,,! ,,travel+ ,,eng9e]s' ,,association ,to ,improve ,! ,locomotive ,eng9e ,s]vice ( ,am]ican ,railroads ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s ,= ,firem5 = ,promotion & ,new ,m5 = ,employm5t 3-3 ,copyright$ by ,w4 ,o4 ,?ompson1 ,m>*1 #aiaa ,revis$ ,janu>y1 #aiai 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,x is ! policy ( railroads to employ firem5 :o w 9 "t become compet5t locomotive eng9e]s4 ,?is requires t a man %\ld h at lea/ a common s*ool education1 good habits & be 9 good physical condition4 ,he %\ld be al]t1 ) good reason+ faculties & a man ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,hav+ ^! qualifications1 advancem5t w come to ^? :o are consci5ti\s 9 dis*>g+ _! duties & :o devote "s ( _! leisure h\rs to /udy4 ,z an aid to ?is end1 & t ! railroad companies may d]ive ! highe/ effici5cy f ! man employ$ z a locomotive eng9eman1 a code ( que/ions is giv5 him1 & x is expect$ t ! prep>ation necess>y to correctly answ] ! que/ions w indicate h[ well he has progress$4 ,! li/ ( que/ions is also int5d$ z a guide to ! matt]s on :i* he %\ld be correctly in=m$1 bo? dur+ 8 t]m ( s]vice z a fireman & = future promotion to eng9e]4 ,:5 a man is fir/ employ$ z a fireman he w be giv5 a li/ ( que/ions on :i* he w be exam9$ at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>2 hav+ pass$ ?is exam9ation successfully he w !n be giv5 ! exam9ation que/ions = ! foll[+ ye>2 hav+ pass$ ?is exam9ation satisfactorily1 he w be giv5 a ?ird & f9al set ( exam9ation que/ions on :i* he w be exam9$ be=e be+ promot$ to eng9e]4 ,all ^! exam9ations w be bo? writt5 & oral4 ,! ?ird ye> exam9ation = promotion w be be=e ! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s4 ,at any ( ^! exam9ations1 if he fails to pass #hj p] c5t4 ( ! que/ions ask$1 ano!r trial1 n less ?an two mon?s & n m ?an six mon?s lat]1 w be giv5 him to pass ! same exam9ation2 if he fails to pass by a p]c5tage ( #hj p] c5t4 he %all be dropp$ f ! s]vice4 ,:]e ! exam9ations consi/ ( bo? air brake & ma*9]y1 ! c&idate mu/ pass #hj p] c5t4 9 ea* to be successful4 ,firem5 pass+ ! ?ird & f9al s]ies ( que/ions w be promot$ 9 ! ord] ( _! s5iority z firem51 except t ^? :o pass on ! fir/ trials %all rank1 :5 promot$1 above ^? :o pass$ on ! second trials4 ,eng9e]s employ$ :o h _h s]vice on o!r roads1 w be requir$ to pass ! ?ird s]ies ( que/ions be=e ent]+ ! s]vice4 ,x is n expect$ t ! man w pass ^! exam9ations )\t assi/ance1 & 9 ord] t he w und]/& ! use ( locomotive & air brake appliances prop]ly1 he is expect$ to g to ! ,ma/] ,me*anic1 ,g5]al ,=eman1 ,road ,=eman or ,travel+ ,eng9e]1 also ,air ,brake ,inspector or ,in/ructor1 or any o!r (ficial1 & ask !m = su* in=mation z may be requir$ on any ( ! que/ions or on any po9ts 9 connection ) ! "w4 ,he is n only invit$1 b also urg$ to d ?is1 z ! m k ( 8 bus9ess a man possesses1 ! bett] w be ! results obta9$4 ,he w h ample "t to /udy ea* set ( que/ions2 !re is no d\bt t ) a reasonable am\nt ( /udy ea* week1 supplem5t$ ) close obs]vation ( ! work+ ( ! locomotive1 ! in=mation necess>y to answ] satisfactorily ! entire li/ ( que/ions c be easily ma/]$ 9 ! "t giv54 ,9 reg>d to breakd[ns1 x is advis$ t he c>efully inspect ea* breakd[n or disabl$ eng9e t comes to 8 notice1 see :]e ! p>ts h giv5 way & 9 :at mann] ! "w ( block+ up x done4 ,x is n expect$ t all ! breakd[ns :i* may happ5 to a locomotive w occur on ! eng9e t he is )2 !re=e x is good practice to obs]ve h[ o!r m5 c>e = ^! breakd[ns4 ,9 connection ) ^! exam9ations ! "w done by ! fireman dur+ ! ye> & h[ ! "w comp>es ) t ( o!r firem5 9 ! same class ( s]vice w be c>efully not$2 8 record z to ! use ( coal1 supplies & att5tion to duty w be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,x is hop$ t he w give ev]y?+ 9 detail ! consid]ation x m]its & realize fully t x is by look+ aft] ! little ?+s t a man succe$s4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t by fill+ well ! position he holds he becomes entitl$ to ! confid5ce t makes bett] positions possible4 ,x is und]/ood t ^? :o conduct ! exam9ation may ask any "q or que/ions be>+ on any subject ( ?is exam9ation1 9 ord] to det]m9e h[ well ! p]sons be+ exam9$ und]/&s ! subject4 ,a m]e memoriz$ answ] w n be suffici5t4 ,! full mean+ ( ea* answ] mu/ be und]/ood4 ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions ,,fir/ ,,s]ies #a4 ,q4 ,:at d y consid] ess5tial = y\r success 9 reg>d to ! use ( fuel ,a4 ,i deem x ess5tial to my success to be z economical 9 ! use ( fuel & supplies z is consi/5t ) ! "w to be p]=m$1 ex]cis+ good judgm5t 9 my "w1 h>moni\s co-op]ation ) my eng9e]1 & %[+ a will+ness to le>n & practice ! be/ me?ods 9 my "w4 #b4 ,q4 ,:at are ! fireman's duties on arrival at eng9eh\se previ\s to go+ out on a locomotive8 ,a4 ,he is requir$ to exam9e ! bullet9 bo>d1 gu>ds on wat] & lubricator glasses2 try gauge cocks to f9d true wat] level2 !n exam9e grates1 a%-pan1 flues & fire-box4 ,put fire 9 prop] %ape2 see t a prop] supply ( fir+ tools1 wat]1 coal1 oil & wa/e are provid$1 t all lamps & m>k]s are fill$1 clean$ & 9 prop] condition2 & to p]=m su* o!r duties z may be requir$ by ! eng9e] to assi/ him 9 gett+ ! eng9e 9 read9ess4 #c4 ,q4 ,:at pressure is indicat$ by ! /eam gauge8 ,:at is meant by atmosph]ic pressure8 ,a4 ,! pressure p] squ>e in* inside ( ! boil]4 ,atmosph]ic pressure is ! pressure repres5t$ by ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :i* is at sea level #ad4g p\nds4 #d4 ,q4 ,on :at pr9ciple does a /eam gauge "w8 ,a4 ,! /eam gauge po9t] is actuat$ by a flatt5$ or b5t r\nd tube to /raight5 itself "u ! pressure ( /eam aga9/ ! wat] inside ( tube4 ,! gauge po9t] receives movem5t f suitable me*anism connect$ ) ! tube4 #e4 ,q4 ,:at is ! s\rce ( p[] 9 a /eam locomotive8 ,a4 ,heat is ! s\rce ( p[] 9 all /eam eng9es4 ,x is necess>y to h fuel & wat]4 ,:5 fuel is burn$1 ! wat] com+ 9 contact ) ! hot %eets evaporates & becomes /eam1 :i* is !n us$ 9 ! cyl9d]s to =ce ! pi/ons back & =?4 #f4 ,q4 ,ab\t :at quantity ( wat] %\ld be evaporat$ 9 a locomotive boil] to ! p\nd ( coal8 ,a4 ,f five to sev5 p\nds ( wat]4 ,= example1 "o gallon ( wat] weighs eight & "o-?ird p\nds1 !re=e #ajj p\nds ( coal %\ld evaporate f sixty to eighty-f\r gallons ( wat]4 #g4 ,q4 ,:at is /eam1 & h[ is x g5]at$8 ,a4 ,/eam is wat] 9 ! condition ( a vapor & is g5]at$ by heat+ ! wat] above ! boil+ po9t4 #h4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! wat] gauge glass & gauge cocks8 ,a4 ,to indicate ! level ( wat] 9 ! boil]4 #i4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld indicate to y t ! boil] connections ( wat] gauge glasses 7 becom+ clogg$8 ,a4 ,! up & d[n movem5t ( ! wat] 9 ! glass w\ld become sl[ & inactive1 or x w\ld n regi/] correctly ) ! gauge cocks4 #aj4 ,q4 ,at :at temp]ature does wat] boil8 ,a4 ,at atmosph]ic pressure1 :i* is #ad4g p\nds at sea level1 wat] boils at #bab degrees ,fahr5heit2 ! temp]ature1 h[ev]1 increases z ! pressure "u :i* ! wat] is boil$ increases4 ,at #bjj p\nds boil] pressure ! temp]ature w\ld be #chh degrees ,fahr5heit4 #aa4 ,q4 ,:at is c>bon8 ,a4 ,c>bon =ms ! greate/ "p ( all k9ds ( coal2 ! high] ! p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 ! high] ! grade ( coal4 #ab4 ,q4 ,:at is ! composition ( bitum9\s coal8 ,a4 ,x is compos$ ( c>bon ab\t #ge p] c5t4 & _m gase\s sub/ances1 z is %[n by its burn+ ) a l>ge flame & mu* smoke4 ,an?racite1 on ! contr>y1 is ne>ly pure c>bon & burns ) a small flame4 #ac4 ,q4 ,:at is combu/ion8 ,a4 ,combu/ion or burn+ is a *emical process1 x is ! action ( fire on inflammable sub/ances & is ! union ( ! oxyg5 9 ! air ) ! c>bon 9 ! fuel2 ?is is call$ rapid combu/ion4 ,sl[ combu/ion is ! decay+ ( wood or iron by ! elem5ts4 #ad4 ,q4 ,is air necess>y = combu/ion8 ,a4 ,yes4 #ae4 ,q4 ,ab\t h[ _m cubic feet ( air is necess>y = ! combu/ion ( a p\nd ( coal 9 a locomotive fire-box8 ,a4 ,ab\t #cjj cubic feet ( air mu/ pass ?r\gh ! grates & fire = complete combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( coal4 #af4 ,q4 ,:y mu/ air be heat$ be=e comb9+ ) coal8 ,a4 ,air1 l coal & its gases1 mu/ be heat$ be=e !y w unite to =m :at is kn[n z combu/ion & s z n to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! fire-box bel[ ! ignit+ po9t ( ! gases4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:y is x necess>y to provide = combu/ion a supply ( air ?r\gh ! fuel 9 ! furnace8 ,a4 ,9 ord] to supply ! oxyg5 necess>y = combu/ion4 #ah4 ,q4 ,:at is ! effect ^u combu/ion if too little air is suppli$8 ,if too mu* air is suppli$8 ,a4 ,if too little air is suppli$1 combu/ion is n complete1 & only "o-?ird z mu* heat is obta9$4 ,if too mu* air is suppli$1 combu/ion is complete2 b ! excess air mu/ be heat$1 result+ 9 a l[] temp]ature4 ,if twice ! am\nt ( air requir$ = complete combu/ion be suppli$1 ! temp]ature ( ! fire-box w be ab\t "o-half z high4 #ai4 ,q4 ,give a practical def9ition ( ! ignit+ temp]ature4 ,a4 ,9 all ord9>y combu/ion !re is a def9ite temp]ature1 call$ ! ignition or k9dl+ temp]ature1 to :i* combu/ible sub/ance mu/ be heat$ 9 ord] t x may unite ) ! gas 9 support+ ! combu/ion4 ,! burn+ sub/ance mu/ n only be heat$ up to ! k9dl+ temp]ature1 b x mu/ be kept z high z ?is temp]ature1 or combu/ion w cease4 #bj4 ,q4 ,/ate :y su* temp]ature is necess>y & at :at place 9 ! fire-box x is mo/ requir$4 ,a4 ,! c5t] is ! hotte/ "p ( ! fire-box4 ,!re is a mu* l[] temp]ature 9 ! fire-box at ! sides & end %eets1 due to ! wat] on ! opposite sides ( ! %eets be+ ( a l[] temp]ature ?an ! fire-box2 !re=e if we get z high a temp]ature z possible at ! side & end %eets1 we w increase ! /eam-mak+ effici5cy ( ! boil]4 ,! gases :i* are lib]at$ f ! coal z soon z x becomes heat$ mu/ atta9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #a1hjj degrees ,fahr5heit1 kn[n z ! temp]ature ( ignition1 be=e !y w unite ) air :i* mu/ also be heat$ up to t po9t4 #ba4 ,q4 ,h[ is draft creat$ ?r\gh ! fire8 ,a4 ,exhau/ /eam escap+ ?r\gh ! /ack r$uces ! pressure 9 ! smoke-box bel[ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e outside1 !re=e ! air t5ds to =ce itself into ! smoke-box ?r\gh all op5+s2 ) ev]y?+ 9 good condition1 ! easie/ & l>ge/ passage = x is ?r\gh ! grates & o!r op5+s into ! fire-box & f x ?r\gh ! tubes into ! smoke-box & up ! /ack4 #bb4 ,q4 ,is smokeless fir+ practicable8 ,a4 ,yes1 b x is necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 good results t boil] & fire-box be 9 good condition1 coal brok5 to ! prop] fir+ size2 !n1 ) ! he>ty & intellig5t co-op]ation ( bo? eng9e] & fireman1 smokeless fir+ is bo? economical & practicable4 #bc4 ,q4 ,9 :at condition %\ld ! fire be 9 ord] t ! be/ results may be obta9$ f ! combu/ion ( ! coal8 ,a4 ,! fire %\ld be z light z ! "w be+ done by ! eng9e w p]mit1 ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! grates & free f cl9k]s4 #bd4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! bl[] be us$8 ,a4 ,a bl[] %\ld be us$ v lightly1 be+ c>eful n to draw too mu* air into ! fire-box & ?r\gh ! flues1 especially :5 fire is be+ clean$ or ?9 on grates4 #be4 ,q4 ,:at is ! result ( op5+ ! fire-door :5 ! eng9e is work+ /eam8 ,a4 ,x w cause a cool+ effect 9 ! fire-box & is liable to />t ! flues leak+4 #bf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! effect ( putt+ too _m scoops ( coal on a bright fire8 ,is ?is a wa/e ( fuel8 ,a4 ,x has ! effect ( tempor>ily dead5+ & cool+ ! fire1 causes emission ( quantities ( black smoke1 z only a limit$ am\nt ( gas c be burn$ 9 a fire-box at a "t2 all 9 excess ( t am\nt escapes f ! /ack & is a wa/e ( fuel4 #bg4 ,q4 ,:at effect has ! fire ^u a scoopful ( coal :5 x is plac$ 9 ! fire-box8 ,a4 ,! heat f ! fire drives ! gases f ! coal & !y are ignit$ by ! hot flame z !y pass ov] ! bright fire2 ! coke :i* is left burns :]e x is4 #bh4 ,q4 ,9 :at condition %\ld ! fire be to consume ^! gases8 ,a4 ,a bright :ite coke fire1 almo/ inc&esc5t4 #bi4 ,q4 ,:at is ! temp]ature ( ! fire :5 9 ?is condition8 ,a4 ,x mu/ n be less ?an #a1hjj degrees ,fahr5heit to consume ! gases lib]at$ f ! coal1 & x only requires f #gej to #ijj degrees ,fahr5heit to burn ! coke t rema9s on ! grate2 z coke burns f ! outside1 less heat is requir$ to consume x4 #cj4 ,q4 ,h[ c ! fire be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is condition8 ,a4 ,by add+ coal to ! fire 9 small quantities1 spread+ x ov] ! grate surface & no fa/] ?an x is burn$4 #ca4 ,q4 ,:at is black smoke8 ,is x combu/ible8 ,a4 ,black smoke consi/s ( small p>ticles ( c>bon susp5d$ 9 ! gases ( combu/ion & indicates incomplete combu/ion4 ,black smoke is n combu/ible1 x is l lampblack & _c be burn$ aft] hav+ be5 produc$4 ,! production ( x c be prev5t$ by suitable arrangem5ts & manipulation4 #cb4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! gas n burn 9 ! fire-box1 w x burn aft] x ent]s ! flues8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,gas w n burn only a %ort di/ance 9 ! flues ( a boil]1 z ! wat] absorbs ! heat s quickly t ! temp]ature ( gas is l[]$ bel[ ! ignit+ po9t4 #cc4 ,q4 ,:at is ! effect on ! fl[ ( air ?r\gh ! fire f op5+ ! door8 ,:at on ! burn+ ( ! gases8 ,:at on ! flues & %eets ( ! fire-box8 ,a4 ,:5 ! furnace door is op5$1 ! fl[ ( air ?r\gh ! grate is /opp$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt t passes ?r\gh ! door4 ,! vacuum w be fill$ f ! quicke/ s\rce & ! door is clos] ?an "s p>ts ( ! grate4 ,! gases mix ) ! air f ! door & pass out ?r\gh ! flues2 no combu/ion takes place1 z ! air is n hot en\gh to unite ) ! gas4 ,! flues & %eets ( ! box w be caus$ to leak on acc\nt ( ! rapid contraction4 #cd4 ,q4 ,c ! fir+ be done m effectively if ! wat] level is obs]v$ closely8 ,a4 ,yes1 9 ord] to "k h[ mu* wat] !re is 9 ! boil] & :e!r x is necess>y to hurry ! fire2 if ! boil] is full1 x is possible to prev5t ! pops op5+ by delay+ ! fire4 #ce4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! fire & wat] be h&l$ 9 />t+ f a t]m9al or o!r /ation8 ,a4 ,! /eam pressure %\ld be ne> ! maximum & !re %\ld be suffici5t wat] 9 ! boil] to la/ until su* "t z ! fire is burn+ well s t ! pressure w n be r$uc$ :5 wat] is put into ! boil]4 ,!re %\ld be a mod]ately heavy b$ ( fire well burn$ & di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] ! grates4 ,aft] ! fire is burn+ well1 ! injector %\ld be />t$ lightly2 ! fe$ be+ gradually increas$ s z n to cause any decrease ( /eam pressure4 #cf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( a safety valve on a locomotive boil]8 ,:y are m ?an "o us$8 ,a4 ,a safety valve is us$ to limit ! maximum pressure 9 ! boil] by op5+ & all[+ /eam to escape4 ,m ?an "o safety valve are us$ z additional protection aga9/ excessive pressure2 "o is set at ! maximum pressure & ! o!rs are set at two or ?ree p\nds above ! maximum pressure4 #cg4 ,q4 ,:at is usually ! reason = /eam be+ wa/$ f ! safety valve8 ,:at c be done to prev5t ?is wa/e8 ,a4 ,c>eless fir+1 c>eless runn+4 ,bo? eng9e] & fireman "w 9 h>mony to obta9 ! be/ results4 #ch4 ,q4 ,:at is ! e/imat$ wa/e ( coal = ea* m9ute ! safety valve is op58 ,a4 ,ab\t fifte5 p\nds4 ,! e/imat$ wa/e ( /eam :5 an eng9e pops equals e second all ! heat obta9$ f a qu>t] p\nd ( coal4 ,safety valves usually rema9 op5 ab\t half a m9ute1 result+ 9 ! loss ( ab\t eight p\nds ( coal4 #ci4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be ! condition ( ! fire on arriv+ at a /ation :]e a /op is to be made8 ,a4 ,on approa*+ ! /ation :]e a /op is to be made1 fir+ %\ld be /opp$ f> en\gh back to all[ ! c>bon gases to be consum$ be=e ! ?rottle is clos$1 s !re w be little or no black smoke f ! /ack & yet h suffici5t fire t x w n be necess>y to fe$ ! fire aga9 if a %ort /op is to be made until ! tra9 is />t$ & ! eng9e cut back or ne>ly to ! runn+ cut-(f4 #dj4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld y build up ! fire :5 at /ations 9 ord] to avoid black smoke8 ,a4 ,put 9 small quantities ( coal at a "t1 h ! door slightly op5 & h ! bl[] on lightly2 good judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ by ! fireman4 #da4 ,q4 ,:y is x t if !re is a ?9 fire ) a hole 9 x ! /eam pressure w fall at once8 ,a4 ,because too mu* cold air is drawn into ! fire-box & ?r\gh ! tubes1 ret>d+ combu/ion & cool+ ! fire-box & tubes4 #db4 ,q4 ,if ! injector is to be us$ aft] ?rottle is %ut (f1 h[ %\ld ! fire be ma9ta9$8 ,a4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( coal %\ld be plac$ on ! grates to ma9ta9 ! maximum /eam pressure & ! bl[] us$ to keep ! fire burn+ brightly4 #dc4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! result ( />t+ a heavy tra9 or all[+ driv]s to slip ) ! fire too ?9 on ! grates8 ,a4 ,! fire w\ld be pull$ (f ! grates & into ! tubes1 leav+ ! fire b$ full ( holes & "s ( ! fire rema9+ on ! grates turn$ ov]4 ,l>ge quantities ( cold air w\ld be drawn 91 result+ 9 a rapid decrease ( temp]ature & pressure4 ,! tubes w\ld possibly />t leak+ & ! fire w\ld be 9 su* condition t x c\ld n be built up prop]ly 9 a long di/ance4 ,possibly ! grates w\ld become clogg$ up ) gre5 coal--an excell5t opportunity = =m+ cl9k]s4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! eng9e w\ld fail to make /eam = ! entire trip4 #dd4 ,q4 ,:]e %\ld ! coal1 z a rule1 be plac$ 9 ! fire-box8 ,a4 ,z a rule1 m coal is burn$ along ! sides & 9 ! corn]s ?an 9 ! middle ( ! grates2 ! fire %\ld consequ5tly be kept some:at heavi] along ! sides & corn]s ?an 9 ! middle4 #de4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! fire affect$ by & :at causes cl9k]s8 ,a4 ,a cl9k] %uts (f area ( grate surface accord+ to its size1 & !reby %utt+ (f t mu* ( ! air supply & int]f]+ ) prop] combu/ion4 ,cl9k]s are caus$ by fir+ too heavy 9 spots1 :i* prev5ts suffici5t air pass+ up ?r\gh ^! spots & all[s ! coal to run toge!r1 melt+ ! a%1 & s&2 runn+ a hoe or sla% b> ?r\gh ! fire w br+ ! po9ts ( melt$ s& toge!r1 !reby caus+ a cl9k]4 #df4 ,q4 ,h[ c y be/ avoid _! =mation & dispose ( !m8 ,a4 ,light fir+ & occasionally mov+ ! grates lightly is ! be/ prev5tive4 ,:5 once =m$1 !y %\ld be remov$ if possible by fir+ ar\nd & burn+ !m out4 #dg4 ,q4 ,h[ c y expla9 ! sl[] burn+ ( ! coke & h[ und]/& ! prop] mann] ( supply+ fre% coal8 ,a4 ,! gases ( coal are light] ?an air & w pass away :e!r consum$ or n4 ,! sl[ burn+ ( ! coke is due to ! fact t x burns f ! outside only4 ,:5 a fire rea*es a :ite or inc&esc5t heat x indicates t ! gases are burn$ & a fre% supply ( coal %\ld be add$2 ?is is to be done z light z ! s]vice p]=m$ by ! eng9e w p]mit4 #dh4 ,q4 ,:5 & = :at purpose is ! use ( a rake on ! fire b$ all[able8 ,a4 ,! rake %\ld be us$ on ! fire v seldom1 because rak+ ! fire b$ t5ds to =m cl9k]s1 especially :5 ! rake is plung$ d[n ?r\gh ! fire to ! grate4 ,x may be us$ :5 necess>y to rake ! fire lightly :5 on ! road = ! purpose ( break+ ! cru/1 :i* may be f\nd z a consequ5ce ( too heavy fir+4 #di4 ,q4 ,)9 :at limits may /eam pressure be all[$ to v>y1 & :y8 ,a4 ,pressure %\ld n be all[$ to v>y m ?an five p\nds f ! maximum = ! reason t too mu* expansion & contraction w take place1 :i* _m times is ! cause ( flues leak+1 crack$ or brok5 side %eets & /ay bolts4 #ej4 ,q4 ,has improp] fir+ any t5d5cy to cause ! tubes to leak8 ,h[8 ,a4 ,yes2 if ! pressure is n regul>ly ma9ta9$1 ! fluctuations ( temp]ature cause con/ant contraction & expansion to take place4 ,if ! fire is n c>ri$ level1 b is c>ri$ heavy 9 "s p>ts ( ! fire-box & light 9 o!rs1 holes w be work$ 91 cold air drawn ?r\gh1 l[]+ ! temp]ature1 *ill+ ! tubes & caus+ leaks4 ,c>ry+ ! fire too heavy 9 "s places1 causes cl9k]s to =m4 ,if ! door is op5 too long1 too mu* cold air is drawn ov] ! fire1 caus+ ! tubes to leak4 #ea4 ,q4 ,:at d y consid] abuse ( a boil]8 ,a4 ,c>eless or improp]ly supply+ wat] to ! boil]1 improp] fir+ or all[+ /eam to v>y f high to l[ pressure1 caus+ unnecess>y expansion & contraction4 #eb4 ,q4 ,does ! /opp+ up ( flues affect ! /eam+ capacity ( ! eng9e8 ,a4 ,yes2 ob/ruct$ flues r$uce ! heat+ surface1 r$uce ! /eam+ capacity ( ! eng9e1 &1 z a rule1 result 9 caus+ ! flues to leak4 ,!y also cause an increase ( spe$ ( ! gases ?r\gh ! rema9+ flues & a poor /eam+ eng9e4 #ec4 ,q4 ,:at causes honeycomb ov] ! flues8 ,a4 ,honeycomb on flues is usually caus$ by ! draft ?r\gh ! fire pick+ up ! sulphur & molt5 clay :i* is 9 a molt5 & /icky condition 9 ! fire2 z x passes on its way to ! /ack1 "s ( x /rikes ! flue-%eet & /icks or passes ?r\gh ! flues1 clogg+ up ! nett+ 9 ! front end4 #ed4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y take c>e ( a boil] ) leaky tubes or fire-box1 & :y8 ,a4 ,keep a bright1 clean fire1 especially up next to ! flue-%eet1 & z ev5 a pressure ( /eam z possible & n use ! bl[] any /rong] ?an is absolutely necess>y4 #ee4 ,q4 ,:y is x v important t coal %\ld be brok5 s t x w n be l>g] ?an an ord9>y siz$ apple be=e be+ put into ! fire-box8 ,a4 ,9 ord] to get rapid & complete combu/ion1 coal %\ld be brok5 into small pieces2 ?is aids combu/ion by expos+ a l>g] surface to ! flame & c be fir$ m economically & bett] results are obta9$4 #ef4 ,q4 ,%\ld rapid fir+ be practic$8 ,a4 ,no2 x %\ld n be practic$ = ! same reason t heavy fir+ is wrong4 ,a few mom5ts %\ld int]v5e betwe5 ea* %ovelful to all[ ! fre% coal to get to burn+ & to ma9ta9 ! high temp]ature 9 ! fire-box4 #eg4 ,q4 ,:5 & :y %\ld y wet ! coal on ! t5d]8 ,a4 ,coal %\ld be wet = ! purpose ( cleanl9ess to keep du/ f fly+ & because mod]ately wet coal gives out m heat = ! reason t !re is n s mu* f9e coal drawn ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,x %\ld be wet z (t5 z necess>y to accompli% ^! purposes4 #eh4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( a l>ge grate surface8 ,a4 ,great] heat+ surface1 light] fire & m complete combu/ion are possible ) ! l>g] grate surface1 because a l>g] am\nt is burn+ at "o "t at a sl[] rate ( combu/ion4 #ei4 ,q4 ,:y are grates made to %ake1 & h[1 :5 & :]e %\ld !y be %ak58 ,a4 ,= ! purpose ( break+ any cl9k]s t might =m & to %ake out all refuse f ! grates4 ,! be/ "t to %ake grates is :5 ?rottle is clos$1 z !re is no exhau/ to c>ry ! unconsum$ gases & sulphur ?r\gh ! flues into ! front end1 :i* is liable to *oke or clog up nett+ & cause a /eam failure4 ,grates %\ld n be %ak5 :ile pass+ ov] bridges1 ne> lumb] or hay y>ds or ?r\gh prohibit$ t]ritory4 #fj4 ,q4 ,d y und]/& t coal furni%$ repres5ts money inve/$1 & %\ld be fir$ economically & n all[$ to fall out ( ! gangway8 ,a4 ,! fuel ( locomotives is prop]ty & repres5ts money inve/$ ! same z d build+s1 roll+ /ock1 etc42 c>eless or ineffici5t firem5 :o wa/e fuel de/roy prop]ty z c]ta9ly z ?\gh c>s or eng9es 7 sma%$ up4 ,! coal %\ld be c>efully rak$ (f ! deck & 9 f ! gangways2 x %\ld n be all[$ to fall1 z x is wa/$ & dang]\s to p ne> ! track4 ,! deck %\ld be kept clean = great] com=t & conv5i5ce4 #fa4 ,q4 ,is is objectionable to fill ! tanks too full ( coal or ov]fl[ tank at /&pipes or wat] tanks8 ,a4 ,x is4 ,tanks fill$ too full ( coal are dang]\s & a great wa/e ( coal1 z ! j> :5 runn+ w cause a "p ( x to fall (f2 wat] ov]fl[+ f tanks results 9 wa%+ away ! balla/ & 9 cold wea!r freezes ov] ! tracks4 #fb4 ,q4 ,:at are ! duties ( a fireman on arrival at ! t]m9al8 ,a4 ,diff]5t roads h diff]5t assign$ duties = ! firem5 to p]=m4 ,!y %\ld leave ! cab1 boil] head1 oil cans & deck 9 a clean condition1 boil] full ( wat]1 en\gh fire & /eam1 s t ! ho/l] w n be requir$ to put 9 fuel :ile ! eng9e is 9 8 *>ge2 %\ld "k t ?rottle valve is securely clos$1 rev]se lev] 9 c5t] ( quadrant1 cyl9d] cocks op51 & if equipp$ ) indep5d5t brake1 x to be appli$2 9 fact1 x is an excell5t opportunity = a me*anical (fic] to judge ! ability ( ! fireman & future eng9e]4 #fc4 ,q4 ,is ! eng9e] responsible = ! fireman's conduct :ile on duty & = ! mann] 9 :i* ! fireman's duties are p]=m$8 ,a4 ,he is4 ,! fireman is "u ! direction ( ! eng9e]1 & ! fireman's duties are to be p]=m$ 9 accordance ) ! eng9e]'s in/ructions4 #fd4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! sup]heat] damp]1 & h[ does x op]ate8 ,a4 ,! duty ( ! damp] is to control ! fl[ ( gases ?r\gh ! l>ge flues1 !reby protect+ ! units :i* are conta9$ !re9 f be+ ov]heat$ aft] ?rottle is clos$4 ,! position ( damp] :5 ! eng9e is n work+ /eam1 is clos$4 #fe4 ,q4 ,:at w be ! effect on ! /eam+ ( ! eng9e if ! damp] does n op5 prop]ly8 ,a4 ,eng9e w /eam poorly = ! reason t !re w be no draft ?r\gh ! l>ge flues4 ,! /eam w n be sup]heat$ because heat$ gases _c come 9 contact ) sup]heat$ units conta9$ 9 ! l>ge flues4 #ff4 ,q4 ,h[ may /eam failure be avoid$ 9 case ! damp] fails to op]ate8 ,a4 ,! c\nt]weight may be ti$ up1 !reby op5+ ! damp]4 ,,air ,,brake ,,que/ions #a4 ,q4 ,:at is an air brake8 ,a4 ,a brake op]at$ by compress$ air4 #b4 ,q4 ,h[ is ?is air compress$8 ,a4 ,by an air compressor on ! locomotive4 #c4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! air brake z appli$ to ! locomotive4 ,a4 ,! air compressor1 compressor gov]nor1 automatic & indep5d5t brake valves1 di/ribut+ valve1 triple valve1 auxili>y res]voir1 brake cyl9d]s1 ma9 res]voir1 air gauges1 angle cocks1 cut-out cocks & ! necess>y pip+4 #d4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! ma9 res]voir8 ,a4 ,x is us$ = /or+ a l>ge volume ( air = ! purpose ( promptly *>g+ & re*>g+ ! brakes4 ,:]e ! eng9e is equipp$ ) ei!r ! ,e4 ,t4 or ,l4 ,t4 type ( brakes1 ma9 res]voir air is us$ to supply ! air to ! brake cyl9d]s on ! locomotive4 #e4 ,q4 ,:at o!r appliances use ma9 res]voir air8 ,a4 ,x is us$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! p[] rev]se ge>1 s& bl[]1 bell r+]1 wat] scoop1 air signal1 fire door1 wat] spr9kl] & o!r devices4 #f4 ,q4 ,:at does ! r$ h& on ea* ( ! air gauges indicate8 ,a4 ,! r$ h& on ! l>ge gauge indicates ma9 res]voir pressure2 on ! small gauge1 brake cyl9d] pressure4 #g4 ,q4 ,:at does ! black h& on ea* ( ! air gauges indicate8 ,a4 ,! black h& on ! l>ge gauge indicates ! equaliz+ res]voir pressure2 on ! small gauge1 brake pipe pressure4 #h4 ,q4 ,:at pressure is usually c>ri$ 9 ! ma9 res]voir8 ,a4 ,n9ety p\nds 9 freight & #acj p\nds 9 pass5g] s]vice4 ,b :]e freight eng9es are equipp$ ) duplex compressor gov]nor1 ! l[ pressure top is adju/$ to n9ety p\nds & ! high pressure top to #acj p\nds4 #i4 ,q4 ,:at pressure is usually c>ri$ 9 ! brake pipe8 ,a4 ,sev5ty p\nds 9 freight & #aaj p\nds 9 pass5g] s]vice4 #aj4 ,q4 ,:at mu/ ! air pass ?r\gh 9 fl[+ f ! ma9 res]voir to ! brake pipe8 ,a4 ,?r\gh ! automatic brake valve4 #aa4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t positions ( ! automatic brake valve4 ,a4 ,release1 runn+1 lap1 s]vice & em]g5cy positions4 ,! brake valve us$ ) ! ,e4 ,t4 & ,l4 ,t4 equipm5t has /ill ano!r position kn[n z hold+ position1 :i* is locat$ betwe5 runn+ & lap positions4 #ab4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t positions ( ! indep5d5t brake valve4 ,a4 ,release1 runn+1 lap1 sl[ application & quick application positions4 #ac4 ,q4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( triple valves are !re 9 use8 ,a4 ,two2 pla9 & quick action4 #ad4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! automatic brake appli$8 ,h[ releas$8 ,a4 ,! automatic brake is appli$ by a r$uction ( brake pipe pressure1 & is releas$ by re/or+ ! brake pipe pressure4 #ae4 ,q4 ,:5 ! indep5d5t brake valve h&le is plac$ 9 application position1 are ! tra9 brakes affect$8 ,a4 ,no2 only ! brakes on ! locomotive are appli$4 #af4 ,q4 ,:at controls ! pressure 9 ! ma9 res]voir8 ,a4 ,! compressor gov]nor4 ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions ,,second ,,s]ies #a4 ,q4 ,:at1 9 y\r op9ion1 is ! be/ way to fire a locomotive8 ,a4 ,to c>ry a nice1 level fire on ! grate1 or x may be j a little heavi] at ! sides & front1 s ! air _c come ?r\gh x ne> ! %eets z rapidly z 9 ! c5t] ( ! fire-box2 always fire z light z consi/5t ) ! "w requir$1 endeavor to ma9ta9 a uni=m /eam pressure at all times1 & avoid unnecess>y black smoke & a wa/e ( /eam ?r\gh ! safety valves by ! eng9e popp+4 #b4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( sup]heat$ /eam ov] saturat$ /eam 9 locomotive s]vice8 ,a4 ,sav+ 9 wat]2 sav+ 9 fuel2 increas$ boil] capacity & a m p[]ful locomotive4 ,sup]heat$ /eam does away entirely ) all cond5sation 9 ! cyl9d]s1 :ile saturat$ /eam com+ 9 contact ) passages 9 cyl9d] saddle & walls ( cyl9d]s1 is imm$iately cool$ & 9 cool+1 a "p ( x is *ang$ back into wat] :i* affects ! pressure & !re=e its capacity to d "w4 #c4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! sav+ 9 wat] produc$8 ,a4 ,by ! elim9ation ( all cyl9d] cond5sation pres5t 9 saturat$ /eam locomotives & ! increase 9 volume ( a giv5 weight ( /eam4 #d4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! sav+ 9 coal accompli%$8 ,a4 ,because !re is less /eam us$ to d ! same am\nt ( "w1 !re is less wat] evaporat$ & consequ5tly less coal requir$ to evaporate ! wat]4 #e4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! increas$ boil] capacity obta9$8 ,a4 ,a boil] w evaporate a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] into /eam & if "p ( ! /eam is lo/ by cond5sation1 only t rema9+ is available = runn+ ! eng9e4 ,sup]heat+ elim9ates ! losses1 !reby increas+ ! available useful /eam4 ,fur!r1 sup]heat+ increases ! volume ( a giv5 weight ( /eam1 !reby r$uc+ ! consumption ( /eam requir$ to develop a c]ta9 p[] & consequ5tly increases ! capacity4 #f4 ,q4 ,h[ is a m p[]ful eng9e obta9$8 ,a4 ,by reason ( ! increas$ boil] capacity an eng9e may be work$ f>!r d[n be=e a /eam failure occurs4 #g4 ,q4 ,:at type ( fire tube sup]heat] is 9 mo/ g5]al use 9 locomotive s]vice8 ,a4 ,! top head] fire tube type1 kn[n z ! ,s*midt ,sup]heat]4 ,a sy/em ( units locat$ 9 l>ge flues ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes on its way f ! dry pipe to ! /eam pipes1 & a damp] me*anism :i* controls ! fl[ ( gases ?r\gh ! l>ge flues4 #h4 ,q4 ,describe ! con/ruction & location ( ! head]4 ,a4 ,! head] is a simple ca/+1 divid$ by p>tition walls into saturat$ & sup]heat$ /eam passages4 ,x is locat$ betwe5 ! dry pipe & ! /eam pipes1 ! same z ! nigg] head 9 a saturat$ locomotive4 ,! dry pipe is 9 communication ) ! saturat$ /eam passages & ! /eam pipes ) ! sup]heat$ /eam passages & ^! are 9 communication ) ea* o!r ?r\gh ! sup]heat$ units4 #i4 ,q4 ,describe ! con/ruction ( sup]heat] units & _! connection to ! head]4 ,a4 ,! units are compos$ ( f\r seamless /eel pipes1 connect$ by ?ree return b5ds4 ,( ! f\r pipes1 two are /raight & two are b5t upw>d & connect$ to ! head] by means ( a clamp & bolt2 "o end ( ! unit is 9 communication ) ! saturat$ /eam passage & ! o!r ) ! sup]heat$ /eam passage 9 ! head] ca/+4 #aj4 ,q4 ,trace ! fl[ ( /eam ?r\gh ! top head] fire tube sup]heat]4 ,a4 ,:5 ! eng9e ?rottle is op51 saturat$ /eam passes ?r\gh ! dry pipe into ! saturat$ /eam passage ( ! head] ca/+4 ,f ?is passage x ent]s "o end ( ! unit1 pass+ backw>d t[>d ! fire-box1 =w>d ?r\gh "o ( ! /raight pipes & ! front return b5d1 backw>d ?r\gh ! o!r /raight pipe to ! back return b5d1 & =w>d ?r\gh ! b5t pipe & upw>d into ! sup]heat] /eam passage ( ! head]1 f :i* x ent]s ! /eam pipes & is c>ri$ to ! /eam *e/4 #aa4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be ! position ( ?rottle valve :5 runn+ a sup]heat] locomotive8 ,a4 ,! eng9e %\ld always be run ) z wide op5 ?rottle z ! conditions w p]mit1 regulat+ ! /eam admission to ! cyl9d]s accord+ to "w to be p]=m$4 #ab4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be ! position ( ?rottle :ile drift+8 ,a4 ,! ?rottle valve %\ld be kept slightly op5 :ile drift+1 s z to admit a small quantity ( /eam 9 valve *amb] & cyl9d] above atmosph]ic pressure1 to prev5t ! inru% ( hot air & gases :i* de/roy lubrication1 also to prev5t excessive we> to valve1 cyl9d] & pi/on rod pack+4 #ac4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! wat] be c>ri$ 9 boil] ( sup]heat] locomotives8 ,a4 ,z l[ z ! conditions w p]mit1 because ?is practice r$uces ! t5d5cy to "w wat] ov] into ! dry pipe & units1 z ! sup]heat] locomotive w use "o-?ird less wat] ?an ! saturat$ locomotive4 #ad4 ,q4 ,:at c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 lubricat+ a sup]heat] locomotive8 ,a4 ,! supply ( oil to /eam *e/ %\ld be wat*$ v closely by ! eng9e]1 he to "k t lubricator is fe$+ con/antly & ev5ly ov] entire division1 & accord+ to "w p]=m$4 #ae4 ,q4 ,describe ! g5]al =m ( a locomotive boil]4 ,a4 ,a locomotive boil] is cyl9drical 9 =m1 x usually has a rectangul> %ap$ fire-box at "o end & a smoke-box at ! o!r1 & flues ext5d ?r\gh ! cyl9drical "p1 &1 l ! fire-box1 are surr\nd$ by wat]4 #af4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! wide fire-box type ( boil] diff] f ! ord9>y boil]1 & :at are its advantages8 ,a4 ,! wide fire-box type ( boil] is built s ! fire-box is above ! frame & ext5ds out ov] ! driv+ :eels4 ,! advantages ( ?is are to obta9 a l>g] grate area 9 ! same l5g? ( fire-box & to give a sl[] rate ( combu/ion p] squ>e foot ( grate surface4 ,! deep fire-box is limit$ 9 wid? to ! di/ance betwe5 ! frames1 :ile ! %all[ fire-box sets on top ( ! frames & betwe5 ! driv+ :eels4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:y h two fire-box doors be5 plac$ 9 ! l>ge type ( locomotive boil]s8 ,a4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ! fireman on acc\nt ( ! great] wid? ( ! fire-box1 s t coal c easily be di/ribut$ to all p>ts ( ! fire-box4 #ah4 ,q4 ,describe a locomotive fire-box4 ,a4 ,! mod]n =m is a rectangul> %ap$ /ructure locat$ at ! back end ( ! boil]4 ,x has a door & is compos$ ( two side %eets1 a cr[n %eet1 a back %eet & a flue %eet f :i* ! flues ext5d to ! smoke-box at ! o!r end ( ! boil]4 #ai4 ,q4 ,to :at /ra9s is a fire-box subject$8 ,a4 ,to cru%+ /ra9s & to ^? ( unequal contraction & expansion4 #bj4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! %eets ( a fire-box support$8 ,a4 ,!y are support$ by /aybolts screw$ ?r\gh ! inside & outside %eets ) _! ends rivet$ ov]4 #ba4 ,q4 ,9 :at mann] is a cr[n %eet support$8 ,a4 ,by cr[n b>s or radial /aybolts4 #bb4 ,q4 ,:at are ! bad features ab\t cr[n b>s8 ,a4 ,!y are h>d to keep clean & frequ5tly cause cr[n %eets to become mud burn$4 #bc4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( radial /ay$ cr[n %eets8 ,a4 ,!y are easi] to keep clean & *eap] to repair4 #bd4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! inside & outside %eets ( a fire-box secur$ at ! bottom8 ,a4 ,!y are rivet$ to a wr\ght iron r+ call$ a mud-r+4 #be4 ,q4 ,describe ! a%-pan & its use4 ,a4 ,x is a receptacle secur$ to ! fire-box & usually provid$ ) damp]s to regulate ! fl[ ( air to ! fire4 ,x collects ! a%es t drop f ! fire-box & prev5ts !m f sett+ fire to bridges or o!r prop]ty along ! track4 ,eng9e-m5 mu/ "k t a%-pan slide & hopp] bottoms are clos$ be=e leav+ eng9eh\se4 #bf4 ,q4 ,:at is a wagon-top boil]8 ,a4 ,x is a boil] t has ! fire-box end made l>g] ?an ! cyl9drical "p to provide m /eam space4 #bg4 ,q4 ,:y are boil]s provid$ ) /eam domes8 ,a4 ,to furni% m /eam space & to obta9 dry] /eam & to provide a place = ! safety valves1 /eam pipes1 ?rottle valve & :i/le4 #bh4 ,q4 ,:at mu/ be ! condition ( a boil] to give ! be/ results8 ,a4 ,x mu/ h good circulation & be clean & free f mud or scale4 #bi4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by circulation 9 a boil]8 ,a4 ,free movem5t ( ! wat]1 s t x may come 9 contact ) ! heat+ surface & aft] be+ conv]t$ into /eam be imm$iately replac$ by a fre% supply ( wat]4 #cj4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect if a leg ( ! fire-box became fill$ ) mud8 ,a4 ,!re w\ld be no wat] 9 contact ) ! fire-box %eets & !y w\ld quickly become ov]heat$ & mud-burn$4 #ca4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if ! fire-box %eets became ov]heat$8 ,a4 ,!y w\ld be weak5$ & =c$ (f ! /aybolts & an explosion w\ld occur4 #cb4 ,q4 ,w\ld x be advisable to put wat] into a boil] aft] ! %eets _h become b>e & r$ hot8 ,a4 ,no4 ,! fire %\ld be kill$ at once4 #cc4 ,q4 ,:at effect has ! /oppage ( a l>ge numb] ( flues8 ,a4 ,! heat+ surface & draft are decreas$ by j t mu* area4 #cd4 ,q4 ,:y are boil] *ecks plac$ s f> away f ! fire-box8 ,a4 ,to introduce ! wat] into ! boil] at z great a di/ance f ! fire-box z possible4 ,?is p]mits ! wat] to become heat$ to a high temp]ature be=e x comes 9 contact ) ! fire-box & also improves circulation4 #ce4 ,q4 ,:at "p ( ! boil] has ! greate/ pressure8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,! bottom1 because x is subject to ! weight ( ! wat] 9 addition to ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil]4 #cf4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ! ext5sion front end8 ,a4 ,to provide room = suitable draft & sp>k appliances4 #cg4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( a nett+ 9 a smoke-box or front end8 ,a4 ,to act z a cru%] ( all c9d]s & prev5t l>ge c9d]s f pass+ out ( ! front end to ! atmosph]e4 #ch4 ,q4 ,:at is ! object ( holl[ /aybolts8 ,a4 ,to indicate :5 ! /aybolt is brok5 by ! escape ( /eam ?r\gh ! small hole 9 ! bolt4 #ci4 ,q4 ,:at w cause ! eng9e to te> holes 9 ! fire8 ,a4 ,work+ h>d or slipp+ :5 ! damp]s are op5 & ! door clos$1 or too ?9 a fire4 #dj4 ,q4 ,"n ! v>i\s adju/able appliances 9 ! front end by :i* ! draft may be regulat$4 ,a4 ,! exhau/ nozzle1 ! diaphragm & ! draft pipes or petticoat pipe4 #da4 ,q4 ,:at object is !re 9 hav+ ! exhau/ /eam g ?r\gh ! /ack8 ,a4 ,to create a draft ?r\gh ! tubes & fire-box4 #db4 ,q4 ,h[ does ?is affect ! fire8 ,a4 ,! exhau/ /eam escap+ ?r\gh ! /ack t5ds to empty ! smoke-box ( gases & produces a p>tial vacuum !re1 atmosph]ic pressure !n =ces air ?r\gh ! grates & tubes to refill ! smoke-box1 & 9 ?is way ! draft ?r\gh ! fire is e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$4 #dc4 ,q4 ,expla9 :at adju/m5ts c be made & ! effect ( ea* adju/m5t on ! fire4 ,a4 ,l>g] or small] nozzle tips cause less or great] draft on ! fire2 rais+ or l[]+ ! draft pipes & diaphragm causes ! eng9e to burn ! fire m at ! re> or front end ( ! fire-box2 ! size & position ( ! draft pipes increase ! draft ?r\gh ! top or bottom flues2 ! latt] adju/m5ts %\ld always be attempt$ be=e r$uc+ ! nozzle4 #dd4 ,q4 ,:at does x indicate :5 ! exhau/ issues /ronge/ f "o side ( ! /ack8 ,a4 ,! /ack1 exhau/ pipe or petticoat pipe are out ( plumb4 #de4 ,q4 ,:at is ! effect ( leaky /eam pipe jo9ts inside ! smoke-box8 ,a4 ,! eng9e w n /eam freely4 #df4 ,q4 ,:at causes pull on ! fire-box door8 ,a4 ,! p>tial vacuum 9 ! front end2 :5 excessive x indicates damp]s clos$1 fire cl9k]$ or insuffici5t op5+ = ! admission ( air "u ! fire4 #dg4 ,q4 ,if ^u op5+ ! fire-box door y discov] !re :at is commonly call$ a r$ fire1 :at might be ! cause8 ,a4 ,! grates may h become clogg$ ) a%es or cl9k]s s t suffici5t air c\ld n pass ?r\gh !m to ! fire4 #dh4 ,q4 ,is x n a wa/e ( fuel to op5 ! fire-box door to prev5t pops f op5+8 ,h[ c ?is be prev5t$ m economically8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,?is c usually be prev5t$ by putt+ ! heat] into ! tank1 or putt+ on ! injector1 or by m c>eful fir+4 #di4 ,q4 ,describe ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! injector works4 ,a4 ,! action ( ! injector is due fir/ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 k9etic or mov+ en]gy & /atic or /&+ en]gy2 second1 to ! fact t /eam at a pressure travels at a v high velocity & :5 plac$ 9 contact ) a /ream ( wat] x is cond5s$ into wat]1 & at ! same "t x imp>ts en\gh velocity to ! wat] to give x suffici5t mom5tum to ov]come a pressure ev5 great] ?an ! orig9al pressure ( ! /eam4 ,by imp>t+ ?is velocity to ! wat] x gives x suffici5t en]gy to ?r[ op5 ! *eck valves & ent] ! boil] aga9/ high pressure4 #ej4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a lift+ & a non-lift+ injector8 ,a4 ,a lift+ injector w create suffici5t vacuum to raise ! wat] f ! level ( ! tank4 ,! /eam tubes 9 a non-lift+ injector are diff]5t & x w n raise ! wat]1 b m]ely =ce x into ! boil]4 ,a non-lift+ injector mu/ be plac$ bel[ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! tank s ! wat] w fl[ to x by gravity4 #ea4 ,q4 ,w an injector "w ) a leak betwe5 ! injector & tank8 ,:y8 ,w x prime8 ,a4 ,a lift+ injector w n "w if ! leak is bad4 ,x w n prime because ! air admitt$ ?r\gh ! leak de/roys ! vacuum necess>y to raise ! wat] to ! injector level4 ,a non-lift+ injector w "w1 z ! wat] w escape f ! pipe in/ead ( air be+ drawn into x z ) ! lift+ injector4 #eb4 ,q4 ,if x primes well1 b breaks :5 ! /eam is turn$ on wide1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,insuffici5t wat] supply due to tank valve p>tly clos$1 /ra9] /opp$ up or tank hose k9k$1 injector tubes out ( l9e1 lim$ up1 or deliv]y tube cut1 or wet /eam f ! ?rottle4 #ec4 ,q4 ,if x w\ld n prime1 :]e w\ld y expect to f9d ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,insuffici5t wat] supply1 prim+ valve out ( ord]1 or ) ! lift+ injector ! tr\ble might be caus$ by a leak betwe5 ! injector & tank4 #ed4 ,q4 ,w an injector prime if ! boil] *eck leaks badly or if x is /uck up8 ,if ! injector ?rottle leaks badly8 ,a4 ,no4 #ee4 ,q4 ,if /eam or wat] %[s at ! ov]fl[ pipe :5 ! injector is n work+1 h[ c y tell :e!r x comes f ! boil] *eck or ! injector ?rottle8 ,a4 ,close ! ma9 /eam valve at ! boil]1 t w /op ! leak if x comes f ! injector ?rottle4 #ef4 ,q4 ,w an injector prime if prim] valve leaks8 ,w t prev5t its work+8 ,a4 ,x w prime1 b n z readily z ) prim+ valve 9 good condition4 ,?is w n prev5t its work+1 b x may wa/e "s wat] f ! ov]fl[4 #eg4 ,q4 ,w an injector "w if air _c get into ! tank z fa/ z ! wat] is tak5 out8 ,a4 ,no4 #eh4 ,q4 ,if y _h to take d[n a tank hose1 h[ w\ld y /op ! wat] f fl[+ out ( ! tank t has ! syphon connections in/ead ( ! old-/yle tank valves8 ,a4 ,op5 ! pet cock at ! top ( ! syphon be=e tak+ ! hose d[n4 #ei4 ,q4 ,is any m wat] us$ :5 ! eng9e foams ?an :5 ! wat] is solid8 ,a4 ,yes1 v mu* m4 #fj4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y prev5t injector fe$ pipes or tank hose f freez+ 9 w9t] :5 n 9 use8 ,a4 ,! /eam valve %\ld be slightly op5 to p]mit a slight circulation ( /eam ?r\gh ! fe$ & bran* pipes4 ,! heat] cock %\ld be clos$ & ! drip cock "u ! boil] *eck or on ! bran* pipe %\ld be op5$ to insure a circulation ( /eam ?r\gh ! bran* pipe4 #fa4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y prev5t ! ov]fl[ pipe f freez+ ) a lift+ injector8 ,a4 ,! ov]fl[ valve %\ld be op5$ j en\gh to p]mit a little /eam to escape ?r\gh ! ov]fl[ pipe to prev5t x f freez+4 #fb4 ,q4 ,"n ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! injector4 ,a4 ,! injector consi/s ( a body suppli$ ) a /eam valve1 a /eam nozzle1 a prim]1 a comb9+ tube1 a deliv]y tube1 a l9e *eck valve1 an ov]fl[ valve1 a wat] valve1 & a lift+ injector has a lift+ tube4 #fc4 ,q4 ,:at may be done if a comb9+ tube is ob/ruct$8 ,a4 ,! /eam valve bonnet may be remov$ & ! ob/ruction =c$ out ) a piece ( /iff wire1 or unc\ple ! deliv]y pipe f ! injector & unscrew & remove ! tubes2 ! ob/ruction c !n be remov$ & ! tubes replac$4 #fd4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! greate/ injury done to a boil] :5 clean+ or knock+ ! fire8 ,a4 ,by excessive use ( ! bl[] draw+ cold air ?r\gh ! fire-box & flues4 #fe4 ,q4 ,:y does putt+ a l>ge quantity ( cold wat] into a boil] :5 ! ?rottle is clos$ cause ! flues to leak8 ,:5 is ?is mo/ s]i\s8 ,a4 ,:5 /eam is n be+ us$ !re is n mu* circulation ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 & ! wat] ent]+ ! boil] at ab\t #aej degrees temp]ature is heavi] ?an ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,! cool] wat] w g to ! bottom & r$uce ! temp]ature 9 t "p ( ! boil] & caus+ ! flues to contract 9 l5g? z well z 9 diamet] & ?is has a t5d5cy to pull !m out ( ! %eet4 ,?is w loos5 !m & cause !m to leak4 ,aft] ! fire has be5 knock$ ?is t5d5cy is mu* great]1 & = t reason cold wat] %\ld n be put into a boil] aft] ! fire has be5 knock$ out4 ,always fill ! boil] be=e ! fire is knock$ out4 #ff4 ,q4 ,is w>m wat] 9 ! tank ( any advantage 9 mak+ /eam rapidly8 ,a4 ,yes2 c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n t a locomotive w g5]ate "o p] c5t4 m /eam = e elev5 degrees t ! tank wat] is heat$2 ?us by heat+ ! fe$ wat] 9 ! tank f #ci degrees to #id w\ld effect a sav+ ( five p] c5t4 #fg4 ,q4 ,!n :y n heat ! fe$ wat] to ! boil+ po9t 7#bab degrees78 ,a4 ,if ! fe$ wat] is heat$ mu* above #ajj degrees x w n cond5se en\gh /eam 9 ! injector to cause x to "w prop]ly4 ,"s injectors w "w hott] wat] ?an o!rs4 ,x w\ld also spoil ! pa9t on ! tank if heat$ to a mu* high] temp]ature4 #fh4 ,q4 ,at #bjj p\nds pressure p] squ>e in*1 :at is ! pressure p] squ>e foot on ! %eets ( a boil]8 ,a4 ,ab\t fifte5 tons4 #fi4 ,q4 ,:at is ! total pressure on ! fire-box ( a l>ge locomotive8 ,a4 ,ov] #c1jjj tons4 #gj4 ,q4 ,give a practical def9ition ( heat+ surface4 ,a4 ,! heat+ surface ( a boil] includes all p>ts ( ! boil] & tubes t are directly expos$ to fire or heat f ! fire & are surr\nd$ by wat]4 #ga4 ,q4 ,%\ld an eng9e be slipp$ to get wat] out ( ! cyl9d]s or /eam passages8 ,a4 ,no2 ! wat] %\ld be work$ out by op5+ ! cyl9d] cocks & />t+ ! eng9e sl[ly4 #gb4 ,q4 ,:at does x indicate :5 ! smoke trails back ov] ! tra9 & into ! coa*es aft] %utt+ (f8 ,a4 ,x indicates poor fir+ or a lack ( und]/&+ betwe5 ! eng9e] & fireman 9 reg>d to :]e ! eng9e 0 to be %ut (f4 #gc4 ,q4 ,be=e %ak+ grates or dump+ ! a%-pan1 :at %\ld be obs]v$8 ,a4 ,t ! eng9e is n pass+ ov] bridges or cattle gu>ds1 cross+s1 swit*es1 int]lock+ fixtures1 or 9 y>ds4 ,fire on ! track %\ld be ext+ui%$ promptly at places :]e a%-pans are clean$4 #gd4 ,q4 ,:i* is easi] & m satisfactory on a long run1 to /op & clean ! fire if necess>y or to cont9ue to ! end ( a long1 h>d trip ) a dirty fire8 ,a4 ,/op & clean ! fire if necess>y4 ,x w save fuel & labor dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! trip & may also save an eng9e failure4 #ge4 ,q4 ,%\ld y exam9e ! flues to see if !y are /opp$ up & leak+1 & inspect ! grate & grate rigg+ c>efully be=e leav+ ! eng9e at a t]m9al8 ,a4 ,yes1 s !y c be report$ if necess>y4 ,clean flues & grates work+ well make a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! success ( a fireman1 & a great _m eng9e failures c\ld be avoid$ by keep+ ! flues & grates 9 prop] condition4 #gf4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld cab lamps1 signal lamps1 oil cans & lant]ns be c>$ =8 ,a4 ,!y %\ld be kept clean1 free f leaks & always fill$ & ready = s]vice be=e leav+ t]m9als4 #gg4 ,q4 ,ab\t h[ _m drops 9 a p9t ( valve oil :5 f$ ?r\gh a lubricator8 ,a4 ,ab\t #d1ejj drops4 #gh4 ,q4 ,assum+ t five drops p] m9ute are f$ to ea* ( two valves & "o drop p] m9ute to ! air pump1 h[ _m h\rs w\ld be requir$ to fe$ "o p9t ( valve oil8 ,a4 ,ab\t eight h\rs4 #gi4 ,q4 ,assum+ t ! eng9e is runn+ tw5ty-miles p] h\r1 h[ _m miles p] p9t w\ld be run8 ,a4 ,ab\t #afj miles p] p9t4 #hj4 ,q4 ,h[ _m drops p] m9ute %\ld ord9>ily be f$8 ,a4 ,?is w v>y ) ! size ( ! locomotive & ! "w to be p]=m$4 ,on small y>d eng9es "o drop p] m9ute = ea* cyl9d] is usually suffici5t & "o drop = ! air pump e two or ?ree m9utes4 ,?is dep5ds on ! condition ( ! pump & ! s]vice be+ p]=m$4 ,= l>ge eng9es 9 sl[ freight s]vice f\r to five drops p] m9ute1 & = l>ge eng9es 9 heavy fa/ pass5g] s]vice f five to sev5 drops p] m9ute %\ld be f$4 ,air pumps 9 freight s]vice :]e ! brake pipe is 9 mod]ately good condition c usually be run ) "o or two drops p] m9ute :5 h&l+ long tra9s ( c>s equipp$ ) air brakes4 #ha4 ,q4 ,w any bad results ensue f fill+ ! lubricator full ( cold oil8 ,a4 ,yes2 :5 ! oil gets hot x w exp& & may break ! glass or bulge or bur/ ! lubricator4 #hb4 ,q4 ,if a sight fe$ gets /opp$ up1 h[ c\ld y clean x out8 ,a4 ,close ! wat] valve & ! regulat+ valves to ! o!r fe$s4 ,op5 dra9 cock & draw out a small quantity ( wat] s z to br+ ! oil 9 top "p ( lubricator bel[ ! top end ( oil pipe lead+ to fe$ arm1 !n op5 wide ! regulat+ valve to fe$ t is /opp$ up & ! pressure f ! equaliz+ tube w =ce ! ob/ruction out ( ! fe$ nozzle & up into ! body ( ! lubricator4 ,next1 close ?is regulat+ valve until ! fe$ glass fills ) wat]1 !n op5 wat] valve & />t fe$s4 #hc4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y clean out *okes8 ,a4 ,fir/1 %ut (f boil] pressure & cond5s] valve2 next1 remove fe$ valve bonnet1 !n op5 ma9 ?rottle valve1 :5 ! /eam f /eam *e/ w bl[ back ?r\gh ! *oke plug1 cle>+ x ( any ob/ruction4 #hd4 ,q4 ,:at is sup]heat$ /eam8 ,a4 ,x is ! saturat$ /eam sep>at$ f ! wat] f :i* x is g5]at$ ) m heat add$1 increas+ its temp]ature f #ajj degrees to #bej degrees ,fahr5heit above ! saturat$ /eam temp]ature4 #he4 ,q4 ,:at is ! advantage ( sup]heat+ or increas+ ! temp]ature ( ! /eam8 ,a4 ,by increas+ ! temp]ature ( ! /eam ! volume ( a giv5 weight ( /eam is increas$ & all losses due to cyl9d] cond5sation are elim9at$1 :i* result 9 a r$uc$ /eam consumption1 a sav+ 9 coal & wat] & increas$ boil] capacity4 #hf4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! increas$ temp]ature obta9$ by ! use ( ! sup]heat]8 ,a4 ,by admitt+ ! saturat$ /eam into a p>tition$ receiv] :i* has a numb] ( #a-a_/b-;in* pipes atta*$ to x4 ,^! are locat$ 9 & ext5d ne>ly ! full l5g? ( ! l>ge flues1 ! /eam hav+ to pass ?r\gh ^! #a-a_/b-;in* pipes on its way back to ! receiv]1 absorbs ! heat f ! gases pass+ ?r\gh ! l>ge tubes1 caus+ its temp]ature to rise1 or 9 o!r words1 become sup]heat$4 #hg4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* is ! volume ( /eam increas$ by sup]heat+8 ,a4 ,= ea* #ajj degrees ( sup]heat add$ to saturat$ /eam1 at temp]atures ord9>ily us$ 9 locomotive practice1 ! volume ( a giv5 weight is increas$ r\ghly f sixte5 to sev5te5 p] c5t4 #hh4 ,q4 ,:y is ! sup]heat$ /eam s mu* m economical on coal & wat] ?an ! saturat$ /eam8 ,a4 ,because = a giv5 am\nt ( wat] evaporat$ y c increase ! volume ( /eam #cc p] c5t4 by sup]heat+4 ,x is readily se5 t ! coal does n h to be burn$ if ! /eam us$ has #cc p] c5t4 m volume = fill+ space1 or 9 o!r words1 only s mu* /eam c be admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s = e movem5t ( ! valve1 & :at c n be us$ mu/ rema9 9 ! boil]1 s if ! eng9e c n use all ( ! /eam t ! boil] is capable ( g5]at+1 ! sav+ mu/ %[ 9 coal & wat]4 ,if y c n use all ( ! /eam y d n h to burn coal to make x4 #hi4 ,q4 ,:i* is ! bett] practice1 to close ! fe$ valves or wat] valve :ile wait+ on sid+s1 etc48 ,a4 ,close ! fe$ valves2 ! wat] valve may leak4 #ij4 ,q4 ,h[ c y tell if equaliz] tubes become /opp$ up or brok58 ,a4 ,if !y 7 /opp$ up ! equalization w\ld be de/roy$1 & :5 ! /eam-*e/ pressure 0 less ?an ! boil] pressure ! fe$ w\ld "w too fa/1 ! oil w\ld ent] ! fe$ glass 9 a /ream in/ead ( =m+ into drops4 ,if !y 7 brok51 ! lubricator c\ld n be us$4 ,! auxili>y oil]s w\ld h to be us$ to lubricate ! cyl9d]s4 ,,air ,,brake ,,que/ions #a4 ,q4 ,expla9 h[ an air compressor %\ld be />t$4 ,a4 ,a compressor %\ld be />t$ sl[ly1 ) ! dra9 cocks op5 to all[ ! wat] ( cond5sation to escape2 & z no provision is made 9 ! /eam end to cu%ion ! pi/ons at ! end ( _! /roke1 x %\ld be all[$ to "w sl[ly until a pressure ( ?irty or =ty p\nds has accumulat$ 9 ! ma9 res]voir2 ! pi/on1 hav+ to "w aga9/ ?is pressure1 w be cu%ion$ at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,aft] ! compressor is w>m1 ! dra9 cocks %\ld be clos$ & ! ?rottle op5$ suffici5tly to run ! compressor at ! prop] spe$4 ,! lubricator %\ld !n be />t$ & all[$ to fe$ freely until eight or t5 drops h pass$1 :5 ! fe$ %\ld be r$uc$ to an am\nt suffici5t = prop] lubrication4 #b4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil %\ld be us$ to lubricate bo? ! /eam & air cyl9d]s ( ! compressor8 ,a4 ,valve oil4 #c4 ,q4 ,:]e does ! ma9 res]voir pressure beg9 & end8 ,a4 ,beg9s at ! dis*>ge valves 9 ! compressor & ends at ! eng9e]'s brake valve4 #d4 ,q4 ,:]e does ! brake pipe pressure beg9 & end8 ,a4 ,! brake pipe pressure beg9s at ! fe$ valve & ends at ! brake pipe side ( ! triple pi/on1 conductor's valve & at ! re> angle cock4 #e4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by excess pressure1 & :]e is ?is pressure c>ri$8 ,a4 ,excess pressure is c>ri$ 9 ! ma9 res]voir & is ! pressure above t 9 ! brake pipe4 #f4 ,q4 ,:y is excess pressure necess>y8 ,a4 ,to insure ! prompt release ( all brakes & quick re*>ge ( ! brake pipe & auxili>y res]voirs4 #g4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! am\nt ( excess pressure regulat$8 ,a4 ,by ! compressor gov]nor4 #h4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! air brake z appli$ to a c>4 ,a4 ,! triple valve1 auxili>y res]voir1 brake cyl9d]1 brake pipe1 angle cocks1 cut-out cock1 reta9+ valve1 c5trifugal dirt collector & /ra9] tee4 #i4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! triple valve8 ,a4 ,! triple valve has ?ree duties to p]=m3 ,*>ge ! auxili>y res]voir2 apply ! brake2 & release ! brake4 #aj4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! auxili>y res]voir8 ,a4 ,x is "h t ! air is /or$ t is admitt$ to ! brake cyl9d] :5 ! brake is appli$2 ?us1 ea* c> c>ries its own brake p[]4 #aa4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! brake cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,x is "h :]e ! p[] ( ! compress$ air is conv]t$ into "w by =c+ ! brake pi/on out1 mov+ ! brake lev]s1 rods & brake beams1 =c+ ! brake %oes aga9/ ! :eels1 apply+ ! brake4 #ab4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! brake pipe & angle cocks8 ,a4 ,x is ?r\gh ! brake pipe t all brakes 9 ! tra9 are plac$ into communication ) ! brake valve on ! locomotive2 & ?r\gh ! brake pipe1 air f ! ma9 res]voir fl[s to ! triple valves & auxili>y res]voirs on ! diff]5t c>s4 ,! angle cocks are = ! purpose ( op5+ & clos+ ! ends ( ! brake pipe4 #ac4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! cut-out cock8 ,a4 ,to cut out any brake t is n 9 op]at+ condition4 #ad4 ,q4 ,h[ is a brake cut out8 ,a4 ,by clos+ ! cut-out cock 9 ! cross-ov] pipe & ble$+ ! auxili>y res]voir4 #ae4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y ble$ an auxili>y res]voir8 ,a4 ,by hold+ op5 ! release valve on ! res]voir until all air has escap$4 #af4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y ble$ (f a /uck brake8 ,a4 ,by hold+ op5 ! auxili>y release valve until ! brake pi/on />ts to move t[>d release position4 ,,oil ,,burn+ ,,locomotives #a4 ,q4 ,:at are ! fireman's duties on arrival at ! eng9eh\se previ\s to go+ out on an oil burn+ locomotive8 ,a4 ,9 addition to ! duties usually p]=m$ on any eng9e1 ! fireman %\ld obs]ve ! condition ( draft pans & ar*1 obs]ve ! condition ( burn] & damp]s2 try ! oil regulat+ valve2 see t ! burn] is prop]ly deliv]+ fuel oil to ! fire2 see t ! oil heat]s are 9 work+ ord]2 t ! fuel oil is heat$ to prop] temp]ature2 & see t prop] supplies ( fuel oil1 s& & wat] h be5 provid$ z well z ! necess>y tools = h&l+ an oil fire4 #b4 ,q4 ,h[ w>m %\ld ! oil be at all times 9 ! tank4 ,a4 ,w>m en\gh to fl[ freely at all times1 usually ab\t #aab degrees4 ,?is temp]ature is ab\t t :i* ! h& c be> on ! outside ( ! tank4 #c4 ,q4 ,if ! oil is too w>m1 :at happ5s8 ,a4 ,_m ( ! good qualities ( ! oil may be lo/ by keep+ x too w>m1 & ! burn] is m difficult to op]ate & does n "w z well :5 ! oil is kept at too high a temp]ature4 ,%\ld ! oil be too w>m1 x w give (f too mu* gas :i* w\ld be liable to cause an explosion 9 ! oil tank4 #d4 ,q4 ,:at tools are necess>y = fir+ purposes on an oil burn+ locomotive8 ,a4 ,! tools necess>y = fir+ an oil burn+ eng9e include s& horn1 brick hook1 & a small iron b> to be us$ 9 clean+ c>bon f ! m\? ( ! burn]4 #e4 ,q4 ,:at is liable to happ5 if ! heat] valve is op5 too mu*8 ,a4 ,if ! heat] valve is op5$ too mu* x w\ld be liable to bur/ ! heat] hose z well z to heat ! oil to a too high temp]ature & place an unnecess>y /ra9 on all ! heat] connections1 caus+ !m to leak4 #f4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done on approa*+ /ations :]e additional supply ( fuel oil is to be tak58 ,a4 ,%ut (f ! fire1 close safety & ma9 oil valves1 remove any lamps t are s close z to be unsafe :5 manhole cov] is op54 #g4 ,q4 ,:at c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! use ( lamps1 tor*es or lant]ns ab\t oil tanks :e!r hot or cold8 ,a4 ,nev] p]mit oil lamps or oil tor*es to be c>ri$ )9 t5 feet ( ! tank op5+4 ,only inc&esc5t lamps or pocket fla% lights %\ld be us$ ar\nd oil tank manhole :5 tak+ oil4 #h4 ,q4 ,h[ c oil 9 ! tank be measur$ )\t tak+ a light to ! manhole8 ,a4 ,by ins]t+ a measur+ /ick into oil 9 tank & tak+ /ick to ! light = read+4 #i4 ,q4 ,:at precautions mu/ be tak5 be=e ent]+ tanks t h be5 us$ = oil to clean or make repairs8 ,a4 ,oil tanks1 be=e be+ ent]$ by workm51 %\ld be ?or\ghly /eam$ & cool$ be=e be+ ent]$4 ,= safety !y %\ld be /eam$ f six to eight h\rs4 #aj4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! fire be light$ 9 an oil burn+ locomotive8 ,a4 ,fir/ see t no "o is work+ "u ! eng9e1 t !re is ! prop] am\nt ( wat] 9 ! boil] & t x w fl[ ?r\gh ! gauge cocks1 t !re is no accumulation ( oil 9 ! a%-pan or fire-box or exi/+ leaks ?r\gh\t4 ,if !re is no /eam 9 ! boil]1 ! /eam connections c be made to ! ?ree-way cock at ! smoke-ar* t w answ] = bl[] & atomiz]4 ,if !re are tw5ty p\nds ( /eam 9 ! boil]1 x c be op]at$ ) its own bl[]4 ,if oil 9 ! tank is too cold to fl[ into ! burn] readily1 x mu/ be heat$4 ,op5 ! front damp] & put on ! bl[] /rong en\gh to create ! necess>y draft1 op5 ! atomiz] valve long en\gh to bl[ out any wat] t might be 9 ! /eam pipe to ! burn]1 !n close ! valve & ?r[ a piece ( burn+ wa/e 9 front ( ! burn] & op5 ! atomiz] valve en\gh to c>ry oil to ! burn+ wa/e & op5 ! regulat+ valve sl[ly until ! oil is kn[n to be ignit$4 ,wat* ! ignition ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! fire-box door1 !n regulate ! /eam & oil supply to suit4 ,be sure t no oil is wa/+ bel[ ! burn] or an explosion may result t w prove disa/r\s4 #aa4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! fire g out & x is desir$ to rek9dle x :ile bricks are hot1 is x safe to dep5d on ! hot bricks to ignite ! oil )\t ! use ( light$ wa/e8 ,a4 ,no2 dep5d+ ^u ! heat f ! firebricks to re-light ! fire is dang]\s & =bidd54 #ab4 ,q4 ,:at is t]m$ an atomiz]1 & :at does x p]=m8 ,a4 ,! atomiz] is a ca/+ conta9+ two long ports ) an ext5sion lip2 ! upp] port is = oil & ! l[] "o = /eam4 ,! lip aids ! /eam 9 atomiz+ & spread+ ! oil1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly m+l$ ) ! air & ignit$1 w produce combu/ion4 ,! atomiz] is locat$ j "u ! mud-r+ & po9t$ a little upw>d1 s ! /ream ( oil & spray ( /eam w\ld /rike ! opposite wall a few in*es above ! bottom if x w\ld pass cle> across ! fire-box4 #ac4 ,q4 ,9 />t+ or clos+ ! ?rottle ( ! locomotive1 h[ %\ld ! fireman regulate ! fire1 9 advance or aft] ! action ( ! eng9e]8 ,a4 ,9 />t+ an oil burn+ eng9e ! oil %\ld gradually be br\ght up z ! ?rottle is op5$ & ! movem5t & am\nt ( oil %\ld be kept slightly 9 advance ( ! action ( ! eng9e] 9 ord] to prev5t an inru% ( cold air z ! eng9e is work+1 :i* w\ld result 9 injury to ! fire-box & flues4 ,:5 ! ?rottle is to be clos$1 ! fire %\ld be r$uc$ v slightly 9 advance ( ! clos+ ( ! ?rottle4 ,?is is to prev5t ! eng9e f popp+ (f & black smoke drift+ back ov] ! tra94 #ad4 ,q4 ,is x necess>y t ! eng9e] & fireman on an oil burn+ locomotive "w 9 p]fect h>mony & advise ea* o!r ( int5d$ action at e *ange ( conditions8 ,a4 ,yes2 !y %\ld "w 9 h>mony ) ea* o!r on any locomotive4 ,! fireman %\ld wat* e move ! eng9e] makes1 & ! eng9e] %\ld advise ! fireman ( e int5d$ *ange ( ! ?rottle1 s he c op]ate 8 valves accord+ly & save fuel & avoid black smoke4 #ae4 ,q4 ,:at is ! effect ( =c+ ! fire on an oil burn+ locomotive8 ,a4 ,=c+ ! fire is v h>d on fire-box %eets & flues1 & w cause !m to leak4 ,an ev5 temp]ature %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! fire-box ( any locomotive4 #af4 ,q4 ,is a c>eful regulation ( /eam & oil valves & damp]s necess>y to obta9 ! mo/ economical results8 ,a4 ,yes2 ! fireman's oil valve %\ld be op5$ j wide en\gh to p]mit a suffici5t am\nt ( oil to be f$ to produce a good fire1 b n wide en\gh to wa/e oil or produce a volume ( black smoke4 #ag4 ,q4 ,h[ c y judge :e!r ! combu/ion is good or bad1 s ! valve may be regulat$ accord+ly8 ,a4 ,by ! color ( ! fire 9 ! fire-box4 ,:5 x is a dull r$ color1 ! temp]ature is bel[ #a1jjj degrees & combu/ion is incomplete1 d5se black smoke w issue f ! /ack4 ,if x is a bright r$1 ! temp]ature w be ab\t #a1hjj degrees & combu/ion v good1 & no black smoke w appe> f ! /ack4 #ah4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! flues be clean$ f soot :5 runn+1 & ab\t h[ (t5 is ?is necess>y8 ,a4 ,by plac+ a small quantity ( s& 9 an elb[ %ap$ funnel or horn1 & by ins]t+ same 9 an op5+ provid$ 9 fire door :ile eng9e is work+ h>d1 all[+ ! exhau/ to draw ! s& ?r\gh ! flues1 ?us cutt+ soot & gum f !m 9 its passage & dis*>g+ x f ! /ack4 ,x is necess>y t ! flues be clean$ ( soot on leav+ t]m9als or sid+s :]e ! eng9e has be5 at re/ = any l5g? ( "t1 & also z (t5 z f\nd necess>y to aid ! eng9e 9 /eam+4 ,?is dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! degree ( p]fection ) :i* combu/ion is obta9$4 ,att5tion %\ld also be giv5 flues j prior to ent]+ po9ts :]e eng9e is to be put 9 r\ndh\se or o!rwise deta9$ 9 ord] to leave ! flues clean1 z ?is w aid 9 putt+ eng9e "u /eam ) little delay :]e ! bl[] alone is to be reli$ on = draft4 #ai4 ,q4 ,is ! injudici\s use ( ! bl[] p>ticul>ly injuri\s on an oil burn+ locomotive8 ,a4 ,yes2 ! injudici\s use ( a bl[] is injuri\s to any boil]4 ,! cold air drawn ?r\gh ! fire-box is h>d on ! %eets & flues & w cause !m to leak4 #bj4 ,q4 ,is ! bl[] m injuri\s :5 a light smoke is emitt+ f ! /ack or :5 a d5se black smoke is emitt+8 ,a4 ,x is mo/ injuri\s :5 a light smoke is emitt+4 #ba4 ,q4 ,9 drift+ d[n long grades %\ld ! fire be %ut (f or burn$ lightly8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,! fire %\ld be burn$ lightly & n p]mitt$ to get l[ en\gh to all[ ! fire-box to lose its temp]ature1 z ?is w contract ! flues & cause !m to leak4 #bb4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! fire be h&l$ :5 swit*+8 ,a4 ,! fire mu/ be regulat$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! "w ! eng9e is p]=m+ on ea* move & to protect aga9/ any possibility ( ! fire be+ drawn out by ! exhau/4 #bc4 ,q4 ,w\ld n "s fuel be wa/$ 9 ?is way8 ,a4 ,n necess>ily4 ,a wa/e ( fuel c be avoid$ by close att5tion on ! "p ( ! fireman :5 swit*+ z well z :5 runn+4 #bd4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! fire be h&l$ :5 leav+ /ations8 ,a4 ,x %\ld be burn+ brightly & /rong en\gh to prev5t ! draft f putt+ x out :5 ! ?rottle is op5$4 ,& a little smoke %\ld %[ up at ! /ack1 :i* w\ld indicate t ! fire 0 be+ =c$ j a little ahead ( ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 #be4 ,q4 ,:i* is desirable1 to use z mu* or z little /eam jet atomiz] z possible8 ,a4 ,x is desirable to use z little atomiz] z w make eng9e %[ p]fect combu/ion & economy4 #bf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! result ( too little /eam jet atomiz] :5 /&+ at /ations or :5 ! eng9e is work+ light8 ,a4 ,! result ( too little atomiz] :5 /&+ at /ation or :5 eng9e is work+ lightly1 w result 9 ! oil n be+ c>ri$ f> en\gh into ! fire-box or ar* & n prop]ly atomiz$ & ! fire is liable to g out4 ,! oil w drop f ! m\? ( ! burn] into ! draft pan to ! gr\nd :]e x is v liable to />t a fire "u ! eng9e4 #bg4 ,q4 ,if too mu* /eam jet atomiz] is us$ ) a light fire8 ,a4 ,x w create a disagreeable gas1 :i* w cause ! fire to burn ) a succession ( light explosions & kicks1 also a wa/e ( /eam1 & :i* w\ld r$uce ! fire-box temp]ature4 #bh4 ,q4 ,:5 ! fire kicks & smokes1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,! atomiz] %\ld be adju/$4 ,if ?is does n ov]come ! tr\ble1 ! heat] %\ld be put 9 s]vice1 =1 possibly1 ! oil is too cold to fl[ freely4 ,ano!r cause ( ! fire kick+ & smok+ results f wat] be+ mix$ ) ! oil4 ,if ?is is ! case1 x %\ld be dra9$ out ( ! oil tank imm$iately4 #bi4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! damp]s be us$ on an oil burn+ locomotive8 ,a4 ,!y %\ld be op5$ j en\gh to admit suffici5t air to produce p]fect combu/ion1 b n en\gh to cool ! fire-box4 ,! damp]s %\ld be clos$ :5 ! eng9e is drift+ or :5 at re/ & ! fire is cut v l[ or is out entirely4 #cj4 ,q4 ,ab\t h[ mu* smoke d y consid] an oil burn+ locomotive %\ld make "u adv]se conditions1 :5 ! eng9e is /eam+ well1 b is be+ cr[d$ by ! eng9e]8 ,a4 ,only a light smoke %\ld %[ at ! /ack4 #ca4 ,q4 ,:at color is mo/ desirable at peep holes 9 ! fire-box8 ,a4 ,a :ite color is mo/ desirable4 #cb4 ,q4 ,:at w produce ! bright r$ color8 ,a4 ,leaky /eam pipes1 side seams1 flues & improp] combu/ion w produce a ruddy color 9 ! fire-box4 #cc4 ,q4 ,h[ does wat] 9 ! oil affect ! fire8 ,a4 ,wat] 9 ! oil w produce popp+ or kick+ ) ! fire 9 ! fire-box & at times ! fire w die d[n entirely & !n fla% up z ! wat] disappe>s & ! oil rea*es ! burn]4 ,! mo/ noticeable result ( wat] 9 ! oil is ! fact t ! fire w get v l[4 ,x w almo/ g out entirely & !n w sudd5ly fla% up aga9 z ! oil appe>s4 ,wat] 9 ! oil produces a v dang]\s condition & %\ld be prev5t$ imm$iately by dra9+ ! wat] f ! fuel oil tank4 #cd4 ,q4 ,d y consid] x advisable to keep ! burn]s clean1 & h[ (t58 ,a4 ,:5 equipp$ ) /eam bl[-out pipes1 !y %\ld be bl[n out be=e comm5c+ trip s t burn]s w di/ribute oil ev5ly to ea* side ( fire-box4 #ce4 ,q4 ,:at position %\ld burn] be ) ref]5ce to level & 9 l9e ) c5t] ( fire-box8 ,a4 ,x is v ess5tial t burn]s be level & ?r[ flames j to cle> floor ( ar* 9 ord] to d]ive full b5efit ( heat+ surface1 z ! draft has a great t5d5cy to elevate flames1 at opposite end ( ! fire-box4 #cf4 ,q4 ,are y aw>e t 9 c\rse ( "t ! atomiz] port w become worn too l>ge & w dis*>ge too l>ge a volume ( /eam to prop]ly atomize1 & ! rem$y8 ,a4 ,yes2 ! lip or bu%+ %\ld be clos$ to prop] op5+ s t /eam w be re/rict$ at ! nozzle & escape ) a bur/+ effect to prop]ly atomize ! oil in/ead ( fl[+ out 9 quantities aga9/ fla% walls be=e x has "t to ignite4 #cg4 ,q4 ,:at is ! real object ( hav+ ! fire-box l9$ ) bricks1 & w eng9e /eam )\t !m8 ,a4 ,n s well z ) ! brick1 ! %eets be+ 9 contact ) wat] are too cool to fla% ! oil readily & h5ce ! use ( :at is call$ a fla% wall built ( fire brick & heat$ to a v high temp]ature aids combu/ion v mat]ially4 #ch4 ,q4 ,d y consid] x y\r duty to keep close inspection ( brick "w z to ne$ ( repairs1 su* z air ent]+ betwe5 brick & side %eets8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,to see t pla/] is kept betwe5 ! walls & %eets to keep cold air f be+ drawn 94 #ci4 ,q4 ,w eng9e /eam if brick falls 9 front ( burn]s or 9 pa? ( flame & :at may be done8 ,a4 ,no4 ,remove !m ) ! brick hook or rod by pull+ !m out ?r\gh damp] ( draft pan4 #dj4 ,q4 ,:]e eng9e is equipp$ ) an oil-reheat] or oil l9e1 d y consid] x a help to eng9e's /eam+ qualities :5 us$8 ,a4 ,yes2 at all times ?is heat] %\ld be us$4 #da4 ,q4 ,:y use second heat]8 ,:y n heat x to a high temp]ature 9 oil tank ) oil heat]8 ,a4 ,too mu* gas g5]at+ & boil+ ! oil cont9ually de/roys ! high] qualities besides be+ h>d to control ! fl[ ?r\gh regulation valve4 #db4 ,q4 ,d y consid] a v5t hole 9 oil tank advisable1 & :y8 ,a4 ,yes2 to all[ any accumulation ( gas to escape & to admit ! air s t oil w fl[ freely4 #dc4 ,q4 ,d y inspect y\r oil pipes & report all leaks8 ,:at o!r bad effect has a pipe leak aside f wa/e ( oil8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,x w cause oil to fe$ irregul>ly4 #dd4 ,q4 ,are y aw>e t keep+ ! flues clean is ! greate/ "o ?+ t y c d 9 reg>d to fuel economy1 & h[ (t5 %\ld !y be clean$8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,at lea/ e t5 miles4 #de4 ,q4 ,d y "k t ! eng9e %\ld be work+ h>d & at a spe$ n less ?an tw5ty miles p] h\r :5 s&+ flues to avoid ! s& fall+ to floor ( ! fire-box & accumulat+ 9 front ( !m8 ,a4 ,yes4 #df4 ,q4 ,d y realize t on fir/ clos+ ?rottle y %\ld n adju/ fire too l[8 ,expla9 be/ me?od4 ,a4 ,yes4 ,i w\ld all[ /eam pressure to fall back "s fifte5 p\nds be=e ?rottle is clos$ & on hav+ clos$ same leave a good fire 9 box1 all[+ x to cool gradually to avoid leaky flues1 brok5 /aybolts1 crack$ %eets caus$ by sudd5 fall ( temp]ature4 #dg4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! fl[ ( oil controll$8 ,a4 ,by ! valves 9 tank & pipe connections4 #dh4 ,q4 ,"n ^! valves1 _! location & purpose4 ,a4 ,! safety valve controls ! fl[ ( oil f ! fuel oil tank ?r\gh an op5+ 9 bottom %eet ( tank to ! pipes lead+ to burn]4 ,?is valve is =c$ to its seat by a heavy spr+ & is held (f its seat by a key 9 ! upright rod ext5d+ above ! top ( tank4 ,to ?is key a rope or *a9 is atta*$ & also atta*$ to ! cab to cause ! p9 9 rod to be pull$ 9 case ( a sep>ation betwe5 eng9e & tank & all[ ! valve to be seat$ by its spr+ & avoid a wa/e ( oil4 ,! second or ma9 oil valve is locat$ 9 oil pipe "u deck lead+ to burn]4 ,x is usually ( ! plug-cock patt]n connect$ by bell crank & ?is connect$ to "s "p ( ! eng9e by *a91 9 :i* case x also acts z a safety valve 9 case ( sep>ation betwe5 eng9e & t5d]4 ,9 o!r cases x is connect$ by an op]at+ rod ext5d+ above deck ( t5d] :]e x c be op]at$ by h& 9 case ( safety valves failure to %ut (f ! fl[ ( oil4 ,! ?ird or fir+ valve is usually locat$ betwe5 heat] box & burn]1 & is provid$ ) an upright rod ext5d+ into cab :]e x is provid$ ) a h&le or lev] 9 position to be conv5i5tly h&l$ by fireman :ile seat$ 9 cab4 ,?is valve regulates ! fl[ ( oil desir$ to rea* ! fire4 #di4 ,q4 ,:5 %utt+ out fire :i* valve %\ld be clos$ fir/8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,! safety valve4 ,to all[ ! oil 9 pipes to be consum$ & to see t ?is valve is 9 work+ ord]4 #ej4 ,q4 ,%\ld safety valve fail to %ut (f ! fl[ ( oil 9 su* cases w\ld x be safe to rely on ! fir+ valve to %ut (f ! fire8 ,a4 ,no4 ,! ma9 valve %\ld !n be clos$4 #ea4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! fir+ valve be dep5d$ ^u to %ut (f ! fire at any "t8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,no4 ,f con/ant use !y are frequ5tly leak+ & ! tr\ble is n detect$ :ile 9 use1 & aga9 !re is always dang] ( ! h&le be+ mov$ by workm5 or o!rs ab\t ! cab4 #eb4 ,q4 ,:at is a heat] box8 ,a4 ,x is an app>atus hav+ two passages1 "o = /eam pass+ f boil] to heat] pipes 9 tank & ano!r passage = oil f tank be=e x is deliv]$ to burn]4 ,9 ?is mann] ! oil be=e rea*+ ! burn] is heat$ mu* high] ?an ! temp]ature ( t conta9$ 9 tank4 #ec4 ,q4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! heat] pipes or connections becom+ defective1 h[ c\ld ! oil be heat$ 9 tank8 ,a4 ,by clos+ ! fir+ valve1 clos+ ! valve on heat] pipe1 & op5+ valve on heat] box1 ! /eam f heat] ?rottle c be pass$ directly ?r\gh ! oil fe$ pipe to ! fuel supply4 #ed4 ,q4 ,9 ! ev5t ( an objectionable quantity ( wat] 9 oil1 h[ c x be remov$8 ,a4 ,9 "s in/ances ! tanks are provid$ ) dra9 pipes = ?is purpose1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( same1 ! fe$ hose or pipe betwe5 eng9e & tank c be disconnect$ & us$ z a dra9 to fuel oil tank4 #ee4 ,q4 ,:at effect has leaks betwe5 fuel tank & fir+ valve8 ,a4 ,a wa/e ( oil only4 #ef4 ,q4 ,:at effect has leaks betwe5 fir+ valve & burn]8 ,a4 ,9 addition to a loss ( oil :ile fire is burn+ l[1 & b little /eam atomiz] be+ us$1 x int]f]es v mat]ially ) ! eng9e's /eam+ by admitt+ air :5 us+ consid]able /eam atomiz]4 ,?is causes a v irregul> oil fe$4 #eg4 ,q4 ,:at action ( ! fire w\ld indicate leaks 9 pipes betwe5 fir+ valve & burn]8 ,a4 ,! fire-box w give (f s\nds simil> to slight explosions1 & ! smoke at /ack w indicate irregul> fuel fe$+4 #eh4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y consid] ! prop] adju/m5t ( burn]8 ,a4 ,t :i* w provide = ! deliv]y ( ! oil f burn] to fla% wall )\t /rik+ ar*1 side walls1 or floor brick :ile do+ s4 #ei4 ,q4 ,9 case x becomes necess>y to fire up an oil burn+ eng9e ) wood1 :at p>ts %\ld be giv5 p>ticul> att5tion8 ,a4 ,! brick "w4 ,to see t same is n damag$ or displac$ :ile plac+ ! wood 9 fire-box1 also to protect by plac+ brick ov] t portion ( burn] ext5d+ into fire-box ahead ( mud r+1 or by s arrang+ ! wood 9 fire-box z to prev5t any great am\nt ( heat f rea*+ ! burn] & melt+ nozzle ( same4 #fj4 ,q4 ,9 case ( sudd5 drop 9 /eam pressure1 :at might be ! cause8 ,a4 ,loose brick p]haps fall5 9 front ( burn] & ob/ruct$ ! fl[ ( oil4 ,! petticoat pipe may be loose & out ( l9e or ! damp]s may h fall5 %ut4 #fa4 ,q4 ,9 case brick h fall5 9 front ( burn]1 h[ c !y be remov$8 ,a4 ,by a hook provid$ = t purpose4 ,!y c usually be =c$ out ?r\gh ! v5t op5+s1 b if ?is _c be done1 !y %\ld be ?r[n aga9/ ! bla/ wall 9 ord] to get !m z f> z possible out ( ! c\rse ( ! fuel fe$4 #fb4 ,q4 ,9 case a petticoat pipe becomes d]ang$1 :at c be done8 ,a4 ,9 case x _c be put back 9 prop] position1 x %\ld be remov$ altoge!r4 7,trips h be5 successfully complet$ 9 ?is mann]47 #fc4 ,q4 ,w a corrod$ burn] m\? prev5t ! prop] deliv]y ( fuel to fire8 ,a4 ,yes4 #fd4 ,q4 ,:at causes ! m\? ( burn] to corrode8 ,a4 ,! asphaltum & s& conta9$ 9 ! oil4 #fe4 ,q4 ,h[ c ?is be remov$ on ! road8 ,a4 ,by hav+ a hook or rod provid$ ) a po9t t c be ins]t$ into m\? ( burn]4 #ff4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld a fuel oil tank n be fill$ to its hold+ capacity8 ,a4 ,because :5 heat] is appli$ ! oil w\ld exp& & ov]fl[4 #fg4 ,q4 ,9 case ( d]ailm5t or o!r accid5t t might cause ! fireman to des]t 8 position 9 cab1 :at %\ld he d8 ,a4 ,pull key out ( safety valve rod1 !reby all[+ oil fe$ f tank to be %ut (f4 ,,me*anical ,,exam9ation ,,?ird ,,s]ies #a4 ,q4 ,:at are ! duties ( an eng9eman be=e atta*+ a locomotive to ! tra98 ,a4 ,he %\ld make a complete inspection ( ! locomotive1 obs]v+ all important nuts & bolts1 look = any signs ( hot be>+s on previ\s trip1 see t ! eng9e is equipp$ ) necess>y tools & supplies1 te/ bo? ( ! injectors & ! air brake equipm5t to be sure !y are 9 good work+ ord]1 see t headlight & signal lamps are 9 place & ready = s]vice1 obs]ve wat] conditions 9 boil]1 inspect ! int]ior ( ! fire-box & see t ! locomotive is prop]ly lubricat$4 #b4 ,q4 ,:at tools %\ld !re be on ! locomotive8 ,a4 ,su* z are necess>y to prop]ly op]ate ! locomotive1 c>e = ! ma*9]y1 disconnect & block up 9 case ( breakd[n & ! necess>y fir+ tools4 #c4 ,q4 ,:at exam9ation %\ld be made aft] any repair "w has be5 done on valve1 brasses1 etc48 ,a4 ,see t brasses are prop]ly fitt$1 keys fa/5$ & nuts made tight4 ,if any repairs h be5 made on valves or valve ge>1 w\ld see t ! rev]se lev] c\ld be mov$ freely & t all movable p>ts _h be5 prop]ly replac$2 w\ld also give especial att5tion ) ref]5ce to lubrication ( ^! p>ts4 #d4 ,q4 ,:at att5tion %\ld be giv5 to boil] atta*m5ts1 su* z gauge cocks1 wat] glasses1 etc48 ,a4 ,w\ld see t ! gauge cocks c be op5$ to try ! wat] & clos$1 s /eam & wat] w\ld n come out into cab4 ,obs]ve ! wat] glass & note if wat] is mov+ up & d[n 9 ! glass1 see t ! /eam valve at ! top & wat] valve at bottom ( glass c\ld be op5$ & clos$1 & all[ wat] & /eam to circulate freely ?r\gh ! glass4 #e4 ,q4 ,:at d y consid] necess>y to report on locomotive boil]s8 ,a4 ,%\ld report all defects on boil] & its atta*m5ts :ile eng9e is 9 eng9e]'s *>ge4 #f4 ,q4 ,trace ! /eam f ! boil] ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s to ! atmosph]e & expla9 h[ x transmits p[]4 ,a4 ,/eam ent]s ! ?rottle valve locat$ 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! dome 9 ord] to get ! drie/ /eam1 !n passes ?r\gh ! /&pipe & dry pipe out ( ! boil] to ! /eam pipe tee or nigg]-head locat$ 9 ! front end1 !n ?r\gh /eam pipes to ! /eam *e/4 ,a /eam valve 9 ea* /eam *e/ di/ributes ! /eam s t x ent]s ! cyl9d]s at or j be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke2 pu%+ ! pi/on to ! end ( its /roke2 j be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! /eam valve op5s communication to ! exhau/ port ?r\gh a cavity 9 its exhau/ side1 !n ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipes & tips up ?r\gh ! draft or petticoat pipe & /ack to ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 /eam pu%es ! pi/on ?r\gh ! cyl9d]1 its p[] is transmitt$ by ! ma9 rod to ! ma9 crank p9 :i* causes ! :eels to revolve1 ?us mov+ ! eng9e & its tra94 #g4 ,q4 ,:y is x important t !re be no holes ?r\gh ! smoke-box door or front end & none 9 smoke-box seams or jo9ts8 ,a4 ,s z to ma9ta9 z good a vacuum z possible 9 ! smoke-box & prev5t small am\nts ( air com+ 9 ?r\gh leaks :i* t5d to heat & w>p ! smoke-box & its door4 #h4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! locomotive be />t$ to avoid j]ks1 & :at tra9 & o!r signals %\ld be look$ out = at ! "t ( />t+8 ,a4 ,place ! rev]se lev] 9 full ge>1 op5 ! ?rottle valve gradually s z to />t ! tra9 "o c> at a "t & easily4 ,look = signals ahead to %[ t ! track is cle> & swit* is 9 correct position1 !n look = signals f ! re> end t ! tra9 is all com+4 #i4 ,q4 ,w an eng9e equipp$ ) sup]heat units move z quickly z a saturat$ /eam locomotive :5 ?rottle valve is fir/ op5$8 ,a4 ,no4 #aj4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,because /eam mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh sup]heat units be=e x ent]s ! /eam pipes lead+ to /eam *e/4 #aa4 ,q4 ,9 plac+ eng9e on ! turntable1 at wat] or /& pipes1 or at o!r simil> places1 :at mu/ be done8 ,a4 ,close ?rottle valve soon] s t ! /eam conf9$ 9 sup]heat units1 pipes & /eam *e/s1 w h pass$ out to ! atmosph]e4 #ab4 ,q4 ,aft] a locomotive has be5 />t$1 h[ c x be run mo/ economically8 ,a4 ,by regulat+ ! supply ( /eam to ! /eam *e/ ) ! ?rottle & ! po9t ( cut-(f ) ! rev]se lev]2 s t no m /eam be us$ ?an necess>y to ma9ta9 ! prop] spe$1 :5ev] possible work+ ! eng9e at %ort cut-(f s z to use /eam expansively4 #ac4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by work+ /eam expansively8 ,a4 ,hook+ ! rev]se lev] up t[>d ! c5t] gives ! valve a %ort] travel & closes ! live /eam port :5 ! pi/on has made only a "p ( its /roke4 ,?is cuts (f ! supply ( live /eam com+ f ! /eam *e/4 ,! expansion ( ! /eam already 9 ! cyl9d] pu%es ! pi/on to ! end ( its /roke )\t ! use ( a full cyl9d] ( live /eam4 #ad4 ,q4 ,h[ rapidly %\ld wat] be suppli$ to ! boil]8 ,a4 ,no fa/] ?an x is evaporat$ into /eam1 unless j be=e a h>d pull2 or :5 %utt+ (f ) a heavy bright fire 9 ! fire-box to prev5t wa/e ( /eam at ! pops4 #ae4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 prim+ & foam+ ( a locomotive boil]8 ,a4 ,prim+ is caus$ by c>ry+ ! wat] too high 9 ! boil] s t :5 ! ?rottle valve is op5$ "s ( x passes ov] ) ! /eam 9 ! =m ( a spray4 ,foam+ is caus$ by ! wat] becom+ dirty f animal or alkal9e matt]1 s t heat makes x foam l soap suds4 ,muddy wat] or c]ta9 vegetable matt]s w also make a boil] foam4 #af4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d 9 a case ( foam+8 ,:at 9 a case ( prim+8 ,a4 ,9 a case ( foam+1 if possible1 all[ ! boil] to cool (f a little1 increase ! supply ( fe$ wat] to prev5t wat] gett+ too l[1 & :5ev] possible bl[ "s ( ! dirty wat] out ( ! boil]1 replac+ x ) clean wat]4 ,9 case ( prim+1 %ut (f ! supply ( fe$ wat] until ! wat] level drops to ! prop] height 9 ! boil]4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:at dang] is !re :5 ! wat] foams badly8 ,:5 x primes badly8 ,a4 ,!re is dang] ( knock+ out cyl9d] heads1 cutt+ ! valves1 /all+ on "s grade or gett+ on "s tra9's "t because ! eng9e _c be work$ to its prop] p[]4 ,:5 %utt+ (f /eam1 ! wat] is liable to drop bel[ ! cr[n %eet & ?us risk burn+ ! fire-box4 ,:5 wat] primes badly1 x is liable to break cyl9d] pack+ r+s1 knock out cyl9d] heads1 break bolts 9 ! /eam *e/ & cut ! valves4 ,9 su* a case additional oil %\ld be f$ to ! /eam *e/ until ! valves are prop]ly lubricat$4 #ah4 ,q4 ,suppose t ) ! wat] glass 9 good work+ ord]1 imm$iately aft] clos+ ! ?rottle ! wat] disappe>$ f ! wat] glass1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,w\ld op5 ! ?rottle & endeavor to raise wat] until bo? injectors w\ld put en\gh wat] into ! boil] to make x entirely safe to close ! ?rottle4 ,if unable to raise ! wat] level to ! l[] gauge cock w\ld smo!r ! fire or put x out entirely1 if necess>y1 keep+ bo? injectors work+4 #ai4 ,q4 ,:at "w ab\t a locomotive %\ld be done by ! eng9eman8 ,a4 ,inspection ( ! eng9e bo? be=e & aft] ! trip4 ,! eng9e] %\ld d any necess>y "w on ! eng9e aft] />t+ out on ! trip to avoid breakd[ns & insure gett+ ov] ! road promptly4 ,?is means tight5+ up any important bolts t "w loose on ! trip & keep+ p>ts f work+ out ( position1 adju/+ w$ges & rod keys4 #bj4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! "w ( sett+ up ! w$ges be done8 ,a4 ,place ! eng9e on ! upp] qu>t] on ! side ) ! loose w$ge4 ,d n set ! brake if brake %oe w pu% ! driv+ box aga9/ ! defective w$ge1 b block eng9e truck :eels s ! eng9e _c move1 pu% ! boxes aga9/ ! %oe or dead w$ge ) a little /eam1 set ! w$ge up until x is a snug fit1 !n pull x d[n ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* & fa/54 ,provision %\ld be made = expansion ( ! box :5 x gets w>m4 #ba4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld rod brasses be key$8 ,a4 ,if prop]ly fitt$ !y %\ld be key$ brass to brass2 if n s fitt$1 !y %\ld be key$ on ! l>ge "p ( ! p9 s !y w be free en\gh to run )\t heat+ & snug en\gh to run )\t p\nd+4 ,d n key !m s tight at ei!r end z to prev5t ! lat]al motion ( ! brass on ! p9s4 #bb4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld an eng9e be plac$ = ! purpose ( key+ ! rod brasses8 ,a4 ,= ! ma9 rod1 place ! eng9e on ! qu>t] or ! top =w>d eigh?1 :i*ev] place gives ! l>ge/ diamet] ( ! p9 to key ! brass aga9/4 ,aft] key+ up1 te/ by mov+ ! :eel to ano!r position & see if brasses are free on ! p94 ,= ! side or p>allel rods1 always place ! eng9e on ! c5t] = ! side t is to be key$4 #bc4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! side rods on a mogul or consolidation locomotive be key$8 ,a4 ,place ! eng9e on ! c5t] on t side1 key up ! brass on ! ma9 p9 fir/1 "w ea* way t[>d ! ends ( ! rods1 be+ c>eful to keep !m ! prop] l5g? s !y d n b9d :5 pass+ ei!r c5t]4 ,be sure t w$ges are prop]ly set up be=e key+ ! side rods4 #bd4 ,q4 ,:at is ! necessity = keep+ ! brasses key$ up prop]ly8 ,a4 ,if too tight1 !y w surely run hot2 if too loose1 !y w p\nd & injure ! brasses z well z endang] ! safety ( ! /raps & rod bolts4 ,v loose brasses c p\nd en\gh to get hot4 #be4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by an eng9e out ( tram8 ,out ( qu>t]8 ,a4 ,:5 correspond+ :eels on opposite sides ( ! eng9e on diff]5t axes are n spac$ equally ap>t2 :]e ! axle ( any :eel is n at a "r angle to ! c5t] l9e f front to re> ( eng9e1 s !y d n run squ>e on ! rails1 or :]e ! space betwe5 ! axle c5t]s on opposite sides is n equal4 ,?is is sometimes indicat$ by unequal flange we> & %\ld be report$ at once4 ,:eels are out ( qu>t] :5 ! crank p9 9 "o :eel is n exactly #ij degrees or "o qu>t] ( a turn f ! p9 9 ! :eels on ! o!r end ( ! same axle4 ,?is is usually caus$ by slipp+ ! eng9e ) s& on "o rail only & ! condition ( eng9e %\ld be report$ at once4 #bf4 ,q4 ,describe a pi/on valve4 ,a4 ,a pi/on valve is a cyl9drical spool-%ap$ valve con/ruct$ ) pack+ r+s mu* ! same z ! /eam pi/on t moves ?r\gh ! cyl9d]1 except t a pi/on valve is d\ble or compos$ ( two pi/ons connect$ by c5t] rod or spool work+ 9 a bu%+ ( equal diamet]4 ,/eam & exhau/ ports are cut ?r\gh ?is bu%+2 /eam ports to ! cyl9d] & exhau/ port to ! exhau/ pipe4 ,!re is also a /eam port = live /eam f ! boil]4 ,z ! pressure on ?is valve is equal 9 bo? directions x is practically balanc$4 #bg4 ,q4 ,:at is a balanc$ slide valve8 ,h[ is x balanc$1 & :y8 ,= :at purpose is ! hole drill$ ?r\gh ! top ( ! valve8 ,a4 ,"o 9 :i* ! /eam pressure on ! top & bottom ( ! valve is ne>ly equaliz$4 ,?is is done by protect+ a portion ( ! top ( ! valve f ! /eam pressure4 ,x is usually balanc$ by /rips held aga9/ ! pressure or balance plate by "o or m spr+s4 ,?is is done to prev5t live /eam f gett+ on top ( valve & ?us relieve ! valve f ! top pressure :i* w\ld cause excessive friction betwe5 ! bottom ( ! valve & its seat4 ,! hole ?r\gh ! top is to all[ any /eam :i* might leak by ! /rips to pass into ! exhau/1 s pressure c\ld n accumulate on ! top ( ! valve1 also to equalize ! exhau/ pressure betwe5 ! top ( ! valve & exhau/ cavity z well z to assi/ 9 lubricat+ ! balance plate4 #bh4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by inside & outside admission valves8 ,a4 ,) an inside admission valve 7usually a pi/on valve71 ! live /eam comes betwe5 ! pi/on valve heads1 ! outside end ( ! heads be+ connect$ ) & expos$ to exhau/ pressure1 x admits /eam pa/ ! inside edges ( ! valves4 ,an outside admission valve has ! space betwe5 ! ends connect$ to ! exhau/ & a space at ! ends connect$ ) ! live /eam4 ,x admits /eam pa/ its outside edges4 ,a pi/on valve c be ei!r inside or outside admission1 :ile a slide valve is always outside admission4 #bi4 ,q4 ,:at is ! relative motion ( ! ma9 pi/on & ! /eam valves = inside admission1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 = outside admission8 ,a4 ,if ! pi/on is 9 ! front end ( ! cyl9d]1 an inside admission valve mu/ move =w>d 9 ord] to connect ! inside ( ! valve ) ! front live /eam port to admit /eam aga9/ ! pi/on4 ,! outside end ( ! valve op5s ! exhau/ port = ! back end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! same position ( ! pi/on an outside admission valve mu/ move backw>ds to op5 ! /eam port or 9 ! same direction z ! /eam pi/on :5 comm5c+ its /roke4 #cj4 ,q4 ,:at is an ,all5 port$ valve1 & :at is its object8 ,a4 ,an ,all5 port$ valve is an outside admission slide valve hav+ an extra port f "o end ( ! valve to ! o!r1 above ! exhau/ cavity & ?r\gh ! body ( ! valve4 ,?is extra port is calculat$ to admit /eam ?r\gh ! valve at ! same "t t /eam passes by ! end ( ! valve into ! same /eam port1 ?us d\bl+ ! area ( op5+ = live /eam :5 ! port is fir/ op5$4 #ca4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! valve motion = outside admission valves & = inside admission valves8 ,a4 ,an outside admission valve mu/ be mov$ 9 ! opposite direction to an inside admission valve 9 relation to ! movem5t ( ! /eam pi/on :5 beg9n+ its /roke2 !re=e ei!r ! position ( ! ecc5tric or ! position ( ! rock] arms 9 relation to ! rock] %aft mu/ be opposite = a *ange 9 ^! valves4 #cb4 ,q4 ,:at is a direct motion valve ge>8 ,:at is an indirect motion valve ge>8 ,a4 ,a direct motion valve ge> is "o 9 :i* ! valve moves 9 ! same direction z ! ecc5tric rod1 t is do+ ! "w1 9 _m cases no rock] arm is us$4 ,9 case a rock] arm is us$1 bo? arms po9t 9 ! same direction l ! lett] ,u4 ,an indirect motion valve ge> is "o 9 :i* ! valve moves 9 an opposite direction to ! ecc5tric rod do+ ! "w4 ,a rock] is us$ 9 :i* ! arms po9t 9 opposite directions f ! %aft connect+ !m4 ,ow+ to ! design & con/ruction ( ! ,wals*a]t valve ge>1 x is a direct motion ge> :5 ! eng9e is runn+ 9 "o direction ) ! l9k block 9 ! bottom ( ! l9k1 an indirect motion :5 ! eng9e is runn+ 9 an opposite direction ) ! l9k block 9 ! top ( ! l9k2 usually direct motion :5 runn+ =w>d4 #cc4 ,q4 ,h[ c y detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 a bl[ 9 valve or pi/on pack+8 ,a4 ,a bl[ f ! valve is m con/ant & has a some:at diff]5t s\nd1 :ile a bl[ f cyl9d] or pi/on pack+ w bl[ /rong] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke & gradually decrease z ! /roke is complet$4 #cd4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y place eng9e to locate brok5 admission /eam r+ 9 pi/on valve8 ,a4 ,w\ld place eng9e on qu>t]1 rev]se lev] 9 c5t] s z to cov] ports1 !n op5 ?rottle2 & ! /eam w bl[ out ( cyl9d] cock at ! end ( cyl9d] :]e brok5 valve r+ is locat$4 #ce4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y locate brok5 exhau/ r+ 9 pi/on valve8 ,a4 ,wat* ! cross-head :5 eng9e is work+ /eam4 ,z !re w be ?ree normal & "o light exhau/s1 y c det]m9e on :i* side ( ! eng9e ! light exhau/ takes place4 #cf4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by lead8 ,:at by l9e & l9e8 ,a4 ,lead is ! am\nt ( port op5+ = live /eam to cyl9d] ahead or back ( pi/on :5 ! pi/on is on ! dead c5t]4 ,if ! /eam edge ( ! valve is 9 l9e ) ! edge ( ! /eam port :5 ! pi/on is on ! c5t]1 x is said to be l9e & l9e4 #cg4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by /eam lap8 ,a4 ,! di/ance t ! valve ov]laps ! live /eam edges ( ! /eam ports :5 x is 9 ! c5t] ( its travel ov] ! seat4 ,?is di/ance is measur$ at "o end only1 al?\gh ! valve laps equally at bo? ends4 #ch4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by exhau/ lap8 ,:at by exhau/ cle>ance8 ,a4 ,exhau/ lap is ! di/ance t ! exhau/ edge ( ! valve ov]laps ! exhau/ edge ( ! /eam port :5 ! valve is 9 c5tral position4 ,exhau/ cle>ance is ! op5+ betwe5 ! exhau/ edge ( ! valve & ! exhau/ edge ( ! /eam port ) valve 9 c5tral position4 ,if ! valve has nei!r exhau/ lap or cle>ance x is said to be l9e & l9e4 #ci4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by release8 ,:at by compression8 ,a4 ,release is ! po9t 9 ! travel ( ! pi/on :5 ! port is op5$4 ,compression is ! di/ance ! pi/on travels aft] exhau/ port closes be=e ! live /eam port op5s4 ,dur+ ?is travel ( ! pi/on ! exhau/ port is clos$ s ! mov+ pi/on compresses ! /eam left 9 ! cyl9d]4 #dj4 ,q4 ,) an indirect valve motion & outside admission valve1 :at w\ld be ! position ( ! ecc5tric relative to ! crank p9 on t side8 ,:at ) a direct valve ge>8 ,:at diff]5ce betwe5 outside admission valve & inside admission valve z to ?is position8 ,a4 ,) an indirect valve motion & an outside admission valve1 ! g-ahead ecc5tric foll[s ! crank p9 ) eng9e runn+ ahead4 ,)\t any lap or lead x w\ld be a qu>t] ( a turn or #ij degrees beh9d ! p91 b z all valves h lap & lead1 ! ecc5tric is advanc$ or plac$ t[>d ! p9 en\gh to move ! valve ! am\nt ( ! lap & lead4 ,) a direct valve ge> & an outside admission valve1 ! ecc5tric w be a qu>t] ( a turn or #ij degrees ahead ( ! crank p9 & advanc$ en\gh to move ! valve ! am\nt ( ! lap & lead4 ,) an inside admission valve & an indirect valve motion1 ! ecc5tric w come ! same z = an outside admission valve & direct motion1 or m ?an a qu>t] ( a turn ahead ( ! p94 ,) an inside admission valve & direct motion1 z pi/on valves are usually put up1 ! ecc5tric w foll[ ! p9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a turn4 #da4 ,q4 ,:at effect w\ld be produc$ ^u ! lap & lead by *ang+ ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric rod8 ,a4 ,lap dep5ds on ! con/ruction ( ! valve4 ,a *ange ( ! ecc5tric rod w\ld n effect x1 b w\ld wid5 ! port op5+ at "o end ( ! travel & r$uce x at ! o!r4 ,x %\ld be equal at bo? ends4 ,lead is controll$ by ! position ( ! ecc5tric on ! axle & x mu/ be equal at bo? ends4 ,*ang+ ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric rod f ! prop] "o does n really affect ! lead1 because no prop] measurem5t c be made until lead is equal at bo? ends4 ,!re=e improp] l5g? ( ecc5tric rods v>ies ! port op5+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on at bo? ends4 #db4 ,q4 ,:y are ecc5tric rods made adju/able8 ,a4 ,9 ord] to *ange _! l5g? to make adju/m5t ( ! valve ge> n z easily made 9 o!r ways4 #dc4 ,q4 ,:y is x necess>y to keep ! cyl9d]s free f wat]8 ,a4 ,9 ord] to avoid damag+ valves & cyl9d]s1 to insure p]fect lubrication & obta9 ! mo/ effici5t s]vice f ! locomotive4 #dd4 ,q4 ,:]e is ! pi/on rod pack+ locat$8 ,:]e cyl9d] pack+8 ,a4 ,pi/on rod pack+ is usually s(t metallic r+s locat$ inside ( a gl& at ! back end ( cyl9d] & ar\nd ! rod4 ,cyl9d] pack+ r+s are usually ca/ iron1 plac$ ar\nd ! pi/on head & be>+ aga9/ ! walls ( ! cyl9d]4 #de4 ,q4 ,h[ are metallic pack+ r+s on pi/on rods & valve /ems held 9 place8 ,:at provisions are made = ! unev5 movem5ts ( ! rod8 ,a4 ,! pack+ r+s fit into a vibrat+ cup or cone locat$ inside ! gl&1 be+ held !re9 by means ( a spr+ z well z by ! /eam pressure4 ,provision is made = unev5 movem5t ( ! rod by mak+ ! inside ( ! gl& l>g] ?an ! vibrat+ cup & us+ a ball-jo9t r+ betwe5 ! vibrat+ cup & gl&4 #df4 ,q4 ,:ile runn+ "u /eam & !re is a failure ( "p ( ! locomotive :i* does n seem to prev5t runn+ at full spe$1 h[ w\ld y proce$8 ,a4 ,keep ! locomotive runn+ if 9 y\r judgm5t x is safe4 ,try to asc]ta9 :at ! injury is & be prep>$ at ! next /op to d su* "w z ! case dem&s1 be+ c>eful to make ! /op at su* a place t ! "w c be done )\t int]f]+ ) ! movem5ts ( ma9 l9e tra9s4 #dg4 ,q4 ,if "o side ( a locomotive is disabl$1 :at w\ld y d 9 a g5]al way to make x possible to use /eam on ! o!r side8 ,a4 ,disconnect en\gh p>ts to all[ = ! turn+ ( ! :eels & = rev]s+ ( ! opposite side )\t mov+ ! valve on ! disabl$ side4 #dh4 ,q4 ,9 case a locomotive 9 y\r c>e became disabl$ on ! road1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,fir/ see t ! tra9 is protect$4 ,next exam9e ! locomotive & see :at is necess>y to d to move x & if possible ! tra94 ,if unable to make repairs at once to br+ ! eng9e & tra9 =w>d1 w\ld advise exact condition ( eng9e & ask = help4 ,9 ! meantime endeavor to move ! tra9 s z to give o!r tra9s ! use ( ! ma9 l9e4 #di4 ,q4 ,suppose a wa%-out plug blew out or a bl[-(f cock broke (f or w\ld n close1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,kill ! fire1 get ! tra9 on a side track1 if possible1 & if unable to make repairs get ! eng9e 9 condition to be t[$ 94 ,9 all cases ) a disabl$ eng9e all[ ! tra9 to drift to a sid+1 :5 possible1 & /op betwe5 ! swit*es s z to all[ o!r tra9s to pass ?r\gh sid+4 #ej4 ,q4 ,c a locomotive boil] )\t /eam pressure be fill$ by be+ t[$ by ano!r eng9e8 ,if t[$1 h[ fill$8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,close all op5+s :]e air c\ld ent] ! boil]4 ,all relief valves1 cyl9d] cocks1 gauge cocks1 ! :i/le valve & air pump /eam valve %\ld be clos$4 ,place ! rev]se lev] 9 full ge> 9 ! direction ! eng9e is to be t[$ ) wat] supply valve & injector ?rottle op54 ,use eng9e oil ?r\gh auxili>y oil cups to oil valves & pi/ons4 ,! movem5t ( ! pi/ons 9 ! cyl9d]s w pump ! air out ( ! boil] & atmosph]ic pressure on wat] 9 ! tank w =ce wat] into boil] :5 ! eng9e is t[$4 #ea4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if grates %\ld be burn$ out or brok5 :ile on ! road8 ,a4 ,pull ! fire (f ! brok5 or burn$ grates1 cov] t section ) any pieces ( iron at h& 7fi%-plates or angle-b>s are v good71 !n level up ! fire1 clean a%-pan & proce$ ) full tra94 #eb4 ,q4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 to prev5t locomotive ?r[+ fire8 ,a4 ,! nett+ & smoke-ar* %\ld be kept 9 good condition2 c9d] slide & h& hole plates securely fa/5$1 a%-pan clean & slide damp]s = dump+ a%es clos$4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 work+ ! eng9e1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( /ations or places :]e fire is liable to cat*4 ,avoid work+ ! eng9e h>d s z to prev5t ?r[+ c9d]s4 #ec4 ,q4 ,:at %all be done ) a badly leak+ or bur/$ flue8 ,a4 ,plug x if possible ) an iron or wood5 plug4 ,if 9 ! fire-box end1 a piece ( scantl+ or po/ c be %>p5$ & driv5 into ! flue f ! fire-box door2 x w !n burn (f up to :]e ! wat] f ! bur/$ flue keeps x wet4 ,if a bottom flue1 w\ld cov] x ) a%es or gre5 coal s t ! leakage w\ld n put out ! balance ( ! fire4 ,if able to ma9ta9 /eam pressure1 w\ld !n proce$ ) a full tra94 #ed4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ! ?rottle valve /em became disconnect$ :ile ! valve is clos$8 ,if x became disconnect$ leav+ valve op58 ,a4 ,w\ld notify ! tra9 crew & ,dispat*] & arrange to be t[$ 94 ,) lubricator work+1 unless 9 v cold wea!r s !re is dang] ( ! wat] freez+ 9 ! cyl9d]s or /eam *e/ passages1 w\ld n disconnect4 ,by tak+ out lubricator *okes & /eam *e/ valves f ! oil pipe1 a l>g] supply ( /eam c\ld be got into ! cyl9d]s4 ,if 9 to cle> ( o!r tra9s & practicable1 w\ld take up ! dome cap & connect ! ?rottle aga94 ,if disconnect$ & valve /uck op51 w\ld notify ! tra9 crew & ,dispat*]1 r$uce /eam pressure until ! eng9e c\ld be h&l$ ) rev]se lev] & brake1 & proce$ ) su* a tra9 z ! eng9e c h&le4 #ee4 ,q4 ,9 case a valve yoke or /em became brok5 inside ( /eam *e/1 h[ c ! breakage be locat$8 ,a4 ,9 ?is case ! disabl$ valve is always pu%$ to ! front end ( ! /eam *e/ s t ) a slide valve or outside admission pi/on valve ! back port is op5 to live /eam4 ,:5 giv5 /eam1 ! eng9e w /op on ! eigh?1 & :5 rev]s$ w move ov] to ! o!r eigh?1 be+ /opp$ !re by ! live /eam 9 ! back end ( ! cyl9d] hav+ ! disabl$ valve4 ,/eam w bl[ f ! back cyl9d] cock on ! disabl$ side & _c be *ang$ by rev]s+ ! eng9e4 ,if ! valve is pu%$ f> en\gh ahead to op5 ! exhau/ port1 /eam w bl[ ?r\gh ! exhau/ s ! eng9e _c be mov$4 ,) an inside admission valve ! =w>d /eam port w be op5$ & /eam w come out ( ! =w>d cyl9d] cock on ! disabl$ side4 #ef4 ,q4 ,aft] locat+ a breakage ( ?is k9d1 h[ w\ld y proce$ to put ! eng9e 9 safe runn+ ord]8 ,a4 ,w\ld move ! valve to c5tral position s z to cov] bo? /eam ports1 if possible4 ,?is may be done by tak+ out ! relief valve if on front side ( ! /eam *e/ & pu%+ valve back1 or tak+ up ! cov] = a slide valve2 or tak+ (f front head = a pi/on valve4 ,disconnect ! valve rod f rock] arm & block valve /em s x _c bl[ out ( ! gl& or let valve "w back4 ,loos5 cyl9d] head 9 ord] to provide = lubricat+ cyl9d] s z to leave ! ma9 rod up on ! disabl$ side & proce$ on "o side4 ,if unable to cov] ! op5 /eam port x w\ld be necess>y to disconnect ! ma9 rod on ! disabl$ side1 block+ ! pi/on at ! prop] end ( ! guides s live /eam com+ into ! cyl9d] w\ld n move x4 #eg4 ,q4 ,if a slide valve is brok51 :at c be done to run ! eng9e on "o side8 ,a4 ,remove ! /eam *e/ cov]1 place a ?9 bo>d betwe5 ! valve & ! /eam passages 9 ! seat1 replace /eam *e/ cov]1 disconnect valve rod1 & if able to lubricate ! cyl9d]s leave up ! ma9 rod & proce$ on "o side4 #eh4 ,q4 ,if "o ( ! bolts connect+ ! two p>ts ( a built-up l9k on ,/eph5son ge> breaks or is lo/1 h[ w\ld y proce$8 ,a4 ,if tempor>y bolt _c be suppli$1 take d[n ! =w>d "p ( ! l9k1 disconnect & remove l9k block1 fa/5 valve to cov] ports1 & proce$4 ,if mov+ l9k w cle> rock] arm or o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9]y aft] l9k block is tak5 out1 x w n be necess>y to disconnect ecc5trics4 #ei4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ( l9k saddle p9 break+8 ,a4 ,remove ! brok5 p>ts & block ! disabl$ l9k 9 su* a position t ! entire tra9 c\ld be />t$1 us+ a v %ort block above ! l9k block 9 ! l9k slot & a long] "o bel[ x4 #fj4 ,q4 ,) "o l9k block$ up1 :at %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/8 ,a4 ,rev]s+ ! eng9e or mov+ ! tumbl+ %aft arm d[n s ! l9k on ! disabl$ side c /rike x4 #fa4 ,q4 ,h[ c x be kn[n if an ecc5tric has slipp$ on ! axle8 ,a4 ,by ! unev5 exhau/ ( ! eng9e & a ?or\gh inspection to det]m9e ! cause4 #fb4 ,q4 ,hav+ det]m9$ :i* ecc5tric has slipp$1 h[ %\ld x be reset8 ,a4 ,place ! eng9e on ! c5t] on disabl$ side & if a back-up ecc5tric has slipp$1 w\ld place ! rev]se lev] 9 full =w>d ge> & m>k ! valve /em flu% ) ! gl&2 !n place ! rev]se lev] 9 full back ge> & move ! slipp$ ecc5tric until ! m>k on ! /em returns to its orig9al position1 tak+ notice t ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric is on ! o!r side ( ! axle f ! g-ahead ecc5tric us$ z a m>k]1 & tight5 up set-screws4 ,to set a g-ahead ecc5tric1 use ! back-up "o on t side = ! m>k]4 ,if ! ecc5tric _h be5 key$ on1 w\ld move ! cam until ! key-way 9 ! axle came 9 l9e ) ! slot 9 ! cam4 ,kn[+ ! position ( ! ecc5tric 9 relation to ! crank p91 an inspection w\ld %[ :]e x belongs4 ,! ecc5trics are usually opposite ! ?ird spoke 9 ! driv+ :eel f ! p91 sometimes ahead ( ! p91 9 o!r cases back ( ! p91 dep5d+ on :e!r x is an inside or outside admission valve1 a g-ahead or back-up ecc5tric4 #fc4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ( a brok5 ecc5tric /rap or rod8 ,a4 ,= a g-ahead /rap or rod take d[n all brok5 p>ts1 disconnect valve rod1 cov] ports1 & come 9 on "o side4 ,x is saf] to take d[n also ! back-up /rap & rod on t side4 ,if ! back-up /rap & rod is brok51 x is possible to secure ! bottom end ( ! l9k s x w n turn ov]1 "w ! eng9e full /roke ahead1 proce$+ ) full tra9 until ! ma9 l9e is cle>4 #fd4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! eng9e be disconnect$ if ! l[] rock] arm became brok58 ,if l9k block p98 ,a4 ,w\ld remove brok5 p>ts2 if mov+ l9k w\ld /rike any?+ connect$ ) ! rock] box or brok5 arm x w\ld be necess>y to take d[n bo? ecc5tric /raps & rods4 ,block valve c5tral ov] ports & come ahead on "o side4 ,if a l9k block p9 0 brok51 x might be possible to put a bolt 9 !re to d ! "w1 o!rwise block ! valve on ! c5t] ( its seat & if ! l9k w n cle> ! l[] end ( ! rock] arm take d[n ! ecc5tric /raps & rod4 ,9 any case :]e necess>y to take (f ! ecc5tric rod always take (f ! /rap also4 #fe4 ,q4 ,= :at breakd[n is x necess>y to take d[n ! ma9 rod8 ,! side rod8 ,a4 ,a brok5 ma9 crank p91 brok5 ma9 rod or /rap1 brok5 pi/on rod :5 ne> ! middle ( ! rod1 brok5 cross-head or guide1 brok5 valve or seat :5 /eam _c be kept out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,side rods mu/ come d[n = brok5 side rod1 brok5 ma9 p91 or brok5 side rod p9 affect+ t rod4 #ff4 ,q4 ,if x is n necess>y to take d[n ! ma9 rod ( disabl$ side ( ! eng9e1 h[ w\ld y arrange to lubricate ! cyl9d]s8 ,a4 ,if cyl9d] & pi/on are 9 good %ape & x is possible to block ! valve to admit a small quantity ( /eam into ! back end ( ! cyl9d]1 oil f ! lubricator w g ?r\gh ?is op5+ & oil ! pi/on rod & cyl9d] pack+4 ,if n possible to block ! valve prop]ly1 cov] ! ports & oil ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! indicator plug op5+s or relief plug holes4 ,if n possible to d ?is1 slack (f ! bolts on ! front cyl9d] head1 w$ge ! head op5 s oil c be introduc$4 ,9 "s cases x may be necess>y to take ! head (f2 t h[ev]1 all[s du/ & grit to ent] ! cyl9d]4 #fg4 ,q4 ,:at is ! by-pass valve1 & :at is its duty8 ,a4 ,by-pass valves are connect$ to ! /eam port lead+ to ! cyl9d]4 ,its duty is to op5 :5 ! eng9e is drift+ ) /eam %ut (f1 & close :5 work+ /eam1 to all[ air to pass back & =? f opposite sides ( ! mov+ pi/on4 #fh4 ,q4 ,:at is a vacuum relief valve8 ,:at a cyl9d] relief valve8 ,a4 ,a vacuum relief valve is usually locat$ on ! /eam *e/ or ! live /eam passage to ! *e/ & op5s :5 /eam is %ut (f & eng9e drift+1 all[+ atmosph]ic pressure to pass into ! /eam *e/1 clos+ :5 work+ /eam4 ,a cyl9d] relief valve is a pop valve screw$ into ! cyl9d] head & set at high en\gh pressure s x does n op5 9 ord9>y s]vice1 b w op5 to all[ wat] to pass out :5 ! exhau/ port is clos$ by valves2 or on comp\nd eng9es :5 ! pressure 9 ! l[-pressure cyl9d] gets too high4 #fi4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be consid]$ a bad eng9e or t5d] truck :eel8 ,a4 ,"o loose on axle2 hav+ bad flat spots2 v %>p flanges2 bad s& spots2 cracks %ell$ out2 or o!r defect t w\ld make ! :eel unsafe4 #gj4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if a t5d] truck :eel or axle %\ld break8 ,a4 ,w\ld place a piece ( timb] or rail across ! t5d]1 jack up ! corn] ( ! truck t is disabl$ *a9 x to ! timb] & fa/5 ! timb] at ! o!r end to hold x s x w\ld c>ry ! disabl$ truck4 ,if x is possible to slide ! :eel or truck1 place a tie across ! rail & keep ! :eel f turn+1 !n slide x to a sid+4 #ga4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if an eng9e truck :eel or axle %\ld break8 ,a4 ,w\ld block betwe5 ! eng9e frame & truck frame ov] ! good :eel on disabl$ side1 sw+ ! disabl$ corn] ( ! truck to ! eng9e frame ) a *a94 ,look out :5 cross+ frogs t disabl$ truck does n leave ! track4 ,) a brok5 flange1 w\ld block ! :eel to prev5t its turn+ & skid x to a sid+4 #gb4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done = a brok5 t5d] truck spr+8 ,a4 ,jack ! t5d] up to :]e x belongs & put a block 9 place ( ! brok5 spr+4 #gc4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done ) a brok5 eng9e truck spr+ or equaliz]8 ,a4 ,= a brok5 spr+1 raise ! front end ( ! eng9e & place blocks across ! equaliz]s "u ! truck spr+ ne> ! spr+ b&4 ,= a brok5 equaliz]1 block on top ( eng9e truck boxes & "u truck frame4 #gd4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if a driv+ spr+ hang] or equaliz] %\ld break8 ,a4 ,w\ld block betwe5 ! driv+ box affect$ & "u ! frame ov] x1 us+ h>dwood block or piece ( iron4 ,w\ld also block ! equaliz] up to its prop] position betwe5 ! disabl$ end & ! frame1 or ov] ! o!r end1 z ! type ( spr+ rigg+ requires1 to hold ! equaliz] level4 ,= a brok5 equaliz]1 w\ld block on top ( all boxes affect$1 w\ld raise ! eng9e by runn+ ! prop] driv+ :eels ^u an incl9e or w$ge to lift ! eng9e :ile o!r boxes 7 block$2 a re-rail+ frog comes h&y = ?is "w4 #ge4 ,q4 ,h[ c an eng9e be mov$ if ! rev]se lev] or rea* rod 7 caught at %ort cut-(f by a brok5 spr+ or hang]8 ,a4 ,by remov+ ! p9 at ! =w>d end ( rea* rod1 to free ! tumbl+ %aft & all[ x to be mov$ ei!r =w>d or back to move ! eng9e4 ,a block %\ld be plac$ ov] ! l9k block to avoid damag+ x :5 unc\pl$1 z well z to hold l9k 9 prop] position to move ! eng9e4 ,?is w\ld all[ ! eng9e to be mov$ & cle> ! ma9 l9e4 #gf4 ,q4 ,h[ c ! bl[+ ( /eam pa/ cyl9d] pack+1 a valve or valve /rip be di/+ui%$ or locat$8 ,a4 ,te/ = a leaky slide valve1 place ! eng9e on ! qu>t] on ! suspect$ side ) ! rev]se lev] 9 c5t] not*2 ! valve %\ld be 9 ! middle ( its travel & cov] bo? ports4 ,if /eam bl[s ?r\gh ! op5 cyl9d] cocks on t side1 ! valve or seat are defective4 ,a leaky balanc$ valve /rip w all[ /eam to bl[ ?r\gh ! hole on top ( ! valve into ! exhau/ port 9 ! seat & v little /eam w come out ( ! cyl9d] cock2 9 "s cases ) ! valve b>ely op5+ a /eam port to ! exhau/1 air w draw 9 at ! cyl9d] cock4 ,if !re is a drip cock 9 ! exhau/ pipe "u ! saddle1 ! /eam w bl[ out !re4 ,aft] te/+ = leaky valve1 place ! eng9e on ab\t ! =w>d bottom or top back eigh?1 block ! :eels or set ! brakes solid1 put rev]se lev] 9 corn]1 op5 cyl9d] cocks & give ! eng9e /eam4 ,if /eam comes out ( bo? cyl9d] cocks1 & te/+ valve %[s x is tight1 !n ! pack+ is bl[+4 ,cyl9d] pack+ %\ld be te/$ ) /eam fir/ on "o side ( ! pi/on & !n on ! o!r4 #gg4 ,q4 ,if eng9e %\ld bl[ badly & be unable to />t ! tra9 :5 on ! "r dead c5t]1 on :i* side w\ld be ! bl[ g5]ally8 ,a4 ,on ! left side4 ,if ! side /&+ on ! qu>t] _c />t ! tra91 ! tr\ble is usually !re4 #gh4 ,q4 ,if ?rottle 7 clos$ & /eam came out ( cyl9d] cocks1 :at might be ! cause8 ,a4 ,to te/ = ?is1 fir/ %ut (f /eam connection to ! lubricator2 /eam leak+ into ! cyl9d]s c come f a leaky ?rottle or leaky dry pipe4 #gi4 ,q4 ,is x possible to di/+ui% betwe5 a leaky ?rottle & a leaky dry pipe8 ,a4 ,yes2 a leaky ?rottle usually leaks /eam at all times4 ,a leaky dry pipe w leak bo? /eam & wat]4 ,x w %[ a /ream ( wat] at ! cyl9d] cocks :5 ! wat] level 9 ! boil] is rais$ above ! leak 9 ! dry pipe4 #hj4 ,q4 ,:at effect h leaky /eam pipes 9 ! smoke-ar*1 & h[ %\ld !y be te/$8 ,a4 ,leaky /eam pipes wa/e /eam & v s]i\sly affect ! draft 9 ! front end4 ,a bad leak 9 ! back "p ( ! jo9t at ! bottom w bl[ into ! tubes & make ! eng9e smoke at ! door ) ?rottle wide op5 :ile /&+ /ill4 ,to te/ !m1 op5 ! front door & cov] ! jo9t ) f9e c9d]s4 ,:5 ! eng9e is giv5 /eam1 ! c9d]s w bl[ away f ! leak2 to prop]ly te/ !m 9 ! %op1 wat] "u heavy pressure %\ld be us$4 #ha4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! te/ = a leaky exhau/ pipe jo9t1 or a leaky nozzle jo9t be made8 ,a4 ,ab\t ! only te/ t c be made on ! road is to op5 ! front end & rev]se ! eng9e ) ?rottle p>tly op5$1 wat*+ ! suspect$ jo9t at ! same "t4 ,= ! bottom "o ) c9d]s ar\nd ! jo9t1 = ! top "o x c sometimes be detect$ by hold+ a tor* ne> ! jo9t4 #hb4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if a /eam *e/ cracks8 ,a4 ,w\ld loos5 up ! /eam *e/ cov] to free ! sides1 & w$ge betwe5 ! /uds & walls ( *e/1 cr[d+ ! brok5 p>ts toge!r4 ,a brake %oe key does ?is nicely4 ,w\ld !n tight5 d[n on /eam *e/ cov] & proce$4 #hc4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if a /eam *e/ breaks8 ,a4 ,w\ld take (f /eam *e/ cov]1 place /rips ( bo>ds ov] ! /eam inlets & block on top ( !m s t ! /eam *e/ cov] w\ld hold !m 9 place & prev5t live /eam com+ out ( inlet4 ,w\ld !n make ! necess>y disconnection & proce$ on "o side4 #hd4 ,q4 ,if a l9k lift] or arm 7 brok51 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,take (f ! disabl$ p>ts1 block betwe5 ! top ( ! l9k & l9k block1 hav+ ! disabl$ l9k block$ d[n v ne>ly 9 full /rokes4 ,= safety1 bo? ! top & bottom ( ! disabl$ l9k %\ld h blocks 9 its slot2 ! good l9k w\ld be held 9 place by ! rev]se lev] & %\ld "u no consid]ation be dropp$ d[n any f>!r ?an ! disabl$ l9k 04 #he4 ,q4 ,if ! rev]se lev] or rea* rod %\ld break1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,if ei!r breaks1 place an iron b> or suitable piece ( mat]ial across ! top ( bo? frames1 securely fa/5+ x 9 position1 !n fa/5 ! arm ( ! tumbl+ %aft to ! b>4 ,?is w require ! eng9e to be work$ at ab\t half cut-(f2 h&le su* "p ( ! tra9 z ! road conditions w\ld p]mit4 #hf4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if ! pi/on1 pi/on rod1 cross-head1 ma9 rod or crank p9 are brok5 or b5t8 ,a4 ,if a pi/on %\ld break1 w\ld remove brok5 p>ts1 disconnect valve /em1 clamp valve 9 c5tral position1 & if mov+ pi/on w\ld n damage cyl9d]1 leave ma9 rod up & proce$4 ,if a pi/on rod1 cross-head1 ma9 rod or crank p9 are brok5 or b5t1 w\ld take d[n ! ma9 rod1 block ! valve & cross-head2 if pi/on rod is brok5 (f at ! cross-head1 leave ma9 rod up4 #hg4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 !re is a loose or lo/ cyl9d] key8 ,a4 ,if ! cyl9d] key is loose1 x %\ld be tight5$ up2 if lo/1 some?+ %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,9 case no?+ solid c be f\nd to take ! place ( ! key1 ! eng9e %\ld be run 9 light to avoid fur!r damage4 #hh4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if a safety valve spr+ or /ud breaks8 ,a4 ,! /eam pressure %\ld be r$uc$4 ,) brok5 spr+1 screw ! p>ts d[n solid or clamp ! /em d[n4 ,?is c be done by lay+ a piece ( scantl+ across ! top ( ! valve1 fa/5+ ea* end to ! h& rail on opposite sides ( ! eng9e 9 case ( brok5 /ud4 ,w\ld !n raise /eam pressure & proce$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! o!r safety valves relieve ! /eam pressure prop]ly4 #hi4 ,q4 ,h[ c an eng9e be br\ght 9 ) a brok5 front end or /ack8 ,a4 ,by bo>d+ up ! front end to make x z ne> air tight z possible & us+ a b>rel or a petticoat pipe 9 place ( ! /ack1 wir+ x fa/ to ! smoke-ar*4 ,:]e a portion ( ! /ack is inside ! smoke-box ! eng9e might /eam )\t ! b>rel or petticoat pipe4 #ij4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if ! frame is brok5 betwe5 ! ma9 driv] & cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,ei!r give up ! tra9 & come 9 light1 or disconnect ! eng9e on t side & come 9 ) r$uc$ tonnage1 dep5d+ on h[ badly ! eng9e p\nds :5 work+ /eam4 #ia4 ,q4 ,if ! frame is brok5 back ( ! ma9 driv]8 ,a4 ,d n disconnect & d n try to pull a heavy tra92 x is saf] to come 9 ) light tonnage4 #ib4 ,q4 ,9 case ( brok5 side rods1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,take d[n ! brok5 rod & correspond+ rod on ! o!r side ( ! eng9e4 #ic4 ,q4 ,:at c be done if ! int]m$iate side rods 7 brok5 on a consolidation eng9e hav+ ! ecc5tric on ! axle ahead ( ! ma9 :eel8 ,a4 ,9 ?is case ! eng9e mu/ be t[$ 94 ,x is possible :5 ! ma9 p9 is brok51 s t all rods on "o side are tak5 (f1 to leave ! rods up on ! o!r side & move ! eng9e ) h] own /eam1 b v few roads w all[ ?is1 because eng9e]s w be incl9$ to leave ! ma9 rod up on ! disabl$ side to prev5t eng9e cat*+ on ! c5t]4 ,if ma9 rod is left up on ! disabl$ side1 ! :eels w surely slip & wreck ! rods on ! o!r side4 #id4 ,q4 ,%\ld "o ( ! =w>d tire1 ma9 tire1 int]m$iate tire1 back tire1 or a trail] tire break1 :at mu/ be done to br+ ! eng9e up8 ,a4 ,w\ld run ! :eel ( ! brok5 tire on a block 9 ord] to raise ! :eel cle> ( ! rail & ! box up 9 ! driv+ box jaws4 ,remove ! oil cell> & place a block betwe5 ! driv+ j\rnal & p$e/al brace to c>ry ! disabl$ :eel c5t] cle> ( ! rail4 ,w\ld also block up on top ( ! box ( ! :eel ahead or back z ! case might be1 9 ord] to take ! weight f ! disabl$ :eel4 ,x might n be necess>y to take (f any ( ! rods1 b w\ld run ! eng9e light to ! %op1 giv+ special att5tion to lubrication ( ! disabl$ :eel & us+ extra precaution 9 ent]+ side tracks & pass+ ov] frogs & swit*es4 ,) ! tire ( a back driv] or trail] :eel brok51 x is usually necess>y to sw+ ! re> end ( ! eng9e f ! t5d] to keep ! re> end on ! track4 ,) an inside radial j\rnal1 box on ! trail] axle2 = a brok5 trail] tire1 bo? trail] :eels mu/ be block$ & swung cle> ( ! rail4 #ie4 ,q4 ,:at is a good me?od ( rais+ a :eel :5 jacks are n available8 ,a4 ,by rais+ ! :eel on a h>dwood block or iron w$ge2 a re-rail+ frog comes v h&y = ?is purpose4 #if4 ,q4 ,h[ c x be kn[n :5 ! w$ges are set up too tight & ! driv+ box /icks1 & 9 :at mann] c !y be pull$ d[n8 ,a4 ,if w$ges are set up too tight1 x causes ! boxes to /ick & ! eng9e to ride r\gh4 ,inspection ( ! eng9e :5 mov+ w locate ! disabl$ box2 usually ?is gets hot at once & ! w$ges %\ld be imm$iately pull$ d[n4 ,loos5 ! jam nuts on ! w$ge bolts & back !m d[n2 if ! w$ge is /uck v tight x may be necess>y to run "o or m ( ! :eels ov] a block2 or to loos5 ! p$e/al1 brace bolt & all[ ! jaws to spread to release ! box4 #ig4 ,q4 ,:at are "s ( ! v>i\s causes = p\nds8 ,a4 ,w$ges n prop]ly adju/$1 loose or worn driv+ box brasses1 rod brasses n key$ or 9 ne$ ( r$uc+1 loose side rod bu%+s or side rod connections1 worn cross-heads1 wri/ p9s1 brok5 frame1 loose cyl9d] key1 loose pi/on on rod1 or rod loose 9 cross-head1 loose foll[] bolts or ob/ruction 9 ! cyl9d]4 #ih4 ,q4 ,h[ may a p\nd 9 driv+ boxes1 w$ges or rod brasses be locat$1 & aft] locat+ :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,place ! eng9e at half /roke on side to be te/$4 ,d n set brake :5 te/+ = loose w$ges or defective boxes2 set brake :5 te/+ = o!r p\nds4 ,rev]se eng9e f =w>d to back ge> "u /eam1 not+ ! movem5t ( ! axle 9 ! boxes1 ! driv+ boxes betwe5 ! w$ges1 rod brasses on ! p9s & movem5t ( cross-head betwe5 ! guides4 ,if possible w\ld adju/ w$ges or rod brasses at once & report repairs ne$$ at ! t]m9al4 #ii4 ,q4 ,h[ locate loose foll[] bolts8 ,a4 ,%ut (f /eam & all[ eng9e to drift2 !re w be a p\nd 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! loose foll[] bolt /rikes a =w>d cyl9d]-head z ! eng9e passes ! =w>d c5t] on t side2 give eng9e /eam :ile /ill mov+ & if ! p\nd /ops x is likely to be a loose or brok5 foll[] bolt4 ,:5 work+ /eam1 ! compression or pre-admission takes up ! lo/ motion 9 ! rod & connections1 s ! loose bolt does n /rike ! head2 :5 %ut (f ! pi/on travels ! extra am\nt ( ?is lo/ motion & ! bolt /rikes ! head4 #ajj4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld cross-heads or guides be report$ to be l9$8 ,a4 ,:5 !re is excessive lo/ motion betwe5 ! cross-head & ! top & bottom guides1 or betwe5 ! cross-head & ! guide at ! sides1 or :5 ! pi/on rod is n c5tral betwe5 ! guides4 #aja4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld driv+ box w$ges be report$ to be l9$8 ,a4 ,:5 !y h be5 set up z f> z possible & ! boxes are /ill loose betwe5 ! w$ge & %oe4 ,at ?is "t w\ld also report any excessive flange we> on any "o p>ticul> tire4 #ajb4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld rod brasses be report$ to be r$uc$8 ,:5 to be l9$8 ,a4 ,rod brasses %\ld be report$ r$uc$ :5 !y are l>g] ?an ! p9s & are p\nd+ & _c be key$ up prop]ly4 ,!y %\ld be report$ to be l9$ :5 ! key has be5 drawn or driv5 to its full l5g? & ! brasses d n close toge!r or are too loose 9 ! /rap l5g?wise ( ! rod4 #ajc4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld lo/ motion betwe5 eng9e & t5d] be tak5 up8 ,a4 ,:5 ! lo/ motion becomes s great z to endang] ! break+ ( connections4 #ajd4 ,q4 ,h[ d y proce$ to pack a driv+ box equipp$ ) a grease cell>8 ,a4 ,remove ! fill+ plate on ! inside ( ! cell>4 ,pull d[n ! indicators & foll[] plates1 ins]t ! grease betwe5 ! foll[] plate & p]=at$ plate2 :5 full1 replace ! fill+ plate on ! inside ( ! cell> & all[ ! spr+ & foll[] plate to =ce ! grease ?r\gh ! p]=at$ plate to ! j\rnal4 #aje4 ,q4 ,please expla9 ! pr9ciple on :i* an injector works4 ,a4 ,) a lift+ injector ! /eam valve is op5$ a small am\nt to furni% /eam = ! prim+ or />t+ jet4 ,?is =ces ! air 9 ! body ( ! injector & top end ( suction pipe out ?r\gh ! ov]fl[ valve1 produc+ a p>tial vacuum 9 ! body ( ! injector4 ,atmosph]ic pressure 9 ! tank !n =ces ! wat] into ! injector body4 ,:5 x beg9s to come out ?r\gh ! ov]fl[1 a fur!r movem5t ( ! /eam valve op5s ! =c+ valve wide1 s a full supply ( /eam /rikes ! wat] at a high velocity & at ! same "t cond5s+4 ,?is action ( ! /eam gives ! wat] suffici5t velocity to ov]come ! boil] pressure & pass into ! boil]4 #ajf4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! passage ( /eam f ! boil] to ! /eam heat pipe4 ,a4 ,/eam is admitt$ to ! /eam heat pipe1 9 :i* !re is plac$ a r$uc+ valve ?r\gh :i* x passes at r$uc$ pressure1 into ! /eam heat pipe "u ! entire l5g? ( ! tra94 ,! r$uc+ valve is locat$ 9 ! cab close to ! /eam heat ?rottle4 #ajg4 ,q4 ,if ! /eam heat gauge %[s prop] pressure1 b ! /eam heat pipe pressure appe>s to be l[1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,if ! /eam heat gauge is %[+ ! correct pressure1 !re is an ob/ruction 9 ! pipe some:]e1 mo/ likely 9 ! /eam heat hose1 & ?is %\ld be look$ = & rem$i$2 if ! gauge is correct1 !n x is ! r$uc+ valve t is at fault & ?is %\ld be readju/$1 z well z ! gauge4 #ajh4 ,q4 ,:at is ! cause ( failure ) ! second injector1 & :at %\ld be done to obviate ?is failure8 ,a4 ,lack ( att5tion & failure to use e day w all[ jo9ts to "w loose & boil] *eck to fill up ) mud & scale4 ,x %\ld be te/$ e day & work$ regul>ly s z to keep x 9 good work+ ord]4 #aji4 ,q4 ,if an injector /ops work+ :ile on ! road1 :at %\ld y d8 ,a4 ,w\ld fir/ asc]ta9 if suffici5t wat] 0 9 ! t5d] & t5d] valve op51 & t wat] 0 cool en\gh 9 ! t5d] s ! injector w\ld h&le x4 ,w\ld next see t no ob/ruction 0 9 ! fe$ pipe or /ra9] & t ! fe$ pipe 0 free f leaks1 & t ! injector 0 gett+ a suffici5t supply ( /eam4 ,if ! injector w\ld n prime1 w\ld see :e!r ov]fl[ or heat] valve c\ld op5 wide1 or if ov]fl[ pipe 0 ob/ruct$4 ,if suction pipe 0 v hot w\ld bl[ wat] back into tank & let suction fill ) cold wat]4 ,if possible1 exam9e = ob/ruction 9 ! /eam prim+ tube & wat] tubes4 ,if x w\ld prime & fail to deliv] wat] to ! boil]1 w\ld see t ! deliv]y tube 0 n ob/ruct$ & !n look = tr\ble at ! boil] *eck4 ,an ob/ruction 9 ! tubes w\ld /op ! injector work+ at once1 :ile we> ( ! tubes or fill+ up ) scale w\ld affect ! injector gradually4 #aaj4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ! comb9ation boil] *eck & /op valve8 ,a4 ,a comb9ation boil] *eck is fitt$ ) a valve simil> to a globe valve & c be clos$ at w4 ,its advantage is t ! boil] pressure c be %ut (f f ! *eck & ! valve repair$ )\t cool+ ! boil]4 ,?is h&-op]at$ valve c be clos$ to prev5t ! boil] wat] pass+ back 9 case ! *eck valve /icks up & all[s ! boil] wat] to pass back to ! injector :5 n work+4 #aaa4 ,q4 ,h[ c a disconnect$ tank valve be op5$ )\t /opp+8 ,a4 ,close ! ov]fl[ or heat] valve & turn /eam back t[>d ! tank2 ?is w usually lift ! valve f its seat or turn x ar\nd s x op5s4 #aab4 ,q4 ,:at comprises ! /eam heat equipm5t on a locomotive8 ,a4 ,a globe valve ?rottle at ! boil]1 a r$uc+ valve1 a /eam gauge connect$ to ! /eam heat pipe & ! prop] pip+ & hose connections4 #aac4 ,q4 ,:at pressure is c>ri$ 9 ! /eam heat pipe1 & h[ is x controll$8 ,a4 ,f tw5ty to sixty p\nds 9 ! tra9 pipe1 dep5d+ on ! l5g? ( ! tra91 & is controll$ by ! regulat+ valve4 #aad4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d 9 case ! regulat+ valve fail$ to op]ate8 ,a4 ,9 case ! regulat+ valve w\ld n admit suffici5t /eam to ! tra9 pipe1 w\ld take x ap>t & block ! /eam valve op54 ,if ! pressure ran up too high 9 ! /eam heat tra9 pipe1 w\ld control x ) ! /eam ?rottle at ! boil] head4 #aae4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! /eam heat r$uc+ valve control ! pressure8 ,a4 ,! inlet valve = live /eam is op5$ & clos$ by ! movem5t ( a metallic diaphragm 9 ! valve :i* is op5$ by spr+ pressure on "o side & clos$ by /eam pressure on ! o!r side4 ,to regulate ?is pressure1 /iff5 ! spr+ to c>ry m1 weak5 x to c>ry less by turn+ ! h&le connect$ to ?is spr+ ei!r up or d[n4 #aaf4 ,q4 ,if /eam heat gauge %[$ ! requir$ pressure & c>s 7 n be+ heat$ prop]ly1 h[ w\ld y proce$ to locate ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,fir/ note :]e ! h& on ! /eam heat gauge /&s :5 /eam is %ut (f2 if x does n drop back to z]o see h[ mu* x lacks ( ?is & note ! rise ( pressure %[n by ! gauge :5 /eam is turn$ on4 ,?is is to te/ ! gauge4 ,if gauge is n correct1 pay no att5tion to x1 b s5d back /eam en\gh to heat ! tra94 ,ov] sixty p\nds w usually make ! hose c\pl+s on ! c>s rise up & leak at ! jo9ts4 #aag4 ,q4 ,:5 eng9e is deta*$ f ! tra91 :at precaution %\ld y take to prev5t freez+ ( ! /eam heat tra9 pipe8 ,:at to prev5t damage ( /eam heat hose8 ,a4 ,op5 /eam ?rottle to all[ a v little /eam to pass into /eam heat tra9 pipe to prev5t its freez+4 ,if end ( hose is liable to /rike frogs or cross+s1 hang x up :]e x w be safe4 #aah4 ,q4 ,:at con/itutes abuse ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,improp] use ( injector by fill+ boil] at a rapid rate :5 drift+ or /&+ 9 a sid+1 unless y h a heavy bright fire to heat ! inject$ wat] to ! boil] temp]ature z fa/ z x comes into ! boil]4 ,excessive use ( ! bl[]1 especially ) a light fire or :5 clean+ ! fire4 ,improp] att5tion to ma*9]y1 su* z keep+ p>ts n prop]ly lubricat$1 rods n prop]ly key$1 w$ges n adju/$1 c>ry+ too mu* or too little wat] 9 ! boil]1 work+ wat] ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s1 all[+ eng9e to slip unnecess>ily1 use ( s& on "o rail only or o!rwise improp]ly2 be+ c>eless 9 any way :]e c>e is requir$ & n prop]ly report+ ! necess>y "w s x c be done promptly4 #aai4 ,q4 ,h[ are accid5ts & breakd[n be/ prev5t$8 ,a4 ,by inspection bo? at & aft] leav+ t]m9als1 frequ5tly :ile on ! road1 keep+ all p>ts prop]ly adju/$1 wat] 9 ! boil] at ! prop] level & us+ good judgm5t 9 ! h&l+ ( ! eng9e & tra94 ,x is mu* bett] to use c>e & prev5t accid5ts ?an to make repairs aft] !y occur4 #abj4 ,q4 ,:at are ! duties ( an eng9eman :5 leav+ 8 eng9e at ! t]m9al8 ,a4 ,place h] on ! prop] track to be turn$ ov] to ! ho/l]1 leave ?rottle clos$ securely1 rev]se lev] 9 c5t] not*1 cyl9d] cocks op51 & lubricator fe$s to /eam *e/ & cyl9d]s clos$4 ,! boil] %\ld be full ( wat] & suffici5t fire to ma9ta9 /eam pressure until fire is knock$ out4 ,call fireman's att5tion to any?+ ( special importance4 ,inspect ! eng9e v ?or\ghly1 asc]ta9 :e!r any tools or signals h be5 lo/ on ! trip & make a full report ( ! condition ( ! entire locomotive4 #aba4 ,q4 ,:at is ! mo/ important bolt or nut on ! locomotive8 ,a4 ,! loose "o4 ,x %\ld be c>$ = imm$iately4 #abb4 ,q4 ,9 report+ "w on an eng9e1 is x suffici5t to d x 9 a g5]al way1 su* z say+3 ,injector won't "w1 lubricator won't "w1 eng9e won't /eam1 eng9e bl[s1 etc48 ,or w\ld y report ea* special defect s x c\ld be locat$ aft] ! eng9e 0 put 9 r\ndh\se or on designat$ track :e!r x _h /eam pressure 9 boil] or n8 ,a4 ,no4 ,report all defects notic$ s pla9ly t !y c be locat$ by ! repair man )\t unnecess>y "w & :e!r !re is /eam 9 ! boil] or n at ! "t repairs are to be made4 ,if ! eng9e bl[s1 make a te/ to locate ! bl[ & report x correctly4 ,also report any unusual feature 9 ! op]ation ( ! eng9e dur+ ! trip4 ,,comp\nd ,,locomotives #a4 ,q4 ,:]e9 d comp\nd locomotives diff] f ord9>y or simple ones8 ,a4 ,simple eng9es take live /eam f ! boil] & aft] "o expansion 9 a s+le cyl9d] x is exhau/$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,a comp\nd eng9e has two cyl9d]s1 sometimes "o on ea* side ( ! locomotive2 o!r types h f\r cyl9d]s or two on ea* side ( ! locomotive4 ,! live /eam fir/ passes into "o cyl9d]1 exp&+ d[n = a portion ( its pressure1 & !n be+ all[$ to pass into ! second cyl9d] :]e x exp&s a second "t1 ?us gett+ two expansions f ea* volume ( live /eam4 ,bo? simple & comp\nd locomotives consi/ ( two eng9es c\pl$ to ! same set ( driv+ :eels4 ,balanc$ comp\nds h f\r sets ( ma9 rods & crank p9s4 ,mallet comp\nds h two complete sets ( eng9es "u "o boil]4 #b4 ,q4 ,:y is "o cyl9d] on a comp\nd locomotive call$ ! high-pressure cyl9d] & ! o!r "o a l[-pressure cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,! high-pressure cyl9d] takes t "n because x works live /eam direct f ! boil] at high pressure4 ,! l[-pressure cyl9d] receives ! /eam aft] ! fir/ expansion & works ) a l[ pressure4 ,x is always l>g] ?an its companion high-pressure cyl9d] 9 ord] to get ! same p[] f ! l[-pressure /eam4 #c4 ,q4 ,9 ! ,s*5ectady two-cyl9d] comp\nd1 :at is ! duty ( ! oil da%-pot8 ,a4 ,x is int5d$ to prev5t ! too rapid movem5t ( ! int]cept+ valve :i* might damage ! valve or seat1 & x is necess>y t ! da%-pot %\ld be full ( oil to make x "w prop]ly4 #d4 ,q4 ,expla9 h[ a ,s*5ectady two-cyl9d] comp\nd may be op]at$ z a simple eng9e4 ,a4 ,to op]ate ! comp\nd z a simple eng9e1 ! sep>ate exhau/ valve is op5$ :i* w cause ! int]cept+ valve to move & /ay 9 position to all[ ! high-pressure cyl9d] to exhau/ direct to ! atmosph]e & admits live /eam at a r$uc$ pressure to ! l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,?is %\ld be done :5 />t+ a tra9 or :5 mov+ v sl[ly & ab\t to /all on a grade4 ,! eng9e %\ld n be op]at$ simple :ile runn+ except :5 at l[ spe$4 #e4 ,q4 ,expla9 h[ a two-cyl9d] comp\nd is *ang$ f simple to comp\nd4 ,a4 ,place ! h&le ( ! ?ree-way cock or simpl+ valve 9 ! cab s z to release ! air f ! cyl9d] ( ! sep>ate exhau/ valve4 ,a coil$ spr+ w !n close ?is valve4 ,?is p]mits ! exhau/ /eam ( ! high-pressure cyl9d] to accumulate 9 ! receiv] until suffici5t pressure is obta9$ to =ce ! int]cept+ valve into comp\nd+ position4 ,?is %uts (f live /eam f ! l[-pressure cyl9d] & all[s exhau/ /eam f ! high-pressure cyl9d] to fe$ ?r\gh ! receiv] into ! l[-pressure /eam *e/4 #f4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld a comp\nd eng9e be lubricat$8 ,a4 ,"o-?ird m oil %\ld be f$ to ! high ?an ! l[-pressure cyl9d]1 us+ m oil at high spe$ ?an at sl[4 #g4 ,q4 ,:y fe$ m oil to high ?an to a l[-pressure cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,because "s ( ! oil f ! high-pressure cyl9d] foll[s ! /eam into ! l[-pressure cyl9d]4 #h4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y lubricate ! valve ( l[-pressure cyl9d] if ! oil fe$ became inop]ative on t side8 ,a4 ,fe$ an increas$ quantity ?r\gh ! oil pipe to ! int]cept+ valve4 ,%ut ! eng9e (f occasionally & cut into simple position4 ,oil w !n g direct f ! int]cept+ valve into ! l[-pressure /eam *e/ & cyl9d]s4 ,?is w\ld avoid go+ out on /eam *e/ to oil by h&4 #i4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* wat] %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! boil] ( a comp\nd locomotive8 ,a4 ,a v mod]ate level1 nev] all[+ x to get s high t moi/ /eam w pass ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s1 because = satisfactory s]vice a comp\nd eng9e %\ld always h dry /eam4 #aj4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld a comp\nd locomotive be />t$ ) a long tra98 ,a4 ,9 simple position ) cyl9d] cocks op54 #aa4 ,q4 ,:5 drift+ :at %\ld be ! position ( ! sep>ate exhau/ valve1 ! cyl9d] & port cocks8 ,a4 ,op5 position4 #ab4 ,q4 ,:at w cause two exhau/s ( air to bl[ f ! ?ree-way cock or simpl+ valve 9 ! cab :5 ! eng9e is be+ *ang$ to comp\nd8 ,a4 ,a /icky exhau/ valve4 ,x does n move :5 air is fir/ dis*>g$4 ,! second exhau/ comes :5 x does move4 #ac4 ,q4 ,:at does /eam bl[+ at ! ?ree-way cock indicate8 ,a4 ,! sep>ate exhau/ valve n seat+ prop]ly caus$ by /uck valves1 a weak or brok5 spr+1 or ! pack+ r+s ( sep>ate exhau/ valve leak+4 #ad4 ,q4 ,:at c be done if ! eng9e w n op]ate comp\nd :5 ! air pressure on ! sep>ate exhau/ valve is releas$ by ! ?ree-way cock8 ,a4 ,! sep>ate exhau/ valve has fail$ to close4 ,try j>r+ x ) a hamm] on ! front side1 ne> ! exhau/ valve4 ,) a bad case1 take ! valve out1 clean x & replace1 if n brok54 #ae4 ,q4 ,if ! eng9e /&s ) high-pressure side on ! dead c5t] & w n move :5 giv5 /eam1 :]e is ! tr\ble1 & :at may be done to />t ! eng9e8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,! int]cept+ valve is /uck 9 comp\nd position1 s live /eam _c get to ! l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1 close ! ?rottle1 op5 cyl9d] & port cocks2 :5 all pressure is reliev$1 use a b> to move =w>d ! rod t works ?r\gh ! oil da%-pot1 ?us mov+ ! valve to simple position & /eam w pass to ! l[-pressure cyl9d] z soon z ?rottle is op54 ,! eng9e w n />t1 because ) ! l[-pressure pi/on on ! qu>t]1 /eam mu/ be admitt$ to its cyl9d] to />t ! eng9e4 #af4 ,q4 ,9 ! ev5t ( a breakd[n1 h[ %\ld "o disconnect8 ,a4 ,! same z a simple eng9e ) sep>ate exhau/ valve op51 s eng9e w "w simple in/ead ( comp\nd4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:at may be done to %ut (f /eam pressure f ! /eam *e/ & l[-pressure cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,to %ut (f /eam f ! l[-pressure *e/1 pull out ! rod t runs ?r\gh ! da%-pot z f> z possible & fa/5 x 9 ?is position4 ,!n op5 ! sep>ate exhau/ valve4 #ah4 ,q4 ,is x important t air be pump$ up on a two-cyl9d] comp\nd be=e ! eng9e is mov$8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,because ! sep>ate exhau/ valve is op5$ by air pressure & ! eng9e _c be simpl$ )\t suffici5t pressure4 #ai4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! bl[s 9 a comp\nd locat$8 ,a4 ,! same z 9 a simple eng9e ) ! exception t any bl[ on ! high-pressure side w n be he>d :5 ! sep>ate exhau/ valve is clos$4 ,a bl[ on ! high-pressure side w increase ! pressure 9 ! l[-pressure side1 s relief valves w pop on l[-pressure side :5 work+ comp\nd ) full ?rottle4 #bj4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if high-pressure pi/on ( a cross comp\nd is brok5 (f ! rod1 or if ! high-pressure or l[-pressure cyl9d] head is brok58 ,a4 ,cov] ! ports on t side1 op5 sep>ate exhau/ valve & run 92 use live /eam 9 l[-pressure cyl9d] only1 = ! brok5 pi/on4 ,) brok5 cyl9d] head1 w\ld cov] ports on t side4 ,op5 sep>ate exhau/ & run 9 ) l[-pressure side4 ,w\ld n take d[n ma9 rod1 b w\ld take out pop valves 9 bo? cyl9d] heads & see t ! cyl9d] is prop]ly oil$4 ,= l[-pressure head brok51 w\ld cov] ports on t side1 op5 sep>ate exhau/ valve & use high-pressure side2 ne$ n take d[n ma9 rod1 b w\ld see t ! cyl9d] is well oil$4 #ba4 ,q4 ,9 ! ev5t ( sep>ate exhau/ valves fail+ to "w :5 ?rottle is wide op51 :at c be done to assi/ 9 op5+8 ,a4 ,ease ?rottle (f v f9e to r$uce ! receiv] pressure2 9 a mom5t or two ! sep>ate exhau/ valve %\ld !n move4 ,if ?is did n "w1 w\ld %ut (f entirely1 ev5 at ! risk ( /all+1 z 9 t ev5t ! tra9 c\ld be />t$ aga9 ) eng9e cut 9 simple4 #bb4 ,q4 ,if a transmission b> on a cross comp\nd is brok51 :at w\ld y d = ! "r side8 ,= ! left side8 ,a4 ,= "r side w\ld cov] ports on t side1 take out pop f cyl9d] head1 op5 sep>ate exhau/ & run 9 ) o!r cyl9d]4 ,= left side1 cov] ports & fa/5 valve /em same z = "r side4 ,w\ld leave ma9 rods up1 keep sep>ate exhau/ op5 9 bo? cases & see t cyl9d] is well oil$4 #bc4 ,q4 ,9 ! ev5t ( a cross comp\nd beg9n+ to j]k badly & cyl9d] head pops 9 l[-pressure cyl9d] popp+1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,t ei!r ! high-pressure valve or pi/on pack+ 0 bl[+ live /eam into ! receiv] & !n into l[-pressure /eam *e/4 ,if possible w\ld locate tr\ble & report accord+ly4 #bd4 ,q4 ,if dur+ a trip y f\nd ! pi/on valve r+s ( a cross comp\nd 7 brok51 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,if no?+ b r+s 7 brok51 w\ld r$uce boil] pressure ab\t #be p] c5t4 & g on ) my tra9 if possible4 #be4 ,q4 ,if pi/on valve on cross comp\nd 0 brok5 s x became necess>y to remove x1 :at %\ld y d8 ,a4 ,remove ! brok5 pi/on valve1 r$uce boil] pressure to #ajj p\nds & proce$4 #bf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,vaucla9 f\r-cyl9d] comp\nd1 a f\r-cyl9d] t&em1 a balanc$ & a ,mallet comp\nd 9 _! arrangem5t ( cyl9d]s8 ,a4 ,a ,vaucla9 comp\nd has two cyl9d]s on ea* side1 "o above ! o!r1 & bo? pi/on rods connect$ to "o cross-head4 ,a f\r-cyl9d] t&em has f\r cyl9d]s1 ! high pressure be+ ahead ( ! l[ pressure on ea* side1 & bo? pi/ons connect$ to "o pi/on rod & "o cross-head4 ,a balanc$ comp\nd has f\r cyl9d]s1 ! two high-pressure cyl9d]s be+ betwe5 ! frames1 ea* hav+ a ma9 rod connect$ to a crank axle4 ,! two l[-pressure cyl9d]s are locat$ outside ! frame1 ea* hav+ a ma9 rod & crank p9 connect$ to ! driv+ :eel c5t]4 ,a ,mallet comp\nd consi/s ( two sep>ate & indep5d5t eng9es1 "o fix$ to ! boil]1 ! o!r sw++ f a c5t] & slid+ back & =? "u ! front end ( ! boil]4 ,! re> eng9e works /eam at high pressure2 /eam f ?is eng9e exhau/s ?r\gh a receiv] pipe hav+ flexible jo9ts to ! =w>d eng9e :i* works ! /eam at l[ pressure1 !n exhau/s x to ! front end & /ack4 #bg4 ,q4 ,h[ _m ma9 /eam valves has ea* type8 ,a4 ,! ,vaucla9 has "o valve on ea* side1 di/ribut+ /eam to ! high & l[-pressure cyl9d] on t side4 ,! f\r-cyl9d] t&em has two valves on ea* side1 "o = ea* ( ! two cyl9d]s4 ,a ,baldw9 balanc$ comp\nd has two valves ! same z ! ,vaucla94 ,! ,am]ican balanc$ comp\nd has f\r valves1 "o = ea* cyl9d]1 ! two valves = "o side ( ! eng9e be+ connect$ to "o valve rod4 ,a ,mallet comp\nd has a sep>ate valve = ea* cyl9d] ! same z a simple locomotive4 #bh4 ,q4 ,h[ d y te/ = bl[ 9 high & l[-pressure cyl9d] pack+ = ea* type ( comp\nd eng9e8 ,a4 ,simple ! eng9e if a cross comp\nd1 !n make te/ ! same z = a simple eng9e4 ,= ,vaucla9 f\r-cyl9d] comp\nds1 te/ l[ pressure fir/4 ,a bl[ pa/ ! l[-pressure pi/on w %[ ! same z on a simple eng9e2 a bl[ pa/ ! high-pressure pi/on w make ! eng9e /rong] on t side :5 work+ a full ?rottle & ! exhau/ f ! l[-pressure cyl9d] w be heavi]4 ,to te/ ! valve on ei!r side1 cov] ! ports4 ,brok5 pack+ r+s 9 ! /eam valve w %[ a bl[ 9 "o position & be tight 9 ano!r4 ,= t&em comp\nd1 to te/ high-pressure pi/on pack+1 /& eng9e on ! top qu>t]1 lev] 9 back ge>1 driv]s block$ & />t+ valve clos$2 remove back indicator plug or op5 back cyl9d] cock ( high-pressure cyl9d]4 ,/eam com+ f ! back cyl9d] cock mu/ get by ! pi/on pack+ or by-pass or />t+ valve4 ,n[ put rev]se lev] ahead & try ! o!r indicator plug or cyl9d] cock4 ,if a leaky by-pass valve 9 ! front end is ! tr\ble1 no /eam w come ?r\gh4 ,to te/ ! l[-pressure pi/on pack+1 place ! eng9e 9 ! same position1 lev] 9 position to admit /eam into ! front end ( high-pressure cyl9d]4 ,op5 />t+ valve1 remove back indicator plug ( l[-pressure cyl9d] & give eng9e /eam2 if /eam comes f ! indicator plug op5+ or op5 back cyl9d] cock1 ei!r pack+ or by-pass is leak+4 ,to det]m9e :i* "o1 put rev]se lev] 9 ano!r position1 close back indicator plug & op5 =w>d "o2 if bl[ /ill cont9ues1 ! pack+ r+s are leak+ or else bo? by-pass valves4 ,w\ld !n inspect ! by-pass valves4 #bi4 ,q4 ,h[ c ! bl[ ?r\gh sleeve pack+ betwe5 high & l[-pressure cyl9d] ( ! t&em comp\nd be locat$8 ,a4 ,place ! eng9e z be=e on ! top qu>t]1 put rev]se lev] 9 =w>d ge>1 see t />t+ valve is clos$1 block ! driv]s or set ! brakes solid & op5 ! ?rottle4 ,until ! eng9e moves1 unless !re is a leak1 no /eam c get into ! front side ( ! l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,remove ! indicator plug 9 front end ( ! l[-pressure cyl9d] = ?is te/4 #cj4 ,q4 ,h[ te/ = pi/on pack+ bl[ ) balanc$ comp\nd8 ,a4 ,= a ,baldw9 balanc$ comp\nd to te/ ! high-pressure pi/on pack+1 place ! eng9e ) ! outside ma9 p9 on t side ( ! eng9e on ! bottom qu>t]1 ! rev]se lev] 9 ! =w>d not*1 />t+ valve clos$1 set ! brakes solid or block ! driv]s1 remove ! indicator plug 9 ! front end ( ei!r ! high or l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,) ?rottle op5 ?is w admit /eam to ! back end ( high-pressure cyl9d]4 ,/eam com+ out ( ?is plug op5+1 w indicate a leak pa/ ! pi/on or ! high-pressure valve4 ,if unc]ta91 next te/ ! high-pressure valve by mov+ ! rev]se lev] to ! c5t] not*4 ,?is %\ld cov] ! ports & if ! valve is tight ! bl[ w /op4 ,to te/ ! l[-pressure pi/on1 place ! eng9e 9 ! same position ) :eels block$1 />t+ valve op51 back indicator plug out2 :5 ?rottle is op5$1 ! leaky pack+ w be %[n by /eam issu+ f ! plug op5+4 ,if unc]ta91 ! valve c be te/$ by br++ rev]se lev] to ! c5t] ( quadrant1 :i* w spot valve ov] port & if x is tight ! bl[ w /op4 ,9 any comp\nd eng9e a bl[ pa/ ! high-pressure pack+ t5ds to increase ! pressure 9 ! l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,a bl[ pa/ ! l[-pressure pack+ c always be he>d at ! exhau/1 & is usually on bo? =w>d & back /rokes1 :ile a bl[ pa/ ! by-pass valves or valve bu%+s occurs at a c]ta9 "p ( a complete revolution only4 #ca4 ,q4 ,9 case x 0 necess>y to disconnect on "o side ( a comp\nd eng9e1 h[ w\ld y cov] ports & hold valves 9 position8 ,a4 ,! easie/ way is to clamp ! valve /em to hold valve 9 mid position2 ?is %\ld cov] all ports4 ,x may be necess>y to take (f head ( pi/on valve *e/ & block 9 !re4 #cb4 ,q4 ,is x a disadvantage to "w a comp\nd eng9e 9 %ort cut-(f8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,if cut-(f is too %ort ! prop] proportion ( /eam pass+ ! ?rottle w n get to ! l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,! "w %\ld be divid$ betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s on same side4 #cc4 ,q4 ,9 :at way d ! ,mallet or articulat$ comp\nds diff] f o!r /eam locomotives 9 ! di/ribution ( ! /eam8 ,a4 ,mallet comp\nds h two sep>ate & complete eng9es "u "o boil]4 ,! re> eng9e has a rigid connection to ! back end ( ! boil]2 ?is eng9e works boil] /eam direct ! same z a simple locomotive4 ,"u ! front end ( ! boil] is ano!r eng9e s con/ruct$ t ! entire front eng9e c move f side to side "u ! boil]1 hav+ a h+$ connection at ! front end ( ! re> eng9e to all[ ! locomotive to pass curves m easily4 ,! front eng9e takes ! exhau/ /eam f ! re> eng9e ?r\gh a flexible pipe or receiv] & works x ?r\gh a l>g] set ( cyl9d]s & ?us comp\nds ! /eam4 ,f ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s ! /eam is exhau/$ to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! /ack4 #cd4 ,q4 ,h[ d y get ! use ( bo? eng9es :5 />t+ a tra98 ,a4 ,to get /eam into ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s be=e ! high-pressure eng9e has exhau/$1 "s types ( ! ,mallet comp\nd h a live /eam pipe ) a valve 9 ! cab to admit boil] /eam to ! receiv] pipe & ?us get ! use ( ! front eng9e 9 />t+ a tra94 ,! ,am]ican ,locomotive ,company articulat$ comp\nds h an int]cept+ valve simil> to ! "o us$ 9 ! ,ri*mond cross comp\nd1 locat$ betwe5 ! exhau/ passage ( ! re> eng9e & ! flexible receiv+ pipe ( ! front "o4 ,?is int]cept+ valve :5 9 ,,simple position1 all[s ! high-pressure cyl9d]s ( ! re> eng9e to exhau/ directly to ! /ack in/ead ( into ! receiv]1 & fe$s boil] /eam at a r$uc$ pressure into ! receiv] pipe = ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s )\t giv+ any back pressure on ! high-pressure pi/ons4 ,?is increases ! p[] ( ! complete locomotive ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,:5 9 comp\nd position1 ! int]cept+ valve cuts (f ! supply ( live /eam to ! receiv] pipe & =ces ! exhau/ /eam to g to ! l[-pressure eng9e ahead4 #ce4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! ,am]ican articulat$ comp\nd *ang$ f comp\nd to simple1 & back to comp\nd aga98 ,a4 ,to "w ! locomotive simple1 place ! h&le ( op]at+ valve 9 ! cab to po9t t[>d ! re>4 ,?is admits /eam aga9/ ! pi/on t op]ates ! em]g5cy exhau/ valve & op5s x4 ,exhau/ /eam f ! high-pressure eng9e c pass to ! exhau/ nozzle in/ead ( to ! l[-pressure eng9e4 ,! int]cept+ valve !n moves ov] s t live /eam r$uc$ to #dj p] c5t4 ( boil] pressure goes ?r\gh ! receiv] pipe to ! l[-pressure eng9e4 ,to "w comp\nd1 place ! h&le ( ! op]at+ valve to po9t =w>d4 ,?is w exhau/ ! /eam1 hold+ ! em]g5cy exhau/ valve op52 a spr+ & ! pressure ( ! /eam exhau/$ f ! re> eng9e w close ! em]g5cy exhau/ valve & build up a pressure aga9/ ! int]cept+ valve t w op5 x s exhau/ /eam f ! re> eng9e w g to ! =w>d "o & at ! same movem5t close ! r$uc+ valve s no m live /eam goes to ! receiv]4 #cf4 ,q4 ,:5 is x necess>y to use ! op]at+ valve to *ange ! locomotive f comp\nd to simple1 or f simple to comp\nd8 ,a4 ,:5 giv+ ! eng9es /eam to />t1 ! int]cept+ valve %\ld automatically g to simple position until exhau/ /eam f ! re> eng9e builds up a receiv] pressure t %ifts ! valve to comp\nd2 if x does n1 use ! op]at+ valve4 ,:5 mov+ less ?an f\r miles an h\r or :5 ab\t to /all on a grade1 set ! eng9es work+ simple2 *ang+ to comp\nd :5 ! dang] ( /all+ is ov] or ! spe$ is m ?an f\r miles an h\r4 ,if !re is no int]cept+ valve to furni% live /eam to ! =w>d eng9e1 op5 ! />t+ valve to admit live /eam to ! receiv] pipe & l[-pressure eng9e4 #cg4 ,q4 ,if 9 />t+ ! locomotive ! =w>d eng9e does n take /eam1 :at is ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,! r$uc+ valve may be /uck %ut on acc\nt ( be+ dirty or /uck on ! /em ( ! int]cept+ valve4 ,9 case ! r$uc+ valve is /uck %ut1 ! head ( ! da%-pot c be tak5 (f & ! valve work$ back & =? to loos5 x4 ,! int]cept+ valve %\ld be lib]ally oil$ j be=e />t+ & occasionally dur+ long runs to keep x free f /ick+4 #ch4 ,q4 ,:y does ! ,mallet comp\nd h m p[] :5 work+ simple ?an comp\nd8 ,a4 ,if a />t+ valve is us$ to admit live /eam to ! receiv] pipe & !nce to ! l[-pressure eng9e1 ?is gives a high] pressure to ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s4 ,if an int]cept+ valve is us$1 ! op5 em]g5cy exhau/ valve all[s exhau/ /eam f ! re> eng9e to g direct to ! /ack2 ?is takes away ! back pressure ( ! receiv] /eam f ! high-pressure pi/ons1 ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! boil] pressure1 & ?us adds to ! p[] ( ! re> eng9e4 ,! r$uc+ valve :5 fe$+ live /eam gives ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( boil] pressure to ! l[-pressure eng9e in/ead ( ! #cj p] c5t4 x gets f ! receiv]2 ! add$ p[] ( bo? eng9es work+ simple is ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ov] ! comp\nd op]ation4 #ci4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! by-pass valves on ! sides ( ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s8 ,%\ld !y be kept clean ( gum & grit8 ,a4 ,^! valves are connect$ to ! /eam ports at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]s & op5 to all[ air & /eam to pass f "o end ( ! cyl9d] to ! o!r2 away f ! mov+ pi/on :5 ! eng9e is drift+4 ,if n kept clean !y may /ick op52 :5 work+ /eam ! eng9e w bl[ badly2 if !y /ick %ut ! eng9e w p\nd :5 drift+4 #dj4 ,q4 ,9 :at position %\ld ! rev]se lev] be :5 ! /eam is %ut (f & ! eng9e drift+8 ,a4 ,bel[ ?ree-qu>t]s ( full ge>1 s ! valves w h ne>ly full travel4 #da4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld ! p[] rev]s+ ge> ( ! ,mallet comp\nd always h its da%-pot cyl9d] full ( oil8 ,a4 ,to prev5t ! too rapid movem5t ( ! rev]se ge> pi/on & its damage4 #db4 ,q4 ,9 :at position %\ld ! eng9es /& to te/ = bl[s 9 valves & pi/on pack+8 ,a4 ,put ! op]at+ valve1 or />t+ valve1 9 simple position4 ,spot ! eng9e 9 ! prop] position & te/ ea* eng9e = bl[s ! same z = a simple eng9e4 #dc4 ,q4 ,:at p[] is us$ ) ,ragonnet or ,baldw9 p[] rev]se ge>8 ,a4 ,air pressure4 #dd4 ,q4 ,c & %\ld /eam pressure be us$8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,h[ev]1 /eam %\ld nev] be us$ except 9 an em]g5cy :5 air is n available4 #de4 ,q4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 reg>d+ /eam *eck & ?rottle8 ,a4 ,t !y are tight & *eck work+ prop]ly1 to insure t /eam is kept f ent]+ ma9 res]voir1 = if x %\ld d s x w\ld burn out ! gaskets 9 ! air brake equipm5t1 all[ moi/ure to accumulate1 :i* w\ld result 9 freez+ & bur/+ ( equipm5t z well z be+ dang]\s4 #df4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld cause ! ge> to fail to hold l9ks 9 int5d$ cut-(f1 & all[ !m to raise & l[] )\t op]at+ valve 9 ! cab be+ *ang$8 ,a4 ,leaks 9 ma9 valve & pi/on pack+4 ,,wals*a]t ,,& ,,bak]-,,pilliod ,,valve ,,ge>s #a4 ,q4 ,give a brief explanation ( ! ,wals*a]t valve ge>4 ,a4 ,! ,wals*a]t ge> has an ecc5tric crank atta*$ to ! end ( ! ma9 p9 on ea* side ( ! locomotive1 ) an ecc5tric rod f ?is p9 to ! connection at ! bottom end ( ! l9k4 ,?is ecc5tric is locat$ s x s]ves = bo? =w>d & back motion4 ,! l9k sw+s on a c5t] trunnion & _c be mov$ up & d[n z ! ,/eph5son l9k1 b ! l9k block c be mov$ f "o end ( ! l9k to ! o!r to rev]se ! eng9e2 or "p way t[>d ! c5t] ( ! l9k to *ange ! cut-(f4 ,a radius rod connects ! l9k block to ! valve /em4 ,!re are two motions giv5 to ! valve /em1 "o f ! l9k block :i* regulates ! travel ( ! valve = ! cut-(f & rev]s+2 ! o!r motion is f a connection ) ! cross-head :i* gives ! valve a positive motion to take c>e ( ! lap & lead4 ,to give ?is motion !re is us$ a comb9ation lev] or a lap & lead lev] connect$ to a cross-head arm by ! union l9k4 #b4 ,q4 ,is ! ,wals*a]t ge> direct or indirect8 ,a4 ,x is direct :5 ! l9k block is bel[ ! c5t] ( ! l9k2 x is indirect :5 ! l9k block is above ! c5t] ( ! l9k4 #c4 ,q4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal diff]5ces 9 ! location ( ! ,/eph5son & ,wals*a]t ge>s1 & :at advantages does ?is give ! ,wals*a]t8 ,a4 ,! ,/eph5son ge> is plac$ betwe5 ! ma9 frames & employs two ecc5trics1 ) /raps & rods on ea* side ( ! locomotive2 "o = =w>d & "o = backw>d motion4 ,! ,wals*a]t ge> is plac$ outside ! driv+ :eels & frame1 has b "o ecc5tric1 :i* is a simple arm connect$ to ! outside end ( ! crank p9 = bo? =w>d & back motion4 ,! l9ks are set above ! :eels on a level ) ! /eam *e/1 ! comb9ation lev] next to ! cross-head4 ,?is gives x an advantage ( a bett] *ance to inspect all p>ts1 ! ecc5tric connections are mu* light] & direct1 :i* makes !m less liable to we> or breakd[n1 & ! valve has a con/ant lead4 #d4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! lead affect$ by movem5t ( ! rev]se lev] ) ! two ge>s8 ,a4 ,) ! ,/eph5son ge> ! lead increases z ! rev]se lev] is hook$ t[>d ! c5t] 9 bo? =w>d & back motion4 ,) ! ,wals*a]t ge> ! lead is ! same 9 all positions ( ! lev]1 s t ! lev] is us$ to rev]se ! eng9e or adju/ ! cut-(f4 #e4 ,q4 ,9 rev]s+1 h[ d ! two ge>s diff] z to ! movem5t ( ! l9k & l9k block8 ,a4 ,) ! ,/eph5son ge>1 :5 rev]s+1 ! l9k is rais$ & l[]$1 br++ ! block :i* is n mov$ by ! rev]se lev] "u control ( ei!r ! =w>d or back-up ecc5tric z is desir$ to move ! eng9e ! prop] way4 ,) ! ,wals*a]t ge> ! l9k is n mov$ by ! rev]se lev]1 b ! l9k block is rais$ & l[]$ 9 ! l9k2 ! position ( ! block above or bel[ ! c5t] ( ! l9k controll+ ! direction ( motion4 #f4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y disconnect if ! ecc5tric crank1 ecc5tric rod1 or ! arm at ! bottom ( ! l9k %\ld break8 ,a4 ,w\ld remove ! brok5 p>ts1 disconnect ! l9k lift] f ! radius rod & block ! l9k block 9 ! c5t] ( ! l9k2 ! comb9ation lev] w\ld !n move ! valve twice ! am\nt ( its lap & lead1 :i* w\ld be suffici5t to provide = lubricat+ ! cyl9d]4 #g4 ,q4 ,if ! ma9 crank p9 0 brok58 ,a4 ,take d[n ecc5tric rod1 ecc5tric crank1 ma9 rod & all connect+ rods1 block cross-head1 disconnect f end ( radius rod1 *a9 x to runn+ bo>d & block /eam valve to cov] ports4 #h4 ,q4 ,brok5 cross-head p91 ma9 rod1 /rap or brasses8 ,a4 ,take d[n ma9 rod1 block cross-head1 disconnect front end ( radius rod & *a9 to runn+ bo>d & block ! valve to cov] ports4 #i4 ,q4 ,) a brok5 comb9ation lev]1 union l9k or cross-head arms1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,w\ld disconnect ! =w>d end ( ! radius rod & secure x to ! runn+ bo>d ) a small *a91 wire or rope1 remove all brok5 p>ts1 take (f ! comb9ation lev]1 ev5 if n brok51 secure ! valve 9 its c5tral position1 loos5 cyl9d] head to provide = lubrication1 leave up ma9 rod & proce$ on "o side4 ,if valve 0 block$ to op5 re> port slightly1 ?is w\ld provide = lubrication & ! cyl9d] head ne$ n be loos5$4 #aj4 ,q4 ,if ! radius rod on ,wals*a]t ge> is disabl$1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,if brok5 9 front ( ! l9k block1 take (f ! brok5 "p by disconnect+ f comb9ation lev]1 take d[n ecc5tric rod1 fa/5 valve to cov] ports & proce$ on "o side4 ,if brok5 back ( ! l9k block1 block ! l9k block 9 ! desir$ position & proce$ ) bo? sides4 #aa4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y disconnect ) a ,wals*a]t ge> if a valve yoke %\ld break8 ,a4 ,disconnect ! =w>d end ( ! radius rod1 susp5d x f runn+ bo>d1 block ! valve1 provide = lubricat+ ! pi/on & proce$4 #ab4 ,q4 ,h[ proce$ ) a brok5 rea* rod8 ,a4 ,remove ! rea* rod1 block l9ks on l[] side to hold !m 9 runn+ position = prop] direction4 ,unless radius rod lift]s c be unc\pl$1 leave a little slack 9 ! block+4 #ac4 ,q4 ,h[ c y tell )\t op5+ ! /eam *e/ if ! valve cov]s ! port ) ,/eph5son ge>8 ,) ,wals*a]t ge>8 ,a4 ,place ! rock] %aft v]tical ) ,/eph5son ge>4 ,place ! comb9ation lev] v]tical ) rev]se lev] 9 mid ge> s ! l9k block is 9 ! c5t] ( ,wals*a]t l9k4 #ad4 ,q4 ,:at is ! ,bak]-,pilliod valve ge>8 ,a4 ,x is an outside ge> ) an ecc5tric crank1 simil> to ! ,wals*a]t ge>1 b )\t a rev]s+ l9k4 ,! motion is rev]s$ by means ( a rev]s+ yoke in/ead ( a l9k2 ! cut-(f is *ang$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,x uses a comb9ation lev] connect$ ) a union l9k to its cross-head arm4 ,9 case ( breakd[n remove ! brok5 p>ts ! same z describ$ = ,wals*a]t ge>1 block+ ! rev]s+ yoke1 if necess>y1 9 ! prop] position4 #ae4 ,q4 ,is ! ,bak] ge> a direct or an indirect motion8 ,a4 ,x is direct1 go+ ahead = an inside admission & indirect back+ up1 & j ! opposite = ! outside admission type4 #af4 ,q4 ,:at p>ts ( ! ,bak] ge> take ! place ( ! l9k :i* is us$ by ! ,/eph5son or ,wals*a]t motion8 ,a4 ,! radius b>s & rev]se yoke4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:at relation to ! ma9 p9 is ! ecc5tric crank set to8 ,a4 ,! ecc5tric crank always foll[s ! ma9 p94 #ah4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! ecc5tric rod or ecc5tric crank break h[ is ! eng9e put 9 condition to proce$8 ,a4 ,! disabl$ side c h lap & lead travel & a port op5+ equal to ! lead = all cut-(fs4 ,fir/ block ! bell crank by us+ a ,u bolt 7:i* %\ld be provid$7 9 ! holes plac$ 9 ! ge> frame = ?is purpose4 ,?r[+ rev]se lev] 9 mid-ge> w help to get bell crank 9 position to block4 ,second1 take d[n brok5 p>ts4 ,?ird1 knock out back p9 ( %ort rea* rod & ?r[ rev]se yoke 9 =w>d motion aga9/ ge> frame4 #ai4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done %\ld a ge> connection rod break8 ,a4 ,d ! same z = a brok5 ecc5tric or crank4 #bj4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done %\ld ! upp] "p ( ge> connection rod break8 ,a4 ,if break is close to ! middle p91 d ! same z = a brok5 ecc5tric rod & also tie l[] end ( ge> connection rod to keep x f sw++4 ,if break is ne> ! top & bel[ ! jaw1 fir/ block ! bell crank & wire ! connection rod fa/ to radius b>s4 ,if break is ?r\gh top jaw1 d ! same z = brok5 ecc5tric rod4 #ba4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done %\ld a radius b> break8 ,a4 ,d ! same z = brok5 ecc5tric rod4 #bb4 ,q4 ,if ! horizontal arm ( bell crank %\ld break8 ,a4 ,same z brok5 ecc5tric rod4 #bc4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done %\ld ! v]tical arm or bell crank break8 ,a4 ,take d[n union l9k comb9ation lev] & valve rod1 !n block valve ov] ports by us+ set-screw 9 valve /em cross-head provid$ = t purpose4 #bd4 ,q4 ,%\ld y break cross-head arm or union l9k1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,if rod be provid$ to secure l[] end ( ! comb9ation lev] to guide yoke1 remove brok5 p>ts & proce$ ) full tra91 work+ eng9e at long cut-(f4 ,o!rwise w\ld remove brok5 p>ts1 comb9ation lev] & valve rod1 cov] ports1 & proce$ on "o side4 #be4 ,q4 ,:at d y d if a union l9k %\ld break8 ,a4 ,same z = a brok5 cross-head arm4 #bf4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done if a comb9ation lev] %\ld break8 ,a4 ,tie comb9ation lev] plumb1 same z = a brok5 cross-head arm1 if x is possible4 ,if n possible1 take d[n ! comb9ation lev] & valve rod & cov] ! ports4 #bg4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done if a valve rod breaks8 ,a4 ,take d[n ! brok5 p>ts & cov] ports1 leav+ ! re/ ( ! ge> intact4 #bh4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done if a rev]se yoke breaks8 ,a4 ,if lugs = hold+ rea* rod breaks1 block yoke securely at :atev] cut-(f y wi% to "w ! eng9e & take d[n ! %ort rea* rod4 ,if break is bel[ ! lugs1 d ! same z = brok5 ecc5tric rod4 #bi4 ,q4 ,:at d y d if rea* rod %\ld break8 ,a4 ,if %ort rea* rod breaks1 block ! yoke at cut-(f desir$ & wire fa/ s x _c move4 ,if ma9 rea* rod breaks1 block betwe5 tumbl+ %aft arm & cross-tie brace1 wir+ same securely4 #cj4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done if ! eng9e breaks d[n o!r ?an valve ge>8 ,a4 ,9 ?is case d ! same z = any o!r valve4 ,,s\!rn ,,valve ,,ge> #a4 ,q4 ,if ! ecc5tric crank or ecc5tric rods fail8 ,a4 ,disconnect ! ecc5tric rod f crank1 radius hang] & transmission yoke1 tie up ! hang] & yoke1 clamp valve c5tral position & proce$4 #b4 ,q4 ,if radius hang] fails8 ,a4 ,disconnect ! hang] f rod & take d[n ecc5tric rod1 clamp valve 9 c5tral position & proce$4 #c4 ,q4 ,if transmission yoke fails8 ,a4 ,disconnect f ! ecc5tric rod & clamp valve 9 c5tral position & proce$4 #d4 ,q4 ,if horizontal arm ( bell crank fails8 ,a4 ,disconnect ! yoke f ! ecc5tric rod1 tie up to cle>1 clamp valve 9 c5tral position & proce$4 #e4 ,q4 ,if v]tical arm to bell crank breaks8 ,a4 ,clamp valve 9 c5tral position & proce$4 ,take ! brok5 arm d[n if necess>y4 #f4 ,q4 ,if "o auxili>y rea* rod or rev]se %aft arm fail8 ,a4 ,block bo? l9k blocks 9 same position ( l9ks1 & 9 su* a position z to give port op5+ en\gh to />t tra9 & control spe$ by ?rottle4 #g4 ,q4 ,if ma9 rea* rod1 or middle arm to rev]se %aft fail8 ,if bo? auxili>y rea* rods fail8 ,a4 ,block l9k blocks 9 full valve travel1 controll+ p[] & spe$ ) ! ?rottle4 ,,lubrication #a4 ,q4 ,:at produces friction1 & :at is ! result ( excessive friction8 ,a4 ,friction z consid]$ 9 locomotive s]vice is produc$ by "o body be+ rubb$ across ! surface ( ano!r :5 !y are held 9 contact by pressure1 & ! result ( excessive friction is heat m or less int5se & ! de/ruction ( ! j\rnal & its be>+ or ! r\gh5+ ( ! slid+ surfaces4 #b4 ,q4 ,:at is lubrication & its object8 ,a4 ,! object ( lubrication is to int]pose a film ( oil1 grease or "s lubricant betwe5 ! two surfaces t w prev5t ^! rubb+ surfaces f com+ into too intimate contact4 #c4 ,q4 ,:at exam9ations %\ld be made by ! eng9e] to insure successful lubrication8 ,a4 ,see t all oil holes are op51 cups fill$ & 9 good work+ ord]1 ! pack+ 9 cell>s ev5ly put 9 & 9 contact ) ! j\rnal4 ,t wa/e on top ( driv+ or truck boxes is 9 prop] %ape1 also t grease cups are fill$1 & ! plugs & jam nuts 9 good %ape1 & t ! grease cell>s conta9 suffici5t grease = ! next trip4 #d4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld fe$]s ( all oil cups be adju/$8 ,a4 ,to fe$ z small a quantity ( oil z possible & regul>ly to give p]fect lubrication4 #e4 ,q4 ,:y is x bad practice to keep eng9e oil close to boil] 9 w>m wea!r8 ,a4 ,! oil is ?9n$ to su* a degree by ! heat ( ! boil] t x runs (f z soon z appli$1 & v (t5 a hot be>+ is ! result4 #f4 ,q4 ,9 :at mann] w\ld y c>e = a hot be>+ if discov]$ on ! road8 ,a4 ,use z mu* "t z available 9 cool+ ! same1 mak+ sure t all mov+ p>ts are free & c>efully lubricat$ be=e proce$+4 #g4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil %\ld be us$ on hot be>+s8 ,a4 ,use eng9e oil unless ! temp]ature ( be>+ consumes x1 :5 a small quantity ( valve oil may be us$ :ile ! be>+ is w>m en\gh to make ?is oil fl[4 ,! valve oil mu/ be remov$ z soon z ! be>+ cools to prev5t reheat+4 #h4 ,q4 ,at completion ( trip :at is necess>y8 ,a4 ,close all adju/able fe$s & exam9e all lubricat$ p>ts by contact ) ! h& to det]m9e t !y are n above runn+ temp]ature4 #i4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y det]m9e :at boxes to report exam9$8 ,:y n report all boxes exam9$8 ,a4 ,by plac+ ! h& on driv+ box1 on hub ( eng9e truck :eel & on top ( t5d] truck boxes ne>e/ ! brass1 & w\ld n report !m exam9$ unless ! temp]ature ( same 0 above runn+ heat4 ,x is n necess>y to report all boxes exam9$1 because !y d n all give tr\ble at ! same "t4 ,if ?is report 0 made1 x w\ld appe> t a prop] inspection _h n be5 made & w\ld result 9 unnecess>y "w & wa/e ( mat]ial4 #aj4 ,q4 ,:y is x bad practice to di/urb ! pack+ on top ( driv+ & eng9e truck boxes ) sp\t ( oil c :5 oil+ eng9e8 ,a4 ,?is pack+ is put on top ( boxes to assi/ 9 keep+ dirt & du/ out ( oil holes1 also to aid 9 gradual lubrication f ! top4 ,if ?is pack+ is di/urb$ x w p]mit dirt & grit to "w into oil holes & on ! be>+s z well z fe$ ! oil away too rapidly4 #aa4 ,q4 ,h[ d y adju/ grease cups z appli$ to rods8 ,a4 ,screw d[n plug until y feel a slight resi/ance f ! grease1 /op :5 grease %[s betwe5 brass & p92 ?is %\ld be suffici5t ov] ! division4 #ab4 ,q4 ,is x usual = p9s to run w>m :5 us+ grease8 ,a4 ,yes2 grease does n "w prop]ly until x gets w>m en\gh to fl[ readily ov] ! be>+4 #ac4 ,q4 ,:at effect does too mu* pressure produce8 ,a4 ,wa/es grease & increases ! friction until ! surplus am\nt is work$ out s ! be>+ runs free on its j\rnal4 #ad4 ,q4 ,is x necess>y to use oil ) grease on crank p9s8 ,a4 ,no4 #ae4 ,q4 ,:5 an eng9e is equipp$ ) ,elv9 driv+ box lubricator1 h[ c y tell :e!r a suffici5t am\nt ( lubricant is 9 ! grease receptacle8 ,a4 ,! indicator wire fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! grease cell> indicates ! am\nt ( grease left 9 ! cell>4 #af4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld eng9e oil n be us$ on valves & cyl9d]s8 ,a4 ,eng9e oil loses its lubricat+ qualities be=e x gets up to ! temp]ature ( ! valves & cyl9d]s :5 !y are work+ /eam4 #ag4 ,q4 ,at :at temp]ature does eng9e oil lose its lubricat+ qualities8 ,at :at temp]ature = valve oil8 ,a4 ,eng9e oil beg9s to sep>ate & give (f gas at #cde degrees ,f4 ,! temp]ature ( /eam at #abj p\nds is #cej degrees ,f41 :ile valve oil has a fla% te/ ( #ebj degrees ,f4 ,! temp]ature ( /eam at #bce p\nds is #dca degrees ,f41 mu* l[] ?an ! fla% te/ ( valve oil4 #ah4 ,q4 ,h[ & by :at means are valves1 cyl9d]s & ! /eam end ( air pumps lubricat$8 ,a4 ,by a sight-fe$ hydro/atic lubricator4 #ai4 ,q4 ,:at is ! pr9ciple on :i* a lubricator op]ates4 ,h[ does ! oil get f ! cup to ! /eam *e/8 ,a4 ,! lubricator is locat$ 9 ! cab s !re is a gradual desc5t 9 ! oil pipe f ! lubricator to ! /eam *e/4 ,above ! oil res]voir is a cond5s] t is kept fill$ ) wat] cond5s$ f /eam f$ f ! boil]4 ,! pressure ( ?is wat] comes on ! oil 9 ! oil tank bel[ x1 =c+ oil ?r\gh ! sight-fe$ valves2 x !n passes up by ! sight-fe$ glasses to ! oil pipe & /eam *e/4 ,! use ( ! glasses is to make ! drop ( oil visible z x leaves ! sight-fe$ nipple s ! am\nt ( oil f$ c be regulat$4 ,/eam f ! boil] f$ to ! lubricator at boil] pressure ?r\gh ! equaliz+ tubes balances ! pressure :i* comes f ! /eam *e/ :5 ! eng9e is work+ /eam4 #bj4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! lubricator be fill$8 ,a4 ,fir/ close all valves connect$ ) ! lubricator1 op5 dra9 plug & remove fill+ plug1 all[+ wat] to escape until oil appe>s ) x4 ,dra9 plug %\ld !n be clos$4 ,fill ! oil tank 9 ! usual way1 be+ c>eful n to ov]fl[ x2 !n replace fill+ plug4 ,if ! supply ( oil is insuffici5t to fill ! lubricator1 wat] c be us$ to f9i% x1 z ! lubricator w beg9 fe$+ soon] :5 fill$ full4 #ba4 ,q4 ,aft] fill+ lubricator1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,op5 ! /eam ?rottle to ! lubricator wide1 !n c>efully op5 ! wat] valve1 b d n op5 ! fe$s until sure ! *amb] 9 ! glass is fill$ ) wat]4 #bb4 ,q4 ,h[ long be=e leav+ t]m9al %\ld ! fe$ valves be op5$8 ,:y8 ,a4 ,ab\t fifte5 m9utes2 ?is "t is necess>y to all[ oil to fe$ ?r\gh ! oil pipe & rea* ! /eam *e/s4 #bc4 ,q4 ,h[ _m drops %\ld be f$ p] m9ute8 ,a4 ,f "o to sev51 tim$ by ! wat*1 dep5d+ on conditions4 ,cyl9d]s ( l>ge size require m oil ?an small] ones4 #bd4 ,q4 ,if lubricator fe$s regul>ly :5 work+ /eam & too rapidly aft] %utt+ (f1 :at is ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,! op5+ 9 ! *oke plug at ! lubricator or ?r\gh ! /eam valves at ! /eam *e/ is too l>ge & %\ld be r$uc$ to ! prop] size by apply+ new *okes or valves4 #be4 ,q4 ,:5 valves appe> dry :ile us+ /eam & ! lubricator is work+ all "r1 :at w\ld y d to relieve ^! conditions8 ,a4 ,ease (f ?rottle = a few seconds to r$uce ! /eam *e/ pressure & drop ! rev]se lev] a few not*es to give ! valve a long] travel2 oil held 9 ! pipes w !n fl[ d[n4 ,,f$]al ,,regulations ,= ,inspection ( ,locomotive ,boil]s & ,safety ,appliances #a4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! f$]al rules & regulations = inspection ( locomotive boil]s8 ,a4 ,s t all railroads op]at+ "u ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 w\ld be oblig$ to ma9ta9 _! boil]s 9 a safe work+ condition4 #b4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! qu>t]ly & mon?ly int]/ate inspection c>ds plac$ 9 ! cab ( ! locomotive8 ,a4 ,s t ! f$]al inspector or eng9e] may see t ! locomotive boil] has receiv$ its mon?ly or qu>t]ly inspection4 #c4 ,q4 ,:at con/itutes a safety appliance1 z appli$ to a locomotive8 ,a4 ,any appliance t is plac$ on a locomotive = ! purpose ( protect+ ! employees f p]sonal injury4 #d4 ,q4 ,"n "s ( ! safety appliances f\nd on a locomotive8 ,a4 ,%ield = tubul> glass lubricators1 also %ields = wat] glass1 automatic c\pl]s1 ) lev] atta*m5ts1 air brakes1 etc4 #e4 ,q4 ,9 :at condition %\ld safety appliances be ma9ta9$8 ,a4 ,!y %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 fir/ class condition4 #f4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 ev5t ( any ( ! safety appliances be+ damag$ :ile eng9e is 9 s]vice s z to r5d] x unsafe8 ,a4 ,w>n all employees ^: duties require !m to "w ar\nd ! locomotive ( its unsafe condition1 !n make report to ^? 9 au?ority s t x may be tak5 out ( s]vice until repairs are made4 #g4 ,q4 ,:at ef=t %\ld be made on ! "p ( ! eng9e] to prev5t p]sons us+ a safety appliance :i* he kn[s is damag$ & unsafe8 ,a4 ,he %\ld use su* precaution z 9 8 judgm5t w\ld protect f injury all p]sons :o are on or ar\nd ! locomotive4 #h4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! eng9e] 9 ev5t ( 8 discov]+ a safety appliance :i* is 9 an unsafe condition :5 tak+ an eng9e f r\ndh\se t]ritory8 ,a4 ,he %\ld report at once to ! p]son 9 au?ority s t necess>y repairs may be made be=e eng9e goes into s]vice4 ,,pyle-,,national ,,electric ,,headlight #a4 ,q4 ,:y are electric headlights appli$ to locomotives8 ,a4 ,electric headlights are appli$ to locomotives s t ! eng9e] may h a cle> view ( ! track = en\gh ahead ( ! tra9 to enable him to protect ! company's prop]ty 9 8 *>ge4 #b4 ,q4 ,h[ f> ahead ( ! eng9e %\ld ! arc headlight illum9ate ! track8 ,a4 ,n less ?an f fifte5 to tw5ty telegraph poles4 #c4 ,q4 ,/ate h[ y w\ld focus ! lamp4 ,a4 ,fir/1 w\ld adju/ back ( ! reflector s front edge ( reflector w be p>allel ) front edge ( case4 ,second1 adju/ ! lamp to h po9t ( copp] electrode z ne> ! c5t] ( reflector z possible ) c>bons z ne> ! c5t] ( ! *imney holes z y c set !m4 ,?ird1 h ! locomotive on /raight track4 ,n[ move ! base ( ! lamp ar\nd until y get a p>allel beam ( :ite light /raight d[n ! c5t] ( ! track1 !n tight5 ! lamp d[n4 #d4 ,q4 ,if ! light ?r[s %ad[s ^u ! track1 is x prop]ly focus$8 ,a4 ,no4 #e4 ,q4 ,if ! light is prop]ly focus$1 t is1 if ! rays are leav+ ! reflector 9 p>allel l9es1 b ! light does n /rike ! c5t] ( ! track1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,:5 ! light rays are ?r[n out 9 p>allel l9es & !y d n /rike ! c5t] ( ! track1 x d5otes t ! headlight case is n set /raight ) ! eng9e1 & ! entire case on base bo>d mu/ be %ift$ until ! %aft ( light /rikes ! track z desir$4 #f4 ,q4 ,:at c y d to insure a good & unfail+ light = ! entire trip8 ,a4 ,by c>efully inspect+ ! entire equipm5t be=e dep>t+ on ea* trip1 & "k t !re are no wires ) insulation *>r$ or worn (f1 t all screws & connections are tight1 commutator clean & bru%es set 9 bru% hold] 9 prop] mann]4 ,c>bon 9 lamp ( suffici5t l5g? to complete trip1 & t ! c>bon w fe$ ?r\gh ! clut* freely & re/s c5tral ov] ! copp] electrode4 ,copp] electrode clean$ (f1 oil 9 bo? be>+s & see t /eam does n bl[ at /uff+ box gl&4 #g4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil & h[ mu* w\ld y use 9 ! be>+s ( ! electric headlight equipm5t8 ,a4 ,w\ld use ! be/ grade ( black or eng9e oil furni%$ = bo? be>+s & only en\gh oil 9 oil cell> t ! revolv+ loose oil r+ may trail ?r\gh ! oil4 ,:5 be>+s are suppli$ ) oil cups1 use a heavy oil su* z good eng9e or valve oil4 #h4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld y n use valve oil 9 ^! be>+s8 ,a4 ,valve oil _c be us$ successfully 9 ! ma9 be>+ because ( its heavy body4 ,valve oil c\ld n be c>ri$ up to %aft by ! oil r+ 9 cold wea!r1 z ! r+ w n revolve4 #i4 ,q4 ,:at is ! mo/ vital "p ( ! dynamo8 ,a4 ,! commutator4 #aj4 ,q4 ,:at c>e or att5tion %\ld be giv5 ! commutator8 ,a4 ,! commutator mu/ be kept clean1 free f dirt1 & ! mica mu/ be kept fil$ a trifle bel[ ! surface ( ! copp] b>s4 #aa4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( a be>+ %\ld ! bru% h on ! commutator8 ,a4 ,bru%es %\ld be fitt$ to h a be>+ ) ! same cont\r z ! commutator4 #ab4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! bru%es fitt$8 ,a4 ,bru%es are fitt$ by cutt+ a /rip ( ,no4 #j s&pap] ab\t ! wid? ( ! commutator surface 7h ! dynamo idle71 place ! /rips ( s&pap] "u ! bru%1 !n pull ! s&pap] f left to "r2 cont9ue ?is process until ! bru% has be5 fitt$ to a true smoo? be>+4 ,!n trim ab\t "o-eigh? in* (f ( ! front edge ( ! bru%4 #ac4 ,q4 ,is x advisable to ev] try to fit a bru% ) a file or knife8 ,a4 ,mo/ emphatically no4 ,y c\ld n get a be>+ across ! bru% no matt] h[ h>d y might try ) ei!r a file or a knife4 #ad4 ,q4 ,:y is x important to clean ! scale (f ( ! po9t ( ! copp] electrode ea* trip8 ,a4 ,! scale on ! copp] electrode aft] x has cool$ (f is a non-conductor ( curr5t1 & acts z a bl9d gasket betwe5 ! c>bon & ! copp] electrode4 ,unless ?is scale is remov$1 ! curr5t _c pass betwe5 ! po9ts ( c>bon & electrode & y _c1 !re=e1 h a light4 ,:5 ! dynamo fields are comp\nd w\nd1 x is unnecess>y to clean scale f copp] electrode (t5] ?an once a week1 at :i* "t copp] electrode %\ld be remov$ f hold] & all scale clean$ (f4 7,) comp\nd w\nd dynamo fields ! cab lamps w cont9ue to burn :5 head-lamp is ext+ui%$ by lift+ c>bon by h&47 #ae4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! copp] electrode be trimm$ at ! po9t8 ,a4 ,! copp] electrode %\ld h ab\t "o-eigh? in* surface on ! contact po9t4 #af4 ,q4 ,h[ f> %\ld ! copp] electrode project ov] ! hold]8 ,a4 ,ab\t "o in*4 #ag4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! electrode be rais$ up to "o & "o-half in*es1 :at might happ58 ,a4 ,if ! copp] electrode 0 run at a po9t s ne> ! clut*1 ! int5se heat ( ! arc might d damage to ! top c>bon hold] & clut*4 #ah4 ,q4 ,:at regulation %\ld be giv5 to ! t5sion spr+ ,no4 #ic ( ! lamp1 & :y8 ,a4 ,?is t5sion spr+1 ,no4 #ic1 %\ld be regulat$ :5 ! curr5t is (f ! lamp & %\ld be adju/$ only tight en\gh to pull ! magnet yoke up aga9/ ! top /op lug on ! side ( lamp column4 #ai4 ,q4 ,if ?is t5sion spr+ 0 tight5$ too tightly1 :at might happ58 ,a4 ,at usual spe$ betwe5 /ations1 ! movem5t ( ! eng9e w\ld imp>t an add$ resi/ance aga9/ ! pull ( ! sol5oid by ! t5sion spr+1 :i* w\ld %ort5 up ! arc & dim d[n ! light4 #bj4 ,q4 ,is !re any?+ else t c\ld cause ! light to dim d[n :5 ! eng9e is runn+ fa/8 ,a4 ,yes2 if ! spr+ ,no4 #ib-;,a t hold ! heel ( ! clut* %\ld be too weak1 ! heel ( ! clut* w\ld be =c$ up by ! motion ( ! locomotive2 ?is w\ld release ! c>bon :i* w\ld fall to ! po9t ( ! copp] electrode1 caus+ ! light to dim d[n1 or1 if ! clut* %\ld be us$ until ! %>p edge t grips ! c>bon %\ld h become worn smoo? or r\nd1 ! same w\ld occur4 #ba4 ,q4 ,if ! light burns satisfactorily :ile ! eng9e is 9 motion1 b goes out :5 eng9e is /opp$1 :]e w\ld y f9d ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is tr\ble is mo/ always f\nd to be caus$ by ! t5sion spr+ ,no4 #ic be+ too weak1 ?\gh if ! da%-pot plung] has become corrod$ until x /icks 9 ! da%-pot1 ! light w act ! same z if ! t5sion spr+ 7 too weak4 #bb4 ,q4 ,if ! da%-pot %\ld be f\nd /uck1 w\ld y put oil 9 x8 ,a4 ,coal oil c\ld be us$ to clean & cut ! dirt out ( ! pot & f (f ! plung]1 b aft] ! da%-pot & plung] h be5 clean$1 all oil mu/ be wip$ (f1 = oil w\ld cause ! plung] to /ick z well z collect dirt4 #bc4 ,q4 ,if ! c>bon ( lamp %\ld jig or p\nd1 :at c be done to /op x8 ,a4 ,if ! c>bons p\nd ! electrode1 x is evid5ce t ! iron armature ,no4 #fd may be too f> out ( ! sol5oid1 or ! spe$ ( ! turb9e eng9e may be too sl[4 ,?is tr\ble c be rem$i$ by add+ ano!r l9k to ! susp5sion l9k1 :i* has "o end connect$ to ! magnet yoke1 ! o!r end be+ connect$ to ! iron armature ,no4 #fd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 :5 ! arc is =m$1 x is f\nd t ! bottom end ( iron armature ,no4 #fd measures "o-half in* f bottom ( sol5oid1 ! p\nd+ is caus$ by ! spe$ ( turb9e eng9e be+ too sl[4 #bd4 ,q4 ,if ! copp] electrode 0 fus+1 h[ w\ld y "k x8 ,a4 ,:5 ! copp] electrode is fus$1 a gre5 light is always giv5 (f4 #be4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 a gre5 light is se58 ,a4 ,imm$iately close (f on ! /eam ?rottle until a :ite light re-appe>s4 #bf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! fus+ ( ! copp] electrode8 ,a4 ,usually too high spe$ ( ! armature1 al?\gh %\ld y connect ! wires up wrong t ! curr5t fl[+ f ! dynamo to ! lamp %\ld ent] ! lamp at ! electrode in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! c>bon fir/1 y w\ld get a gre5 light & fuse ! electrode4 #bg4 ,q4 ,:at arrangem5ts h be5 made s t y _c connect ! wires wrong8 ,a4 ,! positive b9d+ po/s1 bo? at ! dynamo & ! lamp1 h be5 provid$ ) a mu* l>g] hole to receive ! wire ?an has be5 made 9 ! negative b9d+ po/s1 & ! ends ( ! positive wire %\ld always be b5t or d\bl$ back1 s t !y w j ent] ! receptacle 9 ! positive b9d+ po/s1 b _c be connect$ at ! negative b9d+ po/s4 #bh4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! copp] electrode & hold] become fus$ until no long] s]viceable :ile on ! road1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,w\ld remove ! damag$ hold] f ! lamp & sub/itute ei!r an iron bolt ( suffici5t l5g? or a c>bon1 secur+ ! improvis$ electrode 9 ! bracket ( lamp same z ! electrode hold] is held1 only be+ sure t ! end ( ! bolt or c>bon comes up into ! c5t] ( ! reflector & did n re/ on ! base ( reflector or lamp4 #bi4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s]ies w\nd equipm5t & a comp\nd w\nd equipm5t1 & :at advantages are obta9$ f ! use ( ! comp\nd equipm5t4 ,a4 ,) ! s]ies w\nd equipm5t1 ! inc&esc5t cab lights burn only ) ! arc lamp1 :ile ) ! comp\nd ma*9e ! inc&esc5t lamps are indep5d5t ( ! arc & c be us$ z desir$4 #cj4 ,q4 ,if y 7 runn+ along ) y\r light burn+ /eadily & nicely1 !n sudd5ly ! light began to fla% badly & kept x up1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,tr\ble w\ld usually be f\nd at "o ( ! b9d+ po/s1 :]e "o ( ! b9d+ po/ screws w\ld be f\nd loose4 #ca4 ,q4 ,if y 7 runn+ along ) light burn+ satisfactorily & sudd5ly x w5t out1 :]e w\ld y be likely to f9d ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,y w\ld f9d t ei!r ! c>bon _h burn$ out1 "o ( ! lead wires _h brok5 betwe5 ! dynamo & ! lamp1 or "o ( ! wires _h gott5 loose at ! b9d+ po/ & fall5 out4 #cb4 ,q4 ,if ! light goes out :ile y are betwe5 /ations1 :at c\rse %\ld an eng9e] pursue8 ,a4 ,if ! light goes out :ile y are betwe5 /ations & an inve/igation _c be made )9 a few m9utes !reaft] to det]m9e ! cause1 ! /eam %\ld be %ut (f f ! turb9e & ! dynamo /opp$ until su* "t :5 ! cause ( failure c be det]m9$4 #cc4 ,q4 ,:y is x ess5tial to %ut (f /eam & /op ! equipm5t8 ,a4 ,= ! reason t if ! failure 0 due to a %ort circuit1 damage might be done to ! coils or armature by ov]heat+4 #cd4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! equipm5t act :5 %ort-circuit$8 ,a4 ,:5 !re is %ort circuit1 ! eng9e w labor heavily1 run sl[ ) a l>ge volume ( /eam bl[+ at ! exhau/1 !re w be no light %[n ei!r at ! arc or cab lamps1 & ! c>bon po9t & cab lights w only %[ a dull r$ or g entirely out4 #ce4 ,q4 ,h[ w ! equipm5t act :5 ! circuit is brok51 ei!r by a brok5 disconnect$ wire or a burn$-out c>bon8 ,a4 ,) a brok5 circuit ! eng9e w run noiselessly & fa/ ) v little /eam bl[+ at exhau/ & no light w be se5 at ! arc or on cab lights4 #cf4 ,q4 ,if ! insulation on ! cab wires is worn (f until y\r two wires c come toge!r ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s metallic sub/ance1 :at w\ld occur8 ,a4 ,a %ort circuit w\ld result t w\ld put out all ( y\r lights4 #cg4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,wrap ! expos$ wire1 if y c locate x1 ) a piece ( wa/e1 or if y _c locate ! %ort circuit1 disconnect "o ( y\r cab wires f ! dynamo4 ,?is w\ld give y ! b5efit ( ! arc lamp & y c look = ! tr\ble at y\r leisure4 #ch4 ,q4 ,if ! light goes out :5 /eam drops back fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds1 :at is ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,ei!r "o ( ! gov]nor valves is /uck %ut1 %ort bu%+ ,no4 #ah 9 eng9e cab is worn badly1 all[+ :eel to drop away f ! gov]nor /& s /eam passes ar\nd :eel to exhau/1 or gov]nor spr+s are too weak4 #ci4 ,q4 ,9 ?is case :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,report ( ! action ( ! dynamo %\ld be made ^u ! "w book at ! t]m9al4 #dj4 ,q4 ,if clut* rod ,no4 #gh-;,b %\ld break :ile on ! road1 :at c\ld be done to get use ( ! lamp8 ,a4 ,a piece ( wire c\ld be us$ by fa/5+ "o end ar\nd ! end ( top lev] ,no4 #ei1 ! o!r end be+ atta*$ to clut* ?r\gh eye4 #da4 ,q4 ,if y %\ld lose ! clo!sp9 hold] or top c>bon clut*1 :at c\ld be done to get ! light8 ,a4 ,w\ld fa/5 a wire ar\nd ! c>bon & top hold] to keep c>bon 9 l9e1 be+ c>eful n to get ! wire ei!r too tight or too loose4 #db4 ,q4 ,if y %\ld lose ! iron armature ,no4 #fd 9 sol5oid1 :at c\ld be done to get use ( light8 ,a4 ,w\ld use a common iron bolt & susp5d same by wire 9 magnet4 #dc4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if any ( ! lev]s ( ! lamp %\ld b9d8 ,a4 ,all lev]s ( ! lamp mu/ "w absolutely free & mu/ n drag1 = if !y are n p]fectly free ! c>bon _c fe$ prop]ly4 ,pyle-,national ,electric ,inc&esc5t ,headlight #dd4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by an inc&esc5t headlight equipm5t8 ,a4 ,a headlight hav+ an electric inc&esc5t lamp 9 ! reflector 9 place ( ! usual oil or acetyl5e gas flame1 & electric in/ead ( oil cab lamps1 ! electricity be+ g5]at$ by a small comb9ation /eam-turb9e & electric g5]ator4 ,suitable wir+ di/ributes ! electric curr5t4 #de4 ,q4 ,9 :at mann] does ! inc&esc5t headlight diff] f ! arc headlight8 ,a4 ,x is n s p[]ful4 ,an inc&esc5t or bulb type ( lamp takes ! place ( ! arc lamp 9 ! headlight reflector4 ,! curr5t be+ less ?an is requir$ = an arc1 is suppli$ by a small] turb9e4 #df4 ,q4 ,:at type ( inc&esc5t lamp is us$ 9 ! reflector8 ,a4 ,a l[ voltage1 gas fill$ bulb1 conta9+ a v compact or conc5trat$ fillam5t4 #dg4 ,q4 ,:y _c a /&>d or h\se type ( lamp be successfully us$ 9 ! reflector8 ,a4 ,because ! fillam5t or light-giv+ wire inside ! bulb is n suffici5tly compact or conc5trat$ to reflect ! light 9 ! =m ( a beam4 ,! voltage ( ! h\se lamp is also too high to be us$ on a locomotive in/allation4 #dh4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! lamp held 9 place 9 ! reflector8 ,a4 ,by ! usual socket1 into :i* ! lamp screws4 ,! socket is a "p ( ! focus+ device1 "o type ( :i* holds ! lamp 9 a horizontal position1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! lamp is held v]tically or upright4 #di4 ,q4 ,be=e turn+ ! /eam into ! turb9e1 :at precautions %\ld be obs]v$8 ,a4 ,! turbo-g5]ator %\ld be lubricat$ by a small am\nt ( black or eng9e oil1 plac$ 9 ! cup on ! turb9e or /eam end4 ,on ! g5]ator end1 ! oil %\ld be ma9ta9$ )9 "o-half in* ( ! top ( ! h+e-cov] cup2 us+ black oil4 ,! dra9age ( ! /eam end is c>$ = automatically by a ?ree-eigh? in* dra9 pipe )\t a valve4 ,! pipe %\ld be kept op54 #ej4 ,q4 ,h[ d y proce$ :5 y wi% to use ! light8 ,a4 ,op5 ! globe valve 9 ! /eam pipe to ! turbo-g5]ator1 at lea/ two turns4 ,! wat]-glass1 /eam & air gauge lamps 9 ! cab1 & ! numb] indicator lamp 9 ! headlight case %\ld light up z soon z ! turbo-g5]ator rea*es full spe$4 ,a d\ble-?r[ knife swit* 9 ! cab controls ! headlight4 ,9 "o position ! swit* gives ! full brilliancy ( ! headlight4 ,! opposite or dimm] position r$uces ! brilliancy ab\t "o-half4 ,:5 ! swit* b> is 9 nei!r position ! headlight is entirely out1 & only ! numb] lamp is burn+4 ,! classification lamp1 lubricator & ord] or read+ lamp1 are controll$ by a small swit* on ! socket ( ea* lamp4 #ea4 ,q4 ,= :at purpose is ! dimm]1 & h[ does x op]ate8 ,a4 ,x is to r$uce ! int5sity ( ! headlight :5 locomotive is 9 y>ds or ar\nd /ations4 ,x consi/s ( a small resi/ance tube 9 ! wir+ circuit1 & ) ! cab swit* 9 dimm] position1 a portion ( ! curr5t is conv]t$ into heat in/ead ( light4 #eb4 ,q4 ,h[ is an inc&esc5t headlight focuss$8 ,a4 ,by mov+ ! lamp 9 its position 9 ! reflector until ! mo/ brilliant & compact beam ( light is obta9$4 ,if ! beam does n /rike ! track c5trally1 or z high or l[1 ! headlight case mu/ be mov$ on its plat=m until ! beam is prop]ly direct$4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to raise ! front or back ( ! case by %imm+ betwe5 ! case & its plat=m 9 ord] to direct ! beam ( light ! prop] di/ance ahead ( ! locomotive4 #ec4 ,q4 ,:at provision is made = mov+ or focuss+ ! lamp 9 ! reflector8 ,a4 ,:5 ! lamp is m\nt$ horizontally !re are ?umb screws by :i* ! lamp may be mov$ sidewise1 up & d[n1 & =w>d & backw>d4 ,?is m\nt+ is call$ ! micromet] device1 because ( ! accuracy ( adju/m5t4 ,) ! v]tical m\nt+1 a flat head ?umb screw at ! base ( ! lamp support releases ! ball jo9t s t ! lamp may be easily mov$ sidewise or =w>d & backw>d4 ,to raise or l[] ! lamp1 ! ?umb screw high] on ! lamp /& mu/ be loos5$4 #ed4 ,q4 ,:at causes a black spot 9 ! illum9ation ahead ( ! locomotive8 ,a4 ,! lamp is out ( focus1 be+ too f> ahead or back ( ! prop] position 9 ! reflector4 #ee4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y rem$y ! foll[+ possible defects8 ,a4 7a7 ,all lamps fail to burn4 ,if turb9e is n runn+ ! wrong /eam valve 9 ! cab may h be5 op5$1 or !re may be a second valve1 clos$1 9 ! /eam pipe4 ,! scre5 on ! gov]nor valve 9 ! turb9e may be clogg$4 ,remove brass cap at top ( turb9e & unscrew scre5 or /ra9]-cap4 7b7 ,turbo-g5]ator runs1 b no lights4 ,wires may be %ort-circuit$ 7cross$7 :i* w cause bru%es to sp>k badly1 & turbo-g5]ator to pull h>d4 ,! %ort c usually be f\nd by an occasional sp>k+ or smoke at ! po9t ( tr\ble4 ,sep>ate & protect wires :5 %ort is f\nd4 ,! bru%es may be cock$ up z left by "s repair man4 ,op5 ! dynamo door & see t ! bru%es be> on ! copp] commutator4 ,a wire may be loose at ! dynamo b9d+ po/s 7:i* may be se5 :5 ! dynamo door is op571 or at ! ma9 swit* 9 ! cab4 ,a ma9 wire may h brok54 7,all locomotives are n equipp$ ) fuse plugs47 ,a fuse plug may h become loose or burnt out4 ,replace ) new fuse plugs or break an inc&esc5t lamp & twi/ ! leads 9 ! base toge!r1 :5 ! base may be screw$ into ! fuse plug socket1 answ]+ ! purpose ( a fuse plug1 tempor>ily4 7c7 ,headlight fails to burn4 ,exam9e ! wires betwe5 cab swit* & head lamp = breaks or disconnections4 ,exam9e fuse plugs 7:i* are sometimes 9 head lamp circuit only7 & proce$ z 9 7b7 if tr\ble is f\nd !re4 ,headlight bulb may n be screw$ 9 f> en\gh to make contact 9 ! socket1 z ! lock-sockets provid$ to prev5t lamps loos5+ cause lamp to screw 9 h>d4 ,lamp may h brok5 fillam5t4 ,replace ) prop] type ( lamp or use a cab lamp4 7d7 ,lamps burn dim4 ,/eam valve n op5 wide en\gh4 ,boil] pressure too l[4 ,bru%es sp>k+ badly on commutator ( dynamo--due to poor contact4 ,gov]nor or /eam-valve ( turb9e improp]ly adju/$4 7e7 ,lamps burn too brightly4 ,improp] turb9e regulation4 ,?rottle ! /eam valve 9 cab until lamps are r$uc$ to prop] brilliancy4 ,report all irregul>ities on arriv+ at t]m9al4 ,,s*ro$] ,,headlight #a4 ,q4 ,:at is ! spe$ ( a ,s*ro$] headlight dynamo8 ,a4 ,ab\t #b1hjj revolutions p] m9ute4 #b4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! spe$ alt]$8 ,a4 ,by a gov]nor 9 ! turb9e4 #c4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y proce$ to *ange ! spe$ ( ! gov]nor8 ,a4 ,remove cov] ,no4 #c & loos5 lock nut ,no4 #ad & turn nut ,no4 #ac to ! "r to increase ! spe$ & to ! left to decrease x4 #d4 ,q4 ,:at is a %ort circuit8 ,a4 ,a connection betwe5 ! positive & negative wires ( ! dynamo )\t any resi/ance betwe54 #e4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! dynamo act :5 %ort-circuit$8 ,a4 ,x w run v sl[ly z x is "u a heavy /ra94 #f4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if left to run "u t /ra98 ,a4 ,! armature or fields w\ld burn out4 #g4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if a %ort circuit develop$ :ile on ! road8 ,a4 ,%ut ! /eam (f & remove ! positive or "r-h& wire ( ! cab circuit f ! dynamo1 />t up & see if ! headlight w5t to "w prop]ly2 if n1 replace ! cab wire & remove ! positive or left-h& wire & see if ! cab lights burn$ prop]ly4 ,if su* 0 ! case1 let x run1 us+ ! small inc&esc5t light 9 ! case = a headlight & report x at ! r\ndh\se4 #h4 ,q4 ,:at is a volt8 ,a4 ,! unit ( pressure ( electricity4 #i4 ,q4 ,:at is an amp]e8 ,a4 ,! unit ( quantity ( electricity4 #aj4 ,q4 ,:at is ! prop] voltage ( a ,s*ro$] headlight8 ,a4 ,ab\t #bh volts4 #aa4 ,q4 ,c a p]son be injur$ by t voltage8 ,a4 ,no4 #ab4 ,q4 ,:at is ! prop] amp]age ( a ,s*ro$] headlight8 ,a4 ,ab\t #cj4 #ac4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld ! ball be>+s be oil$8 ,a4 ,ab\t ?ree times a week4 #ad4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld ! gov]nor be oil$8 ,a4 ,be=e leav+ e trip4 #ae4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil %\ld be us$8 ,a4 ,valve oil4 #af4 ,q4 ,is x necess>y to clean ! electrode e trip8 ,a4 ,no4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,! dynamo is provid$ ) %unt fields :i* build up ! curr5t reg>dless ( ! arc light4 #ah4 ,q4 ,:at are ! two causes ( lamp burn+ gre58 ,a4 ,spe$ too high1 or wires to ! lamp be+ rev]s$4 #ai4 ,q4 ,if ! c>bons burn$ away too fa/1 b o!rwise ! lamp appe>$ to be burn+ prop]ly1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,x w\ld indicate t tripp+ spr+ ,no4 #bji 0 too tight4 #bj4 ,q4 ,if tripp+ spr+ ,no4 #bji 0 be+ anneal$ f heat & sp>ks 7 notic$ at ! clut*1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,flexible wire ,no4 #bea w\ld be brok54 ,,buda-,,ross ,,electric ,,headlight #a4 ,q4 ,:at are ! ?ree ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! ,buda-,ross electric headlight equipm5t8 ,a4 ,/eam turb9e eng9e1 dynamo directly connect$ on ! same %aft1 & self-focus+ arc lamp4 #b4 ,q4 ,at :at spe$ %\ld ! turb9e run8 ,a4 #b1hjj revolutions p] m9ute4 #c4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! spe$ controll$8 ,a4 ,by a c5trifugal gov]n+ device4 #d4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! /eam ent] ! turb9e8 ,a4 ,?r\gh a ma9 valve :i* is p]fectly balanc$ 9 all /eam pressures directly & imp+$ on ! buckets directly f a nozzle4 #e4 ,q4 ,ab\t h[ mu* op5+ %\ld ?is valve h8 ,a4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in*4 #f4 ,q4 ,c ! lift ( ?is valve be *ang$8 ,a4 ,yes4 #g4 ,q4 ,h[8 ,a4 ,by adju/+ ! inn] sleeve ( ! valve ) a common monkey wr5* aft] remov+ cap nut on top ( turb9e4 #h4 ,q4 ,c ?is be done :ile ! light is burn+8 ,a4 ,yes4 #i4 ,q4 ,:at is necess>y to d ?is8 ,a4 ,take a monkey wr5* & screw ! inn] sleeve d[n to ! "r to r$uce ! lift1 & to ! left to increase ! lift4 ,9 r$uc+ ! lift y r$uce ! spe$1 & by increas+ ! lift y increase ! spe$4 #aj4 ,q4 ,is !re any o!r me?od ( sett+ spe$8 ,a4 ,yes4 #aa4 ,q4 ,h[8 ,a4 ,by remov+ oil box on ! turb9e cap & adju/+ ! nuts on ! gov]nor /uds on ! face ( :eel4 #ab4 ,q4 ,is any provision made = op]at+ ! light ) l[ pressure /eam8 ,a4 ,yes4 #ac4 ,q4 ,:at8 ,a4 ,an auxili>y valve is us$ :i* op]ates automatically at any pr$et]m9$ pressure1 :i* is adju/$ by an adju/+ /em at ! bottom ( ! eng9e & :i* c also be adju/$ :ile ! light is burn+4 #ad4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil %\ld be us$ 9 ! ,buda-,ross be>+s8 ,a4 ,cyl9d] or valve oil4 #ae4 ,q4 ,:at /yle ( g5]ator is us$4 ,a4 ,an iron-clad type ) no outside magnetism4 #af4 ,q4 ,h[ _m fields 9 ?is g5]ator8 ,a4 ,two4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:at /yle field is us$8 ,a4 ,comp\nd w\nd4 #ah4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( wire is us$ on ^! fields8 ,a4 ,deltabe/on wire4 #ai4 ,q4 ,:y is ,deltabe/on wire us$ 9 pref]5ce to cotton-cov]$ wire8 ,a4 ,s t x _c be injur$ by %ort circuits1 = if a %ort circuit occurs & aft]w>ds is remov$ !re is no dang] done to ! insulation on ?is make ( wire4 #bj4 ,q4 ,:]e are ! fields locat$8 ,a4 ,"o on ea* side ( ! dynamo4 #ba4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,s t !y _c be injur$ by wa/e oil f ! ball be>+1 or by wat] or sn[4 #bb4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ball be>+ on dynamo end be lubricat$8 ,a4 ,by remov+ oil plug 9 frame j back ( dynamo & introduc+ cyl9d] oil4 #bc4 ,q4 ,is x necess>y to remove ! top c>bon hold] f ! lamp to remove reflector f case8 ,a4 ,no4 #bd4 ,q4 ,:y n8 ,a4 ,because !re is no top guide to ! c>bon1 z ! c>bon is guid$ by ! clut*es4 #be4 ,q4 ,h[ _m lev]s are !re 9 ! lamp8 ,a4 ,only "o4 #bf4 ,q4 ,:at regulation %\ld be giv5 to top lev] spr+ ,no4 #cjh on lamp8 ,a4 ,top lev] spr+ ,no4 #cjh %\ld be adju/$ z loose z possible & n h light g out /&+ /ill4 #bg4 ,q4 ,if ?is spr+ 0 tight5$ until ! light burn$ /eady :5 ! locomotive 0 at re/1 :at might occur :5 eng9e 0 runn+ high spe$8 ,a4 ,x might cause ! light to dim d[n4 #bh4 ,q4 ,is !re any?+ else t w\ld cause ! light to dim d[n :5 ! eng9e is runn+ fa/8 ,a4 ,if ! clut*es %\ld be us$ until ! %>p edge t grips ! c>bon h become worn smoo? or r\nd !y w\ld all[ ! c>bon to fe$ too fa/ & ! light w\ld burn dim4 #bi4 ,q4 ,if ! light burns satisfactory :ile eng9e is 9 motion1 b goes out :5 eng9e is /opp$1 :]e w\ld y f9d ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is tr\ble is mo/ always f\nd to be caus$ by ! top lev] spr+s ,no4 #cjh be+ too weak2 or1 an imp]fect c>bon1 ?\gh if ! da% pot plung] has become corrod$ until x /icks 9 ! da% pot1 ! light w act ! same z if ! t5sion spr+ 0 too weak4 #cj4 ,q4 ,is x possible to apply ! bottom electrode hold] wrong8 ,a4 ,no #ca4 ,q4 ,:y n8 ,a4 ,= ! reason t its support is on a c5t] l9e ) ! electrode & ! hold] c be turn$ 9 any direction & ! electrode is held c5tral ) ! top c>bon4 #cb4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if y _h no bottom electrode hold]8 ,a4 ,place a piece ( #e_/h-;in* c>bon 9 ! hole ?r\gh ! bottom bracket hav+ top end 9 focal po9t ( reflector & tight5 ) set-screw2 z ?is c>bon w\ld burn away ! light w\ld be rais$ & x w\ld !re=e be necess>y to raise ! c>bon ab\t e h\r1 z ! c>bon w\ld burn away ab\t "o-half in* p] h\r4 ,,g5]al ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s ,,on ,,electric ,,headlights #cc4 ,q4 ,describe ! passage ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! lamp & tell h[ arc light is =m$8 ,a4 ,x ent]s ! lamp at ! b9d+ po/s ) ! l>ge hole1 !n to ! top c>bon hold]1 c>bon1 !n into ! electrode & hold]2 f !re to ! sol5oid & back to ! dynamo1 leav+ ! lamp at ! b9d+ po/ ) ! small hole 9 x4 ,! magnetism f ! curr5t :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! sol5oid attracts magnet 9 a d[nw>d motion1 & x 9 turn1 by ! lev]s on ! lamp1 sep>ate ! c>bon f ! copp]1 !reby =m+ ! arc4 #cd4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld s&pap] be us$ to smoo? commutator in/ead ( em]y clo?8 ,a4 ,9 us+ em]y pap] a piece ( em]y might lodge 9 ! grooves betwe5 ! commutator segm5ts1 & be+ a conductor ( electricity1 causes %ort4 ,w also get emb$d$ 9 ! copp] & cut ! bru%es4 ,s& w n d ?is4 #ce4 ,q4 ,/ate h[ y w\ld g ab\t to focus a lamp8 ,a4 7#a7 ,w\ld adju/ back ( reflector s front edge ( reflector w\ld be p>allel ) front edge ( case4 7#b7 ,adju/ lamp to h po9t ( copp] electrode z ne> ! c5t] ( reflector z possible ) c>bons z ne> ! c5t] ( *imney hole z y c set !m4 7#c7 ,h ! locomotive on /raight track4 ,n[ move ! base ( ! lamp ar\nd until y get a p>allel beam ( :ite light /raight d[n ! c5t] ( ! track1 !n tight5 lamp d[n4 #cf4 ,q4 ,if ! light ?r[s %ad[s ^u ! track1 is x prop]ly focus$8 ,a4 ,no4 #cg4 ,q4 ,if ! light is prop]ly focus$1 t is1 if ! rays are leav+ ! reflector 9 p>allel l9es1 b ! light does n /rike ! c5t] ( ! track1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,:5 ! light rays are ?r[n out 9 p>allel l9es & !y d n /rike ! c5t] ( ! track1 x d5otes t ! headlight case is n set /raight ) ! eng9e1 & ! entire case on basebo>d mu/ be %ift$ until ! %aft ( light /rikes ! track z desir$4 #ch4 ,q4 ,:at c y d to insure a good & unfail+ light = ! entire trip8 ,a4 ,by c>efully inspect+ ! entire equipm5t be=e dep>t+ on ea* trip & "k t !re are no wires ) insulation *af$ or worn (f2 t all screws & connections are tight2 commutator clean2 bru%es set 9 bru% hold] 9 ! prop] mann]2 c>bon 9 lamp ( suffici5t l5g? to complete trip2 copp] electrode clean$ (f & oil 9 bo? be>+s4 #ci4 ,q4 ,:y w\ld y n fill ! ma9 oil cell> full ( oil8 ,a4 ,if y %\ld fill ! ma9 oil cell> full ( oil1 ! oil w\ld run out ( ! ov]fl[ holes on ! side & all ov] ! equipm5t & locomotive & c\ld d ! dynamo no good b possibly h>m4 #dj4 ,q4 ,:at is ! mo/ vital "p ( ! dynamo8 ,a4 ,! commutator4 #da4 ,q4 ,:at c>e & att5tion %\ld be giv5 ! commutator8 ,a4 ,! commutator mu/ be kept clean1 free f dirt & grease2 ! mica mu/ be kept fil$ d[n ab\t "o-sixty-f\r? ( an in* bel[ ! surface ( ! b>s4 #db4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld y clean ! commutator1 & :58 ,a4 ,! commutator %\ld be clean$ be=e />t+ out on ea* trip by us+ a piece ( damp wa/e1 rubb+ ! b>s l5g?wise1 !n wipe dry ) clean dry piece ( wa/e4 #dc4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( a be>+ %\ld ! bru% h on ! commutator8 ,a4 ,bru%es %\ld be fitt$ to h a be>+ ) ! same cont\r z ! commutator1 ) be>+ cov]+ no less ?an two ( ! commutator b>s1 nor m ?an ?ree ( ! b>s4 #dd4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! bru%es fitt$8 ,a4 ,bru%es are fitt$ by cutt+ a /rip ( ,no4 ,o s&pap] ab\t ! wid? ( ! commutator surface4 7,h ! dynamo idle47 ,place ! /rip ( s&pap] "u ! bru% on ! commutator ) ! r\gh side t[>ds ! bru%1 !n pull ! s&pap] f "r to left2 cont9ue ?is process until ! bru% has be5 fitt$ to a true smoo? be>+4 ,!n trim ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* (f ! front edge ( ! bru%4 #de4 ,q4 ,is x advisable to ev] try to fit a bru% up ) a file or knife8 ,a4 ,no4 #df4 ,q4 ,:y is x important to clean ! scale (f ! po9t ( ! copp] electrode ea* trip8 ,a4 ,to all[ ! po9t ( ! c>bon & ! electrode to t\* to =m a circuit2 ?is scale be+ a non-conductor ( electricity & ) x on1 ! curr5t w\ld n pass f ! c>bon to ! electrode & hold]4 #dg4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! copp] electrode be trimm$ at ! po9t8 ,a4 ,copp] electrode %\ld h ab\t #a_/d-;in* surface at contact po9t4 #dh4 ,q4 ,h[ f> %\ld ! copp] electrode project above ! hold]8 ,a4 ,"o in*4 #di4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! electrode be rais$ up to #a-a_/b in*es1 :at might happ58 ,a4 ,if ! copp] electrode 0 run at a po9t s ne> ! clut*1 ! int5se heat ( ! arc might d damage to ! top c>bon hold] & clut*4 #ej4 ,q4 ,if ! da% pot %\ld be f\nd /uck1 w\ld y put oil 9 x8 ,a4 ,coal oil %\ld be us$ to clean & cut ! dirt out ( ! pot & f (f ! plung]1 b aft] ! da% pot & plung] h be5 clean$ all oil %\ld be wip$ (f ( same1 z ! oil w\ld cause ! plung] to collect dirt & /ick4 #ea4 ,q4 ,if "o c>bon ( lamp %\ld jig or p\nd1 :at c be done to /op x8 ,a4 ,if ! c>bon jumps or p\nds ! electrode1 x is evid5t t ! iron armature is too f> out ( ! sol5oid1 or ! spe$ is too l[4 #eb4 ,q4 ,does ! p\nd+ ( ! lamp occur ) ! old s]ies w\nd ma*9es or ) ! new comp\nd w\nd ma*9es8 ,a4 ,! p\nd+ ( ! lamp occurs ) ! new comp\nd w\nd ma*9es4 #ec4 ,q4 ,if ! copp] electrode 0 fus+1 h[ w\ld y "k x8 ,a4 ,by ! fact1 :5 copp] is fus$ a %aft ( gre5 light w be ?r[n (f in/ead ( a %aft ( :ite light4 #ed4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 a gre5 light is se58 ,a4 ,close ! ?rottle to turb9e eng9e1 !n op5 sl[ly until a :ite light re-appe>s4 #ee4 ,q4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! copp] electrode fus+8 ,a4 ,! cause ( ! copp] electrode fus+ is due to too high spe$ ( ! g5]ator1 or hav+ lead wires connect$ up wrong1 all[+ positive curr5t to get into copp] electrode fir/4 #ef4 ,q4 ,:at arrangem5ts h be5 made s t y _c connect y\r wires wrong8 ,a4 ,! positive b9d+ po/ bo? at ! dynamo & lamp h be5 provid$ ) a mu* l>g] hole to receive ! wire ?an has be5 made 9 ! negative b9d+ po/1 & ! ends ( ! positive wire %\ld always be b5t or d\bl$ back s !y w j ent] ! receptacle 9 ! positive b9d+ po/s1 b _c be connect$ to ! negative b9d+ po/4 #eg4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! copp] electrode & hold] become fus$ until no long] s]viceable out on ! road1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,w\ld remove ! damag$ hold] f ! lamp & sub/itute a c>bon1 secur+ ! sub/itut$ electrode 9 ! bracket ( lamp same z ! electrode hold] is held4 ,be sure t ! end ( ! c>bon comes up to c5t] ( reflector & does n re/ on base ( reflector or lamp4 #eh4 ,q4 ,if y 7 runn+ along ) y\r light burn+ /eady & nice1 !n sudd5ly ! light began to fla% badly & kept x up1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,y w\ld no d\bt f9d "o ( ! lead wires loose 9 b9d+ po/4 #ei4 ,q4 ,if y 7 runn+ along ) light burn+ satisfactorily & sudd5ly y\r light w5t out1 :]e w\ld y be likely to f9d ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,y w\ld und\bt$ly f9d c>bon burn$ out1 or a lead wire 0 brok5 (f or out ( ! b9d+ po/s4 #fj4 ,q4 ,if ! light goes out :ile betwe5 /ations1 :at c\rse w\ld an eng9e] pursue8 ,a4 ,if inve/igation _c be made )9 a few m9utes !reaft] to det]m9e ! cause1 ! /eam %\ld be %ut (f f ! turb9e eng9e until su* "t :5 cause ( failure c be det]m9$4 #fa4 ,q4 ,:y is x ess5tial to %ut (f /eam & /op ! equipm5t8 ,a4 ,if failure 0 due to a %ort circuit1 damage might be done to ! armature or field coils by ov]heat+4 #fb4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! equipm5t act :5 %ort circuit$8 ,a4 ,! eng9e w labor heavily & run sl[ly ) a l>ge volume ( /eam bl[+ at ! exhau/1 ! c>bon po9ts & cab lights w only %[ a dull r$ light4 #fc4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y te/ = a brok5 circuit8 ,a4 ,w\ld te/ = a brok5 circuit or op5 circuit3 ,fir/1 by plac+ a c>bon across ! b9d+ po/s at dynamo4 ,if ! tr\ble 0 9 ! dynamo1 no fla% w\ld be se51 b if dynamo 0 all "r y w\ld get a fla%2 ?is w\ld indicate t ! tr\ble 0 on t[>ds ! lamp4 ,second3 ,g to ! lamp1 place y\r c>bon across b9d+ po/s4 ,if wire 0 brok5 betwe5 dynamo & lamp y w\ld n get a fla%4 ,if y\r wires 7 all "r y w\ld get a fla% & y w\ld f9d y\r tr\ble 9 ! lamp4 ,no d\bt1 x w\ld be a burn$-out c>bon4 #fd4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y proce$ to locate ! po9t ( tr\ble ) a %ort circuit8 ,a4 ,w\ld remove 7#a7 "o ( ! lead wires f ! b9d+ po/ at dynamo2 if tr\ble 0 9 dynamo y w\ld n note any diff]5ce 9 action ( spe$4 7#b7 ,w\ld disconnect "o ( ! cab wires2 if ! tr\ble is 9 cab circuit1 spe$ w\ld increase & lamp w\ld burn4 7#c7 ,if tr\ble is n 9 cab circuit1 w\ld g to lamp1 disconnect "o ( ! ma9 wires f b9d+ po/2 if %ort circuit is 9 ! wires betwe5 dynamo & lamp1 !re w\ld be no *ange 9 spe$ ( dynamo1 b if ! wires are ,o4 ,k4 ! spe$ ( eng9e w\ld increase & y\r tr\ble w\ld be 9 ! lamp4 ,,duplex ,,locomotive ,,/ok] #a4 ,q4 ,( :at does ! driv+ me*anism ( a ,duplex ,locomotive ,/ok] consi/8 ,a4 ,x consi/s ( a /eam cyl9d] ) rev]se head & valve arrangem5t simil> to ! /eam end ( an elev5 in* ,we/+h\se air pump4 #b4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! p[] controll$8 ,a4 ,! spe$ is v>iable1 & by turn+ ! valve controll+ ! eng9e /eam inlet1 c be made great] or less accord+ to ! am\nt ( coal ne$$4 #c4 ,q4 ,= ord9>y op]ation1 h[ mu* /eam pressure is requir$8 ,a4 ,ab\t fifte5 p\nds1 ) pi/on /rokes v>y+ f #aj to #ae p] m9ute4 #d4 ,q4 ,h[ c ! duplex /ok] driv+ eng9e be />t$1 /opp$1 or rev]s$8 ,a4 ,by means ( op]at+ & rev]s+ rod1 fa/5$ to ! back head & connect$ ) ! valve on rev]se head ( eng9e cyl9d]4 #e4 ,q4 ,h[ c ! convey+ screws be />t$1 /opp$1 or rev]s$ sep>ately or toge!r8 ,a4 ,by rat*et & pawl arrangem5t controll+ ea*4 #f4 ,q4 ,:at practice %\ld be foll[$ 9 build+ up ! fire be=e leav+ a t]m9al8 ,a4 ,build up a light ev5 fire by h& & d n br+ /ok] into use until ! locomotive is work+ /eam4 #g4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! /ok] be oil$ & op]at$8 ,a4 ,x %\ld be ?or\ghly oil$ be=e leav+ ! t]m9al1 !n see t op]at+ rod on back head is 9 c5t] or runn+ position1 op5 ma9 jet l9e s !y regi/] ab\t fifte5 p\nds on ! jet /eam gauge if coal is co>se1 or t5 p\nds if coal is small4 ,next1 ! driv+ eng9e /eam valve %\ld be op5$ wide & ! ?rottle valve op5$ j en\gh to supply ! prop] am\nt ( coal to ! fire-box4 #h4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! di/ribution ( coal ov] ! grate area accompli%$8 ,a4 ,by means ( a l[-pressure con/ant /eam jet locat$ 9 ! back & bottom portion ( ea* di/ributor elb[1 z indicat$ by its individual po9t] on /eam gauge4 #i4 ,q4 ,by increas+ ! jet pressure1 w m coal be c>ri$ to =w>d end ( fire-box & aga9/ ! flue-%eet8 ,a4 ,yes1 x w1 & by decreas+ ! jet pressure m coal w be f$ at middle & back end ( fire-box4 ,illu/ration #aj4 ,q4 ,c ! fireman direct ! ev5 di/ribution ( coal 9 ! fire-box8 ,a4 ,yes2 by *ang+ position ( ! divid+ rib locat$ 9 ! transf] hopp]1 & by mov+ ! regulat+ lev] to ei!r side4 #aa4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! slid+ plates at ! bottom ( ! tank be clos$ be=e coal is put on tank8 ,a4 ,yes1 s t screw conveyor w n become clogg$ & inop]ative4 ,only "o slide %\ld be op5$ at a "t & coal f$ f tank z requir$4 #ab4 ,q4 ,9 case ! /ok] becomes clogg$ or x is desir$ to rev]se x = any reason1 :at mu/ be done8 ,a4 ,! op]at+ rod locat$ on ! back-head ( ! locomotive boil]--if ! pi/on is mak+ a p[] /roke--%\ld be mov$ to its l[] position1 & if ! pi/on is mak+ a return /roke1 x %\ld be mov$ to its upp] position4 ,?is moves a small valve 9 ! auxili>y head1 bolt$ to rev]se head1 & /eam is admitt$ to opposite head ( cyl9d]1 caus+ ! pi/on to *ange its direction4 ,! return ( ! op]at+ rod h&le to a c5tral position causes ! driv+ eng9e to resume its normal op]ation4 #ac4 ,q4 ,h[ c ! fireman obs]ve ! condition ( fire 9 fire-box8 ,a4 ,! elb[s are provid$ ) peep valves ) sw++ cov]s ?r\gh :i* ! coal supply & condition ( fire may be se54 #ad4 ,q4 ,:y are two gauges necess>y8 ,illu/ration ,a4 ,! driv+ eng9e gauge on ! left indicates ! pressure ( /eam us$ by ! driv+ eng9e4 ,! "o on ! "r has two indicators1 ! r$ indicator %[+ ! /eam pressure on ! jet 9 left elb[1 & ! black indicator %[+ ! pressure on ! jet 9 ! "r elb[4 #ae4 ,q4 ,:5 tra9 is /&+ on sid+ = a %ort p]iod1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,%ut /ok] (f by ?r[+ op]at+ rod on back head ( locomotive boil] out ( runn+ position4 #af4 ,q4 ,:5 tra9 is to /& = a long "t or eng9e is left at t]m9al1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,! driv+ eng9e %\ld be cut out entirely by clos+ ma9 /eam l9e inlet & ma9 lubricator connection1 & 9 w9t] "t all dra9 cocks %\ld be op5$4 #ag4 ,q4 ,if suffici5t coal c n be suppli$ ov] front grates1 :at may be ! cause8 ,a4 ,di/ributors may be w>p$ & po9t too l[1 or /eam jets may be plugg$ ) pipe scale & n bl[+ freely4 #ah4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y />t & op]ate /ok]8 ,a4 ,fir/ op5 ma9 valve ,no4 #a at /eam turret4 ,valve #b is !n op5$2 ?is is ! ma9 valve 9 /ok] /eam l9e4 ,next op5 valve #c1 :i* all[s ! /eam to fl[ to ! di/ributor jet l9e2 op5 valves #d & #e1 :i* gov]n ! pressure on ! jets until t5 p\nd pressure %[s on ! "r-h& gauge4 ,see valve #h to ! exhau/ l9e is op51 & valve #i to ! transf] hopp] is clos$4 #ai4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y />t ! /ok] eng9e8 ,a4 ,place op]at+ lev] #aj 9 horizontal or runn+ position4 ,place conveyor rev]s+ lev] #ab 9 =w>d position4 ,op5 valve #f1 :i* all[s ! /eam to pass to ! op]at+ valve & />ts /ok] runn+4 ,valve #g is to be us$ z an em]g5cy valve only 9 case ( clogg+4 ,/ok] %\ld be run sl[ly at fir/4 ,d n fe$ too mu* coal & c>ry a light fire4 #bj4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y rev]se conveyor screw 9 tank8 ,a4 ,l[] h&le #aj on op]ation rod on boil] head to bottom position4 ,move screw conveyor1 rev]se lev] #ab back to re> or rev]se position1 raise h&le #aj on op]at+ rod to c5t] position4 #ba4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y /op conveyor screw 9 tank8 ,a4 ,place conveyor rev]s+ lev] #ab 9 c5t] position4 #bb4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y rev]se "r or left elevator screw8 ,a4 ,raise elevator pawl %ift] #bf on top ( ! v]tical %aft to upp] position4 #bc4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y /op "r or left elevator screw8 ,a4 ,raise elevator pawl %ift] #bf on top ( ! elevator to middle position4 #bd4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y locate clogs 9 case ! /ok] /alls8 ,a4 ,fir/1 %ut (f pressure to /ok] eng9e cyl9d] by clos+ valve #f4 ,second1 move op]at+ valve lev] #aj to its l[e/ position4 ,?ird1 place t5d] conveyor rev]se lev] #ab 9 c5t]4 ,f\r?1 place "r elevator pawl %ift] #bf 9 neutral position4 ,fif?1 raise op]at+ valve lev] #aj to c5t] position4 ,six?1 op5 valve #f suffici5tly to run left elevator to asc]ta9 if x op]ates freely4 ,cut 9 "r elevator by l[]+ pawl %ift] #bf1 & if /ok] /ops1 ! ob/ruction is 9 ! "r elevator4 ,if x cont9ues to op]ate1 !n ! ob/ruction is 9 ! tank conveyor4 #be4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y remove clogs8 ,a4 ,clogs 9 upright elevators usually occur at ! bottom4 ,raise ! door 9 ! eng9e deck & remove ! ob/ruction if 9 ! elevator1 rev]se ! elevator screw =c+ ! ob/ruction back d[n 9 transf] hopp]4 ,x may be a small m9e spike lodg$ above ?is po9t1 & by remov+ ! nut at top ( elevator cas+ & remov+ ! door ! ob/ruction c be easily remov$4 #bf4 ,q4 ,if ! clog is 9 ! tank conveyor1 h[ w\ld x be remov$8 ,a4 ,! clog w usually be f\nd 9 ! cru%+ zone4 ,rev]se ! tank conveyor screw1 =c+ ! ob/ruction back1 :5 x c be remov$ f ! tr\gh4 #bg4 ,q4 ,h[ f> %\ld ! conveyor screw be run backw>ds8 ,a4 ,n m ?an ?ree revolutions4 ,illu/ration ,,p>ts ,,( ,,duplex ,,locomotive ,,/ok] #a4 ,conveyor ,tr\gh4 #b4 ,conveyor ,screw4 #c4 ,angle ,r+4 #d4 ,cru%]4 #e4 ,op]at+ ,head4 #f4 ,driv+ ,eng9e ,cyl9d]4 #g4 ,rev]se ,valve4 #h4 ,pi/on ,rod4 #i4 ,transf] ,hopp]4 #aj4 ,left ,elevator ,cas+4 #aa4 ,left ,elevator ,screw4 #ab4 ,end ( ,elevator ,screw ,%aft4 #ac4 ,elevator ,pawl ,%ift]4 #ad4 ,elevator ,pawl ,cas+4 #ae4 ,di/ributors4 #af4 ,left ,di/ributor ,elb[4 #ag4 ,"r ,di/ributor ,elb[4 #ah4 ,divid+ ,rib4 #ai4 ,"r ,elevator ,cas+4 #bj4 ,oil ,box4 #ba4 ,conveyor ,rev]se ,lev]4 #bb4 ,conveyor ,oil ,cups4 #bc4 ,rack ,h\s+4 #bd4 ,rack4 #be4 ,conveyor ,pawl ,cas+4 #bf4 ,conveyor ,screw ,flexible ,connection ,sleeve4 #bg4 ,conveyor ,screw ,flexible ,connection4 #bh4 ,conveyor ,slide ,support ,roll]4 #bi4 ,conveyor ,slide ,support4 #cj4 ,conveyor ,end ,be>+ & ,ge> ,case4 #ca4 ,conveyor ,screw ,ge>4 #cb4 ,conveyor ,screw ,driv+ ,ge>4 ,,air ,,brake ,,que/ions ,,compressor ,,gov]nor #a4 ,q4 ,:5 /eam is fir/ turn$ on1 :at mu/ x pass ?r\gh be=e ent]+ ! compressor8 ,a4 ,! compressor gov]nor4 #b4 ,q4 ,:at does ,fig4 #a repres5t8 ,a4 ,?is %[s a sectional view ( ! ,,sf compressor gov]nor 9 op5 position4 #c4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! compressor gov]nor8 ,a4 ,to automatically regulate ! ma9 res]voir pressure by controll+ ! /eam to ! compressor4 #d4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! regulat+ portions ( ! gov]nor designat$8 ,a4 ,! "o hav+ two pipe connections & a light regulat+ spr+ is kn[n z ! excess pressure head2 ! o!r1 ) a s+le pipe connection & heavy regulat+ spr+1 z ! maximum pressure head4 #e4 ,q4 ,:5 does ! excess pressure head control ! fl[ ( /eam to ! compressor8 ,a4 ,:5 ! automatic brake valve is 9 any "o ( its fir/ ?ree positions2 namely1 release1 runn+ & hold+ positions4 #f4 ,q4 ,) ! automatic brake valve 9 release1 runn+ or hold+ position1 :at pressure is 9 *amb] f above ! diaphragm8 ,9 *amb] d bel[ ! diaphragm8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,,sf-#d ,compressor ,gov]nor4 ,connections3 ,,fvp1 ,fe$ ,valve ,pipe4 ,,abv1 ,automatic ,brake ,valve4 ,,mr1 ,ma9 ,res]voir4 ,b1 ,f ,boil]4 ,p1 ,to ,air ,pump4 ,a4 ,air1 at fe$ valve pipe pressure1 ent]s at ! connection m>k$ ,,fvp & fl[s to *amb] f above ! diaphragm2 ?is pressure acts 9 conjunction ) ! regulat+ spr+ #bg 9 creat+ ! total pressure on ! diaphragm4 ,air at ma9 res]voir pressure fl[s ?r\gh ! automatic brake valve to ! connection m>k$ ,,abv to *amb] d "u ! diaphragm4 #g4 ,q4 ,at :at pressure is ! regulat+ spr+ 9 ! excess pressure head adju/$8 ,a4 ,usually tw5ty p\nds4 #h4 ,q4 ,) ! spr+ adju/$ at tw5ty p\nds1 :at w be ! total pressure on ! upp] side ( ! diaphragm8 ,a4 ,tw5ty p\nds1 plus ! pressure 9 ! fe$ valve pipe4 #i4 ,q4 ,) ! fe$ valve adju/$ at sev5ty p\nds1 & ! regulat+ spr+ at tw5ty p\nds1 :at pressure w be _h 9 ! ma9 res]voir :5 ! gov]nor /ops ! compressor8 ,a4 ,n9ety p\nds4 #aj4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! gov]nor 9 controll+ ! compressor :5 a ma9 res]voir pressure ( n9ety p\nds is rea*$4 ,a4 ,:5 ! ma9 res]voir pressure 9 *amb] d slightly exce$s ! pressure on top ( ! diaphragm x w move upw>d1 c>ry+ ! p9 valve ) x4 ,! air 9 *amb] d passes by ! unseat$ p9 valve ?r\gh port b into *amb] b above ! gov]nor pi/on1 =c+ x d[nw>d1 seat+ ! /eam valve #e1 ?us %utt+ (f ! /eam to ! compressor4 #aa4 ,q4 ,h[ long w ! gov]nor rema9 9 ?is position8 ,a4 ,until ! ma9 res]voir pressure falls bel[ n9ety p\nds1 :5 ! comb9$ spr+ & air pressure 9 *amb] f w =ce ! diaphragm #bh d[n1 seat+ ! p9 valve4 ,?is %uts (f ! supply ( air f *amb] d1 & ! air conf9$ 9 *amb] b w escape to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! v5t port c4 ,! pressure n[ be+ remov$ f above ! gov]nor pi/on1 ! spr+ #i aid$ by ! /eam pressure "u ! valve #e1 w =ce ! pi/on upw>d1 unseat+ ! /eam valve #e1 all[+ /eam to pass ?r\gh ! gov]nor to ! compressor4 #ab4 ,q4 ,:5 ! /eam valve is seat$1 is /eam entirely %ut (f f ! compressor8 ,a4 ,no2 !re is a small port drill$ ?r\gh ! valve2 its purpose is to ma9ta9 a circulation 9 ! /eam pipe & keep ! compressor work+ sl[ly2 !reby prev5t+ cond5sation :5 ! /eam valve is clos$4 #ac4 ,q4 ,) ! automatic brake valve 9 release1 runn+1 or hold+ position1 does ! maximum pressure head op]ate8 ,a4 ,no2 z dur+ ?is "t ! ma9 res]voir pressure is n suffici5tly high to actuate its diaphragm4 #ad4 ,q4 ,:]e does ! air come f t op]ates ! maximum pressure head8 ,a4 ,f ! ma9 res]voir direct4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 #ae4 ,q4 ,:5 does ! maximum pressure head control ! compressor8 ,a4 ,:5 ! automatic brake valve is 9 ei!r lap1 s]vice or em]g5cy position1 also :5 ! ma9 res]voir cut-out cock is clos$4 #af4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! pressure creat$ on top ( ! diaphragm 9 ! maximum pressure head8 ,a4 ,by ! regulat+ spr+ #ai4 #ag4 ,q4 ,:at is ! adju/m5t ( ?is spr+8 ,a4 ,spr+ #ai is adju/$ to ! maximum pressure desir$ 9 ! ma9 res]voir usually #acj p\nds4 #ah4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! gov]nor :5 ! ma9 res]voir pressure exce$s ! t5sion ( ! regulat+ spr+ #ai4 ,a4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 *amb] a exce$s ! t5sion ( ! regulat+ spr+ #ai1 ! diaphragm #bj is =c$ upw>d1 unseat+ ! p9 valve1 all[+ air to fl[ f *amb] a to *amb] b above ! gov]nor pi/on1 =c+ x d[n1 %utt+ (f /eam & /opp+ ! compressor4 #ai4 ,q4 ,h[ long w ! gov]nor rema9 9 ?is position8 ,a4 ,until ! ma9 res]voir pressure 9 *amb] a "u ! diaphragm becomes slightly less ?an ! adju/m5t ( ! regulat+ spr+ #ai1 :5 ! diaphragm #bj w move d[n1 seat+ ! p9 valve1 %utt+ (f ! fl[ ( air f *amb] a to *amb] b4 ,! air entrapp$ above ! gov]nor pi/on w escape to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! relief port c2 ?is w all[ ! gov]nor pi/on to raise1 unseat+ ! /eam valve #e1 aga9 all[+ /eam to pass ?r\gh ! gov]nor to ! compressor4 #bj4 ,q4 ,is ! maximum pressure head cut out 9 any position ( ! automatic brake valve8 ,a4 ,no2 z ! air t op]ates ?is head comes direct f ! ma9 res]voir1 !re=e is n controll$ by ! brake valve4 #ba4 ,q4 ,is ! excess pressure head cut out 9 any position ( ! brake valve8 ,a4 ,yes2 z ! air t op]ates ?is head comes ?r\gh ! automatic brake valve1 & :5 ! h&le is mov$ beyond hold+ position1 ! port 9 ! rot>y valve seat1 ?r\gh :i* ! air fl[s to *amb] d is clos$1 !reby cutt+ out ?is head1 leav+ ! compressor "u ! control ( ! maximum pressure head4 #bb4 ,q4 ,:at is ! object ( ! duplex or d\ble head gov]nor8 ,a4 ,by use ( ! duplex gov]nor ! ma9 res]voir pressure may be controll$ at two diff]5t pr$et]m9$ pressures2 z :5 runn+ along ! excess or l[ pressure head controls ! compressor1 at ! l[ pressure--usually n9ety p\nds--?is be+ suffici5t to keep ! brakes releas$ & fully *>g$2 :]eas1 9 lap position1 z foll[+ a brake application1 ! maximum or high pressure head controls ! compressor at ! maximum pressure us$--g5]ally #acj p\nds--?is = a prompt release & quick re*>ge ( ! brakes4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! compressor has to "w aga9/ ! high pressure only dur+ ! "t ! brake is appli$4 #bc4 ,q4 ,9 :at position %\ld ! automatic brake valve h&le be plac$ :5 adju/+ ! excess pressure head8 ,! maximum pressure head8 ,a4 ,runn+ position = ! excess pressure head2 lap position = ! maximum pressure head4 #bd4 ,q4 ,if1 ) ! automatic brake valve h&le 9 runn+ position1 ! brake pipe & ma9 res]voir d n /& tw5ty p\nds ap>t1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,w\ld fir/ le>n if ! maximum pressure head 0 prop]ly adju/$1 & if x 71 w\ld !n look = ! tr\ble 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! regulat+ spr+ 9 ! excess pressure head4 #be4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,! regulat+ spr+ %\ld be prop]ly adju/$4 #bf4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! adju/m5t ( ! regulat+ spr+ 9 ei!r pressure head be made8 ,a4 ,by remov+ ! cap nut #be or #ag & screw+ ! regulat+ nut #bf or #ah up or d[n z may be requir$4 ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nor #bg4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect if "o or bo? ( ! p9 valves leak$8 ,a4 ,w\ld cause a delay 9 op5+ ( ! /eam valve aft] ! p9 valve _h seat$2 & if air leaks by fa/] ?an x c escape ?r\gh ! relief port c1 pressure w accumulate 9 *amb] b & =ce ! gov]nor pi/on d[nw>d1 s z to p>tially or :olly close ! /eam valve #e4 #bh4 ,q4 ,h[ c y tell if ! p9 valves leak8 ,a4 ,leakage pa/ ! p9 valve 9 ! maximum pressure head w cause a con/ant bl[ at ! relief port 9 all positions ( ! brake valve2 leakage pa/ ! p9 valve 9 ! excess pressure head w cause a bl[ 9 ! fir/ ?ree positions ( ! brake valve only4 #bi4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect if ! relief port c /opp$ up8 ,a4 ,! compressor w n />t promptly aft] ! p9 valve seats4 #cj4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect if ! dra9 port ,w 7 /opp$ up8 ,a4 ,/eam leak+ into ! *amb] "u ! gov]nor pi/on w =m a pressure & prev5t ! pi/on be+ =c$ d[nw>d to close ! /eam valve2 ! compressor w !re=e cont9ue to "w until ! ma9 res]voir pressure is ab\t equal to boil] pressure4 #ca4 ,q4 ,if ! pipe lead+ f ! fe$ valve pipe to ! excess pressure head ( ! gov]nor breaks1 :at effect w x h on ! compressor8 ,a4 ,! compressor w /op :5 ! ma9 res]voir pressure rea*es ab\t =ty-five p\nds4 #cb4 ,q4 ,if ! pipe breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,plug ! end t[>d ! fe$ valve & put a bl9d gasket 9 ! pipe lead+ f ! automatic brake valve to ! gov]nor1 at ! connection m>k$ ,,abv4 #cc4 ,q4 ,if ! pipe lead+ f ! automatic brake valve to ! gov]nor breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,plug ! pipe t[>d ! brake valve2 ! compressor w n[ be controll$ by ! maximum pressure head4 #cd4 ,q4 ,if ! pipe lead+ f ! ma9 res]voir to ! maximum head ( ! gov]nor breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,plug ! ma9 res]voir end ( ! pipe4 ,! excess pressure head w n[ control ! compressor 9 ! fir/ ?ree positions ( ! automatic brake valve h&le1 b w h no control aft] ! h&le is mov$ z f> z lap position4 ,,p>asite ,,gov]nor #ce4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! p>asite gov]nor1 & :]e is ?is gov]nor locat$8 ,a4 ,?is gov]nor is locat$ 9 ! pipe connection betwe5 ! ma9 res]voir & p>asite res]voir1 & its purpose is to control ! fl[ ( air f ! ma9 to ! p>asite res]voir4 #cf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! p>asite res]voir8 ,a4 ,x is "h t air is /or$ = use 9 all air op]at$ devices on ! locomotive1 except ! brake4 #cg4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! p>asite gov]nor4 ,a4 ,! op]ation ( ?is gov]nor is mu* ! same z ! compressor gov]nor1 & diff]s only 9 t ! supply valve is op5 :5 x is 9 its l[] position4 #ch4 ,q4 ,at :at pressure is ! regulat+ spr+ adju/$8 ,a4 ,ab\t fifte5 p\nds4 #ci4 ,q4 ,:at pressure is requir$ 9 ! ma9 res]voir be=e air is admitt$ to ! p>asite res]voir8 ,a4 ,at lea/ fifte5 p\nds above t 9 ! brake pipe4 #dj4 ,q4 ,:at pressure is obta9$ 9 ! p>asite res]voir8 ,a4 ,! same z t 9 ! ma9 res]voir1 :5 ! ma9 res]voir pressure is fifte5 p\nds great] ?an t 9 ! brake pipe4 #da4 ,q4 ,:at w prev5t ! *>g+ ( ! p>asite res]voir1 & :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by ! fe$ valve be+ improp]ly adju/$1 /ick+ 9 op5 position or leakage ( ma9 res]voir air pa/ ! valve to ! fe$ valve pipe & gov]nor top4 ,,we/+h\se #i-a_/b ,,or #aa-;,,in* ,,compressor #db4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! air compressor8 ,a4 ,to furni% ! compress$ air us$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! brakes1 & all o!r air op]at$ appliances on bo? locomotive & c>s4 #dc4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! /eam end ( ! compressor4 ,a4 ,:5 /eam is turn$ on at ! boil] x fl[s ?r\gh ! /eam pipe & gov]nor1 ent]+ ! compressor at ! /eam enlet1 !n ?r\gh ! /eam passage a to ! rev]s+ valve *amb] ,c also to ! ma9 valve *amb] ,a betwe5 ! diff]5tial pi/ons #gg & #gi4 ,! area ( ! pi/on at ! "r be+ great] ?an ! "o at ! left1 ! ma9 valve is mov$ to ! "r1 7,see ,fig4 #b7 admitt+ /eam to port b :i* leads to ! l[] end ( ! /eam cyl9d]2 /eam is n[ free to fl[ "u ! ma9 pi/on1 =c+ x upw>d4 ,:5 ! pi/on has almo/ complet$ its upw>d /roke1 ! rev]s+ plate #fi on top ( ! pi/on #fe engages a %\ld] on ! rev]s+ rod #ga1 mov+ ! rod & rev]s+ valve #gb upw>d 7,see ,fig4 #c74 ,! upw>d movem5t ( ! rev]s+ valve closes ! ports f & h & op5s port g2 ?us p]mitt+ /eam to ent] ! *amb] at ! "r ( ! l>ge pi/on #gg1 balanc+ ! pressure on ?is pi/on1 & ! pressure act+ on ! "r side ( ! small pi/on #gi--! *amb] at ! left be+ op5 to ! exhau/--w =ce ! ma9 valve to ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagrammatic ,view1 ,up ,/roke ,fig4 #b4 ,:5 ! ma9 valve moves to ! left1 /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh port c to ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] on top ( ! pi/on #fe1 =c+ x d[nw>d4 ,at ! same "t ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] is connect$ ?r\gh exhau/ cavity b ( ! ma9 valve to ! exhau/ port d1 all[+ ! /eam bel[ ! pi/on to escape to ! atmosph]e4 #dd4 ,q4 ,:5 ! pi/on has ab\t complet$ its d[nw>d /roke1 :at takes place8 ,a4 ,! rev]s+ plate #fi engages ! button k on ! end ( ! rev]s+ rod #ga pull+ ! rod & ! rev]s+ valve d[n4 ,?is movem5t ( ! rev]s+ valve closes port g & ! cavity 9 ! face ( ! valve connects ports f & h1 :i* all[s ! /eam 9 *amb] ,d at ! "r ( ! l>ge diff]5tial pi/on to escape to ! exhau/1 ?us all[+ ! ma9 valve to move to ! "r1 exhau/+ ! /eam f ! top end ( ! cyl9d]1 & at ! same "t admitt+ /eam to ! l[] end1 caus+ an upw>d /roke ( ! pi/on4 #de4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! air end ( ! compressor4 ,a4 ,! movem5t ( ! /eam pi/on #fe is imp>t$ to ! air pi/on #ff by means ( ! pi/on rod4 ,:5 ! air pi/on moves up1 a p>tial vacuum is =m$ bel[ x1 & air f ! atmosph]e w ent] ?r\gh passage ,f !nce ?r\gh passage n to ! "u side ( receiv+ valve #hf;b 7see ,fig4 #b71 lift+ ?is valve f its seat1 & w fill ! cyl9d] ) air at ab\t atmosph]e pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagrammatic ,view1 ,d[n ,/roke ,fig4 #c4 ,9 ! meantime ! air above ! pi/on1 be+ compress$1 w hold ! upp] receiv+ valve #hf;a to its seat1 & :5 ! pressure is slightly great] ?an t 9 ! ma9 res]voir1 ?is pressure act+ "u ! upp] dis*>ge valve #hf;c1 w lift ?is valve f its seat & n[ ! air w be free to fl[ ?r\gh passage ,g to ! ma9 res]voir connection4 ,on ! d[n /roke ! action is simil>1 air is tak5 9 ?r\gh ! upp] receiv+ valve #hf;a1 :ile ! air bel[ ! pi/on is be+ compress$ & =c$ pa/ ! l[] dis*>ge valve #hf;d1 to ! ma9 res]voir4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 #df4 ,q4 ,:at lift %\ld ! air valves h8 ,a4 ,all valves %\ld h a lift ( ?ree ?irty-second ( an in*4 #dg4 ,q4 ,at :at spe$ %\ld ! compressor be run to obta9 ! be/ results8 ,a4 ,at #ajj to #abj s+le /rokes p] m9ute4 #dh4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil %\ld be us$ 9 ! air end ( ! compressor & on ! swab8 ,a4 ,valve oil4 #di4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld ! air end ( ! compressor be oil$8 ,a4 ,no fix$ rule c be giv5 z s mu* dep5ds on ! condition ( ! compressor1 z well z ! am\nt ( "w requir$2 b 9 any case x %\ld be us$ sp>+ly4 ,,cross-,,comp\nd ,,compressor #ej4 ,q4 ,:at d ,figures #d & #e repres5t8 ,a4 ,^! are diagramatic views ( a cross-comp\nd compressor4 #ea4 ,q4 ,:y is ?is call$ a cross-comp\nd compressor8 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( #h-a_/b ,cross ,comp\nd ,compressor4 ,! ,high ,pressure ,/eam 7,l[ ,pressure ,air7 ,pi/on on ,its ,upw>d ,/roke ,fig4 #d4 ,a4 ,because bo? /eam & air are comp\nd$1 t is1 ! /eam is us$ ! second "t be=e x is exhau/$ to ! atmosph]e1 :ile ! air is compress$ ! second "t be=e x is deliv]$ to ! ma9 res]voir4 #eb4 ,q4 ,h[ _m cyl9d]s h ! cross-comp\nd compressor8 ,a4 ,f\r2 two /eam cyl9d]s & two air cyl9d]s4 #ec4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diamet] ( ! diff]5t cyl9d]s8 ,a4 ,! high pressure /eam cyl9d] is #h-a_/b in*es2 ! l[ pressure /eam cyl9d] #ad-a_/b in*es2 ! l[ pressure air cyl9d] #ad-a_/b in*es2 high pressure air cyl9d] #i in*es4 #ed4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! valve ge> ( ?is compressor4 ,a4 ,! valve ge> is ! same z t ( ! #i-a_/b or #aa in* compressor1 only t a pi/on valve is us$ to di/ribute ! /eam in/ead ( a slide valve4 #ee4 ,q4 ,:]e does ! /eam come f t is us$ 9 ! high pressure /eam cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,direct f ! boil]4 #ef4 ,q4 ,:]e does ! /eam come f t is us$ 9 ! l[ pressure /eam cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,! /eam aft] do+ "w 9 ! high pressure /eam cyl9d] is exhau/$ into ! l[ pressure /eam cyl9d]1 :]e x becomes ! work+ pressure ( ?is cyl9d]4 #eg4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ?is compressor4 ,a4 ,:5 /eam is fir/ turn$ on1 x ent]s ! compressor at ! /eam inlet 7see ,fig4 #d7 & fl[s ?r\gh passage a into ! rev]s+ valve *amb] ,c & on to *amb]s b & y aga9/ ! inn] faces ( ! diff]5tial pi/ons1 caus+ ! ma9 valve to move to ! "r4 ,9 ?is position ( ! ma9 valve1 port g is op5 to *amb] b1 ?us admitt+ live /eam to ! l[] end ( ! high pressure /eam cyl9d]1 caus+ an upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on #g4 ,:5 ! pi/on #g has ne>ly complet$ its up /roke1 ! rev]s+ plate #ah1 :i* is atta*$ to ! top ( ?is pi/on1 comes 9 contact ) a %\ld] on ! rev]s+ rod #ba1 =c+ x upw>d1 c>ry+ ) x ! rev]s+ valve #bb1 ! movem5t ( :i* closes port m1 at ! same "t op5s port n1 fill+ *amb] ,d ) live /eam f *amb] ,c & passage a4 ,?is balances ! pressure on ! two sides ( ! l>ge pi/on ( ! diff]5tial pi/ons1 & ! pressure act+ aga9/ ! inn] side ( ! small pi/on causes ! ma9 valve to move to ! left 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,! ma9 valve mov+ to ! left closes port g to ! live /eam & at ! same "t connects ?is port ) port f lead+ to ! l[] end ( ! l[ pressure /eam cyl9d]1 caus+ an up /roke ( ! l[ pressure /eam pi/on #h4 ,9 ! meantime port c1 :i* leads to ! upp] end ( ! high pressure /eam cyl9d]1 is op5 to *amb] y1 all[+ live /eam to fl[ d[n on top ( ! high pressure /eam pi/on #g1 =c+ x d[nw>d4 ,z ! high pressure /eam pi/on ab\t completes its d[nw>d /roke1 ! rev]s+ plate #ah engages ! button on ! l[] end ( ! rev]s+ rod #ba1 pull+ ! rod & rev]s+ valve #bb d[n1 clos+ port n & at ! same "t connect+ port m & l ?r\gh ! exhau/ cavity q1 ?us all[+ ! /eam 9 *amb] ,d to escape to ! exhau/4 ,! pressure be+ remov$ f ! out] face ( ! l>ge diff]5tial pi/on1 ! ma9 valve w aga9 move to ! "r1 op5+ port g1 admitt+ live /eam b5ea? ! pi/on #g1 & at ! same "t connect+ ! upp] end ( ! high pressure /eam cyl9d] ?r\gh port c1 *amb] h & port d to ! upp] end ( ! l[ pressure /eam cyl9d]1 caus+ a d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l[ pressure /eam pi/on2 ! /eam bel[ ?is pi/on w n[ be free to escape to ! exhau/ ?r\gh port f1 *amb] i & port e4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! /eam us$ 9 ! high pressure /eam cyl9d] is live /eam f ! boil]1 :ile ! /eam us$ 9 ! l[ pressure /eam cyl9d] is ! exhau/ /eam f ! high pressure /eam cyl9d]4 #eh4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! air end ( ! compressor4 ,a4 ,z ! l[ pressure air pi/on #i moves up1 a p>tial vacuum is creat$ b5ea? x & air f ! atmosph]e ent]s ! air inlet & passage r pa/ ! l[] receiv+ valve #ch & fills ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] ) air at ab\t atmosph]ic pressure 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,9 ! meantime ! air above ! pi/on be+ compress$ w hold ! upp] receiv+ valve #cg to its seat1 ?us prev5t+ a back-fl[ ( air to ! atmosph]e2 at ! same "t ! upp] int]m$iate dis*>ge valves #ci are =c$ f _! seats1 all[+ ! air f ! l[ pressure air cyl9d] to fl[ ?r\gh passage u to ! high pressure air cyl9d]1 ! pi/on ( :i* is n[ mov+ d[nw>d4 ,! air b5ea? ! high pressure air pi/on #aj be+ compress$ w hold ! l[] int]m$iate dis*>ge valves #dj to _! seats1 ?us prev5t+ ! air 9 ! high pressure air cyl9d] fl[+ back to ! l[ pressure air cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 ! high pressure air cyl9d] becomes slightly great] ?an ! ma9 res]voir pressure1 ! f9al dis*>ge valve #db w be =c$ f its seat & ! air b5ea? ! pi/on all[$ to fl[ to ! ma9 res]voir ?r\gh passage w4 ,on ! opposite /rokes ( ^! pi/ons air is compress$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b ! opposite air valves are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( #h-a_/b ,cross-,comp\nd ,compressor4 ,! ,high ,pressure ,/eam 7,l[ ,pressure ,air7 ,pi/on on ,its ,d[nw>d ,/roke ,fig4 #e4 #ei4 ,q4 ,h[ _m valves are !re 9 ! air end ( ! compressor8 ,a4 ,t52 two upp] & two l[] receiv+ valves2 two upp] & two l[] int]m$iate dis*>ge valves2 "o upp] & "o l[] f9al dis*>ge valves4 #fj4 ,q4 ,are ! air valves all ! same size8 ,a4 ,no2 ! receiv+ & f9al dis*>ge valves are ! same size & ( ! size us$ 9 ! #aa-;in* compressor1 :ile ! int]m$iate valves are ! same z us$ 9 ! #i-a_/b-;in* compressor4 ,! receiv+ & f9al dis*>ge valves are two in*es 9 diamet]1 :ile ! int]m$iate valves are "o & "o-half in*es4 #fa4 ,q4 ,:at lift is giv5 ! diff]5t air valves8 ,a4 ,all valves h #c_/cb-;in* lift4 ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,compressor #fb4 ,q4 ,:at are "s ( ! common causes = ! compressor /opp+8 ,a4 ,lack ( lubrication2 b5t1 worn or brok5 rev]s+ rod2 loose or worn rev]s+ plate2 nuts on air end ( pi/on rod com+ (f2 defective compressor gov]nor2 &1 9 addition ) ! cross-comp\nd compressor1 f9al dis*>ge valve brok5 or /uck op51 or pack+ r+s 9 ma9 valve pi/ons break+ & cat*+ 9 ! /eam ports4 #fc4 ,q4 ,:at w cause ! pi/on to make an unev5 /roke8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by a brok5 or /uck op5 air valve1 or air valves n hav+ prop] lift4 ,:]e ! pi/on %ort /rokes1 x is g5]ally caus$ by ov]-lubrication ( ! /eam end4 #fd4 ,q4 ,:at are "s ( ! common causes = ! compressor runn+ hot8 ,a4 ,! ov]heat+ ( ! compressor may be due to any "o ( ! foll[+ causes3 ,runn+ at high spe$2 work+ aga9/ high pressure2 pack+ r+s 9 air pi/on badly worn2 air cyl9d] worn2 defective air valves2 air passages or air dis*>ge pipe p>tially /opp$ up2 leaky pi/on rod pack+2 lack ( lubrication4 #fe4 ,q4 ,:at w cause ! compressor to run sl[8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by leaky air pi/on pack+ r+s2 f9al dis*>ge valves leak+1 or air passages p>tially /opp$ up4 ,a defective gov]nor may also cause ! compressor to run sl[4 #ff4 ,q4 ,:at w cause ! compressor to run v fa/ & heat1 & n compress any air8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by ! /ra9] becom+ clogg$ ) ice or dirt1 prev5t+ air ent]+ ! cyl9d]4 #fg4 ,q4 ,if1 :5 /eam is fir/ turn$ on1 ! pi/on makes a /roke up & /ops1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,! %\ld] on ! rev]s+ rod may be worn2 ! op5+ 9 ! rev]s+ plate too l>ge to engage ! %\ld] on ! rev]s+ rod2 loose rev]s+ plate /uds prev5t+ ! pi/on travel+ f> en\gh to rev]se ! compressor1 or ! ma9 valve /uck 9 its position at ! "r4 #fh4 ,q4 ,if ! pi/on makes a /roke up & a /roke d[n & /ops1 :]e is ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by a loose rev]s+ plate1 or ! button on ! l[] end ( ! rev]s+ rod worn or brok5 (f1 or ! nuts (f ! pi/on rod 9 ! air end1 or ! ma9 valve /uck 9 its position at ! left4 #fi4 ,q4 ,:at w cause ! pi/on to make a quick up /roke8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by a brok5 or /uck op5 upp] receiv+ or l[] dis*>ge valve4 #gj4 ,q4 ,:at w cause ! pi/on to make a quick d[n /roke8 ,a4 ,l[] receiv+ or upp] dis*>ge valve brok5 or /uck op54 #ga4 ,q4 ,if a receiv+ valve breaks or /icks op51 h[ may x be locat$8 ,a4 ,! air w fl[ back to ! atmosph]e z ! pi/on moves t[>d ! defective valve & may be detect$ by hold+ ! h& ov] ! /ra9]4 #gb4 ,q4 ,if a receiv+ valve 9 a cross-comp\nd compressor breaks1 :at may be done8 ,a4 ,remove ! brok5 valve1 block+ ! op5+ made by its removal1 & z !re are two upp] & two l[] receiv+ valves ! compressor w n[ take air ?r\gh ! o!r valve4 #gc4 ,q4 ,if an int]m$iate dis*>ge valve breaks or /icks op51 h[ may x be locat$8 ,a4 ,no air w be tak5 9 to t end ( ! compressor z ! pi/on moves f ! defective valve1 & may be locat$ by hold+ ! h& ov] ! /ra9]4 #gd4 ,q4 ,if an int]m$iate dis*>ge valve breaks1 :at may be done8 ,a4 ,remove ! brok5 valve1 block+ ! op5+ made by its removal1 & z !re are two upp] & two l[] int]m$iate dis*>ge valves ! air w n[ pass f ! l[ pressure cyl9d] to ! high pressure cyl9d] ?r\gh ! o!r valve4 #ge4 ,q4 ,if a f9al dis*>ge valve breaks1 :at effect w x h on ! compressor8 ,a4 ,w cause ! compressor to /op :5 ! ma9 res]voir pressure is 9 excess ( =ty p\nds4 #gf4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y te/ = a defective f9al dis*>ge valve8 ,a4 ,to te/ = ?is defect1 ble$ ! ma9 res]voir pressure bel[ =ty p\nds1 & if ! compressor />ts x indicates a defective dis*>ge valve4 #gg4 ,q4 ,if a f9al dis*>ge valve breaks1 :at may be done8 ,a4 ,z ! receiv+ valves & f9al dis*>ge valves are ! same size1 ! defective valve may be replac$ by "o ( ! receiv+ valves1 block+ ! op5+ made by ! removal ( ! receiv+ valve4 #gh4 ,q4 ,:]e pi/on rod pack+ is bl[+ bad1 :at may be done to /op x8 ,a4 ,?is g5]ally indicates lack ( lubrication1 & by clean+ & oil+ ! swab ! tr\ble may be ov]come4 ,h[ev]1 !re are times :5 leakage by ! pack+ is s great t ! oil is bl[n (f ! swab z fa/ z x is appli$1 !re=e is ( no value 9 lubricat+ ! p>ts4 ,:]e ?is condition exi/s1 a little h>d grease wrapp$ up 9 an old flag & ti$ ar\nd ! pi/on rod w ensure its be+ lubricat$4 #gi4 ,q4 ,if ! compressor /ops1 h[ c y tell if ! gov]nor is responsible = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,by op5+ ! dra9 cock 9 ! /eam passage betwe5 ! gov]nor & ! compressor2 if /eam fl[s freely1 ! tr\ble is 9 ! compressor2 if n1 x is 9 ! gov]nor4 #hj4 ,q4 ,h[ may a compressor (t5 be />t$ :5 x /ops8 ,a4 ,by clos+ ! /eam ?rottle = a few seconds1 !n op5+ x quickly2 if ?is does n />t x1 try tapp+ ! ma9 valve *amb]4 ,?is w usually ov]come ! tr\ble :]e ! compressor /ops on acc\nt ( lack ( lubrication4 #ha4 ,q4 ,:at w cause a compressor to %ort-/roke or dance8 ,a4 ,too mu* oil 9 ! /eam end2 b5t rev]s+ rod2 or l[ /eam pressure1 z :5 ! gov]nor has almo/ %ut (f ! /eam4 ,,eng9e]',s ,,brake ,,valve #hb4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t positions ( ! ,g-#f & ,h-#f brake valves4 ,a4 ,release1 runn+1 lap1 s]vice1 & em]g5cy position1 ) ! ,g-#f2 release1 runn+1 hold+1 lap1 s]vice1 & em]g5cy positions1 ) ! ,h-#f4 #hc4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( release position8 ,a4 ,to provide a l>ge & direct op5+ f ! ma9 res]voir to ! brake pipe1 = ! free fl[ ( air1 :5 *>g+ & re*>g+ ! brakes4 #hd4 ,q4 ,:at pressure w be _h 9 ! brake pipe if ! brake valve be left 9 release position8 ,a4 ,ma9 res]voir pressure4 #he4 ,q4 ,c ! locomotive brake be releas$ by ! automatic brake valve 9 release position1 :5 us+ ! ,h-#f valve8 ,a4 ,no2 z ! port 9 ! automatic brake valve to :i* ! di/ribut+ valve release pipe is atta*$ is blank$ 9 ?is position ( ! valve4 #hf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( runn+ position1 & :5 %\ld x be us$8 ,a4 ,?is is ! prop] position = ! brake valve :5 ! brakes are *>g$ & n 9 use1 also :5 x is desir$ to release ! locomotive brake ) ?is valve4 ,9 ?is position ! brake pipe pressure is ma9ta9$ at a pr$et]m9$ am\nt by ! fe$ valve1 z all air t n[ ent]s ! brake pipe mu/ pass ?r\gh ! fe$ valve4 #hg4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( hold+ position8 ,a4 ,to hold ! locomotive brake appli$ :ile re*>g+ ! brakes4 ,! *>g+ ( ! brake pipe & equaliz+ res]voir is ! same 9 hold+ z 9 runn+ position4 #hh4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( lap position8 ,a4 ,to hold bo? ! locomotive & tra9 brakes appli$ aft] an automatic application4 #hi4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( s]vice position8 ,a4 ,?is position ( ! brake valve enables ! eng9e] to make a gradual r$uction ( brake pipe pressure1 ?us caus+ a s]vice application ( ! brakes4 #ij4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( em]g5cy position8 ,a4 ,9 ?is position ( ! brake valve1 ! brake pipe is connect$ directly ) ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! l>ge ports 9 ! valve1 caus+ a sudd5 r$uction ( brake pipe pressure1 ?is 9 turn caus+ ! di/ribut+ valve on ! eng9e & all op]at+ triple valves on c>s 9 ! tra9 to move to em]g5cy position1 ?us insur+ a quick & full application ( ! brake4 #ia4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! brake valve be h&l$ :5 mak+ an em]g5cy application ( ! brake8 ,a4 ,! valve %\ld be plac$ 9 full em]g5cy position & left !re until ! tra9 /ops1 ev5 ?\gh ! dang] may h disappe>$4 ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,brake ,,valve #ib4 ,q4 ,:at w cause a con/ant bl[ at ! brake pipe exhau/ port1 & :at may be done to ov]come x8 ,a4 ,?is indicates t ! brake pipe exhau/ valve is be+ held (f its seat1 due no d\bt to dirt2 tapp+ ! side ( ! valve w sometimes /op ! bl[2 if n1 close ! brake pipe cut-out cock & make a heavy s]vice r$uction2 next1 place ! brake valve h&le 9 release position4 ,?is w cause a /rong bl[ at ! exhau/ port1 :i* w inv>iably remove ! tr\ble4 #ic4 ,q4 ,if ! pipe connect+ ! brake valve ) ! equaliz+ res]voir breaks1 c bo? locomotive & tra9 brakes be op]at$ ) ! automatic brake valve8 ,a4 ,yes2 by plac+ a bl9d gasket 9 ! pipe connection at ! brake valve & plugg+ ! brake pipe exhau/ port4 ,to apply ! brake1 move ! h&le c>efully t[>d em]g5cy position1 mak+ a gradual r$uction ( brake pipe pressure ?r\gh ! direct exhau/ ports ( ! brake valve2 :5 ! desir$ r$uction is made1 ! h&le %\ld be mov$ gradually back to lap position4 #id4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect if ! h&le 7 mov$ to lap quickly8 ,a4 ,w\ld cause ! release ( ! brakes on ! head end ( ! tra94 #ie4 ,q4 ,:at w cause air to bl[ at ! brake pipe exhau/ port :5 ! h&le is mov$ to lap position8 ,a4 ,?is is caus$ by a leak f ! equaliz+ res]voir or its connections1 :i* r$uces ! pressure 9 *amb] ,d above ! equaliz+ pi/on1 all[+ brake pipe pressure "u ! pi/on to =ce x up1 unseat+ ! brake pipe exhau/ valve1 p]mitt+ brake pipe air to fl[ to ! atmosph]e4 #if4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! equaliz+ res]voir8 ,a4 ,! purpose ( ! equaliz+ res]voir is to furni% a l>g] volume ( air above ! equaliz+ pi/on ?an is f\nd 9 *amb] ,d1 ?us to enable ! eng9e] to make a graduat$ r$uction ( ! pressure above ! equaliz+ pi/on4 #ig4 ,q4 ,:at defect w cause ! brake pipe & ma9 res]voir pressure to equalize :5 ! h&le is 9 runn+ position8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by leakage pa/ ! rot>y valve1 defective body gasket1 or leakage by ! fe$ valve or its case gasket4 ,to det]m9e :i* "p is at fault1 close ! cut-out cock "u ! brake valve & move ! h&le to s]vice position1 exhau/+ all air f *amb] ,d & ! brake pipe2 return ! h&le to lap position4 ,leakage ( air pa/ ! rot>y valve is g5]ally into ! brake pipe port :i* all[s ! air to come 9 "u ! equaliz+ pi/on1 ?us =c+ x upw>d1 unseat+ ! brake pipe exhau/ valve1 all[+ ?is air to escape to ! atmosph]e at ! brake pipe exhau/ port4 ,leakage pa/ ! body gasket all[s air to ent] *amb] ,d1 above ! equaliz+ pi/on1 hold+ x 9 its l[] position1 keep+ ! brake pipe exhau/ port clos$1 !reby prev5t+ ! escape ( ?is air to ! atmosph]e4 ,s9ce ! capacity ( ! equaliz+ res]voir & *amb] ,d is small1 su* a leak w cause ! black h& to quickly move up to ! position ( ! r$ h&4 ,to det]m9e if ! leakage be 9 ! fe$ valve or its gasket1 re*>ge ! brake pipe to "s pressure bel[ ! adju/m5t ( ! fe$ valve1 !n place ! h&le 9 lap position4 ,if ! black h& on ! air gauge rema9s /ation>y1 x is fair to assume t ! tr\ble is 9 ! fe$ valve or its gasket1 z 9 ?is position ( ! brake valve ! fe$ valve is cut out4 #ih4 ,q4 ,) ! eng9e alone1 ! brake pipe pressure w equalize ) t 9 ! ma9 res]voir1 :ile :5 c\pl$ to a tra9 ! pressure w rema9 at t = :i* ! fe$ valve is adju/$2 :]e is ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is is caus$ by light leakage ( ma9 res]voir air into ! brake pipe1 & may come pa/ ! rot>y valve1 body gasket1 or fe$ valve1 & ) ! lone eng9e is suffici5t to raise ! brake pipe pressure to t 9 ! ma9 res]voir2 :ile1 :5 c\pl$ to a tra91 ! brake pipe leakage ( :i* is great] ?an ?is am\nt1 ?is leakage w n be notic$4 ,,! ,,fe$ ,,valve ,,& ,,its ,,defects #ii4 ,q4 ,:at d ,figures #f & #g repres5t8 ,a4 ,^! are diagrams ( ! ,b-#f fe$ valve 9 bo? op5 & clos$ positions4 #ajj4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! fe$ valve4 ,a4 ,! valve consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 #b1 valve body2 #c1 pipe bracket2 #e1 cap nut2 #f1 pi/on spr+2 #g1 pi/on spr+ tip2 #h1 supply valve pi/on2 #i1 supply valve2 #aj1 supply valve spr+2 #aa1 regulat+ valve cap nut2 #ab1 regulat+ valve2 #ac1 regulat+ valve spr+2 #ad1 diaphragm2 #ae1 diaphragm r+2 #af1 diaphragm sp9dle2 #ag1 regulat+ spr+2 #ah1 spr+ box2 #ai & #bj1 /op r+s2 #ba1 clamp+ screw2 #bb1 h& :eel4 #aja4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! fe$ valve4 ,a4 ,! fe$ valve consi/s ( two portions1 ! supply & regulat+ portions4 ,! supply portion consi/s ( a slide valve #i & a pi/on #h 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,! supply valve #i op5s & closes communication betwe5 ! ma9 res]voir & ! fe$ valve pipe & is mov$ by ! pi/on #h :i* is op]at$ by ma9 res]voir air ent]+ ?r\gh passage a on "o side or by ! pressure ( ! spr+ #f on ! o!r side4 ,! regulat+ portion consi/s ( a brass diaphragm #ad1 on "o side ( :i* is ! diaphragm sp9dle #af1 held aga9/ ! diaphragm by ! regulat+ spr+ #ag1 & on ! o!r side a regulat+ valve #ab1 held aga9/ ! diaphragm or its seat1 z ! case may be1 by ! spr+ #ac4 ,*amb] ,l at ! left ( ! diaphragm is op5 to ! fe$ valve pipe ?r\gh ! passage e & d4 ,! fe$ valve is adju/$ by turn+ ! h& :eel #bb 9 or out1 ?us increas+ or decreas+ ! pressure ex]t$ by ! spr+ on ! diaphragm4 ,! same results are obta9$ 9 turn+ ! h& :eel #bb z :5 turn+ ! adju/+ screw 9 ! old] types ( fe$ valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,diagram ( ,b-#f ,fe$ ,valve1 ,clos$4 ,connections3 ,,mr1 ,ma9 ,res]voir ,pipe2 ,,fvp1 ,fe$ ,valve ,pipe4 ,air f ! ma9 res]voir fl[+ ?r\gh passage a into *amb] ,b w =ce ! pi/on #h to ! left aga9/ ! t5sion ( ! spr+ #f2 ! pi/on 9 mov+ w take ) x ! supply valve #i1 op5+ ! supply port 9 ! valve to port c 9 its seat z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,ma9 res]voir air w n[ be free to fl[ ?r\gh passage a1 *amb] ,b1 port c & passage d to ! fe$ valve pipe4 ,air com+ ?r\gh port c also fl[s ?r\gh passage e to *amb] ,l at ! left ( ! diaphragm #ad1 & ?is pressure t5ds t[>d =c+ ! diaphragm to ! "r2 b ! diaphragm be+ support$ by ! regulat+ spr+ #ag1 w rema9 9 its position at ! left1 hold+ ! regulat+ valve #ab (f its seat1 until ! pressure 9 *amb] ,l exce$s ! t5sion ( ! regulat+ spr+ #ag4 ,air1 !re=e1 cont9ues to fl[ f ! ma9 res]voir ?r\gh a1 ,b1 c1 d & e to ! fe$ valve pipe & *amb] ,l1 increas+ ! pressure1 until ! pressure on ! diaphragm #ad ov]comes ! t5sion ( ! regulat+ spr+ #ag1 :5 ! diaphragm w move to ! "r1 all[+ ! spr+ #ac to =ce ! regulat+ valve #ab to its seat1 clos+ port ,k4 ,*amb]s ,g & ,h are !n no long] op5 to *amb] ,l & ! fe$ valve pipe1 & ^! *amb]s be+ small1 ! pressure raises quickly to ma9 res]voir pressure due to ! leakage ( air pa/ ! supply pi/on #h1 :i* =ms b a loose fit 9 its bu%+4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 *amb] ,g becomes ne>ly equal to t 9 *amb] ,b1 ! pi/on spr+ #f =ces ! pi/on #h & its slide valve #i to clos$ position1 :i* prev5ts fur!r fl[ ( air f ! ma9 res]voir to ! fe$ valve pipe 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,! fe$ valve w rema9 9 clos$ position until ! pressure 9 *amb] ,l is slightly r$uc$ s t ! pressure on ! diaphragm #ad is no long] able to )/& ! pressure ( ! regulat+ spr+ #ag1 :i* !n =ces ! diaphragm to ! left1 lift+ ! regulat+ valve #ab f its seat & aga9 op5+ port ,k to *amb] ,l1 ?us dropp+ ! pressure at ! left ( pi/on #h bel[ t ( ! ma9 res]voir act+ on ! opposite side ( ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,diagram ( ,b-#f ,fe$ ,valve1 ,op54 ,ma9 res]voir pressure !n =ces ! supply pi/on & valve ov] into op5 position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 & all[s a fur!r fl[ ( air ?r\gh port c to ! fe$ valve pipe to aga9 raise its pressure to ! adju/m5t ( ! fe$ valve1 :5 ! valve w aga9 close4 #ajb4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! fe$ valve8 ,a4 ,to control & ma9ta9 a con/ant pressure 9 ! brake pipe :5 ! brake valve is 9 runn+ or hold+ position4 #ajc4 ,q4 ,:at defect 9 ! fe$ valve w cause ! brake pipe pressure to equalize ) t 9 ! ma9 res]voir8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by a defective fe$ valve case gasket1 p]mitt+ ma9 res]voir air to leak into ! fe$ valve pipe1 or leakage pa/ ! supply valve1 or ! regulat+ valve held f its seat1 or ! supply valve pi/on too tight a fit 9 its cyl9d]4 #ajd4 ,q4 ,if ! brake pipe *>ges too sl[ly :5 ne>+ ! maximum pressure1 :]e is ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is may be caus$ by a loose-fitt+ supply valve pi/on #h1 or ! port pa/ ! regulat+ valve #ab p>tly /opp$ up4 #aje4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! fe$ valve be te/$8 ,a4 ,) ! brakes releas$1 & *>g$ to ! adju/m5t ( ! fe$ valve1 create a brake pipe leak ( f sev5 to t5 p\nds & note ! black h& on ! brake pipe gauge4 ,! fluctuation ( ?is h& w indicate ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! fe$ valve1 :i* %\ld n p]mit a v>iation ( ov] two p\nds 9 brake pipe pressure2 if x does1 x indicates a dirty condition ( ! valve1 & %\ld be clean$4 #ajf4 ,q4 ,if ! ma9 res]voir pipe connection to ! fe$ valve breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,?is w cause a loss ( ma9 res]voir air1 & bo? ends ( ! pipe mu/ be plugg$4 ,z no air n[ comes to ! fe$ valve to *>ge ! brake pipe 9 runn+ or hold+ position ( ! brake valve1 ! h&le mu/ be c>ri$ 9 release position4 #ajg4 ,q4 ,:at mu/ be done if ! pipe betwe5 ! fe$ valve & automatic brake valve breaks8 ,a4 ,slack (f on ! regulat+ nut ( ! fe$ valve until all t5sion is remov$ f ! regulat+ spr+ & plug ! pipe t[>d ! brake valve4 ,to *>ge ! brake pipe1 ! brake valve h&le mu/ be c>ri$ 9 release position4 #ajh4 ,q4 ,if ! fe$ valve becomes defective s t x w n control brake pipe pressure1 :at may be done8 ,a4 ,z ! r$uc+ valve us$ = ! indep5d5t brake1 & ! fe$ valve are practically ! same1 !y may be *ang$ "o = ! o!r1 ! r$uc+ valve tak+ ! place ( ! fe$ valve4 ,,indep5d5t ,,brake ,,valve #aji4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t positions ( ! indep5d5t brake valve us$ ) ! ,e-,t equipm5t4 ,a4 ,release1 runn+1 lap1 sl[-application position1 quick-application position4 #aaj4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( release position8 ,a4 ,to release ! locomotive brake :5 ! automatic brake valve is 9 o!r ?an runn+ position4 #aaa4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( runn+ position8 ,a4 ,?is is ! prop] position = ! brake valve :5 n 9 use1 & to release ! locomotive brake :5 ! automatic brake valve is 9 runn+ position4 #aab4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( lap position8 ,a4 ,to hold ! locomotive brake appli$ aft] an indep5d5t application4 #aac4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( sl[-application position8 ,a4 ,?is position may be us$ :5 x is desir$ to make a light or gradual application ( ! brake1 z 9 /ret*+ or bun*+ ! slack ( a tra94 #aad4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( quick-application position8 ,a4 ,to apply ! locomotive brake quickly1 z 9 %ort swit*+4 #aae4 ,q4 ,:at brake cyl9d] pressure is usually develop$ ) ?is brake8 ,a4 ,ab\t =ty-five p\nds4 ,,dead ,,eng9e ,,feature #aaf4 ,q4 ,:at is ! dead eng9e device8 ,a4 ,! dead eng9e device is a pipe connection betwe5 ! ma9 res]voir & ! brake pipe4 ,9 ?is pipe is f\nd a comb9$ /ra9] & *eck valve ) a *oke fitt+ & cut-out cock1 :i* :5 op5 =ms a connection betwe5 ! brake pipe & ! ma9 res]voir4 #aag4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ?is device8 ,a4 ,to provide a means ( *>g+ ! ma9 res]voir ( an eng9e ^: compressor is inop]ative4 #aah4 ,q4 ,:at is ! object ( *>g+ a ma9 res]voir ( an eng9e ) a disabl$ compressor8 ,a4 ,z ! air us$ 9 ! locomotive brake cyl9d]s comes f ! ma9 res]voir1 = ! brakes to be op]at$ on ?is eng9e x is necess>y t its ma9 res]voir be *>g$4 #aai4 ,q4 ,) a #gj-p\nd brake pipe pressure1 :at pressure %\ld be _h 9 ! ma9 res]voir :5 us+ ?is device8 ,a4 ,ab\t fifty p\nds4 #abj4 ,q4 ,:5 ! dead eng9e feature is be+ us$1 9 :at position %\ld ! automatic & indep5d5t brake valves be c>ri$8 ,a4 ,runn+ position4 #aba4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be ! position ( ! brake pipe cut-out cock bel[ ! brake valve8 ,a4 ,x %\ld be clos$4 ,,di/ribut+ ,,valve #abb4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! di/ribut+ valve8 ,a4 ,to admit air f ! ma9 res]voir to ! locomotive brake cyl9d]s :5 apply+ ! brake1 to automatically ma9ta9 ! brake cyl9d] pressure aga9/ leakage1 to develop ! prop] brake cyl9d] pressure reg>dless ( pi/on travel & to exhau/ ! air f ! brake cyl9d]s :5 releas+ ! brake4 #abc4 ,q4 ,to :at is ! di/ribut+ valve atta*$8 ,a4 ,to ! di/ribut+ valve res]voir4 #abd4 ,q4 ,h[ _m *amb]s has ! di/ribut+ valve res]voir8 ,a4 ,two2 pressure *amb] & application *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,release1 ,automatic or ,indep5d5t4 ,connections3 ,,mr1 ,ma9 ,res]voir ,pipe2 ,,iv1 ,di/ribut+ ,valve ,release ,pipe2 ,,ii1 ,application ,cyl9d] ,pipe2 ,,cyls1 ,brake ,cyl9d] ,pipe2 ,,bp1 ,brake ,pipe4 #abe4 ,q4 ,"n ! diff]5t pipe connections to ! di/ribut+ valve res]voir4 ,a4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #h1 ! connection m>k$ ,,mr is ! ma9 res]voir supply pipe2 ,,ii1 application cyl9d] pipe2 ,,iv1 di/ribut+ valve release pipe2 ,,bp1 brake pipe2 ,,cyls1 brake cyl9d] pipe4 #abf4 ,q4 ,to :at d ^! diff]5t pipes connect8 ,a4 ,! ma9 res]voir supply pipe connects ! di/ribut+ valve ) ! ma9 res]voir pipe4 ,! application cyl9d] pipe connects ! application cyl9d] ( ! di/ribut+ valve ) ! indep5d5t & automatic brake valves4 ,! di/ribut+ valve release pipe connects ! application cyl9d] exhau/ port 9 ! di/ribut+ valve ) ! indep5d5t brake valve1 & ?r\gh x1 :5 9 runn+ position1 to ! automatic brake valve4 ,! brake cyl9d] pipe connects ! di/ribut+ valve ) ! diff]5t brake cyl9d]s on ! locomotive4 ,! brake pipe bran* pipe connects ! di/ribut+ valve ) ! brake pipe4 #abg4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! di/ribut+ valve :5 mak+ an automatic s]vice application ( ! brake4 ,a4 ,:5 ! brakes are fully *>g$1 ! brake pipe & pressure *amb] pressures are equal1 & :5 a gradual r$uction ( brake pipe pressure is made x w be felt 9 *amb] p at ! "r ( ! equaliz+ pi/on #bf1 creat+ a diff]5ce 9 pressure on ! two sides ( ! pi/on1 caus+ x to move to ! "r4 ,! fir/ movem5t ( ! pi/on closes ! fe$ groove v1 also moves ! graduat+ valve #bh1 uncov]+ ! s]vice port z 9 ! equaliz+ slide valve #ca2 ?is movem5t ( ! pi/on also causes ! %\ld] on ! end ( its /em to engage ! equaliz+ slide valve1 & ! cont9u$ movem5t ( ! pi/on moves ! valve to s]vice position1 9 :i* port z connects ) port h 9 ! seat ( ! valve1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,z ! equaliz+ slide valve *amb] is at all times connect$ to ! pressure *amb]1 air c n[ fl[ f ?is *amb] to bo? ! application cyl9d] & *amb] ?r\gh ports z & h1 cavity n & port w until ! pressure on ! left or pressure *amb] side ( ! equaliz+ pi/on #bf becomes slightly less ?an t 9 ! brake pipe1 :5 ! pi/on & graduat+ valve w move to ! left until ! %\ld] on ! pi/on /em /rikes ! slide valve2 ?is movem5t ( ! graduat+ valve closes ! s]vice port z1 ?us clos+ ! communication betwe5 ! pressure *amb] & application *amb] & cyl9d]1 also clos+ port l :i* leads to ! safety valve4 ,! di/ribut+ valve is n[ said to be 9 s]vice lap position4 7,see ,fig4 #aj47 #abh4 ,q4 ,^u :at does ! pressure 9 ! application *amb] & cyl9d] dep5d :5 mak+ a s]vice application ( ! brake8 ,a4 ,on ! am\nt ( brake pipe r$uction2 & z ! relative volume ( ! pressure *amb] & application cyl9d] & *amb] is practically ! same z t ( an auxili>y res]voir & brake cyl9d]1 x w be und]/ood t "o p\nd f ! pressure *amb] w make two & "o-half p\nds 9 ! application *amb] & cyl9d]2 9 o!r words1 ) ! pressure *amb] *>g$ to sev5ty p\nds & no pressure 9 ! application *amb] & cyl9d]1 if !y 7 connect$ & ! pressure all[$ to equalize x w\ld d s at ab\t fifty p\nds2 t is1 tw5ty p\nds f ! pressure *amb] w make fifty p\nds 9 ! application *amb] & cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,automatic ,s]vice4 #abi4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! application pi/on #aj affect$ by ! air pressure 9 ! application cyl9d] g8 ,a4 ,pressure =m+ 9 ?is cyl9d] w =ce ! pi/on to ! "r2 ! pi/on 9 mov+ w c>ry ) x ! exhau/ valve #af1 clos+ ! exhau/ ports e & d1 at ! same "t mov+ ! application valve #e1 op5+ ! supply port b1 all[+ ma9 res]voir air f *amb] a to fl[ ?r\gh ports b & ,c to ! connection m>k$ ,,cyls1 & on to ! diff]5t brake cyl9d]s ( ! locomotive until ! pressure 9 ! brake cyl9d]s & at ! "r ( ! application pi/on becomes slightly great] ?an t 9 *amb] g :5 ! application pi/on & valve w move back to lap position z %[n 9 ,figures #i & #aj4 #acj4 ,q4 ,) ! application valve 9 lap position1 if !re be brake cyl9d] leakage1 w ! locomotive brake leak (f8 ,a4 ,no2 any drop 9 brake cyl9d] pressure w be felt 9 *amb] b at ! "r ( ! application pi/on #aj1 caus+ a diff]5ce 9 pressure on ! two sides ( ! pi/on1 ?us all[+ ! pressure 9 ! application cyl9d] to move ! application pi/on & valve to ! "r1 aga9 op5+ ! supply port b all[+ a fur!r fl[ ( ma9 res]voir air f *amb] a to ! brake cyl9d]s until ! pressure is aga9 slightly great] ?an t 9 ! application cyl9d] g1 :5 ! application pi/on & valve w move back to lap position4 ,?us 9 ?is way air w be suppli$ to ! brake cyl9d]s ( ! locomotive1 hold+ ! brake appli$ reg>dless ( leakage4 #aca4 ,q4 ,:at effect w pi/on travel h on ! pressure develop$ 9 ! brake cyl9d]s8 ,a4 ,none2 z ! pressure 9 ! brake cyl9d]s is entirely dep5d5t on ! pressure 9 ! application cyl9d]1 :i* is n affect$ by pi/on travel4 #acb4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! movem5t ( ! p>ts 9 ! di/ribut+ valve :5 ! automatic brake valve is mov$ to release position1 aft] an automatic application ( ! brake4 ,a4 ,9 release position ( ! brake valve1 air f ! ma9 res]voir fl[s direct to ! brake pipe1 caus+ a rise ( pressure :i* is felt 9 *amb] p on ! "r or brake pipe side ( ! equaliz+ pi/on #bf2 ?is increase ( pressure w cause ! pi/on to move t[>d ! left1 c>ry+ ! graduat+ valve #bh & slide valve #ca to release position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,s]vice ,lap4 ,?is all[s ! air f ! application *amb] & cyl9d] to fl[ to ! di/ribut+ valve release pipe ,,iv & on ?r\gh ! indep5d5t brake valve to ! automatic brake valve1 :]e ! port to :i* ?is pipe leads is blank$ by ! automatic rot>y valve1 ?us prev5t+ ! air f leav+ ! application *amb] & cyl9d]1 hold+ ! locomotive brake appli$ :ile ! tra9 brakes are be+ releas$4 ,! movem5t ( ! p>ts1 & ! results obta9$ are ! same :]e ! release is made 9 hold+ position4 #acc4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! movem5t ( ! p>ts 9 ! di/ribut+ valve :5 ! brake valve is mov$ to runn+ position aft] hav+ fir/ be5 mov$ to release or hold+ position1 foll[+ a brake application4 ,a4 ,9 ?is position ( ! brake valve ! port to :i* ! di/ribut+ valve release pipe is connect$ is op5 to ! exhau/1 ?us all[+ ! air to escape f ! application *amb] & cyl9d]4 ,! r$uction ( pressure 9 *amb] g1 w all[ ! brake cyl9d] pressure 9 *amb] b to =ce ! application pi/on & its valves to release position1 ?us all[+ ! brake cyl9d] air to escape to ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh ! exhau/ ports e & d4 7,see ,fig4 #h47 #acd4 ,q4 ,expla9 h[ an indep5d5t release ( ! locomotive brake is obta9$ aft] an automatic application has be5 made4 ,a4 ,if ! brakes h be5 appli$ ?r\gh\t ! tra91 by means ( ! automatic brake valve1 & x is desir$ to release ! locomotive brakes )\t releas+ ! tra9 brakes1 ! h&le ( ! indep5d5t brake valve is plac$ 9 release position4 ,9 ?is position ( ! indep5d5t brake valve1 ! application cyl9d] 9 ! di/ribut+ valve is connect$ ?r\gh ! application cyl9d] pipe to ! direct exhau/ port ( ! indep5d5t brake valve2 ?us exhau/+ ! air f ! application cyl9d]1 caus+ a release ( ! locomotive brake4 ,?is indep5d5t release ( ! locomotive brake does n cause ! equaliz+ pi/on & its slide valve 9 ! di/ribut+ valve to *ange _! position4 #ace4 ,q4 ,expla9 :at takes place :5 an automatic em]g5cy application is made4 ,a4 ,any sudd5 r$uction ( brake pipe pressure is felt on ! brake pipe side ( ! equaliz+ pi/on #bf & w cause x & ! slide valve #ca to move to ! extreme "r1 compress+ ! graduat+ spr+ #fj4 7,see ,fig4 #aa47 ,9 ?is position pressure *amb] air c fl[ to ! application cyl9d] only z ! application *amb] is n[ cut (f4 ,?is w cause a quick rise ( pressure 9 ! application cyl9d]1 =c+ ! application pi/on & its valves to full application position1 admitt+ ma9 res]voir air to ! brake cyl9d]s & apply+ ! brake4 ,9 em]g5cy position ( ! automatic brake valve !re is a small port 9 ! rot>y valve1 call$ ! bl[-d[n tim+ port1 ?r\gh :i* ma9 res]voir air is free to fl[ to ! application cyl9d] g ?r\gh ! application cyl9d] pipe ,,ii1 caus+ a rise ( pressure equal to ! adju/m5t ( ! safety valve4 #acf4 ,q4 ,at :at pressure is ! safety valve adju/$8 ,a4 ,at sixty-eight p\nds4 #acg4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! quick action cap1 & :]e is x locat$8 ,a4 ,its purpose is to assi/ ! brake valve 9 v5t+ brake pipe air :5 an em]g5cy application ( ! brake is made1 & is locat$ on ! brake pipe side ( ! di/ribut+ valve 9 place ( ! pla9 cap4 7,see ,figs4 #h & #aa47 #ach4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! quick action cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,em]g5cy ,position ( ,no4 #f ,di/ribut+ ,valve ) ,quick-,action ,cap4 ,a4 ,9 an em]g5cy application1 ! equaliz+ pi/on #bf moves to ! extreme "r1 ! knob on ! pi/on /rikes ! graduat+ /em #ei1 caus+ x to compress ! graduat+ spr+ #df1 & move ! slide valve #dh to ! "r1 op5+ port j4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,indep5d5t ,application4 ,brake pipe pressure 9 *amb] p fl[s to *amb] ,x1 pu%es d[n *eck valve #ec1 & passes to ! brake cyl9d]s ?r\gh port m 9 ! cap & di/ribut+ valve body4 ,:5 ! brake cyl9d]s & brake pipe pressures equalize1 *eck valve #ec is =c$ to its seat by spr+ #ed1 ?us prev5t+ air 9 ! brake cyl9d]s f fl[+ back into ! brake pipe4 ,:5 a release ( ! brake occurs & pi/on #bf is mov$ back to its normal position1 spr+ #df =ces graduat+ /em #ei & slide valve #dh back to release position4 #aci4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! di/ribut+ valve :5 mak+ an indep5d5t application ( ! brake4 ,a4 ,:5 ! indep5d5t brake valve h&le is mov$ to application position1 air is admitt$ f ! r$uc+ valve pipe ?r\gh ! application cyl9d] pipe to ! application *amb] & cyl9d]4 ,pressure =m+ 9 ! application cyl9d] w move ! application pi/on #aj to ! "r1 c>ry+ ) x ! exhau/ valve #af & ! application valve #e1 clos+ ! exhau/ port & op5+ ! supply port1 admitt+ ma9 res]voir air f *amb] a to ! brake cyl9d]s 7see ,fig4 #ab7 until ! pressure 9 ! brake cyl9d]s & *amb] b slightly exce$s t 9 *amb] g1 :5 ! application pi/on #aj & valve #e w move back to lap position4 ,by mov+ ! brake valve h&le to ei!r release or runn+ position1 ! air is exhau/$ f ! application cyl9d] & *amb]1 ?us r$uc+ ! pressure 9 *amb] g1 all[+ ! pressure 9 *amb] b to =ce ! pi/on to ! left1 c>ry+ ) x ! exhau/ valve #af1 op5+ ! exhau/ ports e & d1 all[+ ! air f ! brake cyl9d]s to escape to ! atmosph]e1 ?us releas+ ! brake4 ,,di/ribut+ ,,valve ,,defects #adj4 ,q4 ,if ! locomotive brake releas$ ) ! automatic brake valve 9 lap position1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,w\ld look = a leak 9 ! application cyl9d] pipe or 9 ! application cyl9d] cap gasket4 #ada4 ,q4 ,if ! brake rema9$ appli$ 9 lap position1 b releas$ 9 release or hold+ position1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,w\ld look = a leak 9 ! di/ribut+ valve release pipe4 #adb4 ,q4 ,if ! di/ribut+ valve release pipe & application cyl9d] pipe 7 cross$1 :at w\ld be ! effect8 ,a4 ,a brake application made by ! automatic brake valve _c be releas$ by ! indep5d5t brake valve4 #adc4 ,q4 ,if ! safety valve leaks1 :at w be ! effect8 ,a4 ,?is may prev5t ! brake apply+1 & 9 an indep5d5t application if ! brake does apply1 x w release :5 ! brake valve is return$ to lap position4 ,,brok5 ,,pipes #add4 ,q4 ,if ! ma9 res]voir supply pipe to ! di/ribut+ valve breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,plug ! pipe t[>d ! ma9 res]voir4 ,! locomotive brake is lo/1 b if ! di/ribut+ valve is equipp$ ) a quick action cap1 :5 an em]g5cy application is made1 ! air com+ f ! brake pipe1 ?r\gh ! quick action cap1 w apply ! locomotive brake4 #ade4 ,q4 ,if ! application cyl9d] pipe breaks1 :at effect w x h on ! locomotive brake8 ,a4 ,! locomotive brake _c be appli$ ) ei!r automatic or indep5d5t brake valve4 ,by plugg+ ! pipe t[>d ! di/ribut+ valve ! automatic brake w be re/or$4 #adf4 ,q4 ,if ! di/ribut+ valve release pipe breaks1 :at w be ! effect8 ,a4 ,! hold+ feature ( ! brake w be lo/2 t is1 ! locomotive brake w release :5 ! automatic brake valve is mov$ to ei!r release or hold+ position1 ! same z ) ! old ,g-#f equipm5t4 #adg4 ,q4 ,if ! release pipe is brok5 & n plugg$1 c ! indep5d5t brake be appli$8 ,a4 ,yes1 by plac+ ! brake valve h&le 9 quick-application position ! brake w apply1 b !re w be a wa/e ( air ?r\gh ! brok5 pipe1 & ! brake w release :5 ! brake valve is return$ to lap position4 #adh4 ,q4 ,if ! brake cyl9d] pipe breaks1 c ! locomotive brake be appli$8 ,a4 ,?is dep5ds on :]e ! pipe breaks2 if betwe5 ! cut-out cock & any "o ( ! brake cyl9d]s1 close ! cut-out cock to t cyl9d]1 & ! o!r cyl9d]s may be us$4 ,b if ! pipe breaks at ! di/ribut+ valve1 ! locomotive brake w be lo/4 #adi4 ,q4 ,if ! brake pipe connection to ! di/ribut+ valve breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,plug ! end f ! brake pipe2 ! locomotive brake mu/ n[ be releas$ by plac+ ! indep5d5t valve 9 release position4 #aej4 ,q4 ,if ! brake pipe connection to ! di/ribut+ valve breaks & is plugg$1 c ! locomotive brake be op]at$8 ,a4 ,! indep5d5t brake may be appli$ & releas$ 9 ! usual mann]1 b ! automatic brake w be lo/ = s]vice brak+4 ,,type ,k ,,triple ,,valve #aea4 ,q4 ,on :at is ?is type ( triple valve design$ to op]ate8 ,a4 ,on freight equipm5t c>s only4 #aeb4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! ,k triple valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,full ,release & ,*>g+ ,position4 ,a4 ,:5 air is admitt$ to ! brake pipe x is free to ent] ! triple at a 7see ,fig4 #ac7 & fl[ ?r\gh ! passage e to *amb] f1 !nce ?r\gh port g to *amb] h 9 front ( ! triple valve pi/on #d4 ,pressure =m+ 9 *amb] h w =ce ! pi/on to ! left until its pack+ r+ uncov]s ! fe$ groove i 9 ! bu%+1 ?us creat+ a communication betwe5 *amb] h & ! slide valve *amb]4 ,brake pipe air w n[ be free to fl[ pa/ ! pi/on to ! slide valve *amb] & out at ,r to ! auxili>y res]voir4 ,air w cont9ue to fe$ ?r\gh ! groove i until ! auxili>y res]voir & brake pipe pressures are equal1 & x is !n we say t ! brake is fully *>g$4 ,brake pipe air ent]+ *amb] a w lift ! *eck valve #ae1 & *>ge *amb] ,y to brake pipe pressure4 ,:5 a gradual r$uction ( brake pipe pressure is made1 z 9 a s]vice application ( ! brakes1 ! pressure be+ r$uc$ 9 *amb] h1 auxili>y res]voir pressure w move ! pi/on #d t[>d s]vice position4 7,see ,fig4 #ad47 ,! fir/ movem5t ( ! pi/on closes ! fe$ groove i1 ?us clos+ communication betwe5 ! auxili>y res]voir & ! brake pipe1 prev5t+ a back-fl[ ( air f ! auxili>y to ! brake pipe1 & at ! same "t mov+ ! graduat+ valve #g1 op5+ ! s]vice port ,z 9 ! slide valve4 ,! cont9u$ movem5t ( ! pi/on w move ! slide valve until ! s]vice port ,z regi/]s ) ! brake cyl9d] port r 9 ! valve seat1 ?us creat+ a communication betwe5 ! auxili>y res]voir & ! brake cyl9d]4 ,air w n[ fl[ f ! auxili>y to ! brake cyl9d] until ! pressure on ! auxili>y side ( ! pi/on #d becomes slightly less ?an 9 ! brake pipe1 :5 ! pi/on & ! graduat+ valve #g w move back j f> en\gh to close ! s]vice port ,z1 ?us clos+ communication betwe5 ! auxili>y res]voir & ! brake cyl9d]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! fir/ movem5t ( ! graduat+ valve connects ! two ports o & q 9 ! slide valve ?r\gh ! cavity v 9 ! graduat+ valve1 & ! movem5t ( ! slide valve br+s port o to regi/] ) port y 9 ! slide valve seat1 & port q ) port t4 ,?is p]mits ! air 9 *amb] ,y to fl[ ?r\gh port y1 o1 v1 q1 & t1 !nce ar\nd ! em]g5cy pi/on #h1 :i* fits loosely 9 its cyl9d]1 to *amb] ,x & ! brake cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 *amb] ,y has r$uc$ bel[ ! brake pipe pressure rema9+ 9 *amb] a1 ! *eck valve #ae is rais$ & all[s brake pipe air to fl[ pa/ ! *eck valve & ?r\gh ! ports above m5tion$ to ! brake cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,quick ,s]vice ,position4 ,! size ( ^! ports are s proportion$ t ! fl[ ( air f ! brake pipe to ! top ( ! em]g5cy pi/on #h1 is n suffici5t to =ce ! latt] d[nw>d & ?us cause an em]g5cy application1 b at ! same "t takes en\gh air f ! brake pipe to cause a local r$uction ( brake pipe pressure at t po9t1 ?us assi/+ ! brake valve 9 increas+ ! rapidity ) :i* ! brake pipe r$uction travels ?r\gh ! tra94 ,! triple valve is n[ said to be 9 ,quick ,s]vice position4 7,see ,fig4 #ad47 #aec4 ,q4 ,w ! triple valve move to quick s]vice position :5ev] a gradual r$uction brake pipe r$uction is made8 ,a4 ,no2 ) %ort tra9s1 ! brake pipe volume be+ comp>atively small1 w r$uce m rapidly = a c]ta9 r$uction at ! brake valve ?an ) a long tra94 ,!re=e1 ) a %ort tra91 ! brake pipe pressure r$uc+ m quickly1 ! triple pi/on & its valves w move to full s]vice position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,9 ?is position ! quick s]vice port y is clos$1 s t no air fl[s f ! brake pipe to ! brake cyl9d]4 ,?us1 :5 ! brake pipe r$uction is suffici5tly rapid1 !re is no ne$ = ?is quick s]vice r$uction1 & ! triple valve automatically cuts out ?is feature ( ! valve :5 n requir$4 #aed4 ,q4 ,h[ long w ! auxili>y res]voir air cont9ue to fl[ to ! brake cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,air w cont9ue to fl[ to ! brake cyl9d] until ! pressure on ! auxili>y side ( ! triple pi/on becomes slightly less ?an t on ! brake pipe side1 :5 ! pi/on #d & ! graduat+ valve #g w move to ! left until ! %\ld] on ! pi/on /em /rikes ! slide valve4 7,see ,fig4 #af47 ,?is movem5t has caus$ ! graduat+ valve to close ! s]vice port ,z1 ?us cutt+ (f any fur!r fl[ ( air f ! auxili>y to ! brake cyl9d] & also port o1 ?us prev5t+ any fur!r fl[ ( air f ! brake pipe to ! brake cyl9d]4 ,! triple valve is n[ said to be 9 lap position4 #aee4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! triple valve affect$ by a fur!r r$uction ( brake pipe pressure8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,full ,s]vice ,position4 ,a4 ,a fur!r r$uction ( brake pipe pressure w cause ! triple pi/on #d & ! graduat+ valve #g to aga9 move to ! "r1 op5+ ports ,z & o1 all[+ a fur!r fl[ ( brake pipe & auxili>y air to ! brake cyl9d]4 ,?is may be cont9u$ until ! auxili>y res]voir & brake cyl9d] pressures become equal1 aft] :i* any fur!r r$uction ( brake pipe pressure is only a wa/e ( air4 ,) sev5ty p\nds brake pipe pressure1 & eight-in* pi/on travel1 a tw5ty-p\nd r$uction w cause equalization at ab\t fifty p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,lap ,position4 #aef4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! triple valve 9 ! release ( ! brake4 ,a4 ,to release ! brakes & re*>ge ! auxili>y res]voirs1 air is admitt$ ?r\gh ! brake valve to ! brake pipe4 ,?is increase ( pressure on ! brake pipe side ( ! triple valve pi/on #d above t on ! o!r side causes ! pi/on & slide valve to move back to release position1 :i* p]mits ! air 9 ! brake cyl9d] to fl[ to ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh ! exhau/ port ( ! triple1 ?us releas+ ! brake4 ,at ! same "t1 air f ! brake pipe fl[s ?r\gh ! fe$ groove i ar\nd ! triple pi/on to ! auxili>y res]voir1 :i* is ?us re*>g$4 ,n[ ! ,k triple valve has two release positions3 ,full ,release & ,ret>d$ ,release4 ,to :i* ( ^! two positions ! p>ts w move :5 ! brakes are releas$1 dep5ds ^u h[ ! brake pipe pressure is increas$4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t ^? c>s t[>d ! head end ( ! tra91 receiv+ ! air fir/1 w h _! brake pipe pressure rais$ m rapidly ?an ^? 9 ! re>2 ?us ! friction ( ! brake pipe causes ! pressure to build up m rapidly 9 ! *amb] h ( ! triple valve t[>d ! front end ( ! tra9 ?an 9 ^? 9 ! re>4 ,z soon z ! pressure is en\gh great] ?an ! auxili>y res]voir pressure to ov]come ! friction ( ! pi/on1 graduat+ valve & slide valve1 all ?ree are mov$ t[>d ! left until ! pi/on /em /rikes ! ret>d+ /em #ca1 :i* is held 9 position by ! ret>d+ spr+ #cc4 ,:]e ! rate ( increase ( brake pipe pressure is sl[1 x w be impossible to raise ! pressure 9 *amb] h suffici5tly to ov]come ! t5sion ( ! ret>d+ spr+ #cc1 & ! triple valve w rema9 9 full release position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,brake cyl9d] air w n[ be free to exhau/ ?r\gh port r1 l>ge cavity n 9 ! slide valve & port p lead+ to ! atmosph]e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! triple valve is ne> ! head end ( ! tra91 & ! brake pipe pressure builds up m rapidly ?an ! auxili>y c re*>ge1 an excess ( pressure w be obta9$ 9 *amb] h ov] t 9 ! auxili>y res]voir1 & w cause ! pi/on #d to compress ! ret>d+ spr+ #cc1 & move ! triple valve p>ts to ret>d$ release position z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 #aeg4 ,q4 ,:at effect has ret>d$ release position ( ! triple valve on ! release ( ! brakes8 ,a4 ,9 ?is position ( ! triple valve1 cavity n 9 ! slide valve connects port r lead+ to ! brake cyl9d]1 ) port p to ! atmosph]e1 & ! brake w release2 b z ! small tail port ext5sion ( cavity n is ov] exhau/ port p1 ! dis*>ge ( air f ! brake cyl9d] is q sl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,ret>d$ ,release & ,*>g+ ,position4 #aeh4 ,q4 ,:at is ! object ( delay+ ! exhau/ ( ! brake cyl9d] air8 ,a4 ,9 ?is way1 ! brakes on ! front end ( ! tra9 require a long] "t to release ?an ^? on ! re>4 ,?is feature is call$ ret>d$ release1 & al?\gh ! triple valves ne> ! locomotive comm5ce to release be=e ^? 9 ! re>1 yet ! exhau/ ( air f ! brake cyl9d] is suffici5tly sl[ to hold back ! release ( ! brakes at ! front end ( ! tra9 long en\gh to insure a uni=m release ( ! brakes on ! tra9 z a :ole4 ,?is p]mits ( releas+ ! brakes on v long tra9s at l[ spe$s )\t dang] ( damag+ tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,em]g5cy ,position4 #aei4 ,q4 ,:at o!r desirable feature is f\nd 9 ?is position ( ! triple valve8 ,a4 ,9 ?is position1 ! back ( ! pi/on is 9 contact ) ! end ( ! slide valve bu%1 &1 z ^! two surfaces are gr\nd to an accurate fit1 ! pi/on makes a tight seal on ! end ( ! bu% except at "o po9t1 :]e a fe$ groove is cut 9 ! pi/on to all[ air to pass ar\nd ! end ( ! slide valve bu% into *amb] ,r & ! auxili>y res]voir4 ,?is fe$ groove is mu* small] ?an ! fe$ groove i 9 ! pi/on bu%1 s t :5 ! triple valve pi/on is 9 ,ret>d$ ,release position ! re*>ge ( ! auxili>y res]voir takes place mu* m sl[ly ?an :5 x is 9 ,full ,release position1 ?us p]mitt+ a great] volume & pressure ( air to fl[ t[>d ! re> ( ! tra94 #afj4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! triple valve 9 em]g5cy position4 ,a4 ,:5 any sudd5 r$uction ( brake pipe pressure is made bel[ t 9 ! auxili>y res]voir1 x w be felt 9 *amb] h 9 front ( pi/on #d & cause ?is pi/on to move to ! extreme "r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is movem5t ( ! p>ts w op5 port t 9 ! slide valve seat & all[ air f ! auxili>y res]voir to fl[ to ! top ( ! em]g5cy pi/on #h1 =c+ ! latt] d[nw>d & op5+ em]g5cy valve #aj4 ,! unseat+ ( ! em]g5cy valve all[s ! air 9 *amb] ,y to escape to ! brake cyl9d]1 ?us p]mitt+ brake pipe pressure 9 *amb] a to lift ! *eck valve #ae & fl[ to ! brake cyl9d] ?r\gh *amb]s ,y & ,x1 until brake cyl9d] & brake pipe pressure ne>ly equalize1 :5 ! *eck valve is =c$ to its seat by ! *eck valve spr+ #ab1 prev5t+ ! air 9 ! cyl9d] f escap+ back into ! brake pipe aga94 ,! em]g5cy valve & pi/on w n[ return to _! normal position4 ,at ! same "t port s 9 ! slide valve regi/]s ) port r 9 ! slide valve seat1 & all[s air f ! auxili>y res]voir to fl[ to ! brake cyl9d]4 ,?is sudd5 dis*>ge ( brake pipe air into ! brake cyl9d] has ! effect on ! next triple valve1 :i* 9 turn v5ts brake pipe air t affects ! foll[+ triple valve & s on ?r\gh\t ! tra94 ,,new ,,york ,,air ,,brake ,,air ,,compressor #afa4 ,q4 ,:at d ,figures #ai & #bj repres5t8 ,a4 ,^! are cross-sectional views ( ! ,new ,york compressor4 #afb4 ,q4 ,( :at does ! valve ge> ( ?is compressor consi/8 ,a4 ,( two ma9 valves1 actuat$ by tappet rods :i* ent] into ! holl[ pi/on rods1 & are mov$ by tappet plates1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! /eam pi/on heads4 #afc4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! admission & exhau/ ( /eam controll$8 ,a4 ,! valve "u ! cyl9d] at ! "r controls ! fl[ ( /eam to & f ! cyl9d] at ! left2 :ile ! valve "u ! cyl9d] at ! left controls ! fl[ ( /eam to & f ! cyl9d] at ! "r4 #afd4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! /eam end ( ! compressor4 ,illu/ration3 ,l[ ,pressure ,pi/on ,mov+ ,upw>d4 ,high ,pressure ,pi/on at ,re/4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a4 ,assum+ bo? pi/ons are at ! bottom ( _! cyl9d]s1 :5 ! compressor ?rottle is op5$1 live /eam w fl[ to bo? /eam *e/s ,b 7see ,fig4 #ai71 & ?r\gh port o to ! "u side ( ! pi/on ,t & ?r\gh port g to ! upp] side ( pi/on ,h4 ,! /eam "u pi/on ,t w =ce x upw>d1 & :5 x v ne>ly completes its /roke1 ! tappet plate ,q w engage ! button on ! end ( ! tappet rod ,p1 mov+ ! ma9 valve ,c to its upp] position4 ,9 ?is position ! exhau/ cavity r 9 ! ma9 valve connects port g ) ! exhau/ port ,x1 ?us all[+ /eam above ! pi/on ,h to escape to ! exhau/1 at ! same "t /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh port s to ! "u side ( pi/on ,h1 =c+ x upw>d4 ,z ?is pi/on v ne>ly completes its /roke1 ! tappet plate ,l 7see ,fig4 #bj7 engages ! button on ! tappet rod ,p1 mov+ ! ma9 valve ,a to its upp] position4 ,exhau/ cavity r n[ connects port o1 :i* leads to ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] at ! "r1 ) ! exhau/ port ,x1 ?us all[+ ! /eam "u pi/on ,t to escape to ! exhau/1 at ! same "t /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh port ,v to ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] at ! "r1 on top ( pi/on ,t1 =c+ x d[nw>d2 z x v ne>ly completes its /roke1 ! tappet plate ,q engages ! %\ld] on ! tappet rod ,p1 mov+ ! ma9 valve ,c to its l[] position4 ,! exhau/ cavity r 9 ! valve n[ connects port s ) ! exhau/ port ,x1 all[+ /eam bel[ pi/on ,h to escape to ! exhau/1 & at ! same "t /eam is admitt$ to ! top ( ?is pi/on1 =c+ x d[n1 ?us complet+ a cycle ( ! compressor4 #afe4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! air end ( ! compressor4 ,a4 ,z ! pi/on 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] ,d moves up 7see ,fig4 #ai71 a p>tial vacuum is =m$ bel[ x1 & air fl[+ ?r\gh ! /ra9] passes d[nw>d ?r\gh ! air passage1 !n pa/ ! l[] receiv+ valve ,w into ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d]1 fill+ x ) air at ab\t atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 ! meantime ! air t is be+ compress$ above ! pi/on holds ! receiv+ valve ,u to its seat1 & lifts ! upp] int]m$iate dis*>ge valve ,k f its seat1 all[+ ! air to pass f ! l[ to ! high pressure cyl9d] ,f4 ,! high pressure pi/on n[ mov+ up causes a p>tial vacuum to be =m$ bel[ x1 & air f ! atmosph]e fl[s pa/ ! l[] receiv+ valve ,n1 fill+ ?is end ( ! cyl9d] ) air at ab\t atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! air above ! pi/on be+ compress$1 holds ! upp] int]m$iate valve ,k & receiv+ valve ,j to _! seats & lifts ! upp] f9al dis*>ge valve ,m1 all[+ ! air to pass to ! ma9 res]voir4 ,! action is ! same on ! d[n /roke1 only air is compress$ 9 ! opposite end ( ! cyl9d]s & ! opposite air valves are us$4 #aff4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be ! lift ( ! diff]5t air valves8 ,a4 ,9 ! ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b compressors all valves %\ld h #a_/af-;in* lift2 9 ! ,no4 #e & ,no4 #f all valves %\ld h #c_/af-;in* lift4 #afg4 ,q4 ,if a receiv+ valve to ! l[ pressure air cyl9d] breaks or /icks op51 :at effect w x h on ! compressor1 & h[ may x be locat$8 ,a4 ,no air w be compress$ 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 z ! pi/on moves t[>d ! defective valve1 & may be locat$ by not+ ! movem5t ( ! l[ pressure pi/on1 z x w be mu* quick] t[>d ! defective valve ?an ! opposite /roke4 ,air w bl[ back to ! atmosph]e z ! pi/on moves t[>d ! defective valve1 & may be detect$ by hold+ ! h& ov] ! /ra9]4 #afh4 ,q4 ,if an int]m$iate dis*>ge valve breaks or /icks op51 :at effect w x h on ! compressor1 & h[ may x be locat$8 ,a4 ,if an int]m$iate dis*>ge valve breaks or /icks op51 no air w be compress$ by t end ( ! compressor :]e is locat$ ! defective valve1 z ! air w simply fl[ back & =? f ! high to ! l[ pressure cyl9d]s2 no air w be tak5 9 f ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! /ra9] z ! pi/ons move f ! defective valve4 #afi4 ,q4 ,if a f9al dis*>ge valve breaks1 :at effect w x h on ! compressor8 ,a4 ,ma9 res]voir air w be free to return to ! high pressure cyl9d] z ! high pressure pi/on moves f ! defective valve2 !re=e1 no air w be tak5 9 ?r\gh ! receiv+ valve ( ! high pressure air cyl9d] at ! end :]e is locat$ ! defective valve4 ,! l[ pressure pi/on w make a sl[ /roke t[>d ! defective valve & a normal /roke f x2 :ile ! high pressure pi/on w make a sl[ /roke t[>d ! defective valve & a quick /roke f x4 ,defective air valves may g5]ally be locat$ by not+ ! temp]ature ( ! valve *amb] 9 :i* !y are locat$4 #agj4 ,q4 ,:at w cause ! compressor to run hot8 ,a4 ,runn+ ! compressor too fa/2 work+ aga9/ high pressure2 air pi/on pack+ r+s leak+2 air cyl9d] worn2 air passages or dis*>ge pipe p>tially /opp$ up2 air valves leak+2 air valves /uck %ut2 or lack ( lubrication4 #aga4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! air end ( ! compressor be oil$1 & :at grade ( oil us$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,high ,pressurei/on ,mov+ ,upw>d4 ,l[ ,pressure ,pi/on at ,re/4 ,a4 ,oil %\ld be us$ sp>+ly 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 b m is requir$ 9 ! high pressure cyl9d]1 ow+ to high] temp]ature4 ,a good quality ( valve oil %\ld be us$4 #agb4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! /eam end ( ! compressor affect$ by ! use ( too mu* oil8 ,a4 ,?is may cause ! compressor to %ort /roke1 & :]e ! pi/on type ( valve is us$1 may cause ! compressor to /op4 ,l-,t ,,equipm5t ,,automatic ,,control ,,valve #agc4 ,q4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! control valve8 ,a4 ,to admit air f ! ma9 res]voir to ! locomotive brake cyl9d]s :5 apply+ ! brakes2 to automatically ma9ta9 ! brake cyl9d] pressure aga9/ leakage2 to develop ! prop] brake cyl9d] pressure reg>dless ( pi/on travel2 & to exhau/ ! air f ! brake cyl9d]s :5 releas+ ! brake1 9 all automatic applications ( ! brake4 #agd4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( ! control valve :5 mak+ an automatic s]vice application ( ! brake4 ,a4 ,air ent]s ! control valve at ! connection m>k$ ,,bp 7,fig4 #ba71 :i* leads to *amb] ,f above ! pi/on #c1 =c+ x d[n1 uncov]+ ! fe$ groove ,g 9 ! bu%+1 all[+ air to fe$ pa/ ! pi/on into ! slide valve *amb]1 & !n ?r\gh port ,h to ! auxili>y res]voir4 ,! air w fe$ ?r\gh 9 ?is mann] until ! auxili>y res]voir & brake pipe pressure equalize4 ,:5 a gradual r$uction ( brake pipe pressure is made1 x w be felt 9 *amb] ,f1 above pi/on #c1 creat+ a diff]5ce 9 pressure on ! two sides ( ! pi/on1 :i* w cause x to move upw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,automatic ,control ,valve4 ,full ,release4 ,! fir/ movem5t ( ! pi/on closes ! fe$ groove ,g1 also moves ! graduat+ valve #aj1 uncov]+ ! s]vice port ,j 9 ! slide valve #d1 & ! cont9u$ movem5t ( ! pi/on moves ! slide valve to s]vice position1 9 :i* ! s]vice port ,j connects ) port ,e 9 ! valve seat4 7,see ,fig4 #bb47 ,z ! slide valve *amb] & auxili>y res]voir are connect$ at all times1 air c n[ fl[ f ! auxili>y to ! control cyl9d] ,d & control res]voir1 ?r\gh ports ,h1 ,j & ,e1 until ! pressure on ! l[] or auxili>y side ( pi/on #c becomes slightly less ?an t 9 *amb] ,f or brake pipe side1 :5 ! pi/on & graduat+ valve w move d[n until ! %\ld] on ! pi/on /rikes ! slide valve2 ?is movem5t ( ! graduat+ valve closes ! s]vice port ,j1 ?us clos+ ! communication betwe5 ! auxili>y & control cyl9d] & res]voir1 also clos+ port ,w1 :i* leads to ! safety valve4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47 #age4 ,q4 ,h[ is pi/on #b affect$ by ! air pressure 9 ! control cyl9d] ,d8 ,a4 ,pressure =m+ 9 ?is cyl9d] w =ce ! pi/on d[nw>d4 ,! pi/on 9 mov+ d[n w c>ry ! exhau/ valve #g ) x1 clos+ ! exhau/ port ,n & moves ! prelim9>y admission valve #a;,a f its seat aga9/ ! t5sion ( spr+ #h1 all[+ ! pressure 9 *amb] ,o to pass to ! brake cyl9d]s1 ?us creat+ a balanc+ effect on valve #a1 :i* all[s x to be op5$ aga9/ ma9 res]voir pressure1 ?us all[+ ma9 res]voir air to fl[ f *amb] ,a to *amb] ,b & ! brake cyl9d]s on ! locomotive 7see ,fig4 #bb7 until ! pressure 9 ! brake cyl9d]s & *amb] ,b1 bel[ pi/on #b1 becomes slightly great] ?an t 9 ! control cyl9d] ,d :5 ! pi/on w move up j f> en\gh to all[ ! valves #a & #a;,a to be seat$1 or to lap position4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47 ,illu/ration3 ,automatic ,control ,valve4 ,s]vice ,position4 ,fig4 #bb4 #agf4 ,q4 ,) ! control valve n[ 9 lap position1 w ! brake release on acc\nt ( brake cyl9d] leakage8 ,a4 ,any drop 9 brake cyl9d] pressure w be felt 9 *amb] ,b bel[ ! pi/on #b1 caus+ a diff]5ce 9 pressure on ! two sides ( ! pi/on1 all[+ ! pressure 9 ! control cyl9d] ,d to move ! pi/on #b d[n1 unseat+ ! admission valves1 all[+ a fur!r fl[ ( ma9 res]voir air f *amb] ,a to *amb] ,b & ! brake cyl9d]s until ! pressure is aga9 slightly great] ?an t 9 ! control cyl9d] ,d1 :5 ! pi/on #b w aga9 move up1 all[+ ! admission valves to close4 ,?us 9 ?is way air w be suppli$ to ! brake cyl9d]s ( ! locomotive1 hold+ ! brakes appli$ reg>dless ( leakage4 #agg4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! movem5t ( ! p>ts 9 ! control valve1 :5 ! automatic brake valve is mov$ to release position1 foll[+ an automatic application ( ! brake4 ,a4 ,9 release position ( ! brake valve1 air f ! ma9 res]voir fl[s direct to ! brake pipe1 caus+ an increase ( pressure1 :i* is felt 9 *amb] ,f on ! upp] side ( pi/on #c2 ?is increase ( pressure w cause ! pi/on to move d[n1 c>ry+ ) x ! graduat+ valve #aj & slide valve #d to release position4 ,?is all[s air f ! control cyl9d] ,d & control res]voir to fl[ ?r\gh ! release pipe ,,iv & on to ! automatic brake valve1 :]e ! port to :i* ?is pipe leads is blank$ by ! automatic rot>y valve1 :i* prev5ts ! air leav+ ! control cyl9d] & res]voir1 ?us hold+ ! locomotive brake appli$ :ile ! tra9 brakes are be+ releas$4 ,! movem5t ( ! p>ts are ! same :]e ! release is made 9 hold+ position4 #agh4 ,q4 ,expla9 ! movem5ts ( ! p>ts 9 ! control valve :5 ! automatic brake valve is mov$ to runn+ position1 aft] hav+ fir/ be5 mov$ to release or hold+ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,automatic ,control ,valve4 ,s]vice ,lap ,position4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a4 ,9 ?is position ( ! brake valve ! port to :i* ! release pipe ,,iv is connect$ is op5 to ! exhau/1 ?us all[+ ! air 9 ! control cyl9d] & res]voir to escape to ! atmosph]e4 ,! r$uction ( pressure 9 ! control cyl9d] ,d bel[ t 9 *amb] ,b causes ! control pi/on #b to move up1 c>ry+ ) x ! exhau/ valve #g to release position1 op5+ ! exhau/ port ,n1 ?us all[+ ! air to return f ! brake cyl9d]s ?r\gh ports ,c & ,n to ! atmosph]e1 releas+ ! brake4 7,see ,fig4 #ba47 #agi4 ,q4 ,expla9 :at takes place 9 ! control valve :5 an automatic em]g5cy application ( ! brake is made4 ,a4 ,any sudd5 r$uction ( brake pipe pressure w be felt on ! brake pipe side ( pi/on #c1 & w cause x & ! valve #d to move to _! extreme upp] position1 ! knob on ! pi/on /rik+ ! graduat+ /em #ac1 caus+ x to compress ! spr+ #ad1 mov+ ! em]g5cy valve #ae upw>d1 op5+ port ,q2 ?is all[s brake pipe air to fl[ aga9/ valve #af1 unseat+ x1 !n ?r\gh port ,t to ! brake cyl9d]4 7,see ,fig4 #bd47 ,9 ! meantime auxili>y res]voir air c fl[ pa/ ! end ( ! slide valve ?r\gh port ,e to ! control cyl9d] ,d & control res]voir1 =c+ pi/on #b d[nw>d unseat+ valves ,i & ,,ia1 ?us all[+ ma9 res]voir air to fl[ to ! brake cyl9d]s1 apply+ ! brake4 #ahj4 ,q4 ,at :at pressure w ! auxili>y res]voir & control res]voir equalize :5 us+ sev5ty p\nds brake pipe pressure8 ,a4 ,at ab\t fifty p\nds2 h[ev]1 ) ! automatic brake valve 9 em]g5cy position1 !re is a small port 9 ! rot>y valve 7call$ ! bl[-d[n tim+ port7 op5$ to ! control res]voir pipe & control res]voir :i* all[s ma9 res]voir air to fl[ to ! control res]voir & cyl9d]1 rais+ ! pressure to ! adju/m5t ( ! safety valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,automatic ,control ,valve4 ,em]g5cy ,position4 7,) ,quick ,action ,cyl9d] ,cap47 #aha4 ,q4 ,at :at pressure is ! safety valve adju/$8 ,a4 ,at fifty p\nds4 #ahb4 ,q4 ,:at types ( brake valve are us$ ) ?is equipm5t8 ,a4 ,! automatic brake valve is ( ! rot>y valve type & is ! same valve z us$ ) ! ,e-,t equipm5t4 ,! /raight air brake valve is ( ! slide valve type4 ,! control valve takes no "p 9 ! application or release ( ! /raight air brake4 ,:at has be5 said ( ! ,h-#f brake valve us$ ) ! ,e-,t equipm5t1 applies to ! automatic brake valve us$ ) ! ,l-,t equipm5t4 ,,brok5 ,,pipes #ahc4 ,q4 ,if ! ma9 res]voir supply pipe to ! automatic control valve breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,plug ! pipe t[>d ! ma9 res]voir4 ,! locomotive brake _c be appli$ 9 an automatic s]vice application2 b if ! control valve be equipp$ ) a quick action cap & an em]g5cy application is made1 ! air v5t$ f ! brake pipe to ! brake cyl9d] w apply ! brake4 ,! indep5d5t brake w n be affect$4 #ahd4 ,q4 ,:at w be ! effect if ! release pipe breaks8 ,a4 ,! hold+ feature ( ! brake w be lo/2 t is1 ! brake w release :5 ! automatic brake valve is return$ to release or hold+ position4 #ahe4 ,q4 ,if ! brake cyl9d] pipe breaks1 c ! locomotive brake be appli$ ) ! automatic brake valve8 ,) ! indep5d5t brake valve8 ,a4 ,?is dep5ds on :]e ! pipe breaks2 if betwe5 ! cut-out cock & any "o ( ! brake cyl9d]s1 close ! cut-out cock to t cyl9d]1 & ! o!r cyl9d]s may be us$4 ,b if ! pipe breaks betwe5 ! control valve & ! d\ble-?r[ *eck valve1 ! automatic brake is lo/2 if ! break be betwe5 ! indep5d5t brake valve & d\ble-?r[ *eck valve1 ! indep5d5t brake is lo/4 #ahf4 ,q4 ,if ! brake cyl9d] pipe breaks & is n plugg$1 :at mu/ be done8 ,a4 ,close ! cut-out cock 9 ! ma9 res]voir supply pipe1 ?is to avoid ! wa/e ( air :5 a brake application is made on ! tra94 #ahg4 ,q4 ,if ! brake pipe connection to ! control valve breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,plug ! end lead+ f ! brake pipe2 ! automatic brake _c be appli$ on ! locomotive1 b ! indep5d5t brake w n be affect$4 #ahh4 ,q4 ,if ! control cyl9d] pipe breaks1 :at effect w x h & :at mu/ be done8 ,a4 ,! locomotive brake _c be appli$ ) ! automatic brake valve2 by plugg+ ! pipe1 ?is feature ( ! brake w be re/or$1 b ! indep5d5t release feature w be lo/4 #ahi4 ,q4 ,if any ( ! pipes "h enum]at$ breaks1 w x 9 any way affect an application ( ! indep5d5t brake8 ,a4 ,no2 z ! indep5d5t & automatic features are entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r2 t is1 ! automatic control valve is n br\ght into use :5 an indep5d5t application ( ! brake is made4 ,,control ,,valve ,,defects #aij4 ,q4 ,if !re is a bl[ at ! control valve exhau/ port :5 ! brake is releas$1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is w\ld indicate a leaky application valve1 or a leak pa/ ! em]g5cy valve4 #aia4 ,q4 ,if !re be a cont9u\s bl[ at ! control valve exhau/ port :5 ! brake is appli$1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is w\ld indicate leakage pa/ ! exhau/ valve #g4 #aib4 ,q4 ,if ! locomotive brake releas$ ) ! automatic brake valve 9 lap position1 :]e is ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,w\ld look = a leak 9 ! control res]voir pipe or special release valve4 #aic4 ,q4 ,if ! brake rema9$ appli$ 9 lap position1 b releas$ 9 release or hold+ position1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is w\ld indicate a leak 9 ! control valve release pipe4 ,,miscellane\s #aid4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by an application ( ! brake8 ,a4 ,! fir/ & all foll[+ r$uctions1 until ! brake is releas$4 #aie4 ,q4 ,h[ _m applications ( ! brake %\ld be made :5 mak+ a /op ) a pass5g] tra91 & :y8 ,a4 ,two2 ! fir/ a heavy "o to r$uce ! spe$ quickly1 & ! second a light "o to complete ! /op2 !reby prev5t+ :eel slid+ & %ock to ! tra94 #aif4 ,q4 ,h[ _m applications ( ! brake %\ld be made :5 mak+ a /op ) a long freight tra98 ,a4 ,"o2 ?is to prev5t ! possibility ( caus+ damage to ! tra94 #aig4 ,q4 ,expla9 h[ a /op %\ld be made ) a freight tra94 ,a4 ,probably no m difficult "q to answ] c\ld be ask$1 z ! s]vice brak+ ( a tra9 mu/ be gov]n$ by ! condition surr\nd+ x2 mean+1 relation ( brake p[] to weight ( tra92 rail condition2 spe$ & grade4 ,to prev5t break+ 9 two & o!r damage1 freight tra9s %\ld be /opp$ ) "o brake application1 :i* may consi/ ( "o or m r$uctions1 up to full s]vice4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! slack %\ld be bun*$ be=e ! brakes are appli$1 & ?is may be/ be done by gradually clos+ ! ?rottle & all[ ! tra9 to drift "s little di/ance4 ,! fir/ r$uction %\ld n be less ?an five or m ?an eight p\nds4 ,! brakes %\ld be appli$ z soon z possible aft] ! slack has _h "t to run 91 ! object ( ?is be+ to h ! tra9 slack adju/$ :ile ! brakes are lea/ effective1 due to ! high spe$ & light brake cyl9d] pressure4 ,x is at ?is "t t damage may be done to ! tra92 !re=e1 if ! slack be kept bun*$ or /ret*$1 z ! case may be1 ! possibility ( tra9 damage w be greatly r$uc$4 ,to obta9 ?is condition1 complete ! /op ) z light a brake application z p]missible4 ,:5 ! brake is fir/ appli$1 ! eng9e] %\ld note if ! t5d5cy be = ! tra9 slack to bun* or /ret*1 & hav+ le>n$ t ! tra9 is incl9$ to /ret* badly1 he c keep ! slack /ret*$ by mak+ ! initial brake pipe r$uction be=e %utt+ (f /eam1 !n %ut (f /eam gradually z soon z ! brake valve exhau/ port closes1 ! object 9 work+ /eam be+ to prev5t ! slack runn+ 9 z ! application is made1 :i* 9 turn w prev5t sev]e j]ks due to ! slack runn+ out z ! re> brakes become effective4 ,:]e ! locomotive is equipp$ ) an indep5d5t release feature1 its brakes %\ld be kept releas$ :ile ! tra9 brakes are be+ appli$4 #aih4 ,q4 ,is x consid]$ good practice to attempt mak+ an accurate /op ) a freight tra98 ,a4 ,x may be said to be v poor judgm5t to attempt mak+ an accurate /op ) a freight tra91 su* z a spot /op = coal or wat] or a close-up /op = a swit*4 ,"s eng9e]s seem to ?9k t x is a reflection on _! judgm5t if an accurate /op is n made1 b ?is is n s1 due to ! fact t no two tra9s brake alike1 & ! same tra9 may n brake twice alike4 ,!re=e1 aim = a smoo? /op1 :i* means a safe /op1 leav+ accuracy out ( ! "q until ! "t comes :5 y are h&l+ a pass5g] tra94 #aii4 ,q4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 aft] a /op is made on a heavy grade8 ,a4 ,! air brakes %\ld be releas$ & a suffici5t numb] ( h& brakes appli$ to hold ! tra94 ,nev] rely on ! air brake to hold ! tra9 = any l5g? ( "t4 #bjj4 ,q4 ,:y is x dang]\s to repeat$ly apply & release ! brakes )\t giv+ "t = ! auxili>ies to fully re*>ge8 ,a4 ,z "t is requir$ to *>ge ! auxili>ies1 ! fe$ groove 9 ! triple valve be+ small1 if ! brakes are repeat$ly appli$ & releas$ )\t giv+ "t to re*>ge1 ! brak+ p[] w be lo/4 #bja4 ,q4 ,:at b5efits are d]iv$ f ! use ( ! reta9+ valve8 ,a4 ,by use ( ! reta9+ valve ! brake is held appli$ :ile ! triple valve is 9 release position & ! auxili>y is be+ re*>g$2 !reby assi/+ 9 ret>d+ ! movem5t ( ! tra9 d[n grade1 also keeps ! tra9 bun*$ & gives a high] brake p[] on ! second application ) ! same r$uction ( brake pipe pressure4 #bjb4 ,q4 ,) a sev5ty-p\nd brake pipe pressure h[ mu* ( a r$uction is necess>y to set ! brakes 9 full1 & :y8 ,a4 ,ab\t tw5ty p\nds4 ,?is w cause ! auxili>y res]voir & brake cyl9d] pressures to equalize4 #bjc4 ,q4 ,:at effect has pi/on travel on ! pressure develop$ 9 ! brake cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,! long] ! pi/on travel ! great] ! volume or space to be fill$ ) air2 !re=e ! l[] ! pressure4 #bjd4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld brakes be te/$8 ,a4 ,brakes %\ld be te/$ be=e leav+ a t]m9al & aft] any *ange 9 ! make-up ( ! tra91 at all designat$ po9ts1 also1 :5ev] ! eng9e] is 9 d\bt z to 8 hav+ ! control ( all brakes4 #bje4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld a t]m9al te/ ( ! brakes be made8 ,a4 ,aft] ! pressure is pump$ up1 a r$uction ( ab\t t5 p\nds %\ld be made & ! l5g? & =ce ( ! brake pipe exhau/ %\ld be not$1 also ! mann] 9 :i* ! exhau/ closes2 !n a fur!r r$uction ( t5 p\nds %\ld be made & ! brake held appli$ until signal$ to release4 #bjf4 ,q4 ,if1 :5 mak+ a s]vice application ( ! brake1 ! brake pipe exhau/ closes sudd5ly & !n beg9s to bl[ aga91 :at does x indicate8 ,a4 ,t ! brakes1 or at lea/ "p ( !m1 h appli$ 9 quick action4 #bjg4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by a runn+ te/1 & :5 %\ld ?is te/ be made8 ,a4 ,a runn+ te/ is made :ile ! tra9 is 9 motion1 & /eam is be+ us$1 :5 a suffici5t r$uction %\ld be made to apply all brakes4 ,aft] not+ ! effici5cy ( ! brakes !y %\ld be releas$4 ,runn+ te/s %\ld be made foll[+ all /&+ te/s & at all o!r po9ts on ! road z requir$ by ! rules4 #bjh4 ,q4 ,:5 d\ble-head+1 :i* eng9eman %\ld h full control ( ! brakes8 ,a4 ,! head eng9e]2 ! cut-out cock "u ! brake valve on ! second eng9e %\ld be clos$ & ! compressor all[$ to run4 #bji4 ,q4 ,h[ may ! eng9eman assi/ ! tra9man 9 f9d+ a bur/$ hose8 ,a4 ,aft] ! tra9 has come to a /op1 ! brake valve %\ld be plac$ 9 runn+ position2 by s do+1 air w be admitt$ to ! brake pipe & cause a bl[ at ! po9t :]e ! hose is bur/4 #baj4 ,q4 ,if ! locomotive brake creeps on ) ! automatic & indep5d5t brake valves 9 runn+ position1 :]e w\ld y look = ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,?is is caus$ by ! pressure *amb] be+ ov]*>g$ or a non-s5sitive fe$ valve all[+ brake pipe pressure to v>y1 :i* 9 turn causes an automatic application ( ! brake4 #baa4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld ! ma9 res]voir be dra9$8 ,a4 ,! ma9 res]voir %\ld be dra9$ at ! beg9n+ ( ea* trip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,page ,air ,brake ,que/ions1 ,fir/ ,s]ies #bb ,air ,brake ,que/ions1 ,second ,s]ies #dd ,air ,brake ,que/ions1 ,?ird ,s]ies #afd ,comp\nd ,locomotives #ih ,exam9ation ,que/ions1 ,fir/ ,s]ies #g ,exam9ation ,que/ions1 ,second ,s]ies #be ,exam9ation ,que/ions1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 ,me*anical #fb ,f$]al ,regulations #abf ,headlight1 ,pyle ,national #abg ,headlight1 ,s*ro$] #ada ,headlight1 ,buda-,ross ,electric #adc ,lubrication #abj ,oil ,burn+ ,locomotives #dg ,preface #c ,s\!rn ,valve ,ge> #aai ,/ok]1 ,duplex #aed ,wals*a]t & ,bak]-,pilliod ,valve ,ge>s #aac 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]s ,notes3 ,punctuation & head+ =mat normal4 ,page #g1 feul *ang$ to fuel 7use ( fuel74 ,page #af1 !rby *ang$ to !reby 7!reby caus+7 ,page #ca1 criculation *ang$ to circulation 7good circulation7 ,page #fe1 lcomotive *ang$ to locomotive 7locomotive has be5 />t$7 ,page #gh1 reevrse *ang$ to rev]se 7rev]se lev]7 ,page #hf1 s]\sly *ang$ to s]i\sly 7v s]i\sly affect7 ,page #ajh1 disadvanage *ang$ to disadvantage 7disadvantage to "w7 ,page #abf1 ap]at+ *ang$ to op]at+ 7op]at+ "u ! laws7 ,page #abi1 sucessfully *ang$ to successfully 7us$ successfully7 ,page #aca1 damge *ang$ to damage 7might d damage7 ,page #aci1 ,tubo *ang$ to ,turbo 7,turbo-g5]ator7 ,page #adg1 direcion *ang$ to direction 79 any direction7 ,page #adi1 cummutator *ang$ to commutator 7,! commutator7 ,page #bjd1 di/ributng *ang$ to di/ribut+ 7di/ribut+ valve7 ,page #bae1 *ambr *ang$ to *amb] 7rema9+ 9 *amb]7 ,page #baf1 slighty *ang$ to slightly 7slightly less7 ,page #bcc1 releas *ang$ to release 7release is made7 ,page #bdc1 ! *ang$ to !n 7& !n beg9s to bl[74