,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cab ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb] #bd1 #ahha4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xii41 ,no4 #cab4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,improv$ ,fifte5 ,ton ,travel+ ,crane4 ,design$ = s]vice 9 ! con/ruction ( ,port ,alfr$ ,h>bor4 ,s\? ,africa4 #c figures4 #difg ,improv$ ,/eam ,boil]4 #a figure4 #difh ,! ,elevat$ ,railways ( ,new ,york4 #difh ,"s ( ! ,developm5ts ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ dur+ ! ,la/ ,half ,c5tury4 ,briti% ,association ,pap]4 ,by ,,sir ,,fr$]ick ,,bramwell4 ,! /eam eng9e4--,evaporative cond5s]4--,/eam navigation4--,m>9e gov]nors4--,light eng9es & boil]s4--,! ,p]k9s sy/em4--,e!r eng9e4--,quicksilv] eng9e4--,locomotive eng9es4--,brakes4--,motors4--,transmissi on ( p[]4--,compress$ air locomotives4--,hydraulic transmission ( p[]4--,electric transmission ( p[]4--,! manufacture ( iron & /eel4-- ,bridges4--,ma*9e tools4--,! sew+ ma*9e4--,agricultural ma*9]y4--,pr9t+ ma*9]y4 #difh ,amateur ,me*anics3 ,metal turn+1 #bi figures4 ,rot>y cutt]s1 #ab figures4 ,wood-work+ & la! atta*m5ts1 #i figures4 #diga ,a ,new ,me?od ( ,keep+ ,me*anical ,draw+s4 #digh ,a*>d's ,electric ,brake = ,railway ,use4 #b figures4 ,plan & elevation4 #digd ,,ii4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,electricity4 ,:at x is & :at may be expect$ ( x4 ,by ,,jacob ,,reese4 #digd ,electric ,light ,app>atus = ,photographic ,purposes4 ,by ,a4,j4 ,,j>man4 #b figures4 #digf ,desruelles's ,electric ,light]4 #a figure4 #digf ,sol5oid ,und]gr\nd ,wires 9 ,philadelphia4 #digf ,dr4 ,h]z's ,telephonic ,sy/ems4 #b figures4 #digf ,decision ( ! ,congress ( ,electricians on ! ,units ( ,electric ,measures4 #digg ,second>y ,batt]ies4 ,by ,j4 ,,r\sse4 #digg ,,iii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,dome/ic ,sug> ,production4 #dihj ,m4 ,g>ni]'s ,new ,me?ods ( ,photo-,engrav+4 ,by ,major ,j4 ,,wat]h\se4--,photogravure4--,photograph pr9t+ by vapor4--,atmography4 #dihb ,dang]s ( ,pyrogallic ,acid4 ,by ,,dr4 ,t4,l4 ,,phipson4 #dihb ,,iv4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,etc4--,arti/s' ,homes1 ,no4 #ab4--,wm4 ,em]son's h\se1 ,little ,sutton1 ,*iswick4--,full page illu/ration & l>ge size longitud9al section4 #digh ,memorable ,engli% ,h\ses4 #d figures4--,newton's h\se4-- ,flaxman's h\se4--,cann+'s h\se4--,johnson's h\se4 #dihj ,v4 ,,geography4--,h]ald ,isl&4--,on ! summit4--,a midnight obs]vation4--,plant life on ,h]ald ,isl&4--,inhabitants ( ! cliffs4 #dihj ,,vi4 ,,metallurgy4--,! ,treatm5t ( ,quicksilv] ,ores 9 ,spa94 #digg ,,vii4 ,,a]onautics4--,! ,balloon 9 ,a]onautics4 #digg ,,viii4 ,,biography4--,franz ,liszt4--,l>ge ,portrait4 #diha 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,fifte5 ,,ton ,,crane4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,side & ,top ,view ,plans4 ,,improv$ ,,fifte5 ,,ton ,,travel+ ,,crane4 ,! ma*9e illu/rat$ on fir/ page has be5 con/ruct$ = ,port ,alfr$ ,h>bor1 ?is be+ "o ( sev]al h>bors n[ be+ made by ,sir ,j4 ,coode 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! pi] = ! con/ruction ( :i* ! crane w be employ$ w consi/ ( concrete blocks laid on :at is kn[n z ! ov]5d sy/em4 ,! blocks1 be+ br\ght on trucks direct f ! block y>d to )9 ! sweep ( ! ma*9e1 are rais$ by x1 swung r\nd1 & accurately set1 ! ma*9e be+ cont9ually travel$ =w>d z ! "w advances4 ,! bottom blocks are laid on bags ( concrete previ\sly deposit$ by ! crane out ( boxes ) flap bottoms4 ,! pres5t ma*9e has be5 specially design$ ?r\gh\t1 & repres5ts ! mo/ complete developm5t :i* block-sett+ plant has yet atta9$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! crane are1 ! great range ( all ! motions1 ! l>ge radius1 & ! me?od ( provid+ = ! latt] by a horizontal jib susp5d$ f a k+-po/4 ,x 0 at fir/ int5d$ to h a /raight incl9$ jib1 & to alt] ! radius by pivot+ ?is r\nd its l[] end1 z is commonly done2 x occurr$1 h[ev]1 to ,mr4 ,mat!ws1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 repres5t+ ,sir ,j4 ,coode1 t ! plan ev5tually adopt$ w\ld be 9 _m ways pref]able2 ! crane 0 !re=e con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,/o!rt ,pitt ) ?is modification1 & z f> z c be judg$ f ! trial ) pro( load1 ! arrangem5ts c h>dly be surpass$ = quick & accurate block-sett+4 ,9 cranes ) d]rick+ jibs x is necess>y to connect ! d]rick & hoi/+ ge>s 9 su* a mann] t a v>iation ( ! radius may n affect ! level ( ! load2 ?is plan answ]s suffici5tly well = ord9>y purposes1 b = block-sett+ x is requisite to h extreme accuracy 9 all ! movem5ts & great quickness 9 *ang+ f "o to ano!r2 ! arrangem5ts adopt$ 9 f\ndry cranes1 9 :i* all ! motions are entirely indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 seems !re=e m suit$ = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,o!r n inconsid]able advantages are also secur$ by ! adoption ( ! f\ndry crane type1 ! am\nt ( cle> headway "u ! jib be+ mu* increas$1 & ! difficulty avoid$ ( mak+ a jib sixty feet long suffici5tly /iff )\t undue weight4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! crane are1 total height ( lift #df feet1 radius v>iable f #be feet m9imum to #de feet maximum1 height f rail to und]side ( jib #bb feet #b in*es1 radius ( tail to c5t] ( boil] #bb feet1 work+ load #ae tons1 pro( load #ai tons4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t consi/s ( a truck on :i* is fix$ a po/1 r\nd :i* ! crane revolves2 ! jib is support$ midway by an incl9$ /rut1 above :i* is plac$ ! k+-po/2 ! /rut is curv$ r\nd at ! bottom & =ms "o piece ) ! side frames1 :i* are c>ri$ "r back z a tail to support ! boil] & balance weight4 ,! hoi/+ ge> consi/s ( a d\ble sy/em ( *a9s #ac_/af 94 9 diamet] plac$ side by side2 ea* *a9 is an*or$ by an adju/able screw to ! end ( ! jib1 &1 pass+ r\nd ! travel+ c>riage & d[n to ! fall+ block1 is tak5 along ! jib ov] a slid+ pulley :i* leads x on to ! groov$ b>rel1 #c ft4 #i 94 9 diamet]4 ,9 front ( ! b>rel is plac$ an automatic w9d] :i* insures a prop] coil+ ( ! *a9 9 ! grooves4 ,! motive p[] is d]iv$ f two cyl9d]s #aj 94 9 diamet] & #af 94 /roke1 "o be+ bolt$ to ea* side frame2 ^! cyl9d]s1 :i* are provid$ ) l9k motion & rev]s+ ge>1 drive a /eel crank %aft #b 94 9 diamet]2 on ?is %aft is a /eel slid+ p9ion :i* drives ! b>rel by a d\ble pur*ase4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! crank-%aft is a l>ge rev]s+ friction clut*1 :i* drives1 ?r\gh mit] ge>1 a v]tical %aft plac$ j 9 front ( ! po/2 f ! latt] ! slew+1 rack+1 & travel+ motions are obta9$4 ,! crane c be turn$ ?r\gh a complete circle by a p9ion ge>+ into a ma*9e-m\ld$ too!d r+ bolt$ to ! top ( ! truck2 ?is r+ is #aa ft4 #d-g_/h 94 9 diamet]1 & conta9s #agb tee? #b 9 pit*4 ,! slew+ p9ion is driv5 by int]m$iate ge>+ f ! bottom ( ! v]tical %aft m5tion$ above4 ,= ! turn+ motion two di/9ct sets ( roll]s are provid$2 ^! are c>ri$ by cross-gird]s plac$ betwe5 ! side frames2 "o set runs aga9/ a ca/-iron roll] pa? bolt$ r\nd ! bottom ( ! po/1 & ! o!r on ! l>ge horizontal roll] pa? se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,! latt] is #ad ft4 9 diamet]2 x is built up ( two deep curv$ *annel irons ) top & bottom plates =m+ a circul> box gird]1 on ! top ( :i* a heavy flat rail is rivet$1 & ! :ole turn$ up 9 ! la!4 ,! rack+ & travel+ motions are driv5 f ! top end ( ! v]tical %aft2 ! rack+ ge> consi/s ( wire ropes atta*$ to ea* side ( ! travel+ c>riage & coil$ r\nd a l>ge b>rel1 ! out] rope be+ br\ght ov] a pulley at ! end ( ! jib4 ,! rails = ! c>riage re/ on roll$ jo9ts bolt$ to ! und]side ( jib4 ,?is arrangem5t involves ! use ( an ov]hung travel+ c>riage1 b enables ! jib to be ( a /iff box section1 ! side /iffness be+ fur!r secur$ by w9d ties4 ,! travel+ motion is work$ by a second v]tical %aft1 :i* passes d[n ! c5t] ( ! po/1 & by means ( a cross %aft is ge>$ to ! front axle1 f :i* f\r ( ! gr\nd :eels are driv54 ,! po/ is octagonal1 built up ( plates 94 ?ick2 at ! bottom end x is secur$ to ! gird]s ( ! truck1 & at ! top is %runk on to a l>ge gudgeon #ab 94 9 diamet]1 :i* ent]s a ca/+ fix$ 9 ! back end ( ! jib2 on ! top ( ! gudgeon are two /eel disks on :i* an adju/able cap re/s2 by means ( ?is & ! ties to ! tail & ! l[] end ( ! /rut a proportion ( ! weight c be br\ght on to ! po/ s z to relieve ! roll] pa? to any desir$ ext5t1 & enable ! crane to be revolv$ easily4 ,! truck is #bd ft4 long & #af ft4 #d 94 wide2 x is con/ruct$ ( longitud9al & transv]se box gird]s #b ft4 #h 94 deep1 & re/s on two axles #f 94 9 diamet]2 r\nd ^! axles swivel ! ca/-iron bogie frames :i* c>ry ! gr\nd :eels4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 adopt$ because ! crane has to travel up a gradi5t ( #a 9 #cj1 & ! bogies enable x to take ! incl9e bett]2 !y also di/ribute ! weight m ev5ly on ! :eels4 ,! gauge ( ! rails is #ae ft1 ! :eels are #b ft4 #f 94 9 diamet]1 & h heavy /eel tires4 ,! weight on ea* ( ! front :eels :5 runn+ ) ! balla/1 b no load1 is ab\t #af tons4 ,a p[]ful brake is appli$ to ! :eels :5 desc5d+ ! incl9e4 ,all ! clut* lev]s1 break treadle1 & h&les are br\ght toge!r1 s t "o man has ! crane "u 8 entire control4 ,an iron h\se1 ( :i* ! fram+ only is %[n1 ext5ds f ! ge>+ "r back to ! boil]1 =m+ a mo/ spaci\s eng9e room & /okehole4 ,a sep>ate donkey eng9e is provid$ = fe$+ ! boil]4 ,! truck is furni%$ ) legs "u :i* pack+s c be w$g$ s z to relieve ! load on ! :eels :5 block-sett+4 ,! sl+s se5 "u ! boil] are = hang+ a concrete balance weight2 ?is w weigh ab\t #bj tons4 ,! weight ( ! crane itself )\t load or balla/ is ab\t #hj tons4 ,! crane 0 te/$ "u /eam ) a load ( #ai tons ) ! mo/ satisfactory results2 ! :ole ma*9e appe>$ to be v rigid1 an end (t5 v difficult to obta9 ) portable wr\ght-iron /ructures & live loads4 ,! result 9 ! pres5t case is probably greatly due to ! c>eful workman%ip1 & to ! fact t ! sides & ends ( ! plates are plan$ ?r\gh\t1 s t ! webs ( ! gird]s get a fair be>+ on ! top & bottom plates4 ,! crane %[$ itself to be v h&y & quick 9 work+1 ! spe$s ) #ai tons load1 z actually tim$ at ! trial1 are3 lift+ #af ft4 p] m9ute1 rack+ motion #df ft4 p] m9ute1 slew+ ?r\gh a complete circle #ij ft4 diamet]1 f\r m9utes1 equival5t to a spe$ at load ( #fj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,! crane 0 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,/o!rt ,pitt1 ( ,ba?1 to ! ord] ( ! ,cr[n ag5ts = ! colonies1 & we und]/& t ! design & con/ruction h giv5 complete satisfaction to ,sir ,j4 ,coode1 ! eng9e] to ! h>bor works1 "u ^: sup]vision ! crane 0 con/ruct$4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,/eam-,,boil]4 ,an improvem5t 9 /eam-boil]s1 be/ und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! ord9>y v]tical =m1 has be5 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,moy1 ,london4 ,"h ! flue is c5tral1 &1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 is cross$ by a numb] ( horizontal wat]-tubes at diff]5t heights4 ,! ends ( ^! tubes are embrac$1 )9 ! /eam *amb]1 by annul> tr\ghs4 ,at ! top dom$ "p ( ! boil] are two annul> *amb]s1 ! out] "o be+ int5d$ to receive ! wat] ^u entry f ! fe$-pump1 & to conta9 any s$im5t>y deposit :i* may be =m$4 ,! wat] next passes1 by ! pipe1 a1 9 ! figure1 into ! inn] *amb]1 surr\nd+ ! end ( ! uptake flue1 :5ce x fl[s ?r\gh ! pipe1 b1 d[n into ! fir/ ( ! annul> tr\ghs above m5tion$1 & aft]w>d ov]fl[s ^! tr\ghs 9 succession until x rea*es ! bottom4 ,mr4 ,moy claims to h secur$ by ?is means a boil] ( quick /eam+ capacity1 toge!r ) a r$uction 9 ! weight ( metal1 & consid]able economy ( fuel4 ,by ! arrangem5t ( ! wat] 9 a numb] ( %all[ lay]s a l>ge /eam+ surface is obta9$1 & !re is a good /eam space r5d]$ available r\nd ! tr\ghs4 ,! wat] also ent]s at a po9t :]e x may ab/ract z mu* heat z possible f ! furnace gases be=e !y escape2 & by ! sep>ation ( ! top dom$ *amb] f ! re/ ( ! boil] ! op]ation ( scal+ & clean+ is facilitat$4 ,! arrangem5t is also adapt$ to horizontal & multitubul> boil]s1 to be fir$ ) solid1 liquid1 or gase\s fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,boil]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,elevat$ ,,railways ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,b few p]sons :o h n be5 9 ,new ,york s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! elevat$ roads1 & witness$ _! equipm5ts & op]ations1 c h any adequate idea ( ! ext5t ( !m1 & ( ! p1 ma*9]y1 & appurt5ances requir$ 9 work+ !m4 ,a rec5t inv5tory discloses ! fact t !re are #cb miles ( roadway1 #afa /ations1 #bjc eng9es1 & #fab c>s1 :ile #c1dhj tra9s a day are run4 ,!re are #c1bgd m5 employ$ on ^! roads1 #cji ( :om are eng9e]s1 #beh ticket ag5ts1 #bca conductors1 #cjh firem51 #cie gu>ds or brakem51 #cdg gatem51 #d road inspectors1 #ajf port]s1 #cc c>p5t]s1 #bg pa9t]s1 #fi c> inspectors1 #adj c> clean]s1 #dj lamp m51 & #dgj blacksmi?s1 boil] mak]s1 & o!r me*anics employ$ on ! /ructure & 9 ! %ops4 ,mo/ ( ! ticket ag5ts are telegraph op]ators1 b !re are #ac o!r op]ators employ$4 ,!re are f\r d\ble-track l9es 9 op]ation4 ,! aggregate daily receipts v>y f #ad1jjj to #ah1jjj2 & z _m z #bgd1jbc pass5g]s h be5 c>ri$ 9 "o day4 ,eng9e]s are paid f #c to #c4ej p] day2 ticket ag5ts1 #a4ge to #b4be2 conductors1 #a4ij to #b4ej2 firem51 #a4ij to #b2 gu>ds or brakem51 #a4ej to #a4fe2 & gatem51 #a4bj to #a4ej4 ,! above items d n include ma*9i/s & o!r employs 9 ! work%ops1 or ! g5]al (fic]s1 cl]ks1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]ican ,,antimony4 ,a ,baltimore dispat* in=ms u t a c>load ( antimony1 t5 tons 9 all1 0 lately receiv$ by ,c4,l4 ,oudesluys ,co41 f ! s\!rn "p ( ,utah ,t]ritory1 be+ ! fir/ antimony receiv$ 9 ! ,ea/ f ! m9es ( t section4 ,! antimony 0 m9$ ab\t #adj miles f ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,! ore is a sulphide1 blui% gray 9 color1 & yields f #fj to #fe p] c5t4 ( antimony4 ,all antimony h]et(ore came f ,great ,brita9 & ! isl& ( ,borneo1 & paid an import duty ( #aj p] c5t4 ad valorem1 & !re is also "s f ,sonora4 ,x is believ$ t ) prop] rail facilities to ! m9es ( ! ,we/ !re w be no ne$ ( importations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,developm5ts ,,( ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,half-,,c5tury4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pap] read 9 ,section ,g 7,me*anical7 ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,by ,,sir ,,fr$]ick ,,bramwell1 ,v4,p4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,*airman ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,i am q sure ! section w agree ) me 9 ?9k+ x 0 v =tunate = u1 & = sci5ce g5]ally1 t our presid5t refra9$ f occupy+ ! "t ( ! section by a retrospect1 & devot$ himself1 9 t lucid & cle> address ) :i* he favor$ u1 to ! consid]ation ( c]ta9 sci5tific matt]s connect$ ) eng9e]+1 & to ! =e%ad[+ ( ! directions 9 :i* he believes x possible t fur!r improvem5ts may be s\ght =4 ,b ,i ?9k x is desirable t "s "o %\ld give to ?is section a record1 ev5 al?\gh x mu/ be b a brief & an imp]fect "o1 ( c]ta9 ( ! improvem5ts t h be5 made1 & ( "s ( ! progress t has tak5 place1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 9 ! practical application ( me*anical sci5ce1 ) :i* sci5ce & its applications our section is p>ticul>ly connect$4 ,i regret to say t1 l mo/ ( ! g5tlem5 :o sat on ?is plat=m ye/]day1 :o1 ,i ?9k1 71 )\t exception1 pa/ presid5ts ( ! section1 ,i am old en\gh to give ?is record f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,fifty ye>s ago ,i _h n ! honor ( be+ a memb]1 nor %\ld ,i1 x is true1 h be5 eligible = memb]%ip ( ! association2 b ,i 0 at t "t vigor\sly mak+ models ( /eam-eng9es1 to ! great annoyance ( ! h\sehold 9 :i* ,i liv$1 & 0 look+ =w>d to ! day :5 ,i %\ld be old en\gh to be appr5tic$ to an eng9e]4 ,)\t fur!r preface1 ,i w briefly allude to "s ( ! pr9cipal developm5ts ( a few ( ! bran*es ( eng9e]+4 ,i am well aw>e t _m bran*es w be left unnotic$2 b ,i tru/ t ! omissions ,i may make w be rem$i$ by ^? pres5t :o may speak ^u ! subject aft] me4 ,i w beg9 by allud+ to ,,! ,,/eam-,,eng9e ,,employ$ ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,purposes4 ,9 #ahca1 ! /eam-eng9e = ^! purposes 0 commonly ! cond5s+ beam eng9e1 & 0 suppli$ ) /eam f boil]s1 kn[n1 f _! %ape1 z wagon boil]s2 ?is %ape appe>s to h be5 *os5 r = ! conv5i5ce ( ! sweeps1 :o p]iodically w5t ?r\gh ! flues to remove ! soot consequ5t on ! imp]fect combu/ion1 ?an = ! purpose ( )/&+ any int]nal pressure ( /eam4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce 01 t ! manufactur+ eng9es ( ^? days 7 compell$ to "w ) /eam ( f only #c lb4 to #e lb4 p] squ>e in* ( pressure above atmosph]e4 ,! pi/on spe$ r>ely exce$$ #bej feet p] m9ute1 & z a result ( ! feeble pressure1 & ( ! l[ rate ( spe$1 v l>ge cyl9d]s inde$ 7 ne$$ relatively to ! p[] obta9$4 ,! consumption ( fuel 0 heavy1 be+ commonly f #g lb4 to #aj lb4 p] gross indicat$ horsep[] p] h\r4 ,! gov]n+ ( ! eng9e 0 done by p5dulum gov]nors1 revolv+ sl[ly1 & n calculat$ to ex]t any great] ef=t ?an t ( rais+ ! balls at ! end ( ! p5dulum arms1 ?us be+1 z w be readily se51 v ineffici5t regulators4 ,! connection ( ! p>ts ( ! eng9e betwe5 !mselves 0 d]iv$ f ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! eng9e 0 support$4 ,incid5t to ! l[ pi/on spe$ 0 sl[ness ( revolution1 r5d]+ necess>y heavy fly :eels1 to obta9 ev5 an approa* to practical uni=mity ( rotation1 & frequ5tly r5d]+ necess>y also heavy tra9s ( too!d ge>+1 to br+ up ! spe$ f t ( ! revolutions ( ! eng9e to t ( ! ma*9]y x 0 int5d$ to drive4 ,9 #ahha1 ! boil]s are almo/ inv>iably cyl9drical1 & are v commonly int]nally fir$1 ei!r by "o flue or by two2 we owe x to ! late ,sir ,william ,fairbairn1 ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfa1 t ! dang]1 :i* at "o "t exi/$1 ( ! collapse ( ^! fire flues1 has be5 entirely remov$ by 8 application ( circumf]5tial b&s4 ,n[adays !re are1 z we "k1 modifications ( ,sir ,william ,fairbairn's b&s1 b by means ( 8 b&s1 or by modifications !re(1 all int]nally flu$ boil]s are s /r5g!n$ t ! risk ( a collapse ( ! flue is at an end4 ,boil]s ( ?is k9d are well calculat$ to furni%--& commonly d furni%--/eam ( f #dj lb4 to #hj lb4 pressure above atmosph]e4 ,! pi/on spe$ is n[ v g5]ally #djj feet or m1 s t1 not)/&+ t !re is usually a lib]al expansion1 ! mean pressure ^u ! pi/on is increas$1 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) its increas$ spe$1 enables mu* m p[] to be obta9$ f a giv5 size ( cyl9d] ?an 0 =m]ly obta9able4 ,! revolutions ( ! eng9e n[ are z _m z f #fj to #bjj p] m9ute1 & ?us1 ) f> light] fly-:eels1 uni=mity ( rotation is mu* m ne>ly atta9$4 ,,! ,,evaporative ,,cond5s]4 ,moreov]1 all ! p>ts ( ! eng9e are self-conta9$2 !y no long] dep5d ^u ! f\ndation1 & 9 _m cases ! cond5s+ is effect$ ei!r by surface cond5s]s1 or1 :]e !re is n suffici5t wat]1 ! cond5sation is1 9 a few in/ances1 effect$ by ! evaporative cond5s]--a cond5s] :i*1 ,i am sorry to say1 is n g5]ally kn[n1 & is !re=e b seldom us$1 al?\gh its exi/5ce has be5 ne>ly z long z t ( ! association4 ,not)/&+ ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! evaporative cond5s] has be5 kn[n to "s eng9e]s1 x is a common ?+ to he> p]sons say1 :5 y ask !m if !y are us+ a cond5s+ eng9e1 ,i c n use x2 ,i h n wat] en\gh4 ,a v suffici5t answ] inde$1 if an injection cond5s] or an ord9>y surface cond5s] con/itut$ ! sole means by :i* a vacu\s condition might be obta9$2 b a v insuffici5t answ]1 hav+ reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( ! evaporative cond5s]1 z by its means1 :5ev] !re is wat] en\gh = ! fe$ ( a non cond5s+ eng9e1 !re is en\gh to cond5se1 & to produce a good vacuum4 ,! evaporative cond5s] simply consi/s ( a s]ies ( pipes1 9 :i* is ! /eam to be cond5s$1 & ov] :i* ! wat] is all[$ to fall 9 a cont9u\s ra94 ,by ?is arrangem5t !re is evaporat$ f ! outside ( ! cond5s] a weight ( wat] :i* goes away 9 a cl\d ( vapor1 & is ne>ly equal to t :i* is cond5s$1 & is return$ z fe$ into ! boil]4 ,! same wat] is pump$ up & us$ outside ! cond5s]1 ov] & ov]1 ne$+ no m to supply ! wa/e ?an w\ld be ne$$ z fe$ wat]4 ,al?\gh ?is cond5s] has1 z ,i h said1 be5 9 use = ?irty or =ty ye>s1 "o /ill sees eng9es work+ )\t cond5sation at all1 or ) wat]works wat]1 pur*as$ at a great co/1 & to ! detrim5t ( o!r consum]s :o want x = ord9>y dome/ic purposes2 or "o sees l>ge cond5s+ ponds made1 9 :i* ! injection wat] is /or$ to be us$ ov] & ov] aga91 & frequ5tly 7especially t[>d ! end ( ! week7 9 s tepid a /ate z to be unfit = its purpose4 ,! gov]n+ is n[ done by means ( quick-runn+ gov]nors1 :i* h p[] en\gh 9 !m to raise n m]ely ! weight ( ! p5dulum ball1 :i* is n[ small1 b a v heavy weight1 & 9 ?is way ! gov]n+ is extremely effective4 ,i propose to say no m1 look+ at ! magnitude ( ! :ole ( my subject1 ^u ! eng9e us$ = manufactur+ purposes1 b r to turn at once to ^? employ$ = o!r objects4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,9 #ahca1 !re 7 a consid]able numb] ( paddle /eam]s runn+ along "s ( ! riv]s 9 ,engl&1 & across ! ,*annel to ! ,cont95t4 ,b !re 7 no ocean /eam]s1 prop]ly s-call$1 & !re 7 no /eam]s us$ = w>like purposes4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! wagon boil]s1 ! boil]s ( ! paddle /eam]s ( #ahca 7 mo/ unsuit$ = resi/+ pressure4 ,!y 7 m]e tanks1 & !re 0 z mu* pressure :5 !re 0 no /eam 9 ! boil] f ! weight ( ! wat] on ! bottom1 z !re 0 at ! top ( ! boil] f ! /eam pressure :5 ! /eam 0 up4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 aga91 f #c lb4 to #e lb4 0 all ! pressure ! boil]s 7 compet5t to be>1 & z ! eng9es ran at a sl[ spe$1 !y develop$ b a small am\nt ( horse-p[] 9 relation to _! size4 ,moreov]1 z 9 ! l& eng9e1 ! connection betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! m>9e eng9e 0 su* z to be incompet5t to /& ! /ra9 t w\ld come ^u x if a high] pressure1 ) a consid]able expansion1 7 us$1 & ?us ! consumption ( coal 0 v heavy2 & we "k t1 hav+ reg>d to ! !n consumption1 x 0 said1 on high au?ority1 x w\ld be impossible = a /eamboat to trav]se ! ,atlantic1 z x c\ld n c>ry fuel en\gh to take x across2 & inde$ x 0 n until #ahch t ! ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n did make ! passage4 ,! passage _h be5 made be=e1 b x 0 n until #ahch t ! pass5g] s]vice c be said to h comm5c$4 ,9 #ahca1 ! m>9e boil] 0 suppli$ ) salt wat]1 ! hulls 7 inv>iably ( wood1 & ! spe$ 0 probably f eight to n9e knots an h\r4 ,9 #ahha1 ! vessels are z inv>iably ei!r ( iron or ( /eel1 & ,i believe x w n be v long be=e ! iron disappe>s1 giv+ place entirely to ! la/ m5tion$ metal4 ,) respect to ! t]m /eel1 ,i am ready to agree t x is impossible to say :]e1 *emically speak+1 iron ends & /eel beg9s4 ,b 7leav+ out malleable ca/ iron7 ,i apply ?is t]m /eel to any malleable ductile metal ( :i* iron =ms ! pr9cipal elem5t & :i* has be5 9 fusion1 & ,i d s 9 contradi/9ction to ! metal :i* may be simil> *emically1 b :i* has be5 prep>$ by ! puddl+ process4 ,apply+ ! t]m /eel 9 t s5se1 ,i believe1 z ,i h said1 x w n be v long be=e plate-iron produc$ by ! puddl+ process w cease to be us$ = ! purpose ( build+ vessels4 ,) respect to m>9e eng9es1 !y are n[ suppli$ ) /eam f multiple tub$ boil]s1 ! %ells ( :i* are commonly cyl9drical4 ,!y are ( enorm\s /r5g?1 & made ) e possible c>e1 & c>ry f #hj lb4 to #ajj lb4 pressure on ! squ>e in*4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 on ! :ole1 m conv5i5t to exp& ! /eam 9 two or m cyl9d]s1 r ?an 9 "o4 ,i q agree t1 z a m]e matt] ( eng9e]+ sci5ce1 !re is no reason :y ! expansion %\ld n take place 9 a s+le cyl9d]1 unless x be t a s+le cyl9d] is cool$ d[n to an ext5t :i* _c be ov]come by jacket+1 & :i*1 !re=e1 de/roys a portion ( ! /eam on its ent]+ into ! cyl9d]4 ,z reg>ds ! propell]1 z we "k1 except 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! paddle-:eel has practically disappe>$1 & ! screw propell] is all b univ]sally employ$4 ,! sub/itution ( ! screw propell] = ! paddle enables ! eng9e to "w at a mu* high] numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute1 & ?us a v great pi/on spe$1 "s #fjj ft4 to #hjj ft4 p] m9ute1 is atta9$2 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) ! fairly high mean pressure :i* prevails1 enables a l>ge p[] to be got f a comp>atively small-siz$ eng9e4 ,spe$s ( #ae knots an h\r are n[ 9 _m cases ma9ta9$1 & on trial trips are n uncommonly exce$$4 ,/eam vessels are n[ ! accept$ vessels ( w>4 ,we h !m 9 an armor$ /ate & 9 an un>mor$ /ate1 b :5 un>mor$ r5d]$ s =midable1 by ! comm& :i* _! spe$ gives !m ( *oos+ _! di/ance1 z to make !m1 :5 furni%$ ) p[]ful guns1 dang]\s oppon5ts ev5 to ! be/ armor$ vessels4 ,,m>9e ,,gov]nors4 ,we h also n[ m>9e eng9es1 gov]n$ by gov]nors ( su* extreme s5sitiv5ess z to give !m ! semblance ( be+ end[$ ) ! _s ( prophecy1 z !y appe> r to be regulat+ ! eng9e = t :i* is ab\t to take place ?an = t :i* is tak+ place4 ,?is may s\nd a some:at extravagant /atem5t1 b x is s ne>ly ! tru?1 t ,i h h>dly gone outside ( x 9 us+ ! words ,i h employ$4 ,= a m>9e gov]nor to be ( any use1 x mu/ n wait till ! /]n ( ! vessel is out ( ! wat] be=e x acts to *eck ! eng9e & r$uce ! spe$4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ s5sitive1 &1 inde$1 anticipatory action ( ! gov]nors c effici5tly control m>9e propulsion4 ,in/ances are on record ( vessels hav+ eng9es )\t m>9e gov]nors be+ deta9$ by /ress ( wea!r at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 :ile vessels hav+ su* gov]nors1 ( good design1 h gone to ,newca/le1 h come back1 & h f\nd ! o!r vessels /ill wait+ = m favorable wea!r4 ,) respect to cond5sation 9 m>9e eng9es1 x is almo/ inv>iably effect$ by surface cond5s]s1 & ?us x is t ! boil]s1 in/ead ( be+ f$ ) salt wat] z !y us$ to be1 involv+ cont9u\s bl[+ (f1 & frequ5tly ! salt+ up1 ( ! boil]1 are n[ f$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t 9 "s in/ances1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( a ?9 protect+ scale ^u ! tubes & plates1 v consid]able corrosion has tak5 place :5 di/ill$ wat]1 d]iv$ f cond5s]s hav+ unt9n$ brass tubes1 has be5 us$1 & :]e ! wat] has c>ri$ into ! boil] fatty acids1 aris+ f ! decomposition ( ! grease us$ 9 ! eng9e2 b means are n[ employ$ by :i* ^! effects are c\nt]act$4 ,,light ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 ,i wi%1 be=e quitt+ ?is section ( my subject1 to call y\r att5tion to two v int]e/+ b v diff]5t k9ds ( m>9e eng9es4 ,"o is ! high-spe$ torp$o vessel1 or /eam laun*1 ( :i* ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t's firm h furni%$ s _m examples4 ,9 ^!1 ow+ to ! rate at :i* ! pi/on runs to ! initial pressure ( #abj lb4 & to v great skill 9 ! design1 ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t h succe$$ 9 obta9+ a gross indicat$ horse-p[] = z small a weight z half a cwt41 includ+ ! boil]1 ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 ! eng9e1 ! propell] %aft1 & ! propell] itself4 ,to obta9 ! ne$$ /eam f ! small & light boil]1 rec\rse has to be made to ! aid ( a fan bla/ driv5 into ! /oke-hole4 ,f ! use ( a bla/ 9 ?is way advantages accrue4 ,"o is1 z already /at$1 t f a small boil] a l>ge am\nt ( /eam is produc$4 ,ano!r is t ! /oke-hole is kept cool2 & ! ?ird is t artificial bla/s ?us appli$ are unaccompani$ by ! dang]s :i* arise1 :5 "u ord9>y circum/ances ! bla/ is suppli$ only to ! a%-pit itself4 ,,! ,,p]k9s ,,sy/em4 ,! second m>9e eng9e to :i* ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion is "o t has be5 made ) a view to great economy4 ,! pr9ciples foll[$ 9 its con/ruction are among ^? sugge/$ by ! ,presid5t 7,sir ,w4,g4 ,arm/rong7 9 8 address4 ,he 7y w rememb]7 po9t$ out t ! direction 9 :i* economy 9 ! /eam eng9e 0 to be look$ = 0 t ( increas+ ! initial pressure2 al?\gh at ! same "t he said t !re 7 drawbacks 9 ! %ape ( great] loss1 by radiation1 & by ! high] temp]ature at :i* ! products ( combu/ion w escape4 ,we mu/ admit ! fact ( ! latt] s\rce ( loss1 :5 us+ v high /eam1 x be+ inevitable t temp]ature ( ! products ( combu/ion escap+ f a boil] "u ^! conditions mu/ be high] ?an ^? :i* ne$ be all[$ to escape :5 l[] /eam is employ$2 al?\gh ,i regret to say t 9 practice 9 m>9e boil]s work+ at comp>atively l[ pressures ! products are ord9>ily suff]$ to pass into ! funnel at above ! temp]ature ( melt$ lead4 ,b ) respect to ! loss by radiation 9 ! p>ticul> eng9e ,i am ab\t to m5tion--t ( ,p]k9s--!re is n z mu* loss z t :i* prevails 9 ! ord9>y m>9e boil]s1 because ! ,p]k9s boil] is completely inclos$1 ) ! result t :ile !re is )9 ! case a boil] conta9+ /eam ( #djj lb4 on ! squ>e in*1 & ! fire to g5]ate t /eam1 ! h& may be appli$ to ! ca/+ itself1 :i* conta9s ! :ole ( ! boil]1 )\t receiv+ any unpleasant s5sation ( w>m?4 ,by ,mr4 ,p]k9s's arrangem5t1 us+ /eam ( #djj lb4 9 ! boil]1 x 0 f\nd1 z ! result ( v sev]e trials1 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,ri*1 ( ,messrs4 ,ea/on & ,&]son's firm1 & myself--trials :i* la/$ = twelve h\rs--t ! total consumption ( fuel1 includ+ t = gett+ up /eam f cold wat]1 0 j "u #a4h1 actually #a4gi lb4 p] gross indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,t gross indicat$ horse-p[] 0 obta9$ 9 a mann] :i* x is desirable %\ld always be employ$ 9 /eamboat trials4 ,x 0 n got by us+ z a divisor ! horse-p[] ( ! mo/ favorable diagram obta9$ dur+ ! day2 b x 0 got f diagrams tak5 dur+ ! regul> "w2 !n1 e half-h\r1 :5 ! pressure began to die d[n1 f coal be+ no long] put ^u ! fire1 diagrams tak5 e qu>t] ( an h\r1 & !n t[>d ! la/1 e five m9utes2 & ! total numb] ( foot p\nds 7 calculat$ f ^! diagrams1 & 7 us$ to obta9 ! gross indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,fur!r1 s f> z c\ld be asc]ta9$ by ! process ( comm5c+ a trial ) a kn[n fire1 & clos+ t trial at ! end ( six h\rs1 ) ! fire z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same condition1 ! consumption 0 #a4ff lb4 ( coal p] gross indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,s t1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! coal consum$ 9 rais+ /eam f cold wat]1 ! eng9e work$ = #a-b_/c lb4 ( coal p] horse p] h\r4 ,i ?9k x well to give ^! details1 because und\bt$ly x is an extremely economical result4 ,,e!r ,,eng9e4 ,our presid5t allud$ to ! employm5t ( e!r z a means ( utiliz+ ! heat :i* escap$ into ! cond5s]1 & gave "s acc\nt ( :at 0 done by ,mons4 ,du ,tremblay 9 ?is direction4 ,x s happ5$ t ,i _h occasion to inve/igate ! matt] at ! "t ( ,du ,tremblay's exp]im5ts2 v little 0 effect$ "h 9 ,engl&1 "o difficulty be+ ! excise int]f]5ce ) ! manufacture ( e!r4 ,*lor(orm 0 us$ "h1 & x 0 also sugge/$ to employ bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 a great deal 0 done4 ,f\r l>ge vessels 7 fitt$ ) ! e!r eng9es1 & ,i w5t ov] to ,m>seilles to see !m at "w4 ,i took diagrams f ^! eng9es1 & !re is no d\bt t1 by ?is sy/em1 ! exhau/ /eam f ! /eam cyl9d]1 :i* 0 cond5s$ by ! application ( e!r to ! surface ( ! /eam cond5s] 7produc+ a respectable vacuum ( ab\t #bb in*es71 gave an e!r pressure ( #ae lb4 on ! squ>e in* above atmosph]e1 & v economical results z reg>ds fuel 7 obta9$4 ,! s*eme 01 h[ev]1 ab&on$ f practical difficulties4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t e!r vapor is v difficult to deal )1 & al?\gh e!r is light1 ! vapor is extremely heavy1 & if !re is any leakage1 x goes d[n into ! bilges by gravitation1 & be+ mix$ ) air1 unless due c>e is tak5 to prev5t access to ! flues1 !re w\ld be a con/ant risk ( a viol5t explosion4 ,9 fact1 x 0 necess>y to treat ! eng9e room 9 ! way 9 :i* a fi]y colli]y w\ld be treat$4 ,! light+1 = in/ance1 0 by lamps ext]nal to ! eng9e room1 & %9+ ?r\gh ?ick plate-glass4 ,! h& lamps 7 ,davy's4 ,! e!r eng9e 0 a bold exp]im5t 9 appli$ sci5ce1 & "o t entitles ,du ,tremblay's "n to be pres]v$1 & to be m5tion$ z x 0 by our presid5t4 ,,! ,,quicksilv] ,,eng9e4 ,^! 0 ano!r k9d ( m>9e eng9e t ,i ?9k %\ld n be pass$ ov] )\t notice2 ,i allude to ,h[>d's quicksilv] eng9e4 ,! exp]im5ts ) ?is eng9e 7 p]sev]$ 9 = "s consid]able "t1 & x 0 actually us$ = practical purposes 9 propell+ a pass5g] /eam-vessel call$ ! ,ve/a1 & runn+ betwe5 ,london & ,ramsgate4 ,9 t eng9e ! boil] _h a d\ble bottom1 conta9+ an amalgam ( quicksilv] & lead4 ,?is amalgam s]v$ z a res]voir ( heat1 :i* x took up f ! fire bel[ ! d\ble-bottom1 & gave =? at int]vals to ! wat] above x4 ,!re 0 no wat] 9 ! boil]1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 b :5 /eam 0 want$ to />t ! eng9e1 a small quantity ( wat] 0 inject$ by means ( a h&-pump1 & aft] ! eng9e 0 />t$1 !re 0 pump$ by x into ! boil]1 at ea* half revolution1 z mu* wat] z w\ld make ! /eam ne$$4 ,?is wat] 0 fla%$ on ! top surface ( ! res]voir 9 :i* ! amalgam 0 conf9$1 & 0 entirely turn$ into /eam1 ! object ( ! eng9e]s 9 *>ge be+ to s5d 9 s mu* wat] z w\ld j g5]ate ! /eam1 b s z n to leave any wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,! eng9es ( ! ,ve/a 7 made by ,mr4 ,p5n1 = ,mr4 ,h[>d1 ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 ,ironworks1 ,ro!rhi!4 ,mr4 ,h[>d 01 ,i fe>1 a consid]able los] by 8 m]itori\s ef=ts to improve ! /eam-eng9e4 ,!re 0 us$1 ) ?is eng9e1 an almo/ unkn[n mode ( obta9+ fre% wat] = ! boil]4 ,fre% wat]1 x w be se5 0 a necessity 9 ?is mode ( evaporation4 ,! pres5ce ( salt1 or ( any o!r impurity1 :5 ! :ole ( ! wat] 0 fla%$ into /eam1 mu/ h caus$ a deposit on ! top ( ! amalgam *amb] at ea* op]ation4 ,fre% wat]1 !re=e1 0 ne$$2 ! problem arose h[ to get x2 & t problem 0 solv$1 n by ! use ( surface cond5sation1 b by ! employm5t ( re9jection1 t is to say1 ! wat] deliv]$ f ! hot well 0 pass$ into pipes ext]nal to ! vessel2 aft] trav]s+ !m1 x came back into ! injection tank suffici5tly cool$ to be us$ aga94 ,! boil]s 7 work$ by coke fires1 urg$ by a fan bla/ 9 _! a%pits1 b ,i am n aw>e t ?is mode ( fir+ 0 a ne$ful "p ( ! sy/em4 ,,locomotive ,,eng9es4 ,i come n[ to ! eng9es us$ = railways4 ,at ! ,briti% ,association meet+ ( #ahca1 ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway _h be5 op5$ only ab\t a ye>4 ,! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton coal l9e1 x is true1 _h c>ri$ pass5g]s by /eam p[] z e>ly z #ahbe1 b ,i ?9k we may look ^u ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool z be+ ! beg9n+ ( ! pass5g] & m]cantile railway sy/em ( ! pres5t day4 ,at t "t ! locomotives weigh$ f eight to t5 tons1 & ! spe$ 0 ab\t #bj miles p] h\r1 ) a pressure ( f #dj to #ej lb4 ,! rails 7 light2 !y 7 jo9t$ 9 ! *airs1 :i* 7 g5]ally c>ri$ on /one blocks1 ?us af=d+ mo/ excell5t anvils = ! batt]+ to pieces ( ! ends ( ! rails--t is to say1 = ! de/ruction ( ! v p>ts :]e !y 7 mo/ vuln]able4 ,! eng9es 7 n compet5t to draw heavy tra9s1 & x 0 a common practice to h at ! foot ( an incl9e a %$ conta9+ a bank eng9e1 :i* ran out aft] ! tra9s z !y pass$1 & pu%$ !m up to ! top ( ! hill4 ,injectors 7 !n unkn[n1 & donkey-pumps 7 unkn[n1 & !re=e1 :5 x 0 necess>y to fill up ! boil]1 if x _h n be5 prop]ly pump$ up be=e ! locomotive came to re/1 x _h to run ab\t ! l9e 9 ord] to "w its fe$-pumps4 ,to get ov] ?is difficulty1 x 0 occasionally ! practice to ins]t into a l9e ( rails1 9 a sid+1 a pair ( :eels1 ) _! tops level ) t ( ! rails s t ! eng9e :eels c\ld run ^u ! rims4 ,!n1 ! locomotive be+ fix$ to prev5t x f mov+ (f ! pair ( :eels ?us endways1 x 0 put into revolution1 its driv+ :eels be>+1 z already /at$1 ^u ! rims ( ! pair ( :eels 9 ! rails1 & ?us ! eng9e work$ its fe$-pumps )\t int]f]+ 7by its ne$less runn+ up & d[n ! l9e7 ) ! traffic4 ,x %\ld h be5 /at$1 t at ?is "t !re 0 no l9k motion1 no practical expansion ( ! /eam1 & t ev5 ! rev]sal ( ! eng9e _h to be effect$ by work+ ! sides by h& ge>1 9 ! mann] 9 use 9 m>9e eng9es4 ,:5 ! ,briti% ,association orig9at$1 al?\gh ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway _h be5 op5$ = a ye>1 !re is no d\bt t ! #cjj memb]s :o !n came to ?is city f\nd _! way "h by ! sl[ process ( ! /age-coa*1 ! loss ( :i* we s mu* deplore 9 ! summ] & 9 f9e wea!r1 b ! obligatory use ( :i* we %\ld s mu* regret 9 ! mis]able wea!r n[ prevail+ 9 ^! isl&s4 ,9 #ahha1 we "k t railways are ev]y:]e ins]t$4 ,/eel rails1 d\ble ! weight ( ! orig9al iron ones1 are us$4 ,wood5 sleep]s h replac$ ! /one blocks1 & !y1 9 _! turn1 w probably give way to sleep]s ( /eel4 ,! jo9ts are n[ made by means ( fi%-plates1 & ! mo/ vuln]able "p ( ! rail1 ! end1 is no long] laid on an anvil = a purpose ( be+ sma%$ to pieces1 b ! ends ( ! rails are n[ almo/ always ov] a void1 & !reby are n m affect$ by we> ?an is any o!r "p ( ! rail4 ,! spe$ is n[ f #ej to #fj miles an h\r = pass5g] tra9s1 :ile sl[ spe$ goods eng9es1 weigh+ #de tons1 draw beh9d !m coal tra9s ( #hjj tons4 ,! injector is n[ commonly employ$1 &1 by its aid1 a c>eful driv] ( ! eng9e ( a /opp+ tra9 c fill up 8 boil] :ile at re/ at ! /ations4 ,! l9k motion is 9 common use1 to :i*1 no d\bt1 is ow+ ! v consid]able economy ) :i* ! locomotive eng9e n[ works4 ,z reg>ds ! "q ( safety1 x is a fact t1 not)/&+ ! increas$ spe$1 railway accid5ts are few] ?an !y 7 at ! sl[ spe$4 ,x is also a fact1 t if ! :ole population ( ,london 7 to take a railway j\rney1 !re w\ld be b "o dea? aris+ out ( x4 ,f\r millions ( j\rneys = "o dea? ( a pass5g] f causes beyond 8 own control is1 ,i believe1 a /ate ( security :i* r>ely prevails else:]e4 ,z an in/ance1 ! /reet accid5ts 9 ,london alone cause betwe5 #bjj & #cjj dea?s p] annum4 ,?is safety 9 railway travel+ is no d\bt l>gely due to ! block sy/em1 r5d]$ possible by ! electric telegraph2 & also to ! effici5t int]lock+ ( po9ts & signals1 :i* r5d] x impossible n[ = a signal man to give an unsafe signal4 ,he may give a wrong "o1 9 ! s5se ( invit+ ! wrong tra9 to come 92 b1 al?\gh wrong 9 ?is s5se1 x w\ld /ill be safe = t tra9 to d s4 ,if he c give a signal1 t signal nev] invites to dang]2 be=e he c give x1 e "o ( ! signals1 :i* ought to be at dang]1 mu/ be at dang]1 & e po9t mu/ h be5 previ\sly set1 s z to make ! road "r2 !n1 aga91 we h ! fac+ po9t-lock1 :i* is a great s\rce ( safety4 ,,brakes4 ,fur!r1 we h cont9u\s brakes ( v>i\s k9ds1 compet5t 9 practice to absorb ?ree miles ( spe$ 9 e second ( "t2 t is to say1 if a tra9 7 go+ #fj miles an h\r1 x c be pull$ up 9 #bj seconds2 or1 if at ! rate ( #cj miles1 9 #aj seconds4 ,) a tra9 runn+ at #ej miles an h\r1 x c be pull$ up 9 f #ae to #bj seconds1 & 9 a di/ance ( f #ahj to #bdj y>ds4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ev5t ( ! tra9 sep>at+ into two or m sections1 ! brakes are automatically appli$ to ea* section1 !reby br++ !m to re/ 9 a %ort "t4 ,ano!r cause ( safety is und\bt$ly ! use ( weldless tires4 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to att5d ! ,briti% ,association meet+ _m ye>s ago at ,birm+ham1 & ,i !n read a pap] ^u weldless tires1 9 :i* ,i v5tur$ to prophesy t1 9 t5 ye>s' "t1 !re w\ld n be a weld$ tire made2 t is "o ( ! few prophecies t1 be+ made be=e ! ev5t1 h be5 fulfill$4 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to m5tion1 t at ! same "t ,i laid be=e ! section plans & sugge/ions = ! mak+ ( ! cyl9drical p>ts ( boil]s equally )\t seam1 or ev5 weld+4 ,?is is r>ely done at ! pres5t "t1 b ,i am sure t1 9 tw5ty ye>s' "t1 su* a ?+ z a longitud9al seam ( rivets 9 a boil] w be unkn[n4 ,!re is no reason :y ! successive r+s ( boil] %ells %\ld n be made weldless1 z tires are n[ made weldless4 ,,motors4 ,! next subject ,i int5d to deal ) is t ( motors4 ,9 #ahca1 we _h ! /eam-eng9e1 ! wat]-:eel1 ! w9dmill1 horse-p[]1 manual p[]1 & ,/irl+'s hot air eng9es4 ,gas eng9es1 inde$1 7 propos$ 9 #ahbd1 b 7 n br\ght to ! really practical /age4 ,we _h !n tide mills2 inde$1 we h _h !m until q lately1 & x may be t "s /ill exi/2 !y 7 s\rces ( economy 9 our fuel1 & _! ab&onm5t is to me a matt] ( regret4 ,i rememb] tide mills on ! coa/ betwe5 ,brighton & ,ne:av51 ano!r betwe5 ,gre5wi* & ,woolwi*1 ano!r at ,nor?fleet1 & 9 _m o!r places4 ,inde$1 su* mills 7 us$ pretty ext5sively2 !y 7 g5]ally erect$ at ! m\? ( a /ream1 & 9 t way ! riv] b$ made ! res]voir1 & ev5 :5 !y 7 erect$ 9 o!r situations1 ^? 7 ( a k9d suitable = ! purpose1 t is1 l[ly+ l&s 7 select$1 & 7 embank$ to =m res]voirs4 ,9 #ahha1 w9dmills & wat]-:eels are mu* ! same1 b ! turb9es are greatly improv$1 & by means ( turb9es we are enabl$ to make available ! pressure d]iv$ f heads ( wat] :i* =m]ly c\ld n be us$ at all1 or if us$1 involv$ ! erection ( enorm\s wat]-:eels1 su* z ^? at ,glasg[ & 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 :eels ( "s eighty feet 9 diamet]4 ,b n[1 by means ( a small turb9e1 an excell5t effect is produc$ f high heads ( wat]4 ,! same effect is obta9$ f ! wat]-eng9es :i* our presid5t has employ$ ) su* great success4 ,9 addition to ^! motors1 we h ! gas-eng9e1 :i*1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s only1 has become a really useful work+ & economical ma*9e4 ,) respect to horse-p[] motors1 we h n only ! old horse eng9es1 b we h a new application1 z x seems to me1 ( ! "w ( ! horse z a motor4 ,i allude to ^? cases :]e ! horse draw+ a reap+ or ?ra%+ ma*9e1 n only pulls x =w>d z he might pull a c>t1 b causes its ma*9]y to revolve1 s z to p]=m ! desir$ k9d ( "w4 ,?is species ( horse-eng9e1 ?\gh kn[n1 0 b little us$ 9 #ahca4 ,) respect to hot-air eng9es !re h be5 _m attempts to improve !m1 & "s hot-air eng9es are work+1 & are work+ ) consid]able success2 b ! am\nt ( p[] !y develop 9 relation to _! size is small1 & ,i am incl9$ to d\bt :e!r x c be mu* increas$4 ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]4 ,i n[ come to ! subject ( ! transmission ( p[]4 ,i d n mean transmission 9 ! ord9>y s5se by means ( %aft+1 ge>+1 or belt+1 b ,i mean transmission ov] long di/ances4 ,9 #ahca1 we _h = ?is purpose flat rods1 z !y 7 call$1 rods transmitt+ p[] f pump+ eng9es = a consid]able di/ance to ! pits :]e ! pumps 7 plac$1 & we _h also ! pneumatic1 ! exhau/ion sy/em--! inv5tion ( ,john ,hague1 a ,york%ire-man1 my old ma/]1 to :om ,i 0 appr5tic$--:i* mode ( transmission 0 !n us$ to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,! recollection ( x1 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 has ne>ly di$ out1 & ,i am glad to h ?is opportunity ( reviv+ x4 ,b 9 #ahha1 we h1 = ! transmission ( p[]1 fir/ ( all1 quick mov+ ropes1 & !re is n1 s f> z ,i "k a bett] in/ance ( ?is sy/em ?an t at ,s*affhaus54 ,any "o :o has ev]1 9 rec5t ye>s1 gone a mile or two above ! falls at ,s*affhaus51 mu/ h se5 !re--9 a h\se1 on ! bank ( ! ,rh9e1 opposite to t on :i* ! t[n is situat$--l>ge turb9es driv5 by ! riv]1 :i* is slightly damm$ up = ! purpose4 ,^! "w quick-go+ ropes1 c>ri$ on pulleys1 erect$ at int]vals along ! riv] bank1 = ! :ole l5g? ( ! t[n2 & p[] is deliv]$ f !m to %aft+ bel[ ! /reets1 & f x into any h\se :]e x is requir$ = manufactur+ purposes4 ,!n we h ! compress$ air transmission ( p[]1 :i* is v l>gely us$ = und]gr\nd eng9es1 & = ! work+ ( rock drills 9 m9es & tunnels4 ,,compress$ ,,air ,,locomotives4 ,we h also compress$ air 9 a portable =m1 & x is n[ employ$ ) great success 9 driv+ tram-c>s4 ,i _h occasion la/ ,janu>y to visit ,nantes1 :]e1 = eighte5 mon?s1 tram-c>s _h be5 driv5 by compress$ air1 c>ri$ on ! c>s !mselves1 c\pl$ ) an extremely +5i\s arrangem5t = ov]com+ ! difficulties commonly att5dant on ! use ( compress$ air eng9es4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! provision ( a cyl9drical vessel half fill$ ) hot wat] & half ) /eam1 at a pressure ( eighty p\nds on ! squ>e in*4 ,! compress$ air1 on its way f ! res]voir to ! eng9e1 passes ?r\gh ! wat] & /eam1 becom+ !reby heat$ & moi/5$1 & 9 t way all ! dang] ( =m+ ice 9 ! cyl9d]s 0 prev5t$1 & ! p>ts 7 susceptible ( good lubrication4 ,^! c>s1 :i* />t e t5 m9utes f ea* end1 make a j\rney ( #c miles1 & h prov$ to be a comm]cial & an eng9e]+ success4 ,i believe1 moreov]1 t !y are capable ( v consid]able improvem5t4 ,,hydraulic ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]4 ,!n !re is1 al?\gh n mu* us$1 ! transmitt+ ( p[] by means ( long /eam pipes4 ,!re is also ! transmission hydraulically4 ,?is may be c>ri$ out 9 an int]mitt5t mann]1 s z to replace ! reciprocat+ flat rods ( old days2 t is to say1 if two pipes conta9+ wat] are laid d[n1 & if ! pressure 9 ^? pipes at ! "o end be alt]nat$1 !re w be produc$ an alt]nat+ & a reciprocative effect at ! o!r1 to give motion to pumps or o!r ma*9]y4 ,!re is also t ?or\ghly well kn[n mode ( transmission1 hydraulically1 = :i* ! eng9e]+ _w owes s mu* to our presid5t4 ,we h1 by ,sir ,william ,arm/rong's sy/em1 c\pl$ ) 8 accumulator1 ! means ( transmitt+ hydraulically ! p[] ( a c5tral motor to any place requir+ x1 & by ! means ( ! pr9cipal accumulator1 or if ne$ be by t aid$ by local accumulators1 a comp>atively small eng9e is enabl$ to meet v heavy dem&s made ^u x = a %ort "t4 ,i ?9k ,i am "r 9 say+ t1 at ! ord9>y pressure :i* ,sir ,william ,arm/rong uses 9 practice1 viz41 #gjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*1 "o foot a second ( motion along an in* pipe w\ld deliv] at ! rate to produce "o-horse p[]4 ,!re=e1 a t5-in* pipe1 ) ! wat] travel+ at no great] pace ?an ?ree feet 9 a second1 w\ld deliv] #cjj horse-p[]4 ,?is #cjj horse-p[] w\ld no d\bt be some:at r$uc$ by ! loss 9 ! hydraulic eng9e1 :i* w\ld utilize ! wat]4 ,b ! total en]gy receiv$ w\ld be equival5t to produc+ #cjj horse-p[]4 ,su* a transmission w\ld be effect$ ) an exce$+ly small loss infliction 9 transit4 ,i believe ,i am "r 9 say+ t a #aj in* pipe a mile long w\ld n involve mu* m ?an ab\t #ad or #ae lb4 diff]5tial pressure to propel ! wat] ?r\gh x at ! rate ( ?ree feet 9 a second4 ,if t be s1 !n1 ) #gjj lb4 to ! in*1 ! loss "u su* circum/ances w\ld be only two p] c5t4 9 transmission4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is transmission ( p[] hydraulically has be5 ( ! greate/ possible use4 ,x has enabl$ "w to be done :i* c\ld n be done be=e4 ,enorm\s weights are rais$ ) facility :]ev] requir$1 z by ! aid ( p[] hydraulically transmitt$1 x is p]fectly easy = "o man to manage ! heavie/ cranes4 ,moreov]1 z ,i h said 9 o!r places1 ! sy/em :i* we owe to ,sir ,william ,arm/rong has gone f> to elevate ! human race1 & x has done s 9 ?is mann]4 ,s long z x is compet5t = a man to e>n a liv+ by m]e un9tellig5t ex]cise ( 8 muscles1 he is v likely to d x4 ,y may see 9 ! old ,london docks ! crane-heads cov]$ by /ructures t look l paddle-boxes4 ,if y g to !m1 !re is1 ,i am glad to say1 no?+ n[ to fill !m up2 b :5 ! ,briti% ,association fir/ met1 ^! paddle-boxes cov]$ l>ge tread-:eels1 9 :i* m5 trod1 s z to raise a weight4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,i "k t 9 fact !re is no?+ m objectionable 9 a man turn+ a :eel by tread+ inside ( x ?an !re is if he turn x r\nd by a w9*-h&le1 yet someh[ x /rikes "o m z be+ m]ely ! "w ( an animal1 a turnspit1 or a squirrel1 or1 inde$1 z ! task impos$ on ! crim9al4 ,b1 nev]!less1 9 ?is way !re 7 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons gett+ _! liv+ by ! m]e ex]cise ( _! muscles1 b1 z might be expect$1 a v poor liv+1 d]iv$ z x 0 f un9tellig5t labor4 ,t "w is no long] possible1 & is n s1 = ! p[]ful reason t x does n pay4 ,^? p]sons1 !re=e1 :o w\ld n[ h be5 ?us occupi$1 are compell$ to elevate !mselves1 & to become compet5t to e>n _! liv+ 9 a mann] :i* is m wor?y ( an intellig5t human be+4 ,x is on ^! gr\nds t ,i say we owe v mu* ! elevation ( ! work+ classes1 especially ( ! class bel[ ! artisan1 to ?is inv5tion ( our di/+ui%$ presid5t4 ,,electric ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]4 ,9 addition to ! modes ( transmission ,i h already m5tion$1 !re is ! transmission ( p[] by means ( gas4 ,i ?9k t !re is a v l>ge future inde$ = gas eng9es4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is may be ! place to /ate x1 b ,i believe ! way 9 :i* we %all utilize our fuel h]eaft] w1 9 all probability1 n be by ! way ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,sir ,william ,arm/rong allud$ to ?is probability 9 8 address1 & ,i entirely agree1 if he w all[ me to say s1 t su* a *ange 9 ! production ( p[] f fuel appe>s to be imp5d+1 if n 9 ! imm$iate future1 at all ev5ts 9 a "t n v f> remote2 & h[ev] mu* ! ,me*anical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association may to-day contemplate ) regret1 ev5 ! m]e di/ant prospect ( ! /eam-eng9e be+ a ?+ ( ! pa/1 ,i v mu* d\bt :e!r ^? :o meet "h fifty ye>s h5ce w !n speak ( x z any?+ m ?an a curiosity to be f\nd 9 a museum4 ,) respect to ! transmission ( p[] electrically1 ,i won't v5ture to t\* ^u t2 b w cont5t myself by rem9d+ y t :ile ,sir ,william ,arm/rong did say t !re 7 comp>atively small /reams :i* c\ld be utiliz$1 he did n in=m y ( t :i* he himself _h done 9 ?is direction2 let me say t ,sir ,william ,arm/rong ?us utiliz$ a fall ( wat]1 situat$ ab\t a mile f 8 h\se1 to "w a turb9e1 :i* drives a dynamo ma*9e1 g5]at+ electricity1 = ! illum9ation ( ! h\se4 ,:5 ,i 0 la/ at ,crag ,side1 t illum9ation 0 be+ effect$ by ! arc light1 b s9ce !n1 z ,sir ,william ,arm/rong has be5 good en\gh to write to me1 he has replac$ ! arc light by ! inc&esc5t lamp 7a =m ( electrical light+ f> m applicable ?an ! arc light to dome/ic purposes71 & ) ! greate/ possible success4 ,?us1 9 ,sir ,william ,arm/rong's own case1 a small /ream is made to af=d light 9 a dwell+ a mile away4 ,c]ta9ly no?+ c\ld h seem$ m improbable fifty ye>s ago ?an t ! light ( a h\se %\ld be d]iv$ f a fall ( wat] )\t ! employm5t ( any k9d or description ( fuel4 ,! next subject ^u :i* ,i propose to t\* is t ( ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,9 #ahca1 ,neilson's hot bla/ specification _h be5 publi%$ = two & a half ye>s only4 ,! ,butt]ly ,company _h tri$ ! hot bla/ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,novemb] prec$+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,! heat+ ( ! bla/ 0 com+ v sl[ly into use1 & ! temp]ature atta9$ :5 x 0 employ$ 0 only "s #fjj degrees4 ,! ord9>y bla/ furnace ( ^? days 0 #ce to #dj feet high1 & ab\t #ab feet diamet] at ! bo%es1 & turn$ out ab\t #fj tons a week4 ,x us$ ab\t #b tons ( coal p] ton ( iron1 & no attempt 0 made to utilize ! wa/e gases1 :e!r escap+ 9 ! =m ( gas or 9 ! =m ( flame1 ! c\ntry be+ illum9at$ = miles ar\nd at night by ^! fires4 ,! furnaces 7 also op5 at ! he>?1 & cont9u\s fire p\r$ out along ) ! slag4 ,9 #ahha1 bla/ furnaces are f #ij ft4 to #ajj ft4 high1 & #be ft4 9 diamet] at ! bo%es2 !y turn out f #ejj to #hjj tons a week4 ,! tops & also ! he>?s are clos$1 & ! bla/--?anks to ! use ( ,mr4 ,e4,a4 ,c[p]'s /oves--is at #a1bjj degrees4 ,! manufacture ( iron has also n[ enli/$ 9 its s]vice ! *emi/ z well z ! eng9e]1 & among ^? :o h done mu* = ! improvem5t ( ! bla/ furnaces1 to no "o is great] praise due ?an to ,mr4 ,isaac ,l[?ian ,bell1 :o has br\ght ! manufacture ( iron to ! position ( a highly sci5tific op]ation4 ,9 ! production ( wr\ght iron by ! puddl+ process1 & 9 ! subsequ5t mill op]ations1 !re is no v consid]able *ange1 except 9 ! magnitude ( ! ma*9es employ$1 &1 9 ! great] rapidity ) :i* !y n[ run4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i am n =gett+ ! v>i\s me*anical puddl]s :i* h be5 put to "w1 nor ! attempts t h be5 made by ! use ( "s ( !m to make wr\ght iron direct f ! ore2 b nei!r ! me*anical puddl] nor ! direct process has yet come into g5]al use2 & ,i desire to be tak5 z speak+ ( t :i* is ! ord9>y process pursu$ at ! pres5t 9 puddl$ iron manufactures4 ,9 #ahca1 a few hundr$weights 0 ! limit ( weight ( a plate1 :ile 9 #ahha1 !re may readily be obta9$1 = boil]-mak+ purposes1 plates ( at lea/ f\r times ! weight ( ^? t 7 made 9 #ahca4 ,i may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to say t !re is an extremely int]e/+ blue-book ( ! ye> #ahah1 conta9+ ! report ( a p>liam5t>y committee :i* sat on boil] explosions1 & ,i recomm5d any me*anical eng9e] :o is int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject to read t book2 he w f9d x !re /at$ t 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& !re 0 a species ( eng9es call$ locomotives1 ! boil]s ( :i* 7 made ( wr\ght iron1 beat51 n roll$1 because ! roll$ plate 0 n consid]$ fit2 x 0 add$ t if made ( beat5 iron ! boil] w\ld la/ at lea/ a ye>4 ,9 #ahca1 ?irte5 ye>s lat]1 ! dim5sions ( roll$ plates 7 no d\bt rais$2 b few !n w\ld h suppos$ x possible !re %\ld be roll$ su* plates z are n[ produc$ = boil] purposes1 & /ill few] w\ld h believ$ t 9 ! ye> #ahha we %\ld make1 = w>like purposes1 roll$ plates #bb in*es 9 ?ickness & #cj tons 9 weight4 ,i h said !re is v little alt]ation 9 ! process ( mak+ wr\ght iron by puddl+1 & ,i d n ?9k !re is likely to be mu* fur!r1 if any1 improvem5t 9 ?is process1 because ,i believe t1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 ! manufacture ( iron by puddl+ is a doom$ indu/ry4 ,i v5tur$ to say1 9 a lecture ,i deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution ?ree ye>s ago on ,! ,future ( ,/eel1 t ,i believ$ puddl$ iron1 except = ! m]e h& wr\ght =ge purposes ( ! c\ntry blacksmi?1 & = su* l purposes1 w\ld soon become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway1 told me t ab\t eighte5 mon?s ago ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway appli$ = t5d]s = rails 9 any quantities betwe5 #b1jjj & #aj1jjj tons1 & !y issu$ alt]native specifications = iron & = /eel4 ,!y receiv$ ab\t t5 t5d]s4 ,"s did n c>e to t5d] = iron at all2 b :5 !y did t5d] alt]natively1 ! price quot$ = ! iron 0 great] ?an = ! /eel4 ,i h no d\bt :atev] t1 9 a %ort "t1 x w be practically impossible to procure iron made by ! puddl+ process1 ( dim5sions fit = _m ( ! purposes = :i* a few ye>s ago x alone 0 us$4 ,) respect to /eel1 9 #ahca ! process 9 use 0 t ( cem5tation1 produc+ bli/]$ /eel1 :i* 0 ei!r pil$ & weld$ to make %e> /eel1 or 0 brok5 into small pieces1 melt$ 9 pots1 & run into an +ot weigh+ only "s #ej lb4 or #fj lb4 ,at t "t /eel 0 dealt 9 by ! p\nd2 nobody ?\ght ( /eel 9 tons4 ,9 #ahha1 we are all aw>e t1 by ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]'s well-kn[n discov]y1 c>ri$ out by him ) su* p]si/5t vigor1 ca/ iron is1 by ! bl[+ process1 conv]t$ into /eel1 & t ( ,dr4 ,siem5s' equally well-kn[n process 7n[ t1 ow+ to 8 inv5tion ( ! reg5]ative furnace1 x is possible to obta9 ! necess>y high temp]ature71 /eel is made ^u ! op5 he>?4 ,we are1 moreov]1 aw>e t1 by bo? ( ^! processes1 /eel is produc$ 9 quantities ( _m tons at a s+le op]ation1 ) ! result t z in/anc$ 9 ! case ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n rails1 /eel is a *eap] mat]ial ?an ! wr\ght iron made by ! puddl+ process4 ,"o _c pass away f ! /eel manufacture )\t allud+ to ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor?'s process ( putt+ a pressure on ! /eel :ile 9 a tri$ /ate4 ,by ?is means1 ! cavities :i* are frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 ! +ot ( a l>ge size are1 :ile ! /eel is fluid1 r5d]$ consid]ably small]1 & ! /eel is !reby r5d]$ mu* m s\nd4 ,9 conclusion ( my obs]vations on ! subject ( iron & /eel manufacture1 ,i wi% to call att5tion to ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,?omas ,gil*ri/1 by :i* ores ( iron1 conta9+ impurities t unfitt$ !m to be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( /eel1 are n[ fre$ f ^! impurities1 & are ?us br\ght into use = /eel-mak+ purposes4 ,,bridges4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca1 bridges ( ca/ iron exi/$2 b no attempt _h be5 made to employ wr\ght iron 9 gird] bridges1 al?\gh ,tel=d _h employ$ x 9 ! ,m5ai ,susp5sion ,bridge2 b 9 #ahha1 ! introduction ( railways1 & ! improvem5t 9 iron manufactures1 h dem&$1 & h r5d]$ possible ! execution ( su* bridges z ! tubul> "o1 spann+ ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 9 span ( #djj feet1 & ! ,salta%1 ov] ! ,tam>1 ) spans ( #dce feet2 :ile rec5t great improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( /eel h r5d]$ possible ! contemplat$ con/ruction ( ! ,=? ,bridge1 :]e !re are to be spans ( #a1gjj feet1 or "o-?ird ( a mile 9 l5g?4 ,mr4 ,b>l[1 "o ( ! eng9e]s ( ?is bridge1 has told me t !re w be us$ upw>ds ( #b1jjj m tons ( mat]ial 9 ! ,=? ,bridge1 to resi/ ! w9d pressure1 ?an w\ld h be5 ne$$ if no w9d _h to be tak5 into acc\nt1 & if ! "q ( ! simple weight to be c>ri$ _h alone to be consid]$4 ,) respect to ! f\ndation ( bridges1 t +5i\s man1 ,"l ,co*rane1 pat5t$ a mode ( s9k+ f\ndations1 ev5 be=e ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 viz41 z f> back1 ,i believe1 z #ahbe or #ahbf2 & ! improvem5ts :i* he !n inv5t$ are almo/ univ]sally 9 use 9 bridge con/ruction at ! pres5t day4 ,cyl9d]s sunk by ! aid ( compress$ air1 airlocks to obta9 access to ! cyl9d]1 &1 9 fact1 e means t ,i "k ( z hav+ be5 us$ 9 ! mod]n s9k+ ( cyl9d] f\ndations1 7 describ$ by ,"l ,co*rane 7aft]w>ds ,e>l ( ,dundonald7 9 t specification4 ,! next subject ,i propose to t\* on is t ( ,,ma*9e ,,tools4 ,9 #ahca1 ! m5tion ( la!s1 drill+ ma*9es1 & screw+ ma*9es br+s me v ne>ly to ! end ( ! li/ ( ! ma*9e tools us$ by turn]s & fitt]s1 & at t "t _m la!s 7 )\t slide re/s4 ,! boil]-mak] _h !n 8 pun*+-press & %e>+ ma*9e2 ! smi?1 leav+ on "o side 8 =ges & _! bell[s1 _h no?+ b h& tools1 & ! limit ( ^! 0 a huge hamm]1 ) two h&les1 requir+ two m5 to "w x4 ,9 an*or manufacture1 x is true1 a me*anical drop-hamm]1 kn[n z a ,h]cules1 0 employ$1 :ile 9 iron works1 ! ,helve & ! ,tilt hamm] 7 9 use4 ,= ord9>y smi?'s "w1 h[ev]1 !re 71 z has be5 said1 practically no ma*9e tools at all4 ,?is paucity or abs5ce 9 "s trades1 z we h se51 ( ma*9e tools1 involv$ ! ne$ ( v consid]able skill on ! "p ( ! workman4 ,x requir$ ! smi? to be a man n only ( great muscul> p[]1 b to be possess$ ( an accurate eye & a correct judgm5t1 9 ord] to produce ! =g+s :i* 7 dem&$ ( him1 & to make ! s\nd "w t 0 ne$$1 especially :5 t s\ndness 0 requir$ 9 %afts1 & 9 o!r pieces :i*1 9 ^? days1 7 look$ ^u z ( magnitude2 :i*1 inde$1 !y 71 relatively to ! tools :i* c\ld be br\ght to op]ate ^u !m4 ,! boil]-mak] 9 8 "w _h to tru/ almo/ entirely to ! eye = correctness ( =m & = regul>ity ( pun*+1 :ile all p>ts ( eng9es & ma*9es :i* c\ld n be dealt ) 9 ! la!1 9 ! drill+1 or 9 ! screw+ ma*9e1 _h to be prep>$ by ! use ( ! *isel & ! file4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! turn+ & fitt+ %ops are furni%$ n only ) ! slide la!1 self act+ 9 bo? directions1 & screw-cutt+1 ! drill+-ma*9e1 & ! screw+ ma*9e1 b ) plan+ ma*9es compet5t to plane horizontally1 v]tically1 or at an angle2 %ap+ ma*9es1 rapidly reciprocat+1 & deal+ ) almo/ any =m ( "w2 nut %ap+ ma*9es1 slot drill+ ma*9es1 & slott+ ma*9es1 :ile ! drills h become multiple & radial2 & ! accuracy ( ! "w is insur$ by te/+ on l>ge surface plates1 & by ! employm5t ( ,:itwor? int]nal & ext]nal /&>d gauges4 ,! boil] mak]'s tools n[ comprise ! /eam1 compress$ air1 hydraulic or o!r me*anical rivet]1 rolls = ! b5d+ ( plates :ile cold into ! ne$$ cyl9drical or conical =ms1 multiple drills = ! drill+ ( rivet holes1 plan+ ma*9es to plane ! edges ( ! plates1 +5i\s app>atus = flang+ !m1 !reby disp5s+ ) "o r[ ( rivets out ( two1 & roll] exp&]s = exp&+ ! tubes 9 locomotive & 9 m>9e boil]s2 :ile ! pun*+ press1 :]e /ill us$1 is improv$ s z to make ! holes = seams ( rivets 9 a p]fect l9e1 & ) absolute accuracy ( pit*4 ,) respect to ! smi?'s %op1 all l>ge pieces ( "w are n[ manipulat$ "u heavy ,nasmy? or o!r /eam hamm]s2 :ile small] pieces ( "w are commonly prep>$ ei!r 9 =g+ ma*9es or "u rapidly mov+ hamm]s1 & :5 ne$$ 9 suffici5t numb]s are made 9 dies4 ,& applicable to all ! ?ree indu/ries ( ! fitt+ %op1 ! boil] %op1 & ! smi?'s %op1 & also to t o!r indu/ry c>ri$ on 9 ! f\ndry1 are ! travel+ & sw+ cranes1 commonly work$ by %aft+1 or by quick mov+ ropes = ! travel]s1 & by hydraulic p[] or by /eam eng9es = ! sw+ cranes4 ,x may safely be said1 t )\t ! aid ( ^! implem5ts1 x w\ld be impossible to h&le ! weights t are met ) 9 ma*9]y ( ! pres5t day4 ,i n[ come to "o class ( ma*9e :i*1 humble & small z x is1 has probably _h a great] effect ^u indu/ry & ^u dome/ic life ?an almo/ any o!r4 ,i mean ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,9 #ahca1 !re 0 no means ( mak+ a seam except by ! labori\s process ( ! h& ne$le4 ,9 #ahdf1 ,eldr$ ,walk] pat5t$ a ma*9e = p>s+ ! ba/+ ?read ?r\gh ! gores ( umbrellas1 a ma*9e t 0 v +5i\s & v simple1 b 0 utt]ly unlike ! pres5t sew+ ma*9e1 ) its eye-po9t$ ne$le1 us+ sometimes two ?reads 7! second be+ put 9 by a %uttle or by ano!r ne$le71 & mak+ /it*es at tw5ty-fold ! rapidity ) :i* ! mo/ exp]t ne$lewoman c\ld "w4 ,by means ( ! sew+ ma*9e n only are all textile fabrics op]at$ ^u1 b ev5 ! ?icke/ lea!r is dealt )1 & z a t\r de =ce1 b z a matt] ( fact1 %eet-iron plates !mselves h be5 pi]c$1 & h be5 unit$ by a seam no boil]mak] ev] contemplat$1 ! pi]c+ & ! seam be+ produc$ by a ,blake sew+ ma*9e4 ,i believe all 9 ?is section w agree t ! use ( ! sew+ ma*9e has be5 unatt5d$ by loss to ^? :o e>n _! liv+ by ! ne$le2 9 fact1 x w\ld n be too mu* to say t !re has be5 a positive improvem5t 9 _! wages4 ,! next matt] ,i h to t\* ^u is ,,agricultural ,,ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahca1 we _h ?ra%+ ma*9es & d\ble pl[s1 & ev5 multiple pl[s _h be5 propos$1 tri$1 & ab&on$4 ,reap+ ma*9es _h be5 exp]im5t$ ) & ab&on$2 s[+ ma*9es 7 9 use1 b n _m ( !m2 clod cru%]s & horse rakes 7 also 9 use2 b z a fact pl[+ 0 done by horse p[] ) a s+le furr[ at a "t1 m[+ & reap+ 7 done by ! scy! or ! sickle1 %eaves 7 b\nd by h&1 hay 0 t$d$ by h&-rakes1 :ile all mat]ials & produce 7 mov$ ab\t 9 c>ts & 9 wagons drawn by horses4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h multiple pl[s1 mak+ five or six furr[s at a "t1 ^! & cultivators also1 driv5 by /eam1 commonly f two eng9es on ! head l&s1 ! pl[ be+ 9 betwe51 & work$ by a rope f ea* eng9e1 or if by "o eng9e1 a cap/an on ! o!r head l&1 ) a return rope work+ ! pl[ backw>d & =w>d2 or by :at is kn[n z ! r\ndab\t sy/em1 :]e ! eng9e is fix$ & ! rope c>ri$ r\nd ab\t ! field2 or else pl[s & cultivators are work$ by ropes f two cap/ans plac$ on ! two head l&s1 & driv5 by means ( a quick-go+ rope1 actuat$ by an eng9e1 ! position ( :i* is n *ang$4 ,& !n we h reap+ ma*9es1 driv5 at pres5t by horses2 b h[ long x w be be=e ! en]gy resid+ 9 a batt]y1 or t 9 a res]voir ( compress$ air1 w sup]s$e horse p[] to drive ! reap+ ma*9e1 ,i don't "k1 b ,i don't suppose x w be v long4 ,! m[+ & reap+ ma*9es n only cut ! crop & di/ribute x 9 swa?s1 or1 9 ! case ( ! reap+ ma*9e1 9 bundles1 b n[1 9 ! in/ance ( ^! latt] ma*9es1 are compet5t to b9d x into %eaves4 ,9 lieu ( h& t$d+1 haymak+ ma*9es are employ$1 toss+ ! grass into ! air1 s z to ?or\ghly a]ate x1 tak+ advantage ( e brief int]val ( f9e wea!r2 & se$ & manure are di/ribut$ by ma*9e ) unfail+ accuracy4 ,! soil is dra9$ by ! aid ( prop]ly con/ruct$ pl[s = prep>+ ! tr5*es2 roots are /eam$ & slic$ z food = cattle2 & ! ?ra%+ ma*9e no long] m]ely beats out ! gra91 b x scre5s x1 sep>ates x1 & elevates ! /raw1 s z to me*anically build x up into a /ack4 ,i d n "k a bett] class ( ma*9e ?an ! agricultural portable eng9e4 ,e "p ( x is p]fectly proportion$ & made2 x is usually ( ! locomotive type1 & ! economy ( fuel 9 its use is extremely great4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! improvem5t 9 ?is respect :i* has tak5 place 9 ^! eng9es1 & ! improvem5t ( agricultural ma*9]y g5]ally1 is v l>gely due to ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 "o ( ! mo/ ent]pris+ bodies 9 ,engl&4 ,i n[ come to ! v la/ subject ,i propose to speak ^u1 & t is ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9]y1 & especially z appli$ to ! pr9t+ ( newspap]s4 ,9 #ahca1 we _h ! /eam press s5d+ out a few hundr$ copies 9 an h\r1 & do+ t ^u deta*$ %eets1 & ?us _m h\rs 7 requir$ = an edition ( "s ?\s&s4 ,! only way ( exp$it+ ! matt] w\ld h be5 to h recompos$ ! pap]1 involv+1 h[ev]1 d\ble labor to ! compositors1 & a d\ble *ance ( error4 ,at ! pres5t day1 we h1 by ! ,walt] press1 ! pap] pr9t$ on a cont9u\s %eet at a rate p] h\r at lea/ ?ree times z great z t ( ! presses ( #ahca1 &1 by ! aid ( papi] m* m\lds1 )9 five m9utes f ! />t+ ( ! fir/ press1 a second press c be got to "w f ! /]eotype plates1 & a ?ird "o 9 ! next five m9utes2 & ?us ! wisdom ( our s5ators1 :i* has be5 deliv]$ z late z ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 is able to be transmitt$ by ! newspap] tra9 leav+ ,eu/on at #e3ae ,a4,m4 ,?is is ! la/ matt] ) :i* ,i %all tr\ble ! ,section4 ,i h purposely omitt$ telegraphy2 ,i h purposely omitt$ artill]y1 textile fabrics1 & ! mill+ & prep>ation ( gra94 ,^! & o!r matt]s ,i h omitt$ = sev]al reasons4 ,"s ,i h omitt$ because ,i 0 incompet5t to speak ^u !m1 o!rs because ( ! want ( "t1 & o!rs because !y m prop]ly belong to ,section ,a4 ,i hope1 sir1 al?\gh y\r address1 deal+ ) ! future1 0 und\bt$ly ! "r address = a presid5t to deliv]1 & al?\gh x is equally "r t we %\ld n cont5t ourselves ) m]ely look+ back 9 a re/ & be ?ankful _s at ! v>i\s progress :i* ?is pap] records1 x may nev]!less be ?\ght well t !re %\ld h be5 br\ght be=e ! section1 9 h[ev] cursory a mann]1 "s notice ( me*anical developm5t dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #caa1 page #died4 ,,amateur ,,me*anics4 ,,metal ,,turn+4 ,9 select+ a la! an amateur may ex]cise m or less ta/e1 & he may be gov]n$ some:at by ! l5g? ( 8 purse2 ! same is true 9 ! matt] ( *ucks2 b :5 he comes to ! selection or mak+ ( turn+ tools he mu/ con=m to fundam5tal pr9ciples2 he mu/ pr(it z f> z possible by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 & w1 aft] all1 f9d en\gh to be le>n$ by practice4 ,tools ( almo/ e description may be pur*as$ at reasonable prices1 b ! practice ( mak+ "o's own tools _c be too /rongly recomm5d$4 ,x af=ds a way out ( _m an em]g5cy1 & :]e "t is n too valuable1 a sav+ w be realiz$4 ,a few b>s ( f9e tool /eel1 a hamm]1 & a small anvil1 are all t are requir$1 aside f fire & wat]4 ,! /eel %\ld be heat$ to a l[ r$1 & %ap$ ) z little hamm]+ z possible2 x may !n be all[$ to cool sl[ly1 :5 x may be fil$ or gr\nd to give x ! requir$ =m4 ,x may n[ be h>d5$ by heat+ x to a *]ry r$ & plung+ x /raight d[n into clean cool 7n too cold7 wat]4 ,x %\ld !n be poli%$ on two ( its sides1 :5 ! temp] may be drawn 9 ! flame ( an alcohol lamp or ,buns5 gas burn]2 or1 if ^! are n conv5i5t1 a heat$ b> ( iron may be us$ in/ead1 ! tool be+ plac$ 9 contact ) x until ! requir$ color appe>s4 ,?is = tools to be us$ 9 turn+ /eel1 iron1 & brass may be a /raw color4 ,= turn+ wood x may be s(t]4 ,! ma9 po9t to be obs]v$ 9 temp]+ a tool is to h x z h>d z possible )\t dang] ( its be+ brok5 :ile 9 use4 ,by a little exp]im5t ! amateur w be able to suit ! temp] ( 8 tools to ! "w 9 h&4 ,9 ! engrav+ accompany+ ! pres5t article a numb] ( h& turn+ tools are %[n1 also a few tools = ! slide re/4 ,^! tools are famili> to ma*9i/s & may be well kn[n to _m amateurs2 b we give !m = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) !m & = ! sake ( complet5ess 9 ?is s]ies ( articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,turn+ ,,tools4 ,fig4 #a is ! ord9>y diamond tool1 made f a squ>e b> ( /eel gr\nd diagonally s z to give x two simil> cutt+ edges4 ,?is tool is p]haps m g5]ally useful ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,! mann] ( us+ x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc2 x is plac$ on ! tool re/ & dext]\sly mov$ on ! re/ z a pivot1 caus+ ! po9t to travel 9 a circul> pa? along ! metal 9 ! la!4 ,( c\rse only a small di/ance is travel$ ov] be=e ! tool is mov$ along on ! re/4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce x w be f\nd t by ex]cis+ c>e a good job 9 pla9 turn+ may be done ) ! tool4 ,fig4 #b %[s a %>p ,v %ap$ tool :i* w be f\nd useful = _m purposes4 ,fig4 #c is a ,v %ap$ tool = f9i%+ screw ?reads4 ,figs4 #d & #e are r\nd-nos$ tools = concave surfaces2 ,fig4 #f1 a squ>e tool = turn+ convex & plane surfaces4 ,! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #g %\ld be made "r & left2 x is useful 9 turn+ brass1 ivory1 h>d wood1 etc4 ,fig4 #h is a sep>at+ tool2 ,fig4 #i is an inside tool1 :i* %\ld be made bo? "r & left1 & its po9t may be ei!r r\nd1 ,v %ap$1 or squ>e4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ! mann] ( hold+ an inside tool4 ,fig4 #aj is a tool = mak+ curv$ und]cuts4 ,fig4 #aa is a repres5tative ( a l>ge class ( tools = duplicat+ a giv5 =m4 ,^! figures repres5t a s]ies ( tools :i* may be v>i$ inf9itely to adapt !m to diff]5t purposes4 ,! us]1 if he is wide awake1 is n long 9 discov]+ :at angle to give ! cutt+ edge1 :at %ape to give ! po9t1 & :at position to give ! tool 9 relation to ! "w to be done4 ,hav+ _h exp]i5ce ) h& tools x requires only a little practice & obs]vation to apply ! same pr9ciples to slide re/ tools4 ,a few examples ( ?is class ( tools are giv54 ,fig4 #ab is ! ord9>y diamond po9t$ tool1 :i* %\ld be made "r & left4 ,! cutt+ edge may h a m or less acute angle1 accord+ to ! "w to be done1 & ! incl9$ or front end ( ! tool may be slightly squ>$ or r\nd$1 accord+ to ! "w4 ,fig4 #ac is a sep>at+ tool1 :i* is a little wid] at ! cutt+ edge ?an any :]e else1 s t x w cle> itself z x is =c$ into ! "w4 ,= brass ?is tool %\ld be bevel$ d[nw>d slightly4 ,by giv+ ! po9t ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #c x w be adapt$ to screw cutt+4 ,fig4 #ad %[s an inside tool = ! slide re/2 its po9t may be modifi$ accord+ to ! "w to be done4 ,fig4 #ae is a side tool = squ>+ ! ends ( %afts2 ,figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 & #ai repres5t tools = brass1 ,fig4 #af is a r\nd-nos$ tool = brass1 ,fig4 #ag a ,v %ap$ tool1 ,fig4 #ah a screw ?read tool1 & ,fig4 #ai a side tool4 ,9 bor+1 :e!r ! object is cor$ or n1 x is desirable1 :]e ! hole is n too l>ge1 to take out ! fir/ cut ) a drill4 ,! drill = ! purpose is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 ! drill hold] 9 ,fig4 #ba1 & ! mann] ( us+ 9 ,fig #bb4 ,! drill hold]1 ,b1 is held by a mortis$ po/ plac$ 9 ! re/ support4 ,! slot ( ! drill hold] is plac$ exactly opposite ! tail c5t] & made secure4 ,! drill1 :i* is flat1 is drill$ to receive ! tail c5t]1 & x is kept f turn+ by ! hold]1 & is kept f lat]al movem5t & *att]+ by a wr5*1 ,c1 :i* is turn$ s z to b9d ! drill 9 ! slot ( ! hold]4 ,! relative position ( ! tool & "w is %[n 9 ,figs4 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 & #bh2 ,fig4 #be %[s ! position = brass2 ,fig4 #bf = iron & /eel2 ,fig4 #bg ! relative position ( ! eng9e re/ tool & its "w2 & ,fig4 #bh ! position ( ! tool = s(t metal & wood4 ,9 all ( ^! cases ! po9t ( ! tool is above ! c5t] ( ! "w4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! adju/m5t ( ! tool1 z well z 9 all o!r op]ations ref]r$ to1 exp]im5t is recomm5d$ z ! be/ means ( ga9+ valuable k 9 ! matt] ( turn+ metals4 ,,rot>y ,,cutt]s4 ,! sav+ ( files1 "t1 mat]ials1 & pati5ce1 by ! employm5t ( su* rot>y cutt]s z may be pr(itably us$ 9 connection ) a foot la!1 c h>dly be appreciat$ by "o :o has nev] attempt$ to use ?is class ( tools4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ mu* v h>d labor may be sav$ by means ( a small circul> saw l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is tool1 l _m o!rs describ$ 9 ?is s]ies ( articles1 c1 9 mo/ in/ances1 be pur*as$ *eap] ?an x c be made1 & ! *ances are 9 favor ( its be+ a m p]fect article4 ,h[ev]1 x is n s difficult to make z "o might suppose4 ,a piece ( %eet /eel may be *uck$ ^u ! face plate1 or on a wood5 block atta*$ to ! face plate1 :]e x may be bor$ to fit ! saw m&rel1 & cut 9 circul> =m by means ( a suitable h& tool4 ,x may !n be plac$ ^u ! m&rel & turn$ true1 & x is well en\gh to make x a little ?9n] 9 ! middle ?an at ! p]iph]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,rot>y ,cutt+ ,tools4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( =m+ ! tee? on a circul> saw4 ,x may be spac$ & fil$1 or x may be knurl$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & !n fil$1 leav+ e ?ird or f\r? too? =m$ by ! knurl1 or x may1 = "s purposes1 be knurl$ & n fil$ at all4 ,ano!r way ( =m+ ! tee? is to employ a hub1 some?+ l t us$ 9 mak+ *as]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is hub & ! o!r "o ref]r$ to1 is t ! ?read has "o /raight side correspond+ ) ! radial side ( ! too?4 ,! blank f :i* ! saw is made is plac$ on a /ud project+ f a h&le made specially = ! purpose1 & hav+ a r\nd$ end :i* supports ! edge ( ! blank1 z ! tee? are =m$ by ! cutt]s on ! hub4 ,! saw1 aft] ! tee? are =m$1 may be h>d5$ & temp]$ by heat+ x sl[ly until x atta9s a *]ry r$1 & plung+ x /raight d[n edgewise into cool1 clean wat]4 ,on remov+ x f ! wat] x %\ld be dri$1 & clean$ ) a piece ( em]y pap]1 & its temp] drawn to a purple1 ov] a ,buns5 gas flame1 ov] ! flame ( an alcohol lamp1 or ov] a hot plate ( iron4 ,! small saw %[n 9 ,fig4 #d is easily made f a rod ( f9e /eel4 ,x is v useful = slott+ %eet brass & tubes1 slott+ small %afts1 nick+ screws1 etc4 ,be+ q small x has ! advantage ( hav+ few tee? to keep 9 ord]1 & x may be made h>d] ?an ^? ( l>g] diamet]4 ,a s]ies ( !m1 v>y+ 9 diamet] f "o eigh? to ?ree eigh?s ( an in*1 & v>y+ consid]ably 9 ?ickness1 w be f\nd v conv5i5t4 ,^! cutt]s or saws1 ) ! exception ( ! small] "o1 may be us$ to ! be/ advantage 9 connection ) a saw table1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,?is is a plane iron table hav+ a longitud9al groove 9 its face to receive ! guid+ rib ( ! c>riage1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 & a transv]se groove runn+ half way across1 to receive a slitt+ gauge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! table is support$ by a /&>d or %ank1 :i* fits into ! tool-re/ socket4 ,! saw m&rel is support$ betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! la!1 & ! saw projects m or less ?r\gh a slot =m$ 9 ! table4 ,! gauge s]ves to guide ! "w to be slott$1 & o!r k9ds ( "w may be plac$ on or aga9/ ! c>riage1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,x is a v simple matt] to arrange guid+ pieces = cutt+ at any angle1 & ! saw table may be us$ = ei!r metal or wood4 ,! saws = wood diff] f ^? us$ = metal2 ! latt] are fil$ /raight1 ! =m] diagonally or fleam+4 ,among ! _m uses to :i* metal saws may be appli$ we m5tion ! slitt+ ( %eet metals1 splitt+ wires & rods1 slott+ & groov+1 nick+ screws1 etc4 ,fig4 #aj %[s a hold] = receiv+ screws to be nick$4 ,x is us$ 9 connection ) ! saw table1 & is mov$ ov] ! saw aga9/ ! gauge4 ,to facilitate ! removal ( ! screws ! hold] may be split longitud9ally & h+$ toge!r4 ,ano!r me?od ( nick+ screws is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #aa4 ,a simple lev]1 fulcrum$ on a b> held by ! tool po/1 is drill$ & tapp$ 9 ! end to receive ! screw4 ,aft] adju/+ ! tool all t is requir$ is to ins]t ! screw & press d[n ! h&le s z to br+ ! screw head into contact ) ! saw4 ,:]e a la! is provid$ ) an eng9e re/1 ! cutt] %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 m\nt$ on ! m&rel %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 is v useful2 x is us$ by clamp+ ! "w to ! slide re/ & mov+ x "u ! cutt] by work+ ! slide re/ screw4 ,to make a cutt] ( ?is k9d is m difficult ?an to make a saw1 & to d x readily a mill+ ma*9e w\ld be requir$4 ,x may be done1 h[ev]1 on a pla9 foot la!1 by employ+ a ,v-%ap$ cutt] & us+ a hold] 7,fig4 #g7 hav+ an angul> groove = receiv+ ! cyl9d] on :i* ! cutt+ edges are =m$4 ,! blank c be spac$ ) suffici5t accuracy1 by means ( a f9e pair ( divid]s1 & aft] ! fir/ groove is cut !re w be no difficulty 9 gett+ ! re/ suffici5tly accurate1 z a nib ins]t$ 9 ! side ( ! guide ent]s ! fir/ groove & all ( ! o!rs 9 succession & regulates ! spac+4 ,"o ( ! be/ applications ( ?is tool is %[n 9 ! small engrav+4 ,9 ?is case a table simil> to ! saw table be=e describ$ is support$ 9 a v]tical position1 & arrang$ at "r angles ) ! cutt] m&rel4 ,! m&rel is ( ! same diamet] z ! cutt]1 & s]ves z a guide to ! patt]n :i* c>ries ! "w to be op]at$ ^u4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ?is contrivance is to %ape ! edges ( curv$ or irregul> metal "w4 ,! ca/+ to be f9i%$ is fa/5$--by cem5t if small1 & by clamps if l>ge--to a patt]n hav+ exactly ! %ape requir$ 9 ! f9i%$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metal ,,%ap+4 ,by mov+ ! patt]n 9 contact ) ! table & ! m&rel1 :ile ! latt] revolves1 ! edges ( ! "w w be %ap$ & f9i%$ at ! same "t4 ,by sub/itut+ a conical cutt] = a cyl9drical "o1 ! "w may be bevel$2 by us+ bo?1 ! edge may be made smoo? & squ>e1 :ile ! corn] is bevel$4 ,! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab might prop]ly be call$ a b>rel saw4 ,x is made by drill+ 9 ! end ( a /eel rod & =m+ ! tee? ) a file4 ,to avoid crack+ 9 temp]+ a small hole %\ld be drill$ ?r\gh ! side ne> ! bottom ( ! l>g] hole4 ,to insure ! free work+ ( ! tool x %\ld be turn$ s t its cutt+ edge w be r ?ick] ?an ! position beh9d x4 ,?is tool %\ld be made 9 v>i\s sizes4 ,tools = ge> cutt+ & also cutt]s = wood h n be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is pap]2 z !y are prop] subjects = sep>ate treatm5t4 ,,wood ,,work+4 ,x is n ! int5tion ( ! writ] to ent] l>gely into ! subject ( wood work+1 b simply to sugge/ a few h&y atta*m5ts to ! foot la! :i* w greatly facilitate ! op]ations ( ! amateur wood work]1 & w be f\nd v useful by almo/ any "o work+ 9 wood4 ,x is n an easy matt] to split ev5 ?9 lumb] into /rips ( uni=m wid? by means ( a h&saw1 b by us+ ! circul> saw atta*m5t1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! op]ation becomes rapid & easy1 & ! /uff may be saw$ or slit at any desir$ angle or bevel4 ,! atta*m5t consi/s ( a saw m&rel ( ! usual =m1 & a wood5 table support$ by a "r angl$ piece1 ,a1 ( r\nd iron fitt$ to ! toolpo/ & clamp$ by a wood5 cleat1 ,b1 :i* is secur$ to ! "u side ( ! table1 split f ! ap]ture to "o end1 & provid$ ) a ?umbscrew = draw+ ! p>ts toge!r4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t ! table may be incl9$ to a limit$ angle 9 ei!r direction1 ! slot ?r\gh :i* ! saw projects be+ enl>g$ bel[ to admit ( ?is adju/m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,woodwork+ ,,atta*m5ts ,,= ,,! ,,foot ,,la!4 ,! back ( ! table is /eadi$ by a screw :i* re/s ^u ! back end ( ! tool re/ support1 & ent]s a block atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! table4 ,! gauge at ! top ( ! table is us$ 9 slitt+ & = o!r purposes :i* w be pres5tly m5tion$1 & x is adju/$ by aid ( l9es made across ! table p>allel ) ! saw4 ,= ! purpose ( cross cutt+ or cutt+ on a bevel a ?9 slid+ table is fitt$ to slide ^u ! ma9 table1 & is provid$ ) a gauge :i* is capable ( be+ adju/$ at any desir$ angle4 ,= cutt+ slots = panels1 etc41 ?ick saws may be us$1 or ! saw may be made to wabble by plac+ x betwe5 two bevel$ wa%]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! saw table has an ins]t$ portion1 ,c1 held 9 place by two screws :i* may be remov$ :5 x is desir$ to use ! saw m&rel = c>ry+ a /ick] head = plan+ small /rips ( m\ld+ or re$+4 ,! head = hold+ ! m\ld+ knives is be/ made ( good t\gh brass or /eam metal4 ,! knives c be made ( good saw /eel ab\t "o-eigh? in* ?ick4 ,!y may be fil$ into %ape & aft]w>d temp]$4 ,!y are slott$ & held to _! places on ! head by means ( qu>t]-in* ma*9e screws4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to use two knives1 b :5 only "o is employ$ a c\nt]balance %\ld be fa/5$ to ! head 9 place ( ! o!r4 ,all k9ds ( m\ld+1 bead+1 tongu+1 & groov+ may be done ) ?is atta*m5t1 ! gauge be+ us$ to guide ! edge ( ! /uff4 ,if ! bo>ds are too ?9 to support !mselves aga9/ ! action ( ! knives !y mu/ be back$ up by a ?ick /rip ( wood plan$ true4 ,! spe$ = ?is cutt] head %\ld be z great z possible4 ,fig4 #e %[s an atta*m5t to be us$ 9 connection ) ! cutt] head & saw table = cutt+ /raight1 spiral1 or irregul> flutes on turn$ "w4 ,x consi/s ( a b>1 ,d1 c>ry+ a c5tral fix$ arm1 & at ei!r end an adju/able arm1 ! purpose ( ! latt] be+ to adapt ! device to "w ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,! arm project+ f ! c5t] ( ! b>1 ,d1 supports an arbor hav+ at "o end a socket = receiv+ ! twi/$ iron b>1 ,e1 & at ! o!r end a c5t] & a %ort f+] or p94 ,a metal disk hav+ ?ree spurs1 a c5tral ap]ture1 & a s]ies ( holes equally di/ant f ! c5t] & f ea* o!r1 is atta*$ by its spurs to ! end ( ! cyl9d] to be flut$1 & ! c5t] ( ! arbor 9 ! arm1 ,d1 ent]s ! c5tral hole 9 ! disk :ile its f+] ent]s "o ( ! o!r holes4 ,! opposite end ( ! cyl9d] is support$ by a c5t] screw4 ,a =k atta*$ to ! back ( ! table embraces ! twi/$ iron1 ,e1 s t z ! wood5 cyl9d] is mov$ diagonally ov] ! cutt] x is sl[ly rotat$1 mak+ a spiral cut4 ,aft] ! fir/ cut is made ! f+] ( ! arbor is remov$ f ! disk & plac$ 9 an adjo9+ hole1 :5 ! second cut is made1 & s on4 ,figs4 #f & #g %[ a conv5i5t & easily made atta*m5t = m\ld+ ! edges ( irregul> "w1 su* z brackets1 frames1 p>ts ( patt]ns1 etc4 ,x consi/s ( a brass frame1 ,f1 support+ a small m&rel turn+ at ! top 9 a conical be>+ 9 ! frame1 & at ! bottom ^u a conical screw4 ,a v small groov$ pulley is fa/5$ to ! m&rel & surr\nd$ by a rubb] r+ :i* be>s aga9/ ! face plate ( ! la!1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! frame1 ,f1 is let into a wood5 table support$ by an iron rod :i* is receiv$ by ! tool re/ hold] ( ! la!4 ,! cutt]1 ,g1 is made by turn+ ^u a piece ( /eel ! rev]se ( ! requir$ m\ld+1 & slott+ x transv]sely to =m cutt+ edges4 ,! %ank ( ! cutt] is fitt$ to a hole 9 ! m&rel & secur$ 9 place by a small set screw4 ,! edge ( ! "w is p]mitt$ to be> aga9/ ! %ank ( ! cutt]4 ,%\ld ! face plate ( ! la! be too small to give ! requir$ spe$1 a wood5 disk may be atta*$ to x by means ( screws & turn$ (f4 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj repres5t a *eaply & easily made scroll saw atta*m5t = ! foot la!4 ,x is made entirely ( wood & is practically noiseless4 ,! bo>d1 ,h1 supports two uprights1 ,i1 betwe5 :i* is pivot$ ! arm1 ,j1 ^: "u side is p>allel ) ! edge ( ! bo>d4 ,a block is plac$ betwe5 ! uprights1 ,i1 to limit ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! arm1 & ! arm is clamp$ by a bolt :i* passes ?r\gh x & ?r\gh ! two uprights & is provid$ ) a w+ nut4 ,a wood5 table1 secur$ to ! upp] edge ( ! bo>d1 ,h1 is p]=at$ to all[ ! saw to pass ?r\gh1 & is provid$ ) an ins]t$ h>dwood /rip :i* supports ! back ( ! saw1 & :i* may be mov$ =w>d f "t to "t & cut (f z x becomes worn4 ,! upp] guide ( ! saw consi/s ( a r\nd piece ( h>d wood ins]t$ 9 a hole bor$ 9 ! end ( ! arm1 ,j4 ,! upp] end ( ! saw is secur$ 9 a small /eel clamp pivot$ 9 a slot 9 ! end ( a wood5 spr+ secur$ to ! top ( ! arm1 ,j1 & ! l[] end ( ! saw is secur$ 9 a simil> clamp pivot$ to ! end ( ! wood5 spr+1 ,k4 ,fig4 #aj is an enl>g$ view %[+ ! con/ruction ( clamp4 ,! relation ( ! spr+1 ,k1 to ! bo>d1 ,h1 & to ! o!r "p is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,x is atta*$ to ! side ( ! bo>d & is press$ upw>d by an adju/+ screw ne> its fix$ end4 ,! saw is driv5 by a wood5 ecc5tric plac$ on ! saw m&rel %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 & ! spr+1 ,k1 always press$ upw>d aga9/ ! ecc5tric by its own ela/icity1 & x is also drawn 9 an upw>d direction by ! upp] spr+4 ,?is arrangem5t insures a cont9u\s contact betwe5 ! spr+1 ,k1 & ! ecc5tric1 & consequ5tly avoids noise4 ,! friction surfaces ( ! ecc5tric & spr+ may be lubricat$ ) tall[ & plumbago4 ,! ecc5tric may1 ) advantage1 be made ( metal4 ,! t5sion ( ! upp] spr+ may be v>i$ by putt+ "u x blocks ( diff]5t heights1 or ! screw :i* holds ! back end may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! saw is atta*$ to ! la! by means ( an iron b5t twice at "r angles1 atta*$ to ! bo>d1 ,h1 & fitt$ to ! tool re/ support4 ,! re> end ( ! saw+ app>atus may be support$ by a brace runn+ to ! l[] "p ( ! la! or to ! floor4 ,! simple atta*m5ts above describ$ w enable ! possessor to make _m small articles ( furniture :i* he w\ld n und]take )\t !m1 & = mak+ models ( small patt]ns !y are almo/ invaluable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,keep+ ,,me*anical ,,draw+s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a ,pap] by ,*as4 ,t ,port]1 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,! sy/em ( keep+ draw+s n[ 9 use at ! works ( ! ,s\?w>k ,f\ndry & ,ma*9e ,company1 9 ,philadelphia1 has be5 f\nd s satisfactory 9 its op]ation t x seems wor?y ( be+ communicat$ to ! pr(ession4 ,! me?od 9 common use1 & :i* may be call$ ! natural me?od1 is to devote a sep>ate draw] to ! draw+s ( ea* ma*9e1 or ( ea* gr\p or class ( ma*9es4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ?is sy/em1 & its only "o1 is1 keep+ toge!r all draw+s relat+ to ! same subject matt]4 ,e draughtsman is acqua9t$ ) its practical work+4 ,x is necess>y to make ! draw+ ( a ma*9e1 & ( its sep>ate p>ts1 on %eets ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! draw] 9 :i* all ^! are kept mu/ be l>ge en\gh to accommodate ! l>ge/ %eets4 ,! small] ones _c be locat$ 9 ! draw]1 & z ^! f9d _! way to "o side or to ! back1 & sev]al ( ! smalle/ lie side by side 9 "o c\rse1 any arrangem5t ( ! %eets 9 ! draw] is out ( ! "q4 ,! op]ation ( f9d+ a draw+ consi/s 9 turn+ ! cont5ts ( ! draw] all up until x is discov]$4 ,9 ?is way ! small] %eets get out ( sight or d\bl$ up1 & ! l>g] ones are torn4 ,no am\nt ( c>e c prev5t confusion4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 adopt$ 9 diff]5t e/abli%m5ts int5d$ to rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s1 b x is believ$ t none has be5 hit ^u s conv5i5t1 9 all respects1 z ! "o n[ to be pres5t$4 ,! idea ( keep+ toge!r draw+s relat+ to ! same ma*9e1 or ( classify+ !m accord+ to subjects 9 any way1 is entirely ab&on$1 & 9 place ( ^! is sub/itut$ ! plan ( keep+ toge!r all draw+s t are made on %eets ( ! same size1 )\t reg>d to ! subject ( !m4 ,n9e sizes ( %eets 7 settl$ ^u1 z suffici5t to meet our requirem5ts1 & on a %eet t w trim to "o ( ^! sizes e draw+ mu/ be made4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ! fir/ n9e lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,size ,a is ! antiqu>ian %eet trimm$1 & ! small] sizes w cut f ?is %eet1 )\t wa/e1 z foll[s3 ,a1 #eacj 942 ,b1 #cgcj 92 ,c1 #becj 942 ,d1 #agcj 942 ,e #abcj 942 ,f1 #hcj 942 ,g1 #agae 942 ,h1 #hae 942 ,i1 #adbe 94 ,! draw]s = ! diff]5t sizes are made "o in* long] & wid] ?an ! %eets !y are to conta91 & are lett]$ z above4 ,^? ( ! same size1 aft] ! fir/ "o1 are di/+ui%$ by a num]al prefix$ to ! lett]4 ,! back "p ( ea* draw] is cov]$ = a wid? ( f six to t5 in*es1 to prev5t draw+s1 & especially trac+s1 f slipp+ ov] at ! back4 ,! introduction ( ! blue pr9t+ process has q revolutioniz$ ! draw+ (fice1 s f> at lea/ z we are conc]n$4 ,our draw+s are /udies1 left 9 p5cil4 ,:5 we c f9d no?+ m to alt]1 trac+s are made on clo?4 ,^! become our orig9als1 & are kept 9 a fire-pro( vault4 ,?is sy/em is f\nd admirably adapt$ to ! plan ( mak+ a sep>ate draw+ = ea* piece4 ,! :ole comb9$ draw+ is n g5]ally trac$1 b ! sep>ate pieces are pick$ out f x4 ,all our work+ copies are blue pr9ts4 ,ea* draw] conta9s fifty trac+s4 ,!y are two & a half in*es deep1 :i* is en\gh to hold sev]al times z _m1 b ?is numb] is q all t x is conv5i5t to keep toge!r4 ,we w\ld recomm5d = ^! %all[] draw]s4 ,ea* draw+ is m>k$ 9 /5cil 9 ! l[] "r h& corn]1 & also ) inv]t$ plates 9 ! upp] left h& corn]1 ) ! lett] & numb] ( ! draw]1 & its own numb] 9 ! draw]1 z1 = example1 #c;,f--#ca2 s t :i*ev] way ! %eet is put 9 ! draw]1 ?is appe>s at ! front "r h& corn]4 ,! draw+s 9 ea* draw] are numb]$ sep>ately1 fifty be+ ?us ! highe/ numb] us$4 ,= ref]5ce we dep5d on our indices4 ,ea* trac+1 :5 complet$1 is ent]$ "u its lett] 9 ! num]ical index1 & is giv5 ! next consecutive numb]1 & laid 9 its place4 ,f ?is index ! title & ! numb] are copi$ into o!r indices1 "u z _m diff]5t head+s z possible4 ,?us all ! draw+s ( any eng9e1 or tool1 or ma*9e :atev]1 become assembl$ by _! titles "u ! head+ ( su* p>ticul> eng9e1 or tool1 or ma*9e4 ,s also ! draw+s ( any p>ticul> "p1 ( all sizes & /yles1 become assembl$ by _! titles "u ! "n ( su* piece4 ,h[ev] num]\s ! draw+s1 & h[ev] great ! v>iety ( _! subjects1 ! location ( any "o is1 by ?is means1 f\nd z readily z a ^w 9 a diction>y4 ,! /5cil m>ks copy1 ( c\rse1 on ! blue pr9ts1 & ^! :5 n 9 use are kept 9 ! same mann] z ! trac+s1 except t only tw5ty-five are plac$ 9 "o draw]4 ,we employ pr9t$ classifi$ li/s ( ! sep>ate pieces con/itut+ e /eam eng9e1 ! manufacture ( :i* is ! sole bus9ess ( ^! works1 & on ^!1 aga9/ ! "n ( e piece1 is giv5 ! draw] & numb] ( ! draw+ on :i* x is repres5t$4 ,! (fice copies ( ^! li/s af=d an additional mode ( ref]5ce & a v conv5i5t "o1 us$ 9 practice almo/ exclusively4 ,! =eman s5ds = ! pr9ts by ! /5cil m>ks1 & ^! are ?us got directly )\t ref]5ce to any index4 ,!y are *>g$ 9 ! same way1 & ref]5ce to ! num]ical index gives ! title ( any miss+ pr9t4 ,we f9d ! diff]5t sizes to be us$ q unequal4 ,! me?od ( mak+ a sep>ate trac+ ( ea* piece1 :i* we c>ry to a great ext5t1 causes ! small] sizes to multiply q rapidly4 ,we are m>k+ our patt]ns ) ! /5cil ( ! draw+ ( ! same piece2 & also1 gauges1 templets1 & jigs4 ,x is f\nd be/ to p]mit ! %eets to be put away by "o p]son only1 :o also writes up ! indices1 :i* are kept 9 ! fire pro(4 ,we 7 ourselves surpris$ at ! sav+ ( room :i* ?is sy/em has effect$4 ,probably less ?an "o-f\r? ! space is occupi$ t ! same draw+s w\ld require if classifi$ accord+ to subjects4 ,! sy/em is completely ela/ic4 ,"w ( ! mo/ div]se "* might be und]tak5 e day1 & ! draw+s ( ea* article1 :e!r few or _m1 w\ld f9d places ready to receive !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,a*>d',s ,,electric ,,brake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan4 ,,a*>d',s ,,electric ,,brake--,,ea/]n ,,railway ,,( ,,france4 ,! m]its ( a brake 9 :i* electric app>atus is us$1 t has be5 adopt$ by "o l>ge railway company1 & is ab\t to be us$ on ! ,/ate railways1 z well z ! fact t arrangem5ts are be+ made to introduce x 9 ,engl&1 dem& consid]ation4 ,x may be t modifications w1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 be introduc$1 or t ! sy/em w ultimately be f\nd too cumb]some or too delicate1 b be=e criticism x is necess>y to "k some?+ ( ! app>atus4 ,we !re=e endeavor to give some:at 9 detail ! arrangem5t adopt$ by ,m4,l4 ,regray1 *ief eng9e] ( ! ,*em9 de ,f] de l',e/1 ! electrical sy/em be+ t ( ,m4 ,a*>d4 ,an electro-magnet1 ,a1 is susp5d$ on a h+$ axis1 s t ! poles ( ! magnet h = armatures cyl9d]s ( metal fix$ ^u ! axle ( ! c>riage4 ,suppose n[ ! poles1 ,d ,d1 ( ! magnet br\ght into contact ) ! revolv+ armatures1 ! friction betwe5 !m causes ! magnet to revolve4 ,! *a9 atta*$ to ! brake is fix$ to ! ext5d$ axle ( ! magnet1 & consequ5tly :5 t axle revolves is w\nd up1 br++ ! brakes ^u ! :eels4 ,! friction betwe5 ! poles & ! armature dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! magnet1 & ?is c be regulat$ at w f a maximum to a m9imum4 ,b x w be well to trace ! :ole action4 ,! electric curr5t may be obta9$ by means ( ,plant second>y cells *>g$ by ,daniell's cells--9 o!r words1 "o or two ,daniell's cells are con/antly 9 action *>g+ ?ree or six ,plant cells1 & x is ! ,plant cells t are call$ into action to electrify ! magnet4 ,! batt]y is c>ri$ 9 a box 9 ! brake van4 ,! eng9e]s1 h[ev]1 seem to pref] t ! curr5t be obta9$ by means ( a small ,gramme ma*9e1 driv5 direct by a ,bro!rhood ?ree-cyl9d] eng9e1 ! /eam = :i* is obta9$ f ! locomotive4 ,! velocity & h5ce ! curr5t ( ! ,gramme ma*9e c be regulat$1 & s ! action ( ! brakes4 ,m4 ,a*>d pref]s ! ,plant cells2 he in=ms u t he has tri$ ! ,faure batt]y1 b ! results obta9$ 7 n satisfactory4 ,! regulator1 ,r1 consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( wood ar\nd :i*1 z %[n1 wire is w\nd4 ,! l5g? ( ?is wire 9 ! circuit1 increas+ z x does ! resi/ance ( ! circuit1 det]m9es ! curr5t to ! electro-magnet4 ,! action is z foll[s3 ,:5 x is necess>y to apply ! brakes1 a simple pressure ( a key or ! turn ( a h&le s5ds ! electric curr5t into ! wires ( ! electro-magnet4 ,an attraction imm$iately takes place1 & ! poles & armatures are br\ght into contact4 ,! friction betwe5 ^! causes ! revolution ( ! magnet1 ! w9d+ ( ! *a9 ar\nd ! axle1 & ! application ( ! brakes4 ,! :ole ( ! brakes ( ! tra9 ent] into action at "o & ! same "t4 ,! brakes are tak5 (f by /opp+ ! curr5t1 & a small spr+ pulls & keeps ! magnet f ! armatures4 ,a frame--also c>riages--fitt$ ) ?is brake1 are %[n by ! ,compagnie des ,*em9s de ,f] de l',e/1 :i* company also %[s sev]al o!r pieces ( int]e/+ app>atus1 "o ( :i* is a c>riage fitt$ ) elaborate me*anism1 9 :i* electricity plays1 p]haps1 b a subsidi>y "p1 to obta9 ! traction ( ! tra9 "u v>y+ circum/ances1 ! pressure on ! buff]s :5 /opp+1 & v>i\s ph5om5a connect$ ) ! eng9e4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity2 ,,:at ,,x ,,is1 ,,& ,,:at ,,may ,,be ,,expect$ ,,( ,,x4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,eng9e]s' ,society ( ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ,nov4 #ae1 #ahha4 ,by ,,jacob ,,reese ,9 ! consid]ation ( ?is subject x is n my purpose to review ! /eps ( discov]y & developm5t ( electrical ph5om5a1 b ! object ( ?is pap] is an ef=t to expla9 :at electricity is2 & hav+ done ?is1 to d$uce "s reasonable conclusions z to :at may be expect$ ( x4 ,& :ile ,i am pr(\ndly s5sible ( ! importance ( ! subject1 & ! difficulties att5d+ its consid]ation1 /ill ) humble boldness ,i pres5t ?is pap] & ask = x a s]i\s & c>eful consid]ation1 hop+ t ! discussion & inve/igation result+ !refrom may add to our k ( physical sci5ce4 ,x is n[ a well e/abli%$ fact t matt]1 p] se1 is in]t1 & t its en]gy is d]iv$ f ! physical =ces2 !re=e all *emical & physical ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! univ]se are caus$ by & due to ! op]ations ( ! physical =ces1 & matt]1 ( :atev] /ate or condition x may be 91 is b ! vehicle ?r\gh or by :i* ! physical =ces op]ate to produce ! ph5om5a4 ,!re are b two physical =ces1 i4e41 ! =ce ( attraction & ! =ce ( caloric4 ,! =ce ( attraction is inh]5t 9 ! matt]1 & t5ds to draw ! p>ticles toge!r & hold !m 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,! =ce ( caloric accompanies ! matt] & t5ds to pu% ! p>ticles outw>d into a /ate ( activity4 ,! =ce ( attraction be+ inh]5t1 x abides 9 ! matt] cont9u\sly & c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$2 x1 h[ev]1 is pres5t 9 diff]5t elem5t>y bodies 9 diff]5t degrees1 & 9 comp\nd bodies relative to ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! =ce ( caloric is mobile1 & is capable ( mov+ f "o portion ( matt] to ano!r2 yet "u c]ta9 conditions a portion ( caloric is occlud$ 9 ! matt] by ! =ce ( attraction4 ,t portion ( caloric :i* is occlud$ 7kn[n by ! misnom]1 lat5t heat7 ,i %all call /atic caloric1 & t portion :i* is 9 motion1 dynamic caloric4 ,! =ce ( attraction1 z ,i h said1 t5ds to draw ! p>ticles ( matt] toge!r & hold !m 9 a /ate ( re/2 b z ?is =ce is inh]5t1 ! degree ( p[] ?us ex]t$ is 9 an inv]se ratio to ! di/ance ( ! p>ticles f ea* o!r4 ,! effective =ce s ex]t$ is always balanc$ by an equival5t am\nt ( ! =ce ( caloric1 & t modicum ( caloric s engag$ 9 balanc+ ! effective =ce ( attraction is /atic1 because occlud$ 9 t "w4 ,9 solid or fluid bodies1 :]e ! molecules are held 9 a local or ne> relation to ea* o!r1 ! am\nt ( /atic caloric w be 9 direct proportion to ! effective =ce ( attraction1 b 9 gase\s bodies ! /atic caloric is 9 an inv]se ratio to ! effective =ce ( attraction2 h5ce ! am\nt ( /atic caloric pres5t 9 solid & fluid bodies w be greate/ :5 ! molecules are ne>e/ ea* o!r1 & greate/ 9 gase\s bodies :5 ! molecules are fur!/ ap>t4 ,caloric1 :e!r /atic or dynamic1 is n ph5om5al2 !re=e ! ph5om5a ( light1 temp]ature1 inc&esc5ce1 lum9osity1 heat1 cold1 & motion1 z well z all o!r ph5om5a1 are due to ! movem5t ( matt] caus$ by ! physical =ces4 ,?us we f9d t temp]ature is a ph5om5al measure ( molecul> velocity1 z we consid] weight to be ! measure ( matt]4 ,an increase ( temp]ature d5otes an increas$ molecul> velocity1 & ?is 9 solid & liquid bodies unlocks a portion ( ! /atic caloric & conv]ts x into dynamic caloric1 :ile an increas$ temp]ature ( gases occludes additional caloric1 ?us conv]t+ dynamic into /atic caloric2 & a r$uction ( molecul> activity rev]ses ?is action4 ,f ?is we see t a *ange ( temp]ature ei!r conv]ts /atic to dynamic or dynamic to /atic caloric4 ,?us we f9d t ! am\nt ( /atic caloric :i* a body possesses is 9 direct relation to its temp]ature1 b1 z ,i h already expla9$1 temp]ature is a ph5om5al indication ( molecul> velocity1 & z increas$ velocity sep>ates ! molecules to a great] di/ance1 :i* r$uces ! effective =ce ( attraction & unlocks a portion ( caloric1 x w be se5 t ! sep>ation ( ! molecules f any o!r cause w h ! same effect4 ,i desire n[ to expla9 a second me?od by :i* ! molecules are sep>at$ & /atic caloric is *ang$ to dynamic caloric4 ,x is n def9itely kn[n h[ mu* /atic caloric is occlud$ 9 ei!r ( ! elem5t>y bodies1 b x is believ$ t hydrog5 possesses ! greate/ am\nt & oxyg5 ! lea/4 ,n[ if we take a molecule ( hydrog5 conta9+ two atoms1 & "u prop] conditions int]pose ^! atoms betwe5 #af atoms ( oxyg5 7"o molecule71 ! ph5om5on ( combu/ion is exhibit$1 & a molecule ( wat] is =m$ conta9+ #ah atoms2 & if "o p\nd ( hydrog5 is ?us consum$1 ! atoms ( hydrog5 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r to su* a di/ance by ! int]pos+ atoms ( oxyg5 z to unlock #cd1ffb units ,c4 ( /atic1 & conv]t x into dynamic caloric4 ,& if we ?us br+ a molecule ( c>bon conta9+ #ab atoms 9 contact ) a molecule ( oxyg5 ( #af atoms1 combu/ion ensues & a molecule ( c>bonic oxide ( #bh atoms is =m$1 & if we !n pres5t ano!r molecule ( oxyg51 combu/ion aga9 takes place1 & a molecule ( c>bonic acid1 conta9+ #dd atoms1 is produc$4 ,n[1 9 ! combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( c>bon 9 ?is mann]1 :5 ! c>bon is conv]t$ into c>bonic oxide 7,,co71 #b1dgc units ,c4 ( /atic is conv]t$ into dynamic caloric2 & :5 ?is ,,co is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid 7,,co#b7 #e1fjg additional units ,c4 are unlock$4 ,?us by ! combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( c>bon to ,,co#b1 #h1jhj units ,c4 ( /atic caloric are *ang$ to dynamic caloric4 ,:5 caloric is ?us unlock$ f its occlusion x escapes ) great velocity until an equilibrium is atta9$1 & 9 do+ s x pu%es ! p>ticles ( matt] out ( its pa?4 ,9 solid bodies ?is produces su* a high degree ( molecul> movem5t z to exhibit ! ph5om5a ( inc&esc5ce & lum9osity1 & 9 liquids increas$ mobility1 :ile 9 gases ! molecul> activity may be s great z to produce ! ph5om5a ( s\nd & light2 & ! m rapidly combu/ion takes place ! great] w be ! volume & velocity ( dynamic caloric escap+ !refrom2 consequ5tly ) a sl[ combu/ion1 ! ph5om5a produc$ by dynamic caloric w be diff]5t f ^? exhibit$ at a high degree4 ,combu/ion1 z ,i h be=e %[n1 is m]ely ! oxidation ( ! mat]ial2 no?+ is consum$ nor annihilat$1 &1 ! ph5om5a v>y ) ! velocity ( oxidation4 ,n[1 if we take "o p\nd ( z9c & place x 9 ! acid cell ( an electric batt]y1 ! oxyg5 ( ! acid attacks ! z9c & oxide ( z9c is =m$4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! ,zn molecule conta9+ #fe atoms is unit$ ) "o molecule ( oxyg5 ( #af atoms1 =m+ a molecule ( oxide ( z9c 7,zn,o7 ( #ha atoms2 & ow+ to ! comp>atively small numb] ( oxyg5 atoms int]pos$ betwe5 ! #fe atoms ( z9c1 only #a1cja units ,c4 ( /atic caloric are unlock$ to ! p\nd ( z9c1 & ! velocity ( oxidation is s l[1 & ! insulation ( ! vessel s p]fect1 t ! dynamic caloric is caus$ to fl[ outw>d ?r\gh ! copp] wire4 ,,electricity4--,:at is x8 ,:y1 x is dynamic caloric4 ,n[ let u take ?is oxide ( z9c 7,zn,o7 & place x ) *>coal 9 a r$uc+ app>atus :i* /&s on an insulat$ table2 ! app>atus is !n heat$1 ! c>bon vaporizes1 & ?is vapor ( c>bon 7,c7 robs ! oxide ( z9c 7,zn,o7 ( its oxyg51 leav+ metallic z9c 7,zn7 & c>bonic oxide 7,,co74 ,n[1 = e p\nd ( z9c s =m$ #a1cja units ,c4 ( /atic caloric are transf]r$ f ! *>coal to ! z9c & occlud$ 9 x4 ,h5ce we f9d t ! #a1cja units ,c4 ( caloric :i* we took out ( ! z9c1 & :i* we call electricity1 is no?+ else b ! #a1cja units ( /atic caloric :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! *>coal & f x set free by oxidation & transf]r$ to ! z9c 9 ! smelt+ process4 ,let u foll[ ?is matt] a little fur!r4 ,*>coal is made by burn+ wood "u su* conditions z elim9ate ! wat] & hydrog5 & leave ! c>bon z a residuum :i* we call *>coal4 ,?us we f9d t ! caloric conta9$ 9 ! *>coal1 transf]r$ f ! *>coal to ! z9c1 & f x develop$ into :at we call electricity1 0 previ\sly embodi$ 9 ! wood2 & if we /udy ! laws ( vegetation1 we f9d t ! atmosph]e be+ *>g$ ) c>bonic acid 7,,co#b71 ! leaves ( plants1 %rubs1 & trees1 brea?+1 take 9 ! ,,co#b1 ! sun rays decompose ! ,,co#b1 set free ! oxyg51 & supply ! necess>y am\nt ( caloric = ! cond5s$ /ate ( ! c>bon4 ,?us we f9d t ! =ce :i* we t]m electricity1 develop$ f ! oxidation ( z9c1 or any o!r matt]1 by oxidation1 prim>ily comes f ! sun rays4 ,coal is g5]ally suppos$ to be ( vegetable orig91 & ! caloric occlud$ 9 x is d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z t embodi$ 9 *>coal4 ,n[ :5 we burn coal "u a /eam boil]1 ! c>bon & hydrog5 are oxidiz$1 & ! /atic caloric set free4 ,a portion ( ?is caloric passes ?r\gh ! %ell or tubes ( ! boil]s1 & increases ! molecul> velocity ( ! wat]2 increas$ activity ( ! molecules t5ds to sep>ate !m to a great] di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! molecul> velocity ( ! wat] acquires ! degree indicat$ by a temp]ature ( #bab degrees ,f41 ! wat] passes f ! fluid to ! gase\s /ate1 & 9 do+ s exp&s to #a1fif times its bulk4 ,n[ if ! /eam s develop$ be conf9$ "u a pressure ( #aje p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 ! wat] w n vaporize until a molecul> velocity is atta9$ indicat$ by a temp]ature ( #cab ,f4 7,spons' ,eng9e]+1 ,d#b1 page #dah71 & !n ! expansion is only #bec times its bulk4 ,by us+ ?is /eam1 9 a /eam eng9e1 ! caloric 9 ! /eam t5ds to pu% ! molecules ( :i* x is compos$ into an ultimate expansion ( #a1fif times ! bulk ( ! wat] f :i* x 0 g5]at$1 & ?is =ce acts ^u ! pi/on & does ! "w4 ,?us we see t ! /eam eng9e is driv5 by ! same =ce :i* produces ! ph5om5a accr$it$ to electricity4 ,i h already %[n t 9 :at we t]m combu/ion n a p>ticle ( ! pond]able matt] is annihilat$4 ,combu/ion is b a ph5om5on result+ f a re>rangem5t ( ! p>ticles1 & s x is ) ! impond]able physical =ce caloric2 x is n consum$ :5 light & heat are produc$1 nor conv]t$ into p[]1 z we are sometimes told4 ,b :atev] ! ph5om5a produc$1 ! aggregate am\nt ( /atic & dynamic caloric is always & ev] ! same4 ,if we consid] ! ,ritt]-,plant-,faure-,batt]y1 :i* is m5tion$ z /or+ electricity1 we f9d t ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! use ( ?is app>atus are produc$ by ! same factor4 ,! batt]y is compos$ ( two %eets ( lead1 :i* are cov]$ ) a lay] ( m9ium 7,pb#c,o#d74 ,! %eets are laid "o ^u ! o!r ) an int]v5+ lay] ( felt4 ,! pack is !n roll$ up 9 a spiral =m & plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ acidulat$ wat]4 ,"o ( ! plates is connect$ ) ! positive1 & ! o!r plate ) ! negative pole ( a batt]y or g5]ator4 ,:5 ! curr5t ( electricity ent]s ! batt]y1 ! ,pb#c,o#d on ! positive plate is r$uc$ to ,pb1 & ! oxyg5 s set free attacks ! ,pb#c,o#d on ! negative plate1 & oxidizes x to ,pb,o#b4 ,9 ?is *emical action1 caloric is occlud$ 9 ! ,pb & unlock$ 9 ! ,pb,o#b1 b a mu* great] am\nt ( caloric is lock$ up ?an is unlock$1 al?\gh ! am\nt ( oxyg5 us$ 9 bo? cases is precisely ! same1 :i* has be5 fully expla9$ 9 ! oxidation ( c>bon4 ,n[ aft] ! batt]y has be5 ?us *>g$ & ! wires dis5gag$1 ! *emical action ceases = want ( ! r$uc+ ag5t 7dynamic caloric71 & ! app>atus may be held at re/1 or transport$ to any di/ance requir$4 ,:5 x is desir$ to utilize ! =ce ?us /or$1 ! poles are *ang$ by gr\nd+ ! positive wire1 & atta*+ ! o!r to ! conduit ?r\gh :i* ! electricity is to fl[4 ,! *emical action is ?us rev]s$1 & ! ,pb,o#b is r$uc$ to ,pb#c,o#d1 ! oxyg5 ?us set free attacks ! ,pb on ! o!r plate1 oxidiz+ x to ,pb#c,o#d1 ?us unlock+ all ! caloric :i* 0 occlud$ by ! fir/ action4 ,9 a batt]y ( ?is k9d weigh+ #ge p\nds1 we are in=m$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 t "o million foot p\nds ( =ce may be /or$1 & aga9 set free = use4 ,?us we f9d t ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! ,faure batt]y is =m$ is n new1 & ! prime factor produc+ ! ph5om5a is ! same z has be5 %[n to h caus$ all o!r ph5om5a ref]r$ to1 & inde$ ! pr9ciple is ! same z n[ employ$ by ! au?or 9 ! basic dephosphoriz+ process1 i4e41 caloric is occlud$ 9 phosphorus by smelt+ 9 a bla/ furnace1 & unlock$ 9 ! conv]t]1 = ! purpose ( secur+ ! fluidity ( ! metal dur+ treatm5t4 ,! diff]5ce be+1 t "o is done by non-lum9\s1 :ile ! o!r is by lum9\s combu/ion4 ,if we consid] ! ph5om5on ( light1 we f9d t x is due to ! same =ce4 ,z be=e /at$1 :5 we oxidize c>bon1 or hydrog51 z 9 ! rapid combu/ion ( wood1 oil1 or coal1 ! escap+ caloric flies (f ) su* great spe$ z to cause ! molecules 9 ! circumambi5t m$ium to assume a velocity :i* exhibits lum9osity4 ,?us ! light produc$ by burn+ c&les1 oil1 gas1 wood1 & coal1 is caus$ by ! same prime factor1 dynamic caloric4 ,! =ce ( caloric is impond]able & invisible1 & is only kn[n by its effects4 ,we d "k t x is occlud$ 9 metals & o!r mat]ial1 because we c unlock x & set x free1 or we c transf] x f "o body to ano!r1 & by measur+ its effects1 we c det]m9e its quantity4 ,we "k t x pref]s to travel ov] "o vehicle m ?an ano!r1 & by ?is k we are able to insulate x1 & ?us conduct x 9 any direction desir$4 ,! mat]ials ?r\gh :i* x passes ) ! greate/ fre$om are call$ conductors1 & ! mat]ials :i* mo/ ret>d its passage1 non-conductors2 b ^! t]ms mu/ be tak5 9 a comp>ative s5se only1 z 9 fact !re are no absolute non-conductors ( dynamic caloric1 or ( :at we call electricity4 ,! dynamo-electric g5]ator simply draws ! dynamic caloric f ! air or e>?1 or bo?1 & conf9es x 9 an insulat$ pa?4 ,n[ if t pa? be a ,no4 #aj wire1 ! conduit may be suffici5t to p]mit ! caloric to pass )\t increas+ ! molecul> velocity ( ! metal to an appreciable degree1 b if we cut ! ,no4 #aj wire & ins]t a piece ( ,no4 #dj plat9um wire 9 ! pa?1 ! am\nt ( caloric fl[+ ?r\gh ! ,no4 #aj wire _c pass ?r\gh ! ,no4 #dj wire1 & ! resi/ance s caus$ increases ! molecul> velocity ( ! ,no4 #dj wire to su* degree z to exhibit ! ph5om5on ( inc&esc5ce1 & ?is is ! inc&esc5t electric light4 ,& if we consid] ! c>bon light1 we f9d t ! curr5t ( caloric1 9 pass+ f "o p5cil to ! o!r1 produces a molecul> velocity ( lum9osity 9 ! adjo9+ atmosph]e1 & 9 addition a portion ( ! c>bon is consum$1 :i* sets free an additional am\nt ( caloric1 at a v high velocity1 h5ce ! int5sity ( ! c>bon electric light is l>gely due to ! dynamic caloric unlock$ f ! p5cils1 & ?us we f9d t ! electric light produc$ by ei!r me?od is due to ! action ( dynamic caloric4 ,tak+ ?is !ory bas$ ^u physical sci5ce1 & ! facts :i* we "k p]ta9+ to electricity1 ,i conceive t caloric exi/s 9 two conditions4 ,/atic caloric is :at we call lat5t heat1 & dynamic caloric is :at we call electricity4 ,!re=e :at may we expect ( x 7electricity7 is m]ely a matt] ( economy 9 ! developm5t & utilization ( dynamic caloric2 9 o!r words1 c we unlock /atic caloric by non-lum9\s combu/ion1 & ?us develop dynamic caloric z a fir/ p[] m economically p] foot p\nd ?an we n[ d or c h]eaft] d by lum9\s combu/ion8 ,second1 c we utilize wat] & w9d = ! production ( dynamic caloric z a fir/ p[]8 ,?ird1 c we utilize ! diff]5tial t5sion ( dynamic caloric 9 ! e>? & ! atmosph]e z a fir/ p[]8 ,f\r?1 w x pay to use lum9\s combu/ion z a fir/ p[] to g5]ate dynamic caloric z a second p[]8 ,,:at ,,may ,,we ,,expect ,,( ,,x4 ,let u take ! /eam eng9e1 & see :at we are n[ do+ by lum9\s combu/ion4 ,good ,pittsburg coal conta9s #hg p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #e p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 #b p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 & #f p] c5t4 ( a%2 we !re=e h 9 "o p\nd ( su* coal3 #h1jhj #i #ad1edd #hg --------- ----------- #ab1fec units 9 c>bon4 #e #ajj #cd1ffb #i #fb1cia #e #c1aai units 9 hydrog54 ---------- ---------- ------ #e #ajj #ae1ggb units 9 coal4 #ae1ggb #ggbb #ab1age1ihd foot p\nds ( en]gy is occlud$ 9 ! /atic caloric conta9$ 9 "o p\nd ( su* coal4 ,footnote #b3 ,dr4 ,j\le--foot p\nds 9 "o unit4 ,a horse-p[] is e/imat$ z capable ( rais+ #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot high p] m9ute1 & = ?is reason x is t]m$ #cc1jjj foot p\nds p] m9ute4 ,s we h #cc1jjj #fj #a1ihj1jjj foot p\nds p] h\r1 z a horse-p[]4 ,! be/ class ( comp\nd cond5s+ eng9es1#c ) all ! mod]n improvem5ts1 require #a4hbh p\nds ( coal p] #a h4p4 p] h\r4 ,?us we h-- #ab1age1ihd #a4hbh 44444444444444444#bb1beg1fii ,foot p\nds 9 "o h4p4 4444444444444#a1ihj1jjj ---------- ,foot p\nds lo/ p] h4p4 4444444444#bj1bgg1fii ,p] c5t utiliz$ p] h4p4 44444444444444#h4id ,p] c5t lo/ p] h4p4 44444444444444444#ia4jf ------ #ajj4jj ,footnote #c3 ,am]ican ,eng9e]1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,no4 #aj1 page #ahb4 ,9 ! ord9>y practice ( /ation>y non-cond5s+ eng9es1 f ?ree to f\r p\nds ( coal are requir$ p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,n[1 tak+ ! be/ ( ?is class at #c p\nds1 we h-- #ab1age1ihd #c #cf1ebg1ieb ,"o h4p4 #a1ihj1jjj ---------- ,loss p] h4p4 #cd1edg1ieb ,p] c5t utiliz$ p] h4p4 #e4db ,p] c5t lo/ p] h4p4 #id4eh ------ #ajj4jj ,f ^! facts x may be assum$ t aft] mak+ due all[ance = v>iable qualities ( ! coal1 ! /eam eng9e process1 z at pres5t practic$1 w n utilize m ?an f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy conta9$ 9 ! fuel us$4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! process ( conv]t+ /atic to dynamic caloric by lum9\s combu/ion1 by means ( ! /eam eng9e1 is an exce$+ly wa/eful & co/ly me?od1 & leaves mu* room = economy4 ,tak+ an ord9>y grade ( petroleum z consi/+ ( #ac p] c5t4 hydrog51 #gh c>bon1 #f oxyg51 #c nitrog5 & a%1 we h z its en]gy 9 foot p\nds p] p\nd ( oil-- #fb1cia #ac ----------- #h1aaj ,h4 #ajj #ai1ded units4 #ad1edd #gh ----------- #aa1cdd ,c4 #ajj #ai1ded #ggb #ae1jah1dhh foot p\nds4 ,?us1 :ile our be/ coal conta9s twelve million1 ! petroleum conta9s fifte5 million foot p\nds ( occlud$ en]gy 9 ea* p\nd1 :i* is equal to #aah1jjj1jjj foot p\nds1 or #fj horse p[] = "o h\r1 f "o gallon ( su* oil4 ,at pres5t electricity is g5]at$ by two me?ods1 & bo? ( ^! are second p[]s4 ,metals are smelt$ by lum9\s combu/ion z a fir/ p[]1 & !n oxidiz$ by non-lum9\s combu/ion z a second p[]1 & coal is consum$ by lum9\s combu/ion1 by :i* /eam is g5]at$ z a fir/ p[]1 to drive a dynamo-g5]ator :]eby electricity is obta9$ z a second p[]4 ,n[1 ( ! two me?ods1 ! latt] is mu* ! *eap]1 & z ,i h %[n t ! be/ comp\nd cond5s+ eng9es only utilize #h4id1 & a fair av]age s+le cyl9d] cond5s+ eng9e only utilizes #e4db p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy ( ! fuel consum$1 & z at ! be/ n ov] #gj p] c5t4 ( ! foot p\nds obta9$ f ! eng9e c be utiliz$ z electricity1 f :i* we mu/ d$uct loss by friction1 etc41 x w be readily se5 t n m ?an #e p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy ( ! fuel c be develop$ by ! dynamo-g5]ator z electricity by ! pres5t me?od4 ,! great want ( ! pres5t age is a process by :i* ! /atic caloric ( c>bon or a hydroc>bon maybe set free by non-lum9\s combu/ion2 or1 9 o!r words1 a process by :i* coal or oil may be oxidiz$ at a l[ degree1 )9 an insulat$ vessel2 if ?is c be accompli%$ 7& ,i c see no reason :y we %\ld n look = su* inv5tion71 we w\ld be able to produce f twelve to fifte5 million foot p\nds ( en]gy 7electricity7 f "o p\nd ( petroleum1 or f t5 to twelve million foot p\nds f "o p\nd ( good coal1 :i* w\ld be a sav+ ( f #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ( pres5t co/1 & leave ! /eam eng9e = hi/orical remembrance4 ,electricity may be g5]at$ by wat] or w9d p[] to great advantage1 & convey$ to a di/ance = motive p[]4 ,! practicability ( g5]at+ electricity at ,niag>a by :i* to propel tra9s to ,new ,york & return may be consid]$ almo/ settl$2 & ,i conceive a second inv5tion ( importance :i* is n[ ne$$ is an app>atus by :i* ! ris+ & fall+ tides may be utiliz$ = driv+ dynamo ma*9es1 by :i* electricity may be g5]at$ = light+ ! coa/ cities1 & x is n unreasonable to expect t su* an app>atus w soon be provid$2 & 9 su* an ev5t gas companies w\ld suff]4 ,x is a well kn[n fact among electricians t ! volume & t5sion ( electricity v>y bo? 9 ! e>? & 9 ! atmosph]e at diff]5t sections ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ,i conceive t we may yet f9d means ( utiliz+ ?is diff]5tial t5sion ( electricity2 inde$1 x is report$ t dur+ a rec5t /orm ! wires ( an ocean cable 7 gr\nd$ at bo? ends & a suffici5t curr5t = all practical purpose fl[$ f ! ,european to ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ) all batt]ies remov$1 %[+ t ! t5sion 0 s mu* great] 9 ,europe z to cause ! electricity to fl[ ?r\gh ! copp] cable to ?is side 9 pref]5ce to pass+ ?r\gh ! e>? or ! sea4 ,x is also said t dur+ an ea/-go+ /orm x 0 f\nd impossible to "w ! telegraph l9es betwe5 ,new ,york & ,buffalo1 b on tak+ (f ! batt]ies at bo? ends & loop+ ! ends ( ! wire 9 ! air1 t a con/ant curr5t ( electricity pass$ f ,buffalo to ,new ,york1 & ! l9e 0 kept 9 con/ant use 9 t direction )\t any batt]y connection until ! /orm abat$4 ,n[1 h[ f> or to :at advantage we may be able to utilize ?is diff]5tial t5sion ( electricity 9 ! e>? & ! air1 we _c n[ say2 b ,i ?9k t we may ju/ly look = valuable developm5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,if1 z ,i v]ily believe1 a process w soon be discov]$ by :i* dynamic caloric c be produc$ by ! oxidation ( petroleum ) non-lum9\s combu/ion 9 an insulat$ *amb]1 z we n[ oxidize z9c1 electricity w !n be obta9$ f s small a weight1 & at su* a l[ co/1 z to insure a]ial navigation beyond a d\bt4 ,n ) balloons & _! cumbr\s inflations1 b ) ma*9es capable ( c>ry+ ! load1 & travel+ by displacem5t ( ! air at high velocities4 ,!re=e we may expect t a]ial navigation w be develop$ 9 ! ne> future to be "o ( ! greate/ ent]prises ( ! _w4 ,& la/ly1 w x pay to use lum9\s combu/ion z a fir/ p[] = g5]at+ dynamic caloric = use z a second p[]1 z is n[ practic$8 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 ,philadelphia1 gas is consum$ 9 an ,otto gas eng9e1 :i* drives a ,gramme g5]ator2 & ! lecture room is light$ ) electricity1 & ,i am in=m$ t ! light is bo? bett] & *eap] ?an :5 !y us$ ! gas 9 ! ord9>y gas burn]s4 ,h5ce we may expect to see gas consum$ to advantage = produc+ electric lights4 ,consid]+ ! difficulties ( transmitt+ /eam p[] to a consid]able di/ance1 & ! comp>ative great co/ ( runn+ small eng9es1 x is m ?an likely t electricity z at pres5t g5]at$ w be f\nd to be economical = driv+ small motors4 ,hav+ ?us endeavor$ to expla9 :at electricity is1 & ! laws :i* gov]n ! occlusion ( /atic caloric1 & ! developm5t ( dynamic caloric 7electricity71 9 conclusion ,i call ! att5tion ( ! inv5tors ( ! age to ! great ne$ ( a process = oxidiz+ coal or oil at a l[ degree1 )9 an insulat$ vessel4 ,) su* an inv5tion electricity w\ld be obta9$ at su* a l[ co/ t x w\ld be us$ exclusively to light & heat our h\ses1 to smelt1 ref9e1 & manipulate our metals1 to propel our c>s1 wagons1 c>riages1 & %ips1 cook our food1 & drive all ma*9]y requir+ motive p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,light ,,app>atus ,,= ,,photographic ,,purposes4 ,by ,a4,j4 ,,j>man4 ,= "s "t pa/ x has be5 ! desire ( _m photograph]s to h at h& a ready means ( produc+ a p[]ful & highly act9ic artificial light1 suitable = ! production ( negatives1 & easily controllable4 ,sev]al =ms ( app>atus h be5 design$1 & ,i believe h be51 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 employ$ successfully 9 portraiture4 ,b x has be5 well kn[n = _m ye>s t ! electric light 0 j ! light t w\ld answ] ! photograph]'s requirem5ts1 ow+ to its possess+ great act9ic p[]2 b ! co/ ( its production 0 too great = g5]al adoption2 inde$1 su* might be said ( x n[ z f> z dynamo-electric ma*9es & /eam or gas motors are conc]n$1 = ! majority ( photograph]s4 ,x is true t sev]al influ5tial photograph]s h already adopt$ ! use ( ! electric light = portraiture1 b ! prim>y co/ ( ! app>atus employ$ by ^! firms is f> beyond ! rea* ( mo/ portraiti/s4 ,! app>atus ab\t to be describ$ is "o t has be5 c>efully work$ out to meet ! wants ( ! photograph] 9 almo/ e p>ticul>2 9 fact1 ) ?is app>atus1 portraits c1 & h be51 produc$ 9 an ord9>y sitt+ room1 z good & z p]fect z if tak5 9 a well-light$ /udio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! g5]ator ( ! electric curr5t consi/s ( a s]ies ( voltaic elem5ts ( z9c & c>bon--=ty-eight 9 numb]--^! elem5ts be+ made up ( n9ety-six z9c plates & =ty-eight c>bon plates2 ?us ! g5]ator consi/s ( =ty-eight voltaic elem5ts arrang$ 9 r[s ( twelve2 !y are all c>efully screw$ ^u suitable b>s ( wood1 & ^! b>s are jo9$ by o!r cross b>s1 :i* b9d ! :ole 9 a compact =m2 ! batt]y be+ suitably connect$ s z to produce a curr5t ( v high electro-motive =ce1 & s arrang$ ov] _! excit+ tr\gh t ! plates c be rais$ or l[]$ at w1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* w expla9 itself almo/ at fir/ sight4 ,! tr\ghs are made ( mahogany1 put toge!r ) brass screws1 & well saturat$ ) an insulat+ comp\nd :i* also makes !m acid pro(2 ! cells are *>g$ ) a saturat$ solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 to :i* has be5 add$ tw5ty fluid ounces ( sulphuric acid to ea* gallon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,to produce ! electric curr5t1 all t is ne$$ is to l[] ^! susp5d$ elem5ts d[n into ! tr\gh1 hav+ previ\sly connect$ ! wires z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 to ! electric lamp1 ,fig #b4 ,at once a light />ts up1 betwe5 ! c>bon p5cils1 ( a ?\s&-c&le p[] or m4 ,) a light ( ?is p[]1 a l>ge head on cab9et or c>te size plate may be produc$ 9 ?ree or f\r seconds4 ,! g5]ator occupies a floor space ( ?ree feet six in*es by two feet1 & /&s two feet six in*es high4 ,! cells w co/ #es4 to *>ge1 & w produce upw>d ( sixty negatives be=e be+ exhau/$4 ,all t is necess>y1 9 re*>g+1 is to lift ! elem5ts up out ( ! way1 take out ! tr\ghs by _! h&les & empty !m1 *>g+ !m aga9 by means ( a toilet jug4 ,:5 replac$1 ! :ole app>atus is fit = use aga92 ! :ole ( ! above op]ation occupies b a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & z !re are no e>!nw>e cells employ$1 !re is no fe> ( breakage4 ,! small am\nt ( labor & co/ ( work+ ! above app>atus w comp>e favorably ) ! production ( ! electric light f a dynamo-electric ma*9e = ! photograph]1 & :5 we consid] t ! co/ ( ! :ole ( ! above app>atus1 consi/+ ( a g5]ator automatic lamp1 reflector1 & all ! necess>y app5dages1 is less !n "o-t5? ( ! dynamo ma*9e1 motor1 %aft+1 etc41 to produce ! same result1 x w\ld seem to h a great] claim = its adoption ) ^? :o wi% to employ ! electric light1 :e!r = "w at night1 use 9 ! sitt+ room1 or to assi/ daylight on ! d>k & foggy days ( w9t]4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! electric lamp4 ,a is ! automatic regulator2 ,b1 ! reflector2 ,c1 top ext5sion ( ! reflector2 ,d1 small tissue pap] scre5 to prev5t ! int5se arc-rays f com+ 9 contact ) ! sitt]2 ,e1 /& ) slid+ rod4 ,?is app5dage c be :eel$ ab\t ) ease1 z x is arrang$ to run ^u f\r ca/]s4 ,:5 ! g5]ator is 9 use x may be plac$ )9 easy rea* ( ! op]ator1 s t ! exposure may be made by l[]+ ! elem5ts 9 _! tr\ghs j = ! requisite "t1 & )draw+ imm$iately ! exposure is made2 !re is no ne$ to fe> any inconv5i5ce f delet]i\s fumes z none are giv5 (f1 s x may be us$ 9 any /udio or sitt+-room )\t any inconv5i5ce f ?is s\rce1 & z f> z _m trials h gone1 x seems to meet e requirem5t dem&$ by ! photograph] = ! production ( portraits by means ( ! electric light4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,desruelles',s ,,electric ,,light] ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,light]4 ,! little app>atus %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut w c]ta9ly f9d favor ) smok]s1 z well z ) p]sons g5]ally :o (t5 h ne$ ( a fire or light4 ,x =ms "o ( ! mo/ direct applications ( dry piles ( all ! sy/ems on ! ,desruelles plan4 ,in/ead ( fill+ piles ) a liquid1 ?is plan contemplates ! introduction into !m ( a sort ( asbe/os sponge saturat$ ) an acid or any suitable solution4 ,9 ?is way !re is obta9$ ! advantage ( hav+ a pile :i* is 9 "s sort dry1 t may be mov$1 %ak51 or upset )\t any outfl[ ( liquid1 & :i* w prove ( special value :5 appli$ to movable app>atus1 su* z portable light]s1 al>ms on %ips1 railroads1 etc4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t :ile ! introduction ( ?is in]t sub/ance dim9i%es ! volume ( ! liquid1 ! electro-motive =ce ( ! pile is !reby 9 n[ise affect$1 b its int]nal resi/ance is increas$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ( no consequ5ce 9 ! application "u consid]ation4 ,! light] consi/s ( a small1 r\nd1 wood5 box conta9+ ! pile1 & surm\nt$ by a _s lamp4 ,a plat9um spiral opposite ! wick s]ves = produc+ ! light4 ,! pile is a bi*romate ( pota% elem5t1 9 :i* !re is sub/itut$ = ! liquid a solution ( bi*romate id5tical ) t us$ 9 bottle piles4 ,! z9c is susp5d$ f a small lev]1 9 :i* x is only necess>y to press slightly to br+ ! =m] 9 contact ) ! asbe/os pa/e1 :51 ! z9c be+ atta*$1 a curr5t is set up :i* trav]ses ! spiral1 heats x to r$ness1 & lights ! _s4 ,! pile1 :5 once *>g$1 may be us$ = sev]al hundr$ light+s4 ,:5 ! spiral no long] becomes r$ hot1 x is only necess>y to replace ! pa/e--an op]ation ( extreme simplicity4 ,:5 ! pressure is remov$ f ! little lev]1 ! z9c1 be+ rais$1 is no long] act$ ^u by ! liquid ) :i* ! asbe/os is saturat$4 ,mr ,desruelles is con/ruct+ ^u ! same pr9ciple a gas light]1 ! pile ( :i* is fix$ at ! extremity ( a h&le ^: l5g? v>ies ) ! height ( ! gas burn]s to be rea*$4 ,^! little dome/ic app>atus are be+ exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,electrical ,exhibition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sol5oid ,,und]gr\nd ,,wires ,,9 ,,philadelphia4 ,! ,ev5+ ,bullet9 ( ! #bi? ,octob] has ! foll[+3 ,?is aft]noon a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ at ! ,public ,build+s :i* w be ( great int]e/ to electricians all ov] ! c\ntry1 & ^u :i* ! success ( a numb] ( und]gr\nd telegraph projects 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dep5ds4 ,9 all projects ( ?is k9d ! problem :i* has giv5 mo/ tr\ble to inv5tors has be5 to ov]come ! induction4 ,9 o!r words1 electric curr5ts w leave _! orig9al conductors & pass to o!r conductors :i* may be ne> at h&4 ,?is int]*ange ( curr5ts may take place )\t s]i\sly h9d]+ ord9>y telegraphy1 z ! indicators are n delicate en\gh to detect ! induction4 ,:5 telephones came into use1 h[ev]1 ! induction became a great s\rce ( tr\ble to electricians1 x (t5 be+ ! case t ! s\nds & influ5ces f )\t 7 suffici5t to dr[n out s\nds 9 a telephone4 ,to-day's exp]im5t 0 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,j4,f4 ,%orey1 a well-kn[n electrician1 :o exhibit$ ,dr4 ,orazio ,lugo's cables = electric light1 telephone1 & telegraphic purposes4 ,a l>ge numb] ( prom95t electricians 7 pres5t1 includ+ ! foll[+3 ,g5]al ,j4,h4 ,wilson1 ,presid5t ( ! ,n4,y4 & ,n4,e4 ,railroad1 ( ,bo/on2 ,messrs4 ,frank ,l ,pope1 ,s4,l4,m ,b>l[1 ,george ,b4 ,po/1 ,*>les ,g4 ,francklyn1 ,col4 ,j4,f4 ,casey1 ,w4,h4 ,brad=d1 & ,selim ,r4 ,grant1 ( ,new ,york2 ,james ,gamble1 ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! ,mutual ,union ,telegraph ,co42 ,t4,e4 ,corni* & ,w4,d4 ,s>g5t1 ( ! ,bell ,telegraph ,co42 ,s4,s4 ,g>wood & ,j4,e4 ,zeubl51 ( ! ,we/]n ,union1 & o!rs4 ,! pr9cipal te/s 7 made ?r\gh ! conduits on ,m>ket ,/reet1 laid by ! ,national ,und]gr\nd ,electric ,company z f> z ,n9? ,/reet4 ,a cable ( five conductors 0 laid ?r\gh ! conduit4 ,two ( ^! conductors consi/$ ( simple circuit wires1 :ile ! o!r ?ree 7 :at is kn[n z sol5oids4 ,a sol5oid wire is a s+le /raight wire1 connect$ at ea* end ) & w\nd closely ar\nd by ano!r insulat$ wire1 ?is =m+ a complete sy/em1 ! electric curr5ts return+ into !mselves4 ,electricians claim t ! sol5oid effectually ov]comes all induction1 & ?is aft]noon exp]im5ts 7 made = ! purpose ( prov+ t ass]tion4 ,9 ! telephones1 connect$ by ! ord9>y wires1 a con/ant burr & click c\ld be he>d1 t s\nd be+ ! induction f ! wires on ! poles on ,m>ket ,/reet1 sixty feet ov]head4 ,) ! sol5oid ! only s\nd 9 ! telephones 0 ! voices ( ! p]sons speak+4 ,! fa9te/ :isp]s c\ld be he>d di/9ctly1 & ! ease & com=t ( conv]sation 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! o!r telephone on ! gr\nd wires4 ,a set ( telegraph indicators 0 also atta*$ to ! wires 9 use 9 ! cable4 ,! s\nds 7 transf]r$ f "o gr\nd wire to ! o!r1 :ile ! sol5oids seem$ to resi/ e influ5ce b t direct$ ^u !m by ! op]ators4 ,ano!r int]e/+ te/ 0 made4 ,! electric curr5t = a ,hauckh\s5 lamp 0 pass$ ?r\gh a long coil ( sol5oid wire4 ,sep>at$ f ?is coil by a s+le newspap]1 lay a coil ( wire atta*$ to telephones1 yet n a s\nd c\ld be he>d 9 ! telephones b ! voices ( ! p]sons us+ !m4 ,! curr5t ( electricity creat$ by a dynamo-electric ma*9e is ( necessity a viol5t "o1 & 9 ! use ( ord9>y wires ! induction w\ld be s great t no o!r s\nds c\ld possibly be he>d 9 ! telephones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,h]z',s ,,telephonic ,,sy/ems4 ,9 an article by ,c\nt du ,moncel1 publi%$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no #bgd1 page #dcfd1 ! au?or1 aft] describ+ ,dr4 ,h]z's telephonic sy/ems1 def]r$ to ano!r occasion ! description ( a /ill new] sy/em ( ! same inv5tor1 because at t "t x _h n be5 protect$ by pat5t4 ,9 ! curr5t numb] ( ,la ,lumire ,electrique1 ,c\nt ,moncel returns to ! subject to expla9 ! pr9ciples ( ^! new app>atus ( ,dr4 ,h]z1 & says3 ,i w fir/ recall ! fact t ,dr4 ,h]z's fir/ sy/em 0 bas$ ^u ! +5i\s use 7!n new7 ( d]ivations4 ,! microphone transmitt] 0 plac$ on a d]ivation f ! curr5t go+ to ! e>?1 tak5 9 on leav+ ! pile1 & ! diff]5t contacts ( ! microphone 7 !mselves connect$ directly & individually ) ! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! pile4 ,! telephone receiv] 0 locat$ at ! o!r end ( ! l9e1 & :5 ?is receiv] 0 a cond5s] its armatures 71 z a consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t1 cont9u\sly & prev5tively pol>iz$1 ?us mak+ x capable ( reproduc+ conv]sation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,h]z',s ,,telephonic ,,sy/ems4 ,?is arrangem5t evid5tly pres5t$ its advantages2 b x likewise possess$ its inconv5i5ces1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! be+ ! necessity ( employ+ r /rong piles & consequ5tly ( expos+ ! l9e to ^? effects ( *>ge :i* react 9 s tr\blesome a mann] 9 electrical transmissions :5 !y occur on some:at l5g?y l9es4 ,n[ ! fact %\ld be recall$ t ,dr4 ,h]z's pr9cipal object 0 ! application ( ! telephone to long l9es1 & he has be5 apply+ himself to ?is problem ev] s9ce4 ,he at fir/ ?\ght ( employ+ rev]s$ curr5ts1 z 9 telegraphy2 b h[ 0 su* a result to be atta9$ ) sy/ems bas$ ^u ! use ( sonor\sly-vibrat+ transmitt]s8 ,he might h be5 able to solve ! problem ) ! second>y curr5ts ( an induction bobb91 z ,messrs4 ,gray1 ,edison1 & o!rs _h done2 b !n he w\ld no long] h be5 b5efit$ by ^? amplifications :i* are furni%$ by ! v>iations ( pressure-d]ivations 9 microphones1 & ?is l$ him to endeavor to increase ! effects ( ! induc$ curr5ts !mselves by prolong+ _! duration1 or r by comb9+ !m 9 su* a way t !y %\ld succe$ ea* o!r1 two by two1 9 ! same direction2 & ?is is ! way he solv$ ! problem 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! fact %\ld also be recall$ t ,dr4 ,h]z _h1 f 8 fir/ exp]im5ts1 recogniz$ ! effici5cy ( ^? microphonic contacts t are obta9$ by ! sup]position ( c>bon disks or o!r semi-conduct+ sub/ances4 ,he has employ$ ^! "u diff]5t arrangem5ts & ) v div]se gr\p+s1 b1 z a g5]al ?+1 x has be5 ! horizontal arrangem5t :i* has giv5 him ! be/ effects4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t f\r sy/ems ( contacts ( ?is nature are arrang$ at ! f\r corn]s ( an ebonite plate1 ,c ,c 7,figs4 #a & #b71 at ,a1 ,a1 ,b1 ,b1 & t !y are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ! cuts--t is to say1 ! upp] disks1 e1 f1 g1 h1 p>allel ) ! sides ( ! plate1 & ! l[] disks1 ,a1 ,a1 ,b1 ,b1 diagonally4 ,let u admit1 fur!r1 t ! plate pivots ab\t an axis1 ,r2 t ! disks are trav]s$ by small p9s fix$ 9 ! plate2 & t small lead5 disks re/ ^u ! upp] disks4 ,f9ally1 let u imag9e t ! plate is connect$ at "o end1 ?r\gh a rod ,t1 ) a telephone diaphragm4 ,n[ x w be readily und]/ood t ! vibrations produc$ by ! diaphragm w cause ! oscillation ( ! plate1 ,c ,c1 & t !re w result !refrom1 on ! "p ( ! disks1 two effects t w succe$ "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ w be1 = ! asc5d+ vibrations1 an increase ( pressure effect$ betwe5 ! disks ( ! left side1 by reason ( _! =ce ( in]tia be+ increas$ by t ( ! lead disks2 & ! second w be1 = ! disks to ! "r1 &1 = ! same reason1 a r$uction ( pressure :i* w take place ?r\gh resili5ce1 at ! mom5t ( *ange 9 direction ( ! vibrat+ motions4 ,if ! curr5t f a pile1 ,p1 trav]ses all ^! disks1 ?r\gh ! connections t we h j m5tion$1 & passes ?r\gh ! prim>y helix 7?r\gh ! wire1 ,i7 ( an induction coil ,h ,h' 7,fig4 #b71 locat$ b5ea? ! app>atus1 & if ! second>y curr5t f ?is bobb9 corresponds1 ?r\gh ! wire ,i1 ) a telephone l9e 9 :i* !re is int]pos$ a telephone or a speak+ cond5s]1 !re w be set up an inv]se induc$ curr5t1 :i*1 be+ rev]s$ z a consequ5ce ( ! crosswise connections ( ! disks1 w cont9ue ! action ( ! fir/ or increase its duration1 &1 consequ5tly1 its =ce1 ?r\gh ! telephone receiv]4 ,! results ( ?is sy/em are v good2 b ,dr4 ,h]z has endeavor$ to simplify x /ill fur!r1 & ) ?is object 9 view has exp]im5t$ on sev]al arrangem5ts4 ,= example1 to obta9 inv]sion a contact 0 simply plac$ on ea* side ( ! vibrat+ plate4 ,al?\gh ! movem5ts ( ?is latt] are n1 z we "k1 ( ! nature ( ord9>y sonor\s vibrations1 x 0 ?\ght t !y might prove to be 9 opposite directions on ! two sides ( ! plate1 & t "o ( ! contacts might be compress$ :ile ! o!r 0 free4 ,s not)/&+ ! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to place ! plate v]tically 9 ord] to give ! same regulation to ! two contacts :i* x is ess5tial %\ld be id5tical4 ,b x became difficult to regulate by weight2 & ev5 to succe$ 9 regulat+ at all1 x became necess>y to employ two p>allel diaphragms1 vibrat+ 9 unison1 & ea* c>ry+ its contact1 b 9 opposite directions4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! horizontal arrangem5t 0 aga9 adopt$2 b1 by a clev] comb9ation1 ! two pr9ciples appli$ by ,dr4 ,h]z--d]ivation & inv]sion--7 unit$4 ,! curr5t is !n l$ to a d\ble contact1 :]e x divides4 ,?is contact is arrang$ "u ! plate 9 su* a way t its two po9ts ( v>iable resi/ance act 9 opposite directions to ea* o!r1 or1 9 "s app>atus1 s t "o ( ! po9ts has no v>iation1 :ile ! o!r is 9 action4 ,! result t occurs may be easily imag9$4 ,! sy/em has be5 exp]im5t$ ) "u diff]5t =ms2 9 "o case ! d]ivation is simple1 t is1 a s+le "o ( ! curr5ts be+ s5t into ! l9e1 :ile 9 ano!r case x is d\ble1 ea* ( ! bran*es be+ provid$ ) a bobb9 & communicat+ ) ! receiv]4 ,9 ! latt] case ! result is rem>kably good1 b ! app>atus is n free f a c]ta9 am\nt ( complication1 & dem&s1 moreov]1 p>ticul> c>e 9 its con/ruction1 exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t ! induction coils mu/ n be equal1 b t !y mu/ pres5t resi/ances comb9$ accord+ to ! circuit do+ duty4 ,x %\ld be add$ t rese>*es h be5 cont9u$ z to ! bodies prop] to be employ$ z microphonic contact1 ) ! result ( br++ out ! important fact t ! numb] ( sub/ances t c be put to ?is use is almo/ unlimit$4 ,! contacts ( ! ,h]z app>atus are n[ be+ made ( conduct+ bodies 7metals = example7 r$uc$ to p[d] & conglom]at$ by *emical means ) a sort ( non-conductive cem5t4 ,! proportion ( ! elem5ts dep5ds ^u ! conductivity ( ! mat]ials employ$1 & x alone det]m9es ! microphonic value ( ! comp\nd1 ! nature ( ! elem5ts app>5tly hav+ sc>cely any influ5ce4 ,nor has ! speak+ cond5s] be5 neglect$4 ,z reg>ds ?is1 ef=ts h seem+ly be5 made t[>d f9d+ a conv5i5t arrangem5t & a regul> mode ( con/ruction1 ! good work+ ( ^! app>atus be+ absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! c>e ) :i* !y are set up4 ,9 ,dr4 ,h]z's op9ion1 ! telephone is n to rema9 a s+le app>atus1 v>i$ only z to =m1 b1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ be actually modifi$ accord+ to ! purposes = :i* x is design$4 ,he ?9ks t a telephone op]at+ at great di/ances mu/ diff] f a city app>atus1 & t an in/rum5t = transmitt+ song c n be absolutely ! same z "o = conv]sational purposes4 ,s he has endeavor$ to create types t %all prove appropriate = ^! diff]5t applications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,decision ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,electricians ,,on ,,! ,,unities ,,( ,,electric ,,measures4 ,= ^! measures !re are adopt$ ! fundam5tal unities--c5timet]1 gramme1 second1 & ?is sy/em is briefly designat$ by ! lett]s ,c41 ,g41 ,s4 ,! practical units1 ! ohm & ! volt1 w reta9 _! pres5t def9itions2 ! ohm is a resi/ance equal to #aji absolute unities 7,c41 ,g41 ,s471 & ! volt is an electromotive =ce equal to #ajh absolute unities 7,c41 ,g41 ,s474 ,! practical unit ( resi/ance 7ohm7 w be repres5t$ by a column ( m]cury ( #a squ>e mm4 9 section at ! temp]ature ( #j;,c4 ,an int]national commission w be *>g$ ) asc]ta9+ = practice1 by means ( new exp]im5ts1 ! height ( ?is column ( m]cury repres5t+ ! ohm4 ,! "n ampre w be giv5 to ! curr5t produc$ by ! electromotor =ce ( #a volt 9 a circuit ^: resi/ance is #a ohm4 ,c\lomb is ! quantity ( electricity def9$ by ! condition t 9 ! curr5t ( an ampre ! section ( ! conductor is trav]s$ by a c\lomb p] second4 ,f>ad is ! capacity def9$ by ! condition t a c\lomb 9 a cond5s]1 ^: capacity is a f>ad1 e/abli%es a diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( a volt betwe5 ! armatures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second>y ,,batt]ies4 ,by ,j4 ,,r\sse4 ,9 ord] to accumulate electricity = ! production ( light or motive p[]1 ! au?or has arrang$ second>y batt]ies1 :i* diff] f ^? ( ,m4,g4 ,plant4 ,at ! negative pole he uses a %eet ( palladium1 :i*1 dur+ ! electrolysis1 absorbs m ?an #ijj times its volume ( hydrog54 ,at ! positive pole he uses a %eet ( lead4 ,! electrolyz$ liquid is sulphuric acid at "o t5?4 ,?is elem5t is v p[]ful1 ev5 :5 ( small dim5sions4 ,ano!r second>y elem5t :i* has also giv5 good results1 is =m$ at ! negative pole ( a sl5d] plate ( %eet-iron4 ,?is plate absorbs m ?an #bjj times its volume ( hydrog5 :5 electrolyz$ 9 a solution ( ammonium sulphate4 ,! positive pole is =m$ ( a plate ( lead1 pure or cov]$ ) a /ratum ( li?>ge1 or pure oxide1 or all ^! sub/ances mix$4 ,^! metallic plates are imm]s$ 9 a solution conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 ( ammonium sulphate4 ,ano!r arrangem5t is at ! negative pole1 %eet-iron2 at ! positive pole a cyl9d] ( f]ro-manganese4 ,! electrolyz$ liquid conta9s #dj p] c5t4 ammonium sulphate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,quicksilv] ,,ores ,,9 ,,spa94 ,?\gh kn[n f remote times1 ! date ( ! fir/ op5+ ( ! fam\s m9es ( quicksilv] ( ,almadn has n be5 precisely det]m9$4 ,almo/ all ! writ]s on ! subject agree t c9nab>1 f ,spa91 0 already kn[n 9 ! times ( ,!ophra/us1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 al?\gh !re is evid5ce 9 ! writ+s ( ,vitruvius t !y 7 work$ at a /ill e>li] date1 ,spani% ore be+ s5t to ,rome = ! manufacture ( v]milion4 ,su* ore con/itut$ a "p ( ! tribute :i* ,spa9 paid to ,rome emp]ors1 & !re are records ( its receipt until ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,! hi/ory ( ,almad5 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,moors is s mu* involv$ 9 d\bt t "s writ]s d5y altoge!r t ! ,arabs work$ ! deposit2 /ill ! v "n x n[ be>s1 :i* means ! m9e1 & _m ( ! te*nical t]ms /ill 9 use1 give evid5ce t !y knew & work$ t fam\s deposit4 ,z = _! ,*ri/ian conqu]ors1 !re are /ray indications t !y extract$ m]cury dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5 c5turies4 ,9 #adag1 ,almad5 0 giv5 ! privileges ( a city1 & f #aebe to #afde ! work+ ( m9es 0 contract$ = by ! weal?y family ( ,fugg]1 ( ,augsburg1 ,g]many4 ,s9ce !n1 ! m9e has be5 work$ by ! /ate1 ?\gh ! ,ro?s*ilds h controll$ ! sale ( ! product4 ,accord+ to ,vitruvius1 ! works = manufactur+ v]milion f ,spani% ore 9 ,rome 7 situat$ betwe5 ! temple ( ,flora & ,quir9o4 ,! ore 0 dri$ & treat$ 9 furnaces1 to remove ! native m]cury x conta9$1 & 0 !n gr\nd 9 iron mort>s & wa%$4 ,9 addition1 small quantities ( quicksilv] & v]milion 7 made at ,almad54 ,! anci5ts describe o!r me?ods1 among :i* ,!ophra/us speaks ( us+ v9eg>1 :i*1 h[ev]1 appe>s f mod]n inve/igations to h be5 an errone\s acc\nt4 ,no?+ def9ite is kn[n conc]n+ ! me?ods ( ! ,moors2 we possess only z a pro( t !y produc$ m]cury1 an acc\nt ( a quicksilv] f\nta9 9 ! m>vel\s palace ( ,abd]rahman ,,iii41 at ,m$9a-,zah>a1 & ! works ( ,rasis1 an ,arab4 ,! ,moors probably extract$ m]cury at ,almad51 f ! eigh? to ! twelf? c5tury1 by ! use ( furnaces call$ xabecas1 :i* latt]1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 7 /ill employ$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 :o cont9u$ !m till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,g]man workm5 replac$ !m by rev]b]atory furnaces1 :i* 9 turn 7 sup]s$$ 9 #afdf by aludel or ,bu/am5te furnaces4 ,!re is an anonym\s description ( ! work+ ) xabecas z practic$ at ,almad5 9 #aedc1 & lat] acc\nts 9 #aeeg & #aefe4 ,! ore 0 put into egg-%ap$ vessels ) a lid1 ! m9]al be+ cov]$ ov] ) a%es4 ,! vessels 7 pack$ 9 a furnace heat$ ) wood1 ab\t #fj p\nds be+ us$ p] p\nd ( quicksilv] made4 ,?is sy/em 0 also appli$ at ! ,guancavelica m9es1 discov]$ 9 ,p]u 9 #aeff1 :]e ! xabecas 7 ab&on$ 9 #afcc1 be+ replac$ by ! furnaces inv5t$ by ,lope ,saav$ra ,b>ba1 :i* !re 7 call$ busconiles1 :ile 9 ,spa9 !y 7 nam$ ,bu/am5te furnaces1 & else:]e aludel furnaces4 ,!y 7 introduc$ at ,almad5 ?irte5 ye>s aft] _! fir/ use 9 ,p]u by ,juan ,alfonso de ,bu/am5te1 ,b>ba & 8 son hav+ be5 lo/ at sea on _! way to ! ,p59sula4 ,9 #ahgf1 !re 7 at ,almad51 at ! works at ,buitrones1 tw5ty su* aludel furnaces & two ,idria furnaces4 ,d4 ,luis de la ,escosura y ,morrogh1 f ^: "w we take ! above notes1 has foll[$ ! hi/orical details ( ! gr[? ( ,almad5 closely1 & f 8 acc\nt ( ! me?od ( work+ 9 #ahgh we take "s data3 ,x is n an easy matt] to expla9 ! classification ( ! ore at ,almad54 ,metal is !re call$ ! ri*e/ m9]al1 compos$ ( qu>tz impregnat$ ) cry/all9e c9nab>4 ,requiebro are middl+s ( m$ium ri*ness1 ,*9a are smalls1 & ,vaciscos ! f9e/ ore4 ,besides native m]cury1 :i* ! ores ( ,almad5 conta9 9 great] or small] quantity1 ! mo/ abundant m9]al is c9nab>1 :i* is always cry/all9e & is (t5 cry/alliz$4 ,! ores h1 besides1 a small quantity ( sel5ium & iron pyrites intimately mix$ ) ! c9nab>4 ,! gangue is qu>tz1 occasionally argillace\s & bitum9\s4 ,! foll[+ are assays ( "s ( ! ores made by ,escosura3 ,metal4 ,requiebro4 ,vaciscos4 ,*9a4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,c9nab> #bi4a #ba4b #ac4c #aj4b #e4a #b4h #a4b #j4hf ,iron pyrites4 #b4b #b4j #b4j #a4i #ab4c #a4e #b4a #b4hj ,bitum9\s matt] #j4f #a4j #a4j #a4b #d4f #j4g #c4d #j4ij ,gangue #fg4e #gd4h #hb4a #gf4e #gg4e #ic4c #ij4b #ic4ej ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- ,total #ii4d #id4j #ih4h #ih4i #ii4e #ih4c #ih4g #ih4jf ,quicksilv] #be4je #ah4bh #aa4dg #h4fd #d4dj #b4da #a4jc #j4ge ,x appe>s to be a difficult matt] to det]m9e ! av]age p]c5tage ( ! v>i\s grades ( ore4 ,9 #ahgb1 a commission classifi$ & sampl$ a lot ( #cjj tons ) ! foll[+ results3 ,quantity1 ,p] c5t4 ,av]age ( ,grade4 ,no4 kilos4 m]cury4 grade4 ,metal #a4 #ha1hij #bc4hf #b4 #ad1igj #bb4fe #bd4hj ,requiebro #c4 #ab1bdj #ae4bj #d4 #ag1jjj #aj4ej #ab4dg ,*9a #e4 #ca1hij #c4hd #f4 #cb1cfj #a4ag #a4ge #g4 #bh1ifj #j4aj ,vaciscos #h4 #gh1cbj #i4bd #i4bd ,?is g5]al av]age ( #ab4bh p] c5t4 ( m]cury is pron\nc$ high] ?an ! usual run ( ! ore1 :i*1 x is /at$1 does n g above #g to #h4ej p] c5t4 ,! furnace 9 :i* ! ore is treat$ is cyl9drical1 #b met]s 9 diamet]1 & #c4gj met]s high f a brick grate1 support$ by ?ree ar*es to ! ar*$ ro(4 ,at ! level ( ! grate is a *>g+ orifice1 & ne> ! ro( are op5+s into two *amb]s1 f ! bottom ( :i* ext5d #ab l9es ( aludels1 clay vessels1 op5 at bo? ends1 ! middle be+ exp&$4 ,! m\? ( "o fits into ! back end ( ! "o foll[+1 a *annel be+ ?us =m$ ?r\gh :i* ! fumes to be cond5s$ are pass$4 ,! l9es ( aludels :i* are laid on ! gr\nd t]m9ate 9 a *amb]1 & = half ! di/ance betwe5 ! furnaces & ^! *amb]s ! gr\nd slopes d[nw>d1 :ile = ! o!r x slopes upw>d4 ,two furnaces are always plac$ side by side1 & ! pair h f #a1ajj to #a1aej aludels4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,a lay] ( poor qu>tz is spread ov] ! brick grate2 ?is is foll[$ by a lay] ( smalls1 & !n by a lay] ( /ill f9] /uff1 all ( x be+ l[ grade ore4 ,on top ( ?is are pil$ two-?irds ( ! *9a ( ! *>ge on :i* ! metal is put4 ,!n foll[s a lay] ( requiebro1 ano!r lot ( *9a1 & f9ally ! vaciscos1 %ap$ into balls1 ! :ole *>ge am\nt+ to ab\t #aa tons1 :i* is put 9 f an h\r & a half to two h\rs by ?ree m54 ,! *>g+ orifice is !n clos$1 ! aludels are lut$1 & ev]y?+ made tight4 ,! fires "u ! brick grate are light$ & kept go+ = twelve h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t furnaces1 *>ge1 & cond5s+ app>atus are heat$ up4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! temp]ature 9 ! cond5s+-*amb] at ! end ( ! l9e ( aludels runs up #dj or #ej degrees ,celsius1 & "s m]cury1 evid5tly "p ( ! native quicksilv]1 is notic$ 9 x4 ,! temp]ature ( ! aludels 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! furnaces is ab\t #adj degrees ,c4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! consumption ( fuel is f\r p>ts to e "p ( quicksilv] produc$4 ,at its close1 ! fire is drawn1 & ! second p]iod beg9s4 ,! air ent]+ ?r\gh ! brick ar* is heat$ to f #bjj to #cjj degrees by contact ) ! lay] ( poor /uff1 ! c9nab> is ignit$1 & its sulphur oxidiz$1 & ! quicksilv] vaporiz$ &1 cond5s+ 9 ! aludels1 fl[s t[>d ! depression 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! l9e4 ,! temp]ature goes on increas+1 until1 twelve h\rs aft] ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod1 ! !rmomet] %[s #bab degrees ,c4 at ! fir/ aludels4 ,?is la/s = #ah h\rs1 & !n ! ?ird or cool+ p]iod beg9s1 :i* takes f #bd to #bf h\rs1 & dur+ ! beg9n+ ( :i* ! temp]ature 9 ! furnaces /ill rises4 ,x is !n op5$ & cool$ d[n4 ,a v elaborate s]ies ( obs]vations made on ! temp]atures ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! cond5s+ app>atus ( ! ,almad5 furnaces has %[n t at ! aludels ne>e/ to !m ! heat increases /eadily until x rea*es #bdi degrees ,c41 #dd h\rs aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation2 t 9 ! middle ( ! l9e1 at ! depression1 ! maximum is #ej degrees #ej h\rs aft] />t+ ! fires2 & t at ! end x does n surpass #ci degrees4 ,9 ! f9al cond5s+ *amb]1 ! temp]ature v>i$1 runn+ d[nw>d f #dj degrees dur+ ! heat+ p]iod to #ad degrees1 ris+ aga9 to #bi degrees t[>d ! close4 ,! loss ( ! quicksilv] dur+ ! op]ation has be5 v>y v>i\sly e/imat$1 "s /at+ t x is #ej p] c5t4 & m1 :ile o!rs place x at #cj p] c5t4 ,escosura1 9 8 "w1 gives ! details ( an op]ation *eck$ by a royal commission 9 #ahgb1 accord+ to :i* ! loss 9 work+ ore runn+ #i4ee p] c5t4 0 only #d4da p] c5t4--a loss :i* he consid]$ inevitable4 ,9 #ahjf1 two ,idria furnaces 7 put up at ,almad51 b ! eng9e]s are n favorably impress$ ) !m4 ,! fir/ co/ is /at$ to be m ?an t5 times great] ?an t ( an aludel furnace1 :ile ! capacity is only #ej p] c5t4 great]4 ,"o pair ( ,idria furnaces 9 five ye>s produc$ #abj1jjj kilogrammes ( quicksilv]1 aga9/ #hdc1jjj kilogrammes made by eight sets ( ! ,bu/am5te furnaces1 ! co/ p] kilogramme ( quicksilv] be+ respectively #j4aba & #j4jef peseta4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,balloon ,,9 ,,a]onautics4 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly true t ! discov]y ( ! balloon has v greatly ret>d$ ! sci5ce ( a]o/ation1 yet1 9 my op9ion1 its field ( usefulness z a vehicle = pleasure excursions1 = explorations1 & = sci5tific inve/igations1 has n be5 fully develop$ = ! want ( c]ta9 improvem5ts1 ! nature ( :i* x is ! object ( ?is pap] to po9t out4 ,! improvem5t ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak relates to ! regulation ( ! buoyancy ( ! balloon4 ,?is is n[ done by ?r[+ out balla/ or by all[+ "s ( ! gas to escape--a me?od :i* necessitates ! c>ry+ ( an unwieldy am\nt ( s& & ! exp5diture ( an unnecess>y am\nt ( gas4 ,f ! fire balloon inv5t$ by ! ,montgolfi] ,bro!rs1 9 #aghb1 to ! sup]ior hydrog5 balloon ( ,m4,m4 ,*>les & ,rob]t1 no mat]ial advancem5t has be5 made1 except ! employm5t ( coal gas1 fir/ sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,gre54 ,! va/ surface pres5t$ to ! w9d makes ! balloon unmanageable 9 e breeze1 & ! a]onaut c d no?+ b all[ x to float along ) ! curr5t4 ,?is is a difficulty :i* has be5 p>tly ov]come1 z 0 se5 at ! rec5t ,p>is ,electrical ,exhibition2 b no "o w ev] be able to guide x 9 a direction opposite to a curr5t ( air4 ,! a]onaut mu/ ev] cont5t himself 9 be+ able to float 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t or at c]ta9 angles to its c\rse2 b to d ?is ev5 is a matt] :i* has n be5 successfully accompli%$4 ,an inflat$ balloon w\ld asc5d too high unless sev]al hundr$ p\nds ( balla/ 7 us$ to weight x d[n4 ,?is balla/ s]ves ano!r purpose1 x is desirable to ma9ta9 ! balloon at a uni=m di/ance above ! e>?'s surface1 & z ! two p] c5t4 daily wa/e ( gas dim9i%es ! buoyancy ( ! balloon1 x mu/ be kept f desc5d+ by ?r[+ (f a c]ta9 am\nt ( s&4 ,aga91 ! heat ( ! sun & ! action ( w>m air curr5ts cause at times ! volume ( gas to und]go a sudd5 expansion1 & !n to prev5t ! balloon f runn+ too high1 ! gas mu/ be all[$ to escape f ! valve4 ,! gas1 "u ^! circum/ances1 mu/ also be all[$ to escape 9 ord] to prev5t ! balloon f bur/+4 ,pres5tly ! balloon w pass ?r\gh a cold] curr5t ( air & sudd5 cond5sation takes place1 & ! balloon w\ld s9k unless m balla/ 7 ?r[n (f4 ,?is process cont9ues until ! a]onaut has nei!r balla/ nor gas left4 ,n[1 ,i sugge/ t a l>ge balloon be made ) ! m\? clos$1 s t no gas c escape2 & t x c>ry en\gh balla/ to keep x1 "u an ord9>y temp]ature1 at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! gr\nd4 ,a pipe mu/ ent] ! m\? ( ! balloon1 "o end ( :i* op5s 9 its int]ior & ! o!r end 9 a gas res]voir :i* lies 9 ! basket or c>4 ,z soon z ! gas und]goes an expansion1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( pressure is made 9 ?is res]voir1 a valve op5s & a :i/le signals ! mom5t :5 ! =ce pumps mu/ be set to "w to pump ! air out ( ! balloon into ! l>ge numb] two res]voir1 ! frame "w ( :i* =ms ! body ( ! c>4 ,tak+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( gas out ( ! balloon is equival5t to tak+ on m balla/1 :ile by cond5s+ ?is gas into a l>ge res]voir1 x is n all[$ to escape1 & :5 necess>y c be s5t back into ! balloon & ?us prev5t ! ?r[+ (f ( balla/4 ,coal gas1 "u a c]ta9 pressure1 becomes heavi] ?an air 7or at lea/ equally heavy71 & ?us ! gas pump$ out ( ! balloon w ( itself s]ve z balla/4 ,?is inv5tion w enable ! ballooni/ to keep himself at a uni=m di/ance above ! e>?1 w prev5t ! c>ry+ ( s mu* balla/ & ! exp5sive wa/e ( gas1 & w enable him to keep afloat at lea/ t5 times z long z by ! old me?od4 ,i h made a model & te/$ ! above !ory4 ,,eli ,c4 ,,ohm>t4 ,nor? ,man*e/]1 ,ind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,arti/s' ,,homes4 ,,no4 #ab--,,mr4 ,,william ,,em]son',s ,,h\se ,,at ,,little ,,sutton1 ,,*iswick4 ,illu/ration ,little ,sutton 0 an old h\se1 p>ts ( :i* 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ! "t ( ,cromwell4 ,x is situat$ 9 a picturesque old g>d51 surr\nd$ by ivy-clad walls & f9e trees1 "o ( ! c$>s be+ extraord9>ily l>ge & p]fect1 its huge bran*es cov]+ a space ( ov] #ij ft4 9 diamet]4 ,! great] "p ( ! old h\se1 be+ un9habitable ?r\gh decay1 0 pull$ d[n2 ! old p>ts are %[n 9 black on ! plan1 & ! new hat*$4 ,x is fac$ ) r$ bricks1 & r$ ,corsehill /one dress+s1 & cov]$ ) tiles ,! plan 0 arrang$ s z to pres]ve ! old kit*51 billi>d-room1 morn+ room1 & cons]vatory4 ,! hall1 ent]$ f a v]&a 9 connection ) ! entrance-por*1 is surr\nd$ by a dado1 ! height ( doors2 ! l[] panels are fill$ ) tiles made to design by ! ,s*ool ( ,art at ,bombay4 ,! woodwork is pa9t$ a mottl$ blue color1 h>moniz+ ) ! g5]al tone ( ! tiles1 ! :ole be+ some?+ ! color ( lapis lazuli4 ,! /aircase is divid$ f ! hall by ?ree ar*es1 ?r\gh :i* is se5 ! /aircase-w9d[1 repres5t+1 9 /a9$ glass1 ! ,e>?1 ,air1 & ,wat]4 ,"u ! c5tral ar* is ! fireplace1 on ! hood ( :i* w ev5tually be a bronze figure ( ,orpheus1 on a gr\nd ( mosaic4 ,! floor is ( m>ble mosaic1 & r\nd ! bord] are ! v>i\s bea/s li/5+ to ! music1 ! trees & riv]1 etc4 ,above ! dado1 & on ! wood5 panels ( ceil+1 w be ! birds1 etc4 ,! woodwork ( d9+-room is pla9 ,am]ican walnut1 ! panels ( dado be+ fill$ ) d>k ,japanese lea!r-pap]4 ,! panels & beams ( ceil+ are ( /a9$ & dull v>ni%$ fir4 ,! draw+ room woodwork1 & furniture ?r\gh\t1 is pa9t$ a mottl$ gre5i% blue1 aft] ! same mann] z ! hall4 ,! decorations ( ?is room1 :5 complete1 are int5d$ to illu/rate ,*auc]'s ,h\se ( ,fame4 ,! *imney-piece1 ( alaba/]1 is surm\nt$ by a ,ca5-/one design1 on a rock ( glass1 %[+ ! entrance to ! ca/le1 ) ! v>i\s figures m5tion$ 9 ! poem1 c>v$ 9 half-r\nd relief1 & ! gateway itself also ri*ly & qua9tly c>v$2 ! rock ( glass repres5t+ ! ice on :i* ! ca/le 0 suppos$ to be built1 & on x are cut ! v>i\s fam\s names ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,9 ! frieze all r\nd ! room w be ! figure ( ,fame & ! v>i\s gr\ps ( suppliants1 & ! pill>s ) ! gr\ps uphold+ ! r5[n ( anci5t cities & nations1 etc41 execut$ 9 v l[ relief1 & pa9t$ on a gr\nd ( blue & gold4 ,! panels ( ceil+s w h conv5tional designs & ! heav5ly bodies on gr\nd ( gold & blue4 ,! morn+ & o!r rooms h no p>ticul> s*eme ( decoration prep>$1 & are simply pa9t$ & pap]$ 9 quiet tones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arti/s' ,,homes ,no4 #ab--,,little ,,sutton1 ,,*iswick4 ,we publi% a longitud9al section1 tak5 ?r\gh ! hall & draw+-room1 ) "p ( ! d9+-room on ! left & "p ( ! libr>y on ! "r-h& side4 ,! beautifully-model$ pla/] frieze1 ) ! c5tral figure ( ,fame1 is %[n 9 ! draw+-room1 & illu/rates ,*auc]'s ,h\se ( ,fame1 ! :ole be+ elaborately color$ 9 h>mony ) ! purposes & g5]al tone ( ! room1 :i* is 9 blue & gold4 ,! hood$ mantelpiece 9 ! libr>y is entirely 9 concrete1 to be ri*ly pa9t$ & gild$4 ,! draw+1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! description1 w expla9 itself4--,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,memorable ,,engli% ,,h\ses4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfd1 a lett] appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts f a correspond5t1 :o sugge/$ t ! ,society ( ,arts %\ld (f] a prize or prizes = designs ( memorial tablets to be affix$ to h\ses associat$ ) di/+ui%$ p]sons1 & 9 ! same ye> a s]ies ( sugge/$ inscriptions 0 repr9t$ f ! ,build]4 ,! subject hav+ be5 br\ght "u ! notice ( ! c\ncil1 a committee 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahff to consid] & report h[ ! society might promote ! erection ( /atues or o!r memorials ( p]sons em95t 9 arts1 manufactures1 & comm]ce1 &1 at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! committee1 on ,may #g1 ,mr4 ,george ,c4,t4 ,b>tley submitt$ "s memor&a on ! proposal to place labels on h\ses 9 ! metropolis kn[n to h be5 inhabit$ by celebrat$ p]sons ,9 #ahcg1 ! fir/ tablet 0 erect$ by ! society 9 ,holles ,/reet1 ,cav5di% ,squ>e1 on ! h\se :]e ,byron 0 born4 ,o!r tablets 7 soon aft]w>d put up1 & ! erection ( ^! memorials has be5 cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,! h\se 9 ,leice/] ,squ>e1 ^u :i* a tablet 9 memory ( ,hog>? has be5 erect$1 is occupi$ by ,ar*bi%op ,t5ison's s*ool1 = :i* ! h\se 0 rebuilt4 ,! orig9al build+1 9 :i* ,hog>? liv$ = sev]al ye>s1 0 long kn[n z ! ,sablonire ,hotel4 ,john ,hunt] liv$ next door aft] ,hog>?'s dea?4 ,( ! f\r wor?ies :o 7 intimately connect$ ) ,leice/] ,squ>e1 viz1 ,hunt]1 ,hog>?1 ,newton & ,reynolds1 & ^: bu/s are n[ set up at ! f\r corn]s ( ! inclosure1 ! la/ ?ree h tablets erect$4 ,! h\se 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,/reet1 :i* is n[ occupi$ by ! s*ools atta*$ to ! ,orange ,/reet ,*apel1 is 9 mu* ! same condition z :5 ,sir ,isaac ,newton liv$ 9 x1 f #agaj to #agbg1 except t ! old r$ bricks h be5 cov]$ ) /ucco1 & an obs]vatory on ! ro( has be5 tak5 away )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,newton',s ,,h\se1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet4 ,flaxman _h sev]al ,london resid5ces1 b ! h\se 9 ,buck+ham ,/reet1 ,fitzroy ,squ>e1 is ! "o ) :i* he is mo/ intimately associat$1 z he liv$ 9 x dur+ ! prime ( 8 arti/ic c>e]4 ,he w5t !re 9 #agif1 :5 he return$ f ,rome1 & !re he di$ 9 #ahbf1 be+ buri$ 9 ! gr\nd adjo9+ old ,/4 ,pancras ,*ur* & belong+ to ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,giles-9-! fields4 ,! h\se is on ! s\? side ( ! /reet1 close by ,great ,tit*field ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flaxman',s ,,h\se1 ,,buck+ham ,,/reet4 ,cann+'s h\se1 on ! s\? side ( ,conduit ,/reet is greatly *ang$ s9ce ! great /atesman liv$ 9 x4 ,x orig9ally =m$ a w+ ( ,tr9ity ,*apel1 :i* has be5 swept away )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,?is *apel 0 ! successor ( ! *apel-on-:eels :i* 0 us$ at ! ,h\nsl[ camp 9 ! reign ( ,james ,,ii41 & 0 subsequ5tly br\ght up to ,london4 ,x is %[n 9 ,kip's view ( old ,burl+ton ,h\se z /&+ 9 ! fields at ! back ( t h\se4 ,:5 ,conduit ,/reet 0 built1 a *apel 0 erect$ on ! s\? side to sup]s$e ! *apel-on-:eels4 ,! h\se on ! we/ side ( ! *apel1 :]e ,cann+ liv$ = a "t1 0 subsequ5tly inhabit$ = _m ye>s by ! fam\s physician1 ,dr4 ,elliotson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ! front 0 alt]$1 & a l>ge %op w9d[ made1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,x is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,/reet]1 ! jewel]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cann+',s ,,h\se4 ,dr4 ,johnson _h s _m resid5ces 9 ,london t !re is "s difficulty 9 *oos+ ! "o t is mo/ int]e/+ to u4 ,! h\se 9 ,g\gh ,squ>e has special claims to att5tion1 z x 0 !re t ! great lexicograph] *iefly compil$ 8 diction>y4 ,! g>ret1 ) its slant+ ro(1 9 :i* 8 amanu5ses work$1 & 8 own /udy are /ill to be be54 ,johnson himself1 9 8 ,life ( ,milton1 obs]ves1 ,i _c b rem>k a k9d ( respect1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 paid to ?is great man by 8 biograph]s2 e h\se 9 :i* he resid$ is hi/orically m5tion$1 z if x 7 an injury to neglect nam+ any place t he honor$ by 8 pres5ce4 ,embold5$ by ?is expression ( op9ion1 ,boswell "o ev5+1 9 ! ye> #aggi1 v5tur$ to ask ,johnson ! names ( "s ( 8 resid5ces1 & he obta9$ ! foll[+ li/1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 8 ,life ( ,johnson3 7#a7 ,exet] ,/reet1 (f ,ca!r9e ,/reet1 ,/r&1 7#b7 ,gre5wi*2 7#c7 ,wood/ock ,/reet1 ne> ,hanov] ,squ>e2 7#d7 ,ca/le ,/reet1 ,cav5di% ,squ>e1 ,no4 #f1 7#e7 ,/r&2 7#f7 ,boswell ,c\rt2 7#g7 ,/r& aga92 7#h7 ,b[ ,/reet2 7#i7 ,holborn2 7#aj7 ,fett] ,lane2 7#aa7 ,holborn aga91 7#ab7 ,g\gh ,squ>e2 7#ah7 ,/aple's ,inn2 7#ad7 ,gray's ,inn2 7#ae7 ,inn] ,temple ,lane1 ,no4 #a2 7#af7 ,johnson's ,c\rt1 ,no4 #g2 7#ag7 ,bolt ,c\rt1 ,no4 #h4 ,9 ?is la/ place he di$ 9 #aghd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,johnson',s ,,h\se4 ,9 ,april1 #ahgi1 ! corporation ( ! city ( ,london 7 ask$ to co-op]ate 9 ?is "w1 & to und]take ! erection ( suitable memorial tablets )9 ! city b\nd>ies4 ,! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! city l&s committee1 ) :i* body ! secret>y has _h sev]al communications ) respect to ! localities sugge/$ = memorials1 ! result be+ t ! committee agre$ to erect su* tablets )9 ! city b\nd>ies4--,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dome/ic ,,sug> ,,production4 ,! value ( sug> import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is great] ?an t ( any o!r s+le article ( comm]ce4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhj x appe>s t ov] "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e million p\nds ( sug> 7 br\ght "h f o!r c\ntries1 at a co/ ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & tw5ty million doll>s1 includ+ cu/oms duty4 ,moreov]1 ! consumption ( sug>1 p] capita1 9 ?is c\ntry is rapidly increas+4 ,x 01 dur+ ! t5 ye>s next prec$+ #ahgj1 only #bh p\nds on ! av]age p] annum1 b1 9 ! t5 ye>s next foll[+1 an av]age ( #ch p\nds p] annum 7 consum$ = ea* p]son ( ! population ( ?is c\ntry4 ,?is appe>s to be an increase ( #ce p] c5tum 9 t5 ye>s4 ,! subject ( dome/ic cultivation ( sug> be>+ plants is1 !re=e1 "o ( great importance to ?is nation1 & x has accord+ly engag$ ! att5tion ( ! ,u4,s4 ,commission] ( ,agriculture1 & _m exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 ! propagation ( ! v>i\s canes1 roots1 etc41 f :i* sug> c be made4 ,among sug>-be>+ plants1 beside ! regul> sug> cane1 are1 sorghum1 sug> beet1 maple1 wat]melon1 sweet & :ite potato1 & corn /alk4 ,/ati/ics %[ t ( ! #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( sug> produc$ 9 ! _w1 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s comes f ! sug> cane1 & ! o!r f\r? comes ma9ly f ! sug> beet4 ,( ! total quantity1 only ab\t "o sev5tie? is produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t is ma9ly cane sug> f ,l\isiana4 ,! beet sug> has =m]ly be5 ma9ly produc$ 9 ,europe4 ,fir/ ,france1 second ,g]many1 ?ird ,russia1 !n ,belgium1 ,au/ria1 ,holl&1 ,sw$51 & ,italy4 ,! consumption ( sug> 9 ,great ,brita9 is mu* great] p] capita ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ab\t #fe p\nds1 or ne>ly d\ble2 :ile 9 ,g]many #ai p\nds p] annum are us$ on an av]age by ea* p]son1 & 9 ,russia ! consumption is mu* less4 ,! importance ( ?is subject to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! consumption ( sug> is increas+ out ( ratio to ! production ( sug>-be>+ plants1 & :]e agricultural indep5d5ce %\ld be realiz$1 z we h already atta9$ & ma9ta9$ political indep5d5ce1 & almo/ indep5d5ce 9 manufactur+ indu/ries1 has call$ out ,mr4 ,lewis ,s4 ,w>e1 a memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 etc41 9 a pamphlet ( ov] #fj pages1 entitl$ a ,/udy ( ! ,v>i\s ,s\rces ( ,sug>4 ,f ?is publication x appe>s t ! ma9 s\rce ( sug> supply mu/ /ill be sucrose1 cane sug>1 ev5 9 spite ( ! be/ ef=ts ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t & ( ! ,/ate agricultural organizations to introduce sug>-be>+ plants t w ?rive 9 ! temp]ate & cold] latitudes ( ?is c\ntry4 ,) ! s+le exception ( ! sug> beet1 he seems to disp>age all attempts to produce practical sug> f h>dy plants1 or ^? t w mature 9 ! region ( fro/s 9 w9t]4 ,ev5 sorghum1 t has = tw5ty ye>s held a place 9 ! hopes ( ! nor!rn f>m]1 has decl9$ s t ! alleg$ production ( half a million p\nds 9 #ahff _h became b>ely a twelf? ( a million p\nds 9 #ahgg4 ,9 8 rem>ks on ! synopsis ( "o hundr$ & elev5 exp]im5ts1 made at ,wa%+ton1 he says3 ,z may be notic$1 ?irty-five ( !m 7#aaa7 w\ld yield z]o4 ,if we take ! av]age ( ! hundr$ & elev5 exp]im5ts1 we f9d z a yield #d4e p] c5t41 :i* result _c possibly be practically accept$4 ,9 o!r words1 our gov]nm5t1 not)/&+ ! favorable conditions "u :i* !y 7 made1 prove t ! sorghum utilization is fallacy 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 444 ,if sorghum is to be gr[n = its sirup1 or = fodd]1 x w evid5tly r5d] excell5t s]vice4 ,x seems t less ?an f\r p] c5t4 ( cry/allizable sug> 9 ! sorghum juice w n pay ! co/ ( mak+ sug> f x1 z x w n cry/allize 9 a reasonable "t1 on acc\nt ( ! glucose 9 ! juice1 :i*1 ) ! o!r impurities1 w prev5t ! ready cry/allization ( f\r or five times _! own weight ( sucrose4 ,f ! e>ly hi/ory ( sorghum1 x appe>s t x 0 kn[n z sorgo 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :ile tw5ty or ?irty v>ieties 7 kn[n "u diff]5t names 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 & ,africa4 ,"s ( ! names are1 ,*9ese sug> cane1 7sorgo71 ,india cane1 emphee or ,c(f]s' bread1 pa9des anges1 etc4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( x %[s t 9 #ahej1 ,c\nt ,montigny s5t ! fir/ samples f ,*9a to ,europe4 ,x _h be5 us$ 9 ! =m] c\ntry = ?\s&s ( ye>s = ! manufacture ( r$ dye4 ,! se$s 7 aft]w>d sold 9 ,france = a franc ea*4 ,a v>iety came lat] to ?is c\ntry f ,africa1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( an ,engli%man nam$ ,wray1 to :om is *>g$ ! effects ( ! delusive exp]im5ts ( try+ to make cry/alliz$ sug> f its juice1 :i* h be5 go+ on 9 ?is c\ntry = tw5ty ye>s4 ,b two v>ieties ( sorghum n[ rema91 kn[n z ! ,*9ese & ,african types4 ,( all ! o!r sug> plants1 none except ! maple tree 7besides ! sug> cane & ! beet7 seem to h yield$ sug> to pay ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,! maple tree has yield$ a total ( #da1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #ahgg4 ,b z an indu/ry by itself1 x appe>s to be unpr(itable1 & maple sug> mu/ be1 & g5]ally is1 sold at a high] price p] p\nd ?an cane sug>2 moreov]1 x has n ! qualities t are requir$ 9 a g5]al sweetn] = cul9>y purposes4 ,! v>iety ( sug> plant call$ amb] cane is n v cle>ly def9$1 b x may be tak51 f ! description ( ! juice z to cry/alliz+ qualities1 z no bett] sug> produc] ?an sorghum4 ,x1 ) sorghum1 is class$ z a sub-v>iety ( sug> cane1 :i* w yield sirup & fodd]1 b w n cry/allize "u sev]al mon?s' "t1 & ev5 !n 9 b small p]c5tage4 ,on ! :ole x appe>s1 z be=e /at$1 t ! sug> beet is ! only practicable s\rce ( sug> = ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :i*1 z exp]im5tally %[n1 c be rais$ at a pr(it ( =ty six doll>s p] acre1 aga9/ tw5ty doll>s p] acre1 ! pr(it ( sug> mak+ f cane 9 ,l\isiana4 ,^u ?is %[+ sev]al beet sug> factories h be5 />t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,canada1 & _! products are said to be satisfactory1 & h be5 sold at a pr(it 9 competition ) import$ beet sug>4 ,mr4 ,w>e recomm5ds ! e/abli%m5t ( beet sug> factories on a l>g] scale1 to be manag$ by m5 :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> k9d ( sug> mak+1 :i* seems to be a practical means ( supply+ ourselves ) home-made sug>4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! successful cultivation ( an ample supply ( beets to keep !m at "w is an ess5tial pr]equisite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h]ald ,,isl&4 ,john ,muir1 ! geologi/ ) ! ,corw9 ,arctic ,exp$ition1 describes1 z foll[s1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,h]ald ,isl&1 hi!rto kn[n only z an inaccessible rock se5 by a few v5turesome :al]s & explor]s3 ,aft] s _m futile ef=ts _h be5 made to rea* ?is little ice b\nd isl&1 ev]ybody seem$ wildly eag] to run a%ore & climb to ! summit ( its %e] granite cliffs4 ,at fir/ a p>ty ( eight jump$ f ! b[sprit *a9s & ran across ! n>r[ belt ( m>g9 ice & madly began to climb up an excessively /eep gully1 :i* came to an end 9 an inaccessible slope a few hundr$ feet above ! wat]4 ,^? ahead loos5$ & s5t d[n a tra9 ( granite b[ld]s1 :i* %ot ov] ! heads ( ^? bel[ 9 a f> m dang]\s mann] ?an any ( ! p>ty seem$ to appreciate4 ,=tunately nobody 0 hurt1 & all made out to get d[n 9 safety4 ,:ile ?is rem>kable piece ( m\nta9e]+ & ,arctic exploration 0 9 progress1 a light sk9-cov]$ boat 0 dragg$ ov] ! ice & laun*$ on a /rip ( wat] t /ret*$ 9 front ( an accessible rav9e1 ! b$ ( an anci5t glaci]1 :i* ,i felt assur$ w\ld conduce by an easy grade to ! summit ( ! isl&4 ,! slope ( ?is rav9e = ! fir/ hundr$ feet or s 0 v /eep1 b inasmu* z x 0 full ( firm1 icy sn[1 x 0 easily asc5d$ by cutt+ /eps 9 ! face ( x ) an ax t ,i _h br\ght f ! %ip = ! purpose4 ,beyond ?is !re 0 n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 our way1 ! glaci] hav+ grad$ a f9e1 broad road4 ,,on ,,! ,,summit4 ,kellet1 :o discov]$ ?is isl& 9 #ahdi1 & l&$ on x "u unfavorable circum/ances1 describes x z an inaccessible rock4 ,! sides are1 inde$1 9 g5]al1 extremely %e] & precipit\s all ar\nd1 ?\gh skill$ m\nta9e]s w\ld f9d _m gullies & slopes by :i* !y might rea* ! summit4 ,i fir/ pu%$ on to ! head ( ! glaci] valley1 & !nce along ! back bone ( ! isl& to ! highe/ po9t1 :i* ,i f\nd to be ab\t twelve hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is po9t is ab\t a mile & a half f ! nor?we/ end1 & f\r & a half f ! nor!a/ end1 ?us mak+ ! isl& ab\t six miles 9 l5g?4 ,x has be5 cut ne>ly 9 two by ! glacial action x has und]gone1 ! wid? at ?is l[e/ portion be+ ab\t half a mile1 & ! av]age wid? ab\t two miles4 ,! entire isl& is a mass ( granite ) ! exception ( a pat* ( metamorphic slate ne> ! c5t]1 & no d\bt owes its exi/5ce ) s consid]able a height to ! sup]ior resi/ance ?is granite (f]$ to ! degrad+ action ( ! nor!rn ice %eet1 traces ( :i* are "h pla9ly %[n1 z well z on ! %ores ( ,sib]ia & ,alaska1 & d[n ?r\gh ,behr+ ,/rait1 s\?w>d1 beyond ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,traces ( ! subsequ5t p>tial glaciation x has be5 subject$ to are also manife/$ 9 glacial valleys ( consid]able dep? z comp>$ ) ! size ( ! isl&4 ,i notic$ f\r ( ^!1 besides _m m>g9al glacial grooves ar\nd ! sides4 ,"o small remnant ) feeble action /ill exi/s ne> ! middle ( ! isl&4 ,i also not$ sev]al scor$ & poli%$ pat*es on ! h>de/ & mo/ endur+ ( ! outswell+ rock bosses4 ,?is little isl&1 /&+ z x does alone out 9 ! ,pol> ,sea1 is a f9e glacial monum5t4 ,a ,,midnight ,,obs]vation4 ,! midnight h\r ,i sp5t alone on ! highe/ summit1 "o ( ! mo/ impressive h\rs ( my life4 ,! deepe/ sil5ce seem$ to press d[n on all ! va/1 immeasurable1 virg9 l&scape4 ,! sun ne> ! horizon r$d5$ ! edges ( belt$ cl\d b>s ne> ! base ( ! sky1 & ! jagg$ ice b[ld]s cr[d$ toge!r ov] ! froz5 ocean /ret*+ indef9itely nor?w>d1 :ile m ?an a hundr$ miles ( t my/]i\s ,wrangell ,l& 0 se5 blue 9 ! nor?we/--a wav]+ l9e ( hill & dale ov] ! :ite & blue ice prairie & pale gray m\nta9s beyond1 well calculat$ to fix ! eye ( a m\nta9e]2 b x 0 to ! f> nor? t ,i ev] f\nd myself turn+1 :]e ! ice met ! sky4 ,i w\ld fa9 h wat*$ "h all ! /range night1 b 0 compell$ to rememb] ! *>ge giv5 me by ! capta91 to make ha/e & return to ! %ip z soon z ,i %\ld f9d x possible1 z !re 0 t5 miles ( %ift+1 drift+ ice betwe5 u & ! op5 sea4 ,,plant ,,life ,,on ,,h]ald ,,isl&4 ,i !re=e began ! return j\rney ab\t "o o'clock ?is morn+1 aft] tak+ ! compass be>+s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts )9 sight on ,wrangell ,l&1 & mak+ a ha/y collection ( ! fl[]+ plants on my way4 ,i f\nd "o species ( poppy1 q %[y1 & mak+ consid]able masses ( color on ! slop+ upl&s1 ?ree or f\r species ( saxifrage1 "o sil5e1 a draba1 dw>f will[1 /ell>ia1 two gold5 composit1 two s$ges1 "o grass1 & a v]onica1 toge!r ) a consid]able numb] ( mosses & li*5s1 "s ( !m q %[y & s abundant z to =m ! bulk ( ! color ov] ! gray granite4 ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,cliffs4 ,innum]able gulls & murres bre$ on ! /eep cliffs1 ! latt] mo/ abundant4 ,!y kept up a con/ant d9 ( dome/ic notes4 ,"s ( !m are sitt+ on _! eggs1 o!rs h "y1 & x seems a/oni%+ t ei!r eggs or ! "y c f9d a re/+ place on cliffs s sev]ely precipit\s4 ,! nurs]ies =m$ a lively picture--! p>5ts com+ & go+ ) food or to seek x1 ?\s&s 9 r[s /&+ on n>r[ l$ges l bottles on a groc]'s %elves1 ! fe$+ ( ! little ones1 ! multitude ( w+s1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,b\*ut's exp]im5ts ) peps9e = de/roy+ worms 9 ! /oma* & b[els h be5 cont9u$ ) extremely promis+ results4 ,ev5 ! tapeworm succumbs to ! dige/ive action ( peps9e 9 l>ge doses1 :ile ! m highly organiz$ tissues ( ! /oma* are unaffect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,franz ,,liszt4 ,on ! #bb;d day ( ,octob]1 #ahaa1 ,franz ,liszt1 ! greate/ piani/ ( ! la/ half c5tury1 0 born at ,raid+1 9 ,hung>y1 & ! entire musical _w 0 unit$ 9 celebrat+ 8 sev5tie? bir?day1 :i* took place ?is ye>4 ,:at c be m appropriate ?an to take a look at ! pa/ & recall "s ( ! important ev5ts ( ,liszt's s v int]e/+ life8 ,to recall 8 fir/ appe>ance z a wond] *ild 9 8 native t[n1 ! bless+ & kiss he receiv$ a few ye>s lat] f ! immortal ,bee?ov51 8 great triumphs 9 ! ,p>is salons & ! defeat ( 8 rival ,?alb]g4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ! viol9 virtuoso ,pagan9i1 he resolv$ to atta9 ! highe/ developm5t ( 8 musical g5ius & to become s _w-r5[n$ z none has be5 be=e him1 & 9 ?is 0 successful4 ,he has n only ma9ta9$ 8 /&+ z ! greate/ ma/] ( mod]n piano virtuosos1 b has _h ! greate/ influ5ce on 8 foll[]s & s*ol>s1 ,taussig1 v4 ,bul[1 ,mr4 & ,mme4 ,brons>t1 ,m5t]1 & o!r y\ng] & old] piani/s :o h _h ! b5efits ( 8 in/ruction = a great] or less l5g? ( "t1 s t x c be ju/ly claim$ t ! majority ( our pres5t virtuosos owe _! success & fame directly or indirectly to ! abilities ( ,liszt4 ,liszt is end[$ ) t great gift ( treat+ e individual 9 ! mann] mo/ favorable to ! developm5t ( its traces ( arti/ic ability & desires1 & ?is acc\nts = 8 wond]ful results z in/ructor & ma/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,franz ,,liszt4 ,b no picture ( ,liszt w\ld be p]fect )\t a rsum or recapitulation ( 8 compositions4 ,aft] a mo/ p]fect transposition & prep>ation ( num]\s works ( ,bee?ov51 ,s*ub]t1 & ,b]lioz1 & aft] mak+ _! compositions popul> & introduc+ num]\s valuable novelties 9 ! art ( play+ piano1 he produc$ 8 ,symphonis*e ,di*tung5 7,symphonic ,poems74 ,^! highly dramatic compositions1 9 :i* he foll[s ,b]lioz & (t5 produces ! mo/ a/oni%+ effects ( s\nds1 h[ev]1 did n f9d entire approbation ) ! public1 & did n succe$ 9 popul>iz+ !mselves4 ,b t fact c be record$ 9 8 favor t e programme conta9+ ,liszt's ,dante1 or ,fau/ ,symphony1 or ,mazeppa1 receives m ?an ord9>y att5tion f ! public4 ,! same is ! case ) 8 solo songs ) piano accompanim5t1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 +5i\s details (t5 t5d to dr[n ! orig9al melody4 ,( 8 qu>tets1 "s h become highly popul> ) s++ societies & =m "p ( _! rep]toire4 ,! cr[n+ po9t ( ,liszt's compositions is to be f\nd 9 sacr$ music1 = in/ance 9 8 mass kn[n z ! ,grau] ,messe1 compos$ = ! d$ication ( ! ,ca!dral at ,grau1 9 ,hung>y2 ! ,cr[n+ mass1 & 8 two oratorios1 ,die heilige ,elisabe? & ,*ri/us4 ,b ev5 !y caus$ a decid$ diff]5ce ( op9ion2 & if "s knew no b\nds = _! en?usiasm1 o!rs c\ld n f9d an end = _! condemnation4 ,su* works %\ld n be treat$ too lightly1 & a ?or\gh & imp>tial exam9ation w %[ t a place ( honor mu/ be accord$ to !m 9 ! hi/ory ( music4 ,s9ce ! ,heilige ,elisabe? has be5 produc$ 9 sev]al cities ( ,g]many x has be5 view$ m favorably & dis>m$ _m ( ! oppon5ts4 ,b ,liszt also belongs to ! lit]>y frat]nity1 & 8 works1 publi%$ by ,breitkopf ,h>tel1 conta9 "s ( ! be/ ev] writt5 9 reg>d to art & arti/s4 ,!y 7 mo/ly writt5 9 elegant ,fr5* orig9ally1 & relate to ! social position ( arti/s & ! /ate ( ! art ( music 9 c]ta9 cities or ev5 an entire c\ntry4 ,a "p ( 8 works is devot$ to ! music ( gypsies1 & to a true & hone/ hi/ory ( ! life ( 8 fri5d ,*op94 ,!n aga9 we f9d him prep>+ ! pa? to ! he>ts ( ! public = ,b]lioz1 ,s*umann1 ,wagn]1 ,rob]t ,franz1 & ,mey]be]4 ,liszt has c]ta9ly collect$ enorm\s sums ( money 9 8 successful c>e]1 b z fa/ z he reaps 8 e>n+s he gives !m to ^? ne$+ assi/ance1 & x is almo/ entirely to him t ! inhabitants ( ,bonn1 on ! ,rh9e1 owe _! beautiful ,bee?ov5 ,monum5t1 & dur+ ! la/ ye>s ,liszt has be5 untir+ 9 giv+ conc]ts & collect+ money = a monum5t = ! greate/ ( ! great1 ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,liszt is an arti/ 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 & we %\ld all wi% t he w rema9 among u = _m ye>s m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,,g>ni]',s ,,new ,,me?ods ,,( ,,photo5grav+4 ,by ,,major ,j4 ,,wat]h\se1 ,b4,,sc4 ,9 "o ( ! upp] rooms ( ! ,electrical ,exhibition 9 ,p>is1 !re is an int]e/+ collection ( plates & pro(s produc$ by v>i\s me?ods ( photo-engrav+1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,h5ri ,g>ni]1 ^: "n is s well kn[n 9 connection ) ^! processes1 & ^: beautiful plate ( ! ,*ateau ( ,ma9t5on ga9$ = him a gold m$al at ! ,p>is ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahfg4 ,"s int]e/+ details ( ^! processes are giv5 9 an extract f a report on !m by ,m4 ,davanne to ! ,socit d',enc\ragem5t p\r l',indu/rie ,nationale1 read at its sitt+ on ! #bb;d ,july la/1 ( :i* copies are di/ribut$ gratis 9 ! exhibition4 ,! report op5s ) a brief allusion to ,m4 ,g>ni]'s cont9u\s labors 9 p]man5t photographic pr9t+1 comm5c+ ) ! +5i\s m]cury process work$ out 9 conjunction ) ,m4 ,salmon1 & publi%$ 9 #ahee1 9 :i* a pr9t :i* has be5 expos$ to ! fumes ( iod9e is laid d[n on a plate ( poli%$ brass1 s t ! iod9e1 absorb$ by ! pr9t$ l9es1 slightly attacks ! brass2 m]cury be+ !n rubb$ ov] ! brass1 =ms an amalgam ) ! iodiz$ p>ts4 ,if a roll] *>g$ ) pr9t+ ink be n[ pass$ ov] ! plate1 ! ink w only be tak5 on ! pure brass1 & n on ! iodiz$ p>ts4 ,! plate is next bitt5 ) acid nitrate ( silv]1 & may !n be treat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 s z to =m ei!r a pr9t+-block or an engrav$ plate4 ,! process nev] came to any practical use1 b l$ ,m4 ,g>ni] to ! inv5tion ( ! v valuable & l>gely us$ process ( aci]age or /eel-fac+1 by :i* ! surface ( engrav$ copp]-plates is s h>d5$ & protect$ by a ?9 coat+ ( iron t in/ead ( only a few hundr$ impressions1 _m ?\s&s c be pr9t$ f a plate )\t ! slighte/ det]ioration4 ,! next inv5tion notic$ is ! citrate ( iron process ( ,m4,m4 ,salmon & ,g>ni]1 9 :i* a pap]1 coat$ ) a sirupy solution ( citrate ( iron1 is expos$ to light "u a positive pr9t = a p]iod v>y+ f eight to t5 m9utes 9 ! sun1 to half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r 9 ! %ade4 ,9 ! p>ts :]e ! light has act$ ! pap] becomes non-hygroscopic 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! action ( ! light ^u x4 ,! pap] be+ left = a %ort "t to absorb moi/ure f ! air1 is du/$ ov] ) lamp-black1 :i*1 atta*+ itself to ! unexpos$ p>ts1 reproduces an exact image ( ! orig9al draw+4 ,m4 ,g>ni] has s9ce greatly modifi$ ?is me?od ( obta9+ an image by du/+1 & appli$ x to v>i\s processes ( photo-engrav+4 ,! report !n proce$s to give ! foll[+ details ( a process ( photo-engrav+1 :i* 0 exhibit$ be=e ! society by ,m4 ,g>ni] 9 ,m>* la/3 ,,photogravure4 ,9 photo-engrav+ a di/9ction mu/ always be made betwe5 ! reproduction ( draw+s 9 l9e & ^? ) %ad$ t9ts4 ,a4--,photo-engrav+ ( ,l9e-"w4--,a plate ( copp] is prep>$ by cov]+ x1 ei!r by fl[+ or ) a roll]1 ) a v ?9 coat+ ( a solution (3 ,sug> #b grammes4 ,bi*romate ( ammonia #a gramme4 ,wat] #ad grammes4 ,?is coat+ is equaliz$ & quickly dri$ by means ( an arrangem5t :i* keeps x 9 rotation ov] a w>m plate4 ,z soon z ! plate is dry1 a positive cli* ( ! draw+ to be reproduc$ is laid ^u x1 & ! :ole expos$ to ! sun = a m9ute1 or to ! electric light = ?ree m9utes4 ,! reaction produc$ is ! same z ) ! citrate ( iron1 b mu* quick]2 ! expos$ p>ts are no long] hygroscopic1 b 9 ! p>ts protect$ by ! l9es ( ! draw+ ! s5sitive coat+ has reta9$ its /ick9ess1 & w hold any p[d] t may be pass$ ov] x1 ?us produc+ a v cle> image ( ! draw+4 ,! coat+ be+ excessively ?91 ! little moi/ure x holds & ! p[d] appli$ suffice to break its cont9uity1 especially if ! p[d] be slightly alkal9e4 ,if ! re/ ( ! surface 7 suffici5tly resi/+1 ! plate might be bitt5 at once2 b light alone is n en\gh to produce complete imp]meability3 ! action ( heat mu/ be comb9$ ) x4 ,! plate is1 !re=e1 plac$ on a grat+1 ) wide op5+s1 a l>ge flame is appli$ und]nea?1 & x is heat$ till ! bord]s :]e ! copp] is b>e %[ iridesc5t colors4 ,! sug>y coat+ ?us becomes v h>d 9 ! expos$ p>ts1 b "u ! p[d] x is brok51 por\s1 & p]meable to acids4 ,! surface is !n cov]$ ) ! bit+ fluid1 :i* is a solution ( p]*loride ( iron at #de ,baum1 & aft] few m9utes' contact ! plate is engrav$4 ,x only rema9s to cle> (f ! bi*romat$ sug>y coat+ :i* =ms ! res]ve1 & :i*1 be+ h>d5$ by ! heat1 resi/s ord9>y wa%+4 ,x is remov$ p]fectly by rubb+ ! surface ) a h>d bru% & w>m pota% lye2 ! plate is !n ready = pr9t+4 ,sometimes x may be necess>y to give sev]al successive bit+s1 or to use a res9\s gra92 9 su* cases ! v>i\s me?ods ( ! engrav]'s art are employ$4 ,b4--,photo ,engrav+ = ,half-,tones4--,to reproduce by engrav+ ! image ( any object1 a portrait1 or a l&scape1 ! gradation ( t9t is obta9$ by repeat+ ?ree times 9 ! foll[+ mann] ! op]ation ,a1 j describ$3 ,! copp] plate be+ prep>$ z be=e1 x is expos$ to ! light "u a positive1 & giv5 a long exposure1 say f\r m9utes1 9 ! electric light4 ,! sug>y coat+ h>d5s "u ! :ites & ! light] %ades--x only rema9s tacky "u ! blacks4 ,! positive cli* is remov$1 ! plate p[d]$1 & bitt52 ! blacks alone come out4 ,! plate is clean$1 !n coat$ aga9 ) ! sug>y prep>ation1 & expos$ a second "t "u ! positive1 c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve an accurate regi/]1 :i* may easily be done4 ,! second exposure is n s long z ! fir/--say two m9utes1 & gives ! image ( ! middle t9ts & blacks4 ,! plate is p[d]$ & bitt5 z be=e1 br++ out ! middle t9ts1 &1 at ! same "t1 giv+ great] dep? to ! %ad[s4 ,9 ! ?ird op]ation1 ! plate is expos$ /ill less to ! light--say "o m9ute4 ,! high-lights alone h>d52 ! light %ades1 middle t9ts1 & ! %ad[s rema9 p]meable4 ,aft] p[d]+ & bit+1 ! plate is f9i%$4 ,:5 necess>y1 aft] ea* op]ation1 a res9\s gra9 may be appli$ 9 ! mann] usual ) engrav]s4 ,x is important to note t ,m4 ,g>ni] affirms t 9 bo? cases ! engrav+s are unt\*$1 & t ?is is "o ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( 8 process4 ,c4--,engrav+ 9 ,relief = ,lett]-,press4--,9 ! case ( draw+s 9 l9es to be made into pr9t+-blocks = lett]-press pr9t+1 ! op]ation is conduct$ 9 its fir/ phase absolutely 9 ! same mann] z ! =ego+1 only1 aft] exposure1 in/ead ( produc+ ! image ) a slightly alkal9e p[d]1 p[d]$ bitum5 is us$1 & ! plate is slightly w>m$1 s t ! p[d] may slightly fuse & adh]e to ! metal1 b n en\gh to make ! bi*romat$ sug> become insoluble4 ,! plate is !n wa%$ ) wat]1 & all ! sug>y coat+ remov$1 leav+ ! surface ( ! copp] b>e1 except :]e x is protect$ by ! bitum5 =m+ ! image4 ,! plate is !n bitt5 ) p]*loride ( iron1 :i* gives a fir/ bit+1 leav+ all ! l9es 9 relief4 ,fur!r dep? is obta9$ by alt]nate ink+s & bit+s1 z 9 ! ,gillotype me?od4 ,! above processes are v int]e/+1 ! use ( ! sug>y coat+1 ! h>d5+ x by heat1 & ! triple exposure & bit+ are new--at any rate1 h n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 publi%$ be=e4 ,! report !n goes on to describe a fur!r application ( ! same pr9ciple to obta9+ photographic images rec5tly inv5t$ by ,m4 ,g>ni]1 & call$ by him atmography4 ,,photographic ,,pr9t+ ,,by ,,vapor--,,atmography4 ,?is process consi/s 9 trac+ or transf]r+ by means ( vapors or fumes an image ( any object f "o surface to ano!r1 :5ce ! "n ( atmography x is propos$ to give x4 ,! op]ations are z foll[s3 ,:5 an image =m$ ( a p[d]y sub/ance has be5 obta9$ ei!r by du/+ 7z describ$ above71 or by fill+ an engrav$ plate ) ! p[d]1 ! plate be>+ ! image is expos$ to a vapor1 :i* has no effect ^u x4 ,! p[d] alone absorbs ! vapor1 & if ! plate be !n appli$ to a surface coat$ ) "s sub/ance capable ( be+ act$ ^u by ! vapor1 an image is obta9$ ^u ?is second surface4 ,= example1 ! l9es ( an engrav$ copp]-plate are fill$ ) p[d]$ album54 ,on ! o!r h&1 a few drops ( hydr(luoric acid are spread ov] a wood5 bo>d1 & ! p[d]$ engrav+ is expos$ = t5 to fifte5 seconds to ! fumes dis5gag$ by hold+ x ab\t a qu>t]-(-an-in* above ! bo>d4 ,! acid is absorb$ by ! p[d]$ album5 )\t attack+ ! copp]4 ,if ?is plate be n[ plac$ 9 close contact ) any surface 7metal1 pap]1 or glass7 :i* has be5 cov]$ ) a coat+ ( sug> & borax1 & dri$ imm$iately1 a deliquesc5t fluoborate ( soda is produc$ "u ! action ( ! acid vapors1 ! sug> becomes tacky1 &1 by bru%+ a p[d] ov] ?is surface1 ! image appe>s imm$iately4 ,9 ,m4 ,davanne's op9ion ?is new inv5tion ( ,m4 ,g>ni]'s seems likely to h a useful & ext5d$ application4 ,! image may be made ) p[d] ( any desir$ color4 ,if x is on glass1 x may be transf]r$ to pap] or o!r support by means ( collodion or gelat9e4 ,by employ+ enamel p[d]s1 ?is process gives a new me?od ( produc+ vitrifi$ images4 ,x may also be us$ z a simple me?od ( reproduc+ engrav+s "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 copies ( diagrams1 h[ev] intricate1 c\ld easily be produc$ on glass by x1 & us$ = ! illu/ration ( lectures by means ( ! magic lant]n4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,pyrogallic ,,acid4 ,by ,,dr4 ,t4,l4 ,,phipson4 ,"s "t ago1 ,dr4 ,napias1 ( ,p>is1 :o devotes mu* ( 8 "t to matt]s connect$ ) hygi5e1 took up ! subject ( ! hygi5e ( ! photograph]1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,moniteur de la ,photographie a s]ies ( pap]s :i* 7 aft]w>d translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,pip] ,c>t]1 ( ,london4 ,9 !m ! wor?y au?or has consid]$ ! action on ! economy ( ! v>i\s poison\s sub/ances :i* pass daily ?r\gh ! h&s ( our read]s1 & ! be/ means ( c\nt]act+ _! influ5ce4 ,s9ce !n--9 fact1 q rec5tly--att5tion has be5 call$ 9 ! m$ical j\rnals to c]ta9 prop]ties ( pyrogallic acid :i* 7 p]fectly unkn[n1 & %[ t ?is sub/ance1 ev5 :5 appli$ ext]nally1 may act z a viol5t poison caus+ dea? by its great aff9ity = oxyg54 ,i publi%$ a %ort note ^u ! subject 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,m$ic9e1 etc41 = ,april la/1 & x may p]haps be useful to reproduce ! facts "h4 ,physicians :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) ?is en]getic deoxidiz+ prop]ty ( pyrogallic acid h propos$ x z a sub/itute = *rysophanic acid 9 ! treatm5t ( sk9 diseases2 b ,dr4 ,neiss] has made kn[n a case ( poison+ by an o9tm5t ( pyrogallic acid1 :i* at once %[s t consid]able dang] att5ds its use = ?is purpose4 ,a man ( /rong con/itution 0 admitt$ into "o ( ! w>ds ( ! ,breslau ,hospital to be treat$ = g5]al psoriasis4 ,he appe>s to h be5 submitt$ to a k9d ( exp]im5tal treatm5t 9 ord] to te/ ! curative prop]ties ( pyrogallic acid z comp>$ ) *rys>ob9e4 ,he 0 treat$ by friction ) *rys>ob9e 79 ! =m ( a pomade ( alcoholic extract ( rhub>b1 conta9+ "o-tw5tie?7 on ! "o-half ( ! body1 :ile ! o!r half 0 treat$ 9 ! same mann] by a pomade conta9+ t5 p] c5t4 ( pyrogallic acid4 ,six h\rs aft] ! application ! pati5t _h viol5t %iv]+ ) vomit+ & int5se collapsus4 ,dea? occurr$ on ! f\r? day4 ,exp]im5ts 7 at once und]tak5 on rabbits1 & prov$ t ?is cata/rophe 0 due entirely to ! pyrogallic acid pomade1 & t ! *rys>ob9e 0 innocu\s4 ,9 "s in/ances ! rabbit di$ )9 two h\rs4 ,x 0 also f\nd t 9 ! case ( ! pati5t 9 ! ,breslau ,hospital ! pyrogallic acid _h act$ by its extreme avidity = oxyg5 :5 9 contact ) alkal9e fluids4 ,! blood _h be5 affect$1 & ! r$ corpuscles 7 de/roy$ & turn$ br[n4 ,v little ur9e 0 void$1 b x pres5t$ a mo/ extraord9>y "*1 be+ d>k br[n & v ?ick2 x conta9$ no blood corpuscles1 b a consid]able am\nt ( hmoglob9e 7! color+ matt] ( ! corpuscles71 :i* 0 recogniz$ by ! absorption b&s x gave 9 ! spectroscope4 ,! kidneys 7 uni=mly blui% black4 ,! blood _h a dirty br[ni% r$ t9t1 & conta9$ an abundance ( detritus ( r$ corpuscles4 ,?is case po9ts out once m t photograph]s _c use too mu* prud5ce 9 deal+ ) *emical products :i* are 9 daily use by !m1 & ! noxi\s prop]ties ( :i*1 !y are apt to =get4--,photo ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,comb9$ ,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/-t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4