,,w9ds ,,( ,,doctr9e ,,/udies ,,9 ,,contempor>y ,,op9ion ,,by ,g4 ,,santayana ,,late ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,new ,,york3 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,fir/ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 #aiac ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,temp] ,,( ,,! ,,age ,,ii4 ,,mod]nism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity ,,iii4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,m4 ,,h5ri ,,b]gson ,,iv4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,mr4 ,,b]tr& ,,russell-- i4 ,a ,,new ,,s*ola/icism ii4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,ess5ce iii4 ,,! ,,critique ,,( ,,pragmatism iv4 ,,hypo/atic ,,e?ics ,v4 ,,%elley3 ,,or ,,! ,,poetic ,,value ,,( ,,revolution>y ,,pr9ciples ,,vi4 ,,! ,,g5teel ,,tradition ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,philosophy ,,w9ds ,,( ,,doctr9e ,i ,,! ,,intellectual ,,temp] ,,( ,,! ,,age ,! pres5t age is a critical "o & int]e/+ to live 94 ,! civilisation *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/5dom has n disappe>$1 yet ano!r civilisation has begun to take its place4 ,we /ill und]/& ! value ( religi\s fai?2 we /ill appreciate ! pomp\s arts ( our =efa!rs2 we are br\ght up on academic ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 poetry1 & music4 ,we /ill love mon>*y & ari/ocracy1 toge!r ) t picturesque & dutiful ord] :i* re/$ on local in/itutions1 class privileges1 & ! au?ority ( ! family4 ,we may ev5 feel an organic ne$ = all ^! ?+s1 cl+ to !m t5aci\sly1 & dream ( rejuv5at+ !m4 ,on ! o!r h& ! %ell ( ,*ri/5dom is brok54 ,! unconqu]able m9d ( ! ,ea/1 ! pagan pa/1 ! indu/rial sociali/ic future confront x ) _! equal au?ority4 ,our :ole life & m9d is saturat$ ) ! sl[ upw>d filtration ( a new _s--t ( an emancipat$1 a!i/ic1 int]national democracy4 ,^! epi!ts may make u %udd]2 b :at !y describe is some?+ positive & self-ju/ifi$1 some?+ deeply root$ 9 our animal nature & inspir+ to our he>ts1 some?+ :i*1 l e vital impulse1 is pregnant ) a morality ( its own4 ,9 va9 d we deprecate x2 x has possession ( u already ?r\gh our prop5sities1 fa%ions1 & language4 ,our v plutocrats & mon>*s are at ease only :5 !y are vulg>4 ,ev5 prelates & mission>ies are h>dly s9c]e or consci\s ( an hone/ function1 save z !y devote !mselves to social "w2 = willy-nilly ! new _s has hold ( our consci5ces z well4 ,?is _s is amiable z well z disquiet+1 lib]at+ z well z b>b>ic2 & a philosoph] 9 our day1 consci\s bo? ( ! old life & ( ! new1 might repeat :at ,goe! said ( 8 successive love affairs--t x is sweet to see ! moon rise :ile ! sun is /ill mildly %9+4 ,meantime our bodies 9 ?is g5]ation are g5]ally safe1 & (t5 com=table2 & = ^? :o c susp5d _! irrational lab\rs long en\gh to look ab\t !m1 ! spectacle ( ! _w1 if n p>ticul>ly beautiful or t\*+1 pres5ts a rapid & cr[d$ drama & 7:at "h conc]ns me mo/7 "o unusually intelligible4 ,! nations1 p>ties1 & movem5ts t divide ! sc5e h a kn[n hi/ory4 ,we are n condemn$1 z mo/ g5]ations h be51 to fight & believe )\t an inkl+ ( ! cause4 ,! pa/ lies be=e u2 ! hi/ory ( ev]y?+ is publi%$4 ,e "o records 8 op9ion1 & l\dly proclaims :at he wants4 ,9 ?is ,babel ( ideals few dem&s are ev] lit]ally satisfi$2 b _m evaporate1 m]ge toge!r1 & rea* an un9t5d$ issue1 ) :i* !y are cont5t4 ,! :ole drift ( ?+s pres5ts a huge1 good-natur$ com$y to ! obs]v]4 ,x /irs n unpleasantly a c]ta9 /urdy animality & he>ty self-tru/ :i* lie at ! base ( human nature4 ,a *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! situation is t moral confusion is n limit$ to ! _w at l>ge1 always ! sc5e ( pr(\nd conflicts1 b t x has p5etrat$ to ! m9d & he>t ( ! av]age individual4 ,nev] p]haps 7 m5 s l "o ano!r & s divid$ )9 !mselves4 ,9 o!r ages1 ev5 m ?an at pres5t1 diff]5t classes ( m5 h /ood at diff]5t levels ( culture1 ) a magnific5t read9ess to p]secute & to be m>tyr$ = _! respective pr9ciples4 ,^! militant believ]s h be5 ke5ly consci\s t !y _h enemies2 b _! enemies 7 /rang]s to !m1 :om !y c\ld ?9k ( m]ely z su*1 reg>d+ !m z blank negative =ces1 hateful black devils1 ^: exi/5ce might make life difficult b c\ld n confuse ! ideal ( life4 ,no "o s\ght to und]/& ^! enemies ( 81 nor ev5 to conciliate !m1 unless "u compulsion or out ( insidi\s policy1 to conv]t !m aga9/ _! w2 he m]ely pelt$ !m ) bl9d refutations & clumsy bl[s4 ,e "o s9c]ely felt t ! "r 0 entirely on 8 side1 a pro( t su* intellig5ce z he _h mov$ freely & exclusively )9 ! l9es ( 8 fai?4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t 8 fai? 0 intellig5t1 ,i mean1 t he und]/ood x1 & _h a cle>1 almo/ in/9ctive p]ception ( :at 0 compatible or incompatible ) x4 ,he def5d$ 8 walls & he cultivat$ 8 g>d54 ,8 position & 8 possessions 7 unmi/akable4 ,:5 m5 & m9ds 7 s di/9ct x 0 possible to describe & to c\nt !m4 ,dur+ ! ,re=mation1 :5 ext]nal confusion 0 at its height1 y might h asc]ta9$ almo/ /ati/ically :at p]sons & :at regions ea* side snat*$ f ! o!r2 x 0 n d\btful :i* 0 :i*4 ,! hi/ory ( _! respective victories & defeats c\ld consequ5tly be writt54 ,s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 easy to p]ceive h[ _m p ,voltaire & ,r\sseau might be ali5at+ f ,bossuet & ,fnelon4 ,b h[ %all we satisfy ourselves n[ :e!r1 = in/ance1 ,*ri/ianity is hold+ its own8 ,:o c tell :at vag>y or :at compromise may n be call+ itself ,*ri/ianity8 ,a bi%op may be a mod]ni/1 a *emi/ may be a my/ical !ologian1 a psy*ologi/ may be a believ] 9 gho/s4 ,= sci5ce1 too1 :i* _h promis$ to supply a new & solid f\ndation = philosophy1 has all[$ philosophy r to und]m9e its f\ndation1 & is se5 eat+ its own words1 ?r\gh ! m\?s ( "s ( its accr$it$ spokesm51 & r$uc+ itself to some?+ utt]ly conv5tional & insecure4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( human nature to be z impati5t ( ignorance reg>d+ :at is n kn[n z lazy 9 acquir+ su* k z is at h&2 & ev5 ^? :o h n be5 lazy sometimes take x into _! heads to disp>age _! sci5ce & to outdo ! pr(essional philosoph]s 9 psy*ological scepticism1 9 ord] to plunge ) !m into ! mo/ vapid speculation4 ,nor is ?is insecurity ab\t fir/ pr9ciples limit$ to ab/ract subjects4 ,x reigns 9 politics z well4 ,lib]alism _h be5 suppos$ to advocate lib]ty2 b :at ! advanc$ p>ties t /ill call !mselves lib]al n[ advocate is control1 control ov] prop]ty1 trade1 wages1 h\rs ( "w1 meat & dr9k1 amusem5ts1 & 9 a truly advanc$ c\ntry l ,france control ov] education & religion2 & x is only on ! subject ( m>riage 7if we ignore eug5ics7 t lib]alism is gr[+ m & m lib]al4 ,^? :o speak mo/ ( progress measure x by quantity & n by quality2 h[ _m p read & write1 or h[ _m p !re are1 or :at is ! annual value ( _! trade2 :]eas true progress w\ld r lie 9 read+ or writ+ few] & bett] ?+s1 & be+ few] & bett] m51 & enjoy+ life m4 ,b ! philan?ropi/s are n[ prep>+ an absolute subjection ( ! individual1 9 s\l & body1 to ! in/9cts ( ! majority--! mo/ cruel & unprogressive ( ma/]s2 & ,i am n sure t ! lib]al maxim1 ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 has n lo/ :atev] 0 j or g5]\s 9 its int5t & come to mean ! greate/ idl5ess ( ! l>ge/ possible population4 ,nationality (f]s ano!r occasion = /range moral confusion4 ,x _h seem$ t an age t 0 levell+ & connect+ all nations1 an age ^: real a*ievem5ts 7 ( int]national application1 0 de/9$ to e/abli% ! solid>ity ( mank9d z a sort ( axiom4 ,! idea ( solid>ity is inde$ (t5 invok$ 9 spee*es1 & !re is an extreme sociali/ic p>ty t--:5 a wave ( national passion does n c>ry x ! o!r way--believes 9 int]national bro!rhood4 ,b ev5 "h1 black m5 & yell[ m5 are g5]ally exclud$2 & 9 high] circles1 :]e hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & political ambition dom9ate m5's m9ds1 nationalism has become ( late an omnivor\s all-p]meat+ passion4 ,local p>liam5ts mu/ be ev]y:]e e/abli%$1 ext9ct or prov9cial dialects mu/ be galvanis$ into national languages1 philosophy mu/ be made racial1 religion mu/ be fo/]$ :]e x emphasises nationality & d5\nc$ :]e x transc5ds x4 ,man is c]ta9ly an animal t1 :5 he lives at all1 lives = ideals4 ,some?+ mu/ be f\nd to occupy 8 imag9ation1 to raise pleasure & pa9 into love & hatr$1 & *ange ! prosaic alt]native betwe5 com=t & discom=t into ! tragic "o betwe5 happ9ess & sorr[4 ,n[ t ! hue ( daily adv5ture is s dull1 :5 religion = ! mo/ "p is s vague & accommodat+1 :5 ev5 w> is a va/ imp]sonal bus9ess1 nationality seems to h slipp$ into ! place ( hon\r4 ,x has become ! "o eloqu5t1 public1 intrepid illusion4 ,illusion1 ,i mean1 :5 x is tak5 = an ultimate good or a my/ical ess5ce1 = ( c\rse nationality is a fact4 ,p speak "s p>ticul> language & are v uncom=table :]e ano!r is spok5 or :]e _! own is spok5 diff]5tly4 ,!y h habits1 judgm5ts1 assumptions to :i* !y are w$d$1 & a society :]e all ?is is unhe>d ( %ocks !m & puts !m at a gall+ disadvantage4 ,to ignorant p ! =eign] z su* is ridicul\s1 unless he is sup]ior to !m 9 numb]s or pre/ige1 :5 he becomes hateful4 ,x is natural = a man to l to live at home1 & to live long else:]e )\t a s5se ( exile is n good = 8 moral integrity4 ,x is "r to feel a great] k9%ip & affection = :at lies ne>e/ to oneself4 ,b ?is necess>y fact & ev5 duty ( nationality is accid5tal2 l age or sex x is a physical fatality :i* c be made ! basis ( specific & comely virtues2 b x is n an end to pursue or a flag to flaunt or a privilege n balanc$ by a ?\s& incapacities4 ,yet ( ?is di/9ction our contempor>ies t5d to make an idol1 p]haps because x is ! only di/9ction !y feel !y h left4 ,anomalies ( ?is sort w nev] be prop]ly und]/ood until p accu/om !mselves to a !ory to :i* !y h always turn$ a deaf e>1 because1 ?\gh simple & true1 x is mat]iali/ic3 namely1 t m9d is n ! cause ( our actions b an effect1 collat]al ) our actions1 ( bodily gr[? & organisation4 ,x may !re=e easily come ab\t t ! ?\ghts ( m51 te/$ by ! pr9ciples t seem to rule _! conduct1 may be belat$1 or irrelevant1 or premonitory2 = ! liv+ organism has _m /rata1 on any ( :i*1 at a giv5 mom5t1 activities may exi/ p]fect en\gh to involve consci\sness1 yet too weak & isolat$ to control ! organs ( out] expression2 s t 7to speak geologically7 our practice may be hi/oric1 our mann]s glacial1 & our religion palozoic4 ,! ideals ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may be said to h be5 all belat$2 ! age /ill ye>n$ ) ,r\sseau or speculat$ ) ,kant1 :ile x mov$ ) ,d>w91 ,bism>ck1 & ,nietzs*e3 & to-day1 9 ! half-educat$ classes1 among ! religi\s or revolution>y sects1 we may obs]ve q mod]n me?ods ( "w alli$ ) a some:at antiquat$ m5tality4 ,! :ole n9ete5? c5tury might well cry ) ,fau/3 ,two s\ls1 alas1 dwell 9 my bosom6 ,! revolutions x witness$ fill$ x ) horror & made x fall 9 love romantically ) ! pa/ & dote on ru9s1 because !y 7 ru9s2 & ! be/ le>n+ & fiction ( ! "t 7 hi/orical1 inspir$ by an unprec$5t$ ef=t to und]/& remote =ms ( life & feel+1 to appreciate exotic arts & religions1 & to re?9k ! blameless ?\ghts ( savages & crim9als4 ,?is sympa!tic lab\r & retrospect1 h[ev]1 0 f> f be+ m]ely s5tim5tal2 = ! o!r half ( ?is divid$ s\l 0 look+ ahead4 ,^? same revolutions1 (t5 s de/ructive1 /upid1 & bloody1 fill$ x ) pride1 & prompt$ x to inv5t sev]al incompatible !ories conc]n+ a /eady & inevitable progress 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! pa/1 side by side ) romantic sympa?y1 !re 0 a sort ( reali/ic1 s*ol>ly intellig5ce & an adv5tur\s love ( tru?2 k9dness too 0 (t5 m+l$ ) dramatic curiosity4 ,! pa?ologi/s 7 usually heal]s1 ! philosoph]s ( evolution 7 inv5tors or humanit>ians or at lea/ ideali/s3 ! hi/orians ( art 7?\gh optimism 0 impossible "h7 7 also guides to ta/e1 quick5]s ( moral s5sibility1 l ,rusk91 or en?usia/s = ! irresponsibly beautiful1 l ,pat] & ,osc> ,wilde4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury we f9d a d\ble preoccupation ) ! pa/ & ) ! future1 a long+ to "k :at all exp]i5ce might h be5 hi!rto1 & on ! o!r h& to ha/5 to "s :olly diff]5t exp]i5ce1 to be contriv$ imm$iately ) a beat+ he>t & ) fly+ bann]s4 ,! imag9ation ( ! age 0 int5t on hi/ory2 its consci5ce 0 int5t on re=m4 ,re=m6 ,?is magic ^w itself cov]s a great equivocation4 ,to re=m means to %att] "o =m & to create ano!r2 b ! two sides ( ! act are n always equally int5d$ nor equally successful4 ,usually ! movem5t />ts f ! m]e s5se ( oppression1 & p break d[n "s e/abli%$ =m1 )\t any qualms ab\t ! capacity ( _! fre$ in/9cts to g5]ate ! new =ms t may be ne$$4 ,s ! ,re=mation1 9 de/roy+ ! traditional ord]1 int5d$ to secure tru?1 spontaneity1 & pr(us5ess ( religi\s =ms2 ! dang] ( c\rse be+ t ea* =m might become meagre & ! sum ( !m *aotic4 ,if ! acc5t1 h[ev]1 c\ld only be laid on ! second phase ( ! trans=mation1 re=m might mean ! creation ( ord] :]e x did n suffici5tly appe>1 s t diffuse life %\ld be conc5trat$ into a cong5ial =m t %\ld r5d] x /rong & self-consci\s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 if we may tru/ ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,murray1 x 0 a great wave ( re=m t creat$ ,greece1 or at lea/ all t 0 *>act]i/ic & admirable 9 x--an ef=t to organise1 tra91 simplify1 purify1 & make beautiful ! *aos ( b>b>ic cu/oms & passions t _h prec$$4 ,! clang] "h1 a dang] to :i* ,greece actually succumb$1 is t s ref9$ an organism may be too fragile1 n inclusive en\gh )91 & n buttress$ /rongly en\gh )\t aga9/ ! flux ( ! uncivilis$ _w4 ,*ri/ianity also1 9 ! fir/ =mative c5turies ( its exi/5ce1 0 an integrat+ re=m ( ! same sort1 on a diff]5t scale & 9 a diff]5t sph]e2 b "h too an enslav$ rabble )9 ! s\l claim+ ! suffrage1 & bett] equipp$ intellectual empires ris+ r\nd ab\t1 seem to prove t ! h>mony :i* ! ,*ri/ian sy/em made = a mom5t out ( nature & life 0 p>tial & insecure4 ,x is a t]rible dilemma 9 ! life ( reason :e!r x w sacrifice natural abundance to moral ord]1 or moral ord] to natural abundance4 ,:atev] compromise we *oose proves un/able1 & =ces u to a new exp]im5t4 ,p]haps 9 ! c5tury t has elaps$ s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution ! p5dulum has _h "t to sw+ z f> z x w 9 ! direction ( negative re=m1 & may n[ beg9 to move t[>ds t sort ( re=m :i* is integrat+ & creative4 ,! ve]+ ( ! advanc$ political p>ties f lib]alism to socialism w\ld seem to be a cle> indication ( ?is new t5d5cy4 ,x is manife/ also 9 ! love ( nature1 9 a?letics1 9 ! new woman1 & 9 a fri5dly m$ical attitude t[>ds all ! passions4 ,9 ! f9e arts1 h[ev]1 & 9 religion & philosophy1 we are /ill 9 full c>e] t[>ds dis9tegration4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t a g]m ( rational ord] w\ld by ?is "t h p5etrat$ into f9e art & speculation f ! prosp]\s con/ructive arts t t\* ! "o1 & ! prosp]\s natural & ma!matical sci5ces t t\* ! o!r4 ,b z yet !re is little sign ( x4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury pa9t+ & sculpture h pass$ ?r\gh sev]al phases1 repres5tatives ( ea* naturally surviv+ aft] ! next _h appe>$4 ,romanticism1 half lurid1 half effem9ate1 yield$ to a brutal pursuit ( mat]ial tru?1 & a pi\s pref]5ce = mod]n & humble s5tim5t4 ,?is realism _h a romantic ve9 9 x1 & /udi$ vice & crime1 t$ium & despair1 ) a v g5u9e horrifi$ sympa?y4 ,"s w5t 9 = a display ( ar*aeological lore or = exotic motifs2 o!rs gave all _! att5tion to r$iscov]+ & emphasis+ ab/ract problems ( execution1 ! highway ( te*nical tradition hav+ long be5 ab&on$4 ,beg9n]s are /ill suppos$ to /udy _! art1 b !y h no ma/]s f :om to le>n x4 ,?us1 :5 !re seem$ to be "s dang] t art %\ld be dr[n$ 9 sci5ce & hi/ory1 ! arti/s deftly elud$ x by becom+ amateurs4 ,"o gave himself to religi\s ar*aism1 ano!r to ,japanese composition1 a ?ird to b>b>ic symphonies ( col\r2 sculptors tri$ to express dramatic climaxes1 or in>ticulate lyrical passion1 su* z music might bett] convey2 & ! late/ :ims are app>5tly to ab&on pa9ful obs]vation altoge!r1 to be m]ely decorative or frankly my/ical1 & to be satisfi$ ) ! *ildi%ness ( hi]oglyphics or ! crudity ( c>icature4 ,! arts are l truant *ildr5 :o ?9k _! life w be glori\s if !y only run away & play = ev]2 no ne$ is felt ( a dom9ant ideal passion & !me1 nor ( any moral int]e/ 9 ! int]pretation ( nature4 ,arti/s h no less tal5t ?an ev]2 _! ta/e1 _! vision1 _! s5tim5t are (t5 int]e/+2 !y are mighty 9 _! indep5d5ce & feeble only 9 _! works4 ,9 philosophy !re are always ! pr(essors1 z 9 art !re are always ! portrait pa9t]s & ! mak]s ( (ficial sculpture2 & bo? sorts ( academicians are (t5 v exp]t & well-educat$4 ,yet 9 philosophy1 besides ! survival ( all ! (ficial & end[$ sy/ems1 !re has be5 ( late a v int]e/+ fre% movem5t1 l>gely among ! pr(essors !mselves1 :i* 9 its v>i\s hues may be call$ irrationalism1 vitalism1 pragmatism1 or pure empiricism4 ,b ?is movem5t1 f> f be+ a reawak5+ ( any organis+ in/9ct1 is simply an extreme expression ( romantic an>*y4 ,x is 9 ess5ce b a frank] confession ( ! pr9ciple ^u :i* mod]n philosophy has be5 build+--or unbuild+--= ^! ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ,i mean ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity4 ,b]keley & ,hume1 ! fir/ prophets ( ! s*ool1 taught t exp]i5ce is n a p>tial discov]y ( o!r ?+s b is itself ! only possible object ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 said ,kant & ! second g5]ation ( prophets1 any _w we may seem to live 91 ev5 ^? worlds ( !ology or ( hi/ory :i* ,b]keley or ,hume _h inadv]t5tly left /&+1 mu/ be an idea :i* our pres5t exp]i5ce sugge/s to u & :i* we frame z ! pr9ciples ( our m9d all[ & dictate t we %\ld4 ,b !n1 say ! late/ prophets--,av5>ius1 ,william ,james1 ,m4 ,b]gson--^! m5tal pr9ciples are no antec$5t necessities or duties impos$ on our imag9ation2 !y are simply p>ts ( fly+ exp]i5ce itself1 & ! ideas--say ( ,god or ( matt]--:i* !y lead u to frame h no?+ compulsory or fix$ ab\t !m4 ,_! sole au?ority lies 9 ! fact t !y may be m or less cong5ial or conv5i5t1 by enri*+ ! fly+ mom5t /hetically1 or help+ x to slip prosp]\sly into ! next mom5t4 ,imm$iate feel+1 pure exp]i5ce1 is ! only reality1 ! only fact3 if notions :i* d n reproduce x fully z x fl[s are /ill call$ true 7& !y evid5tly ought n to be7 x is only 9 a pragmatic s5se ( ! ^w1 9 t :ile !y pres5t a false & het]og5e\s image ( reality !y are n practically mislead+2 z1 = in/ance1 ! lett]s on ?is page are no true image ( ! s\nds !y call up1 nor ! s\nds ( ! ?\ghts1 yet bo? may be correct en\gh if !y lead ! read] 9 ! end to ! ?+s !y symbolise4 ,x is ,m4 ,b]gson1 ! mo/ circumspect & be/ equipp$ ?9k] ( ?is (t5 scatt]-bra9$ s*ool1 :o has put ?is view 9 a frank & t5able =m1 avoid+ ! bungl+ x has sometimes l$ to ab\t ! mean+ ( tru?4 ,tru?1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b]gson1 is giv5 only 9 intuitions :i* prolong exp]i5ce j z x occurs1 9 its full imm$iacy2 on ! o!r h&1 all repres5tation1 ?\ght1 !ory1 calculation1 or disc\rse is s mu* mutilation ( ! tru?1 excusable only because impos$ ^u u by practical exig5ces4 ,! _w1 be+ a feel+1 mu/ be felt to be kn[n1 & !n ! _w & ! k ( x are id5tical2 b if x is talk$ ab\t or ?\ght ab\t x is d5aturalis$1 al?\gh conv5tion & utility may compel ! poor human be+ to talk & to ?9k1 exil$ z he is f reality 9 8 ,babylon ( ab/ractions4 ,life1 l ! porcup9e :5 n ruffl$ by practical al>ms1 c let its fretful quills subside4 ,! my/ic c live happy 9 ! dron+ consci\sness ( 8 own he>t-beats & ^? ( ! univ]se4 ,) ?is we seem to h rea*$ ! extreme ( self-conc5tration & self-expansion1 ! p]fect id5tity & involution ( ev]y?+ 9 oneself4 ,& su* inde$ is ! inevitable goal ( ! malici\s !ory ( k1 to :i* ?is s*ool is committ$1 remote z t goal may be f ! boyi% naturalism & innoc5t int5t ( _m ( its pupils4 ,if all k is ( exp]i5ce & exp]i5ce _c be k ( any?+ else1 k prop] is evid5tly impossible4 ,!re c be only feel+2 & ! lea/ self-transc5d5ce1 ev5 9 memory1 mu/ be an illusion4 ,y may h ! mo/ complex images y w2 b no?+ pictur$ !re c exi/ outside1 n ev5 pa/ or ali5 exp]i5ce1 if y picture x4#a ,solipsism has always be5 ! evid5t implication ( idealism2 b ! ideali/s1 :5 confront$ ) ?is consequ5ce1 :i* is dialectically inconv5i5t1 h nev] be5 tr\bl$ at he>t by x1 = at he>t !y accept x4 ,to ! un9itiat$ !y h m]ely murmur$1 ) a pity+ smile & a wave ( ! h&3 ,:at6 are y /ill tr\bl$ by t8 ,or if compell$ to be s s*ola/ic z to lab\r ! po9t !y h expla9$1 z usual1 t oneself _c be ! absolute because ! idea ( oneself1 to arise1 mu/ be contra/$ ) o!r ideas4 ,!re=e1 y _c well h ! idea ( a _w 9 :i* no?+ appe>s b ! idea ( y\rself4 ,footnote #a3 ,p]haps "s unsophi/icat$ read] may wond] if ,i am n try+ to mislead him1 or if any mortal ev] really ma9ta9$ any?+ s absurd4 ,/rictly ! ideali/ic pr9ciple does n ju/ify a d5ial t indep5d5t ?+s1 by *ance resembl+ my ideas1 may actually exi/2 b x ju/ifies ! d5ial t ^! ?+s1 if !y exi/$1 c\ld be ^? ,i "k4 ,my pa/ w\ld n be my pa/ if ,i did n appropriate x2 my ideas w\ld n ref] to _! objects unless bo? 7 ideas id5tifi$ 9 my m9d4 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 ideali/s feel free to ignore ! gratuit\s possibility ( exi/5ces ly+ outside ! circle ( objects kn[able to ! ?9k]1 :i*1 accord+ to !m1 is ! circle ( 8 ideas4 ,9 ?is way !y turn a human me?od ( approa* into a *>t] = exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 & _! po9t ( view becomes ! creative p[]4 ,:5 ! ideali/ /udies a/ronomy1 does he le>n any?+ ab\t ! />s t ,god made8 ,f> f him s naive a ?\ght6 ,8 a/ronomy consi/s ( two activities ( 8 own 7& he is v fond ( activity73 />-gaz+ & calculation4 ,:5 he has become q pr(ici5t he kn[s all ab\t />-gaz+ & calculation2 b he kn[s no?+ ( any />s t ,god made2 = !re are no />s except 8 visual images ( />s1 & !re is no ,god b himself4 ,x is true t to s(t5 ?is h>d say+ a little he w\ld correct me & say 8 high] self2 b z 8 l[] self is only ! idea ( himself :i* he may h fram$1 x is 8 high] self t is himself simply3 al?\gh :e!r he or 8 idea ( himself is really ! high] might seem d\btful to an outsid]4 ,?is explanation1 9 pret5d+ to refute solipsism1 ( c\rse assumes & confirms x2 = all ^! cans & mu/s t\* only y\r idea ( y\rself1 n y\r actual be+1 & !re is no ?9kable _w t is n )9 y1 z y exi/ really4 ,?us ideali/s are w$d$ to solipsism irrevocably2 & x is a happy m>riage1 only ! "n ( ! lady has to be *ang$4 ,nev]!less1 le/ peace %\ld come 7& peace n[adays is nei!r possible nor desir$71 a c\nt]-curr5t at once ov]takes ! philosophy ( ! imm$iate & c>ries x viol5tly to ! opposite pole ( speculation--f my/ic intuition to a comm]cial cult ( action & a mat]ialisation ( ! m9d su* z no mat]iali/ _h ev] dreamt (4 ,! t5d]ness :i* ! pragmati/s feel = life 9 g5]al1 & especially = an accel]at$ mod]n life1 has d\btless contribut$ to ?is revulsion1 b ! speculative consid]ation ( ! imm$iate might h l$ to x indep5d5tly4 ,= 9 ! imm$iate !re is m>k$ expectancy1 crav+1 pray]2 no?+ absorbs consci\sness s mu* z :at is n q giv54 ,!re=e x is a good read+ ( ! imm$iate1 z well z a cong5ial ?+ to say to ! contempor>y _w1 t reality is *ange1 gr[?1 action1 creation4 ,simil>ly ! sudd5 mat]ialisation ( m9d1 ! unlook$-= ass]tion t consci\sness does n exi/1 has its ju/ification 9 ! same qu>t]4 ,9 ! imm$iate :at appe>s is ! ?+1 n ! m9d to :i* ! ?+ appe>s4 ,ev5 9 ! passions1 :5 closely scann$ introspectively1 y w f9d a new s5sitiv5ess or ebullition ( ! body1 or a ru% ( images & words2 y w h>dly f9d a sep>ate object call$ ang] or love4 ,! passions1 !re=e1 :5 _! moral ess5ce is =gott51 may be said to be lit]ally no?+ b a movem5t ( _! organs & _! objects1 j z ideas may be said to be no?+ b fragm5ts or cross-?reads ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,?us ! m9d & ! object are roll$ into "o mov+ mass2 motions are id5tifi$ ) passions1 ?+s are p]ceptions ext5d$1 p]ceptions are ?+s cut d[n4 ,&1 by a curi\s revolution 9 s5tim5t1 x is ?+s & motions t are reput$ to h ! full] & ! nobl] reality4 ,"u cov] ( a fusion or neutrality betwe5 idealism & realism1 moral mat]ialism1 ! rev]5ce = m]e exi/5ce & p[]1 takes possession ( ! he>t1 & e?ics becomes idolatr\s4 ,idolatry1 h[ev]1 is h>dly possible if y h a cold & cle> idea ( blocks & /ones1 attribut+ to !m only ! motions !y are capable (2 & accord+ly idealism1 by way ( comp5sation1 has to take possession ( physics4 ,! idol beg9s to w9k & drop te>s "u ! wi/ful gaze ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,matt] is felt to ye>n1 & evolution is held to be m div9ely inspir$ ?an policy or reason c\ld ev] be4 ,extremes meet1 & ! t5d5cy to practical mat]ialism 0 nev] :olly abs5t f ! idealism ( ! mod]ns4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! tumid respectability ( ,anglo-,g]man philosophy _h someh[ to be left beh9d2 & ,d>w9ian ,engl& & ,bism>ckian ,g]many _h ano!r inspiration z well to guide !m1 if x c\ld only come to consci\sness 9 ! pr(essors4 ,! wor%ip ( p[] is an old religion1 & ,hegel1 to g no f>!r back1 is full ( x2 b l traditional religion 8 sy/em qualifi$ its v5]ation = success by attribut+ success1 9 ! future at lea/1 to :at c\ld really inspire v5]ation2 & su* a ma/] 9 equivocation c\ld h no difficulty 9 conv9c+ himself t ! good mu/ conqu] 9 ! end if :atev] conqu]s 9 ! end is ! good4 ,among ! pragmati/s ! wor%ip ( p[] is also optimi/ic1 b x is n to logic t p[] is attribut$4 ,sci5ce1 !y say1 is good z a help to indu/ry1 & philosophy is good = correct+ :atev] 9 sci5ce might di/urb religi\s fai?1 :i* 9 turn is helpful 9 liv+4 ,:at indu/ry or life are good = x w\ld be unsympa!tic to inquire3 ! /ream is mighty1 & we mu/ swim ) ! /ream4 ,conc]n = survival1 h[ev]1 :i* seems to be ! pragmatic pr9ciple 9 morals1 does n af=d a rem$y = moral an>*y4 ,to take firm hold on life1 accord+ to ,nietzs*e1 we %\ld be imp]i\s1 poetical1 a!i/ic2 b accord+ to ,william ,james we %\ld be democratic1 concrete1 & cr$ul\s4 ,x is h>d to say :e!r pragmatism is come to emancipate ! individual _s & make x "l ov] ?+s1 or on ! contr>y to decl>e ! _s a m]e in/rum5t = ! survival ( ! fle%4 ,9 ,italy1 ! m9d seems to be rais$ deliri\sly into an absolute creator1 evok+ at w1 at ea* mom5t1 a new pa/1 a new future1 a new e>?1 & a new ,god4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ! m9d is recomm5d$ r z an unpat5t$ device = oil+ ! eng9e ( ! body & mak+ x d d\ble "w4 ,tru/ful fai? 9 evolution & a long+ = int5se life are *>act]i/ic ( contempor>y s5tim5t2 b !y d n appe> to be consi/5t ) t contempt = ! intellect :i* is no less *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,human intellig5ce is c]ta9ly a product1 & a late & highly organis$ product1 ( evolution2 x ought app>5tly to be z mu* admir$ z ! eyes ( molluscs or ! ant5nae ( ants4 ,& if life is bett] ! m int5se & conc5trat$ x is1 intellig5ce w\ld seem to be ! be/ =m ( life4 ,b ! degree ( intellig5ce :i* ?is age possesses makes x s v uncom=table t1 9 ?is in/ance1 x asks = some?+ less vital1 & sighs = :at evolution has left beh9d4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* cruelly di/9ct ?+s z a/ronomy or su* cruelly confus$ ?+s z !ology x feels la no/algie de la b\e4 ,x 0 only1 ,m4 ,b]gson tells u1 :]e dead matt] oppress$ life t life 0 =c$ to become intellig5ce2 = ?is reason intellig5ce kills :atev] x t\*es2 x is ! tribute t life pays to dea?4 ,life w\ld f9d x sweet to ?r[ (f t pa9ful subjection to circum/ance & bloom 9 "s m cong5ial direction4 ,m4 ,b]gson's own philosophy is an ef=t to realise ?is revulsion1 to dis9tegrate intellig5ce & /imulate sympa!tic exp]i5ce4 ,its *>m lies 9 ! relief :i* x br+s to a /ale imag9ation1 an imag9ation f :i* religion has vani%$ & :i* is kept /ret*$ on ! ma*9]y ( bus9ess & society1 or on small half-borr[$ passions :i* we clo! 9 a mean rhetoric & dot ) vulg> pleasures4 ,f9d+ _! intellig5ce enslav$1 our contempor>ies suppose t intellig5ce is ess5tially s]vile2 in/ead ( free+ x1 !y try to elude x4 ,n free en\gh !mselves morally1 b b\nd to ! _w p>tly by piety & p>tly by indu/rialism1 !y _c ?9k ( ris+ to a deta*$ contemplation ( e>?ly ?+s1 & ( life itself & evolution2 !y rev]t r to s5sibility1 & seek "s by-pa? ( in/9ct or dramatic sympa?y 9 :i* to w&]4 ,hav+ no /oma* = ! ultimate1 !y burr[ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! primitive4 ,b ! long+ to be primitive is a disease ( culture2 x is ar*aism 9 morals4 ,to be s preoccupi$ ) vitality is a symptom ( anaemia4 ,:5 life 0 really vigor\s & "y1 9 ,hom]ic times = in/ance1 no "o seem$ to fe> t x might be squeez$ out ( exi/5ce ei!r by ! incubus ( matt] or by ! petrify+ blight ( intellig5ce4 ,life 0 l ! light ( day1 some?+ to use1 or to wa/e1 or to enjoy4 ,x 0 n a ?+ to wor%ip2 & (t5 ! *ief luxury ( liv+ consi/$ 9 deal+ dea? ab\t vigor\sly4 ,life inde$ 0 lov$1 & ! beauty & pa?os ( x 7 felt exquisitely2 b its beauty & pa?os lay 9 ! div95ess ( its model & 9 its own fragility4 ,no "o paid x ! equivocal complim5t ( ?9k+ x a sub/ance or a mat]ial =ce4 ,nobility 0 n !n impossible 9 s5tim5t1 because !re 7 ideals 9 life high] & m inde/ructible ?an life itself1 :i* life might illu/rate & to :i* x might fitly be sacrific$4 ,no?+ c be mean] ?an ! anxiety to live on1 to live on anyh[ & 9 any %ape2 a _s ) any hon\r is n will+ to live except 9 its own way1 & a _s ) any wisdom is n ov]-eag] to live at all4 ,9 ^? days m5 recognis$ immortal gods & resign$ !mselves to be+ mortal4 ,yet ^? 7 ! truly vital & in/9ctive days ( ! human _s4 ,only :5 vitality is l[ d p f9d mat]ial ?+s oppressive & ideal ?+s unsub/antial4 ,n[ !re is m motion ?an life1 & m ha/e ?an =ce2 we are driv5 to di/raction by ! tick+ ( ! tiresome clocks1 mat]ial & social1 by :i* we are oblig$ to regulate our exi/5ce4 ,we ne$ m9i/]+ angels to fly to u f some:]e1 ev5 if x be f ! dep?s ( protoplasm4 ,we mu/ ba! 9 ! curr5ts ( "s non-human vital flood1 l consumptives 9 _! la/ extremity :o mu/ bask 9 ! sun%9e & brea! ! m\nta9 air2 & our disease is n )\t its sophi/ry to conv9ce u t we 7 nev] s well be=e1 or s mightily consci\s ( be+ alive4 ,:5 *aos has p5etrat$ s f> into ! moral be+ ( nations !y c h>dly be expect$ to produce great m54 ,a great man ne$ n be virtu\s1 nor 8 op9ions "r1 b he mu/ h a firm m9d1 a di/9ctive1 lum9\s "*2 if he is to dom9ate ?+s1 some?+ mu/ be dom9ant 9 him4 ,we feel him to be great 9 t he cl>ifies & br+s to expression some?+ :i* 0 pot5tial 9 ! re/ ( u1 b :i* ) our burd5 ( fle% & circum/ance we 7 too torpid to utt]4 ,! great man is a spontane\s v>iation 9 humanity2 b n 9 any direction4 ,a spontane\s v>iation might be a m]e madness or mutilation or mon/rosity2 9 f9d+ ! v>iation admirable we evid5tly invoke "s pr9ciple ( ord] to :i* x con=ms4 ,p]haps x makes explicit :at 0 pre=m$ 9 u also2 z :5 a poet f9ds ! absolutely "r phrase = a feel+1 or :5 nature sudd5ly a/oni%es u ) a =m ( absolute beauty4 ,or p]haps x makes an unprec$5t$ h>mony out ( ?+s exi/+ be=e1 b jangl$ & deta*$4 ,! fir/ man 0 a great man = ?is latt] reason2 hav+ be5 an ape p]plex$ & corrupt$ by 8 multiply+ in/9cts1 he sudd5ly f\nd a new way ( be+ dec5t1 by h>ness+ all ^? in/9cts toge!r1 ?r\gh memory & imag9ation1 & giv+ ea* 9 turn a measure ( its due2 :i* is :at we call be+ rational4 ,x is a new road to happ9ess1 if y h /r5g? en\gh to ca/igate a little ! v>i\s impulses t sway y 9 turn4 ,:y !n is ! m>tyr1 :o sacrifices ev]y?+ to "o attraction1 di/+ui%$ f ! crim9al or ! fool1 :o d ! same ?+8 ,evid5tly because ! _s t 9 ! m>tyr de/roys ! body is ! v _s :i* ! body is /ifl+ 9 ! re/ ( u2 & al?\gh 8 private inspiration may be irrational1 ! t5d5cy ( x is n1 b r$uces ! public consci5ce to act be=e any "o else has _h ! c\rage to d s4 ,greatness is spontane\s2 simplicity1 tru/ 9 "s "o cle> in/9ct1 are ess5tial to x2 b ! spontane\s v>iation mu/ be 9 ! direction ( "s possible sort ( ord]2 x mu/ exclude & leave beh9d :at is incapable ( be+ moralis$4 ,h[1 !n1 %\ld !re be any great h]oes1 sa9ts1 arti/s1 philosoph]s1 or legislators 9 an age :5 nobody tru/s himself1 or feels any confid5ce 9 reason1 9 an age :5 ! ^w dogmatic is a t]m ( reproa*8 ,greatness has "* & sev]ity1 x is deep & sane1 x is di/9ct & p]fect4 ,= ?is reason !re is none ( x to-day4 ,!re is inde$ ano!r k9d ( greatness1 or r l>g5ess ( m9d1 :i* consi/s 9 be+ a syn!sis ( humanity 9 its curr5t phases1 ev5 if )\t prophetic emphasis or direction3 ! bread? ( a ,goe!1 r ?an ! f95ess ( a ,%elley or a ,leop>di4 ,b su* l>g5ess ( m9d1 n to be vulg>1 mu/ be imp>tial1 compreh5sive1 ,olympian2 x w\ld n be greatness if its miscellany 7 n dom9at$ by a cle> g5ius & if be=e ! confusion ( ?+s ! poet or philosoph] 7 n himself delight$1 exalt$1 & by no means confus$4 ,nor does ?is presume omnisci5ce on 8 "p4 ,x is n necess>y to fa?om ! gr\nd or ! /ructure ( ev]y?+ 9 ord] to "k :at to make ( x4 ,/ones d n disconc]t a build] because he may n happ5 to "k :at !y are *emically2 & s ! unsolv$ problems ( life & nature1 & ! ,babel ( society1 ne$ n di/urb ! g5ial obs]v]1 ?\gh he may be incapable ( unravell+ !m4 ,he may set ^! d>k spots d[n 9 _! places1 l s _m caves or wells 9 a l&scape1 )\t feel+ b\nd to scrut9ise _! dep?s simply because _! dep?s are obscure4 ,unexplor$ !y may h a sort ( lu/re1 explor$ !y might m]ely make him bl9d1 & x may be a suffici5t und]/&+ ( !m to "k t !y are n wor? inve/igat+4 ,9 ?is way ! mo/ *aotic age & ! mo/ motley horrors might be mirror$ limpidly 9 a great m9d1 z ! ,r5aissance 0 mirror$ 9 ! works ( ,raphael & ,%akespe>e2 b ! ma/]'s eye itself mu/ be s+le1 8 /yle unmi/akable1 8 vision>y int]e/ 9 :at he depicts frank & supreme4 ,h5ce ?is compreh5sive sort ( greatness too is impossible 9 an age :5 moral confusion is p]vasive1 :5 *>act]s are complex1 undecid$1 tr\bl$ by ! m]e exi/5ce ( :at is n cong5ial to !m1 eag] to be n !mselves2 :51 9 a ^w1 ?\ght is weak & ! flux ( ?+s ov]:elms x4 ,)\t great m5 & )\t cle> convictions ?is age is nev]!less v active intellectually2 x is /udi\s1 empirical1 inv5tive1 sympa!tic4 ,its wisdom consi/s 9 a c]ta9 contrite op5ness ( m9d2 x fl\nd]s1 b at lea/ 9 fl\nd]+ x has ga9$ a s5se ( possible dep?s 9 all directions4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 "s triviality & great confusion 9 its positive a*ievem5ts are n unpromis+ ?+s1 nor ev5 unamiable4 ,^! are ! ,w&]jahre ( fai?2 x looks smil+ly at e new face1 :i* might p]haps be t ( a pr$e/9$ fri5d2 x *ases aft] any engag+ /rang]2 x ev5 turns up aga9 f "t to "t at home1 full ( a new t5d]ness = all x _h ab&on$ !re4 ,b to settle d[n w\ld be impossible n[4 ,! intellect1 ! judgm5t are 9 abeyance4 ,life is runn+ turbid & full2 & x is no m>vel t reason1 aft] va9ly suppos+ t x rul$ ! _w1 %\ld abdicate z gracefully z possible1 :5 ! _w is s obvi\sly ! sport ( crud] p[]s--ve/$ int]e/s1 tribal passions1 /ock s5tim5ts1 & *ance majorities4 ,hav+ no responsibility laid ^u x1 reason has become irresponsible4 ,_m critics & philosoph]s seem to conceive t ?9k+ al\d is itself lit]ature4 ,sometimes reason tries to l5d "s moral au?ority to its pres5t ma/]s1 by prov+ h[ sup]ior !y are to itself2 x wor%ips evolution1 in/9ct1 novelty1 action1 z x does 9 mod]nism1 pragmatism1 & ! philosophy ( ,m4 ,b]gson4 ,at o!r times x retires into ! freehold ( ^? temp]am5ts :om ?is _w has o/racis$1 ! region ( ! non-exi/5t1 & com=ts itself ) its indubitable conque/s !re4 ,?is happ5$ e>li] to ! romantici/s 79 a way :i* ,i h tri$ to describe 9 ! subjo9$ pap] on ,%elley7 al?\gh _! poetic & political illusions did n suff] !m to p]ceive x4 ,x is happ5+ n[1 aft] disillusion1 to "s radicals & ma!maticians l ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 & to o!rs ( u :o1 p]haps )\t be+ ma!maticians or ev5 radicals1 feel t ! sph]e ( :at happ5s to exi/ is too ali5 & accid5tal to absorb all ! play ( a free m9d1 ^: function1 aft] x has come to cle>ness & made its peace ) ?+s1 is to t\* !m ) its own moral & intellectual light1 & to exi/ = its own sake4 ,^! are b gu/s ( doctr9e2 yet !y prove t ! _s is n dead 9 ! lull betwe5 its seasons ( /eady bl[+4 ,:o kn[s :i* ( !m may n ga!r =ce pres5tly & c>ry ! m9d ( ! com+ age /eadily be=e x8 ,,ii ,,mod]nism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity ,preval5t w9ds ( doctr9e mu/ ne$s p5etrate at la/ into ! cloi/]4 ,social in/ability & moral confusion1 recon/ructions ( hi/ory & ef=ts aft] re=m1 are ?+s *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t age2 & "u ! "n ( mod]nism !y h made _! appe>ance ev5 9 t in/itution :i* is con/itutionally ! mo/ /able1 ( mo/ explicit m9d1 lea/ incl9$ to revise its collective memory or e/abli%$ usages--,i mean ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,ev5 aft] ?is *ur* 0 con/itut$ by ! fusion ( _m influ5ces & by ! gradual exclusion ( ^? h]esies--"s ( !m old] ?an explicit or?odoxy--:i* seem$ to misrepres5t its implications or _s1 !re /ill rema9$ an inevitable prop5sity among ,ca?olics to %>e ! moods ( _! respective ages & c\ntries1 & to reconcile !m if possible ) _! pr(ess$ fai?4 ,(t5 ^! cross influ5ces 7 s /rong t ! pr(ession ( fai? 0 *ang$ frankly to suit !m1 & ,ca?olicism 0 op5ly ab&on$2 b ev5 :]e ?is did n occur we may detect 9 ! ,ca?olic m9ds ( ea* age "s /range conjunctions & compromises ) ! ,zeitgei/4 ,?us ! morality ( *ivalry & w>1 ! ideals ( foppi%ness & hon\r1 h be5 long ma9ta9$ side by side ) ! maxims ( ! gospel1 :i* !y entirely contradict4 ,lat] ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 incompatible at he>t ) ! an?ropoc5tric & morali/ic view ( ! _w :i* ,*ri/ianity implies1 0 accept$ by ! *ur* ) "s lame attempt to r5d] x innocu\s2 b x rema9s an ali5 & ho/ile elem5t1 l a sp5t bullet lodg$ 9 ! fle%4 ,9 m rec5t times we h he>d ( lib]al ,ca?olicism1 ! attitude assum$ by "s g5]\s b divid$ m9ds1 too mu* atta*$ to _! traditional religion to ab&on x1 b too weak & too hopeful n to gl[ also ) en?usiasm = mod]n lib]ty & progress4 ,_h ^? m9ds be51 ,i w n say intellig5tly ,ca?olic b radically ,*ri/ian1 !y w\ld h felt t ?is lib]ty 0 simply lib]ty to be damn$1 & ?is progress n an advance t[>ds ! true good ( man1 b a lapse into endless & hea!n w&]+s4 ,= ,*ri/ianity1 9 its ess5ce & orig91 0 an urg5t summons to rep5t & come out ( j su* a worldly life z mod]n lib]ty & progress hold up z an ideal to ! nations4 ,9 ! ,roman empire1 z 9 ! promis$ l& ( lib]alism1 ea* man s\ght to get & to enjoy z mu* z he c\ld1 & support$ a pond]\s gov]nm5t neutral z to religion & moral traditions1 b fav\rable to ! accumulation ( ri*es2 s t a c]ta9 enlight5m5t & cosmopolitanism 7 made possible1 & private passions & ta/es c\ld be gratifi$ )\t enc\nt]+ p]secution or public obloquy1 ?\gh n )\t a g5]al relaxation ( society & a vulg>is+ ( arts & mann]s4 ,t some?+ s self-indulg5t & worldly z ?is ideal ( lib]alism c\ld h be5 ?\ght compatible ) ,*ri/ianity1 ! fir/ initiation into :i*1 9 baptism1 involves r5\nc+ ! _w1 might well a/oni% u1 _h we n be5 r5d]$ deaf to moral discords by ! v d9 :i* f our bir? !y h be5 mak+ 9 our e>s4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 0 n only a summons to turn "o's he>t & m9d away f a corrupt _w2 x 0 a summons to d s "u pa9 ( in/ant & t]rible puni%m5t4 ,x 0 ! conviction ( pi\s ,jews s9ce ! days ( ! ,prophets t m]cilessness1 av>ice1 & disob$i5ce to reveal$ law 7 ! direct pa? to ru92 a _w s wick$ z ! lib]al _w aga9/ :i* ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ?und]$ 0 necess>ily on ! v]ge ( de/ruction4 ,s91 al?\gh we mod]ns may n ?9k s1 seem$ to ! anci5t ,jews a fe>ful imprud5ce4 ,! h& ( ! ,"l w\ld desc5d on x heavily1 & v soon4 ,! :ole ,roman civilisation 0 to be ov]?r[n 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,^? :o hop$ to be ( ! remnant & to be sav$1 s z to lead a cl>ifi$ & heav5ly life 9 ! ,new ,j]usalem1 mu/ ha/5 to put on sackclo? & a%es1 to fa/ & to pray1 to wat* ) gird$ lo9s = ! com+ ( ! k+dom2 x 0 sup]flu\s = !m to /udy ! dead pa/ or to take ?\ght = ! morr[4 ,! cataclysm 0 at h&2 a new heav5 & a new e>?--f> m wor?y ( /udy--w\ld be unroll$ be=e t v g5]ation4 ,!re 0 inde$ some?+ t]ribly levell+1 revolution>y1 s]i\s1 & expectant ab\t t primitive gospel2 & 9 s f> z lib]alism possess$ simil> qualities1 9 s f> z x 0 mov$ by indignation1 pity1 & f]v5t hope1 x c\ld well prea* on e>ly ,*ri/ian texts4 ,b ! lib]al ,ca?olics 7 lib]als ( ! polite & gov]nm5tal sort2 !y 7 %ock$ at suff]+ r ?an at s91 & !y fe>$ n ! ,"l b ! movem5t ( public op9ion4 ,"s ( !m 7 vaguely pi\s m51 ^: cons]vativism 9 social & moral matt]s =bade !m to acquiesce 9 ! disappe>ance ( ! *ur* altoge!r1 & !y ?\ght x might be pres]v$1 z ! ,engli% *ur* is1 by mak+ opportune concessions4 ,o!rs 7 simply ari/ocrats1 desir\s t ! pacify+ influ5ce ( religion %\ld rema9 /rong ov] ! masses4 ,! cl]gy 0 n1 9 any consid]able measure1 toss$ by ^! oppos+ curr5ts2 ! few prie/s :o 7 lib]als 7 !mselves m5 ( ! _w1 patriots1 & orators4 ,su* p]sons c\ld n look =w>d to a fi]ce sift+ ( ! :eat f ! t>es1 or to any burn+ ( :ole bundles ( nations1 = !y 7 no?+ if n romantic nationali/s1 & ! idea ( faggots ( any sort 0 mo/ pa9ful to _! m9ds4 ,!y long$ r = a sweet cohabitation ) ev]ybody1 & a mild tol]ance ( almo/ ev]y?+4 ,a w> = religion seem$ to !m a crime1 b a w> = nationality glori\s & holy4 ,no wond] t _! "w 9 nation-build+ has endur$1 :ile _! s5tim5ts 9 religion are scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,! lib]alism = ! sake ( :i* !y 7 will+ to evisc]ate _! ,*ri/ianity has already lo/ its vitality2 x survives z a pale p>liam5t>y tradition1 impot5t be=e ! tide ( socialism ris+ beh9d its back4 ,! ,ca?olicism :i* !y wi%$ to see g5tly l+]+ is be+ driv5 out ( national life by (ficial spoliations & popul> mock]ies4 ,x is fa/ becom+ :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 a sect ) m or less p[] to ali5ate ! few :o g5u9ely adh]e to x f ! pagan society 9 :i* !y are =c$ to live4 ,! "q :at is true or ess5tial ,*ri/ianity is a ?orny "o1 because ea* p>ty gives ! "n ( g5u9e ,*ri/ianity to :at x happ5s to believe4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,h>nack1 n to m5tion less di/+ui%$ hi/orians1 makes ! orig9al ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity co9cide--:at a miracle6--) 8 own ,lu!ran & ,kantian s5tim5ts4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 z ( ev]y?+ else1 is ! :ole ( x2 & ! g5u9e nature ( a se$ is at lea/ z well express$ by :at x becomes 9 contact ) ! e>? & air z by :at x seems 9 its primitive m9ut5ess4 ,x is q true1 z ! mod]ni/s tell u1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ,*ri/ian fai? 0 n a matt] ( s*ola/ic def9itions1 nor ev5 ( intellectual dogmas4 ,religions seldom beg9 9 t =m1 & paganism 0 ev5 less intellectual & less dogmatic ?an e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! mo/ primitive ,*ri/ian fai? consi/$ 9 a conv]sion ( ! :ole man--intellect1 habits1 & affections--f ! life ( ! _w to a new my/ical life1 9 answ] to a moral summons & a prophecy ab\t de/9y4 ,! moral summons 0 to r5\nce home1 k9dr$1 possessions1 ! respect ( m51 ! hypocrisies ( ! synagogue1 & to devote oneself to a w&]+ & begg+ life1 heal+1 pray+1 & prea*+4 ,& prea*+ :at8 ,prea*+ ! prophecy ab\t de/9y :i* ju/ifi$ t conv]sion & r5unciation2 prea*+ t ! _w1 9 its pres5t con/itution1 0 ab\t to be de/roy$ on acc\nt ( its wick$ness1 & t ! ignorant1 ! poor1 & ! d[n-trodd51 if !y tru/$ ?is prophecy1 & turn$ _! backs at once on all ! _w pursues1 w\ld be sav$ 9 ! new deluge1 & w\ld =m a new society1 ( a m or less sup]natural k9d1 to be rais$ on ! ru9s ( all pres5t in/itutions4 ,! poor 7 call$1 b ! ri* 7 call$ also1 & p]haps ev5 ! hea!n2 = !re 0 9 all m51 ev5 9 all nature 7?is is ! "o t\* ( speculative feel+ 9 ! gospel71 a preci\s pot5tiality ( goodness4 ,all 7 ess5tially amiable1 ?\gh accid5tally wret*$ & deprav$2 & by ! magic ( a new fai? & hope ?is s\l ( goodness 9 all liv+ ?+s might be fre$ f ! hide\s incubus ( circum/ance t n[ oppresses x1 & might come to bloom op5ly z ! p5etrat+ eye ( ! lov]1 ev5 n[1 sees t x c\ld bloom4 ,love1 !n1 & sympa?y1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! s9ful & diseas$1 a love reliev$ ( s5tim5tality by ! delib]ate practice ( heal+1 w>n+1 & com=t+2 a complete av]sion f all ! int]e/s ( political society1 & a confid5t expectation ( a cataclysm t %\ld sudd5ly transfigure ! _w--su* 0 ,*ri/ian religion 9 its orig94 ,! primitive ,*ri/ian 0 fill$ ) ! s5se ( a special election & responsibility1 & ( a special hope4 ,he 0 s]5e1 ab/ract$1 incorruptible1 8 inw>d eye fix$ on a wond]ful revelation4 ,he 0 z incapable ( attack+ z ( s]v+ ! /ate2 he despis$ or ignor$ ev]y?+ = :i* ! /ate exi/s1 lab\r1 weal?1 p[]1 felicity1 spl5d\r1 & le>n+4 ,) ,*ri/ ! natural man 9 him _h be5 crucifi$1 & 9 ,*ri/ he _h ris5 aga9 a spiritual man1 to walk ! e>?1 z a mess5g] f heav51 = a few m ye>s4 ,8 :ole life 0 an exp]i5ce ( p]petual graces & miracles4 ,! prophecy ab\t ! spe$y end ( ?is wick$ _w 0 n fulfill$ z ! e>ly ,*ri/ians expect$2 b ?is fact is less disconc]t+ to ! ,*ri/ian ?an "o w\ld suppose4 ,! spontane\s or in/9ctive ,*ri/ian--& !re is su* a type ( m9d1 q ap>t f any affiliation to hi/oric ,*ri/ianity--takes a p]sonal & dramatic view ( ! _w2 its values & ev5 its reality are ! values & reality :i* x may h = him4 ,x w\ld pr(it him no?+ to w9 x1 if he lo/ 8 own s\l4 ,t prophecy ab\t ! de/ruction ( nature spr+s f ?is attitude2 nature mu/ be subs]vi5t to ! human consci5ce2 x mu/ satisfy ! hopes ( ! prophet & v9dicate ! sa9ts4 ,t ! ye>s %\ld pass & no?+ %\ld seem to happ5 ne$ n %att] ! =ce ( ?is prophecy = ^? ^: imag9ation x excites4 ,?is _w mu/ actually vani% v soon = ea* ( u2 & ?is is ! po9t ( view t c\nts ) ! ,*ri/ian m9d4 ,ev5 if we consid] po/]ity1 ! k+doms & arts & philosophies ( ?is _w are %ort liv$2 !y %ift _! aims cont9ually & %ift _! sub/ance4 ,! prophecy ( _! de/ruction is !re=e be+ fulfill$ cont9ually2 ! ne$ ( rep5tance1 if "o w\ld be sav$1 is truly urg5t2 & ! means ( t salvation _c be an op]ation ^u ?is _w1 b fai? 9 ano!r _w t1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ea* s\l1 is to foll[ ^u x4 ,?us ! summons to rep5t & ! prophecy ab\t de/9y :i* 7 ! root ( ,*ri/ianity1 c fully reta9 _! _s :5 = ?is wick$ _w we read ?is transitory life & = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom we read life ev]la/+4 ,! *ange is important1 b x affects ! application r ?an ! nature ( ! gospel4 ,morally !re is a loss1 because m5 w nev] take s hotly :at conc]ns ano!r life z :at affects ?is "o2 speculatively1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a ga91 = ! expectation ( total trans=mations & mill5niums on e>? is a v crude illusion1 :ile ! relation ( ! s\l to nature is an op5 "q 9 philosophy1 & !re w always be a great l(t9ess & poetic s9c]ity 9 ! feel+ t ! s\l is a /rang] 9 ?is _w & has o!r de/9ies 9 /ore4 ,:at w\ld make ! prea*+ ( ! gospel utt]ly impossible w\ld be ! admission t x _h no au?ority to proclaim :at has happ5$ or :at is go+ to happ51 ei!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ano!r4 ,a prophecy ab\t de/9y is an acc\nt1 h[ev] vague1 ( ev5ts to be actually exp]i5c$1 & ( _! causes4 ,! :ole inspiration ( ,hebraic religion lies 9 t4 ,x 0 n metaphorically t ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7 de/roy$4 ,! promis$ l& 0 a piece ( e>?4 ,! k+dom 0 an hi/orical fact4 ,x 0 n symbolically t ,israel 0 l$ into captivity1 or t x return$ & re/or$ ! ,temple4 ,x 0 n ideally t a ,messiah 0 to come4 ,memory ( su* ev5ts is 9 ! same field z hi/ory2 prophecy is 9 ! same field z natural sci5ce4 ,natural sci5ce too is an acc\nt ( :at w happ51 & "u :at conditions4 ,x too is a prophecy ab\t de/9y4 ,accord+ly1 :ile x is q true t speculations ab\t nature & hi/ory are n conta9$ explicitly 9 ! religion ( ! gospel1 yet ! message ( ?is religion is "o :i* speculations ab\t nature & recon/ructions ( hi/ory may ext5d congru\sly1 or may contradict & totally annul4 ,if physical sci5ce %\ld remove ^? ?reats ( de/ruction to foll[ ^u s9 :i* ,*ri/ian prophecy conta9s1 or if x %\ld prove t :at br+s de/ruction is j t unworldly1 pray]ful1 all-=giv+1 idle1 & revolution>y attitude :i* ! gospel enjo9s1 !n physical sci5ce w\ld be incompatible ) ,*ri/ianity2 n ) ?is or t text ( ! ,bible m]ely1 ab\t ! sun /&+ /ill or ! dead ris+ aga91 b ) ! :ole f\ndation ( :at ,*ri/ himself1 ) ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,james1 & ,/4 ,john1 prea*$ to ! _w4 ,ev5 ! pagan poets1 :5 !y devis$ a my?1 half believ$ 9 x = a fact4 ,:at really l5t "s tru?--moral tru? only--to _! imag9ations 0 inde$ ! beauty ( nature1 ! com$y ( life1 or ! groans ( mank9d1 cru%$ betwe5 ! upp] & ! ne!r mill/ones2 b be+ sci5tifically ignorant !y all[$ _! pictorial wisdom to pass = a reveal$ sci5ce1 = a physics ( ! unse54 ,if ev5 among ! pagans ! poetic expression ( human exp]i5ce c\ld be mi/ak5 9 ?is way = k ( occult exi/5ces1 h[ mu* m mu/ ?is h be5 ! case among a m ignorant & a m int5se nation l ! ,jews8 ,inde$1 ev5ts are :at ! ,jews h always rememb]$ & hop$ =2 if _! religion 0 n a guide to ev5ts1 an assur$ means t[>ds a positive & exp]im5tal salvation1 x 0 no?+4 ,_! !ology 0 meagre 9 ! description ( ! ,"l's nature1 b ri* 9 ! description ( 8 ways4 ,inde$1 _! belief 9 ! exi/5ce & p[] ( ! ,"l1 if we take x pragmatically & n imag9atively1 0 simply ! belief 9 c]ta9 moral h>monies 9 de/9y1 9 ! suffici5cy ( conduct ( a c]ta9 sort to secure success & good =tune1 bo? national & p]sonal4 ,?is fai? 0 p>tly an exp]i5ce & p>tly a dem&2 x turn$ on hi/ory & prophecy4 ,hi/ory 0 int]pret$ by a prophetic insight into ! moral pr9ciple1 believ$ to gov]n x2 & prophecy 0 a passionate demon/ration ( ! same pr9ciples1 at "w 9 ! cata/rophes ( ! day or ( ! morr[4 ,!re is no d\bt a ,platonic sort ( religion1 a wor%ip ( ! ideal ap>t f its p[] to realise itself1 :i* has ent]$ l>gely into ! life ( ,*ri/ians2 & ! m my/ical & dis9t]e/$ !y 71 ! m x has t5d$ to take ! place ( ,hebraism4 ,b ! ,platoni/s1 too1 :5 left to _! in/9cts1 foll[ _! ma/] 9 attribut+ p[] & exi/5ce1 by a sort ( cumulative wor%ip & imag9ative hyp]bole1 to :at 9 ! fir/ place !y wor%ip because x is good4 ,to divorce1 !n1 z ! mod]ni/s d1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w f ! /ory ( salvation1 & ,god's gov]nm5t & ! sanctions ( religion f ! op]ation ( matt]1 is a fundam5tal apo/asy f ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity1 be+ a practical & liv+ fai? 9 a possible ev5tual r$emption f s91 f ! puni%m5t = s91 f ! ?\s& circum/ances t make ! mo/ brilliant worldly life a %am & a failure1 ess5tially involves a fai? 9 a sup]natural physics1 9 su* an economy ( =ces1 beh9d1 )91 & ar\nd ! discov]able =ces ( nature1 t ! de/9y :i* nature seems to prep>e = u may be rev]s$1 t failures may be turn$ into successes1 ignom9y into glory1 & humble fai? into triumphant vision3 & ?is n m]ely by a *ange 9 our po9t ( view or e/imation ( ?+s1 b by an actual hi/orical1 physical trans=mation 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,to believe ?is 9 our day may require c\rage1 ev5 a c]ta9 *ildi% simplicity2 b 7 n c\rage & a c]ta9 *ildi% simplicity always requisite = ,*ri/ian fai?8 ,x nev] 0 a religion = ! rationali/ & ! worldl+2 x 0 bas$ on ali5ation f ! _w1 f ! intellectual _w no less ?an f ! economic & political4 ,x fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,ori5tal imag9ation t is able to treat all exi/5ce ) disda9 & to hold x sup]bly at arm's l5g?1 & at ! same "t is subject to visions & false memories1 is sway$ by ! eloqu5ce ( private passion1 & raises confid5tly to heav5 ! cry ( ! poor1 ! b]eav$1 & ! di/ress$4 ,its daily bread1 f ! beg9n+1 0 hope = a miracul\s *ange ( sc5e1 = prison-walls fall+ to ! gr\nd ab\t x1 = a he>t inw>dly com=t$1 & a %[] ( good ?+s f ! sky4 ,x is cle> t a sup]naturali/ic fai? ( ?is sort1 :i* might :olly inspire "s revolution>y sect1 c nev] :olly inspire human society4 ,:5ev] a nation is conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 its ,*ri/ianity1 9 practice1 mu/ be l>gely conv]t$ into paganism4 ,! true ,*ri/ian is 9 all c\ntries a pilgrim & a /rang]2 n 8 k9sm51 b :oev] does ! w ( 8 ,fa!r :o is 9 heav5 is 8 bro!r & si/] & "m & 8 real compatriot4 ,9 a nation t calls itself ,*ri/ian e *ild may be pl$g$1 at baptism1 to r5\nce ! _w1 ! fle%1 & ! devil2 b ! fle% w ass]t itself not)/&+1 ! devil w h 8 due1 & ! nom9al ,*ri/ian1 become a man ( bus9ess & ! head ( a family1 w =m an integral "p ( t v _w :i* he w pl$ge 8 *ildr5 to r5\nce 9 turn z he holds !m ov] ! font4 ,! lips1 ev5 ! intellect1 may cont9ue to pr(ess ! ,*ri/ian ideal2 b public & social life w be guid$ by q ano!r4 ,! ages ( fai?1 ! ages ( ,*ri/ian unity1 7 su* only sup]ficially4 ,:5 all m5 are ,*ri/ians only a small elem5t c be ,*ri/ian 9 ! av]age man4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury1 = in/ance1 is suppos$ to be ! gold5 age ( ,ca?olicism2 b :at seems to h fill$ x1 if we may judge by ! witness ( ,dante8 ,little b bitt] conflicts1 racial & religi\s2 fai?less rebellions1 bo? 9 /ates & 9 individuals1 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian regim52 worldl9ess 9 ! *ur*1 b>b>ism 9 ! p1 & a dawn+ ( all sorts ( sci5tific & /hetic passions1 9 !mselves q pagan & contr>y to ! _s ( ! gospel4 ,*ri/5dom at t "t 0 by no means a k+dom ( ,god on e>?2 x 0 a conglom]ation ( incorrigible rascals1 intellectually m or less ,*ri/ian4 ,we may see ! same ?+ "u diff]5t circum/ances 9 ! ,spa9 ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,"h 0 a gov]nm5t consci\sly lab\r+ 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 to resi/ ,turks1 conv]t pagans1 bani% ,moslems1 & cru% ,prote/ants4 ,yet ! v =ces engag$ 9 def5d+ ! *ur*1 ! army & ! ,inquisition1 7 ali5 to ! ,*ri/ian life2 !y 7 fit embodim5ts r ( *ivalry & gre$1 or ( policy & jeal\s dom9ion4 ,! ecclesia/ical =ces also1 !ology1 ritual1 & hi]>*y1 employ$ 9 spread+ ! gospel 7 !mselves ali5 to ! gospel4 ,an anti-worldly religion f9ds itself 9 fact 9 ?is dilemma3 if x rema9s m]ely spiritual1 develop+ no mat]ial organs1 x _c affect ! _w2 :ile if x develops organs ) :i* to op]ate on ! _w1 ^! organs become a "p ( ! _w f :i* x is try+ to wean ! individual _s1 s t ! mom5t x is arm$ = conflict su* a religion has two enemies on its h&s4 ,x is /ifl$ by its necess>y arm\r1 & adds treason 9 its memb]s to ho/ility 9 its foes4 ,! passions & arts x uses aga9/ its oppon5ts are z fatal to itself z ^? :i* its oppon5ts array aga9/ x4 ,9 e age 9 :i* a sup]naturali/ic sy/em is prea*$ we mu/ accord+ly expect to f9d ! _w /&+ up /ubbornly aga9/ x1 ess5tially unconv]t$ & ho/ile1 :atev] "n x may h be5 *ri/5$ )2 & we may expect ! _s ( ! _w to f9d expression1 n only 9 ov]t opposition to ! sup]naturali/ic sy/em1 b also 9 ! surviv+ or sup]v5+ worldl9ess ( ! fai?ful4 ,su* an insidi\s revulsion ( ! natural man aga9/ a religion he does n op5ly disc>d is :at1 9 mod]n ,*ri/5dom1 we call ! ,r5aissance4 ,no less ?an ! ,revolution 7:i* is ! lat] op5 rebellion aga9/ ! same traditions7 ! ,r5aissance is radically inimical to ,*ri/ianity4 ,to say t ,*ri/ianity survives1 ev5 if weak5$ or dise/abli%$1 is to say t ! ,r5aissance & ! ,revolution are /ill incomplete1 ,f> f be+ pa/ ev5ts !y are liv+ programmes4 ,! ideal ( ! ,r5aissance is to re/ore pagan /&>ds 9 polite le>n+1 9 philosophy1 9 s5tim5t1 & 9 morals4 ,x is to ab&on & exactly rev]se "o's baptismal v[s4 ,in/ead ( =sak+ ?is wick$ _w1 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance accept1 love1 & cultivate ! _w1 ) all its pomp & vanities2 !y believe 9 ! blamelessness ( natural life & 9 its p]fectibility2 or !y cl+ at lea/ to a noble ambition to p]fect x & a glori\s ability to enjoy x4 ,in/ead ( r5\nc+ ! fle%1 !y fe$1 ref9e1 & adorn x2 _! arts glorify its beauty & its passions4 ,& f> f r5\nc+ ! devil--if we und]/& by ! devil ! pr\d ass]tion on ! "p ( ! f9ite ( its autonomy1 autonomy ( ! intellect 9 sci5ce1 autonomy ( ! he>t & w 9 morals--! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance are possess$ by ! devil altoge!r4 ,!y wor%ip no?+ & ackn[l$ge au?ority 9 no?+ save 9 _! own _s4 ,no opposition c\ld be m radical & complete ?an t betwe5 ! ,r5aissance & ! anti-worldly religion ( ! gospel4 ,i see a vision1 ,nietzs*e says some:]e1 s full ( mean+1 yet s wond]fully /range--,cs> ,borgia become pope6 ,d y und]/&8 ,ah1 t w\ld v]ily h be5 ! triumph = :i* ,i am long+ to-day4 ,!n ,*ri/ianity w\ld h be5 done =4 ,& ,nietzs*e goes on to accuse ,lu!r ( hav+ spoil$ ?is lovely possibility1 :i* 0 ab\t to be realis$1 by fright5+ ! papacy out ( its mell[ paganism into some?+ l a re/oration ( ! old acrid ,*ri/ianity4 ,a dream ( ?is sort1 ev5 if less melodramatic ?an ,nietzs*e's1 has visit$ ! m9d ( _m a neo-,ca?olic or neo-pagan4 ,if ! humani/ic t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance c\ld h work$ on unimp$$1 might n a revolution f above1 a gradual rationalisation1 h trans=m$ ! *ur*8 ,its dogma might h be5 ins5sibly und]/ood to be no?+ b my?1 its miracles no?+ b leg5d1 its sacram5ts m]e symbols1 its ,bible pure lit]ature1 its liturgy j poetry1 its hi]>*y an adm9i/rative conv5i5ce1 its e?ics an hi/orical accid5t1 & its :ole function simply to l5d a w>m my/ical aureole to human culture & ignorance4 ,! ,re=mation prev5t$ ?is eu?anasia ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x re-express$ ! un5light5$ absolutism ( ! old religion2 x insi/$ t dogma 0 sci5tifically true1 t salvation 0 urg5t & fe>fully d\btful1 t ! _w1 & ! worldly paganis$ *ur*1 7 z ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & t s91 ?\gh natural to man1 0 to ,god an abom9ation4 ,9 fight+ ?is movem5t1 :i* soon became h]etical1 ! ,ca?olic *ur* _h to fight x ) its own weapons1 & !reby reawak5$ 9 its own bosom ! same s9i/] convictions4 ,x did n h to dig deep to f9d !m4 ,ev5 )\t ,lu!r1 conv9c$ ,ca?olics w\ld h appe>$ 9 pl5ty to prev5t ,cs> ,borgia1 _h he secur$ ! ti>a1 f be+ pope 9 any novel fa%ion or ) any revolution>y result4 ,! sup]naturalism1 ! lit]al realism1 ! o!r-worldl9ess ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* are too mu* ! s\l ( x to dep>t )\t caus+ its dissolution4 ,:ile ! *ur* lives at all1 x mu/ live on ! /r5g? :i* ^! pr9ciples c l5d x4 ,& !y are n altoge!r weak4 ,p]sons :o feel !mselves to be exiles 9 ?is _w--& :at noble m9d1 f ,emp$ocles d[n1 has n _h t feel+8--are mightily incl9$ to believe !mselves citiz5s ( ano!r4 ,!re w always be spontane\s1 in/9ctive ,*ri/ians2 & :51 "u ! oppression ( s91 salvation is look$ = & miracles are expect$1 ! sup]natural s*eme ( salvation :i* hi/orical ,*ri/ianity (f]s w n always be despis$4 ,! mod]ni/s ?9k ! *ur* is doom$ if x turns a deaf e> to ! high] criticism or ignores ! philosophy ( ,m4 ,b]gson4 ,b x has outliv$ great] /orms4 ,a mom5t :5 any exotic sup]/ition c f9d excitable m9ds to welcome x1 :5 new & grotesque =ms ( fai? c spread among ! p1 :5 ! ultimate impot5ce ( sci5ce is ! !me ( e *eap philosoph]1 :5 con/ructive philology is reef+ its sails1 :5 ! judici\s grieve at ! port5t\s metaphysical %ams ( ye/]day & smile at ^? ( to-day--su* a mom5t is r ill *os5 = prophesy+ ! ext9ction ( a deep-root$ sy/em ( religion because y\r own /udies make x seem to y incr$ible2 especially if y hold a !ory ( k t reg>ds all op9ions z arbitr>y po/ulates1 :i* x may become conv5i5t to ab&on at any mom5t4 ,mod]nism is ! infiltration into m9ds t beg9 by be+ ,ca?olic & wi% to rema9 s ( two contempor>y influ5ces3 "o ! rationali/ic /udy ( ! ,bible & ( *ur* hi/ory1 ! o!r mod]n philosophy1 especially 9 its my/ical & ideali/ic =ms4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( ! mod]ni/s to ^! two influ5ces is cr$itable to !m z m51 h[ev] p]turb+ x may be to !m z ,ca?olics2 = :at makes !m adopt ! views ( rationali/ic hi/orians is simply ! fact t ^? views seem1 9 sub/ance1 conv9c+ly true2 & :at makes !m w&] into transc5d5tal speculations is ! w>m? ( _! s\ls1 ne$+ to express _! fai? anew1 & to foll[ _! inmo/ inspiration1 :]ev] x may lead !m4 ,a scrupul\s hone/y 9 admitt+ ! probable facts ( hi/ory1 & a fre% upwell+ ( my/ical exp]i5ce1 ^! are ! motives1 cr$itable to any spiritual man1 t h made mod]ni/s ( s _m4 ,b ^! excell5t ?+s appe> 9 ! mod]ni/s "u r un=tunate circum/ances4 ,= ! mod]ni/s to beg9 ) are ,ca?olics1 & usually prie/s2 !y are pl$g$ to a fix$ cre$1 t\*+ matt]s bo? ( hi/ory & ( philosophy2 & x w\ld be a m>vel if rationali/ic criticism ( ! ,bible & rationali/ic *ur* hi/ory confirm$ t cre$ on its hi/orical side1 or if irresponsible p]sonal speculations1 9 ! mann] ( ,rits*l or ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 confirm$ its metaphysics4 ,i am f> f wi%+ to sugge/ t an or?odox ,*ri/ian _c be scrupul\sly hone/ 9 admitt+ ! probable facts1 or _c h a fre% spiritual exp]i5ce1 or frame an orig9al philosophy4 ,b :at we ?9k probable hangs on our /&>d ( probability & ( evid5ce2 ! spiritual exp]i5ces t come to u are accord+ to our disposition & affections2 & any new philosophy we frame w be an answ] to ! p>ticul> problems t beset u1 & an expression ( ! solutions we hope =4 ,n[ ?is /&>d ( probability1 ?is disposition1 & ^! problems & hopes may be ^? ( a ,*ri/ian or !y may n4 ,! true ,*ri/ian1 = in/ance1 w beg9 by reg>d+ miracles z probable2 he w ei!r believe he has exp]i5c$ !m 9 8 own p]son1 or hope = !m e>ne/ly2 no?+ w seem to him m natural1 m 9 consonance ) ! actual texture ( life1 ?an t !y %\ld h occurr$ abundantly & cont9u\sly 9 ! pa/4 ,:5 he f9ds ! record ( "o he w n inquire1 l ! rationali/1 h[ t false record c\ld h be5 concoct$2 b r he w ask h[ ! rationali/1 9 spite ( s _m witnesses to ! contr>y1 has acquir$ 8 fix$ assurance ( ! univ]sality ( ! commonplace4 ,an answ] p]haps c\ld be (f]$ ( :i* ! rationali/ ne$ n be a%am$4 ,we might say t fai? 9 ! univ]sality ( ! commonplace 79 its orig91 no d\bt1 simply an imag9ative presumption7 is ju/ifi$ by our sy/ematic ma/]y ( matt] 9 ! arts4 ,! rejection ( miracles a priori expresses a conviction t ! laws by :i* we c always control or pr$ict ! movem5t ( matt] gov]n t movem5t univ]sally2 & evid5tly1 if ! mat]ial c\rse ( hi/ory is fix$ me*anically1 ! m5tal & moral c\rse ( x is !reby fix$ on ! same plan2 = a m9d n express$ someh[ 9 matt] _c be reveal$ to ! hi/orian4 ,?is may be good philosophy1 b we c\ld n ?9k s if we 7 good ,*ri/ians4 ,we %\ld !n expect to move matt] by pray]4 ,rationali/ic hi/ory & criticism are !re=e bas$1 z ,pius ,x4 mo/ accurately obs]v$ 9 8 ,encyclical on mod]nism1 on rationali/ic philosophy2 & we might add t rationali/ic philosophy is bas$ on practical art1 & t practical art1 by :i* we help ourselves1 l ,prome!us1 & make in/rum5ts ( :at religion wor%ips1 :5 ?is art is c>ri$ beyond ! n>r[e/ b\nds1 is ! ess5ce ( pride & irreligion4 ,m9]s1 ma*9i/s1 & artisans are irreligi\s by trade4 ,religion is ! love ( life 9 ! consci\sness ( impot5ce4 ,simil>ly1 ! spontane\s insight ( ,*ri/ians & _! new philosophies w express a ,*ri/ian disposition4 ,! *ief problems 9 !m w be s9 & r$emption2 ! conclusion w be "s fre% intuition ( div9e love & heav5ly beatitude4 ,x w\ld be no sign ( orig9ality 9 a ,*ri/ian to beg9 disc\rs+ on love l ,ovid or on heav5 l ,mohamm$1 or /op disc\rs+ on !m at all2 x w\ld be a sign ( apo/asy4 ,n[ ! mod]ni/s' crit]ion ( probability 9 hi/ory or ( wor?9ess 9 philosophy is n ! ,*ri/ian crit]ion4 ,x is t ( _! contempor>ies outside ! *ur*1 :o are rationali/s 9 hi/ory & egoti/s or volunt>i/s 9 philosophy4 ,! biblical criticism & my/ical speculations ( ! mod]ni/s call = no special rem>k2 !y are su* z any /udi\s or spiritual p]son1 ) no inh]it$ religion1 might compose 9 our day4 ,b :at is rem>kable & well-nigh incr$ible is t ev5 = a mom5t !y %\ld h suppos$ ?is non-,*ri/ian crit]ion 9 hi/ory & ?is non-,*ri/ian direction 9 metaphysics compatible ) adh]5ce to ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,t seems to presuppose1 9 m5 :o 9 fact are p>ticul>ly ?\ghtful & le>n$1 an inexplicable ignorance ( hi/ory1 ( !ology1 & ( ! _w4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 has its explanation4 ,9 a ,ca?olic sem9>y1 z ! mod]ni/s bitt]ly compla91 v little is he>d ( ! views held 9 ! le>n$ _w outside4 ,x is n taught !re t ! ,*ri/ian religion is only "o ( _m1 "s ( !m old] & sup]ior to x 9 c]ta9 respects2 t x itself is eclectic & conta9s inw>d contradictions2 t x is & always has be5 divid$ into rancor\s sects2 t its position 9 ! _w is prec>i\s & its future hopeless4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ is s pres5t$ z to p]suade ! innoc5t /ud5t t all t is good or true any:]e is f\nd$ on ! fai? he is prep>+ to prea*1 t ! hi/orical evid5ces ( its tru? are irrefragable1 t x is logically p]fect & spiritually all-suffic+4 ,^! convictions1 :i* no brea? f ! outside is all[$ to ruffle1 are deep5$ 9 ! case ( p5sive & /udi\s m9ds1 l ^? ( ! lead+ mod]ni/s1 by _! own religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,!y und]/& 9 :at !y are taught m1 p]haps1 ?an _! tea*]s int5d4 ,!y und]/& h[ ^? ideas orig9at$1 !y c trace a simil> revelation 9 _! own lives4 ,?is 7:i* a cynic might expect w\ld be ! beg9n+ ( disillusion7 only deep5s _! religi\s fai? & gives x a wid] basis2 report & exp]i5ce seem to conspire4 ,b tr\ble is brew+ "h2 = a report t c be confirm$ by exp]i5ce c also be enl>g$ by x1 & x is easy to see 9 traditional revelation itself _m div]se s\rces2 diff]5t temp]am5ts & diff]5t types ( ?\ght h left _! impress ^u x4 ,yet o!r temp]am5ts & o!r types ( ?\ght might cont9ue ! task4 ,revelation seems to be progressive2 a "p may fall to u also to furni%4 ,?is insight1 = a ,*ri/ian1 has its dang]s4 ,no d\bt x gives him a key to ! und]/&+ & !re=e1 9 "o s5se1 to ! acceptance ( _m a dogma4 ,*ri/ian dogmas 7 n pieces ( wanton in=mation fall5 f heav52 !y 7 imag9ative views1 express+ n[ "s primordial in/9ct 9 all m51 n[ ! national hopes & /ruggles ( ,israel1 n[ ! moral or dialectical philosophy ( ! lat] ,jews & ,greeks4 ,su* a d]ivation does n1 ( itself1 r5d] ^! dogmas necess>ily my?ical4 ,!y might be ideal expressions ( human exp]i5ce & yet be lit]ally true z well1 provid$ we assume 7:at is assum$ ?r\gh\t 9 ,*ri/ianity7 t ! _w is made = man1 & t ev5 ,god is j su* a ,god z man w\ld h wi%$ him to be1 ! exi/5t ideal ( human nature & ! =egone solution to all human problems4 ,nev]!less1 ,*ri/ian dogmas are def9ite1#b :ile human inspirations are pot5tially limitless2 & if ! object ( ! two is id5tical ei!r ! dogmas mu/ be /ret*$ & ultimately ab&on$1 or inspiration :i* does n con=m to !m mu/ be d5\nc$ z illusory or diabolical4 ,footnote #b3 ,at lea/ 9 _! devotional & moral import4 ,i sugge/ ?is qualification 9 def]5ce to ,m4 ,le ,roy's int]e/+ !ory ( dogma1 viz41 t ! v]bal or intellectual def9ition ( a dogma may be *ang$ )\t *ang+ ! dogma itself 7z a s5t5ce might be translat$ into a new language )\t alt]+ ! mean+7 provid$ ! sugge/$ conduct & feel+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! my/]y rema9$ ! same4 ,?us ! def9ition ( transub/antiation might be modifi$ to suit an ideali/ic philosophy1 b ! new def9ition w\ld be no less or?odox ?an ! old if x did n disc\rage ! wor%ip ( ! consecrat$ elem5ts or ! s5se ( my/ical union ) ,*ri/ 9 ! sacram5t4 ,at ?is po9t ! mod]ni/ fir/ *ooses ! pa? :i* mu/ lead him away1 /eadily & = ev]1 f ! *ur* :i* he did n ?9k to des]t4 ,he *ooses a p]sonal1 psy*ological1 v>iable /&>d ( inspiration2 he becomes1 9 pr9ciple1 a ,prote/ant4 ,:y does he n become "o 9 "n also8 ,because1 z "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ mod]ni/s has said1 ! age ( p>tial h]esy is pa/4 ,x is suicidal to make "o "p ( an organic sy/em ! in/rum5t = attack+ ano!r "p2 & x is also comic4 ,:at y appeal to & /& firmly root$ 9 is no m cr$ible1 no m au?oritative1 ?an :at y *all5ge 9 its "n4 ,9 va9 w y pit ! *ur* aga9/ ! pope2 at once y w h to pit ! ,bible aga9/ ! *ur*1 & !n ! ,new ,te/am5t aga9/ ! ,old1 or ! g5u9e ,jesus aga9/ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ,god reveal$ 9 nature aga9/ ,god reveal$ 9 ! ,bible1 or ,god reveal$ 9 y\r own consci5ce or transc5d5tal self aga9/ ,god reveal$ 9 nature2 & y w be lucky if y\r consci5ce & transc5d5tal self c long hold _! own aga9/ ! flux ( imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,religion1 ! mod]ni/s feel1 mu/ be tak5 broadly & sympa!tically1 z a great human hi/orical symbol = ! tru?4 ,at lea/ 9 ,*ri/ianity y %\ld aspire to embrace & express ! :ole2 to seize x 9 its deep inw>d s\rces & foll[ x on all sides 9 its vital developm5t4 ,b if ! age ( p>tial h]esy is pa/1 has n ! age ( total h]esy succe$$8 ,:at is ?is :ole ph5om5on ( religion b human exp]i5ce int]pret$ by human imag9ation8 ,& :at is ! mod]ni/1 :o w\ld embrace x all1 b a free?9k]1 ) a sympa!tic int]e/ 9 religi\s illusions8 ,( c\rse1 t is j :at he is2 b x takes him a /rangely long "t to discov] x4 ,he fondly supposes 7su* is ! prejudice imbib$ by him 9 ! cradle & 9 ! sem9>y7 t all human inspirations are necess>ily simil> & concurr5t1 t by tru/+ an inw>d light he _c be l$ away f 8 p>ticul> religion1 b on ! contr>y c only f9d confirmation = x1 toge!r ) fre% spiritual en]gies4 ,he has be5 re>$ 9 pr(\nd ignorance ( o!r religions1 :i* 7 pres5t$ to him1 if at all1 only 9 grotesque c>icature2 or if any?+ good _h to be admitt$ 9 !m1 x 0 set d[n to a premonition ( 8 own sy/em or a d]ivation f x--a curi\s conceit1 :i* seems someh[ n to h :olly disappe>$ f ! m9ds ( ,prote/ants1 or ev5 ( pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,i ne$ n obs]ve h[ completely ! secret ( ea* ali5 religion is !reby miss$ & its native acc5t outrag$3 ! mo/ s]i\s consequ5ce1 = ! mod]ni/1 ( ?is unconsci\sness ( :atev] is n ,*ri/ian is an unconsci\sness ( :at1 9 contra/ to o!r religions1 ,*ri/ianity itself is4 ,he feels himself full ( love--except = ! pope--( my/icism1 & ( a sort ( ar*aeological piety4 ,he is le>n$ & eloqu5t & wi/ful4 ,:y %\ld he n rema9 9 ! *ur*8 ,:y %\ld he n br+ all its cold & recalcitrant memb]s up to 8 own level ( insight8 ,! mod]ni/1 l ! ,prote/ants be=e him1 is c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ 9 contra/+ a c]ta9 ess5ce or true life ( religion ) ! =mulas & practices1 n all equally well-*os51 :i* h cry/allis$ r\nd x4 ,9 ! r\t9e ( ,ca?olic tea*+ & wor%ip !re is notori\sly a deal ( mumm]y3 phrases & c]emonies ab\nd t h lo/ _! mean+1 & t p run ?r\gh )\t ev5 t g5]al dev\t attitude & unction :i*1 aft] all1 is all t c be ask$ = 9 ! pres5ce ( my/]ies4 ,n only is all s5se ( ! hi/orical or moral basis ( dogma want+1 b ! dogma itself is h>dly conceiv$ explicitly2 all is despat*$ ) a /ock phrase1 or a quotation f "s !ological comp5dium4 ,ecclesia/ical au?ority acts z if x felt t m pr(undity w\ld be confus+ & t m play ( m9d might be dang]\s4 ,?is is t ,s*ola/icism & ,m$ivalism aga9/ :i* ! mod]ni/s inveigh or "u :i* !y groan2 & to ?is intellectual b>r5ness may be add$ ! (f5ces aga9/ ta/e1 v]isimilitude1 & ju/ice :i* _! m critical m9ds may disc]n 9 _m an act & pron\ncem5t ( _! (ficial sup]iors4 ,?us bo? _! s5se = hi/orical tru? & _! spontane\s my/icism drive ! mod]ni/s to contra/ ) ! (ficial religion :at 0 pure & vital 9 ! religion ( _! fa!rs4 ,l ! e>ly ,prote/ants1 !y wi% to rev]t to a m g5u9e ,*ri/ianity2 b :ile _! hi/orical imag9ation is mu* m accurate & well-f$ ?an t ( any "o 9 ! sixte5? c5tury c\ld be1 !y h no hold on ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple ( fai?4 ,! ,prote/ants1 tak+ ! ,bible z an oracle :i* p]sonal inspiration 0 to int]pret1 c\ld re=m tradition 9 any way & to any ext5t :i* _! reason or feel+ happ5$ to prompt4 ,b s long z _! ,*ri/ianity 0 a positive fai?1 ! residue1 :5 all ! dross _h be5 criticis$ & burn$ away1 0 ( div9e au?ority4 ,! ,bible nev] became = !m m]ely an anci5t ,jewi% encyclopdia1 (t5 eloqu5t1 (t5 curi\s1 & (t5 b>b>\s4 ,god nev] became a lit]>y symbol1 cov]+ "s problematical cosmic =ce1 or "s ideal ( ! consci5ce4 ,b = ! mod]ni/ ?is total trans=mation takes place at once4 ,he keeps ! :ole ,ca?olic sy/em1 b he believes 9 no "p ( x z x dem&s to be believ$4 ,he und]/&s & %>es ! moral exp]i5ce t x en%r9es2 b ! bubble has be5 prick$1 ! pa9t$ _w has be5 discov]$ to be b pa9t$4 ,he has ceas$ to be a ,*ri/ian to become an amateur1 or if y w a connoisseur1 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he believes--& ?is unque/ion+ly1 = he is a *ild ( 8 age--9 hi/ory1 9 philology1 9 evolution1 p]haps 9 ,g]man idealism2 he does n believe 9 s91 nor 9 salvation1 nor 9 revelation4 ,8 /udy ( hi/ory has disclos$ ,*ri/ianity to him 9 its evolution & 9 its "* ( a my?2 he wi%es to keep x 9 its entirety precisely because he reg>ds x z a conv5tion1 l a language or a s*ool ( art2 :]eas ! ,prote/ants wi%$1 on ! contr>y1 to r$uce x to its orig9al sub/ance1 because !y fondly suppos$ t t orig9al sub/ance 0 s mu* lit]al tru?4 ,mod]nism is accord+ly an ambigu\s & un/able ?+4 ,x is ! love ( all ,*ri/ianity 9 ^? :o p]ceive t x is all a fable4 ,x is ! hi/oric atta*m5t to 8 *ur* ( a ,ca?olic :o has discov]$ t he is a pagan4 ,:5 ! mod]ni/s are press$ to expla9 _! app>5tly d\ble allegiance1 !y end by say+ t :at hi/orical & philological criticism conjectures to be ! facts mu/ be accept$ z su*2 :ile ! ,*ri/ian dogmas t\*+ ^! ?+s--! inc>nation & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 = in/ance--mu/ be tak5 9 a purely symbolic or moral s5se4 ,9 say+ ?is !y may be entirely "r2 x seems to _m ( u t ,*ri/ianity is inde$ a fable1 yet full ( mean+ if y take x z su*2 = :at scraps ( hi/orical tru? !re may be 9 ! ,bible or ( metaphysical tru? 9 !ology are ( little importance2 :il/ ! true greatness & beauty ( ?is1 z ( all religions1 is to be f\nd 9 its moral idealism1 ,i mean1 9 ! expression x gives1 "u cov] ( leg5ds1 prophecies1 or my/]ies1 ( ! ef=t1 ! trag$y1 & ! consolations ( human life4 ,su* a moral fable is :at ,*ri/ianity is 9 fact2 b x is f> f :at x is 9 int5tion4 ,! mod]ni/ view1 ! view ( a sympa!tic rationalism1 revokes ! :ole ,jewi% tradition on :i* ,*ri/ianity is graft$2 x takes ! s]i\sness out ( religion2 x sweet5s ! pang ( s91 :i* becomes mis=tune2 x removes ! urg5cy ( salvation2 x /eals empirical reality away f ! la/ judgm5t1 f hell1 & f heav52 x /eals hi/orical reality away f ! ,*ri/ ( religi\s tradition & p]sonal devotion4 ,! moral summons & ! prophecy ab\t de/9y :i* 7 ! s\l ( ! gospel h lo/ all =ce = x & become fables4 ,! mod]ni/1 !n1 />ts ) ! or?odox b unt5able p]suasion t ,ca?olicism compreh5ds all t is good2 he adds ! het]odox ?\gh amiable s5tim5t t any well-mean+ ambition ( ! m9d1 any hope1 any illum9ation1 any sci5ce1 mu/ be good1 & !re=e compatible ) ,ca?olicism4 ,he ba!s himself 9 ideali/ic philosophy1 he dabbles 9 lib]al politics1 he accepts & emulates rationali/ic exegesis & anti-cl]ical *ur* hi/ory4 ,soon he f9ds himself1 on e p>ticul> po9t1 out ( sympa?y ) ! acts & t5d5cies ( ! *ur* to :i* he belongs2 & !n he yields to ! mo/ pa!tic ( 8 _m illusions--he sets ab\t to purge ?is *ur*1 s z n to be compell$ to ab&on x2 to purge x ( its fir/ pr9ciples1 ( its :ole hi/ory1 & ( its sublime if *im]ical ideal4 ,! mod]ni/ wi%es to reconcile ! *ur* & ! _w4 ,!re9 he =gets :at ,*ri/ianity came into ! _w to ann\nce & :y its message 0 believ$4 ,x came to ann\nce salvation f ! _w2 !re %\ld be no m ne$ ( j ^? ?+s :i* ! mod]ni/ s deeply loves & respects & blu%es t 8 *ur* %\ld n be adorn$ )--emancipat$ sci5ce1 free poetic religion1 optimi/ic politics1 & dissolute art4 ,^! ?+s1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce1 7 all vanity & vexation ( _s1 & ! pagan _w itself almo/ confess$ z mu*4 ,!y 7 vexati\s & va9 because !y 7 br$ out ( s91 out ( ignor+ ! inw>d & ! reveal$ law ( ,god2 & !y w\ld lead surely & quickly to de/ruction4 ,! ne$ful salvation f ^! follies1 ,*ri/ianity w5t on to ann\nce1 _h come ?r\gh ! cross ( ,*ri/2 ^: grace1 toge!r ) admission to 8 future heav5ly k+dom1 0 (f]$ freely to su* z believ$ 9 him1 sep>at$ !mselves f ! _w1 & liv$ 9 *>ity1 humility1 & innoc5ce1 wait+ lamp 9 h& = ! cele/ial bridegroom4 ,^! ab/ract$ & elect$ spirits 7 ! true disciples ( ,*ri/ & ! *ur* itself4 ,hav+ no e>s = ?is ess5tial message ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! mod]ni/ also has no eyes = its hi/ory4 ,! *ur* conv]t$ ! _w only p>tially & iness5tially2 yet ,*ri/ianity 0 outw>dly e/abli%$ z ! traditional religion ( _m nations4 ,& :y8 ,because1 al?\gh ! prophecies x reli$ on 7 /ra9$ & its miracles dubi\s1 x furni%$ a ne$ful sanctu>y f ! %ames1 sorr[s1 inju/ices1 viol5ce1 & ga!r+ d>kness ( e>?2 & n only a sanctu>y "o might fly to1 b a holy prec9ct :]e "o might live1 :]e !re 0 sacr$ le>n+1 bas$ on revelation & tradition1 to occupy ! inquisitive1 & sacr$ philosophy to occupy ! speculative2 :]e !re might be religi\s art1 m9i/]+ to ! fai?1 & a new life 9 ! family or 9 ! cloi/]1 trans=m$ by a p]meat+ _s ( *>ity1 sacrifice1 sob]ness1 & pray]4 ,^! pr9ciples by _! v nature c\ld n become ^? ( ! _w1 b !y c\ld rema9 9 x z a leav5 & an ideal4 ,z su* !y rema9 to ?is day1 & v efficaci\sly1 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,! mod]ni/s talk a great deal ( developm5t1 & !y d n see t :at !y dete/ 9 ! *ur* is a p]fect developm5t ( its orig9al ess5ce2 t mona*ism1 s*ola/icism1 ,jesuitism1 ultramontanism1 & ,vaticanism are all ?or\ghly apo/olic2 b5ea? ! ov]tones impos$ by a s]ies ( ages !y give out ! full & exact note ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,mu* has be5 add$1 b no?+ has be5 lo/4 ,developm5t 7?\gh ^? :o talk mo/ ( x seem to =get x7 is n ! same z flux & dissolution4 ,x is n a cont9uity ?r\gh *anges ( any sort1 b ! evolution ( some?+ lat5t & pre=m$1 or else ! creation ( new in/rum5ts ( def5ce = ! same orig9al life4 ,9 ?is s5se !re 0 an imm5se developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 & ?is developm5t has cont9u$1 m sl[ly1 ev] s9ce1 b only 9 ! ,roman *ur*2 = ! ,ea/]n *ur*es h refus$ !mselves all new expressions1 :ile ! ,prote/ant *ur*es h eat5 m & m into ! core4 ,x is a /rik+ pro( ( ! pres]vative p[] ( readju/m5t t ! ,roman *ur*1 9 ! mid/ ( s _m ext]nal trans=mations z x has und]gone1 /ill dem&s ! same k9d ( fai? t ,john ! ,bapti/ dem&$1 ,i mean fai? 9 ano!r _w4 ,! mise-en-scne has *ang$ imm5sely4 ,! gospel has be5 encas$ 9 !ology1 9 ritual1 9 ecclesia/ical au?ority1 9 conv5tional =ms ( *>ity1 l "s small bone ( a sa9t 9 a gild$ reliqu>y2 b ! relic = once is g5u9e1 & ! gospel has be5 pres]v$ by ^? ?ick incru/ations4 ,_m an isolat$ fanatic or evangelical mission>y 9 ! slums %[s a great] resemblance to ! apo/les 9 8 out] situation ?an ! pope does2 b :at m9d-heal] or revivali/ n[adays prea*es ! doom ( ! natural _w & its vanity1 or ! rev]sal ( animal values1 or ! bless$ness ( pov]ty & *a/ity1 or ! inf]iority ( natural human bonds1 or a contempt = lay philosophy8 ,yet 9 8 palace full ( pagan m>bles ! pope actually prea*es all ?is4 ,x is "h1 & c]ta9ly n among ! mod]ni/s1 t ! gospel is /ill believ$4 ,( c\rse1 x is op5 to any "o to say t !re is a nobl] religion possible )\t ^! trammels & ?is (ficialdom1 t !re is a deep] philosophy ?an ?is sup]naturali/ic rationalism1 t !re is a sweet] life ?an ?is legal piety4 ,p]haps3 ,i ?9k ! pagan ,greeks1 ! ,buddhi/s1 ! ,mohamm$ans w\ld h mu* to say = !mselves be=e ! imp>tial tribunal ( human nature & reason4 ,b !y are n ,*ri/ians & d n wi% to be4 ,no m1 9 _! he>ts1 are ! mod]ni/s1 & !y %\ld feel x b5ea? _! dignity to pose z su*2 inde$ ! m s5sitive ( !m already feel x4 ,to say !y are n ,*ri/ians at he>t1 b diametrically oppos$ to ! fundam5tal fai? & purpose ( ,*ri/ianity1 is n to say !y may n be pr(\nd my/ics 7z _m ,h9dus1 ,jews1 & pagan ,greeks h be571 or excell5t s*ol>s1 or g5]\s philan?ropi/s4 ,b ! v motive t atta*es !m to ,*ri/ianity is worldly & un-,*ri/ian4 ,!y wi% to pres]ve ! cont9uity ( moral traditions2 !y wi% ! poetry ( life to fl[ d[n to !m un9t]rupt$ly & copi\sly f all ! ages4 ,x is an amiable & wise desire2 b x %[s t !y are m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 pagan & pan!i/ic 9 _! pr(\nd] s5tim5t1 to :om ! h>d & n>r[ realism ( (ficial ,*ri/ianity is (f5sive j because x presupposes t ,*ri/ianity is true4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is hi/orical & poetical allegiance to ,*ri/ianity ,i suspect ! mod]ni/s suff] f a s]i\s illusion4 ,!y ?9k ! weakness ( ! *ur* lies 9 its n foll[+ ! inspirations ( ! age4 ,b :5 ?is age is pa/1 might n t weakness be a s\rce ( /r5g? aga98 ,= an idea ev] to be fa%ionable is om9\s1 s9ce x mu/ aft]w>ds be always old-fa%ion$4 ,no d\bt x w\ld be di%one/ 9 any ( u n[1 :o see cle>ly t ,noah surely did n lead all ! animals two by two into ! ,ark1 to say t we believe he did s1 on ! gr\nd t /ories ( t k9d are r fav\rable to ! spread ( religion4 ,no d\bt su* a /ory1 & ev5 ! fables ess5tial to ,*ri/ian !ology1 are n[ incr$ible to mo/ ( u4 ,b on ! o!r h& x w\ld be /upid to assume t :at is incr$ible to y or me n[ mu/ always be incr$ible to mank9d4 ,:at 0 fooli%ness to ! ,greeks ( ,/4 ,paul's day spread mightily among !m "o or two hundr$ ye>s lat]2 & :at is fooli%ness to ! mod]ni/ ( to-day may edify future g5]ations4 ,! imag9ation is sugge/ible & !re is no?+ m5 w n believe 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,^! rational p]suasions by :i* we are sway$1 ! conv5tions ( unbeliev+ sci5ce & unbeliev+ hi/ory1 are sup]ficial gr[?s2 ye/]day !y did n exi/1 to-morr[ !y may h disappe>$4 ,?is is a doctr9e :i* ! mod]ni/ philosoph]s !mselves emphasise1 z does ,m4 ,b]gson1 :om "s ( !m foll[1 & say ! ,ca?olic *ur* itself ought to foll[ 9 ord] to be sav$--= prophets are con/itutionally )\t a s5se ( hum\r4 ,^! philosoph]s ma9ta9 t intellig5ce is m]ely a conv5i5t me?od ( pick+ "o's way ?r\gh ! _w ( matt]1 t x is a falsification ( life1 & :olly unfit to grasp ! roots ( x4 ,we may well be ( ano!r op9ion1 if we ?9k ! roots ( life are n 9 consci\sness b 9 nature1 :i* intellig5ce alone c reveal2 b we mu/ agree t 9 life itself intellig5ce is a sup]ficial gr[?1 & easily blight$1 & t ! exp]i5ce ( ! vanity ( ! _w1 ( s91 ( salvation1 ( miracles1 ( /range revelations1 & ( my/ic loves is a f> deep]1 m primitive1 & !re=e probably m la/+ human possession ?an is t ( cle> hi/orical or sci5tific ideas4 ,n[ religi\s exp]i5ce1 z ,i h said1 may take o!r =ms ?an ! ,*ri/ian1 & )9 ,*ri/ianity x may take o!r =ms ?an ! ,ca?olic2 b ! ,ca?olic =m is z good z any intr9sically = ! devotee himself1 & x has imm5se advantages ov] its probable rivals 9 *>m1 9 compreh5siv5ess1 9 maturity1 9 int]nal rationality1 9 ext]nal adaptability2 s mu* s t a /rong anti-cl]ical gov]nm5t1 l ! ,fr5*1 _c safely leave ! *ur* to be ov]:elm$ by ! =ces ( sci5ce1 good s5se1 ridicule1 frivolity1 & av>ice 7all /rong =ces 9 ,france71 b mu/ use viol5ce z well to d x4 ,9 ! ,engli% *ur*1 too1 x is n ^? :o accept ! deluge1 ! resurrection1 & ! sacram5ts only z symbols t are ! vital p>ty1 b ^? :o accept !m lit]ally2 = only ^! h any?+ to say to ! poor1 or to ! ri*1 t c refre% !m4 ,9 a frank sup]naturalism1 9 a tight cl]icalism1 n 9 a pleasant secul>isation1 lies ! sole hope ( ! *ur*4 ,its sole dignity also lies !re4 ,x w n conv]t ! _w2 x nev] did & x nev] c\ld4 ,x w rema9 a voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness2 b x w believe :at x cries1 & !re w be "s to li/5 to x 9 ! future1 z !re h be5 _m 9 ! pa/4 ,z to mod]nism1 x is suicide4 ,x is ! la/ ( ^? concessions to ! _s ( ! _w :i* half-believ]s & d\ble-m9d$ prophets h always be5 f\nd mak+2 b x is a mortal concession4 ,x conc$es ev]y?+2 = x conc$es t ev]y?+ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 z ,*ri/ians hold x1 is an illusion4 ,,iii ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,m4 ,,h5ri ,,b]gson ,! mo/ repres5tative & rem>kable ( liv+ philosoph]s is ,m4 ,h5ri ,b]gson4 ,bo? ! =m & ! sub/ance ( 8 works attract univ]sal att5tion4 ,8 ideas are pleas+ & bold1 & at lea/ 9 =m wond]fully orig9al2 he is p]suasive )\t argum5t & my/ical )\t conv5tionality2 he moves 9 ! atmosph]e ( sci5ce & free ?\ght1 yet seems to transc5d !m & to be secretly religi\s4 ,an und]curr5t ( zeal & ev5 ( prophecy seems to animate 8 subtle analyses & 8 surpris+ fancies4 ,he is eloqu5t1 & to a public r sick ( ! half-education x has receiv$ & eag] = "s inspirit+ novelty he seems m eloqu5t ?an he is4 ,he uses ! ,fr5* language 7& little else is ,fr5* ab\t him7 9 ! mann] ( ! m rec5t arti/s 9 words1 reta9+ ! precision ( phrase & ! measur$ judgm5ts :i* are traditional 9 ,fr5* lit]ature1 yet manag+ to envelop ev]y?+ 9 a p5umbra ( emotional sugge/ion4 ,ea* expression ( an idea is complete 9 itself2 yet ^! expressions are (t5 v>i$ & con/antly metaphorical1 s t we are l$ to feel t mu* 9 t idea has rema9$ unexpress$ & is inde$ inexpressible4 ,/udi$ & ins9uat+ z ,m4 ,b]gson is 9 8 /yle1 he is no less elaborate 9 8 le>n+4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 9 ma!matics & physics1 & especially 9 natural hi/ory he has tak5 great pa9s to survey ! gr\nd & to assimilate ! views & _s ( ! mo/ rec5t s*ol>s4 ,he might be call$ outright an exp]t 9 all ^! subjects1 7 x n = a c]ta9 ext]nality & want ( radical sympa?y 9 8 way ( conceiv+ !m4 ,a g5u9e hi/orian ( philosophy1 = in/ance1 w\ld love to rehe>se ! views ( great ?9k]s1 w\ld feel _! et]nal plausibility1 & 9 int]pret+ !m w\ld ?9k ( himself z little z !y ev] ?\ght ( him4 ,b ,m4 ,b]gson evid5tly reg>ds ,plato or ,kant z p]sons :o did or did n prep>e ! way = "s ,b]gsonian insight4 ,! !ory ( evolution1 tak5 en?usia/ically1 is apt to ex]cise an evil influ5ce on ! moral e/imation ( ?+s4 ,fir/ ! evolutioni/ ass]ts t lat] ?+s gr[ out ( e>li]1 :i* is true ( ?+s 9 _! causes & basis1 b n 9 _! values2 z mod]n ,greece proce$s out ( anci5t ,greece mat]ially b does n exactly cr[n x4 ,! evolutioni/1 h[ev]1 proce$s to assume t lat] ?+s are necess>ily bett] ?an :at !y h gr[n out (3 & ?is is false altoge!r4 ,?is fallacy re9=ces v un=tunately t inevitable e/eem :i* p h = _! own op9ions1 & :i* mu/ always vitiate ! hi/ory ( philosophy :5 x is a philosoph] t writes x4 ,a false subord9ation comes to be e/abli%$ among sy/ems1 z if !y mov$ 9 s+le file & all _h ! la/1 ! au?or's sy/em1 = _! secret goal4 ,9 ,hegel1 = in/ance1 ?is conceit is conspicu\s1 9 spite ( 8 ma/]y 9 ! dramatic pres5tation ( po9ts ( view1 = 8 way ( recon/ruct+ hi/ory 01 on ! surface1 v sympa!tic4 ,he too1 l ,m4 ,b]gson1 proce$$ f le>n+ to intuition1 & feign$ at e turn to id5tify himself ) :at he 0 describ+1 especially if ?is 0 a philosophical attitude or temp]4 ,yet 9 reality 8 hi/orical judgm5ts 7 =c$ & brutal3 ,greece 0 b a /epp+-/one to ,prussia1 ,plato & ,sp9oza f\nd _! high] syn!sis 9 himself1 & 7?\gh he may n say s frankly7 ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,francis realis$ _! bett] selves 9 ,lu!r4 ,actual spiritual life1 ! ?\ghts1 affections1 & pleasures ( individuals1 pass$ ) ,hegel = s mu* moon%9e2 ! true _s 0 objective1 x 0 simply ! movem5t ( ^? circum/ances 9 :i* actual _s arose4 ,he 0 accord+ly contemptu\s ( ev]y?+ intr9sically good1 & 8 idealism consi/$ 9 =c+ ! natural _w into a =mula ( evolution & !n wor%ipp+ x z ! embodim5t ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,b "u ! guise ( optimism & belief 9 a cosmic reason ?is is m]e idolatry ( success--a malign sup]/ition1 by :i* all moral indep5d5ce is cru%$ out & consci5ce enslav$ to *ronology2 & x is no m>vel if1 some:at to relieve ?is subjection1 hi/ory 9 turn 0 expurgat$1 m>%all$1 & di/ort$1 t x might pass mu/] = ! "w ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 tru? ! value ( spiritual life is intr9sic & c5tr$ at e po9t4 ,x is nev] :olly recov]able4 ,to recov] x at all1 an hi/orian mu/ h a c]ta9 deta*m5t & +5u\sness2 kn[+ ! dignity & simplicity ( 8 own m9d1 he mu/ c\rte\sly attribute ! same dignity & simplicity to o!rs1 unless _! av[$ attitude prev5ts2 ?is is to be an intellig5t critic & to write hi/ory l a g5tleman4 ,! tru?1 :i* all philosoph]s alike are seek+1 is et]nal4 ,x lies z ne> to "o age z to ano!r2 ! means ( discov]y alone *ange1 & n always = ! bett]4 ,! c\rse ( evolution is no te/ ( :at is true or good2 else no?+ c\ld be good intr9sically nor true simply & ultimately2 on ! contr>y1 x is ! approa* to tru? & excell5ce any:]e1 l ! approa* ( tree tops to ! sky1 t te/s ! value ( evolution1 & det]m9es :e!r x is mov+ upw>d or d[nw>d or 9 a circle4 ,m4 ,b]gson accord+ly misses fire :51 = in/ance1 9 ord] utt]ly to damn a view :i* he has be5 criticis+1 & :i* may be op5 to objection on o!r gr\nds1 he cries t ^? :o hold x ret>d5t sur ,kant2 z if a clock 7 ! compass ( ! m9d1 & he :o 0 "o m9ute late 0 "o po9t (f ! c\rse4 ,kant 0 a h>d hone/ ?9k]1 m s9n$ aga9/ ?an s9n+1 f :om a great _m p 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury h tak5 _! po9t ( dep>ture1 dep>t+ z f> z !y *ose2 b if a /raight l9e ( progress c\ld be trac$ at all ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( philosophy1 ,kant w\ld n lie 9 t l9e4 ,8 ?\ght is ess5tially exc5tric & sophi/icat$1 be+ l>gely bas$ on two inh]it$ blund]s1 :i* a truly progressive philosophy w\ld h to beg9 by avoid+1 ?us leav+ ,kant on "o side1 & wea!r+ 8 philosophy1 z "o might ,scylla or ,*>ybdis4 ,! "o blund] 0 t ( ! ,engli% malici\s psy*ology :i* _h ma9ta9$ s9ce ! "t ( ,locke t ! ideas 9 ! m9d are ! only objects ( k1 in/ead ( be+ ! k ( objects4 ,! o!r blund] 0 t ( ,prote/antism t1 9 grop+ aft] t moral fre$om :i* is s in]adicable a ne$ ( a pure _s1 ?\ght to f9d x 9 a revision ( revelation1 tradition1 & prejudice1 s z to be able to cl+ to ^! a little long]4 ,h[ %\ld a sy/em s local1 s accid5tal1 & s un/able z ,kant's be prescrib$ z a sort ( cate*ism = all humanity8 ,! tree ( k has _m bran*es1 & all its fruits are n condemn$ to hang = ev] f t "o gn>l$ & contort$ b\gh4 ,m4 ,b]gson himself lags beh9d ,kant on ^? po9ts on :i* 8 bett] insight requires x1 z1 = in/ance1 on ! reality ( "t2 b ) reg>d to 8 own philosophy ,i am afraid he ?9ks t all previ\s sy/ems empty into x1 :i* is h>dly true1 & t all future sy/ems mu/ fl[ out ( x1 :i* is h>dly necess>y4 ,! emb>rassm5t t qualifies ,m4 ,b]gson's atta9m5ts 9 ma!matics & physics has ano!r & m p]sonal s\rce4 ,he und]/&s1 b he trembles4 ,non-human imm5sities fright5 him1 z !y did ,pascal4 ,he suff]s f cosmic agoraphobia4 ,we might ?9k empty space an innoc5t h>mless ?+1 a m]e opportunity to move1 :i* ought to be highly priz$ by all devotees ( motion4 ,b ,m4 ,b]gson is in/9ctively a my/ic1 & 8 philosophy delib]ately discr$its ! exi/5ce ( any?+ except 9 imm$iacy1 t is1 z an exp]i5ce ( ! he>t4 ,:at he dreads 9 space is t ! he>t %\ld be possess$ by x1 & trans=m$ into x4 ,he dreads t ! imag9ation %\ld be fasc9at$ by ! homog5e\s & /atic1 hypnotis$ by geometry1 & actually lo/ 9 ,ause9&]se94 ,?is w\ld be a real dea? & petrifaction ( consci\sness1 froz5 into contemplation ( a monoton\s inf9ite void4 ,:at is w>m & desirable is r ! s5se ( v>iety & succession1 z if all visions radiat$ f ! occupi$ focus or he>? ( ! self4 ,! m conc5tration at ?is habitable po9t1 ) ! m m5tal p]spectives op5+ backw>ds & =w>ds ?r\gh "t1 9 a ^w1 ! m p]sonal & hi/orical ! app>ition1 ! bett] x w\ld be4 ,?+s mu/ be r$uc$ aga9 to :at !y seem2 x is va9 & t]rible to take !m = :at we f9d !y are4 ,m4 ,b]gson is at bottom an apologi/ = v old human prejudices1 an apologi/ = animal illusion4 ,8 :ole lab\r is a plea = "s vague b com=table fai? :i* he dreads to h /ol5 f him by ! progress ( art & k4 ,!re is a c]ta9 trepidation1 a c]ta9 suppress$ in/9ct to snap at & /+ ! hat$ oppressor1 z if "s desp]ate small be+ 7 at bay be=e a horrible mon/]4 ,m4 ,b]gson is afraid ( space1 ( ma!matics1 ( necessity1 & ( et]nity2 he is afraid ( ! intellect & ! possible discov]ies ( sci5ce2 he is afraid ( no?+ness & dea?4 ,^! fe>s may prev5t him f be+ a philosoph] 9 ! old & noble s5se ( ! ^w2 b !y %>p5 8 s5se = _m a psy*ological problem1 & make him ! spokesman ( _m an in>ticulate s\l4 ,animal timidity & animal illusion are deep 9 ! he>t ( all ( u4 ,practice may compel u to b[ to ! conv5tions ( ! intellect1 z to ^? ( polite society2 b secretly1 9 our mom5ts ( imm]sion 9 ourselves1 we may f9d !m a great nuisance1 ev5 a va9 nightm>e4 ,c\ld we only li/5 undi/urb$ to ! beat ( protoplasm 9 our he>ts1 w\ld n t oracle solve all ! riddles ( ! univ]se1 or at lea/ avoid !m8 ,to protect ?is inn] conviction1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y = ! my/ic to sally =? & attack ! enemy on 8 own gr\nd4 ,if he refut$ physics & ma!matics simply out ( 8 own fai?1 he might be accus$ ( ignorance ( ! subject4 ,he w !re=e /udy x consci5ti\sly1 yet ) a c]ta9 irritation & ha/e to be done ) x1 some:at z a ,jesuit might /udy ,prote/ant !ology4 ,su* a /ud5t1 h[ev]1 is apt to lose 8 pa9s2 = 9 retrac+ a free inquiry 9 8 s]vile _s1 he rema9s deeply ignorant1 n inde$ ( its =m1 b ( its nature & value4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 has ,m4 ,b]gson su* a horror ( me*anical physics8 ,he seems to ?9k x a black art1 deal+ 9 unholy ab/ractions1 & r dang]\s to salvation1 & he keeps 8 metaphysical exorcisms & antidotes always at h&1 to r5d] x innocu\s1 at lea/ to 8 own s\l4 ,b physical sci5ce nev] solicit$ ( anybody t he %\ld be :olly absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( atoms1 & wor%ip !m2 t we mu/ wor%ip & lose ourselves 9 reality1 :atev] reality may be1 is a my/ic ab]ration1 :i* physical sci5ce does no?+ to fo/]4 ,nor does any critical physici/ suppose t :at he describes is ! :ole ( ! object2 he m]ely notes ! occasions on :i* its s5sible qualities appe>1 & calculates ev5ts4 ,because ! calculable side ( nature is 8 prov9ce1 he does n d5y t ev5ts h o!r aspects--! psy*ic & ! moral1 = in/ance--no less real 9 _! way1 9 t]ms ( :i* calculation w\ld inde$ be impossible4 ,if he *ances to call ! calculable elem5ts ( nature h] sub/ance1 z x is prop] to d1 t "n is giv5 )\t passion2 he may p]fectly well proclaim ) ,goe! t x is 9 ! accid5ts1 9 ! f>big] ,abglanz1 t we h our life4 ,& if x be = 8 fre$om t ! my/ic trembles1 ,i imag9e any man ( sci5ce w\ld be cont5t ) ,m4 ,b]gson's ass]tion t true fre$om is ! s5se ( fre$om1 & t 9 any intelligible /atem5t ( ! situation1 ev5 ! mo/ indet]m9i/ic1 ?is fre$om disappe>s2 = x is an imm$iate exp]i5ce1 n any s*eme ( relation betwe5 ev5ts4 ,! horror ( me*anical physics arises1 !n1 f attribut+ to t sci5ce pret5sions & ext5sions :i* x does n h2 x arises f ! habits ( !ology & metaphysics be+ import$ inopportunely into sci5ce4 ,simil>ly :5 ,m4 ,b]gson m5tions ma!matics1 he seems to be ?9k+ ( ! suppos$ au?ority x ex]cises--"o ( ,kant's confusions--ov] ! empirical _w1 & try+ to limit & subord9ate t au?ority1 le/ movem5t %\ld someh[ be remov$ f nature1 & vagu5ess f human ?\ght4 ,b nature & human ?\ght are :at !y are2 !y h en\gh aff9ity to ma!matics1 z x happ5s1 to sugge/ t /udy to our m9ds1 & to give ^? :o g deep into x a great1 ?\gh p>tial1 ma/]y ov] ?+s4 ,nev]!less a true ma!matician is satisfi$ ) ! hypo!tical & ideal cog5cy ( 8 sci5ce1 & puts its dignity 9 t4 ,moreov]1 ,m4 ,b]gson has ! too pragmatic notion t ! use ( ma!matics is to keep our acc\nts /raight 9 ?is bus9ess _w2 :]eas its inh]5t use is emancipat+ & ,platonic1 9 t x %[s u ! possibility ( o!r worlds1 less cont+5t & p]turb$ ?an ?is "o4 ,if he all[s himself any excursus f 8 belov$ imm$iacy1 x is only 9 ! int]e/s ( practice2 he little kn[s ! pleasures ( a lib]al m9d1 rang+ ov] ! cong5ial realm ( int]nal accuracy & ideal tru?1 :]e x c possess itself ( :at treasures x likes 9 p]fect security & fre$om4 ,an arti/ 9 8 workman%ip1 ,m4 ,b]gson is n an arti/ 9 8 allegiance2 he has no respect = :at is m]ely ideal4 ,= ?is v reason1 p]haps1 he is m at home 9 natural hi/ory ?an 9 ! exact sci5ces4 ,he has ! gift ( obs]vation1 & c sugge/ vividly ! actual appe>ance ( natural processes1 9 contra/ to ! v]bal p>aphrase ( ^! processes :i* is sometimes tak5 to expla9 !m4 ,he is cont5t to /op at habit )\t =mulat+ laws2 he refuses to assume t ! l>ge obvi\s cycles ( *ange 9 ?+s c be r$uc$ to me*anism1 t is1 to m9ute includ$ cycles repeat$ ad libitum4 ,he may sometimes def5d ?is refusal by sophi/ical argum5ts1 z :5 he says t me*anism w\ld require ! la/ /age ( ! univ]se to be simultane\s ) ! fir/1 =gett+ t ! unit ( me*anism is n a ma!matical equation b "s obs]v$ typical ev5t4 ,! refusal itself1 h[ev]1 w\ld be hone/ scepticism en\gh 7 x made ) no arrire p5se1 b simply 9 view ( ! imm5se complexity ( ! facts & ! extreme simplicity ( ! me*anical hypo!sis4 ,9 su* a situation1 to halt at appe>ances might seem ! m>k ( a true naturali/ & a true empirici/ n misl$ by speculative ha/e & ! human passion = sy/em & simplification4 ,at ! fir/ read+1 ,m4 ,b]gson's ,evolution ,cratrice may well dazzle ! pr(essional naturali/ & seem to him an illum9at+ confession ( ! nature & limits ( 8 sci5ce2 yet a second read+1 ,i h good au?ority = say+1 may z easily rev]se t impression4 ,m4 ,b]gson nev] reviews 8 facts 9 ord] to und]/& !m1 b only if possible to discr$it o!rs :o may h fanci$ !y und]/ood4 ,he raises difficulties1 he m>ks ! problems t confront ! naturali/1 & ! inadequacy ( explanations t may h be5 sugge/$4 ,su* criticism w\ld be a valuable beg9n+ if x 7 foll[$ by ! sugge/ion ( "s new solution2 b ! sugge/ion only is t no solution is possible1 t ! ph5om5a ( life are simply miracul\s1 & t x is 9 ! t5d5cy or vocation ( ! animal1 n 9 its body or its pa/1 t we mu/ see ! gr\nd ( :at goes on be=e u4 ,) su* a philosophy ( sci5ce1 x is evid5t t all progress 9 ! und]/&+ ( nature w\ld cease1 z x ceas$ aft] ,ari/otle4 ,! attempt w\ld aga9 be ab&on$ to r$uce gross & obvi\s cycles ( *ange1 su* z g5]ation1 gr[?1 & dea?1 to m9ute lat5t cycles1 s t natural hi/ory %\ld (f] a picturesque approa* to univ]sal physics4 ,if = ! magic p[] ( types1 invok$ by ,ari/otle1 we sub/itut$ ) ,m4 ,b]gson ! magic p[] ( ! lan vital1 t is1 ( evolution 9 g5]al1 we %\ld be ref]r+ ev5ts n to f9]1 m famili>1 m p]vasive processes1 b to "o all-embrac+ process1 unique & always incomplete4 ,our und]/&+ w\ld end 9 some?+ f> vagu] & loos] ?an :at our obs]vation began )4 ,ari/otle at lea/ c\ld ref] p>ticul>s to _! specific types1 z m$ic9e & social sci5ce are /ill glad en\gh to d1 to help !m 9 guess+ & 9 mak+ a le>n$ %[ be=e ! public4 ,b if div9ation & eloqu5ce--= sci5ce is out ( ! "q--7 to invoke no?+ b a fluid t5d5cy to gr[1 we %\ld be left ) a flat hi/ory ( ph5om5a & no means ( pr$iction or ev5 classification4 ,all k w\ld be r$uc$ to gossip1 inf9itely diffuse1 p]haps enli/+ our dramatic feel+s1 b yield+ no intellectual ma/]y ( exp]i5ce1 no practical compet5ce1 & no moral lesson4 ,! _w w\ld be a s]ial novel1 to be cont9u$ = ev]1 & all m5 m]e novel-read]s4 ,no?+ is m famili> to philosoph]s n[adays ?an t criticism ( k by :i* we are ?r[n back ^u ! appe>ances f :i* sci5ce />ts1 ^u :at is kn[n to *ildr5 & savages1 :il/ all t :i* long exp]i5ce & reason may inf] f ^? appe>ances is set d[n z s mu* hypo!sis2 & inde$ x is ?r\gh hypo!sis t lat5t be+1 if su* !re be1 comes be=e ! m9d at all4 ,n[ su* criticism ( k might h be5 /raight=w>d & +5u\s4 ,x might h simply disclos$ ! fact1 v salut>y to m$itate ^u1 t ! :ole frame ( nature1 ) ! m9ds t animate x1 is disclos$ to u by intellig5ce2 t if we 7 n intellig5t our s5sations w\ld exi/ = u )\t mean+ any?+1 z !y exi/ = idiots4 ,! criticism ( k1 h[ev]1 has usually be5 tak5 malici\sly1 9 ! s5se t x is ! idiots only t are n deceiv$2 = any int]pretation ( s5sation is a m5tal figm5t1 & :ile exp]i5ce may h any ext5t x w x _c possibly1 !y say1 h expressive value2 x _c reveal any?+ go+ on b5ea?4 ,intellig5ce & sci5ce are accord+ly decl>$ to h no p5etration1 no p[] to disclose :at is lat5t1 = no?+ lat5t exi/s2 !y c at be/ furni% symbols = pa/ or future s5sations & ! ord] 9 :i* !y arise2 !y c be sev5-league boots = /rid+ ov] ! surface ( s5ti5ce4 ,?is negative dogmatism z to k 0 r5d]$ h>mless & futile by ! ,engli% philosoph]s1 9 t !y ma9ta9$ at ! same "t t ev]y?+ happ5s exactly z if ! intellect 7 a true in/rum5t ( discov]y1 & z if a mat]ial _w und]lay our exp]i5ce & furni%$ all its occasions4 ,hume1 ,mill1 & ,huxley 7 sci5tific at he>t1 & full ( ! intellig5ce !y dissect$2 !y seem$ to cry to nature3 ,?\gh ?\ do/ n exi/1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 !e4 ,_! idealism 0 a !oretical scruple r ?an a passionate sup]/ition4 ,n s ,m4 ,b]gson2 he is n s simple z to invoke ! malici\s criticism ( k 9 ord] to g on ?9k+ rationali/ically4 ,reason & sci5ce make him deeply uncom=table4 ,8 po9t accord+ly is n m]ely t me*anism is a hypo!sis1 b t x is a wrong hypo!sis4 ,ev5ts d n come z if me*anism br\ght !m ab\t2 !y come1 at lea/ 9 ! organic _w1 z if a magic de/9y1 & inscrutable ungov]nable ef=t1 7 driv+ !m on4 ,?us ,m4 ,b]gson introduces metaphysics into natural hi/ory2 he invokes1 9 :at is suppos$ to be sci5ce1 ! ag5cy ( a p[]1 call$ ! lan vital1 on a level ) ! ,w ( ,s*op5hau] or ! ,unkn[able ,=ce ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,b !re is a sci5tific vitalism also1 :i* x is well to di/+ui% f ! metaphysical sort4 ,! po9t at issue betwe5 vitalism & me*anism 9 biology is :e!r ! liv+ processes 9 nature c be resolv$ into a comb9ation ( ! mat]ial4 ,! mat]ial processes w always rema9 vital1 if we take ?is ^w 9 a descriptive & poetic s5se2 = !y w conta9 a movem5t hav+ a c]ta9 idiosyncrasy & tak+ a c]ta9 "t1 l ! fall ( an apple4 ,! movem5t ( nature is nev] dialectical2 ! fir/ "p ( any ev5t does n logically imply ! la/ "p ( x4 ,physics is descriptive1 hi/orical1 report+ aft] ! fact :at are f\nd to be ! habits ( matt]4 ,b if ^! habits are con/ant & calculable we call ! vitality ( !m me*anical4 ,?us ! l>g] processes ( nature1 no matt] h[ vital !y may be & :atev] consci\sness may accompany !m1 w always be me*anical if !y c be calculat$ & pr$ict$1 be+ a comb9ation ( ! m m9ute & widespread processes :i* !y conta94 ,! only "q !re=e is3 ,d processes su* z nutrition & reproduction arise by a comb9ation ( su* ev5ts z ! fall ( apples8 ,or are !y irr$ucible ev5ts1 & units ( me*anism by !mselves8 ,t is ! dilemma z x appe>s 9 sci5ce4 ,bo? possibilities w always rema9 op51 because h[ev] f> me*anical analysis may g1 _m ph5om5a1 z human appreh5sion pres5ts !m1 w always rema9 irr$ucible to any common d5om9ator ) ! re/2 & on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] ! actual r$uction ( ! habits ( animals to ^? ( matt] may h /opp$1 we c nev] "k t a fur!r r$uction is impossible4 ,! balance ( reasonable presumption1 h[ev]1 is n ev54 ,! mo/ inclusive movem5ts kn[n to u 9 nature1 ! a/ronomical1 are calculable1 & s are ! mo/ m9ute & p]vasive processes1 ! *emical4 ,^! are also1 if evolution is to be accept$1 ! e>lie/ processes ^u :i* all o!rs h sup]v5$ & out ( :i*1 z x 71 !y h gr[n4 ,ap>t f miracul\s int]v5tion1 !re=e1 ! assumption seems to be inevitable t ! int]m$iate processes are calculable too1 & comp\nd$ out ( ! o!rs4 ,! appe>ance to ! contr>y pres5t$ 9 animal & social life is easily explicable on psy*ological gr\nds4 ,we read inevitably 9 t]ms ( our passions ^? ?+s :i* affect !m or are analog\s to :at involves passion 9 ourselves2 & :5 ! me*anism ( !m is hidd5 f u1 z is t ( our bodies1 we suppose t ^! passions :i* we f9d on ! surface 9 ourselves1 or read into o!r creatures1 are ! sub/antial & only =ces t c>ry on our "p ( ! _w4 ,p5etrat+ ?is illusion1 dispassionate obs]v]s 9 all ages h receiv$ ! g5]al impression t nature is "o & me*anical4 ,?is 01 & /ill rema9s1 a g5]al impression only2 b ,i suspect no "o :o walks ! e>? ) 8 eyes op5 w\ld be conc]n$ to resi/ x1 7 x n = c]ta9 fond human conceits :i* su* a view w\ld rebuke &1 if accept$1 w\ld t5d to oblit]ate4 ,! psy*ological illusion t our ideas & purposes are orig9al facts & =ces 7in/ead ( expressions 9 consci\sness ( facts & =ces :i* are mat]ial7 & ! practical & optical illusion t ev]y?+ :eels ab\t u 9 ?is _w--^! are ! primitive p]suasions :i* ! enemies ( naturalism h always be5 conc]n$ to protect4 ,"o might inde$ be a vitali/ 9 biology1 out ( pure caution & consci5ti\sness1 )\t %>+ ^? prejudices2 & _m a speculative philosoph] has be5 free f !m :o has be5 a vitali/ 9 metaphysics4 ,s*op5hau]1 = in/ance1 obs]v$ t ! cannon-ball :i*1 if self-consci\s1 w\ld ?9k x mov$ freely1 w\ld be q "r 9 ?9k+ s4 ,! ,w 0 z evid5t to him 9 me*anism z 9 animal life4 ,m4 ,b]gson1 9 ! m hidd5 rea*es ( 8 ?\ght1 seems to be a univ]sal vitali/2 app>5tly an lan vital mu/ h exi/$ once to deposit 9 inorganic matt] ! en]gy /or$ !re1 & to set me*anism go+4 ,b he relies on biology alone to prove ! pres5t exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t ef=t to live2 ?is is ne$$ to d :at me*anism1 z he ?9ks1 c\ld nev] d2 x is n ne$$ to d1 z 9 ,s*op5hau]1 :at me*anism does4 ,m4 ,b]gson ?us introduces 8 metaphysical =ce z a peculi> requirem5t ( biology2 he breaks ! cont9uity ( nature2 he loses ! poetic ju/ification ( a metaphysical vitalism2 he asks u to believe t life is n a natural expression ( mat]ial be+1 b an ali5 & gho/ly madness desc5d+ into x--,i say a gho/ly madness1 = :y %\ld disembodi$ life wi% t ! body %\ld live8 ,?is vitalism is n a k9d ( biology m prud5t & lit]al ?an ! me*anical k9d 7z a sci5tific vitalism w\ld be71 b f> less legitimately speculative4 ,nor is x a frank & ?or\gh my?ology1 su* z ! total spectacle ( ! univ]se might sugge/ to an imag9ative g5ius4 ,x is r a popul> animism1 insi/+ on a sympa!tic int]pretation ( nature :]e human sympa?y is quick & easy1 & turn+ ?is sympa?y into a revelation ( ! absolute1 b leav+ ! re/ ( nature cold1 because to sympa?ise ) its movem5t !re is h>d] = anxi\s1 self-c5tr$ mortals1 & requires a dis9t]e/$ m9d4 ,m4 ,b]gson w\ld h u believe t mank9d is :at nature has set h] he>t on & ! be/ %e c d1 = ^: sake %e has be5 long mak+ v special ef=ts4 ,we are =tunate t at lea/ h] d>l+ is all mank9d & n m]ely ,israel4 ,9 spite1 !n1 ( ,m4 ,b]gson's le>n+ z a naturali/ & 8 eye = ! facts--?+s ,ari/otle also possess$--he is l ,ari/otle pr(\ndly out ( sympa?y ) nature4 ,ari/otle 0 ali5at$ f nature & any p5etrat+ /udy ( x by ! fact t he 0 a disciple ( ,socrates1 & !re=e ess5tially a morali/ & a logician4 ,m4 ,b]gson is ali5at$ f nature by some?+ q diff]5t2 he is ! adept ( a v mod]n1 v subtle1 & v arbitr>y art1 t ( lit]>y psy*ology4 ,9 ?is art ! imag9ation is invit$ to conceive ?+s z if !y 7 all c5tres ( passion & s5sation4 ,lit]>y psy*ology is n a sci5ce2 x is practis$ by noveli/s & poets2 yet if x is to be brilliantly execut$ x dem&s a m9ute & ext5d$ obs]vation ( life4 ,unless y\r psy*ological noveli/ _h cramm$ 8 memory ) pictures ( ! ways & aspects ( m5 he w\ld h no />t+-po9t = 8 psy*ological fictions2 he w\ld n be able to r5d] !m circum/antial & conv9c+4 ,j s ,m4 ,b]gson's a*ievem5ts 9 psy*ological fiction1 to be s brilliantly execut$ z !y are1 requir$ all 8 le>n+4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ma!matics1 & physics1 & above all natural hi/ory1 _h to supply him fir/ ) sugge/ions2 & if he is n really a ma/] 9 any ( ^? fields1 t is n to be wond]$ at4 ,8 he>t is else:]e4 ,to write a univ]sal biological romance1 su* z he has sket*$ = u 9 8 sy/em1 he w\ld ideally h requir$ all sci5tific k1 b only z ,hom] requir$ ! k ( seaman%ip1 g5]al%ip1 /atecraft1 augury1 & *>iote]+1 9 ord] to turn ! aspects ( !m into poetry1 & n ) t te*nical solidity :i* ,plato unju/ly blames him = n possess+4 ,j s ,m4 ,b]gson's prop] a*ievem5t beg9s :]e 8 sci5ce ends1 & 8 philosophy lies entirely beyond ! horizon ( possible discov]ies or empirical probabilities4 ,9 ess5ce1 x is my? or fable2 b 9 ! texture & degree ( its fabul\sness x diff]s notably f ! p]=mances ( previ\s metaphysicians4 ,primitive poets1 ev5 anci5t philosoph]s1 7 n psy*ologi/s2 _! fables 7 compact$ out ( elem5ts f\nd 9 practical life1 & !y reckon$ 9 ! units 9 :i* language & passion reckon--woo+1 fea/+1 fight+1 vice1 virtue1 happ9ess1 ju/ice4 ,above all1 !y talk$ ab\t p]sons or ab\t ideals2 ?is man1 ?is woman1 ?is typical ?\ght or s5tim5t 0 :at fix$ _! att5tion & seem$ to !m ! ultimate ?+4 ,n s ,m4 ,b]gson3 he is a microscopic psy*ologi/1 & ev5 9 man :at he /udies by pref]5ce is n "s integrat$ passion or idea1 b some?+ f> m recondite2 ! m9ute texture ( s5sation1 memory1 or impulse4 ,%>p analysis is requir$ to di/+ui% or arre/ ^! elem5ts1 yet ^! are ! pr$e/9$ elem5ts ( 8 fable2 & s 8 an?ropomorphism is f> less obvi\s ?an t ( mo/ poets & !ologians1 ?\gh no less real4 ,?is peculi>ity 9 ! t]ms ( ! my? c>ries ) x a notable ext5sion 9 its propriety4 ,! social & moral ph5om5a ( human life _c be us$ 9 int]pret+ life else:]e )\t a c]ta9 consci\s hum\r4 ,?is makes ! *>m ( av[$ writ]s ( fable2 _! playful trave/y & dislocation ( ?+s human1 :i* w\ld be pu]ile if !y meant to be naturali/s1 r5d] !m piquant morali/s2 = !y are n really int]pret+ animals1 b "u ! mask ( animals malici\sly pa9t+ m54 ,su* fables are morally int]e/+ & plausible j because !y are psy*ologically false4 ,if sop c\ld h report$ :at lions & lambs1 ants & donkeys1 really feel & ?9k1 8 poems w\ld h be5 p]fect riddles to ! public2 & !y w\ld h _h no human value except t ( illu/rat+1 to ! truly speculative philosoph]1 ! irresponsible v>iety ( animal consci\sness & its incomm5surable types4 ,n[ ,m4 ,b]gson's psy*ological fictions1 be+ drawn f :at is rudim5t>y 9 man1 h a bett] *ance ( be+ lit]ally true beyond man4 ,inde$ :at he asks u to d1 & wi%es to d himself1 is simply to absorb s completely ! aspect & habit ( ?+s t ! s\l ( !m may take possession ( u3 t we may "k by intuition ! lan vital :i* ! _w expresses1 j z ,paolo1 9 ,dante1 knew by intuition ! lan vital t ! smile ( ,francesca express$4 ,! correctness ( su* an intuition1 h[ev]1 re/s on a circum/ance :i* ,m4 ,b]gson does n notice1 because 8 psy*ology is lit]>y & n sci5tific4 ,x re/s on ! possibility ( imitation4 ,:5 ! organism obs]v$ & t ( ! obs]v] h a simil> /ructure & c imitate "o ano!r1 ! idea produc$ 9 ! obs]v] by int5t contemplation is l ! exp]i5ce pres5t to ! p]son contemplat$4 ,b :]e ?is contagion ( attitude1 & !re=e ( feel+1 is impossible1 our intuition ( our neighb\rs' s\ls rema9s subjective & has no value z a revelation4 ,psy*ological noveli/s1 :5 !y describe p su* z !y !mselves are or might h be51 may describe !m truly2 b beyond t limit _! p]sonages are m]ely plausible1 t is1 su* z might be conceiv$ by an equally ignorant read] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! same ext]nal indications4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ! judgm5t :i* a sup]ficial travell] passes on =eign mann]s or religions is plausible to him & to 8 compatriots j because x repres5ts ! feel+ t su* manife/ations awak5 9 /rang]s & does n attempt to convey ! v diff]5t feel+ really involv$ = ! natives2 _h ! latt] be5 discov]$ & express$ ! travell]'s book w\ld h f\nd little und]/&+ & no sale 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,?is plausibility to ! ignorant is pres5t 9 all spontane\s my?4 ,no?+ m ne$ be dem&$ ( irresponsible fiction1 :i* makes no pret5sions to be a human docum5t1 b is m]ely a human ent]ta9m5t4 ,n[1 a human psy*ology1 ev5 ( ! f9e/ gra91 :5 x is appli$ to ! int]pretation ( ! s\l ( matt]1 or ( ! s\l ( ! :ole univ]se1 obvi\sly yields a view ( ! irresponsible & subjective sort2 = x is n bas$ on any close simil>ity betwe5 ! obs]v$ & ! obs]v]3 man & ! e!r1 man & cosmic evolution1 _c mimic "o ano!r1 to discov] mutually h[ !y feel4 ,b j because m]ely human1 su* an int]pretation may rema9 always plausible to man2 & x w\ld be an admirable ent]ta9m5t if !re 7 no dang] t x %\ld be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,! idea ,paul has ( ,pet]1 ,sp9oza obs]ves1 expresses ! nature ( ,pet] less ?an x betrays t ( ,paul2 & s an idea fram$ by a man ( ! consci\sness ( ?+s 9 g5]al reveals ! m9d ( t man r ?an ! m9d ( ! univ]se2 b ! m9d ( ! man too may be wor? kn[+1 & ! illusive hope ( discov]+ ev]y?+ may lead him truly to disclose himself4 ,su* a disclosure ( ! l[] dep?s ( man by himself is ,m4 ,b]gson's psy*ology2 & ! psy*ological romance1 purport+ to describe ! inw>d nature ( ! univ]se1 :i* he has built out ( t introspection1 is 8 metaphysics4 ,_m a po9t 9 ?is metaphysics may seem /range1 fanta/ic1 & obscure2 & s x really is1 :5 dislocat$ & project$ metaphysically2 b n "o w be f\nd to be arbitr>y2 n "o b is bas$ on att5tive introspection & p]ception ( ! imm$iate4 ,take1 = example1 :at is ,m4 ,b]gson's />t+-po9t1 8 some:at dazzl+ doctr9e t to be is to la/1 or r to feel oneself endure4 ,?is is a hypo/asis ( true 7i4e4 imm$iately felt7 duration4 ,9 a s5su\s day-dream pa/ feel+s survive 9 ! pres5t1 images ( ! long ago are %uffl$ toge!r ) pres5t s5sations1 ! rov+ imag9ation leaves a bright wake beh9d x l a comet1 & pu%es a ris+ wave be=e x1 l ! b[ ( a %ip2 all is fluidity1 cont9uity )\t id5tity1 novelty )\t surprise4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! doctr9e ( fre$om3 ! images t appe> 9 su* a day-dream are (t5 congru\s 9 "* ) ^? t prec$$1 & m]e prolongations ( !m2 b ?is prolongation itself modifies !m1 & :at develops is 9 no way d$ucible or pr$ictable out ( :at exi/s4 ,?is situation is p]fectly explicable sci5tifically4 ,! movem5t ( consci\sness w be self-congru\s & su/a9$ :5 x re/s on cont9u\s processes 9 ! same tissues1 & yet q unpr$ictable f )91 because ! direct s5su\s report ( bodily processes 79 nausea1 = in/ance1 or 9 hung]7 conta9s no picture ( _! actual me*anism4 ,ev5 :olly new features1 due to little crises 9 bodily life1 may appe> 9 a dream to fl[ out ( :at already exi/s1 yet freely develop x2 because 9 dreams comp>ison1 ! attempt to be consi/5t1 is :olly 9 abeyance1 & also because ! new feature w come imb$d$ 9 o!rs :i* are n new1 b h dramatic relevance 9 ! /ory4 ,s imm$iate consci\sness yields ! two factors ( ,b]gsonian fre$om1 cont9uity & indet]m9ation4 ,aga91 take ! some:at disconc]t+ ass]tion t movem5t exi/s :5 !re is no?+ t moves1 & no space t x moves ?r\gh4 ,9 vision1 p]haps1 x is n easy to imag9e a consci\sness ( motion )\t "s pres5tation ( a field1 & ( a di/+ui%able some?+ 9 x2 b if we desc5d to somatic feel+s 7& ! m we desc5d1 ) ,m4 ,b]gson1 ! clos] we are to reality71 9 %oot+ pa9s or ! s5se ( inte/9al movem5ts1 ! feel+ ( a *ange & ( a motion is c]ta9ly giv5 9 ! abs5ce ( all idea ( a mobile or ( di/9ct po9ts 7or ev5 ( a sep>ate field7 ?r\gh :i* x moves2 consci\sness beg9s ) ! s5se ( *ange1 & ! t]ms ( ! felt process are only qualitative limits1 br$ out ( ! felt process itself4 ,ev5 a m p>adoxical t5et ( our philosoph]'s f9ds x ju/ification "h4 ,he says t ! units ( motion are indivisible1 t !y are acts2 s t to solve ! riddle ab\t ,a*illes & ! tortoise we ne$ no ma!matics ( ! inf9itesimal1 b only to ask ,a*illes h[ he accompli%es ! feat4 ,a*illes w\ld reply t 9 s _m /rides he w\ld d x2 & we may be surpris$ to le>n t ^! /rides are indivisible1 s t1 app>5tly1 ,a*illes c\ld n h /umbl$ 9 ! middle ( "o1 & tak5 only half ( x4 ,( c\rse1 9 nature1 9 :at non-,b]gsonians call reality1 he c\ld3 b n 9 8 imm$iate feel+1 = if he _h /umbl$1 ! real /ride1 t :i* he 0 aw>e ( tak+1 w\ld h be5 complete at ! /umbl+-po9t4 ,x is c]ta9 t consci\sness comes 9 /ret*es1 9 brea?s3 all its data are /hetic :oles1 l visions or snat*es ( melody2 & we %\ld nev] be aw>e ( any?+ 7 we n aw>e ( some?+ all at once4 ,:5 a man has taught himself--& x is a difficult art--to rev]t 9 ?is way to rudim5t>y consci\sness & to wat* himself live1 he w be able1 if he likes1 to add a plausible *apt] to speculative psy*ology4 ,he has une>!d 9 himself ! animal s5sibility :i* has ?ick5$1 budd$1 & cry/allis$ into 8 pres5t some:at intellectual image ( ! _w4 ,he has t\*$ aga9 ! vegetative /upor1 ! multiple disconnect$ l&scapes1 ! bloom+ buzz+ confusion :i* 8 reason has p>tly set 9 ord]4 ,may he n h 9 all ?is a key to ! consci\sness ( o!r creatures8 ,animal psy*ology1 & sympa?y ) ! g5]al life ( nature1 are vitiat$ bo? = naturali/s & = poets by ! human t]ms !y mu/ use1 t]ms :i* presuppose di/9ctions :i* non-human be+s probably h n made4 ,^! di/9ctions correct ! illusions ( imm$iate appe>ance 9 ways :i* only a long & special exp]i5ce has impos$ ^u u1 & !y %\ld n be import$ into o!r s\ls4 ,we are old m5 try+ to s+ ! loves ( *ildr52 we are w+less bip$s try+ to und]/& ! gods4 ,b ! data ( ! imm$iate are h>dly human2 x is probable t at t level all s5ti5ce is mu* alike4 ,f t common gr\nd our imag9ation c p]haps />t safely1 & foll[ su* h9ts z obs]vation furni%es1 until we le>n to live & feel z o!r liv+ ?+s d1 or z nature may live & feel z a :ole4 ,in/9ct1 = in/ance1 ne$ n be1 z our human prejudice sugge/s1 a rudim5t>y intellig5ce2 x may be a p>allel sort ( s5sibility1 an imageless aw>5ess ( ! pres5ce & "* ( o!r ?+s1 ) a sup]human ability to *ange oneself s z to meet !m4 ,d we n feel some?+ ( ?is sort ourselves 9 love1 9 art1 9 religion8 ,m4 ,b]gson is a mo/ delicate & *>m+ poet on ?is !me1 & a plausible psy*ologi/2 8 me?od ( accumulat+ & v>y+ 8 metaphors1 & leav+ our intuition to itself "u t artful /imulus1 is ! only judici\s & p]suasive me?od he c\ld h employ$1 & 8 knack at x is wond]ful4 ,we recov]1 z we read1 ! innoc5ce ( ! m9d4 ,x seems no long] impossible t we might1 l ! wise m5 9 ! /ory-books1 le>n ! language ( birds2 we %>e = ! mom5t ! sie/as ( plants2 & we cat* ! quick consci\sness ( ! waves ( light1 vibrat+ at inconceivable rates1 ea* ?rob =gott5 z ! next foll[s ^u x2 & we may be tempt$ to play on ,%akespe>e & say3 ,l z ! waves make t[>ds ! pebbl$ %ore1 ,s d _! spirits ha/5 to _! end4 ,"s read] ( ,m4 ,b]gson might say to himself3 ,all ?is is +5i\s introspection & div9ation2 grant t x is true1 & h[ does t lead to a new !ory ( ! univ]se8 ,y h be5 /udy+ surface appe>ances & ! texture ( primitive consci\sness2 t is a "p ( ! int]nal rumble ( ?is great eng9e ( ! _w4 ,h[ %\ld x loos5 or dissolve t eng9e1 z y\r philosophy evid5tly pr(esses t x mu/8 ,t nature exi/s we p]ceive :5ev] we resume our intellectual & practical life1 int]rupt$ = a mom5t by ?is int]e/+ rev]sion to ! imm$iate4 ,! consci\sness :i* 9 introspection we treat z an object is1 9 op]ation1 a cognitive activity3 x demon/rates ! _w4 ,y w\ld nev] y\rself h conceiv$ ! m9ds ( e!real vibrations1 or ( birds1 or ( ants1 or ( m5 susp5d+ _! intellig5ce1 if y _h kn[n ( no m51 ants1 birds1 or e!r4 ,x is ! mat]ial objects t sugge/ to y _! s\ls1 & tea* y h[ to conceive !m4 ,h[ !n %\ld ! s\ls be sub/itut$ = ! bodies1 & aboli% !m8 ,poor guileless read]6 ,if philosoph]s 7 /raight=w>d m5 ( sci5ce1 add+ ea* 8 mite to ! g5]al /ore ( k1 !y w\ld all sub/antially agree1 & :ile !y might make int]e/+ discov]ies1 !y w\ld n h]ald ea* 8 new trans=mation ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,b philosoph]s are ei!r revolutioni/s or apologi/s1 & "s ( !m1 l ,m4 ,b]gson1 are revolutioni/s 9 ! int]e/s ( apologetics4 ,_! art is to create "s surpris+ inv]sion ( ?+s1 "s sy/em ( ! univ]se contr>y to common appreh5sion1 or to def5d "s su* inv]t$ sy/em1 prop\nd$ by poets long ago1 & p]haps consecrat$ by religion4 ,x w\ld n require a great man to say calmly3 ,m51 birds1 ev5 e!r-waves1 if y w1 feel aft] ?is & ?is fa%ion4 ,! greatness & ! excitem5t beg9 :5 he says3 ,y\r common s5se1 y\r practical intellect1 y\r boa/$ sci5ce h entirely deceiv$ y2 see :at ! real tru? is in/ead6 ,s ,m4 ,b]gson is b5t on tell+ u t ! imm$iate1 z he describes x1 is ! sole reality2 all else is unreal1 artificial1 & a m or less conv5i5t symbol 9 disc\rse--disc\rse itself be+ tak51 ( c\rse1 = a movem5t 9 imm$iate s5sibility1 :i* is :at x is exi/5tially1 b nev] = an excursion into an indep5d5t logical realm1 :i* is :at x is spiritually & 9 int5t4 ,s we mu/ revise all our psy*ological obs]vations1 & turn !m into metaphysical dogmas4 ,x w\ld be no?+ to say simply3 ,= imm$iate feel+ ! pa/ is conta9$ 9 ! pres5t1 movem5t is prior to t :i* moves1 spaces are _m1 disconnect$1 & incomm5surable1 ev5ts are indivisible :oles1 p]ception is 9 its object & id5tical ) x1 ! future is unpr$ictable1 ! complex is br$ out ( ! simple1 & evolution is creative1 its c\rse be+ ob$i5t to a g5]al t5d5cy or grop+ impulse1 n to any exact law4 ,no1 we mu/ say in/ead3 ,9 ! univ]se at l>ge ! :ole pa/ is pres]v$ bodily 9 ! pres5t2 duration is real & space is only imag9$2 all is motion1 & !re is no?+ sub/antial t moves2 times are incomm5surable2 m51 birds1 & waves are no?+ b ! images ( !m 7our p]ceptions1 l _! spirits1 be+ "s comp5dium ( ^! images72 *ance int]v5es 9 ! flux1 b evolution is due to an absolute ,ef=t :i* exi/s 9 vacuo & is simplicity itself2 & ?is ,ef=t1 )\t hav+ an idea ( :at x pursues1 nev]!less produces x out ( no?+4 ,! accuracy or ! holl[ness ( ,m4 ,b]gson's doctr9e1 accord+ z we take x = lit]>y psy*ology or = natural philosophy1 w appe> cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,any "o1 he writes1#c :o has ev] practis$ lit]>y composition kn[s v well t1 aft] he has devot$ long /udy to ! subject1 collect$ all ! docum5ts1 & tak5 all 8 notes1 "o ?+ m is ne$ful be=e he c actually emb>k on ! "w ( composition2 namely1 an ef=t1 (t5 a v pa9ful "o1 to plant himself all at once 9 ! v he>t ( ! subject1 & to fet* f z pr(\nd a dep? z possible ! mom5tum by :i* he ne$ simply let himself be borne along 9 ! sequel4 ,?is mom5tum1 z soon z x is acquir$1 c>ries ! m9d =w>d along a pa? :]e x recov]s all ! facts x _h ga!r$ toge!r1 & a ?\s& o!r details besides4 ,! mom5tum develops & breaks up ( itself into p>ticul>s t might be retail$ ad inf9itum4 ,! m he advances ! m he f9ds2 he w nev] h exhau/$ ! subject2 & nev]!less if he turns r\nd sudd5ly to face ! mom5tum he feels at 8 back & see :at x is1 x eludes him2 = x is n a ?+ b a direction ( movem5t1 & ?\gh capable ( be+ ext5d$ indef9itely1 x is simplicity itself4 ,footnote #c3 ,introduction a la ,mtaphysique4 ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 ,janvi]1 #aijc4 ,?is is evid5tly well obs]v$3 height5 ! tone a little1 & y might h a poem on ^? joyful pangs ( ge/ation & p>turition :i* are n d5i$ to a male animal4 ,x is a description ( ! s5sation ( lit]>y composition1 ( ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( a writ] z words & images rise into 8 m9d4 ,he _c summon 8 memories explicitly1 = he w\ld fir/ h to rememb] !m to d s2 8 consci\sness ( inspiration1 ( lit]>y creation1 is no?+ b a consci\sness ( pregnancy & ( a c]ta9 direction ( movem5t1 z if he 7 be+ waft$ 9 a balloon2 & j 9 its mom5ts ( highe/ t5sion 8 m9d is fill$ ) m]e expectancy & m]e excitem5t1 )\t images1 plans1 or motives2 & :at guides x is inw>dly1 z ,m4 ,b]gson says1 simplicity itself4 ,yet excell5t z su* a description is psy*ologically1 x is a lit]>y confession r ?an a piece ( sci5ce2 = sci5tific psy*ology is a "p ( natural hi/ory1 & :5 9 nature we come ^u su* a notable ph5om5on z ?is1 t "s m5 write & write eloqu5tly1 we %\ld at once /udy ! antec$5ts & ! conditions "u :i* ?is occurs2 we %\ld try1 by exp]im5t if possible1 to see :at v>iations 9 ! result foll[ ^u v>iations 9 ! situation4 ,at once we %\ld beg9 to p]ceive h[ casual & sup]ficial are ^? data ( introspection :i* ,m4 ,b]gson's acc\nt reproduces4 ,does t pa9ful ef=t1 = in/ance1 occur always8 ,is x ! moral s\rce1 z he seems to sugge/1 ( ! good & miracul\s fruits t foll[8 ,n at all3 su* an ef=t is requir$ only :5 ! writ] is ov]work$1 or driv5 to express himself "u pressure2 9 ! spontane\s talk] or s+]1 9 ! orator surpass+ himself & ov]fl[+ ) eloqu5ce1 !re is no ef=t at all2 only facility1 & joy\s undirect$ abundance4 ,we %\ld fur!r ask :e!r all ! facts previ\sly ga!r$ are recov]$1 & all correctly1 & :at relation ! ?\s& o!r details h to !m2 & we %\ld f9d t ev]y?+ 0 controll$ & suppli$ by ! s5su\s end[m5t ( ! lit]>y man1 8 moral complexion1 & 8 g5]al circum/ances4 ,& we %\ld p]ceive at ! same "t t ! mom5tum :i* to introspection 0 s my/]i\s 0 9 fact ! dis*>ge ( _m automatisms long impr9t$ on ! sy/em1 a sy/em 7z gr[? & disease %[7 t has its int]nal vegetation & crises ( maturity1 to :i* facility & error 9 ! recov]y ( ! pa/1 & creation also1 are closely atta*$4 ,?us we %\ld utt]ly refuse to say t ?is mom5tum 0 capable ( be+ ext5d$ indef9itely or 0 simplicity itself4 ,x may be a good piece ( lit]>y psy*ology to say t simplicity prec$es complexity1 = x prec$es complexity 9 consci\sness4 ,consci\sness dw9dles & fl>es up mo/ irresponsibly1 s long z its own fl[ alone is reg>d$1 & x cont9ually arises out ( no?+1 :i* inde$ is simplicity itself4 ,b x does n arise )\t real conditions outside1 :i* _c be discov]$ by introspection1 nor div9$ by t lit]>y psy*ology :i* proce$s by imag9+ :at introspection might yield 9 o!rs4 ,!re is a deep] my/ification /ill 9 ?is passage1 :]e a writ] is said to plant himself 9 ! v he>t ( ! subject4 ,! g5]al t5or ( ,m4 ,b]gson's philosophy w>rants u 9 tak+ ?is q lit]ally to mean t ! field f :i* inspiration draws its mat]ials is n ! man's pres5t memory nor ev5 8 pa/ exp]i5ce1 b ! subject itself :i* t exp]i5ce & ?is memory reg>d3 9 o!r words1 :at we write ab\t & our lat5t k are ! same ?+4 ,:5 ,%akespe>e 0 compos+ 8 ,antony & ,cleopatra1 = in/ance1 he plant$ himself 9 ! v he>t ( ,rome & ( ,egypt1 & 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,que5 ( ,egypt h]self2 :at he _h ga!r$ f ,plut>* & f else:]e 01 accord+ to ,m4 ,b]gson's view1 a sort ( glimpse ( ! remote reality itself1 z if by telepa?y he _h be5 made to witness "s "p ( x2 or r z if ! scope ( 8 consci\sness _h be5 sudd5ly ext5d$ 9 "o direction1 s z to embrace & conta9 bodily a bit ( t outly+ exp]i5ce4 ,?us :5 ! poet sifts 8 facts & sets 8 imag9ation to "w at unify+ & complet+ !m1 :at he does is to pi]ce to ,egypt1 ,rome1 & ! inn] consci\sness ( ,cleopatra1 to fet* !nce ! pr(\nd mom5tum :i* is to guide him 9 composition2 & x is !re1 n 9 ! adv5titi\s lat] p>ts ( 8 own m9d1 t he %\ld f9d ! ?\s& o!r details :i* he may add to ! picture4 ,"h aga91 9 an exagg]at$ =m1 we h a transcript ( ! imm$iate1 a piece ( really wond]ful introspection1 spoil$ by be+ project$ into a !ory ( nature1 :i* x spoils 9 its turn4 ,d\btless ,%akespe>e1 9 ! heat ( dramatic vision1 liv$ 8 *>act]s1 transport$ himself to _! environm5t1 & felt ! passion ( ea*1 z we d 9 a dream1 dictat+ _! unprem$itat$ words4 ,b all ?is is 9 imag9ation2 x is true only )9 ! framework ( our dream4 ,9 reality1 ( c\rse1 ,%akespe>e nev] pi]c$ to ,rome nor to ,egypt2 8 elaborations ( 8 data are drawn f 8 own feel+s & circum/ances1 n f ^? ( ,cleopatra4 ,?is transport+ oneself into ! he>t ( a subject is a loose metaphor3 ! be/ "o c d is to transplant ! subject into "o's own he>t & draw f oneself impulses z pr(\nd z possible ) :i* to vivify tradition & make x ov] 9 "o's own image4 ,yet ,i fe> t to speak s is rationalism1 & w\ld be f\nd to involve1 to ! horror ( our philosoph]1 t life is cognitive & spiritual1 b dep5d5t1 discont9u\s1 & unsub/antial4 ,:at he conceives in/ead is t consci\sness is a /uff out ( :i* ?+s are made1 & has all ! attributes1 ev5 ! mo/ mat]ial1 ( its sev]al objects2 & t !re is no possibility ( kn[+1 save by becom+ :at "o is try+ to "k4 ,s p]ception1 = him1 lies :]e its object does1 & is "s "p ( x2 memory is ! pa/ exp]i5ce itself1 someh[ %9+ ?r\gh into ! pres5t2 & ,%akespe>e's ,cleopatra1 ,i %\ld inf]1 w\ld h to be "s "p ( ,cleopatra h]self--9 ^? mom5ts :5 %e spoke ,engli%4 ,x is h>d to be a j critic ( my/icism because my/icism c nev] d itself ju/ice 9 words4 ,to conceive ( an ext]nal actual ,cleopatra & an ext]nal actual m9d ( ,%akespe>e is to betray ! cause ( pure imm$iacy2 & ,i suspect t if ,m4 ,b]gson he>d ( su* criticisms z ,i am mak+1 he w\ld bru% !m aside z utt]ly bl9d & s*ola/ic4 ,z ! my/ics h always said t ,god 0 n f> f !m1 b dwelt 9 _! he>ts1 mean+ ?is pretty lit]ally3 s ?is my/ical philosophy ( ! imm$iate1 :i* talks sometimes s sci5tifically ( ?+s & ) su* intimacy ( k1 feels t ^! ?+s are n f> f x1 b dwell lit]ally 9 its he>t4 ,! revelation & ! s5tim5t ( !m1 if x be ?or\gh1 is j :at ! ?+s are4 ,! total aspects to be disc]n$ 9 a body are t body2 & ! movem5t ( ^? aspects1 :5 y enact x1 is ! _s ( t body1 & at ! same "t a "p ( y\r own _s4 ,to suppose t a man's consci\sness 7ei!r "o's own or o!r p's7 is a sep>ate fact ov] & above ! %uffl+ ( ! ?+s he feels1 or t ^! ?+s are any?+ ov] & above ! feel+ ( !m :i* exi/s m or less ev]y:]e 9 diffusion--t1 = ! my/ic1 is to be once = all hopelessly intellectual1 duali/ic1 & diabolical4 ,if y _c %$ ! husk ( ^? dead categories--space1 matt]1 m9d1 tru?1 p]son--life is %ut out ( y\r he>t4 ,& ! my/ic1 :o always speaks out ( exp]i5ce1 is c]ta9ly "r 9 ?is1 t a c]ta9 sort ( life is %ut out by reason1 ! sort t reason calls dream+ or madness2 b he =gets t reason too is a k9d ( life1 & t ( all ! k9ds--my/ical1 passionate1 practical1 /hetic1 intellectual--) _! v>i\s degrees ( light & heat1 ! life ( reason is t :i* "s p may pref]4 ,i confess ,i am "o ( ^!1 & ,i am n incl9$1 ev5 if ,i 7 able1 to reproduce ,m4 ,b]gson's s5tim5ts z he feels !m4 ,he is 8 own p]fect expositor4 ,all a critic c aim at is to und]/& ^! s5tim5ts z exi/+ facts1 & to give !m ! place t belongs to !m 9 ! moral _w4 ,to und]/&1 9 mo/ cases1 is intimacy en\gh4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says some:]e t ! yolk ( an egg is homog5e\s1 ! highly het]og5e\s bird be+ diff]5tiat$ 9 x by ! law ( evolution4 ,i _c ?9k :at assur$ ,sp5c] ( ?is homog5eity 9 ! egg1 except ! fact t p]haps x all ta/$ alike1 :i* might seem good pro( to a pure empirici/4 ,leibnitz1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9$ t ! organisation ( nature 0 inf9itely deep1 e "p consi/+ ( an endless numb] ( discrete elem5ts4 ,"h we may obs]ve ! diff]5ce betwe5 good philosophy & bad4 ,! idea ( ,leibnitz is speculative & f> outruns ! evid5ce1 b x is speculative 9 a well-advis$1 p5etrat+1 humble1 & noble fa%ion2 :ile ! idea ( ,sp5c] is fooli%ly dogmatic1 x is a piece ( ignorant self-suffici5cy1 l t insul> empiricism t w\ld d5y t ,*9am5 7 real until x _h actually se5 !m4 ,nature is ri*] ?an exp]i5ce & wid] ?an div9ation2 & x is f> ra%] & m arrogant to decl>e t any "p ( nature is simple ?an to sugge/ ! sort ( complexity t p]haps x might h4 ,m4 ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 is on ! side ( ,sp5c]4 ,aft] /udi\sly exam9+ ! egg on e side--= he w\ld d m ?an ta/e x--& consid]+ ! s\rce & de/9y ( x1 he w\ld summon 8 intuition to p5etrate to ! v he>t ( x1 to its _s1 & !n he w\ld decl>e t ?is _s 0 a vital mom5tum )\t p>ts & )\t ideas1 & 0 simplicity itself4 ,he w\ld add t x 0 ! free & orig9al creator ( ! bird1 because x is ( ! ess5ce ( _s to be/[ m ?an x possesses & to build bett] ?an x kn[s4 ,und\bt$ly actual _s is simple & does n "k h[ x builds2 b = t v reason actual _s does n really create or build any?+1 b m]ely wat*es1 n[ ) sympa!tic1 n[ ) %ock$ att5tion1 :at is be+ creat$ & built = x4 ,d\btless new ?+s are always aris+1 new isl&s1 new p]sons1 new philosophies2 b t ! real cause ( !m %\ld be simpl] ?an !y1 t _! ,creator1 if ,i may use ?is language1 %\ld be ignorant & give m ?an he has1 :o c /oma* t8 ,let u grant1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! ?+ is n ab/ractly inconceivable1 t eggs really h no /ructure4 ,to :at1 !n1 %all we attribute ! =mation ( birds8 ,w x foll[ t evolution1 or diff]5tiation1 or ! law ( ! passage f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 or ! dialectic ( ! concept ( pure be+1 or ! impulse t[>ds life1 or ! vocation ( _s is :at actually hat*es !m8 ,alas1 ^! words are b p$antic & rhetorical cloaks = our ignorance1 & to project !m beh9d ! facts & reg>d !m z presid+ f !nce ov] ! c\rse ( nature is a piece ( ! mo/ deplorable s*ola/icism4 ,if eggs are really )\t /ructure1 ! true causes ( ! =mation ( birds are ! la/ conditions1 :atev] !y may be1 t introduce t ph5om5on & det]m9e its "*--! type ( ! p>5ts1 ! act ( f]tilisation1 ! temp]ature1 or :atev] else obs]vation might f9d regul>ly to prec$e & qualify t new bir? 9 nature4 ,^! facts1 if !y 7 ! ultimate & deepe/ facts 9 ! case1 w\ld be ! ultimate & only possible t]ms 9 :i* to expla9 x4 ,!y w\ld con/itute ! me*anism ( reproduction2 & if nature 7 no f9] ?an t 9 its /ructure1 sci5ce c\ld n g deep] ?an t 9 its discov]ies4 ,& al?\gh x is frivol\s to suppose t nature ends 9 ?is way at ! limits ( our casual appreh5sion1 & has no hidd5 roots1 yet philosophically t w\ld be z good a /opp+ place z any o!r4 ,ultimately we %\ld h to be satisfi$ ) "s factual conjunction & me?od 9 ev5ts4 ,if atoms & _! collisions1 by any *ance1 7 ! ultimate & inmo/ facts discov]able1 !y w\ld supply ! explanation ( ev]y?+1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* any?+ exi/5t c be expla9$ at all4 ,if somebody !n came to u en?usia/ically & add$ t ! ,w ( ! atoms s to be & move 0 ! true cause1 or ! ,w ( ,god t !y %\ld move s1 he w\ld n be reput$1 ,i suppose1 to h ?r[n a bright light on ! subject4 ,yet ?is is :at ,m4 ,b]gson does 9 8 :ole def5ce ( metaphysical vitalism1 & especially 9 ! in/ance ( ! evolution ( eyes by two diff]5t me?ods1 :i* is 8 palm>y argum5t4 ,s9ce 9 "s molluscs & 9 v]tebrates organs t co9cide 9 be+ organs ( vision are rea*$ by di/9ct pa?s1 x _c h be5 ! propulsion ( me*anism 9 ea* case1 he says1 t guid$ ! developm5ts1 :i*1 be+ div]g5t1 w\ld nev] h l$ to co9cid5t results1 b ! d\ble developm5t mu/ h be5 guid$ by a common t5d5cy t[>ds vision4 ,suppose 7:at "s "y man 9 a laboratory may by ?is "t h %[n to be false7 t ,m4 ,b]gson's obs]vations h s\nd$ ! facts to ! bottom2 x w\ld !n be ( ! ultimate nature ( ?+s t1 giv5 light & ! o!r conditions1 ! two me?ods ( developm5t w end 9 eyes2 j z1 = a peasant1 x is ( ! ultimate nature ( ?+s t puddles c be =m$ 9 two q opposite ways1 by ra9 fall+ f heav5 & by spr+s issu+ f ! e>?2 b z ! peasant w\ld n h rea*$ a pr(\nd insight into nature if he _h proclaim$ ! pres5ce 9 h] ( a t5d5cy to puddles1 to be =m$ 9 inexplicably diff]5t ways2 s ! philosoph] atta9s to no pr(\nd insight :5 he proclaims 9 h] a t5d5cy to vision4 ,if ^? words express m ?an ignorance1 !y express ! love ( x4 ,ev5 if ! vitali/s 7 "r 9 despair+ ( fur!r sci5tific discov]ies1 !y w\ld be wrong 9 (f]+ _! v]biage z a sub/itute4 ,nature may possibly h only a v loose hazy con/itution1 to be wat*$ & und]/ood z sailors wat* & und]/& ! wea!r2 b ,neptune & olus are n !reby prov$ to be ! au?ors ( /orms4 ,yet ,m4 ,b]gson ?9ks if life c\ld only be safely %[n to arise unacc\ntably1 t w\ld prove ! invisible efficacy ( a mighty t5d5cy to life4 ,b w\ld ! ultimate contexture & miracle ( ?+s be made less arbitr>y1 & less a matt] ( brute fact1 by ! pres5ce beh9d !m ( an actual & arbitr>y ef=t t su* %\ld be _! nature8 ,if ?is ^w ef=t is n a m]e figure ( rhetoric1 a "n = a movem5t 9 ?+s ( :i* ! end happ5s to int]e/ u m ?an ! beg9n+1 if x is meant to be an ef=t actually & consci\sly exi/+1 !n we mu/ proce$ to ask3 ,:y did ?is ef=t exi/8 ,:y did x *oose t p>ticul> end to /rive =8 ,h[ did x rea* ! conception ( t end1 :i* _h nev] be5 realis$ be=e1 & :i* no exi/5t nature dem&$ = its fulfilm5t8 ,h[ did ! ef=t1 once made specific1 select ! p>ticul> matt] x 0 to trans=m8 ,:y did ?is matt] respond to ! disembodi$ ef=t t x %\ld *ange its habits8 ,n "o ( ^! que/ions is easi] to answ] ?an ! "q :y nature is liv+ or animals h eyes4 ,yet )\t seek+ to solve ! only real problem1 namely1 h[ nature is actually con/itut$1 ?is introduction ( metaphysical p[]s raises all ! o!rs1 artificially & )\t occasion4 ,?is side ( ,m4 ,b]gson's philosophy illu/rates ! wor/ & mo/ famili> vices ( metaphysics4 ,x m>vels at "s appe>ance1 n to inve/igate x1 b to give x an unctu\s "n4 ,!n x turns ?is "n into a p[]1 t by its op]ation creates ! appe>ance4 ,?is is simply v]bal my?ology or ! hypo/asis ( words1 & !re w\ld be "s excuse = a rude p]son :o %\ld call x rubbi%4 ,! metaphysical abuse ( psy*ology is z extraord9>y 9 mod]n ,europe z t ( fancy ev] 0 9 ,india or ( rhetoric 9 ,greece4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,bradley murmur+1 z a matt] almo/ too obvi\s to m5tion1 t ! exi/5ce ( any?+ n s5ti5ce is unmean+ to him2 or1 if ,i may put ?is evid5t pr9ciple 9 o!r words1 t no?+ is able to exi/ unless some?+ else is able to discov] x4 ,yet ev5 if discov]$ ! poor c&idate = exi/5ce w\ld be foil$1 = x w\ld turn out to be no?+ b a modification ( ! m9d falsely said to discov] x4 ,exi/5ce & discov]y are conceptions :i* ! malici\s criticism ( k 7:i* is ! psy*ology ( k abus$7 pret5ds to h disc>d$ & outgr[n altoge!r2 ! conception ( imm$iacy has tak5 _! place4 ,?is malici\s criticism ( k is bas$ on ! sil5t assumption t k is impossible4 ,:5ev] y m5tion any?+1 x baffles y by talk+ in/ead ab\t y\r idea ( :at y m5tion2 & if ev] y describe ! orig9 ( any?+ x sub/itutes1 z a c\nt]-!ory1 its !ory ( ! orig9 ( y\r description4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be a c\nt]-!ory at all if ! criticism ( k _h n be5 corrupt$ into a negative dogma1 ma9ta9+ t ideas ( ?+s are ! only ?+s possible & t !re=e only ideas & n ?+s c h an orig94 ,no?+ c\ld bett] illu/rate h[ deep ?is cognitive impot5ce has got into p's bones ?an ! mann] 9 :i*1 9 ! late/ s*ools ( philosophy1 x is be+ disav[$2 = unblu%+ idealism is di/9ctly out ( fa%ion4 ,m4 ,b]gson tells u he has solv$ a difficulty t seem$ hopeless by avoid+ a fallacy common to idealism & realism4 ,! difficulty 0 t if y />t$ ) self-exi/5t matt] y c\ld nev] arrive at m9d1 & if y />t$ ) self-exi/5t m9d y c\ld nev] arrive at matt]4 ,! fallacy 0 t bo? s*ools innoc5tly suppos$ !re 0 an exi/+ _w to discov]1 & ea* ?\ght x possible t its view %\ld describe t _w z x really 04 ,:at n[ is ,m4 ,b]gson's solution8 ,t no articulat$ _w1 ei!r mat]ial or psy*ical1 exi/s at all1 b only a t5d5cy or endur+ ef=t to evolve images ( bo? sorts2 or r to evolve images :i* 9 _! f9] texture & vibration are images ( matt]1 b :i* gr\p$ & =e%ort5$ 9 v>i\s ways are images ( m9ds4 ,! idea ( nature & ! idea ( consci\sness are two app]ceptions or syn!ses ( ! same /uff ( exp]i5ce4 ,! two worlds ?us become sub/antially id5tical1 cont9u\s1 & sup]posable2 ea* c m]ge ins5sibly into ! o!r4 ,to p]ceive all ! influ5ces ( all ! po9ts ( all bodies w\ld be to s9k to ! condition ( a mat]ial object4#d ,to p]ceive "s ( ^! influ5ces1 by hav+ creat$ organs t %ut out ! o!rs1 is to be a m9d4 ,footnote #d3 ,matire et ,mmoire1 p4 #ch4 ,?is solution is obta9$ by sub/itut+1 z usual1 ! ideas ( ?+s = ! ?+s !mselves & *eat+ ! hone/ man :o 0 talk+ ab\t objects by answ]+ him z if he 7 talk+ ab\t himself4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we c\ld limit ourselves to feel+ life fl[ & ! :ole _w vibrate1 we %\ld n raise ! "q debat$ betwe5 reali/s & ideali/s2 b n to raise a "q is "o ?+ & to h solv$ x is ano!r4 ,:at has really be5 done is to (f] u a hi/ory1 on ! assumption ( idealism1 ( ! idea ( m9d & ! idea ( matt]4 ,?is hi/ory may be correct en\gh psy*ologically1 & su* z a /ud5t ( ! life ( reason might possibly come to2 b x is a m]e evasion ( ! orig9al "q conc]n+ ! relation ( ?is m5tal evolution to ! _w x occurs 94 ,9 tru?1 an envelop+ _w is assum$ by ^! h]$it>y ideali/s n to exi/2 !y rule x out a priori1 & ! life ( reason is suppos$ by !m to con/itute ! :ole univ]se4 ,to be sure1 !y say !y transc5d idealism no less ?an realism1 because !y m>k ! po9t :]e1 by contra/ or selection f o!r objects1 ! m9d has come to be di/+ui%$3 b ! subt]fuge is va91 because by m9d !y mean simply ! idea ( m9d1 & !y give no "n1 except p]haps exp]i5ce1 to ! m9d t =ms t idea4 ,matt] & m9d1 = ^! transc5d5tali/s pos+ z reali/s1 m]ge & fl[ s easily toge!r only because bo? are images or gr\ps ( images 9 an orig9al m9d presuppos$ b nev] hone/ly posit$4 ,x is 9 ?is =gott5 m9d1 also1 z ! pr(ess$ ideali/s urge1 t ! relations ( proximity & simultaneity betwe5 v>i\s lives c alone subsi/1 if to subsi/ is to be exp]i5c$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t ( real diff]5ce1 at lea/ initially1 betwe5 ! idealism ( ,m4 ,b]gson & t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! univ]sal m9d1 = ,m4 ,b]gson1 is 9 process ( actual trans=mation4 ,x is n an omnisci5t ,god b a cosmic s5sibility4 ,9 ?is s5sibility matt]1 ) all its vibrations felt 9 detail1 =ms "o mov+ panorama toge!r ) all m9ds1 :i* are patt]ns visible at w f v>i\s po9ts ( view 9 t same wo( ( matt]2 & s ! great exp]im5t crawls & %oots on1 ! dream ( a giant )\t a body1 m9dful ( ! pa/1 unc]ta9 ( ! future1 %uffl+ 8 images1 & ?read+ 8 pa9ful way ?r\gh a labyr9? ( cross-purposes4 ,su* at lea/ is ! notion :i* ! read] ga!rs f ! prevail+ "* ( ,m4 ,b]gson's words2 b ,i am n sure t x w\ld be 8 ultimate conclusion4 ,p]haps x is to be out ( sympa?y ) 8 _s to speak ( an ultimate conclusion at all2 no?+ comes to a conclusion & no?+ is ultimate4 ,_m dilemmas1 h[ev]1 are inevitable1 & if ! ma/] does n make a *oice himself1 8 pupils w divide & trace ! alt]native consequ5ces = !mselves 9 ea* direction4 ,if !y c>e mo/ = a real fluidity1 z ,william ,james did1 !y w /ick to some?+ l :at ,i h j describ$2 b if !y c>e mo/ = imm$iacy1 z we may suspect t ,m4 ,b]gson does1 !y w trans=m t view into some?+ f> m or?odox4 ,= a real fluidity & an absolute imm$iacy are n compatible4 ,to believe 9 real *ange y mu/ put "s tru/ 9 repres5tation1 & if y posit a real pa/ & a real future y posit indep5d5t objects4 ,9 absolute imm$iacy1 on ! contr>y1 in/ead ( *ange tak5 reali/ically1 y c h only a feel+ ( *ange4 ,! flux becomes an idea 9 ! absolute1 l ! image ( a mov+ spiral1 always fl[+ outw>ds or inw>ds1 b ) its c5tre & its circumf]5ce always immovable4 ,duration1 we mu/ rememb]1 is simply ! s5se ( la/+2 no "t is real t is n liv$ ?r\gh4 ,!re=e v>i\s lives _c be dat$ 9 a common "t1 b h no temporal relations to "o ano!r4 ,?us1 if we insi/ on imm$iacy1 ! vaunt$ novelty ( ! future & ! ine/imable fre$om ( life ?reat5 to become 7l all else7 ! giv5 feel+ ( novelty or fre$om1 9 pass+ f a giv5 image ( ! pa/ to a giv5 image ( ! future--all ^! t]ms be+ conta9$ 9 ! pres5t2 & we h rev]t$ to ! famili> conception ( absolute immutability 9 absolute life4 ,m4 ,b]gson has /udi$ ,plot9us & ,sp9oza2 ,i suspect he has n /udi$ !m 9 va94 ,nor is ?is ! only po9t at :i* ?is philosophy1 :5 we live a :ile ) x1 sudd5ly drops its mask ( novelty & %[s u a famili> face4 ,x w\ld seem1 = in/ance1 t b5ea? ! drama ( creative evolution !re 0 a deep] nature ( ?+s4 ,= app>5tly creative evolution 7ap>t f ! ob/acle ( matt]1 :i* may be expla9$ away ideali/ically7 has to submit to ! foll[+ conditions3 fir/1 to create 9 sequ5ce1 n all at once2 second1 to create "s p>ticul> sequ5ce only1 n all possible sequ5ces side by side2 & ?ird1 to cont9ue ! "o sequ5ce *os51 s9ce if ! additions ( e new mom5t 7 irrelevant to ! pa/1 no sequ5ce1 no vital p]si/5ce or progress w\ld be secur$1 & all ef=t w\ld be wa/$4 ,^! are compulsions2 b x may also1 ,i suppose1 be ?\ght a duty on ! "p ( ! vital impulse to be true to its initial direction & n to halt1 z x well might1 l ! self-rev]s+ ,w ( ,s*op5hau]1 on p]ceiv+ ! result ( its spontane\s ef=ts4 ,necessity w\ld ?us appe> beh9d lib]ty & duty be=e x4 ,?is summons to life to g on1 & ^! conditions impos$ ^u x1 might !n v plausibly be attribut$ to a ,deity exi/+ beyond ! _w1 z is done 9 religi\s tradition2 & su* a doctr9e1 if ,m4 ,b]gson %\ld happ5 to be hold+ x 9 res]ve1 w\ld p]haps help to expla9 "s obscurities 9 8 sy/em1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! p[] ( pot5tiality to actualise itself1 ( equipoise to become sudd5ly emphasis on "o p>ticul> "p1 & ( _s to pursue an end *os5 be=e x is conceiv$1 & :5 !re is no nature to pr$et]m9e x4 ,x has be5 said t ,m4 ,b]gson's sy/em precludes e?ics3 ,i _c ?9k t obs]vation j4 ,ap>t f ! moral inspiration :i* appe>s ?r\gh\t 8 philosophy1 :i* is inde$ a passionate attempt to exalt 7or debase7 values into p[]s1 x (f]s1 ,i %\ld say1 two />t+-po9ts = e?ics4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! lan vital ought n to falt]1 al?\gh x c d s3 !re=e to p]sev]e1 lab\r1 exp]im5t1 propagate1 mu/ be duties1 & ! opposite mu/ be s9s4 ,9 ! second place1 fre$om1 9 add+ uncaus$ increm5ts to life1 ought to d s 9 cont9uation ( ! :ole pa/1 ?\gh x might d s frivol\sly3 !re=e x is a duty to be /udi\s1 consecutive1 loyal2 y may move 9 any direction b y mu/ c>ry ! :ole pa/ ) y4 ,i w n say ?is sugge/s a s\nd sy/em ( e?ics1 because x w\ld be extract$ f dogmas :i* are physical & incid5tally incr$ible2 nor w\ld x repres5t a mature & disillusion$ morality1 because x w\ld look to ! future & n to ! et]nal2 nev]!less x w\ld be deeply e?ical1 express+ ! feel+s t h always inspir$ ,hebraic morality4 ,a good way ( te/+ ! calibre ( a philosophy is to ask :at x ?9ks ( dea?4 ,philosophy1 said ,plato1 is a m$itation on dea?1 or r1 if we w\ld d ju/ice to 8 ?\ght1 an aspiration to live disembodi$2 & ,s*op5hau] said t ! spectacle ( dea? 0 ! fir/ provocation to philosophy4 ,m4 ,b]gson has n yet treat$ ( ?is subject2 b we may p]haps p]ceive = ourselves ! place t x might occupy 9 8 sy/em4#e ,life1 accord+ to him1 is ! orig9al & absolute =ce4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 x 0 only a pot5tiality or t5d5cy4 ,to become specific lives1 life _h to emphasise & br+ exclusively to consci\sness1 "h & !re1 special possibilities ( liv+2 & :]e ^! special lives h _! *os5 b\nd>y 7if ?is way ( putt+ x is n too ,fi*tean7 !y posit or create a mat]ial environm5t4 ,matt] is ! view ea* life takes ( :at = x are reject$ or ab&on$ possibilities ( liv+4 ,?is might %[ h[ ! absolute w to live1 if x 0 to be c>ri$ out1 w\ld h to beg9 by evok+ a s5se ( dead or mat]ial ?+s ab\t x2 x w\ld n %[ h[ dea? c\ld ev] ov]take ! w itself4 ,if matt] 7 m]ely ! p]iph]y :i* life has to draw r\nd itself1 9 ord] to be a def9ite life1 matt] c\ld nev] aboli% any life2 z ! r+ ( a circus or ! s& ( ! ar5a c nev] aboli% ! %[ = :i* !y h be5 prep>$4 ,life w\ld !n be f$ & def9$ by matt]1 z an arti/ is s]v$ by ! matt] he ne$s to c>ry on 8 art4 ,footnote #e3 ,m4 ,b]gson has %[n at consid]able l5g? t ! idea ( non-exi/5ce is m complex1 psy*ologically1 ?an ! idea ( exi/5ce1 & po/]ior to x4 ,he evid5tly ?9ks ?is disposes ( ! reality ( non-exi/5ce also3 = x is ! reality t he wi%es to exorcise by 8 words4 ,if1 h[ev]1 non-exi/5ce & ! idea ( non-exi/5ce 7 id5tical1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = me n to exi/ be=e ,i 0 born3 my non-exi/5ce !n w\ld be m complex ?an my exi/5ce n[1 & po/]ior to x4 ,! initiat$ w\ld n recoil f ?is consequ5ce1 b x might op5 ! eyes ( "s cate*um5s4 ,x is a good te/ ( ! malici\s !ory ( k4 ,yet 9 actual life !re is und5iably su* a ?+ z dang] & failure4 ,m4 ,b]gson ev5 ?9ks t ! fac+ ( increas$ dang]s is "o pro( t vital =ce is an absolute ?+2 = if life 7 an equilibrium1 x w\ld n displace itself & run new risks ( dea?1 by mak+ itself m complex & tickli%1 z x does 9 ! high] organisms & ! f9] arts4#f ,yet if life is ! only sub/ance1 h[ is su* a risk ( dea? possible at all8 ,i suppose ! special life t arises ab\t a giv5 nucleus ( feel+1 by emphasis+ "s ( ! relations :i* t feel+ has 9 ! _w1 might be aboli%$ if a great] emphasis 7 laid on ano!r set ( its relations1 />t+ f "s o!r nucleus4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ^! selections1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b]gson1 are n app]ceptions m]ely4 ,!y are creative ef=ts4 ,! future con/itution ( ! flux w v>y 9 response to !m4 ,ea* m9d sucks ! _w1 s f> z x c1 into its own vortex4 ,a cross app]ception w !n am\nt to a contr>y =ce4 ,two s\ls w n be able to dom9ate ! same matt] 9 peace & fri5d%ip4 ,be+ =ces1 !y w pull t matt] 9 diff]5t ways4 ,ea* s\l w t5d to dev\r & to direct exclusively ! movem5t influ5c$ by ! o!r s\l4 ,! "o t succe$s 9 rul+ t movem5t w live on2 ! o!r1 ,i suppose1 w die1 al?\gh ,m4 ,b]gson may n l t pa9ful ^w4 ,he says ! l[] organisms /ore en]gy = ! high] organisms to use2 b :5 a %eep appropriates ! en]gy /or$ up 9 grass1 or a man t /or$ up 9 mutton1 x looks z if ! grass & ! %eep _h p]i%$4 ,_! lan vital is no long] !irs1 = 9 ?is r\gh _w to live is to kill4 ,no?+ arises 9 nature1 ,lucretius says1 save help$ by ! dea? ( "s o!r ?+4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is no defeat = ! lan vital 9 g5]al2 = accord+ to our philosoph] ! :ole univ]se f ! beg9n+ has be5 mak+ = j t supreme sort ( consci\sness :i* man1 :o eats ! mutton1 n[ possesses4 ,! %eep & ! grass 7 only ?+s by ! way & scaffold+ = our preci\s humanity4 ,b w\ld x n be bett] if "s be+ %\ld arise nobl] ?an man1 n requir+ ab/ract intellect nor artificial weapons1 b end[$ ) in/9ct & intuition &1 let u say1 ! p[] ( kill+ by radiat+ electricity8 ,& might n m5 !n turn out to h be5 m]e explosives1 9 :i* en]gy 0 /or$ = conv5i5t dige/ion by t sup]ior creature8 ,a %ock+ ?\ght1 no d\bt1 l ! ?\ght ( dea?1 & m di/ress+ to our vital feel+s ?an is ! pleas+ assimilation ( grass & mutton 9 our bellies4 ,yet ,i c see no gr\nd1 except a desire to flatt] oneself1 = n cr$it+ ! lan vital ) "s su* dige/ive int5tion4 ,m4 ,b]gson's sy/em w\ld h>dly be m speculative if x ent]ta9$ ?is possibility1 & x w\ld seem m hone/4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is argum5t aga9/ me*anism is a good in/ance ( ! difficulties :i* my?ological habits ( m9d import unnecess>ily into sci5ce4 ,an equilibrium w\ld n displace itself6 ,b an equilibrium is a natural result1 n a magical entity4 ,x is cont9ually displac$1 z its con/itu5ts are modifi$ by int]nal movem5ts or ext]nal ag5cies2 & :ile _m a "t ! equilibrium is !reby de/roy$ altoge!r1 sometimes x is replac$ by a m elaborate & p]il\s equilibrium2 z glaci]s c>ry _m rocks d[n1 b leave "s1 "h & !re1 pil$ 9 ! mo/ unlikely p9nacles & pagodas4 ,! vital impulse is c]ta9ly immortal2 = if we take x 9 ! naturali/ic exot]ic s5se1 = a =ce discov]$ 9 biology1 x is an indep5d5t ag5t com+ d[n into matt]1 organis+ x aga9/ its w1 & /irr+ x l ! angel ! pool ( ,be!sda4 ,?\gh ! ripples die d[n1 ! angel is n affect$4 ,he has m]ely fl[n away4 ,& if we take ! vital impulse my/ically & esot]ically1 z ! only primal =ce1 creat+ matt] 9 ord] to play ) x1 ! immortality ( life is ev5 m obvi\s2 = !re is !n no?+ else 9 be+ t c\ld possibly aboli% x4 ,b :5 we come to immortality = ! individual1 all gr[s obscure & ambigu\s4 ,! orig9al t5d5cy ( life 0 c]ta9ly cosmic & n di/+ui%$ into p]sons3 we are told x 0 l a wireless message s5t at ! creation :i* is be+ read (f at la/ by ! humanity ( to-day4 ,9 ! naturali/ic view1 ! div]sity ( p]sons w\ld seem to be due to ! diff]5t mat]ial conditions "u :i* "o & ! same spiritual purpose mu/ fight its way t[>ds realisation 9 diff]5t times & places4 ,x is q conceivable1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! my/ical view ! v s5se ( ! orig9al message %\ld comport ?is v>iety ( int]pretations1 & t ! purpose %\ld always h be5 to produce div]se individuals4 ,! fir/ view1 z usual1 is ! "o :i* ,m4 ,b]gson has prevail+ly 9 m9d1 & communicates mo/ plausibly2 :ile he holds to x he is /ill talk+ ab\t ! natural _w1 & s we /ill "k :at he is talk+ ab\t4 ,on ?is view1 h[ev]1 p]sonal immortality w\ld be impossible2 x w\ld be1 if x 7 aim$ at1 a self-contradiction 9 ! aim ( life2 = ! div]sity ( p]sons w\ld be due to imp$im5ts only1 & s\ls w\ld diff] simply 9 s f> z !y mutilat$ ! message :i* !y 7 all alike try+ to repeat4 ,!y w\ld necess>ily1 :5 ! _s 0 victori\s1 be reabsorb$ & id5tifi$ 9 ! univ]sal _s4 ,?is view also seems mo/ consonant ) ,m4 ,b]gson's !ory ( primitive reality1 z a flux ( fus$ images1 or a m9d lo/ 9 matt]2 to ?is view1 too1 is attributable 8 ho/ility to intellig5ce1 9 t x arre/s ! flux1 divides ! fus$ images1 & !reby murd]s & devitalises reality4 ,( c\rse ! de/9y ( _s w\ld n be to rev]t to t diffus$ mat]iality2 = ! orig9al m9d lo/ 9 matt] _h a v %ort memory2 x 0 a sort ( cosmic trepidation only1 :]eas ! ultimate m9d w\ld rememb] all t1 9 its ef=ts aft] fre$om1 x _h ev] sup] add$ to t trepidation or made x turn into4 ,ev5 ! ab/ract views ( ?+s tak5 by ! practical intellect w\ld1 ,i fe>1 h to burd5 ! univ]sal memory to ! end4 ,we %\ld be rememb]$1 ev5 if we c\ld no long] exi/4 ,on ! o!r m pr(\nd view1 h[ev]1 might n p]sonal immortality be secur$8 ,suppose ! orig9al message said3 ,translate me into a ?\s& tongues6 ,9 fulfill+ its duty1 ! univ]se w\ld !n cont9ue to divide its dream into phantom individuals2 z x _h to insulate its p>ts 9 ! beg9n+ 9 ord] to dom9ate & trans=m !m freely1 s x w\ld always cont9ue to insulate !m1 s z n to lose its cross-vi/as & its mobility4 ,!re is no reason1 !n1 :y individuals %\ld n live = ev]4 ,b a condition seems to be involv$ :i* may well make belief /agg]4 ,x w\ld be impossible = ! univ]se to divide its images into p>ticul> m9ds unless x pres]v$ ! images ( _! p>ticul> bodies also4 ,p>ticul> m9ds arise1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 9 ! int]e/s ( practice3 :i* means1 biologically1 to secure a bett] adju/m5t ( ! body to its environm5t1 s t x may survive4 ,my/ically1 too1 ! fundam5tal =ce is a half-consci\s purpose t practice1 or fre$om1 %\ld come to be2 or r1 t an app>ition or exp]i5ce ( practice & fre$om %\ld arise2 = 9 ?is philosophy appe>ance is all4 ,to secure ?is desirable app>ition ( practice special tasks are set to v>i\s nuclei 9 felt space 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! task to see71 & ! image ( a body 79 ?is case t ( an eye7 is gradually =m$1 9 ord] to execute t task2 = evid5tly ! ,absolute c see only if x looks1 & to look x mu/ fir/ *oose a po9t ( view & an optical me?od4 ,?is po9t ( view & ?is me?od posit ! individual2 !y fix him 9 "t & space1 & det]m9e ! quality & range ( 8 passive exp]i5ce3 !y are 8 body4 ,if ! ,absolute1 !n1 wi%es to reta9 ! individual n m]ely z "o ( its memories b z "o ( its organs ( practical life1 x mu/ beg9 by reta9+ ! image ( 8 body4 ,8 body mu/ cont9ue to figure 9 t l&scape ( nature :i* ! absolute life1 z x pulses1 keeps always compos+ & recompos+4 ,o!rwise a p]sonal m9d1 a sket* ( ?+s made f ! po9t ( view & 9 ! int]e/s ( t body1 _c be pres]v$4 ,m4 ,b]gson1 accord+ly1 %\ld ei!r tell u t our bodies are go+ to rise aga91 or he %\ld n tell u1 or give u to und]/&1 t our m9ds are go+ to endure4 ,i suppose he _c v5ture to prea* ! resurrection ( ! body to ?is weak-kne$ g5]ation2 he is too mod]n & plausible = t4 ,yet he is too amiable to d5y to our dilat$ no/rils "s voluptu\s :iffs ( immortality4 ,he asks if we are n l$ to suppose t consci\sness passes ?r\gh matt] to be temp]$ l /eel1 to con/itute di/9ct p]sonalities1 & prep>e !m = a high] exi/5ce4 ,o!r animal m9ds are b human m9ds arre/$2 m5 at la/ 7:at m51 ,i wond]87 are capable ( rememb]+ all & will+ all & controll+ _! pa/ & _! future1 s t we %all h no repugnance 9 admitt+ t 9 man1 ?\gh p]haps 9 man alone1 consci\sness pursues its pa? beyond ?is e>?ly life4 ,else:]e he says1 9 a phrase already mu* quot$ & p]haps de/9$ to be fam\s1 t 9 man ! _s c spurn e k9d ( resi/ance & break ?r\gh _m an ob/acle1 p]haps ev5 dea?4 ,"h ! t5or has end$ on ! inevitable high note1 & ! gall]y is delight$4 ,b 0 t ! note set d[n = him 9 ! music8 ,& has he n sung x 9 falsetto8 ,! imm$iate kn[s no?+ ab\t dea?2 x takes intellig5ce to conceive x2 & t p]haps is :y ,m4 ,b]gson says s little ab\t x1 & t little s f> f s]i\s4 ,b he talks a great deal ab\t life1 he feels he has p5etrat$ deeply into its nature2 & yet dea?1 toge!r ) bir?1 is ! natural analysis ( :at life is4 ,:at is ?is creative purpose1 t mu/ wait = sun & ra9 to set x 9 motion8 ,:at is ?is life1 t 9 any individual c be sudd5ly ext+ui%$ by a bullet8 ,:at is ?is elan-vital1 t a little fall 9 temp]ature w\ld bani% altoge!r f ! univ]se8 ,! /udy ( dea? may be out ( fa%ion1 b x is nev] out ( season4 ,! omission ( ?is1 :i* is almo/ ! omission ( wisdom f philosophy1 w>ns u t 9 ,m4 ,b]gson's ?\ght we h some?+ occasional & p>tial1 ! "w ( an a/ute apologi/1 a p>ty man1 driv5 to desp]ate speculation by a timid atta*m5t to prejudice4 ,l o!r t]rifi$ idealisms1 ! sy/em ( ,m4 ,b]gson has nei!r good s5se1 nor rig\r1 nor c&\r1 nor solidity4 ,x is a brilliant attempt to confuse ! lessons ( exp]i5ce by ref9+ ^u its texture1 an attempt to make u halt1 = ! love ( primitive illusions1 9 ! pa? ( discipl9e & reason4 ,x is likely to prove a successful attempt1 because x flatt]s ! weaknesses ( ! mom5t1 expresses !m ) emotion1 & cov]s !m ) a fe9t at sci5tific speculation4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a p[]ful sy/em1 l t ( ,hegel1 capable ( bewild]+ & obsess+ _m :o h no natural love = %ams4 ,m4 ,b]gson w h>dly bewild]2 8 /yle is too cle>1 ! field :]e 8 j obs]vations lie--! imm$iate--is too well def9$1 & ! my?ology :i* results f project+ ! t]ms ( ! imm$iate into ! absolute1 & turn+ !m into p[]s1 is too obvi\sly v]bal4 ,he w n long impose on any save ^? :o enjoy be+ impos$ ^u2 b = a long "t he may increase _! numb]4 ,8 doctr9e is inde$ allur+4 ,in/ead ( tell+ u1 z a /]n & contrite philosophy w\ld1 t ! tru? is remote1 difficult1 & almo/ undiscov]able by human ef=ts1 t ! univ]se is va/ & unfa?omable1 yet t ! k ( its ways is preci\s to our bett] selves1 if we w\ld n live befool$1 ?is philosophy r tells u t no?+ is tru] or m preci\s ?an our rudim5t>y consci\sness1 ) its vague in/9cts & premonitions1 t ev]y?+ ideal is fictiti\s1 & t ! univ]se1 at he>t1 is z palpitat+ & irrational z ourselves4 ,:y !n /ra9 ! inquiry8 ,:y seek to dom9ate passion by und]/&+ x8 ,r live on2 "w1 x matt]s little at :at1 & gr[1 x matt]s no?+ 9 :at direction4 ,ex]t y\r in/9ctive p[]s ( vegetation & emotion2 let y\r philosophy itself be a frank expression ( ?is flux1 ! ro> ( ! ocean 9 y\r little sea-%ell1 a mom5t>y po/ure ( y\r liv+ s\l1 n a />k adoration ( ?+s reput$ et]nal4 ,s ! intellectual fai?lessness & ! mat]ial s]vility ( ! age are flatt]$ toge!r & taught to ju/ify !mselves !oretically4 ,!y cry joyfully1 non peccavi1 :i* is ! mod]n =mula = confession4 ,m4 ,b]gson's philosophy itself is a confession ( a c]ta9 my/ical rebellion & atavism 9 ! contempor>y m9d4 ,x w rema9 a beautiful monum5t to ! pass+ mom5t1 a capital film = ! c9ematography ( hi/ory1 full ( psy*ological tru? & ( a k9d ( re/ra9$ s5tim5tal piety4 ,8 ?\ght has all ! *>m t c g )\t /r5g? & all ! compet5ce t c g )\t ma/]y4 ,?is is n an age ( ma/]y2 x is confus$ ) too mu* bus9ess2 x has no brave simplicity4 ,! m9d has =gott5 its prop] function1 :i* is to cr[n life by quick5+ x into intellig5ce1 & ?9ks if x c\ld only prove t x accel]at$ life1 t might p]haps ju/ify its exi/5ce2 l a philosoph] at sea :o1 to make himself useful1 %\ld bl[ into ! sail4 ,,iv ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,mr4 ,,b]tr& ,,russell ,i4 ,a ,,new ,,s*ola/icism ,9 its *ase aft] idols ?is age has n :olly =gott5 ! gods1 & reason & fai? 9 reason are n left )\t advocates4 ,"s ye>s ago1 at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,mr4 ,g4,e4 ,moore began to produce a v deep impression among/ ! y\ng] spirits by 8 p[]ful & lum9\s dialectic4 ,l ,socrates1 he us$ all ! %>p arts ( a disputant 9 ! int]e/s ( common s5se & ( an almo/ ar*aic dogmatism4 ,^? :o he>d him felt h[ sup]ior 8 position 01 bo? 9 rig\r & 9 =ce1 to ! prevail+ inv]sions & idealisms4 ,! abuse ( psy*ology1 rampant = two hundr$ ye>s1 seem$ at la/ to be detect$ & *all5g$2 & ! impressioni/ic rhetoric t philosophy 0 saturat$ ) began to be squeez$ out by cle> que/ions1 & by a disconc]t+ dem& = lit]al s9c]ity4 ,g]man idealism1 :5 we /udy x z a product ( its own age & c\ntry1 is a mo/ engag+ ph5om5on2 x is full ( afflatus1 sweep1 & deep se>*+s ( he>t2 b x is ess5tially romantic & egoti/ical1 & all 9 x t is n soliloquy is m]e sy/em-mak+ & sophi/ry4 ,!re=e :5 x is taught by unromantic p ex ca!dra1 9 /5torian tones1 & repres5t$ z ! rational f\ndation ( sci5ce & religion1 ) nei!r ( :i* x has any hone/ sympa?y1 x becomes positively odi\s--"o ( ! wor/ impo/ure & blights to :i* a y\?ful imag9ation c\ld be subject$4 ,x is *iefly aga9/ ! incubus ( ?is cele/ial mon/] t ,mr4 ,moore d>$ to lift up 8 eyes2 & _m a less c\rage\s or less cle>-sight$ p]son 0 ?ankful to him = x4 ,b a man ) su* a mission requires a c]ta9 n>r[ness & conc5tration ( m9d2 he has to be intol]ant & to p\nd a good deal on ! same notes4 ,we ne$ n wond] if ,mr4 ,moore has writt5 r meag]ly1 & ) a c]ta9 vehem5ce & want ( imag9ation4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 0 m ?an made up by ! p[]ful ally :o soon came to 8 aid4 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell began by adopt+ ,mr4 ,moore's metaphysics1 b he has giv5 z mu* z he has receiv$4 ,ap>t f 8 well-kn[n ma!matical atta9m5ts1 he possesses by inh]itance ! political & hi/orical m9d1 & an intrepid det]m9ation to pi]ce conv5tion & look to ultimate ?+s4 ,he has writt5 abundantly &1 :]e ! subject p]mits1 ) a s+ul> lucidity1 c&\r1 & *>m4 ,especially 8 ,philosophical ,essays & 8 little book on ,! ,problems ( ,philosophy c be read ) pleasure by any intellig5t p]son1 & give a tol]ably r\nd$ picture ( ! t5ets ( ! s*ool4 ,yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,russell1 l ,mr4 ,moore1 is /ill "y & 8 ?\ghts h n assum$ _! ultimate =m4 ,moreov]1 he lives 9 an atmosph]e ( academic disputation :i* makes "o te*nical po9t aft] ano!r acquire a prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,8 book on ,! ,problems ( ,philosophy is admirable 9 /yle1 temp]1 & insight1 b x h>dly des]ves its title2 x treats pr9cipally1 9 a some:at p]sonal & p>tial way1 ( ! relation ( k to its objects1 & x might r h be5 call$ ,! problems :i* ,moore & ,i h be5 agitat+ lately4 ,inde$1 8 philosophy is s little settl$ z yet t e new article & e fre% conv]sation revokes "s ( 8 =m] op9ions1 & places ! crux ( philosophical controv]sy at a new po9t4 ,we are soon made aw>e t exact ?9k+ & true ?9k+ are n synonym\s1 b t "o exact ?\ght1 9 ! same m9d1 may be ! exact opposite ( ! next4 ,?is incon/ancy1 :i* aft] all does n g v deep1 is a sign ( s9c]ity & pure love ( tru?2 x m>ks ! fre%ness1 ! vivacity1 ! self-=getfulness1 ! logical ard\r belong+ to ?is delightful re=m]4 ,x may seem a p>adox1 b at bottom x is n1 t ! vitali/s %\ld be oppress$1 womani%1 & my/ical1 & only ! intellectuali/s ke51 argum5tative1 fe>less1 & full ( life4 ,i m5tion ?is casualness & incon/ancy 9 ,mr4 ,russell's utt]ances n to d]ide !m1 b to %[ ! read] h[ impossible x is1 at ?is juncture1 to give a compreh5sive acc\nt ( 8 philosophy1 mu* less a f9al judgm5t ^u x4 ,! pr9ciples mo/ fundam5tal & dom9ant 9 8 ?\ght are p]haps ! foll[+3 ,t ! objects ! m9d deals )1 :e!r mat]ial or ideal1 are :at & :]e ! m9d says !y are1 & indep5d5t ( x2 t "s g5]al pr9ciples & ideas h to be assum$ to be valid n m]ely = ?\ght b = ?+s2 t relations may subsi/1 arise1 & disappe> betwe5 ?+s )\t at all affect+ ^! ?+s int]nally2 & t ! nature ( ev]y?+ is j :at x is1 & n to be confus$ ei!r ) its orig9 or ) any op9ion ab\t x4 ,^! pr9ciples1 jo9$ ) an obvi\s pr$ilection = ,plato & ,leibnitz among philosoph]s1 lead to ! foll[+ doctr9es1 among o!rs3 t ! m9d or s\l is an entity sep>ate f its ?\ghts & pre-exi/5t2 t a mat]ial _w exi/s 9 space & "t2 t its sub/antial elem5ts may be inf9ite 9 numb]1 hav+ position & quality1 b no ext5sion1 s t ea* m9d or s\l might well be "o ( !m2 t bo? ! exi/5t & ! ideal worlds may be inf9ite1 :ile ! ideal _w conta9s an inf9ity ( ?+s n realis$ 9 ! actual _w2 & t ?is ideal _w is kn[able by a sep>ate m5tal consid]ation1 a consid]ation :i* is1 h[ev]1 empirical 9 _s1 s9ce ! ideal _w ( e?ics1 logic1 & ma!matics has a special & surpris+ con/itution1 :i* we d n make b mu/ att5tively discov]4 ,! read] w p]ceive1 p]haps1 t if ! function ( philosophy is really1 z ! say+ goes1 to give u assurance ( ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 ,mr4 ,russell's philosophy is a dire failure4 ,9 fact1 its au?or sometimes gives v5t to a r emphatic pessimism ab\t ?is _w2 he has a ke5 s5se = ! manifold absurdities ( exi/5ce4 ,b ! s5se = absurdities is n )\t its delights1 & ,mr4 ,russell's satirical wit is m con/ant & bett] gr\nd$ ?an 8 despair4 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to say ( 8 philosophy :at he himself has said ( t ( ,leibnitz1 t x is at its be/ 9 ^? subjects :i* are mo/ remote f human life4 ,x ne$s to be v l>gely supplem5t$ & mu* rip5$ & humanis$ be=e x c be call$ satisfactory or wise2 b "t may br+ ^! fulfilm5ts1 & meantime ,i _c help ?9k+ x auspici\s 9 ! highe/ degree t1 9 a "t ( su* impressioni/ic ha/e & plebeian loos5ess ( ?\ght1 s*ola/ic rig\r %\ld sudd5ly raise its head aga91 aspir+ to s]i\sness1 solidity1 & p]fection ( doctr9e3 & ?is n 9 ! int]e/s ( religi\s or?odoxy1 b precisely 9 ! mo/ emancipat$ & unfl9*+ly radical qu>t]4 ,x is refre%+ & reassur+1 aft] ! confus$1 melodramatic ways ( philosophis+ to :i* ! ideali/s & ! pragmati/s h accu/om$ u1 to brea! aga9 ! crisp air ( s*ola/ic common s5se4 ,x is good = u to be held d[n1 z ! ,platonic ,socrates w\ld h held u1 to say+ :at we really believe1 & /ick+ to :at we say4 ,we seem to rega9 our intellectual bir?right :5 we are all[$ to decl>e our g5u9e int5t1 ev5 9 philosophy1 in/ead ( begg+ "s k9d psy*ologi/ to inve/igate our mean+ = u1 or ev5 wait+ = ! flux ( ev5ts to end[ u ) :at mean+ x w4 ,x is also in/ructive to h ! e?ical attitude purifi$ ( all t is n e?ical & turn$ explicitly into :at1 9 its moral capacity1 x ess5tially is3 a gr\ndless pron\ncem5t ^u ! bett] & ! worse4 ,"h a c]ta9 "o-sid$ness beg9s to make itself felt 9 ,mr4 ,russell's views4 ,! e?ical attitude d\btless has no e?ical gr\nd1 b t fact does n prev5t x f hav+ a natural gr\nd2 & ! obs]v] ( ! animate creation ne$ n h mu* difficulty 9 see+ :at t natural gr\nd is4 ,mr4 ,russell1 h[ev]1 refuses to look also 9 t direction4 ,he insi/s1 rightly en\gh1 t good is pr$icat$ categorically by ! consci5ce2 he w n rememb] t all life is n moral bias m]ely1 & t1 9 ! v act ( recognis+ excell5ce & pursu+ x1 we may glance back ov] our %\ld] & p]ceive h[ our moral bias is condition$1 & :at basis x has 9 ! physical ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is backw>d look1 :5 ! h& is on ! pl\gh1 may inde$ confuse our e?ical self-expression1 bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice2 & ,i am ! la/ to d5y ! ne$ ( insi/+1 9 e?ics1 on e?ical judgm5ts 9 all _! purity & dogmatic s9c]ity4 ,su* insi/5ce1 if we _h he>d m ( x 9 our y\?1 might h sav$ _m ( u f *ronic entanglem5ts2 & !re is no?+1 next to ,plato1 :i* ought to be m recomm5d$ to ! "y philosoph] ?an ! tea*+s ( ,messrs4 ,russell & ,moore1 if he wi%es to be a morali/ & a logician1 & n m]ely to seem "o4 ,yet ?is salut>y doctr9e1 ?\gh correct1 is inadequate4 ,x is a monocul> philosophy1 see+ outl9es cle>1 b miss+ ! solid bulk & p]spective ( ?+s4 ,we ne$ b9ocul> vision to quick5 ! :ole m9d & yield a full image ( reality4 ,e?ics %\ld be controll$ by a physics t p]ceives ! mat]ial gr\nd & ! relative /atus ( :atev] is moral4 ,o!rwise e?ics itself t5ds to gr[ n>r[1 /rid5t1 & fanatical2 z may be obs]v$ 9 asceticism & puritanism1 or1 = ! matt] ( t1 9 ,mr4 ,moore's uncivilis$ lean+ t[>ds ! doctr9e ( retributive puni%m5t1 or 9 ,mr4 ,russell's intol]ance ( selfi%ness & patriotism1 & 9 8 refusal to ent]ta9 any pi\s rev]5ce = ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! quality ( wisdom1 l t ( m]cy1 is n /ra9$4 ,to *oose1 to love & hate1 to h a moral life1 is inevitable & legitimate 9 ! "p2 b x is ! function ( ! "p z "p1 & we mu/ keep x 9 its place if we wi% to view ! :ole 9 its true proportions4 ,ev5 to express ju/ly ! aim ( our own life we ne$ to reta9 a con/ant sympa?y ) :at is animal & fundam5tal 9 x1 else we %all give a false place1 & too l\d an emphasis1 to our def9itions ( ! ideal4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be mu* worse n to rea* ! ideal at all1 or to confuse x = want ( c\rage & s9c]ity 9 utt]+ our true m9d2 & x is 9 utt]+ our true m9d t ,mr4 ,russell c help u1 ev5 if our true m9d %\ld n always co9cide ) 84 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i d n attempt to cov] all ,mr4 ,russell's doctr9e 7! deep] ma!matical purls ( x be+ beyond my compreh5sion71 & ! read] w f9d "s speculations ( my own int]sp]s$ 9 :at ,i report ( 84 ,i m]ely trav]se aft] him ?ree subjects t seem ( imag9ative int]e/1 to indicate ! inspiration & ! imprud5ce1 z ,i ?9k !m1 ( ?is "y philosophy4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,ess5ce ,! solution ( ! difficulties :i* =m]ly surr\nd$ ! ma!matical inf9ite is probably1 says ,mr4 ,russell1 ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( :i* our own age has to boa/4444 ,x 0 assum$ z self-evid5t1 until ,cantor & ,d$ek9d e/abli%$ ! opposite1 t if1 f any collection ( ?+s1 "s 7 tak5 away1 ! numb] ( ?+s left mu/ always be less ?an ! orig9al numb] ( ?+s4 ,?is assumption1 z a matt] ( fact1 holds only ( f9ite collections2 & ! rejection ( x1 :]e ! inf9ite is conc]n$1 has be5 %[n to remove all ! difficulties t hi!rto baffl$ human reason 9 ?is matt]4 ,& he adds 9 ano!r place3 ,to reconcile u1 by ! exhibition ( its awful beauty1 to ! reign ( ,fate 444 is ! task ( trag$y4 ,b ma!matics takes u /ill fur!r f :at is human1 into ! region ( absolute necessity1 to :i* n only ! actual _w1 b e possible _w1 mu/ con=m2 & ev5 "h x builds a habitation1 or r f9ds a habitation et]nally /&+1 :]e our ideals are fully satisfi$ & our be/ hopes are n ?w>t$4 ,x is only :5 we ?or\ghly und]/& ! entire indep5d5ce ( ourselves1 :i* belongs to ?is _w t reason f9ds1 t we c adequately realise ! pr(\nd importance ( its beauty4 ,ma!matics seems to h a value = ,mr4 ,russell ak9 to t ( religion4 ,x af=ds a sanctu>y to :i* to flee f ! _w1 a heav5 suffus$ ) a s]5e radiance & full ( a peculi> sweetness & consolation4 ,real life1 he writes1 is to mo/ m5 a long second-be/1 a p]petual compromise betwe5 ! ideal & ! possible2 b ! _w ( pure reason kn[s no compromise1 no practical limitations1 no b>ri] to ! creative activity embody+ 9 spl5did edifices ! passionate aspiration aft] ! p]fect f :i* all great "w spr+s4 ,remote f human passions1 remote ev5 f ! pitiful laws ( nature1 ! g5]ations h gradually creat$ an ord]$ cosmos :]e pure ?\ght c dwell z 9 its natural home1 & :]e "o1 at lea/1 ( our nobl] impulses c escape f ! dre>y exile ( ! actual _w4 ,?is /udy is "o ( ^? elem5ts 9 human life :i* m]it a place 9 heav54 ,! true _s ( delight1 ! exaltation1 ! s5se ( be+ m ?an man1 :i* is ! t\*/one ( ! highe/ excell5ce1 is to be f\nd 9 ma!matics z surely z 9 poetry4 ,?is en?usia/ic language might h1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 an opposite effect ^u "s read]s to t :i* ,mr4 ,russell desires4 ,x might make !m suspect t ! claim to "k an absolute ideal necessity1 s satisfy+ to "o ( our passionate impulses1 might be prompt$ by ! same conceit1 & subject to ! same illusion1 z ! claim to "k absolute tru? 9 religion4 ,beauty1 :5 attribut$ to necess>y relations betwe5 logical entities1 ca/s a net ( subjectivity ov] !m2 & at ?is net ! omnivor\s empirici/ might be tempt$ to haul1 until he fanci$ he _h l&$ ! :ole miracul\s draught ( fi%es4 ,! fi%1 h[ev]1 w\ld h slipp$ ?r\gh ! me%es2 & x w\ld be only 8 own vital emotion1 project$ = a mom5t into ! ma!matical _w1 t he w\ld be able to draw back & hug to 8 bosom4 ,et]nal tru? is z disconsolate z x is consol+1 & z dre>y z x is int]e/+3 ^! moral values are1 9 fact1 values :i* ! activity ( contemplat+ t sort ( tru? has = diff]5t m9ds2 & x is no congru\s homage (f]$ to ideal necessity1 b m]ely a private ende>m5t1 to call x beautiful or good4 ,! case is n su* z if we 7 deal+ ) exi/5ce4 ,exi/5ce is arbitr>y2 x is a que/ionable ?+ ne$+ ju/ification2 & we1 at lea/1 _c ju/ify x o!rwise ?an by tak+ note ( "s aff9ity :i* x may %[ to human aspirations4 ,!re=e our private ende>m5ts1 :5 we call "s exi/+ ?+ good or beautiful1 are n imp]t95t2 !y assign to ?is *ance ?+ its only assignable excuse = be+1 namely1 ! s]vice x may *ance to r5d] to ! _s4 ,b ideal necessity or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ess5tial possibility has its excuse = be+ 9 itself1 s9ce x is n cont+5t or que/ionable at all4 ,! aff9ity :i* ! human m9d may develop to c]ta9 prov9ces ( ess5ce is adv5titi\s to ^? ess5ces1 & h>dly to be m5tion$ 9 _! pres5ce4 ,x is some?+ ! m9d has acquir$1 & may lose4 ,x is an incid5t 9 ! life ( reason1 & no inh]5t *>act]i/ic ( et]nal necessity4 ,! realm ( ess5ce conta9s ! inf9ite multitude ( ,leibnitz's possible worlds1 _m ( ^! worlds be+ v small & simple1 & consi/+ m]ely ( :at might be pres5t$ 9 "s isolat$ mom5t ( feel+4 ,if any su* feel+1 h[ev]1 or its object1 nev] 9 fact occurs1 ! ess5ce t x w\ld h pres5t$ if x _h occurr$ rema9s possible m]ely2 s t no?+ c ev] exi/ 9 nature or = consci\sness :i* has n a prior & indep5d5t locus 9 ! realm ( ess5ce4 ,:5 a man lights ^u a ?\ght or is int]e/$ 9 trac+ a relation1 he does n introduce ^? objects into ! realm ( ess5ce1 b m]ely selects !m f ! pl5itude ( :at lies !re et]nally4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is selection lies1 ( c\rse1 9 8 human nature & circum/ances2 & ! satisfaction he may f9d 9 s ex]cis+ 8 m9d w be a consequ5ce ( 8 m5tal disposition & ( ! animal in/9cts b5ea?4 ,two & two w\ld /ill make f\r if ,i 7 incapable ( c\nt+1 or if ,i f\nd x extremely pa9ful to d s1 or if ,i ?\ght x naive & pre-,kantian ( ^! numb]s n to comb9e 9 a m vital fa%ion1 & make five4 ,s also1 if ,i happ5 to enjoy c\nt+1 or to f9d ! con/ancy ( numb]s sublime1 & ! rev]sibility ( ! processes connect+ !m consol+1 9 contra/ to ! irrevocable flux ( liv+ ?+s1 all ?is is due to my idiosyncrasy4 ,x is no "p ( ! ess5ce ( numb]s to be cong5ial to me2 b x has p]haps become a "p ( my g5ius to h aff9ity to !m4 ,& h[1 may ,i ask1 has x become a "p ( my g5ius8 ,simply because nature1 ( :i* ,i am a "p1 & to :i* all my ideas mu/ ref] if !y are to be relevant to my de/9y1 happ5s to h ma!matical =m4 ,nature _h to h "s =m or o!r1 if x 0 to exi/ at all2 & :atev] =m x _h happ5$ to take w\ld h _h its prior place 9 ! realm ( ess5ce1 & its ess5tial & logical relations !re4 ,t p>ticul> "p ( ! realm ( ess5ce :i* nature *ances to exemplify or to sugge/ is ! "p t may be reveal$ to me1 & t is ! pr$e/9$ focus ( all my admirations4 ,ess5ce z su* has no p[] to reveal itself1 or to take on exi/5ce2 & ! human m9d has no p[] or int]e/ to trace all ess5ce4 ,ev5 ! few ess5ces :i* x has come to "k1 x _c und]take to exam9e exhau/ively2 = !re are _m features ne/l+ 9 !m1 & _m relations radiat+ f !m1 :i* no "o ne$s or c>es to att5d to4 ,! implications :i* logicians & ma!maticians actually obs]ve 9 ! t]ms !y use are a small selection f all ^? t really obta91 ev5 9 _! *os5 field2 s t1 = in/ance1 z ,mr4 ,russell 0 tell+ u1 x 0 only ! o!r day t ,cantor & ,d$ek9d obs]v$ t al?\gh "t cont9ually eats up ! days & ye>s1 ! possible future always rema9s z long z x 0 be=e4 ,?is happ5s to be a fact int]e/+ to mank9d4 ,ap>t f ! ma!matical puzzles x may help to solve1 x op5s be=e exi/5ce a vi/a ( p]petual y\?1 & ! vital /ress 9 u leaps up 9 recognition ( its inmo/ ambition4 ,_m o!r ?+s are d\btless impli$ 9 inf9ity :i*1 if we notic$ !m1 w\ld leave u q cold2 & /ill o!rs1 no d\bt1 are inappreh5sible ) our sort & degree ( intellect4 ,!re is ( c\rse no?+ 9 ess5ce :i* an intellect po/ulat$ ad hoc w\ld n be able to appreh5d2 b ! k9d ( intellect we "k ( & possess is an expression ( vital adju/m5ts1 & is te!r$ to nature4 ,t a few et]nal ess5ces1 !n1 ) a few ( _! necess>y relations to "o ano!r1 d actually appe> to u1 & d fasc9ate our att5tion & excite our wond]1 is no?+ p>adoxical4 ,?is is m]ely :at 0 b\nd to happ51 if we became aw>e ( any?+ at all2 = ! ess5ce embodi$ 9 any?+ is et]nal & has necess>y relations to "s o!r ess5ces4 ,! air ( presumption :i* !re might seem to be 9 proclaim+ t ma!matics reveals :at has to be true always & ev]y:]e1 vani%es :5 we rememb] t ev]y?+ t is true ( any ess5ce is true ( x always & ev]y:]e4 ,! mo/ trivial tru?s ( logic are z necess>y & et]nal z ! mo/ important2 s t x is less ( an a*ievem5t ?an x s\nds :5 we say we h grasp$ a tru? t is et]nal & necess>y4 ,?is fact w be m cle>ly recognis$1 p]haps1 if we rememb] t ! cog5cy ( our ideal k foll[s ^u our int5t 9 fix+ its object4 ,x hangs on a virtual def9ition1 & explicates x4 ,we _c oblige anybody or any?+ to reproduce ! idea :i* we h *os52 b t idea w rema9 ! idea x is :e!r =gott5 or rememb]$1 exemplifi$ or n exemplifi$ 9 ?+s4 ,to p5etrate to ! f\ndation ( be+ is possible = u only because ! f\ndation ( be+ is di/+ui%able quality2 7 !re no set ( diff]+ *>act]i/ics1 "o or m ( :i* an exi/+ ?+ might appropriate1 exi/5ce w\ld be altoge!r impossible4 ,! realm ( ess5ce is m]ely ! sy/em or *aos ( ^! fundam5tal possibilities1 ! catalogue ( all exemplifiable natures2 s t any exp]i5ce :atsoev] mu/ tap ! realm ( ess5ce1 & ?r[ ! light ( att5tion on "o ( its con/itu5t =ms4 ,?is is1 if y w1 a trivial a*ievem5t2 :at w\ld be really a surpris+ feat1 & h>dly to be cr$it$1 w\ld be t ! human m9d %\ld grasp ! con/itution ( nature2 t is1 %\ld discov] :i* is ! p>ticul> ess5ce1 or ! p>ticul> sy/em ( ess5ces1 :i* actual exi/5ce illu/rates4 ,9 ! matt] ( physics1 truly1 we are r$uc$ to skimm+ ! surface1 s9ce we h to />t f our casual exp]i5ces1 :i* =m ! mo/ sup]ficial /ratum ( nature1 & ! mo/ un/able4 ,yet ^! casual exp]i5ces1 :ile !y leave u s mu* 9 ! d>k z to _! natural basis & environm5t1 necess>ily reveal ea* its ideal object1 its specific ess5ce2 & we ne$ only arre/ our att5tion ^u x1 & def9e x to ourselves1 = an et]nal possibility1 & "s ( its intr9sic *>act]s1 to h be5 reveal$ to our ?\ght4 ,:atev]1 !n1 a man's m5tal & moral habit might be1 x w\ld p]=ce h aff9ity to "s ess5ce or o!r2 8 life w\ld revolve ab\t "s cong5ial ideal object2 he w\ld f9d "s sorts ( =m1 "s types ( relation1 m visible1 beautiful1 & satisfy+ ?an o!rs4 ,mr4 ,russell happ5s to h a ma!matical g5ius1 & to f9d com=t 9 lay+ up 8 treasures 9 ! ma!matical heav54 ,x w\ld be highly desirable t ?is temp]am5t %\ld be m common2 b ev5 if x 7 univ]sal x w\ld n r$uce ma!matical ess5ce to a product ( human att5tion1 nor raise ! beauty ( ma!matics to "p ( its ess5ce4 ,i d n mean to sugge/ t ,mr4 ,russell attempts to d ! latt]2 he speaks explicitly ( ! value ( ma!matical /udy1 a po9t 9 e?ics & n directly 9 logic2 yet 8 moral philosophy is itself s mu* assimilat$ to logic t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two becomes some:at dubi\s2 & z ,mr4 ,russell w nev] succe$ 9 conv9c+ u t moral values are indep5d5t ( life1 he may1 q aga9/ 8 w1 lead u to "q ! indep5d5ce ( ess5ce1 ) t bl9d greg>i\s drift ( all ideas1 9 ?is direction or 9 t1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( human philosophis+4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,critique ,,( ,,pragmatism ,! "t has n yet come :5 a j & syn!tic acc\nt ( :at is call$ pragmatism c be expect$ ( any man4 ,! movem5t is /ill 9 a nebul\s /ate1 a /ate f :i*1 p]haps1 x is nev] de/9$ to issue4 ,! v>i\s t5d5cies t compose x may soon cease to appe> toge!r2 ea* may deta* itself & be lo/ 9 ! e>li] sy/em ) :i* x has mo/ aff9ity4 ,a good critic has enum]at$ ,?irte5 ,pragmatisms2 & besides su* di/+ui%able t5ets1 !re are 9 pragmatism e*oes ( v>i\s popul> moral =ces1 l democracy1 impressionism1 love ( ! concrete1 respect = success1 tru/ 9 w & action1 & ! habit ( rely+ on ! future1 r ?an on ! pa/1 to ju/ify "o's me?ods & op9ions4 ,mo/ ( ^! ?+s are *>act]i/ically ,am]ican2 & ,mr4 ,russell t\*es on "s ( !m ) m wit ?an sympa?y4 ,?us he writes3 ,! influ5ce ( democracy 9 promot+ pragmatism is visible 9 almo/ e page ( ,william ,james's writ+4 ,!re is an impati5ce ( au?ority1 an unwill+ness to condemn widespread prejudices1 a t5d5cy to decide philosophical que/ions by putt+ !m to a vote1 :i* contra/ curi\sly ) ! usual dictatorial tone ( philosophic writ+s4444 ,a ?+ :i* simply is true1 :e!r y l x or n1 is to him z hateful z a ,russian autocracy2 he feels t he is escap+ f a prison1 made n by /one walls b by 'h>d facts1' :5 he has humanis$ tru?1 & made x1 l ! police =ce 9 a democracy1 ! s]vant ( ! p in/ead ( _! ma/]4 ,! democratic temp] p]vades ev5 ! religion ( ! pragmati/s2 !y h ! religion !y h *os51 & ! traditional rev]5ce is *ang$ into satisfaction ) _! own h&iwork4 ',! pr9ce ( d>kness1' ,james says1 'may be a g5tleman1 z we are told he is1 b :atev] ! ,god ( e>? & heav5 is1 he c surely be no g5tleman1' ,he is r1 we %\ld say1 conceiv$ by pragmati/s z an elect$ presid5t1 to :om we give a respect :i* is really a tribute to ! wisdom ( our own *oice4 ,a gov]nm5t 9 :i* we h no voice is repugnant to ! democratic temp]4 ,william ,james c>ries up to heav5 ! revolt ( 8 ,new ,engl& ance/ors3 ! ,p[] to :i* we c yield respect mu/ be a ,george ,wa%+ton r ?an a ,george ,,iii4 ,a po9t ( fundam5tal importance1 ab\t :i* pragmati/s h be5 f> f cle>1 & p]haps n 9 agreem5t ) "o ano!r1 is ! s5se 9 :i* _! psy*ology is to be tak54 ,! facts t fill ! imag9ations ( pragmati/s1 ,mr4 ,russell writes1 are psy*ical facts2 :]e o!rs might ?9k ( ! />ry heav5s1 pragmati/s ?9k ( ! p]ception ( ! />ry heav5s2 :]e o!rs ?9k ( ,god1 pragmati/s ?9k ( ! belief 9 ,god1 & s on4 ,9 discuss+ ! sci5ces1 !y nev] ?9k1 l sci5tific speciali/s1 ab\t ! facts ^u :i* sci5tific !ories are bas$2 !y ?9k ab\t ! !ories !mselves4 ,?us _! initial "q & _! habitual imag9ative backgr\nd are bo? psy*ological4 ,?is is s true t unless we make ! sub/itution into psy*ic t]ms in/9ctively1 ! :ole pragmatic view ( ?+s w seem p>adoxical1 if n actually un?9kable4 ,= in/ance1 pragmati/s might prote/ aga9/ ! accusation t !y nev] ?9k ab\t ! facts ^u :i* sci5tific !ories are bas$1 = !y lay a great emphasis on facts4 ,facts are ! ca% :i* ! cr$it ( !ories hangs ^u4 ,yet ?is prote/1 ?\gh s9c]e1 w\ld be inconclusive1 & 9 ! end x w\ld illu/rate ,mr4 ,russell's obs]vation1 r ?an refute x4 ,= we %\ld pres5tly le>n t ^! facts c be made by ?9k+1 t our fai? 9 !m may contribute to _! reality1 & may modify _! nature2 9 o!r words1 ^! facts are our imm$iate appreh5sions ( fact1 :i* x is inde$ conceivable t our temp]am5ts1 expectations1 & op9ions %\ld modify4 ,?us ! pragmati/'s reliance on facts does n c>ry him beyond ! psy*ic sph]e2 8 facts are only 8 p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,p]sonal exp]i5ces may well be ! basis = no less p]sonal my?s2 b ! ef=t ( intellig5ce & ( sci5ce is r to f9d ! basis ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ces !mselves2 & ?is non-psy*ic basis ( exp]i5ce is :at common s5se calls ! facts1 & :at practice is conc]n$ )4 ,yet ^! are n ! pragmata ( ! pragmati/1 = x is only ! despicable intellectuali/ t c arrive at !m2 & ! b$-rock ( facts t ! pragmati/ builds ^u is av[$ly drift+ s&4 ,h5ce ! odd expressions1 new to lit]ature & ev5 to gramm>1 :i* bubble up cont9ually 9 pragmati/ writ+s4 ,= illu/ration take ! =m] fact t ! e>? is flat1 says "o1 q innoc5tly2 & ano!r obs]ves t two c5turies lat]1 nom9alism 0 evid5tly true1 because x alone w\ld legitimise ! local indep5d5ce ( cities4 ,le/ we %\ld suppose t ! hi/orical sequ5ce ( ^! tru?s or illusions is1 at lea/1 fix$ & irrev]sible1 we are soon in=m$ t ! pa/ is always *ang+1 too2 t is 7if ,i may rationalise ?is my/ical dictum71 t hi/ory is always be+ rewritt51 & t ! gr[+ pres5t adds new relations to ! pa/1 :i* lead u to conceive or to describe x 9 "s new fa%ion4 ,ev5 if ! ultimate inf]5ce is n drawn1 & we are n told t ?is *ang+ idea ( ! pa/ is ! only pa/ t exi/s--! real pa/ be+ unatta9able & !re=e1 = p]sonal idealism1 non-exi/5t--x is abundantly cle> t ! ef=t to di/+ui% fact f !ory _c be successful1 s long z ! psy*ological way ( ?9k+ prevails2 = a !ory1 psy*ologically consid]$1 is a b>e fact 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! !ori/1 & ! o!r facts ( 8 exp]i5ce are s _m o!r mom5t>y views1 s _m scant !ories1 to be imm$iately sup]s$$ by o!r tru?s 9 ! plural4 ,s5sations & ideas are really di/+ui%able only by ref]5ce to :at is assum$ to lie )\t2 ( :i* ext]nal reality exp]i5ce is always an effect 7& 9 t capacity is call$ s5sation7 & (t5 at ! same "t an appreh5sion 7& 9 t capacity is call$ idea74 ,x is a crucial "q1 !n1 9 ! int]pretation ( pragmatism1 :e!r ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 und\bt$ly preval5t 9 t s*ool1 is ! only or ! ultimate po9t ( view :i* x admits4 ,! habit ( /udy+ ideas r ?an _! objects might be simply a matt] ( emphasis or pr$ilection4 ,x might m]ely indicate a special int]e/ 9 ! life ( reason1 & be an ef=t1 legitimate "u any sy/em ( philosophy1 to rec\nt ! /ages by :i* human ?\ght1 develop+ 9 ! bosom ( nature1 may h rea*$ its pres5t degree ( articulation4 ,i myself1 = in/ance1 l to look at ?+s f ?is angle3 n t ,i h ev] d\bt$ ! reality ( ! natural _w1 or be5 able to take v s]i\sly any philosophy t d5i$ x1 b precisely because1 :5 we take ! natural _w = grant$1 x becomes a possible & enlight5+ inquiry to ask h[ ! human animal has come to discov] 8 real environm5t1 9 s f> z he has done s1 & :at dreams h int]v5$ or sup]v5$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rational awak5+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a psy*ological po9t ( view might be equival5t to ! ideali/ic doctr9e t ! articulation ( human ?\ght con/itutes ! only /ructure ( ! univ]se1 & its :ole hi/ory4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 pragmatism w\ld seem to be a revis$ v]sion ( ! transc5d5tal logic1 leav+ logic /ill transc5d5tal1 t is1 /ill conc]n$ ) ! evolution ( ! categories4 ,! revision w\ld consi/ *iefly 9 ?is1 t empirical v]ification1 utility1 & survival w\ld take ! place ( dialectical irony z ! =ce gov]n+ ! evolution4 ,x w\ld /ill rema9 possible = o!r me?ods ( approa* ?an ?is transc5d5tal pragmatism1 = in/9ct1 p]haps1 or = revelation1 to br+ u into contact ) ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,a junction might ?us be effect$ ) ! sy/em ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 :i* w\ld lead to ?is curi\s result3 t pragmatic logic w\ld be ! me?od ( intellig5ce1 because intellig5ce is m]ely a me?od1 useful 9 practice1 = ! symbolic & improp] repres5tation ( reality2 :ile ano!r non-pragmatic me?od--sympa?y & dream--w\ld alone be able to put u 9 possession ( direct k & g5u9e tru?4 ,s t1 aft] all1 ! pragmatic tru? ( work+ ideas w\ld turn out to be :at x has seem$ hi!rto to mank9d1 namely1 no real tru?1 b r a conv5i5t sort ( fiction1 :i* ceases to deceive :5 once its m]ely pragmatic value is disc\nt$ by criticism4 ,i rememb] once putt+ a "q on ?is subject to ,pr(essor ,james2 & 8 answ] 0 "o :i* ,i am glad to be able to record4 ,9 relation to 8 hav+ said t z f> z ! pa/ facts g1 !re is no diff]5ce 444 be ! atoms or be ! ,god _! cause1#g ,i ask$ :e!r1 if ,god _h be5 ! cause1 ap>t f ! value ( ! idea ( him 9 our calculations1 8 exi/5ce w\ld n h made a diff]5ce to him1 z he w\ld be presumably self-consci\s4 ,( c\rse1 said ,pr(essor ,james1 b ,i wasn't consid]+ t side ( ! matt]2 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( our idea4 ,! *oice ( ! subjective po9t ( view1 !n1 0 delib]ate "h1 & frankly arbitr>y2 x 0 n int5d$ to exclude ! possibility or legitimacy ( ! objective attitude4 ,& ! orig9al reason = delib]ately ignor+1 9 ?is way1 ! reali/ic way ( ?9k+1 ev5 :ile admitt+ t x repres5ts ! real /ate ( affairs1 w\ld h be51 ,i suppose1 t :at c\ld be v]ifi$ 0 always "s fur!r effect ( ! real objects1 & nev] ^? real objects !mselves2 s t = int]pret+ & pr$ict+ our p]sonal exp]i5ce only ! hypo!sis ( objects 0 p]t95t1 :ile ! objects !mselves1 except z s repres5t$1 7 useless & unatta9able4 ,! case1 if ,i may adapt a comp>ison ( ,mr4 ,russell's1 0 z if we possess$ a catalogue ( ! libr>y at ,alex&ria1 all ! books be+ lo/ = ev]2 x w\ld be only 9 ! catalogue t we c\ld practically v]ify _! exi/5ce or "*1 ?\gh d\btless1 by "s idle flight ( imag9ation1 we might cont9ue to ?9k ( ! books1 z well z ( ^? titles 9 ! catalogue :i* alone c\ld appe> to u 9 exp]i5ce4 ,pragmatism1 approa*$ f ?is side1 w\ld !n seem to express an acute critical consci5ce1 a sort ( w n to believe2 n to believe1 ,i mean1 m ?an is absolutely necess>y = solipsi/ic practice4 ,footnote #g3 ,pragmatism1 p4 #aja4 ,su* economical fai?1 enabl+ "o to dissolve ! h>d mat]iali/ic _w into a "w ( m9d1 :i* m9d might outflank1 0 traditional 9 ! radical ,em]sonian circles 9 :i* pragmatism sprang up4 ,x is "o ( ! approa*es to ! movem5t2 yet we may safely reg>d ! ance/ral transc5d5talism ( ! pragmati/s z some?+ :i* !y h turn$ _! back ^u1 & mean to dis[n4 ,x is de/9$ to play no "p 9 ! ultimate result ( pragmatism4 ,?is ultimate result promises to be1 on ! contr>y1 a direct mat]iali/ic sort ( realism4 ,?is alone is congru\s ) ! sci5tific aff9ities ( ! s*ool & its "y-,am]ican temp]4 ,nor is ! trans=mation v h>d to effect4 ,! _w ( solipsi/ic practice1 if y remove ! romantic self t 0 suppos$ to evoke x1 becomes at once ! s5sible _w2 & ! problem is only to f9d a place 9 ! mosaic ( objects ( s5sation = ^? cognitive & moral functions :i* ! s\l 0 once suppos$ to ex]cise 9 ! pres5ce ( an indep5d5t reality4 ,b ?is problem is precisely ! "o t pragmati/s boa/ !y h already solv$2 = !y h decl>$ t consci\sness does n exi/1 & t objects ( s5sation 7:i* at fir/ 7 call$ feel+s1 exp]i5ces1 or tru?s7 "k or mean "o ano!r :5 !y lead to "o ano!r1 :5 !y are poles1 s to speak1 9 ! same vital circuit4 ,! spiritual act :i* 0 suppos$ to take ?+s = its object is to be turn$ into objective _s1 t is1 into dynamic relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,! philosoph] w d5y t he has any o!r sort ( m9d himself1 le/ he %\ld be %ut up 9 x aga91 l a sceptical & disconsolate *ild2 :ile if !re ?reat5s to be any cov]t or sup]flu\s reality 9 ! self-consci\sness ( ,god1 no?+ w be easi] ?an to d5y t ,god is self-consci\s2 = inde$1 if !re is no consci\sness on e>?1 :y %\ld we imag9e t !re is any 9 heav58 ,! psy*ologism ) :i* ! pragmati/s />t$ seems to be pass+ 9 ?is way1 9 ! v ef=t to =mulate x pragmatically1 into some?+ :i*1 :atev] x may be1 is c]ta9ly n psy*ologism4 ,b ! bewild]$ public may well ask :e!r x is pragmatism ei!r4 ,!re is ano!r crucial po9t 9 pragmatism :i* ! def5d]s ( ! sy/em are apt to pass ov] lightly1 b :i* ,mr4 ,russell reg>ds 7ju/ly1 ,i ?9k7 z ( decisive importance4 ,is1 namely1 ! pragmatic acc\nt ( tru? int5d$ to cov] all k1 or "o k9d ( k only8 ,app>5tly ! mo/ au?oritative pragmati/s admit t x cov]s "o k9d only2 = !re are two sorts ( self-evid5ce 9 :i*1 !y say1 x is n conc]n$3 fir/1 ! dialectical relation betwe5 ess5ces2 & second1 ! kn[n occurr5ce or exp]i5ce ( facts4 ,!re are obvi\s reasons :y ^! two k9ds ( cognitions1 s int]e/+ to ,mr4 ,russell1 are n felt by pragmati/s to con/itute exceptions wor? consid]+4 ,dialectical relations1 !y w say1 are v]bal only2 t is1 !y def9e ideal objects1 & c]ta9ty 9 ^! cases does n co]ce exi/5ce1 or t\* cont+5t fact at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* appreh5sion z seizes on "s matt] ( fact1 z1 = in/ance1 ,i feel pa91 or ,i expect$ to feel ?is pa91 & x is n[ v]ify+ my expectation1 ?\gh (t5 true propositions1 are n !oretical tru?s2 !y are n1 x is suppos$1 que/ionable beliefs b r imm$iate obs]vations4 ,yet _m ( ^! appreh5sions ( fact 7or all1 p]haps1 if we exam9e !m scrupul\sly7 involve ! v]acity ( memory1 surely a highly que/ionable sort ( tru?2 &1 moreov]1 v]ification1 ! pragmatic te/ ( tru?1 w\ld be obvi\sly impossible to apply1 if ! prophecy suppos$ to be v]ifi$ 7 n assum$ to be truly rememb]$4 ,h[ %all we "k t our expectation is fulfill$1 if we d n "k directly t we _h su* an expectation8 ,b if we "k our pa/ exp]i5ce directly--n m]ely knew x :5 pres5t1 b "k n[ :at x 01 & h[ x has l$ d[n to ! pres5t--?is am\nts to en\gh k to make up a tol]able sy/em ( ! univ]se1 )\t invok+ pragmatic v]ification or tru? at all4 ,i h nev] be5 able to discov] :e!r1 by t p]ception ( fact :i* is n tru? b fact itself1 pragmati/s meant ea* human appreh5sion tak5 s+ly1 or ! :ole s]ies ( ^! appreh5sions4 ,9 ! latt] case1 z 9 ! philosophy ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 all pa/ reality might con/antly lie op5 to ret5tive intuition1 a =m ( k so>+ q ov] ! head ( any pragmatic me?od or pragmatic tru?4 ,x looks1 inde$1 z if ! hi/ory ( at lea/ p]sonal exp]i5ce 7 commonly tak5 = grant$ by pragmati/s1 z a basis on :i* to re> _! me?od4 ,_! read9ess to make s capital an assumption is a "p ( _! h]itage f romantic idealism4 ,to ! romantic ideali/ sci5ce & !ology are tales :i* ought to be r$uc$ to an empirical equival5t 9 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce2 b ! tale ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce itself is a sacr$ figm5t1 ! "o preci\s conviction ( ! romantic he>t1 :i* x w\ld be he>tless to "q4 ,yet "h is a k9d ( assum$ tru? :i* _c be r$uc$ to its pragmatic mean+1 because x mu/ be true lit]ally 9 ord] t ! pragmatic mean+ ( o!r beliefs may be conceiv$ or te/$ at all4 ,n[1 if x be admitt$ t ! pragmatic !ory ( tru? does n t\* our k ei!r ( matt]s ( fact or ( ! necess>y implications ( ideas1 ! "q arises3 ,:at sort ( k rema9s = pragmatic !ory to apply to8 ,simply1 ,mr4 ,russell answ]s1 ^? work+ hypo!ses to :i* prud5t p give only a l[ degree ( belief4 ,= we hold diff]5t beliefs ) v diff]5t degrees ( conviction4 ,"s--su* z ! belief t ,i am sitt+ 9 a *air1 or t #bbd--;c be d\bt$ by few except ^? :o h _h a long tra9+ 9 philosophy4 ,su* beliefs are held s firmly t non-philosoph]s :o d5y !m are put into lunatic asylums4 ,o!r beliefs1 su* z ! facts ( hi/ory1 are held r less firmly4444 ,beliefs ab\t ! future1 z t ! sun w rise to-morr[ & t ! tra9s w run approximately z 9 ,brad%aw1 may be held ) almo/ z great conviction z beliefs ab\t ! pa/4 ,sci5tific laws are g5]ally believ$ less firmly4444 ,philosophical beliefs1 f9ally1 w1 ) mo/ p1 take a /ill l[] place1 s9ce ! opposite beliefs ( o!rs c h>dly fail to induce d\bt4 ,belief1 !re=e1 is a matt] ( degree4 ,to speak ( belief1 disbelief1 d\bt1 & susp5se ( judgm5t z ! only possibilities is z if1 f ! writ+ on ! !rmomet]1 we 7 to suppose t blood heat1 summ] heat1 temp]ate1 & freez+ 7 ! only temp]atures4 ,beliefs :i* require to be confirm$ by future exp]i5ce1 or :i* actually ref] to x1 are evid5tly only presumptions2 x is m]ely ! tru? ( presumptions t empirical logic applies to1 & only s long z !y rema9 presumptions4 ,presumptions may be held ) v diff]5t degrees ( assurance1 & yet be act$ ^u1 9 ! abs5ce ( any /rong c\nt]-sugge/ion2 z ! confid5ce ( lov]s or ( religi\s en?usia/s may be at blood heat at "o mom5t & freez+ at ! next1 )\t a *ange 9 any?+ save 9 ! w to believe4 ,! tru? ( su* presumptions1 :atev] may be ! gr\nd ( !m1 dep5ds 9 fact on :e!r !y are to lead 7or1 r1 :e!r ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts is to lead7 to ! fur!r ?+s presum$2 = ^! ?+s are :at presumptions ref] to explicitly4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 t presumptions 7be+ bas$ on volum9\s bl9d in/9ct r ?an on di/9ct repeat$ obs]vations7 are express$ 9 consci\sness by "s symbol or my?1 z :5 a man says he believes 9 8 luck2 ! presumption really reg>ds p>ticul> future *ances & ?r[s ( ! dice1 b ! emotional & v]bal mi/ 9 :i* ! presumption is wrapp$1 veils ! pragmatic burd5 ( x2 & a metaphysical entity arises1 call$ luck1 9 :i* a man may ?9k he believes r ?an 9 a p>ticul> c>e] t may be await+ him4 ,n[ s9ce ?is entity1 luck1 is a m]e ^w1 confid5ce 9 x1 to be ju/ifi$ at all1 mu/ be transf]r$ to ! concrete facts x /&s =4 ,fai? 9 "o's luck mu/ be pragmatic1 b simply because fai? 9 su* an entity is n ne$ful nor philosophical at all4 ,! case is ! same ) work+ hypo!ses1 :5 t is all !y are2 = on ?is po9t !re is "s confusion4 ,:e!r an idea is a work+ hypo!sis m]ely or an anticipation ( matt]s op5 to ev5tual inspection may n always be cle>4 ,?us ! atomic !ory1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* mo/ philosoph]s ent]ta9 x to-day1 seems to be a work+ hypo!sis only2 = !y d n s]i\sly believe t !re are atoms1 b 9 _! ignorance ( ! precise composition ( matt]1 !y f9d x conv5i5t to speak ( x z if x 7 compos$ ( inde/ructible p>ticles4 ,b = ,democritus & = _m mod]n m5 ( sci5ce ! atomic !ory is n a work+ hypo!sis m]ely2 !y d n reg>d x z a provisional make%ift2 !y reg>d x z a probable1 if n a c]ta91 anticipation ( :at inspection w\ld discov] to be ! fact1 c\ld inspection be c>ri$ s f>2 9 o!r words1 !y believe ! atomic !ory is true4 ,if !y are "r1 ! validity ( ?is !ory w\ld n be t ( pragmatic tru? b ( pragmatic fact2 = x w\ld be a view1 su* z memory or intuition or s5sation might give u1 ( exp]i5c$ objects 9 _! exp]i5c$ relations2 x w\ld be ! communication to u1 9 a mom5t>y dream1 ( :at w\ld be ! exp]i5ce ( a univ]sal obs]v]4 ,x w\ld be k ( reality 9 ,m4 ,b]gson's s5se4 ,pragmatic tru?1 on ! contr>y1 is ! relative & provisional ju/ification ( fiction2 & pragmatism is n a !ory ( tru? at all1 b a !ory ( !ory1 :5 !ory is in/rum5tal4 ,= !ory too has m ?an "o signification4 ,x may mean su* a symbolic or =e%ort5$ view1 su* a work+ hypo!sis1 z true & full k might sup]s$e2 or x may mean ?is true & full k itself1 a syn!tic survey ( objects ( exp]i5ce 9 _! exp]im5tal "*4 ,algebra & language are !oretical 9 ! fir/ s5se1 z :5 a man believes 9 8 luck2 hi/orical & sci5tific imag9ation are !oretical 9 ! second s5se1 :5 !y ga!r objects ( exp]i5ce toge!r )\t di/ort+ !m4 ,b x is only to ! fir/ sort ( !ory t pragmatism c be reasonably appli$2 to apply x also to ! second w\ld be to retire into t extreme subjectivism :i* ! lead+ pragmati/s h s hotly disclaim$4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t x is only :5 a !ory is av[$ly unreal1 & does n ask to be believ$1 t ! value ( x is pragmatic2 s9ce 9 t case belief passes consci\sly f ! symbols us$ to ! ev5tual facts 9 :i* ! symbolism t]m9ates1 & = :i* x /&s4 ,x may seem /range t a def9ition ( tru? %\ld h be5 bas$ on ! consid]ation ( ^? ideas exclusively = :i* tru? is n claim$ by any critical p]son1 su* ideas1 namely1 z religi\s my?s or ! graphic & v]bal ma*9]y ( sci5ce4 ,yet ! fact is pat5t1 & if we consid]$ ! matt] hi/orically x might n prove inexplicable4 ,!ology has long appli$ ! "n tru? pre-em95tly to fiction4 ,:5 ! conviction fir/ dawn$ ^u pragmati/s t !re 0 no absolute or et]nal tru?1 :at !y evid5tly 7 ?9k+ ( 0 t x is folly1 9 ?is *ang+ _w1 to pl$ge oneself to any f9al & inflexible cre$4 ,! pursuit ( tru?1 s9ce no?+ bett] 0 possible1 0 to be accept$ in/ead ( ! possession ( x4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ,prote/antism t1 :5 x gives up any?+1 x transf]s to :at rema9s ! unction1 & (t5 ! "n1 prop] to :at x has ab&on$4 ,s1 if tru? 0 no long] to be claim$ or ev5 hop$ =1 ! value & ! "n ( tru? c\ld be in/9ctively transf]r$ to :at 0 to take its place--spontane\s1 hone/1 v>iable conviction4 ,& ! sanctions ( ?is conviction 7 to be look$ =1 n 9 ! objective reality1 s9ce x 0 an idle illusion to fancy we c\ld get at t1 b 9 ! gr[? ( ?is conviction itself1 & 9 ! prosp]\s adv5ture ( ! :ole s\l1 s c\rage\s 9 its self-tru/1 & s mode/ 9 its dogmas4 ,sci5ce1 too1 has (t5 be5 id5tifi$1 n ) ! k m5 ( sci5ce possess1 b ) ! language !y use4 ,if sci5ce meant k1 ! sci5ce ( ,d>w91 = in/ance1 w\ld lie 9 8 obs]vations ( plants & animals1 & 9 8 ?\ghts ab\t ! probable ance/ors ( ! human race--all k ( actual or possible facts4 ,x w\ld n be k ( selection or ( spontane\s v>iation1 t]ms :i* are m]e v]bal bridges ov] ! gaps 9 t k1 & m>k ! lacunae & unsolv$ problems ( ! sci5ce4 ,yet x is j su* t]ms t seem to clo! ,sci5ce 9 its pontifical g>b2 ! c[l is tak5 = ! monk2 & :5 a p5etrat+ critic1 l ,m4 ,h5ri ,po9c>1 turn$ 8 subtle irony ^u !m1 ! public cri$ t he _h ann\nc$ ! bankruptcy ( sci5ce1 :]eas x is m]ely ! language ( sci5ce t he _h r$uc$ to its pragmatic value--to conv5i5ce & economy 9 ! regi/]+ ( facts--& _h by no means que/ion$ t positive & cumulative k ( facts :i* sci5ce is atta9+4 ,x is an incid5t 9 ! same g5]al confusion t a critical epi/emology1 l pragmatism1 analys+ ^! figm5ts ( sci5tific or !ological !ory1 %\ld innoc5tly suppose t x 0 analys+ tru?2 :ile ! only view to :i* x really attributes tru? is its view ( ! sy/em ( facts op5 to possible exp]i5ce1 a sy/em :i* ^? figm5ts presuppose & :i* !y may help u 9 "p to div9e1 :]e x is accid5tally hidd5 f human inspection4 ,,iv4 ,,hypo/atic ,,e?ics ,if ,mr4 ,russell1 9 8 essay on ,! ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 _h wi%$ to propitiate ! unreg5]ate naturali/1 be=e try+ to conv]t him1 he c\ld n h *os5 a m skilful proc$ure2 = he beg9s by tell+ u t :at is call$ good conduct is conduct :i* is a means to o!r ?+s :i* are good on _! own acc\nt2 & h5ce 444 ! /udy ( :at is good or bad on its own acc\nt mu/ be includ$ 9 e?ics4 ,two consequ5ces are involv$ 9 ?is3 fir/1 t e?ics is conc]n$ ) ! economy ( all values1 & n ) moral goods only1 or ) duty2 & second1 t values may & d inh]e 9 a great v>iety ( ?+s & relations1 all ( :i* x is ! "p ( wisdom to respect1 & if possible to e/abli%4 ,9 ?is matt]1 accord+ to our au?or1 ! g5]al philosoph] is prone to "o error & ! pr(ess$ morali/ to ano!r4 ,! philosoph]1 b5t on ! con/ruction ( a sy/em1 is incl9$ to simplify ! facts unduly 444 & to twi/ !m into a =m 9 :i* !y c all be d$uc$ f "o or two g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! morali/1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ prim>ily conc]n$ ) conduct1 t5ds to become absorb$ 9 means1 to value ! actions m5 ought to p]=m m ?an ! ends :i* su* actions s]ve4444 ,h5ce mo/ ( :at !y value 9 ?is _w w\ld h to be omitt$ by _m morali/s f any imag9$ heav51 because !re su* ?+s z self-d5ial & ef=t & c\rage & pity c\ld f9d no place4444 ,kant has ! bad em95ce ( comb9+ bo? errors 9 ! highe/ possible degree1 s9ce he holds t !re is no?+ good except ! virtu\s w--a view :i* simplifies ! good z mu* z any philosoph] c\ld wi%1 & mi/akes means = ends z completely z any morali/ c\ld enjo94 ,^? ( u :o are :at ,mr4 ,russell w\ld call e?ical sceptics w be delight$ at ?is way ( cle>+ ! gr\nd2 x op5s be=e u ! prospect ( a moral philosophy t %\ld e/imate ! v>i\s values ( ?+s kn[n & ( ?+s imag9able1 %[+ :at comb9ations ( goods are possible 9 any "o rational sy/em1 & 7if fancy c\ld /ret* s f>7 :at diff]5t rational sy/ems w\ld be possible 9 places & times remote en\gh f "o ano!r n to come into physical conflict4 ,su* e?ics1 s9ce x w\ld express 9 reflection ! dumb b actual int]e/s ( m51 might h bo? influ5ce & au?ority ov] !m2 two ?+s :i* an ali5 & dogmatic e?ics necess>ily lacks4 ,! joy ( ! e?ical sceptic 9 ,mr4 ,russell is de/9$1 h[ev]1 to be %ort-liv$4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! expression ( concrete ideals1 he ?9ks x necess>y to ask a prelim9>y & q ab/ract "q1 to :i* 8 essay is *iefly devot$2 namely1 :at is ! "r def9ition ( ! pr$icate good1 :i* we hope to apply 9 ! sequel to su* a v>iety ( ?+s8 ,& he answ]s at once3 ,! pr$icate good is indef9able4 ,?is answ] he %[s to be unavoidable1 & s evid5tly unavoidable t we might p]haps h be5 absolv$ f ask+ ! "q2 =1 z he says1 ! s-call$ def9itions ( good--t x is pleasure1 ! desir$1 & s =?--are n def9itions ( ! pr$icate good1 b designations ( ! ?+s to :i* ?is pr$icate is appli$ by diff]5t p]sons4 ,pleasure1 & its rivals1 are n synonyms = ! ab/ract quality good1 b names = classes ( concrete facts t are suppos$ to possess t quality4 ,f ?is correct1 if some:at trifl+1 obs]vation1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,russell1 l ,mr4 ,moore be=e him1 evokes a port5t\s dogma4 ,n be+ able to def9e good1 he hypo/asises x4 ,good & bad1 he says1 are qualities :i* belong to objects indep5d5tly ( our op9ions1 j z mu* z r\nd & squ>e d2 & :5 two p diff] z to :e!r a ?+ is good1 only "o ( !m c be "r1 ?\gh x may be v h>d to "k :i* is "r4 ,we _c ma9ta9 t = me a ?+ ought to exi/ on its own acc\nt1 :ile = y x ought n2 t w\ld m]ely mean t "o ( u is mi/ak51 s9ce 9 fact ev]y?+ ei!r ought to exi/1 or ought n4 ,?us we are ask$ to believe t good atta*es to ?+s = no reason or cause1 & accord+ to no pr9ciples ( di/ribution2 t x mu/ be f\nd !re by a sort ( receptive exploration 9 ea* sep>ate case2 9 o!r words1 t x is an absolute1 n a relative ?+1 a prim>y & n a second>y quality4 ,t ! quality good is indef9able is "o ass]tion1 & obvi\s2 b t ! pres5ce ( ?is quality is uncondition$ is ano!r1 & a/oni%+4 ,my logic1 ,i am well aw>e1 is n v accurate or subtle2 & ,i wi% ,mr4 ,russell _h n left x to me to discov] ! connection betwe5 ^! two propositions4 ,gre5 is an indef9able pr$icate1 & ! specific quality ( x c be giv5 only 9 intuition2 b x is a quality t ?+s acquire "u c]ta9 conditions1 s mu* s t ! same bit ( grass1 at ! same mom5t1 may h x f "o po9t ( view & n f ano!r4 ,"r & left are indef9able2 ! diff]5ce c\ld n be expla9$ )\t be+ invok$ 9 ! explanation2 yet ev]y?+ t is to ! "r is n to ! "r on no condition1 b obvi\sly on ! condition t "s "o is look+ 9 a c]ta9 direction2 & if "s "o else at ! same "t is look+ 9 ! opposite direction1 :at is truly to ! "r w be truly to ! left also4 ,if ,mr4 ,russell ?9ks ?is is a contradiction1 ,i und]/& :y ! univ]se does n please him4 ,! contradiction w\ld be real1 und\bt$ly1 if we sugge/$ t ! idea ( good 0 at any "t or 9 any relation ! idea ( evil1 or ! intuition ( "r t ( left1 or ! quality ( gre5 t ( yell[2 ^! disembodi$ ess5ces are fix$ by ! int5t t selects !m1 & 9 t ideal realm !y c nev] h any relations except ! dialectical ones impli$ 9 _! nature1 & ^! relations !y mu/ always reta94 ,b ! contradiction disappe>s :51 in/ead ( consid]+ ! qualities 9 !mselves1 we consid] ! ?+s ( :i* ^? qualities are aspects2 = ! qualities ( ?+s are n compact$ by implication1 b are conjo9$ irrationally by nature1 z %e w2 & ! same ?+ may be1 & is1 at once yell[ & gre51 to ! left & to ! "r1 good & evil1 _m & "o1 l>ge & small2 & :atev] v]bal p>adox !re may be 9 ?is way ( speak+ 7= f ! po9t ( view ( nature x is natural en\gh7 _h be5 ?or\ghly expla9$ & talk$ out by ! "t ( ,plato1 :o compla9$ t p %\ld /ill raise a difficulty s trite & explod$4#h ,inde$1 :ile squ>e is always squ>e1 & r\nd r\nd1 a ?+ t is r\nd may actually be squ>e also1 if we all[ x to h a little body1 & to be a cyl9d]4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,philebus1 #ad1 ,d4 ,! dialectical elem5t 9 ?is dialogue is evid5tly ! basis ( ,mr4 ,russell's1 z ( ,mr4 ,moore's1 e?ics2 b !y h n adopt$ ! o!r elem5ts 9 x1 ,i mean ! political & ! !ological4 ,z to ! political elem5t1 ,plato ev]y:]e conceives ! good z ! eligible 9 life1 & ref]s x to human nature & to ! pursuit ( happ9ess--t happ9ess :i* ,mr4 ,russell1 9 a ra% mom5t1 says is b a "n :i* "s p pref] to give to pleasure4 ,?us 9 ! ,philebus 7#aa1 ,d7 ! good look$ = is decl>$ to be "s /ate & disposition ( ! s\l :i* has ! prop]ty ( mak+ all m5 happy2 & lat] 7#ff1 ,d7 ! conclusion is t insight is bett] ?an pleasure z an elem5t 9 human life4 ,z to ! !ological elem5t1 ,plato1 9 hypo/asis+ ! good1 does n hypo/asise x z good1 b z cause or p[]1 :i* is1 x seems to me1 ! sole category t ju/ifies hypo/asis1 & logically involves x2 = if ?+s h a gr\nd at all1 t gr\nd mu/ exi/ be=e !m & beyond !m4 ,h5ce ! :ole ,platonic & ,*ri/ian s*eme1 9 mak+ ! good indep5d5t ( private w & op9ion1 by no means makes x indep5d5t ( ! direction ( nature 9 g5]al & ( human nature 9 p>ticul>2 = all ?+s h be5 creat$ ) an innate pr$isposition t[>ds ! creative good1 & are capable ( f9d+ happ9ess 9 no?+ else4 ,obligation1 9 ?is sy/em1 rema9s int]nal & vital4 ,plato attributes a s+le vital direction & a s+le moral s\rce to ! cosmos4 ,?is is :at det]m9es & n>r[s ! scope ( ! true good2 = ! true good is t relevant to nature4 ,plato w\ld n h be5 a dogmatic morali/1 _h he n be5 a !i/4 ,b p]haps :at sugge/s ?is hypo/asis ( good is r ! fact t :at o!rs f9d good1 or :at we ourselves h f\nd good 9 moods ) :i* we reta9 no sympa?y1 is sometimes pron\nc$ by u to be bad2 & f> f inf]r+ f ?is div]sity ( exp]i5ce t ! pres5t good1 l ! o!rs1 corresponds to a p>ticul> attitude or int]e/ ( ours1 & is dep5d5t ^u x1 ,mr4 ,russell & ,mr4 ,moore inf] in/ead t ! pres5ce ( ! good mu/ be indep5d5t ( all int]e/s1 attitudes1 & op9ions4 ,!y imag9e t ! tru? ( a proposition attribut+ a c]ta9 relative quality to an object contradicts ! tru? ( ano!r proposition1 attribut+ to ! same object an opposite relative quality4 ,?us if a man "h & ano!r man at ! antipodes call opposite directions up1 only "o ( !m c be "r1 ?\gh x may be v h>d to "k :i* is "r4 ,to protect ! belat$ innoc5ce ( ?is /ate ( m9d1 ,mr4 ,russell1 s f> z ,i c see1 has only "o argum5t1 & "o analogy4 ,! argum5t is t if ?is 7 n ! case1 we c\ld n reason ) a man z to :at is "r4 ,we d 9 fact hold t :5 "o man approves ( a c]ta9 act1 :ile ano!r disapproves1 "o ( !m is mi/ak51 :i* w\ld n be ! case ) a m]e emotion4 ,if "o man likes oy/]s & ano!r dislikes !m1 we d n say t ei!r ( !m is mi/ak54 ,9 o!r words1 we are to ma9ta9 our prejudices1 h[ev] absurd1 le/ x %\ld become unnecess>y to qu>rel ab\t !m6 ,truly ! debat+ society has its idols1 no less ?an ! cave & ! !atre4 ,! analogy t comes to buttress some:at ?is s+ul> argum5t is ! analogy betwe5 e?ical propriety & physical or logical tru?4 ,an e?ical proposition may be correct or incorrect1 9 a s5se ju/ify+ argum5t1 :5 x t\*es :at is good z a means1 t is1 :5 x is n intr9sically e?ical1 b deals ) causes & effects1 or ) matt]s ( fact or necessity4 ,b to speak ( ! tru? ( an ultimate good w\ld be a false collocation ( t]ms2 an ultimate good is *os51 f\nd1 or aim$ at2 x is n op9$4 ,! ultimate intuitions on :i* e?ics re/s are n debatable1 = !y are n op9ions we haz>d b pref]5ces we feel2 & x c be nei!r correct nor incorrect to feel !m4 ,we may ass]t ^! pref]5ces fi]cely or ) sweet reasonabl5ess1 & we may be m or less incapable ( sympa?is+ ) ! diff]5t pref]5ces ( o!rs2 ab\t oy/]s we may be tol]ant1 l ,mr4 ,russell1 & ab\t "* intol]ant2 b t is already a great advance 9 enlight5m5t1 s9ce ! majority ( mank9d h reg>d$ z hateful 9 ! highe/ degree any "o :o indulg$ 9 pork1 or beans1 or frogs' legs1 or :o _h a weakness = any?+ call$ unnatural2 = x is ! ?+s t (f5d _! animal in/9cts t int5se natures h always f\nd to be1 intr9sically & p> excell5ce1 abom9ations4 ,i am n sure :e!r ,mr4 ,russell ?9ks he has dispos$ ( ?is view :]e he discusses ! proposition t ! good is ! desir$ & refutes x on ! gr\nd t x is commonly admitt$ t !re are bad desires2 & :5 p speak ( bad desires1 !y seem to mean desires = :at is bad4 ,mo/ p und\bt$ly call desires bad :5 !y are g5]ically contr>y to _! own desires1 & call objects t disgu/ !m bad1 ev5 :5 o!r p covet !m4 ,?is human weakness is n1 h[ev]1 a v high au?ority = a logician to appeal to1 be+ too l ! attitude ( ! ,g]man lady :o said t ,engli%m5 call$ a c]ta9 object bread1 & ,fr5*m5 call$ x pa91 b t x really 0 ,brod4 ,s*ola/ic philosophy is incl9$ to ?is way ( ass]t+ itself2 & ,mr4 ,russell1 ?\gh he c&idly admits t !re are ultimate diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t good & evil1 w\ld gladly m9imise ^! diff]5ces1 & ?9ks he triumphs :5 he feels t ! prejudices ( 8 read]s w agree ) 8 own2 z if ! con/itutional unanimity ( all human animals1 suppos+ x exi/$1 c\ld t5d to %[ t ! good !y agre$ to recognise 0 indep5d5t ( _! con/itution4 ,9 a some:at wor?i] s5se1 h[ev]1 we may admit t !re are desires = :at is bad1 s9ce desire & w1 9 ! prop] psy*ological s5se ( ^! words1 are incid5tal phases ( consci\sness1 express+ b n con/itut+ ^? natural relations t make "o ?+ good = ano!r4 ,at ! same "t ! words desire & w are (t5 us$1 9 a my?ical or transc5d5tal s5se1 = ^? mat]ial dispositions & in/9cts by :i* vital & moral units are con/itut$4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to su* con/itutional int]e/s t ?+s are really good or bad2 int]e/s :i* may n be fairly repres5t$ by any incid5tal consci\s desire4 ,no d\bt any desire1 h[ev] caprici\s1 repres5ts "s mom5t>y & p>tial int]e/1 :i* l5ds to its objects a c]ta9 real & inali5able value2 yet :5 we consid]1 z we d 9 human society1 ! int]e/s ( m51 :om reflection & settl$ purposes h rais$ m or less to ! ideal dignity ( individuals1 !n pass+ fancies & passions may inde$ h bad objects1 & be bad !mselves1 9 t !y ?w>t ! m compreh5sive int]e/s ( ! s\l t ent]ta9s !m4 ,food & poison are su* only relatively1 & 9 view ( p>ticul> bodies1 & ! same mat]ial ?+ may be food & poison at once2 ! *ild1 & ev5 ! doctor1 may easily mi/ake "o = ! o!r4 ,= ! human sy/em :iskey is truly m intoxicat+ ?an c(fee1 & ! contr>y op9ion w\ld be an error2 b :at a /range way ( v9dicat+ ?is real1 ?\gh relative1 di/9ction1 to insi/ t :iskey is m intoxicat+ 9 itself1 )\t ref]5ce to any animal2 t x is p]vad$1 z x 71 by an inh]5t intoxication1 & /&s dead drunk 9 its bottle6 ,yet j 9 ?is way ,mr4 ,russell & ,mr4 ,moore conceive ?+s to be dead good & dead bad4 ,x is su* a view1 r ?an ! naturali/ic "o1 t r5d]s reason+ & self-criticism impossible 9 morals2 = wrong desires1 & false op9ions z to value1 are conceivable only because a po9t ( ref]5ce or crit]ion is available to prove !m su*4 ,if no po9t ( ref]5ce & no crit]ion 7 admitt$ to be relevant1 no?+ b physical /ress c\ld give to "o ass]tion ( value great] =ce ?an to ano!r4 ,! %\t+ morali/ no d\bt has 8 place1 b n 9 philosophy4 ,t good is n an intr9sic or prim>y quality1 b relative & adv5titi\s1 is cle>ly betray$ by ,mr4 ,russell's own way ( argu+1 :5ev] he approa*es "s concrete e?ical "q4 ,= in/ance1 to %[ t ! good is n pleasure1 he c av[$ly d no?+ b appeal to e?ical judgm5ts ) :i* almo/ e "o w\ld agree4 ,he repeats1 9 effect1 ,plato's argum5t ab\t ! life ( ! oy/]1 hav+ pleasure ) no k4 ,imag9e su* m9dless pleasure1 z int5se & prolong$ z y please1 & w\ld y *oose x8 ,is x y\r good8 ,"h ! ,briti% read]1 l ! blu%+ ,greek y\?1 is expect$ to answ] in/9ctively1 ,no6 ,x is an argum5tum ad hom9em 7& !re c be no o!r k9d ( argum5t 9 e?ics72 b ! man :o gives ! requir$ answ] does s n because ! answ] is self-evid5t1 :i* x is n1 b because he is ! requir$ sort ( man4 ,he is %ock$ at ! idea ( resembl+ an oy/]4 ,yet *angeless pleasure1 )\t memory or reflection1 )\t ! we>isome int]mixture ( arbitr>y images1 is j :at ! my/ic1 ! voluptu>y1 & p]haps ! oy/] f9d to be good4 ,ideas1 9 _! orig91 are probably signals ( al>m2 & ! di/ress :i* !y m>k$ 9 ! beg9n+ always cl+s to !m 9 "s measure1 & causes _m a s\l1 f> m pr(\nd ?an t ( ! "y ,prot>*us or ( ! ,briti% read]1 to long = !m to cease altoge!r4 ,su* a radical h$onism is inde$ inhuman2 x und]m9es all conv5tional ambitions1 & is n a possible f\ndation = political or arti/ic life4 ,b t is all we c say aga9/ x4 ,our humanity _c annul ! incomm5surable sorts ( good t may be pursu$ 9 ! _w1 ?\gh x _c itself pursue !m4 ,! impossibility :i* p lab\r "u ( be+ satisfi$ ) pure pleasure z a goal is due to _! want ( imag9ation1 or r to _! be+ dom9at$ by an imag9ation :i* is exclusively human4 ,! au?or's e/rangem5t f reality reappe>s 9 8 treatm5t ( egoism1 & mo/ ( all 9 8 ,free ,man's ,religion4 ,egoism1 he ?9ks1 is unt5able because if ,i am "r 9 ?9k+ t my good is ! only good1 !n e "o else is mi/ak5 unless he admits t my good1 n 81 is ! only good4 ,mo/ p 444 w\ld admit t x is bett] two p's desires %\ld be satisfi$ ?an only "o p]son's4444 ,!n :at is good is n good = me or = y1 b is simply good4 ,x is1 inde$1 s evid5t t x is bett] to secure a great] good = ,a ?an a less] good = ,b1 t x is h>d to f9d any /ill m evid5t pr9ciple by :i* to prove ?is4 ,& if ,a happ5s to be "s "o else1 & ,b to be myself1 t _c affect ! "q1 s9ce x is irrelevant to ! g5]al "q :o ,a & ,b may be4 ,to ! "q1 z ! logician /ates x aft] trans=m+ m5 into lett]s1 x is c]ta9ly irrelevant2 b x is n irrelevant to ! case z x arises 9 nature4 ,if two goods are someh[ rightly pron\nc$ to be equally good1 no circum/ance c r5d] "o bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,& if ! locus 9 :i* ! good is to arise is someh[ pron\nc$ to be indiff]5t1 x w c]ta9ly be indiff]5t :e!r t good arises 9 me or 9 y4 ,b h[ %all ^! two pron\ncem5ts be made8 ,9 practice1 values _c be comp>$ save z repres5t$ or enact$ 9 ! private imag9ation ( somebody3 = we c\ld n conceive t an ali5 good 0 a good 7z ,mr4 ,russell _c conceive t ! life ( an ec/atic oy/] is a good7 unless we c\ld sympa?ise ) x 9 "s way 9 our own p]sons2 & on ! w>m? :i* we felt 9 s repres5t+ ! ali5 good w\ld hang our conviction t x 0 truly valuable1 & _h wor? 9 comp>ison ) our own good4 ,! voice ( reason1 bidd+ u pref] ! great] good1 no matt] :o is to enjoy x1 is also no?+ b ! =ce ( sympa?y1 br++ a remote exi/5ce be=e u vividly sub specie boni4 ,capacity = su* sympa?y measures ! capacity to recognise duty & !re=e1 9 a moral s5se1 to h x4 ,d\btless x is conceivable t all wills %\ld become co-op]ative1 & t nature %\ld be rul$ magically by an exact & univ]sal sympa?y2 b ?is situation mu/ be actually atta9$ 9 "p1 be=e x c be conceiv$ or judg$ to be an au?oritative ideal4 ,! tig]s _c reg>d x z su*1 = x w\ld suppress ! tragic good call$ f]ocity1 :i* makes1 9 _! eyes1 ! *ief glory ( ! univ]se4 ,!re=e ! in]tia ( nature1 ! f]ocity ( bea/s1 ! optimism ( my/ics1 & ! selfi%ness ( m5 & nations mu/ all be accept$ z conditions = ! peculi> goods1 ess5tially incomm5surable1 :i* !y c g5]ate sev]ally4 ,x is misplac$ vehem5ce to call !m intr9sically dete/able1 because !y d n 7z !y _c7 g5]ate or recognise ! goods we prize4 ,9 ! real _w1 p]sons are n ab/ract egos1 l ,a & ,b1 s t to b5efit "o is cle>ly z good z to b5efit ano!r4 ,inde$1 ab/ract egos c\ld n be b5efit$1 = !y c\ld n be modifi$ at all1 ev5 if someh[ !y c\ld be di/+ui%$4 ,x w\ld be ! qualities or objects di/ribut$ among !m t w\ld c>ry1 :]ev] !y w5t1 ea* its inali5able c>go ( value1 l %ips sail+ f sea to sea4 ,b x is q va9 & artificial to imag9e diff]5t goods *>g$ ) su* absolute & comp>able weights2 & actual egoism is n ! ?9 & refutable ?+ t ,mr4 ,russell makes ( x4 ,:at x really holds is t a giv5 man1 oneself1 & ^? ak9 to him1 are qualitatively bett] ?an o!r be+s2 t ! ?+s !y prize are intr9sically bett] ?an ! ?+s priz$ by o!rs2 & t !re=e !re is no inju/ice 9 treat+ ^! *os5 int]e/s z supreme4 ,! inju/ice1 x is felt1 w\ld lie r 9 n treat+ ?+s s unequal unequally4 ,?is feel+ may1 9 _m cases1 amuse ! imp>tial obs]v]1 or make him indignant2 yet x may1 9 e case1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,russell1 be absolutely j4 ,! refutation he gives ( egoism w\ld n dissuade any fanatic f ext]m9at+ all 8 enemies ) a good consci5ce2 x w\ld m]ely enc\rage him to ass]t t :at he 0 ru?lessly e/abli%+ 0 ! absolute good4 ,d\btless su* consci5ti\s tyrants w\ld be wret*$ !mselves1 & compell$ to make sacrifices :i* w\ld co/ !m de>2 b t w\ld only ext5d1 z x 71 ! p]nici\s egoism ( t "p ( _! be+ :i* !y _h all[$ to usurp a univ]sal empire4 ,! twang ( intol]ance & ( self-mutilation is n abs5t f ! e?ics ( ,mr4 ,russell & ,mr4 ,moore1 ev5 z x /&s2 & "o trembles to ?9k :at x may become 9 ! m\?s ( _! disciples4 ,intol]ance itself is a =m ( egoism1 & to condemn egoism intol]antly is to %>e x4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t a consci\sness ( ! relativity ( values1 if x became preval5t1 w\ld t5d to r5d] p m truly social ?an w\ld a belief t ?+s h intr9sic & un*angeable values1 no matt] :at ! attitude ( any "o to !m may be4 ,if we said t goods1 includ+ ! "r di/ribution ( goods1 are relative to specific natures1 moral w>f>e w\ld cont9ue1 b n ) poison$ arr[s4 ,our private s5se ( ju/ice itself w\ld be ackn[l$g$ to h b a relative au?ority1 & :ile we c\ld n h a high] duty ?an to foll[ x1 we %\ld seek to meet ^? ^: aims 7 incompatible ) x z we meet ?+s physically inconv5i5t1 )\t insult+ !m z if !y 7 morally vile or logically contemptible4 ,real unselfi%ness consi/s 9 %>+ ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,beyond ! pale ( actual unanimity ! only possible unselfi%ness is *ivalry--a recognition ( ! inw>d "r & ju/ification ( our enemies fight+ aga9/ u4 ,?is *ivalry has long be5 practis$ 9 ! battle-field )\t aboli%+ ! causes ( w>2 & x might conceivably be ext5d$ to all ! conflicts ( m5 ) "o ano!r1 & ( ! w>r+ elem5ts )9 ea* brea/4 ,policy1 hypnotisation1 & ev5 surg]y may be practis$ )\t exorcisms or ana!mas4 ,:5 a man has decid$ on a c\rse ( action1 x is a va9 indulg5ce 9 expletives to decl>e t he is sure t c\rse is absolutely "r4 ,8 moral dogma expresses its natural orig9 all ! m cle>ly ! m hotly x is proclaim$2 & e?ical absolutism1 be+ a m5tal grimace ( passion1 refutes :at x says by :at x is4 ,sweet] & m pr(\nd1 to my s5se1 is ! philosophy ( ,hom]1 ^: e l9e seems to brea! ! conviction t :at is beautiful or preci\s has n !reby any "r to exi/5ce2 no?+ has su* a "r2 nor is x giv5 u to condemn absolutely any =ce--god or man--t de/roys :at is beautiful or preci\s1 = x has d\btless some?+ beautiful or preci\s ( its own to a*ieve4 ,! consequ5ces ( a hypo/asis ( ! good are no less int]e/+ ?an its causes4 ,if ! good 7 indep5d5t ( nature1 x might /ill be conceiv$ z relevant to nature1 by be+ its creator or mov]2 b ,mr4 ,russell is n a !i/ aft] ! mann] ( ,socrates2 8 good is n a p[]4 ,nor w\ld repres5t+ x to be su* long help 8 case2 = an ideal hypo/asis$ into a cause a*ieves only a my?ical indep5d5ce4 ,! lea/ criticism discloses t x is natural laws1 zoological species1 & human ideals1 t h be5 project$ into ! empyrean2 & x is no m>vel t ! good %\ld attract ! _w :]e ! good1 by def9ition1 is :atev] ! _w is aim+ at4 ,! hypo/asis accompli%$ by ,mr4 ,russell is m s]i\s1 & !re=e m p>adoxical4 ,if ,i und]/& x1 x may be express$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! realm ( et]nal ess5ces1 be=e any?+ exi/s1 !re are c]ta9 ess5ces t h ?is rem>kable prop]ty1 t !y ought to exi/1 or at lea/ t1 if any?+ exi/s1 x ought to con=m to !m4 ,:at exi/s1 h[ev]1 is deaf to ?is moral emphasis 9 ! et]nal2 nature exi/s = no reason2 &1 inde$1 :y %\ld %e h subord9at$ h] own arbitr>9ess to a good t is no less arbitr>y8 ,?is good1 h[ev]1 is someh[ good not)/&+2 s t !re is an abysmal wrong 9 its n be+ obey$4 ,! _w is1 9 pr9ciple1 totally deprav$2 b z ! good is n a p[]1 !re is no "o to r$eem ! _w4 ,! sa9ts are ^? :o1 imitat+ ! impot5t dogmatism on high1 & despis+ _! s9ful natural prop5sities1 keep ass]t+ t c]ta9 ?+s are 9 !mselves good & o!rs bad1 & decl>+ to be dete/able any o!r sa9t :o dogmatises diff]5tly4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! ,calv9i/ic ,god has lo/ 8 creative & punitive functions1 b cont9ues to decree gr\ndlessly :at is good & :at evil1 & to love ! "o & hate ! o!r ) an inf9ite love or hatr$4 ,mean:ile ! reprobate ne$ n fe> hell 9 ! next _w1 b ! elect are sure to f9d x "h4 ,:at %all we say ( ?is /rangely unreal & /rangely p]sonal religion8 ,is x a gho/ ( ,calv9ism1 return$ ) none ( its old =ce b ) its old aspect ( rigidity8 ,p]haps3 b !n1 9 los+ its =ce1 9 ab&on+ its my?s1 & ?reats1 & rhetoric1 ?is religion has lo/ its deceptive sanctimony & hypocrisy2 & 9 reta9+ its rigidity x has kept :at made x noble & pa!tic2 = x is a cle> dramatic expression ( t human _s--9 ?is case a mo/ pure & h]oic _s--:i* x /rives s h>d to de?rone4 ,aft] all1 ! hypo/asis ( ! good is only an un=tunate incid5t 9 a great accompli%m5t1 :i* is ! disc]nm5t ( ! good4 ,i h dwelt *iefly on ?is incid5t1 because 9 academic circles x is ! abuses incid5tal to true philosophy t create controv]sy & =m s*ools4 ,artificial sy/ems1 ev5 :5 !y prevail1 aft] a :ile fatigue _! adh]5ts1 )\t ev] hav+ conv9c$ or refut$ _! oppon5ts1 & !y fade out ( exi/5ce n by be+ refut$ 9 _! turn1 b simply by a tacit agreem5t to ignore _! claims3 s t ! true insight !y 7 bas$ on is too (t5 buri$ "u !m4 ,! hypo/asis ( philosophical t]ms is an abuse incid5tal to ! =?right1 un*eck$ use ( ! intellect2 x sub/itutes = ?+s ! limits & di/9ctions t divide !m4 ,s physics is corrupt$ by logic2 b ! logic t corrupts physics is p]haps correct1 & :5 x is moral dialectic1 x is m important ?an physics itself4 ,mr4 ,russell's e?ics is e?ics4 ,:5 we mortals h once assum$ ! moral attitude1 x is c]ta9 t an indef9able value accrues to "s ?+s z oppos$ to o!rs1 t ^! ?+s are _m1 t comb9ations ( !m h values n belong+ to _! p>ts1 & t ^! valuable ?+s are f> m specific ?an ab/ract pleasure1 & f> m diffus$ ?an "o's p]sonal life4 ,:at a pity if ?is pure morality1 9 deta*+ itself impetu\sly f ! e>?1 ^: bright satellite x might be1 %\ld fly into ! abyss at a tang5t1 & leave u z mu* 9 ! d>k z be=e6 ,v ,,%elley3 ,,or ,,! ,,poetic ,,value ,,( ,,revolution>y ,,pr9ciples ,x is possible to advocate an>*y 9 criticism z 9 politics1 & !re is p]haps no?+ co]cive to urge aga9/ a man :o ma9ta9s t any "w ( art is good en\gh1 intr9sically & incomm5surably1 if x pleas$ anybody at any "t = any reason4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! ideal ( an>*y is un/able4 ,irrefutable by argum5t1 x is readily ov]come by nature4 ,x melts away be=e ! dogmatic op]ation ( ! an>*i/'s own w1 z soon z he all[s himself ! lea/ creative endeav\r4 ,9 spite ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( :at is m]ely possible1 human nature & w h a some:at def9ite con/itution1 & only :at is h>moni\s ) _! actual con/itution c long ma9ta9 itself 9 ! moral _w4 ,h5ce x is a safe pr9ciple 9 ! criticism ( art t te*nical pr(ici5cy1 & brilliancy ( fancy or execution1 _c avail to e/abli% a great reputation4 ,!y may dazzle = a mom5t1 b !y _c absolve an arti/ f ! ne$ ( hav+ an important subject-matt] & a sane humanity4 ,if ?is pr9ciple is accept$1 h[ev]1 x might seem t c]ta9 arti/s1 & p]haps ! greate/1 might n f>e well at our h&s4 ,h[ w\ld ,%elley1 = in/ance1 /& su* a te/8 ,e "o kn[s ! judgm5t pass$ on ,%elley by ,mat!w ,arnold1 a critic :o evid5tly reli$ on ?is pr9ciple1 ev5 if he pref]r$ to speak only 9 ! "n ( 8 p]sonal tact & lit]>y exp]i5ce4 ,%elley1 ,mat!w ,arnold said1 0 a beautiful & ineffectual angel1 beat+ 8 w+s 9 a lum9\s void 9 va94 ,9 consequ5ce he decl>$ t ,%elley 0 n a classic1 especially z 8 private circle _h _h an unsav\ry morality1 to be express$ only by ! ,fr5* ^w sale1 & z moreov] ,%elley himself occasionally %[$ a di/ress+ want ( ! s5se ( hum\r1 :i* c\ld only be call$ bte4 ,^! /rictures1 if a bit incoh]5t1 are sep>ately rem>kably j4 ,!y unmask ess5tial weaknesses n only 9 ,%elley1 b 9 all revolution>y p4 ,! life ( reason is a h]itage & exi/s only ?r\gh tradition4 ,half ( x is an art1 an adju/m5t to an ali5 reality1 :i* only a long exp]i5ce c tea*3 & ev5 ! o!r half1 ! inw>d inspiration & ideal ( reason1 mu/ be also a common inh]itance 9 ! race1 if p are to "w toge!r or s mu* z to und]/& "o ano!r4 ,n[ ! mis=tune ( revolutioni/s is t !y are dis9h]it$1 & _! folly is t !y wi% to be dis9h]it$ ev5 m ?an !y are4 ,h5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( _! passionate & ev5 h]oic idealisms1 !re is commonly a /range pov]ty 9 _! m9ds1 _m an ugly turn 9 _! lives1 & an o/5tati\s vil5ess 9 _! mann]s4 ,!y wi% to be ! lead]s ( mank9d1 b !y are wret*$ repres5tatives ( humanity4 ,9 ! conc]t ( nature x is h>d to keep 9 tune ) oneself if "o is out ( tune ) ev]y?+4 ,we %\ld n !n be yield+ to any private bias1 b simply not+ ! conditions "u :i* art may exi/ & may be appreciat$1 if we accept$ ! classical pr9ciple ( criticism & ass]t$ t sub/ance1 sanity1 & ev5 a sort ( p]vasive wisdom are requisite = supreme works ( art4 ,on ! o!r h&--:o c hone/ly d\bt x8--! rebels & individuali/s are ! m5 ( direct insight & vital hope4 ,! poetry ( ,%elley 9 p>ticul> is typically poetical4 ,x is poetry div9ely inspir$2 & ,%elley himself is p]haps no m ineffectual or m lack+ 9 hum\r ?an an angel prop]ly %\ld be4 ,nor is 8 greatness all a matt] ( /hetic ab/raction & wild music4 ,x is a fact ( capital importance 9 ! developm5t ( human g5ius t ! great revolution 9 ,*ri/5dom aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 a revolution t began ) ! ,r5aissance & is n yet complet$1 %\ld h f\nd angels to h]ald x1 no less ?an t o!r revolution did :i* began at ,be?lehem2 & t among ^! new angels !re %\ld h be5 "o s w9some1 pure1 & raptur\s z ,%elley4 ,h[ %all we reconcile ^! conflict+ impressions8 ,%all we =ce ourselves to call ! g5ius ( ,%elley second rate because x 0 revolution>y1 & %all we attribute all en?usiasm = him to lit]>y affectation or political prejudice8 ,or %all we r ab&on ! or?odox pr9ciple t an important subject-matt] & a sane _s are ess5tial to great works8 ,or %all we look = a diff]5t issue out ( our p]plexity1 by ask+ if ! analysis & compreh5sion are n p]haps at fault :i* decl>e t ^! ?+s are n pres5t 9 ,%elley's poetry8 ,?is la/ is ! direction 9 :i* ,i conceive ! tru? to lie4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ u t ,%elley really has a great subject-matt]--:at ought to be2 & t he has a real humanity--?\gh x is humanity 9 ! se$1 humanity 9 its int]nal pr9ciple1 r ?an 9 ^? de=m$ expressions ( x :i* c fl\ri% 9 ! _w4 ,%elley seems h>dly to h be5 br\ght up2 he grew up 9 ! nurs]y among 8 "y si/]s1 at s*ool among ! rude boys1 )\t any affectionate guidance1 )\t imbib+ any religi\s or social tradition4 ,if he receiv$ any =mal tra9+ or correction1 he in/antly reject$ x inw>dly1 set x d[n z unju/ & absurd1 & turn$ in/ead to sail+ pap] boats1 to read+ romances or to writ+ !m1 or to wat*+ ) delight ! magic ( *emical exp]im5ts4 ,?us ! m9d ( ,%elley 0 ?or\ghly dis9h]it$2 b n1 l ! m9ds ( mo/ revolutioni/s1 by accid5t & ?r\gh ! nigg>dl9ess ( =tune1 = few revolutioni/s w\ld be su* if !y 7 heirs to a b>onetcy4 ,%elley's m9d dis9h]it$ itself out ( allegiance to itself1 because x 0 too s5sitive & too highly end[$ = ! _w into :i* x _h desc5d$4 ,x reject$ ord9>y education1 because x 0 incapable ( assimilat+ x4 ,education is suitable to ^? few animals ^: faculties are n completely innate1 animals t1 l mo/ m51 may be p]fect$ by exp]i5ce because !y are born ) v>i\s imp]fect alt]native in/9cts root$ equally 9 _! sy/em4 ,b mo/ animals1 & a few m51 are n ( ?is sort4 ,!y _c be educat$1 because !y are born complete4 ,full ( pr$et]m9ate intuitions1 !y are )\t intellig5ce1 :i* is ! p[] ( see+ ?+s z !y are4 ,end[$ ) a specific1 un%akable fai?1 !y are imp]vi\s to exp]i5ce3 & z !y bur/ ! womb !y br+ ready-made ) !m _! f9al & only possible sy/em ( philosophy4 ,%elley 0 "o ( ^! spokesm5 ( ! a priori1 "o ( ^! nursl+s ( ! womb1 l a bee or a butt]fly2 a dogmatic1 inspir$1 p]fect1 & incorrigible creature4 ,he 0 innoc5t & cruel1 swift & wayw>d1 illum9at$ & bl9d4 ,be+ a f9i%$ *ild ( nature1 n a jo9t product1 l mo/ ( u1 ( nature1 hi/ory1 & society1 he ab\nd$ miracul\sly 9 8 own cle> s5se1 b 0 obtuse to ! droll1 miscellane\s lessons ( =tune4 ,! cannonade ( h>d1 inexplicable facts t knocks into mo/ ( u :at little wisdom we h left ,%elley daz$ & sore1 p]haps1 b un9/ruct$4 ,:5 ! /orm 0 ov]1 he began *irp+ aga9 8 own natural note4 ,if ! _w cont9u$ to conf9e & obsess him1 he hat$ ! _w1 & gasp$ = fre$om4 ,be+ incapable ( und]/&+ reality1 he revell$ 9 creat+ _w aft] _w 9 idea4 ,= 8 nature 0 n m]ely pr$et]m9$ & obdurate1 x 0 also s5sitive1 vehem5t1 & f]tile4 ,) ! s\l ( a bird1 he _h ! s5ses ( a man-*ild2 ! in/9ct ( ! butt]fly 0 unit$ 9 him ) ! in/9ct ( ! brood+ f[l & ( ! pelican4 ,?is w+$ _s _h a he>t4 ,x d>t$ swiftly on its appo9t$ c\rse1 nei!r expect+ nor und]/&+ opposition2 b :5 x met opposition x did n m]ely flutt] & collapse2 x 0 inw>dly outrag$1 x prote/$ pr\dly aga9/ fate1 x cri$ al\d = lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ,%elley1 hav+ a nature pre=m$ b at ! same "t t5d]1 passionate1 & moral1 0 expos$ to e>ly & cont9ual suff]+4 ,:5 ! _w violat$ ! ideal :i* lay s cle> be=e 8 eyes1 t violation fill$ him ) horror4 ,if to ! irrepressible gu%+ ( life f )9 we add ! suff]+ & horror t cont9ually *eck$ x1 we %all h 9 h&1 ,i ?9k1 ! *ief elem5ts ( 8 g5ius4 ,love ( ! ideal1 passionate appreh5sion ( :at ought to be1 has = its necess>y c\nt]p>t condemnation ( ! actual1 :]ev] ! actual does n con=m to t ideal4 ,! spontane\s s\l1 ! s\l ( ! *ild1 is naturally revolution>y2 & :5 ! revolution fails1 ! s\l ( ! y\? becomes naturally pessimi/ic4 ,all moral life & moral judgm5t h ?is deeply romantic "*2 !y v5ture to ass]t a private ideal 9 ! face ( an intractable & omnipot5t _w4 ,"s morali/s beg9 by feel+ ! attraction ( unta/$ & ideal p]fection4 ,^!1 l ,plato1 excel 9 elevation1 & !y are apt to despise r ?an to re=m ! _w4 ,o!r morali/s beg9 by a revolt aga9/ ! actual1 at "s po9t :]e !y f9d ! actual p>ticul>ly gall+4 ,^! excel 9 s9c]ity2 _! purbl9d consci5ce is urg5t1 & !y are re=m]s 9 int5t & sometimes ev5 9 action4 ,b ! ideals !y frame are fragm5t>y & %all[1 (t5 m]e provisional vague wat*words1 l lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity2 !y possess no positive visions or plans = moral life z a :ole1 l ,plato's ,republic4 ,! ,utopian or vision>y morali/s are (t5 r daz$ by ?is wick$ _w2 be+ well-int5tion$ b impot5t1 !y (t5 take com=t 9 fancy+ t ! ideal !y p9e = is already actually embodi$ on e>?1 or is ab\t to be embodi$ on e>? 9 a decade or two1 or at lea/ is embodi$ et]nally 9 a sph]e imm$iately above ! e>?1 to :i* we %all pres5tly climb1 & be happy = ev]4 ,lov]s ( ! ideal :o ?us ha/ily believe 9 its reality are call$ ideali/s1 & ,%elley 0 an ideali/ 9 almo/ e s5se ( t h>d-us$ ^w4 ,he e>ly became an ideali/ aft] ,b]keley's fa%ion1 9 t he discr$it$ ! exi/5ce ( matt] & embrac$ a psy*ological or 7z x 0 call$7 intellectual sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,9 8 drama ,hellas he puts ?is view ) evid5t approval into ! m\? ( ,ahasu]us3 ,?is :ole ,( suns & worlds & m5 & bea/s & fl[]s1 ,) all ! sil5t or tempe/u\s work+s ,by :i* !y h be51 are1 or cease to be1 ,is b a vision2--all t x inh]its ,are motes ( a sick eye1 bubbles & dreams4 ,?\ght is its cradle & its grave2 nor less ,! future & ! pa/ are idle %ad[s ,( ?\ght's et]nal flight--!y h no be+3 ,n\ght is b t :i* feels itself to be4 ,b ,%elley 0 ev5 m deeply & con/antly an ideali/ aft] ! mann] ( ,plato2 = he reg>d$ ! good z a magnet 7inexplicably n work+ = ! mom5t7 t draws all life & motion aft] x2 & he look$ on ! types & ideals ( ?+s z on et]nal realities t subsi/1 beautiful & unt>ni%$1 :5 ! glimm]+s t reveal !m to our s5ses h di$ away4 ,f ! inf9ite pot5tialities ( beauty 9 ! ab/ract1 articulate m9d draws c]ta9 bright =ms--! ,platonic ideas--! ga!r$ rays :i* are reality1 z ,%elley call$ !m3 & x is ! light ( ^! ideals ca/ on objects ( s5se t l5ds to ^! objects "s degree ( reality & value1 mak+ out ( !m lovely app>itions1 dim at fir/1 !n radiant 444 ! prog5y immortal ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & rapt poesy4 ,! only k9d ( idealism t ,%elley _h no?+ to d ) is ! k9d t prevails 9 "s univ]sities1 t ,hegelian idealism :i* tea*es t p]fect good is a vici\s ab/raction1 & ma9ta9s t all ! evil t has be51 is1 & ev] %all be is indisp5sable to make ! univ]se z good z x possibly c\ld be4 ,9 ?is =m1 idealism is simply contempt = all ideals1 & a he>ty adoration ( ?+s z !y are2 & z su* x appeals mightily to ! p[]s t be1 9 *ur* & 9 /ate2 b 9 t capacity x w\ld h be5 z hateful to ,%elley z ! p[]s t be always 71 & z ! philosophy 0 t flatt]$ !m4 ,= 8 moral feel+ 0 bas$ on suff]+ & horror at :at is actual1 no less ?an on love ( a vision$ good4 ,8 consci5ce 01 to a mo/ unusual degree1 at once elevat$ & s9c]e4 ,x 0 inspir$ 9 equal measure by prophecy & by indignation4 ,he 0 c>ri$ away 9 turn by en?usiasm = :at 8 e!real & f]tile fancy pictur$ z possible1 & by dete/ation ( ! reality =c$ ^u him in/ead4 ,h5ce t extraord9>y moral f]v\r :i* is ! s\l ( 8 poetry4 ,8 imag9ation is no playful undirect$ kaleidoscope2 ! images1 (t5 s t5u\s & metaphysical1 t cr[d ^u him1 are all sp>ks ?r[n (f at :ite heat1 embodim5ts ( a f]v5t1 def9ite1 unsw]v+ inspiration4 ,if we ?9k t ! ,cl\d or ! ,we/ ,w9d or ! ,wit* ( ! ,atlas are m]e fireworks1 poetic du/1 a sort ( bataille des fleurs 9 :i* we are pelt$ by a %[] ( images--we h n und]/ood ! passion t ov]fl[s 9 !m1 z any long-nurs$ passion may1 9 any ( u1 sudd5ly ov]fl[ 9 an unwont$ pr(usion ( words4 ,?is is a po9t at :i* ,francis ,?ompson's und]/&+ ( ,%elley1 g5]ally s p]fect1 seems to me to g a/ray4 ,! univ]se1 ,?ompson tells u1 0 ,%elley's box ( toys4 ,he gets betwe5 ! feet ( ! horses ( ! sun4 ,he /&s 9 ! lap ( pati5t ,nature1 & tw9es h] loos5$ tresses aft] a hundr$ wilful fa%ions1 to see h[ %e w look nice/ 9 8 song4 ,?is la/ is n1 ,i ?9k1 ,%elley's motive2 x is n ! tru? ab\t ! spr+ ( 8 g5ius4 ,he und\bt$ly %att]s ! _w to bits1 b only to build x ne>] to ! he>t's desire1 only to make out ( its col\r$ fragm5ts "s m ,elysian home = love1 or "s m dazzl+ symbol = t inf9ite beauty :i* is ! ne$--! pr(\nd1 a*+1 imp]ative ne$--( ! human s\l4 ,?is recreative impulse ( ! poet's is n wilful1 z ,?ompson calls x3 x is moral4 ,l ! ,s5sitive ,plant ,x loves ev5 l ,love1--its deep he>t is full2 ,x desires :at x has n1 ! beautiful4 ,! "q = ,%elley is n at all :at w look nice/ 9 8 song2 t is ! preoccupation ( m9c+ rhyme/]s1 ^: well is soon dry4 ,%elley's abundance has a m g5]\s s\rce2 x spr+s f 8 passion = pictur+ :at w\ld be be/1 n 9 ! picture1 b 9 ! _w4 ,h5ce1 :5 he feels he has pictur$ or div9$ x1 he c exclaim3 ,! joy1 ! triumph1 ! delight1 ! madness1 ,! b\ndless1 ov]fl[+1 bur/+ gladness1 ,! vapor\s exultation1 n to be conf9$6 ,ha6 ,ha6 ! animation ( delight1 ,:i* wraps me l an atmosph]e ( light1 ,& be>s me z a cl\d is borne by its own w9d6 ,to mat* ?is gift ( body+ =? ! ideal ,%elley _h 8 vehem5t s5se ( wrong2 & z he seiz$ ^u & reca/ all images ( beauty1 to make !m m p]fectly beautiful1 s1 to v5t 8 inf9ite horror ( evil1 he seiz$ on all ! wor/ images ( crime or torture t he c\ld f9d1 & reca/ !m s z to rea* ! qu9tess5ce ( di/ill$ badness4 ,8 pictures ( w>1 fam9e1 lu/1 & cruelty are1 or seem1 =c$1 al?\gh p]haps1 z 9 ! ,c5ci1 he might urge t he _h hi/orical w>rant = 8 descriptions1 f> bett] hi/orical w>rant1 no d\bt1 ?an ! beauty & happ9ess actually to be f\nd 9 ! _w c\ld give him = 8 ,skyl>k1 8 ,epipsy*idion1 or 8 ,prome!us4 ,b to exagg]ate good is to vivify1 to enhance our s5se ( moral coh]5ce & beautiful naturalness2 x is to r5d] ?+s m graceful1 intelligible1 & cong5ial to ! _s :i* !y ought to s]ve4 ,to aggravate evil1 on ! contr>y1 is to d>k5 c\nsel--already d>k en\gh--& ! want ( tru? to nature 9 ?is pessimi/ic sort ( exagg]ation is n comp5sat$ = by any advantage4 ,! viol5ce &1 to my feel+1 ! wantonness ( ^! invectives--= !y are invectives 9 int5tion & 9 effect--may h seem$ ju/ifi$ to ,%elley by 8 political purpose4 ,he 0 ?ir/+ to de/roy k+s1 prie/s1 soldi]s1 p>5ts1 & heads ( colleges--to de/roy !m1 ,i mean1 9 _! (ficial capacity2 & ! exhibition ( _! vil5ess 9 all its diabolical purity might s]ve to remove scruples 9 ! half-he>t$4 ,we1 :om ! n9ete5? c5tury has left s t5d] to hi/orical rights & hi/orical beauties1 may wond] t a poet1 an impassion$ lov] ( ! beautiful1 c\ld h be5 su* a levell]1 & su* a v&al 9 8 !oretical de/ructiv5ess4 ,b "h ! legacy ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 speak+ 9 ,%elley1 z t ( ! n9ete5? is speak+ 9 u3 & moreov]1 9 8 own p]son1 ! v f]tility ( imag9ation c\ld be a cause ( bl9dness to ! pa/ & its cont+5t sanctities4 ,%elley 0 n left /&+ agha/1 l a ,phili/9e1 be=e ! ?reat5$ de/ruction ( all traditional ord]4 ,he _h1 & knew he _h1 ! se$s ( a f> loveli] ord] 9 8 own s\l2 !re he f\nd ! plan or memory ( a p]fect commonweal? ( nature ready to rise at once on ! ru9s ( ?is sad _w1 & to make regret = x impossible4 ,s mu* = :at ,i take to be ! d\ble f\ndation ( ,%elley's g5ius1 a vivid love ( ideal good on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 :at is complem5t>y to t vivid love1 mu* suff]+ & horror at ! t\* ( actual evils4 ,on ?is d\ble f\ndation he bas$ an op9ion :i* _h ! greate/ influ5ce on 8 poetry1 n m]ely on ! subject-matt] ( x1 b also on ! exub]ance & urg5cy ( emotion :i* suffuses x4 ,?is op9ion 0 t all t caus$ suff]+ & horror 9 ! _w c\ld be readily de/roy$3 x 0 ! belief 9 p]fectibility4 ,an animal t has rigid in/9cts & an a priori m9d is probably v imp]fectly adapt$ to ! _w he comes into3 8 organs _c be m\ld$ by exp]i5ce & use2 unless !y are fitt$ by "s miracul\s pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 or by natural selection1 to ?+s z !y are1 !y w nev] be reconcil$ ) !m1 & an et]nal w> w ensue betwe5 :at ! animal ne$s1 loves1 & c und]/& & :at ! out] reality (f]s4 ,s long z su* a creature lives--& 8 life w be difficult & %ort--ev5ts w cont9ually disconc]t & puzzle him2 ev]y?+ w seem to him unacc\ntable1 inexplicable1 unnatural4 ,he w n be able to conceive ! real ord] & connection ( ?+s sympa!tically1 by assimilat+ 8 habits ( ?\ght to _! habits ( evolution4 ,8 faculties be+ innate & unadaptable w n all[ him to correct 8 presumptions & axioms2 he w nev] be able to make nature ! /&>d ( naturalness4 ,:at contradicts 8 private impulses w seem to him to contradict reason1 beauty1 & necessity4 ,9 ?is p>adoxical situation he w probably take refuge 9 ! conviction t :at he f9ds to exi/ is an illusion1 or at lea/ n a fair sample ( reality4 ,be+ s p]v]se1 absurd1 & repugnant1 ! giv5 /ate ( ?+s mu/ be1 he w say1 only accid5tal & tempor>y4 ,he w be sure t 8 own a priori imag9ation is ! mirror ( all ! et]nal proprieties1 & t z 8 m9d c move only 9 "o pr$et]m9$ way1 ?+s _c be prev5t$ f mov+ 9 t same way save by "s /range viol5ce done to _! nature4 ,x w\ld be easy1 !re=e1 to set ev]y?+ "r aga93 nay1 ev]y?+ mu/ be on ! po9t ( right+ itself spontane\sly4 ,wrong1 ( its v ess5ce1 mu/ be 9 un/able equilibrium4 ,! conflict betwe5 :at su* a man feels ought to exi/ & :at he f9ds actually exi/+ mu/1 he w feel sure1 end by a spe$y revolution 9 ?+s1 & by ! removal ( all sc&als2 t x %\ld end by ! spe$y removal ( 8 own p]son1 or by su* a revolution 9 8 dem&s z might reconcile him to exi/5ce1 w nev] occur to him2 or1 if ! ?\ght occurs to him1 x w seem too horrible to be true4 ,su* a creature _c adapt himself to ?+s by education1 & consequ5tly he _c adapt ?+s to himself by indu/ry4 ,8 *oice lies absolutely betwe5 victory & m>tyrdom4 ,b at ! v mom5t ( m>tyrdom1 m>tyrs1 z is well kn[n1 usually feel assur$ ( victory4 ,! a priori _s w !re=e be always a prophet ( victory1 s long z x subsi/s at all4 ,! vision ( a bett] _w at h& absorb$ ! ,israelites 9 exile1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ! des]t1 & ,*ri/ on ! cross4 ,! m>tyr$ _s always says to ! _w x leaves1 ,?is day ?\ %all be ) me 9 p>adise4 ,9 j ?is way1 ,%elley believ$ 9 p]fectibility4 ,9 8 late/ poems--9 ,hellas1 9 ,adonais--he 0 p]haps a little incl9$ to remove ! sc5e ( p]fectibility to a metaphysical region1 z ! ,*ri/ian *ur* soon remov$ x to ! o!r _w4 ,inde$1 an e>? really made p]fect is h>dly di/+ui%able f a po/hum\s heav53 s pr(\ndly mu/ ev]y?+ 9 x be *ang$1 & s angel-l mu/ e "o 9 x become4 ,%elley's e>?ly p>adise1 z describ$ 9 ,prome!us & 9 ,epipsy*idion1 is too fe/ival-l too mu* ( a m]e culm9ation1 n to be fugitive3 x cries al\d to be translat$ into a *angeless & metaphysical heav51 :i* to ,%elley's m9d c\ld be no?+ b ! realm ( ,platonic ideas1 :]e life1 l a dome ( _m-col\r$ glass1 no long] /a9s ! :ite radiance ( et]nity4 ,b ! age _h be5 an age ( revolution &1 9 spite ( disappo9tm5ts1 reta9$ its fai? 9 revolution2 & ! "y ,%elley 0 n satisfi$ ) a p>adise remov$ to ! intangible realms ( poetry or ( religion2 he hop$1 l ! old ,hebrews1 = a p>adise on e>?4 ,8 notion 0 t eloqu5ce c\ld *ange ! he>t ( man1 & t love1 k9dl$ !re by ! =ce ( reason & ( example1 w\ld trans=m society4 ,he believ$1 ,mrs4 ,%elley tells u1 t mank9d _h only to w t !re %\ld be no evil1 & !re w\ld be none4 ,& %e adds3 ,t man c\ld be s p]fectionis$ z to be able to expel evil f 8 own nature1 & f ! great] "p ( creation1 0 ! c>d9al po9t ( 8 sy/em4 ,?is cosmic ext5sion ( ! conv]sion ( m5 rem9ds "o ( ! cosmic ext5sion ( ! ,fall conceiv$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e2 & 9 ! ,prome!us ,%elley has all[$ 8 fancy1 half 9 symbol1 half 9 glori\s physical hyp]bole1 to c>ry ! w>m contagion ( love into ! v b[els ( ! e>?1 & ev5 ! moon1 by reflection1 to cat* ! light ( love1 & be alive aga94 ,%elley1 we may safely say1 did n und]/& ! real con/itution ( nature4 ,x 0 hidd5 f him by a cl\d1 all wov5 ( %ift+ ra9b[s & bright te>s4 ,only 8 emotional ha/e made x possible = him to ent]ta9 su*1 op9ions z he did ent]ta92 or r1 x 0 inevitable t ! me*anism ( nature1 z x is 9 its dep?s1 %\ld rema9 9 8 pictures only ! %ad[ie/ ( backgr\nds4 ,8 poetry is accord+ly a "p ( ! poetry ( illusion2 ! poetry ( tru?1 if we h ! c\rage to hope = su* a ?+1 is res]v$ = f> diff]5t & yet unborn poets4 ,b x is only fair to ,%elley to rememb] t ! moral be+ ( mank9d is z yet 9 its *ildhood2 all poets play ) images n und]/ood2 !y t\* on emotions %>ply1 at r&om1 z 9 a dream2 !y suff] ea* successive vision1 ea* poignant s5tim5t1 to evaporate into no?+1 or to leave beh9d only a he>t vaguely s(t5$ & fatigu$1 a g5tle languor1 or a te>ful hope4 ,e mod]n s*ool ( poets1 once out ( fa%ion1 proves itself to h be5 sadly romantic & s5tim5tal4 ,none has done bett] ?an to spangle a confus$ s5su\s pageant ) "s sp>ks ( tru?1 or to give x "s symbolic relation to moral exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is ,%elley has done z well z anybody3 all o!r poets also h be5 poets ( illusion4 ,! di/9ction ( ,%elley is t 8 illusions are s wond]fully f9e1 subtle1 & palpitat+2 t !y betray passions & m5tal habits s s+ul>ly g5]\s & pure4 ,& :y8 ,because he did n believe 9 ! necessity ( :at is vulg>1 & did n pay t demoralis+ respect to x1 "u ! title ( fact or ( cu/om1 :i* x exacts f mo/ ( u4 ,! pa/ seem$ to him no valid prec$5t1 ! pres5t no f9al in/ance4 ,z he believ$ 9 ! imm95ce ( an ov]turn t %\ld make all ?+s new1 he 0 n *eck$ by any divid$ allegiance1 by any s5se t he 0 /ray+ into ! vapid or fanciful1 :5 he creat$ :at he ju/ly calls ,beautiful idealisms ( moral excell5ce4 ,t is :at 8 poems are fundam5tally--! ,skyl>k1 & ! ,wit* ( ! ,atlas1 & ! ,s5sitive ,plant no less ?an ! gr&] pieces4 ,he infus$ into 8 gossam] _w ! /r5g? ( 8 h]oic consci5ce4 ,he felt t :at 8 imag9ation pictur$ 0 a true symbol ( :at human exp]i5ce %\ld & might pass into4 ,o!rwise he w\ld h be5 aw>e ( play+ ) idle images2 8 poetry w\ld h be5 m]e mill9]y & 8 politics m]e bus9ess2 he w\ld h be5 a worldl+ 9 art & 9 morals4 ,! cle> fire1 ! su/a9$ brea?1 ! f]v5t acc5t ( 8 poetry are due to 8 fai? 9 8 philosophy4 ,z ,mrs4 ,%elley express$ x1 he _h no c>e = any ( 8 poems t did n emanate f ! dep?s ( 8 m9d1 & develop "s high & ab/ruse tru?4 ,_h 8 poetry n dealt ) :at 0 supreme 9 8 own eyes1 & de>e/ to 8 he>t1 x c\ld nev] h be5 ! exquisite & entranc+ poetry t x is4 ,x w\ld n h _h an adequate subject-matt]1 z1 9 spite ( ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,i ?9k x _h2 = no?+ c be empty t conta9s su* a s\l4 ,an angel _c be ineffectual if ! /&>d ( effici5cy is moral2 he is :at all o!r ?+s br+ ab\t1 :5 !y are effectual4 ,& a void t is alive ) ! beat+ ( lum9\s w+s1 & ( a lum9\s he>t1 is q suffici5tly peopl$4 ,%elley's m9d 0 angelic n m]ely 9 its purity & f]v\r1 b also 9 its moral au?ority1 9 its prophetic /ra94 ,:at 0 consci5ce 9 8 g5]ation 0 life 9 him4 ,! m9d ( man is n m]ely a s5sorium4 ,8 intellig5ce is n m]ely an in/rum5t = adaptation4 ,!re is a g]m )91 a nucleus ( =ce & organisation1 :i* c be unfold$1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 into a p]fection inw>dly det]m9$4 ,man's con/itution is a f\nta9 f :i* to draw an inf9ity ( gu%+ music1 n repres5t+ any?+ ext]nal1 yet n unmean+ on t acc\nt1 s9ce x repres5ts ! capacities & passions lat5t 9 him f ! beg9n+4 ,^! pot5tialities1 h[ev]1 are no oracles ( tru?4 ,be+ innate !y are arbitr>y2 be+ a priori !y are subjective2 b !y are good pr9ciples = fiction1 = poetry1 = morals1 = religion4 ,!y are pr9ciples = ! true expression ( man1 b n = ! true description ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 !y are tak5 = ! latt]1 fiction becomes deception1 poetry illusion1 morals fanaticism1 & religion bad sci5ce4 ,! orgy ( delusion into :i* we are !n plung$ comes f suppos+ ! a priori to be capable ( controll+ ! actual1 & ! innate to be a /&>d = ! true4 ,t ri* & def9ite end[m5t :i* might h made ! di/9ction ( ! poet1 !n makes ! n>r[ness ( ! philosoph]4 ,s ,%elley1 ) a sort ( tyranny ( :i* he does n suspect ! possible cruelty1 w\ld impose 8 ideal ( love & equality ^u all creatures2 he w\ld make en?usia/s ( cl[ns & doves ( vultures4 ,9 him1 z 9 _m p1 too int5se a ne$ ( lov+ excludes ! capacity = intellig5t sympa?y4 ,8 feel+ _c accommodate itself to ! inequalities ( human nature3 8 good w is a geys]1 & w n cons5t to gr[ cool1 & to wat] ! flat & vulg> rea*es ( life4 ,%elley is bl9d to ! excell5ces ( :at he despises1 z he is bl9d to ! impossibility ( realis+ :at he wants4 ,8 sympa?ies are n>r[ z 8 politics are vision>y1 s t !re is a c]ta9 moral incompet5ce 9 8 moral int5sity4 ,yet 8 ab/raction f half ( life1 or f n9e-t5?s ( x1 0 p]haps necess>y if sil5ce & space 7 to be won 9 8 m9d = its own upwell+1 ec/atic h>monies4 ,! _w we h always ) u1 b su* spirits we h n always4 ,& ! _s has fire en\gh )9 to make a second /ell> univ]se4 ,an in/ance ( ,%elley's moral incompet5ce 9 moral int5sity is to be f\nd 9 8 view ( selfi%ness & evil4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( pure _s1 selfi%ness is q absurd4 ,z a contempor>y ( ours has put x3 ,x is s evid5t t x is bett] to secure a great] good = ,a ?an a less] good = ,b t x is h>d to f9d any /ill m evid5t pr9ciple by :i* to prove ?is4 ,& if ,a happ5s to be "s "o else1 & ,b to be myself1 t _c affect ! "q4 ,x is v fooli% n to love y\r neighb\r z y\rself1 s9ce 8 good is no less good ?an y\rs4 ,conv9ce p ( ?is--& :o c resi/ su* p]fect logic8--& pre/o all prop]ty 9 ?+s has disappe>$1 all jeal\sy 9 love1 & all rivalry 9 hon\r4 ,h[ happy & secure e "o w sudd5ly be1 & h[ mu* ri*] ?an 9 our mean1 bl9d1 competitive society6 ,! s+le ^w love--& we h j se5 t love is a logical necessity--(f]s an easy & f9al solution to all moral & political problems4 ,%elley _c imag9e :y ?is solution is n accept$1 & :y logic does n produce love4 ,he c only wond] & grieve t x does n2 & s9ce selfi%ness & ill-w seem to him q gratuit\s1 8 ire is ar\s$2 he ?9ks !m unnatural & mon/r\s4 ,he c\ld n 9 ! lea/ und]/& evil1 ev5 :5 he did x himself2 all villa9y seem$ to him wanton1 all lu/ frigid1 all hatr$ insane4 ,all 0 an abom9ation alike t 0 n ! lovely _s ( love4 ,n[ ?is is a v un9tellig5t view ( evil2 & if ,%elley _h _h "t to read ,sp9oza--an au?or ) :om he w\ld h f\nd himself l>gely 9 sympa?y--he might h le>n$ t no?+ is evil 9 itself1 & t :at is evil 9 ?+s is n due to any accid5t 9 creation1 nor to gr\ndless malice 9 man4 ,evil is an inevitable aspect :i* ?+s put on :5 !y are /ruggl+ to pres]ve !mselves 9 ! same habitat1 9 :i* !re is n room or matt] en\gh = !m to prosp] equally side by side4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! p>tial success ( any creature--say1 ! canc]-microbe--is an evil f ! po9t ( view ( ^? o!r creatures--say1 m5--to :om t success is a defeat4 ,%elley sometimes half p]ceiv$ ?is inevitable trag$y4 ,s he says ( ! fair lady 9 ! ,s5sitive ,plant3 ,all kill+ insects & gnaw+ worms1 ,& ?+s ( obsc5e & unlovely =ms1 ,%e bore 9 a basket ( ,indian wo(1 ,into ! r\gh woods f> alo(-- ,9 a basket ( grasses & wild fl[]s full1 ,! fre%e/ h] g5tle h&s c\ld pull ,= ! poor bani%$ insects1 ^: int5t1 ,al?\gh !y did ill1 0 innoc5t4 ,n[ x is all v well to ask canc]-microbes to be reasonable1 & g fe$ on oak-leaves1 if ! oak-leaves d n object2 oak-leaves might be poison = !m1 & 9 any case canc]-microbes _c li/5 to reason2 !y mu/ g on propagat+ :]e !y are1 unless !y are quickly & utt]ly ext]m9at$4 ,& fundam5tally m5 are subject to ! same fatality exactly2 !y _c li/5 to reason unless !y are reasonable2 & x is unreasonable to expect t1 be+ animals1 !y %\ld be reasonable exclusively4 ,imag9ation is inde$ at "w 9 !m1 & makes !m capable ( sacrific+ !mselves = any idea t appeals to !m1 = _! *ildr51 p]haps1 or = _! religion4 ,b !y are n m capable ( sacrific+ !mselves to :at does n int]e/ !m ?an ! canc]-microbes are ( sacrific+ !mselves to m54 ,:5 ,%elley m>vels at ! p]v]sity ( ! _w1 he %[s 8 ignorance ( ! _w4 ,! illusion he suff]s f is con/itutional1 & su* z l>ks & s5sitive plants are possibly subject to 9 _! way3 :at he is m>vell+ at is really t any?+ %\ld exi/ at all n a creature ( 8 own moral disposition4 ,consequ5tly ! m he misund]/&s ! _w & bids x *ange its nature1 ! m he expresses 8 own nature3 s t all is n vanity 9 8 illusion1 nor night 9 8 bl9dness4 ,! poet sees mo/ cle>ly :at 8 ideal is2 he suff]s no illusion 9 ! expression ( 8 own s\l4 ,8 political utopias1 8 belief 9 ! p[] ( love1 & 8 cry+ly subjective & incon/ant way ( judg+ p are "o side ( ! picture2 ! o!r is 8 lyrical p[]1 weal?1 & ec/asy4 ,if he _h und]/ood univ]sal nature1 he w\ld n h s glorifi$ 9 8 own4 ,& 8 own nature 0 wor? glorify+2 x 01 ,i ?9k1 ! pure/1 t5d]e/1 ri*e/1 mo/ rational nature ev] p\r$ =? 9 v]se4 ,i h n read 9 any language su* a full expression ( ! unadult]at$ in/9cts ( ! m9d4 ,! _w ( ,%elley is t :i* ! vital monad )9 _m ( u--,i w n say )9 all1 = :o %all set b\nds to ! v>iations ( human nature8--! _w :i* ! vital monad )9 _m ( u1 ,i say1 w\ld gladly live 9 if x c\ld h its way4 ,mat!w ,arnold said t ,%elley 0 n q sane2 & c]ta9ly he 0 n q sane1 if we place sanity 9 ju/ness ( ext]nal p]ception1 adaptation to matt]1 & docility to ! facts2 b 8 lack ( sanity 0 n due to any int]nal corruption2 x 0 n ev5 an int]nal ecc5tricity4 ,he 0 l a *ild1 l a ,platonic s\l j fall5 f ! ,empyrean2 & ! *ild may be daz$1 cr$ul\s1 & fanciful2 b he is n mad4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 e>ne/ playfulness1 ! con/ant di/raction ( 8 att5tion f obs]vation to daydreams1 is ! sign ( an inw>d ord] & fecundity appropriate to 8 age4 ,if *ildr5 did n see visions1 good m5 w\ld h no?+ to "w =4 ,x is ! s\l ( obs]vant p]sons1 l ,mat!w ,arnold1 t is apt n to be q sane & :ole inw>dly1 b some:at w>p$ by famili>ity ) ! p]v]sities ( real ?+s1 & =c$ to misrepres5t its true ideal1 l a tree b5t by too preval5t a w9d4 ,half ! f]tility ( su* a s\l is lo/1 & ! o!r half is d5aturalis$4 ,no d\bt1 9 its /urdy de=mity1 ! practical m9d is an in/ructive & n unpleas+ object1 an excell5t1 if some:at pa!tic1 expression ( ! climate 9 :i* x is condemn$ to gr[1 & ( its dogg$ cl++ to an +rate soil2 b x is a wret*$ expression ( its innate possibilities4 ,%elley1 on ! contr>y1 is l a palm-tree 9 ! des]t or a /> 9 ! sky2 he is p]fect 9 ! mid/ ( ! void4 ,8 obtus5ess to ?+s dynamic--to ! mat]ial ord]--leaves 8 :ole m9d free to develop ?+s /hetic aft] _! own k9d2 8 ab/raction p]mits purity1 8 playfulness makes room = creative fre$om1 8 e!real quality is only humanity hav+ its way4 ,we p]haps d ourselves an inju/ice :5 we ?9k t ! he>t ( u is sordid2 :at is sordid is r ! situation t cramps or /ifles ! he>t4 ,9 itself our g5]ative pr9ciple is surely no less f]tile & g5]\s ?an ! g5]ative pr9ciple ( cry/als or fl[]s4 ,z x c produce a m complex body1 x is capable ( produc+ a m complex m9d2 & ! beauty & life ( ?is m9d1 l t ( ! body1 is all pr$et]m9$ 9 ! se$4 ,circum/ances may suff] ! organism to develop1 or prev5t x f do+ s2 !y _c *ange its plan )\t mak+ x ugly & de=m$4 ,:at ,%elley's m9d draws f ! outside1 its fund ( images1 is l :at ! g]m ( ! body draws f ! outside1 its food--a mass ( m]e mat]ials to trans=m & reorganise4 ,) ^! images ,%elley con/ructs a _w det]m9$ by 8 native g5ius1 z ! se$ organises out ( its food a pr$et]m9$ sy/em ( n]ves & muscles4 ,%elley's poetry %[s u ! p]fect b nak$ body ( human happ9ess4 ,:at clo!s circum/ances may compel mo/ ( u to add may be a necess>y concession to climate1 to cu/om1 or to %ame2 !y c h>dly add a new vitality or any beauty comp>able to t :i* !y hide4 ,:5 ! s\l1 z 9 ,%elley's case1 is all goodness1 & :5 ! _w seems all illegitimacy & ob/ruction1 we ne$ n wond] t fre$om %\ld be reg>d$ z a panacea4 ,ev5 if fre$om _h n be5 ! idol ( ,%elley's times1 he w\ld h made an idol ( x = himself4 ,i nev] c\ld disc]n 9 him1 says 8 fri5d ,hogg1 any m ?an two pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ 0 a /rong1 irrepressible love ( lib]ty4444 ,! second 0 an equally ard5t love ( tol]ation 444 & 444 an int5se abhorr5ce ( p]secution4 ,we all fancy n[adays t we believe 9 lib]ty & abhor p]secution2 b ! lib]ty we approve ( is usually only a v>iation 9 social compulsions1 to make !m less gall+ to our late/ s5tim5ts ?an ! old compulsions w\ld be if we reta9$ !m4 ,lib]ty ( ! press & lib]ty to vote d n greatly help u 9 liv+ aft] our own m9d1 :i* is1 ,i suppose1 ! only positive sort ( lib]ty4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( a poet1 !re c be little ess5tial fre$om s long z he is =bidd5 to live ) ! p he likes1 & compell$ to live ) ! p he does n l4 ,?is1 to ,%elley1 seem$ ! mo/ gall+ ( tyrannies2 & free love 01 to 8 feel+1 ! ess5ce & te/ ( fre$om4 ,love mu/ be spontane\s to be a spiritual bond 9 ! beg9n+ & x mu/ rema9 spontane\s if x is to rema9 spiritual4 ,to be b\nd by "o's pa/ is z great a tyranny to pure _s z to be b\nd by ! s9 ( ,adam1 or by ! laws ( ,artax]xes2 & ^? ( u :o d n believe 9 ! possibility ( free love ought to decl>e frankly t we d n1 at bottom1 believe 9 ! possibility ( fre$om4 ,i nev] 0 atta*$ to t great sect ,^: doctr9e is t ea* "o %\ld select1 ,out ( ! cr[d1 a mi/ress or a fri5d ,& all ! re/1 ?\gh fair & wise1 comm5d ,to cold oblivion2 ?\gh x is ! code ,( mod]n morals1 & ! beat5 road ,:i* ^? poor slaves ) we>y foot/eps tread ,:o travel to _! home among ! dead ,by ! broad highway ( ! _w1 & s ,) "o *a9$ fri5d1 p]haps a jeal\s foe1 ,! dre>ie/ & ! longe/ j\rney g4 ,true love 9 ?is diff]s f gold & clay1 ,t to divide is n to take away4 ,love is l und]/&+ t gr[s bright ,gaz+ on _m tru?s4444 ,n>r[ ,! he>t t loves1 ! bra9 t contemplates1 ,! life t we>s1 ! _s t creates ,"o object & "o =m1 & builds !reby ,a sepul*re = its et]nity6 ,! difficulties 9 r$uc+ ?is *>m+ !ory ( love to practice are well exemplifi$ 9 ,%elley's own life4 ,he ran away ) 8 fir/ wife n because %e inspir$ any uncontrollable passion1 b because %e decl>$ %e 0 a victim ( dome/ic oppression & ?rew h]self ^u him = protection4 ,nev]!less1 :5 he discov]$ t 8 be/ fri5d 0 mak+ love to h]1 9 spite ( 8 free-love pr9ciples1 he 0 v s]i\sly annoy$4 ,:5 he pres5tly ab&on$ h]1 feel+ a spiritual aff9ity 9 ano!r direction1 %e dr[n$ h]self 9 ! ,s]p5t9e3 & 8 second wife ne$$ all h] natural sweetness & all h] inh]it$ philosophy to reconcile h] to ! waves ( ,platonic en?usiasm = o!r ladies :i* p]iodically swept ! too s5sitive he>t ( h] husb&4 ,free love w\ld n1 !n1 secure fre$om f complications2 x w\ld n remove ! pres5t occasion = jeal\sy1 reproa*es1 trag$ies1 & ! dragg+ ( a l5g!n+ *a94 ,fre$om ( _s _c be translat$ into fre$om ( action2 y may am5d laws1 & cu/oms1 & social entanglem5ts1 b y w /ill h !m2 = ?is _w is a lumb]+ me*anism & n1 l love1 a pla/ic dream4 ,wisdom is v old & !re=e (t5 ironical1 & x has long taught t x is well = ^? :o w\ld live 9 ! _s to keep z cle> z possible ( ! _w3 & t m>riage1 especially a free-love m>riage1 is a sn>e = poets4 ,let !m endure to love freely1 hopelessly1 & inf9itely1 aft] ! mann] ( ,plato & ,dante1 & ev5 ( ,goe!1 :5 ,goe! really lov$3 t exquisite sacrifice w improve _! v]se1 & x w n kill !m4 ,let !m foll[ 9 ! traces ( ,%elley :5 he wrote 9 8 y\?3 ,i h be5 mo/ ( ! night pac+ a *ur*-y>d4 ,i mu/ n[ engage 9 sc5es ( /rong int]e/4444 ,i expect to gratify "s ( ?is insatiable feel+ 9 poetry4444 ,i slept ) a load$ pi/ol & "s poison la/ night1 b did n die1 ,happy man if he _h be5 able to add1 ,& did n m>ry6 ,la/ among ! elem5ts ( ,%elley's ?\ght ,i may p]haps m5tion 8 a!ism4 ,%elley call$ himself an a!i/ 9 8 y\?2 8 biograph]s & critics usually say t he 01 or t he became1 a pan!i/4 ,he 0 an a!i/ 9 ! s5se t he d5i$ ! or?odox conception ( a deity :o is a volunt>y creator1 a legislator1 & a judge2 b 8 av]sion to ,*ri/ianity 0 n f\nd$ on any sympa!tic or imag9ative k ( x2 & a man :o pref]r$ ! ,p>adiso ( ,dante to almo/ any o!r poem1 & pref]r$ x to ! popul> ,inf]no itself1 c\ld evid5tly be attract$ by ,*ri/ian ideas & s5tim5t ! mom5t !y 7 pres5t$ to him z expressions ( moral tru? r ?an z gratuit\s dogmas4 ,a pan!i/ he 0 9 ! s5se t he felt h[ fluid & vital ?is :ole _w is2 b he seems to h _h no t5d5cy to conceive any consci\s plan or logical necessity connect+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! :ole2 s t r ?an a pan!i/ he might be call$ a panpsy*i/2 especially z he did n subord9ate morally ! individual to ! cosmos4 ,he did n surr5d] ! au?ority ( moral ideals 9 ! face ( physical necessity1 :i* is prop]ly ! ess5ce ( pan!ism4 ,he did ! exact opposite2 s mu* s t ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( 8 philosophy is its ,prome!an _s4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! basis ( moral au?ority 0 int]nal1 diffus$ among all individuals2 t x 0 ! natural love ( ! beautiful & ! good :]ev] x might spr+1 & h[ev] fate might oppose x4 ,to suff] 444 ,to =give 444 ,to defy ,p[] 444 ,to love & be>2 to hope1 till hope creates ,f its own wreck ! ?+ x contemplates2 ,nei!r to *ange1 nor falt]1 nor rep5t2 ,?is 444 is to be ,good1 great & joy\s1 beautiful & free4 ,%elley 0 also remov$ f any ord9>y a!ism by 8 truly speculative s5se = et]nity4 ,he 0 a ?or\gh ,platoni/ ,all metaphysics p]haps is poetry1 b ,platonic metaphysics is good poetry1 & to ?is class ,%elley's belongs4 ,= in/ance3 ,! pure _s %all fl[ ,back to ! burn+ f\nta9 :5ce x came1 ,a portion ( ! et]nal1 :i* mu/ gl[ ,?r\gh "t & *ange1 unqu5*ably ! same4 ,peace1 peace6 he is n dead1 he do? n sleep6 ,he ha? awak5$ f ! dream ( life4 ',tis we :o1 lo/ 9 /ormy visions1 keep ,) phantoms an unpr(itable /rife4 ,he is made "o ) ,nature4 ,!re is he>d ,8 voice 9 all h] music1 f ! moan ,( ?und]1 to ! song ( night's sweet bird4 ,he is a portion ( ! lovel9ess ,:i* once he made m lovely4 ,! spl5d\rs ( ! firmam5t ( "t ,may be eclips$1 b are ext+ui%$ n3 ,l />s to _! appo9t$ height !y climb1 ,& dea? is a l[ mi/ :i* _c blot ,! brightness x may veil4 ,:5 l(ty ?\ght ,lifts a "y he>t above its mortal lair1 444 ! dead live !re4 ,a!ism or pan!ism ( ?is /amp _c be tax$ ) be+ gross or mat]iali/ic2 ! tr\ble is r t x is too hazy 9 its sublimity4 ,! poet has n p]ceiv$ ! natural relation betwe5 facts & ideals s cle>ly or correctly z he has felt ! moral relation betwe5 !m4 ,b 8 allegiance to ! intuition :i* defies1 = ! sake ( felt excell5ce1 e =m ( idolatry or c[>dice we>+ ! mask ( religion--?is allegiance is itself ! pure/ religion2 & x is capable ( inspir+ ! sweete/ & mo/ absolute poetry4 ,9 d>+ to lay b>e ! tru?s ( fate1 ! poet creates = himself ! subtle/ & mo/ h]oic h>monies2 & he is com=t$ = ! illusions he has lo/ by be+ made incapable ( desir+ !m4 ,we h se5 t ,%elley1 be+ untea*able1 c\ld nev] put toge!r any j idea ( ! _w3 he m]ely collect$ images & emotions1 & out ( !m made worlds ( 8 own4 ,8 poetry accord+ly does n well express hi/ory1 nor human "*1 nor ! con/itution ( nature4 ,:at he unrolls be=e u in/ead is1 9 a s5se1 fanta/ic2 x is a s]ies ( l&scapes1 passions1 & cataclysms su* z nev] 7 on e>?1 & nev] w be4 ,if y are s]i\sly int]e/$ only 9 :at belongs to e>? y w n be s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ,%elley4 ,lit]ature1 accord+ to ,mat!w ,arnold1 %\ld be criticism ( life1 & ,%elley did n criticise life2 s t 8 poetry _h no solidity4 ,b is life1 we may ask1 ! same ?+ z ! circum/ances ( life on e>?8 ,is ! _s ( life1 t m>ks & judges ^? circum/ances1 itself no?+8 ,music is surely no description ( ! circum/ances ( life2 yet x is relevant to life unmi/akably1 = x /imulates by means ( a torr5t ( ab/ract movem5ts & images ! =mal & emotional possibilities ( liv+ :i* lie 9 ! _s4 ,by s do+ music becomes a "p ( life1 a congru\s addition1 a p>allel life1 z x 71 to ! vulg> "o4 ,i see no reason1 9 ! analogies ( ! natural _w1 = suppos+ t ! circum/ances ( human life are ! only circum/ances 9 :i* ! _s ( life c disport itself4 ,ev5 on ?is planet1 !re are sea-animals & air-animals1 ephem]al be+s & self-c5tr$ be+s1 z well z p]sons :o c gr[ z old z ,mat!w ,arnold1 & be z fond z he 0 ( classify+ o!r p4 ,& beyond ?is planet1 & 9 ! int]/ices ( :at our limit$ s5ses c p]ceive1 !re are probably _m =ms ( life n criticis$ 9 any ( ! books :i* ,mat!w ,arnold said we %\ld read 9 ord] to "k ! be/ t has be5 ?\ght & said 9 ! _w4 ,! future1 too1 ev5 among m51 may conta91 z ,%elley puts x1 _m arts1 ?\gh unimag9$1 yet to be4 ,! div9ation ( poets _c1 ( c\rse1 be expect$ to reveal any ( ^! hidd5 regions z !y actually exi/ or w exi/2 b :at w\ld be ! advantage ( reveal+ !m8 ,x c\ld only be :at ! advantage ( criticis+ human life w\ld be also1 to improve subsequ5t life indirectly by turn+ x t[>ds atta9able goods1 & is x n z important a ?+ to improve life directly & 9 ! pres5t1 if "o has ! gift1 by enri*+ r ?an criticis+ x8 ,besides1 !re is ne$ ( fix+ ! ideal by :i* criticism is to be guid$4 ,if y h no image ( happ9ess or beauty or p]fect goodness be=e y1 h[ are y to judge :at portions ( life are important1 & :at r5d]+ ( !m is appropriate8 ,be+ a s+] inw>dly inspir$1 ,%elley c\ld picture ! ideal goals ( life1 ! ultimate joys ( exp]i5ce1 bett] ?an a discursive critic or obs]v] c\ld h done4 ,! circum/ances ( life are only ! bases or in/rum5ts ( life3 ! fruition ( life is n 9 retrospect1 n 9 description ( ! in/rum5ts1 b 9 expression ( ! _s itself1 to :i* ^? in/rum5ts may prove useful2 z music is n a criticism ( viol9s1 b a play+ ^u !m4 ,?is expression ne$ n resemble its gr\nd4 ,exp]i5ce is div]sifi$ by col\rs t are n produc$ by col\rs1 s\nds t are n condition$ by s\nds1 names t are n symbols = o!r names1 fix$ ideal objects t /& = ev]-*ang+ mat]ial processes4 ,! m9d is fundam5tally lyrical1 inv5tive1 r$undant4 ,its visions are its own (fspr+1 hat*$ 9 ! w>m? ( "s fav\rable cosmic gale4 ,! ambi5t wea!r may v>y1 & ^! visions be scatt]$2 b ! ideal _w !y pictur$ may "s day be reveal$ aga9 to "s o!r poet simil>ly inspir$2 ! possibility ( re/or+ x1 or some?+ l x1 is p]petual4 ,x is precisely because ,%elley's s5se = ?+s is s fluid1 s illusive1 t x op5s to u emotionally :at is a s]i\s sci5tific probability2 namely1 t human life is n all life1 nor ! l&scape ( e>? ! only admir$ l&scape 9 ! univ]se2 t ! anci5ts :o believ$ 9 gods & spirits 7 ne>] ! virtual tru? 7h[ev] an?ropomorphically !y may h express$ !mselves7 ?an any philosophy or religion t makes human affairs ! c5tre & aim ( ! _w4 ,su* moral imag9ation is to be ga9$ by s9k+ into oneself1 r ?an by obs]v+ remote happ5+s1 because x is at its he>t1 n at its f+]tips1 t ! human s\l t\*es matt]1 & is ak9 to :atev] o!r c5tres ( life may p ! inf9ite4 ,= ?is reason ! ma/]s ( spontaneity1 ! prophets1 ! inspir$ poets1 ! sa9ts1 ! my/ics1 ! musicians are welcome & mo/ appeal+ companions4 ,9 _! simplicity & ab/raction f ! _w !y come v ne> ! he>t4 ,!y say little & help mu*4 ,!y d n picture life1 b h life1 & give x4 ,s we may say1 ,i ?9k1 ( ,%elley's magic univ]se :at he said ( ,greece2 if x ,mu/ be ,a wreck1 yet %all its fragm5ts re-assemble1 ,& build !mselves aga9 impregnably ,9 a div9] clime1 ,to ,amphionic music1 on "s cape sublime ,:i* fr[ns above ! idle foam ( "t4 ,fr[ns1 says ,%elley rhetorically1 z if he ?\ght t some?+ timeless1 some?+ m]ely ideal1 c\ld be =midable1 or c\ld ?reat5 exi/+ ?+s ) any b an ideal defeat4 ,trem5d\s error6 ,et]nal possibilities may inde$ beckon2 !y may attract ^? :o in/9ctively pursue !m z a /> may guide ^? :o wi% to rea* ! place ov] :i* x happ5s to %9e4 ,b an et]nal possibility has no mat]ial p[]4 ,x is only "o ( an inf9ity ( o!r ?+s equally possible intr9sically1 yet mo/ ( !m q unrealisable 9 ?is _w ( blood & mire4 ,! realm ( et]nal ess5ces ra9s d[n no ,jovian ?und]bolts1 b only a gho/ly ,uranian calm4 ,!re is no fr[n !re2 r1 a passive & univ]sal welcome to any :o may h 9 !m ! w & ! p[] to climb4 ,:e!r any "o has ! w dep5ds on 8 mat]ial con/itution1 & :e!r he has ! p[] dep5ds on ! firm texture ( t con/itution & on circum/ances happ5+ to be fav\rable to its op]ation4 ,o!rwise :at ! rebel or ! vision>y hails z 8 ideal w be no picture ( 8 de/9y or ( t ( ! _w4 ,x w be1 & w always rema91 m]ely a picture ( 8 he>t4 ,?is picture1 inde/ructible 9 its ideal ess5ce1 w mirror also ! he>ts ( ^? :o may %>e1 or may h %>$1 ! nature ( ! poet :o drew x4 ,s purely ideal & s deeply human are ! visions ( ,%elley4 ,s truly does he des]ve ! epitaph :i* a cle>-sight$ fri5d wrote ^u 8 tomb3 cor cordium1 ! he>t ( he>ts4 ,,vi ,,! ,,g5teel ,,tradition ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,philosophy ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,philosophical ,union ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,augu/ #be1 #aiaa4 ,,ladies ,,& ,,g5tlem51--,! privilege ( address+ y to-day is v welcome to me1 n m]ely = ! hon\r ( x1 :i* is great1 nor = ! pleasures ( travel1 :i* are _m1 :5 x is ,cali=nia t "o is visit+ = ! fir/ "t1 b also because !re is some?+ ,i h long want$ to say :i* ?is occasion seems p>ticul>ly fav\rable = say+4 ,am]ica is /ill a "y c\ntry1 & ?is "p ( x is especially s2 & x w\ld h be5 no?+ extraord9>y if1 9 ?is "y c\ntry1 mat]ial preoccupations _h altoge!r absorb$ p's m9ds1 & !y _h be5 too mu* engross$ 9 liv+ to reflect ^u life1 or to h any philosophy4 ,! opposite1 h[ev]1 is ! case4 ,n only h y already f\nd "t to philosophise 9 ,cali=nia1 z y\r society proves1 b ! ea/]n coloni/s f ! v beg9n+ 7 a sophi/icat$ race4 ,z mu* z 9 cle>+ ! l& & fight+ ! ,indians !y 7 occupi$1 z !y express$ x1 9 wre/l+ ) ! ,"l4 ,! c\ntry 0 new1 b ! race 0 tri$1 *a/5$1 & full ( solemn memories4 ,x 0 an old w9e 9 new bottles2 & ,am]ica did n h to wait = its pres5t univ]sities1 ) _! dep>tm5ts ( academic philosophy1 9 ord] to possess a liv+ philosophy--to h a di/9ct vision ( ! univ]se & def9ite convictions ab\t human de/9y4 ,n[ ?is situation is a s+ul> & rem>kable "o1 & has _m consequ5ces1 n all ( :i* are equally =tunate4 ,am]ica is a "y c\ntry ) an old m5tality3 x has enjoy$ ! advantages ( a *ild c>efully br\ght up & ?or\ghly indoctr9at$2 x has be5 a wise *ild4 ,b a wise *ild1 an old head on "y %\ld]s1 always has a comic & an unpromis+ side4 ,! wisdom is a little ?9 & v]bal1 n aw>e ( its full mean+ & gr\nds2 & physical & emotional gr[? may be /unt$ by x1 or ev5 d]ang$4 ,or :5 ! *ild is too vigor\s = t1 he w develop a fre% m5tality ( 8 own1 out ( 8 obs]vations & actual in/9cts2 & ?is fre% m5tality w int]f]e ) ! traditional m5tality1 & t5d to r$uce x to some?+ p]functory1 conv5tional1 & p]haps secretly despis$4 ,a philosophy is n g5u9e unless x inspires & expresses ! life ( ^? :o *]i% x4 ,i d n ?9k ! h]$it>y philosophy ( ,am]ica has done mu* to atrophy ! natural activities ( ! inhabitants2 ! wise *ild has n miss$ ! joys ( y\? or ( manhood2 b :at has happ5$ is t ! h]$it>y philosophy has gr[n /ale1 & t ! academic philosophy aft]w>ds develop$ has caught ! /ale od\r f x4 ,am]ica is n simply1 z ,i said a mom5t ago1 a "y c\ntry ) an old m5tality3 x is a c\ntry ) two m5talities1 "o a survival ( ! beliefs & /&>ds ( ! fa!rs1 ! o!r an expression ( ! in/9cts1 practice1 & discov]ies ( ! y\ng] g5]ations4 ,9 all ! high] ?+s ( ! m9d--9 religion1 9 lit]ature1 9 ! moral emotions--x is ! h]$it>y _s t /ill prevails1 s mu* s t ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw f9ds t ,am]ica is a hundr$ ye>s beh9d ! times4 ,! tru? is t "o-half ( ! ,am]ican m9d1 t n occupi$ int5sely 9 practical affairs1 has rema9$1 ,i w n say high-&-dry1 b slightly becalm$2 x has float$ g5tly 9 ! back-wat]1 :ile1 alongside1 9 inv5tion & indu/ry & social organisation1 ! o!r half ( ! m9d 0 leap+ d[n a sort ( ,niag>a ,rapids4 ,?is division may be f\nd symbolis$ 9 ,am]ican ar*itecture3 a neat reproduction ( ! colonial mansion--) "s mod]n com=ts introduc$ surreptiti\sly--/&s beside ! sky-scrap]4 ,! ,am]ican ,w inhabits ! sky-scrap]2 ! ,am]ican ,intellect inhabits ! colonial mansion4 ,! "o is ! sph]e ( ! ,am]ican man2 ! o!r1 at lea/ pr$om9antly1 ( ! ,am]ican woman4 ,! "o is all aggressive ent]prise2 ! o!r is all g5teel tradition4 ,n[1 ) y\r p]mission1 ,i %\ld l to analyse m fully h[ ?is int]e/+ situation has aris51 h[ x is qualifi$1 & :i!r x t5ds4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place we %\ld rememb] :at1 precisely1 t philosophy 0 :i* ! fir/ settl]s br\ght ) !m into ! c\ntry4 ,9 /rictness !re 0 m ?an "o2 b we may conf9e our att5tion to :at ,i w call ,calv9ism1 s9ce x is on ?is t ! curr5t academic philosophy has be5 graft$4 ,i d n mean exactly ! ,calv9ism ( ,calv91 or ev5 ( ,jona?an ,edw>ds2 = 9 _! sy/ems !re 0 mu* t 0 n pure philosophy1 b r fai? 9 ! ext]nals & hi/ory ( revelation4 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian revelation 0 int]pret$ by ^! m51 h[ev]1 9 ! _s ( a p>ticul> philosophy1 :i* might h aris5 "u any sky1 & be5 associat$ ) any o!r religion z well z ) ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 fact1 ! philosophical pr9ciple ( ,calv9ism appe>s also 9 ! ,koran1 9 ,sp9oza1 & 9 ,c>d9al ,newman2 & p]sons ) no v di/9ctive ,*ri/ian belief1 l ,c>lyle or l ,pr(essor ,royce1 may be nev]!less1 philosophically1 p]fect ,calv9i/s4 ,calv9ism1 tak5 9 ?is s5se1 is an expression ( ! agonis$ consci5ce4 ,x is a view ( ! _w :i* an agonis$ consci5ce readily embraces1 if x takes itself s]i\sly1 z1 be+ agonis$1 ( c\rse x mu/4 ,calv9ism1 ess5tially1 ass]ts ?ree ?+s3 t s9 exi/s1 t s9 is puni%$1 & t x is beautiful t s9 %\ld exi/ to be puni%$4 ,! he>t ( ! ,calv9i/ is !re=e divid$ betwe5 tragic conc]n at 8 own mis]able condition1 & tragic exultation ab\t ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,he oscillates betwe5 a pr(\nd abasem5t & a p>adoxical elation ( ! _s4 ,to be a ,calv9i/ philosophically is to feel a fi]ce pleasure 9 ! exi/5ce ( mis]y1 especially ( "o's own1 9 t ?is mis]y seems to manife/ ! fact t ! ,absolute is irresponsible or inf9ite or holy4 ,human nature1 x feels1 is totally deprav$3 to h ! in/9cts & motives t we necess>ily h is a great sc&al1 & we mu/ suff] = x2 b t sc&al is requisite1 s9ce o!rwise ! s]i\s importance ( be+ z we ought to be w\ld n h be5 v9dicat$4 ,to ^? ( u :o h n an agonis$ consci5ce ?is sy/em may seem fanta/ic & ev5 un9telligible2 yet x is logically & int5tly ?\ght out f its emotional premises4 ,x c take p]man5t possession ( a deep m9d "h & !re1 & "u c]ta9 conditions x c become epidemic4 ,imag9e1 = in/ance1 a small nation ) an int5se vitality1 b on ! v]ge ( ru91 ec/atic & di/ressful1 hav+ a /rict & m9ute code ( laws1 t pa9ts life 9 %>p & viol5t *i>oscuro1 all pure righte\sness & black abom9ations1 & exagg]at+ ! consequ5ces ( bo? p]haps to inf9ity4 ,su* a p 7 ! ,jews aft] ! exile1 & aga9 ! e>ly ,prote/ants4 ,if su* a p is philosophical at all1 x w n improbably be ,calv9i/ic4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly ,am]ican communities _m ( ^! conditions 7 fulfill$4 ,! nation 0 small & isolat$2 x liv$ "u pressure & con/ant trial2 x 0 acqua9t$ ) b a small range ( goods & evils4 ,vigilance ov] conduct & an absolute dem& = p]sonal integrity 7 n m]ely traditional ?+s1 b ?+s t practical sages1 l ,frankl9 & ,wa%+ton1 recomm5d$ to _! c\ntrym51 because !y 7 virtues t ju/ifi$ !mselves visibly by _! fruits4 ,b soon ^! happy results !mselves help$ to relax ! pressure ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & indirectly ! pressure ( ! agonis$ consci5ce )94 ,! nation became num]\s2 x ceas$ to be ei!r ec/atic or di/ressful2 ! high social morality :i* on ! :ole x pres]v$ took ano!r col\r2 p rema9$ hone/ & helpful out ( good s5se & good w r ?an out ( scrupul\s adh]5ce to any fix$ pr9ciples4 ,!y reta9$ _! in/9ct = ord]1 & (t5 creat$ ord] ) surpris+ quickness2 b ! sanctity ( law1 to be obey$ = its own sake1 began to escape !m2 x seem$ too unpractical a notion1 & n q s]i\s4 ,9 fact1 ! second & native-born ,am]ican m5tality began to take %ape4 ,! s5se ( s9 totally evaporat$4 ,nature1 9 ! words ( ,em]son1 0 all beauty & commodity2 & :ile op]at+ on x labori\sly1 & draw+ quick returns1 ! ,am]ican began to dr9k 9 inspiration f x /hetically4 ,at ! same "t1 9 s broad a cont95t1 he _h elb[-room4 ,8 neighb\rs help$ m ?an !y h9d]$ him2 he wi%$ _! numb] to increase4 ,good w became ! great ,am]ican virtue2 & a passion arose = c\nt+ heads1 & squ>e miles1 & cubic feet1 & m9utes sav$--z if !re _h be5 any?+ to save !m =4 ,h[ /range to ! ,am]ican n[ t say+ ( ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 t m5 are naturally ,god's enemies6 ,yet t is an axiom to any intellig5t ,calv9i/1 ?\gh ! words he uses may be diff]5t4 ,if y told ! mod]n ,am]ican t he is totally deprav$1 he w\ld ?9k y 7 jok+1 z he himself usually is4 ,he is conv9c$ t he always has be51 & always w be1 victori\s & blameless4 ,calv9ism ?us lo/ its basis 9 ,am]ican life4 ,"s emotional natures1 inde$1 rev]t$ 9 _! religi\s revivals or private se>*+s ( he>t to ! s\rces ( ! tradition2 = any ( ! radical po9ts ( view 9 philosophy may cease to be preval5t1 b none c cease to be possible4 ,o!r natures1 m s5sitive to ! moral & lit]>y influ5ces ( ! _w1 pref]r$ to ab&on p>ts ( _! philosophy1 hop+ ?us to r$uce ! di/ance :i* %\ld sep>ate ! rema9d] f real life4 ,meantime1 if anybody arose ) a special s5sibility or a te*nical g5ius1 he 0 9 great /raits2 n be+ f$ suffici5tly by ! _w1 he 0 driv5 9 ^u 8 own res\rces4 ,! ?ree ,am]ican writ]s ^: p]sonal end[m5t 0 p]haps ! f9e/--,poe1 ,haw?orne1 & ,em]son--_h all a c]ta9 />v$ & ab/ract quality4 ,!y c\ld n retail ! g5teel tradition2 !y 7 too ke51 too p]ceptive1 & too indep5d5t = t4 ,b life (f]$ !m little dige/ible mat]ial1 nor 7 !y naturally voraci\s4 ,!y 7 fa/idi\s1 & "u ! circum/ances !y 7 />v$4 ,em]son1 to be sure1 f$ on books4 ,!re 0 a great ca?olicity 9 8 read+2 & he %[$ a f9e tact 9 8 comm5ts1 & 9 8 way ( appropriat+ :at he read4 ,b he read transc5d5tally1 n hi/orically1 to le>n :at he himself felt1 n :at o!rs might h felt be=e him4 ,& to fe$ on books1 = a philosoph] or a poet1 is /ill to />ve4 ,books c help him to acquire =m1 or to avoid pitfalls2 !y _c supply him ) sub/ance1 if he is to h any4 ,!re=e ! g5ius ( ,poe & ,haw?orne1 & ev5 ( ,em]son1 0 employ$ on a sort ( inn] play1 or dige/ion ( vacancy4 ,x 0 a ref9$ lab\r1 b x 0 9 dang] ( be+ morbid1 or t9kl+1 or self-indulg5t4 ,x 0 a play ( intra-m5tal rhymes4 ,_! m9d 0 l an old music-box1 full ( t5d] e*oes & qua9t fancies4 ,^! fancies express$ _! p]sonal g5ius s9c]ely1 z dreams may2 b !y 7 arbitr>y fancies 9 comp>ison ) :at a real obs]v] w\ld h said 9 ! premises4 ,_! mann]1 9 a ^w1 0 subjective4 ,9 _! own p]sons !y escap$ ! m$iocrity ( ! g5teel tradition1 b !y suppli$ no?+ to supplant x 9 o!r m9ds4 ,! *ur*es1 likewise1 al?\gh !y modifi$ _! _s1 _h no philosophy to (f] save a new emphasis on p>ts ( :at ,calv9ism conta9$4 ,! !ology ( ,calv91 we mu/ rememb]1 _h mu* 9 x besides philosophical ,calv9ism4 ,a ,*ri/ian t5d]ness1 & a hope ( grace = ! individual1 came to mitigate its s>donic optimism2 & x 0 ^! evangelical elem5ts t ! ,calv9i/ic *ur*es n[ emphasis$1 seldom & ) blu%es ref]r+ to hell-fire or infant damnation4 ,yet philosophic ,calv9ism1 ) a !ory ( life t w\ld p]fectly ju/ify hell-fire & infant damnation if !y happ5$ to exi/1 /ill dom9ates ! traditional metaphysics4 ,x is an +r$i5t1 & ! decisive +r$i5t1 9 :at calls itself idealism4 ,b 9 ord] to see j :at "p ,calv9ism plays 9 curr5t idealism1 x w be necess>y to di/+ui% ! o!r *ief elem5t 9 t complex sy/em1 namely1 transc5d5talism4 ,transc5d5talism is ! philosophy :i* ! romantic era produc$ 9 ,g]many1 & indep5d5tly1 ,i believe1 9 ,am]ica also4 ,transc5d5talism prop]1 l romanticism1 is n any p>ticul> set ( dogmas ab\t :at ?+s exi/2 x is n a sy/em ( ! univ]se reg>d$ z a fact1 or z a collection ( facts4 ,x is a me?od1 a po9t ( view1 f :i* any _w1 no matt] :at x might conta91 c\ld be approa*$ by a self-consci\s obs]v]4 ,transc5d5talism is sy/ematic subjectivism4 ,x /udies ! p]spectives ( k z !y radiate f ! self2 x is a plan ( ^? av5ues ( inf]5ce by :i* our ideas ( ?+s mu/ be rea*$1 if !y are to af=d any sy/ematic or di/ant vi/as4 ,9 o!r words1 transc5d5talism is ! critical logic ( sci5ce4 ,k1 x says1 has a /ation1 z 9 a wat*-t[]2 x is always seat$ "h & n[1 9 ! self ( ! mom5t4 ,! pa/ & ! future1 ?+s inf]r$ & ?+s conceiv$1 lie ar\nd x1 pa9t$ z ^u a panorama4 ,!y _c be light$ up save by "s c5trifugal ray ( att5tion & pres5t int]e/1 by "s active op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,?is is h>dly ! occasion = develop+ or expla9+ ?is delicate insight2 suffice x to say1 le/ y %\ld ?9k lat] t ,i disp>age transc5d5talism1 t z a me?od ,i reg>d x z correct &1 :5 once sugge/$1 un=gettable4 ,i reg>d x z ! *ief contribution made 9 mod]n times to speculation4 ,b x is a me?od only1 an attitude we may always assume if we l & t w always be legitimate4 ,x is no answ]1 & involves no p>ticul> answ]1 to ! "q3 ,:at exi/s2 9 :at ord] is :at exi/s produc$2 :at is to exi/ 9 ! future8 ,?is "q mu/ be answ]$ by obs]v+ ! object1 & trac+ humbly ! movem5t ( ! object4 ,x _c be answ]$ at all by h>p+ on ! fact t ?is object1 if discov]$1 mu/ be discov]$ by somebody1 & by somebody :o has an int]e/ 9 discov]+ x4 ,yet ! ,g]mans :o fir/ ga9$ ! full transc5d5tal insight 7 romantic p2 !y 7 m or less frankly poets2 !y 7 colossal egoti/s1 & wi%$ to make n only _! own k b ! :ole univ]se c5tre ab\t !mselves4 ,& full z !y 7 ( _! romantic isolation & romantic lib]ty1 x occurr$ to !m to imag9e t all reality might be a transc5d5tal self & a romantic dream] l !mselves2 nay1 t x might be j _! own transc5d5tal self & _! own romantic dreams ext5d$ indef9itely4 ,transc5d5tal logic1 ! me?od ( discov]y = ! m9d1 0 to become also ! me?od ( evolution 9 nature & hi/ory4 ,transc5d5tal me?od1 s abus$1 produc$ transc5d5tal my?4 ,a consci5ti\s critique ( k 0 turn$ into a %am sy/em ( nature4 ,we mu/ !re=e di/+ui% %>ply ! transc5d5tal gramm> ( ! intellect1 :i* is significant & pot5tially correct1 f ! v>i\s transc5d5tal sy/ems ( ! univ]se1 :i* are *im]as4 ,9 bo? its p>ts1 h[ev]1 transc5d5talism _h mu* to recomm5d x to ,am]ican philosoph]s1 = ! transc5d5tal me?od appeal$ to ! individuali/ic & revolution>y temp] ( _! y\?1 :ile transc5d5tal my?s enabl$ !m to f9d a new /atus = _! inh]it$ !ology1 & to give :at p>ts ( x !y c>$ to pres]ve "s semblance ( philosophical back+4 ,?is la/ 0 ! use to :i* ! transc5d5tal me?od 0 put by ,kant himself1 :o fir/ br\ght x into vogue1 be=e ! t]rible weapon _h got out ( h&1 & become ! in/rum5t ( pure romanticism4 ,kant came1 he himself said1 to remove k 9 ord] to make room = fai?1 :i* 9 8 case meant fai? 9 ,calv9ism4 ,9 o!r words1 he appli$ ! transc5d5tal me?od to matt]s ( fact1 r$uc+ !m !reby to human ideas1 9 ord] to give to ! ,calv9i/ic po/ulates ( consci5ce a metaphysical validity4 ,= ,kant _h a g5teel tradition ( 8 own1 :i* he wi%$ to remove to a place ( safety1 feel+ t ! empirical _w _h become too hot = x2 & ?is place ( safety 0 ! region ( transc5d5tal my?4 ,i ne$ h>dly say h[ p]fectly ?is exp$i5t suit$ ! ne$s ( philosoph]s 9 ,am]ica1 & x is no accid5t if ! influ5ce ( ,kant soon became dom9ant "h4 ,to embrace ?is philosophy 0 reg>d$ z a sign ( pr(\nd metaphysical insight1 al?\gh ! mo/ m$iocre m9ds f\nd no difficulty 9 embrac+ x4 ,9 tru? x 0 a sign ( hav+ be5 br\ght up 9 ! g5teel tradition1 ( feel+ x weak1 & ( wi%+ to save x4 ,b ! transc5d5tal me?od1 9 its way1 0 also sympa!tic to ! ,am]ican m9d4 ,x embodi$1 9 a radical =m1 ! _s ( ,prote/antism z di/+ui%$ f its inh]it$ doctr9es2 x 0 autonom\s1 undismay$1 calmly revolution>y2 x felt t ,w 0 deep] ?an ,intellect2 x focuss$ ev]y?+ "h & n[1 & ask$ all ?+s to %[ _! cr$5tials at ! b> ( ! "y self1 & to prove _! value = ?is late/ born mom5t4 ,^! ?+s are truly ,am]ican2 !y w\ld be *>act]i/ic ( any "y society ) a ke5 & discursive intellig5ce1 & !y are /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! ?\ght & 9 ! p]son ( ,em]son4 ,!y con/itute :at he call$ self-tru/4 ,self-tru/1 l o!r transc5d5tal attitudes1 may be express$ 9 metaphysical fables4 ,! romantic _s may imag9e itself to be an absolute =ce1 evok+ & m\ld+ ! pla/ic _w to express its v>y+ moods4 ,b = a pione] :o is actually a _w-build] ?is metaphysical illusion has a p>tial w>rant 9 hi/orical fact2 f> m w>rant ?an x c\ld boa/ ( 9 ! fix$ & articulat$ society ( ,europe1 among ! moon/ruck rebels & sulk+ poets ( ! romantic era4 ,em]son 0 a %rewd ,yankee1 by in/9ct on ! w9n+ side2 he 0 a *e]y1 *ild-l s\l1 imp]vi\s to ! evid5ce ( evil1 z ( ev]y?+ t x did n suit 8 transc5d5tal individuality to appreciate or to notice4 ,m1 p]haps1 ?an anybody t has ev] liv$1 he practis$ ! transc5d5tal me?od 9 all its purity4 ,he _h no sy/em4 ,he op5$ 8 eyes on ! _w e morn+ ) a fre% s9c]ity1 m>k+ h[ ?+s seem$ to him !n1 or :at !y sugge/$ to 8 spontane\s fancy4 ,?is fancy1 = be+ spontane\s1 0 n always novel2 x 0 guid$ by ! habits & tra9+ ( 8 m9d1 :i* 7 ^? ( a prea*]4 ,yet he nev] insi/$ on 8 notions s z to turn !m into settl$ dogmas2 he felt 9 8 bones t !y 7 my?s4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! bad example ( o!r transc5d5tali/s1 less true ?an he to _! me?od1 or ! press+ que/ions ( un9tellig5t p1 or ! in/9ct we all h to ?9k our ideas f9al1 l$ him to ! v v]ge ( sy/em-mak+2 b he /opp$ %ort4 ,_h he made a sy/em out ( 8 notion ( comp5sation1 or ! ov]-s\l1 or spiritual laws1 ! result w\ld h be5 z ?9 & =c$ z x is 9 o!r transc5d5tal sy/ems4 ,b he covet$ tru?2 & he return$ to exp]i5ce1 to hi/ory1 to poetry1 to ! natural sci5ce ( 8 day1 = new />t+-po9ts & h9ts t[>d fre% transc5d5tal mus+s4 ,to covet tru? is a v di/+ui%$ passion4 ,e philosoph] says he is pursu+ ! tru?1 b ?is is seldom ! case4 ,z ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell has obs]v$1 "o reason :y philosoph]s (t5 fail to rea* ! tru? is t (t5 !y d n desire to rea* x4 ,^? :o are g5u9ely conc]n$ 9 discov]+ :at happ5s to be true are r ! m5 ( sci5ce1 ! naturali/s1 ! hi/orians2 & ord9>ily !y discov] x1 accord+ to _! lights4 ,! tru?s !y f9d are nev] complete1 & are n always important2 b !y are integral p>ts ( ! tru?1 facts & circum/ances t help to fill 9 ! picture1 & t no lat] int]pretation c invalidate or af=d to contradict4 ,b pr(essional philosoph]s are usually only apologi/s3 t is1 !y are absorb$ 9 def5d+ "s ve/$ illusion or "s eloqu5t idea4 ,l lawy]s or detectives1 !y /udy ! case = :i* !y are reta9$1 to see h[ mu* evid5ce or semblance ( evid5ce !y c ga!r = ! def5ce1 & h[ mu* prejudice !y c raise aga9/ ! witnesses = ! prosecution2 = !y "k !y are def5d+ prison]s suspect$ by ! _w1 & p]haps by _! own good s5se1 ( falsification4 ,!y d n covet tru?1 b victory & ! dispell+ ( _! own d\bts4 ,:at !y def5d is "s sy/em1 t is1 "s view ab\t ! totality ( ?+s1 ( :i* m5 are actually ignorant4 ,no sy/em w\ld h ev] be5 fram$ if p _h be5 simply int]e/$ 9 kn[+ :at is true1 :atev] x may be4 ,:at produces sy/ems is ! int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ aga9/ all com]s t "s fav\rite or inh]it$ idea ( ours is suffici5t & "r4 ,a sy/em may conta9 an acc\nt ( _m ?+s :i*1 9 detail1 are true en\gh2 b z a sy/em1 cov]+ inf9ite possibilities t nei!r our exp]i5ce nor our logic c prejudge1 x mu/ be a "w ( imag9ation & a piece ( human soliloquy4 ,x may be expressive ( human exp]i5ce1 x may be poetical2 b h[ %\ld anyone :o really covet$ tru? suppose t x 0 true8 ,em]son _h no sy/em2 & 8 covet+ tru? _h ano!r exceptional consequ5ce3 he 0 deta*$1 unworldly1 contemplative4 ,:5 he came out ( ! conv5ticle or ! re=m meet+1 or out ( ! raptur\s close atmosph]e ( ! lecture-room1 he he>d ,nature :isp]+ to him3 ,:y s hot1 little sir8 ,no d\bt ! _s or en]gy ( ! _w is :at is act+ 9 u1 z ! sea is :at rises 9 e little wave2 b x passes ?r\gh u1 & cry out z we may1 x w move on4 ,our privilege is to h p]ceiv$ x z x moves4 ,our dignity is n 9 :at we d1 b 9 :at we und]/&4 ,! :ole _w is do+ ?+s4 ,we are turn+ 9 t vortex2 yet )9 u is sil5t obs]vation1 ! speculative eye be=e :i* all passes1 :i* bridges ! di/ances & comp>es ! combatants4 ,on ?is side ( 8 g5ius ,em]son broke away f all conditions ( age or c\ntry & repres5t$ no?+ except intellig5ce itself4 ,!re 0 ano!r elem5t 9 ,em]son1 curi\sly comb9$ ) transc5d5talism1 namely1 8 love & respect = ,nature4 ,nature1 = ! transc5d5tali/1 is preci\s because x is 8 own "w1 a mirror 9 :i* he looks at himself & says 7l a poet reli%+ 8 own v]ses71 ,:at a g5ius ,i am6 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght !re 0 su* /uff 9 me8 ,& ! philosophical egoti/ f9ds 9 8 doctr9e a ready explanation ( :atev] beauty & commodity nature actually has4 ,no wond]1 he says to himself1 t nature is sympa!tic1 s9ce ,i made x4 ,& su* a view1 "o-sid$ & ev5 fatu\s z x may be1 und\bt$ly %>p5s ! vision ( a poet & a morali/ to all t is inspirit+ & symbolic 9 ! natural _w4 ,em]son 0 p>ticul>ly +5i\s & cle>-sight$ 9 feel+ ! spiritual uses ( fell[%ip ) ! elem5ts4 ,?is is some?+ 9 :i* all ,teutonic poetry is ri* & :i* =ms1 ,i ?9k1 ! mo/ g5u9e & spontane\s "p ( mod]n ta/e1 & especially ( ,am]ican ta/e4 ,j z "s p are naturally en?rall$ & refre%$ by music1 s o!rs are by l&scape4 ,music & l&scape make up ! spiritual res\rces ( ^? :o _c or d>e n express _! unfulfill$ ideals 9 words4 ,s]i\s poetry1 pr(\nd religion 7,calv9ism1 = in/ance71 are ! joys ( an unhapp9ess t confesses itself2 b :5 a g5teel tradition =bids p to confess t !y are unhappy1 s]i\s poetry & pr(\nd religion are clos$ to !m by t2 & s9ce human life1 9 its dep?s1 _c !n express itself op5ly1 imag9ation is driv5 = com=t into ab/ract arts1 :]e human circum/ances are lo/ sight (1 & human problems dissolve 9 a pur] m$ium4 ,! pressure ( c>e is ?us reliev$1 )\t its quietus be+ f\nd 9 intellig5ce4 ,to und]/& oneself is ! classic =m ( consolation2 to elude oneself is ! romantic4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( music or l&scape human exp]i5ce eludes itself2 & ?us romanticism is ! bond betwe5 transc5d5tal & naturali/ic s5tim5t4 ,! w9ds & cl\ds come to m9i/] to ! solit>y ego4 ,h !re be51 we may ask1 any successful ef=ts to escape f ! g5teel tradition1 & to express some?+ wor? express+ beh9d its back8 ,?is might well n h occurr$ z yet2 b ,am]ica is s precoci\s1 x has be5 tra9$ by ! g5teel tradition to be s wise = its ye>s1 t "s indications ( a truly native philosophy & poetry are already to be f\nd4 ,i might m5tion ! humori/s1 ( :om y "h 9 ,cali=nia h _h y\r %>e4 ,! humori/s1 h[ev]1 only half escape ! g5teel tradition2 _! hum\r w\ld lose its sav\r if !y _h :olly escap$ x4 ,!y po9t to :at contradicts x 9 ! facts2 b n 9 ord] to ab&on ! g5teel tradition1 = !y h no?+ solid to put 9 its place4 ,:5 !y po9t out h[ ill _m facts fit into x1 !y d n cle>ly conceive t ?is militates aga9/ ! /&>d1 b ?9k x a funny p]v]sity 9 ! facts4 ,( c\rse1 did !y e>ne/ly respect ! g5teel tradition1 su* an incongruity w\ld seem to !m sad1 r ?an ludicr\s4 ,p]haps ! preval5ce ( hum\r 9 ,am]ica1 9 & out ( season1 may be tak5 z "o m evid5ce t ! g5teel tradition is pres5t p]vasively1 b ev]y:]e weak4 ,simil>ly 9 ,italy1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,ca?olic tradition c\ld n be bani%$ f ! intellect1 s9ce !re 0 no?+ articulate to take its place2 yet its hold on ! he>t 0 s+ul>ly relax$4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t humori/s c\ld regale !mselves ) ! foibles ( monks & ( c>d9als1 ) ! cr$ulity ( fools1 & ! bogus miracles ( ! sa9ts2 n int5d+ to d5y ! !ory ( ! *ur*1 b c>+ = x s little at he>t t !y c\ld f9d x inf9itely amus+ t x %\ld be contradict$ 9 m5's lives & t no h>m %\ld come ( x4 ,s :5 ,m>k ,twa9 says1 ,i 0 born ( poor b di%one/ p>5ts1 ! hum\r dep5ds on ! p>ody ( ! g5teel ,anglo-,saxon conv5tion t x is disreputable to be poor2 b to h9t at ! holl[ness ( x w\ld n be amus+ if x did n rema9 at bottom "o's habitual conviction4 ,! "o ,am]ican writ] :o has left ! g5teel tradition entirely beh9d is p]haps ,walt ,:itman4 ,= ?is reason educat$ ,am]icans f9d him r an unpalatable p]son1 :o !y s9c]ely prote/ ought n to be tak5 = a repres5tative ( _! culture2 & he c]ta9ly %\ld n1 because _! culture is s g5teel & traditional4 ,b ! =eign] may sometimes ?9k o!rwise1 s9ce he is look+ = :at may h aris5 9 ,am]ica to express1 n ! polite & conv5tional ,am]ican m9d1 b ! _s & ! in>ticulate pr9ciples t animate ! community1 on :i* its own g5teel m5tality seems to sit r lightly4 ,:5 ! =eign] op5s ! pages ( ,walt ,:itman1 he ?9ks t he has come at la/ ^u some?+ repres5tative & orig9al4 ,9 ,walt ,:itman democracy is c>ri$ into psy*ology & morals4 ,! v>i\s sights1 moods1 & emotions are giv5 ea* "o vote2 !y are decl>$ to be all free & equal1 & ! innum]able commonplace mom5ts ( life are suff]$ to speak l ! o!rs4 ,^? mom5ts =m]ly reput$ great are n exclud$1 b !y are made to m>* 9 ! ranks ) _! companions--pla9 foot-soldi]s & s]vants ( ! h\r4 ,nor does ! refusal to discrim9ate /op !re2 we mu/ c>ry our pr9ciple fur!r d[n1 to ! animals1 to inanimate nature1 to ! cosmos z a :ole4 ,:itman became a pan!i/2 b 8 pan!ism1 unlike t ( ! ,/oics & ( ,sp9oza1 0 un9tellectual1 lazy1 & self-indulg5t2 = he simply felt jovially t ev]y?+ real 0 good en\gh1 & t he 0 good en\gh himself4 ,9 him ,bohemia rebell$ aga9/ ! g5teel tradition2 b ! recon/ruction t alone c ju/ify revolution did n ensue4 ,8 attitude1 9 pr9ciple1 0 utt]ly dis9tegrat+2 8 poetic g5ius fell back to ! l[e/ level1 p]haps1 to :i* x is possible = poetic g5ius to fall4 ,he r$uc$ 8 imag9ation to a passive s5sorium = ! regi/]+ ( impressions4 ,no elem5t ( con/ruction rema9$ 9 x1 & !re=e no elem5t ( p5etration4 ,b 8 scope 0 wide2 & 8 lazy1 desultory appreh5sion 0 poetical4 ,8 "w1 = ! v reason t x is s rudim5t>y1 conta9s a beg9n+1 or r _m beg9n+s1 t might possibly gr[ into a noble moral imag9ation1 a wor?y fill+ = ! human m9d4 ,an ,am]ican 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury :o completely disreg>d$ ! g5teel tradition c\ld h>dly h done m4 ,b !re is ano!r di/+ui%$ man1 lately lo/ to ?is c\ntry1 :o has giv5 "s rude %ocks to ?is tradition & :o1 z mu* z ,:itman1 may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! g5u9e1 ! long sil5t ,am]ican m9d--,i mean ,william ,james4 ,he & 8 bro!r ,h5ry 7 z tightly swaddl$ 9 ! g5teel tradition z any infant g5iuses c\ld be1 = !y 7 born be=e #ahej1 & 9 a ,sw$5borgian h\sehold4 ,yet !y bur/ ^? b&s almo/ entirely4 ,! ways 9 :i* ! two bro!rs fre$ !mselves1 h[ev]1 are int]e/+ly diff]5t4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,james has done x by adopt+ ! po9t ( view ( ! out] _w1 & by turn+ ! g5teel ,am]ican tradition1 z he turns ev]y?+ else1 into a subject-matt] = analysis4 ,= him x is a curi\s habit ( m9d1 intimately compreh5d$1 to be comp>$ ) o!r habits ( m9d1 also well kn[n to him4 ,?us he has ov]come ! g5teel tradition 9 ! classic way1 by und]/&+ x4 ,) ,william ,james too ?is infusion ( worldly insight & ,european sympa?ies 0 a pot5t influ5ce1 especially 9 8 e>li] days2 b ! *ief s\rce ( 8 lib]ty 0 ano!r4 ,x 0 8 p]sonal spontaneity1 simil> to t ( ,em]son1 & 8 p]sonal vitality1 simil> to t ( nobody else4 ,convictions & ideas came to him1 s to speak1 f ! subsoil4 ,he _h a prophetic sympa?y ) ! dawn+ s5tim5ts ( ! age1 ) ! moods ( ! dumb majority4 ,8 scatt]$ words caught fire 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,8 way ( ?9k+ & feel+ repres5t$ ! true ,am]ica1 & repres5t$ 9 a measure ! :ole ultra-mod]n1 radical _w4 ,?us he elud$ ! g5teel tradition 9 ! romantic way1 by cont9u+ x into its opposite4 ,! romantic m9d1 glorifi$ 9 ,hegel's dialectic 7:i* is n dialectic at all1 b a sort ( tragi-comic hi/ory ( exp]i5ce71 is always r5d]+ its ?\ghts unrecognisable ?r\gh ! infusion ( new insights1 & ?r\gh ! ins5sible trans=mation ( ! moral feel+ t accompanies !m1 till at la/ x has completely rev]s$ its old judgm5ts "u cov] ( exp&+ !m4 ,?us ! g5teel tradition 0 l$ a m]ry dance :5 x fell aga9 into ! h&s ( a g5u9e & vigor\s romantici/ l ,william ,james4 ,he re/or$ _! revolution>y =ce to its neutralis$ elem5ts1 by pick+ !m out afre%1 & emphasis+ !m sep>ately1 accord+ to 8 p]sonal pr$ilections4 ,= "o ?+1 ,william ,james kept 8 m9d & he>t wide op5 to all t might seem1 to polite m9ds1 odd1 p]sonal1 or vision>y 9 religion & philosophy4 ,he gave a s9c]ely respectful he>+ to s5tim5tali/s1 my/ics1 spirituali/s1 wiz>ds1 cranks1 quacks1 & impo/ors--= x is h>d to draw ! l9e1 & ,james 0 n will+ to draw x prematurely4 ,he ?\ght1 ) 8 usual mode/y1 t any ( ^! might h some?+ to tea* him4 ,! lame1 ! halt1 ! bl9d1 & ^? speak+ ) tongues c\ld come to him ) ! c]ta9ty ( f9d+ sympa?y2 & if !y 7 n heal$1 at lea/ !y 7 com=t$1 t a fam\s pr(essor %\ld take !m s s]i\sly2 & !y began to feel t aft] all to h only "o leg1 or "o h&1 or "o eye1 or to h ?ree1 might be 9 itself no less beaute\s ?an to h j two1 l ! /olid majority4 ,?us ,william ,james became ! fri5d & help] ( ^? grop+1 n]v\s1 half-educat$1 spiritually dis9h]it$1 passionately hungry individuals ( :i* ,am]ica is full4 ,he became1 at ! same "t1 _! spokesman & repres5tative be=e ! le>n$ _w2 & he made x a *ief "p ( 8 vocation to reca/ :at ! le>n$ _w has to (f]1 s t z f> z possible x might s]ve ! ne$s & int]e/s ( ^! p4 ,yet ! normal practical mascul9e ,am]ican1 too1 _h a fri5d 9 ,william ,james4 ,!re is a feel+ abroad n[1 to :i* biology & ,d>w9ism l5d "s col\r1 t !ory is simply an in/rum5t = practice1 & intellig5ce m]ely a help t[>d mat]ial survival4 ,be>s1 x is said1 h fur & claws1 b poor nak$ man is condemn$ to be intellig5t1 or he w p]i%4 ,?is feel+ ,william ,james embodi$ 9 t !ory ( ?\ght & ( tru? :i* he call$ pragmatism4 ,intellig5ce1 he ?\ght1 is no miracul\s1 idle faculty1 by :i* we mirror passively any or ev]y?+ t happ5s to be true1 r$uplicat+ ! real _w to no purpose4 ,intellig5ce has its roots & its issue 9 ! context ( ev5ts2 x is "o k9d ( practical adju/m5t1 an exp]im5tal act1 a =m ( vital t5sion4 ,x does n ess5tially s]ve to picture o!r p>ts ( reality1 b to connect !m4 ,?is view 0 n work$ out by ,william ,james 9 its psy*ological & hi/orical details2 un=tunately he develop$ x *iefly 9 controv]sy aga9/ its opposite1 :i* he call$ intellectualism1 & :i* he hat$ ) all ! hatr$ ( :i* 8 k9d he>t 0 capable4 ,intellectualism1 z he conceiv$ x1 0 pure p$antry2 x impov]i%$ & v]balis$ ev]y?+1 & ti$ up nature 9 r$ tape4 ,ideas & rules t may h be5 occasionally useful x put 9 ! place ( ! full-blood$ irrational movem5t ( life :i* _h call$ !m into be+2 & ^! ab/ractions1 s soon obsolete1 x /rove to fix & to wor%ip = ev]4 ,?us all cre$s & !ories & all =mal precepts s9k 9 ! e/imation ( ! pragmati/ to a local & tempor>y gramm> ( action2 a gramm> t mu/ be *ang$ sl[ly by "t1 & may be *ang$ quickly by g5ius4 ,to "k ?+s z a :ole1 or z !y are et]nally1 if !re is any?+ et]nal 9 !m1 is n only beyond our p[]s1 b w\ld prove wor?less1 & p]haps ev5 fatal to our lives4 ,ideas are n mirrors1 !y are weapons2 _! function is to prep>e u to meet ev5ts1 z future exp]i5ce may unroll !m4 ,^? ideas t disappo9t u are false ideas2 ^? to :i* ev5ts are true are true !mselves4 ,?is may seem a v utilit>ian view ( ! m9d2 & ,i confess ,i ?9k x a p>tial "o1 s9ce ! logical =ce ( beliefs & ideas1 _! tru? or falsehood z ass]tions1 has be5 ov]look$ altoge!r1 or confus$ ) ! vital =ce ( ! mat]ial processes :i* ^! ideas express4 ,x is an ext]nal view only1 :i* m>ks ! place & conditions ( ! m9d 9 nature1 b neglects its specific ess5ce2 z if a jewel 7 def9$ z a r\nd hole 9 a r+4 ,nev]!less1 ! m mat]iali/ic ! pragmati/'s !ory ( ! m9d is1 ! m vitali/ic 8 !ory ( nature w h to become4 ,if ! intellect is a device produc$ 9 organic bodies to exp$ite _! processes1 ^! organic bodies mu/ h int]e/s & a *os5 direction 9 _! life2 o!rwise _! life c\ld n be exp$it$1 nor c\ld any?+ be useful to x4 ,9 o!r words--& ?is is a ?ird po9t at :i* ! philosophy ( ,william ,james has play$ havoc ) ! g5teel tradition1 :ile o/5sibly def5d+ x--nature mu/ be conceiv$ an?ropomorphically & 9 psy*ological t]ms4 ,its purposes are n to be /atic h>monies1 self-unfold+ de/9ies1 ! logic ( _s1 ! _s ( logic1 or any o!r =mal me?od & ab/ract law2 its purposes are to be concrete endeav\rs1 f9ite ef=ts ( s\ls liv+ 9 an environm5t :i* !y trans=m & by :i* !y1 too1 are affect$4 ,a _s1 ! div9e _s z mu* z ! human1 z ?is new animism conceives x1 is a romantic adv5tur]4 ,its future is undet]m9$4 ,its scope1 its duration1 & ! quality ( its life are all cont+5t4 ,?is _s gr[s2 x buds & s5ds =? feel]s1 s\nd+ ! dep?s ar\nd = su* o!r c5tres ( =ce or life z may exi/ !re4 ,x has a vital mom5tum1 b no pr$et]m9$ goal4 ,x uses its pa/ z a /epp+-/one1 or r z a div+-bo>d1 b has an absolutely fre% w at ea* mom5t to plunge ?is way or t into ! unkn[n4 ,! univ]se is an exp]im5t2 x is unf9i%$4 ,x has no ultimate or total nature1 because x has no end4 ,x embodies no =mula or /atable law2 any =mula is at be/ a poor ab/raction1 describ+ :at1 9 "s region & = "s "t1 may be ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( exi/5ce2 ! law is a description a po/]iori ( ! habit ?+s h *os5 to acquire1 & :i* !y may possibly ?r[ (f altoge!r4 ,:at a day may br+ =? is unc]ta92 unc]ta9 ev5 to ,god4 ,omnisci5ce is impossible2 "t is real2 :at _h be5 omnisci5ce hi!rto might discov] some?+ m to-day4 ,!re %all be news1 ,william ,james 0 fond ( say+ ) rapture1 quot+ f ! unpubli%$ poem ( an obscure fri5d1 !re %all be news 9 heav56 ,!re is almo/ c]ta9ly1 he ?\ght1 a ,god n[2 !re may be sev]al gods1 :o might exi/ toge!r1 or "o aft] ! o!r4 ,we might1 by our conspir+ sympa?ies1 help to make a new "o4 ,mu* 9 u is d\btless immortal2 we survive dea? = "s "t 9 a recognisable =m2 b :at our c>e] & trans=mations may be 9 ! sequel we _c tell1 al?\gh we may help to det]m9e !m by our daily *oices4 ,obs]vation mu/ be cont9ual if our ideas are to rema9 true4 ,et]nal vigilance is ! price ( k2 p]petual haz>d1 p]petual exp]im5t keep quick ! edge ( life4 ,?is is1 s f> z ,i "k1 a new philosophical vi/a2 x is a conception nev] be=e pres5t$1 al?\gh impli$1 p]haps1 9 v>i\s qu>t]s1 z 9 ,norse & ev5 ,greek my?ology4 ,x is a vision radically empirical & radically romantic2 & z ,william ,james himself us$ to say1 ! visions & n ! argum5ts ( a philosoph] are ! int]e/+ & influ5tial ?+s ab\t him4 ,william ,james1 r too g5]\sly1 attribut$ ?is vision to ,m4 ,b]gson1 & reg>d$ him 9 consequ5ce z a philosoph] ( ! fir/ rank1 ^: ?\ght 0 to be "o ( ! turn+-po9ts 9 hi/ory4 ,m4 ,b]gson _h kill$ intellectualism4 ,x 0 8 book on creative evolution1 said ,james ) humor\s emphasis1 t _h come at la/ to cras] l'infme4 ,we may suspect1 not)/&+1 t intellectualism1 infam\s & cru%$1 w survive ! bl[2 & if ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es 7 n[ alive1 & he>d t !re %all be news 9 heav51 he w\ld d\btless say t !re may possibly be news !re1 b t "u ! sun !re is no?+ new--n ev5 radical empiricism or radical romanticism1 :i* f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w has be5 ! philosophy ( ^? :o z yet _h _h little exp]i5ce2 = to ! bl9k+ little *ild x is n m]ely some?+ 9 ! _w t is new daily1 b ev]y?+ is new all day4 ,i am n conc]n$ ) ! rights & wrongs ( t controv]sy2 my po9t is only t ,william ,james1 9 ?is g5ial evolution>y view ( ! _w1 has giv5 a rude %ock to ! g5teel tradition4 ,:at6 ,! _w a gradual improvisation8 ,creation unprem$itat$8 ,god a sort ( "y poet or /ruggl+ arti/8 ,william ,james is an advocate ( !ism2 pragmatism adds "o to ! evid5ces ( religion2 t is excell5t4 ,b is n ! cool ab/ract piety ( ! g5teel gett+ m ?an x asks =8 ,?is empirical naturali/ic ,god is too crude & positive a =ce2 he w "w miracles1 he w answ] pray]s1 he may inhabit di/9ct places1 & h di/9ct conditions "u :i* alone he c op]ate2 he is a neighb\r+ be+1 :om we c act ^u1 & rely ^u = specific aids1 z ^u a p]sonal fri5d1 or a physician1 or an insurance company4 ,h[ disconc]t+6 ,is n ?is new !ology a little l sup]/ition8 ,& yet h[ int]e/+1 h[ excit+1 if x %\ld happ5 to be true6 ,i am f> f wi%+ to sugge/ t su* a view seems to me m probable ?an conv5tional idealism or ?an ,*ri/ian or?odoxy4 ,all ?ree are 9 ! region ( dramatic sy/em-mak+ & my? to :i* probabilities are irrelevant4 ,if "o man says ! moon is si/] to ! sun1 & ano!r t %e is 8 daught]1 ! "q is n :i* notion is m probable1 b :e!r ei!r ( !m is at all expressive4 ,! s-call$ evid5ces are devis$ aft]w>ds1 :5 fai? & imag9ation h prejudg$ ! issue4 ,! =ce ( ,william ,james's new !ology1 or romantic cosmology1 lies only 9 ?is3 t x has brok5 ! spell ( ! g5teel tradition1 & entic$ fai? 9 a new direction1 :i* on second ?\ghts may prove no less allur+ ?an ! old4 ,! important fact is n t ! new fancy might possibly be true--:o %all "k t8--b t x has ent]$ ! he>t ( a lead+ ,am]ican to conceive & to *]i% x4 ,! g5teel tradition _c be dislodg$ by ^! insurrections2 !re are circles to :i* x is /ill cong5ial1 & :]e x w be pres]v$4 ,b x has be5 *all5g$ & 7:at is p]haps m insidi\s7 x has be5 discov]$4 ,no "o ne$ be br[beat5 any long] into accept+ x4 ,no "o ne$ be afraid1 = in/ance1 t 8 fate is seal$ because "s "y prig may call him a duali/2 ! p9t w\ld call ! qu>t a duali/1 if y tri$ to p\r ! qu>t into him4 ,we ne$ n be afraid ( be+ less pr(\nd1 = be+ direct & s9c]e4 ,! intellectual _w may be trav]s$ 9 _m directions2 ! :ole has n be5 survey$2 !re is a great c>e] 9 x op5 to tal5t4 ,t is a sort ( knell1 t tolls ! pass+ ( ! g5teel tradition4 ,some?+ else is n[ 9 ! field2 some?+ else c appeal to ! imag9ation1 & be a ?\s& times m ideali/ic ?an academic idealism1 :i* is (t5 simply a way ( :ite-wa%+ & ador+ ?+s z !y are4 ,! illegitimate monopoly :i* ! g5teel tradition _h e/abli%$ ov] :at ought to be assum$ & :at ought to be hop$ = has be5 brok5 d[n by ! fir/-born ( ! family1 by ! g5ius ( ! race4 ,h5ce=? !re c h>dly be ! same peace & ! same pleasure 9 hugg+ ! old proprieties4 ,hegel w be to ! next g5]ation :at ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 to ! la/4 ,no?+ w h be5 disprov$1 b ev]y?+ w h be5 ab&on$4 ,an hone/ man has spok51 & ! cant ( ! g5teel tradition has become h>d] = "y lips to repeat4 ,) ?is ,i h f9i%$ su* a sket* z ,i am "h able to (f] y ( ! g5teel tradition 9 ,am]ican philosophy4 ,! subject is complex1 & calls = _m an excursus & qualify+ footnote2 yet ,i ?9k ! ma9 outl9es are cle> en\gh4 ,! *ief f\nta9s ( ?is tradition 7 ,calv9ism & transc5d5talism4 ,bo? 7 liv+ f\nta9s2 b to keep !m alive !y requir$1 "o an agonis$ consci5ce1 & ! o!r a radical subjective criticism ( k4 ,:5 ^! r>e metaphysical preoccupations disappe>$--& ! ,am]ican atmosph]e is n fav\rable to ei!r ( !m--! two sy/ems ceas$ to be inw>dly und]/ood2 !y subsi/$ z sacr$ my/]ies only2 & ! comb9ation ( ! two 9 "s transc5d5tal sy/em ( ! univ]se 7a contradiction 9 pr9ciple7 0 d\bly artificial4 ,besides1 x c\ld h>dly be held ) a s+le m9d4 ,natural sci5ce1 hi/ory1 ! beliefs impli$ 9 lab\r & inv5tion1 c\ld n be disreg>d$ altoge!r2 s t ! transc5d5tal philosoph] 0 condemn$ to a d\ble allegiance1 & to n lett+ 8 left h& "k ! bluff t 8 "r h& 0 mak+4 ,nev]!less1 ! difficulty 9 br++ practical in>ticulate convictions to expression is v great1 & ! g5teel tradition has subsi/$ 9 ! academic m9d = want ( any?+ equally academic to take its place4 ,! academic m9d1 h[ev]1 has _h its flanks turn$4 ,on ! "o side came ! revolt ( ! ,bohemian temp]am5t1 ) its poetry ( crude naturalism2 on ! o!r side came an impassion$ empiricism1 welcom+ popul> religi\s witnesses to ! unse51 r$uc+ sci5ce to an in/rum5t ( success 9 action1 & decl>+ ! univ]se to be wild & "y1 & n to be h>ness$ by ! logic ( any s*ool4 ,?is revolution1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 might well f9d an e*o among y1 :o live 9 a ?riv+ society1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a virg9 & prodigi\s _w4 ,:5 y trans=m nature to y\r uses1 :5 y exp]im5t ) h] =ces1 & r$uce !m to indu/rial ag5ts1 y _c feel t nature 0 made by y or = y1 = !n ^! adju/m5ts w\ld h be5 pre-e/abli%$4 ,mu* less c y feel x :5 %e de/roys y\r lab\r ( ye>s 9 a mom5t>y spasm4 ,y mu/ feel1 r1 t y are an (f%oot ( h] life2 "o brave little =ce among h] imm5se =ces4 ,:5 y escape1 z y love to d1 to y\r =e/s & y\r si]ras1 ,i am sure aga9 t y d n feel y made !m1 or t !y 7 made = y4 ,!y h gr[n1 z y h gr[n1 only m massively & m sl[ly4 ,9 _! non-human beauty & peace !y /ir ! sub-human dep?s & ! sup]human possibilities ( y\r own _s4 ,x is no transc5d5tal logic t !y tea*2 & !y give no sign ( any delib]ate morality seat$ 9 ! _w4 ,x is r ! vanity & sup]ficiality ( all logic1 ! ne$lessness ( argum5t1 ! relativity ( morals1 ! /r5g? ( "t1 ! f]tility ( matt]1 ! v>iety1 ! unspeakable v>iety1 ( possible life4 ,ev]y?+ is measurable & condition$1 indef9itely repeat$1 yet1 9 repetition1 twi/$ some:at f its old =m4 ,ev]y:]e is beauty & n[h]e p]man5ce1 ev]y:]e an incipi5t h>mony1 n[h]e an int5tion1 nor a responsibility1 nor a plan4 ,x is ! irresi/ible suasion ( ?is daily spectacle1 x is ! daily discipl9e ( contact ) ?+s1 s diff]5t f ! v]bal discipl9e ( ! s*ools1 t w1 ,i tru/1 inspire ! philosophy ( y\r *ildr54 ,a ,cali=nian :om ,i _h rec5tly ! pleasure ( meet+ obs]v$ t1 if ! philosoph]s _h liv$ among y\r m\nta9s _! sy/ems w\ld h be5 diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i %\ld say1 v diff]5t f :at ^? sy/ems are :i* ! ,european g5teel tradition has h&$ d[n s9ce ,socrates2 = ^! sy/ems are egoti/ical2 directly or indirectly !y are an?ropoc5tric1 & inspir$ by ! conceit$ notion t man1 or human reason1 or ! human di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 is ! c5tre & pivot ( ! univ]se4 ,t is :at ! m\nta9s & ! woods %\ld make y at la/ a%am$ to ass]t4 ,f :at1 inde$1 does ! society ( nature lib]ate y1 t y f9d x s sweet8 ,x is h>dly 7is x87 t y wi% to =get y\r pa/1 or y\r fri5ds1 or t y h any secret contempt = y\r pres5t ambitions4 ,y respect ^!1 y respect !m p]haps too mu*2 y are n suff]$ by ! g5teel tradition to criticise or to re=m !m at all radically4 ,no2 x is ! yoke ( ?is g5teel tradition itself t ^! primeval solitudes lift f y\r %\ld]s4 ,!y susp5d y\r =c$ s5se ( y\r own importance n m]ely z individuals1 b ev5 z m54 ,!y all[ y1 9 "o happy mom5t1 at once to play & to wor%ip1 to take y\rselves simply1 humbly1 = :at y are1 & to salute ! wild1 indiff]5t1 non-c5sori\s inf9ity ( nature4 ,y are admoni%$ t :at y c d avails little mat]ially1 & 9 ! end no?+4 ,at ! same "t1 ?r\gh wond] & pleasure1 y are taught speculation4 ,y le>n :at y are really fitt$ to d1 & :]e lie y\r natural dignity & joy1 namely1 9 repres5t+ _m ?+s1 )\t be+ !m1 & 9 lett+ y\r imag9ation1 ?r\gh sympa?y1 celebrate & e*o _! life4 ,because ! peculi>ity ( man is t 8 ma*9]y = reaction on ext]nal ?+s has involv$ an imag9ative transcript ( ^! ?+s1 :i* is pres]v$ & susp5d$ 9 8 fancy2 & ! int]e/ & beauty ( ?is inw>d l&scape1 r ?an any =tunes t may await 8 body 9 ! out] _w1 con/itute 8 prop] happ9ess4 ,by _! m9d1 its scope1 quality1 & temp]1 we e/imate m51 = by ! m9d only d we exi/ z m51 & are m ?an s _m /orage-batt]ies = mat]ial en]gy4 ,let u !re=e be frankly human4 ,let u be cont5t to live 9 ! m9d4 99 99 99 99 99