,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #gag ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #bh1 #ahhi4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii41 ,no4 #gag4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,gir>d ,hydraulic ,railway4--,"o ( ! great curiosities ( ! ,p>is exposition1 ! almo/ frictionless railway1 ) sectional illu/rations ( its /ructure4--#h illu/rations4 #aadea ,,ii4 ,,electricity4--,e>ly ,electric ,light+4--,electric light+ 9 ,salem 9 #ahei1 a v curi\s piece ( e>ly hi/ory4 #aadeh ,electric ,motor = ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts4--,a motor on an entirely new pr9ciple = ! application ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t ) results obta9$1 & ! economic outlook ( ! inv5tion4 #aadeh ,portable ,electric ,light4--,a lamp = milit>y & o!r use1 9 :i* ! prime motor1 includ+ ! boil] & ! lamp itself1 are c>ri$ on "o c>riage4--#a illu/ration4 #aadeh ,! ,electric ,age4--,by ,,*>les ,,c>leton ,,c(f94--,a %ort resume ( ! initial a*ievem5ts ( mod]n electricity4 #aadeh ,,iii4 ,,geology4--,! ,fuels ( ! ,future4--,a prognosis ( ! future prospect ( ! _w z reg>ds a fuel supply1 ) a special ref]5ce to ! use ( natural gas4 #aadeg ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s4--,pres]vation ( ,spid]s = ! ,cab9et4--,a me?od ( sett+ up spid]s = pres]vation 9 ! cab9et1 ) =mul ( solutions us$ & full details ( ! manipulation4--#a illu/ration4 #aadfa ,! ,%ip 9 ! ,new ,fr5* ,ballet ( ! ,tempe/4--,a curi\s example ( mod]n sc5ic p]fection1 giv+ ! con/ruction & use ( an appliance ( ! mod]n ballet4--#e illu/rations4 #aadej ,v4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,crank & ,screw ,%afts ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e4--,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,manuel4--,?is all-important subject ( mod]n naval eng9e]+ treat$ 9 detail1 illu/rat+ ! progress ( ! pres5t day1 ! sup]iority ( mat]ial & me?od ( us+ x1 ) int]e/+ practical examples4--#a illu/ration4 #aaddh ,exp]im5tal ,aid 9 ! ,design ( ,high ,spe$ ,/eam%ips4--,by ,d4 ,p4--,a plea = ! exp]im5tal det]m9ation ( ! probable spe$ ( %ips1 ) examples ( its application 9 practice4 #aaddi ,=g+ a ,propell] ,%aft4--,h[ l>ge /eam] %afts are =g$1 ) example ( ! op]ation z exhibit$ to ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia at ,br[n ,co4's works1 ,%effield1 ,engl&4--#a illu/ration4 #aaddg ,! ,naval ,=ges & ,/eel ,works at ,/4 ,*amond4--,! =g+ ( a piece ( ordnance f a #ij ton +ot ( /eel1 an arti/ic pres5tation ( ! subject4--#a illu/ration4 #aaddg ,,vi4 ,,photography4--,! ,pyro ,develop] ) ,metabisulphite ( ,pota%4--,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,ed]4--,a new addition to ! pyro develop]1 ) =mul & results4 #aadfb ,,vii4 ,,physics4--,qu>tz ,fib]s4--,a lecture by ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,,boys on 8 fam\s exp]im5ts ( ! production ( microscopic fib]s1 ) enl>g$ illu/rations ( ! same1 & a graphic acc\nt ( ! entire subject4--#g illu/rations4 #aadeb ,! ,mod]n ,!ory ( ,light4--,by ,pr(4 ,,oliv] ,,lodge4--,an ab/ract ( a lecture by ! em95t inve/igator & expositor ( ,pr(4 ,h]tz's exp]im5ts1 giv+ a brief review ( ! pres5t aspect ( ?is absorb+ "q4 #aadei ,,viii4 ,,physiology4--,heat 9 ,man4--,exp]im5ts rec5tly made by ,dr4 ,loewy on ! heat ( ! human sy/em4--,describ$ & comm5t$ on by ,pr(4 ,,zuntz4 #aadfa ,,ix4 ,,sanitation4--,on ,purification ( ,air by ,ozone--) an ,acc\nt ( a ,new ,me?od4--,by ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,ri*>dson4--,a v important subject treat$ 9 full1 giv+ ! pa/ attempts 9 ! utilization ( ozone & a me?od n[ available4 #aadfj ,x4 ,,te*nology4--,alkali ,manufactories4--,pres5t aspect ( ! ,leblanc process & ! new process = ! recov]y ( sulphur f its wa/e4 #aadeg ,dri$ ,w9e ,grapes4--,! prep>ation ( ! above w9e on a l>ge scale 9 ,cali=nia1 ) full details ( ! process adopt$4 #aadfa ,! ,production ( ,ammonia f ,coal4--,by ,,ludwig ,,mond4--,a valuable review ( ?is important indu/ry1 ) actual work+ results obta9$ 9 c>ry+ out a retort process4--#b illu/rations4 #aaded ,nature1 ,composition1 & ,treatm5t ( ,animal & ,vegetable ,fabrics4--,! hi/ory ( fabrics & fib]s 9 ! vegetable & animal _w1 _! s\rces1 applications1 & treatm5ts4 #aadec ,walnut ,oil4--,by ,?omas ,t4 ,p4 ,,bruce ,,w>r54--,an excell5t oil = pa9t]s' use1 ) description ( a simple me?od = prep>+ x on a small scale4 #aadfb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,naval ,,=ges ,,& ,,/eel ,,works ,,at ,,/4 ,,*amond4 ,) ! idyls & hi/oric or picturesque subjects t ! ,univ]sal ,exposition gives u ! occasion to publi%1 we ?\ght we w\ld make a happy contra/ by select+ a subject ( a diff]5t k9d1 by pres5t+ to our read]s ,mr4 ,layraud's f9e picture1 :i* repres5ts ! gigantic p[] hamm] us$ at ! ,/4 ,*amond ,=ges & ,/eel ,works 9 ! con/ruction ( our naval guns4 ,by ! side ( ! ma*9]y gall]y & ! ,eiffel t[] ?is gigantic app>atus is well 9 its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,univ]sal ,,exposition--,,beaux ,,arts--,,m>9e ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,works ,,at ,,sa9t ,,*amond--,,pres5tation ,,( ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,ordnance ,,"u ,,! ,,v]tical ,,hamm]4--,,picture ,,by ,m4 ,,joseph ,,layraud4 ,! foll[+ is ! te*nical description t has be5 giv5 to u to accompany our engrav+3 ,9 an imm5se hall1 measur+ #bfj ft4 9 l5g? by #ih ft4 9 wid?1 a gang ( workm5 has j tak5 f ! furnace a #ij ton +ot = a l>ge gun = an armor-clad vessel4 ,! piece is c>ri$ by a /eam crane ( #adj tons p[]1 & ! m5 gr\p$ at ! maneuv]+ lev]s are direct+ ?is inc&esc5t mass "u ! p[] hamm] :i* is to %ape x4 ,?is hamm]1 ^: huge dim5sions all[ x to take 9 ! object treat$1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 exi/5ce4 ,its /rik+ mass is capable ( rea*+ #ajj tons1 & ! height ( ! fall is #af ft4 ,to ! left ( ! hamm] is se5 a workman gett+ ready to set x 9 motion4 ,x takes b "o man to maneuv] ?is app>atus1 & ?is is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( its con/ruction4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is hamm]'s op]ation1 z well z ! op]ations ( ! =ge itself1 :i* conta9s ?ree o!r hamm]s ( less p[]1 dates back to #ahgi4 ,x is ) ?is great hamm] t ! l>ge/ cannons ( ! naval artill]y--^? ( #af in*es--h be5 made 7almo/ all ( :i* h be5 manufactur$ at ,/4 ,*amond71 & ^?1 too1 ( #ad1 #ac1 & #ab in*es4 ,?is is ! hamm]1 too1 t1 a few mon?s ago1 0 ! fir/ to be set at "w on ! huge #ac 94 guns ( new model1 ^: l5g? is no less ?an #eb ft4 9 ! r\gh4 ,let u add a few m figures to ?is acc\nt 9 ord] to emphasize ! importance ( ! in/allations :i* ,mr4 ,layraud's picture recalls1 & :i* our great ,fr5* indu/ry has n hesitat$ to e/abli%1 not)/&+ ! great outlay t !y necessitat$4 ,?is huge hamm] requir$ f\ndations ext5d+ to a dep? ( #cb ft41 & ! am\nt ( metal us$ 9 its con/ruction 0 #b1fdj1jjj p\nds4 ,! co/ ( e/abli%+ ! works ) all ! app>atus conta9$ !re9 0 #djj1jjj4--,le ,monde ,illu/r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=g+ ,a ,,propell] ,,%aft4 ,dur+ ! rec5t visit ( ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia to ,engl&1 he visit$1 among o!r places1 ! great works ( ,john ,br[n ,co41 at ,%effield1 & witness$ ! press+ ( a propell] %aft = "o ( ! l>ge ocean /eam%ips4 ,! op]ation is admirably illu/rat$ 9 our engrav+1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,propell] ,,%aft ,,be+ ,,press$ ,,at ,,messrs4 ,,john ,,br[n ,,co4',s ,,works1 ,,%effield4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,crank ,,& ,,screw ,,%afts ,,( ,,! ,,m]cantile ,,m>9e4#a ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,manuel4 ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,m>9e ,eng9e]s1 ,/rat=d1 #ahhi4 ,be+ ask$ to read a pap] be=e y\r in/itute1 ,i h *os5 ?is subject1 z ,i ?9k no "p ( ! m>9e eng9e has giv5 s mu* tr\ble & anxiety to ! seago+ eng9e]2 & f ! li/ ( %ipp+ casualties 9 ! daily pap]s1 a l>ge proportion seem due to ! %aft+1 caus+ loss to ! %ip[n]1 & 9 "s in/ances dang] to ! crew4 ,my endeavor is to put "s ( ! causes ( ^! casualties be=e y1 also "s ( ! rem$ies t h t5d$ to r$uce _! numb]4 ,sev]al pap]s h be5 read on ?is subject1 *iefly ( a !oretical description1 deal+ ) ! calculations relat+ to ! twi/+ & b5d+ mom5ts1 effects ( ! angles ( ! cranks1 & l5g? ( /roke--notably t read by ,mr4 ,milton be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,naval ,ar*itects 9 #ahha4 ,! only practical "p ( ?is pap] dealt ) ! possibility ( ! %afts gett+ out ( l9e2 & reg>d+ ?is cont+5cy ,dr4 ,kirk said t if sup]9t5d5t eng9e]s w\ld only see t ! be>+s 7 kept 9 l9e1 brok5 crank & o!r %afts w\ld n be s mu* he>d (4 ,( c\rse ?is is "o ( ^? /atem5ts made 9 discussions ( ?is k9d1 = :at purpose ,i fail to see1 & z f> z my own exp]i5ce goes is mislead+2 = hav+ tak5 *>ge ( /eam]s new f ! build]s' h&s1 :5 x is at lea/ expect$ t ^! %afts w\ld be 9 l9e1 ! crank %aft be>+s heat$ v consid]ably1 & cont9u$ to d s1 r5d]+ ! duration ( life ( ! crank %aft a %ort "o2 & ?\gh !y 7 nev] :at is t]m$ out ( l9e1 ! be>+s c\ld n be kept cool )\t ! use ( sea wat]1 & occasionally ! eng9es _h to be /opp$ to cool & smoo? up ! be>+ surfaces1 caus+ delays1 worry1 & anxiety1 = :i* ! eng9e] 9 *>ge 0 9 no way responsible4 ,happily ?is /ate ( :at ,i might call unc]ta9ties is be+ gradually rem$i$1 ?anks be+ l>gely due to ^? eng9e]s :o h ! skill to sugge/ improvem5ts & ! pati5ce to c>ry !m out aga9/ mu* opposition4 ,^! improvem5ts 9 _m in/ances p]ta9 to ! eng9e build]'s duties1 & are que/ions :i* ,i ?9k h be5 treat$ lightly2 notably t ( insuffici5t be>+ surface1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( hot be>+s1 :]eby ! oil int5d$ = lubrication 0 squeez$ out1 & ! metal surfaces br\ght too close 9 contact2 & :5 be>+s _h a pressure ( #bjj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 x has be5 f\nd t n m ?an #abj lb4 p] squ>e in* %\ld be ex]t$ to keep !m cool 7?is v>ies accord+ to ! mat]ial ( :i* ! be>+ is compos$71 )\t hav+ to use sea wat] & prev5t !m be+ gr\nd d[n1 & ?us gett+ out ( l9e4 ,i h kn[n a be>+ 9 a new /eam]1 9 spite ( _m gallons ( oil wa/$ on x1 we> d[n "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 a voyage ( only #f1jjj miles1 f insuffici5cy ( be>+ surface4 ,sev]al good rules are 9 use gov]n+ ! /r5g? ( %afts1 :i* treat ( ! diamet] ( ! be>+s only & angles ( ! cranks2 & ! eng9e build]1 along ) ! %ip own]1 has be5 *>y ( increas+ ! surfaces by l5g!n+ ! be>+s2 = to d ?is means increase ( space tak5 up =e & aft ! vessel1 besides additional weight ( eng9e4 ,eng9e build]s all aim 9 compet+ to put _! eng9es 9 less space ?an _! rivals1 giv+ same p[] & sometimes m4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ?is inducem5t is n[ m c>efully consid]$1 z x has be5 f\nd m economical to give l>g] be>+ surfaces ?an to h /eam]s ly+ 9 port1 refitt+ a crank %aft1 along ) ! consequ5ces ( heavy bills = salvage & repairs1 also ! risk ( los+ ! /eam] altoge!r4 ,proportion+ ! be>+s to ! weights & /ra9s !y h to c>ry has also be5 an improvem5t4 ,! diff]5t be>+s ( m>9e eng9es 7 usually made alike 9 surface1 irrespective ( ! "w ea* _h to d1 ) a view to economy 9 con/ruction4 ,9 mod]n practice ! aft] be>+s h m surface ?an ! =w>d1 except 9 cases :]e heavy slide-valve ge> has to be support$1 s t ! we> d[n 9 ! :ole l5g? ( ! %aft is equal1 ?us avoid+ ^? alt]nate b5d+ /ra9s at ! top & bottom ( ! /roke e revolution4 ,ano!r improvem5t t has be5 successfully introduc$1 add+ to ! duration ( life ( crank %afts1 is ! use ( :ite be>+ metal1 su* z ,p>son's :ite brass1 on :i* ! %afts run smoo?ly ) less friction & t5d5cy to heat1 s t1 along ) well proportion$ surfaces1 a numb] ( crank %afts 9 ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,co4's s]vice h n requir$ l9+ up = eight ye>s1 & ,i hope ) c>e may la/ till new boil]s are requir$4 ,l>ge & p[]ful /eam]s c be driv5 full spe$ f ,london to ,au/ralia & back )\t hav+ any wat] on ! be>+s1 us+ oil ( only :at is consid]$ a mod]ate price1 all[+ ! eng9e] 9 *>ge to att5d to ! economical work+ ( bo? eng9es & boil]s 7z well z _m o!r eng9es ( all k9ds n[ plac$ on bo>d a l>ge mail & pass5g] /eam]71 in/ead ( gett+ _m a dr5*+ ) sea wat]1 & worri$ by close att5tion to "o or two hot be>+s all ! wat*4 ,comp>e ^! results ) ! foll[+3 ,9 ! same s]vice 9 #ahfd1 & ) no blame to ! eng9e] 9 *>ge1 ! crank %aft be>+s ( a screw /eam] _h to be l9$ up e five days at int]m$iate ports1 ?r\gh insuffici5t be>+ surfaces4 ,sea wat] _h cont9ually to be us$1 result+ 9 frequ5t r5ewal ( crank %aft4 ,/eam]s c n[ run #be1jjj miles )\t hav+ to lift a be>+1 except = exam9ation at ! end ( ! voyage4 ,i w\ld note "h t ! =m ( ! be>+s on :i* ! %afts "w has also be5 mu* improv$4 ,!y are made m ( a solid "*1 ! metal be+ m equally dispos$ r\nd ! %aft1 & ! use ( gun metal = ! ma9 be>+s is n[ fa/ disappe>+4 ,9 l>ge eng9es ! only metals us$ are ca/ iron & :ite brass1 an advantage also 9 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( we> on ! recess by corrosion & gr9d+ :]e sea wat] 0 us$ (t5 to a consid]able ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,figs4 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b %[ ! design ( ! old & new ma9 be>+s1 &1 ,i ?9k1 require b little explanation4 ,mo/ ( y pres5t w rememb] y\r feel+s :51 aft] a hot be>+1 ! brasses 7 f\nd to be crack$ at top & bottom1 & ! tr\ble y _h aft]w>d to keep ^! brasses 9 position4 ,:5 a smok+ hot be>+ occurr$1 say 9 ! heat+ ( a crank p91 x _h ! effect ( damag+ ! mat]ial ( ! %aft m or less1 accord+ to its orig9al s\ndness1 g5]ally at ! fillets 9 ! angles ( ! cranks4 ,= :5 ! out] surface ( ! iron got hot1 cold wat]1 (t5 ( a l[ temp]ature1 0 sudd5ly p\r$ on1 & ! hot iron1 previ\sly exp&$1 0 sudd5ly contract$1 sett+ up /ra9s :i* 9 my op9ion made a small te> transv]sely :]e ! metal 0 solid2 & :]e :at is t]m$ lam9ation flaws1 due to con/ruction1 exi/$1 ^! 7 ext5d$ 9 _! natural direction1 & by a repetition ( ?is treatm5t ^! flaws became ( su* a s]i\s "* t ! %afts _h to be condemn$1 or actually gave way at sea4 ,! introduction ( ! triple expansion eng9e1 ) ! ?ree cranks1 gave bett] balance to ! %aft1 & ! =ces act+ 9 ! pa? ( ! crank p91 be+ bett] divid$1 caus$ m regul> motion on ! %aft1 & s to ! propell]4 ,?is is specially noticeable 9 screw /eam]s1 & is tak5 advantage ( by plac+ ! cab9s fur!r aft1 ne>] ! propell]1 ! /]n hav+ b little vibration2 ! dull & heavy surg+ s\nd1 due to unequal motions ( ! %aft 9 ! two-crank eng9es1 is ex*ang$ = a m regul> s\nd ( less ext5t1 & ! p[] =m]ly wa/$ 9 vibrat+ ! /]n is utiliz$ 9 propell+ ! vessel4 ,9 spite ( all ^! improvem5ts ,i h m5tion$1 !re rema9s ! s]i\s "q ( defects 9 ! mat]ial1 due to v>iety ( quality & ! extreme c>e t has to be ex]cis$ 9 all ! /ages dur+ con/ruction ( crank or o!r %afts built ( iron4 ,_m %afts h giv5 out at sea & be5 condemn$1 ?r\gh no o!r cause ?an orig9al defects 9 _! con/ruction & mat]ial4 ,! process ( weld+ & =g+ a crank %aft ( l>ge diamet] n[ is to make x up ( s _m small pieces1 ! be/ %afts be+ made ( :at is t]m$ scrap1 repres5t+ ?\s&s ( small pieces ( select$ iron1 su* z cutt+s ( old iron boil] plates1 cutt+s (f =g+s1 old bolts1 horse%oes1 angle iron1 etc41 all weld$ toge!r1 =g$ into billets1 reheat$1 & roll$ into b>s4 ,x is !n cut into l5g?s1 pil$1 & =m$ into slabs ( suitable size = weld+ up into ! %afts4 ,no d\bt ?is me?od is pref]able to ! old me?od ( fagot+1 s call$1 z ! iron b>s 7 plac$ side by side1 resembl+ a bundle ( fagots ( ab\t #ah or #bj in*es squ>e4 ,! result 0 t :ile ! outside b>s w\ld be weld$1 ! inside w\ld be improp]ly weld$1 or1 ! hamm] be+ weak1 ! bl[ w\ld be insuffici5t to secure ! prop] weld1 & x 0 no uncommon ?+ = a %aft to break & expose ! int]nal b>s1 %[+ !m to be q sep>ate1 or only p>tially unit$4 ,?is dang] has be5 mu* less5$ 9 late ye>s by c>eful selection ( ! mat]ials1 improv$ me?ods ( clean+ ! scrap1 bett] furnaces1 ! use ( ! mo/ suitable fuels1 & m p[]ful /eam hamm]s4 ,/ill1 ) all ?is c>e1 ,i ?9k ,i may say !re is n a %aft )\t flaws or defects1 m or less1 & :5 ^! flaws are situat$ 9 l9e ( ! greate/ /ra9s1 & ?\gh y may n h a hot be>+1 !y (t5 ext5d until ! %aft becomes unseawor?y4 ,diagrams %[n illu/rat$ ! v>i\s =ms ( flaws4 ,^! flaws 7 n obs]vable :5 ! %afts 7 new1 al?\gh c>efully inspect$4 ,!y gradually increas$ "u /ra91 came to ! outside1 & 7 detect$4 ,consid]able loss fell ^u ! own]s ( ^! vessels1 :o 7 9 no way to blame2 nor c\ld !y recov] any money f ! mak]s ( ! %afts1 :o 7 alone to blame4 ,i am pleas$ to /ate1 & "s ( ! memb]s "h pres5t "k1 t consid]able improvem5t has be5 effect$ 9 ! use ( bett] mat]ial ?an iron = crank %afts1 by ! introduction ( a special mild /eel1 by ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ,sons ,co41 ( ,%effield1 & t in/ead ( hav+ to record ! old famili> defects f\nd 9 iron %afts1 ,i c safely say no flaws h be5 obs]v$1 :5 new or dur+ eight ye>s runn+1 & !re are n[ tw5ty-two %afts ( ?is mild /eel 9 ! company's s]vice4 ,i may "h /ate t /eel 0 us$ = crank %afts 9 ?is s]vice 9 #ahfc1 z !n manufactur$ 9 ,prussia by ,messrs4 ,krupp1 & g5]ally kn[n z ,krupp's /eel1 ! t5sile /r5g? ( :i* 0 ab\t #dj tons p] squ>e in*1 & ?\gh free f flaws1 x 0 unable to /& ! fatigue1 & broke1 giv+ little w>n+4 ,x 0 ( too brittle a nature1 m resembl+ *isel /eel4 ,x 0 brok5 aga9 "u a fall+ weight ( #aj cwt4 ) a #aj ft4 drop #ab tons4 ,! mild /eel n[ us$ 0 fir/ tri$ 9 #ahhj4 ,x possess$ t5sile /r5g? ( #bd to #be tons p] squ>e in*4 ,x 0 !n consid]$ advisable n to exce$ ?is1 & err r on ! safe side4 ,?is %aft has be5 9 use eight ye>s1 & no sign ( any flaw has be5 obs]v$4 ,s9ce !n ! t5sile /r5g? ( mild /eel has gradually be5 increas$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ! /eel /ill reta9+ ! ela/icity & t\ghness to endure fatigue4 ,?is has only be5 arriv$ at by improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture & m p[]ful & bett] adapt$ hamm]s to =ge x d[n f ! l>ge +ots to ! size requir$4 ,! am\nt ( "w !y are n[ able to subject ! /eel to r5d]s x m fit to su/a9 ! fatigue su* z t to be endur$ by a crank %aft4 ,^! +ots ( /eel c be ca/ up to #ajj tons weight1 & require p[]ful ma*9es to deal ) !m4 ,= %afts say ( #bj in*es diamet]1 ! diamet] ( ! +ot w\ld be ab\t #eb in*es4 ,?is all[s suffici5t "w to be put on ! c\pl+s1 z well z ! %aft4 ,to make solid crank %afts ( ?is mat]ial1 say ( #ai in*es diamet]1 ! +ot w\ld weigh #db tons1 ! =g+1 :5 complet$1 #ag tons1 & ! f9i%$ %aft #aa tons2 s t y see !re is #be tons wa/$ be=e any ma*9+ is done1 & #e tons betwe5 ! =g+ & f9i%$ %aft4 ,?is makes x v exp5sive = solid %afts ( l>ge size1 & x is f\nd bett] to make :at is t]m$ a built %aft2 ! cranks are a little heavi]1 & eng9e fram+s necess>ily a little wid]1 a matt] comp>atively ( little mom5t4 ,i give y a r\gh draw+ ( ! hydraulic hamm]1 or /rictly speak+ a press1 us$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s 9 =g+ d[n ! +ots 9 %afts1 guns1 or o!r l>ge "w4 ,?is hamm] c give a squeeze ( #c1jjj tons4 ,! /eel seems to yield "u x l t\gh putty1 &1 unlike ! /eam hamm]1 !re is no j>r+ on ! mat]ial1 & x is manipulat$ ) ! same ease z a small hamm] by hydraulics4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( /eel us$ = %afts hav+ increas$ f #bd to #cj tons1 & 9 "s cases #ca tons1 consid]+ t ?is 0 #b tons above t specifi$1 & t we 7 approa*+ :at may be t]m$ h>d /eel1 ,i propos$ to ! mak]s to te/ ?is mat]ial beyond ! usual te/s1 viz41 t5sile1 ext5sion1 & cold b5d+ te/4 ,! latt]1 ,i consid]$1 0 mu* too easy = ?is f9e mat]ial1 z a piece ( fair iron w b5d cold to a radius ( #a times its diamet] or ?ickness1 )\t fracture2 & ,i propos$ a te/ m resembl+ ! fatigue t a crank %aft has sometimes to /&1 & m wor?y ( ?is mat]ial2 & 9 ! ev5t ( its /&+ ?is successfully1 ,i w\ld pass ! mat]ial ( #cj or #ca tons t5sile /r5g?4 ,specim5s ( /eel us$ 9 ! %afts 7 cut (f diff]5t p>ts--crank p9s & ma9 be>+s--7! %afts be+ built %afts7 & r\ghly plan$ to #a in*es squ>e1 & ab\t #ab in*es long4 ,!y 7 laid on ! block z %[n1 & a ca/ iron block1 fitt$ ) a hamm] head ton weight1 let sudd5ly fall #ab in*es1 ! block /rik+ ! b> ) a bl[ ( ab\t #d tons4 ,! /eel b> 0 !n turn$ upside d[n1 & ! bl[ repeat$1 rev]s+ ! piece e "t until fracture 0 obs]v$1 & ! b> ultimately brok54 ,! results 7 t ?is /eel /ood #eh bl[s be=e %[+ signs ( fracture1 & 0 only brok5 aft] #gg bl[s4 ,x is noticeable h[ _m bl[s x /ood aft] fracture4 ,a b> ( good wr\ght iron1 undress$1 ( same dim5sions1 0 tri$1 & broke ! fir/ bl[4 ,a b> cut f a piece ( iron to =m a l>ge *a91 aft]w>d =g$ d[n & only fil$ to same dim5sions1 broke at #be bl[s4 ,i 0 well satisfi$ ) ! results1 & consid]$ ?is mat]ial1 ?\gh possess+ a high t5sile /r5g?1 0 9 e way suitable = ! con/ruction & endurance requir$ 9 crank %afts4 ,%eet ,no4 #a %[s y "s p>ticul>s ( ^! te/s3 ,t5sile ,elong4 ,fractur$ ,broke ,fall ,tons4 9 #e ,b5d4 ,bl[s4 ,bl[s4 ,94 ,a #cj4e #bh p4 c4 ,good #fa #gh #ab ,9 ord] to te/ ! comp>ative value ( /eel ( #bd up to #ce tons t5sile /r5g?1 ,i _h sev]al specim5s tak5 f %afts te/$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 :i* may be call$ a fatigue te/4 ,! results are %[n on ! same %eet3 ,b #bd ,good #fd #gb #g ,b -- -- -- #dh #ed #ab ,c #bg #be4i p4 c4 ,good #gf #ha #ab ,d #bi4f #bh4d p4 c4 ,good #ga #gh #ab ,e #cj4e #bh4i p4 c4 ,good #eh #gg #ab ,f #ce4e #bj p4 c4 ,good #hj #ia #ab ,! latt] 0 v t\gh to break4 ,specim5 m>k$ ,a %[s "o ( ^! pieces ( /eel4 ,i %[ y also fre% brok5 specim5s :i* w give y a good idea ( ! beautiful quality ( ?is mat]ial4 ,^! specim5s 7 cut out ( %afts made ( ,/eel ,co4 ( ,scotl&'s /eel4 ,i also %[ y specim5s ( cold b5d+3 ,t5sile ,elong4 ,fractur$ ,broke ,fall ,tons4 94 #e ,b5d4 ,bl[s4 ,bl[s4 ,94 ,g #cj4i #bg p4 c4 ,good #ei #ff #ab ,h #bi4c #cj p4 c4 ,good #ff #ij #ab ,i #bh4i #bh4i p4 c4 ,good #ec #fh #ab ,i ?9k all ( ! above te/s %[ t ?is mat]ial1 :5 c>efully made & treat$ ) suffici5t me*anical "w on =g+ d[n f ! +ot1 is suitable up to #cd tons = crank %afts2 h[ mu* high] x w\ld be desirable to g is a "q ( sup]ior excell5ce 9 mat]ial & manufacture re/+ ) ! mak]s4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 rem>k t no all[ance has be5 made by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade or ,lloyds = ! excell5ce ( ?is mat]ial above t ( iron4 ,i 0 int]e/$ to "k h[ ! mat]ial 9 ! be/ iron %afts w\ld /& ?is fatigue te/ comp>$ ) /eel1 & _h "s specim5s ( same dim5sions cut out ( iron %afts4 ,! foll[+ are ! results3 ,be/ iron1 ?ree good qualities1 roll$ into flat b>s1 cut & made into #d cwt4 blooms4 ,j #ah4f #bd4c p4 c4 ,good #ag #ah #ab ,made ( be/ d\ble roll$ scrap1 #d cwt4 blooms4 ,k #bb #cb p4 c4 ,good #ba #cb #ab ,y w see f ^! results t /eel /ood ?is fatigue te/1 ,vick]s' #gc p] c5t4 & ,/eel ,co4's #fh p] c5t41 bett] ?an iron ( ! be/ quality = crank %afts2 & ,i am ( op9ion t s long z we use su* mat]ial z ^! = crank %afts1 along ) ! pres5t rules1 & give ample be>+ surface1 !re w be few brok5 %afts to record4 ,i omitt$ to m5tion t built %afts1 bo? ( /eel & iron1 ( l>ge diamet]1 are n[ 9 g5]al use1 & ) ! excell5t ma*9es1 & "u special me*anics1 are built up ( five sep>ate pieces 9 su* a rigid mann] t !y possess all ! solidity necess>y = a crank %aft4 ,! =g+s ( iron & /eel be+ mu* small] are capable ( m c>eful treatm5t 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,^! %afts1 = l>ge mail /eam]s1 :5 c\pl$ up1 are #ce feet long1 & weigh #de tons4 ,!y require to be c>efully c\pl$1 "s mak]s f9i%+ ! be>+s 9 ! la!1 o!rs dep5d on ! excell5ce ( _! "w 9 ea* piece1 & f9i% ea* complete4 ,to insure ! correct c5t]+ ( ^! l>ge %afts1 ,i h _h #f 94 dia4 recesses in* deep turn$ out ( ea* c\pl+ to "o gauge & made to fit "o disk4 ,duplicate disks are !n fitt$ 9 ea* c\pl+1 & ! c5t]+ is pres]v$1 & %\ld a sp>e piece be ev] requir$1 !re is no tr\ble to c\ple correctly on bo>d ! /eam]4 ,! propell] %aft is g5]ally made ( iron1 & if made n less ?an ! ,bo>d ( ,trade rules z reg>ds diamet]1 ( ! be/ iron1 & ! gun metal l9]s c>efully fitt$1 !y h giv5 little tr\ble2 ! pr9cipal tr\ble has aris5 f defective fitt+ ( ! propell] boss4 ,?is %aft work+ 9 sea wat]1 ?\gh runn+ 9 lignum vit be>+s1 has a consid]able we> d[n at ! out] be>+s 9 f\r or five ye>s1 & ! %aft gets out ( l9e4 ,?is we> has be5 less5$ consid]ably by fitt+ ! wood s t ! gra9 is endway to ! %aft1 & ) suffici5t be>+ surface ^! be>+s h n requir$ l9+ up = n9e ye>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a %aft t _c be inspect$ except :5 9 dry dock1 & has to be disconnect$ f ! propell]1 & drawn inside = exam9ation at p]iods sugge/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,s]i\s accid5ts h occurr$ ?r\gh want ( att5tion to ! exam9ation ( ?is %aft2 :5 work+ 9 salt wat]1 ) l9]s ( gun metal1 galvanic action ensues1 & ext5sive corrosion takes place 9 ! iron at ! ends ( ! brass l9]s1 m especially if !y are fac$ up at "r angles to ! %aft4 ,"s eng9e]s h ! uncov]$ "p ( ! %aft betwe5 ! l9]s1 inside ! tube1 protect$ aga9/ ! sea wat] by w9d+ ov] x t>r$ l9e4 ,z ?is may give out & cause "s tr\ble1 by /opp+ ! wat] space1 ,i h n adopt$ x1 & %all be pleas$ to h ! exp]i5ce ( any seago+ eng9e] on ?is important matt]4 ,a groove r\nd ! %aft is =m$1 due to ?is action1 & 9 "s cases ! %aft has brok5 inside ! /]n tube1 break+ n only x1 b te>+ op5 ! hull1 result+ 9 ! f\nd]+ ( ! vessel4 ,/eel has be5 us$ = screw %afts1 b has n be5 f\nd s suitable1 z x corrodes m rapidly 9 ! pres5ce ( salt wat] & gun metal ?an iron1 & unless protect$ by a solid l9] = ! mo/ "p ( its l5g?1 a me*anical feat :i* has n yet be5 a*iev$ 9 ord9>y con/ruction1 z ?is l9] w\ld require to be #bj ft4 long4 ,i f9d x exce$+ly difficult to get a l9] ( only #g ft4 long 9 "o piece1 & ! majority ( #f ft4 l9]s are fitt$ 9 two pieces4 ,! jo9t ( ! two l9]s is r>ely wat]tight1 & _m %afts h be5 de/roy$ by ?is me?od ( fitt+ ^! l9]s4 ,i tru/ t eng9e build]s w make a /ep fur!r 9 ! fitt+ ( ^! l9]s on ^! %afts1 z x is aga9/ ! int]e/ ( ! %ip[n] to keep %ips 9 dry dock f su* causes z defective l9]s1 & ,i ?9k x w be only a matt] ( "t :5 ! screw %aft w be completely protect$ f sea wat]1 at lea/ inside ! /]n tube2 & :5 ?is is done1 ,i w\ld h no hesitation 9 us+ /eel = screw %afts4 ,?\gh an easi] =g+ ?an a crank %aft1 ^! %afts are (t5 liable to flaws ( a v s]i\s "*1 ow+ to ! contraction ( ! mass ( metal =m+ ! c\pl+2 ! outside cool+ fir/ te>s ! c5t] op51 & :5 !re is n mu* metal to turn (f ! face ( ! c\pl+1 x is sometimes undiscov]$4 ,hav+ obs]v$ sev]al ( ^! cavities1 "s only :5 ! la/ cut 0 be+ tak5 (f1 ,i h consid]$ x advisable to h holes bor$ 9 ! end & c5t] ( ea* c\pl+1 z f> ?r\gh z ! ?ickness ( ! flange2 :5 ! %afts are ( l>ge size1 ?is is sure to f9d ^! flaws out4 ,ano!r flaw1 :i* has 9 _m cases prov$ s]i\s :5 all[$ to ext5d1 is situat$ imm$iately abaft ! gun metal l9]1 9 front ( ! propell]4 ,?is may be induc$ by corrosion1 caus$ by ! pres5ce ( sea wat]1 gun metal1 & iron1 assi/$ by ! rotation ( ! %aft4 ,x may also be caus$ "u heavy /ra91 ow+ to ! ov]-f9i%+ ( ! %aft at ?is "p "u ! /eam hamm]4 ,! =gem51 9 ^! days ( competition & l[ prices1 are in/ruct$ to s f9i% t !re won't be mu* weight to turn (f :5 complet+ ! %aft 9 ! la!4 ,?is is effect$ by ! use ( half-r\nd blocks "u ! hamm]1 at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! re/ ( ! =g+ is done1 along ) ! use ( a little wat] flung on f "t to "t2 & x is rem>kable h[ ne> a =g+ is 9 tru? :5 c5t]$ 9 ! la!1 & h[ little !re is to come (f4 ,! effect ( ?is manipulation is to =m a h>d r+ ( close gra9 ab\t "o in* ?ick f ! circumf]5ce ( ! %aft inw>d4 ,! metal 9 ?is r+ is mu* h>d] ?an t 9 ! re/ ( ! %aft1 & takes all ! /ra9 ! inn] section gives2 consequ5tly1 :5 /ra9 is br\ght on1 ei!r 9 heavy wea!r or %\ld ! propell] /rike any object at sea or 9 ! ,suez canal1 a fracture is caus$ at ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is1 assi/$ by slight corrosion1 has 9 my exp]i5ce l$ 9 ! c\rse ( f\r mon?s to a screw %aft be+ s]i\sly crippl$4 ,i %[ y a section ( a screw %aft f\nd to be flaw$1 & :i* ,i _h brok5 "u ! fall+ weight ( a /eam hamm]1 :5 ! decid$ diff]5ce ( ! granules ne> ! circumf]5ce f t 9 ! c5tral "p convey$ to me t x 0 weak5$ by treatm5t ,i h ref]r$ to4 ,i ?9k m mat]ial %\ld be left on ! =g+1 & ! high f9i% ) a little cold wat] %\ld be discont9u$4 ,do+ away ) ! out] be>+ 9 rudd] po/ is an improvem5t1 provid$ ! be>+ 9 ! out] end ( screw %aft 9 ! /]n tube is suffici5tly l>ge4 ,x all[s ! rudd] po/ to h its own "w to d )\t br++ any /ra9 on ! screw %aft1 & 9 ! ev5t ( ! vessel's gr\nd+ & /rik+ "u ! rudd] po/1 x does n ?r[ any /ra9 on ! screw %aft4 ,x also t5ds to r$uce weight at ?is "p1 :]e all ! weight is ov]hung f ! /]n ( ! vessel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exp]im5tal ,,aid ,,9 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,,high ,,spe$ ,,/eam%ips4 ,by ,d4 ,p4 ,! a*ievem5t ( "o triumph aft] ano!r 9 ! matt] ( high spe$ /eam%ips1 & especially ! confid5ce ) :i* pl$ges ( c]ta9 results are giv5 & accept$ long be=e actual trials are made1 =m "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( ! important "p :i* sci5tific me?ods play 9 mod]n %ipbuild+4 ,?is is evid5t 9 ! case ( %ips embody+ novel or hi!rto untri$ features1 & m especially s 9 cases :]e %ipbuild]s1 hav+ no p]sonal practical exp]i5ce or data1 a*ieve su* results4 ,?is 0 notably illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! ,fairfield ,co4 und]tak+ "s five ye>s ago to build & eng9e a huge craft ( mo/ ph5om5al =m & proportions1 & to propel ! vessel at a giv5 spe$ "u conditions :i* appe>$ highly impracticable to _m engag$ 9 ! same pr(ession4 ,! contract 0 proce$$ )1 h[ev]1 & ! ,cz> ( ,russia's wond]ful ya*t ,livadia 0 ! result1 :i* 7h[ev] mu* %e may h ju/ifi$ ! pr(essional /rictures z to =m & proportions7 entirely answ]$ ! design]'s anticipations z to spe$4 ,equally rem>kable & f> m int]e/+ in/ances are ! ,inman l9]s ,city ( ,p>is & ,city ( ,new ,york1 9 ^: design !re 0 suffici5t novelty to w>rant ! degree ( misgiv+ :i* und\bt$ly exi/$ reg>d+ ! ,messrs4 ,?omson's ability to atta9 ! spe$ requir$4 ,9 ! case at lea/ ( ! ,city ( ,p>is1 ,messrs4 ,?omson's intrepidity has be5 triumphantly ju/ifi$4 ,an in/ance /ill m opposite to our pres5t subject is f\nd 9 ! n[ r5[n$ ,*annel /eam]s ,pr9cess ,h5rietta & ,pr9cess ,joseph9e1 built by ,messrs4 ,d5ny1 ( ,dumb>ton1 = ! ,belgian gov]nm5t4 ,! spe$ /ipulat$ = 9 ?is case 0 #bj knots1 & al?\gh 9 "o or two previ\s ,*annel /eam]s1 built by ! ,fairfield ,co41 a l spe$ _h be5 a*iev$1 /ill ! gu>antee+ ( ?is spe$ by ,messrs4 ,d5ny 0 rem>kable1 9 s f> z ! firm _h nev] produc$1 or _h to d )1 any craft fa/] ?an #ae or #af knots4 ,! atta9m5t n only ( ! spe$ gu>ante$1 b ( ! bett] "p ( a knot 9 excess ( t spe$1 0 triumphant te/imony to ! skill & c>e br\ght to be> ^u ! und]tak+4 ,9 ?is case1 at lea/1 ! result 0 n "o due to a previ\s c\rse ( trial & error ) actual %ips1 b 0 di/9ctly due to sup]ior practical skill1 back$ & enhanc$ by k & use ( specializ$ bran*es 9 ! sci5ce ( m>9e ar*itecture4 ,messrs4 ,d5ny are ! only firm ( private %ipbuild]s possess+ an exp]im5tal tank = record+ ! spe$ & resi/ance ( %ips by means ( m9iature reproductions ( ! actual vessels1 & to ?is fact may safely be ascrib$ _! confid5ce 9 gu>antee+1 & _! success 9 obta9+1 a spe$ s rem>kable 9 itself & s mu* 9 excess ( any?+ !y _h previ\sly _h to d )4 ,confirmatory evid5ce ( _! success ) ! ,belgian /eam]s is af=d$ by ! fact t !y h rec5tly be5 in/ruct$ to build = s]vice betwe5 ,/ranra] & ,l>ne a paddle /eam] gu>ante$ to /eam #ai knots1 & h _h inquiries z to o!r high spe$ vessels4 ,9 e/imat+ ! p[] requir$ = vessels ( unusual types or ( abnormal spe$1 :]e empirical =mul d n apply1 & :]e data = previ\s %ips are n available1 ! sy/em ( exp]im5t+ ) models is ! only tru/wor?y exp$i5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,cz>'s extraord9>y ya*t1 ! ,livadia1 already ref]r$ to1 x may be rememb]$ t previ\s to ! "w ( con/ruction be+ proce$$ )1 exp]im5ts 7 made ) a small model ( ! vessel by ! late ,dr4 ,tideman1 at ! gov]nm5t tank at ,am/]dam4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ! data s obta9$1 c\pl$ ) ! results ( trials made ) a m9iature ( ! actual vessel on ,lo* ,lomond1 ^? responsible = h] /ipulat$ spe$ 7 satisfi$ t x c\ld be atta9$4 ,! actual results amply ju/ifi$ ! reliance plac$ ^u su* exp]im5ts4 ,! design ( _m ( h] ,maje/y's %ips has be5 alt]$ aft] trials ) _! models4 ,?is 0 notably ! case 9 connection ) ! design ( ! ,m$way class ( riv] gunboats4 ,! ,admiralty con/ructors at fir/ det]m9$ to make !m #aaj ft4 long1 by only #bf ft4 9 bread?4 ,a d\bt aris+ 9 _! m9ds1 ! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! late ,mr4 ,fr\de1 :o _h models made ( v>i\s bread?s1 ) :i* he exp]im5t$4 ,! results satisfi$ ! ,admiralty (fic]s t a sub/antial ga91 r ?an a loss1 w\ld foll[ f giv+ !m mu* great] beam ?an _h be5 propos$1 & ?is 0 amply v]ifi$ 9 ! actual %ips4 ,s long ago z ! la/ decade ( la/ c5tury1 an ext5d$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) v>i\sly %ap$ bodies1 %ips z well z o!r %apes1 7 conduct$ by ,colonel ,beaufoy1 9 ,gre5l& dock1 ,london1 "u ! auspices ( a society in/itut$ to improve naval ar*itecture at t "t4 ,rob]t ,fulton1 ( ,am]ica1 ,david ,napi]1 ( ,glasg[1 & o!r pione]s ( ! /eam%ip1 are relat$ to h c>ri$ out sy/ematic model exp]im5ts1 al?\gh ( a rude k9d 9 mod]n eyes1 be=e ent]+ on "s ( _! v5tures4 ,ab\t #ahdj ,mr4 ,john ,scott ,russell c>ri$ on1 on behalf ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ( :i* he 0 at t "t "o ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s1 an elaborate s]ies ( inve/igations into ! =m ( lea/ resi/ance 9 vessels4 ,= ?is purpose he leas$ ! ,virg9ia ,h\se & gr\nds1 a =m] resid5ce ( ,rodg] ,/ew>t1 a fam\s ,gre5ock %ip[n] ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 ! h\se be+ us$ z (fices1 :ile 9 ! gr\nds an exp]im5tal tank 0 erect$4 ,9 x te/s 7 made ( ! spe$ & resi/ance ( ! v>i\s =ms :i* ,mr4 ,russell's +5uity evolv$--notably ^? bas$ on ! well-kn[n /ream l9e !ory--z possible types ( ! /eam fleets ( ! future4 ,all ! data d]iv$ f exp]im5t 0 tabulat$1 or %[n graphically 9 ! =m ( diagrams1 :i*1 d\btless1 prov$ ( great int]e/ to ! savants ( ! ,briti% ,association ( t day4 ,mr4 ,russell return$ to ,london 9 #ahdd1 & ! inve/igations 7 discont9u$4 ,x w ?us be se5 t model exp]im5ts _h be5 made by inve/igators long be=e ! "t ( ! late ,dr4 ,william ,fr\de1 ( ,torquay4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ?is g5tleman took ! subject ( resi/ance ( vessels 9 h& t design]s 7 enabl$ to r5d] ! results f model trials accurately applicable to vessels ( full size4 ,?is 0 pr9cipally due to 8 enunciation & v]ification by exp]im5t ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! law ( comp>ison1 or ! law by :i* "o is enabl$ to ref] accurately ! resi/ance ( a model to "o ( l>g] size1 or to t ( a full siz$ vessel4 ,9 effect1 ! law is ?is--= vessels ( ! same proportional dim5sions1 or1 z design]s say1 ( ! same l9es1 !re are spe$s appropriate to ^! vessels1 :i* v>y z ! squ>e roots ( ! ratio ( _! dim5sions1 & at ^! appropriate spe$s ! resi/ances w v>y z ! cubes ( ^! dim5sions4 ,! fundam5t ^u :i* ! law is bas$ has rec5tly be5 %[n to h f\nd expression 9 ! works ( ,f4 ,ree*1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* sci5ti/ :o wrote e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 ,!re are no valid gr\nds = suppos+ t ! discov]y ( ,ree* 0 famili> to ,fr\de2 b ev5 7 ?is s1 x is abundantly evid5t t1 al?\gh nev] claim$ by himself1 !re are ! be/ ( gr\nds = claim+ ! law ( comp>ison1 z n[ e/abli%$1 to be an indep5d5t discov]y ( ,fr\de's4 ,dr4 ,fr\de began 8 inve/igations ) %ips' models at ! exp]im5tal tank at ,torquay ab\t #ahgb1 c>ry+ x on un9t]rupt$ly until 8 dea? 9 #ahgi4 ,s9ce 8 decease1 ! "w ( inve/igation has be5 c>ri$ on by 8 son1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,fr\de1 :o ably assi/$ 8 fa!r1 & orig9at$ mu* ( ! exi/+ app>atus4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #ahhf1 ! :ole exp]im5tal appliances & effects 7 remov$ f ,torquay to ,hasl>1 ne> ,portsm\?1 :]e a l>ge tank & m commodi\s (fices h be5 con/ruct$1 ) a view to ent]+ m ext5sively ^u ! "w ( exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,! dim5sions ( ! old tank 7 #bhj ft4 9 l5g?1 #cf ft4 9 wid?1 & #aj ft4 9 dep?4 ,! new "o is ab\t #djj ft4 long1 #bj ft4 wide1 & #i ft4 deep4 ,! new e/abli%m5t is m commodi\s & bett] equipp$ ?an ! old1 & al?\gh ! exp]im5ts are tak5 ov] a great] l5g?1 ! op]ators are enabl$ to turn out results ) z great dispat* z 9 ! ,torquay tank4 ,! adjac5cy ( ! new tank to ! docky>d at ,portsm\? enables ! ,admiralty au?orities to make full] & m frequ5t use ( x ?an =m]ly4 ,s9ce ! value ( ! "w c>ri$ on = ! ,briti% gov]nm5t has become appreciat$1 sev]al exp]im5tal e/abli%m5ts ( a simil> "* h be5 in/itut$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,dut* gov]nm5t 9 #ahgd =m$ "o at ,am/]dam :i*1 up till 8 dea? 9 #ahhc1 0 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,dr4 ,tideman1 ^: labors 9 ?is direction 7 second only to ^? ( ! late ,dr4 ,fr\de4 ,9 #ahgg ! ,fr5* naval au?orities e/abli%$ an exp]im5tal tank 9 ! docky>d at ,bre/1 & ! ,italian gov]nm5t h j complet$ "o on an elaborate scale 9 ! naval docky>d at ,spezia4 ,! ,spezia tank1 :i* is #ejj ft4 9 l5g? by ab\t #bb ft4 9 bread?1 is fully equipp$ ) all ! special & highly +5i\s in/rum5ts & appliances :i* ! sci5tific skill ( ! late ,dr4 ,fr\de br\ght into exi/5ce1 & h be5 s9ce 8 day improv$ ^u by 8 son1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,fr\de1 & o!r exp]ts4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( our own ,admiralty & ( ,messrs4 ,d5ny1 ( ,dumb>ton1 ! ,italians h be5 p]mitt$ to avail !mselves ( ! late/ improvem5ts :i* exp]i5ce has sugge/$1 & ! con/ruction ( ! special ma*9]y & app>atus requir$ has be5 execut$ by firms 9 ?is c\ntry hav+ previ\s exp]i5ce 9 ?is connection--,messrs4 ,kelso ,co41 ( ,comm]ce ,/reet1 ,glasg[2 & ,mr4 ,rob]t ,w4 ,munro1 ( ,london4 ,hav+ briefly trac$ ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! sy/em ( model exp]im5t1 x may n[ be ( int]e/ to describe ! modus op]&i ( su* exp]im5ts1 & expla9 ! way 9 :i* !y are made applicable to actual %ips4 ,! models ) :i* exp]im5ts are made 9 ^? e/abli%m5ts conduct$ on ! l9es in/itut$ by ,mr4 ,fr\de are made ( p>aff9 wax1 a mat]ial well adapt$ = ! purpose1 be+ easily work$1 imp]vi\s to wat]1 & yield+ a f9e smoo? surface4 ,moreov]1 :5 done )1 ! models may be remelt$ = fur!r use & all p>+s utiliz$4 ,!y are produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a m\ld is =m$ 9 clay by means ( cross sections made some:at l>g] ?an is actually requir$1 ?is all[ance be+ made to admit ( ! cutt+ & p>+ aft]w>d requir$ to br+ ! model to ! correct po9t4 ,into ?is m\ld a core is plac$1 consi/+ ( a light wood5 framework cov]$ ) calico & coat$ ) a ?ick solution ( clay to make x imp]vi\s to ! melt$ p>aff94 ,?is latt] sub/ance is run into ! space betwe5 ! core & ! m\ld & all[$ to cool4 ,?is space1 =m+ ! ?ickness ( ! model1 is usually f 94 = a model ( #aj ft4 long to #a 94 & #a 94 = "o ( #af ft4 & #ah ft4 long4 ,:5 cold1 ! model is float$ out ( ! m\ld by wat] pressure & plac$ bottom upw>d on ! b$ ( a %ap+ ma*9e1 an +5i\s piece ( me*anism devis$ by ! late ,dr4 ,fr\de1 to aid 9 r$uc+ ! r\gh ca/+ to ! accurate =m4 ,! b$ ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* travels automatically :ile ! ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 c be rais$ or l[]$ to any desir$ level by adju/+ screws4 ,a plan ( wat] l9es ( ! vessel to be model$ is plac$ on a tablet ge>$ to ! ma*9e1 ! travel ( :i* is a function ( ! travel ( ! b$ conta9+ ! model4 ,) a po9t]1 :i* is connect$ by a sy/em ( lev]s to ! cutt+ tools1 ! op]ator traces out ! wat] l9es ^u ! plan z ! ma*9e & its b$ are 9 motion1 ) ! result t correspond+ l9es are cut ^u ! model4 ,! cutt+ tools are swiftly revolv+ knives :i* "w on v]tical sp9dles mov$ 9 a lat]al direction 7br\ght ne> or remov$ f ea* o!r71 accord+ to ! v>y+ bread? ( ! wat] l9es ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! model1 z trac$ out by ! op]ator's po9t]4 ,9 ?is way a s]ies ( longitud9al incisions are made on ! model at diff]5t levels correspond+ to ! wat] l9es ( ! vessel4 ,! model is n[ tak5 f ! b$ ( ! ma*9e & ! sup]flu\s mat]ial or projection betwe5 ! incisions is remov$ by means ( a spoke%ave or o!r %>p h& tool1 & ! :ole surface br\ght to ! correct =m1 & made fair & smoo?4 ,to te/ accuracy ( =m1 ! weight ( model is c>efully tak51 & ! displacem5t at ! int5d$ trial draught accurately det]m9$ f ! plan ( l9es4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( model & ! displacem5t at ! draught int5d$ is !n put into ! bottom ( ! model 9 ! =m ( small bags ( %ot1 & by unique & v delicately con/ruct$ in/rum5ts = asc]ta9+ ! correct draught1 ! smalle/ error c at once be detect$ & all[$ =4 ,! models v>y 9 size f ab\t "o-t5? to "o-?irtie? ( ! size ( ! actual %ip4 ,a model ( ! l>ge/ size c be produc$ & its resi/ance det]m9$ at a numb] ( spe$s 9 ab\t two days or s4 ,! mode ( proc$ure 9 arrang+ ! model = ! resi/ance exp]im5t1 aft] ! model is afloat 9 ! tank at ! correct draught & trim1 consi/s 9 atta*+ to x a skillfully devis$ dynamometric app>atus secur$ to a lightly con/ruct$ c>riage4 ,?is c>riage trav]ses a railway :i* ext5ds ! :ole l5g? ( ! tank ab\t #ae 94 or #ah 94 above ! wat]4 ,! float+ model is c>efully guid$ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! wat] by a delicate device1 keep+ x f deviat+ ei!r to ! "r or left1 b at ! same "t all[+ a free v]tical & horizontal motion4 ,! c>riage ) ! model atta*$ is propell$ by means ( an endless /eel wire rope1 pass+ at ea* end ( ! tank ar\nd a drum1 driv5 by a small /ation>y eng9e1 fitt$ ) a v s5sitive gov]nor1 capable ( be+ s adju/$ t any requir$ spe$ may be giv5 to ! c>riage & model4 ,! resi/ance :i* ! model enc\nt]s 9 its passage ?r\gh ! wat] is communicat$ to a spiral spr+1 & ! ext5sion ?is spr+ und]goes is a measure ( ! model's resi/ance4 ,! am\nt ( ! ext5sion is record$ on a revolv+ cyl9d] to a mu* enl>g$ scale ?r\gh ! m$ium ( lev]s or bell cranks support$ by /eel knife edges re/+ on rock+ pieces4 ,on ! same cyl9d] are regi/]$ "t & di/ance diagrams1 by means ( :i* a correct measure ( ! spe$ is obta9$4 ,! "t diagram is record$ by means ( a clock atta*$ to an electric circuit1 mak+ contact e half second1 & actuat+ a p5 :i* =ms an ind5t 9 :at w\ld o!rwise be a /raight l9e on ! pap]4 ,! di/ance p51 by a simil> arrangem5t1 traces ano!r l9e on ! cyl9d] 9 :i* are ind5ts correspond+ to fix$ di/ances ( travel along ! tank1 ! ind5ts be+ caus$ by small projections :i* /rike a trigg] at ! bottom ( ! c>riage z x passes1 & make electric contact4 ,f ^! "t & di/ance diagrams accurate acc\nt c be tak5 ( ! spe$ at :i* ! model & its support+ c>riage h be5 driv54 ,?us on ! same cyl9d] is record$ graphically ! spe$ & resi/ance ( ! model4 ,! c>riage may be driv5 at any assign$ spe$ by adju/+ ! gov]nor ( ! driv+ eng9e already allud$ to1 b ! record ( ! spe$ by means ( ! "t & di/ance diagrams is m def9ite4 ,:5 ! resi/ances ( ! model h be5 obta9$ at sev]al spe$s1 v>y+ 9 "s cases f #ej to #a1jjj feet p] m9ute1 ! spe$s are set (f 9 suitable units along a base l9e1 & = e spe$ at :i* resi/ance is measur$1 ! resi/ance is set (f to scale z an ord9ate value at ^? spe$s4 ,a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ^! spots =ms ! curve ( resi/ance1 f :i* ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ! model at ! giv5 trial spe$s or any int]m$iate spe$ c be asc]ta9$4 ,! resi/ance be+ kn[n1 ! p[] requir$ to ov]come resi/ance & drive ! actual %ip at any giv5 spe$ is easily d$uc$ by apply+ ! rule be=e describ$ z ! law ( comp>ison4--,! ,/eam%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,%ip ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,fr5* ,,ballet ,,( ,,! ,,tempe/4 ,a new ballet1 entitl$ ! ,tempe/1 by ,messrs4 ,b>bi] & ,?omas1 has rec5tly be5 put ^u ! /age ( ! ,op]a at ,p>is ) sup]b sett+s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ! sev]al tableaux exhibit$ is ! la/ "o ( ! ?ird act1 9 :i* appe>s a vessel ( unusual dim5sions = ! /age1 & :i* leaves f> beh9d x ! celebrat$ %ips ( ! ,corsaire & ,l',africa9e4 ,?is vessel1 />t+ f ! back ( ! /age1 advances maje/ically1 describes a wide circle1 & /ops 9 front ( ! prompt]'s box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,%ip ,,( ,,! ,,tempe/1 ,,9 ,,process ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,sett+ ,,( ,,! ,,sc5]y ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,%ip4 ,z ! /ructure ( ?is vessel & ! me*anism by :i* x is mov$ are a little out ( ! ord9>y1 we %all give "s details 9 reg>d to !m4 ,fir/1 ! sea is repres5t$ by f\r p>allel /rips ( wat]1 ea* =m$ ( a v]tical wood5 frame entirely free 9 its movem5ts 7,fig4 #b74 ,! %ip 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #e7 is c>ri$ by :eels t roll ov] ! floor ( ! /age4 ,x is guid$ 9 its motion by two groov$ bronze :eels & by a rail =m$ ( a simple rev]s$ ,t-iron :i* is fix$ to ! floor by bolts4 ,9 measure z x advances1 ! /rips ( wat] op5 9 ! c5t] to all[ x to pass1 &1 z ! vessel itself is cov]$ up to ! wat] l9e ) pa9t$ canvas imitat+ ! sea1 x has ! appe>ance ( cleav+ ! waves4 ,z soon z x has pass$1 ! ?ree /rips ( wat] 9 ! re> rise slightly4 ,:5 ! vessel rea*es ! fir/ ( ! /rips1 ! ?ree o!r /rips1 at fir/ juxtapos$ aga9/ ! prec$+1 spread out & ?us increase ! ext5t ( ! sea1 :ile ! incl9$ plane ( ! prec$+ tableau advances 9 ord] to make place = ! vessel4 ,! %ift+ ( ?is incl9$ place is effect$ by simply pull+ ^u ! c>pet t cov]s x1 & :i* ent]s a groove 9 ! floor 9 front ( ! prompt]'s box4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ! entire /age seems to be 9 motion1 & ! effect is v /rik+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,%ip ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,ballet1 ,,! ,,tempe/4 ,we come n[ to ! details ( con/ruction ( ! vessel4 ,x is n "h a "q ( a %ip repres5t$ simply by means ( frames & accessories1 b ( a true %ip 9 its entirety1 p]=m+ its evolutions ov] ! :ole /age4 ,n[1 a %ip is n con/ruct$ at a !at] z 9 reality4 ,x does n suffice to h x all entire ^u ! /age1 b x is necess>y also to be able to dism\nt x aft] e repres5tation1 & t1 too1 9 a l>ge numb] ( pieces t c be easily /or$ away4 ,?us1 ! vessel ( ! ,tempe/1 :i* measures a doz5 y>ds f /em to /]n1 & is capable ( c>ry+ fifty p]sons1 comes ap>t 9 ab\t #bej pieces ( wood1 )\t c\nt+ all ! iron "w1 bolts1 etc4 ,nev]!less1 x c be m\nt$ 9 less ?an two h\rs by t5 skill$ m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,%ip ,,) ,,its ,,occupants4 ,! visible hull ( ! %ip is plac$ ^u a l>ge & v /rong wood5 framework1 =m$ ( tw5ty-six trusses4 ,9 ! c5t]1 !re are two longitud9al trusses ab\t ?ree feet 9 height by tw5ty-five 9 l5g?1 ^u :i* are assembl$1 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 o!r trusses4 ,9 ! int]ior !re are six transv]se pieces held by /irrup bolts1 & at ! extremity ( ea* ( ^! is fix$ a ?irte5-in* iron :eel4 ,x is ^u ^! twelve :eels t ! entire /ructure rolls4 ,!re are 9 addition ! two bronze guide :eels t we h already spok5 (4 ,9 ! re> !re are two l>ge v]tical trusses sixte5 feet 9 height1 :i* are jo9$ by ties & desc5d to ! bottom ( ! frame1 to :i* !y are bolt$4 ,^! are work$ out into /eps & con/itute ! skeleton ( ! imm5se /]n ( ! vessel4 ,! skeleton ( ! pr[ is =m$ ( a l>ge v]tical truss :i* is bolt$ to ! front ( ! frame & is held )9 by a tie b>4 ,on ea* side ( ?is truss are plac$ ! p>allels 7,figs4 #a & #c71 :i* are =m$ ( pieces ( wood t are set into ! frame bel[ & are provid$ above ) grooves = ! passage ( iron rods t support ! foot re/s by means ( :i* ! sup]num]>ies are lift$4 ,z a :ole1 ^? rods con/itute a jo9t$ p>allelogram1 s t ! foot re/ always rema9s horizontal :ile describ+ a curve ( five feet radius f ! top ( ! frame to ! deck ( ! vessel4 ,!y are actuat$ by a cable :i* w9ds ar\nd a small w9dlass fix$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,! ,,%ip ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,/age4 ,! l>ge ma/ consi/s ( a v]tical %ea? #aj ft4 high1 :i* is set into ! c5t] ( ! frame1 & 9 ! int]ior ( :i* slides a wood5 sp> t exce$s x by #e ft4 at fir/1 & is capable ( be+ drawn out z _m m feet = ! f9al apo!osis4 ,?is "p ( ! ma/ c>ries ?ree footbo>ds & a plat=m = ! reception ( sup]s4 ,x is actuat$ by a w9dlass plac$ ^u ! frame4 ,to =m ! skeleton ( ! vessel !re are m\nt$ ^u ! frame a s]ies ( eight l>ge v]tical trusses p>allel ) ea* o!r & cross-brac$ by small trusses4 ,! upp] "p ( ^! supports ! floor+ ( ! deck1 & _! ext]ior portion affects ! curve ( a %ip's sides4 ,x is to ^! trusses t are atta*$ ! panels cov]$ ) pa9t$ canvas t repres5t ! hull4 ,^! panels are n9e 9 numb] on ea* side4 ,above are plac$ ^? t simulate ! nett+s & ^? t cov] ! pr[ or =m its cre/4 ,! turret t surr\nds ! l>ge ma/ is =m$ ( v]tical trusses provid$ ) panels ( pa9t$ canvas & c>ry+ a floor = ! figurants to /& ^u4 ,! b[sprit is 9 two p>ts1 "o slid+ 9 ! o!r4 ,! front portion is at fir/ pull$ back1 9 ord] to hide ! vessel entirely 9 ! side sc5es4 ,x beg9s to make its appe>ance be=e ! vessel itself gets "u way4 ,light silk5 cordages connect ! ma/1 ! b[sprit1 & ! small ma/ at ! /]n4 ,on ea* side ( ! vessel1 !re are bolt$ to ! frame t supports x five iron frames cov]$ ) canvas 7,fig4 #c71 :i* rea* ! level ( ! wat] l9e1 & ^u :i* /& ! sup]s repres5t+ ! naiads t are suppos$ to draw ! %ip ^u ! bea*4 ,f9ally at ! b[ !re is fix$ a frame :i* supports a danseuse repres5t+ ! liv+ pr[ ( ! vessel4 ,! vessel is drawn to ! middle ( ! /age by a cable atta*$ to its "r side & pass+ ar\nd a w9dlass plac$ 9 ! side sc5es to ! left 7,fig4 #b74 ,x is at ! same "t pu%$ by ma*9i/s plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! framework4 ,! latt]1 z above /at$1 is entirely cov]$ ) pa9t$ canvas resembl+ wat]4 ,z ! vessel1 freight$ ) h>moni\sly gr\p$ spirits1 & ) naiads1 sea fairies1 & graceful g5ii seem+ to swim ar\nd x1 sails 9 ^u ! /age1 puts ab\t1 & advances z if c>ri$ along by ! waves to ! front ( ! /age1 ! effect is really beautiful1 & does great cr$it to ! ma*9i/s ( ! ,op]a4 ,we are indebt$ to ,le ,g5ie ,civil & ,le ,monde ,illu/r = ! description & engrav+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gir>d ,,hydraulic ,,railway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,we give h]e) "s illu/rations ( ?is railway :i* has rec5tly excit$ s mu* te*nical int]e/ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 & :i* ?reat5s to revolutionize bo? ! me?od & velocity ( travel+1 if only ! initial exp5se ( lay+ ! l9e c be br\ght )9 mod]ate limits4 ,a %ort l9e ( railway has be5 laid 9 ,p>is1 & we h !re exam9$ x1 & travel$ ov] ! l9e m ?an once2 s t we c te/ify to ! smoo?ness & ease ( ! motion4 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 exam9$ ! railway rec5tly1 & we und]/& t a l9e two miles long is to be laid 9 ,london1 "u 8 auspices4 ,he seems to ?9k x might be us$ = ! ,*annel tunnel1 be+ bo? smokeless & noiseless4 ,x might also1 if x c\ld be laid at a suffici5tly l[ price1 be useful = ! und]gr\nd railways 9 ,london1 ( "o ( :i* he is *airman4 ,we are favorably impress$ by ! exp]im5ts we h witness$2 our misgiv+s are z to ! co/4 ,! railway is ! inv5tion ( ! well kn[n hydraulic eng9e]1 ,monsieur ,gir>d1 :o1 z e>ly z #aheb1 endeavor$ to replace ! ord9>y /eam traction on railways by hydraulic propulsion1 & 9 #ahed s\ght to dim9i% ! resi/ance to ! movem5t ( ! wagons by remov+ ! :eels1 & caus+ !m to slide on broad rails4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! inv5tion1 ,mons4 ,gir>d dem&$1 & at ! end ( #ahfi obta9$1 a concession = a %ort l9e f ,p>is to ,arg5teuil1 />t+ 9 front ( ! ,palais de l',indu/rie1 pass+ by ,le ,*amp de ,c\rses de ,long*amps1 & cross+ ! ,se9e at ,suresnes4 ,un=tunately1 ! w> ( #ahgj-ga int]v5$1 dur+ :i* ! works 7 de/roy$ & ,mons4 ,gir>d 0 kill$4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! inv5tion 0 neglect$ = "s ye>s4 ,a %ort "t ago1 h[ev]1 "o ( 8 =m] colleagues1 ,mons4 ,b>re1 pur*as$ ! plans & draw+s ( ,mons4 ,gir>d f 8 family1 & hav+ develop$ ! inv5tion1 & tak5 out new pat5ts1 =m$ a company to "w !m4 ,! inv5tion may be divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* are di/9ct1 ! fir/ relat+ to ! mode ( support+ ! c>riages & ! second to _! propulsion4 ,ea* c>riage is c>ri$ by f\r or six %oes1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #e2 & ^! %oes slide on a broad1 flat rail1 #h 94 or #aj 94 wide4 ,! rail & %oe are %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! rail is bolt$ to longitud9al wood5 sleep]s1 & ! %oe is held on ! rail by f\r pieces ( metal1 ,a1 two on ea* side1 :i* project slightly bel[ ! top ( ! rail4 ,! bottom ( ! %oe :i* is 9 contact ) ! rail is groov$ or *annel$1 s z to hold ! wat] & keep a film betwe5 ea* %oe & ! rail4 ,! c>riage is support$ by v]tical rods1 :i* fit "o into ea* %oe1 a hole be+ =m$ = t purpose2 & ! po9t ( support be+ v l[1 & q close to ! rail1 great /ability is insur$4 ,x is propos$ to make ! rail ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #b 9 future1 z ?is w avoid ! plates1 ,a1 & ! flanges1 ,b1 w help to keep ! wat] on ! rail4 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #e %[ ! %oe 9 detail4 ,fig4 #c gives a longitud9al section1 ,fig4 #d is a plan1 & ,fig4 #e is a plan ( ! %oe inv]t$1 %[+ ! grooves 9 its face4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! holl[ %oe1 into :i* wat] at a pressure ( t5 atmosph]es is =c$ by a pipe f a tank on ! t5d]4 ,! wat] ent]s by ! pipe1 ,c1 & fills ! :ole ( ! *amb]1 ,d4 ,! wat] attempts to escape1 & 9 do+ s lifts ! %oe slightly1 ?us fill+ ! fir/ groove ( ! *amb]4 ,! pressure aga9 lifts ! %oe1 & ! second *amb] is fill$2 & s on1 until ultimately ! wat] escapes at ! ends1 ,e1 & sides1 ,f4 ,?us a film ( wat] is kept betwe5 ! %oe & ! rail1 & on ?is film ! c>riage is said to float4 ,! wat] runs away into ! *annels1 ,h ,h 7,fig4 #f71 & is collect$ to be us$ ov] aga94 ,fig4 #c also %[s ! means ( support+ ! c>riage on ! %oe by means ( ,k1 ! po9t ( support be+ v l[4 ,! sy/em ( grooves on ! l[] face ( ! %oe is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,s mu* = ! means by :i* :eels are disp5s$ )1 & ! c>riage enabl$ to slide along ! l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! next po9t is ! me?od ( propulsion4 ,figs4 #g & #h give an elevation & plan ( "o ( ! exp]im5tal c>riages4 ,along ! "u side ( ea* ( ! c>riages a /raight turb9e1 ,l ,l1 ext5ds ! :ole l5g?1 & wat] at high pressure imp+es on ! blades ( ?is turb9e f a jet1 ,m1 & by ?is means ! c>riage is mov$ along4 ,a p>abolic guide1 :i* c be mov$ 9 & out ( ge> by a lev]1 is plac$ "u ! t5d]1 & ?is on pass+ /rikes ! tappet1 ,s1 & op5s ! valve :i* dis*>ges ! wat] f ! jet1 ,m1 & ?is process is repeat$ e few y>ds along ! :ole l9e4 ,! jets1 ,m1 mu/ be plac$ at su* a di/ance ap>t t at lea/ "o w be able to op]ate on ! %orte/ tra9 t c be us$4 ,9 ?is turb9e !re are two sets ( blades1 "o above ! o!r1 plac$ ) _! concave sides 9 opposite directions1 s t "o set is us$ = propell+ 9 "o direction & ! o!r 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 ,fig4 #f x is se5 t ! jet1 ,m1 = "o direction is j high en\gh to act aga9/ ! blades1 ,q1 :ile ! o!r jet is high]1 & acts on ! blades1 ,p1 = propulsion 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! valves1 ,r1 :i* are op5$ by ! tappet1 ,s1 are ( peculi> con/ruction1 & we hope soon to be able to give details ( !m4 ,res]voirs 7,fig4 #f7 hold+ wat] at high pressure mu/ be plac$ at int]vals1 & ! pipe1 ,t1 c>ry+ high pressure wat] mu/ run ! :ole l5g? ( ! l9e4 ,fig4 #f %[s a cross section ( ! rail & c>riage1 & gives a good idea ( ! g5]al arrangem5ts4 ,! abs5ce ( :eels & ( greas+ & lubricat+ arrangem5ts w alone effect a v great sav+1 z we are in=m$ t on ! ,lyons ,railway1 :i* is #hjj kilomet]s long1 ! co/ ( oil & grease exce$s #djj1jjj p] annum4 ,z ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 rec5tly expla9$1 all ! great railway companies h long tri$ to f9d a sub/itute = :eels1 & ?is railway appe>s to (f] a solution ( t problem4 ,mons4 ,b>re ?9ks t a spe$ ( #bjj kilomet]s 7or #abj miles7 p] h\r may be easily & safely atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,( c\rse1 z !re is no heavy locomotive1 & z ! traction does n dep5d ^u pressure on ! rail1 ! road may be made comp>atively light4 ,! =ce requir$ to move a wagon along ! road is v small1 ,mons4 ,b>re /at+1 z ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t an ef=t am\nt+ to less ?an half a kilogramme is suffici5t to move "o ton :5 susp5d$ on a film ( wat] ) 8 improv$ %oes4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! /ations be plac$ at ! summit ( a d\ble incl9e1 s t on go+ up "o side ( ! incl9e ! motion ( ! tra9 may be arre/$1 & on />t+ x may be assi/$4 ,no brakes are requir$1 z ! friction ( ! %oe aga9/ ! rail1 :5 ! wat] "u pressure is n be+ =c$ ?r\gh1 is f\nd to be q suffici5t to br+ ! tra9 to a /&/ill 9 a v %ort di/ance4 ,! same wat] is run into tr\ghs by ! side ( ! l9e1 & c be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 indef9itely1 & 9 ! case ( long j\rneys1 ! wat] requir$ = ! t5d] c\ld be tak5 up :ile ! tra9 is runn+4 ,! pr9cipal advantages claim$ = ! railway are3 ,! abs5ce ( vibration & ( side roll+ motion2 ! pleasure ( travel+ is comp>able to t ( sleigh+ ov] a surface ( ice1 !re is no noise1 & :at is important 9 t[n railways1 no smoke2 no du/ is caus$ by ! motion ( ! tra9 dur+ ! j\rney4 ,x is n easy = ! c>riages to be ?r[n f ! rails1 s9ce any body gett+ on ! rail is easily ?r[n (f by ! %oe1 & w n be liable to get und]nea?1 z is ! case ) :eels2 ! tra9 c be /opp$ almo/ in/antly1 v smoo?ly1 & )\t %ock4 ,v high spe$ c be atta9$2 ) wat] at a pressure ( #aj kilogrammes1 a spe$ ( #adj kilomet]s p] h\r c be atta9$2 great facility 9 climb+ up incl9es & turn+ r\nd ! curves2 z fix$ eng9es are employ$ to obta9 ! pressure1 !re is great economy 9 ! use ( coal & con/ruction ( boil]s1 & !re is a total abs5ce ( ! exp5se ( lubrication4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to see h[ ! railway is to "w dur+ a long & sev]e fro/4 ,we hope to give fur!r illu/rations at an e>ly date ( ?is rem>kable inv5tion4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,qu>tz ,,fib]s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 on ,friday1 ,june #ad1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,boys1 ,f4,r4,s4--,nature4 ,9 almo/ all inve/igations :i* ! physici/ c>ries out 9 ! laboratory1 he has to deal ) & to measure ) accuracy ^? subtile & to our s5ses inappreciable =ces to :i* ! s-call$ laws ( nature give rise4 ,:e!r he is obs]v+ by an electromet] ! behavior ( electricity at re/ or by a galvanomet] ! action ( electricity 9 motion1 :e!r 9 ! tube ( ,crookes he is inve/igat+ ! p[] ( radiant matt]1 or ) ! fam\s exp]im5t ( ,cav5di% he is f9d+ ! mass ( ! e>?--9 ^! & 9 a ho/ ( o!r cases he is b\nd to measure ) c]ta9ty & accuracy =ces s small t 9 no ord9>y way c\ld _! exi/5ce be detect$1 :ile di/urb+ causes :i* might seem to be ( no p>ticul> consequ5ce mu/ be elim9at$ if 8 exp]im5ts are to h any value4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! v exi/5ce ( ! physici/ dep5ds ^u ! p[] :i* he possesses ( produc+ at w & by artificial means =ces aga9/ :i* he balances ^? t he wi%es to measure4 ,i _h bett] p]haps at once indicate 9 a g5]al way ! magnitude ( ! =ces ) :i* we h to deal4 ,! weight ( a s+le gra9 is n to our s5ses appreciable1 :ile ! weight ( a ton is suffici5t to cru% ! life out ( any "o 9 a mom5t4 ,a ton is ab\t #ae1jjj1jjj gra9s4 ,x is q possible to measure ) unfail+ accuracy =ces :i* be> ! same relation to ! weight ( a gra9 t a gra9 be>s to a ton4 ,to %[ h[ ! torsion ( wires or ?reads is made use ( 9 measur+ =ces1 ,i h arrang$ :at ,i c h>dly dignify by ! "n ( an exp]im5t4 ,x is simply a /raw hung horizontally by a piece ( wire4 ,re/+ on ! /raw is a fragm5t ( %eet iron weigh+ t5 gra9s4 ,a magnet s weak t x _c lift ! iron yet is able to pull ! /raw r\nd ?r\gh an angle s great t ! exi/5ce ( ! feeble attraction is evid5t to e "o 9 ! room4 ,n[ x is cle> t if1 in/ead ( a /raw mov+ ov] ! table simply1 we _h "h an arm 9 a glass case & a mirror to read ! motion ( ! arm1 x w\ld be easy to obs]ve a movem5t a hundr$ or a ?\s& times less ?an t j produc$1 & !re=e to measure a =ce a hundr$ or a ?\s& times less ?an t ex]t$ by ?is feeble magnet4 ,aga91 if in/ead ( wire z ?ick z an ord9>y p9 ,i _h us$ ! f9e/ wire t c be obta9$1 x w\ld h oppos$ ! movem5t ( ! /raw ) a f> less =ce4 ,x is possible to obta9 wire t5 times f9] ?an ?is /ubborn mat]ial1 b wire t5 times f9] is mu* m ?an t5 times m easily twi/$4 ,x is t5 ?\s& times m easily twi/$4 ,?is is because ! torsion v>ies z ! f\r? p[] ( ! diamet]4 ,s we say #aj #aj #ajj1 #ajj #ajj #aj1jjj4 ,!re=e1 ) ! f9e/ wire1 =ces #aj1jjj times feebl] /ill c\ld be obs]v$4 ,x is !re=e evid5t h[ great is ! advantage ( r$uc+ ! size ( a torsion wire4 ,ev5 if x is only halv$1 ! torsion is r$uc$ sixte5fold4 ,to give a bett] idea ( ! actual sizes ( su* wires & fib]s z are 9 use1 ,i %all %[ ^u ! scre5 a s]ies ( su* photographs tak5 by ,mr4 ,*apman1 on ea* ( :i* a scale ( ?\s&?s ( an in* has be5 pr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( #ajjj?s ( an in* = ,figs4 #a to #g4 ,! scale ( ,figs4 #h & #i is mu* f9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! fir/ photograph 7,fig4 #a7 is an ord9>y hair--a suffici5tly famili> object1 & "o t is g5]ally spok5 ( z if x 7 r f9e4 ,mu* f9] ?an ?is is ! specim5 ( copp] wire n[ on ! scre5 7,fig4 #b71 :i* ,i rec5tly obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,nald] ,bro!rs4 ,x is only a little ov] "o-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ord9>y spun glass1 a mo/ beautiful mat]ial1 is ab\t "o-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ?is w\ld appe> to be an ideal torsion ?read 7,fig4 #c74 ,ow+ to its f95ess1 its torsion w\ld be extremely small1 & ! m s because glass is m easily de=m$ ?an metals4 ,ow+ to its v great /r5g?1 x c c>ry heavi] loads ?an w\ld be expect$ ( x4 ,i imag9e _m physici/s mu/ h turn$ to ?is mat]ial 9 _! endeavor to f9d a really delicate torsion ?read4 ,i h s turn$ only to be disappo9t$4 ,x has e good quality b "o1 & t is its imp]fect ela/icity4 ,= in/ance1 a mirror hung by a piece ( spun glass is ca/+ an image ( a spot ( light on ! scale4 ,if ,i turn ! mirror1 by means ( a =k1 twice to ! "r1 & !n turn x back aga91 ! light does n come back to its old po9t ( re/1 b oscillates ab\t a po9t on "o side1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is sl[ly *ang+1 s t x is impossible to say :at ! po9t ( re/ really is4 ,fur!r1 if ! glass is twi/$ "o way fir/ & !n ! o!r way1 ! po9t ( re/ moves 9 a mann] :i* %[s t x is n influ5c$ by ! la/ deflection alone3 ! glass rememb]s :at 0 done to x previ\sly4 ,= ?is reason spun glass is q unsuitable z a torsion ?read2 x is impossible to say :at ! twi/ is at any "t1 & !re=e :at is ! =ce develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,s great has ! difficulty be5 9 f9d+ a f9e torsion ?read t ! attempt has be5 giv5 up1 & 9 all ! mo/ exact in/rum5ts silk has be5 us$4 ,! natural cocoon fib]s1 z %[n on ! scre5 7,fig4 #d71 consi/ ( two irregul> l9es gumm$ toge!r1 ea* ab\t "o two-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,^! fib]s mu/ be sep>at$ f "o ano!r & wa%$4 ,!n ea* compon5t w1 accord+ to ! exp]im5t ( ,gray1 c>ry ne>ly #fj gra9s be=e break+1 & c be safely load$ ) #ae gra9s4 ,silk is !re=e v /rong1 c>ry+ at ! rate ( f #aj to #bj tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,x is fur!r valuable 9 t its torsion is f> less ?an t ( a fib] ( ! same size ( metal or ev5 ( glass1 if su* c\ld be produc$4 ,! torsion ( silk1 ?\gh exce$+ly small1 is q suffici5t to upset ! work+ ( any delicate in/rum5t1 because x is nev] con/ant4 ,at "o "t ! fib] twi/s "o way & ano!r "t 9 ano!r1 & ! evil effect c only be mitigat$ by us+ l>ge app>atus 9 :i* /rong =ces are develop$4 ,any attempt t may be made to increase ! delicacy ( app>atus by r$uc+ _! dim5sions is at once prev5t$ by ! relatively great importance ( ! vag>ies ( ! silk susp5sion4 ,! result1 !n1 is ?is4 ,! smallness1 ! l5g? ( p]iod1 & !re=e delicacy1 ( ! in/rum5ts at ! physici/'s disposal h until lately be5 simply limit$ by ! behavior ( silk4 ,a m p]fect susp5sion means /ill m p]fect in/rum5ts1 & !re=e advance 9 k4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t "s improvem5ts t ,i 0 mak+ 9 an in/rum5t = measur+ radiant heat came to a deadlock ab\t two ye>s ago4 ,i w\ld n use silk1 & ,i c\ld n f9d any?+ else t w\ld d4 ,spun glass1 ev51 0 f> too co>se = my purpose1 x 0 a ?\s& times too /iff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,!re is a mat]ial inv5t$ by ,wolla/on long ago1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i did n try because x is s easily brok54 ,x is plat9um wire :i* has be5 drawn 9 silv]1 & f9ally sep>at$ by ! action ( nitric acid4 ,a specim5 ab\t ! size ( a s+le l9e ( silk is n[ on ! scre51 %[+ ! silv] coat+ at "o end 7,fig4 #e74 ,z no?+ t ,i knew ( c\ld be obta9$ t w\ld be ( use to me1 ,i 0 driv5 to ! necessity ( try+ by exp]im5t to f9d "s new mat]ial4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 ! developm5t ( a process ( almo/ ridicul\s simplicity :i* x may be ( int]e/ = me to %[4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a small crossb[1 & an arr[ made ( /raw ) a ne$le po9t4 ,to ! tail ( ! arr[ is atta*$ a f9e rod ( qu>tz :i* has be5 melt$ & drawn out 9 ! oxyhydrog5 jet4 ,i h a piece ( ! same mat]ial 9 my h&1 & n[ aft] melt+ _! ends & jo9+ !m toge!r1 an op]ation :i* produces a beautiful & dazzl+ light1 all ,i h to d is to lib]ate ! /r+ ( ! b[ by pull+ ! trigg] ) "o foot1 & !n if all is well a fib] w h be5 drawn by ! arr[1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* c be made evid5t by fa/5+ to x a piece ( /amp pap]4 ,9 ?is way ?reads c be produc$ ( great l5g?1 ( almo/ any degree ( f95ess1 ( extraord9>y uni=mity1 & ( enorm\s /r5g?4 ,i d n believe1 if any exp]im5tali/ _h be5 promis$ by a good fairy t he might h any?+ he desir$1 t he w\ld h v5tur$ to ask = any "o ?+ ) s _m valuable prop]ties z ^! fib]s possess4 ,i hope 9 ! c\rse ( ?is ev5+ to %[ t ,i am n exagg]at+ _! m]its4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let me say some?+ ab\t ! degree ( f95ess to :i* !y c be drawn4 ,!re is n[ project$ ^u ! scre5 a qu>tz fib] "o five-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #f74 ,?is is "o :i* ,i _h 9 con/ant use 9 an in/rum5t load$ ) ab\t #cj gra9s4 ,x has a section only "o-six? ( t ( a s+le l9e ( silk1 & x is j z /rong4 ,n be+ organic1 x is 9 no way affect$ by *anges ( moi/ure & temp]ature1 & s x is free f ! vag>ies ( silk :i* give s mu* tr\ble4 ,! piece us$ 9 ! in/rum5t 0 ab\t #af in*es long4 ,_h x be5 necess>y to employ spun glass1 :i* hi!rto 0 ! f9e/ torsion mat]ial1 !n1 in/ead ( #af in*es1 ,i %\ld h requir$ a piece #a1jjj feet long1 & an in/rum5t z high z ! ,eiffel t[] to put x 94 ,!re is no difficulty 9 obta9+ pieces z f9e z ?is y>ds long if requir$1 or 9 sp9n+ x v mu* f9]4 ,!re is ^u ! scre5 a s+le l9e made by ! small g>d5 spid]1 & ! size ( ?is is p]fectly evid5t 7,fig4 #g74 ,y n[ see a qu>tz fib] f> f9] ?an ?is1 or1 r1 y see a diffraction ph5om5on1 = no true image is =m$ at all2 b ev5 ?is is a conspicu\s object 9 comp>ison ) ! tap]+ ends1 :i* x is absolutely impossible to trace 9 a microscope4 ,! next two photographs1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,nelson1 ^: skill & res\rces are s fam\s1 repres5t ! extreme end ( a tail ( qu>tz1 &1 ?\gh ! scale is a great deal l>g] ?an t us$ 9 ! o!r photographs1 ! end w be visible only to a few4 ,mr4 ,nelson has photograph$ "h :at x is absolutely impossible to see4 ,:at ! size ( ^! ends may be1 ,i h no means ( tell+4 ,dr4 ,roy/on ,piggott has e/imat$ "s ( !m at less ?an "o-million? ( an in*1 b1 :atev] !y are1 !y supply = ! fir/ "t objects ( extreme smallness ! =m ( :i* is c]ta9ly kn[n1 &1 !re=e1 ,i _c help look+ ^u !m z m satisfactory te/s = ! microscope ?an diatoms & o!r ?+s ( ! real %ape ( :i* we "k no?+ :atev]4 ,s9ce figures z l>ge z a million _c be realiz$ prop]ly1 x may be wor? :ile to give an illu/ration ( :at is meant by a fib] "o-million? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,a piece ( qu>tz an in* long & an in* 9 diamet] w\ld1 if drawn out to ?is degree ( f95ess1 be suffici5t to g all ! way r\nd ! _w #feh times2 or a gra9 ( s& j visible--t is1 "o-hundr$? ( an in* long & "o hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]--w\ld make "o ?\s& miles ( su* ?read4 ,fur!r1 ! pressure inside su* a ?read due to a surface t5sion equal to t ( wat] w\ld be #fj atmosph]es4 ,go+ back to su* ?reads z c be us$ 9 in/rum5ts1 ,i h made use ( fib]s "o t5-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & 9 ^! ! torsion is #aj1jjj times less ?an t ( spun glass4 ,z ^! fib]s are made f9] _! /r5g? increases 9 proportion to _! size1 & surpasses t ( ord9>y b> /eel1 rea*+1 to use ! language ( eng9e]s1 z high a figure z #hj tons to ! in*4 ,fib]s ( ord9>y size h a /r5g? ( #ej tons to ! in*4 ,:ile x is evid5t t ^! fib]s give u ! means ( produc+ an exce$+ly small torsion1 & "o t is n affect$ by wea!r1 x is n yet evid5t t !y may n %[ ! same fatigue t makes spun glass useless4 ,i h1 !re=e1 a duplicate app>atus ) a qu>tz fib]1 & y w see t ! spot ( light comes back to its true place on ! scre5 aft] ! mirror has be5 twi/$ r\nd twice4 ,i %all n[ = a mom5t draw y\r att5tion to t peculi> prop]ty ( melt$ qu>tz t makes ?reads su* z ,i h be5 describ+ a possibility4 ,a liquid cyl9d]1 z ,plateau has s beautifully %[n1 is an un/able =m4 ,x c no m exi/ ?an c a p5cil /& on its po9t4 ,x imm$iately breaks up into a s]ies ( sph]es4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 t v anci5t exp]im5t ( %oot+ ?reads ( res9 electrically4 ,:5 ! res9 is hot1 ! liquid cyl9d]s1 :i* are project$ 9 all directions1 break up into sph]es1 z y see n[ ^u ! scre54 ,z ! res9 cools1 !y beg9 to develop tails2 & :5 x is cool en\gh1 i4e41 suffici5tly visc\s1 ! tails ?ick5 & ! beads become less1 & at la/ uni=m ?reads are ! result4 ,! s]ies ( photographs %[ ?is well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,!re is a f> m p]fect illu/ration :i* we h only to g into ! g>d5 to f9d4 ,!re we may see 9 abundance :at is n[ ^u ! scre5--! webs ( ^? beautiful geometrical spid]s4 ,! radial ?reads are smoo? l ! "o y saw a few m9utes ago1 b ! ?reads t g r\nd & r\nd are bead$4 ,! spid] draws ^! webs sl[ly1 & at ! same "t p\rs ^u !m a liquid1 & /ill fur!r to obta9 ! effect ( laun*+ a liquid cyl9d] 9 space he1 or r %e1 pulls x out l ! /r+ ( a b[1 & lets x g ) a j]k4 ,! liquid cyl9d] _c exi/1 & ! result is :at y n[ see ^u ! scre5 7,fig4 #h74 ,a m p]fect illu/ration ( ! regul> break+ up ( a liquid cyl9d] x w\ld be impossible to f9d4 ,! beads are1 z ,plateau %[$ !y ought to be1 alt]nately l>ge & small1 & _! regul>ity is m>vel\s4 ,sometimes two /ill small] beads are develop$1 z may be se5 9 ! second photograph1 ?us completely agree+ ) ! results ( ,plateau's inve/igations4 ,i h he>d x ma9ta9$ t ! spid] goes r\nd h] web & places ^! beads !re aft]w>d4 ,b s9ce a web ) ab\t #cfj1jjj beads is complet$ 9 an h\r--t is at ! rate ( ab\t #ajj a second--?is does n seem likely4 ,t :at ,i h said is true1 is made m probable by ! photograph ( a bead$ web t ,i h made myself by simply /rok+ a qu>tz fib] ) a /raw wett$ ) ca/or oil 7,fig4 #i72 x is r l>g] ?an a spid] l9e2 b ,i h made bead$ ?reads1 us+ a f9e fib]1 q indi/+ui%able f a real spid] web1 & !y h ! fur!r simil>ity t !y are j z good = cat*+ flies4 ,n[1 go+ back to ! melt$ qu>tz1 x is evid5t t if x ev] became p]fectly liquid1 x c\ld n exi/ z a fib] = an in/ant4 ,x is ! extreme viscosity ( qu>tz1 at ! heat ev5 ( an electric arc1 t makes ^! fib]s possible4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 qu>tz 9 ! oxyhydrog5 jet & qu>tz 9 ! arc is t 9 ! fir/ y make ?reads & 9 ! second are bl[n bubbles4 ,i h 9 my h& "s microscopic bubbles ( qu>tz %[+ all ! p]fection ( =m & color t we are famili> ) 9 ! soap bubble4 ,an invaluable prop]ty ( qu>tz is its p[] ( insulat+ p]fectly1 ev5 9 an atmosph]e saturat$ ) wat]4 ,! gold leaves n[ div]g+ 7 *>g$ "s "t be=e ! lecture1 & h>dly %[ any *ange1 yet ! insulator is a rod ( qu>tz only ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & ! air is kept moi/ by a di% ( wat]4 ,! qu>tz may ev5 be dipp$ 9 ! wat] & replac$ ) ! wat] ^u x )\t any diff]5ce 9 ! insulation be+ obs]v$4 ,n only c fib]s be made ( extreme f95ess1 b !y are wond]fully uni=m 9 diamet]4 ,s uni=m are !y t !y p]fectly /& an optical te/ s sev]e t irregul>ities invisible 9 any microscope w\ld imm$iately be made app>5t4 ,e "o mu/ h notic$ :5 ! sun is %9+ ^u a bord] ( fl[]s & %rubs h[ ! l9es :i* spid]s use z railways to travel f place to place gli/5 ) brilliant colors4 ,^! colors are only produc$ :5 ! fib]s are suffici5tly f9e4 ,if y take "o ( ^! webs & exam9e x 9 ! sunlight1 y w f9d t ! colors are v>iegat$1 & ! effect1 consequ5tly1 is "o ( great beauty4 ,a qu>tz fib] ( ab\t ! same size %[s colors 9 ! same way1 b ! t9t is p]fectly uni=m on ! fib]4 ,if ! color ( ! fib] is exam9$ ) a prism1 ! spectrum is f\nd to consi/ ( alt]nate bright & d>k b&s4 ,^u ! scre5 are photographs tak5 by ,mr4 ,briscoe1 a /ud5t 9 ! laboratory at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ( ! spectra ( "s ( ^! fib]s at diff]5t angles ( incid5ce4 ,x w be se5 t co>se fib]s h m b&s ?an f9e1 & t ! numb] increases ) ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! light4 ,!re are peculi>ities 9 ! m>* ( ! b&s z ! angle increases :i* ,i _c describe n[4 ,i may only say t !y appe> to move n uni=mly1 b 9 waves1 pres5t+ v mu* ! appe>ance ( a cat]pill> walk+4 ,s uni=m are ! qu>tz fib]s t ! spectrum f end to end consi/s ( p>allel b&s4 ,occasionally a fib] is f\nd :i* pres5ts a slight irregul>ity "h & !re4 ,a spid] l9e is s irregul> t ^! b&s are h>dly obs]vable2 b1 z ! photograph on ! scre5 %[s1 x is possible to trace !m runn+ up & d[n ! spectrum :5 y "k :at to look =4 ,to %[ t ^! longitud9al b&s are due to ! irregul>ities1 ,i h drawn a tap] piece ( qu>tz by h&1 9 :i* ! two edges make ) "o ano!r an almo/ imp]ceptible angle1 & ! spectrum ( ?is %[s ! gradual *ange ( diamet] by ! v /eep angle at :i* ! b&s run up ! spectrum4 ,into ! !ory ( ! developm5t ( ^! b&s ,i am unable to ent]2 t is a subject on :i* y\r pr(essor ( natural philosophy is be/ able to speak4 ,p]haps ,i may v5ture to express ! hope1 z ! exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ?is subject is n[ r5d]$ possible1 t he may be induc$ to c>ry out a rese>* = :i* he is s em95tly fitt$4 ,?\gh ?is is a subject :i* is altoge!r beyond me1 ,i h be5 able to use ! results 9 a practical way4 ,:5 x is requir$ to place into an in/rum5t a fib] ( any p>ticul> size1 all t has to be done is to hold ! frame ( fib]s t[>d a bright & di/ant light1 & look at !m ?r\gh a l[-angl$ prism4 ,! b&$ spectra are !n visible1 & x is ! "w ( a mom5t to pick out "o ) ! numb] ( b&s t has be5 f\nd to be giv5 by a fib] ( ! desir$ size4 ,a co>se fib] may h a doz5 or m1 :ile su* fib]s z ,i f9d mo/ useful h only two d>k b&s4 ,mu* f9] ones exi/1 %[+ ! colors ( ! fir/ ord] ) "o d>k b&2 & fib]s s f9e z to correspond to ! :ite or ev5 ! gray ( ,newton's scale are easily produc$4 ,pass+ n[ f ! mo/ sci5tific te/ ( ! uni=mity ( ^! fib]s1 ,i %all next ref] to "o m homely4 ,x is simply ?is3 ,! common g>d5 spid]1 except :5 v "y1 _c climb up "o ( ! same size z ! web on :i* %e displays su* activity4 ,%e is p]fectly helpless1 & slips d[n ) a run4 ,aft] va9ly try+ to make any headway1 %e f9ally puts h] h&s 7or feet7 into h] m\? & !n tries aga91 ) no bett] success4 ,i may m5tion t a male ( ! same species is able to run up "o ( ^! ) ! greate/ ease1 a feat :i* may p]haps save ! lives ( a few ( ^! unprotect$ creatures :5 qu>tz fib]s are m common4 ,x is possible to make any quantity ( v f9e qu>tz fib] )\t a b[ & arr[ at all1 by simply draw+ out a rod ( qu>tz ov] & ov] aga9 9 a /rong oxyhydrog5 jet4 ,!n1 if a /& ( any sort has be5 plac$ a few feet 9 front ( ! jet1 x w be f\nd cov]$ ) a maze ( ?read1 ( :i* ! photograph on ! scre5 repres5ts a sample4 ,?is is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! web spun by ?is magnific5t spid] 9 corn]s ( gre5h\ses & su* places4 ,by regulat+ ! jet & ! manipulation1 any?+ f "o ( ^! /r&$ cables to a s+le ultro-microscope l9e may be develop$4 ,& n[ t ,i h expla9$ t ^! fib]s h su* valuable prop]ties1 x w no d\bt be expect$ t ,i %\ld p]=m "s feat ) _! aid :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 consid]$ impossible1 & ?is ,i int5d to d4 ,( all exp]im5ts1 ! "o :i* has mo/ excit$ my admiration is ! fam\s exp]im5t ( ,cav5di%1 ( :i* ,i h a full size model be=e y4 ,! object ( ?is exp]im5t is to weigh ! e>? by comp>+ directly ! =ce ) :i* x attracts ?+s ) t due to l>ge masses ( lead4 ,z is %[n by ! model1 any attraction :i* ^! l>ge balls ex]t on ! small ones w t5d to deflect ?is #f ft4 beam 9 "o direction1 & !n if ! balls are rev]s$ 9 position1 ! deflection w be 9 ! o!r direction4 ,n[1 :5 x is consid]$ h[ enorm\sly great] ! e>? is ?an ^! balls1 x w be evid5t t ! attraction due to !m mu/ be 9 comp>ison excessively small4 ,to make ?is evid5t1 ! enorm\s app>atus y see _h to be con/ruct$1 & !n1 us+ a f9e torsion wire1 a p]fectly c]ta9 b small effect 0 produc$4 ,! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 c\ld only be successfully c>ri$ out 9 cell>s & und]gr\nd places1 because *anges ( temp]ature produc$ effects great] ?an ^? due to gravity4#b ,footnote #b3 ,dr4 ,lodge has be5 able1 by an elaborate arrangem5t ( scre5s1 to make ?is attraction j evid5t to an audi5ce4--,c4 ,v4 ,b4 ,n[ ,i h 9 a hole 9 ! wall an in/rum5t no bigg] ?an a galvanomet]1 ( :i* a model is on ! table4 ,! balls ( ! ,cav5di% app>atus1 weigh+ sev]al hundr$weight ea*1 are replac$ by balls weigh+ #a p\nds only4 ,! small] balls ( #a p\nds are replac$ by little weights ( #ae gra9s ea*4 ,! #f foot beam is replac$ by "o t w sw+ r\nd freely 9 a tube ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! beam is1 ( c\rse1 susp5d$ by a qu>tz fib]4 ,) ?is microscopic app>atus1 n only is ! v feeble attraction obs]vable1 b ,i c actually obta9 an effect eighte5 times z great z t giv5 by ! app>atus ( ,cav5di%1 & :at is m important1 ! accuracy ( obs]vation is enorm\sly increas$4 ,! light f a lamp passes ?r\gh a telescope l5s1 & falls on ! mirror ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is reflect$ back to ! table1 & !nce by a fix$ mirror to ! scale on ! wall1 :]e x comes to a focus4 ,if ! mirror on ! table 7 plane1 ! :ole movem5t ( ! light w\ld be only ab\t eight in*es1 b ! mirror is convex1 & ?is magnifies ! motion ne>ly eight times4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! attract+ weights are 9 "o extreme position1 & ! l9e ( light is quiet4 ,i w n[ move !m to ! o!r position1 & y w see ! result--! light sl[ly beg9s to move1 & sl[ly increases 9 movem5t4 ,9 =ty seconds x w h acquir$ its highe/ velocity1 & 9 =ty m x w h /opp$ at #e feet #h in*es f ! />t+ po9t1 aft] :i* x w sl[ly move back aga91 oscillat+ ab\t its new position ( re/4 ,x is n possible at ?is h\r to ent] into any calculations2 ,i w only say t ! motion y h se5 is ! effect ( a =ce ( less ?an "o t5-million? ( ! weight ( a gra91 & t ) ?is app>atus ,i c detect a =ce two ?\s& times small] /ill4 ,!re w\ld be no difficulty ev5 9 %[+ ! attraction betwe5 two ,no4 #e %ot4 ,& n[1 9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld only say t if !re is any?+ t is good 9 ! exp]im5ts to :i* ,i h ?is ev5+ direct$ y\r att5tion1 exp]im5ts conduct$ l>gely ) /icks1 & /r+1 & /raw & seal+ wax1 ,i may p]haps be p>don$ if ,i express my conviction t 9 ^! days we are too apt to dep>t f ! simple ways ( our fa!rs1 & in/ead ( foll[+ !m1 to fall d[n & wor%ip ! braz5 image :i* ! in/rum5t mak] ha? set up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature1 ,,composition1 ,,& ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable ,,fabrics4 ,! insep>able duties ( /udy+ ! composition ( ! v>i\s animal & vegetable fabrics1 z also _! nature--:5 9 contact ) ! v>i\s m9]al1 vegetable1 animal1 & gase\s bodies appli$ 9 ! individual indu/ries--%\ld n devolve ^u ! heads1 *emi/s1 or manag]s ( firms alone4 ,x is mo/ important t e intellig5t workman1 :om we _c expect to acquire a v ext5sive k ( *emi/ry & p]fect acqua9tance ( ! p>ticul> nature & compon5t p>ts ( fabrics1 %\ld1 at lea/1 be able to ?w>t ! possibility ( ! majority ( accid5ts br\ght ab\t 9 reg>d to ! quality & aspect ( mat]ials treat$ by !m4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( wool ! fir/ op]ations are ( no mean importance1 & ! :ole subsequ5t op]ations & f9al results1 almo/ z a :ole1 dep5d on ! mann] 9 :i* ! fleece wa%+ _h be5 effect$4 ,9 pres5ce ( su9t9e1 z also fatty matt]s1 z well z ! c\ntless k9ds ( acids deposit$ on ! wool ?r\gh exudation f ! body1 etc41 ! v>i\s ag5ts & mat]ials _c act & deposit z ev5ly z might be desir$1 & ! complete oblit]ation ( ! =m]1 !re=e1 becomes an absolute necessity4 ,= vegetable fabrics a great te*nical & practical k is already requisite 9 _! cultivation itself1 & be=e any op]ations are necess>y at all4 ,"o ( ! greate/ po9ts is ! rip5ess ( ! fib]s4 ,x is almo/ an impossibility to produce delicate colors on vegetable fabrics :i* 7 ga!r$ inopportunely4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made on cotton conta9+ small] or l>g] quantities ( unripe fib]s1 & aft] ! necess>y prec$+ op]ations1 h be5 dy$ 9 rose1 purple1 & blue colors1 & ! beauty ( ! %ades inv>iably diff]$ 9 proportion to ! great] or less] quantities ( unripe fib]s conta9$ 9 ! samples1 & by a c>eless admixture ( unripe & unseason$ fib]s ! mo/ brilliant colors h be5 completely spoil$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! =m]4 ,^! defici5cies ( unripe vegetable fib]s are s s]i\s t ! utmo/ precautions %\ld be tak51 n only by plant]s to ga!r ! fib]s 9 a ripe /ate1 b ! natural aspect ( ripe & unripe fib]s & _! respective diff]5ces %\ld be kn[n to ! op]ators ( ! individual bran*es 9 ! cotton indu/ry !mselves4 ,! newe/ vegetable fabrics1 z ma 7,*9a grass71 p9a1 abaca1 or ,manila hemp1 agave1 jute1 & t obta9$ f ! palm tree1 mu/ be t5d$ ) equal c>e to t ( cotton4 ,! ma1 or ,*9a grass1 is obta9$ f ! ,boehm]ia nivea1 z also f ! less kn[n ,boehm]ia puya4 ,! fib]s ( ?is /alk1 aft] prep>+ & blea*+1 h ! :it5ess ( sn[ & ! brilliancy ( silk4 ,by a special process--! description ( :i* we mu/ = ! pres5t leave 9 abeyance--! ,*9a grass c be trans=m$ into a mat]ial greatly resembl+ ! f9e/ quality ( wool4 ,! greate/ advantage af=d$ 9 ! application ( ,*9a grass is1 moreov]1 t ! tissues produc$ ) ?is fib] are mu* m easily wa%$ ?an silks1 & 9 ?is op]ation !y lose none ( _! beauty or _! quality4 ,! abaca is produc$ f ! fibr\s p>ts ( ! b>k ( ! wild banana tree1 f\nd 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,its botanical d5om9ation is ,musa troglodyt>um4 ,! abaca fib] is n spun or wrung1 b is jo9t$ end to end4 ,! ?reads are w\nd & subsequ5tly beat5 = s(t5+1 & f9ally blea*$ by plung+ 9 lime wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,! p9a is a fib] obta9$ f ! leaf ( ! anana tree 7,bromelias ananas71 & is prep>$ 9 ! same way z ! abaca1 b extreme c>e mu/ 9 ?is case be obs]v$ 9 cull+ ! fib]s1 9 ord] to sort 9 accordance ) _! degree ( f95ess4 ,! ,arabs manufacture ! /uff = _! t5ts ) a mixture ( camel's hair & ! fibr\s flocks 7k9d ( wadd+7 obta9$ f ! /alks ( ! waf] palm 7! ,*amrops humilis74 ,! tissues us$ by ! ,arabs are co>se & color$1 b ! palm fib]s--:5 fre$ f glut51 :i* makes !m adh]e m /rongly--are susceptible to divide 9 a mo/ a/oni%+ mann]4 ,! ,agave am]icana is a co>se fib]1 mo/ly us$ 9 ,france = ! manufacture ( ,gobel9 c>pets & ! production ( ropes4 ,great ef=ts h be5 made to blea* x 9 a satisfactory mann]1 z is done ) ! ,phormium t5ax1 b ! =m] k9d ( fib] resi/s ! ord9>y treatm5t ) lyes1 etc41 & an appropriate blea*+ process has only be5 discov]$ q rec5tly4 ,jute1 :i* by _m is conf\nd$ ) ,phormium t5ax1 or ,new ,zeal& l9t1 is a fib] :i* c be divid$ z f9ely z desir$1 & c be mo/ beautifully blea*$4 ,! jute or ,indian paat is g5]ally kn[n z a fibr\s & textile fabric1 obta9$ *iefly f ,calcutta1 & is simil> 9 nature to ! ,cor*orus capsul>is1 an ,ori5tal species1 kn[n 9 ,ori5tal ,india by ! "n ( hatta jute & ghe5atlapaat4 ,?is fibr\s plant has ! prop]ty ( divid+ into ! f9e/ p>allel fib]s1 :i* c be c>d$ )\t difficulty1 & may be said to h ! excell5t prop]ties ( l951 hemp1 & cotton at once4 ,:5 prop]ly blea*$1 x has an aspect :i* is z beautiful z t ( silk4 ,a mixture ( silk & jute c be easily work$ toge!r1 & c also be mix$ ) su* vegetable fib]s z cotton & l954 ,an imm5se quantity ( flannel & o!r /uffs are n[ manufactur$ & imitat$ ) ! diff]5t mixtures conta9+ jute4 ,! suun is a fib] ( a plant 9 ! =m ( a cane 7,crotal>ia juncea71 & ! paat or sun*eepaat is ! ?read ( a species ( spiral 7,cor*orus olit>ius71 sold "u ! "n ( jute tissues4 ,! cotton tissues lose ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( _! weight 9 blea*+1 five p] c5t4 ( ! sub/ances are dissolv$ ?r\gh alkalies1 & ! o!r tw5ty p] c5t41 :i* are n attack$ directly ?r\gh ! alkalies1 are remov$ ?r\gh *lor9e1 acids1 & ! wat] itself4 ,! l95 & hemp tissues conta9 eighte5 p] c5t4 ( sub/ances :i* are soluble 9 alkalies1 & !y lose f tw5ty-sev5 to ?irty p] c5t4 ( _! weight :5 tak5 ?r\gh ! consecutive blea*+ op]ations4 ,! sub/ances d n alone include ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! fabric orig9ally1 b also su* z are deposit$ 9 ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! fabrics1 z dirt f ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 & glut5 soluble 9 w>m wat]2 z also glue or gelat9e1 pota% or soda1 />*1 album51 & sug>1 us$ by weav]s1 etc41 & :i* are all soluble 9 wat]2 fur!r1 su* z greasy matt]s1 calc>e\s soap1 copp]y soap1 res9\s or gummo-res9\s matt]s1 & ! yell[ & gre5 color+ matt]s conta9$ 9 textile fabrics1 :i* are soluble 9 cau/ic soda2 & f9ally1 ! e>?y con/itu5ts :i* are soluble 9 acids4 ,! nature & composition ( silk & wool is diametrically oppos$ to t ( ! =m]4 ,! silk is m ( a gummy nature1 & is susceptible to decompose into a k9d ( gelat9\s mass if specially treat$4 ,! yell[ color+ pr9ciple 9 silk 0 f\nd only to be conta9$ 9 a v small proportion1 & consi/+ ( sev]al di/9ct bodies4 ,! wool conta9s1 fir/1 a fatty matt] :i* is solid at an ord9>y temp]ature1 & p]fectly liquid at #fj ,c42 secondly1 a fatty matt] :i* is liquid at #ae ,c42 ?irdly1 a fibr\s sub/ance :i* ess5tially con/itutes ! wool 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! wool at lea/ conta9s ?ree important pr9ciples1 z x w be kn[n t ! fibr\s sub/ance dis5gages sulphur & hydro-sulphuric acid )\t los+ its peculi> prop]ties2 & x1 !re=e1 appe>s probable t ! sulphur ent]$ z an elem5t 9 ! composition ( a body :i* is p]fectly di/9ct f ! fibr\s sub/ance a=em5tion$4 ,9 treat+ wool ) nitric acid1 & tak+ all possible precautions to det]m9e z accurately z possible ! quantity ( sulphuric acid produc$ by ! cont5ts ( sulphur 9 ! wool by ! reaction ) *loride ( b>ium1 x w be f\nd to conta9 f #a4ec to #a4hg p] c5t4 ( sulphur4--,wool & ,textile ,fabrics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,ammonia ,,f ,,coal4#a ,by ,,ludwig ,,mond4 ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read at ! annual g5]al meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,london1 ,july #aj1 #ahhi4 ,z exemplify+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! application ( me?odical rese>* to an indu/rial problem1 ,i propose to br+ be=e y to-day an acc\nt ( ! "w ,i h be5 engag$ 9 = _m ye>s 9 relation to ! procur+ ( new & abundant supplies ( ammonia1 & to inve/igations connect$ !re)4 ,?r\gh ! classic rese>*es ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 :o prov$1 9 opposition to no less an au?ority ?an ,liebig1 t ammonia is a mo/ valuable manure :i* enables u n only to ma9ta91 b to multiply1 ! yield ( our fields1 & ?us to fe$ on ! same area a mu* l>g] numb] ( inhabitants1 ! imm5se importance ( an abundant supply ( ammonia1 m p>ticul>ly = ! ,old ,_w1 ) its teem+ population & worn-out soil1 has be5 app>5t to e "o4 ,= _m ye>s ,europe has paid to ,s\? ,am]ica millions ^u millions ( p\nds = ammonia 9 ! %ape ( guano1 & m rec5tly1 s9ce ! supply ( guano practically ceas$1 = nitrate ( soda1 :i* effectually s]ves ! same purpose z ammonia4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ,s\? ,am]ica export$ #gej1jjj tons ( nitrate1 ( :i* #fej1jjj w5t to ,europe1 repres5t+ a value ( n less ?an #f1ejj1jjjl4 ,! problem ( sav+ ?is imm5se exp5diture to ,europe1 ( mak+ ourselves indep5d5t ( a c\ntry s f> away = ! supply ( a mat]ial ^u :i* ! prosp]ity ( our agriculture--our mo/ important indu/ry--dep5ds1 by supply+ ?is ammonia f s\rces at our own comm&1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ important :i* our sci5ce has to solve4 ,x is m ?an #ajj ye>s s9ce ,b]?ollet asc]ta9$ t ammonia consi/s ( nitrog5 & hydrog51 two elem5ts :i* we h 9 great abundance at our comm&1 & innum]able attempts h be5 made dur+ ?is c5tury to produce ?is valuable product by ! direct comb9ation ( ! elem5ts1 z well z by indirect means4 ,x has be5 equally well kn[n t we are 9 possession ( ?ree abundant s\rces ( nitrog53 7#a47 ,9 ! %ape ( matt] ( animal orig94 7#b47 ,9 ! %ape ( matt] ( vegetable orig94 7#c47 ,9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* conta9s no less ?an #gi p] c5t4 ( uncomb9$ nitrog54 ,9 old5 times ammonia 0 pr9cipally obta9$ f animal matt]1 orig9ally 9 ,egypt by ! di/illation ( camel dung1 lat] on f ur9e1 & f ! di/illation ( bones & horn4 ,! quantity s obta9$ 0 v small & ! products v exp5sive4 ,! introduction ( coal gas = illum9ation gave u a consid]able & con/antly increas+ supply ( ammonia z a by-product ( ! gas manufacture1 & until rec5tly all practical ef=ts to increase our supply ( ammonia 7 direct$ t[>d collect+ & utiliz+ 9 ! be/ possible mann] ! ammonia s obta9$4 ,! imm5se ext5sion ( ! coal gas indu/ry all ov] ! _w has 9 ?is way put u into possession ( a v consid]able am\nt ( sulphate ( ammonia1 am\nt+ 9 ,europe n[ to #adj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ?is has be5 augm5t$ by ! ammonia obta9$ by ! di/illation ( %ale1 by ! introduction ( clos$ ov5s = ! manufacture ( coke1 comb9$ ) app>atus = cond5s+ ! ammonia =m$ 9 ?is manufacture1 & also by ! cond5sation ( ! ammonia conta9$ 9 ! gases f bla/ furnaces work+ ) coal4 ,b all ^! new s\rces h s f> add$ only ab\t #dj1jjj tons ( sulphate ( ammonia to our supply1 mak+ a total ( #ahj1jjj tons p] annum1 ( :i* ab\t #abj1jjj are produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 :ile we /ill import #fej1jjj tons ( nitrate ( soda1 equival5t to #ejj1jjj tons ( sulphate ( ammonia1 to make up our requirem5ts4 ,_m processes h f "t to "t be5 propos$ to obta9 ammonia f o!r s\rces4 ,! di/illation ( turf1 :i* conta9s upw>d ( #c p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 has receiv$ mu* att5tion1 & a l>ge numb] ( inv5tors h endeavor$ to produce ammonia f ! nitrog5 ( ! air2 b none ( ^! processes has to my k be5 successful on a manufactur+ scale4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to ?is subject at an e>ly "p ( my c>e]4 ,already1 z f> back z #ahfa1 ,i und]took exp]im5ts to utilize1 = ! production ( ammonia1 wa/e lea!r1 a wa/e mat]ial ( animal orig9 at once abundant & v ri* 9 nitrog51 conta9+ f #ab p] c5t4 to #ae p] c5t4 ( ?is elem5t4 ,di/illation 9 iron retorts yield$ ab\t half ! nitrog5 ( ?is mat]ial 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 ! c>bon rema9+ 9 ! retorts conta9+ /ill f #f p] c5t4 to #h p] c5t4 ,di/illation ) a mod]ate quantity ( hydrate ( lime increas$ ! yield ( ammonia only by #a p] c5t4 to #a p] c5t4 ,a r bett] result 0 obta9$ by di/ill+ ! gr\nd residual c>bon ) hydrate ( lime1 b ?is op]ation proce$$ v sl[ly1 & ! total yield ( ammonia /ill rema9$ v f> bel[ ! quantity !oretically obta9able1 s t ,i came to ! conclusion t x 0 m rational to utilize ! lea!r1 r$uc$ to p[d] by me*anical means1 by mix+ x directly ) o!r manures4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,i became connect$ ) a l>ge animal *>coal works1 9 :i* sulphate ( ammonia 0 obta9$ z a by-product4 ,"h aga9 ,i 0 met ) ! fact t ! yield ( ammonia by no means correspond$ ) ! nitrog5 9 ! raw mat]ial & t ! *>coal rema9+ 9 ! retorts conta9$ /ill ab\t half z mu* nitrog5 z _h be5 pres5t 9 ! bones us$4 ,f ?is "t =w>d my att5tion 0 = _m ye>s giv5 exclusively to ! soda manufacture1 & x 0 only 9 #ahgi t ,i aga9 took up ! "q ( ammonia4 ,i !n det]m9$ to submit ! v>i\s processes :i* _h be5 propos$ = obta9+ ammonia f ! nitrog5 ( ! air to a se>*+ inve/igation1 & engag$ ,mr4 ,joseph ,hawliczek to c>ry out ! exp]im5tal "w4 ,^! processes may be broadly divid$ into ?ree classes3 7#a47 ,processes :i* propose to comb9e nasc5t hydrog5 ) nitrog5 at high temp]atures or by electricity1 ) or )\t ! pres5ce ( acid gases4 7#b47 ,processes 9 :i* nitrides are fir/ =m$1 f :i* ammonia is obta9$ by ! action ( hydrog5 or /eam4 7#c47 ,processes 9 :i* cyanides are fir/ =m$ & ! ammonia obta9$ f ^! by ! action ( /eam4 ,we began ) an inve/igation ( ^? processes 9 :i* a mixture ( /eam & nitrog5 or ( /eam & air is made to act ^u coke at a high temp]ature1 sometimes 9 ! pres5ce ( lime1 b>yta1 or an alkali1 sometimes 9 ! pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid4 ,v num]\s pat5ts h be5 tak5 out 9 ?is direction & !re is no d\bt t ammonia has be5 obta9$ by ^! processes by _m inv5tors1 b z ,i 0 aw>e t coke conta9s a consid]able quantity ( nitrog51 frequ5tly z mu* z #a4e p] c5t41 :i* might be ! s\rce ( ! ammonia obta9$1 ,i det]m9$ to c>ry on ! inve/igation 9 su* a way z to make q c]ta9 :e!r we obta9$ ! ammonia f ! coke or f ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e1 or f bo?4 ,= ?is purpose we made = e exp]im5t c>ri$ on by a mixture ( nitrog5 or air ) /eam ano!r exp]im5t ) /eam alone1 c>efully exclud+ nitrog5 f ! app>atus4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ on at c>efully det]m9$ temp]atures1 rang+ f #ejj to #a1bjj;,c41 & 9 :i* ! directions giv5 by ! v>i\s inv5tors 7 mo/ c>efully obs]v$1 all l$ to ! same result1 viz41 t ! quantities ( ammonia obta9$ 7 ! same :e!r nitrog5 0 introduc$ into ! app>atus ) ! /eam or :e!r /eam alone 0 us$1 ?us prov+ conclusively t ! ammonia obta9$ 0 d]iv$ f ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! coke4 ,fur!r1 on c>efully det]m9+ ! nitrog5 9 ! coke us$1 x 0 f\nd t ! quantity ( ammonia we _h obta9$ 9 burn+ coke 9 a curr5t ( nitrog5 & /eam v ne>ly correspond$ ) ! total nitrog5 9 ! coke1 s t we subsequ5tly made our nitrog5 det]m9ations 9 ! coke by simply burn+ x 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,a process belong+ to ?is class1 propos$ by ,hugo ,fleck1 9 :i* a mixture ( c>bonic oxide1 /eam1 & nitrog5 is made to pass ov] lime at a mod]ate r$ heat 9 ord] to obta9 ammonia1 0 also c>efully tri$4 ,x 0 claim$ = ?is process t x produc$ nasc5t hydrog5 at temp]atures at :i* ! ammonia is n dissociat$1 & = ?is reason succe$$ :]e o!rs _h fail$4 ,we f\nd t a consid]able am\nt ( hydrog5 0 obta9$ 9 ?is way at a temp]ature n exce$+ #cej;,c41 & t ! reaction 0 ne>ly complete at #ejj;,c42 b al?\gh we tri$ _m exp]im5ts ov] a great range ( temp]atures1 we nev] obta9$ a trace ( ammonia by ?is process4 ,among exp]im5ts ) processes ( ! second class1 bas$ ^u ! =mation ( nitrides & _! subsequ5t decomposition1 ! nitrides ( boron & titanium _h receiv$ mo/ att5tion f inv5tors4 ,! nitride ( boron1 :i* is obta9$ by treat+ boracic acid ) c>bon 9 ! pres5ce ( nitrog51 :5 act$ ^u by /eam1 =ms boracic acid aga9 & yields ! :ole ( its nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 b ! high temp]ature at :i* ! fir/ reaction takes place1 & ! volatility ( boracic acid 9 a curr5t ( /eam1 make x impossible to utilize ?is reaction indu/rially4 ,!re seem$ to be a bett] *ance = a process pat5t$ by ,m4 ,tessi] du ,mo?ay1 :o propos$ to br+ a mixture ( nitrog5 & hydrog5 into contact ) titanium nitride & ?us to =m ammonia cont9u\sly4 ,titanium is ! only elem5t ( :i* we "k at pres5t sev]al comb9ations ) nitrog51 & ! high] ( ^! does1 on be+ act$ ^u by a curr5t ( hydrog5 at an elevat$ temp]ature1 produce ammonia & a l[] nitride ( titanium2 b ?is l[] nitride does n absorb nitrog5 "u any ( ! conditions "u :i* we tri$ x1 :i* expla9s ! fact t if we pass$ a curr5t ( hydrog5 & nitrog5 ov] ! high] nitride1 we at fir/ obta9$ a quantity ( ammonia correspond+ to ! quantity :i* ! nitride w\ld give ) hydrog5 alone1 b t ! =mation ( ammonia !n ceas$ completely4 ,?us f> we _h q fail$ to get ! nitrog5 ( ! air into action4 ,) ! ?ird class ( processes1 h[ev]1 bas$ ^u ! =mation 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( cyanides1 we f\nd by our v fir/ exp]im5ts t ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e c be easily l$ into comb9ation4 ,a few exp]im5ts %[$ t ! cyanide ( b>ium 0 mu* m readily =m$ ?an any o!r cyanide2 s we gave our full att5tion f ?is "t to ! process = obta9+ ammonia by means ( cyanide ( b>ium inv5t$ by ,,mm4 ,m>gu]itte & ,s\rdeval4 ,?is process consi/s 9 heat+ a mixture ( c>bonate ( b>ium ) c>bon 9 ! pres5ce ( nitrog51 & subsequ5tly treat+ ! cyanide ( b>ium produc$ ) /eam1 ?us produc+ ammonia & reg5]at+ ! c>bonate ( b>ium4 ,a great difficulty 9 ?is process is t ! c>bonate ( b>ium fuses at high temp]atures1 & :5 fus$ attacks fireclay goods v p[]fully4 ,we f\nd t ?is c be ov]come by mix+ ! c>bonate ( b>ium ) a suffici5t quantity ( c>bon & a small quantity ( pit*1 & t 9 ?is way balls c be made :i* w n fuse1 s t !y c be treat$ 9 a cont9u\s app>atus 9 :i* ! brok5 briquettes c be *>g$ f ! top1 & aft] treatm5t c be )drawn f ! bottom4 ,we f\nd t ! =mation ( cyanides requir$ a temp]ature ( at lea/ #a1bjj ,c41 & proce$$ mo/ readily at #a1djj ,c41 temp]atures :i*1 al?\gh difficult to atta91 are /ill q )9 ! range ( practical work+1 & we f\nd no difficulty 9 obta9+ a product conta9+ #cj p] c5t4 ( b>ium cyanide1 correspond+ to a conv]sion into cyanide ( #dj p] c5t4 ( ! b>ium pres5t4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! cyanide :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e at a temp]ature above #cjj ,c4 is readily de/roy$ "u re=mation ( c>bonate ( b>ium1 s t x is absolutely necess>y to cool x d[n to ?is temp]ature be=e expos+ x to ! atmosph]e1 a fact ( great importance t _h hi!rto be5 ov]look$4 ,! op]ation = produc+ ammonia & reg5]at+ ! c>bonate ( b>ium by act+ ^u ! cyanide ) /eam (f]s no difficulty :atev]1 & if ! temp]ature is n all[$ to exce$ #ejj ,c41 ! results are quantitative4 ,! reg5]at$ c>bonate ( b>ium acts actually bett] ?an ! gr\nd )]ite us$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & if c>e is tak5 t no impurities are introduc$ by ! pit* :i* is us$ to remake ! briquettes & to replace ! small am\nt ( c>bon consum$ at ea* op]ation1 ,i see no reason :y x %\ld n cont9ue to act = a v long "t4 ,! cyanide is n act$ on by c>bonic oxide1 b c>bonic acid de/roys x at high temp]atures1 s t x is n possible to produce x by heat+ ! briquettes directly 9 a flame free f oxyg51 b conta9+ c>bonic acid4 ,! process has1 !re=e1 to be c>ri$ out 9 clos$ vessels1 & ,i design$ = ?is purpose ! foll[+ app>atus3 ,clay retorts ( mod]ate dim5sions & ?9 walls are plac$ v]tically 9 a furnace1 pass+ ?r\gh ! he>? z well z ?r\gh ! ar* ( ! furnace4 ,^! are jo9$ at ! bottom to ca/ iron retorts ( ! same %ape z ! e>!nw>e retort4 ,?r\gh a ca/ iron m\?piece on ! top ( ! retort ! mat]ial 0 introduc$1 :ile 9 ! ca/ iron retort bel[ ! mat]ial 0 cool$ to ! necess>y temp]ature by radiation & by ! cold nitrog5 gas introduc$ into ! bottom ( x4 ,! l[] end ( ! ca/ iron retort 0 furni%$ ) an arrangem5t = tak+ out f "t to "t small quantities ( ! mat]ial1 :ile fre% mat]ial 0 9 ! same proportion f$ 9 at ! top4 ,z a s\rce ( nitrog5 ,i us$ ! gases escap+ f ! c>bonat+ t[]s ( ! ammonia-soda process4 ,! =mation ( cyanide ( b>ium f b>ium c>bonate1 c>bon1 & nitrog5 absorbs a v l>ge am\nt ( heat--no less ?an #ig1jjj calories p] equival5t ( ! cyanide =m$--:i* heat has to be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! retort4 ,i !re=e consid]$ x necess>y to use retorts ) v ?9 walls1 b ,i did n succe$ 9 obta9+ retorts ( ?is description :i* w\ld resi/ ! v high temp]atures :i* ! process requires1 & = ?is reason ,i ab&on$ ^! exp]im5ts4 ,i 0 at t "t n acqua9t$ ) ! excell5t quality ( clay retorts us$ 9 z9c works1 ) :i* ,i h s9ce exp]im5t$ = a diff]5t purpose4 ,i h no d\bt t ) su* retorts ! production ( cyanides by ?is process c be c>ri$ out )\t great difficulty4 ,i believe t ! process w prove remun]ative = ! manufacture ( cyanog5 products1 :i*1 if produc$ m *eaply1 may 9 ! future play an important role 9 organic syn!sis1 9 ! extraction ( noble metals1 & possibly o!r *emical & metallurgical op]ations4 ,! process c]ta9ly also (f]s a solution ( ! problem ( obta9+ ammonia f ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e1 b :e!r ?is c be done ) satisfactory comm]cial results is a "q ,i _c at pres5t answ]1 z ,i h n be5 able to secure ! data = mak+ ! necess>y calculations4 ,i am ! m d\btful ab\t ?is po9t1 z 9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igations ,i h f\nd means to produce ammonia at small co/ & 9 great abundance f ! imm5se /ore ( comb9$ nitrog5 :i* we possess 9 our coal fields4 ,among ! processes = obta9+ ammonia f ! nitrog5 ( ! air :i* we inve/igat$1 0 "o app>5tly ( great simplicity1 pat5t$ by ,messrs4 ,rickman & ,?ompson4 ,^! g5tlem5 /ate t by pass+ air & /eam ?r\gh a deep coal fire1 ! nitrog5 s pass$ ?r\gh is to a c]ta9 ext5t conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,9 inve/igat+ ?is /atem5t we f\nd t ! process describ$ c]ta9ly yields a consid]able quantity ( ammonia1 b :5 we burn$ ! same coal at a mod]ate temp]ature by means ( /eam alone 9 a tube heat$ f ! outside1 we obta9$ twice z mu* ammonia z we _h done by burn+ x ) a mixture ( air & /eam1 prov+ 9 ?is case1 z 9 all o!rs1 ! s\rce ( ! ammonia to h be5 ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! coal4 ,! quantity ( ammonia obta9$ 01 h[ev]1 s l>ge t ,i det]m9$ to foll[ up ?is exp]i5ce1 & at once comm5c$ exp]im5ts on a semi-manufactur+ scale to asc]ta9 :e!r !y w\ld lead to practical & economic results4 ,i came to ! conclusion t burn+ coal by /eam alone at a temp]ature at :i* ! ammonia =m$ %\ld n be dissociat$1 al?\gh x yield$ m ammonia1 w\ld n lead to an economic process1 because x w\ld require app>atus heat$ f ! outside1 ( great complication1 bulk1 & co/l9ess1 on acc\nt ( ! imm5se quantity ( raw mat]ial to be treat$ = a small am\nt ( ammonia obta9able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! coal c\ld be burn$ 9 gas produc]s by a mixture ( air & /eam1 ! plant & work+ ( x w\ld be simple & inexp5sive1 ! gas obta9$ c\ld be utiliz$ 9 ! same way z ord9>y produc] gas1 & w\ld pay to a l>ge ext5t = ! coal us$ 9 ! op]ation1 s t al?\gh only "o-half ( ! ammonia w\ld be obta9$1 x seem$ probable t ! result w\ld be economical4 ,i consequ5tly con/ruct$ gas produc]s & absorb+ plant ( v>i\s designs & c>ri$ on exp]im5ts = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 sup]9t5d$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,beckett1 ,dr4 ,c>l ,m>kel1 &1 dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s1 by ,dr4 ,adolf ,/aub1 to ^: zeal & en]gy ,i am mu* indebt$ = ! success t has be5 a*iev$4 ,! object ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 to det]m9e ! mo/ favorable conditions = ! economic work+ ( ! process ) respect to bo? ! co/ ( manufacture z well z ! fir/ co/ & simplicity ( plant4 ,! co/ ( manufacture dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! yield ( ammonia1 z ! exp5ses rema9 almo/ ! same :e!r a l>ge or a small am\nt ( ammonia is obta9$2 ! only o!r item ( importance is ! quantity ( /eam us$ 9 ! process4 ,we f\nd ! yield ( ammonia to v>y ) ! temp]ature at :i* ! produc] 0 work+1 & to be highe/ :5 ! produc] 0 work$ z cool z 0 compatible ) a good combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,! temp]ature aga9 dep5d$ ^u ! am\nt ( /eam introduc$ into ! produc]1 & ( c\rse decreas$ ! m /eam increas$4 ,we obta9$ ! be/ practical results by introduc+ ab\t two tons ( /eam = e ton ( fuel consum$4 ,we exp]im5t$ ^u num]\s k9ds ( fuel1 common slack & burgy ( ! ,lanca%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 & ,nott+ham%ire di/ricts4 ,we f\nd n mu* diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ^! fuels1 :i* v>i$ betwe5 #a4b & #a4f p] c5t41 nor did we f9d mu* diff]5ce 9 ! ammonia obta9$ f ^! fuels if work$ "u simil> conditions4 ,employ+ ! quantity ( /eam j nam$ we recov]$ ab\t half ! nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 yield+ on an av]age #j4h p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 equal to #cb kilos1 ( sulphate p] ton ( fuel4 ,9 ord] to obta9 regul> results we f\nd x necess>y to "w ) a great dep? ( fuel 9 ! produc]s1 s t slight irregul>ities 9 ! work+ w\ld n affect results4 ,op5 burn+ k9ds ( slack d ( c\rse "w ) ! great] ease1 b !re is no difficulty 9 us+ a cak+ fuel1 z ! l[ temp]ature at :i* ! produc]s "w prev5ts cl9k]+ & dim9i%es ! t5d5cy ( su* fuels to cake toge!r4 ,! quantity ( /eam ?us requir$ to obta9 a good yield ( ammonia is r consid]able1 & ?reat5$ to become a s]i\s item ( exp5se4 ,only "o-?ird ( ?is /eam is decompos$1 9 its passage ?r\gh ! produc]1 & two-?irds rema9 mix$ ) ! gases :i* leave ! produc]4 ,my endeavors 7 consequ5tly direct$ t[>d f9d+ means to recov] ?is /eam1 & to return x to ! produc]s1 & also to utilize ! heat ( ! gases :i* leave ! produc]s ) a temp]ature ( #dej to #ejj ,c41 = rais+ /eam = ! same purpose4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( atta9+ ?is end & at ! same "t ( recov]+1 9 a simple mann]1 ! small am\nt ( ammonia conta9$ 9 ! imm5se volume ( gas we h to deal )1 7 v great4 ,we obta9 f "o ton ( coal #afj1jjj cubic feet ( dry gas at #j ,c4 & atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! /eam mix$ ) ?is gas z x leaves ! produc] adds ano!r #hj1jjj cubic feet to ?is1 & ! l>ge am\nt ( lat5t heat 9 ?is quantity ( /eam makes ! problem /ill m difficult4 ,! application ( cool+ arrangem5ts1 su* z h be5 successfully appli$ to bla/ furnace gases1 9 :i* !re is no /eam pres5t1 & :i* dep5d ^u ! cool+ ?r\gh ! metallic sides ( ! app>atus1 is "h practically out ( ! "q4 ,aft] try+ a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( app>atus1 ,i h succe$$ 9 solv+ ! problem 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! gases issu+ f ! produc]s are l$ ?r\gh a rectangul> *amb] p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is ?r[n up 9 a f9e spray by revolv+ beat]s s z to fill ! :ole area ( ! *amb]4 ,?is wat]1 ( c\rse1 becomes hot2 a c]ta9 quantity ( x evaporates1 ! spray produc$ wa%es all du/ & soot out ( ! gases1 & also cond5ses ! fix$ ammonia4 ,! wat] ?us becomes1 to a c]ta9 degree1 saturat$ ) ammonia salts1 & a c]ta9 portion ( x is regul>ly remov$ f ! *amb] & di/ill$ ) lime to recov] ! ammonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,longitud9al ,section ( ,plant = obta9+ ,ammonia f ,gas ,produc]s4 ,cross ,section ?r\gh ,gas ,produc]s4 ,?is *amb] is provid$ ) wat] lutes1 ?r\gh :i* ! t> cond5s$ 9 x is f "t to "t remov$4 ,f ?is *amb] ! gases1 :i* are n[ cool$ d[n to ab\t #ajj ,c41 & are load$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( wat] vapor1 are pass$ ?r\gh a scrubb] fill$ ) p]=at$ bricks1 9 :i* ! ammonia conta9$ 9 ! gases is absorb$ by sulphuric acid4 ,9 ?is scrubb] a fairly conc5trat$ solution ( sulphate ( ammonia conta9+ #cf to #ch p] c5t4 is us$1 to :i* a small quantity ( sulphuric acid is add$1 s t ! liquid leav+ ! scrubb] conta9s only #b4e p] c5t4 ( free acid4 ,?is is necess>y1 z a liquid conta9+ m acid w\ld act ^u ! t>ry matt] & produce a v d>k-color$ solution4 ,! liquid runn+ f ! scrubb] is pass$ ?r\gh a sep>ator 9 :i* ! solution ( sulphate ( ammonia sep>ates f ! t>4 ,! great] portion ( ! cle> liquid is1 aft] add+ a fre% quantity ( acid to x1 pump$ back ?r\gh ! scrubb]4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( x is1 aft] treatm5t ) a small quantity ( heavy t> oils1 :i* take ! t>ry matt] dissolv$ 9 x out1 evaporat$ 9 conical lead-l9$ pans furni%$ ) lead /eam coils1 & :i* are kept con/antly fill$ by ! addition ( fre% liquor until ! :ole mass is ?ick4 ,?is is !n run out on a /ra9] & yields1 aft] dra9+ & wa%+ ) a little wat]1 a sulphate ( ammonia ( v fair quality1 :i* f9ds a ready sale4 ,! "m liquor1 :i* conta9s all ! free acid1 is pump$ back to ! scrubb]4 ,! gas on ent]+ ?is scrubb] conta9s only #j4ac volume p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 & on leav+ ! scrubb] x conta9s n m ?an "o-t5? ( ?is quantity4 ,its temp]ature has be5 r$uc$ to #hj ,c41 & is fully saturat$ ) moi/ure1 s t practically no cond5sation ( wat] takes place 9 ! scrubb]4 ,! gas is next pass$ ?r\gh a second scrubb] fill$ ) p]=at$ wood blocks4 ,9 ?is x meets ) a curr5t ( cold wat] :i* cond5ses ! /eam1 ! wat] be+ !reby heat$ to ab\t #gh ,c4 ,9 ?is scrubb] ! gas is cool$ d[n to ab\t #dj-ej ,c41 & passes f x to ! gas ma9 lead+ to ! v>i\s places :]e x is to be consum$4 ,! hot wat] obta9$ 9 ?is second scrubb] is pass$ ?r\gh a vessel suitably con/ruct$ = sep>at+ ! t> :i* is mix$ ) x1 & is !n pump$ ?r\gh a ?ird scrubb]1 ?r\gh :i*1 9 an opposite direction to ! hot wat]1 cold air is pass$4 ,?is is =c$ by means ( a ,roots bl[] ?r\gh ! scrubb] into ! produc]4 ,! air gets heat$ to ab\t #gf ,c4 & saturat$ ) moi/ure at t temp]ature by its contact ) ! hot wat]1 & ! wat] leaves ?is ?ird scrubb] cold en\gh to be pump$ back ?r\gh ! second scrubb]4 ,! same quantity ( wat] is ?us con/antly us$ = cond5s+ ! wat] vapor 9 "o scrubb] & giv+ x up to ! air 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way we recov] & return to ! produc] fully two-?irds ( ! /eam :i* has be5 orig9ally introduc$1 s t we h to add to ! air1 :i* has ?us be5 load$ ) moi/ure1 an additional quantity ( /eam equal to only "o-?ird ( ! total quantity requir$ be=e x ent]s ! produc]4 ,?is additional quantity ( /eam1 :i* am\nts to #j4f ton ( /eam = e ton ( fuel burnt1 we obta9 z exhau/ /eam f ! eng9es driv+ ! bl[]s & pumps requir$ = work+ ! plant4 ,! gas produc]s :i* ,i pref] to use are ( rectangul> %ape1 s t a numb] ( !m c be put into a r[4 ,!y are six feet wide & #ab feet long inside4 ,! air is introduc$ & ! a%es remov$ at ! two small sides ( ! produc] :i* tap] t[>d ! middle & are clos$ at ! bottom by a wat] lute ( suffici5t dep? = ! pressure "u :i* ! air is =c$ 91 equal to ab\t #d in*es ( wat]4 ,! a%es are tak5 out f und]nea? ! wat]1 ! produc]s hav+ no grate or fire b>s at all4 ,! air ent]s j above ! level ( ! wat] ?r\gh a pipe connect$ ) ! bl[]4 ,^! small sides ( ! produc] re/ ^u ca/ iron plates l9$ to a c]ta9 height ) brickwork1 & ?is brickwork is c>ri$ by horizontal ca/ iron plates above ! air entrance4 ,9 ?is way a *amb] is =m$ ( triangul> %ape1 "o side ( :i* is clos$ by ! a%es1 & ?us ! air is di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole wid? ( ! produc]4 ,! gas is tak5 out 9 ! middle ( ! top ( ! produc] by an iron pipe1 & fuel *>g$ 9 by hopp]s on bo? sides ( ?is pipe4 ,betwe5 ! pipe & ! hopp]s two hang+ ar*es are put into ! produc]s a c]ta9 di/ance d[n1 & ! fuel is kept above ! bottom level ( ^! hang+ ar*es4 ,?is compels ! products ( di/illation1 produc$ :5 fre% fuel is *>g$ 91 to pass ?r\gh ! inc&esc5t fuel betwe5 ! two hang+ ar*es1 :]eby ! t>ry products are to a consid]able ext5t conv]t$ into p]man5t gas1 & ! coal du/ aris+ f ! *>g+ is kept back 9 ! produc]4 ,! details ( con/ruction ( ?is plant w be easily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! diagrams be=e y4 ,! fuel we use is a common k9d ( slack1 & conta9s1 on an av]age1 #cc4e p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]1 includ+ wat]1 & #aa4e p] c5t4 ( a%es1 leav+ #ee p] c5t4 ( non-volatile c>bon4 ,! c9d]s :i* we take out ( ! produc] conta91 on an av]age1 #cc p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,( ?is we recov] ab\t "o-half by riddl+ or pick+1 :i* we return to ! produc]4 ,! am\nt ( unburnt c>bon lo/ 9 ! c9d]s is ?us n m ?an #c p] c5t4 to #d p] c5t4 on ! weight ( fuel us$4 ,! gas we obta9 conta9s1 9 a dry /ate1 on an av]age1 #ae p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid1 #aj p] c5t4 ( c>bonic oxide1 #bc p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 #c p] c5t4 ( hydroc>bons1 & #di p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,! caloric value ( ?is gas is v ne>ly equal to #gc p] c5t4 ( ! caloric value ( ! fuel us$1 b 9 us+ ?is gas = heat+ purposes1 su* z rais+ /eam or mak+ salt1 we utilize ! heat x c give v mu* bett] ?an 9 burn+ fuel1 z we c completely burn x ) almo/ ! !oretical quantity ( air1 s t ! products ( combu/ion result+ d n conta9 m ?an #a to #b p] c5t4 ( free oxyg54 ,consequ5tly ! heat escap+ into ! *imney is v mu* less ?an :5 fuel is burnt direct1 & we arrive at evaporat+1 by means ( ! gas1 #he p] c5t4 ( ! wat] t we w\ld evaporate by burn+ ! fuel direct1 9 ord9>y fireplaces4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to use a c]ta9 quantity ( /eam 9 ! produc]s & 9 evaporat+ ! sulphate ( ammonia liquors1 :i* has to be d$uct$ f ! /eam t c be rais$ by ! gas 9 ord] to get at ! quantity ( available /eam !refrom obta9able4 ,! =m] am\nts1 z already /at$1 to #j4f ton1 ! latt] to #j4a ton ( /eam p] ton ( fuel burnt1 mak+ a total ( #j4g ton4 ,! gas obta9$ f "o ton ( fuel evaporates #e4h tons ( wat] 9 good /eam boil]s1 work+ at a rate ( evaporation ( #ej to #ee tons p] #bd h\rs "u #ij lb4 pressure4 ,d$uct+ f ?is ! #j4g ton necess>y = work+ ! plant leaves an available am\nt ( /eam rais$ by ! gas f "o ton ( fuel ( #e4a tons1 equal to #ge p] c5t4 ( ! /eam t we c obta9 f ! same fuel by h& fir+4 ,9 addition to ! gas1 we obta9 ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( t> f ! fuel4 ,?is t> is v ?ick1 & ( little comm]cial value4 ,x conta9s only #d p] c5t4 ( oils volatile bel[ #bjj ,c41 & #ch p] c5t4 ( oils ( a high] boil+ po9t1 consi/+ mo/ly ( creosote oils v simil> to ^? obta9$ f bla/ furnaces2 & only small quantities ( an?rac5e & p>aff9 wax4 ,i h made no attempts to utilize ?is t> except z fuel4 ,x evaporates ne>ly twice z mu* wat] z its weight ( coal1 & we h ?us to add its evaporative effici5cy to t ( ! gas giv5 above1 lead+ to a total ( ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! evaporative effici5cy ( ! fuel us$ 9 ! produc]s4 ,! loss involv$ 9 gasify+ ! fuel to recov] ! ammonia !refrom am\nts ?us to #bj p] c5t4 ( ! fuel us$4 ,?is means t1 :]e we h n[ to burn #ajj tons ( fuel1 we %all h to burn #abe tons 9 ! produc]s 9 ord] to obta9 ammonia equal to ab\t half ! nitrog5 conta9$ !re94 ,our actual yield ( ammonia on a l>ge scale am\nt+ on an av]age to #cb kilos41 equal to #gj4f lb4 p] ton ( fuel1 #abe tons ( fuel w turn out #d tons ( sulphate ( ammonia4 ,we ?us consume #f4be tons ( fuel = e ton ( sulphate obta9$1 or ne>ly ! same quantity z is us$ 9 produc+ a ton ( cau/ic soda by ! ,le ,blanc process--a product n m ?an half ! value ( ammonium sulphate4 ,at pres5t prices 9 ,nor?wi* ?is fuel repres5ts a value ( #ces4 ,if we add to ?is ! extra co/ ( labor ov] & above ! co/ ( burn+ fuel 9 ord9>y fireplaces1 ! co/ ( sulphuric acid1 bags1 etc41 we come to a total ( #dl4 #ajs4 to #el4 p] ton ( sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* at ! pres5t sell+ price ( ?is article1 say #abl4 p] ton1 leaves1 aft] a lib]al all[ance = we> & te> ( plant1 an ample m>g9 ( pr(it4 ,) a rise 9 ! price ( fuel1 ?is m>g91 h[ev]1 rapidly decreases1 & ! work+ ( ! process w1 ( c\rse1 be mu* m exp5sive on a small scale1 z w also be ! co/ ( ! plant1 :i* "u all circum/ances is v consid]able4 ,! great advantages incid5tal to ?is process ov] & above ! pr(it aris+ f ! manufacture ( sulphate ( ammonia1 viz41 ! absolute impossibility ( produc+ smoke & ! great regul>ity ( ! heat+ result+ f ! use ( gas1 are1 !re=e1 z f> z ,i c see = ! pres5t1 only available = l>ge consum]s ( *eap fuel4 ,we h tri$ _m exp]im5ts to produce hydro*loric acid 9 ! produc]s1 ) ! hope ( !reby increas+ ! yield ( ammonia1 z x is well kn[n t ammonium *loride vapor1 al?\gh x consi/s ( a mixture ( ammonia gas & hydro*loric acid gas1 is n at all dissociat$ at temp]atures at :i* ! dissociation ( ammonia alone has already tak5 place to a consid]able ext5t4 ,i _h also hop$ t ,i might 9 ?is way produce ! acid necess>y to comb9e ) ! ammonia at v small co/4 ,= ?is purpose we moi/5$ ! fuel us$ ) conc5trat$ br9e1 & also ) ! wa/e liquors f ! ammonia soda manufacture1 consi/+ ma9ly ( *loride ( calcium2 & we also introduc$ ) ! fuel balls made by mix+ v conc5trat$ *loride ( calcium solution ) clay1 :i* all[$ u to produce a l>g] quantity ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! produc] ?an by ! o!r me?ods4 ,we did 9 ?is way succe$ 9 produc+ hydro*loric acid sometimes less & sometimes m ?an 0 necess>y to comb9e ) ! ammonia1 b we did n succe$ 9 produc+ ) regul>ity ! exact am\nt ( acid necess>y to neutralize ! ammonia4 ,:5 ! ammonia 0 9 excess1 we _h !re=e to use sulphuric acid z be=e to absorb ?is excess1 & we 7 nev] c]ta9 t sometimes ! hydro*loric acid might n be 9 excess1 :i* w\ld h necessitat$ to con/ruct ! :ole plant s t x c\ld h resi/$ ! action ( weak hydro*loric acid--a difficulty :i* ,i h n v5tur$ to attack4 ,! yield ( ammonia 0 n 9 any case increas$ by ! pres5ce ( ! hydro*loric acid4 ,?is expla9s itself if we consid] t !re is only a v small am\nt ( ammonia & hydro*loric acid diffus$ ?r\gh a v l>ge volume ( o!r gases1 s t ! v peculi> protective action :i* ! hydro*loric acid does ex]cise 9 ret>d+ ! dissociation ( ammonia 9 ammonium *loride vapor1 :]e an atom ( ammonia is always 9 contact ) an atom ( hydro*loric acid1 w be dim9i%$ almo/ to z]o 9 su* a dilute gas :]e ! atoms ( hydro*loric acid & ammonia w only r>ely come into imm$iate contact ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 we burnt coke by a mixture ( air & /eam 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( hydro*loric acid1 ! yield ( ammonia c]ta9ly 0 !reby consid]ably increas$1 b su* a l>ge excess _c be us$ on an indu/rial scale4 ,i h !re=e = ! pres5t to re/ satisfi$ ) obta9+ only half ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! fuel 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,! enorm\s consumption ( fuel 9 ?is c\ntry--am\nt+ to no less ?an #aej million tons p] annum--w\ld at ?is rate yield z mu* z five million tons ( sulphate ( ammonia a ye>1 s t if only "o-t5? ( ?is fuel w\ld be treat$ by ! process1 ,engl& alone c\ld supply ! :ole ( ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 sulphate ( ammonia1 & nitrate ( soda at pres5t consum$ by ! ,old ,_w4 ,z ! process is especially pr(itable = l>ge consum]s ( fuel situat$ 9 di/ricts :]e fuel is *eap1 x seems to me p>ticul>ly suitable to be adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x promises to give ,engl& ! privilege ( supply+ ! ,old ,_w ) ?is all-important f]tiliz]1 & :ile yield+ a fair pr(it to ! inve/$ capital & f9d+ employm5t = a consid]able numb] ( m51 to make u1 la/ n lea/1 indep5d5t ( ! ,new ,_w = our supply ( s indisp5sable a commodity4 ,be=e leav+ my subject1 ,i w1 if y w all[ me1 give y 9 a few words a description ( two o!r inv5tions :i* h be5 ! outcome ( ?is rese>*4 ,:ile look+ "o day at ! beautiful1 almo/ colorless1 flame ( ! produc] gas burn+ "u "o ( our boil]s1 x occurr$ to me t a gas s ri* 9 hydrog5 might be turn$ to bett] use1 & t x might be possible to conv]t x direct into electricity by means ( a gas batt]y4 ,y all "k t ,"l ,ju/ice ,grove %[$1 n[ fifty ye>s ago1 t two /rips ( plat9um p>tly imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 "o ( :i* is 9 contact ) hydrog5 & ! o!r ) oxyg51 produce electricity4 ,i w n deta9 y ) ! _m & v>i$ =ms ( gas batt]ies :i* ,dr4 ,c>l ,lang] 7to :om ,i intru/$ ?is inve/igation7 has made & tri$ dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s1 9 ord] to arrive at ! con/ruction ( a gas batt]y :i* w\ld give a practical result1 b ,i w call y\r att5tion to ! batt]y be=e me on ! table1 :i* is ! la/ result ( our ext5d$ labors 9 ?is direction1 & :i* we hope w m>k a great /ep 9 advance 9 ! economic production ( electricity4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is batt]y is t ! electrolyte is n employ$ z a mobile liquid1 b 9 a quasi-solid =m1 & x is1 !re=e1 nam$ dry gas batt]y4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( elem5ts1 :i* are =m$ ( a por\s diaphragm ( a non-conduct+ mat]ial 79 ?is in/ance pla/] ( ,p>is71 :i* is impregnat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,bo? sides ( ?is diaphragm are cov]$ ) v f9e plat9um leaf p]=at$ ) v num]\s small holes1 & ov] ?is a ?9 film ( plat9um black4 ,bo? ^! coat+s are 9 contact ) frameworks ( lead & antimony1 insulat$ "o f ! o!r1 :i* conduct ! electricity to ! poles ( ! batt]y4 ,a numb] ( ^! elem5ts are plac$ side by side1 ) non-conduct+ frames int]v5+1 s z to =m *amb]s ?r\gh :i* ! hydrog5 gas is pass$ along "o side ( ! elem5t & air along ! o!r4 ,?is peculi> con/ruction all[s u to get a v l>ge am\nt ( duty f a v small am\nt ( plat9um4 ,"o ( ! batt]ies be=e y1 consi/+ ( sev5 elem5ts1 ) a total effective surface ( half a squ>e met]1 conta9s #b grammes ( plat9um leaf & #g grammes ( plat9um black1 a total ( #i grammes ( plat9um1 & produces a curr5t ( #b amp]es & #e volts1 or #aj watts1 :5 ! out] resi/ance is prop]ly adju/$4 ,?is curr5t is equal to ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total en]gy obta9able f ! hydrog5 absorb$ 9 ! batt]y4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 a con/ant curr5t1 we h f "t to "t 7say once an h\r7 to int]*ange ! gases1 s z to c\nt]act ! di/urb+ influ5ce produc$ by ! transport ( ! sulphuric acid gas f "o side ( ! diaphragm to ! o!r4 ,?is op]ation c easily be p]=m$ automatically by a commutator work$ by a clock4 ,! wat] produc$ 9 ! batt]y by ! oxidation ( ! hydrog5 is c>ri$ (f by ! in]t gas mix$ ) ! hydrog51 & by ! air1 ( :i* we use a c]ta9 excess = ?is purpose4 ,?is is important1 z if ! plat9um black becomes wet1 x loses its absorb+ p[] = ! gases almo/ completely & /ops ! "w ( ! batt]y4 ,to avoid ?is 0 9 fact ! great difficulty 9 design+ a p[]ful gas batt]y1 & all previ\s con/ructions :i* employ$ ! electrolyte z a mobile liquid fail$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! results obta9$ by our batt]y are practically ! same :e!r pure oxyg5 & hydrog5 or air & gases conta9+ #be p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 are us$2 b we f\nd t ! latt] gases mu/ be practically free f c>bonic oxide & hydroc>bons1 :i* bo? int]f]e v mu* ) ! absorb+ p[] ( ! plat9um black4 ,we _h ?us to f9d a *eap me?od ( elim9at+ ^! two gases f ! produc] gas1 & conv]t+ !m at ! same "t into _! equival5t ( hydrog54 ,! processes hi!rto kn[n = ?is purpose1 viz41 pass+ a mixture ( su* gases ) /eam ov] lime 7:i* ,i m5tion$ "s "t ago7 or ov] oxide ( iron or manganese1 require high temp]atures1 :i* r5d] !m exp5sive1 & ! latt] d n effect ! reaction to a suffici5t ext5t = our purpose4 ,we h succe$$ 9 atta9+ our object at a temp]ature bel[ t at :i* ! gases leave my produc]s1 viz41 at #cej ,c4 to #dej ,c41 by pass+ ! produc] gases1 /ill conta9+ a consid]able excess ( /eam1 ov] metallic nickel or cobalt4 ,^! metals h ! extraord9>y prop]ty ( decompos+ almo/ completely1 ev5 at ! l[ temp]ature nam$1 c>bonic oxide into c>bon & c>bonic acid & hydroc>bons into c>bon & hydrog54 ,9 ord] to c>ry ! process out ) small quantities ( nickel & cobalt1 we impregnate pumice /one or simil> mat]ial ) a salt ( nickel or cobalt1 & r$uce ?is by means ( hydrog5 or produc] gas4 ,^! pieces ( pumice /one are fill$ into a retort or *amb] & ! hot gases pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,z ! reaction produces heat1 x is n necess>y to heat ! *amb]s or retorts f ! outside :5 ! necess>y temp]ature has once be5 atta9$4 ,?is process has n yet be5 c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale1 b ! laboratory exp]im5ts h be5 s satisfactory t we h no d\bt z to its complete success4 ,x w enable u to obta9 gases conta9+ #cf p] c5t4 to #dj p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 & practically free f c>bonic oxide & hydroc>bons f produc] gas at a v small co/1 & ?us to make ! latt] suitable = ! production ( electricity by our gas batt]y4 ,we obta91 z /at$ be=e1 #ej p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy 9 ! hydrog5 absorb$ 9 ! batt]y 9 ! =m ( electricity1 :ile1 if ! same gas 0 consum$ "u /eam boil]s to make /eam1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n be=e1 c\ld 9 ?is way be rais$ *eap] ?an by burn+ fuel direct1 & if ?is /eam 0 turn$ into motive p[] by fir/-rate /eam eng9es1 & ! motive p[] conv]t$ into electricity by a dynamo1 ! yield ( electricity w\ld 9 ! mo/ favorable case n exce$ #h p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy 9 ! gas4 ,i hope t ?is k9d ( batt]y w "o day enable u to p]=m *emical op]ations by electricity on ! l>ge/ scale1 & to press ?is pot5t p[] into ! s]vice ( ! *emical indu/ries4 ,! /atem5t is frequ5tly made t ,necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,if ?is has be5 ! case 9 ! pa/1 ,i ?9k x is no long] s 9 our days1 s9ce sci5ce has made u acqua9t$ ) ! correlation ( =ces1 tea*+ u :at am\nt ( en]gy we utilize & h[ mu* we wa/e 9 our v>i\s me?ods = atta9+ c]ta9 objects1 & indicat+ to u :]e & 9 :at direction & h[ f> improvem5t is possible2 & s9ce ! increase 9 our k ( ! prop]ties ( matt] enables u to =m an op9ion be=eh& z to ! sub/ances we h available = obta9+ a desir$ result4 ,we c n[ =esee1 9 mo/ cases1 9 :at direction progress 9 te*nology w move1 & 9 consequ5ce ! inv5tor is n[ frequ5tly 9 advance ( ! wants ( 8 "t4 ,he may ev5 create new wants1 to my m9d a di/9ct /ep 9 ! developm5t ( human culture4 ,x c !n no long] be /at$ t ,necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion2 b ,i ?9k x may truly be said t ! /eady1 me?odical inve/igation ( natural ph5om5a is ! fa!r ( indu/rial progress4 ,sir ,l[?ian ,bell1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s41 9 mov+ a vote ( ?anks1 said t ! meet+ _h _h ! privilege ( li/5+ to a description ( results obta9$ by a man ( exceptional intellig5ce & le>n+1 supplem5t$ by t devotion ( m9d :i* qualifi$ him to pursue 8 "w ) great en]gy & p]sev]ance4 ,! importance ( ! presid5t's address c\ld n possibly be ov]rat$4 ,at v>i\s p]iods diff]5t sub/ances _h be5 put =w>d z indications ( ! civilization ( ! p4 ,he rememb]$ he>+ f ,dr4 ,ure t he consid]$ ! consumption ( sulphuric acid to be ! mo/ accurate measure ( ! civilization ( ! p4 ,9 c\rse ( "t sulphuric acid gave way to soap1 ! consumption ( :i* 0 probably /ill reg>d$ z ! great expon5t ( civilization by su* ( 8 fell[ citiz5s z _h !reby made _! "n4 ,f :at he _h he>d t morn+1 h[ev]1 he %\ld be incl9$ to make soap yield to ammonia1 z sulphuric acid _h 9 its "t succumb$ to soap4 ,= n only 0 ammonia ( great importance to u z a manufactur+ nation1 b x almo/ appe>$ to be a condition ( our exi/5ce4 ,engl& _h a l>ge population conc5trat$ on an area s small z to make x almo/ a matt] ( appreh5sion :e!r ! surface c\ld ma9ta9 ! p ^u x4 ,we 7 n[ import+ almo/ z mu* food z we consum$1 & 7 ?us m & m dep5d5t on ! =eign]4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ?is w\ld become a v s]i\s matt]1 & ?us any "o :o %[$ h[ to produce pl5ty ( ammonia at a *eap rate 0 a b5efactor to 8 c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,mond's process seem$ to come ne>] to success ?an any :i* _h prec$$ x1 & x ne$$ no words f him to induce ! meet+ to accord a he>ty vote ( ?anks to ! presid5t = 8 admirable pap]4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,/ev5son1 ,m4,p41 9 second+ ! motion1 said t no pap] c\ld be m int]e/+ & valuable to ! society ?an t deliv]$ by ! presid5t4 ,x op5$ out a future = ! advancem5t ( *emical indu/ry :i* almo/ ov]came "o by ! greatness ( its possibilities4 ,mr4 ,mond _h p]=m$ an invaluable s]vice by inve/igat+ ! v>i\s me?ods propos$ = ! manufacture ( ammonia1 & cle>+ ! decks ( ^? processes suppos$ by _! inv5tors to be valuable1 b prov$ by him to be delusive4 ,x gave him he>ty pleasure !re=e to second ! vote ( ?anks propos$ by ,sir ,l[?ian ,bell4 ,! vote hav+ be5 put & c>ri$ by acclamation1 aft] a brief reply f ! presid5t3 ,! secret>y read ! report ( ! scrutators1 :i* %[$ t #aeh ballot pap]s _h be5 s5t 91 #aed vot+ = ! propos$ li/ intact1 & f\r sub/itut+ o!r names4 ,! g5tlem5 nom9at$ 9 ! li/ issu$ by ! ,c\ncil 7 !re=e decl>$ elect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 brief report = ! ye> end+ ,may #a1 #ahhi1 ! director ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 ,p>is1 ann\nces ! treatm5t ( #a1fgc subjects1 ( :om #f 7 seiz$ ) rabies dur+ & #d )9 a =tnight aft] ! process4 ,b #c only succumb$ aft] ! treatm5t _h be5 completely c>ri$ out1 mak+ #a dea? 9 #eed1 or1 includ+ all cases1 #a 9 #abh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alkali ,,manufactories4 ,:5 ! alkali1 etc41 ,works ,regulation ,act 0 pass$ 9 #ahha1 x 0 suppos$ t ! result w\ld be t ! atmosph]e 9 ! di/ricts :]e su* works are situat$ w\ld be consid]ably improv$1 &1 consequ5tly1 t vegetation w\ld h a bett] *ance 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! sanit>y conditions ( human dwell+s w\ld be advanc$4 ,9 all ^! respects ! act has be5 a success4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ notable result is ! effect :i* ! act & ^? :i* h prec$$ x h _h ^u ! manufactures :i* !y control4 ,?is 0 n anticipat$ by manufactur]s1 b n[ "o ( ! pr9cipal ( !m 7,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,*ance7 has /at$ t ,gov]nm5t inspection has n only l$ to mat]ial improvem5t 9 ! g5]al managem5t ( *emical works1 b x has also be5 9 reality a di/9ct b5efit to1 r ?an a tax ^u1 ! own]s ( su* works4 ,?is expression ( op9ion is sub/antiat$ by ! *ief inspector "u ! act1 ^: report = la/ ye> has rec5tly be5 laid be=e ! local gov]nm5t bo>d4 ,!re are #a1jeg works 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom :i* are visit$ by ! inspectors1 & 9 only two ( ^! dur+ #ahhh did ! neglect to c>ry out ! inspectors' w>n+s become s flagrant z to call = legal int]f]5ce2 viz41 9 ! case ( ,?omas ,f>m] ,co4 7limit$71 ,victoria ,docks1 ,e41 :o 7 f9$ #bjl4 & co/s = fail+ to use ! be/ practicable means = prev5t+ ! escape ( acid gas f manure plant2 & 9 ! case ( ,joseph ,fison ,co41 ,bram=d1 :o 7 f9$ #ejl4 & co/s = excessive escape ( acid gas f sulphuric acid plant4 ,!re 7 sev5 o!r cases1 b ^! 7 simply = failure to regi/] "u ! act4 ,x is v evid5t1 !re=e1 t f a public po9t ( view ! act is spl5didly successful1 & f ! practical or sci5tific side x is no less satisfactory4 ,( ! total numb] ( *emical works 7#a1jeg7 #hff are regi/]$ 9 ,engl&1 #aca 9 ,scotl&1 & #dd 9 ,irel&--a decrease 9 ! case ( ,scotl& ( #h1 & 9 ,irel& ( #b f ! previ\s ye>1 :ile ,engl& has increas$ by #a4 ,?is mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z a sign ( dim9i%$ production1 because !re is a t5d5cy = ! l>g] works to increase 9 size & = ! small] ones to close _! op]ations4 ,! pr9cipal nuisances :i* ! inspectors h to prev5t are ! escape ( hydro*loric acid gas f alkali works & ( sulphur\s gas f vitriol & manure works4 ,! alkali act =bids ! manufactur] to all[ ! escape ( m ?an #e p] c5t4 ( ! hydro*loric acid :i* he produces1 or t t acid mu/ n exi/ to a great] ext5t ?an #j4b gra9 9 #a cubic foot ( air1 /eam1 or *imney gas :i* accompanies4 ,! inspectors' figures = la/ ye> %[ t ! p]c5tage ( ! acid :i* escap$ am\nt$ to only #a4if ( ! total produc$1 :i* is equal to #j4jhi gra9 p] cubic foot1 & mu* bel[ ! figures = previ\s ye>s4 ,! figures 9 reg>d to sulphur\s gas are equally satisfactory4 ,! act all[s #d gra9s ( sulphuric anhydride 7,,s#c7 p] cubic foot to escape into ! air1 & la/ ye>'s av]age 0 only #j4gcg gra91 or less ?an a fif? ( ! limit4 ,( c\rse x is n[ ! aim ( ! ,leblanc alkali manufactur]s to r$uce ! escape ( hydro*loric acid to ! l[e/ possible am\nt1 z _! pr(its dep5d solely ^u ! sale ( *lor9e products1 soda products be+ sold at a loss4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! am\nt ( common salt manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahhh 0 #b1jci1hfg tons1 & ( ?is ne>ly #fjj1jjj tons 7 tak5 by ,leblanc soda mak]s1 & ov] #bjj1jjj tons by ! ammonia-soda mak]s4 ,! figures are v l>gely 9 excess ( previ\s ye>s1 & indicate a gratify+ gr[? 9 trade4 ,! salt us$ 9 ! ,leblanc process yields ! hydro*loric acid1 & t 9 ! ammonia-soda me?od none1 s t we may put d[n ! !oretical production ( acid z #chj1jjj tons1 #g1fjj tons ( :i* 0 all[$ to escape4 ,:at 0 a m]e trace 9 ! *imney gases am\nts1 !re=e1 to a good r\nd figure at ! end ( a ye>1 & if x 7 conv]t$ into blea*+ p[d] x w\ld be wor? ne>ly #aej1jjjl4 ,^! figures are1 x %\ld be und]/ood1 bas$ on !ory1 b !y s]ve to %[ to :at importance a gas has n[ rea*$ :i* tw5ty-five ye>s ago 0 a p]fect incubus to ! manufactur]s1 & wr\ght desolation 9 ! c\ntry sides miles & miles ar\nd ! produc+ works4 ,!re has long be5 an expectation t ! ammonia-soda mak]s w\ld add ! manufacture ( blea*+ p[d] to _! process1 b !y appe> to be z f> z ev] f t result1 & mean:ile ! ,leblanc mak]s are hone/ly /riv+ to utilize e atom ( ! valuable mat]ial :i* !y h&le4 ,h5ce ! eag]ness to recov] ! sulphur f tank wa/e by "o or o!r ( ! few workable processes :i* h be5 propos$4 ,?is wa/e conta9s f #aa to #ae p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & :5 x is /at$ t ! total am\nt ( tank wa/e produc$ ye>ly is ab\t #gej1jjj tons1 conta9+ ab\t #ajj1jjj tons ( sulphur1 x w be se5 h[ l>ge is ! rew>d held out to ! successful manipulator4 ,moreov]1 ! value ( ! sulphur t might possibly be sav$ is n ! only prize held out to ^? :o c successfully deal ) ! wa/e1 = ?is mat]ial is n only ?r[n away z useless1 b mu* exp5se is incurr$ 9 ! ?r[+4 ,9 ,lanca%ire & 9 o!r inl& di/ricts l& mu/ be f\nd on :i* to deposit x1 & ! act ( deposit+ is co/ly1 = unless x is beat5 toge!r s z to exclude ! air1 an intol]able nuisance arises f x4 ,! co/ ( haulage & deposit on l& v>ies1 accord+ to ! di/rict1 f #as4 to #as4 #f;d4 a ton4 ,9 ,widnes x is ab\t #as4 ,9 ! ,newca/le di/rict ! practice is to c>ry ?is mat]ial out to sea at a co/ ( ab\t #d;d4 a ton4 ,mr4 ,*ance's process = ! recov]y ( sulphur f ! wa/e signalizes ! c5t5>y ( ! ,leblanc process2 ,p>nell & ,simpson are foll[+ 9 8 wake1 & lately ,mr4 ,f4 ,gossage1 ( ,widnes1 has be5 work+ on a process = ! production ( alkali1 :i* enables him to save ! sulphur ( ! sulphuric acid4 ,9 8 process a mixture ( #gj p>ts ,leblanc salt cake 7sulphate ( soda7 & #cj p>ts common salt is mix$ ) coal & heat$ 9 a furnace1 & s r$uc$ to sulphide ( sodium4 ,! result+ a% is !n dissolv$ 9 wat] & expos$ to ! action ( c>bonic acid1 :5 sulphuret$ hydrog5 is giv5 (f1 to be dealt ) z 9 ,mr4 ,*ance's sulphur process1 :ile bic>bonate ( soda is =m$ & sep>ates by precipitation f ! solution ( undecompos$ common salt4 ,ere long x is expect$ ?is new me?od w be 9 active op]ation 9 "s ,leblanc works1 ! plant ( :i* w1 9 all probability1 be utiliz$4 ,x has ^! great advantages3 ,! abs5ce ( lime1 ! recov]y ( ! sulphur us$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance & ! consequ5t abs5ce ( ! objectionable tank wa/e4 ,?us a bright promise is held out t ! days ( alkali wa/e are numb]$1 & t ! air 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,lanca%ire w be m balmy ?an x has be5 9 ! memory ( ! olde/ inhabitant4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fuels ,,( ,,! ,,future4 ,x is und5iable t 9 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/1 we are accu/om$ to reg>d coal z ! *ief1 &1 inde$1 ! only sub/ance :i* falls to be consid]$ "u ! "n ( fuel4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 h[ev]1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,v>i\s mat]ials1 rang+ f wood to oil1 come )9 ! category ( mat]ial = ! production ( heat4 ,! "q ( fuel1 x may be rem>k$1 has a social1 an antiqu>ian1 & a *emical int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! inquiry :e!r or n our supplies ( coal w hold out = say ! next hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 or = a mu* m limit$ p]iod only1 has be5 v (t5 discuss$ by sociologi/s & by geological au?orities4 ,aga91 x is cle> t z man advances 9 ! practice ( civiliz$ arts1 8 dep5d5ce ^u fuel becomes ( m & m intimate "*4 ,he n m]ely dem&s fire :]e) to cook 8 food1 & to raise 8 own temp]ature or t ( 8 dwell+1 b requires fuel = ! ?\s& & "o manufactur+ op]ations 9 :i* he is p]petually engag$4 ,x is obvi\s t )\t fuel civiliz$ life w\ld practically come to an end4 ,we _c take ! %orte/ j\rney by rail or /eamboat )\t a tacit dep5d5ce ^u a fuel supply2 & ! failure ( ?is supply w\ld !re=e mean & imply ! ext9ction ( all ! com=ts & conv5i5ces on :i* we are accu/om$ to rely z aids to easy liv+ 9 ^! latt] days4 ,aga91 socially reg>d$1 man is ! only animal t practices ! fire-mak+ habit4 ,ev5 ! highe/ apes1 :o w sit r\nd ! fire :i* a travel] has j left1 & enjoy ! heat1 d n appe> to h develop$ any s5se or idea ( keep+ up ! fire by ca/+ fre% fuel ^u x4 ,x seems fairly c]ta91 !n1 t we may def9e man z be+ a fuel-employ+ animal1 & 9 s do+ be )9 ! b\nds ( c]titude4 ,he may be1 & (t5 is1 approa*$ by o!r animals 9 respect ( _m ( 8 arts & practices4 ,birds weave ne/ mat]ials1 ants make--& maul--slaves1 beav]s build dams1 & o!r animals %[ ! g]ms & beg9n+s ( human contrivances = aid+ ! processes ( life1 b z yet no animal save man lights & ma9ta9s a fire4 ,t ! fire-mak+ habit mu/ h dawn$ v e>ly 9 human hi/ory appe>s to be prov$ by ! f9d+ ( a%es & o!r evid5ces ( ! pres5ce ( fire among ! rema9s & traces ( primitive man4 ,all we "k1 also1 conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( savage tribes tea*es u t humanity is skillful1 ev5 9 v rude /ages ( its progress1 9 ! mak+ ( fire4 ,! contrivances = obta9+ fire are _m & curi\s 9 savage life1 :ile1 once atta9$1 ?is art seems to h n only =m$ a con/ant accompanim5t b probably also a det]m9+ cause 9 ! evolution ( civilization4 ,wood1 ! fat ( animals1 & ev5 ! oils express$ f plants1 probably all became kn[n to man z conv5i5t s\rces ( fuel 9 prehi/oric times4 ,f ! inc9]ation ( wood to ! use ( peat & coal w\ld prove an easy /age 9 ! advance t[>d pres5t day practices1 & ) ! atta9m5t ( coal z a fuel ! fir/ great era 9 man's fire-mak+ habits may be said to end4 ,beyond ! coal /age1 h[ev]1 lies ! m or less di/9ctively mod]n "o ( ! utilization ( gas & oil = fuel4 ,! exi/5ce ( great natural c5t]s1 or und]gr\nd /ores1 ( gas & oil is probably no new fact4 ,we read 9 ! hi/ories ( classic *ronicl]s ( ! blaz+ gases :i* 7 wont to issue f ! e>?1 & to inspire feel+s ( sup]/iti\s awe 9 ! m9ds ( behold]s4 ,only )9 a few ye>s1 h[ev]1 h geologi/s be5 able to tell u mu* or any?+ reg>d+ ^! res]voirs ( natural fuel :i* h become fam\s 9 ,am]ica & 9 ! ,russian prov9ce ( ,baku4 ,= example1 x is n[ kn[n t ?ree products--gas1 oil1 & salt or br9e--lie )9 natural receptacles =m$ by ! rock /rata 9 ! ord] ( _! weight4 ,?is law1 z has well be5 said1 =ms ! f\ndation ( all successful bor+ exp]im5ts1 & ! se>* = natural fuel1 !re=e1 becomes z easy & z reliable a duty z t = artesian wat] or = coal4 ,! great oil fev] ( ! ,we/ 0 att5d$ at fir/1 z ,pr(essor ,m',gee tells u1 ) mu* wa/e ( ! product4 ,wells 7 sunk ev]y:]e1 & ! oil ov]fl[$ ! l&1 ta9t+ ! riv]s1 poison+ ! air1 & (t5 driv+ out ! prospectors f ! field ( discov]y4 ,9 ,baku accid5ts & cata/rophes h1 simil>ly1 be5 ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,we read ( petroleum fl[+ f ! gr\nd 9 jets #bjj feet high1 & z ?ick z a man's body2 we le>n h[ x swept away ! huge cranes & o!r ma*9]y1 & h[1 z x fl[$ away f ! orifices1 its c\rse 0 m>k$ by ! =mation ( riv]s ( oil _m miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,am]ica ! pressure ( rock gas has bur/ op5 /ills weigh+ ov] a ton1 & has ru%$ ?r\gh huge iron tanks & split op5 ! pipes :]e) x 0 s\ght to control its progress4 ,! ro> ( ?is great /ream ( natural gas 0 he>d = miles ar\nd z x escap$ f ! outlet1 & :5 x 0 ignit$ ! pill> ( flame illum9$ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry ov] a radius ext5d+ 9 "s cases to =ty miles4 ,x is cle> t man hav+ tapp$ ! e>?'s /ores ( natural fuel1 /ood 9 dang] ( hav+ unloos$ a mon/] ^: p[] he seem$ unable to control4 ,yet1 z ! sequel w %[1 sci5ce has be5 able to tackle ) success ! problems ( ma/]+ ! =ce & ( utiliz+ ! en]gy :i* are ?us lock$ up )9 ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,z reg>ds ! *emi/ry ( rock gas1 we may rem>k 9 ! fir/ place t ?is natural product ranks usually z light c>buret$ hydrog5 gas4 ,9 ?is respect x is n unlike ! m>% gas ) :i* ev]yone is famili>1 :i* is f\nd bubbl+ up f swamps & morasses1 & :i* con/itutes ! w o' ! wisp ( romance4 ,9 rock gas1 m>% gas itself is actually f\nd 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #ic p] c5t4 ,! composition ( m>% gas is v simple4 ,x consi/s ( ! two elem5ts c>bon & hydrog5 unit$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 indicat$ *emically by ! symbol ,,*#d4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 t rock gas possesses a close relation%ip1 *emically speak+1 ) _m famili> c>bon comp\nds1 & ( ^! latt]1 petroleum itself1 asphaltum1 coal1 jet1 graphite or plumbago1 & ev5 ! diamond itself--:i* is only cry/alliz$ c>bon aft] all--are excell5t examples4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! sub/ances really consi/ 9 ! degree ( fix+ ( ! c>bon or solid portion ( ! product1 z x 71 :i* exi/s4 ,?us 9 coal & jet ! c>bon is ( /able "*1 su* z we might expect to result f ! sl[ decomposition ( vegetable matt]1 & ! products ( ?is action are n volatile or liable to be sudd5ly dissociat$ or brok5 up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we deal ) ! hydroc>bons z !y are call$1 9 ! %ape ( rock gas1 naph?a1 petroleum1 t>1 asphaltum1 & simil> sub/ances1 we see h[ ! c>bon has become subord9at$ to ! hydrog5 "p ( ! comp\nds1 ) ! result ( r5d]+ !m m or less un/able 9 _! "*4 ,z ,pr(essor ,m',gee has %[n u1 !re is 9 tru? a graduat$ s]ies lead+ u f ! m>% gas & rock gas z ! lighte/ memb]s ( ?is class ( comp\nds onw>d ?r\gh ! semi-gase\s naph?a to ! fluid petroleum1 ! semi-fluid t>1 ! solid asphaltum1 & ! rigid & brittle sub/ance kn[n z alb]tite1 ) o!r & alli$ products4 ,hav+ said s mu* reg>d+ ! *emi/ry ( ! fuels ( ! future1 we may n[ pass to consid] _! geological record4 ,a some:at curi\s di/ribution awaits ! man ( sci5ce 9 ?is latt] respect4 ,mo/ read]s are aw>e t ! geologi/s are accu/om$ to classify rocks1 accord+ to _! relative age1 into ?ree great gr\ps1 kn[n respectively z ! prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y p]iods4 ,9 ! second>y p]iod we d n appe> to meet ) ! fuels ( ! future1 b z f> back z ! ,devonian or old ,r$ ,s&/one p]iod1 & 9 ! /ill old] ,silurian rocks1 /ores ( gas & petroleum ab\nd4 ,9 ! late/ or t]ti>y p]iod1 aga91 we come ^u ne>ly all ! =ms ( fuels we h already specifi$4 ,! mean+ ( ?is geological di/ribution ( ! fuels is entirely =tuit\s4 ,dr4 ,m',gee tells u t z _! =mation dep5d$ on local conditions 7su* z plant gr[?71 & z we h no means ( judg+ :y su* local conditions occurr$ )9 any giv5 area1 s mu/ we reg>d ! exi/5ce ( fuel products 9 p>ticul> regions z beyond explanation4 ,( "o po9t1 h[ev]1 we are well assur$1 namely t ! volume ( ! fuels ( ! future is develop$ 9 an inv]se proportion to _! geological age4 ,! proportionate volume1 z x has be5 express$1 dim9i%es progressively z ! geological scale is desc5d$4 ,aga91 ! weight ( ! fuels v>ies directly ) _! age2 = x is 9 ! old] =mation ( any s]ies t we come ^u ! oils & t>s & asphaltum1 :ile ! m>% gas exi/s 9 lat] & m rec5tly =m$ deposits4 ,fur!r geological rese>* %[s u t ! ,am]ican gas fields exi/ ea* z an inv]t$ tr\gh or dome1 a con=mation due1 ( c\rse1 to ! b5d+ & twi/+ ( ! rocks by ! great und]gr\nd heat =ces ( ! _w4 ,! por\s "p ( ! dome may be s&/one or lime/one1 & above ?is portion lie %ales1 :i* are ! opposite ( por\s 9 texture4 ,! dome1 fur!r1 conta9s gas above1 naph?a 9 ! middle1 & petroleum bel[1 :ile la/ ( all comes wat]1 :i* is usually v salt4 ,9 ! ,indiana field1 h[ev]1 we are told t ! oils lie ne> ! spr++ or f\ndation ( ! ar* ( ! dome1 & at its cr[n gas exi/s1 & ov]lies br9e4 ,a v important inquiry1 9 relation to ! /atem5t t ^u ! products ^: composition & hi/ory h j be5 describ$ ! fuel supply ( ! future w dep5d1 consi/s 9 ! "q ( ! ext5t & duration ( ^! natural gas & oil res]voirs4 ,if we are beg9n+ to look =w>d to a "t :5 our coal supply w h be5 work$ out1 x behooves u to ask :e!r or n ! supply ( natural gas & oil is practically illimitable4 ,! geologi/ w be able to give ! com+ man "s degree ( com=t on ?is po9t1 by in=m+ him t !re seems to be no limit to ! =mation ( ! fuel ( ! future4 ,natural gas is be+ manufactur$ to-day by nature on a big scale4 ,:]ev] plant mat]ial has be5 entomb$ 9 ! rock =mations1 & :]ev] its decomposition proce$s1 z proce$ x mu/1 !re natural gas is be+ made4 ,s t ) ! prospect ( coal becom+ z r>e z ! dodo itself1 ! _w1 we are told by sci5ti/s1 may /ill reg>d ) complac5cy ! failure ( our ord9>y c>bon supply4 ,! natural gases & oils ( ! _w w provide ! human race ) combu/ible mat]ial = untold ages--su* at lea/ is ! op9ion ( ^? :o are be/ in=m$ on ! subject4 ,= "o ?+1 we are rem9d$ t gas is f\nd to be ! mo/ conv5i5t & mo/ economical ( fuels4 ,rock gas is be+ utiliz$ abroad ev5 n[ 9 manufactur+ processes4 ,dr4 ,m',gee says t ev5 if ! natural supply ( rock gas 7 exhau/$ to-morr[1 manufactur]s ( glass1 c]ta9 grades ( iron1 & o!r products w\ld sub/itute an artificial gas = ! natural product r ?an return to coal4 ,he adds t enorm\s wa/e w\ld !reby be prev5t$1 ! gas by :i* ! air ( :ole c\nties 9 coke-burn+ regions is contam9at$ w\ld be utiliz$1 & ! c>bon ( ! d5se smoke cl\ds by :i* manufactur+ cities are ov]%ad[$ w\ld be turn$ to good acc\nt4 ,s t1 z reg>ds ! latt] po9t1 ev5 ,mr4 ,rusk9 ) 8 horror ( ! black smoke ( to-day & ( ! disfigurem5t ( sky & air might become a w>m ally ( ! fuel ( ! future4 ,! *emi/ 9 8 laudation ( rock gas & alli$ products is only re-e*o+1 :5 all is said & done1 ! mod]n eulogy pron\nc$ on ord9>y coal gas z a cook+ & heat+ m$ium4 ,we are )9 ! m>k :5 we say t ! pa/ five ye>s alone h witness$ a wond]ful ext5sion 9 ! use ( gas 9 ! kit*5 & else:]e4 ,x w\ld be s+ul>1 inde$1 if we %\ld happ5 to be already anticipat+ ! fuel ( ! future by su* a practice4 ,:e!r or n ?is is ! case1 x is at lea/ satisfactory = mank9d to "k t ! "m e>? w n fail him :5 he comes to dem& a sub/itute = coal4 ,i may be too e>ly ev5 to ?9k ( ! day ( ext9ction2 b we may reg>d t evil day ) complac5cy 9 face ( ! /ores ( fuel husb&$ = u )9 ! rock f\ndations ( our planet4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,portable ,,electric ,,light4 ,! fam\s h\se ( ,,mm4 ,sautt]1 ,lemonni] ,co4 takes a conspicu\s "p 9 ! ,p>is exhibition1 & f ! wide range ( its specialties exhibits l>gely 9 ?ree important bran*es ( indu/ry3 me*anics1 electricity1 & ! optics ( ligh?\ses & projectors4 ,9 ^! ?ree bran*es ,,mm4 ,sautt]1 ,lemonni] ,co4 occupy a lead+ position 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! inv5tion ( ! aplanetic projector1 due to ,col4 ,mang91 0 a clev] means ( ov]com+ difficulties1 practically insurm\ntable1 t 7 insep>able f ! con/ruction ( p>abolic mirrors2 ?is contribut$ *iefly to ! success ( ,,mm4 ,sautt]1 ,lemonni] ,co4 9 ?is direction4 ,! firm has produc$ m ?an #a1ejj ( ^! app>atus1 repres5t+ a value ( ne>ly #ejj1jjj1 = ! ,fr5* & o!r gov]nm5ts4 ,besides ! great projector1 :i* =ms ! c5tral & cr[n+ object ( ! exhibit ( ,,mm4 ,sautt]1 ,lemonni] ,co4 9 ! ma*9]y hall1 ! firm exhibits a projector #ij c5timet]s 9 diamet] m\nt$ on a crane travel+ on :eels1 9 ! pavilion ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,! lamp us$ = ?is app>atus has a lum9\s value ( #f1jjj c>cels1 ) a curr5t ( #ajj amp]es2 ! amplify+ p[] ( ! mirror is #b1jbe1 :i* gives an int5sity ( t5 millions to twelve millions ( c>cels to ! beam4 ,projectors us$ = field "w are m\nt$ on a portable c>riage1 :i* also conta9s ! electric g5]ator & ! motor driv+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milit>y ,,portable ,,electric ,,light ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,exhibition4 ,x consi/s ( a tubul> boil] 7,dion1 ,b\ton ,trep>d\x sy/em74 ,?is g5]ator is easily tak5 to pieces1 clean$1 & repair$1 & /eam c be rais$ to work+ pressure 9 #bj m9utes4 ,! me*anical & electrical "p ( ! app>atus consi/s ( a ,p>sons turbo-motor1 ( :i* ,,mm4 ,sautt]1 ,lemonni] ,co4 possess ! lic5se 9 ,france = application to milit>y & naval purposes4 ,! spe$ ( ! motor is #i1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! dynamo is driv5 direct f x2 at ?is spe$ x gives a curr5t ( #ajj amp]es ) & f #ee to #gj volts2 ! int5sity ( ! light is f #e1ejj to #f1jjj c>cels4 ,! c>riage ^u :i* ! :ole ( ?is app>atus is m\nt$ is c>ri$ on f\r :eels1 made ( wood ) gun metal m\nt+s4 ,^! are m easy to repair :5 9 s]vice ?an if !y 7 :olly ( iron4 ,! weight ( ! c>riage is ?ree tons4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,motor ,,= ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5ts4 ,pr(4 ,galileo ,f]r>is1 ( ,tur91 :o has c>efully /udi$ alt]nat+ curr5ts & second>y trans=m]s1 has con/ruct$ a little motor bas$ ^u an entirely new pr9ciple1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,if we take two inductive fields develop$ by two bobb9s1 ! axes ( :i* cut ea* o!r at "r angles1 & a pole plac$ at ! v]tex ( ! angle1 ?is pole w be subject$ to ! simultane\s action ( ! two bobb9s1 & ! resultant ( ! magnetic actions w be repres5t$ 9 magnitude & direction by ! diagonal ( ! p>allelogram1 two consecutive sides ( :i* h = _! l5g? ! int5sity ( ! two fields1 & = _! direction ! axes ( ! two bobb9s4 ,if into ea* ( ^! bobb9s we s5d alt]nat+ curr5ts hav+ betwe5 "o bobb9 & ! o!r a diff]5ce ( phase ( #ij1 ! extremity ( ! resultant w describe a circle hav+ = its c5t] ! v]tex ( ! "r angle4 ,if1 in/ead ( a fix$ pole1 we use a metal cyl9d] movable on its axis1 we %all obta9 a cont9u\s rotatory motion ( ?is "p1 & ! direction ( ! movem5t w *ange :5 we int]*ange ! diff]5ce ( phase 9 ! excit+ curr5ts4 ,?is rotatory movem5t is n due to ! ,f\cault curr5ts1 = ! metal cyl9d] may consi/ ( plates ( iron insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] to realize ! production ( ^! fields1 sev]al means c be employ$3 ,! curr5t is s5t f an alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e into ! prim>y circuit ( a trans=m] & !nce into "o ( ! bobb9s1 ! o!r be+ suppli$ by means ( ! second>y curr5t ( ! trans=m]4 ,a resi/ance introduc$ into ! circuit w produce ! requir$ diff]5ce ( phase1 & ! equality ( ! int5sities ( ! fields w be obta9$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( turns ( ! second>y wire on ! bobb94 ,moreov]1 ! two bobb9s may be suppli$ by ! second>y curr5t ( a trans=m] by produc+ ! diff]5ce ( phase1 z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,9 ! motor con/ruct$ by ,pr(4 ,f]r>is ! armature consi/$ ( a copp] cyl9d] measur+ #g c5timet]s 9 diamet] & #ae c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 movable on its axis4 ,! inductors 7 =m$ ( two gr\ps ( two bobb9s4 ,! bobb9s :i* bran*$ (f f ! prim>y circuit ( a ,gaul>d trans=m]1 & 7 connect$ 9 s]ies1 compris$ #aif spirals ) a resi/ance ( #ac ohms2 ! bobb9s compris+ ! second>y circuit 7 c\pl$ 9 p>allel1 & _h #ejd spirals ) #c4dc ohms resi/ance4 ,9 ord] to produce ! diff]5ce ( phase1 a resi/ance ( #ag ohms 0 introduc$ into ! second circuit1 :5 ! dynamo produc$ a curr5t ( #i amp]es ) #hj inv]sions p] second4 ,"u ^! conditions ! available "w measur$ on ! axis ( ! motor 0 f\nd = diff]5t spe$s3 ,revolutions p] m9ute3 #bfb--djj--edf--fej--gbb--ggj4 ,watts measur$ at ! brake3 #a4cb--b4ab--b4ee--b4gg--b4ee--b4dj4 ,! maximum r5d]+ corresponds to a spe$ ( rotation ( #fej revolutions1 & ,pr(4 ,f]r>is attributes ! loss ( "w = high] spe$s to ! vibrations to :i* ! ma*9e is expos$4 ,at pres5t ! app>atus is b a laboratory "o4--,bullet9 ,int]national de l',electricite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electric ,,age4 ,by ,,*>les ,,c>leton ,,c(f94 ,! application ( electricity = our conv5i5ce & com=t is "o ( ! m>vels ( ! age4 ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has !re be5 s rapid a developm5t ( an occult sci5ce4 ,prior to #ahai v little 0 kn[n 9 reg>d to magnetism & electricity4 ,dur+ t ye> ,o]/$ discov]$ t an electric curr5t w\ld deflect a magnetic ne$le1 ?us %[+ t !re 0 "s relation%ip betwe5 electric & magnetic =ce4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 ,arago & ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 discov]$ t by coil+ a wire ar\nd a piece ( iron1 & pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh x1 ! iron w\ld possess = ! "t be+ all ! prop]ties ( a magnet4 ,9 #ahbe ,william ,/urgeon1 ( ,london1 b5t a piece ( wire 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,u1 w\nd a second wire ar\nd x1 &1 ^u connect+ x ) a galvanic batt]y1 discov]$ t ! fir/ wire became magnetic1 b lo/ its magnetic prop]ty ! mom5t ! batt]y 0 disconnect$4 ,! idea ( a telegraphic signal came to him1 b ! electric impulse1 ?r\gh 8 rude app>atus1 fad$ out at a di/ance ( fifty feet4 ,9 #ahcj ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 ( ?is c\ntry1 con/ruct$ a l9e ( wire1 "o & a half miles 9 l5g?1 & s5t a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh x1 r++ a bell at ! f>!r end4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,pr(essor ,f>aday discov]$ magnetic induction4 ,?is1 9 brief1 is ! g5esis ( magnetic electricity1 :i* is ! basis ( all t has be5 accompli%$ 9 electrical sci5ce4 ,! fir/ advance aft] ^! discov]ies 0 9 ! developm5t ( ! electric telegraph--! discov]y 9 #ahcg1 by ! philosoph] ,/e9hill1 t ! e>? c\ld s]ve z a conductor1 ?us requir+ b "o wire 9 ! employm5t ( an electric curr5t4 ,simultane\sly came ,morse's inv5tion ( ! me*anism = ! telegraph 9 #ahdd1 =e%ad[$ by ,h5ry 9 ! r++ ( bells1 ?us transmitt+ intellig5ce by s\nd4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 9 #ahdh1 ,pr(4 ,m4 ,g4 ,f>m]1 /ill liv+ 9 ,eliot1 ,me41 atta*$ an electro-magnet to clockwork = ! /rik+ ( bells to give an al>m ( fire4 ,! same idea came to ,william ,f4 ,*ann+4 ,! me*anism1 con/ruct$ simply to illu/rate ! idea by ,pr(essor ,f>m]1 0 plac$ ^u ! ro( ( ! ,c\rt ,h\se 9 ,bo/on1 & connect$ ) ! telegraph wire lead+ to ,new ,york1 & an al>m rung by ! op]ator 9 t city4 ,! application ( electricity = giv+ def9ite in=mation to firem5 0 fir/ made 9 ,bo/on1 & x 0 my privilege to give ! fir/ al>m on ! aft]noon ( ,april #ab1 #aheb4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 born 9 ,woburn1 ,mass41 kn[n to ! _w z ,c\nt ,rum=d1 0 9 ! work%op ( ! milit>y ars5al ( ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia 9 ,muni*1 sup]9t5d+ ! bor+ ( a cannon4 ,! ma*9]y 0 work$ by two horses4 ,he 0 surpris$ at ! am\nt ( heat :i* 0 g5]at$1 = :5 he ?rew ! bor+s into a tumbl] fill$ ) cold wat]1 x 0 set to boil+1 greatly to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! workm54 ,:5ce came ! heat8 ,:at 0 heat8 ,! old philosoph] said t x 0 an elem5t4 ,by exp]im5t he discov]$ t a horse work+ two h\rs & tw5ty m9utes ) ! bor+ ma*9]y w\ld heat n9ete5 p\nds ( wat] to ! boil+ po9t4 ,he trac$ ! heat to ! horse1 b ) all 8 acum5 he did n g on ) ! induction to ! hay & oats1 to ! e>?1 ! sun%9e & ra91 & s get back to ! sun4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago !re 0 no *emical sci5ce wor?y ( ! "n1 no k ( ! con/itution ( plants or ! prop]ties ( light & heat4 ,! old philosoph]s consid]$ light & heat to be fluids1 :i* pass$ out ( sub/ances :5 !y 7 too full4 ,c\nt ,rum=d %[$ t motion 0 conv]tible into heat1 b did n trace ! motion to its s\rce1 s f> z we "k1 9 ! sun4 ,x is only =ty-six ye>s s9ce ,pr(essor ,j\le fir/ demon/rat$ ! mutual relations ( all ! manife/ations ( nature's en]gy4 ,?irty-n9e ye>s only h pass$ s9ce he ann\nc$ ! great law ( ! conv]tibility ( =ce4 ,he con/ruct$ a m9iature *urn :i* held "o p\nd ( wat]1 & connect$ ! revolv+ paddle ( ! *urn ) a :eel mov$ by a p\nd weight1 w\nd up ! weight1 & set ! paddle 9 motion4 ,a !rmomet] detect$ ! *ange ( temp]ature & a graduat$ scale m>k$ ! di/ance trav]s$ by ! desc5d+ weight4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts %[$ t a p\nd weight fall+ #ggb feet w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( wat] "o degree1 & t ?is 0 an unv>y+ law4 ,?is 0 transf]r+ gravitation to heat1 & ! law held good :5 appli$ to electricity1 magnetism1 & *emical aff9ity1 lead+ to ! conclusion t !y 7 sev]ally manife/ations ( "o univ]sal p[]4--,congregationali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e>ly ,,electric ,,light+4 ,! op5+ ( ! new /ation ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,co41 ( ,salem1 ,mass41 0 rec5tly celebrat$ ) appropriate fe/ivities4 ,among ! lett]s ( regret f ^? unable to att5d ! op5+ 0 ! foll[+ f ,pr(4 ,moses ,g4 ,f>m]3 ,,eliot1 ,me41 ,aug4 #e1 #ahhi4 ,to ! ,salem ,electric ,light+ ,company1 ,*>les ,h4 ,price1 ,presid5t3 ,,g5tlem53 ,x w\ld give me great pleasure to accept y\r k9d invitation to be pres5t at ! op5+ ( y\r new /ation 9 ,salem on ! #h? ( ?is pres5t ,augu/4 ,x is n[ ?irty ye>s s9ce ! fir/ dwell+ h\se 9 ,salem 0 light$ by electricity4 ,t little obscure dwell+1 #aa ,pe>l ,/reet1 =m]ly own$ by ',pa' ,webb1 _h ! honor to be illum9at$ by ! effulg5t electric beam dur+ e ev5+ ( ,july1 #ahei1 z "s ( y\r honor$ resid5ts1 p]haps1 well rememb]4 ,mr4 ,george ,d4 ,phipp5 c d\btless te/ify to "o or m ev5+s2 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,m5dell1 ( ,bo/on1 c also add 8 te/imony2 doz5s ( o!rs c\ld also d ! same1 _h n "s ( !m already pass$ to ! 'great beyond1' among :om ,i well recollect ! int]e/ tak5 by ! late & honor$ ,h5ry ,l4 ,williams1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,felt1 & ,i d n "k h[ _m o!rs4 ,i well rememb] read+ "s ( ! v f9e/ pr9t /&+ ) my back to ! front wall & read+ by ! light ( a #cb c&le p[] lamp on ! nor!rnmo/ end ( ! mantel piece 9 ! p>lor2 v possibly ! hole 9 :i* ! lamp 0 fa/5$ rema9s to ?is day4 ,9 a little closet 9 ! re> sleep+ room 0 a swit* :i* c\ld be turn$ 9 "o direction & give a beautiful gl[ light1 :ile if turn$ 9 ! o!r direction1 x in/antly gave z beautiful a d>k4 ,my !n #ab ye> old daught] us$ to surprise & please h] visitors by sudd5ly turn+ on & (f ! 'glim4' ,x is n well to despise ! day ( small ?+s1 = al?\gh ! dynamo _h n at t date put 9 an appe>ance1 & ?\gh ,i us$ ?irty-six ,smee cells ( six gallons capacity ea*1 yet ,i demon/rat$ !n & !re t ! inc&esc5t electric light 0 a possibility1 & al?\gh ,i innoc5tly rem>k$ to ! late ,samuel ,w4 ,bates1 ( ,bo/on1 :o ) 8 p>tn]1 ,mr4 ,*auncey ,smi?1 furni%$ s g5]\sly 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce1 n :olly )\t hope ( return1 ! funds = ! exp]im5t1 t x 'did n take mu* z9c1' & ?\gh ,mr4 ,bates z naively repli$1 ',i notice t x takes "s silv]1 ?\gh1' /ill x 0 !n & !re h]ald$ z ! com+ gr& illum9ant = ! dwell+4 ,i am ?ankful to h liv$ to see my pr$ictions p>tly fulfill$4 ,dur+ ! e>ly fifties ,i publi%$ a /atem5t some?+ l ?is3 ',"o p\nd ( coal w furni% gas en\gh to ma9ta9 a c&le light = fifte5 h\rs4 ,"o p\nd ( gas 7! product ( five p\nds ( coal7 w1 9 a good fi%tail gas burn]1 furni% "o c&le light = sev5ty-five h\rs4 ,"o p\nd ( coal burn$ 9 a good furnace1 "u a good boil]1 driv+ a good /eam eng9e1 turn+ a good magneto-electric ma*9e1 w give a c&le light = "o ?\s& h\rs4 ,b if all ! en]gy lock$ up 9 "o p\nd ( pure c>bon c\ld be :olly conv]t$ into light1 x w\ld ma9ta9 "o c&le light = m ?an "o & a half ye>s4' ,s1 g5tlem51 nil desp]&um2 !re is /ill room = improvem5t4 ,let y\r motto be ',excelsior4' ,possibly y may h already extract$ f "o-fifte5? to "o-twelf? ( ! en]gy /or$ 9 ! p\nd ( c>bon1 b h>dly m4 ,g on1 g on1 & br+ x s *eap z to rea* ! humble/ dwell+ :5 y %all celebrate ! c5t5nial ( ! op5+ ( y\r new /ation4 ,i d mo/ s9c]ely regret t ,i _c be ) y 9 ! fle%4 ,i am1 l ,ixion ( old1 conf9$ to a :eel 7*air 9 my case71 _c walk1 _c ev5 /&2 h5ce1 ow+ to ! impairm5t ( my und]/&+ 788871 ,i mu/ wi% y all ! enjoym5ts ( ! ev5+1 & gladly cont5t myself t y h made s mu* possible4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,,moses ,g4 ,,f>m]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,!ory ,,( ,,light4#a ,footnote #a3 ,be+ ! g5]al sub/ance ( a lecture to ! ,a%molean ,society 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 on ,monday1 ,june #c1 #ahhi4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,liv]pool ,univ]sity ,college ,magaz9e4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,oliv] ,,lodge4 ,to p]sons occupi$ 9 o!r bran*es ( le>n+1 & n directly engag$ 9 ! /udy ( physical sci5ce1 "s rumor mu/ probably h travel$ ( ! /ir & activity manife/ at ! pres5t "t among ! vot>ies ( t dep>tm5t ( k4 ,x may s]ve a useful purpose if ,i try & expla9 to outsid]s :at ?is /ir is ma9ly ab\t1 & :y x exi/s4 ,!re is a proximate & !re is an ultimate cause4 ,! proximate cause is c]ta9 exp]im5ts exhibit+ 9 a m>k$ & easily recognizable way ! already !oretically pr$ict$ connection betwe5 electricity & light4 ,! ultimate cause is t we beg9 to feel inkl+s & =eta/es ( !ories1 wid] ?an t ( gravitation1 m fundam5tal ?an any !ories :i* h yet be5 advanc$2 !ories :i* if successfully work$ out w c>ry ! bann] ( physical sci5ce f> into ! d>k cont95t ( metaphysics1 & w illum9ate ) a cle> philosophy mu* t is at pres5t only dimly guess$4 ,m explicitly1 we beg9 to p]ceive *9ks ( insight into ! natures ( electricity1 ( e!r1 ( ela/icity1 & ev5 ( matt] itself4 ,we beg9 to h a k9etic !ory ( ! physical univ]se4 ,we are liv+1 n 9 a ,newtonian1 b at ! beg9n+ ( a p]haps /ill great] ,?omsonian era4 ,great]1 n because any "o man is probably great] ?an ,newton1#b b because ( ! /up5d\sness ( ! problems n[ wait+ to be solv$4 ,!re are a doz5 m5 ( great magnitude1 ei!r n[ liv+ or b rec5tly deceas$1 to :om :at we n[ "k t[>d ^! g5]alizations is 9 "s measure due1 & ! epo* ( complete developm5t may h>dly be se5 by ^? n[ alive4 ,x is prov]bially ra% to attempt pr$iction1 b x seems to me t x may well take a p]iod ( fifty ye>s = ^! great /rides to be fully accompli%$4 ,if x does1 & if progress goes on at any?+ l its pres5t rate1 ! aspect ( physical sci5ce bequea!d to ! latt] half ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w inde$ excite admiration1 & :5 ! populace are suffici5tly educat$ to appreciate x1 w =m a wor?y !me = poetry1 = oratorios1 & = great works ( art4 ,footnote #b3 ,?\gh1 inde$1 a c5tury h5ce x may be premature to (f] an op9ion on su* a po9t4 ,to attempt to give any idea ( ! drift ( progress 9 all ! directions :i* ,i h ha/ily m5tion$1 to attempt to expla9 ! beg9n+s ( ! !ories ( ela/icity & ( matt]1 w\ld take too long1 & might only result 9 confusion4 ,i w limit myself *iefly to giv+ "s notion ( :at we h ga9$ 9 k conc]n+ electricity1 e!r1 & light4 ,ev5 t is f> too mu*4 ,i f9d ,i mu/ conf9e myself pr9cipally to light1 & only treat ( ! o!rs z incid5tal to t4 ,= n[ well nigh a c5tury we h _h a wave !ory ( light2 & a wave !ory ( light is q c]ta9ly true4 ,x is directly demon/rable t light consi/s ( waves ( "s k9d or o!r1 & t ^! waves travel at a c]ta9 well-kn[n velocity1 sev5 times ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? p] second1 tak+ eight m9utes on ! j\rney f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,?is propagation 9 "t ( an undulatory di/urbance necess>ily involves a m$ium4 ,if waves sett+ out f ! sun exi/ 9 space eight m9utes be=e /rik+ our eyes1 !re mu/ necess>ily be 9 space "s m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/ & :i* conveys !m4 ,waves we _c h unless !y be waves 9 some?+4 ,no ord9>y m$ium is compet5t to transmit waves at any?+ l ! spe$ ( light2 h5ce ! lum9if]\s m$ium mu/ be a special k9d ( sub/ance1 & x is call$ ! e!r4 ,! lum9if]\s e!r x us$ to be call$1 because ! conveyance ( light 0 all x 0 !n kn[n to be capable (2 b n[ t x is kn[n to d a v>iety ( o!r ?+s also1 ! qualify+ adjective may be dropp$4 ,wave motion 9 e!r1 light c]ta9ly is2 b :at does "o mean by ! t]m wave8 ,! popul> notion is1 ,i suppose1 ( some?+ heav+ up & d[n1 or1 p]haps1 ( some?+ break+ on ! %ore 9 :i* x is possible to ba!4 ,b if y ask a ma!matician :at he means by a wave1 he w probably reply t ! simple/ wave is y a s9 7p t - n x71 & he might possibly refuse to give any o!r answ]4 ,& 9 refus+ to give any o!r answ] ?an ?is1 or its equival5t 9 ord9>y words1 he is entirely ju/ifi$2 t is :at is meant by ! t]m wave1 & no?+ less g5]al w\ld be all-inclusive4 ,translat$ into ord9>y ,engli% ! phrase signifies a di/urbance p]iodic bo? 9 space & "t4 ,any?+ ?us d\bly p]iodic is a wave2 & all waves1 :e!r 9 air z s\nd waves1 or 9 e!r z light waves1 or on ! surface ( wat] z ocean waves1 are compreh5d$ 9 ! def9ition4 ,:at prop]ties are ess5tial to a m$ium capable ( transmitt+ wave motion8 ,r\ghly we may say two--ela/icity & in]tia4 ,ela/icity 9 "s =m1 or "s equival5t ( x1 9 ord] to be able to /ore up en]gy & effect recoil2 in]tia1 9 ord] to enable ! di/urb$ sub/ance to ov]%oot ! m>k & oscillate beyond its place ( equilibrium to & fro4 ,any m$ium possess+ ^! two prop]ties c transmit waves1 & unless a m$ium possesses ^! prop]ties 9 "s =m or o!r1 or "s equival5t = !m1 x may be said ) mod]ate security to be incompet5t to transmit waves4 ,b if we make ?is latt] /atem5t1 "o mu/ be prep>$ to ext5d to ! t]ms ela/icity & in]tia _! v l>ge/ & broade/ signification1 s z to include any possible k9d ( re/or+ =ce & any possible k9d ( p]si/5ce ( motion respectively4 ,^! matt]s may be illu/rat$ 9 _m ways1 b p]haps a simple load$ la? or spr+ 9 a vise w s]ve well en\gh4 ,pull aside "o end1 & its ela/icity t5ds to make x recoil2 let x g1 & its in]tia causes x to ov]%oot its normal position2 bo? causes toge!r cause x to sw+ to & fro till its en]gy is exhau/$4 ,a regul> s]ies ( su* spr+s at equal int]vals 9 space1 set go+ at regul> int]vals ( "t "o aft] ! o!r1 gives y at once a wave motion & appe>ance :i* ! mo/ casual obs]v] mu/ recognize z su*4 ,a s]ies ( p5dulums w d j z well4 ,any wave-transmitt+ m$ium mu/ simil>ly possess "s =m ( ela/icity & ( in]tia4 ,b n[ proce$ to ask :at is ?is e!r :i* 9 ! case ( light is ?us vibrat+8 ,:at corresponds to ! ela/ic displacem5t & recoil ( ! spr+ or p5dulum8 ,:at corresponds to ! in]tia :]eby x ov]%oots its m>k8 ,d we "k ^! prop]ties 9 ! e!r 9 any o!r way8 ,! answ]1 giv5 fir/ by ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & n[ reit]at$ & insi/$ on by exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 e important laboratory 9 ! _w1 is3 ,! ela/ic displacem5t corresponds to electro/atic *>ge 7r\ghly speak+1 to electricity74 ,! in]tia corresponds to magnetism4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! mod]n electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,n[ let me illu/rate electrically h[ ?is c be4 ,! old & famili> op]ation ( *>g+ a ,leyd5 j>--! /or+ up ( en]gy 9 a /ra9$ dielectric1 any electro/atic *>g+ :atev]--is q analog\s to ! draw+ aside ( our flexible spr+4 ,x is mak+ use ( ! ela/icity ( ! e!r to produce a t5d5cy to recoil4 ,lett+ g ! spr+ is analog\s to p]mitt+ a dis*>ge ( ! j>--p]mitt+ ! /ra9$ dielectric to recov] itself1 ! electro/atic di/urbance to subside4 ,9 ne>ly all ! exp]im5ts ( electro/atics1 e!real ela/icity is manife/4 ,next consid] in]tia4 ,h[ w\ld "o illu/rate ! fact t wat]1 = in/ance1 possesses in]tia--! p[] ( p]si/+ 9 motion aga9/ ob/acles--! p[] ( possess+ k9etic en]gy8 ,! mo/ direct way w\ld be to take a /ream ( wat] & try sudd5ly to /op x4 ,op5 a wat] tap freely & !n sudd5ly %ut x4 ,! impetus or mom5tum ( ! /opp$ wat] makes itself manife/ by a viol5t %ock to ! pipe1 ) :i* ev]ybody mu/ be famili>4 ,! mom5tum ( wat] is utiliz$ by eng9e]s 9 ! wat] ram4 ,a precisely analog\s exp]im5t 9 electricity is :at ,f>aday call$ ! extra curr5t4 ,s5d a curr5t ?r\gh a coil ( wire r\nd a piece ( iron1 or take any o!r arrangem5t = develop+ p[]ful magnetism1 & !n sudd5ly /op ! curr5t by break+ ! circuit4 ,a viol5t fla% occurs if ! /oppage is sudd5 en\gh1 a fla% :i* means ! bur/+ ( ! insulat+ air p>tition by ! accumulat$ electro-magnetic mom5tum4 ,briefly1 we may say t ne>ly all electro-magnetic exp]im5ts illu/rate ! fact ( e!real in]tia4 ,n[ return to consid] :at happ5s :5 a *>g$ conductor 7say a ,leyd5 j>7 is dis*>g$4 ,! recoil ( ! /ra9$ dielectric causes a curr5t1 ! in]tia ( ?is curr5t causes x to ov]%oot ! m>k1 & = an in/ant ! *>ge ( ! j> is rev]s$2 ! curr5t n[ fl[s backw>d & *>ges ! j> up z at fir/2 back aga9 fl[s ! curr5t1 & s on1 *>g+ & rev]s+ ! *>ge ) rapid oscillations until ! en]gy is all dissipat$ into heat4 ,! op]ation is precisely analog\s to ! release ( a /ra9$ spr+ or to ! pluck+ ( a /ret*$ /r+4 ,b ! dis*>g+ body ?us ?r[n into /rong electrical vibration is emb$d$ 9 ! all-p]vad+ e!r1 & we h j se5 t ! e!r possesses ! two prop]ties requisite = ! g5]ation & transmission ( waves--viz41 ela/icity & in]tia or d5sity2 h5ce1 j z a tun+ =k vibrat+ 9 air excites a]ial waves or s\nd1 s a dis*>g+ ,leyd5 j> 9 e!r excites e!real waves or light4 ,e!real waves c !re=e be actually produc$ by direct electrical means4 ,i dis*>ge "h a j>1 & ! room is = an in/ant fill$ ) light4 ,) light1 ,i say1 ?\gh y c see no?+4 ,y c see & he> ! sp>k inde$--b t is a m]e second>y di/urbance we c = ! pres5t ignore--,i d n mean any second>y di/urbance4 ,i mean ! true e!real waves emitt$ by ! electric oscillation go+ on 9 ! neighborhood ( ?is recoil+ dielectric4 ,y pull aside ! prong ( a tun+ =k & let x g2 vibration foll[s & s\nd is produc$4 ,y *>ge a ,leyd5 j> & let x dis*>ge2 vibration foll[s & light is excit$4 ,x is light j z good z any o!r light4 ,x travels at ! same pace1 x is reflect$ & refract$ accord+ to ! same laws2 e exp]im5t kn[n to optics c be p]=m$ ) ?is e!real radiation electrically produc$1 & yet y _c see x4 ,:y n8 ,= no fault ( ! light2 ! fault 7if !re be a fault7 is 9 ! eye4 ,! ret9a is incompet5t to respond to ^! vibrations--!y are too sl[4 ,! vibrations set up :5 ?is l>ge j> is dis*>g$ are f a hundr$ ?\s& to a million p] second1 b t is too sl[ = ! ret9a4 ,x responds only to vibrations betwe5 #d1jjj billions & #g1jjj billions p] second4 ,! vibrations are too quick = ! e>1 :i* responds only to vibrations betwe5 #dj & #dj1jjj p] second4 ,betwe5 ! highe/ audible & ! l[e/ visible vibrations !re has be5 hi!rto a great gap1 :i* ^! electric oscillations g f> to fill up4 ,!re has be5 a great gap simply because we h no int]m$iate s5se organ to detect rates ( vibration betwe5 #dj1jjj & #d1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj p] second4 ,x 01 !re=e1 an unexplor$ t]ritory4 ,waves h be5 !re all ! "t 9 any quantity1 b we h n ?\ght ab\t !m nor att5d$ to !m4 ,x happ5s t ,i h myself succe$$ 9 gett+ electric oscillations s sl[ z to be audible4 ,! l[e/ ,i h got at pres5t are #abe p] second1 & = "s way above ?is ! sp>ks emit a musical note2 b no "o has yet succe$$ 9 directly mak+ electric oscillations :i* are visible1 ?\gh indirectly e "o does x :5 !y light a c&le4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 is an electric oscillator1 :i* vibrates #cjj million times a second1 & emits e!real waves a y>d long4 ,! :ole range ( vibrations betwe5 musical tones & "s ?\s& million p] second is n[ fill$ up4 ,^! electro-magnetic waves h long be5 kn[n on ! side ( !ory1 b int]e/ 9 !m has be5 imm5sely quick5$ by ! discov]y ( a receiv] or detector = !m4 ,! great ?\gh simple discov]y by ,h]tz ( an electric eye1 z ,sir ,w4 ,?omson calls x1 makes exp]im5ts on ^! waves = ! fir/ "t easy or ev5 possible4 ,we h n[ a sort ( artificial s5se organ = _! appreciation--an electric arrangem5t :i* c virtually see ^! int]m$iate rates ( vibration4 ,! ,h]tz receiv] is ! simple/ ?+ 9 ! _w--no?+ b a bit ( wire or a pair ( bits ( wire adju/$ s t :5 imm]s$ 9 /rong electric radiation !y give m9ute sp>ks across a microscopic air gap4 ,! receiv] ,i h "h is adapt$ = ! y>d-long waves emitt$ f ?is small oscillator2 b = ! f> long] waves emitt$ by a dis*>g+ ,leyd5 j> an excell5t receiv] is a gilt wall pap] or o!r int]rupt$ metallic surface4 ,! waves fall+ ^u ! metallic surface are reflect$1 & 9 ! act ( reflection excite electric curr5ts1 :i* cause sp>ks4 ,simil>ly1 gigantic sol> waves may produce auror2 & m9ute waves f a c&le d electrically di/urb ! ret9a4 ,! small] waves are1 h[ev]1 f> ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! mo/ tractable to ord9>y optical exp]im5ts4 ,f a small oscillator1 :i* may be a c\ple ( small cyl9d]s kept sp>k+ into ea* o!r end to end by an induction coil1 waves are emitt$ on :i* all mann] ( optical exp]im5ts c be p]=m$4 ,!y c be reflect$ by pla9 %eets ( metal1 conc5trat$ by p>abolic reflectors1 refract$ by prisms1 conc5trat$ by l5ses4 ,i h at ! college a l>ge l5s ( pit*1 weigh+ ov] ?ree hundr$weight1 = conc5trat+ !m to a focus4 ,!y c be made to %[ ! ph5om5on ( int]f]5ce1 & ?us h _! wave l5g? accurately measur$4 ,!y are /opp$ by all conductors & transmitt$ by all insulators4 ,metals are opaque1 b ev5 imp]fect insulators su* z wood or /one are /rik+ly transp>5t1 & waves may be receiv$ 9 "o room f a s\rce 9 ano!r1 ! door betwe5 ! two be+ %ut4 ,! real nature ( metallic opacity & ( transp>5cy has long be5 cle> 9 ,maxwell's !ory ( light1 & ^! electrically produc$ waves only illu/rate & br+ home ! well kn[n facts4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,h]tz are 9 fact ! apo!osis ( t !ory4 ,?us1 !n1 9 e way ,maxwell's #ahfe brilliant p]ception ( ! real nature ( light is abundantly ju/ifi$2 & = ! fir/ "t we h a true !ory ( light1 no long] bas$ ^u analogy ) s\nd1 nor ^u a hypo!tical jelly or ela/ic solid4 ,light is an electro-magnetic di/urbance ( ! e!r4 ,optics is a bran* ( electricity4 ,out/&+ problems 9 optics are be+ rapidly solv$ n[ t we h ! means ( def9itely excit+ light ) a full p]ception ( :at we are do+ & ( ! precise mode ( its vibration4 ,x rema9s to f9d out h[ to %ort5 d[n ! waves--to hurry up ! vibration until ! light becomes visible4 ,no?+ is want$ b quick] modes ( vibrations4 ,small] oscillators mu/ be us$--v mu* small]--oscillators n mu* bigg] ?an molecules4 ,9 all probability--"o may almo/ say c]ta9ly--ord9>y light is ! result ( electric oscillation 9 ! molecules ( hot bodies1 or sometimes ( bodies n hot--z 9 ! ph5om5on ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,! direct g5]ation ( visible light by electric means1 s soon z we h le>nt h[ to atta9 ! necess>y frequ5cy ( vibration1 w h mo/ important practical consequ5ces4 ,speak+ 9 ?is univ]sity1 x is happily q unnecess>y = me to bespeak int]e/ 9 a subject by any ref]5ce to possible practical applications4 ,b any practical application ( :at ,i h dealt ) ?is ev5+ is app>5tly s f> di/ant z to be free f any sordid gloss ( competition & company promotion1 & is int]e/+ 9 itself z a matt] ( pure sci5ce4 ,= consid] our pres5t me?ods ( mak+ artificial light2 !y are bo? wa/eful & ineffective4 ,we want a c]ta9 range ( oscillation1 betwe5 #g1jjj & #d1jjj billion vibrations p] second2 no o!r is useful to u1 because no o!r has any effect ^u our ret9a2 b we d n "k h[ to produce vibrations ( ?is rate4 ,we c produce a def9ite vibration ( "o or two hundr$ or ?\s& p] second2 9 o!r words1 we c excite a pure tone ( def9ite pit*2 & we c dem& any desir$ range ( su* tones cont9u\sly by means ( bell[s & a keybo>d4 ,we c also 7?\gh ! fact is less well kn[n7 excite mom5t>ily def9ite e!real vibrations ( "s million p] second1 z ,i h expla9$ at l5g?2 b we d n at pres5t seem to "k h[ to ma9ta9 ?is rate q cont9u\sly4 ,to get mu* fa/] rates ( vibration ?an ?is we h to fall back ^u atoms4 ,we "k h[ to make atoms vibrate2 x is done by :at we call heat+ ! sub/ance1 & if we c\ld deal ) individual atoms unhamp]$ by o!rs1 x is possible t we might get a pure & simple mode ( vibration f !m4 ,x is possible1 b unlikely2 = atoms1 ev5 :5 isolat$1 h a multitude ( modes ( vibration special to !mselves1 ( :i* only a few are ( practical use to u1 & we d n "k h[ to excite "s )\t also ! o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 we d n at pres5t ev5 deal ) individual atoms2 we treat !m cr[d$ toge!r 9 a compact mass1 s t _! modes ( vibration are really inf9ite4 ,we take a lump ( matt]1 say a c>bon filam5t or a piece ( quicklime1 & by rais+ its temp]ature we impress ^u its atoms high] & high] modes ( vibration1 n transmut+ ! l[] into ! high]1 b sup]pos+ ! high] ^u ! l[]1 until at l5g? we get su* rates ( vibration z our ret9a is con/ruct$ =1 & we are satisfi$4 ,b h[ wa/eful & indirect & empirical is ! process4 ,we want a small range ( rapid vibrations1 & we "k no bett] ?an to make ! :ole s]ies lead+ up to !m4 ,x is z ?\gh1 9 ord] to s\nd "s little %rill octave ( pipes 9 an organ1 we are oblig$ to depress e key & e p$al1 & to bl[ a "y hurricane4 ,i h purposely select$ z examples ! m p]fect me?ods ( obta9+ artificial light1 :]e9 ! wa/e radiation is only useless & n noxi\s4 ,b ! old-fa%ion$ plan 0 crud] ev5 ?an ?is2 x consi/$ simply 9 sett+ some?+ burn+2 :]eby n ! fuel b ! air 0 consum$1 :]eby also a mo/ p[]ful radiation 0 produc$1 9 ! wa/e waves ( :i* we 7 cont5t to sit /ew+1 = ! sake ( ! m9ute--almo/ inf9itesimal--fraction ( x :i* enabl$ u to see4 ,e "o kn[s n[1 h[ev]1 t combu/ion is n a pleasant or heal?y mode ( obta9+ light2 b e "o does n realize t nei!r is inc&esc5ce a satisfactory & unwa/eful me?od :i* is likely to be practic$ = m ?an a few decades1 or p]haps a c5tury4 ,look at ! furnaces & boil]s ( a great /eam eng9e driv+ a gr\p ( dynamos1 & e/imate ! en]gy exp5d$2 & !n look at ! inc&esc5t filam5ts ( ! lamps excit$ by !m1 & e/imate h[ mu* ( _! radiat$ en]gy is ( real s]vice to ! eye4 ,x w be z ! en]gy ( a pit* pipe to an entire or*e/ra4 ,x is n too mu* to say t a boy turn+ a h&le c\ld1 if 8 en]gy 7 prop]ly direct$1 produce q z mu* real light z is produc$ by all ?is mass ( me*anism & consumption ( mat]ial4 ,!re might1 p]haps1 be some?+ contr>y to ! laws ( nature 9 ?us hop+ to get & utilize "s specific k9d ( radiation )\t ! re/1 b ,"l ,rayleigh has %[n 9 a %ort communication to ! ,briti% ,association at ,york t x is n s1 & t1 !re=e1 we h a "r to try to d x4 ,we d n yet "k h[1 x is true1 b x is "o ( ! ?+s we h got to le>n4 ,any "o look+ at a common gl[-worm mu/ be /ruck ) ! fact t n by ord9>y combu/ion1 nor yet on ! /eam eng9e & dynamo pr9ciple1 is t easy light produc$4 ,v little wa/e radiation is !re f phosphoresc5t ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,light ( ! k9d able to affect ! ret9a is directly emitt$2 & = ?is1 = ev5 a l>ge supply ( ?is1 a modicum ( en]gy suffices4 ,sol> radiation consi/s ( waves ( all sizes1 x is true2 b !n sol> radiation has innum]able ?+s to d besides mak+ ?+s visible4 ,! :ole ( its en]gy is useful4 ,9 artificial light+ no?+ b light is desir$2 :5 heat is want$ x is be/ obta9$ sep>ately by combu/ion4 ,& s soon z we cle>ly recognize t light is an electric vibration1 s soon %all we beg9 to beat ab\t = "s mode ( excit+ & ma9ta9+ an electrical vibration ( any requir$ degree ( rapidity4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$ ! problem ( artificial light+ w h be5 solv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,purification ,,( ,,air ,,by ,,ozone--,,) ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,a ,,new ,,me?od4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pap] read 9 ,section ,c1 ,dome/ic ,heal?1 at ! ,ha/+s ,heal? ,congress1 on ,friday1 ,may #c1 #ahhi4 ,by ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,ri*>dson4 ,dur+ ! "t :5 ,i 0 engag$ 9 my prelim9>y m$ical /udies--= ,i nev] admit to ?is day ( be+ any?+ less ?an a m$ical /ud5t--! sub/ance call$ ozone became ! topic ( mu* conv]sation & speculation4 ,i _c say t ozone 0 a discov]y ( t date1 = 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury ,von ,m>um _h obs]v$ t :5 electrical dis*>ges 7 made ?r\gh oxyg5 9 a glass cyl9d] inv]t$ ov] wat]1 ! wat] rose 9 ! cyl9d] z if some?+ _h ei!r be5 tak5 away f ! gas1 or z if ! gas itself _h be5 cond5s$1 & 0 !re=e occupy+ a small] space4 ,x _h also be5 obs]v$ by _m electricians t dur+ a passage ( ! electric sp>k ?r\gh air or oxyg51 !re 0 a peculi> emanation or odor :i* "s comp>$ to fre% sea air1 o!rs to ! air aft] a ?und]/orm1 :5 ! sky has become v cle>1 ! firmam5t blue1 & ! />s1 if visible1 extremely bright4 ,b x 0 n until ! "t1 or ab\t ! "t1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 #ahdf-di1 t ^! discov]$ b unexpla9$ ph5om5a receiv$ prop] recognition4 ,! di/+ui%$ physici/ ,s*onbe9 fir/1 if ,i may s say1 isolat$ ! sub/ance :i* yield$ ! ph5om5a1 & gave to x ! "n1 by :i* x has s9ce g5]ally be5 kn[n1 ( ozone1 :i* means1 to emit an odor2 a "n1 ,i h always ?\ght1 n p>ticul>ly happy1 b :i* has become1 practically1 s fully recogniz$ & und]/ood1 t x w\ld be wrong n[ to di/urb x4 ,s*onbe9 made ozone by ! action ( ! electric sp>k on oxyg54 ,he collect$ x1 he te/$ its *emical prop]ties1 he ann\nc$ x to be oxyg5 9 a modifi$ =m1 & he trac$ its action z an active oxidiz] ( v>i\s sub/ances1 & especially ( organic sub/ances1 ev5 :5 !y 7 9 a /ate ( decomposition4 ,b ,s*onbe9 w5t fur!r ?an ?is4 ,he argu$ t ozone 0 a natural "p ( ! atmosph]e1 & t 9 places :]e !re 0 no decomposition1 t is to say1 9 places away f great t[ns1 ozone 0 pres5t4 ,on ! high t[] ( a ca!dral 9 a big city he discov]$ ozone2 9 ! city1 at ! foot ( ! t[]1 he f\nd no ozone at ! same "t4 ,he argu$1 !re=e1 t ! ozone above 0 us$ up 9 purify+ ! t[n bel[1 & s sugge/$ q a new explanation ( ! purification ( air4 ,! subject 0 v soon tak5 up by ,engli% obs]v]s1 & ,i rememb] well a lecture ^u x by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 9 :i* t illu/ri\s philosoph]1 confirm+ ,s*onbe91 /at$ t he _h discov]$ ozone freely on ! ,brighton ,d[ns1 & _h f\nd ! evid5ce ( x dim9i%+ z he approa*$ ,brighton1 until x 0 lo/ altoge!r 9 ! t[n itself4 ,su* 0 ! beg9n+ ( our k ( ozone1 ! precise nature ( :i* has n yet be5 completely made out4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is held to be oxyg5 cond5s$4 ,to use a *emical phrase1 ! molecule ( oxyg51 :i* 9 ! ord9>y /ate is compos$ ( two atoms1 is cond5s$1 9 ozone1 z ?ree atoms4 ,by ! electric sp>k dis*>g$ 9 dry oxyg5 z mu* z #ae p] c5t4 may1 "u prop] conditions1 be turn$ into ozone4 ,ozone has also be5 f\nd to be heavi] ?an air4 ,pr(essor ,z9no says1 t comp>$ ) an equal volume ( air its d5sity is equal to #a1feh1 & t x is =ty-eight times heavi] ?an hydrog54 ,heat decomposes x2 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] x beg9s to decompose4 ,9 wat] x is mu* less soluble ?an oxyg51 & inde$ is practically insoluble2 :5 made to bubble ?r\gh boil+ wat]1 x ceases to be ozone4 ,! oxidiz+ p[] ( ozone is v mu* great] ?an t ( oxyg51 &1 accord+ to ,s>et1 :5 ozone is decompos$1 "o "p ( x ent]s into comb9ation1 ! o!r rema9s simply z oxyg54 ,x is rem>kable t "s sub/ances1 l turp5t9e & c9namon1 absorb ozone & comb9e ) x1 a simple fact ( mu* great] importance ?an has ev] be5 atta*$ to x4 ,i f\nd1 = in/ance1 t c9namon :i* by exposure to ! air has be5 made odorless &1 z x is said1 spoil$1 c be made to reabsorb ozone & ga9 a k9d ( fre%ness4 ,x is c]ta9 also t "s sub/ances :i* are suppos$ to h dis9fect+ prop]ties owe :at virtues !y possess to ! pres5ce ( ozone4 ,on "s gr& scale ozone is =m$ 9 ! air1 & my =m] fri5d & colleague1 ! late ,dr4 ,m(fatt1 ( ,haw>d51 ) :om ,i wrote a pap] on ,meteorology & ,disease1 read be=e ! ,epidemiological ,society 9 #aheb-ec1 describ$ :at he designat$ ozone p]iods ( ! atmosph]e1 connect+ ^! ) /orms4 ,:5 ! atmosph]ic pressure is decreas+1 :5 ) t !re is increas+ w>m? & moi/ure1 & :5 s\? & s\?we/]ly w9ds prevail1 !n ozone is active2 b :5 ! atmosph]ic pressure is increas+1 :5 ! air is becom+ dry & cold1 & nor? & nor!a/]ly w9ds prevail1 !n ! pres5ce ( ozone is less active4 ,^! facts h also be5 put 9 ano!r way1 namely1 t ! maximum p]iod ( ozone occurs :5 !re is greate/ evaporation ( wat] f ! e>?1 & ! m9imum :5 !re is greate/ cond5sation ( wat] on ! e>?2 a !ory :i* tallies well ) ! idea t ozone is mo/ freely pres5t :5 electricity is be+ produc$1 lea/ pres5t :5 electricity is 9 smalle/ quantity4 ,mr4 ,bu*an1 report+ on ! obs]vations ( ! ,scotti% ,meteorological ,society1 records t ozone is mo/ abundant f ,febru>y to ,june1 :5 ! av]age am\nt is #f4j2 & lea/ f ,july to ,janu>y1 :5 ! av]age is #e4g2 ! maximum1 #f4b1 be+ rea*$ 9 ,may1 & ! m9imum1 #e4c1 9 ,novemb]4 ,?is same excell5t obs]v] /ates t ozone is m abundant on ! sea coa/ ?an inl&2 9 ! we/ ?an ! ea/ ( ,great ,brita92 9 elevat$ ?an 9 l[ situations2 ) s\?we/ ?an ) nor!a/ w9ds2 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 t[ns2 & on ! w9dw>d ?an ! leew>d side ( t[ns4 ,rec5tly a v s+ul> hypo!sis has be5 broa*$ 9 reg>d to ! blue color ( ! firmam5t & ozone4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t :5 a tube is fill$ ) ozone1 ! light transmitt$ ?r\gh x is ( a blue color2 f :i* fact x is assum$ t ! blue color ( ! sky is due to ! pres5ce ( ?is body 9 ! high] atmosph]ic /rata4 ,! hypo!sis is 9 entire accord ) ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,dove1 to :i* ,m(fatt always paid ! greate/ respect1 viz41 t ! s\rce ( ozone = ! :ole ( ! planet is equatorial1 & t ! po9t ( developm5t ( ozone is :]e ! t]re/rial atmosph]e rais$ to its highe/ altitude1 at ! equator1 exp&s out nor? & s\? 9 opposite directions t[>d ! two poles1 to return to ! equator ov] ! e>? z ! trade w9ds4 ,x is necess>y = all :o w\ld und]/& ! applications ( ozone = any purpose1 :e!r = blea*+ purposes or pure *emical purposes1 or = m$ical or sanit>y purposes1 to und]/& ^! prelim9>y facts conc]n+ x1 facts :i* br+ me to ! p>ticul> po9t to :i* ,i wi% to ref] to-day4 ,9 my essay describ+ ! model city1 ,hygeiopolis1 x 0 sugge/$ t 9 e t[n !re %\ld be a build+ l a gas h\se1 9 :i* ozone %\ld be made & /or$1 & f :i* x %\ld be disp5s$ to e /reet or h\se at pleasure4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 made z ! f9al result ( obs]vations :i* _h be5 go+ on s9ce ,i fir/ began to "w at ! subject 9 #aheb4 ,x occurr$ to me f ! mom5t :5 ,i fir/ made ozone by ,s*onbe9's me?od1 t ! value ( x 9 a hygi5ic po9t ( view 0 incalculable4 ,to my !n "y & en?usia/ic m9d x seem$ t 9 ozone we _h a means ( /opp+ all putrefaction1 ( de/roy+ all infecti\s sub/ances1 & ( actually comm&+ & de/roy+ ! causes :i* produc$ ! great spread+ diseases2 &1 al?\gh increase ( ye>s & great] exp]i5ce h ton$ d[n ! en?usiasm1 ,i /ill believe t "h "o ( ! mo/ useful fields = inve/igation rema9s almo/ unexplor$4 ,9 my fir/ exp]im5ts ,i subject$ decompos+ blood to ozone1 & f\nd t ! products ( decomposition 7 in/antly de/roy$1 & t ! fluid 0 r5d]$ odorless & sweet4 ,i discov]$ t ! r$ corpuscles ( fre% blood decompos$ ozone1 & t coagulat$ blood und]w5t a degree ( solution ?r\gh its action4 ,i put dead birds & pieces ( animal sub/ances t _h und]gone extreme decomposition into atmosph]es conta9+ ozone1 & obs]v$ ! rapidity ) :i* ! products ( decomposition 7 neutraliz$ & r5d]$ h>mless4 ,i employ$ ozone m$ic9ally1 by hav+ x inhal$ by p]sons :o 7 suff]+ f foetor ( ! brea?1 & ) rem>kable success1 & ,i began to employ x & h employ$ x ev] s9ce 7t is to say1 = ?irty-sev5 ye>s71 = purposes ( dis9fection & deodorization1 9 close rooms1 closets1 & ! l4 ,i %\ld h us$ x mu* m l>gely b = "o circum/ance1 namely1 ! almo/ impracticable difficulty ( mak+ x ) suffici5t ease & 9 suffici5t quantities to meet ! necessities ( sanit>y practice4 ,we are (t5 ob/ruct$ 9 ?is way4 ,we "k ( some?+ exce$+ly useful1 b we _c utilize x4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ozone4 ,i hope n[ t difficulty is ov]come4 ,if x is1 we %all />t f ?is day on a new era 9 reg>d to ozone z an in/rum5t ( sanitation4 ,z we h se51 ozone 0 orig9ally made by *>g+ dry oxyg5 or common dry air ) electricity f sp>ks or po9ts4 ,aft]w>d ,f>aday %[$ t x c\ld be made by hold+ a w>m glass rod 9 vapor ( e!r4 ,aga9 he %[$ t x c\ld be made by pass+ air ov] bright phosphorus half imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,!n ,siem5s modifi$ ! electric process by inv5t+ 8 well kn[n ozone tube1 :i* consi/s ( a wide glass tube coat$ ) t9foil on its outside1 & hold+ )9 x a small] glass tube coat$ ) t9foil on its surface4 ,:5 a curr5t ( dry air or oxyg5 0 pass$ 9 curr5t betwe5 ^! two tubes1 & ! electric sp>k f a ,ruhmkorf coil 0 dis*>g$ by ! t]m9al wires connect$ ) t9foil surfaces1 ozone 0 freely produc$1 & ?is 0 no d\bt ! be/ me?od1 = by means ( a d\ble-act+ h& bell[s curr5ts ( ozone c\ld be driv5 ov] v freely4 ,"o ( ^! tubes ) h& bell[s atta*$1 :i* ,i h _h 9 use = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 is be=e ! meet+1 & answ]s z well z ev]4 ,! practical difficulty lies 9 ! requirem5t ( a batt]y1 a l>ge coil1 & a sep>ate bell[s z well z ! tube4 ,my de> & mo/ di/+ui%$ fri5d1 ! late ,pr(essor ,polli1 ( ,milan1 tri$ to ov]come ! difficulties aris+ f ! use ( ! coil by mak+ ozone *emically1 namely1 by ! decomposition ( p]manganate ( potassa ) /rong sulphuric acid4 ,he plac$ ! p]manganate 9 glass vessels1 moi/5$ x gradually ) ! acid1 & !n all[$ ! ozone1 :i* is =m$1 to diffuse into ! air4 ,9 ?is way he endeavor$1 z ,i _h done1 to purify ! air ( rooms1 especially ^? vitiat$ by ! brea?s ( _m p4 ,:5 he visit$ me1 n v long be=e 8 dea?1 he 0 en?usia/ic z to ! success t mu/ att5d ! utilization ( ozone = purification1 & :5 ,i express$ a practical d\bt1 he ralli$ me by say+ ,i mu/ n des]t my own *ild4 ,at ! !at] ,la ,scala1 on ! occasion ( an unusually full att5dance1 ,polli collect$ ! cond5sible "p ( ! exhal$ organic matt]1 by means ( a l>ge glass bell fill$ ) ice & plac$ ov] ! circul> op5+ 9 ! ro(1 :i* corresponds ) ! l>ge c5tral light4 ,! deposit on ?is bell 0 liquid & _h a m\ldy smell2 0 = "s few days limpid1 b !n became v ?ick & _h a nause\s odor4 ,:5 mix$ ) a solution ( "o "p glucose to f\r p>ts ( wat]1 & kept at a temp]ature ( f #bj to #bd ,c41 ?is liquid und]w5t a sl[ f]m5tation1 ) ! =mation1 on ! sup]ficies1 ( gre5 mu/2 dur+ ! same p]iod ( "t1 & plac$ "u ! same conditions1 a simil> glucose solution und]w5t no *ange :atev]4 ,by ! use ( 8 ozone bottles ,polli believ$ t he _h suppli$ a means mo/ suitable = directly de/roy+ 9 ! air miasmatic pr9ciples1 )\t o!rwise int]f]+ ) ! respiratory functions4 ,! ozoniz$ air _h nei!r a p[]ful nor an (f5sive smell1 & x might be easily & economically made4 ,! smell ( ozone 0 sc>cely p]ceptible1 & 0 f> less disagreeable ?an *lor9e1 brom9e1 & iod9e1 :ile x 0 m efficaci\s ?an ei!r ( ^!2 if1 !re=e1 its application z a purifi] ( a vitiat$ air succe$$1 x w\ld probably supply all ! exig5ces ( defective v5tilation 9 cr[d$ atmosph]es4 ,9 conf9$ places vessels might be plac$ conta9+ mixtures ( p]manganate ( potassa or soda & acid 9 prop] quantities1 & ( :i* ! duration ( ! action 0 kn[n2 or sulphuric acid c\ld be dropp$ ^u ! p]manganate4 ,?is idea ( apply+ ozone 0 no d\bt v +5i\s1 & 9 ! bottles be=e u on ! table1 :i* h be5 prep>$ 9 ,ha/+s by ,mr4 ,rossit]1 we see x 9 op]ation4 ,! disadvantages ( ! plan are t manipulation ) /rong sulphuric acid is nev] an agreeable or safe process1 & t ! ozone evolv$ _c be on a l>ge scale )\t consid]able tr\ble4 ,9 #ahge ,dr4 ,l5d] publi%$ a process = ! production ( ozone4 ,9 ?is process he us$ equal p>ts ( manganese1 p]manganate ( pota%1 & oxalic acid4 ,:5 ?is mixture is plac$ 9 contact ) wat]1 ozone is quickly g5]at$4 ,= a room ( m$ium size two spoonfuls ( ?is p[d]1 plac$ 9 a di% & occasionally dilut$ ) wat]1 w\ld be suffici5t4 ,z ! ozone is develop$1 x dis9fects ! surr\nd+ air )\t produc+ c\gh4 ,l5d]'s process is v useful :5 ozone is want$ on a limit$ scale4 ,we h "s ( x "h prep>$ by ,mr4 ,rossit]1 & x answ]s exce$+ly well2 b x w\ld be impossible to g5]ate suffici5t ozone by ?is plan = ! l>ge application t w\ld be requir$ %\ld x come into g5]al use4 ,! process des]ves to be rememb]$1 & ! physician may f9d x valuable z a means by :i* ozone may be m$ically appli$1 to w\nds1 or by inhalation :5 !re are foetid exhalations f ! m\? or no/rils4 ,a ,,new ,,me?od4 ,= ! pa/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s ! manufacture ( ozone1 = ! reasons relat$ above1 has rema9$ 9 abeyance1 & x is to a new mode1 :i* w1 ,i tru/1 m>k ano!r /age ( advancem5t1 t ,i n[ wi% to direct att5tion4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 ,mr4 ,wim%ur/1 a mo/ able electrician1 inv5t$ ! electrical ma*9e :i* goes by 8 "n4 ,! ma*9e1 z w be se5 f ! specim5 ( x on ! table1 looks some?+ l ! old electrical ma*9e1 b diff]s 9 t !re is no friction1 & t ! plates ( glass ) _! metal sectors1 sep>at$ a little di/ance f ea* o!r1 revolve1 :5 ! h&le ( ! ma*9e is turn$1 9 opposite directions4 ,! ma*9e :5 x is 9 good work+ ord] 7& x is v easily kept 9 good work+ ord]7 produces electricity abundantly1 & 9 work+ x ,i obs]v$ t ozone 0 s freely g5]at$1 t m ?an once ! air ( my laboratory became *>g$ ) ozone to an oppressive degree4 ,! fact l$ me to use ?is ma*9e = ! production ( ozone on a l>ge scale1 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,f ! t]m9als ( ! ma*9e two wires are c>ri$ & are conduct$1 by _! t]m9als1 to an ozone g5]ator =m$ some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,siem5s'1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! dis*>ge is made ?r\gh a s]ies ( f9e po9ts )9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,! ma*9e is plac$ on a table ) ! ozone g5]ator at ! back ( x1 & c be s arrang$ t ) ! turn+ ( ! h&le :i* works ! ma*9e a bla/ ( air is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! g5]ator4 ,?us by "o action electricity is g5]at$1 sp>ks are dis*>g$ 9 ! ozone g5]ator1 air is driv5 ?r\gh1 & ozone is deliv]$ ov] freely4 ,if x be wi%$ to use pure oxyg5 in/ead ( common air1 no?+ m is requir$ ?an to use compress$ oxyg5 & to all[ a g5tle curr5t to pass ?r\gh ! ozone g5]ator 9 place ( air4 ,= ?is purpose ,br9's compress$ oxyg5 is ! pure/ & be/2 b = ord9>y s]vice atmosph]ic air is suffici5t4#b ,footnote #b3 ,= illu/ration to-day1 ,messrs ,mayfield1 ! electrical eng9e]s ( ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,e4 ,c41 h be5 good en\gh to l5d me a ma*9e fitt$ up on ! plan nam$4 ,x works s effectively t ,i c make ! ozone giv5 (f f x detectable 9 e "p ( ?is l>ge hall4 ,! advantages ( ?is app>atus are z foll[s3 #a4 ,) c>e x is always ready = use1 & z no batt]y is requir$ nor any?+ m ?an ! turn+ ( a h&le1 any p]son c "w x4 #b4 ,x c be readily mov$ ab\t f "o "p ( a room or w>d to ano!r "p4 #c4 ,if requir$ = ! sick x c be :eel$ ne> ! b$side &1 by a tube1 ! ozone x emits c be br\ght into action 9 any way desir$ by ! physician4 ,i ref] 9 ! above to ! m9or uses ( ozone by ?is me?od1 b ,i %\ld add t x admits ( application on a mu* gr&] scale4 ,x w\ld n[ be q easy 9 any public in/itution to h a room 9 :i* a l>ge comp\nd ,wim%ur/ c\ld be work$ ) a gas eng9e1 & f :i*1 ) ! additional app>atus nam$1 ozone c\ld be di/ribut$ at pleasure into any "p ( ! build+4 ,on a /ill l>g] scale ozone c\ld be suppli$ to t[ns by ?is me?od1 z sugge/$ 9 ,hygeiopolis1 ! model city4 ,x w occur1 ,i d\bt n1 to ! le>n$ presid5t ( ?is section1 & to o!rs ( our common pr(ession1 t c>e w h to be tak5 9 ! application ( ozone t x be us$ ) discretion4 ,?is is true4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 reg>d to diseases1 t 9 ! pres5ce ( "s diseases ozone is abs5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 b t ) o!r diseases ozone is pres5t 9 abundance4 ,dur+ epidemics ( *ol]a1 ozone is at a m9imum4 ,dur+ o!r epidemics1 l influ5za1 x has be5 at a maximum4 ,9 our pap] ,dr4 ,m(fatt & ,i classifi$ diseases "u bo? conditions1 & ! diff]5ce mu/ nev] be =gott51 s9ce 9 "s diseases we might by ! use ( ozone d mis*ief in/ead ( good4 ,moreov]1 z my publi%$ exp]im5ts h %[n1 prolong$ inhalation ( ozone produces heada*e1 coryza1 sor5ess ( ! eyes1 sor5ess ( ! ?roat1 g5]al malaise1 & all ! symptoms ( sev]e influ5za cold4 ,w>m-blood$ animals1 also1 expos$ to x 9 full *>ge1 suff] f conge/ion ( ! lungs1 :i* may prove rapidly fatal4 ,) c>e1 h[ev]1 ^! dang]s are easily avoid$1 ! po9t ( practice be+ nev] to *>ge ! air ) ozone too abundantly or too long4 ,a simple te/ af=ds good evid5ce z to pres5ce ( ozone4 ,if into tw5ty ounces ( wat] !re be put "o ounce ( />* & =ty gra9s ( potassium iodide1 & ! :ole be boil$ toge!r1 a />* w be made :i* c be us$ z a te/ = ozone4 ,if ozone be pass$ ?r\gh ?is />* ! potassium is oxidiz$1 & ! iod9e1 set free1 /rikes a blue color ) ! />*4 ,or bibul\s pap] c be dipp$ 9 ! />*1 dri$ & cut into slips1 & ^! slips be+ plac$ 9 ! air w indicate :5 ozone is pres5t4 ,9 dis9fect+ or purify+ ! air ( a room ) ozone1 !re is no occasion to /op until ! te/ pap]1 by *ange ( color1 %[s t ! ozone has done its "w ( de/roy+ ! organic matt] :i* is ! cause ( impurity or dang]4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h nev] se5 ! slighte/ risk f ! use ( ozone 9 an impure air4 ,! difficulty has always be5 to obta9 suffici5t ozone to remove ! impurity1 & x is ?is difficulty :i* ,i hope n[ to h conqu]$4--,! ,asclepiad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,heat ,,9 ,,man4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,physiological ,society ( ,b]l91 ,pr(4 ,zuntz spoke on heat regulation 9 man1 bas+ 8 rem>ks on exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,loewy4 ,! /ore ( heat 9 ! human body at any "o "t is v l>ge1 equal1 9 fact1 to ne>ly all ! heat produc$ by ! body dur+ tw5ty h\rs1 h5ce ! heat giv5 (f to a calorimet] dur+ a giv5 p]iod _c be tak5 z a measure ( ! heat production4 ,?is det]m9ation mu/ be bas$ r ^u ! am\nt ( oxyg5 consum$ & ( c>bonic acid gas giv5 (f4 ,! purpose ( ! exp]im5ts 0 to asc]ta9 :at alt]ation ! gase\s int]*ange ( ! body und]goes by ! application ( cold1 inasmu* z exi/+ data on ?is po9t are l>gely contradictory4 ,! obs]vations 7 made on a numb] ( m5 ^: respiratory gases 7 comp>$1 dur+ complete re/1 :5 !y 7 at "o "t clo!d1 at ano!r "t nak$1 at temp]atures f #ab to #ae ,c41 & 9 w>m & cold ba?s4 ,ea* exp]im5t la/$ f half an h\r to an h\r1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! gases 7 repeat$ly analyz$4 ,z a result ( fifty-five exp]im5ts1 tw5ty %[$ no alt]ation ( oxyg5 consumption z ! result ( cool+1 n9e gave a less5$ consumption1 :ile ! rema9+ tw5ty-six %[$ an increas$ us+ up ( oxyg54 ,?is div]sity ( result is explicable on ! basis ( obs]vations made by ,pr(4 ,zuntz1 :o 0 himself exp]im5t$ ^u1 z to 8 subjective heat s5sations dur+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,he f\nd t aft] ! fir/ impression due to ! application ( cold is ov]come1 x 0 q easy to ma9ta9 himself 9 a p]fectly passive condition2 subsequ5tly x requir$ a di/9ct ef=t ( ! w to refra9 f %iv]+ & ?r[+ ! muscles into activity1 & f9ally ev5 ?is became no long] possible1 & involunt>y %iv]+ & muscul> contraction sup]v5$1 z soon z ! body temp]ature 79 ano7 _h fall5 to #a ,c4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /age ( cool+1 ,zuntz's oxyg5 consumption %[$ a uni=m dim9ution2 dur+ ! p]iod also 9 :i* %iv]+ 0 repress$ by an ef=t ( ! w1 cool+ l$ to no increas$ consumption ( oxyg51 b z soon z %iv]+ became involunt>y !re 0 at once an increas$ us+ up ( oxyg5 & excretion ( c>bonic acid4 ,?is expla9s ! diff]5ces 9 ! results ( ,dr4 ,loewy's exp]im5ts1 & may be tak5 to %[ t 9 man1 & presumably 9 l>ge animals1 heat regulation z directly dep5d5t ^u alt]ation 7fall7 9 temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium does n exi/2 ! increas$ heat production is r ! outcome ( ! movem5ts result+ f ! application ( cold to ! body4 ,9 small animals1 on ! o!r h&1 !re und\bt$ly exi/s a heat regulation dep5d5t ^u an increas$ activity ( *emical *anges 9 ! tissues set up by ! application ( cold to ! surface ( ! body1 & 9 ?is case ! !rmotaxic c5t]s 9 ! bra9 mo/ probably play "s "p4--,dr4 ,h]t] gave an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,pop(f on ! artificial dige/ion ( v>i\s & v>i\sly cook$ meats4 ,lean beef & ! fle% ( eels & fl\nd]s 7 dige/$ 9 artificial ga/ric juice2 ! am\nt ( raw fle% ?us peptoniz$ 0 9 all cases great] ?an t ( cook$ meat simil>ly treat$4 ,! fle% 0 %r$d$ & heat$ by /eam to #ajj ,c4 ,! result 0 ! same = beef z = fi%4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 beef 01 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ dige/ible1 b ! am\nt ( fi% fle% :i* 0 peptoniz$ 0 suffici5tly great to d away ) ! evil repute :i* fi% /ill has 9 ,g]many z a proteid food4 ,smok$ meat diff]$ 9 no ess5tial ext5t f raw meat z reg>ds its dige/ibility4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,spid]s ,,= ,,! ,,cab9et4 ,= sev]al ye>s pa/1 ,i h devot$ a portion ( my leisure "t to ! arrangem5t ( ! collection ( ,ara*nid ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,g&4 ,?is collection1 :i* is p>tially a result ( my own captures1 is q a l>ge "o1 = a univ]sity museum1 s9ce x comprises m ?an six hundr$ ,european & =eign specim5s4 ,ea* gr\p ( individuals ( ! small =ms & ea* individual ( ! l>ge =ms is conta9$ 9 a bottle ( alcohol clos$ ) a gr\nd glass /opp]1 &1 :5ev] possible1 ! specim5s h be5 spread out & fix$ ^u /rips ( glass4 ,! loss ( alcohol ?r\gh evaporation is almo/ entirely prev5t$ by p>aff9+ ! /opp]s & ty+ a piece ( bladd] ov] !m4 ,prop]ly label$1 ! s]ies has a v satisfactory aspect1 & is easily consult$ = /udy4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 w readily und]/& h[ mu* "t & pati5ce su* "w requires1 & c easily imag9e h[ great an am\nt ( space ! collection occupies1 x be+ at lea/ tw5ty times great] ?an t t w\ld be tak5 up by a collection ( an equal numb] ( insects m\nt$ 9 ! ord9>y way on p9s & kept 9 boxes4 ,^! inconv5i5ces l$ me to endeavor to f9d out :e!r !re 0 n "s way ( pres]v+ spid]s1 prop]ly s call$1 9 a dry /ate1 & )\t di/ortion or notable modification ( _! colors4 ,exp]i5ce long ago taught me t pure & simple desiccation1 aft] a m or less prolong$ imm]sion 9 alcohol1 gives passable results only ) scorpions1 galeodes1 phrynes1 & mygales1 & consequ5tly ) ara*nides hav+ ?ick integum5ts1 :ile x is entirely unsuccessful ) mo/ ( ! spid]s4 ,! abdom5 ( ^! %rivels1 ! *>act]i/ic colors disappe> 9 great "p1 & ! animals become unrecognizable4 ,some?+ else 0 !re=e necess>y1 & ,i ?\ght ( c>bolat$ glyc]9e4 ,my process1 :i* ,i h tri$ only ^u ! common species ( ! c\ntry--,teg5>ia dome/ica1 ,epeira cucurbit9a1 ,zilla incl9ata1 etc41 hav+ furni%$ me ) prep>ations t 7 g5]ally satisfactory4 ,i ?9k ,i %all be do+ collectors a s]vice by publi%+ x 9 ! ,naturali/e4 ,! specim5s %\ld fir/ be depriv$ ( moi/ure1 t is to say1 !y %\ld be all[$ to rema9 eight or t5 days 9 succession 9 #ej p] c5t4 alcohol & 9 pure comm]cial alcohol4 ,absolute alcohol is n necess>y4 ,aft] be+ tak5 f ! alcohol1 & all[$ to dra91 ! specim5s are imm]s$ 9 a mixture comp\nd ( ,pure glyc]9e #b volumes1 ,pure c>bolic acid 9 cry/als #a volume4 ,9 ?is !y ought to rema9 at lea/ a week1 b !re w be no h>m if !y are left !re9 indef9itely1 s t ! collections ( summ] may be m\nt$ dur+ w9t] ev5+s4 ,:at foll[s is a little m delicate1 al?\gh v easy4 ,aft] be+ remov$ f ! c>bolat$ glyc]9e1 ! spid]s are plac$ ^u sev]al folds ( :ite filt]+ pap]1 & are *ang$ f "t to "t until ! greate/ "p ( ! liquid has be5 absorb$4 ,an insect p9 is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! cephalo?orax ( ea* individual & is ins]t$ 9 ! support ^u :i* ! f9al desiccation is to take place4 ,?is support consi/s ( a piece ( %eet cork tack$ or glu$ at ! edges to a piece ( wood at lea/ "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^u ! cork are plac$ f\r or five folds ( filt]+ pap]1 s t ! v5tral surface ( ! p9n$ spid] is 9 contact ) ?is absorb+ surface4 ,= ! re/1 ! legs1 palpi1 sp9n]ets1 etc41 are spread out by means ( f9e p9s1 precisely z w\ld be done 9 ! case ( coleopt]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sett+ ,,bo>d ,,= ,,spid]s4 ,a4 ,absorb5t pap]s4 ,b4 ,%eet cork4 ,c4 ,wood5 support4 ,! sett+ bo>d is put = two or ?ree mon?s 9 a v dry place "u cov] f du/4 ,! spid]s ?us treat$ w sc>cely h *ang$ 9 appe>ance1 ! abdom5 ( ! l>ge/ ,epeiras w h pres]v$ its =m1 ! hairs w 9 n[ise h become agglut9at$1 & a p]son w\ld nev] suspect t glyc]9e _h p]=m$ ! role4 ,! =ms ) a l>ge abdom5 require a special precaution2 x is necess>y to pass ! m\nt+ p9 ?r\gh a piece ( ?9 c>dbo>d or ( gelat9e prolong$ beh9d "u ! abdom51 because ! latt] is heavy1 & ! p$icel t connects x ) ! cephalo?orax easily breaks4 ,! specim5s are m\nt$ 9 boxes l9$ ) cork1 j z insects are4 ,z !re is no?+ simpl] ?an to h 9 "o's laboratory ?ree bottles1 two ( !m conta9+ alcohol & ! o!r conta9+ c>bolat$ glyc]9e1 & z x is easy to make sett+ bo>ds capable ( hold+ f tw5ty to ?irty individuals at once1 x w be se5 t1 ) a little practice1 ! me?od is sc>cely any m complicat$ ?an ! "o daily employ$ = coleopt]a & or?opt]a1 :i* latt]1 too1 mu/ pass ?r\gh alcohol1 & be p9n$1 spread out1 & dri$4 ,!re are b two additional elem5ts1 c>bolat$ glyc]9e & absorb5t pap]4 ,i d n e/imate ! "t necess>y = desiccation z be+ v long1 s9ce ! zoologi/ c occupy himself ) o!r subjects :ile ! specim5s are dry+4 ,let u add t ! process r5d]s ! pres]vation indef9ite1 & t de/ructive insects are n to be fe>$4 ,"s v]tebrates1 su* z monkeys1 t ,i pres]v$ 9 ! fle% t5 ye>s ago1 by a ne>ly id5tical me?od1 are /ill intact4--,f4 ,plateau1 9 ,le ,naturali/e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dri$ ,,w9e ,,grapes4 ,accord+ to a report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,grape ,gr[]s' & ,w9e ,mak]'s ,association ( ,cali=nia1 ! dry+ ( w9e grapes on a l>ge scale 0 begun dur+ ! v9tage season ( #ahhg1 9 :i* season ab\t eight c>loads 9 all 7 made & sold1 ! bulk ( :i* came f ! vic9ity ( ,fresno2 t ye>1 ! committee are in=m$1 ! gr[]s nett$ ab\t ?ree & a half c5ts p] p\nd4 ,dur+ ! season ( #ahhh ab\t #aab c>loads 7 dri$1 pack$1 & sold1 nett+ ! gr[]s f two & a half to ?ree & a half c5ts p] p\nd1 dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! fruit4 ,! great bulk ( t ye>'s product has ent]$ into consumption1 b !re yet rema9s unsold to consum]s1 we are in=m$1 ab\t t5 c>loads1 :i*1 x is expect$1 w be sold dur+ ! next ?ree mon?s4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ^? h&l+ ?is product t ! l>ge/ sales ( dri$ w9e grapes 9 #ahhh & #ahhi took place at ^? po9ts to :i* ! fir/ lots 7 %ipp$ 9 #ahhg1 :i* w\ld %[ t z ! product becomes bett] kn[n x f9ds a readi] m>ket4 ,dri$ w9e grapes are prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] to rais9s2 t is !y are dri$ 9 ! sun1 b d n require ! same c>e 9 h&l+ t are giv5 to rais9s4 ,wood5 trays #b #c are sometimes us$1 b x is by no means necess>y to g to ! exp5se ( procur+ trays1 z x has be5 f\nd t a good quality ( co>se br[n pap] w answ] e purpose1 & ?is1 ) c>e1 may be made to la/ two or ?ree seasons4 ,! dry+ 0 la/ season pr9cipally done on ! b>e gr\nd1 b !re is mu* loss by %ell+1 z ^? dri$ are requir$ to be turn$2 a pit*=k is us$ = t purpose4 ,br[n build+ pap] c be procur$ ( city pap] deal]s 9 l>ge rolls at f\r & a half c5ts p] p\nd2 accord+ to ! ?ickness1 x w co/ f "o & ?ree-qu>t]s to ?ree & a half c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,a ?91 t\gh1 wat]pro( pap] is also made 9 rolls at ab\t six c5ts a squ>e y>d4 ,w9e grapes dry 9 f t5 days to ?ree weeks1 accord+ to v>iety & wea!r1 & ) ! exception ( ,malvoisie1 ,rose ( ,p]u1 & ,black ,hamburg1 f ?ree & a half to f\r & a half tons ( ! gre5 fruit are requir$ to make "o ( ! dri$2 ^! ?ree v>ieties1 h[ev]1 be+ l>ge1 meaty1 & a firm pulp1 d n require m ?an f ?ree to ?ree & a half tons ( ! gre5 fruit to produce "o ton ( dri$1 & are1 !re=e1 ! mo/ pr(itable = dry+2 !y also comm& bett] values 9 ! m>ket4 ,! grapes are suffici5tly dri$ :51 on be+ roll$ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 no moi/ure exudes1 & also :5 ! /ems are f\nd to be dry & brittle1 s t !y c be sep>at$ readily f ! b]ries4 ,aft] ! grapes h rea*$ ! prop] /ate ( dryness1 !y are tak5 9 boxes or sacks to ! pack+ h\se1 :]e !y are /emm$ & clean$1 aft] :i* !y are pack$ 9 :ite cotton sacks1 hold+ f fifty to sev5ty-five p\nds ea*1 & :5 m>k$ are ready = %ipm5t4 ,! /emm+ & clean+ ( ! dri$ grapes is done by special ma*9es design$ = t purpose1 :i* leaves ! fruit 9 a bright1 clean condition attractive to pur*as]s4 ,^! ma*9es are at pres5t built only by ,james ,porte\s1 ,fresno1 & are op]at$ ei!r by h& or p[]4 ,! co/ ( a /emm] & clean] complete is #hj1 f4 o4 b4 c>s at ,fresno4 ,:]e sev]al produc]s c d s1 x w\ld be advisable to club toge!r & get ! ma*9e 9 ?is way4 ,mu* extra exp5se c\ld be avoid$ & "o set ( ma*9]y w\ld s]ve sev]al v9ey>ds1 possibly an entire di/rict :]e "t 0 n a great object2 or "s "o p]son 9 a di/rict c\ld pur*ase an outfit & d ! "w by contract1 go+ f place to place4 ,! capacity ( ! /emm] & clean] is f five to eight tons p] day1 :5 ! grapes are 9 prop] condition2 & ! co/ or *>ge = /emm+1 clean+1 sack+1 & sew+ up ! sacks is f f\r to five doll>s p] ton :5 ! produc] furni%es ! sacks4 ,good cotton sacks1 hold+ ab\t sev5ty-five p\nds1 co/ f eight to t5 c5ts ea*1 includ+ ! necess>y tw9e4 ,la/ ye> dri$ grapes 7 g5]ally sold = ca%1 f4 o4 b41 b x is probable t o!r m>kets c\ld be secur$ by sell+ on consignm5t4 ,z to ! advisability ( su* a c\rse1 ea* produc] mu/ himself be ! judge4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q c]ta9 t until consum]s h an opportunity to try ?is product1 ! sales w necess>ily be m or less limit$1 unless vigor\sly pu%$ by m]*ants & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ext5d+ ! m>kets = ,cali=nia products 9 ! ,ea/]n cities n yet tri$4 ,! v>ieties mo/ suitable & pr(itable = dry+1 & especially = consumption 9 ! ,ea/]n m>kets1 are ! ,malvoisie1 ,rose ( ,p]u1 ,black ,hamburg1 ,mission1 ,z9f&el1 ,*>bono1 ,gr5a*e1 & 9 "s localities ! ,c>ignan1 ( ! d>k v>ieties1 & ! ,feh] ,zagos & ,gold5 ,*asselas ( ! :ite grapes2 !re are _m o!r :ite grapes t are excell5t :5 dri$1 b are too valuable = w9e-mak+ purposes1 or are too small or defici5t 9 sug> = use z dri$ grapes4 ,! same is true ( ! d>k grapes1 "s ( :i* rip5 s late t x w\ld be impossible to dry !m 9 ! sun1 & ! use ( artificial heat is1 at pres5t prices1 too exp5sive4 ,!re=e1 ! v>ieties m5tion$1 :i* g5]ally mature e>ly1 are f\nd to be ! mo/ suitable = ?is purpose4 ,?is product is sold by deal]s 9 ! ,ea/]n cities = cook+ purposes1 & z a sub/itute = dri$ fruits1 su* z pea*es1 apples1 apricots1 etc41 9 comp>ison ) :i* x is usually mu* *eap]2 :ile = /ew+ & = pudd+s & pies x answ]s ! same purpose4 ,! dem& = ?is product w probably be gaug$ by ! ,ea/]n fruit crop2 t is1 ! quantity t c be dispos$ ( w dep5d ^u ! quantity ( ,ea/]n fruit 9 ! m>ket1 & ! prices w be l>gely dep5d5t ^u t ( dri$ fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,walnut ,,oil4 ,by ,,?omas ,t4 ,p4 ,,bruce ,,w>r54 ,?is oil1 :i* ,i obta9$ f ! fully rip5$ nut ( ! ,jugluns regia1 has s _m excell5t prop]ties1 especially = mix+ ) arti/s' colors = f9e art "w1 t ,i am surpris$ at ! small am\nt ( in=mation available on ?is int]e/+ oil4 ,walnut oil is l>gely us$ = adult]at+ olive oil1 & to comp5sate = its high iod9e absorption x is mix$ ) pure l>d oil ole91 :i* also ret>ds ! ?ick5+ effect due to oxidation4 ,! m>c left on expression ( ! oil is said to be l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate4 ,_m p1 ,i am told1 pref] walnut oil to olive oil = cook+ purposes4 ,! value ( ?is oil = out-door "w has be5 giv5 me by a fri5d :o us$ x = pa9t+ ! v]&as & jal\sies ( 8 h\se 7ne> ,como1 ,italy7 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 & :i* h n requir$ pa9t+ s9ce4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/1 walnut oil is beyond ! rea* ( ! g5]al pa9t]1 & ,i d n "k t ! pure oil is to be obta9$ z a comm]cial article1 ev5 on a small scale4 ,x 0 9 exam9+ ! prop]ties ( ?is & o!r oils1 us$ z adult]ants ( olive oil1 t ,i 0 oblig$ to prep>e !m s z to be sure ( gett+ !m 9 a reliable condition z reg>ds purity4 ,! walnuts 7 h>ve/$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahhg1 & kept 9 a dry airy room until ! foll[+ ,m>*4 ,! k]nels _h %runk up & contract$ a disagreeable acrid ta/e1 s famili> ) old olive oil 9 :i* ?is has be5 us$ z an adult]ant4 ,mo/ oxidiz$ oils1 especially cotton se$ oil1 reveal a simil> acrid ta/e1 b walnut oil has1 9 addition1 an unmi/akable increase 9 viscosity4 ,! nuts 7 op5$ & ! k]nels ?r[n into w>m wat]1 s z to loos5 ! epid]mis2 !y 7 !n rubb$ 9 a co>se t[el1 s z to blan* !m4 ,! decorticat$ nuts 7 wip$ dry & rubb$ to a smoo? pa/e 9 a m>ble mort>4 ,! pa/e 0 fir/ dige/$ 9 ,,cs#b1 !n plac$ 9 a p]colator & exhau/$ ) ! same solv5t1 :i* 0 evaporat$ (f4 ,! yield ( oil 0 small1 b probably1 if ! nuts _h be5 left to fully rip5 on ! trees )\t knock+ !m (f1 ! yield might h be5 great]4 ,x is by no means improbable t oxidation may h r5d]$ a portion ( ! oil insoluble4 ,! decorticat$ k]nels gave a p]fectly sweet1 inodor\s1 & almo/ colorless oil1 :i* rapidly ?ick5s to an almo/ colorless1 transp>5t1 & p]fectly ela/ic sk9 or film1 :i* does n d>k5 or crack easily by age4 ,^! are prop]ties :i*1 = f9e art pa9t+1 might be ( great value 9 pres]v+ ! t9ctorial purity & fre%ness ( pigm5ts4 ,sulphur *loride gives a p]fectly :ite product ) ! fre% oil1 b1 :5 oxidiz$1 ! product is v d>k1 almo/ black4 ,! iod9e absorption ( ! fre% oil ?us obta9$ is v high1 b falls rapidly by oxidation or bl[+4 ,a curi\s fact has be5 disclos$ ) ref]5ce to ! oxidation ( ?is & simil> oils4 ,if su* an oil be mix$ ) l>d oil1 olive oil1 or sp]m oil1 x ?ick5s by oxidation1 b is p]fectly soluble4 ,su* a mixture is l>gely us$ 9 weav+ or sp9n+4 ,comm]cial samples ( l9se$ oil1 :5 cold-drawn1 h a mu* high] iod9e absorption1 probably due to ! same cause4 ,oils extract$ by ,,cs#b are v mu* high] ?an ! same oils1 especially if hot-press$4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pyro ,,develop] ,,) ,,metabisulphite ,,( ,,pota%4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,ed]4 ,lately ,i call$ att5tion to ! metabisulphite ( potassium z an addition to ! pyro solution = developm5t1 & c give n[ "s ( my exp]i5ces ) ?is salt4 ,! metabisulphite ( potassium1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ! m>ket by ,dr4 ,s*u*>dt1 & ^: correct analysis is n kn[n yet1 is a :ite cry/al1 :i* 9 a solid condition1 z well z 9 an aque\s solution1 has a /rong smell ( sulphur\s acid4 ,an aque\s #b p] c5t4 solution ( ?is salt dissolves pyrogallic acid to a weak yell[i% color1 be+ di/+ui%$ f ! m light br[n solution ( sulphite ( soda & pyro4 ,! solution kept v well = f\r weeks 9 half-fill$ bottles1 & %[$ a bett] pres]vation ?an ! usual solution ( pyro & sulphite ( soda4 ,m ?an #b p] c5t4 ( ! metabisulphite ( potassium is )\t any advantage4 ,if ?is solution is mix$ ) soda1 a picture w develop rapidly1 b ! same w %[ a /rongly yell[ coloration 9 ! gelat9e film4 ,sulphite ( soda has to be add$ to ! soda solution to obta9 an agreeable br[ni% or black tone 9 ! negatives4 ,if ! cont5ts ( metabisulphite & pyro-soda develop] are increas$1 x w act v sl[ly2 l>g] quantities ( ! metabisulphite ( potassium1 !re=e1 act l a /rong ret>d]4 ,9 small quantities !re is no injuri\s ret>d+ action1 b x w h ! effect t ! plates obta9 v cle> %ad[s 9 ?is develop]1 & t ! picture appe>s sl[]1 & w /r5g!n m sl[ly4 ,! /rongly ret>d+ action ( l>g] quantities ( metabisulphite might be acc\nt$ = 9 t ! bisulphite w give1 ) ! c>bonate ( soda1 monosulphite & soda bic>bonate1 :i* latt] is n a /rong en\gh alkali to develop ! bromide ( silv] /rongly ) pyro4 ,an increase ( soda comp5sates ?is ret>d+ action ( ! metabisulphite ( potassium4 ,good results 7 obta9$ by me ) ?is salt aft] sev]al te/s1 by produc+ ! foll[+ solutions3 ,a4 ,pyrogallic acid #d grammes4 ,metabisulphite ( potassium #a ,wat] #ajj c4 c4 ,?is solution keeps = weeks 9 cork$ bottles4 ,b4 ,cry/alliz$ soda #aj grammes4 ,neutral sulphite ( soda #ae ,wat] #ajj c4 c4 ,be=e us+ mix-- ,pyro solution ,a #bj c4 c4 ,soda solution ,b #bj ,wat] #bj ,! develop] acts ab\t "o & a half times sl[] ?an ! ord9>y pyro soda develop]1 approa*+ to ! latt] pretty ne>ly1 & gives to ! negatives an agreeable color & s(tness1 ) cle> %ad[s4 ,if ! negatives are to be ?9n]1 m wat]1 say #cj to #dj c4 c41 is tak54 ,if d5s]1 !n ! soda is increas$1 & ! wat] 9 ! develop] is r$uc$4 ,an alum ba? be=e fix+ is to be recomm5d$4 ,an advantage ( ?is developm5t is ! great durability ( ! pyro-meta sulphite solution4 ,! co/ price is ab\t ! same z t ( ! ord9>y pyro develop]4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is wor? :ile to make fur!r inve/igation ) ! metabisulphite ( potassium1 ! same be+ also a good pres]vative = hydroqu9one solutions4--,photographis*e ,correspond5z2 ,report$ 9 ! ,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,new ,catalogue ( ,valuable ,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,ar*itects & ,build]s ,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,build+ ,plans & ,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,useful ,eng9e]+ ,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4