,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil         
,,eng9e]s  ,,in/itut$ #aheb             
,,transactions  ,pap] ,no4 #aagf        
,,re9=c$ ,,concrete ,,pi] ,,con/ruction4
  ,,by ,,eug5e ,,klapp1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4
 ,c4 ,e4  ,,) ,,discussion ,,by         
,,messrs4 ,,william ,,ar?ur ,,payne1 ,,&
 ,,eug5e ,,klapp4     ,a private ya*t   
pi]1 built ne> ,gl5 ,cove1 ,long ,isl&1 
has br\ght out a few po9ts :i* may be ( 
int]e/4 ,x is an example ( a small      
eng9e]+ /ructure1 :i*1 ?\gh ( no great  
mom5t 9 itself1 illu/rates ! adoption ( 
means to an end t may be capable ( v    
great ext5sion4  ,! problem1 z submitt$ 
to ! writ]1 0 to con/ruct a ya*t l&+ at 
,ea/ ,isl&1 on ! expos$ s\? %ore ( ,long
 ,isl& ,s\nd1 9 connection ) !          
con/ruction at t po9t ( an elaborate    
c\ntry resid5ce4 ,! slope ( ! bea* at   
?is po9t is v gradual1 & x 0 specifi$ t 
!re %\ld be a dep? ( at lea/ #d ft4 (   
wat] at l[ tide4 ,s\nd+s indicat$ t ?is 
necessitat$ a pi] #cjj ft4 long4 ,x 0   
fur!r specifi$ t ! pi] %\ld be to "s    

ext5t 9 keep+ ) ! scale ( ! place be+   
creat$ !re1 & t a wood5 pile /ructure   
w\ld n be acceptable4 ,besides ^!       
e/hetic conditions1 wood5 piles 7       
reject$ because ! t]$o1 9 ?is "p ( !    
,s\nd1 is v active4 ,at ! same "t1 !    
own] did n c>e to incur ! exp5se ( a    
masonry pi] ( ! size involv$4 ,also1 x 0
 desir$ to unload on ! pi] all mat]ial =
 ! h\se & gr\nds dur+ con/ruction1 &    
coal & o!r supplies !reaft]1 ?us        
necessitat+ a pi] wide en\gh to all[    
access = a c>t & horse & to provide room
 = turn+ at ! pi] head4  ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xxx4--,,ya*t ,,pi] ,,ne> ,,gl5
 ,,cove1 ,n4 ,y4  ,comp>ative designs & 
e/imates 7 prep>$ = 7a7 a pi] ( ord9>y  
con/ruction1 b ) creosot$ piles2 7b7 a  
concrete pi] on concrete piles2 & 7c7 = 
a s]ies ( concrete pi]s ) wood5 bridge  
connections4 ,! latt] plan 0 v mu* ! be/
 9 appe>ance1 & ! calculat$ co/ 0 less  
?an t ( ! pi] ( concrete piles1 & only  
slightly m ?an t ( creosot$ piles1 !    
latt] be+ only ( a tempor>y nature 9 any

 case1 z x has be5 f\nd t ! protection  
af=d$ by creosote aga9/ ! t]$o is n     
p]man5t4  ,at ?is po9t on ! ,s\nd ! mean
 range ( ! tide is ab\t #h ft41 & x 0   
det]m9$ t at lea/ #e ft4 above mean high
 wat] w\ld be requir$ to make ! und]side
 ( ! dock safe f wave action4 ,!re is a 
nor!a/ exposure1 ) a long rea* across ! 
,s\nd1 & ! seas at times become q heavy4
 ,^! consid]ations1 toge!r ) #d ft4 (   
wat] at l[ tide & f #b to #c ft4 (      
toe-hold 9 ! bea*1 requir$ ! out]       
caissons to be at lea/ #bj ft4 high4    
,to con/ruct su* pi]s 9 ! ord9>y mann]  
beh9d c(f]-dams1 & 9 su* an expos$      
location1 0 to involve exp5diture f>    
beyond t :i* ! own] c>$ to incur4 ,!    
writ]'s att5tion _h %ortly be=e be5     
call$ to ! successful use ( re9=c$      
concrete caissons on ! ,great ,lakes =  
breakwat] con/ruction1 by ,major ,w4 ,v4
 ,judson1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 & "u  
pat5ts held by t (fic]4 ,x seem$ t "h 0 
a solution ( ! problem4 ,^! caissons are
 con/ruct$ on ! %ore1 pref]ably         

imm$iately adjo9+ ! "w4 ,aft] ?or\gh    
inspection & season+1 !y are usually    
laun*$ 9 a mann] some:at simil> to a    
boat1 are t[$ into position1 sunk 9     
place1 & !n fill$ ) rip-rap4  ,9 ?is    
case :at 0 ne$$ 0 a /ructure t c\ld be  
con/ruct$ safely & *eaply 9 ! air1 c\ld 
!n be all[$ to h>d5 ?or\ghly1 & c\ld    
f9ally be plac$ 9 accurate position4 ,! 
weights to be support$ 7 n great1 ! bea*
 0 good gravel & s&1 fairly level1 &1 "u
 favorable circum/ances ( good wea!r1 ! 
plac+ ( ! caissons promis$ to be a      
simple matt]4 ,!re=e1 detail$ plans 7   
prep>$ = ?is /ructure4  ,an ef=t 0 made 
to pres]ve "s elem5t ( ! ya*t+ idea 9 ! 
design1 & b[-/r+ trusses1 be+ m]ely     
enl>g$ gang planks1 7 us$ to connect !  
caissons4  ,! pi] 0 orig9ally laid out z
 a lett] ,l1 ) a ma9 leg ( #cjj ft4 & a 
%ort leg ( #cf ft4 ,! pi] head consi/$ (
 eight caissons 9 close contact1 & 0    
int5d$ to =m a breakwat]1 9 ! angle (   
:i*1 & protect$ f ! wave action1 0 to be
 moor$ ! float & boat l&+4 ,aft] ! fir/ 

bids 7 receiv$1 ! own] wi%$ to r$uce !  
co/1 & e o!r caisson 9 ! pi] head 0     
omitt$1 s t1 z built1 ! pi] conta9s     
eight caissons & five #ec-;ft4 trusses4 
,! caissons support+ ! trusses are #h   
ft4 wide & #ab ft4 long1 & ^? 9 ! pi]   
head are #ab by #ab ft4 ,on acc\nt ( !  
%oal wat] & ! great height ( ! out]     
caissons 9 comp>ison ) _! cross-section1
 x seem$ advisable to m\ld !m 9 two     
sections4 ,! re9=cem5t 9 ! side walls   
consi/$ ( r\nd #a_/b-;94 rods           
horizontally1 & #c_/h-;94 rods          
v]tically1 spac$ z %[n on ,fig4 #a1     
toge!r ) cross-diaphragms z indicat$4   
,! caissons 7 re9=c$ = ext]ior          
pressures1 :i* 7 to be expect$ dur+ !   
laun*+ & t[+ into position1 & also =    
int]ior pressures1 :i* 7 to be expect$  
at l[ tide1 :5 ! wat] pressure w\ld be  
no?+1 b ! fill+ ( ! caissons w\ld be    
effective4 ,! corn]s 7 re9=c$ & enl>g$4 
,9 ord] to secure a prop] b$d+ into ! s&
 f\ndation1 a #ab-;94 lip 0 all[$ to    
project all ar\nd ! caisson bel[ !      

bottom4 ,9 ! bottom !re 0 ca/ a #c-;94  
hole1 & ?is 0 clos$ by a plug :ile ! l[]
 section 0 be+ t[$ into place4  ,! "q ( 
! effect ( sea wat] on ! concrete 0 giv5
 mu* ?\ght4 ,! writ] is unable to f9d   
any au?oritative op9ions on ?is subject 
:i* are n directly controv]t$ by equally
 au?oritative op9ions ( a diametrically 
opposite nature4 ,he ?9ks x is a "q t   
?is ,society might well und]take to     
inve/igate promptly & ?or\ghly4 ,!re c  
be no "q t !re are _m di/ress+ in/ances 
( failures due to ! action ( sea wat] & 
fro/ on concrete1 & t _m able & exp]i5c$
 eng9e]s 9 *>ge ( ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5ts ( 
! great transportation companies h      
simply cross$ concrete (f _! li/ (      
available mat]ials :5 x comes to m>9e   
con/ruction4 ,x is a subject too l>ge 9 
itself to be discuss$ z subsidi>y to a  
m9or /ructure l ! "o h]e9 describ$1 &   
?\gh _m h reject$ concrete "u ^!        
conditions1 o!r eng9e]s equally         
cons]vative are us+ x freely & )\t fe>4 
,! writ] consult$ ) 8 p>tn] & o!rs at "s

 l5g?1 &1 consid]+ all ! advantages to  
accrue by ! use ( ^! concrete caissons1 
decid$ to d s aft] tak+ all kn[n        
precautions4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4  
,^! precautions consi/$ 93  ,fir/1 ! use
 ( cem5t 9 :i* ! *emical con/itu5ts 7   
limit$ z foll[s3  ,x 0 specifi$ t !     
cem5t %\ld n conta9 m ?an #a4ge (       
anhydr\s sulphuric acid 7,,s#c7 nor m   
?an #c ( magnesia 7,mg,o72 also t no    
addition great] ?an #c %\ld h be5 made  
to ! +r$i5ts mak+ up ! cem5t subsequ5t  
to calc9ation4  ,secondly1 to secure by 
c>eful inspection ! mo/ completely      
homog5e\s mixture possible1 ) especial  
c>e 9 ! d5sity ( ! out] sk9 ( !         
caissons4  ,?irdly1 a prolong$ season+  
process be=e ! new concrete %\ld be     
imm]s$ 9 ! sea wat]4  ,9 addition to ^! 
well-kn[n precautions1 x 0 decid$ to try
 ! addition to ! cem5t ( a *emical      
elem5t t %\ld make ) ! free lime 9 !    
cem5t a m /able & indissoluble *emical  
comb9ation ?an is (f]$ by ! ord9>y =m ( 
,portl& cem5t4 ,?is 0 furni%$ by ! pat5t

 comp\nd kn[n z ,toxem5t1 :i* is claim$ 
by ! inv5tor to be a res9ate ( calcium &
 silicate ( alum9a1 :i* g5]ates a       
res9ate ( lime & a silicate ( alum9a 9  
cry/all9e =m4 ,x is fur!r claim$ t ea* (
 ^! mat]ials is insoluble 9 sodium      
*loride & sodium sulphate1 #c solution4 
,x 0 us$ 9 all ! caissons1 except+ ,nos4
 #a & #b1 9 ! proportions ( #b lb4 (    
,toxem5t to ea* #ajj lb4 ( cem5t4 ,!    
fir/ two caissons 7 n ?us treat$1 & w be
 held "u close obs]vation & comp>ison ) 
! o!rs1 :i* 7 treat$ ) ?is comp\nd4  ,! 
mixture us$ 0 "o ( cem5t 7,p5nsylvania  
br&71 two ( s&1 & f\r ( gravel4 ,! s& & 
gravel 7 f ! ne>by ,c[ ,bay supply1 &   
scre5$ & wa%$4 ,none ( ! gravel 0 l>g]  
?an #a_/b 941 grad+ d[n f t to v co>se  
s&4 ,! s& 0 also run-(-bank1 & v well   
grad$4  ,! caissons1 aft] be+ plac$1 7  
fill$ ) s& & gravel f ! adjo9+ bea* up  
to ab\t mean high-wat] m>k1 & ! edges   
outside all ar\nd 7 protect$ f tidal &  
wave sc\r by rip-rap ( "o man /one4  ,! 
trusses 7 con/ruct$ on a radius ( #cd   

ft41 ) #h by #h-;94 *ords1 #f by #f-;94 
po/s1 & #a-;94 rods4 ,! load+ 0 figur$ z
 a load$ coal c>t plus #ajj lb4 p] ft4  
,all lumb] 0 cle> yell[ p9e1 except !   
floor1 :i* 0 cle> :ite oak4 ,! pipe rail
 & all bolts bel[ ! roadway level1 & ?us
 subject to frequ5t wett+s by salt wat]1
 7 ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,! trusses 7 set #i
 ft4 #i 94 ap>t on c5t]s1 giv+ a cle>   
op5+ ( #h ft4 betwe5 ! :eel gu>ds "u !  
h&-rails4 ,! f5d] piles 7 creosot$4 ,!  
float 0 #ah ft4 long & #ab ft4 wide4  ,a
 contract 0 let to ! ,sn>e & ,trie/     
,company1 & "w 0 comm5c$ e>ly 9 ,augu/1 
#aiji4 ,! fir/ caisson 0 p\r$ e>ly 9    
,septemb]1 & ! la/ ab\t ! beg9n+ (      
,octob]4  ,! caissons 7 all ca/ /&+ on  
p>allel skids at ab\t mean high wat]4 ,x
 0 fir/ int5d$ to con/ruct a small m>9e 
railroad & laun* ! caissons 9 t mann]1  
roll+ !m along ! skids to ! head ( !    
m>9e railway4 ,?is plan 0 ab&on$1 h[ev]1
 & by s5d+ 9 at high tide a p[]ful      
d]rick sc[1 _m ( ! caissons 7 lift$     
bodily f _! position & set d[n 9 ! wat]1

 t[$ to place & sunk 9 position1 :ile ! 
o!rs1 mo/ly ! upp] sections1 7 lift$ to 
! deck ( ! sc[ & plac$ directly f !re 9 
_! f9al position4 ,!re 0 n mu*          
difficulty 9 gett+ !m to settle d[n to a
 prop] be>+4 ,provision _h be5 made =   
jett+1 if necess>y1 b x 0 n us$4 ,9     
sett+ ,caisson ,no4 #b a ne/ ( b\ld]s 0 
enc\nt]$1 & a div] 0 employ$ to cle>    
away & level up ! f\ndation4 ,! spac+ 0 
accompli%$ by a float consi/+ ( two #ab 
by #ab-;94 timb]s1 lattic$ ap>t1 & ( j  
suffici5t l5g? to cov] ! cle> di/ance   
betwe5 ! caissons4 ,! fir/ caissons be+ 
prop]ly set in%ore1 ! float 0 s5t out1  
guy$ back to ! %ore1 & br\ght up aga9/ !
 out] edge ( ! set caisson4 ,! next     
caisson 0 !n t[$ out1 set aga9/ ! float+
 spac]1 & sunk 9 position4 ,!re 0 "s    
little tr\ble 9 plumb+ ! caissons1 b1 by
 excavat+ ) an orange-peel bucket close 
to ! high side & deposit+ ! mat]ial     
aga9/ ! l[ side1 !y 7 all readily br\ght
 to a suffici5tly v]tical & level       
position to be unnotic$ by sight+ along 

! edge f ! %ore4  ,! trusses 7 all      
con/ruct$ 9 ! contractor's y>d at       
,bridgeport1 & 7 t[$ across ! ,s\nd on a
 sc[4 ,!y 7 set up & brac$ tempor>ily by
 ! d]rick boat1 & !n ! floor & deck 7   
con/ruct$ 9 place4  ,on ,decemb] #bf?1  
#aiji1 a /orm ( unusual                 
viol5ce--unequal$ 9 fact = _m           
ye>s--swept ov] ! ,s\nd f ! nor!a/2 !   
waves beat ov] ! pi] & broke loose "s   
floor planks :i* _h be5 only tack$ 9    
position1 b o!rwise did no damage1 & did
 n %ift ! caissons 9 ! lea/4 ,! same    
/orm p>tly de/roy$ a pi] ( sub/antial   
con/ruction less ?an a mile f ! "o 9 "q4
  ,un=tunately1 ! "w 0 let s late 9 !   
summ]1 & ! re/rictions z to season+ !   
concrete 7 en=c$ s rigidly1 t ! "w (    
sett+ ! caissons c\ld n be comm5c$ until
 ,novemb] #aa?1 ?us ! entire con/ruction
 0 =c$ into ! v bad wea!r ( ! late fall 
& e>ly w9t]4 ,z ?is involv$ v r\gh wat] 
& mu* sn[ & w9d1 ! "w 0 greatly delay$1 
& 0 n complet$ until ! middle ( ,janu>y4
 ,! co/ ( ! entire dock 0 ab\t #ad1jjj4 

,! writ] believes t ! co/ 0 mu* less ?an
 = masonry pi]s by any o!r me?od (      
con/ruction1 "u ! exi/+ circum/ances (  
w9d1 tide1 & exposure4  ,x w\ld seem t =
 _m highway bridges ( %ort span1        
causeways1 & simil> /ructures1 ! use (  
simil> caissons w\ld prove economical & 
p]man5t1 & t !y might be us$ v l>gely to
 ! exclusion ( cribwork1 :i*1 aft] a    
decade or s1 becomes a s\rce ( con/ant  
ma9t5ance *>ges1 besides nev] pres5t+ an
 attractive appe>ance4 ,f9ally1 9       
bridges requir+ ! mo/ rigid f\ndations1 
^! caissons might readily be us$ z      
sub/itutes = op5 wood5 caissons1 sunk on
 a prep>$ f\ndation ( :atev] nature1 &  
/ill be capable ( incorporation into !  
f9i%$ /ructure4     ,,discussion        
,,william ,,ar?ur ,,payne1 ,m4 ,,am4    
,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,on !       
arrival ( ! fir/ b>ge load ( brick1 to  
be us$ 9 build+ a resid5ce on ! e/ate to
 :i* ?is pi] belongs1 a sev]e nor?we/   
w9d blew = two days1 aft] ! boat 0 moor$
 alongside1 directly aga9/ ! head ( !   

pi] & ! side ( ! boat4 ,! effect on !   
pi] 0 to cru% ! f5d] piles & cause a    
settlem5t ( "o ( ! caissons at ! pi]    
head on ! we/ end4 ,! caisson 0 knock$  
slightly out ( alignm5t1 & a settlem5t  
t[>d ! we/ 0 obs]vable4  ,! writ]       
believes t ?is 0 caus$ by ! p\nd+ ( !   
brick b>ge on ! s& bottom on :i* !      
caissons re/1 dur+ half tide1 ! boat be+
 rais$ f ! bottom on a roll]1 & /rik+ :5
 ! roll] _h pass$4 ,9 ord] to protect ! 
pi] & avoid ! bump+ ( b>ges aga9/ x1    
?ree gr\ps ( piles 7 driv5 ab\t #h ft4  
beyond ! end1 a second>y plat=m 0 built 
betwe5 ^! & ! /r+] ( ! pi]1 & arrang$ s 
t x w\ld slide on ! /r+] 9 case (       
movem5t ( ! piles4 ,?is second>y plat=m 
is p>ticul>ly advantage\s 9 ! h&l+ (    
mat]ial1 z ! height ( ! dock 0 f\nd to  
be excessive = pass+ up brick & cem5t4  
,= h&l+ mat]ial aft] x is deposit$ on ! 
dock1 an indu/rial railroad has be5     
built4 ,at ! %ore end ( ?is railroad1   
brick & cem5t are dump$ into wagons1 9  
:i* !y are c>ri$ up ! hill to ! h\se4   

,,eug5e ,,klapp1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4   
,e4 7by lett]74--,! injury done to !    
pi]s1 z report$ by ,mr4 ,payne1 is n to 
be wond]$ at4 ,! pi] 0 prim>ily built = 
a ya*t l&+1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! %oal wat]  
conditions1 except+ at extreme high     
tide1 x 0 mo/ly to be us$ by t5d]s &    
laun*es f l>g] ya*ts4 ,x 0 ?\ght t at   
high wat] ! l>ge /eam ya*ts might be    
able to come alongside4  ,provision 0 n 
made = ty+ up to ! dock a heavily load$ 
brick sc[ & all[+ x to rema9 !re ?r\gh  
r\gh wea!r4  ,! build+ ( ! second>y f5d]
 piles1 dur+ ! tempor>y use ( ! dock =  
unload+ build+ mat]ial1 w d\btless      
prev5t fur!r damage4