,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies4 ,,vol4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,my? ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,an ,,essay ,,by ,,tito ,,vignoli ,,?ird ,,edition ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5* ,,co41 #a ,,pat]no/] ,,squ4 #ahhe ,,cont5ts4 ,,on ,,ideas ,,& ,,s\rces ,,( ,,my? #a ,,animal ,,s5sation ,,& ,,p]ception #dh ,,human ,,s5sation ,,& ,,p]ception #fh ,,! ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,problem #ajd ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,human ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,! ,,intellect ,,on ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,?+s #aaf ,,intr9sic ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,appreh5sion #ace ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,evolution ,,( ,,my? ,,& ,,sci5ce #aee ,,on ,,dreams1 ,,illusions1 ,,normal ,,& ,,abnormal ,,halluc9ations1 ,,delirium1 ,,& ,,madness--,,conclusion #bda ,,my? ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ideas ,,& ,,s\rces ,,( ,,my?4 ,my?1 z x is und]/ood by u1 & z ,x w be develop$ & expla9$ 9 ?is "w1 _c be def9$ 9 summ>y t]ms1 s9ce its multi=m & compreh5sive nature embraces & includes all primitive action1 z well z mu* :i* is consecutive & hi/orical 9 ! intellig5ce & feel+s ( man1 ) respect to ! imm$iate & ! reflex int]pretation ( ! _w1 ( ! ,individual1 & ( ! society 9 :i* our common life is pass$4 ,we hold t my? is1 9 its mo/ g5]al & compreh5sive nature1 ! spontane\s & imag9ative =m 9 :i* ! human intellig5ce & human emotions conceive & repres5t !mselves & ?+s 9 g5]al2 x is ! psy*ical & physical mode 9 :i* man projects himself into all ^? ph5om5a :i* he is able to appreh5d & p]ceive4#a ,we d n propose to consid] 9 ?is treatise ! my?s peculi> to "o p1 nor to "o race2 we d n seek to e/imate ! intr9sic value ( my?s at ! "t :5 !y 7 already develop$ among v>i\s peoples1 & con/itut$ into an ,olympus1 or special religion2 we d n wi% to det]m9e ! special & hi/orical cause ( _! manife/ations 9 ! life ( any "o p1 s9ce we n[ refra9 f ent]+ on ! field ( comp>ative my?ology4 ,x is ! scope & object ( our mode/ rese>*es to trace ! /rictly primitive orig9 ( ! human my?s z a :ole2 to rea* ! ultimate fact1 & ! causes ( ?is fact1 :5ce my?1 9 its necess>y & univ]sal =m1 is evolv$ & has its orig94 ,we mu/ !re=e seek to discov] :e!r1 9 addition to ! v>i\s causes assign$ = my? 9 e>li] ages1 & /ill m 9 mod]n times by our great philologi/s1 e?nologi/s1 & philosoph]s ( e s*ool--causes :i* are = ! mo/ "p extr9sic--!re be n a reason m deeply seat$ 9 our nature1 :i* is fir/ manife/$ z a necess>y & spontane\s function ( ! intellig5ce1 & :i* is !re=e intr9sic & inevitable4 ,9 ?is case my? w appe> to u1 n z an accid5t 9 ! life ( primitive peoples v>y+ 9 int5sity & ext5t1 n z a vague conception ( ?+s due to ! errone\s int]pretation ( words & phrases1 nor aga9 z ! fanciful creation ( ignorant m9ds2 b x w appe> to be a special faculty ( ! human m9d1 inspir$ by emotions :i* accompany & animate its products4 ,s9ce ?is innate faculty ( my? is indig5\s & common to all m51 x w n only be ! portion ( all peoples1 b ( ea* individual 9 e age1 9 e race1 :atev] may be _! respective conditions4 ,my?1 !re=e1 w n be resolv$ by u into a manife/ation ( an obsolete age1 or ( peoples /ill 9 a b>b>\s & savage /ate1 nor z "p ( ! cycle ?r\gh :i* nations & individuals h1 respectively pass$1 or h ne>ly pass$2 b x rema9s to ?is day1 9 spite ( ! prevail+ civilisation :i* has greatly increas$ & is /ill increas+1 x /ill p]si/s z a mode ( physical & intellectual =ce 9 ! organic elem5ts :i* con/itute x4 ,nor1 let x be obs]v$1 d ,i say t su* a my?ical faculty p]si/s z su* only among ! ignorant masses 9 t[n or c\ntry1 9 ! =m ( ^? v anci5t sup]/itions :i* h be5 collect$ ) imm5se lab\r by le>n$ my?ologi/s & e?nologi/s2 on ! contr>y1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! my?ical faculty /ill exi/s 9 all m51 indep5d5tly ( ?is survival ( old sup]/itions1 to :atev] p & class !y may belong2 & x w cont9ue to exi/ z an innate function ( ! intellig5ce1 if n ) respect to ! sub/ance1 :i* may alt]1 at any rate 9 ! mode ( its acts & proce$+s4 ,i fe> t ?is op9ion w appe> at fir/ sight to be p>adoxical & *im]ical1 s9ce x is well kn[n t ! my?ical conception ( ! _w & its orig9 is gradually disappe>+ among civiliz$ nations1 & x is suppos$ to be altoge!r ext9ct among m5 ( culture & intellig5ce4 ,yet ,i flatt] myself1 p]haps too ra%ly1 t by ! "t he rea*es ! end ( ?is "w1 ! read] w be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( my ass]tion1 s9ce x is prov$ by s _m facts1 & ! psy*ical law f1 :i* x results is s cle>4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be =gott5 t1 9 addition to ! my?ical faculty ( our m9ds1 !re exi/s ! sci5tific faculty1 ! o!r factor ( a p]fect intellectual life2 ! latt] is mo/ p[]ful 9 c]ta9 races1 & mu/ 9 "t prevail ov] ! =m]1 :i* 9 its objective =m prec$es x2 yet !y are subjectively comb9$ 9 practice & are indissolubly unit$ ?r\gh life4 ,und\bt$ly nei!r ! my?ical nor ! sci5tific faculty is equal & id5tical 9 all peoples1 any m ?an !y are equal & id5tical 9 individuals2 b !y subsi/ toge!r1 :ile v>y+ 9 int5sity & degree1 s9ce !y are bo? necess>y functions ( ! intellig5ce4 ,:e!r we cont5t ourselves ) /udy+ ! m5tal & social conditions 9 ! l[] types ( mod]n peoples1 or g back to ! e>lie/ times1 we f9d m5 ev]y:]e & always possess$ ( ! p[] ( spee*1 & hold+ my?ical sup]/itions1 x may be ( ! rude/ & mo/ elem5t>y k9d2 s also d we f9d m5 possess$ ( rational ideas1 al?\gh !y may be v simple & empirical4 ,!y h "s k ( ! causes ( ?+s1 ( p]iods 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature1 :i* !y "k h[ to apply to ! habits & necessities ( _! social & individual lives4 ,no "o1 = example1 w\ld d5y t _m my?ical sup]/itions1 & fanciful beliefs 9 invisible p[]s1 exi/$ among ! n[ ext9ct ,tasmanians1 & are n[ f\nd among ! ,&aman isl&]s1 ! ,fuegians1 ! ,au/ralians1 ! ,c+alese ,v$dahs1 & o!r rude & uncultur$ savages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) _! mode ( life f9d t savages are n absolutely devoid ( intellectual activity ( an empirical k9d1 s9ce !y p>tly und]/& ! natural causes ( "s ph5om5a1 & are able1 9 a rational1 n an arbitr>y mann]1 to ascribe to laws & ! necessities ( ?+s _m facts relat+ to ! individual & to society4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 n )\t ! sci5tific z well z ! my?ical faculty mak+ due all[ance = _! intellectual condition2 & ^! primitive & natural in/9cts are due to ! physical & intellectual organism ( human nature4 ,9 ord] to pursue ?is important inquiry into ! fir/ & f9al cause ( ! orig9 ( my?1 x is evid5tly n en\gh to make a labori\s & v>i$ collection ( my?s1 & ( ! primitive sup]/itions ( all peoples1 s z to exhau/ ! imm5se field ( mod]n e?nography4 ,nor is x en\gh to consid] ! v>i\s normal & abnormal conditions ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 nor to und]take ! comp>ative /udy ( languages1 to asc]ta9 h[ f> _! spee* w reveal ! primitive beliefs ( v>i\s races1 & ! obscure metaphorical say+s :i* gave bir? to _m my?s4 ,x is also necess>y to subject to c>eful exam9ation ! simple/ elem5t>y acts ( ! m9d1 9 _! physical & psy*ical complexity1 9 ord] to discov] 9 _! spontane\s action ! transc5d5tal fact :i* inevitably involves ! g5esis ( ! same my?1 ! prim>y s\rce :5ce x is diffus$ by subsequ5t reflex ef=ts 9 v>i\s times & v>y+ =ms4 ,9 speak+ ( ! transc5d5tal fact1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,i allude to c]ta9 well-kn[n a priori speculations1 :i* are oppos$ to my temp] ( m9d & to my mode ( tea*+4 ,i only use ! t]m transc5d5tal because ?is is actually ! primitive condition ( ! fact 9 its inevitable beg9n+1 :atev] =m ! my?ical repres5tation may subsequ5tly take4 ,?is fact is n peculi> to any individual1 p1 or race1 b x is manife/$ z an ess5tial organism ( ! human "*1 :i* is 9 all cases univ]sal1 p]man5t1 & uni=m4 ,9 ord] to give a cle> explanation ( my e/imate ( ! a priori idea1 :i* also takes its place z ! factor ( exp]im5tal & positive tea*+1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t = ^? :o belong to ! hi/orical & evolution>y s*ool1 a priori1 s f> z respects any organism1 habit1 & psy*ological con/itution 9 ! :ole animal k+dom1 9 :i* man is also includ$1 signifies :atev] 9 !m is fix$ & p]man5tly organiz$2 :atev] is p]petuat$ by ! indef9ite repetition ( habits1 organs1 & functions1 by means ( ! h]$ity ( ages4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( organisms ab\nds ) positive & repeat$ pro(s ( ?is fact1 :i* no "o c d\bt :o is n absolutely ignorant ( elem5t>y sci5ce4 ,e day adds to ! numb] ( ^! pro(s1 demon/rat+ "o ( ^? tru?s :i* become ! common prop]ty ( nations4 ,a priori is !re=e r$uc$ by u to ! modification ( organs 9 _! physical & psy*ical con/itution1 z x has ultimately tak5 place 9 ! organism by ! successive evolutions ( =ms :i* h gradually become p]man5t1 & are p]petuat$ by embryog5ic reproduction4 ,?is reproduction is 9 its turn ! absolute condition ( psy*ical & organic facts1 :i* are ?us manife/$ z primitive facts 9 ! new life ( ! individual4 ,by ?is law1 ! psy*ical facts1 :e!r elem5t>y or complex1 z !y occur 9 ! individual up to ! po9t ( _! evolution1 h ! necess>y conditions ( possibility1 & may !re=e be t]m$ a priori ) respect to ! laws ( evolution1 & to ! h]$it>y p]man5ce ( acts p]=m$ 9 ! =m] environm5t ( ! organism at ! "t :5 !y appe>$4 ,?is conception ( a priori is1 x mu/ be admitt$1 v diff]5t f t ( transc5d5tal philosoph]s1 :o seek to prove ei!r t an indep5d5t artific] has n only produc$ ! v>i\s organic =ms 9 _! pres5t complexity1 & has specially provid$ ! spiritual subject ) its category ( ?\ght1 indep5d5tly ( all exp]i5ce2 or else !y ass]t ! intr9sic exi/5ce ( su* =ms 9 ! _s1 f ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,9 ?is way1 z we h already said1 we mu/ n only collect ! facts :i* ab\nd 9 hi/ory & e?nology respect+ ! g5]al tea*+ ( my?s1 b we mu/ also obs]ve introspectively1 & by pursu+ ! exp]im5tal me?od1 ! primitive & fundam5tal psy*ical facts1 s z to discov] ! a priori conditions ( ! my? itself4 ,we mu/ asc]ta91 f a c>eful psy*ological exam9ation1 ! absolutely primitive orig9 ( all my?ical repres5tations1 & h[ ^! are 9 _! turn ! actual hi/orical result ( ! same conditions1 z !y exi/$ prior to _! manife/ations4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t 9 ?is prim>y fact1 & 9 ^! a priori psy*ical & organic conditions1 we %all f9d ! ult]ior cause ( ! v>i\s & manifold =ms1 or ( ! successive evolution ( my?s4 ,?is w\ld be a grave mi/ake1 equal to t ( transc5d5tali/s1 :o imag9e t ! laws :i* actually exi/1 & ! ord] ( cosmic & hi/oric ph5om5a may be det]m9$ f ! indep5d5t ex]cise ( _! own ?\ghts1 al?\gh su* laws & ord] c only be trac$ & discov]$ by exp]i5ce & ! obs]vation ( facts4 ,9 ! a priori conditions ( ! psy*ical & organic nature1 & 9 ! elem5t>y acts :i* outw>dly result f !m1 we %all only trace ! orig9 & necess>y s\rce ( my?1 n ! v>iable =ms ( its successive evolution4 ,! ult]ior =m1 s f> z ! sub/ance ( ! my? & its v>i\s modifications are conc]n$1 is 9 great "p ! reflex "w ( man2 its aspect *anges 9 accordance ) ! attitude & =ce ( ! faculties ( individuals1 peoples & races1 & x dep5ds on an en]gy to :i* ! a priori conditions1 z we h j def9$ !m1 d n /rictly apply s f> z ! det]m9ate =m is conc]n$4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is ult]ior "w ( ! evolution ( my?1 :i* 9 ! elem5t>y fact ( its primitive ess5ce _h its orig9 9 ! pr$isposition ( m9d & body1 t we may disc]n ! int]*angeable g]m & orig9 bo? ( my? & sci5ce4 ,if1 !re=e2 ! rationale ( sci5ce _c be f\nd 9 ! g5]al =m ( my?ical repres5tations1 ! matt] :i* s]ves to ex]cise ! m9d2 yet ! mode ( its ex]cise1 & ( ! logical & psy*ical faculty1 & ! spontane\s me?od pursu$1 are id5tical3 ! two my?ical & sci5tific faculties are1 9 fact1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 fus$ into "o4 ,z f> z ! orig9 ( my? is conc]n$1 ! mode ( consid]+ its evolution1 & its organic connection ) sci5ce1 we diff] f o!r my?ologi/s z to ! s\rces to :i* !y trace ?is imm5se elaboration ( ! human intellig5ce4 ,we may be mi/ak51 b we are 9 any case ent]+ on unexplor$ ways1 & if we g a/ray1 ! boldness ( an ent]prise :i* we und]take ) diffid5ce pleads = indulg5ce4 ,omitt+ to notice ! well-kn[n op9ions on ! orig9 ( my? :i* 7 curr5t 9 classic antiquity1 9 ! ,grco-,lat9 _w1 or 9 ,india1#b we re/rict our inquiry to mod]n times subsequ5t to ,creuz]'s le>n$ & ext5sive lab\rs4 ,9 a m sci5tific me?od1 & dive/$ ( prejudice1 we propose to trace ! s\rces ( my? 9 g5]al1 & among v>i\s peoples 9 p>ticul>4 ,! sci5ce ( languages1 or comp>ative philology1 is ! *ief in/rum5t requir$ 9 su* rese>*es1 & mu* light has be5 acquir$ 9 our days1 :i* has l$ to surpris+ results1 at lea/ )9 ! sph]e ( ! special races to :i* x has be5 appli$4 ,! names ( ,kuhn1 ,web]1 ,sonne1 ,b5fey1 ,grimm1 ,s*w>tz1 ,hanus*1 ,maury1 ,bral1 ,pictet1 l',ascoli1 ,de ,gub]natis1 & _m o!rs1 are well kn[n = _! m>vell\s discov]ies 9 ?is new & ardu\s field4 ,!y h n only fus$ into "o anci5t & primitive image ! v>i\s my?s scatt]$ 9 diff]5t =ms among ! ,aryan races1 b !y h reveal$ ! orig9al conception1 z x exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ mean+ ( words be=e _! disp]sion4 ,h5ce came ! multiplicity ( my?s1 develop$ 9 brilliant an?ropomorphic gr\ps 9 diff]5t !ologies1 gradually becom+ m simple z "t w5t on1 !n unit+ 9 ! vague primitive p]sonification ( ! w9ds1 ! /orms1 ! sun1 ! dawn2 9 %ort1 ( a/ral & meteorological ph5om5a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,max ,mll]1 ^: !ory ( orig9al my?s is peculi> to himself1 has made use ( ?is philological in/rum5t to prove t ! ,aryan my?s may at any rate be ref]r$ to a s+le s\rce1 namely to metaphor1 or to ! d\ble mean+ ( words1 due to ! pov]ty ( primitive languages4 ,he calls ?is d\ble mean+ ! infirmity ( spee*4 ,i d n d5y t _m conclusions to :i* "s or o!r ( ! great au?orities j m5tion$ h arriv$ may be z true z !y are surpris+4 ,i also admit t ?is may be a c]ta9 me?od ( di/+ui%+ ! v>i\s my?ical repres5tations 9 _! e>ly beg9n+s f _! subsequ5t & complex =ms4 ,b 9 all ! facts :i* h be5 asc]ta9$1 or :i* may h]eaft] be asc]ta9$1 f ! comp>ative /udy ( ! languages ( diff]5t races1 no explanation is af=d$ ( ! fact t into ! natural & primitive ph5om5a ( my?1 or1 z ,mll] holds1 into its v>i\s metaphors1 man has s f> infus$ 8 own life1 t !y h1 l man himself1 a subjective & delib]ate consci\sness & =ce4 ,x seems to me t ?is problem has n yet be5 solv$ by s*ol>s2 !y h /opp$ %ort aft] e/abli%+ ! prim>y fact1 & are cont5t to affirm t su* is human nature1 :i* projects itself on ext]nal ?+s4#c ,?is explanation e/abli%es a true & univ]sal fact1 b x is n ! explanation ( ! fact itself2 yet x is n1 z we %all see1 incapable ( solution1 & x appe>s to me t ! ultimate s\rce :5ce my?s really proce$ has n be5 rea*$4 ,aga91 if su* an op9ion & su* a me?od c give u ! key to ! poly!i/ic orig9 ( ! respective ,olympuses ( classic ,greece & ,rome1 x leaves unexpla9$ ! num]\s & manifold sup]/itions :i* philology itself proves to h exi/$ prior to ! orig9 ( cosmic my?s4 ,^! sup]/itions c by no means be ref]r$ to a common s\rce1 to ! a/ral & meteorological my?s1 "s ( :i* 7 prior1 :ile o!rs 7 subsequ5t to ^! sup]/itions4 ,tak+1 !re=e1 ! g5]al & m important op9ions :i* are n[ curr5t respect+ ! orig9 ( my?1 x may be said t 9 addition to ! sy/ems already m5tion$1 two o!rs are pres5t$ to u ) ! weight ( au?ority & k2 ^!1 :ile !y d n r5\nce ! appliances & l+ui/ic analyses ( ! =m]1 try to unite all ! my?ical s\rces ( mank9d 9 g5]al into a s+le head1 :5ce all my?s1 beliefs1 sup]/itions1 & religions h _! orig94 ,:ile ,france & ,g]many & "s o!r nations h a*iev$ di/9ction 9 ?is field1 ,engl& has be5 especially rem>kable = ! nature ( h] attempts1 & ! va/ness ( h] a*ievem5ts 9 e direction4 ,we pass ov] _m great m9ds :i* 7 fir/ 9 ! field 9 ord] to dwell on ! two m5 :o1 z x seems to me1 h summ$ up ! k ( o!rs1 & h =mulat$ a !ory 9 great measure peculi> to !mselves4 ,tylor's well kn[n "n w at once sugge/ itself1 & t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 ! =m]1 9 8 great "w on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d & ( ,civilization1 & o!r writ+s1 ! latt]1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,sociology1 & 9 8 e>li] works1 h respectively e/abli%$ ! doctr9e ( ! univ]sal orig9 ( my?s on ! basis ( e?nography1 on ! psy*ological exam9ation ( ! prim>y facts ( ! intellig5ce1 & on ! conception ( ! evolution ( ! g5]al ph5om5a ( nature4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be difficult to excel ! great m9d1 ! acute g5ius1 & ! univ]sal le>n+ ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o has be5 t]m$ ! mod]n ,ari/otle by a le>n$ writ]2 & ?is is high praise :5 we rememb] h[ mu* k is necess>y 9 our times1 & 9 ! pres5t conditions ( sci5ce1 be=e any "o c be deem$ wor?y ( su* a comp>ison4 ,b ) due respect to s great a man1 & ) ! diffid5ce ( "o :o is only 8 disciple1 ,i v5ture to ?9k t ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s attempt to revive1 at any rate 9 "p1 ,evem]o's !ory ( ! orig9 ( my?s w n be successful1 & x may prove injuri\s to sci5ce4 ,fir/1 because all my?s _c be r$uc$1 to p]sonal or hi/orical facts2 & next1 because ! primitive value ( _m ( !m is s cle> & di/9ct 9 _! mode ( expression t x is n possible to d]ive !m f any s\rce b ! direct p]sonification ( natural ph5om5a4 ,nor does x appe> to me to be always & altoge!r c]ta9 t ! orig9 ( my?s1 also caus$ by ! d\ble p]sonality disc]n$ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! body itself1 9 ! images reflect$ by liquid sub/ances1 9 e*oes & visions ( ! night1 c be all ascrib$ to ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,! wor%ip ( ! dead is und\bt$ly univ]sal4 ,!re is no p1 anci5t or mod]n1 civiliz$ or savage1 by :om x has n be5 practis$2 ! fact is prov$ by hi/ory1 philology & e?nography4 ,b if ! wor%ip ( ! dead is a con/ant =m1 manife/$ ev]y:]e1 x fl\ri%es & is int]wov5 ) a multitude ( o!r my?ical =ms & sup]/iti\s beliefs :i* _c 9 any way be r$uc$ to ?is s+le =m ( wor%ip1 nor be d]iv$ f x4 ,?is wor%ip is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ abundant s\rces ( my?1 & ,sp5c]1 ) 8 pr(\nd k & ke5 disc]nm5t1 0 able to discuss ! hypo!sis z x des]ves2 :5ce 8 book1 ev5 f ?is po9t ( view1 is a ma/]piece ( analysis1 l all ^? :i* issue f 8 p[]ful m9d4 ,yet ev5 if ! tru? ( ?is doctr9e %\ld be 9 great measure prov$1 ! "q mu/ /ill be ask$ h[ x happ5s t man vivifies & p]sonifies 8 own image 9 duplicate1 or else ! app>itions ( dreams or _! reflections1 & ! e*oes ( nature1 & ultimately ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,tylor develop$ 8 !ory m di/9ctly & at great] l5g?1 & he br\ght to be> ^u x great g5ius1 extraord9>y k1 & a s\nd critical faculty1 s t 8 "w mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,he belongs to ! s*ool ( evolution1 & 8 book /rongly confirms ! tru?s ( t !ory2 s9ce f ! primitive g]ms ( my?1 f ! v>i\s & mo/ simple =ms ( feti%es among all races1 he gradually evolves ^! rude images into m1 complex & an?ropomorphic =ms1 until he atta9s ! limits ( natural & positive sci5ce4 ,he admits t !re are 9 mank9d v>i\s normal & abnormal s\rces ( my?1 b he comes to ! ultimate conclusion t !y all dep5d on man's peculi> & spontane\s t5d5cy to animate all ?+s1 :5ce 8 g5]al pr9ciple has tak5 ! "n ( animism4 ,x is unnecess>y to say mu* 9 praise ( ?is le>n$ "w1 s9ce x is kn[n to all1 & _c be too mu* /udi$ by ^? :o wi% = in/ruction on su* subjects4 ,b :ile ass5t+ to 8 g5]al pr9ciple1 :i* rema9s z ! sole ultimate s\rce ( all my?ical repres5tation1 ,i repeat ! usual inquiry2 :at causes man to animate all ! objects :i* surr\nd him1 & :at is ! cause ( ?is e/abli%$ & univ]sal fact8 ,! m>vell\s e?nographic le>n+ ( ! au?or1 & 8 pr(\nd analysis1 d n answ] ?is "q1 & ! problem /ill rema9s unsolv$4 ,x is evid5t f :at we h said1 t ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( my? has ( late made real & important progress 9 diff]5t directions2 x has be5 con/itut$ by fitt+ me?ods1 & ) dispassionate rese>*1 lay+ aside fanciful hypo!ses & sy/ems m or less prompt$ by a desire to support or confute pr9ciples :i* h no connection ) sci5ce4 ,we h n[ 9 great measure arriv$ at ! fundam5tal facts :5ce my? is d]iv$1 al?\gh1 if ,i d n deceive myself1 ! ultimate fact1 & ! cause ( ?is fact1 h n yet be5 asc]ta9$2 namely1 = :at reason man p]sonifies all ph5om5a1 fir/ vaguely project+ himself into !m1 & !n ex]cis+ a di/9ct purpose ( an?ropomorphism1 until 9 ?is way he has gradually modifi$ ! _w accord+ to 8 own image4 ,if we are able to solve ?is difficult problem1 a fact mo/ important to sci5ce & to ! advancem5t ( ^! special /udies mu/ result f x3 ! assimilation & conc5tration ( all ! s\rces ( my? into a s+le act1 :e!r normal or abnormal to humanity4 ,to say t animism is ! g5]al pr9ciple ( my? does n r$uce ! diff]5t s\rces :5ce x proce$s to a s+le psy*ical & organic act1 s9ce !y rema9 di/9ct & sep>ate 9 _! respective orbits4 ,to atta9 our object1 x is necess>y t ! direct p]sonification ( natural ph5om5a1 z well z ! indirect p]sonification ( metaphor2 ! infusion ( life into a man's own %ad[1 into reflex images & dreams2 ! belief 9 ! reality ( normal illusions1 z well z ( ! abnormal halluc9ations ( delirium1 ( madness1 & ( all =ms ( n]v\s affections2 all ^! ?+s mu/ be resolv$ into a s+le g5]at+ act :i* expla9s & includes !m4 ,x mu/ be %[n h[ & :y !re is f\nd 9 man ! possibility ( modify+ all ^! my?ical =ms into an image suppos$ to be ext]nal to himself1 liv+ & p]sonal4 ,= if we are enabl$ to reply sci5tifically to su* inquiries1 we %all n only h conc5trat$ 9 a s+le fact all ! mo/ div]se normal & abnormal =ms ( my? peculi> to man1 b we %all also h giv5 an ult]ior & analytic explanation ( ?is fact4 ,i c]ta9ly d n presume to decl>e myself compet5t to effect s mu*1 & ,i am m consci\s ?an my critics h[ f> ,i fall %ort ( my high aim2 b ! mode/ attempt1 made ) ! resolution to accept all criticism (f]$ ) c\rtesy & good fai?1 does n imply culpable presumption nor excessive vanity4 ,i regret to say t x is n on ?is po9t only t my !ory ( my? diff]s f t ( o!rs2 ,i %all n be satisfi$ if ,i only succe$ 9 discov]+ 9 man ! primitive act :i* issues ! g5]al animism ( ?+s1 :i* becomes ! sub/ance ( ! ult]ior my?s 9 _! intellectual & hi/orical evolution4 ,x is evid5t1 at lea/ to ^? :o d n cl+ ob/9ately to old traditions1 t man is evolv$ f ! animal k+dom4 ,! comp>ative anatomy1 physiology1 & psy*ology ( man & o!r animals di/9ctly %[ _! intimate connection 9 con=mation1 tissues1 organs1 & functions1 & above all1 9 consci\sness & intellig5ce4 ,?is tru?1 d$uc$ f simple obs]vation & exp]im5t1 mu/ lead to ! conviction t all issu$ f ! same g]m1 & _h ! same g5esis4 ,= ^? :o d n *]i% p$antic & sect>ian prejudices1 ?is hypo!sis is *ang$ into assurance by mod]n discov]ies2 x is %[n 9 ! trans=mations & transitions ( paleontological =ms2 9 ! embryog5ic evolution ( s _m animals1 man includ$1 :i*1 accord+ to _! v>i\s species1 reveals ! l[] types :5ce !y issu$2 9 ! successive =ms tak5 by ! foetus2 9 ! p[]ful & indisputable laws ( selection2 9 ! modifications by adaptation ( ! diff]5t organisms1 & 9 ! effects ( isolation4 ,?is is ! only rational explanation1 confirm$ z x is by fre% facts e day1 ( ! multiplicity & v>iety ( organic =ms 9 ! lapse ( "t2 unless1 inde$1 we ascribe su* v>iety to a miracle1 ev5 m difficult to accept ?an ! difficulties ( ! opposite-!ory4 ,i admit t evid5ce = ! complete demon/ration ( ?is !ory is sometimes want+2 ! gaps betwe5 ! fossil fauna & flora & ^? ( mod]n times are nei!r few nor unimportant2 b on ! o!r h&1 su* pro(s are accumulat+1 & ! gaps are fill$ up e day1 s t we may almo/ ass]t t 9 "s way or o!r1 by means some:at diff]5t f ^? on :i* we n[ rely1 ! great rational pr9ciple ( evolution w be successfully & p]man5tly e/abli%$4 ,x is m ?an tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 9 ways & by /udy peculi> to ourselves1 we fir/ devot$ ourselves to ?is !ory1 & :ile we gave a consci5ti\s consid]ation to opposite !ories1 s z to e/imate ) s9c]ity _! importance & value1 we c\ld n rel9qui% our conviction t e advance 9 physical1 biological1 & social sci5ce s]v$ to confirm ! !ory ( evolution4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,i make any dogmatic ass]tion1 :i* might possibly be errone\s1 :5 ,i say t ! evid5ce ( facts does n contradict ! assumptions ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,s9c]e convictions %\ld (f5d no "o1 nor d !y indicate an a priori conflict ) o!r beliefs4 ,e "o is ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ 8 own ?\ghts :5 he speaks ) mod]ation & supports 8 peculi> op9ions ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( le>n+4 ,x is n d5i$1 ev5 by ^? :o oppose mod]n !ories respect+ ! g5esis ( organisms1 t !re are1 exclud+ "s psy*ical elem5ts1 _m & important po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 man & animals 9 ! ex]cise ( _! consci\sness1 intellig5ce1 & emotions1 if inde$ !y are n id5tically ! same4 ,! comp>ative psy*ology ( man & animals pla9ly %[s t ! p]ceptions1 bo? 9 _! respective organs & 9 _! mode ( action1 act 9 ! same way1 especially 9 ! high] animals2 & ! orig91 movem5ts1 & associations ( ! imag9ation & ! emotions are likewise id5tical4 ,nor w x be disput$ t we f9d 9 animals implicit memory1 judgm5t1 & reason+1 ! inductions & d$uctions f "o special fact to ano!r1 ! passions1 ! physiological language ( ge/ures1 expressive ( int]nal emotions1 & ev51 9 ! case ( greg>i\s animals1 ! comb9$ action to effect c]ta9 purposes2 s t1 z f> z _! high] ord]s are conc]n$1 animals may be reg>d$ z a simple & undevelop$ =m ( man1 :ile man1 by 8 lat] psy*ical & organic evolution1 has become a develop$ & complex animal4#d ,9 my book on ! fundam5tal law ( intellig5ce 9 ! animal k+dom1 ,i attempt$ to %[ ?is great tru?1 & to =mulate a pr9ciple common to all animals 9 ! ex]cise ( _! psy*ical emotions1 by sett+ =? ! ess5tial elem5ts z !y are g5]ally display$4 ,i ?9k ,i 0 n f> f ! tru? 9 e/abli%+ a law :i* seems indubitable2 al?\gh1 :ile "s m5 ^: op9ion is wor?y ( e/eem h accept$ x1 o!r v compet5t judges h object$ to "s p>ts ( my !ory1 b )\t conv9c+ me ( error4 ,i repeat my conclusions "h1 s9ce !y are necess>y to ! !ory ( ! g5esis ( my?1 :i* ,i propose to expla9 9 ?is "w4 ,i hold ! complete id5tity betwe5 man & animals to be e/abli%$ by ! adequate consid]ation ( ! faculties1 ! psy*ical elem5ts ( consci\sness & intellig5ce1 & ! mode ( _! spontane\s ex]cise2 & ,i believe ! sup]iority ( man to consi/ n s mu* 9 new faculties z 9 ! reflex effect ^u !mselves ( ^? he possesses 9 common ) ! animals4 ,! old adage confirms ?is !ory3 ,homo duplex4 ,no "o n[ d\bts t animals feel1 he>1 rememb]1 & ! l1 :ile man is able to ex]cise 8 w1 to feel1 to rememb]1 delib]ately to consid] all 8 actions & functions1 because he n only possesses ! direct & spontane\s intuition ) respect to himself & ?+s 9 g5]al :i* he has 9 common ) animals1 b he has an intuitive k ( t intuition itself1 & 9 ?is way he multiplies )9 himself ! ex]cise ( 8 :ole psy*ical life4 ,we f9d ! ultimate cause ( ?is return ^u himself1 & 8 intuition ( ?+s1 9 8 delib]ate w1 :i* does n only imm$iately comm& 8 body & 8 manifold relative functions1 b also ! complex range ( 8 psy*ical acts4 ,?is fact1 :i* z ,i believe has n be5 obs]v$ be=e1 is ( great importance4 ,x is manife/ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & o!r animals does n consi/ 9 ! div]sity or discrepancy ( ! elem5ts ( ! intellig5ce1 b 9 its reflex action on itself2 an action :i* c]ta9ly has its conditions fix$ by ! organic & physiological composition ( ! bra94 ,if x %\ld be said t ! traditional op9ion ( sci5ce1 z well z ! g5]al s5t5ce ( mank9d1 h always reg>d$ reflection z ! basis ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & man1 s t !re is no novelty 9 our pr9ciple1 ! ass]tion is errone\s4 ,reflection1 z an inw>d psy*ical fact1 has c]ta9ly be5 obs]v$ by psy*ologi/s & philosoph]s 9 all civiliz$ times1 & in/9ctively by e "o2 nor c\ld x be o!rwise1 s9ce reflection is "o ( ! facts mo/ evid5t to human consci\sness4 ,b al?\gh ! fact1 or ! intr9sic & *>act]i/ic action ( human ?\ght has be5 obs]v$1 & has (t5 be5 discuss$ & analyz$ 9 "s ( its elem5ts1 yet its g5esis has n be5 decl>$1 nor has its ultimate cause be5 discov]$4 ,we propose to discov] ?is ultimate cause1 & we ref] x to ! ex]cise ( ! w ov] all ! elem5ts & acts :i* con/itute human intellig5ce2 an intellig5ce only diff]+ f t ( animals by ?is inw>d & delib]ate fact1 :i* enables man to consid] & exam9e all 8 acts1 ?us logically d\bl+ _! range4 ,?is intellig5ce has 9 animals a simple & direct influ5ce on _! bodies & on ! ext]nal _w1 9 proportion to _! div]se =ms & inh]it$ in/9cts2 :ile 9 man1 ow+ to 8 comm&+ attitude1 x falls back ^u itself1 & gives rise to ! inquir+ & reflective habit ( sci5ce4 ,we d n1 !re=e1 divide man f o!r animals1 b r ass]t t _m pro(s & subtle analyses %[ ! id5tity ( _! intellig5ce 9 its fundam5tal elem5ts1 :ile ! diff]5ce is only ! result ( a reaction ( ! same intellig5ce on itself4 ,su* a !ory does n 9 any way int]rupt ! natural evolution & g5esis ( ! animal k+dom1 :ile ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( man is %[n 9 an act :i*1 z ,i believe1 cle>ly expla9s ! new faculty ( reason acquir$ by him4 ,i mu/ admit t 9 speak+ ( ! psy*ical faculty z a =ce :i* possesses laws peculi> to itself1 x has appe>$ to a le>n$ & compet5t judge t ,i h conc$$ a real exi/5ce to ?is faculty1 indep5d5tly ( ! physiological conditions ?r\gh :i* x manife/s itself1 :i* might be call$ a my?ical p]sonality 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w4 ,if ,i _h really made su* an ass]tion1 x w\ld be an error :i* ,i am p]haps m ready ?an o!rs to repudiate1 z x w appe> 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,i am f> f blam+ ! c\rte\s critics :o allege su* objections to my !ory1 & inde$ ,i am hon\r$ by _! notice4 ,i mu/ blame myself = n hav+1 9 my desire to be brief1 suffici5tly def9$ my conception4 ,i hold ! psy*ical manife/ation to be n only condition$ by ! organism1 to speak sci5tifically1 & to be r5d]$ physiologically possible by ^! conditions1 b ,i consid] x to be ( ! same nature z ! o!r s-call$ =ces ( ! univ]se2 su*1 = example1 z ! manife/ations ( light1 ( electricity1 ( magnetism1 & ! l4 ,:5 physici/s speak ( ^! =ces--if ! necessities ( language & ! brevity ( ! explanation con/ra9 u to adopt ! t]m =ces1 z ?\gh !y 7 real sub/ances--!y c]ta9ly d n believe1 nor wi% o!rs to believe1 t !y are really su*4 ,x is well kn[n t su* expressions are us$ to signify ! appe>ance "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( "s special ph5om5a :i* gr\p !mselves by _! mode & p[] ( manife/ation into "o g5]ic conception z a summ>y ( ! :ole4 ,!y always take place1 relatively to ^! circum/ances1 9 ! same mode & ) ! same p[]1 s t !y may at once be exp]im5tally di/+ui%$ f o!rs :i* h be5 gr\p$ toge!r 9 l mann]4 ,su* manife/ations d n imply a real cosmic entity ( ^! =ces1 z if !y 7 indep5d5t ( ! matt] :5ce !y issue2 !y are simply det]m9ate & det]m9ate modes ( motions1 ( actions1 & reactions 9 ! elem5ts ( ! _w4 ,= if magnetism appe>s to reveal itself 9 det]m9ate elem5ts1 its modes ( manife/ation are peculi> to itself1 & its efficacy ) respect to o!r =ces is also peculi>2 yet x by no means foll[s t x possesses a sub/antial entity1 or1 z x 71 displays p]sonal activity among ph5om5a2 x r indicates t ! elem5ts ( ! _w w1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 act reciprocally 9 su* a mann] t we p]ceive ph5om5a :i* gr\p !mselves toge!r & :i* we call magnetic or magnetism4 ,& ?is explanation applies to o!r cases4 ,i !re=e1 speak+ ( psy*ical =ce 9 g5]al1 us$ ! same t]ms2 ,i c]ta9ly did n wi% to con/itute x into a p]sonal & mat]ial entity ( ! univ]se1 b ,i int5d$ to ass]t t among ! manife/ations ( ! v>i\s =ces ( ! _w1 def9$ z above1 !re is also ?is psy*ical =ce1 *>act]iz$ by ph5om5a & laws peculi> to itself1 & :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 is :5 ex]cis$ "o ( ! greate/ factors ( ! _w4 ,i repeat t if ?is =ce v>ies ) ! great] or less p]fection ( ! organisms 9 :i*1 x is manife/$1 yet x possesses a law & fundam5tal elem5ts by :i* x is s con/itut$ t ! same results w ensue 9 ! simple/ z 9 ! mo/ complex =m4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! o!r =ces ( nature2 !y may be modifi$ by exi/+ circum/ances1 & yet !y h laws & def9ite elem5ts to di/+ui% !m f all o!rs4 ,^! =ces1 h[ev]1 :ile !y are di/9ct 9 _! peculi> manife/ations1 & take effect ?r\gh special qualities1 quantities1 & rhy?mic movem5ts1 are all fus$ toge!r 9 ! inf9ite & et]nal unity :i* con/itutes ! life ( ! univ]se4 ,nei!r "h nor 9 my =m] "w is !re any "q ( t mo/ difficult problem1 ! individual p]sonality ( man4#e ,s9ce !re is betwe5 man & animals a relation%ip & a psy*ical id5tity1 z well z a g5etic cont9uity ( evolution1 x is impossible to d5y t !re is also 9 "s degree a l cont9uity 9 ! products & acts ( ! consci\sness1 ! emotions1 & ! intellig5ce4 ,?is is ass]t$ or admitt$ ev5 by ^? :o d n l to he> ( ! g5etic cont9uity ( evolution1 nor is !re n[ any s*ool ( ?\ght :i* impugns su* a tru?4 ,if ?is be true1 z x und\bt$ly is1 & s9ce we are treat+ ( ! g5esis ( my? 9 its e>lie/ beg9n+1 we w endeav\r1 ) d>+ prompt$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 to discov] if ! fir/ g]m ( ^! repres5tations may n h already exi/$ 9 ! animal k+dom be=e x 0 evolv$ 9 man 9 ! feti%tic & an?ropomorphic =m4 ,?is is an ardu\s b necess>y inquiry1 to :i* ,i am impell$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution1 z x is prop]ly und]/ood1 z well z by ! univ]sal logic ( nature4 ,if ,i 7 to consid] my? z x has ultimately be5 develop$ 9 man1 x w\ld be a /range & absurd attempt to trace out any po9ts ( resemblance ) animals1 :o are altoge!r devoid ( ! logical faculty :i* leads to su* developm5t4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 we endeav\r to trace ! e>lie/1 spontane\s1 & direct elem5ts ( my? z a product ( animal emotions & implicit intellig5ce1 su* rese>* becomes n only legitimate b necess>y2 s9ce ! in/rum5t is ! same1 ! effects ought also to be ! same4 ,we h already said t ! fact has be5 obs]v$ & g5]ally admitt$ t ! prim>y orig9 ( my? 9 its ess5tial elem5ts consi/s 9 ! p]sonification or animation ( all extr9sic ph5om5a1 z well z ( ! dreams1 illusions1 & halluc9ations :i* are intr9sic4 ,x is agre$ t ?is animation is n ! reflex & delib]ate act ( man1 b t x is ! spontane\s & imm$iate act ( ! human intellig5ce 9 its elem5t>y consci\sness & emotions4 ,x mu/ !re=e be evid5t t ?is vague & cont9ual animation ( ?+s ought to be f\nd also 9 animals1 especially 9 ^? ( ! high] types1 9 :om consci\sness1 ! emotions1 & ! intellig5ce are implicitly id5tical ) ^? ( man4 ,consequ5tly1 t :i* is at fir/ sight absurd becomes obvi\s & natural1 & ! fact is only /range & inexplicable to ^? :o h n c>efully consid]$ x4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 decl>e t ?is prim>y fact is n irr$ucible1 & t sci5ce ought n to be cont5t to /op !re1 b %\ld endeav\r to expla9 & resolve x into its elem5ts1 s z to be able to say we h rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! g5esis ( my? really beg9s4 ,?is aim c only be atta9$ by ! decomposition by analysis ( ! primitive fact4 ,s9ce intellig5ce 9 its ess5tial elem5ts1 & 9 its innate & implicit ex]cise1 appe>s to be ! same 9 man & 9 animals1 x is necess>y to r$uce ! analysis ( animal nature to a prim>y psy*ical fact1 9 ord] to see :e!r by ?is fact1 :i* is id5tical also 9 man1 ! g5]at+ elem5t ( my? is really reveal$4 ,i propose to %[ t ?is rese>* w reveal tru?s hi!rto unatta9$1 & expla9 ! g5]al law1 n m]ely ( ! extr9sic process ( sci5ce & ( my?1 b also ( civilization4 ,/>t+ f ?is wide basis1 we mu/ trace1 /ep by /ep1 ! dawn1 developm5t1 & gradual disappe>ance ( my?4 ,s9ce x is our bus9ess to consid] sci5ce z well z my?1 & _! respective relations 9 ! evolution common to bo?1 we mu/1 z briefly z possible 9 ! pres5t "w1 pause to consid] ^! two factors ( ! human m9d1 obs]v+ ! beg9n+s1 conditions1 & modes 9 :i* ! "o arose & gradually disappe>$1 :ile ! o!r advanc$ & triumph$4 ,we mu/ n only reg>d ! progress & trans=mation ( religions1 b also ( sci5ce1 z x is reveal$ 9 ! philosophic sy/ems ( e age1 9 ! p>tial or complete discov]ies ( g5ius1 & 9 ! great & /up5d\s a*ievem5ts ( mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,x w\ld require a long treatise to fill s wide a field1 :i* we mu/ re/rict to ! limits ( a few pages4 ,s9ce our read]s are n[ g5]ally acqua9t$ ) ! c\rse pursu$ by human ?\ght1 & ) ! progress ( peoples1 b few l&m>ks or =mulas are necess>y to enable !m to cle> away obscurity & e/imate facts at _! j value1 s z to und]/& :at civilization & sci5ce h to d ) ! evolution ( my?1 & ( sci5ce itself4 ,a great coroll>y also ensues f /udies und]tak5 ) ! aid ( sociology1 t is1 ! g5esis1 =m1 & gradual evolution ( human societies4 ,^! v>y 9 "*1 9 attitude1 9 p[]1 =m & duration1 ) ! diff]5t *>act]s ( races1 & ?us fulfil 9 v>i\s ways ! cycle ( my? & sci5ce ( :i* !y are capable4 ,x w\ld inde$ be difficult to atta9 to a cle> & adequate conception ( ! univ]sal evolution ( my? & sci5ce1 b = ! exi/5ce ( a privileg$ race di/+ui%$ = its psy*ical & organic p[]1 :i* f its beg9n+ until n[1 al?\gh subject to _m p>tial eclipses1 has on ! :ole ma9ta9$ its position 9 ! _w s z to pres5t to u ! long hi/orical drama ( its evolutions4 ,o!r races1 peoples1 or tribes h disappe>$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 or h rema9$ ess5tially incapable ( fur!r progress ev5 9 a relatively inf]ior degree1 s z to af=d no aid 9 foll[+ ! successive developm5t ( my? & sci5ce2 :ile ! ,aryan family1 a race to :i* ,i believe t ! ,semitic orig9ally belong$1#f furni%es ! unbrok5 sequ5ce ( ev5ts & ! /ages ( su* complex evolution4 ,nor c]ta9ly is !re any signs ( ! disappe>ance ( ?is race1 s9ce e day its intellectual & t]ritorial a*ievem5ts1 add$ to ! in/rum5ts ( a p[]ful mat]ial civilization1 invigorate its /r5g? & presage its indef9ite duration 9 =ms we are n able to =esee1 unless inde$ fatal a/ral or telluric cata/rophes %\ld h9d] its progress or br+ x to an end4 ,if we comp>e ?is race ) itself at diff]5t epo*s1 & 9 ! _m diff]5t peoples into :i* x 0 sev]$1 & if at ! same "t we confront x ) ! types ( o!r peoples at v>i\s /ages1 f ! rude/ to ! mo/ civiliz$1 x becomes possible to =m a cle> conception ( ! g5esis & successive evolution ( my? & sci5ce ( :i* ! human race is capable1 & 9 ?is way we may und]/& ! g5]al law :i* gov]ns su* evolutions4 ,?is /udy also tea*es u t humanity1 :e!r we agree ) monog5i/s or polig5i/s1 is physically & psy*ically 9 all respects ! same 9 its ess5tial elem5ts2 9 all peoples )\t di/9ction1 z e?nography tea*es u1 ! orig9 & g5esis ( my?1 ! implicit ex]cise ( reason & its developm5t1 are1 at all ev5ts up to a giv5 po9t1 absolutely id5tical4 ,all />t f ! same manife/ations & my?ical creations1 & ^! are aft]w>ds develop$ accord+ to ! logical or sci5tific canons ( ?\ght1 :i* are appli$ to _! classification4 ,bo? among feti%-wor%ipp]s & poly!i/s !re 0 a t5d5cy t[>ds mono!ism1 al?\gh sometimes x c\ld only be disc]n$ 9 a vague & confus$ mann]4 ,if my? is1 z ,i h said1 to be consid]$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 z ! spontane\s effect ( ! intellig5ce1 & a necess>y function1 relatively to ! prim>y act f :i* x beg9s1 x might appe> t my? w\ld nev] cease to be1 & t humanity1 ev5 z x is repres5t$ by ! elect & endur+ race1 mu/ always rema9 9 ?is orig9al illusion2 s t e man w\ld h to beg9 aga9 = himself 9 8 own peculi> cycle ( my?4 ,b hi/ory %[s t ?is is n ! case1 & t ! my?ic faculty gradually wanes & becomes weak]1 ev5 if x does n altoge!r cease to exi/1 a result :i* w\ld n occur if my? 7 a necess>y function ( ! intellig5ce4 ,i %all pres5tly reply to su* an objection2 9 ! mean:ile1 reg>d+ ! "q sup]ficially1 ,i ne$ only say t if ! my?ic faculty dim9i%es 9 "o direction1 & ) respect to "s =ms & _! correspond+ sub/ance1 x has c]ta9ly n ceas$ to appe> 9 ano!r1 ex]t+ itself1 z we %all see1 9 o!r =ms & o!r sub/ance4 ,! common p1 bo? urban & rural1 d = ! mo/ "p adh]e to primitive & v anci5t sup]/itions1 z e "o may "k f 8 own exp]i5ce1 z well z f ! writ+s ( well kn[n au?ors ( ne>ly all ! civiliz$ nations ( ,europe4 ,9 fact1 e man 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 life con/ructs a heav5 = himself1 z ^? :o /udy ! ways ( *ildr5 are aw>e1 & ?is has giv5 rise to a new sci5ce ( infant9e psy*ology1 set =? 9 ! writ+s ( ,ta9e1 ,d>w91 ,p]ez1 & o!rs4 ,we also propose to %[ t ! sci5tific faculty1 :i* ga!rs /r5g? & is develop$ f ! my?ical faculty1 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance id5tical & conf\nd$ ) x1 b t sci5ce corrects & controls ! primitive function1 j z reason corrects & expla9s ! errors & illusions ( ! s5ses2 s t ! truly rational man issues1 l ! foetus f its embryonic cov]+1 out ( its primitive my?ical cov]+ into ! light ( tru?4 ,e "o mu/ p]ceive t ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( my?s has an important be>+ on ! cle> & positive k ( mank9d4 ,9 mod]n times biological sci5ce1 su* z e?nography & an?ropology1 h n only ?r[n mu* light on ! g5esis ( organic bodies1 ( animals & ( man1 b !y h af=d$ v important aid to psy*ological rese>*1 on acc\nt ( ! close connection betwe5 psy*ology & ! g5]al physical laws ( ! _w4 ,! my?ical faculty 9 man1 & its results1 h receiv$ mu* light f ^! sci5ces1 s9ce ! modifications induc$ 9 individuals & 9 peoples by _m natural causes1 organic or climatological1 are bas$ ^u _! physiological conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s book on ,sociology1 !re is a ma/]ly inve/igation into ! *anges produc$ by climate1 ) its accid5ts & organic products1 on ! peculi> temp]am5t ( diff]5t peoples & races1 & we mu/ ref] our read]s to 8 admirable summ>y4 ,we avail ourselves ( ! aid af=d$ by all ^! bran*es ( sci5ce 9 ord] to compreh5d ! true nature ( man1 & ! place :i* he really occupies 9 ! animal creation4 ,man %\ld be e/imat$ z all o!r products & ph5om5a ( nature are e/imat$1 accord+ to 8 absolute value1 dive/$1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r physical & organic sci5ces1 ( preconceiv$ ideas or prejudices 9 fav\r ( ! sup]natural4 ,he %\ld be /udi$ z 9 physics we /udy bodies & ! laws :i* gov]n !m1 or z ! laws ( _! motions & comb9ations are /udi$ 9 *emi/ry1 all[ance always be+ made = _! reciprocal relations1 & = _! appe>ance z a :ole4 ,= if !re be 9 ! univ]se a di/9ction ( modes1 !re is no absolute sep>ation ( laws & ph5om5a4 ,! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce are only subjective necessities1 consequ5t on ! successive & gradual ord] ( our compreh5sion ( ?+s2 !y are classifications ( me?od1 ) no special ref]5ce to ! undivid$ p]sonality ( nature4 ,all are p>ts ( ! :ole1 & s also ! :ole is reveal$ 9 its sev]al p>ts4 ,!y come to be 9 ?\ght1 z well z 9 reality1 reciprocal conditions ( ea* o!r2 & he :o is able to solve ! problem ( ! _w correctly 9 a simple movem5t ( an atom1 w\ld be able to expla9 all laws & all ph5om5a1 s9ce e ?+ may ultimately be r$uc$ to ?is movem5t4 ,x is precisely ?is :i* has be5 atta9$ by c]ta9 laws1 s t ! /udy ( man mu/ n be dissociat$ f ?is conception4 ,x is necess>y to reg>d him z a product ( ! =ces ( nature1 ) :i* he has c]ta9 prop]ties 9 common4 ,al?\gh man may appe> to be a special & peculi> subject1 yet he is connect$ ) ! univ]sal sy/em 9 :i* he lives by ! elem5ts1 ph5om5a1 & =ces ( :i* he consi/s4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 z x is ass]t$ ) ev]-increas+ clam\r1 t su* a me?od & !ory c ev] de/roy ! civiliz$ basis ( society1 & ! morality & dignity ) :i* x %\ld be in=m$1 z if we 7 aga9 r$uc+ man to ! condition ( a bea/4 ,su* an outcry is 9 itself a pla9 & /rik+ pro( t we h n yet em]g$ f ! my?ical age ( ?\ght1 s9ce x is precisely a my?ical belief :i* prompts ?is angry prote/ aga9/ ! noble & indep5d5t rese>* aft] tru?4 ,x is impossible t ! results ( positive & rational sci5ce %\ld 9 any way de/roy ! necess>y conditions ( civiliz$ life & ( ! high /&>d ( goodness :i* %\ld =m1 elevate1 & br+ x to p]fection4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t x 0 n rational sci5ce1 nor ! e?ics ( law1 :i* e/abli%$ ! a priori rules ( a j & free society1 b ! necessities ( society itself l$ to ! a po/]iori =mulation ( laws4 ,!oretic sci5ce subsequ5tly expla9$ ^! laws1 & p]fect$ _! =m & organism1 infus+ into !m a nobl] purpose2 b x 0 ! necessities ( nature :i* fir/ dictat$ ! balance1 sy/em1 & h>mony ( ! alliances & associations ( mat]ials & ph5om5a z !y n[ exi/1 :i* r5d]$ possible ! fir/ nucleus ( human society1 & :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 br\ght ! compon5t p>ts into def9ite relations ) ea* o!r4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly ! reflex & fitt+ "w ( ?\ght to raise ^u ! f\ndation laid by nature a rational sy/em ( society1 & !n to br+ its rules & =ms to p]fection4 ,h5ce x foll[s t x 0 n man1 nor "s extr9sic my?ical p[] :i* arbitr>ily dictat$ ! code ( private & social life1 b ?is pres5t$ itself to man z a spontane\s result ( ! _w's law1 relatively to ! conditions possible = social life4 ,= if1 z 9 fact is ! case1 & z ! progress ( k &1 ( human civilization w abundantly %[1 ! true & et]nal laws :i* make society possible1 & consequ5tly its /&>d ( righte\sness1 are innate & g5u9e results ( univ]sal laws1 x is impossible = sci5ce to de/roy ! inevitable ord] ( ?+s1 & to r$uce mank9d to a hide\s *aos4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t great tru?s1 n fully und]/ood by incapable prea*]s1 :o sometimes f ignoble motives fom5t ! turbid in/9cts ( ! ignorant multitude1 may br+ ab\t1 z !y h done ( old1 grave evils & ev5 crimes 9 "s places & = a %ort "t4 ,b !re is no "o s fooli% or s ignorant ( hi/ory z to believe t all ?+s happ5 9 ! be/ possible way1 & 9 a logical sequ5ce4 ,su* evils d n invalidate or de/roy ! =ce ( our ass]tion t social ord] is d]iv$ f & is bas$ ^u ! ord] ( nature4 ,al?\gh savage passions1 excit$ by an imp]fect und]/&+ ( ! tru?1 d f "t to "t cause ! ov]?r[ ( giv5 societies1 & ar\se ! horror & al>m ( pessimi/ vot>ies ( my?1 nature is n !reby ov]come2 %e /ill triumphs1 & re/ores ! ord] :i* has be5 int]rupt$1 s f> z ! in/9ct ( cons]vatism & ! h]$it>y impulse to t special =m ( association to :i* ea* p are accu/om$ are oppos$ to ! revolution>y _s1 & 9 ?is way ! balance :i* has be5 di/urb$ is re-e/abli%$4 ,:5 m51 hav+ br\ght _! intellectual1 & consequ5tly _! moral s5se to p]fection1 are enabl$ to und]/& ?is natural ord] ( laws & social facts1 dive/$ ( extr9sic my?ical beliefs1 !y w f9d 9 x s mu* reciprocal b5efit1 & w h su* a deep s5se ( _! p]sonal dignity1 s9ce !y are intellectually _! own artific]s1 t !y w be able to und]/& h[ ! highe/ good has ensu$ & w ensue f ! sacrifices or a*ievem5ts made by a few = ! b5efit ( all4 ,we are und\bt$ly /ill a long way f su* happy conditions1 ei!r socially or z individuals1 b e day br+s !m ne>]1 & x is to ?is end t our civilization pla9ly t5ds1 9 spite ( all ! compla9ts1 ! fe>s1 & sometimes ev5 ! malevol5ce ( m54 ,z ,i h already said1 ! /udy ( ! beg9n+s & (1 ! an?ropological conditions ( ! v>i\s my?s is necess>y to enable u to und]/& _! psy*ical ph5om5a1 toge!r ) ! hidd5 laws ( ! ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,! le>n$ & illu/ri\s ,ribot has ju/ly said t psy*ology1 dissociat$ f physiology & cognate sci5ces1 is ext9ct1 & t 9 ord] to br+ x to life x is necess>y to foll[ ! progress & me?ods ( all o!r contempor>y sci5ces4#g ,! g5esis ( my?1 its developm5t1 ! specification & integration ( its beliefs1 z well z ! sev]al intr9sic & extr9sic s\rces :5ce x proce$s1 w assign to x a cle>] place among ! obscure recesses ( psy*ical facts2 !y w reveal to u ! connection betwe5 ! facts ( consci\sness & _! antec$5ts1 betwe5 ! _w & our normal & abnormal physiological conditions2 !y w %[ :at a complex drama is p]=m$ by ! action & reaction betwe5 ourselves & ! ?+s )9 u1 & also w decl>e ! nature ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! v>i\s & manifold creation ( =ms1 imag9ations1 & ideas1 & ! artificial _w ( phantasms d]iv$ f ^!4 ,9 ?is way my? w appe> to be n m]ely due to ! direct animation ( ?+s1 v>y+ 9 our wak+ /ate ) ! nature ( ! excit+ cause2 b x also arises f ! normal images & illusions ( dreams1 & f ! morbid halluc9ations ( madness1 bo? subjectively 9 ! case ( ! p]son affect$ by !m1 & objectively = ^? :o obs]ve ! extr9sic effects 9 ge/ure & spee*1 & ! :ole be>+ ( ! suff]]4 ,e "o mu/ admit t all ^! ph5om5a1 & ! beliefs :i* arise f !m1 mu/ t5d to make ! obs]vation ( psy*ical life m easy1 j z morbid psy*ical ph5om5a (t5 expla9 ! natural action ( su* life "u normal conditions4 ,^! ph5om5a1 s closely connect$ ) physiological di/urbances :i* are beyond ! control ( our p]sonal w1 w in=m u ( ! biological relations betwe5 consci\sness & ?\ght on ! "o side1 & our organism on ! o!r4 ,! my?ical faculty1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 comb9$ ) physiological excitem5ts1 bo? normal & abnormal1 g5]ally assumes con/ant =ms 9 ! v>i\s & manifold _w ( its creation2 con/ant =ms :i* conv]sely also reveal ^? ( ! sci5tific faculty4 ,9 ?is way ! developm5t1 composition1 & integration ( a my?1 into :i* o!rs are fus$ by assimilation1 may be said to expla9 to u ! mode 9 :i* sy/ems ( philosophy are con/itut$1 & to manife/ to u 9 a fanciful way ! und]ly+ mode 9 :i* human ?\ght is ex]cis$4 ,nor d ! effects & importance ( ^! /udies end "h2 !y are also ! necess>y f\ndation ( true & rational sociology4 ,9 fact1 ! relations ( ! individual to ! _w1 ! manifold conditions caus$ by ! relations ( p]sons to ea* o!r1 ! con/itution ( all social ord]1 & ! v>i\s modifications ( t ord]2 all ^! are resolv$ into ! primitive ?\ght1 & into ! emotional impulses ( my?ical prejudices & fancies1 & 9 ^! !y h also _! natural sanction1 & ! c>d9al po9t on :i* !y re/ & revolve4 ,!re is no society1 h[ev] rude & primitive1 9 :i* all ^! relations1 bo? to ! individual & to society at l>ge1 are n app>5t1 & ^! are bas$ on sup]/iti\s & my?ical beliefs4 ,take ! ,tasmanians1 = example1 "o ( ! peoples :i* has rec5tly become ext9ct1 & reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ debas$ 9 ! social scale1 & we h 9 a small compass a picture ( ! acts & beliefs to be f\nd 9 _! embryonic association4 ,9 e society1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1 ^! are held to be important facts3 ! bir? ( individuals1 :i* is _! entrance into ! society itself1 & into ! possession ( its privileges2 m>riages1 fun]als1 reciprocal ob$i5ce betwe5 p]sons & classes1 or to ! *ief2 public assemblies1 & ! exi/5ce ( p[]s equal or sup]ior to liv+ m54 ,among ! ,tasmanians1 ! plac5ta 0 religi\sly v5]at$1 & !y c>efully buri$ x1 le/ x %\ld be injur$ or dev\r$ by animals4 ,if ! "m di$ 9 *ildbir? h] (fspr+ 0 buri$ alive ) h]4 ,:5 a man atta9$ pub]ty1 he 0 b\nd to submit to c]ta9 c]emonies1 "s ( !m pa9ful1 & dictat$ by phallic sup]/itions4 ,fun]al rites 7 simple3 ! corpse 0 ei!r burnt1 ) h[ls & sup]/iti\s functions1 or x 0 plac$ 9 ! holl[ trunk ( a tree 9 a sitt+ position1 ) ! *9 support$ by ! knees1 z 0 ! cu/om ) ,p]uvian mummies2 & ! belief 9 ano!r _w prompt$ !m to place ! weapons & ut5sils us$1 dur+ life beside ! corpse4 ,sometimes a wood5 lance1 ) fragm5ts ( human bones affix$ to x1 0 plac$ bel[ ! tumulus1 z a def5ce = ! dead dur+ 8 long sleep4 ,x appe>s f ^! cu/oms1 & f o!rs m5tion$ by ,cl>ke1 t !y _h a vague idea ( ano!r life1 hold+ t ! %ades w5t up to inhabit ! />s1 or flew to a di/ant isl& :]e !y 7 born aga9 z :ite m54 ,^! beliefs 7 necess>ily connect$ ) ! rites :i* !y fulfill$ :5 liv+1 & s]v$ z a k9d ( obscure sanction = !m4 ,milligan & ,nixon tell u t ! ,tasmanians believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( evil & sometimes ( av5g+ spirits1 de/roy]s ( ! guilty4 ,!y suppos$ t ! %ades ( _! fri5ds or enemies return$1 & caus$ good or evil to befal !m2 & accord+ to ,milligan !re 7 f\r k9ds ( spirits4 ,purely sup]/iti\s rites 7 us$ = m>riage4 ,old wom5 & wit*es 7 (t5 ! arbit]s ( peace & w> betwe5 ! tribes1 & !y _h ! "r ( p>don+4 ,sorc]]s int]v5$ 9 _m social acts1 & be=e beg9n+ _! op]ations & incantations !y revolv$ ! my/]i\s ,mooyumk>r1 an oval piece ( wood ) a cord1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly connect$ ) phallic sup]/itions4 ,bonwick ass]ts t on _m private & public occasions1 ! m skill$ sorc]]s call$ up spirits ) appropriate c]emonies & =mulas4 ,!y 7 p[]ful1 & produc$ diseases1 & 7 able to ex]t malign influ5ce1 & ! ur9e ( wom51 human blood1 & a%es 7 sup]/iti\sly us$ z rem$ies aga9/ _! spells4 ,! ,tasmanian :o wi%$ to hurt or bewit* any "o1 procur$ some?+ belong+ to 8 enemy1 & especially 8 hair2 ?is1 0 envelop$ 9 fat & !n expos$ to ! action ( fire1 & x 0 ?\ght t z x melt$1 ! man himself w\ld wa/e away4 ,!y fe>$ le/ ! evil _s evok$ by ! en*antm5ts ( an enemy might creep beh9d !m 9 ! night to /eal away ! r5al fat1 an organ ) :i* v>i\s physiological sup]/itions 7 connect$4 ,!y believ$ t /ones1 especially c]ta9 k9ds ( qu>tz cry/als1 7 means ( communication ) spirits1 ) ! dead1 & also ) abs5t p]sons4 ,a woman (t5 wore r\nd h] neck ! phallus extract$ f ! body ( h] dead husb&4 ,! movem5ts ( ! sun & moon1 & "s ( _! phases1 _h a my?ical be>+ on v>i\s social acts1 or on ! date ( _! assemblies1 s9ce ! sun 0 ! object ( great v5]ation2 & ! full moon1 ! epo* ( assemblies1 0 celebrat$ ) fea/+ & danc+4 ,dances ( _m diff]5t k9ds 7 connect$ ) traditional my?s1 a/rological sup]/itions1 & ! phallic wor%ip4 ,"s rema9s ( circul> build+s & conc5tric comp>tm5ts1 discov]$ by ,field & o!rs1 _h ref]5ce to _! fea/s1 assemblies1 & dances4 ,among _! cosmic my?s1 ,milligan has pres]v$ "o relat+ to ! d\ble />s :i* p]haps ref]s to ! inv5tion ( fire4 ,f ?is cursory view ( ! conditions ( society 9 its simple/ =m1 & among ! mo/ savage peoples1 & ( ! my?ical beliefs :i* prevail$ "u su* conditions1 x cle>ly appe>s h[ my?1 dat+ f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( human association1 has reg>d$1 inve/$1 sanction$1 & g5]at$ all special acts & relations1 & ! :ole social ord]1 bo? private & public4 ,! ex]cise ( ?\ght 9 primitive times n only consi/$ ( my?ical beliefs & associations1 b ?is same condition ( ?\ght react$ on all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & on all social facts4 ,= if1 z we h already obs]v$1 m rational empirical notions1 & a c]ta9 rude =m ( sci5tific faculty made its appe>ance amid ^? my?ical ideas :i* 7 /ill p]si/5t1 its v>i\s =ms 7 n animat$1 su/a9$1 & pres]v$ by my?4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! basis ( ! g5esis ( sociology z a :ole consi/s 9 my?1 :i* sanctions its acts & e/abli%es _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,! imm5se importance ( ^! /udies1 ev5 = ! "r und]/&+ ( ! laws & hi/orical evolution :i* guide & gov]n sociology1 is evid5t f ?is fact4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t su* a va/ & pr(\nd inc>nation ( my? 9 social facts is peculi> to ! primitive ages2 x p]si/s & is ma9ta9$ 9 all ! hi/orical phases ( civilization1 ev5 ( ! high] races1 al?\gh sometimes 9 a dormant =m4 ,ev5 9 our days1 any "o :o consid]s our modes ( society1 ! organism1 cu/oms1 c]emonies1 & manifold & complex in/itutions ( mod]n life1 w readily see t religi\s influ5ces & _! rites initiate1 sanction1 & accompany e individual & social fact1 al?\gh civil & religi\s societies are becom+ ev] m di/9ct4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 my? is a con/ant =m ( sociology1 completely inve/s x1 & accompanies & animates its transmutations d[n to our days1 ev]yone mu/ recognize ! necessity ( ?is /udy 9 ord] to und]/& & expla9 ! true hi/ory ( ?\ght & ( sociology4 ,! en]gy1 ! p[]1 ! physical & intellectual wor? ( a p are reveal$ z a :ole 9 its my?ical products1 :e!r 9 ! quality & greatness ( _! beliefs1 9 ! great] or less def9it5ess ( _! sy/em1 or 9 _! developm5t into m rational notions2 & f ! complex :ole we c e/imate ! wor? ( _! civilization4 ,s t1 :]e o!r extr9sic te/imony is want+1 ! /udy ( ^! primitive creations w reveal to u _! psy*ological wor?4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! comp>ative psy*ology ( peoples1 a mo/ fruitful sci5ce1 :i* n only tea*es u to rank ! v>i\s families ( peoples accord+ to _! relative value1 b x is ( great use 9 mak+ man acqua9t$ ) himself1 & ) psy*ology 9 g5]al4 ,9 fact1 mod]n psy*ology c only advance by means ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 :i* con/itute x "o ( ! natural sci5ces2 & ?is is abundantly prov$ by ! mod]n ,engli% s*ools1 & ! exp]im5tal s*ool 9 ,g]many4 ,yet obs]vation ( ! /ates ( consci\sness tak5 alone is defective1 unless x is enl>g$ by ! comp>ative exam9ation ( a great] numb] ( subjects2 nor mu/ e?nical peculi>ities be pass$ ov]1 & x is precisely ^! :i* are includ$ 9 ! comp>ative psy*ology ( peoples4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( results1 _! inf9ite v>iety1 & at ! same "t a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 _! modes ( beg9n+1 ( _! developm5t1 & ( _! place 9 ! univ]se1 give a spl5did illu/ration ( ! innate ex]cise ( human ?\ght2 ! lik5esses z well z ! contra/s are in/ructive z to its real nature4 ,! comp>ative psy*ology ( peoples1 /udi$ f ?is po9t ( view1 c]ta9ly does n include ! :ole ( psy*ological sci5ce1 :i* requires o!r in/rum5ts & o!r modes ( exp]i5ce1 b x is a great help z a f\ndation4 ,we believe t ! /udy ( my?1 :i* ?r[s s mu* light on comp>ative psy*ology1 is likewise ( use = ! special psy*ology ( man1 s9ce ?is c only arise f individual & e?nical obs]vation1 & f exp]im5t1 dissociat$ f e h9drance1 & f metaphysical prejudice4 ,& if by our humble essay we c ?r[ any light on ?is noble sci5ce1 we %all be abundantly rew>d$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,animal ,,s5sation ,,& ,,p]ception4 ,all animals communicate ) ea* o!r & ) ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh _! s5ses1 & by means ( _! p]ception1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 !y possess k & appreh5sion ( "o ano!r4 ,9 ! va/ organic s]ies ( ! animal k+dom1 "s are bett] provid$ ?an o!rs ) me?ods1 in/rum5ts1 & app>atus fit = effect+ su* communication4 ,! s5ses ( relation are n f\nd 9 ! same degree 9 all animals1 nor :5 su* s5ses are ! same 9 numb] are !y end[$ ) equal int5sity1 acut5ess1 & precision4 ,b ! fundam5tal fact rema9s ! same 9 all cases2 !y communicate ) !mselves & ) ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh _! s5ses4 ,we mu/ n[ inquire :at value ! ext]nal object ( p]ception1 consid]$ 9 itself1 has = ! animal1 :at "* x has & assumes ) respect to 8 inn] s5se 9 ! act ( p]ception or appreh5sion4 ,man1 & especially man 9 our days1 aft] s _m ages ( reflection1 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( contempor>y sci5ce1 is s f> remov$ f ! primitive & simple ex]cise ( 8 psy*ical life1 t he f9ds x difficult to picture to himself ! anci5t & spontane\s conditions "u :i* 8 s5ses communicat$ ) ! _w & ) himself4 ,& !re=e1 )\t fur!r consid]ation1 he ?9ks & believes t 9 primeval times ev]y?+ took place 9 ! same way z x does at pres5t1 &1 :i* is a /ill great] error1 z x takes place 9 ! l[] animals4 ,?is id5tification ( ! complex ma*9]y ( human p]ception ) t ( animals mu/ n be reg>d$ z an absurd p>adox1 s9ce1 z we h %[n 9 an e>li] "w1 !y 7 orig9ally & 9 !mselves ! same4#h ,by pursu+ an easy mode ( obs]vation1 dive/$ ( prejudice1 we may rev]t to t primeval /ate ( human nature1 & may also compreh5d ) tru? & c]ta9ty ! condition ( animals4 ,= ! animal nature has n ceas$ to exi/ 9 man1 & x may be disc]n$ by ^? :o c>e to look = x2 & c>eful /udy1 ) ! con/ant aid ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 w reveal to u ! hidd5 life ( s5sation & intellig5ce 9 ! l[] animals4 ,!re is a cont9ual self-consci\sness 9 all animals2 x is insep>able f all _! int]nal & ext]nal acts1 f e fact1 passion1 & emotion2 & ?is is cle> & obvi\s4 ,?is fundam5tal & p]si/5t self-consci\sness--p]si/5t 9 dreams1 & ev5 9 ! calme/ sleep1 :i* is always accompani$ by a vague s5sation--is ! consci\sness ( a liv+ subject1 active1 impressionable1 ex]cis+ 8 w1 capable ( emotions & passions4 ,x is n ! consci\sness ( an in]t ?+1 passive1 dead1 or extr9sic2 = animal life consi/s 9 s5sation ( great] or less int5sity1 b always ( s5sation4 ,consequ5tly1 su* a consci\sness signifies = ! animal a con/ant appreh5sion ( an active faculty ex]cis$ intr9sically 9 himself1 & x makes 8 life into a mobile drama1 ( :i* he is implicitly consci\s1 ( acts & emotions1 ( impulses1 desires1 & suspicions4 ,?is inw>d =m ( emotional life & psy*ical & organic action1 into :i* ! :ole value ( p]sonal exi/5ce is resolv$1 may be said to inve/ & modify all ! animal's active relations to ! ext]nal _w1 :i* x vivifies & modifies accord+ to its own image4 ,! subsequ5t act ( d\bl+ ! faculties :i* takes place 9 man does n occur 9 ! animal2 a process :i* modifies ?r\gh ! intellect ! spontane\s & primitive act4 ,consequ5tly1 ! active & inw>d s5se :i* is peculi> to ! animal is r5ew$ 9 him by ! ext]nal ?+s & ph5om5a ( nature :i* /imulate & excite him4 ,two k9ds ( ?+s pres5t !mselves to 8 p]ception3 o!r animals1 ( :atev] species1 & ! inanimate objects ( ! _w4 ,z f> z ! o!r animals are conc]n$1 :i* are obvi\s to 8 p]ception1 x is p]fectly evid5t t ^u ^! he w project 8 :ole int]nal life ( consci\sness & emotions1 & w feel _! id5tity ) himself by 8 implicit & intuitive judgm5t4 ,& 9 fact1 ! movem5ts1 s\nds1 ge/ures1 & =ms ( o!r animals necess>ily cause ?is s5se ( inw>d psy*ical id5tity1 :5ce arises ! implicit notion ( an animat$ & p]sonal subject4 ,any "o :o obs]ves1 h[ev] sup]ficially1 ! conduct ( animals to ea* o!r :5 !y fir/ meet1 _c d\bt ?is tru? = an in/ant4 ,al?\gh ! ext]nal =m & "* ( ! animal p]ceiv$ are important factors ( ! implicit notion ( an animat$ p]sonal subject1 ?is belief is ev5 m due to ! animal's inw>d consci\sness ( himself z a liv+ subject :i* is reflect$ 9 ! extr9sic =m ( ! o!r & is id5tifi$ ) x4 ,! spontane\s & p]sonal psy*ical ef=t does n decompose ! object p]ceiv$ into its prop] elem5ts by means ( reflex att5tion1 b x is imm$iately project$ on ^? ph5om5a :i* assume a =m analog\s to ! s5ti5t subject4 ,! fact ( ?is law mu/ nev] be =gott5 9 ! analysis ( animal intellig5ce & s5sation4 ,all ^? :o d n keep cle>ly 9 view ! real & g5u9e "* ( ! s5ti5t & intellig5t faculty 9 animals are liable to error4 ,9 addition to ! p]ceptions we h m5tion$1 animals h a p]ception ( inanimate ?+s1 t is1 ( v>i\s bodies & ph5om5a ( nature4 ,al?\gh ! =m1 motion1 & ge/ures ( an analog\s & p]sonal subject are want+ 9 ^! cases1 s t !y d n cause extr9sically ! same implicit idea1 nei!r d !y rema91 z ) a cultivat$ & rational man1 ?+s & qualities ( indep5d5t exi/5ce1 disconnect$ ) ! life ( ! animal :i* p]ceives !m1 ex]t+ no int5tional efficacy1 & gov]n$ by necess>y laws by means ( :i* !y act & exi/4 ,a cultivat$ & rational man1 by ! reflex & calm exam9ation ( ?+s1 c correctly di/+ui% ^! two classes ( subjects & ph5om5a1 & _c z a rule be deceiv$ z to _! real & relative value ) respect to !m & to himself4 ,b :5 he =gets 8 prim>y intellectual condition1 & does n p]fectly und]/& ! p]man5t condition ( animals1 he believes t _! faculties are id5tical1 & t ?+s1 qualities1 & ph5om5a pres5t ! same appe>ance to ! human & ! animal p]ception4 ,yet ! actual nature ( ! ?+1 s f> z x is e/imat$ by our p]ception z an object diff]5t f ourselves & f any o!r animal1 _c be s appreh5d$ by animals :i* lack ! analytical faculty 9 ! p]5nial fl[ ( _! p]ceptions2 ! actual & inanimate ?+ is pres5t$ to !m only by ! intr9sic1 peculi>1 p]sonal1 & psy*ical quality ( ! animal itself4 ,if =m1 & *>act]i/ic & delib]ate action1 are want+ to ! sub/ances & ph5om5a ( inanimate nature1 qualities :i* m readily ar\se 9 animals ! idea ( a subject resembl+ & analog\s to !mselves1 yet !re always rema9s ! appreh5sion ( "s sort ( =m 9 :i*--n di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by reflex action--! inw>d faculty ( s5sation & emotion is repeat$ & imp]sonat$ by ! p]ceiv+ animal4 ,?us e =m1 e object1 e ext]nal ph5om5on becomes vivifi$ & animat$ by ! intr9sic consci\sness & p]sonal psy*ical faculty ( ! animal itself4 ,e object1 fact1 & ph5om5on ( nature w n m]ely appe> to him z ! real object :i* x is1 b he w necess>ily p]ceive x z a liv+ & delib]at+ p[]1 capable ( affect+ him agreeably or injuri\sly4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! jeal\s1 suspici\s nature ( animals1 & t !y are n only inquisitive ab\t o!r animals1 b ab\t e mat]ial object :i* !y see unexpect$ly1 :i* moves 9 an unusual way1 or :i* int]f]es ) or injures !m4 ,x mu/ h be5 (t5 obs]v$ h[ !y turn aga9/ any object :i* has *anc$ to hurt !m1 or :i* has annoy$ !m by regul> & repeat$ motions1 h[ !y />t at ! sudd5 appe>ance or oscillation ( "s unlook$-= ?+1 at an unusual light1 a col\r1 a /one1 a plant1 at ! flutt]+ ( bran*es1 ( clo!s1 or wea!rcocks1 at ! ru% ( wat]1 at ! slighte/ movem5t or s\nd 9 ! twilight1 or 9 ! d>kness ( night4 ,!y look ab\t1 & consid] all ?+s & ph5om5a z subjects actuat$ by w1 & z hav+ an imm$iate influ5ce on _! lives1 ei!r b5efic5t or injuri\s4 ,und\bt$ly !y d1 z a rule1 by means ( _! implicit judgm5t1 di/+ui% animals z ( a diff]5t type f o!r objects1 b !y transfuse into ev]y?+ _! own p]sonality & _! intr9sic consci\sness4 ,?is is ! case ) ! :ole animal k+dom1 at lea/ ) ^? ^: int]nal emotion c be ga!r$ f _! ext]nal movem5ts & ge/ures4 ,an animal is sometimes aw>e t an enemy :i* may lie 9 wait = & de/roy him has approa*$ ! neighb\rhood ( 8 haunts1 or at any rate may int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( 8 ord9>y life1 & he )draws z f> z he c f ?is new p]il or injury1 & seeks to def5d himself f ! malice ( 8 enemy by special arts4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ext]nal subject or ?+ is :at 8 own objective s5se conceives x to be1 & 8 inw>d p]ception corresponds to an actual cosmic reality4 ,suppose t in/ead ( ?is1 ! neighb\rhood ( a fi]ce fire1 or viol5t ra9 & hail1 or a /ormy w9d1 or "s o!r natural ph5om5on1 surprises or injures su* creatures2 ^! facts d n affect !m z if !y 7 m]ely occurr5ces 9 accordance ) cosmic laws1 = su* a simple conception ( ?+s is n grasp$ by !m4 ,su* ph5om5a ( nature are reg>d$ by animals z liv+ subjects1 actuat$ by a concrete & delib]ate purpose ( ill-w t[>ds !m4 ,any "o :o has obs]v$ animals z ,i h done = _m ye>s1 bo? 9 a wild & dome/ic /ate1 & "u e v>iety ( conditions & circum/ances1 w readily admit ! fact4 ,?is tru?1 :i* cle>ly appe>s f an accurate analysis ( facts1 & f exp]im5ts1 c also be demon/rat$ by ! argum5ts ( reason4 ,s9ce animals h no conception ( ! purely cosmic reality ( ! ph5om5a & laws :i* con/itute nature1 x foll[s t su* a reality mu/ appe> to _! inn] consci\sness 9 its v>i\s effects z a subject vaguely id5tical ) _! own psy*ical nature4 ,h5ce !y reg>d nature z if %e 7 inspir$ ) ! same life1 w1 & purpose1 z ^? :i* !y !mselves ex]cise1 & ( :i* !y h an imm$iate & intr9sic consci\sness4 ,x is true t aft] long exp]i5ce animals become accu/om$ to reg>d z h>mless ! ph5om5a1 objects1 & =ces by :i* !y 7 at fir/ sympa!tically excit$ & t]rifi$4 ,( ?is we h innum]able examples bo? among wild & dome/ic animals2 b al?\gh suspicion & anxiety are subdu$ by habit & exp]i5ce1 yet ^! objects & ph5om5a are n !reby trans=m$ into pure & simple realities4 ,9 ! same way1 if !y are at fir/ fright5$ by ! sight & companion%ip ( "s o!r species or object1 habit & exp]i5ce gradually calm _! fe>s & suspicions1 & ! association or neighb\rhood may ev5 become agreeable to !m4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ t diff]5t species1 bo? :5 at lib]ty & 9 conf9em5t1 are affect$ by ! mo/ lively surprise & p]turbation :5 "s new ph5om5on has />tl$ !m2 !y act z if x 7 really a liv+ & insidi\s subject1 & !n !y gradually become calm & quiet1 & reg>d x z "s indiff]5t or b5efic5t p[]4 ,i mu/ adduce "s obs]vations & exp]im5ts f ! _m ,i h made on ?is subject4 ,x may be object$ t if animals 9 _! spontane\s p]ception p]sonify ! object 9 "q1 !y w\ld give signs ( ?is fact ) respect to all ! objects ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 & among :i* !y live1 & yet !y rema9 indiff]5t to _m ( !m1 :i* is a pro( t !y di/+ui% ! animate f ! inanimate4 ,9 fact x _c be disput$ t a va/ numb] ( ! ph5om5a & objects ( nature are reg>d$ by animals ) indiff]5ce2 !y are p]ceiv$ by !m1 b x does n appe> t !y suppose ^! ?+s to be end[$ ) life4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to di/+ui% two modes & /ages 9 ?is animation ( ?+s1 "o ( :i* we may t]m /atic1 & ! o!r dynamic4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! s5ti5t subject rema9s tranquil at ! v mom5t :5 he vivifies ! ph5om5on or ! ?+ p]ceiv$2 :ile ! act is accompli%$ ) s mu* animat+ =ce1 & ) an implicit & fugitive consci\sness1 x ex]ts no imm$iate & sudd5 influ5ce on ! p]ceiv+ animal1 & consequ5tly he gives no ext]nal signs ( ! p]sonify+ "* ( 8 p]ception4 ,9 ! second in/ance1 :i* we h t]m$ dynamic1 t is1 :5 ! ph5om5on or object has a direct & sudd5 effect on ! animal himself1 he expresses by 8 movem5ts2 ge/ures1 cries1 & o!r signs1 h[ in/antane\sly he consid]s & feels ! object 9 "q to be alive1 = he behaves 9 exactly ! same way t[>ds real animals4 ,animals are accu/om$ to %[ su* indiff]5ce t[>ds num]\s objects t x might be suppos$ t !y h an accurate conception ( :at is inanimate2 b ?is arises f habit1 f long exp]i5ce1 & p>tly also f ! h]$it>y disposition ( ! organism t[>ds ?is habit4 ,b if ! object %\ld act 9 any unusual way1 !n ! animat+ process :i*1 z we h j said1 0 r5d]$ /atic by its habitual ex]cise1 aga9 becomes dynamic1 & ! special & p]man5t "* ( ! act is at once reveal$4 ,we h exp]i5ce ( ?is fact 9 ourselves1 al?\gh we are n[ capable ( imm$iately di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate1 & man alone has1 or c h1 a rational conception ( :at are really cosmic objects or ?+s4 ,yet if we sudd5ly & unexpect$ly see "s object move 9 a /range way1 :i* we "k f exp]i5ce to be inanimate1 ! innate incl9ation to p]sonify x takes effect1 & = a mom5t we are amaz$1 z if ! ph5om5on 7 produc$ by delib]ate p[] prop] to itself4 ,i h kept v>i\s k9ds ( animals = sev]al ye>s1 9 ord] to obs]ve !m & try exp]im5ts at my conv5i5ce4 ,i h sudd5ly ins]t$ an unfamili> object 9 ! v>i\s cages 9 :i* ,i h kept birds1 rabbits1 moles1 & o!r animals4 ,at fir/ sight ! animal is always surpris$1 timid1 curi\s1 or suspici\s1 & (t5 retreats f x4 ,by degrees 8 confid5ce returns1 & aft] keep+ out ( ! way = "s "t1 he becomes accu/om$ to x1 & resumes 8 usual habits4 ,if !n1 by a simple arrangem5t ( /r+s already prep>$1 ,i move ! object to & fro1 )\t %[+ myself1 ! animal scuttles ab\t & is mu* less easily reconcil$ to its appe>ance4 ,i h tri$ ?is exp]im5t ) v>i\s animals1 & ! result is almo/ always ! same4 ,9 ! cage ( a v tame ?ru%1 ,i made a movable bottom to 8 fe$+ tr\gh1 s arrang$ t by sudd5ly pull+ a cord1 ! food :i* x conta9$ c\ld be rais$ or l[]$4 ,:5 ev]y?+ rema9$ /ation>y 9 its place ! ?ru% ate ) lively read9ess1 b z soon z ,i rais$ ! food he ne>ly always flew (f 9 al>m4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t _h be5 (t5 repeat$1 he did n l to come ne> ! fe$+ tr\gh1 &--:i* is a /ill /rong] pro( t he imag9$ ! food itself to be end[$ ) life--he (t5 refus$ to approa*1 or only approa*$ 9 fe> ! sopp$ bread :i* 0 plac$ outside ! tr\gh4 ,i tri$ ! same exp]im5t ) o!r birds1 & ne>ly always ) ! same result4 ,on ano!r occasion ,i repeat$ly wav$ a :ite h&k]*ief be=e a spirit$ horse1 br++ x close to 8 eyes2 at fir/ he look$ at x suspici\sly & %i$ a little1 b )\t be+ mu* discompos$1 & ,i cont9u$ ! exp]im5t until he became accu/om$ to its ord9>y appe>ance4 ,"o day ,i & a fri5d w5t out driv+ ) ?is horse1 & ,i direct$ a man1 :ile we 7 pass+ at a mod]ate pace1 to wave ! same h&k]*ief1 atta*$ to a /ick1 9 su* a way t 8 p]son on ! o!r side ( ! h$ge 0 invisible4 ,! horse 0 sc>$ & %i$ viol5tly1 & ev5 9 ! /able he c\ld n see ! h&k]*ief )\t trembl+1 & x 0 difficult to reconcile him to ! sight ( x4 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) slight v>iations on o!r horses1 & ! issue 0 always m or less ! same4 ,aga91 ,i plac$ a sc>ecr[ or bogey 9 a p>ti-col\r$ dress 9 ! spaci\s k5nel ( a h\nd :ile he 0 abs5t f x4 ,:5 ! dog wi%$ to return to 8 k5nel1 he drew back at ! sight ( x1 & b>k$ = a long :ile4 ,aft] go+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 snuff+ suspici\sly1 he decid$ to ent]1 b he rema9$ on ! ?re%old ( ! k5nel1 anxi\sly inspect+ ! bogey4 ,9 a few days1 h[ev]1 he became accu/om$ to x1 & 0 indiff]5t to its pres5ce4 ,i ought to add t ,i _h taught him on ! fir/ day1 by puni%m5t & admonition1 t he mu/ n de/roy ! bogey4 ,"o day :5 ! dog 0 ly+ d[n ,i viol5tly mov$ ! puppet's arms by a cord1 & he jump$ up & ran b>k+ out ( ! k5nel1 soon return+ to b>k z he _h done at fir/4 ,f9ally1 he aga9 became accu/om$ to x1 b :5ev] ,i repeat$ ! movem5t ) great] viol5ce1 x took a long :ile = him to become reconcil$ to x4 ,i put into a room v>i\s k9ds ( wild birds1 :i* _h be5 tak5 9 nets aft] !y 7 full gr[n4 ,! w9d[1 :i* look$ ^u a g>d51 0 unglaz$1 & clos$ by a wire nett+1 ?r\gh :i* ! out] air ent]$ & 0 con/antly r5ew$4 ,i plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! room a pot conta9+ a %rub ( "s size1 on :i* ! birds us$ to p]*4 ,s9ce !y _h be5 re>$ 9 ! op5 air !y 7 c]ta9ly accu/om$ to ! w9d1 & to ! way 9 :i* x moves trees & bran*es1 s t !y 7 n al>m$ by a ph5om5on :i* !y recogniz$ f exp]i5ce4 ,i fa/5$ a cord to ! head ( ! %rub :i* ,i pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! door1 mak+ ano!r to look ?r\gh1 & 9 ?is way ,i mov$ x to & fro z ! w9d might h done4 ,"o day :5 !re 0 a high w9d :i* c\ld be he>d 9 ! room1 & :5 ! curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! w9d[ 0 p]ceptible1 ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t :5 ! conditions ( resemblance 7 p]fect4 ,& yet :5 ! viol5t movem5t & oscillation ( ! %rub 0 comb9$ ) ! noise ( ! w9d1 ! fright5$ birds all flutt]$ ab\t1 & aft] repeat+ ! movem5t1 & !n all[+ x to subside1 !y kept away f ! %rub & did n d>e to settle on x4 ,at ano!r "t1 aid$ by an +5i\s "y fri5d1 ,i con/ruct$ a toy w9dmill1 ( :i* ! vanes 7 mov$ by weights4 ,i plac$ ?is toy 9 a cage1 s arrang$ t its motions c\ld be regulat$ f ! outside1 & ,i put into ! cage a sp>r[1 :i* _h be5 tak5 f ! ne/1 & :i* consequ5tly _h no exp]i5ce ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,mu* pati5ce 0 ne$$1 s9ce ! toy requir$ c>eful adju/m5t & 0 easily ?r[n out ( ge>1 b ,i manag$ x at la/4 ,! sp>r[ peck$ at ! little mill z soon z he 0 put into ! cage1 & he grew up accu/om$ to its motions4 ,i !n took ! sp>r[ out ( ! cage & put 9 a f9*1 :i* _h also be5 tak5 f ! ne/1 b 0 re>$ f> f su* a ma*9e1 & he 0 fright5$ & did n reconcile himself to x = "s "t4 ,i ex*ang$ ?is bird = a goldf9* :i* _h be5 caught aft] he 0 full gr[n1 & 8 al>m at ! little mill 0 s great t he did n d>e to move4 ,9 a gr\nd floor room :i* ,i us$ z my /udy1 ,i hung an old %eet1 :i* rea*$ to ! gr\nd1 on a long spe> ins]t$ 9 a heavy wood5 disk2 ,i surm\nt$ x ) a ragg$ hunt+ cap1 & s arrang$ ! %eet z to give x "s resemblance to ! human =m4 ,:5 my dog came 9 z usual1 he look$ suspici\sly at ! object1 snuff+ ab\t & gradually approa*+ to walk r\nd & obs]ve x4 ,at la/ he 0 satisfi$1 & curl$ himself up by ! skirts ( ! bogey1 :]e ,i _h plac$ ! mat on :i* he 0 accu/om$ to lie :5 he 0 ) me4 ,"o ev5+ :5 ! moon %one d\btfully & !re 0 j light en\gh to di/+ui% ! outl9e ( ?+s1 ,i c>ri$ ! %apeless bogey into ! g>d5 ne> my room1 & plac$ x among "s %rubs & bu%es4 ,i w5t back to ! h\se & call$ my dog1 :o foll[$ me quietly until he rea*$ ! spot f :i* he c\ld see ! bogey di/9ctly en\gh = him to recognize its id5tity ) ! "o ) :i* he 0 already famili>4 ,z soon z he saw ! app>ition he /ood /ill1 gr[l+ furi\sly2 he began to b>k1 & :5 ,i enc\rag$ him to come on1 he turn$ r\nd & ran back to ! h\se4 ,i %ut up ! dog 9 ano!r room1 br\ght back ! bogey to its =m] place1 & ?rew a /rong light ^u x be=e recall+ ! dog4 ,at ! fir/ sight ( ! bogey ! dog paus$ suspici\sly = an in/ant1 b :5 ,i sat d[n to ! table z usual1 he hesitat$ a little & aft] snuff+ at x w5t back to 8 c\*4 ,i h made simil> exp]im5ts ) dogs1 rabbits1 birds1 & o!r animals4 ,i took long wood5 poles1 & put !m inside _! cages or hut*es 9 su* a way t ! animals got to "k & feel reconcil$ to ! sight ( !m4 ,aft] "s days _h elaps$1 ,i contriv$1 :ile scre5$ f sight1 to take ! poles f _! usual place & to make !m t\* & annoy ! animals ) m or less viol5ce1 ?us caus+ !m to flutt] or scamp] ab\t & to %r9k away1 z if f ! t\* ( a liv+ p]son1 al?\gh !y 7 unable1 z ,i h said1 to see me or my h&4 ,^? :i* 7 lea/ agitat$ sprang =w>d ) little leaps & look$ ab\t !m1 d\btful & excit$4 ,i might g on to describe _m o!r exp]im5ts made ) ! same object1 & always ) ! same result1 b ^! are en\gh to %[ t ,i w5t to "w cauti\sly & consci5ti\sly1 t ! spontane\s & innate p]sonification ( ! objects p]ceiv$ by animals is cle>ly app>5t1 & also h[ we may acc\nt = _! indiff]5ce to ^? to :i* !y become accu/om$4 ,among animals ! necessity ( f9d+ food is ! great & unfail+ /imulus t[>ds ! ex]cise ( _! vital functions2 food :i* may1 z we all "k1 be vegetable1 animal1 or a comb9ation ( bo? k9ds4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! case ( c>nivor\s animals ! object :i* satisfies ?is desire is a liv+ subject1 ( :i* x is necess>y to become possess$ by arts1 wiles1 sometimes by a fi]ce & cruel conflict4 ,9 ^! cases1 animals are 9 con/ant communication ) an animal _w resembl+ _! own1 & ! objective reality is = ! mo/ "p resolv$ into liv+ subjects1 end[$ ) consci\sness & w4 ,b nei!r is ! vegetable food ( h]bivor\s1 frugivor\s1 & gram9ivor\s animals reg>d$ by !m1 z x is by u1 z a mat]ial & unconsci\s satisfaction ( _! wants2 ^! grasses1 gra9s1 & leaves appe> to animals to be liv+ p[]s :i* x is necess>y to conqu]1 animat$ subjects end[$ ) life1 b = ! mo/ "p in(f5sive1 & :i*1 unlike ! liv+ prey ( c>nivora1 (f] no resi/ance4 ,obs]ve ! way 9 :i* an h]bivor\s or gram9ivor\s animal becomes excit$ & angry :5 ! bran* or ! e> ( corn ob/9ately adh]es to ! gr\nd1 or (f]s any o!r difficulty to 8 imm$iate desire ( obta9+ food2 he acts l "o :o has to d ) a resi/+ p[]4 ,obs]ve h[1 :5 !y are quietly /ripp+ ! b\gh1 pick+ out ! gra9s1 or eat+ ! grass1 !y become suspici\s1 or fly away if !re %\ld be any unusual movem5t 9 ! b\gh1 ! e>s ( corn1 or ! grass4 ,9 "o way or ano!r _! food is reg>d$ z a subject end[$ ) sympa!tic & delib]ate consci\sness4 ,& e "o mu/ h obs]v$ t animals at play act t[>ds inanimate objects z if !y 7 consci\s & end[$ ) w4 ,e object ( animal p]ception is !re=e felt1 or implicitly assum$1 to be a liv+1 consci\s1 act+ subject4 ,?is is due to ! ext]nal reflection & projection ( ! intr9sic & s5ti5t faculty1 & !re=e--s9ce an animal has n ! duplex faculty ( delib]ate & reflex att5tion--he _c atta9 to ! conception ( simple ext]nal reality1 ( cosmic ?+s & ph5om5a4 ,e object1 e ph5om5on is = him a delib]at+ p[]1 a liv+ subject1 9 :i* consci\sness & w act z !y d 9 himself4 ,!re are und\bt$ly 9 ! va/ s]ies ( be+s :i* compose ! ord] ( nature1 & :i* he is able to p]ceive1 degrees1 diff]5ces1 & v>ieties ( en]gy1 p[]1 & efficacy ) respect to himself & to ! normal ex]cise ( 8 life4 ,b he transfuses into all1 9 proportion to ! effects :i* result f !m1 8 own nature1 & modifies !m 9 accordance ) ! intr9sic =m ( 8 consci\sness1 8 emotions1 & 8 in/9cts4 ,! ext]nal _w appe>s to animals to be a great & mighty movem5t & cong]ies ( liv+1 consci\s1 delib]at+ be+s1 & ! value ( ! ph5om5on or ?+ is great 9 proportion to its effect on ! animal itself4 ,! objective & simple reality1 z x appe>s to man1 has no exi/5ce = animals2 f ! nature ( _! intellig5ce !y _c atta9 to any explicit conception ( x1 s t ?is reality is resolv$ & modifi$ into _! own image4 ,! et]nal & inf9ite flux1 by :i* all ?+s come & g 9 ob$i5ce to laws :i* are p]man5t & endur+1 appe>s to animals to be a va/ & confus$ dramatic company 9 :i* ! subjects1 ) or )\t organic =m1 are always active1 work+ 9 & ?r\gh !mselves1 ) b5ign or malignant1 pleas+ or hurtful influ5ce4 ,x is = ?is reason1 & ?is reason only1 t _! life ( consci\sness & ( relation is s deeply seat$ & s readily excit$4 ,nor d animals ev] believe !mselves to be alone among inanimate ?+s2 ev5 :5 n surr\nd$ by alli$ or diff]5t species1 !y h ! s5se ( liv+ amid ! manifold =ms ( consci\s & delib]at+ life :i* ! _w conta9s4 ,?is con/ant & delib]ate animation ( all ! objects & ph5om5a ( nature is spontane\s & necess>y ow+ to ! psy*ical & organic con/itution ( ! animal k+dom1 & x resolves itself into a univ]sal p]sonification ( ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,9 fact1 ! animal's intr9sic psy*ical p]sonality is infus$ & trans=m$ into ea* ( !m ) m or less int5sity & vig\r2 ! ph5om5a are p]ceiv$ by ea* individual j z f> z he assimilates !m1 & he is con/antly assimilat+ himself to !m4 ,8 communication ) ! ext]nal _w is 9 proportion ) its int]nal reflection on himself1 & he und]/&s j z mu* z 8 own nature enables him to grasp4 ,a c>eful consid]ation !re=e %[s t ! conditions ( animal k consi/ 9 end[+ ! ph5om5a & objects ( nature ) consci\sness & w4 ,i ?9k t ?is tru? w prove a c]ta9 guide & beacon 9 ! int]pretation ( ! orig9 ( my? & sci5ce 9 man4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,human ,,s5sation ,,& ,,p]ception4 ,9 man1 z x has be5 cle>ly prov$1 s5sations & p]ceptions occur bo? physiologically & psy*ically j z !y d 9 animals4 ,if sci5ce & ! rational process ( ! int]pretation ( ?+s h _! orig9 & are evolv$ 9 u by ! duplication ( our faculties1 su* a function1 :i* is due to ?is duplication1 is v sl[ly develop$ & ex]cis$1 & 9 its orig91 z an ef=t ( ! intellig5ce1 x does n diff] f t ( animals4 ,x is true t ! int]nal act ( ! high] faculty ( reflection has h>dly tak5 place be=e man unconsci\sly ent]s on a new & va/ appr5tice%ip1 :i* soon di/+ui%es him f & exalts him above ! animal k+dom2 sci5ce has already put =? its fir/ g]m4 ,b ! reason+ & simply animal faculties 7 s m+l$1 t = a long :ile !y 7 conf\nd$ toge!r 9 _! effects & results1 z well z 9 _! natural me?ods4 ,we mu/ !re=e beg9 by consid]+ ! nature ( ?is primitive human p]ception1 9 "s degree id5tical ) t ( animals1 s t !y may be e/imat$ to be ( equal value1 at any rate 9 _! fir/ results & arts4 ,! vivid self-consci\sness1 insep>able at all times f e act1 passion1 & emotion1 actuates man & animals alike2 he has ?is consci\sness 9 common ) all o!r animals1 & especially ) ^? sup]ior ord]s :i* are ne>e/ to himself4 ,! fur!r p]ception ( extr9sic ?+s & ph5om5a occurs aft] ! same mann] & 9 accordance ) ! same physiological & psy*ical laws4 ,by ! intr9sic law ( animal nature1 z x is adapt$ to 8 cosmic environm5t1 we see ! cause & necessity ( ! transfusion & projection ( himself into ev]y?+ :i* he p]ceives2 :5ce x foll[s t he reg>ds ^! ?+s z liv+1 consci\s1 & delib]at+ subjects2 & ?is is also ! case ) man1 :o animates & end[s ) life all :i* surr\nds him & :i* he p]ceives4 ,9 fact1 9 man's spontane\s & imm$iate p]ception & appreh5sion ( any object or ext]nal ph5om5on1 especially 9 e>ly life1 ! innate effects are in/antane\s1 & correspond ) ! real con/itution ( ! function2 analysis & reflex att5tion necess>ily & sl[ly succe$ to ?is primitive animal act 9 ! c\rse ( human developm5t4 ,consequ5tly ! true "* & value ( its effect on ! p]ception are ! same 9 man & animals4 ,if 9 ?is psy*ical & organic fact ( p]ception1 man is at fir/ absolutely 9 ! conditions ( animals1 id5tical effects mu/ be produc$2 & ?is 0 orig9ally ! case1 z f> z man himself & ext]nal ?+s 7 conc]n$4 ,! p[]ful self-consci\sness :i* actuates man & animals alike is project$ on ! objects or ph5om5a p]ceiv$1 & !y see !m trans=m$ into liv+1 delib]at+ subjects4 ,9 ?is way ! _w & all :i* x conta9s appe>s to be a cong]ies ( be+s1 actuat$ by w & consci\sness1 & p[]ful = good or evil1 & 9 practice !y seek to modify1 to enc\rage1 or to avoid su* influ5ce4 ,! ultimate effect ( ?is action1 assum$ to be int5tional 9 all & ea* ( ^! subjects1 w be _! p]sonification1 ei!r vaguely or def9itely1 b always z a p[] active = good or ill4 ,if we trace back ! memories ( hi/oric & civiliz$ peoples into ! twilight ( _! orig91 at a "t :5 !y 7 /ill b>b>\s1 & little remov$ f _! primitive savage conditions1 we %all f9d1 ! fur!r we g back1 ! m vivid1 g5]al1 & multi=m w ! my?ological int]pretation & conception ( ! _w & its v>i\s ph5om5a appe> to be2 ev]y?+ 0 p]sonifi$ by ^! primitive peoples 9 a way common to ! animal & human consci\sness alike4 ,( ?is ! te/imony rema9+ 9 ! mo/ anci5t v]ses ( ! fir/ ,v$a is a suffici5t pro(4 ,at ! epo* ( _! composition ! human race _h made "s relative progress 9 morals & civilization2 yet we f9d t psy*ical human life 0 transfus$ & project$ into ev]y?+3 man p]sonifi$ ea* ph5om5on & =ce ( nature 9 accordance ) 8 own image4 ,= example1 fire 9 g5]al 0 p]sonifi$ & id5tifi$ ) humanity 9 ,agni2 ev5 ! %ape tak5 by ! flames1 all :i* 0 requir$ to light ! fire1 ! :ole process ( ! sacrifice1 ev5 ! doors ( ! alt>-rail+1 ! pray] & oblation to ! god4#i ,we also le>n f ! solemn & anci5t songs ( ! ,rig-,v$a t all t]re/rial1 meteorological1 & cele/ial ph5om5a 7 m or less vaguely p]sonifi$4 ,^! facts recur 9 all ! e>lie/ recollections ( civiliz$ peoples4 ,if we turn f ^! to obs]ve ! savage races ( mod]n times1 & ! mo/ b>b>\s tribes /ill extant 9 cont95ts & isles f> remov$ f culture & sci5ce1 we %all aga9 f9d ! same beliefs4 ,! range ( absurd p]sonifications1 deg5]at+ into ! mo/ trivial & v>i$ =ms ( feti% wor%ip1 becomes wid]1 & its influ5ce deep]1 9 proportion to ! rude & b>b>\s condition ( ! tribe or /ock 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,ev5 among ourselves1 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ civiliz$ ,european nations ( mod]n times1 h[ mu* my?ology /ill l+]s 9 ! l[] classes1 bo? 9 cities & ! c\ntry4 ,x fl\ri%es 9 proportion to ! ignorance & want ( culture ( ! p1 z ^? "k :o h really /udi$ ! intellectual conditions ( all classes 9 our "t4#aj ,9 ! *ild j beg9n+ to walk1 to move freely1 & to talk1 & ev5 at a lat] age1 9 cases 9 :i* ! reflective faculty is weak1 & :5 x approximates m to ! psy*ical & organic conditions ( animals1 su* a projection ( self & p]sonification ( surr\nd+ objects is evid5t to all4 ,= ?is reason a *ild trans=ms all :i* x seizes or plays ) into a p]son or animal1 & :5 alone ) !m x talks1 %\ts1 & laughs1 z if su* objects c\ld really feel1 act1 & obey2 9 %ort1 z if !y 7 real p]sons or animals4 ,s /rong is ! *ildi% in/9ct1 or1 z ,i might say1 ! law ( its be+ to project & transfuse itself into objects1 t x is apt to speak ( itself 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,a *ild seldom says1 ,i w1 or ,i am hungry1 b ,l\is wants1 ,l\is is hungry1 or :atev] 8 "n may be4 ,?is ph5om5on reappe>s 9 ! second *ildhood ( old age1 :5 ! p[] ( reflection is weak5$1 & !re is a rev]sion to ! primitive animal condition4 ,! same ph5om5on also occurs 9 idiots1 9 :om !re is a morbid defect ( reflective p[]4 ,?is fact ( ! p]sonification ( ! objects ( p]ception is !re=e evid5t & con/ant 9 ! primitive man ( civiliz$ races1 9 ! b>b>\s condition ( mod]n savages1 9 ! ignorant multitude1 & 9 *ildr5--intellectual conditions :i* approa* mo/ closely to ! condition ( animals--& conv]sely x is pla9 t x belongs 9 ! highe/ degree to ! intellectual life ( animals1 & t my?1 into :i* su* a p]sonification & animation ( ?+s mu/ be resolv$1 has its orig9al & innate necessity 9 animal life4 ,we ?9k t ?is is a new sci5tific fact1 :i* ?r[s mu* light on ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,m',l5nan obs]ves1 ,"s explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( life a man mu/ feign = himself2 & to judge f ! univ]sality ( x1 ! simple/ hypo!sis1 & ! fir/ to occur to m51 seems to h be5 t natural ph5om5a are ascribable to ! pres5ce 9 animals1 plants1 & ?+s1 & 9 ! =ces ( nature1 ( su* spirits prompt+ to action z m5 are consci\s !y !mselves possess4#aa ,?is fact1 indicat$ by ,m',l5nan & by all :o h devot$ !mselves to an?ropological rese>*es ) respect to ! orig9 ( religions1 & ( my? 9 g5]al1 is n[ recogniz$ z c]ta92 b x seems to me t ! int]pretation & explanation ( x are altoge!r implete4 ,!y suppose x to be simply ! effect ( psy*ological laws z f> z man is conc]n$1 :]eas we h %[n t x =ms1 9 ! ultimate causes by :i* x is produc$1 ! v ess5ce ( animal p]ception4 ,!y ascribe x to man z a rational hypo!sis to expla9 ! primitive ord] ( ?+s1 :]eas x is a spontane\s & prim>y intuition ( ! animal intellig5ce4 ,alg]1 al?\gh he is also mi/ak5 z to ! true causes ( my? 9 g5]al1 expresses himself bett] :5 he ass]ts t ! bra9 ( a savage is always dom9at$ by ! idea t all objects :atsoev] h a s\l precisely simil> to t ( man4 ,! cu/om ( burn+ & bury+ v>i\s ?+s ) ! dead body 01 he ?9ks1 9 _m cases prompt$ by ! belief t e su* object _h its manes4#ab ,9 fact1 ! innate psy*ical & organic con/itution ( ! intellig5ce1 bo? animal & human1 is su* t x spontane\sly & necess>ily projects itself into e object ( nature & p]ception1 animat+ & p]sonify+ x by ?is special law1 & n by a reflective hypo!sis1 su* z w\ld be ! consci\s & delib]ate solution ( a giv5 problem4 ,su* a solution _c be made by animals1 s9ce z we h %[n !y are )\t ! faculty ( mak+ a delib]ate rese>* into any subject2 nor c x be effect$ by ! primitive man1 9 :om ! reason+ faculty ) :i* he is end[$ is /ill undevelop$4 ,! real orig9 ( reflection is n to be f\nd 9 :at may be call$ ! my?ical creation ( nature1 :i* is ! necess>y result ( ! spontaneity ( ! intellig5ce1 bo? 9 man & animals2 x is develop$ aft] long duration ( b>b>ism & ignorance4 ,m',l5nan & o!rs h %[n h[ ! era ( reflection & hypo!sis beg9s 9 ! evolution ( human intellig5ce4 ,sekesa1 an intellig5t ,kaffir1 said to ,arbr\sset1#ac ,= twelve ye>s ,i h %eph]d$ my flock4 ,x 0 d>k1 & ,i sat d[n ^u a rock & ask$ myself su* que/ions z ^!1 sad que/ions1 s9ce ,i 0 unable to answ] !m4 ,:o made ! />s8 ,:at supports !m8 ,d ! wat]s nev] gr[ we>y ( fl[+ f morn+ to ev5+1 f ev5+ to morn+1 & :]e d !y f9d re/8 ,:5ce come ! cl\ds1 :i* pass & re-pass1 & dissolve 9 ra98 ,:o s5ds !m8 ,our div9]s c]ta9ly d n s5d ra91 s9ce !y h no means ( mak+ x1 nor d ,i see !m ) my eyes go+ up to heav5 to seek x4 ,i _c see ! w9d1 & "k n :at x is4 ,:o guides & causes x to bl[1 to rage1 & ov]:elm u8 ,nor d ,i "k h[ ! corn gr[s4 ,ye/]day !re 0 n a blade ( grass 9 my field1 & to-day x is gre52 :o gave to ! e>? ! wisdom & p[] to br+ =?8 ,aga91 !re is a passage 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 9 :i* x is said1 ,:]e d ! fix$ />s ( heav5 :i* we see by night g by day8 ,x is 9 ?is intellectual condition t ignorant & savage man really beg9s ! spontane\s yet reflective rese>* into ! causes ( ?+s1 & x is 9 ?is condition only t he hypo!tically int]prets ! ord] ( ph5om5a ?r\gh my?s1 :i* h !n become second>y1 & are no long] primitive4 ,! true orig9 ( ! primitive my? :i* animates & p]sonifies ! univ]se is n to be f\nd 9 ?is condition2 its orig9 is ( mu* e>li] date 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 & inde$ x has its roots1 z we h %[n1 9 animal life4 ,c]ta9ly :5 we comp>e ! two intellectual p]iods1 !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! age 9 :i* ,sekesa c\ld be p]plex$ by su* inquiries1 & t ( m primitive peoples1 :i* /ill believe )\t "q 9 ! s\l & in=m+ _s or %ade ( /ones1 /icks1 weapons1 food1 wat]1 spr+s--9 %ort1 ( e object & ph5om5on4 ,?is is /ill ! case ) ! ,algonqu9s1 ! ,fijians1 ! ,k>5s1 ! ,c>ibbees1 ! negroes ( ,gu9ea1 ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ! ,tongusians1 ! ,gre5l&]s1 ! ,e/honians1 ! ,au/ralians1 ! ,p]uvians1 & a ho/ ( o!r savage & b>b>\s peoples4 ,!y n only animate & p]sonify mat]ial objects1 b ev5 diseases & _! rem$ies4 ,! incubus1 = example1 t]m$ ,m>a 9 ,nor!rn my?ology1 0 ! _s :i* torm5t$ sleep]s4 ,?is is ! ,m> ( ! ,g]man prov]b3 ,di* hat greitt5 d] ,m>4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ,m>1 a horse1 & becomes nightm>e 9 ,engli%1 ,cau*em> 9 ,fr5*1 ,greek3 ,ephialts 9 ,greek1 mean+ "o :i* rides ^u ano!r4 ,s ) epilepsy1 :i* signifies ! act ( be+ seiz$ by any "o2 x 01 l all n]v\s diseases1 held to be a sacr$ evil1 & ^? afflict$ by x 7 suppos$ to be possess$4 ,insanity 0 reg>d$ 9 ! same way1 z we see 9 ! ,bible :]e ,saul's melan*oly is said to be an evil _s s5t f ,god4 ,a furi\s madman 0 suppos$ to h be5 c>ri$ (f by a demon1 & 9 ,p]sia ! insane 7 said to be ,god's fools4 ,9 ,tahiti !y 7 call$ ,eatooa1 t is1 possess$ by a div9e _s2 & 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isles !y 7 wor%ipp$ z m5 into :om a div9ity _h ent]$4 ,9 ,g]man ! plica polonica is call$ ,alpzopf1 or hobgobl9's tail4 ,all nations believ$ t ! malign be+s :i* animat$ diseases c\ld1 l m51 be propitiat$ by c]emonies & incantations4 ,! ,r$sk9s are always 9 fe> ( ! assaults ( evil spirits1 & h rec\rse to incantations1 & to ! mo/ absurd sac]dotal rites1 or to ! influ5ce ( _! manitu1 9 ord] to be safe4 ,_! devotions & sacrifices are prompt$ by fe> r ?an by gratitude4 ,tann] m5tions1 9 8 ,n>rative ( a ,captivity among ! ,indians1 t he once he>d a convalesc5t pati5t reprov$ = 8 imprud5ce 9 expos+ himself to ! air1 s9ce 8 %ade _h n altoge!r come back to abide )9 him4 ,= ?is purpose1 & 9 con=mity ) su* ideas1 :5 ! sorc]] ,malgaco wi%es to cure a sick man1 he makes a hole 9 a tomb to let out ! _s1 :i* he !n takes 9 8 cap1 & con/ra9s x to ent] ! pati5t's head4 ,! process ( disease is suppos$ to be a /ruggle betwe5 ! sick p]son & ! evil _s ( sickness4 ,! ,greek-^w1 prophylak signifies ! arrangem5ts ( outpo/s4 ,agonia is ! hotte/ mom5t ( conflict1 & krisis ! decisive day ( battle1 z we see 9 ,polybius1 liii41 c4 #hi4 ,m$ic9e 0 f ! e>lie/ times conf\nd$ ) magic1 :i* is only ! primitive =m ( ! conception ( nature4 ,! ,aryan rul]s 9 ,india 9 anci5t times believ$ t ! savage races 7 auto*?onic work]s ( magic :o 7 able to assume any =m !y pleas$4#ad ,! negro prie/s ( feti% wor%ip believe t !y c pron\nce on ! disease )\t see+ ! pati5t1 by ! aid ( 8 g>m5ts or ( any?+ :i* belongs to him4#ae ,! sup]/ition ( ! evil eye recurs 9 ,v$ic ,india1 z well z among _m o!r peoples4 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a ! wife is exhort$ n to look ^u h] husb& ) an evil eye4 ,!re 0 ! same belief among ! anci5t ,greeks1 & x is also f\nd 9 ! oculus fasc9us ( ! ,romans1 & ! ,g]man bses ,auge4 ,! e>ly ,g]man ,rito1 or fev]1 0 a _s 7,alb7 :i* rode ^u ! sick man4 ,a passage 9 ! ,rig-,v$a /ates t demons assume ! =m ( an owl1 cock1 wolf1 etc4#af ,su* 0 ! primitive attitude ( ! transfusion ( individual psy*ical life into ?+s1 & consequ5tly ( g5]al metamorphosis4 ,kuhn id5tifies ! ,greek v]b ,greek3 iaomai ) ! ,sanscrit yavayami1 to av]t1 & 9 ! ,rig-,v$a ?is v]b is us$ 9 connection ) amiv1 disease2 s t x 0 necess>y to drive away ! demon1 z ! cause ( sickness4 ,a physician1 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! old ,sanscrit ^w1 0 ! exorcis] ( disease1 ! man :o f\ght ) its demon4 ,we f9d ! practice ( incantations z a rem$y = disease 9 use among ! anci5t ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & all ,european nations1 z well z among savages 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! objects & ph5om5a obvi\s to p]ception are !re=e suppos$ by primitive man1 z well z by animals1 to be consci\s subjects 9 virtue ( _! con/itution1 & ( ! innate "* ( s5sation & intellig5ce4 ,s t ! univ]sal p]sonification ( ! ?+s & ph5om5a ( nature1 ei!r vaguely1 or 9 an animal =m1 is a fundam5tal & necess>y fact1 bo? 9 animals & 9 man2 x is a spontane\s effect ( ! psy*ical faculty 9 its relations to ! _w4 ,we ?9k t ?is tru? _c be controv]t$1 & x w be /ill m cle>ly prov$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,su* a fact1 consid]$ 9 its fir/ manife/ation & 9 ! laws :i* orig9ally gov]n x 9 animals1 & 9 man z f> z 8 animal nature is conc]n$1 assumes a fre% aspect1 & is ( two-fold =ce :5 x is /udi$ 9 man aft] he has begun to reason1 t is1 :5 8 orig9al psy*ical faculty is d\bl$4 ,! animation & p]sonification ( objects & ph5om5a by animals are always relative to ^? ( ! ext]nal _w2 t is1 animals transfuse & project !mselves into e =m :i* really excites1 affects1 al>ms1 allures1 or ?reat5s !m2 & ! spontane\s psy*ical faculty :i* su* a vivify+ process always produces necess>ily rema9s )9 ! sph]e ( _! ext]nal p]ceptions & appreh5sions4 ,9 a ^w1 !y live 9 ! mid/ ( ! objective nature1 :i* !y animate ) consci\sness & w1 & _! int]nal p[] is altoge!r absorb$ 9 ?is ext]nal trans=mation4 ,9 man1 9 addition to ?is animation ( ! ?+s & ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w1 ano!r m pr(\nd & vivid animation takes place1 ! animation n m]ely ( ext]nal =ms1 b ( int]nal p]ceptions1 ideas1 s5tim5ts1 & all k9ds ( emotions4 ,we "k t man has n only ! p]ception ( ext]nal & int]nal ?+s1 b also ! p]ception ( ?is p]ception4 ,h5ce ! ext]nal =m1 or ! int]nal s5tim5t & emotion1 may by ! dom9ion ( 8 w ov] all ! attributes ( 8 intellig5ce be once m subject$ to 8 delib]ate obs]vation & intuition2 by ?is process ! ext]nal & int]nal _w are d\bl$ 9 _! intr9sic ideal1 & give bir? to analysis & ab/raction1 t is1 to ! specification & g5]alization ( ! ?+s obs]v$4 ,:5 ?is spontane\s faculty ( man has be5 develop$ )9 him1 8 obs]vation ( ! simil>ities1 analogies1 diff]5ces1 & id5tities :i* are to be f\nd 9 all ?+s & ph5om5a1 9 s5tim5ts & emotions1 necess>ily induces him to collect & simplify !m 9 special =ms1 to comb9e ^! v>i\s intuitions 9 a homolog\s type2 ?is type corresponds ) an ext]nal or int]nal cong]ies ( simil>1 id5tical1 or analog\s images or ideas1 out ( :i* ! species & g5]a ( ! intellect are =m$4 ,9 ?is way1 = in/ance1 arose ! m5tal classification ( trees1 plants1 fl[]s1 riv]s1 spr+s1 animals1 & ! l1 z well z t ( love1 hatr$1 sorr[1 ang]1 bir?1 & dea?1 /r5g?1 weakness1 rule1 & ob$i5ce2 9 %ort1 ! g5]ic conceptions ( all natural ph5om5a1 z well z ( psy*ical s5tim5ts & emotions4 ,animals1 = example1 p]ceive a giv5 plant or tree1 z a ?+ pres5t$ at ! mom5t to _! individual consci\sness1 & by infus+ ?is consci\sness into ! object 9 "q1 !y animate & p]sonify x1 especially if its fruits or leaves are attractive1 or if x is mov$ by ! w9d4 ,we h se5 t all ?+s are necess>ily p]sonifi$ by animals1 = if !y meet ) any mat]ial ob/acle1 !y d n ascribe ! sudd5 imp$im5t to ! imp5etrability ( matt]1 or to sup]ior =ce1 b r to an int5tional opposition to _! aim or progress4 ,we (t5 see t animals n only ex]t me*anical =ce to break ?r\gh or de/roy ! mat]ial b>ri]s int5d$ to keep !m 9 conf9em5t1 b !y act 9 su* a way z to %[ rage & fury t[>ds a ho/ile & malevol5t subject4 ,to return to our example2 if an animal vivifies & animates "s special plant specially pres5t$ to him1 he does n g beyond ?is vivify+ act2 :5 he goes on 8 way1 & no long] p]ceives ! concrete ph5om5on1 ! animation at ! same "t disappe>s & ceases4 ,man1 h[ev]1 by means ( ! classify+ faculty we h notic$1 aft] repeat$ly p]ceiv+ v>i\s plants simil> or analog\s to ! fir/1 is able by spontane\s reflection1 & by ! automatic ex]cise ( 8 intellig5ce1 to ref] !m to a s+le type1 & 9 ?is way ! specific idea ( a tree is evolv$ 9 8 m9d & fix$ 9 8 memory4 ,! same ?+ gradually takes place ) respect to fl[]s1 animals1 spr+s1 riv]s1 & ! l4 ,^! ideal types are n :olly want+ ev5 among ! mo/ b>b>\s peoples1 9 ! mo/ concrete & dissimil> languages1 s9ce )\t !m any language w\ld be impossible4 ,! same intr9sic & innate necessity :i*1 bo? 9 man & animals1 automatically effects ! animation & p]sonification ( consci\sness & w 9 ! case ( ext]nal objects & ph5om5a1 also impels man to vivify & p]sonify ! specific types :i* he has gradually =m$1 & !y take an objective place 9 8 memory z ! objects ( nature d 9 ! case ( animals4 ,9 ?is way man does n1 l animals1 m]ely vivify ! special oak or *e/nut tree pres5t$ to him 9 a concrete =m at a giv5 mom5t1 b he vivifies 9 ! same way ! psy*ical type ( trees1 ( fl[]s1 etc41 :i* has be5 evolv$ 9 8 m9d1 j z he vivifies ! type ( suff]+1 ( disease1 ( dea?1 ( heal+1 or ( any o!r =ce4 ,= ?is reason ! process ( necess>y & spontane\s p]sonification is at fir/ two-fold2 namely1 ! p]sonification ( individual & ext]nal objects & ph5om5a1 & t ( _! specific inw>d types1 :e!r ( ! objects !mselves or ( _! s5sations & emotions4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t at ?is e>ly /age ( man's hi/ory1 specific types1 or ! classification ( ?+s1 7 n ord]$ & det]m9$ ) sci5tific precision2 !y 7 undef9$ & confus$1 runn+ m or less into ea* o!r1 s z to be easily lo/1 or con/antly div]g+ m widely4 ,?is int]nal movem5t ( images & undef9$ conceptions 0 a /imulus to active & mobile life1 & an abundant s\rce ( vivid or obscure my?s1 & ( ! s5tim5ts correspond+ to !m4 ,^! specific primordial types 7 op5ly ref]r$ to ext]nal ph5om5a1 & 7 bas$ ^u ! life ( nature1 s9ce rational or sci5tific ideas _h n yet made _! appe>ance1 or only v sp>sely4 ,9 any case1 ! reality ( ^! types & _! animation are facts1 z all ! e>lie/ records atte/1 :e!r among civiliz$ or savage races4 ,! p]sonification ( specific types1 :i* are 9 g5]al ! mo/ obvi\s--^?1 namely1 :i* ref] to animals1 vegetables1 m9]als1 & meteors1 ?+s useful or injuri\s to man--is ! orig9 ( ! subsequ5t belief 9 feti%es1 g5ii1 demons1 & spirits1 & ^! l$ to ! vivification ( ! :ole ( nature1 h] laws1 cu/oms1 & =ces4 ,man's p]sonification ( himself1 8 projection ( himself z a liv+ be+ into ext]nal ?+s1 0 ! result ( reflection4 ,9 fact1 ! imp]sonation ( ! w9ds took place 9 v e>ly times1 s9ce !y mo/ frequ5tly & univ]sally excit$ ! att5tion & anxiety ( man & animals1 :e!r b5eficially or o!rwise1 & by _! me*anical action1 _! :i/l+ & o!r s\nds1 !y readily /ruck ! mobile fancy ( primitive m51 & also ( savage & ignorant peoples 9 our day4 ,j z ! act ( respiration is a fa9t w9d :i* goes on :e!r 9 sleep or wakefulness1 & only ceases ) dea?1 s x 0 ) ! ph5om5on ( nature :i* attract$ _! att5tion1 & x 0 inve/$ by !m ) life4 ,s9ce ! w9ds ( nature _h already be5 animat$ & p]sonifi$ by a spontane\s act1 s our inmo/ be+ 0 c]ta9ly fir/ consid]$ z mat]ial1 & imp]sonat$ z brea? & air4 ,?is appe>s f ! roots & words ( all languages2 ! ,hebrew nephe%1 n%mh1 rua*--s\l or _s--are all d]iv$ f ! idea ( brea?+4 ,! ,greek ^w ,greek3 anemos1 ! ,lat9 ^w animus1 signify brea?+1 w9d1 s\l1 & _s4 ,9 ! ,sanscrit tman we h ! successive mean+s :i* %[ ! evolution ( ! my?3 brea?+1 vital s\l1 intellig5ce1 & !n ! individual1 ! ego4 ,9 ,polynesia we f9d ! same process ( ?+s4 ,to ?9k1 :i* 9 ! ,aryan tongues comes f ! root c'i1 & orig9ally meant to collect1 to compreh5d1 9 ,g]man1 begreif51 becomes 9 ! ,polynesian language1 to talk 9 ! belly4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an evid5t hi/orical fact t man fir/ p]sonifi$ natural ph5om5a1 & !n made use ( ^! p]sonifications to p]sonify 8 inw>d acts1 8 psy*ical ideas & conceptions4 ,?is 0 ! necess>y process1 s9ce animals 7 prior to man1 temporally & logically1 & ext]nal idols 7 =m$ be=e ^? :i* 7 int]nal & peculi> to himself4#ag ,x is true t man unconsci\sly1 t is1 )\t delib]ation1 n only animates ext]nal ?+s & _! specific types1 b he also1 by an ex]cise ( memory1 animates ! psy*ical image ( ^! special p]ceptions4 ,if1 = example1 ! primitive man p]sonifies a /ream ( wat] :i* he has se5 to issue f a fissure ( ! rocks1 & ascribes to x volunt>y & int5tional motion1 he also animates ! image :i* reappe>s 9 8 sph]e ( ?\ght1 & conceives x to h a real exi/5ce4 ,he does n m]ely believe x to be a psy*ical & :at may be call$ a photographic repetition ( ! ?+1 b r to h an actual1 concrete exi/5ce4 ,?us1 among all anci5t peoples1 & among _m :i* are /ill 9 ! condition ( savages1 ! %ad[ ( a man's body is held to be sub/antial ) x1 &1 z x 71 8 inmo/ ess5ce1 & = ?is reason ! spirits ( ! dead 7 9 sev]al languages call$ %ades4 ,d\btless x is difficult = u to picture to ourselves ! psy*ical conditions ( primitive m51 at a "t :5 ! objects ( p]ception & ! appreh5sion ( ?+s 7 pres5t$ by an ef=t ( memory to ! m9d z if !y 7 actual & liv+ ?+s1 yet su* conditions are n hypo!tical b really exi/$1 z any "o may asc]ta9 = himself :o is able to realize t primitive /ate ( ! m9d1 & we h said en\gh to %[ t su* 0 its necess>y condition4 ,! fact becomes m intelligible :5 we consid] man1 & especially ! un$ucat$ man1 "u ! excit+ influ5ce ( any passion1 & h[ at su* times he w1 ev5 :5 alone1 ge/iculate1 speak al\d1 & reply to int]nal que/ions :i* he imag9es to be put to him by abs5t p]sons1 aga9/ :om he is at ! mom5t infuriat$4 ,! images ( ^! p]sons & ?+s are z x 7 pres5t & 9 agitation )9 him2 & ^! images1 9 ! f]v\r ( emotion & "u ! /imulus ( excitem5t1 appe> to be actually alive1 al?\gh only pres5t$ to ! inw>d psy*ical consci\sness4 ,9 ! natural man1 9 :om ! intellectual p[]s 7 v sl[ly develop$1 ! animation & p]sonification effect$ by 8 m9d & consci\sness 7 ?reefold3 fir/1 ( ! objects !mselves z !y really exi/$1 !n ( ! idea or image correspond+ to !m 9 ! memory1 & la/ly ( ! specific types ( ^! objects & images4 ,!re 0 )9 him a va/ & cont9u\s drama1 ( :i* we are no long] consci\s1 or only reta9 a fa9t & di/ant e*o1 b :i* is p>tly reveal$ by a consid]ation ( ! primitive value ( words & ( _! roots 9 all languages4 ,! mean+ ( ^!1 :i* is n[ = ! mo/ "p lo/ & un9telligible1 always express$ a mat]ial & concrete fact1 or "s ge/ure4 ,?is is true ( classic tongues1 z is well kn[n to all educat$ p1 & x recurs 9 ! spee* ( all savage & b>b>\s races4 ,ia rau is us$ to express all 9 ! ,m>quesas ,isles4 ,rau signifies leaves1 s t ! t]m implies some?+ z num]\s z ! leaves ( a tree4 ,rau is also n[ us$ = s\nd1 an expression :i* includes 9 itself ! conception ( all1 b :i* orig9ally signifi$ a fact1 a real & concrete ph5om5on1 & x 0 felt z su* 9 ! anci5t spee* 9 :i* x 0 us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,s aga9 9 ,tahiti huru1 t51 orig9ally signifi$ hairs2 rima1 five1 0 at fir/ us$ = h&2 riri1 ang]1 lit]ally means1 he %\ts4 ,uku 9 ! ,m>quesas ,isles means1 to l[] ! head1 & is n[ us$ = to ent] a h\se4 ,rku1 :i* _h ! same orig9al mean+ 9 ,new ,zeal&1 n[ expresses ! act ( div+4 ,! ,polynesian ^w toro at fir/ indicat$ any?+ 9 ! position ( a h& ) ext5d$ f+]s1 :5ce comes ! ,tahitian t]m = an ox1 puatoro1 /ret*+ pig1 9 allusion to ! way 9 :i* an ox c>ries 8 head4 ,to 7,m>quesas71 to put =w>d ! h&1 is n[ us$ = to take4 ,tongo 7,m>quesas71 to grope ) ext5d$ arms1 leads to potongo tongo1 d>kness4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 wairua1 9 ,tahiti v>ua1 signifies s\l or _s1 f vai1 to rema9 9 a recumb5t position1 & rua1 two2 t is1 to be 9 two places1 s9ce !y believ$ t 9 sickness or 9 dreams ! s\l left ! body4#ah ,?r\gh\t ,polynesia moe also signifies a recumb5t position or to sleep1 & 9 ,tahiti moe pipiti signifies a d\ble sleep or dream1 f moe1 to sleep1 & piti1 two4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 mo5aku means1 to try to grasp some?+ dur+ sleep2 f naku1 to take 9 ! f+]s4 ,we c und]/& some?+ ( ! my/]i\s ex]cise ( human intellig5ce 9 its e>lie/ developm5t f ?is habit ( symboliz+ & pres5t+ 9 an outw>d =m an ab/ract conception1 ?us giv+ a concrete mean+ & mat]ial expression to ! ext]nal fact4 ,we see h[ ev]y?+ assum$ a concrete1 liv+ =m1 & c bett] und]/& ! conditions we h e/abli%$ z necess>y 9 ! e>ly days ( ! developm5t ( human life4 ,?is attitude ( ! intellig5ce has be5 (t5 /at$ be=e1 b 9 an incomplete way2 ! primitive & ! subsequ5t my?s h be5 conf\nd$ toge!r1 & x has be5 suppos$ t my? 0 ( exclusively human orig91 :]eas x has its roots l[] d[n 9 ! va/ animal k+dom4 ,we hope1 !re=e1 t x w be grant$ t we h giv5 ! true & full exposition ( my?4 ,an?ropomorphism1 & ! p]sonification ( ! ?+s & ph5om5a ( nature1 ( _! images & specific types1 7 ! great s\rce :5ce issu$ sup]/itions1 my?ologies1 & religions1 & also1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ! sci5tific errors to be f\nd among all ! families ( ! human race4 ,= ! developm5t ( my?1 :i* is 9 itself always a human p]sonification ( natural objects & ph5om5a 9 "s =m or o!r1 ! fir/ & necess>y f\ndation consi/s1 z we h abundantly %[n1 9 ! consci\s & delib]ate vivification ( objects by ! p]ception & appreh5sion ( animals4 ,& s9ce ?is is a condition ( animal p]ception1 x is also ! f\ndation ( all human life1 & ( ! spontane\s & innate ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce4 ,9 fact1 man1 by a two-fold process1 raises above 8 animal nature a _w ( images1 ideas1 & conceptions f ! types he has =m$ ( v>i\s ph5om5a1 & 8 attitude t[>ds ?is int]nal _w does n diff] f 8 attitude t[>ds t :i* is ext]nal4 ,he p]sonifies ! images1 ideas1 & conceptions by trans=m+ !m into liv+ subjects1 j z he _h orig9ally p]sonifi$ cosmic objects & ph5om5a4 ,9 my?s1 s9ce !y owe _! orig9 to ! reflex p[] :i* is gradually organiz$ & develop$1 man c>ries on ?is faculty ( p]sonification :i* _h already be5 ex]t$ 9 him z an animal4 ,b ! object ( my? became two-fold j z ! animal nature became duplex 9 man1 :e!r z a special image ( special conception1 or z an intellectual def9ition ( ! specific type already =m$4 ,! my?s are1 !re=e1 f _! v nature1 ei!r special1 t is1 d]iv$ f ! psy*ical duplication ( a p]sonifi$ image2 or !y are specific1 & are d]iv$1 z we are ab\t to expla91 f ! p]sonification ( a type4 ,! delib]ate int5tion to be b5efic5t or malign1 useful or injuri\s1 :i* is ascrib$ to any ext]nal object1 ?us trans=m+ x into an intellig5t subject1 is ! fir/ & simple/ /age ( my?1 & ! innate =m ( its g5esis4 ,9 ?is case1 x is always special1 extr9sic1 & concrete1 & belongs implicitly to ! animal k+dom1 al?\gh m or less vividly 9 proportion to ! m5tal & physical evolution ( ! species4 ,x is = ! same reason also prop] to man1 9 ^: case x fir/ appe>s 9 ! indef9ite multiplication ( feti%es1 :atev] may be ! object v5]at$1 & :atev] ! =m1 aspect1 & "* ascrib$ to x4 ,?is con/itutes ! primordial impulses1 bo? ( religi\s consci\sness & ( ! spontane\s solution ( ! problems ( ! _w among all peoples4 ,:ile ! animation ( special objects by animals g5]ates actual my?s1 yet x only occurs 9 ! acts ( mom5t>y & transi5t p]ception2 !y are born & die1 !y arise & are dissolv$ 9 ! v act ( production1 & !y nei!r h nor c h retrospective or future influ5ce on ! animal4 ,! _w1 its laws & ph5om5a1 =m = him "o univ]sal & p]si/5t my?1 s f> z he feels himself con/ra9$ to vivify & trans=m !m into subjects actuat$ by w4 ,?is consequ5tly is ! con/ant & normal condition ( 8 consci\s life ) relation to ?+s1 & x leads to no?+ fur!r2 8 m5tal attitude ) respect to my? does n v>y f 8 physical attitude t[>ds ! atmosph]e1 ! food & wat] :i* n\ri% & su/a9 him1 & ! ex]cise ( 8 functions are 9 con=mity ) x1 z ?\gh x 7 8 natural & necess>y elem5t4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 s9ce he has acquir$ ! p[] ( reflection1 :i* enables him to reconsid] pa/ intuitions by an ef=t ( memory1 z well z ! psy*ical image :i* corresponds to !m1 is n cont5t ) ?is normal & fugitive effect ( appreh5d+ ! p]sonifi$ object pres5t$ to him4 ,! psy*ical image ( 8 actual p]ception1 :i* he has asc]ta9$ f exp]i5ce to be b5efic5t or malignant1 or :i* has be5 int]pret$ z su* by 8 fancy1 recurs to ! m9d ev5 :5 x is abs5t & remote1 & x recurs 9 ! vivid & p]sonifi$ =m 9 :i* x 0 fir/ p]ceiv$4 ,h5ce come ! foll[+ psy*ical facts4 ,on ! "o side ! actual object :i* he has assum$ to be inve/$ ) ! faculty ( w /ill rema9s to ex]t ! same ext]nal influ5ce2 on ! o!r1 its p]sonifi$ image is also pres5t to 8 m9d1 s t he c reg>d x ) ! vivid quickness ( ! fancy1 & inve/ x1 by its manifold relations to o!r & v>i\s ph5om5a1 ) efficacy1 =ce1 & my/]i\s purposes4 ,x foll[s f ?is inw>d action & emotion t :ile 9 ! case ( animals ! b5efic5t or malignant object is only inve/$ ) life at ! mom5t ( p]ception1 & has no m efficacy aft] its disappe>ance1 man on ! contr>y reta9s ! same p]sonifi$ object 9 8 memory1 & recalls x at pleasure1 s t its special efficacy p]si/s1 & x cont9ues to be ! object ( hopes & fe>s ei!r 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! future4 ,9 a ^w1 ! natural my? ( animals is trans=m$ by man into a feti%1 :e!r ?is object or its correspond+ image 9 8 m9d be sup]/iti\sly reg>d$ z good or evil1 pleas+ or t]rible4 ,?is 0 ! s\rce ( primitive1 confus$1 & inorganic feti%ism among all peoples2 namely1 t !y ascrib$ int5tional & consci\s life to a ho/ ( natural objects & ph5om5a4 ,h5ce came ! fe>s1 ! adoration1 ! gu>dian%ip (1 or abhorr5ce = "s giv5 species ( /ones1 plants1 animals1 "s /range =ms or unusual natural object4 ,! subsequ5t adoration ( idols & images1 all sorts ( talismans1 ! virtue ( relics1 dreams1 incantations1 & exorcisms1 _h ! same orig9 & 7 all due to ?is primitive g5esis ( ! feti%1 ! int]nal duplication ( ! ext]nal animation & p]sonification ( objects4 ,x is evid5t t feti%ism 9 its e>lie/ & mo/ primitive =m 0 always inspir$ by special objects1 s9ce ! ext]nal p]ception ( animals & ( man is special & concrete4 ,b we h se5 h[ our intellig5ce1 by a spontane\s & innate process1 0 l$ to =m types f ! imm5se v>iety ( special ?+s & ph5om5a1 & ^! types are ! specific =ms ( su* ?+s z are alike1 analog\s1 or id5tical4 ,we h also se5 t by ! same necessity ( ! psy*ical faculty1 :i* is n inconsi/5t ) ! fundam5tal process ( animal intellig5ce1 man animates & p]sonifies ^! specific types1 j z he _h animat$ ! special p]ceptions :5ce !y 7 g5]at$ 9 8 m9d4#ai ,! second =m ( my? next occurs1 if consid]$ z x exi/s 9 man1 b ! ?ird =m ( my?1 if reg>d$ 9 8 solid>ity ) ! animal k+dom4 ,in/ead ( inve/+ ! special feti% ( a giv5 object ) sup]/iti\s fe>1 he n[ adores or fe>s all objects ( ! same species1 or :i*1 9 ! imp]fect classification ( primitive times1 he believes to be ( ! same species4 ,?us1 to give a common example1 if "s p>ticul> vip] or o!r =m ( snake is ! fir/ =m ( feti%1 9 ! second /age ! :ole species ( vip]s1 & ( ! snakes :i* resemble !m1 is reg>d$ ) ! same dread4 ,he next supposes all ! snakes :i* he comes across to emanate f a s+le p[]1 manife/+ itself 9 ?is %ape 9 v>i\s times & places4 ,9 ! same way1 accord+ to ! natural evolution ( ?is law1 ! individual1 concrete plant w no long] be ! feti% or object ( my?1 b all ^? ( ! same species1 or :i* ne>ly resemble x4 ,x w no long] be a giv5 spr+1 b all spr+s1 no long] "o p>ticul> grove1 cave1 or m\nta91 b all groves1 caves1 & m\nta9s2 9 a ^w1 ! species w be sub/itut$ = ! individual1 ! type = ! fact4#bj ,9 ?is second /age to :i* my? spontane\sly atta9$1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t all feti%es c\ld n be r$uc$ to a specific or typical image1 s9ce 9 nature1 & 9 ages & conditions :5 ! intellig5ce 0 /ill rude & uncultur$1 all ph5om5a or objects c\ld n assume a specific =m1 b 7 /ill reg>d$ z individuals4 ,9 ?is class are ! sun1 ! moon1 c]ta9 />s & con/ellations1 z well z "s o!r natural ph5om5a1 volcanoes1 hot spr+s1 & ! l2 s9ce ^! 7 unique )9 ! range ( c\ntry inhabit$ by ! savage hordes1 !y c\ld n become specific4 ,h5ce1 :ile all o!r objects & _! respective feti%es foll[$ ! natural evolution into a specific type1 & ?r\gh ^! into ! simple/ =m ( poly!ism1 ! special feti% :i* ref]r$ to unique ?+s or ph5om5a rema9$ special1 al?\gh x 0 modifi$1 z we %all see1 s z to h>monize ) ! aspect commonly assum$ by o!r typical images4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t we h gradually asc5d$ f ! special to ! specific feti%1 & to types :i* are resolv$ by ! intellig5ce into m ideal & less concrete images2 precisely because !y are ideal & less b\nd to ! =m !y _h be=e1 !y are inc>nat$ 9 an an?ropomorphic & an?ropopa?ic =m4 ,releas$ f ! necessity ( reg>d+ !m 9 a vague =m1 or "o diff]5t f t ( man1 ! image becomes m human1 & t n only z be=e 9 consci\sness & purpose1 b also 9 aspect & /ructure4 ,9 fact1 9 ?is /age man does n m]ely infuse 8 spiritual ess5ce into ^! types1 b likewise 8 corporeal =m1 :5ce we h ! true1 human image ( my?4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! v>i\s primitive ,olympuses ( all hi/oric races z well z among savage peoples1 only v>y+ 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! imag]y4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! trans=mation ( ! e>li] feti% into an intellig5t1 corporeal p]son1 & result f ! =mation & p]sonification ( types4 ,beg9n+ ) ! my/]i\s conception ( "s p>ticul> spr+ z a malignant or b5efic5t feti% :i*1 al?\gh p]sonifi$1 /ill reta9s its concrete =m1 ! classify+ action ( ! intellig5ce gradually con/ructs1 f its po9ts ( resemblance to o!r spr+s1 a g5]ic type :i* includes !m all4 ,?is typical conception1 p]sonifi$ 9 its turn1 next repres5ts a unique p[]1 ( :i* all ! individual & accid5tal spr+s are only manife/ations4 ,?us x is cle> t man1 9 ! p]sonification ( ?is type or specific conception1 is no long] b\nd to ! actual =m ( ! special object :i* fir/ repres5t$ x1 b he may be said to m\ld a m indef9ite & pla/ic sub/ance into :i* he c ) spontane\s or facile art inc>nate 8 :ole p]son4 ,h5ce ?is sub/ance w assume an an?ropomorphic =m1 & w issue1 n 9 a my/]i\s be+ ( extr9sic & indef9ite =m1 b 9 a p]son ) human features1 obvi\s to human s5ses4 ,x 0 ?us1 :5 ! feti% atta9$ to a specific type1 t my?ical an?ropomorphism 0 g5]at$1 & poly!ism1 prop]ly s-call$2 a poly!ism :i* repres5ts 9 its figures & images ! humanization & p]sonification ( specific types4 ,^! aft]w>ds div]ge into specifications :i* v>y ) ! numb] ( ph5om5a t are unit$ 9 a s+le idea or conception4 ,! fir/ poly!i/ic ,olympus consi/$ ( natural types1 & at a mu* lat] p]iod !y became moral or ab/ract1 9 accordance ) ! spontane\s evolution ( ! intellig5ce itself4 ,x 0 9 fact 9 ?is way t all ! specific my?s ( ! g5]al ph5om5a ( nature _h _! orig91 & 9 our ,aryan race we c1 />t+ f ! ,rig-,v$a1 foll[ _! spl5did developm5t among ,grco-,lat9s1 ,celts1 ,g]mans1 & ,slavs2 x may also be trac$ 9 ! memory & hi/oric evolution ( o!r races1 & ) less di/9ctness among ^? :i* are b>b>\s & savage4#ba ,to take "s example :i* may ?r[ light ^u our !ory ( ! evolution ( my?1 let u consid] t ( ,holda 9 ! ,g]man ,pan!on1 s9ce x is a g5]ic type ( ! special primitive feti%es ( s\rces1 already 9 process ( =mation be=e ! disp]sion ( ! ,aryan tribes4 ,mannh>dt 7,deuts*e ,my?ologie7 has %[n :at 0 ! primitive =m ( ! conception ( ,holda & ( ! ,nornas1 t is1 ( ! ph5om5al appe>ances ( wat]2 ,holda1 ! lady ( wat]s1 fir/ wat*$ ov] ! heav5ly s\rces1 & !n1 by a subsequ5t int]weav+ ( my?s & duplication ( images1 %e kept & gu>d$ ! s\ls ( new-born infants4 ,?is e>ly conception by progressive specification gave bir? to ^? ( ! ,nornas1 ( ,valkuria1 ,und9e1 & o!rs4 ,! primitive feti%1 or feti%es ( wat]s out ( :i* ! specific type1 aft]w>ds p]sonifi$1 0 evolv$ & =m$1 7 at fir/ s b\nd to ! concrete =m ( ! ph5om5on1 t al?\gh animat$1 x c\ld n assume a human aspect & =m4 ,b :5 ! specific type :i* ideally repres5t$ ! p[] manife/$ 9 all ! v>i\s modes ( special ph5om5a 0 evolv$1 !n man 0 releas$ f ! concrete & individual =ms ( ! feti%1 & readily m\ld$ x 9 8 own corporeal z well z 9 8 moral image4 ,s ,holda1 *ang$ f a heav5ly to an e>?ly deity1 0 trans=m$ into ! goddess ( wells & lakes1 & assum$ a p]fectly human & ev5 arti/ic =m4 ,%e lov$ to ba! at noon-day1 & 0 (t5 se5 to issue f ! wat] & !n plunge anew into ! waves1 appe>+ z a v fair & lovely woman4 ,aga91 we "k t 9 ! gradual my?ical evolution :i* f\nd its climax 9 ,apollo1 ! animation ( ?is type1 s fruitful 9 special in/ances1 ext5d$ ev5 to ! =m ( 8 arms1 8 b[ & arr[s1 & to ! place ( 8 habitation at ,delphos4 ,he 0 arm$1 accord+ to ,s*w>tz1 ) ! ra9b[ & ) ?und]bolts1 & ,delphos 0 e/eem$ to be ! c5tre & navel ( ! _w4 ,^! my?ical ideas h _! special reproduction 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,f9ns4 7,ca/r547 ,! god ,ukko ) 8 great b[ ( fire s5ds =? trees z d>ts aga9/ 8 enemies2 :ile fight+1 he /&s erect ^u a cl\d1 call$ ! umbilicus ( heav54 ,?us we see t ! process ( my? is simil>1 ev5 9 diff]5t races4 ,by ! primitive p]sonification ( ! special feti%es :5ce he 0 evolv$1 ! ,indra ( ,v$ic ,india is %eph]d ( ! h]d ( heav5ly k9e4 ,vritra1 a ?ree-head$ mon/] 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 /eals away ! h]d & hides x 9 8 cave4 ,indra pursues ! robb]1 ent]s ! cave ) fury1 ov]:elms ! mon/] ) 8 ?und]bolt1 & leads back ! k9e to heav51 _! milk spr9kl+ ! e>?4 ,?is my? gradually assum$ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns m spl5did & arti/ic =ms1 & m amaz+ p]sonifications4 ,! orig9al motive ( ! my?1 z x has be5 int]pret$ ev5 by ,indian comm5tators1 0 ! /orm ) all its alt]nations :i* bur/s =? ) m t]rific viol5ce 9 hot climates4 ,! lum9\s cl\ds :i* br+ ra9 are ! purple k9e :om a black-demon tries to /eal2 ! fruitfulness ( ! e>? dep5ds on ! issue ( ! conte/1 & ! ?und]bolt disp]ses ! cl\d1 :i* falls on ! e>? 9 ra91 :ile ,indra1 t is1 ! blue sky1 appe>s 9 8 spl5d\r4#bb ,x may be cle>ly se5 f ^! examples h[ ! specific my? 0 gradually develop$4 ,we h said t 9 addition to ! my? :i* ref]r$ to types con/ruct$ f special & manifold sugge/ions1 alike or analog\s 9 extr9sic circum/ances1 o!rs 7 =m$ f def9ite natural objects1 9 _! relations to m5 & to _! acqua9tance ) cosmic facts 9 ^? v e>ly times4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 al?\gh def9ite1 assum$ an?ropomorphic =ms1 l ^? :i* 7 specific4 ,! cause ( ?is id5tity ( con/ruction is to be f\nd 9 ! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u !m by ! e>li] my?s4 ,by a necess>y equilibrium & spontane\s symmetry ( m5tal creations1 ^! 7 also modifi$ by ! gradual =mation ( contempor>y images4 ,9 ?is way ! sol> my?s 7 elaborat$ & develop$ among ! ,aryan peoples & o!r races2 _! aspects became mu* m an?ropomorphic & an?ropopa?ic 9 proportion z ! typical my?s assum$ a human =m4 ,! primitive my?s ( ! second>y =m 7 at fir/ gr\p$ r\nd physical & ext]nal ph5om5a1 because ^! 7 orig9ally ! mo/ obvi\s to man4 ,b ! specific moral types _h _! orig9 by reaction1 & by a m /rictly intellectual process1 & ^! 7 p]sonifi$ 9 ! same way1 al?\gh 9 ?is second /age !y 7 n s num]\s4 ,yet _! appe>ance & creation 7 inevitable1 s9ce ! same faculty & classify+ process _h to be c>ri$ out 9 ! intellectual & moral ord] z 9 t :i* 0 extr9sic & cosmic2 s9ce ! m9d & consci\sness & intr9sic faculty ( ! intellig5ce are id5tical4 ,& :5 once ^! ultimate types 7 =m$1 ! same necessity impell$ _! animation & p]sonification 9 an?ropomorphic images4 ,( ?is we h abundant in/ances 9 all ! traditions ( ne>ly all ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,problem4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h consid]$ &1 z we hope1 demon/rat$ ! orig9 & g5esis ( my? 9 g5]al1 an orig9 & g5esis :i* _h _! fir/ impulses & causes 9 ! animal k+dom z a :ole1 s9ce ^! beg9n+s 7 ! necess>y result ( ! psy*ical ex]cise ( ! p]ception & intellig5ce4 ,we next discov]$ 9 man1 z he issu$ f a simply animal condition & atta9$ ! p[] ( reflection1 ! orig9 ( ! special my? or feti%1 :i* 0 a high] evolution ( t :i* is prop] to animals2 h5ce ! orig9 ( ! specific my? 0 altoge!r an?ropomorphic1 :e!r physical or moral2 & h5ce came also ! developm5t & ramification ( all my?ologies1 & ( univ]sal poly!ism4 ,x may be se5 f ! reality & tru? ( ?is !ory h[ mu* mi/ak5 ^? m5 are :o hold1 ow+ to _! religi\s prejudices or to _! sy/ems ( logic & hi/ory1 t mono!ism 0 ! fir/ intuition ( man1 or at any rate ( ! privileg$ races4 ,?is is altoge!r impossible1 s9ce su* an op9ion is oppos$ to ! g5u9e developm5t ( ! intellig5ce1 to its primitive con/itution & progress1 & to ! ess5tial solid>ity ( human & animal nature4 ,9 ! case ( animals z well z ( man ! implicit act & psy*ical process ( communication betwe5 ! _w & !mselves consi/ 9 ! individual & concrete animation ( ! ?+ or ph5om5on p]ceiv$2 :5ce !y are resolv$ into consci\s subjects1 act+ ) a giv5 purpose2 ! diff]5ce 9 man's case1 due to 8 p[] ( reflection1 consi/s 9 ! fact t he ascribes to ! feti% di/9ct m5tal *>act]i/ics1 reg>d+ x z a subject1 actuat$ by w1 & inve/$ ) an ext]nal =m4 ,h5ce x is impossible t man %\ld h _h any primitive intuition ( a p]fectly rational & univ]sal ,idea1 s9ce 8 intellig5ce is s con/itut$ t x is sl[ly develop$ f ! animal condition into a humanity :i* is my?ically reflex1 & he rises f ! s+le to ! specific1 f ph5om5a to ! type :i* m or less exactly corresponds to !m4 ,we are conv9c$ t by ^! rese>*es1 we h eradicat$ ! previ\s misconception1 :i* _c be reviv$ or ma9ta9$ except ) ! weapons ( sophism1 & by defy+ evid5ce & ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,:ile man has ris5 f ! individual my? to t :i* is specific1 infus+ an?ropomorphic life into ! :ole ( nature1 & into 8 own s5sations1 emotions1 & conceptions1 he has pursu$ an art virtually ! same z t :5ce sci5ce is g5]at$4 ,! in/rum5t1 bo? ) respect to ! =mation ( my?s & to ! =mulation ( sci5ce1 is 9 fact id5tical1 & ! process also is ! same4 ,sci5ce1 l my?1 obs]ves1 analyzes1 & classifies obs]vations1 & gradually rises to a conception ( ! specific type1 & h5ce to a unity :i* becomes ev] m complete & univ]sal4 ,9 ! composition & my?ical animation ( ! _w1 :e!r by special p]sonifications or by ^? :i* are typical1 & by ! s5sations correspond+ to !m1 man makes a fanciful classification ( ph5om5a1 he obs]ves & /udies _! b5eficial or injuri\s effects on himself1 & 9 ?is empirical way is able to e/imate _! value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he rises 9 ! social scale by means ( 8 sup]/iti\s & religi\s feel+s1 :i* act z a /imulus & symbol1 s f> z he subjects 8 animal & p]v]se in/9cts to ! delib]ate precepts :i* he imag9es to be express$ by ^! my?s4 ,9 s f> z ! empirical obs]vation ( ?+s is irrational1 & ob$i5ce is paid to ! fanciful precepts ( oracles1 x is n ! result ( an explicit moral law1 yet !re is on ! "o side "s k ( ! qualities1 habits1 & p]iods ( ?+s1 & on ! o!r a civil & human ord] :i* is gradually =m$ & develop$4 ,9 fact1 9 ! case ( ! high] hi/orical races x is important to make a m explicit & accurate /udy ( ! feti% religion1 t is1 ( ! my?ical animation ( any special ph5om5on or ?+4 ,al?\gh ! scope ( su* religion is sup]/iti\s v5]ation1 or abject fe>1 yet x is impossible t x %\ld n induce a m precise & less confus$ notion ( ! relative condition ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is way obs]vation becomes m accurate1 & ! intr9sic use ( ! ?+ is (t5 recogniz$4 ,by ! gradual ex]cise ( su* analysis 9 ! case ( all or mo/ ph5om5a1 man obta9s a cle>] k ( 8 environm5t4 ,:ile a ju/] e/imate ( ! empiric value ( special objects is obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! subsequ5t1 ?\gh sometimes mi/ak5 classification ( _! specific types enables ! m9d to arrange 8 k ( natural ?+s 9 a m syn!tic & ord]ly way1 & by su* classification man is always t5d+ t[>ds a m univ]sal unity3 he places ! g5]al =ms ( ph5om5a 9 an ideal h>mony1 :i* fancifully symbolizes _! laws4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt]s we %all see h[ ?is process is accompli%$1 & h[ x leads up to ! explicit ex]cise ( ! reason4 ,a m def9ite empiric k1 & ! h>moni\s classification ( specific types ) a view to unity1 are a pro( ( a relatively great] improvem5t1 bo? 9 civilization & morality4 ,?is is abundantly %[n 9 all ^? peoples :o h atta9$ to an altoge!r an?ropomorphic poly!ism1 ei!r among ! ,aryans1 prior to _! disp]sion1 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod 9 ,india1 among ! ,celts1 ,grco-,lat9s1 ,g]mans1 ,slavs1 or 9 ! ,f9ni% races1 ,mongols1 ,*9ese1 ,assyrians1 ,egyptians1 ,mexicans1 & ,p]uvians1 z well z among ! b>b>\s peoples ( mod]n times4 ,! imag9ation1 ! faculty :i* creates & excites phantasms 9 man1 is n1 z is errone\sly suppos$1 ! prim>y s\rce ( my?s1 b only t :i* 9 a second>y degree elaborates & p]fects _! spontane\s =ms2 & precisely because x is ne> ak9 to ?is primordial my?ical faculty1 x goes on to organize & classify ^! poly!i/ic my?s4 ,by a moral & necess>y developm5t an approximation is made1 if n to tru? itself1 at any rate to its symbols2 :5ce reason is aft]w>ds m easily infus$ into my? on ! "o side1 & on ! o!r x is resolv$ into rational ideas & cosmic laws4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t poets p]fect$ my? 9 its influ5ce on virtue & civilization1 & by !m x 0 direct$ into ! pa?s ( sci5ce & ( tru?4 ,z ,dr4 ,zell] has well said 9 8 lecture on ! developm5t ( mono!ism 9 ,greece h]self1 ! great ,greek poets 7 h] fir/ ?9k]s1 h] sages1 z !y 7 aft]w>ds call$4 ,!y sang ( ,zeus1 & exalt$ him z ! def5d] ( righte\sness1 ! repres5tative ( moral ord]4 ,ar*ilocus says t ,zeus weighs & measures all ! actions ( good & evil m51 z well z ^? ( animals4 ,he is1 said ,t]p&ros some:at lat]1 ! s\rce & rul] ( all ?+s4 ,accord+ to ,simonides ( ,amorgos1 ! pr9ciple ( all creat$ ?+s re/s ) him1 & he rules ! univ]se by 8 w4 ,?us1 z "t w5t on1 ,zeus became1 9 ! g5]al conception1 ! p]sonification ( ! _w's gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 deliv]$ f ! fatality ( de/9y & f ! prompt+s ( caprice4 ,de/9y :i*1 accord+ to ! e>ly my?ical repres5tation1 x 0 impossible to escape1 is resolv$ into ! w ( ,zeus1 & ! o!r gods :i* 7 at fir/ suppos$ to be able to oppose him1 become 8 fai?ful m9i/]s4 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ,solon & ( ,epi*>mos4 ,be assur$ t no?+ escapes ! eyes ( ! div9ity2 ,god wat*es ov] u1 & to him no?+ is impossible4 ,?is impulse ( ! imag9ative faculty comb9$ ) ! process ( reason is mo/ pla9ly se5 9 ! conceptions ( ! ?ree great poets ( ! fif? c5tury1 ,p9d>1 s*ylus1 & ,sophocles4 ,9 ! words ( ,p9d>3 ,all ?+s dep5d on ,god alone2 all :i* befalls mortals1 :e!r x be good or evil =tune1 is due to ,zeus3 he c draw light f d>kness1 & c veil ! sweet light ( day 9 obscurity4 ,no human action escapes him3 happ9ess is f\nd only 9 ! way :i* leads to him2 virtue & wisdom fl[ f him alone4 ,we f9d ! same ord] & mann] ( ?\ght 9 s*ylus1 al?\gh he rema9$ fai?ful to ! poly!i/ic cre$1 :i* inde$ confirms ! tru? ( our !ory4 ,! moral law 0 gradually develop$ & purifi$ by ?is long succession ( poets1 & x cle>ly appe>s f s*ylus & 8 successors h[ man reaps t :i* he has s[n3 he ^: he>t & h&s are pure lives 8 life unmole/$1 :ile guilt soon] or lat] br+s its own puni%m5t ) x4 ,! ,erynnyes rule ! fates ( m51 & may be said to sap ! vital =ces ( ! guilty2 !y cleave to !m1 excite & /imulate !m to madness until dea? comes4 ,! anci5t & my/]i\s my?ical tradition ( ! /rife betwe5 ! old gods & ! new 0 a/utely us$ by s*ylus to tea* u h[ ! t]rible v5geance ( ! ,eum5ides gradually gave place to a g5tl] & m humane law2 j z ! primitive despotism ( ,zeus 0 gradually trans=m$ into a provid5tial & moral rule ( ! univ]se4 ,sophocles atta9$ to a high] degree ( p]fection 9 ! pa?s ( g5tl5ess4 ,no anci5t poet has spok5 m nobly ( ! ,deity1 al?\gh 8 language is altoge!r poly!i/ic4 ,he %[s ! highe/ rev]5ce to ! gods1 ^: p[] & laws rule all human life4 ,on !m all ?+s dep5d1 bo? good & evil1 nor c\ld any "o violate ) impunity ! et]nal ord] ( ?+s4 ,no act or ?\ght escapes ! gods2 !y are ! s\rce ( wisdom & happ9ess4 ,man mu/ meekly comply ) _! precepts1 & mu/ (f] up 8 pa9s & sorr[s to ,zeus4 ,^! utt]ances ( ! anci5t poets nev] g beyond ! range ( poly!ism1 yet !y %[ h[ f> intr9sic morality & tru? 7 develop$1 ev5 by ! imag9ative & my?ical faculty ( ! human m9d1 dur+ ! gradual hi/orical evolution ( ! race4 ,! plurality ( gods appe>s to be ! manife/ation ( ! div9e pr9ciple2 _! action on ! _w lo/ almo/ all trace ( arbitr>y p[] & ( _! =m] v]satility & caprice4 ,! sup]/ition ( poly!ism rema9$1 b x _h an inw>d t5d5cy to m rational conceptions & pr9ciples4 ,f ?is brief notice1 z well z f ! rem>ks :i* prec$$ x1 x appe>s h[ ! evolution ( my?1 f its beg9n+ & 9 its hi/oric c\rse1 l$ to a m p]fect1 al?\gh empiric acqua9tance ) ! _w1 & ) ! moral pr9ciples & civilization ( peoples4 ,! logical faculty by :i* ! developm5t is gradually effect$ is ! same by :i* f ano!r po9t ( view sci5ce becomes possible4 ,we h cle>ly demon/rat$ ! indisputable fact t ! absolute condition ( intr9sic animal p]ception1 & consequ5tly ( ! prim>y p]ception ( man1 0 ! animation & vivification ( ! ?+s & ph5om5a p]ceiv$4 ,?is prim>y acqua9tance ) ?+s dep5d$ on _! spontane\s resolution into active & p]sonal subjects4 ,nor c\ld x be o!rwise4 ,al?\gh ! sci5tific idea or notion ( objective reality 9 itself c\ld n be grasp$ by simple animal intellig5ce1 ! impression ( ! ?+ p]ceiv$ 0 necess>ily t ( a subjectivity resembl+ t ( ! obs]v]1 n inde$ 9 outw>d =m & figure b 9 intr9sic p[]1 :atev] might be ! extr9sic =m & figure ( ! object or ph5om5on4 ,! orig9al condition ( animals1 & ( man himself 9 8 primordial life & consci\sness1 is & 0 ! intr9sic p]sonification ( ! ?+s p]ceiv$3 f ?is s\rce ! human intellect sl[ly & ) difficulty atta9$ to sci5ce1 by virtue ( t psy*ical r$uplication :i* has be5 s (t5 m5tion$4 ,! motive or subject ( my? may be ext]nal1 cosmic1 or x may be int]nal1 intellectual1 & moral1 b 9 ea* case ! cause & faculty at "w are ! same4 ,j z ! prim>y condition ( obs]vation1 & consequ5tly ! motive pr9ciple ( sci5ce1 consi/s 9 ! primitive ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 :i* leads to empirical & rational k1 s my? & sci5ce h a common orig9 9 ! imm$iate trans=mation ( natural objects & ph5om5a into liv+ subjects1 & !y fl[ f ! same deep s\rce4 ,! object 9 view is diff]5t1 b _! con/ructive faculty is ! same1 & !y are1 up to a c]ta9 po9t 9 _! long hi/oric c\rse1 evolv$ 9 ! same way4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 f "o po9t ( view1 is ! gradual exhau/ion & dissolution ( my? into ! objects :i* are sci5tifically inve/igat$1 & ?is w appe> m cle>ly 9 ! sequel4 ,! s]ies ( v>i\s ph5om5a1 :e!r ( light1 ( meteors1 ( wat]1 ( vegetable & animal =ms1 :i* 7 ! fir/ subjects ( my?s1 became s int]wov5 z f9ally to be repres5t$ 9 an an?ropomorphic p]sonality1 & 7 ?us gradually lo/ & evaporat$ 9 ! ideal symbol4 ,z "t w5t on1 by ! ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 & by ! aid ( ! obs]vations & collat]al exp]im5ts naturally connect$ ) !m1 man end$ :]e he _h begun2 releas$ f my?1 he only recogniz$ ! facts & laws ( ! _w4 ,?is cle>ly %[s1 n only ! =mation ( my?s1 b ! process ( evolution by :i* !y pass into sci5ce1 9 :i* !y f9d _! t]m9ation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 my? & sci5ce h ! same orig91 & />t f a common fact1 a fundam5tal pr9ciple is necess>y1 & an int]nal human act1 :i* is at once ! cause & g5esis bo? ( my? & sci5ce4 ,& al?\gh ! s\rce is "o1 my? & sci5ce v>y 9 _! aspects & effects1 & h diff]5t fields ( hi/oric activity1 s t x is necess>y to trace ! cause ( ?is div]sity 9 _! progress & results1 to enable u to make a sci5tific def9ition ( ! nature ( my? & sci5ce1 _! respective s\rces & objects4 ,if on ! "o side we cont9ually see ! bir? ( fre% my?s1 :i* ramify into _m f]tile s\rces ( sup]/itions1 ( religions1 ( poetry & /heticism2 on ! o!r side we see almo/ simultane\sly a m or less di/9ct & lively manife/ation ( ! sci5tific faculty1 al?\gh /ill 9 an empirical =m4 ,!y are l two /reams :i* issue f ! same s\rce & take a p>allel c\rse1 sometimes m+l+ _! wat]s1 only to sep>ate anew1 & !n aga9 to become unit$ z !y fall by a wide m\? into ! sea4 ,9 ?is mann] we h asc]ta9$ ! actual orig9 ( sci5ce & ( my?1 & h ent]$ on a field p]haps nev] be=e attempt$ nor contemplat$2 we h e/abli%$ a firm basis = su* rese>*es1 &1 :i* is p]haps /ill m important1 h %[n ! cont9uity ( ! my?ical faculty betwe5 man & ! animal k+dom4 ,we h asc]ta9$ ?is fact1 9 its cosmic necessities1 bo? physiological & psy*ical1 b )\t consid]+ ! faculty on :i* x dep5ds2 we h /ill to decompose ! elem5ts ( :i* x consi/s1 & to consid] _! nature & numb]4 ,?is inquiry =ms ! *ief problem we h to solve1 & x is precisely :at we h endeav\r$ to /ate 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! necess>y ord] ( ?+s ! fact has its physiological & cosmic conditions 9 man2 x is !re=e necess>ily int]nal & psy*ical1 & x is accompli%$ by ! special & intr9sic ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce4 ,we %all be conv9c$ ( ?is tru? if we only consid] t sci5ce & my? h a common orig94 ,x is evid5t t !re are great difficulties 9 su* an inquiry2 =1 putt+ aside o!r extr9sic difficulties1 we h to r$uce to a s+le act or fact ! orig9 ( ! two va/ worlds ( my? & sci5ce2 x is ne$ful to gauge ! inmo/ psy*ical faculty ( ! intellig5ce1 & to discov] ! cont9u\s yet rapid & delicate process ( its ex]cise4 ,if we are able to atta9 our object & to te> away ! veil :i* conceals ?is my/]i\s act1 we %all h a noble recomp5se 9 ! labori\s pa? on :i* we h ent]$1 inasmu* z we %all reveal "o ( ! mo/ important laws ( life1 ( ! ex]cise ( reflex intellig5ce & ( ! g5esis ( sci5ce4 ,yet we are v s5sible h[ f> we are f be+ equal to ! enorm\s difficulties ( ?is inquiry4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,human ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,! ,,intellect ,,9 ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,?+s4 ,appreh5sion is ! act1 bo? 9 animals & 9 man1 by :i* ! spontane\s & imm$iate animation ( ?+s & ( ph5om5a is accompli%$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to pause & consid] ?is act1 s9ce x is1 ev5 9 man1 ! s\rce & f\ndation ( ! orig9 ( my?1 & 9 x we %all f9d ! causes1 elem5ts1 & action by :i* su* a g5esis is effect$4 ,?is fact is s evid5t t ! necessity ( mak+ su* an inquiry might almo/ be tak5 = grant$1 s9ce ! tru? c be asc]ta9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,9 ! case ( animal p]ception1 :i* we h already consid]$1 ! ext]nal p]ception ( an object is compos$ ( ?ree elem5ts3 ! ph5om5on p]ceiv$1 ! liv+ subject ) :i* ?is ph5om5on is animat$1 & ! vague yet real p[] involv$ 9 ! life ?us infus$ into x by ! animal4 ,suppos+ any o!r animal to be ! object p]ceiv$1 ^! ?ree elem5ts are self-evid5t2 s9ce ! ph5om5on p]ceiv$ 9 a giv5 =m causes ! imm$iate assumption t x is a subject1 actuat$ by a purpose ( (f5ce or def5ce1 & h5ce foll[s ! appreh5sion ( a p[] capable ( affect+ him1 :i* has 9 ?is case a real exi/5ce4 ,ph5om5on1 subject1 effective p[]1 foll[ 9 a rapid & inevitable sequ5ce1 & are in/antly comb9$ 9 ! integral image =m$ ( ! object appreh5d$ by ! s5ses4 ,9 fact1 an animal :i* fights ) ano!r1 :i* seizes on 8 food z a prey1 or :i* is 9 dread ( "s enemy or unfamili> object1 recognizes ei!r ! species or ! individual f its ext]nal =m1 & con/itutes x into an animat$ subject1 & ultimately into an actively (f5sive or def5sive p[]1 or into "o :i* satisfies 8 appetites4 ,su* a fact1 & su* elem5ts ( ! fact1 recur 9 ! :ole animal k+dom1 ev5 among ^? :i* only appreh5d ext]nal ?+s by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,z we asc5d high] 9 ! scale ( animals to ^? :o possess o!r s5ses & a m elaborate organism1 we f9d ! same fact 9 a m p]fect & di/9ct =m4 ,^? animals :i*1 s9ce !y are )\t ! s5se ( sight1 h no p]ception ( di/ance1 wait until _! prey t\*es _! ant5n1 m\?s1 or claws1 & yet ! same di/9ct act is accompli%$ 9 ^! ?ree specifi$ elem5ts4 ,!y w\ld n lie 9 wait = _! prey1 unless !y _h already =m$ a conception ( its possible image1 consi/+ ( a =m1 subject1 & effective =ce1 comb9$ 9 a s+le intuition4 ,:5 ?is ext]nal prey is pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 ! ph5om5on1 subject1 & effective p[] arise 9 rapid succession1 & are unit$ 9 "o unique consci\sness4 ,?is tru? appe>s f ! animal's ef=ts n to let 8 prey escape de/ruction4 ,f ! reciprocal appreh5sion ( animals1 ^! ?ree elem5ts :i* con/itute x may be cle>ly se54 ,al?\gh su* a tru?1 precisely because x is evid5t1 may appe> simple to ^? :o seek tru? f ! cl\ds1 or by means ( logical or tortu\s artifice1 yet su* are ! *>act]i/ics ( true sci5ce4 ,= ! new facts :i* %e int]prets & classifies appe> old z soon z !y are und]/ood1 al?\gh !y h nev] be=e be5 expla9$4 ,al?\gh su* a fact is manife/ 9 ! case ( reciprocal animal p]ceptions1 x may appe> m difficult to v]ify x ) respect to p]ceptions :i* d n ref] to o!r animals1 b to natural ph5om5a1 or to inanimate1 unconsci\s ?+s4 ,we h %[n t all animal p]ception is possible only s f> z !y are able to infuse _! own consci\sness & psy*ical p[] into e object ( nature1 s9ce !y are unable to compreh5d ! ?+ or ph5om5on except z an objective reality1 )\t ref]5ce to its real cosmic importance4 ,s9ce ?is is necess>ily ! case1 ! object p]ceiv$1 ev5 :5 x is n an animal1 is always trans=m$ into a liv+ subject1 act+ delib]ately4 ,& al?\gh ?is is sometimes done 9 a vague way1 :5 ! object 9 "q has n ! ext]nal =m & movem5ts ( an animal1 yet x is always reg>d$ z a real p[]4 ,:5 a well brok5 horse1 = example1 goes on 8 way quietly1 p]ceiv+ no?+ :i* /rongly attracts nor al>ms him1 ! sudd5 flutt] ( a clo?1 ! fl>+ ( a lamp1 ! ru% ( wat]1 or "s viol5t noise w cause him to /op1 to plunge & kick1 or to bolt away4 ,we h already %[n1 by exp]im5t1 ! excit+ cause ( 8 al>m & suspicion4 ,! sudd5 flutt]+ ( ! clo? 9 ! w9d 0 a ph5om5on p]ceiv$ by ! horse1 & s9ce he reg>d$ ?is ph5om5on z an animat$ subject1 & consequ5tly z a real p[]1 x is evid5t t 8 fe> 0 caus$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a liv+ =m1 & ! direct appreh5sion ( a subject :i* might possibly be hurtful or dang]\s4 ,9 ?is way1 ! circle is complet$ & comb9$ 9 "o unique phantasm2 a ph5om5on1 a liv+ subject1 & a real p[]4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! psy*ical law is s cle> t x c h>dly be disput$4 ,b if we consid] any o!r animal p]ceptions1 we f9d t ! law /ill holds good1 z we h already %[n 9 v>i\s in/ances4 ,9 all cases ! appreh5sion takes place 9 ! same way1 & consi/s ( ! same elem5ts1 namely1 ( a ph5om5on1 a liv+ subject1 & a real p[]4 ,! ex]cise ( animal appreh5sion is ! rapid1 necess>y1 & p]petual conc5tration into a s+le image ( ! ph5om5on1 subject1 & cause2 t is1 giv5 ! p]ception ( a ph5om5on1 ! animal end[s x1 ) respect to himself1 ) consci\sness1 & consequ5tly ) real p[]4 ,9 fact1 ! faculty ( p]ception _c be ex]cis$ 9 any o!r way1 nor c x consi/ ( any o!r elem5ts4 ,9 nature1 ! s5sible qualities ( ?+s are all resolv$ into g5]al & special ph5om5a1 appe>ances1 & extr9sic =ms1 z f> z animal & human intuition1 & ! "* ( ! subject :i* p]ceives & feels !m1 are conc]n$2 & !y are p]ceiv$ j s f> z we & z animals are able to communicate by means ( our s5ses ) ! _w & ) ourselves4 ,a ph5om5on & an intr9sic =m signify1 at ! mom5t ( p]ception1 ! ?+1 ! object :i* ! conditions ( our s5ses enable u to p]ceive1 & ! intr9sic p[] ( ?is ph5om5on implies a cause4 ,natural ph5om5a & be+s are ?us reciprocally l9k$ toge!r z causes & effects1 an effect becom+ 9 its turn ! cause ( a subsequ5t fact2 t is1 :5 we consid] ?+s 9 !mselves1 & n relatively to ! animal or man :o appreh5ds !m4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re are 9 animal consci\sness & intellig5ce ?ree elem5ts ( appreh5sion1 aft]w>ds fus$ into a s+le fact1 x foll[s t ! extr9sic relations ( be+s & =ces are subjectively reciprocal2 !re is ! giv5 =m ( a ph5om5on1 &1 intr9sically1 x consi/s ( an active p[]1 et]nally at "w1 s9ce !re is no be+ nor =m :i* /&s /ill & is n reproduc$ 9 ! inf9ite evolution ( ! univ]se4 ,s9ce1 to ! p]cipi5t1 ! extr9sic =m1 :atev] x may be1 rema9s ! same z t :i* 0 fir/ pres5t$ to him1 ! ph5om5on is b\nd$ by 8 faculty ( p]ception1 foll[$ by ! imm$iate & implicit assumption ( a subject1 & consequ5tly ( a possible & indef9ite causality4 ,?is int]nal & psy*ical process ( ! animal corresponds ) ! actual condition ( ?+s1 z !y appe> & really are2 a correspond5ce :i* is 9 itself a p[]ful confirmation ( ! tru?4 ,s9ce an animal is devoid ( ! explicit & reflex process ( ! intellect1 x has n & _c h any conception ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! intr9sic ess5ce ( ! ph5om5on1 nor yet ( ! objective & cosmic cause2 because x animates ! ph5om5on ) its own p]sonality1 :i* has assum$ ! ext]nal =m ( ?is ph5om5on1 x is consci\s ( a cause1 l itself1 transfus$ into ! object 9 "q4 ,we h %[n t ph5om5a affect animals 9 ?is way1 & t !y are consci\s ( be+ 9 a _w ( liv+ subjects1 con/antly actuat$ by ! delib]ate purpose ( influ5c+ !m4 ,! faculty & elem5ts ( appreh5sion are precisely simil> 9 man & animals1 s9ce extr9sic ?+s pres5t ! same appe>ance to bo? alike1 & ! p]ceptive p[] acts 9 ! same way4 ,we _c1 inde$1 g back to our fir/ beg9n+s1 & x is difficult = ^? :o are n accu/om$ to su* rese>*es to discov] ! primitive facts ( _! own be+1 :i* h be5 s mu* modifi$ by ex]cise & ! intr9sic use ( reflection = _m ages2 yet "s c]ta9 signs rema91 nor w\ld x be n[ impossible to reproduce !m4 ,no "o c d\bt t man also began to communicate ) ! _w & ) himself by 8 p]ception ( a ph5om5on1 ( "s extr9sic quality or =m4 ,f ?is he directly appreh5d$ ! ?+ & its cause4 ,no intellig5t p]son c believe t man _h any direct intuition ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! extr9sic ph5om5on by :i* x 0 pres5t$ to 8 p]ceptions3 he c\ld n by ! sudd5 appreh5sion ( all natural objects intuitively grasp ! ,idea4 ,?is w be m fully %[n 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,9 accordance ) ?is /atem5t1 man1 :o /ill reta9s 8 animal nature1 has ex]cis$ ! same faculty ( appreh5sion by ! syn!tic process ( ! ?ree elem5ts :i* compose x 9 ! case ( animals2 he atta9s !re=e to ! same results1 t is1 he animates ! object ( p]ception1 & consid]s x z an effici5t cause4 ,?is id5tical faculty ( p]ception 9 man & animals 0 only diff]5tiat$ :5 ! reflex p[] ( man subsequ5tly enabl$ him to reg>d objects1 z we d n[1 z inanimate1 & subject to ! univ]sal laws ( nature4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] all our sci5tific atta9m5ts1 we are n :olly free f ! =m] innate illusion2 we (t5 act t[>ds ?+s z if we liv$ 9 ! e>ly days ( our race1 & cont9ue t primitive process ( p]sonification 9 ! case ( c]ta9 objects4 ,we h %[n :at 0 ! orig9 ( ! feti% & ( my?1 & h[ x arose f ! imp]sonation ( all natural objects & ph5om5a1 :i* are trans=m$ into liv+ subjects4 ,?is %[s t ! faculty1 elem5ts1 & results ( ! appreh5sion are id5tical 9 man & animals4 ,if man creat$ ! feti% :i* 9 process ( diff]5tiation g5]at$ all k9ds ( my?s1 he1 l animals1 0 directly & implicitly consci\s ( ! liv+ subject1 & 9 x ( an active cause4 ,al?\gh 9 man ! feti% reta9s its p]sonality 9 8 memory1 & becomes ! cause ( hopes & fe>s ?r\gh\t 8 life1 :ile its effect on ! animal is only transitory1 & at ! actual mom5t ( p]ception2 yet ?is does n invalidate ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple1 nor prove t _! impulses & g5esis are n id5tical4 ,?us ! analysis ( ! faculty ( appreh5sion confirms & expla9s ! pro( be=e giv5 ( ! orig9 ( my?s1 & expla9s _! causes4 ,we h all1 h[ev] unaccu/om$ to give acc\nt ( our acts & functions1 f\nd ourselves 9 circum/ances :i* produc$ ! mom5t>y p]sonification ( natural objects4 ,! sight ( "s extraord9>y ph5om5on produces a vague s5se ( "s "o act+ ) a giv5 purpose1 & h5ce ( an actual feti%4 ,a man w sometimes address ! ?+s :i* surr\nd him1 & act t[>ds !m z if !y possess$ consci\sness & w4 ,*ildr51 :o are /ill )\t exp]i5ce & reflection1 w (t5 inve/ ext]nal objects ) solidity4 ,a *ild1 z soon z x c guide its own motions1 w grasp any?+ :i* is pliant & yield+ z firmly z if x 7 solid1 ?us implicitly judg+ ! ?+ f its appe>ance4 ,9 ! same way1 a *ild confid5tly relies on any support1 h[ev] weak & insuffici5t x may be1 argu+ z usual f ! appe>ance to ! ?+ itself4 ,nor mu/ x be said t exp]i5ce is necess>y to correct ^! errors4 ,! implicit faculty ( appreh5sion is prior to exp]i5ce1 :i* only becomes possible by means ( ?is faculty4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is faculty unconsci\sly fulfil & pursue _! (fice 9 ! *ild1 aid$ by ! reflex motions :i* are c]ebro-sp9al & p]iph]al1 z !y h be5 produc$ & organiz$ 9 ! species by evolution2 b !y1 z well z ^! reflex physiological motions1 are prior to ! same tempor>y exp]i5ce4#bc ,?us ! new-born infant sucks ! milk :i* s]ves = its n\ri%m5t f its "m's brea/2 x is impossible 9 ?is case t su* a class ( elem5ts %\ld n be spontane\sly develop$2 ! *ild feels ! nipple & adapts its m\? & mode ( brea?+ to x1 :ile press+ ! brea/ ) its h&s to express ! milk4 ,if mu* 9 ?is op]ation might be ascrib$ to reflex movem5ts1 yet 9 association ) !m1 supplem5t+ & r5d]+ !m possible1 !re is an implicit p]ception ( ! ext]nal ph5om5on ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*1 & he becomes consci\s ( ! object1 & ( its causative p[]2 su* p[] consi/+ 9 ?is case ( its capacity to satisfy 8 wants4 ,9 %ort1 all animals1 man includ$1 9 e act ( communication ) ! _w1 ex]cise ?is faculty by means ( ! ?ree elem5ts :i* con/itute x4 ,if we consid] ! actions ( infants1 & /ill m ( all "y animals1 ?is tru? w be vividly display$4 ,9 common spee*1 ev5 to ?is day1 all m51 bo? le>n$ & unle>n$1 speak ( inanimate ?+s z if !y _h consci\sness & intellig5ce4 ,:ile ?is mode ( expression be>s witness to ! extremely e>ly orig9 ( ! g5]al p]sonification ( natural objects1 x also %[s t ev5 n[ our intellig5ce is n emancipat$ f su* a habit1 & our spee* unconsci\sly reta9s ! old cu/om4 ,?us we call wea!r good & bad1 ! w9d mad 7pazzo7 or furi\s1 ! sea trea*]\s1 ! wat]s insidi\s2 a /one is ob/9ate1 if we _c easily move x1 & we inveigh aga9/ all k9ds ( mat]ial ob/acles z if !y c\ld he> u4 ,we call ! season incon/ant or deceitful1 ! sun melan*oly & unwill+ to %9e1 & we say t ! sky ?reat5s sn[4 ,we say t "s plants are consum$ by heat1 t "s soils are indomitable1 t well cultivat$ gr\nd is no long] wild1 t 9 a good season ! :ole l&scape smiles & leaps = joy4 ,a riv] is call$ malevol5t1 & a lake swall[s up m52 ! e>? is ?ir/y & sucks up moi/ure1 & plants fe> ! cold4 ,! p ( ,pi/oja say t "s olive trees w n feel a ?ra%+1 t !y are afraid ( _m ?+s1 & t !y live on1 despis+ ! c\rse ( ye>s4 ,aga91 !y say t olive trees are n afraid ( ! prun+ knife1 & t !y rejoice 9 its use by a skill$ h&4 ,?\s&s ( su* expressions might be adduc$1 & we ref] our read]s to ,giuliani's "w1 ,l+uaggio viv5te toscano4 ,nor d we only ascribe our own feel+s to inanimate ?+s1 b we also inve/ !m ) ! =ms & memb]s ( ! human body4 ,we speak ( ! head1 %\ld]1 back1 or foot ( a m\nta91 ( an arm ( ! sea1 a tongue ( l&1 ! m\? ( a sea-port1 ( a cave1 or crat]4 ,s aga9 we ascribe tee? to m\nta9s1 a front 7fronte1 =ehead7 to a h\se2 !re is ! eye-br[ 7ciglio7 ( a dit*1 ! eye ( heav51 a ve9 ( metal1 ! entrails ( a m\nta94 ,! ,alps are bald or b>e1 ! soil is wr9kl$1 objects are s9i/] or ! rev]se 7s9i/ra1 de/ra71#bd & a m\nta9 is gigantic ox dw>fi%4 ,9 l mann] we ascribe our own functions to nature4 ,! riv] eats into ! l&2 ! :irlpool swall[s all :i* is ?r[n into x1 & ! w9d :i/les1 h[ls & moans2 ! torr5t murmurs1 ! sun is born & dies1 ! heav5s fr[n1 ! fields smile4 ,?is habit is also transf]r$ to moral que/ions2 & we speak ( ! he>t ( ! "q1 ! lead+ idea1 ! body ( doctr9es1 ! memb]s ( a philosophic sy/em2 we infuse new blood into ?\ght4 ,tru? becomes palpable1 a !me is evisc]at$1 ?\ght is lame1 sci5ce is *ildi%4 ,hi/ory speaks cle>ly2 !re is an embryo ( k1 a vacillat+ sci5ce2 ! infancy1 y\?1 maturity1 & dea? ( a !ory2 morality is crass1 ! _s meagre or acute2 ! m9d adapts itself1 logic is maim$2 !re is a conflict ( ideas1 ! inspiration ( sci5ce1 truncat$ ?\ghts4 ,aga9 we talk ( ! head ( ! mob1 ( ! foot ( ! alt> or ! ?rone1 ( ! he>t ( ! riot1 ( ! body ( an army1 ( a phalanx1 ( trampl+ "u foot1 duty1 dec5cy1 & ju/ice4 ,f ^! examples1 & inde$ we might say f ! :ole ( spee*1 especially if we g back to ! primitive value ( words & to _! roots1 x appe>s to :at a va/ ext5t man orig9ally project$ himself1 8 consci\sness1 emotions1 & purposes into inanimate ?+s2 & h[1 ev5 "u ! hi/orical conditions ( civilization1 he /ill p]sonifies ! _w1 & ascribes to x ! =ms ( 8 own body & limbs4 ,aga91 we h pla9ly %[n t man1 by ! intr9sic r$uplication ( 8 psy*ical faculty1 spontane\sly reta9s & p]sonifies ! inw>d phantasm g5]at$ by su* a projection ( special natural objects on 8 p]ception4 ,9 ! g5esis ( su* feti%es1 & also :51 by an ef=t ( w1 he recalls !m to 8 m9d1 ?is faculty ) its con/itu5t elem5ts is br\ght into action4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! image is recall$ to ! m9d1 x is repres5t$ l ! ext]nal ph5om5on2 & consequ5tly x involves & g5]ates ! ?+ ( :i* ! ph5om5on is ! ext]nal ve/1 t is1 its causative p[]2 & 9 ?is way ! objective process ( its =mation is inw>dly reproduc$4 ,s9ce ! cosmic reality is ?us ideally reproduc$1 ! inw>d sub/ance ( ! feti% assumes a really efficaci\s p[]1 :e!r 9 its extr9sic =m1 or 9 its intr9sic image1 & 9 ?is way primitive sup]/itions _h _! s\rce4 ,9 ! case ( savage & primitive man ! inw>d image ( ! feti% )\t its bodily pres5ce is1 ow+ to ! process already describ$1 n m]ely valid z a real entity1 b x becomes a my/]i\s app>ition 9 ! sph]e ( fancy1 9 a way analog\s to our belief 9 ! reality ( ?+s se5 9 a dream or 9 mom5ts ( halluc9ation4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( all peoples pa/ & pres5t1 :5ce x is c]ta9 t primitive man n only =m$ p]sonifications ( ext]nal objects & ( 8 own emotions1 b also ( _! images1 z !y 7 reta9$ 9 8 memory4 ,9 bo? cases ! sequ5ce ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( appreh5sion1 ! ph5om5on1 subject1 & cause1 is due to ! same unique faculty2 9 a ^w1 ! inw>d p]ception is id5tical 9 its g5esis & laws ) t :i* is ext]nal4 ,^! are n ! only results :i* foll[ f ! ex]cise ( ?is faculty4 ,by ! spontane\s classify+ action ( our intellig5ce we rise f ! p]ception ( special & individual objects & ph5om5a to _! v>i\s types1 & h5ce to an inw>d & ideal _w ( specific repres5tations1 z if ^! 7 causative p[]s1 in=m+ ! multitude ( analog\s & simil> ph5om5a 9 :i* !y are manife/$4 ,^! specific types1 :i* are m /rongly pres5t to ! fancy 9 ! primitive ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 also become p]sonifi$1 & !y g5]ate :at is call$ poly!ism 9 all its =ms1 v>y+ accord+ to ! races1 times1 places1 & respective conditions ( morality & civilization 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! same psy*ical faculty & ! same elem5ts are necess>y = ! p]sonification ( su* types or idols4 ,! ?ree elem5ts appe> 9 _! prop] sequ5ce ev5 9 ! amorph\s phantasms :i* ^! types fir/ %ad[ =?1 & :i* are subsequ5tly p]fect$ & embodi$ 9 human =m4 ,= ! consci\sness ( ! ext]nal =m always exi/s 9 ! fir/ vague & nebul\s conception ( ! phantasm :i* gradually appe>s & =mulates itself 9 ! vivid imag9ation2 & h5ce foll[s ! ph5om5al ve/1 :i*1 z usual1 g5]ates ! correspond+ subject1 in=m$ ) a causative p[]4 ,?is process cle>ly %[s1 & 9 fact con/itutes1 ! ess5ce ( my?4 ,s9ce ! types v>y v mu*1 & are inde$ un/able f _! v nature1 con/antly becom+ =m$ & aga9 decompos$1 ! primitive my?ologies ( all p are 9 l mann] v v>i\s1 indef9ite1 & subject to con/ant *ange4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,v$ic my?ology1 & also 9 t ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,lat9s1 h[ (t5 ! typical my?s ( ,agni1 ,v>una1 ,indra1 ,asv9i1 & ,m>uti2 & aga91 ( ,zeus1 ,"h1 ,a!ne1 & ! re/1 are *ang$ & recon/itut$4 ,?is %[s h[ ! same human faculty1 ! same elem5ts :i* con/itute ! p]ception & primitive p]sonification ( ext]nal ph5om5a1 are ^? also ( ! specific & intr9sic ph5om5a4 ,j z man1 9 ! primitive conditions ( 8 exi/5ce1 by ! psy*ical & physiological law ( 8 p]ception1 :i* he has 9 common ) animals1 trans=m$ ! _w & its ph5om5a into subjects end[$ ) consci\s life2 s by 8 psy*ical faculty ( r$uplication he p]sonifi$ ! m5tal images ( ^! same subjects z feti%es & my?s2 & subsequ5tly inve/$ !m ) m di/9ctly human =ms1 & also ) specific types ( humanity4 ,! same faculty & conditions ( animal p]ception aft]w>ds become ! true & only causes ( ! sup]/itions1 my?ologies1 & religions ( mank9d4 ,! law ( cont9uity is unbrok51 & ?is is a c]ta9 confirmation ( ! tru?4 ,?is faculty1 inw>d function1 & process ( my?ical & symbolic facts l$ 9 c\rse ( "t to ! evolution & beg9n+ ( k1 :i* is fir/ empirical & !n rational4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ repeat1 ! extr9sic & intr9sic p]ception1 ! specification ( types1 & _! modification into a unity :i* 0 always becom+ m compreh5sive1 are ! conditions & me?od ( sci5ce itself1 :i* is only develop$ by means ( ?is faculty4 ,h5ce ! elem5ts & intr9sic logical =m ( sci5ce are id5tical ) ^? ?r\gh :i* my?ical repres5tations & ! inw>d life ( ! human intellig5ce are develop$4#be ,besides1 z we h be=e rem>k$1 ! empirical k ( ?+s beg9s & is p]fect$ 9 ! sup]/itions ( feti%es & my?s4 ,ideas are modifi$ & become pur] z !y conv]ge into types1 & ! pr9ciple & me?od at once become m rational4 ,ei!r 9 ! faculty ( p]ception & 9 its elem5ts1 or 9 ! inw>d classification ( specific =ms1 or aga9 9 ! m p]fect empirical k ( ph5om5a1 ! progress ( my? & sci5ce g on toge!r1 & !y are n only develop$ 9 a p>allel direction1 b ! =m becomes ! cov]+1 involucre1 matrix1 or1 z ,i might say1 ! cotyl$ons1 by means ( :i* ! latt] is develop$ & n\ri%$4 ,ev5 9 m rational sci5ce ?is faculty1 & ^! elem5ts1 necess>ily recur1 s9ce 9 e human conception we f9d ! mat]ial aspect1 or its m5tal image1 ! ?+ & its cause1 &1 z we %all see1 "s my?ical p]sonality is ins5sibly id5tifi$ ) x4 ,! act :i* produces my? is !re=e ! same f :i* sci5ce proce$s1 s t _! orig9al s\rce is id5tical4 ,! same process :i* con/itutes ! feti% & my? also con/itutes sci5ce 9 its conditions & =m1 & "h we f9d ! unique fact :i* g5]ates !m bo?2 sci5ce1 l my?1 w\ld be impossible )\t appreh5sion1 )\t ! individuation ( ideas1 & ! classification & specification ( types4 ,be=e go+ fur!r ,i mu/ briefly recapitulate ! ord] ( ideas & facts :i* we h obs]v$1 s t ! process may be z /rictly logical z x is practical4 ,s9ce1 9 ! elem5ts ( appreh5sion1 p]ception is absolutely id5tical 9 man & animals1 its primitive effects 9 animat+ natural ph5om5a are ! same4 ,b man1 by means ( 8 r$uplicative faculty1 reta9s a m5tal image ( ! p]sonifi$ subject :i* is only transitory 9 ! case ( animals1 & x ?us becomes an inw>d feti%1 by ! same law1 & consi/+ ( ! same elem5ts z t :i* is only extr9sic4 ,^! phantasms are1 moreov]1 p]sonifi$ by ! classify+ process ( types1 !y are trans=m$ into human images1 & arrang$ 9 a hi]>*y1 & to ?is ! v>i\s religions & my?ologies ( ! _w owe _! orig94 ,s9ce su* a process is also ! condition & =m ( k1 ! s\rce ( my? & sci5ce is fundam5tally ! same1 = !y are g5]at$ by ! same psy*ical fact4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! progress ( human intellig5ce 0 develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages2 its attitude v>ies 9 v>i\s races1 b ! impulses1 ! faculty1 & its elem5ts are id5tical4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is unique fact 9 :i* my? & sci5ce h _! s\rce has be5 obs]v$ be=e2 /ill less has any "o def9$ ! limits ( human intellig5ce1 & recogniz$ 9 ! simple acts ( animals ! =mal & absolute conditions ( human sci5ce1 & ! orig9 ( my?4 ,if ,i am n delud$ by a prejudice 9 fav\r ( my own rese>*es1 ?is !ory is a contribution to tru?4 ,x is confirm$ by ! solid>ity :i* x e/abli%es betwe5 ! acts & laws ( ! psy*ical human faculty1 & t ( animals :i* necess>ily prec$$ x4 ,no sci5ce c be con/itut$ )\t su* solid>ity2 ?is great tru? 0 felt &1 aft] _! mann]1 demon/rat$ by s*ola/ic philosoph]s1 or1 z x 0 aft]w>ds sci5tifically express$ by ! g5ius ( ,leibnitz3 ,natura non facit saltum6 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,intr9sic ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,appreh5sion4 ,we h n[ c>efully consid]$ ! acts & dynamic activity ( human ?\ght4 ,we h se5 9 :at animal & human p]ception consi/s1 & h[ x acts2 h[ ! subjects develop$ 9 our imag9ation are gradually unit$ 9 specific =ms or types1 & are arrang$ 9 a sy/em1 :5ce foll[ ! fir/ symbolic repres5tations ( sci5ce4 ,b our task is n yet accompli%$1 s9ce mu* m is ne$$ to display all t ?is fact involves1 s t we may fully und]/& ! inw>d evolution ( my? & sci5ce 9 hi/ory & 9 our race1 & n m]ely 9 ! individual man4 ,! faculty & its effects1 :i* c\ld prim>ily be r$uc$ to ?is unique & indivisible fact1 d n exclusively belong to primordial ages1 b g on ?r\gh all "t1 our own includ$1 :ile assum+ div]s =ms & fre% aspects z ! faculty ( ! intellect becomes m develop$4 ,x is an indisputable tru? t ! influ5ce ( my? on ?\ght & fancy1 a survival f prehi/oric ages1 /ill prevails among ! common p bo? 9 t[n & c\ntry1 among ^? :o are uncultivat$1 & ev5 9 ! high] classes conv5tionally call$ good society4 ,x is m difficult to trace ! occasional exi/5ce ( ! same influ5ce among ^? :o ?9k rationally & inve/igate ! laws ( ! univ]se :ile acqua9t$ ) ! e>li] my?ical process2 & yet1 z we %all %[1 ! greate/ & mo/ able m5 are n unfett]$ by x4 ,my? has hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z a second>y & fanciful product ( ! psy*ical human faculty1 due to extr9sic impulses1 r ?an z ! primitive & intr9sic necessity ( ! intellig5ce--a necessity :i* has its roots 9 animal intellig5ce itself2 & ! unique fact :i* g5]ates bo? my? & sci5ce has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,if ?is fact & law _h be5 discov]$ be=e1 we %\ld h m readily und]/ood religions1 philosophic sy/ems1 & ! successive =ms ( sci5ce1 & pure reason w\ld h made m rapid progress4 ,our !ory1 besides giv+ a rational explanation ( ! diff]5t =ms assum$ by ?\ght 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/oric evolution1 w1 ,i hope1 also acc\nt = _m psy*ological ph5om5a :i* h hi!rto be5 imp]fectly und]/ood1 su* z dreams1 halluc9ations1 ! ab]rations ( insanity1 & ! l4 ,! primitive fact & its effects reappe> 9 ^! conditions1 & ?is influ5ce is p]si/5t & ent]s into all our acts1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,x foll[s f ! innate necessity ( ! p]ception t objects & _! extr9sic & intr9sic causes are resolv$ into liv+ subjects1 & are classifi$ 9 a hi]>*y ( specific types1 :i* are accept$ by ! primitive & ignorant m9d z ! univ]sal my?ical =ms4#bf ,b ! necessities ( human spee*1 :i* is h[ev] involv$ 9 my?ical repres5tations1 f ! v beg9n+ ess5tially reflex1 require o!r t]ms ?an ^? ( individual & specific animations4 ,x is cle> t ! simple p]sonify+ faculty ( ! intellect suffic$ 9 its e>lie/ emotions1 b t aft] ! sl[ developm5t ( psy*ical r$uplication1 & ! enl>gem5t ( languages & ideas1 x no long] satisfi$ ! logical requirem5ts ( ! m9d4 ,consequ5tly1 explicit1--t is1 rational--s+ul>1 & specific ideas gradually arose & assum$ a def9ite =m2 !y 7 int]wov5 & fus$ into ^! individual & specific types1 & ?us obta9$ a place 9 ! ?\ghts & language ( primitive man4 ,! gradual intrusion ( specific rational ideas is natural to ! human m9d1 s9ce x is logically progressive1 & ! fact may be obs]v$ by ^? :o wat* ! m5tal gr[? ( *ildr51 & ( ignorant & untaught adults4 ,:ile ! my?ical intellig5ce cont9ues z be=e to give its habitual my?ical int]pretation ( _m natural ph5om5a1 ! use is gradually acquir$ ( special & g5]ic symbols :i* express special & specific ideas1 & ^! no long] include a p]sonification ( ! individual ?+ or idea4 ,)\t ?is intrusion ( rational ideas any progress w\ld be impossible1 z well z ! p[] ( express+ all :i* "t & education pres5t to ! m9d1 & gradually enable x to compreh5d2 ! fanciful image is fus$ 9 a rational conception1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n yet def9ite & explicit4 ,:at are commonly t]m$ ab/ract ideas arise f ?is necessity1 z ! result ( ! p]fection & developm5t ( spee*1 b ^! 7 n at fir/ ab/ract1 al?\gh !y made use ( ! ab/ract idea4 ,unconsci\s ab/raction is c]ta9ly "o ( ! prim>y acts ( ! intellig5ce1 s9ce ab/raction foll[s f ! consid]ation ( a "p or ( "s p>ts ( a :ole1 :i* are !mselves pres5t$ z a :ole to ! p]ception4 ,b ?is primitive ab/raction 0 s f> a concrete fact = ! p]ception1 9 t ea* act ( ! appreh5sion con/itut$ a ph5om5on ( :i* ! app>5t "* 0 ab/ract$ f ! o!r p>ts :i* =m$ a :ole1 & 0 trans=m$ into a liv+ subject1 z we h already %[n at l5g?4 ,! really explicit ab/raction1 to :i* man only atta9$ aft] _m ages1 consi/+ 9 ! simple repres5tation ( a quality or "p ( a ?+1 c\ld n at t "t be effect$1 al?\gh special & specific ideas gradually f\nd _! way into ?\ght & spee*4 ,all ! t]ms = =m & relation 9 primitive spee*1 & also among mod]n savages1 confirm ?is ass]tion1 z l+ui/s are aw>e2 ! =m & relation n[ express+ an ab/ract ref]5ce to actions & passions 9 ! v]bs1 n\ns1 & adv]bs1 orig9ally ref]r$ to a concrete object4 ,?ree modes or degrees ( ab/ract repres5tations occur 9 ! progressive ex]cise ( ! intellectual faculty2 ^!1 comb9$ ) ! special appreh5sions ( ! individual memory1 & ) imag9ative types1 con/itute ! life ( human ?\ght1 & are ! conditions by :i* we atta9 to rational k4 ,:ile ! specific my?ical type may take ! place ( ! g5]al type 9 ! logical ex]cise ( ?\ght1 & may suffice = an imag9ative compreh5sion ( ! sy/em ( ! _w1 ! ab/ract conception int]v5es 9 ! daily necessity = communication betwe5 ^! g5]al my?ical types1 & s]ves to cem5t !m toge!r1 ?us r5d]+ ! comm]ce ( ideas among m5 & 9 ! human m9d m easy4 ,! ab/ract conceptions :i* are =m$ 9 ?is way may be divid$ into ?ree classes--physical1 moral1 & intellectual4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/2 x is impossible = human spee* to po9t out & def9e a subject or ph5om5on 9 ! s]ies to :i* x belongs by resemblance1 id5tity1 or analogy1 unless !re is already 9 ! m9d a conception :i* includes ! g5]al qualities1 or quality prop] to ! s]ies ( simil> ph5om5a2 ?is is ess5tially an ab/ract type1 b x prim>ily assumes a concrete =m4 ,i _c say t any?+ is :ite or heavy1 until by repetitions ( ! same s5sation ,i h be5 able to comb9e 9 a s+le conception ! s5sations diffus$ ov] an inf9ite numb] ( objects4 ,! g5esis ( ^! conceptions is f\nd 9 ! comp>ative explicit judgm5t :i* dep5ds on ! memory = ! necess>y conditions ( its =mation4 ,! typical & ab/ract idea ( :ite has n m]ely a nom9al value1 z x is ass]t$ 9 "s s*ools ( ?\ght1 = an empty t]m c\ld express no idea1 :]eas ?is idea is p]fectly cle>4 ,nei!r is x a real ?+1 b r an ideal reality1 n a pure ab/raction ( ! _s1 extract$1 s to speak1 f ! mat]ial sub/ance4 ,! conception ( :it5ess =m$ by ! comp>ative judgm5t is limit$ by ! p]ception ( ! concrete1 ext]nal fact p]ceiv$ z "o special quality among all o!r qualities 9 nature1 & x is !re=e a physiological fact ( inw>d consci\sness4 ,9 ! ab/ract idea ( :ite or :it5ess we d n only picture to ourselves a quality common to _m ?+s1 b by ?is t]m1 & by ! idea :i* corresponds to x1 ! same s5sation is actually pres5t to our inw>d intuition1 or ! same quality ( ! s5sation :i* 0 previ\sly g5]at$ by our ext]nal s5ses 9 a concrete =m4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! idea is g5]ic1 ! s5sation itself is repres5t$ to ! m9d 9 ! =m ( a concrete p]ception4 ,x is n concrete 9 ! s5se ( belong+ to a special object or def9ite =m1 z x is pres5t$ to ! outw>d p]ception1 b only s f> z !re is actually an inw>d & physiological s5sation ( :it5ess1 :i* ! ^w recalls to ! memory4 ,!re c be no m5tal confusion ) ! quality ( r$1 or ( any col\r1 :5 ,i speak or ?9k ( :at is :ite4 ,:5 ,i speak or ?9k ( any object z :ite1 ,i & o!rs p]fectly und]/& :at is meant1 & a repres5tation ( ?is quality is in/antly =m$ 9 our m9ds1 9 ! g5]ic type :i* 0 gradually con/itut$ by primitive man by ! comb9ation ( num]\s special s5sations1 obvi\s to ! sight1 & subsequ5tly express$ 9 spee*4 ,9 ord] t ! ^w :i* corresponds to ! quality may h a giv5 s5se1 x is necess>y to p]ceive ! =m ( ! concrete s5sation :i* gave rise to x2 = al?\gh ! repres5tation is indef9ite or g5]ic1 t is1 n obvi\s to ! ext]nal s5ses1 yet x is n physiologically di/9ct f ! s5sation ( ! quality describ$2 ! p]ception ( t quality is pres5t by ! aid ( memory to ! inn] consci\sness4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! physiological elem5ts ( consci\sness are actually conta9$ 9 s-call$ ab/ract ideas1 al?\gh x is sometimes ass]t$ t !y are purely spiritual & intellectual acts1 remote f e physiological process ( fact & s5se4 ,an actual physiological fact 7col\r 9 ?is in/ance7 corresponds to ! idea 9 ! n]v\s c5tres1 & reproduces ! s5sation due to ! p]ception ( special objects1 ^: physical quality ( :it5ess we h p]ceiv$1 & ?is s5sation makes "p ( ! ab/ract1 or r indef9ite conception4 ,9 fact1 all :i* is n actually pres5t to ! m9d--& ! pres5t is an inf9itesimal fraction ( k--is reproduc$ by ! memory1 & ?is is effect$ by ! molecul> movem5ts ( ! human bra91 & by :at may be call$ ! e!real modifications :i* took place :5 ! s5sations1 p]ceptions1 & acts fir/ occurr$4 ,if ! cells vibrate1 & ! organs ( ! bra9 are affect$ by ! recollection ( pa/ ideas & acts1 j z :5 !y actually occurr$ 7& ?is appe>s f ,s*iff's exp]i5ces z to ! increase ( ! bra9 9 heat & volume dur+ dreams71 ?is vibration w be /ill m m>k$ :5 any quality :i* affects our s5ses is reproduc$ 9 ! m9d4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( ! quality z x appe>s 9 a def9ite object is c]ta9ly want+ 9 ! ab/ract conception2 x rema9s 9 ! fir/ /age ( pure s5sation1 l a spontane\s act ( obs]vation1 & x is trans=m$ into appreh5sion by ! m5tal faculty4 ,b ! inw>d consci\sness ( ! quality is actual1 psy*ical1 & physical4 ,! ab/ract conception is a psy*ical symbol compos$ ( idea & consci\sness1 or r ( act & consci\sness2 bo? are fus$ into a logical conception ( indef9ite =m1 yet consi/+ ( real elem5ts1 t is1 ( c]ebral motions & ( s5sations4 ,e/imat$ accord+ to its g5u9e value1 !re=e1 an ab/ract conception may be divid$ into ?ree classes--physical1 moral1 & intellectual4 ,:it5ess & col\rs 9 g5]al1 levity & weight1 h>dness1 s\nd1 & ! l qualities1 are all ab/ract types :i* belong to ! physical class4 ,goodness1 virtue1 love1 hatr$1 & ang] mu/ be assign$ to ! moral class2 & equality1 id5tity1 numb]1 & quantity1 etc41 to ! intellectual class4 ,su* ab/ract conceptions1 )\t :i* human spee* w\ld be impossible1 did n 9 ! case ( primitive man take ! explicit & reflex =m 9 :i* !y are pres5t$ by mature sci5ce1 & x is exp$i5t to inquire :at "* !y really assum$ 9 ! spontane\s ex]cise ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a diff]5ce betwe5 ! my?ical & specific types & ! intr9sic value ( ^! ab/ract conceptions4 ,! =m] s]v$ = ! causative int]pretation ( ! liv+ sy/em ( ! _w1 & _h a sup]/iti\s influ5ce on ! moral & social progress ( mank9d2 ! latt] 7 m]ely ! in/rum5t ( ?\ght & spee*1 & 7 9 spontane\s & daily use4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is diff]5ce1 !re 0 no radical & sub/antial div]sity 9 ! g5esis ( su* conceptions1 & ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( p]ception 7 common to bo?4 ,:ile ! =m v>i$1 ! primitive law & g5esis rema9$ ! same4 ,we h %[n t ! p]ception ( ! ph5om5on1 z x affects ! inn] & ext]nal consci\sness1 necess>ily involves ! =m ( ! subject1 & ! causative p[] :i* animates t =m1 & ?is becomes ! intellectual s\rce ( special & specific my?s4 ,^! my?s1 :e!r !y are d]iv$ f physical or moral ph5om5a1 are subsequ5tly s completely imp]sonat$ z to be resolv$ into a p]fectly human =m4 ,9 ! case ( ! ab/ract conceptions necess>y 9 spee*1 su* an?ropomorphism does n g5]ally occur2 yet we see t s5sation & a physiological g5esis are insep>able f an ab/ract conception4 ,)\t su* s5sation ( ! ph5om5on ^! conceptions w\ld be un9telligible to ! p]cipi5t himself & to o!rs4 ,9 direct s5sation1 ! ph5om5on is ext]nal1 & :5 x is reproduc$ 9 ! m9d ! same c]ebral motions to :i* t s5sation 0 due are repeat$4 ,x is an absolute law1 n only ( ! human m9d b ( animal intellig5ce1 t ! ph5om5on %\ld g5]ate ! implicit idea ( a ?+ & cause1 & ! necessity ( ?is psy*ical law is also app>5t 9 ! ab/ract conception ( "s giv5 quality4 ,if ! effect is n id5tical1 x is at any rate analog\s4 ,primitive man did n take :it5ess1 = example1 consid]$ 9 itself1 to be an active subject1 l ! specific natural my?s :i* we h m5tion$1 b he reg>d$ x z some?+ :i* _h a real exi/5ce1 & he might "u c]ta9 circum/ances inve/ x ) delib]ate p[]4 ,if we h fully grasp$ ?is deep faculty ( ! m9d1 & ! spontane\s animation ( all ph5om5a1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 x w n be difficult to und]/& ! reappe>ance ( ! same law 9 ab/ract conceptions4 ,! s5sation ( ! quality1 & consequ5tly ( ! ph5om5on1 is reproduc$1 & ! ph5om5on g5]ates ! implicit idea ( a subject1 & !re=e ( a possible cause 9 giv5 circum/ances4 ,if su* a law did n produce ^u man ! my?ical p]sonification ( 8 primitive ab/ract conceptions1 at any rate x involv$ a belief 9 ! objective reality ( ^! conceptions1 :i* 7 implicitly held to possess an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,among prehi/oric & savage races1 :o 7 ignorant ( ! laws & nature ( cosmic =ces1 ! great] or less weight ( a ?+ did n involve any exam9ation ( ! mass ( a ph5om5on1 its di/ance1 & ! g5]al laws ( gravity2 ?is diff]5tial weight 0 itself believ$ to be a ?+ :i* act$1 & sometimes delib]ately1 act$ 9 diff]5t ways on ! diff]5t objects :i* !y 7 comp>+ at ! mom5t4 ,9 o!r words1 gravity 0 reg>d$ z some?+ :i* exi/$ indep5d5tly ( ! bodies 9 :i* its prop]ties 7 manife/$4 ,?is e/imate ( gravity1 z an ab/ract quality or prop]ty1 might be repeat$ ( all o!r physical prop]ties1 z well z ( ^? ab/ract conceptions :i* are moral & intellectual4 ,goodness came to be consid]$ z a type1 v>y+ inde$ 9 diff]5t peoples1 accord+ to _! race1 & _! local1 moral1 & civil conditions1 b z a type :i* correspond$ to ! mutual relations ( m51 & to _! sup]/itions & religi\s beliefs z to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is case also ! ab/ract conception ( ! good1 ! fitt+1 ! useful1 :i* con/antly recur 9 popul> spee* are reg>d$1 n z my?ical p[]s p]sonifi$ 9 a human =m1 b z hav+ a real exi/5ce 9 nature1 z some?+ extr9sic to ! p]son or ?+ 9 :i* !y are manife/$1 & z act+ ^u !m z a liv+ & causative p[]4 ,! same may be said ( all o!r ab/ract conceptions4 ,h5ce1 9 addition to ! =mation ( cosmic1 moral1 & intellectual my?s1 fa%ion$ aft] ! patt]n ( humanity1 logical conceptions arose 9 ! m9d1 necess>y = ! ex]cise ( human spee* & = a man's conv]se ) himself1 & ^! 7 reg>d$ z hav+ a real exi/5ce1 manife/$ 9 ?+s & p]sons & 9 ! sy/em ( nature4 ,^! entities h _! orig9 9 ! same faculty z ! o!rs2 9 e conception pres5t$ to ! m9d & reproduc+ ! primitive s5sation or emotion1 ! ext]nal or int]nal ph5om5on implicitly g5]ates ! subject1 & ) ?is ! cause4 ,^! ab/ract conceptions did n & d n result 9 ! an?ropomorphism ( ph5om5a or ideas1 b are trans=m$ into entities :i* h a real exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ also obs]ve ! mobility & int]*angeabl5ess ( ^! feti%es1 my?s1 & imag9>y entities 9 ! primitive times ( ! human race1 & ev5 9 lat] ages2 at "o "t ! feti% acts z a my?1 at ano!r ! my? has a logical exi/5ce4 ,( ?is !re are _m pro(s 9 ! traditions ( anci5t peoples1 9 ! intellectual life ( mod]n savages1 & 9 t ( ! civiliz$ nations to :i* we ourselves belong4 ,! hi/oric developm5t does n always foll[ ! regul> c\rse we h j describ$1 al?\gh ^! are1 9 a /rictly logical s5se1 ! necess>y /ages ( intellectual evolution4 ,hi/orically !y are (t5 jo/l$ & conf\nd$ toge!r by ! lively susceptibility & alacrity ( ! imag9ation ( primitive man1 & x is precisely ?is *>act]i/ic :i* makes ^! m>vell\s ages s f]tile 9 fanciful creations1 & also 9 sci5tific intuitions4 ,any "o :o is suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! anci5t lit]ature ( civiliz$ peoples1 & ) ! leg5ds ( ^? :i* are rude & savage2 any "o :o has reflect$ on ! spontane\s value ( words & conceptions 9 mod]n spee*1 mu/ (t5 h obs]v$ h[ my? assum$ ! =m ( a logical conception z "t w5t on2 & conv]sely h[ ! logical entity assum$ ! =m ( a my?1 & h[ int]*angeable !y are4 ,x is well kn[n t ! my?s h be5 s f> adapt$ to ! necessities ( spee* z to be transmut$ into v]bs2 lib>e f lib]1 :i* p]haps came 9 its turn f liba1 a propitiatory cake1 :ile ,libra 0 ! g5ius :o 9 my?ological ages presid$ ov] fruitfulness & pl5ty4 ,s aga9 juv>e1 f ! root jov1 aft] x _h already be5 us$ = ! an?ropomorphic ,jove4 ,we f9d 9 ,plautus ! v]b summan>e1 f ! god ,summanus1 ! nocturnal sky4 ,n only v]bs b adjectives 7 d]iv$ 9 common spee* f ! my?ical names ( gods2 f ,g5ius1 a multi=m & univ]sal p[] 9 anci5t ,lat9 my?ology1 we h g5ialis & h5ce ! expressions g5ialis lectus1 g5ialis homo1 g5ialis hiems1 & poets & philosoph]s apply ! same epi!t ev5 to ! elem5ts & ! />s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,virtue1 ,fai?1 ,piety1 & o!r l moral conceptions1 fir/ reg>d$ z real1 yet imp]sonal entities1 7 trans=m$ into a p]fect my?1 & into human =ms wor?y ( div9e wor%ip4 ,ev5 9 our own "t1 & n only among ! un$ucat$ p b among m5 ( high culture--:5 !y d n pause to consid] ! real value ( words 9 ! famili>ity ( daily conv]sation--any "o :o seeks = ! direct mean+ ( ! t]ms he uses w admit ! tru? ( :at ,i say4 ,we con/antly ascribe a real exi/5ce to ab/ract conceptions & qualities1 treat+ !m z subjects :i* h a sub/antial be+1 & :i* act = ! mo/ "p ) delib]ate purpose1 al?\gh !y are n trans=m$ z 9 ! case ( my?s into human %apes4 ,9 ab/ract1 intellectual conceptions1 su* z ^? ( equality1 di/ance1 numb]1 & ! l1 ! same faculty & ! same elem5ts are at "w z 9 ^? :i* express physical & moral qualities4 ,^! conceptions1 :i* z civilization advances ultimately become m]e intellectual symbols necess>y = logical spee*1 are at fir/ =m$ by ! actual comp>ison ( ?+s1 & !re=e by ! aid ( ! s5ses4 ,ev5 if we 7 to ass]t ) "s s*ools ( ?\ght t !y 7 =m$ a priori 9 ! m9d1 s5sation w\ld /ill be necess>y z ! occasion ( display+ !m4 ,:5 su* conceptions are express$ 9 words !re is a physiological recurr5ce to ! m9d ( :at may be t]m$ ! %ad[ ( previ\s s5sations or p]ceptions1 :i* are unit$ 9 an intellectual type to give rise to su* conceptions4 ,& 9 ! appe>ance ( ?is ph5om5al basis1 ?\ght unconsci\sly fulfils ! fundam5tal law ( assum+1 or ,i might say ( actually feel+1 ! reality ( ! subject4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 speak+ ( ^! entities creat$ by ! intellect1 ,i ref] to ! primitive ages ( human ?\ght1 or to ! notions ( ignorant p1 & also to ! spontane\s language ( educat$ m51 :o 9 ord9>y conv]sation d n pause to consid] ! simple & logical value ( _! expressions4 ,we are only giv+ ! natural hi/ory ( ! intellig5ce1 :i* necess>ily excludes ! analytic & ref9+ processes ( rational sci5ce4 ,an educat$ man w1 = example1 say or write t id5tity is a mo/ important pr9ciple ( logic z well z t ( contradiction1 al?\gh he is p]fectly aw>e t su* expressions only imply an ab/ract =m ( cognition2 he foll[s ! natural & primitive process ( ! intellect1 & = ! mom5t expresses ^! conceptions z if !y 7 real entities 9 ! organism ( sci5ce & ( ! _w4 ,any "o may f9d a pro( ( ?is fact 9 himself1 if he w consid] ! ideas imm$iately at "w 9 8 m9d at ! mom5t ( express+ simil> conceptions4 ,& if ?is is true ( ^? :o pursue a rational c\rse ( ?\ght1 x is true 9 a /ill m imag9ative & my?ical s5se at ! dawn ( intellectual life1 bo? among mod]n savages & 9 ! case ( ! ignorant common p4 ,let u briefly sum up ! tru? we h s\ght to e/abli%4 ,special feti%es fir/ _h _! orig9 by ! innate ex]cise & hi/orical developm5t ( ! human intellig5ce1 by ! necess>y conditions ( ! p]ception1 & ( subsequ5t appreh5sion2 ^! 7 only ! animation ( ea* ext]nal or int]nal ph5om5on1 z x occurr$1 & ?is 0 ! primitive orig9 ( my?1 bo? 9 man & animals4 ,9 ! case ( animals ! feti% or special my? is transitory1 appe>+ & disappe>+ 9 accordance ) 8 actual p]ceptions2 :ile 9 man !re is a p]si/5t image ( ! feti% 9 8 m9d1 to :i* he timidly ascribes ! same p[] z to ! ?+ itself4 ,! specific types ( ^! feti%es naturally arise f ! m5tal comb9ation ( images1 emotions1 & ideas into a :ole1 & ^! imp]sonations g5]ate ! v>i\s =ms ( an?ropomorphic poly!ism4 ,z ! syn!tic m5tal process goes on1 ^! v>i$ =ms ( poly!ism are gradually unit$ 9 "o g5]al b /ill an?ropomorphic =m1 :i* is commonly call$ mono!ism4 ,9 addition to ^! spontane\s & an?ropomorphic my?s1 :i* s]ve = ! fanciful explanation ( ! sy/em ( ! _w1 & ! moral ideas ( social & individual life1 o!r my?s arise :i* are n an?ropomorphic1 b :i* ascribe a sub/antial exi/5ce to ab/ract conceptions ( physical1 moral1 or intellectual matt]s2 conceptions necess>y = ! =mulation ( human spee*4 ,= al?\gh primitive languages1 ( :i* we h "s examples rema9+ 9 ! language ( savage peoples1 are almo/ inconceivably concrete1 yet spee* is impossible )\t expressions ( =m1 or ab/ract conceptions :i* are m\ld$ & adapt$ to t intuition ( ! relations ( ?+s :i* is always tak+ place 9 ! m9d4#bg ,! my?ical human =m does n inde$ appe> 9 ^! conceptions1 b a sub/antial entity is involv$ 9 !m :i* sometimes1 z we h se51 may ev5 assume ! aspect ( a complete my?4 ,a c>eful analysis ( ! process ( our intellig5ce has %[n t ?is habitual p]sonification ( ! ph5om5on or ab/ract conception is due to ! innate faculty ( p]ception1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( any ph5om5on necess>ily produces ! idea ( a subject actuat$ by delib]ate purpose2 ?is law is equally con/ant 9 ! case ( animals1 9 :om1 h[ev]1 x does n issue 9 a rational conception4 ,! objection ( ourselves into nature1 ! p]sonification ( its ph5om5a & my?s 9 g5]al1 are common to all1 :ile !y take a m fanciful =m 9 ! case ( primitive man2 !y are ! con/ant & necess>y result ( ! p]ception ( ext]nal & int]nal ph5om5a4 ,?is p]sonification includes moral & intellectual z well z physical ph5om5a1 & x always proce$s 9 ! same way1 f special ph5om5a to specific types1 & h5ce to ab/ract p]ceptions4 ,9 ?is way we h e/abli%$ ! important fact t ! primitive p]sonification ( e ext]nal or int]nal ph5om5on1 ! orig9 ( all my?s1 religions1 & sup]/itions1 is accompli%$ by ! same necess>y psy*ical & physical law z t :i* produces s5sation4 ,t is1 m51 z well z animals1 beg9 by ?9k+ & feel+ 9 a my?ical way1 ow+ to ! intr9sic con/itution ( _! intellectual life2 & :ile animals nev] em]ge f ^! psy*ical conditions1 m5 are gradually emancipat$ f !m1 z !y become able to ?9k m rationally1 ?us f9d+ r$emption1 tru?1 & lib]ty by means ( sci5ce4 ,we n[ propose to unite 9 a s+le conception ?is necessity ( our intellect1 at once ! product & ! cause ( p]ception1 & ( ! spontane\s vivification ( ph5om5a2 s9ce ! law may be express$ 9 a comp5di\s =m4 ,bo? 9 physical1 moral1 & intellectual my?s1 & 9 ! sub/antial entity infus$ into ab/ract conceptions1 ! ext]nal or int]nal ph5om5on imm$iately g5]ates ! idea ( a subject1 s9ce x is a fundam5tal law ( our m9d to entify 7entific>e7 e object ( our p]ception1 emotion1 or consci\sness4 ,if any "o %\ld object to ?is neologism1 9 spite ( its adequate expression ( ! orig9al function ( ! intellig5ce1 we reply t ! use & necessity ( ! v]b id5tify h be5 accept$ 9 ! neo-,lat9 tongues1 & !re=e entify1 :i* has ! same root & =m1 c h>dly be reject$1 s9ce x1 l ! =m]1 signifies an actual process ( ?\ght4 ,we !re=e adopt ! ^w )\t scruple1 s9ce new words h (t5 be5 co9$ be=e :5 !y 7 requir$ to express new conceptions & !ories4 ,! primitive & con/ant act ( all animals1 includ+ man1 :5 ext]nal or int]nal s5sation has op5$ to !m ! imm5se field ( nature1 is t ( entify+ ! object ( s5sation1 or1 9 a ^w1 all ph5om5a4 ,su* entification is ! result ( spontane\s necessity1 by ! law ( ! intr9sic faculty ( p]ception2 x is n ! result ( reflection1 b x is imm$iate1 innate1 & inevitable4 ,x is an et]nal law ( ! evolution ( ! intellig5ce1 l all ^? :i* rule ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,we d n only proclaim 9 ?is fact a law ( psy*ological importance1 b also ! orig9 ( my?s1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se ( sci5ce1 s9ce my? is develop$ by ! same me?ods z sci5ce4 ,^! two /reams fl[ f "o & ! same s\rce1 s9ce ! entification ( ph5om5a is prop] bo? to my? & sci5ce2 ! =m] entifies s5sations1 & ! latt] ideas1 s9ce sci5ce by rev]sion to law & rational conception f9ally atta9s to ! primitive entity4 ,& f9ally1 if an imag9ative idea ( a cause is active 9 my? f ! fir/1 ! conception ( a cause is equally necess>y to sci5ce4 ,x is h] bus9ess to expla9 ! reason ( ?+s1 & 9 :at !y rationally consi/3 ,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,evolution ,,( ,,my? ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages we h rea*$ ! primordial fact ( our psy*ical & physical nature1 9 :i*1 z x appe>s to u1 bo? my? & sci5ce h _! orig94 ,aft] fir/ consid]+ ! animal k+dom z a :ole1 we h se5 t ! int]action betwe5 ext]nal ph5om5a & ! consci\sness ( an organism results 9 ! spontane\s vivification ( ! ph5om5on 9 "q1 s t ! orig9 ( ! my?ical repres5tation ( nature is f\nd 9 ! innate faculty ( animal p]ception4 ,nor c\ld x be o!rwise4 ,! int]nal activity & intr9sic s5se ( consci\s & delib]ate life :i* inspires animals & m51 :ile ! latt] are /ill ignorant ( ! rational ord] ( ?+s1 is necess>ily reflect$ bo? 9 ! ext]nal objects ( p]ception & 9 ! int]nal emotions1 z if !y 7 op]at+ causes indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! p]cipi5t4 ,x is impossible = an animal1 :i* is unable by volunt>y obs]vation to make1 any analytic di/9ction betwe5 ! subject & ! object1 & _! respective effects1 to consid] su* ph5om5a z me*anical entities1 subject to necess>y & et]nal laws4 ,! animal !re=e accepts ! idea sugge/$ by 8 spontane\s & subjective nature1 t ^! ph5om5a are alive4 ,grass1 fruits1 plants1 wat]1 ! movem5t ( mat]ial bodies1 ord9>y & extraord9>y meteors1 all are implicitly appreh5d$ by him z subjects end[$ ) w & purpose aft] ! mann] ( mank9d4 ,nor c ! liv+ subjectivity ( ! ph5om5on ev] be gaug$ by ! animal 9 :om ! delib]ate p[] ( reflection is want+4 ,8 life is consequ5tly pass$ 9 a _w ( liv+ subjects1 n ( ph5om5a & laws :i* me*anically act toge!r2 x is1 s to speak1 a p]man5t metaphor4 ,man himself1 s f> z 8 animal nature is conc]n$1 acts 9 ! same way1 & al?\gh he subsequ5tly atta9s to ! ex]cise ( reason+ p[]s 9 virtue ( ! psy*ical r$uplication ( himself1 ! primitive faculty p]si/s1 & h5ce comes ! my?ical creation ( a peculi> _w ( conceptions :i* give rise to all sup]/itions1 my?ologies1 & religions4 ,?is is also ! process ( sci5ce itself1 z f> z ! classify+ me?od & intr9sic logical =m are conc]n$4 ,! hi/orical s\rce ( ! two great /reams ( ! intellect1 ! my?ical & ! sci5tific1 is f\nd 9 ! primitive act ( entify+ ! ph5om5on pres5t$ to ! s5ses4 ,we mu/ briefly describe ! evolution ( ^! two my?ical & sci5tific faculties ( ! m9d2 we mu/ inve/igate ! mode & cause ( _! div]g5ce f a common s\rce1 ?r\gh :at trans=mations !y pass1 9 ord] to see 9 :at way ! "o is gradually dri$ up1 :ile ! o!r increases 9 volume & =ce4 ,! read] mu/ =give u if we use "s repetition 9 develop+ a subject on :i* we h already t\*$1 s9ce )\t su* repetition ! pres5t hi/orical explanation w\ld be obscure4 ,! fir/ /age ( k consi/s 9 ! obs]vation ( ! ?+s :i* surr\nd u1 & ?is fir/ /age1 :i* is necess>y also 9 sci5ce1 is ! common prop]ty ( animals4 ,_! obs]vation ( !mselves & ( ext]nal ?+s is psy*ologically & physiologically ! same z t ( man1 & 9 bo? cases !re is a subjective animation ( ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,! primitive s\rce ( sci5ce 9 its obs]vation ( ph5om5a 0 ! same z t ( my? & ( ! special feti%2 )\t su* obs]vation x w\ld h _h no exi/5ce4 ,9 imm$iate succession to ?is primitive fact1 :i* is common to ! :ole animal k+dom1 !re arose--if we consid] ! g5]al process )\t ! limitations ( circum/ances1 places1 "t1 & a ?\s& accid5ts--two k9ds ( faculties :i* 7 id5tical 9 =m1 al?\gh !y _h diff]5t effects1 & produc$ opposite results4 ,= 9 ! case ( my?ical entification ! t5d5cy to imp]sonation 0 always increas+ & becom+ m di/9ctly zoomorphic & an?ropomorphic1 & 9 ?is =m x 0 cry/alliz$ or mummifi$1 :ile sci5ce on ! o!r h& 0 always enl>g+ its sph]e & dissipat+ ! fir/ my?ical =m ( its conception1 until no?+ 0 left b a purely rational idea4 ,:5 ?is evolution takes place 9 peoples & races :i* are incapable ( improvem5t1 or h a limit$ capacity = advanc$ civilization1 ! faculty ( my? rema9s 9 ! asc5dant2 & z pa/ & pres5t hi/ory %[s1 my?ical /agnation & intellectual b>r5ness may foll[1 until intellectual developm5t is arre/$ & ev5 de/roy$4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! evolution takes place 9 peoples & races capable ( indef9ite civilization1 my? gradually disappe>s & sci5ce %9es =? victori\sly4 ,ev5 9 hi/orical & civiliz$ races ! two cycles g on toge!r1 s9ce :ile robu/ intellects ?r[ (f z !y advance ! my?ical %ell 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ inclos$1 ! ignorant masses cont9ue _! devotions to feti%es & my?s1 :i* !y c infuse ev5 into ! gr&e/ religi\s tea*+4 ,!y p]haps might also p]i%1 cry/alliz$ 9 _! mis]able sup]/itions1 unless1 9 virtue ( ! race to :i* !y belong1 ! nobl] m9ds 7 gradually to succe$ 9 illum9at+ & rais+ !m into a pur] atmosph]e4 ,9 our ,aryan race1 & 9 our own c\ntry we h all se5 ! ideas ( ,*ri/ianity trans=m$ into ! e>li] feti%es & pagan my?s2 ! sa9ts are m]ely sub/itut$ = ! gods & demi-gods1 = ! deities ( groves1 ( ! sea & ( w>1 z !y are f\nd 9 anci5t my?ology4 ,! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts & ( ,*ri/ himself are graft$ on simil> leg5ds ( ! anci5t religions ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ,p>adise has assum$ ! appe>ance & =m ( ,olympus4 ,! pa9t+s /ill extant 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome1 :i* m>k ! trans=mation ( ! old into ! new religion1 speak pla9ly en\gh by _! symbols & figures4 ,my? is logically id5tical ) ! sci5tific process 9 its intr9sic "*2 />t+ f a vague subjectivity :i* gradually assumes a human %ape1 ! fir/ intellectual vitality is lo/1 unless x is reviv$ by a high] impulse4 ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* beg9s 9 my?1 gradually dive/s ?is subjectivity ( its an?ropomorphic "*1 until pure reason is atta9$1 & ) ?is ! p[] ( indef9ite progress4 ,! !ory :i* has hi!rto be5 g5]ally accept$ by my?ologi/s1 ev5 by ^? :o pr(ess ,comte's great pr9ciple ( hi/orical evolution1 is t man began ) special feti%es1 t ^! 7 comb9$ 9 compreh5sive types to =m poly!i/ic hi]>*ies1 & h5ce he rose by an analog\s process to a m or less vague conception ( mono!ism4 ,?is !ory1 true z to ! pr9cipal =ms :i* my? successively assumes1 is n accurate ) respect to ! /ages ( developm5t1 & x is also errone\s 9 "s p>ticul>s ( ! actual hi/ory ( ! v>i\s my?ologies ( diff]5t peoples4 ,9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ?is "w we h briefly t\*$ on su* a developm5t1 & ! read] mu/ p>don u = return+ to ! subject1 n[ t we h to give an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! process ( evolution4 ,9 fact1 ! feti%1 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m1 is n ! fir/ =m ( my? :i* is reveal$ 9 ! dawn ( human life4 ,9 ord] to e/imate its positive value1 x is necess>y to analyze su* a conception ) great] accuracy1 & !n to v]ify x hi/orically ) ! help ( ! sci5ce ( e?nology4 ,! fir/ manife/ations ( my?ical ideas mu/ be consid]$ 9 man z an animal2 t is1 z ! result ( 8 spontane\s int]c\rse ) ! _w1 indep5d5tly ( ! psy*ical faculty peculi> to himself1 aft] he _h acquir$ by subsequ5t evolution ( m9d & body ! faculty & habit ( reflection4 ,?is fir/ /age does n involve any def9ite feti%1 t is1 an imm$iate belief 9 a special object :i* ex]ts its influ5ce on ! human s\l1 ev5 :5 x is remote & unse53 su* a feti% is a second>y /age 9 human developm5t4 ,! fir/ my?ical repres5tations ( animals1 & ( man1 s f> z 8 animal nature is conc]n$1 are n conf9$ to fix$ objects1 :i* c be reta9$ 9 ! m9d z op]ative "u all circum/ances2 !y are indef9ite1 & diffus$ ?r\gh all ! ph5om5a :i* are successively p]ceiv$ & vivifi$4 ,! unse5 w9d :i* rises & falls1 ! mov+ cl\d1 ! fla% ( lightn+ & ro> ( ?und]1 ! dawn1 ! ru%+ torr5t--:5 any ( ^! ?+s are p]ceiv$ by animals & primitive m51 !y are end[$ ) subjective life & are suppos$ to act ) delib]ate purpose2 & ?is is ! fir/ =m ( my?4 ,b :5 !y are n pres5t 7,i "h speak ( ! animal nature ( man7 !y d n rema9 9 ! m9d z p]si/5t be+s to :i* ! tribute ( wor%ip inspir$ by hope or fe> mu/ be paid2 ^! & o!r ph5om5a only inspire su* s5tim5ts :5 !y are actually pres5t4 ,x is no va9 di/9ction :i* ,i mate betwe5 ! fir/ vague & int]mitt5t =m ( my? sugge/$ by ph5om5a actually pres5t1 & t ( ! fir/ /age ( feti%3 ?is di/9ction m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! my?ical repres5tation ( animals & ! classify+ & reflective process peculi> to man4 ,comte 0 ! fir/ to rem>k1 q incid5tally1 t animals might sometimes atta9 to ! idea ( a feti%2 ,d>w9 gave ! in/ance ( a dog :i* 0 sc>$ by ! movem5t ( an op5 umbrella 9 a mead[1 al?\gh he rema9$ quiet :5 x 0 un%ak5 by ! w9d2 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 p>tly accept+ ^! ideas1 adduces two some:at simil> in/ances ( ! behavi\r ( dogs4 ,x seems to u t ^! great m5 are mi/ak5 on ! "o h& 9 assum+ t ! fir/ ess5tial orig9 ( my? is n to be f\nd 9 ! animal k+dom1 & on ! o!r 9 suppos+ t ^! facts h only an accid5tal value1 & t animals only occasionally acquire a vague consci\sness ( ! feti%4 ,^? read]s :o h gone ) u s f> w p]ceive t ^! 7 n m]e accid5ts ( r>e occurr5ce 9 animal life1 b t !y are ! necess>y effect ( my?ical repres5tation 9 its fir/ /age1 al?\gh !y _c 9 any way be suppos$ to be produc$ by feti%ism1 prop]ly s call$4 ,= if ! dog 7 fright5$ & agitat$ by ! movem5t ( ! umbrella1 or ran away1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] tells u1 f ! /ick :i* _h hurt him :ile he 0 play+ ) x1 x 0 because an unusual movem5t or pa9 produc$ by an object to :i* habit _h r5d]$ him indiff]5t1 ar\s$ 9 ! animal ! cong5ital s5se ( ! int5tional subjectivity ( ph5om5a1 & ?is is really ! fir/ /age ( my?1 & n ( its subsequ5t =m ( feti%ism4 ,i mu/ !re=e repeat t ! fir/ =m ( my? :i* spontane\sly arises 9 man z an animal1 is ! vague b int5tional subjectivity ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to 8 s5ses4 ,?is subjectivity is sometimes quiesc5t & implicit1 & sometimes active1 9 :i* case x may ar\se ! fe> ( evil1 or ! hope ( physical pleasures4 ,z 9 man ! reflex p[] sl[ly & gradually gr[s--al?\gh at fir/ 9 an exclusively empirical =m--s he sl[ly & gradually accepts ! fir/ =m ( feti%ism1 :i* consi/s 9 ! p]man5t & fix$ individuation ( a ph5om5on or object ( nature1 z a p[] :i* he reflectively believes to be ! artific] ( good or evil4 ,9 ?is /age x is no long] ! ph5om5on actually pres5t :i* ar\ses ! appreh5sion ( an int5tional subjectivity1 :ile its image & efficacy disappe> ) ! s5sible object2 ! ph5om5on1 or ! inanimate or animate =m1 is reflectively reta9$ by ! memory1 9 :i* x appe>s z a malignant or b5ignant p[]4 ,9 a ^w1 ! fir/ /age ( feti%ism1 :i* is ! second =m ( ! evolution ( my?1 is ! univ]sal & primitive s5se ( my? 9 nature1 :i* man alone is capable ( apply+ p]man5tly to "s giv5 ph5om5on1 su* z w9d1 ra91 & ! l1 or lakes1 volcanoes1 & rocks1 & ^! rema9 fix$ 9 ! m9d z p[]s ( good or evil4 ,9 ! e>li] /age ( my? ! sc5e is con/antly *ang+1 :ile 9 ! latt]1 c]ta9 objects or ph5om5a rema9 fix$ 9 ! memory1 excit+ ! same emotions :e!r !y are pres5t or abs5t1 & to ?is consci\sness we may trace ! dawn ( wor%ip4 ,e?nography af=ds pla9 pro(s ( ! feti%ism :i* prec$$ ! civilization ( _m peoples1 & among ^? :i* /ill rema9 9 ! /age ( feti%ism we c trace ! primitive =m ( a vague imp]sonation ( natural objects & ph5om5a4#bh ,z we h already se51 e animal & unfamili> object is 9 ?is fir/ /age ( feti%ism reg>d$ z ! ext]nal cov]+ ( a spiritual p[] :i* has assum$ :at is believ$ to be ! primordial =m ( ! feti%2 ?is feti% takes ! place ( ! natural ph5om5on1 & is believ$ to be capable ( ex]cis+ a direct subjectivity :i* is vague b p]fectly real4 ,we pass f ?is fir/ =m ( feti% to ! second1 namely to ! v5]ation ( objects1 animals1 plants1 & ! l1 9 :i* an extr9sic p[] is suppos$ to be inc>nat$4 ,_m ages elaps$ be=e man atta9$ to ?is second /age ( feti%ism1 s9ce x 0 necess>ily prec$$ by a fur!r & reflex elaboration ( my?1 namely1 ! g5esis ( a belief 9 spirits4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,tylor are among ! writ]s :o h giv5 a ma/]ly description ( ?is phase ( ! human intellect1 & hi/ory & e?nography h confirm$ ! accuracy ( _! rese>*es & conclusions4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by a man's own body1 ! reflection ( images 9 ! wat]1 natural e*oes1 ! reappe>ance ( images ( ! dep>t$ 9 dreams1 ! g5]al in/9ct :i* leads man to vivify all he sees1 produc$ :at may be call$ ! r$uplication ( man 9 himself1 & ! savage's primitive !ory ( ! human s\l4 ,orig9ally ?is s\l 0 multipli$ into all ^! natural ph5om5a1 b x 0 aft]w>ds di/ribut$ by ! my?ical faculty into ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or m p[]s1 p]sonify+ ! spirits4 ,?is belief 9 a multiplicity ( s\ls 9 man is n only /ill extant among m or less rude peoples ( ! pres5t day 9 ,asia1 ,europe1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,polynesia1 b x is also ! f\ndation ( ! belief ( m civiliz$ nations on ! subject1 includ+ our own ,aryan race4 ,bir* & o!rs obs]ve t ! ,egyptians ascrib$ f\r spirits to man--,ba1 ,akba1 ,ka1 & ,khaba4 ,! ,romans give ?ree3 ,bis duo sunt hom9es1 manes1 c>o1 spiritus1 umbra4 ,! same belief is f\nd among ne>ly all savages4 ,! ,fijians di/+ui% betwe5 ! _s :i* is buri$ ) ! dead man & t m e!real _s :i* is reflect$ 9 ! wat] & l+]s ne> ! place :]e he di$4 ,! ,malagasy believe 9 ?ree s\ls1 ! ,algonqu9 9 two1 ! ,dakotan 9 ?ree1 ! native ( ,orissa 9 f\r4 ,s9ce a feti%1 /rictly s call$1 is ! inc>nation ( a p[] 9 "s giv5 object1 x mu/ be prec$$ by ?is rude belief 9 spirits & %ades4 ,su* a complex elaboration takes "t1 s9ce x involves a previ\s creation ( p[]s1 spirits or ! %ades ( m52 ^! lead to ! belief 9 indep5d5t spirits ( v>i\s orig91 :i* p ! heav5s & all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,h5ce arose ! belief 9 transmigration1 ! necess>y prelude to ! !ory ( ! inc>nation1 :i* 0 ultimately con/itut$ by feti%ism4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( languages %[s t includ+ ! ,aryan & ,semitic races1 ! belief 9 spirits 0 develop$ 9 all peoples1 & 9 all ( !m we also f9d a belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,! transmigration ( ! human s\l 0 fir/ believ$ to take place 9 ! body ( a new-born *ild1 s9ce at ! mom5t ( dea? ! s\l ( ! dy+ p]son ent]$ into ! foetus4 ,! ,algonqu9s buri$ ! corpses ( _! *ildr5 by ! wayside1 s t _! s\ls might easily ent] into ! bodies ( ! pregnant wom5 :o pass$ t way4 ,"s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes believ$ t ! "m saw 9 a dream ! dead relation :o 0 to impr9t 8 lik5ess on h] unborn *ild4 ,at ,calab>1 :5 ! "m :o has lo/ a *ild gives bir? to ano!r1 %e believes t ! dead *ild is re/or$ to h]4 ,! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea believe t a son :o greatly resembles 8 dead fa!r has inh]it$ 8 s\l4 ,among ! ,yorubas ! new-born *ild is greet$ ) ! words3 ,?\ ha/ return$ at la/6 ,! same ideas prevail among ! ,lapps & ,t>t>s1 z well z among ! negroes ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia ! belief is widely diffus$ t ^? :o die z black return z :ite m54 ,primitive & ignorant peoples p]ceive no precise di/9ction betwe5 man & brutes1 s t1 z ,tylor obs]ves1 !y readily accept ! belief ( ! transmigration ( ! human s\l into an animal1 & !n into inanimate objects1 & ?is belief culm9ates 9 ! inc>nation ( ! true feti%4 ,among "s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes ! spirits ( ! dead are suppos$ to pass into be>s4 ,an ,eskimo wid[ refus$ to eat seal's fle% because %e suppos$ t h] husb&'s s\l _h migrat$ into t animal4 ,o!rs h imag9$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead pass$ into birds1 beetles1 & o!r insects1 accord+ to _! social rank :5 /ill alive4 ,"s ,african tribes believe t ! dead migrate into c]ta9 species ( apes4 ,by pursu+ ?is !ory1 z we %all pres5tly %[ m fully1 ! transition 0 easy to ! inc>nation ( a _s1 :e!r t ( a man or ( "s o!r be+1 into any object :atev]1 :i* 0 !reby inve/$ ) b5efic5t or malignant p[]4 ,x is easy to %[ t 9 ?is second /age ( feti%ism1 :i* "s h believ$ to be ! primitive =m ( my?1 !re w\ld be no fur!r progress 9 ! my?ical elaboration ( spirits1 _! mode ( life1 _! influ5ce & possible transmigrations4 ,?is elaboration is inde$ a product ( ! my?ical faculty1 b 9 a rational ord]2 x is a logical process1 my?ical 9 sub/ance1 b purely reflective 9 =m4 ,= :i* reason x 0 impossible = animals to atta9 to ?is /age4 ,"s peoples rema9$ 9 ?is phase ( belief1 :ile o!rs advanc$ to ! ult]ior & poly!i/ic =m4 ,?is may also be divid$ into two classes2 ^? :o classify & ultimately r$uce feti%es into a m g5]al conception1 & ^? ^: conception takes an an?ropomorphic =m4 ,let u exam9e ! g5esis ( bo? classes4 ,:5 ! popul> belief 9 spirits _h free developm5t1 ! numb] ( spirits & p[]s 0 c\ntless1 z _m examples %[4 ,to give a s+le in/ance--! ,au/ralians hold t !re is an innum]able multitude ( spirits2 ! heav5s1 ! e>?1 e nook1 grove1 bu%1 spr+1 crag1 & /one are peopl$ ) !m4 ,9 ! same way1 "s ,am]ican tribes suppose ! visible & invisible _w to be fill$ ) good & evil spirits2 s d ! ,khonds1 ! ,negroes ( ,new ,gu9ea1 &1 z ,ca/r5 tells u1 ! ,turanian tribes ( ,asia & ,europe4 ,consequ5tly1 feti%es1 :i* are ! inc>nation ( ^! spirits 9 "s object1 animate or inanimate1 natural or artificial1 are innum]able1 s9ce primitive man & mod]n savages h creat$ su* feti%es1 ei!r at _! own pleasure or ) ! aid ( _! prie/s1 magicians1 & sorc]]s4 ,man's co-ord9at+ faculty1 9 ^? races :i* are capable ( progressive evolution1 does n /op %ort at ?is inorganic dis9tegration ( ?+s2 he beg9s a process ( classification &1 at ! same "t1 ( r$uction1 by :i* ! num]\s feti%es are1 by _! natural po9ts ( lik5ess & unlik5ess 9 "* & =m1 r$uc$ to types & classes1 :i*1 z we h already %[n1 comprise 9 !mselves ! qualities ( all ! p>ticul> objects ( ! same species :i* are diffus$ ?r\gh\t nature4 ,by ?is spontane\s process ( human ?\ght1 due to ! innate p[] ( reason+1 man has gradually r$uc$ ! *aos ( special feti%es to a tol]ably sy/ematic ord]1 & he !n goes on to m precise simplification4 ,let u try to trace 9 ?is hi/oric fact ! classify+ process at ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ =m ( poly!ism succe$s to irregul> & an>*ical feti%ism4 ,9 ! ,samoan isl&s1 a local god is wont to appe> 9 ! =m ( an owl1 & ! accid5tal discov]y ( a dead owl w\ld be deplor$1 & its body w\ld be buri$ ) solemn rites4 ,! dea? ( ?is p>ticul> bird does n1 h[ev]1 imply ! dea? ( ! god himself1 s9ce ! p believe him to be inc>nat$ 9 ! :ole species4 ,9 ?is fact we see t a special feti% is develop$ into a specific =m2 ?us a p]man5t type is evolv$ f special appe>ances4 ,aco/a has h&$ d[n to u ano!r belief ( ! comp>atively civiliz$ ,p]uvians1 :i* recalls ! primitive g5esis ( _! my?ical ideas4 ,he says t ! %eph]ds us$ to adore v>i\s />s1 to :i* !y assign$ ! names ( animals2 />s :i* protect$ m5 aga9/ ! respective animals aft] :om !y 7 call$4 ,!y held ! g5]al belief t all animals :atev] _h a repres5tative 9 heav51 :i* wat*$ ov] _! reproduction1 & ( :i* !y 71 s to speak1 ! ess5ce4 ,?is af=ds ano!r example ( ! m g5]al ext5sion & classification1 &1 at ! same "t1 ( ! r$uction ( ! orig9al multitude ( feti%es4 ,"s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ass]t$ t e species ( animal _h an eld] bro!r1 :o 0 ! orig9 ( all ! individuals ( ! species4 ,!y said1 = example1 t ! beav]1 :i* 0 ! eld] bro!r ( ?is species ( rod5ts1 0 z l>ge z "o ( _! cab9s4 ,o!rs suppos$ t all k9ds ( animals _h _! type 9 ! _w ( s\ls1 a manitu1 :i* kept gu>d ov] !m4 ,ral/on1 9 8 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 tells u t ,buyan1 ! isl& p>adise ( ,russian my?ology1 conta9s a s]p5t old] ?an all o!rs1 a l>g] rav51 a f9] que5 bee1 & s ( all o!r animals4 ,morgan1 9 8 "w ^u ! ,iroquois1 obs]ves t !y believe 9 a _s or god ( e species ( trees & plants4 ,f ^! beliefs & facts1 drawn f diff]5t peoples & diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 we c und]/& h[ a vague & inorganic feti%ism gradually became classifi$ into types :i* con/itute ! fir/ phase ( poly!ism4 ,! logical ef=t :i* trans=m$ ! manifold beliefs into types goes on1 b f _! vague & indef9ite nature1 n only ! p[]1 b also ! extr9sic =m ( man is easily infus$ into !m1 s t !y are inve/$ ) human faculties & s5sations1 & also ) ! an?ropomorphic =m & c\nt5ance ( :i* we h spok5 else:]e4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! special feti%es :i* are naturally alike are unit$ 9 a s+le type1 ! object1 animal1 or ph5om5on :i* corresponds to x 9 ?is e>ly /age ( poly!ism is no long] p]ceiv$1 b a num5 is evolv$ f ?is type1 :i* has n only human p[]1 b a human =m2 & h5ce foll[ ! specific idols ( s]p5ts1 birds1 & all natural ph5om5a1 9 :i* ! primitive feti% has be5 inc>nat$4#bi ,9 ?is second /age ( poly!ism1 an?ropomorphism appe>s 9 an ext]nal =m1 & ! specific type is trans=m$ into ! idol :i* repres5ts & dom9ates ov] x1 inspir+ ! commission ( b5efic5t or hurtful acts4 ,( ?is x is unnecess>y to adduce examples1 s9ce all ! my?ologies :i* h rea*$ ?is poly!i/ic /age are an?ropomorphic1 & 9 ^! ! specific type1 :i* s]ves z ! fir/ /ep to poly!ism1 subsequ5tly becomes a completely human idol4 ,aft] ?is an?ropomorphic classification has be5 rea*$ by logical elaboration1 a new field is op5$ = ! r$uction ( special types into ^? :i* are m g5]al1 z _h be5 previ\sly ! case 9 ! e>ly /ages ( my?4 ,by cont9ually conc5trat+1 & at ! same "t by enl>g+ ! value ( ! conception1 x is unit$ 9 a s+le =m :i* con/itutes ! dawn & g5esis ( mono!ism4 ,?is me?odical process1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( human ?\ght1 may be trac$ 9 all peoples :i* h really atta9$ to ! mono!i/ic idea1 9 ! ,aryan & ,semitic races1 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,egypt1 9 ,p]u & ,mexico2 ! belief may also be obscurely trac$ 9 an in*oate =m among savage & inf]ior tribes1 z1 = example1 among ! ,indians ( ,c5tral & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & among "s ( ! inhabitants ( ,africa & b>b>\s ,asia4 ,:ile ?is conception took a m or less def9ite =m among ! m advanc$ peoples1 ! e>li] & debas$ my?s ma9ta9$ _! gr\nd1 & /ill cont9ue to d s4 ,( ?is we h examples 9 ,europe itself1 & among its m civiliz$ peoples :i* h be5 transplant$ else:]e2 = :ile 9 "o direction a capacity = classification leads to a pur] mono!i/ic conception1 & ev5 to rational sci5ce1 ! great majority ( ! common p1 & ev5 ( ^? ( high] culture1 /ill hold _m ideas :i* are poly!i/ic & an?ropomorphic1 & "s :i* really belong to ! debas$ /age ( feti%ism & vulg> sup]/ition4 ,o!r causes contribute to produce ! natural & intr9sic concurr5ce ( ! sev]al /ages ( my? :i* are f\nd exi/+ toge!r 9 ! life ( a p4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! conque/ effect$ by a m civiliz$ nation ov] ano!r race1 inf]ior by nature or ret>d$ by o!r circum/ances4 ,! my?ical ideas ( ! conqu]$ p rema91 & are ev5 diffus$ ?r\gh ! l[] classes ( ! conqu]+ race2 or !y are +raft$ by a syn!tic & assimilat+ process1 s z to modify o!r my?ical & religi\s beliefs4 ,?is comp\nd ( v>i\s /ages & v>i\s beliefs also occurs ?r\gh ! moral & intellectual diffusion ( dogma1 )\t ! acquisition ( really new matt]4 ,manife/ pro(s ( ^! v>i\s /ages ( my?1 co-exi/5t toge!r1 may be trac$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,v$ic ideas among ! e>li] aborig9al nations1 & conv]sely2 z 9 ! case ( ! ,aztecs & ,incas 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 ^: e>li] beliefs 7 mix$ ) ^? ( _! conqu]ors4 ,! same ?+ may be obs]v$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,judaism dur+ ! ,babyloni% captivity1 9 ! biblical & messianic doctr9es :i* 7 graft$ on pagan beliefs1 & 9 ! tea*+ ( ,islam1 z x 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,ea/ & among ! black races ( ,africa4 ,we mu/ make all[ance = ^! extr9sic accid5ts if we are to describe correctly ! natural c\rse & logical evolution ( my?4 ,ev5 ) respect to ! special evolution ( my? 9 a sep>ate p1 unmix$ ) o!rs1 :ile x is normal 9 :at may be t]m$ its g5]al =m & categorical phases1 yet l all natural objects & ph5om5a1 & mu* m 9 all :i* conc]ns ! human m9d1 !re are v>iations 9 its =ms1 & x atta9s its ends by _m ways4 ,if we take a wid] view ( ! g5]al & reciprocal influ5ces ( e?nic my?s2 z respects ! hi/oric results ( my?ologies1 we %all see t if e race evolv$ its sph]e ( my? 9 accordance ) ! canons laid d[n by u1 _! effect ^u ea* o!r w\ld "w toge!r = a common result m quickly ?an :5 ea* is tak5 ap>t4 ,! read] mu/ all[ me to make my mean+ cle> by ! foll[+ passage f my "w on ! ,dottr9a razionale del ,progresso1 :i* ,i publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 9 ! ,politecnico1 ,milan1 on ! fusion ( ! mono!i/ic conception ( ! ,semitic race ) ! beliefs ( ,greece & ,rome at ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity3-- ,*ri/ianity 0 orig9ally bas$ on ! absolute idea ( ! div9e fir/ ,pr9ciple1 to :i* "o portion ( ! ,semitic race _h atta9$ by intellectual evolution1 & by ! acum5 ( ! great m5 :o br\ght ?is idea to p]fection4 ,ei!r because ( _! cle>] consci\sness1 or f _! environm5t & ! physical circum/ances ( ! race1 ! ,semitic p pass$ f ! primitive ideas ( my?ology to ! conception ( ! absolute & inf9ite ,be+1 :ile o!r races /ill adh]$ to altoge!r fanciful & an?ropomorphic ideas ( ?is ,be+4 ,our race _h an ,olympus1 l ! o!rs1 & ?r\gh\t its hi/ory ?is ,olympus 0 always assum+ new =ms1 al?\gh a human conception 0 ! basis ( its religi\s ideas4 ,! ,*9ese & ,semitic races 7 ! fir/ to rise to ! conception ( an absolute fir/ pr9ciple1 b 9 bo? cases ! conception 0 m or less unfruitful4 ,! gradual transition f consci\sness to conception1 f ! fact to ! idea1 f ! idol to ! law1 f ! symbol to ! ?\ght1 f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite1 is ! *>act]i/ic & ess5tial c\rse tak5 by ! human m9d4 ,b1 practically1 ?is process is m gradual or m rapid1 is ret>d$ or advanc$1 atta9s its aim or /ops %ort 9 its fir/ rudim5ts1 accord+ to ! race 9 :i* x occurs4 ,s x 0 t1 z we h j said1 ! ,*9ese & ,semitic races 7 ! fir/ to rea* ! f9al goal ( ?is psy*ological progress2 o!r peoples1 su* z ! ,aryans & _! (f%oots1 savages & p>tially civiliz$ races1 rema9$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ?is dialectic scale4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 our own race1 ! e>ly religi\s conceptions :i* con/itut$ a simple wor%ip ( nature 9 v>i\s =ms 7 con/antly becom+ ( pur] "*1 & !y 7 n only exalt$ 9 _! spiritual quality1 b 9 ! ,greek & ,roman religions !y atta9$ to some?+ l sci5tific precision4 ,yet ev5 9 ^! high] aspirations ! race did n surr5d] its my?ical faculty1 to :i* x 0 impell$ by its physical & psy*ological con/itution1 & ! pure conception 0 unconsci\sly ov]%ad[$ by symbolic ideas4 ,we c pla9ly see h[ f> ?is symbolism1 peculi> to ! race1 obscur$ ! m9ds ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ( almo/ all ! subsequ5t philosoph]s4 ,9 ! ,semitic & ,*9ese races ?is inn] symbolism ( ! m9d1 ) ref]5ce to ! int]pretation ( nature1 0 less t5aci\s1 int5se1 & productive1 & !y soon fre$ !mselves f _! m5tal bonds 9 ord] to rise to ! conception ( ! absolute ,be+1 di/9ct f ! _w4 ,:5 ?is idea _h be5 grasp$ by rude & popul> intuition1 m5 ( ! highe/ intellectual p[] p]fect$ ! /ill confus$ conception1 & f\nd$ ^u x sci5ce1 civil & political in/itutions1 & national cu/oms4 ,! idea ( ,*ri/ianity arose 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,semitic p ?r\gh him ^: "n x be>s1 & :o p]fect$ ! religi\s idea ( 8 nation4 ,?is idea1 9 its ,semitic simplicity1 consi/$ 9 a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( "o1 et]nal1 inf9ite ,god1 ! imm$iate creator ( all ?+s2 x includ$ ! tradition ( man's loss ( 8 orig9al felicity1 & ! promise ( a re/oration ( all peoples1 & ( ! ,israelites 9 p>ticul>1 to _! =m] condition ( e>?ly happ9ess4 ,*ri/ appe>$1 & :ile he upheld ! ,mosaic law & its orig9al idea1 he decl>$ himself to be ! promis$ deliv]]1 s5t ( ,god2 ! ,son ( ,god1 :i* among ! ,semitic p 0 ! t]m appli$ to _! prophets4 ,8 moral tea*+ gave a m p]fect =m to ! old law1 & by 8 example he af=d$ a model ( human virtue wor?y ( all v5]ation2 ! g]ms ( a m>vell\s civilization 7 to be f\nd 9 8 moral & p>tially new tea*+4 ,! same doctr9e _h be51 to "s ext5t1 inculcat$ by ! ,jewi% tea*]s1 & ! s*ools ( ,hillel & ,gamaliel 7 c]ta9ly n morally inf]ior to 8 own1 z we le>n f ! tradition ( ! ,talmud1 & f "s passages 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! orig91 developm5t1 & tea*+ ( primitive ,*ri/ianity 7 !re=e ess5tially ,semitic1 s9ce x _h its orig9 9 a p ( t race1 & 9 a man ( t p4 ,yet ! ,semitic race did n become ,*ri/ian2 &1 aft] s _m ages h elaps$1 x /ill rejects ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! ,aryan race1 to :i* we ,europeans belong1 :i* adopt$ ?is tea*+ & became ess5tially ,*ri/ian1 al?\gh ?is race is psy*ologically ! mo/ idolatr\s ( ! _w1 z f> z ! /hetic idol--n ! common feti%--is conc]n$4 ,let u inquire into ! cause ( ?is rem>kable fact4 ,z soon z ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 0 adopt$ by ^? famili> ) ,aryan civilization & op9ions1 an idea repugnant to ,semitic conceptions1 & /ill un9telligible to t race1 0 evolv$ f x--,i mean ! idea t ! human ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 0 ,god himself4 ,! ,semite holds t ,god is s f> exalt$ above all creation1 s great & et]nal 9 comp>ison ) ! littl5ess ( ! _w & ( man1 t ,god inc>nate is n m]ely a blasphemy b an unmean+ & absurd phrase4 ,su* a dogma 0 !re=e en]getically repudiat$1 & ! ,semitic race submitt$ to p]secution & disp]sal r ?an accept x4 ,?is is ! real reason :y ,*ri/ianity has n be5 receiv$ & w nev] be receiv$ by ! ,semitic race4 ,:5 ,mahomet reorganiz$ & p]fect$ ! ,arab cre$1 he pres]v$ intact ! ,semitic pr9ciple ( ! absolute & incommunicable nature ( ,god3 ! ,semitic religion has ev] held t !re is "o ,god1 & 8 prophet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ianity 0 rapidly diffus$ among ! ,greek & ,lat9 peoples1 & 9 all p>ts ( ,europe inhabit$ by our race3 ev5 savages & b>b>ians accept$ m or less frankly a doctr9e reject$ by ! ,semites 9 :om x _h its orig94 ,_m & v>i\s causes h be5 assign$ = ?is rapid diffusion ( ! new doctr9e1 & ! old ,greek & ,lat9 fa!rs ascrib$ x to ! fact t m5's m9ds _h be5 naturally & provid5tially prep>$ = x4 ,x 0 attribut$ by o!rs to ! mis]ies & suff]+s ( ! slave population1 & ( ! poor1 :o f\nd a sweet illusion & com=t 9 ! ,*ri/ian hope ( a _w beyond ! grave4 ,"s1 aga91 sugge/ ! omnipot5t w ( a tyrant1 or ! extreme ignorance ( ! common & b>b>\s p4 ,al?\gh all ^! causes _h a p>tial effect1 !y 7 second>y & accid5tal4 ,! true & unique cause lay deep]1 9 ! intellectual con/itution ( ! race to :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 prea*$2 j z physiological *>act]i/ics are reproduc$ 9 ! species until !y become p]man5t1 s d intellectual incl9ations become engra9$ 9 ! nature4 ,we h said t our race is /hetically m my?ological ?an all o!rs4 ,if we consid] ! religi\s tea*+ ( v>i\s ,aryan peoples1 f ! mo/ primitive ,v$ic idolatry to ! successive religions ( ,brahma & ,z5d1 ( ! ,celts1 ,greeks1 ,lat9s1 ,g]mans1 & ,slavs1 we %all see h[ widely !y diff] f ! religi\s conceptions & ideas ( o!r races4 ,! ve9 ( fanciful creations is inexhau/ible1 & !re is a weal? ( symbolic comb9ations & a pr(usion ( cele/ial & semi-cele/ial dramas4 ,! intr9sic habit ( =m+ my?ical repres5tations ( nature is due to a m vivid s5se ( h] p[]1 to a rapid succession ( images1 & to a con/ant projection ( ! obs]v]'s own p]sonality into ph5om5a4 ,?is peculi> *>act]i/ic ( our race is nev] :olly ov]come1 & to x is add$ a pr\d self-consci\sness1 an en]gy ( ?\ght & action1 a con/ant aspiration aft] gr& a*ievem5ts1 & a haughty contempt = all o!r nations4 ,! v "n ( ,aryan1 transmitt$ 9 a modifi$ =m to all successive g5]ations1 d5otes dom9ion & val\r2 ! ,brahmanic cosmogony1 & ! epi!t ( apes1 giv5 to all o!r races 9 ! epic ( ,valmiki1 be> witness to ! same fact2 x is %[n 9 ! slav]y impos$ on conqu]$ peoples1 9 ! hatr$ ( =eign]s felt by all ! ,hell5ic tribes2 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ,rome1 ! haught9ess ( ! ,g]manic ord]s2 9 ! feudal sy/em1 9 ! ,crusades2 & f9ally1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( our sup]iority to all o!r exi/+ races4 ,! quickness ( p]ception1 & ! facile projection ( human p]sonality into natural objects1 l$ to ! manifold creations ( ,olympus1 & ?is 0 an /hetic ob/acle to any ne>] approa* to ! pure & absolute conception ( ,god1 :ile ! innate pride ( race 0 a h9drance to our humiliation 9 ! du/ be=e ,god4 ,! ,semites decl>$ t man 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 & we creat$ ,god 9 our own image2 :ile consci\s ( ! p[] ( ! num9a we confront$ !m boldly1 & 7 ready to resi/ !m4 ,! ,indian leg5ds1 & ^? ( ! ,hell5es1 ! ,sc&9avians1 & ! :ole ,aryan race1 are full ( conflicts betwe5 gods & m54 ,! demi-gods mu/ be rememb]$1 %[+ t ! ,aryans believ$ !mselves to be suffici5tly noble & great = ! gods to love !m1 & to int]m>ry ) !m4 ,?us ! ,aryan made himself into a ,god1 & (t5 took a glori\s place 9 ,olympus1 :ile he decl>$ t ,god 0 made man4 ,we might imag9e t ! doctr9e ( ,god inc>nate w\ld be z repugnant to ! ideas1 feel+s1 & intellect ( ! ,aryan z x 0 to ! ,semitic race4 ,b ! an?ropomorphic side ( ,*ri/ianity 0 readily embrac$ by ! =m] z a my?ical & /hetic conception1 & inde$ x 0 !y :o made a metaphorical expression into an ess5tial dogma3 ! pride natural to ! ,aryan race made !m eag] to accept a religion :i* plac$ man 9 a /ill high] ,olympus3 a belief 9 ,*ri/ 0 rapidly diffus$1 n z ,god b z ! ,man-,god4 ,^! are ! true reasons1 n only = ! rapid spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,europe1 b also = ! philosophic sy/ems ( ! ,platoni/s & ,alex&r9es :i* prec$$ x4 ,al?\gh ,philo 0 a ,hebrew1 & probably knew no?+ ( ,*ri/1 he atta9$ by means ( ,hell5ism to ! idea ( ! ,man-,god2 ! ,platonic ,^w1 :i* 0 m]ely ! projection ( ,god into human reason1 0 accept$ = ! same reason z ! ,*ri/ian dogma ( ! ,^w made man4 ,let u see :at new pr9ciples1 :at high] morality & civilization 7 add$ by ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity to ^? pr9ciples :i* 7 ! spontane\s product ( ! race4 ,we mu/ fir/ consid] :at "p ! pagan gods1 z !y 7 reg>d$ by educat$ m51 play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,european race1 ) respect to ! individual & to ! commonweal?4 ,! pagan ,olympus1 consid]$ z a :ole1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! v>i\s =ms :i* x assum$ 9 diff]5t peoples1 0 n ess5tially di/9ct f human society4 ,al?\gh ! gods =m$ a high] ord] ( immortal be+s1 !y 7 mix$ up ) m5 9 a ?\s& ways 9 practical life1 & con=m$ to ! ways ( humanity2 !y 7 con/antly occupi$ 9 do+ good or ill to mortals2 !y 7 w>mly int]e/$ 9 ! disputes ( m51 tak+ "p 9 ! conflicts ( p]sons1 cities1 & peoples2 special div9ities wat*$ ov] m5 f ! cradle to ! grave1 & !y 7 lov$ or hat$ by ! gods by reason ( _! family & race4 ,9 %ort1 ! heav5ly & e>?ly communities 7 s int]mix$ t ! gods 7 only sup]ior & immortal m54 ,! p 7 accu/om$ to consid] _! deities z ev] pres5t1 di/9ct f1 & yet insep>ably jo9$ ) !m2 s t ! individual1 ! c\ntry1 ! tribes1 7 ev] gov]n$1 gu>d$1 fav\r$1 or oppos$ by special & peculi> gods4 ,olympus _h a hi/ory1 s9ce ! acts ( ! gods took place 9 "t & 7 co9cid5t ) ! hi/ory ( nations1 s t e ev5t 9 heav5 correspond$ ) "o on e>?2 ! idea ( div9e ju/ice 0 exemplifi$ 9 t ( m51 & bo? 7 p]fect$ toge!r4 ,among pagans ( ! ,aryan race !re 0 a p]petual & repeat$ alliance betwe5 m5 & gods made 9 ! image ( man4 ,?is action ( ! gods bo? = good & evil became 9 its turn ! rule ( life = ! ignorant multitude1 & !y act$ 9 con=mity ) ! suppos$ w & actions ( ! gods2 ! div9e w 01 h[ev]1 no?+ b an a priori religi\s conception ( an idol repres5t+ ! =ces ( nature or "s moral or religi\s idea4 ,! moral p]fection ( nations1 z "t w5t on1 also p]fect$ ! supreme ju/ice ( ,olympus1 & ! moral wor? ( ! gods increas$ z m5 became bett]4 ,s t x 0 n ! orig9al !ological idea1 b man himself1 :o made heav5 m p]fect1 & ! gods morally bett] & m j4 ,! explicit p[] ( m5tal reason+ & ( sci5ce 0 add$ to ?is spontane\s evolution ( ! religi\s idea1 s f> z ! improv$ morality ( ! race p]fect$ ! heav5ly ju/ice :i* 0 its own creation4 ,! pagan ,olympus 0 gradually simplifi$ by sages & philosoph]s2 ! illicit passions ( ! gods 7 set aside1 & x 0 trans=m$ into a provid5tial gov]nm5t ( individuals & ( society1 mu* m remote f direct contact ) m54 ,! conception ( ! immortal gods includ$ "o supreme p[]1 =mative1 protect+ or av5g+1 & ?is conception bord]$ on ! ,semitic idea ( ! absolute ,be+1 al?\gh )\t q atta9+ to x4 ,god 0 conf\nd$ ) ! ord] ( ?+s1 8 laws 7 ^? ( ! univ]se1 by :i* he 0 also b\nd1 & ! righte\s man liv$ 9 con=mity ) ^! laws4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity began1 pagan rationalism _h arriv$ at ! idea ( a spiritual & direct+ p[]1 organically id5tical ) ! univ]se4 ,x 0 nei!r ! ,olympus ( ! common p1 nor ! ,semitic ,jehovah1 b r ! consci\s & inevitable ord] ( nature4 ,al?\gh1 ei!r z an ,olympus or z a dogma1 ! deity 0 conf\nd$ ) m5 or con/ra9$ !m to foll[ a m rational rule ( life1 yet paganism cle>ly di/+ui%$ ! gods f m5 9 _! concrete p]sonality1 & ! action ( humanity 0 !re=e di/9ct f t ( ! deity4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity began1 ! peoples ( ! ,aryan race 9 ,europe1 or at lea/ ^? ( m advanc$ civilization1 _h con/itut$ = !mselves a heav5ly ,pan!on1 :i* conta9$ ne>ly all ! primitive deities1 b 9 a m human =m & ex]cis+ a ju/] rule ov] ! _w1 :ile at ! same "t !y 7 reg>d$ z q di/9ct f ! society ( m54 ,al?\gh !re 0 9 ?is multiplicity ( div9e =ms an hi]>*ical ord] ( diff]5t ranks1 !re 0 no g5]al conception to include ! de/9ies ( ! :ole human race1 & to manife/ by its unity its provid5tial & hi/orical developm5t4 ,ea* p believ$ 9 _! own special de/9y1 :i* %\ld ei!r raise !m to great] glory & p[] or br+ !m to a spe$y & inevitable end2 b !re 0 no common fate1 no common prosp]ity nor disa/]4 ,rome _h1 z f> z possible1 unit$ ^! v>i\s peoples by ! idea ( h] p[]1 by ! in=cem5t ( h] laws1 & by ! b5efits ( h] citiz5%ip1 yet ! ,roman unity 0 ext]nal1 & did n spr+ f ! intimate s5se ( a common l9eage4 ,:ile ! nations 7 s closely unit$ to ,rome by brute =ce1 ! subject peoples 7 agitat$ by a desire = _! anci5t indep5d5ce & self-gov]nm5t4 ,"s ( ^! pagan multitudes advanc$ 9 civilization ?r\gh _! education 9 ! le>n+ ( ! ,romans1 & 9 morality ?r\gh _! spontane\s activity1 b !y did n possess any deep s5se ( a g5]al provid5ce1 & heav5 & e>? cont9u$ to be "u ! sway ( an incompreh5sible fate4 ,if we n[ turn to consid] ! m5tal conditions ( educat$ m5 at t "t1 we %all see t !y trans=m$ ! ,olympus ( p]sonal & concrete gods into symbols ( ! =ces ( nature1 & t !y _h ris5 to a pur] conception ( ! deity by mak+ x agree ) ! progress ( reason2 b ?is deity 0 s remote f e>? z to h sc>cely any?+ to d ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,/oics1 :i* 0 v g5]ally diffus$1 man 0 suppos$ to be s f> left to himself t he 0 ! creator ( 8 own virtue1 & _h to /ruggle1 n only aga9/ nature & 8 fell[-man1 b aga9/ fate1 ! und]ly+ ess5ce ( e cosmic =m & motion4 ,if ?is pagan rationalism gave rise to great !oretic morality1 & produc$ amaz+ examples ( private & public virtue1 x _h little effect on ! multitudes1 nor did x conta9 any guid+ pr9ciple = ! hi/orical life ( humanity z a :ole4 ,*ri/ianity proclaim$ ! spiritual unity ( ,god1 ! unity ( ! race1 ! bro!rhood ( all peoples1 ! r$emption ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly a provid5tial influ5ce on mank9d4 ,*ri/ianity taught t ,god himself 0 made man1 & liv$ among m54 ,su* tea*+ 0 (f]$ to ! p z a tru? ( consci\sness r ?an ( dogma1 al?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds pres]v$ 9 a !ological =m by ! prea*+ ( ,paul1 & ! pagan m9d 0 m affect$ by s5tim5t ?an by reason4 ,! unity ( ,god 0 associat$ 9 _! /hetic imag9ation ) ! e>li] conception ( ! supreme ,zeus1 :i* n[ took a m ,semitic =m1 & ,olympus 0 glori\sly trans=m$ into a company ( elect ,*ri/ians & holy fa!rs ( ! new fai?4 ,a confus$ s5tim5t z to ! my/ic union ( peoples1 :o became bro!rs 9 ,*ri/1 _h a p[]ful effect on ! imag9ation & ! he>t1 s9ce !y _h already le>n$ to reg>d ! _w z ! creation ( "o et]nal ,be+4 ,9 ! ard\r ( proselytism & ( ! diffusion ( ! new cre$1 !y hail$ ! hi/orical trans=mation ( ! e>?ly endeav\r aft] temporal acquisitions & pleasures into a provid5tial prep>ation = ! heav5ly k+dom4 ,9 ,*ri/1 ! inc>nation ( ! supreme ,god1 !y beheld ! apo!osis ( man1 s acceptable to ! ,aryan race1 s9ce he ?us became ! absolute rul] ( ! _w & its fates4 ,ideas & s5tim5ts1 ( :i* ! ,semitic m9d 0 incapable1 & :i* 7 oppos$ to _! hi/orical & intellectual developm5t1 mov$ & satisfi$ ! ,aryan m9d1 & became associat$ z f> z possible ) ! dogma & belief to :i* ! race _h atta9$ 9 _! pagan civilization4 ,?us heav51 dogma1 & ,*ri/ian rites assum$ f ! fir/ a pagan =m2 & :ile ! orig9al idols 7 repudiat$ 9 ! zeal = new pr9ciples1 _! common lik5ess 0 ma9ta9$ by ! imag9ative p[] ( ! race4 ,9 ?is way ,*ri/ianity became popul>1 & ! ,semitic idea 0 inve/$ ) pagan =ms1 9 ord] to c>ry on ! gradual & m intimate spiritual trans=mation :i* is n yet t]m9at$4 ,its tea*+ 0 at fir/ decid$ly reject$ & oppos$ by cultivat$ m9ds1 accu/om$ z ! ,greeks 7 ) few exceptions to use _! reason4 ,among philosoph]s1 ! popul> belief 9 a p]sonal ,olympus _h disappe>$1 & a m rational /udy ( mank9d did n all[ !m to und]/& or compreh5d a dogma :i* re-e/abli%$ an?ropomorphism "u ano!r aspect1 s t ?is new & impi\s sup]/ition became ! object ( p]secution4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 m]e exceptions1 an anticipation ( ! opposition ( reason to my?ical ideas1 :i* became m vigor\s 9 e successive age1 until ! "t arriv$ :5 reason1 educat$ by a long c\rse ( ex]cise1 0 able to r5ew ! ef=t ) great] au?ority & success4 ,! common p gradually became ,*ri/ian1 & s also did educat$ m51 :o ?us add$ ! au?ority ( ! s*ools to a tea*+ accept$ by ! feel+s & innate incl9ation ( ! race1 & h5ce foll[$ ! !ological developm5t ( ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,^! new pr9ciples & beliefs1 ev5tually accept$ by all ! nations ( ,europe1 bo? b>b>\s & civiliz$1 n only br\ght to p]fection ! religi\s intuition *>act]i/ic ( ! morality & civilization ( ! race1 b !y produc$ a new & r5ovat+ p[] 9 hi/orical & social life4 ,?is fre% virtue consi/$ 9 ! belief 9 a p[] consub/antially div9e & human4 ,al?\gh ! pagan gods 7 human 9 _! extr9sic & intr9sic =m1 only diff]+ f mortals by _! mighty privileges1 yet !y 7 p]sonally di/9ct f m51 & :ile ! acts ( ,olympus m+l$ ) ^? ( e>?1 !y _h an habitation & de/9ies ap>t4 ,b by ! new dogma1 ! "o ,god :o 0 a ,_s took on him ! sub/ance ( man & 0 unit$ ) humanity z a :ole1 accord+ to ! ,paul9e int]pretation1 :i* 0 g5]ally accept$ by our race4 ,! div9e nature 0 cont9ually imp>t$ to man1 ! body & memb]s 9 :i* ! div9e _s 0 inc>nat$1 s9ce ! ,*ur* or my/ical community ( ,*ri/ians 0 ! temple ( ,god4 ,?r\gh ?is lively s5se ( ! div9e inc>nation1 ! ,*ri/ian avat> ) :i* ! race _h be5 acqua9t$ "u o!r =ms1 ,god 0 no long] ess5tially di/+ui%$ f mank9d 9 ! =m ( a numb] ( concrete be+s1 b 0 spiritually infus$ into m5 & act$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! ,*ri/ian z man felt himself to be a p>ticipator ) ,god himself by a my/ic int]c\rse4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! human faculty 0 hi/orically id5tical ) ! div9e1 & %>$ 9 ! spiritual "w :i* 0 to effect ! r$emption ( society1 ?is new & ,*ri/ian civilization add$ d>+1 confid5ce1 & virtue to ! natural en]gy ( ! race4 ,n _m ye>s elaps$ be=e m5 ceas$ to contemplate ! imm$iate end ( ! _w pr$ict$ by ! fir/ apo/les & ! ,apocalypse2 !y look$ =w>d to a m di/ant future1 & except 9 ! case ( "s p>ticul> sects1 !y appli$ ! prophecies :i* ref]r$ to ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians to ! future hi/ory ( ! race4 ,x 0 !re=e ,*ri/ianity :i* introduc$ into ! consci\sness ( our ,aryan peoples ! pr9ciples ( a div9e hi/oric p[] act+ on ! social economy ( mank9d1 & 9 ?is way ! natural dignity & ent]pris+ pride ( ! race 0 increas$4 ,?r\gh ?is fre% religi\s intuition & spiritual exaltation1 ! purity & moral sweetness ( ! ,semitic ,naz>5e became ! law ( society1 & ! *ur* organization gradually assimilat$ ev]y?+ to itself1 & receiv$ div9e wor%ip 9 ! p]son ( ! supreme ,pontiff1 :o cont9u$ = _m ages to be ! temporal rul] ( consci5ces1 ( public in/itutions1 & ( civilization4 ,/range d>+ 9 a race :i* f its e>ly beg9n+s d[n to our own days has be5 always true to its own "*1 & 9 "o =m or o!r has display$ vig\r1 en]gy1 ambition1 trans=m+ p[]1 & great designs4 ,?is rem>kable process c\ld only g on 9 & ?r\gh ^? peoples ^: vig\r & pride equall$ _! physical /r5g?2 to :om x is dea? to sit /ill1 & life to be always busy1 to trans=m all ?+s to _! own image1 to dom9ate ov] all--ov] ,god by ! intellect1 ov] ! _w by sci5ce1 ov] o!r races by =ce ( arms4 ,aft] ! an?ropomorphic =m 0 giv5 to natural ph5om5a1 :i* is done to "s ext5t by all races1 ! gods 7 made 9 ! image ( man2 full ( /hetic imag9ation1 ( gr& & vigor\s conceptions1 !y modifi$ & trans=m$ ! tru? ( ! ,semitic idea1 to suit _! own g5ius & imag9ation1 & 9 ?is way !y produc$ ! wond]ful fabric ( ,*ri/ian civilization & ( ,ca?olicism4 ,!y alone accept$ a tea*+ :i* infus$ new _s into social life & produc$ ! rule ( religion ov] ! _w1 & ! race /ill /&s alone 9 ! ma9t5ance ( its beliefs1 to :i* sci5ce has add$ ! p[]ful simplicity ( ! ,semitic idea1 & _! vigor\s influ5ce has p]petuat$ & p]fect$ human progress ^u e>?4#cj ,! ,aryan race atta9$ to ! ,semitic conception 9 its purity & cosmic reality by ! process ( reason1 & only because x 0 end[$ ) all ! civiliz+ & moral qualities :i* 7 acquir$ 9 s _m ages ( moral & intellectual en]gy1 has ! old conception be5 s vigor\s & productive4 ,! ,semitic race1 on ! o!r h&1 adh]$ to _! old fai?1 reject$ ,*ri/ianity1 z x _h be5 =mulat$ by ! ,aryans1 & _h little influ5ce on ! _w4 ,! ,israelites1 inde$1 disp]s$ among o!r nations1 reta9$ ! idea ( ! "o spiritual ,god 9 all its purity1 & civilization w\ld h be5 mu* indebt$ to !m = ?is rational idea ( ,god if !y _h m cle>ly und]/ood its sci5tific be>+ & ! nature ( man2 _m ( !m are inde$ ju/ly entitl$ to fame 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,b tak5 by !mselves & z a p1 !y _h little effect on civilization1 s9ce !y lack$ ! en]gy ( purpose1 c\rage1 m5tal sup]iority1 & imag9ation1 :i* create a durable & p[]ful civilization4 ,! ,arabs1 ar\s$ = a "t by ,mahometan fanaticism1 ov]ran great "p ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 b )\t influ5c+ civilization4 ,:ile 9 possession ( a great & productive idea1 !y rema9$ a /]ile & nomad p1 or f\nd$ unproductive dyna/ies4 ,= ! ,semitic race1 ! int]val betwe5 ,god & man1 & consequ5tly betwe5 ,god & civilization1 0 & is inf9ite1 impassable4 ,! ,arabs possess$ no?+ b ! deva/at+ =ce ( proselytism to f]tilize _! m9ds & social relations2 &1 ) ! exception ( ar*itecture1 geography1 & cognate sci5ces1 !y 7 = ! mo/ "p only ! transmitt]s ( ! sci5ce ( o!rs4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 fill$ up ! gulf by plac+ ! ,man-,god betwe5 ,god & man1 & civilization has a p[] & vig\r :i* has nev] flagg$1 & :i*1 n[ t dogma is trans=m$ into reason1 w n flag :ile ! _w la/s4#ca ,?is extract f a "w publi%$ _m ye>s ago1 seems to me to confirm ! !ory ( my?s :i* ,i h expla9$2 x %[s h[ !y are ultimately fus$ into a simple =m1 9 con=mity ) ! ideas ( civiliz$ society1 & x w also ?r[ light on :at is to foll[4 ,if we consid] ! primitive g5esis & evolution ( my?1 confirm$ by all ! facts ( hi/ory & e?nography1 x w appe> t al?\gh ! matt] on :i* ?\ght 0 ex]cis$ 0 my?ical & fanciful1 ! =m & organiz+ me?od 7 ! same z ^? ( sci5ce4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a sci5tific process to obs]ve1 spontane\sly at fir/1 & !n delib]ately1 ! po9ts ( lik5ess & unlik5ess betwe5 special objects ( p]ception2 we mu/ rise f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 f ! individual to ! species1 ?us ev] enl>g+ ! circle ( obs]vation1 9 ord] to arrive at types1 laws1 & ultimate unity1 or at lea/ a unity suppos$ to be ultimate1 to :i* ev]y?+ is r$uc$4 ,s t ! my?ical faculty ( ?\ght 0 sci5tific 9 its logical =m1 & 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! same way z ! sci5tific faculty4 ,b sci5ce does n m]ely consi/ 9 ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( facts 9 :i* x beg9s1 nor 9 _! comb9ation into g5]al & compreh5sive laws2 ! sequ5ce ( causes & effects mu/ also be und]/ood1 & x is n en\gh to classify ! fact )\t expla9+ its g5esis & cause4 ,we h se5 t ! innate faculty ( p]ception involv$ ! idea ( a cause 9 ! supposition t ! ph5om5on 0 actuat$ by a subject1 & :ile ?\ght classifi$ feti%es & idols 9 a my?ical way1 an inh]5t p[] = good or evil 0 ascrib$ to !m1 n only 9 _! relation to man1 b 9 _! effects on nature4 ,:at ,vico has call$ ! poetry ( physics consi/$ 9 ! explanation ( natural ph5om5a by ! efficacy ( my?ical & sup]natural ag5ts4 ,f ?is po9t ( view aga91 my? & sci5ce pursue id5tically ! same me?od & ! same g5]al =m ( cognition4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,sci5ce is1 9 fact1 ! de-p]sonification ( my?1 arriv+ at a rational idea ( t :i* 0 orig9ally a fanta/ic type by dive/+ x ( its wrapp+s & symbols4 ,9 ! natural evolution ( my?1 man passes f ! extr9sic my?ical sub/ance to ! intr9sic ideal by ! same intellectual process1 & :5 ! types h become ideas1 he c>ries on intr9sically ! entify+ process :i* he fir/ appli$ to ! mat]ial & ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is case also ! process is gradual2 by attempt+ a m rational explanation ( physical ph5om5a1 man atta9s to ultimate conceptions :i* express direct cosmic laws1 & he reg>ds ^! laws z sub/antial entities1 :i* 9 _! orig9ally poly!i/ic =m 7 ! gods :o direct$ all ?+s4 ,"h ! sci5tific my? really beg9s1 s9ce natural =ces & ph5om5a are no long] p]sonifi$ 9 an?ropomorphic be+s2 b ! laws or g5]al pr9ciples ( physics are trans=m$ into mat]ial subjects1 :i* are /ill analog\s to human consci\sness & t5d5cies1 al?\gh ! idolatr\s an?ropomorphism has disappe>$4 ,! comb9ation ( my? & sci5ce 9 ! human m9d does n /op "h1 s9ce1 z ,i h said1 x goes on to =m ideal repres5tations4 ,:5 ?\ght p5etrates m deeply into ! physical laws ( ! univ]se1 & is also m rationally engag$ 9 ! psy*ical exam9ation ( man's own nature1 ideas are classifi$ 9 m g5]al types1 z 9 ! primitive con/ruction ( feti%es1 an?ropomorphic idols1 & physical pr9ciples2 & 9 ?is way an explicit & purely ideal sy/em is =m$1 9 :i* ! images correspond ) ! fanciful & physical types :i* 7 previ\sly creat$4 ,x usually happ5s t ?\ght1 by ! innate faculty ( :i* we h s (t5 spok51 reg>ds ! ideas produc$ by ?is complex m5tal lab\r z mat]ial entities end[$ ) et]nal & indep5d5t exi/5ce2 & ?is produc$ ! ,platonic tea*+1 ! s*ools 9 ,greece & ,italy1 & o!r brilliant illu/rations ( ?is phase ( ?\ght4 ,su* tea*+1 ! result ( explicit reflection1 is a rival ( ! critical sci5ce :i* foll[$ f x4 ,x is always active1 :ile con/antly v>y+ & assum+ fre% =ms2 & x n only fl\ri%es 9 our "t 9 ! religions 9 :i* x f9ds a suitable soil1 b also1 z we %all see1 9 sci5ce itself4 ,9 addition to ?is complex evolution ( my? z a :ole1 special my?s foll[ simil> laws2 s9ce !y are g5]at$ f ! same facts1 & pass ?r\gh ! same phases1 !y culm9ate 9 a p>tial ideality1 & ?is involves a simple & compreh5sive law ( ! ph5om5a 9 "q1 & ev5 a moral or provid5tial ord]4 ,= example1 we may trace ! ,prome!an my? to ! end ( ! ,hell5ic era1 & ! diff]5t phases & f9al ext9ction ( ?is p>ticul> my? are q app>5t4 ,! orig9 ( ! my?1 :i* 0 directly connect$ ) ! p]ception ( ! natural ph5om5a ( light & heat1 0 due to ! same causes z all o!rs1 b we w consid] x 9 its ,v$ic phase1 z x may be ga!r$ f tradition1 & f ! discov]ies ( comp>ative philology1 & we h a sure guide 9 ?is rese>* 9 ! great l+ui/ ,kuhn1 ^: rem>ks h be5 enl>g$ & illu/rat$ by ,baudry4 ,! ,sanscrit ^w = ! act ( produc+ fire by friction is man?mi1 to rub or agitate1 & ?is appe>s f its d]ivative m&ala1 a circle2 t is1 circul> friction4 ,! pieces ( wood us$ = ! production ( fire 7 call$ praman?a1 t :i* revolves1 & arani 0 ! disc on :i* ! friction 0 made4 ,9 ?is phase1 ! feti%es are1 accord+ to our !ory1 9 ! second /age4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans1 & inde$ almo/ all o!r peoples1 knew no o!r way ( k9dl+ a fire1 & 9 ! sacr$ rites ( ! ,p]uvians ! task 0 assign$ to ! ,incas at ! annual fe/ival ( fire4 ,! wood ( ! oak 0 us$ 9 ,g]many1 on acc\nt ( ! r$ col\r ( its b>k1 :i* l$ to ! supposition t ! god ( fire 0 conceal$ 9 x4 ,tan is call$ lohe1 or flame1 9 ,g]many4 ,?is primitive mode ( k9dl+ a fire 0 kn[n to ! ,aryans be=e _! disp]sion1 & friction ) ?is object 0 equival5t to ! bir? ( ! fire-god1 con/ra9+ him to come d[n to e>? f ! air1 f ?und]1 etc42 inde$ fire 0 also call$ dta1 ! mess5g] betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,! "q arose :o _h drawn fire f heav51 & develop$ x 9 ! arani4 ,a resemblance 0 also trac$ betwe5 ! in/rum5ts = k9dl+ fire & ! organs ( g5]ation1 a reciprocal int]*ange ( v>i\s my?s1 z we h be=e obs]v$4 ,agni is conceal$ 9 arani1 l ! embryo 9 ! womb 7,rig-,v$a74 ,?us praman?a is ! mascul9e in/rum5t1 arani ! fem99e1 & ! act ( unit+ !m is copulation4 ,agni _h disappe>$ f e>? & 0 conceal$ 9 a cav]n1 :5ce x 0 drawn by a div9e p]son2 t is1 fire _h disappe>$ & 0 conceal$ )9 ! arani1 :5ce x 0 extract$ by ! praman?a & be/[$ ^u man4 ,mt>ivan1 ! div9e deliv]]1 is !re=e only ! p]sonification ( ! male organ4 ,9 virtue ( ! idea t ! s\l is a sp>k1 & t ! production ( fire resembles g5]ation1 ,bhrigu1 lightn+1 is a creator4 ,! son ( ,bhrigu m>ries ! daught] ( ,manu1 & !y h a son :o at 8 bir? breaks 8 "m's ?igh1 & !re=e takes ! "n ( ,aurva 7f uru a ?igh74 ,?is is only ! lightn+ :i* r5ds ! cl\ds asund]4 ,_m ,grco-,lat9 my?s1 beg9n+ ) t ( ,prome!us mu/ be ref]r$ to ,mt>ivan & to ! ,bhrigu1 & we c trace 9 ! "n ( ,prome!us ! equival5t ( a ,sanscrit =m prma?yus1 "o :o obta9s fire by friction4 ,prome!us is1 9 fact1 ! ravi%] ( cele/ial fire 7a phase ( ! poly!i/ic my? 9 a p]fectly human =m72 he is a div9e praman?a4 ,x is ,prome!us :o 9 "o v]sion ( ! my? cleaves op5 ! head ( ,zeus1 & causes ,a!ne1 ! goddess :o uses ! lightn+ z h] spe>1 to issue f x4 ,! ,greeks aft]w>ds c>ri$ on ! evolution ( my? 9 its transition f ! physical to ! moral ph5om5on1 &1 =getful ( 8 orig91 !y made ,prome!us into a se]4 ,z ,bhrigu1 he creat$ man ( e>? & wat]1 & brea!d into him ! sp>k ( life4 ,villem>qu tells u t 9 ,celtic antiquity !re 0 an analog\s my?1 z we might naturally expect1 s9ce ! ,celts belong to ! ,aryan /ock2 ,gw5n-,aran 7albus sup]us7 0 a sup]natural be+ :i* issu$ l lightn+ f a cl\d4 ,! m ?\ghtful ,greeks did n limit ! ,prome!an my? to ! idol & to an?ropomorphic fancies1 b x pass$ into a moral conception1 & we h a pro( ( ?is transition 9 s*ylus4 ,9 fact1 z ,silve/ro ,c5t(onti obs]ves 9 a lecture on ! *>act]i/ics ( ,greek lit]ature1 ! gr& figure ( ! s*ylean ,prome!us is a poetic p]sonification ( ,?\ght1 & ( its my/]i\s fates 9 ! sph]e ( life z a :ole4 ,fir/1 9 its et]nal exi/5ce1 z a primitive & organic =ce 9 ! sy/em ( ! _w2 !n 9 ! ord] ( human ?+s1 fett]$ by ! bonds ( civilization1 & subject to ! necessities1 lu/s1 & evils :i* con/antly1 arise f ! union ( s\l & matt] 9 unsatisfi$ mortals4 ,?\ght is itself ! s\rce ( torm5t+ c>es 9 ?is e>?ly slav]y1 yet ! s5se ( p[] makes x inv9cible1 firm 9 its purpose to endure all suff]+s1 to be sup]ior to all ev5ts2 assur$ ( future fre$om1 & always on ! way to a*ieve x by rev]t+ to ! gr&eur ( its innate p]fection2 f9ally atta9+ to ?is happy /ate1 by %ak+ (f all ! enslav+ bonds & anxi\s c>es ( ! k+dom ( ,zeus1 & by obta9+ a p]fect life ?r\gh ! inspirations ( wisdom1 :5 ! revolutions ( ! heav5s %\ld fill ! e>? ) div9e p[]1 & re/ore ! happ9ess ( primeval times4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is /up5d\s trag$y s*ylus is lead+ u to ! tru? 9 a ?reefold s5se3 /hetic1 morally political1 & cosmic4 ,! supreme idea :i* sums up ! :ole value ( ! composition is p]haps t ( an inevitable reciprocity ( action & reaction betwe5 m9d & effective =ce1 betwe5 ! primitive provid5ce ( nature & ! subsequ5t laws ( art1 bo? 9 ! civilization ( mank9d & 9 ! ord] & life ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ?is way ! evolution ( ! special my? 0 trans=m$ into poetry by ! int]weav+1 collection1 & fusion ) o!r my?s1 & 9 ! m9ds ( a high] ord] x 0 resolv$ into an allegory or symbol ( ! =ces ( nature1 into provid5tial laws or a moral conception4 ,?is law ( progressive trans=mation also occurs 9 ! successive modifications ( ! special mean+ ( words1 s f> z !y indicate n only ! ?+ itself1 b ! image :i* gave rise to ! primitive roots4 ,= a long :ile1 ^? :o he>d ! ^w 7 n only consci\s ( ! object :i* x repres5t$1 b ( its image1 :i* ?us became a s\rce ( /hetic enjoym5t to !m4 ,z "t w5t on1 ?is image 0 no long] reproduc$1 & ! b>e indication rema9$1 until ! ^w gradually lo/ all mat]ial repres5tation1 & became an algebraical sign1 :i* m]ely recall$ ! object 9 "q to ! m9d4 ,:51 = example1 we n[ use ! ^w 7coltello71 c\lt]1 ! in/rum5t indicat$ by ?is phonetic sign imm$iately recurs to ! m9d & no?+ else2 ! intellig5ce w\ld see no impropriety 9 ! use ( "s o!r sign if x 7 g5]ally intelligible4 ,b 9 ! times ( primitive spee*1 ! inv5tors ( ?is rude in/rum5t 7 consci\s ( ! mat]ial image :i* gave rise to x1 & !y 7 likewise consci\s ( all ! cognate images :i* div]g$ f ! same root1 & 9 ?is way a brief b vivid drama 0 pres5t$ to ! imag9ation4 ,if we exam9e ?is ^w ) ,pictet & o!rs1 we %all f9d t ! "n ( ! pl\gh comes f ! ,sanscrit krt1 krnt1 k>t1 to cleave or divide4 ,h5ce krntatra1 a pl\gh or divid+ in/rum5t4 ,! root krt subsequ5tly became kut or kutt1 to :i* we mu/ ref] kta1 ktaka1 ! body ( ! pl\gh4 ,?is root krt1 k>t1 is f\nd 9 _m ,european languages 9 ! g5]al s5se ( cutt+ or break+1 z 9 ! old ,slav ^w kratiti1 to cut (f4 ,x is also appli$ to lab\r & its in/rum5ts3 k>tti1 to pl\gh ov] aga91 k>ta1 a l9e or furr[1 & 9 ! ,v$ic ,sanscrit1 k>ta1 a dit* or hole4 ,h5ce ! ,lat9 cult] a saw1 cultellus1 a c\lt]1 & ! ,sanscrit k>t>i1 a c\lt]4 ,! ,slav words = ! mole :i* burr[s 9 ! e>? are connect$ ) ! root krt1 or ! ,slav krat4 ,9 v remote times1 m5 n only und]/ood ! object indicat$ 9 ! ^w = a c\lt]1 b !y 7 s5sible ( ! image ( ! primitive krt & its affixes1 :i* 7 likewise d]iv$ f ! primitive images1 & ) ^! !y includ$ ! cognate images ( ! sev]al d]ivatives f ! root4 ,9 ^! days ! ^w c\lt] & ! ,sanscrit k>t>i are simply signs or phonetic notations1 insignificant 9 !mselves1 & ev]y?+ else has disappe>$4 ,b 9 primitive times an image animat$ ! ^w1 :i* by ! necess>y faculty ( p]ception s (t5 describ$ 0 trans=m$ into a k9d ( subject :i* effect$ ! action indicat$ by ! root4 ,z ?is p]sonality gradually fad$ away1 ! actual repres5tation ( ! image 0 lo/1 & ev5 its remote e*o f9ally vani%$1 :ile ! phonetic notation rema9$1 devoid ( life & memory1 & )\t ! recurr5ce ( cognate images :i* /r5g!n$ ! orig9al idea by association4 ,all words und]go ! l evolution1 & ?is may be call$ ! my?ical evolution ( spee*4 ,?us ! ,sanscrit ^w = daught] is duhit>2 9 ,p]sian x is d*t>1 9 ,greek ,greek3 ,?ugatr1 9 ,go?ic dauht>1 9 ,g]man ,to*t]4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! root duh1 to milk1 s9ce ?is 0 ! girl's bus9ess 9 a pa/oral family4 ,! sign /ill rema9s1 b x has lo/ its mean+1 s9ce ! image & ! drama h vani%$4 ,?is analysis applies to all languages1 & x may also be trac$ 9 ! words = numb]s4 ,! numb] five1 = example1 among ! ,aryans & 9 _m o!r tongues1 signifies h&4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,?ibet1 9 ,siam1 & cognate languages1 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & 9 ! :ole ( ,oceania1 9 ,africa1 & 9 _m ( ! ,am]ican peoples & tribes1 :]e x is ! orig9 ( ! decimal sy/em4 ,9 ,hom] we f9d ! v]b ,greek3 pempaze91 to c\nt 9 fives1 & !n = c\nt+ 9 g5]al2 9 ,lapl& lokket1 & 9 ,f9l& lukea1 to c\nt1 is d]iv$ f lokke1 t52 & ! ,bamb>ese adang1 to c\nt1 is ! orig9 ( tank1 t54 ,:5 ! num]ical idea ( five 0 fir/ grasp$1 ! conception 0 altoge!r mat]ial1 & 0 express$ by ! image ( ! five-f+]$ h&4 ,9 ! m9d ( ! e>lie/ rude calculators1 ! numb] five 0 pres5t$ to !m z a mat]ial h&1 & ! ^w involv$ a real image1 ( :i* !y became consci\s 9 utt]+ x4 ,! numb] & ! h& 7 consequ5tly fus$ toge!r 9 _! respective images1 & signifi$ some?+ actually comb9$ toge!r1 :i* effect$ 9 a mat]ial =m ! g5esis ( ?is num]ical repres5tation4 ,b ! mat]ial entity gradually disappe>$1 ! image fad$ & 0 dive/$ ( its p]sonality1 & only ! phonetic notation five rema9$1 :i* no long] recalls a h&1 ! orig9 ( ! sev]al num]als1 nor words connect$ ) x4 ,x is n[ a m]e sign1 ap>t f any rational idea4 ,! same may be said ( ! o!r num]als4 ,we give ^! few examples1 :i* apply to all words1 s9ce !y all foll[ ! same c\rse1 beg9n+ ) ! real & primitive image1 subjectively effect+ _! peculi> mean+4 ,h5ce we see h[ ! intr9sic law ( my? is evolv$ 9 e human act 9 div]se ways1 b always ) ! same results4 ,9 fact1 be=e articulate spee*1 = :i* man 0 adapt$ by 8 organs & physiological conditions1 0 =mulat$ into words = ?+s & words = %ape1 man l animals ?\ght 9 images2 he associat$ & dissociat$1 he compos$ & decompos$1 he mov$ & remov$ images1 :i* suffic$ = all individual & imm$iate op]ations ( 8 m9d4 ,! relations ( ?+s 7 felt1 or r se5 ?r\gh 8 inw>d repres5tation ( !m z 9 a picture1 express+ 9 a mat]ial =m ! respective positions ( figures & objects :i*1 s9ce !y are remote f him1 c only be express$ by su* words z ne>]1 l[] or high]1 fa9t or cle>1 by m vivid or pal] t9ts1 su* z we see 9 a runn+ /ream1 9 ! =ms ( cl\ds1 9 ! reciprocal relations ( all objects repres5t$ 9 pa9t+4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! primeval process ( ?\ght by means ( images1 x is necess>y to conceive su* a picture z liv+ & mobile1 & con/antly =m+ a fre% comb9ation ( p>ts4 ,animals h n1 & primeval man _h n1 ! phonetic signs or words :i* give an individual "* to ! images1 & s repres5t !m t by comb9+ ^! images 9 an articulate =m1 ?\ght may be repres5t$ by signs2 & 9 & ?r\gh ^! a univ]sal & objective mode ( ex]cis+ ! intellectual faculty ( reason+ has be5 creat$4 ,spee* c1 by means ( reflex memory1 produce at w ! p>ticul> images already classifi$ 9 ! m9d1 & ?is makes ! process ( reason+ possible2 s9ce su* a process becomes m easy by ! use ( signs to :i* ! att5tion c rev]t4 ,! relative size ( objects1 & ! l qualities1 :i* are at fir/ reg>d$ z s _m diff]5t intuitions 9 space1 are def9$ by words or ge/ures1 & are ?us subject$ to comp>ative analogy2 b 9 ! e>ly /ages ( language ^! relations 7 pres5t$ 9 an extr9sic =m by phonetic signs1 & became images :i* 9 "s sort repres5t$ "o p>ticul> /ate ( consci\sness ) respect to ! two ?+s comp>$4 ,galton1 speak+ ( ! ,dam>as1 tells u t !y f9d great difficulty 9 c\nt+ m ?an five1 s9ce !y h n ano!r h& ) :i* to grasp ! f+]s :i* repres5t ! units4 ,:5 !y lose any ( _! cattle1 !y d n discov] ! loss by ! dim9ution ( ! numb]1 b by miss+ a famili> object4 ,if two packets ( tobacco are giv5 to !m z ! regulation price ( a %eep1 !y w be altoge!r at a loss to und]/& ! receipt ( f\r packets 9 ex*ange = two %eep4 ,su* examples might be multipli$ to any ext5t4 ,we repeat t :5 n end[$ ) spee*1 or "s analog\s means1 animals & man ?9k 9 images1 & ! relations betwe5 ^! images are obs]v$ 9 ! simultane\sness & succession ( _! real diff]5ces2 ^! images are comb9$1 associat$1 & comp>$ by ! developm5t ( reflex p[]1 & h5ce arises ! e/imate ( _! concrete relations4 ,( ?is we h ano!r pro(1 obs]v$ by ,romanes 9 a lecture on ! intellig5ce ( animals1 & confirm$ by myself1 9 ! condition ( deaf-mutes be=e !y are educat$1 9 ^: case ! extr9sic sign & figure takes ! place ( ! phonetic & articulate sign4 ,:]e spee* is want+1 x is /ill possible to foll[ a consci\s & imag9ative process ( reason+1 b n to rise to ! high] ab/ract ideas :i* may be g5]at$ by su* reason+4 ,! ?\ght ( deaf-mutes always assumes ! mo/ concrete =m1 & "o :o 0 educat$ late 9 life in=m$ ,romanes t he _h always be=e ?\ght 9 images4 ,i "k no in/ance ( a deaf-mute :o has indep5d5tly atta9$ to an advanc$ intellectual /age1 or :o has be5 able )\t education to =m any conception ( a sup]natural _w4 ,r4,s4 ,smi? ass]ts t "o ( 8 deaf-mute pupils believ$1 be=e 8 education1 t ! ,bible _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! heav5s by a pr9t+ press ( enorm\s p[]2 & ,graham ,bell speaks ( a deaf-mute :o suppos$ t p w5t to *ur* to d hon\r to ! cl]gyman4 ,9 %ort1 ! intellectual condition ( un$ucat$ deaf-mutes is on a level ) t ( animals1 z f> z ! possibility ( =m+ ab/ract ideas is conc]n$1 & !y ?9k 9 images4 ,!re is a well-kn[n in/ance 9 ! deplorable condition ( ,laura ,bridgman1 :o f ! "t %e 0 two ye>s old1 0 deaf & dumb1 bl9d1 & ev5 )\t ! s5se ( ta/e1 s t ! s5se ( t\* 0 all t rema9$4 ,by p]sev]+ & t5d] in/ruction1 %e atta9$ to an intellectual condition :i* 0 relatively high4 ,a c>eful /udy ( h] case %[$ t %e _h be5 altoge!r )\t intuitive k ( causes1 ( ! absolute1 & ( ,god4 ,h[e d\bts :e!r %e _h any idea ( space & "t1 b ?is 0 n absolutely prov$1 s9ce z f> z di/ance 0 conc]n$1 %e seem$ to e/imate x1 by muscul> s5sation4 ,ev]y?+ %[$ t %e ?\ght 9 images4 ,al?\gh )\t any s5sation ( light or s\nd1 %e made c]ta9 noises 9 h] ?roat to indicate diff]5t p :5 %e 0 consci\s ( _! pres5ce or :5 %e ?\ght ( !m1 s t %e 0 naturally impell$ to express e ?\ght or s5sation1 n ext]nally p]ceiv$1 by a sign2 & ?is %[s ! t5d5cy ( e idea & image t[>ds an extr9sic =m4 ,%e (t5 conv]s$ ) h]self1 g5]ally mak+ signs ) "o h& & reply+ ) ! o!r4 ,x 0 evid5t t a muscul> sign or ! motion ( ! f+]s 0 sub/itut$ = ! phonetic signs ( spee*1 & 9 ?is way ideas & images receiv$ _! necess>ily extr9sic =m4 ,! image 0 embodi$ 9 a muscul> act & motion1 & 9 ?is way ?\ght _h its concrete repres5tation4 ,! same results w\ld1 z f> z we "k1 be obta9$ f o!rs 9 ! same unhappy conditions z ,laura ,bridgman4 ,x is !re=e cle> t primitive language 0 only a vocal & individual sign ( mat]ial images1 & x 0 = a long :ile re/rict$ to ^! concrete limits4 ,s9ce ! vocal signs ( ! relations ( ?+s are less easily express$1 ^! relations 7 at fir/ set =? by ge/ures1 by a movem5t ( ! :ole p]son1 & especially ( ! h&s & face4 ,?is prelim9>y action is help$ by ! imitative faculty ) :i* *ildr5 & uncultur$ peoples are m especially end[$1 ( :i* we h also in/ances 9 ! high] animals ne>e/ to man4 ,! negroes imitate ! ge/ures1 clo?+1 & cu/oms ( :ite m5 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y & grotesque mann]1 & s d ! natives ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,kams*atkans h a great p[] ( imitat+ o!r m5 & animals1 & ?is is also ! case ) ! inhabitants ( ,vanc\v]4 ,h]ndon 0 a/oni%$ by ! mimic arts ( ! ,brazilian ,indians1 & ,wilkes made ! same obs]vation on ! ,patagonians4 ,?is faculty is /ill m app>5t 9 ! l[] races4 ,_m travell]s h spok5 ( ! extraord9>y t5d5cy to imitation among ! ,fuegians2 &1 accord+ to ,monat1 ! ,&aman isl&]s are n less dispos$ to mimicry & imitation4 ,mit*ell /ates t ! ,au/ralians possess ! same p[]4 ,?is fact also applies to ! languages ( extremely rude & savage peoples4 ,"s ,am]ican ,indians1 = in/ance1 help out _! s5t5ces & make !m intelligible by contortion ( _! features & o!r ge/iculations1 & ! same obs]vation 0 made by ,s*we9wur? ( an ,african tribe4 ,! language ( ! ,bosjesmanns requires s _m signs to make ! mean+ ( _! words intelligible t x _c be und]/ood 9 ! d>k4 ,^! facts p>tly expla9 ! natural g5esis ( human languages4 ,we h le>n$ f our e>li] obs]vations t ph5om5a appe> to ! p]ceptive faculty ( primitive man z subjects end[$ ) p[]4 ,! subjectivity ( ^! ph5om5a1 _! intr9sic conditions & actions are fus$ into spee*1 :i* is _! liv+ & consci\s symbol2 & x is cle> t ! evolution ( language f ! concrete to ! symbolical1 & h5ce to ! simple sign ( ! object1 dive/$ ( its orig9al p[]1 is analog\s to t ( my?4 ,?is law ( evolution also applies to ! art ( writ+1 :i* is at fir/ only ! precise copy ( ! image2 x is next trans=m$ into an analog\s symbol1 & !n into an alphabetical sign1 :i* s]ves z ! simple expression ( ! conception1 dive/$ ( its orig9ally repres5tative faculty4 ,h5ce x is app>5t t ! evolution ( my? con=ms to ! g5]al law ( ! evolution ( human ?\ght1 ( all its products & arts 9 _! manifold ramifications4 ,f ! image1 ! in=m+ subject1 f ! conception & ! my?1 ! necess>y cycle is accompli%$ 9 regul> phases1 :]ev] ! e?nic temp]am5t & capacity & extr9sic circum/ances p]mit x1 until ! rational idea is rea*$1 ! sign or ciph] :i* becomes ! p[]ful in/rum5t ( ! ex]cise & g5]alization ( ?\ght4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! efficacy ( ! my?ical & sci5tific faculty ( ?\ght compris$ 9 ! sy/ems ( anci5t & mod]n philosophy1 & its sl[ progress t[>ds positive & rational sci5ce1 we w adduce an in/ance f ! p 9 :om su* an evolution 0 accompli%$1 aid$ by all ! civiliz$ peoples 9 reciprocal communication ) !m4 ,let u see h[ ?is faculty 0 manife/$ 9 ! ,greeks at a "t :5 !y fir/ attempt$ to r$uce ! e>li] & scanty k ( nature to a sy/em4 ,9 ,greece ! hi/orical c\rse ( ?is faculty ramifi$ into two classes ( rese>*1 :i* 7 at t "t objective1 ! ,ionic & ! ,py?agorean s*ools4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! ph5om5on & nature 7 assum$ to be ! direct object ( k1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! object 9 view 0 ! idea & h>mony ( ?+s4 ,influ5c$ by e>li] & popul> traditions1 a my?ical & philosophic sy/em arose 9 ! ,ionic s*ool1 :i* 0 exclusively devot$ to physical speculations4 ,9 ,l[] ,italy1 on ! contr>y1 & 9 colonies :i* 7 = ! mo/ "p ,doric1 a sci5ce 0 con/itut$ :i*1 al?\gh x includ$ physics & natural ph5om5a1 did n only consid] _! mat]ial value1 b s\ght to extract f _! laws & h>mony a crit]ion ( good & evil4 ,ritt] obs]ves t ! intimate connection betwe5 ! ,py?agorean philosophy & lyrical music--( :i* ! orig9 0 s\ght z a clue to expla9 ! _w--%[s h[ f> ?is philosophy 0 consonant ) ,doric ?\ght4 ,?is hi/oric process is q natural1 s9ce ! speculations ( philosophy are fir/ direct$ to physical ph5om5a1 z !y are display$ 9 inw>d & 9 ext]nal life1 & !n rise to ! consid]ation ( specific types1 9 a ^w1 to ! g5]al & ! univ]sal4 ,?r\gh\t ?is philosophical evolution ! consid]ation is ma9ly f ! objective po9t ( view1 & ?is is 9 con=mity ) ! intellectual evolution ( reason1 s9ce ! m9d is fir/ occupi$ ) ! k ( ?+s4 ,9 accordance ) tradition & ! logic ( ?+s1 ,ionic speculation 0 develop$ be=e ! ,doric4 ,! ,eleatic s*ool foll[$ f ! two =m]1 al?\gh its developm5t 0 contempor>y ) ! m p]fect /age ( ^!1 & its influ5ce ^u !m 0 to "s ext5t reaction>y4 ,?ales taught t ev]y?+ 0 d]iv$ f "o unique pr9ciple1 namely wat]4 ,! anci5ts believ$ t ! l& 0 sep>at$ f ! wat] by a primitive & my?ical process1 a belief :i* _h its s\rce 9 ! appe>ance ( aque\s & meteorological ph5om5a2 s t ! tea*+ ( ,?ales foll[$ ! e>lie/ popul> traditions1 ( :i* we f9d traces 9 ! ,indies1 9 ,egypt1 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 & 9 _m leg5ds diffus$ ?r\gh ! _w ev5 9 mod]n times4 ,he said t ev]y?+ 0 n\ri%$ by moi/ure1 f :i* heat itself 0 d]iv$1 & t moi/ure 0 ! se$ ( all ?+s2 t wat] is ! orig9 ( ?is moi/ure1 & s9ce all ?+s are d]iv$ f x x is ! primitive pr9ciple ( ! _w4 ,we see h[ mu* ?is !ory is conc]n$ ) natural ph5om5a 9 _! life1 nutrition1 & bir? by means ( se$4 ,he reg>d$ ! _w z a liv+ be+1 :i* _h be5 evolv$ f an imp]fect g]m ( moi/ure4 ,?is mode ( animat+ ! _w1 :i* consi/s 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( a g]m already 9 exi/5ce1 reappe>s 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 philosophy4 ,he saw life 9 ! appe>ance ( dea?1 & held ! load/one & yell[ amb] to be animate bodies1 decl>+ g5]ally t ! _w is alive1 & fill$ ) demons & g5ii4#cb ,we trace ! basis ( ^! ideas 9 traditions prior to ,?ales1 decl>+ ! _w to be a liv+ be+1 & t ev]y?+ 0 d]iv$ f a primitive condition ( g]ms4 ,! same op9ion 0 held by ,hippo1 by ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 by ,h]aclitus1 & by ,anaxagoras4 ,ari/otle /ates t ! !ory ( developm5t by g]ms 0 extremely anci5t 9 8 "t4 ,! o!r philosoph]s ( ! ,ionic & successive s*ools m+l$ ^! fanciful ideas ) ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( _! !ories z to ! orig9 & con/itution ( ! _w1 s t x is unnecess>y to ref] to !m1 s9ce ! me?od & conceptions are id5tical4 ,x is evid5t f ?is sket* t :ile ?\ght gradually evolv$ a m rational sy/em ( g5]al k1 ! e>li] idols & primitive my?ical int]pretations 7 n ab&on$1 al?\gh !y assum$ a l>g] & m sci5tific =m4 ,?ales & o!rs assign$ a me*anical orig9 to ?+s1 su* z wat]1 fire1 or ! l1 :i* 0 contr>y to an?ropomorphic ideas2 yet !y /ill reg>d$ ! _w z a liv+ be+1 develop$ & p]fect$ by ! same laws & functions z all plants & animals1 & !y peopl$ x ) g5ii & demons1 ?us h&+ on ! e>lie/ & rude/ traditions ( ! race4 ,:ile ! sci5tific faculty 0 ga!r+ /r5g? & lead+ ! way to a m rational consid]ation ( ! _w & natural ph5om5a1 really advanc+ beyond ! e>li] ideas :i* _h be5 almo/ :olly my?ical1 my? 0 /ill ! matrix ( ?\ght1 al?\gh its envelopm5t 0 p>tly r5t asund] & 0 becom+ transp>5t4 ,f ?is brief notice ( ! ,ionic philosophy1 suffici5t = our purpose1 let u return to ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 9 :i*1 al?\gh ! faculty at "w is ess5tially objective1 !re is a clos] consid]ation ( ! analogies betwe5 ?\ght & ! _w1 & ! gr\nd is m (t5 retrac$1 s t !ory assumes a m intellectual =m4 ,! ,py?agoreans repres5t$ ! orig9 ( ! _w z ! union ( ! two opposite pr9ciples ( ! illimitable & ! limit$1 ( ! equal & ! unequal4 ,yet !y conceive ?is to be a primitive union1 s9ce !y =mulat$ ! supreme pr9ciple z equal--unequal 7,ari/4 ,met4 xii4 #g47 ,!y held ! inf9ite to be ! place ( ! "o4 ,!re 0 an attraction betwe5 ! two pr9ciples1 :i* 0 t]m$ ! act ( brea?+2 h5ce ! void ent]$ into ! _w & sep>at$ ?+s f ea* o!r4 ,?us _! conception ( ! _w 0 t ( a conc\rse ( opposite pr9ciples4 ,!y repres5t$ its limits z a unity & z ! true beg9n+ ( multiplicity4 ,!y reg>d$ ! developm5t ( ! _w z a process ( life regulat$ by ! primitive pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! _w2 its brea? or life dep5d$ on ! break+ =? ( ! inf9ite void 9 ,uranus1 & ! "t :i* is t]m$ ! int]val ( all nature p5etrates at once & ) ! brea? into ! _w4 ,all !re=e emanates f "o1 & all is at ! same "t gov]n$ by "o supreme p[]4 ,numb] is ev]y?+1 & is ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 b ! triad includes all numb]1 s9ce x conta9s ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end4 ,ev]y?+ is d]iv$ f ! primitive "o & f ! pr9cipal numb]2 & s9ce ?is numb] 9 brea?+ its vital evolution into ! void is divid$ into _m units1 ev]y?+ is d]iv$ f ! multiplicity ( ^! units or numb]s4 ,s9ce1 by 8 idea ( ! s\rce ( univ]sal ord]1 ,py?agoras p>tly accept$ ! !ocosmic monad z ! f9al & necess>y root ( all life1 & ( all t is kn[able1 he c\ld n fail to see ! conv]tibility ( ! unit into ! ,be+4 ,b if ! unit mu/ always prec$e ! manifold1 !re is a fir/ unit f :i* all ! o!rs proce$2 if ?is fir/ & et]nal unit is at ! same "t ! absolute be+1 x foll[s t numb] & ! _w h a common orig9 & a common ess5ce1 & t ! intr9sic causes & possible comb9ations ( numb] are virtually accompli%$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! _w1 & ^! causes & comb9ations are ideal =ms ( ?is developm5t4 ,! monad is develop$ by ^! laws ?r\gh all ! g5]ative processes ( nature1 :ile at ! same "t x rema9s et]nal 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se2 s t ?+s n only h _! orig9 & ess5ce1 _! place & "t accord+ to num]ical causes1 b ea* is 9 effect a numb] z f> z its individual prop]ties & ! univ]sal process ( cosmic life are conc]n$4 ,! reason ( ! numb] mu/ dep5d ^u ! sub/ance1 by ! configurations ( :i* x is def9$1 divid$1 add$1 & multipli$1 & to ?is geometry is add$1 :i* measures all ?+s 9 relation to !mselves & o!rs4 ,?is et]nal cause makes x intelligible t if immat]ial pr9ciples prec$e & gov]n ! :ole mat]ial _w1 x is also by means ( ^! t ! classification ( sci5ce is 9 intr9sic agreem5t ) t ( nature4 ,numb]s h _! value 9 music1 9 gymna/ics1 9 m$ic9e1 9 morals1 9 politics1 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,! ,py?agorean ari?metic is ! bond & univ]sal logic ( ! kn[able4 ,b at ! same "t ,py?agoras & 8 s*ool peopl$ ! _w ) demons & g5ii1 :i* 7 ! causes ( disease2 !y did n ab&on ! old my?ical ideas ( ! inc>nation ( spirits & ! transmigration ( s\ls--!ories & beliefs :i* recur 9 ne>ly all primitive & savage peoples4 ,9 ?is va/ ,py?agorean s*eme1 :i* contra/s ) t ( ! ,ionic s*ool ( physics1 ?\ght is m explicitly fre$ f ! rud] my?ical ideas1 & rises to a m intellig5t & rational conception ( ! _w1 b ! anci5t popul> traditions /ill p]si/1 & !re is an evid5t entification ( numb]4 ,! primitive monad1 numb]s1 _! g5esis & relations1 are n reg>d$ z ab/ract conceptions1 necess>y = und]/&+ ! ord] ( nature1 & a m]ely logical function ( ! m9d2 !y are ! sub/antial ess5ce :i* und]lies all my?ical repres5tations4 ,al?\gh ! ess5tial life ( ! _w is consid]$ f a m ab/ract po9t ( view1 yet ! my?ical analogy ( animal life evid5tly f9ds a place 9 ! brea? ( ! void & ( "t1 assum$ to be indep5d5t entities4 ,! subsequ5t tra9 ( beliefs 9 spirits1 ( _! inc>nations & transmigrations1 are closely connect$ ) ! phantasmagoria ( ! pa/1 & display _! my?ical g5esis2 yet by _! deep] & m explicit ?\ght !y may be said to infuse intellectual life into ! _w & into sci5ce :i* relates to x4 ,9 ?is fir/ rational classification ( sci5ce by ! ,greeks1 bo? on its physical & its ideal side1 ?\ght sometimes issues 9 ! simple contemplation ( manifold nature1 :ile x /ill cont9ues my?ical 9 its fundam5tal conceptions & spiritual coroll>ies2 my?1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( be+ altoge!r an?ropomorphic1 beg9s to become sci5tific4 ,i mu/ "h be all[$ to quote a hymn 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* 0 hi/orically e>li] ?an ! primitive philosophy ( ,greece1 b :i* reveals ! same t5d5cy1 ! same my?ical & sci5tific tea*+ 9 its int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is hymn1 :i* has be5 translat$ & expla9$ by ,max ,mll]1 we see h[ boldly ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! _w is /at$ 7hymn #abi1 book x47-- ,nor ,aught nor ,n\ght exi/$2 yon bright sky ,0 n1 nor heav5's broad wo( out/ret*$ above4 ,:at cov]$ all8 :at %elt]$8 :at conceal$8 ,0 x ! wat]'s fa?omless abyss8 ,!re 0 n dea?--yet 0 !re n\ght immortal1 ,!re 0 no conf9e betwixt day & night2 ,! only ,"o brea!d brea?less by itself1 ,o!r ?an ,x !re no?+ s9ce has be54 ,d>kness !re 01 & all at fir/ 0 veil$ ,9 gloom pr(\nd--an ocean )\t light-- ,! g]m t /ill lay cov]$ 9 ! husk ,bur/ =?1 "o nature1 f ! f]v5t heat4 ,!n fir/ came love ^u x1 ! new spr+ ,( m9d--yea1 poets 9 _! he>ts disc]n$1 ,pond]+1 ?is bond betwe5 creat$ ?+s ,& uncreat$4 ,comes ?is sp>k f e>?1 ,pi]c+ & all-p]vad+1 or f heav58 ,!n se$s 7 s[n1 & mighty p[]s arose-- ,nature bel[1 & p[] & w above-- ,:o kn[s ! secret8 :o proclaim$ x "h1 ,:5ce1 :5ce ?is manifold creation sprang8 ,! gods !mselves came lat] into be+-- ,:o kn[s f :5ce ?is great creation sprang8 ,he f :om all ?is great creation came1 ,:e!r 8 w creat$ or 0 mute1 ,! ,mo/ ,high ,se] t is 9 highe/ heav51 ,he kn[s x--or p]*ance ev5 ,he kn[s n4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is hymn1 ! expression ( ! mom5t :5 human ?\ght 0 p>tly fre$ f ! e>li] an?ropomorphic ideas1 ! sci5tific faculty :i* attempts a rational explanation ( ! _w is %[n2 & al?\gh ?is is an isolat$ inspiration ( ! prophet1 yet x %ad[s =? ! conclusions to :i* ! primitive ,hell5ic speculation came :5 x 0 delib]ately ex]t$ to solve ! problem ( creation4 ,9 fact1 !re is "h an intimation ( ! wat]s1 ( ! void or deep abyss1 z ! beg9n+s ( ! _w2 ( ! brea? ( ! ,"o1 ! hidd5 g]m ( ?+s develop$ by means ( heat2 ( productive p[]s z a l[]1 & en]gy z a high] =m ( nature2 ( conceptions f\nd 9 ! ,ionic1 ! ,py?agorean1 & ! ,eleatic philosophies1 :i* all conv]ge into ! "o4 ,all belong to ! same ,aryan race4 ,! ,v$ic composition repres5ts 9 ,dyvpr?iv ! close connection betwe5 ! two div9ities1 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! "o consid]$ z ! active & creative pr9ciple1 ! o!r z t :i* is passive & f]tiliz$2 ! same ideas1 m or less work$ out1 und]lie n only ! fir/ philosophies1 b successive !ories & sy/ems4 ,! wor%ip ( wat]1 ( fire1 & ( air involv$ _! p]sonification1 & !y !n became excit+ pr9ciples1 9 accordance ) ! law ( evolution :i* we h laid d[n4 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 z well z 9 ! ,z5dave/a1 ! wat]s are collectively invok$ by _! special "n pas1 & !y are t]m$ ! mo!rs1 ! div9e1 :i* conta9 ! amrta or ambrosia1 & all heal+ p[]s4 ,9 ,agni & its ,v$ic trans=mations we cle>ly trace ! wor%ip ( fire1 & its cosmic value4 ,! ,v$ic wor%ip ( ! air is ,vyu1 f va1 to brea!1 :o is associat$ ) ! high] gods1 & especially ) ,indra1 rul] ( ! atmosph]e3 next comes ,rudra1 ! god ( /orms1 accompani$ by ! ,m>uti1 ! w9ds2 & 9 ! ,z5dave/a ! air is invok$ z an elem5t4 ,h5ce we see t a m rational conception ( ! g5esis ( ! _w succe$s to ^! e>li] repres5tations & p]sonifications ( ! elem5ts2 repres5tations :i* 9 ano!r =m endure ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( human ?\ght4 ,x is n[ necess>y to consid] ! o!r p]iod ( ! my?ical & sci5tific evolution :i* _h its def9itive conclusion 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 tea*]s :o ev5 n[ to "s ext5t influ5ce ! two great curr5ts ( speculative sci5ce4 ,= u1 h[ev]1 x is m important to consid] ! ,platonic tea*+ z t 9 :i* ! my?ical evolution ( ! e>li] repres5tations has full & cle> expression2 :ile 9 ! ,ari/otelian philosophy an elem5t ( dissolution is already at "w :i* ?r[s "s light on ! illusions ( ! ,platonic s*ool4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! spontane\s & ev5 ! reflective intellectual faculty gradually assimilat$ special & indep5d5t my?s into compreh5sive types1 :i* ref]r$ to all natural objects4 ,next1 ! inc>nation ( spirits produc$ ! e>lie/ =ms ( poly!ism1 & ^! 7 sl[ly classifi$ into m conc5tric circles1 & f9ally into a s+le hi]>*ical sy/em4 ,ow+ to ! attitude & e?nic temp]am5t ( ! ,greeks1 ! glori\s an?ropomorphism ( _! ,olympus arose 9 a m vivid =m ?an else:]e1 & x 0 imp]sonat$ 9 ! all-p[]ful & all-see+ ,zeus1 rul] ( ! _w1 ( gods & m54 ,?is process1 modifi$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 0 c>ri$ on 9 all races4 ,h5ce x result$ t e object _h a type1 its god2 ev]y?+ 0 typically individuat$ 9 an an?ropomorphic entity 9 su* a way t !re arose a natural dualism betwe5 ! ph5om5a1 facts1 & cosmic ord]s on ! "o side1 & on ! o!r ! hi]>*y ( gods :o repres5t$ !m & ov] :om !y presid$4 ,! ,hell5ic philosophies prior to ,plato1 bo? physical & intellectual1 & also ! psy*ological morality ( ,socrates1 _h already accompli%$ ! fir/ evolution ( ?is typical /age ( univ]sal poly!ism1 sub/itut+ = an?ropomorphic repres5tations physical & intellectual pr9ciples & p[]s4 ,?\ght 0 educat$ 9 its inw>d ex]cise1 z well z 9 ! obs]vation ( facts & ideal repres5tations4 ,b--& ?is con/itut$ ! fir/ evolution ( an?ropomorphism 9 g5]al--^! p[]s all express$ ! ?+ 9 its g5]al & ph5om5al =m2 x 0 end[$ ) m]ely zoomorphic =ce1 & ! _w 0 reg>d$ z physiologically liv+4 ,plato1 impell$ by ! =ego+ evolution1 & by ! l>ge & exquisitely /hetic "* ( 8 g5ius1 accompli%$ ! second & altoge!r intellectual /age ( evolution by inv]t+ ! problem2 he affirm$ t ! f9al & intr9sic result ( ! ex]cise ( ?\ght 0 its e>li] & et]nal ess5ce1 extr9sic & objective4 ,! types :i* 7 fir/ feti%es & !n poly!i/ic 7 trans=m$ into ! physical & intellectual pr9ciples ( ! _w1 dive/$ ( all my?ical & extr9sic =m z f> z _! mat]ial organization 0 conc]n$4 ,plato held t su* types 7 really ideal1 z 9 fact !y _h unconsci\sly be5 f ! fir/2 t is1 t x 0 simply a logical conception ( species & g5]a :i* is natural to human ?\ght2 a conception necess>y = ! spontane\s z well z = ! reflex & sci5tific processes ( ?\ght4 ,f ! type1 ! specific idea1 ! g5]alization into ! idea ( ea* special object 0 easy1 s9ce ea* object has its psy*ical repres5tation 9 ! m9d4 ,special & specific ideas 7 !n arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & ^? :i* are m g5]al 9 a conc5tric & sy/ematic classification2 ?is _h be5 also ! case 9 ! e>li] poly!i/ic sy/em1 s9ce ! process ( ! intellig5ce naturally arranges all its repres5tations4 ,b he did n /op "h1 nor inde$ 0 x possible = him to d s4 ,we "k t ! intellig5ce does n only und]/& objects1 b _! relations to ea* o!r1 by means ( its comp>ative faculty2 ^! relations 71 z 9 ! case ( animals1 at fir/ intuitively p]ceiv$ by direct obs]vation & ! alt]nate & reciprocal motion ( ! images1 & !y 7 fir/ pres5t$ to ! imag9ation & !n embodi$ 9 spee*4 ,we h said 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s t 9 primitive ?\ght ^! relations involv$ an active entity1 & 7 9 a ^w entifi$4 ,plato1 pursu+ 8 intellectual process ( reason+1 & ! reciprocal prop]ties ( ideas1 not$ ! ideality ( ^! relations s f> z !y are a psy*ical repres5tation1 & h5ce he 0 con/ra9$ by ! unconsci\s evolution ( ?\ght to affirm t an idea 0 pres5t 9 e relation1 & ?us ! great1 ! little1 ! less1 ! m1 _h _! ideal repres5tatives 9 ! g5]al con/ruction ( 8 !ory4 ,b man is n only an intellectual1 b an active1 s5ti5t1 liv+ be+1 t5d+ to an object z an individual & a social subject4 ,s t he n only atta9s to ! und]/&+ ( ideal tru?1 b also ( ! good & ! beautiful4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! ,good & ! ,beautiful mu/ also necess>ily be ,ideas ( a g5]al "*1 l ^? :i* embrace all ideal relations :atev]4 ,s9ce !y are univ]sal1 & due to ! innate impulse ( ?\ght t[>ds conc5tric asc5sion1 !y mu/ rank z ! sum & apex ( ideas1 s t ! ,good is emphatically ! ,idea1 or ,god4 ,on turn+ to ! _w ( s5sations1 or ( p>ticul> objects1 ideas are ! et]nal model 7p>adigm7 accord+ to :i* ?+s are made2 ^! are ! images 7idoli7 ( :i* ! o!rs are ! imp]fect copies 7mimesi74 ,! _w ( s5se is itself only a symbol1 an allegory1 a figure4 ,z 9 ! s5sible _w !re is a scale ( be+s f ! l[e/ to ! mo/ p]fect1 t is to ! mat]ial univ]se1 s 9 ! sph]e ( intellect1 ! type ( ! _w1 ideas are comb9$ toge!r by high] ideas1 & ^! aga9 by o!rs /ill high]1 & s on to ! apex1 ! ultimate1 supreme1 omnipot5t ,idea1 ! ,good :i* includes & sums up ! :ole4 ,plato holds t matt] is n ! body1 b t :i* may become ! body by ! pla/ic action ( ! idea1 z ,web] well expresses x2 matt] consid]$ 9 itself is ! indef9ite 7apeiron71 ! indef9able 7aori/on71 & ! amorph\s1 & x is co-et]nal ) ideas1 & in]t2 f ! union ( ideas & matt] ! cosmos _h its orig91 ! image ( ! invisible deity1 ,god 9 p[]1 ! liv+ organism 7,zoon71 possess+ a body1 s5se1 a def9ite object1 a s\l4 ,! body ( ! univ]se has ! =m ( a sph]e1 ! mo/ beautiful :i* c be conceiv$2 ! circle describ$ 9 revolv+ is also ! mo/ p]fect motion4 ,! />s fir/ _h _! s\rce 9 ! ,idea ( ,good2 fir/ ! fix$ />s1 !n ! planets1 !n ! e>?1 creat$ deities2 ! e>? produc$ organiz$ be+s1 beg9n+ ) man1 ! cr[n+ "w & object ( all ! re/2 ! fruits ( ! e>? 7 made to n\ri% him1 & animals 7 made to become ! abode ( fall5 s\ls4 ,man1 ! microcosm1 is reason )9 a s\l1 :i* is 9 its turn conta9$ 9 a body4 ,! :ole body is organiz$ ) a view to ?is reason4 ,! head1 ! seat ( reason1 is r\nd because ?is is ! mo/ p]fect =m4 ,! brea/ is ! seat ( g5]\s passions1 :ile ! be/ial appetites are f\nd 9 ! belly & inte/9es4 ,! human s\l1 l ! s\l ( ! _w1 conta9s immortal & mortal elem5ts2 ! intellig5ce or reason1 & s5suality4 ,! immortality ( ! s\l is also prov$ by ! memory4 ,! subsequ5t union ( life & matt] 9 ! production ( ! univ]se is ! "w ( an int]m$iate1 equivocal be+1 ! demiurgos4 ,?us ,plato opposes ! et]nity ( ! intellig5ce to ,ionic mat]ialism1 & ! et]nity ( matt] to ! moni/ic !ory ( ! ,eleatics4 ,9 ! g5esis ( nature we aga9 f9d ! syn!tic conception ( ! elem5ts1 :i* he e/imates to be f\r2 to :i* geometrical =ms correspond1 & ! _w 0 f9ally organiz$ aft] its human type4 ,he divides ! s\l into sev]al di/9ct & indep5d5t p[]s1 :i* are ev] revolv+ betwe5 life & dea?3 !y inhabit ! />s & dep5d ^u !m1 s9ce ! s\l :i* has be5 righte\s on e>? w be happy aft] dea? 9 ! /> to :i* x 0 orig9ally de/9$2 b ^? :o on e>? only desire "h bodily pleasures w w&] z %ades r\nd ! tombs1 or w migrate into ! bodies ( v>i\s animals4 ,he con/itutes ! />s into cont+5t & s5sible gods3 !y h beautiful & immortal bodies ( a r\nd =m1 & are made ( fire4 ,he ass]ts poetic inspiration & madness to be ! result ( demoniac possession1 & says ) ,socrates t ^? :o d5y demoniac p[]s are !mselves demoniacs4 ,we see f ?is acc\nt ! my?ical orig9 ( all t conc]ns ! organization & g5esis ( ! _w1 ! de/9ies & nature ( ! s\l1 s9ce ^! are sublimat$ my?s2 ! elem5ts are fir/ reg>d$ z deities1 & ! _w is made 9 ! image ( man1 & consid]$ to be alive2 ! />s & ! e>? are end[$ ) life & intellig5ce2 ! fate ( s\ls be=e & aft] dea?1 _! recollection ( a prior exi/5ce1 _! transmigrations & w&]+s ar\nd ! tombs1 demoniac possession 9 inspiration & madness1 are all v anci5t my?ical repres5tations1 :i* =m a great "p ( ! !oretical & spiritual cosmogony ( savages 9 all times & places4 ,we h se5 t n only relatively civiliz$ peoples1 b ^? :i* are q savage divide s\ls into di/9ct p>ts3 ?r\gh\t ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,asia1 !re is a belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls into animals1 plants1 & o!r objects4 ,! ,tasmanians believ$ t _! s\ls w\ld asc5d to ! />s & abide !re2 & all savages hold ! demoniac possession ( inspir$ p]sons1 ( madm51 & ( ! sick1 :i* has l$ to :at may be call$ a diabolic pa?ology4 ,! g5]al conception ( ! _w z a liv+ animal1 ) all ! t5d5cies ascrib$ to x by ,plato1 is only ! primeval fact ( ! animation & p]sonification ( ph5om5a appli$ to ! g5]al idea ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce x is easy to see h[ mu* ( ,plato's physics & psy*ology are due to ! necess>y & hi/oric c\rse ( my?1 & to ! s*ools into :i* my? _h be5 modifi$ be=e 8 "t4 ,we mu/ dwell m p>ticul>ly on 8 !ory ( ideas1 s9ce 9 ?is ! advance made by ,plato 9 ! evolution ( my? really consi/s1 & x m>ks a v def9ite /age :i* _h & /ill has a p[]ful influ5ce on subsequ5t & mod]n ?\ght4 ,we h already %[n h[1 by ! logical p[] ( ?\ght1 ?is phase 9 ! ideal evolution ( my? 0 rea*$1 & we h trac$ x 9 an in*oate =m 9 v>i\s rude peoples1 z well z 9 its ultimate modification 9 ,plato4 ,9 8 writ+s x takes ! =m ( a complete1 va/1 & organic !ory4 ,! logical conceptions & repres5tative ideas1 idols peculi> to ! m9d1 :i* 7 at fir/ involv$ 9 feti%tic & an?ropomorphic images1 are n[ dive/$ ( _! e>li] wrapp+s1 & are classifi$ z ! intellectual ideas :i* !y really are1 & :i* !y h become by ! innate & reflex ex]cise ( human ?\ght4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! faculty :i* ev] gov]ns our imm$iate p]ception ( int]nal & ext]nal ?+s !y c\ld n 9 ,plato's "t1 nor inde$ 9 t ( _m subsequ5t philosoph]s1 rema9 z simple intellectual signs ( ! process ( reason4 ,?is faculty influ5c$ ^! conceptions1 ^! psy*ical =ms1 :e!r p>ticul>1 specific1 or g5]al1 & !y became liv+ subjects1 l ph5om5a1 objects1 %ades1 images 9 dreams1 normal & abnormal halluc9ations4 ,?us ! ,ideas 9 ,plato became1 reflectively & !oretically1 entities ) an intr9sic exi/5ce1 et]nal1 div9e1 & absolute ess5ces4 ,b ! feti%1 ! an?ropomorphic idol1 0 n only reg>d$ z a liv+ b z a causative subject2 ! same p[] 0 likewise infus$ into ! ,ideas1 & !y 7 held to be causes ( p>ticul> ?+s1 ( :i* !y 7 ! e>li] & et]nal type4 ,?us ! my? 9 ! ,platonic ,ideas became sci5tific1 b x cont9u$ to be a my?2 ! sub/ance v>i$1 b ! =m 0 ! same4 ,! objective ph5om5a ( ! _w _h fir/ be5 p]sonifi$1 or _! fanciful images 7 assum$ to be objective2 n[ ! _w ( reason 0 p]sonifi$1 & my?ology became intellectual in/ead ( cosmic4 ,^? :o oppos$ ,plato's !ory ( ideas said t he realiz$ ab/ractions1 or p]sonifi$ ideas2 b no "o1 z ,i ?9k1 p]ceiv$ ! natural process :i* l$ him to d s1 nor expla9$ ! faculty by :i* he 0 necess>ily influ5c$4 ,plato's !ory 0 only an ultimate phase ( ! evolution ( ! vague & primitive animation ( ! _w1 :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh feti%ism1 poly!ism1 & ! wor%ip ( ! elem5ts ( nature1 & _h rea*$ ! entification & subjectivity ( ideas1 :i* 0 also atta9$ by natural sci5ce1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh its my?ical envelopm5t4 ,we h not$ ! causes1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! e>li] philosoph]s happ5$ to be objective1 :ile !y 7 9 ,plato's case subjective1 ow+ to ! "* & temp]am5t ( 8 m9d2 bo? conduc$ to ! developm5t & /hetic spl5d\r ( ?is tea*+ among ! ,greeks4 ,! tea*+ ( ,plato1 :i* _h m or less influ5ce on all ! e>li] civiliz$ peoples1 ( 8 own & subsequ5t times1 & :i* 0 also involv$ 9 ! my?ical repres5tations ( lat] savages1 assum$ an aspect :i* v>i$ ) ! special hi/ory1 ! e?nic temp]am5t1 ! geographical & extr9sic conditions ( diff]5t peoples2 b consid]$ 9 itself1 x is always ! same1 & is ! necess>y result ( ! evolution ( my? & ( ?\ght4 ,s9ce ! evolution ( my? leads to ! gradual g5esis ( sci5ce1 :i* becomes m rational z my? is trans=m$ f ! mat]ial to ! ideal1 ideas are sub/itut$ = my?s1 & laws1 z ,vico well obs]ves1 = ! canons ( poetry4 ,?is noble & m rational !ory ( et]nal & causative ,ideas resembles an?ropomorphic poly!ism 9 conc5trat+ into "o supreme ,idea ! intellectual ,zeus1 ! ,be+ ( be+s1 accord+ to ano!r my?ical & sci5tific repres5tation by ,ari/otle1 & x 0 aft]w>ds comb9$ ) ! ,semitic idea ( ! ,absolute4 ,?is 0 fus$ ) ! ,logos1 ! ,platonic demiurgos ( ,messianic ideas1 & aft]w>ds produc$ ! univ]sal philosophy & religion ( ,ca?olicism1 :i* dom9at$ & /ill dom9ates ov] ?\ght ) vigor\s t5acity1 & ext5ds into all ! civiliz$ _w inhabit$ by ,european races4 ,we d n only trace ! same ?\ght1 modifi$1 classifi$1 & p]fect$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 9 ! ,c\ncils1 ! ,fa!rs1 & ! s*oolm51 b also 9 indep5d5t philosophies4 ,9 our own "t x has assum$ new =ms1 d]iv$ f ! rapid progress made 9 cosmic & exp]im5tal sci5ces1 ev5 9 ^? :i* are app>5tly ! mo/ rationaliz+4 ,x is manife/ 9 ,hegel1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*ell+1 nor is x difficult to trace x 9 ! late/ & artificial !ories ( ! s*ools ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann4 ,9 all ^! cases ! entification ( logical conceptions is evid5t2 9 all !re is an arbitr>y p]sonification ( a conception or ( a fundam5tal ,idea4 ,9 ord] fully to und]/& ! evolution ( ?\ght 9 my? & sci5ce1 x is necess>y to consid] ! o!r s*ools :i* arose 9 ,greece1 prior to1 & contemporane\sly )1 ,plato1 z we %all ?us obta9 a m compreh5sive idea ( ! c\rse ( su* a developm5t4 ,9 addition to ! natural & p>tly ideal s*ools1 ! ,ionic1 ! ,eleatic1 ! ,py?agorean & ! ,platonic1 !re arose ^? ( ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 & ,epicurus1 :i* might be call$ me*anical1 & t ( ,ari/otle1 :i* takes a middle c\rse betwe5 ! idea & ! fact1 betwe5 ! dynamic & ! me*anical explanation ( ! univ]se4 ,9 an intellectual p l ! ,greeks !re arose1 9 addition to ! speculative !ories already m5tion$1 o!r op9ions :i* 7 d]iv$ f m9ds s+ul>ly free f my?ical ideas2 ! _w 0 consid]$ z a conc\rse ( indep5d5t atoms2 its g5esis ?us became m con=mable ) ab/ract ma!matical calculation1 effect$ by ?is comb9ation ( simple bodies & ! evolution ( elem5ts4 ,?is 0 :at ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 & ,epicurus und]took to tea*1 pass+ beyond ! natural & ideal my?s1 9 ord] to take _! /& on ! movem5t ( isolat$ p>ts z ! mak] ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce foll[$ ! !ory ( atoms1 & ! me*anical con/ruction ( ! _w1 ( bodies & s\ls1 _! cont9ual composition & decomposition4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ^! 7 m]e speculations1 n support$ by exp]im5tal me?ods & adequate in/rum5ts1 my?ical =ms 7 conf\nd$ ) ! me*anical explanation ( ! _w1 su* z ! altoge!r an?ropomorphic conception ( gods :o 7 dissolv$ & =m$ aga92 ! s5sible effluvium f images1 an effluvium :i* reveal$ ! anci5t belief 9 ! normal & abnormal p]sonification ( imag9>y =ms1 & ( ideas4 ,yet ! "* ( ?is tea*+ 0 progressive & rational 9 comp>ison ) ! my?ical & ideal !ory ( ,plato1 & ) ! s*ools & religions :i* emanat$ f him1 ev5 up to our "t1 & ?\ght 0 /rongly /imulat$ 9 its opposition to ! cont9uance ( my?4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is s*ool 0 confirm$ by ! ,ari/otelian tea*+2 if on ! "o side ,ari/otle incl9$ t[>ds ! my?ical entities ( ,plato1 & ! old zoomorphic conception ( ! _w1 on ! o!r 8 !ory ( p]ception & ( ideas1 8 amaz+ obs]vations 9 physiology & anatomy1 & 8 natural classification ( ! animal k+dom1 induc$ a positive t5d5cy ( ?\ght1 an a po/]iori me?od ( obs]vation1 :i* awak5$ ! intellig5ce & pr$ispos$ x to a m rational & sci5tific evolution4 ,8 geoc5tric ideas ( cosmogony1 8 logical =ms1 ! human ar*itecture ( ! _w1 8 conception ( ! ,be+ :o 0 ! end & cause ( motion 9 all ?+s1 7 inde$ ob/9ately ma9ta9$ by ! philosophy ( ,ca?olics & s*oolm51 & s]v$ z an ob/acle to ! real progress ( sci5ce2 b on ! o!r h&1 8 g5]al me?od ( obs]v+ nature1 ! discov]ies :i* he made1 & ! t5d5cy ( 8 rese>*es1 z well z ! importance he assign$ to consci\sness 9 ! =mation ( ideas1 did mu* to fo/] indep5d5t inquiry 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght2 & c\pl$ ) ! e>li] me*anical s*ools1 he prep>$ ! way = ! evolution ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,?is is n ! place = trac+ ! simultane\s c\rse ( ! evolution ( ! ideal & me*anical s*ools dur+ ! ages :i* sep>ate u f _! orig92 & :ile ! influ5ce ( ! "o gradually wan$1 ! o!r ga9$ /r5g?1 al?\gh 9 a sporadic way1 fir/ among privileg$ m9ds1 & !n m g5]ally4 ,x necess>ily happ5$ t z ! evolution ( ?\ght w5t on1 impell$ by its e>ly t5d5cies1 bo? me*anical & positive1 ! ideal sy/em 0 also modifi$1 & gave place to s\nd] & tru] !ories4 ,?is great fact1 ! ultimate evolution ( our own "t1 0 effect$ on ! "o side by psy*ological analysis1 & on ! o!r by ! direct & exp]im5tal obs]vation ( nature4 ,sett+ aside ! gradual prep>ation :i* l$ up to ?is po9t1 we c consid] ,desc>tes & ,galileo z ! repres5tatives ( ^! two great factors2 s9ce ! "o by ! analysis ( ?\ght1 ! o!r by natural exp]im5ts1 ov]?rew ! my?ical ideas1 al?\gh )\t be+ aw>e t ! a*ievem5t w\ld produce su* gr& results4 ,! ,platonic ,ideas 7 objective to ! m9d1 & indep5d5t ( x1 s9ce !y 7 reg>d$ z a div9e1 concrete1 absolute _w 9 !mselves4 ,! e>li] evolution ( my? & sci5ce reli$ ^u ?is & 7 resolv$ into x4 ,b we "k t ! process ( ?\ght is cont9u\s 9 hi/oric races1 & t my? is gradually dive/$ ( its p]sonality & assumes a m intellectual =m 9 ! m9d4 ,?us ! mat]ial ,idea pass$ into an intellectual conception2 t :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 an objective & extr9sic =m became subjective & intr9sic1 a transition :i* 0 effect$ by ! nom9ali/s4 ,?is gave rise to a cognition :i* 0 altoge!r psy*ological2 at fir/ reality 0 :olly objective1 & ! ideas 7 only a sublime intellectual my?1 b n[ ! objective _w disappe>$1 & ! intellect :i* =mulat$ ! conception 0 ! only real ?+4 ,9 virtue ( ! faculty ( entification1 only ! m9d & its ideas 7 real1 ! _w & all :i* x conta9$ _h a d\btful exi/5ce4 ,?is t5d5cy _h its ultimate expression 9 ,fi*te1 :o creat$ ! univ]se by means ( ! ,ego1 ?us trans=m+ ! e>li] objective my? into "o :i* 0 wond]fully subjective4 ,desc>tes d\bt$ ab\t ev]y?+ beyond ! range ( 8 own ?\ght1 & 0 ! fir/ to ov]?r[ ! =m] ideal realism1 & to lead ! way to sci5ce1 & to m rational analysis4 ,to him ! tea*+ ( ,sp9oza & ,kant 0 really due1 z well z ! ,engli% s*ools :i* _h s mu* to d ) ! de/ruction ( ! e>li] my?ical edifice ( ideas4 ,b1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 if ?is great rational progress 7 important on ! "o side1 on ! o!r x produc$ a m spiritualiz$ =m ( my?1 namely ! subjective1 :i* became /ill m p[]ful 9 ! philosophy ( ,kant4 ,:ile "s ?9k]s s\ght to resolve & dissolve ! objective my?1 !y did x 9 su* a way z to add /r5g? to ! subjective =m ( my? & sci5ce1 = :i* ,desc>tes _h prep>$ ! way2 ! !ory ( ,sp9oza & ( ! ,g]man s*ool 9 g5]al fundam5tally consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( entifi$ =ms & dialectics ( ! m9d = ! e>li] objective =ms ( ideas4 ,a great error 0 rectifi$1 & ! =m] phase ( ! intellectual evolution ( my? disappe>$1 9 fav\r ( ano!r :i*1 al?\gh /ill errone\s1 0 m rational & indep5d5t4 ,! subjective & /ill my?ical repres5tations1 ei!r ( ! m9d or ( ext]nal objects1 7 aft]w>ds r$uc$ to true sci5ce by positive & exp]im5tal me?ods1 aid$ by in/rum5ts1 & confirm$ by ! discov]ies ( ,galileo & ( 8 disciples ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,he 0 9 mod]n times ano!r great factor ( ! dissolution ( my?1 s f> z x is def9itive4 ,nature 0 made subord9ate to weight & measure1 & to _! ma!matical & me*anical proportions 9 v>i\s ph5om5a2 ^! 7 d$uc$ f exp]im5t & ! use ( in/rum5ts1 ! factors :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,galileo & 8 great successors 9 all civiliz$ nations1 de/roy$ & are /ill de/roy+ ! old my?ical conception ( ! _w4 ,9 a/ronomy !y ov]?rew ! ca?olic t5et ( ! geoc5tric con/itution ( ! heav5s2 !y %att]$ ! sph]es 9 :i* !y 7 conf9$1 op5$ inf9ite space1 & peopl$ x ) an inf9ite numb] ( />s1 & 9 ! attraction ( gravity !y discov]$ ! univ]sal law ( motion 9 ! firmam5t4 ,?us all ! my?ical repres5tations ( ! sy/em ( ! _w1 :e!r ,ari/otelian1 ,ptolemaic1 or ,biblical1 vani%$ = ev]1 & ! great zoomorphic body ( ! univ]se 0 dissolv$2 to be replac$ by worlds circulat+ 9 inf9ite space1 subject to ! laws ( numb] & ( geometry4 ,measure1 weight1 & proportion 7 appli$ to all cele/ial & t]re/rial ph5om5a1 & physics1 *emi/ry1 & all ! organic sci5ces became ! manife/ation ( facts1 ( obs]v$ & calculat$ laws1 arrang$ 9 a natural ord]1 & 9 ?is way an imm5se advance 0 made 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d1 fir/ reg>d$ z ! arbitr>y arrangem5t ( a sup]ior be+1 z x 0 =mulat$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 _h its own laws 9 ! facts ( :i* x consi/$1 & ?us ! my?ical conception :i* end[$ x ) p]sonal life 0 dissolv$4 ,! orig9 ( ?+s 0 expla9$ by ?is me?od ( obs]vation1 & by ^! positive conceptions2 ! records :i* _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z a div9e1 extr9sic revelation came to be consid]$ z simple docum5ts1 9 :i* tru? 0 to be sep>at$ f ! my? :i* obscur$ & encompass$ x4 ,s by degrees1 f fact to fact1 f analysis to analysis1 by obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & decomposition1 ! rational1 me*anical explanation arose & ga!r$ /r5g?4 ,! g5]ation ( ?+s1 ! v>iety ( ph5om5a & _! ord]1 7 d]iv$ f ! primitive *emical atom1 & f ! v>i\s *anges ( =m & rapidity ( motion to :i* !y are subject$4 ,! old conception ( atoms1 :i* _h nev] be5 =gott51 & :i* _h unconsci\sly sway$ & influ5c$ ! m9ds ( m51 reappe>s2 b x reappe>s trans=m$ by obs]vation1 by weight & measure & exp]im5t1 & x has become a sci5ce in/ead ( a simple speculation4 ,! atomi/ic evolution ( ! anci5ts1 accept$ by "o s*ool ( speculative ?\ght1 :i* s\ght to ov]?r[ ! my?ical repres5tation ( ! _w1 0 only an isolat$ anticipation ( a few philosoph]s2 x has n[ become a sci5tific evolution1 common to all mod]n civilization4 ,! !ory ( desc5t1 trans=mation1 & ! g5]al evolution ( species1 foll[$ z a necess>y coroll>y & imm$iate result ( ! dissolution ( ,plato's my?ical conception ( specific ideas1 & ( all ! g5]ic b mat]ial p]sonifications ) :i* nature _h be5 peopl$4 ,:5 su* conceptions ( ! ideal _w 7 dissipat$1 ^? ( ! actual _w ( nature soon foll[$1 & ?is de-p]sonification ( natural1 my?ical species 9 ! va/ organic k+dom is "o ( ! mo/ spl5did intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ! age4 ,?is victory ( ! natural sci5ces has react$ on ^? :i* are psy*ological1 & on ! !ory ( ! m9d1 & has subject$ !m to ! necessities & =m ( ?is new phase ( ! evolution ( ?\ght4 ,! subjective _h be5 sub/itut$ = ! objective my? & _h creat$ ! =ms ( m9d1 its logical laws & intr9sic process1 ! objective syn!sis ( ! _w1 & x 0 n[ influ5c$ by ! /up5d\s discov]ies & analyses ( o!r sci5ces1 s t psy*ology 0 9 its turn trans=m$ into a sci5ce1 n only ( obs]vation1 b ( exp]im5t4 ,measure1 weight1 num]ical proportion1 9 %ort ! exp]im5tal me?od1 took possession ( ! facts1 acts1 & processes ( ! m9d1 z ( e o!r object & subject ( nature4 ,9 addition to ! great names ( mod]n psy*ologi/s 9 ,engl&1 we may m5tion among o!r exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s 9 ,g]many1 ,fe*n]1 ,wundt1 ,lotze1 ,helmholtz1 ,web]1 ,kamml]1 etc42 illu/ri\s m5 9 ,france & else:]e might also be cit$ to %[ :at progress has be5 made & is ab\t to be made 9 ?is field4 ,! de/ruction ( my? & ( ! subjective my?s ( psy*ology is always go+ on1 & a positive sci5ce ( m5tal ph5om5a has aris51 l t ( natural ph5om5a4 ,! ultimate phase ( my? is s ne> its end t x has be5 possible to create a psy*ology imply+ ! abs5ce ( a s\l4 ,! sci5tific faculty has n[ inde$ a complete asc5d5cy ov] ! my?ical repres5tation ) :i* x 0 orig9ally coeval4 ,yet we d n mean to say t my? is ext9ct4 ,9 ! case ( ! great majority ( ! human race1 a small & elect portion except$1 my? & all ! sup]/itions :i* proce$ f x p]si/ 9 an ideal1 cosmic1 spiritual1 or religi\s =m1 & ^! are only sl[ly disappe>+ among ! common p1 & ev5 among ! educat$ classes4 ,ow+ to ! primordial & innate necessity :i* x is s difficult to ov]come1 sci5ce itself /ill n\ri%es my?s )9 its pale1 al?\gh unconsci\sly & 9 _! mo/ rational =m4 ,)9 our own recollection ! impond]able 0 a t5et ( physics1 & ?is 0 inde$1 9 spite ( all ! enlight5m5t ( sci5ce1 a my?ical entification ( =ces4 ,! same my?ical entifications 7 f\nd 9 physiology1 9 *emi/ry1 9 ne>ly all ! sci5ces4 ,und\bt$ly ^! sci5tific my?s _h no an?ropomorphic value1 yet !y are not)/&+ truly my?ical entifications1 inasmu* z !y virtually p]sonify laws1 or m]e modes ( motion4 ,e!r1 accord+ to our pres5t conception ( x1 diff]+ 9 its laws & influ5ces f ! atoms :i* con/itute ! _w1 & work+ among & above !m1 is p]haps only a gr& my? l t ( ! impond]able1 :i* has be5 explod$2 t is1 x is held to be a mat]ial entity1 :ile x may be only ano!r modification ( ! elem5t>y matt] 9 a /ate diff]+ f ! ?ree already kn[n to u2 "s ( ,crooke's late exp]im5ts on "o condition ( extremely gase\s matt] leads to ?is assumption4 ,! divid$ =ces ( matt]1 & ! dualism :i* /ill survives1 are also my?ical conceptions4 ,al?\gh s mu* progress has be5 made 9 a rational direction1 & tru? is widely diffus$1 yet ! old my?ical in/9ct con/antly reappe>s 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to say t ?is is an evid5t pro( ( ! tru? ( my !ory4 ,unless my? 7 due to an intr9sic psy*ical & organic law1 x w\ld n s p]si/5tly reappe>4 ,z soon z m5 are rationally consci\s ( ?is entify+ faculty & its imm$iate effects on k1 ! illusion w cease4 ,my? w be de/roy$ 9 e k9d ( facts & ph5om5a1 & sci5ce1 no long] ! unconsci\s victim ( ?is illusion1 w advance ) caution & assurance4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,dreams1 ,,illusions1 ,,normal ,,& ,,abnormal ,,halluc9ations1 ,,delirium1 ,,& ,,madness--,,conclusion4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 ,i h %[n1 z ,i believe1 ! g5esis ( my?1 ! fundam5tal faculty 9 :i* x necess>ily orig9ates1 & its evolution 9 man1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,aryan & ,semitic races4 ,we h se5 t ! primitive & univ]sal fact consi/s 9 ! imm$iate & spontane\s entification ( natural ph5om5a & ( ! ideas !mselves2 & we h resolv$ ?is fact into its elem5ts1 f :i* all ! g5]at+ s\rces ( my? issue1 t is1 f ! imm$iate effects ( ! p]ception4 ,putt+ man out ( ! "q1 we asc]ta9$ t ! same innate necessity 0 common to ! animal k+dom4 ,9 ord] to complete ! !ory1 we mu/ consid] "s o!r facts & psy*ical ph5om5a1 bo? normal & abnormal1 s z to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! are n due to ! same cause1 z f> z respects _! intr9sic =ms2 namely1 ! belief 9 ! reality ( images se5 9 dreams1 z well z 9 ^? :i* appe> 9 illusions1 9 normal halluc9ations ( ! s5ses1 & 9 ^? :i* are abnormal1 9 ec/asy1 9 delirium1 9 madness1 9 idiocy1 & dem5tia4 ,9 all ^! m5tal conditions1 we ascribe a body & mat]ial exi/5ce to images :i* = v>i\s causes appe> to be really pres5t$ to our s5ses4 ,if we are able to %[ t all su* appe>ances are believ$ to h a real exi/5ce 9 virtue ( ! same law & faculty ( p]ception :i* g5]at$ my? 9 its e>lie/ manife/ation1 we %all h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a common g5esis = all ^! v>i\s psy*ical ph5om5a1 ?us af=d+ no contemptible contribution to psy*ology 9 g5]al1 & to ! sci5ce ( human ?\ght4 ,to dream is n m]ely a normal act ( man1 b1 z x appe>s f _m witnesses1 x is common to all animals4 ,9 dreams ! ord9>y laws ( "t & space are /rangely modifi$1 & images ( all k9ds appe>1 sometimes confus$ly1 sometimes 9 a rational ord]1 (t5 9 accordance ) ! laws ( association1 :ile ! volunt>y ex]cise ( ?\ght may be said to be dormant4 ,?is is1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! condition & nature ( dreams1 :i* we mu/ pres5tly consid] adequately ) m subtle & exact analysis4 ,be=e we trace ! cause ( ! app>5t reality ( ^! images1 & ! laws :i* gov]n x1 let u consid] man 9 8 wak+ condition1 s z to asc]ta9 at once ! lik5ess & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two /ates4 ,we mu/ fir/ inquire :e!r ! wak+ is absolutely di/9ct f ! dream+ /ate z f> z ! appe>ance ( ! images1 _! nature1 & mode ( action are conc]n$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by _m psy*ologi/s & physiologi/s t 9 ! wak+ /ate1 :5 images d n arise f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( objects1 or are n direct$ by ! w to a def9ite aim1 !y appe>1 gr\p !mselves1 & disp]se by ! imm$iate association ( ideas1 & ! measurem5ts ( "t & space are modifi$ j z !y are 9 dreams4 ,^! obs]vations are correct1 & ! ph5om5a may be v]ifi$ by e "o = himself4 ,9 ?is wak+ /ate1 :i* really resembles t ( dreams1 only ! analogy ( =m has be5 p]ceiv$2 ! ideas ( ! objects pres5t to ! m9d h resembl$ ^? ( images se5 9 dreams1 b !y h cont9u$ to be m]e ideas1 pres5t$ to ! imag9ation1 :]eas 9 dreams ! ?+s se5 h be5 suppos$ to h a real exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is respect ! analysis is p>tly true & p>tly false2 x is n1 z we %all see1 p]fect & exact4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 ow+ to special circum/ances & conditions ( m9d1 or to peculi> temp]am5ts1 t ! ideas ( ?+s d n rema9 z m]e ?\ghts 9 ! ?9k]'s m9d1 b t !y become s int5se t !y are = ! mom5t held to be real1 precisely z 9 a dream4 ,i d n "h speak ( abnormal or pa?ological conditions1 or ( extraord9>y ph5om5a1 b ( a normal & common condition4 ,if !re is any novelty 9 ! ass]tion1 x is ow+ to a want ( obs]vation & reflection1 & to n attempt+ to trace ! real nature ( ! ph5om5a 9 :i* we take "p1 & :i* occur e day4 ,! habitual inaccuracy ( obs]vation has l$ to ! use ( _m prov]bs & aphorisms 9 ! int]pretation ( ?+s :i* h be5 transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & are n[ accept$ z indubitable axioms4 ,^! are to be f\nd 9 e bran* ( k1 & we h an in/ance 9 ! popul> & sci5tific aphorism t 9 dreams images appe> to be real1 & t 9 ! wak+ /ate !y always cont9ue to be m]e ?\ghts & ideas4 ,?is is n ! fact1 s9ce1 putt+ illusions & halluc9ations out ( ! "q1 ?\ghts & ideas sometimes assume ! "* & nature ( real objects1 j z !y d 9 dreams4 ,?is fact con/itutes ! l9k & gradual assimilation ( ! two /ates1 s9ce 9 no s]ies ( ph5om5a natura facit saltum4 ,:51 = in/ance1 z (t5 happ5s1 we ab&on ourselves to a tra9 ( ?\ght1 & our p]ception ( surr\nd+ objects is weak5$ by inatt5tion1 we become z x 7 unconsci\s1 & are only int5t on ! ?\ghts & ideas :i* move u4 ,s9ce no def9ite object con/ra9s ! w to rule & guide ^! ?\ghts & ideas1 t condition ( m9d is e/abli%$ :i* we h %[n to be id5tical 9 =m ) ! act ( dream+1 = 9 ?is case also ?\ghts & ideas h _! orig9 9 association alone4 ,9 ?is condition a ph5om5on peculi> to dreams may also occur :i* may be t]m$ ! sugge/ive impulse2 a s\nd or "s sudd5 s5sation produces an imm$iate trans=mation ( ! image itself1 & a new dream arises 9 con=mity ) ! nature ( ! new impression4 ,e "o mu/1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 h exp]i5c$ su* a ph5om5on1 & ?is special *>act]i/ic ( dreams may also take place 9 ! wak+ condition :i* ,i h describ$4 ,i myself c be> witness to ?is fact1 & w m5tion "o among sev]al in/ances3 ,i 0 once read+ inatt5tively1 seat$ at my ease 9 a l\ng+ *air1 & my ?\ghts took q ano!r direction1 w&]+ vaguely f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,all at once "s p ent]$ an adjo9+ room talk+ toge!r2 ,i he>d :at !y said indi/9ctly1 b ! ^w ,flor5ce rea*$ my e>s1 & ,i soon imag9$ myself to be 9 t city1 & go+ on f "o association to ano!r ,i cont9u$ = "s "t to see aga9 ! places1 monum5ts1 & p ,i _h kn[n !re4 ,yet ,i 0 fully awake1 & f "t to "t ,i bru%$ ! flies f my face & glanc$ at ! clock on ! *imney-piece1 s9ce ,i _h to g out at ?ree o'clock4 ,x appe>s f ?is fact1 :i* w be confirm$ by _m ( my read]s1 t "s wak+ /ates resemble ^? ( dreams 9 =m1 & moreov] !y are sometimes ev5 alike 9 sub/ance4 ,ideas & ?\ghts 9 ! conditions j indicat$ may n only be lat5t1 active1 comb9$1 or trans=m$ by sugge/ive impulses1 b ideas are repres5t$ by images 9 su* vivid relief t1 until ! obs]v] recollects himself1 !y are se5 & felt by him ) ! same s5se ( reality z 9 a dream4 ,?is m5tal trans=mation is h[ev] s habitual1 t ! implicit conviction ( be+ really awake1 does n all[ u to obs]ve :at ! actual nature ( ! ph5om5on is1 s9ce !re is an imm$iate transition f an implicit p]ception ( ! image z real to ! habitual =m ( simple ?\ght1 )\t di/+ui%+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two /ates ( consci\sness4 ,any "o :o has long practis$ himself 9 ! obs]vation ( su* di/9ctions w1 h[ev]1 be able to und]/& ! psy*ical process & to e/imate its value4 ,x has (t5 occurr$ to myself1 9 circum/ances analog\s to ! above1 :5 ?9k+ ( p]sons or places at a di/ance1 to see !m imag$ be=e me 9 su* vivid relief t ,i h be5 />tl$ z if by a morbid halluc9ation4 ,once1 9 pass+ ?r\gh my *amb]1 my att5tion 0 s /rongly fix$ on an abs5t p]son t ,i 0 n only vividly consci\s ( 8 =m1 b also ( 8 voice & ge/ures1 s t ,i 0 amaz$ by ! lively image br\ght be=e me4 ,i c\ld adduce o!r in/ances f my own exp]i5ce & t ( o!rs to %[ t 9 a wak+ & altoge!r normal /ate we may believe 9 ! reality ( ! image z we d 9 dreams4 ,?is vivid & mom5t>y realization ( images is v common 9 ! l[] classes1 :o (t5 talk to !mselves1 & use ge/ures :i* %[ t !y are conv]s+ at ! mom5t ) imag9>y p]sons1 :o /& be=e !m1 z if !y 7 really !re1 9 ! same mann] z 9 dreams4 ,inde$1 e "o has exp]i5c$ ?is ph5om5on = himself1 especially :5 /rongly excit$ by ang]1 sorr[1 or hope4 ,if x 7 possible to reflect on ! process ( ?\ght at ! "t we %\ld di/9ctly und]/& t we 7 dream+ :ile /ill awake4 ,! vivid imag9ation ( arti/s is well kn[n1 s t !y are able to see & repres5t ?+s & p]sons1 ei!r 9 words1 ) ! p5cil1 or ! *isel1 j z if !y 7 actually pres5t4 ,! image s vividly realiz$ is a necess>y condition ( ! ex]cise ( _! respective arts4 ,:5 great poets1 su* z ,dante1 ,ario/o1 ,milton1 & ,goe!1 conceiv$ & idealiz$ _! ?\ghts ) e detail ( circum/ances1 p]sons1 actions1 expressions1 & movem5ts1 no "o c d5y t ! images 7 vividly pres5t to _! m9ds1 & t :ile 9 ! act ( composition ^! 7 unconsci\sly reg>d$ z hav+ a real exi/5ce4 ,if ^! poetic descriptions are pres5t$ to ! att5tive read] 9 su* a vivid =m z to transport him into a real _w1 mu* m mu/ ! au?ors ( ^! m>vell\s creations h look$ ^u !m z real at ! mom5t ( composition4 ,! impression ( tru?fulness is inde$ produc$ by ! fact t ! writ]s saw ^! ?+s z ?\gh !y 7 real4 ,i speak ( /ates ( consci\sness1 n ( reflex obs]vation1 ( int5se mom5ts ( s5sation & imag9ation1 :i* are unnotic$ by ! man :o exp]i5ces !m 9 8 wak+ mom5ts4 ,su* is ! read] ( a poem1 a romance1 or hi/ory1 ! spectator ( a picture1 :o is able = ! "t to ab/ract himself f surr\nd+ objects1 & :o implicitly believes t he sees ^? places & p]sons1 or :atev] ! book or pa9t] has describ$ or repres5t$4 ,if sudd5ly int]rupt$1 he r\ses himself1 & may be said to awake to ! pres5t reality ( ?+s1 z if />tl$ f a dream4 ,wigan relates t a celebrat$ portrait pa9t] work$ ) su* quickness & facility t he pa9t$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ portraits 9 a ye>4 ,:5 he 0 ask$ ! secret ( 8 rapid execution & ( ! fai?fulness ( ! lik5ess1 he repli$1 ,:5 any "o proposes to h 8 portrait tak51 ,i look at him att5tively = half an h\r1 :ile sket*+ 8 features on ! canvas2 ,i !n lay ! canvas aside & pursue ! same me?od ) ano!r portrait1 & s on4 ,:5 ,i wi% to return to ! fir/1 ,i take 8 p]son into my m9d & place x be=e me z di/9ctly z if he 7 actually pres5t4 ,i set to "w1 look+ at ! sitt] f "t to "t1 s9ce ,i am able to see him :5ev] ,i look t way4 ,talma ass]t$ t :5 he 0 on ! /age1 he 0 able by m]e =ce ( w to trans=m 8 audi5ce into skeletons1 :i* affect$ him ) su* emotion z to add =ce & en]gy to 8 action4 ,ab]cromby speaks ( a man :o _h ! faculty ( call+ up visions ) all ! vividness ( reality :5ev] he pleas$1 by /rongly fix+ 8 att5tion on m5tal conceptions :i* correspond$ to !m4 ,yet he 0 a sane man1 9 ! prime ( life1 p]fectly intellig5t1 & v]s$ 9 practical affairs4 ,a v slight )drawal ( ! att5tion f surr\nd+ objects is all t is necess>y to enable arti/s & "s o!r p]sons to call up ^! images ) vivid di/9ctness1 s9ce ev5 9 ! wak+ /ate ! image may = ! mom5t appe> to be actually be=e !m4 ,any "o might atta9 to ! same p[] ( v]ification if ! transition f ! real to ! m]ely ideal image 7 n 9 ! wak+ /ate s in/antane\s & easy2 :]eas 9 a dream ! /ate ( illusion is un9t]rupt$1 & x is physiologically impossible = ! m9d to pass imm$iately f ! image1 :i* is believ$ to be real1 to ! simply repres5tative idea ( ! ?+4 ,ev5 9 ! wak+ /ate1 ! image & repres5tative idea ( ! ?+ naturally t5d to become1 or to appe> to be1 actual realities1 ev5 9 a /rictly normal condition ( m9d & body4 ,nor d !y only implicitly t5d to become su* by ! innate impulse ( ! m9d1 b !y actually become s 9 fugitive mom5ts ( :i* man is sc>cely consci\s1 & !y appe> to him exactly z !y d 9 dreams4 ,h5ce x foll[s t !re is no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 ! sleep+ & wak+ /ates1 s f> z ! nature ( images1 _! s\rce1 action1 & comb9ations are conc]n$1 :5 m5 are di/ract$ 9 m9d1 & ! c\rse ( _! ?\ghts is n volunt>ily direct$ to "s def9ite object2 s t by a psy*ological process ! ph5om5a ( ! wak+ /ate may be p>tly trans=m$ into ^? ( dreams4 ,! vivid "* ( ! image1 pres5t$ to ! s5ses z if actually !re1 is common to bo? ph5om5a4 ,! way 9 :i* we beg9 to dream %[s h[1 ow+ to our physiological conditions1 we pass ?r\gh regul> /ages f ! wak+ /ate into t ( sleep4 ,nuovo p5si]o d5tro a me si mise1 ,dal qual pi altri nacqu]o e div]si2 ,e tanto di uno 9 altro vaneggiai ,*e gli oc*i p] vaghezza ricop]si1 ,e il p5sam5to 9 sogno trasmutai4#cc ,s ,dante writes 9 ! ,purgatorio ) deep & subtle tru?4 ,ea* man c v]ify = himself ! exactness ( ! great poet's description4 ,i myself c readily /udy ! ph5om5a ( dreams1 s9ce ,i nev] sleep )\t dream+ s vividly t ,i rememb] all ! circum/ances 9 ! morn+4 ,i h us$ all sorts ( artifices 9 ord] to trace ! beg9n+ ( sleep & dreams1 & always ) ! same result1 s t ,i am c]ta9 ( ! accuracy ( exp]im5ts :i* h be5 repeat$ a hundr$ times4 ,i h exam9$ o!r p]sons :o h made ! same obs]vations1 all ( :om agree ) me4 ,:5 repose1 ! h]ald ( sleep & dreams1 beg9s1 my ?\ghts w&] 9 an irregul> & some:at confus$ mann]4 ,z !y are gradually subject$ to ! associations to :i* !y successively give rise1 !y are trans=m$ into m vivid images1 a vividness :i* is always 9 inv]se proportion to ! att5tion4 ,?is gradually produces ! /ate :i* has be5 describ$ by ,maury & o!rs z hypnagogic halluc9ation2 t is1 ! images seem to be real1 al?\gh ! subject is /ill p>tly awake1 & ! volunt>y ex]cise ( ?\ght is lo/ f "t to "t 9 ?is species ( incipi5t *aos4 ,x is at ?is po9t t images are really mo/ int5se1 & t e idea assumes a body & =m1 e image a reality3 f9ally1 :5 ! body & ! bra9 h rea*$ ! physiological conditions ( sleep1 ?\ghts :i* _h be5 *ang$ into hypnagogic images 9 ! int]m$iate /age betwe5 sleep & wak+1 are altoge!r trans=m$ into ! real images ( dreams4 ,by an ef=t ( w ,i h (t5 be5 able to surprise myself 9 ?is int]m$iate /age1 & ! same ?+ has be5 done by o!rs1 & x always appe>s t ?is is ! real mom5t ( transition f wakefulness to dream+1 ,i h be5 able to v]ify ! fact t ! fir/ dream is only ! cont9uation ( our la/ wak+ ?\ghts1 :i* h n[ become dramatic & real ,i h also obs]v$ t ?is int]m$iate /age betwe5 wak+ & dream+1 dur+ :i* ! images are real & vivid1 al?\gh we are /ill consci\s ( our real condition1 goes on = a long :ile1 sometimes = a :ole night1 ) brief int]vals ( sleep4 ,?is has occurr$ to me :5 ,i 0 kept awake1 ei!r :5 travell+ at night1 or :5 ,i _h tak5 a l>ge draught ( wat] be=e ly+ d[n 7o!r liquids or food does n produce ! ph5om5on7 or if ,i h be5 look+ dur+ ! day at objects illum9at$ by dazzl+ sun%9e4 ,9 all ^! circum/ances ! bright & vivid images appe> r$uc$ to an almo/ microscopic scale1 al?\gh v di/9ct 9 =m & col\r2 9 ord9>y cases1 ! images appe> ( ! ord9>y size1 b n )\t a t5d5cy to become small]4 ,i believe t !re is a physical cause = ! r$uction & att5uation ( ! images 9 ! excessive excitem5t ( ! ret9a1 or c5tral encephalic organ 9 :i* images are =m$ 9 consci\s concurr5ce ) ! cortical "p ( ! hemisph]es4 ,ow+ to ! excitem5t caus$ by wakefulness1 by fatigue1 by sun%9e1 or 9 "s cases by ! condition ( ! n]ves ( ! /oma*1 ! objective projection on psy*ical space1 p>tly transmitt$ by h]$ity & gradually =m$ by associations & local signs1#cd is arre/$ by ! innate =ce ( ! image on ! organ1 & x appe>s to be small] & 9 proportion ) ! relative smallness ( ! image :i* is produc$ by m9ute vibrations & by ! susceptibility ( ! cellule4 ,?is int]m$iate & p]si/5t /age ( hypnagogic images s]ves 9 e way to expla9 ! physical g5esis ( involunt>y halluc9ations4 ,z a pro( t ! image physiologically assumes ! =m ( a real appe>ance1 ,i may m5tion ! exp]i5ce ( myself & o!rs4 ,:5 sudd5ly awak5$ f a vivid dream ,i h sometimes1 ev5 :5 ,i 0 fully awake1 se5 = an in/ant ! figures ( my dream /ill mov+1 & project$ on ! wall4 ,?is fact %[s t ev5 ! images ( our wak+ /ate h1 9 ! physiological conditions ( ! bra91 a t5d5cy to take real =ms1 s t !y may be t]m$ normal1 or m prop]ly1 in*oate halluc9ations1 correct$ by ! consci\s ef=ts ( our wak+ /ate & ext]nal consci\sness4 ,s t x might be said t dreams are at fir/ ! trans=mation ( our wak+ ?\ghts into normal images & halluc9ations1 & aft]w>ds into ^? ( dreams1 prop]ly s call$4 ,if ! hypnagogic phase actually affects ! c]ebral cellules 9 connection ) ! v>i\s s5ses ( :i* !y are ! organs1 ! phases ( sleep & dreams1 /rictly s call$1 h m g5]al conditions4 ,! idea1 conv]t$ into an image pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 may ?us be said to h ?ree /ages3 t ( ! wak+ /ate1 :i* dep5ds z we h said on ! int5sity & vividness ) :i* x is reproduc$1 aid$ by a mom5t>y deta*m5t f ! real environm5t2 secondly1 ! hypnagogic phase1 9 :i* !re is ! physiological action ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 :i* produce ! image1 ?\gh /ill ) ! implicit consci\sness ( ! wak+ /ate2 & f9ally1 ! actual dream1 9 :i* ?is implicit consci\sness is almo/ always want+1 & ! psy*ical ex]cise ( ?\ght is completely trans=m$ into visions & figures :i* are believ$ to be real4 ,?is 9 its turn dep5ds ^u ! o!r two causes1 & on ! physiological relaxation ( ! body1 :i* is to a great ext5t isolat$1 s t ! effectual impulses ( ext]nal nature are greatly att5uat$4 ,9 ! wak+ /ate1 ! :ole body & all its organs ( relation & movem5t are 9 t5sion4 ,! c]ebro-sp9al axis virtually excites ! :ole muscul> & p]iph]al sy/em 9 su* a way t relaxation or relative repose becomes impossible4 ,b ! bra91 ) all its dep5d5cies & app5dices1 is n only ! organ ( ?\ght1 b x /imulates & directs our :ole sy/em1 z num]\s exp]im5ts h %[n4 ,9 ! wak+ /ate bo? ^! functions are ex]cis$ equally1 z f> z ! impulses & functions ( ! body are conc]n$1 & z long z ! psy*ical & organic *>act]i/ics ( ! wak+ /ate cont9ue4 ,b 9 sleep ! excit+ influ5ce ( ! bra9 is dim9i%$1 & ! bra9 transmits mu* less ( ! normal excitem5t & normal t5sion to ! sp9al axis ) its ramifications 9 ! aff]5t & eff]5t n]ves2 9 ! wak+ /ate an ext]nal impression is promptly convey$ to ! c5tres1 :5ce x returns 9 correspond+ movem5ts ) ! usual connection & rapidity1 :e!r reflex or delib]ate4 ,s9ce 9 sleep ! relative condition is flaccid & torpid1 ?is action no long] takes place4 ,= if ! bra9 be affect$ by /rong impressions1 & ^! are foll[$ by correspond+ movem5ts due to reflex action1 z is (t5 ! case1 ev5 9 sleep1 ! dream] is only obscurely consci\s ( !m1 & !y almo/ :olly dep5d on ! sp9al axis1 & ! p]iph]al ganglia4 ,z we h said1 ! function ( ! bra9 is duplex2 x /imulates & directs1 & x is also s5ti5t & consci\s1 & ?is second function is p]si/5t 9 dreams4 ,al?\gh ! bra9 is no long] direct$ by a p[] :i* dictates psy*ical acts & ph5om5a1 yet its automatic action is n de/roy$1 & to ?is ! app>5t reality ( images se5 is ow+1 s9ce !re is no long] any di/raction f ! ext]nal _w1 or1 at all ev5ts1 its impulses are s att5uat$ z to be unobs]v$4 ,9 su* conditions pa/ images recur ) an appe>ance ( reality ow+ to ! mnemonic & automatic action ( ! bra92 su* a t5d5cy exi/s 9 ! wak+ /ate1 & ! images are associat$ & dissociat$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 by means ( analogies1 resemblances1 =m] comb9ations ( facts1 & s]ies ( facts analog\s to ^? ( ! wak+ /ate1 & are modifi$ by sugge/ive impulses4 ,we h exp]im5tal pro(1 to :i* ,i c add my own irrefragable witness1 t ! /imulat+ influ5ce ex]t$ by ! bra9 9 ! wak+ /ate is dormant 9 sleep1 & t only its automatic act ( repres5tation rema9s active1 ) ! occasional ex]cise ( an ar\s$ & consci\s w4 ,! foll[+ /range & unpleasant ph5om5on g5]ally occurs to me once or twice a ye>4 ,all at once1 9 ! mid/ ( a deep sleep1 ,i become wide awake2 ,i am fully consci\s ( myself1 ( ! place :]e ,i am1 ( my position & ! l1 & wi% to move l a p]son :o is fully awake4 ,yet = "s "t ?is is impossible2 ! psy*ical1 c]ebral faculty is p]fectly awake1 & ma/] ( itself1 b n ! /imulat+ faculty1 s t ! limbs d n respond to ! fir/ impulse ( ! w4 ,all my ef=ts are unsuccessful2 ,i only succe$ 9 escap+ f ?is unpleasant situation by utt]+ ) great difficulty "s in>ticulate s\nd1 :i* acts z a %ock1 & ,i ?us obta9 ! ma/]y ( my body1 = ! n]ves ( spee* & ! muscul> movem5ts ( articulation also fail to answ] to my w4 ,if ?is occurs :5 ,i am alone1 ! /ruggle is sev]e1 & !re is a viol5t %ock to ! :ole body be=e its equilibrium is re/or$ & ! motor function ( ! bra9 resumes its (fice4 ,x is !re=e manife/ t ! /imulat+ function ( ! bra9 is dormant 9 sleep & dreams1 b its automatic1 psy*ical function p]si/s2 x sometimes happ5s t ! /imulus ( ! w is awak5$ be=e ! /imulus ( motion1 & t ! bra9 may be ar\s$ to consci\sness = "s mom5ts be=e x has resum$ its normal functions z a /imulat+ organ1 :i* 7 att5uat$ & relax$ 9 sleep4 ,! abnormal condition ( p>alysis proves & confirms ?is fact4 ,let u n[ asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! v>i\s psy*ical & physiological conditions :i* aim at & (t5 succe$ 9 pres5t+ to ! m9d a m]e repres5tative sign z a sub/antial & real image4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! app>5t reality ( dreams8 ,! image is cle>ly a psy*ical ph5om5on1 conta9+ a s5sible elem5t ( :i* we are consci\s2 ! fundam5tal faculty ( ! p]ception is ex]t$ on x z on a real object1 & ! imm$iate results are precisely id5tical4 ,! read] w rememb] t we h %[n t a ph5om5on involves ! intuitive idea ( an active subject1 s t ! image also1 9 accordance ) ! innate faculty ( p]ception1 mu/ normally appe> to ! m9d z su*4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case1 x is because ! normal effect ( natural ph5om5a1 to :i* our att5tion is con/antly direct$1 & our m5tal education & h]$it>y influ5ce1 h accu/om$ u to di/+ui% at once betwe5 ! m]e idea & ! real object1 & ?us we disc]n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! normal action ( ?\ght & s5se1 & illusions1 halluc9ations1 & dreams4 ,b s9ce ^! psy*ical & physiological conditions lose _! =ce :5 ! habit & actions ( our wak+ /ate are dormant1 ! primitive & innate entification ( ! image quickly recurs1 z we c pla9ly see f ! previ\s analysis4 ,?is is s mu* ! case1 t "s savage peoples ev5 n[ f9d x h>d to di/+ui% real ev5ts f ^? ( dreams1 & ?is is ow+ to a defect 9 _! memory or to ! imp]fection ( _! language4 ,9 fact1 all civiliz$ & b>b>\s peoples 9 ! _w h )\t exception believ$1 & /ill believe1 9 ! reality ( images se5 9 dreams1 & _! p]sonification has be5 ! s\rce ( an imm5se numb] ( my?s4 ,ev5 n[1 ) all our civilization & advanc$ sci5ce1 n only ! common p1 b _m ( ^? 9 fa%ionable & tol]ably cultivat$ society1 believe 9 ! reality ( dreams & 9 _! halluc9ations1 & d]ive f !m fe>s1 hopes1 & w>n+s = _! future life4 ,i w give "o in/ance 9 a ?\s& to prove ! innate t5d5cy ev5 9 ! act ( dream+ to trans=m ! image into a real object4 ,x appe>$ to me t ,i 0 9 a l>ge room fill$ ) acqua9tances & /rang]s1 :o discuss$ an ev5t :i* _h really occurr$ 9 ! city a few days be=e4 ,all at once ,i rais$ my eyes to ! wall ( ! room1 & saw a l>ge picture1 repres5t+ a l&scape ) di/ant m\nta9s1 /reams1 cottages1 & animals4 ,z ,i look$1 ! picture 0 gradually trans=m$ into a real object1 & ,i f\nd myself1 toge!r ) ! company be=e m5tion$1 9 ! mid/ ( ! fields1 on ! bank ( ! riv]1 & )9 "o ( ! cottages4 ,9 ano!r dream1 ,i appe>$ to be conv]s+ ) an old soldi] on ! %ores ( a lake2 aft] "s incoh]5t talk1 he began to describe a bloody battle 9 :i* he _h tak5 "p2 he _h n gone f> be=e ! n>rative 0 *ang$ = an actual occurr5ce1 & ,i 0 9 ! mid/ ( a real battle1 su* z ! soldi] _h und]tak5 to describe4 ,ano!r night ,i dream$ t ,i 0 read+ a tragic poem1 relat+ t]rible de$s ( blood & rap9e1 & sudd5ly ,i seem$ to h become an actor or real spectator ( t :i* ,i _h at fir/ read 9 a book4 ,9 ano!r /range dream ,i 0 go+ ov] a difficult pass 9 a hir$ c>riage1 & ,i seem$ to see be=e me a fri5d f :om ,i _h p>t$ on ! previ\s day1 :5 he got into an omnibus to return to ! c\ntry4 ,i soon saw 9 ! di/ance a l>ge coa*-build]'s e/abli%m5t1 a va/ enclosure ) %$s & c>riages1 & 9 ! piazza ,i saw ! manag]1 a man ,i knew1 :o _h really "s appo9tm5t 9 a c>riage manufactory2 ! build+ recall$ by association ! famili> appe>ance ( ! high *imneys :i* rose above ! ro(1 & :ile ?9k+ ( ^? *imneys ) my eyes fix$ on ! manag]1 he appe>$ to me to be *ang$ into a v high *imney1 /ill be>+ a human face4 ,f9ally1 n to multiply examples1 ,i rememb] a dream 9 :i* ,i 0 pres5t at a popul> di/urbance1 :]e "o woman1 m furi\s ?an ! re/1 came to bl[s ) h] husb&1 & call$ him a dog4 ,sudd5ly ! sc5e *ang$1 & ,i 0 transport$ to a c\rty>d 9 :i* !re 7 p\ltry1 pigs1 & a f9e dog ( my acqua9tance1 call$ ,lightn+4 ,aga9 ! sc5e *ang$1 & ,i f\nd myself 9 a c\ntry di/rict ) "s fri5ds1 expos$ to a viol5t /orm ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,we cle>ly see f ^! facts t :atev] may be pres5t$ to ! imag9ation is trans=m$ into a real object 9 ! dream itself1 s t x might be call$ a dream )9 a dream1 & 9 ! la/ in/ance ! transmutation passes ?r\gh ?ree images & consecutive objects4 ,?is transmutation n only consi/s 9 ! transition f our wak+ ?\ghts to ! image ( our dreams1 b x takes place 9 ! act ( dream+2 su* is ! p[] ( ! faculty ( p]ception1 9 :i* we f9d ! fir/ orig9 ( my? 9 man1 & its roots also 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,?us ! g5esis ( my?1 z f> z ! entification ( ! image is conc]n$1 is ! same z t ( dreams4 ,! normal illusions ( ! s5ses1 :i* are believ$ to be real by primitive m51 & by ^? ignorant ( physical laws1 h a simil> orig94 ,! objection ( su* ph5om5a z a mirage1 or ! tremul\s effect produc$ 9 tropical regions by ! refraction & reflection ( light on trees1 rocks1 & m\nta9s1 s well describ$ by ,humboldt1 is due to ignorance ( ! laws ( nature1 & ?is is 9 fact an entification ( ! ph5om5on1 occasion$ by ! innate t5d5cy to animation :i* is prop] to ! p]ception4 ,9 ?is x is easy to trace ! g5esis bo? ( my? & dreams4 ,! fact ( halluc9ation is m complex1 ev5 9 its normal /ate1 t is1 9 ^? g5]al conditions ( m9d & body 9 :i* reason has complete comm& ov] u4 ,)\t ent]+ into any analysis ( ! v>i\s =ms ( halluc9ation ( :i* _m able psy*ologi/s & physicians ( ! insane h treat$1 let u turn to ! m ord9>y cases 9 :i* an image ( ! m9d is project$ on ! ext]nal _w s z to appe> real4 ,! roots ( su* a ph5om5on are /rictly organic1 & belong to ! c5tres 9 :i* ! image is =m$1 z we h already obs]v$2 ?is image sometimes /&s out 9 su* vivid relief on ! psy*ical space t x seems to be an ext]nal1 n1 z x usually appe>s 9 less vivid =m1 an int]nal intuition4 ,! halluc9ations :i* ,nicolai describes himself to h exp]i5c$ may be tak5 z a classical example4 ,:5 ,&ral 0 return+ f an autopsy1 he cle>ly saw ! corpse /ret*$ be=e him z he ent]$ 8 room4 ,goe!1 ,byron1 & _m o!rs1 h be5 affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,i myself h occasionally _h halluc9ations ( ! k9d :5 9 a p]fectly heal?y condition ( m9d & body2 "o1 9 p>ticul>1 ( a v vivid "*1 occurr$ :5 ,i awoke "o morn+ & seem$ to see a tall & v5]able prie/ ent]+ my *amb]4 ,x is ne$less to multiply examples2 simil> facts ab\nd 9 classic books 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & o!r languages4 ,let u r /udy ! ph5om5on & trace its orig94 ,x is cle> on ! "o side t ! images ( ! halluc9ations ( sight or he>+ appe> to h a real exi/5ce1 s t !y may be obs]v$ & /udi$ ) ease2 & x is also c]ta9 t ?is image has no ext]nal exi/5ce1 & is simply a c]ebral fact1 due to ! organs adapt$ = p]ception4 ,)\t consid]+ ! cause ( ! ext]nal projection1 to :i* ,i h already allud$1 s9ce p]haps its physiological & psy*ical g5esis is n yet fully und]/ood1 we mu/ consid] ! image1 s f> z x is believ$ to be real4 ,9 cases ( normal halluc9ation ! reason is intact1 & ! obs]v] is consci\s ( ! illusion1 yet not)/&+ ?is positive judgm5t ! image has an appe>ance ( complete reality4 ,! cause ( ?is illusion is evid5tly ! same z t ( ! illusions ( dreams1 & ( ! orig9 ( my?2 namely1 t ev]y:]e & always ! m5tal or natural ph5om5on & its image are respectively entifi$4 ,9 ! normal wak+ /ate1 habit & o!r causes on :i* we h t\*$ r5d] our ideas ( ?+s altoge!r immat]ial1 z m]ely psy*ical =ms & repres5tative signs1 b :5 ! excitem5t ( ! organs increases1 s z to pres5t !m to ! consci\sness z objective images1 !n1 ow+ to ! int]ruption ( ! ord9>y process1 !y are sudd5ly entifi$1 & appe> z an ext]nal ph5om5on4 ,halluc9ations are !re=e expla9$ by our !ory1 & x is fur!r confirm$ by ! halluc9ations ( animals1 & especially by ! delirium ( dogs & o!r animals affect$ by hydrophobia1 or by c]ebral excitem5t artificially produc$ by alcoholic & exhil>at+ drugs4 ,if a man is habitually subject to _m & v>i\s halluc9ations1 & 8 sane judgm5t e/eems !m to be su*1 !y are und\bt$ly unusual ph5om5a1 b !y d n 9 any way injure ! rational ex]cise ( ! m9d4 ,x is only :5 he believes ! images to be real t ! abnormal /ate beg9s1 t]m$ delirium if x is ( %ort duration1 & madness if x is p]man5t4 ,we mu/ exam9e halluc9ation "u ^! new conditions4 ,9 ! delirium ( fev]1 or 9 v>i\s =ms ( disease1 ! c]ebral excitem5t is s great t n only ! delib]ate ex]cise ( reason1 b ! p[] ( e/imat+ ext]nal objects is lo/1 & ! organs ( ! s5ses are s completely alt]$1 t ! p]ceptions !mselves are exagg]at$ & confus$4 ,9 ?is /ate halluc9ation rea*es its highe/ po9t1 & ! pati5t sees1 he>s1 & feels1 directly or indirectly1 /range & t]rible ?+s3 wild bea/s1 enemies ( all k9d1 torm5ts2 or aga91 pleas+ & agreeable images4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! alt]ation 9 v>i\s s5sations produc$ by ! morbid alt]ation ( ! special organs :i* induce !m1 ! real cause ( ?is ph5om5on consi/s 9 ! objection ( m5tal s5sations & images4 ,su* an objection ( images or s5sations1 consid]$ 9 ! act :i* trans=ms !m into a reality1 dep5ds on ! same cause z all o!r acts ( p]ception2 !re is always an entification ( ! ph5om5on1 :i* 9 ?is case is a vivid int]nal image1 appe>+ to be ext]nal & real4 ,! entification ( images is /ill m direct & p[]ful because 9 ?is morbid crisis ! necess>y corrections made by reason _c take place1 s9ce ! sick man is = ! "t depriv$ ( x1 & he is 9 fact a dream]1 ^: condition is int5sifi$ by abnormal excitem5t4 ,entification is n[ display$ 9 its nude & native /ate1 & s]ves to expla9 ! con/ant m5tal process1 & ! true nature ( ! repres5tations ( ! intellect4 ,! transition is easy f delirium to madness1 = al?\gh an insane p]son is n always deliri\s1 b sometimes calm & compos$1 yet !re is a fundam5tal resemblance to delirium 9 ! *ange 9 8 /ates ( consci\sness & its relative organs1 :i* imply a con/ant halluc9ation4 ,! mo/ fam\s & acute physicians ( ! insane e/imate t eighty out ( a hundr$ insane p]sons are subject to halluc9ations4 ,! morbid condition :i* g5]ates !m is also produc$ by debility1 by anmia1 & ! s5ile decay ( ! c]ebral organs1 s9ce !y occur 9 dem5tia1 idiocy1 & old age1 & ! physiological & m5tal causes are ! same2 ! p[] ( fix+ ! att5tion & gov]n+ ! ?\ghts is dim9i%$1 ow+ to ! weak5+ ( ! vivid consci\sness ( ! ext]nal _w1 produc$ by a torpidity ( ! aff]5t organs4 ,9 ^! cases ! recollections :i* are n altoge!r lo/ sometimes reappe> z halluc9ations4 ,! halluc9ations ( madness1 9 its v>i\s =ms ( dem5tia1 idiocy1 & dotage1 are all1 ap>t f _! morbid & organic conditions1 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce :i* produces my?s1 dreams1 & normal halluc9ations2 ! objective entification ( images is due to ! innate faculty ( ! p]ception1 :i* leads to ! imm$iate p]sonification ( any giv5 ph5om5on4 ,we h %[n t1 giv5 a s5sation1 !re naturally arises ! implicit notion ( a subject & a cause1 & ?is natural impulse is fur!r develop$ by ! influ5ce ( h]$ity2 bo? 9 man & animals ! con/ant & p[]ful s5se ( individual life is infus$ into ! ph5om5on p]ceiv$4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( madness ?r[ a cle>] light on ?is necess>y & primitive fact ( human & animal p]ception4 ,! act ( s5sation may !n be said to be "u its own direction1 & g5]ates itself 9 ! automatic ex]cise ( ! bra91 z 9 dreams1 )\t ! explicit1 di/urb+1 & modify+ influ5ce ( reflection1 & ! habit ( rational analysis4 ,! act ( s5sation is spontane\sly complet$ & develop$ 9 & ) its own con/itu5ts1 & s9ce x is isolat$ f o!r modes & ex]cises ( ?\ght1 its real nature appe>s4 ,! halluc9ations ( madness1 produc$ by ! m5tal realization ( images1 ei!r deta*$ or 9 association1 prove t all our m5tal images or ideas h a t5d5cy 9 !mselves to become real objects ( consci\sness2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t a sane man recognizes ^! m5tal entifications by _! mobility & incessant alt]ations1 :i* contra/ ) ! fixity & p]man5ce ( ext]nal & cosmic ph5om5a4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations w confirm ! tru? ( ^! facts4 ,9 our advanc$ /ate ( civilization1 ?\ght may1 aft] s _m ages' ex]cise1 almo/ be said to h become "p ( ! organism by ! indisputable effect ( h]$ity2 & ! ph5om5on ( ! recurr5ce to memory ( pa/ facts & di/ant places is obvi\s & intelligible1 s9ce our judgm5t ( !m is nev] subject to illusion1 or only 9 r>e in/ances & 9 abnormal conditions4 ,b ?is judgm5t is less obvi\s & easy 9 ! case ( primitive savages :o h advanc$ little beyond ! innate ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce4 ,! rational analysis ( ! /ates ( consci\sness has n be5 made1 & h5ce _! special & g5]al di/9ctions are se5 ) difficulty or n se5 at all4 ,consequ5tly ! primitive & natural amazem5t ( man mu/ h be5 great1 :5 by day1 & /ill m 9 ! lonely sil5ce ( night1 p]sons1 places1 & 8 own pa/ acts recurr$ to 8 m9d1 & he 0 able to contemplate !m z if !y 7 actually pres5t4 ,he 0 incapable ( giv+ an explanation ( ?is m>vell\s fact 9 ! rational & reflective mann] :i* is possible to psy*ologi/s & to all civiliz$ m54 ,?is revival ( ! pa/ appe>$ to him z a fact 9 its simple & spontane\s reality2 he made no attempt to expla9 x1 b x 0 pres5t$ to 8 consci\sness l all o!r natural facts4 ,! only explanation ( ! ph5om5on appe>$ to him to be t ^! images did n recur to ! m9d by ! necess>y action ( ! bra91 b t by _! own spontane\s p[] !y 7 recall$ to take _! "p )9 8 brea/3 he suppos$ ! ph5om5on to be objective1 n subjective4 ,prophecy1 = in/ance1 0 (t5 suppos$ to be a recollection1 & "s primitive acc\nts ( ! g5esis ( ?+s1 h&$ d[n by tradition1 7 reput$ to be inspir$1 & objectively dictat$ to ! m9d4 ,! ,platonic !ory ( rem9isc5ce relies on ^! conceptions4 ,! p[] :i* recall$ ! images to memory 0 suppos$ to be ext]nal1 & id5tical ) t :i* raises up ! images ( dreams2 primitive man trac$ a fanciful id5tity betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( memory & ( dreams1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 !m 0 n suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! actual images1 b 9 ! modes ( _! appe>ance 9 ! wak+ or sleep+ /ate4 ,! images assum$ 9 ! memory a relative reality1 some:at resembl+ ^? ( dreams4 ,9 fact1 "s savages d n cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 ! images ( ^! /ates1 & see little diff]5ce betwe5 ! spontane\s recollection ( ?+s1 ! fancy1 & dream+4 ,?is also occurs 9 *ildr51 :o at a v e>ly age (t5 call by "n abs5t p]sons & ?+s :i* recur to _! memory2 & on ! o!r h& !y d n di/+ui% ! facts ( real life f ^? ( dreams4 ,i h obs]v$ ?is fact 9 sev]al *ildr54 ,among primitive peoples x (t5 happ5s t an object ) :i* !y are unfamili>1 b :i* has "s analogy ) ^? ) :i* !y are acqua9t$1 becomes associat$ ) ! latt]1 & is con/itut$ into a comp\nd be+1 end[$ ) life4 ,! ,esquimaux believ$ ! vessels comm&$ by ,ross to be alive1 s9ce !y mov$ )\t o>s4 ,:5 ,cook t\*$ at ,new ,zeal&1 ! inhabitants suppos$ 8 %ip to be a :ale ) sails4 ,! ,bosjesmanns ascrib$ life to a waggon1 & imag9$ t x requir$ ! n\ri%m5t ( grass4 ,:5 an ,arauco saw a compass1 he believ$ t x 0 an animal2 & ! same belief has be5 held by savages ( musical in/rum5ts1 su* z gr9d+ organs1 :i* play tunes me*anically4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] m5tions simil> behavi\r 9 "s m5 belong+ to "o ( ! hill tribes 9 ,india2 :5 !y saw ,dr4 ,hook] pull out a spr+ measur+ tape1 :i* w5t back into its case ( itself1 !y 7 t]rifi$ & ran away1 conv9c$ t x 0 a snake4 ,f ^! facts1 :i* might be multipli$ indef9itely1 x n only appe>s t ev]y?+ is spontane\sly animat$ by man1 b also t ! images ( 8 memory are fus$ ) ^? :i* are actually pres5t1 s9ce _! respective factors are e/eem$ to be equally real4 ,?is primitive objection ( ! images ( ! memory also occurs 9 ! my?ical repres5tations ( dreams1 :i*1 z ! images ( abs5t objects1 h mu* 9 common ) ! images ( ! memory4 ,9 fact1 all peoples1 z we h se51 h believ$ 9 ! reality ( dreams4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( two s\ls1 "o ( :i* rema9s 9 ! body :ile ! o!r w&]s at pleasure dur+ ! dream4 ,! ,new ,zeal&] supposes t ! dream]'s s\l leaves 8 body1 & t he meets ! ?+s ( :i* he dreams 9 ! c\rse ( 8 w&]+s4 ,! ,dyak also believes t ! s\l is abs5t dur+ sleep1 & t ! ?+s se5 9 dreams really occur4 ,g>cilasso ass]ts t ?is 0 likewise ! ,p]uvians' belief4 ,a tribe 9 ,java ab/a9s f wak+ a sleep]1 s9ce 8 s\l is abs5t 9 dreams4 ,! ,k>5s say t dreams are :at ! l or s\l sees dur+ sleep4 ,?is !ory is also f\nd among m civiliz$ peoples1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,v$ic philosophy & ! ,kabbala1 & x has come d[n to our days among ! common p1 & ev5 among ^? ( "s culture4 ,"o belief connect$ ) dreams1 g5]ally diffus$ among all savage & civiliz$ peoples1 is t ( ! appe>ance ( dead m51 or ( _! gho/s4 ,( ?is all ! traditions & popul> my?s 9 ! _w are full4 ,su* a belief1 fir/ excit$ by ! vision ( ! dead 9 dreams1 is easily ar\s$ 9 ! savage or un$ucat$ m9d1 ev5 :5 he recalls to memory :ile he is alone1 & especially at night1 ! image ( "o :om he lov$ 9 life4 ,affection1 & ! lively emotion ( sorr[ & desire give su* a life-l appe>ance to ^! images t !y become objectively pres5t to ! m9d1 to console ! m\rn]1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 to ?reat5 ! murd]]4 ,i h m ?an once he>d p]sons ( all classes1 aft] ! dea? ( *ildr51 ( a husb& or wife1 :om !y h injur$ or imag9e t !y h injur$1 ei!r dur+ life or by n fulfill+ _! la/ wi%es1 decl>e 9 all good fai? t ! =m ( ! dead is (t5 pres5t to _! memory & visible :ile !y are awake2 ?us imply+ t ! dead m]cifully appe> to com=t _! m\rn+ fri5ds1 or else to reproa* !m = n fulfill+ _! promises4 ,9 a ^w1 ^! images did n seem to !m to be subjective1 & an ord9>y ph5om5on ( ! memory1 b objective & p]sonal app>itions )9 ! s\l4 ,! cases are n r>e 9 c]ta9 dispositions ( m9d1 9 :i* ! projection ( ^! images on ! memory gradually produces madness4 ,we mu/ n =get t psy*ical ph5om5a 9 g5]al are v diff]5tly reg>d$ by ! savage & ! civiliz$ man1 s9ce ! latt] is accu/om$ to analysis1 & to ! real di/9ctions ( ?+s4 ,if ?is canon is =gott5 we %all fall into grave errors 9 ! attempt to int]pret ! evolution & primitive hi/ory ( ?\ght & ( humanity4 ,we %all m readily und]/& ! nature & g5esis ( all ^! halluc9ations1 & ( normal & abnormal illusions1 if we /udy ano!r ph5om5on ( frequ5t occurr5ce :i* ,i myself h (t5 _h occasion to obs]ve4 ,i mean ! illusion or halluc9ation :i* does n consi/ 9 ! absolute projection ( an int]nal image ) an ext]nal semblance ( reality1 b :i* pres5ts x 9 ! twilight z an object ( unc]ta9 =m1 ei!r 9 a room or out ( doors4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 z ,i & o!rs h exp]i5c$ f *ildhood1 t a dress or o!r object ly+ by *ance on a *air1 or on ! gr\nd1 or hang+ on a piece ( furniture or a peg1 se5 9 connection ) ! o!r ?+s ne> x1 is trans=m$ into a p]son or animal1 9 a sitt+ or /&+ po/ure or ly+ at full l5g?1 z if x _h be5 a spectre or phantasm2 some:at l ! figures :i* we all take pleasure 9 trac+ 9 ! /range & mobile =ms ( cl\ds4 ,! fanta/ic figure sometimes appe>s in/antane\sly & at ! fir/ glance1 sometimes x is only gradually made out2 b 9 bo? cases1 z we %all see1 its g5esis is ! same4 ,al?\gh 9 ! =m] case t :i* 9 ! latt] is gradually develop$ appe>s to be develop$ all at once1 yet 9 reality x passes ?r\gh ! same /ages4 ,let u n[ consid] ! second mode2 & 9 ord] to be p]fectly accurate1 ,i w describe "o out ( _m app>itions :i* ,i saw s rec5tly t its gradual =mation is reta9$ di/9ctly 9 my memory4 ,on a small ?ree-legg$ table beside my b$ !re 0 a little oval mirror1 on :i* hung a woman's cap1 :i* fell p>tly ov] ! glass3 !re 0 also an easy *air1 on :i* ,i _h ?r[n my %irt be=e go+ to b$1 :ile my %oes 7 z usual on ! floor4 ,i awoke t[>ds morn+1 & z ,i *anc$ to look r\nd ! l>ge room1 9 ! unc]ta9 light ( a night-light :i* 0 almo/ burnt out1 my eyes fell ^u ! easy *air4 ,imm$iately ,i seem$ to see a head above x1 correspond+ to ! mirror1 & a vague & confus$ image ( a p]son seat$ !re4 ,z ,i am accu/om$ to d 9 simil> cases1 ,i clos$ my eyes = a little1 & on reop5+ !m ,i look$ at ! appe>ance ) att5tion & int]e/2 ?is "t ! p]son or phantasm _h a less confus$ outl9e1 al?\gh ,i did n see ! =m di/9ctly1 nor ! features1 nor its precise position4 ,yet 9 ?is second obs]vation1 ,i obta9$ an idea ( x z a :ole1 & 9 details4 ,on fur!r exam9ation ! face & p]son /ood out m cle>ly1 & ! features became m di/9ct1 ! long] ,i look$4 ,ea* accid5tal fold or %ad[ on ! cap 0 trans=m$ into bright eyes1 /rongly m>k$ eyebr[s1 into ! nose1 m\?1 hair1 be>d1 & neck2 s t z ,i w5t on ,i _h be=e me a p]fectly *isell$ face correspond+ to ! type :i* _h fir/ fla%$ across my m9d z ! confus$ impression ( a face convey$ by ! cap & mirror4 ,! same process ( evolution 0 pursu$ ) respect to ! limbs1 ! brea/1 arms1 legs1 & feet2 p>ts ( ! body :i* at fir/ appe>$ to be vague & indet]m9ate gradually1 & z if by en*antm5t issu$ di/9ctly f e fold ( ! %irt1 f e %ad[1 angle1 & l9e1 s z to compose :at ,dante w\ld call una p]sona c]ta4 ,f9ally ,i saw be=e me a man dress$ 9 :ite1 ( an a?letic =m1 sitt+ 9 ! easy *air & look+ fix$ly at me3 ! :ole body 0 9 h>mony ) ! head1 :i* _h fir/ result$ f ! rude resemblance to a human face4 ,! image appe>$ to me s real & di/9ct t on ris+ f ! b$ & gradually approa*+ x1 its =m did n vani%1 ev5 :5 ,i 0 ne> en\gh to t\* ! object :i* produc$ x4 ,an analysis %[$ t ! features1 limbs1 & position correspond$ 9 e po9t ) ! folds & relative position ( ! articles ( dress :i* _h =m$ x4 ,a simil> process1 issu+ 9 su* app>itions1 is a frequ5t cause ( illusions1 :i* 9 ! case ( +5u\s1 sup]/iti\s1 & primitive peoples1 may lead to ! firm conviction t !y h se5 an app>ition4 ,?is has c]ta9ly be5 ! case 9 primitive & ev5 9 civiliz$ times1 & has giv5 occasion to my?s1 leg5ds1 & ! wor%ip ( tutel>y deities & sa9ts4 ,if we consid] ! causes ( su* a ph5om5on1 & analyze its elem5ts & motives1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 discov] t x goes f> to expla9 _m normal & abnormal halluc9ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is 9 man a deep s5se ( ! analogies ( ?+s1 p>tly develop$ by ! organic t5d5cy to reg>d any giv5 object ( p]ception z subjective & causative1 & to infuse into x our own animal life1 a t5d5cy confirm$ by education & ! practice ( daily life4 ,su* analogies1 :i* f9d _! expression 9 metaphor1 are v vivid & p]si/5t 9 ! vulg> & 9 ^? p]sons :o approximate mo/ closely to ! primitive +5u\sness ( ! intellig5ce4 ,! mo/ frequ5t analogies are betwe5 natural ph5om5a & objects & animal =ms4 ,analogies are also f\nd betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( inanimate natural objects1 b ! =m] are m usual1 & especially ^? :i* ref] to ! human =m4 ,!re are num]\s & famili> in/ances ( ! names ( m5 or wom5 giv5 to m\nta9s1 rocks1 & crags1 because !y h "s remote resemblance to "s human feature or limb4 ,e day we may be call$ ^u to see a face 9 "s m\nta91 /one1 or trunk ( a tree1 9 ! outl9e ( ! l&scape1 a wrea? ( mi/ or cl\d4 ,we are told to obs]ve ! eyes1 nose1 m\?1 ! arms & legs1 & s on4#ce ,e "o mu/ rememb] to h (t5 he>d ( su* resemblances1 ev5 if he has n himself obs]v$ !m4 ,all ! facts & laws :i* we h obs]v$ expla9 :y ! sudd5 appe>ance ( "s vague =m 9 an unc]ta9 light1 rem9d+ u 9 a confus$ way ( ! human figure1 in/antly causes u to trace a resemblance to man r ?an to any ?+ else4 ,x mu/ be not$1 z my exp]im5t has already prov$1 t 9 ?is fir/ sket* ( a phantasm 9 human =m1 a g5]al1 ?\gh indef9ite type ( ! :ole figure has spontane\sly aris51 to :i* x is made to correspond4 ,?is is ! key to ! ultimate p]ception ( ! ph5om5on4 ,:at may be call$ ! prophetic type ( ! figure :i* w aft]w>ds appe> to u 9 all its details1 al?\gh x may seem to be produc$ by ext]nal resemblance1 is 9 fact ! product ( ! m9d1 :i* has be5 unconsci\sly ex]cis$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,9 fact1 out ( ! imm5se v>iety 9 faces1 & 9 ! g5]al =m ( p]sons1 ( ge/ures1 fa%ions ( dress1 attitudes 9 re/ & motion1 :i* are indelibly impress$ on ! memory1 e "o con/ructs g5]al types = himself2 types :i* are reveal$ 9 ! allusions made 9 our daily conv]sation to ! resemblances :i* we are cont9ually obs]v+4 ,^! rema9 9 ! memory1 ) all ! manifold resemblances1 z well z ! ideal ( c]ta9 types 9 :i* ! num]\s =ms we h se5 & comp>$ are =mulat$4 ,we "k t :5 ! memory has be5 dormant1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 x may be awak5$ by ! /imulus ( association1 ( analogy1 or ( w1 s z to reproduce ! =gott5 ideas & s5sations :i* are ?us aga9 pres5t$ to ! consci\sness4 ,:51 !re=e1 "o or m objects are se5 9 an unc]ta9 light1 s z to pres5t a confus$ appe>ance ( ! human =m1 its g5]al l9eam5ts are unconsci\sly made by u to correspond ) ! human type already exi/+ 9 ! memory1 & ?is type presides 9 ! subsequ5t composition ( ! reproduc+ arti/ :o obs]ves ! phantasm4 ,! unconsci\s m5tal lab\r :i* is accompli%$ 9 ! reproduc+ cellules ( pa/ impressions & ideas by ! in/antane\s creation ( ! type1 ga!rs r\nd ?is type ! =m & features correspond+ ) x1 :i* _h its e>li] exi/5ce 9 our own exp]i5ce4 ,! ext]nal pose & indef9ite modification ( ! objects appe> to correspond ) ! gradual mnemonic revival ( ! typal =m1 & !y reciprocally /imulate & react on ea* o!r4 ,= :ile a fold1 %ad[1 or l9e ( ! objects se5 appe> to correspond ) "s feature ( ! mnemonic type1 on ! o!r h&1 a fold1 %ad[1 or outl9e ( ! object recalls a feature ( ! inw>d phantasm compos$ by ! memory4 ,9 ?is process ! mnemonic details :i* are 9 accordance ) ! pre-exi/+ type1 & sometimes also 9 accordance ) "s rem>kable face or p]son :i* 0 ! fir/ to pres5t itself to ! m9d1 s]ve z a model = ! accid5tal =m ( ! ext]nal object or objects :i* correspond to x2 ?is 9 its turn recalls features :i* rema9 9 ! memory1 & 9 ?is way ! ext]nal =m ( ?is p>ticul> phantasm is gradually *isell$ into full relief4 ,! m int5tly we reg>d ! object :i* is modifi$ to suit ! m5tal image1 ! m p]fectly !y agree toge!r1 & ! app>ition /&s out ) m vivid di/9ctness4 ,?is w be ! exp]i5ce ( e "o to :om su* a ph5om5on appe>s1 & a dispassionate analysis ( all ! phases ( ?is fact mu/ fully confirm our !ory4 ,su* a fact1 :i* is implicitly includ$ 9 ! g5]al law we h laid d[n = ! orig9 ( my?1 w also z ,i ?9k ?r[ fur!r light on ! orig9 ( _m halluc9ations1 bo? 9 normal conditions ( m9d & 9 ! abnormal /ate ( n]v\s disord]s4 ,! diff]5t appe>ances ( objects1 animals1 & m51 ! voices1 words1 songs1 & conv]sations se5 & he>d 9 ^! halluc9ations1 are produc$1 by an int]nal impulse z well z by a /imulus f )\t2 !y are int]nal 9 ! images & s5sation already unconsci\sly impress$ ^u ! memory1 & !y are ext]nal 9 ! accid5tally modifi$ =m 9 :i* !y occur 9 s5sible objects1 s t !y act reciprocally z an inc5tive & impulse to ea* o!r4 ,if 9 normal halluc9ations ! vividness ( ! int]nal image is 9 c]ta9 physiological conditions project$ outw>dly1 ! configuration & accid5tal =m ( ! ext]nal objects contribute to complete ! composition 9 accordance ) ! nature & design ( ?is int]nal image4 ,sometimes ! physiological conditions ( halluc9ation are s p[]ful t x is at once produc$ by ! appe>ance ( an object :i* has "s analogy ) ! m5tal image4 ,:atev] may be ! g5esis & primitive "* ( ! idea ( space1 & its psy*ical & physiological relations to actual space--a "q :i* has be5 ! !me ( s mu* discussion 9 our "t--x is c]ta9 t fir/ habit & !n h]$it>y influ5ce cause u to h ! s5sation & appreh5sion ( a psy*ical space1 :i* may be t]m$ artificial & cong5ital1 & ^u :i* ! v>i\s impressions ( ! s5ses are spontane\sly project$4 ,( ?is !re is an evid5t pro( 9 ! fact t if we look at ! sun or any bright object1 su* z ! w9d[s ( a room 9 ! day "t1 & !n close our eyes1 s z to make ! vision ( ext]nal space impossible1 ! image ( ! sun1 sometimes ( a diff]5t col\r1 or ( ! w9d[1 is project$ into ! d>kness at "s di/ance f u1 & moves ab\t ?is psy*ical space4 ,?is ph5om5on also occurs 9 ! subjective s5sations ( he>+1 s9ce ! s\nds d n appe> to be close to ! e>1 b at a di/ance4 ,we are n "h call$ ^u to discuss ! causes :i* g5]ate ! appe>ance ( ?is psy*ical space1 b ! fact is indisputable2 s t conv]sely x becomes intelligible h[ ! int]nal image may be project$ 9 ! same way1 or may at lea/ appe> to be ext]nally project$ 9 halluc9ations4 ,?is surpris+ ph5om5on is only a modification ( ! ord9>y ex]cise ( ! psy*ical & physiological faculties 9 ! projection ( images2 ( :i*1 aft] ! idea ( space has be5 =m$ by primitive exp]i5ce1 habit & education are ! *ief factors4 ,halluc9ations1 9 ! cases obs]v$ above1 are due to an ext]nal impulse2 & ?is is especially ! case 9 madness & o!r n]v\s disord]s2 s9ce a critical obs]vation & cle> disc]nm5t ( ?+s is want+1 "s object ( vision1 a voice1 phrases1 or s\nds are mu* m apt to act z a /imulus to a va/ field ( visual halluc9ations1 or to a long succession ( s5t5ces & spee*es4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 wond]ful t 9 an ec/asy1 = in/ance1 9 :i* all ! faculties are conc5trat$ on v few ideas & images1 or p]haps on "o only1 e ext]nal sign1 :e!r obvi\s to sight or he>+1 comb9$ ) ! mnemonic ef=t already expla9$1 is modifi$ to correspond ) ^! vivid & exalt$ images2 ?us con/itut+ ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( ec/asy4 ,9 su* a case ! ec/atic ph5om5on 9 p]sons subject to ^! n]v\s affections is (t5 inve/$ ) fre% wond]s by ! additional s5sations ( light & subjective col\rs2 ?is is n uncommon ev5 9 p]sons ( a sane m9d & body1 b und\bt$ly x is m frequ5tly ! case 9 ^? ^: m5tal & physical conditions are abnormal4 ,x is n r>e to he> an ec/atic p]son rec\nt div9e visions1 suffus$ ) extraord9>y light & glory4 ,9 ord] to contribute to ! rese>*es ( o!rs into ! nature ( ?is ph5om5on1 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$--n f vanity1 b f a desire t my own imp]fections may s]ve ! cause ( sci5ce h[ev] slightly--to relate "s facts1 p]sonal to myself1 :i* be> ^u ! "q1 facts ( v g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,f my *ildhood ,i h _h1 bo? by day & night1 v>i\s subjective s5sations ( light :i* ,i 01 z a p]son ( p]fectly sane m9d1 able to obs]ve dispassionately4 ,aft] read+ = a long :ile1 or :5 fatigu$ by sleeplessness1 m5tal excitem5t1 or "s tempor>y ga/ric d]angem5t1 ,i see cle> flames circl+ be=e my eyes4 ,^! are 9 a small1 oblong =m1 arrang$ at brief int]vals 9 conc5tric curves1 & compos+ a mov+ g>l& project$ ^u space1 t+$ ) a yell[i% light1 %ad+ into vivid blue4 ,sometimes ?is figure is *ang$ = />s1 tw9kl+ 9 a va/ & remote space1 z 9 a firmam5t4 ,9 addition to ?is ph5om5on1 ,i h ab\t tw5ty times 9 ! c\rse ( my life exp]i5c$ o!r subjective & m extraord9>y s5sations ( light1 n unkn[n to o!rs4 ,?is ph5om5on occurs :5 ,i am 9 a normal condition ( heal?1 & always beg9s ) a confusion ( sight1 s t ,i am unable to see objects & ! faces ( p di/9ctly2 aft] :i* ev]y?+ )9 ! range ( vision becomes mobile & tremul\s4 ,?is /ate cont9ues = t5 m9utes1 & !n cle> & di/9ct vision returns4 ,next a lucid circle1 zig-zagg$ 9 acute angles1 appe>s close to ! eyes1 n[ on ! "r1 n[ on ! left4 ,x moves 9 a some:at s]p5t9e c\rse1 & is brok5 9 ! c5tre ( ! l[] half4 ,x )draws f ! eye into subjective space1 & ! %9+ b& ( :i* x is compos$ gradually loses its %>p angles1 & becomes wid] & undulat$1 :ile /ill 9 motion4 ,ano!r rem>kable s5sation foll[s4 ,! %9+ b&1 :i* has dilat$ until x is )drawn f ! eyes1 :e!r clos$ or op51 to an app>5t di/ance ( sev]al y>ds1 becomes t9t$ ) all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 /&+ out 9 su* vivid spl5d\r on ! d>k backgr\nd t ,i h nev] se5 !m equall$ 9 nature4 ,inde$ ! beauty ( ?is ph5om5a is amaz+4 ,! b&1 inlaid ) v>i\s col\rs1 n[ occupies ! :ole space1 ma9ta9+ an equal di/ance f ! clos$ eyes1 & mov+ cont9ually ) a rhy?mic undulation1 :ile x con/antly becomes m vivid4 ,! mov+ circle cont9ues to dilate until x sl[ly fades1 & at la/ completely disappe>s4 ,f its beg9n+ to ! end1 ! vision occupies f tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,?r\gh\t ! ph5om5on ,i cont9ue to be p]fectly collect$ & free 9 m9d1 s t ,i c obs]ve x 9 all its details ) p]fect calmness1 & c also imp>t my obs]vations to ! p]sons ) :om ,i happ5 to be4 ,only :5 ! subjective s5sation has ceas$1 ,i feel an obscure pa9 9 ! br[ ( ! eye 9 :i* ! ph5om5on occurr$4 ,?is is readily expla9$ by ! well-kn[n int]lac+ ( ! n]ves1 & ! action ( ! hemisph]es4 ,suppos+ t su* ph5om5a occur1 z !y m readily d1 9 p]sons pr$ispos$ to n]v\s affections1 al?\gh n insane1 9 times & 9 a society agitat$ by religi\s excitem5t1 or 9 p]sons habitually contemplative & occupi$ ) spiritual images & ?\ghts2 if 9 mom5ts ( ec/atic emotion !y %\ld p]ceive1 9 addition to ! images prop] to su* conditions1 ^! circl+ flames1 :i* is v likely to be ! case1 or ! iridesc5t aureole we h describ$1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly accept & glorify ! heav5ly vision reveal$ to !m4 ,! revolution ( ! bright />s or iridesc5t b&1 prec$$ by ! obscurity ( vision :i* accompanies ! ord9>y ec/atic halluc9ation1 w\ld c]ta9ly be ascrib$ to ! sa9ts or angels1 & w\ld ?us become m sup]natural & consonant ) ! believ]'s idea ( heav52 & ^! v subjective s5sations might (t5 produce ! ec/atic vision1 s ready to appe> 9 ! morbid conditions :i* lead to halluc9ation4 ,accord+ to ! process previ\sly describ$1 by :i* ! ph5om5on ( natural halluc9ations is produc$ by an ext]nal /imulus1 ^! lum9\s ph5om5a w\ld revive ! memory ( angelic & sa9tly =ms1 ( :i* m5 7 s pr(\ndly consci\s 9 times ( religi\s excitem5t1 & w\ld be reg>d$ z _! ext]nal signs1 :ile !y w\ld at ! same "t /imulate ! appe>ance ( su* angelic visions4 ,ultimately ?is w\ld lead to ! va/ drama ( cele/ial halluc9ations describ$ = u 9 ! acc\nts ( _m ec/atic visions4 ,!y d n only occur 9 mod]n religions1 b 9 ^? ( ! old hea!n1 & 9 ! rude & un=m$ beliefs ( savages4 ,! e?nography ( ! mo/ savage peoples ( our "t tea*es u t ! orig9 ( v _m my?s is to be f\nd 9 normal & abnormal halluc9ations1 & 9 ! lum9\s visions :i* con=m to _! m5tal conditions4 ,p]sons subject to n]v\s affections1 f simple epilepsy to madness & idiocy1 7 & /ill are suppos$ to be inspir$1 & end[$ ) ! p[] ( prophesy+ & work+ miracles2 !y are also v5]at$ = relat+ ! /range visions pres5t$ to !m 9 ! crisis ( _! disord]4 ,africa1 b>b>\s ,asia1 ,am]ica1 ,oceania1 & ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s p 9 ,europe itself1 ab\nd ) su* facts2 !y h occurr$ & are likely to recur 9 civiliz$ peoples ( all times1 includ+ our own1 z we "k only too well4 ,we h ?us r$uc$ ! primitive orig9 ( my?1 ( dreams1 ( all illusions1 ( normal & abnormal halluc9ations1 to "o unique fact & g5esis1 to a fundam5tal pr9ciple2 t is1 to ! primitive & innate entification ( ! ph5om5on1 to :atev] s5sation x may be ref]r$4 ,?is fact is n exclusively human 9 its simple expression & g5esis1 s9ce x occurs 9 ! l[] animals2 evid5tly 9 ^? :i* are ne>e/ to man1 & by ! necess>y logic ( induction 9 all o!rs1 accord+ to _! s5sations & modes ( p]ception4 ,9 ! va/ hi/oric drama ( op9ions1 beliefs1 religions1 my?ical & my?o-sci5tific !ories :i* are develop$ 9 all peoples2 & aga91 9 ! inf9ite v>iety ( dreams1 illusions1 my/ic & n]v\s halluc9ations1 all dep5d on ! primitive & unique fact :i* is also common to ! animal k+dom1 & id5tical ) x2 9 man ?is is also ! condition ( sci5ce & k4 ,i ?9k t ?is conclusion is n unwor?y ( ! consid]ation ( wise m5 & hone/ critics1 & t x w contribute to e/abli% ! def9itive unity ( ! g5]al sci5ce ( psy*ology1 consid]$ 9 ! va/ animal k+dom z a :ole1 & 9 connection ) ! great !ory ( evolution4 ,?is primitive act ( p]ception1 ! radical cause & g5esis ( all my?ical repres5tations1 & ! physical & intellectual condition ( sci5ce itself1 is also "o ( ! factors & ! /hetic g]m ( all ! arts4 ,! con/ra9+ p[] :i* g5]ates ! int5tional subjectivity ( ! ph5om5on1 & ! entification ( images1 ideas1 & num]\s normal & abnormal appe>ances1 also unconsci\sly impels man to project ! image into a design1 a sculpture1 or a monum5t4 ,s9ce an idea or emotion naturally t5ds1 z we h se51 to take an ext]nal =m 9 spee*1 ge/ure1 or "s o!r outw>d fact2 s also x t5ds to manife/ itself mat]ially & by means ( v>i\s arts1 & to take ! p]man5t =m ( "s object4 ,x is embodi$ 9 ?is way1 z x 0 embodi$ 9 feti%es 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,ow+ to ?is innate cause1 & by ! in/9ct ( imitation :i* results f x1 *ildr5 z well z savages always attempt "s rude sket* ( natural objects1 or ( ! fanciful images to :i* !y h giv5 rise4 ,draw+s ( animals & "s o!r objects are f\nd among ! l[e/ savages1 su* z ! ,tasmanians & ,au/ralians4 ,nor is ?is fact peculi> to ! l[] hi/oric races1 & to ^? :i* are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 b x is also to be f\nd 9 ! dwell+s & rema9s ( prehi/oric man2 c>v+s on /one ( v anci5t date h be5 f\nd1 coeval ) ext9ct & fossil animals1 prior to ! age ( our flora & fauna & to ! pres5t con=mation ( l& & wat]4 ,!re are _m cle> pro(s ( ! extreme antiquity ( ! primitive impulse to imitative arts4 ,a /ag's meta-t>sal bone1 on :i* !re 0 a c>v+ ( two rum9ants1 0 f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,savigny3 9 a cave at ,eyzies !re 0 a fragm5t>y c>v+ ( two animals on two slabs ( s*i/2 at ,la ,madela9e !re 7 f\nd two s-call$ /aves ( (fice1 on :i* 7 repres5tations ( a horse1 ( re9de]1 cattle1 & o!r animals2 two outl9es ( m51 "o ( a =e-arm1 & "o ( a nak$ man 9 a /oop+ position1 ) a %ort /aff on 8 %\ld]2 !re is also ! outl9e ( a mammo? on a %eet ( ivory2 a /atuette ( a ?9 woman )\t arms1 f\nd by ,m4 ,vibraye at ,laug]ie-,basse1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ! immode/ ,v5us2 a draw+ repres5t+ a man1 or s-call$ hunt]1 arm$ ) a b[1 & pursu+ a male auro*1 go+ ) its head d[n & ( a fi]ce aspect2 ! man is p]fectly nak$1 & we>s a po9t$ be>d4 ,o!r designs ( ! *ase & ( animals af=d a cle> pro( ( ! remote p]iod at :i* ! primitive in/9ct t[>ds ! imitative arts exi/$4 ,x is peculi> to man to portray ?+s & animals1 & to erect monum5ts out ( a sup]/iti\s feel+1 or to glorify an individual or ! nation2 ! b[]-birds & "s cognate species may p]haps be reg>d$ z an exception1 s9ce !y %[ a c]ta9 s5se ( beauty1 & an extr9sic satisfaction 9 gay col\rs1 :i* inde$ appe>s 9 _m animals4 ,b art 9 ! true s5se & 9 its ess5tial pr9ciple are ! act & product ( man alone1 ( :i* ,i h demon/rat$ ! cause & comp>ative reasons 9 ano!r "w1 s t x is unnecess>y to repeat !m "h4 ,"s r>e cases indicate an arti/ic con/ruction :i* is n an ess5tial "p ( animal functions1 & ! s5se ( =m & col\r occurs 9 "s species4 ,b ?is only %[s t !re exi/ 9 ! animal k+dom ! roots ( e art & s5tim5t peculi> to man1 subsequ5tly p]fect$ by him 9 an exclusive & reflex mann]1 & ?is confirms ! g5]al tru?s ( h]$ity & evolution4 ,:5 primitive man draws or c>ves objects1 he does n m]ely obey ! innate impulse to give an ext]nal =m to ! image already 9 8 m9d1 b :ile satisfy+ ! /hetic s5tim5t :i* actuates him1 he is consci\s ( "s my/]i\s p[] & sup]/iti\s influ5ce4 ,?is s5tim5t is n only app>5t 9 our own *ildr51 b among ne>ly all savages1 ( :i* _m in/ances might be giv52 "s ( !m are ev5 afraid to look at a portrait1 & %r9k f x z f a liv+ p]son4 ,z "t w5t on1 a belief 9 spirits 0 develop$ f causes already m5tion$1 ! rude !ory ( inc>nation foll[$ z its coroll>y1 & ?is s5tim5t 0 naturally confirm$ by incis$ & sculptur$ images2 = s9ce !y suppos$ a _s to be pres5t 9 e object :atev]1 ?is 0 mu* m ! case ) incis$ or sculptur$ figures ( m5 & animals4 ,9 ^! figures ! amulet1 talisman1 or gris-gris ( savages especially consi/$2 portraits1 h[ev] rude1 ( animals1 mon/]s1 ( ! human =m z a :ole or 9 p>ts1 z 9 ! univ]sal phallic sup]/itions4 ,! belief 9 spirits1 result+ f ! p]sonification ( %ad[s1 or ( ! image ( a man's own s\l :i* 0 suppos$ to return f ! tomb1 _h a my?ical influ5ce on ! mode & c]emonies ( sepulture1 on ! position ( corpses1 on ! ori5tation ( tombs1 & _! =m4 ,9 fact1 ! my?ical ideas ( spirits1 & ! fanciful place !y took 9 ! primitive idea ( ! _w1 produc$ ! cu/om ( bury+ corpses 9 an upright1 /oop+1 or sitt+ position1 & _! situation ) ref]5ce to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,9 ,am]ica ! cross :i* 0 plac$ 9 v e>ly times above ! tombs is rightly suppos$ by ,br9ton to h be5 a symbol ( ! f\r zones ( ! e>?1 relatively to ! tomb itself & to ! human rema9s enclos$ 9 x4 ,"o ,au/ralian tribe buries its dead ) _! faces to ! ea/2 ! ,fijians are buri$ ) ! head & feet to ! we/1 & _m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians foll[ ! same cu/om4 ,o!rs 9 ,s\? ,am]ica d\ble up ! corpse1 turn+ ! face to ! ea/4 ,! ,p]uvians place _! mummies 9 a sitt+ position1 look+ to ! we/2 ! natives ( ,jesso also turn ! head to ! we/4 ,! mod]n ,siamese nev] sleep ) _! faces turn$ to ! we/1 because ?is is ! attitude 9 :i* !y place _! dead be=e burn+ !m on ! fun]al pile4 ,f9ally1 ! ,greeks & all o!r peoples1 bo? civiliz$ & b>b>\s1 includ+ ourselves1 _h & cont9ue to h special cu/oms 9 bury+ _! dead4 ,all ! primitive arti/ic repres5tations ( ! human =m1 ! ori5tation ( tombs & temples & _! peculi> =m1 7 prompt$ by ^! spirituali/ & sup]/iti\s ideas2 !y express$ a symbolism d]iv$ f my?ical ideas ( ! con/itution ( ! _w1 ( its organism1 elem5ts1 & cosmic leg5ds4 ,?is ass]tion might be v]ifi$ by all fun]eal1 religi\s1 & civil monum5ts1 among all peoples ( ! e>?1 9 _! mo/ rudim5t>y =m d[n to ^? ( our times1 & above all 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ,africa1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,egypt1 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,europe1 beg9n+ ) ! ,greeks & pass+ ?r\gh ! ,lat9s d[n to ! ,*ri/ianity ( our day2 nor ne$ we exclude ! ,oceanic races1 & ^? ( ! two frigid zones4 ,d\btless ! pure/ /hetic s5tim5t 0 gratifi$ 9 ! productions ( ! pla/ic arts & ( design 9 g5]al :5 civilization 0 at its highe/ p]fection1 among p peculi>ly alive to ?is s5tim5t4 ,at ! same "t1 = ! great majority ( peoples 9 e>ly & subsequ5t ages d[n to our own "t1 !re 0 & is ! consci\sness ( a num51 9 ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w1 )9 ! /atue or effigy1 & ^! 7 unconsci\sly entifi$ by ! same law :i* leads to ! entification ( natural ph5om5a2 ! augu/ pres5ce ( ! gods & an artificial symbol ( ! liv+ organism ( ! _w 7 conta9$ 9 ! mat]ial =m4 ,:ile ?is s5tim5t took a high] developm5t 9 art1 & 0 gradually emancipat$ f its my?ical bonds1 x nev] altoge!r disappe>$ 9 arti/ic creations2 & !re are /ill _m :o w\ld1 l "s uncultur$ peoples ( e>ly & mod]n times1 cov] up _! images :5 !y are ab\t to commit "s action :i* might be displeas+ to ^! idols ( ! gods or sa9ts4 ,if we 7 to gauge ! s5tim5ts :i* really animate a man ( ! p1 ev5 :5 he2 looks at ! /atue ( a great man1 we %\ld f9d t 9 addition to 8 /hetic satisfaction1 he unconsci\sly imag9es t ! _s ( ! dead man is infus$ into ! image & is able to enjoy ! admiration ( ! obs]v]s4 ,!-wor%ip ( images 9 all times & places is ess5tially f\nd$ on ?is belief 9 ! inc>nation ( spirits & ! num5 ( feti%es4 ,!re is inde$ no real diff]5ce betwe5 ! sup]/iti\s adoration ( a savage1 address$ to 8 feti%1 & ! wor%ip ( images 9 _m religions ( mod]n civilization4 ,al?\gh p ( culture1 & ! s*ola/ic !ory ( religions1 may di/+ui% indirect & respectful v5]ation f direct wor%ip1 yet x _c be d5i$ t ! majority ( ! fai?ful directly adore ! image4 ,! g5]al belief 9 relics1 consi/+ ( bones1 hair1 clo!s1 etc41 is pla9ly an evolution ( ! amulets & gris-gris ( savages4 ,?is feti%tic & idolatr\s s5tim5t has by a gradual & necess>y developm5t be5 infus$ ev5 into spee* & writ+1 = writt5 =ms h be5 hung on plants z feti%es & idols1 or plac$ 9 ! temples z ! symbol ( p]petual pray]1 & ! ,buddhi/s ev5 erect pray]-mills4 ,we h analog\s in/ances among ourselves1 :5 texts ( ,scripture or ! words ( "s sa9t are roll$ up into a k9d ( amulet & worn r\nd ! neck4 ,! same s5tim5t is %[n 9 ! co/ly (f]+ ( lamps kept con/antly burn+ be=e images z ! means ( obta9+ help & fav\r2 & 9 ! visits made to a giv5 numb] ( *ur*es1 ?us trans=m+ numb] into a my/]i\s1 entifi$1 & efficaci\s p[]1 9 ! same way t e anci5t p1 :e!r b>b>\s or civiliz$1 my?ically v5]at$ c]ta9 numb]s2 ! ,p]uvians1 = in/ance1 & "s o!r ,am]ican peoples reg>d$ ! numb] f\r z sacr$4 ,9 addition to ! *]i%$ remembrance always inspir$ by portraits ( ^? we love1 a brea?+ ( life1 z if ! dead or abs5t p]son 7 communicat+ ) u 9 _s1 is p]haps unconsci\sly infus$ into ! picture :ile we look at x4 ,^! are transi5t /ates ( consci\sness1 ( :i* we are sc>cely aw>e1 al?\gh !y d n escape ! notice ( c>eful obs]v]s4 ,any di%on\r or insult (f]$ to images1 :e!r sacr$ or pr(ane1 deeply moves bo? ! le>n$ & unle>n$1 bo? b>b>\s & civiliz$ peoples1 n m]ely z a base & sacrilegi\s act aga9/ ! p]son repres5t$1 b f an in/9ctive & spontane\s feel+ t he is actually pres5t 9 ! image4 ,any "o :o analyzes ! matt] w f9d x impossible to sep>ate ^! two s5tim5ts1 & _m disgraceful & sangu9>y sc5es :i* h l$ to ! gall[s or ! /ake h actually result$ f ! id5tification ( ! image ) ! ?+ repres5t$4 ,ev5 :5 a man ( high culture & ref9$ ta/e = beauty /&s be=e ! canvas or sculpture ( "s great anci5t or mod]n arti/1 8 spiritual & /hetic enjoym5t ( ^! wond]ful works is1 z he w f9d f ! obs]vation ( 8 inmo/ emotions1 comb9$ ) ! animation & p]sonification ( :at he sees2 he is s f> c>ri$ away by ! beauty & tru? ( ! repres5tation t ! passions repres5t$ affect him z if !y 7 ^? ( real p]sons4 ,?is relative p]fection ( a "w ( art1 ei!r 9 ! way ! objects /& out1 9 ! v>i$ diffusion ( light & %ade1 9 ! movem5t & expression ( figures1 9 ! effect ( ! :ole 9 its details & backgr\nd1 is all height5$ & confirm$ by ! und]ly+ entification ( images4 ,! process we h be=e describ$ by :i* a confus$ gr\p ( objects appe> to u z a human =m or phantasm is also effect$ 9 ?is case 9 a m subtle way & ) less ef=t ( memory2 x is all ultimately due to ! primitive fact ( animal p]ception4 ,our imag9ation c supply ! resemblance1 ! limbs1 col\r1 & design 9 a picture 9 :i* a face1 figure1 or l&scape are slightly sket*$1 or 9 a r\ghly *isell$ /atue4 ,we (t5 he> ! compla9t t a "w ( art is too highly f9i%$1 & x we>ies & displeases u because x leaves no?+ = ! imag9ation to supply4 ,! rem>k reveals ! fact1 ( :i* we are all implicitly consci\s1 t we are ourselves 9 "p ! artific]s ( e ext]nal ph5om5on4 ,we ne$ n /op to prove a tru? well-kn[n to all1 t ar*itecture & all k9ds ( monum5ts l5d !mselves to a symbolism d]iv$ f anci5t & primitive popul> ideas4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ,india1 ,mesopotamia1 ,pho5icia1 ,egypt1 ,juda1 ,greece1 ,anci5t & ,*ri/ian ,rome1 & 9 ! anci5t rema9s f\nd 9 savage c\ntries & 9 ,am]ica4 ,! freemasons ( ! ,middle ,ages unit$ ! e>lie/ & mo/ v>i$ traditions ) ! symbols ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we unconsci\sly c>ry on ! same traditions1 pres]v+ "s ( _! =ms1 al?\gh ! mean+ ( ! symbol is lo/4 ,tombs 9 ! op5 air :i* enclos$ a _s1 & r\nd :i* ! %ades roam$1 7 ! fir/ sacr$ build+s1 f :i* by an easy & intelligible evolution ( ideas1 temples1 ) a simil> ori5tation1 & o!r works ( ar*itecture1 bo? religi\s & civil1 7 d]iv$4 ,if we foll[1 /ep by /ep1 ! developm5t ( ! tomb into ! temple1 ! palace1 & ! triumphal ar*1 we %all see h[ ! outw>d =m & ! human & cosmic my? 7 reciprocally enl>g$4 ,e?nography1 ar*ology1 & ! hi/ory ( all peoples indicate _! gradual evolution1 s t x is only necess>y to allude to x2 pro(s ab\nd = any intellig5t read]4 ,ev5 9 mod]n ar*itecture ! arrangem5t ( p>ts1 ! g5]al =m1 ! ornam5ts & symbols relat+ to my?ical ideas1 /ill p]si/1 al?\gh we are no long] consci\s ( _! mean+2 j z human spee* n[ makes use ( a simple phonetic sign z if x 7 an algebraic notation1 9 :i* ! philologi/ c trace ! primitive & concrete image :5ce x proce$$4 ,! arts also1 l o!r human products1 foll[ ! g5]al evolution ( my? 9 _! hi/oric c\rse2 ! primitive feti% is aft]w>ds p]fect$ by m explicit spiritual beliefs1 & is comb9$ ) cosmic my?s2 ^! are sl[ly trans=m$ into symbolic repres5tations1 :i* dissolve 9 _! turn1 & give place to ! expression ( ! tru? & to =ms :i* m fully satisfy ! natural s5se ( beauty & its adaptation to special ends4 ,! arts ( s++ & ( in/rum5tal music h ! same orig9 & evolution z ! o!rs4 ,vico1 ,/rabo1 & o!rs h ass]t$ t primitive m5 spoke 9 song1 & !re is great tru? 9 ! rem>k4 ,s9ce ge/ure & pantomime help out ! mean+ ( imp]fect spee*1 :i* 0 at fir/ poor 9 ! numb] ( words & _! relative =ms1 & ?is is /ill ! case among _m peoples1 s song1 vocal modulation1 & ! rhy?mic expression ( spee* seem to /imulate emotion4 ,9 tru?1 ! m5tal & physiological ef=t :i* t5ds by vocal enunciation to pres5t ! image or emotion 9 an ext]nal =m1 is on ! "o h& n yet fully dis9tegrat$1 & on ! o!r ! great] or less int5sity ( feel+ involv$ 9 primitive languages a correspond+ vocal modulation to supplem5t x1 j z x requir$ ge/ure & pantomime4 ,?us spee*1 ge/ure1 & song1 9 ! l>g] s5se ( ! ^w1 _h _! orig9 toge!r4 ,?is is also true ( _m ( ! languages ( mod]n savages1 & ( ^? ( m civiliz$ peoples1 su* z ! ,*9ese1 :i* h n q atta9$ inflection2 9 ?is case ! frequ5t repetition ( ! same monosyllable conveys a diff]5t mean+1 n only f its relative position1 b f ! modulation & tone 9 :i* x is utt]$4 ,! same ?+ may be obs]v$ 9 *ildr5 :o are j beg9n+ to talk4 ,rhy?m1 or ! graduat$ & alt]nate action & reaction ) :i* a vibration beg9s & ends1 is a univ]sal law 9 ! manife/ation & movem5ts ( all natural ph5om5a2 a law :i* is reveal$ on a gr& scale 9 all ! recurr+ p]iods ( nature1 :e!r a/ral1 telluric1 or meteorological1 z well z 9 ! =m & manifold phases ( organisms & _! modes ( reproduction4 ,?is univ]sal law also applies to ! :ole m5tal & organic sy/em ( animals & m51 :5ev] !y become consci\s ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,! same univ]sal rhy?m con/itutes ! fundam5tal =m ( s\nd 9 ! vibration ( metallic b>s1 or ( /r+s1 & becomes p]ceptible to ! ext]nal s5ses by means ( our organ ( he>+1 z also by ! ext]nal & innate necessity sl[ly develop$ by our habits ( consci\sness1 :i* may be t]m$ ! ext]nal causes ( its organic evolution & con/itution4 ,by ^! organic & cosmic t5d5cies1 & by ! intr9sic impulse t[>ds modulation ( s\nd already expla9$1 spee* fir/ issu$ f ! human brea/ 9 h>moni\s acc5ts & rhy?mic =m1 & ^! became 9 _! turn ! causes & g5esis ( v]sification & metre4 ,! classic exp]im5ts ( ,helmholtz %[ t ea* note may be reg>d$ z a h>monic :ole1 ow+ to ! complem5t>y s\nds :i* accompany x 9 its complete developm5t4 ,) ref]5ce to our own race1 ! g5esis ( ! composition ( v]se & metre are %[n by ! rese>*es made by ,we/phal & o!rs into ! metrical sy/em ( ! ,v$ic ,aryans1 ! ,turanians1 & ! ,greeks1 s9ce ! fact t _! metres 7 ! same implies a common orig94 ,! demon/ration is complete1 if we comp>e ! iambic metre ( ,ar*ilo*us ) t ( ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,!re are 9 bo? ?ree s]ies ( iambuses--! dimet]1 ! cataleptic trimet]1 & ! acataleptic4#cf ,?is obs]vation applies to ! physical & physiological conditions ( ! ph5om5on1 s9ce primitive m5 c\ld n speak )\t rhy?mic modulation ( words4 ,we are n q )\t hope ( discov]+ by induction ! orig9 ( w9d or /r+$ in/rum5ts :i* accompani$ ! songs1 aft] ! specification ( ! modes ( spee* 0 s f> advanc$ z to di/+ui% s++--:i* _h already become an art--f ! daily necessity ( reciprocal communication 9 words4 ,9 ?is rese>* we mu/ proce$ /ep by /ep1 aid$ by m9ute obs]vation1 le/ we %\ld accept an hypo!sis :i* does n correspond ) ! facts4 ,n only man1 b "s animals--among o!rs a species ( m\se f\nd 9 ,s\? ,africa--naturally uses 8 limbs to mod]ate or /r5g!n ! light ( vision4 ,?is m\se 0 obs]v$ to %ade its eyes ) its =epaws 9 ord] to look at "s di/ant object "u a blaz+ sun1 z we %\ld d 9 l conditions4 ,9 man1 ^: arms & h&s are readily adapt$ to ?is primitive art1 ! habit is common1 ev5 among ! rude/ savages4 ,putt+ sight out ( ! "q t we may consid] he>+1 :i* is our pres5t !me1 reflex movem5ts1 ei!r casual or habitual1 h c]ta9ly induc$ primitive m5 to place _! h&s on ! m\?1 ei!r s z to suppress ! s\nd or to augm5t x by us+ bo? h&s z a k9d ( %ell4 ,x is easy to imag9e ! use ( %ells or o!r holl[ objects z a vehicle ( s\nd1 ei!r = amusem5t or "s o!r cause1 & ^! rude in/rum5ts might s]ve z ! fir/ /ep to ! inv5tion ( w9d in/rum5ts4 ,reflection on ^! spontane\s exp]im5ts w\ld readily lead to ! se>* = "s mode ( prolong+ or imitat+ ! voice4 ,9 ^! attempts m5 might be guid$ by _! obs]vation ( ! :i/le & song ( birds1 ^: beaks may h s]v$ z a model = ! con/ruction ( ! flute & re$-pipe4 ,pott traces ! ^w = s\nd to ! root sv>1 & h5ce1 aft] "s natural phonetic *anges1 we h 9 ,li?uanian szwilpti = ! song ( birds4 ,( all natural objects1 diff]5t k9ds ( re$s & ! holl[ /alks ( plants are1 ow+ to _! holl[ & cyl9drical =m1 be/ adapt$ = ! imitation ( a bird's beak & ! sonor\s transmission ( brea?4 ,9 _m languages ! ^w = a flute is ! same z t = a re$4 ,9 ,sanscrit1 vana & vnu mean a flute & bamboo2 9 ,p]sian1 n & ny mean a flute & re$2 9 ,greek ,greek3 donas1 & 9 ,lat9 calamus1 h ! same d\ble mean+1 & _m m examples might be giv54 ,/r+$ in/rum5ts are a m elaborate inv5tion1 & may h be5 sugge/$ by ! vibration ( a b[-/r+ :5 x is twang$4 ,! b[ is common to all mod]n savages1 & 0 also f\nd among ext9ct peoples & ^? :i* are n[ civiliz$1 z well z 9 prehi/oric times4 ,! ,sanscrit ^w = a /r+$ in/rum5t1 tata or vitata1 is d]iv$ f ! root tan1 to /ret*4 ,pictet obs]ves t "o "n = a lute is rudri1 f rud1 to lam5t1 t is1 a pla9tive in/rum5t2 9 ,p]sian we h rod = song1 music1 or a /r+$ in/rum5t4 ,! etymology ( arcus is ! same2 ! root arc n only means to hurl1 b to s+ or res\nd4 ,hom] & ,rannjana (t5 allude to ! sonor\sness ( ! b[ & its /r+4 ,hom] says 9 speak+ ( ! b[ ( ,p&>us1 /ridit funis1 et n]vus valde sonuit4 ,& :5 ,ulysses drew 8 av5g+ b[1 ! cord emitt$ a cle> s\nd l ! voice ( a swall[4 ,lcka1 ano!r "n = a cord1 also means "o :o speaks1 f lc1 loqui2 & ! ,p]sian rd1 rda1 a b[-/r+1 also means a song4 ,9 ! ,v$a ! root arc' is us$ 9 speak+ ( ! ro>+ w9d1 or ( a long e*o+ s\nd4 ,aga9 tv>a1 a b[-/r+1 is f tan1 to /ret*1 to s\nd4 ,! ,greek ,greek3 tonos mu/ be ref]r$ to ! same root1 & signifies1 a b[-/r+1 a s\nd1 an acc5t1 a tone4 ,b5fey traces ! ,greek ,greek3 lura1 9 :i* ?is root is want+1 ?r\gh ,greek3 ludra1 or rudra4 ,kuhn confirms ?is trans=mation by ! analogy betwe5 ! ,v$ic god ,rudra & ! ,greek ,apollo1 bo? ( :om are arm$ ) a b[4 ,rudra1 l ,apollo1 is a great physician2 ! =m] is call$ kap>d91 f 8 mode ( we>+ 8 long hair1 & vanku f 8 tortu\s gait z ! god ( /orms2 to ! latt] ! epi!ts ( ,greek3 a*]s e*omes & ,greek3 loxias are appli$2 ! m\se 0 sacr$ to ,rudro1 & ,apollo _h ! surname ( ,sm9!us1 f ! m\se1 ,greek3 ,sm9?a1 :i* 0 8 symbol4 ,^! w9d & /r+$ in/rum5ts 7 n1 9 _! primitive =ms1 at once us$ z an accompanim5t to song4 ,be=e su* use 0 possible1 !re mu/ h be5 consid]able progress 9 ! specification ( language1 & special songs mu/ h be5 dis9tegrat$ f common spee*1 :i* 0 at fir/ an in*oate song4 ,possibly "s rude in/rum5ts 7 inv5t$ = amusem5t or "s o!r purpose be=e ?is specification _h tak5 place4 ,at any rate ! use ( v>i\s in/rum5ts = accompanim5t 0 prec$$ by ge/iculation1 or ! spontane\s /rik+ ( "s object :i* co9cid$ ) animat$ spee*1 or :i* accompani$ x 9 sonor\s cad5ces4 ,! rhy?m :i* /imulat$ primitive m5 to speak 9 song1 also impell$ !m to accompany x ) ge/ures & movem5ts ( ! body1 & ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! dance1 :i*1 :5 ! body mov$ 9 correspond5ce ) cad5c$ utt]ances1 0 at fir/ m]ely ! accompanim5t ( song4 ,tradition1 mod]n e?nography1 & ! primitive habits ( *ildr5 be> witness to ?is fact4 ,9 addition to ! rhy?mic motion ( all p>ts ( ! body1 !re is ! practice ( spontane\sly beat+ "t ) ! h&s & feet1 :i* 7 d\btless ! fir/ in/rum5ts us$ by man z a musical accompanim5t4 ,h5ce1 ow+ to ! facility (1 con/ruction1 !re arose p]cussion in/rum5ts1 :i* 7 at fir/ made ( /one or pieces ( wood4 ,s t s++1 danc+1 accompanim5t ) ! limbs or ) "s rudely fa%ion$ object arose almo/ simultane\sly1 z soon z ! process ( specification _h e/abli%$ a di/9ction betwe5 song & ord9>y spee*4 ,! fir/ simple in/rum5ts :i* we h describ$ only made ! song1 %\t1 w>-dance1 or religi\s c]emony m effective4 ,:5 *ant$ spee* 0 =mulat$ 9 a fix$ ord] by means ( rhy?m & ! modulations ( ! voice1 x became v]se1 & ! melody itself1 z ! simple expression ( ! song :i* _h be5 ca/ into v]se1 or ev5 into an in>ticulate *ant1 0 naturally evolv$ f x4 ,an arti/ic education is n ne$$ 9 ord] to exp]i5ce ! pleasure ( rhy?mic ord] 9 ! succession ( s\nd1 = a pr$isposition ( ! n]v\s sy/em w suffice4 ,savages1 *ildr51 & ev5 animals are s5sible ( rhy?m1 :i* is ! ord] & symmetry ( s5sations4 ,! dance1 z ,beauqui] ju/ly obs]ves1 is ! practical =m ( rhy?mic motion & ! ge/ure ( music4 ,! motion impress$ by s\nd on ! int]nal organism t5ds to manife/ itself 9 ext]nal ge/ure1 & 9 fact1 ! rhy?m ( ! music is repeat$ 9 danc+ 9 ! limbs & 9 ! :ole body ( ! danc]4 ,! rhy?m1 reg>d$ 9 its mat]ial cause1 ne$ n be accompani$ by any v musical s\nd4 ,! p]cussion in/rum5ts 7 at fir/ only us$ to m>k & int5sify ! rhy?m4 ,melody may be t]m$ a fusion ( rhy?m & s\nds ( diff]5t pit*es1 unit$ 9 "t1 & assum+ a regul> & symmetrical =m2 melody1 z o!rs also h obs]v$1 con/itutes ! :ole ( music1 s9ce )\t x h>mony itself is vague & indef9ite4 ,not)/&+ ! num]\s elem5ts :i* may be disc]n$ 9 melody1 & ! lab\r impli$ 9 its analysis1 x is ! facile & spontane\s creation ( man1 at any rate 9 its simple/ expression2 un$ucat$ p1 ignorant ( music1 are able to inv5t v tol]able melodies1 ( :i* we h in/ances 9 popul> & national songs1 :i* are g5]at$ by ! musical fancy ( ^? unconsci\s ( ! laws ( music4 ,melody has an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 :ile h>mony s]ves to acc5tuate its =m1 & conduces to its subsequ5t progress among peoples capable ( develop+ x 9 all its p[]4#cg ,music has a p[]ful influ5ce ^u all ! s5ses4 ,x has at all times be5 suppos$ to h a heal+ p[]1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 believ$ to cure epilepsy1 madness1 convulsions1 hy/]ia1 & all =ms ( n]v\s affections2 :ile 9 our own "t x is usefully employ$ 9 c]ebral diseases1 s9ce x has bo? a /imulat+ & soo?+ effect4 ,wom51 s9ce !y are g5]ally m n]v\s & s5sitive ?an m51 are m especially affect$ by music4 ,animals z well z man are influ5c$ by x1 z x has be5 %[n by exact & num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,e "o kn[s t _m birds c be taught airs1 :i* !y s+ ) ta/e & lively satisfaction4 ,! major key1 ) its regul> proportions1 its full & gradual s\nds1 ar\ses 9 man a s5se ( life & joy1 :ile ! m9or key excites languor & inv9cible sadness1 & animals are affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is evid5t t ! =mation ( ! scale1 ! ess5tial f\ndation ( music1 v>ies )1 ! epo*1 climate1 habits1 & physiological conditions ( ! diff]5t races :i* h successively adopt$ ! diatonic1 ! major1 & m9or scales4 ,! music ( ! ,*9ese diff]s f our own1 & :ile x is equally elaborate1 x does n q please u1 & ! same may be said ( ! music ( ! ,indians1 ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & o!rs4 ,und\bt$ly our scale is m conv5i5t & con=mable to art1 sett+ aside ! physiological conditions ( race1 s9ce ! notes sep>at$ by regul> int]vals =m a m spiritual & indep5d5t1 9 %ort a m arti/ic sy/em4 ,su* are briefly ! *>act]i/ics ( ! g5esis ( song & ( music1 ! actual conditions :i* make !m possible1 & _! effect on man & animals4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! subject f ! my?ical po9t ( view1 z we h done 9 ! case ( ! o!r arts4 ,we "k t ! image & emotions are my?ically p]sonifi$ by u1 & ?is fanciful reality is aft]w>ds infus$ into ! words us$ 9 its expression4 ,x foll[s f ?is t spee* is n only spontane\sly & unconsci\sly p]sonifi$ z ! mat]ial cov]+ ( ! idea or emotion enclos$ 9 x1 b t ! same ?+ occurs 9 language z a :ole1 at fir/ vaguely1 b aft]w>ds 9 a def9ite & reflective mann]1 9 consequ5ce ( intellectual developm5t4 ,among all civiliz$ peoples1 :e!r ext9ct or /ill 9 exi/5ce1 spee* is n only p]sonifi$ 9 ! complex idea or language1 b x is deifi$4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is is ! case 9 all phases ( ,ea/]n ,*ri/ianity1 & t ! o!r ,*ri/ian *ur*es h s9ce id5tifi$ ! ,grco-,ea/]n idea ( ! ,logos ) ! ,messianic ideas engraft$ ^u x4 ,if among ! prehi/oric peoples :i* mo/ resemble mod]n savages1 spee* 0 p]sonifi$ by ! necessity ( ! p]ceptive faculty1 a vague p[] 0 c]ta9ly ascrib$ to x1 & ev5 a simple murmur or :isp] 0 suppos$ to h a direct & p]sonal influ5ce on ?+s1 m51 & animals4 ,magic1 :i* is ! primitive expression ( feti%tic p[]1 embodi$ 9 a man1 _h its mo/ efficaci\s =m 9 ! utt]ance ( words1 cries1 :isp]s1 or songs1 ref]r+ to ! malign or to ! heal+ & b5efic5t arts1 & x 0 employ$ to ar\se or to calm /orms1 to de/roy or improve ! h>ve/1 or = l purposes4 ,beg9n+ ) ! traditions ( our race1 ev5 prior to its disp]sion1 !re are pla9 pro(s t words & songs 7 orig9ally employ$ = exorcisms & magic 9 v>i\s diseases1 & = incantations direct$ aga9/ m5 or ?+s4 ,k> means to bewit*1 z 9 ,g]man we h e9em etwas an?un1 9 l[ ,lat9 factur>e1 9 ,italian fattuc*i]e1 & f ,k> we h c>m51 a song or magic =mula4 ,! goddess ,c>m5ta1 :o 0 suppos$ to wat* ov] *ildbir?1 d]iv$ h] "n f c>m51 ! magic =mula :i* 0 us$ to aid ! deliv]y4 ,! "n 0 also us$ = a prophetess1 z ,c>m5ta1 ! "m ( ,ev&]4 ,s]vio tells u t ! augurs 7 t]m$ c>m5tes4#ch ,! ,sanscrit mya1 mean+ magic or illusion &1 9 ! ,v$a1 wisdom1 is d]iv$ f man1 to ?9k or "k2 f man we h mantra1 magic =mula or incantation2 9 ,z5d1 man?ra is an incantation aga9/ disease1 & h5ce we h ! ,erse manadh1 incantation or juggl+1 & mniti 9 ,li?uanian4 ,! l+ui/ic rese>*es ( ,pictet1 ,pott1 ,b5fey1 ,kuhn1 & o!rs %[ t 9 primitive times s++1 poetry1 hymns1 ! celebration ( rites1 & ! relation ( tales1 7 id5tical ideas1 express$ 9 id5tical =ms1 & ev5 ! "n = a night+ale _h ! same d]ivation4 ,s also ! names ( a s+]1 poet1 a wise man1 & a magician1 came f ! same root4 ,among all hi/oric & savage peoples x 0 ! g5]al practice to use exorcism by means ( magic =mulas & incantations1 comb9$ ) ! noise ( rude in/rum5ts2 ?is 0 "p ( ! pa?ology1 meteorology1 & demonology :i* dat$ f ! beg9n+ ( spee*1 & ! fir/ rude ideas ( feti%es & spirits h p]si/$ 9 v>i\s =ms d[n to our days4 ,we h a pla9 pro( ( ?is 9 a "w d$icat$ to ,pius ,,ix4 by ,m4 ,gaume1 9 :i* he sets =? ! virtue ( holy wat] aga9/ ! innum]able p[]s ( evil :i*1 z he decl>es1 /ill p ! cosmic spaces1 & simil> rites may be trac$ 9 ! liturgies ( all mod]n religions4 ,?is belief is directly f\nd$ on ! fanciful p]sonification & inc>nation ( a p[] 9 spee* itself1 9 song1 & 9 s\nd4 ,david _h simil> ideas ( danc+ & its accessories1 & ! walls ( ,j]i*o are said to h fall5 at ! s\nd ( ! trumpets1 z if ^! conta9$ ! _s ( ,god4 ,! ,patagonians1 to quote a s+le in/ance f among savages1 drive away ! evil spirits ( diseases ) magic songs1 accompani$ by drums on :i* demons are pa9t$4 ,to ^! my?ical ideas we mu/ ref] ! wor%ip ( trees1 :i* involves t ( birds1 s f> z !y :i/le & s+4 ,! wor%ip ( trees & groves is univ]sal3 peculi> trees1 groves1 & woods are wor%ipp$ 9 ,tahiti1 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 & ?r\gh\t ,polynesia2 9 b>b>\s ,asia1 9 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ! :ole ( ,africa4 ,cam]on1 ,s*we9fur?1 ,/anley1 & o!r mod]n travell]s 9 ,africa give _m in/ances ( ?is4 ,s*we9fur? describes su* a wor%ip among ! ,niam-,niam1 :o hold t ! =e/ is inhabit$ by invisible be+s4 ,?is wor%ip is naturally comb9$ ) t ( birds1 :i* become ! confidants ( ! =e/1 repeat ! my/]ies ( "m e>?1 & sometimes become int]pret]s & prophets to man4 ,birds1 by _! p[] ( mov+ ?r\gh ! air z lords ( ! a]ial space1 by _! arts ( build+1 by ! beauty ( _! plumage1 _! secret haunts 9 ! =e/s & rocks1 by _! frequ5t appe>ance bo? by day & night1 & by ! v>iety ( _! songs1 mu/ necess>ily h excit$ ! feti%tic fancy ( primitive m54 ,! wor%ip ( birds 0 !re=e univ]sal1 9 connection ) t ( trees1 meteors1 & wat]s4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to cause /orms2 & ! eagle1 ! falcon1 ! magpie1 & "s o!r birds br\ght ! cele/ial fire on ! e>?4 ,! wor%ip ( birds is also common 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica ! bird voc is ! mess5g] ( ,hurakau1 ! god ( /orms4 ,! magic-doctors ( ! ,cri1 ( ! ,arik>i1 & ( ! ,indians ( ! ,antilles1 wore ! fea!rs & images ( ! owl z an emblem ( ! div9e inspiration by :i* !y 7 animat$4 ,simil> beliefs are common 9 ,africa & ,polynesia4#ci ,x is well kn[n t ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ ! ibis1 ! hawk1 & o!r birds1 & t ! ,greeks wor%ipp$ birds & trees at ,dodona1 9 consequ5ce ( a celebrat$ oracle4 ,9 ,italy ! lapw+ & ! magpie became ,pilumnus & ,picus1 :o l$ ! ,sab9es into ,pic5us4 ,div9ation by eagles & o!r birds 0 practis$ at ,rome1 & ,g]man1 ,slav1 & ,celtic traditions ab\nd 9 simil> my?s4#dj ,nor are !y want+ 9 ! ,bible itself1 9 :i* we he> ( ! trees ( k & ( life1 ( "s celebrat$ trees 9 ! times ( ! patri>*s1 ( ! rav5 & ! dove s5t out z mess5g]s4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t speaks ( ! wor%ip ( groves at ,a%t>o? 9 ,canaan1 ( sacrifices "u ! gre5 trees1 & we "k t su* wor%ip occurr$ 9 ! ,semitic races ( ,numidia & else:]e4 ,! simultane\s elaboration ( my?s relat+ to trees & birds z objects ( wor%ip1 z b5efic5t or malign p[]s1 & z ! transmitt]s ( oracles1 necess>ily confirm$ & ext5d$ ! p]sonifications ( spee* & song1 & 7 fus$ ?r\gh _m s\rces into a :ole1 :i* repres5t$ a sup]natural ag5t1 end[$ ) ! p[] ( a m$iator1 ( a good or evil _s or idol4 ,?is ultimately l$ to a univ]sal conception ( ! efficacy ( s\nd1 consid]$ z ! manife/ation ( occult p[]s4 ,9 ?is my?ically spiritual atmosph]e1 all peoples =m]ly liv$ & 9 great "p /ill cont9ue to live4 ,z ! innate impulse l$ to ! entification ( spee* & ( ! s++ ( m5 & animals1 s x also l$ to ! my?ical p]sonification ( danc+ & in/rum5tal music1 9 :i* ne>ly all peoples h recogniz$ a demoniac & delib]ate p[]4 ,= ?is reason1 danc+ & ! noise ( rude in/rum5ts g5]ally accompani$ solemn religi\s & civil c]emonies1 & any rem>kable cosmic1 a/ral1 or meteorological fact2 & 9 poly!i/ic times ! deities ( poetry1 danc+1 & music s]v$ to acc5tuate & classify ideas4 ,! in/rum5t became a feti%1 & 0 inve/$ ) a my/]i\s p[] resembl+ t :i* 0 suppos$ to exi/ 9 all utt]ances ( ! animal _w4 ,inde$1 in/rum5ts 71 & /ill are among savages1 reg>d$ z sacr$ & z an integral "p ( public wor%ip1 s t ea* _h its def9ite function & (fice4 ,?is ne$ n surprise u1 s9ce = su* m5 e object is a feti%1 :i* conta9s a s\l4 ,! ,k>5s1 a tribe 9 ,burmah1 believe t _! arms1 knives1 ut5sils1 etc41 h all a kelap or s\l1 :i* is t]m$ a wong by ! negroes ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,! same belief is f\nd 9 a m explicit =m among ! ,algonqu9s1 ! ,fijians1 & ! a=esaid ,k>5s1 ^: beliefs are *>act]i/ic ( all peoples :i* h rea*$ ?is /age ( my?ical conceptions4 ,! diff]5t objects belong+ to a dead man1 & 8 in/rum5ts1 arms1 & ut5sils1 are laid 9 8 tomb1 or burnt ) 8 body1 & ?is is ow+ to ! belief t ! s\ls ( ^! objects foll[ _! possessor into ano!r life4 ,! same cu/om un=tunately ext5ds to p]sons1 & !re are in/ances ( ?is evil practice among relatively civiliz$ nations2 ! massacre :i* takes place at ! dea? ( a k+ ( ,dahomey is well kn[n1 & is revolt+ f ! numb] ( victims & f ! mode ( _! sacrifice4 ,x is !re=e easy to imag9e ! way 9 :i* musical in/rum5ts & ! s\nds produc$ by !m 7 p]sonifi$1 s9ce ^! manife/ations seem$ to approximate m closely to ^? ( animals4 ,feti%tic beliefs conc]n+ magic songs or s\nds 71 z we h se51 confirm$ by ! influ5ce naturally ex]t$ on m5 & animals 9 _! normal or abnormal /ate by rhy?mic & musical s\nds1 h[ev] rude & un=m$ !y may be4 ,!ophra/us tells u t bl[+ a flute ov] ! affect$ limb 0 suppos$ to cure g\t2 ! ,romans recit$ c>m9a to drive away disease & demons3 ! old ,slav ^w = physician1 vrai1 comes f a root :i* means to murmur2 9 ,s]vian1 vrac is a physician1 & balii1 an en*ant] or physician4 ,! use ( incantations z a rem$y prevail$ among ! ,greeks 9 ,hom]'s "t4 ,! ,at>va-,v$a reta9s ! old =mula ( imprecation aga9/ disease1 & ! ,z5dave/a divides physicians into ?ree classes1 ^? :i* cure ) ! knife1 ) h]bs1 & ) magic =mulas4 ,kuhn believes t ! ,lat9 ^w m$]i ref]s to ^! proce$+s1 comp>+ ) x ! ,sanscrit m?1 mdh1 to oppose or curse4 ,pictet traces ! mean+ ( exorcis] 9 ano!r ,sanscrit ^w = a physician3 ,bhisag f sag1 sang1 tojurbo gate4 ,z ! civilization ( ! hi/oric races advanc$1 poetry1 s++1 & musical in/rum5ts became m p]fect1 & 7 classifi$ z reflex arts4 ,among ! m intellectual classes ! e>li] feti%tic ideas connect$ ) !m almo/ disappe>$1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! common p1 ! feti% 0 idealiz$1 b n !re=e lo/2 x p]si/$1 & /ill p]si/s1 "u o!r =ms4 ,poly!ism1 modifi$ to suit ! place1 "t1 & race1 & yet ess5tially ! same1 (f]s u a m ideal =m ( ! arts1 ea* ( :i* 0 p]sonifi$ z a god1 & tak5 toge!r !y =m$ a heav5ly company1 :i* g5]at$ & presid$ ov] ! arts4 ,! greate/ poets & philosoph]s ( antiquity reta9$ a s9c]e belief 9 ! inspiration ( e creation ( art2 & ?is 0 only a m noble & intellectual =m ( ! fir/ rude & indef9ite conception by :i* ! arts 7 embodi$ 9 a mat]ial %ape4 ,( all ! ,aryan peoples1 ,greece repres5t$ h] ,olympus 9 ! mo/ glori\s my?ical =m1 set =? by all ! arts ( description4 ,f ! poly!i/ic po9t ( view1 no?+ c be /hetically m p]fect ?an ! my?s ( ,apollo & ! ,muses1 :i* p]sonify h>mony 9 g5]al1 & :atev] is peculi> to ! arts4 ,su* conceptions1 by :i* ! arts ( spee*1 song1 vocal & in/rum5tal music 7 embodi$ 9 my?s1 did n disappe> z "t w5t on1 b 7 p]petuat$ 9 ano!r =m4 ,music1 :i* 0 always becom+ m elaborate1 cont9u$ to be ! highe/ inspiration1 a div9e p[]1 an ext]nal & h>moni\s manife/ation ( cele/ial be+s1 ( et]nal life1 & ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,?is conception 0 %ad[$ =? 9 ! ,py?agorean !ory ( ! my?ical h>mony ( ! sph]es3 t s*ool reg>d$ ! _w z a musical sy/em1 an h>moni\s dance ( planets4 ,! feti%tic & my?ical orig9 common to all ! arts is cle>ly %[n by ! fact t at a p]iod relatively advanc$1 b /ill v remote1 !y 7 =mulat$ 9 ! temple1 a symbolic repres5tation ( _! deities1 to be f\nd ev5 among ! mo/ primitive peoples4 ,! evolution ( ! arts t[>ds a m rational conception1 dive/$ ( my?ical & religi\s influ5ce1 took ! =m ( releas+ ea* art f bondage to ! temple1 & enabl+ x to assume a m di/9ct1 free1 & secul> p]sonality1 an evolution :i* 0 h[ev] some:at difficult & sl[ 9 ! case ( vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,al?\gh 9 our own "t x has a*iev$ a field = itself1 yet 9 oratorios & ecclesia/ical music ! old conception rema9s4 ,! joys ( ! ,elysian fields & ( ,p>adise1 z rew>ds ( ! good & fai?ful aft] dea?1 v>y+ 9 details ) ! moral & my?ical beliefs ( v>i\s peoples1 7 height5$ by conc]ts & musical symphonies1 z1 ow+ to natural evolution & ! introduction ( ,ori5tal ideas1 if appe>s ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,p>adise4 ,= ! great majority ( believ]s1 e>?ly music is only an e*o ( t cele/ial music1 & p>ticipates 9 its div9e efficacy4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,p>adise !re 7 sa9ts to preside ov] ! in/rum5ts1 ! s++1 & music2 ! visions ( ! ec/atic1 ! halluc9ations ( ! my/ic1 & ! preci\s memories & images ( ! dead1 are (t5 comb9$ ) sweet & heav5ly music1 & ?is completes ! feti%tic idea :i* ent]s into e ph5om5on ) :i* man has to d4 ,= if inanimate objects & in/rum5ts 7 suppos$ by ! primitive savage to h a s\l :i* foll[$ ! %ade ( ! dead man into ! my?ical abode beyond ! grave1 9 mod]n religions ! e>?ly in/rum5ts1 ! fanciful idols ( ! common p & ( my/ics1 also res\nd 9 ,elysium & ! heav5s1 t\*$ & inspir$ by *oirs ( angels & by s]aphic p[]s4 ,! deep & sonor\s music ( bells1 ( organs1 & o!r ecclesia/ical in/rum5ts1 ! *ants :i* res\nd ?r\gh vault$ ro(s amid ! assembl$ wor%ipp]s1 ecclesia/ical lights1 & ! fumes ( inc5se1 inspire _m ,*ri/ians ) a deep & /hetic s5se ( ! div9e pres5ce2 & at su* mom5ts _! vivid fai? jo9s heav5 & e>? 9 ! same h>moni\s emotion4 ,! music1 *ants1 & h>mony1 comb9$ ) o!r solemn rites1 are unconsci\sly embodi$ by u1 ent]+ into our he>ts z !y circle r\nd ! *ur*1 & !y become ! my/]i\s language ( cele/ial p[]s4 ,we are once m imm]s$ 9 ! _w ( fancy & ( my?1 purifi$ h[ev] by ! evolution x has und]gone4 ,?is exalt$ /ate ( m9d is also exp]i5c$ by ^? :o li/5 to pr(ane music1 s9ce ! h>mony & modulation ( s\nd1 & ! expression giv5 to x by ! comb9ation ( v>i\s in/rum5ts1 imm$iately affect ! s\l ( ! li/5] z a :ole1 )\t ! aid ( reflection1 & a sub/antial entity :i* delib]ately fulfils its spontane\s cycle ( developm5t is ?us creat$2 9 a ^w1 ! h>monies !y he> are unconsci\sly p]sonifi$4 ,any "o :o makes a deep & c>eful analysis ( 8 /ates ( consci\sness 9 ^! circum/ances w admit ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,! ord9>y modes ( expression respect+ music1 :i* are 9 use n only among un$ucat$ p1 b among ^? :o are educat$ & civiliz$1 display ! e>li] & innate belief 9 ! my?ical repres5tations ( ?is art4 ,! expressions may be (t5 he>d3 ,:at div9e music6 ,:at angelic h>mony6 ,?is song is really s]aphic6 & ! l4 ,su* expressions n only be> witness to ! old my?ical s5tim5t1 & to ! ultimate developm5t ( its =m1 b !y also indicate ! actual s5tim5ts ( ! speak]4 ,! p]sonify+ p[] ( ! human intellig5ce is su* z to recur spontane\sly1 ev5 9 "o :o has ab&on$ ^! anci5t illusions1 if he surr5d]s himself = a :ile to 8 natural in/9ct4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t a man :o li/5s to a melodi\s & beautiful piece ( music is gradually ar\s$ & excit$ by its sweet p[]1 s z to be c>ri$ away into a _w ( new s5sations1 9 :i* all our s5tim5ts & affections1 our deepe/1 t5d]e/1 & de>e/ aspirations blossom afre% 9 our memory1 & are fus$ into & /r5g!n$ by ^! h>monies2 we seem to be transport$ into e!real regions1 & unconsci\sly surr5d] ourselves to _! influ5ce4 ,?is k9d ( natural ec/asy is n produc$ m]ely by ! physiological effects ( music on ! organism1 by ! education ( our s5se ( beauty1 & ( our rem9isc5ces ( e>li] my?ical emotions1 b also by ! innate impulse :i* /ill p]si/s1 lead+ u to idealize & vivify all natural ph5om5a1 & also our own s5sations4 ,b if among ! common p1 ! dev\t1 & occasionally also among p ( culture1 ?is highe/ art is n dive/$ ( its my?ical environm5t1 :i* /ill p]si/s1 al?\gh 9 a m ideal =m1 yet x has foll[$ & /ill foll[s ! g5]al evolution ( human ideas4 ,! art ( music 0 id5tifi$ ) song & ) ! my?ical p]sonality ascrib$ to x1 ( :i* ^! in/rum5ts 7 ! extr9sic & h>moni\s e*o2 at fir/1 l ! o!r arts1 x1 0 a religi\s conception & entity p]ta9+ to ! ,*ur*1 b x gradually assum$ a "* ( its own1 0 dissociat$ f ! ,*ur*1 & became a secul> art1 div]g+ m & m f ! my?ical ideas ) :i* x _h be=e be5 fill$4 ,:5 in/rum5ts increas$ 9 numb]1 & became m p]fect 9 quality2 :5 h>mony1 /rictly s call$1 0 develop$ & became m effici5t1 in/rum5tal music /ill cont9u$ to be ! s]vant ( vocal music1 & 0 employ$ to give emphasis1 relief1 w>m?1 & col\r to ! art ( song1 :i* cont9u$ to be supreme4 ,song _h its peculi> musical "*1 & ! human voice1 alone or 9 a *orus1 might be reg>d$ z ! type ( in/rum5tal music1 r5d]$ m effective by ! words :i* express$ ! ideas & s5tim5ts ( su* songs by h>moniz+ ! v>i\s vocal in/rum5ts 9 accordance ) _! tones & v>y+ timbre4 ,in/rum5tal music1 by ! melodi\s h>mony ( artificial s\nds1 _h h[ev] a va/ field peculi> to itself1 & an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! human voice4 ,?is 0 & is1 9 addition to its release f ! bonds ( my?1 ! necess>y result ( ! evolution ( ?is highe/ art4 ,in/rum5tal music1 consid]$ 9 itself1 ) ! symphony z its highe/ expression1 has be5 decl>$ by a le>n$ writ] to be ! gr&e/ arti/ic creation1 & ! ultimate =m ( art 9 :i* ! va/ cycle ( all ?+s human w f9d its developm5t4 ,a symphony is an ar*itectural con/ruction ( s\nds1 mobile 9 =m1 & n absolutely devoid ( a lit]>y mean+4 ,yet we mu/ n seek 9 in/rum5tal music = t :i* x _c af=d1 su* z ! ideas conta9$ 9 words4 ,any "o mu/ admit ! futility ( ! attempt to give a dramatic int]pretation or language to in/rum5tal music1 :o reads ! description attempt$ by ,l5z & o!r writ]s ( "s ( ,bee?ov5's sonatas4 ,in/rum5tal music does n l5d itself to ^! int]pretations1 s9ce x is an art ) an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,we h obs]v$ t 9 its fir/ developm5t x 0 us$ z an accompanim5t to ! voice1 or associat$ ) ! movem5ts ( ! body1 or ) ! dance1 & consequ5tly _h n ! indep5d5ce :i* 0 gradually a*iev$1 until x culm9at$ 9 ! symphony4 ,in/rum5tal music adds no?+ to lit]ature1 nor to ! expression ( ideas & s5tim5ts1 b 9 x pure music consi/s1 & x is ! v ess5ce ( ! art4 ,lit]ature & poetry belong to a def9ite ord] ( ideas & emotions2 music is only able to af=d musical ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,in/rum5tal music has its peculi> prov9ce z ! supreme art :i* composes its own poems by means ( ! ord]1 succession1 & h>mony ( s\nds2 x delights1 ravi%es1 & moves u by excit+ ! emotional "p ( our nature1 & ?us ar\ses a _w ( ideas :i* may be modifi$ at pleasure1 & :i* may1 by ! p[]ful means at its disposal1 produce effects ( :i* in/rum5ts m]ely us$ = accompany+ ! voice are incapable4 ,:5 in/rum5tal music 0 releas$ f all s]vitude to o!r arts1 z well z f all positive s5se ( religi\s emotions or my?ical & symbolic prejudice1 ?\ght 0 able to create ! art ( s\nds1 :i* conta9s 9 itself a special aim & mean+4 ,we h ?us rea*$ ! t]m ( our ardu\s & fatigu+ j\rney4 ,we flatt] ourselves t a tru? has be5 glean$ f x1 & ?is conviction is n1 due to a presumptu\s reliance on our p[]s1 b on ! consci5ti\s hone/y ( our rese>*es1 comb9$ ) a great yet humble love ( tru?4 ,o!rs1 :o are bett] end[$ ) g5ius & le>n+ w judge ( our success1 & we %all will+ly submit to _! criticism & correction1 s long z !y are fair & unprejudic$ & only aim at ! tru?4 ,f animal p]ception1 & ! m5tal & physical fact into :i* x is to be resolv$1 we h trac$ ! root :i* 9 man's case gr[s into a mighty tree2 ! fir/ g]m ( all ! my?ical ideas ( e p ^u e>?4 ,! subjectivity ( :i* animals & man are spontane\sly consci\s 9 e int]nal & ext]nal ph5om5on1 ! subsequ5t entification ( ideas1 ev5 aft] ?\ght has atta9$ to ^! m rational =ms1 are ! great factors ( my? 9 all its =ms1 ( sup]/itions1 ( religions1 & also ( sci5ce4 ,we h r$uc$ all ! normal & abnormal s\rces ( ^! fanciful ideas to t s+le s\rce :i* we h j indicat$4 ,p5etrat+ bel[ ! k+dom ( man into t ( animals1 we h !re discov]$ :]e ! g]m 0 =m$1 & ?is completes ! doctr9e ( evolution & be>s witness to its tru?4 ,! evolution ( my? w5t ?r\gh ! regul> process1 by :i* x 0 =mulat$ & simplifi$1 until x 0 resolv$ into all ! sci5ces & rational arts1 & 0 ?us trans=m$ into a positive sci5ce1 pass+ ?r\gh an ult]ior /age ( my? & sci5ce be=e x took ! def9itive =m ( a purely intellectual conception4 ,we h se5 t ! s\rce ( my? is ! same z t ( sci5ce1 s9ce p]ception is ! condition ( bo?1 & ! process pursu$ is id5tical1 al?\gh ! subject on :i* ! faculty ( ?\ght is ex]cis$ is *ang$4 ,!re=e ! problem ( my?1 :i* includes e a*ievem5t ( ! human und]/&+1 & fills all sociology1 is trans=m$ into ! problem ( civilization4 ,?\ght has run its c\rse 9 ! va/ evolution f my? to sci5ce1 :i* is r5d]$ possible by ! p]man5ce & duration ( a p[]ful & vigor\s race1 & h5ce came ! gradual transition f ! illusions :i* involve ! ignorance & s]vitude ( ! majority ( ! p to tru? & lib]ty1 s9ce ^! are releas$ f _! e>li] wrapp+s1 & ! human race rises to a s5se ( its nobility & highe/ good4 ,we h consid]$ ?is evolution z a :ole & 9 its details1 & h se5 t e a*ievem5t ( ! human und]/&+ passes ?r\gh ! same phases1 & rea*es ! same goal4 ,we h adduc$ witnesses to confirm our own obs]vation f hi/ory & e?nography 9 g5]al1 ap>t f any bias = a religi\s & sci5tific sy/em4 ,we believe t 9 ?is way alone !re c be any true progress 9 ! sci5ce :i* we h und]tak5 to consid] 9 ?is essay4 ,! result ( ! inquiry %[s t by a sl[ yet inevitable evolution man rose f 8 primeval condition ( error1 illusion1 & s]vitude to 8 fell[ man1 to t degree ( tru? & lib]ty ( :i* he is capable3 he 0 s made t he necess>ily advanc$ to ! gr& height :i* has be5 atta9$ by ! mo/ labori\s & intellig5t ( ! human race4 ,he rises high]1 & is m s5sible ( 8 own dignity1 9 proportion z he becomes1 )9 ! limits ( 8 nature1 ! artific] ( 8 own greatness & civilization4 ,:ile _m peoples h become ext9ct1 o!rs h1 ow+ to _! natural incapacity1 rema9$ 9 a savage & b>b>\s condition1 :ile o!rs aga9 h atta9$ to a c]ta9 am\nt ( civilization1 b _! m5tal evolution has /opp$ %ort4 ,our own race1 orig9ally1 z ,i believe1 ,aryo-,semitic1 = x is possible t ^! two p[]ful bran*es 7 d]iv$ f a common /ock1 has p]si/$ )\t int]ruption 9 spite ( _m adv]sities & revolutions1 & has display$ 9 successive g5]ations ! progress ( g5]al civilization1 & ! goal :i* man is able to rea* 9 8 highe/ p]fection ( m9d & body1 fav\r$ by ! physical & biological conditions ( climate4 ,9 ?is race1 :e!r ) respect to my? & sci5ce or to civilization1 ! !ory ( evolution has practically be5 c>ri$ out 9 all its phases & degrees4 ,sci5ce & fre$om 7 ! great factors ( civilization1 or ( progress 9 e k9d ( conceptions1 s5tim5ts1 & social conditions3 ! fir/ dissolv$ & de/roy$ ! matrix ( my? 9 :i* ! intellig5ce 0 at fir/ envelop$1 & lib]ty1 :i* 0 :olly due to sci5ce1 made /eady progress a matt] ( c]ta9ty4 ,s t x may be said t ! :ole web ( human hi/ory1 s f> z x consi/s 9 civilization or ! progress ( all good ?+s1 ( ! arts1 & ( e intellectual & mat]ial a*ievem5t1 0 ! conflict ( sci5ce1 & h] (fspr+ fre$om1 aga9/ ignorance1 & ! despotism :i* results f ignorance1 "u all ! social =ms 9 :i* !y are manife/$4 ,s t all good & wise m51 s9c]e lov]s ( ! dignity ( mank9d & ( ! welf>e ( society & ( ! individual1 ought to feel a deep rev]5ce & love = ^! two p[]s1 & to be ready to give up _! lives to !m4 ,= if--:i* 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! _w is an impossible hypo!sis--!y 7 to fail1 ! human race w\ld be irretrievably lo/1 s9ce ^! are our real lib]ators f b>b>ism1 :i* h upheld mank9d 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ x1 "u :atev] "n ^! pr9ciples h appe>$4 ,i am aw>e t my !ory w meet ) _m ob/9ate & zeal\s oppon5ts 9 ,italy1 s9ce ,i use ! simple t]ms ( reason & sci5ce1 unqualifi$ by o!r argum5ts1 & ,i ma9ta9 ! absolute indep5d5ce ( free ?\ght4 ,opposition is ! m likely s9ce sci5ce & fre$om h be5 held responsible = sect>ian intemp]ance1 = ! di/urbances ( ! l[] ord]s1 = ! inevitable disa/]s1 ! social & intellectual ab]rations bo? ( ! le>n$ & ( ! common peoples3 sci5ce & fre$om are held to h repeat$ ! wiles ( ! s]p5t 9 ,ed54 ,b ,i am n uneasy at ! ?\ght ( su* opposition1 s9ce ! progress ( ! human race has be5 ow+ to ! fact t m5 conv9c$ ( ! tru? took no he$ ( ! sup]/iti\s & int]e/$ w> wag$ aga9/ !m1 sometimes f ignorance ( ?+s 9 g5]al & ( ! law :i* gov]ns civilization1 sometimes f hone/ conviction4 ,! falsity ( ! accusation s g5]ally made aga9/ sci5ce & fre$om w appe> if we consid] t all ! b5efits we n[ enjoy1 civil1 sci5tific1 & mat]ial1 & :i* are especially enjoy$ by ! m5 :o inveigh mo/ /rongly aga9/ ^! two factors1 are solely d]iv$ f sci5ce & fre$om4 ,)\t !m we %\ld be 9 ! civil1 intellectual1 & mat]ial condition ( ! k+dom ( ,dahomey1 & 9 ! savage & b>b>\s /ate ( all primitive peoples4 ,if ! misund]/&+ ( tru? or an imp]fect sci5ce is injuri\s1 x mu/ n !re=e be reject$4 ,sci5ce is ! con/ant & vigilant g5]ator ( all social improvem5t1 & ! mo/ =midable enemy ( ! tyranny ( a despot1 ( an olig>*y1 or ( ! multitude1 :e!r x take a religi\s or secul> =m4 ,s9ce %>p in/rum5ts are p[]ful aids to civilization & mat]ial prosp]ity1 !y are n to be altoge!r set aside because "s p]sons die mis]ably by !m4 ,z ,i h always ma9ta9$1 & n[ repeat ) /ill /rong] conviction1 sci5ce & fre$om1 ! ev] wat*ful gu>dians ( ! human race1 are & mu/ always rema9 ! sole rem$ies = ! evils :i* ?reat5 u4 ,i d n dispute ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( o!r factors comb9$ ) ^!1 b1 tak5 alone1 !y w\ld be p[]less1 & if sci5ce 7 eclips$ !y w\ld be trans=m$ into fre% causes ( s]vitude & ignorance1 z x has (t5 appe>$ 9 pa/ times :5 ! laws ( sci5ce & ( fre$om h be5 set at n\ght4 ,i !re=e decl>e sci5ce & fre$om to be ! portion ( all1 & !y %\ld be z widely diffus$ z possible1 s9ce ! way to k & a wor?y life is op5 to all m54 ,x is a blasphemy aga9/ heav5 & e>? to presume1 9 ! s-call$ int]e/ ( civil ord]1 to keep ! majority ( ! p 9 ! ignoble s]vitude ( ignorance1 & m5 d n p]ceive t !y ?us become ready = any di/urbance1 & ! tools ( rogues & agitators4 ,i hope & pray t rev]5ce = sci5ce & fre$om may ev] increase 9 ,italy4 ,x w be an evil day = h] if su* rev]5ce be lo/1 & %e w become ) e o!r p 9 l case a wret*$ spectacle1 & w fall into su* abject mis]y z to become ! laugh+-/ock ( e civiliz$ nation4 ,x w be und]/ood t ,i d n erect sci5ce & lib]ty into feti%es to be g5]ally ador$3 !y are only sacr$ means to a m sacr$ end1 namely1 to enable m5 to practise & n m]ely to appreh5d ! tru?1 :i* 9 o!r words is goodness4 ,sci5ce & fre$om are valuable only s f> z !y tea*1 p]suade1 & enable u to improve ourselves & o!rs2 to ex]cise e private & public virtue2 to claim only :at is due to ourselves1 :ile mak+ ! ne$ful sacrifice to ! common good2 to h a respect = humanity1 & to v5]ate k only s f> z x is comb9$ ) virtue2 to attempt 9 e way to alleviate ! mis]ies ( o!rs1 to deliv] _! m9ds f ignorance & error2 to d "r = its own sake )\t covet+ rew>ds 9 heav5 or on e>?2 to submit to no dictation b t ( tru? & goodness4 ,) ^! sacr$ objects 9 view1 :atev] may be said to ! contr>y1 we %all1 9 addition to ! ineffable fruition ( tru? = its own sake1 ev] draw ne>] to ! ideal ( ! human race1 & ! "t w come :5 an app>5t ,utopia %all be actually realiz$1 9 accordance ) ! mode & process ( gr[+ civilization4 ,n by excesses1 tumults1 & folly1 b by un%ak5 firmness & t5acity we %all promote sci5ce & fre$om4 ,if ?is mode/ essay has done any?+ to %[ ! necessity ( su* culture1 & 9 :at way sci5ce & fre$om1 & ^! two factors only1 h br\ght =? fruit ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 my lab\r w be ri*ly rew>d$1 & ,i may say ) satisfaction--dies non p]didi6 ,,footnotes4 #a ,simrock wrote3 ,my? is ! e>lie/ =m 9 :i* ! m9d ( hea!n peoples recogniz$ ! univ]se & ?+s div9e4 #b ,kum>la1 9 reply to ! oppon5ts :o inveigh$ aga9/ ! immorality ( 8 gods1 wrote t ! fable relates h[ ,prajpati1 ! "l ( creation1 violat$ 8 own daught]4 ,b :at does ?is signify8 ,prajpati is "o "n = ! sun1 s call$ because he is ! "l ( light4 ,8 daught] ,u%as is ! dawn1 & 9 decl>+ t he fell 9 love ) h]1 x is only meant t :5 ! sun rises1 x foll[s ! dawn4 ,s also1 :5 x is said t ,indra s$uc$ ,ahaly1 we are n to suppose t ,god committ$ su* a crime1 b ,indra is ! sun1 & ,ahaly is ! night2 & s we may say t ! night is s$uc$ & conqu]$ by ! morn+ sun4 ,?is1 & o!r in/ances may be f\nd 9 ,max ,mll]'s ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanscrit ,lit]ature4 ,o!r in/ances might be giv54 #c ,vico writes3 ,! human m9d is naturally incl9$ to project itself on ! object ( its ext]nal s5ses4 ,& aga91 ,common spee* ought to be> witness to anci5t popul> cu/oms1 celebrat$ 9 times :5 ! language 0 =m$4 ,s aga93 ,m5 ignorant ( ! natural causes ( ?+s assign to !m _! own nature4444 ,9 ano!r place3 ,! physical sci5ce ( ignorant m5 is a k9d ( common metaphysics1 by :i* !y assign ! causes ( ?+s :i* !y d n und]/& to ! w ( ! gods4 ,aga93 ,ignorant & primitive m5 trans=m all nature into a va/ liv+ body1 s5ti5t ( passions & affections4 #d ,see1 among o!r au?orities = ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( animals 9 _! natural associations1 ! pr(\ndly le>n$ "w by ! well-kn[n ,a4 ,esp9as3 ,des socits animales3 tude de ,psy*ologie comp>e1 ,p>is1 #bnd edit41 #ahgi4 #e ,i /at$ 9 my =m] essay on ! fundam5tal law ( ! intellig5ce 9 ! animal k+dom t philosophy 0 only ! rese>* into ! psy*ical manife/ations ( ! animal k+dom1 & into ^? peculi> to man1 9 connection ) ! respective organisms 9 :i* !y act1 & ) ! e/imate ( _! p[] z cosmic factors 9 ! g5]al h>mony ( ! =ces ( ! _w4 #f ,see1 ) respect to ! primitive unity ( ! ,aryan & ,semitic races1 ! works ( ! great philologi/1 ,t4,g4 ,ascoli1 & o!rs4 #g ,al?\gh x 7psy*ology71 /ill makes "s %[1 yet ! old psy*ology is condemn$4 ,its conditions ( exi/5ce h disappe>$ 9 its new environm5t4 ,its me?ods no long] suffice = ! increas+ difficulties ( ! task & ! l>g] requirem5ts ( ! sci5tific _s4 ,x is con/ra9$ to live ^u its pa/4 ,its wise/ repres5tatives h va9ly attempt$ a compromise1 l\dly ass]t+ t facts mu/ be obs]v$1 & t a l>ge "p %\ld be assign$ to exp]i5ce4 ,_! concessions are unavail+1 = h[ev] s9c]ely meant1 !y are n actually c>ri$ out4 ,z soon z !y set to "w ! ta/e = pure speculation aga9 possesses !m4 ,moreov]1 no re=m ( :at is radically false c be effectual1 & anci5t psy*ology is a ba/>d conception1 doom$ to p]i% f ! contradictions :i* x involves4--,ribot1 ,psy*ologie ,allem&e ,contempora9e4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 #h ,della legge fondam5tale della intellig5za nel regno animale4 ,milano4 ,dumol>d1 #ahgg4 #i ,see1 among o!r works on ! subject1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gott]tranks1 by ,adalb]t ,kuhn2 & ,croyances et ,lg5des de l',antiquit1 by ,a4 ,maury4 #aj ,see ,wuttke1 ,deuts*] ,volksab]glaub]2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture2 ,hanus*1 ,ro*holz1 & o!rs4 #aa ,! ,wor%ip ( ,animals & ,plants1 ,"p ,i4 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahfi4 ,! same argum5t is g5]ally us$2 see ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #ahfe2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #ahgj2 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,may1 #ahgj2 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]2 ,ba/ian1 ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te4 #ab ,see ,alg]'s ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life4 #ac ,arbr\sset1 ,! ,basutos4 #ad ,muir1 ,sanscrit ,texts4 #ae ,burton1 ,we/ ,africa2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture4 #af ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,eoropennes4 #ag ,! ,hawaans1 = example1 h only "o t]m = love1 fri5d%ip1 e/eem1 gratitude1 b5evol5ce1 etc4--aloha2 :ile !y h di/9ct words = diff]5t degrees 9 a s+le natural ph5om5on4 ,?us aneane1 g5tle breeze2 matani1 w9d2 pahi1 ! act ( brea?+ ?r\gh ! m\?2 hano1 brea?+ ?r\gh ! nose4 ,see ,hale's ,polynesian ,diction>y4 ,all peoples h sl[ly atta9$ to typical ideas1 & _m are ev5 n[ 9 process ( =mation4 ,?us1 ! ,f9ns1 ,lapps1 ,t>t>s1 & ,mongols1 h no g5]ic words = riv]1 al?\gh ev5 ! smalle/ /reams h _! names4 ,!y h n a ^w to express f+]s 9 g5]al1 b special words = ?umb1 =e-f+]1 etc4 ,!y h no ^w = tree1 b special words = p9e1 bir*1 a%1 etc4 ,9 ! ,f9n language1 ! ^w fir/ us$ = ?umb 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to f+]s g5]ally1 & ! special ^w = ! bay 9 :i* !y liv$ came to be us$ = all bays4 ,see ,ca/r51 ,vorlesung5 b] ,f9nis*e ,my?ologie4 ,?is orig9al confusion 9 ! def9ition ( sci5tific ideas1 & ! successive alt]nations by :i* !y 7 re-ca/1 may be ga!r$ f ! analysis ( language1 & f facts :i* /ill occur among uncultur$ & ignorant p4 ,:5 ! inhabitants ( ,mallculo saw dogs = ! fir/ "t1 !y call$ !m broos1 or pigs4 ,! inhabitants ( ,tauna also call ! dogs import$ ?i!r buga1 or pigs4 ,:5 ! inhabitants ( a small isl& 9 ! ,m$it]ranean saw ox5 = ! fir/ "t1 !y call$ !m horn$ asses4 #ah ,see ,gauss9's ,langue ,polynsi5ne4 #ai ,?is process ( ! evolution ( primitive my? & ( feti%es1 w be m elaborately consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii41 :5 we come to speak g5]ally ( ! hi/oric evolution ( sci5ce & ( my?4 ,! repetition is n sup]flu\s1 s9ce x is necess>y = ! complete und]/&+ ( my !ory4 #bj ,= example1 9 anci5t ,roman my?ology ! ,fons 0 fir/ ador$1 !n ,fontus1 ! fa!r ( all s\rces1 & f9ally ,janus1 a sol> my?1 ! fa!r ( ,fontus4 ,janus1 z ! sun1 0 ! produc] ( all wat]1 :i* rose by evaporation & fell aga9 9 ra94 #ba ,! ,sanscrit ^w ,vayn1 mean+ light1 0 p]sonifi$ 9 ,aurora1 & aft]w>ds signifi$ ! intellig5ce1 or inw>d light2 a symbolical evolution ( my? t[>ds a rational conception4 ,! wor%ip ( heav5 & e>?1 unit$ 9 a common type1 is f\nd among all ,aryan peoples1 & among o!r races4 ,! ,g]mans wor%ipp$ ,h]?a1 ! orig9al =m ( ,erde1 e>?4 ,! ,letts wor%ipp$ ,mahte1 or ,mahm9e1 "m e>?4 ,s did ! ,magy>s1 & ! ,o/iaks ador$ ! e>? "u ! ,slavonic "n ( ,imlia4 ,9 ,*9a sacrifices to ! div9e e>? ,he\-t\ & to ! heav5 ,ti5 7 fundam5tal rites4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,%awnees invok$ e>? z _! great ance/ress4 ,! ,coman*i ador$ h] z _! common "m4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& heav5 & e>? are wor%ipp$ z ,rangi & ,papi4 7,grey3 ,polynesian ,my?ology47 ,! my? ( ,apollo1 light1 sun1 heat1 comb9$ also ) s]p5t wor%ip1 is f\nd modifi$ 9 a ?\s& ways among all peoples1 savages includ$4 ,see ,s*w>tz1 ,urspung d] ,my?ologie2 ,j4 ,f]gusson1 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip2 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,animal ,wor%ip2 ,maury1 ,religions de la ,grce ,antique4 ,!y also appe>$ among ! ,hebrew & k9dr$ races4 ,we f9d 9 ! book ( ,job t ,god by ,8 _s _h g>ni%$ ! heav5s2 ,8 h& has =m$ ! crook$ s]p5t 7,job xxvi4 #ac71 expressions :i* are almo/ ,v$ic4 ,f cele/ial ph5om5a ! my? ( ! ,apollo ,s]p5t desc5d$ to imp]sonate ! ph5om5a ( e>?1 ( :i* we h examples 9 ! ,greek fable ( ! ,py?on1 & o!rs4 ,apollo aga9 appe>s z ! god :i* agitates & dissolves ! wat]s1 & ! s]p5t z ! w9d+ c\rse ( a riv]1 & also z o!r s\rces ( wat]4 ,! sun causes ! riv] wat] to evaporate1 :i* is symboliz$ by ! dragon's conflict ) ,apollo1 & ! victory ( ! latt]4 ,! mon/]1 z ,=*hamm] obs]ves1 is =m$ dur+ ! *ildhood ( ,apollo1 t is1 at a "t ( ye> :5 ! sun has n atta9$ 8 full =ce4 ,:5 ! s]p5t's body beg9s to putrefy1 ! reptile1 9 my?ical language1 takes ! new "n ( ,py?on1 or he :o becomes putrid4 ,! s]p5t ,py?on1 9 accordance ) ! cont9ual trans=mations ( my?1 becomes ! ,hydra ( ,l]na1 & ,h]cules1 ano!r sol> my?1 is sub/itut$ = ,apollo4 ,?is ,hydra is trans=m$ aga9 into ,typhon1 a fre% p]sonification ( ! =ces ( nature & ( ! atmosph]e1 conspir+ aga9/ heav54 ,! sev5-head$ ,hydra reappe>s 9 ano!r =m 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 :]e ! ra9 cl\d is comp>$ to ! s]p5t :om head re/s on sev5 spr+s4 ,i h ,max ,mll]'s au?ority = ! vigor\s alt]nation ( my?s 9 ^? primitive ages1 _! extreme mobility1 _! resolution into vivifi$ physical =ms1 & ! slight consi/5cy ( specific types4 ,aurora & ,night are (t5 sub/itut$ = ea* o!r1 & al?\gh 9 ! orig9al conception ( ! bir? ( ,apollo & ,artemis !y 7 c]ta9ly bo? consid]$ to be *ildr5 ( ! night1 ,leto & ,latona1 yet ev5 s ! place or isl& :]e1 accord+ to ! fable1 !y 7 born is ,ortygia or ,delos1 or sometimes call$ by bo? names at once4 ,delos means ! l& ( light1 b ,ortygia1 al?\gh ! "n is giv5 to diff]5t places1 is ,aurora1 or ! l& ( ,aurora4 7,g]h>d1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie47 ,ortygia is d]iv$ f ,ortyx1 a quail4 ,9 ,sanscrit ! quail is call$ ,v>tik1 ! bird :i* returns1 because x is "o ( ! birds to return 9 spr+4 ,?is "n ,v>tik is giv5 9 ! ,v$a to "o ( ! num]\s be+s :i* are set free & br\ght to life by ! ,asc9i1 t is1 by day & night1 & ,v>tik is "o ( sev]al names = ! dawn4 ,v>tik's /ory is v %ort3 %e 0 swall[$1 b deliv]$ by ! ,asv9i4 ,%e 0 drawn by !m f ! wolf's ?roat4 ,h5ce we h ,ortygia1 ! l& ( quails1 ! ea/2 ! isle :i* issu$ miracul\sly f ! floods1 :]e ,leto begot 8 sol> tw9s1 & also ,ortygia1 a "n giv5 to ,artemis1 ! daught] ( ,leto1 because %e 0 born 9 ! ea/4 ,! ,druh1 crimes & d>kness may 9 _! subsequ5t developm5t be contra/$ ) ^! anci5t my?s4 ,aurora is repres5t$ by !m z driv+ away ! odi\s gloom ( ! ,druh4 ,! p[]s ( d>kness1 ! ,druh & ,rak%as 7 call$ ,adeva1 & ! %9+ gods 7 call$ ,adruh4 ,kuhn believes t ! ,g]man words trg5 & lg5 are d]iv$ f ,druh4 #bb ,mi*el ,bral3 ,h]cule et ,cacus4 #bc ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) a priori metaphysics1 b ) ! psy*ical & organic dispositions sl[ly produc$ by evolution & by consci\sness 9 its cosmic relations4 ,! organic nature ( ^! reflex ph5om5a is due to ! fact t 9 ! long c\rse ( ages _! ex]cise has1 ?r\gh physiological evolution1 fir/ become volunt>y or spontane\s1 & !n unconsci\s4 #bd ,! d\ble mean+ is project$ into objects4 ,! primitive mean+ ( dext] 0 fitt+1 capable1 & x 0 !n appli$ to ! side ( ! mat]ial body4 ,sansc4 dacs1 to ha/54 ,ascoli1 ,/udi l9qui/ici4 #be ,a c>eful read] w n hold ?is repetition to be unnecess>y1 s9ce x expla9s f ano!r po9t ( view ! fundam5tal fact ( p]ception & its results4 ,x is "h consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! ?ree elem5ts :i* con/itute ?is fact4 #bf ,?is great tru? 0 obs]v$ by ,vico1 ! mo/ advanc$ ( mod]n psy*ologi/s1 9 8 views ( primitive psy*ology4 #bg ,9 ,*9ese1 = example1 & 9 _m o!r languages1 !re are _m words to indicate ! tail ( a fi%1 a bird1 etc41 b no ^w = a tail 9 g5]al4 ,ev5 an intellig5t savage does n accurately di/+ui% betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective1 betwe5 ! imag9>y & ! real2 ?is is ! mo/ important result ( a sci5tific education4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture2 ,/e9haus]1 ,religion des ,ngres2 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,_w4 ,! objective =m ( conceptions & emotions1 :i* are subsequ5tly trans=m$ into spirits1 are f\nd among ! sup]ior races ( our day1 9 ! ,*ri/ian hi]>*y ( angels1 9 popul> tradition1 & 9 spiritualism4 #bh ,feti%ism may be obs]v$ 9 ! civiliz$ ,aryan races1 b /ill m pla9ly among ! ,*9ese & cognate races1 among ! ,p]uvians1 ,mexicans1 etc4 ,ca/r51 9 8 ,f9nis*e ,my?ologie says t we f9d extraord9>y in/ances ( ! l[e/ /age ( feti%ism among ! ,samoeides1 :o directly wor%ip all natural objects 9 !mselves4 ,! ,f9ns1 :o are comp>atively civiliz$ hea!ns1 h atta9$ to a high] phase ( belief4 ,b num]\s examples1 9 e "p ( ! _w1 w occur to ! intellig5t read]4 #bi ,num5 really means ! manife/ation ( p[]1 f nu]e4 ,v>ro makes ,attius say3 ,multis nom5 ve/rum num5que ci5do4 ,9 ,lucretius we h m5tis num51 & also ,num5 ,augu/i4 ,an inscription discov]$ by ,momms5 runs z foll[s3 ,p4 ,florus1 etc4 ,dianae num9e jussu posuit4 #cj ,! illu/ri\s ,du ,bois ,reymond deliv]$ a lecture a few ye>s ago1 9 :i* he made x cle> t ! ,semitic idea ( "o ,almighty ,god l$ to ! lat] & mod]n conception ( ! unity ( =ces & ! rational int]pretation ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,?is important te/imony ( s able a man confirms ! !ory set =? "s ye>s ago 9 ! "w ( :i* ,i h reproduc$ a "p 9 ! text4 #ca ,"s ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ! ,semitic race took refuge 9 a di/rict ( ,syria1 & reta9$ _! primitive fai? )\t fur!r developm5t1 "u ! "n ( ,naz>5es or ,ebionites4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ,epiphanius & ,j]ome f\nd ^! primitive ,*ri/ians con/ant to ! old dogma1 :ile ,aryan ,*ri/ianity _h made gigantic /rides1 bo? 9 its ideas & social organization4 ,among ! ,semites1 ev5 :5 !y h p>tially accept$ ! dogma1 x 0 & is unproductive4 #cb ,ari/ot41 ,de anima2 ,cic41 ,de legibus2 ,diog41 ,lae4 #cc ,a new ?\ght ent]$ my m9d1 :5ce o!rs1 diff]+ f ! fir/1 arose2 & z ,i roam$ f "o to ano!r ,i 0 tempt$ to close my eyes1 & ?\ght 0 *ang$ into a dream4 #cd ,see ! !ory by ,lotze ( local signs 9 ! =mation ( ! idea ( space1 complet$ & modifi$ by ,wundt & o!rs4 #ce ,sometimes ! "n ( a p]son1 or ( "s "p ( ! human =m1 has be5 be/[$ on a natural object )\t ref]5ce to _! analogy1 b 9 ?is case ! epi!t has ! conv]se effect ( lead+ u to imag9e t x possesses ! features or limbs ( ! human =m4 ,& ?is is ( equal value = our pres5t inquiry4 #cf ,:ile ^! %eets 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,i 0 in=m$ ( ,b]g's "w on ! ,enjoym5t ( ,music4 7,die ,lu/ an d] ,musik4 ,b]l91 #ahgi47 ,b]g1 :o is a reali/1 inquires :at is ! s\rce ( ! pleasure we exp]i5ce f ! regul> succession ( s\nds1 :i* he holds to be ! prim>y ess5ce ( music4 ,he f9ds ! cause 9 "s ( ,d>w9's !ories & rese>*es4 ,d>w9 obs]ves t ! epo* ( song co9cides ) t ( love 9 ! case ( s++ animals1 birds1 insects1 & "s mammals2 & f ?is ,b]g concludes t primitive m51 or r an?ropoids1 made use ( ! voice to attract ! att5tion ( females4 ,h5ce a relation 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 s++ & ! s5tim5ts ( love1 rivalry1 & pleasure2 ?is relation 0 indissolubly fus$ into ! nature by h]$ity1 & x p]si/$ ev5 aft] s++ ceas$ to be excit$ by its primitive cause4 ,?is applies to ! g5]al s5se ( pleasure 9 music4 ,we h next to inquire :y ! e> pref]s c]ta9 s\nds to o!rs1 c]ta9 comb9ations to o!rs1 etc4 ,b]g holds t x dep5ds on negative causes1 t ! e> does n select ! mo/ pleas+ b ! lea/ pa9ful s\nds4 ,he relies on ,helmholtz's fundam5tal !ory ( s\nds4 ,x seems to me t al?\gh ,helmholtz's !ory is true1 t ( ,b]g is errone\s1 s9ce he is q unable to prove 8 ass]tion t ! effect produc$ by music is a negative pleasure4 ,moreov]1 ! ,d>w9ian obs]vations to :i* he traces ! orig9 ( ! enjoym5t ( music1 n only rely on an arbitr>y hypo!sis1 b d n expla9 :y males %\ld d]ive any advantage f _! voice1 nor :at pleasure & satisfaction females f9d 9 x4 ,& ?is1 z ,re9a* ju/ly obs]ves 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 is ! po9t on :i* ! problem turns4 ,cl>k has rec5tly sugge/$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/ ano!r !ory wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,a musical s\nd is nev] simple b complex2 x consi/s ( "o fundam5tal s\nd1 & ( o!r h>monic s\nds at close int]vals2 ! fir/ & mo/ p]ceptible int]vals are ! #h?1 #e?1 #d?1 & #crd major4 ,ea* ( ! simple s\nds :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute ! :ole s\nd1 causes ! vibration ( a special gr\p ( fibres 9 ! auditory n]ve4 ,?is fact1 (t5 repeat$1 g5]ates a k9d ( organic pr$isposition :i* is confirm$ by h]$ity4 ,if f any cause "o ( ^! gr\ps is set 9 motion1 ! o!r gr\ps w h a t5d5cy to vibrate4 ,!re=e1 if a s++ animal1 we>y ( always repeat+ ! same note1 wi%es to v>y its height1 he w naturally *oose "o ( ! h>monic s\nds ( ! fir/4 ,! ultimate orig9 ( ! law ( melody 9 organiz$ be+s is !re=e only ! simultane\s h>mony1 realiz$ 9 s\nds1 ( inorganic nature4 ,?is !ory is confirm$ by ! analysis :i* has be5 (t5 made ( ! song ( "s birds3 ! int]vals employ$ by ^! are g5]ally ! same z ^? on :i* human melody is f\nd$1 ! #h?1 #e?1 #d?1 & #crd major4 ,re9a*1 h[ev]1 obs]ves t ,bee?ov51 :o 9 8 ,pa/oral ,symphony has reproduc$ ! song ( ! night+ale1 ! cuckoo1 & ! quail1 makes _! melodies to diff] f ^? assign$ to !m by ,cl>k4 ,! me?od & direction ( ! !ories propos$ by ^! au?ors are excell5t2 b ,i d n believe t !y h discov]$ ! real orig9 ( ! s5se ( music & danc+4 ,i ?9k t ! sugge/ion giv5 9 ! text1 al?\gh x requires developm5t1 is ne>] ! tru?4 ,consci\sness ( ! great law by :i* ?+s exi/ 9 a classifi$ =m seems to me to be ! cause ( ! s5se ( graduat$ pleasure1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( all ! arts4 #cg ,see ,beauqui]'s ,philosophie de la ,musique4 #ch ,s]v4 on ! neid4 ,:at ! oracles sang 0 t]m$ c>m5tis3 ! se]s us$ to be call$ c>m5tes1 & ! books 9 :i* _! say+s 7 inscrib$ 7 t]m$ c>m5torios4 #ci ,see ,gir>d de ,rialle3 ,my?ologie ,comp>e4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,a valuable & le>n$ "w4 #dj ,! int5se "* ( ! wor%ip ( groves 9 ,italy appe>s f ,qu9tilianus1 :o says1 9 speak+ ( ,ennius3 ,ennium sicut sacros vetu/ate lucos adoremus4 ,,index4 ,a priori ideas1 _! def9ition1 #g1 #h2 ! s\rce ( my?1 #i ,ab/raction1 unconsci\s & explicit1 #ach2 its degrees1 #aci-aej4 s*ylus1 #aaj ,alg] on ! doctr9e ( a future life1 #gd ,animals & man1 _! intimate connection1 #ai2 _! embryog5ic evolution1 #ai2 _! complete id5tity1 #bb2 _! self-consci\sness1 #ej2 ! projection ( !mselves on o!r animals & ph5om5a1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #afa2 exp]im5ts on1 #fj-fd4 ,animation ( extr9sic ph5om5a1 #bh1 #eh-fe1 #aaa1 #abe-abh ,an?ropomorphism1 #ij1 #ig1 #ajf1 #aha ,appreh5sion1 act (1 #aaf2 by animals1 #aah2 psy*ical law (1 #aai2 ?ree elem5ts (1 #abj2 by a man1 #abb-abg ,arbr\sset on ! ,basutos1 #ge ,ari/otle1 8 tea*+1 #bca ,aryan family1 its primitive unity ) ! ,semitic1 #ca2 its my?ology1 #agi1 #aig1 #bai2 its conception ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahd-aib ,bridgman1 ,laura1 #bjg ,*ri/1 ! apo!osis ( man1 #ahg ,*ri/ianity1 its diffusion1 #agh-aib2 its an?ropomorphism1 #aha ,dead1 ! wor%ip (1 #ae ,demoniacal beliefs1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi ,desc>tes1 #bcd ,doric s*ool1 #baa ,dreams1 #bec1 #bei1 #bgj ,entification1 ! t]m1 #aec2 ( spee*1 #caj ,eleatic s*ool1 #baa ,epic>mos1 #aji ,evolution1 ( mono!ism1 #aea2 ( ! faculties ( my? & sci5ce1 #aeg2 ( language1 #bja-bjd2 ( writ+1 #bji2 ( music1 #bie-cjc ,exp]im5ts on animals1 #fj-fd ,feti% wor%ip1 #gh1 #id-ig1 #afc1 #afh1 #bia1 #caa ,f9ns1 _! my?ology1 #aja ,galileo1 #bce ,greece1 h] philosophy1 #baj-bag2 h] my?ology1 #ii1 #acj ,halluc9ations1 #bgb1 #bha ,hawaans1 _! concrete language1 #hf ,ionic s*ool1 #baj ,kant1 #bcc ,m',l5nan on ! wor%ip ( plants & animals1 #gc ,man1 8 intimate connection ) animals1 #ai-bc2 8 psy*ical =ce1 #bf2 e/imat$ accord+ to 8 absolute value1 #ce2 8 p[] ( reflection1 #bc1 #eb1 #afc2 8 connection ) ! univ]sal sy/em1 #cf ,mannh>dt1 8 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 #ajj ,max ,mll]1 8 !ory ( my?1 #aa1 #ii ,m>a1 incubus1 #gg ,mono!ism1 n ! fir/ intuition ( man1 #ajd its evolution1 #aea ,multiplicity ( s\ls1 believ$ by v>i\s races1 #afe ,my?1 ! spontane\s =m ( human intellig5ce1 #a2 its p]si/5ce1 #c1 #cc1 #acf2 its g]m int]*angeable ) t ( sci5ce1 #i1 #aca1 #acb2 its problem unsolv$1 #ab2 its gradual disappe>ance1 #cc2 its con/ant =ms1 #dj2 its orig9 9 reflex p[]1 #ia2 its second =m1 #ie2 its evolution into sci5ce1 #aac2 its v>i\s /ages1 #afj-agd ,my?ology1 ,indian1 #aj2 ,f9ni%1 #aja2 ,v$ic1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 #acj1 #aih2 its hi/oric results1 #age-aib2 ,aryan1 #agi1 #aif1 #bai2 ,pagan1 #ahd ,music1 its evolution1 #bie-cje ,new ,zeal&1 orig9al mean+ ( words1 #hi ,p]ception1 primitive human1 #fi2 id5tical 9 man & 9 animals1 #acc2 ! product & cause ( my?1 #aec ,p]sonification1 by animals1 #ff2 by man1 #hj2 ( int]nal p]ceptions1 #ha2 ( homolog\s types1 #ha2 ( specific types1 #hd2 ,p9d>1 #aii ,platonic s*ool1 #bbj-bcj ,polynesian language1 #hi ,poly!ism1 its orig91 #ih ,py?agorean s*ool1 #bad-bag ,reflex p[] 9 man1 #bc1 #eb2 its sl[ gr[?1 #afc ,ribot1 8 ,psy*ologie ,allem&e1 #ci ,roman my?ology1 #ie ,sanscrit roots1 #bja ,sci5ce1 a factor ( intellectual life1 #d2 its g]m int]*angeable ) my?1 #i1 #aca1 #acb2 z a :ole1 reveal$ 9 its sev]al p>ts1 #ce2 its effect on my?1 #aab1aid ,semitic idea1 #agg2 race1 #aia ,social life bas$ on ! ord] ( nature1 #ch ,societies1 ! g5esis (1 #cj ,sociology1 its f\ndation 9 ! /udy ( my?1 #da1 #de ,sophocles1 #aaj ,sp5c]1 8 ,sociology1 #ad ,tahiti1 #hi ,tasmanians1 _! cu/oms1 #db-dd ,?ales1 8 tea*+1 #bab ,transmigration ( s\ls1 #aff ,tylor on ,primitive ,culture1 #ad1 #af2 8 !ory ( animism1 #af ,v$a1 ! p]sonification ( ph5om5a1 #ga2 ,v$ic my?ology1 #gf1 #ih1 #acj1 #bai2 ,v$ic hymn1 #bag ,victory ( ! natural sci5ces1 #bcg ,zell] on mono!ism1 #ajh ,,! ,,end4