,transcriber's ,note3 #a4 ,mathematical power 7superscript7 is rendered using a carat 774 #b4 ,superscript text is rendered using an underscore 774 ,,american ,,society ,,of ,,civil ,,engineers ,,instituted #aheb ,,transactions ,paper ,no4 #aafh ,,tests ,,of ,,creosoted ,,timber4 ,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,gregory1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,during the last few years a quantity of literature has appeared in which the treatment of timber by preservatives has been discussed4 ,the properties of timber1 both treated and untreated1 have been determined by the ,forest ,service1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 and through its researches valuable knowledge has come to engineers who have to deal with the design of wooden structures4 ,there is very little information1 however1 regarding the effect of time on creosoted timber1 and for this reason the results given herewith may prove of interest4 ,the material tested consisted of southern pine stringers having a cross-section approximately #f by #af in4 and a length of #cj ft4 ,for the purpose of testing1 each beam was cut into two parts1 each about #ae ft4 long4 ,this material had been in use in a trestle of a railroad near ,new ,orleans for #bf years4 ,the stringers were chosen at random to determine the general condition of the trestle4 ,the timber had been exposed to the weather and subjected to heavy train service from the time it was treated until it was tested4 ,the annual rainfall at ,new ,orleans is about #fj in41 and the humidity of the air is high4 ,in spite of these conditions1 there was no appearance of decay on any of the specimens tested4 ,the specifications under which the timber was treated were as follows3 ,,timber4 ,the timber for creosoting shall be long-leafed or southern pine4 ,sap surfaces on two or more sides are preferred4 ,piles4--,the piles shall be of long-leafed or southern pine1 not less than #ad in4 at the butt4 ,they shall be free from defects impairing their strength1 and shall be reasonably straight4 ,the piles shall be cleanly peeled1 no inner skin being left on them4 ,the oil used shall be so-called creosote oil1 from ,london1 ,england1 and shall be of a heavy quality4 ,the treatment will vary according to the dimensions of the timbers and length of time they have been cut4 ,timbers of large and small dimensions shall not be treated in the same charge1 neither shall timbers of differing stages of air seasoning1 or the close-grained1 be treated in the same charge with coarse or open-grained timbers4 ,the timbers shall be subjected first to live steam superheated to from #bej to #bge ,fahr41 and under a #cj to #dj-lb4 pressure4 ,the live steam shall be admitted into the cylinders through perforated steam pipes1 and the temperature shall be obtained by using superheated steam in closed pipes in the cylinders4 ,the length of time this steaming shall last will depend on the size of the timbers and the length of time they have been cut4 ,in piles and large timbers freshly cut1 as long a time as #ab hours may be required4 ,after the steaming is accomplished1 the live steam shall be shut off and the superheated steam shall be maintained at a temperature of #afj or more and a vacuum of from #bj to #be in4 shall be held for #d hours or longer1 if the discharge from the pumps indicates the necessity4 ,oil ,treatment4--,the temperature being maintained at #afj ,fahr41 the cylinders shall be promptly filled with creosote oil at a temperature as high as practicable 7about #ajj ,fahr474 ,the oil shall be maintained at a pressure ranging from #ajj to #abj lb41 as experience and measurements must determine the length of time the oil treatment shall continue1 so that the required amount of oil may be injected4 ,after the required amount of oil is injected1 the superheated steam shall be shut off1 the oil let out1 the cylinders promptly opened at each end1 and the timber immediately removed from the cylinder4 ,in the erection of timbers the sap side must be turned up1 and framing or cutting of timbers shall not be permitted1 if avoidable4 ,all cut surfaces of timbers shall be saturated with hot asphaltum1 thinned with creosote oil4 ,the heads of piles when cut shall be promptly coated with the hot asphaltum and oil1 even though the cut-off be temporary4 ,,method ,,of ,,testing4 ,the tests were made on a ,riehl #ajj1jjj-lb4 machine in the ,experimental ,engineering ,laboratory of ,tulane ,university of ,louisiana4 ,the machine is provided with a cast-iron beam for cross-bending tests4 ,the distance between supports was #ab ft4 ,the method of support was as follows3 ,each end of the beam was provided with a steel roller which rested on the cast-iron beam of the testing machine1 while above the roller1 and1 directly under the beam tested1 there was a steel plate #f by #h in4 in area and #a in4 thick4 ,the area was sufficiently great to distribute the load and prevent the shearing of the fibers of the wood4 ,the head of the ,riehl machine is #aj in4 wide4 ,a plate1 #c_/h in4 thick1 #f in4 wide and #ah in4 long1 was placed between the head of the machine and the beam tested4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,deflecton ,,curves ,,beam ,i ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,deflecton ,,curves ,,beam ,,ii ,,table #a4--,,summary ,,of ,,results ,,of ,,transverse ,,tests ,,of ,,beams ,,at ,,tulane ,,university1 ,,february #aj,,th ,,to ,,march #b;,d1 #aiji4 ,columns in table3 #a4 ,number of beam4 #b4 ,top or butt of log4 #c4 ,width1 in inches4 #d4 ,height1 in inches4 #e4 ,i 7bh#c7_/ab #f4 ,actual at elastic limit4 #g4 ,maximum4 #h4 ,at elastic limit4 #i4 ,maximum4 #aj4 ,at elastic limit4 #aa4 ,e 7,pl#c7_/7dh;d,i7 #ab4 ,weight1 in pounds per cubic foot4 b h ,i ,,loads3 ,s 7,plc7_/7#d;,i7 d1 ,,inches4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,i ,b #f4bh #ae4id #b1abj #bb1jjj #de1ijj #b1ige #f1bjj #j4da ,i ,t #f4jj #ae4fi #a1icd #bj1jjj #ch1jjj #b1iae #e1edj #j4dfe ,,ii,a ,t #f4cg #ae4ha #b1jih #bj1jjj #dc1dej #b1gbb #e1iah #j4chj ,,ii ,b #f4da #af4da #b1cfj #af1jjj #be1jdj #a1iii #c1acj #j4dcj ,,iii ,t #e4hh #ae4fh #a1hga #bd1jjj #de1acj #c1fjh #f1ghe #j4ece ,,iii ,b #e4hh #ae4ij #a1ife #ba1jjj #ce1aij #c1jed #e1abj #j4eae ,,iv ,t #f4jj #ae4dc #a1hce #bb1jjj #ch1dbe #c1cbj #e1haj #j4dfe ,,iv ,b #f4ab #ae4hg #b1jcb #bb1jjj #ce1ejj #c1jij #d1ihc #j4ffj ,v ,b #f4jj #af4jj #b1jdh #bb1jjj #dg1jjj #c1jij #f1faj #j4djj ,v,a ,t #f4jj #ae4hg #a1iii #ad1jjj #bb1jej #a1iih #c1ade #j4cae ,,vi,a ,b #e4ej #ae4ge #a1gij #bb1jjj #ea1ccj #c1dhd #h1ibe #j4dej ,,vi,a ,t #e4hg #ae4fb #a1hfe #bj1jjj #dd1jjj #c1jac #f1fbg #j4daj ,,vii ,b #f4ef #ae4fb #b1jhc #cd1jjj #ea1ijj #d1ehj #f1ihe #j4fbj ,,vii,a ,t #f4bb #ae4fb #a1ige #bj1jjj #di1jjj #b1hde #f1igj #j4chj ,footnote ,a3 ,failed in longitudinal shear4 ,e ----------- #aa #ab ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #a1ege1jjj #ej4b ,close-grained pine1 #a1chc1jjj #dg4e long-leaf4 #a1efb1jjj #dj4e ,coarse loblolly1 #igi1jjj #db4b large knots4 #a1dhi1jjj #dj4d ,close-grained1 long-leaf #a1bhh1jjj #dd4b no knots4 #a1fja1jjj #dj4h ,loblolly1 with #a1jag1jjj #da4e knots4 #a1fgj1jjj #dg4b ,long-leaf yellow #a1chb1jjj #db4a pine4 #a1fie1jjj #ej4b ,long-leaf yellow #a1fbe1jjj #de4b pine4 #a1fcg1jjj #dc4g ,long-leaf yellow #a1feh1jjj #dj4b pine4 ,the deflection was measured on both sides of each beam by using silk threads stretched on each side from nails driven about #b in4 above the bottom of the beam and directly over the rollers which formed the supports4 ,from a small piece of wood1 tacked to the bottom of the beam at its center and projecting at the sides1 the distance to these threads was measured4 ,these measurements were taken to the nearest hundredth of an inch4 ,the mean of the deflections was taken as the true deflection for any load4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,deflecton ,,curves ,,beam ,,iii ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,deflecton ,,curves ,,beam ,,iv ,in computing the various quantities shown in ,table #a1 the summary of results1 the load has been assumed as concentrated at the center of the beam4 ,while it is true that the load was spread over a length of about #ab in41 due to the width of the head of the machine and the plate between it and the beam tested1 it is also true that there were irregularities1 such as bolt-holes and1 in some cases1 abrasions due to wear1 that could not well be taken into account4 ,hence1 it was deemed sufficiently accurate to consider the load as concentrated4 ,besides the horizontal bolt-holes1 shown in the photographs1 there were vertical bolt-holes1 at intervals in all the beams4 ,the latter were #g_/h in4 in diameter1 and in every case they were sufficiently removed from the center of the length of the beam to allow the maximum moment at the reduced section to be relatively less than that at the center of the beam4 ,for this reason1 no correction was made for these holes4 ,the broken beams often showed that rupture started at1 or was influenced by1 some of the holes1 especially the horizontal ones4 ,while some of the heavy oils of a tarry consistency remained1 they were only to be found in the sappy portions of the long-leaf pine and in the loblolly 7,specimens ,,ii and ,,iv74 ,exposure in a semi-tropical climate for #bf years had resulted in the removal of the more volatile portions of the creosote oil4 ,the penetration of the oil into the sap wood seemed to be perfect1 while in the loblolly it varied from a fraction of an inch to #a-a_/b in4 ,in the heart wood there was very little penetration across the grain4 ,the timber had been framed and the holes bored before treatment4 ,the penetration of the creosote along the grain from the holes was often from #d to #f in4 ,circular #ci of the ,forest ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 entitled ,experiments on the ,strength of ,treated ,timber1 gives the results of a great many tests of creosoted ties1 principally loblolly pine1 from which the following conclusions are quoted3 7#a7 ,a high degree of steaming is injurious to wood4 ,the degree of steaming at which pronounced harm results will depend upon the quality of the wood and its degree of seasoning1 and upon the pressure 7temperature7 of steam and the duration of its application4 ,for loblolly pine the limit of safety is certainly #cj pounds for #d hours1 or #bj pounds for #f hours4 ,tables #c1 #f1 and #g4 7#b7 ,the presence of zinc chlorid will not weaken wood under static loading1 although the indications are that the wood becomes brittle under impact4 ,tables #c and #d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,deflecton ,,curves ,,beam ,v ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,deflecton ,,curves ,,beam ,,vi 7#c7 ,the presence of creosote will not weaken wood of itself4 ,since apparently it is present only in the openings of the cells1 and does not get into the cell walls1 its action can only be to retard the seasoning of the wood4 ,tables #c1 #d1 #e1 and #f4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,deflecton ,,curves ,,beam ,,vii ,,comparisons4 ,a comparison of the results obtained with tests made on untreated timber is interesting1 and to this end ,tables #b and #c1 from ,circular #aae1 ,forest ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 by ,w4 ,kendrick ,hatt1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 are quoted4 ,the tests made by the writer were from timber raised in ,louisiana and ,mississippi1 while the tests quoted were from timber raised farther north4 ,the number of tests was not sufficient to settle questions of average strength or other qualities4 ,it will be seen1 however1 that the treated timber #bf years old compares favorably with the new untreated timber4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i1 ,,fig4 #a4----,,specimen ,,in ,,testing ,,machine1 ,,showing ,,method ,,of ,,support4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i1 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,end ,,views ,,of ,,tested ,,timbers4 ,,table #b4--;,,bending ,,strength ,,of ,,large ,,sticks4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,reference number4 ,b3 ,number of tests4 ,c3 ,moisture1 per cent4 ,d3 ,rings per inch4 ,e3 ,specific gravity1 dry4 ,f3 ,,weight ,,per ,,cubic ,,foot1 ,,in ,,pounds4 ,g3 ,as tested4 ,h3 ,oven dry4 ,i3 ,fiber stress at elastic limit1 in pounds per square inch4 ,j3 ,modulus of rupture1 in pounds per square inch4 ,k3 ,modulus of elasticity1 in thousands of pounds per square inch4 ,l3 ,elastic resilience1 in inch pounds per cubic inch4 ,m3 ,number failing by longitudinal shear4 ,,loblolly ,,pine4 ,locality ,,dimensions4 of -------------- ,grade4 ,condition ,a ,growth4 ,section1,span1 of ,b ,c ,d in in seasoning4 inches4feet ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f by #g #f by #aj #aj #a ,south #d by #ab to ,square ,green ,average #dh4j #e4g ,carolina4 #f by #af #ae4e edge ,maximum #db #ib4aaa4g #h by #ad ,minimum #cj4b #b4c #h by #af ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f by #g #d by #ab #aj #b ,south #f by #aj to ,square ,partially ,average #bg4g #e4j ,carolina4 #f by #af #af edge air dry4 ,maximum #ah #bi4b #h4b #h by #af ,minimum #be4e #b4e #aj by #af ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f by #g #aj ,south #d by #ab to ,square ,partially ,average #ba4j #e4f #c ,carolina4 #f by #aj #ae edge air dry4 ,maximum #ai #bd4iag4b #f by #af ,minimum #ae4j #b4g ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f ,average #bb4d #d4h #d ,virginia4 #h by #h to ,square ,partially ,maximum #ab #bg4g #h4h #af edge air dry4 ,minimum #ag4h #b4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f ,average #fd4j #c4j #e ,virginia4 #h by #h to ,square ,green ,maximum #agajj4e #d4j #ae4e edge ,minimum #ch4h #b4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,long-,,leaf ,,pine4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,average #be4jac4g #f ,south #f by #h #ae ,merchant-,partially ,maximum #bb #dj4cbe4d ,carolina4#aj by #af able air dry ,minimum #ag4c #f4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,average #bg4cah4j #g ,georgia4 #aj by #ab #ae ,merchant-,partially ,maximum #bb #cd4ebi4j able air dry4 ,minimum #bj4jaa4j ,locality ,f of --------- ,a ,growth4 ,e ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,remarks4 ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,moisture above #a ,south #j4ejdf4bca4bc1aej #e1ehja1dbfj4de saturation ,carolina4#j4fjef4hcg4ee1baj #h1dfja1ibjj4ii #g point in #j4djce4fbe4ja1fge #c1abj #ijej4jg all cases4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b ,south #j4ejdj4jca4bc1chj #e1feja1dcej4de ,moisture ,carolina4#j4eedc4gcd4dd1faj #h1jija1hhjj4gf #j from #be to #j4dece4fbh4ab1aae #c1fjja1aebj4bj #cj per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,south #j4ejcg4eca4bb1igj #e1fija1cdjj4ci ,moisture #c ,carolina4#j4ehde4fcf4bd1hej #h1ajjb1jdjj4fi #b less than #j4daca4bbe4fa1gcj #b1iaj #ijfj4aj #be per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j4dfce4fbh4hc1bfj #e1ahja1ahjj4ea #d ,virginia4#j4ehdc4acf4be1cjj #h1ieja1gbha4je #j #j4cgcj4jbc4aa1bhj #b1ahj #fjfj4ac ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j4dcdc4gbf4ia1ice #c1dij #gddj4ca ,very rapid #e ,virginia4#j4eaea4ica4ic1ahe #d1gbja1aicj4gh #j growth2 poor #j4cece4jba4i #ief #b1ahj #cegj4ab quality4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,long-,,leaf ,,pine4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j4ehde4fcf4bc1hjj #g1afja1efjj4ec #f ,south #j4gffj4jdg4ed1igjaj1jbjb1jajj4gh #i ,carolina4#j4ejci4dca4bb1bbj #e1deja1aijj4ba ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j4fied4gdb4ie1eha #h1chda1hbj -- ,excellent #g ,georgia4 #j4gi -- #di4di1fjjaa1dajb1ibj -- #f merchantable #j4ej -- #ca4dc1edg #d1hcfa1afg -- grade4 ,,table #c4--,,loblolly ,,pine4--,,bending ,,tests ,,on ,,beams ,,seasoned ,,under ,,different ,,conditions4 7#h by #af-;in4 section2 #ac-a_/b to #ae-;ft4 span47 ,columns in table3 ,a4 ,number of tests4 ,b4 ,fiber stress at elastic limit1 in pounds per square inch4 ,c4 ,modulus of rupture1 in pounds per square inch4 ,d4 ,longitudinal shear at maximum load1 in pounds per square inch4 ,e4 ,modulus of elasticity1 in thousands of pounds per square inch4 ,f4 ,percentage of moisture4 ,g4 ,rings per inch4 ,h4 ,weight per cubic foot1 oven dry1 in pounds4 ,i4 ,condition of seasoning4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,average #c1ehje1dhjcfdda1ghjbc4b #i4dcc4g ,air dry1 ,maximum #d #d1jgjf1fjjddj #a1ihgbd4caa4ecd4e #c-a_/b months ,minimum #c1jije1jjjcbg #a1ecjba4e #h4jcb4e in the open4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,average #d1eabe1jfjcchca1fhebj #g4gcc4i ,kiln dry1 ,maximum #e #e1hdjg1cbjdhh #a1gijbb #aj4bch4j #f days4 ,minimum #c1ahjb1aejadc #a1dajah #d4gbg4g ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,average #d1ccaf1gbadicia1fhh -- #g4g -- ,air dry1 #ba ,maximum #ab #d1iijh1efjfbj #b1jjb -- #i4e -- months under ,minimum #c1aaje1afjchj #a1cih -- #e4e -- shelter4 ,,note4--,figures written as subscripts to the figures for longitudinal shear indicate the number of sticks failing in that manner4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,side ,,views ,,of ,,tested ,,timbers4 ,,table #d4--,,load ,,and ,,deflection ,,log4 ,,beam ,i4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,load1 in pounds4 ,b3 ,reading4 ,c3 ,total deflection4 ,d3 ,mean total deflection4 ,date3 ,february #bfth1 #aiji4 ,date3 ,february #bdth1 #aiji4 l #ab ft42 l #ab ft42 b 7mean7 #f-i_/cb in42 b 7mean7 #f in42 h 7mean7 #ae-ae_/af in42 h 7mean7 #ae4fi in42 c #g4ig in4 c #g4hd in4 ,time #a hour4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,no4------------------------------------ --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #j #a4hf #j #a4hh #j #j #j #a4hc #j #a4hf #j #j #b #b1jjja4ibj4jea4ijj4jbj4jce #b1jjj #a4hgj4jda4ijj4jdj4jd #c #d1jjja4ifj4aja4idj4jfj4jhj #d1jjj #a4iaj4jha4ifj4ajj4jij #d #f1jjja4iij4aca4ihj4ajj4aae #f1jjj #a4ifj4acb4jjj4adj4ace #e #h1jjjb4jcj4agb4jbj4adj4aee #h1jjj #b4jjj4agb4jdj4ahj4age #f #aj1jjjb4jej4aib4jfj4ahj4aheaj1jjj #b4jdj4bab4jhj4bbj4bae #g #ab1jjjb4ajj4bdb4jij4baj4bbeab1jjj #b4jij4bfb4acj4bgj4bfe #h #ad1jjjb4acj4bgb4acj4bej4bfjad1jjj #b4adj4cab4ahj4cbj4cae #i #af1jjjb4agj4cab4afj4bhj4bieaf1jjj #b4aij4cfb4bcj4cgj4cfe #aj #ah1jjjb4bjj4cdb4bjj4cbj4ccjah1jjj #b4bdj4dab4bhj4dbj4dae #aa #bj1jjjb4bdj4cfb4bej4cgj4cfebj1jjj #b4bij4dfb4ccj4dgj4dfe #ab #bb1jjjb4bhj4dbb4bhj4djj4dajbb1jjj #b4cdj4eab4cij4ecj4ebj #ac #bd1jjjb4cbj4dfb4cbj4ddj4dejbd1jjj #b4cij4efb4dcj4egj4efe #ad #bf1jjjb4cfj4ejb4cfj4dhj4dijbf1jjj #b4ddj4fab4dhj4fbj4fae #ae #bh1jjjb4djj4edb4cij4eaj4ebebh1jjj #b4dij4ffb4ecj4fgj4fhe #af #cj1jjjb4dcj4egb4ddj4efj4efecj1jjj #b4eej4gbb4ehj4gbj4gbj #ag #cb1jjjb4dhj4fbb4dhj4fjj4fajcb1jjj #b4faj4ghb4fej4gij4ghe #ah #cd1jjjb4ebj4fhb4ecj4fej4feecd1jjj;,b#b4 fhj4heb4gjj4hdj4hde #ai #cf1jjjb4efj4gjb4efj4fhj4fijcf1jjj #b4gdj4iab4ghj4ibj4iae #bj #ch1jjjb4faj4geb4fbj4gdj4gdech1jjj ,broke4 #ba #dj1jjjb4fej4gib4fgj4gij4gij #bb #db1jjjb4gjj4hdb4gcj4hej4hde #bc #dd1jjjb4gej4hib4ggj4hij4hij #cg1ejj lb41 ,first ,crack2 #de1ijj lb41 ,failed4 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bb1jjj lb42 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bj1jjj lb42 deflection1 #j4da in42 deflection1 #j4dfe in42 ,s1 #b1ige lb4 ,s1 #b1ige lb4 ,maximum3 ,load1 #de1ijj lb42 ,maximum3 ,load1 #ch1jjj lb42 deflection1444442 deflection1444442 ,s1 #f1bji lb4 ,s1 #e1edj lb4 ,e #a1ege1jjj lb4 ,e #a1chc1jjj lb4 ,footnote ,b3 ,first crack4 ,,table #d4--7;,continued47--,,load ,,and ,,deflection ,,log4 ,,beam ,,ii4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,load1 in pounds4 ,b3 ,reading4 ,c3 ,total deflection4 ,d3 ,mean total deflection4 ,date3 ,february #bjth1 #aiji4 ,date3 -- l #ab ft42 l #ab ft42 b 7mean7 #f4ch in42 b 7mean7 #f4da in42 h 7mean7 #ae4ha in42 h 7mean7 #af4da in42 c #g4ia in4 c #h4bj in4 ,time #dg4e min4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,no4------------------------------------ --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #j #a4fe #j #a4fh #j #j #j #a4hf #j #a4hg #j #j #b #b1jjja4fij4jda4gbj4jdj4jdj #b1jjj #a4iaj4jea4ibj4jej4je #c #d1jjja4gcj4jha4ggj4jij4jhe #d1jjj #a4ihj4aba4ihj4aaj4aae #d #f1jjja4gfj4aaa4hjj4abj4aae #f1jjj #b4jej4aib4jbj4aej4agj #e #h1jjja4hjj4aea4hcj4aej4aej #h1jjj #b4jgj4bab4jhj4baj4baj #f #aj1jjja4hcj4aha4hfj4ahj4ahjaj1jjj #b4acj4bgb4acj4bfj4bfe #g #ab1jjja4hgj4bba4ijj4bbj4bbjab1jjj #b4ahj4cbb4ahj4caj4cae #h #ad1jjja4iaj4bfa4idj4bfj4bfjad1jjj #b4bej4cib4bdj4cgj4chj #i #af1jjja4iej4cja4ihj4cjj4cjjaf1jjj #b4cjj4ddb4bij4dbj4dcj #aj #ah1jjja4ihj4ccb4jbj4cdj4cceah1jjj;,c#b4 cej4dib4cej4dhj4dhe #aa #bj1jjjb4jcj4chb4jfj4chj4chjbj1jjj #b4ddj4ehb4dbj4eej4efe #ab #bb1jjjb4jgj4dbb4ajj4dbj4dbjbb1jjj #b4edj4fhb4edj4fgj4fge #ac #bd1jjjb4aaj4dfb4adj4dfj4dfjbe1jdj ,failed #ad #bf1jjjb4aej4ejb4ahj4ejj4ejj #ae #bh1jjjb4ahj4ecb4bbj4edj4ece #af #cj1jjjb4bcj4ehb4bfj4ehj4ehj #ag #cb1jjjb4bgj4fbb4cjj4fbj4fbj #ah #cd1jjjb4cbj4fgb4cej4fgj4fgj #ai #cf1jjjb4cgj4gbb4djj4gbj4gbj #bj #ch1jjjb4dbj4ggb4dej4ggj4ggj #ba #dj1jjjb4dhj4hcb4ejj4hbj4hbe #bb #db1jjjb4ecj4hhb4efj4hhj4hhj #bc #dc1dej ,fracture4 #bd #de1gaj ,failed4 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bj1jjj lb42 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #af1jjj lb42 deflection1 #j4ch in42 deflection1 #j4dc in42 ,s1 #b1gbb lb4 ,s1 #a1iii lb4 ,maximum3 ,load1 #dc1dej lb42 ,maximum3 ,load1 #be1jdj lb42 deflection1444442 deflection1444442 ,s1 #e1iah lb4 ,s1 #c1acj lb4 ,e #a1efb1jjj lb4 ,e #igi1jjj lb4 ,footnote ,c3 ,first crack4 ,,table #d4--7;,continued47--,,load ,,and ,,deflection ,,log4 ,,beam ,,iii4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,load1 in pounds4 ,b3 ,reading4 ,c3 ,total deflection4 ,d3 ,mean total deflection4 ,date3 ,february #acth1 #aiji4 ,date3 -- l #ab ft42 l #ab ft42 b 7mean7 #e4hh in42 b 7mean7 #e4hh in42 h 7mean7 #ae4fc in42 h 7mean7 #ae4i in42 c #g4hb in4 c #g4ie in4 ,time #de min4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,no4------------------------------------ --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #j #a4bc #j #a4jf #j #j #j #a4fg #j #a4fc #j #j #b #b1jjja4bg 4#jda4ajj4jdj4jdj #b1jjj #a4gjj4jca4fhj4jej4jdj #c #d1jjja4cbj4jia4acj4jgj4jhj #d1jjj #a4gbj4jea4gbj4jij4jgj #d #f1jjja4cgj4ada4agj4aaj4abe #f1jjj #a4hbj4aea4ghj4aej4aej #e #h1jjja4dbj4aia4bbj4afj4age #h1jjj #a4hfj4aia4hbj4aij4aij #f #aj1jjja4dgj4bda4bfj4bjj4bbjaj1jjj #a4ijj4bca4hgj4bdj4bce #g #ab1jjja4eaj4bha4caj4bej4bfeab1jjj #a4igj4cja4ibj4bij4bie #h #ad1jjja4eej4cba4cej4bij4cjead1jjj #b4jjj4cca4ihj4cej4cdj #i #af1jjja4fjj4cga4djj4cdj4ceeaf1jjj #b4jcj4cfb4jdj4daj4che #aj #ah1jjja4fdj4daa4ddj4chj4cieah1jjj #b4ajj4dcb4jij4dfj4dde #aa #bj1jjja4fhj4dea4dij4dcj4ddjbj1jjj #b4acj4dfb4adj4eaj4dhe #ab #bb1jjja4gbj4dia4edj4dhj4dhebb1jjj #b4bjj4ecb4bjj4egj4eej #ac #bd1jjja4ghj4eea4ehj4ebj4ecebd1jjj #b4bfj4eib4bfj4fcj4faj #ad #bf1jjja4hbj4eia4fdj4ehj4ehebf1jjj #b4caj4fdb4cbj4fij4ffe #ae #bh1jjja4hhj4fea4fhj4fbj4fcebh1jjj #b4chj4gab4djj4ggj4gdj #af #cj1jjja4ibj4fia4gcj4fgj4fhjcj1jjj #b4dbj4geb4dgj4hdj4gie #ag #cb1jjja4igj4gda4gij4gcj4gcecb1jjj #b4dij4hbb4eej4ibj4hgj #ah #cd1jjjb4jbj4gia4hej4gij4gijcd1jjj #b4ehj4iab4fbj4iij4iej #ai #cf1jjjb4jgj4hda4ijj4hdj4hdj #bj #ch1jjjb4acj4ija4igj4iaj4iae #ba #dj1jjjb4bjj4igb4jcj4igj4igj #bb #db1jjjb4bga4jdb4aaa4jea4jde #bc #dd1jjjb4cga4adb4baa4aea4ade #ci1ajj lb4 ,first ,crack2 #bb1jjj lb4 ,first ,crack2 #de1acj lb4 ,failed4 #ce1aij lb4 ,failed4 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bd1jjj lb42 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #ba1jjj lb42 deflection1 #j4ece in42 deflection1 #j4eae in42 ,s #c1fjh lb4 ,s1 #c1jed lb4 ,maximum3 ,load1 #de1acj lb42 ,maximum3 ,load1 #ce1aij lb42 deflection1444442 deflection1444442 ,s #f1ghe lb4 ,s #e1abj lb4 ,e #a1dhi1jjj lb4 ,e #a1bhh1jjj lb4 ,,table #d4--7;,continued47--,,load ,,and ,,deflection ,,log4 ,,beam ,,iv4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,load1 in pounds4 ,b3 ,reading4 ,c3 ,total deflection4 ,d3 ,mean total deflection4 ,date3 ,february #afth1 #aiji4 ,date3 ,february #ajth1 #aiji4 l #ab ft42 l #ab ft42 b 7mean7 #f4j in42 b 7mean7 #f4ab in42 h 7mean7 #ae4dc in42 h 7mean7 #ae4hg in42 c #g4ga in4 c #g4ic in4 ,time #cj min4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,no4------------------------------------ --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #j #b4bh #j #b4je #j #j #j #a4dd #j #a4eh #j #j #b #b1jjjb4caj4jcb4ajj4jej4jdj #b1jjj #a4ejj4jfa4fdj4jfj4jf #c #d1jjjb1cdj4jfb4adj4jij4jge #d1jjj #a4eej4aaa4gjj4abj4aae #d #f1jjjb4djj4abb4aij4adj4acj #f1jjj #a4fbj4aha4gfj4ahj4ahj #e #h1jjjb4dcj4aeb4bcj4ahj4afe #h1jjj #a4fhj4bda4hbj4bdj4bdj #f #aj1jjjb4dgj4aib4bhj4bcj4bajaj1jjj #a4gbj4bha4hij4caj4bie #g #ab1jjjb4eaj4bcb4cbj4bgj4bejab1jjj #a4hjj4cfa4idj4cfj4cfj #h #ad1jjjb4edj4bfb4cgj4cbj4bijad1jjj #a4hej4dab4jjj4dbj4dae #i #af1jjjb4eij4cab4daj4cfj4cceaf1jjj #a4ijj4dfb4jfj4dhj4dgj #aj #ah1jjjb4fbj4cdb4dej4djj4cgjah1jjj #a4ihj4edb4acj4eej4ede #aa #bj1jjjb4fhj4djb4ejj4dej4dbebj1jjj #b4jcj4eib4aij4faj4fjj #ab #bb1jjjb4gbj4ddb4edj4dij4dfebb1jjj #b4jij4feb4bej4fgj4ffj #ac #bd1jjjb4ghj4ejb4fjj4eej4ebebd1jjj #b4aej4gab4ccj4gej4gcj #ad #bf1jjjb4hbj4edb4fej4fjj4egjbf1jjj #b4bcj4gib4dbj4hdj4hae #ae #bh1jjjb4hgj4eib4fij4fdj4faebh1jjj #b4cbj4hhb4dij4iaj4hie #af #cj1jjjb4iaj4fcb4gdj4fij4ffjcj1jjj #b4dbj4ihb4fba4jda4jaj #ag #cb1jjjb4igj4fib4ghj4gcj4gajcb1jjj #b4efa4abb4gda4afa4adj #ah #cd1jjjc4jaj4gcb4hej4hjj4gfecd1jjj #b4fga4bcb4hga4bia4bfe #ai #cf1jjjc4jgj4gib4ijj4hej4hbj #bj #ch1jjjc4adj4hfb4ihj4icj4hie #cd1jjj lb4 ,first ,crack2 #bh1cfj lb4 ,cracked2 #ch1dbe lb4 ,failed4 #ce1ejj lb1 ,failed4 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bb1jjj lb42 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bb1jjj lb42 deflection1 #j4dfe in42 deflection1 #j4ff in42 ,s #c1cbj lb4 ,s1 #c1jij lb4 ,maximum3 ,load1 #ch1dbe lb42 ,maximum3 ,load1 #ce1ejj lb42 deflection1444442 deflection1444442 ,s #e1haj lb4 ,s #d1ihc lb4 ,e #a1fja1jjj lb4 ,e #a1jag1jjj lb4 ,,table #d4--7;,continued47--,,load ,,and ,,deflection ,,log4 ,,beam ,v4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,load1 in pounds4 ,b3 ,reading4 ,c3 ,total deflection4 ,d3 ,mean total deflection4 ,date3 -- ,date3 ,february #bgth1 #aiji4 l #ab ft42 l #ab ft42 b 7mean7 #f in42 b 7mean7 #f in42 h 7mean7 #af in42 h 7mean7 #ae4hg in42 c #h in4 c #g4id in4 ,time #dj min4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,no4------------------------------------ --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #j #a4ig #j #a4cg #j #j #j #a4ca #j #a4be #j #j #b #b1jjjb4jaj4jda4djj4jcj4jce #b1jjj #a4cgj4jfa4caj4jfj4jf #c #d1jjjb4jfj4jia4dcj4jfj4jge #d1jjj #a4daj4ajj4cfj4aaj4aje #d #f1jjjb4jhj4aaa4dgj4ajj4aje #f1jjj #a4dfj4aej4djj4aej4aej #e #h1jjjb4aaj4ada4ejj4acj4ace #h1jjj #a4dij4ahj4dej4bjj4aij #f #aj1jjjb4afj4aia4edj4agj4ahjaj1jjj #a4edj4bca4dij4bdj4bce #g #ab1jjjb4aij4bba4egj4bjj4bajab1jjj #a4ehj4bga4ecj4bhj4bge #h #ad1jjjb4bbj4bea4faj4bdj4bdead1jjj #a4fbj4caa4egj4cbj4cae #i #af1jjjb4bej4bha4fej4bhj4bhjaf1jjj #a4fhj4cga4fej4djj4che #aj #ah1jjjb4bij4cba1fij4cbj4cbjah1jjj #a4ghj4daa4gaj4dfj4dce #aa #bj1jjjb4cbj4cea4gcj4cfj4ceebj1jjj #a4iij4fha4igj4gbj4gjj #ab #bb1jjjb4cfj4cia4ghj4daj4djj #ac #bd1jjjb4cij4dba4hcj4dfj4ddj #ad #bf1jjjb4dbj4dea4hej4dhj4dfe #ae #bh1jjjb4dgj4eja4ijj4ecj4eae #af #cj1jjjb4ejj4eca4iej4ehj4efe #ag #cb1jjjb4edj4ega4iij4fbj4eie #ah #cd1jjjb4eij4fbb4jdj4fgj4fde #ai #cf1jjjb4fcj4ffb4jij4gbj4fij #bj #ch1jjjb4fhj4gab4agj4hjj4gee #ba #dj1jjjb4gcj4gfb4baj4hdj4hjj #bb #db1jjjb4hjj4hcb4cjj4icj4hhj #bc #dd1jjjb4ijj4icb4dja4jcj4ihj #be1jjj lb4 ,slight ,crack2 #bj1jjj lb4 ,first ,crack2 #dg1jjj lb4 ,failed4 #bb1jej lb4 ,failed4 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bb1jjj lb42 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #ad1jjj lb42 deflection1 #j4dj in42 deflection1 #j4cae in42 ,s1 #c1jij lb4 ,s1 #a1iih lb4 ,maximum3 ,load1 #dg1jjj lb42 ,maximum3 ,load1 #bb1jej lb42 deflection144444442 deflection144444442 ,s1 #f1faj lb4 ,s1 #c1ade lb4 ,e #a1fgj1jjj lb4 ,e #a1chb1jjj lb4 ,,table #d4--7;,continued47--,,load ,,and ,,deflection ,,log4 ,,beam ,,vi4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,load1 in pounds4 ,b3 ,reading4 ,c3 ,total deflection4 ,d3 ,mean total deflection4 ,date3 ,february #abth1 #aiji4 ,date3 ,february #acth1 #aiji4 l #ab ft42 l #ab ft42 b 7mean7 #e4e in42 b 7mean7 #e4hg in42 h 7mean7 #ae4ge in42 h 7mean7 #ae4fb in42 c #g4hh in4 c #g4ha in4 ,time #dj min4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,no4------------------------------------ --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #j #a4bb #j #a4cj #j #j #j #a4bh #j #a4cj #j #j #b #b1jjja4bfj4jda4cdj4jdj4jd #b1jjj #a4cjj4jba4cej4jej4jce #c #d1jjja4bij4jga4chj4jhj4jge #d1jjj #a4cfj4jha4cij4jij4jhe #d #f1jjja4ccj4aaa4dbj4abj4aae #f1jjj #a4djj4aba4ddj4adj4acj #e #h1jjja4cgj4aea4dgj4agj4afj #h1jjj #a4dcj4aea4dgj4agj4afj #f #aj1jjja4dbj4bja4eaj4baj4bjeaj1jjj #a4dgj4aia4eaj4baj4bjj #g #ab1jjja4dej4bca4eej4bej4bdjab1jjj #a4eaj4bca4efj4bfj4bde #h #ad1jjja4ejj4bha4eij4bij4bhead1jjj #a4eej4bga4fjj4cjj4bhe #i #af1jjja4edj4cba4fcj4ccj4cbeaf1jjj #a4eij4caa4fdj4cdj4cbe #aj #ah1jjja4ehj4cfa4fhj4chj4cgjah1jjj #a4fbj4cda4fij4cij4cfe #aa #bj1jjja4faj4cia4gbj4dbj4djebj1jjj #a4ffj4cha4gdj4ddj4daj #ab #bb1jjja4ffj4dda4gfj4dfj4dejbb1jjj #a4gaj4dca4hjj4ejj4dfe #ac #bd1jjja4haj4eia4haj4eaj4eejbd1jjj #a4ggj4dia4hdj4edj4eae #ad #bf1jjja4hfj4fda4hfj4efj4fjjbf1jjj #a4hcj4eea4ijj4fjj4ege #ae #bh1jjja4iaj4fia4iaj4faj4fejbh1jjj #a4ijj4fba4igj4fgj4fde #af #cj1jjja4ifj4gda4ifj4ffj4gjjcj1jjj #a4igj4fib4jbj4gbj4gje #ag #cb1jjjb4jjj4ghb4jbj4gbj4gejcb1jjj #b4abj4hdb4ajj4hjj4hbj #ah #cd1jjjb4jdj4hbb4aaj4haj4haecd1jjj #b4bjj4ibb4afj4hfj4hhe #ai #cf1jjjb4ajj4hhb4bjj4ijj4hijcf1jjj #b4bia4jab4bdj4idj4ige #bj #ch1jjjb4afj4idb4bej4iej4idech1jjj #b4cia4aab4cba4jba4jfe #ba #dj1jjjb4bha4jfb4cha4jha4jgj #bb #db1jjjb4cha4afb4dba4aba4adj #bc #dd1jjjb4dda4bbb4eba4bba4bbj #bd #df1jjjb4eca4cab4fja4cja4cje #be #dh1jjjb4ffa4ddb4gaa4daa4dbe #bf #ej1jjjb4gha4efb4hga4ega4efe #cc1jjj lb41 ,first ,crack2 #bd1jjj lb41 ,first ,crack2 #ea1ccj lb41 ,failed4 #dd1jjj lb41 ,failed4 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bb1jjj lb42 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bj1jjj lb42 deflection1 #j4de in42 deflection1 #j4da in42 ,s1 #c1dhd lb4 ,s1 #c1jah lb4 ,maximum3 ,load1 #ea1ccj lb42 ,maximum3 ,load1 #dd1jjj lb42 deflection1444442 deflection1444442 ,s1 #h1ibe lb4 ,s1 #f1fbg lb4 ,e #a1fie1jjj lb4 ,e #a1fbe1jjj lb4 ,,table #d4--7;,continued47--,,load ,,and ,,deflection ,,log4 ,,beam ,,vii4 ,columns in table3 ,a3 ,load1 in pounds4 ,b3 ,reading4 ,c3 ,total deflection4 ,d3 ,mean total deflection4 ,date3 ,march #b;d1 #aiji4 ,date3 ,february #bjth1 #aiji4 l #ab ft42 l #ab ft42 b 7mean7 #f4ef in42 b 7mean7 #f4bb in42 h 7mean7 #ae4fb in42 h 7mean7 #ae4fb in42 c #g4ha in4 c #g4ha in4 ,time #a hr4 ,time #cc min4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,p ,,deflection1 ,,in ,,inches4 ,no4------------------------------------ --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ,a ,b ,c ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #j #a4hd #j #a4ga #j #j #j #a4fi #j #a4gc #j #j #b #b1jjja4hhj4jda4gdj4jcj4jce #b1jjj #a4gbj4jca4ggj4jdj4jce #c #d1jjja4ibj4jha4gij4jhj4jhj #d1jjj #a4gfj4jga4hjj4jgj4jgj #d #f1jjja4ifj4aba4haj4ajj4aaj #f1jjj #a4hjj4aaa4hdj4aaj4aaj #e #h1jjjb4jjj4afa4hej4adj4aej #h1jjj #a4hdj4aea4hgj4adj4ade #f #aj1jjjb4jcj4aia4hij4ahj4aheaj1jjj #a4hhj4aia4ibj4aij4aij #g #ab1jjjb4jfj4bba4icj4bbj4bbjab1jjj #a4iaj4bba4iej4bbj4bbj #h #ad1jjjb4aaj4bga4iej4bdj4beead1jjj #a4iej4bfb4jjj4bgj4bfe #i #af1jjjb4adj4cja4iij4bhj4bijaf1jjj #a4iij4cjb4jcj4cjj4cjj #aj #ah1jjjb4ahj4cdb4jcj4cbj4ccjah1jjj #b4jcj4cdb4jfj4ccj4cce #aa #bj1jjjb4bbj4chb4jej4cdj4cfjbj1jjj #b4jgj4chb4aaj4chj4chj #ab #bb1jjjb4bej4dab4ajj4cij4djjbb1jjj #b4aaj4dbb4afj4dcj4dbe #ac #bd1jjjb4bij4deb4acj4dbj4dcebd1jjj #b4aej4dfb4bjj4dgj4dfe #ad #bf1jjjb4cbj4dhb4agj4dfj4dgjbf1jjj #b4aij4ejb4bdj4eaj4eje #ae #bh1jjjb4cfj4ebb4baj4ejj4eajbh1jjj #b4bcj4edb4bhj4eej4ede #af #cj1jjjb4djj4efb4bej4edj4eejcj1jjj #b4bgj4ehb4ccj4fjj4eij #ag #cb1jjjb4dcj4eib4bij4ehj4ehecb1jjj #b4cbj4fcb4cgj4fdj4fce #ah #cd1jjjb4dgj4fcb4cbj4faj4fbjcd1jjj #b4cfj4fgb4dbj4fij4fhj #ai #cf1jjjb4eaj4fgb4cgj4ffj4ffecf1jjj #bj #ch1jjjb4efj4gbb4daj4gjj4gaj #bg1jjj lb41 ,first ,crack2 #bh1jjj lb41 ,first ,crack2 #ea1ijj lb41 ,failed4 #di1jjj lb41 ,failed4 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #cd1jjj lb42 ,at ,elastic ,limit3 ,load1 #bj1jjj lb42 deflection1 #j4fb in42 deflection1 #j4ch in42 ,s1 #d1ehj lb4 ,s1 #b1hde lb4 ,maximum3 ,load1 #ea1ijj lb42 ,maximum3 ,load1 #di1jjj lb42 deflection1444442 deflection1444442 ,s1 #f1ihe lb4 ,s1 #f1igj lb4 ,e #a1fcg1jjj lb4 ,e #a1feh1jjj lb4