,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,typographical     
errors are li/$ at ! end ( ! file4      
,misspell$ ,greek names 7 treat$ z      
errors2 o!rs are not$ b n *ang$4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,presid5t's ,op5+ ,address to ,*emical  
,section4                  ,,on ,,!     
,,antiquity                        ,,(  
,,! ,,*emical ,,art4          ,by       
,,james ,,macte>1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,c4,i4  
,,! ,,presid5t',s ,,op5+ ,,address ,,to 
,,! ,,*emical ,,section4  ,on !         
,antiquity ( ! ,*emical ,art4 ,by       
,,james ,,macte>1   ,f4,c4,s41          
,f4,c4,i41 ,memb] ( ! ,int]national     
,jury1   ,p>is1 #ahgh1 & ,m$ali/ ( !    
,society ( ,arts4    ,read be=e !       
,section1 ,decemb] #h?1 #ahgi4   ,! /udy
 ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry z an art1 or z a
 sci5ce1 is "o :i* possesses peculi>    
fasc9ation = its vot>ies4 ,x has be5 !  
subject ( deep rese>* & mu* discussion1 
mu* has be5 writt5 ^u ! subject1 & _m   
!ories h be5 broa*$ to acc\nt = its     
orig94 ,we h _h laid be=e u by ,pr(essor

 ,f]guson1 9 8 pap]s on ?is subject (   
,*emical ,hi/ory1 v cle>ly & fully !    
g5]ally-accept$ position z reg>ds !     
orig9 ( ! sci5ce1 & 9 ! la/ ( ^! pap]s1 
entitl$ 8,elev5 ,c5turies ( ,*emi/ry10  
he deals ) ! subject 9 a mo/ complete   
mann]1 trac+ back ?r\gh its v>i\s       
mutations ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce to !  
"t ( ,geb]1 9 or ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ggh4
  ,( ,geb]1 z a *emi/1 ,pr(essor        
,f]guson writes1 8,he 0 ! fir/--because1
 al?\gh he himself speaks ( ! anci5ts1  
mean+ !reby 8 =]unn]s1 no?+ is kn[n ( ^!
 old] *emi/s40  ,rodwell1 9 8 8,bir? (  
,*emi/ry10 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! 
"q1 comes to ! conclusion t1 89 spite ( 
all t has be5 writt5 on ! subject1 !re  
is no good evid5ce to prove t al*emy &  
*emi/ry did n orig9ate 9 ,arabia n long 
prior to ! eigh? c5tury1 ,a4,d410 br++ u
 aga9 to ! times ( ,geb]4  ,he is n     
alone 9 ?is op9ion1 & x seems to be     
g5]ally accept$ t *emi/ry orig9at$ 9 !  
,arabian s*ools ab\t ?is p]iod4  ,9     
deal+ ) ! "q ( ! antiquity ( *emical    

art1 x has be5 too mu* ! habit to look  
at ! "q ) a view ( discov]+ :5 & :o x 0 
t fir/ br\ght =?1 fully clo!d z a       
sci5ce1 ! art ( *emi/ry4  ,let u look at
 ! def9ition ( ! sci5ce giv5 by ,bo]hve1
 ab\t #agcb4 ,he describes *emi/ry z 8an
 art :i* tea*es ! mann] ( p]=m+ c]ta9   
physical op]ations1 :]eby bodies        
cognizable to ! s5ses1 or capable ( be+ 
r5d]$ cognizable1 & ( be+ conta9$ 9     
vessels1 are s *ang$ by means ( prop]   
in/rum5ts z to produce c]ta9 det]m9ate  
effects1 & at ! same "t discov] ! causes
 !re(1 = ! s]vice ( ! v>i\s arts40  ,n[1
 x is amply evid5t t1 long be=e ! v>i\s 
kn[n facts c\ld be collect$ & weld$ into
 "o compact :ole z a sci5ce1 !re mu/ h  
exi/$ great /ore ( intellectual weal?1 z
 well z m]e h]$it>y practical k ( !     
v>i\s *emical facts4  ,i d n ?9k x w be 
disput$ t1 until comp>atively rec5t     
times1 te*nical k has con/antly be5 9   
advance ( !ory1 & t x is n too mu* to   
conclude t1 no matt] :]e we fir/ f9d    
actual records ( our sci5ce1 its natal  

day mu/ h long be=e dawn$4 ,ev5 9 our   
day1 :5 !oretical sci5ce1 z appli$ to   
*emi/ry1 has made su* imm5se /rides1 h[ 
(t5 d we f9d t x is only n[ t !ory comes
 9 to expla9 facts1 kn[n z su* long     
previ\s1 & ^? engag$ 9 practical *emical
 "w "k h[ mu* te*nical k is /ill        
unwritt51 & :at may ev5 be call$        
tradition>y4  ,i purpose tak+ up !      
subject f ?is po9t ( view1 & attempt+1 )
 :at little ability ,i c1 to foll[ back 
to a /ill m remote p]iod ?an t ( ,geb] &
 ! ,arabian s*ool ( philosoph]s ! traces
 ( :at has (t5 be5 call$ ! div9e art4   
,an aspect ( ! "q t has (t5 pres5t$     
itself to me is ?is1 t ! hi/ory ( :at we
 call our _w ext5ds ov] "s #djjj ye>s   
be=e ,*ri/ & #ahgh ye>s s9ce1 s t1      
accord+ to ! usually accept$ idea1 if   
*emi/ry orig9at$ 9 ,arabia 9 ! eigh?    
c5tury1 x 0 n kn[n dur+ say ! fir/ #ejjj
 ye>s ( ! _w's hi/ory1 b has advanc$ to 
its pres5t high position among/ !       
sci5ces 9 ! la/ #ajjj ye>s4  ,i hope to 
be able to %[ t1 :ile ! ,arabian s*ool (

 philosophy get ! cr$it ( orig9at+ mo/ (
 ! sci5ces1 t x is z undes]v$ 9 ! case (
 *emical sci5ce z 9 t ( a/ronomy or     
ma!matics4 ,at ! same "t let u n        
und]value ! s]vices r5d]$ to sci5ce by  
?is s*ool3 x is to !m we owe !          
di/ribution ( ! k ( mo/ ( our sci5ces1 &
 ! ,arabic lit]ature ( mo/ ( ^! 0 widely
 spread abroad ov] all ! kn[n _w ( _!   
"t4  ,! c5tral portion ( ,baghdad betwe5
 ! ea/]n & we/]n portions ( ! ,old ,_w1 
& ! wise & enlight5$ policy ( its rul]s1
 :i* welcom$ to its s*ools1 )\t ref]5ce 
to c\ntry or cre$1 ! wise & le>n$ m5 ( e
 nation1 drew to x z to a c5tre !       
accumulat$ wisdom & k ( bo? ! ris+ & !  
sett+ sun4 ,long ere ?is "t1 h[ev]1 we  
f9d1 z reg>ds ! ,greeks1 t !y con/antly 
travell$ ea/w>d 9 se>* ( le>n+1 :ile we 
"k t ! exp$ition ( ,alex&] ! ,great1    
ab\t ,b4,c4 #cbg1 9 :i* he trav]s$ a    
consid]able portion ( ,india1 _h already
 op5$ up ! /ore-h\ses ( ,indian lore to 
! m9ds ( ! ,we/4  ,9 connection ) ?is1 !
 foll[+ extract f an old book3 call$ ,! 

,gunn]1 dat$ #affd1 is int]e/+3--  8,9 !
 life ( ,apollonius ,tyanu1 writt5 by   
,philo/ratus #aejj ye>s ago1 we f9d1 9  
ref]5ce to ! ,indians call$ ,oxydra3 ,^!
 truly wise m5 dwell$ betwe5 ! riv]s    
,hyphasis & ,ganges2 _! c\ntry ,alex&] !
 ,great nev] ent]$1 be+ det]r$1 n by fe>
 ( ! inhabitants1 b1 z ,i suppose1 by1  
religi\s consid]ations1 = _h he pass$ ! 
,hyphasis1 he might d\btless h made     
himself ma/] ( ! c\ntry all r\nd him2 b 
_! cities he c\ld nev] h tak51 ?\gh he  
_h l$ a ?\s& z brave z ,a*illes or t5   
?\s& su* z ,ajax to ! assault4 ,= !y    
come n out into ! field to fight ^? :o  
attack !m2 b ^! holy m51 belov$ ( !     
gods1 ov]?r[ _! enemies ) tempe/s &     
?und]-bolts %ot f _! walls4  8,x is said
 t ,egyptian ,h]cules & ,bac*us         
7,dionysius71 :5 !y ov]ran ,india1      
invad$ ?is p also1 & hav+ prep>$ w>like 
eng9es1 attempt$ to conqu] !m4 ,!y made 
no %[ ( resi/ance1 b ^u ! enemy's ne>   
approa* to _! cities !y 7 repuls$ )     
/orms ( lightn+ & ?und] hurl$ ^u !m f   

above40  ,may we n "h h ! orig9al ( !   
,greek fire1 t 0 9 its day s celebrat$ &
 s de/ructive8  ,beg9n+ !n at ! p]iod ( 
,geb]1 ab\t #ggf ,a4,d41 let u try to "w
 backw>ds & trace1 if we c1 ! progress (
 *emical k d[n ! /ream ( "t4  ,:ile !   
,we/]n ,roman ,empire _h fall51 ! ,ea/]n
 /ill held its sway z f> z ! riv]s      
,tigris & ,euphrates1 & cont9u$ ! conte/
 ) ! ,p]sian p[] = ! supremacy 9 ,asia4 
,at ?is "t ! v>i\s cre$s & beliefs ( !  
,arabian tribes--:i* _h be5 mu* influ5c$
 by ! settlem5t among/ !m ( ,jews :o _h 
be5 disp]s$ at ! "t ( ! de/ruction (    
,j]usalem1 & _m ( ! sects ( ,*ri/ians :o
 _h be5 driv5 f ! ,roman empire by ! m  
or?odox--7 deeply /irr$ by ! new doctr9e
 ( ,islam1 prea*$ by ,mahomet1 ,a4,d4   
#fbb1 proclaim+ ! ,koran z ! rule (     
life1 & ! de/ruction ( ! anci5t ,arabian
 wor%ip ( ! />s & sun & moon4  ,!       
religion ( 8! "o ,god & ,mahomet 8      
prophet0 took deep root1 & ! injunction 
to pursue ! unbeliev+ ) fire & sword 0  
foll[$ out ) su* unrel5t+ vig\r t1 )9   

less ?an a c5tury f ! dea? ( ,mahomet1 !
 ,arabian p[] _h ext5d$ its sway among/ 
ne>ly e tribe & nation t _h own$ ! rule 
( ! ,roman or ,p]sian empires1 & _h     
rea*$ f ,spa9 to ,india1 f ,sam>c& to ! 
,indian ,ocean4  ,egypt & ,syria 7      
conqu]$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fcb-ci1 & ,p]sia 
ab\t ,a4,d4 #fcb-ea4 ,_! attempts to    
take ,con/ant9ople by siege fail$ bo? 9 
,a4,d4 #fgc & #gaf4 ,b !y 7 m successful
 on ! ,african %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1  
:i* !y swept along till !y cross$ !     
,/raits ( ,gibralt> & ent]$ ,spa9 9     
,a4,d4 #gji4 ,_! fur!r progress--?r\gh  
,france--0 /ay$ by _! defeat 9 a great  
battle f\ght at ,t\r's1 :5 ! ,gauls1 "u 
,*>les ,m>tel1 =c$ !m to retire         
ultimately across ! ,pyr5ees4  ,int]nal 
diss5sion _h1 h[ev]1 aris5 among/ !m1 & 
! rul+ dyna/y ( ! ,ommiades 0 ov]?r[n 9 
,a4,d4 #gej by ! ,abassides1 :o e/abli%$
 !mselves at ,damascus2 & ) !m began t  
cultivation ( ! arts & sci5ces :i* has  
?r[n su* lu/re on ! ,arabian s*ool4  ,"o
 ( ! pr9ces ( ! ,ommiades :o _h escap$  

made 8 way to ,spa9 & !re re-e/abli%$ ! 
p[] ( 8 family1 ) ,cordova z a c5tre1   
ab\t ,a4,d4 #gee4 ,?us x 0 t ! ,s>ac5ic 
p[] 0 divid$ into an ,ea/]n & a ,we/]n  
,caliphate4  ,x 0 "u ! prosp]\s rule ( !
 ,abassides t su* an impulse 0 giv5 to  
le>n+ ( e k9d1 & t ! ,arabian s*ool (   
philosophy1 :i* has left beh9d x su*    
glori\s records ( its greatness1 0      
f\nd$4 ,! ,caliph ,al-,mans\r 0 ! fir/1 
s f> z we "k1 :o e>ne/ly enc\rag$ !     
cultivation ( le>n+2 b x 0 to ,h>\n     
,al-,ras*id1 ,a4,d4 #ghf-hjh 7871 t !   
,arabians ow$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a college (
 philosophy4 ,he invit$ le>n$ m5 to 8   
k+dom f all nations1 & paid !m          
munific5tly2 he employ$ !m 9 translat+ !
 mo/ fam\s books ( ! ,greeks & o!rs1 &  
spread abroad ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions num]\s 
copies ( ^? works4  ,8 second son1      
,al-,mamoon1 :ile gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( 
,kohrassan1 we are told1 =m$ a college (
 le>n$ m5 f e c\ntry1 & appo9t$ z !     
presid5t ,john ,mesue1 ( ,damascus4 ,x  
is said t 8 fa!r1 compla9+ t s great an 

hon\r _h be5 conf]r$ on a ,*ri/ian1     
receiv$ ! reply--8,t ,mesue _h be5 *os51
 n z a tea*] ( religion1 b z an able    
preceptor 9 useful arts & sci5ces2 & my 
fa!r well kn[s t ! mo/ le>n$ m5 & ! mo/ 
skilful arti/s 9 8 dom9ions are ,jews & 
,*ri/ians40  ,t ?is 0 ! case c sc>cely  
be d\bt$ :5 we consid] t ! ,jews _h     
always be5 famili> ) _m arts & sci5ces1 
& t1 z is well kn[n1 at ! de/ruction (  
,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 :5 ! ,jews 7    
disp]s$ 9 e direction1 !y spread ov]1 n 
alone ! c\ntries "u ! ,roman rule1 b to 
,greece1 ,egypt1 & ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 
z well z great "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 c>ry+ )
 !m1 n only _! peculi> religi\s         
traditions1 b also _! arts1 :i*1 we "k1 
especially z reg>ds ! work+ ( metals1 7 
( no mean ord]1 & _! sci5ces1 ( :i* !   
s-call$ magic & a/rology _h be5         
assidu\sly cultivat$4  ,9 ,asia !       
disp]s$ ,jews e/abli%$ patri>*ates at   
,tib]ias 9 ! we/1 & at ,mahalia1 &      
aft]w>ds at ,baghdad1 = ! ,jews :o 7    
beyond ! ,euphrates4  ,sem9>ies 7 f\nd$ 

at ^! c5tres = ! rabbis1 & con/ant      
int]c\rse 0 kept up betwe5 !m4 ,x 0 9 ^!
 s*ools t ! ,talmud 0 compil$ f !       
tradition>y exposition ( ! ,old         
,te/am5t1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bjj & ,a4,d4   
#ejj1 :5 x 0 complet$1 & receiv$ z a    
rule ( fai? by mo/ ( ! scatt]$ ,jews4   
,t ! cultivation ( sci5ce 0 n neglect$  
we may be sure f ! ke5 int]e/ tak5 9 all
 ages by ! ,jews 9 magical & a/rological
 inquiries4 ,we read 9 ,apuleius1 9 8   
def5ce on ! accusation ( magic br\ght   
aga9/ him1 t ( ! 8f\r tutors appo9t$ to 
educate ! pr9ces ( ,p]sia1 "o _h to     
in/ruct him specially 9 ! magic (       
,zoroa/] & ,oromazes1 :i* is ! wor%ip ( 
! gods40 ,apuleius wrote ab\t #bjj      
,a4,d41 & 8 works teem ) ref]5ces to    
magic & a/rology4  ,! fact t ,jews &    
,*ri/ians 7 look$ on z le>n$ m5 w n     
surprise u1 :5 we f9d t ! ,jews _h      
e/abli%$ s*ools s long ant]ior to !     
f\ndation ( ! college ( ,baghdad4 ,!    
rapid progress made by ! ,arabians1 & ! 
wise policy ( ! ,abasside ,caliphs1 "u  

^: judici\s rule le>n+ 0 s lib]ally     
enc\rag$1 aid$ by ! position ( ,baghdad1
 :i* =m$1 z x 71 a c5tre to :i* ! wisdom
 ( bo? ea/]n & we/]n m9ds gravitat$1    
attract$ to _! s*ools all ^? ( e nation 
:o boa/$ !mselves philosoph]s4  ,! fir/ 
translations f ! ,greek au?ors are      
suppos$ to h be5 made ab\t ,a4,d4 #gde1 
& are kn[n to h be5 on ! subjects (     
philosophy1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 &      
m$ic9e4 ,^! translations are und]/ood to
 h be5 made by ,*ri/ian or ,jewi%       
physicians4  ,z we h se51 ! ,jews _h    
already e/abli%$ !mselves at ,baghdad1 &
 _h f\nd$ s*ools ( _! own previ\s to !  
=mation ( ! college "u ,caliph          
,al-,mans\r2 b fur!r ?an ?is we f9d !   
,*ri/ians spread widely ov] ! c\ntries (
 ,asia ,m9or1 & we are told1 on !       
au?ority ( ,cosmo-,indicopleu/es1 t s   
e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ece !re 0 9 almo/ e l>ge 
t[n 9 ,india a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* "u !      
,bi%op ( ,seleucia4  ,) ^! facts be=e   
u--#a/1 t ,*ri/ian physicians 7 ! lead]s
 ( ! ,arabian s*ool 9 ! eigh? c5tury2   

#bnd1 t l>ge numb]s ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 
actually 9 exi/5ce 9 ,india at lea/ two 
hundr$ ye>s previ\sly to ! e/abli%m5t ( 
! college at ,baghdad2 & #crd1 t        
,baghdad 0 almo/1 z x wore1 ! c5tral    
po9t ( ! great c>avan r\te :i* f "t     
immemorial _h be5 ! c\rse (             
communication betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 c we
 d\bt t an ext5sive int]c\rse mu/ h tak5
 place1 & %\ld we n expect to f9d "s    
traces1 if n ! effects1 ( ,indian sci5ce
 on ! tea*+ ( ! ,arabian s*ool4#a       
,footnote #a3 ,z to communication1 !    
case ( ,saggid ,mahmud 7giv5     9      
,bellew's ,indus to ! ,tigris71 :o1     
m]ely to pray = !     recov]y ( 8 sick  
son1 travell$ ) him f ,ghazni by way (  
,k&ahur & ,%ik>pur to ,bombay1 !nce by  
way ( sea to ,baghdad1     f !re to     
,k>bola1 & back to ,baghdad2 & !n by    
,kirman%ah     & ,kum to ,teh]an1 on 8  
way home to ,ghazni1 gives an indication
     ( ! long j\rneys tak5 "u ! mo/     
frightful difficulties4     ,?is long   
j\rney _h occupi$ six mon?s only1 & we  

read t     9 =m] times twelve ye>s 7    
sometimes tak5 9 trad+     j\rneys4  ,9 
,vol4 ,,viii4 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,education  
we f9d a notice t 8,pr(essor ,dietz1 ( !
 ,univ]sity ( ,knigsb]g1 :o _h sp5t five
 ye>s ( 8 life 9 visit+ ! pr9cipal      
libr>ies ( ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1  
,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl&1 9 se>* (      
manuscripts ( ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,ori5tal
 writ]s on m$ic9e1 is n[ engag$ 9       
publi%+ 8 #8,analecta ,m$ica4'  8,! "w  
conta9s sev]al int]e/+ pap]s on !       
subject ( physical sci5ce among !       
,indians & ,arabians1 & communicates    
sev]al introductory notices &           
illu/rations f native ,ea/]n writ]s4    
,dietz proves t ! late ,greek physicians
 7 acqua9t$ ) ! m$ical works ( ! ,h9dus1
 & avail$ !mselves ( _! m$icam5ts2 b he 
m p>ticul>ly %[s t ! ,arabians 7 famili>
 ) !m1 & extoll$ ! heal+ art1 z practis$
 by ! ,indians1 q z mu* z t 9 use among 
! ,greeks4  8,x appe>s f ,ibn ,osaibe's 
te/imony 7f ^: biographical "w ,dietz   
has giv5 a long ab/ract on ! lives (    

,indian physicians71 t a v>iety (       
treatises on m$ical sci5ce 7 translat$ f
 ! ,sanscrit into ,p]sian & ,arabic1    
p>ticul>ly ! m important compilations ( 
,*>aka & ,susruta1 :i* are /ill held 9  
e/imation 9 ,india2 & t ,manka &        
,saleh--! =m] ( :om translat$ a special 
treatise on poisons into ,p]sian--ev5   
held appo9tm5ts z body-physicians at !  
,c\rt ( ,h>un-al-,ras*id40  ,z ! age ( !
 m$ical works ( ,*>aka & ,susruta is    
inconte/ably mu* m anci5t ?an t ( any   
o!r "w on ! subject 7except ! ,ayur     
,v$a7--z we %all see :5 we come to      
consid] ! sci5ce ( ! ,h9doos--?is 9     
itself w\ld be suffici5t to %[ t !      
,arabians 7 c]ta9ly n ! orig9ators (    
ei!r m$ical or *emical sci5ce4  ,we %\ld
 n =get t x is only to _! own works & _!
 translations1 *iefly by ! ,greeks1 we  
owe our k ( ! /ate ( ,arabian sci5ce1 & 
t x is only 9 r>e cases t we h giv5 a   
li/ ( works consult$1 s t we c ga!r !   
s\rces f :i* _! k 0 d]iv$4 ,x w\ld      
sc>cely be imag9$1 f read+ ! works (    

,rog] ,bacon1 or ( ,newton1 t !y _h     
d]iv$ "s1 at lea/1 ( _! k f ,arabian    
s\rces2 & yet su* is kn[n to h be5 !    
case ) !m bo?4  ,let u n[ glance        
backw>ds f ! ,arabians to ! ,greeks4  ,x
 is suppos$ t ! fir/ translations f !   
,greek au?ors 7 made = ! ,caliphs ab\t  
#gde ,a4,d41 & 7 fir/ translat$ into    
,syriac1 & !n into ,arabic4 ,! works (  
,ari/otle1 ,euclid1 ,ptolemy1           
,hippocrates1 ,gal51 & ,dioscorides are 
kn[n to h be5 translat$ "u ! reign (    
,al-,mans\r4  ,grant+ = ! mom5t t ! fir/
 k ( ! sci5ces 0 obta9$ by ! ,arabians f
 ! ,greeks1 we are at once face to face 
) ! "q4 ,f :5ce did ! ,greeks obta9 _!  
k8 ,to any c>eful read] x w be cle> t   
,grecian sci5ce & philosophy1 l ,grecian
 !ology1 0 n ( native bir?4 ,x is       
comp>atively well kn[n t ! ,greeks 7    
indebt$ to ! ,egyptians = mu* ( _!      
!ology z well z sci5ce4 ,! great tru?s  
:i* really und]lay ! my/]i\s religi\s   
rites ( ,egypt seem to h be5 altoge!r   
lo/ :5 ! ,greeks wove _! complicat$     

sy/em ( !ology2 & we read t ! ,egyptian 
prie/s look$ on ! ,greeks z *ildr5 :o   
fail$ to und]/& ! great my/]ies involv$ 
9 _! religi\s rites1 disguis$ z !y 7 9  
symbolic =m4 ,b1 besides _! indebt$ness 
to ,egypt1 we w f9d t !y also ow$ mu* to
 ,p]sia1 & ?r\gh x aga9 to ,indian      
s\rces ( k4  ,!re 0 con/ant             
communication betwe5 ! ,grecian &       
,p]sian nations4 ,we le>n t x 0 n       
uncommon = ,grecian g5]als to take      
s]vice "u ! ,p]sian ,satraps1 tempt$ by 
! lib]al recomp5ce ) :i* _! s]vices 7   
rew>d$4 ,ab\t ! ye> #cef ,b4,c4 ?is     
sy/em ( ,greeks accept+ s]vice "u       
,p]sian ,satraps ne>ly caus$ ! outbreak 
( w> betwe5 ,greece & ,p]sia--,*>es1 a  
,grecian comm&]1 hav+ assi/$ ) 8 fleet &
 m51 ,artabanus1 ! ,satrap ( ,propontis1
 :o 0 !n 9 revolt aga9/ ! ,p]sian k+4 ,b
 be=e ?is1 dur+ ! great plague :i*      
desolat$ ,a!ns 9 #dcj ,b4,c41 & :i* also
 ext5d$ to ,p]sia1 ,hippocrates 0 invit$
 to g to ! ,p]sian ,c\rt2 & x is on     
record t ,ctesias 0 = sev5te5 ye>s      

physician at ! ,p]sian ,c\rt ab\t #djj  
,b4,c41 dur+ :i* p]iod he wrote 8 hi/ory
 ( ,p]sia1 & an acc\nt ( ,india1 :i*    
,pr(essor ,wilson1 9 a pap] read to !   
,a%molean ,society ( ,ox=d1 has %[n to  
conta9 notices ( ! natural productions (
 ! c\ntry1 8:i*1 al?\gh (t5 extravagant 
& absurd1 are1 nev]!less1 f\nd$ on      
tru?40  ,!re 71 too1 ,grecian soldi]s   
employ$ z paid auxili>ies1 & a colony ( 
,greeks :o _h be5 tak5 prison]s ( w> 0  
f\nd$ )9 a day's j\rney ( ,susa4  ,!    
great exp$ition to ,p]sia1 & ! graphic  
description ( ! retreat ( ! 8t5 ?\s&0   
,greeks1 giv5 by ,x5ophon 9 8 ,anabasis1
 mu/ h be5 well kn[n to ,alex&] ! ,great
 :5 he set out on 8 c>e] ( conque/4 ,he 
ov]?rew ! ,p]sian empire 9 #cca ,b4,c41 
hav+ de/roy$ ,tyre & subdu$ ,egypt 9 !  
previ\s ye> & c>ri$ 8 triumphant        
progress to ! banks ( ! ,indus1 & !re he
 8held int]c\rse ) ! le>n$ sages (      
,india40 ,on ,alex&]'s dea? ,seleucus   
succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,p]sia 9 #cjg      
,b4,c41 & n long aft] he =c$ 8 way      

beyond ! ,indus1 & ultimately z f> z !  
sacr$ riv] ,ganges4 ,he =m$ an alliance 
) ! ,indian k+ ,s&rocottus 7o!rwise kn[n
 z ,*&ra-gupta71 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ = _m     
ye>s1 & x is said1 also1 t he gave 8    
daught] 9 m>riage to ! ,indian k+1 &    
aid$ him ) ,grecian auxili>ies 9 8 w>s4 
,he s5t an exp$ition by sea1 "u ! comm& 
( ,patrocles 8 admiral1 :o visit$ !     
we/]n %ores ( ,india1 & a little lat] he
 despat*$ an embassy "u ,mega/h5es &    
,onesicrates1 ! =m] ( :om resid$ = "s   
ye>s at ! 8great city0 ( ,palibo?ra     
7suppos$ to be ,patna74  ,n long aft]   
,mega/h5es 0 at ,palibo?ra1 ,ptolemy    
,philadelphus s5t an exp$ition ov]l&    
?r\gh ,p]sia to ,india1 & lat] ,ptolemy 
,eu]getes1 :o liv$ betwe5 #ade-aaf      
,b4,c41 s5t a fleet "u ,eudoxius on a   
voyage ( discov]y to ! we/]n %ores (    
,india1 pilot$1 z is said1 by an ,indian
 sailor :o _h be5 %ipwreck$1 & :o _h be5
 f\nd 9 a boat on ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,eudoxius 
rea*$ ,india safely1 & return$ to ,egypt
 ) a c>go ( spices & preci\s /ones4  ,! 

pro( ( v anci5t communication betwe5    
,greece & ,india is q cle>1 bo? by way (
 ,p]sia & ,egypt1 & we f9d t ! ,greeks1 
:o 7 9 ! habit ( call+ all o!r nations  
b>b>ians1 speak con/antly ) respect ( ! 
gymnosophi/s--call$ 8,sapi5tes ,indi0 by
 ,pl9y4 ,we read also ( ! ,greek        
philosoph]s con/antly travell+ ea/w>d 9 
se>* ( k1 & on _! return sett+ up new   
s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,?ales1 x is affirm$1   
travell$ 9 ,egypt & ,asia dur+ ! six?   
c5tury ,b4,c41 & x is said ( him t he   
return$ to ,miletus1 & transport$ t va/ 
/ock ( le>n+ :i* he _h acquir$ into 8   
own c\ntry4  ,he is g5]ally consid]$ z !
 fir/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,/rabo    
says ( him t he 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,grecian   
philosoph]s :o made inquiry into natural
 causes & ! ma!matics4  ,! doctr9e (    
,?ales1 t wat] 0 ! fir/ elem5t>y        
pr9ciple1 is exactly t ( ! anci5t       
,h9doos1 :o held t wat] 0 ! fir/ elem5t1
 & ! fir/ "w ( ! creative p[]4 ,?is idea
 0 n completely explod$ ev5 up till !   
#ah? c5tury4 ,we f9d ,van ,helmont      

affirm+ t all metals1 & ev5 rocks1 may  
be resolv$ into wat]2 & ,lavoisi]1 s    
lately z #aggj1 ?\ght x wor? :ile to    
communicate an elaborate pap] 8,on !    
nature ( wat] & ! exp]im5ts by :i* x has
 be5 attempt$ to prove ! possibility (  
conv]t+ x into e>?40  ,py?agoras1 p]haps
 ! greate/ ( all ,greek philosoph]s1 x  
is kn[n1 travell$ v widely1 sp5d+ no    
less ?an tw5ty-two ye>s 9 ,egypt4 ,he   
also sp5t "s consid]able "t at ,babylon1
 & 0 taught ! lore ( ! ,magi4  ,9 !     
fam\s satire ( ,lucian on ! philosophic 
quack]y ( 8 day 7ab\t #abj ,a4,d471 8,! 
,sale ( ! ,philosoph]s10 we h a mo/     
int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! sy/em ( ,py?agoras4  
,sc5e--,a ,slave ,m>t4 ,jupit]1 ,m]cury1
 philosoph]s1 9 ! g>b ( slaves1 = sale4 
,audi5ce ( buy]s4  ,jupit]4--,n[1 y     
arrange ! b5*es1 & get ! place ready = !
 company4 ,y br+ out ! goods & set !m 9 
a r[2 b trim !m up a little fir/1 & make
 !m look _! be/1 to attract z _m cu/om]s
 z possible4 ,y1 ,m]cury1 mu/ put up !  
lots1 & bid all com]s welcome to ! sale4

 ,g5tlem51--,we are "h go+ to (f] y     
philosophical sy/ems ( all k9ds1 & ( !  
mo/ v>i$ & +5i\s description4 ,if any   
g5tleman happ5s to be %ort ( ready money
 he c give 8 security = ! am\nt1 & pay  
next ye>4  ,m]cury 7to ,jupit]74--,!re  
are a great _m come2 s we _h be/ beg9 at
 once1 & n keep !m wait+4               
,jupit]4--,beg9 ! sale1 !n4             
,m]cury4--,:om %all we put up fir/8     
,jupit]4--,?is fell[ ) ! long hair--!   
,ionian4 ,he's r an impos+ p]sonage4    
,m]cury4--,y1 ,py?agoras1 /ep out1 & %[ 
y\rself to ! company4  ,jupit]4--,put   
him up4  ,m]cury4--,g5tlem51 we "h (f] y
 a pr(essor ( ! v be/ & mo/ select      
description4 ,:o buys8 ,:o wants to be a
 cut above ! re/ ( ! _w8 ,:o wants to   
und]/& ! h>monies ( ! univ]se & to live 
two lives8  ,cu/om] 7turn+ ! philosoph] 
r\nd & exam9+ him74--,he's n bad to look
 at4 ,:at does he "k be/8               
,m]cury4--,ari?metic1 a/ronomy1         
progno/ics1 geometry1 music1 & conjur+4 
,y've a fir/-rate soo?say] be=e y4      

,cu/om]4--,may "o ask him a few         
que/ions8  ,m]cury4--,c]ta9ly--7aside71 
& mu* good may ! answ]s d y4            
,cu/om]4--,:at c\ntry d y come f8       
,py?agoras4--,samos4  ,cu/om]4--,:]e 7 y
 educat$8  ,py?agoras4--,9 ,egypt1 among
 ! wise m5 !re4  ,cu/om]4--,suppose ,i  
buy y1 n[1 :at w y tea* me8             
,py?agoras4--,i w tea* y no?+--only     
recall ?+s to y\r memory4  ,cu/om]4--,h[
 w y d t8  ,py?agoras4--,fir/1 ,i w     
clean out y\r m9d1 & wa% out all !      
rubbi%4  ,cu/om]4--,well1 suppose t     
done1 h[ d y proce$ to refre% ! memory8 
,py?agoras4--,fir/1 by long repose &    
sil5ce1 speak+ no ^w = five :ole ye>s4  
,cu/om]4--,:y1 look ye1 my good fell[1  
y'd be/ g tea* ! dumb son ( ,crsus6 ,i  
want to talk & n be a dummy4 ,well--b   
aft] ?is sil5ce1 & ^! five ye>s8        
,py?agoras4--,y %all le>n music &       
geometry4  ,cu/om]4--,a que] idea1 t "o 
mu/ be a fiddl] be=e "o c be a wise man6
  ,py?agoras4--,!n y %all le>n ! sci5ce 
( numb]s4  ,cu/om]4--,?ank y1 b ,i "k h[

 to c\nt already4  ,py?agoras4--,h[ d y 
c\nt8  ,cu/om]4--,"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r----
  ,py?agoras4--,ha6 :at y call f\r is   
t51 & ! p]fect triangle1 & ! great oa?  
by :i* we swe>4  ,cu/om]4--,n[1 s help  
me1 ! great t5 & f\r1 ,i nev] he>d m    
div9e or m wond]ful words6              
,py?agoras4--,& aft]w>ds1 /rang]1 y %all
 le>n ab\t ,e>?1 & ,air1 & ,wat]1 &     
,fire--:at is _! action1 & :at _! =m1 & 
:at _! motion4  ,cu/om]4--,:at6 h ,fire1
 ,air1 or ,wat] bodily %ape8            
,py?agoras4--,surely !y h2 else1 )\t =m 
& %ape1 h[ c\ld !y move6 ,besides1 y    
%all le>n t ! ,deity consi/s 9 ,numb]1  
,m9d1 & ,h>mony4  ,cu/om]4--,:at y say  
is really wond]ful4                     
,py?agoras4--,besides :at ,i h j told y1
 y %all und]/& t y y\rself1 :o seem to  
be "o individual1 are really somebody   
else4  ,cu/om]4--,:at6 d y mean to say  
,i'm somebody else1 & n myself1 n[ talk+
 to y8  ,py?agoras4--,j at ?is mom5t y  
are2 b once ^u a "t y appe>$ 9 ano!r    
body1 & "u ano!r "n2 & h]eaft] y w pass 

aga9 into ano!r %ape /ill4  7,aft] a    
little m discussion ( ?is philosoph]'s  
t5ets1 he is pur*as$ on behalf ( a      
company ( pr(essors f ,magna ,grca = t5 
m94 ,! next lot is ,diog5es1 ! ,cynic47 
,apuleius says 9 ! ,florida1 ,section   
,,xv41 9 ref]5ce to ,py?agoras1 t he w5t
 to ,egypt to acquire le>n+1 8t he 0 !re
 taught by ! prie/s ! incr$ible p[] (   
c]emonies1 ! wond]ful commutations (    
numb]s1 & ! mo/ +5i\s figures (         
geometry2 b t1 n satisfi$ ) ^! m5tal    
accompli%m5ts1 he aft]w>ds visit$ !     
,*aldans & ! ,brahm9s1 & among/ ! latt] 
! ,gymnosophi/s4 ,! ,*aldans taught him 
! />s1 ! def9ite orbits ( ! planets1 & !
 v>i\s effects ( bo? k9ds ( />s ^u !    
nativity ( m51 z also1 = mu* money1 !   
rem$ies = human use d]iv$ f ! e>?1 !    
air1 & ! sea 7! elem5ts e>?1 air1 &     
wat]1 or all nature74  8,b ! ,brahm9s   
taught him ! great] "p ( 8              
philosophy--:at are ! rules & pr9ciples 
( ! und]/&+2 :at ! functions ( ! body2  
h[ _m ! faculties ( ! s\l2 h[ _m !      

mutations ( life2 :at torm5ts or rew>ds 
devolve ^u ! s\ls ( ! dead1 accord+ to  
_! respective des]ts40  ,!re is ample   
evid5ce1 !re=e1 t ! ,greeks _h          
communication )1 & borr[$ ! philosophy  
(1 bo? ,p]sia & ,india at a v e>ly date4
  ,t !re 0 intimate int]c\rse ) ,india 9
 v anci5t times !re c be no d\bt4 ,9    
addition to ! classical s\rces (        
in=mation collect$ *iefly by ! (fic]s ( 
,alex&] ! ,great1 ,seleucus & !         
,ptolemies1 & :i* 0 cond5s$ & r$uc$ to  
consi/5t %ape by ,diodorus1 ,/rabo1     
,pl9y1 & ,arrian1 )9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e 
& ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 we h ! fur!r
 pro( ( ! fact by ! con/ant f9ds (      
innum]able ,greek co9s ov] a l>ge       
portion ( nor?-we/]n ,india1 & ev5 at   
,cabul4 ,^!1 s f> z yet kn[n1 comm5ce ) 
! ?ird ( ! ,seleucid1 & run on = _m     
c5turies1 ! inscriptions %[+ t ! ,greek 
*>act]s 7 us$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,cabul & ! 
,punjab ev5 s late z ! f\r? c5tury      
,a4,d4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! co9s ( !    
,grco-,p]sian empire ( ! ,seleucid      

naturally leads u to ! consid]ation ( ! 
,p]sians4  ,i h already %[n t ! ,greeks 
& ,p]sians held intimate relations ) ea*
 o!r z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & f 
! spee* ( ,demo/h5es aga9/ a propos$ w> 
) ,p]sia1 deliv]$ 9 #ced ,b4,c1 we may  
well believe t !y _h already _h a long &
 intimate connection ) ea* o!r4 ,!      
passage r5ds ?us3-  8,all ,greeks "k t1 
s long z !y reg>d$ ,p]sia z _! common   
enemy1 !y 7 at peace ) ea* o!r1 & enjoy$
 mu* prosp]ity1 b s9ce !y h look$ ^u !  
,k+ 7( ,p]sia7 z a fri5d1 & qu>rell$    
ab\t disputes ) ea* o!r1 !y h suff]$    
worse calamities ?an any "o c\ld        
possibly imprecate ^u !m40  ,! ,p]sian  
empire 0 f\nd$ by ,cyrus1 ab\t ,b4,c4   
#efj1 & rapidly rose to be p]haps !     
greate/ p[] ( ! _w ( t age4 ,! rise ( ! 
,p]sian empire is n unlike t ( !        
,arabian p[] 9 reg>d to ! wide range (  
conque/ a*iev$ 9 a v limit$ p]iod4 ,its 
actual exi/5ce1 f ! f\ndation ( ! empire
 by ,cyrus 9 ,b4,c4 #efj to ! dea? (    
,d>ius ,,iii41 0 b>ely two c5turies & a 

half4  ,previ\s to ! ,p]sian empire !re 
exi/$ ?ree pr9cipal p[]s 9 ,asia--!     
,m$es1 ! ,*aldans or ,babyloni%1 & !    
,lydian4 ,( ^! ! ,m$es & ,*aldans 7 !   
mo/ anci5t1 & _! jo9t p[] w\ld seem to h
 ext5d$ ea/w>d z f> z ! ,oxus & ,indus4 
,( ^! nations ! ,babylonians 7 ! mo/    
highly civiliz$1 &1 did "t p]mit1 we    
might f9d mu* t w\ld int]e/ & in/ruct 9 
exam9+ ! v>i\s facts relat+ to ! arts & 
sci5ces among/ ^! nations4 ,we "k t arts
 & sci5ces mu/ h be5 dilig5tly cultivat$
 among/ !m1 & t magic & a/rology 7 held 
9 high repute4  ,t ! ,p]sians 7 well    
acqua9t$ ) o!r nations is %[n cle>ly f !
 rema9s ( _! great city ( ,p]sepolis1   
:]e ! sculptur$ figures repres5t _m     
types ( mank9d--! negro1 ) ?ick lips &  
flat nose1 & ) 8 crisp1 wooly hair1     
cle>ly cut2 & ! half-nak$ ,indian1 ) 8  
di/+ui%+ features1 be+ easily s+l$ out f
 _m o!rs4  ,p]sia held sway ov] a huge  
di/rict ( ,india--! limits ( ?is are n  
kn[n2 b1 9 addition1 !y 7 well acqua9t$ 
) a l>ge portion ( ! nor?-we/]n "p (    

,india4  ,! traditions & hi/orical      
records ( ! ,p]sians are conta9$ 9 !    
fam\s s]ies ( writ+s cull$ ! ,z5d-ave/a4
 ,^! writ+s are1 x is ?\ght1 ( an age   
ev5 be=e ! ,p]sian dyna/y 0 e/abli%$2 & 
x has be5 %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,m4       
,anguetil & ,sir ,w4 ,jones t !re is    
inde$ a great probability ( ! ,z5d hav+ 
be5 a dialect ( ! anci5t ,sanscrit      
language4 ,9 ! vocabul>y atta*$ to ,m4  
,anguetil's great "w on ! ,z5d-ave/a no 
less ?an #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ( ! words   
are said to be pure ,sanscrit4  ,z !    
olde/ kn[n language ( ,p]sia 0 ,*aldic1 
we are aga9 ?r[n back on ,indian s\rces 
= ! orig9 ( ! great book ( ! anci5t     
,p]sians4 ,ev5 ! "n ( ! prie/s ( !      
,p]sian religion ( ,zoroa/]1 ,mag or    
,magi1 is ( ,sanscrit d]ivation4  ,!    
,p]sians kept up an enorm\s army1 :i* 0 
spread ?r\gh all ! v>i\s prov9ces &     
,satrapies1 & consi/$ 9 great "p ( paid 
auxili>ies4 ,9 at lea/ ! lat] p]iod (   
,p]sian p[] ! ,greeks 7 pref]r$ to all  
o!rs1 & 9 ! "t ( ,cyrus ! ,y\ng] !y     

compos$ ! fl[] ( ! ,p]sian army1 & 7    
employ$ 9 g>rison+ mo/ ( ! *ief cities (
 ,asia ,m9or4  ,! description giv5 by   
,h]odotus ( ! va/ army & fleet prep>$ = 
! exp$ition ( ,x]xes aga9/ ! ,greeks    
gives u an idea ( ! ext5t ( ! ,p]sian   
p[]1 & ( ! wide range ( c\ntries &      
nations ov] :i* !y held sway4 ,! review 
held on ! ,pla9 ( ,doriscus 0 p]haps !  
greate/ milit>y spectacle ev] beheld    
ei!r be=e or s9ce4 ,h]odotus enum]ates  
no less ?an #ef diff]5t nations1 all (  
!m 9 _! national dress & arms4 ,besides 
! ,p]sians !re 7 8,m$es & ,bactrians2   
,libyans 9 w> *>iots ) f\r horses2      
,arabs on camels2 ,sag>tians1 wild      
huntsm5 :o employ$1 in/ead ( ! usual    
weapons ( ! "t1 ! lasso2 ! nomadic      
tribes ( ,bu*>ia & ,mongolia2 ,e?iopians
 9 lions' sk9s1 & ,indians 9 cotton     
robes2 ,phnician sailors1 & ,greeks f   
,asia ,m9or40 ,all ^! & _m o!rs 7 !re   
assembl$ by ! despotic p[] ( ! ,p]sian  
k+4  ,! sy/em ( gov]nm5t employ$ by !   
,p]sians1 & ! con/ant reports & tributes

 s5t f e prov9ce to ! c5tral c\rt ( !   
k+1 7 well calculat$ to br+ to x1 z to a
 focus1 ! curi\s lore ( ! v>i\s nations 
:o came 9 contact ) or 7 subdu$ by !m4  
,! ,p]sians 7 fam$ = _! k ( a/ronomy &  
a/rology1 & 7 said 8to h anci5tly kn[n !
 mo/ wond]ful p[]s ( nature1 & to h     
!re=e acquir$ great fame z magicians &  
en*ant]s40  ,! close relation betwe5 !  
,p]sian religi\s traditions & ^? ( !    
,h9doos is v /rik+4 ,accord+ to ,mohsan1
 8,! be/ in=m$ ,p]sians1 :o pr(ess$ !   
fai? ( ,hu-%ang z di/+ui%$ f t (        
,z]atu%t1 believes t ! fir/ mon>* (     
,iran1 &1 inde$1 ( ! :ole _w1 0 ,mahabad
 7a ^w app>5tly ,sanscrit71 :o divid$ ! 
p into f\r ord]s1--! religi\s1 !        
milit>y1 ! comm]cial1 & ! s]vile1 to :i*
 he assign$ names unque/ionably ! same z
 ^? n[ appli$ to ! f\r prim>y classes ( 
! ,h9doos40  ,!y add$1 8t he receiv$ f !
 ,creator & promulgat$ among/ m5 a sacr$
 book 9 a heav5ly language1 to :i* !    
,musselman au?or gives ! ,arabic title (
 ,desatir1 or ,regulations1 b ! orig9al 

"n ( :i* he has n m5tion$2 & t f\rte5   
,mahabads _h appe>$1 or w\ld appe>1 9   
human %apes = ! gov]nm5t ( ?is _w40     
8,n[ :5 we "k t ! ,h9doos believe 9     
f\rte5 ,m5us1 or cele/ial p]sons )      
simil> functions1 ! fir/ ( :om left a   
book ( regulations1 or div9e ord9ances1 
:i* !y hold equal to ! ,v$a1 & !        
language ( :i* !y believe to be t ( !   
gods1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! fir/          
corruption ( ! pure/ & olde/ religion 0 
! sy/em ( ,indian !ology inv5t$ by !    
,brahm9s & preval5t 9 ^? t]ritories :]e 
! book ( ,mahabad1 or ,m5u1 is at ?is   
mom5t ! /&>d ( all religi\s & moral     
duties40  ,hav+ e/abli%$1 !n1 ! long &  
intimate nature ( ! ,p]sian int]c\rse ) 
,india1 let u see h[ x be>s on our m    
imm$iate subject4  ,! works on m$ic9e   
:i* are kn[n to exi/1 & to h be5 writt5 
9 ,p]sian1 are n v _m 9 numb]1 b !y cov]
 a p]iod ( "t ( ne>ly #djj ye>s4 ,!     
olde/ ( !m is ( ! ye> #acib ,a4,d41 & 9 
x & its successors !re are long li/s (  
,arabian au?ors ^: works _h be5         

consult$1 & also v>i\s ,indian works4   
,greek physicians 7 9 great reque/ at ! 
,p]sian c\rt1 & :5 ! daught] ( ! ,emp]or
 ,aurelian 0 s5t 9 m>riage to ! ,p]sian 
mon>*1 ,sapor ,,ii41 %e _h a numb] (    
,greek physicians 9 h] tra94 ,?is k+    
f\nd$ a new city call$ ,jondisab\r 9    
hon\r ( 8 ,que51 & ow+ to ! settlem5t "h
 ( a numb] ( ,greek physicians1 :o _h1  
on acc\nt ( religi\s diff]5ces1 retir$  
into ,p]sia1 ?is city became celebrat$ z
 a m$ical s*ool4 ,dr4 ,fri5d gives !    
names ( ^! z 8,damascius ! ,syrian1     
,simplicius ( ,cilicia1 ,diog5es (      
,phnicea1 ,isidorus ( ,gaza1 & o!rs1 !  
mo/ le>n$ & greate/ philosoph]s ( !     
age40 ,x is ?\ght by "s au?ors t _m ( ! 
,arabian writ]s :o belong$ to ! college 
( ,baghdad 7 educat$ at ,jondisab\r4  ,!
 di/rict ( ,jondisab\r is ev5 yet "o ( !
 mo/ n\ri%+ 9 ,p]sia1 & conta9s m9es :i*
 /ill yield turquoise1 salt1 lead1      
copp]1 antimony1 iron1 & m>ble4  ,dur+ !
 reign ( ! ,p]sian k+ ,noo%irwan1 8     
physician ,b>z\eh made v>i\s j\rneys    

into ,india1 "o ( :i* 0 specially = !   
purpose ( obta9+ copies ( ,indian       
lit]ature1 & ano!r to obta9 m$icam5ts & 
h]bs4  ,h[ to acc\nt = ! /range fact t  
all s*ools ( m$ic9e :i* h ris51 fl\ri%$1
 & disappe>$1 h left "s trace 9         
hi/orical records1 ) ! exception ( t (  
,india1 is mo/ difficult1 unless "u !   
hypo!sis t ! language 9 :i* ! sci5ce &  
philosophy ( ,india 0 record$ has be5   
almo/ a seal$ book to ! _w1 & is ev5 n[ 
q un9telligible to ! p ( ,india itself1 
g5]ally speak+1 & t ?us ! only way 9 :i*
 ! results ( ! long ages ( philosophic  
/udy1 :i* unque/ionably h _h a place 9  
,india1 h only be5 kn[n by ?is d>k      
reflection f ! writ+s ( ,greek & ,arabic
 writ]s1 :i* 7 scatt]$ broadca/ ov] !   
anci5t _w4 ,! ,greeks1 we "k1 borr[$ _! 
sci5ce l>gely f ! ,egyptians1 bo? 9     
respect to !ology & philosophy2 & we    
might1 ) mu* pr(it1 pursue ! exam9ation 
( our subject among/ ! records ( t      
highly civiliz$ among/ ! anci5t nations4
  ,_m au?ors h attempt$ to %[ t !re is a

 wond]ful resemblance betwe5 !          
,egyptians & ! ,h9doos1 ! sculptures on 
! monum5ts ( ! =m] are mo/ wond]fully l 
^? ( ,india1 & ! features1 dress1 & arms
 are all z l z may be4  ,bo? nations _h 
! v>i\s arts ( weav+1 dye+1 embroid]+1  
work+ 9 metals1 & ! manufacture ( glass1
 & practis$ !m ) b little diff]5ce 9 _! 
me?ods4 ,! f9e musl9s ( ,india f9d _!   
c\nt]p>ts z 8wov5 w9d0 9 ! transp>5t    
tissues figur$ on ! ,egyptian temples4  
,! /yle ( build+1 ! sci5ces ( a/ronomy1 
music1 & m$ic9e 7 assidu\sly cultivat$  
by bo? nations1 & !re 0 direct int]c\rse
 betwe5 !m1 p]haps ev5 be=e hi/orical "t
 beg9s4  ,rameses ! ,great 7,,iii471    
call$ also ,seso/ris1 fitt$ out n only  
w> %ips b m]*ant vessels = ! purpose (  
trad+ ) ,india1 9 ,b4,c4 #abce1 &       
,wilk9son 9 8 book on ! ,anci5t         
,egyptians1 tells u t 9 #bjjj ,b4,c4 !re
 7 no less ?an #djj %ips trad+ to !     
,p]sian ,gulf4 ,!re is1 aft] all1 no?+  
surpris+ 9 ?is :5 we rememb] ! fact1 :i*
 is1 h[ev]1 n g5]ally kn[n1 ,i am       

afraid1 t "u ! reign ( ,ph>oah ,ne*o1 a 
fleet ( 8 %ips safely circumnavigat$    
,africa1 f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean1
 ?is be+ 9 advance ( ! celebrat$ voyage 
( ,diaz & ,vasco da ,gama by no less ?an
 #bajj ye>s4  ,no less ?an sev5 c5turies
 be=e ,?ales w5t to /udy 9 ,egypt1      
a/ronomical calculations 7 inscrib$ on !
 monum5ts at ,!bes1 s t we c see h[     
mod]n by comp>ison ! ,greek philosophy  
appe>s4  ,9 a note ,wilk9son says t 8,! 
sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e 0 "o ( ! e>lie/        
cultivat$ 9 ,egypt4 ,a?o!s1 ! successor 
( ,m5es ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 is said to h   
writt5 on ! subject1 & five papyri on ! 
subject h surviv$4  8,!y are ( ! p]iod (
 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies4  8,"o   
kn[n z ! ,papyrus ,eb]s1 f its discov]]1
 is attribut$ to ! age ( ,kh]ph]es or   
,bikh]es4  8,! second1 t ( ,b]l91 f\nd 9
 ! reign ( ,usaphais ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 0 
complet$ by ,s5et or ,se!nes ( ! second 
l9e4  8,! ?ird1 t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1  
conta9s a receipt said to h be5         
my/]i\sly discov]$ 9 ! reign ( ,*eops ( 

! f\r? dyna/y4     99   99   99   99    
99   99   99   99   99   99   99   99   
99   99  8,! curatives employ$ 7        
o9tm5ts1 dr9ks1 pla/]s1 fumigations &   
cly/]s1 & ! drugs employ$ 7 tak5 f      
vegetables1 m9]als1 & animals4  8,^? =  
ea* draught 7 mix$ toge!r1 p\nd$1 boil$1
 & /ra9$ ?r\gh l954  8,! doctors belong$
 to ! sacr$ class1 & 7 only p]mitt$ to  
practice _! own p>ticul> bran*4  8,^! 7 
oculi/s1 d5ti/s1 ^? :o conf9$ _!        
practice to diseases ( ! head1 & ^? aga9
 :o only att5d$ to int]nal diseases2 !y 
7 paid f ! public treasury1 & 7         
compell$1 be=e be+ p]mitt$ to practice1 
to /udy ! precepts laid d[n by _!       
pr$ecessors40  ,hom]1 9 ! ,odyssey1     
describes ,egypt 8z a c\ntry ^: f]tile  
soil produces an inf9ity ( drugs1 "s    
salut>y & "s p]nici\s1 :]e ea* physician
 possesses k above all o!r m540  ,! mix+
 ( v>i\s drugs & m9]als mu/ h produc$   
effects :i* c\ld n be lo/ on su*        
obs]vant m5 z ! doctors mu/1 f _! tra9+1
 h be51 & x w\ld be absurd to suppose t 

"s1 at lea/1 ( ! simpl] *emical         
decompositions & comb9ations 7 n kn[n to
 !m4  ,! manufacture ( glass w\ld seem  
to h be5 v anci5t among/ ! ,egyptians1 &
 ! insuffici5cy ( ! old fable1 ( its    
discov]y by ! fus+ ( blocks ( /one 9 !  
fire is q cle>2 besides1 ,egyptian glass
 has be5 f\nd :i* conta9s pota%1 & no?+ 
is m probable ?an t ! nitrate ( pota%1  
f\nd s pl5tifully 9 ! soil ( ,india1 0  
import$ = ?is manufacture4  ,preci\s    
/ones or amulets ) ,sanscrit            
inscriptions h repeat$ly be5 f\nd 9     
tombs1 :i* mu/ date back to at lea/     
,b4,c4 #adjj4  ,9 trac+ back ! hi/ory ( 
,*emi/ry1 we con/antly f9d ref]5ce to   
,h]mes1 ,trismegi/us1 :o w\ld seem to be
 ! god ,?o?1 or ,taaut ( ! ,egyptians4  
,! fam\s inscription ( ! ,em]ald table  
ascribes to him ! possession ( ?ree p>ts
 ( ! philosophy ( ! :ole _w4 ,i h be5   
mu* /ruck ) ! resemblance ( ?is god     
,taaut ) ! ,m5u ( ! ,h9doos1 :o also 0  
cr$it$ ) sav+ f de/ruction by ! flood ! 
?ree ,v$as1 :i* 7 suppos$ to conta9 all 

t 0 requir$ = man's direction "h bel[4  
,!re w\ld appe> to h be5 also o!r       
,h]mes1 b if we look at ! condition (   
?+s :i* obta9$ 9 ,egypt :5 ! ,pyramids (
 ,memphis are suppos$ to h be5 erect$1  
)9 #cjj ye>s ( ! suppos$ date ( !       
deluge1 & t ! ,b5i ,hassan tombs1 ab\t  
#cjj ye>s lat]1 depict ! mann]s & cu/oms
 ( :at we _c help admitt+1 0 a highly   
civiliz$ nation1 we mu/ be /ruck ) !    
fact t ! di/ance ( "t betwe5 ! deluge & 
! build+ ( ^! pyramids & tombs is s     
%ort1 t x might be repres5t$ by a       
comp>ison ( our own date ) ^? ( ,que5   
,elizabe? & ,h5ry ! ,?ird4  ,jackson 9 8
 8,antiquities0 tells u t1 ,san*onia?o  
/ates t ! mo/ anci5t ,phnician records  
%[ t lett]s 7 inv5t$ soon aft] !        
disp]sion ( mank9d1 by ,tsaut1 ! son (  
,mizor or ,misraim1 :o 0 ! fir/         
,egyptian ,h]mes or ,?o?4 ,he w5t out ( 
,phnicia1 & fir/1 ) a colony (          
,mizrites1 settl$ & reign$ 9 ,egypt1 &1 
accord+ to ,cic]o1 gave bo? laws &      
lett]s to ! ,egyptians4  ,?is ,h]mes 0  

born 9 ! second g5]ation aft] ! flood1 &
 0 n only ! inv5tor ( lett]s & writ+1 b 
he is also said to h del9eat$ ! sacr$   
*>act]s or symbols ( ! elem5ts &        
planets1 viz41--sun1 moon1 e>?1 air1    
fire1 wat]1 c4  ,^! symbols are )\t d\bt
 ( v anci5t orig91 & ,bo]hve 9 8 ,!ory (
 ,*emi/ry expla9s !m hi]oglyphically z  
foll[s3--      ,transcrib]'s ,note3     
,! li/$ symbols are includ$ 9 ! 8images0
 directory     accompany+ ! html v]sion 
( ?is file4   ,d5otes any?+ %>p1 gnaw+1 
or corrosive2 z v9eg> or fire3 be+      
suppos$ to be /uck ar\nd ) b>b$ spikes4 
,d5otes a p]fect immutable simple body1 
su* z gold1 :i* has no?+ acrimoni\s or  
het]og5e\s adh]+ to x4   ,d5otes half   
gold1 ^: inside1 if turn$ outw>d1 w\ld  
make x entire gold1 z hav+ no?+ =eign or
 corrosive 9 x2 :i* ! al*emi/s obs]ve ( 
silv]4   ,d5otes ! inside to be pure    
gold1 b ! out] "p ( ! col\r ( silv] & a 
corrosive und]nea?1 :i*1 if tak5 away1  
w\ld leave x m]e gold1 & ?is ! adepts   
affirm ( m]cury4   ,d5otes ! *ief "p to 

be gold2 :]eto1 h[ev]1 adh]es ano!r     
l>ge1 crude1 corrosive "p1 :i*1 if      
remov$1 w\ld leave ! re/ possess$ ) all 
! prop]ties ( gold1 & ?is ! adepts      
affirm ( copp]4   ,likewise d5otes gold 
at ! bottom1 b att5d$ ) a great         
proportion ( a %>p corrosive1 sometimes 
am\nt+ to a half ( ! :ole1 :5ce half !  
"* expresses acrimony2 :i*1 accord+ly1  
bo? al*emi/s & physicians obs]ve ( iron1
 & h5ce t common op9ion ( ! adepts t !  
aurum vivum1 or gold ( ! philosoph]s1 is
 conta9$ 9 iron1 & t ! univ]sal m$ic9e  
is r to be s\ght 9 ?is metal ?an 9 gold 
itself4   ,d5otes half ! matt] ( t9 to  
be silv]1 ! o!r a crude corrosive acid1 
:i* is accord+ly confirm$ by ! assay]s2 
t9 prov+ almo/ z fix$ z silv] 9 ! cupel1
 & discov]+ a l>ge quantity ( crude     
sulphur well kn[n to ! al*emi/s4        
,d5otes almo/ ! :ole to be corrosive1 b 
reta9+ "s resemblance ) silv]1 :i* !    
arti/s v well "k holds true ( lead4     
,d5otes a *aos--_w1 or "o ?+ :i*        
includes all3 ?is is ! "* ( antimony1   

:]e9 is f\nd gold1 ) pl5ty ( an ars5ical
 corrosive4  ,! symbols1 or at lea/ "s (
 !m1 may be trac$ ev5 9 ! ,*9ese *>act]s
 = gold1 silv]1 c4  ,! connection (     
,egypt ) ,india %ortly aft] ! ,*ri/ian  
era is di/9ctly indicat$ 9 ! works (    
,apuleius4 ,he liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( !     
second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 & 0 educat$   
fir/ at ,c>?age1 !n r5[n$ z a s*ool (   
lit]ature4 ,he !n travell$ ext5sively 9 
,greece1 ,asia1 & ,egypt1 & became      
initiat$ into _m religi\s frat]nities & 
an adept 9 _! my/]ies4 ,he 0 admitt$ a  
prie/ ( ! ord] ( sculapius1 & describes 
! c]emony ( ! (f]+ ( ! fir/-fruits by ! 
prie/s ( ,isis1 :5 ! navigation op5$ 9  
spr+4 ,! vessel1 :i* 0 to be set adrift 
^u ! ocean freight$ ) ! (f]+1 0         
spl5didly decorat$ & cov]$ )            
hi]oglyphics1 & aft] hav+ be5 8purifi$ )
 a light$ tor*1 an egg1 & sulphur10 0   
all[$ to sail away into ! unkn[n z a    
sacrifice to procure ! safety ( ! convoy
 ( %ips :i* w\ld soon aft] />t ^u _!    
voyage4 ,^! rites 7 ( great antiquity4  

,he speaks1 9 8 fir/ tale1 ( a wit* :o1 
by means ( h] magic *>ms1 made n only h]
 fell[-c\ntrym5 love h]1 b 8! ,indians  
ev510 & 9 8 initiation into ! my/]ies ( 
,isis1 8 robes 8bore pictures ( ,indian 
s]p5ts40  ,f :at ,i h n[ laid be=e y1 9 
:at mu/ necess>ily be a v imp]fect      
mann]1 y w see t !re is good reason to  
believe t 9 ! /udy ( sci5ce & philosophy
 ! ,indian races 7 mu* 9 advance ( !    
,we/]n nations4 ,! age ( sci5ce among/  
!m is v great2 we fail utt]ly 9 try+ to 
f9d its beg9n+1 unless we accept !      
tradition :i* ascribes to ,m5u1 _! great
 lawgiv] 7:o is suppos$ to h be5 ,noah71
 ! sav+ ( ?ree out ( ! f\r div9e books  
or ,v$as f ! deluge4 ,?is w\ld c>ry u   
back to ! ,ant$iluvian times = ! beg9n+ 
( our inve/igations2 b )\t tak+ any su* 
extreme view ( ! subject we w f9d traces
 ( sci5ce cle>ly m>k$ out = u 9 ! hi/ory
 ( ! ,indian races4  ,! picture ( !     
,brahm9s1 drawn by ,apuleius 9 ! second 
c5tury1 %[s h[ little !y h *ang$ 9      
hi/orical times4 ,he says3--  8,!       

,indians are a popul\s nation ( va/     
ext5t ( t]ritory1 situat$ f> f u to !   
ea/1 ne> ! reflux ( ! ocean & ! ris+ ( !
 sun1 "u ! fir/ beams ( ! />s1 & at !   
extreme v]ge ( ! e>?1 beyond ! le>n$    
,egyptians & ! sup]/iti\s ,jews & !     
m]cantile ,naba?ans2 & ! fl[+ rob$      
,aracidae1 & ! ,ityraeans1 poor 9 crops1
 & ! ,arabians1 ri* 9 p]fumes4  8,n[1 ,i
 d n s mu* admire ! heaps ( ivory ( !   
,indians1 _! h>ve/s ( pepp]1 _! bales ( 
c9namon1 _! temp]$ /eel1 _! m9es (      
silv]1 & _! gold5 /reams1 nor t among   
!m1 ! ,ganges1 ! greate/ ( all riv]s1   
#8,rolls l a mon>* on 8 c\rse1 & p\rs   
,8 ea/]n wat]s ?r\gh a hundr$ /reams1   
,m+l+ ) ocean by a hundr$ m\?s1'  8nor t
 ^! ,indians1 ?\gh situat$ at ! dawn (  
day1 are yet ( ! col\r ( night1 nor t   
among !m1 imm5se dragons fight ) enorm\s
 elephants1 ) p>ity ( dang] to _! mutual
 de/ruction1 = !y hold !m enwrapp$ 9 _! 
slipp]y folds1 s t ! elephants _c       
dis5gage _! legs or 9 any way extricate 
!mselves f ! scaly bonds ( ! t5aci\s    

dragons4 ,!y are =c$ to seek rev5ge f ! 
fall ( _! own bulk & to cru% _! captors 
by ! mass ( _! own bodies4  8,!re are   
among/ !m v>i\s k9ds ( inhabitants4 ,i w
 r speak ( ! m>vell\s ?+s ( m5 ?an ( ^? 
( nature4  8,!re is among !m a race :o  
"k no?+ b to t5d cattle1 h5ce !y are    
call$ nea!rds2 !re are races clev] 9    
traffick+ ) m]*&ise1 & o!rs /\t 9 fight1
 :e!r ) arr[s1 or h& to h& ) swords4    
8,!re is also among !m a pre-em95t race 
call$ ,gymnosophi/s4  8,^! ,i exce$+ly  
admire1 = !y are m5 skill$ n 9 propagat+
 ! v9e1 nor 9 graft+ trees1 nor 9 till+ 
! gr\nd4 ,!y "k n h[ to cultivate !     
fields1 nor to wa% gold1 or to break    
horses1 or to %e> or fe$ %eep or goats4 
8,:at is x1 !n1 !y "k8 ,"o ?+ in/ead (  
all ^!4 ,!y cultivate wisdom1 bo? ! ag$ 
pr(essors & ! "y /ud5ts4 ,no?+ d ,i s   
mu* admire 9 !m z t !y hate torpor ( m9d
 & slo?40  ,?is does n look z if !      
,indians _h be5 unkn[n or unappreciat$ 9
 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4  ,apuleius is n 
alone 9 8 respect = ! ,brahm9s4 ,_m ( ! 

,greek writ]s speak ( !m "u ! names (   
,brahm9s or ,gymnosophi/s1 b always )   
great respect4  ,/rabo /ates1 on !      
au?ority ( ,mega/h5es 7:o x w be        
rememb]$ 0 ,ambassador f ,p]sia1 & liv$ 
= "s ye>s at ,palibo?ra1 ab\t #cjg      
,b4,c471 t 8!re 7 two classes (         
philosoph]s or prie/s1 ! ,bra*manes & ! 
,g]manes1 b ! ,bra*manes are be/        
e/eem$40 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 acc\nt ( !  
8,bra*manes0 he says3--  8,9 _m ?+s !y  
agree ) ! ,greeks1 = !y affirm t ! _w 0 
produc$1 & is p]i%able1 & t x is        
sph]ical2 t ,god1 gov]n+ x z well z     
fram+ x1 p]vades ! :ole2 t ! pr9ciples (
 all ?+s are v>i\s1 b wat] is ! pr9ciple
 ( ! con/ruction ( ! _w2 t besides ! f\r
 elem5ts !re is a fif?1 nature--:5ce    
heav5 & ! />s2 t ! e>? is plac$ 9 !     
c5tre ( all4  8,su*1 & _m o!r ?+s are   
affirm$ ( reproduction & ( ! s\l4 ,l    
,plato1 !y devise fables conc]n+ !      
immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! judgm5t 9 !    
inf]nal regions1 & o!r simil> notions4  
,^! ?+s are said ( ! ,bra*manes40       

,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 aft] say+ t         
philosophy fl\ri%$ 9 anci5t times among/
 ! b>b>ians1 & aft]w>ds 0 introduc$     
among/ ! ,greeks1 in/ances ! prophets ( 
! ,egyptians1 ! ,*aldees ( ! ,assyrians1
 ! ,druids ( ! ,gauls 7,galat71 !       
,samauans ( ! ,bactrians1 ! philosoph]s 
( ! ,celts1 ! ,magi ( ! ,p]sians1 & !   
,gymnosophi/s ( ! ,indians4 ,! ,greek   
au?ors di/9ctly speak ( ! ,brahm9s z !  
*ief ( ! ca/es or divisions ( ! ,indian 
p f ! "t ( ,mega/h5es1 :o wrote ( !m 9 !
 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4  ,sir ,william      
,jones1 9 a pap] on ! philosophy ( !    
,asiatics1 po9t$ out t 8! old           
philosoph]s ( ,europe _h "s idea (      
c5tripetal =ce1 & a pr9ciple ( univ]sal 
gravitation10 & affirms t 8mu* ( !      
!ology & philosophy ( our immortal      
,newton may be f\nd 9 ! ,v$as40  8,t mo/
 subtle _s :i* he suspect$ to p]vade    
natural bodies1 & ly+ conceal$ 9 !m1 to 
cause attraction & repulsion1 !         
emission1 reflection & refraction (     
light1 electricity1 calefaction1        

s5sation1 & muscul> motion1 is describ$ 
by ! ,h9dus z a fif? elem5t1 end[$ ) ^! 
v p[]s2 & ! ,v$as ab\nd ) allusions to a
 =ce univ]sally attractive1 :i* !y      
*iefly ascribe to ! sun1 !nce call$     
#8,aditya1 or ! attractor1' a "n design$
 by ! my?ologi/s to mean ! *ild ( !     
goddess ,aditi4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful       
passage on ! !ory ( attractions occurs 9
 ! *>m+ allegorical poem ( ',%i'ri'n &  
,f]hai'd1 or ! ,div9e ,_s1 & a human s\l
 dis9t]e/$ly pi\s1' a "w :i*1 f ! fir/  
v]se to ! la/1 is a blaze ( religi\s &  
poetical fire4  8,! :ole passage appe>s 
to me s curi\s t ,i make no apology =   
giv+ y a fai?ful translation ( x3--     
8,!re is a /rong prop5sity :i* dances   
?r\gh e atom1 & attracts ! m9ute/       
p>ticle to "s peculi> object2 se>* ?is  
univ]se f its base to its summit1 f fire
 to air1 f wat] to e>? 7! f\r elem5ts671
 f all bel[ ! moon to all above !       
cele/ial sph]es1 & ?\ wilt n f9d a      
corpuscle de/itute ( t natural          
attractability4 ,! v po9t ( ! fir/ ?read

 9 ?is app>5tly tangl$ ske9 is no o!r   
?an su* a pr9ciple ( attraction1 & all  
pr9ciples beside are void ( a real      
basis3 f su* a prop5sity arises e motion
 p]ceiv$ 9 heav5ly or 9 t]re/rial       
bodies2 x is a disposition to be        
attract$ :i* taught h>d /eel to ru% f   
its place & rivet itself on ! magnet2 x 
is ! same disposition :i* impels ! light
 /raw to atta* itself firmly on amb]2 x 
is ?is quality :i* gives e sub/ance 9   
nature a t5d5cy t[>ds ano!r1 & an       
incl9ation =cibly direct$ to a det]m9ate
 po9t40  ,9 ,sir ,w4 ,a9slie's ,mat]ia  
,m$ica ( ,india ! op9ion ( an old ,h9doo
 au?or is giv5 z to ! qualifications    
requir$ 9 a physician4  8,he mu/ be a   
p]son ( /rict v]acity1 & ( ! greate/    
sobriety & decorum3 he ought to be      
skill$ 9 all ! comm5t>ies on !          
#8,ayur-,v$a1' & be o!rwise a man ( s5se
 & b5evol5ce3 8 he>t mu/ be *>itable1 8 
temp] calm1 & 8 con/ant /udy h[ to d    
good4  8,su* a man is prop]ly call$ a   
good physician1 & su* a physician ought 

/ill daily to improve 8 m9d by an       
att5tive p]usal ( sci5tific books4      
99   99   99   99   99   99   99   99   
99   99   99   99   99   99  8,%\ld dea?
 come ^u u :ile "u ! c>e ( a p]son ( ?is
 description1 x c only be consid]$ z    
inevitable fate1 & n ! consequ5ce (     
presumptu\s ignorance40  ,! k ( !       
,h9doos may be all said to be conta9$ 9 
_! sacr$ books call$ ! ,v$as1 :i*1      
al?\gh p]fect z a :ole1 are actually    
divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ea* 9 itself      
con/itut+ a sep>ate ,v$a "u a special   
title4 ,^! are ! ,rig-,v$a1 !           
,yajur-,v$a 7:ite & black71 !           
,sama-,v$a1 & ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 or         
,ayur-,v$a4 ,al?\gh ! la/ is admitt$ to 
be z a :ole n s anci5t z ! o!r ?ree1    
/ill !re are portions ( x t are probably
 z old z any ( ! o!rs4 ,ev5 9 ! olde/   
epic poems ( ! ,h9doos m5tion is made ( 
f\r ,v$as z already 9 exi/5ce & z (     
great antiquity4 ,sir ,william ,jones   
e/imates ! date ( its compilation z     
c]ta9ly n aft] ,b4,c4 #aehj4  ,^! ,v$as 

are consid]$ by ! ,h9doos to conta9 !   
gr\ndwork ( all _! philosophy1 z well z 
( _! arts & sci5ces1 & !y conta9        
treatises on music1 m$ic9e1 ! art ( w>1 
& ar*itecture4  ,sir ,william ,jones1 9 
ref]r+ to ! ,ayur-,v$a1 says t1 to 8    
a/oni%m5t1 he f\nd 9 x an entire        
,upani%ad on ! int]nal p>ts ( ! human   
body1 enum]at+ ! n]ves1 ve9s1 & art]ies4
  ,! ,ayur-,v$a 0 consid]$ by ! ,brahm9s
 to be ! "w ( ,brahma--by him x 0       
communicat$ to ,dac%a1 ! ,prajapati1 &  
by him1 ! two ,asw9s1 or sons (         
,surya--! sun--7 in/ruct$ 9 x1 & ?us    
became ! m$ical att5dants ( ! gods4 ,a  
leg5d t _c b recall to our m9d ! ,greek 
my? ( ! two sons ( sculapius & _! desc5t
 f ,apollo4  ,9 ! case ( immortal gods !
 practice 0 conf9$ to surg]y1 9 treat+ !
 w\nds receiv$ 9 ! conflicts :i* 7      
con/antly describ$ z occurr+ among/ !   
gods !mselves1 or betwe5 ! gods & !     
demons4 ,( c\rse !y p]=m$ _m miracul\s  
cures1 z w\ld be expect$ f _! sup]human 
"*4  ,pr(essor ,wilson publi%$ 9 !      

,ori5tal ,magaz9e1 9 #ahbc1 "s notices  
on e>ly ,h9doo ,m$ic9e1 & he po9ts out t
 ! tradition is1 t ! above 8two ,asw9s  
in/ruct$ ,indra 9 m$ical & surgical art1
 t ,indra in/ruct$ ,dahnwant>i2 al?\gh  
o!rs make ,atreya1 ,bh>adwaja1 & ,*>aka 
prior to ! latt]3--,*>aka's "w1 :i* goes
 by 8 "n1 is extant4 ,dahnwant>i is also
 /yl$ ,kasi-rajah1 or ,pr9ce ( ,kasi1 or
 ,b5>es4 ,8 disciple 0 ,susruta1 8 "w   
also exi/s40  ,! ,ayur-,v$a1 z ! olde/  
m$ical writ+s ( ! ,h9doos are           
collectively call$1 0 divid$ into eight 
divisions4 ,^! are describ$ by ,pr(essor
 ,wilson z foll[s3--  8#a/4 ,salya4--,! 
art ( extract+ extrane\s sub/ances1     
viol5tly or accid5tally introduc$ into !
 body1 ) ! treatm5t ( ! inflammation &  
suppuration !reby induc$4  8,! ^w ,salya
 means a d>t or arr[1 & po9ts cle>ly to 
! orig9 ( ?is bran* ( ,h9doo sci5ce4    
8#bnd4 ,salakya4--,! treatm5t ( ext]nal 
affections or diseases ( ! eyes1 nose1  
e>s1 c4  8#crd1 ,kayao ,*ikitsa4--,!    
g5]al application ( m$ic9e to ! body1 or

 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 z oppos$ to surg]y  
"u ! two fir/ heads4  8#d?4 ,bhutavidya1
 or demonology3 ! act ( ca/+ out demons1
 :i* we may take to mean ! treatm5t (   
insanity1 su* z x 04  8#e?4 ,kaum>a     
bhritya1 or ! treatm5t ( ! diseases (   
wom5 & *ildr54  8#f?4 ,agada4--,!       
adm9i/ration ( antidotes4  8,we d n     
appreciate ?is z an ea/]n nation w\ld :5
 poison 0 only too common an in/rum5t ( 
ambition or rev5ge4  8#g?4              
,rasayana4--,is *emi/ry1 or p]haps x 7  
bett] to say al*emy1 z its *ief aim 0 ! 
/udy ( comb9ations ( sub/ances mo/ly    
metallurgic1 ) a view ( obta9+ !        
univ]sal m$ic9e or elixir :i* 0 to give 
immortal life4  8#h?4 ,bajik>ana4--,0   
connect$ ) ! means ( promot+ ! increase 
( ! human race40  ,"o ( ! articles (    
,h9doo m$ic9e 0 ,k%>a or alkal9e        
salts1--^! are direct$ to be obta9$ by  
burn+ diff]5t sub/ances ( vegetable     
orig91 boil+ ! a%es ) five or six times 
_! measure ( wat] & filt]+ ! solution1  
:i* 0 us$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally4    

,c>e is enjo9$ 9 _! use1 & emolli5t     
applications are to be us$ if ! cau/ic  
%\ld occasion great pa94  ,i h already  
spok5 ( ! fact ( ,indian physicians hav+
 be5 at ! ,c\rt ( ,p]sia1 & also at t ( 
,h>\n al ,ras*id1 & also t ! anci5t     
writ]s on m$ic9e 7 kn[n to ! ,arabs ( ! 
"t ( ! s*ools ( ,baghdad & ,cordova4    
,!re is no mann] ( d\bt conc]n+ ?is     
fact1 z 9 ,s]apion's works we f9d ,*>ak 
actually m5tion$ by "n2 "u ! head ,de   
,mirobalanis we f9d 8,et ,x>* indus     
dixit20 & aga91 9 ano!r section 8,x>*a  
indus20 !re be+ no correspond+ s\nd to  
*e 9 ,arabic1 !re is a slight *ange 9 ! 
"n1 b x is q cle> :at x is int5d$ =4 ,9 
,avic5na1 aga91 we f9d ref]5ce to       
8,scirak indum40 ,rhazes1 aga91 :o 0    
previ\s to ,avic5na1 has 8,inquit ,sc>ac
 indianus10 & aga9 8,dixit ,s>ac20 9    
ano!r place an ,indian au?or is quot$1  
:o has n z yet be5 trac$1 8,s9dif>10 or1
 z x is 9 ano!r place1 8,s9di*>         
indianus40  ,pr(essor ,wilson1 9 a      
notice on ! m$ical sci5ce ( ! ,h9doos1  

publi%$ 9 ! ,ori5tal ,magaz9e1 exam9es  
into ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! v>i\s    
sorts ( lee*es1 & %[s t ! description   
giv5 9 ,avic5na1 9 ! section 8,de       
,sanguisugis10 is almo/ id5tical ) !    
,h9doo au?or's description ( ! twelve   
sorts ( lee*es1 9 di/+ui%+ ! appe>ance &
 prop]ties ( ! v>i\s sorts4  ,t ?is is m
 ?an a m]e co9cid5ce is cle> f ! fact t 
,avic5na says 8,indi dix]unt40  ,i d n  
?9k x w be s]i\sly disput$ t ! ,arabs _h
 access to ! ,h9doo works ( & be=e _!   
"t1 & we w f9d1 if we c>efully exam9e ! 
subject1 t ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e z di/+ui%$ 
f surg]y1 & ( *emi/ry z a "p ( t sci5ce 
( m$ic9e1 0 mu* m anci5t ?an we h be5   
prep>$ to admit4  ,x w\ld be incr$ible  
to believe t among/ a p s obs]vant &    
highly cultur$ z ! ,brahm9s mu/ h be51 t
 m$ic9e & ! *anges occurr+ 9 mixtures ( 
v>i\s sub/ances %\ld h be5 un/udi$1 &   
!re is no d\bt t ?is subject 0 f> f be+ 
neglect$ by !m4  ,_m natural productions
 ( ! c\ntry1 su* z nitrate ( pota%1     
borax1 c>bonate & sulphate ( soda1      

sulphate ( iron1 alum1 common salt1 &   
sulphur1 c\ld sc>cely escape ! notice ( 
ev5 ord9>y m52 b ,dr4 ,a9slie has %[n1 f
 ! evid5ce ( old ,indian m$ical works1 t
 !y 7 n only acqua9t$ ) ammonia 7:i* !y 
made by di/ill+ salammoniac "o "p1 &    
*alk two p>ts71 b t !y prep>$ sulphuric 
acid by burn+ sulphur & nitre toge!r 9  
e>!n pots1 call+ x ,gunduk ,ka ,att>1 or
 8att> ( sulphur40 ,nitric acid1 :i* 0  
prep>$1 n by ! process describ$ by      
,geb]1 b by mix+ saltpetre1 alum1 & a   
portion ( a liquor obta9$ by spread+    
clo?s ov] ! common gram plant1 & leav+  
!m expos$ to ! dew1 :5 !y 7 f\nd to     
absorb ! acid salt s abundantly secret$ 
by ! plant on ! surface ( its leaves1 & 
:i*1 :5 exam9$ by ,vauquel91 0 f\nd to  
conta9 bo? oxalic & acetic acids4       
,muriatic acid 0 also made by di/ill+   
alum & common salt1 dri$ & p\nd$ ) !    
above acid liquor4  ,ars5ic 0 us$ by !m 
= ! cure ( palsy1 & also = v5]eal       
diseases1 & is /ill us$ by !m = ?is     
purpose1 & 9 int]mitt5t fev]s4  ,x w\ld 

occupy too mu* "t to g fur!r into ?is   
subject at ! pres5t "t1 b !re are _m    
*emical comp\nds :i* are /ill made &    
sold 9 ! ,indian baza>s :i* h be5 us$ f 
"t immemorial1 & :i* require a k (      
*emical manipulation 9 ! arts ( sublim+1
 di/ill+1 c4  ,mr4 ,rodwell says1 8t !  
di/illation ( c9nab> ) iron1 describ$ by
 ,dioscorides1 is ! fir/ crude example (
 di/illation1 :i* aft]w>ds became a     
pr9cipal op]ation among ! al*emi/s &    
*emi/s = sep>at+ ! volatile f ! fix$40  
,t ?is is an assumption :i* has no      
f\ndation 9 fact is evid5t1 :5 we f9d 9 
! ,in/itutes ( ,m5u _m enactm5ts aga9/ !
 dr9k+ ( di/ill$ spirits1 & ^! made (   
v>i\s k9ds & di/ill$ f molasses 7or     
sug>-cane juice71 rice1 & ! madhuca     
fl[]s4  8,a soldi] or m]*ant dr9k+ arak1
 mead1 or rum are to be consid]$ (f5d]s 
9 ! highe/ degree10 & 8= dr9k+ spirits  
are to be br&$ on ! =ehead ) a v9tn]'s  
flag10 r a summ>y way ( treat+ a        
drunk>d1 & "o :i* w\ld indicate t ! ill 
effects ( ov]-indulg5ce 9 spiritu\s     

liquors _h be5 long kn[n1 :5 su* sev]e  
enactm5ts 7 made aga9/ x4  ,! me?od (   
di/ill+ describ$ by ,mr4 ,k]r 9 !       
,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 #a1 is s simple
 t x is almo/ c]ta9 t x 0 employ$ 9 v   
anci5t times = ! purpose ( di/ill+      
spirits1 & also att>s ( v>i\s sorts1    
:i*1 f "t immemorial1 w\ld seem to h be5
 a special production ( ,india4  8,!    
body ( ! /ill is a common l>ge unglaz$  
e>!n wat] j>1 ne>ly globul>1 ( ab\t #be 
in*es diamet] at ! wide/ "p ( x1 & #bb  
in*es deep to ! neck1 :i* neck rises #b 
in*es m1 & is #aa in*es wide 9 ! op5+2  
?is 0 fill$ ab\t a half ) f]m5t$ mhwah  
fl[]s1 :i* swam ab\t 9 ! liquor to be   
di/ill$4  8,?is j> !y plac$ 9 a furnace1
 n ! mo/ artificial1 ?\gh n seem+ly ill 
adapt$ to give a great heat ) b v little
 fuel4 ,?is !y made by digg+ a r\nd hole
 9 ! gr\nd1 ab\t #bj in*es wide & full  
#c feet deep1 cutt+ an op5+ 9 ! front   
slop+ d[n to ! bottom1 p]p5dicul> at !  
sides1 ab\t #i in*es wide & ab\t #ae    
in*es long1 reckon+ f ! edge ( ! circle3

 ?is is to s]ve to ?r[ 9 ! wood & to    
all[ a passage = ! air2 at ! o!r side a 
small op5+ ab\t #d in*es by #c in*es is 
made to s]ve z an outlet = ! smoke1 !   
bottom ( ! hole ?us made 0 r\nd$ l a    
cup4  8,! j> 0 plac$ 9 ?is z f> z x w\ld
 g1 & bank$ up ) clay all r\nd to ab\t a
 fif? ( its height1 except at ! two     
op5+s1 :5 all 0 complet$ s f> z !       
furnace 0 conc]n$4  8,fully "o ?ird ( ! 
/ill or j> 0 expos$ to ! heat :5 ! fire 
0 light$2 ! fuel 0 at lea/ #b feet f !  
bottom ( ! j>4  8,on to ?is j> !re 0 n[ 
fitt$ :at is call$ an adkur1 ?is be+    
made ( two e>!n pans ) _! bottoms turn$ 
t[>ds ea* o!r1 & a hole ( ab\t #d in*es 
diamet] 9 ! middle ( ea* ( !m1 ! l[] (  
^! pans fitt$ ! hole 9 ! j>1 & 0 lut$ ) 
clay1 ! upp] 0 lut$ to ! l[] "o1 & _h a 
diamet] ( ab\t #ad in*es1 ! juncture =m$
 a neck ( ab\t #c in*es1 ! upp] pan 0   
ab\t #d in*es deep1 ) a rim r\nd !      
c5tral hole1 ?is =m$ a gutt]1 & by means
 ( a holl[ bamboo lut$ to ?is1 ! _s1 z x
 cond5s$1 ran (f into ! receiv]4  8,!   

arrangem5t 0 n[ complet$ by lut+ on a   
small copp] pot or vessel ab\t #e in*es 
deep1 #h in*es wide at m\?1 & ab\t #aj  
in*es at bottom1 ) its m\? d[nw>ds4  8,!
 cool] 0 =m$ by plac+ on a support at ! 
back ( ! furnace an e>!n vessel conta9+ 
a few gallons ( wat]1 f :i*1 by means ( 
a bamboo tube1 ! wat] 0 all[$ to run on 
to ! c5tre ( ! copp] pot1 f :]e x       
collect$ 9 ! clay sauc]1 & ran (f by a  
small hole & bamboo tube = use aga94    
8,9 ab\t ?ree h\rs' "t f light+ ! fire1 
!y draw (f fully fifte5 bottles (       
spirits40  ,comp>+ ?is simple =m (      
app>atus ) ^? describ$ by ,geb]1 we mu/ 
admit t !re is no d\bt ( ! e>li] date ( 
?is simple app>atus2 &1 z we h se51     
di/ill$ _s is expressly m5tion$ 9 !     
,in/itutes ( ,m5u1 we are b\nd to admit 
t di/illation 0 9 use long ere !        
,arabian times & t ( ,dioscorides4  ,_m 
su* examples might be exam9$1 b ,i w    
take "o = illu/ration--t ( ! manufacture
 ( common salt4  ,let u take ?is        
manufacture z a typical "o4  ,we f9d 9  

,jackson's ,antiquities & ,*ronology ( !
 ,*9ese t1 #bejj ,b4,c41 ,%9-nong inv5t$
 ! me?od ( obta9+ salt f sea-wat]4 ,he  
also gets cr$it = hav+ compos$ books on 
m$ic9e4  ,9 ,george ,agricola's ,de ,re 
,metallica 7#aefa7 !re is a curi\s set (
 woodcuts repres5t+ ! manufacture (     
salt1 & 9 ! fir/1 9 :i* ! :ole process (
 evaporat+ sea-wat] by ! sun's rays is  
%[n mo/ completely f ! rais+ ( ! sluices
 to all[ ! wat] to fl[ into ! v>i\s     
evaporat+ ponds1 to ! pack+ ( ! f9i%$   
salt 9 b>rels--x is a curi\s fact t !   
trees :i* are introduc$ are palms1 & !  
figure 9 ! di/ance is dress$ 9 ,ori5tal 
co/ume1 :ile ev5 ! %ip seems to p>take (
 ?is "*4  ,a m advanc$ /ate ( ?+s is %[n
 9 ! ?ird draw+ ( ! #ab? book1 :]e a pan
 is %[n1 made ( iron plates rivet$      
toge!r s z to =m a flat %eet1 :i* =ms ! 
bottom ( ! pan1 ( :i* ! sides are       
compos$ ( ?ick wood1 /r5g!n$ ) plates ( 
iron at ! corn]s4  ,! bottom ( ! pan has
 a s]ies ( iron eyes or loops1 & ^!1 :5 
x is fix$ ov] its furnace1 are atta*$ to

 iron rods1 :i* are hung f a network (  
wood5 b>s1 s t ! :ole bottom ( ! pan is 
support$ securely at a consid]able numb]
 ( po9ts4  ,! furnace is v simple1 be+  
simply a wall surr\nd+ an oblong space1 
a little small] ?an ! pan1 s t ! sides (
 ! latt] may re/ on ! walls all r\nd1   
except = a small space 9 front :]e !    
fuel is introduc$1 :i* app>5tly burns on
 ! gr\nd alone4  ,! me?od ( manufactur+ 
salt 9 ,japan is almo/ id5tical ) t     
figur$ 9 ,agricola4 ,!re is ! same      
arrangem5t ( salt g>d5 or s]ies ( ponds 
& dit*es1 & ! dirty salts mix$ ) s& are 
aga9 lixiviat$1 & ! filt]$ liquid is    
boil$ d[n 9 curi\sly =m$ pans or boil]s4
  ,( ^! !re are two *ief =ms1 ! fir/ be+
 a tank or pan =m$ ( l>ge pieces (      
slate1 ) ! jo9ts made ) clay1 & surr\nd$
 ) a mud wall4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) an ar*
 or vault & is fill$ ) ! br9e1 :i* is !n
 evaporat$ by surface heat1 ! fire be+  
plac$ at "o end & ! flue at ! o!r4  ,!  
o!r =m is v curi\s & int]e/+1 & is almo/
 id5tical 9 its pr9ciple ( con/ruction )

 ! pan ,i h ref]r$ to z figur$ 9        
,agricola1 only 9 ?is case ! mat]ials   
are v diff]5t1 be+1 in/ead ( wood &     
iron1 no?+ m ?an clay or mud4  ,x 0     
describ$ (ficially by ! ,japanese1 9 _! 
publications at ! ,philadelphia         
,exhibition 9 #ahgf4 ,! ,japanese       
description ( ?is app>atus is highly    
int]e/+4 ,x is z foll[s3--  ,a l[ wall  
is built1 enclos+ a space ( ab\t #ac    
feet by #i feet1 ! bottom =m+ a k9d (   
prismatical depression1 #c feet deep 9 !
 c5tre l9e4 ,an a%pit1 #c feet deep1 is 
!n excavat$1 />t+ f ! front wall1 &     
ext5d+ ab\t #d feet into ?is depression 
at its deepe/ place2 x communicates ) ! 
outside by a *annel slop+ gradually     
upw>ds1 & pass+ und]nea? ! front wall4  
,! a%pit is cov]$ by a clay vault1 )    
holes 9 its sides1 s z to e/abli% a     
communication betwe5 ! a%pit & ! holl[  
space "u ! pan4 ,?is vault is us$ z a   
fire grate1 ! fuel 7br[n coal & small   
wood7 be+ ins]t$ by ! fire-door 9 !     
front wall4 ,! air-draught necess>y =   

burn+ ! fuel ent]s p>tly by ! fire-door1
 p>tly ?r\gh ! a%pit & ! op5+s left 9 ! 
vault$ grate4 ,?r\gh ^! same op5+s !    
a%es & c9d]s are f "t to "t pu%$ d[n    
into ! a%pit1 = :i* purpose small op5+s 
are left 9 ! side-wall ( ! furnace1     
?r\gh :i* ! rakes may be introduc$4 ,a  
passage 9 ! back wall support+ ! pan    
leads (f ! products ( combu/ion & ! hot 
air into a %ort flue1 slop+ upw>ds1 &   
end+ 9 a %ort v]tical *imney4 ,at ! l[] 
"p "s iron kettles are plac$ 9 ! flue = 
! purpose ( heat+ ! lye be=e x is ladl$ 
into ! evaporat+ pan4  ,) ref]5ce to !  
pan1 x is made 9 a way t requires a     
great deal ( skill & practice4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 beams rea*+ f ! "o side to ! o!r
 are laid on ! top ( ! furnace walls1 & 
are cov]$ ) wood5 bo>ds1 =m+ a tempor>y 
floor4 ,two or ?ree feet above ?is floor
 a /rong horizontal network ( poles (   
wood su/a9s a numb] ( /raw ropes1 ) iron
 hooks hang+ d[n1 & ( su* a l5g? t !    
hooks ne>ly t\* ! wood5 floor4 ,! floor 
is !reupon cov]$ ) a mixture ( clay &   

small /ones1 #d to #e in*es ?ick1 !     
workman be+ c>eful to incru/ate ! iron  
hooks into ?is mat]ial4 ,x is all[$ to  
dry gradually1 & :5 consid]$ suffici5tly
 h>d5$1 ! wood5 beams & floor+ are      
remov$ ) ! necess>y precautions4 ,!     
bottom ( ! pan rema9s susp5d$ by means (
 ! ropes4 ,! op5 spaces left all r\nd   
betwe5 ! bottom & ! top ( ! furnace     
walls are !n fill$ up1 & ! bord] ( !    
pan1 #i in*es to #aj in*es high1 is made
 ( a simil> mixture4 ,x is said t ?is   
extraord9>y con/ruction la/s f #dj to   
#ej days :5 well made1 & t x c be fill$ 
#af times 9 #bd h\rs1 ) an av]age ( #ejj
 litres ( conc5trat$ lye at ea* fill+2 b
 ! quantity dep5ds ^u ! wea!r1 & is less
 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,dur+ ! cold season
 "o pan yields #adj litres 7( salt7 ea* 
"t x is fill$1 & 9 ! hot season f #aij  
to #baj litres4 ,! av]age consumpt (    
fuel is said to be #aejj kilos4 9 #bd   
h\rs4  ,9 ,p]sia1 ne> ,ballakhan1 salt  
is /ill made1 & has be5 made f "t       
immemorial1 9 a v primitive way1 :i* is 

describ$ by ,bell51 9 8 description ( 8 
j\rney 9 #ahgb f ! ,indus to ! ,tigris1 
z foll[s3--  8,= sev]al miles our road  
l$ ov] a succession ( salt pits & ov5s1 
& ly+ ab\t we f\nd sev]al samples ( !   
alim5t>y salt prep>$ "h f ! soil4 ,x 0 9
 f9e :ite granules mass$ toge!r 9 ! =m (
 ! e>!n vessel 9 :i* ! salt _h be5      
evaporat$4 ,! process ( collect+ ! salt 
is v r\gh & simple4 ,a conical pit or   
bas91 #g or #h feet deep & ab\t #ab feet
 9 diamet] is dug1 & ar\nd x are        
excavat$ a succession ( small] pits1 ea*
 ab\t #b feet diamet] by #a feet deep4  
,on "o side ( ! l>ge pit is a deep      
excavation1 to :i* ! desc5t f ! pit is  
by a slop+ bank4 ,9 ?is excavation is a 
dom$ ov5 ) a c\ple ( fireplaces4 ,at a  
little di/ance (f are ! piles ( e>?     
scrap$ f ! surface & ready = treatm5t4  
,&1 la/ly1 circl+ r\nd ea* pit is a     
small wat]-cut l$ (f f a l>g] /ream     
runn+ along ! l9e ( pits4  8,su* is !   
ma*9]y4 ,! process is simply ?is3--,a   
%ovelful ( e>? is tak5 f ! heap & wa%$ 9

 ! bas9s 7a %ovelful to ea*7 circl+ !   
pit4  8,! liquor f ^! is1 :il/ yet      
turbid1 run into ! great c5tral pit1 by 
break+ away a *annel = x ) ! f+]s4 ,!   
*annel is !n clos$ ) a dab ( clay1 & a  
fre% lot ( e>? wa%$1 & ! liquor run (f z
 be=e2 & s on till ! pit is ne>ly full (
 br9e4 ,?is is all[$ to /& till ! liquor
 cle>s4 ,x is !n ladl$ out into e>!n    
j>s1 set on ! fire & boil$ to           
evaporation successively1 till ! j> is  
fill$ ) a cake ( granul> salt4 ,! j>s   
are !n brok51 & ! mass ( salt 7:i*      
reta9s its %ape7 is ready = conveyance  
to m>ket4  8,l>ge quantities ( ?is salt 
are us$ by ! nomad population1 & a good 
deal is tak5 to ,k&ah>4 ,! quantity     
turn$ out "h mu/ annually be v great4 ,!
 salt pits ext5d ov] at lea/ t5 miles ( 
! c\ntry we trav]s$1 & we c]ta9ly saw "s
 ?\s&s ( pits40   ,f :at ,i h laid be=e 
y1 x w be se5 t ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t
 we mu/ g f> beyond ! "t ( ,geb] or !   
,arabian s*ool = ! orig9 ( our sci5ce4  
,! /udy ( ! "q ( its antiquity leads up 

to su* remote times t !re is little     
probability ( any date be+ assign$ to   
its beg9n+1 & to "s x may appe> b a wa/e
 ( "t to indulge 9 rese>*es ^u !        
subject2 b x has a fasc9ation peculi> to
 itself1 &1 9 addition1 br+s be=e our   
m9ds s _m phases 9 ! philosophical ?\ght
 ( ! _w1 t x w no d\bt long cont9ue to  
ex]cise ! m9ds & attract ! att5tion (   
*emi/s4  ,9 ! c\rse ( my own /udy ( !   
subject1 ,i h felt mu* dissatisfi$ ) !  
d]ivation ( ! "n *emi/ry or al*emy1 z x 
is giv5 9 all works to :i* ,i h _h      
access4 ,x is said to be d]iv$ f a ^w   
mean+ d>k1 hidd51 black1 & f ! anci5t "n
 = ,egypt1 b to my own m9d ?is is an    
unsatisfactory explanation1 & seek+ =   
ano!r m consonant ) ! "* ( ! sci5ce1 ,i 
?9k ,i h f\nd x 9 q a diff]5t direction4
  ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! old ,h9doo      
philosophy !re 7 recogniz$ five elem5t>y
 bodies or r types4 ,^! 7 ,wat]1 ,fire1 
,e!r1 ,e>?1 & ,air1 & ! sy/em ( ,m5u1 ( 
:i* ! antiquity is enorm\s1 recognizes z
 ! greate/ conception ( ! univ]se--     

#a/1 ,god4   #bnd1 ,m9d4   #crd1        
,consci\sness4   #d?1 ,matras4   #e?1   
,elem5ts4  7matras be+ ! invisible types
 ( ! visible atoms :i* compose ! five   
elem5ts previ\sly nam$--viz41 ,wat]1    
,fire1 ,e!r1 ,e>?1 & ,air74  ,n[1 ^!    
elem5ts1 ) ! sun & moon1 compos$ !      
attributes ( ! dual deity ,isw>a & ,isi1
 repres5t+ ! male & female natural p[]s1
 &1 apply+ ?is to ! fam\s ,py?agorean   
triangle1 we f9d t ! upright symbol or  
male1 :i* 0 ! numb] or p[] #c1 :5 comb9$
 ) ! female pro/rate symbol1 :i* 0 !    
numb] or p[] #d1 gives a product 9 !    
,hypot5use ( #e1 :i* is ! numb] ( !     
typical elem5ts ( ! olde/ kn[n ,h9doo   
philosophy4 ,x is also ! product ( !    
fir/ male & female numb]s1 & 0 anci5tly 
call$ ! numb] ( ! _w--repeat$ anyh[ by  
an odd multiple x always reappe>s4  ,if 
n[ we consid] *emi/ry z t sci5ce :i* has
 to deal ) ! *anges & comb9ations ( !   
five elem5ts1 & if we call x--  ,!      
sci5ce ( ! five p>ts or elem5ts1 %\ld we
 n1 :5 we f9d t ! ,arabic ^w = five is  

khams1 r ref] ! "n ( our sci5ce to ?is  
^w khams1 & read x z      ,al-,khams1   
,! five-"p sci5ce8  ,i am incl9$1 h[ev]1
 to g yet a /ep fur!r1 & rememb]+ t !   
fif? elem5t or ,e!r ( ! mo/ anci5t      
,h9doo philosophy1 0 9 reality an       
expression = active =ce1 or1 t emanat+ f
 ! c5tral sun caus$ ! natural ph5om5a ( 
attraction & repulsion1 ! emission &    
refraction ( light1 & o!r s5sible *anges
 ( condition1 w\ld read ! comp\nd ^w    
,al-,khamis   7,! fif?71  z ! gr& &     
simple title ( our anci5t sci5ce1 mean+ 
,! =ce--  t :i* causes ! *anges 9 !     
elem5t>y types & _! comb9ations--?an :i*
 no m descriptive title c\ld be assign$ 
to x1 ev5 9 ! pres5t enlight5$ age4     
99       99       99       99       99  
99       99       99       99        99 
99       99       99       99  ,errors &
 ,anomalies  ,apollonius ,tyanu  text   
reads 8,appolonius0  ,h]cules & ,bac*us 
7,dionysius7  text reads 8,dionsyius0   
,ommiades 444 ,abassides  /&>d spell+s =
 ?is text  ,ibn ,osaibe's te/imony  text

 reads 8,ibu0  body-physicians at !     
,c\rt ( ,h>un-al-,ras*id     spell+ z 9 
orig9al1 b else:]e spell$ 8,h>\n0       
,x5ophon 9 8 ,anabasis  text reads      
8,z5ophon0  ,mega/h5es  text reads      
8,mege/h5es0  ! fir/ ( ! ,grecian       
philosoph]s  text reads 8philosph]s0  ! 
,h9doos believe 9 f\rte5 ,m5us     & six
 fur!r occurr5ces ( 8,m5u0     /&>d     
spell+ 9 ?is text3 correct =m is 8,manu0
  ,libyans 9 w> *>iots ) f\r horses     
text reads 8,lybians0  "u ! reign (     
,ph>oah ,ne*o  spell+ z 9 orig9al  f !  
,r$ ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean  text reads  
8,m$it]reanean0  ,jackson 9 8           
8,antiquities0 tells u t1  comma 9      
orig9al   ,d5otes a *aos     ,! symbol  
%\ld look l an inv]t$ 8female0 or       
8,v5us0--     a cross above a circle-- b
 "s fonts repres5t x z a cross     )9 a 
circle4  ,indra in/ruct$ ,dahnwant>i    
,dahnwant>i is also /yl$ ,kasi-rajah    
correct =m is 8,dhanwant>i0