly1 by way ( bodily transmutation1 ! result ( :i* is t ! reason is someh[ fett]$ s z n to ex]cise its act freely2 ev5 z sleep or drunk5ness1 on acc\nt ( "s *ange wr\ght on ! body1 fett]s ! use ( reason4 ,t ?is takes place 9 ! passions is evid5t f ! fact t sometimes1 :5 ! passions are v int5se1 man loses ! use ( reason altoge!r3 = _m h gone out ( _! m9ds ?r\gh excess ( love or ang]4 ,x is 9 ?is way t passion draws ! reason to judge 9 p>ticul>1 aga9/ ! k :i* x has 9 g5]al4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,univ]sal k1 :i* is mo/ c]ta91 does n hold ! =emo/ place 9 action1 b r p>ticul> k1 s9ce actions are ab\t s+ul>s3 :]e=e x is n a/oni%+ t1 9 matt]s ( action1 passion acts c\nt] to univ]sal k1 if ! consid]ation ( p>ticul> k be lack+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fact t some?+ appe>s good 9 p>ticul> to ! reason1 :]eas x is n good1 is due to a passion3 & yet ?is p>ticul> judgm5t is contr>y to ! univ]sal k ( ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is impossible = anyone to h an actual k or true op9ion ab\t a univ]sal affirmative proposition1 & at ! same "t a false op9ion ab\t a p>ticul> negative proposition1 or vice v]sa3 b x may well happ5 t a man has true habitual k ab\t a univ]sal affirmative proposition1 & actually a false op9ion ab\t a p>ticul> negative3 because an act is directly oppos$1 n to a habit1 b to an act4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,he t has k 9 a univ]sal1 is h9d]$1 on acc\nt ( a passion1 f reason+ ab\t t univ]sal1 s z to draw ! conclusion3 b he reasons ab\t ano!r univ]sal proposition sugge/$ by ! incl9ation ( ! passion1 & draws 8 conclusion accord+ly4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #c7 t ! syllogism ( an incont95t man has f\r propositions1 two p>ticul> & two univ]sal1 ( :i* "o is ( ! son1 e4g4 ,no =nication is lawful1 & ! o!r1 ( passion1 e4g4 ,pleasure is to be pursu$4 ,h5ce passion fett]s ! reason1 & h9d]s x f argu+ & conclud+ "u ! fir/ proposition2 s t :ile ! passion la/s1 ! reason argues & concludes "u ! second4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,ev5 z a drunk5 man sometimes gives utt]ance to words ( deep signification1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he is incompet5t to judge1 8 drunk5ness h9d]+ him2 s t a man :o is 9 a /ate ( passion1 may inde$ say 9 words t he ought n to d s & s1 yet 8 inn] ?\ght is t he mu/ d x1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #c4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,s9 ,committ$ ,?r\gh ,passion1 ,%\ld ,be ,call$ a ,s9 ( ,weakness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion %\ld n be call$ a s9 ( weakness4 ,= a passion is a vehem5t movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ vehem5ce ( movem5ts is evid5ce ( /r5g? r ?an ( weakness4 ,!re=e a s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion1 %\ld n be call$ a s9 ( weakness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 weakness 9 man reg>ds t :i* is mo/ fragile 9 him4 ,n[ ?is is ! fle%2 :5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #gg3ci73 ,he rememb]$ t !y are fle%4 ,!re=e s9s ( weakness %\ld be ^? :i* result f bodily defects1 r ?an ^? :i* are due to a passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man does n seem to be weak 9 respect ( ?+s :i* are subject to 8 w4 ,n[ x is subject to man's w1 :e!r he d or d n ! ?+s to :i* 8 passions incl9e him1 accord+ to ,g54 #d3g3 ,?y appetite %all be "u !e 99,vulg43 ',! lu/ !re( %all be "u !e4'1 & ?\ %alt h dom9ion ov] x4 ,!re=e s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion is n a s9 ( weakness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,cic]o 7,de ,quae/4 ,tusc4 iv7 calls ! passions diseases ( ! s\l4 ,n[ weakness is ano!r "n = disease4 ,!re=e a s9 t arises f passion %\ld be call$ a s9 ( weakness4 ,i answ] t1 ,! cause ( s9 is on ! "p ( ! s\l1 9 :i*1 *iefly1 s9 resides4 ,n[ weakness may be appli$ to ! s\l by way ( lik5ess to weakness ( ! body4 ,accord+ly1 man's body is said to be weak1 :5 x is disabl$ or h9d]$ 9 ! execution ( its prop] action1 ?r\gh "s disord] ( ! body's p>ts1 s t ! humors & memb]s ( ! human body cease to be subject to its gov]n+ & motive p[]4 ,h5ce a memb] is said to be weak1 :5 x _c d ! "w ( a heal?y memb]1 ! eye1 = in/ance1 :5 x _c see cle>ly1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,hi/4 ,animal4 x1 #a74 ,!re=e weakness ( ! s\l is :5 ! s\l is h9d]$ f fulfill+ its prop] action on acc\nt ( a disord] 9 its p>ts4 ,n[ z ! p>ts ( ! body are said to be out ( ord]1 :5 !y fail to comply ) ! ord] ( nature1 s too ! p>ts ( ! s\l are said to be inord9ate1 :5 !y are n subject to ! ord] ( reason1 = ! reason is ! rul+ p[] ( ! s\l's p>ts4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! concupiscible or irascible p[] is affect$ by any passion contr>y to ! ord] ( reason1 ! result be+ t an imp$im5t arises 9 ! a=esaid mann] to ! due action ( man1 x is said to be a s9 ( weakness4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #h7 comp>es ! incont95t man to an epileptic1 ^: limbs move 9 a mann] contr>y to 8 int5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z 9 ! body ! /rong] ! movem5t aga9/ ! ord] ( nature1 ! great] ! weakness1 s likewise1 ! /rong] ! movem5t ( passion aga9/ ! ord] ( reason1 ! great] ! weakness ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9 consi/s *iefly 9 an act ( ! w1 :i* is n h9d]$ by weakness ( ! body3 = he t is weak 9 body may h a w ready = action1 & yet be h9d]$ by a passion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,h5ce :5 we speak ( s9s ( weakness1 we ref] to weakness ( s\l r ?an ( body4 ,& yet ev5 weakness ( s\l is call$ weakness ( ! fle%1 9 s f> z x is ow+ to a condition ( ! fle% t ! passions ( ! s\l arise 9 u ?r\gh ! s5sitive appetite be+ a p[] us+ a corporeal organ4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is 9 ! w's p[] to give or refuse its cons5t to :at passion incl9es u to d1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t our appetite is said to be "u u2 & yet ?is cons5t or diss5t ( ! w is h9d]$ 9 ! way already expla9$ 7,a4 #a74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,self-love ,is ! ,s\rce ( ,e ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t self-love is n ! s\rce ( e s94 ,= t :i* is good & "r 9 itself is n ! prop] cause ( s94 ,n[ love ( self is a good & "r ?+ 9 itself3 :]e=e man is comm&$ to love 8 neighbor z himself 7,lev4 #ai3ah74 ,!re=e self-love _c be ! prop] cause ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3h73 ,s9 tak+ occasion by ! comm&m5t wr\ght 9 me all mann] ( concupisc5ce2 on :i* words a gloss says t ! law is good1 s9ce by =bidd+ concupisc5ce1 x =bids all evils1 ! reason = :i* is t concupisc5ce is ! cause ( e s94 ,n[ concupisc5ce is a di/9ct passion f love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e self-love is n ! cause ( e s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 9 comm5t+ on ,ps4 #gi3ag1 ,?+s set on fire & dug d[n1 says t e s9 is due ei!r to love ar\s+ u to undue ardor or to fe> induc+ false humility4 ,!re=e self-love is n ! only cause ( s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z man s9s at times ?r\gh inord9ate love ( self1 s does he sometimes ?r\gh inord9ate love ( 8 neighbor4 ,!re=e self-love is n ! cause ( e s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh7 t self-love1 am\nt+ to contempt ( ,god1 builds up ! city ( ,babylon4 ,n[ e s9 makes man a citiz5 ( ,babylon4 ,!re=e self-love is ! cause ( e s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #a71 ! prop] & direct cause ( s9 is to be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! adh]5ce to a mutable good2 9 :i* respect e s9ful act proce$s f inord9ate desire = "s temporal good4 ,n[ ! fact t anyone desires a temporal good inord9ately1 is due to ! fact t he loves himself inord9ately2 = to wi% anyone "s good is to love him4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t inord9ate love ( self is ! cause ( e s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,well ord]$ self-love1 :]eby man desires a fitt+ good = himself1 is "r & natural2 b x is inord9ate self-love1 lead+ to contempt ( ,god1 t ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh7 reckons to be ! cause ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,concupisc5ce1 :]eby a man desires good = himself1 is r$uc$ to self-love z to its cause1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is said to love bo? ! good he desires = himself1 & himself to :om he desires x4 ,love1 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ! object ( desire 7e4g4 a man is said to love w9e or money7 admits1 z its cause1 fe> :i* p]ta9s to avoidance ( evil3 = e s9 arises ei!r f inord9ate desire = "s good1 or f inord9ate avoidance ( "s evil4 ,b ea* ( ^! is r$uc$ to self-love1 s9ce x is ?r\gh lov+ himself t man ei!r desires good ?+s1 or avoids evil ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a fri5d is l ano!r self 7,e?ic4 ix73 :]e=e ! s9 :i* is committ$ ?r\gh love = a fri5d1 seems to be committ$ ?r\gh self-love4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,concupisc5ce ( ! ,fle%1 ,concupisc5ce ( ! ,eyes1 & ,pride ( ,life ,are ,fitt+ly ,describ$ ,z ,causes ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 concupisc5ce ( ! eyes1 & pride ( life are unfitt+ly describ$ z causes ( s94 ,because1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,tim4 #f3aj71 covet\sness 99,d\ay3 ',! desire ( money' is ! root ( all evils4 ,n[ pride ( life is n includ$ 9 covet\sness4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ among ! causes ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 concupisc5ce ( ! fle% is ar\s$ *iefly by :at is se5 by ! eyes1 accord+ to ,dan4 #ac3ef3 ,beauty ha? deceiv$ !e4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce ( ! eyes %\ld n be condivid$ ) concupisc5ce ( ! fle%4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 concupisc5ce is desire = pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ objects ( pleasure are p]ceiv$ n only by ! sight1 b also by ! o!r s5ses4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce ( ! he>+ & ( ! o!r s5ses %\ld also h be5 m5tion$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z man is induc$ to s91 ?r\gh inord9ate desire ( good ?+s1 s is he also1 ?r\gh inord9ate avoidance ( evil ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,b no?+ is m5tion$ "h p]ta9+ to avoidance ( evil4 ,!re=e ! causes ( s9 are insuffici5tly describ$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,john #b3af73 ,all t is 9 ! _w is concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 or ,vulg43 '&' pride ( life4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be 9 ! _w by reason ( s93 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,john #e3ai73 ,! :ole _w is seat$ 9 wick$ness4 ,!re=e ^! ?ree are causes ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 inord9ate self-love is ! cause ( e s94 ,n[ self-love includes inord9ate desire ( good3 = a man desires good = ! "o he loves4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t inord9ate desire ( good is ! cause ( e s94 ,n[ good is1 9 two ways1 ! object ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :]e9 are ! passions :i* are ! cause ( s93 fir/1 absolutely1 accord+ z x is ! object ( ! concupiscible "p2 secondly1 "u ! aspect ( difficulty1 accord+ z x is ! object ( ! irascible "p1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,aga91 concupisc5ce is tw(old1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #c74 ,"o is natural1 & is direct$ to ^? ?+s :i* su/a9 ! nature ( ! body1 :e!r z reg>ds ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 su* z food1 dr9k1 & ! l1 or z reg>ds ! pres]vation ( ! species1 su* z sexual matt]s3 & ! inord9ate appetite ( su* ?+s is call$ concupisc5ce ( ! fle%4 ,! o!r is spiritual concupisc5ce1 & is direct$ to ^? ?+s :i* d n af=d su/5tation or pleasure 9 respect ( ! fle%ly s5ses1 b are delectable 9 respect ( ! appreh5sion or imag9ation1 or "s simil> mode ( p]ception2 su* are money1 app>el1 & ! l2 & ?is spiritual concupisc5ce is call$ concupisc5ce ( ! eyes1 :e!r ?is be tak5 z ref]r+ to ! sight itself1 ( :i* ! eyes are ! organ1 s z to d5ote curiosity accord+ to ,augu/9e's exposition 7,confess4 x72 or to ! concupisc5ce ( ?+s :i* are propos$ outw>dly to ! eyes1 s z to d5ote covet\sness1 accord+ to ! explanation ( o!rs4 ,! inord9ate appetite ( ! ardu\s good p]ta9s to ! pride ( life2 = pride is ! inord9ate appetite ( excell5ce1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #b2 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,a4 #a74 ,x is !re=e evid5t t all passions t are a cause ( s9 c be r$uc$ to ^! ?ree3 s9ce all ! passions ( ! concupiscible "p c be r$uc$ to ! fir/ two1 & all ! irascible passions to ! ?ird1 :i* is n divid$ into two because all ! irascible passions con=m to spiritual concupisc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pride ( life is includ$ 9 covet\sness accord+ z ! latt] d5otes any k9d ( appetite = any k9d ( good4 ,h[ covet\sness1 z a special vice1 :i* goes by ! "n ( av>ice1 is ! root ( all s9s1 %all be expla9$ fur!r on 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,concupisc5ce ( ! eyes does n mean "h ! concupisc5ce = all ?+s :i* c be se5 by ! eyes1 b only = su* ?+s z af=d1 n c>nal pleasure 9 respect ( t\*1 b 9 respect ( ! eyes1 i4e4 ( any appreh5sive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s5se ( sight is ! mo/ excell5t ( all ! s5ses1 & cov]s a l>g] gr\nd1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 i3 & s its "n is transf]r$ to all ! o!r s5ses1 & ev5 to ! inn] appreh5sions1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 s]m4 xxxiii74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,avoidance ( evil is caus$ by ! appetite = good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ci1 ,a4 #b72 & s ^? passions alone are m5tion$ :i* incl9e to good1 z be+ ! causes ( ^? :i* cause inord9ately ! avoidance ( evil4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,s9 ,is ,alleviat$ on ,acc\nt ( a ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 is n alleviat$ on acc\nt ( passion4 ,= increase ( cause adds to ! effect3 ?us if a hot ?+ causes some?+ to melt1 a hott] w d s yet m4 ,n[ passion is a cause ( s91 z /at$ 7,a4 #e74 ,!re=e ! m int5se ! passion1 ! great] ! s94 ,!re=e passion does n dim9i% s91 b increases x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a good passion /&s 9 ! same relation to m]it1 z an evil passion does to s94 ,n[ a good passion increases m]it3 = a man seems to m]it ! m1 accord+ z he is mov$ by a great] pity to help a poor man4 ,!re=e an evil passion also increases r ?an dim9i%es a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man seems to s9 ! m griev\sly1 accord+ z he s9s ) a m int5se w4 ,b ! passion t impels ! w makes x t5d ) great] int5sity to ! s9ful act4 ,!re=e passion aggravates a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! passion ( concupisc5ce is call$ a temptation ( ! fle%4 ,b ! great] ! temptation t ov]comes a man1 ! less griev\s 8 s91 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei iv1 #ab74 ,i answ] t1 ,s9 consi/s ess5tially 9 an act ( ! free w1 :i* is a faculty ( ! w & reason2 :ile passion is a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,n[ ! s5sitive appetite c be relat$ to ! free-w1 antec$5tly & consequ5tly3 antec$5tly1 accord+ z a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite draws or incl9es ! reason or w1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #c72 & consequ5tly1 9 s f> z ! movem5ts ( ! high] p[]s r$\nd on to ! l[]1 s9ce x is n possible = ! w to be mov$ to any?+ int5sely1 )\t a passion be+ ar\s$ 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,accord+ly if we take passion z prec$+ ! s9ful act1 x mu/ ne$s dim9i% ! s93 because ! act is a s9 9 s f> z x is volunt>y1 & "u our control4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be "u our control1 ?r\gh ! reason & w3 & !re=e ! m ! reason & w d any?+ ( _! own accord1 & n ?r\gh ! impulse ( a passion1 ! m is x volunt>y & "u our control4 ,9 ?is respect passion dim9i%es s91 9 s f> z x dim9i%es its volunt>9ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a consequ5t passion does n dim9i% a s91 b increases x2 or r x is a sign ( its gravity1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x %[s ! int5sity ( ! w t[>ds ! s9ful act2 & s x is true t ! great] ! pleasure or ! concupisc5ce ) :i* anyone s9s1 ! great] ! s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,passion is ! cause ( s9 on ! "p ( t to :i* ! s9n] turns4 ,b ! gravity ( a s9 is measur$ on ! "p ( t f :i* he turns1 :i* results accid5tally f 8 turn+ to some?+ else--accid5tally1 i4e4 beside 8 int5tion4 ,n[ an effect is increas$ by ! increase1 n ( its accid5tal cause1 b ( its direct cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a good passion consequ5t to ! judgm5t ( reason increases m]it2 b if x prec$e1 s t a man is mov$ to d well1 r by 8 passion ?an by ! judgm5t ( 8 reason1 su* a passion dim9i%es ! goodness & praisewor?9ess ( 8 action4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! movem5t ( ! w incit$ by ! passion is m int5se1 yet x is n s mu* ! w's own movem5t1 z if x 7 mov$ to s9 by ! reason alone4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,passion ,excuses f ,s9 ,altoge!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t passion excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,= :atev] causes an act to be involunt>y1 excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,b concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 :i* is a passion1 makes an act to be involunt>y1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3ag3 ,! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s 4 4 4 s t y d n ! ?+s t y w\ld4 ,!re=e passion excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 passion causes a c]ta9 ignorance ( a p>ticul> matt]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #c74 ,b ignorance ( a p>ticul> matt] excuses f s9 altoge!r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e passion excuses f s9 altoge!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 disease ( ! s\l is grav] ?an disease ( ! body4 ,b bodily disease excuses f s9 altoge!r1 z 9 ! case ( mad p4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 does passion1 :i* is a disease ( ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #g3e7 speaks ( ! passions z passions ( s9s1 = no o!r reason ?an t !y cause s93 :i* w\ld n be ! case if !y excus$ f s9 altoge!r4 ,!re=e passion does n excuse f s9 altoge!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,an act :i*1 9 its g5us1 is evil1 _c be excus$ f s9 altoge!r1 unless x be r5d]$ altoge!r involunt>y4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! passion be su* t x r5d]s ! subsequ5t act :olly involunt>y1 x entirely excuses f s92 o!rwise1 x does n excuse entirely4 ,9 ?is matt] two po9ts app>5tly %\ld be obs]v$3 fir/1 t a ?+ may be volunt>y ei!r 9 itself1 z :5 ! w t5ds t[>ds x directly2 or 9 its cause1 :5 ! w t5ds t[>ds t cause & n t[>ds ! effect2 z is ! case ) "o :o wilfully gets drunk1 = 9 t case he is consid]$ to d volunt>ily :atev] he does ?r\gh be+ drunk4 ,secondly1 we mu/ obs]ve t a ?+ is said to be volunt>y directly or indirectly2 directly1 if ! w t5ds t[>ds x2 indirectly1 if ! w c\ld h prev5t$ x1 b did n4 ,accord+ly !re=e we mu/ make a di/9ction3 because a passion is sometimes s /rong z to take away ! use ( reason altoge!r1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are mad ?r\gh love or ang]2 & !n if su* a passion 7 volunt>y f ! beg9n+1 ! act is reckon$ a s91 because x is volunt>y 9 its cause1 z we h /at$ ) reg>d to drunk5ness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cause be n volunt>y b natural1 = in/ance1 if anyone ?r\gh sickness or "s su* cause fall into su* a passion z deprives him ( ! use ( reason1 8 act is r5d]$ :olly involunt>y1 & he is entirely excus$ f s94 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! passion is n su* z to take away ! use ( reason altoge!r2 & !n reason c drive ! passion away1 by turn+ to o!r ?\ghts1 or x c prev5t x f hav+ its full effect2 s9ce ! memb]s are n put to "w1 except by ! cons5t ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #i73 :]e=e su* a passion does n excuse f s9 altoge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words1 ,s t y d n ! ?+s t y w\ld are n to be ref]r$ to outw>d de$s1 b to ! inn] movem5t ( concupisc5ce2 = a man w\ld wi% nev] to desire evil1 9 :i* s5se we are to und]/& ! words ( ,rom4 #g3ai3 ,! evil :i* ,i w n1 t ,i d4 ,or aga9 !y may be ref]r$ to ! w z prec$+ ! passion1 z is ! case ) ! incont95t1 :o act c\nt] to _! resolution on acc\nt ( _! concupisc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p>ticul> ignorance :i* excuses altoge!r1 is ignorance ( a circum/ance1 :i* a man is unable to "k ev5 aft] tak+ due precautions4 ,b passion causes ignorance ( law 9 a p>ticul> case1 by prev5t+ univ]sal k f be+ appli$ to a p>ticul> act1 :i* passion ! reason is able to drive away1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bodily disease is involunt>y3 !re w\ld be a comp>ison1 h[ev]1 if x 7 volunt>y1 z we h /at$ ab\t drunk5ness1 :i* is a k9d ( bodily disease4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r a ,s9 ,committ$ ,?r\gh ,passion ,c ,be ,mortal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion _c be mortal4 ,because v5ial s9 is condivid$ ) mortal s94 ,n[ s9 committ$ f weakness is v5ial1 s9ce x has 9 itself a motive = p>don 7v5ia74 ,s9ce !re=e s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion is a s9 ( weakness1 x seems t x _c be mortal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! cause is m p[]ful ?an its effect4 ,b passion _c be a mortal s91 = !re is no mortal s9 9 ! s5suality1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e a s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion _c be mortal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 passion is a h9drance to reason1 z expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,n[ x belongs to ! reason to turn to ,god1 or to turn away f ,him1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( a mortal s94 ,!re=e a s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion _c be mortal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3e7 t ! passions ( ! s9s 4 4 4 "w ,vulg43 'did "w' 9 our memb]s to br+ =? fruit unto dea?4 ,n[ x is prop] to mortal s9 to br+ =? fruit unto dea?4 ,!re=e s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion may be mortal4 ,i answ] t1 ,mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e71 consi/s 9 turn+ away f our la/ end :i* is ,god1 :i* av]sion p]ta9s to ! delib]at+ reason1 ^: function x is also to direct t[>ds ! end4 ,!re=e t :i* is contr>y to ! la/ end c happ5 n to be a mortal s91 only :5 ! delib]at+ reason is unable to come to ! rescue1 :i* is ! case 9 sudd5 movem5ts4 ,n[ :5 anyone proce$s f passion to a s9ful act1 or to a delib]ate cons5t1 ?is does n happ5 sudd5ly3 & s ! delib]at+ reason c come to ! rescue "h1 s9ce x c drive ! passion away1 or at lea/ prev5t x f hav+ its effect1 z /at$ above3 :]e=e if x does n come to ! rescue1 !re is a mortal s92 & x is ?us1 z we see1 t _m murd]s & adult]ies are committ$ ?r\gh passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a s9 may be v5ial 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh its cause1 i4e4 ?r\gh hav+ cause to be =giv51 :i* cause less5s ! s92 ?us a s9 t is committ$ ?r\gh weakness or ignorance is said to be v5ial4 ,secondly1 ?r\gh its issue2 ?us e s91 ?r\gh rep5tance1 becomes v5ial1 i4e4 receives p>don 7v5iam74 ,?irdly1 by its g5us1 e4g4 an idle ^w4 ,?is is ! only k9d ( v5ial s9 t is oppos$ to mortal s93 :]eas ! objection reg>ds ! fir/ k9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,passion causes s9 z reg>ds ! adh]5ce to some?+4 ,b t ?is be a mortal s9 reg>ds ! av]sion1 :i* foll[s accid5tally f ! adh]5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f1 ad #a73 h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,passion does n always h9d] ! act ( reason altoge!r3 consequ5tly ! reason rema9s 9 possession ( its free-w1 s z to turn away f ,god1 or turn to ,him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! use ( reason be tak5 away altoge!r1 ! s9 is no long] ei!r mortal or v5ial4 ,,"q #gh ,,( ,,t ,,cause ,,( ,,s9 ,,:i* ,,is ,,malice 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( s9 on ! "p ( ! w1 viz4 malice3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is possible = anyone to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 i4e4 purposely8 7#b7 ,:e!r ev]yone t s9s ?r\gh habit1 s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice8 7#c7 ,:e!r e "o t s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 s9s ?r\gh habit8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is m griev\s to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 ?an ?r\gh passion8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,anyone ,s9s ,?r\gh ,c]ta9 ,malice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no "o s9s purposely1 or ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,because ignorance is oppos$ to purpose or c]ta9 malice4 ,n[ e evil man is ignorant1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a72 & x is writt5 7,prov4 #ad3bb73 ,!y err t "w evil4 ,!re=e no "o s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t no "o works int5d+ evil4 ,n[ to s9 ?r\gh malice seems to d5ote ! int5tion ( do+ evil 99,allud+ to ! d]ivation ( malitia 7malice7 f malum 7evil7 9 s9n+1 because an act is n d5om9at$ f t :i* is un9t5tional & accid5tal4 ,!re=e no "o s9s ?r\gh malice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 malice itself is a s94 ,if !re=e malice is a cause ( s91 x foll[s t s9 goes on caus+ s9 indef9itely1 :i* is absurd4 ,!re=e no "o s9s ?r\gh malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,job #cd3bg73 ,:o z x 7 on purpose h revolt$ f ,god ,vulg43 ',him'1 & w\ld n und]/& all ,8 ways4 ,n[ to revolt f ,god is to s94 ,!re=e "s s9 purposely or ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,i answ] t1 ,man l any o!r be+ has naturally an appetite = ! good2 & s if 8 appetite incl9e away to evil1 ?is is due to corruption or disord] 9 "s "o ( ! pr9ciples ( man3 = x is ?us t s9 occurs 9 ! actions ( natural ?+s4 ,n[ ! pr9ciples ( human acts are ! intellect1 & ! appetite1 bo? rational 7i4e4 ! w7 & s5sitive4 ,!re=e ev5 z s9 occurs 9 human acts1 sometimes ?r\gh a defect ( ! intellect1 z :5 anyone s9s ?r\gh ignorance1 & sometimes ?r\gh a defect 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 z :5 anyone s9s ?r\gh passion1 s too does x occur ?r\gh a defect consi/+ 9 a disord] ( ! w4 ,n[ ! w is out ( ord] :5 x loves m ! less] good4 ,aga91 ! consequ5ce ( lov+ a ?+ less is t "o *ooses to suff] "s hurt 9 its reg>d1 9 ord] to obta9 a good t "o loves m3 z :5 a man1 ev5 kn[+ly1 suff]s ! loss ( a limb1 t he may save 8 life :i* he loves m4 ,accord+ly :5 an inord9ate w loves "s temporal good1 e4g4 ri*es or pleasure1 m ?an ! ord] ( reason or ,div9e law1 or ,div9e *>ity1 or "s su* ?+1 x foll[s t x is will+ to suff] ! loss ( "s spiritual good1 s t x may obta9 possession ( "s temporal good4 ,n[ evil is m]ely ! privation ( "s good2 & s a man wi%es kn[+ly a spiritual evil1 :i* is evil simply1 :]eby he is depriv$ ( a spiritual good1 9 ord] to possess a temporal good3 :]e=e he is said to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice or on purpose1 because he *ooses evil kn[+ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ignorance sometimes excludes ! simple k t a p>ticul> action is evil1 & !n man is said to s9 ?r\gh ignorance3 sometimes x excludes ! k t a p>ticul> action is evil at ?is p>ticul> mom5t1 z :5 he s9s ?r\gh passion3 & sometimes x excludes ! k t a p>ticul> evil is n to be suff]$ = ! sake ( possess+ a p>ticul> good1 b n ! simple k t x is an evil3 x is ?us t a man is ignorant1 :5 he s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,evil _c be int5d$ by anyone = its own sake2 b x c be int5d$ = ! sake ( avoid+ ano!r evil1 or obta9+ ano!r good1 z /at$ above3 & 9 ?is case anyone w\ld *oose to obta9 a good int5d$ = its own sake1 )\t suff]+ loss ( ! o!r good2 ev5 z a lu/ful man w\ld wi% to enjoy a pleasure )\t (f5d+ ,god2 b ) ! two set be=e him to *oose f1 he pref]s s9n+ & !reby incurr+ ,god's ang]1 to be+ depriv$ ( ! pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! malice ?r\gh :i* anyone s9s1 may be tak5 to d5ote habitual malice1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 calls an evil habit by ! "n ( malice1 j z a good habit is call$ virtue3 & 9 ?is way anyone is said to s9 ?r\gh malice :5 he s9s ?r\gh ! incl9ation ( a habit4 ,x may also d5ote actual malice1 :e!r by malice we mean ! *oice itself ( evil 7& ?us anyone is said to s9 ?r\gh malice1 9 s f> z he s9s ?r\gh mak+ a *oice ( evil71 or :e!r by malice we mean "s previ\s fault t gives rise to a subsequ5t fault1 z :5 anyone impugns ! grace ( 8 bro!r ?r\gh envy4 ,nor does ?is imply t a ?+ is its own cause3 = ! int]ior act is ! cause ( ! ext]ior act1 & "o s9 is ! cause ( ano!r2 n indef9itely1 h[ev]1 s9ce we c trace x back to "s previ\s s91 :i* is n caus$ by any previ\s s91 z 0 expla9$ above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ev]yone ,t ,s9s ,?r\gh ,habit1 ,s9s ,?r\gh ,c]ta9 ,malice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n e "o :o s9s ?r\gh habit1 s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,because s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 seems to be mo/ griev\s4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t a man commits a slight s9 ?r\gh habit1 z :5 he utt]s an idle ^w4 ,!re=e s9 committ$ f habit is n always committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,acts proce$+ f habits are l ! acts by :i* ^? habits 7 =m$ 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b74 ,b ! acts :i* prec$e a vici\s habit are n committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,!re=e ! s9s t arise f habit are n committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5 a man commits a s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 he is glad aft] hav+ done x1 accord+ to ,prov4 #b3ad3 ,:o are glad :5 !y h done evil1 & rejoice 9 mo/ wick$ ?+s3 & ?is1 because x is pleasant to obta9 :at we desire1 & to d ^? actions :i* are connatural to u by reason ( habit4 ,b ^? :o s9 ?r\gh habit1 are sorr[ful aft] committ+ a s93 because bad m51 i4e4 ^? :o h a vici\s habit1 are full ( remorse 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d74 ,!re=e s9s t arise f habit are n committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is "o t is done ?r\gh *oice ( evil4 ,n[ we make *oice ( ^? ?+s to :i* we are incl9$ by habit1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b ) reg>d to virtu\s habits4 ,!re=e a s9 t arises f habit is committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 a s9 committ$ by "o :o has ! habit1 & a s9 committ$ by habit3 = x is n necess>y to use a habit1 s9ce x is subject to ! w ( ! p]son :o has t habit4 ,h5ce habit is def9$ z be+ some?+ we use :5 we w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #a74 ,& ?us1 ev5 z x may happ5 t "o :o has a vici\s habit may break =? into a virtu\s act1 because a bad habit does n corrupt reason altoge!r1 some?+ ( :i* rema9s unimpair$1 ! result be+ t a s9n] does "s works :i* are g5]ically good2 s too x may happ5 sometimes t "o :o has a vici\s habit1 acts1 n f t habit1 b ?r\gh ! upris+ ( a passion1 or aga9 ?r\gh ignorance4 ,b :5ev] he uses ! vici\s habit he mu/ ne$s s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice3 because to anyone t has a habit1 :atev] is befitt+ to him 9 respect ( t habit1 has ! aspect ( some?+ lovable1 s9ce x !reby becomes1 9 a way1 connatural to him1 accord+ z cu/om & habit are a second nature4 ,n[ ! v ?+ :i* befits a man 9 respect ( a vici\s habit1 is some?+ t excludes a spiritual good3 ! result be+ t a man *ooses a spiritual evil1 t he may obta9 possession ( :at befits him 9 respect ( t habit3 & ?is is to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t :oev] s9s ?r\gh habit1 s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,v5ial s9 does n exclude spiritual good1 consi/+ 9 ! grace ( ,god or *>ity4 ,:]e=e x is an evil1 n simply1 b 9 a relative s5se3 & = t reason ! habit !re( is n a simple b a relative evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,acts proce$+ f habits are ( l species z ! acts f :i* ^? habits 7 =m$3 b !y diff] f !m z p]fect f imp]fect4 ,su* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice & s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t s9s ?r\gh habit is always glad = :at he does ?r\gh habit1 z long z he uses ! habit4 ,b s9ce he is able n to use ! habit1 & to ?9k ( some?+ else1 by means ( 8 reason1 :i* is n altoge!r corrupt$1 x may happ5 t :ile n us+ ! habit he is sorry = :at he has done ?r\gh ! habit4 ,& s x (t5 happ5s t su* a man is sorry = 8 s9 n because s9 9 itself is displeas+ to him1 b on acc\nt ( 8 reap+ "s disadvantage f ! s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"o ,:o ,s9s ,?r\gh ,c]ta9 ,malice1 ,s9s ,?r\gh ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t :oev] s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 s9s ?r\gh habit4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #i7 t an unju/ action is n done z an unju/ man does x1 i4e4 ?r\gh *oice1 unless x be done ?r\gh habit4 ,n[ to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is to s9 ?r\gh mak+ a *oice ( evil1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e no "o s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 unless he has ! habit ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,orig5 says 7,p]i ,ar*on iii7 t a man is n sudd5ly ru9$ & lo/1 b mu/ ne$s fall away little by little4 ,b ! greate/ fall seems to be t ( ! man :o s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,!re=e a man comes to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 n f ! outset1 b f invet]ate cu/om1 :i* may eng5d] a habit4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5ev] a man s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 8 w mu/ ne$s be incl9$ ( itself to ! evil he *ooses4 ,b by ! nature ( t p[] man is incl9$1 n to evil b to good4 ,!re=e if he *ooses evil1 ?is mu/ be due to some?+ sup]v5+1 :i* is passion or habit4 ,n[ :5 a man s9s ?r\gh passion1 he s9s n ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 b ?r\gh weakness1 z /at$ 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e :5ev] anyone s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 he s9s ?r\gh habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! good habit /&s 9 ! same relation to ! *oice ( some?+ good1 z ! bad habit to ! *oice ( some?+ evil4 ,b x happ5s sometimes t a man1 )\t hav+ ! habit ( a virtue1 *ooses t :i* is good accord+ to t virtue4 ,!re=e sometimes also a man1 )\t hav+ ! habit ( a vice1 may *oose evil1 :i* is to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,i answ] t1 ,! w is relat$ diff]5tly to good & to evil4 ,because f ! v nature ( ! p[]1 x is incl9$ to ! rational good1 z its prop] object2 :]e=e e s9 is said to be contr>y to nature4 ,h5ce1 if a w be incl9$1 by its *oice1 to "s evil1 ?is mu/ be occasion$ by some?+ else4 ,sometimes1 9 fact1 ?is is occasion$ ?r\gh "s defect 9 ! reason1 z :5 anyone s9s ?r\gh ignorance2 & sometimes ?is arises ?r\gh ! impulse ( ! s5sitive appetite1 z :5 anyone s9s ?r\gh passion4 ,yet nei!r ( ^! am\nts to a s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice2 = !n alone does anyone s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 :5 8 w is mov$ to evil ( its own accord4 ,?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh 8 hav+ a corrupt disposition incl9+ him to evil1 s t1 9 respect ( t disposition1 "s evil is1 z x 71 suitable & simil> to him2 & to ?is ?+1 by reason ( its suitabl5ess1 ! w t5ds1 z to some?+ good1 because ev]y?+ t5ds1 ( its own accord1 to t :i* is suitable to x4 ,moreov] ?is corrupt disposition is ei!r a habit acquir$ by cu/om1 or a sickly condition on ! "p ( ! body1 z 9 ! case ( a man :o is naturally incl9$ to c]ta9 s9s1 by reason ( "s natural corruption 9 himself4 ,secondly1 ! w1 ( its own accord1 may t5d to an evil1 ?r\gh ! removal ( "s ob/acle3 = in/ance1 if a man be prev5t$ f s9n+1 n ?r\gh s9 be+ 9 itself displeas+ to him1 b ?r\gh hope ( et]nal life1 or fe> ( hell1 if hope give place to despair1 or fe> to presumption1 he w end 9 s9n+ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 be+ fre$ f ! bridle1 z x 74 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 always presupposes "s inord9at5ess 9 man1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n always a habit3 s t x does n foll[ ( necessity1 if a man s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 t he s9s ?r\gh habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to d an action z an unju/ man does1 may be n only to d unju/ ?+s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 b also to d !m ) pleasure1 & )\t any notable resi/ance on ! "p ( reason1 & ?is occurs only 9 "o :o has a habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is true t a man does n fall sudd5ly into s9 f c]ta9 malice1 & t some?+ is presuppos$2 b ?is some?+ is n always a habit1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* incl9es ! w to evil1 is n always a habit or a passion1 b at times is some?+ else4 ,moreov]1 !re is no comp>ison betwe5 *oos+ good & *oos+ evil3 because evil is nev] )\t "s good ( nature1 :]eas good c be p]fect )\t ! evil ( fault4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,m ,griev\s to ,s9 ,?r\gh ,c]ta9 ,malice ,?an ,?r\gh ,passion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n m griev\s to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice ?an ?r\gh passion4 ,because ignorance excuses f s9 ei!r altoge!r or 9 "p4 ,n[ ignorance is great] 9 "o :o s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 ?an 9 "o :o s9s ?r\gh passion2 s9ce he t s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice suff]s f ! wor/ =m ( ignorance1 :i* accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #h7 is ignorance ( pr9ciple1 = he has a false e/imation ( ! end1 :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 matt]s ( action4 ,!re=e !re is m excuse = "o :o s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 ?an = "o :o s9s ?r\gh passion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m a man is impell$ to s91 ! less griev\s 8 s91 z is cle> ) reg>d to a man :o is ?r[n headlong into s9 by a m impetu\s passion4 ,n[ he t s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 is impell$ by habit1 ! impulse ( :i* is /rong] ?an t ( passion4 ,!re=e to s9 ?r\gh habit is less griev\s ?an to s9 ?r\gh passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is to s9 ?r\gh *oos+ evil4 ,n[ he t s9s ?r\gh passion1 also *ooses evil4 ,!re=e he does n s9 less ?an ! man :o s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a s9 t is committ$ on purpose1 = ?is v reason des]ves heavi] puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,job #cd3bf3 ,he ha? /ruck !m z be+ wick$1 9 op5 sight1 :o1 z x 71 on purpose1 h revolt$ f ,him4 ,n[ puni%m5t is n increas$ except = a grav] fault4 ,!re=e a s9 is aggravat$ ?r\gh be+ done on purpose1 i4e4 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,i answ] t1 ,a s9 committ$ ?r\gh malice is m griev\s ?an a s9 committ$ ?r\gh passion1 = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because1 z s9 consi/s *iefly 9 an act ( ! w1 x foll[s t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a s9 is all ! m griev\s1 accord+ z ! movem5t ( ! s9 belongs m to ! w4 ,n[ :5 a s9 is committ$ ?r\gh malice1 ! movem5t ( s9 belongs m to ! w1 :i* is !n mov$ to evil ( its own accord1 ?an :5 a s9 is committ$ ?r\gh passion1 :5 ! w is impell$ to s9 by some?+ extr9sic1 z x 74 ,:]e=e a s9 is aggravat$ by ! v fact t x is committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 & s mu* ! m1 z ! malice is great]2 :]eas x is dim9i%$ by be+ committ$ ?r\gh passion1 & s mu* ! m1 z ! passion is /rong]4 ,secondly1 because ! passion :i* incites ! w to s91 soon passes away1 s t man rep5ts ( 8 s91 & soon returns to 8 good int5tions2 :]eas ! habit1 ?r\gh :i* a man s9s1 is a p]man5t quality1 s t he :o s9s ?r\gh malice1 abides long] 9 8 s94 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #h7 comp>es ! intemp]ate man1 :o s9s ?r\gh malice1 to a sick man :o suff]s f a *ronic disease1 :ile he comp>es ! incont95t man1 :o s9s ?r\gh passion1 to "o :o suff]s int]mitt5tly4 ,?irdly1 because he :o s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is ill-dispos$ 9 respect ( ! end itself1 :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 matt]s ( action2 & s ! defect is m dang]\s ?an 9 ! case ( ! man :o s9s ?r\gh passion1 ^: purpose t5ds to a good end1 al?\gh ?is purpose is int]rupt$ on acc\nt ( ! passion1 = ! "t be+4 ,n[ ! wor/ ( all defects is defect ( pr9ciple4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t a s9 committ$ ?r\gh malice is m griev\s ?an "o committ$ ?r\gh passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ignorance ( *oice1 to :i* ! objection ref]s1 nei!r excuses nor dim9i%es a s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e nei!r does a great] ignorance ( ! k9d make a s9 to be less grave4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! impulse due to passion1 is1 z x 71 due to a defect :i* is outside ! w3 :]eas1 by a habit1 ! w is incl9$ f )94 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is "o ?+ to s9 :ile *oos+1 & ano!r to s9 ?r\gh *oos+4 ,= he t s9s ?r\gh passion1 s9s :ile *oos+1 b n ?r\gh *oos+1 because 8 *oos+ is n = him ! fir/ pr9ciple ( 8 s92 = he is induc$ ?r\gh ! passion1 to *oose :at he w\ld n *oose1 7 x n = ! passion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he t s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 *ooses evil ( 8 own accord1 9 ! way already expla9$ 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 s t 8 *oos+1 ( :i* he has full control1 is ! pr9ciple ( 8 s93 & = ?is reason he is said to s9 ?r\gh *oos+4 ,,"q #gi ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,causes ,,( ,,s9 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ext]nal causes ( s91 & 7#a7 on ! "p ( ,god2 7#b7 on ! "p ( ! devil2 7#c7 on ! "p ( man4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is a cause ( s98 7#b7 ,:e!r ! act ( s9 is f ,god8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god is ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t8 7#d7 ,:e!r ^! ?+s are direct$ to ! salvation ( ^? :o are bl9d$ or h>d5$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,is a ,cause ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god is a cause ( s94 ,= ! ,apo/le says ( c]ta9 ones 7,rom4 #a3bh73 ,god deliv]$ !m up to a reprobate s5se1 to d ^? ?+s :i* are n "r ,d\ay3 'conv5i5t'1 & a gloss comm5ts on ?is by say+ t ,god works 9 m5's he>ts1 by incl9+ _! wills to :atev] ,he wills1 :e!r to good or to evil4 ,n[ s9 consi/s 9 do+ :at is n "r1 & 9 hav+ a w incl9$ to evil4 ,!re=e ,god is to man a cause ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,wis4 #ad3aa73 ,! creatures ( ,god are turn$ to an abom9ation2 & a temptation to ! s\ls ( m54 ,b a temptation usually d5otes a provocation to s94 ,s9ce !re=e creatures 7 made by ,god alone1 z 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a71 x seems t ,god is a cause ( s91 by provok+ man to s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! cause ( ! cause is ! cause ( ! effect4 ,n[ ,god is ! cause ( ! free-w1 :i* itself is ! cause ( s94 ,!re=e ,god is ! cause ( s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e evil is oppos$ to good4 ,b x is n contr>y to ,god's goodness t ,he %\ld cause ! evil ( puni%m5t2 s9ce ( ?is evil x is writt5 7,isa4 #de3g7 t ,god creates evil1 & 7,amos #c3f73 ,%all !re be evil 9 ! city :i* ,god ,vulg43 '! ,"l' ha? n done8 ,!re=e x is n incompatible ) ,god's goodness t ,he %\ld cause ! evil ( fault4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #aa3be73 ,?\ 4 4 4 hate/ none ( ! ?+s :i* ,?\ ha/ made4 ,n[ ,god hates s91 accord+ to ,wis4 #ad3i3 ,to ,god ! wick$ & 8 wick$ness are hateful4 ,!re=e ,god is n a cause ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,man is1 9 two ways1 a cause ei!r ( 8 own or ( ano!r's s94 ,fir/1 directly1 namely by incl9+ 8 or ano!r's w to s92 secondly1 indirectly1 namely by n prev5t+ someone f s9n+4 ,h5ce 7,eze*4 #c3ah7 x is said to ! wat*man3 ,if ?\ say n to ! wick$3 ',?\ %alt surely die' 99,vulg43 ,if1 :5 ,i say to ! wick$1 ',?\ %alt surely die1' ?\ decl>e x n to him4 4 4 4 ,i w require 8 blood at ?y h&4 ,n[ ,god _c be directly ! cause ( s91 ei!r 9 ,himself or 9 ano!r1 s9ce e s9 is a dep>ture f ! ord] :i* is to ,god z ! end3 :]eas ,god incl9es & turns all ?+s to ,himself z to _! la/ end1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 i73 s t x is impossible t ,he %\ld be ei!r to ,himself or to ano!r ! cause ( dep>t+ f ! ord] :i* is to ,himself4 ,!re=e ,he _c be directly ! cause ( s94 ,9 l mann] nei!r c ,he cause s9 indirectly4 ,= x happ5s t ,god does n give "s ! assi/ance1 :]eby !y may avoid s91 :i* assi/ance 7 ,he to give1 !y w\ld n s94 ,b ,he does all ?is accord+ to ! ord] ( ,8 wisdom & ju/ice1 s9ce ,he ,himself is ,wisdom & ,ju/ice3 s t if someone s9 x is n imputable to ,him z ?\gh ,he 7 ! cause ( t s92 ev5 z a pilot is n said to cause ! wreck+ ( ! %ip1 ?r\gh n /e]+ ! %ip1 unless he cease to /e] :ile able & b\nd to /e]4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ,god is n[ise a cause ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z to ! words ( ! ,apo/le1 ! solution is cle> f ! text4 ,= if ,god deliv]$ "s up to a reprobate s5se1 x foll[s t !y already _h a reprobate s5se1 s z to d :at 0 n "r4 ,accord+ly ,he is said to deliv] !m up to a reprobate s5se1 9 s f> z ,he does n h9d] !m f foll[+ t reprobate s5se1 ev5 z we are said to expose a p]son to dang] if we d n protect him4 ,! say+ ( ,augu/9e 7,de ,grat4 et ,lib4 ,arb4 xxi1 :5ce ! gloss quot$ is tak57 to ! effect t ,god incl9es m5's wills to good & evil1 is to be und]/ood z mean+ t ,he incl9es ! w directly to good2 & to evil1 9 s f> z ,he does n h9d] x1 z /at$ above4 ,& yet ev5 ?is is due z be+ des]v$ ?r\gh a previ\s s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 x is said ! creatures ( ,god are turn$ 'to' an abom9ation1 & a temptation to ! s\ls ( m51 ! preposition to does n d5ote causality b sequel 99,?is is made cle> by ! ,d\ay ,v]sion3 ! ,lat9 factae sunt 9 abom9ationem admits ( ! translation 7 made to be an abom9ation1 :i* might imply causality42 = ,god did n make ! creatures t !y might be an evil to man2 ?is 0 ! result ( man's folly1 :]e=e ! text goes on to say1 & a sn>e to ! feet ( ! unwise1 :o1 to wit1 9 _! folly1 use creatures = a purpose o!r ?an t = :i* !y 7 made4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! effect :i* proce$s f ! middle cause1 accord+ z x is subord9ate to ! fir/ cause1 is r$uc$ to t fir/ cause2 b if x proce$ f ! middle cause1 accord+ z x goes outside ! ord] ( ! fir/ cause1 x is n r$uc$ to t fir/ cause3 ?us if a s]vant d any?+ contr>y to 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 x is n ascrib$ to ! ma/] z ?\gh he 7 ! cause !re(4 ,9 l mann] s91 :i* ! free-w commits aga9/ ! comm&m5t ( ,god1 is n attribut$ to ,god z be+ its cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,puni%m5t is oppos$ to ! good ( ! p]son puni%$1 :o is !reby depriv$ ( "s good or o!r3 b fault is oppos$ to ! good ( subord9ation to ,god2 & s x is directly oppos$ to ! ,div9e goodness2 consequ5tly !re is no comp>ison betwe5 fault & puni%m5t4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,act ( ,s9 ,is f ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! act ( s9 is n f ,god4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]fect4 ,ju/it4 ii7 t ! act ( s9 is n a ?+4 ,n[ :atev] is f ,god is a ?+4 ,!re=e ! act ( s9 is n f ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man is n said to be ! cause ( s91 except because he is ! cause ( ! s9ful act3 = no "o works1 int5d+ evil1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ ,god is n a cause ( s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ,god is n ! cause ( ! act ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s actions are evil & s9ful 9 _! species1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #b1 #h74 ,n[ :atev] is ! cause ( a ?+1 causes :atev] belongs to x 9 respect ( its species4 ,if !re=e ,god caus$ ! act ( s91 ,he w\ld be ! cause ( s91 :i* is false1 z 0 prov$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ,god is n ! cause ( ! act ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! act ( s9 is a movem5t ( ! free-w4 ,n[ ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( e movem5t1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d1 #i74 ,!re=e ,god's w is ! cause ( ! act ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! act ( s9 is bo? a be+ & an act2 & 9 bo? respects x is f ,god4 ,because e be+1 :atev] ! mode ( its be+1 mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,fir/ ,be+1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,aga9 e action is caus$ by some?+ exi/+ 9 act1 s9ce no?+ produces an action save 9 s f> z x is 9 act2 & e be+ 9 act is r$uc$ to ! ,fir/ ,act1 viz4 ,god1 z to its cause1 ,:o is act by ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,!re=e ,god is ! cause ( e action1 9 s f> z x is an action4 ,b s9 d5otes a be+ & an action ) a defect3 & ?is defect is f ! creat$ cause1 viz4 ! free-w1 z fall+ away f ! ord] ( ! ,fir/ ,ag5t1 viz4 ,god4 ,consequ5tly ?is defect is n r$uc$ to ,god z its cause1 b to ! free-w3 ev5 z ! defect ( limp+ is r$uc$ to a crook$ leg z its cause1 b n to ! motive p[]1 :i* nev]!less causes :atev] !re is ( movem5t 9 ! limp+4 ,accord+ly ,god is ! cause ( ! act ( s93 & yet ,he is n ! cause ( s91 because ,he does n cause ! act to h a defect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ?is passage ,augu/9e calls by ! "n ( ?+1 t :i* is a ?+ simply1 viz4 sub/ance2 = 9 ?is s5se ! act ( s9 is n a ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n only ! act1 b also ! defect1 is r$uc$ to man z its cause1 :i* defect consi/s 9 man n be+ subject to ,:om he ought to be1 al?\gh he does n int5d ?is pr9cipally4 ,:]e=e man is ! cause ( ! s93 :ile ,god is ! cause ( ! act1 9 su* a way1 t n[ise is ,he ! cause ( ! defect accompany+ ! act1 s t ,he is n ! cause ( ! s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #a71 acts & habits d n take _! species f ! privation itself1 :]e9 consi/s ! nature ( evil1 b f "s object1 to :i* t privation is unit$3 & s ?is defect :i* consi/s 9 n be+ f ,god1 belongs to ! species ( ! act consequ5tly1 & n z a specific diff]5ce4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,is ! ,cause ( ,spiritual ,bl9dness & ,h>dness ( ,he>t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god is n ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #c7 t ,god is n ! cause ( t :i* makes man worse4 ,n[ man is made worse by spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,fulg5tius says 7,de ,dupl4 ,pra$e/4 i1 #ai73 ,god does n puni% :at ,he causes4 ,n[ ,god puni%es ! h>d5$ he>t1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #c3bg3 ,a h>d he>t %all fe> evil at ! la/4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! cause ( h>dness ( he>t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same effect is n put d[n to contr>y causes4 ,b ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness is said to be ! malice ( man1 accord+ to ,wis4 #b3ba3 ,= _! own malice bl9d$ !m1 & aga91 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #d3d3 ,! god ( ?is _w ha? bl9d$ ! m9ds ( unbeliev]s3 :i* causes seem to be oppos$ to ,god4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #f3aj73 ,bl9d ! he>t ( ?is p1 & make _! e>s heavy1 & ,rom4 #i3ah3 ,he ha? m]cy on :om ,he w1 & :om ,he w ,he h>d5e?4 ,i answ] t1 ,spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t imply two ?+s4 ,"o is ! movem5t ( ! human m9d 9 cleav+ to evil1 & turn+ away f ! ,div9e light2 & z reg>ds ?is1 ,god is n ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t1 j z ,he is n ! cause ( s94 ,! o!r ?+ is ! )drawal ( grace1 ! result ( :i* is t ! m9d is n enlight5$ by ,god to see aright1 & man's he>t is n s(t5$ to live aright2 & z reg>ds ?is ,god is ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t4 ,n[ we mu/ consid] t ,god is ! univ]sal cause ( ! enlight5+ ( s\ls1 accord+ to ,john #a3i3 ,t 0 ! true light :i* enlight5e? e man t come? into ?is _w1 ev5 z ! sun is ! univ]sal cause ( ! enlight5+ ( bodies1 ?\gh n 9 ! same way2 = ! sun enlight5s by necessity ( nature1 :]eas ,god works freely1 ?r\gh ! ord] ( ,8 wisdom4 ,n[ al?\gh ! sun1 s f> z x is conc]n$1 enlight5s all bodies1 yet if x be enc\nt]$ by an ob/acle 9 a body1 x leaves x 9 d>kness1 z happ5s to a h\se ^: w9d[-%utt]s are clos$1 al?\gh ! sun is 9 no way ! cause ( ! h\se be+ d>k5$1 s9ce x does n act ( its own accord 9 fail+ to light up ! int]ior ( ! h\se2 & ! cause ( ?is is ! p]son :o clos$ ! %utt]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,god1 ( ,8 own accord1 )holds ,8 grace f ^? 9 :om ,he f9ds an ob/acle3 s t ! cause ( grace be+ )held is n only ! man :o raises an ob/acle to grace2 b ,god1 ,:o1 ( ,8 own accord1 )holds ,8 grace4 ,9 ?is way1 ,god is ! cause ( spiritual bl9dness1 deafness ( e>1 & h>dness ( he>t4 ,^! diff] f "o ano!r 9 respect ( ! effects ( grace1 :i* bo? p]fects ! intellect by ! gift ( wisdom1 & s(t5s ! affections by ! fire ( *>ity4 ,& s9ce two ( ! s5ses excel 9 r5d]+ s]vice to ! intellect1 viz4 sight & he>+1 ( :i* ! =m] assi/s discov]y1 & ! latt]1 tea*+1 h5ce x is t spiritual bl9dness corresponds to sight1 heav9ess ( ! e>s to he>+1 & h>dness ( he>t to ! affections4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,bl9dness & h>dhe>t$ness1 z reg>ds ! )hold+ ( grace1 are puni%m5ts1 & !re=e1 9 ?is respect1 !y make man no worse4 ,x is because he is already wors5$ by s9 t he incurs !m1 ev5 z o!r puni%m5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s h>dhe>t$ness 9 s f> z x is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,malice is ! dem]itori\s cause ( bl9dness1 j z s9 is ! cause ( puni%m5t3 & 9 ?is way too1 ! devil is said to bl9d1 9 s f> z he induces man to s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,bl9dness & ,h>dness ( ,he>t ,are ,direct$ to ! ,salvation ( ,^? ,:o ,are ,bl9d$ & ,h>d5$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t are always direct$ to ! salvation ( ^? :o are bl9d$ & h>d5$4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion xi7 t z ,god is supremely good1 ,he w\ld n[ise all[ evil to be done1 unless ,he c\ld draw "s good f e evil4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 does ,he direct to "s good1 ! evil ( :i* ,he ,himself is ! cause4 ,n[ ,god is ! cause ( bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !y are direct$ to ! salvation ( ^? :o are bl9d$ & h>d5$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,wis4 #a3ac7 t ,god ha? no pleasure 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ungodly 99,vulg43 ',god made n dea?1 nei!r ha? ,he pleasure 9 ! de/ruction ( ! liv+4'4 ,n[ ,he w\ld seem to take pleasure 9 _! de/ruction1 if ,he did n turn _! bl9dness to _! pr(it3 j z a physician w\ld seem to take pleasure 9 tortur+ ! invalid1 if he did n int5d to heal ! invalid :5 he prescribes a bitt] m$ic9e = him4 ,!re=e ,god turns bl9dness to ! pr(it ( ^? :o are bl9d$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god is n a respect] ( p]sons 7,acts #aj3cd74 ,n[ ,he directs ! bl9d+ ( "s1 to _! salvation1 z 9 ! case ( "s ( ! ,jews1 :o 7 bl9d$ s z n to believe 9 ,*ri/1 &1 ?r\gh n believ+1 to slay ,him1 & aft]w>ds 7 seiz$ ) compunction1 & conv]t$1 z relat$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,quae/4 ,evang4 iii74 ,!re=e ,god turns all bl9dness to ! spiritual welf>e ( ^? :o are bl9d$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,rom4 #c3h1 evil %\ld n be done1 t good may ensue4 ,n[ bl9dness is an evil4 ,!re=e ,god does n bl9d "s = ! sake ( _! welf>e4 ,i answ] t1 ,bl9dness is a k9d ( preamble to s94 ,n[ s9 has a tw(old relation--to "o ?+ directly1 viz4 to ! s9n]'s damnation--to ano!r1 by reason ( ,god's m]cy or provid5ce1 viz4 t ! s9n] may be heal$1 9 s f> z ,god p]mits "s to fall into s91 t by ackn[l$g+ _! s91 !y may be humbl$ & conv]t$1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 xxii74 ,!re=e bl9dness1 ( its v nature1 is direct$ to ! damnation ( ^? :o are bl9d$2 = :i* reason x is acc\nt$ an effect ( reprobation4 ,b1 ?r\gh ,god's m]cy1 tempor>y bl9dness is direct$ m$ic9ally to ! spiritual welf>e ( ^? :o are bl9d$4 ,?is m]cy1 h[ev]1 is n v\*saf$ to all ^? :o are bl9d$1 b only to ! pr$e/9at$1 to :om all ?+s "w toge!r unto good 7,rom4 #h3bh74 ,!re=e z reg>ds "s1 bl9dness is direct$ to _! heal+2 b z reg>ds o!rs1 to _! damnation2 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,quae/4 ,evang4 iii74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e evil t ,god does1 or p]mits to be done1 is direct$ to "s good2 yet n always to ! good ( ^? 9 :om ! evil is1 b sometimes to ! good ( o!rs1 or ( ! :ole univ]se3 ?us ,he directs ! s9 ( tyrants to ! good ( ! m>tyrs1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! lo/ to ! glory ( ,8 ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god does n take pleasure 9 ! loss ( man1 z reg>ds ! loss itself1 b by reason ( ,8 ju/ice1 or ( ! good t ensues f ! loss4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t ,god directs ! bl9dness ( "s to _! spiritual welf>e1 is due to ,8 m]cy2 b t ! bl9dness ( o!rs is direct$ to _! loss is due to ,8 ju/ice3 & t ,he v\*safes ,8 m]cy to "s1 & n to all1 does n make ,god a respect] ( p]sons1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #e1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,evil ( fault mu/ n be done1 t good may ensue2 b evil ( puni%m5t mu/ be inflict$ = ! sake ( good4 ,,"q #hj ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,s91 ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,! ,,devil 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( s91 z reg>ds ! devil2 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! devil is directly ! cause ( s98 7#b7 ,:e!r ! devil induces u to s91 by p]suad+ u inw>dly8 7#c7 ,:e!r he c make u s9 ( necessity8 7#d7 ,:e!r all s9s are due to ! devil's sugge/ion8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,devil ,is ,directly ! ,cause ( ,man's ,s9n+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! devil is directly ! cause ( man's s9n+4 ,= s9 consi/s directly 9 an act ( ! appetite4 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #ab7 t ! devil inspires 8 fri5ds ) evil desires2 & ,b$e1 comm5t+ on ,acts #e3c1 says t ! devil draws ! m9d to evil desires2 & ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #da2 iii1 #e7 t ! devil fills m5's he>ts ) secret lu/s4 ,!re=e ! devil is directly ! cause ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 7,contra ,jov94 ii1 #b7 t z ,god is ! p]fect] ( good1 s is ! devil ! p]fect] ( evil4 ,b ,god is directly ! cause ( our good4 ,!re=e ! devil is directly ! cause ( our s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 9 a *apt] ( ! ,eudemean ,e?ics 7vii1 #ah73 ,!re mu/ ne$s be "s extr9sic pr9ciple ( human c\nsel4 ,n[ human c\nsel is n only ab\t good ?+s b also ab\t evil ?+s4 ,!re=e1 z ,god moves man to take good c\nsel1 & s is ! cause ( good1 s ! devil moves him to take evil c\nsel1 & consequ5tly is directly ! cause ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #aa7 t no?+ else ?an 8 own w makes man's m9d ! slave ( 8 desire4 ,n[ man does n become a slave to 8 desires1 except ?r\gh s94 ,!re=e ! cause ( s9 _c be ! devil1 b man's own w alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9 is an action3 s t a ?+ c be directly ! cause ( s91 9 ! same way z anyone is directly ! cause ( an action2 & ?is c only happ5 by mov+ t action's prop] pr9ciple to act4 ,n[ ! prop] pr9ciple ( a s9ful action is ! w1 s9ce e s9 is volunt>y4 ,consequ5tly no?+ c be directly ! cause ( s91 except t :i* c move ! w to act4 ,n[ ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d1 #f71 c be mov$ by two ?+s3 fir/ by its object1 inasmu* z ! appreh5d$ appetible is said to move ! appetite3 secondly by t ag5t :i* moves ! w inw>dly to w1 & ?is is no o!r ?an ! w itself1 or ,god1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #i1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d1 #f74 ,n[ ,god _c be ! cause ( s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x foll[s t 9 ?is respect1 a man's w alone is directly ! cause ( 8 s94 ,z reg>ds ! object1 a ?+ may be und]/ood z mov+ ! w 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 ! object itself :i* is propos$ to ! w3 ?us we say t food ar\ses man's desire to eat4 ,secondly1 he t proposes or (f]s ?is object4 ,?irdly1 he t p]suades ! w t ! object propos$ has an aspect ( good1 because he also1 9 a fa%ion1 (f]s ! w its prop] object1 :i* is a real or app>5t good ( reason4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! fir/ way ! s5sible ?+s1 :i* approa* f )\t1 move a man's w to s94 ,9 ! second & ?ird ways1 ei!r ! devil or a man may incite to s91 ei!r by (f]+ an object ( appetite to ! s5ses1 or by p]suad+ ! reason4 ,b 9 none ( ^! ?ree ways c any?+ be ! direct cause ( s91 because ! w is n1 ( necessity1 mov$ by any object except ! la/ end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,consequ5tly nei!r ! ?+ (f]$ f )\t1 nor he t proposes x1 nor he t p]suades1 is ! suffici5t cause ( s94 ,!re=e x foll[s t ! devil is a cause ( s91 nei!r directly nor suffici5tly1 b only by p]suasion1 or by propos+ ! object ( appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ^!1 & o!r l au?orities1 if we meet ) !m1 are to be und]/ood z d5ot+ t ! devil induces man to affection = a s91 ei!r by sugge/+ to him1 or by (f]+ him objects ( appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is comp>ison is true 9 s f> z ! devil is some:at ! cause ( our s9s1 ev5 z ,god is 9 a c]ta9 way ! cause ( our good actions1 b does n ext5d to ! mode ( causation3 = ,god causes good ?+s 9 u by mov+ ! w inw>dly1 :]eas ! devil _c move u 9 ?is way4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god is ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( all inw>d movem5ts ( man2 b t ! human w be det]m9$ to an evil c\nsel1 is directly due to ! human w1 & to ! devil z p]suad+ or (f]+ ! object ( appetite4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,devil ,c ,induce ,man to ,s91 by ,int]nal ,in/igations8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! devil _c induce man to s91 by int]nal in/igations4 ,because ! int]nal movem5ts ( ! s\l are vital functions4 ,n[ no vital functions c be ex]cis$ except by an intr9sic pr9ciple1 n ev5 ^? ( ! vegetal s\l1 :i* are ! l[e/ ( vital functions4 ,!re=e ! devil _c in/igate man to evil ?r\gh 8 int]nal movem5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ! int]nal movem5ts arise f ! ext]nal s5ses accord+ to ! ord] ( nature4 ,n[ x belongs to ,god alone to d any?+ beside ! ord] ( nature1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ! devil _c effect any?+ 9 man's int]nal movem5ts1 except 9 respect ( ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! int]nal acts ( ! s\l are to und]/& & to imag9e4 ,n[ ! devil c d no?+ 9 connection ) ei!r ( ^!1 because1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaa1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 ad #b71 ! devil _c impress species on ! human intellect1 nor does x seem possible = him to produce imag9>y species1 s9ce imag9>y =ms1 be+ m spiritual1 are m excell5t ?an ^? :i* are 9 s5sible matt]1 :i*1 nev]!less1 ! devil is unable to produce1 z is cle> f :at we h said 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aaa1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 ad #b74 ,!re=e ! devil _c ?r\gh man's int]nal movem5ts induce him to s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 t case1 ! devil w\ld nev] tempt man1 unless he appe>$ visibly2 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,i answ] t1 ,! int]ior "p ( ! s\l is intellective & s5sitive2 & ! intellective "p conta9s ! intellect & ! w4 ,z reg>ds ! w1 we h already /at$ 7,a4 #a2 ,i1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #a7 :at is ! devil's relation !reto4 ,n[ ! intellect1 ( its v nature1 is mov$ by t :i* enlight5s x 9 ! k ( tru?1 :i* ! devil has no int5tion ( do+ 9 man's reg>d2 r does he d>k5 man's reason s t x may cons5t to s91 :i* d>kness is due to ! imag9ation & s5sitive appetite4 ,consequ5tly ! op]ation ( ! devil seems to be conf9$ to ! imag9ation & s5sitive appetite1 by mov+ ei!r ( :i* he c induce man to s94 ,= 8 op]ation may result 9 pres5t+ c]ta9 =ms to ! imag9ation2 & he is able to incite ! s5sitive appetite to "s passion or o!r4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #c71 ! corporeal nature has a natural aptitude to be mov$ locally by ! spiritual nature3 s t ! devil c produce all ^? effects :i* c result f ! local movem5t ( bodies "h bel[1 except he be re/ra9$ by ! ,div9e p[]4 ,n[ ! repres5tation ( =ms to ! imag9ation is due1 sometimes1 to local movem5t3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,somno et ,vigil47 99,de ,insomn4 iii1 iv4 t :5 an animal sleeps1 ! blood desc5ds 9 abundance to ! s5sitive pr9ciple1 & ! movem5ts desc5d ) x1 viz4 ! impressions left by ! action ( s5sible objects1 :i* impressions are pres]v$ by means ( s5sible species1 & cont9ue to move ! appreh5sive pr9ciple1 s t !y appe> j z ?\gh ! s5sitive pr9ciples 7 be+ affect$ by !m at ! "t4 ,h5ce su* a local movem5t ( ! vital spirits or humors c be procur$ by ! demons1 :e!r man sleep or wake3 & s x happ5s t man's imag9ation is br\ght into play4 ,9 l mann]1 ! s5sitive appetite is incit$ to c]ta9 passions accord+ to c]ta9 fix$ movem5ts ( ! he>t & ! vital spirits3 :]e=e ! devil c coop]ate 9 ?is also4 ,& ?r\gh c]ta9 passions be+ ar\s$ 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 ! result is t man m easily p]ceives ! movem5t or s5sible image :i* is br\ght 9 ! mann] expla9$1 be=e ! appreh5sive pr9ciple1 s9ce1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,de ,somno et ,virgil43 ,de ,insomn4 iii1 iv71 lov]s are mov$1 by ev5 a slight lik5ess1 to an appreh5sion ( ! belov$4 ,x also happ5s1 ?r\gh ! r\s+ ( a passion1 t :at is put be=e ! imag9ation1 is judg$1 z be+ some?+ to be pursu$1 because1 to him :o is held by a passion1 :atev] ! passion incl9es him to1 seems good4 ,9 ?is way ! devil induces man inw>dly to s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh vital functions are always f an intr9sic pr9ciple1 yet an extr9sic ag5t c coop]ate ) !m1 ev5 z ext]nal heat coop]ates ) ! functions ( ! vegetal s\l1 t food may be m easily dige/$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is app>ition ( imag9>y =ms is n altoge!r outside ! ord] ( nature1 nor is x due to a comm& alone1 b accord+ to local movem5t1 z expla9$ above4 ,consequ5tly ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is cle>1 because ^! =ms are receiv$ orig9ally f ! s5ses4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q1 #hj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,devil ,c ,induce ,man to ,s9 ( ,necessity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! devil c induce man to s9 ( necessity4 ,because ! great] c compel ! less]4 ,n[ x is said ( ! devil 7,job #da3bd7 t !re is no p[] on e>? t c comp>e ) him4 ,!re=e he c compel man to s91 :ile he dwells on ! e>?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man's reason _c be mov$ except 9 respect ( ?+s t are (f]$ outw>dly to ! s5ses1 or are repres5t$ to ! imag9ation3 because all our k arises f ! s5ses1 & we _c und]/& )\t a phantasm 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #cj4 #ci74 ,n[ ! devil c move man's imag9ation1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b72 & also ! ext]nal s5ses1 = ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #ab7 t ?is evil1 ( :i*1 to wit1 ! devil is ! cause1 ext5ds gradually ?r\gh all ! approa*es to ! s5ses1 x adapts itself to %apes1 bl5ds ) colors1 m+les ) s\nds1 seasons e flavor4 ,!re=e x c incl9e man's reason to s9 ( necessity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #d7 t !re is "s s9 :5 ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s4 ,n[ ! devil c cause concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 ev5 z o!r passions1 9 ! way expla9$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e he c induce man to s9 ( necessity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #e3h73 ,y\r adv]s>y ! devil1 z a ro>+ lion1 goe? ab\t seek+ :om he may dev\r4 ,n[ x w\ld be useless to admoni% ?us1 if x 7 true t man 7 "u ! necessity ( succumb+ to ! devil4 ,!re=e he _c induce man to s9 ( necessity4 ,fur!r1 x is likewise writt5 7,jam4 #d3g73 ,be subject 4 4 4 to ,god1 b resi/ ! devil1 & he w fly f y1 :i* w\ld be said nei!r rightly nor truly1 if ! devil 7 able to compel u1 9 any way :atev]1 to s92 = !n nei!r w\ld x be possible to resi/ him1 nor w\ld he fly f ^? :o d4 ,!re=e he does n compel to s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! devil1 by 8 own p[]1 unless he be re/ra9$ by ,god1 c compel anyone to d an act :i*1 9 its g5us1 is a s92 b he _c br+ ab\t ! necessity ( s9n+4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t man does n resi/ t :i* moves him to s91 except by 8 reason2 ! use ( :i* ! devil is able to imp$e altoge!r1 by mov+ ! imag9ation & ! s5sitive appetite2 z is ! case ) "o :o is possess$4 ,b !n1 ! reason be+ ?us fett]$1 :atev] man may d1 x is n imput$ to him z a s94 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! reason is n altoge!r fett]$1 !n1 9 s f> z x is free1 x c resi/ s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #g74 ,x is consequ5tly evid5t t ! devil c n[ise compel man to s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e p[] t is great] ?an man1 c move man's w2 ,god alone c d ?is1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* is appreh5d$ by ! s5ses or ! imag9ation does n move ! w1 ( necessity1 s long z man has ! use ( reason2 nor does su* an appreh5sion always fett] ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! lu/+ ( ! fle% aga9/ ! _s1 :5 ! reason actually resi/s x1 is n a s91 b is matt] = ! ex]cise ( virtue4 ,t reason does n resi/1 is n 9 ! devil's p[]2 :]e=e he _c br+ ab\t ! necessity ( s9n+4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ! ,s9s ( ,m5 ,are ,due to ! ,devil's ,sugge/ion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! s9s ( m5 are due to ! devil's sugge/ion4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! cr[d ( demons are ! cause ( all evils1 bo? to !mselves & to o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] s9s mortally1 becomes ! slave ( ! devil1 accord+ to ,john #h3cd3 ,:osoev] committe? s9 is ! slave ,d\ay3 's]vant' ( s94 ,n[ by :om a man is ov]come1 ( ! same also he is ! slave 7#b ,pet4 #b3ai74 ,!re=e :oev] commits a s91 has be5 ov]come by ! devil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 iv1 #aj7 ! s9 ( ! devil is irrep>able1 because he s9n$ at no o!r's sugge/ion4 ,!re=e1 if any m5 7 to s9 ( _! own free-w & )\t sugge/ion f any o!r1 _! s9 w\ld be irrem$iable3 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e all ! s9s ( m5 are due to ! devil's sugge/ion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,de ,eccl4 ,dogm4 lxxxii73 ,n all our evil ?\ghts are incit$ by ! devil2 sometimes !y are due to a movem5t ( ! free-w4 ,i answ] t1 ! devil is ! occasional & indirect cause ( all our s9s1 9 s f> z he induc$ ! fir/ man to s91 by reason ( ^: s9 human nature is s infect$1 t we are all prone to s93 ev5 z ! burn+ ( wood might be imput$ to ! man :o dri$ ! wood s z to make x easily inflammable4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 ! direct cause ( all ! s9s ( m51 z ?\gh ea* 7 ! result ( 8 sugge/ion4 ,orig5 proves ?is 7,p]i ,ar*on iii1 #b7 f ! fact t ev5 if ! devil 7 no m1 m5 w\ld /ill h ! desire = food1 sexual pleasures & ! l2 :i* desire might be inord9ate1 unless x 7 subord9ate to reason1 a matt] t is subject to ! free-w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! cr[d ( demons are ! cause ( all our evils1 z reg>ds _! orig9al cause1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man becomes ano!r's slave n only by be+ ov]come by him1 b also by subject+ himself to him spontane\sly3 x is ?us t "o :o s9s ( 8 own accord1 becomes ! slave ( ! devil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! devil's s9 0 irrem$iable1 n only because he s9n$ )\t ano!r's sugge/ion2 b also because he 0 n already prone to s91 on acc\nt ( any previ\s s92 :i* c be said ( no s9 ( man4 ,,"q #ha ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,s91 ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,man 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( s91 on ! "p ( man4 ,n[1 :ile man1 l ! devil1 is ! cause ( ano!r's s91 by outw>d sugge/ion1 he has a c]ta9 special mann] ( caus+ s91 by way ( orig94 ,:]e=e we mu/ speak ab\t orig9al s91 ! consid]ation ( :i* w be ?ree-fold3 7#a7 ,( its transmission2 7#b7 ( its ess5ce2 7#c7 ( its subject4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r man's fir/ s9 is transmitt$1 by way ( orig9 to 8 desc5dants8 7#b7 ,:e!r all ! o!r s9s ( our fir/ p>5t1 or ( any o!r p>5ts1 are transmitt$ to _! desc5dants1 by way ( orig98 7#c7 ,:e!r orig9al s9 is contract$ by all ^? :o are begott5 ( ,adam by way ( sem9al g5]ation8 7#d7 ,:e!r x w\ld be contract$ by anyone =m$ miracul\sly f "s "p ( ! human body8 7#e7 ,:e!r orig9al s9 w\ld h be5 contract$ if ! woman1 & n ! man1 _h s9n$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,s9 ( ,our ,fir/ ,p>5t ,is ,contract$ by ,8 ,desc5dants1 by ,way ( ,orig98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ s9 ( our fir/ p>5t is n contract$ by o!rs1 by way ( orig94 ,= x is writt5 7,eze*4 #ah3bj73 ,! son %all n be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r4 ,b he w\ld be> ! iniquity if he contract$ x f him4 ,!re=e no "o contracts any s9 f "o ( 8 p>5ts by way ( orig94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an accid5t is n transmitt$ by way ( orig91 unless its subject be also transmitt$1 s9ce accid5ts d n pass f "o subject to ano!r4 ,n[ ! rational s\l :i* is ! subject ( s91 is n transmitt$ by way ( orig91 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e nei!r c any s9 be transmitt$ by way ( orig94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is transmitt$ by way ( human orig91 is caus$ by ! sem54 ,b ! sem5 _c cause s91 because x lacks ! rational "p ( ! s\l1 :i* alone c be a cause ( s94 ,!re=e no s9 c be contract$ by way ( orig94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is m p]fect 9 nature1 is m p[]ful 9 action4 ,n[ p]fect fle% _c infect ! s\l unit$ to x1 else ! s\l c\ld n be cleans$ ( orig9al s91 s long z x is unit$ to ! body4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 c ! sem5 infect ! s\l4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e73 ,no "o f9ds fault ) ^? :o are ugly by nature1 b only ^? :o are s ?r\gh want ( ex]cise & ?r\gh c>elessness4 ,n[ ^? are said to be naturally ugly1 :o are s f _! orig94 ,!re=e no?+ :i* comes by way ( orig9 is blamewor?y or s9ful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ab73 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ?is _w1 & by s9 dea?4 ,nor c ?is be und]/ood z d5ot+ imitation or sugge/ion1 s9ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #b3bd73 ,by ! envy ( ! devil1 dea? came into ?is _w4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ?r\gh orig9 f ! fir/ man s9 ent]$ into ! _w4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,ca?olic ,fai? we are b\nd to hold t ! fir/ s9 ( ! fir/ man is transmitt$ to 8 desc5dants1 by way ( orig94 ,= ?is reason *ildr5 are tak5 to be baptiz$ soon aft] _! bir?1 to %[ t !y h to be wa%$ f "s uncleanness4 ,! contr>y is "p ( ! ,pelagian h]esy1 z is cle> f ,augu/9e 9 _m ( 8 books 99,= in/ance1 ,retract4 i1 #i2 ,de ,pecc4 ,m]it4 et ,remiss4 ix2 ,contra ,julian4 iii1 #a2 ,de ,dono ,p]sev4 xi1 xii4 ,9 endeavor+ to expla9 h[ ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t c\ld be transmitt$ by way ( orig9 to 8 desc5dants1 v>i\s writ]s h gone ab\t x 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= "s1 consid]+ t ! subject ( s9 is ! rational s\l1 ma9ta9$ t ! rational s\l is transmitt$ ) ! sem51 s t ?us an infect$ s\l w\ld seem to produce o!r infect$ s\ls4 ,o!rs1 reject+ ?is z errone\s1 endeavor$ to %[ h[ ! guilt ( ! p>5t's s\l c be transmitt$ to ! *ildr51 ev5 ?\gh ! s\l be n transmitt$1 f ! fact t defects ( ! body are transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild--?us a lep] may beget a lep]1 or a g\ty man may be ! fa!r ( a g\ty son1 on acc\nt ( "s sem9al corruption1 al?\gh ?is corruption is n leprosy or g\t4 ,n[ s9ce ! body is proportionate to ! s\l1 & s9ce ! s\l's defects r$\nd into ! body1 & vice v]sa1 9 l mann]1 say !y1 a culpable defect ( ! s\l is pass$ on to ! *ild1 ?r\gh ! transmission ( ! sem51 albeit ! sem5 itself is n ! subject ( ! guilt4 ,b all ^! explanations are insuffici5t4 ,because1 grant$ t "s bodily defects are transmitt$ by way ( orig9 f p>5t to *ild1 & grant$ t ev5 "s defects ( ! s\l are transmitt$ 9 consequ5ce1 on acc\nt ( a defect 9 ! bodily habit1 z 9 ! case ( idiots begett+ idiots2 nev]!less ! fact ( hav+ a defect by ! way ( orig9 seems to exclude ! notion ( guilt1 :i* is ess5tially some?+ volunt>y4 ,:]e=e grant$ t ! rational s\l 7 transmitt$1 f ! v fact t ! /a9 on ! *ild's s\l is n 9 its w1 x w\ld cease to be a guilty /a9 b9d+ its subject to puni%m5t2 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e71 no "o reproa*es a man born bl9d2 "o r takes pity on him4 ,!re=e we mu/ expla9 ! matt] o!rwise by say+ t all m5 born ( ,adam may be consid]$ z "o man1 inasmu* z !y h "o common nature1 :i* !y receive f _! fir/ p>5ts2 ev5 z 9 civil matt]s1 all :o are memb]s ( "o community are reput$ z "o body1 & ! :ole community z "o man4 ,inde$ ,porphyry says 7,pra$ic41 ,de ,specie7 t by %>+ ! same species1 _m m5 are "o man4 ,accord+ly ! multitude ( m5 born ( ,adam1 are z s _m memb]s ( "o body4 ,n[ ! action ( "o memb] ( ! body1 ( ! h& = in/ance1 is volunt>y n by ! w ( t h&1 b by ! w ( ! s\l1 ! fir/ mov] ( ! memb]s4 ,:]e=e a murd] :i* ! h& commits w\ld n be imput$ z a s9 to ! h&1 consid]$ by itself z ap>t f ! body1 b is imput$ to x z some?+ belong+ to man & mov$ by man's fir/ mov+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ! disord] :i* is 9 ?is man born ( ,adam1 is volunt>y1 n by 8 w1 b by ! w ( 8 fir/ p>5t1 :o1 by ! movem5t ( g5]ation1 moves all :o orig9ate f him1 ev5 z ! s\l's w moves all ! memb]s to _! actions4 ,h5ce ! s9 :i* is ?us transmitt$ by ! fir/ p>5t to 8 desc5dants is call$ orig9al1 j z ! s9 :i* fl[s f ! s\l into ! bodily memb]s is call$ actual4 ,& j z ! actual s9 t is committ$ by a memb] ( ! body1 is n ! s9 ( t memb]1 except inasmu* z t memb] is a "p ( ! man1 = :i* reason x is call$ a human s92 s orig9al s9 is n ! s9 ( ?is p]son1 except inasmu* z ?is p]son receives 8 nature f 8 fir/ p>5t1 = :i* reason x is call$ ! s9 ( nature1 accord+ to ,eph4 #b3c3 ,we 4 4 4 7 by nature *ildr5 ( wra?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! son is said n to be> ! iniquity ( 8 fa!r1 because he is n puni%$ = 8 fa!r's s91 unless he %>e 9 8 guilt4 ,x is ?us 9 ! case be=e u3 because guilt is transmitt$ by ! way ( orig9 f fa!r to son1 ev5 z actual s9 is transmitt$ ?r\gh be+ imitat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! s\l is n transmitt$1 because ! p[] 9 ! sem5 is n able to cause ! rational s\l1 nev]!less ! motion ( ! sem5 is a disposition to ! transmission ( ! rational s\l3 s t ! sem5 by its own p[] transmits ! human nature f p>5t to *ild1 & ) t nature1 ! /a9 :i* infects x3 = he t is born is associat$ ) 8 fir/ p>5t 9 8 guilt1 ?r\gh ! fact t he inh]its 8 nature f him by a k9d ( movem5t :i* is t ( g5]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! guilt is n actually 9 ! sem51 yet human nature is !re virtually accompani$ by t guilt4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! sem5 is ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 :i* is an act prop] to nature1 by help+ x to propagate itself4 ,h5ce ! s\l is m infect$ by ! sem51 ?an by ! fle% :i* is already p]fect1 & already affix$ to a c]ta9 p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a man is n blam$ = t :i* he has f 8 orig91 if we consid] ! man born1 9 himself4 ,b x we consid] him z ref]r$ to a pr9ciple1 !n he may be reproa*$ = x3 ?us a man may f 8 bir? be "u a family disgrace1 on acc\nt ( a crime committ$ by "o ( 8 =be>s4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,also ,o!r ,s9s ( ! ,fir/ ,p>5t or ( ,ne>] ,ance/ors ,are ,transmitt$ to ,_! ,desc5dants8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t also o!r s9s1 :e!r ( ! fir/ p>5t or ( ne>] ance/ors1 are transmitt$ to _! desc5dants4 ,= puni%m5t is nev] due unless = fault4 ,n[ "s are puni%$ by ! judgm5t ( ,god = ! s9 ( _! imm$iate p>5ts1 accord+ to ,ex4 #bj3e3 ,i am 4 4 4 ,god 4 4 4 jeal\s1 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,fur!rmore1 accord+ to human law1 ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o are guilty ( high treason are dis9h]it$4 ,!re=e ! guilt ( ne>] ance/ors is also transmitt$ to _! desc5dants4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man c bett] transmit to ano!r1 t :i* he has ( himself1 ?an t :i* he has receiv$ f ano!r3 ?us fire heats bett] ?an hot wat] does4 ,n[ a man transmits to 8 *ildr51 by ! way1 ( orig91 ! s9 :i* he has f ,adam4 ,mu* m !re=e %\ld he transmit ! s9 :i* he has contract$ ( himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! reason :y we contract orig9al s9 f our fir/ p>5t is because we 7 9 him z 9 ! pr9ciple ( our nature1 :i* he corrupt$4 ,b we 7 likewise 9 our ne>] ance/ors1 z 9 pr9ciples ( our nature1 :i* h[ev] x be corrupt1 c be corrupt$ yet m by s91 accord+ to ,apoc4 #bb3aa3 ,he t is fil?y1 let him be fil?i] /ill4 ,!re=e *ildr5 contract1 by ! way ( orig91 ! s9s ( _! ne>] ance/ors1 ev5 z !y contract ! s9 ( _! fir/ p>5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,good is m self-diffusive ?an evil4 ,b ! m]its ( ! ne>] ance/ors are n transmitt$ to _! desc5dants4 ,mu* less !re=e are _! s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,augu/9e puts ?is "q 9 ! ,en*iridion xlvi1 xlvii1 & leaves x unsolv$4 ,yet if we look into ! matt] c>efully we %all see t x is impossible = ! s9s ( ! ne>] ance/ors1 or ev5 any o!r b ! fir/ s9 ( our fir/ p>5t to be transmitt$ by way ( orig94 ,! reason is t a man begets 8 l 9 species b n 9 individual4 ,consequ5tly ^? ?+s t p]ta9 directly to ! individual1 su* z p]sonal actions & matt]s affect+ !m1 are n transmitt$ by p>5ts to _! *ildr53 = a gramm>ian does n transmit to 8 son ! k ( gramm> t he has acquir$ by 8 own /udies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? ?+s t conc]n ! nature ( ! species1 are transmitt$ by p>5ts to _! *ildr51 unless !re be a defect ( nature3 ?us a man ) eyes begets a son hav+ eyes1 unless nature fails4 ,& if nature be /rong1 ev5 c]ta9 accid5ts ( ! individual p]ta9+ to natural disposition1 are transmitt$ to ! *ildr51 e4g4 fleetness ( body1 acut5ess ( intellect1 & s =?2 b n[ise ^? t are purely p]sonal1 z /at$ above4 ,n[ j z some?+ may belong to ! p]son z su*1 & also some?+ ?r\gh ! gift ( grace1 s may some?+ belong to ! nature z su*1 viz4 :atev] is caus$ by ! pr9ciples ( nature1 & some?+ too ?r\gh ! gift ( grace4 ,9 ?is way orig9al ju/ice1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #a71 0 a gift ( grace1 conf]r$ by ,god on all human nature 9 our fir/ p>5t4 ,?is gift ! fir/ man lo/ by 8 fir/ s94 ,:]e=e z t orig9al ju/ice toge!r ) ! nature 0 to h be5 transmitt$ to 8 po/]ity1 s also 0 its disord]4 ,o!r actual s9s1 h[ev]1 :e!r ( ! fir/ p>5t or ( o!rs1 d n corrupt ! nature z nature1 b only z ! nature ( t p]son1 i4e4 9 respect ( ! pron5ess to s93 & consequ5tly o!r s9s are n transmitt$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 9 8 lett] to ,avitus 99,ep4 ad ,auxilium ccl41 *ildr5 are nev] inflict$ ) spiritual puni%m5t on acc\nt ( _! p>5ts1 unless !y %>e 9 _! guilt1 ei!r 9 _! orig91 or by imitation1 because e s\l is ,god's imm$iate prop]ty1 z /at$ 9 ,eze*4 #ah3d4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 by ,div9e or human judgm5t1 *ildr5 receive bodily puni%m5t on _! p>5ts' acc\nt1 inasmu* z ! *ild1 z to its body1 is "p ( its fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man c m easily transmit t :i* he has ( himself1 provid$ x be transmissible4 ,b ! actual s9s ( our ne>] ance/ors are n transmissible1 because !y are purely p]sonal1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fir/ s9 infects nature ) a human corruption p]ta9+ to nature2 :]eas o!r s9s infect x ) a corruption p]ta9+ only to ! p]son4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ! ,fir/ ,p>5t ,is ,transmitt$1 by ! ,way ( ,orig91 to ,all ,m58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( ! fir/ p>5t is n transmitt$1 by ! way ( orig91 to all m54 ,because dea? is a puni%m5t consequ5t ^u orig9al s94 ,b n all ^?1 :o are born ( ! se$ ( ,adam1 w die3 s9ce ^? :o w be /ill liv+ at ! com+ ( our ,"l1 w nev] die1 z1 seem+ly1 may be ga!r$ f #a ,!ss4 #d3ad3 ,we :o are alive 4 4 4 unto ! com+ ( ! ,"l1 %all n prev5t !m :o h slept4 ,!re=e !y d n contract orig9al s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o gives ano!r :at he has n himself4 ,n[ a man :o has be5 baptiz$ has n orig9al s94 ,!re=e he does n transmit x to 8 *ildr54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( ,*ri/ is great] ?an ! s9 ( ,adam1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,rom4 #e3ae1 seqq74 ,b ! gift ( ,*ri/ is n transmitt$ to all m53 nei!r1 !re=e1 is ! s9 ( ,adam4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ab73 ,dea? pass$ ^u all m5 9 :om all h s9n$4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,ca?olic ,fai? we mu/ firmly believe t1 ,*ri/ alone except$1 all m5 desc5d$ f ,adam contract orig9al s9 f him2 else all w\ld n ne$ r$emption 99,cf4 ,translator's note ins]t$ be=e ,,iii1 ,q4 #bg :i* is ?r\gh ,*ri/2 & ?is is errone\s4 ,! reason = ?is may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a71 viz4 t orig9al s91 9 virtue ( ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t1 is transmitt$ to 8 po/]ity1 j z1 f ! s\l's w1 actual s9 is transmitt$ to ! memb]s ( ! body1 ?r\gh _! be+ mov$ by ! w4 ,n[ x is evid5t t actual s9 c be transmitt$ to all su* memb]s z h an inborn aptitude to be mov$ by ! w4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is transmitt$ to all ^? :o are mov$ by ,adam by ! movem5t ( g5]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is held ) great] probability & m commonly t all ^? t are alive at ! com+ ( our ,"l1 w die1 & rise aga9 %ortly1 z we %all /ate m fully 9 ! ,?ird ,"p 7,suppl41 ,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #a74 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be true1 z o!rs hold1 t !y w nev] die1 7an op9ion :i* ,j]ome m5tions among o!rs 9 a lett] to ,m9]ius1 on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body--,ep4 cxix71 !n we mu/ say 9 reply to ! objection1 t al?\gh !y are n to die1 ! debt ( dea? is none ! less 9 !m1 & t ! puni%m5t ( dea? w be remitt$ by ,god1 s9ce ,he c also =give ! puni%m5t due = actual s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,orig9al s9 is tak5 away by ,baptism z to ! guilt1 9 s f> z ! s\l recov]s grace z reg>ds ! m9d4 ,nev]!less orig9al s9 rema9s 9 its effect z reg>ds ! fomes1 :i* is ! disord] ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! s\l & ( ! body itself1 9 respect ( :i*1 & n ( ! m9d1 man ex]cises 8 p[] ( g5]ation4 ,consequ5tly ^? :o are baptiz$ transmit orig9al s93 s9ce !y d n beget z be+ r5ew$ 9 ,baptism1 b z /ill reta9+ some?+ ( ! oldness ( ! fir/ s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ,adam's s9 is transmitt$ to all :o are born ( ,adam corporally1 s is ! grace ( ,*ri/ transmitt$ to all t are begott5 ( ,him spiritually1 by fai? & ,baptism3 & ?is1 n only unto ! removal ( s9 ( _! fir/ p>5t1 b also unto ! removal ( actual s9s1 & ! obta9+ ( glory4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,orig9al ,s9 ,w\ld ,be ,contract$ by a ,p]son ,=m$ ,miracul\sly f ,human ,fle%8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t orig9al s9 w\ld be contract$ by a p]son =m$ miracul\sly f human fle%4 ,= a gloss on ,g54 #d3a says t ,adam's entire po/]ity 0 corrupt$ 9 8 lo9s1 because !y 7 n sev]$ f him 9 ! place ( life1 be=e he s9n$1 b 9 ! place ( exile aft] he _h s9n$4 ,b if a man 7 to be =m$ 9 ! a=esaid mann]1 8 fle% w\ld be sev]$ 9 ! place ( exile4 ,!re=e x w\ld contract orig9al s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 is caus$ 9 u by ! s\l be+ infect$ ?r\gh ! fle%4 ,b man's fle% is entirely corrupt$4 ,!re=e a man's s\l w\ld contract ! infection ( orig9al s91 f :atev] "p ( ! fle% x 0 =m$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 comes ^u all f our fir/ p>5t1 9 s f> z we 7 all 9 him :5 he s9n$4 ,b ^? :o might be =m$ out ( human fle%1 w\ld h be5 9 ,adam4 ,!re=e !y w\ld contract orig9al s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,!y w\ld n h be5 9 ,adam accord+ to sem9al virtue1 :i* alone is ! cause ( ! transmission ( orig9al s91 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,g54 ad lit4 x1 #ah1 seqq474 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #c71 orig9al s9 is transmitt$ f ! fir/ p>5t to 8 po/]ity1 inasmu* z !y are mov$ by him ?r\gh g5]ation1 ev5 z ! memb]s are mov$ by ! s\l to actual s94 ,n[ !re is no movem5t to g5]ation except by ! active p[] ( g5]ation3 s t ^? alone contract orig9al s91 :o are desc5d$ f ,adam ?r\gh ! active p[] ( g5]ation orig9ally d]iv$ f ,adam1 i4e4 :o are desc5d$ f him ?r\gh sem9al p[]2 = ! sem9al p[] is no?+ else ?an ! active p[] ( g5]ation4 ,b if anyone 7 to be =m$ by ,god out ( human fle%1 x is evid5t t ! active p[] w\ld n be d]iv$ f ,adam4 ,consequ5tly he w\ld n contract orig9al s93 ev5 z a h& w\ld h no "p 9 a human s91 if x 7 mov$1 n by ! man's w1 b by "s ext]nal p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,adam 0 n 9 ! place ( exile until aft] 8 s94 ,consequ5tly x is n on acc\nt ( ! place ( exile1 b on acc\nt ( ! s91 t orig9al s9 is transmitt$ to ^? to :om 8 active g5]ation ext5ds4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fle% does n corrupt ! s\l1 except 9 s f> z x is ! active pr9ciple 9 g5]ation1 z we h /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if a man 7 to be =m$ f human fle%1 he w\ld h be5 9 ,adam1 by way ( bodily sub/ance 99,! expression is ,/4 ,augu/9e's 7,g54 ad lit4 x74 ,cf4 ,summa ,!ologica1 ,,iii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #f1 ,reply to ,fir/ ,objection41 b n accord+ to sem9al virtue1 z /at$ above4 ,!re=e he w\ld n contract orig9al s94 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,if ,eve1 & ,n ,adam1 ,_h ,s9n$1 ,_! ,*ildr5 ,w\ld ,h ,contract$ ,orig9al ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t if ,eve1 & n ,adam1 _h s9n$1 _! *ildr5 w\ld h contract$ orig9al s94 ,because we contract orig9al s9 f our p>5ts1 9 s f> z we 7 once 9 !m1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #e3ab73 ,9 :om all h s9n$4 ,n[ a man pre-exi/s 9 8 "m z well z 9 8 fa!r4 ,!re=e a man w\ld h contract$ orig9al s9 f 8 "m's s9 z well z f 8 fa!r's4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ,eve1 & n ,adam1 _h s9n$1 _! *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born liable to suff]+ & dea?1 s9ce x is ! "m t provides ! matt] 9 g5]ation z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 ii1 #a1 #d71 :5 dea? & liability to suff]+ are ! necess>y results ( matt]4 ,n[ liability to suff]+ & ! necessity ( dy+ are puni%m5ts ( orig9al s94 ,!re=e if ,eve1 & n ,adam1 _h s9n$1 _! *ildr5 w\ld contract orig9al s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #c7 t ! ,holy ,gho/ came ^u ! ,virg91 7( :om ,*ri/ 0 to be born )\t orig9al s97 purify+ h]4 ,b ?is purification w\ld n h be5 necess>y1 if ! infection ( orig9al s9 7 n contract$ f ! "m4 ,!re=e ! infection ( orig9al s9 is contract$ f ! "m3 s t if ,eve _h s9n$1 h] *ildr5 w\ld h contract$ orig9al s91 ev5 if ,adam _h n s9n$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ab73 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ?is _w4 ,n[ if ! woman w\ld h transmitt$ orig9al s9 to h] *ildr51 he %\ld h said t x ent]$ by two1 s9ce bo? ( !m s9n$1 or r t x ent]$ by a woman1 s9ce %e s9n$ fir/4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is transmitt$ to ! *ildr51 n by ! "m1 b by ! fa!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! solution ( ?is "q is made cle> by :at has be5 said4 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 t orig9al s9 is transmitt$ by ! fir/ p>5t 9 s f> z he is ! mov] 9 ! begett+ ( 8 *ildr53 :]e=e x has be5 said 7,a4 #d7 t if anyone 7 begott5 mat]ially only1 ( human fle%1 !y w\ld n contract orig9al s94 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 ! op9ion ( philosoph]s1 ! active pr9ciple ( g5]ation is f ! fa!r1 :ile ! "m provides ! matt]4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is contract$1 n f ! "m1 b f ! fa!r3 s t1 accord+ly1 if ,eve1 & n ,adam1 _h s9n$1 _! *ildr5 w\ld n contract orig9al s93 :]eas1 if ,adam1 & n ,eve1 _h s9n$1 !y w\ld contract x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! *ild pre-exi/s 9 its fa!r z 9 its active pr9ciple1 & 9 its "m1 z 9 its mat]ial & passive pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s hold t if ,eve1 & n ,adam1 _h s9n$1 _! *ildr5 w\ld be immune f ! s91 b w\ld h be5 subject to ! necessity ( dy+ & to o!r =ms ( suff]+ t are a necess>y result ( ! matt] :i* is provid$ by ! "m1 n z puni%m5ts1 b z actual defects4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems unreasonable4 ,because1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ig1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 ad #d71 immortality & impassibility1 9 ! orig9al /ate1 7 a result1 n ( ! condition ( matt]1 b ( orig9al ju/ice1 :]eby ! body 0 subject$ to ! s\l1 s long z ! s\l rema9$ subject to ,god4 ,n[ privation ( orig9al ju/ice is orig9al s94 ,if1 !re=e1 suppos+ ,adam _h n s9n$1 orig9al s9 w\ld n h be5 transmitt$ to po/]ity on acc\nt ( ,eve's s92 x is evid5t t ! *ildr5 w\ld n h be5 depriv$ ( orig9al ju/ice3 & consequ5tly !y w\ld n h be5 liable to suff] & subject to ! necessity ( dy+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is prev5i5t purification 9 ! ,bless$ ,virg9 0 n ne$$ to h9d] ! transmission ( orig9al s91 b because x behoov$ ! ,"m ( ,god to %9e ) ! greate/ purity 99,cf4 ,anselm1 ,de ,concep4 ,virg4 xviii44 ,= no?+ is wor?y to receive ,god unless x be pure1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ib3e3 ,hol9ess become? ,?y ,h\se1 ,o ,"l4 ,,"q #hb ,,( ,,orig9al ,,s91 ,,z ,,to ,,its ,,ess5ce 7,"q #hb7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] orig9al s9 z to its ess5ce1 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r orig9al s9 is a habit8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re is b "o orig9al s9 9 ea* man8 7#c7 ,:e!r orig9al s9 is concupisc5ce8 7#d7 ,:e!r orig9al s9 is equally 9 all8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,orig9al ,s9 ,is a ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t orig9al s9 is n a habit4 ,= orig9al s9 is ! abs5ce ( orig9al ju/ice1 z ,anselm /ates 7,de ,concep4 ,virg4 ii1 iii1 xxvi71 s t orig9al s9 is a privation4 ,b privation is oppos$ to habit4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is n a habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 actual s9 has ! nature ( fault m ?an orig9al s91 9 s f> z x is m volunt>y4 ,n[ ! habit ( actual s9 has n ! nature ( a fault1 else x w\ld foll[ t a man :ile asleep1 w\ld be guilty ( s94 ,!re=e no orig9al habit has ! nature ( a fault4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 wick$ness act always prec$es habit1 because evil habits are n infus$1 b acquir$4 ,n[ orig9al s9 is n prec$$ by an act4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is n a habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 9 8 book on ! ,baptism ( infants 7,de ,pecc4 ,m]it4 et ,remiss4 i1 #ci7 t on acc\nt ( orig9al s9 little *ildr5 h ! aptitude ( concupisc5ce ?\gh !y h n ! act4 ,n[ aptitude d5otes "s k9d ( habit4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is a habit4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #a71 habit is tw(old4 ,! fir/ is a habit :]eby p[] is incl9$ to an act3 ?us sci5ce & virtue are call$ habits4 ,9 ?is way orig9al s9 is n a habit4 ,! second k9d ( habit is ! disposition ( a complex nature1 :]eby t nature is well or ill dispos$ to some?+1 *iefly :5 su* a disposition has become l a second nature1 z 9 ! case ( sickness or heal?4 ,9 ?is s5se orig9al s9 is a habit4 ,= x is an inord9ate disposition1 aris+ f ! de/ruction ( ! h>mony :i* 0 ess5tial to orig9al ju/ice1 ev5 z bodily sickness is an inord9ate disposition ( ! body1 by reason ( ! de/ruction ( t equilibrium :i* is ess5tial to heal?4 ,h5ce x is t orig9al s9 is call$ ! languor ( nature 99,cf4 ,augu/9e1 ,9 ,ps4 #aah1 s]m4 iii4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z bodily sickness is p>tly a privation1 9 s f> z x d5otes ! de/ruction ( ! equilibrium ( heal?1 & p>tly some?+ positive1 viz4 ! v humors t are inord9ately dispos$1 s too orig9al s9 d5otes ! privation ( orig9al ju/ice1 & besides ?is1 ! inord9ate disposition ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly x is n a pure privation1 b a corrupt habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,actual s9 is an inord9at5ess ( an act3 :]eas orig9al s91 be+ ! s9 ( nature1 is an inord9ate disposition ( nature1 & has ! "* ( fault ?r\gh be+ transmitt$ f our fir/ p>5t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ?is inord9ate disposition ( nature is a k9d ( habit1 :]eas ! inord9ate disposition ( an act is n3 & = ?is reason orig9al s9 c be a habit1 :]eas actual s9 _c4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection consid]s ! habit :i* incl9es a p[] to an act3 b orig9al s9 is n ?is k9d ( habit4 ,nev]!less a c]ta9 incl9ation to an inord9ate act does foll[ f orig9al s91 n directly1 b indirectly1 viz4 by ! removal ( ! ob/acle1 i4e4 orig9al ju/ice1 :i* h9d]$ inord9ate movem5ts3 j z an incl9ation to inord9ate bodily movem5ts results indirectly f bodily sickness4 ,nor is x necess>y to say t orig9al s9 is a habit infus$1 or a habit acquir$ 7except by ! act ( our fir/ p>5t1 b n by our own act73 b x is a habit inborn due to our corrupt orig94 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,sev]al ,orig9al ,s9s 9 ,"o ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are _m orig9al s9s 9 "o man4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #a3g73 ,behold ,i 0 conceiv$ 9 iniquities1 & 9 s9s did my "m conceive me4 ,b ! s9 9 :i* a man is conceiv$ is orig9al s94 ,!re=e !re are sev]al orig9al s9s 9 man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o & ! same habit does n incl9e its subject to contr>ies3 s9ce ! incl9ation ( habit is l t ( nature :i* t5ds to "o ?+4 ,n[ orig9al s91 ev5 9 "o man1 incl9es to v>i\s & contr>y s9s4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is n "o habit2 b sev]al4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 infects e "p ( ! s\l4 ,n[ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l are diff]5t subjects ( s91 z %[n above 7,q4 #gd74 ,s9ce !n "o s9 _c be 9 diff]5t subjects1 x seems t orig9al s9 is n "o b sev]al4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #a3bi73 ,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god1 behold ,him ,:o take? away ! s9 ( ! _w3 & ! reason = ! employm5t ( ! s+ul> is t ! s9 ( ! _w is orig9al s91 z a gloss exp\nds ?is passage4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 "o man !re is "o orig9al s94 ,two reasons may be assign$ = ?is4 ,! fir/ is on ! "p ( ! cause ( orig9al s94 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b71 t ! fir/ s9 alone ( our fir/ p>5t 0 transmitt$ to 8 po/]ity4 ,:]e=e 9 "o man orig9al s9 is "o 9 numb]2 & 9 all m51 x is "o 9 proportion1 i4e4 9 relation to its fir/ pr9ciple4 ,! second reason may be tak5 f ! v ess5ce ( orig9al s94 ,because 9 e inord9ate disposition1 unity ( species dep5ds on ! cause1 :ile ! unity ( numb] is d]iv$ f ! subject4 ,= example1 take bodily sickness3 v>i\s species ( sickness proce$ f diff]5t causes1 e4g4 f excessive heat or cold1 or f a lesion 9 ! lung or liv]2 :ile "o specific sickness 9 "o man w be "o 9 numb]4 ,n[ ! cause ( ?is corrupt disposition t is call$ orig9al s91 is "o only1 viz4 ! privation ( orig9al ju/ice1 remov+ ! subjection ( man's m9d to ,god4 ,consequ5tly orig9al s9 is specifically "o1 &1 9 "o man1 c be only "o 9 numb]2 :ile1 9 diff]5t m51 x is "o 9 species & 9 proportion1 b is num]ically _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! employm5t ( ! plural--9 s9s--may be expla9$ by ! cu/om ( ! ,div9e ,scriptures 9 ! frequ5t use ( ! plural = ! s+ul>1 e4g4 ,!y are dead t s\ght ! life ( ! *ild2 or by ! fact t all actual s9s virtually pre-exi/ 9 orig9al s91 z 9 a pr9ciple s t x is virtually _m2 or by ! fact ( !re be+ _m de=mities 9 ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t1 viz4 pride1 disob$i5ce1 gluttony1 & s =?2 or by sev]al p>ts ( ! s\l be+ infect$ by orig9al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,( itself & directly1 i4e4 by its own =m1 "o habit _c incl9e its subject to contr>ies4 ,b !re is no reason :y x %\ld n d s1 indirectly & accid5tally1 i4e4 by ! removal ( an ob/acle3 ?us1 :5 ! h>mony ( a mix$ body is de/roy$1 ! elem5ts h contr>y local t5d5cies4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! h>mony ( orig9al ju/ice is de/roy$1 ! v>i\s p[]s ( ! s\l h v>i\s opposite t5d5cies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,orig9al s9 infects ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l1 9 s f> z !y are ! p>ts ( "o :ole2 ev5 z orig9al ju/ice held all ! s\l's p>ts toge!r 9 "o4 ,consequ5tly !re is b "o orig9al s93 j z !re is b "o fev] 9 "o man1 al?\gh ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body are affect$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,orig9al ,s9 ,is ,concupisc5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t orig9al s9 is n concupisc5ce4 ,= e s9 is contr>y to nature1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d1 #cj74 ,b concupisc5ce is 9 accordance ) nature1 s9ce x is ! prop] act ( ! concupiscible faculty :i* is a natural p[]4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce is n orig9al s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?r\gh orig9al s9 ! passions ( s9s are 9 u1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #g3e74 ,n[ !re are sev]al o!r passions besides concupisc5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is n concupisc5ce any m ?an ano!r passion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by orig9al s91 all ! p>ts ( ! s\l are disord]$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #c74 ,b ! intellect is ! highe/ ( ! s\l's p>ts1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 x1 #g74 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is ignorance r ?an concupisc5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #ae73 ,concupisc5ce is ! guilt ( orig9al s94 ,i answ] t1 ,ev]y?+ takes its species f its =m3 & x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #b7 t ! species ( orig9al s9 is tak5 f its cause4 ,consequ5tly ! =mal elem5t ( orig9al s9 mu/ be consid]$ 9 respect ( ! cause ( orig9al s94 ,b contr>ies h contr>y causes4 ,!re=e ! cause ( orig9al s9 mu/ be consid]$ ) respect to ! cause ( orig9al ju/ice1 :i* is oppos$ to x4 ,n[ ! :ole ord] ( orig9al ju/ice consi/s 9 man's w be+ subject to ,god3 :i* subjection1 fir/ & *iefly1 0 9 ! w1 ^: function x is to move all ! o!r p>ts to ! end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a71 s t ! w be+ turn$ away f ,god1 all ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l become inord9ate4 ,accord+ly ! privation ( orig9al ju/ice1 :]eby ! w 0 made subject to ,god1 is ! =mal elem5t 9 orig9al s92 :ile e o!r disord] ( ! s\l's p[]s1 is a k9d ( mat]ial elem5t 9 respect ( orig9al s94 ,n[ ! inord9at5ess ( ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l consi/s *iefly 9 _! turn+ inord9ately to mutable good2 :i* inord9at5ess may be call$ by ! g5]al "n ( concupisc5ce4 ,h5ce orig9al s9 is concupisc5ce1 mat]ially1 b privation ( orig9al ju/ice1 =mally4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce1 9 man1 ! concupiscible p[] is naturally gov]n$ by reason1 ! act ( concupisc5ce is s f> natural to man1 z x is 9 accord ) ! ord] ( reason2 :ile1 9 s f> z x trespasses beyond ! b\nds ( reason1 x is1 = a man1 contr>y to reason4 ,su* is ! concupisc5ce ( orig9al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a71 all ! irascible passions are r$ucible to concupiscible passions1 z hold+ ! pr9cipal place3 & ( ^!1 concupisc5ce is ! mo/ impetu\s 9 mov+1 & is felt mo/1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is ascrib$ to concupisc5ce1 z be+ ! *ief passion1 & z includ+ all ! o!rs1 9 a fa%ion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z1 9 good ?+s1 ! intellect & reason /& fir/1 s conv]sely 9 evil ?+s1 ! l[] "p ( ! s\l is f\nd to take prec$5ce1 = x cl\ds & draws ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2,q4 #hj1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce orig9al s9 is call$ concupisc5ce r ?an ignorance1 al?\gh ignorance is compris$ among ! mat]ial defects ( orig9al s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,orig9al ,s9 ,is ,equally 9 ,all8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t orig9al s9 is n equally 9 all4 ,because orig9al s9 is inord9ate concupisc5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,n[ all are n equally prone to acts ( concupisc5ce4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is n equally 9 all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 is an inord9ate disposition ( ! s\l1 j z sickness is an inord9ate disposition ( ! body4 ,b sickness is subject to degrees4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is subject to degrees4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nup4 et ,concep4 i1 #bc7 t lu/ transmits orig9al s9 to ! *ild4 ,b ! act ( g5]ation may be m lu/ful 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 may be great] 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,orig9al s9 is ! s9 ( nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a74 ,b nature is equally 9 all4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is too4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ?+s 9 orig9al s93 "o is ! privation ( orig9al ju/ice2 ! o!r is ! relation ( ?is privation to ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t1 f :om x is transmitt$ to man ?r\gh 8 corrupt orig94 ,z to ! fir/1 orig9al s9 has no degrees1 s9ce ! gift ( orig9al ju/ice is tak5 away entirely2 & privations t remove some?+ entirely1 su* z dea? & d>kness1 _c be m or less1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #b74 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r is ?is possible1 z to ! second3 s9ce all are relat$ equally to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( our corrupt orig91 f :i* pr9ciple orig9al s9 takes ! nature ( guilt2 = relations _c be m or less4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t orig9al s9 _c be m 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?r\gh ! bond ( orig9al ju/ice be+ brok51 :i* held toge!r all ! p[]s ( ! s\l 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 ea* p[] ( ! s\l t5ds to its own prop] movem5t1 & ! m impetu\sly1 z x is /rong]4 ,n[ x happ5s t "s ( ! s\l's p[]s are /rong] 9 "o man ?an 9 ano!r1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t bodily temp]am5ts4 ,consequ5tly if "o man is m prone ?an ano!r to acts ( concupisc5ce1 ?is is n due to orig9al s91 because ! bond ( orig9al ju/ice is equally brok5 9 all1 & ! l[] p>ts ( ! s\l are1 9 all1 left to !mselves equally2 b x is due to ! v>i\s dispositions ( ! p[]s1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sickness ( ! body1 ev5 sickness ( ! same species1 has n an equal cause 9 all2 = in/ance if a fev] be caus$ by corruption ( ! bile1 ! corruption may be great] or less1 & ne>] to1 or fur!r f a vital pr9ciple4 ,b ! cause ( orig9al s9 is equal to all1 s t !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is n ! actual lu/ t transmits orig9al s93 =1 suppos+ ,god 7 to grant to a man to feel no inord9ate lu/ 9 ! act ( g5]ation1 he w\ld /ill transmit orig9al s92 we mu/ und]/& ?is to be habitual lu/1 :]eby ! s5sitive appetite is n kept subject to reason by ! bonds ( orig9al ju/ice4 ,?is lu/ is equally 9 all4 ,,"q #hc ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,orig9al ,,s9 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! subject ( orig9al s91 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! subject ( orig9al s9 is ! fle% r ?an ! s\l8 7#b7 ,if x be ! s\l1 :e!r ?is be ?r\gh its ess5ce1 or ?r\gh its p[]s8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! w prior to ! o!r p[]s is ! subject ( orig9al s98 7#d7 ,:e!r c]ta9 p[]s ( ! s\l are specially infect$1 viz4 ! g5]ative p[]1 ! concupiscible "p1 & ! s5se ( t\*8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,orig9al ,s9 ,is ,m 9 ! ,fle% ,?an 9 ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t orig9al s9 is m 9 ! fle% ?an 9 ! s\l4 ,because ! rebellion ( ! fle% aga9/ ! m9d arises f ! corruption ( orig9al s94 ,n[ ! root ( ?is rebellion is seat$ 9 ! fle%3 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3bc73 ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s fight+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is seat$ *iefly 9 ! fle%4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is m 9 its cause ?an 9 its effect3 ?us heat is 9 ! heat+ fire m ?an 9 ! hot wat]4 ,n[ ! s\l is infect$ ) ! corruption ( orig9al s9 by ! c>nal sem54 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is 9 ! fle% r ?an 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we contract orig9al s9 f our fir/ p>5t1 9 s f> z we 7 9 him by reason ( sem9al virtue4 ,n[ our s\ls 7 n 9 him ?us1 b only our fle%4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is n 9 ! s\l1 b 9 ! fle%4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! rational s\l creat$ by ,god is infus$ into ! body4 ,if !re=e ! s\l 7 infect$ ) orig9al s91 x w\ld foll[ t x is corrupt$ 9 its creation or infusion3 & ?us ,god w\ld be ! cause ( s91 s9ce ,he is ! au?or ( ! s\l's creation & fusion4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 no wise man p\rs a preci\s liquid into a vessel1 kn[+ t ! vessel w corrupt ! liquid4 ,b ! rational s\l is m preci\s ?an any liquid4 ,if !re=e ! s\l1 by be+ unit$ ) ! body1 c\ld be corrupt$ ) ! infection ( orig9al s91 ,god1 ,:o is wisdom itself1 w\ld nev] infuse ! s\l into su* a body4 ,& yet ,he does2 :]e=e x is n corrupt$ by ! fle%4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is n 9 ! s\l b 9 ! fle%4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! same is ! subject ( a virtue & ( ! vice or s9 contr>y to t virtue4 ,b ! fle% _c be ! subject ( virtue3 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3ah73 ,i "k t !re dwelle? n 9 me1 t is to say1 9 my fle%1 t :i* is good4 ,!re=e ! fle% _c be ! subject ( orig9al s91 b only ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o ?+ c be 9 ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z 9 its cause1 ei!r pr9cipal1 or in/rum5tal2 secondly1 z 9 its subject4 ,accord+ly ! orig9al s9 ( all m5 0 9 ,adam inde$1 z 9 its pr9cipal cause1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #e3ab73 ,9 :om all h s9n$3 :]eas x is 9 ! bodily sem51 z 9 its in/rum5tal cause1 s9ce x is by ! active p[] ( ! sem5 t orig9al s9 toge!r ) human nature is transmitt$ to ! *ild4 ,b orig9al s9 c n[ise be 9 ! fle% z its subject1 b only 9 ! s\l4 ,! reason = ?is is t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a71 orig9al s9 is transmitt$ f ! w ( our fir/ p>5t to ?is po/]ity by a c]ta9 movem5t ( g5]ation1 9 ! same way z actual s9 is transmitt$ f any man's w to 8 o!r p>ts4 ,n[ 9 ?is transmission x is to be obs]v$1 t :atev] accrues f ! motion ( ! w cons5t+ to s91 to any "p ( man t c 9 any way %>e 9 t guilt1 ei!r z its subject or z its in/rum5t1 has ! "* ( s94 ,?us f ! w cons5t+ to gluttony1 concupisc5ce ( food accrues to ! concupiscible faculty1 & p>tak+ ( food accrues to ! h& & ! m\?1 :i*1 9 s f> z !y are mov$ by ! w to s91 are ! in/rum5ts ( s94 ,b t fur!r action is evok$ 9 ! nutritive p[] & ! int]nal memb]s1 :i* h no natural aptitude = be+ mov$ by ! w1 does n be> ! "* ( guilt4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! s\l c be ! subject ( guilt1 :ile ! fle%1 ( itself1 _c be ! subject ( guilt2 :atev] accrues to ! s\l f ! corruption ( ! fir/ s91 has ! "* ( guilt1 :ile :atev] accrues to ! fle%1 has ! "*1 n ( guilt b ( puni%m5t3 s t1 !re=e1 ! s\l is ! subject ( orig9al s91 & n ! fle%4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #bg7 99,cf4 ,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #ff1 ! ,apo/le is speak+1 9 t passage1 ( man already r$eem$1 :o is deliv]$ f guilt1 b is /ill liable to puni%m5t1 by reason ( :i* s9 is /at$ to dwell 9 ! fle%4 ,consequ5tly x foll[s t ! fle% is ! subject1 n ( guilt1 b ( puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,orig9al s9 is caus$ by ! sem5 z in/rum5tal cause4 ,n[ !re is no ne$ = any?+ to be m 9 ! in/rum5tal cause ?an 9 ! effect2 b only 9 ! pr9cipal cause3 &1 9 ?is way1 orig9al s9 0 9 ,adam m fully1 s9ce 9 him x _h ! nature ( actual s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s\l ( any individual man 0 9 ,adam1 9 respect ( 8 sem9al p[]1 n inde$ z 9 its effective pr9ciple1 b z 9 a dispositive pr9ciple3 because ! bodily sem51 :i* is transmitt$ f ,adam1 does n ( its own p[] produce ! rational s\l1 b disposes ! matt] = x4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! corruption ( orig9al s9 is n[ise caus$ by ,god1 b by ! s9 alone ( our fir/ p>5t ?r\gh c>nal g5]ation4 ,& s1 s9ce creation implies a relation 9 ! s\l to ,god alone1 x _c be said t ! s\l is ta9t$ ?r\gh be+ creat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 infusion implies relation bo? to ,god infus+ & to ! fle% into :i* ! s\l is infus$4 ,& s1 ) reg>d to ,god infus+1 x _c be said t ! s\l is /a9$ ?r\gh be+ infus$2 b only ) reg>d to ! body into :i* x is infus$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! common good takes prec$5ce ( private good4 ,:]e=e ,god1 accord+ to ,8 wisdom1 does n ov]look ! g5]al ord] ( ?+s 7:i* is t su* a s\l be infus$ into su* a body71 le/ ?is s\l contract a s+ul> corruption3 all ! m t ! nature ( ! s\l dem&s t x %\ld n exi/ prior to its infusion into ! body1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #c74 ,& x is bett] = ! s\l to be ?us1 accord+ to its nature1 ?an n to be at all1 especially s9ce x c avoid damnation1 by means ( grace4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,orig9al ,s9 ,is 9 ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,s\l ,r ,?an 9 ! ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t orig9al s9 is n 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l r ?an 9 ! p[]s4 ,= ! s\l is naturally apt to be ! subject ( s91 9 respect ( ^? p>ts :i* c be mov$ by ! w4 ,n[ ! s\l is mov$ by ! w1 n z to its ess5ce b only z to ! p[]s4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is 9 ! s\l1 n accord+ to its ess5ce1 b only accord+ to ! p[]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 is oppos$ to orig9al ju/ice4 ,n[ orig9al ju/ice 0 9 a p[] ( ! s\l1 because p[] is ! subject ( virtue4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 also is 9 a p[] ( ! s\l1 r ?an 9 its ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z orig9al s9 is d]iv$ f ! s\l z f ! fle%1 s is x d]iv$ by ! p[]s f ! ess5ce4 ,b orig9al s9 is m 9 ! s\l ?an 9 ! fle%4 ,!re=e x is m 9 ! p[]s ?an 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 is said to be concupisc5ce1 z /at$ 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #c74 ,b concupisc5ce is 9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,orig9al s9 is call$ ! s9 ( nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! s\l is ! =m & nature ( ! body1 9 respect ( its ess5ce & n 9 respect ( its p[]s1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ! s\l is ! subject ( orig9al s9 *iefly 9 respect ( its ess5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,! subject ( a s9 is *iefly t "p ( ! s\l to :i* ! motive cause ( t s9 prim>ily p]ta9s3 ?us if ! motive cause ( a s9 is s5sual pleasure1 :i* reg>ds ! concupiscible p[] ?r\gh be+ its prop] object1 x foll[s t ! concupiscible p[] is ! prop] subject ( t s94 ,n[ x is evid5t t orig9al s9 is caus$ ?r\gh our orig94 ,consequ5tly t "p ( ! s\l :i* is fir/ rea*$ by man's orig91 is ! prim>y subject ( orig9al s94 ,n[ ! orig9 rea*es ! s\l z ! t]m ( g5]ation1 accord+ z x is ! =m ( ! body3 & ?is belongs to ! s\l 9 respect ( its ess5ce1 z 0 prov$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ! s\l1 9 respect ( its ess5ce1 is ! prim>y subject ( orig9al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! motion ( ! w ( an individual rea*es to ! s\l's p[]s & n to its ess5ce1 s ! motion ( ! w ( ! fir/ g5]ator1 ?r\gh ! *annel ( g5]ation1 rea*es fir/ ( all to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 orig9al ju/ice p]ta9$ radically to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 because x 0 ,god's gift to human nature1 to :i* ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is relat$ be=e ! p[]s4 ,= ! p[]s seem to reg>d ! p]son1 9 z mu* z !y are ! pr9ciples ( p]sonal acts4 ,h5ce !y are ! prop] subjects ( actual s9s1 :i* are ! s9s ( ! p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! body is relat$ to ! s\l z matt] to =m1 :i* ?\gh x comes second 9 ord] ( g5]ation1 nev]!less comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( p]fection & nature4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is relat$ to ! p[]s1 z a subject to its prop] accid5ts1 :i* foll[ _! subject bo? 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation & 9 t ( p]fection4 ,consequ5tly ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,concupisc5ce1 9 relation to orig9al s91 holds ! position ( matt] & effect1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #c74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,orig9al ,s9 ,infects ! ,w ,be=e ! ,o!r ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t orig9al s9 does n infect ! w be=e ! o!r p[]s4 ,= e s9 belongs *iefly to t p[] by ^: act x 0 caus$4 ,n[ orig9al s9 is caus$ by an act ( ! g5]ative p[]4 ,!re=e x seems to belong to ! g5]ative p[] m ?an to ! o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! c>nal sem54 ,b ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l are m ak9 to ! fle% ?an ! w is1 z is evid5t ) reg>d to all ! s5sitive p[]s1 :i* use a bodily organ4 ,!re=e orig9al s9 is 9 !m m ?an 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect prec$es ! w1 = ! object ( ! w is only ! good und]/ood4 ,if !re=e orig9al s9 infects all ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 x seems t x mu/ fir/ ( all infect ! intellect1 z prec$+ ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,orig9al ju/ice has a prior relation to ! w1 because x is rectitude ( ! w1 z ,anselm /ates 7,de ,concep4 ,virg4 iii74 ,!re=e orig9al s91 :i* is oppos$ to x1 also has a prior relation to ! w4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! infection ( orig9al s94 ,fir/1 its inh]5ce to its subject2 & 9 ?is respect x reg>ds fir/ ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,9 ! second place we mu/ consid] its incl9ation to act2 & 9 ?is way x reg>ds ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,x mu/ !re=e reg>d fir/ ( all t p[] 9 :i* is seat$ ! fir/ incl9ation to commit a s91 & ?is is ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e orig9al s9 reg>ds fir/ ( all ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,orig9al s91 9 man1 is n caus$ by ! g5]ative p[] ( ! *ild1 b by ! act ( ! p>5tal g5]ative p[]4 ,consequ5tly1 x does n foll[ t ! *ild's g5]ative p[] is ! subject ( orig9al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,orig9al s9 spreads 9 two ways2 f ! fle% to ! s\l1 & f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l to ! p[]s4 ,! =m] foll[s ! ord] ( g5]ation1 ! latt] foll[s ! ord] ( p]fection4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! o!r1 viz4 ! s5sitive p[]s1 are m ak9 to ! fle%1 yet1 s9ce ! w1 be+ ! high] p[]1 is m ak9 to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 ! infection ( orig9al s9 rea*es x fir/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellect prec$es ! w1 9 "o way1 by propos+ its object to x4 ,9 ano!r way1 ! w prec$es ! intellect1 9 ! ord] ( motion to act1 :i* motion p]ta9s to s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,a=esaid ,p[]s ,are ,m ,infect$ ,?an ! ,o!rs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! a=esaid p[]s are n m infect$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,= ! infection ( orig9al s9 seems to p]ta9 m to t "p ( ! s\l :i* c be fir/ ! subject ( s94 ,n[ ?is is ! rational "p1 & *iefly ! w4 ,!re=e t p[] is mo/ infect$ by orig9al s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no p[] ( ! s\l is infect$ by guilt1 except 9 s f> z x c obey reason4 ,n[ ! g5]ative p[] _c obey reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac4 ,!re=e ! g5]ative p[] is n ! mo/ infect$ by orig9al s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ( all ! s5ses ! sight is ! mo/ spiritual & ! ne>e/ to reason1 9 s f> z x %[s u h[ a numb] ( ?+s diff] 7,metaph4 i74 ,b ! infection ( guilt is fir/ ( all 9 ! reason4 ,!re=e ! sight is m infect$ ?an t\*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #af1 seqq41 #bd7 t ! infection ( orig9al s9 is mo/ app>5t 9 ! movem5ts ( ! memb]s ( g5]ation1 :i* are n subject to reason4 ,n[ ^? memb]s s]ve ! g5]ative p[] 9 ! m+l+ ( sexes1 :]e9 !re is ! delectation ( t\*1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive to concupisc5ce4 ,!re=e ! infection ( orig9al s9 reg>ds ^! ?ree *iefly1 viz4 ! g5]ative p[]1 ! concupiscible faculty & ! s5se ( t\*4 ,i answ] t1 ,^? corruptions especially are said to be infecti\s1 :i* are ( su* a nature z to be transmitt$ f "o subject to ano!r3 h5ce contagi\s diseases1 su* z leprosy & murra9 & ! l1 are said to be infecti\s4 ,n[ ! corruption ( orig9al s9 is transmitt$ by ! act ( g5]ation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! p[]s :i* concur 9 ?is act1 are *iefly said to be infect$4 ,n[ ?is act s]ves ! g5]ative p[]1 9 z mu* z x is direct$ to g5]ation2 & x includes delectation ( ! t\*1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful object ( ! concupiscible faculty4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile all ! p>ts ( ! s\l are said to be corrupt$ by orig9al s91 ^! ?ree are said specially to be corrupt$ & infect$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,orig9al s91 9 s f> z x incl9es to actual s9s1 belongs *iefly to ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b 9 s f> z x is transmitt$ to ! (fspr+1 x belongs to ! a=esaid p[]s proximately1 & to ! w1 remotely4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! infection ( actual s9 belongs only to ! p[]s :i* are mov$ by ! w ( ! s9n]4 ,b ! infection ( orig9al s9 is n d]iv$ f ! w ( ! contractor1 b ?r\gh 8 natural orig91 :i* is effect$ by ! g5]ative p[]4 ,h5ce x is ?is p[] t is infect$ by orig9al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sight is n relat$ to ! act ( g5]ation except 9 respect ( remote disposition1 9 s f> z ! concupiscible species is se5 ?r\gh ! sight4 ,b ! delectation is complet$ 9 ! t\*4 ,:]e=e ! a=esaid infection is ascrib$ to ! t\* r ?an to ! sight4 ,,"q #hd ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,s91 ,,9 ,,respect ,,( ,,"o ,,s9 ,,be+ ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,ano!r 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( s91 9 s f> z "o s9 c be ! cause ( ano!r4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r covet\sness is ! root ( all s9s8 7#b7 ,:e!r pride is ! beg9n+ ( e s98 7#c7 ,:e!r o!r special s9s %\ld be call$ capital vices1 besides pride & covet\sness8 7#d7 ,h[ _m capital vices !re are1 & :i* are !y8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is ! ,root ( ,all ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t covet\sness is n ! root ( all s9s4 ,= covet\sness1 :i* is immod]ate desire = ri*es1 is oppos$ to ! virtue ( lib]ality4 ,b lib]ality is n ! root ( all virtues4 ,!re=e covet\sness is n ! root ( all s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! desire = ! means proce$s f desire = ! end4 ,n[ ri*es1 ! desire = :i* is call$ covet\sness1 are n desir$ except z be+ useful = "s end1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #e4 ,!re=e covet\sness is n ! root ( all s9s1 b proce$s f "s deep] root4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x (t5 happ5s t av>ice1 :i* is ano!r "n = covet\sness1 arises f o!r s9s2 z :5 a man desires money ?r\gh ambition1 or 9 ord] to sate 8 gluttony4 ,!re=e x is n ! root ( all s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #f3aj73 ,! desire ( money is ! root ( all evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to "s1 covet\sness may be und]/ood 9 diff]5t ways4 ,fir/1 z d5ot+ inord9ate desire = ri*es3 & ?us x is a special s94 ,secondly1 z d5ot+ inord9ate desire = any temporal good3 & ?us x is a g5us compris+ all s9s1 because e s9 includes an inord9ate turn+ to a mutable good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #b74 ,?irdly1 z d5ot+ an incl9ation ( a corrupt nature to desire corruptible goods inord9ately3 & !y say t 9 ?is s5se covet\sness is ! root ( all s9s1 comp>+ x to ! root ( a tree1 :i* draws its su/5ance f e>?1 j z e s9 gr[s out ( ! love ( temporal ?+s4 ,n[1 ?\gh all ?is is true1 x does n seem to expla9 ! m9d ( ! ,apo/le :5 he /ates t covet\sness is ! root ( all s9s4 ,= 9 t passage he cle>ly speaks aga9/ ^? :o1 because !y w become ri*1 fall into temptation1 & into ! sn>e ( ! devil 4 4 4 = covet\sness is ! root ( all evils4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t he is speak+ ( covet\sness z d5ot+ ! inord9ate desire = ri*es4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ say t covet\sness1 z d5ot+ a special s91 is call$ ! root ( all s9s1 9 lik5ess to ! root ( a tree1 9 furni%+ su/5ance to ! :ole tree4 ,= we see t by ri*es man acquires ! means ( committ+ any s9 :atev]1 & ( sat+ 8 desire = any s9 :atev]1 s9ce money helps man to obta9 all mann] ( temporal goods1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #aj3ai3 ,all ?+s obey money3 s t 9 ?is desire = ri*es is ! root ( all s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue & s9 d n arise f ! same s\rce4 ,= s9 arises f ! desire ( mutable good2 & consequ5tly ! desire ( t good :i* helps "o to obta9 all temporal goods1 is call$ ! root ( all s9s4 ,b virtue arises f ! desire = ! immutable ,god2 & consequ5tly *>ity1 :i* is ! love ( ,god1 is call$ ! root ( ! virtues1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ag3 ,root$ & f\nd$ 9 *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! desire ( money is said to be ! root ( s9s1 n z ?\gh ri*es 7 s\ght = _! own sake1 z be+ ! la/ end2 b because !y are mu* s\ght aft] z useful = any temporal end4 ,& s9ce a univ]sal good is m desirable ?an a p>ticul> good1 !y move ! appetite m ?an any individual goods1 :i* along ) _m o!rs c be procur$ by means ( money4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z 9 natural ?+s we d n ask :at always happ5s1 b :at happ5s mo/ frequ5tly1 = ! reason t ! nature ( corruptible ?+s c be h9d]$1 s z n always to act 9 ! same way2 s also 9 moral matt]s1 we consid] :at happ5s 9 ! majority ( cases1 n :at happ5s inv>iably1 = ! reason t ! w does n act ( necessity4 ,s :5 we say t covet\sness is ! root ( all evils1 we d n ass]t t no o!r evil c be its root1 b t o!r evils m frequ5tly arise !refrom1 = ! reason giv54 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,pride ,is ! ,beg9n+ ( ,e ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride is n ! beg9n+ ( e s94 ,= ! root is a beg9n+ ( a tree1 s t ! beg9n+ ( a s9 seems to be ! same z ! root ( s94 ,n[ covet\sness is ! root ( e s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x is also ! beg9n+ ( e s91 & n pride4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ad73 ,! beg9n+ ( ! pride ( man is apo/asy ,d\ay3 'to fall (f' f ,god4 ,b apo/asy f ,god is a s94 ,!re=e ano!r s9 is ! beg9n+ ( pride1 s t ! latt] is n ! beg9n+ ( e s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! beg9n+ ( e s9 w\ld seem to be t :i* causes all s9s4 ,n[ ?is is inord9ate self-love1 :i*1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv71 builds up ! city ( ,babylon4 ,!re=e self-love & n pride1 is ! beg9n+ ( e s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ae73 ,pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s94 ,i answ] t1 ,"s say pride is to be tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z d5ot+ inord9ate desire to excel2 & ?us x is a special s94 ,secondly1 z d5ot+ actual contempt ( ,god1 to ! effect ( n be+ subject to ,8 comm&m5t2 & ?us1 !y say1 x is a g5]ic s94 ,?irdly1 z d5ot+ an incl9ation to ?is contempt1 ow+ to ! corruption ( nature2 & 9 ?is s5se !y say t x is ! beg9n+ ( e s91 & t x diff]s f covet\sness1 because covet\sness reg>ds s9 z turn+ t[>ds ! mutable good by :i* s9 is1 z x 71 n\ri%$ & fo/]$1 = :i* reason covet\sness is call$ ! root2 :]eas pride reg>ds s9 z turn+ away f ,god1 to ,^: comm&m5t man refuses to be subject1 = :i* reason x is call$ ! beg9n+1 because ! beg9n+ ( evil consi/s 9 turn+ away f ,god4 ,n[ ?\gh all ?is is true1 nev]!less x does n expla9 ! m9d ( ! wise man :o said 7,ecclus4 #aj3ae73 ,pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s94 ,= x is evid5t t he is speak+ ( pride z d5ot+ inord9ate desire to excel1 z is cle> f :at foll[s 7v]se #ag73 ,god ha? ov]turn$ ! ?rones ( pr\d pr9ces2 inde$ ?is is ! po9t ( ne>ly ! :ole *apt]4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t pride1 ev5 z d5ot+ a special s91 is ! beg9n+ ( e s94 ,= we mu/ take note t1 9 volunt>y actions1 su* z s9s1 !re is a tw(old ord]1 ( int5tion1 & ( execution4 ,9 ! =m] ord]1 ! pr9ciple is ! end1 z we h /at$ _m times be=e 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #g1 ad #b2 ,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ man's end 9 acquir+ all temporal goods is t1 ?r\gh _! means1 he may h "s p]fection & excell5ce4 ,!re=e1 f ?is po9t ( view1 pride1 :i* is ! desire to excel1 is said to be ! beg9n+ ( e s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ord] ( execution1 ! fir/ place belongs to t :i* by furni%+ ! opportunity ( fulfill+ all desires ( s91 has ! "* ( a root1 & su* are ri*es2 s t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 covet\sness is said to be ! root ( all evils1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,apo/asy f ,god is /at$ to be ! beg9n+ ( pride1 9 s f> z x d5otes a turn+ away f ,god1 because f ! fact t man wi%es n to be subject to ,god1 x foll[s t he desires inord9ately 8 own excell5ce 9 temporal ?+s4 ,:]e=e1 9 ! passage quot$1 apo/asy f ,god does n d5ote ! special s91 b r t g5]al condition ( e s91 consi/+ 9 its turn+ away f ,god4 ,x may also be said t apo/asy f ,god is said to be ! beg9n+ ( pride1 because x is ! fir/ species ( pride4 ,= x is *>act]i/ic ( pride to be unwill+ to be subject to any sup]ior1 & especially to ,god2 ! result be+ t a man is unduly lift$ up1 9 respect ( ! o!r species ( pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 desir+ to excel1 man loves himself1 = to love oneself is ! same z to desire "s good = oneself4 ,consequ5tly x am\nts to ! same :e!r we reckon pride or self-love z ! beg9n+ ( e evil4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,o!r ,special ,s9s1 ,besides ,pride & ,av>ice1 ,%\ld ,be ,call$ ,capital8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no o!r special s9s1 besides pride & av>ice1 %\ld be call$ capital4 ,because ! head seems to be to an animal1 :at ! root is to a plant1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 text4 #ch3 = ! roots are l a m\?4 ,if !re=e covet\sness is call$ ! root ( all evils1 x seems t x alone1 & no o!r s91 %\ld be call$ a capital vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! head be>s a c]ta9 relation ( ord] to ! o!r memb]s1 9 s f> z s5sation & movem5t foll[ f ! head4 ,b s9 implies privation ( ord]4 ,!re=e s9 has n ! "* ( head3 s t no s9s %\ld be call$ capital4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 capital crimes are ^? :i* receive capital puni%m5t4 ,b e k9d ( s9 comprises "s t are puni%$ ?us4 ,!re=e ! capital s9s are n c]ta9 specific s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag7 enum]ates c]ta9 special vices "u ! "n ( capital4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w capital is d]iv$ f caput 7a head74 ,n[ ! head1 prop]ly speak+1 is t "p ( an animal's body1 :i* is ! pr9ciple & director ( ! :ole animal4 ,h5ce1 metaphorically speak+1 e pr9ciple is call$ a head1 & ev5 m5 :o direct & gov]n o!rs are call$ heads4 ,accord+ly a capital vice is s call$1 9 ! fir/ place1 f head tak5 9 ! prop] s5se1 & ?us ! "n capital is giv5 to a s9 = :i* capital puni%m5t is inflict$4 ,x is n 9 ?is s5se t we are n[ speak+ ( capital s9s1 b 9 ano!r s5se1 9 :i* ! t]m capital is d]iv$ f head1 tak5 metaphorically = a pr9ciple or director ( o!rs4 ,9 ?is way a capital vice is "o f :i* o!r vices arise1 *iefly by be+ _! f9al cause1 :i* orig9 is =mal1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #f74 ,:]e=e a capital vice is n only ! pr9ciple ( o!rs1 b is also _! director &1 9 a way1 _! lead]3 because ! art or habit1 to :i* ! end belongs1 is always ! pr9ciple & ! comm&] 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! means4 ,h5ce ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag7 comp>es ^! capital vices to ! lead]s ( an army4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! t]m capital is tak5 f caput & appli$ to some?+ connect$ )1 or p>tak+ ( ! head1 z hav+ "s prop]ty !re(1 b n z be+ ! head tak5 lit]ally4 ,& !re=e ! capital vices are n only ^? :i* h ! "* ( prim>y orig91 z covet\sness :i* is call$ ! root1 & pride :i* is call$ ! beg9n+1 b also ^? :i* h ! "* ( proximate orig9 9 respect ( sev]al s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9 lacks ord] 9 s f> z x turns away f ,god1 = 9 ?is respect x is an evil1 & evil1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,natura ,boni iv71 is ! privation ( mode1 species & ord]4 ,b 9 s f> z s9 implies a turn+ to some?+1 x reg>ds "s good3 :]e=e1 9 ?is respect1 !re c be ord] 9 s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection consid]s capital s9 z s call$ f ! puni%m5t x des]ves1 9 :i* s5se we are n tak+ x "h4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,sev5 ,capital ,vices ,are ,suitably ,reckon$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n to reckon sev5 capital vices1 viz4 va+lory1 envy1 ang]1 slo?1 covet\sness1 gluttony1 lu/4 ,= s9s are oppos$ to virtues4 ,b !re are f\r pr9cipal virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e !re are only f\r pr9cipal or capital vices4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! passions ( ! s\l are causes ( s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gg74 ,b !re are f\r pr9cipal passions ( ! s\l2 two ( :i*1 viz4 hope & fe>1 are n m5tion$ among ! above s9s1 :]eas c]ta9 vices are m5tion$ to :i* pleasure & sadness belong1 s9ce pleasure belongs to gluttony & lu/1 & sadness to slo? & envy4 ,!re=e ! pr9cipal s9s are unfitt+ly enum]at$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ang] is n a pr9cipal passion4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be plac$ among ! pr9cipal vices4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z covet\sness or av>ice is ! root ( s91 s is pride ! beg9n+ ( s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b av>ice is reckon$ to be "o ( ! capital vices4 ,!re=e pride also %\ld be plac$ among ! capital vices4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 "s s9s are committ$ :i* _c be caus$ ?r\gh any ( ^!3 z1 = in/ance1 :5 "o s9s ?r\gh ignorance1 or :5 "o commits a s9 ) a good int5tion1 e4g4 /eals 9 ord] to give an alms4 ,!re=e ! capital vices are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,gregory :o enum]ates !m 9 ?is way 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 ! capital vices are ^? :i* give rise to o!rs1 especially by way ( f9al cause4 ,n[ ?is k9d ( orig9 may take place 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! condition ( ! s9n]1 :o is dispos$ s z to h a /rong incl9ation = "o p>ticul> end1 ! result be+ t he frequ5tly goes =w>d to o!r s9s4 ,b ?is k9d ( orig9 does n come "u ! consid]ation ( art1 because man's p>ticul> dispositions are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( a natural relation%ip ( ! ends to "o ano!r3 & x is 9 ?is way t mo/ frequ5tly "o vice arises f ano!r1 s t ?is k9d ( orig9 c come "u ! consid]ation ( art4 ,accord+ly !re=e1 ^? vices are call$ capital1 ^: ends h c]ta9 fundam5tal reasons = mov+ ! appetite2 & x is 9 respect ( ^! fundam5tal reasons t ! capital vices are diff]5tiat$4 ,n[ a ?+ moves ! appetite 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 directly & ( its v nature3 ?us good moves ! appetite to seek x1 :ile evil1 = ! same reason1 moves ! appetite to avoid x4 ,secondly1 indirectly & on acc\nt ( some?+ else1 z x 73 ?us "o seeks an evil on acc\nt ( "s att5dant good1 or avoids a good on acc\nt ( "s att5dant evil4 ,aga91 man's good is ?reefold4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a c]ta9 good ( ! s\l1 :i* d]ives its aspect ( appetibility1 m]ely ?r\gh be+ appreh5d$1 viz4 ! excell5ce ( honor & praise1 & ?is good is s\ght inord9ately by va+lory4 ,secondly1 !re is ! good ( ! body1 & ?is reg>ds ei!r ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 e4g4 meat & dr9k1 :i* good is pursu$ inord9ately by gluttony1 or ! pres]vation ( ! species1 e4g4 sexual int]c\rse1 :i* good is s\ght inord9ately by lu/4 ,?irdly1 !re is ext]nal good1 viz4 ri*es1 to :i* covet\sness is ref]r$4 ,^! same f\r vices avoid inord9ately ! contr>y evils4 ,or aga91 good moves ! appetite *iefly ?r\gh possess+ "s prop]ty ( happ9ess1 :i* all m5 seek naturally4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place happ9ess implies p]fection1 s9ce happ9ess is a p]fect good1 to :i* belongs excell5ce or r5[n1 :i* is desir$ by pride or va+lory4 ,secondly1 x implies satiety1 :i* covet\sness seeks 9 ri*es t give promise !re(4 ,?irdly1 x implies pleasure1 )\t :i* happ9ess is impossible1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #g2 x1 #f1 #g1 #h & ?is gluttony & lu/ pursue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 avoidance ( good on acc\nt ( an att5dant evil occurs 9 two ways4 ,= ?is happ5s ei!r 9 respect ( "o's own good1 & ?us we h slo?1 :i* is sadness ab\t "o's spiritual good1 on acc\nt ( ! att5dant bodily labor3 or else x happ5s 9 respect ( ano!r's good1 & ?is1 if x be )\t recrim9ation1 belongs to envy1 :i* is sadness ab\t ano!r's good z be+ a h9drance to "o's own excell5ce1 :ile if x be ) recrim9ation ) a view to v5geance1 x is ang]4 ,aga91 ^! same vices seek ! contr>y evils4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue & vice d n orig9ate 9 ! same way3 s9ce virtue is caus$ by ! subord9ation ( ! appetite to reason1 or to ! immutable good1 :i* is ,god1 :]eas vice arises f ! appetite = mutable good4 ,:]e=e !re is no ne$ = ! pr9cipal vices to be contr>y to ! pr9cipal virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fe> & hope are irascible passions4 ,n[ all ! passions ( ! irascible "p arise f passions ( ! concupiscible "p2 & ^! are all1 9 a way1 direct$ to pleasure or sorr[4 ,h5ce pleasure & sorr[ h a prom95t place among ! capital s9s1 z be+ ! mo/ important ( ! passions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ang] is n a pr9cipal passion1 yet x has a di/9ct place among ! capital vices1 because x implies a special k9d ( movem5t 9 ! appetite1 9 s f> z recrim9ation aga9/ ano!r's good has ! aspect ( a virtu\s good1 i4e4 ( ! "r to v5geance4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,pride is said to be ! beg9n+ ( e s91 9 ! ord] ( ! end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b73 & x is 9 ! same ord] t we are to consid] ! capital s9 z be+ pr9cipal4 ,:]e=e pride1 l a univ]sal vice1 is n c\nt$ along ) ! o!rs1 b is reckon$ z ! que5 ( !m all1 z ,gregory /ates 7,moral4 xxxi1 #bg74 ,b covet\sness is said to be ! root f ano!r po9t ( view1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,^! vices are call$ capital because o!rs1 mo/ frequ5tly1 arise f !m3 s t no?+ prev5ts "s s9s f aris+ out ( o!r causes4 ,nev]!less we might say t all ! s9s :i* are due to ignorance1 c be r$uc$ to slo?1 to :i* p]ta9s ! neglig5ce ( a man :o decl9es to acquire spiritual goods on acc\nt ( ! att5dant labor2 = ! ignorance t c cause s91 is due to neglig5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #b74 ,t a man commit a s9 ) a good int5tion1 seems to po9t to ignorance1 9 s f> z he kn[s n t evil %\ld n be done t good may come ( x4 ,,"q #he ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,s91 ,,&1 ,,fir/1 ,,( ,,! ,,corruption ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,( ,,nature 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( s92 & 7#a7 ! corruption ( ! good ( nature2 7#b7 ! /a9 on ! s\l2 7#c7 ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! good ( nature is dim9i%$ by s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x c be tak5 away altoge!r8 7#c7 ,( ! f\r w\nds1 m5tion$ by ,b$e1 ) :i* human nature is /rick5 9 consequ5ce ( s94 7#d7 ,:e!r privation ( mode1 species & ord] is an effect ( s98 7#e7 ,:e!r dea? & o!r bodily defects are ! result ( s98 7#f7 ,:e!r !y are1 9 any way1 natural to man8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,s9 ,dim9i%es ! ,good ( ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 does n dim9i% ! good ( nature4 ,= man's s9 is no worse ?an ! devil's4 ,b natural good rema9s unimpair$ 9 devils aft] s91 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e nei!r does s9 dim9i% ! good ( human nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :5 t :i* foll[s is *ang$1 t :i* prec$es rema9s un*ang$1 s9ce sub/ance rema9s ! same :5 its accid5ts are *ang$4 ,b nature exi/s be=e ! volunt>y action4 ,!re=e1 :5 s9 has caus$ a disord] 9 a volunt>y act1 nature is n *ang$ on t acc\nt1 s t ! good ( nature be dim9i%$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 is an action1 :ile dim9ution is a passion4 ,n[ no ag5t is passive by ! v reason ( its act+1 al?\gh x is possible = x to act on "o ?+1 & to be passive z reg>ds ano!r4 ,!re=e he :o s9s1 does n1 by 8 s91 dim9i% ! good ( 8 nature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no accid5t acts on its subject3 because t :i* is pati5t is a pot5tial be+1 :ile t :i* is subject$ to an accid5t1 is already an actual be+ z reg>ds t accid5t4 ,b s9 is 9 ! good ( nature z an accid5t 9 a subject4 ,!re=e s9 does n dim9i% ! good ( nature1 s9ce to dim9i% is to act4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a c]ta9 man go+ d[n f ,j]usalem to ,j]i*o 7,luke #aj3cj71 i4e4 to ! corruption ( s91 0 /ripp$ ( 8 gifts1 & w\nd$ 9 8 nature1 z ,b$e 99,! quotation is f ! ,glossa ,ord9>ia ( ,/rabo exp\nds ! passage4 ,!re=e s9 dim9i%es ! good ( nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,! good ( human nature is ?reefold4 ,fir/1 !re are ! pr9ciples ( :i* nature is con/itut$1 & ! prop]ties t fl[ f !m1 su* z ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 & s =?4 ,secondly1 s9ce man has f nature an incl9ation to virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a71 ?is incl9ation to virtue is a good ( nature4 ,?irdly1 ! gift ( orig9al ju/ice1 conf]r$ on ! :ole ( human nature 9 ! p]son ( ! fir/ man1 may be call$ a good ( nature4 ,accord+ly1 ! fir/-m5tion$ good ( nature is nei!r de/roy$ nor dim9i%$ by s94 ,! ?ird good ( nature 0 entirely de/roy$ ?r\gh ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t4 ,b ! second good ( nature1 viz4 ! natural incl9ation to virtue1 is dim9i%$ by s94 ,because human acts produce an incl9ation to l acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ f ! v fact t ?+ becomes incl9$ to "o ( two contr>ies1 its incl9ation to ! o!r contr>y mu/ ne$s be dim9i%$4 ,:]e=e z s9 is oppos$ to virtue1 f ! v fact t a man s9s1 !re results a dim9ution ( t good ( nature1 :i* is ! incl9ation to virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius is speak+ ( ! fir/-m5tion$ good ( nature1 :i* consi/s 9 be+1 liv+ & und]/&+1 z anyone may see :o reads ! context4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh nature prec$es ! volunt>y action1 x has an incl9ation to a c]ta9 volunt>y action4 ,:]e=e nature is n *ang$ 9 itself1 ?r\gh a *ange 9 ! volunt>y action3 x is ! incl9ation t is *ang$ 9 s f> z x is direct$ to its t]m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a volunt>y action proce$s f v>i\s p[]s1 active & passive4 ,! result is t ?r\gh volunt>y actions some?+ is caus$ or tak5 away 9 ! man :o acts1 z we h /at$ :5 treat+ ( ! production ( habits 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,an accid5t does n act effectively on its subject1 b x acts on x =mally1 9 ! same s5se z :5 we say t :it5ess makes a ?+ :ite4 ,9 ?is way !re is no?+ to h9d] s9 f dim9i%+ ! good ( nature2 b only 9 s f> z s9 is itself a dim9ution ( ! good ( nature1 ?r\gh be+ an inord9at5ess ( action4 ,b z reg>ds ! inord9at5ess ( ! ag5t1 we mu/ say t su* l inord9at5ess is caus$ by ! fact t 9 ! acts ( ! s\l1 !re is an active1 & a passive elem5t3 ?us ! s5sible object moves ! s5sitive appetite1 & ! s5sitive appetite incl9es ! reason & w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,! result ( ?is is ! inord9at5ess1 n z ?\gh an accid5t act$ on its own subject1 b 9 s f> z ! object acts on ! p[]1 & "o p[] acts on ano!r & puts x out ( ord]4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,entire ,good ( ,human ,nature ,c ,be ,de/roy$ by ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! entire good ( human nature c be de/roy$ by s94 ,= ! good ( human nature is f9ite1 s9ce human nature itself is f9ite4 ,n[ any f9ite ?+ is entirely tak5 away1 if ! subtraction be cont9u\s4 ,s9ce !re=e ! good ( nature c be cont9ually dim9i%$ by s91 x seems t 9 ! end x c be entirely tak5 away4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 a ?+ ( "o nature1 ! :ole & ! p>ts are uni=m1 z is evid5tly ! case ) air1 wat]1 fle% & all bodies ) simil> p>ts4 ,b ! good ( nature is :olly uni=m4 ,s9ce !re=e a "p !re( c be tak5 away by s91 x seems t ! :ole c also be tak5 away by s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! good ( nature1 t is weak5$ by s91 is aptitude = virtue4 ,n[ ?is aptitude is de/roy$ entirely 9 "s on acc\nt ( s93 ?us ! lo/ _c be re/or$ to virtue any m ?an ! bl9d c to sight4 ,!re=e s9 c take away ! good ( nature entirely4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion xiv7 t evil does n exi/ except 9 "s good4 ,b ! evil ( s9 _c be 9 ! good ( virtue or ( grace1 because !y are contr>y to x4 ,!re=e x mu/ be 9 ! good ( nature1 & consequ5tly x does n de/roy x entirely4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! good ( nature1 t is dim9i%$ by s91 is ! natural incl9ation to virtue1 :i* is befitt+ to man f ! v fact t he is a rational be+2 = x is due to ?is t he p]=ms actions 9 accord ) reason1 :i* is to act virtu\sly4 ,n[ s9 _c entirely take away f man ! fact t he is a rational be+1 = !n he w\ld no long] be capable ( s94 ,:]e=e x is n possible = ?is good ( nature to be de/roy$ entirely4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is same good ( nature may be cont9ually dim9i%$ by s91 "s1 9 ord] to illu/rate ?is1 h made use ( ! example ( a f9ite ?+ be+ dim9i%$ indef9itely1 )\t be+ entirely de/roy$4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 i1 text4 #cg7 t if f a f9ite magnitude a cont9ual subtraction be made 9 ! same quantity1 x w at la/ be entirely de/roy$1 = in/ance if f any f9ite l5g? ,i cont9ue to subtract ! l5g? ( a span4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! subtraction be made ea* "t 9 ! same proportion1 & n 9 ! same quantity1 x may g on indef9itely1 z1 = in/ance1 if a quantity be halv$1 & "o half be dim9i%$ by half1 x w be possible to g on ?us indef9itely1 provid$ t :at is subtract$ 9 ea* case be less ?an :at 0 subtract$ be=e4 ,b ?is does n apply to ! "q at issue1 s9ce a subsequ5t s9 does n dim9i% ! good ( nature less ?an a previ\s s91 b p]haps m1 if x be a m griev\s s94 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 expla9 ! matt] o!rwise by say+ t ! a=esaid incl9ation is to be consid]$ z a middle t]m betwe5 two o!rs3 = x is bas$ on ! rational nature z on its root1 & t5ds to ! good ( virtue1 z to its t]m & end4 ,consequ5tly its dim9ution may be und]/ood 9 two ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( its root1 secondly1 on ! "p ( its t]m4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 x is n dim9i%$ by s91 because s9 does n dim9i% nature1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b x is dim9i%$ 9 ! second way1 9 s f> z an ob/acle is plac$ aga9/ its atta9+ its t]m4 ,n[ if x 7 dim9i%$ 9 ! fir/ way1 x w\ld ne$s be entirely de/roy$ at la/ by ! rational nature be+ entirely de/roy$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is dim9i%$ on ! "p ( ! ob/acle :i* is plac$ aga9/ its atta9+ its t]m1 x is evid5t t x c be dim9i%$ indef9itely1 because ob/acles c be plac$ indef9itely1 inasmu* z man c g on indef9itely add+ s9 to s93 & yet x _c be de/roy$ entirely1 because ! root ( ?is incl9ation always rema9s4 ,an example ( ?is may be se5 9 a transp>5t body1 :i* has an incl9ation to receive light1 f ! v fact t x is transp>5t2 yet ?is incl9ation or aptitude is dim9i%$ on ! "p ( sup]v5+ cl\ds1 al?\gh x always rema9s root$ 9 ! nature ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection avails :5 dim9ution is made by subtraction4 ,b "h ! dim9ution is made by rais+ ob/acles1 & ?is nei!r dim9i%es nor de/roys ! root ( ! incl9ation1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! natural incl9ation is inde$ :olly uni=m3 nev]!less x /&s 9 relation bo? to its pr9ciple & to its t]m1 9 respect ( :i* div]sity ( relation1 x is dim9i%$ on ! "o h&1 & n on ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 ! lo/ ! natural incl9ation to virtue rema9s1 else !y w\ld h no remorse ( consci5ce4 ,t x is n r$uc$ to act is ow+ to _! be+ depriv$ ( grace by ,div9e ju/ice4 ,?us ev5 9 a bl9d man ! aptitude to see rema9s 9 ! v root ( 8 nature1 inasmu* z he is an animal naturally end[$ ) sight3 yet ?is aptitude is n r$uc$ to act1 = ! lack ( a cause capable ( r$uc+ x1 by =m+ ! organ requisite = sight4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,weakness1 ,ignorance1 ,malice & ,concupisc5ce ,are ,suitably ,reckon$ ,z ! ,w\nds ( ,nature ,consequ5t ,^u ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t weakness1 ignorance1 malice & concupisc5ce are n suitably reckon$ z ! w\nds ( nature consequ5t ^u s94 ,= "o same ?+ is n bo? effect & cause ( ! same ?+4 ,b ^! are reckon$ to be causes ( s91 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #gg1 ,,aa4 #c1 #e2 ,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be reckon$ z effects ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 malice is ! "n ( a s94 ,!re=e x %\ld h no place among ! effects ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 concupisc5ce is some?+ natural1 s9ce x is an act ( ! concupiscible p[]4 ,b t :i* is natural %\ld n be reckon$ a w\nd ( nature4 ,!re=e concupisc5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a w\nd ( nature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x has be5 /at$ 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c7 t to s9 f weakness is ! same z to s9 f passion4 ,b concupisc5ce is a passion4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be condivid$ ) weakness4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 lxvii1 #fg7 reckons two ?+s to be puni%m5ts inflict$ on ! s\l ( ! s9n]1 viz4 ignorance & difficulty1 f :i* arise error & vexation1 :i* f\r d n co9cide ) ! f\r 9 "q4 ,!re=e x seems t "o or ! o!r reckon+ is incomplete4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! au?ority ( ,b$e suffices 99,ref]5ce n kn[n4 ,i answ] t1 ,z a result ( orig9al ju/ice1 ! reason _h p]fect hold ov] ! l[] p>ts ( ! s\l1 :ile reason itself 0 p]fect$ by ,god1 & 0 subject to ,him4 ,n[ ?is same orig9al ju/ice 0 =feit$ ?r\gh ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t1 z already /at$ 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b72 s t all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are left1 z x 71 de/itute ( _! prop] ord]1 :]eby !y are naturally direct$ to virtue2 :i* de/itution is call$ a w\nd+ ( nature4 ,aga91 !re are f\r ( ! s\l's p[]s t c be subject ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b71 viz4 ! reason1 :]e prud5ce resides1 ! w1 :]e ju/ice is1 ! irascible1 ! subject ( =titude1 & ! concupiscible1 ! subject ( temp]ance4 ,!re=e 9 s f> z ! reason is depriv$ ( its ord] to ! true1 !re is ! w\nd ( ignorance2 9 s f> z ! w is depriv$ ( its ord] ( good1 !re is ! w\nd ( malice2 9 s f> z ! irascible is depriv$ ( its ord] to ! ardu\s1 !re is ! w\nd ( weakness2 & 9 s f> z ! concupiscible is depriv$ ( its ord] to ! delectable1 mod]at$ by reason1 !re is ! w\nd ( concupisc5ce4 ,accord+ly ^! are ! f\r w\nds inflict$ on ! :ole ( human nature z a result ( our fir/ p>5t's s94 ,b s9ce ! incl9ation to ! good ( virtue is dim9i%$ 9 ea* individual on acc\nt ( actual s91 z 0 expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ^! f\r w\nds are also ! result ( o!r s9s1 9 s f> z1 ?r\gh s91 ! reason is obscur$1 especially 9 practical matt]s1 ! w h>d5$ to evil1 good actions become m difficult & concupisc5ce m impetu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no reason :y ! effect ( "o s9 %\ld n be ! cause ( ano!r3 because ! s\l1 ?r\gh s9n+ once1 is m easily incl9$ to s9 aga94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,malice is n to be tak5 "h z a s91 b z a c]ta9 pron5ess ( ! w to evil1 accord+ to ! words ( ,g54 #h3ba3 ,man's s5ses are prone to evil f 8 y\? 99,vulgate3 ',! imag9ation & ?\ght ( man's he>t are prone to evil f 8 y\?4'4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 concupisc5ce is natural to man1 9 s f> z x is subject to reason3 :]eas1 9 s f> z x is goes beyond ! b\nds ( reason1 x is unnatural to man4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 e passion c be call$ a weakness1 9 s f> z x weak5s ! s\l's /r5g? & clogs ! reason4 ,b$e1 h[ev]1 took weakness 9 ! /rict s5se1 z contr>y to =titude :i* p]ta9s to ! irascible4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! difficulty :i* is m5tion$ 9 ?is book ( ,augu/9e1 includes ! ?ree w\nds affect+ ! appetitive p[]s1 viz4 malice1 weakness & concupisc5ce1 = x is ow+ to ^! ?ree t a man f9ds x difficult to t5d to ! good4 ,error & vexation are consequ5t w\nds1 s9ce a man is vex$ ?r\gh be+ weak5$ 9 respect ( ! objects ( 8 concupisc5ce4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,privation ( ,mode1 ,species & ,ord] ,is ! ,effect ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t privation ( mode1 species & ord] is n ! effect ( s94 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,natura ,boni iii7 t :]e ^! ?ree ab\nd1 ! good is great2 :]e !y are less1 !re is less good2 :]e !y are n1 !re is no good at all4 ,b s9 does n de/roy ! good ( nature4 ,!re=e x does n de/roy mode1 species & ord]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is its own cause4 ,b s9 itself is ! privation ( mode1 species & ord]1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,natura ,boni iv74 ,!re=e privation ( mode1 species & ord] is n ! effect ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t effects result f diff]5t s9s4 ,n[ s9ce mode1 species & ord] are div]se1 _! correspond+ privations mu/ be div]se also1 &1 consequ5tly1 mu/ be ! result ( diff]5t s9s4 ,!re=e privation ( mode1 species & ord] is n ! effect ( ea* s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s9 is to ! s\l :at weakness is to ! body1 accord+ to ,ps4 #f3c1 ,h m]cy on me1 ,o ,"l1 = ,i am weak4 ,n[ weakness deprives ! body ( mode1 species & ord]4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p1 ,q4 #e1 ,a4 #e1 mode1 species & ord] are consequ5t ^u e creat$ good1 z su*1 & also ^u e be+4 ,because e be+ & e good z su* dep5ds on its =m f :i* x d]ives its species4 ,aga91 any k9d ( =m1 :e!r sub/antial or accid5tal1 ( any?+ :atev]1 is accord+ to "s measure1 :]e=e x is /at$ 9 ,metaph4 viii1 t ! =ms ( ?+s are l numb]s1 s t a =m has a c]ta9 mode correspond+ to its measure4 ,la/ly ow+ to its =m1 ea* ?+ has a relation ( ord] to some?+ else4 ,accord+ly !re are diff]5t grades ( mode1 species & ord]1 correspond+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( good4 ,= !re is a good belong+ to ! v sub/ance ( nature1 :i* good has its mode1 species & ord]1 & is nei!r de/roy$ nor dim9i%$ by s94 ,!re is aga9 ! good ( ! natural incl9ation1 :i* also has its mode1 species & ord]2 & ?is is dim9i%$ by s91 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 b is n entirely de/roy$4 ,aga91 !re is ! good ( virtue & grace3 ?is too has its mode1 species & ord]1 & is entirely tak5 away by s94 ,la/ly1 !re is a good consi/+ 9 ! ord9ate act itself1 :i* also has its mode1 species & ord]1 ! privation ( :i* is ess5tially s94 ,h5ce x is cle> bo? h[ s9 is privation ( mode1 species & ord]1 & h[ x de/roys or dim9i%es mode1 species & ord]4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! fir/ two ,objections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,mode1 species & ord] foll[ "o f ! o!r1 z expla9$ above3 & s !y are de/roy$ or dim9i%$ toge!r4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,dea? & ,o!r ,bodily ,defects ,are ! ,result ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t dea? & o!r bodily defects are n ! result ( s94 ,because equal causes h equal effects4 ,n[ ^! defects are n equal 9 all1 b ab\nd 9 "s m ?an 9 o!rs1 :]eas orig9al s91 f :i* especially ^! defects seem to result1 is equal 9 all1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e dea? & su*like defects are n ! result ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ! cause is remov$1 ! effect is remov$4 ,b ^! defects are n remov$1 :5 all s9 is remov$ by ,baptism or ,p5ance4 ,!re=e !y are n ! effect ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 actual s9 has m ( ! "* ( guilt ?an orig9al s9 has4 ,b actual s9 does n *ange ! nature ( ! body by subject+ x to "s defect4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 does orig9al s94 ,!re=e dea? & o!r bodily defects are n ! result ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ab71 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ?is _w1 & by s9 dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o ?+ causes ano!r 9 two ways3 fir/1 by reason ( itself2 secondly1 accid5tally4 ,by reason ( itself1 "o ?+ is ! cause ( ano!r1 if x produces its effect by reason ( ! p[] ( its nature or =m1 ! result be+ t ! effect is directly int5d$ by ! cause4 ,consequ5tly1 z dea? & su* l defects are beside ! int5tion ( ! s9n]1 x is evid5t t s9 is n1 ( itself1 ! cause ( ^! defects4 ,accid5tally1 "o ?+ is ! cause ( ano!r if x causes x by remov+ an ob/acle3 ?us x is /at$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 text4 #cb1 t by displac+ a pill> a man moves accid5tally ! /one re/+ !reon4 ,9 ?is way ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t is ! cause ( dea? & all su* l defects 9 human nature1 9 s f> z by ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t orig9al ju/ice 0 tak5 away1 :]eby n only 7 ! l[] p[]s ( ! s\l held toge!r "u ! control ( reason1 )\t any disord] :atev]1 b also ! :ole body 0 held toge!r 9 subjection to ! s\l1 )\t any defect1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e1 orig9al ju/ice be+ =feit$ ?r\gh ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t2 j z human nature 0 /rick5 9 ! s\l by ! disord] among ! p[]s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #c71 s also x became subject to corruption1 by reason ( disord] 9 ! body4 ,n[ ! )drawal ( orig9al ju/ice has ! "* ( puni%m5t1 ev5 z ! )drawal ( grace has4 ,consequ5tly1 dea? & all consequ5t bodily defects are puni%m5ts ( orig9al s94 ,& al?\gh ! defects are n int5d$ by ! s9n]1 nev]!less !y are ord]$ accord+ to ! ju/ice ( ,god ,:o inflicts !m z puni%m5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,causes t produce _! effects ( !mselves1 if equal1 produce equal effects3 = if su* causes be increas$ or dim9i%$1 ! effect is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,b equal causes ( an ob/acle be+ remov$1 d n po9t to equal effects4 ,= suppos+ a man employs equal =ce 9 displac+ two columns1 x does n foll[ t ! movem5ts ( ! /ones re/+ on !m w be equal2 b t "o w move ) great] velocity1 :i* has ! great] weight accord+ to ! prop]ty ( its nature1 to :i* x is left :5 ! ob/acle to its fall+ is remov$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 orig9al ju/ice is remov$1 ! nature ( ! human body is left to itself1 s t accord+ to div]se natural temp]am5ts1 "s m5's bodies are subject to m defects1 "s to few]1 al?\gh orig9al s9 is equal 9 all4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bo? orig9al & actual s9 are remov$ by ! same cause t removes ^! defects1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #h3aa73 ,he 4 4 4 %all quick5 4 4 4 y\r mortal bodies1 because ( ,8 ,_s t dwelle? 9 y3 b ea* is done accord+ to ! ord] ( ,div9e wisdom1 at a fitt+ "t4 ,because x is "r t we %\ld fir/ ( all be con=m$ to ,*ri/'s suff]+s1 be=e atta9+ to ! immortality & impassibility ( glory1 :i* 0 begun 9 ,him1 & by ,him acquir$ = u4 ,h5ce x behooves t our bodies %\ld rema91 = a "t1 subject to suff]+1 9 ord] t we may m]it ! impassibility ( glory1 9 con=mity ) ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 actual s91 ! sub/ance ( ! act1 & ! aspect ( fault4 ,z reg>ds ! sub/ance ( ! act1 actual s9 c cause a bodily defect3 ?us "s sick5 & die ?r\gh eat+ too mu*4 ,b z reg>ds ! fault1 x deprives u ( grace :i* is giv5 to u t we may regulate ! acts ( ! s\l1 b n t we may w>d (f defects ( ! body1 z orig9al ju/ice did4 ,:]e=e actual s9 does n cause ^? defects1 z orig9al s9 does4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,dea? & ,o!r ,defects ,are ,natural to ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t dea? & su* l defects are natural to man4 ,= ! corruptible & ! incorruptible diff] g5]ically 7,metaph4 x1 text4 #bf74 ,b man is ( ! same g5us z o!r animals :i* are naturally corruptible4 ,!re=e man is naturally corruptible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is compos$ ( contr>ies is naturally corruptible1 z hav+ )9 itself ! cause ( corruption4 ,b su* is ! human body4 ,!re=e x is naturally corruptible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a hot ?+ naturally consumes moi/ure4 ,n[ human life is pres]v$ by hot & moi/ elem5ts4 ,s9ce !re=e ! vital functions are fulfill$ by ! action ( natural heat1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 text4 #ej1 x seems t dea? & su* l defects are natural to man4 ,on ! contr>y1 7#a7 ,god made 9 man :atev] is natural to him4 ,n[ ,god made n dea? 7,wis4 #a3ac74 ,!re=e dea? is n natural to man4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 t :i* is natural _c be call$ ei!r a puni%m5t or an evil3 s9ce :at is natural to a ?+ is suitable to x4 ,b dea? & su* l defects are ! puni%m5t ( orig9al s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,!re=e !y are n natural to man4 7#c7 ,fur!r1 matt] is proportionate to =m1 & ev]y?+ to its end4 ,n[ man's end is ev]la/+ happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #e1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d73 & ! =m ( ! human body is ! rational s\l1 z 0 prov$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ! human body is naturally incorruptible4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ( any corruptible ?+ 9 two ways2 fir/1 9 respect ( its univ]sal nature1 secondly1 z reg>ds its p>ticul> nature4 ,a ?+'s p>ticul> nature is its own p[] ( action & self-pres]vation4 ,& 9 respect ( ?is nature1 e corruption & defect is contr>y to nature1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,coelo ii1 text4 #cg1 s9ce ?is p[] t5ds to ! be+ & pres]vation ( ! ?+ to :i* x belongs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! univ]sal nature is an active =ce 9 "s univ]sal pr9ciple ( nature1 = in/ance 9 "s heav5ly body2 or aga9 belong+ to "s sup]ior sub/ance1 9 :i* s5se ,god is said by "s to be ! ,nature ,:o makes nature4 ,?is =ce int5ds ! good & ! pres]vation ( ! univ]se1 = :i* alt]nate g5]ation & corruption 9 ?+s are requisite3 & 9 ?is respect corruption & defect 9 ?+s are natural1 n inde$ z reg>ds ! incl9ation ( ! =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( be+ & p]fection1 b z reg>ds ! incl9ation ( matt] :i* is allott$ proportionately to its p>ticul> =m accord+ to ! discretion ( ! univ]sal ag5t4 ,& al?\gh e =m int5ds p]petual be+ z f> z x c1 yet no =m ( a corruptible be+ c a*ieve its own p]petuity1 except ! rational s\l2 = ! reason t ! latt] is n entirely subject to matt]1 z o!r =ms are2 inde$ x has an immat]ial op]ation ( its own1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b74 ,consequ5tly z reg>ds 8 =m1 incorruption is m natural to man ?an to o!r corruptible ?+s4 ,b s9ce t v =m has a matt] compos$ ( contr>ies1 f ! incl9ation ( t matt] !re results corruptibility 9 ! :ole4 ,9 ?is respect man is naturally corruptible z reg>ds ! nature ( 8 matt] left to itself1 b n z reg>ds ! nature ( 8 =m4 ,! fir/ ?ree objections argue on ! side ( ! matt]2 :ile ! o!r ?ree argue on ! side ( ! =m4 ,:]e=e 9 ord] to solve !m1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! =m ( man :i* is ! rational s\l1 9 respect ( its incorruptibility is adapt$ to its end1 :i* is ev]la/+ happ9ess3 :]eas ! human body1 :i* is corruptible1 consid]$ 9 respect ( its nature1 is1 9 a way1 adapt$ to its =m1 &1 9 ano!r way1 x is n4 ,= we may note a tw(old condition 9 any matt]1 "o :i* ! ag5t *ooses1 & ano!r :i* is n *os5 by ! ag5t1 & is a natural condition ( matt]4 ,?us1 a smi? 9 ord] to make a knife1 *ooses a matt] bo? h>d & flexible1 :i* c be %>p5$ s z to be useful = cutt+1 & 9 respect ( ?is condition iron is a matt] adapt$ = a knife3 b t iron be breakable & incl9$ to ru/1 results f ! natural disposition ( iron1 nor does ! workman *oose ?is 9 ! iron1 inde$ he w\ld d )\t x if he c\ld3 :]e=e ?is disposition ( matt] is n adapt$ to ! workman's int5tion1 nor to ! purpose ( 8 art4 ,9 l mann] ! human body is ! matt] *os5 by nature 9 respect ( its be+ ( a mix$ temp]am5t1 9 ord] t x may be mo/ suitable z an organ ( t\* & ( ! o!r s5sitive & motive p[]s4 ,:]eas ! fact t x is corruptible is due to a condition ( matt]1 & is n *os5 by nature3 inde$ nature w\ld *oose an incorruptible matt] if x c\ld4 ,b ,god1 to ,:om e nature is subject1 9 =m+ man suppli$ ! defect ( nature1 & by ! gift ( orig9al ju/ice1 gave ! body a c]ta9 incorruptibility1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #a74 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t x is said t ,god made n dea?1 & t dea? is ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #hf ,,( ,,! ,,/a9 ,,( ,,s9 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! /a9 ( s92 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r an effect ( s9 is a /a9 on ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r x rema9s 9 ! s\l aft] ! act ( s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,s9 ,causes a ,/a9 on ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 causes no /a9 on ! s\l4 ,= a high] nature _c be defil$ by contact ) a l[] nature3 h5ce ! sun's ray is n defil$ by contact ) ta9t$ bodies1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,qu9que ,ha]eses v74 ,n[ ! human s\l is ( a mu* high] nature ?an mutable ?+s1 to :i* x turns by s9n+4 ,!re=e x does n contract a /a9 f !m by s9n+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 is *iefly 9 ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,n[ ! w is 9 ! reason1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #db4 ,b ! reason or intellect is n /a9$ by consid]+ any?+ :atev]2 r inde$ is x p]fect$ !reby4 ,!re=e nei!r is ! w /a9$ by s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if s9 causes a /a91 ?is /a9 is ei!r some?+ positive1 or a pure privation4 ,if x be some?+ positive1 x c only be ei!r a disposition or a habit3 = x seems t no?+ else c be caus$ by an act4 ,b x is nei!r disposition nor habit3 = x happ5s t a /a9 rema9s ev5 aft] ! removal ( a disposition or habit2 = in/ance1 9 a man :o aft] committ+ a mortal s9 ( prodigality1 is s *ang$ z to fall into a s9 ( ! opposite vice4 ,!re=e ! /a9 does n d5ote any?+ positive 9 ! s\l4 ,aga91 nei!r is x a pure privation4 ,because all s9s agree on ! "p ( av]sion & privation ( grace3 & s x w\ld foll[ t !re is b "o /a9 caus$ by all s9s4 ,!re=e ! /a9 is n ! effect ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x 0 said to ,solomon 7,ecclus4 #dg3bb73 ,?\ ha/ /a9$ ?y glory3 & x is writt5 7,eph4 #e3bg73 ,t ,he might pres5t x to ,himself a glori\s *ur* n hav+ spot or wr9kle3 & 9 ea* case x is "q ( ! /a9 ( s94 ,!re=e a /a9 is ! effect ( s94 ,i answ] t1 ,a /a9 is prop]ly ascrib$ to corporeal ?+s1 :5 a comely body loses its comel9ess ?r\gh contact ) ano!r body1 e4g4 a g>m5t1 gold or silv]1 or ! l4 ,accord+ly a /a9 is ascrib$ to spiritual ?+s 9 l mann]4 ,n[ man's s\l has a tw(old comel9ess2 "o f ! refulg5ce ( ! natural light ( reason1 :]eby he is direct$ 9 8 actions2 ! o!r1 f ! refulg5ce ( ! ,div9e light1 viz4 ( wisdom & grace1 :]eby man is also p]fect$ = ! purpose ( do+ good & fitt+ actions4 ,n[1 :5 ! s\l cleaves to ?+s by love1 !re is a k9d ( contact 9 ! s\l3 & :5 man s9s1 he cleaves to c]ta9 ?+s1 aga9/ ! light ( reason & ( ! ,div9e law1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f74 ,:]e=e ! loss ( comel9ess occasion$ by ?is contact1 is metaphorically call$ a /a9 on ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s\l is n defil$ by inf]ior ?+s1 by _! own p[]1 z ?\gh !y act$ on ! s\l3 on ! contr>y1 ! s\l1 by its own action1 defiles itself1 ?r\gh cleav+ to !m inord9ately1 aga9/ ! light ( reason & ( ! ,div9e law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! action ( ! intellect is accompli%$ by ! intelligible ?+ be+ 9 ! intellect1 accord+ to ! mode ( ! intellect1 s t ! intellect is n defil$1 b p]fect$1 by !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! act ( ! w consi/s 9 a movem5t t[>ds ?+s !mselves1 s t love atta*es ! s\l to ! ?+ lov$4 ,?us x is t ! s\l is /a9$1 :5 x cleaves inord9ately1 accord+ to ,osee #i3aj3 ,!y 4 4 4 became abom9able z ^? ?+s 7 :i* !y lov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! /a9 is nei!r some?+ positive 9 ! s\l1 nor does x d5ote a pure privation3 x d5otes a privation ( ! s\l's brightness 9 relation to its cause1 :i* is s92 :]e=e div]se s9s occasion div]se /a9s4 ,x is l a %ad[1 :i* is ! privation ( light ?r\gh ! int]position ( a body1 & :i* v>ies accord+ to ! div]sity ( ! int]pos$ bodies4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,/a9 ,rema9s 9 ! ,s\l ,aft] ! ,act ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! /a9 does n rema9 9 ! s\l aft] ! act ( s94 ,= aft] an action1 no?+ rema9s 9 ! s\l except habit or disposition4 ,b ! /a9 is n a habit or disposition1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #c74 ,!re=e ! /a9 does n rema9 9 ! s\l aft] ! act ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! /a9 is to ! s9 :at ! %ad[ is to ! body1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,b ! %ad[ does n rema9 :5 ! body has pass$ by4 ,!re=e ! /a9 does n rema9 9 ! s\l :5 ! act ( s9 is pa/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e effect dep5ds on its cause4 ,n[ ! cause ( ! /a9 is ! act ( s94 ,!re=e :5 ! act ( s9 is no long] !re1 nei!r is ! /a9 9 ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,jos4 #bb3ag73 ,is x a small ?+ to y t y s9n$ ) ,beelphegor1 & ! /a9 ( t crime rema9e? 9 y ,vulg43 'u' to ?is day8 ,i answ] t1 ,! /a9 ( s9 rema9s 9 ! s\l ev5 :5 ! act ( s9 is pa/4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! /a91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 d5otes a blemi% 9 ! brightness ( ! s\l1 on acc\nt ( its )draw+ f ! light ( reason or ( ! ,div9e law4 ,& !re=e s long z man rema9s out ( ?is light1 ! /a9 ( s9 rema9s 9 him3 b z soon z1 mov$ by grace1 he returns to ! ,div9e light & to ! light ( reason1 ! /a9 is remov$4 ,= al?\gh ! act ( s9 ceases1 :]eby man )drew f ! light ( reason & ( ! ,div9e law1 man does n at once return to ! /ate 9 :i* he 0 be=e1 & x is necess>y t 8 w %\ld h a movem5t contr>y to ! previ\s movem5t4 ,?us if "o man be p>t$ f ano!r on acc\nt ( "s k9d ( movem5t1 he is n reunit$ to him z soon z ! movem5t ceases1 b he ne$s to draw nigh to him & to return by a contr>y movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ positive rema9s 9 ! s\l aft] ! act ( s91 except ! disposition or habit2 b !re does rema9 some?+ privative1 viz4 ! privation ( union ) ! ,div9e light4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,aft] ! int]pos$ body has pass$ by1 ! transp>5t body rema9s 9 ! same position & relation z reg>ds ! illum9at+ body1 & s ! %ad[ passes at once4 ,b :5 ! s9 is pa/1 ! s\l does n rema9 9 ! same relation to ,god3 & s !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! act ( s9 p>ts man f ,god1 :i* p>t+ causes ! defect ( brightness1 j z local movem5t causes local p>t+4 ,:]e=e1 j z :5 movem5t ceases1 local di/ance is n remov$1 s nei!r1 :5 ! act ( s9 ceases1 is ! /a9 remov$4 ,,"q #hg ,,( ,,! ,,debt ,,( ,,puni%m5t 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 ! debt itself2 7#b7 mortal & v5ial s91 :i* diff] 9 respect ( ! puni%m5t due to !m4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! debt ( puni%m5t is an effect ( s98 7#b7 ,:e!r "o s9 c be ! puni%m5t ( ano!r8 7#c7 ,:e!r any s9 incurs a debt ( et]nal puni%m5t8 7#d7 ,:e!r s9 incurs a debt ( puni%m5t t is inf9ite 9 quantity8 7#e7 ,:e!r e s9 incurs a debt ( et]nal & inf9ite puni%m5t8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! debt ( puni%m5t c rema9 aft] s98 7#g7 ,:e!r e puni%m5t is inflict$ = a s98 7#h7 ,:e!r "o p]son c incur puni%m5t = ano!r's s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,debt ( ,puni%m5t ,is an ,effect ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! debt ( puni%m5t is n an effect ( s94 ,= t :i* is accid5tally relat$ to a ?+1 does n seem to be its prop] effect4 ,n[ ! debt ( puni%m5t is accid5tally relat$ to s91 = x is beside ! int5tion ( ! s9n]4 ,!re=e ! debt ( puni%m5t is n an effect ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 evil is n ! cause ( good4 ,b puni%m5t is good1 s9ce x is j1 & is f ,god4 ,!re=e x is n an effect ( s91 :i* is evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 i7 t e inord9ate affection is its own puni%m5t4 ,b puni%m5t does n incur a fur!r debt ( puni%m5t1 because !n x w\ld g on indef9itely4 ,!re=e s9 does n incur ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #b3i73 ,tribulation & angui% ^u e s\l ( man t worke? evil4 ,b to "w evil is to s94 ,!re=e s9 incurs a puni%m5t :i* is signifi$ by ! words tribulation & angui%4 ,i answ] t1 ,x has pass$ f natural ?+s to human affairs t :5ev] "o ?+ rises up aga9/ ano!r1 x suff]s "s detrim5t !refrom4 ,= we obs]ve 9 natural ?+s t :5 "o contr>y sup]v5es1 ! o!r acts ) great] en]gy1 = :i* reason hot wat] freezes m rapidly1 z /at$ 9 ,meteor4 i1 #ab4 ,:]e=e we f9d t ! natural incl9ation ( man is to repress ^? :o rise up aga9/ him4 ,n[ x is evid5t t all ?+s conta9$ 9 an ord]1 are1 9 a mann]1 "o1 9 relation to ! pr9ciple ( t ord]4 ,consequ5tly1 :atev] rises up aga9/ an ord]1 is put d[n by t ord] or by ! pr9ciple !re(4 ,& because s9 is an inord9ate act1 x is evid5t t :oev] s9s1 commits an (f5se aga9/ an ord]3 :]e=e he is put d[n1 9 consequ5ce1 by t same ord]1 :i* repression is puni%m5t4 ,accord+ly1 man c be puni%$ ) a ?reefold puni%m5t correspond+ to ! ?ree ord]s to :i* ! human w is subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place a man's nature is subject$ to ! ord] ( 8 own reason2 secondly1 x is subject$ to ! ord] ( ano!r man :o gov]ns him ei!r 9 spiritual or 9 temporal matt]s1 z a memb] ei!r ( ! /ate or ( ! h\sehold2 ?irdly1 x is subject$ to ! univ]sal ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! ord]s is di/urb$ by s91 = ! s9n] acts aga9/ 8 reason1 & aga9/ human & ,div9e law4 ,:]e=e he incurs a ?reefold puni%m5t2 "o1 inflict$ by himself1 viz4 remorse ( consci5ce2 ano!r1 inflict$ by man2 & a ?ird1 inflict$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,puni%m5t foll[s s91 inasmu* z ?is is an evil by reason ( its be+ inord9ate4 ,:]e=e j z evil is accid5tal to ! s9n]'s act1 be+ beside 8 int5tion1 s also is ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a j puni%m5t may be inflict$ ei!r by ,god or by man3 :]e=e ! puni%m5t itself is ! effect ( s91 n directly b dispositively4 ,s91 h[ev]1 makes man des]v+ ( puni%m5t1 & t is an evil3 = ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t puni%m5t is n an evil1 b to des]ve puni%m5t is4 ,consequ5tly ! debt ( puni%m5t is consid]$ to be directly ! effect ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is puni%m5t ( ! inord9ate affection is due to s9 z ov]turn+ ! ord] ( reason4 ,nev]!less s9 incurs a fur!r puni%m5t1 ?r\gh di/urb+ ! ord] ( ! ,div9e or human law4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,s9 ,c ,be ! ,puni%m5t ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 _c be ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,= ! purpose ( puni%m5t is to br+ man back to ! good ( virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 x1 #i74 ,n[ s9 does n br+ man back to ! good ( virtue1 b leads him 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!re=e s9 is n ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j puni%m5ts are f ,god1 z ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #hb74 ,b s9 is n f ,god1 & is an inju/ice4 ,!re=e s9 _c be ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! nature ( puni%m5t is to be some?+ aga9/ ! w4 ,b s9 is some?+ f ! w1 z %[n above 7,q4 #gd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e s9 _c be ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory speaks 7,hom4 xi 9 ,eze*47 t "s s9s are puni%m5ts ( o!rs4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ( s9 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 its ess5ce1 z su*2 secondly1 z to t :i* is accid5tal !reto4 ,s9 z su* c n[ise be ! puni%m5t ( ano!r4 ,because s9 consid]$ 9 its ess5ce is some?+ proce$+ f ! w1 = x is f ?is t x d]ives ! "* ( guilt4 ,:]eas puni%m5t is ess5tially some?+ aga9/ ! w1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #e74 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t s9 reg>d$ 9 its ess5ce c n[ise be ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9 c be ! puni%m5t ( s9 accid5tally 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 :5 "o s9 is ! cause ( ano!r1 by remov+ an imp$im5t !reto4 ,= passions1 temptations ( ! devil1 & ! l are causes ( s91 b are imp$$ by ! help ( ,div9e grace :i* is )drawn on acc\nt ( s94 ,:]e=e s9ce ! )drawal ( grace is a puni%m5t1 & is f ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #c71 ! result is t ! s9 :i* ensues f ?is is also a puni%m5t accid5tally4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ,apo/le speaks 7,rom4 #a3bd7 :5 he says3 ,:]e=e ,god gave !m up to ! desires ( _! he>t1 i4e4 to _! passions2 because1 to wit1 :5 m5 are depriv$ ( ! help ( ,div9e grace1 !y are ov]come by _! passions4 ,9 ?is way s9 is always said to be ! puni%m5t ( a prec$+ s94 ,secondly1 by reason ( ! sub/ance ( ! act1 :i* is su* z to cause pa91 :e!r x be an int]ior act1 z is cle>ly ! case ) ang] or envy1 or an ext]ior act1 z is ! case ) "o :o endures consid]able tr\ble & loss 9 ord] to a*ieve a s9ful act1 accord+ to ,wis4 #e3g3 ,we we>i$ ourselves 9 ! way ( iniquity4 ,?irdly1 on ! "p ( ! effect1 s t "o s9 is said to be a puni%m5t by reason ( its effect4 ,9 ! la/ two ways1 a s9 is a puni%m5t n only 9 respect ( a prec$+ s91 b also ) reg>d to itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 :5 ,god puni%es m5 by p]mitt+ !m to fall into s91 ?is is direct$ to ! good ( virtue4 ,sometimes inde$ x is = ! good ( ^? :o are puni%$1 :51 to wit1 m5 arise f s91 m humble & m cauti\s4 ,b x is always = ! am5dm5t ( o!rs1 :o see+ "s m5 fall f s9 to s91 are ! m fe>ful ( s9n+4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r two ways1 x is evid5t t ! puni%m5t is int5d$ = ! s9n]'s am5dm5t1 s9ce ! v fact t man endures toil & loss 9 s9n+1 is ( a nature to )draw man f s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection consid]s s9 ess5tially z su*3 & ! same answ] applies to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,s9 ,incurs a ,debt ( ,et]nal ,puni%m5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no s9 incurs a debt ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,= a j puni%m5t is equal to ! fault1 s9ce ju/ice is equality3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #bg3h73 ,9 measure aga9/ measure1 :5 x %all be ca/ (f1 ?\ %alt judge x4 ,n[ s9 is temporal4 ,!re=e x does n incur a debt ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5ts are a k9d ( m$ic9e 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,b no m$ic9e %\ld be inf9ite1 because x is direct$ to an end1 & :at is direct$ to an end1 is n inf9ite1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #f74 ,!re=e no puni%m5t %\ld be inf9ite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o does a ?+ always unless he delights 9 x = its own sake4 ,b ,god ha? n pleasure 9 ! de/ruction ( m5 ,vulg43 '( ! liv+'4 ,!re=e ,he w n inflict et]nal puni%m5t on man4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no?+ accid5tal is inf9ite4 ,b puni%m5t is accid5tal1 = x is n natural to ! "o :o is puni%$4 ,!re=e x _c be ( inf9ite duration4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #be3df73 ,^! %all g into ev]la/+ puni%m5t2 & 7,mk4 #c3bi73 ,he t %all blaspheme aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 %all nev] h =giv5ess1 b %all be guilty ( an ev]la/+ s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 s9 incurs a debt ( puni%m5t ?r\gh di/urb+ an ord]4 ,b ! effect rema9s s long z ! cause rema9s4 ,:]e=e s long z ! di/urbance ( ! ord] rema9s ! debt ( puni%m5t mu/ ne$s rema9 also4 ,n[ di/urbance ( an ord] is sometimes rep>able1 sometimes irrep>able3 because a defect :i* de/roys ! pr9ciple is irrep>able1 :]eas if ! pr9ciple be sav$1 defects c be repair$ by virtue ( t pr9ciple4 ,= in/ance1 if ! pr9ciple ( sight be de/roy$1 sight _c be re/or$ except by ,div9e p[]2 :]eas1 if ! pr9ciple ( sight be pres]v$1 :ile !re arise c]ta9 imp$im5ts to ! use ( sight1 ^! c be rem$i$ by nature or by art4 ,n[ 9 e ord] !re is a pr9ciple :]eby "o takes "p 9 t ord]4 ,consequ5tly if a s9 de/roys ! pr9ciple ( ! ord] :]eby man's w is subject to ,god1 ! disord] w be su* z to be consid]$ 9 itself1 irrep>able1 al?\gh x is possible to repair x by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ?is ord] is ! la/ end1 to :i* man adh]es by *>ity4 ,!re=e :atev] s9s turn man away f ,god1 s z to de/roy *>ity1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 incur a debt ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,puni%m5t is proportionate to s9 9 po9t ( sev]ity1 bo? 9 ,div9e & 9 human judgm5ts4 ,9 no judgm5t1 h[ev]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #aa7 is x requisite = puni%m5t to equal fault 9 po9t ( duration4 ,= ! fact t adult]y or murd] is committ$ 9 a mom5t does n call = a mom5t>y puni%m5t3 9 fact !y are puni%$ sometimes by imprisonm5t or bani%m5t = life--sometimes ev5 by dea?2 :]e9 acc\nt is n tak5 ( ! "t occupi$ 9 kill+1 b r ( ! exp$i5cy ( remov+ ! murd]] f ! fell[%ip ( ! liv+1 s t ?is puni%m5t1 9 its own way1 repres5ts ! et]nity ( puni%m5t inflict$ by ,god4 ,n[ accord+ to ,gregory 7,dial4 iv1 #dd7 x is j t he :o has s9n$ aga9/ ,god 9 8 own et]nity %\ld be puni%$ 9 ,god's et]nity4 ,a man is said to h s9n$ 9 8 own et]nity1 n only z reg>ds cont9ual s9n+ ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life1 b also because1 f ! v fact t he fixes 8 end 9 s91 he has ! w to s91 ev]la/+ly4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,dial4 iv1 #dd7 t ! wick$ w\ld wi% to live )\t end1 t !y might abide 9 _! s9s = ev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 ! puni%m5t t is inflict$ accord+ to human laws1 is n always int5d$ z a m$ic9e = ! "o :o is puni%$1 b sometimes only = o!rs3 ?us :5 a ?ief is hang$1 ?is is n = 8 own am5dm5t1 b = ! sake ( o!rs1 t at lea/ !y may be det]r$ f crime ?r\gh fe> ( ! puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ai3be3 ,! wick$ man be+ sc\rg$1 ! fool %all be wis]4 ,accord+ly ! et]nal puni%m5ts inflict$ by ,god on ! reprobate1 are m$ic9al puni%m5ts = ^? :o refra9 f s9 ?r\gh ! ?\ght ( ^? puni%m5ts1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ei3f3 ,?\ ha/ giv5 a w>n+ to !m t fe> ,!e1 t !y may flee f be=e ! b[1 t ,?y belov$ may be deliv]$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god does n delight 9 puni%m5ts = _! own sake2 b ,he does delight 9 ! ord] ( ,8 ju/ice1 :i* requires !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh puni%m5t is relat$ indirectly to nature1 nev]!less x is ess5tially relat$ to ! di/urbance ( ! ord]1 & to ,god's ju/ice4 ,:]e=e1 s long z ! di/urbance la/s1 ! puni%m5t endures4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,s9 ,incurs a ,debt ( ,puni%m5t ,inf9ite 9 ,quantity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9 incurs a debt ( puni%m5t inf9ite 9 quantity4 ,= x is writt5 7,j]4 #aj3bd73 ,correct me1 ,o ,"l1 b yet ) judgm5t3 & n 9 ,?y fury1 le/ ,?\ br+ me to no?+4 ,n[ ,god's ang] or fury signifies metaphorically ! v5geance ( ,div9e ju/ice3 & to be br\ght to no?+ is an inf9ite puni%m5t1 ev5 z to make a ?+ out ( no?+ d5otes inf9ite p[]4 ,!re=e accord+ to ,god's v5geance1 s9 is aw>d$ a puni%m5t inf9ite 9 quantity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 quantity ( puni%m5t corresponds to quantity ( fault1 accord+ to ,deut4 #be3b3 ,accord+ to ! measure ( ! s9 %all ! measure also ( ! /ripes be4 ,n[ a s9 :i* is committ$ aga9/ ,god1 is inf9ite3 because ! gravity ( a s9 increases accord+ to ! greatness ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/ 7?us x is a m griev\s s9 to /rike ! sov]eign ?an a private individual71 & ,god's greatness is inf9ite4 ,!re=e an inf9ite puni%m5t is due = a s9 committ$ aga9/ ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ may be inf9ite 9 two ways1 9 duration1 & 9 quantity4 ,n[ ! puni%m5t is inf9ite 9 duration4 ,!re=e x is inf9ite 9 quantity also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 ! puni%m5ts ( all mortal s9s w\ld be equal2 because "o inf9ite is n great] ?an ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,puni%m5t is proportionate to s94 ,n[ s9 comprises two ?+s4 ,fir/1 !re is ! turn+ away f ! immutable good1 :i* is inf9ite1 :]e=e1 9 ?is respect1 s9 is inf9ite4 ,secondly1 !re is ! inord9ate turn+ to mutable good4 ,9 ?is respect s9 is f9ite1 bo? because ! mutable good itself is f9ite1 & because ! movem5t ( turn+ t[>ds x is f9ite1 s9ce ! acts ( a creature _c be inf9ite4 ,accord+ly1 9 s f> z s9 consi/s 9 turn+ away f some?+1 its correspond+ puni%m5t is ! pa9 ( loss1 :i* also is inf9ite1 because x is ! loss ( ! inf9ite good1 i4e4 ,god4 ,b 9 s f> z s9 turns inord9ately to some?+1 its correspond+ puni%m5t is ! pa9 ( s5se1 :i* is also f9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ,div9e ju/ice = ! s9n] to be br\ght to no?+ absolutely1 because ?is w\ld be incompatible ) ! p]petuity ( puni%m5t t ,div9e ju/ice requires1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,! expression to be br\ght to no?+ is appli$ to "o :o is depriv$ ( spiritual goods1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3b3 ,if ,i 4 4 4 h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s s9 z turn+ away f some?+1 = x is ?us t man s9s aga9/ ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,duration ( puni%m5t corresponds to duration ( fault1 n inde$ z reg>ds ! act1 b on ! "p ( ! /a91 = z long z ?is rema9s1 ! debt ( puni%m5t rema9s4 ,b puni%m5t corresponds to fault 9 ! po9t ( sev]ity4 ,& a fault :i* is irrep>able1 is su* t1 ( itself1 x la/s = ev]2 :]e=e x incurs an ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,b x is n inf9ite z reg>ds ! ?+ x turns to2 :]e=e1 9 ?is respect1 x does n incur puni%m5t ( inf9ite quantity4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,e ,s9 ,incurs a ,debt ( ,et]nal ,puni%m5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e s9 incurs a debt ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,because puni%m5t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 is proportionate to ! fault4 ,n[ et]nal puni%m5t diff]s inf9itely f temporal puni%m5t3 :]eas no s91 app>5tly1 diff]s inf9itely f ano!r1 s9ce e s9 is a human act1 :i* _c be inf9ite4 ,s9ce !re=e "s s9s incur a debt ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 x seems t no s9 incurs a debt ( m]e temporal puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 orig9al s9 is ! lea/ ( all s9s1 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion xciii7 t ! lighte/ puni%m5t is incurr$ by ^? :o are puni%$ = orig9al s9 alone4 ,b orig9al s9 incurs ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 s9ce *ildr5 :o h di$ 9 orig9al s9 ?r\gh n be+ baptiz$1 w nev] see ! k+dom ( ,god1 z %[n by our ,"l's words 7,john #c3c73 ,unless a man be born aga91 he _c see ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 w ! puni%m5ts ( all o!r s9s be ev]la/+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a s9 does n des]ve great] puni%m5t ?r\gh be+ unit$ to ano!r s92 = ,div9e ju/ice has allott$ its puni%m5t to ea* s94 ,n[ a v5ial s9 des]ves et]nal puni%m5t if x be unit$ to a mortal s9 9 a lo/ s\l1 because 9 hell !re is no remission ( s9s4 ,!re=e v5ial s9 by itself des]ves et]nal puni%m5t4 ,!re=e temporal puni%m5t is n due = any s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,dial4 iv1 #ci71 t c]ta9 slight] s9s are remitt$ aft] ?is life4 ,!re=e all s9s are n puni%$ et]nally4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 a s9 incurs a debt ( et]nal puni%m5t1 9 s f> z x causes an irrep>able disord] 9 ! ord] ( ,div9e ju/ice1 ?r\gh be+ contr>y to ! v pr9ciple ( t ord]1 viz4 ! la/ end4 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 "s s9s !re is disord] inde$1 b su* z n to involve contr>iety 9 respect ( ! la/ end1 b only 9 respect ( ?+s ref]able to ! end1 9 s f> z "o is too mu* or too little int5t on !m )\t prejudic+ ! ord] to ! la/ end3 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a man is too fond ( "s temporal ?+1 yet w\ld n (f5d ,god = its sake1 by break+ "o ( ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,consequ5tly su* s9s d n incur ev]la/+1 b only temporal puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9s d n diff] inf9itely f "o ano!r 9 respect ( _! turn+ t[>ds mutable good1 :i* con/itutes ! sub/ance ( ! s9ful act2 b !y d diff] inf9itely 9 respect ( _! turn+ away f some?+4 ,because "s s9s consi/ 9 turn+ away f ! la/ end1 & "s 9 a disord] affect+ ?+s ref]able to ! end3 & ! la/ end diff]s inf9itely f ! ?+s t are ref]r$ to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,orig9al s9 incurs ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 n on acc\nt ( its gravity1 b by reason ( ! condition ( ! subject1 viz4 a human be+ depriv$ ( grace1 )\t :i* !re is no remission ( s94 ,! same answ] applies to ! ,?ird ,objection ab\t v5ial s94 ,because et]nity ( puni%m5t does n correspond to ! quantity ( ! s91 b to its irremissibility1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,debt ( ,puni%m5t ,rema9s ,aft] ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re rema9s no debt ( puni%m5t aft] s94 ,= if ! cause be remov$ ! effect is remov$4 ,b s9 is ! cause ( ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! s9 is remov$1 ! debt ( puni%m5t ceases also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 is remov$ by man return+ to virtue4 ,n[ a virtu\s man des]ves1 n puni%m5t1 b rew>d4 ,!re=e1 :5 s9 is remov$1 ! debt ( puni%m5t no long] rema9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,puni%m5ts are a k9d ( m$ic9e 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,b a man is n giv5 m$ic9e aft] be+ cur$ ( 8 disease4 ,!re=e1 :5 s9 is remov$ ! debt ( puni%m5t does n rema94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,k+s xii4 #ac1 #ad73 ,david said to ,na?an3 ,i h s9n$ aga9/ ! ,"l4 ,& ,na?an said to ,david3 ,! ,"l also ha? tak5 away ?y s92 ?\ %alt n die4 ,nev]!less because ?\ ha/ giv5 occasion to ! enemies ( ! ,"l to blaspheme 4 4 4 ! *ild t is born to !e %all die4 ,!re=e a man is puni%$ by ,god ev5 aft] 8 s9 is =giv53 & s ! debt ( puni%m5t rema9s1 :5 ! s9 has be5 remov$4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 s93 ! guilty act1 & ! consequ5t /a94 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 all actual s9s1 :5 ! act ( s9 has ceas$1 ! guilt rema9s2 because ! act ( s9 makes man des]v+ ( puni%m5t1 9 s f> z he transgresses ! ord] ( ,div9e ju/ice1 to :i* he _c return except he pay "s sort ( p5al comp5sation1 :i* re/ores him to ! equality ( ju/ice2 s t1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ,div9e ju/ice1 he :o has be5 too indulg5t to 8 w1 by transgress+ ,god's comm&m5ts1 suff]s1 ei!r will+ly or unwill+ly1 some?+ contr>y to :at he w\ld wi%4 ,?is re/oration ( ! equality ( ju/ice by p5al comp5sation is also to be obs]v$ 9 injuries done to "o's fell[ m54 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t :5 ! s9ful or injuri\s act has ceas$ !re /ill rema9s ! debt ( puni%m5t4 ,b if we speak ( ! removal ( s9 z to ! /a91 x is evid5t t ! /a9 ( s9 _c be remov$ f ! s\l1 )\t ! s\l be+ unit$ to ,god1 s9ce x 0 ?r\gh be+ sep>at$ f ,him t x suff]$ ! loss ( its brightness1 9 :i* ! /a9 consi/s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ man is unit$ to ,god by 8 w4 ,:]e=e ! /a9 ( s9 _c be remov$ f man1 unless 8 w accept ! ord] ( ,div9e ju/ice1 t is to say1 unless ei!r ( 8 own accord he take ^u himself ! puni%m5t ( 8 pa/ s91 or be> pati5tly ! puni%m5t :i* ,god inflicts on him2 & 9 bo? ways puni%m5t avails = satisfaction4 ,n[ :5 puni%m5t is satisfactory1 x loses some:at ( ! nature ( puni%m5t3 = ! nature ( puni%m5t is to be aga9/ ! w2 & al?\gh satisfactory puni%m5t1 absolutely speak+1 is aga9/ ! w1 nev]!less 9 ?is p>ticul> case & = ?is p>ticul> purpose1 x is volunt>y4 ,consequ5tly x is volunt>y simply1 b involunt>y 9 a c]ta9 respect1 z we h expla9$ :5 speak+ ( ! volunt>y & ! involunt>y 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #f74 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 say t1 :5 ! /a9 ( s9 has be5 remov$1 !re may rema9 a debt ( puni%m5t1 n inde$ ( puni%m5t simply1 b ( satisfactory puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z aft] ! act ( s9 has ceas$1 ! /a9 rema9s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #b71 s ! debt ( puni%m5t also c rema94 ,b :5 ! /a9 has be5 remov$1 ! debt ( puni%m5t does n rema9 9 ! same way1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! virtu\s man does n des]ve puni%m5t simply1 b he may des]ve x z satisfactory3 because 8 v virtue dem&s t he %\ld d satisfaction = 8 (f5ses aga9/ ,god or man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 ! /a9 is remov$1 ! w\nd ( s9 is heal$ z reg>ds ! w4 ,b puni%m5t is /ill requisite 9 ord] t ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l be heal$1 s9ce !y 7 s disord]$ by ! s9 committ$1 s t1 to wit1 ! disord] may be rem$i$ by ! contr>y ( t :i* caus$ x4 ,moreov] puni%m5t is requisite 9 ord] to re/ore ! equality ( ju/ice1 & to remove ! sc&al giv5 to o!rs1 s t ^? :o 7 sc&aliz$ at ! s9 _m be edifi$ by ! puni%m5t1 z may be se5 9 ! example ( ,david quot$ above4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,e ,puni%m5t ,is ,inflict$ = a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n e puni%m5t is inflict$ = a s94 ,= x is writt5 7,john #i3c1 #b7 ab\t ! man born bl9d3 ,nei!r ha? ?is man s9n$1 nor 8 p>5ts 4 4 4 t he %\ld be born bl9d4 ,9 l mann] we see t _m *ildr51 ^? also :o h be5 baptiz$1 suff] griev\s puni%m5ts1 fev]s1 = in/ance1 diabolical possession1 & s =?1 & yet !re is no s9 9 !m aft] !y h be5 baptiz$4 ,moreov] be=e !y are baptiz$1 !re is no m s9 9 !m ?an 9 ! o!r *ildr5 :o d n suff] su* ?+s4 ,!re=e n e puni%m5t is inflict$ = a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t s9n]s %\ld ?rive & t ! innoc5t %\ld be puni%$ seem to come "u ! same head4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! is frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 human affairs1 = x is writt5 ab\t ! wick$ 7,ps4 #gb3e73 ,!y are n 9 ! labor ( m53 nei!r %all !y be sc\rg$ l o!r m52 & 7,job #ba3g73 ,:y !n d ! wick$ live1 are !y advanc$1 & /r5g!n$ ) ri*es 78799,! words 9 brackets %[ ! read+s ( ! ,vulgate2 & 7,hab4 #a3ac73 ,:y looke/ ,?\ ^u ! contemptu\s ,vulg43 '!m t d unju/ ?+s'1 & holde/ ,?y peace1 :5 ! wick$ man oppresse? ,vulg43 'dev\re?'1 ! man t is m j ?an himself8 ,!re=e n e puni%m5t is inflict$ = a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 ( ,*ri/ 7#a ,pet4 #b3bb7 t ,he did no s91 nor 0 guile f\nd 9 ,8 m\?4 ,& yet x is said 7#a ,pet4 #b3ba7 t ,he suff]$ = u4 ,!re=e puni%m5t is n always inflict$ by ,god = s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,job #d3g1 seqq473 ,:o ev] p]i%$ innoc5t8 ,or :5 7 ! j de/roy$8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h se5 ^? :o "w iniquity 4 4 4 p]i%+ by ! bla/ ( ,god2 & ,augu/9e writes 7,retract4 i7 t all puni%m5t is j1 & is inflict$ = a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z already /at$ 7,a4 #f71 puni%m5t c be consid]$ 9 two ways--simply1 & z be+ satisfactory4 ,a satisfactory puni%m5t is1 9 a way1 volunt>y4 ,& s9ce ^? :o diff] z to ! debt ( puni%m5t1 may be "o 9 w by ! union ( love1 x happ5s t "o :o has n s9n$1 be>s will+ly ! puni%m5t = ano!r3 ?us ev5 9 human affairs we see m5 take ! debts ( ano!r ^u !mselves4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( puni%m5t simply1 9 respect ( its be+ some?+ p5al1 x has always a relation to a s9 9 ! "o puni%$4 ,sometimes ?is is a relation to actual s91 z :5 a man is puni%$ by ,god or man = a s9 committ$ by him4 ,sometimes x is a relation to orig9al s93 & ?is1 ei!r pr9cipally or consequ5tly--pr9cipally1 ! puni%m5t ( orig9al s9 is t human nature is left to itself1 & depriv$ ( orig9al ju/ice3 & consequ5tly1 all ! p5alties :i* result f ?is defect 9 human nature4 ,nev]!less we mu/ obs]ve t sometimes a ?+ seems p5al1 & yet is n s simply4 ,because puni%m5t is a species ( evil1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ evil is privation ( good4 ,& s9ce man's good is manifold1 viz4 good ( ! s\l1 good ( ! body1 & ext]nal goods1 x happ5s sometimes t man suff]s ! loss ( a less] good1 t he may pr(it 9 a great] good1 z :5 he suff]s loss ( money = ! sake ( bodily heal?1 or loss ( bo? ( ^!1 = ! sake ( 8 s\l's heal? & ! glory ( ,god4 ,9 su* cases ! loss is an evil to man1 n simply b relatively2 :]e=e x does n answ] to ! "n ( puni%m5t simply1 b ( m$ic9al puni%m5t1 because a m$ical man prescribes bitt] potions to 8 pati5ts1 t he may re/ore !m to heal?4 ,& s9ce su* l are n puni%m5ts prop]ly speak+1 !y are n ref]r$ to s9 z _! cause1 except 9 a re/rict$ s5se3 because ! v fact t human nature ne$s a treatm5t ( p5al m$ic9es1 is due to ! corruption ( nature :i* is itself ! puni%m5t ( orig9al s94 ,= !re 0 no ne$1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 = p5al ex]cises 9 ord] to make progress 9 virtue2 s t :atev] is p5al 9 ! ex]cise ( virtue1 is r$uc$ to orig9al s9 z its cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,su* l defects ( ^? :o are born ) !m1 or :i* *ildr5 suff] f1 are ! effects & ! puni%m5ts ( orig9al s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #e72 & !y rema9 ev5 aft] baptism1 = ! cause /at$ above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #e1 ad #b73 & t !y are n equally 9 all1 is due to ! div]sity ( nature1 :i* is left to itself1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a74 ,nev]!less1 !y are direct$ by ,div9e provid5ce1 to ! salvation ( m51 ei!r ( ^? :o suff]1 or ( o!rs :o are admoni%$ by _! means--& also to ! glory ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,temporal & bodily goods are inde$ goods ( man1 b !y are ( small acc\nt3 :]eas spiritual goods are man's *ief goods4 ,consequ5tly x belongs to ,div9e ju/ice to give spiritual goods to ! virtu\s1 & to aw>d !m z mu* temporal goods or evils1 z suffices = virtue3 =1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 viii71 ,div9e ju/ice does n enfeeble ! =titude ( ! virtu\s man1 by mat]ial gifts4 ,! v fact t o!rs receive temporal goods1 is detrim5tal to _! spiritual good2 :]e=e ! psalm quot$ concludes 7v]se #f73 ,!re=e pride ha? held !m fa/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*ri/ bore a satisfactory puni%m5t1 n = ,81 b = our s9s4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,anyone ,is ,puni%$ = ,ano!r's ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o may be puni%$ = ano!r's s94 ,= x is writt5 7,ex4 #bj3e73 ,i am 4 4 4 ,god 4 4 4 jeal\s1 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( !m t hate ,me2 & 7,matt4 #bc3ce73 ,t ^u y may come all ! j blood t ha? be5 %$ ^u ! e>?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 human ju/ice spr+s f ,div9e ju/ice4 ,n[1 accord+ to human ju/ice1 *ildr5 are sometimes puni%$ = _! p>5ts1 z 9 ! case ( high treason4 ,!re=e also accord+ to ,div9e ju/ice1 "o is puni%$ = ano!r's s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x be repli$ t ! son is puni%$1 n = ! fa!r's s91 b = 8 own1 inasmu* z he imitates 8 fa!r's wick$ness2 ?is w\ld n be said ( ! *ildr5 r ?an ( outsid]s1 :o are puni%$ 9 l mann] z ^? ^: crimes !y imitate4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t *ildr5 are puni%$1 n = _! own s9s1 b = ^? ( _! p>5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eze*4 #ah3bj73 ,! son %all n be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( t satisfactory puni%m5t1 :i* "o takes ^u oneself volunt>ily1 "o may be> ano!r's puni%m5t1 9 s f> z !y are1 9 "s way1 "o1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( puni%m5t inflict$ on acc\nt ( s91 inasmu* z x is p5al1 !n ea* "o is puni%$ = 8 own s9 only1 because ! s9ful act is some?+ p]sonal4 ,b if we speak ( a puni%m5t t is m$ic9al1 9 ?is way x does happ5 t "o is puni%$ = ano!r's s94 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #g7 t ills su/a9$ 9 bodily goods or ev5 9 ! body itself1 are m$ic9al puni%m5ts int5d$ = ! heal? ( ! s\l4 ,:]e=e !re is no reason :y "o %\ld n h su* l puni%m5ts inflict$ on "o = ano!r's s91 ei!r by ,god or by man2 e4g4 on *ildr5 = _! p>5ts1 or on s]vants = _! ma/]s1 inasmu* z !y are _! prop]ty s to speak2 9 su* a way1 h[ev]1 t1 if ! *ildr5 or ! s]vants take "p 9 ! s91 ?is p5al ill has ! "* ( puni%m5t 9 reg>d to bo? ! "o puni%$ & ! "o he is puni%$ =4 ,b if !y d n take "p 9 ! s91 x has ! "* ( puni%m5t 9 reg>d to ! "o = :om ! puni%m5t is borne1 :ile1 9 reg>d to ! "o :o is puni%$1 x is m]ely m$ic9al 7except accid5tally1 if he cons5t to ! o!r's s971 s9ce x is int5d$ = ! good ( 8 s\l1 if he be>s x pati5tly4 ,) reg>d to spiritual puni%m5ts1 ^! are n m]ely m$ic9al1 because ! good ( ! s\l is n direct$ to a yet high] good4 ,consequ5tly no "o suff]s loss 9 ! goods ( ! s\l )\t "s fault ( 8 own4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,avit47 99,ep4 ad ,auxilium1 ccl41 su* l puni%m5ts are n inflict$ on "o = ano!r's s91 because1 z reg>ds ! s\l1 ! son is n ! fa!r's prop]ty4 ,h5ce ! ,"l assigns ! reason = ?is by say+ 7,eze*4 #ah3d73 ,all s\ls are ,m9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,bo? ! passages quot$ %\ld1 seem+ly1 be ref]r$ to temporal or bodily puni%m5ts1 9 s f> z *ildr5 are ! prop]ty ( _! p>5ts1 & po/]ity1 ( _! =efa!rs4 ,else1 if !y be ref]r$ to spiritual puni%m5ts1 !y mu/ be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to ! imitation ( s91 :]e=e 9 ,exodus ^! words are add$1 ,( !m t hate ,me1 & 9 ! *apt] quot$ f ,mat!w 7v]se #cb7 we read3 ,fill ye up !n ! measure ( y\r fa!rs4 ,! s9s ( ! fa!rs are said to be puni%$ 9 _! *ildr51 because ! latt] are ! m prone to s9 ?r\gh be+ br\ght up amid _! p>5ts' crimes1 bo? by becom+ accu/om$ to !m1 & by imitat+ _! p>5ts' example1 con=m+ to _! au?ority z x 74 ,moreov] !y des]ve heavi] puni%m5t if1 see+ ! puni%m5t ( _! p>5ts1 !y fail to m5d _! ways4 ,! text adds1 to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation1 because m5 are wont to live long en\gh to see ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation1 s t bo? ! *ildr5 c witness _! p>5ts' s9s s z to imitate !m1 & ! p>5ts c see _! *ildr5's puni%m5ts s z to grieve = !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! puni%m5ts :i* human ju/ice inflicts on "o = ano!r's s9 are bodily & temporal4 ,!y are also rem$ies or m$ic9es aga9/ future s9s1 9 ord] t ei!r !y :o are puni%$1 or o!rs may be re/ra9$ f simil> faults4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o are ne> ( k9 are said to be puni%$1 r ?an outsid]s1 = ! s9s ( o!rs1 bo? because ! puni%m5t ( k9dr$ r$\nds some:at ^u ^? :o s9n$1 z /at$ above1 9 s f> z ! *ild is ! fa!r's prop]ty1 & because ! examples & ! puni%m5ts t occur 9 "o's own h\sehold are m mov+4 ,consequ5tly :5 a man is br\ght up amid ! s9s ( 8 p>5ts1 he is m eag] to imitate !m1 & if he is n det]r$ by _! puni%m5ts1 he w\ld seem to be ! m ob/9ate1 &1 !re=e1 to des]ve m sev]e puni%m5t4 ,,"q #hh ,,( ,,v5ial ,,& ,,mortal ,,s9 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,9 ! next place1 s9ce v5ial & mortal s9s diff] 9 respect ( ! debt ( puni%m5t1 we mu/ consid] !m4 ,fir/1 we %all consid] v5ial s9 z comp>$ ) mortal s92 secondly1 we %all consid] v5ial s9 9 itself4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r v5ial s9 is fitt+ly condivid$ ) mortal s98 7#b7 ,:e!r !y diff] g5]ically8 7#c7 ,:e!r v5ial s9 is a disposition to mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r a v5ial s9 c become mortal8 7#e7 ,:e!r a v5ial s9 c become mortal by reason ( an aggravat+ circum/ance8 7#f7 ,:e!r a mortal s9 c become v5ial8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,v5ial ,s9 ,is ,fitt+ly ,condivid$ ) ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v5ial s9 is unfitt+ly condivid$ ) mortal s94 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg73 ,s9 is a ^w1 de$ or desire contr>y to ! et]nal law4 ,b ! fact ( be+ aga9/ ! et]nal law makes a s9 to be mortal4 ,consequ5tly e s9 is mortal4 ,!re=e v5ial s9 is n condivid$ ) mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aj3ca73 ,:e!r y eat or dr9k1 or :atev] else y d2 d all to ! glory ( ,god4 ,n[ :oev] s9s breaks ?is comm&m5t1 because s9 is n done = ,god's glory4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce to break a comm&m5t is to commit a mortal s91 x seems t :oev] s9s1 s9s mortally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] cleaves to a ?+ by love1 cleaves ei!r z enjoy+ x1 or z us+ x1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #c1 #d74 ,b no p]son1 9 s9n+1 cleaves to a mutable good z us+ x3 because he does n ref] x to t good :i* gives u happ9ess1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 is to use1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #c1 #d74 ,!re=e :oev] s9s enjoys a mutable good4 ,n[ to enjoy :at we %\ld use is human p]v]s5ess1 z ,augu/9e aga9 says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cj74 ,!re=e1 s9ce p]v]s5ess 99,! ,lat9 'p]v]t]e' means to ov]?r[1 to de/roy1 h5ce 'p]v]sion' ( ,god's law is a mortal s94 d5otes a mortal s91 x seems t :oev] s9s1 s9s mortally4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :oev] approa*es "o t]m1 f t v fact turns away f ! opposite4 ,n[ :oev] s9s1 approa*es a mutable good1 &1 consequ5tly turns away f ! immutable good1 s t he s9s mortally4 ,!re=e v5ial s9 is unfitt+ly condivid$ ) mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xli 9 ,joan471 t a crime is "o t m]its damnation1 & a v5ial s91 "o t does n4 ,b a crime d5otes a mortal s94 ,!re=e v5ial s9 is fitt+ly condivid$ ) mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,c]ta9 t]ms d n appe> to be mutually oppos$1 if tak5 9 _! prop] s5se1 :]eas !y are oppos$ if tak5 metaphorically3 ?us to smile is n oppos$ to be+ dry2 b if we speak ( ! smil+ mead[s :5 !y are deck$ ) fl[]s & fre% ) gre5 hues ?is is oppos$ to dr\ght4 ,9 l mann] if mortal be tak5 lit]ally z ref]r+ to ! dea? ( ! body1 x does n imply opposition to v5ial1 nor belong to ! same g5us4 ,b if mortal be tak5 metaphorically1 z appli$ to s91 x is oppos$ to t :i* is v5ial4 ,= s91 be+ a sickness ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #i1 ad #b71 is said to be mortal by comp>ison ) a disease1 :i* is said to be mortal1 ?r\gh caus+ an irrep>able defect consi/+ 9 ! corruption ( a pr9ciple1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ! spiritual life1 :i* is a life 9 accord ) virtue1 is ! ord] to ! la/ end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #c73 & if ?is ord] be corrupt$1 x _c be repair$ by any intr9sic pr9ciple1 b by ! p[] ( ,god alone1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #c71 because disord]s 9 ?+s ref]r$ to ! end1 are repair$ ?r\gh ! end1 ev5 z an error ab\t conclusions c be repair$ ?r\gh ! tru? ( ! pr9ciples4 ,h5ce ! defect ( ord] to ! la/ end _c be repair$ ?r\gh some?+ else z a high] pr9ciple1 z nei!r c an error ab\t pr9ciples4 ,:]e=e su* s9s are call$ mortal1 z be+ irrep>able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9s :i* imply a disord] 9 ?+s ref]r$ to ! end1 ! ord] to ! end itself be+ pres]v$1 are rep>able4 ,^! s9s are call$ v5ial3 because a s9 receives its acquittal 7v5iam7 :5 ! debt ( puni%m5t is tak5 away1 & ?is ceases :5 ! s9 ceases1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #f74 ,accord+ly1 mortal & v5ial are mutually oppos$ z rep>able & irrep>able3 & ,i say ?is ) ref]5ce to ! intr9sic pr9ciple1 b n to ! ,div9e p[]1 :i* c repair all diseases1 :e!r ( ! body or ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e v5ial s9 is fitt+ly condivid$ ) mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! division ( s9 into v5ial & mortal is n a division ( a g5us into its species :i* h an equal %>e ( ! g5]ic nature3 b x is ! division ( an analog\s t]m into its p>ts1 ( :i* x is pr$icat$1 ( ! "o fir/1 & ( ! o!r aft]w>ds4 ,consequ5tly ! p]fect notion ( s91 :i* ,augu/9e gives1 applies to mortal s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 v5ial s9 is call$ a s91 9 ref]5ce to an imp]fect notion ( s91 & 9 relation to mortal s93 ev5 z an accid5t is call$ a be+1 9 relation to sub/ance1 9 ref]5ce to ! imp]fect notion ( be+4 ,= x is n aga9/ ! law1 s9ce he :o s9s v5ially nei!r does :at ! law =bids1 nor omits :at ! law prescribes to be done2 b he acts beside ! law1 ?r\gh n obs]v+ ! mode ( reason1 :i* ! law int5ds4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is precept ( ! ,apo/le is affirmative1 & s x does n b9d = all times4 ,consequ5tly ev]yone :o does n actually ref] all 8 actions to ! glory ( ,god1 does n !re=e act aga9/ ?is precept4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to avoid mortal s9 ea* "t t "o fails actually to ref] an action to ,god's glory1 x is en\gh to ref] oneself & all t "o has to ,god habitually4 ,n[ v5ial s9 excludes only actual ref]5ce ( ! human act to ,god's glory1 & n habitual ref]5ce3 because x does n exclude *>ity1 :i* ref]s man to ,god habitually4 ,!re=e x does n foll[ t he :o s9s v5ially1 s9s mortally4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t s9s v5ially1 cleaves to temporal good1 n z enjoy+ x1 because he does n fix 8 end 9 x1 b z us+ x1 by ref]r+ x to ,god1 n actually b habitually4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,mutable good is n consid]$ to be a t]m 9 contraposition to ! immutable good1 unless "o's end is fix$ !re93 because :at is ref]r$ to ! end has n ! "* ( f9ality4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,mortal & ,v5ial ,s9 ,diff] ,g5]ically8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v5ial & mortal s9 d n diff] g5]ically1 s t "s s9s be g5]ically mortal1 & "s g5]ically v5ial4 ,because human acts are consid]$ to be g5]ically good or evil accord+ to _! matt] or object1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ei!r mortal or v5ial s9 may be committ$ 9 reg>d to any object or matt]3 s9ce man c love any mutable good1 ei!r less ?an ,god1 :i* may be a v5ial s91 or m ?an ,god1 :i* is a mortal s94 ,!re=e v5ial & mortal s9 d n diff] g5]ically4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #c71 a s9 is call$ mortal :5 x is irrep>able1 v5ial :5 x c be repair$4 ,n[ irrep>ability belongs to s9 committ$ out ( malice1 :i*1 accord+ to "s1 is irremissible3 :]eas rep>ability belongs to s9s committ$ ?r\gh weakness or ignorance1 :i* are remissible4 ,!re=e mortal & v5ial s9 diff] z s9 committ$ ?r\gh malice diff]s f s9 committ$ ?r\gh weakness or ignorance4 ,b1 9 ?is respect1 s9s diff] n 9 g5us b 9 cause1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #h1 ad #a74 ,!re=e v5ial & mortal s9 d n diff] g5]ically4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c2 ,a4 #aj7 t sudd5 movem5ts bo? ( ! s5suality & ( ! reason are v5ial s9s4 ,b sudd5 movem5ts occur 9 e k9d ( s94 ,!re=e no s9s are g5]ically v5ial4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e1 9 a s]mon on ,purgatory 7,de ,sanctis1 s]m4 xli71 enum]ates c]ta9 g5]ic v5ial s9s1 & c]ta9 g5]ic mortal s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,v5ial s9 is s call$ f v5ia 7p>don74 ,consequ5tly a s9 may be call$ v5ial1 fir/ ( all1 because x has be5 p>don$3 ?us ,ambrose says t p5ance makes e s9 v5ial3 & ?is is call$ v5ial f ! result4 ,secondly1 a s9 is call$ v5ial because x does n conta9 any?+ ei!r p>tially or totally1 to prev5t its be+ p>don$3 p>tially1 z :5 a s9 conta9s some?+ dim9i%+ its guilt1 e4g4 a s9 committ$ ?r\gh weakness or ignorance3 & ?is is call$ v5ial f ! cause3 totally1 ?r\gh n de/roy+ ! ord] to ! la/ end1 :]e=e x des]ves temporal1 b n ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,x is ( ?is v5ial s9 t we wi% to speak n[4 ,= z reg>ds ! fir/ two1 x is evid5t t !y h no det]m9ate g5us3 :]eas v5ial s91 tak5 9 ! ?ird s5se1 c h a det]m9ate g5us1 s t "o s9 may be v5ial g5]ically1 & ano!r g5]ically mortal1 accord+ z ! g5us or species ( an act is det]m9$ by its object4 ,=1 :5 ! w is direct$ to a ?+ t is 9 itself contr>y to *>ity1 :]eby man is direct$ to 8 la/ end1 ! s9 is mortal by reason ( its object4 ,consequ5tly x is a mortal s9 g5]ically1 :e!r x be contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 e4g4 blasphemy1 p]jury1 & ! l1 or aga9/ ! love ( "o's neighbor1 e4g4 murd]1 adult]y1 & su* l3 :]e=e su* s9s are mortal by reason ( _! g5us4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! s9n]'s w is direct$ to a ?+ conta9+ a c]ta9 inord9at5ess1 b :i* is n contr>y to ! love ( ,god & "o's neighbor1 e4g4 an idle ^w1 excessive laught]1 & s =?3 & su* s9s are v5ial by reason ( _! g5us4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce moral acts d]ive _! "* ( goodness & malice1 n only f _! objects1 b also f "s disposition ( ! ag5t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f71 x happ5s sometimes t a s9 :i* is v5ial g5]ically by reason ( its object1 becomes mortal on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 ei!r because he fixes 8 la/ end !re91 or because he directs x to some?+ t is a mortal s9 9 its own g5us2 = example1 if a man direct an idle ^w to ! commission ( adult]y4 ,9 l mann] x may happ51 on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 t a s9 g5]ically mortal because v5ial1 by reason ( ! act be+ imp]fect1 i4e4 n delib]at$ by reason1 :i* is ! prop] pr9ciple ( an evil act1 z we h said above 9 ref]5ce to sudd5 movem5ts ( unbelief4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! v fact t anyone *ooses some?+ t is contr>y to div9e *>ity1 proves t he pref]s x to ! love ( ,god1 & consequ5tly1 t he loves x m ?an he loves ,god4 ,h5ce x belongs to ! g5us ( "s s9s1 :i* are ( !mselves contr>y to *>ity1 t some?+ is lov$ m ?an ,god2 s t !y are mortal by reason ( _! g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ^? s9s :i* are v5ial f _! cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ^? s9s :i* are v5ial by reason ( ! imp]fection ( ! act4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,v5ial ,s9 ,is a ,disposition to ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v5ial s9 is n a disposition to mortal s94 ,= "o contr>y does n dispose to ano!r4 ,b v5ial & mortal s9 are condivid$ z contr>y to "o ano!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e v5ial s9 is n a disposition to mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an act disposes to some?+ ( l species1 :]e=e x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b1 t f l acts l dispositions & habits are eng5d]$4 ,b mortal & v5ial s9 diff] 9 g5us or species1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e v5ial s9 does n dispose to mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a s9 is call$ v5ial because x disposes to mortal s91 x foll[s t :atev] disposes to mortal s9 is a v5ial s94 ,n[ e good "w disposes to mortal s92 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi7 t pride lies 9 wait = good works t x may de/roy !m4 ,!re=e ev5 good works w\ld be v5ial s9s1 :i* is absurd4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ai3a73 ,he t contemne? small ?+s %all fall by little & little4 ,n[ he t s9s v5ially seems to contemn small ?+s4 ,!re=e by little & little he is dispos$ to fall away toge!r into mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,a disposition is a k9d ( cause2 :]e=e z !re is a tw(old mann] ( cause1 s is !re a tw(old mann] ( disposition4 ,= !re is a cause :i* moves directly to ! production ( ! effect1 z a hot ?+ heats3 & !re is a cause :i* moves indirectly1 by remov+ an ob/acle1 z he :o displaces a pill> is said to displace ! /one t re/s on x4 ,accord+ly an act ( s9 disposes to some?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 directly1 & ?us x disposes to an act ( l species4 ,9 ?is way1 a s9 g5]ically v5ial does n1 prim>ily & ( its nature1 dispose to a s9 g5]ically mortal1 = !y diff] 9 species4 ,nev]!less1 9 ?is same way1 a v5ial s9 c dispose1 by way ( consequ5ce1 to a s9 :i* is mortal on ! "p ( ! ag5t3 because ! disposition or habit may be s f> /r5g!n$ by acts ( v5ial s91 t ! lu/ ( s9n+ increases1 & ! s9n] fixes 8 end 9 t v5ial s93 s9ce ! end = "o :o has a habit1 z su*1 is to "w accord+ to t habit2 & ! consequ5ce w be t1 by s9n+ (t5 v5ially1 he becomes dispos$ to a mortal s94 ,secondly1 a human act disposes to some?+ by remov+ an ob/acle !reto4 ,9 ?is way a s9 g5]ically v5ial c dispose to a s9 g5]ically mortal4 ,because he t commits a s9 g5]ically v5ial1 turns aside f "s p>ticul> ord]2 & ?r\gh accu/om+ 8 w n to be subject to ! due ord] 9 less] matt]s1 is dispos$ n to subject 8 w ev5 to ! ord] ( ! la/ end1 by *oos+ some?+ t is a mortal s9 9 its g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,v5ial & mortal s9 are n condivid$ 9 contr>iety to "o ano!r1 z ?\gh !y 7 species ( "o g5us1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a71 b z an accid5t is condivid$ ) sub/ance4 ,:]e=e an accid5t c be a disposition to a sub/antial =m1 s c a v5ial s9 dispose to mortal4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,v5ial s9 is n l mortal s9 9 species2 b x is 9 g5us1 inasmu* z !y bo? imply a defect ( due ord]1 albeit 9 diff]5t ways1 z /at$ 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a good "w is n1 ( itself1 a disposition to mortal s92 b x c be ! matt] or occasion ( mortal s9 accid5tally2 :]eas a v5ial s91 ( its v nature1 disposes to mortal s91 z /at$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,v5ial ,s9 ,c ,become ,mortal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a v5ial s9 c become a mortal s94 ,= ,augu/9e 9 expla9+ ! words ( ,john #c3cf3 ,he t believe? n ! ,son1 %all n see life1 says 7,tract4 xii 9 ,joan473 ,! slighte/1 i4e4 v5ial1 s9s kill if we make little ( !m4 ,n[ a s9 is call$ mortal ?r\gh caus+ ! spiritual dea? ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e a v5ial s9 c become mortal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a movem5t 9 ! s5suality be=e ! cons5t ( reason1 is a v5ial s91 b aft] cons5t1 is a mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #h1 ad #b74 ,!re=e a v5ial s9 c become mortal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 v5ial & mortal s9 diff] z curable & incurable disease1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b a curable disease may become incurable4 ,!re=e a v5ial s9 may become mortal4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a disposition may become a habit4 ,n[ v5ial s9 is a disposition to mortal1 z /at$ 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e a v5ial s9 c become mortal4 ,i answ] t1 ,! fact ( a v5ial s9 becom+ a mortal s9 may be und]/ood 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 s t ! same id5tical act be at fir/ a v5ial1 & !n a mortal s94 ,?is is impossible3 because a s91 l any moral act1 consi/s *iefly 9 an act ( ! w3 s t an act is n "o morally1 if ! w be *ang$1 al?\gh ! act be cont9u\s physically4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! w be n *ang$1 x is n possible = a v5ial s9 to become mortal4 ,secondly1 ?is may be tak5 to mean t a s9 g5]ically v5ial1 becomes mortal4 ,?is is possible1 9 s f> z "o may fix "o's end 9 t v5ial s91 or direct x to "s mortal s9 z end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,?irdly1 ?is may be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( _m v5ial s9s con/itut+ "o mortal s94 ,if ?is be tak5 z mean+ t _m v5ial s9s add$ toge!r make "o mortal s91 x is false1 because all ! v5ial s9s 9 ! _w _c incur a debt ( puni%m5t equal to t ( "o mortal s94 ,?is is evid5t z reg>ds ! duration ( ! puni%m5t1 s9ce mortal s9 incurs a debt ( et]nal puni%m5t1 :ile v5ial s9 incurs a debt ( temporal puni%m5t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,,aa4 #c1 #e74 ,x is also evid5t z reg>ds ! pa9 ( loss1 because mortal s9s des]ve to be puni%$ by ! privation ( see+ ,god1 to :i* no o!r puni%m5t is comp>able1 z ,*ryso/om /ates 7,hom4 xxiv 9 ,mat?474 ,x is also evid5t z reg>ds ! pa9 ( s5se1 z to ! remorse ( consci5ce2 al?\gh z to ! pa9 ( fire1 ! puni%m5ts may p]haps n be improportionate to "o ano!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is be tak5 z mean+ t _m v5ial s9s make "o mortal s9 dispositively1 x is true1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #c7 ) reg>d to ! two diff]5t mann]s ( disposition1 :]eby v5ial s9 disposes to mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is ref]r+ to ! fact ( _m v5ial s9s mak+ "o mortal s9 dispositively4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same movem5t ( ! s5suality :i* prec$$ ! cons5t ( reason c nev] become a mortal s92 b ! movem5t ( ! reason 9 cons5t+ is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,disease ( ! body is n an act1 b an abid+ disposition2 :]e=e1 :ile rema9+ ! same disease1 x may und]go *ange4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v5ial s9 is a transi5t act1 :i* _c be tak5 up aga93 s t 9 ?is respect ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a disposition t becomes a habit1 is l an imp]fect ?+ 9 ! same species2 ?us imp]fect sci5ce1 by be+ p]fect$1 becomes a habit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v5ial s9 is a disposition to some?+ diff]+ g5]ically1 ev5 z an accid5t :i* disposes to a sub/antial =m1 into :i* x is nev] *ang$4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,circum/ance ,c ,make a ,v5ial ,s9 to ,be ,mortal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a circum/ance c make a v5ial s9 mortal4 ,= ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon on ,purgatory 7,de ,sanctis1 s]m4 xli7 t if ang] cont9ue = a long "t1 or if drunk5ness be frequ5t1 !y become mortal s9s4 ,b ang] & drunk5ness are n mortal b v5ial s9s g5]ically1 else !y w\ld always be mortal s9s4 ,!re=e a circum/ance makes a v5ial s9 to be mortal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t5t4 ii1 ,d1 #bd7 t delectation1 if morose 99,see ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #f1 is a mortal s91 b t if x be n morose1 x is a v5ial s94 ,n[ moros5ess is a circum/ance4 ,!re=e a circum/ance makes a v5ial s9 to be mortal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 evil & good diff] m ?an v5ial & mortal s91 bo? ( :i* are g5]ically evil4 ,b a circum/ance makes a good act to be evil1 z :5 a man gives an alms = va+lory4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c x make a v5ial s9 to be mortal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s9ce a circum/ance is an accid5t1 its quantity _c exce$ t ( ! act itself1 d]iv$ f ! act's g5us1 because ! subject always excels its accid5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 an act be v5ial by reason ( its g5us1 x _c become mortal by reason ( an accid5t3 s9ce1 9 a way1 mortal s9 inf9itely surpasses ! quantity ( v5ial s91 z is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a2 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d2 ,,aa4 #aj1 #aa71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( circum/ances1 a circum/ance1 z su*1 is an accid5t ( ! moral act3 & yet a circum/ance may happ5 to be tak5 z ! specific diff]5ce ( a moral act1 & !n x loses its nature ( circum/ance1 & con/itutes ! species ( ! moral act4 ,?is happ5s 9 s9s :5 a circum/ance adds ! de=mity ( ano!r g5us2 ?us :5 a man has k ( ano!r woman ?an 8 wife1 ! de=mity ( 8 act is oppos$ to *a/ity2 b if ?is o!r be ano!r man's wife1 !re is an additional de=mity oppos$ to ju/ice :i* =bids "o to take :at belongs to ano!r2 & accord+ly ?is circum/ance con/itutes a new species ( s9 kn[n z adult]y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible = a circum/ance to make a v5ial s9 become mortal1 unless x adds ! de=mity ( ano!r species4 ,= x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 t ! de=mity ( a v5ial s9 consi/s 9 a disord] affect+ ?+s t are ref]r$ to ! end1 :]eas ! de=mity ( a mortal s9 consi/s 9 a disord] ab\t ! la/ end4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t a circum/ance _c make a v5ial s9 to be mortal1 s long z x rema9s a circum/ance1 b only :5 x transf]s ! s9 to ano!r species1 & becomes1 z x 71 ! specific diff]5ce ( ! moral act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,l5g? ( "t is n a circum/ance t draws a s9 to ano!r species1 nor is frequ5cy or cu/om1 except p]haps by some?+ accid5tal sup]v5+4 ,= an action does n acquire a new species ?r\gh be+ repeat$ or prolong$1 unless by *ance some?+ sup]v5e 9 ! repeat$ or prolong$ act to *ange its species1 e4g4 disob$i5ce1 contempt1 or ! l4 ,we mu/ !re=e reply to ! objection by say+ t s9ce ang] is a movem5t ( ! s\l t5d+ to ! hurt ( "o's neighbor1 if ! angry movem5t t5d to a hurt :i* is a mortal s9 g5]ically1 su* z murd] or robb]y1 t ang] w be a mortal s9 g5]ically3 & if x be a v5ial s91 ?is w be due to ! imp]fection ( ! act1 9 s f> z x is a sudd5 movem5t ( ! s5suality3 :]eas1 if x la/ a long "t1 x returns to its g5]ic nature1 ?r\gh ! cons5t ( reason4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! hurt to :i* ! angry movem5t t5ds1 is a s9 g5]ically v5ial1 = in/ance1 if a man be angry ) someone1 s z to wi% to say "s trifl+ ^w 9 je/ t w\ld hurt him a little1 ! ang] w n be mortal s91 h[ev] long x la/1 unless p]haps accid5tally2 = in/ance1 if x 7 to give rise to great sc&al or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,) reg>d to drunk5ness we reply t x is a mortal s9 by reason ( its g5us2 =1 t a man1 )\t necessity1 & ?r\gh ! m]e lu/ ( w9e1 make himself unable to use 8 reason1 :]eby he is direct$ to ,god & avoids committ+ _m s9s1 is expressly contr>y to virtue4 ,t x be a v5ial s91 is due "s sort ( ignorance or weakness1 z :5 a man is ignorant ( ! /r5g? ( ! w9e1 or ( 8 own unfitness1 s t he has no ?\ght ( gett+ drunk1 = 9 t case ! drunk5ness is n imput$ to him z a s91 b only ! excessive dr9k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he gets drunk frequ5tly1 ?is ignorance no long] avails z an excuse1 = 8 w seems to *oose to give way to drunk5ness r ?an to refra9 f excess ( w9e3 :]e=e ! s9 returns to its specific nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,morose delectation is n a mortal s9 except 9 ^? matt]s :i* are mortal s9s g5]ically4 ,9 su* matt]s1 if ! delectation be n morose1 !re is a v5ial s9 ?r\gh imp]fection ( ! act1 z we h said ) reg>d to ang] 7ad #a73 because ang] is said to be la/+1 & delectation to be morose1 on acc\nt ( ! approval ( ! delib]at+ reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a circum/ance does n make a good act to be evil1 unless x con/itute ! species ( a s91 z we h /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d74 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r a ,mortal ,s9 ,c ,become ,v5ial8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a mortal s9 c become v5ial4 ,because v5ial s9 is equally di/ant f mortal1 z mortal s9 is f v5ial4 ,b a v5ial s9 c become mortal1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,!re=e also a mortal s9 c become v5ial4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 v5ial & mortal s9 are said to diff] 9 ?is1 t he :o s9s mortally loves a creature m ?an ,god1 :ile he :o s9s v5ially loves ! creature less ?an ,god4 ,n[ x may happ5 t a p]son 9 committ+ a s9 g5]ically mortal1 loves a creature less ?an ,god2 = in/ance1 if anyone be+ ignorant t simple =nication is a mortal s91 & contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 commits ! s9 ( =nication1 yet s z to be ready1 = ! love ( ,god1 to refra9 f t s9 if he knew t by committ+ x he 0 act+ c\nt] to ! love ( ,god4 ,!re=e 8 w be a v5ial s92 & accord+ly a mortal s9 c become v5ial4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e1 ,obj4 #c71 good is m di/ant f evil1 ?an v5ial f mortal s94 ,b an act :i* is evil 9 itself1 c become good2 ?us to kill a man may be an act ( ju/ice1 z :5 a judge condemns a ?ief to dea?4 ,mu* m !re=e c a mortal s9 become v5ial4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,an et]nal ?+ c nev] become temporal4 ,b mortal s9 des]ves et]nal puni%m5t1 :]eas v5ial s9 des]ves temporal puni%m5t4 ,!re=e a mortal s9 c nev] become v5ial4 ,i answ] t1 ,v5ial & mortal diff] z p]fect & imp]fect 9 ! g5us ( s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,n[ ! imp]fect c become p]fect1 by "s sort ( addition3 &1 consequ5tly1 a v5ial s9 c become mortal1 by ! addition ( "s de=mity p]ta9+ to ! g5us ( mortal s91 z :5 a man utt]s an idle ^w = ! purpose ( =nication4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p]fect _c become imp]fect1 by addition2 & s a mortal s9 _c become v5ial1 by ! addition ( a de=mity p]ta9+ to ! g5us ( v5ial s91 = ! s9 is n dim9i%$ if a man commit =nication 9 ord] to utt] an idle ^w2 r is x aggravat$ by ! additional de=mity4 ,nev]!less a s9 :i* is g5]ically mortal1 c become v5ial by reason ( ! imp]fection ( ! act1 because !n x does n completely fulfil ! conditions ( a moral act1 s9ce x is n a delib]ate1 b a sudd5 act1 z is evid5t f :at we h said above 7,a4 #b74 ,?is happ5s by a k9d ( subtraction1 namely1 ( delib]ate reason4 ,& s9ce a moral act takes its species f delib]ate reason1 ! result is t by su* a subtraction ! species ( ! act is de/roy$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,v5ial diff]s f mortal z imp]fect f p]fect1 ev5 z a boy diff]s f a man4 ,b ! boy becomes a man & n vice v]sa4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! ignorance be su* z to excuse s9 altoge!r1 z ! ignorance ( a madman or an imbecile1 !n he t commits =nication 9 a /ate ( su* ignorance1 commits no s9 ei!r mortal or v5ial4 ,b if ! ignorance be n inv9cible1 !n ! ignorance itself is a s91 & conta9s )9 itself ! lack ( ! love ( ,god1 9 s f> z a man neglects to le>n ^? ?+s :]eby he c safegu>d himself 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,m5dacium vii71 ^? ?+s :i* are evil 9 !mselves1 _c be well done = any good end4 ,n[ murd] is ! slay+ ( ! innoc5t1 & ?is c n[ise be well done4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #d1 #e71 ! judge :o s5t5ces a ?ief to dea?1 or ! soldi] :o slays ! enemy ( ! common weal1 are n murd]]s4 ,,"q #hi ,,( ,,v5ial ,,s9 ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] v5ial s9 9 itself1 & "u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r v5ial s9 causes a /a9 9 ! s\l8 7#b7 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( v5ial s91 z d5ot$ by wood1 hay1 /ubble 7#a ,cor4 #c3ab72 7#c7 ,:e!r man c\ld s9 v5ially 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce8 7#d7 ,:e!r a good or a wick$ angel c s9 v5ially8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! movem5ts ( unbeliev]s are v5ial s9s8 7#f7 ,:e!r v5ial s9 c be 9 a man ) orig9al s9 alone8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,v5ial ,s9 ,causes a ,/a9 on ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v5ial s9 causes a /a9 9 ! s\l4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,po5it47 99,hom4 #ej1 int]4 ,l41 #b1 t if v5ial s9s be multipli$1 !y de/roy ! beauty ( our s\ls s z to deprive u ( ! embraces ( our heav5ly sp\se4 ,b ! /a9 ( s9 is no?+ else b ! loss ( ! s\l's beauty4 ,!re=e v5ial s9s cause a /a9 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mortal s9 causes a /a9 9 ! s\l1 on acc\nt ( ! inord9at5ess ( ! act & ( ! s9n]'s affections4 ,b1 9 v5ial s91 !re is an inord9at5ess ( ! act & ( ! affections4 ,!re=e v5ial s9 causes a /a9 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! /a9 on ! s\l is caus$ by contact ) a temporal ?+1 ?r\gh love !re( z /at$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #a74 ,b1 9 v5ial s91 ! s\l is 9 contact ) a temporal ?+ ?r\gh inord9ate love4 !re=e1 v5ial s9 br+s a /a9 on ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is writt51 7,eph4 #e3bg73 ,t ,he might pres5t x to ,himself a glori\s *ur*1 n hav+ spot or wr9kle1 on :i* ! gloss says3 i4e41 "s griev\s s94 ,!re=e x seems prop] to mortal s9 to cause a /a9 on ! s\l4 ,i answ] t z /at$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #a71 a /a9 d5otes a loss ( comel9ess due to contact ) some?+1 z may be se5 9 corporeal matt]s1 f :i* ! t]m has be5 transf]r$ to ! s\l1 by way ( similitude4 ,n[1 j z 9 ! body !re is a tw(old comel9ess1 "o result+ f ! inw>d disposition ( ! memb]s & colors1 ! o!r result+ f outw>d refulg5ce sup]v5+1 s too1 9 ! s\l1 !re is a tw(old comel9ess1 "o habitual &1 s to speak1 intr9sic1 ! o!r actual l an outw>d fla% ( light4 ,n[ v5ial s9 is a h9drance to actual comel9ess1 b n to habitual comel9ess1 because x nei!r de/roys nor dim9i%es ! habit ( *>ity & ( ! o!r virtues1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #aj2 ,q4 #acc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b71 b only h9d]s _! acts4 ,on ! o!r h& a /a9 d5otes some?+ p]man5t 9 ! ?+ /a9$1 :]e=e x seems 9 ! nature ( a loss ( habitual r ?an ( actual comel9ess4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 v5ial s9 does n cause a /a9 9 ! s\l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we f9d x /at$ any:]e t x does induce a /a91 ?is is 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 9 s f> z x h9d]s ! comel9ess t results f acts ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( ! case 9 :i* _m v5ial s9s lead to mortal s9 dispositively3 because o!rwise !y w\ld n sev] ! s\l f its heav5ly sp\se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 mortal s9 ! inord9at5ess ( ! act de/roys ! habit ( virtue1 b n 9 v5ial s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 mortal s9 ! s\l comes into contact ) a temporal ?+ z its end1 s t ! %$d+ ( ! light ( grace1 :i* accrues to ^? :o1 by *>ity1 cleave to ,god z _! la/ end1 is entirely cut (f4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 v5ial s91 man does n cleave to a creature z 8 la/ end3 h5ce !re is no comp>ison4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,v5ial ,s9s ,are ,suitably ,designat$ ,z ,wood1 ,hay1 & ,/ubble8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v5ial s9s are unsuitably designat$ z wood1 hay1 & /ubble4 ,because wood1 hay1 & /ubble are said 7#a ,cor4 #c3ab7 to be built on a spiritual f\ndation4 ,n[ v5ial s9s are some?+ outside a spiritual f\ndation1 ev5 z false op9ions are outside ! pale ( sci5ce4 ,!re=e1 v5ial s9s are n suitably designat$ z wood1 hay1 & /ubble4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he :o builds wood1 hay1 & /ubble1 %all be sav$ yet s z by fire 7#a ,cor4 #c3ae74 ,b sometimes ! man :o commits a v5ial s91 w n be sav$1 ev5 by fire1 e4g4 :5 a man dies 9 mortal s9 to :i* v5ial s9s are atta*$4 ,!re=e1 v5ial s9s are unsuitably designat$ by wood1 hay1 & /ubble4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #c3ab7 ^? :o build gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 i4e4 love ( ,god & our neighbor1 & good works1 are o!rs f ^? :o build wood1 hay1 & /ubble4 ,b ^? ev5 :o love ,god & _! neighbor1 & d good works1 commit v5ial s9s3 = x is writt5 7#a ,john #a3h73 ,if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves4 ,!re=e v5ial s9s are n suitably designat$ by ^! ?ree4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 !re are _m m ?an ?ree diff]5ces & degrees ( v5ial s9s4 ,!re=e !y are unsuitably compris$ "u ^! ?ree4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #c3ae7 t ! man :o builds up wood1 hay & /ubble1 %all be sav$ yet s z by fire1 s t he w suff] puni%m5t1 b n ev]la/+4 ,n[ ! debt ( temporal puni%m5t belongs prop]ly to v5ial s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e ^! ?ree signify v5ial s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h und]/ood ! f\ndation to be dead fai?1 ^u :i* "s build good works1 signifi$ by gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones1 :ile o!rs build mortal s9s1 :i* accord+ to !m are designat$ by wood1 hay & /ubble4 ,b ,augu/9e disapproves ( ?is explanation 7,de ,fide et ,op]4 xv71 because1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3ba71 he :o does ! works ( ! fle%1 %all n obta9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* signifies to be sav$2 :]eas ! ,apo/le says t he :o builds wood1 hay1 & /ubble %all be sav$ yet s z by fire4 ,consequ5tly wood1 hay1 /ubble _c be und]/ood to d5ote mortal s9s4 ,o!rs say t wood1 hay1 /ubble designate good works1 :i* are inde$ built ^u ! spiritual edifice1 b are mix$ ) v5ial s9s3 z1 :5 a man is *>g$ ) ! c>e ( a family1 :i* is a good ?+1 excessive love ( 8 wife or ( 8 *ildr5 or ( 8 possessions ins9uates itself into 8 life1 "u ,god h[ev]1 s t1 to wit1 = ! sake ( ^! ?+s he w\ld be unwill+ to d any?+ 9 opposition to ,god4 ,b nei!r does ?is seem to be reasonable4 ,= x is evid5t t all good works are ref]r$ to ! love ( ,god1 & "o's neighbor1 :]e=e !y are designat$ by gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones1 & consequ5tly n by wood1 hay1 & /ubble4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t ! v v5ial s9s t ins9uate !mselves into ^? :o h a c>e = e>?ly ?+s1 are designat$ by wood1 hay1 & /ubble4 ,= j z ^! are /or$ 9 a h\se1 )\t belong+ to ! sub/ance ( ! h\se1 & c be burnt1 :ile ! h\se is sav$1 s also v5ial s9s are multipli$ 9 a man1 :ile ! spiritual edifice rema9s1 & = !m1 man suff]s fire1 ei!r ( temporal trials 9 ?is life1 or ( purgatory aft] ?is life1 & yet he is sav$ = ev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,v5ial s9s are n said to be built ^u ! spiritual f\ndation1 z ?\gh !y 7 laid directly ^u x1 b because !y are laid beside x2 9 ! same s5se z x is writt5 7,ps4 #acf3a73 ,^u ! wat]s ( ,babylon1 i4e4 beside ! wat]s3 because v5ial s9s d n de/roy ! edifice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n said t ev]yone :o builds wood1 hay & /ubble1 %all be sav$ z by fire1 b only ^? :o build ^u ! f\ndation4 ,& ?is f\ndation is n dead fai?1 z "s h e/eem$1 b fai? quick5$ by *>ity1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ag3 ,root$ & f\nd$ 9 *>ity4 ,accord+ly1 he t dies 9 mortal s9 ) v5ial s9s1 has inde$ wood1 hay1 & /ubble1 b n built ^u ! spiritual edifice2 & consequ5tly he w n be sav$ s z by fire4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ^? :o are )drawn f ! c>e ( temporal ?+s1 s9 v5ially sometimes1 yet !y commit b slight v5ial s9s1 & 9 mo/ cases !y are cleans$ by ! f]vor ( *>ity3 :]e=e !y d n build up v5ial s9s1 because ^! d n rema9 long 9 !m4 ,b ! v5ial s9s ( ^? :o are busy ab\t e>?ly ?+s rema9 long]1 because !y are unable to h su* frequ5t rec\rse to ! f]vor ( *>ity 9 ord] to remove !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,coelo i1 text4 #b71 all ?+s are compris$ "u ?ree1 ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 ! end4 ,accord+ly all degrees ( v5ial s9s are r$uc$ to ?ree1 viz4 to wood1 :i* rema9s long] 9 ! fire2 /ubble1 :i* is burnt up at once2 & hay1 :i* is betwe5 ^! two3 because v5ial s9s are remov$ by fire1 quickly or sl[ly1 accord+ z man is m or less atta*$ to !m4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,man ,c\ld ,commit a ,v5ial ,s9 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man c\ld commit a v5ial s9 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,because on #a ,tim4 #b3ad1 ,adam 0 n s$uc$1 a gloss says3 ,hav+ _h no exp]i5ce ( ,god's sev]ity1 x 0 possible = him to be s mi/ak5 z to ?9k t :at he _h done 0 a v5ial s94 ,b he w\ld n h ?\ght ?is unless he c\ld h committ$ a v5ial s94 ,!re=e he c\ld commit a v5ial s9 )\t s9n+ mortally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #e73 ,we mu/ n suppose t ! tempt] w\ld h ov]come man1 unless fir/ ( all !re _h aris5 9 man's s\l a movem5t ( va+lory :i* %\ld h be5 *eck$4 ,n[ ! va+lory :i* prec$$ man's defeat1 :i* 0 accompli%$ ?r\gh 8 fall+ into mortal s91 c\ld be no?+ m ?an a v5ial s94 ,9 l mann]1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #e7 t man 0 allur$ by a c]ta9 desire ( mak+ ! exp]im5t1 :5 he saw t ! woman did n die :5 %e _h tak5 ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,aga9 !re seems to h be5 a c]ta9 movem5t ( unbelief 9 ,eve1 s9ce %e d\bt$ :at ! ,"l _h said1 z appe>s f h] say+ 7,g54 #c3c73 ,le/ p]haps we die4 ,n[ ^! app>5tly 7 v5ial s9s4 ,!re=e man c\ld commit a v5ial s9 be=e he committ$ a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 mortal s9 is m oppos$ to ! integrity ( ! orig9al /ate1 ?an v5ial s9 is4 ,n[ man c\ld s9 mortally not)/&+ ! integrity ( ! orig9al /ate4 ,!re=e he c\ld also s9 v5ially4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e s9 des]ves "s puni%m5t4 ,b no?+ p5al 0 possible 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aj74 ,!re=e he c\ld n commit a s9 t w\ld n deprive him ( t /ate ( integrity4 ,b v5ial s9 does n *ange man's /ate4 ,!re=e he c\ld n s9 v5ially4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t man c\ld n commit a v5ial s9 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n to be und]/ood z ?\gh on acc\nt ( ! p]fection ( 8 /ate1 ! s9 :i* is v5ial = u w\ld h be5 mortal = him1 if he _h committ$ x4 ,because ! dignity ( a p]son is circum/ance t aggravates a s91 b x does n transf] x to ano!r species1 unless !re be an additional de=mity by reason ( disob$i5ce1 or v[ or ! l1 :i* does n apply to ! "q 9 po9t4 ,consequ5tly :at is v5ial 9 itself c\ld n be *ang$ into mortal by reason ( ! excell5ce ( ! orig9al /ate4 ,we mu/ !re=e und]/& ?is to mean t he c\ld n s9 v5ially1 because x 0 impossible = him to commit a s9 :i* 0 v5ial 9 itself1 be=e los+ ! integrity ( ! orig9al /ate by s9n+ mortally4 ,! reason = ?is is because v5ial s9 occurs 9 u1 ei!r ?r\gh ! imp]fection ( ! act1 z 9 ! case ( sudd5 movem5ts1 9 a g5us ( mortal s9 or ?r\gh "s inord9at5ess 9 respect ( ?+s ref]r$ to ! end1 ! due ord] ( ! end be+ safegu>d$4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! happ5s on acc\nt ( "s defect ( ord]1 by reason ( ! l[] p[]s n be+ *eck$ by ! high]4 ,because ! sudd5 ris+ ( a movem5t ( ! s5suality 9 u is due to ! s5suality n be+ p]fectly subject to reason3 & ! sudd5 ris+ ( a movem5t ( reason itself is due1 9 u1 to ! fact t ! execution ( ! act ( reason is n subject to ! act ( delib]ation :i* proce$s f a high] good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #aj72 & t ! human m9d be out ( ord] z reg>ds ?+s direct$ to ! end1 ! due ord] ( ! end be+ safegu>d$1 is due to ! fact t ! ?+s ref]r$ to ! end are n infallibly direct$ "u ! end1 :i* holds ! highe/ place1 be+ ! beg9n+1 z x 71 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! appetite1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 ad #c2 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #a71 !re 0 an un]r+ /ability ( ord]1 s t ! l[] p[]s 7 always subject$ to ! high]1 s long z man rema9$ subject to ,god1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ac74 ,h5ce !re c be no inord9at5ess 9 man1 unless fir/ ( all ! highe/ "p ( man 7 n subject to ,god1 :i* con/itutes a mortal s94 ,f ?is x is evid5t t1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 man c\ld n commit a v5ial s91 be=e committ+ a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! passage quot$1 v5ial is n tak5 9 ! same s5se z we take x n[2 b by v5ial s9 we mean t :i* is easily =giv54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is va+lory :i* prec$$ man's d[nfall1 0 8 fir/ mortal s91 = x is /at$ to h prec$$ 8 d[nfall into ! outw>d act ( s94 ,?is va+lory 0 foll[$1 9 ! man1 by ! desire to make & exp]im5t1 & 9 ! woman1 by d\bt1 = %e gave way to va+lory1 m]ely ?r\gh he>+ ! s]p5t m5tion ! precept1 z ?\gh %e refus$ to be held 9 *eck by ! precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,mortal s9 is oppos$ to ! integrity ( ! orig9al /ate 9 ! fact ( its de/roy+ t /ate3 ?is a v5ial s9 _c d4 ,& because ! integrity ( ! primitive /ate is incompatible ) any inord9at5ess :atev]1 ! result is t ! fir/ man c\ld n s9 v5ially1 be=e committ+ a mortal s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,good or a ,wick$ ,angel ,c ,s9 ,v5ially8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t a good or wick$ angel c s9 v5ially4 ,because man agrees ) ! angels 9 ! high] "p ( 8 s\l :i* is call$ ! m9d1 accord+ to ,gregory1 :o says 7,hom4 xxix 9 ,evang47 t man und]/&s 9 common ) ! angels4 ,b man c commit a v5ial s9 9 ! high] "p ( 8 s\l4 ,!re=e an angel c commit a v5ial s9 also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,he t c d m c d less4 ,b an angel c\ld love a creat$ good m ?an ,god1 & he did1 by s9n+ mortally4 ,!re=e he c\ld also love a creature less ?an ,god inord9ately1 by s9n+ v5ially4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 wick$ angels seem to d ?+s :i* are v5ial s9s g5]ically1 by provok+ m5 to laught]1 & o!r l frivolities4 ,n[ ! circum/ance ( ! p]son does n make a mortal s9 to be v5ial z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 unless !re is a special prohibition1 :i* is n ! case 9 po9t4 ,!re=e an angel c s9 v5ially4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! p]fection ( an angel is great] ?an t ( man 9 ! primitive /ate4 ,b man c\ld n s9 v5ially 9 ! primitive /ate1 & mu* less1 !re=e1 c an angel4 ,i answ] t1 ,an angel's intellect1 z /at$ above 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #h71 is n discursive1 i4e4 x does n proce$ f pr9ciples to conclusions1 s z to und]/& bo? sep>ately1 z we d4 ,consequ5tly1 :5ev] ! angelic intellect consid]s a conclusion1 x mu/1 ( necessity1 consid] x 9 its pr9ciples4 ,n[ 9 matt]s ( appetite1 z we h (t5 /at$ 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e71 ends are l pr9ciples1 :ile ! means are l conclusions4 ,:]e=e1 an angel's m9d is n direct$ to ! means1 except z !y /& "u ! ord] to ! end4 ,consequ5tly1 f _! v nature1 !y c h no inord9at5ess 9 respect ( ! means1 unless at ! same "t !y h an inord9at5ess 9 respect ( ! end1 & ?is is a mortal s94 ,n[ good angels are n mov$ to ! means1 except 9 subord9ation to ! due end :i* is ,god3 :]e=e all _! acts are acts ( *>ity1 s t no v5ial s9 c be 9 !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wick$ angels are mov$ to no?+ except 9 subord9ation to ! end :i* is _! s9 ( pride4 ,!re=e !y s9 mortally 9 ev]y?+ t !y d ( _! own w4 ,?is does n apply to ! appetite = ! natural good1 :i* appetite we h /at$ to be 9 !m 7,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #b1 ad #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man does inde$ agree ) ! angels 9 ! m9d or intellect1 b he diff]s 9 8 mode ( und]/&+1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an angel c\ld n love a creature less ?an ,god1 )\t1 at ! same "t1 ei!r ref]r+ x to ,god1 z ! la/ end1 or to "s inord9ate end1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! demons incite man to all su* ?+s :i* seem v5ial1 t he may become us$ to !m1 s z to lead him on to mortal s94 ,consequ5tly 9 all su* ?+s !y s9 mortally1 on acc\nt ( ! end !y h 9 view4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,movem5ts ( ! ,s5suality 9 ,unbeliev]s ,are ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ movem5ts ( ! s5suality 9 unbeliev]s are mortal s9s4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3a7 t !re is 4 4 4 no condemnation to !m t are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o walk n accord+ to ! fle%3 & he is speak+ !re ( ! concupisc5ce ( ! s5suality1 z appe>s f ! context 7,rom4 #g74 ,!re=e ! reason :y concupisc5ce is n a matt] ( condemnation to ^? :o walk n accord+ to ! fle%1 i4e4 by cons5t+ to concupisc5ce1 is because !y are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,b unbeliev]s are n 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,!re=e 9 unbeliev]s ?is is a matt] ( condemnation4 ,!re=e ! fir/ movem5ts ( unbeliev]s are mortal s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r ,anselm says 7,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arb4 vii73 ,^? :o are n 9 ,*ri/1 :5 !y feel ! /+ ( ! fle%1 foll[ ! road ( damnation1 ev5 if !y walk n accord+ to ! fle%4 ,b damnation is n due save to mortal s94 ,!re=e1 s9ce man feels ! /+ ( ! fle% 9 ! fir/ movem5ts ( ! concupisc5ce1 x seems t ! fir/ movem5ts ( concupisc5ce 9 unbeliev]s are mortal s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,anselm says 7,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arb4 vii73 ,man 0 s made t he 0 n liable to feel concupisc5ce4 ,n[ ?is liability seems to be remitt$ to man by ! grace ( ,baptism1 :i* ! unbeliev] has n4 ,!re=e e act ( concupisc5ce 9 an unbeliev]1 ev5 )\t 8 cons5t1 is a mortal s91 because he acts aga9/ 8 duty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 9 ,acts #aj3cd t ,god is n a respect] ( p]sons4 ,!re=e he does n impute to "o unto condemnation1 :at ,he does n impute to ano!r4 ,b he does n impute fir/ movem5ts to believ]s1 unto condemnation4 ,nei!r !re=e does ,he impute !m to unbeliev]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is unreasonable to say t ! fir/ movem5ts ( unbeliev]s are mortal s9s1 :5 !y d n cons5t to !m4 ,?is is evid5t = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! s5suality itself c\ld n be ! subject ( mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ ! s5suality has ! same nature 9 unbeliev]s z 9 believ]s4 ,!re=e x is n possible = ! m]e movem5ts ( ! s5suality 9 unbeliev]s1 to be mortal s9s4 ,secondly1 f ! /ate ( ! s9n]4 ,because excell5ce ( ! p]son nev] dim9i%es s91 b1 on ! contr>y1 increases x1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #aj74 ,!re=e a s9 is n less griev\s 9 a believ] ?an 9 an unbeliev]1 b mu* m s4 ,= ! s9s ( an unbeliev] are m des]v+ ( =giv5ess1 on acc\nt ( _! ignorance1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #a3ac3 ,i obta9$ ! m]cy ( ,god1 because ,i did x ignorantly 9 my unbelief3 :]eas ! s9s ( believ]s are m griev\s on acc\nt ( ! sacram5ts ( grace1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aj3bi3 ,h[ mu* m1 d y ?9k1 he des]ve? worse puni%m5ts 4 4 4 :o ha? e/eem$ ! blood ( ! te/am5t unclean1 by :i* he 0 sanctifi$8 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ ( ! condemnation due to orig9al s91 :i* condemnation is remitt$ by ! grace ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 al?\gh ! fomes ( concupisc5ce rema94 ,:]e=e ! fact t believ]s are subject to concupisc5ce is n 9 !m a sign ( ! condemnation due to orig9al s91 z x is 9 unbeliev]s4 ,9 ?is way also is to be und]/ood ! say+ ( ,anselm1 :]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is fre$om f liability to concupisc5ce 0 a result ( orig9al ju/ice4 ,:]e=e t :i* is oppos$ to su* liability p]ta9s1 n to actual b to orig9al s94 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,v5ial ,s9 ,c ,be 9 ,anyone ) ,orig9al ,s9 ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v5ial s9 c be 9 a man ) orig9al s9 alone4 ,= disposition prec$es habit4 ,n[ v5ial s9 is a disposition to mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e 9 an unbeliev]1 9 :om orig9al s9 is n remitt$1 v5ial s9 exi/s be=e mortal s93 & s sometimes unbeliev]s h v5ial toge!r ) orig9al s91 & )\t mortal s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 v5ial s9 has less 9 common1 & less connection ) mortal s91 ?an "o mortal s9 has ) ano!r4 ,b an unbeliev] 9 ! /ate ( orig9al s91 c commit "o mortal s9 )\t committ+ ano!r4 ,!re=e he c also commit a v5ial s9 )\t committ+ a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is possible to fix ! "t at :i* a *ild is fir/ able to commit an actual s93 & :5 ! *ild comes to t "t1 x c /ay a %ort "t at lea/1 )\t committ+ a mortal s91 because ?is happ5s 9 ! wor/ crim9als4 ,n[ x is possible = ! *ild to s9 v5ially dur+ t space ( "t1 h[ev] %ort x may be4 ,!re=e v5ial s9 c be 9 anyone ) orig9al s9 alone & )\t mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man is puni%$ = orig9al s9 9 ! *ildr5's limbo1 :]e !re is no pa9 ( s5se z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #f73 :]eas m5 are puni%$ 9 hell = no o!r ?an mortal s94 ,!re=e !re w be no place :]e a man c be puni%$ = v5ial s9 ) no o!r ?an orig9al s94 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = v5ial s9 to be 9 anyone ) orig9al s9 alone1 & )\t mortal s94 ,! reason = ?is is because be=e a man comes to ! age ( discretion1 ! lack ( ye>s h9d]s ! use ( reason & excuses him f mortal s91 :]e=e1 mu* m does x excuse him f v5ial s91 if he does any?+ :i* is su* g5]ically4 ,b :5 he beg9s to h ! use ( reason1 he is n entirely excus$ f ! guilt ( v5ial or mortal s94 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ t occurs to a man to ?9k ab\t !n1 is to delib]ate ab\t himself4 ,& if he !n direct himself to ! due end1 he w1 by means ( grace1 receive ! remission ( orig9al s93 :]eas if he does n !n direct himself to ! due end1 z f> z he is capable ( discretion at t p>ticul> age1 he w s9 mortally1 ?r\gh n do+ t :i* is 9 8 p[] to d4 ,accord+ly !nce=w>d !re _c be v5ial s9 9 him )\t mortal1 until aft]w>ds all s9 %all h be5 remitt$ to him ?r\gh grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,v5ial s9 always prec$es mortal s9 n z a necess>y1 b z a cont+5t disposition1 j z "w sometimes disposes to fev]1 b n z heat disposes to ! =m ( fire4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,v5ial s9 is prev5t$ f be+ ) orig9al s9 alone1 n on acc\nt ( its want ( connection or lik5ess1 b on acc\nt ( ! lack ( use ( reason1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! *ild t is beg9n+ to h ! use ( reason c refra9 f o!r mortal s9s = a "t1 b x is n free f ! a=esaid s9 ( omission1 unless x turns to ,god z soon z possible4 ,= ! fir/ ?+ t occurs to a man :o has discretion1 is to ?9k ( himself1 & to direct o!r ?+s to himself z to _! end1 s9ce ! end is ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! int5tion4 ,!re=e ?is is ! "t :5 man is b\nd by ,god's affirmative precept1 :i* ! ,"l express$ by say+ 7,ze*4 #a3c73 ,turn ye to ,me 4 4 4 & ,i w turn to y4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,law 7,,qq4 #ij-ajh7 ,,"q #ij ,,( ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,law 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! extr9sic pr9ciples ( acts4 ,n[ ! extr9sic pr9ciple incl9+ to evil is ! devil1 ( ^: temptations we h spok5 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aad74 ,b ! extr9sic pr9ciple mov+ to good is ,god1 ,:o bo? in/ructs u by means ( ,8 ,law1 & assi/s u by ,8 ,grace3 :]e=e 9 ! fir/ place we mu/ speak ( law2 9 ! second place1 ( grace4 ,conc]n+ law1 we mu/ consid]3 7#a7 ,law itself 9 g5]al2 7#b7 its p>ts4 ,conc]n+ law 9 g5]al ?ree po9ts (f] !mselves = our consid]ation3 7#a7 ,its ess5ce2 7#b7 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( law2 7#c7 ,! effects ( law4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r law is some?+ p]ta9+ to reason8 7#b7 ,conc]n+ ! end ( law2 7#c7 ,its cause2 7#d7 ,! promulgation ( law4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,law ,is ,some?+ ,p]ta9+ to ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t law is n some?+ p]ta9+ to reason4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3bc73 ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 etc4 ,b no?+ p]ta9+ to reason is 9 ! memb]s2 s9ce ! reason does n make use ( a bodily organ4 ,!re=e law is n some?+ p]ta9+ to reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! reason !re is no?+ else b p[]1 habit1 & act4 ,b law is n ! p[] itself ( reason4 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r is x a habit ( reason3 because ! habits ( reason are ! intellectual virtues ( :i* we h spok5 above 7,q4 #eg74 ,nor aga9 is x an act ( reason3 because !n law w\ld cease1 :5 ! act ( reason ceases1 = in/ance1 :ile we are asleep4 ,!re=e law is no?+ p]ta9+ to reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! law moves ^? :o are subject to x to act aright4 ,b x belongs prop]ly to ! w to move to act1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e law p]ta9s1 n to ! reason1 b to ! w2 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,juri/ 7,lib4 i1 ff41 ,de ,con/4 ,pr94 leg4 i73 ,:atsoev] please? ! sov]eign1 has =ce ( law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x belongs to ! law to comm& & to =bid4 ,b x belongs to reason to comm&1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e law is some?+ p]ta9+ to reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,law is a rule & measure ( acts1 :]eby man is induc$ to act or is re/ra9$ f act+3 = lex 7law7 is d]iv$ f lig>e 7to b9d71 because x b9ds "o to act4 ,n[ ! rule & measure ( human acts is ! reason1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( human acts1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c72 s9ce x belongs to ! reason to direct to ! end1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 all matt]s ( action1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 ii74 ,n[ t :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 any g5us1 is ! rule & measure ( t g5us3 = in/ance1 unity 9 ! g5us ( numb]s1 & ! fir/ movem5t 9 ! g5us ( movem5ts4 ,consequ5tly x foll[s t law is some?+ p]ta9+ to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce law is a k9d ( rule & measure1 x may be 9 some?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z 9 t :i* measures & rules3 & s9ce ?is is prop] to reason1 x foll[s t1 9 ?is way1 law is 9 ! reason alone4 ,secondly1 z 9 t :i* is measur$ & rul$4 ,9 ?is way1 law is 9 all ^? ?+s t are incl9$ to some?+ by reason ( "s law3 s t any incl9ation aris+ f a law1 may be call$ a law1 n ess5tially b by p>ticipation z x 74 ,& ?us ! incl9ation ( ! memb]s to concupisc5ce is call$ ! law ( ! memb]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z1 9 ext]nal action1 we may consid] ! "w & ! "w done1 = in/ance ! "w ( build+ & ! h\se built2 s 9 ! acts ( reason1 we may consid] ! act itself ( reason1 i4e4 to und]/& & to reason1 & some?+ produc$ by ?is act4 ,) reg>d to ! speculative reason1 ?is is fir/ ( all ! def9ition2 secondly1 ! proposition2 ?irdly1 ! syllogism or argum5t4 ,& s9ce also ! practical reason makes use ( a syllogism 9 respect ( ! "w to be done1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a7 & s9ce z ! ,philosoph] tea*es 7,e?ic4 vii1 #c72 h5ce we f9d 9 ! practical reason some?+ t holds ! same position 9 reg>d to op]ations1 z1 9 ! speculative intellect1 ! proposition holds 9 reg>d to conclusions4 ,su* l univ]sal propositions ( ! practical intellect t are direct$ to actions h ! nature ( law4 ,& ^! propositions are sometimes "u our actual consid]ation1 :ile sometimes !y are reta9$ 9 ! reason by means ( a habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,reason has its p[] ( mov+ f ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a73 = x is due to ! fact t "o wills ! end1 t ! reason issues its comm&s z reg>ds ?+s orda9$ to ! end4 ,b 9 ord] t ! volition ( :at is comm&$ may h ! nature ( law1 x ne$s to be 9 accord ) "s rule ( reason4 ,& 9 ?is s5se is to be und]/ood ! say+ t ! w ( ! sov]eign has ! =ce ( law2 o!rwise ! sov]eign's w w\ld savor ( lawlessness r ?an ( law4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,law ,is ,always ,some?+ ,direct$ to ! ,common ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! law is n always direct$ to ! common good z to its end4 ,= x belongs to law to comm& & to =bid4 ,b comm&s are direct$ to c]ta9 individual goods4 ,!re=e ! end ( ! law is n always ! common good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! law directs man 9 8 actions4 ,b human actions are conc]n$ ) p>ticul> matt]s4 ,!re=e ! law is direct$ to "s p>ticul> good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #c73 ,if ! law is bas$ on reason1 :atev] is bas$ on reason w be a law4 ,b reason is ! f\ndation n only ( :at is orda9$ to ! common good1 b also ( t :i* is direct$ to private good4 ,!re=e ! law is n only direct$ to ! good ( all1 b also to ! private good ( an individual4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #ba7 t laws are enact$ = no private pr(it1 b = ! common b5efit ( ! citiz5s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! law belongs to t :i* is a pr9ciple ( human acts1 because x is _! rule & measure4 ,n[ z reason is a pr9ciple ( human acts1 s 9 reason itself !re is some?+ :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 respect ( all ! re/3 :]e=e to ?is pr9ciple *iefly & ma9ly law mu/ ne$s be ref]r$4 ,n[ ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 practical matt]s1 :i* are ! object ( ! practical reason1 is ! la/ end3 & ! la/ end ( human life is bliss or happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a74 ,consequ5tly ! law mu/ ne$s reg>d pr9cipally ! relation%ip to happ9ess4 ,moreov]1 s9ce e "p is orda9$ to ! :ole1 z imp]fect to p]fect2 & s9ce "o man is a "p ( ! p]fect community1 ! law mu/ ne$s reg>d prop]ly ! relation%ip to univ]sal happ9ess4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph]1 9 ! above def9ition ( legal matt]s m5tions bo? happ9ess & ! body politic3 = he says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t we call ^? legal matt]s j1 :i* are adapt$ to produce & pres]ve happ9ess & its p>ts = ! body politic3 s9ce ! /ate is a p]fect community1 z he says 9 ,polit4 i1 #a4 ,n[ 9 e g5us1 t :i* belongs to x *iefly is ! pr9ciple ( ! o!rs1 & ! o!rs belong to t g5us 9 subord9ation to t ?+3 ?us fire1 :i* is *ief among hot ?+s1 is ! cause ( heat 9 mix$ bodies1 & ^! are said to be hot 9 s f> z !y h a %>e ( fire4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! law is *iefly orda9$ to ! common good1 any o!r precept 9 reg>d to "s individual "w1 mu/ ne$s be devoid ( ! nature ( a law1 save 9 s f> z x reg>ds ! common good4 ,!re=e e law is orda9$ to ! common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a comm& d5otes an application ( a law to matt]s regulat$ by ! law4 ,n[ ! ord] to ! common good1 at :i* ! law aims1 is applicable to p>ticul> ends4 ,& 9 ?is way comm&s are giv5 ev5 conc]n+ p>ticul> matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,actions are inde$ conc]n$ ) p>ticul> matt]s3 b ^? p>ticul> matt]s are ref]able to ! common good1 n z to a common g5us or species1 b z to a common f9al cause1 accord+ z ! common good is said to be ! common end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z no?+ /&s firm ) reg>d to ! speculative reason except t :i* is trac$ back to ! fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciples1 s no?+ /&s firm ) reg>d to ! practical reason1 unless x be direct$ to ! la/ end :i* is ! common good3 & :atev] /&s to reason 9 ?is s5se1 has ! nature ( a law4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,reason ( ,any ,man ,is ,compet5t to ,make ,laws8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! reason ( any man is compet5t to make laws4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #b3ad7 t :5 ! ,g5tiles1 :o h n ! law1 d by nature ^? ?+s t are ( ! law 4 4 4 !y are a law to !mselves4 ,n[ he says ?is ( all 9 g5]al4 ,!re=e anyone c make a law = himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a71 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is to lead m5 to virtue4 ,b e man c lead ano!r to virtue4 ,!re=e ! reason ( any man is compet5t to make laws4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! sov]eign ( a /ate gov]ns ! /ate1 s e fa!r ( a family gov]ns 8 h\sehold4 ,b ! sov]eign ( a /ate c make laws = ! /ate4 ,!re=e e fa!r ( a family c make laws = 8 h\sehold4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #aj73 ,a law is an ord9ance ( ! p1 :]eby some?+ is sanction$ by ! ,eld]s toge!r ) ! ,commonalty4 ,i answ] t1 ,a law1 prop]ly speak+1 reg>ds fir/ & =emo/ ! ord] to ! common good4 ,n[ to ord] any?+ to ! common good1 belongs ei!r to ! :ole p1 or to someone :o is ! vic]eg5t ( ! :ole p4 ,& !re=e ! mak+ ( a law belongs ei!r to ! :ole p or to a public p]sonage :o has c>e ( ! :ole p3 s9ce 9 all o!r matt]s ! direct+ ( any?+ to ! end conc]ns him to :om ! end belongs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a71 a law is 9 a p]son n only z 9 "o t rules1 b also by p>ticipation z 9 "o t is rul$4 ,9 ! latt] way ea* "o is a law to himself1 9 s f> z he %>es ! direction t he receives f "o :o rules him4 ,h5ce ! same text goes on3 ,:o %[ ! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _! he>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a private p]son _c lead ano!r to virtue efficaci\sly3 = he c only advise1 & if 8 advice be n tak51 x has no co]cive p[]1 su* z ! law %\ld h1 9 ord] to prove an efficaci\s inducem5t to virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #i74 ,b ?is co]cive p[] is ve/$ 9 ! :ole p or 9 "s public p]sonage1 to :om x belongs to inflict p5alties1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c2 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e ! fram+ ( laws belongs to him alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z "o man is a "p ( ! h\sehold1 s a h\sehold is a "p ( ! /ate3 & ! /ate is a p]fect community1 accord+ to ,polit4 i1 #a4 ,& !re=e1 z ! good ( "o man is n ! la/ end1 b is orda9$ to ! common good2 s too ! good ( "o h\sehold is orda9$ to ! good ( a s+le /ate1 :i* is a p]fect community4 ,consequ5tly he t gov]ns a family1 c inde$ make c]ta9 comm&s or ord9ances1 b n su* z to h prop]ly ! =ce ( law4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,promulgation ,is ,ess5tial to a ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t promulgation is n ess5tial to a law4 ,= ! natural law above all has ! "* ( law4 ,b ! natural law ne$s no promulgation4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to a law t x be promulgat$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs prop]ly to a law to b9d "o to d or n to d some?+4 ,b ! obligation ( fulfill+ a law t\*es n only ^? 9 ^: pres5ce x is promulgat$1 b also o!rs4 ,!re=e promulgation is n ess5tial to a law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! b9d+ =ce ( a law ext5ds ev5 to ! future1 s9ce laws are b9d+ 9 matt]s ( ! future1 z ! juri/s say 7,cod4 #a1 tit4 ,de lege et con/it4 leg4 vii74 ,b promulgation conc]ns ^? :o are pres5t4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to a law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is laid d[n 9 ! ,decretals1 di/4 #d1 t laws are e/abli%$ :5 !y are promulgat$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 a law is impos$ on o!rs by way ( a rule & measure4 ,n[ a rule or measure is impos$ by be+ appli$ to ^? :o are to be rul$ & measur$ by x4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] t a law obta9 ! b9d+ =ce :i* is prop] to a law1 x mu/ ne$s be appli$ to ! m5 :o h to be rul$ by x4 ,su* application is made by its be+ notifi$ to !m by promulgation4 ,:]e=e promulgation is necess>y = ! law to obta9 its =ce4 ,?us f ! f\r prec$+ articles1 ! def9ition ( law may be ga!r$2 & x is no?+ else ?an an ord9ance ( reason = ! common good1 made by him :o has c>e ( ! community1 & promulgat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! natural law is promulgat$ by ! v fact t ,god in/ill$ x into man's m9d s z to be kn[n by him naturally4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o are n pres5t :5 a law is promulgat$1 are b\nd to obs]ve ! law1 9 s f> z x is notifi$ or c be notifi$ to !m by o!rs1 aft] x has be5 promulgat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! promulgation t takes place n[1 ext5ds to future "t by reason ( ! durability ( writt5 *>act]s1 by :i* means x is cont9ually promulgat$4 ,h5ce ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #c2 ii1 #aj7 t lex 7law7 is d]iv$ f leg]e 7to read7 because x is writt54 ,,"q #ia ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,law 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! v>i\s k9ds ( law3 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is an et]nal law8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re is a natural law8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re is a human law8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re is a ,div9e law8 7#e7 ,:e!r !re is "o ,div9e law1 or sev]al8 7#f7 ,:e!r !re is a law ( s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is an ,et]nal ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no et]nal law4 ,because e law is impos$ on someone4 ,b !re 0 n someone f et]nity on :om a law c\ld be impos$3 s9ce ,god alone 0 f et]nity4 ,!re=e no law is et]nal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 promulgation is ess5tial to law4 ,b promulgation c\ld n be f et]nity3 because !re 0 no "o to :om x c\ld be promulgat$ f et]nity4 ,!re=e no law c be et]nal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a law implies ord] to an end4 ,b no?+ orda9$ to an end is et]nal3 = ! la/ end alone is et]nal4 ,!re=e no law is et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f73 ,t ,law :i* is ! ,supreme ,reason _c be und]/ood to be o!rwise ?an un*angeable & et]nal4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 a law is no?+ else b a dictate ( practical reason emanat+ f ! rul] :o gov]ns a p]fect community4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 grant$ t ! _w is rul$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #bb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 t ! :ole community ( ! univ]se is gov]n$ by ,div9e ,reason4 ,:]e=e ! v ,idea ( ! gov]nm5t ( ?+s 9 ,god ! ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 has ! nature ( a law4 ,& s9ce ! ,div9e ,reason's conception ( ?+s is n subject to "t b is et]nal1 accord+ to ,prov4 #h3bc1 !re=e x is t ?is k9d ( law mu/ be call$ et]nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? ?+s t are n 9 !mselves1 exi/ ) ,god1 inasmu* z !y are =ekn[n & preorda9$ by ,him1 accord+ to ,rom4 #d3ag3 ,:o calls ^? ?+s t are n1 z ^? t are4 ,accord+ly ! et]nal concept ( ! ,div9e law be>s ! "* ( an et]nal law1 9 s f> z x is orda9$ by ,god to ! gov]nm5t ( ?+s =ekn[n by ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,promulgation is made by ^w ( m\? or 9 writ+2 & 9 bo? ways ! et]nal law is promulgat$3 because bo? ! ,div9e ,^w & ! writ+ ( ! ,book ( ,life are et]nal4 ,b ! promulgation _c be f et]nity on ! "p ( ! creature t he>s or reads4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! law implies ord] to ! end actively1 9 s f> z x directs c]ta9 ?+s to ! end2 b n passively--t is to say1 ! law itself is n orda9$ to ! end--except accid5tally1 9 a gov]nor ^: end is extr9sic to him1 & to :i* end 8 law mu/ ne$s be orda9$4 ,b ! end ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t is ,god ,himself1 & ,8 law is n di/9ct f ,himself4 ,:]e=e ! et]nal law is n orda9$ to ano!r end4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,is 9 ,u a ,natural ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no natural law 9 u4 ,because man is gov]n$ suffici5tly by ! et]nal law3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i7 t ! et]nal law is t by :i* x is "r t all ?+s %\ld be mo/ ord]ly4 ,b nature does n ab\nd 9 sup]fluities z nei!r does %e fail 9 necess>ies4 ,!re=e no law is natural to man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by ! law man is direct$1 9 8 acts1 to ! end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! direct+ ( human acts to _! end is n a function ( nature1 z is ! case 9 irrational creatures1 :i* act = an end solely by _! natural appetite2 :]eas man acts = an end by 8 reason & w4 ,!re=e no law is natural to man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m a man is free1 ! less is he "u ! law4 ,b man is fre] ?an all ! animals1 on acc\nt ( 8 free-w1 ) :i* he is end[$ above all o!r animals4 ,s9ce !re=e o!r animals are n subject to a natural law1 nei!r is man subject to a natural law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,rom4 #b3ad3 ,:5 ! ,g5tiles1 :o h n ! law1 d by nature ^? ?+s t are ( ! law1 comm5ts z foll[s3 ,al?\gh !y h no writt5 law1 yet !y h ! natural law1 :]eby ea* "o kn[s1 & is consci\s (1 :at is good & :at is evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 law1 be+ a rule & measure1 c be 9 a p]son 9 two ways3 9 "o way1 z 9 him t rules & measures2 9 ano!r way1 z 9 t :i* is rul$ & measur$1 s9ce a ?+ is rul$ & measur$1 9 s f> z x p>takes ( ! rule or measure4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce all ?+s subject to ,div9e provid5ce are rul$ & measur$ by ! et]nal law1 z 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #a72 x is evid5t t all ?+s p>take some:at ( ! et]nal law1 9 s f> z1 namely1 f its be+ impr9t$ on !m1 !y d]ive _! respective incl9ations to _! prop] acts & ends4 ,n[ among all o!rs1 ! rational creature is subject to ,div9e provid5ce 9 ! mo/ excell5t way1 9 s f> z x p>takes ( a %>e ( provid5ce1 by be+ provid5t bo? = itself & = o!rs4 ,:]e=e x has a %>e ( ! ,et]nal ,reason1 :]eby x has a natural incl9ation to its prop] act & end3 & ?is p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law 9 ! rational creature is call$ ! natural law4 ,h5ce ! ,psalmi/ aft] say+ 7,ps4 #d3f73 ,(f] up ! sacrifice ( ju/ice1 z ?\gh someone ask$ :at ! works ( ju/ice are1 adds3 ,_m say1 ,:o %[e? u good ?+s8 9 answ] to :i* "q he says3 ,! light ( ,?y c\nt5ance1 ,o ,"l1 is sign$ ^u u3 ?us imply+ t ! light ( natural reason1 :]eby we disc]n :at is good & :at is evil1 :i* is ! function ( ! natural law1 is no?+ else ?an an impr9t on u ( ! ,div9e light4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! natural law is no?+ else ?an ! rational creature's p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t w\ld hold1 if ! natural law 7 some?+ diff]5t f ! et]nal law3 :]eas x is no?+ b a p>ticipation !re(1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e act ( reason & w 9 u is bas$ on t :i* is accord+ to nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #a73 = e act ( reason+ is bas$ on pr9ciples t are kn[n naturally1 & e act ( appetite 9 respect ( ! means is d]iv$ f ! natural appetite 9 respect ( ! la/ end4 ,accord+ly ! fir/ direction ( our acts to _! end mu/ ne$s be 9 virtue ( ! natural law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 irrational animals p>take 9 _! own way ( ! ,et]nal ,reason1 j z ! rational creature does4 ,b because ! rational creature p>takes !re( 9 an intellectual & rational mann]1 !re=e ! p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law 9 ! rational creature is prop]ly call$ a law1 s9ce a law is some?+ p]ta9+ to reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a74 ,irrational creatures1 h[ev]1 d n p>take !re( 9 a rational mann]1 :]e=e !re is no p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law 9 !m1 except by way ( similitude4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,human ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is n a human law4 ,= ! natural law is a p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ ?r\gh ! et]nal law all ?+s are mo/ ord]ly1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f74 ,!re=e ! natural law suffices = ! ord]+ ( all human affairs4 ,consequ5tly !re is no ne$ = a human law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a law be>s ! "* ( a measure1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a74 ,b human reason is n a measure ( ?+s1 b vice v]sa1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 text4 #e4 ,!re=e no law c emanate f human reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a measure %\ld be mo/ c]ta91 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 text4 #c4 ,b ! dictates ( human reason 9 matt]s ( conduct are unc]ta91 accord+ to ,wis4 #i3ad3 ,! ?\ghts ( mortal m5 are fe>ful1 & our c\nsels unc]ta94 ,!re=e no law c emanate f human reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f7 di/+ui%es two k9ds ( law1 ! "o et]nal1 ! o!r temporal1 :i* he calls human4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b71 a law is a dictate ( ! practical reason4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t ! same proc$ure takes place 9 ! practical & 9 ! speculative reason3 = ea* proce$s f pr9ciples to conclusions1 z /at$ above 7ibid474 ,accord+ly we conclude t j z1 9 ! speculative reason1 f naturally kn[n indemon/rable pr9ciples1 we draw ! conclusions ( ! v>i\s sci5ces1 ! k ( :i* is n imp>t$ to u by nature1 b acquir$ by ! ef=ts ( reason1 s too x is f ! precepts ( ! natural law1 z f g5]al & indemon/rable pr9ciples1 t ! human reason ne$s to proce$ to ! m p>ticul> det]m9ation ( c]ta9 matt]s4 ,^! p>ticul> det]m9ations1 devis$ by human reason1 are call$ human laws1 provid$ ! o!r ess5tial conditions ( law be obs]v$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #d74 ,:]e=e ,tully says 9 8 ,rhetoric 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t ju/ice has its s\rce 9 nature2 !nce c]ta9 ?+s came into cu/om by reason ( _! utility2 aft]w>ds ^! ?+s :i* emanat$ f nature & 7 approv$ by cu/om1 7 sanction$ by fe> & rev]5ce = ! law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! human reason _c h a full p>ticipation ( ! dictate ( ! ,div9e ,reason1 b accord+ to its own mode1 & imp]fectly4 ,consequ5tly1 z on ! "p ( ! speculative reason1 by a natural p>ticipation ( ,div9e ,wisdom1 !re is 9 u ! k ( c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1 b n prop] k ( ea* s+le tru?1 su* z t conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e ,wisdom2 s too1 on ! "p ( ! practical reason1 man has a natural p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law1 accord+ to c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1 b n z reg>ds ! p>ticul> det]m9ations ( individual cases1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 conta9$ 9 ! et]nal law4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = human reason to proce$ fur!r to sanction !m by law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,human reason is n1 ( itself1 ! rule ( ?+s3 b ! pr9ciples impress$ on x by nature1 are g5]al rules & measures ( all ?+s relat+ to human conduct1 :]e( ! natural reason is ! rule & measure1 al?\gh x is n ! measure ( ?+s t are f nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! practical reason is conc]n$ ) practical matt]s1 :i* are s+ul> & cont+5t3 b n ) necess>y ?+s1 ) :i* ! speculative reason is conc]n$4 ,:]e=e human laws _c h t in]rancy t belongs to ! demon/rat$ conclusions ( sci5ces4 ,nor is x necess>y = e measure to be altoge!r un]r+ & c]ta91 b accord+ z x is possible 9 its own p>ticul> g5us4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,0 ,any ,ne$ = a ,div9e ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re 0 no ne$ = a ,div9e law4 ,because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! natural law is a p>ticipation 9 u ( ! et]nal law4 ,b ! et]nal law is a ,div9e law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !re 0 no ne$ = a ,div9e law 9 addition to ! natural law1 & human laws d]iv$ !refrom4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ae3ad7 t ,god left man 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel4 ,n[ c\nsel is an act ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e man 0 left to ! direction ( 8 reason4 ,b a dictate ( human reason is a human law z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = man to be gov]n$ also by a ,div9e law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human nature is m self-suffic+ ?an irrational creatures4 ,b irrational creatures h no ,div9e law besides ! natural incl9ation impress$ on !m4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 %\ld ! rational creature h a ,div9e law 9 addition to ! natural law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,david pray$ ,god to set ,8 law be=e him1 say+ 7,ps4 #aah3cc73 ,set be=e me = a law ! way ( ,?y ju/ifications1 ,o ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,besides ! natural & ! human law x 0 necess>y = ! direct+ ( human conduct to h a ,div9e law4 ,& ?is = f\r reasons4 ,fir/1 because x is by law t man is direct$ h[ to p]=m 8 prop] acts 9 view ( 8 la/ end4 ,& inde$ if man 7 orda9$ to no o!r end ?an t :i* is proportionate to 8 natural faculty1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = man to h any fur!r direction ( ! "p ( 8 reason1 besides ! natural law & human law :i* is d]iv$ f x4 ,b s9ce man is orda9$ to an end ( et]nal happ9ess :i* is improportionate to man's natural faculty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #e71 !re=e x 0 necess>y t1 besides ! natural & ! human law1 man %\ld be direct$ to 8 end by a law giv5 by ,god4 ,secondly1 because1 on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty ( human judgm5t1 especially on cont+5t & p>ticul> matt]s1 diff]5t p =m diff]5t judgm5ts on human acts2 :5ce also diff]5t & contr>y laws result4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t man may "k )\t any d\bt :at he ought to d & :at he ought to avoid1 x 0 necess>y = man to be direct$ 9 8 prop] acts by a law giv5 by ,god1 = x is c]ta9 t su* a law _c err4 ,?irdly1 because man c make laws 9 ^? matt]s ( :i* he is compet5t to judge4 ,b man is n compet5t to judge ( int]ior movem5ts1 t are hidd51 b only ( ext]ior acts :i* appe>3 & yet = ! p]fection ( virtue x is necess>y = man to conduct himself aright 9 bo? k9ds ( acts4 ,consequ5tly human law c\ld n suffici5tly curb & direct int]ior acts2 & x 0 necess>y = ?is purpose t a ,div9e law %\ld sup]v5e4 ,f\r?ly1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e1 #f71 human law _c puni% or =bid all evil de$s3 s9ce :ile aim+ at do+ away ) all evils1 x w\ld d away ) _m good ?+s1 & w\ld h9d] ! advance ( ! common good1 :i* is necess>y = human int]c\rse4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t no evil might rema9 un=bidd5 & unpuni%$1 x 0 necess>y = ! ,div9e law to sup]v5e1 :]eby all s9s are =bidd54 ,& ^! f\r causes are t\*$ ^u 9 ,ps4 #aah3h1 :]e x is said3 ,! law ( ! ,"l is unspott$1 i4e4 all[+ no f\lness ( s92 conv]t+ s\ls1 because x directs n only ext]ior1 b also int]ior acts2 ! te/imony ( ! ,"l is fai?ful1 because ( ! c]ta9ty ( :at is true & "r2 giv+ wisdom to little ones1 by direct+ man to an end sup]natural & ,div9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ! natural law ! et]nal law is p>ticipat$ proportionately to ! capacity ( human nature4 ,b to 8 sup]natural end man ne$s to be direct$ 9 a yet high] way4 ,h5ce ! additional law giv5 by ,god1 :]eby man %>es m p]fectly 9 ! et]nal law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,c\nsel is a k9d ( inquiry3 h5ce x mu/ proce$ f "s pr9ciples4 ,nor is x en\gh = x to proce$ f pr9ciples imp>t$ by nature1 :i* are ! precepts ( ! natural law1 = ! reasons giv5 above3 b !re is ne$ = c]ta9 additional pr9ciples1 namely1 ! precepts ( ! ,div9e law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,irrational creatures are n orda9$ to an end high] ?an t :i* is proportionate to _! natural p[]s3 consequ5tly ! comp>ison fails4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,is b ,"o ,div9e ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is b "o ,div9e law4 ,because1 :]e !re is "o k+ 9 "o k+dom !re is b "o law4 ,n[ ! :ole ( mank9d is comp>$ to ,god z to "o k+1 accord+ to ,ps4 #df3h3 ,god is ! ,k+ ( all ! e>?4 ,!re=e !re is b "o ,div9e law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e law is direct$ to ! end :i* ! lawgiv] int5ds = ^? = :om he makes ! law4 ,b ,god int5ds "o & ! same ?+ = all m52 s9ce accord+ to #a ,tim4 #b3d3 ,he w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come to ! k ( ! tru?4 ,!re=e !re is b "o ,div9e law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e law seems to be m ak9 to ! et]nal law1 :i* is "o1 ?an ! natural law1 accord+ z ! revelation ( grace is ( a high] ord] ?an natural k4 ,!re=e mu* m is ! ,div9e law b "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #g3ab73 ,! prie/hood be+ translat$1 x is necess>y t a translation also be made ( ! law4 ,b ! prie/hood is tw(old1 z /at$ 9 ! same passage1 viz4 ! levitical prie/hood1 & ! prie/hood ( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e ! ,div9e law is tw(old1 namely ! ,old ,law & ! ,new ,law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #c71 di/9ction is ! cause ( numb]4 ,n[ ?+s may be di/+ui%$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z ^? ?+s t are altoge!r specifically diff]5t1 e4g4 a horse & an ox4 ,secondly1 z p]fect & imp]fect 9 ! same species1 e4g4 a boy & a man3 & 9 ?is way ! ,div9e law is divid$ into ,old & ,new4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #c3bd1 #be7 comp>es ! /ate ( man "u ! ,old ,law to t ( a *ild "u a p$agogue2 b ! /ate "u ! ,new ,law1 to t ( a full gr[n man1 :o is no long] "u a p$agogue4 ,n[ ! p]fection & imp]fection ( ^! two laws is to be tak5 9 connection ) ! ?ree conditions p]ta9+ to law1 z /at$ above4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 x belongs to law to be direct$ to ! common good z to its end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,?is good may be tw(old4 ,x may be a s5sible & e>?ly good2 & to ?is1 man 0 directly orda9$ by ! ,old ,law3 :]e=e1 at ! v outset ( ! law1 ! p 7 invit$ to ! e>?ly k+dom ( ! ,*ananaeans 7,ex4 #c3h1 #ag74 ,aga9 x may be an intelligible & heav5ly good3 & to ?is1 man is orda9$ by ! ,new ,law4 ,:]e=e1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ,8 prea*+1 ,*ri/ invit$ m5 to ! k+dom ( heav51 say+ 7,matt4 #d3ag73 ,d p5ance1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 iv7 t promises ( temporal goods are conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 = :i* reason x is call$ old2 b ! promise ( et]nal life belongs to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,secondly1 x belongs to ! law to direct human acts accord+ to ! ord] ( righte\sness 7,a4 #d73 :]e9 also ! ,new ,law surpasses ! ,old ,law1 s9ce x directs our int]nal acts1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3bj3 ,unless y\r ju/ice ab\nd m ?an t ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 y %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,h5ce ! say+ t ! ,old ,law re/ra9s ! h&1 b ! ,new ,law controls ! m9d 7 ,s5t5t4 iii1 ,d1 xl74 ,?irdly1 x belongs to ! law to induce m5 to obs]ve its comm&m5ts4 ,?is ! ,old ,law did by ! fe> ( puni%m5t3 b ! ,new ,law1 by love1 :i* is p\r$ into our he>ts by ! grace ( ,*ri/1 be/[$ 9 ! ,new ,law1 b =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,old4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,adimant4 ,mani*4 discip4 xvii7 t !re is little diff]5ce 99,! 'little diff]5ce' ref]s to ! ,lat9 words 'timor' & 'amor'--'fe>' & 'love4' betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel--fe> & love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! fa!r ( a family issues diff]5t comm&s to ! *ildr5 & to ! adults1 s also ! "o ,k+1 ,god1 9 ,8 "o k+dom1 gave "o law to m51 :ile !y 7 yet imp]fect1 & ano!r m p]fect law1 :51 by ! prec$+ law1 !y _h be5 l$ to a great] capacity = ,div9e ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! salvation ( man c\ld n be a*iev$ o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,acts #d3ab3 ,!re is no o!r "n 4 4 4 giv5 to m51 :]eby we mu/ be sav$4 ,consequ5tly ! law t br+s all to salvation c\ld n be giv5 until aft] ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,b be=e ,8 com+ x 0 necess>y to give to ! p1 ( :om ,*ri/ 0 to be born1 a law conta9+ c]ta9 rudim5ts ( righte\sness unto salvation1 9 ord] to prep>e !m to receive ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! natural law directs man by way ( c]ta9 g5]al precepts1 common to bo? ! p]fect & ! imp]fect3 :]e=e x is "o & ! same = all4 ,b ! ,div9e law directs man also 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> matt]s1 to :i* ! p]fect & imp]fect d n /& 9 ! same relation4 ,h5ce ! necessity = ! ,div9e law to be tw(old1 z already expla9$4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,law 9 ! ,fomes ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no law ( ! fomes ( s94 ,= ,isidore says 7,etym4 v7 t ! law is bas$ on reason4 ,b ! fomes ( s9 is n bas$ on reason1 b deviates f x4 ,!re=e ! fomes has n ! nature ( a law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e law is b9d+1 s t ^? :o d n obey x are call$ transgressors4 ,b man is n call$ a transgressor1 f n foll[+ ! in/igations ( ! fomes2 b r f 8 foll[+ !m4 ,!re=e ! fomes has n ! nature ( a law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! law is orda9$ to ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! fomes incl9es u1 n to ! common1 b to our own private good4 ,!re=e ! fomes has n ! nature ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3bc73 ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 fight+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 ! law1 z to its ess5ce1 resides 9 him t rules & measures2 b1 by way ( p>ticipation1 9 t :i* is rul$ & measur$2 s t e incl9ation or ord9ation :i* may be f\nd 9 ?+s subject to ! law1 is call$ a law by p>ticipation1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,n[ ^? :o are subject to a law may receive a tw(old incl9ation f ! lawgiv]4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z he directly incl9es 8 subjects to some?+2 sometimes inde$ diff]5t subjects to diff]5t acts2 9 ?is way we may say t !re is a milit>y law & a m]cantile law4 ,secondly1 indirectly2 ?us by ! v fact t a lawgiv] deprives a subject ( "s dignity1 ! latt] passes into ano!r ord]1 s z to be "u ano!r law1 z x 73 ?us if a soldi] be turn$ out ( ! army1 he becomes a subject ( rural or ( m]cantile legislation4 ,accord+ly "u ! ,div9e ,lawgiv] v>i\s creatures h v>i\s natural incl9ations1 s t :at is1 z x 71 a law = "o1 is aga9/ ! law = ano!r3 ?us ,i might say t fi]c5ess is1 9 a way1 ! law ( a dog1 b aga9/ ! law ( a %eep or ano!r meek animal4 ,& s ! law ( man1 :i*1 by ! ,div9e ord9ance1 is allott$ to him1 accord+ to 8 prop] natural condition1 is t he %\ld act 9 accordance ) reason3 & ?is law 0 s effective 9 ! primitive /ate1 t no?+ ei!r beside or aga9/ reason c\ld take man unaw>es4 ,b :5 man turn$ 8 back on ,god1 he fell "u ! influ5ce ( 8 s5sual impulses3 9 fact ?is happ5s to ea* "o individually1 ! m he deviates f ! pa? ( reason1 s t1 aft] a fa%ion1 he is lik5$ to ! bea/s t are l$ by ! impulse ( s5suality1 accord+ to ,ps4 #dh3ba3 ,man1 :5 he 0 9 honor1 did n und]/&3 he ha? be5 comp>$ to s5seless bea/s1 & made l to !m4 ,s1 !n1 ?is v incl9ation ( s5suality :i* is call$ ! fomes1 9 o!r animals has simply ! nature ( a law 7yet only 9 s f> z a law may be said to be 9 su* ?+s71 by reason ( a direct incl9ation4 ,b 9 man1 x has n ! nature ( law 9 ?is way1 r is x a deviation f ! law ( reason4 ,b s9ce1 by ! j s5t5ce ( ,god1 man is de/itute ( orig9al ju/ice1 & 8 reason b]eft ( its vigor1 ?is impulse ( s5suality1 :]eby he is l$1 9 s f> z x is a p5alty foll[+ f ! ,div9e law depriv+ man ( 8 prop] dignity1 has ! nature ( a law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! fomes 9 itself1 z an inc5tive to evil4 ,x is n ?us t x has ! nature ( a law1 z /at$ above1 b accord+ z x results f ! ju/ice ( ! ,div9e law3 x is z ?\gh we 7 to say t ! law all[s a nobleman to be condemn$ to h>d labor = "s misde$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s law 9 ! light ( a rule or measure3 = x is 9 ?is s5se t ^? :o deviate f ! law become transgressors4 ,b ! fomes is n a law 9 ?is respect1 b by a k9d ( p>ticipation1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! fomes z to its prop] incl9ation1 & n z to its orig94 ,& yet if ! incl9ation ( s5suality be consid]$ z x is 9 o!r animals1 ?us x is orda9$ to ! common good1 namely1 to ! pres]vation ( nature 9 ! species or 9 ! individual4 ,& ?is is 9 man also1 9 s f> z s5suality is subject to reason4 ,b x is call$ fomes 9 s f> z x /rays f ! ord] ( reason4 ,,"q #ib ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,law 7,9 ,two articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( law2 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r an effect ( law is to make m5 good8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! effects ( law are to comm&1 to =bid1 to p]mit1 & to puni%1 z ! ,juri/ /ates8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r an ,effect ( ,law ,is to ,make ,m5 ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t x is n an effect ( law to make m5 good4 ,= m5 are good ?r\gh virtue1 s9ce virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f is t :i* makes its subject good4 ,b virtue is 9 man f ,god alone1 because ,he x is ,:o works x 9 u )\t u1 z we /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d7 9 giv+ ! def9ition ( virtue4 ,!re=e ! law does n make m5 good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,law does n pr(it a man unless he obeys x4 ,b ! v fact t a man obeys a law is due to 8 be+ good4 ,!re=e 9 man goodness is presuppos$ to ! law4 ,!re=e ! law does n make m5 good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,law is orda9$ to ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,b "s behave well 9 ?+s reg>d+ ! community1 :o behave ill 9 ?+s reg>d+ !mselves4 ,!re=e x is n ! bus9ess ( ! law to make m5 good4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 "s laws are tyrannical1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #f74 ,b a tyrant does n int5d ! good ( 8 subjects1 b consid]s only 8 own pr(it4 ,!re=e law does n make m5 good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a7 t ! int5tion ( e lawgiv] is to make good citiz5s4 ,i answ] t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 a law is no?+ else ?an a dictate ( reason 9 ! rul] by :om 8 subjects are gov]n$4 ,n[ ! virtue ( any subord9ate ?+ consi/s 9 its be+ well subord9at$ to t by :i* x is regulat$3 ?us we see t ! virtue ( ! irascible & concupiscible faculties consi/s 9 _! be+ ob$i5t to reason2 & accord+ly ! virtue ( e subject consi/s 9 8 be+ well subject$ to 8 rul]1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i74 ,b e law aims at be+ obey$ by ^? :o are subject to x4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t ! prop] effect ( law is to lead its subjects to _! prop] virtue3 & s9ce virtue is t :i* makes its subject good1 x foll[s t ! prop] effect ( law is to make ^? to :om x is giv51 good1 ei!r simply or 9 "s p>ticul> respect4 ,= if ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is fix$ on true good1 :i* is ! common good regulat$ accord+ to ,div9e ju/ice1 x foll[s t ! effect ( ! law is to make m5 good simply4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is fix$ on t :i* is n simply good1 b useful or pleasurable to himself1 or 9 opposition to ,div9e ju/ice2 !n ! law does n make m5 good simply1 b 9 respect to t p>ticul> gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is way good is f\nd ev5 9 ?+s t are bad ( !mselves3 ?us a man is call$ a good robb]1 because he works 9 a way t is adapt$ to 8 end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue is tw(old1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #b71 viz4 acquir$ & infus$4 ,n[ ! fact ( be+ accu/om$ to an action contributes to bo?1 b 9 diff]5t ways2 = x causes ! acquir$ virtue2 :ile x disposes to infus$ virtue1 & pres]ves & fo/]s x :5 x already exi/s4 ,& s9ce law is giv5 = ! purpose ( direct+ human acts2 z f> z human acts conduce to virtue1 s f> does law make m5 good4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! second book ( ! ,politics 7,e?ic4 ii7 t lawgiv]s make m5 good by habituat+ !m to good works4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n always ?r\gh p]fect goodness ( virtue t "o obeys ! law1 b sometimes x is ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 & sometimes f ! m]e dictates ( reason1 :i* is a beg9n+ ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! goodness ( any "p is consid]$ 9 comp>ison ) ! :ole2 h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii7 t unseemly is ! "p t h>monizes n ) ! :ole4 ,s9ce !n e man is a "p ( ! /ate1 x is impossible t a man be good1 unless he be well proportionate to ! common good3 nor c ! :ole be well consi/5t unless its p>ts be proportionate to x4 ,consequ5tly ! common good ( ! /ate _c fl\ri%1 unless ! citiz5s be virtu\s1 at lea/ ^? ^: bus9ess x is to gov]n4 ,b x is en\gh = ! good ( ! community1 t ! o!r citiz5s be s f> virtu\s t !y obey ! comm&s ( _! rul]s4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 ii1 #b7 t ! virtue ( a sov]eign is ! same z t ( a good man1 b ! virtue ( any common citiz5 is n ! same z t ( a good man4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a tyrannical law1 ?r\gh n be+ accord+ to reason1 is n a law1 absolutely speak+1 b r a p]v]sion ( law2 & yet 9 s f> z x is some?+ 9 ! nature ( a law1 x aims at ! citiz5s' be+ good4 ,= all x has 9 ! nature ( a law consi/s 9 its be+ an ord9ance made by a sup]ior to 8 subjects1 & aims at be+ obey$ by !m1 :i* is to make !m good1 n simply1 b ) respect to t p>ticul> gov]nm5t4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,acts ( ,law ,are ,suitably ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! acts ( law are n suitably assign$ z consi/+ 9 comm&1 prohibition1 p]mission1 & puni%m5t4 ,= e law is a g5]al precept1 z ! ,juri/ /ates4 ,b comm& & precept are ! same4 ,!re=e ! o!r ?ree are sup]flu\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! effect ( a law is to induce its subjects to be good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b c\nsel aims at a high] good ?an a comm& does4 ,!re=e x belongs to law to c\nsel r ?an to comm&4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z puni%m5t /irs a man to good de$s1 s does rew>d4 ,!re=e if to puni% is reckon$ an effect ( law1 s also is to rew>d4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! int5tion ( a lawgiv] is to make m5 good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b he t obeys ! law1 m]ely ?r\gh fe> ( be+ puni%$1 is n good3 because al?\gh a good de$ may be done ?r\gh s]vile fe>1 i4e4 fe> ( puni%m5t1 x is n done well1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contra duas ,epi/4 ,pelag4 ii74 ,!re=e puni%m5t is n a prop] effect ( law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #ai73 ,e law ei!r p]mits some?+1 z3 ',a brave man may dem& 8 rew>d'3 or =bids some?+1 z3 ,no man may ask a consecrat$ virg9 9 m>riage3 or puni%es1 z3 ,let him t commits a murd] be put to dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z an ass]tion is a dictate ( reason ass]t+ some?+1 s is a law a dictate ( reason1 comm&+ some?+4 ,n[ x is prop] to reason to lead f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,:]e=e j z1 9 demon/rative sci5ces1 ! reason leads u f c]ta9 pr9ciples to ass5t to ! conclusion1 s x induces u by "s means to ass5t to ! precept ( ! law4 ,n[ ! precepts ( law are conc]n$ ) human acts1 9 :i* ! law directs1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #d74 ,aga9 !re are ?ree k9ds ( human acts3 =1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #h71 "s acts are good g5]ically1 viz4 acts ( virtue2 & 9 respect ( ^! ! act ( ! law is a precept or comm&1 = ! law comm&s all acts ( virtue 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,"s acts are evil g5]ically1 viz4 acts ( vice1 & 9 respect ( ^! ! law =bids4 ,"s acts are g5]ically indiff]5t1 & 9 respect ( ^! ! law p]mits2 & all acts t are ei!r n di/9ctly good or n di/9ctly bad may be call$ indiff]5t4 ,& x is ! fe> ( puni%m5t t law makes use ( 9 ord] to ensure ob$i5ce3 9 :i* respect puni%m5t is an effect ( law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z to cease f evil is a k9d ( good1 s a prohibition is a k9d ( precept3 & accord+ly1 tak+ precept 9 a wide s5se1 e law is a k9d ( precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to advise is n a prop] act ( law1 b may be )9 ! compet5cy ev5 ( a private p]son1 :o _c make a law4 ,:]e=e too ! ,apo/le1 aft] giv+ a c]ta9 c\nsel 7#a ,cor4 #g3ab7 says3 ,i speak1 n ! ,"l4 ,consequ5tly x is n reckon$ z an effect ( law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to rew>d may also p]ta9 to anyone3 b to puni% p]ta9s to none b ! fram] ( ! law1 by ^: au?ority ! pa9 is inflict$4 ,:]e=e to rew>d is n reckon$ an effect ( law1 b only to puni%4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,f becom+ accu/om$ to avoid evil & fulfill :at is good1 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 "o is sometimes l$ on to d s likewise1 ) delight & ( "o's own accord4 ,accord+ly1 law1 ev5 by puni%+1 leads m5 on to be+ good4 ,,"q #ic ,,( ,,! ,,et]nal ,,law 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ea* law by itself2 & 7#a7 ,! et]nal law2 7#b7 ,! natural law2 7#c7 ,! human law2 7#d7 ,! old law2 7#e7 ,! new law1 :i* is ! law ( ! ,gospel4 ,( ! six? law :i* is ! law ( ! fomes1 suffice :at we h said :5 treat+ ( orig9al s94 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! et]nal law8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is kn[n to all8 7#c7 ,:e!r e law is d]iv$ f x8 7#d7 ,:e!r necess>y ?+s are subject to ! et]nal law8 7#e7 ,:e!r natural cont+5cies are subject to ! et]nal law8 7#f7 ,:e!r all human ?+s are subject to x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,et]nal ,law ,is a ,sov]eign ,type 99,ratio ,exi/+ 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! et]nal law is n a sov]eign type exi/+ 9 ,god4 ,= !re is only "o et]nal law4 ,b !re are _m types ( ?+s 9 ! ,div9e m9d2 = ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #df7 t ,god made ea* ?+ accord+ to its type4 ,!re=e ! et]nal law does n seem to be a type exi/+ 9 ! ,div9e m9d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is ess5tial to a law t x be promulgat$ by ^w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #d74 ,b ,^w is a ,p]sonal "n 9 ,god1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #a73 :]eas type ref]s to ! ,ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! et]nal law is n ! same z a ,div9e type4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxx73 ,we see a law above our m9ds1 :i* is call$ tru?4 ,b ! law :i* is above our m9ds is ! et]nal law4 ,!re=e tru? is ! et]nal law4 ,b ! idea ( tru? is n ! same z ! idea ( a type4 ,!re=e ! et]nal law is n ! same z ! sov]eign type4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f7 t ! et]nal law is ! sov]eign type1 to :i* we mu/ always con=m4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z 9 e artific] !re pre-exi/s a type ( ! ?+s t are made by 8 art1 s too 9 e gov]nor !re mu/ pre-exi/ ! type ( ! ord] ( ^? ?+s t are to be done by ^? :o are subject to 8 gov]nm5t4 ,& j z ! type ( ! ?+s yet to be made by an art is call$ ! art or exempl> ( ! products ( t art1 s too ! type 9 him :o gov]ns ! acts ( 8 subjects1 be>s ! "* ( a law1 provid$ ! o!r conditions be pres5t :i* we h m5tion$ above 7,q4 #ij74 ,n[ ,god1 by ,8 wisdom1 is ! ,creator ( all ?+s 9 relation to :i* ,he /&s z ! artific] to ! products ( 8 art1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #h74 ,moreov] ,he gov]ns all ! acts & movem5ts t are to be f\nd 9 ea* s+le creature1 z 0 also /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #e74 ,:]e=e z ! type ( ! ,div9e ,wisdom1 inasmu* z by ,x all ?+s are creat$1 has ! "* ( art1 exempl> or idea2 s ! type ( ,div9e ,wisdom1 z mov+ all ?+s to _! due end1 be>s ! "* ( law4 ,accord+ly ! et]nal law is no?+ else ?an ! type ( ,div9e ,wisdom1 z direct+ all actions & movem5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ 9 t passage ( ! ideal types :i* reg>d ! prop] nature ( ea* s+le ?+2 & consequ5tly 9 !m !re is a c]ta9 di/9ction & plurality1 accord+ to _! diff]5t relations to ?+s1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #b74 ,b law is said to direct human acts by orda9+ !m to ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,& ?+s1 :i* are 9 !mselves diff]5t1 may be consid]$ z "o1 accord+ z !y are orda9$ to "o common ?+4 ,:]e=e ! et]nal law is "o s9ce x is ! type ( ?is ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,) reg>d to any sort ( ^w1 two po9ts may be consid]$3 viz4 ! ^w itself1 & t :i* is express$ by ! ^w4 ,= ! spok5 ^w is some?+ utt]$ by ! m\? ( man1 & expresses t :i* is signifi$ by ! human ^w4 ,! same applies to ! human m5tal ^w1 :i* is no?+ else ?an some?+ conceiv$ by ! m9d1 by :i* man expresses 8 ?\ghts m5tally4 ,s !n 9 ,god ! ,^w conceiv$ by ! intellect ( ! ,fa!r is ! "n ( a ,p]son3 b all ?+s t are 9 ! ,fa!r's k1 :e!r !y ref] to ! ,ess5ce or to ! ,p]sons1 or to ! works ( ,god1 are express$ by ?is ,^w1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ad74 ,& among o!r ?+s express$ by ?is ,^w1 ! et]nal law itself is express$ !reby4 ,nor does x foll[ t ! et]nal law is a ,p]sonal "n 9 ,god3 yet x is appropriat$ to ! ,son1 on acc\nt ( ! k9%ip betwe5 type & ^w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! types ( ! ,div9e intellect d n /& 9 ! same relation to ?+s1 z ! types ( ! human intellect4 ,= ! human intellect is measur$ by ?+s1 s t a human concept is n true by reason ( itself1 b by reason ( its be+ consonant ) ?+s1 s9ce an op9ion is true or false accord+ z x answ]s to ! reality4 ,b ! ,div9e intellect is ! measure ( ?+s3 s9ce ea* ?+ has s f> tru? 9 x1 z x repres5ts ! ,div9e intellect1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a74 ,consequ5tly ! ,div9e intellect is true 9 itself2 & its type is tru? itself4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,et]nal ,law ,is ,kn[n to ,all8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! et]nal law is n kn[n to all4 ,because1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3aa71 ! ?+s t are ( ,god no man kn[e?1 b ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,b ! et]nal law is a type exi/+ 9 ! ,div9e m9d4 ,!re=e x is unkn[n to all save ,god alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f7 ! et]nal law is t by :i* x is "r t all ?+s %\ld be mo/ ord]ly4 ,b all d n "k h[ all ?+s are mo/ ord]ly4 ,!re=e all d n "k ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxi7 t ! et]nal law is n subject to ! judgm5t ( man4 ,b accord+ to ,e?ic4 i1 any man c judge well ( :at he kn[s4 ,!re=e ! et]nal law is n kn[n to u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f7 t k ( ! et]nal law is impr9t$ on u4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be kn[n 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 itself2 secondly1 9 its effect1 :]e9 "s lik5ess ( t ?+ is f\nd3 ?us someone n see+ ! sun 9 its sub/ance1 may "k x by its rays4 ,s !n no "o c "k ! et]nal law1 z x is 9 itself1 except ! bless$ :o see ,god 9 ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,b e rational creature kn[s x 9 its reflection1 great] or less4 ,= e k ( tru? is a k9d ( reflection & p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law1 :i* is ! un*angeable tru?1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxi74 ,n[ all m5 "k ! tru? to a c]ta9 ext5t1 at lea/ z to ! common pr9ciples ( ! natural law3 & z to ! o!rs1 !y p>take ( ! k ( tru?1 "s m1 "s less2 & 9 ?is respect are m or less cognizant ( ! et]nal law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we _c "k ! ?+s t are ( ,god1 z !y are 9 !mselves2 b !y are made kn[n to u 9 _! effects1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bj3 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god 4 4 4 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ea* "o kn[s ! et]nal law accord+ to 8 own capacity1 9 ! way expla9$ above1 yet none c compreh5d x3 = x _c be made p]fectly kn[n by its effects4 ,!re=e x does n foll[ t anyone :o kn[s ! et]nal law 9 ! way a=esaid1 kn[s also ! :ole ord] ( ?+s1 :]eby !y are mo/ ord]ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to judge a ?+ may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z :5 a cognitive p[] judges ( its prop] object1 accord+ to ,job #ab3aa3 ,do? n ! e> disc]n words1 & ! palate ( him t eate?1 ! ta/e8 ,x is to ?is k9d ( judgm5t t ! ,philosoph] alludes :5 he says t anyone c judge well ( :at he kn[s1 by judg+1 namely1 :e!r :at is put =w>d is true4 ,9 ano!r way we speak ( a sup]ior judg+ ( a subord9ate by a k9d ( practical judgm5t1 z to :e!r he %\ld be su* & su* or n4 ,& ?us none c judge ( ! et]nal law4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,e ,law ,is ,d]iv$ f ! ,et]nal ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n e law is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,= !re is a law ( ! fomes1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #f71 :i* is n d]iv$ f t ,div9e law :i* is ! et]nal law1 s9ce !reunto p]ta9s ! prud5ce ( ! fle%1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3g71 t x _c be subject to ! law ( ,god4 ,!re=e n e law is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ unju/ c be d]iv$ f ! et]nal law1 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #b71 ! et]nal law is t1 accord+ to :i* x is "r t all ?+s %\ld be mo/ ord]ly4 ,b "s laws are unju/1 accord+ to ,isa4 #aj3a3 ,woe to !m t make wick$ laws4 ,!re=e n e law is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e7 t ! law :i* is fram$ = rul+ ! p1 rightly p]mits _m ?+s :i* are puni%$ by ,div9e provid5ce4 ,b ! type ( ,div9e provid5ce is ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e n ev5 e good law is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,div9e ,wisdom says 7,prov4 #h3ae73 ,by ,me k+s reign1 & lawgiv]s decree j ?+s4 ,b ! type ( ,div9e ,wisdom is ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e all laws proce$ f ! et]nal law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! law d5otes a k9d ( plan direct+ acts t[>ds an end4 ,n[ :]ev] !re are mov]s orda9$ to "o ano!r1 ! p[] ( ! second mov] mu/ ne$s be d]iv$ f ! p[] ( ! fir/ mov]2 s9ce ! second mov] does n move except 9 s f> z x is mov$ by ! fir/4 ,:]e=e we obs]ve ! same 9 all ^? :o gov]n1 s t ! plan ( gov]nm5t is d]iv$ by second>y gov]nors f ! gov]nor 9 *ief2 ?us ! plan ( :at is to be done 9 a /ate fl[s f ! k+'s comm& to 8 inf]ior adm9i/rators3 & aga9 9 ?+s ( art ! plan ( :atev] is to be done by art fl[s f ! *ief craftsman to ! "u-craftsm51 :o "w ) _! h&s4 ,s9ce !n ! et]nal law is ! plan ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,*ief ,gov]nor1 all ! plans ( gov]nm5t 9 ! inf]ior gov]nors mu/ be d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,b ^! plans ( inf]ior gov]nors are all o!r laws besides ! et]nal law4 ,!re=e all laws1 9 s f> z !y p>take ( "r reason1 are d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f7 t 9 temporal law !re is no?+ j & lawful1 b :at man has drawn f ! et]nal law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! fomes has ! nature ( law 9 man1 9 s f> z x is a puni%m5t result+ f ,div9e ju/ice2 & 9 ?is respect x is evid5t t x is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,b 9 s f> z x d5otes a pron5ess to s91 x is contr>y to ! ,div9e law1 & has n ! nature ( law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,human law has ! nature ( law 9 s f> z x p>takes ( "r reason2 & x is cle> t1 9 ?is respect1 x is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law4 ,b 9 s f> z x deviates f reason1 x is call$ an unju/ law1 & has ! nature1 n ( law b ( viol5ce4 ,nev]!less ev5 an unju/ law1 9 s f> z x reta9s "s appe>ance ( law1 ?\gh be+ fram$ by "o :o is 9 p[]1 is d]iv$ f ! et]nal law2 s9ce all p[] is f ! ,"l ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3a4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,human law is said to p]mit c]ta9 ?+s1 n z approv+ !m1 b z be+ unable to direct !m4 ,& _m ?+s are direct$ by ! ,div9e law1 :i* human law is unable to direct1 because m ?+s are subject to a high] ?an to a l[] cause4 ,h5ce ! v fact t human law does n m$dle ) matt]s x _c direct1 comes "u ! ord9ation ( ! et]nal law4 ,x w\ld be diff]5t1 7 human law to sanction :at ! et]nal law condemns4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t human law is n d]iv$ f ! et]nal law1 b t x is n on a p]fect equality ) x4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,necess>y & ,et]nal ,?+s ,are ,subject to ! ,et]nal ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t necess>y & et]nal ?+s are subject to ! et]nal law4 ,= :atev] is reasonable is subject to reason4 ,b ! ,div9e w is reasonable1 = x is j4 ,!re=e x is subject to 7! ,div9e7 reason4 ,b ! et]nal law is ! ,div9e reason4 ,!re=e ,god's w is subject to ! et]nal law4 ,b ,god's w is et]nal4 ,!re=e et]nal & necess>y ?+s are subject to ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is subject to ! ,k+1 is subject to ! ,k+'s law4 ,n[ ! ,son1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ae3bh1 #bd1 %all be subject 4 4 4 to ,god & ! ,fa!r 4 4 4 :5 ,he %all h deliv]$ up ! ,k+dom to ,him4 ,!re=e ! ,son1 ,:o is et]nal1 is subject to ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! et]nal law is ,div9e provid5ce z a type4 ,b _m necess>y ?+s are subject to ,div9e provid5ce3 = in/ance1 ! /ability ( incorporeal sub/ances & ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re=e ev5 necess>y ?+s are subject to ! et]nal law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s t are necess>y _c be o!rwise1 & consequ5tly ne$ no re/ra9+4 ,b laws are impos$ on m51 9 ord] to re/ra9 !m f evil1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e necess>y ?+s are n subject to ! et]nal law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! et]nal law is ! type ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,consequ5tly :atev] is subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 is subject to ! et]nal law3 :ile if any?+ is n subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 nei!r is x subject to ! et]nal law4 ,! application ( ?is di/9ction may be ga!r$ by look+ ar\nd u4 ,= ^? ?+s are subject to human gov]nm5t1 :i* c be done by man2 b :at p]ta9s to ! nature ( man is n subject to human gov]nm5t2 = in/ance1 t he %\ld h a s\l1 h&s1 or feet4 ,accord+ly all t is 9 ?+s creat$ by ,god1 :e!r x be cont+5t or necess>y1 is subject to ! et]nal law3 :ile ?+s p]ta9+ to ! ,div9e ,nature or ,ess5ce are n subject to ! et]nal law1 b are ! et]nal law itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we may speak ( ,god's w 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z to ! w itself3 & ?us1 s9ce ,god's w is ,8 v ,ess5ce1 x is subject nei!r to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 nor to ! et]nal law1 b is ! same ?+ z ! et]nal law4 ,secondly1 we may speak ( ,god's w1 z to ! ?+s !mselves t ,god wills ab\t creatures2 :i* ?+s are subject to ! et]nal law1 9 s f> z !y are plann$ by ,div9e ,wisdom4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! ?+s ,god's w is said to be reasonable 7rationalis73 ?\gh reg>d$ 9 itself x %\ld r be call$ _! type 7ratio74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god ! ,son 0 n made by ,god1 b 0 naturally born ( ,god4 ,consequ5tly ,he is n subject to ,div9e provid5ce or to ! et]nal law3 b r is ,himself ! et]nal law by a k9d ( appropriation1 z ,augu/9e expla9s 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxi74 ,b ,he is said to be subject to ! ,fa!r by reason ( ,8 human nature1 9 respect ( :i* also ! ,fa!r is said to be great] ?an ,he4 ,! ?ird objection we grant1 because x deals ) ^? necess>y ?+s t are creat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #f71 "s necess>y ?+s h a cause ( _! necessity3 & ?us !y d]ive f some?+ else ! fact t !y _c be o!rwise4 ,& ?is is 9 itself a mo/ effective re/ra9t2 = :atev] is re/ra9$1 is said to be re/ra9$ 9 s f> z x _c d o!rwise ?an x is all[$ to4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,natural ,cont+5ts ,are ,subject to ! ,et]nal ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t natural cont+5ts are n subject to ! et]nal law4 ,because promulgation is ess5tial to law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #d74 ,b a law _c be promulgat$ except to rational creatures1 to :om x is possible to make an ann\ncem5t4 ,!re=e none b rational creatures are subject to ! et]nal law2 & consequ5tly natural cont+5ts are n4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,:atev] obeys reason p>takes some:at ( reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i4 ,b ! et]nal law is ! supreme type1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,s9ce !n natural cont+5ts d n p>take ( reason 9 any way1 b are altoge!r void ( reason1 x seems t !y are n subject to ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! et]nal law is mo/ effici5t4 ,b 9 natural cont+5ts defects occur4 ,!re=e !y are n subject to ! et]nal law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #h3bi73 ,:5 ,he compass$ ! sea ) its b\nds1 & set a law to ! wat]s1 t !y %\ld n pass _! limits4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ speak o!rwise ( ! law ( man1 ?an ( ! et]nal law :i* is ! law ( ,god4 ,= ! law ( man ext5ds only to rational creatures subject to man4 ,! reason ( ?is is because law directs ! actions ( ^? t are subject to ! gov]nm5t ( someone3 :]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 none imposes a law on 8 own actions4 ,n[ :atev] is done reg>d+ ! use ( irrational ?+s subject to man1 is done by ! act ( man himself mov+ ^? ?+s1 = ^! irrational creatures d n move !mselves1 b are mov$ by o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #b74 ,consequ5tly man _c impose laws on irrational be+s1 h[ev] mu* !y may be subject to him4 ,b he c impose laws on rational be+s subject to him1 9 s f> z by 8 comm& or pron\ncem5t ( any k9d1 he impr9ts on _! m9ds a rule :i* is a pr9ciple ( action4 ,n[ j z man1 by su* pron\ncem5t1 impresses a k9d ( inw>d pr9ciple ( action on ! man t is subject to him1 s ,god impr9ts on ! :ole ( nature ! pr9ciples ( its prop] actions4 ,& s1 9 ?is way1 ,god is said to comm& ! :ole ( nature1 accord+ to ,ps4 #adh3f3 ,he ha? made a decree1 & x %all n pass away4 ,& ?us all actions & movem5ts ( ! :ole ( nature are subject to ! et]nal law4 ,consequ5tly irrational creatures are subject to ! et]nal law1 ?r\gh be+ mov$ by ,div9e provid5ce2 b n1 z rational creatures are1 ?r\gh und]/&+ ! ,div9e comm&m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! impression ( an inw>d active pr9ciple is to natural ?+s1 :at ! promulgation ( law is to m53 because law1 by be+ promulgat$1 impr9ts on man a directive pr9ciple ( human actions1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,irrational creatures nei!r p>take ( nor are ob$i5t to human reason3 :]eas !y d p>take ( ! ,div9e ,reason by obey+ x2 because ! p[] ( ,div9e ,reason ext5ds ov] m ?+s ?an human reason does4 ,& z ! memb]s ( ! human body are mov$ at ! comm& ( reason1 & yet d n p>take ( reason1 s9ce !y h no appreh5sion subord9ate to reason2 s too irrational creatures are mov$ by ,god1 )\t1 on t acc\nt1 be+ rational4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! defects :i* occur 9 natural ?+s are outside ! ord] ( p>ticul> causes1 !y are n outside ! ord] ( univ]sal causes1 especially ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 i4e4 ,god1 f ,^: provid5ce no?+ c escape1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b74 ,& s9ce ! et]nal law is ! type ( ,div9e provid5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 h5ce ! defects ( natural ?+s are subject to ! et]nal law4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,all ,human ,affairs ,are ,subject to ! ,et]nal ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all human affairs are subject to ! et]nal law4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3ah73 ,if y are l$ by ! _s y are n "u ! law4 ,b ! righte\s :o are ! sons ( ,god by adoption1 are l$ by ! _s ( ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3ad3 ,:osoev] are l$ by ! _s ( ,god1 !y are ! sons ( ,god4 ,!re=e n all m5 are "u ! et]nal law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3g73 ,! prud5ce ,vulg43 'wisdom' ( ! fle% is an enemy to ,god3 = x is n subject to ! law ( ,god4 ,b _m are ^? 9 :om ! prud5ce ( ! fle% dom9ates4 ,!re=e all m5 are n subject to ! et]nal law :i* is ! law ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f7 t ! et]nal law is t by :i* ! wick$ des]ve mis]y1 ! good1 a life ( bless$ness4 ,b ^? :o are already bless$1 & ^? :o are already lo/1 are n 9 ! /ate ( m]it4 ,!re=e !y are n "u ! et]nal law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ab73 ,no?+ evades ! laws ( ! mo/ high ,creator & ,gov]nor1 = by ,him ! peace ( ! univ]se is adm9i/]$4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* a ?+ is subject to ! et]nal law1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #e73 fir/1 by p>tak+ ( ! et]nal law by way ( k2 secondly1 by way ( action & passion1 i4e4 by p>tak+ ( ! et]nal law by way ( an inw>d motive pr9ciple3 & 9 ?is second way1 irrational creatures are subject to ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,b s9ce ! rational nature1 toge!r ) t :i* x has 9 common ) all creatures1 has some?+ prop] to itself inasmu* z x is rational1 consequ5tly x is subject to ! et]nal law 9 bo? ways2 because :ile ea* rational creature has "s k ( ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 x also has a natural incl9ation to t :i* is 9 h>mony ) ! et]nal law2 = we are naturally adapt$ to ! recipi5ts ( virtue 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a74 ,bo? ways1 h[ev]1 are imp]fect1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t de/roy$1 9 ! wick$2 because 9 !m ! natural incl9ation to virtue is corrupt$ by vici\s habits1 &1 moreov]1 ! natural k ( good is d>k5$ by passions & habits ( s94 ,b 9 ! good bo? ways are f\nd m p]fect3 because 9 !m1 besides ! natural k ( good1 !re is ! add$ k ( fai? & wisdom2 & aga91 besides ! natural incl9ation to good1 !re is ! add$ motive ( grace & virtue4 ,accord+ly1 ! good are p]fectly subject to ! et]nal law1 z always act+ accord+ to x3 :]eas ! wick$ are subject to ! et]nal law1 imp]fectly z to _! actions1 inde$1 s9ce bo? _! k ( good1 & _! incl9ation !reto1 are imp]fect2 b ?is imp]fection on ! "p ( action is suppli$ on ! "p ( passion1 9 s f> z !y suff] :at ! et]nal law decrees conc]n+ !m1 accord+ z !y fail to act 9 h>mony ) t law4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #ae73 ,i e/eem t ! righte\s act accord+ to ! et]nal law2 & 7,de ,cate*4 ,rud4 xviii73 ,out ( ! j mis]y ( ! s\ls :i* des]t$ ,him1 ,god knew h[ to furni% ! inf]ior p>ts ( ,8 creation ) mo/ suitable laws4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ! ,apo/le may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 s t a man is said to be "u ! law1 ?r\gh be+ p9n$ d[n !reby1 aga9/ 8 w1 z by a load4 ,h5ce1 on ! same passage a gloss says t he is "u ! law1 :o refra9s f evil de$s1 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t ?reat5$ by ! law1 & n f love ( virtue4 ,9 ?is way ! spiritual man is n "u ! law1 because he fulfils ! law will+ly1 ?r\gh *>ity :i* is p\r$ into 8 he>t by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,secondly1 x c be und]/ood z mean+ t ! works ( a man1 :o is l$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 are ! works ( ! ,holy ,gho/ r ?an 8 own4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ,holy ,gho/ is n "u ! law1 z nei!r is ! ,son1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #b72 x foll[s t su* works1 9 s f> z !y are ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 are n "u ! law4 ,! ,apo/le witnesses to ?is :5 he says 7#b ,cor4 #c3ag73 ,:]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prud5ce ( ! fle% _c be subject to ! law ( ,god z reg>ds action2 s9ce x incl9es to actions contr>y to ! ,div9e law3 yet x is subject to ! law ( ,god1 z reg>ds passion2 s9ce x des]ves to suff] puni%m5t accord+ to ! law ( ,div9e ju/ice4 ,nev]!less 9 no man does ! prud5ce ( ! fle% dom9ate s f> z to de/roy ! :ole good ( 8 nature3 & consequ5tly !re rema9s 9 man ! incl9ation to act 9 accordance ) ! et]nal law4 ,= we h se5 above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #b7 t s9 does n de/roy entirely ! good ( nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a ?+ is ma9ta9$ 9 ! end & mov$ t[>ds ! end by "o & ! same cause3 ?us gravity :i* makes a heavy body re/ 9 ! l[] place is also ! cause ( its be+ mov$ ?i!r4 ,we !re=e reply t z x is accord+ to ! et]nal law t "s des]ve happ9ess1 o!rs unhapp9ess1 s is x by ! et]nal law t "s are ma9ta9$ 9 a happy /ate1 o!rs 9 an unhappy /ate4 ,accord+ly bo? ! bless$ & ! damn$ are "u ! et]nal law4 ,,"q #id ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,law 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! natural law2 conc]n+ :i* !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! natural law8 7#b7 ,:at are ! precepts ( ! natural law8 7#c7 ,:e!r all acts ( virtue are prescrib$ by ! natural law8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! natural law is ! same 9 all8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is *angeable8 7#f7 ,:e!r x c be aboli%$ f ! he>t ( man8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,natural ,law ,is a ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! natural law is a habit4 ,because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e71 !re are ?ree ?+s 9 ! s\l3 p[]1 habit1 & passion4 ,b ! natural law is n "o ( ! s\l's p[]s3 nor is x "o ( ! passions2 z we may see by go+ ?r\gh !m "o by "o4 ,!re=e ! natural law is a habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,basil 99,damasc5e1 ,de ,fide ,or?4 iv1 #bb says t ! consci5ce or synd]esis is ! law ( our m9d2 :i* c only apply to ! natural law4 ,b ! synd]esis is a habit1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #ab74 ,!re=e ! natural law is a habit4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! natural law abides 9 man always1 z w be %[n fur!r on 7,a4 #f74 ,b man's reason1 :i* ! law reg>ds1 does n always ?9k ab\t ! natural law4 ,!re=e ! natural law is n an act1 b a habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xxi7 t a habit is t :]eby some?+ is done :5 necess>y4 ,b su* is n ! natural law3 s9ce x is 9 infants & 9 ! damn$ :o _c act by x4 ,!re=e ! natural law is n a habit4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be call$ a habit 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 prop]ly & ess5tially3 & ?us ! natural law is n a habit4 ,= x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b7 t ! natural law is some?+ appo9t$ by reason1 j z a proposition is a "w ( reason4 ,n[ t :i* a man does is n ! same z t :]eby he does x3 = he makes a becom+ spee* by ! habit ( gramm>4 ,s9ce !n a habit is t by :i* we act1 a law _c be a habit prop]ly & ess5tially4 ,secondly1 ! t]m habit may be appli$ to t :i* we hold by a habit3 ?us fai? may mean t :i* we hold by fai?4 ,& accord+ly1 s9ce ! precepts ( ! natural law are sometimes consid]$ by reason actually1 :ile sometimes !y are 9 ! reason only habitually1 9 ?is way ! natural law may be call$ a habit4 ,?us1 9 speculative matt]s1 ! indemon/rable pr9ciples are n ! habit itself :]eby we hold ^? pr9ciples1 b are ! pr9ciples ! habit ( :i* we possess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] proposes !re to discov] ! g5us ( virtue2 & s9ce x is evid5t t virtue is a pr9ciple ( action1 he m5tions only ^? ?+s :i* are pr9ciples ( human acts1 viz4 p[]s1 habits & passions4 ,b !re are o!r ?+s 9 ! s\l besides ^! ?ree3 !re are acts2 ?us to w is 9 ! "o t wills2 aga91 ?+s kn[n are 9 ! kn[]2 moreov] its own natural prop]ties are 9 ! s\l1 su* z immortality & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,synd]esis is said to be ! law ( our m9d1 because x is a habit conta9+ ! precepts ( ! natural law1 :i* are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( human actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t proves t ! natural law is held habitually2 & ?is is grant$4 ,to ! argum5t advanc$ 9 ! contr>y s5se we reply t sometimes a man is unable to make use ( t :i* is 9 him habitually1 on acc\nt ( "s imp$im5t3 ?us1 on acc\nt ( sleep1 a man is unable to use ! habit ( sci5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 ?r\gh ! defici5cy ( 8 age1 a *ild _c use ! habit ( und]/&+ ( pr9ciples1 or ! natural law1 :i* is 9 him habitually4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,natural ,law ,conta9s ,sev]al ,precepts1 or ,only ,"o8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! natural law conta9s1 n sev]al precepts1 b "o only4 ,= law is a k9d ( precept1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b74 ,if !re=e !re 7 _m precepts ( ! natural law1 x w\ld foll[ t !re are also _m natural laws4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! natural law is consequ5t to human nature4 ,b human nature1 z a :ole1 is "o2 ?\gh1 z to its p>ts1 x is manifold4 ,!re=e1 ei!r !re is b "o precept ( ! law ( nature1 on acc\nt ( ! unity ( nature z a :ole2 or !re are _m1 by reason ( ! numb] ( p>ts ( human nature4 ,! result w\ld be t ev5 ?+s relat+ to ! incl9ation ( ! concupiscible faculty belong to ! natural law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 law is some?+ p]ta9+ to reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ reason is b "o 9 man4 ,!re=e !re is only "o precept ( ! natural law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! precepts ( ! natural law 9 man /& 9 relation to practical matt]s1 z ! fir/ pr9ciples to matt]s ( demon/ration4 ,b !re are sev]al fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciples4 ,!re=e !re are also sev]al precepts ( ! natural law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #c71 ! precepts ( ! natural law are to ! practical reason1 :at ! fir/ pr9ciples ( demon/rations are to ! speculative reason2 because bo? are self-evid5t pr9ciples4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be self-evid5t 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 itself2 secondly1 9 relation to u4 ,any proposition is said to be self-evid5t 9 itself1 if its pr$icate is conta9$ 9 ! notion ( ! subject3 al?\gh1 to "o :o kn[s n ! def9ition ( ! subject1 x happ5s t su* a proposition is n self-evid5t4 ,= in/ance1 ?is proposition1 ,man is a rational be+1 is1 9 its v nature1 self-evid5t1 s9ce :o says man1 says a rational be+3 & yet to "o :o kn[s n :at a man is1 ?is proposition is n self-evid5t4 ,h5ce x is t1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom471 c]ta9 axioms or propositions are univ]sally self-evid5t to all2 & su* are ^? propositions ^: t]ms are kn[n to all1 z1 ,e :ole is great] ?an its "p1 &1 ,?+s equal to "o & ! same are equal to "o ano!r4 ,b "s propositions are self-evid5t only to ! wise1 :o und]/& ! mean+ ( ! t]ms ( su* propositions3 ?us to "o :o und]/&s t an angel is n a body1 x is self-evid5t t an angel is n circumscriptively 9 a place3 b ?is is n evid5t to ! unle>n$1 = !y _c grasp x4 ,n[ a c]ta9 ord] is to be f\nd 9 ^? ?+s t are appreh5d$ univ]sally4 ,= t :i*1 be=e aught else1 falls "u appreh5sion1 is be+1 ! notion ( :i* is includ$ 9 all ?+s :atsoev] a man appreh5ds4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciple is t ! same ?+ _c be affirm$ & d5i$ at ! same "t1 :i* is bas$ on ! notion ( be+ & n-be+3 & on ?is pr9ciple all o!rs are bas$1 z is /at$ 9 ,metaph4 iv1 text4 #i4 ,n[ z be+ is ! fir/ ?+ t falls "u ! appreh5sion simply1 s good is ! fir/ ?+ t falls "u ! appreh5sion ( ! practical reason1 :i* is direct$ to action3 s9ce e ag5t acts = an end "u ! aspect ( good4 ,consequ5tly ! fir/ pr9ciple ( practical reason is "o f\nd$ on ! notion ( good1 viz4 t good is t :i* all ?+s seek aft]4 ,h5ce ?is is ! fir/ precept ( law1 t good is to be done & pursu$1 & evil is to be avoid$4 ,all o!r precepts ( ! natural law are bas$ ^u ?is3 s t :atev] ! practical reason naturally appreh5ds z man's good 7or evil7 belongs to ! precepts ( ! natural law z some?+ to be done or avoid$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 good has ! nature ( an end1 & evil1 ! nature ( a contr>y1 h5ce x is t all ^? ?+s to :i* man has a natural incl9ation1 are naturally appreh5d$ by reason z be+ good1 & consequ5tly z objects ( pursuit1 & _! contr>ies z evil1 & objects ( avoidance4 ,:]e=e accord+ to ! ord] ( natural incl9ations1 is ! ord] ( ! precepts ( ! natural law4 ,because 9 man !re is fir/ ( all an incl9ation to good 9 accordance ) ! nature :i* he has 9 common ) all sub/ances3 inasmu* z e sub/ance seeks ! pres]vation ( its own be+1 accord+ to its nature3 & by reason ( ?is incl9ation1 :atev] is a means ( pres]v+ human life1 & ( w>d+ (f its ob/acles1 belongs to ! natural law4 ,secondly1 !re is 9 man an incl9ation to ?+s t p]ta9 to him m specially1 accord+ to t nature :i* he has 9 common ) o!r animals3 & 9 virtue ( ?is incl9ation1 ^? ?+s are said to belong to ! natural law1 :i* nature has taught to all animals 99,p&ect4 ,j4 ,i1 tit4 i1 su* z sexual int]c\rse1 education ( (fspr+ & s =?4 ,?irdly1 !re is 9 man an incl9ation to good1 accord+ to ! nature ( 8 reason1 :i* nature is prop] to him3 ?us man has a natural incl9ation to "k ! tru? ab\t ,god1 & to live 9 society3 & 9 ?is respect1 :atev] p]ta9s to ?is incl9ation belongs to ! natural law2 = in/ance1 to %un ignorance1 to avoid (f5d+ ^? among :om "o has to live1 & o!r su* ?+s reg>d+ ! above incl9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ^! precepts ( ! law ( nature h ! "* ( "o natural law1 inasmu* z !y fl[ f "o fir/ precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ! incl9ations ( any p>ts :atsoev] ( human nature1 e4g4 ( ! concupiscible & irascible p>ts1 9 s f> z !y are rul$ by reason1 belong to ! natural law1 & are r$uc$ to "o fir/ precept1 z /at$ above3 s t ! precepts ( ! natural law are _m 9 !mselves1 b are bas$ on "o common f\ndation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh reason is "o 9 itself1 yet x directs all ?+s reg>d+ man2 s t :atev] c be rul$ by reason1 is conta9$ "u ! law ( reason4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,all ,acts ( ,virtue ,are ,prescrib$ by ! ,natural ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all acts ( virtue are prescrib$ by ! natural law4 ,because1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b7 x is ess5tial to a law t x be orda9$ to ! common good4 ,b "s acts ( virtue are orda9$ to ! private good ( ! individual1 z is evid5t especially 9 reg>ds to acts ( temp]ance4 ,!re=e n all acts ( virtue are ! subject ( natural law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is oppos$ to "s virtu\s act4 ,if !re=e all acts ( virtue are prescrib$ by ! natural law1 x seems to foll[ t all s9s are aga9/ nature3 :]eas ?is applies to c]ta9 special s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature are common to all4 ,b acts ( virtue are n common to all3 s9ce a ?+ is virtu\s 9 "o1 & vici\s 9 ano!r4 ,!re=e n all acts ( virtue are prescrib$ by ! natural law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #d7 t virtues are natural4 ,!re=e virtu\s acts also are a subject ( ! natural law4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ( virtu\s acts 9 two ways3 fir/1 "u ! aspect ( virtu\s2 secondly1 z su* & su* acts consid]$ 9 _! prop] species4 ,if !n we speak ( acts ( virtue1 consid]$ z virtu\s1 ?us all virtu\s acts belong to ! natural law4 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #b7 t to ! natural law belongs ev]y?+ to :i* a man is incl9$ accord+ to 8 nature4 ,n[ ea* ?+ is incl9$ naturally to an op]ation t is suitable to x accord+ to its =m3 ?us fire is incl9$ to give heat4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ! rational s\l is ! prop] =m ( man1 !re is 9 e man a natural incl9ation to act accord+ to reason3 & ?is is to act accord+ to virtue4 ,consequ5tly1 consid]$ ?us1 all acts ( virtue are prescrib$ by ! natural law3 s9ce ea* "o's reason naturally dictates to him to act virtu\sly4 ,b if we speak ( virtu\s acts1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 i4e4 9 _! prop] species1 ?us n all virtu\s acts are prescrib$ by ! natural law3 = _m ?+s are done virtu\sly1 to :i* nature does n incl9e at fir/2 b :i*1 ?r\gh ! inquiry ( reason1 h be5 f\nd by m5 to be conducive to well-liv+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,temp]ance is ab\t ! natural concupisc5ces ( food1 dr9k & sexual matt]s1 :i* are inde$ orda9$ to ! natural common good1 j z o!r matt]s ( law are orda9$ to ! moral common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by human nature we may mean ei!r t :i* is prop] to man--& 9 ?is s5se all s9s1 z be+ aga9/ reason1 are also aga9/ nature1 z ,damasc5e /ates 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #cj73 or we may mean t nature :i* is common to man & o!r animals2 & 9 ?is s5se1 c]ta9 special s9s are said to be aga9/ nature2 ?us contr>y to sexual int]c\rse1 :i* is natural to all animals1 is unisexual lu/1 :i* has receiv$ ! special "n ( ! unnatural crime4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s acts 9 !mselves4 ,= x is ow+ to ! v>i\s conditions ( m51 t c]ta9 acts are virtu\s = "s1 z be+ proportionate & becom+ to !m1 :ile !y are vici\s = o!rs1 z be+ out ( proportion to !m4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,natural ,law ,is ! ,same 9 ,all ,m58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! natural law is n ! same 9 all4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 i7 t ! natural law is t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,law & ! ,gospel4 ,b ?is is n common to all m52 because1 z x is writt5 7,rom4 #aj3af71 all d n obey ! gospel4 ,!re=e ! natural law is n ! same 9 all m54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,?+s :i* are accord+ to ! law are said to be j1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v4 ,b x is /at$ 9 ! same book t no?+ is s univ]sally j z n to be subject to *ange 9 reg>d to "s m54 ,!re=e ev5 ! natural law is n ! same 9 all m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 to ! natural law belongs ev]y?+ to :i* a man is incl9$ accord+ to 8 nature4 ,n[ diff]5t m5 are naturally incl9$ to diff]5t ?+s2 "s to ! desire ( pleasures1 o!rs to ! desire ( honors1 & o!r m5 to o!r ?+s4 ,!re=e !re is n "o natural law = all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #d73 ,! natural law is common to all nations4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 to ! natural law belong ^? ?+s to :i* a man is incl9$ naturally3 & among ^! x is prop] to man to be incl9$ to act accord+ to reason4 ,n[ ! process ( reason is f ! common to ! prop]1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 i4 ,! speculative reason1 h[ev]1 is diff]5tly situat$ 9 ?is matt]1 f ! practical reason4 ,=1 s9ce ! speculative reason is busi$ *iefly ) necess>y ?+s1 :i* _c be o!rwise ?an !y are1 its prop] conclusions1 l ! univ]sal pr9ciples1 conta9 ! tru? )\t fail4 ,! practical reason1 on ! o!r h&1 is busi$ ) cont+5t matt]s1 ab\t :i* human actions are conc]n$3 & consequ5tly1 al?\gh !re is necessity 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples1 ! m we desc5d to matt]s ( detail1 ! m frequ5tly we enc\nt] defects4 ,accord+ly !n 9 speculative matt]s tru? is ! same 9 all m51 bo? z to pr9ciples & z to conclusions3 al?\gh ! tru? is n kn[n to all z reg>ds ! conclusions1 b only z reg>ds ! pr9ciples :i* are call$ common notions4 ,b 9 matt]s ( action1 tru? or practical rectitude is n ! same = all1 z to matt]s ( detail1 b only z to ! g5]al pr9ciples3 & :]e !re is ! same rectitude 9 matt]s ( detail1 x is n equally kn[n to all4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 z reg>ds ! g5]al pr9ciples :e!r ( speculative or ( practical reason1 tru? or rectitude is ! same = all1 & is equally kn[n by all4 ,z to ! prop] conclusions ( ! speculative reason1 ! tru? is ! same = all1 b is n equally kn[n to all3 ?us x is true = all t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are toge!r equal to two "r angles1 al?\gh x is n kn[n to all4 ,b z to ! prop] conclusions ( ! practical reason1 nei!r is ! tru? or rectitude ! same = all1 nor1 :]e x is ! same1 is x equally kn[n by all4 ,?us x is "r & true = all to act accord+ to reason3 & f ?is pr9ciple x foll[s z a prop] conclusion1 t goods entru/$ to ano!r %\ld be re/or$ to _! own]4 ,n[ ?is is true = ! majority ( cases3 b x may happ5 9 a p>ticul> case t x w\ld be injuri\s1 & !re=e unreasonable1 to re/ore goods held 9 tru/2 = in/ance1 if !y are claim$ = ! purpose ( fight+ aga9/ "o's c\ntry4 ,& ?is pr9ciple w be f\nd to fail ! m1 accord+ z we desc5d fur!r into detail1 e4g4 if "o 7 to say t goods held 9 tru/ %\ld be re/or$ ) su* & su* a gu>antee1 or 9 su* & su* a way2 because ! great] ! numb] ( conditions add$1 ! great] ! numb] ( ways 9 :i* ! pr9ciple may fail1 s t x be n "r to re/ore or n to re/ore4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ say t ! natural law1 z to g5]al pr9ciples1 is ! same = all1 bo? z to rectitude & z to k4 ,b z to c]ta9 matt]s ( detail1 :i* are conclusions1 z x 71 ( ^? g5]al pr9ciples1 x is ! same = all 9 ! majority ( cases1 bo? z to rectitude & z to k2 & yet 9 "s few cases x may fail1 bo? z to rectitude1 by reason ( c]ta9 ob/acles 7j z natures subject to g5]ation & corruption fail 9 "s few cases on acc\nt ( "s ob/acle71 & z to k1 s9ce 9 "s ! reason is p]v]t$ by passion1 or evil habit1 or an evil disposition ( nature2 ?us =m]ly1 !ft1 al?\gh x is expressly contr>y to ! natural law1 0 n consid]$ wrong among ! ,g]mans1 z ,julius ,caes> relates 7,de ,bello ,gall4 vi74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce quot$ is n t :atev] is conta9$ 9 ! ,law & ! ,gospel belongs to ! natural law1 s9ce !y conta9 _m ?+s t are above nature2 b t :atev] belongs to ! natural law is fully conta9$ 9 !m4 ,:]e=e ,gratian1 aft] say+ t ! natural law is :at is conta9$ 9 ! ,law & ! ,gospel1 adds at once1 by way ( example1 by :i* ev]yone is comm&$ to d to o!rs z he w\ld be done by4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! say+ ( ! ,philosoph] is to be und]/ood ( ?+s t are naturally j1 n z g5]al pr9ciples1 b z conclusions drawn f !m1 hav+ rectitude 9 ! majority ( cases1 b fail+ 9 a few4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z1 9 man1 reason rules & comm&s ! o!r p[]s1 s all ! natural incl9ations belong+ to ! o!r p[]s mu/ ne$s be direct$ accord+ to reason4 ,:]e=e x is univ]sally "r = all m51 t all _! incl9ations %\ld be direct$ accord+ to reason4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,natural ,law ,c ,be ,*ang$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! natural law c be *ang$4 ,because on ,ecclus4 #ag3i1 ,he gave !m in/ructions1 & ! law ( life1 ! gloss says3 ,he wi%$ ! law ( ! lett] to be writt51 9 ord] to correct ! law ( nature4 ,b t :i* is correct$ is *ang$4 ,!re=e ! natural law c be *ang$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! slay+ ( ! innoc5t1 adult]y1 & !ft are aga9/ ! natural law4 ,b we f9d ^! ?+s *ang$ by ,god3 z :5 ,god comm&$ ,abraham to slay 8 innoc5t son 7,g54 #bb3b72 & :5 he ord]$ ! ,jews to borr[ & purlo9 ! vessels ( ! ,egyptians 7,ex4 #ab3ce72 & :5 ,he comm&$ ,osee to take to himself a wife ( =nications 7,osee #a3b74 ,!re=e ! natural law c be *ang$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 #e3d7 t ! possession ( all ?+s 9 common1 & univ]sal fre$om1 are matt]s ( natural law4 ,b ^! ?+s are se5 to be *ang$ by human laws4 ,!re=e x seems t ! natural law is subject to *ange4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 v73 ,! natural law dates f ! creation ( ! rational creature4 ,x does n v>y accord+ to "t1 b rema9s un*angeable4 ,i answ] t1 ,a *ange 9 ! natural law may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by way ( addition4 ,9 ?is s5se no?+ h9d]s ! natural law f be+ *ang$3 s9ce _m ?+s = ! b5efit ( human life h be5 add$ ov] & above ! natural law1 bo? by ! ,div9e law & by human laws4 ,secondly1 a *ange 9 ! natural law may be und]/ood by way ( subtraction1 s t :at previ\sly 0 accord+ to ! natural law1 ceases to be s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! natural law is altoge!r un*angeable 9 its fir/ pr9ciples3 b 9 its second>y pr9ciples1 :i*1 z we h said 7,a4 #d71 are c]ta9 detail$ proximate conclusions drawn f ! fir/ pr9ciples1 ! natural law is n *ang$ s t :at x prescribes be n "r 9 mo/ cases4 ,b x may be *ang$ 9 "s p>ticul> cases ( r>e occurr5ce1 ?r\gh "s special causes h9d]+ ! obs]vance ( su* precepts1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! writt5 law is said to be giv5 = ! correction ( ! natural law1 ei!r because x supplies :at 0 want+ to ! natural law2 or because ! natural law 0 p]v]t$ 9 ! he>ts ( "s m51 z to c]ta9 matt]s1 s t !y e/eem$ ^? ?+s good :i* are naturally evil2 :i* p]v]sion /ood 9 ne$ ( correction4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all m5 alike1 bo? guilty & innoc5t1 die ! dea? ( nature3 :i* dea? ( nature is inflict$ by ! p[] ( ,god on acc\nt ( orig9al s91 accord+ to #a ,k+s #b3f3 ,! ,"l kille? & make? alive4 ,consequ5tly1 by ! comm& ( ,god1 dea? c be inflict$ on any man1 guilty or innoc5t1 )\t any inju/ice :atev]4 ,9 l mann] adult]y is int]c\rse ) ano!r's wife2 :o is allott$ to him by ! law emanat+ f ,god4 ,consequ5tly int]c\rse ) any woman1 by ! comm& ( ,god1 is nei!r adult]y nor =nication4 ,! same applies to !ft1 :i* is ! tak+ ( ano!r's prop]ty4 ,= :atev] is tak5 by ! comm& ( ,god1 to ,:om all ?+s belong1 is n tak5 aga9/ ! w ( its own]1 :]eas x is 9 ?is t !ft consi/s4 ,nor is x only 9 human ?+s1 t :atev] is comm&$ by ,god is "r2 b also 9 natural ?+s1 :atev] is done by ,god1 is1 9 "s way1 natural1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p1 ,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a ?+ is said to belong to ! natural law 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because nature incl9es !reto3 e4g4 t "o %\ld n d h>m to ano!r4 ,secondly1 because nature did n br+ 9 ! contr>y3 ?us we might say t = man to be nak$ is ( ! natural law1 because nature did n give him clo!s1 b art inv5t$ !m4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! possession ( all ?+s 9 common & univ]sal fre$om are said to be ( ! natural law1 because1 to wit1 ! di/9ction ( possessions & slav]y 7 n br\ght 9 by nature1 b devis$ by human reason = ! b5efit ( human life4 ,accord+ly ! law ( nature 0 n *ang$ 9 ?is respect1 except by addition4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,law ( ,nature ,c ,be ,aboli%$ f ! ,he>t ( ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! natural law c be aboli%$ f ! he>t ( man4 ,because on ,rom4 #b3ad1 ,:5 ! ,g5tiles :o h n ! law1 etc4 a gloss says t ! law ( righte\sness1 :i* s9 _h blott$ out1 is grav5 on ! he>t ( man :5 he is re/or$ by grace4 ,b ! law ( righte\sness is ! law ( nature4 ,!re=e ! law ( nature c be blott$ out4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! law ( grace is m efficaci\s ?an ! law ( nature4 ,b ! law ( grace is blott$ out by s94 ,mu* m !re=e c ! law ( nature be blott$ out4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is e/abli%$ by law is made j4 ,b _m ?+s are enact$ by m51 :i* are contr>y to ! law ( nature4 ,!re=e ! law ( nature c be aboli%$ f ! he>t ( man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ii73 ,?y law is writt5 9 ! he>ts ( m51 :i* iniquity itself effaces n4 ,b ! law :i* is writt5 9 m5's he>ts is ! natural law4 ,!re=e ! natural law _c be blott$ out4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #d1 #e71 !re belong to ! natural law1 fir/1 c]ta9 mo/ g5]al precepts1 t are kn[n to all2 & secondly1 c]ta9 second>y & m detail$ precepts1 :i* are1 z x 71 conclusions foll[+ closely f fir/ pr9ciples4 ,z to ^? g5]al pr9ciples1 ! natural law1 9 ! ab/ract1 c n[ise be blott$ out f m5's he>ts4 ,b x is blott$ out 9 ! case ( a p>ticul> action1 9 s f> z reason is h9d]$ f apply+ ! g5]al pr9ciple to a p>ticul> po9t ( practice1 on acc\nt ( concupisc5ce or "s o!r passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #b74 ,b z to ! o!r1 i4e4 ! second>y precepts1 ! natural law c be blott$ out f ! human he>t1 ei!r by evil p]suasions1 j z 9 speculative matt]s errors occur 9 respect ( necess>y conclusions2 or by vici\s cu/oms & corrupt habits1 z among "s m51 !ft1 & ev5 unnatural vices1 z ! ,apo/le /ates 7,rom4 i71 7 n e/eem$ s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9 blots out ! law ( nature 9 p>ticul> cases1 n univ]sally1 except p]*ance 9 reg>d to ! second>y precepts ( ! natural law1 9 ! way /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh grace is m efficaci\s ?an nature1 yet nature is m ess5tial to man1 & !re=e m endur+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t is true ( ! second>y precepts ( ! natural law1 aga9/ :i* "s legislators h fram$ c]ta9 enactm5ts :i* are unju/4 ,,"q #ie ,,( ,,human ,,law 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] human law2 & 7#a7 ?is law consid]$ 9 itself2 7#b7 its p[]2 7#c7 its mutability4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,its utility4 7#b7 ,its orig94 7#c7 ,its quality4 7#d7 ,its division4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,0 ,useful = ,laws to ,be ,fram$ by ,m58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 n useful = laws to be fram$ by m54 ,because ! purpose ( e law is t man be made good !reby1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #a74 ,b m5 are m to be induc$ to be good will+ly by means ( admonitions1 ?an aga9/ _! w1 by means ( laws4 ,!re=e !re 0 no ne$ to frame laws4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #d71 m5 h rec\rse to a judge z to animate ju/ice4 ,b animate ju/ice is bett] ?an inanimate ju/ice1 :i* conta9$ 9 laws4 ,!re=e x w\ld h be5 bett] = ! execution ( ju/ice to be entru/$ to ! decision ( judges1 ?an to frame laws 9 addition4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e law is fram$ = ! direction ( human actions1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b s9ce human actions are ab\t s+ul>s1 :i* are inf9ite 9 numb]1 matt] p]ta9+ to ! direction ( human actions _c be tak5 into suffici5t consid]ation except by a wise man1 :o looks into ea* "o ( !m4 ,!re=e x w\ld h be5 bett] = human acts to be direct$ by ! judgm5t ( wise m51 ?an by ! fram+ ( laws4 ,!re=e !re 0 no ne$ ( human laws4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #bj73 ,laws 7 made t 9 fe> !re( human audacity might be held 9 *eck1 t innoc5ce might be safegu>d$ 9 ! mid/ ( wick$ness1 & t ! dread ( puni%m5t might prev5t ! wick$ f do+ h>m4 ,b ^! ?+s are mo/ necess>y to mank9d4 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y t human laws %\ld be made4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #id1 ,a4 #c71 man has a natural aptitude = virtue2 b ! p]fection ( virtue mu/ be acquir$ by man by means ( "s k9d ( tra9+4 ,?us we obs]ve t man is help$ by indu/ry 9 8 necessities1 = in/ance1 9 food & clo?+4 ,c]ta9 beg9n+s ( ^! he has f nature1 viz4 8 reason & 8 h&s2 b he has n ! full complem5t1 z o!r animals h1 to :om nature has giv5 suffici5cy ( clo?+ & food4 ,n[ x is difficult to see h[ man c\ld suffice = himself 9 ! matt] ( ?is tra9+3 s9ce ! p]fection ( virtue consi/s *iefly 9 )draw+ man f undue pleasures1 to :i* above all man is incl9$1 & especially ! "y1 :o are m capable ( be+ tra9$4 ,consequ5tly a man ne$s to receive ?is tra9+ f ano!r1 :]eby to arrive at ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,& z to ^? "y p :o are incl9$ to acts ( virtue1 by _! good natural disposition1 or by cu/om1 or r by ! gift ( ,god1 pat]nal tra9+ suffices1 :i* is by admonitions4 ,b s9ce "s are f\nd to be deprav$1 & prone to vice1 & n easily am5able to words1 x 0 necess>y = su* to be re/ra9$ f evil by =ce & fe>1 9 ord] t1 at lea/1 !y might desi/ f evil-do+1 & leave o!rs 9 peace1 & t !y !mselves1 by be+ habituat$ 9 ?is way1 might be br\ght to d will+ly :at hi!rto !y did f fe>1 & ?us become virtu\s4 ,n[ ?is k9d ( tra9+1 :i* compels ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 is ! discipl9e ( laws4 ,!re=e 9 ord] t man might h peace & virtue1 x 0 necess>y = laws to be fram$3 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #b71 z man is ! mo/ noble ( animals if he be p]fect 9 virtue1 s is he ! l[e/ ( all1 if he be sev]$ f law & righte\sness2 because man c use 8 reason to devise means ( satisfy+ 8 lu/s & evil passions1 :i* o!r animals are unable to d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m5 :o are well dispos$ are l$ will+ly to virtue by be+ admoni%$ bett] ?an by co]cion3 b m5 :o are evilly dispos$ are n l$ to virtue unless !y are compell$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #a71 x is bett] t all ?+s be regulat$ by law1 ?an left to be decid$ by judges3 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because x is easi] to f9d a few wise m5 compet5t to frame "r laws1 ?an to f9d ! _m :o w\ld be necess>y to judge aright ( ea* s+le case4 ,secondly1 because ^? :o make laws consid] long be=eh& :at laws to make2 :]eas judgm5t on ea* s+le case has to be pron\nc$ z soon z x arises3 & x is easi] = man to see :at is "r1 by tak+ _m in/ances into consid]ation1 ?an by consid]+ "o solit>y fact4 ,?irdly1 because lawgiv]s judge 9 ! ab/ract & ( future ev5ts2 :]eas ^? :o sit 9 judgm5t judge ( ?+s pres5t1 t[>ds :i* !y are affect$ by love1 hatr$1 or "s k9d ( cupidity2 :]e=e _! judgm5t is p]v]t$4 ,s9ce !n ! animat$ ju/ice ( ! judge is n f\nd 9 e man1 & s9ce x c be deflect$1 !re=e x 0 necess>y1 :5ev] possible1 = ! law to det]m9e h[ to judge1 & = v few matt]s to be left to ! decision ( m54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c]ta9 individual facts :i* _c be cov]$ by ! law h necess>ily to be committ$ to judges1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! same passage3 = in/ance1 conc]n+ some?+ t has happ5$ or n happ5$1 & ! l4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,e ,human ,law ,is ,d]iv$ f ! ,natural ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n e human law is d]iv$ f ! natural law4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #g7 t ! legal j is t :i* orig9ally 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* arise f ! natural law are n matt]s ( indiff]5ce4 ,!re=e ! enactm5ts ( human laws are n d]iv$ f ! natural law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 positive law is contra/$ ) natural law1 z /at$ by ,isidore 7,etym4 v1 #d7 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #g74 ,b ^? ?+s :i* fl[ z conclusions f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! natural law belong to ! natural law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #id1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e t :i* is e/abli%$ by human law does n belong to ! natural law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! law ( nature is ! same = all2 s9ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #g7 t ! natural j is t :i* is equally valid ev]y:]e4 ,if !re=e human laws 7 d]iv$ f ! natural law1 x w\ld foll[ t !y too are ! same = all3 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is possible to give a reason = ?+s :i* are d]iv$ f ! natural law4 ,b x is n possible to give ! reason = all ! legal enactm5ts ( ! lawgiv]s1 z ! juri/ says 99,p&ect4 ,ju/94 lib4 i1 ff1 tit4 iii1 v2 ,de ,leg4 et ,s5at44 ,!re=e n all human laws are d]iv$ f ! natural law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,rhet4 ii73 ,?+s :i* emanat$ f nature & 7 approv$ by cu/om1 7 sanction$ by fe> & rev]5ce = ! laws4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e7 t :i* is n j seems to be no law at all3 :]e=e ! =ce ( a law dep5ds on ! ext5t ( its ju/ice4 ,n[ 9 human affairs a ?+ is said to be j1 f be+ "r1 accord+ to ! rule ( reason4 ,b ! fir/ rule ( reason is ! law ( nature1 z is cle> f :at has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,consequ5tly e human law has j s mu* ( ! nature ( law1 z x is d]iv$ f ! law ( nature4 ,b if 9 any po9t x deflects f ! law ( nature1 x is no long] a law b a p]v]sion ( law4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t some?+ may be d]iv$ f ! natural law 9 two ways3 fir/1 z a conclusion f premises1 secondly1 by way ( det]m9ation ( c]ta9 g5]alities4 ,! fir/ way is l to t by :i*1 9 sci5ces1 demon/rat$ conclusions are drawn f ! pr9ciples3 :ile ! second mode is lik5$ to t :]eby1 9 ! arts1 g5]al =ms are p>ticul>iz$ z to details3 ?us ! craftsman ne$s to det]m9e ! g5]al =m ( a h\se to "s p>ticul> %ape4 ,"s ?+s are !re=e d]iv$ f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! natural law1 by way ( conclusions2 e4g4 t "o mu/ n kill may be d]iv$ z a conclusion f ! pr9ciple t "o %\ld d h>m to no man3 :ile "s are d]iv$ !refrom by way ( det]m9ation2 e4g4 ! law ( nature has x t ! evil-do] %\ld be puni%$2 b t he be puni%$ 9 ?is or t way1 is a det]m9ation ( ! law ( nature4 ,accord+ly bo? modes ( d]ivation are f\nd 9 ! human law4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* are d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ way1 are conta9$ 9 human law n z emanat+ !refrom exclusively1 b h "s =ce f ! natural law also4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* are d]iv$ 9 ! second way1 h no o!r =ce ?an t ( human law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ( ^? enactm5ts :i* are by way ( det]m9ation or specification ( ! precepts ( ! natural law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t avails = ^? ?+s t are d]iv$ f ! natural law1 by way ( conclusions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! natural law _c be appli$ to all m5 9 ! same way on acc\nt ( ! great v>iety ( human affairs3 & h5ce arises ! div]sity ( positive laws among v>i\s p4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^! words ( ! ,juri/ are to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to decisions ( rul]s 9 det]m9+ p>ticul> po9ts ( ! natural law3 on :i* det]m9ations ! judgm5t ( exp]t & prud5t m5 is bas$ z on its pr9ciples2 9 s f>1 to wit1 z !y see at once :at is ! be/ ?+ to decide4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #aa7 t 9 su* matt]s1 we ought to pay z mu* att5tion to ! undemon/rat$ say+s & op9ions ( p]sons :o surpass u 9 exp]i5ce1 age & prud5ce1 z to _! demon/rations4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,isidore's ,description ( ! ,quality ( ,positive ,law ,is ,appropriate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,isidore's description ( ! quality ( positive law is n appropriate1 :5 he says 7,etym4 v1 #ba73 ,law %all be virtu\s1 j1 possible to nature1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 suitable to place & "t1 necess>y1 useful2 cle>ly express$1 le/ by its obscurity x lead to misund]/&+2 fram$ = no private b5efit1 b = ! common good4 ,because he _h previ\sly express$ ! quality ( law 9 ?ree conditions1 say+ t law is any?+ f\nd$ on reason1 provid$ t x fo/] religion1 be helpful to discipl9e1 & fur!r ! common weal4 ,!re=e x 0 ne$less to add any fur!r conditions to ^!4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ju/ice is includ$ 9 hone/y1 z ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 vii74 ,!re=e aft] say+ hone/ x 0 sup]flu\s to add j4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 writt5 law is condivid$ ) cu/om1 accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 ii1 #aj74 ,!re=e x %\ld n be /at$ 9 ! def9ition ( law t x is accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ may be necess>y 9 two ways4 ,x may be necess>y simply1 because x _c be o!rwise3 & t :i* is necess>y 9 ?is way1 is n subject to human judgm5t1 :]e=e human law is n conc]n$ ) necessity ( ?is k9d4 ,aga9 a ?+ may be necess>y = an end3 & ?is necessity is ! same z usefulness4 ,!re=e x is sup]flu\s to say bo? necess>y & useful4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,isidore4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5ev] a ?+ is = an end1 its =m mu/ be det]m9$ proportionately to t end2 z ! =m ( a saw is su* z to be suitable = cutt+ 7,phys4 ii1 text4 #hh74 ,aga91 ev]y?+ t is rul$ & measur$ mu/ h a =m proportionate to its rule & measure4 ,n[ bo? ^! conditions are v]ifi$ ( human law3 s9ce x is bo? some?+ orda9$ to an end2 & is a rule or measure rul$ or measur$ by a high] measure4 ,& ?is high] measure is tw(old1 viz4 ! ,div9e law & ! natural law1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ic1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ ! end ( human law is to be useful to man1 z ! ,juri/ /ates 99,p&ect4 ,ju/94 lib4 xxv1 ff41 tit4 iii2 ,de ,leg4 et ,s5at44 ,:]e=e ,isidore 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( law1 lays d[n1 at fir/1 ?ree conditions2 viz4 t x fo/] religion1 inasmu* z x is proportionate to ! ,div9e law2 t x be helpful to discipl9e1 inasmu* z x is proportionate to ! nature law2 & t x fur!r ! common weal1 inasmu* z x is proportionate to ! utility ( mank9d4 ,all ! o!r conditions m5tion$ by him are r$uc$ to ^! ?ree4 ,= x is call$ virtu\s because x fo/]s religion4 ,& :5 he goes on to say t x %\ld be j1 possible to nature1 accord+ to ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 adapt$ to place & "t1 he implies t x %\ld be helpful to discipl9e4 ,= human discipl9e dep5ds fir/ on ! ord] ( reason1 to :i* he ref]s by say+ j3 secondly1 x dep5ds on ! ability ( ! ag5t2 because discipl9e %\ld be adapt$ to ea* "o accord+ to 8 ability1 tak+ also into acc\nt ! ability ( nature 7= ! same burd5s %\ld n be laid on *ildr5 z adults72 & %\ld be accord+ to human cu/oms2 s9ce man _c live alone 9 society1 pay+ no he$ to o!rs3 ?irdly1 x dep5ds on c]ta9 circum/ances1 9 respect ( :i* he says1 adapt$ to place & "t4 ,! rema9+ words1 necess>y1 useful1 etc4 mean t law %\ld fur!r ! common weal3 s t necessity ref]s to ! removal ( evils2 usefulness to ! atta9m5t ( good2 cle>ness ( expression1 to ! ne$ ( prev5t+ any h>m ensu+ f ! law itself4 ,& s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b71 law is orda9$ to ! common good1 ?is is express$ 9 ! la/ "p ( ! description4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,isidore's ,division ( ,human ,laws ,is ,appropriate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,isidore wrongly divid$ human /atutes or human law 7,etym4 v1 #d1 seqq474 ,= "u ?is law he includes ! law ( nations1 s call$1 because1 z he says1 ne>ly all nations use x4 ,b z he says1 natural law is t :i* is common to all nations4 ,!re=e ! law ( nations is n conta9$ "u positive human law1 b r "u natural law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? laws :i* h ! same =ce1 seem to diff] n =mally b only mat]ially4 ,b /atutes1 decrees ( ! commonalty1 s5atorial decrees1 & ! l :i* he m5tions 7,etym4 v1 #i71 all h ! same =ce4 ,!re=e !y d n diff]1 except mat]ially4 ,b art takes no notice ( su* a di/9ction3 s9ce x may g on to inf9ity4 ,!re=e ?is division ( human laws is n appropriate4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z1 9 ! /ate1 !re are pr9ces1 prie/s & soldi]s1 s are !re o!r human (fices4 ,!re=e x seems t1 z ?is division includes milit>y law1 & public law1 ref]r+ to prie/s & magi/rates2 s also x %\ld include o!r laws p]ta9+ to o!r (fices ( ! /ate4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s t are accid5tal %\ld be pass$ ov]4 ,b x is accid5tal to law t x be fram$ by ?is or t man4 ,!re=e x is unreasonable to divide laws accord+ to ! names ( lawgiv]s1 s t "o be call$ ! ,cornelian law1 ano!r ! ,falcidian law1 etc4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! au?ority ( ,isidore 7,obj4 #a7 suffices4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ c ( itself be divid$ 9 respect ( some?+ conta9$ 9 ! notion ( t ?+4 ,?us a s\l ei!r rational or irrational is conta9$ 9 ! notion ( animal3 & !re=e animal is divid$ prop]ly & ( itself 9 respect ( its be+ rational or irrational2 b n 9 ! po9t ( its be+ :ite or black1 :i* are entirely beside ! notion ( animal4 ,n[1 9 ! notion ( human law1 _m ?+s are conta9$1 9 respect ( any ( :i* human law c be divid$ prop]ly & ( itself4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place x belongs to ! notion ( human law1 to be d]iv$ f ! law ( nature1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,9 ?is respect positive law is divid$ into ! law ( nations & civil law1 accord+ to ! two ways 9 :i* some?+ may be d]iv$ f ! law ( nature1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,because1 to ! law ( nations belong ^? ?+s :i* are d]iv$ f ! law ( nature1 z conclusions f premises1 e4g4 j buy+s & sell+s1 & ! l1 )\t :i* m5 _c live toge!r1 :i* is a po9t ( ! law ( nature1 s9ce man is by nature a social animal1 z is prov$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #b4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* are d]iv$ f ! law ( nature by way ( p>ticul> det]m9ation1 belong to ! civil law1 accord+ z ea* /ate decides on :at is be/ = itself4 ,secondly1 x belongs to ! notion ( human law1 to be orda9$ to ! common good ( ! /ate4 ,9 ?is respect human law may be divid$ accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( m5 :o "w 9 a special way = ! common good3 e4g4 prie/s1 by pray+ to ,god = ! p2 pr9ces1 by gov]n+ ! p2 soldi]s1 by fight+ = ! safety ( ! p4 ,:]e=e c]ta9 special k9ds ( law are adapt$ to ^! m54 ,?irdly1 x belongs to ! notion ( human law1 to be fram$ by t "o :o gov]ns ! community ( ! /ate1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #c74 ,9 ?is respect1 !re are v>i\s human laws accord+ to ! v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,( ^!1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 iii1 #aj7 "o is mon>*y1 i4e4 :5 ! /ate is gov]n$ by "o2 & !n we h ,royal ,ord9ances4 ,ano!r =m is ari/ocracy1 i4e4 gov]nm5t by ! be/ m5 or m5 ( highe/ rank2 & !n we h ! ,au?oritative legal op9ions 7,responsa ,prud5tum7 & ,decrees ( ! ,s5ate 7,s5atus consulta74 ,ano!r =m is olig>*y1 i4e4 gov]nm5t by a few ri* & p[]ful m52 & !n we h ,praetorian1 also call$ ,honor>y1 law4 ,ano!r =m ( gov]nm5t is t ( ! p1 :i* is call$ democracy1 & !re we h ,decrees ( ! commonalty 7,plebiscita74 ,!re is also tyrannical gov]nm5t1 :i* is altoge!r corrupt1 :i*1 !re=e1 has no correspond+ law4 ,f9ally1 !re is a =m ( gov]nm5t made up ( all ^!1 & :i* is ! be/3 & 9 ?is respect we h law sanction$ by ! ,lords & ,commons1 z /at$ by ,isidore 7,etym4 v1 #d1 seqq474 ,f\r?ly1 x belongs to ! notion ( human law to direct human actions4 ,9 ?is respect1 accord+ to ! v>i\s matt]s ( :i* ! law treats1 !re are v>i\s k9ds ( laws1 :i* are sometimes nam$ aft] _! au?ors3 ?us we h ! ,lex ,julia ab\t adult]y1 ! ,lex ,cornelia conc]n+ assass9s1 & s on1 diff]5tiat$ 9 ?is way1 n on acc\nt ( ! au?ors1 b on acc\nt ( ! matt]s to :i* !y ref]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! law ( nations is inde$1 9 "s way1 natural to man1 9 s f> z he is a reasonable be+1 because x is d]iv$ f ! natural law by way ( a conclusion t is n v remote f its premises4 ,:]e=e m5 easily agre$ !reto4 ,nev]!less x is di/9ct f ! natural law1 especially x is di/9ct f ! natural law :i* is common to all animals4 ,! ,replies to ! o!r ,objections are evid5t f :at has be5 said4 ,,"q #if ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,human ,,law 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p[] ( human law4 ,"u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r human law %\ld be fram$ = ! community8 7#b7 ,:e!r human law %\ld repress all vices8 7#c7 ,:e!r human law is compet5t to direct all acts ( virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r x b9ds man 9 consci5ce8 7#e7 ,:e!r all m5 are subject to human law8 7#f7 ,:e!r ^? :o are "u ! law may act beside ! lett] ( ! law8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,human ,law ,%\ld ,be ,fram$ = ! ,community ,r ,?an = ! ,individual8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human law %\ld be fram$ n = ! community1 b r = ! individual4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #g7 t ! legal j 4 4 4 includes all p>ticul> acts ( legislation 4 4 4 & all ^? matt]s :i* are ! subject ( decrees1 :i* are also individual matt]s1 s9ce decrees are fram$ ab\t individual actions4 ,!re=e law is fram$ n only = ! community1 b also = ! individual4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 law is ! director ( human acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b human acts are ab\t individual matt]s4 ,!re=e human laws %\ld be fram$1 n = ! community1 b r = ! individual4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 law is a rule & measure ( human acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b a measure %\ld be mo/ c]ta91 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x4 ,s9ce !re=e 9 human acts no g5]al proposition c be s c]ta9 z n to fail 9 "s individual cases1 x seems t laws %\ld be fram$ n 9 g5]al b = individual cases4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,juri/ says 7,p&ect4 ,ju/94 lib4 i1 tit4 iii1 art4 ii2 ,de legibus1 etc47 t laws %\ld be made to suit ! majority ( in/ances2 & !y are n fram$ accord+ to :at may possibly happ5 9 an individual case4 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] is = an end %\ld be proportionate to t end4 ,n[ ! end ( law is ! common good2 because1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #ba7 t law %\ld be fram$1 n = any private b5efit1 b = ! common good ( all ! citiz5s4 ,h5ce human laws %\ld be proportionate to ! common good4 ,n[ ! common good comprises _m ?+s4 ,:]e=e law %\ld take acc\nt ( _m ?+s1 z to p]sons1 z to matt]s1 & z to times4 ,because ! community ( ! /ate is compos$ ( _m p]sons2 & its good is procur$ by _m actions2 nor is x e/abli%$ to endure = only a %ort "t1 b to la/ = all "t by ! citiz5s succe$+ "o ano!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ii1 #ba2 xxii1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #g7 divides ! legal j1 i4e4 positive law1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,= "s ?+s are laid d[n simply 9 a g5]al way3 & ^! are ! g5]al laws4 ,( ^! he says t ! legal is t :i* orig9ally 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 b :i*1 :5 enact$1 is s no long]3 z ! fix+ ( ! ransom ( a captive4 ,"s ?+s affect ! community 9 "o respect1 & individuals 9 ano!r4 ,^! are call$ privileges1 i4e4 private laws1 z x 71 because !y reg>d private p]sons1 al?\gh _! p[] ext5ds to _m matt]s2 & 9 reg>d to ^!1 he adds1 & fur!r1 all p>ticul> acts ( legislation4 ,o!r matt]s are legal1 n ?r\gh be+ laws1 b ?r\gh be+ applications ( g5]al laws to p>ticul> cases3 su* are decrees :i* h ! =ce ( law2 & 9 reg>d to ^!1 he adds all matt]s subject to decrees4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a pr9ciple ( direction %\ld be applicable to _m2 :]e=e 7,metaph4 x1 text4 #d7 ! ,philosoph] says t all ?+s belong+ to "o g5us1 are measur$ by "o1 :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 t g5us4 ,= if !re 7 z _m rules or measures z !re are ?+s measur$ or rul$1 !y w\ld cease to be ( use1 s9ce _! use consi/s 9 be+ applicable to _m ?+s4 ,h5ce law w\ld be ( no use1 if x did n ext5d fur!r ?an to "o s+le act4 ,because ! decrees ( prud5t m5 are made = ! purpose ( direct+ individual actions2 :]eas law is a g5]al precept1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we mu/ n seek ! same degree ( c]ta9ty 9 all ?+s 7,e?ic4 i1 #c74 ,consequ5tly 9 cont+5t matt]s1 su* z natural & human ?+s1 x is en\gh = a ?+ to be c]ta91 z be+ true 9 ! great] numb] ( in/ances1 ?\gh at times & less frequ5tly x fail4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to ! ,human ,law to ,repress ,all ,vices8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x belongs to human law to repress all vices4 ,= ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #bj7 t laws 7 made 9 ord] t1 9 fe> !re(1 man's audacity might be held 9 *eck4 ,b x w\ld n be held 9 *eck suffici5tly1 unless all evils 7 repress$ by law4 ,!re=e human laws %\ld repress all evils4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is to make ! citiz5s virtu\s4 ,b a man _c be virtu\s unless he =be> f all k9ds ( vice4 ,!re=e x belongs to human law to repress all vices4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human law is d]iv$ f ! natural law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #b74 ,b all vices are contr>y to ! law ( nature4 ,!re=e human law %\ld repress all vices4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we read 9 ,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e3 ,x seems to me t ! law :i* is writt5 = ! gov]n+ ( ! p rightly p]mits ^! ?+s1 & t ,div9e provid5ce puni%es !m4 ,b ,div9e provid5ce puni%es no?+ b vices4 ,!re=e human law rightly all[s "s vices1 by n repress+ !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 law is fram$ z a rule or measure ( human acts4 ,n[ a measure %\ld be homog5e\s ) t :i* x measures1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 text4 #c1 #d1 s9ce diff]5t ?+s are measur$ by diff]5t measures4 ,:]e=e laws impos$ on m5 %\ld also be 9 keep+ ) _! condition1 =1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #ba71 law %\ld be possible bo? accord+ to nature1 & accord+ to ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry4 ,n[ possibility or faculty ( action is due to an int]ior habit or disposition3 s9ce ! same ?+ is n possible to "o :o has n a virtu\s habit1 z is possible to "o :o has4 ,?us ! same is n possible to a *ild z to a full-gr[n man3 = :i* reason ! law = *ildr5 is n ! same z = adults1 s9ce _m ?+s are p]mitt$ to *ildr51 :i* 9 an adult are puni%$ by law or at any rate are op5 to blame4 ,9 l mann] _m ?+s are p]missible to m5 n p]fect 9 virtue1 :i* w\ld be intol]able 9 a virtu\s man4 ,n[ human law is fram$ = a numb] ( human be+s1 ! majority ( :om are n p]fect 9 virtue4 ,:]e=e human laws d n =bid all vices1 f :i* ! virtu\s ab/a91 b only ! m griev\s vices1 f :i* x is possible = ! majority to ab/a92 & *iefly ^? t are to ! hurt ( o!rs1 )\t ! prohibition ( :i* human society c\ld n be ma9ta9$3 ?us human law prohibits murd]1 !ft & su* l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,audacity seems to ref] to ! assail+ ( o!rs4 ,consequ5tly x belongs to ^? s9s *iefly :]eby "o's neighbor is injur$3 & ^! s9s are =bidd5 by human law1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! purpose ( human law is to lead m5 to virtue1 n sudd5ly1 b gradually4 ,:]e=e x does n lay ^u ! multitude ( imp]fect m5 ! burd5s ( ^? :o are already virtu\s1 viz4 t !y %\ld ab/a9 f all evil4 ,o!rwise ^! imp]fect ones1 be+ unable to be> su* precepts1 w\ld break out into yet great] evils3 ?us x is writt5 7,ps4 #cj3cc73 ,he t viol5tly bl[e? 8 nose1 br+e? out blood2 & 7,matt4 #i3ag7 t if new w9e1 i4e4 precepts ( a p]fect life1 is put into old bottles1 i4e4 into imp]fect m51 ! bottles break1 & ! w9e runne? out1 i4e4 ! precepts are despis$1 & ^? m51 f contempt1 break into evils worse /ill4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! natural law is a p>ticipation 9 u ( ! et]nal law3 :ile human law falls %ort ( ! et]nal law4 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e73 ,! law :i* is fram$ = ! gov]nm5t ( /ates1 all[s & leaves unpuni%$ _m ?+s t are puni%$ by ,div9e provid5ce4 ,nor1 if ?is law does n attempt to d ev]y?+1 is ?is a reason :y x %\ld be blam$ = :at x does4 ,:]e=e1 too1 human law does n prohibit ev]y?+ t is =bidd5 by ! natural law4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,human ,law ,prescribes ,acts ( ,all ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human law does n prescribe acts ( all ! virtues4 ,= vici\s acts are contr>y to acts ( virtue4 ,b human law does n prohibit all vices1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e nei!r does x prescribe all acts ( virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a virtu\s act proce$s f a virtue4 ,b virtue is ! end ( law2 s t :atev] is f a virtue1 _c come "u a precept ( law4 ,!re=e human law does n prescribe all acts ( virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 law is orda9$ to ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,b "s acts ( virtue are orda9$1 n to ! common good1 b to private good4 ,!re=e ! law does n prescribe all acts ( virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t ! law prescribes ! p]=mance ( ! acts ( a brave man 4 4 4 & ! acts ( ! temp]ate man 4 4 4 & ! acts ( ! meek man3 & 9 l mann] z reg>ds ! o!r virtues & vices1 prescrib+ ! =m]1 =bidd+ ! latt]4 ,i answ] t1 ,! species ( virtues are di/+ui%$ by _! objects1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ all ! objects ( virtues c be ref]r$ ei!r to ! private good ( an individual1 or to ! common good ( ! multitude3 ?us matt]s ( =titude may be a*iev$ ei!r = ! safety ( ! /ate1 or = uphold+ ! rights ( a fri5d1 & 9 l mann] ) ! o!r virtues4 ,b law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b7 is orda9$ to ! common good4 ,:]e=e !re is no virtue ^: acts _c be prescrib$ by ! law4 ,nev]!less human law does n prescribe conc]n+ all ! acts ( e virtue3 b only 9 reg>d to ^? t are orda9able to ! common good--ei!r imm$iately1 z :5 c]ta9 ?+s are done directly = ! common good--or m$iately1 z :5 a lawgiv] prescribes c]ta9 ?+s p]ta9+ to good ord]1 :]eby ! citiz5s are direct$ 9 ! uphold+ ( ! common good ( ju/ice & peace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,human law does n =bid all vici\s acts1 by ! obligation ( a precept1 z nei!r does x prescribe all acts ( virtue4 ,b x =bids c]ta9 acts ( ea* vice1 j z x prescribes "s acts ( ea* virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an act is said to be an act ( virtue 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f ! fact t a man does some?+ virtu\s2 ?us ! act ( ju/ice is to d :at is "r1 & an act ( =titude is to d brave ?+s3 & 9 ?is way law prescribes c]ta9 acts ( virtue4 ,secondly an act ( virtue is :5 a man does a virtu\s ?+ 9 a way 9 :i* a virtu\s man does x4 ,su* an act always proce$s f virtue3 & x does n come "u a precept ( law1 b is ! end at :i* e lawgiv] aims4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is no virtue ^: act is n orda9able to ! common good1 z /at$ above1 ei!r m$iately or imm$iately4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,human ,law ,b9ds a ,man 9 ,consci5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human law does n b9d man 9 consci5ce4 ,= an inf]ior p[] has no jurisdiction 9 a c\rt ( high] p[]4 ,b ! p[] ( man1 :i* frames human law1 is b5ea? ! ,div9e p[]4 ,!re=e human law _c impose its precept 9 a ,div9e c\rt1 su* z is ! c\rt ( consci5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! judgm5t ( consci5ce dep5ds *iefly on ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,b sometimes ,god's comm&m5ts are made void by human laws1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ae3f3 ,y h made void ! comm&m5t ( ,god = y\r tradition4 ,!re=e human law does n b9d a man 9 consci5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human laws (t5 br+ loss ( "* & injury on man1 accord+ to ,isa4 #aj3a et seqq43 ,woe to !m t make wick$ laws1 & :5 !y write1 write inju/ice2 to oppress ! poor 9 judgm5t1 & d viol5ce to ! cause ( ! humble ( ,my p4 ,b x is lawful = anyone to avoid oppression & viol5ce4 ,!re=e human laws d n b9d man 9 consci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #b3ai73 ,?is is ?ankwor?y1 if = consci5ce 4 4 4 a man endure sorr[s1 suff]+ wrongfully4 ,i answ] t1 ,laws fram$ by man are ei!r j or unju/4 ,if !y be j1 !y h ! p[] ( b9d+ 9 consci5ce1 f ! et]nal law :5ce !y are d]iv$1 accord+ to ,prov4 #h3ae3 ,by ,me k+s reign1 & lawgiv]s decree j ?+s4 ,n[ laws are said to be j1 bo? f ! end1 :51 to wit1 !y are orda9$ to ! common good--& f _! au?or1 t is to say1 :5 ! law t is made does n exce$ ! p[] ( ! lawgiv]--& f _! =m1 :51 to wit1 burd5s are laid on ! subjects1 accord+ to an equality ( proportion & ) a view to ! common good4 ,=1 s9ce "o man is a "p ( ! community1 ea* man 9 all t he is & has1 belongs to ! community2 j z a "p1 9 all t x is1 belongs to ! :ole2 :]e=e nature inflicts a loss on ! "p1 9 ord] to save ! :ole3 s t on ?is acc\nt1 su* laws z ^!1 :i* impose proportionate burd5s1 are j & b9d+ 9 consci5ce1 & are legal laws4 ,on ! o!r h& laws may be unju/ 9 two ways3 fir/1 by be+ contr>y to human good1 ?r\gh be+ oppos$ to ! ?+s m5tion$ above--ei!r 9 respect ( ! end1 z :5 an au?ority imposes on 8 subjects burd5some laws1 conducive1 n to ! common good1 b r to 8 own cupidity or va+lory--or 9 respect ( ! au?or1 z :5 a man makes a law t goes beyond ! p[] committ$ to him--or 9 respect ( ! =m1 z :5 burd5s are impos$ unequally on ! community1 al?\gh ) a view to ! common good4 ,! l are acts ( viol5ce r ?an laws2 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e71 a law t is n j1 seems to be no law at all4 ,:]e=e su* laws d n b9d 9 consci5ce1 except p]haps 9 ord] to avoid sc&al or di/urbance1 = :i* cause a man %\ld ev5 yield 8 "r1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3dj1 #da3 ,if a man 4 4 4 take away ?y coat1 let g ?y cloak also unto him2 & :osoev] w =ce !e "o mile1 g ) him o!r two4 ,secondly1 laws may be unju/ ?r\gh be+ oppos$ to ! ,div9e good3 su* are ! laws ( tyrants induc+ to idolatry1 or to any?+ else contr>y to ! ,div9e law3 & laws ( ?is k9d mu/ n[ise be obs]v$1 because1 z /at$ 9 ,acts #e3bi1 we ought to obey ,god r ?an man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3a1 #b71 all human p[] is f ,god 4 4 4 !re=e he t resi/e? ! p[]1 9 matt]s t are )9 its scope1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god2 s t he becomes guilty accord+ to 8 consci5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t is true ( laws t are contr>y to ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 :i* is beyond ! scope ( 7human7 p[]4 ,:]e=e 9 su* matt]s human law %\ld n be obey$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t is true ( a law t inflicts unju/ hurt on its subjects4 ,! p[] t man holds f ,god does n ext5d to ?is3 :]e=e nei!r 9 su* matt]s is man b\nd to obey ! law1 provid$ he avoid giv+ sc&al or inflict+ a m griev\s hurt4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,all ,are ,subject to ! ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all are subject to ! law4 ,= ^? alone are subject to a law = :om a law is made4 ,b ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3i73 ,! law is n made = ! j man4 ,!re=e ! j are n subject to ! law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,pope ,urban says 99,decretals4 caus4 xix1 qu4 #b3 ,he t is guid$ by a private law ne$ n = any reason be b\nd by ! public law4 ,n[ all spiritual m5 are l$ by ! private law ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 = !y are ! sons ( ,god1 ( :om x is said 7,rom4 #h3ad73 ,:osoev] are l$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 !y are ! sons ( ,god4 ,!re=e n all m5 are subject to human law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! juri/ says 99,p&ect4 ,ju/94 i1 ff41 tit4 #c1 ,de ,leg4 et ,s5at4 t ! sov]eign is exempt f ! laws4 ,b he t is exempt f ! law is n b\nd !reby4 ,!re=e n all are subject to ! law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3a73 ,let e s\l be subject to ! high] p[]s4 ,b subjection to a p[] seems to imply subjection to ! laws fram$ by t p[]4 ,!re=e all m5 %\ld be subject to human law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 ! notion ( law conta9s two ?+s3 fir/1 t x is a rule ( human acts2 secondly1 t x has co]cive p[]4 ,:]e=e a man may be subject to law 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z ! regulat$ is subject to ! regulator3 &1 9 ?is way1 :oev] is subject to a p[]1 is subject to ! law fram$ by t p[]4 ,b x may happ5 9 two ways t "o is n subject to a p[]4 ,9 "o way1 by be+ altoge!r free f its au?ority3 h5ce ! subjects ( "o city or k+dom are n b\nd by ! laws ( ! sov]eign ( ano!r city or k+dom1 s9ce !y are n subject to 8 au?ority4 ,9 ano!r way1 by be+ "u a yet high] law2 ?us ! subject ( a proconsul %\ld be rul$ by 8 comm&1 b n 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* ! subject receives 8 ord]s f ! emp]or3 = 9 ^! matt]s1 he is n b\nd by ! m&ate ( ! l[] au?ority1 s9ce he is direct$ by t ( a high]4 ,9 ?is way1 "o :o is simply subject to a law1 may n be subject !reto 9 c]ta9 matt]s1 9 respect ( :i* he is rul$ by a high] law4 ,secondly1 a man is said to be subject to a law z ! co]c$ is subject to ! co]c]4 ,9 ?is way ! virtu\s & righte\s are n subject to ! law1 b only ! wick$4 ,because co]cion & viol5ce are contr>y to ! w3 b ! w ( ! good is 9 h>mony ) ! law1 :]eas ! w ( ! wick$ is discordant f x4 ,:]e=e 9 ?is s5se ! good are n subject to ! law1 b only ! wick$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is true ( subjection by way ( co]cion3 =1 9 ?is way1 ! law is n made = ! j m53 because !y are a law to !mselves1 s9ce !y %[ ! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _! he>ts1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #b3ad1 #ae74 ,consequ5tly ! law does n en=ce itself ^u !m z x does on ! wick$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! law ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is above all law fram$ by man3 & !re=e spiritual m51 9 s f> z !y are l$ by ! law ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 are n subject to ! law 9 ^? matt]s t are inconsi/5t ) ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,nev]!less ! v fact t spiritual m5 are subject to law1 is due to ! lead+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 #b3ac3 ,be ye subject 4 4 4 to e human creature = ,god's sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! sov]eign is said to be exempt f ! law1 z to its co]cive p[]2 s9ce1 prop]ly speak+1 no man is co]c$ by himself1 & law has no co]cive p[] save f ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign4 ,?us !n is ! sov]eign said to be exempt f ! law1 because none is compet5t to pass s5t5ce on him1 if he acts aga9/ ! law4 ,:]e=e on ,ps4 #ej3f3 ,to ,!e only h ,i s9n$1 a gloss says t !re is no man :o c judge ! de$s ( a k+4 ,b z to ! directive =ce ( law1 ! sov]eign is subject to ! law by 8 own w1 accord+ to ! /atem5t 7,extra1 ,de ,con/it4 cap4 ,cum omnes7 t :atev] law a man makes = ano!r1 he %\ld keep himself4 ,& a wise au?ority 99,dionysius ,cato1 ,di/4 de ,moribus says3 ',obey ! law t ?\ make/ ?yself4' ,moreov] ! ,"l reproa*es ^? :o say & d n2 & :o b9d heavy burd5s & lay !m on m5's %\ld]s1 b ) a f+] ( _! own !y w n move !m 7,matt4 #bc3c1 #d74 ,h5ce1 9 ! judgm5t ( ,god1 ! sov]eign is n exempt f ! law1 z to its directive =ce2 b he %\ld fulfil x to 8 own free-w & n ( con/ra9t4 ,aga9 ! sov]eign is above ! law1 9 s f> z1 :5 x is exp$i5t1 he c *ange ! law1 & disp5se 9 x accord+ to "t & place4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,he ,:o ,is ,"u a ,law ,may ,act ,beside ! ,lett] ( ! ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t he :o is subject to a law may n act beside ! lett] ( ! law4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #ca73 ,al?\gh m5 judge ab\t temporal laws :5 !y make !m1 yet :5 once !y are made !y mu/ pass judgm5t n on !m1 b accord+ to !m4 ,b if anyone disreg>d ! lett] ( ! law1 say+ t he obs]ves ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 he seems to pass judgm5t on ! law4 ,!re=e x is n "r = "o :o is "u ! law to disreg>d ! lett] ( ! law1 9 ord] to obs]ve ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he alone is compet5t to int]pret ! law :o c make ! law4 ,b ^? :o are subject to ! law _c make ! law4 ,!re=e !y h no "r to int]pret ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 b %\ld always act accord+ to ! lett] ( ! law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e wise man kn[s h[ to expla9 8 int5tion by words4 ,b ^? :o fram$ ! laws %\ld be reckon$ wise3 = ,wisdom says 7,prov4 #h3ae73 ,by ,me k+s reign1 & lawgiv]s decree j ?+s4 ,!re=e we %\ld n judge ( ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] o!rwise ?an by ! words ( ! law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 iv73 ,! mean+ ( :at is said is accord+ to ! motive = say+ x3 because ?+s are n subject to spee*1 b spee* to ?+s4 ,!re=e we %\ld take acc\nt ( ! motive ( ! lawgiv]1 r ?an ( 8 v words4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 e law is direct$ to ! common weal ( m51 & d]ives ! =ce & nature ( law accord+ly4 ,h5ce ! juri/ says 99,p&ect4 ,ju/94 lib4 i1 ff41 tit4 #c1 ,de ,leg4 et ,s5at43 ,by no reason ( law1 or favor ( equity1 is x all[able = u to int]pret h>%ly1 & r5d] burd5some1 ^? useful measures :i* h be5 enact$ = ! welf>e ( man4 ,n[ x happ5s (t5 t ! obs]vance ( "s po9t ( law conduces to ! common weal 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 & yet1 9 "s cases1 is v hurtful4 ,s9ce !n ! lawgiv] _c h 9 view e s+le case1 he %apes ! law accord+ to :at happ5s mo/ frequ5tly1 by direct+ 8 att5tion to ! common good4 ,:]e=e if a case arise :]e9 ! obs]vance ( t law w\ld be hurtful to ! g5]al welf>e1 x %\ld n be obs]v$4 ,= in/ance1 suppose t 9 a besieg$ city x be an e/abli%$ law t ! gates ( ! city are to be kept clos$1 ?is is good = public welf>e z a g5]al rule3 b1 x 7 to happ5 t ! enemy are 9 pursuit ( c]ta9 citiz5s1 :o are def5d]s ( ! city1 x w\ld be a great loss to ! city1 if ! gates 7 n op5$ to !m3 & s 9 t case ! gates ought to be op5$1 contr>y to ! lett] ( ! law1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! common weal1 :i* ! lawgiv] _h 9 view4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be not$1 t if ! obs]vance ( ! law accord+ to ! lett] does n involve any sudd5 risk ne$+ in/ant rem$y1 x is n compet5t = ev]yone to exp\nd :at is useful & :at is n useful to ! /ate3 ^? alone c d ?is :o are 9 au?ority1 & :o1 on acc\nt ( su* l cases1 h ! p[] to disp5se f ! laws4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p]il be s sudd5 z n to all[ ( ! delay involv$ by ref]r+ ! matt] to au?ority1 ! m]e necessity br+s ) x a disp5sation1 s9ce necessity kn[s no law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o 9 a case ( necessity acts beside ! lett] ( ! law1 does n judge ! law2 b ( a p>ticul> case 9 :i* he sees t ! lett] ( ! law is n to be obs]v$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o foll[s ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 does n int]pret ! law simply2 b 9 a case 9 :i* x is evid5t1 by reason ( ! manife/ h>m1 t ! lawgiv] int5d$ o!rwise4 ,= if x be a matt] ( d\bt1 he mu/ ei!r act accord+ to ! lett] ( ! law1 or consult ^? 9 p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no man is s wise z to be able to take acc\nt ( e s+le case2 :]e=e he is n able suffici5tly to express 9 words all ^? ?+s t are suitable = ! end he has 9 view4 ,& ev5 if a lawgiv] 7 able to take all ! cases into consid]ation1 he ought n to m5tion !m all1 9 ord] to avoid confusion3 b %\ld frame ! law accord+ to t :i* is ( mo/ common occurr5ce4 ,,"q #ig ,,( ,,*ange ,,9 ,,laws 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] *ange 9 laws3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r human law is *angeable8 7#b7 ,:e!r x %\ld be always *ang$1 :5ev] any?+ bett] occurs8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is aboli%$ by cu/om1 & :e!r cu/om obta9s ! =ce ( law8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! application ( human law %\ld be *ang$ by disp5sation ( ^? 9 au?ority8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,human ,law ,%\ld ,be ,*ang$ 9 ,any ,way8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human law %\ld n be *ang$ 9 any way at all4 ,because human law is d]iv$ f ! natural law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! natural law endures un*angeably4 ,!re=e human law %\ld also rema9 )\t any *ange4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #e71 a measure %\ld be absolutely /able4 ,b human law is ! measure ( human acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e x %\ld rema9 )\t *ange4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is ( ! ess5ce ( law to be j & "r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #b74 ,b t :i* is "r once is "r always4 ,!re=e t :i* is law once1 %\ld be always law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f73 ,a temporal law1 h[ev] j1 may be ju/ly *ang$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #c71 human law is a dictate ( reason1 :]eby human acts are direct$4 ,?us !re may be two causes = ! j *ange ( human law3 "o on ! "p ( reason2 ! o!r on ! "p ( man ^: acts are regulat$ by law4 ,! cause on ! "p ( reason is t x seems natural to human reason to advance gradually f ! imp]fect to ! p]fect4 ,h5ce1 9 speculative sci5ces1 we see t ! tea*+ ( ! e>ly philosoph]s 0 imp]fect1 & t x 0 aft]w>ds p]fect$ by ^? :o succe$$ !m4 ,s also 9 practical matt]s3 = ^? :o fir/ endeavor$ to discov] some?+ useful = ! human community1 n be+ able by !mselves to take ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 set up c]ta9 in/itutions :i* 7 defici5t 9 _m ways2 & ^! 7 *ang$ by subsequ5t lawgiv]s :o made in/itutions t might prove less frequ5tly defici5t 9 respect ( ! common weal4 ,on ! "p ( man1 ^: acts are regulat$ by law1 ! law c be rightly *ang$ on acc\nt ( ! *ang$ condition ( man1 to :om diff]5t ?+s are exp$i5t accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( 8 condition4 ,an example is propos$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #f73 ,if ! p h a s5se ( mod]ation & responsibility1 & are mo/ c>eful gu>dians ( ! common weal1 x is "r to enact a law all[+ su* a p to *oose _! own magi/rates = ! gov]nm5t ( ! commonweal?4 ,b if1 z "t goes on1 ! same p become s corrupt z to sell _! votes1 & entru/ ! gov]nm5t to sc\ndrels & crim9als2 !n ! "r ( appo9t+ _! public (ficials is rightly =feit to su* a p1 & ! *oice devolves to a few good m54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! natural law is a p>ticipation ( ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #b71 & !re=e endures )\t *ange1 ow+ to ! un*angeabl5ess & p]fection ( ! ,div9e ,reason1 ! ,au?or ( nature4 ,b ! reason ( man is *angeable & imp]fect3 :]e=e 8 law is subject to *ange4 ,moreov] ! natural law conta9s c]ta9 univ]sal precepts1 :i* are ev]la/+3 :]eas human law conta9s c]ta9 p>ticul> precepts1 accord+ to v>i\s em]g5cies4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a measure %\ld be z endur+ z possible4 ,b no?+ c be absolutely un*angeable 9 ?+s t are subject to *ange4 ,& !re=e human law _c be altoge!r un*angeable4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 corporal ?+s1 "r is pr$icat$ absolutely3 & !re=e1 z f> z itself is conc]n$1 always rema9s "r4 ,b "r is pr$icat$ ( law ) ref]5ce to ! common weal1 to :i* "o & ! same ?+ is n always adapt$1 z /at$ above3 :]e=e rectitude ( ?is k9d is subject to *ange4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,human ,law ,%\ld ,always ,be ,*ang$1 ,:5ev] ,some?+ ,bett] ,occurs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human law %\ld be *ang$1 :5ev] some?+ bett] occurs4 ,because human laws are devis$ by human reason1 l o!r arts4 ,b 9 ! o!r arts1 ! t5ets ( =m] times give place to o!rs1 if some?+ bett] occurs4 ,!re=e ! same %\ld apply to human laws4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by tak+ note ( ! pa/ we c provide = ! future4 ,n[ unless human laws _h be5 *ang$ :5 x 0 f\nd possible to improve !m1 consid]able inconv5i5ce w\ld h ensu$2 because ! laws ( old 7 crude 9 _m po9ts4 ,!re=e x seems t laws %\ld be *ang$1 :5ev] any?+ bett] occurs to be enact$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human laws are enact$ ab\t s+le acts ( man4 ,b we _c acquire p]fect k 9 s+ul> matt]s1 except by exp]i5ce1 :i* requires "t1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii4 ,!re=e x seems t z "t goes on x is possible = some?+ bett] to occur = legislation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 xii1 #e73 ,x is absurd1 & a dete/able %ame1 t we %\ld suff] ^? traditions to be *ang$ :i* we h receiv$ f ! fa!rs ( old4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 human law is rightly *ang$1 9 s f> z su* *ange is conducive to ! common weal4 ,b1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! m]e *ange ( law is ( itself prejudicial to ! common good3 because cu/om avails mu* = ! obs]vance ( laws1 see+ t :at is done contr>y to g5]al cu/om1 ev5 9 slight matt]s1 is look$ ^u z grave4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 a law is *ang$1 ! b9d+ p[] ( ! law is dim9i%$1 9 s f> z cu/om is aboli%$4 ,:]e=e human law %\ld nev] be *ang$1 unless1 9 "s way or o!r1 ! common weal be comp5sat$ accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! h>m done 9 ?is respect4 ,su* comp5sation may arise ei!r f "s v great & e evid5t b5efit conf]r$ by ! new enactm5t2 or f ! extreme urg5cy ( ! case1 due to ! fact t ei!r ! exi/+ law is cle>ly unju/1 or its obs]vance extremely h>mful4 ,:]e=e ! ,juri/ says 99,p&ect4 ,ju/94 lib4 i1 ff41 tit4 #d1 ,de ,con/it4 ,pr9cip4 t 9 e/abli%+ new laws1 !re %\ld be evid5ce ( ! b5efit to be d]iv$1 be=e dep>t+ f a law :i* has long be5 consid]$ j4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,rules ( art d]ive _! =ce f reason alone3 & !re=e :5ev] some?+ bett] occurs1 ! rule foll[$ hi!rto %\ld be *ang$4 ,b laws d]ive v great =ce f cu/om1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 ii1 #e73 consequ5tly !y %\ld n be quickly *ang$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t proves t laws ought to be *ang$3 n 9 view ( any improvem5t1 b = ! sake ( a great b5efit or 9 a case ( great urg5cy1 z /at$ above4 ,?is answ] applies also to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,cu/om ,c ,obta9 ,=ce ( ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cu/om _c obta9 =ce ( law1 nor aboli% a law4 ,because human law is d]iv$ f ! natural law & f ! ,div9e law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ic1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #b74 ,b human cu/om _c *ange ei!r ! law ( nature or ! ,div9e law4 ,!re=e nei!r c x *ange human law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 _m evils _c make "o good4 ,b he :o fir/ act$ aga9/ ! law1 did evil4 ,!re=e by multiply+ su* acts1 no?+ good is ! result4 ,n[ a law is some?+ good2 s9ce x is a rule ( human acts4 ,!re=e law is n aboli%$ by cu/om1 s t ! m]e cu/om %\ld obta9 =ce ( law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fram+ ( laws belongs to ^? public m5 ^: bus9ess x is to gov]n ! community2 :]e=e private individuals _c make laws4 ,b cu/om gr[s by ! acts ( private individuals4 ,!re=e cu/om _c obta9 =ce ( law1 s z to aboli% ! law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,casulan4 xxxvi73 ,! cu/oms ( ,god's p & ! in/itutions ( our ance/ors are to be consid]$ z laws4 ,& ^? :o ?r[ contempt on ! cu/oms ( ! ,*ur* ought to be puni%$ z ^? :o disobey ! law ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,all law proce$s f ! reason & w ( ! lawgiv]2 ! ,div9e & natural laws f ! reasonable w ( ,god2 ! human law f ! w ( man1 regulat$ by reason4 ,n[ j z human reason & w1 9 practical matt]s1 may be made manife/ by spee*1 s may !y be made kn[n by de$s3 s9ce seem+ly a man *ooses z good t :i* he c>ries into execution4 ,b x is evid5t t by human spee*1 law c be bo? *ang$ & exp\nd$1 9 s f> z x manife/s ! int]ior movem5t & ?\ght ( human reason4 ,:]e=e by actions also1 especially if !y be repeat$1 s z to make a cu/om1 law c be *ang$ & exp\nd$2 & also some?+ c be e/abli%$ :i* obta9s =ce ( law1 9 s f> z by repeat$ ext]nal actions1 ! inw>d movem5t ( ! w1 & concepts ( reason are mo/ effectually decl>$2 = :5 a ?+ is done aga9 & aga91 x seems to proce$ f a delib]ate judgm5t ( reason4 ,accord+ly1 cu/om has ! =ce ( a law1 aboli%es law1 & is ! int]pret] ( law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! natural & ,div9e laws proce$ f ! ,div9e w1 z /at$ above4 ,:]e=e !y _c be *ang$ by a cu/om proce$+ f ! w ( man1 b only by ,div9e au?ority4 ,h5ce x is t no cu/om c prevail ov] ! ,div9e or natural laws3 = ,isidore says 7,synon4 ii1 #af73 ,let cu/om yield to au?ority3 evil cu/oms %\ld be eradicat$ by law & reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f71 human laws fail 9 "s cases3 :]e=e x is possible sometimes to act beside ! law2 namely1 9 a case :]e ! law fails2 yet ! act w n be evil4 ,& :5 su* cases are multipli$1 by reason ( "s *ange 9 man1 !n cu/om %[s t ! law is no long] useful3 j z x might be decl>$ by ! v]bal promulgation ( a law to ! contr>y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! same reason rema9s1 = :i* ! law 0 useful hi!rto1 !n x is n ! cu/om t prevails aga9/ ! law1 b ! law t ov]comes ! cu/om3 unless p]haps ! sole reason = ! law seem+ useless1 be t x is n possible accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry 99,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #c1 :i* has be5 /at$ to be "o ( ! conditions ( law4 ,= x is n easy to set aside ! cu/om ( a :ole p4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p among :om a cu/om is introduc$ may be ( two conditions4 ,= if !y are free1 & able to make _! own laws1 ! cons5t ( ! :ole p express$ by a cu/om c\nts f> m 9 favor ( a p>ticul> obs]vance1 t does ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign1 :o has n ! p[] to frame laws1 except z repres5t+ ! p4 ,:]e=e al?\gh ea* individual _c make laws1 yet ! :ole p c4 ,if h[ev] ! p h n ! free p[] to make _! own laws1 or to aboli% a law made by a high] au?ority2 nev]!less ) su* a p a prevail+ cu/om obta9s =ce ( law1 9 s f> z x is tol]at$ by ^? to :om x belongs to make laws = t p3 because by ! v fact t !y tol]ate x !y seem to approve ( t :i* is introduc$ by cu/om4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,rul]s ( ! ,p ,c ,disp5se f ,human ,laws8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! rul]s ( ! p _c disp5se f human laws4 ,= ! law is e/abli%$ = ! common weal1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #ba74 ,b ! common good %\ld n be set aside = ! private conv5i5ce ( an individual3 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #b71 ! good ( ! nation is m godlike ?an ! good ( "o man4 ,!re=e x seems t a man %\ld n be disp5s$ f act+ 9 compliance ) ! g5]al law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o are plac$ ov] o!rs are comm&$ z foll[s 7,deut4 #a3ag73 ,y %all he> ! little z well z ! great2 nei!r %all y respect any man's p]son1 because x is ! judgm5t ( ,god4 ,b to all[ "o man to d t :i* is equally =bidd5 to all1 seems to be respect ( p]sons4 ,!re=e ! rul]s ( a community _c grant su* disp5sations1 s9ce ?is is aga9/ a precept ( ! ,div9e law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human law1 9 ord] to be j1 %\ld accord ) ! natural & ,div9e laws3 else x w\ld n fo/] religion1 nor be helpful to discipl9e1 :i* is requisite to ! nature ( law1 z laid d[n by ,isidore 7,etym4 v1 #c74 ,b no man c disp5se f ! ,div9e & natural laws4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c he disp5se f ! human law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #i3ag73 ,a disp5sation is committ$ to me4 ,i answ] t1 ,disp5sation1 prop]ly speak+1 d5otes a measur+ out to individuals ( "s common goods3 ?us ! head ( a h\sehold is call$ a disp5s]1 because to ea* memb] ( ! h\sehold he di/ributes "w & necess>ies ( life 9 due weight & measure4 ,accord+ly 9 e community a man is said to disp5se1 f ! v fact t he directs h[ "s g5]al precept is to be fulfill$ by ea* individual4 ,n[ x happ5s at times t a precept1 :i* is conducive to ! common weal z a g5]al rule1 is n good = a p>ticul> individual1 or 9 "s p>ticul> case1 ei!r because x w\ld h9d] "s great] good1 or because x w\ld be ! occasion ( "s evil1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f74 ,b x w\ld be dang]\s to leave ?is to ! discretion ( ea* individual1 except p]haps by reason ( an evid5t & sudd5 em]g5cy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f74 ,consequ5tly he :o is plac$ ov] a community is emp[]$ to disp5se 9 a human law t re/s ^u 8 au?ority1 s t1 :5 ! law fails 9 its application to p]sons or circum/ances1 he may all[ ! precept ( ! law n to be obs]v$4 ,if h[ev] he grant ?is p]mission )\t any su* reason1 & ( 8 m]e w1 he w be an unfai?ful or an imprud5t disp5s]3 unfai?ful1 if he has n ! common good 9 view2 imprud5t1 if he ignores ! reasons = grant+ disp5sations4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l says 7,luke #ab3db73 ,:o1 ?9ke/ ?\1 is ! fai?ful & wise disp5s] ,d\ay3 /ew>d1 :om 8 "l sette? ov] 8 family8 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a p]son is disp5s$ f obs]v+ ! g5]al law1 ?is %\ld n be done to ! prejudice (1 b ) ! int5tion ( b5efit+1 ! common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n respect ( p]sons if unequal measures are s]v$ out to ^? :o are !mselves unequal4 ,:]e=e :5 ! condition ( any p]son requires t he %\ld reasonably receive special treatm5t1 x is n respect ( p]sons if he be ! object ( special favor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,natural law1 s f> z x conta9s g5]al precepts1 :i* nev] fail1 does n all[ ( disp5sations4 ,9 o!r precepts1 h[ev]1 :i* are z conclusions ( ! g5]al precepts1 man sometimes grants a disp5sation3 = in/ance1 t a loan %\ld n be paid back to ! betray] ( 8 c\ntry1 or some?+ simil>4 ,b to ! ,div9e law ea* man /&s z a private p]son to ! public law to :i* he is subject4 ,:]e=e j z none c disp5se f public human law1 except ! man f :om ! law d]ives its au?ority1 or 8 delegate2 s1 9 ! precepts ( ! ,div9e law1 :i* are f ,god1 none c disp5se b ,god1 or ! man to :om ,he may give special p[] = t purpose4 ,,"q #ih ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,law 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ n[ consid] ! ,old ,law2 & 7#a7 ,! ,law itself2 7#b7 ,its precepts4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ,old ,law 0 good8 7#b7 ,:e!r x 0 f ,god8 7#c7 ,:e!r x came f ,him ?r\gh ! angels8 7#d7 ,:e!r x 0 giv5 to all8 7#e7 ,:e!r x 0 b9d+ on all8 7#f7 ,:e!r x 0 giv5 at a suitable "t8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,0 ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law 0 n good4 ,= x is writt5 7,eze*4 #bj3be73 ,i gave !m /atutes t 7 n good1 & judgm5ts 9 :i* !y %all n live4 ,b a law is n said to be good except on acc\nt ( ! goodness ( ! precepts t x conta9s4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 n good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! goodness ( a law t x conduce to ! common welf>e1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #c74 ,b ! ,old ,law 0 n salut>y2 r 0 x deadly & hurtful4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3h1 seqq473 ,)\t ! law s9 0 dead4 ,& ,i liv$ "s "t )\t ! law4 ,b :5 ! comm&m5t came s9 reviv$2 & ,i di$4 ,aga9 he says 7,rom4 #e3bj73 ,law ent]$ 9 t s9 might ab\nd4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 n good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! goodness ( ! law t x %\ld be possible to obey x1 bo? accord+ to nature1 & accord+ to human cu/om4 ,b su* ! ,old ,law 0 n3 s9ce ,pet] said 7,acts #ae3aj73 ,:y tempt y 7,god7 to put a yoke on ! necks ( ! disciples1 :i* nei!r our fa!rs nor we h be5 able to be>8 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,old ,law 0 n good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3ab73 ,:]e=e ! law inde$ is holy1 & ! comm&m5t holy1 & j1 & good4 ,i answ] t1 ,)\t any d\bt1 ! ,old ,law 0 good4 ,= j z a doctr9e is %[n to be good by ! fact t x accords ) "r reason1 s is a law prov$ to be good if x accords ) reason4 ,n[ ! ,old ,law 0 9 accordance ) reason4 ,because x repress$ concupisc5ce :i* is 9 conflict ) reason1 z evid5c$ by ! comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighbor's goods 7,ex4 #bj3ag74 ,moreov] ! same law =bade all k9ds ( s92 & ^! too are contr>y to reason4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t x 0 a good law4 ,! ,apo/le argues 9 ! same way 7,rom4 #g73 ,i am delight$1 says he 7v]se #bb71 ) ! law ( ,god1 accord+ to ! inw>d man3 & aga9 7v]se #af73 ,i cons5t to ! law1 t is good4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t ! good has v>i\s degrees1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 = !re is a p]fect good1 & an imp]fect good4 ,9 ?+s orda9$ to an end1 !re is p]fect goodness :5 a ?+ is su* t x is suffici5t 9 itself to conduce to ! end3 :ile !re is imp]fect goodness :5 a ?+ is ( "s assi/ance 9 atta9+ ! end1 b is n suffici5t = ! realization !re(4 ,?us a m$ic9e is p]fectly good1 if x gives heal? to a man2 b x is imp]fect1 if x helps to cure him1 )\t be+ able to br+ him back to heal?4 ,aga9 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! end ( human law is diff]5t f ! end ( ,div9e law4 ,= ! end ( human law is ! temporal tranquillity ( ! /ate1 :i* end law effects by direct+ ext]nal actions1 z reg>ds ^? evils :i* might di/urb ! peaceful condition ( ! /ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! end ( ! ,div9e law is to br+ man to t end :i* is ev]la/+ happ9ess2 :i* end is h9d]$ by any s91 n only ( ext]nal1 b also ( int]nal action4 ,consequ5tly t :i* suffices = ! p]fection ( human law1 viz4 ! prohibition & puni%m5t ( s91 does n suffice = ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e law3 b x is requisite t x %\ld make man altoge!r fit to p>take ( ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,n[ ?is _c be done save by ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :]eby *>ity :i* fulfille? ! law 4 4 4 is spread abroad 9 our he>ts 7,rom4 #e3e73 s9ce ! grace ( ,god is life ev]la/+ 7,rom4 #f3bc74 ,b ! ,old ,law c\ld n conf] ?is grace1 = ?is 0 res]v$ to ,*ri/2 because1 z x is writt5 7,john #a3ag71 ! law 0 giv5 by ,moses1 grace & tru? came by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,consequ5tly ! ,old ,law 0 good inde$1 b imp]fect1 accord+ to ,heb4 #g3ai3 ,! law br\ght no?+ to p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,"l ref]s !re to ! c]emonial precepts2 :i* are said n to be good1 because !y did n conf] grace unto ! remission ( s9s1 al?\gh by fulfill+ ^! precepts man confess$ himself a s9n]4 ,h5ce x is said po9t$ly1 & judgm5ts 9 :i* !y %all n live2 i4e4 :]eby !y are unable to obta9 life2 & s ! text goes on3 ,& ,i pollut$ !m1 i4e4 %[$ !m to be pollut$1 9 _! own gifts1 :5 !y (f]$ all t op5$ ! womb1 = _! (f5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! law is said to h be5 deadly1 z be+ n ! cause1 b ! occasion ( dea?1 on acc\nt ( its imp]fection3 9 s f> z x did n conf] grace enabl+ man to fulfil :at is prescrib$1 & to avoid :at x =bade4 ,h5ce ?is occasion 0 n giv5 to m51 b tak5 by !m4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3aa73 ,s91 tak+ occasion by ! comm&m5t1 s$uc$ me1 & by x kill$ me4 ,9 ! same s5se :5 x is said t ! law ent]$ 9 t s9 might ab\nd1 ! conjunction t mu/ be tak5 z consecutive & n f9al3 9 s f> z m51 tak+ occasion f ! law1 s9n$ all ! m1 bo? because a s9 became m griev\s aft] law _h =bidd5 x1 & because concupisc5ce increas$1 s9ce we desire a ?+ ! m f its be+ =bidd54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! yoke ( ! law c\ld n be borne )\t ! help ( grace1 :i* ! law did n conf]3 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #i3af73 ,x is n him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 viz4 t he wills & runs 9 ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3cb73 ,i h run ! way ( ,?y comm&m5ts1 :5 ,?\ did/ enl>ge my he>t1 i4e4 by giv+ me grace & *>ity4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,0 f ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law 0 n f ,god4 ,= x is writt5 7,deut4 #cb3d73 ,! works ( ,god are p]fect4 ,b ! ,law 0 imp]fect1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 n f ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,eccles4 #c3ad73 ,i h le>n$ t all ! works :i* ,god ha? made cont9ue = ev]4 ,b ! ,old ,law does n cont9ue = ev]3 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #g3ah73 ,!re is inde$ a sett+ aside ( ! =m] comm&m5t1 because ( ! weakness & unpr(itabl5ess !re(4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 n f ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a wise lawgiv] %\ld remove1 n only evil1 b also ! occasions ( evil4 ,b ! ,old ,law 0 an occasion ( s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,!re=e ! giv+ ( su* a law does n p]ta9 to ,god1 to ,:om none is l among ! lawgiv]s 7,job #cf3bb74 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #b3d7 t ,god w h all m5 to be sav$4 ,b ! ,old ,law did n suffice to save man1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! giv+ ( su* a law did n app]ta9 to ,god4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 n f ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ae3f7 :ile speak+ to ! ,jews1 to :om ! ,law 0 giv53 ,y h made void ! comm&m5t ( ,god = y\r tradition4 ,& %ortly be=e 7v]se #d7 ,he _h said3 ,honor ?y fa!r & "m1 :i* is conta9$ expressly 9 ! ,old ,law 7,ex4 #bj3ab2 ,deut4 #e3af74 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 f ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,old ,law 0 giv5 by ! good ,god1 ,:o is ! ,fa!r ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,= ! ,old ,law orda9$ m5 to ,*ri/ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ by be>+ witness to ,*ri/2 :]e=e ,he ,himself says 7,luke #bd3dd73 ,all ?+s mu/ ne$s be fulfill$1 :i* are writt5 9 ! law 4 4 4 & 9 ! prophets1 & 9 ! psalms1 conc]n+ ,me3 & 7,john #e3df73 ,if y did believe ,moses1 y w\ld p]haps believe ,me also2 = he wrote ( ,me4 ,secondly1 z a k9d ( disposition1 s9ce by )draw+ m5 f idolatr\s wor%ip1 x enclos$ 7concludebat7 !m 9 ! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 by ,:om ! human race 0 to be sav$ ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #c3bc73 ,be=e ! fai? came1 we 7 kept "u ! law %ut up 7conclusi71 unto t fai? :i* 0 to be reveal$4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! same ?+ x is1 :i* gives a disposition to ! end1 & :i* br+s to ! end2 & :5 ,i say ! same1 ,i mean t x does s ei!r by itself or ?r\gh its subjects4 ,= ! devil w\ld n make a law :]eby m5 w\ld be l$ to ,*ri/1 ,:o 0 to ca/ him out1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ab3bf3 ,if ,satan ca/ out ,satan1 8 k+dom is divid$ ,vulg43 'he is divid$ aga9/ himself'4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 giv5 by ! same ,god1 f ,:om came salvation to man1 ?r\gh ! grace ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ prev5ts a ?+ be+ n p]fect simply1 & yet p]fect 9 respect ( "t3 ?us a boy is said to be p]fect1 n simply1 b ) reg>d to ! condition ( "t4 ,s1 too1 precepts t are giv5 to *ildr5 are p]fect 9 comp>ison ) ! condition ( ^? to :om !y are giv51 al?\gh !y are n p]fect simply4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #c3bd73 ,! law 0 our p$agogue 9 ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? works ( ,god endure = ev] :i* ,god s made t !y w\ld endure = ev]2 & ^! are ,8 p]fect works4 ,b ! ,old ,law 0 set aside :5 !re came ! p]fection ( grace2 n z ?\gh x 7 evil1 b z be+ weak & useless = ?is "t2 because1 z ! ,apo/le goes on to say1 ! law br\ght no?+ to p]fection3 h5ce he says 7,gal4 #c3be73 ,aft] ! fai? is come1 we are no long] "u a p$agogue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #d71 ,god sometimes p]mits c]ta9 ones to fall into s91 t !y may !reby be humbl$4 ,s also did ,he wi% to give su* a law z m5 by _! own =ces c\ld n fulfill1 s t1 :ile presum+ on _! own p[]s1 !y might f9d !mselves to be s9n]s1 & be+ humbl$ might h rec\rse to ! help ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ! ,old ,law did n suffice to save man1 yet ano!r help f ,god besides ! ,law 0 available = man1 viz4 fai? 9 ! ,m$iator1 by :i* ! fa!rs ( old 7 ju/ifi$ ev5 z we 74 ,accord+ly ,god did n fail man by giv+ him insuffici5t aids to salvation4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,0 ,giv5 ,?r\gh ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! ,old ,law 0 n giv5 ?r\gh ! angels1 b imm$iately by ,god4 ,= an angel means a mess5g]2 s t ! ^w angel d5otes m9i/ry1 n lord%ip1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ajb3bj1 #ba3 ,bless ! ,"l1 all ye ,8 ,angels 4 4 4 y m9i/]s ( ,84 ,b ! ,old ,law is relat$ to h be5 giv5 by ! ,"l3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #bj3a73 ,& ! ,"l spoke 4 4 4 ^! words1 & fur!r on3 ,i am ! ,"l ,?y ,god4 ,moreov] ! same expression is (t5 repeat$ 9 ,exodus1 & ! lat] books ( ! ,law4 ,!re=e ! ,law 0 giv5 by ,god imm$iately4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,john #a3ag1 ! ,law 0 giv5 by ,moses4 ,b ,moses receiv$ x f ,god imm$iately3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #cc3aa73 ,! ,"l spoke to ,moses face to face1 z a man is wont to speak to 8 fri5d4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law 0 giv5 by ,god imm$iately4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! sov]eign alone to make a law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #c74 ,b ,god alone is ,sov]eign z reg>ds ! salvation ( s\ls3 :ile ! angels are ! m9i/]+ spirits1 z /at$ 9 ,heb4 #a3ad4 ,!re=e x 0 n meet = ! ,law to be giv5 ?r\gh ! angels1 s9ce x is orda9$ to ! salvation ( s\ls4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le said 7,gal4 #c3ai7 t ! ,law 0 giv5 ,vulg43 'orda9$' by angels 9 ! h& ( a ,m$iator4 ,& ,/eph5 said 7,acts #g3ec73 7,:o7 h receiv$ ! ,law by ! disposition ( angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,law 0 giv5 by ,god ?r\gh ! angels4 ,& besides ! g5]al reason giv5 by ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv71 viz4 t ! gifts ( ,god %\ld be br\ght to m5 by means ( ! angels1 !re is a special reason :y ! ,old ,law %\ld h be5 giv5 ?r\gh !m4 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,,aa4 #a1 #b7 t ! ,old ,law 0 imp]fect1 & yet dispos$ man to t p]fect salvation ( ! human race1 :i* 0 to come ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t :]ev] !re is an ord] ( p[]s or arts1 he t holds ! highe/ place1 himself ex]cises ! pr9cipal & p]fect acts2 :ile ^? ?+s :i* dispose to ! ultimate p]fection are effect$ by him ?r\gh 8 subord9ates3 ?us ! %ip-build] himself rivets ! planks toge!r1 b prep>es ! mat]ial by means ( ! workm5 :o assi/ him "u 8 direction4 ,consequ5tly x 0 fitt+ t ! p]fect law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t %\ld be giv5 by ! inc>nate ,god imm$iately2 b t ! ,old ,law %\ld be giv5 to m5 by ! m9i/]s ( ,god1 i4e4 by ! angels4 ,x is ?us t ! ,apo/le at ! beg9n+ ( 8 epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7#a3b7 proves ! excell5ce ( ! ,new ,law ov] ! ,old2 because 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,god 4 4 4 ha? spok5 to u by ,8 ,son1 :]eas 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ^w 0 spok5 by angels 7,heb4 #b3b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,gregory says at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,morals 7,praef4 *ap4 i71 ! angel :o is describ$ to h appe>$ to ,moses1 is sometimes m5tion$ z an angel1 sometimes z ! ,"l3 an angel1 9 tru?1 9 respect ( t :i* 0 subs]vi5t to ! ext]nal deliv]y2 & ! ,"l1 because ,he 0 ! ,director )91 ,:o support$ ! effectual p[] ( speak+4 ,h5ce also x is t ! angel spoke z p]sonat+ ! ,"l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bg71 x is /at$ 9 ,exodus t ! ,"l spoke to ,moses face to face2 & %ortly aft]w>ds we read1 ',%[ me ,?y glory4' ,!re=e ,he p]ceiv$ :at he saw & he desir$ :at he saw n4 ,h5ce he did n see ! v ,ess5ce ( ,god2 & consequ5tly he 0 n taught by ,him imm$iately4 ,accord+ly :5 ,scripture /ates t ,he spoke to him face to face1 ?is is to be und]/ood z express+ ! op9ion ( ! p1 :o ?\ght t ,moses 0 speak+ ) ,god m\? to m\?1 :5 ,god spoke & appe>$ to him1 by means ( a subord9ate creature1 i4e4 an angel & a cl\d4 ,aga9 we may say t ?is vision face to face means "s k9d ( sublime & famili> contemplation1 inf]ior to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is = ! sov]eign alone to make a law by 8 own au?ority2 b sometimes aft] mak+ a law1 he promulgates x ?r\gh o!rs4 ,?us ,god made ! ,law by ,8 own au?ority1 b ,he promulgat$ x ?r\gh ! angels4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q1 #ih1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,giv5 to ! ,jews ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law %\ld n h be5 giv5 to ! ,jews alone4 ,= ! ,old ,law dispos$ m5 = ! salvation :i* 0 to come ?r\gh ,*ri/1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,b t salvation 0 to come n to ! ,jews alone b to all nations1 accord+ to ,isa4 #di3f3 ,x is a small ?+ t ?\ %\ld/ be my s]vant to raise up ! tribes ( ,jacob1 & to conv]t ! dregs ( ,israel4 ,behold ,i h giv5 !e to be ! light ( ! ,g5tiles1 t ?\ maye/ be ,my salvation1 ev5 to ! f>!/ "p ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law %\ld h be5 giv5 to all nations1 & n to "o p only4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,acts #aj3cd1 #ce1 ,god is n a respect] ( p]sons3 b 9 e nation1 he t fe>e? ,him1 & worke? ju/ice1 is acceptable to ,him4 ,!re=e ! way ( salvation %\ld n h be5 op5$ to "o p m ?an to ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! law 0 giv5 ?r\gh ! angels1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b ,god always v\*saf$ ! m9i/rations ( ! angels n to ! ,jews alone1 b to all nations3 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ag3ad73 ,ov] e nation ,he set a rul]4 ,also on all nations ,he be/[s temporal goods1 :i* are ( less acc\nt ) ,god ?an spiritual goods4 ,!re=e ,he %\ld h giv5 ! ,law also to all peoples4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #c3a1 #b73 ,:at advantage !n ha? ! ,jew8 4 4 4 ,mu* e way4 ,fir/ inde$1 because ! words ( ,god 7 committ$ to !m3 & 7,ps4 #adg3i73 ,he ha? n done 9 l mann] to e nation3 & ,8 judgm5ts ,he ha? n made manife/ unto !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,x might be assign$ z a reason = ! ,law be+ giv5 to ! ,jews r ?an to o!r peoples1 t ! ,jewi% p alone rema9$ fai?ful to ! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 :ile ! o!rs turn$ away to idolatry2 :]e=e ! latt] 7 unwor?y to receive ! ,law1 le/ a holy ?+ %\ld be giv5 to dogs4 ,b ?is reason does n seem fitt+3 because t p turn$ to idolatry1 ev5 aft] ! ,law _h be5 made1 :i* 0 m griev\s1 z is cle> f ,ex4 #cb & f ,amos #e3be1 #bf3 ,did y (f] victims & sacrifices to ,me 9 ! des]t = =ty ye>s1 ,o h\se ( ,israel8 ,b y c>ri$ a tab]nacle = y\r ,molo*1 & ! image ( y\r idols1 ! /> ( y\r god1 :i* y made to y\rselves4 ,moreov] x is /at$ expressly 7,deut4 #i3f73 ,"k !re=e t ! ,"l ?y ,god give? !e n ?is excell5t l& 9 possession = ?y ju/ices1 = ?\ art a v /iff-neck$ p3 b ! real reason is giv5 9 ! prec$+ v]se3 ,t ! ,"l might accompli% ,8 ^w1 :i* ,he promis$ by oa? to ?y fa!rs ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,:at ?is promise 0 is %[n by ! ,apo/le1 :o says 7,gal4 #c3af7 t to ,abraham 7 ! promises made & to 8 se$4 ,he sai? n1 ',& to 8 se$s1' z ( _m3 b z ( "o1 ',& to ?y se$1' :i* is ,*ri/4 ,& s ,god v\*saf$ bo? ! ,law & o!r special boons to t p1 on acc\nt ( ! promis$ made to _! fa!rs t ,*ri/ %\ld be born ( !m4 ,= x 0 fitt+ t ! p1 ( :om ,*ri/ 0 to be born1 %\ld be signaliz$ by a special sanctification1 accord+ to ! words ( ,lev4 #ai3b3 ,be ye holy1 because ,i 4 4 4 am holy4 ,nor aga9 0 x on acc\nt ( ! m]it ( ,abraham himself t ?is promise 0 made to him1 viz4 t ,*ri/ %\ld be born ( 8 se$3 b ( gratuit\s election & vocation4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,isa4 #da3b73 ,:o ha? rais$ up ! j "o =m ! ea/1 ha? call$ him to foll[ him8 ,x is !re=e evid5t t x 0 m]ely f gratuit\s election t ! patri>*s receiv$ ! promise1 & t ! p sprung f !m receiv$ ! law2 accord+ to ,deut4 #d3cf1 #cg3 ,ye did ,vulg43 ',?\ did/' he> ,8 words out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire1 because ,he lov$ ?y fa!rs1 & *ose _! se$ aft] !m4 ,& if aga9 x ask$ :y ,he *ose ?is p1 & n ano!r1 t ,*ri/ might be born !re(2 a fitt+ answ] is giv5 by ,augu/9e 7,tract4 sup] ,joan4 xxvi73 ,:y ,he drawe? "o & drawe? n ano!r1 seek n ?\ to judge1 if ?\ wi% n to err4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! salvation1 :i* 0 to come ?r\gh ,*ri/1 0 prep>$ = all nations1 yet x 0 necess>y t ,*ri/ %\ld be born ( "o p1 :i*1 = ?is reason1 0 privileg$ above o!r peoples2 accord+ to ,rom4 #i3d3 ,to :om1 namely ! ,jews1 belonge? ! adoption z ( *ildr5 7( ,god7 4 4 4 & ! te/am5t1 & ! giv+ ( ! ,law 4 4 4 ^: are ! fa!rs1 & ( :om is ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle%4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,respect ( p]sons takes place 9 ^? ?+s :i* are giv5 accord+ to due2 b x has no place 9 ^? ?+s :i* are be/[$ gratuit\sly4 ,because he :o1 out ( g5]osity1 gives ( 8 own to "o & n to ano!r1 is n a respect] ( p]sons3 b if he 7 a disp5s] ( goods held 9 common1 & 7 n to di/ribute !m accord+ to p]sonal m]its1 he w\ld be a respect] ( p]sons4 ,n[ ,god be/[s ! b5efits ( salvation on ! human race gratuit\sly3 :]e=e ,he is n a respect] ( p]sons1 if ,he gives !m to "s r ?an to o!rs4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct4 viii73 ,all :om ,god tea*es1 he tea*es out ( pity2 b :om ,he tea*es n1 out ( ju/ice ,he tea*es n3 = ?is is due to ! condemnation ( ! human race = ! s9 ( ! fir/ p>5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! b5efits ( grace are =feit$ by man on acc\nt ( s93 b n ! b5efits ( nature4 ,among ! latt] are ! m9i/ries ( ! angels1 :i* ! v ord] ( v>i\s natures dem&s1 viz4 t ! l[e/ be+s be gov]n$ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate be+s3 & also bodily aids1 :i* ,god v\*safes n only to m51 b also to bea/s1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ce3g3 ,m5 & bea/s ,?\ wilt pres]ve1 ,o ,"l4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,all ,m5 ,7 ,b\nd to ,obs]ve ! ,old ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all m5 7 b\nd to obs]ve ! ,old ,law4 ,because :oev] is subject to ! k+1 mu/ ne$s be subject to 8 law4 ,b ! ,old ,law 0 giv5 by ,god1 ,:o is ,k+ ( all ! e>? 7,ps4 #df3h74 ,!re=e all ! inhabitants ( ! e>? 7 b\nd to obs]ve ! ,law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,jews c\ld n be sav$ )\t obs]v+ ! ,old ,law3 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #bg3bf73 ,curs$ be he t abide? n 9 ! words ( ?is law1 & fulfille? !m n 9 "w4 ,if !re=e o!r m5 c\ld be sav$ )\t ! obs]vance ( ! ,old ,law1 ! ,jews w\ld be 9 a worse plight ?an o!r m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,g5tiles 7 admitt$ to ! ,jewi% ritual & to ! obs]vances ( ! ,law3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ab3dh73 ,if any /rang] be will+ to dwell among y1 & to keep ! ,phase ( ! ,"l1 all 8 males %all fir/ be circumcis$1 & !n %all he celebrate x accord+ to ! mann]2 & he %all be z he t is born 9 ! l&4 ,b x w\ld h be5 useless to admit /rang]s to ! legal obs]vances accord+ to ,div9e ord9ance1 if !y c\ld h be5 sav$ )\t ! obs]vance ( ! ,law4 ,!re=e none c\ld be sav$ )\t obs]v+ ! ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ix7 t _m ( ! ,g5tiles 7 br\ght back to ,god by ! angels4 ,b x is cle> t ! ,g5tiles did n obs]ve ! ,law4 ,!re=e "s c\ld be sav$ )\t obs]v+ ! ,law4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,old ,law %[$ =? ! precepts ( ! natural law1 & add$ c]ta9 precepts ( its own4 ,accord+ly1 z to ^? precepts ( ! natural law conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,law1 all 7 b\nd to obs]ve ! ,old ,law2 n because !y belong$ to ! ,old ,law1 b because !y belong$ to ! natural law4 ,b z to ^? precepts :i* 7 add$ by ! ,old ,law1 !y 7 n b9d+ on any save ! ,jewi% p alone4 ,! reason ( ?is is because ! ,old ,law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 0 giv5 to ! ,jewi% p1 t x might receive a pr]ogative ( hol9ess1 9 rev]5ce = ,*ri/ ,:o 0 to be born ( t p4 ,n[ :atev] laws are enact$ = ! special sanctification ( c]ta9 ones1 are b9d+ on !m alone3 ?us cl]ics :o are set aside = ! s]vice ( ,god are b\nd to c]ta9 obligations to :i* ! laity are n b\nd2 likewise religi\s are b\nd by _! pr(ession to c]ta9 works ( p]fection1 to :i* p liv+ 9 ! _w are n b\nd4 ,9 l mann] ?is p 0 b\nd to c]ta9 special obs]vances1 to :i* o!r peoples 7 n b\nd4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3ac73 ,?\ %alt be p]fect & )\t spot be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god3 & = ?is reason !y us$ a k9d ( =m ( pr(ession1 z appe>s f ,deut4 #bf3c3 ,i pr(ess ?is day be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:oev] are subject to a k+1 are b\nd to obs]ve 8 law :i* he makes = all 9 g5]al4 ,b if he ord]s c]ta9 ?+s to be obs]v$ by ! s]vants ( 8 h\sehold1 o!rs are n b\nd !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! m a man is unit$ to ,god1 ! bett] 8 /ate becomes3 :]e=e ! m ! ,jewi% p 7 b\nd to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 ! great] _! excell5ce ov] o!r peoples4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3h73 ,:at o!r nation is !re s r5[n$ t ha? c]emonies & j judgm5ts1 & all ! law8 ,9 l mann]1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! /ate ( cl]ics is bett] ?an t ( ! laity1 & ! /ate ( religi\s ?an t ( folk liv+ 9 ! _w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,g5tiles obta9$ salvation m p]fectly & m securely "u ! obs]vances ( ! ,law ?an "u ! m]e natural law3 & = ?is reason !y 7 admitt$ to !m4 ,s too ! laity are n[ admitt$ to ! ranks ( ! cl]gy1 & secul> p]sons to ^? ( ! religi\s1 al?\gh !y c be sav$ )\t ?is4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,0 ,suitably ,giv5 at ! ,"t ( ,moses8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law 0 n suitably giv5 at ! "t ( ,moses4 ,because ! ,old ,law dispos$ man = ! salvation :i* 0 to come ?r\gh ,*ri/1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,b man ne$$ ?is salut>y rem$y imm$iately aft] he _h s9n$4 ,!re=e ! ,law %\ld h be5 giv5 imm$iately aft] s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,old ,law 0 giv5 = ! sanctification ( ^? f :om ,*ri/ 0 to be born4 ,n[ ! promise conc]n+ ! se$1 :i* is ,*ri/ 7,gal4 #c3af7 0 fir/ made to ,abraham1 z relat$ 9 ,g54 #ab3g4 ,!re=e ! ,law %\ld h be5 giv5 at once at ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,*ri/ 0 born ( ^? alone :o desc5d$ f ,noe ?r\gh ,abraham1 to :om ! promise 0 made2 s 0 ,he born ( no o!r ( ! desc5dants ( ,abraham b ,david1 to :om ! promise 0 r5ew$1 accord+ to #b ,k+s #bc3a3 ,! man to :om x 0 appo9t$ conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,god ( ,jacob 4 4 4 said4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law %\ld h be5 giv5 aft] ,david1 j z x 0 giv5 aft] ,abraham4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #c3ai7 t ! ,law 0 set because ( transgressions1 until ! se$ %\ld come1 to :om ,he made ! promise1 be+ orda9$ by angels 9 ! h& ( a ,m$iator3 orda9$1 i4e4 giv5 9 ord]ly fa%ion1 z ! gloss expla9s4 ,!re=e x 0 fitt+ t ! ,old ,law %\ld be giv5 9 ?is ord] ( "t4 ,i answ] t1 ,x 0 mo/ fitt+ = ! ,law to be giv5 at ! "t ( ,moses4 ,! reason = ?is may be tak5 f two ?+s 9 respect ( :i* e law is impos$ on two k9ds ( m54 ,because x is impos$ on "s m5 :o are h>d-he>t$ & pr\d1 :om ! law re/ra9s & tames3 & x is impos$ on good m51 :o1 ?r\gh be+ in/ruct$ by ! law1 are help$ to fulfil :at !y desire to d4 ,h5ce x 0 fitt+ t ! ,law %\ld be giv5 at su* a "t z w\ld be appropriate = ! ov]com+ ( man's pride4 ,= man 0 pr\d ( two ?+s1 viz4 ( k & ( p[]4 ,he 0 pr\d ( 8 k1 z ?\gh 8 natural reason c\ld suffice him = salvation3 & accord+ly1 9 ord] t 8 pride might be ov]come 9 ?is matt]1 man 0 left to ! guidance ( 8 reason )\t ! help ( a writt5 law3 & man 0 able to le>n f exp]i5ce t 8 reason 0 defici5t1 s9ce ab\t ! "t ( ,abraham man _h fall5 headlong into idolatry & ! mo/ %ameful vices4 ,:]e=e1 aft] ^? times1 x 0 necess>y = a writt5 law to be giv5 z a rem$y = human ignorance3 because by ! ,law is ! k ( s9 7,rom4 #c3bj74 ,b1 aft] man _h be5 in/ruct$ by ! ,law1 8 pride 0 conv9c$ ( 8 weakness1 ?r\gh 8 be+ unable to fulfil :at he knew4 ,h5ce1 z ! ,apo/le concludes 7,rom4 #h3c1 #d71 :at ! ,law c\ld n d 9 t x 0 weak ?r\gh ! fle%1 ,god s5t ,vulg43 's5d+' ,8 own ,son 4 4 4 t ! ju/ification ( ! ,law might be fulfill$ 9 u4 ,) reg>d to good m51 ! ,law 0 giv5 to !m z a help2 :i* 0 mo/ ne$$ by ! p1 at ! "t :5 ! natural law began to be obscur$ on acc\nt ( ! exub]ance ( s93 = x 0 fitt+ t ?is help %\ld be be/[$ on m5 9 an ord]ly mann]1 s t !y might be l$ f imp]fection to p]fection2 :]e=e x 0 becom+ t ! ,old ,law %\ld be giv5 betwe5 ! law ( nature & ! law ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x 0 n fitt+ = ! ,old ,law to be giv5 at once aft] ! s9 ( ! fir/ man3 bo? because man 0 s confid5t 9 8 own reason1 t he did n ackn[l$ge 8 ne$ ( ! ,old ,law2 because z yet ! dictate ( ! natural law 0 n d>k5$ by habitual s9n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a law %\ld n be giv5 save to ! p1 s9ce x is a g5]al precept1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c72 :]e=e at ! "t ( ,abraham ,god gave m5 c]ta9 famili>1 &1 z x 71 h\sehold precepts3 b :5 ,abraham's desc5dants _h multipli$1 s z to =m a p1 & :5 !y _h be5 fre$ f slav]y1 x 0 fitt+ t !y %\ld be giv5 a law2 = slaves are n t "p ( ! p or /ate to :i* x is fitt+ = ! law to be direct$1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #b1 #d1 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! ,law _h to be giv5 to ! p1 n only ^?1 ( :om ,*ri/ 0 born1 receiv$ ! ,law1 b ! :ole p1 :o 7 m>k$ ) ! seal ( circumcision1 :i* 0 ! sign ( ! promise made to ,abraham1 & 9 :i* he believ$1 accord+ to ,rom4 #d3aa3 h5ce ev5 be=e ,david1 ! ,law _h to be giv5 to t p z soon z !y 7 collect$ toge!r4 ,,"q #ii ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,law 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law2 & 7#a7 h[ !y are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r2 7#b7 ea* k9d ( precept4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ,old ,law conta9s sev]al precepts or only "o8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! ,old ,law conta9s any moral precepts8 7#c7 ,:e!r x conta9s c]emonial precepts 9 addition to ! moral precepts8 7#d7 ,:e!r besides ^! x conta9s judicial precepts8 7#e7 ,:e!r x conta9s any o!rs besides ^!8 7#f7 ,h[ ! ,old ,law induc$ m5 to keep its precepts4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,conta9s ,only ,"o ,precept8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law conta9s b "o precept4 ,because a law is no?+ else ?an a precept1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,n[ !re is b "o ,old ,law4 ,!re=e x conta9s b "o precept4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3i73 ,if !re be any o!r comm&m5t1 x is compris$ 9 ?is ^w3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,b ?is is only "o comm&m5t4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law conta9$ b "o comm&m5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,matt4 #g3ab73 ,all ?+s 4 4 4 :atsoev] y w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d y also to !m4 ,= ?is is ! ,law & ! prophets4 ,b ! :ole ( ! ,old ,law is compris$ 9 ! ,law & ! prophets4 ,!re=e ! :ole ( ! ,old ,law conta9s b "o comm&m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #b3ae73 ,mak+ void ! ,law ( comm&m5ts conta9$ 9 decrees3 :]e he is ref]r+ to ! ,old ,law1 z ! gloss comm5ts1 on ! passage4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law comprises _m comm&m5ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce a precept ( law is b9d+1 x is ab\t some?+ :i* mu/ be done3 &1 t a ?+ mu/ be done1 arises f ! necessity ( "s end4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t a precept implies1 9 its v idea1 relation to an end1 9 s f> z a ?+ is comm&$ z be+ necess>y or exp$i5t to an end4 ,n[ _m ?+s may happ5 to be necess>y or exp$i5t to an end2 &1 accord+ly1 precepts may be giv5 ab\t v>i\s ?+s z be+ orda9$ to "o end4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ say t all ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law are "o 9 respect ( _! relation to "o end3 & yet !y are _m 9 respect ( ! div]sity ( ^? ?+s t are orda9$ to t end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,old ,law is said to be "o z be+ orda9$ to "o end3 yet x comprises v>i\s precepts1 accord+ to ! div]sity ( ! ?+s :i* x directs to ! end4 ,?us also ! art ( build+ is "o accord+ to ! unity ( its end1 because x aims at ! build+ ( a h\se3 & yet x conta9s v>i\s rules1 accord+ to ! v>iety ( acts orda9$ !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3e71 ! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity2 s9ce e law aims at e/abli%+ fri5d%ip1 ei!r betwe5 man & man1 or betwe5 man & ,god4 ,:]e=e ! :ole ,law is compris$ 9 ?is "o comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 z express+ ! end ( all comm&m5ts3 because love ( "o's neighbor includes love ( ,god1 :5 we love our neighbor = ,god's sake4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le put ?is comm&m5t 9 place ( ! two :i* are ab\t ! love ( ,god & ( "o's neighbor1 & ( :i* ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bb3dj73 ,on ^! two comm&m5ts dep5de? ! :ole ,law & ! prophets4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ix1 #h1 fri5d%ip t[>ds ano!r arises f fri5d%ip t[>ds oneself1 9 s f> z man looks on ano!r z on himself4 ,h5ce :5 x is said1 ,all ?+s :atsoev] y w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d y also to !m1 ?is is an explanation ( ! rule ( neighborly love conta9$ implicitly 9 ! words1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself3 s t x is an explanation ( ?is comm&m5t4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,conta9s ,moral ,precepts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law conta9s no moral precepts4 ,= ! ,old ,law is di/9ct f ! law ( nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e2 ,q4 #ih1 ,a4 #e74 ,b ! moral precepts belong to ! law ( nature4 ,!re=e !y d n belong to ! ,old ,law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e ,law %\ld h come to man's assi/ance :]e human reason fails him3 z is evid5t 9 reg>d to ?+s t are ( fai?1 :i* are above reason4 ,b man's reason seems to suffice = ! moral precepts4 ,!re=e ! moral precepts d n belong to ! ,old ,law1 :i* is a ,div9e law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,old ,law is said to be ! lett] t kille? 7#b ,cor4 #c3f74 ,b ! moral precepts d n kill1 b quick51 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3ic3 ,?y ju/ifications ,i w nev] =get1 = by !m ,?\ ha/ giv5 me life4 ,!re=e ! moral precepts d n belong to ! ,old ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ag3i73 ,moreov]1 ,he gave !m discipl9e ,d\ay3 'in/ructions' & ! law ( life = an inh]itance4 ,n[ discipl9e belongs to morals2 = ?is gloss on ,heb4 #ab3aa3 ,n[ all *a/isem5t 7discipl9a71 etc41 says3 ,discipl9e is an ex]cise 9 morals by means ( difficulties4 ,!re=e ! ,law :i* 0 giv5 by ,god compris$ moral precepts4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,old ,law conta9$ "s moral precepts2 z is evid5t f ,ex4 #bj3ac1 #ae3 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 ,?is 0 reasonable3 because1 j z ! pr9cipal int5tion ( human law is to create fri5d%ip betwe5 man & man2 s ! *ief int5tion ( ! ,div9e law is to e/abli% man 9 fri5d%ip ) ,god4 ,n[ s9ce lik5ess is ! reason ( love1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ac3ai3 ,e bea/ love? its l2 !re _c possibly be any fri5d%ip ( man to ,god1 ,:o is supremely good1 unless man become good3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,lev4 #ai3b2 #aa3de73 ,y %all be holy1 = ,i am holy4 ,b ! goodness ( man is virtue1 :i* makes its possessor good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y = ! ,old ,law to include precepts ab\t acts ( virtue3 & ^! are ! moral precepts ( ! ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,old ,law is di/9ct f ! natural law1 n z be+ altoge!r diff]5t f x1 b z some?+ add$ !reto4 ,= j z grace presupposes nature1 s mu/ ! ,div9e law presuppose ! natural law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x 0 fitt+ t ! ,div9e law %\ld come to man's assi/ance n only 9 ^? ?+s = :i* reason is insuffici5t1 b also 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* human reason may happ5 to be imp$$4 ,n[ human reason c\ld n g a/ray 9 ! ab/ract1 z to ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( ! natural law2 b ?r\gh be+ habituat$ to s91 x became obscur$ 9 ! po9t ( ?+s to be done 9 detail4 ,b ) reg>d to ! o!r moral precepts1 :i* are l conclusions drawn f ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( ! natural law1 ! reason ( _m m5 w5t a/ray1 to ! ext5d ( judg+ to be lawful1 ?+s t are evil 9 !mselves4 ,h5ce !re 0 ne$ = ! au?ority ( ! ,div9e law to rescue man f bo? ^! defects4 ,?us among ! articles ( fai? n only are ^? ?+s set =? to :i* reason _c rea*1 su* z ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,godhead2 b also ^? to :i* "r reason c atta91 su* z ! ,unity ( ! ,godhead2 9 ord] to remove ! manifold errors to :i* reason is liable4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a xiv71 ev5 ! lett] ( ! law is said to be ! occasion ( dea?1 z to ! moral precepts2 9 s f> z1 to wit1 x prescribes :at is good1 )\t furni%+ ! aid ( grace = its fulfilm5t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,comprises ,c]emonial1 ,besides ,moral1 ,precepts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law does n comprise c]emonial1 besides moral1 precepts4 ,= e law t is giv5 to man is = ! purpose ( direct+ human actions4 ,n[ human actions are call$ moral1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,old ,law giv5 to m5 %\ld n comprise o!r ?an moral precepts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? precepts t are /yl$ c]emonial seem to ref] to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,b ,div9e wor%ip is ! act ( a virtue1 viz4 religion1 :i*1 z ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ii7 (f]s wor%ip & c]emony to ! ,godhead4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! moral precepts are ab\t acts ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 x seems t ! c]emonial precepts %\ld n be di/9ct f ! moral4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! c]emonial precepts seem to be ^? :i* signify some?+ figuratively4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #c1 #d71 ( all signs employ$ by m5 words hold ! fir/ place4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = ! ,law to conta9 c]emonial precepts ab\t c]ta9 figurative actions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3ac1 #ad73 ,t5 words 4 4 4 ,he wrote 9 two tables ( /one2 & ,he comm&$ me at t "t t ,i %\ld tea* y ! c]emonies & judgm5ts :i* y %all d4 ,b ! t5 comm&m5ts ( ! ,law are moral precepts4 ,!re=e besides ! moral precepts !re are o!rs :i* are c]emonial4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! ,div9e law is in/itut$ *iefly 9 ord] to direct m5 to ,god2 :ile human law is in/itut$ *iefly 9 ord] to direct m5 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,h5ce human laws h n conc]n$ !mselves ) ! in/itution ( any?+ relat+ to ,div9e wor%ip except z affect+ ! common good ( mank9d3 & = ?is reason !y h devis$ _m in/itutions relat+ to ,div9e matt]s1 accord+ z x seem$ exp$i5t = ! =mation ( human morals2 z may be se5 9 ! rites ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,div9e law direct$ m5 to "o ano!r accord+ to ! dem&s ( t ord] :]eby man is direct$ to ,god1 :i* ord] 0 ! *ief aim ( t law4 ,n[ man is direct$ to ,god n only by ! int]ior acts ( ! m9d1 :i* are fai?1 hope1 & love1 b also by c]ta9 ext]nal works1 :]eby man makes pr(ession ( 8 subjection to ,god3 & x is ^! works t are said to belong to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,?is wor%ip is call$ c]emony1--! munia1 i4e4 gifts1 ( ,c]es 7:o 0 ! goddess ( fruits71 z "s say3 because1 at fir/1 (f]+s 7 made to ,god f ! fruits3 or because1 z ,val]ius ,maximus /ates 99,fact4 et ,dict4 ,memor4 i1 #a1 ! ^w c]emony 0 introduc$ among ! ,lat9s1 to signify ! ,div9e wor%ip1 be+ d]iv$ f a t[n ne> ,rome call$ ,ca]e3 s9ce1 :5 ,rome 0 tak5 by ! ,gauls1 ! sacr$ *attels ( ! ,romans 7 tak5 ?i!r & mo/ c>efully pres]v$4 ,accord+ly ^? precepts ( ! ,law :i* ref] to ! ,div9e wor%ip are specially call$ c]emonial4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,human acts ext5d also to ! ,div9e wor%ip3 & !re=e ! ,old ,law giv5 to man conta9s precepts ab\t ^! matt]s also4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #c71 ! precepts ( ! natural law are g5]al1 & require to be det]m9$3 & !y are det]m9$ bo? by human law & by ,div9e law4 ,& j z ^! v det]m9ations :i* are made by human law are said to be1 n ( natural1 b ( positive law2 s ! det]m9ations ( ! precepts ( ! natural law1 effect$ by ! ,div9e law1 are di/9ct f ! moral precepts :i* belong to ! natural law4 ,:]e=e to wor%ip ,god1 s9ce x is an act ( virtue1 belongs to a moral precept2 b ! det]m9ation ( ?is precept1 namely t ,he is to be wor%ipp$ by su* & su* sacrifices1 & su* & su* (f]+s1 belongs to ! c]emonial precepts4 ,consequ5tly ! c]emonial precepts are di/9ct f ! moral precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i71 ! ?+s ( ,god _c be manife/$ to m5 except by means ( s5sible similitudes4 ,n[ ^! similitudes move ! s\l m :5 !y are n only express$ 9 words1 b also (f]$ to ! s5ses4 ,:]e=e ! ?+s ( ,god are set =? 9 ! ,scriptures n only by similitudes express$ 9 words1 z 9 ! case ( metaphorical expressions2 b also by similitudes ( ?+s set be=e ! eyes1 :i* p]ta9s to ! c]emonial precepts4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r1 ,besides ! ,moral & ,c]emonial ,precepts1 ,!re ,are ,also ,judicial ,precepts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are no judicial precepts 9 addition to ! moral & c]emonial precepts 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 vi1 #b7 t 9 ! ,old ,law !re are precepts conc]n+ ! life we h to lead1 & precepts reg>d+ ! life t is =e%ad[$4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! life we h to lead are moral precepts2 & ! precepts ( ! life t is =e%ad[$ are c]emonial4 ,!re=e besides ^! two k9ds ( precepts we %\ld n put any judicial precepts 9 ! ,law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ps4 #aah3ajb1 ,i h n decl9$ f ,?y judgm5ts1 says1 i4e4 f ! rule ( life ,?\ ha/ set = me4 ,b a rule ( life belongs to ! moral precepts4 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts %\ld n be consid]$ z di/9ct f ! moral precepts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 judgm5t seems to be an act ( ju/ice1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ic3ae3 ,until ju/ice be turn$ into judgm5t4 ,b acts ( ju/ice1 l ! acts ( o!r virtues1 belong to ! moral precepts4 ,!re=e ! moral precepts include ! judicial precepts1 & consequ5tly %\ld n be held z di/9ct f !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3a73 ,^! are ! precepts & c]emonies1 & judgm5ts3 :]e precepts /&s = moral precepts antonoma/ically4 ,!re=e !re are judicial precepts besides moral & c]emonial precepts4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 x belongs to ! ,div9e law to direct m5 to "o ano!r & to ,god4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! belongs 9 ! ab/ract to ! dictates ( ! natural law1 to :i* dictates ! moral precepts are to be ref]r$3 yet ea* ( !m has to be det]m9$ by ,div9e or human law1 because naturally kn[n pr9ciples are univ]sal1 bo? 9 speculative & 9 practical matt]s4 ,accord+ly j z ! det]m9ation ( ! univ]sal pr9ciple ab\t ,div9e wor%ip is effect$ by ! c]emonial precepts1 s ! det]m9ation ( ! g5]al precepts ( t ju/ice :i* is to be obs]v$ among m5 is effect$ by ! judicial precepts4 ,we mu/ !re=e di/+ui% ?ree k9ds ( precept 9 ! ,old ,law2 viz4 moral precepts1 :i* are dictat$ by ! natural law2 c]emonial precepts1 :i* are det]m9ations ( ! ,div9e wor%ip2 & judicial precepts1 :i* are det]m9ations ( ! ju/ice to be ma9ta9$ among m54 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #g3ab7 aft] say+ t ! ,law is holy1 adds t ! comm&m5t is j1 & holy1 & good3 j1 9 respect ( ! judicial precepts2 holy1 ) reg>d to ! c]emonial precepts 7s9ce ! ^w sanctus--holy--is appli$ to t :i* is consecrat$ to ,god72 & good1 i4e4 conducive to virtue1 z to ! moral precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,bo? ! moral & ! judicial precepts aim at ! ord]+ ( human life3 & consequ5tly !y are bo? compris$ "u "o ( ! heads m5tion$ by ,augu/9e1 viz4 "u ! precepts ( ! life we h to lead4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,judgm5t d5otes execution ( ju/ice1 by an application ( ! reason to individual cases 9 a det]m9ate way4 ,h5ce ! judicial precepts h some?+ 9 common ) ! moral precepts1 9 t !y are d]iv$ f reason2 & some?+ 9 common ) ! c]emonial precepts1 9 t !y are det]m9ations ( g5]al precepts4 ,?is expla9s :y sometimes judgm5ts comprise bo? judicial & moral precepts1 z 9 ,deut4 #e3a3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! c]emonies & judgm5ts2 & sometimes judicial & c]emonial precepts1 z 9 ,lev4 #ah3d3 ,y %all d ,my judgm5ts1 & %all obs]ve ,my precepts1 :]e precepts d5otes moral precepts1 :ile judgm5ts ref]s to judicial & c]emonial precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! act ( ju/ice1 9 g5]al1 belongs to ! moral precepts2 b its det]m9ation to "s special k9d ( act belongs to ! judicial precepts4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,conta9s ,any ,o!rs ,besides ! ,moral1 ,judicial1 & ,c]emonial ,precepts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law conta9s o!rs besides ! moral1 judicial1 & c]emonial precepts4 ,because ! judicial precepts belong to ! act ( ju/ice1 :i* is betwe5 man & man2 :ile ! c]emonial precepts belong to ! act ( religion1 :]eby ,god is wor%ipp$4 ,n[ besides ^! !re are _m o!r virtues1 viz4 temp]ance1 =titude1 lib]ality1 & sev]al o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e besides ! a=esaid precepts1 ! ,old ,law %\ld comprise o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,deut4 #aa3a73 ,love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & obs]ve ,8 precepts & c]emonies1 ,8 judgm5ts & comm&m5ts4 ,n[ precepts conc]n moral matt]s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e besides ! moral1 judicial & c]emonial precepts1 ! ,law conta9s o!rs :i* are call$ comm&m5ts4 99,! comm&m5ts 7m&ata7 spok5 ( "h & 9 ! body ( ?is article are n to be confus$ ) ! ,comm&m5ts 7praecepta7 9 ! ord9>y acceptance ( ! ^w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3ag73 ,keep ! precepts ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & ! te/imonies & c]emonies :i* ,i h ,vulg43 ',he ha?' comm&$ !e4 ,!re=e 9 addition to ! above1 ! ,law comprises te/imonies4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3ic73 ,?y ju/ifications 7i4e4 ,?y ,law1 accord+ to a gloss7 ,i w nev] =get4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,old ,law !re are n only moral1 c]emonial & judicial precepts1 b also o!rs1 call$ ju/ifications4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3a73 ,^! are ! precepts & c]emonies & judgm5ts :i* ! ,"l y\r ,god comm&$ 4 4 4 y4 ,& ^! words are plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,law4 ,!re=e all ! precepts ( ! ,law are includ$ "u !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s ?+s are includ$ 9 ! ,law by way ( precept2 o!r ?+s1 z be+ orda9$ to ! fulfilm5t ( ! precepts4 ,n[ ! precepts ref] to ?+s :i* h to be done3 & to _! fulfilm5t man is induc$ by two consid]ations1 viz4 ! au?ority ( ! lawgiv]1 & ! b5efit d]iv$ f ! fulfilm5t1 :i* b5efit consi/s 9 ! atta9m5t ( "s good1 useful1 pleasurable or virtu\s1 or 9 ! avoidance ( "s contr>y evil4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y t 9 ! ,old ,law c]ta9 ?+s %\ld be set =? to indicate ! au?ority ( ,god ! lawgiv]3 e4g4 ,deut4 #f3d3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l2 & ,g54 #a3a3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?3 & ^! are call$ te/imonies4 ,aga9 x 0 necess>y t 9 ! ,law c]ta9 rew>ds %\ld be appo9t$ = ^? :o obs]ve ! ,law1 & puni%m5ts = ^? :o transgress2 z x may be se5 9 ,deut4 #bh3 ,if ?\ wilt he> ! voice ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 4 4 4 ,he w make !e high] ?an all ! nations1 etc43 & ^! are call$ ju/ifications1 accord+ z ,god puni%es or rew>ds c]ta9 ones ju/ly4 ,! ?+s t h to be done d n come "u ! precept except 9 s f> z !y h ! "* ( a duty4 ,n[ a duty is tw(old3 "o accord+ to ! rule ( reason2 ! o!r accord+ to ! rule ( a law :i* prescribes t duty3 ?us ! ,philosoph] di/+ui%es a tw(old j--moral & legal 7,e?ic4 v1 #g74 ,moral duty is tw(old3 because reason dictates t some?+ mu/ be done1 ei!r z be+ s necess>y t )\t x ! ord] ( virtue w\ld be de/roy$2 or z be+ useful = ! bett] ma9ta9+ ( ! ord] ( virtue4 ,& 9 ?is s5se "s ( ! moral precepts are express$ by way ( absolute comm& or prohibition1 z ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,?\ %alt n /eal3 & ^! are prop]ly call$ precepts4 ,o!r ?+s are prescrib$ or =bidd51 n z an absolute duty1 b z some?+ bett] to be done4 ,^! may be call$ comm&m5ts2 because !y are express$ by way ( inducem5t & p]suasion3 an example :]e( is se5 9 ,ex4 #bb3bf3 ,if ?\ take ( ?y neighbor a g>m5t 9 pl$ge1 ?\ %alt give x him aga9 be=e sunset2 & 9 o!r l cases4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome 7,praefat4 9 ,comm5t4 sup] ,m>c47 says t ju/ice is 9 ! precepts1 *>ity 9 ! comm&m5ts4 ,duty z fix$ by ! ,law1 belongs to ! judicial precepts1 z reg>ds human affairs2 to ! c]emonial precepts1 z reg>ds ,div9e matt]s4 ,nev]!less ^? ord9ances also :i* ref] to puni%m5ts & rew>ds may be call$ te/imonies1 9 s f> z !y te/ify to ! ,div9e ju/ice4 ,aga9 all ! precepts ( ! ,law may be /yl$ ju/ifications1 z be+ executions ( legal ju/ice4 ,fur!rmore ! comm&m5ts may be di/+ui%$ f ! precepts1 s t ^? ?+s be call$ precepts :i* ,god ,himself prescrib$2 & ^? ?+s comm&m5ts :i* ,he enjo9$ 7m&avit7 ?r\gh o!rs1 z ! v ^w seems to d5ote4 ,f ?is x is cle> t all ! precepts ( ! ,law are ei!r moral1 c]emonial1 or judicial2 & t o!r ord9ances h n ! "* ( a precept1 b are direct$ to ! obs]vance ( ! precepts1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ju/ice alone1 ( all ! virtues1 implies ! notion ( duty4 ,consequ5tly moral matt]s are det]m9able by law 9 s f> z !y belong to ju/ice3 ( :i* virtue religion is a "p1 z ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ii74 ,:]e=e ! legal j _c be any?+ =eign to ! c]emonial & judicial precepts4 ,! ,replies to ! o!r ,objections are cle> f :at has be5 said4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,%\ld ,h ,induc$ ,m5 to ! ,obs]vance ( ,its ,precepts1 by ,means ( ,temporal ,promises & ,?reats8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law %\ld n h induc$ m5 to ! obs]vance ( its precepts1 by means ( temporal promises & ?reats4 ,= ! purpose ( ! ,div9e law is to subject man to ,god by fe> & love3 h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #aj3ab73 ,& n[1 ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b t ?\ fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & walk 9 ,8 ways1 & love ,him8 ,b ! desire = temporal goods leads man away f ,god3 = ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cf71 t covet\sness is ! bane ( *>ity4 ,!re=e temporal promises & ?reats seem to be contr>y to ! int5tion ( a lawgiv]3 & ?is makes a law wor?y ( rejection1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,polit4 ii1 #f74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e law is m excell5t ?an human law4 ,n[1 9 sci5ces1 we notice t ! l(ti] ! sci5ce1 ! high] ! means ( p]suasion t x employs4 ,!re=e1 s9ce human law employs temporal ?reats & promises1 z means ( p]suad+ man1 ! ,div9e law %\ld h us$1 n ^!1 b m l(ty means4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! rew>d ( righte\sness & ! puni%m5t ( guilt _c be t :i* befalls equally ! good & ! wick$4 ,b z /at$ 9 ,eccles4 #i3b1 all temporal ?+s equally happ5 to ! j & to ! wick$1 to ! good & ! evil1 to ! clean & to ! unclean1 to him t (f]e? victims1 & to him t despise? sacrifices4 ,!re=e temporal goods or evils are n suitably set =? z puni%m5ts or rew>ds ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,div9e law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #a3ai1 #bj73 ,if y be will+1 & w he>k5 to ,me1 y %all eat ! good ?+s ( ! l&4 ,b if y w n1 & w provoke ,me to wra?3 ! sword %all dev\r y4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 9 speculative sci5ces m5 are p]suad$ to ass5t to ! conclusions by means ( syllogi/ic argum5ts1 s too 9 e law1 m5 are p]suad$ to obs]ve its precepts by means ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t1 9 speculative sci5ces1 ! means ( p]suasion are adapt$ to ! conditions ( ! pupil3 :]e=e ! process ( argum5t 9 sci5ces %\ld be ord]$ becom+ly1 s t ! in/ruction is bas$ on pr9ciples m g5]ally kn[n4 ,& ?us also he :o w\ld p]suade a man to ! obs]vance ( any precepts1 ne$s to move him at fir/ by ?+s = :i* he has an affection2 j z *ildr5 are induc$ to d some?+1 by means ( little *ildi% gifts4 ,n[ x has be5 said above 7,q4 #ih1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c7 t ! ,old ,law dispos$ m5 to 7! com+ (7 ,*ri/1 z ! imp]fect 9 comp>ison disposes to ! p]fect1 :]e=e x 0 giv5 to a p z yet imp]fect 9 comp>ison to ! p]fection :i* 0 to result f ,*ri/'s com+3 & = ?is reason1 t p is comp>$ to a *ild t is /ill "u a p$agogue 7,gal4 #c3bd74 ,b ! p]fection ( man consi/s 9 8 despis+ temporal ?+s & cleav+ to ?+s spiritual1 z is cle> f ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,phil4 #c3ac1 #ae73 ,=gett+ ! ?+s t are beh9d1 ,i /ret* ,vulg43 '& /ret*+' =? myself to ^? t are be=e 4 4 4 ,let u !re=e1 z _m z are p]fect1 be ?us m9d$4 ,^? :o are yet imp]fect desire temporal goods1 albeit 9 subord9ation to ,god3 :]eas ! p]v]se place _! end 9 temporalities4 ,x 0 !re=e fitt+ t ! ,old ,law %\ld conduct m5 to ,god by means ( temporal goods = :i* ! imp]fect h an affection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,covet\sness :]eby man places 8 end 9 temporalities1 is ! bane ( *>ity4 ,b ! atta9m5t ( temporal goods :i* man desires 9 subord9ation to ,god is a road lead+ ! imp]fect to ! love ( ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #dh3ai3 ,he w praise ,!e1 :5 ,?\ %alt d well to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,human law p]suades m5 by means ( temporal rew>ds or puni%m5ts to be inflict$ by m53 :]eas ! ,div9e law p]suades m5 by means ( rew>ds or puni%m5ts to be receiv$ f ,god4 ,9 ?is respect x employs high] means4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z any "o c see1 :o reads c>efully ! /ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! common weal ( ! p prosp]$ "u ! ,law z long z !y obey$ x2 & z soon z !y dep>t$ f ! precepts ( ! ,law !y 7 ov]tak5 by _m calamities4 ,b c]ta9 individuals1 al?\gh !y obs]v$ ! ju/ice ( ! ,law1 met ) mis=tunes--ei!r because !y _h already become spiritual 7s t mis=tune might )draw !m all ! m f atta*m5t to temporal ?+s1 & t _! virtue might be tri$7--or because1 :ile outw>dly fulfill+ ! works ( ! ,law1 _! he>t 0 altoge!r fix$ on temporal goods1 & f> remov$ f ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #bi3ac 7,matt4 #ae3h73 ,?is p honore? ,me ) _! lips2 b _! he>ts is f> f ,me4 ,,"q #ajj ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,precepts ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,law 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ea* k9d ( precept ( ! ,old ,law3 & 7#a7 ! moral precepts1 7#b7 ! c]emonial precepts1 7#c7 ! judicial precepts4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r all ! moral precepts ( ! ,old ,law belong to ! law ( nature8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! moral precepts ( ! ,old ,law are ab\t ! acts ( all ! virtues8 7#c7 ,:e!r all ! moral precepts ( ! ,old ,law are r$ucible to ! t5 precepts ( ! decalogue8 7#d7 ,h[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r8 7#e7 ,_! numb]2 7#f7 ,_! ord]2 7#g7 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 giv52 7#h7 ,:e!r !y are disp5sable8 7#i7 ,:e!r ! mode ( obs]v+ a virtue comes "u ! precept ( ! ,law8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ! mode ( *>ity comes "u ! precept8 7#aa7 ,! di/9ction ( o!r moral precepts2 7#ab7 ,:e!r ! moral precepts ( ! ,old ,law ju/ifi$ man8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,all ! ,moral ,precepts ( ! ,old ,law ,belong to ! ,law ( ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all ! moral precepts belong to ! law ( nature4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ag3i73 ,moreov] ,he gave !m in/ructions1 & ! law ( life = an inh]itance4 ,b in/ruction is 9 contradi/9ction to ! law ( nature2 s9ce ! law ( nature is n le>nt1 b in/ill$ by natural in/9ct4 ,!re=e n all ! moral precepts belong to ! natural law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e law is m p]fect ?an human law4 ,b human law adds c]ta9 ?+s conc]n+ good morals1 to ^? t belong to ! law ( nature3 z is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! natural law is ! same 9 all m51 :ile ^! moral in/itutions are v>i\s = v>i\s p4 ,mu* m reason !re=e 0 !re :y ! ,div9e law %\ld add to ! law ( nature1 ord9ances p]ta9+ to good morals4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z natural reason leads to good morals 9 c]ta9 matt]s1 s does fai?3 h5ce x is writt5 7,gal4 #e3f7 t fai? worke? by *>ity4 ,b fai? is n includ$ 9 ! law ( nature2 s9ce t :i* is ( fai? is above nature4 ,!re=e n all ! moral precepts ( ! ,div9e law belong to ! law ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #b3ad7 t ! ,g5tiles1 :o h n ! ,law1 d by nature ^? ?+s t are ( ! ,law3 :i* mu/ be und]/ood ( ?+s p]ta9+ to good morals4 ,!re=e all ! moral precepts ( ! ,law belong to ! law ( nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,! moral precepts1 di/9ct f ! c]emonial & judicial precepts1 are ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ ( _! v nature to good morals4 ,n[ s9ce human morals dep5d on _! relation to reason1 :i* is ! prop] pr9ciple ( human acts1 ^? morals are call$ good :i* accord ) reason1 & ^? are call$ bad :i* are discordant f reason4 ,& z e judgm5t ( speculative reason proce$s f ! natural k ( fir/ pr9ciples1 s e judgm5t ( practical reason proce$s f pr9ciples kn[n naturally1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #id1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d73 f :i* pr9ciples "o may proce$ 9 v>i\s ways to judge ( v>i\s matt]s4 ,= "s matt]s connect$ ) human actions are s evid5t1 t aft] v little consid]ation "o is able at once to approve or disapprove ( !m by means ( ^! g5]al fir/ pr9ciples3 :ile "s matt]s _c be ! subject ( judgm5t )\t mu* consid]ation ( ! v>i\s circum/ances1 :i* all are n compet5t to d c>efully1 b only ^? :o are wise3 j z x is n possible = all to consid] ! p>ticul> conclusions ( sci5ces1 b only = ^? :o are v]s$ 9 philosophy3 & la/ly !re are "s matt]s ( :i* man _c judge unless he be help$ by ,div9e in/ruction2 su* z ! articles ( fai?4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t s9ce ! moral precepts are ab\t matt]s :i* conc]n good morals2 & s9ce good morals are ^? :i* are 9 accord ) reason2 & s9ce also e judgm5t ( human reason mu/ ne$s by d]iv$ 9 "s way f natural reason2 x foll[s1 ( necessity1 t all ! moral precepts belong to ! law ( nature2 b n all 9 ! same way4 ,= !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* ! natural reason ( e man1 ( its own accord & at once1 judges to be done or n to be done3 e4g4 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m1 & ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,?\ %alt n /eal3 & ^! belong to ! law ( nature absolutely4 ,& !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i*1 aft] a m c>eful consid]ation1 wise m5 deem obligatory4 ,su* belong to ! law ( nature1 yet s t !y ne$ to be inculcat$1 ! wis] tea*+ ! less wise3 e4g4 ,rise up be=e ! ho>y head1 & honor ! p]son ( ! ag$ man1 & ! l4 ,& !re are "s ?+s1 to judge ( :i*1 human reason ne$s ,div9e in/ruction1 :]eby we are taught ab\t ! ?+s ( ,god3 e4g4 ,?\ %alt n make to ?yself a grav5 ?+1 nor ! lik5ess ( any?+2 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,moral ,precepts ( ! ,law ,are ,ab\t ,all ! ,acts ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! moral precepts ( ! ,law are n ab\t all ! acts ( virtue4 ,= obs]vance ( ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law is call$ ju/ification1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3h3 ,i w keep ,?y ju/ifications4 ,b ju/ification is ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! moral precepts are only ab\t acts ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* comes "u a precept has ! "* ( a duty4 ,b ! "* ( duty belongs to ju/ice alone & to none ( ! o!r virtues1 = ! prop] act ( ju/ice consi/s 9 r5d]+ to ea* "o 8 due4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! moral law are n ab\t ! acts ( ! o!r virtues1 b only ab\t ! acts ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e law is made = ! common good1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #ba74 ,b ( all ! virtues ju/ice alone reg>ds ! common good1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,!re=e ! moral precepts are only ab\t ! acts ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,p>adiso viii7 t a s9 is a transgression ( ! ,div9e law1 & a disob$i5ce to ! comm&m5ts ( heav54 ,b !re are s9s contr>y to all ! acts ( virtue4 ,!re=e x belongs to ,div9e law to direct all ! acts ( virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! precepts ( ! ,law are orda9$ to ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b71 ! precepts ( ! ,law mu/ ne$s be div]sifi$ accord+ to ! v>i\s k9ds ( community3 h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 iv1 #a7 tea*es t ! laws :i* are made 9 a /ate :i* is rul$ by a k+ mu/ be diff]5t f ! laws ( a /ate :i* is rul$ by ! p1 or by a few p[]ful m5 9 ! /ate4 ,n[ human law is orda9$ = "o k9d ( community1 & ! ,div9e law = ano!r k9d4 ,because human law is orda9$ = ! civil community1 imply+ mutual duties ( man & 8 fell[s3 & m5 are orda9$ to "o ano!r by outw>d acts1 :]eby m5 live 9 communion ) "o ano!r4 ,?is life 9 common ( man ) man p]ta9s to ju/ice1 ^: prop] function consi/s 9 direct+ ! human community4 ,:]e=e human law makes precepts only ab\t acts ( ju/ice2 & if x comm&s acts ( o!r virtues1 ?is is only 9 s f> z !y assume ! nature ( ju/ice1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,b ! community = :i* ! ,div9e law is orda9$1 is t ( m5 9 relation to ,god1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 ! life to come4 ,& !re=e ! ,div9e law proposes precepts ab\t all ^? matt]s :]eby m5 are well ord]$ 9 _! relations to ,god4 ,n[ man is unit$ to ,god by 8 reason or m9d1 9 :i* is ,god's image4 ,:]e=e ! ,div9e law proposes precepts ab\t all ^? matt]s :]eby human reason is well ord]$4 ,b ?is is effect$ by ! acts ( all ! virtues3 s9ce ! intellectual virtues set 9 good ord] ! acts ( ! reason 9 !mselves3 :ile ! moral virtues set 9 good ord] ! acts ( ! reason 9 ref]5ce to ! int]ior passions & ext]ior actions4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! ,div9e law fitt+ly proposes precepts ab\t ! acts ( all ! virtues3 yet s t c]ta9 matt]s1 )\t :i* ! ord] ( virtue1 :i* is ! ord] ( reason1 _c ev5 exi/1 come "u an obligation ( precept2 :ile o!r matt]s1 :i* p]ta9 to ! well-be+ ( p]fect virtue1 come "u an admonition ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law1 ev5 ( ^? :i* are ab\t ! acts ( ! o!r virtues1 has ! "* ( ju/ification1 inasmu* z x is j t man %\ld obey ,god3 or aga91 inasmu* z x is j t all t belongs to man %\ld be subject to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ju/ice prop]ly s call$ reg>ds ! duty ( "o man to ano!r3 b all ! o!r virtues reg>d ! duty ( ! l[] p[]s to reason4 ,x is 9 relation to ?is latt] duty t ! ,philosoph] speaks 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa7 ( a k9d ( metaphorical ju/ice4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is cle> f :at has be5 said ab\t ! diff]5t k9ds ( community4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,all ! ,moral ,precepts ( ! ,old ,law ,are ,r$ucible to ! ,t5 ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all ! moral precepts ( ! ,old ,law are r$ucible to ! t5 precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,= ! fir/ & pr9cipal precepts ( ! ,law are1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor1 z /at$ 9 ,matt4 #bb3cg1 #ci4 ,b ^! two are n conta9$ 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,!re=e n all ! moral precepts are conta9$ 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! moral precepts are n r$ucible to ! c]emonial precepts1 b r vice v]sa4 ,b among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 "o is c]emonial1 viz4 ,rememb] t ?\ keep holy ! ,sabba?-day4 ,!re=e ! moral precepts are n r$ucible to all ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! moral precepts are ab\t all ! acts ( virtue4 ,b among ! precepts ( ! decalogue are only su* z reg>d acts ( ju/ice2 z may be se5 by go+ ?r\gh !m all4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue d n include all ! moral precepts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! gloss on ,matt4 #e3aa3 ,bless$ are ye :5 !y %all revile y1 etc4 says t ,moses1 aft] prop\nd+ ! t5 precepts1 set !m out 9 detail4 ,!re=e all ! precepts ( ! ,law are s _m p>ts ( ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,i answ] t1 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue diff] f ! o!r precepts ( ! ,law1 9 ! fact t ,god ,himself is said to h giv5 ! precepts ( ! decalogue2 :]eas ,he gave ! o!r precepts to ! p ?r\gh ,moses4 ,:]e=e ! decalogue includes ^? precepts ! k ( :i* man has imm$iately f ,god4 ,su* are ^? :i* ) b slight reflection c be ga!r$ at once f ! fir/ g5]al pr9ciples3 & ^? also :i* become kn[n to man imm$iately ?r\gh div9ely infus$ fai?4 ,consequ5tly two k9ds ( precepts are n reckon$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue3 viz4 fir/ g5]al pr9ciples1 = !y ne$ no fur!r promulgation aft] be+ once impr9t$ on ! natural reason to :i* !y are self-evid5t2 z1 = in/ance1 t "o %\ld d evil to no man1 & o!r simil> pr9ciples3 & aga9 ^? :i* ! c>eful reflection ( wise m5 %[s to be 9 accord ) reason2 s9ce ! p receive ^! pr9ciples f ,god1 ?r\gh be+ taught by wise m54 ,nev]!less bo? k9ds ( precepts are conta9$ 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue2 yet 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= ! fir/ g5]al pr9ciples are conta9$ 9 !m1 z pr9ciples 9 _! proximate conclusions2 :ile ^? :i* are kn[n ?r\gh wise m5 are conta9$1 conv]sely1 z conclusions 9 _! pr9ciples4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? two pr9ciples are ! fir/ g5]al pr9ciples ( ! natural law1 & are self-evid5t to human reason1 ei!r ?r\gh nature or ?r\gh fai?4 ,:]e=e all ! precepts ( ! decalogue are ref]r$ to ^!1 z conclusions to g5]al pr9ciples4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! precept ( ! ,sabba? obs]vance is moral 9 "o respect1 9 s f> z x comm&s man to give "s "t to ! ?+s ( ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #de3aa3 ,be /ill & see t ,i am ,god4 ,9 ?is respect x is plac$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue3 b n z to ! fix+ ( ! "t1 9 :i* respect x is a c]emonial precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! notion ( duty is n s pat5t 9 ! o!r virtues z x is 9 ju/ice4 ,h5ce ! precepts ab\t ! acts ( ! o!r virtues are n s well kn[n to ! p z are ! precepts ab\t acts ( ju/ice4 ,:]e=e ! acts ( ju/ice especially come "u ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 :i* are ! prim>y elem5ts ( ! ,law4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,are ,suitably ,di/+ui%$ f ,"o ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are unsuitably di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,= wor%ip is a virtue di/9ct f fai?4 ,n[ ! precepts are ab\t acts ( virtue4 ,b t :i* is said at ! beg9n+ ( ! decalogue1 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me1 belongs to fai?3 & t :i* is add$1 ,?\ %alt n make 4 4 4 any grav5 ?+1 etc4 belongs to wor%ip4 ,!re=e ^! are n "o precept1 z ,augu/9e ass]ts 7,qq4 9 ,exod4 qu4 lxxi71 b two4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! affirmative precepts 9 ! ,law are di/9ct f ! negative precepts2 e4g4 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m1 &1 ,?\ %alt n kill4 ,b ?is1 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 is affirmative3 & t :i* foll[s1 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me1 is negative4 ,!re=e ^! are two precepts1 & d n1 z ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 9 ,exod4 qu4 lxxi71 make "o4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #g3g73 ,i _h n kn[n concupisc5ce1 if ! ,law did n say3 ',?\ %alt n covet4' ,h5ce x seems t ?is precept1 ,?\ %alt n covet1 is "o precept2 &1 !re=e1 %\ld n be divid$ into two4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,augu/9e :o1 9 comm5t+ on ,exodus 7,qq4 9 ,exod4 qu4 lxxi7 di/+ui%es ?ree precepts z ref]r+ to ,god1 & sev5 z ref]r+ to our neighbor4 ,i answ] t1 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue are diff]5tly divid$ by diff]5t au?orities4 ,= ,hesy*ius comm5t+ on ,lev4 #bf3bf1 ,t5 wom5 %all bake y\r bread 9 "o ov51 says t ! precept ( ! ,sabba?-day obs]vance is n "o ( ! t5 precepts1 because its obs]vance1 9 ! lett]1 is n b9d+ = all "t4 ,b he di/+ui%es f\r precepts p]ta9+ to ,god1 ! fir/ be+1 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god2 ! second1 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me1 7?us also ,j]ome di/+ui%es ^! two precepts1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,osee #aj3aj1 ,on ?y ,vulg43 _! two iniquities72 ! ?ird precept accord+ to him is1 ,?\ %alt n make to ?yself any grav5 ?+2 & ! f\r?1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94 ,he /ates t !re are six precepts p]ta9+ to our neighbor2 ! fir/1 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m2 ! second1 ,?\ %alt n kill2 ! ?ird1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y2 ! f\r?1 ,?\ %alt n /eal2 ! fif?1 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness2 ! six?1 ,?\ %alt n covet4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x seems unbecom+ = ! precept ( ! ,sabba?-day obs]vance to be put among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 if x n[ise belong$ to ! decalogue4 ,secondly1 because1 s9ce x is writt5 7,matt4 #f3bd71 ,no man c s]ve two ma/]s1 ! two /atem5ts1 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 &1 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me seem to be ( ! same nature & to =m "o precept4 ,h5ce ,orig5 7,hom4 viii 9 ,exod47 :o also di/+ui%es f\r precepts z ref]r+ to ,god1 unites ^! two "u "o precept2 & reckons 9 ! second place1 ,?\ %alt n make 4 4 4 any grav5 ?+2 z ?ird1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va92 & z f\r?1 ,rememb] t ?\ keep holy ! ,sabba?-day4 ,! o!r six he reckons 9 ! same way z ,hesy*ius4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! mak+ ( grav5 ?+s or ! lik5ess ( any?+ is n =bidd5 except z to ! po9t ( _! be+ wor%ipp$ z gods--= ,god comm&$ an image ( ! ,s]aphim ,vulg43 ,*]ubim to be made & plac$ 9 ! tab]nacle1 z relat$ 9 ,ex4 #be3ah--;,augu/9e m fitt+ly unites ^! two1 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me1 &1 ,?\ %alt n make 4 4 4 any grav5 ?+1 into "o precept4 ,likewise to covet ano!r's wife1 = ! purpose ( c>nal k1 belongs to ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle%2 :]eas1 to covet o!r ?+s1 :i* are desir$ = ! purpose ( possession1 belongs to ! concupisc5ce ( ! eyes2 :]e=e ,augu/9e reckons z di/9ct precepts1 t :i* =bids ! covet+ ( ano!r's goods1 & t :i* prohibits ! covet+ ( ano!r's wife4 ,?us he di/+ui%es ?ree precepts z ref]r+ to ,god1 & sev5 z ref]r+ to our neighbor4 ,& ?is is bett]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,wor%ip is m]ely a decl>ation ( fai?3 :]e=e ! precepts ab\t wor%ip %\ld n be reckon$ z di/9ct f ^? ab\t fai?4 ,nev]!less precepts %\ld be giv5 ab\t wor%ip r ?an ab\t fai?1 because ! precept ab\t fai? is presuppos$ to ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 z is also ! precept ( *>ity4 ,= j z ! fir/ g5]al pr9ciples ( ! natural law are self-evid5t to a subject hav+ natural reason1 & ne$ no promulgation2 s also to believe 9 ,god is a fir/ & self-evid5t pr9ciple to a subject possess$ ( fai?3 = he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is 7,heb4 #aa3f74 ,h5ce x ne$s no o!r promulgation t ! infusion ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! affirmative precepts are di/9ct f ! negative1 :5 "o is n compris$ 9 ! o!r3 ?us t man %\ld honor 8 p>5ts does n include t he %\ld n kill ano!r man2 nor does ! latt] include ! =m]4 ,b :5 an affirmative precept is includ$ 9 a negative1 or vice v]sa1 we d n f9d t two di/9ct precepts are giv53 ?us !re is n "o precept say+ t ,?\ %alt n /eal1 & ano!r b9d+ "o to keep ano!r's prop]ty intact1 or to give x back to its own]4 ,9 ! same way !re are n diff]5t precepts ab\t believ+ 9 ,god1 & ab\t n believ+ 9 /range gods4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all covet\sness has "o common ratio3 & !re=e ! ,apo/le speaks ( ! comm&m5t ab\t covet\sness z ?\gh x 7 "o4 ,b because !re are v>i\s special k9ds ( covet\sness1 !re=e ,augu/9e di/+ui%es diff]5t prohibitions aga9/ covet+3 = covet\sness diff]s specifically 9 respect ( ! div]sity ( actions or ?+s covet$1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #e74 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,are ,suitably ,set ,=?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are unsuitably set =?4 ,because s91 z /at$ by ,ambrose 7,de ,p>adiso viii71 is a transgression ( ! ,div9e law & a disob$i5ce to ! comm&m5ts ( heav54 ,b s9s are di/+ui%$ accord+ z man s9s aga9/ ,god1 or 8 neighbor1 or himself4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! decalogue does n include any precepts direct+ man 9 8 relations to himself1 b only su* z direct him 9 8 relations to ,god & himself1 x seems t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z ! ,sabba?-day obs]vance p]ta9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 s also did ! obs]vance ( o!r solemnities1 & ! (f]+ ( sacrifices4 ,b ! decalogue conta9s a precept ab\t ! ,sabba?-day obs]vance4 ,!re=e x %\ld conta9 o!rs also1 p]ta9+ to ! o!r solemnities1 & to ! sacrificial rite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z s9s aga9/ ,god include ! s9 ( p]jury1 s also d !y include blasphemy1 or o!r ways ( ly+ aga9/ ! tea*+ ( ,god4 ,b !re is a precept =bidd+ p]jury1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94 ,!re=e !re %\ld be also a precept ( ! decalogue =bidd+ blasphemy & false doctr9e4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z man has a natural affection = 8 p>5ts1 s has he also = 8 *ildr54 ,moreov] ! comm&m5t ( *>ity ext5ds to all our neighbors4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue are orda9$ unto *>ity1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #a3e3 ,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity4 ,!re=e z !re is a precept ref]r+ to p>5ts1 s %\ld !re h be5 "s precepts ref]r+ to *ildr5 & o!r neighbors4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 9 e k9d ( s91 x is possible to s9 9 ?\ght or 9 de$4 ,b 9 "s k9ds ( s91 namely 9 !ft & adult]y1 ! prohibition ( s9s ( de$1 :5 x is said1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 is di/9ct f ! prohibition ( ! s9 ( ?\ght1 :5 x is said1 ,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighbor's goods1 &1 ,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighbor's wife4 ,!re=e ! same %\ld h be5 done 9 reg>d to ! s9s ( homicide & false witness4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 j z s9 happ5s ?r\gh disord] ( ! concupiscible faculty1 s does x arise ?r\gh disord] ( ! irascible "p4 ,b "s precepts =bid inord9ate concupisc5ce1 :5 x is said1 ,?\ %alt n covet4 ,!re=e ! decalogue %\ld h includ$ "s precepts =bidd+ ! disord]s ( ! irascible faculty4 ,!re=e x seems t ! t5 precepts ( ! decalogue are unfitt+ly enum]at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3ac73 ,he %ew$ y ,8 cov5ant1 :i* ,he comm&$ y to d1 & ! t5 words t ,he wrote 9 two tablets ( /one4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 j z ! precepts ( human law direct man 9 8 relations to ! human community1 s ! precepts ( ! ,div9e law direct man 9 8 relations to a community or commonweal? ( m5 "u ,god4 ,n[ 9 ord] t any man may dwell aright 9 a community1 two ?+s are requir$3 ! fir/ is t he behave well to ! head ( ! community2 ! o!r is t he behave well to ^? :o are 8 fell[s & p>tn]s 9 ! community4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! ,div9e law %\ld conta9 9 ! fir/ place precepts ord]+ man 9 8 relations to ,god2 & 9 ! second place1 o!r precepts ord]+ man 9 8 relations to o!r m5 :o are 8 neighbors & live ) him "u ,god4 ,n[ man owes ?ree ?+s to ! head ( ! community3 fir/1 fidelity2 secondly1 rev]5ce2 ?irdly1 s]vice4 ,fidelity to 8 ma/] consi/s 9 8 n giv+ sov]eign honor to ano!r3 & ?is is ! s5se ( ! fir/ comm&m5t1 9 ! words ,?\ %alt n h /range gods4 ,rev]5ce to 8 ma/] requires t he %\ld d no?+ injuri\s to him3 & ?is is convey$ by ! second comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94 ,s]vice is due to ! ma/] 9 return = ! b5efits :i* 8 subjects receive f him3 & to ?is belongs ! ?ird comm&m5t ( ! sanctification ( ! ,sabba? 9 memory ( ! creation ( all ?+s4 ,to 8 neighbors a man behaves himself well bo? 9 p>ticul> & 9 g5]al4 ,9 p>ticul>1 z to ^? to :om he is indebt$1 by pay+ 8 debts3 & 9 ?is s5se is to be tak5 ! comm&m5t ab\t honor+ "o's p>5ts4 ,9 g5]al1 z to all m51 by do+ h>m to none1 ei!r by de$1 or by ^w1 or by ?\ght4 ,by de$1 h>m is done to "o's neighbor--sometimes 9 8 p]son1 i4e4 z to 8 p]sonal exi/5ce2 & ?is is =bidd5 by ! words1 ,?\ %alt n kill3 sometimes 9 a p]son unit$ to him1 z to ! propagation ( (fspr+2 & ?is is prohibit$ by ! words1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y3 sometimes 9 8 possessions1 :i* are direct$ to bo? ! a=esaid2 & ) ?is reg>d to ?is x is said1 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 ,h>m done by ^w is =bidd5 :5 x is said1 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness aga9/ ?y neighbor3 h>m done by ?\ght is =bidd5 9 ! words1 ,?\ %alt n covet4 ,! ?ree precepts t direct man 9 8 behavior t[>ds ,god may also be diff]5tiat$ 9 ?is same way4 ,= ! fir/ ref]s to de$s2 :]e=e x is said1 ,?\ %alt n make 4 4 4 a grav5 ?+3 ! second1 to words2 :]e=e x is said1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va93 ! ?ird1 to ?\ghts2 because ! sanctification ( ! ,sabba?1 z ! subject ( a moral precept1 requires repose ( ! he>t 9 ,god4 ,or1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,9 ,ps4 #cb3 ,conc4 #a71 by ! fir/ comm&m5t we rev]5ce ! unity ( ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple2 by ! second1 ! ,div9e tru?2 by ! ?ird1 ,8 goodness :]eby we are sanctifi$1 & :]e9 we re/ z 9 our la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection may be answ]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because ! precepts ( ! decalogue c be r$uc$ to ! precepts ( *>ity4 ,n[ !re 0 ne$ = man to receive a precept ab\t lov+ ,god & 8 neighbor1 because 9 ?is respect ! natural law _h become obscur$ on acc\nt ( s93 b n ab\t ! duty ( lov+ oneself1 because 9 ?is respect ! natural law reta9$ its vigor3 or aga91 because love ( oneself is conta9$ 9 ! love ( ,god & ( "o's neighbor3 s9ce true self-love consi/s 9 direct+ oneself to ,god4 ,& = ?is reason ! decalogue includes ^? precepts only :i* ref] to our neighbor & to ,god4 ,secondly1 x may be answ]$ t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are ^? :i* ! p receiv$ f ,god imm$iately2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #aj3d73 ,he wrote 9 ! tables1 accord+ z ,he _h writt5 be=e1 ! t5 words1 :i* ! ,"l spoke to y4 ,h5ce ! precepts ( ! decalogue ne$ to be su* z ! p c und]/& at once4 ,n[ a precept implies ! notion ( duty4 ,b x is easy = a man1 especially = a believ]1 to und]/& t1 ( necessity1 he owes c]ta9 duties to ,god & to 8 neighbor4 ,b t1 9 matt]s :i* reg>d himself & n ano!r1 man has1 ( necessity1 c]ta9 duties to himself1 is n s evid5t3 =1 at ! fir/ glance1 x seems t ev]yone is free 9 matt]s t conc]n himself4 ,& !re=e ! precepts :i* prohibit disord]s ( a man ) reg>d to himself1 rea* ! p ?r\gh ! in/ruction ( m5 :o are v]s$ 9 su* matt]s2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y are n conta9$ 9 ! decalogue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ! solemnities ( ! ,old ,law 7 in/itut$ 9 celebration ( "s ,div9e favor1 ei!r 9 memory ( pa/ favors1 or 9 sign ( "s favor to come3 9 l mann] all ! sacrifices 7 (f]$ up ) ! same purpose4 ,n[ ( all ! ,div9e favors to be commemorat$ ! *ief 0 t ( ! ,creation1 :i* 0 call$ to m9d by ! sanctification ( ! ,sabba?2 :]e=e ! reason = ?is precept is giv5 9 ,ex4 #bj3aa3 ,9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 etc4 ,& ( all future bless+s1 ! *ief & f9al 0 ! repose ( ! m9d 9 ,god1 ei!r1 9 ! pres5t life1 by grace1 or1 9 ! future life1 by glory2 :i* repose 0 also =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,sabba?-day obs]vance3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #eh3ac73 ,if ?\ turn away ?y foot f ! ,sabba?1 f do+ ?y own w 9 ,my holy day1 & call ! ,sabba? delightful1 & ! holy ( ! ,"l glori\s4 ,because ^! favors fir/ & *iefly are borne 9 m9d by m51 especially by ! fai?ful4 ,b o!r solemnities 7 celebrat$ on acc\nt ( c]ta9 p>ticul> favors temporal & transitory1 su* z ! celebration ( ! ,passov] 9 memory ( ! pa/ favor ( ! deliv]y f ,egypt1 & z a sign ( ! future ,passion ( ,*ri/1 :i* ?\gh temporal & transitory1 br\ght u to ! repose ( ! spiritual ,sabba?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,sabba? alone1 & none ( ! o!r solemnities & sacrifices1 is m5tion$ 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #f3af71 m5 swe> by "o great] ?an !mselves2 & an oa? = confirmation is ! end ( all _! controv]sy4 ,h5ce1 s9ce oa?s are common to all1 inord9ate swe>+ is ! matt] ( a special prohibition by a precept ( ! decalogue4 ,accord+ to "o int]pretation1 h[ev]1 ! words1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va91 are a prohibition ( false doctr9e1 = "o gloss exp\nds !m ?us3 ,?\ %alt n say t ,*ri/ is a creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,t a man %\ld n d h>m to anyone is an imm$iate dictate ( 8 natural reason3 & !re=e ! precepts t =bid ! do+ ( h>m are b9d+ on all m54 ,b x is n an imm$iate dictate ( natural reason t a man %\ld d "o ?+ 9 return = ano!r1 unless he happ5 to be indebt$ to someone4 ,n[ a son's debt to 8 fa!r is s evid5t t "o _c get away f x by d5y+ x3 s9ce ! fa!r is ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation & be+1 & also ( upbr++ & tea*+4 ,:]e=e ! decalogue does n prescribe de$s ( k9dness or s]vice to be done to anyone except to "o's p>5ts4 ,on ! o!r h& p>5ts d n seem to be indebt$ to _! *ildr5 = any favors receiv$1 b r ! rev]se is ! case4 ,aga91 a *ild is a "p ( 8 fa!r2 & p>5ts love _! *ildr5 z be+ a "p ( !mselves1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ab74 ,h5ce1 j z ! decalogue conta9s no ord9ance z to man's behavior t[>ds himself1 s1 = ! same reason1 x includes no precept ab\t lov+ "o's *ildr54 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! pleasure ( adult]y & ! usefulness ( weal?1 9 s f> z !y h ! "* ( pleasurable or useful good1 are ( !mselves1 objects ( appetite3 & = ?is reason !y ne$$ to be =bidd5 n only 9 ! de$ b also 9 ! desire4 ,b murd] & falsehood are1 ( !mselves1 objects ( repulsion 7s9ce x is natural = man to love 8 neighbor & ! tru?73 & are desir$ only = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,consequ5tly ) reg>d to s9s ( murd] & false witness1 x 0 necess>y to proscribe1 n s9s ( ?\ght1 b only s9s ( de$4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a71 all ! passions ( ! irascible faculty arise f ! passions ( ! concupiscible "p4 ,h5ce1 z ! precepts ( ! decalogue are1 z x 71 ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! ,law1 !re 0 no ne$ = m5tion ( ! irascible passions1 b only ( ! concupiscible passions4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,t5 ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,are ,set 9 ,prop] ,ord]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! t5 precepts ( ! decalogue are n set 9 prop] ord]4 ,because love ( "o's neighbor is seem+ly previ\s to love ( ,god1 s9ce our neighbor is bett] kn[n to u ?an ,god is2 accord+ to #a ,john #d3bj3 ,he t love? n 8 bro!r1 :om he see?1 h[ c he love ,god1 ,:om he see? n8 ,b ! fir/ ?ree precepts belong to ! love ( ,god1 :ile ! o!r sev5 p]ta9 to ! love ( our neighbor4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue are n set 9 prop] ord]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! acts ( virtue are prescrib$ by ! affirmative precepts1 & acts ( vice are =bidd5 by ! negative precepts4 ,b accord+ to ,boe?ius 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,categories 99,lib4 iv1 cap4 ,de ,oppos41 vices %\ld be uproot$ be=e virtues are s[n4 ,!re=e among ! precepts conc]n+ our neighbor1 ! negative precepts %\ld h prec$$ ! affirmative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! precepts ( ! ,law are ab\t m5's actions4 ,b actions ( ?\ght prec$e actions ( ^w or outw>d de$4 ,!re=e ! precepts ab\t n covet+1 :i* reg>d our ?\ghts1 are unsuitably plac$ la/ 9 ord]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3a73 ,! ?+s t are ( ,god1 are well ord]$ ,vulg43 ',^? t are1 are orda9$ ( ,god'4 ,b ! precepts ( ! decalogue 7 giv5 imm$iately by ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !y are arrang$ 9 becom+ ord]4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #c1 #e1 ad #a71 ! precepts ( ! decalogue are su* z ! m9d ( man is ready to grasp at once4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a ?+ is s mu* ! m easily grasp$ by ! reason1 z its contr>y is m griev\s & repugnant to reason4 ,moreov]1 x is cle>1 s9ce ! ord] ( reason beg9s ) ! end1 t1 = a man to be inord9ately dispos$ t[>ds 8 end1 is supremely contr>y to reason4 ,n[ ! end ( human life & society is ,god4 ,consequ5tly x 0 necess>y = ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 fir/ ( all1 to direct man to ,god2 s9ce ! contr>y to ?is is mo/ griev\s4 ,?us also1 9 an army1 :i* is orda9$ to ! comm&] z to its end1 x is requisite fir/ t ! soldi] %\ld be subject to ! comm&]1 & ! opposite ( ?is is mo/ griev\s2 & secondly x is requisite t he %\ld be 9 coord9ation ) ! o!r soldi]s4 ,n[ among ^? ?+s :]eby we are orda9$ to ,god1 ! fir/ is t man %\ld be subject$ to ,him fai?fully1 by hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ,8 enemies4 ,! second is t he %\ld %[ ,him rev]5ce3 ! ?ird t he %\ld (f] ,him s]vice4 ,?us1 9 an army1 x is a great] s9 = a soldi] to act trea*]\sly & make a compact ) ! foe1 ?an to be insol5t to 8 comm&]3 & ?is la/ is m griev\s ?an if he be f\nd want+ 9 "s po9t ( s]vice to him4 ,z to ! precepts t direct man 9 8 behavior t[>ds 8 neighbor1 x is evid5t t x is m repugnant to reason1 & a m griev\s s91 if man does n obs]ve ! due ord] z to ^? p]sons to :om he is mo/ indebt$4 ,consequ5tly1 among ^? precepts t direct man 9 8 relations to 8 neighbor1 ! fir/ place is giv5 to t "o :i* reg>ds 8 p>5ts4 ,among ! o!r precepts we aga9 f9d ! ord] to be accord+ to ! gravity ( s94 ,= x is m grave & m repugnant to reason1 to s9 by de$ ?an by ^w2 & by ^w ?an by ?\ght4 ,& among s9s ( de$1 murd] :i* de/roys life 9 "o already liv+ is m griev\s ?an adult]y1 :i* imp]ils ! life ( ! unborn *ild2 & adult]y is m grave ?an !ft1 :i* reg>ds ext]nal goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh our neighbor is bett] kn[n ?an ,god by ! way ( ! s5ses1 nev]!less ! love ( ,god is ! reason = ! love ( our neighbor1 z %all be decl>$ lat] on 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce ! precepts orda9+ man to ,god dem&$ prec$5ce ( ! o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ,god is ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( be+ 9 respect ( all ?+s1 s is a fa!r a pr9ciple ( be+ 9 respect ( 8 son4 ,!re=e ! precept reg>d+ p>5ts 0 fitt+ly plac$ aft] ! precepts reg>d+ ,god4 ,?is argum5t holds 9 respect ( affirmative & negative precepts ab\t ! same k9d ( de$3 al?\gh ev5 !n x is n altoge!r cog5t4 ,= al?\gh 9 ! ord] ( execution1 vices %\ld be uproot$ be=e virtues are s[n1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cc3ae3 ,turn away f evil1 & d good1 & ,isa4 #a3af1 #ag3 ,cease to d p]v]sely2 le>n to d well2 yet1 9 ! ord] ( k1 virtue prec$es vice1 because ! crook$ l9e is kn[n by ! /raight 7,de ,anima i73 & by ! law is ! k ( s9 7,rom4 #c3bj74 ,:]e=e ! affirmative precept dem&$ ! fir/ place4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ! reason = ! ord]1 b t :i* is giv5 above4 ,because 9 ! precepts reg>d+ ,god1 :i* belongs to ! fir/ table1 an affirmative precept is plac$ la/1 s9ce its transgression implies a less griev\s s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh s9 ( ?\ght /&s fir/ 9 ! ord] ( execution1 yet its prohibition holds a lat] position 9 ! ord] ( reason4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,are ,suitably ,=mulat$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are unsuitably =mulat$4 ,because ! affirmative precepts direct man to acts ( virtue1 :ile ! negative precepts )draw him f acts ( vice4 ,b 9 e matt] !re are virtues & vices oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e 9 :atev] matt] !re is an ord9ance ( a precept ( ! decalogue1 !re %\ld h be5 an affirmative & a negative precept4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ t affirmative precepts %\ld be fram$ 9 "s matt]s1 & negative precepts 9 o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 ii1 #aj7 t e law is bas$ on reason4 ,b all ! precepts ( ! decalogue belong to ! ,div9e law4 ,!re=e ! reason %\ld h be5 po9t$ out 9 ea* precept1 & n only 9 ! fir/ & ?ird4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by obs]v+ ! precepts man des]ves to be rew>d$ by ,god4 ,b ! ,div9e promises conc]n ! rew>ds ( ! precepts4 ,!re=e ! promise %\ld h be5 includ$ 9 ea* precept1 & n only 9 ! second & f\r?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,old ,law is call$ ! law ( fe>1 9 s f> z x induc$ m5 to obs]ve ! precepts1 by means ( ! ?reat ( puni%m5ts4 ,b all ! precepts ( ! decalogue belong to ! ,old ,law4 ,!re=e a ?reat ( puni%m5t %\ld h be5 includ$ 9 ea*1 & n only 9 ! fir/ & second4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 all ! comm&m5ts ( ,god %\ld be reta9$ 9 ! memory3 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #c3c73 ,write !m 9 ! tables ( ?y he>t4 ,!re=e x 0 n fitt+ t m5tion ( ! memory %\ld be made 9 ! ?ird comm&m5t only4 ,consequ5tly x seems t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are unsuitably =mulat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #aa3ba7 t ,god made all ?+s1 9 measure1 numb] & weight4 ,mu* m !re=e did ,he obs]ve a suitable mann] 9 =mulat+ ,8 ,law4 ,i answ] t1 ,! highe/ wisdom is conta9$ 9 ! precepts ( ! ,div9e law3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3f73 ,?is is y\r wisdom & und]/&+ 9 ! sight ( nations4 ,n[ x belongs to wisdom to arrange all ?+s 9 due mann] & ord]4 ,!re=e x mu/ be evid5t t ! precepts ( ! ,law are suitably set =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,affirmation ( "o ?+ always leads to ! d5ial ( its opposite3 b ! d5ial ( "o opposite does n always lead to ! affirmation ( ! o!r4 ,= x foll[s t if a ?+ is :ite1 x is n black3 b x does n foll[ t if x is n black1 x is :ite3 because negation ext5ds fur!r ?an affirmation4 ,& h5ce too1 t "o ought n to d h>m to ano!r1 :i* p]ta9s to ! negative precepts1 ext5ds to m p]sons1 z a prim>y dictate ( reason1 ?an t "o ought to d someone a s]vice or k9dness4 ,nev]!less x is a prim>y dictate ( reason t man is a debtor 9 ! po9t ( r5d]+ a s]vice or k9dness to ^? f :om he has receiv$ k9dness1 if he has n yet repaid ! debt4 ,n[ !re are two ^: favors no man c suffici5tly repay1 viz4 ,god & man's fa!r1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #ad4 ,!re=e x is t !re are only two affirmative precepts2 "o ab\t ! honor due to p>5ts1 ! o!r ab\t ! celebration ( ! ,sabba? 9 memory ( ! ,div9e favor4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reasons = ! purely moral precepts are manife/2 h5ce !re 0 no ne$ to add ! reason4 ,b "s ( ! precepts include c]emonial matt]1 or a det]m9ation ( a g5]al moral precept2 ?us ! fir/ precept includes ! det]m9ation1 ,?\ %alt n make a grav5 ?+2 & 9 ! ?ird precept ! ,sabba?-day is fix$4 ,consequ5tly !re 0 ne$ to /ate ! reason 9 ea* case4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,g5]ally speak+1 m5 direct _! actions to "s po9t ( utility4 ,consequ5tly 9 ^? precepts 9 :i* x seem$ t !re w\ld be no useful result1 or t "s utility might be h9d]$1 x 0 necess>y to add a promise ( rew>d4 ,& s9ce p>5ts are already on ! way to dep>t f u1 no b5efit is expect$ f !m3 :]e=e a promise ( rew>d is add$ to ! precept ab\t honor+ "o's p>5ts4 ,! same applies to ! precept =bidd+ idolatry3 s9ce !reby x seem$ t m5 7 h9d]$ f receiv+ ! app>5t b5efit :i* !y ?9k !y c get by ent]+ into a compact ) ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,puni%m5ts are necess>y aga9/ ^? :o are prone to evil1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #i4 ,:]e=e a ?reat ( puni%m5t is only affix$ to ^? precepts ( ! law :i* =bade evils to :i* m5 7 prone4 ,n[ m5 7 prone to idolatry by reason ( ! g5]al cu/om ( ! nations4 ,likewise m5 are prone to p]jury on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t use ( oa?s4 ,h5ce x is t a ?reat is affix$ to ! fir/ two precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! comm&m5t ab\t ! ,sabba? 0 made 9 memory ( a pa/ bless+4 ,:]e=e special m5tion ( ! memory is made !re94 ,or aga91 ! comm&m5t ab\t ! ,sabba? has a det]m9ation affix$ to x t does n belong to ! natural law1 :]e=e ?is precept ne$$ a special admonition4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,are ,disp5sable8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are disp5sable4 ,= ! precepts ( ! decalogue belong to ! natural law4 ,b ! natural law fails 9 "s cases & is *angeable1 l human nature1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #g74 ,n[ ! failure ( law to apply 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> cases is a reason = disp5sation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e a disp5sation c be grant$ 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man /&s 9 ! same relation to human law z ,god does to ,div9e law4 ,b man c disp5se ) ! precepts ( a law made by man4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! precepts ( ! decalogue are orda9$ by ,god1 x seems t ,god c disp5se ) !m4 ,n[ our sup]iors are ,god's vic]eg5ts on e>?2 = ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #b3aj73 ,= :at ,i h p>don$1 if ,i h p>don$ any?+1 = y\r sakes h ,i done x 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e sup]iors c disp5se ) ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among ! precepts ( ! decalogue is "o =bidd+ murd]4 ,b x seems t a disp5sation is giv5 by m5 9 ?is precept3 = in/ance1 :5 accord+ to ! prescription ( human law1 su* z evil-do]s or enemies are lawfully sla94 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue are disp5sable4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? is orda9$ by a precept ( ! decalogue4 ,b a disp5sation 0 grant$ 9 ?is precept2 = x is writt5 7#a ,macc4 #b3d73 ,& !y det]m9$ 9 t day1 say+3 ,:osoev] %all come up to fight aga9/ u on ! ,sabba?-day1 we w fight aga9/ him4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue are disp5sable4 ,on ! contr>y1 are ! words ( ,isa4 #bd3e1 :]e "s are reprov$ = t !y h *ang$ ! ord9ance1 !y h brok5 ! ev]la/+ cov5ant2 :i*1 seem+ly1 apply pr9cipally to ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue _c be *ang$ by disp5sation4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #d71 precepts admit ( disp5sation1 :5 !re occurs a p>ticul> case 9 :i*1 if ! lett] ( ! law be obs]v$1 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is fru/rat$4 ,n[ ! int5tion ( e lawgiv] is direct$ fir/ & *iefly to ! common good2 secondly1 to ! ord] ( ju/ice & virtue1 :]eby ! common good is pres]v$ & atta9$4 ,if !re=e !re be any precepts :i* conta9 ! v pres]vation ( ! common good1 or ! v ord] ( ju/ice & virtue1 su* precepts conta9 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 & !re=e are indisp5sable4 ,= in/ance1 if 9 "s community a law 7 enact$1 su* z ?is--t no man %\ld "w = ! de/ruction ( ! commonweal?1 or betray ! /ate to its enemies1 or t no man %\ld d any?+ unju/ or evil1 su* precepts w\ld n admit ( disp5sation4 ,b if o!r precepts 7 enact$1 subord9ate to ! above1 & det]m9+ c]ta9 special modes ( proc$ure1 ^! latt] precepts w\ld admit ( disp5sation1 9 s f> z ! omission ( ^! precepts 9 c]ta9 cases w\ld n be prejudicial to ! =m] precepts :i* conta9 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]4 ,= in/ance if1 = ! safegu>d+ ( ! commonweal?1 x 7 enact$ 9 "s city t f ea* w>d "s m5 %\ld keep wat* z s5tries 9 case ( siege1 "s might be disp5s$ f ?is on acc\nt ( "s great] utility4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue conta9 ! v int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 :o is ,god4 ,= ! precepts ( ! fir/ table1 :i* direct u to ,god1 conta9 ! v ord] to ! common & f9al good1 :i* is ,god2 :ile ! precepts ( ! second table conta9 ! ord] ( ju/ice to be obs]v$ among m51 t no?+ undue be done to anyone1 & t ea* "o be giv5 8 due2 = x is 9 ?is s5se t we are to take ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,consequ5tly ! precepts ( ! decalogue admit ( no disp5sation :atev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is n speak+ ( ! natural law :i* conta9s ! v ord] ( ju/ice3 = x is a nev]-fail+ pr9ciple t ju/ice %\ld be pres]v$4 ,b he is speak+ 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 fix$ modes ( obs]v+ ju/ice1 :i* fail to apply 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,tim4 #b3ac71 ,god cont9ue? fai?ful1 ,he _c d5y ,himself4 ,b ,he w\ld d5y ,himself if ,he 7 to d away ) ! v ord] ( ,8 own ju/ice1 s9ce ,he is ju/ice itself4 ,:]e=e ,god _c disp5se a man s t x be lawful = him n to direct himself to ,god1 or n to be subject to ,8 ju/ice1 ev5 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* m5 are direct$ to "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! slay+ ( a man is =bidd5 9 ! decalogue1 9 s f> z x be>s ! "* ( some?+ undue3 = 9 ?is s5se ! precept conta9s ! v ess5ce ( ju/ice4 ,human law _c make x lawful = a man to be sla9 unduly4 ,b x is n undue = evil-do]s or foes ( ! common weal to be sla93 h5ce ?is is n contr>y to ! precept ( ! decalogue2 & su* a kill+ is no murd] z =bidd5 by t precept1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #d74 ,9 l mann] :5 a man's prop]ty is tak5 f him1 if x be due t he %\ld lose x1 ?is is n !ft or robb]y z =bidd5 by ! decalogue4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 by ,god's comm&1 took away ! spoils ( ! ,egyptians1 ?is 0 n !ft2 s9ce x 0 due to !m by ! s5t5ce ( ,god4 ,likewise :5 ,abraham cons5t$ to slay 8 son1 he did n cons5t to murd]1 because 8 son 0 due to be sla9 by ! comm& ( ,god1 ,:o is ,"l ( life & dea?3 = ,he x is ,:o inflicts ! puni%m5t ( dea? on all m51 bo? godly & ungodly1 on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t1 & if a man be ! executor ( t s5t5ce by ,div9e au?ority1 he w be no murd]] any m ?an ,god w\ld be4 ,aga9 ,osee1 by tak+ unto himself a wife ( =nications1 or an adult]\s woman1 0 n guilty ei!r ( adult]y or ( =nication3 because he took unto himself "o :o 0 8 by comm& ( ,god1 ,:o is ! ,au?or ( ! in/itution ( m>riage4 ,accord+ly1 !re=e1 ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 z to ! ess5ce ( ju/ice :i* !y conta91 are un*angeable3 b z to any det]m9ation by application to individual actions--= in/ance1 t ?is or t be murd]1 !ft or adult]y1 or n--9 ?is po9t !y admit ( *ange2 sometimes by ,div9e au?ority alone1 namely1 9 su* matt]s z are exclusively ( ,div9e in/itution1 z m>riage & ! l2 sometimes also by human au?ority1 namely 9 su* matt]s z are subject to human jurisdiction3 = 9 ?is respect m5 /& 9 ! place ( ,god3 & yet n 9 all respects4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is det]m9ation 0 an int]pretation r ?an a disp5sation4 ,= a man is n tak5 to break ! ,sabba?1 if he does some?+ necess>y = human welf>e2 z ,our ,"l proves 7,matt4 #ab3c1 seqq474 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ! ,mode ( ,virtue ,falls ,"u ! ,precept ( ! ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! mode ( virtue falls "u ! precept ( ! law4 ,= ! mode ( virtue is t de$s ( ju/ice %\ld be done ju/ly1 t de$s ( =titude %\ld be done bravely1 & 9 l mann] z to ! o!r virtues4 ,b x is comm&$ 7,deut4 #bf3bj7 t ?\ %alt foll[ ju/ly aft] t :i* is j4 ,!re=e ! mode ( virtue falls "u ! precept4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* belongs to ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] comes *iefly "u ! precept4 ,b ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is direct$ *iefly to make m5 virtu\s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii3 & x belongs to a virtu\s man to act virtu\sly4 ,!re=e ! mode ( virtue falls "u ! precept4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! mode ( virtue seems to consi/ prop]ly 9 work+ will+ly & ) pleasure4 ,b ?is falls "u a precept ( ! ,div9e law1 = x is writt5 7,ps4 #ii3b73 ,s]ve ye ! ,"l ) gladness2 & 7#b ,cor4 #i3g73 ,n ) sadness or necessity3 = ,god love? a *e]ful giv]2 :]eupon ! gloss says3 ,:atev] ye d1 d gladly2 & !n y w d x well2 :]eas if y d x sorr[fully1 x is done 9 !e1 n by !e4 ,!re=e ! mode ( virtue falls "u ! precept ( ! law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man c act z a virtu\s man acts unless he has ! habit ( virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d2 v1 #h74 ,n[ :oev] transgresses a precept ( ! law1 des]ves to be puni%$4 ,h5ce x w\ld foll[ t a man :o has n ! habit ( virtue1 w\ld des]ve to be puni%$1 :atev] he does4 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! int5tion ( ! law1 :i* aims at lead+ man to virtue1 by habituat+ him to good works4 ,!re=e ! mode ( virtue does n fall "u ! precept4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 a precept ( law has compulsory p[]4 ,h5ce t on :i* ! compulsion ( ! law is br\ght to be>1 falls directly "u ! precept ( ! law4 ,n[ ! law compels ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #i1 because t prop]ly falls "u ! precept ( ! law1 = :i* ! p5alty ( ! law is inflict$4 ,b ,div9e law & human law are diff]5tly situat$ z to ! appo9tm5t ( p5alties2 s9ce ! p5alty ( ! law is inflict$ only = ^? ?+s :i* come "u ! judgm5t ( ! lawgiv]2 = ! law puni%es 9 accordance ) ! v]dict giv54 ,n[ man1 ! fram] ( human law1 is compet5t to judge only ( outw>d acts2 because man see? ^? ?+s t appe>1 accord+ to #a ,k+s #af3g3 :ile ,god alone1 ! fram] ( ! ,div9e law1 is compet5t to judge ( ! inw>d movem5ts ( wills1 accord+ to ,ps4 #g3aj3 ,! se>*] ( he>ts & re9s is ,god4 ,accord+ly1 !re=e1 we mu/ say t ! mode ( virtue is 9 "s sort reg>d$ bo? by human & by ,div9e law2 9 "s respect x is reg>d$ by ! ,div9e1 b n by ! human law2 & 9 ano!r way1 x is reg>d$ nei!r by ! human nor by ! ,div9e law4 ,n[ ! mode ( virtue consi/s 9 ?ree ?+s1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 9 ,e?ic4 ii4 ,! fir/ is t man %\ld act kn[+ly3 & ?is is subject to ! judgm5t ( bo? ,div9e & human law2 because :at a man does 9 ignorance1 he does accid5tally4 ,h5ce accord+ to bo? human & ,div9e law1 c]ta9 ?+s are judg$ 9 respect ( ignorance to be puni%able or p>donable4 ,! second po9t is t a man %\ld act delib]ately1 i4e4 f *oice1 *oos+ t p>ticul> action = its own sake2 :]e9 a tw(old int]nal movem5t is impli$1 ( volition & ( int5tion1 ab\t :i* we h spok5 above 7,,qq4 #h1 #ab73 & conc]n+ ^! two1 ,div9e law alone1 & n human law1 is compet5t to judge4 ,= human law does n puni% ! man :o wi%es to slay1 & slays n3 :]eas ! ,div9e law does1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3bb3 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r1 %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t4 ,! ?ird po9t is t he %\ld act f a firm & immovable pr9ciple3 :i* firmness belongs prop]ly to a habit1 & implies t ! action proce$s f a root$ habit4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! mode ( virtue does n fall "u ! precept ei!r ( ,div9e or ( human law1 s9ce nei!r by man nor by ,god is he puni%$ z break+ ! law1 :o gives due honor to 8 p>5ts & yet has n ! habit ( filial piety4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! mode ( do+ acts ( ju/ice1 :i* falls "u ! precept1 is t !y be done 9 accordance ) "r2 b n t !y be done f ! habit ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is tw(old4 ,8 aim1 9 ! fir/ place1 is to lead m5 to some?+ by ! precepts ( ! law3 & ?is is virtue4 ,secondly1 8 int5tion is br\ght to be> on ! matt] itself ( ! precept3 & ?is is some?+ lead+ or dispos+ to virtue1 viz4 an act ( virtue4 ,= ! end ( ! precept & ! matt] ( ! precept are n ! same3 j z nei!r 9 o!r ?+s is ! end ! same z t :i* conduces to ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t works ( virtue %\ld be done )\t sadness1 falls "u ! precept ( ! ,div9e law2 = :oev] works ) sadness works unwill+ly4 ,b to "w ) pleasure1 i4e4 joyfully or *e]fully1 9 "o respect falls "u ! precept1 viz4 9 s f> z pleasure ensues f ! love ( ,god & "o's neighbor 7:i* love falls "u ! precept71 & love causes pleasure3 & 9 ano!r respect does n fall "u ! precept1 9 s f> z pleasure ensues f a habit2 = pleasure tak5 9 a "w proves ! exi/5ce ( a habit1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c4 ,= an act may give pleasure ei!r on acc\nt ( its end1 or ?r\gh its proce$+ f a becom+ habit4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ! ,mode ( ,*>ity ,falls ,"u ! ,precept ( ! ,div9e ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! mode ( *>ity falls "u ! precept ( ! ,div9e law4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #ai3ag73 ,if ?\ wilt ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts3 :5ce x seems to foll[ t ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts suffices = entrance into life4 ,b good works d n suffice = entrance into life1 except !y be done f *>ity3 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3c73 ,if ,i %\ld di/ribute all my goods to fe$ ! poor1 & if ,i %\ld deliv] my body to be burn$1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4 ,!re=e ! mode ( *>ity is includ$ 9 ! comm&m5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! mode ( *>ity consi/s prop]ly speak+ 9 do+ all ?+s = ,god4 ,b ?is falls "u ! precept2 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aj3ca73 ,d all to ! glory ( ,god4 ,!re=e ! mode ( *>ity falls "u ! precept4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! mode ( *>ity does n fall "u ! precept1 x foll[s t "o c fulfil ! precepts ( ! law )\t hav+ *>ity4 ,n[ :at c be done )\t *>ity c be done )\t grace1 :i* is always unit$ to *>ity4 ,!re=e "o c fulfil ! precepts ( ! law )\t grace4 ,b ?is is ! error ( ,pelagius1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,ha]es4 lxxxviii74 ,!re=e ! mode ( *>ity is includ$ 9 ! comm&m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:oev] breaks a comm&m5t s9s mortally4 ,if !re=e ! mode ( *>ity falls "u ! precept1 x foll[s t :oev] acts o!rwise ?an f *>ity s9s mortally4 ,b :oev] has n *>ity1 acts o!rwise ?an f *>ity4 ,!re=e x foll[s t :oev] has n *>ity1 s9s mortally 9 :atev] he does1 h[ev] good ?is may be 9 itself3 :i* is absurd4 ,i answ] t1 ,op9ions h be5 contr>y on ?is "q4 ,= "s h said absolutely t ! mode ( *>ity comes "u ! precept2 & yet t x is possible = "o n hav+ *>ity to fulfil ?is precept3 because he c dispose himself to receive *>ity f ,god4 ,nor 7say !y7 does x foll[ t a man n hav+ *>ity s9s mortally :5ev] he does some?+ good ( its k9d3 because x is an affirmative precept t b9ds "o to act f *>ity1 & is b9d+ n = all "t1 b only = su* "t z "o is 9 a /ate ( *>ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s h said t ! mode ( *>ity is altoge!r outside ! precept4 ,bo? ^! op9ions are true up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,because ! act ( *>ity c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z an act by itself3 & ?us x falls "u ! precept ( ! law :i* specially prescribes x1 viz4 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! fir/ op9ion is true4 ,because x is n impossible to obs]ve ?is precept :i* reg>ds ! act ( *>ity2 s9ce man c dispose himself to possess *>ity1 & :5 he possesses x1 he c use x4 ,secondly1 ! act ( *>ity c be consid]$ z be+ ! mode ( ! acts ( ! o!r virtues1 i4e4 inasmu* z ! acts ( ! o!r virtues are orda9$ to *>ity1 :i* is ! end ( ! comm&m5t1 z /at$ 9 #a ,tim4 i1 #e3 = x has be5 said above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d7 t ! int5tion ( ! end is a =mal mode ( ! act orda9$ to t end4 ,9 ?is s5se ! second op9ion is true 9 say+ t ! mode ( *>ity does n fall "u ! precept1 t is to say t ?is comm&m5t1 ,honor ?y fa!r1 does n mean t a man mu/ honor 8 fa!r f *>ity1 b m]ely t he mu/ honor him4 ,:]e=e he t honors 8 fa!r1 yet has n *>ity1 does n break ?is precept3 al?\gh he does break ! precept conc]n+ ! act ( *>ity1 = :i* reason he des]ves to be puni%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l did n say1 ,if ?\ wilt ent] into life1 keep "o comm&m5t2 b keep all ! comm&m5ts3 among :i* is includ$ ! comm&m5t conc]n+ ! love ( ,god & our neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! precept ( *>ity conta9s ! injunction t ,god %\ld be lov$ f our :ole he>t1 :i* means t all ?+s w\ld be ref]r$ to ,god4 ,consequ5tly man _c fulfil ! precept ( *>ity1 unless he also ref] all ?+s to ,god4 ,:]e=e he t honors 8 fa!r & "m1 is b\nd to honor !m f *>ity1 n 9 virtue ( ! precept1 ,honor ?y fa!r & "m1 b 9 virtue ( ! precept1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t4 ,& s9ce ^! are two affirmative precepts1 n b9d+ = all times1 !y c be b9d+1 ea* "o at a diff]5t "t3 s t x may happ5 t a man fulfils ! precept ( honor+ 8 fa!r & "m1 )\t at ! same "t break+ ! precept conc]n+ ! omission ( ! mode ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man _c fulfil all ! precepts ( ! law1 unless he fulfil ! precept ( *>ity1 :i* is impossible )\t *>ity4 ,consequ5tly x is n possible1 z ,pelagius ma9ta9$1 = man to fulfil ! law )\t grace4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,x ,is ,"r to ,di/+ui% ,o!r ,moral ,precepts ( ! ,law ,besides ! ,decalogue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is wrong to di/+ui% o!r moral precepts ( ! law besides ! decalogue4 ,because1 z ,our ,"l decl>$ 7,matt4 #bb3dj71 on ^! two comm&m5ts ( *>ity dep5de? ! :ole law & ! prophets4 ,b ^! two comm&m5ts are expla9$ by ! t5 comm&m5ts ( ! decalogue4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = o!r moral precepts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! moral precepts are di/9ct f ! judicial & c]emonial precepts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,b ! det]m9ations ( ! g5]al moral precepts belong to ! judicial & c]emonial precepts3 & ! g5]al moral precepts are conta9$ 9 ! decalogue1 or are ev5 presuppos$ to ! decalogue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x 0 unsuitable to lay d[n o!r moral precepts besides ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! moral precepts are ab\t ! acts ( all ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e1 z ! ,law conta9s1 besides ! decalogue1 moral precepts p]ta9+ to religion1 lib]ality1 m]cy1 & *a/ity2 s !re %\ld h be5 add$ "s precepts p]ta9+ to ! o!r virtues1 = in/ance1 =titude1 sobriety1 & s =?4 ,& yet su* is n ! case4 ,x is !re=e unbecom+ to di/+ui% o!r moral precepts 9 ! ,law besides ^? ( ! decalogue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ah3h73 ,! law ( ! ,"l is unspott$1 conv]t+ s\ls4 ,b man is pres]v$ f ! /a9 ( s91 & 8 s\l is conv]t$ to ,god by o!r moral precepts besides ^? ( ! decalogue4 ,!re=e x 0 "r = ! ,law to include o!r moral precepts4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is evid5t f :at has be5 /at$ 7,q4 #ii1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 ! judicial & c]emonial precepts d]ive _! =ce f _! in/itution alone3 s9ce be=e !y 7 in/itut$1 x seem$ ( no consequ5ce :e!r ?+s 7 done 9 ?is or t way4 ,b ! moral precepts d]ive _! efficacy f ! v dictate ( natural reason1 ev5 if !y 7 nev] includ$ 9 ! ,law4 ,n[ ( ^! !re are ?ree grades3 = "s are mo/ c]ta91 & s evid5t z to ne$ no promulgation2 su* z ! comm&m5ts ( ! love ( ,god & our neighbor1 & o!rs l ^!1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 :i* are1 z x 71 ! ends ( ! comm&m5ts2 :]e=e no man c h an errone\s judgm5t ab\t !m4 ,"s precepts are m detail$1 ! reason ( :i* ev5 an un$ucat$ man c easily grasp2 & yet !y ne$ to be promulgat$1 because human judgm5t1 9 a few in/ances1 happ5s to be l$ a/ray conc]n+ !m3 ^! are ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,aga91 !re are "s precepts ! reason ( :i* is n s evid5t to ev]yone1 b only ! wise2 ^! are moral precepts add$ to ! decalogue1 & giv5 to ! p by ,god ?r\gh ,moses & ,a>on4 ,b s9ce ! ?+s t are evid5t are ! pr9ciples :]eby we "k ^? t are n evid5t1 ^! o!r moral precepts add$ to ! decalogue are r$ucible to ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 z s _m coroll>ies4 ,?us ! fir/ comm&m5t ( ! decalogue =bids ! wor%ip ( /range gods3 & to ?is are add$ o!r precepts =bidd+ ?+s relat+ to wor%ip ( idols3 ?us x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3aj1 #aa73 ,nei!r let !re be f\nd among y anyone t %all expiate 8 son or daught]1 mak+ !m to pass ?r\gh ! fire3 4 4 4 nei!r let !re by any wiz>d nor *>m]1 nor anyone t consulte? py?onic spirits1 or =tune-tell]s1 or t seeke? ! tru? f ! dead4 ,! second comm&m5t =bids p]jury4 ,to ?is is add$ ! prohibition ( blasphemy 7,lev4 #bd3ae1 seqq7 & ! prohibition ( false doctr9e 7,deut4 #ac74 ,to ! ?ird comm&m5t are add$ all ! c]emonial precepts4 ,to ! f\r? comm&m5t prescrib+ ! honor due to p>5ts1 is add$ ! precept ab\t honor+ ! ag$1 accord+ to ,lev4 #ai3cb3 ,rise up be=e ! ho>y head1 & honor ! p]son ( ! ag$ man2 & likewise all ! precepts prescrib+ ! rev]5ce to be obs]v$ t[>ds our bett]s1 or k9dl9ess t[>ds our equals or inf]iors4 ,to ! fif? comm&m5t1 :i* =bids murd]1 is add$ ! prohibition ( hatr$ & ( any k9d ( viol5ce inflict$ on our neighbor1 accord+ to ,lev4 #ai3af3 ,?\ %alt n /& aga9/ ! blood ( ?y neighbor3 likewise ! prohibition aga9/ hat+ "o's bro!r 7,lev4 #ai3ag73 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?y he>t4 ,to ! six? comm&m5t :i* =bids adult]y1 is add$ ! prohibition ab\t :or$om1 accord+ to ,deut4 #bc3ag3 ,!re %all be no :ore among ! daught]s ( ,israel1 nor :oremong] among ! sons ( ,israel2 & ! prohibition aga9/ unnatural s9s1 accord+ to ,lev4 #bh3bb1 #bc3 ,?\ %alt n lie ) mank9d 4 4 4 ?\ %alt n copulate ) any bea/4 ,to ! sev5? comm&m5t :i* prohibits !ft1 is add$ ! precept =bidd+ usury1 accord+ to ,deut4 #bc3ai3 ,?\ %alt n l5d to ?y bro!r money to usury2 & ! prohibition aga9/ fraud1 accord+ to ,deut4 #be3ac3 ,?\ %alt n h div]s weights 9 ?y bag2 & univ]sally all prohibitions relat+ to peculations & l>c5y4 ,to ! eigh? comm&m5t1 =bidd+ false te/imony1 is add$ ! prohibition aga9/ false judgm5t1 accord+ to ,ex4 #bc3b3 ,nei!r %alt ?\ yield 9 judgm5t1 to ! op9ion ( ! mo/ "p1 to /ray f ! tru?2 & ! prohibition aga9/ ly+ 7,ex4 #bc3g73 ,?\ %alt fly ly+1 & ! prohibition aga9/ detraction1 accord+ to ,lev4 #ai3af3 ,?\ %alt n be a detractor1 nor a :isp]] among ! p4 ,to ! o!r two comm&m5ts no fur!r precepts are add$1 because !reby are =bidd5 all k9ds ( evil desires4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue are orda9$ to ! love ( ,god & our neighbor z p]ta9+ evid5tly to our duty t[>ds !m2 b ! o!r precepts are s orda9$ z p]ta9+ !reto less evid5tly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is 9 virtue ( _! in/itution t ! c]emonial & judicial precepts are det]m9ations ( ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 n by reason ( a natural in/9ct1 z 9 ! case ( ! sup]add$ moral precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! precepts ( a law are orda9$ = ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b74 ,& s9ce ^? virtues :i* direct our conduct t[>ds o!rs p]ta9 directly to ! common good1 z also does ! virtue ( *a/ity1 9 s f> z ! g5]ative act conduces to ! common good ( ! species2 h5ce precepts be>+ directly on ^! virtues are giv51 bo? 9 ! decalogue & 9 addition !reto4 ,z to ! act ( =titude !re are ! ord] to be giv5 by ! comm&]s 9 ! w>1 :i* is und]tak5 = ! common good3 z is cle> f ,deut4 #bj3c1 :]e ! prie/ is comm&$ 7to speak ?us73 ,be n afraid1 d n give back4 ,9 l mann] ! prohibition ( acts ( gluttony is left to pat]nal admonition1 s9ce x is contr>y to ! good ( ! h\sehold2 h5ce x is said 7,deut4 #ba3bj7 9 ! p]son ( p>5ts3 ,he slighte? he>+ our admonitions1 he give? himself to revell+1 & to debau*]y & banquet+s4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ! ,moral ,precepts ( ! ,old ,law ,ju/ifi$ ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! moral precepts ( ! ,old ,law ju/ifi$ man4 ,because ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #b3ac73 ,= n ! he>]s ( ! ,law are ju/ifi$ be=e ,god1 b ! do]s ( ! ,law %all be ju/ifi$4 ,b ! do]s ( ! ,law are ^? :o fulfil ! precepts ( ! ,law4 ,!re=e ! fulfill+ ( ! precepts ( ! ,law 0 a cause ( ju/ification4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,lev4 #ah3e73 ,keep ,my laws & ,my judgm5ts1 :i* if a man d1 he %all live 9 !m4 ,b ! spiritual life ( man is ?r\gh ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! fulfill+ ( ! precepts ( ! ,law 0 a cause ( ju/ification4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e law is m efficaci\s ?an human law4 ,b human law ju/ifies man2 s9ce !re is a k9d ( ju/ice consi/+ 9 fulfill+ ! precepts ( law4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! ,law ju/ifi$ man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #c3f73 ,! lett] kille?3 :i*1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 xiv71 ref]s ev5 to ! moral precepts4 ,!re=e ! moral precepts did n cause ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z heal?y is said prop]ly & fir/ ( t :i* is possess$ ( heal?1 & second>ily ( t :i* is a sign or a safegu>d ( heal?2 s ju/ification means fir/ & prop]ly ! caus+ ( ju/ice2 :ile second>ily & improp]ly1 z x 71 x may d5ote a sign ( ju/ice or a disposition !reto4 ,if ju/ice be tak5 9 ! la/ two ways1 x is evid5t t x 0 conf]r$ by ! precepts ( ! ,law2 9 s f>1 to wit1 z !y dispos$ m5 to ! ju/ify+ grace ( ,*ri/1 :i* !y also signifi$1 because z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bd71 ev5 ! life ( t p =etold & =e%ad[$ ,*ri/4 ,b if we speak ( ju/ification prop]ly s call$1 !n we mu/ notice t x c be consid]$ z 9 ! habit or z 9 ! act3 s t accord+ly ju/ification may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ z man is made j1 by becom+ possess$ ( ! habit ( ju/ice3 secondly1 accord+ z he does works ( ju/ice1 s t 9 ?is s5se ju/ification is no?+ else ?an ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,n[ ju/ice1 l ! o!r virtues1 may d5ote ei!r ! acquir$ or ! infus$ virtue1 z is cle> f :at has be5 /at$ 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #d74 ,! acquir$ virtue is caus$ by works2 b ! infus$ virtue is caus$ by ,god ,himself ?r\gh ,8 grace4 ,! latt] is true ju/ice1 ( :i* we are speak+ n[1 & 9 ?is respect ( :i* a man is said to be j be=e ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #d3b3 ,if ,abraham 7 ju/ifi$ by works1 he ha? :]e( to glory1 b n be=e ,god4 ,h5ce ?is ju/ice c\ld n be caus$ by moral precepts1 :i* are ab\t human actions3 :]e=e ! moral precepts c\ld n ju/ify man by caus+ ju/ice4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 by ju/ification we und]/& ! execution ( ju/ice1 ?us all ! precepts ( ! ,law ju/ifi$ man1 b 9 v>i\s ways4 ,because ! c]emonial precepts tak5 z a :ole conta9$ some?+ j 9 itself1 9 s f> z !y aim$ at (f]+ wor%ip to ,god2 :]eas tak5 individually !y conta9$ t :i* is j1 n 9 itself1 b by be+ a det]m9ation ( ! ,div9e law4 ,h5ce x is said ( ^! precepts t !y did n ju/ify man save ?r\gh ! devotion & ob$i5ce ( ^? :o compli$ ) !m4 ,on ! o!r h& ! moral & judicial precepts1 ei!r 9 g5]al or also 9 p>ticul>1 conta9$ t :i* is j 9 itself3 b ! moral precepts conta9$ t :i* is j 9 itself accord+ to t g5]al ju/ice :i* is e virtue accord+ to ,e?ic4 v1 #a3 :]eas ! judicial precepts belong$ to special ju/ice1 :i* is ab\t contracts connect$ ) ! human mode ( life1 betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le takes ju/ification = ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! man :o fulfill$ ! precepts ( ! ,law is said to live 9 !m1 because he did n incur ! p5alty ( dea?1 :i* ! ,law inflict$ on its transgressors3 9 ?is s5se ! ,apo/le quotes ?is passage 7,gal4 #c3ab74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! precepts ( human law ju/ify man by acquir$ ju/ice3 x is n ab\t ?is t we are inquir+ n[1 b only ab\t t ju/ice :i* is be=e ,god4 ,,"q #aja ,,( ,,! ,,c]emonial ,,precepts ,,9 ,,!mselves 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! c]emonial precepts3 & fir/ we mu/ consid] !m 9 !mselves2 secondly1 _! cause2 ?irdly1 _! duration4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! nature ( ! c]emonial precepts2 7#b7 ,:e!r !y are figurative8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re %\ld h be5 _m ( !m8 7#d7 ,( _! v>i\s k9ds4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,nature ( ! ,c]emonial ,precepts ,consi/s 9 ,_! ,p]ta9+ to ! ,wor%ip ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! nature ( ! c]emonial precepts does n consi/ 9 _! p]ta9+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,because1 9 ! ,old ,law1 ! ,jews 7 giv5 c]ta9 precepts ab\t ab/95ce f food 7,lev4 #aa72 & ab\t refra9+ f c]ta9 k9ds ( clo!s1 e4g4 7,lev4 #ai3ai73 ,?\ %alt n we> a g>m5t t is wov5 ( two sorts2 & aga9 7,num4 #ae3ch73 ,to make to !mselves fr+es 9 ! corn]s ( _! g>m5ts4 ,b ^! are n moral precepts2 s9ce !y d n rema9 9 ! ,new ,law4 ,nor are !y judicial precepts2 s9ce !y d n p]ta9 to ! pron\nc+ ( judgm5t betwe5 man & man4 ,!re=e !y are c]emonial precepts4 ,yet !y seem 9 no way to p]ta9 to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,!re=e ! nature ( ! c]emonial precepts does n consi/ 9 _! p]ta9+ to ,div9e wor%ip4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s /ate t ! c]emonial precepts are ^? :i* p]ta9 to solemnities2 z ?\gh !y 7 s call$ f ! c]ei 7c&les7 :i* are lit up on ^? occasions4 ,b _m o!r ?+s besides solemnities p]ta9 to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,!re=e x does n seem t ! c]emonial precepts are s call$ f _! p]ta9+ to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s say t ! c]emonial precepts are patt]ns1 i4e4 rules1 ( salvation3 because ! ,greek *aire is ! same z ! ,lat9 salve4 ,b all ! precepts ( ! ,law are rules ( salvation1 & n only ^? t p]ta9 to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,!re=e n only ^? precepts :i* p]ta9 to ,div9e wor%ip are call$ c]emonial4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,rabbi ,moses says 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii7 t ! c]emonial precepts are ^? = :i* !re is no evid5t reason4 ,b !re is evid5t reason = _m ?+s p]ta9+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god2 su* z ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 ! fea/s ( ! ,passov] & ( ! ,tab]nacles1 & _m o!r ?+s1 ! reason = :i* is set d[n 9 ! ,law4 ,!re=e ! c]emonial precepts are n ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #ah3ai1 #bj73 ,be ?\ to ! p 9 ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to ,god 4 4 4 & 4 4 4 %ew ! p ! c]emonies & ! mann] ( wor%ipp+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d71 ! c]emonial precepts are det]m9ations ( ! moral precepts :]eby man is direct$ to ,god1 j z ! judicial precepts are det]m9ations ( ! moral precepts :]eby he is direct$ to 8 neighbor4 ,n[ man is direct$ to ,god by ! wor%ip due to ,him4 ,:]e=e ^? precepts are prop]ly call$ c]emonial1 :i* p]ta9 to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,! reason = _! be+ s call$ 0 giv5 above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #c71 :5 we e/abli%$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! c]emonial & ! o!r precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,div9e wor%ip includes n only sacrifices & ! l1 :i* seem to be direct$ to ,god imm$iately1 b also ^? ?+s :]eby ,8 wor%ipp]s are duly prep>$ to wor%ip ,him3 ?us too 9 o!r matt]s1 :atev] is prep>atory to ! end comes "u ! sci5ce ^: object is ! end4 ,accord+ly ^? precepts ( ! ,law :i* reg>d ! clo?+ & food ( ,god's wor%ipp]s1 & o!r su* matt]s1 p]ta9 to a c]ta9 prep>ation ( ! m9i/]s1 ) ! view ( fitt+ !m = ! ,div9e wor%ip3 j z ^? :o adm9i/] to a k+ make use ( c]ta9 special obs]vances4 ,consequ5tly su* are conta9$ "u ! c]emonial precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! alleg$ explanation ( ! "n does n seem v probable3 especially z ! ,law does n conta9 _m in/ances ( ! light+ ( c&les 9 solemnities2 s9ce1 ev5 ! lamps ( ! ,c&le/ick 7 furni%$ ) oil ( olives1 z /at$ 9 ,lev4 #bd3b4 ,nev]!less we may say t all ?+s p]ta9+ to ! ,div9e wor%ip 7 m c>efully obs]v$ on solemn fe/ivals3 s t all c]emonial precepts may be includ$ "u ! obs]vance ( solemnities4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,nei!r does ?is explanation ( ! "n appe> to be v mu* to ! po9t1 s9ce ! ^w c]emony is n ,greek b ,lat94 ,we may say1 h[ev]1 t1 s9ce man's salvation is f ,god1 ^? precepts above all seem to be rules ( salvation1 :i* direct man to ,god3 & accord+ly ^? :i* ref] to ,div9e wor%ip are call$ c]emonial precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is explanation ( ! c]emonial precepts has a c]ta9 am\nt ( probability3 n t !y are call$ c]emonial precisely because !re is no evid5t reason = !m2 ?is is a k9d ( consequ5ce4 ,=1 s9ce ! precepts ref]r+ to ! ,div9e wor%ip mu/ ne$s be figurative1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,a4 #b71 ! consequ5ce is t ! reason = !m is n s v evid5t4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,c]emonial ,precepts ,are ,figurative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! c]emonial precepts are n figurative4 ,= x is ! duty ( e tea*] to express himself 9 su* a way z to be easily und]/ood1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iv1 #d1 #aj7 & ?is seems v necess>y 9 ! fram+ ( a law3 because precepts ( law are propos$ to ! populace2 = :i* reason a law %\ld be manife/1 z ,isidore decl>es 7,etym4 v1 #ba74 ,if !re=e ! precepts ( ! ,law 7 giv5 z figures ( some?+1 x seems unbecom+ t ,moses %\ld h deliv]$ ^! precepts )\t expla9+ :at !y signifi$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is done = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 %\ld be entirely free f unfitt+ness4 ,b ! p]=mance ( actions 9 repres5tation ( o!rs1 seems to savor ( ! !atre or ( ! drama3 because =m]ly ! actions p]=m$ 9 !atres 7 done to repres5t ! actions ( o!rs4 ,!re=e x seems t su* ?+s %\ld n be done = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,b ! c]emonial precepts are orda9$ to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be figurative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion iii1 iv7 t ,god is wor%ipp$ *iefly by fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4 ,b ! precepts ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are n figurative4 ,!re=e ! c]emonial precepts %\ld n be figurative4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,our ,"l said 7,john #d3bd73 ,god is a _s1 & !y t adore ,him1 mu/ adore ,him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,b a figure is n ! v tru?3 9 fact "o is condivid$ ) ! o!r4 ,!re=e ! c]emonial precepts1 :i* ref] to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 %\ld n be figurative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #b3af1 #ag73 ,let no man 4 4 4 judge y 9 meat or 9 dr9k1 or 9 respect ( a fe/ival day1 or ( ! new moon1 or ( ! sabba?s1 :i* are a %ad[ ( ?+s to come4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ii1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 ! c]emonial precepts are ^? :i* ref] to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,n[ ! ,div9e wor%ip is tw(old3 int]nal1 & ext]nal4 ,= s9ce man is compos$ ( s\l & body1 ea* ( ^! %\ld be appli$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god2 ! s\l by an int]ior wor%ip2 ! body by an outw>d wor%ip3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #hc3c73 ,my he>t & my fle% h rejoic$ 9 ! liv+ ,god4 ,& z ! body is orda9$ to ,god ?r\gh ! s\l1 s ! outw>d wor%ip is orda9$ to ! int]nal wor%ip4 ,n[ int]ior wor%ip consi/s 9 ! s\l be+ unit$ to ,god by ! intellect & affections4 ,:]e=e accord+ to ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! intellect & affections ( ! man :o wor%ips ,god are rightly unit$ to ,god1 8 ext]nal actions are appli$ 9 v>i\s ways to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,= 9 ! /ate ( future bliss1 ! human intellect w gaze on ! ,div9e ,tru? 9 ,itself4 ,:]e=e ! ext]nal wor%ip w n consi/ 9 any?+ figurative1 b solely 9 ! praise ( ,god1 proce$+ f ! inw>d k & affection1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ea3c3 ,joy & gladness %all be f\nd !re91 ?anksgiv+ & ! voice ( praise4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 we are unable to gaze on ! ,div9e ,tru? 9 ,itself1 & we ne$ ! ray ( ,div9e light to %9e ^u u "u ! =m ( c]ta9 s5sible figures1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i72 9 v>i\s ways1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! v>i\s /ates ( human k4 ,= "u ! ,old ,law1 nei!r 0 ! ,div9e ,tru? manife/ 9 ,itself1 nor 0 ! way lead+ to t manife/ation z yet op5$ out1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,heb4 #i3h74 ,h5ce ! ext]nal wor%ip ( ! ,old ,law ne$$ to be figurative n only ( ! future tru? to be manife/$ 9 our heav5ly c\ntry1 b also ( ,*ri/1 ,:o is ! way lead+ to t heav5ly manife/ation4 ,b "u ! ,new ,law ?is way is already reveal$3 & !re=e x ne$s no long] to be =e%ad[$ z some?+ future1 b to be br\ght to our m9ds z some?+ pa/ or pres5t3 & ! tru? ( ! glory to come1 :i* is n yet reveal$1 alone ne$s to be =e%ad[$4 ,?is is :at ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3a73 ,! ,law has ,vulg43 'hav+' a %ad[ ( ! good ?+s to come1 n ! v image ( ! ?+s3 = a %ad[ is less ?an an image2 s t ! image belongs to ! ,new ,law1 b ! %ad[ to ! ,old4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ?+s ( ,god are n to be reveal$ to man except 9 proportion to 8 capacity3 else he w\ld be 9 dang] ( d[nfall1 7 he to despise :at he _c grasp4 ,h5ce x 0 m b5eficial t ! ,div9e my/]ies %\ld be reveal$ to uncultur$ p "u a veil ( figures1 t ?us !y might "k !m at lea/ implicitly by us+ ^? figures to ! honor ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z human reason fails to grasp poetical expressions on acc\nt ( _! be+ lack+ 9 tru?1 s does x fail to grasp ,div9e ?+s p]fectly1 on acc\nt ( ! sublimity ( ! tru? !y conta93 & !re=e 9 bo? cases !re is ne$ ( signs by means ( s5sible figures4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re ( int]nal wor%ip2 to :i*1 h[ev]1 ext]nal wor%ip %\ld be orda9$1 z /at$ above4 ,! same answ] applies to ! ,f\r? ,objection3 because m5 7 taught by ,him to practice m p]fectly ! spiritual wor%ip ( ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,_m ,c]emonial ,precepts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re %\ld n h be5 _m c]emonial precepts4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* conduce to an end %\ld be proportionate to t end4 ,b ! c]emonial precepts1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 are orda9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 & to ! =e%ad[+ ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ !re is b "o ,god1 ( ,:om are all ?+s 4 4 4 & "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 by ,:om are all ?+s 7#a ,cor4 #h3f74 ,!re=e !re %\ld n h be5 _m c]emonial precepts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great numb] ( ! c]emonial precepts 0 an occasion ( transgression1 accord+ to ! words ( ,pet] 7,acts #ae3aj73 ,:y tempt y ,god1 to put a yoke ^u ! necks ( ! disciples1 :i* nei!r our fa!rs nor we h be5 able to be>8 ,n[ ! transgression ( ! ,div9e precepts is an ob/acle to man's salvation4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 e law %\ld conduce to man's salvation1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #c71 x seems t ! c]emonial precepts %\ld n h be5 giv5 9 great numb]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! c]emonial precepts ref]r$ to ! outw>d & bodily wor%ip ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b ! ,law %\ld h less5$ ?is bodily wor%ip3 s9ce x direct$ m5 to ,*ri/1 ,:o taught !m to wor%ip ,god 9 _s & 9 tru?1 z /at$ 9 ,john #d3bc4 ,!re=e !re %\ld n h be5 _m c]emonial precepts4 ,on ! contr>y1 7,osee #h3ab73 ,i %all write to !m ,vulg43 'him' ,my manifold laws2 & 7,job #aa3f73 ,t ,he might %[ !e ! secrets ( ,8 wisdom1 & t ,8 ,law is manifold4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #if1 ,a4 #a71 e law is giv5 to a p4 ,n[ a p conta9s two k9ds ( m53 "s1 prone to evil1 :o h to be co]c$ by ! precepts ( ! law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #a72 "s1 incl9$ to good1 ei!r f nature or f cu/om1 or r f grace2 & ! l h to be taught & improv$ by means ( ! precepts ( ! law4 ,accord+ly1 ) reg>d to bo? k9ds ( m5 x 0 exp$i5t t ! ,old ,law %\ld conta9 _m c]emonial precepts4 ,= 9 t p !re 7 _m prone to idolatry2 :]e=e x 0 necess>y to recall !m by means ( c]emonial precepts f ! wor%ip ( idols to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,& s9ce m5 s]v$ idols 9 _m ways1 x 0 necess>y on ! o!r h& to devise _m means ( repress+ e s+le "o3 & aga91 to lay _m obligations on su* l m51 9 ord] t be+ burd5$1 z x 71 by _! duties to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 !y might h no "t = ! s]vice ( idols4 ,z to ^? :o 7 incl9$ to good1 x 0 aga9 necess>y t !re %\ld be _m c]emonial precepts2 bo? because ?us _! m9d turn$ to ,god 9 _m ways1 & m cont9ually2 & because ! my/]y ( ,*ri/1 :i* 0 =e%ad[$ by ^! c]emonial precepts1 br\ght _m boons to ! _w1 & af=d$ m5 _m consid]ations1 :i* ne$$ to be signifi$ by v>i\s c]emonies4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 t :i* conduces to an end is suffici5t to conduce !reto1 !n "o su* ?+ suffices = "o end3 ?us "o rem$y1 if x be efficaci\s1 suffices sometimes to re/ore m5 to heal?1 & !n ! rem$y ne$s n to be repeat$4 ,b :5 t :i* conduces to an end is weak & imp]fect1 x ne$s to be multipli$3 ?us _m rem$ies are giv5 to a sick man1 :5 "o is n en\gh to heal him4 ,n[ ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law 7 weak & imp]fect1 bo? = repres5t+ ! my/]y ( ,*ri/1 on acc\nt ( its surpass+ excell5ce2 & = subjugat+ m5's m9ds to ,god4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #g3ah1 #ai73 ,!re is a sett+ aside ( ! =m] comm&m5t because ( ! weakness & unpr(itabl5ess !re(1 = ! law br\ght no?+ to p]fection4 ,consequ5tly ^! c]emonies ne$$ to be 9 great numb]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a wise lawgiv] %\ld suff] less] transgressions1 t ! great] may be avoid$4 ,& !re=e1 9 ord] to avoid ! s9 ( idolatry1 & ! pride :i* w\ld arise 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,jews1 7 !y to fulfil all ! precepts ( ! ,law1 ! fact t !y w\ld 9 consequ5ce f9d _m occasions ( disob$i5ce did n prev5t ,god f giv+ !m _m c]emonial precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,old ,law less5$ bodily wor%ip 9 _m ways4 ,?us x =bade sacrifices to be (f]$ 9 e place & by any p]son4 ,_m su* l ?+s did x enact = ! less5+ ( bodily wor%ip2 z ,rabbi ,moses1 ! ,egyptian te/ifies 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii74 ,nev]!less x behoov$ n to att5uate ! bodily wor%ip ( ,god s mu* z to all[ m5 to fall away into ! wor%ip ( idols4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law ,are ,suitably ,divid$ into ,sacrifices1 ,sacr$ ,?+s1 ,sacram5ts1 & ,obs]vances8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law are unsuitably divid$ into sacrifices1 sacr$ ?+s1 sacram5ts1 & obs]vances4 ,= ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law =e%ad[$ ,*ri/4 ,b ?is 0 done only by ! sacrifices1 :i* =e%ad[$ ! sacrifice 9 :i* ,*ri/ deliv]$ ,himself an oblation & a sacrifice to ,god 7,eph4 #e3b74 ,!re=e none b ! sacrifices 7 c]emonies4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,old ,law 0 orda9$ to ! ,new4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,law ! sacrifice is ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,alt>4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,old ,law !re %\ld be no di/9ction betwe5 sacrifices & sacram5ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a sacr$ ?+ is some?+ d$icat$ to ,god3 9 :i* s5se ! tab]nacle & its vessels 7 said to be consecrat$4 ,b all ! c]emonial precepts 7 orda9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e all c]emonies 7 sacr$ ?+s4 ,!re=e sacr$ ?+s %\ld n be tak5 z a "p ( ! c]emonies4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 obs]vances are s call$ f hav+ to be obs]v$4 ,b all ! precepts ( ! ,law _h to be obs]v$3 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #h3aa73 ,obs]ve ,d\ay3 ',take he$' & bew>e le/ at any "t ?\ =get ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & neglect ,8 comm&m5ts & judgm5ts & c]emonies4 ,!re=e ! obs]vances %\ld n be consid]$ z a "p ( ! c]emonies4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! solemn fe/ivals are reckon$ z "p ( ! c]emonial3 s9ce !y 7 a %ad[ ( ?+s to come 7,col4 #b3af1 #ag73 & ! same may be said ( ! oblations & gifts1 z appe>s f ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,heb4 #i3i73 & yet ^! d n seem to be incl9$ 9 any ( ^? m5tion$ above4 ,!re=e ! above division ( c]emonies is unsuitable4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,old ,law ea* ( ! above is call$ a c]emony4 ,= ! sacrifices are call$ c]emonies 7,num4 #ae3bd73 ,!y %all (f] a calf 4 4 4 & ! sacrifices & libations !re(1 z ! c]emonies require4 ,( ! sacram5t ( ,ord] x is writt5 7,lev4 #g3ce73 ,?is is ! ano9t+ ( ,a>on & 8 sons 9 ! c]emonies4 ,( sacr$ ?+s also x is writt5 7,ex4 #ch3ba73 ,^! are ! in/rum5ts ( ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony 4 4 4 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,levites4 ,& aga9 ( ! obs]vances x is writt5 7#c ,k+s #i3f73 ,if y 4 4 4 %all turn away f foll[+ ,me1 & w n obs]ve ,d\ay3 'keep' ,my 4 4 4 c]emonies :i* ,i h set be=e y4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! c]emonial precepts are orda9$ to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,n[ 9 ?is wor%ip we may consid] ! wor%ip itself1 ! wor%ipp]s1 & ! in/rum5ts ( wor%ip4 ,! wor%ip consi/s specially 9 sacrifices1 :i* are (f]$ up 9 honor ( ,god4 ,! in/rum5ts ( wor%ip ref] to ! sacr$ ?+s1 su* z ! tab]nacle1 ! vessels & s =?4 ,) reg>d to ! wor%ipp]s two po9ts may be consid]$4 ,! fir/ po9t is _! prep>ation = ,div9e wor%ip1 :i* is effect$ by a sort ( consecration ei!r ( ! p or ( ! m9i/]s2 & to ?is ! sacram5ts ref]4 ,! second po9t is _! p>ticul> mode ( life1 :]eby !y are di/+ui%$ f ^? :o d n wor%ip ,god3 & to ?is p]ta9 ! obs]vances1 = in/ance1 9 matt]s ( food1 clo?+1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x 0 necess>y = ! sacrifices to be (f]$ bo? 9 "s c]ta9 place & by "s c]ta9 m53 & all ?is p]ta9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,:]e=e j z _! sacrifices signifi$ ,*ri/ ! victim1 s too _! sacram5ts & sacr$ ?+s =e%ad[$ ! sacram5ts & sacr$ ?+s ( ! ,new ,law2 :ile _! obs]vances =e%ad[$ ! mode ( life ( ! p "u ! ,new ,law3 all ( :i* ?+s p]ta9 to ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! sacrifice ( ! ,new ,law1 viz4 ! ,eu*>i/1 conta9s ,*ri/ ,himself1 ! ,au?or ( our ,sanctification3 = ,he sanctifi$ ! p by ,8 own blood 7,heb4 #ac3ab74 ,h5ce ?is ,sacrifice is also a sacram5t4 ,b ! sacrifices ( ! ,old ,law did n conta9 ,*ri/1 b =e%ad[$ ,him2 h5ce !y are n call$ sacram5ts4 ,9 ord] to signify ?is !re 7 c]ta9 sacram5ts ap>t f ! sacrifices ( ! ,old ,law1 :i* sacram5ts 7 figures ( ! sanctification to come4 ,nev]!less to c]ta9 consecrations c]ta9 sacrifices 7 unit$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! sacrifices & sacram5ts 7 ( c\rse sacr$ ?+s4 ,b c]ta9 ?+s 7 sacr$1 ?r\gh be+ d$icat$ to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 & yet 7 n sacrifices or sacram5ts3 :]e=e !y reta9$ ! common designation ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? ?+s :i* p]ta9$ to ! mode ( life ( ! p :o wor%ipp$ ,god1 reta9$ ! common designation ( obs]vances1 9 s f> z !y fell %ort ( ! above4 ,= !y 7 n call$ sacr$ ?+s1 because !y _h no imm$iate connection ) ! wor%ip ( ,god1 su* z ! tab]nacle & its vessels _h4 ,b by a sort ( consequ5ce !y 7 matt]s ( c]emony1 9 s f> z !y affect$ ! fitness ( ! p :o wor%ipp$ ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,j z ! sacrifices 7 (f]$ 9 a fix$ place1 s 7 !y (f]$ at fix$ times3 = :i* reason ! solemn fe/ivals seem to be reckon$ among ! sacr$ ?+s4 ,! oblations & gifts are c\nt$ toge!r ) ! sacrifices2 h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #e3a73 ,e high-prie/ tak5 f among m51 is orda9$ = m5 9 ?+s t app]ta9 to ,god1 t he may (f] up gifts & sacrifices4 ,,"q #ajb ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,c]emonial ,,precepts 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! causes ( ! c]emonial precepts3 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re 0 any cause = ! c]emonial precepts8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! cause ( ! c]emonial precepts 0 lit]al or figurative8 7#c7 ,! causes ( ! sacrifices2 7#d7 ,! causes ( ! sacrifices2 7#e7 ,! causes ( ! sacr$ ?+s2 7#f7 ,! causes ( ! obs]vances4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,0 ,any ,cause = ! ,c]emonial ,precepts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re 0 no cause = ! c]emonial precepts4 ,because on ,eph4 #b3ae1 ,mak+ void ! law ( ! comm&m5ts1 ! gloss says1 7i4e47 mak+ void ! ,old ,law z to ! c>nal obs]vances1 by sub/itut+ decrees1 i4e4 evangelical precepts1 :i* are bas$ on reason4 ,b if ! obs]vances ( ! ,old ,law 7 bas$ on reason1 x w\ld h be5 useless to void !m by ! reasonable decrees ( ! ,new ,law4 ,!re=e !re 0 no reason = ! c]emonial obs]vances ( ! ,old ,law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,old ,law succe$$ ! law ( nature4 ,b 9 ! law ( nature !re 0 a precept = :i* !re 0 no reason save t man's ob$i5ce might be te/$2 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #f1 #ac71 conc]n+ ! prohibition ab\t ! tree ( life4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,old ,law !re %\ld h be5 "s precepts = ! purpose ( te/+ man's ob$i5ce1 hav+ no reason 9 !mselves4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man's works are call$ moral accord+ z !y proce$ f reason4 ,if !re=e !re is any reason = ! c]emonial precepts1 !y w\ld n diff] f ! moral precepts4 ,x seems !re=e t !re 0 no cause = ! c]emonial precepts3 = ! reason ( a precept is tak5 f "s cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ah3i73 ,! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l is lightsome1 enlight5+ ! eyes4 ,b ! c]emonial precepts are comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,!re=e !y are lightsome3 & yet !y w\ld n be s1 if !y _h no reasonable cause4 ,!re=e ! c]emonial precepts h a reasonable cause4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 i1 #b71 x is ! function ( a wise man to d ev]y?+ 9 ord]1 ^? ?+s :i* proce$ f ! ,div9e wisdom mu/ ne$s be well ord]$1 z ! ,apo/le /ates 7,rom4 #ac3a74 ,n[ !re are two conditions requir$ = ?+s to be well ord]$4 ,fir/1 t !y be orda9$ to _! due end1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole ord] 9 matt]s ( action3 s9ce ^? ?+s t happ5 by *ance outside ! int5tion ( ! end1 or :i* are n done s]i\sly b = fun1 are said to be inord9ate4 ,secondly1 t :i* is done 9 view ( ! end %\ld be proportionate to ! end4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! reason = :atev] conduces to ! end is tak5 f ! end3 ?us ! reason = ! disposition ( a saw is tak5 f cutt+1 :i* is its end1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #i4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! c]emonial precepts1 l all ! o!r precepts ( ! ,law1 7 in/itutions ( ,div9e wisdom3 h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3f73 ,?is is y\r wisdom & und]/&+ 9 ! sight ( nations4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ ne$s say t ! c]emonial precepts 7 orda9$ to a c]ta9 end1 :]efrom _! reasonable causes c be ga!r$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x may be said !re 0 no reason = ! obs]vances ( ! ,old ,law1 9 ! s5se t !re 0 no reason 9 ! v nature ( ! ?+ done3 = in/ance t a g>m5t %\ld n be made ( wool & l954 ,b !re c\ld be a reason = !m 9 relation to some?+ else3 namely1 9 s f> z some?+ 0 signifi$ or exclud$ !reby4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! decrees ( ! ,new ,law1 :i* ref] *iefly to fai? & ! love ( ,god1 are reasonable f ! v nature ( ! act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason = ! prohibition conc]n+ ! tree ( k ( good & evil 0 n t ?is tree 0 naturally evil3 & yet ?is prohibition 0 reasonable 9 its relation to some?+ else1 9 z mu* z x signifi$ some?+4 ,& s also ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,old ,law 7 reasonable on acc\nt ( _! relation to some?+ else4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! moral precepts 9 _! v nature h reasonable causes3 z = in/ance1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 ,b ! c]emonial precepts h a reasonable cause 9 _! relation to some?+ else1 z /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,c]emonial ,precepts ,h a ,lit]al ,cause or ,m]ely a ,figurative ,cause8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! c]emonial precepts h n a lit]al1 b m]ely a figurative cause4 ,= among ! c]emonial precepts1 ! *ief 0 circumcision & ! sacrifice ( ! pas*al lamb4 ,b nei!r ( ^! _h any b a figurative cause3 because ea* 0 giv5 z a sign4 ,= x is writt5 7,g54 #ag3aa73 ,y %all circumcise ! fle% ( y\r =esk91 t x may be a sign ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,me & y3 & ( ! celebration ( ! ,passov] x is writt5 7,ex4 #ac3i73 ,x %all be z a sign 9 ?y h&1 & z a memorial be=e ?y eyes4 ,!re=e mu* m did ! o!r c]emonial precepts h none b a figurative reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an effect is proportionate to its cause4 ,b all ! c]emonial precepts are figurative1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e !y h no o!r ?an a figurative cause4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x be a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r a c]ta9 ?+1 consid]$ 9 itself1 be done 9 a p>ticul> way or n1 x seems t x has n a lit]al cause4 ,n[ !re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! c]emonial precepts1 :i* appe> to be a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 z to :e!r !y be done 9 "o way or 9 ano!r3 = in/ance1 ! numb] ( animals to be (f]$1 & o!r su* p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,!re=e !re is no lit]al cause = ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j z ! c]emonial precepts =e%ad[$ ,*ri/1 s did ! /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #aj3aa7 t all 7^! ?+s7 happ5$ to !m 9 figure4 ,n[ 9 ! /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 besides ! my/ical or figurative1 !re is ! lit]al s5se4 ,!re=e ! c]emonial precepts _h also lit]al1 besides _! figurative causes4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! reason = :atev] conduces to an end mu/ be tak5 f t end4 ,n[ ! end ( ! c]emonial precepts 0 tw(old3 = !y 7 orda9$ to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 = t p>ticul> "t1 & to ! =e%ad[+ ( ,*ri/2 j z ! words ( ! prophets reg>d$ ! "t be+ 9 su* a way z to be utt]ances figurative ( ! "t to come1 z ,j]ome says on ,osee #a3c4 ,accord+ly ! reasons = ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,old ,law c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! ,div9e wor%ip :i* 0 to be obs]v$ = t p>ticul> "t3 & ^! reasons are lit]al3 :e!r !y ref] to ! %unn+ ( idolatry2 or recall c]ta9 ,div9e b5efits2 or rem9d m5 ( ! ,div9e excell5ce2 or po9t out ! disposition ( m9d :i* 0 !n requir$ 9 ^? :o wor%ipp$ ,god4 ,secondly1 _! reasons c be ga!r$ f ! po9t ( view ( _! be+ orda9$ to =e%ad[ ,*ri/3 & ?us _! reasons are figurative & my/ical3 :e!r !y be tak5 f ,*ri/ ,himself & ! ,*ur*1 :i* p]ta9s to ! allegorical s5se2 or to ! morals ( ! ,*ri/ian p1 :i* p]ta9s to ! moral s5se2 or to ! /ate ( future glory1 9 z mu* z we are br\ght !reto by ,*ri/1 :i* ref]s to ! anagogical s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! use ( metaphorical expressions 9 ,scripture belongs to ! lit]al s5se1 because ! words are employ$ 9 ord] to convey t p>ticul> mean+2 s also ! mean+ ( ^? legal c]emonies :i* commemorat$ c]ta9 ,div9e b5efits1 on acc\nt ( :i* !y 7 in/itut$1 & ( o!rs simil> :i* belong$ to t "t1 does n g beyond ! ord] ( lit]al causes4 ,consequ5tly :5 we ass]t t ! cause ( ! celebration ( ! ,passov] 0 its signification ( ! deliv]y f ,egypt1 or t circumcision 0 a sign ( ,god's cov5ant ) ,abraham1 we assign ! lit]al cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t w\ld avail if ! c]emonial precepts _h be5 giv5 m]ely z figures ( ?+s to come1 & n = ! purpose ( wor%ipp+ ,god !n & !re4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z we h /at$ :5 speak+ ( human laws 7,q4 #if1 ,,aa4 #a1 #f71 !re is a reason = !m 9 ! ab/ract1 b n 9 reg>d to p>ticul> conditions1 :i* dep5d on ! judgm5t ( ^? :o frame !m2 s also _m p>ticul> det]m9ations 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law h no lit]al cause1 b only a figurative cause2 :]eas 9 ! ab/ract !y h a lit]al cause4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,suitable ,cause ,c ,be ,assign$ = ! ,c]emonies ,:i* ,p]ta9$ to ,sacrifices8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no suitable cause c be assign$ = ! c]emonies p]ta9+ to sacrifices4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 are ^? :i* are necess>y = su/a9+ human life3 su* z c]ta9 animals & c]ta9 loaves4 ,b ,god ne$s no su* su/5ance2 accord+ to ,ps4 #di3ac3 ,%all ,i eat ! fle% ( bullocks8 ,or %all ,i dr9k ! blood ( goats8 ,!re=e su* sacrifices 7 unfitt+ly (f]$ to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 only ?ree k9ds ( quadrup$s 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice to ,god1 viz4 ox51 %eep & goats2 ( birds1 g5]ally ! turtl$ove & ! dove2 b specially1 9 ! cleans+ ( a lep]1 an (f]+ 0 made ( sp>r[s4 ,n[ _m o!r animals are m noble ?an ^!4 ,s9ce !re=e :atev] is be/ %\ld be (f]$ to ,god1 x seems t n only ( ^! ?ree %\ld sacrifices h be5 (f]$ to ,him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z man has receiv$ f ,god ! dom9ion ov] birds & bea/s1 s also has he receiv$ dom9ion ov] fi%es4 ,consequ5tly x 0 unfitt+ = fi%es to be exclud$ f ! div9e sacrifices4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 turtl$oves & doves indiff]5tly are comm&$ to be (f]$ up4 ,s9ce !n ! "y ( ! dove are comm&$ to be (f]$1 s also %\ld ! "y ( ! turtl$ove4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,god is ! ,au?or ( life1 n only ( m51 b also ( animals1 z is cle> f ,g54 #a3bj1 seqq4 ,n[ dea? is oppos$ to life4 ,!re=e x 0 fitt+ t liv+ animals r ?an sla9 animals %\ld be (f]$ to ,god1 especially z ! ,apo/le admoni%es u 7,rom4 #ab3a71 to pres5t our bodies a liv+ sacrifice1 holy1 pleas+ unto ,god4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 if none b sla9 animals 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice to ,god1 x seems t x matt]$ n h[ !y 7 sla94 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ t ! mann] ( immolation %\ld be det]m9$1 especially z reg>ds birds 7,lev4 #a3ae1 seqq474 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 e defect 9 an animal is a /ep t[>ds corruption & dea?4 ,if !re=e sla9 animals 7 (f]$ to ,god1 x 0 unreasonable to =bid ! (f]+ ( an imp]fect animal1 e4g4 a lame1 or a bl9d1 or o!rwise defective animal4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o (f] victims to ,god %\ld p>take !re(1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #aj3ah73 ,are n !y t eat ( ! sacrifices p>tak]s ( ! alt>8 ,x 0 !re=e unbecom+ = ! (f]]s to be d5i$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! victims1 namely1 ! blood1 ! fat1 ! brea/bone & ! "r %\ld]4 ,objection #i3 ,fur!r1 j z holocau/s 7 (f]$ up 9 honor ( ,god1 s also 7 ! peace-(f]+s & s9-(f]+s4 ,b no female animals 0 (f]$ up to ,god z a holocau/1 al?\gh holocau/s 7 (f]$ ( bo? quadrup$s & birds4 ,!re=e x 0 inconsi/5t t female animals %\ld be (f]$ up 9 peace-(f]+s & s9-(f]+s1 & t nev]!less birds %\ld n be (f]$ up 9 peace-(f]+s4 ,objection #aj3 ,fur!r1 all ! peace-(f]+s seem to be ( "o k9d4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ to make a di/9ction among !m1 s t x 0 =bidd5 to eat ! fle% ( c]ta9 peace-(f]+s on ! foll[+ day1 :ile x 0 all[$ to eat ! fle% ( o!r peace-(f]+s1 z laid d[n 9 ,lev4 #g3ae1 seqq4 ,objection #aa3 ,fur!r1 all s9s agree 9 turn+ u f ,god4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to reconcile u to ,god1 "o k9d ( sacrifice %\ld h be5 (f]$ up = all s9s4 ,objection #ab3 ,fur!r1 all animals t 7 (f]$ up 9 sacrifice1 7 (f]$ up 9 "o way1 viz4 sla94 ,!re=e x does n seem to be suitable t products ( ! soil %\ld be (f]$ up 9 v>i\s ways2 = sometimes an (f]+ 0 made ( e>s ( corn1 sometimes ( fl\r1 sometimes ( bread1 ?is be+ bak$ sometimes 9 an ov51 sometimes 9 a pan1 sometimes on a gridiron4 ,objection #ac3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ?+s are s]viceable to u %\ld be recogniz$ z com+ f ,god4 ,x 0 !re=e unbecom+ t besides animals1 no?+ b bread1 w9e1 oil1 inc5se1 & salt %\ld be (f]$ to ,god4 ,objection #ad3 ,fur!r1 bodily sacrifices d5ote ! inw>d sacrifice ( ! he>t1 :]eby man (f]s 8 s\l to ,god4 ,b 9 ! inw>d sacrifice1 ! sweetness1 :i* is d5ot$ by honey1 surpasses ! pung5cy :i* salt repres5ts2 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bd3bg73 ,my _s is sweet above honey4 ,!re=e x 0 unbecom+ t ! use ( honey1 & ( leav5 :i* makes bread savory1 %\ld be =bidd5 9 a sacrifice2 :ile ! use 0 prescrib$1 ( salt :i* is pung5t1 & ( inc5se :i* has a bitt] ta/e4 ,consequ5tly x seems t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! c]emonies ( ! sacrifices h no reasonable cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,lev4 #a3ac73 ,! prie/ %all (f] x all & burn x all ^u ! alt>1 = a holocau/1 & mo/ sweet savor to ! ,"l4 ,n[ accord+ to ,wis4 #g3bh1 ,god love? none b him t dwelle? ) wisdom3 :5ce x seems to foll[ t :atev] is acceptable to ,god is wisely done4 ,!re=e ^! c]emonies ( ! sacrifices 7 wisely done1 z hav+ reasonable causes4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law _h a tw(old cause1 viz4 a lit]al cause1 accord+ z !y 7 int5d$ = ,div9e wor%ip2 & a figurative or my/ical cause1 accord+ z !y 7 int5d$ to =e%ad[ ,*ri/3 & on ei!r h& ! c]emonies p]ta9+ to ! sacrifices c be assign$ to a fitt+ cause4 ,=1 accord+ z ! c]emonies ( ! sacrifices 7 int5d$ = ! div9e wor%ip1 ! causes ( ! sacrifices c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z ! sacrifice repres5t$ ! direct+ ( ! m9d to ,god1 to :i* ! (f]] ( ! sacrifice 0 /imulat$4 ,n[ 9 ord] to direct 8 m9d to ,god aright1 man mu/ recognize t :atev] he has is f ,god z f its fir/ pr9ciple1 & direct x to ,god z its la/ end4 ,?is 0 d5ot$ 9 ! (f]+s & sacrifices1 by ! fact t man (f]$ "s ( 8 own belong+s 9 honor ( ,god1 z ?\gh 9 recognition ( 8 hav+ receiv$ !m f ,god1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,david 7#a ,p>al4 xxix1 #ad73 ,all ?+s are ,?9e3 & we h giv5 ,!e :at we receiv$ ( ,?y h&4 ,:]e=e 9 (f]+ up sacrifices man made prote/ation t ,god is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! creation ( all ?+s1 & _! la/ end1 to :i* all ?+s mu/ be direct$4 ,& s9ce1 = ! human m9d to be direct$ to ,god aright1 x mu/ recognize no fir/ au?or ( ?+s o!r ?an ,god1 nor place its end 9 any o!r2 = ?is reason x 0 =bidd5 9 ! ,law to (f] sacrifice to any o!r b ,god1 accord+ to ,ex4 #bb3bj3 ,he t sacrifice? to gods1 %all be put to dea?1 save only to ! ,"l4 ,:]e=e ano!r reasonable cause may be assign$ to ! c]emonies ( ! sacrifices1 f ! fact t !reby m5 7 )drawn f (f]+ sacrifices to idols4 ,h5ce too x is t ! precepts ab\t ! sacrifices 7 n giv5 to ! ,jewi% p until aft] !y _h fall5 into idolatry1 by wor%ipp+ ! molt5 calf3 z ?\gh ^? sacrifices 7 in/itut$1 t ! p1 be+ ready to (f] sacrifices1 might (f] ^? sacrifices to ,god r ?an to idols4 ,?us x is writt5 7,j]4 #g3bb73 ,i spake n to y\r fa!rs & ,i comm&$ !m n1 9 ! day t ,i br\ght !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 conc]n+ ! matt] ( burnt-(f]+s & sacrifices4 ,n[ ( all ! gifts :i* ,god v\*saf$ to mank9d aft] !y _h fall5 away by s91 ! *ief is t ,he gave ,8 ,son2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,john #c3af73 ,god s lov$ ! _w1 z to give ,8 only-begott5 ,son2 t :osoev] believe? 9 ,him1 may n p]i%1 b may h life ev]la/+4 ,consequ5tly ! *ief sacrifice is t :]eby ,*ri/ ,himself deliv]$ ,himself 4 4 4 to ,god = an odor ( sweetness 7,eph4 #e3b74 ,& = ?is reason all ! o!r sacrifices ( ! ,old ,law 7 (f]$ up 9 ord] to =e%ad[ ?is "o individual & p>am\nt sacrifice--! imp]fect =eca/+ ! p]fect4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aj3aa7 t ! prie/ ( ! ,old ,law (t5 (f]$ ! same sacrifices1 :i* c nev] take away s9s3 b ,*ri/ (f]$ "o sacrifice = s9s1 = ev]4 ,& s9ce ! reason ( ! figure is tak5 f t :i* ! figure repres5ts1 !re=e ! reasons ( ! figurative sacrifices ( ! ,old ,law %\ld be tak5 f ! true sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god did n wi% ^! sacrifices to be (f]$ to ,him on acc\nt ( ! ?+s !mselves t 7 (f]$1 z ?\gh ,he /ood 9 ne$ ( !m3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #a3aa73 ,i desire n holocau/s ( rams1 & fat ( fatl+s1 & blood ( calves & lambs & buckgoats4 ,b1 z /at$ above1 ,he wi%$ !m to be (f]$ to ,him1 9 ord] to prev5t idolatry2 9 ord] to signify ! "r ord]+ ( man's m9d to ,god2 & 9 ord] to repres5t ! my/]y ( ! ,r$emption ( man by ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 all ! respects m5tion$ above 7ad #a71 !re 0 a suitable reason = ^! animals1 r ?an o!rs1 be+ (f]$ 9 sacrifice to ,god4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to prev5t idolatry4 ,because idolat]s (f]$ all o!r animals to _! gods1 or made use ( !m 9 _! sorc]ies3 :ile ! ,egyptians 7among :om ! p _h be5 dwell+7 consid]$ x abom9able to slay ^! animals1 :]e=e !y us$ n to (f] !m 9 sacrifice to _! gods4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #h3bf73 ,we %all sacrifice ! abom9ations ( ! ,egyptians to ! ,"l our ,god4 ,= !y wor%ipp$ ! %eep2 !y rev]5c$ ! ram 7because demons appe>$ "u ! =m !re(72 :ile !y employ$ ox5 = agriculture1 :i* 0 reckon$ by !m z some?+ sacr$4 ,secondly1 ?is 0 suitable = ! a=esaid "r ord]+ ( man's m9d to ,god3 & 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because x is *iefly by means ( ^! animals t human life is su/a9$3 & moreov] !y are mo/ clean1 & p>take ( a mo/ clean food3 :]eas o!r animals are ei!r wild1 & n deput$ to ord9>y use among m53 or1 if !y be tame1 !y h unclean food1 z pigs & geese3 & no?+ b :at is clean %\ld be (f]$ to ,god4 ,^! birds especially 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice because !re 7 pl5ty ( !m 9 ! l& ( promise4 ,secondly1 because ! sacrific+ ( ^! animals repres5t$ purity ( he>t4 ,because z ! gloss says on ,lev4 #a1 ,we (f] a calf1 :5 we ov]come ! pride ( ! fle%2 a lamb1 :5 we re/ra9 our unreasonable motions2 a goat1 :5 we conqu] wantonness2 a turtl$ove1 :5 we keep *a/e2 unleav5$ bread1 :5 we fea/ on ! unleav5$ bread ( s9c]ity4 ,& x is evid5t t ! dove d5otes *>ity & simplicity ( he>t4 ,?irdly1 x 0 fitt+ t ^! animals %\ld be (f]$1 t !y might =e%ad[ ,*ri/4 ,because1 z ! gloss obs]ves1 ,*ri/ is (f]$ 9 ! calf1 to d5ote ! /r5g? ( ! cross2 9 ! lamb1 to signify ,8 innoc5ce2 9 ! ram1 to =e%ad[ ,8 head%ip2 & 9 ! goat1 to signify ! lik5ess ( 's9ful fle%' 99,an allusion to ,col4 #b3aa 7,textus ,receptus74 ,! turtl$ove & dove d5ot$ ! union ( ! two natures2 or else ! turtl$ove signifi$ *a/ity2 :ile ! dove 0 a figure ( *>ity4 ,! :eat-fl\r =e%ad[$ ! spr9kl+ ( believ]s ) ! wat] ( ,baptism4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fi% ?r\gh liv+ 9 wat] are fur!r remov$ f man ?an o!r animals1 :i*1 l man1 live 9 ! air4 ,aga91 fi% die z soon z !y are tak5 out ( wat]2 h5ce !y c\ld n be (f]$ 9 ! temple l o!r animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,among turtl$oves ! old] ones are bett] ?an ! "y2 :ile ) doves ! case is ! rev]se4 ,:]e=e1 z ,rabbi ,moses obs]ves 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii71 turtl$oves & "y doves are comm&$ to be (f]$1 because no?+ %\ld be (f]$ to ,god b :at is be/4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! animals :i* 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice 7 sla91 because x is by be+ kill$ t !y become useful to man1 =asmu* z ,god gave !m to man = food4 ,:]e=e also !y 7 burnt ) fire3 because x is by be+ cook$ t !y are made fit = human consumption4 ,moreov] ! slay+ ( ! animals signifi$ ! de/ruction ( s9s3 & also t man des]v$ dea? on acc\nt ( 8 s9s2 z ?\gh ^? animals 7 sla9 9 man's /ead1 9 ord] to betok5 ! expiation ( s9s4 ,aga9 ! slay+ ( ^! animals signifi$ ! slay+ ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! ,law fix$ ! special mann] ( slay+ ! sacrificial animals 9 ord] to exclude o!r ways ( kill+1 :]eby idolat]s sacrific$ animals to idols4 ,or aga91 z ,rabbi ,moses says 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii71 ! ,law *ose t mann] ( slay+ :i* 0 lea/ pa9ful to ! sla9 animal4 ,?is exclud$ cruelty on ! "p ( ! (f]]s1 & any mangl+ ( ! animals sla94 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,x is because unclean animals are wont to be held 9 contempt among m51 t x 0 =bidd5 to (f] !m 9 sacrifice to ,god3 & = ?is reason too !y 7 =bidd5 7,deut4 #bc3ah7 to (f] ! hire ( a /rumpet or ! price ( a dog 9 ! h\se ( 4 4 4 ,god4 ,= ! same reason !y did n (f] animals be=e ! sev5? day1 because su* 7 abortive z x 71 ! fle% be+ n yet firm on acc\nt ( its exce$+ s(tness4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,!re 7 ?ree k9ds ( sacrifices4 ,!re 0 "o 9 :i* ! victim 0 entirely consum$ by fire3 ?is 0 call$ a holocau/1 i4e4 all burnt4 ,= ?is k9d ( sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ,god specially to %[ rev]5ce to ,8 maje/y1 & love ( ,8 goodness3 & typifi$ ! /ate ( p]fection z reg>ds ! fulfilm5t ( ! c\nsels4 ,:]e=e ! :ole 0 burnt up3 s t z ! :ole animal by be+ dissolv$ into vapor so>$ al(t1 s x might d5ote t ! :ole man1 & :atev] belongs to him1 are subject to ! au?ority ( ,god1 & %\ld be (f]$ to ,him4 ,ano!r sacrifice 0 ! s9-(f]+1 :i* 0 (f]$ to ,god on acc\nt ( man's ne$ = ! =giv5ess ( s93 & ?is typifies ! /ate ( p5it5ts 9 satisfy+ = s9s4 ,x 0 divid$ into two p>ts3 = "o "p 0 burnt2 :ile ! o!r 0 grant$ to ! use ( ! prie/s to signify t remission ( s9s is grant$ by ,god ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ,8 prie/s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is sacrifice 0 (f]$ = ! s9s ( ! :ole p1 or specially = ! s9 ( ! prie/1 ! :ole victim 0 burnt up4 ,= x 0 n fitt+ t ! prie/s %\ld h ! use ( t :i* 0 (f]$ = _! own s9s1 to signify t no?+ s9ful %\ld rema9 9 !m4 ,moreov]1 ?is w\ld n be satisfaction = s93 = if ! (f]+ 7 grant$ to ! use ( ^? = ^: s9s x 0 (f]$1 x w\ld seem to be ! same z if x _h n be5 (f]$4 ,! ?ird k9d ( sacrifice 0 call$ ! peace-(f]+1 :i* 0 (f]$ to ,god1 ei!r 9 ?anksgiv+1 or = ! welf>e & prosp]ity ( ! (f]]s1 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( b5efits already receiv$ or yet to be receiv$3 & ?is typifies ! /ate ( ^? :o are pr(ici5t 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,^! sacrifices 7 divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 = "o "p 0 burnt 9 honor ( ,god2 ano!r "p 0 allott$ to ! use ( ! prie/s2 & ! ?ird "p to ! use ( ! (f]]s2 9 ord] to signify t man's salvation is f ,god1 by ! direction ( ,god's m9i/]s1 & ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ^? :o are sav$4 ,b x 0 ! univ]sal rule t ! blood & fat 7 n allott$ to ! use ei!r ( ! prie/s or ( ! (f]]s3 ! blood be+ p\r$ out at ! foot ( ! alt>1 9 honor ( ,god1 :ile ! fat 0 burnt ^u ! alt> 7,lev4 #i3i1 #aj74 ,! reason = ?is 01 fir/1 9 ord] to prev5t idolatry3 because idolat]s us$ to dr9k ! blood & eat ! fat ( ! victims1 accord+ to ,deut4 #cb3ch3 ,( ^: victims !y eat ! fat1 & drank ! w9e ( _! dr9k-(f]+s4 ,secondly1 9 ord] to =m !m to a "r way ( liv+4 ,= !y 7 =bidd5 ! use ( ! blood t !y might abhor ! %$d+ ( human blood2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,g54 #i3d1 #e73 ,fle% ) blood y %all n eat3 = ,i w require ! blood ( y\r lives3 & !y 7 =bidd5 to eat ! fat1 9 ord] to )draw !m f lascivi\sness2 h5ce x is writt5 7,eze*4 #cd3c73 ,y h kill$ t :i* 0 fat4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( ! rev]5ce due to ,god3 because blood is mo/ necess>y = life1 = :i* reason life is said to be 9 ! blood 7,lev4 #ag3aa1 #ad73 :ile fat is a sign ( abundant n\ri%m5t4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to %[ t to ,god we owe bo? life & a suffici5cy ( all good ?+s1 ! blood 0 p\r$ out1 & ! fat burnt up 9 ,8 honor4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ord] to =e%ad[ ! %$d+ ( ,*ri/'s blood1 & ! abundance ( ,8 *>ity1 :]eby ,he (f]$ ,himself to ,god = u4 ,9 ! peace-(f]+s1 ! brea/-bone & ! "r %\ld] 7 allott$ to ! use ( ! prie/1 9 ord] to prev5t a c]ta9 k9d ( div9ation :i* is kn[n z spatulamantia1 s call$ because x 0 cu/om>y 9 div9+ to use ! %\ld]-blade 7spatula71 & ! brea/-bone ( ! animals (f]$ 9 sacrifice2 :]e=e ^! ?+s 7 tak5 away f ! (f]]s4 ,?is is also d5ot$ ! prie/'s ne$ ( wisdom 9 ! he>t1 to in/ruct ! p--?is 0 signifi$ by ! brea/-bone1 :i* cov]s ! he>t2 & 8 ne$ ( =titude1 9 ord] to be> ) human frailty--& ?is 0 signifi$ by ! "r %\ld]4 ,reply ,obj4 #i3 ,because ! holocau/ 0 ! mo/ p]fect k9d ( sacrifice1 !re=e none b a male 0 (f]$ = a holocau/3 because ! female is an imp]fect animal4 ,! (f]+ ( turtl$oves & doves 0 on acc\nt ( ! pov]ty ( ! (f]]s1 :o 7 unable to (f] bigg] animals4 ,& s9ce peace-victims 7 (f]$ freely1 & no "o 0 b\nd to (f] !m aga9/ 8 w1 h5ce ^! birds 7 (f]$ n among ! peace-victims1 b among ! holocau/s & victims = s91 :i* man 0 oblig$ to (f] at times4 ,moreov] ^! birds1 on acc\nt ( _! l(ty flight1 7 befitt+ ! p]fection ( ! holocau/s3 & 7 suitable = s9-(f]+s because _! song is doleful4 ,reply ,obj4 #aj3 ,! holocau/ 0 ! *ief ( all ! sacrifices3 because all 0 burnt 9 honor ( ,god1 & no?+ ( x 0 eat54 ,! second place 9 hol9ess1 belongs to ! sacrifice = s9s1 :i* 0 eat5 9 ! c\rt only1 & on ! v day ( ! sacrifice 7,lev4 #g3f1 #ae74 ,! ?ird place mu/ be giv5 to ! peace-(f]+s ( ?anksgiv+1 :i* 7 eat5 on ! same day1 b any:]e 9 ,j]usalem4 ,f\r? 9 ord] 7 ! ex-voto peace-(f]+s1 ! fle% ( :i* c\ld be eat5 ev5 on ! morr[4 ,! reason = ?is ord] is t man is b\nd to ,god1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ,8 maje/y2 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! s9s he has committ$2 ?irdly1 because ( ! b5efits he has already receiv$ f ,him2 f\r?ly1 by reason ( ! b5efits he hopes to receive f ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #aa3 ,s9s are m griev\s by reason ( ! /ate ( ! s9n]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #aj73 :]e=e diff]5t victims are comm&$ to be (f]$ = ! s9 ( a prie/1 or ( a pr9ce1 or ( "s o!r private individual4 ,b1 z ,rabbi ,moses says 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii71 we mu/ take note t ! m griev\s ! s91 ! l[] ! species ( animals (f]$ = x4 ,:]e=e ! goat1 :i* is a v base animal1 0 (f]$ = idolatry2 :ile a calf 0 (f]$ = a prie/'s ignorance1 & a ram = ! neglig5ce ( a pr9ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #ab3 ,9 ! matt] ( sacrifices ! ,law _h 9 view ! pov]ty ( ! (f]]s2 s t ^? :o c\ld n h a f\r-foot$ animal at _! disposal1 might at lea/ (f] a bird2 & t he :o c\ld n h a bird might at lea/ (f] bread2 & t if a man _h n ev5 bread he might (f] fl\r or e>s ( corn4 ,! figurative cause is t ! bread signifies ,*ri/ ,:o is ! liv+ bread 7,john #f3da1 #ea74 ,he 0 inde$ an e> ( corn1 z x 71 dur+ ! /ate ( ! law ( nature1 9 ! fai? ( ! patri>*s2 ,he 0 l fl\r 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,law ( ! prophets2 & ,he 0 l p]fect bread aft] ,he _h tak5 human nature2 bak$ 9 ! fire1 i4e4 =m$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! ov5 ( ! virg9al womb2 bak$ aga9 9 a pan by ! toils :i* ,he suff]$ 9 ! _w2 & consum$ by fire on ! cross z on a gridiron4 ,reply ,obj4 #ac3 ,! products ( ! soil are useful to man1 ei!r z food1 & ( ^! bread 0 (f]$2 or z dr9k1 & ( ^! w9e 0 (f]$2 or z season+1 & ( ^! oil & salt 7 (f]$2 or z heal+1 & ( ^! !y (f]$ inc5se1 :i* bo? smells sweetly & b9ds easily toge!r4 ,n[ ! bread =e%ad[$ ! fle% ( ,*ri/2 & ! w9e1 ,8 blood1 :]eby we 7 r$eem$2 oil betok5s ! grace ( ,*ri/2 salt1 ,8 k2 inc5se1 ,8 pray]4 ,reply ,obj4 #ad3 ,honey 0 n (f]$ 9 ! sacrifices to ,god1 bo? because x 0 wont to be (f]$ 9 ! sacrifices to idols2 & 9 ord] to d5ote ! abs5ce ( all c>nal sweetness & pleasure f ^? :o int5d to sacrifice to ,god4 ,leav5 0 n (f]$1 to d5ote ! exclusion ( corruption4 ,p]haps too1 x 0 wont to be (f]$ 9 ! sacrifices to idols4 ,salt1 h[ev]1 0 (f]$1 because x w>ds (f ! corruption ( putrefaction3 = sacrifices (f]$ to ,god %\ld be incorrupt4 ,moreov]1 salt signifies ! discretion ( wisdom1 or aga91 mortification ( ! fle%4 ,inc5se 0 (f]$ to d5ote devotion ( ! he>t1 :i* is necess>y 9 ! (f]]2 & aga91 to signify ! odor ( a good "n3 = inc5se is compos$ ( matt]1 bo? ri* & fragrant4 ,& s9ce ! sacrifice ( jeal\sy did n proce$ f devotion1 b r f suspicion1 !re=e inc5se 0 n (f]$ !re9 7,num4 #e3ae74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,suffici5t ,reason ,c ,be ,assign$ = ! ,c]emonies ,p]ta9+ to ,holy ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no suffici5t reason c be assign$ = ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law t p]ta9 to holy ?+s4 ,= ,paul said 7,acts #ag3bd73 ,god ,:o made ! _w & all ?+s !re92 ,he be+ ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 dwelle? n 9 temples made by h&s4 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ t 9 ! ,old ,law a tab]nacle or temple %\ld be set up = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law 0 n *ang$ except by ,*ri/4 ,b ! tab]nacle d5ot$ ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law4 ,!re=e x %\ld n h be5 *ang$ by ! build+ ( a temple4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e ,law1 m ?an any o!r inde$1 %\ld lead man to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,b an increase ( div9e wor%ip requires multiplication ( alt>s & temples2 z is evid5t 9 reg>d to ! ,new ,law4 ,!re=e x seems t also "u ! ,old ,law !re %\ld h be5 n only "o tab]nacle or temple1 b _m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! tab]nacle or temple 0 orda9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,b 9 ,god we %\ld wor%ip above all ,8 unity & simplicity4 ,!re=e x seems unbecom+ = ! tab]nacle or temple to be divid$ by means ( veils4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! p[] ( ! ,fir/ ,mov]1 i4e4 ,god1 appe>s fir/ ( all 9 ! ea/1 = x is 9 t qu>t] t ! fir/ movem5t beg9s4 ,b ! tab]nacle 0 set up = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,!re=e x %\ld h be5 built s z to po9t to ! ea/ r ?an ! we/4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! ,"l comm&$ 7,ex4 #bj3d7 t !y %\ld n make 4 4 4 a grav5 ?+1 nor ! lik5ess ( any?+4 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ = grav5 images ( ! *]ubim to be set up 9 ! tab]nacle or temple4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ark1 ! propitiatory1 ! c&le/ick1 ! table1 ! two alt>s1 seem to h be5 plac$ !re )\t reasonable cause4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 ! ,"l comm&$ 7,ex4 #bj3bd73 ,y %all make an alt> ( e>? unto ,me3 & aga9 7,ex4 #bj3bf73 ,?\ %alt n g up by /eps unto ,my alt>4 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ t subsequ5tly !y %\ld be comm&$ to make an alt> ( wood laid ov] ) gold or brass2 & ( su* a height t x 0 impossible to g up to x except by /eps4 ,= x is writt5 7,ex4 #bg3a1 #b73 ,?\ %alt make also an alt> ( setim wood1 :i* %all be five cubits long1 & z _m broad 4 4 4 & ?ree cubits high 4 4 4 & ?\ %alt cov] x ) brass3 & 7,ex4 #cj3a1 #c73 ,?\ %alt make 4 4 4 an alt> to burn inc5se1 ( setim wood 4 4 4 & ?\ %alt ov]lay x ) ! pure/ gold4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 9 ,god's works no?+ %\ld be sup]flu\s2 = n ev5 9 ! works ( nature is any?+ sup]flu\s to be f\nd4 ,b "o cov] suffices = "o tab]nacle or h\se4 ,!re=e x 0 unbecom+ to furni% ! tab]nacle ) _m cov]+s1 viz4 curta9s1 curta9s ( goats' hair1 rams' sk9s dy$ r$1 & violet-color$ sk9s 7,ex4 #bf74 ,objection #i3 ,fur!r1 ext]ior consecration signifies int]ior hol9ess1 ! subject ( :i* is ! s\l4 ,x 0 !re=e unsuitable = ! tab]nacle & its vessels to be consecrat$1 s9ce !y 7 inanimate ?+s4 ,objection #aj3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ps4 #cc3b73 ,i w bless ! ,"l at all times1 ,8 praise %all always be 9 my m\?4 ,b ! solemn fe/ivals 7 in/itut$ = ! praise ( ,god4 ,!re=e x 0 n fitt+ t c]ta9 days %\ld be fix$ = keep+ solemn fe/ivals2 s t x seems t !re 0 no suitable cause = ! c]emonies relat+ to holy ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #h3d7 t ^? :o (f] gifts accord+ to ! law 4 4 4 s]ve unto ! example & %ad[ ( heav5ly ?+s4 ,z x 0 answ]$ to ,moses1 :5 he 0 to f9i% ! tab]nacle3 ,see1 says ,he1 t ?\ make all ?+s accord+ to ! patt]n :i* 0 %[n !e on ! m\nt4 ,b t is mo/ reasonable1 :i* pres5ts a lik5ess to heav5ly ?+s4 ,!re=e ! c]emonies relat+ to holy ?+s _h a reasonable cause4 ,i answ] t1 ,! *ief purpose ( ! :ole ext]nal wor%ip is t man may give wor%ip to ,god4 ,n[ man's t5d5cy is to rev]5ce less ^? ?+s :i* are common1 & indi/9ct f o!r ?+s2 :]eas he admires & rev]es ^? ?+s :i* are di/9ct f o!rs 9 "s po9t ( excell5ce4 ,h5ce too x is cu/om>y among m5 = k+s & pr9ces1 :o ought to be rev]5c$ by _! subjects1 to be clo!d 9 m preci\s g>m5ts1 & to possess va/] & m beautiful abodes4 ,& = ?is reason x behoov$ special times1 a special abode1 special vessels1 & special m9i/]s to be appo9t$ = ! div9e wor%ip1 s t !reby ! s\l ( man might be br\ght to great] rev]5ce = ,god4 ,9 l mann] ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law1 z obs]v$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b71 0 in/itut$ t x might =e%ad[ ! my/]y ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ t :i* =e%ad[s some?+ %\ld be det]m9ate1 s t x may pres5t "s lik5ess !reto4 ,consequ5tly1 c]ta9 special po9ts _h to be obs]v$ 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! div9e wor%ip reg>ds two ?+s3 namely1 ,god ,:o is wor%ipp$2 & m51 :o wor%ip ,him4 ,accord+ly ,god1 ,:o is wor%ipp$1 is conf9$ to no bodily place3 :]e=e !re 0 no ne$1 on ,8 "p1 = a tab]nacle or temple to be set up4 ,b m51 :o wor%ip ,him1 are corporeal be+s3 & = _! sake !re 0 ne$ = a special tab]nacle or temple to be set up = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 t ?r\gh com+ toge!r ) ! ?\ght t ! place 0 set aside = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 !y might approa* ?i!r ) great] rev]5ce4 ,secondly1 t c]ta9 ?+s relat+ to ! excell5ce ( ,*ri/'s ,div9e or human nature might be signifi$ by ! arrangem5t ( v>i\s details 9 su* temple or tab]nacle4 ,to ?is ,solomon ref]s 7#c ,k+s #h3bg7 :5 he says3 ,if heav5 & ! heav5s ( heav5s _c conta9 ,!e1 h[ mu* less ?is h\se :i* ,i h built = ,!e8 ,& fur!r on 7#c ,k+s #h3bi1 #bj7 he adds3 ,t ,?y eyes may be op5 ^u ?is h\se 4 4 4 ( :i* ,?\ ha/ said3 ,my "n %all be !re2 4 4 4 t ,?\ maye/ he>k5 to ! supplication ( ,?y s]vant & ( ,?y p ,israel4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! h\se ( ! sanctu>y 0 set up1 n 9 ord] to conta9 ,god1 z abid+ !re9 locally1 b t ,god might be made kn[n !re by means ( ?+s done & said !re2 & t ^? :o pray$ !re might1 ?r\gh rev]5ce = ! place1 pray m dev\tly1 s z to be he>d m readily4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law 0 n *ang$ z reg>ds ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,law1 :i* 0 effect$ 9 ,*ri/ alone3 b x 0 *ang$ z reg>ds ! condition ( ! p t 7 "u ! ,law4 ,because1 at fir/1 ! p 7 9 ! des]t1 hav+ no fix$ abode3 aft]w>ds !y 7 engag$ 9 v>i\s w>s ) ! neighbor+ nations2 & la/ly1 at ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon1 ! /ate ( t p 0 "o ( great peace4 ,& !n = ! fir/ "t ! temple 0 built 9 ! place :i* ,abraham1 in/ruct$ by ,god1 _h *os5 = ! purpose ( sacrifice4 ,= x is writt5 7,g54 #bb3b7 t ! ,"l comm&$ ,abraham to (f] 8 son = a holocau/ ^u "o ( ! m\nta9s :i* ,i w %[ !e3 & x is relat$ fur!r on 7,g54 #bb3ad7 t he calle? ! "n ( t place1 ,! ,"l see?1 z ?\gh1 accord+ to ! ,div9e prevision1 t place 7 *os5 = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #ab3e1 #f73 ,y %all come to ! place :i* ! ,"l y\r ,god %all *oose 4 4 4 & y %all (f] 4 4 4 y\r holocau/s & victims4 ,n[ x 0 n meet = t place to be po9t$ out by ! build+ ( ! temple be=e ! a=esaid "t2 = ?ree reasons assign$ by ,rabbi ,moses4 ,fir/1 le/ ! ,g5tiles might seize hold ( t place4 ,secondly1 le/ ! ,g5tiles might de/roy x4 ,! ?ird reason is le/ ea* tribe might wi% t place to fall to _! lot1 & /rifes & qu>rels be ! result4 ,h5ce ! temple 0 n built until !y _h a k+ :o w\ld be able to quell su* qu>rels4 ,until t "t a portable tab]nacle 0 employ$ = div9e wor%ip1 no place be+ z yet fix$ = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,?is is ! lit]al reason = ! di/9ction betwe5 ! tab]nacle & ! temple4 ,! figurative reason may be assign$ to ! fact t !y signify a tw(old /ate4 ,= ! tab]nacle1 :i* 0 *angeable1 signifies ! /ate ( ! pres5t *angeable life3 :]eas ! temple1 :i* 0 fix$ & /able1 signifies ! /ate ( future life :i* is altoge!r un*angeable4 ,= ?is reason x is said t 9 ! build+ ( ! temple no s\nd 0 he>d ( hamm] or saw1 to signify t all movem5ts ( di/urbance w be f> remov$ f ! future /ate4 ,or else ! tab]nacle signifies ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law2 :ile ! temple built by ,solomon betok5s ! /ate ( ! ,new ,law4 ,h5ce ! ,jews alone work$ at ! build+ ( ! tab]nacle2 :]eas ! temple 0 built ) ! coop]ation ( ! ,g5tiles1 viz4 ! ,tyrians & ,sidonians4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason = ! unity ( ! temple or tab]nacle may be ei!r lit]al or figurative4 ,! lit]al reason 0 ! exclusion ( idolatry4 ,= ! ,g5tiles put up v>i\s temples to v>i\s gods3 & s1 to /r5g!n 9 ! m9ds ( m5 _! belief 9 ! unity ( ! ,godhead1 ,god wi%$ sacrifices to be (f]$ to ,him 9 "o place only4 ,ano!r reason 0 9 ord] to %[ t bodily wor%ip is n acceptable ( itself3 & s !y re/ra9$ f (f]+ sacrifices any:]e & ev]y:]e4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ! ,new ,law1 9 ! sacrifice :]e( spiritual grace is conta9$1 is ( itself acceptable to ,god2 & consequ5tly ! multiplication ( alt>s & temples is p]mitt$ 9 ! ,new ,law4 ,z to ^? matt]s t reg>d$ ! spiritual wor%ip ( ,god1 consi/+ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 !re 71 ev5 "u ! ,old ,law1 v>i\s places1 call$ synagogues1 appo9t$ = ! p to ga!r toge!r = ! praise ( ,god2 j z n[ !re are places call$ *ur*es 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian p ga!r toge!r = ! div9e wor%ip4 ,?us our *ur* takes ! place ( bo? temple & synagogue3 s9ce ! v sacrifice ( ! ,*ur* is spiritual2 :]e=e ) u ! place ( sacrifice is n di/9ct f ! place ( tea*+4 ,! figurative reason may be t h]eby is signifi$ ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 :e!r militant or triumphant4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,j z ! unity ( ! temple or tab]nacle betok5$ ! unity ( ,god1 or ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 s also ! division ( ! tab]nacle or temple signifi$ ! di/9ction ( ^? ?+s t are subject to ,god1 & f :i* we arise to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,n[ ! tab]nacle 0 divid$ into two p>ts3 "o 0 call$ ! ,holy ( ,holies1 & 0 plac$ to ! we/2 ! o!r 0 call$ ! ,holy ,place 99,or ',sanctu>y'4 ,! ,d\ay v]sion uses bo? expressions1 :i* 0 situat$ to ! ea/4 ,moreov] !re 0 a c\rt fac+ ! tab]nacle4 ,accord+ly !re are two reasons = ?is di/9ction4 ,"o is 9 respect ( ! tab]nacle be+ orda9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,because ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w are ?us betok5$ by ! division ( ! tab]nacle4 ,= t "p :i* 0 call$ ! ,holy ( ,holies signifi$ ! high] _w1 :i* is t ( spiritual sub/ances3 :ile t "p :i* is call$ ! ,holy ,place signifi$ ! corporeal _w4 ,h5ce ! ,holy ,place 0 sep>at$ f ! ,holy ( ,holies by a veil1 :i* 0 ( f\r diff]5t colors 7d5ot+ ! f\r elem5ts71 viz4 ( l951 signify+ e>?1 because l951 i4e4 flax1 gr[s out ( ! e>?2 purple1 signify+ wat]1 because ! purple t9t 0 made f c]ta9 %ells f\nd 9 ! sea2 violet1 signify+ air1 because x has ! color ( ! air2 & sc>let twice dy$1 signify+ fire3 & ?is because matt] compos$ ( ! f\r elem5ts is a veil betwe5 u & incorporeal sub/ances4 ,h5ce ! high-prie/ alone1 & t once a ye>1 ent]$ into ! inn] tab]nacle1 i4e4 ! ,holy ( ,holies3 :]eby we are taught t man's f9al p]fection consi/s 9 8 ent]+ into t 7high]7 _w3 :]eas into ! outw>d tab]nacle1 i4e4 ! ,holy ,place1 ! prie/s ent]$ e day3 :]eas ! p 7 only admitt$ to ! c\rt2 because ! p 7 able to p]ceiv$ mat]ial ?+s1 ! inn] nature ( :i* only wise m5 by d9t ( /udy are able to discov]4 ,b ) reg>d to ! figurative reason1 ! outw>d tab]nacle1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,holy ,place1 betok5$ ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #i3f1 seqq473 because into t tab]nacle ! prie/s always ent]$ accompli%+ ! (fices ( sacrifices4 ,b ! inn] tab]nacle1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,holy ( ,holies1 signifi$ ei!r ! glory ( heav5 or ! spiritual /ate ( ! ,new ,law to come4 ,to ! latt] /ate ,*ri/ br\ght u2 & ?is 0 signifi$ by ! high-prie/ ent]+ alone1 once a ye>1 into ! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,! veil betok5$ ! conceal+ ( ! spiritual sacrifices "u ! sacrifices ( old4 ,?is veil 0 adorn$ ) f\r colors3 viz4 t ( l951 to designate purity ( ! fle%2 purple1 to d5ote ! suff]+s :i* ! sa9ts und]w5t = ,god2 sc>let twice dy$1 signify+ ! tw(old love ( ,god & our neighbor2 & violet1 9 tok5 ( heav5ly contemplation4 ,) reg>d to ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law ! p & ! prie/s 7 situat$ diff]5tly f "o ano!r4 ,= ! p saw ! m]e corporeal sacrifices :i* 7 (f]$ 9 ! c\rt3 :]eas ! prie/s 7 int5t on ! inn] mean+ ( ! sacrifices1 because _! fai? 9 ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ 0 m explicit4 ,h5ce !y ent]$ into ! out] tab]nacle4 ,?is out] tab]nacle 0 divid$ f ! c\rt by a veil2 because "s matt]s relat+ to ! my/]y ( ,*ri/ 7 hidd5 f ! p1 :ile !y 7 kn[n to ! prie/s3 ?\gh !y 7 n fully reveal$ to !m1 z !y 7 subsequ5tly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7cf4 ,eph4 #c3e74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,wor%ip t[>ds ! we/ 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,law to ! exclusion ( idolatry3 because all ! ,g5tiles1 9 rev]5ce to ! sun1 wor%ipp$ t[>ds ! ea/2 h5ce x is writt5 7,eze*4 #h3af7 t c]ta9 m5 _h _! backs t[>ds ! temple ( ! ,"l1 & _! faces to ! ea/1 & !y ador$ t[>ds ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,accord+ly1 9 ord] to prev5t ?is1 ! tab]nacle _h ! ,holy ( ,holies to we/w>d1 t !y might adore t[>d ! we/4 ,a figurative reason may also be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! :ole /ate ( ! fir/ tab]nacle 0 orda9$ to =e%ad[ ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 :i* is signifi$ by ! we/1 accord+ to ,ps4 #fg3e3 ,:o asc5de? unto ! we/2 ! ,"l is ,8 "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,bo? lit]al & figurative reasons may be assign$ = ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! tab]nacle4 ,! lit]al reason is 9 connection ) ! div9e wor%ip4 ,& because1 z already obs]v$ 7ad #d71 ! inn] tab]nacle1 call$ ! ,holy ( ,holies1 signifi$ ! high] _w ( spiritual sub/ances1 h5ce t tab]nacle conta9$ ?ree ?+s1 viz4 ! ark ( ! te/am5t 9 :i* 0 a gold5 pot t _h manna1 & ! rod ( ,a>on t _h blossom$1 & ! tables 7,heb4 #i3d7 on :i* 7 writt5 ! t5 comm&m5ts ( ! ,law4 ,n[ ! ark /ood betwe5 two *]ubim t look$ "o t[>ds ! o!r3 & ov] ! ark 0 a table1 call$ ! propitiatory1 rais$ above ! w+s ( ! *]ubim1 z ?\gh x 7 held up by !m2 & appe>+1 to ! imag9ation1 to be ! v seat ( ,god4 ,= ?is reason x 0 call$ ! propitiatory1 z ?\gh ! p receiv$ propitiation !nce at ! pray]s ( ! high-prie/4 ,& s x 0 held up1 s to speak1 by ! *]ubim1 9 ob$i5ce1 z x 71 to ,god3 :ile ! ark ( ! te/am5t 0 l ! foot-/ool to ,him t sat on ! propitiatory4 ,^! ?ree ?+s d5ote ?ree ?+s 9 t high] _w3 namely1 ,god ,:o is above all1 & incompreh5sible to any creature4 ,h5ce no lik5ess ( ,him 0 set up2 to d5ote ,8 invisibility4 ,b !re 0 some?+ to repres5t 8 seat2 s9ce1 to wit1 ! creature1 :i* is b5ea? ,god1 z ! seat "u ! sitt]1 is compreh5sible4 ,aga9 9 t high] _w !re are spiritual sub/ances call$ angels4 ,^! are signifi$ by ! two *]ubim1 look+ "o t[>ds ! o!r1 to %[ t !y are at peace ) "o ano!r1 accord+ to ,job #be3b3 ,:o make? peace 9 4 4 4 high places4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 !re 0 m ?an "o *]ub1 to betok5 ! multitude ( heav5ly spirits1 & to prev5t _! receiv+ wor%ip f ^? :o _h be5 comm&$ to wor%ip b "o ,god4 ,moreov] !re are1 enclos$ z x 7 9 t spiritual _w1 ! intelligible types ( :atsoev] takes place 9 ?is _w1 j z 9 e cause are enclos$ ! types ( its effects1 & 9 ! craftsman ! types ( ! works ( 8 craft4 ,?is 0 betok5$ by ! ark1 :i* repres5t$1 by means ( ! ?ree ?+s x conta9$1 ! ?ree ?+s ( greate/ import 9 human affairs4 ,^! are wisdom1 signifi$ by ! tables ( ! te/am5t2 ! p[] ( gov]n+1 betok5$ by ! rod ( ,a>on2 & life1 betok5$ by ! manna :i* 0 ! means ( su/5ance4 ,or else ^! ?ree ?+s signifi$ ! ?ree ,div9e attributes1 viz4 wisdom1 9 ! tables2 p[]1 9 ! rod2 goodness1 9 ! manna--bo? by reason ( its sweetness1 & because x 0 ?r\gh ! goodness ( ,god t x 0 grant$ to man1 :]e=e x 0 pres]v$ z a memorial ( ! ,div9e m]cy4 ,aga91 ^! ?ree ?+s 7 repres5t$ 9 ,isaias' vision4 ,= he saw ! ,"l sitt+ ^u a ?rone high & elevat$2 & ! s]aphim /&+ by2 & t ! h\se 0 fill$ ) ! glory ( ! ,"l2 :]efrom ! s]aphim cri$ out3 ,all ! e>? is full ( ,8 glory 7,isa4 #f3a1 #c74 ,& s ! images ( ! s]aphim 7 set up1 n to be wor%ipp$1 = ?is 0 =bidd5 by ! fir/ comm&m5t2 b z a sign ( _! function1 z /at$ above4 ,! out] tab]nacle1 :i* d5otes ?is pres5t _w1 also conta9$ ?ree ?+s1 viz4 ! alt> ( inc5se1 :i* 0 directly opposite ! ark2 ! table ( proposition1 ) ! twelve loaves ( proposition on x1 :i* /ood on ! nor!rn side2 & ! c&le/ick1 :i* 0 plac$ t[>ds ! s\?4 ,^! ?ree ?+s seem to correspond to ! ?ree :i* 7 enclos$ 9 ! ark2 & !y repres5t$ ! same ?+s z ! latt]1 b m cle>ly3 because1 9 ord] t wise m51 d5ot$ by ! prie/s ent]+ ! temple1 might grasp ! mean+ ( ^! types1 x 0 necess>y to express !m m manife/ly ?an !y are 9 ! ,div9e or angelic m9d4 ,accord+ly ! c&le/ick betok5$1 z a s5sible sign !re(1 ! wisdom :i* 0 express$ on ! tables 7( ! ,law7 9 intelligible words4 ,! alt> ( inc5se signifi$ ! (fice ( ! prie/1 ^: duty x 0 to br+ ! p to ,god3 & ?is 0 signifi$ also by ! rod3 because on t alt> ! sweet-smell+ inc5se 0 burnt1 signify+ ! hol9ess ( ! p acceptable to ,god3 = x is writt5 7,apoc4 #h3c7 t ! smoke ( ! sweet-smell+ spices signifies ! ju/ifications ( ! sa9ts 7cf4 ,apoc4 #ai3h74 ,moreov] x 0 fitt+ t ! dignity ( ! prie/hood %\ld be d5ot$1 9 ! ark1 by ! rod1 &1 9 ! out] tab]nacle1 by ! alt> ( inc5se3 because ! prie/ is ! m$iator betwe5 ,god & ! p1 gov]n+ ! p by ,div9e p[]1 d5ot$ by ! rod2 & (f]+ to ,god ! fruit ( ,8 gov]nm5t1 i4e4 ! hol9ess ( ! p1 on ! alt> ( inc5se1 s to speak4 ,! table signifi$ ! su/5ance ( life1 j z ! manna did3 b ! =m]1 a m g5]al & a co>s] k9d ( n\ri%m5t2 ! latt]1 a sweet] & m delicate4 ,aga91 ! c&le/ick 0 fitt+ly plac$ on ! s\!rn side1 :ile ! table 0 plac$ to ! nor?3 because ! s\? is ! "r-h& side ( ! _w1 :ile ! nor? is ! left-h& side1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,coelo et ,mundo ii2 & wisdom1 l o!r spiritual goods1 belongs to ! "r h&1 :ile temporal n\ri%m5t belongs on ! left1 accord+ to ,prov4 #c3af3 ,9 h] left h& 7are7 ri*es & glory4 ,& ! prie/ly p[] is midway betwe5 temporal goods & spiritual wisdom2 because !reby bo? spiritual wisdom & temporal goods are disp5s$4 ,ano!r lit]al signification may be assign$4 ,= ! ark conta9$ ! tables ( ! ,law1 9 ord] to prev5t =getfulness ( ! ,law1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ex4 #bd3ab73 ,i w give !e two tables ( /one1 & ! ,law1 & ! comm&m5ts :i* ,i h writt53 t ?\ maye/ tea* !m to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,! rod ( ,a>on 0 plac$ !re to re/ra9 ! p f insubord9ation to ! prie/hood ( ,a>on2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,num4 #ag3aj73 ,c>ry back ! rod ( ,a>on into ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony1 t x may be kept !re = a tok5 ( ! rebelli\s *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,! manna 0 kept 9 ! ark to rem9d !m ( ! b5efit conf]r$ by ,god on ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ! des]t2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ex4 #af3cb73 ,fill a gomor ( x1 & let x be kept unto g5]ations to come h]eaft]1 t !y may "k ! bread :]e) ,i f$ y 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! c&le/ick 0 set up to enhance ! beauty ( ! temple1 = ! magnific5ce ( a h\se dep5ds on its be+ well light$4 ,n[ ! c&le/ick _h sev5 bran*es1 z ,josephus obs]ves 7,antiquit4 iii1 #g1 #h71 to signify ! sev5 planets1 :]e) ! :ole _w is illum9at$4 ,h5ce ! c&le/ick 0 plac$ t[>ds ! s\?2 because = u ! c\rse ( ! planets is f t qu>t]4 ,! alt> ( inc5se 0 in/itut$ t !re might always be 9 ! tab]nacle a sweet-smell+ smoke2 bo? ?r\gh respect = ! tab]nacle1 & z a rem$y = ! /5*es aris+ f ! %$d+ ( blood & ! slay+ ( animals4 ,= m5 despise evil-smell+ ?+s z be+ vile1 :]eas sweet-smell+ ?+s are mu* appreciat$4 ,! table 0 plac$ !re to signify t ! prie/s :o s]v$ ! temple %\ld take _! food 9 ! temple3 :]e=e1 z /at$ 9 ,matt4 #ab3d1 x 0 lawful = none b ! prie/s to eat ! twelve loaves :i* 7 put on ! table 9 memory ( ! twelve tribes4 ,& ! table 0 n plac$ 9 ! middle directly 9 front ( ! propitiatory1 9 ord] to exclude an idolatr\s rite3 = ! ,g5tiles1 on ! fea/s ( ! moon1 set up a table 9 front ( ! idol ( ! moon1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,j]4 #g3ah73 ,! wom5 knead ! d\gh1 to make cakes to ! que5 ( heav54 ,9 ! c\rt outside ! tab]nacle 0 ! alt> ( holocau/s1 on :i* sacrifices ( ^? ?+s :i* ! p possess$ 7 (f]$ to ,god3 & consequ5tly ! p :o (f]$ ^! sacrifices to ,god by ! h&s ( ! prie/ c\ld be pres5t 9 ! c\rt4 ,b ! prie/s alone1 ^: function x 0 to (f] ! p to ,god1 c\ld approa* ! inn] alt>1 :]eon ! v devotion & hol9ess ( ! p 0 (f]$ to ,god4 ,& ?is alt> 0 put up outside ! tab]nacle & 9 ! c\rt1 to ! exclusion ( idolatr\s wor%ip3 = ! ,g5tiles plac$ alt>s inside ! temples to (f] up sacrifices !reon to idols4 ,! figurative reason = all ^! ?+s may be tak5 f ! relation ( ! tab]nacle to ,*ri/1 :o 0 =e%ad[$ !re94 ,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$ t to %[ ! imp]fection ( ! figures ( ! ,law1 v>i\s figures 7 in/itut$ 9 ! temple to betok5 ,*ri/4 ,= ,he 0 =e%ad[$ by ! propitiatory1 s9ce ,he is a propitiation = our s9s 7#a ,john #b3b74 ,?is propitiatory 0 fitt+ly c>ri$ by *]ubim1 s9ce ( ,him x is writt5 7,heb4 #a3f73 ,let all ! angels ( ,god adore ,him4 ,he is also signifi$ by ! ark3 because j z ! ark 0 made ( setim-wood1 s 0 ,*ri/'s body compos$ ( mo/ pure memb]s4 ,m ov] x 0 gild$3 = ,*ri/ 0 full ( wisdom & *>ity1 :i* are betok5$ by gold4 ,& 9 ! ark 0 a gold5 pot1 i4e4 ,8 holy s\l1 hav+ manna1 i4e4 all ! fulness ( ! ,godhead 7,col4 #b3i74 ,also !re 0 a rod 9 ! ark1 i4e4 ,8 prie/ly p[]3 = ,he 0 made a 4 4 4 prie/ = ev] 7,heb4 #f3bj74 ,& !re9 7 ! tables ( ! ,te/am5t1 to d5ote t ,*ri/ ,himself is a lawgiv]4 ,aga91 ,*ri/ 0 signifi$ by ! c&le/ick1 = ,he said ,himself 7,john #h3ab73 ,i am ! ,light ( ! _w2 :ile ! sev5 lamps d5ot$ ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,he is also betok5$ 9 ! table1 because ,he is our spiritual food1 accord+ to ,john #f3da1 #ea3 ,i am ! liv+ bread3 & ! twelve loaves signifi$ ! twelve apo/les1 or _! tea*+4 ,or aga91 ! c&le/ick & table may signify ! ,*ur*'s tea*+1 & fai?1 :i* also enlight5s & refre%es4 ,aga91 ,*ri/ is signifi$ by ! two alt>s ( holocau/s & inc5se4 ,because all works ( virtue mu/ be (f]$ to u to ,god ?r\gh ,him2 bo? ^? :]eby we afflict ! body1 :i* are (f]$1 z x 71 on ! alt> ( holocau/s2 & ^? :i*1 ) great] p]fection ( m9d1 are (f]$ to ,god 9 ,*ri/1 by ! spiritual desires ( ! p]fect1 on ! alt> ( inc5se1 z x 71 accord+ to ,heb4 #ac3ae3 ,by ,him !re=e let u (f] ! sacrifice ( praise always to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! ,"l comm&$ an alt> to be made = ! (f]+ ( sacrifices & gifts1 9 honor ( ,god1 & = ! upkeep ( ! m9i/]s :o s]v$ ! tab]nacle4 ,n[ conc]n+ ! con/ruction ( ! alt> ! ,"l issu$ a tw(old precept4 ,"o 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,law 7,ex4 #bj3bd1 seqq47 :5 ! ,"l comm&$ !m to make an alt> ( e>?1 or at lea/ n ( hewn /ones2 & aga91 n to make ! alt> high1 s z to make x necess>y to g up to x by /eps4 ,?is 0 9 dete/ation ( idolatr\s wor%ip3 = ! ,g5tiles made _! alt>s ornate & high1 ?9k+ t !re 0 some?+ holy & div9e 9 su* ?+s4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 ! ,"l comm&$ 7,deut4 #af3ba73 ,?\ %alt plant no grove1 nor any tree ne> ! alt> ( ! ,"l ?y ,god3 s9ce idolat]s 7 wont to (f] sacrifices b5ea? trees1 on acc\nt ( ! pleasantness & %ade af=d$ by !m4 ,!re 0 also a figurative reason = ^! precepts4 ,because we mu/ confess t 9 ,*ri/1 ,:o is our alt>1 !re is ! true nature ( fle%1 z reg>ds ,8 humanity--& ?is is to make an alt> ( e>?2 & aga91 9 reg>d to ,8 ,godhead1 we mu/ confess ,8 equality ) ! ,fa!r--& ?is is n to g up to ! alt> by /eps4 ,moreov] we %\ld n c\ple ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ to t ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i* provokes m5 to lewdness4 ,b :5 once ! tab]nacle _h be5 con/ruct$ to ! honor ( ,god1 !re 0 no long] reason to fe> ^! occasions ( idolatry4 ,:]e=e ! ,"l comm&$ ! alt> ( holocau/s to be made ( brass1 & to be conspicu\s to all ! p2 & ! alt> ( inc5se1 :i* 0 visible to none b ! prie/s4 ,nor 0 brass s preci\s z to give ! p an occasion = idolatry4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! reason = ! precept1 ,?\ %alt n g up by /eps unto ,my alt> 7,ex4 #bj3bf7 is /at$ to h be5 le/ ?y nak$ness be discov]$1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is too 0 in/itut$ ) ! purpose ( prev5t+ idolatry1 = 9 ! fea/s ( ,priapus ! ,g5tiles uncov]$ _! nak$ness be=e ! p4 ,b lat] on ! prie/s 7 prescrib$ ! use ( lo9-clo?s = ! sake ( dec5cy3 s t )\t any dang] ! alt> c\ld be plac$ s high t ! prie/s :5 (f]+ sacrifices w\ld g up by /eps ( wood1 n fix$ b movable4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,! body ( ! tab]nacle consi/$ ( bo>ds plac$ on end1 & cov]$ on ! inside ) curta9s ( f\r diff]5t colors1 viz4 twi/$ l951 violet1 purple1 & sc>let twice dy$4 ,^! curta9s1 h[ev]1 cov]$ ! sides only ( ! tab]nacle2 & ! ro( ( ! tab]nacle 0 cov]$ ) violet-color$ sk9s2 & ov] ?is !re 0 ano!r cov]+ ( rams' sk9s dy$ r$2 & ov] ?is !re 0 a ?ird curta9 made ( goats' hair1 :i* cov]$ n only ! ro( ( ! tab]nacle1 b also rea*$ to ! gr\nd & cov]$ ! bo>ds ( ! tab]nacle on ! outside4 ,! lit]al reason ( ^! cov]+s tak5 altoge!r 0 ! adornm5t & protection ( ! tab]nacle1 t x might be an object ( respect4 ,tak5 s+ly1 accord+ to "s1 ! curta9s d5ot$ ! />ry heav51 :i* is adorn$ ) v>i\s />s2 ! curta9 7( goats' sk97 signifi$ ! wat]s :i* are above ! firmam5t2 ! sk9s dy$ r$ d5ot$ ! empyrean heav51 :]e ! angels are2 ! violet sk9s1 ! heav5 ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity4 ,! figurative mean+ ( ^! ?+s is t ! bo>ds ( :i* ! tab]nacle 0 con/ruct$ signify ! fai?ful ( ,*ri/1 :o compose ! ,*ur*4 ,! bo>ds 7 cov]$ on ! inn] side by curta9s ( f\r colors3 because ! fai?ful are inw>dly adorn$ ) ! f\r virtues3 = ! twi/$ l951 z ! gloss obs]ves1 signifies ! fle% refulg5t ) purity2 violet signifies ! m9d desir\s ( heav5ly ?+s2 purple d5otes ! fle% subject to passions2 ! twice dy$ sc>let betok5s ! m9d 9 ! mid/ ( ! passions enlight5$ by ! love ( ,god & our neighbor4 ,! cov]+s ( ! build+ designate prelates & doctors1 :o ought to be conspicu\s = _! heav5ly mann] ( life1 signifi$ by ! violet color$ sk9s3 & :o %\ld also be ready to suff] m>tyrdom1 d5ot$ by ! sk9s dy$ r$2 & au/]e ( life & pati5t 9 adv]sity1 betok5$ by ! curta9s ( goats' hair1 :i* 7 expos$ to w9d & ra91 z ! gloss obs]ves4 ,reply ,obj4 #i3 ,! lit]al reason = ! sanctification ( ! tab]nacle & vessels 0 t !y might be treat$ ) great] rev]5ce1 be+ deput$1 z x 71 to ! div9e wor%ip by ?is consecration4 ,! figurative reason is t ?is sanctification signifi$ ! sanctification ( ! liv+ tab]nacle1 i4e4 ! fai?ful ( :om ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is compos$4 ,reply ,obj4 #aj3 ,"u ! ,old ,law !re 7 sev5 temporal solemnities1 & "o cont9ual solemnity1 z may be ga!r$ f ,num4 #bh1 #bi4 ,!re 0 a cont9ual fea/1 s9ce ! lamb 0 sacrific$ e day1 morn+ & ev5+3 & ?is cont9ual fea/ ( an abid+ sacrifice signifi$ ! p]petuity ( ,div9e bliss4 ,( ! temporal fea/s ! fir/ 0 t :i* 0 repeat$ e week4 ,?is 0 ! solemnity ( ! ,sabba?1 celebrat$ 9 memory ( ! "w ( ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,ano!r solemnity1 viz4 ! ,new ,moon1 0 repeat$ e mon?1 & 0 obs]v$ 9 memory ( ! "w ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,= ! ?+s ( ?is l[] _w owe _! v>iety *iefly to ! movem5t ( ! moon2 :]e=e ?is fea/ 0 kept at ! new moon3 & n at ! full moon1 to avoid ! wor%ip ( idolat]s :o us$ to (f] sacrifices to ! moon at t p>ticul> "t4 ,& ^! two bless+s are be/[$ 9 common on ! :ole human race2 & h5ce !y 7 repeat$ m frequ5tly4 ,! o!r five fea/s 7 celebrat$ once a ye>3 & !y commemorat$ ! b5efits :i* _h be5 conf]r$ especially on t p4 ,= !re 0 ! fea/ ( ! ,passov] 9 ! fir/ mon? to commemorate ! bless+ ( be+ deliv]$ out ( ,egypt4 ,! fea/ ( ,p5teco/ 0 celebrat$ fifty days lat]1 to recall ! bless+ ( ! giv+ ( ! ,law4 ,! o!r ?ree fea/s 7 kept 9 ! sev5? mon?1 ne>ly ! :ole ( :i* 0 solemniz$ by !m1 j z ! sev5? day4 ,= on ! fir/ ( ! sev5? mon? 0 ! fea/ ( ,trumpets1 9 memory ( ! deliv]y ( ,isaac1 :5 ,abraham f\nd ! ram caught by its horns1 :i* !y repres5t$ by ! horns :i* !y blew4 ,! fea/ ( ,trumpets 0 a k9d ( invitation :]eby !y prep>$ !mselves to keep ! foll[+ fea/ :i* 0 kept on ! t5? day4 ,?is 0 ! fea/ ( ,expiation1 9 memory ( ! bless+ :]eby1 at ! pray] ( ,moses1 ,god =gave ! p's s9 ( wor%ipp+ ! calf4 ,aft] ?is 0 ! fea/ ( ,sc5opegia or ( ,t5ts1 :i* 0 kept = sev5 days1 to commemorate ! bless+ ( be+ protect$ & l$ by ,god ?r\gh ! des]t1 :]e !y liv$ 9 t5ts4 ,h5ce dur+ ?is fea/ !y _h to take ! fruits ( ! faire/ tree1 i4e4 ! citron1 & ! trees ( d5se foliage 99,d\ay & ,a4 ,v4 & ,r4 ,v4 read3 ',b\ghs ( ?ick trees'1 i4e4 ! myrtle1 :i* is fragrant1 & ! bran*es ( palm-trees1 & will[s ( ! brook1 :i* reta9 _! gre5ness a long "t2 & ^! are to be f\nd 9 ! ,l& ( promise2 to signify t ,god _h br\ght !m ?r\gh ! arid l& ( ! wild]ness to a l& ( delights4 ,on ! eigh? day ano!r fea/ 0 obs]v$1 ( ,assembly & ,congregation1 on :i* ! p collect$ ! exp5ses necess>y = ! div9e wor%ip3 & x signifi$ ! unit+ ( ! p & ! peace grant$ to !m 9 ! ,l& ( promise4 ,! figurative reason = ^! fea/s 0 t ! cont9ual sacrifice ( ! lamb =e%ad[$ ! p]petuity ( ,*ri/1 ,:o is ! ,lamb ( ,god1 accord+ to ,heb4 #ac3h3 ,jesus ,*ri/ ye/]day & today1 & ! same = ev]4 ,! ,sabba? signifi$ ! spiritual re/ be/[$ by ,*ri/1 z /at$ 9 ,heb4 #d4 ,! ,neom5ia1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! new moon1 signifi$ ! enlight5+ ( ! primitive ,*ur* by ,*ri/'s prea*+ & miracles4 ,! fea/ ( ,p5teco/ signifi$ ! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ on ! apo/les4 ,! fea/ ( ,trumpets signifi$ ! prea*+ ( ! apo/les4 ,! fea/ ( ,expiation signifi$ ! cleans+ ( ! ,*ri/ian p f s9s3 & ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles signifi$ _! pilgrimage 9 ?is _w1 :]e9 !y walk by advanc+ 9 virtue4 ,! fea/ ( ,assembly or ,congregation =e%ad[$ ! assembly ( ! fai?ful 9 ! k+dom ( heav53 :]e=e ?is fea/ is describ$ z mo/ holy 7,lev4 #bc3cf74 ,^! ?ree fea/s foll[$ imm$iately on "o ano!r1 because ^? :o expiate _! vices %\ld advance 9 virtue1 until !y come to see ,god1 z /at$ 9 ,ps4 #hc3h4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,any ,suitable ,cause = ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be no suitable cause = ! sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law4 ,because ^? ?+s t are done = ! purpose ( div9e wor%ip %\ld n be l ! obs]vances ( idolat]s3 s9ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #ab3ca73 ,?\ %alt n d 9 l mann] to ! ,"l ?y ,god3 = !y h done to _! gods all ! abom9ations :i* ! ,"l abhorre?4 ,n[ wor%ipp]s ( idols us$ to knive !mselves to ! %$d+ ( blood3 = x is relat$ 7#c ,k+s #ah3bh7 t !y cut !mselves aft] _! mann] ) knives & lancets1 till !y 7 all cov]$ ) blood4 ,= ?is reason ! ,"l comm&$ 7,deut4 #ad3a73 ,y %all n cut y\rselves nor make any baldness = ! dead4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ = circumcision to be prescrib$ by ! ,law 7,lev4 #ab3c74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* are done = ! wor%ip ( ,god %\ld be m>k$ ) decorum & gravity2 accord+ to ,ps4 #cd3ah3 ,i w praise ,!e 9 a grave ,d\ay3 '/rong' p4 ,b x seems to savor ( levity = a man to eat ) ha/e4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ly comm&$ 7,ex4 #ab3aa7 t !y %\ld eat ! ,pas*al lamb 9 ha/e4 ,o!r ?+s too relative to ! eat+ ( ! lamb 7 prescrib$1 :i* seem altoge!r unreasonable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law 7 figures ( ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law4 ,n[ ! ,pas*al lamb signifi$ ! sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #e3g3 ,*ri/ our ,pas* is sacrific$4 ,!re=e !re %\ld also h be5 "s sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law to =e%ad[ ! o!r sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law1 su* z ,confirmation1 ,extreme ,unction1 & ,matrimony1 & s =?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 purification c sc>cely be done except by remov+ some?+ impure4 ,b z f> z ,god is conc]n$1 no bodily ?+ is reput$ impure1 because all bodies are ,god's creatures2 & e creature ( ,god is good1 & no?+ to be reject$ t is receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+ 7#a ,tim4 #d3d74 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ = !m to be purifi$ aft] contact ) a corpse1 or any simil> corporeal infection4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cd3d73 ,:at c be made clean by ! unclean8 ,b ! a%es ( ! r$ heif] 99,cf4 ,heb4 #i3ac :i* 0 burnt1 7 unclean1 s9ce !y made a man unclean3 = x is /at$ 7,num4 #ai3g1 seqq47 t ! prie/ :o immolat$ h] 0 r5d]$ unclean until ! ev5+2 likewise he t burnt h]2 & he t ga!r$ up h] a%es4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ly prescrib$ !re t ! unclean %\ld be purifi$ by be+ spr9kl$ ) ^? c9d]s4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 s9s are n some?+ corporeal t c be c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r3 nor c man be cleans$ f s9 by means ( some?+ unclean4 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ = ! purpose ( expiat+ ! s9s ( ! p t ! prie/ %\ld confess ! s9s ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel on "o ( ! buck-goats1 t x might c>ry !m away into ! wild]ness3 :ile !y 7 r5d]$ unclean by ! o!r1 :i* !y us$ = ! purpose ( purification1 by burn+ x toge!r ) ! calf outside ! camp2 s t !y _h to wa% _! clo!s & _! bodies ) wat] 7,lev4 #af74 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 :at is already cleans$ %\ld n be cleans$ aga94 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ to apply a second purification to a man cleans$ f leprosy1 or to a h\se2 z laid d[n 9 ,lev4 #ad4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 spiritual uncleanness _c be cleans$ by mat]ial wat] or by %av+ ! hair4 ,!re=e x seems unreasonable t ! ,"l ord]$ 7,ex4 #cj3ah1 seqq47 ! mak+ ( a braz5 lav] ) its foot1 t ! prie/s might wa% _! h&s & feet be=e ent]+ ! temple2 & t ,he comm&$ 7,num4 #h3g7 ! ,levites to be spr9kl$ ) ! wat] ( purification1 & to %ave all ! hairs ( _! fle%4 ,objection #i3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is great] _c be cleans$ by t :i* is less4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ t1 9 ! ,law1 ! high] & l[] prie/s1 z /at$ 9 ,lev4 #h 99,cf4 ,ex4 #bi1 & ! ,levites1 accord+ to ,num4 #h1 %\ld be consecrat$ ) any bodily ano9t+1 bodily sacrifices1 & bodily oblations4 ,objection #aj3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ 9 #a ,k+s #af3g1 ,man see? ^? ?+s t appe>1 b ! ,"l beholde? ! he>t4 ,b ^? ?+s t appe> outw>dly 9 man are ! dispositions ( 8 body & 8 clo!s4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ = c]ta9 special g>m5ts to be appo9t$ to ! high] & l[] prie/s1 z relat$ 9 ,ex4 #bh 99,cf4 ,lev4 #h3g1 seqq44 ,x seems1 moreov]1 unreasonable t anyone %\ld be deb>r$ f ! prie/hood on acc\nt ( defects 9 ! body1 z /at$ 9 ,lev4 #ba3ag1 seqq43 ,:osoev] ( ?y se$ ?r\gh\t _! families1 ha? a blemi%1 he %all n (f] bread to 8 ,god 4 4 4 if he be bl9d1 if he be lame1 etc4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law 7 unreasonable4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,lev4 #bj3h73 ,i am ! ,"l t sanctify y4 ,b no?+ unreasonable is done by ,god1 = x is writt5 7,ps4 #ajc3bd73 ,?\ ha/ made all ?+s 9 wisdom4 ,!re=e !re 0 no?+ )\t a reasonable cause 9 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law1 :i* 7 orda9$ to ! sanctification ( man4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #d71 ! sacram5ts are1 prop]ly speak+1 ?+s appli$ to ! wor%ipp]s ( ,god = _! consecration s z1 9 "s way1 to depute !m to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,n[ ! wor%ip ( ,god belong$ 9 a g5]al way to ! :ole p2 b 9 a special way1 x belong$ to ! prie/s & ,levites1 :o 7 ! m9i/]s ( div9e wor%ip4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ^! sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law1 c]ta9 ?+s conc]n$ ! :ole p 9 g5]al2 :ile o!rs belong$ to ! m9i/]s4 ,9 reg>d to bo?1 ?ree ?+s 7 necess>y4 ,! fir/ 0 to be e/abli%$ 9 ! /ate ( wor%ipp+ ,god3 & ?is in/itution 0 br\ght ab\t--= all 9 g5]al1 by circumcision1 )\t :i* no "o 0 admitt$ to any ( ! legal obs]vances--& = ! prie/s1 by _! consecration4 ,! second ?+ requir$ 0 ! use ( ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to div9e wor%ip4 ,& ?us1 z to ! p1 !re 0 ! p>tak+ ( ! pas*al banquet1 to :i* no uncircumcis$ man 0 admitt$1 z is cle> f ,ex4 #ab3dc1 seqq43 &1 z to ! prie/s1 ! (f]+ ( ! victims1 & ! eat+ ( ! loaves ( proposition & ( o!r ?+s t 7 allott$ to ! use ( ! prie/s4 ,! ?ird ?+ requir$ 0 ! removal ( all imp$im5ts to div9e wor%ip1 viz4 ( uncleannesses4 ,& !n1 z to ! p1 c]ta9 purifications 7 in/itut$ = ! removal ( c]ta9 ext]nal uncleannesses2 & also expiations f s9s2 :ile1 z to ! prie/s & ,levites1 ! wa%+ ( h&s & feet & ! %av+ ( ! hair 7 in/itut$4 ,& all ^! ?+s _h reasonable causes1 bo? lit]al1 9 s f> z !y 7 orda9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god = ! "t be+1 & figurative1 9 s f> z !y 7 orda9$ to =e%ad[ ,*ri/3 z we %all see by tak+ !m "o by "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! *ief lit]al reason = circumcision 0 9 ord] t man might pr(ess 8 belief 9 "o ,god4 ,& because ,abraham 0 ! fir/ to sev] himself f ! infidels1 by go+ out f 8 h\se & k9dr$1 = ?is reason he 0 ! fir/ to receive circumcision4 ,?is reason is set =? by ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #d3i1 seqq47 ?us3 ,he receiv$ ! sign ( circumcision1 a seal ( ! ju/ice ( ! fai? :i* he _h1 be+ uncircumcis$2 because1 to wit1 we are told t unto ,abraham fai? 0 reput$ to ju/ice1 = ! reason t aga9/ hope he believ$ 9 hope1 i4e4 aga9/ ! hope t is ( nature he believ$ 9 ! hope t is ( grace1 t he might be made ! fa!r ( _m nations1 :5 he 0 an old man1 & 8 wife an old & b>r5 woman4 ,& 9 ord] t ?is decl>ation1 & imitation ( ,abraham's fai?1 might be fix$ firmly 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,jews1 !y receiv$ 9 _! fle% su* a sign z !y c\ld n =get1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,g54 #ag3ac73 ,my cov5ant %all be 9 y\r fle% = a p]petual cov5ant4 ,?is 0 done on ! eigh? day1 because until !n a *ild is v t5d]1 & s might be s]i\sly injur$2 & is consid]$ z some?+ n yet consolidat$3 :]e=e nei!r are animals (f]$ be=e ! eigh? day4 ,& x 0 n delay$ aft] t "t1 le/ "s might refuse ! sign ( circumcision on acc\nt ( ! pa93 & also le/ ! p>5ts1 ^: love = _! *ildr5 increases z !y become us$ to _! pres5ce & z !y gr[ old]1 %\ld )draw _! *ildr5 f circumcision4 ,a second reason may h be5 ! weak5+ ( concupisc5ce 9 t memb]4 ,a ?ird motive may h be5 to revile ! wor%ip ( ,v5us & ,priapus1 :i* gave honor to t "p ( ! body4 ,! ,"l's prohibition ext5d$ only to ! cutt+ ( oneself 9 honor ( idols3 & su* 0 n ! circumcision ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,! figurative reason = circumcision 0 t x =e%ad[$ ! removal ( corruption1 :i* 0 to be br\ght ab\t by ,*ri/1 & w be p]fectly fulfill$ 9 ! eigh? age1 :i* is ! age ( ^? :o rise f ! dead4 ,& s9ce all corruption ( guilt & puni%m5t comes to u ?r\gh our c>nal orig91 f ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t1 !re=e circumcision 0 appli$ to ! g5]ative memb]4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #b3aa73 ,y are circumcis$ 9 ,*ri/ ) circumcision n made by h& 9 despoil+ ( ! body ( ! fle%1 b 9 ! circumcision ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! lit]al reason ( ! pas*al banquet 0 to commemorate ! bless+ ( be+ l$ by ,god out ( ,egypt4 ,h5ce by celebrat+ ?is banquet !y decl>$ t !y belong$ to t p :i* ,god _h tak5 to ,himself out ( ,egypt4 ,= :5 !y 7 deliv]$ f ,egypt1 !y 7 comm&$ to spr9kle ! lamb's blood on ! transoms ( _! h\se doors1 z ?\gh decl>+ t !y 7 av]se to ! rites ( ! ,egyptians :o wor%ipp$ ! ram4 ,:]e=e !y 7 deliv]$ by ! spr9kl+ or rubb+ ( ! blood ( ! lamb on ! door-po/s1 f ! dang] ( ext]m9ation :i* ?reat5$ ! ,egyptians4 ,n[ two ?+s are to be obs]v$ 9 _! dep>ture f ,egypt3 namely1 _! ha/e 9 go+1 = ! ,egyptians press$ !m to g =? spe$ily1 z relat$ 9 ,ex4 #ab3cc2 & !re 0 dang] t anyone :o did n ha/5 to g ) ! cr[d might be sla9 by ! ,egyptians4 ,_! ha/e 0 %[n 9 two ways4 ,fir/ by :at !y ate4 ,= !y 7 comm&$ to eat unleav5$ bread1 z a sign t x c\ld n be leav5$1 ! ,egyptians press+ !m to dep>t2 & to eat roa/ meat1 = ?is took less "t to prep>e2 & t !y %\ld n break a bone !re(1 because 9 _! ha/e !re 0 no "t to break bones4 ,secondly1 z to ! mann] ( eat+4 ,= x is writt53 ,y %all gird y\r re9s1 & y %all h %oes on y\r feet1 hold+ /aves 9 y\r h&s1 & y %all eat 9 ha/e3 :i* cle>ly designates m5 at ! po9t ( />t+ on a j\rney4 ,to ?is also is to be ref]r$ ! comm&3 ,9 "o h\se %all x be eat51 nei!r %all y c>ry =? ( ! fle% !re( out ( ! h\se3 because1 to wit1 on acc\nt ( _! ha/e1 !y c\ld n s5d any gifts ( x4 ,! /ress !y suff]$ :ile 9 ,egypt 0 d5ot$ by ! wild lettuces4 ,! figurative reason is evid5t1 because ! sacrifice ( ! pas*al lamb signifi$ ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ accord+ to #a ,cor4 #e3g3 ,*ri/ our pas* is sacrific$4 ,! blood ( ! lamb1 :i* ensur$ deliv]ance f ! de/roy]1 by be+ spr9kl$ on ! ransoms1 signifi$ fai? 9 ,*ri/'s ,passion1 9 ! he>ts & on ! lips ( ! fai?ful1 by :i* same ,passion we are deliv]$ f s9 & dea?1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 #a3ah3 ,y 7 4 4 4 r$eem$ 4 4 4 ) ! preci\s blood 4 4 4 ( a lamb unspott$4 ,! p>tak+ ( its fle% signifi$ ! eat+ ( ,*ri/'s body 9 ! ,sacram5t2 & ! fle% 0 roa/$ at ! fire to signify ,*ri/'s ,passion or *>ity4 ,& x 0 eat5 ) unleav5$ bread to signify ! blameless life ( ! fai?ful :o p>take ( ,*ri/'s body1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #e3h3 ,let u fea/ 4 4 4 ) ! unleav5$ bread ( s9c]ity & tru?4 ,! wild lettuces 7 add$ to d5ote rep5tance = s9s1 :i* is requir$ ( ^? :o receive ! body ( ,*ri/4 ,_! lo9s 7 girt 9 sign ( *a/ity3 & ! %oes ( _! feet are ! examples ( our dead ance/ors4 ,! /aves !y 7 to hold 9 _! h&s d5ot$ pa/oral au?ority3 & x 0 comm&$ t ! pas*al lamb %\ld be eat5 9 "o h\se1 i4e4 9 a ca?olic *ur*1 & n 9 ! conv5ticles ( h]etics4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s ( ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law _h correspond+ figurative sacram5ts 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,= ,baptism1 :i* is ! sacram5t ( ,fai?1 corresponds to circumcision4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,col4 #b3aa1 #ab73 ,y are circumcis$ 4 4 4 9 ! circumcision ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/3 buri$ ) ,him 9 ,baptism4 ,9 ! ,new ,law ! sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ corresponds to ! banquet ( ! pas*al lamb4 ,! sacram5t ( ,p5ance 9 ! ,new ,law corresponds to all ! purifications ( ! ,old ,law4 ,! sacram5t ( ,ord]s corresponds to ! consecration ( ! pontiff & ( ! prie/s4 ,to ! sacram5t ( ,confirmation1 :i* is ! sacram5t ( ! fulness ( grace1 !re w\ld be no correspond+ sacram5t ( ! ,old ,law1 because ! "t ( fulness _h n yet come1 s9ce ! ,law br\ght no man ,vulg43 'no?+' to p]fection 7,heb4 #g3ai74 ,! same applies to ! sacram5t ( ,extreme ,unction1 :i* is an imm$iate prep>ation = entrance into glory1 to :i* ! way 0 n yet op5$ out 9 ! ,old ,law1 s9ce ! price _h n yet be5 paid4 ,matrimony did inde$ exi/ "u ! ,old ,law1 z a function ( nature1 b n z ! sacram5t ( ! union ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,*ur*1 = t union 0 n z yet br\ght ab\t4 ,h5ce "u ! ,old ,law x 0 all[able to give a bill ( divorce1 :i* is contr>y to ! nature ( ! sacram5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z already /at$1 ! purifications ( ! ,old ,law 7 orda9$ = ! removal ( imp$im5ts to ! div9e wor%ip3 :i* wor%ip is tw(old2 viz4 spiritual1 consi/+ 9 devotion ( ! m9d to ,god2 & corporal1 consi/+ 9 sacrifices1 oblations1 & s =?4 ,n[ m5 are h9d]$ 9 ! spiritual wor%ip by s9s1 :]eby m5 7 said to be pollut$1 = in/ance1 by idolatry1 murd]1 adult]y1 or ince/4 ,f su* pollutions m5 7 purifi$ by c]ta9 sacrifices1 (f]$ ei!r = ! :ole community 9 g5]al1 or also = ! s9s ( individuals2 n t ^? c>nal sacrifices _h ( !mselves ! p[] ( expiat+ s92 b t !y signifi$ t expiation ( s9s :i* 0 to be effect$ by ,*ri/1 & ( :i* ^? ( old became p>tak]s by prote/+ _! fai? 9 ! ,r$eem]1 :ile tak+ "p 9 ! figurative sacrifices4 ,! imp$im5ts to ext]nal wor%ip consi/$ 9 c]ta9 bodily uncleannesses2 :i* 7 consid]$ 9 ! fir/ place z exi/+ 9 man1 & consequ5tly 9 o!r animals also1 & 9 man's clo!s1 dwell+-place1 & vessels4 ,9 man himself uncleanness 0 consid]$ z aris+ p>tly f himself & p>tly f contact ) unclean ?+s4 ,any?+ proce$+ f man 0 reput$ unclean t 0 already subject to corruption1 or expos$ !reto3 & consequ5tly s9ce dea? is a k9d ( corruption1 ! human corpse 0 consid]$ unclean4 ,9 l mann]1 s9ce leprosy arises f corruption ( ! humors1 :i* break out ext]nally & infect o!r p]sons1 !re=e 7 lep]s also consid]$ unclean2 &1 aga91 wom5 suff]+ f a fl[ ( blood1 :e!r f weakness1 or f nature 7ei!r at ! mon?ly c\rse or at ! "t ( conception72 &1 = ! same reason1 m5 7 reput$ unclean if !y suff]$ f a fl[ ( se$1 :e!r due to weakness1 to nocturnal pollution1 or to sexual int]c\rse4 ,because e humor issu+ f man 9 ! a=esaid ways involves "s unclean infection4 ,aga91 man contract$ uncleanness by t\*+ any unclean ?+ :atev]4 ,n[ !re 0 bo? a lit]al & a figurative reason = ^! uncleannesses4 ,! lit]al reason 0 tak5 f ! rev]5ce due to ^? ?+s t belong to ! div9e wor%ip3 bo? because m5 are n wont1 :5 unclean1 to t\* preci\s ?+s3 & 9 ord] t by r>ely approa*+ sacr$ ?+s !y might h great] respect = !m4 ,= s9ce man c\ld seldom avoid all ! a=esaid uncleannesses1 ! result 0 t m5 c\ld seldom approa* to t\* ?+s belong+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 s t :5 !y did approa*1 !y did s ) great] rev]5ce & humility4 ,moreov]1 9 "s ( ^! ! lit]al reason 0 t m5 %\ld n be kept away f wor%ipp+ ,god ?r\gh fe> ( com+ 9 contact ) lep]s & o!rs simil>ly afflict$ ) loa?some & contagi\s diseases4 ,9 o!rs1 aga91 ! reason 0 to avoid idolatr\s wor%ip3 because 9 _! sacrificial rites ! ,g5tiles sometimes employ$ human blood & se$4 ,all ^! bodily uncleannesses 7 purifi$ ei!r by ! m]e spr9kl+ ( wat]1 or1 9 ! case ( ^? :i* 7 m griev\s1 by "s sacrifice ( expiation = ! s9 :i* 0 ! occasion ( ! uncleanness 9 "q4 ,! figurative reason = ^! uncleannesses 0 t !y 7 figures ( v>i\s s9s4 ,= ! uncleanness ( any corpse signifies ! uncleanness ( s91 :i* is ! dea? ( ! s\l4 ,! uncleanness ( leprosy betok5$ ! uncleanness ( h]etical doctr9e3 bo? because h]etical doctr9e is contagi\s j z leprosy is1 & because no doctr9e is s false z n to h "s tru? m+l$ ) error1 j z on ! surface ( a lepr\s body "o may di/+ui% ! heal?y p>ts f ^? t are infect$4 ,! uncleanness ( a woman suff]+ f a fl[ ( blood d5otes ! uncleanness ( idolatry1 on acc\nt ( ! blood :i* is (f]$ up4 ,! uncleanness ( ! man :o has suff]$ sem9al loss signifies ! uncleanness ( empty words1 = ! se$ is ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! uncleanness ( sexual int]c\rse & ( ! woman 9 *ild-bir? signifies ! uncleanness ( orig9al s94 ,! uncleanness ( ! woman 9 h] p]iods signifies ! uncleanness ( a m9d t is s5sualiz$ by pleasure4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! uncleanness contract$ by t\*+ an unclean ?+ d5otes ! uncleanness aris+ f cons5t 9 ano!r's s91 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #f3ag3 ,g out f among !m1 & be ye sep>ate 4 4 4 & t\* n ! unclean ?+4 ,moreov]1 ?is uncleanness aris+ f ! t\* 0 contract$ ev5 by inanimate objects2 = :atev] 0 t\*$ 9 any way by an unclean man1 became itself unclean4 ,:]e9 ! ,law att5uat$ ! sup]/ition ( ! ,g5tiles1 :o held t uncleanness 0 contract$ n only by t\*1 b also by spee* or looks1 z ,rabbi ,moses /ates 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii7 ( a woman 9 h] p]iods4 ,! my/ical s5se ( ?is 0 t to ,god ! wick$ & 8 wick$ness are hateful alike 7,wis4 #ad3i74 ,!re 0 also an uncleanness ( inanimate ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 su* z ! uncleanness ( leprosy 9 a h\se or 9 clo!s4 ,= j z leprosy occurs 9 m5 ?r\gh a corrupt humor caus+ putrefaction & corruption 9 ! fle%2 s1 too1 ?r\gh "s corruption & excess ( humidity or dryness1 !re arises sometimes a k9d ( corruption 9 ! /ones ) :i* a h\se is built1 or 9 clo!s4 ,h5ce ! ,law call$ ?is corruption by ! "n ( leprosy1 :]eby a h\se or a g>m5t 0 deem$ to be unclean3 bo? because all corruption savor$ ( uncleanness1 z /at$ above1 & because ! ,g5tiles wor%ipp$ _! h\sehold gods z a pres]vative aga9/ ?is corruption4 ,h5ce ! ,law prescrib$ su* h\ses1 :]e ?is k9d ( corruption 0 ( a la/+ nature1 to be de/roy$2 & su* g>m5ts to be burnt1 9 ord] to avoid all occasion ( idolatry4 ,!re 0 also an uncleanness ( vessels1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,num4 #ai3ae73 ,! vessel t ha? no cov]1 & b9d+ ov] x1 %all be unclean4 ,! cause ( ?is uncleanness 0 t any?+ unclean might easily drop into su* vessels1 s z to r5d] !m unclean4 ,moreov]1 ?is comm& aim$ at ! prev5tion ( idolatry4 ,= idolat]s believ$ t if mice1 liz>ds1 or ! l1 :i* !y us$ to sacrifice to ! idols1 fell into ! vessels or into ! wat]1 ^! became m pleas+ to ! gods4 ,ev5 n[ "s wom5 let d[n uncov]$ vessels 9 honor ( ! nocturnal deities :i* !y call ,janae4 ,! figurative reason ( ^! uncleannesses is t ! leprosy ( a h\se signifi$ ! uncleanness ( ! assembly ( h]etics2 ! leprosy ( a l95 g>m5t signifi$ an evil life aris+ f bitt]ness ( m9d2 ! leprosy ( a wool5 g>m5t d5ot$ ! wick$ness ( flatt]]s2 leprosy 9 ! w>p signifi$ ! vices ( ! s\l2 leprosy on ! wo( d5ot$ s9s ( ! fle%1 = z ! w>p is 9 ! wo(1 s is ! s\l 9 ! body4 ,! vessel t has nei!r cov] nor b9d+1 betok5s a man :o lacks ! veil ( taciturnity1 & :o is unre/ra9$ by any sev]ity ( discipl9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,z /at$ above 7ad #d71 !re 0 a tw(old uncleanness 9 ! ,law2 "o by way ( corruption 9 ! m9d or 9 ! body2 & ?is 0 ! grav] uncleanness2 ! o!r 0 by m]e contact ) an unclean ?+1 & ?is 0 less grave1 & 0 m easily expiat$4 ,because ! =m] uncleanness 0 expiat$ by sacrifices = s9s1 s9ce all corruption is due to s91 & signifies s93 :]eas ! latt] uncleanness 0 expiat$ by ! m]e spr9kl+ ( a c]ta9 wat]1 ( :i* wat] we read 9 ,num4 #ai4 ,= !re ,god comm&$ !m to take a r$ c[ 9 memory ( ! s9 !y _h committ$ 9 wor%ipp+ a calf4 ,& a c[ is m5tion$ r ?an a calf1 because x 0 ?us t ! ,"l 0 wont to designate ! synagogue1 accord+ to ,osee #d3af3 ,israel ha? gone a/ray l a wanton heif]3 & ?is 01 p]haps1 because !y wor%ipp$ heif]s aft] ! cu/om ( ,egypt1 accord+ to ,osee #aj3e3 7,!y7 h wor%ipp$ ! k9e ( ,be?av54 ,& 9 dete/ation ( ! s9 ( idolatry x 0 sacrific$ outside ! camp2 9 fact1 :5ev] sacrifice 0 (f]$ up 9 expiation ( ! multitude ( s9s1 x 0 all burnt outside ! camp4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to %[ t ?is sacrifice cleans$ ! p f all _! s9s1 ! prie/ dipp$ 8 f+] 9 h] blood1 & spr9kl$ x ov] aga9/ ! door ( ! tab]nacle sev5 times2 = ! numb] sev5 signifi$ univ]sality4 ,fur!r1 ! v spr9kl+ ( blood p]ta9$ to ! dete/ation ( idolatry1 9 :i* ! blood t 0 (f]$ up 0 n p\r$ out1 b 0 collect$ toge!r1 & m5 ga!r$ r\nd x to eat 9 honor ( ! idols4 ,likewise x 0 burnt by fire1 ei!r because ,god appe>$ to ,moses 9 a fire1 & ! ,law 0 giv5 f ! mid/ ( fire2 or to d5ote t idolatry1 toge!r ) all t 0 connect$ !re)1 0 to be extirpat$ altoge!r2 j z ! c[ 0 burnt ) h] sk9 & h] fle%1 h] blood & dung be+ deliv]$ to ! flames4 ,to ?is burn+ 7 add$ c$>-wood1 & hyssop1 & sc>let twice dy$1 to signify t j z c$>-wood is n liable to putrefaction1 & sc>let twice dy$ does n easily lose its color1 & hyssop reta9s its odor aft] x has be5 dri$2 s also 0 ?is sacrifice = ! pres]vation ( ! :ole p1 & = _! good behavior & devotion4 ,h5ce x is said ( ! a%es ( ! c[3 ,t !y may be res]v$ = ! multitude ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,or1 accord+ to ,josephus 7,antiq4 iii1 #h1 #i1 #aj71 ! f\r elem5ts are indicat$ "h3 = c$>-wood 0 add$ to ! fire1 to signify ! e>?1 on acc\nt ( its e>?9ess2 hyssop1 to signify ! air1 on acc\nt ( its smell2 sc>let twice dy$1 to signify wat]1 = ! same reason z purple1 on acc\nt ( ! dyes :i* are tak5 out ( ! wat]3 ?us d5ot+ ! fact t ?is sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ! ,creator ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,& s9ce ?is sacrifice 0 (f]$ = ! s9 ( idolatry1 bo? he t burn$ h]1 & he t ga!r$ up ! a%es1 & he t spr9kl$ ! wat] 9 :i* ! a%es 7 plac$1 7 deem$ unclean 9 dete/ation ( t s91 9 ord] to %[ t :atev] 0 9 any way connect$ ) idolatry %\ld be ca/ aside z be+ unclean4 ,f ?is uncleanness !y 7 purifi$ by ! m]e wa%+ ( _! clo!s2 nor did !y ne$ to be spr9kl$ ) ! wat] on acc\nt ( ?is k9d ( uncleanness1 because o!rwise ! process w\ld h be5 un5d+1 s9ce he t spr9kl$ ! wat] became unclean1 s t if he 7 to spr9kle himself he w\ld rema9 unclean2 & if ano!r 7 to spr9kle him1 t "o w\ld h become unclean1 & 9 l mann]1 :oev] might spr9kle him1 & s on indef9itely4 ,! figurative reason ( ?is sacrifice 0 t ! r$ c[ signifi$ ,*ri/ 9 respect ( 8 assum$ weakness1 d5ot$ by ! female sex2 :ile ! color ( ! c[ designat$ ! blood ( ,8 ,passion4 ,& ! r$ c[ 0 ( full age1 because all ,*ri/'s works are p]fect1 9 :i* !re 0 no blemi%2 & :i* _h n c>ri$ ! yoke1 because ,*ri/ 0 innoc5t1 nor did ,he c>ry ! yoke ( s94 ,x 0 comm&$ to be tak5 to ,moses1 because !y blam$ ,him = transgress+ ! law ( ,moses by break+ ! ,sabba?4 ,& x 0 comm&$ to be deliv]$ to ,eleaz> ! prie/1 because ,*ri/ 0 deliv]$ into ! h&s ( ! prie/s to be sla94 ,x 0 immolat$ )\t ! camp1 because ,*ri/ suff]$ outside ! gate 7,heb4 #ac3ab74 ,& ! prie/ dipp$ 8 f+] 9 h] blood1 because ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,passion %\ld be consid]$ & imitat$4 ,x 0 spr9kl$ ov] aga9/ 4 4 4 ! tab]nacle1 :i* d5otes ! synagogue1 to signify ei!r ! condemnation ( ! unbeliev+ ,jews1 or ! purification ( believ]s2 & ?is sev5 times1 9 tok5 ei!r ( ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 or ( ! sev5 days :]e9 all "t is compris$4 ,aga91 all ?+s t p]ta9 to ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/ %\ld be burnt ) fire1 i4e4 !y %\ld be und]/ood spiritually2 = ! sk9 & fle% signifi$ ,*ri/'s outw>d works2 ! blood d5ot$ ! subtle inw>d =ce :i* quick5$ ,8 ext]nal de$s2 ! dung betok5$ ,8 we>9ess1 ,8 ?ir/1 & all su* l ?+s p]ta9+ to ,8 weakness4 ,?ree ?+s 7 add$1 viz4 c$>-wood1 :i* d5otes ! height ( hope or contemplation2 hyssop1 9 tok5 ( humility or fai?2 sc>let twice dy$1 :i* d5otes tw(old *>ity2 = x is by ^! ?ree t we %\ld cl+ to ,*ri/ suff]+4 ,! a%es ( ?is burn+ 7 ga!r$ by a man t is clean1 because ! relics ( ! ,passion came into ! possession ( ! ,g5tiles1 :o 7 n guilty ( ,*ri/'s dea?4 ,! a%es 7 put into wat] = ! purpose ( expiation1 because ,baptism receives f ,*ri/'s ,passion ! p[] ( wa%+ away s9s4 ,! prie/ :o immolat$ & burn$ ! c[1 & he :o burn$1 & he :o ga!r$ toge!r ! a%es1 7 unclean1 z also he t spr9kl$ ! wat]3 ei!r because ! ,jews became unclean ?r\gh putt+ ,*ri/ to dea?1 :]eby our s9s are expiat$2 & ?is1 until ! ev5+1 i4e4 until ! end ( ! _w1 :5 ! remnants ( ,israel w be conv]t$2 or else because !y :o h&le sacr$ ?+s ) a view to ! cleans+ ( o!rs contract c]ta9 uncleannesses1 z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 ii1 #e72 & ?is until ! ev5+1 i4e4 until ! end ( ?is life4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,z /at$ above 7ad #e71 an uncleanness :i* 0 caus$ by corruption ei!r ( m9d or ( body 0 expiat$ by s9-(f]+s4 ,n[ special sacrifices 7 wont to be (f]$ = ! s9s ( individuals3 b s9ce "s 7 neglectful ab\t expiat+ su* s9s & uncleannesses2 or1 ?r\gh ignorance1 fail$ to (f] ?is expiation2 x 0 laid d[n t once a ye>1 on ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 a sacrifice ( expiation %\ld be (f]$ = ! :ole p4 ,& because1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #g3bh71 ! ,law make? m5 prie/s1 :o h infirmity1 x behoov$ ! prie/ fir/ ( all to (f] a calf = 8 own s9s1 9 memory ( ,a>on's s9 9 fa%ion+ ! molt5 calf2 & besides1 to (f] a ram = a holocau/1 :i* signifi$ t ! prie/ly sov]eignty d5ot$ by ! ram1 :o is ! head ( ! flock1 0 to be orda9$ to ! glory ( ,god4 ,!n he (f]$ two he-goats = ! p3 "o ( :i* 0 (f]$ 9 expiation ( ! s9s ( ! multitude4 ,= ! he-goat is an evil-smell+ animal2 & f its sk9 clo!s are made hav+ a pung5t odor2 to signify ! /5*1 uncleanness & ! /+ ( s94 ,aft] ?is he-goat _h be5 immolat$1 its blood 0 tak51 toge!r ) ! blood ( ! calf1 into ! ,holy ( ,holies1 & ! entire sanctu>y 0 spr9kl$ ) x2 to signify t ! tab]nacle 0 cleans$ f ! uncleanness ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,b ! corpses ( ! he-goat & calf :i* _h be5 (f]$ up = s9 _h to be burnt1 to d5ote ! de/ruction ( s9s4 ,!y 7 n1 h[ev]1 burnt on ! alt>3 s9ce none b holocau/s 7 burnt !reon2 b x 0 prescrib$ t !y %\ld be burnt )\t ! camp1 9 dete/ation ( s93 = ?is 0 done :5ev] sacrifice 0 (f]$ = a griev\s s91 or = ! multitude ( s9s4 ,! o!r goat 0 let loose into ! wild]ness3 n inde$ to (f] x to ! demons1 :om ! ,g5tiles wor%ipp$ 9 des]t places1 because x 0 unlawful to (f] aught to !m2 b 9 ord] to po9t out ! effect ( ! sacrifice :i* _h be5 (f]$ up4 ,h5ce ! prie/ put 8 h& on its head1 :ile confess+ ! s9s ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 z ?\gh t goat 7 to c>ry !m away into ! wild]ness1 :]e x w\ld be dev\r$ by wild bea/s1 because x bore ! puni%m5t ( ! p's s9s4 ,& x 0 said to be> ! s9s ( ! p1 ei!r because ! =giv5ess ( ! p's s9s 0 signifi$ by its be+ let loose1 or because on its head writt5 li/s ( s9s 7 fa/5$4 ,! figurative reason ( ^! ?+s 0 t ,*ri/ 0 =e%ad[$ bo? by ! calf1 on acc\nt ( ,8 p[]2 & by ! ram1 because ,he is ! ,head ( ! fai?ful2 & by ! he-goat1 on acc\nt ( ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle% 7,rom4 #h3c74 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/ 0 sacrific$ = ! s9s ( bo? prie/s & p3 s9ce bo? ^? ( high & ^? ( l[ degree are cleans$ f s9 by ,8 ,passion4 ,! blood ( ! calf & ( ! goat 0 br\ght into ! ,holies by ! prie/1 because ! entrance to ! k+dom ( heav5 0 op5$ to u by ! blood ( ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,_! bodies 7 burnt )\t ! camp1 because ,*ri/ suff]$ )\t ! gate1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,heb4 #ac3ab74 ,! scape-goat may d5ote ei!r ,*ri/'s ,godhead ,:i* w5t away into solitude :5 ! ,man ,*ri/ suff]$1 n by go+ to ano!r place1 b by re/ra9+ ,8 p[]3 or x may signify ! base concupisc5ce :i* we ought to ca/ away f ourselves1 :ile we (f] up to ,our ,"l acts ( virtue4 ,) reg>d to ! uncleanness contract$ by ^? :o burnt ^! sacrifices1 ! reason is ! same z t :i* we assign$ 7ad #e7 to ! sacrifice ( ! r$ heif]4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! legal rite did n cleanse ! lep] ( 8 de=mity1 b decl>$ him to be cleans$4 ,?is is %[n by ! words ( ,lev4 #ad3c1 seqq41 :]e x 0 said t ! prie/1 :5 he %all f9d t ! leprosy is cleans$1 %all comm& him t is to be purifi$3 consequ5tly1 ! lep] 0 already heal$3 b he 0 said to be purifi$ 9 s f> z ! v]dict ( ! prie/ re/or$ him to ! society ( m5 & to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,x happ5$ sometimes1 h[ev]1 t bodily leprosy 0 miracul\sly cur$ by ! legal rite1 :5 ! prie/ err$ 9 8 judgm5t4 ,n[ ?is purification ( a lep] 0 tw(old3 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 he 0 decl>$ to be clean2 &1 secondly1 he 0 re/or$1 z clean1 to ! society ( m5 & to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 to wit1 aft] sev5 days4 ,at ! fir/ purification ! lep] :o s\ght to be cleans$ (f]$ = himself two liv+ sp>r[s 4 4 4 c$>-wood1 & sc>let1 & hyssop1 9 su* wise t a sp>r[ & ! hyssop %\ld be ti$ to ! c$>-wood ) a sc>let ?read1 s t ! c$>-wood 0 l ! h&le ( an asp]sory3 :ile ! hyssop & sp>r[ 7 t "p ( ! asp]sory :i* 0 dipp$ into ! blood ( ! o!r sp>r[ :i* 0 immolat$ 4 4 4 ov] liv+ wat]s4 ,^! ?+s he (f]$ z an antidote to ! f\r defects ( leprosy3 = c$>-wood1 :i* is n subject to putrefaction1 0 (f]$ aga9/ ! putrefaction2 hyssop1 :i* is a sweet-smell+ h]b1 0 (f]$ up aga9/ ! /5*2 a liv+ sp>r[ 0 (f]$ up aga9/ numbness2 & sc>let1 :i* has a vivid color1 0 (f]$ up aga9/ ! repulsive color ( leprosy4 ,! liv+ sp>r[ 0 let loose to fly away into ! pla91 because ! lep] 0 re/or$ to 8 =m] lib]ty4 ,on ! eigh? day he 0 admitt$ to div9e wor%ip1 & 0 re/or$ to ! society ( m52 b only aft] hav+ %av$ all ! hair ( 8 body1 & wa%$ 8 clo!s1 because leprosy rots ! hair1 infects ! clo!s1 & gives !m an evil smell4 ,aft]w>ds a sacrifice 0 (f]$ = 8 s91 s9ce leprosy 0 frequ5tly a result ( s93 & "s ( ! blood ( ! sacrifice 0 put on ! tip ( ! e> ( ! man t 0 to be cleans$1 & on ! ?umb ( 8 "r h&1 & ! great toe ( 8 "r foot2 because x is 9 ^! p>ts t leprosy is fir/ diagnos$ & felt4 ,9 ?is rite1 moreov]1 ?ree liquids 7 employ$3 viz4 blood1 aga9/ ! corruption ( ! blood2 oil1 to d5ote ! heal+ ( ! disease2 & liv+ wat]s1 to wa% away ! fil?4 ,! figurative reason 0 t ! ,div9e & human natures 9 ,*ri/ 7 d5ot$ by ! two sp>r[s1 "o ( :i*1 9 lik5ess ( ,8 human nature1 0 (f]$ up 9 an e>!n vessel ov] liv+ wat]s1 because ! wat]s ( ,baptism are sanctifi$ by ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,! o!r sp>r[1 9 tok5 ( ,8 impassible ,godhead1 rema9$ liv+1 because ! ,godhead _c die3 h5ce x flew away1 = ! ,godhead c\ld n be encompass$ by ! ,passion4 ,n[ ?is liv+ sp>r[1 toge!r ) ! c$>-wood & sc>let or co*9eal1 & hyssop1 i4e4 fai?1 hope & *>ity1 z /at$ above 7ad #e71 0 put into ! wat] = ! purpose ( spr9kl+1 because we are baptiz$ 9 ! fai? ( ! ,god-,man4 ,by ! wat]s ( ,baptism or ( 8 te>s man wa%es 8 clo!s1 i4e4 8 works1 & all 8 hair1 i4e4 8 ?\ghts4 ,! tip ( ! "r e> ( ! man to be cleans$ is moi/5$ ) "s ! blood & oil1 9 ord] to /r5g!n 8 he>+ aga9/ h>mful words2 & ! ?umb & toe ( 8 "r h& & foot are moi/5$ t 8 de$s may be holy4 ,o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to ?is purification1 or to t also ( any o!r uncleannesses1 call = no special rem>k1 beyond :at applies to o!r sacrifices1 :e!r = s9s or = trespasses4 ,reply ,obj4 #h & #i3 ,j z ! p 7 initiat$ by circumcision to ! div9e wor%ip1 s 7 ! m9i/]s by "s special purification or consecration3 :]e=e !y are comm&$ to be sep>at$ f o!r m51 z be+ specially deput$1 r ?an o!rs1 to ! m9i/ry ( ! div9e wor%ip4 ,& all t 0 done t\*+ !m 9 _! consecration or in/itution1 0 ) a view to %[ t !y 7 9 possession ( a pr]ogative ( purity1 p[] & dignity4 ,h5ce ?ree ?+s 7 done 9 ! in/itution ( m9i/]s3 = fir/1 !y 7 purifi$2 secondly1 !y 7 adorn$ 99',ornabantur4' ,"s editions h 'ord9abantur'--'7 orda9$'3 ! =m] read+ is a ref]5ce to ,lev4 #h3g-i & consecrat$2 ?irdly1 !y 7 employ$ 9 ! m9i/ry4 ,all 9 g5]al us$ to be purifi$ by wa%+ 9 wat]1 & by c]ta9 sacrifices2 b ! ,levites 9 p>ticul> %av$ all ! hair ( _! bodies1 z /at$ 9 ,lev4 #h 7cf4 ,num4 #h74 ,) reg>d to ! high-prie/s & prie/s ! consecration 0 p]=m$ z foll[s4 ,fir/1 :5 !y _h be5 wa%$1 !y 7 clo!d ) c]ta9 special g>m5ts 9 designation ( _! dignity4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! high-prie/ 0 ano9t$ on ! head ) ! oil ( unction3 to d5ote t ! p[] ( consecration 0 p\r$ =? by him on to o!rs1 j z oil fl[s f ! head on to ! l[] p>ts ( ! body2 accord+ to ,ps4 #acb3b3 ,l ! preci\s o9tm5t on ! head t ran d[n ^u ! be>d1 ! be>d ( ,a>on4 ,b ! ,levites receiv$ no o!r consecration besides be+ (f]$ to ! ,"l by ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! high-prie/1 :o pray$ = !m4 ,! less] prie/s 7 consecrat$ on ! h&s only1 :i* 7 to be employ$ 9 ! sacrifices4 ,! tip ( _! "r e> & ! ?umb ( _! "r h&1 & ! great toe ( _! "r foot 7 t+$ ) ! blood ( ! sacrificial animal1 to d5ote t !y %\ld be ob$i5t to ,god's law 9 (f]+ ! sacrifices 7?is is d5ot$ by t\*+ _! "r e>72 & t !y %\ld be c>eful & ready 9 p]=m+ ! sacrifices 7?is is signifi$ by ! moi/5+ ( ! "r foot & h&74 ,!y !mselves & _! g>m5ts 7 spr9kl$ ) ! blood ( ! animal t _h be5 sacrific$1 9 memory ( ! blood ( ! lamb by :i* !y _h be5 deliv]$ 9 ,egypt4 ,at _! consecration ! foll[+ sacrifices 7 (f]$3 a calf1 = s91 9 memory ( ,a>on's s9 9 fa%ion+ ! molt5 calf2 a ram1 = a holocau/1 9 memory ( ! sacrifice ( ,abraham1 ^: ob$i5ce x behoov$ ! high-prie/ to imitate2 aga91 a ram ( consecration1 :i* 0 a peace-(f]+1 9 memory ( ! deliv]y f ,egypt ?r\gh ! blood ( ! lamb2 & a basket ( bread1 9 memory ( ! manna v\*saf$ to ! p4 ,9 ref]5ce to _! be+ de/9$ to ! m9i/ry1 ! fat ( ! ram1 "o roll ( bread1 & ! "r %\ld] 7 plac$ on _! h&s1 to %[ t !y receiv$ ! p[] ( (f]+ ^! ?+s to ! ,"l3 :ile ! ,levites 7 initiat$ to ! m9i/ry by be+ br\ght into ! tab]nacle ( ! cov5ant1 z be+ de/9$ to ! m9i/ry t\*+ ! vessels ( ! sanctu>y4 ,! figurative reason ( ^! ?+s 0 t ^? :o are to be consecrat$ to ! spiritual m9i/ry ( ,*ri/1 %\ld be fir/ ( all purifi$ by ! wat]s ( ,baptism1 & by ! wat]s ( te>s1 9 _! fai? 9 ,*ri/'s ,passion1 :i* is a sacrifice bo? ( expiation & ( purification4 ,!y h also to %ave all ! hair ( _! body1 i4e4 all evil ?\ghts4 ,!y %\ld1 moreov]1 be deck$ ) virtues1 & be consecrat$ ) ! oil ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ) ! spr9kl+ ( ,*ri/'s blood4 ,& ?us !y %\ld be int5t on ! fulfilm5t ( _! spiritual m9i/ry4 ,reply ,obj4 #aj3 ,z already /at$ 7,a4 #d71 ! purpose ( ! ,law 0 to induce m5 to h rev]5ce = ! div9e wor%ip3 & ?is 9 two ways2 fir/1 by exclud+ f ! wor%ip ( ,god :atev] might be an object ( contempt2 secondly1 by introduc+ into ! div9e wor%ip all t seem$ to savor ( rev]5ce4 ,&1 inde$1 if ?is 0 obs]v$ 9 reg>d to ! tab]nacle & its vessels1 & 9 ! animals to be sacrific$1 mu* m 0 x to be obs]v$ 9 ! v m9i/]s4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to obviate contempt = ! m9i/]s1 x 0 prescrib$ t !y %\ld h no bodily /a9 or defect3 s9ce m5 s de=m$ are wont to be despis$ by o!rs4 ,= ! same reason x 0 also comm&$ t ! *oice ( ^? :o 7 to be de/9$ to ! s]vice ( ,god 0 n to be made 9 a broadca/ mann] f any family1 b accord+ to _! desc5t f "o p>ticul> /ock1 ?us giv+ !m di/9ction & nobility4 ,9 ord] t !y might be rev]$1 special ornate ve/m5ts 7 appo9t$ = _! use1 & a special =m ( consecration4 ,?is inde$ is ! g5]al reason ( ornate g>m5ts4 ,b ! high-prie/ 9 p>ticul> _h eight ve/m5ts4 ,fir/1 he _h a l95 tunic4 ,secondly1 he _h a purple tunic2 r\nd ! bottom ( :i* 7 plac$ little bells & pomegranates ( violet1 & purple1 & sc>let twice dy$4 ,?irdly1 he _h ! ephod1 :i* cov]$ 8 %\ld]s & 8 brea/ d[n to ! girdle2 & x 0 made ( gold1 & violet & purple1 & sc>let twice dy$ & twi/$ l953 & on 8 %\ld]s he bore two onyx /ones1 on :i* 7 grav5 ! names ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,f\r?ly1 he _h ! rational1 made ( ! same mat]ial2 x 0 squ>e 9 %ape1 & 0 worn on ! brea/1 & 0 fa/5$ to ! ephod4 ,on ?is rational !re 7 twelve preci\s /ones set 9 f\r r[s1 on :i* also 7 grav5 ! names ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 9 tok5 t ! prie/ bore ! burd5 ( ! :ole p1 s9ce he bore _! names on 8 %\ld]s2 & t x 0 8 duty ev] to ?9k ( _! welf>e1 s9ce he wore !m on 8 brea/1 be>+ !m 9 8 he>t1 s to speak4 ,& ! ,"l comm&$ ! ,doctr9e & ,tru? to be put 9 ! rational3 = c]ta9 matt]s reg>d+ moral & dogmatic tru? 7 writt5 on x4 ,! ,jews inde$ pret5d t on ! rational 0 plac$ a /one :i* *ang$ color accord+ to ! v>i\s ?+s :i* 7 ab\t to happ5 to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 & ?is !y call ! ,tru? & ,doctr9e4 ,fif?ly1 he wore a belt or girdle made ( ! f\r colors m5tion$ above4 ,six?ly1 !re 0 ! ti>a or mitre :i* 0 made ( l954 ,sev5?ly1 !re 0 ! gold5 plate :i* hung ov] 8 =ehead2 on x 0 inscrib$ ! ,"l's "n4 ,eigh?ly1 !re 7 ! l95 bree*es to cov] ! fle% ( _! nak$ness1 :5 !y w5t up to ! sanctu>y or alt>4 ,( ^! eight ve/m5ts ! less] prie/s _h f\r1 viz4 ! l95 tunic & bree*es1 ! belt & ! ti>a4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! lit]al reason = ^! ve/m5ts 0 t !y d5ot$ ! disposition ( ! t]re/rial globe2 z ?\gh ! high-prie/ confess$ himself to be ! m9i/] ( ! ,creator ( ! _w1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,wis4 #ah3bd73 ,9 ! robe ( ,a>on 0 ! :ole _w describ$4 ,= ! l95 bree*es signifi$ ! e>? out ( :i* ! flax gr[s4 ,! surr\nd+ belt signifi$ ! ocean :i* surr\nds ! e>?4 ,! violet tunic d5ot$ ! air by its color3 its little bells betok5 ! ?und]2 ! pomegranates1 ! lightn+4 ,! ephod1 by its _m colors1 signifi$ ! />ry heav52 ! two onyx /ones d5ot$ ! two hemisph]es1 or ! sun & moon4 ,! twelve preci\s /ones on ! brea/ are ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac3 & !y are said to h be5 plac$ on ! rational because 9 heav5 are ! types 7rationes7 ( e>?ly ?+s1 accord+ to ,job #ch3cc3 ,do/ ?\ "k ! ord] ( heav51 & can/ ?\ set d[n ! reason 7rationem7 !re( on ! e>?8 ,! turban or ti>a signifi$ ! empyrean3 ! gold5 plate 0 a tok5 ( ,god1 ! gov]nor ( ! univ]se4 ,! figurative reason is evid5t4 ,because bodily /a9s or defects :]efrom ! prie/s _h to be immune1 signify ! v>i\s vices & s9s f :i* !y %\ld be free4 ,?us x is =bidd5 t he %\ld be bl9d1 i4e4 he ought n to be ignorant3 he mu/ n be lame1 i4e4 vacillat+ & unc]ta9 ( purpose3 t he mu/ h a little1 or a great1 or a crook$ nose1 i4e4 t he %\ld n1 f lack ( discretion1 exce$ 9 "o direction or 9 ano!r1 or ev5 ex]cise "s base occupation3 = ! nose signifies discretion1 because x disc]ns odors4 ,x is =bidd5 t he %\ld h a brok5 foot or h&1 i4e4 he %\ld n lose ! p[] ( do+ good works or ( advanc+ 9 virtue4 ,he is reject$1 too1 if he h a swell+ ei!r 9 front or beh9d ,vulg43 'if he be crook-back$'3 by :i* is signifi$ too mu* love ( e>?ly ?+s3 if he be ble>-ey$1 i4e4 if 8 m9d is d>k5$ by c>nal affections3 = runn+ ( ! eyes is caus$ by a fl[ ( matt]4 ,he is also reject$ if he _h a pe>l 9 8 eye1 i4e4 if he presumes 9 8 own e/imation t he is clo!d 9 ! :ite robe ( righte\sness4 ,aga91 he is reject$ if he h a cont9u$ scab1 i4e4 lu/fulness ( ! fle%3 also1 if he h a dry scurf1 :i* cov]s ! body )\t giv+ pa91 & is a blemi% on ! comel9ess ( ! memb]s2 :i* d5otes av>ice4 ,la/ly1 he is reject$ if he h a rupture or h]nia2 ?r\gh bas5ess r5d+ 8 he>t1 ?\gh x appe> n 9 8 de$s4 ,! ve/m5ts d5ote ! virtues ( ,god's m9i/]s4 ,n[ !re are f\r ?+s t are necess>y to all ,8 m9i/]s1 viz4 *a/ity d5ot$ by ! bree*es2 a pure life1 signifi$ by ! l95 tunic2 ! mod]ation ( discretion1 betok5$ by ! girdle2 & rectitude ( purpose1 d5ot$ by ! mitre cov]+ ! head4 ,b ! high-prie/s ne$$ f\r o!r ?+s 9 addition to ^!4 ,fir/1 a cont9ual recollection ( ,god 9 _! ?\ghts2 & ?is 0 signifi$ by ! gold5 plate worn ov] ! =ehead1 ) ! "n ( ,god engrav$ !reon4 ,secondly1 !y _h to be> ) ! %ortcom+s ( ! p3 ?is 0 d5ot$ by ! ephod :i* !y bore on _! %\ld]s4 ,?irdly1 !y _h to c>ry ! p 9 _! m9d & he>t by ! solicitude ( *>ity1 9 tok5 ( :i* !y wore ! rational4 ,f\r?ly1 !y _h to lead a godly life by p]=m+ works ( p]fection2 & ?is 0 signifi$ by ! violet tunic4 ,h5ce little gold5 bells 7 fix$ to ! bottom ( ! violet tunic1 :i* bells signifi$ ! tea*+ ( div9e ?+s unit$ 9 ! high-prie/ to 8 godly mode ( life4 ,9 addition to ^! 7 ! pomegranates1 signify+ unity ( fai? & concord 9 good morals3 because 8 doctr9e %\ld hold toge!r 9 su* a way t x %\ld n r5d asund] ! unity ( fai? & peace4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,0 ,any ,reasonable ,cause = ! ,c]emonial ,obs]vances8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re 0 no reasonable cause = ! c]emonial obs]vances4 ,because1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #d3d71 e creature ( ,god is good1 & no?+ to be reject$ t is receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+4 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ t !y %\ld be =bidd5 to eat c]ta9 foods1 z be+ unclean accord+ to ,lev4 #aa 99,cf4 ,deut4 #ad4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z animals are giv5 to man = food1 s also are h]bs3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,g54 #i3c73 ,z ! gre5 h]bs h ,i deliv]$ all fle% to y4 ,b ! ,law did n di/+ui% any h]bs f ! re/ z be+ unclean1 al?\gh "s are mo/ h>mful1 = in/ance1 ^? t are poison\s4 ,!re=e x seems t nei!r %\ld any animals h be5 prohibit$ z be+ unclean4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! matt] f :i* a ?+ is g5]at$ be unclean1 x seems t likewise ! ?+ g5]at$ !refrom is unclean4 ,b fle% is g5]at$ f blood4 ,s9ce !re=e all fle% 0 n prohibit$ z unclean1 x seems t 9 l mann] nei!r %\ld blood h be5 =bidd5 z unclean2 nor ! fat :i* is eng5d]$ f blood4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #aj3bh2 cf4 ,luke #ab3d71 t ^? %\ld n be fe>$ t kill ! body1 s9ce aft] dea? !y h no m t !y c d3 :i* w\ld n be true if aft] dea? h>m might come to man ?r\gh any?+ done ) 8 body4 ,mu* less !re=e does x matt] to an animal already dead h[ its fle% be cook$4 ,consequ5tly !re seems to be no reason 9 :at is said1 ,ex4 #bc3ai3 ,?\ %alt n boil a kid 9 ! milk ( its dam4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 all t is fir/ br\ght =? ( man & bea/1 z be+ mo/ p]fect1 is comm&$ to be (f]$ to ! ,"l 7,ex4 #ac74 ,!re=e x is an unfitt+ comm& t is set =? 9 ,lev4 #ai3bc3 :5 y %all be come into ! l&1 & %all h plant$ 9 x fruit trees1 y %all take away ! uncircumcision 99',praeputia1' :i* ,d\ay v]sion r5d]s 'fir/ fruits' ( !m1 i4e4 ! fir/ crops1 & !y %all be unclean to y1 nei!r %all y eat ( !m4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 clo?+ is some?+ extrane\s to man's body4 ,!re=e c]ta9 k9ds ( g>m5ts %\ld n h be5 =bidd5 to ! ,jews3 = in/ance 7,lev4 #ai3ai73 ,?\ %alt n we> a g>m5t t is wov5 ( two sorts3 & 7,deut4 #bb3e73 ,a woman %all n be clo!d ) man's app>el1 nei!r %all a man use woman's app>el3 & fur!r on 7,deut4 #bb3aa73 ,?\ %alt n we> a g>m5t t is wov5 ( wool5 & l95 toge!r4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 to be m9dful ( ,god's comm&m5ts conc]ns n ! body b ! he>t4 ,!re=e x is unsuitably prescrib$ 7,deut4 #f3h1 seqq47 t !y %\ld b9d ! comm&m5ts ( ,god z a sign on _! h&s2 & t !y %\ld write !m 9 ! entry2 & 7,num4 #ae3ch1 seqq47 t !y %\ld make to !mselves fr+es 9 ! corn]s ( _! g>m5ts1 putt+ 9 !m rib&s ( blue 4 4 4 !y may rememb] 4 4 4 ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #i3i7 t ,god does n take c>e = ox51 &1 !re=e1 nei!r ( o!r irrational animals4 ,!re=e )\t reason is x comm&$ 7,deut4 #bb3f73 ,if ?\ f9d1 z ?\ walke/ by ! way1 a bird's ne/ 9 a tree 4 4 4 ?\ %alt n take ! dam ) h] "y2 & 7,deut4 #be3d73 ,?\ %alt n muzzle ! ox t treade? out ?y corn2 & 7,lev4 #ai3ai73 ,?\ %alt n make ?y cattle to g5d] ) bea/s ( any o!r k9d4 ,objection #i3 ,fur!r1 no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 clean & unclean plants4 ,mu* less !re=e %\ld any di/9ction h be5 made ab\t ! cultivation ( plants4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ly prescrib$ 7,lev4 #ai3ai73 ,?\ %alt n s[ ?y field ) diff]5t se$s2 & 7,deut4 #bb3i1 seqq473 ,?\ %alt s[ ?y v9ey>d ) div]s se$s2 &3 ,?\ %alt n pl\gh ) an ox & an ass toge!r4 ,objection #aj3 ,fur!r1 x is app>5t t inanimate ?+s are mo/ ( all subject to ! p[] ( man4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ to deb> man f tak+ silv] & gold ( :i* idols 7 made1 or any?+ !y f\nd 9 ! h\ses ( idols1 z express$ 9 ! comm&m5t ( ! ,law 7,deut4 #g3be1 seqq474 ,x also seems an absurd comm&m5t set =? 9 ,deut4 #bc3ac1 t !y %\ld dig r\nd ab\t & 4 4 4 cov] ) e>? t :i* !y 7 eas$ (4 ,objection #aa3 ,fur!r1 piety is requir$ especially 9 prie/s4 ,b x seems to be an act ( piety to assi/ at ! burial ( "o's fri5ds3 :]e=e ,tobias is comm5d$ = s do+ 7,tob4 #a3bj1 seqq474 ,9 l mann] x is sometimes an act ( piety to m>ry a loose woman1 because %e is !reby deliv]$ f s9 & infamy4 ,!re=e x seems inconsi/5t = ^! ?+s to be =bidd5 to prie/s 7,lev4 #ba74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3ad73 ,b ?\ art o!rwise in/ruct$ by ! ,"l ?y ,god3 f :i* words we may ga!r t ^! obs]vances 7 in/itut$ by ,god to be a special pr]ogative ( t p4 ,!re=e !y are n )\t reason or cause4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,jewi% p1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 7 specially *os5 = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 & among !m ! prie/s !mselves 7 specially set ap>t = t purpose4 ,& j z o!r ?+s t are appli$ to ! div9e wor%ip1 ne$ to be m>k$ 9 "s p>ticul> way s t !y be wor?y ( ! wor%ip ( ,god2 s too 9 t p's1 & especially ! prie/s'1 mode ( life1 !re ne$$ to be c]ta9 special ?+s befitt+ ! div9e wor%ip1 :e!r spiritual or corporal4 ,n[ ! wor%ip prescrib$ by ! ,law =e%ad[$ ! my/]y ( ,*ri/3 s t :atev] !y did 0 a figure ( ?+s p]ta9+ to ,*ri/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #aj3aa3 ,all ^! ?+s happ5$ to !m 9 figures4 ,consequ5tly ! reasons = ^! obs]vances may be tak5 9 two ways1 fir/ accord+ to _! fitt+ness to ! wor%ip ( ,god2 secondly1 accord+ z !y =e%ad[ some?+ t\*+ ! ,*ri/ian mode ( life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e1 ad #d1 #e71 ! ,law di/+ui%$ a tw(old pollution or uncleanness2 "o1 t ( s91 :]eby ! s\l 0 defil$2 & ano!r consi/+ 9 "s k9d ( corruption1 :]eby ! body 0 9 "s way infect$4 ,speak+ !n ( ! fir/-m5tion$ uncleanness1 no k9d ( food is unclean1 or c defile a man1 by reason ( its nature2 :]e=e we read 7,matt4 #ae3aa73 ,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? a man2 b :at come? out ( ! m\?1 ?is defile? a man3 :i* words are expla9$ 7,matt4 #ae3ag7 z ref]r+ to s9s4 ,yet c]ta9 foods c defile ! s\l accid5tally2 9 s f> z man p>takes ( !m aga9/ ob$i5ce or a v[1 or f excessive concupisc5ce2 or ?r\gh _! be+ an inc5tive to lu/1 = :i* reason "s refra9 f w9e & fle%-meat4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( bodily uncleanness1 consi/+ 9 "s k9d ( corruption1 ! fle% ( c]ta9 animals is unclean1 ei!r because l ! pig !y fe$ on unclean ?+s2 or because _! life is among unclean surr\nd+s3 ?us c]ta9 animals1 l moles & mice & su* l1 live und]gr\nd1 :5ce !y contract a c]ta9 unpleasant smell2 or because _! fle%1 ?r\gh be+ too moi/ or too dry1 eng5d]s corrupt humors 9 ! human body4 ,h5ce !y 7 =bidd5 to eat ! fle% ( flat-foot$ animals1 i4e4 animals hav+ an unclov5 ho(1 on acc\nt ( _! e>?9ess2 & 9 l mann] !y 7 =bidd5 to eat ! fle% ( animals t h _m clefts 9 _! feet1 because su* are v fi]ce & _! fle% is v dry1 su* z ! fle% ( lions & ! l4 ,= ! same reason !y 7 =bidd5 to eat c]ta9 birds ( prey ! fle% ( :i* is v dry1 & c]ta9 wat]-f[l on acc\nt ( _! exce$+ humidity4 ,9 l mann] c]ta9 fi% lack+ f9s & scales 7 prohibit$ on acc\nt ( _! excessive moi/ure2 su* z eels & ! l4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 all[$ to eat rum9ants & animals ) a divid$ ho(1 because 9 su* animals ! humors are well absorb$1 & _! nature well balanc$3 = nei!r are !y too moi/1 z is indicat$ by ! ho(2 nor are !y too e>?y1 :i* is %[n by _! hav+ n a flat b a clov5 ho(4 ,( fi%es !y 7 all[$ to p>take ( ! dri] k9ds1 ( :i* ! f9s & scales are an indication1 because !reby ! moi/ nature ( ! fi% is temp]$4 ,( birds !y 7 all[$ to eat ! tam] k9ds1 su* z h5s1 p>tridges1 & ! l4 ,ano!r reason 0 dete/ation ( idolatry3 because ! ,g5tiles1 & especially ! ,egyptians1 among :om !y _h gr[n up1 (f]$ up ^! =bidd5 animals to _! idols1 or employ$ !m = ! purpose ( sorc]y3 :]eas !y did n eat ^? animals :i* ! ,jews 7 all[$ to eat1 b wor%ipp$ !m z gods1 or ab/a9$1 = "s o!r motive1 f eat+ !m1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,! ?ird reason 0 to prev5t excessive c>e ab\t food3 :]e=e !y 7 all[$ to eat ^? animals :i* c\ld be procur$ easily & promptly4 ,) reg>d to blood & fat1 !y 7 =bidd5 to p>take ( ^? ( any animals :atev] )\t exception4 ,blood 0 =bidd51 bo? 9 ord] to avoid cruelty1 t !y might abhor ! %$d+ ( human blood1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #h72 & 9 ord] to %un idolatr\s rites :]eby x 0 cu/om>y = m5 to collect ! blood & to ga!r toge!r ar\nd x = a banquet 9 honor ( ! idols1 to :om !y held ! blood to be mo/ acceptable4 ,h5ce ! ,"l comm&$ ! blood to be p\r$ out & to be cov]$ ) e>? 7,lev4 #ag3ac74 ,= ! same reason !y 7 =bidd5 to eat animals t _h be5 suffocat$ or /rangl$3 because ! blood ( ^! animals w\ld n be sep>at$ f ! body3 or because ?is =m ( dea? is v pa9ful to ! victim2 & ! ,"l wi%$ to )draw !m f cruelty ev5 9 reg>d to irrational animals1 s z to be less incl9$ to be cruel to o!r m51 ?r\gh be+ us$ to be k9d to bea/s4 ,!y 7 =bidd5 to eat ! fat3 bo? because idolat]s ate x 9 honor ( _! gods2 & because x us$ to be burnt 9 honor ( ,god2 &1 aga91 because blood & fat are n nutriti\s1 :i* is ! cause assign$ by ,rabbi ,moses 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii74 ,! reason :y !y 7 =bidd5 to eat ! s9ews is giv5 9 ,g54 #cb3cb1 :]e x is /at$ t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 4 4 4 eat n ! s9ew 4 4 4 because he t\*$ ! s9ew ( ,jacob's ?igh & x %rank4 ,! figurative reason = ^! ?+s is t all ^! animals signifi$ c]ta9 s9s1 9 tok5 ( :i* ^? animals 7 prohibit$4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/um iv1 #g73 ,if ! sw9e & lamb be call$ 9 "q1 bo? are clean by nature1 because all ,god's creatures are good3 yet ! lamb is clean1 & ! pig is unclean 9 a c]ta9 signification4 ,?us if y speak ( a fooli%1 & ( a wise man1 ea* ( ^! expressions is clean consid]$ 9 ! nature ( ! s\nd1 lett]s & syllables ( :i* x is compos$3 b 9 signification1 ! "o is clean1 ! o!r unclean4 ,! animal t *ews ! cud & has a divid$ ho(1 is clean 9 signification4 ,because division ( ! ho( is a figure ( ! two ,te/am5ts3 or ( ! ,fa!r & ,son3 or ( ! two natures 9 ,*ri/3 ( ! di/9ction ( good & evil4 ,:ile *ew+ ! cud signifies m$itation on ! ,scriptures & a s\nd und]/&+ !re(2 & :oev] lacks ei!r ( ^! is spiritually unclean4 ,9 l mann] ^? fi% t h scales & f9s are clean 9 signification4 ,because f9s signify ! heav5ly or contemplative life2 :ile scales signify a life ( trials1 ea* ( :i* is requir$ = spiritual cleanness4 ,( birds c]ta9 k9ds 7 =bidd54 ,9 ! eagle :i* flies at a great height1 pride is =bidd53 9 ! griffon :i* is ho/ile to horses & m51 cruelty ( p[]ful m5 is prohibit$4 ,! osprey1 :i* fe$s on v small birds1 signifies ^? :o oppress ! poor4 ,! kite1 :i* is full ( cunn+1 d5otes ^? :o are fraudul5t 9 _! deal+s4 ,! vulture1 :i* foll[s an army1 expect+ to fe$ on ! c>cases ( ! sla91 signifies ^? :o l o!rs to die or to fight among !mselves t !y may ga9 !reby4 ,birds ( ! rav5 k9d signify ^? :o are black5$ by _! lu/s2 or ^? :o lack k9dly feel+s1 = ! rav5 did n return :5 once x _h be5 let loose f ! ark4 ,! o/ri* :i*1 ?\gh a bird1 _c fly1 & is always on ! gr\nd1 signifies ^? :o fight = ,god's cause1 & at ! same "t are tak5 up ) worldly bus9ess4 ,! owl1 :i* sees cle>ly at night1 b _c see 9 ! daytime1 d5otes ^? :o are clev] 9 temporal affairs1 b dull 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,! gull1 :i* bo? flies 9 ! air & swims 9 ! wat]1 signifies ^? :o are p>tial bo? to ,circumcision & to ,baptism3 or else x d5otes ^? :o w\ld fly by contemplation1 yet dwell 9 ! wat]s ( s5sual delights4 ,! hawk1 :i* helps m5 to seize ! prey1 is a figure ( ^? :o assi/ ! /rong to prey on ! poor4 ,! scree*-owl1 :i* seeks its food by night b hides by day1 signifies ! lu/ful man :o seeks to lie hidd5 9 8 de$s ( d>kness4 ,! cormorant1 s con/itut$ t x c /ay a long "t "u wat]1 d5otes ! glutton :o plunges into ! wat]s ( pleasure4 ,! ibis is an ,african bird ) a long beak1 & fe$s on snakes2 & p]haps x is ! same z ! /ork3 x signifies ! envi\s man1 :o refre%es himself ) ! ills ( o!rs1 z ) snakes4 ,! swan is bright 9 color1 & by ! aid ( its long neck extracts its food f deep places on l& or wat]3 x may d5ote ^? :o seek e>?ly pr(it ?\gh an ext]nal brightness ( virtue4 ,! bitt]n is a bird ( ! ,ea/3 x has a long beak1 & its jaws are furni%$ ) follicules1 :]e9 x /ores its food at fir/1 aft] a "t proce$+ to dige/ x3 x is a figure ( ! mis]1 :o is excessively c>eful 9 ho>d+ up ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! coot 99,d\ay3 porphyrion4 ,/4 ,?omas' description tallies ) ! coot or moorh53 ?\gh ( c\rse he is mi/ak5 ab\t ! feet diff]+ f "o ano!r4 has ?is peculi>ity ap>t f o!r birds1 t x has a webb$ foot = swimm+1 & a clov5 foot = walk+3 = x swims l a duck 9 ! wat]1 & walks l a p>tridge on l&3 x dr9ks only :5 x bites1 s9ce x dips all its food 9 wat]3 x is a figure ( a man :o w n take advice1 & does no?+ b :at is soak$ 9 ! wat] ( 8 own w4 ,! h]on 99,vulg43 h]odionem1 commonly call$ a falcon1 signifies ^? ^: feet are swift to %$ blood 7,ps4 #ac3c74 ,! plov] 99,"h1 aga91 ! ,d\ay translators transcrib$ f ! ,vulgate3 *>adrion2 *>adrius is ! g5]ic "n = all plov]s41 :i* is a g>rul\s bird1 signifies ! gossip4 ,! hoopoe1 :i* builds its ne/ on dung1 fe$s on foetid ordure1 & ^: song is l a groan1 d5otes worldly grief :i* works dea? 9 ^? :o are unclean4 ,! bat1 :i* flies ne> ! gr\nd1 signifies ^? :o be+ gift$ ) worldly k1 seek none b e>?ly ?+s4 ,( f[ls & quadrup$s ^? alone 7 p]mitt$ :i* h ! h9d-legs long] ?an ! =elegs1 s t !y c leap3 :]eas ^? 7 =bidd5 :i* cl+ r to ! e>?3 because ^? :o abuse ! doctr9e ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 s t !y are n lift$ up !reby1 are reput$ unclean4 ,by ! prohibition ( blood1 fat & n]ves1 we are to und]/& ! =bidd+ ( cruelty1 lu/1 & brav]y 9 committ+ s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m5 7 wont to eat plants & o!r products ( ! soil ev5 be=e ! deluge3 b ! eat+ ( fle% seems to h be5 introduc$ aft] ! deluge2 = x is writt5 7,g54 #i3c73 ,ev5 z ! gre5 h]bs h ,i deliv]$ 4 4 4 all fle% to y4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t ! eat+ ( ! products ( ! soil savors r ( a simple life2 :]eas ! eat+ ( fle% savors ( delicate & ov]-c>eful liv+4 ,= ! soil gives bir? to ! h]b ( its own accord2 & su* l products ( ! e>? may be _h 9 great quantities ) v little ef=t3 :]eas no small tr\ble is necess>y ei!r to re> or to cat* an animal4 ,consequ5tly ,god be+ wi%ful to br+ ,8 p back to a m simple way ( liv+1 =bade !m to eat _m k9ds ( animals1 b n ^? ?+s t are produc$ by ! soil4 ,ano!r reason may be t animals 7 (f]$ to idols1 :ile ! products ( ! soil 7 n4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is cle> f :at has be5 said 7ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ! kid t is sla9 has no p]ception ( ! mann] 9 :i* its fle% is cook$1 yet x w\ld seem to savor ( he>tlessness if ! dam's milk1 :i* 0 int5d$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( h] (fspr+1 7 s]v$ up on ! same di%4 ,x might also be said t ! ,g5tiles 9 celebrat+ ! fea/s ( _! idols prep>$ ! fle% ( kids 9 ?is mann]1 = ! purpose ( sacrifice or banquet3 h5ce 7,ex4 #bc7 aft] ! solemnities to be celebrat$ "u ! ,law _h be5 =etold1 x is add$3 ,?\ %alt n boil a kid 9 ! milk ( its dam4 ,! figurative reason = ?is prohibition is ?is3 ! kid1 signify+ ,*ri/1 on acc\nt ( ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle% 7,rom4 #h3c71 0 n to be see!d1 i4e4 sla91 by ! ,jews1 9 ! milk ( its dam1 i4e4 dur+ ,8 infancy4 ,or else x signifies t ! kid1 i4e4 ! s9n]1 %\ld n be boil$ 9 ! milk ( its dam1 i4e4 %\ld n be cajol$ by flatt]y4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! ,g5tiles (f]$ _! gods ! fir/-fruits1 :i* !y held to br+ !m good luck3 or !y burnt !m = ! purpose ( secrecy4 ,consequ5tly 7! ,israelites7 7 comm&$ to look ^u ! fruits ( ! fir/ ?ree ye>s z unclean3 = 9 t c\ntry ne>ly all ! trees be> fruit 9 ?ree ye>s' "t2 ^? trees1 to wit1 t are cultivat$ ei!r f se$1 or f a graft1 or f a cutt+3 b x seldom happ5s t ! fruit-/ones or se$s encas$ 9 a pod are s[n3 s9ce x w\ld take a long] "t = ^! to be> fruit3 & ! ,law consid]$ :at happ5$ mo/ frequ5tly4 ,! fruits1 h[ev]1 ( ! f\r? ye>1 z be+ ! fir/l+s ( clean fruits1 7 (f]$ to ,god3 & f ! fif? ye> onw>d !y 7 eat54 ,! figurative reason 0 t ?is =e%ad[$ ! fact t aft] ! ?ree /ates ( ! ,law 7! fir/ la/+ f ,abraham to ,david1 ! second1 until !y 7 c>ri$ away to ,babylon1 ! ?ird until ! "t ( ,*ri/71 ! ,fruit ( ! ,law1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 0 to be (f]$ to ,god4 ,or aga91 t we mu/ mi/ru/ our fir/ ef=ts1 on acc\nt ( _! imp]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,x is said ( a man 9 ,ecclus4 #ai3bg1 t ! attire ( ! body 4 4 4 %[s :at he is4 ,h5ce ! ,"l wi%$ ,8 p to be di/+ui%$ f o!r nations1 n only by ! sign ( ! circumcision1 :i* 0 9 ! fle%1 b also by a c]ta9 diff]5ce ( attire4 ,:]e=e !y 7 =bidd5 to we> g>m5ts wov5 ( wool5 & l95 toge!r1 & = a woman to be clo!d ) man's app>el1 or vice v]sa1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 to avoid idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,because ! ,g5tiles1 9 _! religi\s rites1 us$ g>m5ts ( ?is sort1 made ( v>i\s mat]ials4 ,moreov] 9 ! wor%ip ( ,m>s1 wom5 put on m5's armor2 :ile1 conv]sely1 9 ! wor%ip ( ,v5us m5 donn$ wom5's attire4 ,! second reason 0 to pres]ve !m f lu/3 because ! employm5t ( v>i\s mat]ials 9 ! mak+ ( g>m5ts signifi$ inord9ate union ( sexes1 :ile ! use ( male attire by a woman1 or vice v]sa1 has an inc5tive to evil desires1 & (f]s an occasion ( lu/4 ,! figurative reason is t ! prohibition ( we>+ a g>m5t wov5 ( wool5 & l95 signifi$ t x 0 =bidd5 to unite ! simplicity ( innoc5ce1 d5ot$ by wool1 ) ! duplicity ( malice1 betok5$ by l954 ,x also signifies t woman is =bidd5 to presume to tea*1 or p]=m o!r duties ( m53 or t man %\ld n adopt ! effem9ate mann]s ( a woman4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,z ,j]ome says on ,matt4 #bc3f1 ! ,"l comm&$ !m to make violet-color$ fr+es 9 ! f\r corn]s ( _! g>m5ts1 s t ! ,israelites might be di/+ui%$ f o!r nations4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is way1 !y pr(ess$ to be ,jews3 & consequ5tly ! v sight ( ?is sign rem9d$ !m ( _! law4 ,:5 we read3 ,?\ %alt b9d !m on ?y h&1 & !y %all be ev] be=e ?y eyes ,vulg43 '!y %all be & %all move betwe5 ?y eyes'1 ! ,ph>isees gave a false int]pretation to ^! words1 & wrote ! decalogue ( ,moses on a p>*m5t1 & ti$ x on _! =eheads l a wrea?1 s t x mov$ 9 front ( _! eyes3 :]eas ! int5tion ( ! ,"l 9 giv+ ?is comm&m5t 0 t !y %\ld be b\nd 9 _! h&s1 i4e4 9 _! works2 & t !y %\ld be be=e _! eyes1 i4e4 9 _! ?\ghts4 ,! violet-color$ fillets :i* 7 ins]t$ 9 _! cloaks signify ! godly int5tion :i* %\ld accompany our e de$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t1 because !y 7 a c>nal-m9d$ & /iff-neck$ p1 x 0 necess>y = !m to be /irr$ by ^! s5sible ?+s to ! obs]vance ( ! ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,affection 9 man is tw(old3 x may be an affection ( reason1 or x may be an affection ( passion4 ,if a man's affection be "o ( reason1 x matt]s n h[ man behaves to animals1 because ,god has subject$ all ?+s to man's p[]1 accord+ to ,ps4 #h3h3 ,?\ ha/ subject$ all ?+s "u 8 feet3 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ,apo/le says t ,god has no c>e = ox52 because ,god does n ask ( man :at he does ) ox5 or o!r animals4 ,b if man's affection be "o ( passion1 !n x is mov$ also 9 reg>d to o!r animals3 = s9ce ! passion ( pity is caus$ by ! afflictions ( o!rs2 & s9ce x happ5s t ev5 irrational animals are s5sible to pa91 x is possible = ! affection ( pity to arise 9 a man ) reg>d to ! suff]+s ( animals4 ,n[ x is evid5t t if a man practice a pitiful affection = animals1 he is all ! m dispos$ to take pity on 8 fell[-m53 :]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #aa3aj73 ,! j reg>de? ! lives ( 8 bea/s3 b ! b[els ( ! wick$ are cruel4 ,consequ5tly ! ,"l1 9 ord] to inculcate pity to ! ,jewi% p1 :o 7 prone to cruelty1 wi%$ !m to practice pity ev5 ) reg>d to dumb animals1 & =bade !m to d c]ta9 ?+s savor+ ( cruelty to animals4 ,h5ce ,he prohibit$ !m to boil a kid 9 ! milk ( its dam2 & to muzzle ! ox t treade? out ! corn2 & to slay ! dam ) h] "y4 ,x may1 nev]!less1 be also said t ^! prohibitions 7 made 9 hatr$ ( idolatry4 ,= ! ,egyptians held x to be wick$ to all[ ! ox to eat ( ! gra9 :ile ?re%+ ! corn4 ,moreov] c]ta9 sorc]]s 7 wont to ensn>e ! "m bird ) h] "y dur+ incubation1 & to employ !m = ! purpose ( secur+ fruitfulness & good luck 9 br++ up *ildr53 also because x 0 held to be a good om5 to f9d ! "m sitt+ on h] "y4 ,z to ! m+l+ ( animals ( div]s species1 ! lit]al reason may h be5 ?reefold4 ,! fir/ 0 to %[ dete/ation = ! idolatry ( ! ,egyptians1 :o employ$ v>i\s mixtures 9 wor%ipp+ ! planets1 :i* produce v>i\s effects1 & on v>i\s k9ds ( ?+s accord+ to _! v>i\s conjunctions4 ,! second reason 0 9 condemnation ( unnatural s9s4 ,! ?ird reason 0 ! entire removal ( all occasions ( concupisc5ce4 ,because animals ( diff]5t species d n easily bre$1 unless ?is be br\ght ab\t by man2 & movem5ts ( lu/ are ar\s$ by see+ su* ?+s4 ,:]e=e 9 ! ,jewi% traditions we f9d x prescrib$ z /at$ by ,rabbi ,moses t m5 %all turn away _! eyes f su* sights4 ,! figurative reason = ^! ?+s is t ! necessities ( life %\ld n be )drawn f ! ox t treade? ! corn1 i4e4 f ! prea*] be>+ ! %eaves ( doctr9e1 z ! ,apo/le /ates 7#a ,cor4 #i3d1 seqq474 ,aga91 we %\ld n take ! dam ) h] "y3 because 9 c]ta9 ?+s we h to keep ! spiritual s5ses1 i4e4 ! (fspr+1 & set aside ! obs]vance ( ! lett]1 i4e4 ! "m1 = in/ance1 9 all ! c]emonies ( ! ,law4 ,x is also =bidd5 t a bea/ ( burd51 i4e4 any ( ! common p1 %\ld be all[$ to eng5d]1 i4e4 to h any connection1 ) animals ( ano!r k9d1 i4e4 ) ,g5tiles or ,jews4 ,reply ,obj4 #i3 ,all ^! m+l+s 7 =bidd5 9 agriculture2 lit]ally1 9 dete/ation ( idolatry4 ,= ! ,egyptians 9 wor%ipp+ ! />s employ$ v>i\s comb9ations ( se$s1 animals & g>m5ts1 9 ord] to repres5t ! v>i\s connections ( ! />s4 ,or else all ^! m+l+s 7 =bidd5 9 dete/ation ( ! unnatural vice4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 a figurative reason4 ,= ! prohibition3 ,?\ %alt n s[ ?y field ) diff]5t se$s1 is to be und]/ood1 9 ! spiritual s5se1 ( ! prohibition to s[ /range doctr9e 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* is a spiritual v9ey>d4 ,likewise ! field1 i4e4 ! ,*ur*1 mu/ n be s[n ) diff]5t se$s1 i4e4 ) ,ca?olic & h]etical doctr9es4 ,nei!r is x all[$ to pl\gh ) an ox & an ass toge!r2 ?us a fool %\ld n accompany a wise man 9 prea*+1 = "o w\ld h9d] ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #aj3 99,! ,reply to ! ,t5? ,objection is lack+ 9 ! codices4 ,! solution giv5 "h is f\nd 9 "s editions1 & 0 suppli$ by ,nicolai4 ,silv] & gold 7 reasonably =bidd5 7,deut4 #g7 n z ?\gh !y 7 n subject to ! p[] ( man1 b because1 l ! idols !mselves1 all mat]ials out ( :i* idols 7 made1 7 ana!matiz$ z hateful 9 ,god's sight4 ,?is is cle> f ! same *apt]1 :]e we read fur!r on 7,deut4 #g3bf73 ,nei!r %alt ?\ br+ any?+ ( ! idol into ?y h\se1 le/ ?\ become an ana!ma l x4 ,ano!r reason 0 le/1 by tak+ silv] & gold1 !y %\ld be l$ by av>ice into idolatry to :i* ! ,jews 7 incl9$4 ,! o!r precept 7,deut4 #bc7 ab\t cov]+ up excretions1 0 j & becom+1 bo? = ! sake ( bodily cleanl9ess2 & 9 ord] to keep ! air :olesome2 & by reason ( ! respect due to ! tab]nacle ( ! cov5ant :i* /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! camp1 :]e9 ! ,"l 0 said to dwell2 z is cle>ly set =? 9 ! same passage1 :]e aft] express+ ! comm&1 ! reason !re( is at once add$1 to wit3 ,= ! ,"l ?y ,god walke? 9 ! mid/ ( ?y camp1 to deliv] !e1 & to give up ?y enemies to !e1 & let ?y camp be holy 7i4e4 clean71 & let no uncleanness appe> !re94 ,! figurative reason = ?is precept1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi71 is t s9s :i* are ! fetid excretions ( ! m9d %\ld be cov]$ ov] by rep5tance1 t we may become acceptable to ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ca3a3 ,bless$ are !y ^: iniquities are =giv51 & ^: s9s are cov]$4 ,or else accord+ to a gloss1 t we %\ld recognize ! unhappy condition ( human nature1 & humbly cov] & purify ! /a9s ( a puff$-up & pr\d _s 9 ! deep furr[ ( self-exam9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #aa3 ,sorc]]s & idolatr\s prie/s made use1 9 _! rites1 ( ! bones & fle% ( dead m54 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to extirpate ! cu/oms ( idolatr\s wor%ip1 ! ,"l comm&$ t ! prie/s ( inf]ior degree1 :o at fix$ times s]v$ 9 ! temple1 %\ld n incur an uncleanness at ! dea? ( anyone except ( ^? :o 7 closely relat$ to !m1 viz4 _! fa!r or "m1 & o!rs ?us ne> ( k9 to !m4 ,b ! high-prie/ _h always to be ready = ! s]vice ( ! sanctu>y2 :]e=e he 0 absolutely =bidd5 to approa* ! dead1 h[ev] ne>ly relat$ to him4 ,!y 7 also =bidd5 to m>ry a h>lot or "o t has be5 put away1 or any o!r ?an a virg93 bo? on acc\nt ( ! rev]5ce due to ! prie/hood1 ! honor ( :i* w\ld seem to be t>ni%$ by su* a m>riage3 & = ! sake ( ! *ildr5 :o w\ld be disgrac$ by ! "m's %ame3 :i* 0 mo/ ( all to be avoid$ :5 ! prie/ly dignity 0 pass$ on f fa!r to son4 ,aga91 !y 7 comm&$ to %ave nei!r head nor be>d1 & n to make incisions 9 _! fle%1 9 ord] to exclude ! rites ( idolatry4 ,= ! prie/s ( ! ,g5tiles %av$ bo? head & be>d1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,b> #f3cj73 ,prie/s sit 9 _! temples hav+ _! g>m5ts r5t1 & _! heads & be>ds %av54 ,moreov]1 9 wor%ipp+ _! idols !y cut !mselves ) knives & lancets 7#c ,k+s #ah3bh74 ,= ?is reason ! prie/s ( ! ,old ,law 7 comm&$ to d ! contr>y4 ,! spiritual reason = ^! ?+s is t prie/s %\ld be entirely free f dead works1 i4e4 s9s4 ,& !y %\ld n %ave _! heads1 i4e4 set wisdom aside2 nor %\ld !y %ave _! be>ds1 i4e4 set aside ! p]fection ( wisdom2 nor r5d _! g>m5ts or cut _! fle%1 i4e4 !y %\ld n incur ! s9 ( s*ism4 ,,"q #ajc ,,( ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,c]emonial ,,precepts 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! duration ( ! c]emonial precepts3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! c]emonial precepts 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,law8 7#b7 ,:e!r at ! "t ( ! ,law ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law _h any p[] ( ju/ification8 7#c7 ,:e!r !y ceas$ at ! com+ ( ,*ri/8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s9 to obs]ve !m aft] ! com+ ( ,*ri/8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,c]emonies ( ! ,law ,7 9 ,exi/5ce ,be=e ! ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! c]emonies ( ! ,law 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,law4 ,= sacrifices & holocau/s 7 c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #d74 ,b sacrifices & holocau/s prec$$ ! ,law3 = x is writt5 7,g54 #d3c1 #d7 t ,ca9 (f]$1 ( ! fruits ( ! e>?1 gifts to ! ,"l1 & t ,abel (f]$ ( ! fir/l+s ( 8 flock1 & ( _! fat4 ,noe also (f]$ holocau/s to ! ,"l 7,g54 #ah3bj71 & ,abraham did 9 l mann] 7,g54 #bb3ac74 ,!re=e ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law prec$$ ! ,law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! erect+ & consecrat+ ( ! alt> 7 "p ( ! c]emonies relat+ to holy ?+s4 ,b ^! prec$$ ! ,law4 ,= we read 7,g54 #ac3ah7 t ,abraham 4 4 4 built 4 4 4 an alt> ! ,"l2 & 7,g54 #bh3ah7 t ,jacob 4 4 4 took ! /one 4 4 4 & set x up = a title1 p\r+ oil ^u ! top ( x4 ,!re=e ! legal c]emonies prec$$ ! ,law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ ( ! legal sacram5ts seems to h be5 circumcision4 ,b circumcision prec$$ ! ,law1 z appe>s f ,g54 #ag4 ,9 l mann] ! prie/hood prec$$ ! ,law2 = x is writt5 7,g54 #ad3ah7 t ,mel*is$e* 4 4 4 0 ! prie/ ( ! mo/ high ,god4 ,!re=e ! sacram5tal c]emonies prec$$ ! ,law4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! di/9ction ( clean f unclean animals belongs to ! c]emonies ( obs]vances1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajj1 #b1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a74 ,b ?is di/9ction prec$$ ! ,law2 = x is writt5 7,g54 #g3b1 #c73 ,( all clean bea/s take sev5 & sev5 4 4 4 b ( ! bea/s t are unclean1 two & two4 ,!re=e ! legal c]emonies prec$$ ! ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3a73 ,^! are ! precepts & c]emonies 4 4 4 :i* ! ,"l y\r ,god comm&$ t ,i %\ld tea* y4 ,b !y w\ld n h ne$$ to be taught ab\t ^! ?+s1 if ! a=esaid c]emonies _h be5 already 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re=e ! legal c]emonies did n prec$e ! ,law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #b71 ! legal c]emonies 7 orda9$ = a d\ble purpose2 ! wor%ip ( ,god1 & ! =e%ad[+ ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ :oev] wor%ips ,god mu/ ne$s wor%ip ,him by means ( c]ta9 fix$ ?+s p]ta9+ to ext]nal wor%ip4 ,b ! fix+ ( ! div9e wor%ip belongs to ! c]emonies2 j z ! det]m9+ ( our relations ) our neighbor is a matt] det]m9$ by ! judicial precepts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly1 z among m5 9 g5]al !re 7 c]ta9 judicial precepts1 n inde$ e/abli%$ by ,div9e au?ority1 b orda9$ by human reason2 s also !re 7 "s c]emonies fix$1 n by ! au?ority ( any law1 b accord+ to ! w & devotion ( ^? t wor%ip ,god4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ev5 be=e ! ,law "s ( ! lead+ m5 7 gift$ ) ! _s ( prophecy1 x is to be believ$ t a heav5ly in/9ct1 l a private law1 prompt$ !m to wor%ip ,god 9 a c]ta9 def9ite way1 :i* w\ld be bo? 9 keep+ ) ! int]ior wor%ip1 & a suitable tok5 ( ,*ri/'s my/]ies1 :i* 7 =e%ad[$ also by o!r ?+s t !y did1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #aj3aa3 ,all 4 4 4 ?+s happ5$ to !m 9 figure4 ,!re=e !re 7 "s c]emonies be=e ! ,law1 b !y 7 n legal c]emonies1 because !y 7 n z yet e/abli%$ by legislation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! patri>*s (f]$ up ^! oblations1 sacrifices & holocau/s previ\sly to ! ,law1 out ( a c]ta9 devotion ( _! own w1 accord+ z x seem$ prop] to !m to (f] up 9 honor ( ,god ^? ?+s :i* !y _h receiv$ f ,him1 & ?us to te/ify t !y wor%ipp$ ,god ,:o is ! beg9n+ & end ( all4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!y also e/abli%$ c]ta9 sacr$ ?+s1 because !y ?\ght t ! honor due to ,god dem&$ t c]ta9 places %\ld be set ap>t f o!rs = ! purpose ( div9e wor%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! sacram5t ( circumcision 0 e/abli%$ by comm& ( ,god be=e ! ,law4 ,h5ce x _c be call$ a sacram5t ( ! ,law z ?\gh x 7 an in/itution ( ! ,law1 b only z an obs]vance includ$ 9 ! ,law4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l said 7,john #g3bj7 t circumcision 0 n ( ,moses1 b ( 8 fa!rs4 ,aga91 among ^? :o wor%ipp$ ,god1 ! prie/hood 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,law by human appo9tm5t1 = ! ,law allott$ ! prie/ly dignity to ! fir/born4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! di/9ction ( clean f unclean animals 0 9 vogue be=e ! ,law1 n ) reg>d to eat+ !m1 s9ce x is writt5 7,g54 #i3c73 ,ev]y?+ t move? & live? %all be meat = y3 b only z to ! (f]+ ( sacrifices because !y us$ only c]ta9 animals = t purpose4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y did make any di/9ction 9 reg>d to eat+2 x 0 n t x 0 consid]$ illegal to eat su* animals1 s9ce ?is 0 n =bidd5 by any law1 b f dislike or cu/om3 ?us ev5 n[ we see t c]ta9 foods are look$ ^u ) disgu/ 9 "s c\ntries1 :ile p p>take ( !m 9 o!rs4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r1 at ! ,"t ( ! ,law1 ! ,c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law ,_h ,any ,p[] ( ,ju/ification8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law _h ! p[] ( ju/ification at ! "t ( ! ,law4 ,because expiation f s9 & consecration p]ta9s to ju/ification4 ,b x is writt5 7,ex4 #ci3ba7 t ! prie/s & _! app>el 7 consecrat$ by ! spr9kl+ ( blood & ! ano9t+ ( oil2 & 7,lev4 #af3af7 t1 by spr9kl+ ! blood ( ! calf1 ! prie/ expiat$ ! sanctu>y f ! uncleanness ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & f _! transgressions & 4 4 4 _! s9s4 ,!re=e ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law _h ! p[] ( ju/ification4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t by :i* man pleases ,god p]ta9s to ju/ification1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aj3h3 ,! ,"l is j & ha? lov$ ju/ice4 ,b "s pleas$ ,god by means ( c]emonies1 accord+ to ,lev4 #aj3ai3 ,h[ c\ld ,i 4 4 4 please ! ,"l 9 ! c]emonies1 hav+ a sorr[ful he>t8 ,!re=e ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law _h ! p[] ( ju/ification4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s relat+ to ! div9e wor%ip reg>d ! s\l r ?an ! body1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ah3h3 ,! ,law ( ! ,"l is unspott$1 conv]t+ s\ls4 ,b ! lep] 0 cleans$ by means ( ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law1 z /at$ 9 ,lev4 #ad4 ,mu* m !re=e c\ld ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law cleanse ! s\l by ju/ify+ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #b7 99,! fir/ words ( ! quotation are f #c3ba3 ,/4 ,?omas probably quot+ f memory1 sub/itut$ !m = #b3ba1 :i* runs ?us3 ',if ju/ice be by ! ,law1 !n ,*ri/ di$ 9 va94'3 ,if !re _h be5 a law giv5 :i* c\ld ju/ify ,vulg43 'give life'1 ,*ri/ di$ 9 va91 i4e4 )\t cause4 ,b ?is is inadmissible4 ,!re=e ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law did n conf] ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d71 a tw(old uncleanness 0 di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,"o 0 spiritual & is ! uncleanness ( s94 ,! o!r 0 corporal1 :i* r5d]$ a man unfit = div9e wor%ip2 ?us a lep]1 or anyone t t\*$ c>rion1 0 said to be unclean3 & ?us uncleanness 0 no?+ b a k9d ( irregul>ity4 ,f ?is uncleanness1 !n1 ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law _h ! p[] to cleanse3 because !y 7 ord]$ by ! ,law to be employ$ z rem$ies = ! removal ( ! a=esaid uncleannesses :i* 7 contract$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! prescription ( ! ,law4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #i3ac7 t ! blood ( goats & ( ox51 & ! a%es ( a heif]1 be+ spr9kl$1 sanctify su* z are defil$1 to ! cleans+ ( ! fle%4 ,& j z ?is uncleanness :i* 0 wa%$ away by su* l c]emonies1 affect$ ! fle% r ?an ! s\l1 s also ! c]emonies !mselves are call$ by ! ,apo/le %ortly be=e 7,heb4 #i3aj7 ju/ices ( ! fle%3 ju/ices ( ! fle%1 says he1 be+ laid on !m until ! "t ( correction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y _h no p[] ( cleans+ f uncleanness ( ! s\l1 i4e4 f ! uncleanness ( s94 ,! reason ( ?is 0 t at no "t c\ld !re be expiation f s91 except ?r\gh ,*ri/1 ,:o take? away ! s9s ,vulg43 's9' ( ! _w 7,john #a3bi74 ,& s9ce ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation & ,passion _h n yet really tak5 place1 ^? c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law c\ld n really conta9 9 !mselves a p[] fl[+ f ,*ri/ already inc>nate & crucifi$1 su* z ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law conta94 ,consequ5tly !y c\ld n cleanse f s93 ?us ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aj3d7 t x is impossible t ) ! blood ( ox5 & goats s9 %\ld be tak5 away2 & = ?is reason he calls !m 7,gal4 #d3i7 weak & ne$y elem5ts3 weak inde$1 because !y _c take away s92 b ?is weakness results f _! be+ ne$y1 i4e4 f ! fact t !y d n conta9 grace )9 !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 possible at ! "t ( ! ,law1 = ! m9ds ( ! fai?ful1 to be unit$ by fai? to ,*ri/ inc>nate & crucifi$2 s t !y 7 ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/3 ( :i* fai? ! obs]vance ( ^! c]emonies 0 a sort ( pr(ession1 inasmu* z !y =e%ad[$ ,*ri/4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,old ,law c]ta9 sacrifices 7 (f]$ up = s9s1 n z ?\gh ! sacrifices !mselves wa%$ s9s away1 b because !y 7 pr(essions ( fai? :i* cleans$ f s94 ,9 fact1 ! ,law itself implies ?is 9 ! t]ms employ$3 = x is writt5 7,lev4 #d3bf2 #e3af7 t 9 (f]+ ! sacrifice = s9 ! prie/ %all pray = him 4 4 4 & x %all be =giv5 him1 z ?\gh ! s9 7 =giv51 n 9 virtue ( ! sacrifices1 b ?r\gh ! fai? & devotion ( ^? :o (f]$ !m4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! v fact t ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law wa%$ away uncleanness ( ! body1 0 a figure ( t expiation f s9s :i* 0 effect$ by ,*ri/4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t "u ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law ! c]emonies _h no p[] ( ju/ification4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t sanctification ( prie/s & _! sons1 & ( _! app>el or ( any?+ else belong+ to !m1 by spr9kl+ !m ) blood1 _h no o!r effect b to appo9t !m to ! div9e wor%ip1 & to remove imp$im5ts f !m1 to ! cleans+ ( ! fle%1 z ! ,apo/le /ates 7,heb4 #i3ac7 9 tok5 ( t sanctification :]eby ,jesus sanctifi$ ! p by ,8 own blood 7,heb4 #ac3ab74 ,moreov]1 ! expiation mu/ be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! removal ( ^! bodily uncleannesses1 n to ! =giv5ess ( s94 ,h5ce ev5 ! sanctu>y :i* c\ld n be ! subject ( s9 is /at$ to be expiat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prie/s pleas$ ,god 9 ! c]emonies by _! ob$i5ce & devotion1 & by _! fai? 9 ! reality =e%ad[$2 n by reason ( ! ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? c]emonies :i* 7 prescrib$ 9 ! cleans+ ( a lep]1 7 n orda9$ = ! purpose ( tak+ away ! defilem5t ( leprosy4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t ^! c]emonies 7 n appli$ to a man until he 0 already heal$3 h5ce x is writt5 7,lev4 #ad3c1 #d7 t ! prie/1 go+ out ( ! camp1 :5 he %all f9d t ! leprosy is cleans$1 %all comm& him t is to be purifi$ to (f]1 etc42 :5ce x is evid5t t ! prie/ 0 appo9t$ ! judge ( leprosy1 n be=e1 b aft] cleans+4 ,b ^! c]emonies 7 employ$ = ! purpose ( tak+ away ! uncleanness ( irregul>ity4 ,!y d say1 h[ev]1 t if a prie/ 7 to err 9 8 judgm5t1 ! lep] w\ld be cleans$ miracul\sly by ! p[] ( ,god1 b n 9 virtue ( ! sacrifice4 ,?us also x 0 by miracle t ! ?igh ( ! adult]\s woman rott$1 :5 %e _h drunk ! wat] on :i* ! prie/ _h heap$ curses1 z /at$ 9 ,num4 #e3ai-bg4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law ,ceas$ at ! ,com+ ( ,*ri/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law did n cease at ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,= x is writt5 7,b>4 #d3a73 ,?is is ! book ( ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & ! law t is = ev]4 ,b ! legal c]emonies 7 "p ( ! ,law4 ,!re=e ! legal c]emonies 7 to la/ = ev]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! (f]+ made by a lep] aft] be+ cleans$ 0 a c]emony ( ! ,law4 ,b ! ,gospel comm&s ! lep]1 :o has be5 cleans$1 to make ?is (f]+ 7,matt4 #h3d74 ,!re=e ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law did n cease at ,*ri/'s com+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z long z ! cause rema9s1 ! effect rema9s4 ,b ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law _h c]ta9 reasonable causes1 inasmu* z !y 7 orda9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 besides ! fact t !y 7 int5d$ to be figures ( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law %\ld n h ceas$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 circumcision 0 in/itut$ z a sign ( ,abraham's fai?3 ! obs]vance ( ! sabba?1 to recall ! bless+ ( creation3 & o!r solemnities1 9 memory ( o!r ,div9e favors1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #d1 ad #aj2 ,a4 #e1 ad #a74 ,b ,abraham's fai? is ev] to be imitat$ ev5 by u3 & ! bless+ ( creation & o!r ,div9e favors %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,!re=e at lea/ circumcision & ! o!r legal solemnities %\ld n h ceas$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #b3af1 #ag73 ,let no man 4 4 4 judge y 9 meat or 9 dr9k1 or 9 respect ( a fe/ival day1 or ( ! new moon1 or ( ! sabba?s1 :i* are a %ad[ ( ?+s to come3 & 7,heb4 #h3ac73 ,9 say+ a new 7te/am5t71 he ha? made ! =m] old3 & t :i* decaye? & gr[e? old1 is ne> its end4 ,i answ] t1 ,all ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,old ,law 7 orda9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,n[ ext]nal wor%ip %\ld be 9 proportion to ! int]nal wor%ip1 :i* consi/s 9 fai?1 hope & *>ity4 ,consequ5tly ext]ior wor%ip _h to be subject to v>iations accord+ to ! v>iations 9 ! int]nal wor%ip1 9 :i* a ?reefold /ate may be di/+ui%$4 ,"o /ate 0 9 respect ( fai? & hope1 bo? 9 heav5ly goods1 & 9 ! means ( obta9+ !m--9 bo? ( ^! consid]$ z ?+s to come4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( fai? & hope 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,ano!r /ate ( int]ior wor%ip is t 9 :i* we h fai? & hope 9 heav5ly goods z ?+s to come2 b 9 ! means ( obta9+ heav5ly goods1 z 9 ?+s pres5t or pa/4 ,su* is ! /ate ( ! ,new ,law4 ,! ?ird /ate is t 9 :i* bo? are possess$ z pres5t2 :]e9 no?+ is believ$ 9 z lack+1 no?+ hop$ = z be+ yet to come4 ,su* is ! /ate ( ! ,bless$4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! ,bless$1 !n1 no?+ 9 reg>d to wor%ip ( ,god w be figurative2 !re w be naught b ?anksgiv+ & voice ( praise 7,isa4 #ea3c74 ,h5ce x is writt5 conc]n+ ! city ( ! ,bless$ 7,apoc4 #ba3bb73 ,i saw no temple !re93 = ! ,"l ,god ,almighty is ! temple !re(1 & ! ,lamb4 ,proportionately1 !re=e1 ! c]emonies ( ! fir/-m5tion$ /ate :i* =e%ad[$ ! second & ?ird /ates1 _h ne$ to cease at ! adv5t ( ! second /ate2 & o!r c]emonies _h to be introduc$ :i* w\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! /ate ( div9e wor%ip = t p>ticul> "t1 :]e9 heav5ly goods are a ?+ ( ! future1 b ! ,div9e favors :]eby we obta9 ! heav5ly boons are a ?+ ( ! pres5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,old ,law is said to be = ev] simply & absolutely1 z reg>ds its moral precepts2 b z reg>ds ! c]emonial precepts x la/s = ev5 9 respect ( ! reality :i* ^? c]emonies =e%ad[$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! my/]y ( ! r$emption ( ! human race 0 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/'s ,passion3 h5ce ,our ,"l said !n3 ,x is consummat$ 7,john #ai3cj74 ,consequ5tly ! prescriptions ( ! ,law mu/ h ceas$ !n altoge!r ?r\gh _! reality be+ fulfill$4 ,z a sign ( ?is1 we read t at ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ ! veil ( ! temple 0 r5t 7,matt4 #bg3ea74 ,h5ce1 be=e ,*ri/'s ,passion1 :ile ,*ri/ 0 prea*+ & work+ miracles1 ! ,law & ! ,gospel 7 concurr5t1 s9ce ! my/]y ( ,*ri/ _h already begun1 b 0 n z yet consummat$4 ,& = ?is reason ,our ,"l1 be=e ,8 ,passion1 comm&$ ! lep] to obs]ve ! legal c]emonies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! lit]al reasons already giv5 7,q4 #ajb7 = ! c]emonies ref] to ! div9e wor%ip1 :i* 0 f\nd$ on fai? 9 t :i* 0 to come4 ,h5ce1 at ! adv5t ( ,him ,:o 0 to come1 bo? t wor%ip ceas$1 & all ! reasons ref]r+ !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! fai? ( ,abraham 0 comm5d$ 9 t he believ$ 9 ,god's promise conc]n+ 8 se$ to come1 9 :i* all nations 7 to bless$4 ,:]e=e1 z long z ?is se$ 0 yet to come1 x 0 necess>y to make pr(ession ( ,abraham's fai? by means ( circumcision4 ,b n[ t x is consummat$1 ! same ?+ ne$s to be decl>$ by means ( ano!r sign1 viz4 ,baptism1 :i*1 9 ?is respect1 took ! place ( circumcision1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7,col4 #b3aa1 #ab73 ,y are circumcis$ ) circumcision n made by h&1 9 despoil+ ( ! body ( ! fle%1 b 9 ! circumcision ( ,*ri/1 buri$ ) ,him 9 ,baptism4 ,z to ! sabba?1 :i* 0 a sign recall+ ! fir/ creation1 its place is tak5 by ! ,"l's ,day1 :i* recalls ! beg9n+ ( ! new creature 9 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,9 l mann] o!r solemnities ( ! ,old ,law are supplant$ by new solemnities3 because ! bless+s v\*saf$ to t p1 =e%ad[$ ! favors grant$ u by ,*ri/4 ,h5ce ! fea/ ( ! ,passov] gave place to ! fea/ ( ,*ri/'s ,passion & ,resurrection3 ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/ :5 ! ,old ,law 0 giv51 to ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/ on :i* 0 giv5 ! ,law ( ! liv+ _s3 ! fea/ ( ! ,new ,moon1 to ,lady ,day1 :5 appe>$ ! fir/ rays ( ! sun1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 by ! fulness ( grace3 ! fea/ ( ,trumpets1 to ! fea/s ( ! ,apo/les3 ! fea/ ( ,expiation1 to ! fea/s ( ,m>tyrs & ,confessors3 ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 to ! fea/ ( ! ,*ur* ,d$ication3 ! fea/ ( ! ,assembly & ,collection1 to fea/ ( ! ,angels1 or else to ! fea/ ( ,all ,hall[s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,s9ce ,*ri/'s ,passion ! ,legal ,c]emonies ,c ,be ,obs]v$ ,)\t ,committ+ ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9ce ,*ri/'s ,passion ! legal c]emonies c be obs]v$ )\t committ+ mortal s94 ,= we mu/ n believe t ! apo/les committ$ mortal s9 aft] receiv+ ! ,holy ,gho/3 s9ce by ,8 fulness !y 7 endu$ ) p[] f on high 7,luke #bd3di74 ,b ! apo/les obs]v$ ! legal c]emonies aft] ! com+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 = x is /at$ 7,acts #af3c7 t ,paul circumcis$ ,timo?y3 & 7,acts #ba3bf7 t ,paul1 at ! advice ( ,james1 took ! m51 & 4 4 4 be+ purifi$ ) !m1 ent]$ into ! temple1 giv+ notice ( ! accompli%m5t ( ! days ( purification1 until an oblation %\ld be (f]$ = e "o ( !m4 ,!re=e ! legal c]emonies c be obs]v$ s9ce ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ )\t mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o ( ! legal c]emonies consi/$ 9 %unn+ ! fell[%ip ( ,g5tiles4 ,b ! fir/ ,pa/or ( ! ,*ur* compli$ ) ?is obs]vance2 = x is /at$ 7,gal4 #b3ab7 t1 :5 c]ta9 m5 _h come to ,antio*1 ,pet] )drew & sep>at$ himself f ! ,g5tiles4 ,!re=e ! legal c]emonies c be obs]v$ s9ce ,*ri/'s ,passion )\t committ+ mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! comm&s ( ! apo/les did n lead m5 into s94 ,b x 0 comm&$ by apo/olic decree t ! ,g5tiles %\ld obs]ve c]ta9 c]emonies ( ! ,law3 = x is writt5 7,acts #ae3bh1 #bi73 ,x ha? seem$ good to ! ,holy ,gho/ & to u1 to lay no fur!r burd5 ^u y ?an ^! necess>y ?+s3 t y ab/a9 f ?+s sacrific$ to idols1 & f blood1 & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f =nication4 ,!re=e ! legal c]emonies c be obs]v$ s9ce ,*ri/'s ,passion )\t committ+ mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3b73 ,if y be circumcis$1 ,*ri/ %all pr(it y no?+4 ,b no?+ save mortal s9 h9d]s u f receiv+ ,*ri/'s fruit4 ,!re=e s9ce ,*ri/'s ,passion x is a mortal s9 to be circumcis$1 or to obs]ve ! o!r legal c]emonies4 ,i answ] t1 ,all c]emonies are pr(essions ( fai?1 9 :i* ! int]ior wor%ip ( ,god consi/s4 ,n[ man c make pr(ession ( 8 inw>d fai?1 by de$s z well z by words3 & 9 ei!r pr(ession1 if he make a false decl>ation1 he s9s mortally4 ,n[1 ?\gh our fai? 9 ,*ri/ is ! same z t ( ! fa!rs ( old2 yet1 s9ce !y came be=e ,*ri/1 :]eas we come aft] ,him1 ! same fai? is express$ 9 diff]5t words1 by u & by !m4 ,= by !m 0 x said3 ,behold a virg9 %all conceive & be> a son1 :]e ! v]bs are 9 ! future t5se3 :]eas we express ! same by means ( v]bs 9 ! pa/ t5se1 & say t %e conceiv$ & bore4 ,9 l mann] ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law betok5$ ,*ri/ z hav+ yet to be born & to suff]3 :]eas our sacram5ts signify ,him z already born & hav+ suff]$4 ,consequ5tly1 j z x w\ld be a mortal s9 n[ = anyone1 9 mak+ a pr(ession ( fai?1 to say t ,*ri/ is yet to be born1 :i* ! fa!rs ( old said dev\tly & tru?fully2 s too x w\ld be a mortal s9 n[ to obs]ve ^? c]emonies :i* ! fa!rs ( old fulfill$ ) devotion & fidelity4 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xix1 #af71 :o says3 ,x is no long] promis$ t ,he %all be born1 %all suff] & rise aga91 tru?s ( :i* _! sacram5ts 7 a k9d ( image3 b x is decl>$ t ,he is already born1 has suff]$ & ris5 aga92 ( :i* our sacram5ts1 9 :i* ,*ri/ians %>e1 are ! actual repres5tation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,on ?is po9t !re seems to h be5 a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,j]ome & ,augu/9e4 ,= ,j]ome 7,sup] ,galat4 ii1 #aa1 seqq47 di/+ui%$ two p]iods ( "t4 ,"o 0 ! "t previ\s to ,*ri/'s ,passion1 dur+ :i* ! legal c]emonies 7 nei!r dead1 s9ce !y 7 obligatory1 & did expiate 9 _! own fa%ion2 nor deadly1 because x 0 n s9ful to obs]ve !m4 ,b imm$iately aft] ,*ri/'s ,passion !y began to be n only dead1 s z no long] to be ei!r effectual or b9d+2 b also deadly1 s t :oev] obs]v$ !m 0 guilty ( mortal s94 ,h5ce he ma9ta9$ t aft] ! ,passion ! apo/les nev] obs]v$ ! legal c]emonies 9 real e>ne/2 b only by a k9d ( pi\s pret5se1 le/1 to wit1 !y %\ld sc&alize ! ,jews & h9d] _! conv]sion4 ,?is pret5se1 h[ev]1 is to be und]/ood1 n z ?\gh !y did n 9 reality p]=m ^? actions1 b 9 ! s5se t !y p]=m$ !m )\t ! m9d to obs]ve ! c]emonies ( ! ,law3 ?us a man might cut away 8 =esk9 = heal?'s sake1 n ) ! int5tion ( obs]v+ legal circumcision4 ,b s9ce x seems unbecom+ t ! apo/les1 9 ord] to avoid sc&al1 %\ld h hidd5 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! tru? ( life & doctr9e1 & t !y %\ld h made use ( pret5se1 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! salvation ( ! fai?ful2 !re=e ,augu/9e 7,epi/4 lxxxii7 m fitt+ly di/+ui%$ ?ree p]iods ( "t4 ,"o 0 ! "t t prec$$ ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 dur+ :i* ! legal c]emonies 7 nei!r deadly nor dead3 ano!r p]iod 0 aft] ! publication ( ! ,gospel1 dur+ :i* ! legal c]emonies are bo? dead & deadly4 ,! ?ird is a middle p]iod1 viz4 f ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ until ! publication ( ! ,gospel1 dur+ :i* ! legal c]emonies 7 dead inde$1 because !y _h nei!r effect nor b9d+ =ce2 b 7 n deadly1 because x 0 lawful = ! ,jewi% conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity to obs]ve !m1 provid$ !y did n put _! tru/ 9 !m s z to hold !m to be necess>y unto salvation1 z ?\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ c\ld n ju/ify )\t ! legal obs]vances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 no reason :y ^? :o 7 conv]t$ f hea!ndom to ,*ri/ianity %\ld obs]ve !m4 ,h5ce ,paul circumcis$ ,timo?y1 :o 0 born ( a ,jewi% "m2 b 0 unwill+ to circumcise ,titus1 :o 0 ( hea!n nationality4 ,! reason :y ! ,holy ,gho/ did n wi% ! conv]t$ ,jews to be deb>r$ at once f obs]v+ ! legal c]emonies1 :ile conv]t$ hea!ns 7 =bidd5 to obs]ve ! rites ( hea!ndom1 0 9 ord] to %[ t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! rites4 ,= hea!ni% c]emonial 0 reject$ z absolutely unlawful1 & z prohibit$ by ,god = all "t2 :]eas ! legal c]emonial ceas$ z be+ fulfill$ ?r\gh ,*ri/'s ,passion1 be+ in/itut$ by ,god z a figure ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ,j]ome1 ,pet] )drew himself f ! ,g5tiles by pret5se1 9 ord] to avoid giv+ sc&al to ! ,jews1 ( :om he 0 ! ,apo/le4 ,h5ce he did n s9 at all 9 act+ ?us4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,paul 9 l mann] made a pret5se ( blam+ him1 9 ord] to avoid sc&aliz+ ! ,g5tiles1 ^: ,apo/le he 04 ,b ,augu/9e disapproves ( ?is solution3 because 9 ! canonical ,scripture 7viz4 ,gal4 #b3aa71 :]e9 we mu/ n hold any?+ to be false1 ,paul says t ,pet] 0 to be blam$4 ,consequ5tly x is true t ,pet] 0 at fault3 & ,paul blam$ him 9 v tru? & n ) pret5se4 ,pet]1 h[ev]1 did n s91 by obs]v+ ! legal c]emonial = ! "t be+2 because ?is 0 lawful = him :o 0 a conv]t$ ,jew4 ,b he did s9 by excessive m9ut5ess 9 ! obs]vance ( ! legal rites le/ he %\ld sc&alize ! ,jews1 ! result be+ t he gave sc&al to ! ,g5tiles4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s h held t ?is prohibition ( ! apo/les is n to be tak5 lit]ally1 b spiritually3 namely1 t ! prohibition ( blood signifies ! prohibition ( murd]2 ! prohibition ( ?+s /rangl$1 t ( viol5ce & rap9e2 ! prohibition ( ?+s (f]$ to idols1 t ( idolatry2 :ile =nication is =bidd5 z be+ evil 9 itself3 :i* op9ion !y ga!r$ f c]ta9 glosses1 :i* exp\nd ^! prohibitions 9 a my/ical s5se4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 murd] & rap9e 7 held to be unlawful ev5 by ! ,g5tiles1 !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ to give ?is special comm&m5t to ^? :o 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ f hea!ndom4 ,h5ce o!rs ma9ta9 t ^? foods 7 =bidd5 lit]ally1 n to prev5t ! obs]vance ( legal c]emonies1 b 9 ord] to prev5t gluttony4 ,?us ,j]ome says on ,eze*4 #dd3ca 7,! prie/ %all n eat ( any?+ t is dead73 ,he condemns ^? prie/s :o f gluttony did n keep ^! precepts4 ,b s9ce c]ta9 foods are m delicate ?an ^! & m conducive to gluttony1 !re seems no reason :y ^! %\ld h be5 =bidd5 m ?an ! o!rs4 ,we mu/ !re=e foll[ ! ?ird op9ion1 & hold t ^! foods 7 =bidd5 lit]ally1 n ) ! purpose ( en=c+ compliance ) ! legal c]emonies1 b 9 ord] to fur!r ! union ( ,g5tiles & ,jews liv+ side by side4 ,because blood & ?+s /rangl$ 7 loa?some to ! ,jews by anci5t cu/om2 :ile ! ,jews might h suspect$ ! ,g5tiles ( relapse into idolatry if ! latt] _h p>tak5 ( ?+s (f]$ to idols4 ,h5ce ^! ?+s 7 prohibit$ = ! "t be+1 dur+ :i* ! ,g5tiles & ,jews 7 to become unit$ toge!r4 ,b z "t w5t on1 ) ! lapse ( ! cause1 ! effect laps$ also1 :5 ! tru? ( ! ,gospel tea*+ 0 divulg$1 :]e9 ,our ,"l taught t n t :i* ent]e? into ! m\? defile? a man 7,matt4 #ae3aa72 & t no?+ is to be reject$ t is receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+ 7#a ,tim4 #d3d74 ,) reg>d to =nication a special prohibition 0 made1 because ! ,g5tiles did n hold x to be s9ful4 ,,"q #ajd ,,( ,,! ,,judicial ,,precepts 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! judicial precepts3 & fir/ ( all we %all consid] !m 9 g5]al2 9 ! second place we %all consid] _! reasons4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is meant by ! judicial precepts8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y are figurative8 7#c7 ,_! duration2 7#d7 ,_! division4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,judicial ,precepts ,7 ,^? ,:i* ,direct$ ,man 9 ,relation to ,8 ,neighbor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! judicial precepts 7 n ^? :i* direct$ man 9 8 relations to 8 neighbor4 ,= judicial precepts take _! "n f judgm5t4 ,b !re are _m ?+s t direct man z to 8 neighbor1 :i* are n subord9ate to judgm5t4 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts 7 n ^? :i* direct$ man 9 8 relations to 8 neighbor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! judicial precepts are di/9ct f ! moral precepts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d74 ,b !re are _m moral precepts :i* direct man z to 8 neighbor3 z is evid5tly ! case ) ! sev5 precepts ( ! second table4 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts are n s call$ f direct+ man z to 8 neighbor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! c]emonial precepts relate to ,god1 s d ! judicial precepts relate to "o's neighbor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #a74 ,b among ! c]emonial precepts !re are "s :i* conc]n man himself1 su* z obs]vances 9 matt] ( food & app>el1 ( :i* we h already spok5 7,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a1 #f74 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts are n s call$ f direct+ man z to 8 neighbor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ 7,eze*4 #ah3h7 among o!r works ( a good & j man1 t he ha? execut$ true judgm5t betwe5 man & man4 ,b judicial precepts are s call$ f judgm5t4 ,!re=e x seems t ! judicial precepts 7 ^? :i* direct$ ! relations betwe5 man & man4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is evid5t f :at we h /at$ above 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d71 9 e law1 "s precepts d]ive _! b9d+ =ce f ! dictate ( reason itself1 because natural reason dictates t some?+ ought to be done or to be avoid$4 ,^! are call$ moral precepts3 s9ce human morals are bas$ on reason4 ,at ! same "t !re are o!r precepts :i* d]ive _! b9d+ =ce1 n f ! v dictate ( reason 7because1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 !y d n imply an obligation ( some?+ due or undue72 b f "s in/itution1 ,div9e or human3 & su* are c]ta9 det]m9ations ( ! moral precepts4 ,:5 !re=e ! moral precepts are fix$ by ,div9e in/itution 9 matt]s relat+ to man's subord9ation to ,god1 !y are call$ c]emonial precepts3 b :5 !y ref] to man's relations to o!r m51 !y are call$ judicial precepts4 ,h5ce !re are two conditions atta*$ to ! judicial precepts3 viz4 fir/1 t !y ref] to man's relations to o!r m52 secondly1 t !y d]ive _! b9d+ =ce n f reason alone1 b 9 virtue ( _! in/itution4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,judgm5ts emanate ?r\gh ! (ficial pron\ncem5t ( c]ta9 m5 :o are at ! head ( affairs1 & 9 :om ! judicial p[] is ve/$4 ,n[ x belongs to ^? :o are at ! head ( affairs to regulate n only litigi\s matt]s1 b also volunt>y contracts :i* are conclud$ betwe5 man & man1 & :atev] matt]s conc]n ! community at l>ge & ! gov]nm5t !re(4 ,consequ5tly ! judicial precepts are n only ^? :i* conc]n actions at law2 b also all ^? t are direct$ to ! ord]+ ( "o man 9 relation to ano!r1 :i* ord]+ is subject to ! direction ( ! sov]eign z supreme judge4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t holds 9 respect ( ^? precepts :i* direct man 9 8 relations to 8 neighbor1 & d]ive _! b9d+ =ce f ! m]e dictate ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 ^? precepts :i* direct u to ,god1 "s are moral precepts1 :i* ! reason itself dictates :5 x is quick5$ by fai?2 su* z t ,god is to be lov$ & wor%ipp$4 ,!re are also c]emonial precepts1 :i* h no b9d+ =ce except 9 virtue ( _! ,div9e in/itution4 ,n[ ,god is conc]n$ n only ) ! sacrifices t are (f]$ to ,him1 b also ) :atev] relates to ! fitness ( ^? :o (f] sacrifices to ,him & wor%ip ,him4 ,because m5 are orda9$ to ,god z to _! end2 :]e=e x conc]ns ,god &1 consequ5tly1 is a matt] ( c]emonial precept1 t man %\ld %[ "s fitness = ! div9e wor%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man is n orda9$ to 8 neighbor z to 8 end1 s z to ne$ to be dispos$ 9 himself ) reg>d to 8 neighbor1 = su* is ! relation%ip ( a slave to 8 ma/]1 s9ce a slave is 8 ma/]'s 9 all t he is1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #b74 ,h5ce !re are no judicial precepts orda9+ man 9 himself2 all su* precepts are moral3 because ! reason1 :i* is ! pr9ciple 9 moral matt]s1 holds ! same position1 9 man1 ) reg>d to ?+s t conc]n him1 z a pr9ce or judge holds 9 ! /ate4 ,nev]!less we mu/ take note t1 s9ce ! relations ( man to 8 neighbor are m subject to reason ?an ! relations ( man to ,god1 !re are m precepts :]eby man is direct$ 9 8 relations to 8 neighbor1 ?an :]eby he is direct$ to ,god4 ,= ! same reason !re _h to be m c]emonial ?an judicial precepts 9 ! ,law4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,judicial ,precepts ,7 ,figurative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! judicial precepts 7 n figurative4 ,because x seems prop] to ! c]emonial precepts to be in/itut$ z figures ( some?+ else4 ,!re=e1 if ! judicial precepts are figurative1 !re w be no diff]5ce betwe5 ! judicial & c]emonial precepts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z c]ta9 judicial precepts 7 giv5 to ! ,jewi% p1 s also 7 "s giv5 to o!r hea!n peoples4 ,b ! judicial precepts giv5 to o!r peoples 7 n figurative1 b /at$ :at _h to be done4 ,!re=e x seems t nei!r 7 ! judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law figures ( any?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* relate to ! div9e wor%ip _h to be taught "u c]ta9 figures1 because ! ?+s ( ,god are above our reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,b ?+s conc]n+ our neighbor are n above our reason4 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts :i* direct u 9 relation to our neighbor %\ld n h be5 figurative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! judicial precepts are exp\nd$ bo? 9 ! allegorical & 9 ! moral s5se 7,ex4 #ba74 ,i answ] t1 ,a precept may be figurative 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 prim>ily & 9 itself3 because1 to wit1 x is in/itut$ pr9cipally t x may be ! figure ( some?+4 ,9 ?is way ! c]emonial precepts are figurative2 s9ce !y 7 in/itut$ = ! v purpose t !y might =e%ad[ some?+ relat+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god & ! my/]y ( ,*ri/4 ,b "s precepts are figurative1 n prim>ily & 9 !mselves1 b consequ5tly4 ,9 ?is way ! judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law are figurative4 ,= !y 7 n in/itut$ = ! purpose ( be+ figurative1 b 9 ord] t !y might regulate ! /ate ( t p accord+ to ju/ice & equity4 ,nev]!less !y did =e%ad[ some?+ consequ5tly3 s9ce1 to wit1 ! entire /ate ( t p1 :o 7 direct$ by ^! precepts1 0 figurative1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #aj3aa3 ,all 4 4 4 ?+s happ5$ to !m 9 figure4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! c]emonial precepts are n figurative 9 ! same way z ! judicial precepts1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,jewi% p 7 *os5 by ,god t ,*ri/ might be born ( !m4 ,consequ5tly ! entire /ate ( t p _h to be prophetic & figurative1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bd74 ,= ?is reason ev5 ! judicial precepts t 7 giv5 to ?is p 7 m figurative t ^? :i* 7 giv5 to o!r nations4 ,?us1 too1 ! w>s & de$s ( ?is p are exp\nd$ 9 ! my/ical s5se3 b n ! w>s & de$s ( ! ,assyrians or ,romans1 al?\gh ! latt] are m fam\s 9 ! eyes ( m54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ?is p ! direction ( man 9 reg>d to 8 neighbor1 consid]$ 9 itself1 0 subject to reason4 ,b 9 s f> z x 0 ref]r$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 x 0 above reason3 & 9 ?is respect x 0 figurative4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,judicial ,precepts ( ! ,old ,law ,b9d = ,ev]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law b9d = ev]4 ,because ! judicial precepts relate to ! virtue ( ju/ice3 s9ce a judgm5t is an execution ( ! virtue ( ju/ice4 ,n[ ju/ice is p]petual & immortal 7,wis4 #a3ae74 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts b9d = ev]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,div9e in/itutions are m endur+ ?an human in/itutions4 ,b ! judicial precepts ( human laws b9d = ev]4 ,!re=e mu* m d ! judicial precepts ( ! ,div9e ,law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #g3ah7 t !re is a sett+ aside ( ! =m] comm&m5t1 because ( ! weakness & unpr(itabl5ess !re(4 ,n[ ?is is true ( ! c]emonial precept1 :i* c\ld ,vulg43 'c' n1 z to ! consci5ce1 make him p]fect t s]ve? only 9 meats & 9 dr9ks1 & div]s wa%+s & ju/ices ( ! fle%1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,heb4 #i3i1 #aj74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! judicial precepts 7 useful & efficaci\s 9 respect ( ! purpose = :i* !y 7 in/itut$1 viz4 to e/abli% ju/ice & equity among m54 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law are n set aside1 b /ill reta9 _! efficacy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #g3ab7 t ! prie/hood be+ translat$ x is necess>y t a translation also be made ( ! ,law4 ,b ! prie/hood 0 transf]r$ f ,a>on to ,*ri/4 ,!re=e ! entire ,law 0 also transf]r$4 ,!re=e ! judicial precepts are no long] 9 =ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,! judicial precepts did n b9d = ev]1 b 7 annull$ by ! com+ ( ,*ri/3 yet n 9 ! same way z ! c]emonial precepts4 ,= ! c]emonial precepts 7 annull$ s f> z to be n only dead1 b also deadly to ^? :o obs]ve !m s9ce ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 especially s9ce ! promulgation ( ! ,gospel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! judicial precepts are dead inde$1 because !y h no b9d+ =ce3 b !y are n deadly4 ,= if a sov]eign 7 to ord] ^! judicial precepts to be obs]v$ 9 8 k+dom1 he w\ld n s93 unless p]*ance !y 7 obs]v$1 or ord]$ to be obs]v$1 z ?\gh !y d]iv$ _! b9d+ =ce ?r\gh be+ in/itutions ( ! ,old ,law3 = x w\ld be a deadly s9 to int5d to obs]ve !m ?us4 ,! reason = ?is diff]5ce may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #b74 ,= x has be5 /at$ t ! c]emonial precepts are figurative prim>ily & 9 !mselves1 z be+ in/itut$ *iefly = ! purpose ( =e%ad[+ ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ to come4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! judicial precepts 7 n in/itut$ t !y might be figures1 b t !y might %ape ! /ate ( t p :o 7 direct$ to ,*ri/4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! /ate ( t p *ang$ ) ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 ! judicial precepts lo/ _! b9d+ =ce3 = ! ,law 0 a p$agogue1 lead+ m5 to ,*ri/1 z /at$ 9 ,gal4 #c3bd4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ^! judicial precepts are in/itut$1 n = ! purpose ( be+ figures1 b = ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 de$s1 ! obs]vance !re( is n prejudicial to ! tru? ( fai?4 ,b ! int5tion ( obs]v+ !m1 z ?\gh "o 7 b\nd by ! ,law1 is prejudicial to ! tru? ( fai?3 because x w\ld foll[ t ! =m] /ate ( ! p /ill la/s1 & t ,*ri/ has n yet come4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! obligation ( obs]v+ ju/ice is inde$ p]petual4 ,b ! det]m9ation ( ^? ?+s t are j1 accord+ to human or ,div9e in/itution1 mu/ ne$s be diff]5t1 accord+ to ! diff]5t /ates ( mank9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! judicial precepts e/abli%$ by m5 reta9 _! b9d+ =ce = ev]1 s long z ! /ate ( gov]nm5t rema9s ! same4 ,b if ! /ate or nation pass to ano!r =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! laws mu/ ne$s be *ang$4 ,= democracy1 :i* is gov]nm5t by ! p1 dem&s diff]5t laws f ^? ( olig>*y1 :i* is gov]nm5t by ! ri*1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,polit4 iv1 #a74 ,consequ5tly :5 ! /ate ( t p *ang$1 ! judicial precepts _h to be *ang$ also4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? judicial precepts direct$ ! p to ju/ice & equity1 9 keep+ ) ! dem&s ( t /ate4 ,b aft] ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 !re _h to be a *ange 9 ! /ate ( t p1 s t 9 ,*ri/ !re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 ,g5tile & ,jew1 z !re _h be5 be=e4 ,= ?is reason ! judicial precepts ne$$ to be *ang$ also4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,possible to ,assign a ,di/9ct ,division ( ! ,judicial ,precepts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is impossible to assign a di/9ct division ( ! judicial precepts4 ,because ! judicial precepts direct m5 9 _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* ne$ to be direct$1 z p]ta9+ to ! relation%ip betwe5 man & man1 & :i* are made use ( by m51 are n subject to division1 s9ce !y are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,!re=e x is n possible to assign a di/9ct division ( ! judicial precepts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! judicial precepts are decisions on moral matt]s4 ,b moral precepts d n seem to be capable ( division1 except 9 s f> z !y are r$ucible to ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,!re=e !re is no di/9ct division ( ! judicial precepts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 because !re is a di/9ct division ( ! c]emonial precepts1 ! ,law alludes to ?is division1 by describ+ "s z sacrifices1 o!rs z obs]vances4 ,b ! ,law conta9s no allusion to a division ( ! judicial precepts4 ,!re=e x seems t !y h no di/9ct division4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:]ev] !re is ord] !re mu/ ne$s be division4 ,b ! notion ( ord] is *iefly applicable to ! judicial precepts1 s9ce !reby t p 0 orda9$4 ,!re=e x is mo/ necess>y t !y %\ld h a di/9ct division4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce law is ! art1 z x 71 ( direct+ or ord]+ ! life ( man1 z 9 e art !re is a di/9ct division 9 ! rules ( art1 s1 9 e law1 !re mu/ be a di/9ct division ( precepts3 else ! law w\ld be r5d]$ useless by confusion4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t ! judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law1 :]eby m5 7 direct$ 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 are subject to division accord+ to ! div]s ways 9 :i* man is direct$4 ,n[ 9 e p a f\rfold ord] is to be f\nd3 "o1 ( ! p's sov]eign to 8 subjects2 a second ( ! subjects among !mselves2 a ?ird1 ( ! citiz5s to =eign]s2 a f\r?1 ( memb]s ( ! same h\sehold1 su* z ! ord] ( ! fa!r to 8 son2 ( ! wife to h] husb&2 ( ! ma/] to 8 s]vant3 & accord+ to ^! f\r ord]s we may di/+ui% diff]5t k9ds ( judicial precepts 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,= c]ta9 precepts are laid d[n conc]n+ ! in/itution ( ! sov]eign & relat+ to 8 (fice1 & ab\t ! respect due to him3 ?is is "o "p ( ! judicial precepts4 ,aga91 c]ta9 precepts are giv5 9 respect ( a man to 8 fell[ citiz5s3 = in/ance1 ab\t buy+ & sell+1 judgm5ts & p5alties3 ?is is ! second "p ( ! judicial precepts4 ,aga91 c]ta9 precepts are enjo9$ ) reg>d to =eign]s3 = in/ance1 ab\t w>s wag$ aga9/ _! foes1 & ab\t ! way to receive travel]s & /rang]s3 ?is is ! ?ird "p ( ! judicial precepts4 ,la/ly1 c]ta9 precepts are giv5 relat+ to home life3 = in/ance1 ab\t s]vants1 wives & *ildr53 ?is is ! f\r? "p ( ! judicial precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?+s p]ta9+ to ! ord]+ ( relations betwe5 "o man & ano!r are inde$ inf9ite 9 numb]3 yet !y are r$ucible to c]ta9 di/9ct heads1 accord+ to ! diff]5t relations 9 :i* "o man /&s to ano!r1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue held ! fir/ place 9 ! moral ord]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #c73 & consequ5tly x is fitt+ t o!r moral precepts %\ld be di/+ui%$ 9 relation to !m4 ,b ! judicial & c]emonial precepts h a diff]5t b9d+ =ce1 d]iv$1 n f natural reason1 b f _! in/itution alone4 ,h5ce !re is a di/9ct reason = di/+ui%+ !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,law alludes to ! division ( ! judicial precepts 9 ! v ?+s !mselves :i* are prescrib$ by ! judicial precepts ( ! ,law4 ,,"q #aje ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,,= ,,! ,,judicial ,,precepts 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! reason = ! judicial precepts3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,conc]n+ ! reason = ! judicial precepts relat+ to ! rul]s2 7#b7 ,conc]n+ ! fell[%ip ( "o man ) ano!r2 7#c7 ,conc]n+ matt]s relat+ to =eign]s2 7#d7 ,conc]n+ ?+s relat+ to dome/ic matt]s4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,enjo9$ ,fitt+ ,precepts ,conc]n+ ,rul]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law made unfitt+ precepts conc]n+ rul]s4 ,because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #d71 ! ord]+ ( ! p dep5ds mo/ly on ! *ief rul]4 ,b ! ,law conta9s no precept relat+ to ! in/itution ( ! *ief rul]2 & yet we f9d !re9 prescriptions conc]n+ ! inf]ior rul]s3 fir/ly 7,ex4 #ah3ba73 ,provide out ( all ! p wise ,vulg43 'able' m51 etc42 aga9 7,num4 #aa3af73 ,ga!r unto ,me sev5ty m5 ( ! anci5ts ( ,israel2 & aga9 7,deut4 #a3ac73 ,let ,me h f among y wise & und]/&+ m51 etc4 ,!re=e ! ,law provid$ insuffici5tly 9 reg>d to ! rul]s ( ! p4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,! be/ gives ( ! be/1 z ,plato /ates 7,tim4 ii74 ,n[ ! be/ ord]+ ( a /ate or ( any nation is to be rul$ by a k+3 because ?is k9d ( gov]nm5t approa*es ne>e/ 9 resemblance to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 :]eby ,god rules ! _w f ! beg9n+4 ,!re=e ! ,law %\ld h set a k+ ov] ! p1 & !y %\ld n h be5 all[$ a *oice 9 ! matt]1 z inde$ !y 7 all[$ 7,deut4 #ag3ad1 #ae73 ,:5 ?\ 4 4 4 %alt say3 ,i w set a k+ ov] me 4 4 4 ?\ %alt set him1 etc4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ab3be3 ,e k+dom divid$ aga9/ itself %all be made desolate3 a say+ :i* 0 v]ifi$ 9 ! ,jewi% p1 ^: de/ruction 0 br\ght ab\t by ! division ( ! k+dom4 ,b ! ,law %\ld aim *iefly at ?+s p]ta9+ to ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! p4 ,!re=e x %\ld h =bidd5 ! k+dom to be divid$ "u two k+s3 nor %\ld ?is h be5 introduc$ ev5 by ,div9e au?ority2 z we read ( its be+ introduc$ by ! au?ority ( ! prophet ,ahias ! ,silonite 7#c ,k+s #aa3bi1 seqq474 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z prie/s are in/itut$ = ! b5efit ( ! p 9 ?+s conc]n+ ,god1 z /at$ 9 ,heb4 #e3a2 s are rul]s set up = ! b5efit ( ! p 9 human affairs4 ,b c]ta9 ?+s 7 allott$ z a means ( livelihood = ! prie/s & ,levites ( ! ,law3 su* z ! ti!s & fir/-fruits1 & _m l ?+s4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] c]ta9 ?+s %\ld h be5 det]m9$ = ! livelihood ( ! rul]s ( ! p3 ! m t !y 7 =bidd5 to accept pres5ts1 z is cle>ly /at$ 9 ,ex4 #bc3h3 ,y %all n ,vulg43 ',nei!r %alt ?\' take bribes1 :i* ev5 bl9d ! wise1 & p]v]t ! words ( ! j4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 z a k+dom is ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 s is tyranny ! mo/ corrupt4 ,b :5 ! ,"l appo9t$ ! k+1 ,he e/abli%$ a tyrannical law2 = x is writt5 7#a ,k+s #h3aa73 ,?is w be ! "r ( ! k+1 t %all reign ov] y3 ,he w take y\r sons1 etc4 ,!re=e ! ,law made unfitt+ provision ) reg>d to ! in/itution ( rul]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! p ( ,israel is comm5d$ = ! beauty ( its ord] 7,num4 #bd3e73 ,h[ beautiful are ?y tab]nacles1 ,o ,jacob1 & ?y t5ts4 ,b ! beautiful ord]+ ( a p dep5ds on ! "r e/abli%m5t ( its rul]s4 ,!re=e ! ,law made "r provision = ! p ) reg>d to its rul]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,two po9ts are to be obs]v$ conc]n+ ! "r ord]+ ( rul]s 9 a /ate or nation4 ,"o is t all %\ld take "s %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t3 = ?is =m ( con/itution ensures peace among ! p1 comm5ds itself to all1 & is mo/ endur+1 z /at$ 9 ,polit4 ii1 #f4 ,! o!r po9t is to be obs]v$ 9 respect ( ! k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 or ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! con/itutions are e/abli%$4 ,= :]eas ^! diff] 9 k9d1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 iii1 #e71 nev]!less ! fir/ place is held by ! k+dom1 :]e ! p[] ( gov]nm5t is ve/$ 9 "o2 & ari/ocracy1 :i* signifies gov]nm5t by ! be/1 :]e ! p[] ( gov]nm5t is ve/$ 9 a few4 ,accord+ly1 ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t is 9 a /ate or k+dom1 :]e "o is giv5 ! p[] to preside ov] all2 :ile "u him are o!rs hav+ gov]n+ p[]s3 & yet a gov]nm5t ( ?is k9d is %>$ by all1 bo? because all are eligible to gov]n1 & because ! rules are *os5 by all4 ,= ?is is ! be/ =m ( polity1 be+ p>tly k+dom1 s9ce !re is "o at ! head ( all2 p>tly ari/ocracy1 9 s f> z a numb] ( p]sons are set 9 au?ority2 p>tly democracy1 i4e4 gov]nm5t by ! p1 9 s f> z ! rul]s c be *os5 f ! p1 & ! p h ! "r to *oose _! rul]s4 ,su* 0 ! =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! ,div9e ,law4 ,= ,moses & 8 successors gov]n$ ! p 9 su* a way t ea* ( !m 0 rul] ov] all2 s t !re 0 a k9d ( k+dom4 ,moreov]1 sev5ty-two m5 7 *os51 :o 7 eld]s 9 virtue3 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #a3ae73 ,i took out ( y\r tribes wise & honorable1 & appo9t$ !m rul]s3 s t !re 0 an elem5t ( ari/ocracy4 ,b x 0 a democratical gov]nm5t 9 s f> z ! rul]s 7 *os5 f all ! p2 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ah3ba73 ,provide out ( all ! p wise ,vulg43 'able' m51 etc42 &1 aga91 9 s f> z !y 7 *os5 by ! p2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #a3ac73 ,let me h f among y wise ,vulg43 'able' m51 etc4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t ! ord]+ ( ! rul]s 0 well provid$ = by ! ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is p 0 gov]n$ "u ! special c>e ( ,god3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #g3f73 ,! ,"l ?y ,god ha? *os5 !e to be ,8 peculi> p3 & ?is is :y ! ,"l res]v$ to ,himself ! in/itution ( ! *ief rul]4 ,= ?is too did ,moses pray 7,num4 #bg3af73 ,may ! ,"l ! ,god ( ! spirits ( all ! fle% provide a man1 t may be ov] ?is multitude4 ,?us by ,god's ord]s ,josue 0 set at ! head 9 place ( ,moses2 & we read ab\t ea* ( ! judges :o succe$$ ,josue t ,god rais$ 4 4 4 up a savi\r = ! p1 & t ! _s ( ! ,"l 0 9 !m 7,judges #c3i1 #aj1 #ae74 ,h5ce ! ,"l did n leave ! *oice ( a k+ to ! p2 b res]v$ ?is to ,himself1 z appe>s f ,deut4 #ag3ae3 ,?\ %alt set him :om ! ,"l ?y ,god %all *oose4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a k+dom is ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t ( ! p1 s long z x is n corrupt4 ,b s9ce ! p[] grant$ to a k+ is s great1 x easily deg5]ates into tyranny1 unless he to :om ?is p[] is giv5 be a v virtu\s man3 = x is only ! virtu\s man t conducts himself well 9 ! mid/ ( prosp]ity1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,n[ p]fect virtue is to be f\nd 9 few3 & especially 7 ! ,jews incl9$ to cruelty & av>ice1 :i* vices above all turn m5 into tyrants4 ,h5ce f ! v fir/ ! ,"l did n set up ! k+ly au?ority ) full p[]1 b gave !m judges & gov]nors to rule !m4 ,b aft]w>ds :5 ! p ask$ ,him to d s1 be+ indignant ) !m1 s to speak1 ,he grant$ !m a k+1 z is cle> f ,8 words to ,samuel 7#a ,k+s #h3g73 ,!y h n reject$ !e1 b ,me1 t ,i %\ld n reign ov] !m4 ,nev]!less1 z reg>ds ! appo9tm5t ( a k+1 ,he did e/abli% ! mann] ( election f ! v beg9n+ 7,deut4 #ag3ad1 seqq473 & !n ,he det]m9$ two po9ts3 fir/1 t 9 *oos+ a k+ !y %\ld wait = ! ,"l's decision2 & t !y %\ld n make a man ( ano!r nation k+1 because su* k+s are wont to take little int]e/ 9 ! p !y are set ov]1 & consequ5tly to h no c>e = _! welf>e3 secondly1 ,he prescrib$ h[ ! k+ aft] 8 appo9tm5t %\ld behave1 9 reg>d to himself2 namely1 t he %\ld n accumulate *>iots & horses1 nor wives1 nor imm5se weal?3 because ?r\gh crav+ = su* ?+s pr9ces become tyrants & =sake ju/ice4 ,he also appo9t$ ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 to conduct !mselves t[>ds ,god3 namely1 t !y %\ld cont9ually read & pond] on ,god's ,law1 & %\ld ev] fe> & obey ,god4 ,moreov]1 ,he decid$ h[ !y %\ld behave t[>ds _! subjects3 namely1 t !y %\ld n pr\dly despise !m1 or ill-treat !m1 & t !y %\ld n dep>t f ! pa?s ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! division ( ! k+dom1 & a numb] ( k+s1 0 r a puni%m5t inflict$ on t p = _! _m diss5sions1 specially aga9/ ! j rule ( ,david1 ?an a b5efit conf]r$ on !m = _! pr(it4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,osee #ac3aa73 ,i w give !e a k+ 9 ,my wra?2 & 7,osee #h3d73 ,!y h reign$1 b n by ,me3 !y h be5 pr9ces1 & ,i knew n4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! prie/ly (fice 0 bequea!d by succession f fa!r to son3 & ?is1 9 ord] t x might be held 9 great] respect1 if n any man f ! p c\ld become a prie/3 s9ce honor 0 giv5 to !m out ( rev]5ce = ! div9e wor%ip4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y to put aside c]ta9 ?+s = !m bo? z to ti!s & z to fir/-fruits1 &1 aga91 z to oblations & sacrifices1 t !y might be af=d$ a means ( livelihood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rul]s1 z /at$ above1 7 *os5 f ! :ole p2 :]e=e !y _h _! own possessions1 f :i* to d]ive a liv+3 & s mu* ! m1 s9ce ! ,"l =bade ev5 a k+ to h sup]abundant weal? to make too mu* %[ ( magnific5ce3 bo? because he c\ld sc>cely avoid ! excesses ( pride & tyranny1 aris+ f su* ?+s1 & because1 if ! rul]s 7 n v ri*1 & if _! (fice involv$ mu* "w & anxiety1 x w\ld n tempt ! ambition ( ! common p2 & w\ld n become an occasion ( s$ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,t "r 0 n giv5 to ! k+ by ,div9e in/itution3 r 0 x =etold t k+s w\ld usurp t "r1 by fram+ unju/ laws1 & by deg5]at+ into tyrants :o prey$ on _! subjects4 ,?is is cle> f ! context t foll[s3 ,& y %all be 8 slaves ,d\ay3 's]vants'3 :i* is significative ( tyranny1 s9ce a tyrant rules is subjects z ?\gh !y 7 8 slaves4 ,h5ce ,samuel spoke ^! words to det] !m f ask+ = a k+2 s9ce ! n>rative cont9ues3 ,b ! p w\ld n he> ! voice ( ,samuel4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t ev5 a good k+1 )\t be+ a tyrant1 may take away ! sons1 & make !m tribunes & c5turions2 & may take _m ?+s f 8 subjects 9 ord] to secure ! common weal4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,judicial ,precepts ,7 ,suitably ,fram$ ,z to ! ,relations ( ,"o ,man ) ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! judicial precepts 7 n suitably fram$ z reg>ds ! relations ( "o man ) ano!r4 ,because m5 _c live toge!r 9 peace1 if "o man takes :at belongs to ano!r4 ,b ?is seems to h be5 approv$ by ! ,law3 s9ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #bc3bd73 ,go+ into ?y neighbor's v9ey>d1 ?\ maye/ eat z _m grapes z ?\ please/4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law did n make suitable provisions = man's peace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! d[nfall ( /ates has be5 ! hold+ ( prop]ty by wom51 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 ii1 #f74 ,b ?is 0 introduc$ by ! ,old ,law2 = x is writt5 7,num4 #bg3h73 ,:5 a man die? )\t a son1 8 inh]itance %all pass to 8 daught]4 ,!re=e ! ,law made unsuitable provision = ! welf>e ( ! p4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is mo/ conducive to ! pres]vation ( human society t m5 may provide !mselves ) necess>ies by buy+ & sell+1 z /at$ 9 ,polit4 i4 ,b ! ,old ,law took away ! =ce ( sales2 s9ce x prescribes t 9 ! #ej? ye> ( ! jubilee all t is sold %all return to ! v5dor 7,lev4 #be3bh74 ,!re=e 9 ?is matt] ! ,law gave ! p an unfitt+ comm&4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 man's ne$s require t m5 %\ld be ready to l5d3 :i* read9ess ceases if ! cr$itors d n return ! pl$ges3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bi3aj73 ,_m h refus$ to l5d1 n out ( wick$ness1 b !y 7 afraid to be defraud$ )\t cause4 ,& yet ?is 0 enc\rag$ by ! ,law4 ,fir/1 because x prescrib$ 7,deut4 #ae3b73 ,he to :om any ?+ is ow+ f 8 fri5d or neighbor or bro!r1 _c dem& x aga91 because x is ! ye> ( remission ( ! ,"l2 & 7,ex4 #bb3ae7 x is /at$ t if a borr[$ animal %\ld die :ile ! own] is pres5t1 ! borr[] is n b\nd to make re/itution4 ,secondly1 because ! security acquir$ ?r\gh ! pl$ge is lo/3 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #bd3aj73 ,:5 ?\ %alt dem& ( ?y neighbor any ?+ t he owe? !e1 ?\ %alt n g into 8 h\se to take away a pl$ge2 & aga9 7,deut4 #bd3ab1 #ac73 ,! pl$ge %all n lodge ) !e t night1 b ?\ %alt re/ore x to him pres5tly4 ,!re=e ! ,law made insuffici5t provision 9 ! matt] ( loans4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 consid]able risk atta*es to goods deposit$ ) a fraudul5t deposit>y3 :]e=e great caution %\ld be obs]v$ 9 su* matt]s3 h5ce x is /at$ 9 #b ,mac4 #c3ae t ! prie/s 4 4 4 call$ ^u ,him f heav51 ,:o made ! law conc]n+ ?+s giv5 to be kept1 t ,he w\ld pres]ve !m safe1 = !m t _h deposit$ !m4 ,b ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law obs]v$ little caution 9 reg>d to deposits3 s9ce x is prescrib$ 7,ex4 #bb3aj1 #aa7 t :5 goods deposit$ are lo/1 ! own] is to /& by ! oa? ( ! deposit>y4 ,!re=e ! ,law made unsuitable provision 9 ?is matt]4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 j z a workman (f]s 8 "w = hire1 s d m5 let h\ses & s =?4 ,b !re is no ne$ = ! t5ant to pay 8 r5t z soon z he takes a h\se4 ,!re=e x seems an unnecess>ily h>d prescription 7,lev4 #ai3ac7 t ! wages ( him t ha? be5 hir$ by !e %all n abide ) !e until morn+4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 s9ce !re is (t5 press+ ne$ = a judge1 x %\ld be easy to ga9 access to "o4 ,x 0 !re=e unfitt+ t ! ,law 7,deut4 #ag3h1 #i7 %\ld comm& !m to g to a fix$ place to ask = judgm5t on d\btful matt]s4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 x is possible t n only two1 b ?ree or m1 %\ld agree to tell a lie4 ,!re=e x is unreasonably /at$ 7,deut4 #ai3ae7 t 9 ! m\? ( two or ?ree witnesses e ^w %all /&4 ,objection #i3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t %\ld be fix$ accord+ to ! gravity ( ! fault3 = :i* reason also x is writt5 7,deut4 #be3b73 ,accord+ to ! measure ( ! s91 %all ! measure also ( ! /ripes be4 ,yet ! ,law fix$ unequal puni%m5ts = c]ta9 faults3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3a7 t ! ?ief %all re/ore five ox5 = "o ox1 & f\r %eep = "o %eep4 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 slight (f5ses are sev]ely puni%$3 ?us 7,num4 #ae3cb1 seqq47 a man is /on$ = ga!r+ /icks on ! sabba? day3 & 7,deut4 #ba3ah1 seqq47 ! unruly son is comm&$ to be /on$ on acc\nt ( c]ta9 small transgressions1 viz4 because he gave himself to revell+ 4 4 4 & banquet+s4 ,!re=e ! ,law prescrib$ puni%m5ts 9 an unreasonable mann]4 ,objection #aj3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #aa71 ,tully writes t ! laws recognize eight =ms ( puni%m5t1 indemnity1 prison1 /ripes1 retaliation1 public disgrace1 exile1 dea?1 slav]y4 ,n[ "s ( ^! 7 prescrib$ by ! ,law4 ,indemnity1 z :5 a ?ief 0 condemn$ to make re/itution fivefold or f\rfold4 ,prison1 z :5 7,num4 #ae3cd7 a c]ta9 man is ord]$ to be imprison$4 ,/ripes2 ?us 7,deut4 #be3b71 if !y see t ! (f5d] be wor?y ( /ripes2 !y %all lay him d[n1 & %all cause him to be beat5 be=e !m4 ,public disgrace 0 br\ght on to him :o refus$ to take to himself ! wife ( 8 deceas$ bro!r1 = %e took (f 8 %oe f 8 foot1 & did spit 9 8 face 7,deut4 #be3i74 ,x prescrib$ ! dea? p5alty1 z is cle> f 7,lev4 #bj3i73 ,he t curse? 8 fa!r1 or "m1 dy+ let him die4 ,! ,law also recogniz$ ! lex talionis1 by prescrib+ 7,ex4 #ba3bd73 ,eye = eye1 too? = too?4 ,!re=e x seems unreasonable t ! ,law %\ld n h inflict$ ! two o!r puni%m5ts1 viz4 exile & slav]y4 ,objection #aa3 ,fur!r1 no puni%m5t is due except = a fault4 ,b dumb animals _c commit a fault4 ,!re=e ! ,law is unreasonable 9 puni%+ !m 7,ex4 #ba3bi73 ,if ! ox 4 4 4 %all kill a man or a woman1 x %all be /on$3 & 7,lev4 #bj3af73 ,! woman t %all lie "u any bea/1 %all be kill$ toge!r ) ! same4 ,!re=e x seems t matt]s p]ta9+ to ! relations ( "o man ) ano!r 7 unsuitably regulat$ by ! ,law4 ,objection #ab3 ,fur!r1 ! ,"l comm&$ 7,ex4 #ba3ab7 a murd]] to be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,b ! dea? ( a dumb animal is reckon$ ( mu* less acc\nt ?an ! slay+ ( a man4 ,h5ce murd] _c be suffici5tly puni%$ by ! slay+ ( a dumb animal4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ly prescrib$ 7,deut4 #ba3a1 #d7 t :5 !re %all be f\nd 4 4 4 ! corpse ( a man sla91 & x is n kn[n :o is guilty ( ! murd] 4 4 4 ! anci5ts ( ! ne>e/ city %all take a heif] ( ! h]d1 t ha? n drawn 9 ! yoke1 nor pl\gh$ ! gr\nd1 & !y %all br+ h] into a r\gh & /ony valley1 t nev] 0 pl\gh$1 nor s[n2 & !re !y %all /rike (f ! head ( ! heif]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is recall$ z a special bless+ 7,ps4 #adg3bj7 t ,he ha? n done 9 l mann] to e nation2 & ,8 judgm5ts ,he ha? n made manife/ to !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ii1 #ba71 quot+ ,tully1 a nation is a body ( m5 unit$ toge!r by cons5t to ! law & by community ( welf>e4 ,consequ5tly x is ( ! ess5ce ( a nation t ! mutual relations ( ! citiz5s be ord]$ by j laws4 ,n[ ! relations ( "o man ) ano!r are tw(old3 "s are effect$ "u ! guidance ( ^? 9 au?ority3 o!rs are effect$ by ! w ( private individuals4 ,& s9ce :atev] is subject to ! p[] ( an individual c be dispos$ ( accord+ to 8 w1 h5ce x is t ! decision ( matt]s betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 & ! puni%m5t ( evildo]s1 dep5d on ! direction ( ^? 9 au?ority1 to :om m5 are subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p[] ( private p]sons is ex]cis$ ov] ! ?+s !y possess3 & consequ5tly _! deal+s ) "o ano!r1 z reg>ds su* ?+s1 dep5d on _! own w1 = in/ance 9 buy+1 sell+1 giv+1 & s =?4 ,n[ ! ,law provid$ suffici5tly 9 respect ( ea* ( ^! relations betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,= x e/abli%$ judges1 z is cle>ly indicat$ 9 ,deut4 #af3ah3 ,?\ %alt appo9t judges & magi/rates 9 all its ,vulg43 '?y' gates 4 4 4 t !y may judge ! p ) j judgm5t4 ,x is also direct$ ! mann] ( pron\nc+ j judgm5ts1 accord+ to ,deut4 #a3af1 #ag3 ,judge t :i* is j1 :e!r he be "o ( y\r own c\ntry or a /rang]3 !re %all be no diff]5ce ( p]sons4 ,x also remov$ an occasion ( pron\nc+ unju/ judgm5t1 by =bidd+ judges to accept bribes 7,ex4 #bc3h2 ,deut4 #af3ai74 ,x prescrib$ ! numb] ( witnesses1 viz4 two or ?ree3 & x appo9t$ c]ta9 puni%m5ts to c]ta9 crimes1 z we %all /ate f>!r on 7ad #aj74 ,b ) reg>d to possessions1 x is a v good ?+1 says ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 ii1 #b7 t ! ?+s possess$ %\ld be di/9ct1 & ! use !re( %\ld be p>tly common1 & p>tly grant$ to o!rs by ! w ( ! possessors4 ,^! ?ree po9ts 7 provid$ = by ! ,law4 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! possessions !mselves 7 divid$ among individuals3 = x is writt5 7,num4 #cc3ec1 #ed73 ,i h giv5 y ! l& = a possession3 & y %all divide x among y by lot4 ,& s9ce _m /ates h be5 ru9$ ?r\gh want ( regulations 9 ! matt] ( possessions1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,polit4 ii1 #f72 !re=e ! ,law provid$ a ?reefold rem$y aga9/ ! irregul>ity ( possessions4 ,! fir/ 0 t !y %\ld be divid$ equally1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,num4 #cc3ed73 ,to ! m y %all give a l>g] "p1 & to ! few]1 a less]4 ,a second rem$y 0 t possessions c\ld n be ali5at$ = ev]1 b aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t %\ld return to _! =m] own]1 s z to avoid confusion ( possessions 7cf4 ad #c74 ,! ?ird rem$y aim$ at ! removal ( ?is confusion1 & provid$ t ! dead %\ld be succe$$ by _! next ( k93 9 ! fir/ place1 ! son2 secondly1 ! daught]2 ?irdly1 ! bro!r2 f\r?ly1 ! fa!r's bro!r2 fif?ly1 any o!r next ( k94 ,fur!rmore1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! di/9ction ( prop]ty1 ! ,law enact$ t heiresses %\ld m>ry )9 _! own tribe1 z record$ 9 ,num4 #cf3f4 ,secondly1 ! ,law comm&$ t1 9 "s respects1 ! use ( ?+s %\ld belong to all 9 common4 ,fir/ly1 z reg>ds ! c>e ( !m2 = x 0 prescrib$ 7,deut4 #bb3a-d73 ,?\ %alt n pass by1 if ?\ see/ ?y bro!r's ox or 8 %eep g a/ray2 b ?\ %alt br+ !m back to ?y bro!r1 & 9 l mann] z to o!r ?+s4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds fruits4 ,= all alike 7 all[$ on ent]+ a fri5d's v9ey>d to eat ( ! fruit1 b n to take any away4 ,&1 specially1 ) respect to ! poor1 x 0 prescrib$ t ! =gott5 %eaves1 & ! bun*es ( grapes & fruit1 %\ld be left beh9d = !m 7,lev4 #ai3i2 ,deut4 #bd3ai74 ,moreov]1 :atev] grew 9 ! sev5? ye> 0 common prop]ty1 z /at$ 9 ,ex4 #bc3aa & ,lev4 #be3d4 ,?irdly1 ! law recogniz$ ! transf]5ce ( goods by ! own]4 ,!re 0 a purely gratuit\s transf]3 ?us x is writt5 7,deut4 #ad3bh1 #bi73 ,! ?ird day ?\ %alt sep>ate ano!r ti! 4 4 4 & ! ,levite 4 4 4 & ! /rang]1 & ! fa!rless1 & ! wid[ 4 4 4 %all come & %all eat & be fill$4 ,& !re 0 a transf] = a consid]ation1 = in/ance1 by sell+ & buy+1 by lett+ out & hir+1 by loan & also by deposit1 conc]n+ all ( :i* we f9d t ! ,law made ample provision4 ,consequ5tly x is cle> t ! ,old ,law provid$ suffici5tly conc]n+ ! mutual relations ( "o man ) ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3h71 he t love? 8 neighbor ha? fulfill$ ! ,law3 because1 to wit1 all ! precepts ( ! ,law1 *iefly ^? conc]n+ our neighbor1 seem to aim at ! end t m5 %\ld love "o ano!r4 ,n[ x is an effect ( love t m5 give _! own goods to o!rs3 because1 z /at$ 9 #a ,john #c3ag3 ,he t 4 4 4 %all see 8 bro!r 9 ne$1 & %all %ut up 8 b[els f him3 h[ do? ! *>ity ( ,god abide 9 him8 ,h5ce ! purpose ( ! ,law 0 to accu/om m5 to give ( _! own to o!rs readily3 ?us ! ,apo/le 7#a ,tim4 #f3ah7 comm&s ! ri* to give easily & to communicate to o!rs4 ,n[ a man does n give easily to o!rs if he w n suff] ano!r man to take "s little ?+ f him )\t any great injury to him4 ,& s ! ,law laid d[n t x %\ld be lawful = a man1 on ent]+ 8 neighbor's v9ey>d1 to eat ( ! fruit !re3 b n to c>ry any away1 le/ ?is %\ld lead to ! infliction ( a griev\s h>m1 & cause a di/urbance ( ! peace3 = among well-behav$ p1 ! tak+ ( a little does n di/urb ! peace2 9 fact1 x r /r5g!ns fri5d%ip & accu/oms m5 to give ?+s to "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,law did n prescribe t wom5 %\ld succe$ to _! fa!r's e/ate except 9 default ( male issue3 fail+ :i* x 0 necess>y t succession %\ld be grant$ to ! female l9e 9 ord] to com=t ! fa!r1 :o w\ld h be5 sad to ?9k t 8 e/ate w\ld pass to /rang]s4 ,nev]!less ! ,law obs]v$ due caution 9 ! matt]1 by provid+ t ^? wom5 :o succe$$ to _! fa!r's e/ate1 %\ld m>ry )9 _! own tribe1 9 ord] to avoid confusion ( tribal possessions1 z /at$ 9 ,num4 #cf3g1 #h4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 ii1 #d71 ! regulation ( possessions conduces mu* to ! pres]vation ( a /ate or nation4 ,consequ5tly1 z he himself obs]ves1 x 0 =bidd5 by ! law 9 "s ( ! hea!n /ates1 t anyone %\ld sell 8 possessions1 except to avoid a manife/ loss4 ,= if possessions 7 to be sold indiscrim9ately1 !y might happ5 to come into ! h&s ( a few3 s t x might become necess>y = a /ate or c\ntry to become void ( inhabitants4 ,h5ce ! ,old ,law1 9 ord] to remove ?is dang]1 ord]$ ?+s 9 su* a way t :ile provision 0 made = m5's ne$s1 by all[+ ! sale ( possessions to avail = a c]ta9 p]iod1 at ! same "t ! said dang] 0 remov$1 by prescrib+ ! return ( ^? possessions aft] t p]iod _h elaps$4 ,! reason = ?is law 0 to prev5t confusion ( possessions1 & to ensure ! cont9uance ( a def9ite di/9ction among ! tribes4 ,b z ! t[n h\ses 7 n allott$ to di/9ct e/ates1 !re=e ! ,law all[$ !m to be sold 9 p]petuity1 l movable goods4 ,because ! numb] ( h\ses 9 a t[n 0 n fix$1 :]eas !re 0 a fix$ limit to ! am\nt ( e/ates1 :i* c\ld n be exce$$1 :ile ! numb] ( h\ses 9 a t[n c\ld be increas$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h\ses situat$ n 9 a t[n1 b 9 a village t ha? no walls1 c\ld n be sold 9 p]petuity3 because su* h\ses are built m]ely ) a view to ! cultivation & c>e ( possessions2 :]e=e ! ,law rightly made ! same prescription 9 reg>d to bo? 7,lev4 #be74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z /at$ above 7ad #a71 ! purpose ( ! ,law 0 to accu/om m5 to its precepts1 s z to be ready to come to "o ano!r's assi/ance3 because ?is is a v great inc5tive to fri5d%ip4 ,! ,law grant$ ^! facilities = help+ o!rs 9 ! matt] n only ( gratuit\s & absolute donations1 b also ( mutual transf]s3 because ! latt] k9d ( succor is m frequ5t & b5efits ! great] numb]3 & x grant$ facilities = ?is purpose 9 _m ways4 ,fir/ ( all by prescrib+ t m5 %\ld be ready to l5d1 & t !y %\ld n be less incl9$ to d s z ! ye> ( remission drew nigh1 z /at$ 9 ,deut4 #ae3g1 seqq4 ,secondly1 by =bidd+ !m to burd5 a man to :om !y might grant a loan1 ei!r by exact+ usury1 or by accept+ necessities ( life 9 security2 & by prescrib+ t :5 ?is _h be5 done !y %\ld be re/or$ at once4 ,= x is writt5 7,deut4 #bc3ai73 ,?\ %alt n l5d to ?y bro!r money to usury3 & 7,deut4 #bd3f73 ,?\ %alt n take ! ne!r nor ! upp] mill/one to pl$ge2 = he ha? pl$g$ 8 life to !e3 & 7,ex4 #bb3bf73 ,if ?\ take ( ?y neighbor a g>m5t 9 pl$ge1 ?\ %alt give x him aga9 be=e sunset4 ,?irdly1 by =bidd+ !m to be importunate 9 exact+ paym5t4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3be73 ,if ?\ l5d money to any ( my p t is poor t dwelle? ) !e1 ?\ %alt n be h>d ^u !m z an extortion]4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 x is enact$ 7,deut4 #bd3aj1 #aa73 ,:5 ?\ %alt dem& ( ?y neighbor any?+ t he owe? !e1 ?\ %alt n g into 8 h\se to take away a pl$ge1 b ?\ %alt /& )\t1 & he %all br+ out to !e :at he ha?3 bo? because a man's h\se is 8 sure/ refuge1 :]e=e x is (f5sive to a man to be set ^u 9 8 own h\se2 & because ! ,law does n all[ ! cr$itor to take away :atev] he likes 9 security1 b r p]mits ! debtor to give :at he ne$s lea/4 ,f\r?ly1 ! ,law prescrib$ t debts %\ld cease toge!r aft] ! lapse ( sev5 ye>s4 ,= x 0 probable t ^? :o c\ld conv5i5tly pay _! debts1 w\ld d s be=e ! sev5? ye>1 & w\ld n defraud ! l5d] )\t cause4 ,b if !y 7 altoge!r insolv5t1 !re 0 ! same reason = remitt+ ! debt f love = !m1 z !re 0 = r5ew+ ! loan on acc\nt ( _! ne$4 ,z reg>ds animals grant$ 9 loan1 ! ,law enact$ t if1 ?r\gh ! neglect ( ! p]son to :om !y 7 l5t1 !y p]i%$ or det]iorat$ 9 8 abs5ce1 he 0 b\nd to make re/itution4 ,b if !y p]i%$ or det]iorat$ :ile he 0 pres5t & tak+ prop] c>e ( !m1 he 0 n b\nd to make re/itution1 especially if !y 7 hir$ = a consid]ation3 because !y might h di$ or det]iorat$ 9 ! same way if !y _h rema9$ 9 possession ( ! l5d]1 s t if ! animal _h be5 sav$ ?r\gh be+ l5t1 ! l5d] w\ld h ga9$ some?+ by ! loan :i* w\ld no long] h be5 gratuit\s4 ,& especially 0 ?is to be obs]v$ :5 animals 7 hir$ = a consid]ation3 because !n ! own] receiv$ a c]ta9 price = ! use ( ! animals2 :]e=e he _h no "r to any pr(it1 by receiv+ indemnity = ! animal1 unless ! p]son :o _h *>ge ( x 7 neglig5t4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( animals n hir$ = a consid]ation1 equity dem&$ t he %\ld receive some?+ by way ( re/itution at lea/ to ! value ( ! hire ( ! animal t _h p]i%$ or det]iorat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a loan & a deposit is t a loan is 9 respect ( goods transf]r$ = ! use ( ! p]son to :om !y are transf]r$1 :]eas a deposit is = ! b5efit ( ! depositor4 ,h5ce 9 c]ta9 cases !re 0 a /rict] obligation ( return+ a loan ?an ( re/or+ goods held 9 deposit4 ,because ! latt] might be lo/ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 unavoidably3 i4e4 ei!r ?r\gh a natural cause1 = in/ance if an animal held 9 deposit 7 to die or depreciate 9 value2 or ?r\gh an extr9sic cause1 = in/ance1 if x 7 tak5 by an enemy1 or dev\r$ by a bea/ 79 :i* case1 h[ev]1 a man 0 b\nd to re/ore to ! own] :at 0 left ( ! animal ?us sla973 :]eas 9 ! o!r cases m5tion$ above1 he 0 n b\nd to make re/itution2 b only to take an oa? 9 ord] to cle> himself ( suspicion4 ,secondly1 ! goods deposit$ might be lo/ ?r\gh an avoidable cause1 = in/ance by !ft3 & !n ! deposit>y 0 b\nd to re/itution on acc\nt ( 8 neglect4 ,b1 z /at$ above 7ad #d71 he :o held an animal on loan1 0 b\nd to re/itution1 ev5 if he 7 abs5t :5 x depreciat$ or di$3 because he 0 held responsible = less neglig5ce ?an a deposit>y1 :o 0 only held responsible 9 case ( !ft4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,workm5 :o (f] _! labor = hire1 are poor m5 :o toil = _! daily bread3 & !re=e ! ,law comm&$ wisely t !y %\ld be paid at once1 le/ !y %\ld lack food4 ,b !y :o (f] o!r commodities = hire1 are wont to be ri*3 nor are !y 9 su* ne$ ( _! price 9 ord] to ga9 a livelihood3 & consequ5tly ! comp>ison does n hold4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! purpose = :i* judges are appo9t$ among m51 is t !y may decide d\btful po9ts 9 matt]s ( ju/ice4 ,n[ a matt] may be d\btful 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 among simple-m9d$ p3 & 9 ord] to remove d\bts ( ?is k9d1 x 0 prescrib$ 7,deut4 #af3ah7 t judges & magi/rates %\ld be appo9t$ 9 ea* tribe1 to judge ! p ) j judgm5t4 ,secondly1 a matt] may be d\btful ev5 among exp]ts3 & !re=e1 9 ord] to remove d\bts ( ?is k9d1 ! ,law prescrib$ t all %\ld =ega!r 9 "s *ief place *os5 by ,god1 :]e !re w\ld be bo? ! high-prie/1 :o w\ld decide d\btful matt]s relat+ to ! c]emonies ( div9e wor%ip2 & ! *ief judge ( ! p1 :o w\ld decide matt]s relat+ to ! judgm5ts ( m53 j z ev5 n[ cases are tak5 f a l[] to a high] c\rt ei!r by appeal or by consultation4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #ag3h1 #i73 ,if ?\ p]ceive t !re be among y a h>d & d\btful matt] 9 judgm5t 4 4 4 & ?\ see t ! words ( ! judges )9 ?y gates d v>y2 arise & g up to ! place1 :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god %all *oose2 & ?\ %alt come to ! prie/s ( ! ,levitical race1 & to ! judge t %all be at t "t4 ,b su* l d\btful matt]s did n (t5 occur = judgm5t3 :]e=e ! p 7 n burd5$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,9 ! bus9ess affairs ( m51 !re is no su* ?+ z demon/rative & infallible pro(1 & we mu/ be cont5t ) a c]ta9 conjectural probability1 su* z t :i* an orator employs to p]suade4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh x is q possible = two or ?ree witnesses to agree to a falsehood1 yet x is nei!r easy nor probable t !y succe$ 9 s do+3 :]e=e _! te/imony is tak5 z be+ true1 especially if !y d n wav] 9 giv+ x1 or are n o!rwise suspect4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] t witnesses might n easily dep>t f ! tru?1 ! ,law comm&$ t !y %\ld be mo/ c>efully exam9$1 & t ^? :o 7 f\nd untru?ful %\ld be sev]ely puni%$1 z /at$ 9 ,deut4 #ai3af1 seqq4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a reason = fix+ on ?is p>ticul> numb]1 9 tok5 ( ! un]r+ tru? ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 ,:o are sometimes m5tion$ z two1 because ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! bond ( ! o!r two ,p]sons2 & sometimes z ?ree3 z ,augu/9e obs]ves on ,john #h3ag3 ,9 y\r law x is writt5 t ! te/imony ( two m5 is true4 ,reply ,obj4 #i3 ,a sev]e puni%m5t is inflict$ n only on acc\nt ( ! gravity ( a fault1 b also = o!r reasons4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( ! s91 because a great] s91 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 des]ves a great] puni%m5t4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( a habitual s91 s9ce m5 are n easily cur$ ( habitual s9 except by sev]e puni%m5ts4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( a great desire = or a great pleasure 9 ! s93 = m5 are n easily det]r$ f su* s9s unless !y be sev]ely puni%$4 ,f\r?ly1 on acc\nt ( ! facility ( committ+ a s9 & ( conceal+ x3 = su* l s9s1 :5 discov]$1 %\ld be m sev]ely puni%$ 9 ord] to det] o!rs f committ+ !m4 ,aga91 ) reg>d to ! greatness ( a s91 f\r degrees may be obs]v$1 ev5 9 respect ( "o s+le de$4 ,! fir/ is :5 a s9 is committ$ unwill+ly2 because !n1 if ! s9 be altoge!r involunt>y1 man is altoge!r excus$ f puni%m5t2 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #bb3be1 seqq47 t a damsel :o suff]s viol5ce 9 a field is n guilty ( dea?1 because %e cri$1 & !re 0 no man to help h]4 ,b if a man s9n$ 9 any way volunt>ily1 & yet ?r\gh weakness1 z = in/ance :5 a man s9s f passion1 ! s9 is dim9i%$3 & ! puni%m5t1 accord+ to true judgm5t1 %\ld be dim9i%$ also2 unless p]*ance ! common weal requires t ! s9 be sev]ely puni%$ 9 ord] to det] o!rs f committ+ su* s9s1 z /at$ above4 ,! second degree is :5 a man s9s ?r\gh ignorance3 & !n he 0 held to be guilty to a c]ta9 ext5t1 on acc\nt ( 8 neglig5ce 9 acquir+ k3 yet he 0 n puni%$ by ! judges b expiat$ 8 s9 by sacrifices4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,lev4 #d3b73 ,! s\l t s9ne? ?r\gh ignorance1 etc4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 to be tak5 z apply+ to ignorance ( fact2 & n to ignorance ( ! ,div9e precept1 :i* all 7 b\nd to "k4 ,! ?ird degree 0 :5 a man s9n$ f pride1 i4e4 ?r\gh delib]ate *oice or malice3 & !n he 0 puni%$ accord+ to ! greatness ( ! s9 99,cf4 ,deut4 #be3b4 ,! f\r? degree 0 :5 a man s9n$ f /ubbornness or ob/9acy3 & !n he 0 to be utt]ly cut (f z a rebel & a de/roy] ( ! comm&m5t ( ! ,law 99,cf4 ,num4 #ae3cj1 #ca4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t1 9 appo9t+ ! puni%m5t = !ft1 ! ,law consid]$ :at w\ld be likely to happ5 mo/ frequ5tly 7,ex4 #bb3a-i73 :]e=e1 z reg>ds !ft ( o!r ?+s :i* c easily be safegu>d$ f a ?ief1 ! ?ief re/or$ only twice _! value4 ,b %eep _c be easily safegu>d$ f a ?ief1 because !y graze 9 ! fields3 :]e=e x happ5$ m frequ5tly t %eep 7 /ol5 9 ! fields4 ,consequ5tly ! ,law inflict$ a heavi] p5alty1 by ord]+ f\r %eep to be re/or$ = ! !ft ( "o4 ,z to cattle1 !y 7 yet m difficult to safegu>d1 because !y are kept 9 ! fields1 & d n graze 9 flocks z %eep d2 :]e=e a yet m heavy p5alty 0 inflict$ 9 _! reg>d1 s t five ox5 7 to be re/or$ = "o ox4 ,& ?is ,i say1 unless p]*ance ! animal itself 7 discov]$ 9 ! ?ief's possession3 because 9 t case he _h to re/ore only twice ! numb]1 z 9 ! case ( o!r !fts3 = !re 0 reason to presume t he int5d$ to re/ore ! animal1 s9ce he kept x alive4 ,aga91 we might say1 accord+ to a gloss1 t a c[ is useful 9 five ways3 x may be us$ = sacrifice1 = pl\gh+1 = food1 = milk1 & its hide is employ$ = v>i\s purposes3 & !re=e = "o c[ five _h to be re/or$4 ,b ! %eep 0 useful 9 f\r ways3 = sacrifice1 = meat1 = milk1 & = its wool4 ,! unruly son 0 sla91 n because he ate & drank3 b on acc\nt ( 8 /ubbornness & rebellion1 :i* 0 always puni%$ by dea?1 z /at$ above4 ,z to ! man :o ga!r$ /icks on ! sabba?1 he 0 /on$ z a break] ( ! ,law1 :i* comm&$ ! sabba? to be obs]v$1 to te/ify ! belief 9 ! newness ( ! _w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #e73 :]e=e he 0 sla9 z an unbeliev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #aj3 ,! ,old ,law inflict$ ! dea? p5alty = ! m griev\s crimes1 viz4 = ^? :i* are committ$ aga9/ ,god1 & = murd]1 = /eal+ a man1 irrev]5ce t[>ds "o's p>5ts1 adult]y & ince/4 ,9 ! case ( ?ief ( o!r ?+s x inflict$ puni%m5t by indemnification3 :ile 9 ! case ( bl[s & mutilation x au?oriz$ puni%m5t by retaliation2 & likewise = ! s9 ( be>+ false witness4 ,9 o!r faults ( less degree x prescrib$ ! puni%m5t ( /ripes or ( public disgrace4 ,! puni%m5t ( slav]y 0 prescrib$ by ! ,law 9 two cases4 ,fir/1 9 ! case ( a slave :o 0 unwill+ to avail himself ( ! privilege grant$ by ! ,law1 :]eby he 0 free to dep>t 9 ! sev5? ye> ( remission3 :]e=e he 0 puni%$ by rema9+ a slave = ev]4 ,secondly1 9 ! case ( a ?ief1 :o _h n :]e) to make re/itution1 z /at$ 9 ,ex4 #bb3c4 ,! puni%m5t ( absolute exile 0 n prescrib$ by ! ,law3 because ,god 0 wor%ipp$ by t p alone1 :]eas all o!r nations 7 giv5 to idolatry3 :]e=e if any man 7 exil$ f t p absolutely1 he w\ld be 9 dang] ( fall+ into idolatry4 ,= ?is reason x is relat$ 7#a ,k+s #bf3ai7 t ,david said to ,saul3 ,!y are curs$ 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 :o h ca/ me out ?is day1 t ,i %\ld n dwell 9 ! inh]itance ( ! ,"l1 say+3 ,g1 s]ve /range gods4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a re/rict$ sort ( exile3 = x is writt5 9 ,deut4 #ai3d 99,cf4 ,num4 #ce3be t he t /rike? ,vulg43 'kille?' 8 neighbor ignorantly1 & is prov$ to h _h no hatr$ aga9/ him1 %all flee to "o ( ! cities ( refuge & abide !re until ! dea? ( ! high-prie/4 ,= !n x became lawful = him to return home1 because :5 ! :ole p ?us suff]$ a loss !y =got _! private qu>rels1 s t ! next ( k9 ( ! sla9 7 n s eag] to kill ! slay]4 ,reply ,obj4 #aa3 ,dumb animals 7 ord]$ to be sla91 n on acc\nt ( any fault ( !irs2 b z a puni%m5t to _! own]s1 :o _h n safegu>d$ _! bea/s f ^! (f5ses4 ,h5ce ! own] 0 m sev]ely puni%$ if 8 ox _h butt$ anyone ye/]day or ! day be=e 79 :i* case /eps might h be5 tak5 to avoid ! dang]7 ?an if x _h tak5 to butt+ sudd5ly4--,or aga91 ! animal 0 sla9 9 dete/ation ( ! s92 & le/ m5 %\ld be horrifi$ at ! sight !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #ab3 ,! lit]al reason = ?is comm&m5t1 z ,rabbi ,moses decl>es 7,doct4 ,p]plex4 iii71 0 because ! slay] 0 frequ5tly f ! ne>e/ city3 :]e=e ! slay+ ( ! calf 0 a means ( inve/igat+ ! hidd5 murd]4 ,?is 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! eld]s ( ! city swore t !y _h tak5 e measure = safegu>d+ ! roads4 ,secondly1 ! own] ( ! heif] 0 indemnifi$ = ! slay+ ( 8 bea/1 & if ! murd] 0 previ\sly discov]$1 ! bea/ 0 n sla94 ,?irdly1 ! place1 :]e ! heif] 0 sla91 rema9$ uncultivat$4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to avoid ?is tw(old loss1 ! m5 ( ! city w\ld readily make kn[n ! murd]]1 if !y knew :o he 03 & x w\ld seldom happ5 b t "s ^w or sign w\ld escape ab\t ! matt]4 ,or aga91 ?is 0 done 9 ord] to fright5 p1 9 dete/ation ( murd]4 ,because ! slay+ ( a heif]1 :i* is a useful animal & full ( /r5g?1 especially be=e x has be5 put "u ! yoke1 signifi$ t :oev] committ$ murd]1 h[ev] useful & /rong he might be1 0 to =feit 8 life2 & t1 by a cruel dea?1 :i* 0 impli$ by ! /rik+ (f ( its head2 & t ! murd]]1 z vile & abject1 0 to be cut (f f ! fell[%ip ( m51 :i* 0 betok5$ by ! fact t ! heif] aft] be+ sla9 0 left to rot 9 a r\gh & uncultivat$ place4 ,my/ically1 ! heif] tak5 f ! h]d signifies ! fle% ( ,*ri/2 :i* _h n drawn a yoke1 s9ce x _h done no s92 nor did x pl\gh ! gr\nd1 i4e4 x nev] knew ! /a9 ( revolt4 ,! fact ( ! heif] be+ kill$ 9 an uncultivat$ valley signifi$ ! despis$ dea? ( ,*ri/1 :]eby all s9s are wa%$ away1 & ! devil is %[n to be ! ar*-murd]]4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,judicial ,precepts ,reg>d+ ,=eign]s ,7 ,fram$ 9 a ,suitable ,mann]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! judicial precepts reg>d+ =eign]s 7 n suitably fram$4 ,= ,pet] said 7,acts #aj3cd1 #ce73 ,9 v de$ ,i p]ceive t ,god is n a respect] ( p]sons1 b 9 e nation1 he t fe>e? ,him & worke? ju/ice is acceptable to ,him4 ,b ^? :o are acceptable to ,god %\ld n be exclud$ f ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,!re=e x is unsuitably comm&$ 7,deut4 #bc3c7 t ! ,ammonite & ! ,moabite1 ev5 aft] ! t5? g5]ation1 %all n ent] into ! *ur* ( ! ,"l = ev]3 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 x is prescrib$ 7,deut4 #bc3g7 to be obs]v$ ) reg>d to c]ta9 o!r nations3 ,?\ %alt n abhor ! ,edomite1 because he is ?y bro!r2 nor ! ,egyptian because ?\ wa/ a /rang] 9 8 l&4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we d n des]ve to be puni%$ = ^? ?+s :i* are n 9 our p[]4 ,b x is n 9 man's p[] to be an eunu*1 or born ( a pro/itute4 ,!re=e x is unsuitably comm&$ 7,deut4 #bc3a1 #b7 t an eunu* & "o born ( a pro/itute %alt n ent] into ! *ur* ( ! ,"l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,old ,law m]cifully =bade /rang]s to be mole/$3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3ba73 ,?\ %alt n mole/ a /rang]1 nor afflict him2 = y\rselves also 7 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt3 & 7,ex4 #bc3i73 ,?\ %alt n mole/ a /rang]1 = y "k ! he>ts ( /rang]s1 = y also 7 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,b x is an affliction to be burd5$ ) usury4 ,!re=e ! ,law unsuitably p]mitt$ !m 7,deut4 #bc3ai1 #bj7 to l5d money to ! /rang] = usury4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 m5 are mu* m ak9 to u ?an trees4 ,b we %\ld %[ great] c>e & love = ^? ?+s t are ne>e/ to u1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ac3ai3 ,e bea/ love? its l3 s also e man him t is ne>e/ to himself4 ,!re=e ! ,"l unsuitably comm&$ 7,deut4 #bj3ac-ai7 t all ! inhabitants ( a captur$ ho/ile city 7 to be sla91 b t ! fruit-trees %\ld n be cut d[n4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 e "o %\ld pref] ! common good ( virtue to ! good ( ! individual4 ,b ! common good is s\ght 9 a w> :i* m5 fight aga9/ _! enemies4 ,!re=e x is unsuitably comm&$ 7,deut4 #bj3e-g7 t c]ta9 m5 %\ld be s5t home1 = in/ance a man t _h built a new h\se1 or :o _h plant$ a v9ey>d1 or :o _h m>ri$ a wife4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 no man %\ld pr(it by 8 own fault4 ,b x is a man's fault if he be timid or fa9t-he>t$3 s9ce ?is is contr>y to ! virtue ( =titude4 ,!re=e ! timid & fa9t-he>t$ are unfitt+ly excus$ f ! toil ( battle 7,deut4 #bj3h74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,div9e ,wisdom decl>es 7,prov4 #h3h73 ,all my words are j1 !re is no?+ wick$ nor p]v]se 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,man's relations ) =eign]s are tw(old3 peaceful1 & ho/ile3 & 9 direct+ bo? k9ds ( relation ! ,law conta9$ suitable precepts4 ,= ! ,jews 7 (f]$ ?ree opportunities ( peaceful relations ) =eign]s4 ,fir/1 :5 =eign]s pass$ ?r\gh _! l& z travel]s4 ,secondly1 :5 !y came to dwell 9 _! l& z newcom]s4 ,& 9 bo? ^! respects ! ,law made k9d provision 9 its precepts3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3ba73 ,?\ %alt n mole/ a /rang] 7adv5am72 & aga9 7,ex4 #bb3i73 ,?\ %alt n mole/ a /rang] 7p]egr9o74 ,?irdly1 :5 any =eign]s wi%$ to be admitt$ entirely to _! fell[%ip & mode ( wor%ip4 ,) reg>d to ^! a c]ta9 ord] 0 obs]v$4 ,= !y 7 n at once admitt$ to citiz5%ip3 j z x 0 law ) "s nations t no "o 0 deem$ a citiz5 except aft] two or ?ree g5]ations1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #a74 ,! reason = ?is 0 t if =eign]s 7 all[$ to m$dle ) ! affairs ( a nation z soon z !y settl$ d[n 9 its mid/1 _m dang]s might occur1 s9ce ! =eign]s n yet hav+ ! common good firmly at he>t might attempt some?+ hurtful to ! p4 ,h5ce x 0 t ! ,law prescrib$ 9 respect ( c]ta9 nations t _h close relations ) ! ,jews 7viz41 ! ,egyptians among :om !y 7 born & educat$1 & ! ,idumeans1 ! *ildr5 ( ,esau1 ,jacob's bro!r71 t !y %\ld be admitt$ to ! fell[%ip ( ! p aft] ! ?ird g5]ation2 :]eas o!rs 7) :om _! relations _h be5 ho/ile1 su* z ! ,ammonites & ,moabites7 7 nev] to be admitt$ to citiz5%ip2 :ile ! ,amalekites1 :o 7 yet m ho/ile to !m1 & _h no fell[%ip ( k9dr$ ) !m1 7 to be held z foes 9 p]petuity3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ag3af73 ,! w> ( ! ,"l %all be aga9/ ,amalec f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,9 l mann] ) reg>d to ho/ile relations ) =eign]s1 ! ,law conta9$ suitable precepts4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 x comm&$ t w> %\ld be decl>$ = a j cause3 ?us x is comm&$ 7,deut4 #bj3aj7 t :5 !y advanc$ to besiege a city1 !y %\ld at fir/ make an (f] ( peace4 ,secondly1 x enjo9$ t :5 once !y _h ent]$ on a w> !y %\ld undaunt$ly p]sev]e 9 x1 putt+ _! tru/ 9 ,god4 ,& 9 ord] t !y might be ! m he$ful ( ?is comm&1 x ord]$ t on ! approa* ( battle ! prie/ %\ld he>t5 !m by promis+ !m ,god's aid4 ,?irdly1 x prescrib$ ! removal ( :atev] might prove an ob/acle to ! fight1 & t c]ta9 m51 :o might be 9 ! way1 %\ld be s5t home4 ,f\r?ly1 x enjo9$ t !y %\ld use mod]ation 9 pursu+ ! advantage ( victory1 by sp>+ wom5 & *ildr51 & by n cutt+ d[n fruit-trees ( t c\ntry4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,law exclud$ ! m5 ( no nation f ! wor%ip ( ,god & f ?+s p]ta9+ to ! welf>e ( ! s\l3 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ab3dh73 ,if any /rang] be will+ to dwell among y1 & to keep ! ,phase ( ! ,"l2 all 8 males %all fir/ be circumcis$1 & !n %all he celebrate x accord+ to ! mann]1 & he %all be z t :i* is born 9 ! l&4 ,b 9 temporal matt]s conc]n+ ! public life ( ! p1 admission 0 n grant$ to ev]yone at once1 = ! reason giv5 above3 b to "s1 i4e4 ! ,egyptians & ,idumeans1 9 ! ?ird g5]ation2 :ile o!rs 7 exclud$ 9 p]petuity1 9 dete/ation ( _! pa/ (f5se1 i4e4 ! peoples ( ,moab1 ,ammon1 & ,amalec4 ,= j z "o man is puni%$ = a s9 committ$ by him1 9 ord] t o!rs see+ ?is may be det]r$ & refra9 f s9n+2 s too may "o nation or city be puni%$ = a crime1 t o!rs may refra9 f simil> crimes4 ,nev]!less x 0 possible by disp5sation = a man to be admitt$ to citiz5%ip on acc\nt ( "s act ( virtue3 ?us x is relat$ 7,judi? #ad3f7 t ,a*ior1 ! capta9 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,ammon1 0 jo9$ to ! p ( ,israel1 ) all ! succession ( 8 k9dr$4 ,! same applies to ,ru? ! ,moabite :o 0 a virtu\s woman 7,ru? #c3aa73 al?\gh x may be said t ?is prohibition reg>d$ m5 & n wom51 :o are n compet5t to be citiz5s absolutely speak+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #c71 a man is said to be a citiz5 9 two ways3 fir/1 simply2 secondly1 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 ,a man is a citiz5 simply if he has all ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 = in/ance1 ! "r ( debat+ or vot+ 9 ! popul> assembly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any man may be call$ citiz51 only 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 if he dwells )9 ! /ate1 ev5 common p or *ildr5 or old m51 :o are n fit to enjoy p[] 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! common weal4 ,= ?is reason ba/>ds1 by reason ( _! base orig91 7 exclud$ f ! ecclesia1 i4e4 f ! popul> assembly1 d[n to ! t5? g5]ation4 ,! same applies to eunu*s1 :o 7 n compet5t to receive ! honor due to a fa!r1 especially among ! ,jews1 :]e ! div9e wor%ip 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh c>nal g5]ation3 = ev5 among ! hea!ns1 ^? :o _h _m *ildr5 7 m>k$ ) special honor1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,polit4 ii1 #f74 ,nev]!less1 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! grace ( ,god1 eunu*s 7 n discrim9at$ f o!rs1 z nei!r 7 /rang]s1 z already /at$3 = x is writt5 7,isa4 #ef3c73 ,let n ! son ( ! /rang] t adh]e? to ! ,"l speak1 say+3 ,! ,"l w divide & sep>ate me f ,8 p4 ,& let n ! eunu* say3 ,behold ,i am a dry tree4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x 0 n ! int5tion ( ! ,law to sanction ! acceptance ( usury f /rang]s1 b only to tol]ate x on acc\nt ( ! pron5ess ( ! ,jews to av>ice2 & 9 ord] to promote an amicable feel+ t[>ds ^? out ( :om !y made a pr(it4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a di/9ction 0 obs]v$ ) reg>d to ho/ile cities4 ,= "s ( !m 7 f> di/ant1 & 7 n among ^? :i* _h be5 promis$ to !m4 ,:5 !y _h tak5 ^! cities1 !y kill$ all ! m5 :o _h f\ght aga9/ ,god's p2 :]eas ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 sp>$4 ,b 9 ! neighbor+ cities :i* _h be5 promis$ to !m1 all 7 ord]$ to be sla91 on acc\nt ( _! =m] crimes1 to puni% :i* ,god s5t ! ,israelites z executor ( ,div9e ju/ice3 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #i3e7 because !y h done wick$ly1 !y are de/roy$ at ?y com+ 94 ,! fruit-trees 7 comm&$ to be left unt\*$1 = ! use ( ! p !mselves1 to :om ! city ) its t]ritory 0 de/9$ to be subject$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! build] ( a new h\se1 ! plant] ( a v9ey>d1 ! newly m>ri$ husb&1 7 exclud$ f fight+1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because man is wont to give all 8 affection to ^? ?+s :i* he has lately acquir$1 or is on ! po9t ( hav+1 & consequ5tly he is apt to dread ! loss ( ^! above o!r ?+s4 ,:]e=e x 0 likely en\gh t on acc\nt ( ?is affection !y w\ld fe> dea? all ! m1 & be s mu* ! less brave 9 battle4 ,secondly1 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #e71 x is a mis=tune = a man if he is prev5t$ f obta9+ some?+ good :5 x is )9 8 grasp4 ,& s le/ ! surviv+ relations %\ld be ! m griev$ at ! dea? ( ^! m5 :o _h n ent]$ into ! possession ( ! good ?+s prep>$ = !m2 & also le/ ! p %\ld be horror-/rick5 at ! sight ( _! mis=tune3 ^! m5 7 tak5 away f ! dang] ( dea? by be+ remov$ f ! battle4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! timid 7 s5t back home1 n t !y might be ! ga9]s !reby2 b le/ ! p might be ! los]s by _! pres5ce1 s9ce _! timidity & flight might cause o!rs to be afraid & run away4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,old ,law ,set ,=? ,suitable ,precepts ,ab\t ! ,memb]s ( ! ,h\sehold8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,old ,law set =? unsuitable precepts ab\t ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,= a slave is 9 e respect 8 ma/]'s prop]ty1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #b74 ,b t :i* is a man's prop]ty %\ld be 8 always4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ = ! ,law to comm& 7,ex4 #ba3b7 t slaves %\ld g out free 9 ! sev5? ye>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a slave is 8 ma/]'s prop]ty1 j z an animal1 e4g4 an ass or an ox4 ,b x is comm&$ 7,deut4 #bb3a-c7 ) reg>d to animals1 t !y %\ld be br\ght back to ! own] if !y be f\nd go+ a/ray4 ,!re=e x 0 unsuitably comm&$ 7,deut4 #bc3ae73 ,?\ %alt n deliv] to 8 ma/] ! s]vant t is fl$ to !e4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e ,law %\ld enc\rage m]cy m ev5 ?an ! human law4 ,b accord+ to human laws ^? :o ill-treat _! s]vants & maids]vants are sev]ely puni%$3 & ! worse treatm5t ( all seems to be t :i* results 9 dea?4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ly comm&$ 7,ex4 #ba3bj1 #ba7 t he t /rike? 8 bondman or bondwoman ) a rod1 & !y die "u 8 h&s 4 4 4 if ! p>ty rema9 alive a day 4 4 4 he %all n be subject to ! puni%m5t1 because x is 8 money4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! dom9ion ( a ma/] ov] 8 slave diff]s f t ( ! fa!r ov] 8 son 7,polit4 i1 #c74 ,b ! dom9ion ( ma/] ov] slave gives ! =m] ! "r to sell 8 s]vant or maids]vant4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ = ! ,law to all[ a man to sell 8 daught] to be a s]vant or h&maid 7,ex4 #ba3g74 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 a fa!r has p[] ov] 8 son4 ,b he :o has p[] ov] ! s9n] has ! "r to puni% him = 8 (f5ses4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ly comm&$ 7,deut4 #ba3ah1 seqq47 t a fa!r %\ld br+ 8 son to ! anci5ts ( ! city = puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! ,"l =bade !m 7,deut4 #g3c1 seqq47 to make m>riages ) /range nations2 & comm&$ ! dissolution ( su* z _h be5 contract$ 7#a ,esdras #aj74 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ to all[ !m to m>ry captive wom5 f /range nations 7,deut4 #ba3aj1 seqq474 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 ! ,"l =bade !m to m>ry )9 c]ta9 degrees ( consangu9ity & aff9ity1 accord+ to ,lev4 #ah4 ,!re=e x 0 unsuitably comm&$ 7,deut4 #be3e7 t if any man di$ )\t issue1 8 bro!r %\ld m>ry 8 wife4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 z !re is ! greate/ famili>ity betwe5 man & wife1 s %\ld !re be ! /aun*e/ fidelity4 ,b ?is is impossible if ! m>riage bond c be sund]$4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ = ! ,"l to all[ 7,deut4 #bd3a-d7 a man to put 8 wife away1 by writ+ a bill ( divorce2 & besides1 t he c\ld n take h] aga9 to wife4 ,objection #i3 ,fur!r1 j z a wife c be fai?less to h] husb&1 s c a slave be to 8 ma/]1 & a son to 8 fa!r4 ,b ! ,law did n comm& any sacrifice to be (f]$ 9 ord] to inve/igate ! injury done by a s]vant to 8 ma/]1 or by a son to 8 fa!r4 ,!re=e x seems to h be5 sup]flu\s = ! ,law to prescribe ! sacrifice ( jeal\sy 9 ord] to inve/igate a wife's adult]y 7,num4 #e3ab1 seqq474 ,consequ5tly x seems t ! ,law put =? unsuitable judicial precepts ab\t ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ah3aj73 ,! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l are true1 ju/ifi$ 9 !mselves4 ,i answ] t1 ,! mutual relations ( ! memb]s ( a h\sehold reg>d ev]yday actions direct$ to ! necessities ( life1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #a74 ,n[ ! pres]vation ( man's life may be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual1 i4e4 9 s f> z man pres]ves 8 individuality3 & = ! purpose ( ! pres]vation ( life1 consid]$ f ?is /&po9t1 man has at 8 s]vice ext]nal goods1 by means ( :i* he provides himself ) food & clo?+ & o!r su* necess>ies ( life3 9 ! h&l+ ( :i* he has ne$ ( s]vants4 ,secondly man's life is pres]v$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! species1 by means ( g5]ation1 = :i* purpose man ne$s a wife1 t %e may be> him *ildr54 ,accord+ly ! mutual relations ( ! memb]s ( a h\sehold admit ( a ?reefold comb9ation3 viz4 ^? ( ma/] & s]vant1 ^? ( husb& & wife1 & ^? ( fa!r & son3 & 9 respect ( all ^! relation%ips ! ,old ,law conta9$ fitt+ precepts4 ,?us1 ) reg>d to s]vants1 x comm&$ !m to be treat$ ) mod]ation--bo? z to _! "w1 le/1 to wit1 !y %\ld be burd5$ ) excessive labor1 :]e=e ! ,"l comm&$ 7,deut4 #e3ad7 t on ! ,sabba? day ?y mans]vant & ?y maids]vant %\ld re/ ev5 z ?yself--& also z to ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 = x ord]$ ^? :o maim$ _! s]vants1 to set !m free 7,ex4 #ba3bf1 #bg74 ,simil> provision 0 made 9 favor ( a maids]vant :5 m>ri$ to anyone 7,ex4 #ba3g1 seqq474 ,moreov]1 ) reg>d to ^? s]vants 9 p>ticul> :o 7 tak5 f among ! p1 ! ,law prescrib$ t !y %\ld g out free 9 ! sev5? ye> tak+ :atev] !y br\ght ) !m1 ev5 _! clo!s 7,ex4 #ba3b1 seqq473 & fur!rmore x 0 comm&$ 7,deut4 #ae3ac7 t !y %\ld be giv5 provision = ! j\rney4 ,) reg>d to wives ! ,law made c]ta9 prescriptions z to ^? :o 7 to be tak5 9 m>riage3 = in/ance1 t !y %\ld m>ry a wife f _! own tribe 7,num4 #cf3f73 & ?is le/ confusion %\ld ensue 9 ! prop]ty ( v>i\s tribes4 ,also t a man %\ld m>ry ! wife ( 8 deceas$ bro!r :5 ! latt] di$ )\t issue1 z prescrib$ 9 ,deut4 #be3e1 #f3 & ?is 9 ord] t he :o c\ld n h successors accord+ to c>nal orig91 might at lea/ h !m by a k9d ( adoption1 & t ?us ! deceas$ might n be entirely =gott54 ,x also =bade !m to m>ry c]ta9 wom52 to wit1 wom5 ( /range nations1 ?r\gh fe> ( _! los+ _! fai?2 & ^? ( _! ne> k9dr$1 on acc\nt ( ! natural respect due to !m4 ,fur!rmore x prescrib$ 9 :at way wives 7 to be treat$ aft] m>riage4 ,to wit1 t !y %\ld n be sl&]$ )\t grave reason3 :]e=e x ord]$ puni%m5t to be inflict$ on ! man :o falsely accus$ 8 wife ( a crime 7,deut4 #bb3ac1 seqq474 ,also t a man's hatr$ ( 8 wife %\ld n be detrim5tal to 8 son 7,deut4 #ba3ae1 seqq474 ,aga91 t a man %\ld n ill-use 8 wife ?r\gh hatr$ ( h]1 b r t he %\ld write a bill ( divorce & s5d h] away 7,deut4 #bd3a74 ,fur!rmore1 9 ord] to fo/] conjugal love f ! v outset1 x 0 prescrib$ t no public duties %\ld be laid on a rec5tly m>ri$ man1 s t he might be free to rejoice ) 8 wife4 ,) reg>d to *ildr51 ! ,law comm&$ p>5ts to educate !m by in/ruct+ !m 9 ! fai?3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #ab3bf1 seqq473 ,:5 y\r *ildr5 %all say to y3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is s]vice8 ,y %all say to !m3 ,x is ! victim ( ! passage ( ! ,"l4 ,moreov]1 !y are comm&$ to tea* !m ! rules ( "r conduct3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #ba3bj7 t ! p>5ts _h to say3 ,he slighte? he>+ our admonitions1 he give? himself to revell+ & to debau*]y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h be5 deliv]$ by ! ,"l f slav]y1 & = ?is reason 7 b\nd to ! s]vice ( ,god1 ,he did n wi% !m to be slaves 9 p]petuity4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,lev4 #be3ci1 seqq473 ,if ?y bro!r1 con/ra9$ by pov]ty1 sell himself to !e1 ?\ %alt n oppress him ) ! s]vice ( bonds]vants3 b he %all be z a hirel+ & a soj\rn] 4 4 4 = !y are ,my s]vants1 & ,i br\ght !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt3 let !m n be sold z bondm53 & consequ5tly1 s9ce !y 7 slaves1 n absolutely b 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 aft] a lapse ( "t !y 7 set free4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is comm&m5t is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to a s]vant :om 8 ma/] seeks to kill1 or to help him 9 committ+ "s s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,) reg>d to ! ill-treatm5t ( s]vants1 ! ,law seems to h tak5 into consid]ation :e!r x 0 c]ta9 or n3 s9ce if x 7 c]ta91 ! ,law fix$ a p5alty3 = maim+1 ! p5alty 0 =feiture ( ! s]vant1 :o 0 ord]$ to be giv5 8 lib]ty3 :ile = slay+1 ! puni%m5t 0 t ( a murd]]1 :5 ! slave di$ "u ! bl[ ( 8 ma/]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! hurt 0 n c]ta91 b only probable1 ! ,law did n impose any p5alty z reg>ds a man's own s]vant3 = in/ance if ! s]vant did n die at once aft] be+ /ruck1 b aft] "s days3 = x w\ld be unc]ta9 :e!r he di$ z a result ( ! bl[s he receiv$4 ,= :5 a man /ruck a free man1 yet s t he did n die at once1 b walk$ abroad aga9 ^u 8 /aff1 he t /ruck him 0 quit ( murd]1 ev5 ?\gh aft]w>ds he di$4 ,nev]!less he 0 b\nd to pay ! doctor's fees incurr$ by ! victim ( 8 assault4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case if a man kill$ 8 own s]vant3 because :atev] ! s]vant _h1 ev5 8 v p]son1 0 ! prop]ty ( 8 ma/]4 ,h5ce ! reason = 8 n be+ subject to a pecuni>y p5alty is set d[n z be+ because x is 8 money4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z /at$ above 7ad #a71 no ,jew c\ld own a ,jew z a slave absolutely3 b only 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 z a hirel+ = a fix$ "t4 ,& 9 ?is way ! ,law p]mitt$ t ?r\gh /ress ( pov]ty a man might sell 8 son or daught]4 ,?is is %[n by ! v words ( ! ,law1 :]e we read3 ,if any man sell 8 daught] to be a s]vant1 %e %all n g out z bondwom5 are wont to g out4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is way a man might sell n only 8 son1 b ev5 himself1 r z a hirel+ ?an z a slave1 accord+ to ,lev4 #be3ci1 #dj3 ,if ?y bro!r1 con/ra9$ by pov]ty1 sell himself to !e1 ?\ %alt n oppress him ) ! s]vice ( bonds]vants3 b he %all be z a hirel+ & a soj\rn]4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #i71 ! pat]nal au?ority has ! p[] only ( admonition2 b n t ( co]cion1 :]eby rebelli\s & head/rong p]sons c be compell$4 ,h5ce 9 ?is case ! ,"l comm&$ ! /ubborn son to be puni%$ by ! rul]s ( ! city4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! ,"l =bade !m to m>ry /range wom5 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( s$uction1 le/ !y %\ld be l$ a/ray into idolatry4 ,& specially did ?is prohibition apply ) respect to ^? nations :o dwelt ne> !m1 because x 0 m probable t !y w\ld adopt _! religi\s practices4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! woman 0 will+ to r5\nce idolatry1 & become an adh]5t ( ! ,law1 x 0 lawful to take h] 9 m>riage3 z 0 ! case ) ,ru? :om ,booz m>ri$4 ,:]e=e %e said to h] "m-9-law 7,ru? #a3af73 ,?y p %all be my p1 & ?y ,god my ,god4 ,accord+ly x 0 n p]mitt$ to m>ry a captive woman unless %e fir/ %av$ h] hair1 & p>$ h] nails1 & put (f ! raim5t :]e9 %e 0 tak51 & m\rn$ = h] fa!r & "m1 9 tok5 t %e r5\nc$ idolatry = ev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,z ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xlviii sup] ,mat?471 because dea? 0 an unmitigat$ evil = ! ,jews1 :o did ev]y?+ ) a view to ! pres5t life1 x 0 orda9$ t *ildr5 %\ld be born to ! dead man ?r\gh 8 bro!r3 ?us af=d+ a c]ta9 mitigation to 8 dea?4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 orda9$ t any o!r ?an 8 bro!r or "o next ( k9 %\ld m>ry ! wife ( ! deceas$1 because ! (fspr+ ( ?is union w\ld n be look$ ^u z t ( ! deceas$3 & moreov]1 a /rang] w\ld n be "u ! obligation to support ! h\sehold ( ! deceas$1 z 8 bro!r w\ld be b\nd to d f motives ( ju/ice on acc\nt ( 8 relation%ip4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t 9 m>ry+ ! wife ( 8 dead bro!r1 he took 8 dead bro!r's place4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,! ,law p]mitt$ a wife to be divorc$1 n z ?\gh x 7 j absolutely speak+1 b on acc\nt ( ! ,jews' h>dness ( he>t1 z ,our ,"l decl>$ 7,matt4 #ai3h74 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 we mu/ speak m fully 9 ! treatise on ,matrimony 7,supp41 ,q4 #fg74 ,reply ,obj4 #i3 ,wives break _! conjugal fai? by adult]y1 bo? easily1 = motives ( pleasure1 & hidd5ly1 s9ce ! eye ( ! adult]] obs]ve? d>kness 7,job #bd3ae74 ,b ?is does n apply to a son 9 respect ( 8 fa!r1 or to a s]vant 9 respect ( 8 ma/]3 because ! latt] infidelity is n ! result ( ! lu/ ( pleasure1 b r ( malice3 nor c x rema9 hidd5 l ! infidelity ( an adult]\s woman4 ,,"q #ajf ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,gospel1 ,,call$ ,,! ,,new ,,law1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,9 prop] sequ5ce we h to consid] n[ ! ,law ( ! ,gospel :i* is call$ ! ,new ,law3 & 9 ! fir/ place we mu/ consid] x 9 itself2 secondly1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,old ,law2 ?irdly1 we %all treat ( ^? ?+s t are conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,law4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at k9d ( law is x8 i4e4 ,is x a writt5 law or is x in/ill$ 9 ! he>t8 7#b7 ,( its efficacy1 i4e4 does x ju/ify8 7#c7 ,( its beg9n+3 %\ld x h be5 giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w8 7#d7 ,( its end3 i4e4 :e!r x w la/ until ! end1 or w ano!r law take its place8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,is a ,writt5 ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law is a writt5 law4 ,= ! ,new ,law is j ! same z ! ,gospel4 ,b ! ,gospel is set =? 9 writ+1 accord+ to ,john #bj3ca3 ,b ^! are writt5 t y may believe4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is a writt5 law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! law t is in/ill$ 9 ! he>t is ! natural law1 accord+ to ,rom4 #b3ad1 #ae3 7,! ,g5tiles7 d by nature ^? ?+s t are ( ! law 4 4 4 :o h ,vulg43 '%[' ! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _! he>ts4 ,if !re=e ! law ( ! ,gospel 7 in/ill$ 9 our he>ts1 x w\ld n be di/9ct f ! law ( nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! law ( ! ,gospel is prop] to ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b ! law t is in/ill$ 9 ! he>t is common to ^? :o are 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & to ^? :o are 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3 = x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3bg7 t ,div9e ,wisdom ?r\gh nations conveye? h]self into holy s\ls1 %e make? ! fri5ds ( ,god & prophets4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is n in/ill$ 9 our he>ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,new ,law is ! law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b ! law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is in/ill$ 9 our he>ts4 ,= ! ,apo/le1 quot+ ! au?ority ( ,j]emiah #ca3ca1 #cc3 ,behold ! days %all come1 sai? ! ,"l2 & ,i w p]fect unto ! h\se ( ,israel1 & unto ! h\se ( ,judah1 a new te/am5t1 says1 expla9+ :at ?is /atem5t is 7,heb4 #h3h1 #aj73 ,= ?is is ! te/am5t :i* ,i w make to ! h\se ( ,israel 4 4 4 by giv+ ,vulg43 ',i w give' ,my laws into _! m9d1 & 9 _! he>t w ,i write !m4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is in/ill$ 9 our he>ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,ea* ?+ appe>s to be t :i* prepond]ates 9 x1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h74 ,n[ t :i* is prepond]ant 9 ! law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & :]eon all its efficacy is bas$1 is ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* is giv5 ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,consequ5tly ! ,new ,law is *iefly ! grace itself ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* is giv5 to ^? :o believe 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is is manife/ly /at$ by ! ,apo/le :o says 7,rom4 #c3bg73 ,:]e is 4 4 4 ?y boa/+8 ,x is exclud$4 ,by :at law8 ,( works8 ,no1 b by ! law ( fai?3 = he calls ! grace itself ( fai? a law4 ,& /ill m cle>ly x is writt5 7,rom4 #h3b73 ,! law ( ! _s ( life1 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ha? deliv]$ me f ! law ( s9 & ( dea?4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 xxiv7 t z ! law ( de$s 0 writt5 on tables ( /one1 s is ! law ( fai? inscrib$ on ! he>ts ( ! fai?ful3 & else:]e1 9 ! same book 7xxi73 ,:at else are ! ,div9e laws writt5 by ,god ,himself on our he>ts1 b ! v pres5ce ( ,8 ,holy ,_s8 ,nev]!less ! ,new ,law conta9s c]ta9 ?+s t dispose u to receive ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & p]ta9+ to ! use ( t grace3 su* ?+s are ( second>y importance1 s to speak1 9 ! ,new ,law2 & ! fai?ful ne$ to be in/ruct$ conc]n+ !m1 bo? by ^w & writ+1 bo? z to :at !y %\ld believe & z to :at !y %\ld d4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ say t ! ,new ,law is 9 ! fir/ place a law t is inscrib$ on our he>ts1 b t second>ily x is a writt5 law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,gospel writ+s conta9 only su* ?+s z p]ta9 to ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ei!r by dispos+ u !reto1 or by direct+ u to ! use !re(4 ,?us ) reg>d to ! intellect1 ! ,gospel conta9s c]ta9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/'s ,godhead or humanity1 :i* dispose u by means ( fai? ?r\gh :i* we receive ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 & ) reg>d to ! affections1 x conta9s matt]s t\*+ ! contempt ( ! _w1 :]eby man is r5d]$ fit to receive ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 = ! _w1 i4e4 worldly m51 _c receive ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,john #ad3ag74 ,z to ! use ( spiritual grace1 ?is consi/s 9 works ( virtue to :i* ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t exhort m5 9 div]s ways4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* a ?+ may be in/ill$ into man4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ "p ( 8 nature1 & ?us ! natural law is in/ill$ into man4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is in/ill$ into man by be+1 z x 71 add$ on to 8 nature by a gift ( grace4 ,9 ?is way ! ,new ,law is in/ill$ into man1 n only by indicat+ to him :at he %\ld d1 b also by help+ him to accompli% x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no man ev] _h ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ except ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ ei!r explicit or implicit3 & by fai? 9 ,*ri/ man belongs to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,consequ5tly :oev] _h ! law ( grace in/ill$ into !m belong$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,ju/ifies8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law does n ju/ify4 ,= no man is ju/ifi$ unless he obeys ,god's law1 accord+ to ,heb4 #e3i3 ,he1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 became to all t obey ,him ! cause ( et]nal salvation4 ,b ! ,gospel does n always cause m5 to believe 9 x3 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #aj3af73 ,all d n obey ! ,gospel4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law does n ju/ify4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le proves 9 8 epi/le to ! ,romans t ! ,old ,law did n ju/ify1 because transgression increas$ at its adv5t3 = x is /at$ 7,rom4 #d3ae73 ,! ,law worke? wra?3 = :]e !re is no law1 nei!r is !re transgression4 ,b mu* m did ! ,new ,law increase transgression3 s9ce he :o s9s aft] ! giv+ ( ! ,new ,law des]ves great] puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aj3bh1 #bi3 ,a man mak+ void ! ,law ( ,moses die? )\t any m]cy "u two or ?ree witnesses4 ,h[ mu* m1 d y ?9k1 he des]ve? worse puni%m5ts1 :o ha? trodd5 und]foot ! ,son ( ,god1 etc48 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law1 l ! ,old ,law1 does n ju/ify4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ification is an effect prop] to ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3cc3 ,god t ju/ifie?4 ,b ! ,old ,law 0 f ,god j z ! ,new ,law4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law does n ju/ify any m ?an ! ,old ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #a3af73 ,i am n a%am$ ( ! ,gospel3 = x is ! p[] ( ,god unto salvation to ev]yone t believe?4 ,b !re is no salvation b to ^? :o are ju/ifi$4 ,!re=e ! ,law ( ! ,gospel ju/ifies4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 !re is a tw(old elem5t 9 ! ,law ( ! ,gospel4 ,!re is ! *ief elem5t1 viz4 ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ be/[$ inw>dly4 ,& z to ?is1 ! ,new ,law ju/ifies4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 xvii73 ,!re1 i4e4 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,law 0 set =? 9 an outw>d fa%ion1 t ! ungodly might be afraid2 "h1 i4e4 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is giv5 9 an inw>d mann]1 t !y may be ju/ifi$4 ,! o!r elem5t ( ! ,evangelical ,law is second>y3 namely1 ! tea*+s ( fai?1 & ^? comm&m5ts :i* direct human affections & human actions4 ,& z to ?is1 ! ,new ,law does n ju/ify4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #c3f7 ,! lett] kille?1 b ! _s quick5e?3 & ,augu/9e expla9s ?is 7,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 xiv1 xvii7 by say+ t ! lett] d5otes any writ+ ext]nal to man1 ev5 t ( ! moral precepts su* z are conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,:]e=e ! lett]1 ev5 ( ! ,gospel w\ld kill1 unless !re 7 ! inw>d pres5ce ( ! heal+ grace ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t holds true ( ! ,new ,law1 n z to its pr9cipal1 b z to its second>y elem5t3 i4e4 z to ! dogmas & precepts outw>dly put be=e man ei!r 9 words or 9 writ+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! grace ( ! ,new ,te/am5t helps man to avoid s91 yet x does n s confirm man 9 good t he _c s93 = ?is belongs to ! /ate ( glory4 ,h5ce if a man s9 aft] receiv+ ! grace ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he des]ves great] puni%m5t1 z be+ ungrateful = great] b5efits1 & z n us+ ! help giv5 to him4 ,& ?is is :y ! ,new ,law is n said to "w wra?3 because z f> z x is conc]n$ x gives man suffici5t help to avoid s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same ,god gave bo? ! ,new & ! ,old ,law1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= ,he gave ! ,old ,law writt5 on tables ( /one3 :]eas ,he gave ! ,new ,law writt5 9 ! fle%ly tables ( ! he>t1 z ! ,apo/le expresses x 7#b ,cor4 #c3c74 ,:]e=e1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 xviii71 ! ,apo/le calls ?is lett] :i* is writt5 outside man1 a m9i/ration ( dea? & a m9i/ration ( condemnation3 :]eas he calls ! o!r lett]1 i4e4 ! ,law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! m9i/ration ( ! _s & ! m9i/ration ( ju/ice3 because ?r\gh ! gift ( ! ,_s we "w ju/ice1 & are deliv]$ f ! condemnation due to transgression4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,giv5 f ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,_w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law %\ld h be5 giv5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,= !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god 7,rom4 #b3aa74 ,b all m5 h s9n$ & d ne$ ! glory ( ,god 7,rom4 #c3bc74 ,!re=e ! ,law ( ! ,gospel %\ld h be5 giv5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 9 ord] t x might br+ succor to all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z m5 dwell 9 v>i\s places1 s d !y live 9 v>i\s times4 ,b ,god1 ,:o w h all m5 to be sav$ 7#a ,tim4 #b3d71 comm&$ ! ,gospel to be prea*$ 9 all places1 z may be se5 9 ! la/ *apt]s ( ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,!re=e ! ,law ( ! ,gospel %\ld h be5 at h& = all times1 s z to be giv5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man ne$s to save 8 s\l1 :i* is = all et]nity1 m ?an to save 8 body1 :i* is a temporal matt]4 ,b ,god provid$ man f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w ) ?+s t are necess>y = ! heal? ( 8 body1 by subject+ to 8 p[] :atev] 0 creat$ = ! sake ( man 7,g54 #a3bf-bi74 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law also1 :i* is v necess>y = ! heal? ( ! s\l1 %\ld h be5 giv5 to man f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ae3df73 ,t 0 n fir/ :i* is spiritual1 b t :i* is natural4 ,b ! ,new ,law is highly spiritual4 ,!re=e x 0 n fitt+ = x to be giv5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree reasons may be assign$ :y x 0 n fitt+ = ! ,new ,law to be giv5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ is because ! ,new ,law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 consi/s *iefly 9 ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 :i* x behov$ n to be giv5 abundantly until s91 :i* is an ob/acle to grace1 _h be5 ca/ out ( man ?r\gh ! accompli%m5t ( 8 r$emption by ,*ri/3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,john #g3ci73 ,z yet ! ,_s 0 n giv51 because ,jesus 0 n yet glorifi$4 ,?is reason ! ,apo/le /ates cle>ly 7,rom4 #h3b1 seqq47 :]e1 aft] speak+ ( ! ,law ( ! ,_s ( life1 he adds3 ,god s5d+ ,8 own ,son1 9 ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle%1 ( s999 ha? condemn$ s9 9 ! fle%1 t ! ju/ification ( ! ,law might be fulfill$ 9 u4 99,/4 ,?omas1 quot+ p]haps f memory1 omits ! et 7&71 aft] s9ful fle%4 ,! text quot$ %\ld read ?us3 9 ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle%1 & a s9 (f]+ 7p]i ham>tias71 ha?1 etc4 ,a second reason may be tak5 f ! p]fection ( ! ,new ,law4 ,because a ?+ is n br\ght to p]fection at once f ! outset1 b ?r\gh an ord]ly succession ( "t2 ?us "o is at fir/ a boy1 & !n a man4 ,& ?is reason is /at$ by ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #c3bd1 #be73 ,! ,law 0 our p$agogue 9 ,*ri/ t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,b aft] ! fai? is come1 we are no long] "u a p$agogue4 ,! ?ird reason is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ,new ,law is ! law ( grace3 :]e=e x behov$ man fir/ ( all to be left to himself "u ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law1 s t ?r\gh fall+ into s91 he might realize 8 weakness1 & ackn[l$ge 8 ne$ ( grace4 ,?is reason is set d[n by ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #e3bj73 ,! ,law ent]$ 91 t s9 might ab\nd3 & :5 s9 ab\nd$ grace did m ab\nd4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,mank9d on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts des]v$ to be depriv$ ( ! aid ( grace3 & s f :om x is )held x is ju/ly )held1 & to :om x is giv51 x is m]cifully giv51 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,p]fect4 ,ju/it4 iv7 99,cf4 ,ep4 ccvii2 ,de ,pecc4 ,m]4 et ,rem4 ii1 #ai4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t !re is respect ( p]sons ) ,god1 f ! fact t ,he did n (f] ! ,law ( grace to all f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 :i* ,law 0 to be publi%$ 9 due c\rse ( "t1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! /ate ( mank9d does n v>y accord+ to div]sity ( place1 b accord+ to succession ( "t4 ,h5ce ! ,new ,law avails = all places1 b n = all times3 al?\gh at all times !re h be5 "s p]sons belong+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s p]ta9+ to ! heal? ( ! body are ( s]vice to man z reg>ds 8 nature1 :i* s9 does n de/roy3 :]eas ?+s p]ta9+ to ! heal? ( ! s\l are orda9$ to grace1 :i* is =feit ?r\gh s94 ,consequ5tly ! comp>ison w n hold4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,w ,la/ ,till ! ,end ( ! ,_w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law w n la/ until ! end ( ! _w4 ,because1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3aj71 :5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 t :i* is 9 "p %all be done away4 ,b ! ,new ,law is 9 "p1 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3i73 ,we "k 9 "p & we prophesy 9 "p4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is to be done away1 & w be succe$$ by a m p]fect /ate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,our ,"l 7,john #af3ac7 promis$ ,8 disciples ! k ( all tru? :5 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,com=t]1 %\ld come4 ,b ! ,*ur* kn[s n yet all tru? 9 ! /ate ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re=e we mu/ look =w>d to ano!r /ate1 :]e9 all tru? w be reveal$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! ,fa!r is di/9ct f ! ,son & ! ,son f ! ,fa!r1 s is ! ,holy ,gho/ di/9ct f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,b !re 0 a /ate correspond+ ) ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 viz4 ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law1 :]e9 m5 7 int5t on begett+ *ildr53 & likewise !re is a /ate correspond+ to ! ,p]son ( ! ,son3 viz4 ! /ate ( ! ,new ,law1 :]e9 ! cl]gy :o are int5t on wisdom 7:i* is appropriat$ to ! ,son7 hold a prom95t place4 ,!re=e !re w be a ?ird /ate correspond+ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 :]e9 spiritual m5 w hold ! fir/ place4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bd3ad73 ,?is ,gospel ( ! k+dom %all be prea*$ 9 ! :ole _w 4 4 4 & !n %all ! consummation come4 ,b ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ is already prea*$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w3 & yet ! consummation has n yet come4 ,!re=e ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ is n ! ,gospel ( ! k+dom1 b ano!r ,gospel1 t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 is to come yet1 l unto ano!r ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bd3cd73 ,i say to y t ?is g5]ation %all n pass till all 7^!7 ?+s be done3 :i* passage ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 lxxvii7 expla9s z ref]r+ to ! g5]ation ( ^? t believe 9 ,*ri/4 ,!re=e ! /ate ( ^? :o believe 9 ,*ri/ w la/ until ! consummation ( ! _w4 ,i answ] t1 ,! /ate ( ! _w may *ange 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 accord+ to a *ange ( law3 & ?us no o!r /ate w succe$ ?is /ate ( ! ,new ,law4 ,because ! /ate ( ! ,new ,law succe$$ ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law1 z a m p]fect law a less p]fect "o4 ,n[ no /ate ( ! pres5t life c be m p]fect t ! /ate ( ! ,new ,law3 s9ce no?+ c approa* ne>] to ! la/ end ?an t :i* is ! imm$iate cause ( our be+ br\ght to ! la/ end4 ,b ! ,new ,law does ?is3 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aj3ai-bb73 ,hav+ !re=e1 bre?r51 a confid5ce 9 ! ent]+ into ! ,holies by ! blood ( ,*ri/1 a new 4 4 4 way :i* ,he ha? d$icat$ = u 4 4 4 let u draw ne>4 ,!re=e no /ate ( ! pres5t life c be m p]fect ?an t ( ! ,new ,law1 s9ce ! ne>] a ?+ is to ! la/ end ! m p]fect x is4 ,9 ano!r way ! /ate ( mank9d may *ange accord+ z man /&s 9 relation to "o & ! same law m or less p]fectly4 ,& ?us ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law und]w5t frequ5t *anges1 s9ce at times ! laws 7 v well kept1 & at o!r times 7 altoge!r unhe$$4 ,?us1 too1 ! /ate ( ! ,new ,law is subject to *ange ) reg>d to v>i\s places1 times1 & p]sons1 accord+ z ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ dwells 9 man m or less p]fectly4 ,nev]!less we are n to look =w>d to a /ate :]e9 man is to possess ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ m p]fectly ?an he has possess$ x hi!rto1 especially ! apo/les :o receiv$ ! fir/fruits ( ! ,_s1 i4e4 soon] & m abundantly ?an o!rs1 z a gloss exp\nds on ,rom4 #h3bc4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v71 !re is a ?reefold /ate ( mank9d2 ! fir/ 0 "u ! ,old ,law2 ! second is t ( ! ,new ,law2 ! ?ird w take place n 9 ?is life1 b 9 heav54 ,b z ! fir/ /ate is figurative & imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) ! /ate ( ! ,gospel2 s is ! pres5t /ate figurative & imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) ! heav5ly /ate1 ) ! adv5t ( :i* ! pres5t /ate w be done away z express$ 9 t v passage 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ab73 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]2 b !n face to face4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xix1 #ca71 ,montanus & ,priscilla pret5d$ t ,our ,"l's promise to give ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 fulfill$1 n 9 ! apo/les1 b 9 !mselves4 ,9 l mann] ! ,mani*eans ma9ta9$ t x 0 fulfill$ 9 ,manes :om !y held to be ! ,p>aclete4 ,h5ce none ( ! above receiv$ ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :]e x is cle>ly %[n t ! a=esaid promise 0 fulfill$ 9 ! apo/les3 j z ,our ,"l promis$ !m a second "t 7,acts #a3e73 ,y %all be baptiz$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 n _m days h5ce3 :i* we read z hav+ be5 fulfill$ 9 ,acts #b4 ,h[ev]1 ^! fooli% notions are refut$ by ! /atem5t 7,john #g3ci7 t z yet ! ,_s 0 n giv51 because ,jesus 0 n yet glorifi$2 f :i* we ga!r t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 giv5 z soon z ,*ri/ 0 glorifi$ 9 ,8 ,resurrection & ,asc5sion4 ,moreov]1 ?is puts out ( c\rt ! s5seless idea t ! ,holy ,gho/ is to be expect$ to come at "s o!r "t4 ,n[ ! ,holy ,gho/ taught ! apo/les all tru? 9 respect ( matt]s necess>y = salvation2 ^? ?+s1 to wit1 t we are b\nd to believe & to d4 ,b ,he did n tea* !m ab\t all future ev5ts3 = ?is did n reg>d !m accord+ to ,acts #a3g3 ,x is n = y to "k ! times or mom5ts :i* ! ,fa!r ha? put 9 ,8 own p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,old ,law correspond$ n only to ! ,fa!r1 b also to ! ,son3 because ,*ri/ 0 =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l said 7,john #e3df73 ,if y did believe ,moses1 y w\ld p]haps believe me also2 = he wrote ( ,me4 ,9 l mann] ! ,new ,law corresponds n only to ,*ri/1 b also to ! ,holy ,gho/2 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3b3 ,! ,law ( ! ,_s ( life 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 etc4 ,h5ce we are n to look =w>d to ano!r law correspond+ to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce ,*ri/ said at ! v outset ( ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel3 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is at h& 7,matt4 #d3ag71 x is mo/ absurd to say t ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ is n ! ,gospel ( ! k+dom4 ,b ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z d5ot+ ! spread+ abroad ( ! k ( ,*ri/3 & ?us ! ,gospel 0 prea*$ ?r\gh\t ! _w ev5 at ! "t ( ! apo/les1 z ,*ryso/om /ates 7,hom4 lxxv 9 ,mat?474 ,& 9 ?is s5se ! words t foll[--& !n %all ! consummation come1 ref] to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ( :i* ,he 0 speak+ lit]ally4 ,secondly1 ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel may be und]/ood z ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! _w & produc+ its full effect1 s t1 to wit1 ! ,*ur* w\ld be f\nd$ 9 e nation4 ,& 9 ^! s5se1 z ,augu/9e writes to ,hesy*ius 7,epi/4 cxcix71 ! ,gospel is n prea*$ to ! :ole _w yet1 b1 :5 x is1 ! consummation ( ! _w w come4 ,,"q #ajg ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,law ,,z ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,old 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ,new ,law z comp>$ ) ! ,old3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ,new ,law is di/9ct f ! ,old ,law8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! ,new ,law fulfils ! ,old8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! ,new ,law is conta9$ 9 ! ,old8 7#d7 ,:i* is ! m burd5some1 ! ,new or ! ,old ,law8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,is ,di/9ct f ! ,old ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law is n di/9ct f ! ,old4 ,because bo? ^! laws 7 giv5 to ^? :o believe 9 ,god3 s9ce )\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f4 ,b ! fai? ( old5 times & ( n[adays is ! same1 z ! gloss says on ,matt4 #ba3i4 ,!re=e ! law is ! same also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,adamant4 ,mani*4 discip4 xvii7 t !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,law & ,gospel 99,! 'little diff]5ce' ref]s to ! ,lat9 words 'timor' & 'amor'--fe> & love4 ,b ! ,new & ,old ,laws _c be diff]5tiat$ 9 respect ( ^! two ?+s3 s9ce ev5 ! ,old ,law compris$ precepts ( *>ity3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor 7,lev4 #ai3ah71 &3 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god 7,deut4 #f3e74 ,9 l mann] nei!r c !y diff] accord+ to ! o!r diff]5ce :i* ,augu/9e assigns 7,contra ,fau/4 iv1 #b71 viz4 t ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9$ temporal promises1 :]eas ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s spiritual & et]nal promises3 s9ce ev5 ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s temporal promises1 accord+ to ,mk4 #aj3cj3 ,he %all receive a hundr$ times z mu* 4 4 4 9 ?is "t1 h\ses & bre?r51 etc43 :ile 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !y hop$ 9 promises spiritual & et]nal1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3af3 ,b n[ !y desire a bett]1 t is to say1 a heav5ly c\ntry1 :i* is said ( ! patri>*s4 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,new ,law is n di/9ct f ! ,old4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le seems to di/+ui% bo? laws by call+ ! ,old ,law a law ( works1 & ! ,new ,law a law ( fai? 7,rom4 #c3bg74 ,b ! ,old ,law 0 also a law ( fai?1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3ci3 ,all 7 ,vulg43 ',all ^! be+' approv$ by ! te/imony ( fai?1 :i* he says ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 l mann] ! ,new ,law is a law ( works3 s9ce x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3dd73 ,d good to !m t hate y2 & 7,luke #bb3ai73 ,d ?is = a commemoration ( ,me4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is n di/9ct f ! ,old4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #g3ab73 ,! prie/hood be+ translat$ x is necess>y t a translation also be made ( ! ,law4 ,b ! prie/hood ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is di/9ct f t ( ! ,old1 z ! ,apo/le %[s 9 ! same place4 ,!re=e ! ,law is also di/9ct4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #d71 e law orda9s human conduct to "s end4 ,n[ ?+s orda9$ to an end may be divid$ 9 two ways1 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! end4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ orda9$ to diff]5t ends3 & ?is diff]5ce w be specific1 especially if su* ends are proximate4 ,secondly1 by reason ( be+ closely or remotely connect$ ) ! end4 ,?us x is cle> t movem5ts diff] 9 species ?r\gh be+ direct$ to diff]5t t]ms3 :ile accord+ z "o "p ( a movem5t is ne>] to ! t]m ?an ano!r "p1 ! diff]5ce ( p]fect & imp]fect movem5t is assess$4 ,accord+ly !n two laws may be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ altoge!r div]se1 f ! fact t !y are orda9$ to div]se ends3 ?us a /ate-law orda9$ to democratic gov]nm5t1 w\ld diff] specifically f a law orda9$ to gov]nm5t by ! ari/ocracy4 ,secondly1 two laws may be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 ?r\gh "o ( !m be+ m closely connect$ ) ! end1 & ! o!r m remotely3 ?us 9 "o & ! same /ate !re is "o law enjo9$ on m5 ( mature age1 :o c =?) accompli% t :i* p]ta9s to ! common good2 & ano!r law regulat+ ! education ( *ildr5 :o ne$ to be taught h[ !y are to a*ieve manly de$s lat] on4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t1 accord+ to ! fir/ way1 ! ,new ,law is n di/9ct f ! ,old ,law3 because !y bo? h ! same end1 namely1 man's subjection to ,god2 & !re is b "o ,god ( ! ,new & ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 accord+ to ,rom4 #c3cj3 ,x is "o ,god t ju/ifie? circumcision by fai?1 & uncircumcision ?r\gh fai?4 ,accord+ to ! second way1 ! ,new ,law is di/9ct f ! ,old ,law3 because ! ,old ,law is l a p$agogue ( *ildr51 z ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #c3bd71 :]eas ! ,new ,law is ! law ( p]fection1 s9ce x is ! law ( *>ity1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #c3ad7 t x is ! bond ( p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! unity ( fai? "u bo? ,te/am5ts witnesses to ! unity ( end3 = x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #b7 t ! object ( ! !ological virtues1 among :i* is fai?1 is ! la/ end4 ,yet fai? _h a diff]5t /ate 9 ! ,old & 9 ! ,new ,law3 s9ce :at !y believ$ z future1 we believe z fact4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ! diff]5ces assign$ betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,laws are ga!r$ f _! relative p]fection & imp]fection4 ,= ! precepts ( e law prescribe acts ( virtue4 ,n[ ! imp]fect1 :o z yet are n possess$ ( a virtu\s habit1 are direct$ 9 "o way to p]=m virtu\s acts1 :ile ^? :o are p]fect$ by ! possession ( virtu\s habits are direct$ 9 ano!r way4 ,= ^? :o z yet are n end[$ ) virtu\s habits1 are direct$ to ! p]=mance ( virtu\s acts by reason ( "s outw>d cause3 = in/ance1 by ! ?reat ( puni%m5t1 or ! promise ( "s extr9sic rew>ds1 su* z honor1 ri*es1 or ! l4 ,h5ce ! ,old ,law1 :i* 0 giv5 to m5 :o 7 imp]fect1 t is1 :o _h n yet receiv$ spiritual grace1 0 call$ ! law ( fe>1 inasmu* z x induc$ m5 to obs]ve its comm&m5ts by ?reat5+ !m ) p5alties2 & is spok5 ( z conta9+ temporal promises4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are possess$ ( virtue1 are incl9$ to d virtu\s de$s ?r\gh love ( virtue1 n on acc\nt ( "s extr9sic puni%m5t or rew>d4 ,h5ce ! ,new ,law :i* d]ives its pre-em95ce f ! spiritual grace in/ill$ into our he>ts1 is call$ ! ,law ( love3 & x is describ$ z conta9+ spiritual & et]nal promises1 :i* are objects ( ! virtues1 *iefly ( *>ity4 ,accord+ly su* p]sons are incl9$ ( !mselves to ^? objects1 n z to some?+ =eign b z to some?+ ( _! own4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 ! ,old ,law is describ$ z re/ra9+ ! h&1 n ! w 99,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #dj2 s9ce :5 a man refra9s f "s s9s ?r\gh fe> ( be+ puni%$1 8 w does n %r9k simply f s91 z does ! w ( a man :o refra9s f s9 ?r\gh love ( righte\sness3 & h5ce ! ,new ,law1 :i* is ! ,law ( love1 is said to re/ra9 ! w4 ,nev]!less !re 7 "s 9 ! /ate ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :o1 hav+ *>ity & ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 look$ *iefly to spiritual & et]nal promises3 & 9 ?is respect !y belong$ to ! ,new ,law4 ,9 l mann] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t !re are "s c>nal m5 :o h n yet atta9$ to ! p]fection ( ! ,new ,law2 & ^! x 0 necess>y1 ev5 "u ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to lead to virtu\s action by ! fe> ( puni%m5t & by temporal promises4 ,b al?\gh ! ,old ,law conta9$ precepts ( *>ity1 nev]!less x did n conf] ! ,holy ,gho/ by ,:om *>ity 4 4 4 is spread abroad 9 our he>ts 7,rom4 #e3e74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! ,new ,law is call$ ! law ( fai?1 9 s f> z its pre-em95ce is d]iv$ f t v grace :i* is giv5 inw>dly to believ]s1 & = ?is reason is call$ ! grace ( fai?4 ,nev]!less x consi/s second>ily 9 c]ta9 de$s1 moral & sacram5tal3 b ! ,new ,law does n consi/ *iefly 9 ^! latt] ?+s1 z did ! ,old ,law4 ,z to ^? "u ! ,old ,te/am5t :o ?r\gh fai? 7 acceptable to ,god1 9 ?is respect !y belong$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t3 = !y 7 n ju/ifi$ except ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/1 ,:o is ! ,au?or ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,h5ce ( ,moses ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3bf7 t he e/eem$ ! reproa* ( ,*ri/ great] ri*es ?an ! treasure ( ! ,egyptians4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,fulfils ! ,old8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law does n fulfil ! ,old4 ,because to fulfil & to void are contr>y4 ,b ! ,new ,law voids or excludes ! obs]vances ( ! ,old ,law3 = ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3b73 ,if y be circumcis$1 ,*ri/ %all pr(it y no?+4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is n a fulfilm5t ( ! ,old4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y is n ! fulfilm5t ( ano!r4 ,b ,our ,"l prop\nd$ 9 ! ,new ,law precepts t 7 contr>y to precepts ( ! ,old ,law4 ,= we read 7,matt4 #e3bg-cb73 ,y h he>d t x 0 said to !m ( old3 4 4 4 ',:osoev] %all put away 8 wife1 let him give h] a bill ( divorce4 ,b ,i say to y t :osoev] %all put away 8 wife 4 4 4 make? h] to commit adult]y4' ,fur!rmore1 ! same evid5tly applies to ! prohibition aga9/ swe>+1 aga9/ retaliation1 & aga9/ hat+ "o's enemies4 ,9 l mann] ,our ,"l seems to h done away ) ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law relat+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( foods 7,matt4 #ae3aa73 ,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? ! man3 b :at come? out ( ! m\?1 ?is defile? a man4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is n a fulfilm5t ( ! ,old4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] acts aga9/ a law does n fulfil ! law4 ,b ,*ri/ 9 c]ta9 cases act$ aga9/ ! ,law4 ,= ,he t\*$ ! lep] 7,matt4 #h3c71 :i* 0 contr>y to ! ,law4 ,likewise ,he seems to h frequ5tly brok5 ! sabba?2 s9ce ! ,jews us$ to say ( ,him 7,john #i3af73 ,?is man is n ( ,god1 :o keepe? n ! sabba?4 ,!re=e ,*ri/ did n fulfil ! ,law3 & s ! ,new ,law giv5 by ,*ri/ is n a fulfilm5t ( ! ,old4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,old ,law conta9$ precepts1 moral1 c]emonial1 & judicial1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d74 ,b ,our ,"l 7,matt4 #e7 fulfill$ ! ,law 9 "s respects1 b )\t m5tion+ ! judicial & c]emonial precepts4 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,new ,law is n a complete fulfilm5t ( ! ,old4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #e3ag73 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b to fulfil3 & w5t on to say 7,matt4 #e3ah73 ,"o jot or "o tittle %all n pass ( ! ,law till all be fulfill$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! ,new ,law is comp>$ to ! ,old z ! p]fect to ! imp]fect4 ,n[ ev]y?+ p]fect fulfils t :i* is lack+ 9 ! imp]fect4 ,& accord+ly ! ,new ,law fulfils ! ,old by supply+ t :i* 0 lack+ 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,n[ two ?+s 9 ! ,old ,law (f] !mselves to our consid]ation3 viz41 ! end1 & ! precepts conta9$ 9 ! ,law4 ,n[ ! end ( e law is to make m5 righte\s & virtu\s1 z 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #a73 & consequ5tly ! end ( ! ,old ,law 0 ! ju/ification ( m54 ,! ,law1 h[ev]1 c\ld n accompli% ?is3 b =e%ad[$ x by c]ta9 c]emonial actions1 & promis$ x 9 words4 ,& 9 ?is respect1 ! ,new ,law fulfils ! ,old by ju/ify+ m5 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,?is is :at ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3c1 #d73 ,:at ! ,law c\ld n d 4 4 4 ,god s5d+ ,8 own ,son 9 ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle% 4 4 4 ha? condemn$ s9 9 ! fle%1 t ! ju/ification ( ! ,law might be fulfill$ 9 u4 ,& 9 ?is respect1 ! ,new ,law gives :at ! ,old ,law promis$1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #a3bj3 ,:atev] are ! promises ( ,god1 9 ,him1 i4e4 9 ,*ri/1 !y are ',yea'4 99,! ,d\ay v]sion reads ?us3 ,all ! promises ( ,god are 9 ,him1 ',x is'4 ,aga91 9 ?is respect1 x also fulfils :at ! ,old ,law =e%ad[$4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,col4 #b3ag7 conc]n+ ! c]emonial precepts t !y 7 a %ad[ ( ?+s to come1 b ! body is ( ,*ri/2 9 o!r words1 ! reality is f\nd 9 ,*ri/4 ,:]e=e ! ,new ,law is call$ ! law ( reality2 :]eas ! ,old ,law is call$ ! law ( %ad[ or ( figure4 ,n[ ,*ri/ fulfill$ ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law bo? 9 ,8 works & 9 ,8 doctr9e4 ,9 ,8 works1 because ,he 0 will+ to be circumcis$ & to fulfil ! o!r legal obs]vances1 :i* 7 b9d+ = ! "t be+2 accord+ to ,gal4 #d3d3 ,made "u ! ,law4 ,9 ,8 doctr9e ,he fulfill$ ! precepts ( ! ,law 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by expla9+ ! true s5se ( ! ,law4 ,?is is cle> 9 ! case ( murd] & adult]y1 ! prohibition ( :i* ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees ?\ght to ref] only to ! ext]ior act3 :]e=e ,our ,"l fulfill$ ! ,law by %[+ t ! prohibition ext5d$ also to ! int]ior acts ( s9s4 ,secondly1 ,our ,"l fulfill$ ! precepts ( ! ,law by prescrib+ ! safe/ way ( comply+ ) ! /atutes ( ! ,old ,law4 ,?us ! ,old ,law =bade p]jury3 & ?is is m safely avoid$1 by ab/a9+ altoge!r f swe>+1 save 9 cases ( urg5cy4 ,?irdly1 ,our ,"l fulfill$ ! precepts ( ! ,law1 by add+ "s c\nsels ( p]fection3 ?is is cle>ly se5 9 ,matt4 #ai3ba1 :]e ,our ,"l said to ! man :o affirm$ t he _h kept all ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law3 ,"o ?+ is want+ to !e3 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g1 sell :atsoev] ?\ ha/1 etc4 99,/4 ,?omas comb9es ,matt4 #ai3ba ) ,mk4 #aj3ba4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,new ,law does n void obs]vance ( ! ,old ,law except 9 ! po9t ( c]emonial precepts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,n[ ! latt] 7 figurative ( some?+ to come4 ,:]e=e f ! v fact t ! c]emonial precepts 7 fulfill$ :5 ^? ?+s 7 accompli%$ :i* !y =e%ad[$1 x foll[s t !y are no long] to be obs]v$3 = if !y 7 to be obs]v$1 ?is w\ld mean t some?+ is /ill to be accompli%$ & is n yet fulfill$4 ,?us ! promise ( a future gift holds no long] :5 x has be5 fulfill$ by ! pres5tation ( ! gift4 ,9 ?is way ! legal c]emonies are aboli%$ by be+ fulfill$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xix1 #bf71 ^? precepts ( ,our ,"l are n contr>y to ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law4 ,= :at ,our ,"l comm&$ ab\t a man n putt+ away 8 wife1 is n contr>y to :at ! ,law prescrib$4 ,= ! ,law did n say3 ',let him t wills1 put 8 wife away'3 ! contr>y ( :i* w\ld be n to put h] away4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,law 0 unwill+ t a man %\ld put away 8 wife1 s9ce x prescrib$ a delay1 s t excessive eag]ness = divorce might cease ?r\gh be+ weak5$ dur+ ! writ+ ( ! bill4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l1 9 ord] to impress ! fact t a wife ought n easily to be put away1 all[$ no exception save 9 ! case ( =nication4 ,! same applies to ! prohibition ab\t swe>+1 z /at$ above4 ,! same is also cle> ) respect to ! prohibition ( retaliation4 ,= ! ,law fix$ a limit to rev5ge1 by =bidd+ m5 to seek v5geance unreasonably3 :]eas ,our ,"l depriv$ !m ( v5geance m completely by comm&+ !m to ab/a9 f x altoge!r4 ,) reg>d to ! hatr$ ( "o's enemies1 ,he dispell$ ! false int]pretation ( ! ,ph>isees1 by admoni%+ u to hate1 n ! p]son1 b 8 s94 ,z to discrim9at+ betwe5 v>i\s foods1 :i* 0 a c]emonial matt]1 ,our ,"l did n =bid ?is to be obs]v$3 b ,he %[$ t no foods are naturally unclean1 b only 9 tok5 ( some?+ else1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x 0 =bidd5 by ! ,law to t\* a lep]2 because by do+ s1 man incurr$ a c]ta9 uncleanness ( irregul>ity1 z also by t\*+ ! dead1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d74 ,b ,our ,"l1 ,:o heal$ ! lep]1 c\ld n contract an uncleanness4 ,by ^? ?+s :i* ,he did on ! sabba?1 ,he did n break ! sabba? 9 reality1 z ! ,ma/] ,himself %[s 9 ! ,gospel3 bo? because ,he work$ miracles by ,8 ,div9e p[]1 :i* is ev] active among ?+s2 & because ,8 works 7 conc]n$ ) ! salvation ( man1 :ile ! ,ph>isees 7 conc]n$ = ! well-be+ ( animals ev5 on ! sabba?2 & aga9 because on acc\nt ( urg5cy ,he excus$ ,8 disciples = ga!r+ ! e>s ( corn on ! sabba?4 ,b ,he did seem to break ! sabba? accord+ to ! sup]/iti\s int]pretation ( ! ,ph>isees1 :o ?\ght t man ought to ab/a9 f do+ ev5 works ( k9dness on ! sabba?2 :i* 0 contr>y to ! int5tion ( ! ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! reason :y ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,law are n m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 #e is because1 z /at$ above 7ad #a71 _! obs]vance 0 aboli%$ by _! fulfilm5t4 ,b ( ! judicial precepts ,he m5tion$ t ( retaliation3 s t :at ,he said ab\t x %\ld ref] to all ! o!rs4 ,) reg>d to ?is precept1 ,he taught t ! int5tion ( ! ,law 0 t retaliation %\ld be s\ght out ( love ( ju/ice1 & n z a puni%m5t out ( rev5geful spite1 :i* ,he =bade1 admoni%+ man to be ready to suff] yet great] insults2 & ?is rema9s /ill 9 ! ,new ,law4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,is ,conta9$ 9 ! ,old8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law is n conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,because ! ,new ,law consi/s *iefly 9 fai?3 :]e=e x is call$ ! law ( fai? 7,rom4 #c3bg74 ,b _m po9ts ( fai? are set =? 9 ! ,new ,law1 :i* are n conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is n conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss says on ,matt4 #e3ai1 ,he t %all break "o ( ^! lea/ comm&m5ts1 t ! less] comm&m5ts are ^? ( ! ,law1 & ! great] comm&m5ts1 ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,n[ ! great] _c be conta9$ 9 ! less]4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is n conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :o holds ! conta9] holds ! cont5ts4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,new ,law is conta9$ 9 ! ,old1 x foll[s t :oev] _h ! ,old ,law _h ! ,new3 s t x 0 sup]flu\s to give m5 a ,new ,law :5 once !y _h ! ,old4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is n conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,z express$ 9 ,eze*4 #a3af1 !re 0 a :eel 9 ! mid/ ( a :eel1 i4e4 ! ,new ,te/am5t )9 ! ,old1 accord+ to ,gregory's exposition4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o ?+ may be conta9$ 9 ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 actually2 z a locat$ ?+ is 9 a place4 ,secondly1 virtually2 z an effect 9 its cause1 or z ! complem5t 9 t :i* is incomplete2 ?us a g5us conta9s its species1 & a se$ conta9s ! :ole tree1 virtually4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! ,new ,law is conta9$ 9 ! ,old3 = x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 t ! ,new ,law is comp>$ to ! ,old z p]fect to imp]fect4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om1 exp\nd+ ,mk4 #d3bh1 ,! e>? ( itself br+e? =? fruit1 fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft]w>ds ! full corn 9 ! e>1 expresses himself z foll[s3 ,he br\ght =? fir/ ! blade1 i4e4 ! ,law ( ,nature2 !n ! e>1 i4e4 ! ,law ( ,moses2 la/ly1 ! full corn1 i4e4 ! ,law ( ! ,gospel4 ,h5ce !n ! ,new ,law is 9 ! ,old z ! corn 9 ! e>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:atsoev] is set d[n 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t explicitly & op5ly z a po9t ( fai?1 is conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z a matt] ( belief1 b implicitly1 "u a figure4 ,& accord+ly1 ev5 z to ^? ?+s :i* we are b\nd to believe1 ! ,new ,law is conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! precepts ( ! ,new ,law are said to be great] ?an ^? ( ! ,old ,law1 9 ! po9t ( _! be+ set =? explicitly4 ,b z to ! sub/ance itself ( ! precepts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !y are all conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xix1 #bc1 #bh7 t ne>ly all ,our ,"l's admonitions or precepts1 :]e ,he express$ ,himself by say+3 ',b ,i say unto y1' are to be f\nd also 9 ^? anci5t books4 ,yet1 s9ce !y ?\ght t murd] 0 only ! slay+ ( ! human body1 ,our ,"l decl>$ to !m t e wick$ impulse to hurt our bro!r is to be look$ on z a k9d ( murd]4 ,& x is 9 ! po9t ( decl>ations ( ?is k9d t ! precepts ( ! ,new ,law are said to be great] ?an ^? ( ! ,old4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 prev5ts ! great] f be+ conta9$ 9 ! less] virtually2 j z a tree is conta9$ 9 ! se$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:at is set =? implicitly ne$s to be decl>$ explicitly4 ,h5ce aft] ! publi%+ ( ! ,old ,law1 a ,new ,law also _h to be giv54 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,is ,m ,burd5some ,?an ! ,old8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law is m burd5some ?an ! ,old4 ,= ,*ryso/om 7,opus ,imp4 9 ,mat?41 ,hom4 x 99,! "w ( an unkn[n au?or7 say3 ,! comm&m5ts giv5 to ,moses are easy to obey3 ,?\ %alt n kill2 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y3 b ! comm&m5ts ( ,*ri/ are difficult to accompli%1 = in/ance3 ,?\ %alt n give way to ang]1 or to lu/4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is m burd5some ?an ! ,old4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is easi] to make use ( e>?ly prosp]ity ?an to suff] tribulations4 ,b 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t obs]vance ( ! ,law 0 foll[$ by temporal prosp]ity1 z may be ga!r$ f ,deut4 #bh3a-ad2 :]eas _m k9ds ( tr\ble ensue to ^? :o obs]ve ! ,new ,law1 z /at$ 9 #b ,cor4 #f3d-aj3 ,let u exhibit ourselves z ! m9i/]s ( ,god1 9 mu* pati5ce1 9 tribulation1 9 necessities1 9 di/resses1 etc4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is m burd5some ?an ! ,old4 ,obj4 #c3 ,! m "o has to d1 ! m difficult x is4 ,b ! ,new ,law is some?+ add$ to ! ,old4 ,= ! ,old ,law =bade p]jury1 :ile ! ,new ,law proscrib$ ev5 swe>+3 ! ,old ,law =bade a man to ca/ (f 8 wife )\t a bill ( divorce1 :ile ! ,new ,law =bade divorce altoge!r2 z is cle>ly /at$ 9 ,matt4 #e3ca1 seqq41 accord+ to ,augu/9e's exp\nd+4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is m burd5some ?an ! ,old4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #aa3bh73 ,come to ,me1 all y t labor & are burd5$3 :i* words are exp\nd$ by ,hil>y ?us3 ,he calls to ,himself all ^? t labor "u ! difficulty ( obs]v+ ! ,law1 & are burd5$ ) ! s9s ( ?is _w4 ,& fur!r on ,he says ( ! yoke ( ! ,gospel3 ,= ,my yoke is sweet & ,my burd5 light4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law is a light] burd5 ?an ! ,old4 ,i answ] t1 ,a tw(old difficulty may atta* to works ( virtue ) :i* ! precepts ( ! ,law are conc]n$4 ,"o is on ! "p ( ! outw>d works1 :i* ( !mselves are1 9 a way1 difficult & burd5some4 ,& 9 ?is respect ! ,old ,law is a mu* heavi] burd5 ?an ! ,new3 s9ce ! ,old ,law by its num]\s c]emonies prescrib$ _m m outw>d acts ?an ! ,new ,law1 :i*1 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ! apo/les1 add$ v few precepts to ^? ( ! natural law2 al?\gh aft]w>ds "s 7 add$1 ?r\gh be+ in/itut$ by ! holy ,fa!rs4 ,ev5 9 ^! ,augu/9e says t mod]ation %\ld be obs]v$1 le/ good conduct %\ld become a burd5 to ! fai?ful4 ,= he says 9 reply to ! qu]ies ( ,janu>ius 7,ep4 lv7 t1 :]eas ,god 9 ,8 m]cy wi%$ religion to be a free s]vice r5d]$ by ! public solemnization ( a small numb] ( mo/ manife/ sacram5ts1 c]ta9 p]sons make x a slave's burd52 s mu* s t ! /ate ( ! ,jews :o 7 subject to ! sacram5ts ( ! ,law1 & n to ! presumptu\s devices ( man1 0 m tol]able4 ,! o!r difficulty atta*es to works ( virtue z to int]ior acts3 = in/ance1 t a virtu\s de$ be done ) promptitude & pleasure4 ,x is ?is difficulty t virtue solves3 because to act ?us is difficult = a man )\t virtue3 b ?r\gh virtue x becomes easy = him4 ,9 ?is respect ! precepts ( ! ,new ,law are m burd5some ?an ^? ( ! ,old2 because ! ,new ,law prohibits c]ta9 int]ior movem5ts ( ! s\l1 :i* 7 n expressly =bidd5 9 ! ,old ,law 9 all cases1 al?\gh !y 7 =bidd5 9 "s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any puni%m5t be+ atta*$ to ! prohibition4 ,n[ ?is is v difficult to a man )\t virtue3 ?us ev5 ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #i7 t x is easy to d :at a righte\s man does2 b t to d x 9 ! same way1 viz4 ) pleasure & promptitude1 is difficult to a man :o is n righte\s4 ,accord+ly we read also 7#a ,john #e3c7 t ,8 comm&m5ts are n heavy3 :i* words ,augu/9e exp\nds by say+ t !y are n heavy to ! man t love?2 :]eas !y are a burd5 to him t love? n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ speaks expressly ( ! difficulty ( ! ,new ,law z to ! delib]ate curb+ ( int]ior movem5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! tribulations suff]$ by ^? :o obs]ve ! ,new ,law are n impos$ by ! ,law itself4 ,moreov] !y are easily borne1 on acc\nt ( ! love 9 :i* ! same ,law consi/s3 s9ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxx71 love makes light & no?+ ( ?+s t seem ardu\s & beyond our p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( ^! additions to ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law 0 to r5d] x easi] to d :at x prescrib$1 z ,augu/9e /ates 99,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #ag1 #ba2 xix1 #bc1 #bf4 ,accord+ly ?is does n prove t ! ,new ,law is m burd5some1 b r t x is a light] burd54 ,,"q #ajh ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,t ,,are ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,law 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? ?+s t are conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,law3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ought to prescribe or to =bid any outw>d works8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! ,new ,law makes suffici5t provision 9 prescrib+ & =bidd+ ext]nal acts8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 ! matt] ( int]nal acts x directs man suffici5tly8 7#d7 ,:e!r x fitt+ly adds c\nsels to precepts8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,ought to ,prescribe or ,prohibit ,any ,ext]nal ,acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law %\ld n prescribe or prohibit any ext]nal acts4 ,= ! ,new ,law is ! ,gospel ( ! k+dom1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bd3ad3 ,?is ,gospel ( ! k+dom %all be prea*$ 9 ! :ole _w4 ,b ! k+dom ( ,god consi/s n 9 ext]ior1 b only 9 int]ior acts1 accord+ to ,luke #ag3ba3 ,! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y2 & ,rom4 #ad3ag3 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n meat & dr9k2 b ju/ice & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law %\ld n prescribe or =bid any ext]nal acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,new ,law is ! law ( ! ,_s 7,rom4 #h3b74 ,b :]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty 7#b ,cor4 #c3ag74 ,n[ !re is no lib]ty :5 man is b\nd to d or avoid c]ta9 ext]nal acts4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law does n prescribe or =bid any ext]nal acts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all ext]nal acts are und]/ood z ref]able to ! h&1 j z int]ior acts belong to ! m9d4 ,b ?is is assign$ z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,new & ,old ,laws t ! ,old ,law re/ra9s ! h&1 :]eas ! ,new ,law curbs ! w 99,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #dj4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law %\ld n conta9 prohibitions & comm&s ab\t ext]ior de$s1 b only ab\t int]ior acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?r\gh ! ,new ,law1 m5 are made *ildr5 ( light3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,john #ab3cf73 ,believe 9 ! light t y may be ! *ildr5 ( light4 ,n[ x is becom+ t *ildr5 ( ! light %\ld d de$s ( light & ca/ aside de$s ( d>kness1 accord+ to ,eph4 #e3h3 ,y 7 h]et(ore d>kness1 b n[ light 9 ! ,"l4 ,walk 4 4 4 z *ildr5 ( ! light4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law _h to =bid c]ta9 ext]nal acts & prescribe o!rs4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! ,new ,law consi/s *iefly 9 ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* is %[n =? by fai? t worke? ?r\gh love4 ,n[ m5 become receiv]s ( ?is grace ?r\gh ,god's ,son made man1 ,^: humanity grace fill$ fir/1 & !nce fl[$ =? to u4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,john #a3ad73 ,! ,^w 0 made fle%1 & aft]w>ds3 full ( grace & tru?2 & fur!r on3 ,( ,8 fulness we all h receiv$1 & grace = grace4 ,h5ce x is add$ t grace & tru? came by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,consequ5tly x 0 becom+ t ! grace :i* fl[s f ! inc>nate ,^w %\ld be giv5 to u by means ( c]ta9 ext]nal s5sible objects2 & t f ?is inw>d grace1 :]eby ! fle% is subject$ to ! ,_s1 c]ta9 ext]nal works %\ld ensue4 ,accord+ly ext]nal acts may h a tw(old connection ) grace4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z lead+ 9 "s way to grace4 ,su* are ! sacram5tal acts :i* are in/itut$ 9 ! ,new ,law1 e4g4 ,baptism1 ! ,eu*>i/1 & ! l4 ,9 ! second place !re are ^? ext]nal acts :i* ensue f ! prompt+s ( grace3 & h]e9 we mu/ obs]ve a diff]5ce4 ,= !re are "s :i* are necess>ily 9 keep+ )1 or 9 opposition to inw>d grace consi/+ 9 fai? t worke? ?r\gh love4 ,su* ext]nal works are prescrib$ or =bidd5 9 ! ,new ,law2 ?us confession ( fai? is prescrib$1 & d5ial ( fai? is =bidd52 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #aj3cb1 #cc7 7,e "o7 t %all confess ,me be=e m51 ,i w also confess him be=e ,my ,fa!r 4 4 4 ,b he t %all d5y ,me be=e m51 ,i w also d5y him be=e ,my ,fa!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are works :i* are n necess>ily oppos$ to1 or 9 keep+ ) fai? t worke? ?r\gh love4 ,su* works are n prescrib$ or =bidd5 9 ! ,new ,law1 by virtue ( its primitive in/itution2 b h be5 left by ! ,lawgiv]1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 to ! discretion ( ea* individual4 ,& s to ea* "o x is free to decide :at he %\ld d or avoid2 & to ea* sup]ior1 to direct 8 subjects 9 su* matt]s z reg>ds :at !y mu/ d or avoid4 ,:]e=e also 9 ?is respect ! ,gospel is call$ ! law ( lib]ty 99,cf4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 s9ce ! ,old ,law decid$ _m po9ts & left few to man to decide z he *ose4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! k+dom ( ,god consi/s *iefly 9 int]nal acts3 b z a consequ5ce all ?+s t are ess5tial to int]nal acts belong also to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?us if ! k+dom ( ,god is int]nal righte\sness1 peace1 & spiritual joy1 all ext]nal acts t are incompatible ) righte\sness1 peace1 & spiritual joy1 are 9 opposition to ! k+dom ( ,god2 & consequ5tly %\ld be =bidd5 9 ! ,gospel ( ! k+dom4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? ?+s t are indiff]5t z reg>ds ! a=esaid1 = in/ance1 to eat ( ?is or t food1 are n "p ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says be=e ! words quot$3 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n meat & dr9k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 i1 #b71 :at is free is cause ( itself4 ,!re=e he acts freely1 :o acts ( 8 own accord4 ,n[ man does ( 8 own accord t :i* he does f a habit t is suitable to 8 nature3 s9ce a habit incl9es "o z a second nature4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a habit be 9 opposition to nature1 man w\ld n act accord+ to 8 nature1 b accord+ to "s corruption affect+ t nature4 ,s9ce !n ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is l an int]ior habit be/[$ on u & incl9+ u to act aright1 x makes u d freely ^? ?+s t are becom+ to grace1 & %un :at is oppos$ to x4 ,accord+ly ! ,new ,law is call$ ! law ( lib]ty 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 because x does n b9d u to d or avoid c]ta9 ?+s1 except su* z are ( !mselves necess>y or oppos$ to salvation1 & come "u ! prescription or prohibition ( ! law4 ,secondly1 because x also makes u comply freely ) ^! precepts & prohibitions1 inasmu* z we d s ?r\gh ! prompt+s ( grace4 ,x is = ^! two reasons t ! ,new ,law is call$ ! law ( p]fect lib]ty 7,james #a3be74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,new ,law1 by re/ra9+ ! m9d f inord9ate movem5ts1 mu/ ne$s also re/ra9 ! h& f inord9ate acts1 :i* ensue f inw>d movem5ts4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,made ,suffici5t ,ord9ations ,ab\t ,ext]nal ,acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law made insuffici5t ord9ations ab\t ext]nal acts4 ,because fai? t worke? ?r\gh *>ity seems *iefly to belong to ! ,new ,law1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3f3 ,9 ,*ri/ ,jesus nei!r circumcision availe? any?+1 nor uncircumcision3 b fai? t worke? ?r\gh *>ity4 ,b ! ,new ,law decl>$ explicitly c]ta9 po9ts ( fai? :i* 7 n set =? explicitly 9 ! ,old ,law2 = in/ance1 belief 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e x %\ld also h add$ c]ta9 outw>d moral de$s1 :i* 7 n fix$ 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,old ,law n only 7 sacram5ts in/itut$1 b also c]ta9 sacr$ ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #d74 ,b 9 ! ,new ,law1 al?\gh c]ta9 sacram5ts are in/itut$ by ,our ,"l2 = in/ance1 p]ta9+ ei!r to ! sanctification ( a temple or ( ! vessels1 or to ! celebration ( "s p>ticul> fea/4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law made insuffici5t ord9ations ab\t ext]nal matt]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,old ,law1 j z !re 7 c]ta9 obs]vances p]ta9+ to ,god's m9i/]s1 s also 7 !re c]ta9 obs]vances p]ta9+ to ! p3 z 0 /at$ above :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! c]emonial ( ! ,old ,law 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ 9 ! ,new ,law c]ta9 obs]vances seem to h be5 prescrib$ to ! m9i/]s ( ,god2 z may be ga!r$ f ,matt4 #aj3i3 ,d n possess gold1 nor silv]1 nor money 9 y\r purses1 nor o!r ?+s :i* are m5tion$ "h & ,luke #i1 #aj4 ,!re=e c]ta9 obs]vances p]ta9+ to ! fai?ful %\ld also h be5 in/itut$ 9 ! ,new ,law4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,old ,law1 besides moral & c]emonial precepts1 !re 7 c]ta9 judicial precepts4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,law !re are no judicial precepts4 ,!re=e ! ,new ,law made insuffici5t ord9ations ab\t ext]nal works4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #g3bd73 ,e "o 4 4 4 t he>e? ^! ,my words1 & do? !m1 %all be lik5$ to a wise man t built 8 h\se ^u a rock4 ,b a wise build] leaves out no?+ t is necess>y to ! build+4 ,!re=e ,*ri/'s words conta9 all ?+s necess>y = man's salvation4 ,i answ] t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! ,new ,law _h to make su* prescriptions or prohibitions alone z are ess5tial = ! reception or "r use ( grace4 ,& s9ce we _c ( ourselves obta9 grace1 b ?r\gh ,*ri/ alone1 h5ce ,*ri/ ( ,himself in/itut$ ! sacram5ts :]eby we obta9 grace3 viz4 ,baptism1 ,eu*>i/1 ,ord]s ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,new ,law1 by ! in/itution ( ! apo/les & sev5ty-two disciples1 ,p5ance1 & indissoluble ,matrimony4 ,he promis$ ,confirmation ?r\gh ! s5d+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 & we read t by ,8 in/itution ! apo/les heal$ ! sick by ano9t+ !m ) oil 7,mk4 #f3ac74 ,^! are ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law4 ,! "r use ( grace is by means ( works ( *>ity4 ,^!1 9 s f> z !y are ess5tial to virtue1 p]ta9 to ! moral precepts1 :i* also =m$ "p ( ! ,old ,law4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is respect1 ! ,new ,law _h no?+ to add z reg>ds ext]nal action4 ,! det]m9ation ( ^! works 9 _! relation to ! div9e wor%ip1 belongs to ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,law2 &1 9 relation to our neighbor1 to ! judicial precepts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d74 ,& !re=e1 s9ce ^! det]m9ations are n 9 !mselves necess>ily connect$ ) inw>d grace :]e9 ! ,law consi/s1 !y d n come "u a precept ( ! ,new ,law1 b are left to ! decision ( man2 "s relat+ to inf]iors--z :5 a precept is giv5 to an individual2 o!rs1 relat+ to sup]iors1 temporal or spiritual1 ref]r+1 namely1 to ! common good4 ,accord+ly ! ,new ,law _h no o!r ext]nal works to det]m9e1 by prescrib+ or =bidd+1 except ! sacram5ts1 & ^? moral precepts :i* h a necess>y connection ) virtue1 = in/ance1 t "o mu/ n kill1 or /eal1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,matt]s ( fai? are above human reason1 & s we _c atta9 to !m except ?r\gh grace4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 grace came to be be/[$ m abundantly1 ! result 0 an increase 9 ! numb] ( explicit po9ts ( fai?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ?r\gh human reason t we are direct$ to works ( virtue1 = x is ! rule ( human action1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #b74 ,:]e=e 9 su* matt]s z ^! !re 0 no ne$ = any precepts to be giv5 besides ! moral precepts ( ! ,law1 :i* proce$ f ! dictate ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law grace is be/[$1 :i* _c be receiv$ except ?r\gh ,*ri/3 consequ5tly !y _h to be in/itut$ by ,him4 ,b 9 ! sacr$ ?+s no grace is giv53 = in/ance1 9 ! consecration ( a temple1 an alt> or ! l1 or1 aga91 9 ! celebration ( fea/s4 ,:]e=e ,our ,"l left ! in/itution ( su* ?+s to ! discretion ( ! fai?ful1 s9ce !y h n ( !mselves any necess>y connection ) inw>d grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,our ,"l gave ! apo/les ^? precepts n z c]emonial obs]vances1 b z moral /atutes3 & !y c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 foll[+ ,augu/9e 7,de ,cons5su ,evang4 #cj71 z be+ n comm&s b p]missions4 ,= ,he p]mitt$ !m to set =? to prea* )\t scrip or /ick1 & s on1 s9ce !y 7 emp[]$ to accept _! livelihood f ^? to :om !y prea*$3 :]e=e ,he goes on to say3 ,= ! labor] is wor?y ( 8 hire4 ,nor is x a s91 b a "w ( sup]]ogation = a prea*] to take means ( livelihood ) him1 )\t accept+ supplies f ^? to :om he prea*es2 z ,paul did 7#a ,cor4 #i3d1 seqq474 ,secondly1 accord+ to ! explanation ( o!r holy m51 !y may be consid]$ z temporal comm&s laid ^u ! apo/les = ! "t dur+ :i* !y 7 s5t to prea* 9 ,judea be=e ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,= ! disciples1 be+ yet z little *ildr5 "u ,*ri/'s c>e1 ne$$ to receive "s special comm&s f ,*ri/1 su* z all subjects receive f _! sup]iors3 & especially s1 s9ce !y 7 to be accu/om$ little by little to r5\nce ! c>e ( temporalities1 s z to become fitt$ = ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,nor mu/ we wond] if ,he e/abli%$ c]ta9 fix$ modes ( life1 z long z ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law endur$ & ! p _h n z yet a*iev$ ! p]fect lib]ty ( ! ,_s4 ,^! /atutes ,he aboli%$ %ortly be=e ,8 ,passion1 z ?\gh ! disciples _h by _! means become suffici5tly practic$4 ,h5ce ,he said 7,luke #bb3ce1 #cf7 ,:5 ,i s5t y )\t purse & scrip & %oes1 did y want any?+8 ,b !y said3 ,no?+4 ,!n said ,he unto !m3 ,b n[1 he t ha? a purse1 let him take x1 & likewise a scrip4 ,because ! "t ( p]fect lib]ty 0 already at h&1 :5 !y w\ld be left entirely to _! own judgm5t 9 matt]s n necess>ily connect$ ) virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,judicial precepts also1 are n ess5tial to virtue 9 respect ( any p>ticul> det]m9ation1 b only 9 reg>d to ! common notion ( ju/ice4 ,consequ5tly ,our ,"l left ! judicial precepts to ! discretion ( ^? :o 7 to h spiritual or temporal *>ge ( o!rs4 ,b z reg>ds ! judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law1 "s ( !m ,he expla9$1 because !y 7 misund]/ood by ! ,ph>isees1 z we %all /ate lat] on 7,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,new ,law ,direct$ ,man ,suffici5tly ,z ,reg>ds ,int]ior ,actions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,new ,law direct$ man insuffici5tly z reg>ds int]ior actions4 ,= !re are t5 comm&m5ts ( ! decalogue direct+ man to ,god & 8 neighbor4 ,b ,our ,"l p>tly fulfill$ only ?ree ( !m3 z reg>ds1 namely1 ! prohibition ( murd]1 ( adult]y1 & ( p]jury4 ,!re=e x seems t1 by omitt+ to fulfil ! o!r precepts1 ,he direct$ man insuffici5tly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z reg>ds ! judicial precepts1 ,our ,"l orda9$ no?+ 9 ! ,gospel1 except 9 ! matt] ( divorc+ a wife1 ( puni%m5t by retaliation1 & ( p]secut+ "o's enemies4 ,b !re are _m o!r judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aje74 ,!re=e1 9 ?is respect1 ,he direct$ human life insuffici5tly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,old ,law1 besides moral & judicial1 !re 7 c]emonial precepts ab\t :i* ,our ,"l made no ord9ation4 ,!re=e x seems t ,he orda9$ insuffici5tly4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ord] t ! m9d be inw>dly well dispos$1 man %\ld d no good de$ = any temporal end :atev]4 ,b !re are _m o!r temporal goods besides ! favor ( man3 & !re are _m o!r good works besides fa/+1 alms-de$s1 & pray]4 ,!re=e ,our ,"l unbecom+ly taught t only 9 respect ( ^! ?ree works1 & ( no o!r e>?ly goods ought we to %un ! glory ( human favor4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 solicitude = ! necess>y means ( livelihood is by nature in/ill$ into man1 & ?is solicitude ev5 o!r animals %>e ) man3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3f1 #h73 ,g to ! ant1 ,o slugg>d1 & consid] h] ways 4 4 4 %e provide? h] meat = h]self 9 ! summ]1 & ga!re? h] food 9 ! h>ve/4 ,b e comm& issu$ aga9/ ! incl9ation ( nature is an unju/ comm&1 =asmu* z x is contr>y to ! law ( nature4 ,!re=e x seems t ,our ,"l unbecom+ly =bade solicitude ab\t food & raim5t4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 no act ( virtue %\ld be ! subject ( a prohibition4 ,n[ judgm5t is an act ( ju/ice1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ah3ae3 ,until ju/ice be turn$ into judgm5t4 ,!re=e x seems t ,our ,"l unbecom+ly =bade judgm5t3 & consequ5tly t ! ,new ,law direct$ man insuffici5tly 9 ! matt] ( int]ior acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #a73 ,we %\ld take note t1 :5 ,he said3 ',he t he>e? ^! ,my words1' ,he indicates cle>ly t ?is s]mon ( ! ,"l is replete ) all ! precepts :]eby a ,*ri/ian's life is =m$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is evid5t f ,augu/9e's words j quot$1 ! s]mon1 :i* ,our ,"l deliv]$ on ! m\nta91 conta9s ! :ole process ( =m+ ! life ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,!re9 man's int]ior movem5ts are ord]$4 ,because aft] decl>+ t 8 end is ,beatitude2 & aft] comm5d+ ! au?ority ( ! apo/les1 ?r\gh :om ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel 0 to be promulgat$1 ,he ord]s man's int]ior movem5ts1 fir/ 9 reg>d to man himself1 secondly 9 reg>d to 8 neighbor4 ,?is he does 9 reg>d to man himself1 9 two ways1 correspond+ to man's two int]ior movem5ts 9 respect ( any prospective action1 viz4 volition ( :at has to be done1 & int5tion ( ! end4 ,:]e=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,he directs man's w 9 respect ( ! v>i\s precepts ( ! ,law3 by prescrib+ t man %\ld refra9 n m]ely f ^? ext]nal works t are evil 9 !mselves1 b also f int]nal acts1 & f ! occasions ( evil de$s4 ,9 ! second place ,he directs man's int5tion1 by tea*+ t 9 our good works1 we %\ld seek nei!r human praise1 nor worldly ri*es1 :i* is to lay up treasures on e>?4 ,aft]w>ds ,he directs man's int]ior movem5t 9 respect ( 8 neighbor1 by =bidd+ u1 on ! "o h&1 to judge him ra%ly1 unju/ly1 or presumptu\sly2 &1 on ! o!r1 to entru/ him too readily ) sacr$ ?+s if he be unwor?y4 ,la/ly1 ,he tea*es u h[ to fulfil ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel2 viz4 by implor+ ! help ( ,god2 by /riv+ to ent] by ! n>r[ door ( p]fect virtue2 & by be+ w>y le/ we be l$ a/ray by evil influ5ces4 ,moreov]1 ,he decl>es t we mu/ obs]ve ,8 comm&m5ts1 & t x is n en\gh to make pr(ession ( fai?1 or to "w miracles1 or m]ely to he> ,8 words4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l expla9$ ! mann] ( fulfill+ ^? precepts :i* ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees did n rightly und]/&3 & ?is affect$ *iefly ^? precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,= !y ?\ght t ! prohibition ( adult]y & murd] cov]$ ! ext]nal act only1 & n ! int]nal desire4 ,& !y held ?is op9ion ab\t murd] & adult]y r ?an ab\t !ft & false witness1 because ! movem5t ( ang] t5d+ to murd]1 & ! movem5t ( desire t5d+ to adult]y1 seem to be 9 u f nature some:at1 b n ! desire ( /eal+ or be>+ false witness4 ,!y held a false op9ion ab\t p]jury1 = !y ?\ght t p]jury inde$ 0 a s92 b t oa?s 7 ( !mselves to be desir$ & to be tak5 frequ5tly1 s9ce !y seem to proce$ f rev]5ce to ,god4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l %[s t an oa? is n desirable z a good ?+2 & t x is bett] to speak )\t oa?s1 unless necessity =ces u to h rec\rse to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,scribes & ,ph>isees err$ ab\t ! judicial precepts 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because !y consid]$ c]ta9 matt]s conta9$ 9 ! ,law ( ,moses by way ( p]mission1 to be "r 9 !mselves3 namely1 divorce ( a wife1 & ! tak+ ( usury f /rang]s4 ,:]e=e ,our ,"l =bade a man to divorce 8 wife 7,matt4 #e3cb72 & to receive usury 7,luke #f3ce71 :5 ,he said3 ,l5d1 hop+ = no?+ !reby4 ,9 ano!r way !y err$ by ?9k+ t c]ta9 ?+s :i* ! ,old ,law comm&$ to be done = ju/ice's sake1 %\ld be done out ( desire = rev5ge1 or out ( lu/ = temporal goods1 or out ( hatr$ ( "o's enemies2 & ?is 9 respect ( ?ree precepts4 ,= !y ?\ght t desire = rev5ge 0 lawful1 on acc\nt ( ! precept conc]n+ puni%m5t by retaliation3 :]eas ?is precept 0 giv5 t ju/ice might be safegu>d$1 n t man might seek rev5ge4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to d away ) ?is1 ,our ,"l tea*es t man %\ld be prep>$ 9 8 m9d to suff] yet m if necess>y4 ,!y ?\ght t movem5ts ( covet\sness 7 lawful on acc\nt ( ^? judicial precepts :i* prescrib$ re/itution ( :at _h be5 purlo9$1 toge!r ) some?+ add$ !reto1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #b1 ad #i72 :]eas ! ,law comm&$ ?is to be done 9 ord] to safegu>d ju/ice1 n to enc\rage covet\sness4 ,:]e=e ,our ,"l tea*es t we %\ld n dem& our goods f motives ( cupidity1 & t we %\ld be ready to give yet m if necess>y4 ,!y ?\ght t ! movem5t ( hatr$ 0 lawful1 on acc\nt ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law ab\t ! slay+ ( "o's enemies3 :]eas ! ,law ord]$ ?is = ! fulfilm5t ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #c1 ad #d71 n to satisfy hatr$4 ,:]e=e ,our ,"l tea*es u t we ought to love our enemies1 & to be ready to d good to !m if necess>y4 ,= ^! precepts are to be tak5 z b9d+ ! m9d to be prep>$ to fulfil !m1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #ai74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! moral precepts necess>ily reta9$ _! =ce "u ! ,new ,law1 because !y are ( !mselves ess5tial to virtue3 :]eas ! judicial precepts did n necess>ily cont9ue to b9d 9 exactly ! same way z _h be5 fix$ by ! ,law3 ?is 0 left to man to decide 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l direct$ u becom+ly ) reg>d to ^! two k9ds ( precepts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! obs]vance ( ! c]emonial precepts 0 totally aboli%$ by ! adv5t ( ! reality2 :]e=e 9 reg>d to ^! precepts ,he comm&$ no?+ on ?is occasion :5 ,he 0 giv+ ! g5]al po9ts ( ,8 doctr9e4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ,he makes x cle> t ! entire bodily wor%ip :i* 0 fix$ by ! ,law1 0 to be *ang$ into spiritual wor%ip3 z is evid5t f ,john #d3ba1 #bc1 :]e ,he says3 ,! h\r come? :5 y %all nei!r on ?is m\nta91 nor 9 ,j]usalem adore ! ,fa!r 4 4 4 b 4 4 4 ! true ador]s %all adore ! ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all worldly goods may be r$uc$ to ?ree--honors1 ri*es1 & pleasures2 accord+ to #a ,john #b3af3 ,all t is 9 ! _w is ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 :i* ref]s to pleasures ( ! fle%1 & ! concupisc5ce ( ! eyes1 :i* ref]s to ri*es1 & ! pride ( life1 :i* ref]s to ambition = r5[n & honor4 ,n[ ! ,law did n promise an abundance ( c>nal pleasures2 on ! contr>y1 x =bade !m4 ,b x did promise exalt$ honors & abundant ri*es2 = x is writt5 9 ref]5ce to ! =m] 7,deut4 #bh3a73 ,if ?\ wilt he> ! voice ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 4 4 4 ,he w make !e high] ?an all ! nations2 & 9 ref]5ce to ! latt]1 we read a little fur!r on 7,deut4 #bh3aa73 ,he w make !e ab\nd ) all goods4 ,b ! ,jews s di/ort$ ! true mean+ ( ^! promises1 z to ?9k t we ought to s]ve ,god1 ) ^! ?+s z ! end 9 view4 ,:]e=e ,our ,"l set ?is aside by tea*+1 fir/ ( all1 t works ( virtue %\ld n be done = human glory4 ,& ,he m5tions ?ree works1 to :i* all o!rs may be r$uc$3 s9ce :atev] a man does 9 ord] to curb 8 desires1 comes "u ! head ( fa/+2 & :atev] a man does = ! love ( 8 neighbor1 comes "u ! head ( alms-de$s2 & :atev] a man does = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 comes "u ! head ( pray]4 ,& ,he m5tions ^! ?ree specifically1 z !y hold ! pr9cipal place1 & are mo/ (t5 us$ by m5 9 ord] to ga9 glory4 ,9 ! second place ,he taught u t we mu/ n place our end 9 ri*es1 :5 ,he said3 ,lay n up to y\rselves treasures on e>? 7,matt4 #f3ai74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,our ,"l =bade1 n necess>y1 b inord9ate solicitude4 ,n[ !re is a f\rfold solicitude to be avoid$ 9 temporal matt]s4 ,fir/1 we mu/ n place our end 9 !m1 nor s]ve ,god = ! sake ( ! necessities ( food & raim5t4 ,:]e=e ,he says3 ,lay n up = y\rselves1 etc4 ,secondly1 we mu/ n be s anxi\s ab\t temporal ?+s1 z to despair ( ,god's help3 :]e=e ,our ,"l says 7,matt4 #f3cb73 ,y\r ,fa!r kn[e? t y h ne$ ( all ^! ?+s4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ n add presumption to our solicitude2 9 o!r words1 we mu/ n be confid5t ( gett+ ! necess>ies ( life by our own ef=ts )\t ,god's help3 su* solicitude ,our ,"l sets aside by say+ t a man _c add any?+ to 8 /ature 7,matt4 #f3bg74 ,we mu/ n anticipate ! "t = anxiety2 namely1 by be+ solicit\s n[1 = ! ne$s1 n ( ! pres5t1 b ( a future "t3 :]e=e ,he says 7,matt4 #f3cd73 ,be n 4 4 4 solicit\s = tomorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,our ,"l did n =bid ! judgm5t ( ju/ice1 )\t :i* holy ?+s c\ld n be )drawn f ! unwor?y4 ,b he =bade inord9ate judgm5t1 z /at$ above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,c]ta9 ,def9ite ,c\nsels ,are ,fitt+ly ,propos$ 9 ! ,new ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c]ta9 def9ite c\nsels are n fitt+ly propos$ 9 ! ,new ,law4 ,= c\nsels are giv5 ab\t t :i* is exp$i5t = an end1 z we /at$ above1 :5 treat+ ( c\nsel 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! same ?+s are n exp$i5t = all4 ,!re=e c]ta9 def9ite c\nsels %\ld n be propos$ to all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c\nsels reg>d a great] good4 ,b !re are no def9ite degrees to ! great] good4 ,!re=e def9ite c\nsels %\ld n be giv54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 c\nsels p]ta9 to ! life ( p]fection4 ,b ob$i5ce p]ta9s to ! life ( p]fection4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ t no c\nsel ( ob$i5ce %\ld be conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 _m matt]s p]ta9+ to ! life ( p]fection are f\nd among ! comm&m5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 ,love y\r enemies 7,matt4 #e3dd71 & ^? precepts :i* ,our ,"l gave ,8 apo/les 7,matt4 #aj74 ,!re=e ! c\nsels are unfitt+ly giv5 9 ! ,new ,law3 bo? because !y are n all m5tion$2 & because !y are n di/+ui%$ f ! comm&m5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! c\nsels ( a wise fri5d are ( great use1 accord+ to ,prov4 7#bg3i73 ,o9tm5t & p]fumes rejoice ! he>t3 & ! good c\nsels ( a fri5d rejoice ! s\l4 ,b ,*ri/ is our wise/ & greate/ fri5d4 ,!re=e ,8 c\nsels are supremely useful & becom+4 ,i answ] t1 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a c\nsel & a comm&m5t is t a comm&m5t implies obligation1 :]eas a c\nsel is left to ! option ( ! "o to :om x is giv54 ,consequ5tly 9 ! ,new ,law1 :i* is ! law ( lib]ty1 c\nsels are add$ to ! comm&m5ts1 & n 9 ! ,old ,law1 :i* is ! law ( bondage4 ,we mu/ !re=e und]/& ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,new ,law to h be5 giv5 ab\t matt]s t are necess>y to ga9 ! end ( et]nal bliss1 to :i* end ! ,new ,law br+s u =?)3 b t ! c\nsels are ab\t matt]s t r5d] ! ga9+ ( ?is end m assur$ & exp$iti\s4 ,n[ man is plac$ betwe5 ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 & spiritual goods :]e9 et]nal happ9ess consi/s3 s t ! m he cleaves to ! "o1 ! m he )draws f ! o!r1 & conv]sely4 ,:]e=e he t cleaves :olly to ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 s z to make !m 8 end1 & to look ^u !m z ! reason & rule ( all he does1 falls away altoge!r f spiritual goods4 ,h5ce ?is disord] is remov$ by ! comm&m5ts4 ,nev]!less1 = man to ga9 ! end a=esaid1 he does n ne$ to r5\nce ! ?+s ( ! _w altoge!r3 s9ce he c1 :ile us+ ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 atta9 to et]nal happ9ess1 provid$ he does n place 8 end 9 !m3 b he w atta9 m spe$ily !reto by giv+ up ! goods ( ?is _w entirely3 :]e=e ! evangelical c\nsels are giv5 = ?is purpose4 ,n[ ! goods ( ?is _w :i* come into use 9 human life1 consi/ 9 ?ree ?+s3 viz4 9 ext]nal weal? p]ta9+ to ! concupisc5ce ( ! eyes2 c>nal pleasures p]ta9+ to ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle%2 & honors1 :i* p]ta9 to ! pride ( life1 accord+ to #a ,john #b3af3 & x is 9 r5\nc+ ^! altoge!r1 z f> z possible1 t ! evangelical c\nsels consi/4 ,moreov]1 e =m ( ! religi\s life t pr(esses ! /ate ( p]fection is bas$ on ^! ?ree3 s9ce ri*es are r5\nc$ by pov]ty2 c>nal pleasures by p]petual *a/ity2 & ! pride ( life by ! bondage ( ob$i5ce4 ,n[ if a man obs]ve ^! absolutely1 ?is is 9 accordance ) ! c\nsels z !y /&4 ,b if a man obs]ve any "o ( !m 9 a p>ticul> case1 ?is is tak+ t c\nsel 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 namely1 z apply+ to t p>ticul> case4 ,= in/ance1 :5 anyone gives an alms to a poor man1 n be+ b\nd s to d1 he foll[s ! c\nsels 9 t p>ticul> case4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 a man = "s fix$ "t refra9s f c>nal pleasures t he may give himself to pray]1 he foll[s ! c\nsel = t p>ticul> "t4 ,& aga91 :5 a man foll[s n 8 w z to "s de$ :i* he might d lawfully1 he foll[s ! c\nsel 9 t p>ticul> case3 = in/ance1 if he d good to 8 enemies :5 he is n b\nd to1 or if he =give an injury ( :i* he might ju/ly seek to be av5g$4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 all p>ticul> c\nsels may be r$uc$ to ^! ?ree g5]al & p]fect c\nsels4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! a=esaid c\nsels1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are exp$i5t to all2 b ow+ to "s p be+ ill-dispos$1 x happ5s t "s ( !m are inexp$i5t1 because _! disposition is n incl9$ to su* ?+s4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l1 9 propos+ ! evangelical c\nsels1 always makes m5tion ( man's fitness = obs]v+ ! c\nsels4 ,= 9 giv+ ! c\nsel ( p]petual pov]ty 7,matt4 #ai3ba71 ,he beg9s ) ! words3 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 & !n ,he adds3 ,g1 sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/4 ,9 l mann] :5 ,he gave ! c\nsel ( p]petual *a/ity1 say+ 7,matt4 #ai3ab73 ,!re are eunu*s :o h made !mselves eunu*s = ! k+dom ( heav51 ,he adds /raightway3 ,he t c take1 let him take x4 ,& aga91 ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #g3ce71 aft] giv+ ! c\nsel ( virg9ity1 says3 ,& ?is ,i speak = y\r pr(it2 n to ca/ a sn>e ^u y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! great] goods are n def9itely fix$ 9 ! individual2 b ^? :i* are simply & absolutely ! great] good 9 g5]al are fix$3 & to ^! all ! above p>ticul> goods may be r$uc$1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 ! c\nsel ( ob$i5ce is und]/ood to h be5 giv5 by ,our ,"l 9 ! words3 ,& let him foll[ ,me4 ,= we foll[ ,him n only by imitat+ ,8 works1 b also by obey+ ,8 comm&m5ts1 accord+ to ,john #aj3bg3 ,my %eep he> ,my voice 4 4 4 & !y foll[ ,me4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? ?+s :i* ,our ,"l prescrib$ ab\t ! true love ( our enemies1 & o!r simil> say+s 7,matt4 #e2 ,luke #f71 may be ref]r$ to ! prep>ation ( ! m9d1 & !n !y are necess>y = salvation2 = in/ance1 t man be prep>$ to d good to 8 enemies1 & o!r simil> actions1 :5 !re is ne$4 ,h5ce ^! ?+s are plac$ among ! precepts4 ,b t anyone %\ld actually & promptly behave ?us t[>ds an enemy :5 !re is no special ne$1 is to be ref]r$ to ! p>ticul> c\nsels1 z /at$ above4 ,z to ^? matt]s :i* are set d[n 9 ,matt4 #aj & ,luke #i & #aj1 !y 7 ei!r discipl9>y comm&s = t p>ticul> "t1 or concessions1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,h5ce !y are n set d[n among ! c\nsels4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,grace 7,,qq4 #aji-aad7 ,,"q #aji ,,( ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,grace 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ext]ior pr9ciple ( human acts1 i4e4 ,god1 9 s f> z1 ?r\gh grace1 we are help$ by ,him to d "r3 &1 fir/1 we mu/ consid] ! grace ( ,god2 secondly1 its cause2 ?irdly1 its effects4 ,! fir/ po9t ( consid]ation w be ?reefold3 = we %all consid] 7#a7 ,! necessity ( grace2 7#b7 grace itself1 z to its ess5ce2 7#c7 its division4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r )\t grace man c "k any?+8 7#b7 ,:e!r )\t ,god's grace man c d or wi% any good8 7#c7 ,:e!r )\t grace man c love ,god above all ?+s8 7#d7 ,:e!r )\t grace man c keep ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law8 7#e7 ,:e!r )\t grace he c m]it et]nal life8 7#f7 ,:e!r )\t grace man c prep>e himself = grace8 7#g7 ,:e!r )\t grace he c rise f s98 7#h7 ,:e!r )\t grace man c avoid s98 7#i7 ,:e!r man hav+ receiv$ grace c d good & avoid s9 )\t any fur!r ,div9e help8 7#aj7 ,:e!r he c ( himself p]sev]e 9 good8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,)\t ,grace ,man ,c ,"k ,any ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t )\t grace man c "k no tru?4 ,=1 on #a ,cor4 #ab3c3 ,no man c say1 ! ,"l ,jesus1 b by ! ,holy ,gho/1 a gloss says3 ,e tru?1 by :omsoev] spok5 is f ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ! ,holy ,gho/ dwells 9 u by grace4 ,!re=e we _c "k tru? )\t grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,solil4 i1 #f7 t ! mo/ c]ta9 sci5ces are l ?+s lit up by ! sun s z to be se54 ,n[ ,god ,himself is ,he ,:o %$s ! light4 ,& reason is 9 ! m9d z sight is 9 ! eye4 ,& ! eyes ( ! m9d are ! s5ses ( ! s\l4 ,n[ ! bodily s5ses1 h[ev] pure1 _c see any visible object1 )\t ! sun's light4 ,!re=e ! human m9d1 h[ev] p]fect1 _c1 by reason+1 "k any tru? )\t ,div9e light3 & ?is p]ta9s to ! aid ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! human m9d c only und]/& tru? by ?9k+1 z is cle> f ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #g74 ,b ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #c3e73 ,n t we are suffici5t to ?9k any?+ ( ourselves1 z ( ourselves2 b our suffici5cy is f ,god4 ,!re=e man _c1 ( himself1 "k tru? )\t ! help ( grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #d73 ,i d n approve hav+ said 9 ! pray]1 ,o ,god1 ,:o do/ wi% ! s9less alone to "k ! tru?2 = x may be answ]$ t _m :o are n s9less "k _m tru?s4 ,n[ man is cleans$ f s9 by grace1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ej3ab3 ,create a clean he>t 9 me1 ,o ,god1 & r5ew a "r _s )9 my b[els4 ,!re=e )\t grace man ( himself c "k tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,to "k tru? is a use or act ( intellectual light1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #e3ac73 ,all t is made manife/ is light4 ,n[ e use implies movem5t1 tak+ movem5t broadly1 s z to call ?9k+ & will+ movem5ts1 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,n[ 9 corporeal ?+s we see t = movem5t !re is requir$ n m]ely ! =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! movem5t or action1 b !re is also requir$ ! motion ( ! fir/ mov]4 ,n[ ! fir/ mov] 9 ! ord] ( corporeal ?+s is ! heav5ly body4 ,h5ce no matt] h[ p]fectly fire has heat1 x w\ld n br+ ab\t alt]ation1 except by ! motion ( ! heav5ly body4 ,b x is cle> t z all corporeal movem5ts are r$uc$ to ! motion ( ! heav5ly body z to ! fir/ corporeal mov]1 s all movem5ts1 bo? corporeal & spiritual1 are r$uc$ to ! simple ,fir/ ,mov]1 ,:o is ,god4 ,& h5ce no matt] h[ p]fect a corporeal or spiritual nature is suppos$ to be1 x _c proce$ to its act unless x be mov$ by ,god2 b ?is motion is accord+ to ! plan ( ,8 provid5ce1 & n by necessity ( nature1 z ! motion ( ! heav5ly body4 ,n[ n only is e motion f ,god z f ! ,fir/ ,mov]1 b all =mal p]fection is f ,him z f ! ,fir/ ,act4 ,& ?us ! act ( ! intellect or ( any creat$ be+ :atsoev] dep5ds ^u ,god 9 two ways3 fir/1 inasmu* z x is f ,him t x has ! =m :]eby x acts2 secondly1 inasmu* z x is mov$ by ,him to act4 ,n[ e =m be/[$ on creat$ ?+s by ,god has p[] = a det]m9$ act1 :i* x c br+ ab\t 9 proportion to its own prop] end[m5t2 & beyond :i* x is p[]less1 except by a sup]add$ =m1 z wat] c only heat :5 heat$ by ! fire4 ,& ?us ! human und]/&+ has a =m1 viz4 intelligible light1 :i* ( itself is suffici5t = kn[+ c]ta9 intelligible ?+s1 viz4 ^? we c come to "k ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,high] intelligible ?+s ! human intellect _c "k1 unless x be p]fect$ by a /rong] light1 viz4 ! light ( fai? or prophecy :i* is call$ ! light ( grace1 inasmu* z x is add$ to nature4 ,h5ce we mu/ say t = ! k ( any tru? :atsoev] man ne$s ,div9e help1 t ! intellect may be mov$ by ,god to its act4 ,b he does n ne$ a new light add$ to 8 natural light1 9 ord] to "k ! tru? 9 all ?+s1 b only 9 "s t surpass 8 natural k4 ,& yet at times ,god miracul\sly in/ructs "s by ,8 grace 9 ?+s t c be kn[n by natural reason1 ev5 z ,he sometimes br+s ab\t miracul\sly :at nature c d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e tru? by :omsoev] spok5 is f ! ,holy ,gho/ z be/[+ ! natural light1 & mov+ u to und]/& & speak ! tru?1 b n z dwell+ 9 u by sanctify+ grace1 or z be/[+ any habitual gift sup]add$ to nature4 ,= ?is only takes place ) reg>d to c]ta9 tru?s t are kn[n & spok51 & especially 9 reg>d to su* z p]ta9 to fai?1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le speaks4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! mat]ial sun %$s its light outside u2 b ! intelligible ,sun1 ,:o is ,god1 %9es )9 u4 ,h5ce ! natural light be/[$ ^u ! s\l is ,god's enlight5m5t1 :]eby we are enlight5$ to see :at p]ta9s to natural k2 & = ?is !re is requir$ no fur!r k1 b only = su* ?+s z surpass natural k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we always ne$ ,god's help = e ?\ght1 inasmu* z ,he moves ! und]/&+ to act2 = actually to und]/& any?+ is to ?9k1 z is cle> f ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #g74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,man ,c ,wi% or ,d ,any ,good ,)\t ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man c wi% & d good )\t grace4 ,= t is 9 man's p[]1 :]e( he is ma/]4 ,n[ man is ma/] ( 8 acts1 & especially ( 8 will+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #f74 ,h5ce man1 ( himself1 c wi% & d good )\t ! help ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man has m p[] ov] :at is accord+ to 8 nature ?an ov] :at is beyond 8 nature4 ,n[ s9 is aga9/ 8 nature1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #cj72 :]eas de$s ( virtue are accord+ to 8 nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e s9ce man c s9 ( himself he c wi% & d good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! und]/&+'s good is tru?1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b74 ,n[ ! intellect c ( itself "k tru?1 ev5 z e o!r ?+ c "w its own op]ation ( itself4 ,!re=e1 mu* m c man1 ( himself1 d & wi% good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #i3af73 ,x is n ( him t wille?1 namely1 to w1 nor ( him t runne?1 namely to run1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy4 ,& ,augu/9e says 7,de ,corrept4 et ,gratia ii7 t )\t grace m5 d no?+ good :5 !y ei!r ?9k or wi% or love or act4 ,i answ] t1 ,man's nature may be look$ at 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 its integrity1 z x 0 9 our fir/ p>5t be=e s92 secondly1 z x is corrupt$ 9 u aft] ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t4 ,n[ 9 bo? /ates human nature ne$s ! help ( ,god z ,fir/ ,mov]1 to d or wi% any good :atsoev]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b 9 ! /ate ( integrity1 z reg>ds ! suffici5cy ( ! op]ative p[]1 man by 8 natural end[m5ts c\ld wi% & d ! good proportionate to 8 nature1 su* z ! good ( acquir$ virtue2 b n surpass+ good1 z ! good ( infus$ virtue4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( corrupt nature1 man falls %ort ( :at he c\ld d by 8 nature1 s t he is unable to fulfil x by 8 own natural p[]s4 ,yet because human nature is n altoge!r corrupt$ by s91 s z to be %orn ( e natural good1 ev5 9 ! /ate ( corrupt$ nature x c1 by virtue ( its natural end[m5ts1 "w "s p>ticul> good1 z to build dwell+s1 plant v9ey>ds1 & ! l2 yet x _c d all ! good natural to x1 s z to fall %ort 9 no?+2 j z a sick man c ( himself make "s movem5ts1 yet he _c be p]fectly mov$ ) ! movem5ts ( "o 9 heal?1 unless by ! help ( m$ic9e he be cur$4 ,& ?us 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature man ne$s a gratuit\s /r5g? sup]add$ to natural /r5g? = "o reason1 viz4 9 ord] to d & wi% sup]natural good2 b = two reasons1 9 ! /ate ( corrupt nature1 viz4 9 ord] to be heal$1 & fur!rmore 9 ord] to c>ry out works ( sup]natural virtue1 :i* are m]itori\s4 ,beyond ?is1 9 bo? /ates man ne$s ! ,div9e help1 t he may be mov$ to act well4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man is ma/] ( 8 acts & ( 8 will+ or n will+1 because ( 8 delib]ate reason1 :i* c be b5t to "o side or ano!r4 ,& al?\gh he is ma/] ( 8 delib]at+ or n delib]at+1 yet ?is c only be by a previ\s delib]ation2 & s9ce x _c g on to inf9ity1 we mu/ come at l5g? to ?is1 t man's free-w is mov$ by an extr9sic pr9ciple1 :i* is above ! human m9d1 to wit by ,god1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 9 ! *apt] ,on ,good ,=tune 7,e?ic4 ,eudem4 vii74 ,h5ce ! m9d ( man /ill unweak5$ is n s mu* ma/] ( its act t x does n ne$ to be mov$ by ,god2 & mu* m ! free-w ( man weak5$ by s91 :]eby x is h9d]$ f good by ! corruption ( ! nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to s9 is no?+ else ?an to fail 9 ! good :i* belongs to any be+ accord+ to its nature4 ,n[ z e creat$ ?+ has its be+ f ano!r1 &1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is no?+1 s does x ne$ to be pres]v$ by ano!r 9 ! good :i* p]ta9s to its nature4 ,= x c ( itself fail 9 good1 ev5 z ( itself x c fall into non-exi/5ce1 unless x is upheld by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man _c ev5 "k tru? )\t ,div9e help1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,& yet human nature is m corrupt by s9 9 reg>d to ! desire = good1 ?an 9 reg>d to ! k ( tru?4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r by ,8 ,own ,natural ,p[]s & ,)\t ,grace ,man ,c ,love ,god ,above ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t )\t grace man _c love ,god above all ?+s by 8 own natural p[]s4 ,= to love ,god above all ?+s is ! prop] & pr9cipal act ( *>ity4 ,n[ man _c ( himself possess *>ity1 s9ce ! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o is giv5 to u1 z is said ,rom4 #e3e4 ,!re=e man by 8 natural p[]s alone _c love ,god above all ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no nature c rise above itself4 ,b to love ,god above all ?+s is to t5d above oneself4 ,!re=e )\t ! help ( grace no creat$ nature c love ,god above itself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to ,god1 ,:o is ! ,highe/ ,good1 is due ! be/ love1 :i* is t ,he be lov$ above all ?+s4 ,n[ )\t grace man is n capable ( giv+ ,god ! be/ love1 :i* is ,8 due2 o!rwise x w\ld be useless to add grace4 ,h5ce man1 )\t grace & ) 8 natural p[]s alone1 _c love ,god above all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,z "s ma9ta91 man 0 fir/ made ) only natural end[m5ts2 & 9 ?is /ate x is manife/ t he lov$ ,god to "s ext5t4 ,b he did n love ,god equally ) himself1 or less ?an himself1 o!rwise he w\ld h s9n$4 ,!re=e he lov$ ,god above himself4 ,!re=e man1 by 8 natural p[]s alone1 c love ,god m ?an himself & above all ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,i1 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e71 :]e ! v>i\s op9ions conc]n+ ! natural love ( ! angels 7 set =?1 man 9 a /ate ( p]fect nature1 c\ld by 8 natural p[]1 d ! good natural to him )\t ! addition ( any gratuit\s gift1 ?\gh n )\t ! help ( ,god mov+ him4 ,n[ to love ,god above all ?+s is natural to man & to e nature1 n only rational b irrational1 & ev5 to inanimate nature accord+ to ! mann] ( love :i* c belong to ea* creature4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t x is natural to all to seek & love ?+s accord+ z !y are naturally fit 7to be s\ght & lov$7 s9ce all ?+s act accord+ z !y are naturally fit z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #h4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! good ( ! "p is = ! good ( ! :ole2 h5ce ev]y?+1 by its natural appetite & love1 loves its own prop] good on acc\nt ( ! common good ( ! :ole univ]se1 :i* is ,god4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ,god leads ev]y?+ to love ( ,himself4 ,h5ce 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature man ref]r$ ! love ( himself & ( all o!r ?+s to ! love ( ,god z to its end2 & ?us he lov$ ,god m ?an himself & above all ?+s4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( corrupt nature man falls %ort ( ?is 9 ! appetite ( 8 rational w1 :i*1 unless x is cur$ by ,god's grace1 foll[s its private good1 on acc\nt ( ! corruption ( nature4 ,& h5ce we mu/ say t 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature man did n ne$ ! gift ( grace add$ to 8 natural end[m5ts1 9 ord] to love ,god above all ?+s naturally1 al?\gh he ne$$ ,god's help to move him to x2 b 9 ! /ate ( corrupt nature man ne$s1 ev5 = ?is1 ! help ( grace to heal 8 nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity loves ,god above all ?+s 9 a high] way ?an nature does4 ,= nature loves ,god above all ?+s inasmu* z ,he is ! beg9n+ & ! end ( natural good2 :]eas *>ity loves ,him1 z ,he is ! object ( beatitude1 & inasmu* z man has a spiritual fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,moreov] *>ity adds to natural love ( ,god a c]ta9 quickness & joy1 9 ! same way t e habit ( virtue adds to ! good act :i* is done m]ely by ! natural reason ( a man :o has n ! habit ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 x is said t nature _c rise above itself1 we mu/ n und]/& ?is z if x c\ld n be drawn to any object above itself1 = x is cle> t our intellect by its natural k c "k ?+s above itself1 z is %[n 9 our natural k ( ,god4 ,b we are to und]/& t nature _c rise to an act exce$+ ! proportion ( its /r5g?4 ,n[ to love ,god above all ?+s is n su* an act2 = x is natural to e creature1 z 0 said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,love is said to be be/1 bo? ) respect to degree ( love1 & ) reg>d to ! motive ( lov+1 & ! mode ( love4 ,& ?us ! highe/ degree ( love is t :]eby *>ity loves ,god z ! giv] ( beatitude1 z 0 said above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,man ,)\t ,grace & by ,8 ,own ,natural ,p[]s ,c ,fulfil ! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man )\t grace1 & by 8 own natural p[]s1 c fulfil ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #b3ad7 t ! ,g5tiles :o h n ! law1 d by nature ^? ?+s t are ( ! ,law4 ,n[ :at a man does naturally he c d ( himself )\t grace4 ,h5ce a man c fulfil ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law )\t grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 7,expos4 ,ca?ol4 ,fide 99,symboli ,explanatio ad ,damasum1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome3 n[ ascrib$ to ,pelagius7 t !y are ana!ma :o say ,god has laid impossibilities ^u man4 ,n[ :at a man _c fulfil by himself is impossible to him4 ,!re=e a man c fulfil all ! comm&m5ts ( himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ( all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law1 ! greate/ is ?is1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t 7,matt4 #bg3cg74 ,n[ man ) 8 natural end[m5ts c fulfil ?is comm& by lov+ ,god above all ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e man c fulfil all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law )\t grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,ha]es4 lxxxviii7 t x is "p ( ! ,pelagian h]esy t !y believe t )\t grace man c fulfil all ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ways ( fulfill+ ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law4 ,! fir/ reg>ds ! sub/ance ( ! works1 z :5 a man does works ( ju/ice1 =titude1 & ( o!r virtues4 ,& 9 ?is way man 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature c\ld fulfil all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law2 o!rwise he w\ld h be5 unable to s9 9 t /ate1 s9ce to s9 is no?+ else ?an to transgress ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( corrupt$ nature man _c fulfil all ! ,div9e comm&m5ts )\t heal+ grace4 ,secondly1 ! comm&m5ts ( ! law c be fulfill$1 n m]ely z reg>ds ! sub/ance ( ! act1 b also z reg>ds ! mode ( act+1 i4e4 _! be+ done out ( *>ity4 ,& 9 ?is way1 nei!r 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature1 nor 9 ! /ate ( corrupt nature c man fulfil ! comm&m5ts ( ! law )\t grace4 ,h5ce1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,corrept4 et ,grat4 ii7 hav+ /at$ t )\t grace m5 c d no good :atev]1 adds3 ,n only d !y "k by its light :at to d1 b by its help !y d lov+ly :at !y "k4 ,beyond ?is1 9 bo? /ates !y ne$ ! help ( ,god's motion 9 ord] to fulfil ! comm&m5ts1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 xxvii71 d n be di/urb$ at 8 say+ t !y d by nature ^? ?+s t are ( ! ,law2 = ! ,_s ( grace works ?is1 9 ord] to re/ore 9 u ! image ( ,god1 aft] :i* we 7 naturally made4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:at we c d ) ! ,div9e assi/ance is n altoge!r impossible to u2 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c73 ,:at we c d ?r\gh our fri5ds1 we c d1 9 "s s5se1 by ourselves4 ,h5ce ,j]ome 99,symboli ,explanatio ad ,damasum1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome3 n[ ascrib$ to ,pelagius conc$es t our w is 9 su* a way free t we mu/ confess we /ill require ,god's help4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man _c1 ) 8 purely natural end[m5ts1 fulfil ! precept ( ! love ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,man ,c ,m]it ,ev]la/+ ,life ,)\t ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man c m]it ev]la/+ life )\t grace4 ,= ,our ,"l says 7,matt4 #ai3ag73 ,if ?\ wilt ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts2 f :i* x w\ld seem t to ent] into ev]la/+ life re/s ) man's w4 ,b :at re/s ) our w1 we c d ( ourselves4 ,h5ce x seems t man c m]it ev]la/+ life ( himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 et]nal life is ! wage ( rew>d be/[$ by ,god on m51 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3ab3 ,y\r rew>d is v great 9 heav54 ,b wage or rew>d is met$ by ,god to ev]yone accord+ to 8 works1 accord+ to ,ps4 #fa3ab3 ,?\ wilt r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works4 ,h5ce1 s9ce man is ma/] ( 8 works1 x seems t x is )9 8 p[] to rea* ev]la/+ life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]la/+ life is ! la/ end ( human life4 ,n[ e natural ?+ by its natural end[m5ts c atta9 its end4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 may man atta9 to life ev]la/+ by 8 natural end[m5ts1 )\t grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #f3bc73 ,! grace ( ,god is life ev]la/+4 ,& z a gloss says1 ?is is said t we may und]/& t ,god1 ( ,8 own m]cy1 leads u to ev]la/+ life4 ,i answ] t1 ,acts conduc+ to an end mu/ be proportion$ to ! end4 ,b no act exce$s ! proportion ( its active pr9ciple2 & h5ce we see 9 natural ?+s1 t no?+ c by its op]ation br+ ab\t an effect :i* exce$s its active =ce1 b only su* z is proportionate to its p[]4 ,n[ ev]la/+ life is an end exce$+ ! proportion ( human nature1 z is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #e74 ,h5ce man1 by 8 natural end[m5ts1 _c produce m]itori\s works proportionate to ev]la/+ life2 & = ?is a high] =ce is ne$$1 viz4 ! =ce ( grace4 ,& ?us )\t grace man _c m]it ev]la/+ life2 yet he c p]=m works conduc+ to a good :i* is natural to man1 z to toil 9 ! fields1 to dr9k1 to eat1 or to h fri5ds1 & ! l1 z ,augu/9e says 9 8 ?ird ,reply to ! ,pelagians 99,hypogno/icon iii1 among ! spuri\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man1 by 8 w1 does works m]itori\s ( ev]la/+ life2 b z ,augu/9e says1 9 ! same book1 = ?is x is necess>y t ! w ( man %\ld be prep>$ ) grace by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! gloss ^u ,rom4 #f3bc1 ,! grace ( ,god is life ev]la/+1 says1 ,x is c]ta9 t ev]la/+ life is met$ to good works2 b ! works to :i* x is met$1 belong to ,god's grace4 ,& x has be5 said 7,a4 #d71 t to fulfil ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law1 9 _! due way1 :]eby _! fulfilm5t may be m]itori\s1 requires grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection has to d ) ! natural end ( man4 ,n[ human nature1 s9ce x is nobl]1 c be rais$ by ! help ( grace to a high] end1 :i* l[] natures c n[ise rea*2 ev5 z a man :o c recov] 8 heal? by ! help ( m$ic9es is bett] dispos$ to heal? ?an "o :o c n[ise recov] x1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,de ,coelo ii1 #ab74 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r a ,man1 by ,himself & ,)\t ! ,ext]nal ,aid ( ,grace1 ,c ,prep>e ,himself = ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man1 by himself & )\t ! ext]nal help ( grace1 c prep>e himself = grace4 ,= no?+ impossible is laid ^u man1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #a74 ,b x is writt5 7,ze*4 #a3c73 ,turn ye to ,me 4 4 4 & ,i w turn to y4 ,n[ to prep>e = grace is no?+ m ?an to turn to ,god4 ,!re=e x seems t man ( himself1 & )\t ! ext]nal help ( grace1 c prep>e himself = grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man prep>es himself = grace by do+ :at is 9 him to d1 s9ce if man does :at is 9 him to d1 ,god w n d5y him grace1 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #g3aa7 t ,god gives ,8 good ,_s to !m t ask ,him4 ,b :at is 9 our p[] is 9 u to d4 ,!re=e x seems to be 9 our p[] to prep>e ourselves = grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a man ne$s grace 9 ord] to prep>e = grace1 ) equal reason w he ne$ grace to prep>e himself = ! fir/ grace2 & ?us to inf9ity1 :i* is impossible4 ,h5ce x seems t we mu/ n g beyond :at 0 said fir/1 viz4 t man1 ( himself & )\t grace1 c prep>e himself = grace4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #af3a7 t x is ! "p ( man to prep>e ! s\l4 ,n[ an action is said to be "p ( a man1 :5 he c d x by himself4 ,h5ce x seems t man by himself c prep>e himself = grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #f3dd73 ,no man c come to ,me except ! ,fa!r1 ,:o ha? s5t ,me1 draw him4 ,b if man c\ld prep>e himself1 he w\ld n ne$ to be drawn by ano!r4 ,h5ce man _c prep>e himself )\t ! help ( grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,! prep>ation ( ! human w = good is tw(old3 ! fir/1 :]eby x is prep>$ to op]ate rightly & to enjoy ,god2 & ?is prep>ation ( ! w _c take place )\t ! habitual gift ( grace1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( m]itori\s works1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,!re is a second way 9 :i* ! human w may be tak5 to be prep>$ = ! gift ( habitual grace itself4 ,n[ 9 ord] t man prep>e himself to receive ?is gift1 x is n necess>y to presuppose any fur!r habitual gift 9 ! s\l1 o!rwise we %\ld g on to inf9ity4 ,b we mu/ presuppose a gratuit\s gift ( ,god1 ,:o moves ! s\l inw>dly or inspires ! good wi%4 ,= 9 ^! two ways d we ne$ ! ,div9e assi/ance1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,n[ t we ne$ ! help ( ,god to move u1 is manife/4 ,= s9ce e ag5t acts = an end1 e cause mu/ direct is effect to its end1 & h5ce s9ce ! ord] ( ends is accord+ to ! ord] ( ag5ts or mov]s1 man mu/ be direct$ to ! la/ end by ! motion ( ! fir/ mov]1 & to ! proximate end by ! motion ( any ( ! subord9ate mov]s2 z ! _s ( ! soldi] is b5t t[>ds seek+ ! victory by ! motion ( ! lead] ( ! army--& t[>ds foll[+ ! /&>d ( a regim5t by ! motion ( ! /&>d-be>]4 ,& ?us s9ce ,god is ! ,fir/ ,mov]1 simply1 x is by ,8 motion t ev]y?+ seeks to be lik5$ to ,god 9 its own way4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ,god turns all to ,himself4 ,b ,he directs righte\s m5 to ,himself z to a special end1 :i* !y seek1 & to :i* !y wi% to cl+1 accord+ to ,ps4 #gb3bh1 x is good = ,me to adh]e to my ,god4 ,& t !y are turn$ to ,god c only spr+ f ,god's hav+ turn$ !m4 ,n[ to prep>e oneself = grace is1 z x 71 to be turn$ to ,god2 j z1 :oev] has 8 eyes turn$ away f ! light ( ! sun1 prep>es himself to receive ! sun's light1 by turn+ 8 eyes t[>ds ! sun4 ,h5ce x is cle> t man _c prep>e himself to receive ! light ( grace except by ! gratuit\s help ( ,god mov+ him inw>dly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man's turn+ to ,god is by free-w2 & ?us man is bidd5 to turn himself to ,god4 ,b free-w c only be turn$ to ,god1 :5 ,god turns x1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ca3ah3 ,conv]t me & ,i %all be conv]t$1 = ,?\ art ! ,"l1 my ,god2 & ,lam4 #e3ba3 ,conv]t u1 ,o ,"l1 to ,!e1 & we %all be conv]t$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man c d no?+ unless mov$ by ,god1 accord+ to ,john #ae3e3 ,)\t ,me1 y c d no?+4 ,h5ce :5 a man is said to d :at is 9 him to d1 ?is is said to be 9 8 p[] accord+ z he is mov$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection reg>ds habitual grace1 = :i* "s prep>ation is requir$1 s9ce e =m requires a disposition 9 t :i* is to be its subject4 ,b 9 ord] t man %\ld be mov$ by ,god1 no fur!r motion is presuppos$ s9ce ,god is ! ,fir/ ,mov]4 ,h5ce we ne$ n g to inf9ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is ! "p ( man to prep>e 8 s\l1 s9ce he does ?is by 8 free-w4 ,& yet he does n d ?is )\t ! help ( ,god mov+ him1 & draw+ him to ,himself1 z 0 said above4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,man ,c ,rise f ,s9 ,)\t ! ,help ( ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man c rise f s9 )\t ! help ( grace4 ,= :at is presuppos$ to grace1 takes place )\t grace4 ,b to rise f s9 is presuppos$ to ! enlight5m5t ( grace2 s9ce x is writt5 7,eph4 #e3ad73 ,arise f ! dead & ,*ri/ %all enlight5 !e4 ,!re=e man c rise f s9 )\t grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 is oppos$ to virtue z illness to heal?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,n[1 man1 by =ce ( 8 nature1 c rise f illness to heal?1 )\t ! ext]nal help ( m$ic9e1 s9ce !re /ill rema9s 9 him ! pr9ciple ( life1 f :i* ! natural op]ation proce$s4 ,h5ce x seems t1 ) equal reason1 man may be re/or$ by himself1 & return f ! /ate ( s9 to ! /ate ( ju/ice )\t ! help ( ext]nal grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e natural ?+ c return by itself to ! act befitt+ its nature1 z hot wat] returns by itself to its natural coldness1 & a /one ca/ upw>ds returns by itself to its natural movem5t4 ,n[ a s9 is an act aga9/ nature1 z is cle> f ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #cj74 ,h5ce x seems t man by himself c return f s9 to ! /ate ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #b3ba2 ,cf4 ,gal4 #c3ba73 ,= if !re _h be5 a law giv5 :i* c\ld give life--!n ,*ri/ di$ 9 va91 i4e4 to no purpose4 ,h5ce ) equal reason1 if man has a nature1 :]eby he c he ju/ifi$1 ,*ri/ di$ 9 va91 i4e4 to no purpose4 ,b ?is _c fitt+ly be said4 ,!re=e by himself he _c be ju/ifi$1 i4e4 he _c return f a /ate ( s9 to a /ate ( ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,man by himself c no wise rise f s9 )\t ! help ( grace4 ,= s9ce s9 is transi5t z to ! act & abid+ 9 its guilt1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #f71 to rise f s9 is n ! same z to cease ! act ( s92 b to rise f s9 means t man has re/or$ to him :at he lo/ by s9n+4 ,n[ man incurs a triple loss by s9n+1 z 0 cle>ly %[n above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #a71 viz4 /a91 corruption ( natural good1 & debt ( puni%m5t4 ,he incurs a /a91 inasmu* z he =feits ! lu/re ( grace ?r\gh ! de=mity ( s94 ,natural good is corrupt$1 inasmu* z man's nature is disord]$ by man's w n be+ subject to ,god's2 & ?is ord] be+ ov]?r[n1 ! consequ5ce is t ! :ole nature ( s9ful man rema9s disord]$4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! debt ( puni%m5t1 inasmu* z by s9n+ man des]ves ev]la/+ damnation4 ,n[ x is manife/ t none ( ^! ?ree c be re/or$ except by ,god4 ,= s9ce ! lu/re ( grace spr+s f ! %$d+ ( ,div9e light1 ?is lu/re _c be br\ght back1 except ,god %$s ,8 light anew3 h5ce a habitual gift is necess>y1 & ?is is ! light ( grace4 ,likewise1 ! ord] ( nature c only be re/or$1 i4e4 man's w c only be subject to ,god :5 ,god draws man's w to ,himself1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f74 ,s1 too1 ! guilt ( et]nal puni%m5t c be remitt$ by ,god alone1 aga9/ ,:om ! (f5se 0 committ$ & ,:o is man's ,judge4 ,& ?us 9 ord] t man rise f s9 !re is requir$ ! help ( grace1 bo? z reg>ds a habitual gift1 & z reg>ds ! int]nal motion ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to man is bidd5 t :i* p]ta9s to ! act ( free-w1 z ?is act is requir$ 9 ord] t man %\ld rise f s94 ,h5ce :5 x is said1 ,arise1 & ,*ri/ %all enlight5 !e1 we are n to ?9k t ! complete ris+ f s9 prec$es ! enlight5m5t ( grace2 b t :5 man by 8 free-w1 mov$ by ,god1 /rives to rise f s91 he receives ! light ( ju/ify+ grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! natural reason is n ! suffici5t pr9ciple ( ! heal? t is 9 man by ju/ify+ grace4 ,?is pr9ciple is grace :i* is tak5 away by s94 ,h5ce man _c be re/or$ by himself2 b he requires ! light ( grace to be p\r$ ^u him anew1 z if ! s\l 7 infus$ into a dead body = its resurrection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 nature is p]fect1 x c be re/or$ by itself to its befitt+ & proportionate condition2 b )\t ext]ior help x _c be re/or$ to :at surpasses its measure4 ,& ?us human nature undone by reason ( ! act ( s91 rema9s no long] p]fect1 b corrupt$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #he72 nor c x be re/or$1 by itself1 to its connatural good1 mu* less to ! sup]natural good ( ju/ice4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,man ,)\t ,grace ,c ,avoid ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t )\t grace man c avoid s94 ,because no "o s9s 9 :at he _c avoid1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,duab4 ,anim4 x1 xi2 ,de ,lib]o ,arbit4 iii1 #ah74 ,h5ce if a man 9 mortal s9 _c avoid s91 x w\ld seem t 9 s9n+ he does n s91 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 m5 are correct$ t !y may n s94 ,if !re=e a man 9 mortal s9 _c avoid s91 correction w\ld seem to be giv5 to no purpose2 :i* is absurd4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ae3ah73 ,be=e man is life & dea?1 good & evil2 t :i* he %all *oose %all be giv5 him4 ,b by s9n+ no "o ceases to be a man4 ,h5ce x is /ill 9 8 p[] to *oose good or evil2 & ?us man c avoid s9 )\t grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]fect ,j4 xxi73 ,:oev] d5ies t we ought to say ! pray] ',lead u n into temptation' 7& !y d5y x :o ma9ta9 t ! help ( ,god's grace is n necess>y to man = salvation1 b t ! gift ( ! law is en\gh = ! human w7 ought )\t d\bt to be remov$ beyond all he>+1 & to be ana!matiz$ by ! tongues ( all4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ( man 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature2 secondly1 9 ! /ate ( corrupt$ nature4 ,n[ 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature1 man1 )\t habitual grace1 c\ld avoid s9n+ ei!r mortally or v5ially2 s9ce to s9 is no?+ else ?an to /ray f :at is accord+ to our nature--& 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature man c\ld avoid ?is4 ,nev]!less he c\ld n h done x )\t ,god's help to uphold him 9 good1 s9ce if ?is _h be5 )drawn1 ev5 8 nature w\ld h fall5 back into no?+ness4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( corrupt nature man ne$s grace to heal 8 nature 9 ord] t he may entirely ab/a9 f s94 ,& 9 ! pres5t life ?is heal+ is wr\ght 9 ! m9d--! c>nal appetite be+ n yet re/or$4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #g3be7 says 9 ! p]son ( "o :o is re/or$3 ,i myself1 ) ! m9d1 s]ve ! law ( ,god1 b ) ! fle%1 ! law ( s94 ,& 9 ?is /ate man c ab/a9 f all mortal s91 :i* takes its /& 9 8 reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #e72 b man _c ab/a9 f all v5ial s9 on acc\nt ( ! corruption ( 8 l[] appetite ( s5suality4 ,= man c1 inde$1 repress ea* ( its movem5ts 7& h5ce !y are s9ful & volunt>y71 b n all1 because :il/ he is resi/+ "o1 ano!r may arise1 & also because ! reason is n always al]t to avoid ^! movem5ts1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,s1 too1 be=e man's reason1 :]e9 is mortal s91 is re/or$ by ju/ify+ grace1 he c avoid ea* mortal s91 & = a "t1 s9ce x is n necess>y t he %\ld be always actually s9n+4 ,b x _c be t he rema9s = a long "t )\t mortal s94 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,sup] ,eze*4 ,hom4 xi7 t a s9 n at once tak5 away by rep5tance1 by its weight drags u d[n to o!r s9s3 & ?is because1 z ! l[] appetite ought to be subject to ! reason1 s %\ld ! reason be subject to ,god1 & %\ld place 9 ,him ! end ( its w4 ,n[ x is by ! end t all human acts ought to be regulat$1 ev5 z x is by ! judgm5t ( ! reason t ! movem5ts ( ! l[] appetite %\ld be regulat$4 ,& ?us1 ev5 z inord9ate movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite _c help occurr+ s9ce ! l[] appetite is n subject to reason1 s likewise1 s9ce man's reason is n entirely subject to ,god1 ! consequ5ce is t _m disord]s occur 9 ! reason4 ,= :5 man's he>t is n s fix$ on ,god z to be unwill+ to be p>t$ f ,him = ! sake ( f9d+ any good or avoid+ any evil1 _m ?+s happ5 = ! a*iev+ or avoid+ ( :i* a man /rays f ,god & breaks ,8 comm&m5ts1 & ?us s9s mortally3 especially s9ce1 :5 surpris$1 a man acts accord+ to 8 preconceiv$ end & 8 pre-exi/+ habits1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii72 al?\gh ) prem$itation ( 8 reason a man may d some?+ outside ! ord] ( 8 preconceiv$ end & ! incl9ation ( 8 habit4 ,b because a man _c always h ?is prem$itation1 x _c help occurr+ t he acts 9 accordance ) 8 w turn$ aside f ,god1 unless1 by grace1 he is quickly br\ght back to ! due ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man c avoid ea* b n e act ( s91 except by grace1 z /at$ above4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce x is by 8 own %ortcom+ t he does n prep>e himself to h grace1 ! fact t he _c avoid s9 )\t grace does n excuse him f s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,correction is useful 9 ord] t out ( ! sorr[ ( correction may spr+ ! wi% to be reg5]ate2 if inde$ he :o is correct$ is a son ( promise1 9 su* sort t :il/ ! noise ( correction is outw>dly res\nd+ & puni%+1 ,god by hidd5 inspirations is inw>dly caus+ to w1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,corr4 et ,gratia vi74 ,correction is !re=e necess>y1 f ! fact t man's w is requir$ 9 ord] to ab/a9 f s92 yet x is n suffici5t )\t ,god's help4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,eccles4 #g3ad73 ,consid] ! works ( ,god t no man c correct :om ,he ha? despis$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,hypogno/icon iii 99,among ! spuri\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e71 ?is say+ is to be und]/ood ( man 9 ! /ate ( p]fect nature1 :5 z yet he 0 n a slave ( s94 ,h5ce he 0 able to s9 & n to s94 ,n[1 too1 :atev] a man wills1 is giv5 to him2 b 8 will+ good1 he has by ,god's assi/ance4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,"o ,:o ,has ,already ,obta9$ ,grace1 ,c1 ( ,himself & ,)\t ,fur!r ,help ( ,grace1 ,d ,good & ,avoid ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t :oev] has already obta9$ grace1 c by himself & )\t fur!r help ( grace1 d good & avoid s94 ,= a ?+ is useless or imp]fect1 if x does n fulfil :at x 0 giv5 =4 ,n[ grace is giv5 to u t we may d good & keep f s94 ,h5ce if ) grace man _c d ?is1 x seems t grace is ei!r useless or imp]fect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by grace ! ,holy ,_s dwells 9 u1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #c3af3 ,"k y n t y are ! temple ( ,god1 & t ! ,_s ( ,god dwelle? 9 y8 ,n[ s9ce ! ,_s ( ,god is omnipot5t1 ,he is suffici5t to ensure our do+ good & to keep u f s94 ,h5ce a man :o has obta9$ grace c d ! above two ?+s )\t any fur!r assi/ance ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a man :o has obta9$ grace ne$s fur!r aid ( grace 9 ord] to live righte\sly & to keep free f s91 ) equal reason1 w he ne$ yet ano!r grace1 ev5 ?\gh he has obta9$ ?is fir/ help ( grace4 ,!re=e we mu/ g on to inf9ity2 :i* is impossible4 ,h5ce :oev] is 9 grace ne$s no fur!r help ( grace 9 ord] to d righte\sly & to keep free f s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,natura et ,gratia xxvi7 t z ! eye ( ! body ?\gh mo/ heal?y _c see unless x is help$ by ! brightness ( light1 s1 nei!r c a man1 ev5 if he is mo/ righte\s1 live righte\sly unless he be help$ by ! et]nal light ( ju/ice4 ,b ju/ification is by grace1 accord+ to ,rom4 #c3bd3 ,be+ ju/ifi$ freely by ,8 grace4 ,h5ce ev5 a man :o already possesses grace ne$s a fur!r assi/ance ( grace 9 ord] to live righte\sly4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 9 ord] to live righte\sly a man ne$s a tw(old help ( ,god--fir/1 a habitual gift :]eby corrupt$ human nature is heal$1 & aft] be+ heal$ is lift$ up s z to "w de$s m]itori\s ( ev]la/+ life1 :i* exce$ ! capability ( nature4 ,secondly1 man ne$s ! help ( grace 9 ord] to be mov$ by ,god to act4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! fir/ k9d ( help1 man does n ne$ a fur!r help ( grace1 e4g4 a fur!r infus$ habit4 ,yet he ne$s ! help ( grace 9 ano!r way1 i4e4 9 ord] to be mov$ by ,god to act righte\sly1 & ?is = two reasons3 fir/1 = ! g5]al reason t no creat$ ?+ c put =? any act1 unless by virtue ( ! ,div9e motion4 ,secondly1 = ?is special reason--! condition ( ! /ate ( human nature4 ,= al?\gh heal$ by grace z to ! m9d1 yet x rema9s corrupt$ & poison$ 9 ! fle%1 :]eby x s]ves ! law ( s91 ,rom4 #g3be4 ,9 ! intellect1 too1 !re rema9s ! d>kness ( ignorance1 :]eby1 z is writt5 7,rom4 #h3bf73 ,we "k n :at we %\ld pray = z we ought2 s9ce on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s turns ( circum/ances1 & because we d n "k ourselves p]fectly1 we _c fully "k :at is = our good1 accord+ to ,wis4 #i3ad3 ,= ! ?\ghts ( mortal m5 are fe>ful & our c\nsels unc]ta94 ,h5ce we mu/ be guid$ & gu>d$ by ,god1 ,:o kn[s & c d all ?+s4 ,= :i* reason also x is becom+ 9 ^? :o h be5 born aga9 z sons ( ,god1 to say3 ,lead u n into temptation1 & ,?y ,w be done on e>? z x is 9 heav51 & :atev] else is conta9$ 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] p]ta9+ to ?is4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! gift ( habitual grace is n !re=e giv5 to u t we may no long] ne$ ! ,div9e help2 = e creature ne$s to be pres]v$ 9 ! good receiv$ f ,him4 ,h5ce if aft] hav+ receiv$ grace man /ill ne$s ! ,div9e help1 x _c be conclud$ t grace is giv5 to no purpose1 or t x is imp]fect1 s9ce man w ne$ ! ,div9e help ev5 9 ! /ate ( glory1 :5 grace %all be fully p]fect$4 ,b "h grace is to "s ext5t imp]fect1 inasmu* z x does n completely heal man1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* moves & protects1 is n circumscrib$ by ! effect ( habitual grace :i* x causes 9 u2 b beyond ?is effect ,he1 toge!r ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 moves & protects u4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t m]ely proves t man ne$s no fur!r habitual grace4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,man ,possess$ ( ,grace ,ne$s ! ,help ( ,grace 9 ,ord] to ,p]sev]e8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man possess$ ( grace ne$s no help to p]sev]e4 ,= p]sev]ance is some?+ less ?an virtue1 ev5 z cont95ce is1 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g1 #i74 ,n[ s9ce man is ju/ifi$ by grace1 he ne$s no fur!r help ( grace 9 ord] to h ! virtues4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 does he ne$ ! help ( grace to h p]sev]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ! virtues are infus$ at once4 ,b p]sev]ance is put d[n z a virtue4 ,h5ce x seems t1 toge!r ) grace1 p]sev]ance is giv5 to ! o!r infus$ virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3bj7 m 0 re/or$ to man by ,*ri/'s gift1 ?an he _h lo/ by ,adam's s94 ,b ,adam receiv$ :at enabl$ him to p]sev]e2 & ?us man does n ne$ grace 9 ord] to p]sev]e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]sev4 ii73 ,:y is p]sev]ance bes\ght ( ,god1 if x is n be/[$ by ,god8 ,= is x n a mock+ reque/ to seek :at we "k ,he does n give1 & :at is 9 our p[] )\t ,8 giv+ x8 ,n[ p]sev]ance is bes\ght by ev5 ^? :o are hall[$ by grace2 & ?is is se51 :5 we say ,hall[$ be ,?y "n1 :i* ,augu/9e confirms by ! words ( ,cyprian 7,de ,correp4 et ,grat4 xii74 ,h5ce man1 ev5 :5 possess$ ( grace1 ne$s p]sev]ance to be giv5 to him by ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,p]sev]ance is tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 to signify a habit ( ! m9d :]eby a man /&s /eadfa/ly1 le/ he be mov$ by ! assault ( sadness f :at is virtu\s4 ,& ?us p]sev]ance is to sadness z cont95ce is to concupisc5ce & pleasure1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g74 ,secondly1 p]sev]ance may be call$ a habit1 :]eby a man has ! purpose ( p]sev]+ 9 good unto ! end4 ,& 9 bo? ^! ways p]sev]ance is infus$ toge!r ) grace1 ev5 z cont95ce & ! o!r virtues are4 ,?irdly1 p]sev]ance is call$ ! abid+ 9 good to ! end ( life4 ,& 9 ord] to h ?is p]sev]ance man does n1 inde$1 ne$ ano!r habitual grace1 b he ne$s ! ,div9e assi/ance guid+ & gu>d+ him aga9/ ! attacks ( ! passions1 z appe>s f ! prec$+ article4 ,& h5ce aft] anyone has be5 ju/ifi$ by grace1 he /ill ne$s to besee* ,god = ! a=esaid gift ( p]sev]ance1 t he may be kept f evil till ! end ( 8 life4 ,= to _m grace is giv5 to :om p]sev]ance 9 grace is n giv54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection reg>ds ! fir/ mode ( p]sev]ance1 z ! second objection reg>ds ! second4 ,h5ce ! solution ( ! second objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,natura et ,gratia xliii7 99,cf4 ,de ,correp4 et ,grat4 xii3 9 ! orig9al /ate man receiv$ a gift :]eby he c\ld p]sev]e1 b to p]sev]e 0 n giv5 him4 ,b n[1 by ! grace ( ,*ri/1 _m receive bo? ! gift ( grace :]eby !y may p]sev]e1 & ! fur!r gift ( p]sev]+1 & ?us ,*ri/'s gift is great] ?an ,adam's fault4 ,nev]!less x 0 easi] = man to p]sev]e1 ) ! gift ( grace 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce 9 :i* ! fle% 0 n rebelli\s aga9/ ! _s1 ?an x is n[4 ,= ! re/oration by ,*ri/'s grace1 al?\gh x is already begun 9 ! m9d1 is n yet complet$ 9 ! fle%1 z x w be 9 heav51 :]e man w n m]ely be able to p]sev]e b w be unable to s94 ,,"q #aaj ,,( ,,! ,,grace ,,( ,,god ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,its ,,ess5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! grace ( ,god z reg>ds its ess5ce2 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r grace implies some?+ 9 ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r grace is a quality8 7#c7 ,:e!r grace diff]s f infus$ virtue8 7#d7 ,( ! subject ( grace4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,grace ,implies ,any?+ 9 ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace does n imply any?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,= man is said to h ! grace ( ,god ev5 z ! grace ( man4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,g54 #ci3ba7 t ! ,"l gave to ,joseph grace ,d\ay3 'favor' 9 ! sight ( ! *ief keep] ( ! prison4 ,n[ :5 we say t a man has ! favor ( ano!r1 no?+ is impli$ 9 him :o has ! favor ( ! o!r1 b an acceptance is impli$ 9 him ^: favor he has4 ,h5ce :5 we say t a man has ! grace ( ,god1 no?+ is impli$ 9 8 s\l2 b we m]ely signify ! ,div9e acceptance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! s\l quick5s ! body s does ,god quick5 ! s\l2 h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #cj3bj73 ,he is ?y life4 ,n[ ! s\l quick5s ! body imm$iately4 ,!re=e no?+ c come z a m$ium betwe5 ,god & ! s\l4 ,h5ce grace implies no?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 on ,rom4 #a3g1 ,grace to y & peace1 ! gloss says3 ,grace1 i4e4 ! remission ( s9s4 ,n[ ! remission ( s9 implies no?+ 9 ! s\l1 b only 9 ,god1 ,:o does n impute ! s91 accord+ to ,ps4 #ca3b3 ,bless$ is ! man to :om ! ,"l ha? n imput$ s94 ,h5ce nei!r does grace imply any?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,light implies some?+ 9 :at is enlight5$4 ,b grace is a light ( ! s\l2 h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,natura et ,gratia xxii73 ,! light ( tru? rightly des]ts ! prev>icator ( ! law1 & ^? :o h be5 ?us des]t$ become bl9d4 ,!re=e grace implies some?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! common mann] ( spee*1 grace is usually tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 = anyone's love1 z we are accu/om$ to say t ! soldi] is 9 ! good graces ( ! k+1 i4e4 ! k+ looks on him ) favor4 ,secondly1 x is tak5 = any gift freely be/[$1 z we are accu/om$ to say3 ,i d y ?is act ( grace4 ,?irdly1 x is tak5 = ! recomp5se ( a gift giv5 gratis1 inasmu* z we are said to be grateful = b5efits4 ,( ^! ?ree ! second dep5ds on ! fir/1 s9ce "o be/[s some?+ on ano!r gratis f ! love :]e) he receives him into 8 good graces4 ,& f ! second proce$s ! ?ird1 s9ce f b5efits be/[$ gratis arises gratitude4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! la/ two1 x is cle> t grace implies some?+ 9 him :o receives grace3 fir/1 ! gift giv5 gratis2 secondly1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! gift4 ,b z reg>ds ! fir/1 a diff]5ce mu/ be not$ betwe5 ! grace ( ,god & ! grace ( man2 = s9ce ! creature's good spr+s f ! ,div9e w1 "s good 9 ! creature fl[s f ,god's love1 :]eby ,he wi%es ! good ( ! creature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w ( man is mov$ by ! good pre-exi/+ 9 ?+s2 & h5ce man's love does n :olly cause ! good ( ! ?+1 b pre-supposes x ei!r 9 "p or :olly4 ,!re=e x is cle> t e love ( ,god is foll[$ at "s "t by a good caus$ 9 ! creature1 b n co-et]nal ) ! et]nal love4 ,& accord+ to ?is diff]5ce ( good ! love ( ,god to ! creature is look$ at diff]5tly4 ,= "o is common1 :]eby ,he loves all ?+s t are 7,wis4 #aa3be71 & !reby gives ?+s _! natural be+4 ,b ! second is a special love1 :]eby ,he draws ! rational creature above ! condition ( its nature to a p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e good2 & accord+ to ?is love ,he is said to love anyone simply1 s9ce x is by ?is love t ,god simply wi%es ! et]nal good1 :i* is ,himself1 = ! creature4 ,accord+ly :5 a man is said to h ! grace ( ,god1 !re is signifi$ some?+ be/[$ on man by ,god4 ,nev]!less ! grace ( ,god sometimes signifies ,god's et]nal love1 z we say ! grace ( pr$e/9ation1 inasmu* z ,god gratuit\sly & n f m]its pr$e/9es or elects "s2 = x is writt5 7,eph4 #a3e73 ,he ha? pr$e/9at$ u into ! adoption ( *ildr5 4 4 4 unto ! praise ( ! glory ( ,8 grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 :5 a man is said to be 9 ano!r's good graces1 x is und]/ood t !re is some?+ 9 him pleas+ to ! o!r2 ev5 z anyone is said to h ,god's grace--) ?is diff]5ce1 t :at is pleas+ to a man 9 ano!r is presuppos$ to 8 love1 b :atev] is pleas+ to ,god 9 a man is caus$ by ! ,div9e love1 z 0 said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is ! life ( ! s\l aft] ! mann] ( an effici5t cause2 b ! s\l is ! life ( ! body aft] ! mann] ( a =mal cause4 ,n[ !re is no m$ium betwe5 =m & matt]1 s9ce ! =m1 ( itself1 in=ms ! matt] or subject2 :]eas ! ag5t in=ms ! subject1 n by its sub/ance1 b by ! =m1 :i* x causes 9 ! matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #be73 ,:5 ,i said t grace 0 = ! remission ( s9s1 & peace = our reconciliation ) ,god1 y mu/ n take x to mean t peace & reconciliation d n p]ta9 to g5]al peace1 b t ! special "n ( grace signifies ! remission ( s9s4 ,n only grace1 !re=e1 b _m o!r ( ,god's gifts p]ta9 to grace4 ,& h5ce ! remission ( s9s does n take place )\t "s effect div9ely caus$ 9 u1 z w appe> lat] 7,q4 #aac1 ,a4 #b74 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,grace ,is a ,quality ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is n a quality ( ! s\l4 ,= no quality acts on its subject1 s9ce ! action ( a quality is n )\t ! action ( its subject1 & ?us ! subject w\ld necess>ily act ^u itself4 ,b grace acts ^u ! s\l1 by ju/ify+ x4 ,!re=e grace is n a quality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!rmore1 sub/ance is nobl] ?an quality4 ,b grace is nobl] ?an ! nature ( ! s\l1 s9ce we c d _m ?+s by grace1 to :i* nature is n equal1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aji1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,!re=e grace is n a quality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!rmore1 no quality rema9s aft] x has ceas$ to be 9 its subject4 ,b grace rema9s2 s9ce x is n corrupt$1 = ?us x w\ld be r$uc$ to no?+1 s9ce x 0 creat$ f no?+2 h5ce x is call$ a new creature7,gal4 #f3ae74 ,on ! contr>y1 on ,ps4 #ajc3ae3 ,t he may make ! face *e]ful ) oil2 ! gloss says3 ,grace is a c]ta9 beauty ( s\l1 :i* w9s ! ,div9e love4 ,b beauty ( s\l is a quality1 ev5 z beauty ( body4 ,!re=e grace is a quality4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 !re is und]/ood to be an effect ( ,god's gratuit\s w 9 :oev] is said to h ,god's grace4 ,n[ x 0 /at$ 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #a7 t man is aid$ by ,god's gratuit\s w 9 two ways3 fir/1 inasmu* z man's s\l is mov$ by ,god to "k or w or d some?+1 & 9 ?is way ! gratuit\s effect 9 man is n a quality1 b a movem5t ( ! s\l2 = motion is ! act ( ! mov] 9 ! mov$4 ,secondly1 man is help$ by ,god's gratuit\s w1 inasmu* z a habitual gift is infus$ by ,god into ! s\l2 & = ?is reason1 t x is n fitt+ t ,god %\ld provide less = ^? ,he loves1 t !y may acquire sup]natural good1 ?an = creatures1 :om ,he loves t !y may acquire natural good4 ,n[ ,he s provides = natural creatures1 t n m]ely does ,he move !m to _! natural acts1 b ,he be/[s ^u !m c]ta9 =ms & p[]s1 :i* are ! pr9ciples ( acts1 9 ord] t !y may ( !mselves be incl9$ to ^! movem5ts1 & ?us ! movem5ts :]eby !y are mov$ by ,god become natural & easy to creatures1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3a3 %e 4 4 4 ord]e? all ?+s sweetly4 ,mu* m !re=e does ,he infuse into su* z ,he moves t[>ds ! acquisition ( sup]natural good1 c]ta9 =ms or sup]natural qualities1 :]eby !y may be mov$ by ,him sweetly & promptly to acquire et]nal good2 & ?us ! gift ( grace is a quality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,grace1 z a quality1 is said to act ^u ! s\l1 n aft] ! mann] ( an effici5t cause1 b aft] ! mann] ( a =mal cause1 z :it5ess makes a ?+ :ite1 & ju/ice1 j4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e sub/ance is ei!r ! nature ( ! ?+ :]e( x is ! sub/ance or is a "p ( ! nature1 ev5 z matt] & =m are call$ sub/ance4 ,& because grace is above human nature1 x _c be a sub/ance or a sub/antial =m1 b is an accid5tal =m ( ! s\l4 ,n[ :at is sub/antially 9 ,god1 becomes accid5tal 9 ! s\l p>ticipat+ ! ,div9e goodness1 z is cle> 9 ! case ( k4 ,& ?us because ! s\l p>ticipates 9 ! ,div9e goodness imp]fectly1 ! p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e goodness1 :i* is grace1 has its be+ 9 ! s\l 9 a less p]fect way ?an ! s\l subsi/s 9 itself4 ,nev]!less1 inasmu* z x is ! expression or p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e goodness1 x is nobl] ?an ! nature ( ! s\l1 ?\gh n 9 its mode ( be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,boe?ius 99,pseudo-,b$e1 ,s5t4 ,phil4 ex ,arti/4 says1 ! be+ ( an accid5t is to inh]e4 ,h5ce no accid5t is call$ be+ z if x _h be+1 b because by x some?+ is2 h5ce x is said to belong to a be+ r to be a be+ 7,metaph4 vii1 text4 #b74 ,& because to become & to be corrupt$ belong to :at is1 prop]ly speak+1 no accid5t comes into be+ or is corrupt$1 b is said to come into be+ & to be corrupt$ inasmu* z its subject beg9s or ceases to be 9 act ) ?is accid5t4 ,& ?us grace is said to be creat$ inasmu* z m5 are creat$ ) ref]5ce to x1 i4e4 are giv5 a new be+ out ( no?+1 i4e4 n f m]its1 accord+ to ,eph4 #b3aj1 creat$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 good works4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,grace ,is ! ,same ,z ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is ! same z virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 xiv7 t op]at+ grace is fai? t worke? by *>ity4 ,b fai? t worke? by *>ity is a virtue4 ,!re=e grace is a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at fits ! def9ition1 fits ! def9$4 ,b ! def9itions ( virtue giv5 by sa9ts & philosoph]s fit grace1 s9ce x makes its subject good1 & 8 "w good1 & x is a good quality ( ! m9d1 :]eby we live righte\sly1 etc4 ,!re=e grace is virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 grace is a quality4 ,n[ x is cle>ly n 9 ! f\r? species ( quality2 viz4 =m :i* is ! abid+ figure ( ?+s1 s9ce x does n belong to bodies4 ,nor is x 9 ! ?ird1 s9ce x is n a passion nor a passion-l quality1 :i* is 9 ! s5sitive "p ( ! s\l1 z is prov$ 9 ,physic4 viii2 & grace is pr9cipally 9 ! m9d4 ,nor is x 9 ! second species1 :i* is natural p[] or impot5ce2 s9ce grace is above nature & does n reg>d good & evil1 z does natural p[]4 ,!re=e x mu/ be 9 ! fir/ species :i* is habit or disposition4 ,n[ habits ( ! m9d are virtues2 s9ce ev5 k itself is a virtue aft] a mann]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e grace is ! same z virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if grace is a virtue1 x w\ld seem be=e all to be "o ( ! ?ree !ological virtues4 ,b grace is nei!r fai? nor hope1 = ^! c be )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,nor is x *>ity1 s9ce grace =]uns *>ity1 z ,augu/9e says 9 8 book on ! ,pr$e/9ation ( ! ,sa9ts 7,de ,dono ,p]sev4 xvi74 ,!re=e grace is n virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s held t grace & virtue 7 id5tical 9 ess5ce1 & diff]$ only logically--9 ! s5se t we speak ( grace inasmu* z x makes man pleas+ to ,god1 or is giv5 gratuit\sly--& ( virtue inasmu* z x emp[]s u to act rightly4 ,& ! ,ma/] seems to h ?\ght ?is 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d #bg74 ,b if anyone rightly consid]s ! nature ( virtue1 ?is _c hold1 s9ce1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,physic4 vii1 text4 #ag71 virtue is disposition ( :at is p]fect--& ,i call p]fect :at is dispos$ accord+ to its nature4 ,n[ f ?is x is cle> t ! virtue ( a ?+ has ref]5ce to "s pre-exi/+ nature1 f ! fact t ev]y?+ is dispos$ ) ref]5ce to :at befits its nature4 ,b x is manife/ t ! virtues acquir$ by human acts ( :i* we spoke above 7,q4 #ee1 seqq47 are dispositions1 :]eby a man is fitt+ly dispos$ ) ref]5ce to ! nature :]eby he is a man2 :]eas infus$ virtues dispose man 9 a high] mann] & t[>ds a high] end1 & consequ5tly 9 relation to "s high] nature1 i4e4 9 relation to a p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 accord+ to #b ,pet4 #a3d3 ,he ha? giv5 u mo/ great & mo/ preci\s promises2 t by ^! y may be made p>tak]s ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,& x is 9 respect ( receiv+ ?is nature t we are said to be born aga9 sons ( ,god4 ,& ?us1 ev5 z ! natural light ( reason is some?+ besides ! acquir$ virtues1 :i* are orda9$ to ?is natural light1 s also ! light ( grace :i* is a p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e ,nature is some?+ besides ! infus$ virtues :i* are d]iv$ f & are orda9$ to ?is light1 h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3h73 ,= y 7 h]et(ore d>kness1 b n[ light 9 ! ,"l4 ,walk !n z *ildr5 ( ! light4 ,= z ! acquir$ virtues enable a man to walk1 9 accordance ) ! natural light ( reason1 s d ! infus$ virtues enable a man to walk z befits ! light ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e calls fai? t worke? by *>ity grace1 s9ce ! act ( fai? ( him t worke? by *>ity is ! fir/ act by :i* sanctify+ grace is manife/$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good is plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( virtue ) ref]5ce to its fitness ) "s pre-exi/+ nature ess5tial or p>ticipat$4 ,n[ good is n attribut$ to grace 9 ?is mann]1 b z to ! root ( goodness 9 man1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,grace is r$uc$ to ! fir/ species ( quality2 & yet x is n ! same z virtue1 b is a c]ta9 disposition :i* is presuppos$ to ! infus$ virtues1 z _! pr9ciple & root4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,grace ,is 9 ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,s\l ,z 9 a ,subject1 or 9 ,"o ( ! ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is n 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 z 9 a subject1 b 9 "o ( ! p[]s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,hypogno/icon iii 99,among ! spuri\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e7 t grace is relat$ to ! w or to ! free w z a rid] to 8 horse4 ,n[ ! w or ! free w is a p[]1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce grace is 9 a p[] ( ! s\l1 z 9 a subject4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,man's m]it spr+s f grace z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arbit4 vi74 ,n[ m]it consi/s 9 acts1 :i* proce$ f a p[]4 ,h5ce x seems t grace is a p]fection ( a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is ! prop] subject ( grace1 ! s\l1 inasmu* z x has an ess5ce1 mu/ be capable ( grace4 ,b ?is is false2 s9ce x w\ld foll[ t e s\l w\ld be capable ( grace4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is n ! prop] subject ( grace4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is prior to its p[]s4 ,n[ :at is prior may be und]/ood )\t :at is po/]ior4 ,h5ce x foll[s t grace may be tak5 to be 9 ! s\l1 al?\gh we suppose no "p or p[] ( ! s\l--viz4 nei!r ! w1 nor ! intellect1 nor any?+ else2 :i* is impossible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,by grace we are born aga9 sons ( ,god4 ,b g5]ation t]m9ates at ! ess5ce prior to ! p[]s4 ,!re=e grace is 9 ! s\l's ess5ce prior to be+ 9 ! p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is "q dep5ds on ! prec$+4 ,= if grace is ! same z virtue1 x mu/ necess>ily be 9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l z 9 a subject2 s9ce ! s\l's p[]s are ! prop] subject ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #a74 ,b if grace diff]s f virtue1 x _c be said t a p[] ( ! s\l is ! subject ( grace1 s9ce e p]fection ( ! s\l's p[]s has ! nature ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x rema9s t grace1 z x is prior to virtue1 has a subject prior to ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 s t x is 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,= z man 9 8 intellective p[]s p>ticipates 9 ! ,div9e k ?r\gh ! virtue ( fai?1 & 9 8 p[] ( w p>ticipates 9 ! ,div9e love ?r\gh ! virtue ( *>ity1 s also 9 ! nature ( ! s\l does he p>ticipate 9 ! ,div9e ,nature1 aft] ! mann] ( a lik5ess1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 reg5]ation or re-creation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l fl[s its p[]s1 :i* are ! pr9ciples ( de$s1 s likewise ! virtues1 :]eby ! p[]s are mov$ to act1 fl[ into ! p[]s ( ! s\l f grace4 ,& ?us grace is comp>$ to ! w z ! mov] to ! mov$1 :i* is ! same comp>ison z t ( a horseman to ! horse--b n z an accid5t to a subject4 ,& !reby is made cle> ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,= grace is ! pr9ciple ( m]itori\s works ?r\gh ! m$ium ( virtues1 z ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is ! pr9cipal ( vital de$s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s\l is ! subject ( grace1 z be+ 9 ! species ( intellectual or rational nature4 ,b ! s\l is n class$ 9 a species by any ( its p[]s1 s9ce ! p[]s are natural prop]ties ( ! s\l foll[+ ^u ! species4 ,h5ce ! s\l diff]s specifically 9 its ess5ce f o!r s\ls1 viz4 ( dumb animals1 & ( plants4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t1 if ! ess5ce ( ! human s\l is ! subject ( grace1 e s\l may be ! subject ( grace2 s9ce x belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 inasmu* z x is ( su* a species4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce ! p[]s ( ! s\l are natural prop]ties foll[+ ^u ! species1 ! s\l _c be )\t !m4 ,yet1 grant$ t x 0 )\t !m1 ! s\l w\ld /ill be call$ intellectual or rational 9 its species1 n t x w\ld actually h ^! p[]s1 b on acc\nt ( ! ess5ce ( su* a species1 f :i* ^! p[]s naturally fl[4 ,,"q #aaa ,,( ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,grace 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! division ( grace2 "u :i* head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r grace is fitt+ly divid$ into gratuit\s grace & sanctify+ grace8 7#b7 ,( ! division into op]at+ & coop]at+ grace2 7#c7 ,( ! division ( x into prev5i5t & subsequ5t grace2 7#d7 ,( ! division ( gratuit\s grace2 7#e7 ,( ! comp>ison betwe5 sanctify+ & gratuit\s grace4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,grace ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,sanctify+ ,grace & ,gratuit\s ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is n fitt+ly divid$ into sanctify+ grace & gratuit\s grace4 ,= grace is a gift ( ,god1 z is cle> f :at has be5 already /at$ 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a74 ,b man is n !re=e pleas+ to ,god because some?+ is giv5 him by ,god1 b r on ! contr>y2 s9ce some?+ is freely giv5 by ,god1 because man is pleas+ to ,him4 ,h5ce !re is no sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is n giv5 on acc\nt ( prec$+ m]its is giv5 gratis4 ,n[ ev5 natural good is giv5 to man )\t prec$+ m]it1 s9ce nature is presuppos$ to m]it4 ,!re=e nature itself is giv5 gratuit\sly by ,god4 ,b nature is condivid$ ) grace4 ,!re=e to be gratuit\sly giv5 is n fitt+ly set d[n z a diff]5ce ( grace1 s9ce x is f\nd outside ! g5us ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 memb]s ( a division are mutually oppos$4 ,b ev5 sanctify+ grace1 :]eby we are ju/ifi$1 is giv5 to u gratuit\sly1 accord+ to ,rom4 #c3bd3 ,be+ ju/ifi$ freely 7gratis7 by ,8 grace4 ,h5ce sanctify+ grace ought n to be divid$ aga9/ gratuit\s grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le attributes bo? to grace1 viz4 to sanctify & to be gratuit\sly giv54 ,= ) reg>d to ! fir/ he says 7,eph4 #a3f73 ,he ha? grac$ u 9 ,8 belov$ son4 ,& ) reg>d to ! second 7,rom4 #b3f73 ,& if by grace1 x is n n[ by works1 o!rwise grace is no m grace4 ,!re=e grace c be di/+ui%$ by its hav+ "o only or bo?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3a71 ^? ?+s t are ( ,god are well ord]$ ,vulg43 '^? t are1 are orda9$ by ,god4 ,n[ ! ord] ( ?+s consi/s 9 ?is1 t ?+s are l$ to ,god by o!r ?+s1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv74 ,& h5ce s9ce grace is orda9$ to lead m5 to ,god1 ?is takes place 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 s t "s are l$ to ,god by o!rs4 ,& ?us !re is a tw(old grace3 "o :]eby man himself is unit$ to ,god1 & ?is is call$ sanctify+ grace2 ! o!r is t :]eby "o man coop]ates ) ano!r 9 lead+ him to ,god1 & ?is gift is call$ gratuit\s grace1 s9ce x is be/[$ on a man beyond ! capability ( nature1 & beyond ! m]it ( ! p]son4 ,b :]eas x is be/[$ on a man1 n to ju/ify him1 b r t he may coop]ate 9 ! ju/ification ( ano!r1 x is n call$ sanctify+ grace4 ,& x is ( ?is t ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3g73 ,& ! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to e man unto utility1 i4e4 ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,grace is said to make pleas+1 n effici5tly b =mally1 i4e4 because !reby a man is ju/ifi$1 & is made wor?y to be call$ pleas+ to ,god1 accord+ to ,col4 #a3ba3 ,he ha? made u wor?y to be made p>tak]s ( ! lot ( ! sa9ts 9 light4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,grace1 inasmu* z x is gratuit\sly giv51 excludes ! notion ( debt4 ,n[ debt may be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 z aris+ f m]it2 & ?is reg>ds ! p]son ^: x is to d m]itori\s works1 accord+ to ,rom4 #d3d3 ,n[ to him t worke?1 ! rew>d is n reckon$ accord+ to grace1 b accord+ to debt4 ,! second debt reg>ds ! condition ( nature4 ,?us we say x is due to a man to h reason1 & :atev] else belongs to human nature4 ,yet 9 nei!r way is debt tak5 to mean t ,god is "u an obligation to ,8 creature1 b r t ! creature ought to be subject to ,god1 t ! ,div9e ord9ation may be fulfill$ 9 x1 :i* is t a c]ta9 nature %\ld h c]ta9 conditions or prop]ties1 & t by do+ c]ta9 works x %\ld atta9 to some?+ fur!r4 ,& h5ce natural end[m5ts are n a debt 9 ! fir/ s5se b 9 ! second4 ,b sup]natural gifts are due 9 nei!r s5se4 ,h5ce !y especially m]it ! "n ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sanctify+ grace adds to ! notion ( gratuit\s grace some?+ p]ta9+ to ! nature ( grace1 s9ce x makes man pleas+ to ,god4 ,& h5ce gratuit\s grace :i* does n d ?is keeps ! common "n1 z happ5s 9 _m o!r cases2 & ?us ! two p>ts ( ! division are oppos$ z sanctify+ & non-sanctify+ grace4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,grace ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,op]at+ & ,coop]at+ ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is n fitt+ly divid$ into op]at+ & coop]at+ grace4 ,= grace is an accid5t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ no accid5t c act ^u its subject4 ,!re=e no grace c be call$ op]at+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if grace op]ates any?+ 9 u x assur$ly br+s ab\t ju/ification4 ,b n only grace works ?is4 ,= ,augu/9e says1 on ,john #ad3ab1 ! works t ,i d he also %all d1 says 7,s]m4 clxix73 ,he ,:o creat$ !e )\t ?yself1 w n ju/ify !e )\t ?yself4 ,!re=e no grace ought to be call$ simply op]at+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to coop]ate seems to p]ta9 to ! inf]ior ag5t1 & n to ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,b grace works 9 u m ?an free-w1 accord+ to ,rom4 #i3af3 ,x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %ewe? m]cy4 ,!re=e no grace ought to be call$ coop]at+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 division ought to re/ on opposition4 ,b to op]ate & to coop]ate are n oppos$2 = "o & ! same ?+ c bo? op]ate & coop]ate4 ,!re=e grace is n fitt+ly divid$ into op]at+ & coop]at+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arbit4 xvii73 ,god by coop]at+ ) u1 p]fects :at ,he began by op]at+ 9 u1 s9ce ,he :o p]fects by coop]ation ) su* z are will+1 beg9s by op]at+ t !y may w4 ,b ! op]ations ( ,god :]eby ,he moves u to good p]ta9 to grace4 ,!re=e grace is fitt+ly divid$ into op]at+ & coop]at+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b7 grace may be tak5 9 two ways2 fir/1 z a ,div9e help1 :]eby ,god moves u to w & to act2 secondly1 z a habitual gift div9ely be/[$ on u4 ,n[ 9 bo? ^! ways grace is fitt+ly divid$ into op]at+ & coop]at+4 ,= ! op]ation ( an effect is n attribut$ to ! ?+ mov$ b to ! mov]4 ,h5ce 9 t effect 9 :i* our m9d is mov$ & does n move1 b 9 :i* ,god is ! sole mov]1 ! op]ation is attribut$ to ,god1 & x is ) ref]5ce to ?is t we speak ( op]at+ grace4 ,b 9 t effect 9 :i* our m9d bo? moves & is mov$1 ! op]ation is n only attribut$ to ,god1 b also to ! s\l2 & x is ) ref]5ce to ?is t we speak ( coop]at+ grace4 ,n[ !re is a d\ble act 9 u4 ,fir/1 !re is ! int]ior act ( ! w1 & ) reg>d to ?is act ! w is a ?+ mov$1 & ,god is ! mov]2 & especially :5 ! w1 :i* hi!rto will$ evil1 beg9s to w good4 ,& h5ce1 inasmu* z ,god moves ! human m9d to ?is act1 we speak ( op]at+ grace4 ,b !re is ano!r1 ext]ior act2 & s9ce x is comm&$ by ! w1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #i7 ! op]ation ( ?is act is attribut$ to ! w4 ,& because ,god assi/s u 9 ?is act1 bo? by /r5g!n+ our w int]iorly s z to atta9 to ! act1 & by grant+ outw>dly ! capability ( op]at+1 x is ) respect to ?is t we speak ( coop]at+ grace4 ,h5ce aft] ! a=esaid words ,augu/9e subjo9s3 ,he op]ates t we may w2 & :5 we w1 ,he coop]ates t we may p]fect4 ,& ?us if grace is tak5 = ,god's gratuit\s motion :]eby ,he moves u to m]itori\s good1 x is fitt+ly divid$ into op]at+ & coop]at+ grace4 ,b if grace is tak5 = ! habitual gift1 !n aga9 !re is a d\ble effect ( grace1 ev5 z ( e o!r =m2 ! fir/ ( :i* is be+1 & ! second1 op]ation2 ?us ! "w ( heat is to make its subject hot1 & to give heat outw>dly4 ,& ?us habitual grace1 inasmu* z x heals & ju/ifies ! s\l1 or makes x pleas+ to ,god1 is call$ op]at+ grace2 b inasmu* z x is ! pr9ciple ( m]itori\s works1 :i* spr+ f ! free-w1 x is call$ coop]at+ grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,inasmu* z grace is a c]ta9 accid5tal quality1 x does n act ^u ! s\l effici5tly1 b =mally1 z :it5ess makes a surface :ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god does n ju/ify u )\t ourselves1 because :il/ we are be+ ju/ifi$ we cons5t to ,god's ju/ification 7ju/itiae7 by a movem5t ( our free-w4 ,nev]!less ?is movem5t is n ! cause ( grace1 b ! effect2 h5ce ! :ole op]ation p]ta9s to grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o ?+ is said to coop]ate ) ano!r n m]ely :5 x is a second>y ag5t "u a pr9cipal ag5t1 b :5 x helps to ! end int5d$4 ,n[ man is help$ by ,god to w ! good1 ?r\gh ! means ( op]at+ grace4 ,& h5ce1 ! end be+ already int5d$1 grace coop]ates ) u4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,op]at+ & coop]at+ grace are ! same grace2 b are di/+ui%$ by _! diff]5t effects1 z is pla9 f :at has be5 said4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,grace ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,prev5i5t & ,subsequ5t ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is n fitt+ly divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t4 ,= grace is an effect ( ! ,div9e love4 ,b ,god's love is nev] subsequ5t1 b always prev5i5t1 accord+ to #a ,john #d3aj3 ,n z ?\gh we _h lov$ ,god1 b because ,he ha? fir/ lov$ u4 ,!re=e grace ought n to be divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is b "o sanctify+ grace 9 man1 s9ce x is suffici5t1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #ab3i3 ,my grace is suffici5t = !e4 ,b ! same ?+ _c be be=e & aft]4 ,!re=e grace is n fitt+ly divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 grace is kn[n by its effects4 ,n[ !re are an inf9ite numb] ( effects--"o prec$+ ano!r4 ,h5ce if ) reg>d to ^!1 grace mu/ be divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t1 x w\ld seem t !re are inf9ite species ( grace4 ,n[ no art takes note ( ! inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,h5ce grace is n fitt+ly divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,god's grace is ! outcome ( ,8 m]cy4 ,n[ bo? are said 9 ,ps4 #eh3aa3 ,8 m]cy %all prev5t me1 & aga91 ,ps4 #bb3f3 ,?y m]cy w foll[ me4 ,!re=e grace is fitt+ly divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,z grace is divid$ into op]at+ & coop]at+1 ) reg>d to its div]se effects1 s also is x divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t1 h[soev] we consid] grace4 ,n[ !re are five effects ( grace 9 u3 ( ^!1 ! fir/ is1 to heal ! s\l2 ! second1 to desire good2 ! ?ird1 to c>ry into effect ! good propos$2 ! f\r?1 to p]sev]e 9 good2 ! fif?1 to rea* glory4 ,& h5ce grace1 inasmu* z x causes ! fir/ effect 9 u1 is call$ prev5i5t ) respect to ! second1 & inasmu* z x causes ! second1 x is call$ subsequ5t ) respect to ! fir/ effect4 ,& z "o effect is po/]ior to ?is effect1 & prior to t1 s may grace be call$ prev5i5t & subsequ5t on acc\nt ( ! same effect view$ relatively to div]s o!rs4 ,& ?is is :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,natura et ,gratia xxxi73 ,x is prev5i5t1 inasmu* z x heals1 & subsequ5t1 inasmu* z1 be+ heal$1 we are /r5g!n$2 x is prev5i5t1 inasmu* z we are call$1 & subsequ5t1 inasmu* z we are glorifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god's love signifies some?+ et]nal2 & h5ce c nev] be call$ any?+ b prev5i5t4 ,b grace signifies a temporal effect1 :i* c prec$e & foll[ ano!r2 & ?us grace may be bo? prev5i5t & subsequ5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! division into prev5i5t & subsequ5t grace does n divide grace 9 its ess5ce1 b only 9 its effects1 z 0 already said ( op]at+ & coop]at+ grace4 ,= subsequ5t grace1 inasmu* z x p]ta9s to glory1 is n num]ically di/9ct f prev5i5t grace :]eby we are at pres5t ju/ifi$4 ,= ev5 z ! *>ity ( ! e>? is n void$ 9 heav51 s mu/ ! same be said ( ! light ( grace1 s9ce ! notion ( nei!r implies imp]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! effects ( grace may be inf9ite 9 numb]1 ev5 z human acts are inf9ite1 nev]!less all are r$uc$ to "s ( a det]m9ate species1 & moreov] all co9cide 9 ?is--t "o prec$es ano!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,gratuit\s ,grace ,is ,rightly ,divid$ by ! ,apo/le8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t gratuit\s grace is n rightly divid$ by ! ,apo/le4 ,= e gift v\*saf$ to u by ,god1 may be call$ a gratuit\s grace4 ,n[ !re are an inf9ite numb] ( gifts freely be/[$ on u by ,god z reg>ds bo? ! good ( ! s\l & ! good ( ! body--& yet !y d n make u pleas+ to ,god4 ,h5ce gratuit\s graces _c be conta9$ "u any c]ta9 division4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 gratuit\s grace is di/+ui%$ f sanctify+ grace4 ,b fai? p]ta9s to sanctify+ grace1 s9ce we are ju/ifi$ by x1 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3a3 ,be+ ju/ifi$ !re=e by fai?4 ,h5ce x is n "r to place fai? among/ ! gratuit\s graces1 especially s9ce ! o!r virtues are n s plac$1 z hope & *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! op]ation ( heal+1 & speak+ div]s tongues are miracles4 ,aga91 ! int]pretation ( spee*es p]ta9s ei!r to wisdom or to k1 accord+ to ,dan4 #a3ag3 ,& to ^! *ildr5 ,god gave k & und]/&+ 9 e book & wisdom4 ,h5ce x is n correct to divide ! grace ( heal+ & k9ds ( tongues aga9/ ! work+ ( miracles2 & ! int]pretation ( spee*es aga9/ ! ^w ( wisdom & k4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z wisdom & k are gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 s also are und]/&+1 c\nsel1 piety1 =titude1 & fe>1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ^! also ought to be plac$ among/ ! gratuit\s gifts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3h1 #i1 #aj73 ,to "o inde$ by ! ,_s is giv5 ! ^w ( wisdom2 & to ano!r ! ^w ( k1 accord+ to ! same ,_s2 to ano!r1 ! work+ ( miracles2 to ano!r1 prophecy2 to ano!r1 ! disc]n+ ( spirits2 to ano!r div]s k9ds ( tongues2 to ano!r int]pretation ( spee*es4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,a4 #a71 gratuit\s grace is orda9$ to ?is1 viz4 t a man may help ano!r to be l$ to ,god4 ,n[ no man c help 9 ?is by mov+ int]iorly 7= ?is belongs to ,god alone71 b only ext]iorly by tea*+ or p]suad+4 ,h5ce gratuit\s grace embraces :atev] a man ne$s 9 ord] to in/ruct ano!r 9 ,div9e ?+s :i* are above reason4 ,n[ = ?is ?ree ?+s are requir$3 fir/1 a man mu/ possess ! fullness ( k ( ,div9e ?+s1 s z to be capable ( tea*+ o!rs4 ,secondly1 he mu/ be able to confirm or prove :at he says1 o!rwise 8 words w\ld h no weight4 ,?irdly1 he mu/ be capable ( fitt+ly pres5t+ to 8 he>]s :at he kn[s4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! fir/1 ?ree ?+s are necess>y1 z may be se5 9 human tea*+4 ,= :oev] w\ld tea* ano!r 9 any sci5ce mu/ fir/ be c]ta9 ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 & ) reg>d to ?is !re is fai?1 :i* is c]titude ( invisible ?+s1 ! pr9ciples ( ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,secondly1 x behooves ! tea*] to "k ! pr9cipal conclusions ( ! sci5ce1 & h5ce we h ! ^w ( wisdom1 :i* is ! k ( ,div9e ?+s4 ,?irdly1 he ought to ab\nd ) examples & a k ( effects1 :]eby at times he ne$s to manife/ causes2 & ?us we h ! ^w ( k1 :i* is ! k ( human ?+s1 s9ce ! invisible ?+s ( ,him 4 4 4 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made 7,rom4 #a3bj74 ,n[ ! confirmation ( su* ?+s z are )9 reason re/s ^u argum5ts2 b ! confirmation ( :at is above reason re/s on :at is prop] to ! ,div9e p[]1 & ?is 9 two ways3 fir/1 :5 ! tea*] ( sacr$ doctr9e does :at ,god alone c d1 9 miracul\s de$s1 :e!r ) respect to bodily heal?--& ?us !re is ! grace ( heal+1 or m]ely = ! purpose ( manife/+ ! ,div9e p[]2 = in/ance1 t ! sun %\ld /& /ill or d>k51 or t ! sea %\ld be divid$--& ?us !re is ! work+ ( miracles4 ,secondly1 :5 he c manife/ :at ,god alone c "k1 & ^! are ei!r future cont+5ts--& ?us !re is prophecy1 or also ! secrets ( he>ts--& ?us !re is ! disc]n+ ( spirits4 ,b ! capability ( speak+ c reg>d ei!r ! idiom 9 :i* a p]son c be und]/ood1 & ?us !re is k9ds ( tongues2 or x c reg>d ! s5se ( :at is said1 & ?us !re is ! int]pretation ( spee*es4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 n all ! b5efits div9ely conf]r$ ^u u are call$ gratuit\s graces1 b only ^? t surpass ! p[] ( nature--e4g4 t a fi%]man %\ld be replete ) ! ^w ( wisdom & ( k & ! l2 & su* z ^! are "h set d[n z gratuit\s graces4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? is enum]at$ "h "u ! gratuit\s graces1 n z a virtue ju/ify+ man 9 himself1 b z imply+ a sup]-em95t c]titude ( fai?1 :]eby a man is fitt$ = in/ruct+ o!rs conc]n+ su* ?+s z belong to ! fai?4 ,) reg>d to hope & *>ity1 !y belong to ! appetitive p[]1 accord+ z man is orda9$ !reby to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! grace ( heal+ is di/+ui%$ f ! g5]al work+ ( miracles because x has a special reason = induc+ "o to ! fai?1 s9ce a man is all ! m ready to believe :5 he has receiv$ ! gift ( bodily heal? ?r\gh ! virtue ( fai?4 ,s1 too1 to speak ) div]s tongues & to int]pret spee*es h special efficacy 9 be/[+ fai?4 ,h5ce !y are set d[n z special gratuit\s graces4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,wisdom & k are n numb]$ among ! gratuit\s graces 9 ! same way z !y are reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 i4e4 inasmu* z man's m9d is r5d]$ easily movable by ! ,holy ,gho/ to ! ?+s ( wisdom & k2 = ?us !y are gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d74 ,b !y are numb]$ among/ ! gratuit\s graces1 inasmu* z !y imply su* a fullness ( k & wisdom t a man may n m]ely ?9k aright ( ,div9e ?+s1 b may in/ruct o!rs & ov]p[] adv]s>ies4 ,h5ce x is significant t x is ! ^w ( wisdom & ! ^w ( k t are plac$ 9 ! gratuit\s graces1 s9ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a71 ,x is "o ?+ m]ely to "k :at a man mu/ believe 9 ord] to rea* ev]la/+ life1 & ano!r ?+ to "k h[ ?is may b5efit ! godly & may be def5d$ aga9/ ! ungodly4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,gratuit\s ,grace ,is ,nobl] ,?an ,sanctify+ ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t gratuit\s grace is nobl] ?an sanctify+ grace4 ,= ! p's good is bett] ?an ! individual good1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #b74 ,n[ sanctify+ grace is orda9$ to ! good ( "o man alone1 :]eas gratuit\s grace is orda9$ to ! common good ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #d74 ,h5ce gratuit\s grace is nobl] ?an sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is a great] p[] t is able to act ^u ano!r1 ?an t :i* is conf9$ to itself1 ev5 z great] is ! brightness ( ! body t c illum9ate o!r bodies1 ?an ( t :i* c only %9e b _c illum9ate2 & h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t ju/ice is ! mo/ excell5t ( ! virtues1 s9ce by x a man be>s himself rightly t[>ds o!rs4 ,b by sanctify+ grace a man is p]fect$ only 9 himself2 :]eas by gratuit\s grace a man works = ! p]fection ( o!rs4 ,h5ce gratuit\s grace is nobl] ?an sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is prop] to ! be/ is nobl] ?an :at is common to all2 ?us to reason1 :i* is prop] to man1 is nobl] ?an to feel1 :i* is common to all animals4 ,n[ sanctify+ grace is common to all memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 b gratuit\s grace is ! prop] gift ( ! m exalt$ memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce gratuit\s grace is nobl] ?an sanctify+ grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ca71 hav+ enum]at$ ! gratuit\s graces1 adds3 ,& ,i %ew unto y yet a m excell5t way2 & z ! sequel proves he is speak+ ( *>ity1 :i* p]ta9s to sanctify+ grace4 ,h5ce sanctify+ grace is m noble ?an gratuit\s grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,! high] ! good to :i* a virtue is orda9$1 ! m excell5t is ! virtue4 ,n[ ! end is always great] ?an ! means4 ,b sanctify+ grace orda9s a man imm$iately to a union ) 8 la/ end1 :]eas gratuit\s grace orda9s a man to :at is prep>atory to ! end2 i4e4 by prophecy & miracles & s =?1 m5 are induc$ to unite !mselves to _! la/ end4 ,& h5ce sanctify+ grace is nobl] ?an gratuit\s grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 xii1 text4 #eb71 a multitude1 z an army1 has a d\ble good2 ! fir/ is 9 ! multitude itself1 viz4 ! ord] ( ! army2 ! second is sep>ate f ! multitude1 viz4 ! good ( ! lead]--& ?is is bett] good1 s9ce ! o!r is orda9$ to x4 ,n[ gratuit\s grace is orda9$ to ! common good ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is ecclesia/ical ord]1 :]eas sanctify+ grace is orda9$ to ! sep>ate common good1 :i* is ,god4 ,h5ce sanctify+ grace is ! nobl]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if gratuit\s grace c\ld cause a man to h sanctify+ grace1 x w\ld foll[ t ! gratuit\s grace 0 ! nobl]2 ev5 z ! brightness ( ! sun t enlight5s is m excell5t ?an t ( an object t is lit up4 ,b by gratuit\s grace a man _c cause ano!r to h union ) ,god1 :i* he himself has by sanctify+ grace2 b he causes c]ta9 dispositions t[>ds x4 ,h5ce gratuit\s grace ne$s n to be ! m excell5t1 ev5 z 9 fire1 ! heat1 :i* manife/s its species :]eby x produces heat 9 o!r ?+s1 is n m noble ?an its sub/antial =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,feel+ is orda9$ to reason1 z to an end2 & ?us1 to reason is nobl]4 ,b "h x is ! contr>y2 = :at is prop] is orda9$ to :at is common z to an end4 ,h5ce !re is no comp>ison4 ,,"q #aab ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,grace 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( grace2 & "u ?is head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god alone is ! effici5t cause ( grace8 7#b7 ,:e!r any disposition t[>ds grace is ne$$ on ! "p ( ! recipi5t1 by an act ( free-w8 7#c7 ,:e!r su* a disposition c make grace foll[ ( necessity8 7#d7 ,:e!r grace is equal 9 all8 7#e7 ,:e!r anyone may "k t he has grace8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,alone ,is ! ,cause ( ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god alone is n ! cause ( grace4 ,= x is writt5 7,john #a3ag73 ,grace & tru? came by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n[1 by ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is und]/ood n m]ely ! ,div9e ,nature assum+1 b ! creat$ nature assum$4 ,!re=e a creature may be ! cause ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law & ^? ( ! ,old1 t ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law cause grace1 :]eas ! sacram5ts ( ! ,old ,law m]ely signify x4 ,n[ ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law are c]ta9 visible elem5ts4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! only cause ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iii1 iv1 vii1 viii71 ,angels cleanse1 enlight51 & p]fect bo? less] angels & m54 ,n[ ! rational creature is cleans$1 enlight5$1 & p]fect$ by grace4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! only cause ( grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #hc3ab73 ,! ,"l w give grace & glory4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ c act beyond its species1 s9ce ! cause mu/ always be m p[]ful ?an its effect4 ,n[ ! gift ( grace surpasses e capability ( creat$ nature1 s9ce x is no?+ %ort ( a p>tak+ ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 :i* exce$s e o!r nature4 ,& ?us x is impossible t any creature %\ld cause grace4 ,= x is z necess>y t ,god alone %\ld deify1 be/[+ a p>tak+ ( ! ,div9e ,nature by a p>ticipat$ lik5ess1 z x is impossible t any?+ save fire %\ld enk9dle4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*ri/'s humanity is an organ ( ,8 ,godhead1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #ai74 ,n[ an in/rum5t does n br+ =? ! action ( ! pr9cipal ag5t by its own p[]1 b 9 virtue ( ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,h5ce ,*ri/'s humanity does n cause grace by its own p[]1 b by virtue ( ! ,div9e ,nature jo9$ to x1 :]eby ! actions ( ,*ri/'s humanity are sav+ actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ ! humanity causes our salvation by grace1 ! ,div9e p[] be+ ! pr9cipal ag5t1 s likewise 9 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law1 :i* are d]iv$ f ,*ri/1 grace is in/rum5tally caus$ by ! sacram5ts1 & pr9cipally by ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ work+ 9 ! sacram5ts1 accord+ to ,john #c3e3 ,unless a man be born aga9 ( wat] & ! ,holy ,gho/ he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,angels cleanse1 enlight51 & p]fect angels or m51 by in/ruction1 & n by ju/ify+ !m ?r\gh grace4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 t ?is cleans+ & enlight5m5t & p]fect+ is no?+ else ?an ! assumption ( ,div9e k4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,any ,prep>ation & ,disposition = ,grace ,is ,requir$ on ,man's ,"p8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no prep>ation or disposition = grace is requir$ on man's "p1 s9ce1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #d3d71 ,to him t worke?1 ! rew>d is n reckon$ accord+ to grace1 b accord+ to debt4 ,n[ a man's prep>ation by free-w c only be ?r\gh "s op]ation4 ,h5ce x w\ld d away ) ! notion ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] is go+ on s9n+1 is n prep>+ himself to h grace4 ,b to "s :o are go+ on s9n+ grace is giv51 z is cle> 9 ! case ( ,paul1 :o receiv$ grace :il/ he 0 brea?+ out ?reat5+s & slaught] aga9/ ! disciples ( ! ,"l 7,act #i3a74 ,h5ce no prep>ation = grace is requir$ on man's "p4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an ag5t ( inf9ite p[] ne$s no disposition 9 matt]1 s9ce x does n ev5 require matt]1 z appe>s 9 creation1 to :i* grace is comp>$1 :i* is call$ a new creature 7,gal4 #f3ae74 ,b only ,god1 ,:o has inf9ite p[]1 causes grace1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,h5ce no prep>ation is requir$ on man's "p to obta9 grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,amos #d3ab73 ,be prep>$ to meet ?y ,god1 ,o ,israel1 & 7#a ,k+s #g3c73 ,prep>e y\r he>ts unto ! ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #b71 grace is tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 z a habitual gift ( ,god4 ,secondly1 z a help f ,god1 ,:o moves ! s\l to good4 ,n[ tak+ grace 9 ! fir/ s5se1 a c]ta9 prep>ation ( grace is requir$ = x1 s9ce a =m c only be 9 dispos$ matt]4 ,b if we speak ( grace z x signifies a help f ,god to move u to good1 no prep>ation is requir$ on man's "p1 t1 z x 71 anticipates ! ,div9e help1 b r1 e prep>ation 9 man mu/ be by ! help ( ,god mov+ ! s\l to good4 ,& ?us ev5 ! good movem5t ( ! free-w1 :]eby anyone is prep>$ = receiv+ ! gift ( grace1 is an act ( ! free-w mov$ by ,god4 ,& ?us man is said to prep>e himself1 accord+ to ,prov4 #af3a3 ,x is ! "p ( man to prep>e ! s\l2 yet x is pr9cipally f ,god1 ,:o moves ! free-w4 ,h5ce x is said t man's w is prep>$ by ,god1 & t man's /eps are guid$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a c]ta9 prep>ation ( man = grace is simultane\s ) ! infusion ( grace2 & ?is op]ation is m]itori\s1 n inde$ ( grace1 :i* is already possess$--b ( glory :i* is n yet possess$4 ,b !re is ano!r imp]fect prep>ation1 :i* sometimes prec$es ! gift ( sanctify+ grace1 & yet x is f ,god's motion4 ,b x does n suffice = m]it1 s9ce man is n yet ju/ifi$ by grace1 & m]it c only arise f grace1 z w be se5 fur!r on 7,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce a man _c prep>e himself = grace unless ,god prev5t & move him to good1 x is ( no acc\nt :e!r anyone arrive at p]fect prep>ation in/antane\sly1 or /ep by /ep4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aa3bc73 ,x is easy 9 ! eyes ( ,god on a sudd5 to make ! poor man ri*4 ,n[ x sometimes happ5s t ,god moves a man to good1 b n p]fect good1 & ?is prep>ation prec$es grace4 ,b ,he sometimes moves him sudd5ly & p]fectly to good1 & man receives grace sudd5ly1 accord+ to ,john #f3de3 ,e "o t ha? he>d ( ! ,fa!r1 & ha? le>n$1 come? to ,me4 ,& ?us x happ5$ to ,paul1 s9ce1 sudd5ly :5 he 0 9 ! mid/ ( s91 8 he>t 0 p]fectly mov$ by ,god to he>1 to le>n1 to come2 & h5ce he receiv$ grace sudd5ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an ag5t ( inf9ite p[] ne$s no matt] or disposition ( matt]1 br\ght ab\t by ! action ( some?+ else2 & yet1 look+ to ! condition ( ! ?+ caus$1 x mu/ cause1 9 ! ?+ caus$1 bo? ! matt] & ! due disposition = ! =m4 ,s likewise1 :5 ,god infuses grace into a s\l1 no prep>ation is requir$ :i* ,he ,himself does n br+ ab\t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,grace ,is ,necess>ily ,giv5 to ,:oev] ,prep>es ,himself = ,x1 or to ,:oev] ,does ,:at ,he ,c8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is necess>ily giv5 to :oev] prep>es himself = grace1 or to :oev] does :at he c1 because1 on ,rom4 #e3a1 ,be+ ju/ifi$ 4 4 4 by fai?1 let u h peace1 etc4 ! gloss says3 ,god welcomes :oev] flies to ,him1 o!rwise !re w\ld be inju/ice ) ,him4 ,b x is impossible = inju/ice to be ) ,god4 ,!re=e x is impossible = ,god n to welcome :oev] flies to ,him4 ,h5ce he receives grace ( necessity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,anselm says 7,de ,casu ,diaboli4 iii7 t ! reason :y ,god does n be/[ grace on ! devil1 is t he did n wi%1 nor 0 he prep>$1 to receive x4 ,b if ! cause be remov$1 ! effect mu/ ne$s be remov$ also4 ,!re=e1 if anyone is will+ to receive grace x is be/[$ on !m ( necessity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 good is diffusive ( itself1 z appe>s f ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ ! good ( grace is bett] ?an ! good ( nature4 ,h5ce1 s9ce natural =ms necess>ily come to dispos$ matt]1 mu* m does x seem t grace is necess>ily be/[$ on :oev] prep>es himself = grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man is comp>$ to ,god z clay to ! pott]1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ah3f3 ,z clay is 9 ! h& ( ! pott]1 s are y 9 ,my h&4 ,b h[ev] mu* ! clay is prep>$1 x does n necess>ily receive its %ape f ! pott]4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] mu* a man prep>es himself1 he does n necess>ily receive grace f ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 man's prep>ation = grace is f ,god1 z ,mov]1 & f ! free-w1 z mov$4 ,h5ce ! prep>ation may be look$ at 9 two ways3 fir/1 z x is f free-w1 & ?us !re is no necessity t x %\ld obta9 grace1 s9ce ! gift ( grace exce$s e prep>ation ( human p[]4 ,b x may be consid]$1 secondly1 z x is f ,god ! ,mov]1 & ?us x has a necessity--n inde$ ( co]cion1 b ( infallibility--z reg>ds :at x is orda9$ to by ,god1 s9ce ,god's int5tion _c fail1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,augu/9e 9 8 book on ! ,pr$e/9ation ( ! ,sa9ts 7,de ,dono ,p]sev4 xiv7 t by ,god's good gifts :oev] is lib]at$1 is mo/ c]ta9ly lib]at$4 ,h5ce if ,god int5ds1 :ile mov+1 t ! "o ^: he>t ,he moves %\ld atta9 to grace1 he w infallibly atta9 to x1 accord+ to ,john #f3de3 ,e "o t ha? he>d ( ! ,fa!r1 & ha? le>n$1 come? to ,me4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is gloss is speak+ ( su* z fly to ,god by a m]itori\s act ( _! free-w1 already in=m$ ) grace2 = if !y did n receive grace1 x w\ld be aga9/ ! ju/ice :i* ,he ,himself e/abli%$4 ,or if x ref]s to ! movem5t ( free-w be=e grace1 x is speak+ 9 ! s5se t man's flight to ,god is by a ,div9e motion1 :i* ought n1 9 ju/ice1 to fail4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fir/ cause ( ! defect ( grace is on our "p2 b ! fir/ cause ( ! be/[al ( grace is on ,god's accord+ to ,osee #ac3i3 ,de/ruction is ?y own1 ,o ,israel2 ?y help is only 9 ,me4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 natural ?+s1 ! =m does n necess>ily ensue ! disposition ( ! matt]1 except by ! p[] ( ! ag5t t causes ! disposition4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,grace ,is ,great] 9 ,"o ,?an 9 ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is n great] 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,= grace is caus$ 9 u by ! ,div9e love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ x is writt5 7,wis4 #f3h73 ,he made ! little & ! great & ,he ha? equally c>e ( all4 ,!re=e all obta9 grace f ,him equally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is ! greate/ possible1 _c be m or less4 ,b grace is ! greate/ possible1 s9ce x jo9s u ) our la/ end4 ,!re=e !re is no great] or less 9 x4 ,h5ce x is n great] 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 grace is ! s\l's life1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,b !re is no great] or less 9 life4 ,h5ce1 nei!r is !re 9 grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eph4 #d3g73 ,b to e "o ( u is giv5 grace accord+ to ! measure ( ! giv+ ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ :at is giv5 9 measure1 is n giv5 to all equally4 ,h5ce all h n an equal grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #eb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #ef1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 habits c h a d\ble magnitude3 "o1 z reg>ds ! end or object1 z :5 a virtue is said to be m noble ?r\gh be+ orda9$ to a great] good2 ! o!r on ! "p ( ! subject1 :i* m or less p>ticipates 9 ! habit inh]+ to x4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! fir/ magnitude1 sanctify+ grace _c be great] or less1 s9ce1 ( its nature1 grace jo9s man to ! ,highe/ ,good1 :i* is ,god4 ,b z reg>ds ! subject1 grace c receive m or less1 inasmu* z "o may be m p]fectly enlight5$ by grace ?an ano!r4 ,& a c]ta9 reason = ?is is on ! "p ( him :o prep>es himself = grace2 s9ce he :o is bett] prep>$ = grace1 receives m grace4 ,yet x is n "h t we mu/ seek ! fir/ cause ( ?is div]sity1 s9ce man prep>es himself1 only inasmu* z 8 free-w is prep>$ by ,god4 ,h5ce ! fir/ cause ( ?is div]sity is to be s\ght on ! "p ( ,god1 ,:o disp5ses ,8 gifts ( grace v>i\sly1 9 ord] t ! beauty & p]fection ( ! ,*ur* may result f ^! v>i\s degrees2 ev5 z ,he in/itut$ ! v>i\s conditions ( ?+s1 t ! univ]se might be p]fect4 ,h5ce aft] ! ,apo/le _h said 7,eph4 #d3g73 ,to e "o ( u is giv5 grace accord+ to ! measure ( ! giv+ ( ,*ri/1 hav+ enum]at$ ! v>i\s graces1 he adds 7,eph4 #d3ab73 ,= ! p]fect+ ( ! sa9ts 4 4 4 = ! edify+ ( ! body ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,div9e c>e may be look$ at 9 two ways3 fir/1 z reg>ds ! ,div9e act1 :i* is simple & uni=m2 & ?us ,8 c>e looks equally to all1 s9ce by "o simple act ,he adm9i/]s great ?+s & little4 ,b1 secondly1 x may be consid]$ 9 ^? ?+s :i* come to be consid]$ by ! ,div9e c>e2 & ?us1 inequality is f\nd1 inasmu* z ,god by ,8 c>e provides great] gifts to "s1 & less] gifts = o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection is bas$ on ! fir/ k9d ( magnitude ( grace2 s9ce grace _c be great] by orda9+ to a great] good1 b inasmu* z x m or less orda9s to a great] or less p>ticipation ( ! same good4 ,= !re may be div]sity ( int5sity & remissness1 bo? 9 grace & 9 f9al glory z reg>ds ! subjects' p>ticipation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,natural life p]ta9s to man's sub/ance1 & h5ce _c be m or less2 b man p>takes ( ! life ( grace accid5tally1 & h5ce man may possess x m or less4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,man ,c ,"k ,t ,he ,has ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man c "k t he has grace4 ,= grace by its physical reality is 9 ! s\l4 ,n[ ! s\l has mo/ c]ta9 k ( ^? ?+s t are 9 x by _! physical reality1 z appe>s f ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ca74 ,h5ce grace may be kn[n mo/ c]ta9ly by "o :o has grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z k is a gift ( ,god1 s is grace4 ,b :oev] receives k f ,god1 kn[s t he has k1 accord+ to ,wis4 #g3ag3 ,! ,"l ha? giv5 me ! true k ( ! ?+s t are4 ,h5ce1 ) equal reason1 :oev] receives grace f ,god1 kn[s t he has grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 light is m kn[able ?an d>kness1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #e3ac71 all t is made manife/ is light4 ,n[ s91 :i* is spiritual d>kness1 may be kn[n ) c]ta9ty by "o t is 9 s94 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 may grace1 :i* is spiritual light1 be kn[n4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3ab73 ,n[ we h receiv$ n ! ,_s ( ?is _w1 b ! ,_s t is ( ,god2 t we may "k ! ?+s t are giv5 u f ,god4 ,n[ grace is ,god's fir/ gift4 ,h5ce1 ! man :o receives grace by ! ,holy ,_s1 by ! same ,holy ,_s kn[s ! grace giv5 to him4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x 0 said by ! ,"l to ,abraham 7,g54 #bb3ab73 ,n[ ,i "k t ?\ fe>e/ ,god1 i4e4 ,i h made !e "k4 ,n[ ,he is speak+ !re ( *a/e fe>1 :i* is n ap>t f grace4 ,h5ce a man may "k t he has grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #i3a73 ,man kn[e? n :e!r he be wor?y ( love or hatr$4 ,n[ sanctify+ grace make? a man wor?y ( ,god's love4 ,!re=e no "o c "k :e!r he has sanctify+ grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are ?ree ways ( kn[+ a ?+3 fir/1 by revelation1 & ?us anyone may "k t he has grace1 = ,god by a special privilege reveals ?is at times to "s1 9 ord] t ! joy ( safety may beg9 9 !m ev5 9 ?is life1 & t !y may c>ry on toilsome works ) great] tru/ & great] en]gy1 & may be> ! evils ( ?is pres5t life1 z :5 x 0 said to ,paul 7#b ,cor4 #ab3i73 ,my grace is suffici5t = !e4 ,secondly1 a man may1 ( himself1 "k some?+1 & ) c]ta9ty2 & 9 ?is way no "o c "k t he has grace4 ,= c]titude ab\t a ?+ c only be _h :5 we may judge ( x by its prop] pr9ciple4 ,?us x is by undemon/rable univ]sal pr9ciples t c]titude is obta9$ conc]n+ demon/rative conclusions4 ,n[ no "o c "k he has ! k ( a conclusion if he does n "k its pr9ciple4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( grace & its object is ,god1 ,:o by reason ( ,8 v excell5ce is unkn[n to u1 accord+ to ,job #cf3bf3 ,behold ,god is great1 exce$+ our k4 ,& h5ce ,8 pres5ce 9 u & ,8 abs5ce _c be kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 accord+ to ,job #i3aa3 ,if ,he come to me1 ,i %all n see ,him2 if ,he dep>t ,i %all n und]/&4 ,& h5ce man _c judge ) c]ta9ty t he has grace1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #d3c1 #d3 ,b nei!r d ,i judge my own self 4 4 4 b ,he t judge? me is ! ,"l4 ,?irdly1 ?+s are kn[n conjecturally by signs2 & ?us anyone may "k he has grace1 :5 he is consci\s ( delight+ 9 ,god1 & ( despis+ worldly ?+s1 & inasmu* z a man is n consci\s ( any mortal s94 ,& ?us x is writt5 7,apoc4 #b3ag73 ,to him t ov]come? ,i w give ! hidd5 manna 4 4 4 :i* no man kn[e?1 b he t receive? x1 because :oev] receives x kn[s1 by exp]i5c+ a c]ta9 sweetness1 :i* he :o does n receive x1 does n exp]i5ce4 ,yet ?is k is imp]fect2 h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #d3d73 ,i am n consci\s to myself ( any?+1 yet am ,i n h]eby ju/ifi$1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ah3ac3 ,:o c und]/& s9s8 ,f my secret ones cleanse me1 ,o ,"l1 & f ^? ( o!rs sp>e ,?y s]vant4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? ?+s :i* are 9 ! s\l by _! physical reality1 are kn[n ?r\gh exp]im5tal k2 9 s f> z ?r\gh acts man has exp]i5ce ( _! inw>d pr9ciples3 ?us :5 we wi%1 we p]ceive t we h a w2 & :5 we ex]cise ! functions ( life1 we obs]ve t !re is life 9 u4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is an ess5tial condition ( k t a man %\ld h c]titude ( ! objects ( k2 & aga91 x is an ess5tial condition ( fai? t a man %\ld be c]ta9 ( ! ?+s ( fai?1 & ?is1 because c]titude belongs to ! p]fection ( ! intellect1 :]e9 ^! gifts exi/4 ,h5ce1 :oev] has k or fai? is c]ta9 t he has !m4 ,b x is o!rwise ) grace & *>ity & su* l1 :i* p]fect ! appetitive faculty4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9 has = its pr9cipal object commutable good1 :i* is kn[n to u4 ,b ! object or end ( grace is unkn[n to u on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( its light1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #f3af3 ,:o 4 4 4 inhabite? light inaccessible4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! ,apo/le is "h speak+ ( ! gifts ( glory1 :i* h be5 giv5 to u 9 hope1 & ^! we "k mo/ c]ta9ly by fai?1 al?\gh we d n "k = c]ta9 t we h grace to enable u to m]it !m4 ,or x may be said t he is speak+ ( ! privileg$ k1 :i* comes ( revelation4 ,h5ce he adds 7#a ,cor4 #b3aj73 ,b to u ,god ha? reveal$ !m by ,8 ,_s4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,:at 0 said to ,abraham may ref] to exp]im5tal k :i* spr+s f de$s ( :i* we are cognizant4 ,= 9 ! de$ t ,abraham _h j wr\ght1 he c\ld "k exp]im5tally t he _h ! fe> ( ,god4 ,or x may ref] to a revelation4 ,,"q #aac ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,grace 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! effect ( grace2 7#a7 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 :i* is ! effect ( op]at+ grace2 & 7#b7 m]it1 :i* is ! effect ( coop]at+ grace4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly8 7#b7 ,:e!r grace is requir$ = x8 7#c7 ,:e!r any movem5t ( ! free-w is requir$8 7#d7 ,:e!r a movem5t ( fai? is requir$8 7#e7 ,:e!r a movem5t ( ! free-w aga9/ s9 is requir$8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! remission ( s9s is to be reckon$ ) ! =ego+8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is a "w ( "t or is sudd58 7#h7 ,( ! natural ord] ( ! ?+s concurr+ to ju/ification2 7#i7 ,:e!r ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is ,god's greate/ "w8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is miracul\s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly ,is ! ,remission ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n ! remission ( s9s4 ,= s9 is oppos$ n only to ju/ice1 b to all ! o!r virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ju/ification signifies a c]ta9 movem5t t[>ds ju/ice4 ,!re=e n ev5 remission ( s9 is ju/ification1 s9ce movem5t is f "o contr>y to ! o!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ ought to be nam$ f :at is pr$om9ant 9 x1 accord+ to ,de ,anima ii1 text4 #di4 ,n[ ! remission ( s9s is br\ght ab\t *iefly by fai?1 accord+ to ,acts #ae3i3 ,purify+ _! he>ts by fai?2 & by *>ity1 accord+ to ,prov4 #aj3ab3 ,*>ity cov]e? all s9s4 ,!re=e ! remission ( s9s ought to be nam$ aft] fai? or *>ity r ?an ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! remission ( s9s seems to be ! same z be+ call$1 = :oev] is call$ is af> (f1 & we are af> (f f ,god by s94 ,b "o is call$ be=e be+ ju/ifi$ accord+ to ,rom4 #h3cj3 ,& :om ,he call$1 !m ,he also ju/ifi$4 ,!re=e ju/ification is n ! remission ( s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,on ,rom4 #h3cj1 ,:om ,he call$1 !m ,he also ju/ifi$1 ! gloss says i4e4 by ! remission ( s9s4 ,!re=e ! remission ( s9s is ju/ification4 ,i answ] t1 ,ju/ification tak5 passively implies a movem5t t[>ds ju/ice1 z heat+ implies a movem5t t[>ds heat4 ,b s9ce ju/ice1 by its nature1 implies a c]ta9 rectitude ( ord]1 x may be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 inasmu* z x implies a "r ord] 9 man's act1 & ?us ju/ice is plac$ among/ ! virtues--ei!r z p>ticul> ju/ice1 :i* directs a man's acts by regulat+ !m 9 relation to 8 fell[man--or z legal ju/ice1 :i* directs a man's acts by regulat+ !m 9 _! relation to ! common good ( society1 z appe>s f ,e?ic4 v1 #a4 ,secondly1 ju/ice is s-call$ inasmu* z x implies a c]ta9 rectitude ( ord] 9 ! int]ior disposition ( a man1 9 s f> z :at is highe/ 9 man is subject to ,god1 & ! inf]ior p[]s ( ! s\l are subject to ! sup]ior1 i4e4 to ! reason2 & ?is disposition ! ,philosoph] calls ju/ice metaphorically speak+ 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa74 ,n[ ?is ju/ice may be 9 man 9 two ways3 fir/1 by simple g5]ation1 :i* is f privation to =m2 & ?us ju/ification may belong ev5 to su* z are n 9 s91 :5 !y receive ?is ju/ice f ,god1 z ,adam is said to h receiv$ orig9al ju/ice4 ,secondly1 ?is ju/ice may be br\ght ab\t 9 man by a movem5t f "o contr>y to ! o!r1 & ?us ju/ification implies a transmutation f ! /ate ( inju/ice to ! a=esaid /ate ( ju/ice4 ,& x is ?us we are n[ speak+ ( ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #d3e73 ,b to him t worke? n1 yet believe? 9 ,him t ju/ifie? ! ungodly1 etc4 ,& because movem5t is nam$ aft] its t]m :]eto r ?an f its t]m :5ce1 ! transmutation :]eby anyone is *ang$ by ! remission ( s9s f ! /ate ( ungodl9ess to ! /ate ( ju/ice1 borr[s its "n f its t]m :]eto1 & is call$ ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e s91 inasmu* z x implies ! disord] ( a m9d n subject to ,god1 may be call$ inju/ice1 z be+ contr>y to ! a=esaid ju/ice1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3d3 ,:osoev] committe? s91 committe? also iniquity2 & s9 is iniquity4 ,& ?us ! removal ( any s9 is call$ ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? & *>ity imply a special direct+ ( ! human m9d to ,god by ! intellect & w2 :]eas ju/ice implies a g5]al rectitude ( ord]4 ,h5ce ?is transmutation is nam$ aft] ju/ice r ?an aft] *>ity or fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,be+ call$ ref]s to ,god's help mov+ & excit+ our m9d to give up s91 & ?is motion ( ,god is n ! remission ( s9s1 b its cause4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,infusion ( ,grace ,is ,requir$ = ! ,remission ( ,guilt1 i4e41 = ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t = ! remission ( guilt1 :i* is ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 no infusion ( grace is requir$4 ,= anyone may be mov$ f "o contr>y )\t be+ l$ to ! o!r1 if ! contr>ies are n imm$iate4 ,n[ ! /ate ( guilt & ! /ate ( grace are n imm$iate contr>ies2 = !re is ! middle /ate ( innoc5ce :]e9 a man has nei!r grace nor guilt4 ,h5ce a man may be p>don$ 8 guilt )\t 8 be+ br\ght to a /ate ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! remission ( guilt consi/s 9 ! ,div9e imputation1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ca3b3 ,bless$ is ! man to :om ! ,"l ha? n imput$ s94 ,n[ ! infusion ( grace puts some?+ into our s\l1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce ! infusion ( grace is n requir$ = ! remission ( guilt4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o c be subject to two contr>ies at once4 ,n[ "s s9s are contr>ies1 z wa/efulness & mis]l9ess4 ,h5ce :oev] is subject to ! s9 ( wa/efulness is n simultane\sly subject to ! s9 ( mis]l9ess1 yet x may happ5 t he has be5 subject to x hi!rto4 ,h5ce by s9n+ ) ! vice ( wa/efulness he is fre$ f ! s9 ( mis]l9ess4 ,& ?us a s9 is remitt$ )\t grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #c3bd73 ,ju/ifi$ freely by ,8 grace4 ,i answ] t1 by s9n+ a man (f5ds ,god z /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ an (f5se is remitt$ to anyone1 only :5 ! s\l ( ! (f5d] is at peace ) ! (f5d$4 ,h5ce s9 is remitt$ to u1 :5 ,god is at peace ) u1 & ?is peace consi/s 9 ! love :]eby ,god loves u4 ,n[ ,god's love1 consid]$ on ! "p ( ! ,div9e act1 is et]nal & un*angeable2 :]eas1 z reg>ds ! effect x impr9ts on u1 x is sometimes int]rupt$1 inasmu* z we sometimes fall %ort ( x & once m require x4 ,n[ ! effect ( ! ,div9e love 9 u1 :i* is tak5 away by s91 is grace1 :]eby a man is made wor?y ( et]nal life1 f :i* s9 %uts him out4 ,h5ce we c\ld n conceive ! remission ( guilt1 )\t ! infusion ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m is requir$ = an (f5d] to p>don an (f5se1 ?an = "o :o has committ$ no (f5se1 n to be hat$4 ,= x may happ5 among/ m5 t "o man nei!r hates nor loves ano!r4 ,b if ! o!r (f5ds him1 !n ! =giv5ess ( ! (f5se c only spr+ f a special goodwill4 ,n[ ,god's goodwill is said to be re/or$ to man by ! gift ( grace2 & h5ce al?\gh a man be=e s9n+ may be )\t grace & )\t guilt1 yet t he is )\t guilt aft] s9n+ c only be because he has grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,god's love consi/s n m]ely 9 ! act ( ! ,div9e w b also implies a c]ta9 effect ( grace1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a71 s likewise1 :5 ,god does n impute s9 to a man1 !re is impli$ a c]ta9 effect 9 him to :om ! s9 is n imput$2 = x proce$s f ! ,div9e love1 t s9 is n imput$ to a man by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nup4 et ,concup4 i1 #bf71 if to leave (f s9n+ 0 ! same z to h no s91 x w\ld be en\gh if ,scripture w>n$ u ?us3 ',my son1 ha/ ?\ s9n$8 d s no m8' ,n[ ?is is n en\gh1 b x is add$3 ',b = ?y =m] s9s also pray t !y may be =giv5 !e4' ,= ! act ( s9 passes1 b ! guilt rema9s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #f74 ,h5ce :5 anyone passes f ! s9 ( "o vice to ! s9 ( a contr>y vice1 he ceases to h ! act ( ! =m] s91 b he does n cease to h ! guilt1 h5ce he may h ! guilt ( bo? s9s at once4 ,= s9s are n contr>y to ea* o!r on ! "p ( _! turn+ f ,god1 :]e9 s9 has its guilt4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r = ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly ,is ,requir$ a ,movem5t ( ! ,free-w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no movem5t ( ! free-w is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,= we see t by ! sacram5t ( ,baptism1 infants & sometimes adults are ju/ifi$ )\t a movem5t ( _! free-w3 h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv7 t :5 "o ( 8 fri5ds 0 tak5 ) a fev]1 he lay = a long "t s5seless & 9 a deadly sweat1 & :5 he 0 despair$ (1 he 0 baptiz$ )\t 8 kn[+1 & 0 reg5]at$2 :i* is effect$ by sanctify+ grace4 ,n[ ,god does n conf9e ,8 p[] to ! sacram5ts4 ,h5ce ,he c ju/ify a man )\t ! sacram5ts1 & )\t any movem5t ( ! free-w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man has n ! use ( reason :5 asleep1 & )\t x !re c be no movem5t ( ! free-w4 ,b ,solomon receiv$ f ,god ! gift ( wisdom :5 asleep1 z relat$ 9 #c ,k+s #c & #b ,p>al #a4 ,h5ce ) equal reason ! gift ( sanctify+ grace is sometimes be/[$ by ,god on man )\t ! movem5t ( 8 free-w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 grace is pres]v$ by ! same cause z br+s x into be+1 = ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #ab7 t s ought man to turn to ,god z he is ev] made j by ,him4 ,n[ grace is pres]v$ 9 man )\t a movem5t ( 8 free-w4 ,h5ce x c be infus$ 9 ! beg9n+ )\t a movem5t ( ! free-w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #f3de73 ,e "o t ha? he>d ( ! ,fa!r1 & ha? le>n$1 come? to ,me4 ,n[ to le>n _c be )\t a movem5t ( ! free-w1 s9ce ! le>n] ass5ts to ! tea*]4 ,h5ce1 no "o comes to ! ,fa!r by ju/ify+ grace )\t a movem5t ( ! free-w4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is br\ght ab\t by ,god mov+ man to ju/ice4 ,= ,he x is t ju/ifie? ! ungodly accord+ to ,rom4 #d3e4 ,n[ ,god moves ev]y?+ 9 its own mann]1 j z we see t 9 natural ?+s1 :at is heavy & :at is light are mov$ diff]5tly1 on acc\nt ( _! div]se natures4 ,h5ce ,he moves man to ju/ice accord+ to ! condition ( 8 human nature4 ,b x is man's prop] nature to h free-w4 ,h5ce 9 him :o has ! use ( reason1 ,god's motion to ju/ice does n take place )\t a movem5t ( ! free-w2 b ,he s infuses ! gift ( ju/ify+ grace t at ! same "t ,he moves ! free-w to accept ! gift ( grace1 9 su* z are capable ( be+ mov$ ?us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,infants are n capable ( ! movem5t ( _! free-w2 h5ce x is by ! m]e infusion ( _! s\ls t ,god moves !m to ju/ice4 ,n[ ?is _c be br\ght ab\t )\t a sacram5t2 because z orig9al s91 f :i* !y are ju/ifi$1 does n come to !m f _! own w1 b by c>nal g5]ation1 s also is grace giv5 !m by ,*ri/ ?r\gh spiritual reg5]ation4 ,& ! same reason holds good ) madm5 & idiots t h nev] _h ! use ( _! free-w4 ,b 9 ! case ( "o :o has _h ! use ( 8 free-w & aft]w>ds has lo/ x ei!r ?r\gh sickness or sleep1 he does n obta9 ju/ify+ grace by ! ext]ior rite ( ,baptism1 or ( any o!r sacram5t1 unless he int5d$ to make use ( ?is sacram5t1 & ?is c only be by ! use ( 8 free-w4 ,& x 0 9 ?is way t he ( :om ,augu/9e speaks 0 reg5]at$1 because bo? previ\sly & aft]w>ds he ass5t$ to ! ,baptism4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,solomon nei!r m]it$ nor receiv$ wisdom :il/ asleep2 b x 0 decl>$ to him 9 8 sleep t on acc\nt ( 8 previ\s desire wisdom w\ld be infus$ into him by ,god4 ,h5ce x is said 9 8 p]son 7,wis4 #g3g73 ,i wi%$1 & und]/&+ 0 giv5 unto me4 ,or x may be said t 8 sleep 0 n natural1 b 0 ! sleep ( prophecy1 accord+ to ,num4 #ab3f3 ,if !re be among y a prophet ( ! ,"l1 ,i w appe> to him 9 a vision1 or ,i w speak to him 9 a dream4 ,9 su* cases ! use ( free-w rema9s4 ,& yet x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! comp>ison betwe5 ! gift ( wisdom & ! gift ( ju/ify+ grace does n hold4 ,= ! gift ( ju/ify+ grace especially orda9s a man to good1 :i* is ! object ( ! w2 & h5ce a man is mov$ to x by a movem5t ( ! w :i* is a movem5t ( free-w4 ,b wisdom p]fects ! intellect :i* prec$es ! w2 h5ce )\t any complete movem5t ( ! free-w1 ! intellect c be enlight5$ ) ! gift ( wisdom1 ev5 z we see t ?+s are reveal$ to m5 9 sleep1 accord+ to ,job #cc3ae1 #af3 ,:5 deep sleep falle? ^u m5 & !y are sleep+ 9 _! b$s1 !n ,he op5e? ! e>s ( m51 & tea*+1 in/ructe? !m 9 :at !y are to le>n4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! infusion ( ju/ify+ grace !re is a c]ta9 transmutation ( ! human s\l1 & h5ce a prop] movem5t ( ! human s\l is requir$ 9 ord] t ! s\l may be mov$ 9 its own mann]4 ,b ! cons]vation ( grace is )\t transmutation3 no movem5t on ! "p ( ! s\l is requir$ b only a cont9uation ( ! ,div9e influx4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,movem5t ( ,fai? ,is ,requir$ = ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no movem5t ( fai? is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,= z a man is ju/ifi$ by fai?1 s also by o!r ?+s1 viz4 by fe>1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #a3bg73 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l drive? out s91 = he t is )\t fe> _c be ju/ifi$2 & aga9 by *>ity1 accord+ to ,luke #g3dg3 ,_m s9s are =giv5 h] because %e ha? lov$ mu*2 & aga9 by humility1 accord+ to ,james #d3f3 ,god resi/e? ! pr\d & give? grace to ! humble2 & aga9 by m]cy1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ae3bg3 ,by m]cy & fai? s9s are purg$ away4 ,h5ce ! movem5t ( fai? is no m requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 ?an ! movem5ts ( ! a=esaid virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( fai? is requir$ = ju/ification only inasmu* z a man kn[s ,god by fai?4 ,b a man may "k ,god 9 o!r ways1 viz4 by natural k1 & by ! gift ( wisdom4 ,h5ce no act ( fai? is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re are sev]al articles ( fai?4 ,!re=e if ! act ( fai? is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 x w\ld seem t a man ought to ?9k on e article ( fai? :5 he is fir/ ju/ifi$4 ,b ?is seems inconv5i5t1 s9ce su* ?\ght w\ld require a long delay ( "t4 ,h5ce x seems t an act ( fai? is n requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #e3a73 ,be+ ju/ifi$ !re=e by fai?1 let u h peace ) ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c7 a movem5t ( free-w is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 inasmu* z man's m9d is mov$ by ,god4 ,n[ ,god moves man's s\l by turn+ x to ,himself accord+ to ,ps4 #hd3g 7,septuag9t73 ,?\ wilt turn u1 ,o ,god1 & br+ u to life4 ,h5ce = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly a movem5t ( ! m9d is requir$1 by :i* x is turn$ to ,god4 ,n[ ! fir/ turn+ to ,god is by fai?1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f3 ,he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is4 ,h5ce a movem5t ( fai? is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! movem5t ( fai? is n p]fect unless x is quick5$ by *>ity2 h5ce 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 a movem5t ( *>ity is infus$ toge!r ) ! movem5t ( fai?4 ,n[ free-w is mov$ to ,god by be+ subject to ,him2 h5ce an act ( filial fe> & an act ( humility also concur4 ,= x may happ5 t "o & ! same act ( free-w spr+s f diff]5t virtues1 :5 "o comm&s & ano!r is comm&$1 inasmu* z ! act may be orda9$ to v>i\s ends4 ,b ! act ( m]cy c\nt]acts s9 ei!r by way ( satisfy+ = x1 & ?us x foll[s ju/ification2 or by way ( prep>ation1 inasmu* z ! m]ciful obta9 m]cy2 & ?us x c ei!r prec$e ju/ification1 or concur ) ! o!r virtues t[>ds ju/ification1 inasmu* z m]cy is includ$ 9 ! love ( our neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by natural k a man is n turn$ to ,god1 accord+ z ,he is ! object ( beatitude & ! cause ( ju/ification4 ,h5ce su* k does n suffice = ju/ification4 ,b ! gift ( wisdom presupposes ! k ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #d3e71 to him t 4 4 4 believe? 9 ,him t ju/ifie? ! ungodly 8 fai? is reput$ to ju/ice1 accord+ to ! purpose ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is cle> t 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly an act ( fai? is requir$ 9 ord] t a man may believe t ,god ju/ifies man ?r\gh ! my/]y ( ,*ri/4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r = ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly ,!re ,is ,requir$ a ,movem5t ( ! ,free-w ,t[>ds ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no movem5t ( ! free-w t[>ds s9 is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,= *>ity alone suffices to take away s91 accord+ to ,prov4 #aj3ab3 ,*>ity cov]e? all s9s4 ,n[ ! object ( *>ity is n s94 ,!re=e = ?is ju/ification ( ! ungodly no movem5t ( ! free-w t[>ds s9 is requir$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] is t5d+ onw>d1 ought n to look back1 accord+ to ,phil4 #c3ac1 #ad3 ,=gett+ ! ?+s t are beh9d1 & /ret*+ =? myself to ^? t are be=e1 ,i press t[>ds ! m>k1 to ! prize ( ! sup]nal vocation4 ,b :oev] is /ret*+ =? to righte\sness has 8 s9s beh9d him4 ,h5ce he ought to =get !m1 & n /ret* =? to !m by a movem5t ( 8 free-w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly "o s9 is n remitt$ )\t ano!r1 = x is irrev]5t to expect half a p>don f ,god 99,cap41 ,sunt4 plures3 ,di/4 iii1 ,de ,po5it44 ,h5ce1 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 if man's free-w mu/ move aga9/ s91 he ought to ?9k ( all 8 s9s4 ,b ?is is unseemly1 bo? because a great space ( "t w\ld be requir$ = su* ?\ght1 & because a man c\ld n obta9 ! =giv5ess ( su* s9s z he _h =gott54 ,h5ce = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly no movem5t ( ! free-w is requir$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ca3e73 ,i w confess aga9/ myself my inju/ice to ! ,"l2 & ,?\ ha/ =giv5 ! wick$ness ( my s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is a c]ta9 movem5t :]eby ! human m9d is mov$ by ,god f ! /ate ( s9 to ! /ate ( ju/ice4 ,h5ce x is necess>y = ! human m9d to reg>d bo? extremes by an act ( free-w1 z a body 9 local movem5t is relat$ to bo? t]ms ( ! movem5t4 ,n[ x is cle> t 9 local movem5t ! mov+ body leaves ! t]m :5ce & ne>s ! t]m :]eto4 ,h5ce ! human m9d :il/ x is be+ ju/ifi$1 mu/1 by a movem5t ( its free-w )draw f s9 & draw ne> to ju/ice4 ,n[ to )draw f s9 & to draw ne> to ju/ice1 9 an act ( free-w1 means dete/ation & desire4 ,= ,augu/9e says on ! words ! hirel+ flee?1 etc4 7,john #aj3ab73 ,our emotions are ! movem5ts ( our s\l2 joy is ! s\l's outp\r+2 fe> is ! s\l's flight2 y\r s\l goes =w>d :5 y seek2 y\r s\l flees1 :5 y are afraid4 ,h5ce 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly !re mu/ be two acts ( ! free-w--"o1 :]eby x t5ds to ,god's ju/ice2 ! o!r :]eby x hates s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to ! same virtue to seek "o contr>y & to avoid ! o!r2 & h5ce1 z x belongs to *>ity to love ,god1 s likewise1 to dete/ s9 :]eby ! s\l is sep>at$ f ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man ought n to return to ^? ?+s t are beh9d1 by lov+ !m2 b1 = t matt]1 he ought to =get !m1 le/ he be drawn to !m4 ,yet he ought to recall !m to m9d1 9 ord] to dete/ !m2 = ?is is to fly f !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,previ\s to ju/ification a man mu/ dete/ ea* s9 he rememb]s to h committ$1 & f ?is remembrance ! s\l goes on to h a g5]al movem5t ( dete/ation ) reg>d to all s9s committ$1 9 :i* are includ$ su* s9s z h be5 =gott54 ,= a man is !n 9 su* a frame ( m9d t he w\ld be sorry ev5 = ^? he does n rememb]1 if !y 7 pres5t to 8 memory2 & ?is movem5t coop]ates 9 8 ju/ification4 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,remission ( ,s9s ,ought to ,be ,reckon$ ,among/ ! ,?+s ,requir$ = ,ju/ification8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! remission ( s9s ought n to be reckon$ among/ ! ?+s requir$ = ju/ification4 ,= ! sub/ance ( a ?+ is n reckon$ toge!r ) ^? t are requir$ = a ?+2 ?us a man is n reckon$ toge!r ) 8 body & s\l4 ,b ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is itself ! remission ( s9s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! remission ( s9s ought n to be reckon$ among ! ?+s requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 infusion ( grace & remission ( s9s are ! same2 z illum9ation & expulsion ( d>kness are ! same4 ,b a ?+ ought n to be reckon$ toge!r ) itself2 = unity is oppos$ to multitude4 ,!re=e ! remission ( s9s ought n to be reckon$ ) ! infusion ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! remission ( s9 foll[s z effect f cause1 f ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds ,god & s92 s9ce x is by fai? & contrition t s9 is =giv54 ,b an effect ought n to be reckon$ ) its cause2 s9ce ?+s ?us enum]at$ toge!r1 &1 z x 71 condivid$1 are by nature simultane\s4 ,h5ce ! remission ( s9s ought n to be reckon$ ) ! ?+s requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 reckon+ :at is requir$ = a ?+ we ought n to pass ov] ! end1 :i* is ! *ief "p ( ev]y?+4 ,n[ ! remission ( s9s is ! end ( ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly2 = x is writt5 7,isa4 #bg3i73 ,?is is all ! fruit1 t ! s9 !re( %\ld be tak5 away4 ,h5ce ! remission ( s9s ought to be reckon$ among/ ! ?+s requir$ = ju/ification4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are f\r ?+s :i* are acc\nt$ to be necess>y = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 viz4 ! infusion ( grace1 ! movem5t ( ! free-w t[>ds ,god by fai?1 ! movem5t ( ! free-w t[>ds s91 & ! remission ( s9s4 ,! reason = ?is is t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is a movem5t :]eby ! s\l is mov$ by ,god f a /ate ( s9 to a /ate ( ju/ice4 ,n[ 9 ! movem5t :]eby "o ?+ is mov$ by ano!r1 ?ree ?+s are requir$3 fir/1 ! motion ( ! mov]2 secondly1 ! movem5t ( ! mov$2 ?irdly1 ! consummation ( ! movem5t1 or ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,div9e motion1 !re is ! infusion ( grace2 on ! "p ( ! free-w :i* is mov$1 !re are two movem5ts--( dep>ture f ! t]m :5ce1 & ( approa* to ! t]m :]eto2 b ! consummation ( ! movem5t or ! atta9m5t ( ! end ( ! movem5t is impli$ 9 ! remission ( s9s2 = 9 ?is is ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly complet$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is call$ ! remission ( s9s1 ev5 z e movem5t has its species f its t]m4 ,nev]!less1 _m o!r ?+s are requir$ 9 ord] to rea* ! t]m1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! infusion ( grace & ! remission ( s9 may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 ) respect to ! sub/ance ( ! act1 & ?us !y are ! same2 = by ! same act ,god be/[s grace & remits s94 ,secondly1 !y may be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! objects2 & ?us !y diff] by ! diff]5ce betwe5 guilt1 :i* is tak5 away1 & grace1 :i* is infus$2 j z 9 natural ?+s g5]ation & corruption diff]1 al?\gh ! g5]ation ( "o ?+ is ! corruption ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is enum]ation is n ! division ( a g5us into its species1 9 :i* ! ?+s enum]at$ mu/ be simultane\s2 b x is division ( ! ?+s requir$ = ! completion ( any?+2 & 9 ?is enum]ation we may h :at prec$es & :at foll[s1 s9ce "s ( ! pr9ciples & p>ts ( a composite ?+ may prec$e & "s foll[4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly ,takes ,place 9 an ,in/ant or ,successively8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly does n take place 9 an in/ant1 b successively1 s9ce1 z already /at$ 7,a4 #c71 = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 !re is requir$ a movem5t ( free-w4 ,n[ ! act ( ! free-w is *oice1 :i* requires ! delib]ation ( c\nsel1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce1 s9ce delib]ation implies a c]ta9 reason+ process1 & ?is implies succession1 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly w\ld seem to be successive4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! free-w's movem5t is n )\t actual consid]ation4 ,b x is impossible to und]/& _m ?+s actually & at once1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce1 s9ce = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly !re is requir$ a movem5t ( ! free-w t[>ds sev]al ?+s1 viz4 t[>ds ,god & t[>ds s91 x w\ld seem impossible = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly to be 9 an in/ant4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a =m t may be great] or less1 e4g4 blackness or :it5ess1 is receiv$ successively by its subject4 ,n[ grace may be great] or less1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce x is n receiv$ sudd5ly by its subject4 ,!re=e1 see+ t ! infusion ( grace is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 x w\ld seem t ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly _c be 9 an in/ant4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! free-w's movem5t1 :i* coop]ates 9 ju/ification1 is m]itori\s2 & h5ce x mu/ proce$ f grace1 )\t :i* !re is no m]it1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ a ?+ receives its =m be=e op]at+ by ?is =m4 ,h5ce grace is fir/ infus$1 & !n ! free-w is mov$ t[>ds ,god & to dete/ s94 ,h5ce ju/ification is n all at once4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if grace is infus$ into ! s\l1 !re mu/ be an in/ant :5 x fir/ dwells 9 ! s\l2 s1 too1 if s9 is =giv5 !re mu/ be a la/ in/ant t man is 9 s94 ,b x _c be ! same in/ant1 o!rwise opposites w\ld be 9 ! same simultane\sly4 ,h5ce !y mu/ be two successive in/ants2 betwe5 :i* !re mu/ be "t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vi1 #a74 ,!re=e ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly takes place n all at once1 b successively4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is caus$ by ! ju/ify+ grace ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,n[ ! ,holy ,_s comes to m5's m9ds sudd5ly1 accord+ to ,acts #b3b3 ,& sudd5ly !re came a s\nd f heav5 z ( a mighty w9d com+1 ^u :i* ! gloss says t ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ kn[s no t>dy ef=ts4 ,h5ce ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n successive1 b in/antane\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! entire ju/ification ( ! ungodly consi/s z to its orig9 9 ! infusion ( grace4 ,= x is by grace t free-w is mov$ & s9 is remitt$4 ,n[ ! infusion ( grace takes place 9 an in/ant & )\t succession4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t if a =m be n sudd5ly impress$ ^u its subject1 x is ei!r because t subject is n dispos$1 or because ! ag5t ne$s "t to dispose ! subject4 ,h5ce we see t imm$iately ! matt] is dispos$ by a prec$+ alt]ation1 ! sub/antial =m accrues to ! matt]2 ?us because ! atmosph]e ( itself is dispos$ to receive light1 x is sudd5ly illum9at$ by a body actually lum9\s4 ,n[ x 0 /at$ 7,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #b7 t ,god1 9 ord] to infuse grace into ! s\l1 ne$s no disposition1 save :at ,he ,himself has made4 ,& sometimes ?is suffici5t disposition = ! reception ( grace ,he makes sudd5ly1 sometimes gradually & successively1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,= ! reason :y a natural ag5t _c sudd5ly dispose matt] is t 9 ! matt] !re is a resi/ant :i* has "s disproportion ) ! p[] ( ! ag5t2 & h5ce we see t ! /rong] ! ag5t1 ! m spe$ily is ! matt] dispos$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ,div9e p[] is inf9ite1 x c sudd5ly dispose any matt] :atsoev] to its =m2 & mu* m man's free-w1 ^: movem5t is by nature in/antane\s4 ,!re=e ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly by ,god takes place 9 an in/ant4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! movem5t ( ! free-w1 :i* concurs 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 is a cons5t to dete/ s91 & to draw ne> to ,god2 & ?is cons5t takes place sudd5ly4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 x happ5s t delib]ation prec$es1 yet ?is is n ( ! sub/ance ( ju/ification1 b a way ( ju/ification2 z local movem5t is a way ( illum9ation1 & alt]ation to g5]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #e71 !re is no?+ to prev5t two ?+s be+ und]/ood at once1 9 s f> z !y are someh[ "o2 ?us we und]/& ! subject & pr$icate toge!r1 inasmu* z !y are unit$ 9 ! ord] ( "o affirmation4 ,& 9 ! same mann] c ! free-w be mov$ to two ?+s at once 9 s f> z "o is orda9$ to ! o!r4 ,n[ ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds s9 is orda9$ to ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds ,god1 s9ce a man dete/s s91 z contr>y to ,god1 to ,:om he wi%es to cl+4 ,h5ce 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly ! free-w simultane\sly dete/s s9 & turns to ,god1 ev5 z a body approa*es "o po9t & )draws f ano!r simultane\sly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason :y a =m is n receiv$ in/antane\sly 9 ! matt] is n ! fact t x c inh]e m or less2 = ?us ! light w\ld n be sudd5ly receiv$ 9 ! air1 :i* c be illum9$ m or less4 ,b ! reason is to be s\ght on ! "p ( ! disposition ( ! matt] or subject1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! same in/ant ! =m is acquir$1 ! ?+ beg9s to op]ate ) ! =m2 z fire1 ! in/ant x is g5]at$ moves upw>ds1 & if its movem5t 0 in/antane\s1 x w\ld be t]m9at$ 9 ! same in/ant4 ,n[ to w & n to w--! movem5ts ( ! free-w--are n successive1 b in/antane\s4 ,h5ce ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly mu/ n be successive4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! succession ( opposites 9 ! same subject mu/ be look$ at diff]5tly 9 ! ?+s t are subject to "t & 9 ^? t are above "t4 ,= 9 ^? t are 9 "t1 !re is no la/ in/ant 9 :i* ! previ\s =m inh]es 9 ! subject2 b !re is ! la/ "t1 & ! fir/ in/ant t ! subsequ5t =m inh]es 9 ! matt] or subject2 & ?is = ! reason1 t 9 "t we are n to consid] "o in/ant1 s9ce nei!r d in/ants succe$ ea* o!r imm$iately 9 "t1 nor po9ts 9 a l9e1 z is prov$ 9 ,physic4 vi1 #a4 ,b "t is t]m9at$ by an in/ant4 ,h5ce 9 ! :ole ( ! previ\s "t :]e9 any?+ is mov+ t[>ds its =m1 x is "u ! opposite =m2 b 9 ! la/ in/ant ( ?is "t1 :i* is ! fir/ in/ant ( ! subsequ5t "t1 x has ! =m :i* is ! t]m ( ! movem5t4 ,b 9 ^? t are above "t1 x is o!rwise4 ,= if !re be any succession ( affections or intellectual conceptions 9 !m 7z 9 ! angels71 su* succession is n measur$ by cont9u\s "t1 b by discrete "t1 ev5 z ! ?+s measur$ are n cont9u\s1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #ec1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,9 ^!1 !re=e1 !re is a la/ in/ant 9 :i* ! prec$+ is1 & a fir/ in/ant 9 :i* ! subsequ5t is4 ,nor mu/ !re be "t 9 betwe51 s9ce !re is no cont9uity ( "t1 :i* ?is w\ld necessitate4 ,n[ ! human m9d1 :i* is ju/ifi$1 is1 9 itself1 above "t1 b is subject to "t accid5tally1 inasmu* z x und]/&s ) cont9uity & "t1 ) respect to ! phantasms 9 :i* x consid]s ! intelligible species1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 decide f ?is ab\t its *ange z reg>ds ! condition ( temporal movem5ts1 i4e4 we mu/ say t !re is no la/ in/ant t s9 inh]es1 b a la/ "t2 :]eas !re is a fir/ in/ant t grace inh]es2 & 9 all ! "t previ\s s9 inh]$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,infusion ( ,grace ,is ,naturally ! ,fir/ ( ! ,?+s ,requir$ = ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! infusion ( grace is n :at is naturally requir$ fir/ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,= we )draw f evil be=e draw+ ne> to good1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cc3ae3 ,turn away f evil1 & d good4 ,n[ ! remission ( s9s reg>ds ! turn+ away f evil1 & ! infusion ( grace reg>ds ! turn+ to good4 ,h5ce ! remission ( s9 is naturally be=e ! infusion ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! disposition naturally prec$es ! =m to :i* x disposes4 ,n[ ! free-w's movem5t is a disposition = ! reception ( grace4 ,!re=e x naturally prec$es ! infusion ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 h9d]s ! s\l f t5d+ freely to ,god4 ,n[ a h9drance to movem5t mu/ be remov$ be=e ! movem5t takes place4 ,h5ce ! remission ( s9 & ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds s9 are naturally be=e ! infusion ( grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! cause is naturally prior to its effect4 ,n[ ! infusion ( grace is ! cause ( :atev] is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,!re=e x is naturally prior to x4 ,i answ] t1 ,! a=esaid f\r ?+s requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly are simultane\s 9 "t1 s9ce ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n successive1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g72 b 9 ! ord] ( nature1 "o is prior to ano!r2 & 9 _! natural ord] ! fir/ is ! infusion ( grace2 ! second1 ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds ,god2 ! ?ird1 ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds s92 ! f\r?1 ! remission ( s94 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 e movem5t ! motion ( ! mov] is naturally fir/2 ! disposition ( ! matt]1 or ! movem5t ( ! mov$1 is second2 ! end or t]m ( ! movem5t 9 :i* ! motion ( ! mov] re/s1 is la/4 ,n[ ! motion ( ,god ! ,mov] is ! infusion ( grace1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f72 ! movem5t or disposition ( ! mov$ is ! free-w's d\ble movem5t2 & ! t]m or end ( ! movem5t is ! remission ( s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f74 ,h5ce 9 _! natural ord] ! fir/ 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is ! infusion ( grace2 ! second is ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds ,god2 ! ?ird is ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds s91 = he :o is be+ ju/ifi$ dete/s s9 because x is aga9/ ,god1 & ?us ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds ,god naturally prec$es ! free-w's movem5t t[>ds s91 s9ce x is its cause & reason2 ! f\r? & la/ is ! remission ( s91 to :i* ?is transmutation is orda9$ z to an end1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! )drawal f "o t]m & approa* to ano!r may be look$ at 9 two ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! ?+ mov$1 & ?us ! )drawal f a t]m naturally prec$es ! approa* to a t]m1 s9ce 9 ! subject ( movem5t ! opposite :i* is put away is prior to ! opposite :i* ! subject mov$ atta9s to by its movem5t4 ,b on ! "p ( ! ag5t x is ! o!r way ab\t1 s9ce ! ag5t1 by ! =m pre-exi/+ 9 x1 acts = ! removal ( ! opposite =m2 z ! sun by its light acts = ! removal ( d>kness1 & h5ce on ! "p ( ! sun1 illum9ation is prior to ! removal ( d>kness2 b on ! "p ( ! atmosph]e to be illum9at$1 to be fre$ f d>kness is1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 prior to be+ illum9at$1 al?\gh bo? are simultane\s 9 "t4 ,& s9ce ! infusion ( grace & ! remission ( s9 reg>d ,god ,:o ju/ifies1 h5ce 9 ! ord] ( nature ! infusion ( grace is prior to ! free+ f s94 ,b if we look at :at is on ! "p ( ! man ju/ifi$1 x is ! o!r way ab\t1 s9ce 9 ! ord] ( nature ! be+ fre$ f s9 is prior to ! obta9+ ( ju/ify+ grace4 ,or x may be said t ! t]m :5ce ( ju/ification is s92 & ! t]m :]eto is ju/ice2 & t grace is ! cause ( ! =giv5ess ( s9 & ( obta9+ ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! disposition ( ! subject prec$es ! reception ( ! =m1 9 ! ord] ( nature2 yet x foll[s ! action ( ! ag5t1 :]eby ! subject is dispos$4 ,& h5ce ! free-w's movem5t prec$es ! reception ( grace 9 ! ord] ( nature1 & foll[s ! infusion ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #i71 9 movem5ts ( ! s\l ! movem5t t[>d ! speculative pr9ciple or ! practical end is ! v fir/1 b 9 ext]ior movem5ts ! removal ( ! imp$im5t prec$es ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,& z ! free-w's movem5t is a movem5t ( ! s\l1 9 ! ord] ( nature x moves t[>ds ,god z to its end1 be=e remov+ ! imp$im5t ( s94 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly ,is ,god's ,greate/ ,"w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n ,god's greate/ "w4 ,= x is by ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly t we atta9 ! grace ( a wayf>]4 ,n[ by glorification we receive heav5ly grace1 :i* is great]4 ,h5ce ! glorification ( angels & m5 is a great] "w ?an ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is orda9$ to ! p>ticul> good ( "o man4 ,b ! good ( ! univ]se is great] ?an ! good ( "o man1 z is pla9 f ,e?ic4 i1 #b4 ,h5ce ! creation ( heav5 & e>? is a great] "w ?an ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to make some?+ f no?+1 :]e !re is n\ght to coop]ate ) ! ag5t1 is great] ?an to make some?+ ) ! coop]ation ( ! recipi5t4 ,n[ 9 ! "w ( creation some?+ is made f no?+1 & h5ce no?+ c coop]ate ) ! ag5t2 b 9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly ,god makes some?+ f some?+1 i4e4 a j man f a s9n]1 & !re is a coop]ation on man's "p1 s9ce !re is a movem5t ( ! free-w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n ,god's greate/ "w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #add3i73 ,8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all ,8 works1 & 9 a collect 99,t5? ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ we say3 ,o ,god1 ,:o do/ %[ =? ,?9e all-might9ess mo/ by p>don+ & hav+ m]cy1 & ,augu/9e1 exp\nd+ ! words1 great] ?an ^! %all he d 7,john #ad3ab7 says t = a j man to be made f a s9n]1 is great] ?an to create heav5 & e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,a "w may be call$ great 9 two ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! mode ( action1 & ?us ! "w ( creation is ! greate/ "w1 :]e9 some?+ is made f no?+2 secondly1 a "w may be call$ great on acc\nt ( :at is made1 & ?us ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 :i* t]m9ates at ! et]nal good ( a %>e 9 ! ,godhead1 is great] ?an ! creation ( heav5 & e>?1 :i* t]m9ates at ! good ( mutable nature4 ,h5ce1 ,augu/9e1 aft] say+ t = a j man to be made f a s9n] is great] ?an to create heav5 & e>?1 adds1 = heav5 & e>? %all pass away1 b ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly %all endure4 ,aga91 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t a ?+ is call$ great 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 an absolute quantity1 & ?us ! gift ( glory is great] ?an ! gift ( grace t sanctifies ! ungodly2 & 9 ?is respect ! glorification ( ! j is great] ?an ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,secondly1 a ?+ may be said to be great 9 proportionate quantity1 & ?us ! gift ( grace t ju/ifies ! ungodly is great] ?an ! gift ( glory t beatifies ! j1 = ! gift ( grace exce$s ! wor?9ess ( ! ungodly1 :o are wor?y ( puni%m5t1 m ?an ! gift ( glory exce$s ! wor?9ess ( ! j1 :o by ! fact ( _! ju/ification are wor?y ( glory4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says3 ,let him t c1 judge :e!r x is great] to create ! angels j1 ?an to ju/ify ! ungodly4 ,c]ta9ly1 if !y bo? betok5 equal p[]1 "o betok5s great] m]cy4 ,& ?us ! reply to ! fir/ objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good ( ! univ]se is great] ?an ! p>ticul> good ( "o1 if we consid] bo? 9 ! same g5us4 ,b ! good ( grace 9 "o is great] ?an ! good ( nature 9 ! :ole univ]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection re/s on ! mann] ( act+1 9 :i* way creation is ,god's greate/ "w4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ! ,ju/ification ( ! ,ungodly ,is a ,miracul\s ,"w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is a miracul\s "w4 ,= miracul\s works are great] ?an non-miracul\s4 ,n[ ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is great] ?an ! o!r miracul\s works1 z is cle> f ! quotation f ,augu/9e 7,a4 #i74 ,h5ce ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is a miracul\s "w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! movem5t ( ! w 9 ! s\l is l ! natural incl9ation 9 natural ?+s4 ,b :5 ,god works 9 natural ?+s aga9/ _! incl9ation ( _! nature1 x is a miracul\s "w1 z :5 ,he gave sight to ! bl9d or rais$ ! dead4 ,n[ ! w ( ! ungodly is b5t on evil4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ,god 9 ju/ify+ a man moves him to good1 x w\ld seem t ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is miracul\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z wisdom is a gift ( ,god1 s also is ju/ice4 ,n[ x is miracul\s t anyone %\ld sudd5ly obta9 wisdom f ,god )\t /udy4 ,!re=e x is miracul\s t ! ungodly %\ld be ju/ifi$ by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,miracul\s works are beyond natural p[]4 ,n[ ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n beyond natural p[]2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$4 ,sanct4 v7 t to be capable ( hav+ fai? & to be capable ( hav+ *>ity belongs to man's nature2 b to h fai? & *>ity belongs to ! grace ( ! fai?ful4 ,!re=e ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n miracul\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 miracul\s works x is usual to f9d ?ree ?+s3 ! fir/ is on ! "p ( ! active p[]1 because !y c only be p]=m$ by ,div9e p[]2 & !y are simply wondr\s1 s9ce _! cause is hidd51 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #g74 ,& ?us bo? ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly & ! creation ( ! _w1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 e "w t c be done by ,god alone1 is miracul\s4 ,secondly1 9 c]ta9 miracul\s works x is f\nd t ! =m introduc$ is beyond ! natural p[] ( su* matt]1 z 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 life is above ! natural p[] ( su* a body4 ,& ?us ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is n miracul\s1 because ! s\l is naturally capable ( grace2 s9ce f its hav+ be5 made to ! lik5ess ( ,god1 x is fit to receive ,god by grace1 z ,augu/9e says1 9 ! above quotation4 ,?irdly1 9 miracul\s works some?+ is f\nd besides ! usual & cu/om>y ord] ( caus+ an effect1 z :5 a sick man sudd5ly & beyond ! wont$ c\rse ( heal+ by nature or art1 receives p]fect heal?2 & ?us ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly is sometimes miracul\s & sometimes n4 ,= ! common & wont$ c\rse ( ju/ification is t ,god moves ! s\l int]iorly & t man is conv]t$ to ,god1 fir/ by an imp]fect conv]sion1 t x may aft]w>ds become p]fect2 because *>ity begun m]its increase1 & :5 increas$ m]its p]fection1 z ,augu/9e says 7,9 ,epi/4 ,joan4 ,tract4 v74 ,yet ,god sometimes moves ! s\l s vehem5tly t x rea*es ! p]fection ( ju/ice at once1 z took place 9 ! conv]sion ( ,paul1 :i* 0 accompani$ at ! same "t by a miracul\s ext]nal pro/ration4 ,h5ce ! conv]sion ( ,paul is commemorat$ 9 ! ,*ur* z miracul\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c]ta9 miracul\s works1 al?\gh !y are less ?an ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 z reg>ds ! good caus$1 are beyond ! wont$ ord] ( su* effects1 & ?us h m ( ! nature ( a miracle4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n a miracul\s "w1 :5ev] a natural ?+ is mov$ contr>y to its incl9ation1 o!rwise x w\ld be miracul\s = wat] to be heat$1 or = a /one to be ?r[n upw>ds2 b only :5ev] ?is takes place beyond ! ord] ( ! prop] cause1 :i* naturally does ?is4 ,n[ no o!r cause save ,god c ju/ify ! ungodly1 ev5 z no?+ save fire c heat wat]4 ,h5ce ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly by ,god is n miracul\s 9 ?is respect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man naturally acquires wisdom & k f ,god by 8 own tal5t & /udy4 ,h5ce x is miracul\s :5 a man is made wise or le>n$ outside ?is ord]4 ,b a man does n naturally acquire ju/ify+ grace by 8 own action1 b by ,god's4 ,h5ce !re is no p>ity4 ,,"q #aad ,,( ,,m]it 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] m]it1 :i* is ! effect ( coop]at+ grace2 & "u ?is head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a man c m]it any?+ f ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r )\t grace anyone c m]it et]nal life8 7#c7 ,:e!r anyone ) grace may m]it et]nal life condignly8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is *iefly ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( *>ity t grace is ! pr9ciple ( m]it8 7#e7 ,:e!r a man may m]it ! fir/ grace = himself8 7#f7 ,:e!r he may m]it x = someone else8 7#g7 ,:e!r anyone c m]it re/oration aft] s98 7#h7 ,:e!r he c m]it = himself an increase ( grace or *>ity8 7#i7 ,:e!r he c m]it f9al p]sev]ance8 7#aj7 ,:e!r temporal goods fall "u m]it8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,man ,may ,m]it ,any?+ f ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man c m]it no?+ f ,god4 ,= no "o1 x w\ld seem1 m]its by giv+ ano!r 8 due4 ,b by all ! good we d1 we _c make suffici5t return to ,god1 s9ce yet m is ,8 due1 z also ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ad74 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,luke #ag3aj73 ,:5 y h done all ^! ?+s t are comm&$ y1 say3 ,we are unpr(itable s]vants2 we h done t :i* we ought to d4 ,!re=e a man c m]it no?+ f ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem t a man m]its no?+ f ,god1 by :at pr(its himself only1 & pr(its ,god no?+4 ,n[ by act+ well1 a man pr(its himself or ano!r man1 b n ,god1 = x is writt5 7,job #ce3g73 ,if ?\ d ju/ly1 :at %alt ?\ give ,him1 or :at %all ,he receive ( ?y h&4 ,h5ce a man c m]it no?+ f ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] m]its any?+ f ano!r makes him 8 debtor2 = a man's wage is a debt due to him4 ,n[ ,god is no "o's debtor2 h5ce x is writt5 7,rom4 #aa3ce73 ,:o ha? fir/ giv5 to ,him1 & recomp5se %all be made to him8 ,h5ce no "o c m]it any?+ f ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #ca3af73 ,!re is a rew>d = ?y "w4 ,n[ a rew>d means some?+ be/[$ by reason ( m]it4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t a man may m]it f ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,m]it & rew>d ref] to ! same1 = a rew>d means some?+ giv5 anyone 9 return = "w or toil1 z a price = x4 ,h5ce1 z x is an act ( ju/ice to give a j price = any?+ receiv$ f ano!r1 s also is x an act ( ju/ice to make a return = "w or toil4 ,n[ ju/ice is a k9d ( equality1 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #c71 & h5ce ju/ice is simply betwe5 ^? t are simply equal2 b :]e !re is no absolute equality betwe5 !m1 nei!r is !re absolute ju/ice1 b !re may be a c]ta9 mann] ( ju/ice1 z :5 we speak ( a fa!r's or a ma/]'s "r 7,e?ic4 v1 #f71 z ! ,philosoph] says4 ,& h5ce :]e !re is ju/ice simply1 !re is ! "* ( m]it & rew>d simply4 ,b :]e !re is no simple "r1 b only relative1 !re is no "* ( m]it simply1 b only relatively1 9 s f> z ! "* ( ju/ice is f\nd !re1 s9ce ! *ild m]its some?+ f 8 fa!r & ! slave f 8 "l4 ,n[ x is cle> t betwe5 ,god & man !re is ! greate/ inequality3 = !y are inf9itely ap>t1 & all man's good is f ,god4 ,h5ce !re c be no ju/ice ( absolute equality betwe5 man & ,god1 b only ( a c]ta9 proportion1 inasmu* z bo? op]ate aft] _! own mann]4 ,n[ ! mann] & measure ( human virtue is 9 man f ,god4 ,h5ce man's m]it ) ,god only exi/s on ! presupposition ( ! ,div9e ord9ation1 s t man obta9s f ,god1 z a rew>d ( 8 op]ation1 :at ,god gave him ! p[] ( op]ation =1 ev5 z natural ?+s by _! prop] movem5ts & op]ations obta9 t to :i* !y 7 orda9$ by ,god2 diff]5tly1 inde$1 s9ce ! rational creature moves itself to act by its free-w1 h5ce its action has ! "* ( m]it1 :i* is n s 9 o!r creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man m]its1 inasmu* z he does :at he ought1 by 8 free-w2 o!rwise ! act ( ju/ice :]eby anyone dis*>ges a debt w\ld n be m]itori\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god seeks f our goods n pr(it1 b glory1 i4e4 ! manife/ation ( ,8 goodness2 ev5 z ,he seeks x also 9 ,8 own works4 ,n[ no?+ accrues to ,him1 b only to ourselves1 by our wor%ip ( ,him4 ,h5ce we m]it f ,god1 n t by our works any?+ accrues to ,him1 b inasmu* z we "w = ,8 glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce our action has ! "* ( m]it1 only on ! presupposition ( ! ,div9e ord9ation1 x does n foll[ t ,god is made our debtor simply1 b ,8 own1 inasmu* z x is "r t ,8 w %\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,,second ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,anyone ,)\t ,grace ,c ,m]it ,et]nal ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t )\t grace anyone c m]it et]nal life4 ,= man m]its f ,god :at he is div9ely orda9$ to1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ man by 8 nature is orda9$ to beatitude z 8 end2 h5ce1 too1 he naturally wi%es to be bless$4 ,h5ce man by 8 natural end[m5ts & )\t grace c m]it beatitude :i* is et]nal life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! less a "w is due1 ! m m]itori\s x is4 ,n[1 less due is t "w :i* is done by "o :o has receiv$ few] b5efits4 ,h5ce1 s9ce he :o has only natural end[m5ts has receiv$ few] gifts f ,god1 ?an he :o has gratuit\s gifts z well z nature1 x w\ld seem t 8 works are m m]itori\s ) ,god4 ,& ?us if he :o has grace c m]it et]nal life to "s ext5t1 mu* m may he :o has no grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god's m]cy & lib]ality inf9itely surpass human m]cy & lib]ality4 ,n[ a man may m]it f ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh he has n hi!rto _h 8 grace4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 w\ld x seem t a man )\t grace may m]it et]nal life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #f3bc73 ,! grace ( ,god1 life ev]la/+4 ,i answ] t1 ,man )\t grace may be look$ at 9 two /ates1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b73 ! fir/1 a /ate ( p]fect nature1 9 :i* ,adam 0 be=e 8 s92 ! second1 a /ate ( corrupt nature1 9 :i* we are be=e be+ re/or$ by grace4 ,!re=e1 if we speak ( man 9 ! fir/ /ate1 !re is only "o reason :y man _c m]it et]nal life )\t grace1 by 8 purely natural end[m5ts1 viz4 because man's m]it dep5ds on ! ,div9e pre-ord9ation4 ,n[ no act ( any?+ :atsoev] is div9ely orda9$ to any?+ exce$+ ! proportion ( ! p[]s :i* are ! pr9ciples ( its act2 = x is a law ( ,div9e provid5ce t no?+ %all act beyond its p[]s4 ,n[ ev]la/+ life is a good exce$+ ! proportion ( creat$ nature2 s9ce x exce$s its k & desire1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #b3i3 ,eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r ha? x ent]$ into ! he>t ( man4 ,& h5ce x is t no creat$ nature is a suffici5t pr9ciple ( an act m]itori\s ( et]nal life1 unless !re is add$ a sup]natural gift1 :i* we call grace4 ,b if we speak ( man z exi/+ 9 s91 a second reason is add$ to ?is1 viz4 ! imp$im5t ( s94 ,= s9ce s9 is an (f5se aga9/ ,god1 exclud+ u f et]nal life1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #aac1 ,a4 #b71 no "o exi/+ 9 a /ate ( mortal s9 c m]it et]nal life unless fir/ he be reconcil$ to ,god1 ?r\gh 8 s9 be+ =giv51 :i* is br\ght ab\t by grace4 ,= ! s9n] des]ves n life1 b dea?1 accord+ to ,rom4 #f3bc3 ,! wages ( s9 is dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god orda9$ human nature to atta9 ! end ( et]nal life1 n by its own /r5g?1 b by ! help ( grace2 & 9 ?is way its act c be m]itori\s ( et]nal life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,)\t grace a man _c h a "w equal to a "w proce$+ f grace1 s9ce ! m p]fect ! pr9ciple1 ! m p]fect ! action4 ,b ! objection w\ld hold good1 if we suppos$ ! op]ations equal 9 bo? cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ reason adduc$1 ! case is diff]5t 9 ,god & 9 man4 ,= a man receives all 8 p[] ( well-do+ f ,god1 & n f man4 ,h5ce a man c m]it no?+ f ,god except by ,8 gift1 :i* ! ,apo/le expresses aptly say+ 7,rom4 #aa3ce73 ,:o ha? fir/ giv5 to ,him1 & recomp5se %all be made to him8 ,b man may m]it f man1 be=e he has receiv$ any?+ f him1 by :at he has receiv$ f ,god4 ,b z reg>ds ! second pro( tak5 f ! imp$im5t ( s91 ! case is simil> ) man & ,god1 s9ce "o man _c m]it f ano!r :om he has (f5d$1 unless he makes satisfaction to him & is reconcil$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,man 9 ,grace ,c ,m]it ,et]nal ,life ,condignly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man 9 grace _c m]it et]nal life condignly1 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3ah73 ,! suff]+s ( ?is "t are n wor?y 7condignae7 to be comp>$ ) ! glory to come1 t %all be reveal$ 9 u4 ,b ( all m]itori\s works1 ! suff]+s ( ! sa9ts w\ld seem ! mo/ m]itori\s4 ,!re=e no works ( m5 are m]itori\s ( et]nal life condignly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 on ,rom4 #f3bc1 ,! grace ( ,god1 life ev]la/+1 a gloss says3 ,he might h truly said3 ',! wages ( ju/ice1 life ev]la/+'2 b ,he pref]r$ to say ',! grace ( ,god1 life ev]la/+1' t we may "k t ,god leads u to life ev]la/+ ( ,8 own m]cy & n by our m]its4 ,n[ :5 anyone m]its some?+ condignly he receives x n f m]cy1 b f m]it4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t a man ) grace _c m]it life ev]la/+ condignly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m]it t equals ! rew>d1 w\ld seem to be condign4 ,n[ no act ( ! pres5t life c equal ev]la/+ life1 :i* surpasses our k & our desire1 & moreov]1 surpasses ! *>ity or love ( ! wayf>]1 ev5 z x exce$s nature4 ,!re=e ) grace a man _c m]it et]nal life condignly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at is grant$ 9 accordance ) a fair judgm5t1 w\ld seem a condign rew>d4 ,b life ev]la/+ is grant$ by ,god1 9 accordance ) ! judgm5t ( ju/ice1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #d3h3 ,z to ! re/1 !re is laid up = me a cr[n ( ju/ice1 :i* ! ,"l1 ! j judge1 w r5d] to me 9 t day4 ,!re=e man m]its ev]la/+ life condignly4 ,i answ] t1 ,man's m]itori\s "w may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 z x proce$s f free-w2 secondly1 z x proce$s f ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,if x is consid]$ z reg>ds ! sub/ance ( ! "w1 & inasmu* z x spr+s f ! free-w1 !re c be no condignity because ( ! v great inequality4 ,b !re is congruity1 on acc\nt ( an equality ( proportion3 = x w\ld seem congru\s t1 if a man does :at he c1 ,god %\ld rew>d him accord+ to ! excell5ce ( 8 p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( a m]itori\s "w1 inasmu* z x proce$s f ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ mov+ u to life ev]la/+1 x is m]itori\s ( life ev]la/+ condignly4 ,= ?us ! value ( its m]it dep5ds ^u ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ mov+ u to life ev]la/+ accord+ to ,john #d3ad3 ,%all become 9 him a f\nt ( wat] spr++ up into life ev]la/+4 ,& ! wor? ( ! "w dep5ds on ! dignity ( grace1 :]eby a man1 be+ made a p>tak] ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 is adopt$ z a son ( ,god1 to :om ! inh]itance is due by "r ( adoption1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3ag3 ,if sons1 heirs also4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ ( ! sub/ance ( ^! suff]+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is say+ is to be und]/ood ( ! fir/ cause ( our rea*+ ev]la/+ life1 viz4 ,god's m]cy4 ,b our m]it is a subsequ5t cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* we h at pres5t1 al?\gh unequal to glory 9 act1 is equal to x virtually z ! se$ ( a tree1 :]e9 ! :ole tree is virtually4 ,s likewise by grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ dwells 9 man2 & ,he is a suffici5t cause ( life ev]la/+2 h5ce1 #b ,cor4 #a3bb1 ,he is call$ ! pl$ge ( our inh]itance4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,grace ,is ! ,pr9ciple ( ,m]it ,?r\gh ,*>ity ,r ,?an ! ,o!r ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t grace is n ! pr9ciple ( m]it ?r\gh *>ity r ?an ! o!r virtues4 ,= wages are due to "w1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bj3h3 ,call ! labor]s & pay !m _! hire4 ,n[ e virtue is a pr9ciple ( "s op]ation1 s9ce virtue is an op]ative habit1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce e virtue is equally a pr9ciple ( m]it4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #c3h73 ,e man %all receive 8 own rew>d accord+ to 8 labor4 ,n[ *>ity less5s r ?an increases ! labor1 because z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]bis ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxx71 love makes all h>d & repulsive tasks easy & next to no?+4 ,h5ce *>ity is no great] pr9ciple ( m]it ?an any o!r virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! greate/ pr9ciple ( m]it w\ld seem to be ! "o ^: acts are mo/ m]itori\s4 ,b ! acts ( fai? & pati5ce or =titude w\ld seem to be ! mo/ m]itori\s1 z appe>s 9 ! m>tyrs1 :o /rove = ! fai? pati5tly & bravely ev5 till dea?4 ,h5ce o!r virtues are a great] pr9ciple ( m]it ?an *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,john #ad3ba73 ,he t love? ,me1 %all be lov$ ( ,my ,fa!r2 & ,i w love him & w manife/ ,myself to him4 ,n[ ev]la/+ life consi/s 9 ! manife/ k ( ,god1 accord+ to ,john #ag3c3 ,?is is et]nal life3 t !y may "k ,!e1 ! only true & liv+ ,god4 ,h5ce ! m]it ( et]nal life re/s *iefly ) *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we may ga!r f :at has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 human acts h ! nature ( m]it f two causes3 fir/ & *iefly f ! ,div9e ord9ation1 inasmu* z acts are said to m]it t good to :i* man is div9ely orda9$4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( free-w1 inasmu* z man1 m ?an o!r creatures1 has ! p[] ( volunt>y acts by act+ by himself4 ,& 9 bo? ^! ways does m]it *iefly re/ ) *>ity4 ,= we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ev]la/+ life consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,n[ ! human m9d's movem5t to ! fruition ( ! ,div9e good is ! prop] act ( *>ity1 :]eby all ! acts ( ! o!r virtues are orda9$ to ?is end1 s9ce all ! o!r virtues are comm&$ by *>ity4 ,h5ce ! m]it ( life ev]la/+ p]ta9s fir/ to *>ity1 & secondly1 to ! o!r virtues1 inasmu* z _! acts are comm&$ by *>ity4 ,s1 likewise1 is x manife/ t :at we d out ( love we d mo/ will+ly4 ,h5ce1 ev5 inasmu* z m]it dep5ds on volunt>9ess1 m]it is *iefly attribut$ to *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity1 inasmu* z x has ! la/ end = object1 moves ! o!r virtues to act4 ,= ! habit to :i* ! end p]ta9s always comm&s ! habits to :i* ! means p]ta91 z 0 said above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a "w c be toilsome & difficult 9 two ways3 fir/1 f ! greatness ( ! "w1 & ?us ! greatness ( ! "w p]ta9s to ! increase ( m]it2 & ?us *>ity does n less5 ! toil--r1 x makes u und]take ! greate/ toils1 = x does great ?+s1 if x exi/s1 z ,gregory says 7,hom4 9 ,evang4 xxx74 ,secondly1 f ! defect ( ! op]ator2 = :at is n done ) a ready w is h>d & difficult to all ( u1 & ?is toil less5s m]it & is remov$ by *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! act ( fai? is n m]itori\s unless fai? 4 4 4 worke? by *>ity 7,gal4 #e3f74 ,s1 too1 ! acts ( pati5ce & =titude are n m]itori\s unless a man does !m out ( *>ity1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3c3 ,if ,i %\ld deliv] my body to be burn$1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,man ,may ,m]it = ,himself ! ,fir/ ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man may m]it = himself ! fir/ grace1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 clxxxvi71 fai? m]its ju/ification4 ,n[ a man is ju/ifi$ by ! fir/ grace4 ,!re=e a man may m]it ! fir/ grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god gives grace only to ! wor?y4 ,n[1 no "o is said to be wor?y ( "s good1 unless he has m]it$ x condignly4 ,!re=e we may m]it ! fir/ grace condignly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ) m5 we may m]it a gift already receiv$4 ,?us if a man receives a horse f 8 ma/]1 he m]its x by a good use ( x 9 8 ma/]'s s]vice4 ,n[ ,god is mu* m b\ntiful ?an man4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 may a man1 by subsequ5t works1 m]it ! fir/ grace already receiv$ f ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! nature ( grace is repugnant to rew>d ( works1 accord+ to ,rom4 #d3d3 ,n[ to him t worke?1 ! rew>d is n reckon$ accord+ to grace b accord+ to debt4 ,n[ a man m]its :at is reckon$ to him accord+ to debt1 z ! rew>d ( 8 works4 ,h5ce a man may n m]it ! fir/ grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,! gift ( grace may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/ 9 ! nature ( a gratuit\s gift1 & ?us x is manife/ t all m]it is repugnant to grace1 s9ce z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #aa3f71 if by grace1 x is n n[ by works4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ z reg>ds ! nature ( ! ?+ giv51 & ?us1 also1 x _c come "u ! m]it ( him :o has n grace1 bo? because x exce$s ! proportion ( nature1 & because previ\s to grace a man 9 ! /ate ( s9 has an ob/acle to 8 m]it+ grace1 viz4 s94 ,b :5 anyone has grace1 ! grace already possess$ _c come "u m]it1 s9ce rew>d is ! t]m ( ! "w1 b grace is ! pr9ciple ( all our good works1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aji74 ,b ( anyone m]its a fur!r gratuit\s gift by virtue ( ! prec$+ grace1 x w\ld n be ! fir/ grace4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t no "o c m]it = himself ! fir/ grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #bc71 he 0 deceiv$ on ?is po9t = a "t1 believ+ ! beg9n+ ( fai? to be f u1 & its consummation to be grant$ u by ,god2 & ?is he "h retracts4 ,& seem+ly x is 9 ?is s5se t he speaks ( fai? z m]it+ ju/ification4 ,b if we suppose1 z inde$ x is a tru? ( fai?1 t ! beg9n+ ( fai? is 9 u f ,god1 ! fir/ act mu/ fl[ f grace2 & ?us x _c be m]itori\s ( ! fir/ grace4 ,!re=e man is ju/ifi$ by fai?1 n z ?\gh man1 by believ+1 7 to m]it ju/ification1 b t1 he believes1 :il/ he is be+ ju/ifi$2 inasmu* z a movem5t ( fai? is requir$ = ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aac1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god gives grace to none b to ! wor?y1 n t !y 7 previ\sly wor?y1 b t by ,8 grace ,he makes !m wor?y1 ,:o alone c make him clean t is conceiv$ ( unclean se$ 7,job #ad3d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man's e good "w proce$s f ! fir/ grace z f its pr9ciple2 b n f any gift ( man4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is no comp>ison betwe5 gifts ( grace & gifts ( m54 ,,six? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r a ,man ,c ,m]it ! ,fir/ ,grace = ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man c m]it ! fir/ grace = ano!r4 ,because on ,matt4 #i3b3 ,jesus see+ _! fai?1 etc4 a gloss says3 ,h[ mu* is our p]sonal fai? wor? ) ,god1 ,:o set su* a price on ano!r's fai?1 z to heal ! man bo? inw>dly & outw>dly6 ,n[ inw>d heal+ is br\ght ab\t by grace4 ,h5ce a man c m]it ! fir/ grace = ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! pray]s ( ! j are n void1 b efficaci\s1 accord+ to ,james #e3af3 ,! cont9u$ pray] ( a j man availe? mu*4 ,n[ he _h previ\sly said3 ,pray "o = ano!r1 t y may be sav$4 ,h5ce1 s9ce man's salvation c only be br\ght ab\t by grace1 x seems t "o man may m]it = ano!r 8 fir/ grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,luke #af3i73 ,make unto y fri5ds ( ! mammon ( iniquity1 t :5 y %all fail !y may receive y into ev]la/+ dwell+s4 ,n[ x is ?r\gh grace alone t anyone is receiv$ into ev]la/+ dwell+s1 = by x alone does anyone m]it ev]la/+ life z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #e74 ,h5ce "o man may by m]it obta9 = ano!r 8 fir/ grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #ae3a73 ,if ,moses & ,samuel %all /& be=e ,me1 ,my s\l is n t[>ds ?is p--yet !y _h great m]it ) ,god4 ,h5ce x seems t no "o c m]it ! fir/ grace = ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z %[n above 7,,aa4 #a1 #c1 #d71 our works are m]itori\s f two causes3 fir/1 by virtue ( ! ,div9e motion2 & ?us we m]it condignly2 secondly1 accord+ z !y proce$ f free-w 9 s f> z we d !m will+ly1 & ?us !y h congru\s m]it1 s9ce x is congru\s t :5 a man makes good use ( 8 p[] ,god %\ld by ,8 sup]-excell5t p[] "w /ill high] ?+s4 ,& !re=e x is cle> t no "o c m]it condignly = ano!r 8 fir/ grace1 save ,*ri/ alone2 s9ce ea* "o ( u is mov$ by ,god to rea* life ev]la/+ ?r\gh ! gift ( grace2 h5ce condign m]it does n rea* beyond ?is motion4 ,b ,*ri/'s s\l is mov$ by ,god ?r\gh grace1 n only s z to rea* ! glory ( life ev]la/+1 b s z to lead o!rs to x1 inasmu* z ,he is ! ,head ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,au?or ( human salvation1 accord+ to ,heb4 #b3aj3 ,:o ha? br\ght _m *ildr5 into glory to p]fect ! ,au?or ( _! salvation4 ,b "o may m]it ! fir/ grace = ano!r congru\sly2 because a man 9 grace fulfils ,god's w1 & x is congru\s & 9 h>mony ) fri5d%ip t ,god %\ld fulfil man's desire = ! salvation ( ano!r1 al?\gh sometimes !re may be an imp$im5t on ! "p ( him ^: salvation ! j man desires4 ,& x is 9 ?is s5se t ! passage f ,j]emias speaks4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man's fai? avails = ano!r's salvation by congru\s & n by condign m]it4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! impetration ( pray] re/s on m]cy1 :]eas condign m]it re/s on ju/ice2 h5ce a man may impetrate _m ?+s f ! ,div9e m]cy 9 pray]1 :i* he does n m]it 9 ju/ice1 accord+ to ,dan4 #i3ah3 ,= x is n = our ju/ifications t we pres5t our pray]s be=e ,?y face1 b = ! multitude ( ,?y t5d] m]cies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! poor :o receive alms are said to receive o!rs into ev]la/+ dwell+s1 ei!r by impetrat+ _! =giv5ess 9 pray]1 or by m]it+ congru\sly by o!r good works1 or mat]ially speak+1 inasmu* z by ^! good works ( m]cy1 ex]cis$ t[>ds ! poor1 we m]it to be receiv$ into ev]la/+ dwell+s4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r a ,man ,may ,m]it ,re/oration ,aft] a ,fall8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t anyone may m]it = himself re/oration aft] a fall4 ,= :at a man may ju/ly ask ( ,god1 he may ju/ly m]it4 ,n[ no?+ may m ju/ly be bes\ght ( ,god ?an to be re/or$ aft] a fall1 z ,augu/9e says 99,cf4 ,enn>4 i sup] ,ps4 lxx41 accord+ to ,ps4 #gj3i3 ,:5 my /r5g? %all fail1 d n ,?\ =sake me4 ,h5ce a man may m]it to be re/or$ aft] a fall4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man's works b5efit himself m ?an ano!r4 ,n[ a man may1 to "s ext5t1 m]it = ano!r 8 re/oration aft] a fall1 ev5 z 8 fir/ grace4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 may he m]it = himself re/oration aft] a fall4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5 a man is once 9 grace he m]its life ev]la/+ by ! good works he does1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ no "o c atta9 life ev]la/+ unless he is re/or$ by grace4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t he m]its = himself re/oration4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eze*4 #ah3bd73 ,if ! j man turn himself away f 8 ju/ice & d iniquity 4 4 4 all 8 ju/ices :i* he ha? done %all n be rememb]$4 ,!re=e 8 previ\s m]its w n[ise help him to rise aga94 ,h5ce no "o c m]it = himself re/oration aft] a fall4 ,i answ] t1 ,no "o c m]it = himself re/oration aft] a future fall1 ei!r condignly or congru\sly4 ,he _c m]it = himself condignly1 s9ce ! reason ( ?is m]it dep5ds on ! motion ( ,div9e grace1 & ?is motion is int]rupt$ by ! subsequ5t s92 h5ce all b5efits :i* he aft]w>ds obta9s f ,god1 :]eby he is re/or$1 d n fall "u m]it--! motion ( ! prec$+ grace n ext5d+ to !m4 ,aga91 congru\s m]it1 :]eby "o m]its ! fir/ grace = ano!r1 is prev5t$ f hav+ its effect on acc\nt ( ! imp$im5t ( s9 9 ! "o = :om x is m]it$4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is ! efficacy ( su* m]it imp$$ by ! ob/acle :i* is 9 him :o m]its1 & 9 him = :om x is m]it$2 = bo? ^! are 9 ! same p]son4 ,& !re=e a man c n[ise m]it = himself re/oration aft] a fall4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! desire :]eby we seek = re/oration aft] a fall is call$ j1 & likewise ! pray] :]eby ?is re/oration is bes\ght is call$ j1 because x t5ds to ju/ice2 & n t x dep5ds on ju/ice by way ( m]it1 b only on m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,anyone may congru\sly m]it = ano!r 8 fir/ grace1 because !re is no imp$im5t 7at lea/1 on ! "p ( him :o m]its71 su* z is f\nd :5 anyone rec$es f ju/ice aft] ! m]it ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s h said t no "o absolutely m]its life ev]la/+ except by ! act ( f9al grace1 b only conditionally1 i4e4 if he p]sev]es4 ,b x is unreasonable to say ?is1 = sometimes ! act ( ! la/ grace is n m1 b less m]itori\s ?an prec$+ acts1 on acc\nt ( ! pro/ration ( illness4 ,h5ce x mu/ be said t e act ( *>ity m]its et]nal life absolutely2 b by subsequ5t s91 !re arises an imp$im5t to ! prec$+ m]it1 s t x does n obta9 its effect2 j z natural causes fail ( _! effects on acc\nt ( a sup]v5+ imp$im5t4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r a ,man ,may ,m]it ! ,increase ( ,grace or ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man _c m]it an increase ( grace or *>ity4 ,= :5 anyone receives ! rew>d he m]it$ no o!r rew>d is due to him2 ?us x 0 said ( "s 7,matt4 #f3b73 ,!y h receiv$ _! rew>d4 ,h5ce1 if anyone 7 to m]it ! increase ( *>ity or grace1 x w\ld foll[ t1 :5 8 grace has be5 increas$1 he c\ld n expect any fur!r rew>d1 :i* is unfitt+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ acts beyond its species4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( m]it is grace or *>ity1 z 0 %[n above 7,,aa4 #b1 #d74 ,!re=e no "o c m]it great] grace or *>ity ?an he has4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at falls "u m]it a man m]its by e act fl[+ f grace or *>ity1 z by e su* act a man m]its life ev]la/+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! increase ( grace or *>ity falls "u m]it1 x w\ld seem t by e act quick5$ by *>ity a man w\ld m]it an increase ( *>ity4 ,b :at a man m]its1 he infallibly receives f ,god1 unless h9d]$ by subsequ5t s92 = x is writt5 7#b ,tim4 #a3ab73 ,i "k ,:om ,i h believ$1 & ,i am c]ta9 t ,he is able to keep t :i* ,i h committ$ unto ,him4 ,h5ce x w\ld foll[ t grace or *>ity is increas$ by e m]itori\s act2 & ?is w\ld seem impossible s9ce at times m]itori\s acts are n v f]v5t1 & w\ld n suffice = ! increase ( *>ity4 ,!re=e ! increase ( *>ity does n come "u m]it4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7sup] ,ep4 ,joan42 cf4 ,ep4 clxxxvi7 t *>ity m]its increase1 & be+ increas$ m]its to be p]fect$4 ,h5ce ! increase ( grace or *>ity falls "u m]it4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #f1 #g71 :atev] ! motion ( grace rea*es to1 falls "u condign m]it4 ,n[ ! motion ( a mov] ext5ds n m]ely to ! la/ t]m ( ! movem5t1 b to ! :ole progress ( ! movem5t4 ,b ! t]m ( ! movem5t ( grace is et]nal life2 & progress 9 ?is movem5t is by ! increase ( *>ity or grace accord+ to ,prov4 #d3ah3 ,b ! pa? ( ! j z a %9+ light1 goe? =w>d & increase? ev5 to p]fect day1 :i* is ! day ( glory4 ,& ?us ! increase ( grace falls "u condign m]it4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,rew>d is ! t]m ( m]it4 ,b !re is a d\ble t]m ( movem5t1 viz4 ! la/1 & ! int]m$iate1 :i* is bo? beg9n+ & t]m2 & ?is t]m is ! rew>d ( increase4 ,n[ ! rew>d ( human favor is z ! la/ end to ^? :o place _! end 9 x2 h5ce su* z ^! receive no o!r rew>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! increase ( grace is n above ! virtuality ( ! pre-exi/+ grace1 al?\gh x is above its quantity1 ev5 z a tree is n above ! virtuality ( ! se$1 al?\gh above its quantity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by e m]itori\s act a man m]its ! increase ( grace1 equally ) ! consummation ( grace :i* is et]nal life4 ,b j z et]nal life is n giv5 at once1 b 9 its own "t1 s nei!r is grace increas$ at once1 b 9 its own "t1 viz4 :5 a man is suffici5tly dispos$ = ! increase ( grace4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r a ,man ,may ,m]it ,p]sev]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t anyone may m]it p]sev]ance4 ,= :at a man obta9s by ask+1 c come "u ! m]it ( anyone t is 9 grace4 ,n[ m5 obta9 p]sev]ance by ask+ x ( ,god2 o!rwise x w\ld be useless to ask x ( ,god 9 ! petitions ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,dono ,p]sev4 ii74 ,!re=e p]sev]ance may come "u ! m]it ( :oev] has grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is m n to be able to s9 ?an n to s94 ,b n to be able to s9 comes "u m]it1 = we m]it et]nal life1 ( :i* impeccability is an ess5tial "p4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 may we m]it n to s91 i4e4 to p]sev]e4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 increase ( grace is great] ?an p]sev]ance 9 ! grace we already possess4 ,b a man may m]it an increase ( grace1 z 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 may he m]it p]sev]ance 9 ! grace he has already4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at we m]it1 we obta9 f ,god1 unless x is h9d]$ by s94 ,n[ _m h m]itori\s works1 :o d n obta9 p]sev]ance2 nor c x be urg$ t ?is takes place because ( ! imp$im5t ( s91 s9ce s9 itself is oppos$ to p]sev]ance2 & ?us if anyone 7 to m]it p]sev]ance1 ,god w\ld n p]mit him to fall into s94 ,h5ce p]sev]ance does n come "u m]it4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce man's free-w is naturally flexible t[>ds good & evil1 !re are two ways ( obta9+ f ,god p]sev]ance 9 good3 fir/1 inasmu* z free-w is det]m9$ to good by consummate grace1 :i* w be 9 glory2 secondly1 on ! "p ( ! ,div9e motion1 :i* incl9es man to good unto ! end4 ,n[ z expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #f1 #g1 #h71 t :i* is relat$ z a t]m to ! free-w's movem5t direct$ to ,god ! mov]1 falls "u human m]it2 & n :at is relat$ to ! a=esaid movem5t z pr9ciple4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! p]sev]ance ( glory :i* is ! t]m ( ! a=esaid movem5t falls "u m]it2 b p]sev]ance ( ! wayf>] does n fall "u m]it1 s9ce x dep5ds solely on ! ,div9e motion1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( all m]it4 ,n[ ,god freely be/[s ! good ( p]sev]ance1 on :omsoev] ,he be/[s x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we impetrate 9 pray] ?+s t we d n m]it1 s9ce ,god he>s s9n]s :o besee* ! p>don ( _! s9s1 :i* !y d n m]it1 z appe>s f ,augu/9e 99,tract4 xliv 9 ,joan4 on ,john #aa3ca1 ,n[ we "k t ,god do? n he> s9n]s1 o!rwise x w\ld h be5 useless = ! publican to say3 ,o ,god1 be m]ciful to me a s9n]1 ,luke #ah3ac4 ,s too may we impetrate ( ,god 9 pray] ! grace ( p]sev]ance ei!r = ourselves or = o!rs1 al?\gh x does n fall "u m]it4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p]sev]ance :i* is 9 heav5 is comp>$ z t]m to ! free-w's movem5t2 n s1 ! p]sev]ance ( ! wayf>]1 = ! reason giv5 9 ! body ( ! article4 ,9 ! same way may we answ] ! ?ird objection :i* conc]ns ! increase ( grace1 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,temporal ,goods ,fall ,"u ,m]it8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temporal goods fall "u m]it4 ,= :at is promis$ to "s z a rew>d ( ju/ice1 falls "u m]it4 ,n[1 temporal goods 7 promis$ 9 ! ,old ,law z ! rew>d ( ju/ice1 z appe>s f ,deut4 #bh4 ,h5ce x seems t temporal goods fall "u m]it4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t w\ld seem to fall "u m]it1 :i* ,god be/[s on anyone = a s]vice done4 ,b ,god sometimes be/[s temporal goods on m5 = s]vices done = ,him4 ,= x is writt5 7,ex4 #a3ba73 ,& because ! midwives fe>$ ,god1 ,he built !m h\ses2 on :i* a gloss ( ,gregory 7,moral4 xviii1 #d7 says t life ev]la/+ might h be5 aw>d$ !m z ! fruit ( _! goodwill1 b on acc\nt ( _! s9 ( falsehood !y receiv$ an e>?ly rew>d4 ,& x is writt5 7,eze*4 #bi3ah73 ,! ,k+ ( ,babylon ha? made 8 army to und]go h>d s]vice aga9/ ,tyre 4 4 4 & !re ha? be5 no rew>d giv5 him1 & fur!r on3 ,& x %all be wages = 8 army 4 4 4 ,i h giv5 him ! l& ( ,egypt because he ha? labor$ = me4 ,!re=e temporal goods fall "u m]it4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z good is to m]it s is evil to dem]it4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! dem]it ( s9 "s are puni%$ by ,god ) temporal puni%m5ts1 z appe>s f ! ,sodomites1 ,g54 #ai4 ,h5ce temporal goods fall "u m]it4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at falls "u m]it does n come ^u all alike4 ,b temporal goods reg>d ! good & ! wick$ alike2 accord+ to ,eccles4 #i3b3 ,all ?+s equally happ5 to ! j & ! wick$1 to ! good & to ! evil1 to ! clean & to ! unclean1 to him t (f]e? victims & to him t despise? sacrifices4 ,!re=e temporal goods d n fall "u m]it4 ,i answ] t1 ,:at falls "u m]it is ! rew>d or wage1 :i* is a k9d ( good4 ,n[ man's good is tw(old3 ! fir/1 simply2 ! second1 relatively4 ,n[ man's good simply is 8 la/ end 7accord+ to ,ps4 #gb3bg3 ,b x is good = m5 to adh]e to my ,god7 & consequ5tly :at is orda9$ & leads to ?is end2 & ^! fall simply "u m]it4 ,b ! relative1 n ! simple1 good ( man is :at is good to him n[1 or :at is a good to him relatively2 & ?is does n fall "u m]it simply1 b relatively4 ,h5ce we mu/ say t if temporal goods are consid]$ z !y are useful = virtu\s works1 :]eby we are l$ to heav51 !y fall directly & simply "u m]it1 ev5 z increase ( grace1 & ev]y?+ :]eby a man is help$ to atta9 beatitude aft] ! fir/ grace4 ,= ,god gives m51 bo? j & wick$1 en\gh temporal goods to enable !m to atta9 to ev]la/+ life2 & ?us ^! temporal goods are simply good4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #cc3aj73 ,= !re is no want to !m t fe> ,him1 & aga91 ,ps4 #cf3be3 ,i h n se5 ! j =sak51 etc4 ,b if ^! temporal goods are consid]$ 9 !mselves1 !y are n man's good simply1 b relatively1 & ?us !y d n fall "u m]it simply1 b relatively1 inasmu* z m5 are mov$ by ,god to d temporal works1 9 :i* ) ,god's help !y rea* _! purpose4 ,& ?us z life ev]la/+ is simply ! rew>d ( ! works ( ju/ice 9 relation to ! ,div9e motion1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #c1 #f71 s h temporal goods1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 ! nature ( rew>d1 ) respect to ! ,div9e motion1 :]eby m5's wills are mov$ to und]take ^! works1 ev5 ?\gh1 sometimes1 m5 h n a "r int5tion 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 iv1 #b71 9 ^! temporal promises 7 figures ( spiritual ?+s to come4 ,= ! c>nal p 7 adh]+ to ! promises ( ! pres5t life2 & n m]ely _! spee* b ev5 _! life 0 prophetic4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! rew>ds are said to h be5 div9ely br\ght ab\t 9 relation to ! ,div9e motion1 & n 9 relation to ! malice ( _! wills1 especially z reg>ds ! ,k+ ( ,babylon1 s9ce he did n besiege ,tyre z if wi%+ to s]ve ,god1 b r 9 ord] to usurp dom9ion4 ,s1 too1 al?\gh ! midwives _h a good w ) reg>d to sav+ ! *ildr51 yet _! w 0 n "r1 inasmu* z !y fram$ falsehoods4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,temporal evils are impos$ z a puni%m5t on ! wick$1 inasmu* z !y are n !reby help$ to rea* life ev]la/+4 ,b to ! j :o are aid$ by ^! evils !y are n puni%m5ts b m$ic9es z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all ?+s happ5 equally to ! good & ! wick$1 z reg>ds ! sub/ance ( temporal good or evil2 b n z reg>ds ! end1 s9ce ! good & n ! wick$ are l$ to beatitude by !m4 ,& n[ en\gh has be5 said reg>d+ morals 9 g5]al4