,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,hat ,,manufactur+ ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,hat ,,manufactur]s' ,,association ,,by ,,watson ,,smi?1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,!n ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,*emical ,,te*nology ,,9 ,,! ,,ow5s ,,college1 ,,man*e/] ,,& ,,lectur] ,,( ,,! ,,victoria ,,univ]sity ,,revis$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,alb]t ,,%onk ,,) ,,sixte5 ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,son ,,! ,,hatt]s' ,,gazette ,,(fices #h ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,,canada3 ,,! ,,copp ,,cl>k ,,co4 ,,ltd41 ,,toronto ,,unit$ ,,/ates3 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,co41 ,,new ,,york #aijf ,all rights rema9 ) ,scott1 ,gre5wood ,son ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,und]scores ar\nd words indicates italics :ile an und]score & curly brackets 9 an equation indicates a subscript4 ,,preface ,! subject-matt] 9 ?is little book is ! sub/ance ( a s]ies ( ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,hat ,manufactur]s' ,association 9 ! ye>s #ahhg & #ahhh4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod1 ow+ to ! increas+ difficulties ( competition ) ! products ( ! ,g]man ,hat ,manufactur]s1 a deputation ( ,hat ,manufactur]s 9 & ar\nd ,man*e/] consult$ ,sir ,h5ry ,e4 ,roscoe1 ,f4,r4,s41 !n ! ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]1 & he advis$ ! =mation ( an ,association1 & ! appo9tm5t ( a ,lectur]1 :o 0 to make a practical inve/igation ( ! art ( ,hat ,manufactur+1 & !n to deliv] a s]ies ( lectures on ! applications ( sci5ce to ?is indu/ry4 ,sir ,h5ry ,roscoe recomm5d$ ! writ]1 !n ! ,lectur] on ,*emical ,te*nology 9 ! ,ow5s ,college1 z lectur]1 & he 0 accord+ly appo9t$4 ,! lectures 7 deliv]$ ) copi\s exp]im5tal illu/rations ?r\gh two sessions1 & dur+ ! c\rse a pat5t by "o ( ! y\ng] memb]s became due1 :i* prov$ to conta9 ! solution ( ! *ief difficulty ( ! ,briti% felt-hat manufactur] 7see pages #ff-fh74 ,?is rem>kable co9cid5ce s]v$ to give especial /ress to ! wisdom ( ! c\nsel ( ,sir ,h5ry ,roscoe1 ^: response to ! appeal ( ! memb]s ( ! deputation ( #ahhg 0 at once to po9t !m to sci5tific light & tra9+ z _! only res\rce4 ,9 a lett] rec5tly receiv$ f ,sir ,h5ry 7#aijf71 he writes3 ,i agree ) y t ?is is a good in/ance ( ! direct money value ( sci5tific tra9+1 & 9 ^! days ( 'protection' & simil> subt]fuges1 x is n amiss to emphasise ! fact4 ,x is ?us gratify+ to ! writ] to ?9k t ! lectures h _h "s influ5ce on ! rem>kable progress :i* ! ,briti% ,hat ,indu/ry has made 9 ! tw5ty ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce _! deliv]y4 ,^! lectures 7 9 "p pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ! ,hatt]s' ,gazette1 & 9 "p 9 newspap]s ( ,man*e/] & ,/ockport1 & !y h "h be5 compil$ & edit$1 & ! necess>y illu/rations add$1 etc41 by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,%onk1 to :om ,i w\ld express my be/ ?anks4 ,,watson ,,smi?4 ,,london1 ,april #aijf4 ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,,page ,i4 ,,textile ,,fibres1 ,,pr9cipally ,,wool1 ,,fur1 ,,& ,,hair #a ,,ii4 ,,textile ,,fibres1 ,,pr9cipally ,,wool1 ,,fur1 ,,& ,,hair--cont9u$ #ah ,,iii4 ,,wat]3 ,,its ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,prop]ties2 ,,impurities ,,& ,,_! ,,action2 ,,te/s ,,( ,,purity #bi ,,iv4 ,,wat]3 ,,its ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,prop]ties2 ,,impurities ,,& ,,_! ,,action2 ,,te/s ,,( ,,purity--cont9u$ #ch ,v4 ,,acids ,,& ,,alkalis #di ,,vi4 ,,boric ,,acid1 ,,borax1 ,,soap #eg ,,vii4 ,,%ellac1 ,,wood ,,_s1 ,,& ,,! ,,/iff5+ ,,& ,,pro(+ ,,process #fb ,,viii4 ,,mordants3 ,,_! ,,nature ,,& ,,use #fi ,,ix4 ,,dye/uffs ,,& ,,col\rs #gi ,x4 ,,dye/uffs ,,& ,,colors--cont9u$ #hi ,,xi4 ,,dye+ ,,( ,,wool ,,& ,,fur2 ,,& ,,optical ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,col\rs #ajj ,,index #aag ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,hat ,,manufactur+ ,,lecture ,i ,,textile ,,fibres1 ,,pr9cipally ,,wool1 ,,fur1 ,,& ,,hair ,vegetable ,fibres4--,textile fibres may be broadly di/+ui%$ z vegetable & animal fibres4 ,x is absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to obta9 a useful k ( ! peculi>ities & prop]ties ( animal fibres g5]ally1 or ev5 specially1 t we %\ld be1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 famili> ) ^? ( ! vegetable fibres4 ,i %all !re=e h1 9 ! fir/ place1 some?+ to tell y ( c]ta9 pr9cipal vegetable fibres be=e we comm5ce ! m special /udy ( ! animal fibres mo/ int]e/+ to y z hat manufactur]s1 namely1 wool1 fur1 & hair4 ,:at cotton is z a vegetable product ,i %all n 9 detail describe1 b ,i w ref] y to ! int]e/+ & complete "w ( ,dr4 ,b[man1 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,cotton ,fibre4 ,suffice x to say t 9 c]ta9 plants & trees ! se$s or fruit are surr\nd$1 9 ! pods 9 :i* !y develop1 ) a d[ny sub/ance1 & t ! cotton %rub belongs to ?is class ( plants4 ,a fibre pick$ out f ! mass ( ! d[ny sub/ance ref]r$ to1 & exam9$ "u ! microscope1 is f\nd to be a spirally twi/$ b&2 or bett]1 an irregul>1 m or less flatt5$ & twi/$ tube 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,we "k x is a tube1 because on tak+ a ?91 n>r[ slice across a fibre & exam9+ ! slice "u ! microscope1 we c see ! hole or p]=ation up ! c5tre1 =m+ ! axis ( ! tube 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,mr4 ,h4 de ,mos5?al1 9 an extremely int]e/+ & valuable pap] 7see ,j4,s4,c4,i41#a #aijd1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #bib71 has rec5tly %[n t ! cuticle ( ! cotton fibre is extremely por\s1 hav+1 9 addition to pores1 :at appe> to be m9ute /omata1 ! latt] be+ frequ5tly arrang$ 9 oblique r[s1 z if !y l$ into oblique lat]al *annels4 ,a cotton fibre v>ies f #be to #f c5timetres 9 l5g?1 & 9 bread? f #jjag to #jje millimetre4 ,! *>act]i/ics m5tion$ make x v easy to di/+ui% cotton f o!r vegetable or animal fibres4 ,= example1 ano!r vegetable fibre is flax1 or l951 & ?is has a v diff]5t appe>ance "u ! microscope 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,x has a bamboo-l1 or jo9t$ appe>ance2 its tubes are n flatt5$1 nor are !y twi/$4 ,flax belongs to a class call$ ! ba/ fibres1 a "n giv5 to c]ta9 fibres obta9$ f ! inn] b>k ( diff]5t plants4 ,jute also is a ba/ fibre4 ,! f9] qualities ( x look l flax1 b1 z we %all see1 x is n *emically id5tical ) cotton1 z l95 or flax is4 ,ano!r vegetable fibre1 t]m$ cotton-silk1 f its beautiful1 lu/r\s1 silky appe>ance1 has excit$ "s att5tion1 because x gr[s freely 9 ! ,g]man colony call$ ! ,cam>oons1 & also on ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,?is fibre1 "u ! microscope1 diff]s entirely 9 appe>ance f bo? cotton & flax fibres4 ,its fibres resemble /raight & ?91 smoo?1 transp>5t1 almo/ glassy tubes1 ) l>ge axial bores2 9 fact1 if wett$ 9 wat] y c see ! wat] & air bubbles 9 ! tubes "u ! microscope4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( cotton-silk appe>s 9 a pap] read by me be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry 9 #ahhf 7see ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahhf1 vol4 v4 p4 #fdb74 ,n[ ! sub/ance ( ! cotton1 l95 or flax1 z well z t ( ! cotton-silk fibres1 is t]m$1 *emically1 cellulose4 ,raw cotton consi/s ( cellulose ) ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( impurities4 ,?is cellulose is a *emical comp\nd ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 &1 accord+ to ! relative proportions ( ^! con/itu5ts1 x has _h ! *emical =mula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e assign$ to x4 ,ea* lett] /&s = an atom ( ea* con/itu5t nam$1 & ! num]als tell u ! numb] ( ! con/itu5t atoms 9 ! :ole comp\nd atom ( cellulose4 ,?is cellulose is closely alli$ 9 composition to />*1 dextr91 & a =m ( sug> call$ glucose4 ,x is possible to conv]t cotton rags into ?is =m ( sug>--glucose--by treat+ fir/ ) /rong vitriol or sulphuric acid1 & !n boil+ ) dilute acid = a long "t4 ,be=e we leave ^! vegetable or cellulose fibres1 ,i w give y a means ( te/+ !m1 s z to enable y to di/+ui% !m broadly f ! animal fibres1 among/ :i* are silk1 wool1 fur1 & hair4 ,a good g5]al te/ to di/+ui% a vegetable & an animal fibre is ! foll[+1 :i* is kn[n z ,molis*'s te/3 ,to a v small quantity1 ab\t #jja gram1 ( ! well-wa%$ cotton fibre1 #a c4c4 ( wat] is add$1 !n two to ?ree drops ( a #ae to #bj p] c5t4 solution ( alpha-naph?ol 9 alcohol1 & f9ally an excess ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid2 on agitat+1 a deep violet col\r is develop$4 ,by us+ ?ymol 9 place ( ! alpha-naph?ol1 a r$ or sc>let col\r is produc$4 ,if ! fibre 7 "o ( an animal nature1 m]ely a yell[ or gre5i%-yell[ col\r$ solution w\ld result4 ,i told y1 h[ev]1 t jute is n *emically id5tical ) cotton & l954 ,! sub/ance ( its fibre has be5 t]m$ ba/ose by ,cross & ,bevan1 :o h inve/igat$ x4 ,x is n id5tical ) ord9>y cellulose1 = if we take a little ( ! jute1 soak x 9 dilute acid1 !n 9 *loride ( lime or hypo*lorite ( soda1 & f9ally pass x ?r\gh a ba? ( sulphite ( soda1 a beautiful crimson col\r develops ^u x1 n develop$ 9 ! case ( cellulose 7cotton1 l951 etc474 ,x is c]ta9 t x is a k9d ( cellulose1 b /ill n id5tical ) true cellulose4 ,all animal fibres1 :5 burnt1 emit a peculi> empyreumatic od\r resembl+ t f burnt fea!rs1 an od\r :i* no vegetable fibre "u l circum/ances emits4 ,h5ce a good te/ is to burn a piece ( ! fibre 9 a lamp flame1 & notice ! od\r4 ,all vegetable fibres are easily t5d]$1 or r5d]$ rott51 by ! action ( ev5 dilute m9]al acids2 ) ! additional action ( /eam1 ! effect is mu* m rapid1 z also if ! fibre is all[$ to dry ) ! acid ^u or 9 x4 ,animal fibres are n ne>ly s s5sitive "u ^! conditions4 ,b :]eas cau/ic alkalis h n mu* effect on vegetable fibres1 if kept out ( contact ) ! air1 ! animal fibres are v quickly attack$4 ,sup]heat$ /eam alone has b little effect on cotton or vegetable fibres1 b x w\ld fuse or melt wool4 ,bas$ on ^! diff]5ces1 me?ods h be5 devis$ & pat5t$ = treat+ mix$ wooll5 & cotton tissues--7#a7 ) hydro*loric acid gas1 or moi/5+ ) dilute hydro*loric acid & /eam+1 to remove all ! cotton fibre2 or 7#b7 ) a jet ( sup]heat$ /eam1 "u a pressure ( #e atmosph]es 7#ge lb4 p] squ>e in*71 :5 ! wooll5 fibre is simply melt$ out ( ! tissue1 & s9ks to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 a vegetable tissue rema9+ 7,h$debault74 ,if we write on pap] ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & dry & !n heat ! place writt5 ^u1 ! cellulose is de/roy$ & *>r$1 & we get black writ+ produc$4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is ! same z 9 ! sep>ation ( cotton f mix$ wooll5 & cotton goods by means ( sulphuric acid or vitriol4 ,! fabric conta9+ cotton1 or let u say cellulose p>ticles1 is treat$ ) dilute vitriol1 press$ or squeez$1 & !n r\ghly dri$4 ,t cellulose !n becomes m]e du/1 & is simply beat5 out ( ! intact wooll5 texture4 ,! cellulose is1 9 a pure /ate1 a :ite p[d]1 ( specific gravity #ae1 i4e4 "o & a half times z heavy z wat]1 & is q insoluble 9 su* solv5ts z wat]1 alcohol1 e!r2 b x does dissolve 9 a solution ( hydrat$ oxide ( copp] 9 ammonia4 ,on add+ acids to ! cupric-ammonium solution1 ! cellulose is reprecipitat$ 9 ! =m ( a gelat9\s mass4 ,cotton & l95 are sc>cely dissolv$ at all by a solution ( basic z9c *loride4 ,footnote #a3 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,silk4--,we n[ pass on to ! animal fibres1 & ( ^! we mu/ fir/ consid] silk4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect sub/ances = use 9 ! textile arts4 ,a silk fibre may be consid]$ z a k9d ( rod ( solidifi$ flexible gum1 secret$ 9 & exud$ f gl&s plac$ on ! side ( ! body ( ! silk-worm4 ,9 ,fig4 #d are %[n ! =ms ( ! silk fibre1 9 :i* !re are no c5tral cavities or axial bores z 9 cotton & flax1 & no signs ( any cellul> /ructure or ext]nal m>k+s1 b a comp>atively smoo?1 glassy surface4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a longitud9al groove ( m or less dep?4 ,! fibre is semi-transp>5t1 ! beautiful pe>ly lu/re be+ due to ! smoo?ness ( ! out] lay] & its reflection ( ! light4 ,9 ! silk fibre !re are two di/9ct p>ts3 fir/1 ! c5tral portion1 or1 z we may reg>d x1 ! true fibre1 *emically t]m$ fibron2 & secondly1 an envelope compos$ ( a sub/ance or sub/ances1 *emically t]m$ s]ic91 & (t5 silk-glue or silk-gum4 ,bo? ! latt] & fibron are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg54 ,"h !re is ?us "o elem5t m ?an 9 ! vegetable fibres previ\sly ref]r$ to1 namely1 nitrog52 & ?is nitrog5 is conta9$ 9 all ! animal fibres4 ,! out] envelope ( silk-glue or s]ic9 c be dissolv$ (f ! inn] fibron fibre by means ( hot wat]1 or w>m wat] ) a little soap4 ,w>m dilute 7t is1 weak7 acids1 su* z sulphuric acid1 etc41 also dissolve ?is silk-glue1 & c be us$ l soap solutions = ungumm+ silk4 ,dilute nitric acid only slightly attacks silk1 & col\rs x yell[2 x w\ld n s col\r vegetable fibres1 & ?is =ms a good te/ to di/+ui% silk f a vegetable fibre4 ,cold /rong acetic acid1 s-call$ glacial acetic acid1 removes ! yell[i% col\r+ matt] f raw silk )\t dissolv+ ! s]ic9 or silk-gum4 ,by heat+ "u pressure ) acetic acid1 h[ev]1 silk is completely dissolv$4 ,silk is also dissolv$ by /rong sulphuric acid1 =m+ a br[n ?ick liquid4 ,if we add wat] to ?is ?ick liquid1 a cle> solution is obta9$1 & !n on add+ tannic acid ! fibron is precipitat$4 ,/rong cau/ic pota% or soda dissolves silk2 m easily if w>m4 ,dilute cau/ic alkalis1 if suffici5tly dilute1 w dissolve (f ! s]ic9 & leave ! inn] fibre ( fibron2 b !y are n s good = ungumm+ silk z soap solutions are1 z ! fibre aft] treatm5t ) !m is defici5t 9 :it5ess & brilliancy4 ,silk dissolves completely 9 hot basic z9c *loride solution1 & also 9 an alkal9e solution ( copp] & glyc]91 :i* solutions d n dissolve vegetable fibres or wool4 ,*lor9e & blea*+-p[d] solutions soon attack & de/roy silk1 & s ano!r & mild] ag5t1 namely1 sulphur\s acid1 is us$ to blea* ?is fibre4 ,silk is easily dy$ by ! anil9e & coal-t> col\rs1 & ) beautiful effect1 b x has little attraction = ! m9]al col\rs4 ,wool4--,next to silk z an animal fibre we come to wool & diff]5t v>ieties ( fur & hair cov]+ c]ta9 classes ( animals1 su* z %eep1 goats1 rabbits1 & h>es4 ,g5]ally1 & )\t go+ at all deeply into ! subject1 we may say t wool diff]s f fur & hair1 ( :i* we may reg>d x z a v>iety1 by be+ usually m ela/ic1 flexible1 & curly1 & because x possesses c]ta9 features ( surface /ructure :i* conf] ^u x ! prop]ty ( be+ m easily matt$ toge!r ?an fur & hair are4 ,we mu/ fir/ %ortly consid] ! mann] ( gr[? ( hair )\t sp5d+ too mu* "t on ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,! accompany+ figure 7see ,fig4 #e7 %[s a section ( ! sk9 ) a hair or wool fibre root$ 9 x4 ,"h we may see t ! gr\nd "w1 if we may s t]m x1 is f\r-fold 9 /ructure4 ,proce$+ d[nw>ds1 we h--7fir/7 ! out] sk91 sc>f-sk9 or cuticle2 7second7 a second lay] or sk9 call$ ! rete mucosum1 =m+ ! epid]mis2 7?ird7 papill>y lay]2 7f\r?7 ! corium lay]1 =m+ ! d]mis4 ,! peculi>1 globul>1 cellul> masses bel[ 9 ! corium are call$ adipose cells1 & ^! ?r[ (f p]spiration or moi/ure1 :i* is c>ri$ away to ! surface by ! gl&s %[n 7call$ sudorip>\s gl&s71 :i*1 z is se51 pass indep5d5tly (f to ! surface4 ,o!r gl&s t]m9ate "u ! sk9 9 ! hair follicles1 :i* follicles or hair sockets conta9 or enclose ! hair roots4 ,^! gl&s t]m9at+ 9 ! hair follicles secrete an oily sub/ance1 :i* ba!s & lubricates z well z n\ri%es ! hair4 ,) respect to ! orig9 ( ! hair or wool fibre1 ?is is =m$ inside ! follicle by ! exud+ !refrom ( a pla/ic liquid or lymph2 ?is latt] gradually becomes granul>1 & is !n =m$ into cells1 :i*1 z ! gr[? proce$s1 are elongat$ into fibres1 :i* =m ! c5tral portion ( ! hair4 ,j z ) ! trunk ( a tree1 we h an out] d5se portion1 ! b>k1 an inn] less d5se & m cellul> lay]1 & an inmo/ portion :i* is mo/ cellul> & por\s2 s ) a hair1 ! c5tral portion is loose & por\s1 ! out] m & m d5se4 ,on glanc+ at ! figure 7,fig4 #f7 ( ! longitud9al section ( a human hair1 we see fir/ ! out] portion1 l ! b>k ( a tree1 consi/+ ( a d5se %ea? ( flatt5$ scales1 !n comes an inn] l9+ ( closely-pack$ fibr\s cells1 & frequ5tly an inn] well-m>k$ c5tral bundle ( l>g] & r\nd] cells1 =m+ a m$ull>y axis4 ,! transv]se section 7,fig4 #g7 %[s ?is exce$+ly well4 ,! end ( a hair is g5]ally po9t$1 sometimes filam5t\s4 ,! l[] extremity is l>g] ?an ! %aft1 & t]m9ates 9 a conical bulb1 or mass ( cells1 :i* =ms ! root ( ! hair4 ,9 ! next figure 7,fig4 #h7 we are suppos$ to h sep>at$ ^! cells1 & above1 7a71 we see "s ( ! cells f ! c5tral pi? or m$ulla1 & fat globules2 betwe51 7b71 "s ( ! int]m$iate elongat$ or angul> cells2 & bel[1 7c71 two flatt5$1 compress$1 /ructureless1 & horny scales f ! out] portion ( ! hair4 ,n[ ^! latt] flatt5$ scales are ( great importance4 ,_! "* & mode ( connection ) ! /ratum1 or cortical sub/ance1 bel[1 n only make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 wool & hair1 b also det]m9e ! ext5t & degree ( t peculi> prop]ty ( int]lock+ ( ! hairs kn[n z felt+4 ,let u n[ aga9 look at a human hair4 ,! light 0 reflect$ f ?is hair z x lay "u ! microscope1 & n[ we see ! reason ( ! saw-l edge 9 ! longitud9al section1 = j z ! tiles lie on ! ro( ( a h\se1 or ! scales on ! back ( a fi%1 s ! :ole surface ( ! hair is ext]nally coat$ ) a firmly adh]+ lay] ( flat ov]ly+ scales1 ) n v ev5 upp] edges1 z y see4 ,! upp] or free edges ( ^! scales are all direct$ t[>ds ! end ( ! hair1 & away f ! root4 ,b :5 y look at a hair 9 its natural /ate y _c see ^! scales1 s flat d !y lie on ! hair-%aft4 ,:at y see are only irregul> transv]se l9es across x4 ,n[ ,i come to a matt] ( great importance1 z w lat] on appe> 9 connection ) means = promot+ felt+ prop]ties4 ,if a hair su* z describ$1 ) ! scales ly+ flat on ! %aft1 be treat$ ) c]ta9 sub/ances or reag5ts :i* act ^u & dissolve1 or decompose or dis9tegrate its p>ts1 !n ! free edges ( ^! scales rise up1 !y set _! backs up1 s to say4 ,!y1 9 fact1 /& (f l ! scales ( a fir-cone1 & at l5g? act l ! fir-cone 9 rip5+1 at la/ becom+ entirely loose4 ,z reg>ds wool & fur1 ^! scales are ( ! utmo/ importance1 = v m>k$ diff]5ces exi/ ev5 9 ! wool ( a s+le %eep1 or ! fur ( a s+le h>e4 ,x is ! duty ( ! wool-sort] to di/+ui% & sep>ate ! v>i\s qualities 9 ea* fleece1 & ( ! furri] to d ! same 9 ! case ( ea* fur4 ,9 %ort1 ^u ! nature & arrangem5t & con=mation ( ! scales on ! hair-%afts1 especially z reg>ds ^? free upp] edges1 dep5ds ! di/9ction ( ! value ( _m classes ( wool & fur4 ,^! scales v>y bo? z to nature & arrangem5t 9 ! case ( ! hairs ( diff]5t animals1 s t by ! aid ( ! microscope we h (t5 a means ( det]m9+ f :at k9d ( animal ! hair has be5 d]iv$4 ,x is on ! nature ( ?is outside scaly cov]+ ( ! %aft1 & 9 ! mann] ( atta*m5t ( ^! scaly plates1 t ! true di/9ction betwe5 wool & hair re/s4 ,! pr9cipal epid]mal *>act]i/ic ( a true wool is ! capacity ( its fibres to felt or mat toge!r4 ,?is arises f ! great] loos5ess ( ! scaly cov]+ ( ! hair1 s t :5 oppos+ hairs come into contact1 ! scales int]lock 7see ,fig4 #i71 & ?us ! fibres are held toge!r4 ,j z ) hair1 ! scales ( :i* h _! free edges po9t+ upw>ds away f ! root1 & t[>ds ! extremity ( ! hair1 s ) wool4 ,:5 ! wool is on ! back ( ! %eep1 ! scales ( ! woolly hair all po9t 9 ! same direction1 s t :ile ma9ta9$ 9 t attitude ! individual hairs slide ov] "o ano!r1 & d n t5d to felt or mat2 if !y did1 woe betide ! animal4 ,! fact ( ! peculi> s]rat$1 scaly /ructure ( hair & wool is easily prov$ by work+ a hair betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a human hair be plac$ betwe5 f+] & ?umb1 & g5tly rubb$ by ! alt]nate motion ( f+] & ?umb toge!r1 x w !n inv>iably move 9 ! direction ( ! root1 q indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! p]son p]=m+ ! te/4 ,a glance at ! =m ( ! typical wool fibres %[n 7see ,fig4 #aj71 w %[ ! consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 a wool & a hair fibre4 ,y w obs]ve t ! scales ( ! wool fibre are r po9t$ ?an r\nd$ at _! free edges1 & t at int]vals we h a k9d ( composite & jagg$-edg$ funnels1 fitt+ into ea* o!r1 & ?us mak+ up ! cov]+ ( ! cyl9drical portion ( ! fibre4 ,! %>p5$1 jagg$ edges enable ^! scales m easily to get "u ! oppos+ scales1 & to p5etrate inw>ds & d[nw>ds accord+ to ! pressure ex]t$4 ,! free edges ( ! scales ( wool are mu* long] & deep] ?an 9 ! case ( hair4 ,9 hair ! ov]lapp+ scales are atta*$ to ! "u lay] up to ! edges ( ^? scales1 & at ?is extremity c only be deta*$ by ! use ( c]ta9 reag5ts4 ,b ?is is n s ) wool1 = "h ! ends ( ! scales are1 = ne>ly two-?irds ( _! l5g?1 free1 & are1 moreov]1 p>tially turn$ outw>ds4 ,"o ( ! fibres %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj is t ( ! m]9o %eep1 & is "o ( ! mo/ valuable & beautiful wools gr[n4 ,!re y h ! type ( a fibre be/ suit$ = textile purposes1 & ! m closely diff]5t hairs approa* ?is1 ! m suitable & valuable !y become = ^? purposes1 & vice v]s4 ,) reg>d to ! curly /ructure ( wool1 :i* increases ! matt+ t5d5cy1 ?\gh ! true cause ( ?is curl is n kn[n1 !re appe>s to be a close relation%ip betwe5 ! t5d5cy to curl1 ! f95ess ( ! fibre1 & ! numb] ( scales p] l9e> in* ^u ! surface4 ,) reg>d to hair & fur1 ,i h already %[n t s]rat$ fibres are n specially peculi> to %eep1 b are mu* m widely diffus$4 ,mo/ ( ! high] memb]s ( ! mammalia family possess a hairy cov]+ ( "s sort1 & 9 by f> ! l>g] numb] is f\nd a t5d5cy to produce an und]gr[? ( f9e woolly fibre1 especially 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,! diff]5ces ( human hair & hairs g5]ally1 f ! high] to ! l[] =ms ( mammalia1 consi/ only 9 v>iations ( size & arrangem5t z reg>ds ! cells compos+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! fibre1 z well z 9 a great] or less developm5t ( ! scales on ! cov]+ or ext]nal hair surface4 ,?us1 "u ! microscope1 ! wool & hairs ( v>i\s animals1 z also ev5 hairs f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same animal1 %[ a great v>iety ( /ructure1 developm5t1 & appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9e/ m]9o wool fibre4 ,typical wool fibre4 ,fibre ( wool f ,*9ese %eep4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,we h already obs]v$ t hair1 if ne$$ = felt+1 is all ! bett]--provid$1 ( c\rse1 no injury is done to ! fibre itself--= "s treatm5t1 by :i* ! scales o!rwise ly+ flatt] on ! hair-%afts ?an 9 ! case ( ! hairs ( wool1 are made to /& up some:at1 ext5d+ outw>ds _! free edges4 ,?is br+s me to ! consid]ation ( a practice pursu$ by furri]s = ?is purpose1 & kn[n z ! scretage or c>rott+ process2 x consi/s 9 a treatm5t ) a solution ( m]curic nitrate 9 nitric acid1 9 ord] to improve ! felt+ qualities ( ! fur4 ,?is acid mixture is bru%$ on to ! fur1 :i* is cut f ! sk9 by a suitable %>p cutt+ or %e>+ ma*9e4 ,a ,man*e/] furri]1 :o gave me specim5s ( "s fur untreat$ by ! process1 & also "s ( ! same fur t _h be5 treat$1 in=m$ me t o!rs ( 8 l9e ( bus9ess use m m]cury ?an he does1 i4e4 leave less free nitric acid 9 _! mixture2 b he pref]s 8 own me?od1 & ?9ks x answ]s be/ = ! promotion ( felt+4 ,! treat$ fur he gave me 0 turn$ yell[ ) ! nitric acid1 9 p>ts br[n1 & "h & !re ! hairs 7 slightly matt$ ) ! acid4 ,9 my op9ion ! fur mu/ suff] f su* unequal treatm5t ) su* /rong acid1 & 9 ! f9al process ( f9i%+ ,i %\ld n be surpris$ if difficulty 7 f\nd 9 gett+ a high degree ( lu/re & f9i% ^u hairs ?us r\gh5$ or p>tially dis9tegrat$4 ,figs4 #aa & #ab respectively illu/rate fur fibres f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same h>e be=e & aft] ! treatm5t4 ,9 exam9+ "o ( ^! fibres f ! side ( a h>e1 y see :at ! cause ( ?is r\ghness is1 & :at is also ! cause ( ! difficulty 9 giv+ a poli% or f9i%4 ,! free edges are p>tially dis9tegrat$1 et*$ z x 71 besides be+ caus$ to /& out4 ,a weak] acid ought to be us$1 or m m]cury & less acid4 ,z we %all aft]w>ds see1 ano!r dang]\s ag5t1 if n c>efully us$1 is bi*rome 7bi*romate ( potassium71 :i* is also liable to r\gh5 & injure ! fibre1 & ?us int]f]e ) ! f9al production ( a good f9i%4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,,textile ,,fibres1 ,,pr9cipally ,,wool1 ,,fur1 ,,& ,,hair--,cont9u$ ,) reg>d to ! prep>ation ( fur by acid mixtures = felt+1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 ,i w tell y :at ,i ?9k ,i %\ld recomm5d4 ,9 all wool & fur !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( grease1 & ?is may v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! mat]ial4 ,:]e !re is mo/1 h[ev]1 ! acid1 nitric acid1 or nitric acid solution ( nitrate ( m]cury1 w wet1 & s act on ! fur1 lea/4 ,b ! action ought to be uni=m1 & ,i feel sure x _c be until ! grease is remov$4 ,i %\ld !re=e fir/ wa% ! felts on ! fur side ) a weak alkal9e solution1 "o ( c>bonate ( soda1 free f any cau/ic1 to remove all grease1 !n ) wat] to remove alkali2 & my belief is t a weak] & less acid solution ( nitric acid & nitrate ( m]cury1 & a small] quantity ( x1 w\ld !n d ! "w requir$1 & d x m uni=mly4 ,a "q frequ5tly ask$ is3 ,:y w dead wool n felt8 ,answ]3 ,if ! animal become weak & diseas$1 ! wool suff]s degradation2 also1 ) improvem5t 9 heal? foll[s p>i passu1 improvem5t 9 ! wool /ructure1 :i* means increase bo? 9 numb] & vig\r ( ! scales on ! wool fibres1 increase ( ! s]rat$ ends ( ^!1 & ( _! regul>ity4 ,9 weakness & disease ! numb] ( scales 9 a giv5 hair-%aft dim9i%es1 & ^! become f9] & less pron\nc$4 ,! fibres !mselves also become att5uat$4 ,h5ce :5 disease becomes dea?1 we h consid]ably degrad$ fibres4 ,?is is se5 cle>ly 9 ! subjo9$ figures 7see ,fig4 #ac71 :i* are ( wool fibres f animals t h di$ ( disease4 ,! fibres are att5uat$ & irregul>1 ! scale m>k+s & edges h almo/ disappe>$ 9 "s places1 & are g5]ally scanty & meagre 9 developm5t4 ,x is no wond] t su* dead wool w be badly adapt$ = felt+4 ,dead wool is ne>ly z bad z kempy wool1 9 :i* mal=mation ( fibre has occurr$4 ,9 su* kemps1 z ,dr4 ,b[man has %[n1 scales h disappe>$1 & ! fibre has become1 9 "p or :ole1 a d5se1 non-cellul> /ructure1 resi/+ dye-p5etration & felt+ 7see ,fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,"o ( ! physical prop]ties ( wool is its hygroscopicity or p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure4 ,z ! v /ructure ( wool & fur fibre w\ld lead u to suppose1 ^! sub/ances are able to absorb a v consid]able am\nt ( wat] )\t appe>+ damp4 ,if expos$ freely to ! air 9 w>m & dry wea!r1 wool reta9s f #h to #aj p] c5t41 & if 9 a damp place = "s "t1 x may absorb z mu* z f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( wat]3 ,wool1 fur1 or hair t has be5 wa%$1 absorbs ! mo/ moi/ure2 inde$1 ! am\nt ( wat] tak5 up v>ies inv]sely ) ! fatty or oily matt] pres5t4 ,h5ce ! less fat ! m moi/ure4 ,9 ! wa%$ wool1 ^? fibres 9 :i* ! cells are m loosely arrang$ h ! greate/ absorb+ p[] = wat]4 ,no d\bt ! moi/ure f9ds its way 9 betwe5 ! cells ( ! wool fibre f :i* ! oil or fat has be5 remov$4 ,b ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y t if wool & fur are capable1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* !y are plac$1 ( absorb+ s mu* moi/ure z t indicat$1 x becomes 7especially 9 times ( pressure & competition7 v important to inquire if x be n wor? :ile to cease pay+ wool & fur prices = m]e wat]4 ,?is "q 0 answ]$ long ago 9 ! negative by our ,cont95tal neighb\rs1 & 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,switz]l& (ficial condition+ e/abli%m5ts h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ^? c\ntries = ! purpose ( te/+ lots ( pur*as$ wool & silk1 etc41 = moi/ure1 9 ord] t ?is moi/ure may be d$uct$ f ! invoices1 & ca% paid = real dry wool1 etc4 ,i w\ld po9t out t if y1 z hat manufactur]s1 desire to ent] ! li/s ) ,g]many1 y mu/ n let h] h any advantage y h n1 & x is an advantage to pay = :at y "k exactly ! composition (1 r ?an = an article t may conta9 #g p] c5t4 or1 = aught y "k1 #ag p] c5t4 or #cj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,!re is1 s f> z ,i "k1 no te/+ = wat] 9 wools & furs 9 ?is c\ntry1 & c]ta9ly no condition+ e/abli%m5ts 7#ahhg71 &1 ,i suppose1 if a ,g]man or ,fr5* wool m]*ant or furri] c\ld be imag9$ z sell+ wool1 etc41 9 "p to a ,g]man or ,fr5* firm1 & 9 "p to an ,engli% "o1 ! latt] w\ld take ! mat]ial )\t a murmur1 ?\gh x might conta9 #aj p] c5t41 or1 p]adv5ture1 #cj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & no d\bt ! =eign1 j z ! ,engli% m]*ant or deal]1 w\ld get ! be/ price he c\ld1 & reg>d ! possible #aj p] c5t4 or #cj p] c5t4 ( wat] pres5t ) c]ta9ly ! m equanimity ! m ( t v *eap elem5t !re 7 pres5t4 ,b look at ! o!r side4 ,! ,g]man or ,fr5* firm samples its lot z deliv]$1 takes ! sample to be te/$1 & t #aj or #cj p] c5t4 ( wat] is d$uct$1 & only ! dry wool is paid =4 ,a few little mi/akes ( ?is k9d1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 w altoge!r =m a k9d ( vade mecum = ! =eign competitor4 ,we w n[ see :at ! effect ( wat] is 9 ! felt+ op]ation4 ,especially hot wat] assi/s t op]ation1 & ! effect is a curi\s "o4 ,:5 acid is add$ z well1 ! felt+ is /ill fur!r increas$1 & %r9k+ also takes place4 ,z already %[n y1 ! free ends ( ! scales1 !mselves s(t5$ by ! w>m dilute acid1 are ext5d$ & project m1 & /& out f ! %afts ( ! hairs4 ,on ! :ole1 7 ,i a hat manufactur]1 ,i %\ld pref] to buy my fur untreat$ by t nitric acid & m]cury process previ\sly ref]r$ to1 & promote its felt+ prop]ties myself by ! less sev]e & m rational c\rse ( proce$+1 su*1 = example1 z treatm5t ) w>m dilute acid4 ,we h ref]r$ to two enemies /&+ 9 ! way to ! obta9m5t ( a f9al lu/re & f9i% on felt$ wool or fur1 n[ let u expose a ?ird4 ,9 ! black dye+ ( ! hat-=ms a boil+ process is us$4 ,let u he> :at ,dr4 ,b[man1 9 8 "w on ! wool fibre1 says ) reg>d to boil+ ) wat]4 ,wool :i* look$ q bright :5 well wa%$ ) tepid wat]1 0 decid$ly dull] :5 kept = "s "t 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( #afj ,f41 & ! same wool1 :5 subject$ to boil+ wat] at #bab ,f41 became q dull & lu/reless4 ,:5 te/$ = /r5g?1 ! same fibres :i* c>ri$ on ! av]age #ejj gra9s )\t break+ be=e boil+1 aft] boil+ w\ld n be> m ?an #dhj gra9s4 ,h5ce ?is ?ird enemy is a boil+ process1 especially a long-cont9u$ "o if only ) wat] itself4 ,if we c\ld use coal-t> col\rs & dye 9 only a w>m weak acid ba?1 n boil1 we c\ld get bett] lu/re & f9i%4 ,we w n[ turn our att5tion to ! *emical composition ( wool & fur fibres4 ,on *emical analysis /ill ano!r elem5t is f\nd ov] & above ^? m5tion$ z ! con/itu5ts ( silk fibre4 ,9 silk1 y w recollect1 we obs]v$ ! pres5ce ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog54 ,9 wool1 fur1 etc41 we mu/ add a fif? con/itu5t1 namely1 sulphur4 ,"h is an analysis ( pure ,g]man wool--,c>bon1 #dibe p] c5t42 hydrog51 #geg2 oxyg51 #bcff2 nitrog51 #aehf2 sulphur1 #cff--total1 #ajjjj4 ,if y heat ei!r wool1 fur1 or hair to #acj ,c41 x beg9s to decompose1 & to give (f ammonia2 if /ill fur!r heat$ to f #adj to #aej ,c41 vap\rs conta9+ sulphur are evolv$4 ,if "s wool be plac$ 9 a dry glass tube1 & heat$ /rongly s z to cause de/ructive di/illation1 products conta9+ mu* c>bonate ( ammonium are giv5 (f4 ,! ammonia is easily detect$ by its smell ( h>t%orn & ! blue col\r produc$ on a piece ( r$d5$ litmus pap]1 ! latt] be+ a g5]al te/ to di/+ui% alkalis1 l ammonia1 soda1 & pota%1 f acids4 ,no vegetable fibres w1 "u any circum/ances1 give (f ammonia4 ,x may be ask$1 ,b :at does ! production ( ammonia prove8 ,i reply1 ! backbone1 *emically speak+1 ( ammonia is nitrog54 ,ammonia is a comp\nd ( nitrog5 & hydrog51 & is =mulat$ ,,nh#c1 & h5ce to discov] ammonia 9 ! products z m5tion$ is to prove ! prior exi/5ce ( its nitrog5 9 ! wool1 fur1 & hair fibres4 ,action ( ,acids on ,wool1 etc4--,dilute solutions ( vitriol 7sulphuric acid7 or hydro*loric acid 7muriatic acid1 spirits ( salt7 h little effect on wool1 :e!r w>m or cold1 except to op5 out ! scales & conf] r\ghness on ! fibre4 ,us$ 9 ! conc5trat$ /ate1 h[ev]1 ! wool or fur w\ld soon be dis9tegrat$ & ru9$4 ,b "u all circum/ances ! action is f> less ?an on cotton1 :i* is de/roy$ at once & completely4 ,nitric acid acts l sulphuric & hydro*loric acids1 b x gives a yell[ col\r to ! fibre4 ,y see ?is cle>ly en\gh 9 ! fur t comes f y\r furri]s aft] ! treatm5t !y subject x to ) nitric acid & nitrate ( m]cury4 ,!re is a process kn[n call$ ! /ripp+ ( wool1 & x consi/s 9 de/roy+ ! col\r ( wool & wooll5 goods already dy$1 9 ord] t !y may be re-dy$4 ,li/51 h[ev]1 to ! important precautions foll[$3 ,a nitric acid n /rong] ?an f #c to #d ,twaddell is us$1 & c>e is tak5 n to prolong ! action m ?an ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,action ( ,alkalis4--,alkalis h a v consid]able action on fur & wool1 b ! effects v>y a good deal accord+ to ! k9d ( alkali us$1 ! /r5g? & ! temp]ature ( ! solution1 z also1 ( c\rse1 ! l5g? ( p]iod ( contact4 ,! cau/ic alkalis1 pota% & soda1 "u all conditions affect wool & fur injuri\sly4 ,9 fact1 we h a me?od ( recov]+ indigo f indigo-dy$ wooll5 rags1 bas$ on ! solubility ( ! wool 9 hot cau/ic soda4 ,! wool dissolves1 & ! indigo1 be+ insoluble1 rema9s1 & c be recov]$4 ,alkal9e c>bonates & soap 9 solution h little or no injuri\s action if n too /rong1 & if ! temp]ature be n ov] #ej ,c4 7#ajf ,f474 ,soap & c>bonate ( ammonium h ! lea/ injuri\s action4 ,e wa%] or sc\r] ( wool1 :5 he uses soaps1 %\ld fir/ asc]ta9 if !y are free f excess ( alkali1 i4e4 t !y conta9 no free alkali2 & :5 he uses soda a% 7sodium c>bonate71 t x conta9s no cau/ic alkali4 ,lime1 9 wat] or o!rwise1 acts injuri\sly1 r5d]+ ! fibre brittle4 ,reactions & te/s prov+ *emical diff]5ces & illu/rat+ modes ( discrim9at+ & sep>at+ vegetable fibres1 silk & wool1 fur1 etc4--,y w rememb] ,i /at$ t ! vegetable fibre diff]s *emically f ^? ( silk1 & silk f wool1 fur1 & hair1 9 t ) ! fir/ we h z con/itu5ts only c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg52 9 silk we h c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog52 :il/ 9 wool1 fur1 & hair we h c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 & sulphur4 ,i h already %[n y t if we c lib]ate by any means ammonia f a sub/ance1 we h practically prov$ ! pres5ce ( nitrog5 9 t sub/ance1 = ammonia is a nitrog5 comp\nd4 ,z reg>ds sulphur & its comp\nds1 t ill-smell+ gas1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* occurs 9 rott5 eggs1 9 organic effluvia f cesspools & ! l1 & :i* 9 ! case ( bad eggs1 & to "s ext5t ) good eggs1 turns ! silv] spoons black1 & 9 ! case ( :ite lead pa9ts turns ^! br[n or black1 ,i c %[ y "s /ill m conv9c+ pro(s t sulphur is conta9$ 9 wool1 fur1 & hair1 & n 9 silk nor 9 vegetable fibres4 ,fir/1 ,i w heat /rongly "s cotton ) a little soda-lime 9 a tube1 & hold a piece ( moi/5$ r$ litmus pap] ov] ! m\? ( ! tube4 ,if nitrog5 is pres5t x w take up hydrog5 9 ! decomposition ensu+1 & escape z ammonia1 :i* w turn ! r$ litmus pap] blue4 ,) ! cotton1 h[ev]1 no ammonia escapes1 no turn+ ( ! piece ( r$ litmus pap] blue is obs]v$1 & s no nitrog5 c be pres5t 9 ! cotton fibre4 ,secondly1 ,i w simil>ly treat "s silk4 ,ammonia escapes1 turns ! r$ litmus pap] blue1 possesses ! smell l h>t%orn1 & produces1 ) hydro*loric acid on ! /opp] ( a bottle1 d5se :ite fumes ( sal-ammoniac 7ammonium *loride74 ,h5ce silk conta9s nitrog54 ,?irdly1 ,i w heat "s fur ) soda-lime4 ,ammonia escapes1 giv+ all ! reactions describ$ "u silk4 ,h5ce fur1 wool1 etc41 conta9 nitrog54 ,z reg>ds pro(s ( all ?ree ( ^! classes ( fibres conta9+ c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 ! *> !y all leave beh9d on heat+ 9 a clos$ vessel is ! c>bon itself pres5t4 ,= ! hydrog5 & oxyg51 a p]fectly dry sample ( any ( ^! fabrics is tak51 ( c\rse 9 quantity1 & heat$ /rongly 9 a clos$ vessel furni%$ ) a cond5s+ worm l a /ill4 ,y w f9d all give y wat] z a cond5sate--! vegetable fibre1 acid wat]2 ! animal fibres1 alkal9e wat] f ! ammonia4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] proves bo? hydrog5 & oxyg51 s9ce wat] is a comp\nd ( ^! elem5ts4 ,if y put a piece ( potassium 9 contact ) ! wat]1 ! latt] w at once decompose1 ! potassium absorb+ ! oxyg51 & sett+ free ! hydrog5 z gas1 :i* y c\ld collect & ignite ) a mat*1 :5 y w\ld f9d x w\ld burn4 ,t hydrog5 0 ! hydrog5 =m+ "p ( y\r cotton1 silk1 or wool1 z ! case might be4 ,we mu/ n[ attack ! "q ( sulphur4 ,fir/1 we prep>e a little alkal9e lead solution 7sodium plumbate7 by add+ cau/ic soda to a solution ( lead acetate or sug> ( lead1 until ! :ite precipitate fir/ =m$ is j dissolv$4 ,t is "o ( our reag5ts2 ! o!r is a solution ( a r$-col\r$ salt call$ nitroprusside ( sodium1 made by ! action ( nitric acid on sodium f]rocyanide 7yell[ prussiate74 ,! fir/-nam$ is v s5sitive to sulphur1 & turns black directly4 ,to %[ ?is1 we take a quantity ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 dissolve 9 cau/ic soda1 & add to ! lead solution4 ,x turns black at once1 because ! sulphur unites ) ! lead to =m black sulphide ( lead4 ,! nitroprusside1 h[ev]1 gives a beautiful crimson-purple coloration4 ,n[ on tak+ a little cotton & heat+ ) ! cau/ic alkal9e lead solution1 if sulphur 7 pres5t 9 t cotton1 ! fibre w\ld turn black or br[n1 = ! lead w\ld at once absorb su* sulphur1 & =m 9 ! fibre soak$ ) x1 black sulphide ( lead4 ,no su* coloration is =m$1 s cotton does n conta9 sulphur4 ,secondly1 we mu/ te/ silk4 ,silk conta9s nitrog51 l wool1 b does x conta9 sulphur8 ,! answ] furni%$ by our te/s is--no6 s9ce ! fibre is n col\r$ br[n or black on heat+ ) ! alkal9e lead solution4 ,?irdly1 we try "s :ite ,b]l9 wool1 s t we c easily see ! *ange ( col\r if x takes place4 ,9 ! hot lead solution ! wool turns black1 lead sulphide be+ =m$4 ,on add+ ! nitroprusside solution to a fre% portion ( wool boil$ ) cau/ic soda1 to dissolve out ! sulphur1 a spl5did purple coloration is produc$4 ,fur & hair w\ld1 ( c\rse1 d ! same ?+4 ,lead solutions h be5 us$ = dye+ ! hair black2 n cau/ic alkal9e solutions l ?is1 h[ev]4 ,!y w\ld d some?+ m ?an turn ! hair black--probably give rise to "s vigor\s ex]cise ( muscul> p[]6 ,/ill x has be5 f\nd t ev5 ! lead solutions employ$ h1 ?r\gh gradual absorption into ! sy/em1 :il/ dye+ ! hair black1 also caus$ colics & contractions ( ! limbs4 ,hav+ n[ f\nd means = prov+ ! pres5ce ( ! v>i\s elem5ts compos+ cotton1 silk1 & wool1 fur or hair1 we come to me?ods t h be5 propos$ = di/+ui%+ ^! fibres m g5]ally1 & = quantitatively det]m9+ !m 9 mixtures4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! reag5ts = ?is purpose is ! basic z9c *loride already ref]r$ to4 ,?is is made z foll[s3 #ajj p>ts ( fus$ z9c *loride1 #he p>ts ( wat]1 & #d p>ts ( z9c oxide are boil$ toge!r until a cle> solution is obta9$4 ,?is solution dissolves silk sl[ly 9 ! cold1 quickly if hot1 & =ms a ?ick gummy liquid4 ,wool1 fur1 & vegetable fibres are n affect$ by x4 ,h5ce if we _h a mixture1 & treat$ ) ?is solution1 we c\ld /ra9 (f ! liquid conta9+ ! dissolv$ silk1 & w\ld get cotton & wool left4 ,on weigh+ be=e & aft] su* treatm5t1 ! diff]5ce 9 weights w\ld give u ! silk pres5t4 ,! residue boil$ ) cau/ic soda w\ld lose all its wool1 :i* is soluble 9 hot /rong cau/ic alkali4 ,aga9 /ra9+ (f1 we %\ld get only ! cotton or o!r vegetable fibre left1 & ?us our problem w\ld be solv$4 ,( c\rse !re are c]ta9 additional niceties & modifications /ill ne$$1 & ,i mu/ ref] y = ! me?od 9 full to ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ahhb1 page #fd2 also #ahhd1 page #eag4 ,i w n[ conclude ) "s te/s ) alkal9e & acid reag5ts1 tak5 9 ord]1 & fir/ ! acids4 ,^! w also impress ^u our m9ds ! effects ( acids & alkalis on ! diff]5t k9ds ( fibres4 ,i4 ,9 ?ree flasks ?ree simil> portions ( cotton lamp-wick1 wooll5 y>n1 & silk are plac$1 aft] previ\sly moi/5+ !m 9 wat] & wr++ !m out4 ,to ea* is n[ add$ simil> quantities ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! cotton is quickly brok5 up & dissolv$1 especially if assi/$ by g5tle w>m+1 & at la/ a br[n1 probably a black-br[n1 solution is obta9$4 ,! wooll5 is a little brok5 up1 b n mu* to ! nak$ eye1 & ! vitriol is n col\r$4 ,! silk is at once dissolv$1 ev5 9 ! cold acid4 ,we n[ add excess ( wat] to ! cont5ts ( ea* flask4 ,a br[ni%1 ?\gh cle>1 solution is produc$ 9 ! case ( cotton2 ! wooll5 floats n mu* injur$ 9 ! acid1 :il/ a cle> limpid solution is obta9$ ) ! silk4 ,on add+ tannic acid solution to all ?ree1 only ! silk yields a precipitate1 a r curdy "o consi/+ ( fibron4 ,,ii4 ,?ree specim5s ( cotton1 wool1 & silk1 respectively1 are t\*$ ) nitric acid4 ,cotton is n col\r$1 b wool & silk are /a9$ yell[2 !y are practically dy$4 ,,iii4 ,?ree specim5s1 ( cotton1 wool1 & silk1 respectively1 are plac$ 9 ?ree flasks1 & cau/ic soda solution ( specific gravity #aje 7#aj ,twaddell7 is add$4 ,on boil+1 ! wool & silk dissolve1 :il/ ! cellulose fibre1 cotton1 rema9s unde/roy$4 ,,iv4 ,if1 in/ead ( cau/ic soda z 9 ,,iii41 a solution ( oxide ( copp] 9 ammonia be us$1 cotton & silk are dissolv$1 b wool rema9s un*ang$1 i4e4 undissolv$4 ,if sug> or gum solutions be add$ to ! solutions ( cotton & silk1 ! cotton cellulose is precipitat$1 :il/ ! silk is n1 b rema9s 9 solution4 ,v4 ,ano!r alkal9e solv5t = silk1 :i*1 h[ev]1 leaves undissolv$ cotton & wool1 is prep>$ z foll[s3 #af gra9s ( copp] sulphate 7blue vitriol1 blue/one7 are dissolv$ 9 #aej c4c4 ( wat]1 & !n #af gra9s ( glyc]9 are add$4 ,to ?is mixture a solution ( cau/ic soda is add$ until ! precipitate fir/ =m$ is j re-dissolv$1 s z n to leave an excess ( cau/ic soda pres5t4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,wat]3 ,,its ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,prop]ties2 ,,impurities ,,& ,,_! ,,action2 ,,te/s ,,( ,,purity ,i h already _h occasion to ref]1 9 my la/ ,lecture1 to wat] z a *emical sub/ance1 z a comp\nd conta9+ & consi/+ ( hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,:at are ^! wat] con/itu5ts1 hydrog5 & oxyg58 ,ea* ( !m is a gas1 b ea* a gas hav+ totally diff]5t prop]ties4 ,on decompos+ wat] & collect+ ! "o ( ^! two gases1 ! hydrog5 gas1 9 "o vessel1 & ! o!r1 ! oxyg5 gas1 9 ano!r vessel1 twice z l>ge a volume ( hydrog5 gas is giv5 (f by ! decompos+ wat] z ( oxyg54 ,y may n[ notice a c]ta9 mean+ 9 ! =mula assign$ to wat]1 ,h#b,o3 two volumes ( hydrog5 comb9$ ) "o ( oxyg52 & x may be add$ t :5 su* comb9ation takes place1 n ?ree volumes ( result+ wat] vap\r 7/eam71 b two volumes are produc$4 ,?is comb9ation ( ! two gases1 :5 mix$ toge!r1 is det]m9$ by heat+ to a high temp]ature1 or by pass+ an electric sp>k2 x !n takes place ) ! consequ5t sudd5 cond5sation ( ?ree volumes ( mixture to two ( comp\nd1 s z to cause an explosion4 ,i may also m5tion t z reg>ds ! weights ( ^! bodies1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 ! fir/ is sixte5 times z heavy z ! second2 & s9ce we adopt hydrog5 z ! unit1 we may consid] ,h to /& = hydrog51 & also to signify #a--! unit2 :il/ ,o means oxyg51 & also #af4 ,h5ce ! comp\nd atom or molecule ( wat]1 ,h#b,o1 weighs #ah4 ,i mu/ n[ %[ y t ^! two gases are possess$ ( totally diff]5t prop]ties4 ,"s gases w ext+ui% a flame2 "s w cause ! flame to burn brilliantly1 b w n burn !mselves2 & "s w take fire & burn !mselves1 ?\gh ext+ui%+ ! flame :i* has ignit$ !m4 ,we say ! fir/ are non-combu/ible1 & w n support combu/ion2 ! second are support]s ( combu/ion1 ! ?ird are combu/ible gases4 ,( c\rse ^! are1 z ! lawy]s say1 only ex p>te /atem5ts ( ! tru?2 /ill !y are usually accept$4 ,oxyg5 gas w ignite a r$-hot mat*1 b hydrog5 w ext+ui% an inflam$ "o1 ?\gh x w itself burn4 ,y g5]ally ?9k ( wat] z ! great anti!sis (1 ! univ]sal antidote =1 fire4 ,! tru? is "h aga9 only ( an ex p>te "*1 z ,i w %[ y4 ,if ,i c1 by means ( a sub/ance hav+ a m int5se aff9ity = oxyg5 ?an hydrog5 has1 rob wat] ( its oxyg51 ,i necess>ily set ! hydrog5 t 0 comb9$ ) t oxyg5 free4 ,if ! heat caus$ by ! *emical /ruggle1 s to say1 is great1 t hydrog5 w be inflam$ & burn4 ,?us we are de/roy+ t anti!sis1 we are caus+ ! wat] to yield u fire4 ,i w d ?is by putt+ potassium on wat]1 & ev5 9 ! cold ?is potassium w seize ^u ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & ! hydrog5 w take fire4 ,specific ,gravity4--,we mu/ n[ ha/5 to o!r consid]ations ( importance4 ,wat] is g5]ally tak5 z ! unit 9 specific gravities assign$ to liquids & solids4 ,?is simply means t :5 we desire to express h[ heavy a ?+ is1 we are compell$ to say x is s _m times heavi] or light] ?an some?+4 ,t some?+ is g5]ally wat]1 :i* is reg>d$1 consequ5tly1 z unit or figure #a4 ,a body ( specific gravity #ae1 or #a-a_/b1 means t t body is #a-a_/b or #ae times z heavy z wat]4 ,z hat manufactur]s1 y w h mo/ly to d ) ! specific gravities ( liquids1 aque\s solutions1 & y w he> m ( ,twaddell degrees4 ,! ,twaddell hydromet]1 or in/rum5t = measur+ ! specific gravities ( liquids1 is s con/ruct$ t :5 x /&s 9 wat]1 ! wat] is j level ) its z]o or #j m>k4 ,well1 s9ce 9 y\r read+ ( me?ods & new processes1 y w (t5 meet ) specific gravity numb]s & desire to conv]t ^! into ,twaddell degrees1 ,i w give y a simple means ( do+ ?is4 ,add cyph]s s z to make into a numb] ( f\r figures1 !n /rike out ! unit & decimal po9t f>!/ to ! left1 & divide ! residue by #e1 & y get ! correspond+ ,twaddell degrees4 ,if y h ,twaddell degrees1 simply multiply by #e1 & add #ajjj to ! result1 & y get ! specific gravity z usually tak51 ) wat] z ! unit1 or 9 ?is case z #ajjj4 ,an in/rum5t mu* us$ on ! ,cont95t is ! ,beaum hydromet]4 ,! degrees 7n7 indicat$ by ?is in/rum5t c be conv]t$ into specific gravity 7d7 by ! =mula3 d #addc_/7addc - n7 ,ebullition or ,boil+ ( ,wat]1 ,/eam4--,! atmosph]e ar\nd u is compos$ ( a mixture ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 gases2 n a comp\nd ( ^! gases1 z wat] is ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 b a mixture m l s& & wat] or smoke & air4 ,?is mass ( gases has weight1 & presses ^u objects at ! surface ( ! e>? to ! ext5t ( #ae lb4 on ! squ>e in*4 ,n[ "s liquids1 su* z wat]1 7 x n = ?is atmosph]ic pressure1 w\ld n rema9 liquids at all1 b w\ld become gases4 ,! pressure ?us t5ds to squeeze gases toge!r & conv]t !m into liquids4 ,any =ce t causes gases to contract w d ! same ?+1 ( c\rse--= example1 cold2 & cet]is p>ibus removal ( pressure & expansion by heat w act s z to gasify liquids4 ,:5 9 ! expansion ( liquids a c]ta9 /age or degree is rea*$1 diff]5t = diff]5t liquids1 gas beg9s to escape s quickly f ! liquid t bubbles ( vap\r are cont9ually =m$ & escape4 ,?is is call$ ebullition or boil+4 ,a c]ta9 removal ( pressure1 or expansion by heat1 is necess>y to produce ?is1 i4e4 to rea* ! boil+-po9t ( ! liquid4 ,z reg>ds ! heat necess>y = ! boil+ ( wat] at ! surface ( ! e>?1 i4e4 "u ! atmosph]ic pressure ( #ae lb4 on ! squ>e in*1 ?is is %[n on ! !rmomet] ( ,fahr5heit z #bab1 & on ! simpl] c5tigrade "o1 z #ajj1 wat] freez+ at #j ,c4 ,b if :at ,i h said is true1 :5 we remove "s ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ! wat] %\ld boil ) a less heat ?an w cause ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] to rise to #ajj ,c41 & if we take (f all ! pressure1 ! wat] ought to boil & freeze at ! same "t4 ,?is actually happ5s 9 ! ,c>r ice-mak+ ma*9e4 ,! "q n[ arises1 ,:y does ! wat] freeze 9 ! ,c>r ma*9e8 ,all sub/ances require c]ta9 am\nts ( heat to enable !m to take & to ma9ta9 ! liquid /ate if !y are ord9>ily solid1 & ! gase\s /ate if ord9>ily liquid or solid1 & ! great] ! *ange ( /ate ! great] ! heat ne$$4 ,moreov]1 ?is heat does n make !m w>m1 x is simply absorb$ or swall[$ up1 & becomes lat5t1 & is m]ely necess>y to ma9ta9 ! new condition assum$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,c>r ma*9e1 liquid wat] is1 by removal ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 co]c$1 z x 71 to take ! gase\s =m4 ,b to d s x ne$s to absorb ! requisite am\nt ( heat to aid x 9 tak+ t =m1 & ?is heat x mu/ take up f all surr\nd+ w>m objects4 ,x absorbs quickly all x c get out ( itself z liquid wat]1 out ( ! glass vessel conta9+ x1 & f ! surr\nd+ air4 ,b ! process ( gasification ) ebullition goes on s quickly t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ?us robb$ ( heat quickly falls to #j ,c41 & ! rema9+ wat] freezes4 ,?us1 !n1 by pump+ out ! air f a vessel1 i4e4 work+ 9 a vacuum1 we c boil a liquid 9 su* exhau/$ vessel f> bel[ its ord9>y boil+ temp]ature 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is fact is ( ! utmo/ indu/rial importance4 ,b t\*+ ?is "q ( lat5t heat1 y may ask me = my pro( t !re is lat5t heat1 & a l>ge am\nt ( x1 9 a sub/ance t feels p]fectly cold4 ,i h told y t a gasifi$ liquid1 or a liquefi$ solid1 or mo/ ( all a gasifi$ solid1 conta9s su* heat1 & if reconv]t$ into liquid & solid =ms respectively1 t heat is evolv$1 or becomes s5sible heat1 & !n x c be decid$ly felt & indicat$ by ! !rmomet]4 ,take ! case ( a liquid sudd5ly solidify+4 ,! heat lat5t 9 t liquid1 & necess>y to keep x a liquid1 is no long] necess>y & comes out1 & ! sub/ance appe>s to become hot4 ,quicklime is a cold1 :ite1 solid sub/ance1 b !re is a comp\nd ( wat] & lime--slak$ lime--:i* is also a solid p[d]y sub/ance1 call$ by ! *emi/1 hydrate ( lime4 ,! wat] us$ to slake ! quicklime is a liquid1 & x may be ice-cold wat]1 b to =m hydrate ( lime x mu/ assume a solid =m1 & h5ce c & does disp5se ) its heat ( liquefaction 9 ! *ange ( /ate4 ,y all "k h[ hot lime becomes on slak+ ) wat]4 ,( c\rse we h heat ( *emical comb9ation "h z well z evolution ( lat5t heat4 ,z ano!r example1 we may take a solution ( acetate ( soda1 s /rong t x is j on ! po9t ( cry/allis+4 ,if x cry/allises x solidifies1 & ! liquid consequ5tly gives up its lat5t heat ( liquefaction4 ,we w make x cry/allise1 fir/ connect+ ! tube conta9+ x to ano!r "o conta9+ a col\r$ liquid & clos$ by a cork c>ry+ a n>r[ tube dipp+ into ! col\r$ liquid4 ,on cry/allis+1 ! solution gives (f heat1 z is %[n by ! expansion ( ! air 9 ! cork$ tube1 & ! consequ5t =c+ ( ! col\r$ liquid up ! n>r[ tube4 ,consequ5tly 9 y\r works y nev] dissolve a salt or cry/al 9 wat] or o!r liquid )\t r5d]+ heat lat5t1 or consum+ heat2 y nev] all[ /eam to cond5se 9 ! /eam pipes ab\t ! premises )\t los+ va/ly m heat ?an possibly _m are aw>e (4 ,let u inquire z to ! lat5t heat ( wat] & ( /eam4 ,lat5t ,heats ( ,wat] & ,/eam4--,if we mix #a kilogram 7ab\t #b lb47 ( ice 7( c\rse at z]o or #j ,c47 ) #a kilogram ( wat] at #gi ,c41 & /ir well till ! ice is melt$1 i4e4 has *ang$ its /ate f solid to liquid1 we f9d1 on putt+ a !rmomet] 91 ! temp]ature is only #j ,c4 ,?is simply means t #gi ( heat 7c5tigrade degrees7 h become lat5t1 & repres5t ! heat ( liquefaction ( #a kilogram ( ice4 ,_h we mix$ #a kilogram ( wat] at #j ,c4 ) #a kilogram ( wat] at #gi ,c4 !re w\ld h be5 no *ange ( /ate1 & ! temp]ature ( ! mixture might be repres5t$ z a di/ribution ( ! #gi ,c4 ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( ! #b kilograms1 & s w\ld be #ci-a_/b ,c4 ,we say1 !re=e1 ! lat5t heat ( wat] is ! heat :i* is absorb$ or r5d]$ lat5t :5 a unit ( weight1 say #a kilogram ( wat] z ice1 melts & liquefies to a unit ( wat] at z]o1 or x is #gi heat units4 ,^! #gi units ( heat w\ld raise #gi units ( weight ( liquid wat] ?r\gh #a ,c41 or "o unit ( liquid wat] ?r\gh #gi4 ,let u n[ inquire :at ! lat5t heat ( /eam is4 ,if we take #a kilogram ( wat] at #j ,c4 & bl[ /eam f boil+ wat] at #ajj ,c4 into x until ! wat] j boils1 & !n /op & weigh ! result+ wat]1 we %all f9d x am\nts to #aahg kilograms1 s t #jahg kilogram ( wat] :i* 0 9 ! gase\s /eam =m1 & _h besides a s5sible heat ( #ajj ,c41 has *ang$ its /ate to t ( liquid wat]4 ,?is liquid wat]1 be+ at ! boil+-po9t1 has /ill ! #ajj ,c4 ( s5sible heat1 & h5ce ! wat] 9 ! gase\s /eam =m c h giv5 up to ! wat] at #j ,c4 into :i* x 0 bl[n1 only ! lat5t heat ( gasification :i* 0 n s5sible1 b by virtue ( :i* x 0 enabl$ to assume ! gase\s =m4 ,b if #jahg kilogram ( /eam at #ajj ,c4 c heat #a kilogram ( wat] ?r\gh #ajj degrees1 !n #a kilogram ( /eam c raise #ecf kilograms ( ice-cold wat] ?r\gh #ajj degrees1 or #ecf kilograms ?r\gh #a degree1 & ?us ! lat5t heat ( /eam is #ecf heat units4 ,effect ( ,increase ( ,pressure on ! ,boil+ ( ,wat]4--,n[ we h ref]r$ to dim9ution ( pressure & its effect on ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & ,i may po9t out t by increas+ ! pressure1 su*1 e4g41 z boil+ wat] "u a high pressure ( /eam1 y raise ! boil+-po9t4 ,!re are "s indu/rial op]ations 9 :i* ! action ( c]ta9 boil+ solutions is unavail+ to effect c]ta9 decompositions or o!r ends :5 ! boil+ is c>ri$ on "u ! ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 & boil+ 9 clos$ & /rong vessels "u pressure mu/ be resort$ to4 ,take z an example ! wood-pulp process = mak+ pap] f wood %av+s4 ,boil+ 9 op5 pans ) cau/ic soda lye is insuffici5t to r$uce ! wood to pulp1 & s boil+ 9 /rong vessels "u pressure is adopt$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! solution rises f> above #bab ,f4 7#ajj ,c474 ,let u see :at may result *emically f ! atta9m5t ( su* high temp]atures ( wat] 9 our /eam boil]s work+ "u high pressures4 ,if y bl[ ord9>y /eam at #bab ,f4 or #ajj ,c41 into fats or oils1 ! fats & oils rema9 undecompos$2 b suppose y let fatty & oily matt]s ( animal or vegetable orig91 su* z lubricants1 get into y\r boil] fe$-wat] & s into y\r boil]1 :at w happ58 ,i h only to tell y t a process is pat5t$ = decompos+ fats ) sup]heat$ /eam1 to drive or di/il ov] ! admix$ fatty acids & glyc]91 9 ord] to %[ y t 9 y\r boil]s su* greasy matt]s w be m or less decompos$4 ,fats are neutral z fats1 & w n injure ! iron ( ! boil]s2 b once decompose !m & !y are split up into an acid call$ a fat acid1 & glyc]94 ,t fat acid at ! high temp]ature soon attacks y\r boil]s & pipes1 & eats away ! iron4 ,t is "o ( ! curi\s results t may foll[ at su* high temp]atures4 ,m9]al or hydroc>bon oils d n conta9 ^! fat acids1 & s _c possibly1 ev5 ) high-pressure /eam1 corrode ! boil] metal4 ,effect ( ,dissolv$ ,salts on ! ,boil+ ( ,wat]4--,let u inquire :at ?is effect is8 ,suppose we dissolve a quantity ( a salt 9 wat]1 & !n bl[ /eam at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 into t wat]1 ! latt] w boil n at #bab ,f41 b at a high] temp]ature4 ,!re is a c]ta9 indu/rial process ,i "k (1 9 c\rse ( :i* x is necess>y fir/ to ma9ta9 a vessel conta9+ wat]1 by means ( a heat$ clos$ /eam coil1 at #bab ,f4 7#ajj ,c471 & at a c]ta9 /age to raise ! temp]ature to ab\t #cbg ,f4 7#afd ,c474 ,! pressure on ! boil] connect$ ) ! /eam coil is rais$ to ne>ly sev5 atmosph]es1 & ?us ! heat ( ! high-pressure /eam rises to #cbg ,f4 7#afd ,c471 & !n a consid]able quantity ( nitrate ( ammonium1 a cry/allis$ salt1 is ?r[n into ! wat]1 9 :i* x dissolves4 ,/range to say1 al?\gh ! wat] alone w\ld boil at #bab ,f41 a /rong solution 9 wat] ( ! ammonium nitrate only boils at #cbg ,f41 s t ! effect ( dissolv+ t salt 9 ! wat] is ! same z if ! pressure 7 rais$ to sev5 atmosph]es4 ,n[ let u1 z hat manufactur]s1 le>n a practical lesson f ?is fact4 ,we h obs]v$ t wool & fur fibres are injur$ by boil+ 9 pure wat]1 & ! heat has mu* to d ) ?is damage2 b if ! boil+ take place 9 bi*rome liquors or simil> solutions1 t boil+ w1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution 9 dissolv$ matt]s1 take place at a temp]ature m or less elevat$ above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & s ! damage done w be ! m s]i\s ! m conc5trat$ ! liquors are1 q indep5d5tly ( ! nature ( ! sub/ances dissolv$ 9 ^? liquors4 ,solution4--,we h already se5 t :5 a salt ( any k9d dissolves 9 wat]1 heat is absorb$1 & becomes lat5t2 9 o!r words1 cold is produc$4 ,i w describe a rem>kable example or exp]im5t1 well illu/rat+ ?is fact4 ,if y take "s ,glaub]'s salt1 cry/allis$ sulphate ( soda1 & mix x ) "s hydro*loric acid 7or spirits ( salt71 !n s rapidly w ! solution proce$1 & consequ5tly s great w be ! dem& = heat1 t if a vessel conta9+ wat] be put 9 among/ ! dissolv+ salt1 ! heat resid+ 9 t vessel & its wat] w be rapidly extract$1 & ! wat] w freeze4 ,z reg>ds solubility1 "s salts & sub/ances are mu* m quickly & easily dissolv$ ?an o!rs4 ,we are g5]ally accu/om$ to ?9k t to dissolve a sub/ance quickly we _c d bett] ?an build a fire "u ! conta9+ vessel1 & heat ! liquid4 ,?is is (t5 ! correct me?od ( proce$+1 b n always4 ,?us x w\ld mean simply loss ( fuel1 & s wa/e ( heat1 to d ?is 9 dissolv+ ord9>y table salt or rock salt 9 wat]1 = salt is z soluble 9 cold wat] z 9 hot4 ,"s salts are1 incr$ible ?\gh x may appe>1 less soluble 9 boil+ wat] ?an 9 cold4 ,wat] j above ! freez+-po9t dissolves ne>ly twice z mu* lime z x does :5 boil+4 ,y see1 !n1 t a k ( c]ta9 important facts l ^! may be s us$ z to consid]ably mitigate y\r coal bills1 "u giv5 circum/ances & conditions4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,wat]3 ,,its ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,prop]ties2 ,,impurities ,,& ,,_! ,,action2 ,,te/s ,,( ,,purity--,cont9u$ ,9 ! la/ lecture1 "u ! head ( ,solution1 ,i m5tion$ t "s salts1 "s *emical sub/ances1 are m soluble 9 wat] ?an o!rs1 & t _! solubilities "u diff]5t circum/ances ( temp]ature v>y 9 diff]5t ways4 ,h[ev]1 "s salts & comp\nds are practically insoluble 9 wat] "u any circum/ances4 ,we n[ arrive at ! important result kn[n to *emi/s z ! precipitation ( insoluble comp\nds f solutions4 ,9 ord] to def9e ?is result1 h[ev]1 we mu/1 ( c\rse1 fir/ consid] ! circum/ances ( causation ( ! result4 ,let u take a simple case ( *emical decomposition result+ 9 ! deposition or precipitation ( a sub/ance f solution 9 ! insoluble /ate4 ,we w take a salt y are probably acqua9t$ )--sulphate ( copp]1 or blue/one1 & dissolve x 9 wat]1 & we h !n ! sulphate ( copp] 9 solution 9 wat]4 ,n[ suppose x is our desire to obta9 f t solution all ! copp] by deposit+ x 9 "s insoluble =m4 ,we may accompli% ?is 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 rely+ on c]ta9 me?ods ( decompos+ t sulphate ( copp]4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ economical is t adopt$ 9 a c]ta9 s-call$ wet me?od ( extract+ copp]4 ,x is bas$ on ! fact t metallic iron has a great] t5d5cy to comb9e 9 wat] solutions1 ) ! acids ( copp] salts1 ?an ! copp] has 9 ^? salts4 ,we simply ne$ to place "s scraps ( iron 9 ! copp] sulphate solution to induce a *ange :i* may be repres5t$ z foll[s3 ,copp] sulphate1 consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( copp] oxide ) sulphuric acid1 yields ) iron1 iron sulphate1 a comb9ation ( iron oxide ) sulphuric acid1 & metallic copp]4 ,! metallic copp] produc$ sep>ates 9 ! =m ( a r$ coat+ on ! iron scraps4 ,b we may also1 rely+ on ! fact t oxide ( copp] is insoluble 9 wat]1 arrange = ! deposition ( ! copp] 9 t =m4 ,?is we c d by add+ cau/ic soda to a hot solution ( copp] sulphate1 :5 we get ! foll[+ *ange3 ,copp] sulphate1 consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( copp] oxide ) sulphuric acid1 yields ) cau/ic soda1 sulphate ( soda1 a comb9ation ( soda ) sulphuric acid & oxide ( copp]4 ,oxide ( copp] is black1 & s 9 ?is decomposition :at is call$ a black precipitate ( t oxide is produc$ on add+ ! cau/ic soda4 ,b x might n suit u ?us to deposit ! copp] f our solution2 we might desire to remove ! sulphuric acid f ! copp] sulphate1 & leave ! copp] dissolv$1 say 9 ! =m ( a *loride4 ,we select1 !n1 a comp\nd :i* is a *loride1 & a *loride ( a metal :i* =ms an insoluble comb9ation ) sulphuric acid--*loride ( b>ium1 say4 ,on add+ ?is *loride ( b>ium to sulphate ( copp] solution1 we get !n a *ange :i* we might repres5t ?us3 ,copp] sulphate1 consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( copp] oxide ) sulphuric acid1 yields ) b>ium *loride1 :i* is a comb9ation ( b>ium & *lor9e1 insoluble b>ium sulphate1 a comb9ation ( b>ium oxide ) sulphuric acid1 & soluble copp] *loride1 a comb9ation ( copp] & *lor9e4 ,?is is call$ a d\ble int]*ange4 ,n[ ^! are a few illu/rations to %[ y :at is meant by *emical decompositions4 ,"o practical lesson1 ( c\rse1 we may draw is ?is3 ,we mu/ h a c>e 9 dissolv+ blue/one or copp] sulphate1 n to attempt x 9 iron pans1 & n to /ore or put v]digris into iron vessels1 or ! iron w be act$ ^u1 & to "s ext5t ! copp] salt w become contam9at$ ) iron4 ,x w n[ be cle> to y t1 z a solv5t = bodies usually soluble 9 wat]1 wat] t is p]fectly pure w be mo/ suitable & n likely to cause any deposition or precipitation ?r\gh *emical decompositions1 = !re are no salts or o!r comp\nds 9 pure wat] to cause su* *anges4 ,su* pure wat] is call$ s(t wat]4 ,b ! t]m is only a comp>ative "o1 & wat] t is n q1 b ne>ly pure--pure en\gh = mo/ practical purposes--is also call$ s(t wat]4 ,n[ ra9 is ! pure/ =m ( natural wat]1 = x is a k9d ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,wat] rises 9 vap\r f ! ocean z f a /ill1 & ! salt & o!r dissolv$ matt]s rema9 beh9d4 ,meet+ cold curr5ts ( air1 ! vap\rs cond5se 9 ra91 & fall ^u ! e>?4 ,aft] com+ 9 contact ) ! e>?1 ! subsequ5t condition ( t wat] entirely dep5ds ^u ! "*1 z reg>ds solubility or insolubility1 ( ! sub/ances compos+ ! /rata or lay]s ( e>? ^u :i* x falls1 & ?r\gh :i* x s9ks4 ,if x meets ) insoluble rocks--= all rocks are n insoluble--x rema9s1 ( c\rse1 pure & s(t1 & 9 proportion z ! con/itu5ts ( rock & soil are soluble1 9 t proportion does ! wat] become h>d4 ,we all "k h[ dang]\s acid is 9 wat]1 caus+ t wat] to act on _m sub/ances1 ! iron ( iron vessels1 ! lime 9 soil or rock1 etc41 br++ iron & lime respectively into solution4 ,n[ ! atmosph]e conta9s c>bonic acid1 & c>bonic acid occurs 9 ! e>?1 be+ evolv$ by decompos+ vegetation1 etc4 ,c>bonic acid is also soluble to a c]ta91 ?\gh n l>ge ext5t1 9 wat]4 ,z we %all see1 wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid attacks c]ta9 sub/ances insoluble 9 pure wat]1 & br+s !m into solution1 & ?us ! wat] soon becomes h>d4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! la/ lecture1 ,i said t lime is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! solution is call$ lime-wat]2 x might be call$ a solution ( cau/ic lime4 ,:5 c>bonic acid gas fir/ comes 9 contact ) su* a solution1 *alk or c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]1 is =m$1 & ! lime is ?us precipitat$ z c>bonate4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 we cont9u$ to pass c>bonic acid gas into t wat]1 r5d]$ milky ) *alk p[d]1 v soon ! liquid w\ld cle>1 & we %\ld get once m a solution ( lime1 b n cau/ic lime z x 0 at fir/1 simply n[ a solution ( c>bonate ( lime 9 c>bonic acid1 or a solution ( bic>bonate ( lime4 ,i w take "s lime-wat]1 & ,i w bl[ ?r\gh2 my brea? conta9s c>bonic acid1 & y w see ! cle> liquid become milky ow+ to sep>ation ( insoluble c>bonate ( lime1 or *alk4 ,i n[ cont9ue bl[+1 & at l5g? t *alk dissolves ) ! excess ( c>bonic acid1 =m+ bic>bonate ( lime4 ,?is exp]im5t expla9s h[ x is t wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh or runn+ ov] lime/one /rata dissolves out ! insoluble *alk4 ,su* wat]1 h>d f dissolv$ c>bonate ( lime1 c be s(t5$ by m]ely boil+ ! wat]1 = ! excess ( c>bonic acid is !n expell$1 & ! *alk is precipitat$ aga94 ,?is w\ld be too co/ly = ! s(t5+ ( l>ge quantities ( wat]1 ! boil+ process consum+ too mu* coal1 & s ano!r process is adopt$4 ,quicklime1 or milk ( lime1 is add$ to ! wat] 9 ! prop] quantity4 ,?is lime unites ) ! excess ( c>bonic acid hold+ *alk 9 solution1 & =ms ) x insoluble *alk1 & s all deposits toge!r z *alk4 ,by ?is lim+ process1 also1 ! iron ( ! wat] dissolv$ likewise 9 f]rug9\s /reams1 etc41 by c>bonic acid1 w\ld be precipitat$4 ,to %[ ?is deposition ,i w n[ add "s cle> lime-wat] to ! solution ,i made ( *alk ) ! c>bonic acid ( my brea?1 & a precipitate is at once =m$1 all ! lime & c>bonic acid toge!r deposit+ z insoluble *alk4 ,h5ce cle> lime-wat] =ms a good te/ = ! pres5ce ( bic>bonates ( lime or iron 9 a wat]4 ,b wat] may be h>d f ! pres5ce ( o!r salts1 o!r lime salts4 ,= example1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! e>? conta9 a great deal ( gypsum1 or natural sulphate ( lime1 & ?is is soluble to "s ext5t 9 wat]4 ,wat] ?us h>d5$ is n affect$ by boil+1 or ! addition ( lime1 & is !re=e t]m$ p]man5tly h>d wat]1 ! wat] h>d5$ ) dissolv$ *alk be+ t]m$ tempor>ily h>d wat]4 ,i h said no?+ ( solid or undissolv$ impurities 9 wat]1 :i* are said to be 9 susp5sion1 = ! sep>ation ( ^! is a m]ely me*anical matt] ( settl+1 or filtration & settl+ comb9$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! wat] ( riv]s conta9s ! mo/ susp5d$ & vegetable matt] & ! lea/ am\nt ( dissolv$ con/itu5ts1 :]eas spr+ & well wat]s conta9 ! mo/ dissolv$ matt]s & ! lea/ susp5d$4 ,s]i\s damage may be done to ! dy] by ei!r ( ^! classes ( impurities1 & ,i may tell y t ! dissolv$ calc>e\s & magnesian impurities are ! mo/ frequ5t 9 occurr5ce & ! mo/ injuri\s4 ,i told y t on boil+1 ! excess ( c>bonic acid hold+ *alk or c>bonate ( lime 9 solution z bic>bonate1 is decompos$ & c>bonate ( lime precipitat$4 ,y c at once imag9e1 !n1 :at takes place 9 y\r /eam boil]s :5 su* wat] is us$1 & h[ incru/ations are =m$4 ,let u n[ inquire z to ! precise nature ( ! wa/e & injury caus$ by h>d & impure wat]s4 ,let u also take1 z an example1 ^? mo/ commonly occurr+ injuri\s con/itu5ts1 ! magnesian & calc>e\s impurities4 ,h>d wat] only produces a la!r ) soap :5 t soap has effect$ ! s(t5+ ( ! wat]1 & n till !n4 ,9 t process ! soap is entirely wa/$1 & ! fatty acids 9 x =m1 ) ! lime & magnesia1 insoluble comp\nds call$ lime & magnesia soaps1 :i* are /icky1 greasy1 adhesive bodies1 t precipitate & fix "s col\r+ matt]s l a mordant4 ,we h 9 su* cases1 !n1 a k9d ( d\ble mis*ief--7i7 wa/e ( soap1 7ii7 injury to col\rs & dyes on ! fabrics4 ,b ?is is n all1 = col\rs are precipitat$ z lakes1 & mordants also are precipitat$1 & ?us wa/$1 9 mu* ! same s5se z ! soaps are4 ,n[ by tak+ a soap solution1 =m$ by dissolv+ a kn[n weight ( soap 9 a kn[n volume ( wat]1 & add+ ?is gradually to h>d wat] until a p]man5t la!r is j produc$1 we c directly det]m9e ! consumption ( soap by su* a wat]1 & asc]ta9 ! h>dness4 ,su* a me?od is call$ ,cl>k's process ( det]m9ation or te/+1 or ,cl>k's soap te/4 ,we he> a great deal j n[ ( soaps t w wa% well 9 h>d wat]1 & d wond]s "u any conditions2 b m>k ?is fact1 none ( !m w beg9 to p]=m effective duty until su* h>d wat] has be5 r5d]$ s(t at ! exp5se ( ! soap4 ,soaps made ( "s oils1 su* z cocoa-nut oil1 = example1 are m soluble 9 wat] ?an :5 made ( tall[1 etc41 & s !y m quickly s(t5 a h>d wat] & yield la!r1 b !y are wa/$1 z f> z consumption is conc]n$1 to j ! same ext5t z any o!r soaps4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 wa/e s mu* "t & tr\ble 9 effect+ ! end 9 view1 &1 z y "k1 ,"t is money 9 ^! days ( "w & competition4 ,aft] mak+ a soap te/ z describ$ above1 & kn[+ ! quantity ( wat] us$1 x is1 ( c\rse1 easy to calculate ! annual loss ( soap caus$ by ! h>dness ( ! wat]4 ,! mon?ly consumption ( soap 9 ,london is #a1jjj1jjj kilograms 7ab\t #ajjj tons71 & x is e/imat$ t ! h>dness ( ! ,?ames wat] means ! use ( #bcj1jjj kilograms 7ne>ly #bcj tons7 m soap p] mon? ?an w\ld be necess>y if s(t wat] 7 us$4 ,( c\rse ! soap manufactur]s ar\nd ,london w\ld n /ate t fact on _! adv]tis+ plac>ds1 b r dwell on ! victori\s onslaught _! p>ticul> br& w make on ! dirt 9 articles to be wa%$1 9 ! tee? ( circum/ances t w\ld be hopeless = any o!r br& ( soap6 ,i h ref]r$ to ! /icky & adhesive "* ( ! comp\nds call$ lime soaps1 =m$ 9 h>d wat]s4 ,n[ 9 wa%+ & sc\r+ wool & o!r fibres1 ^! /icky lime soaps adh]e s p]t9aci\sly t ! fibres1 be !y ( wool1 silk1 or any o!r article1 rema9 9 "p unt\*$1 imp]meable to mordant or col\r+ matt]1 & h5ce irregul> developm5t ( col\r mu/ be ! consequ5ce4 ,also an unnatural lu/re or peculi> bloom may 9 p>ts arise1 ru9+ ! appe>ance ( ! goods4 ,9 "s cases ! lime soaps act l mordants1 attract+ col\r+ matt] unequally1 & produc+ pat*y effects4 ,9 ! dye-ba?s 9 :i* cate*u & tann9 are us$1 !re is a wa/e ( ^! matt]s1 = insoluble comp\nds are =m$ ) ! lime1 & ! cate*u & tann9 are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 precipitat$ & lo/4 ,"s col\rs are be/ develop$ 9 an acid ba?1 su* z ,co*9eal ,sc>let1 b ! pres5ce ( ! bic>bonate ( lime t5ds to cause neutralisation ( ! acidity1 & s ! dye+ is ei!r ret>d$ or prev5t$4 ,su* mordants z r$ liquor & iron liquor1 :i* are acetates ( alum9a & iron respectively1 are also wa/$1 a portion ( !m be+ precipitat$ by ! lime1 ?us weak5+ ! mordant ba?s4 ,f]rug9\s ,impurities 9 ,wat]4--,iron 9 solution 9 wat] is v objectionable 9 dye+ op]ations4 ,:5 ! iron is pres5t z bic>bonate1 x acts on soap solutions l ! analog\s lime & magnesia comp\nds1 produc+ ev5 worse results4 ,9 wool sc\r+1 cotton blea*+1 & o!r processes requir+ ! use ( alkal9e c>bonates1 f]ric oxide is precipitat$ on ! fibre4 ,a yell[i% t+e is communicat$ to blea*$ fabrics1 & to dye bright & light col\rs is r5d]$ almo/ out ( ! "q4 ,y may always suspect iron to be pres5t 9 wat] fl[+ f or obta9$ directly out ( old coal pits1 iron m9es1 or f places ab\nd+ 9 iron & alum9\s %ales4 ,moreov]1 y sometimes1 or r g5]ally1 f9d t surface wat] dra9+ (f moorl& di/ricts1 & pass+ ov] o*re b$s1 conta9s iron1 & on its way deposits on ! b$s ( ! /reamlets convey+ x1 & on ! /ones1 r$ or br[n oxide ( iron4 ,all wat] ( ?is k9d ought to be avoid$ 9 dye+ & simil> op]ations4 ,! iron 9 wat] f old coal pits & %ale deposits is usually pres5t z sulphate due to ! oxidation ( pyrites1 a sulphuret or sulphide ( iron4 ,wat] f hea?s & moorl&s is (t5 acid f c]ta9 vegetable acids t]m$ peaty acids4 ,?is acidity places ! wat] 9 ! condition ( a direct solv5t = iron1 & t dissolv$ iron may cause great injury4 ,if su* wat] _c be disp5s$ )1 ! be/ way is to c>efully neutralise x ) c>bonate ( soda2 ! iron is !n precipitat$ z c>bonate ( iron1 & c be remov$4 ,contam9ation ( ,wat] by ,factories4--,y may h neighb\rs high] up ! /ream ?an y\rselves1 & ^! firms may ca/ =? z wa/e products sub/ances :i* w cause imm5se wa/e & loss4 ,among/ ^! wa/e products ! wor/ are ^? com+ f *emical works1 pap] works1 blea* works1 etc4 ,if ! pap] works be ^? work+ up wood pulp1 ! pollutions ( efflu5t wat] w be ab\t z noxi\s z !y well c be4 ,y w h gums & res9s f ! wood1 calcium *loride f ! blea* vats1 acids f ! s\rs2 res91 & res9-soaps2 !re may also be alum9a salts pres5t4 ,n[ alum9a1 lime1 res91 & res9-soaps1 etc41 precipitate dye/uffs1 & also soap2 if ! wat] is alkal9e1 "s ( ! mordants us$ may be precipitat$ & wa/$1 & v consid]able damage done4 ,p]man5t h>dness 9 wat]1 due to ! pres5ce ( gypsum or sulphate ( lime 9 solution1 may be rem$i$ by addition ( cau/ic soda4 ,( c\rse1 if an alkal9e wat] is objectionable 9 any process1 ! alkali w\ld h to be neutralis$ by ! addition ( "s acid4 ,= use 9 boil]s1 wat] might ?us be treat$1 b x w\ld become co/ly if l>ge quantities requir$ su* treatm5t4 ,wat] r5d]$ impure by contam9ations f dyeh\ses & "s *emical works c be be/ purifi$1 & mo/ *eaply1 by simple lim+1 foll[$ by a settl+ process4 ,if space is limit$ & mu* wat] is requir$1 in/ead ( ! settl+ res]voirs1 filt]+ b$s ( coke1 s&1 etc41 may be us$4 ,! lime us$ neutralises acids 9 ! contam9at$ & impure wat]1 precipitates col\r+ matt]s1 mordants1 soap1 album9\s matt]s1 etc4 ,te/s ( ,purity4--,i w n[ describe a few te/s t may be ( value to y 9 decid+ z to :at sub/ances are contam9at+ any impure wat]s t may be at h&4 ,iron4--,if to a wat] y suspect to be h>d f pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime or c>bonate ( iron 9 solution 9 c>bonic acid1 i4e4 z bic>bonates1 y add "s cle> lime-wat]1 & a :ite precipitate is produc$1 y h a pro( ( c>bonate ( lime--h>dness4 ,if ! precipitate is br[ni%1 y may h1 also1 c>bonate ( iron4 ,i w n[ m5tion a v delicate te/ = iron4 ,su* a te/ w\ld be useful 9 confirmation4 ,if a v dilute solution ( su* iron wat] be treat$ ) a drop or two ( pure hydro*loric acid1 & a drop or s ( p]manganate ( pota% solution or ( ,condy's fluid1 & aft] t a few drops ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% solution be add$1 !n a blue col\r 7,prussian blue71 ei!r at once or aft] /&+ a few h\rs1 proves ! pres5ce ( iron4 ,copp]4--,sometimes1 z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( copp] m9es or ( "s copp] pyrites deposits1 a wat] may be contam9at$ ) small quantities ( copp]4 ,! yell[ prussiate once m =ms a good te/1 b to ensure ! abs5ce ( free m9]al acids1 x is fir/ well to add a little acetate ( soda solution4 ,a drop or two ( ! prussiate solution !n gives a br[n col\r1 ev5 if b traces ( copp] are pres5t4 ,magnesia4--,suppose lime & magnesia are pres5t4 ,y may fir/ evaporate to a small bulk1 add+ a drop ( hydro*loric acid if ! liquid becomes muddy4 ,!n add ammonia & ammonium oxalate1 :5 lime alone is precipitat$ z ! oxalate ( lime4 ,filt] ?r\gh blott+ pap]1 & to ! cle> filtrate add "s phosphate ( soda solution4 ,a second precipitation proves ! pres5ce ( magnesia4 ,sulphates4--,a solution ( b>ium *loride & dilute hydro*loric acid gives a :ite turbidity4 ,*lorides4--,a solution ( silv] nitrate & nitric acid gives a :ite curdy precipitate4 ,te/ = ,lead 9 ,dr9k+ ,wat]4--,i w1 la/ly1 give y a te/ t w be useful 9 y\r own homes to detect m9ute quantities ( lead 9 wat] runn+ ?r\gh lead pipes4 ,place a l>ge quantity ( ! wat] 9 a glass on a piece ( :ite pap]1 & add a solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & let /& = "s "t4 ,a br[n col\r d5otes lead4 ,( c\rse copp] w\ld also yield a br[n coloration1 b ,i am suppos+ t ! circum/ances preclude ! pres5ce ( copp]4 ,i h already said t ra9 wat] is ! pure/ ( natural wat]s2 x is s s(t1 & free f dissolv$ m9]al matt]s because x is a di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 di/ill+ wat] to purify x1 we mu/ be v c>eful :at mat]ial we use = cond5s+ ! /eam 91 s9ce x is a fact probably n suffici5tly well kn[n1 t ! s(t] & pur] a wat] is1 ! m liable x is to attack lead pipes4 ,h5ce a coil ( lead pipe to s]ve z cond5s+ worm w\ld be inadmissible4 ,su* wat] z ,man*e/] wat]1 & ,glasg[ wat] f ,lo* ,katr9e /ill m s1 are m liable to attack lead pipes ?an ! h>d ,london wat]s4 ,to illu/rate ?is fact1 we w di/il "s wat] & cond5se 9 a lead5 worm1 !n1 on te/+ ! wat] ) our reag5t1 ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 a br[n col\r is produc$1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( lead4 ,on cond5s+ 9 a block t9 worm1 h[ev]1 no t9 is dissolv$1 s t9 is saf] & bett] z ! mat]ial = su* a purpose ?an lead4 ,filtration4--,we he> a great deal ab\t filtration or filt]s z univ]sal means ( purify+ wat]4 ,filtration1 we mu/ rememb]1 w1 z a rule1 only remove solid or susp5d$ impurities 9 wat]4 ,= example1 if we take "s ivory black or bone black1 & mix x ) wat] & aft]w>ds filt] ! black liquid ?r\gh blott+-pap]1 ! bone black rema9s on ! pap]1 & cle>1 pure wat] comes ?r\gh4 ,filt]+ is effective "h4 ,if we take "s indigo solution1 h[ev]1 & p\r x on to ! filt]1 ! liquid runs ?r\gh z blue z x 0 :5 p\r$ ^u ! filt]4 ,filt]+ is ineffective "h1 & is s g5]ally ) liquids conta9+ matt]s dissolv$ 9 !m4 ,b ,i said g5]ally1 & s ! "q is sugge/$--,w filtration ( any k9d remove matt]s 9 solution8 ,?is "q ,i w1 9 conclusion1 try to answ]4 ,bone *>coal1 or bone black1 has a wond]ful attraction = _m organic matt]s su* z col\rs1 dyes1 & col\r$ impurities l ^? 9 peat wat]1 raw sug> solutions1 etc4 ,= example1 if we place on a pap] filt] "s bone black1 & filt] ?r\gh x "s indigo solution1 aft] fir/ w>m+ ! latt] ) "s m ( ! bone black1 ! liquid comes ?r\gh cle>1 all ! indigo be+ absorb$ 9 "s peculi> way1 difficult to expla91 by ! bone black1 & rema9+ on ! filt]4 ,?is p[] ( *>coal also ext5ds to gases1 & to c]ta9 noxi\s dissolv$ organic impurities1 b x is nev] safe to rely too mu* on su* filt]s1 s9ce ! *>coal c at l5g? become *>g$ ) impurities1 & gradually cease to act4 ,^! filt]s ne$ clean+ & r5ew+ f "t to "t4 ,,lecture ,v ,,acids ,,& ,,alkalis ,prop]ties ( ,acids & ,alkalis4--,! "n acids is giv5 to a class ( sub/ances1 mo/ly soluble 9 wat]1 hav+ an acid or s\r ta/e1 & capable ( turn+ blue litmus solution r$4 ,all acids conta9 "o or m atoms ( hydrog5 capable ( be+ replac$ by metals1 & :5 su* hydrog5 atoms are completely replac$ by metals1 !re result s-call$ neutral or normal salts1 t is1 neutral sub/ances hav+ no action on litmus solution4 ,^! salts c also be produc$ by ! union ( acids ) equival5t quantities ( c]ta9 metallic oxides or hydroxides1 call$ bases1 ( :i* ^? soluble 9 wat] are t]m$ alkalis4 ,alkalis h a cau/ic ta/e1 & turn r$ litmus solution blue4 ,9 ord] to expla9 :at is call$ ! law ( equival5ce1 ,i w rem9d y ( ! exp]im5t ( ! previ\s lecture1 :5 a piece ( bright iron1 be+ plac$ 9 a solution ( copp] sulphate1 became coat$ ) metallic copp]1 an equival5t weight ( iron mean:ile suff]+ solution z sulphate ( iron4 ,accord+ to ! same law1 a c]ta9 weight ( soda w\ld always require a c]ta9 specific equival5t weight ( an acid1 say hydro*loric acid1 to neutralise its alkal9e or basic prop]ties1 produc+ a salt4 ,! specific gravities ( acids & alkalis 9 solution are made use ( 9 works1 etc41 z a means ( asc]ta9+ _! /r5g?s & comm]cial values4 ,tables h be5 c>efully con/ruct$1 su* t = e degree ( specific gravity a correspond+ p]c5tage /r5g? ( acidity & alkal9ity may be look$ up4 ,! be/ tables = ?is purpose are giv5 9 ,lunge & ,hurt]'s ,alkali-,mak]s' ,pocket-,book1 b = ord9>y purposes ( calculation 9 ! works or factory1 a conv5i5t relation%ip exi/s 9 ! case ( hydro*loric acid betwe5 specific gravity & p]c5tage ( real acid1 su* t specific gravity z indicat$ by ,twaddell's hydromet] directly repres5ts p]c5tage ( real acid 9 any sample ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! po9t at :i* neutralisation ( an acid by alkali or vice v]s j takes place is asc]ta9$ v accurately by ! use ( c]ta9 s5sitive col\rs4 ,at fir/ litmus & co*9eal t9ctures 7 us$1 b 9 te/+ crude alkalis conta9+ alum9a & iron1 x 0 f\nd t lakes 7 =m$ ) ^! col\rs1 & !y become precipitat$ 9 ! solution1 & s no long] s5sitive4 ,! *emi/ 0 !n oblig$ to resort to c]ta9 s5sitive coal-t> col\rs1 :i* did n1 z ! dy] & pr9t] knew1 =m lakes ) alum9a & iron1 su* z me?yl orange1 fluoresce91 ,congo r$1 ph5olph?ale91 & s =?4 ,= det]m9+ ! alkalimetric /r5g? ( comm]cial sodas1 a kn[n weight ( ! sample is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & a few drops ( a solution ( me?yl orange are add$1 :i* col\r ! solution yell[ or orange4 ,into ?is solution is !n run1 f a burette or graduat$ tube1 a /&>d solution ( an acid1 t is1 a solution prep>$ by dissolv+ a kn[n weight ( an acid1 say hydro*loric acid1 9 a kn[n volume ( wat]4 ,! acid is run 9 gradually until ! yell[ col\r *anges to p9k1 at :i* po9t ! volume ( acid us$ is not$4 ,kn[+ ! weight ( acid conta9$ 9 ?is volume ( /&>d acid1 & hav+ reg>d to ! law ( equival5ce m5tion$ above1 x is an easy matt] to calculate ! am\nt ( alkali equival5t to ! acid us$1 & f ?is ! alkali conta9$ 9 ! sample4 ,sulphuric ,acid4--,! fir/ process = manufactur+ sulphuric acid or vitriol 0 by plac+ "s burn+ sulphur 9 a clos$ vessel conta9+ "s wat]4 ,! wat] absorb$ ! acid =m$ by ! burn+ sulphur4 ,x 0 next discov]$ t by mix+ ) ! sulphur "s nitre1 mu* m sulphuric acid c\ld be produc$ p] giv5 quantity ( brim/one4 ,at fir/ l>ge glass c>boys 7 us$1 b 9 #agdf ! c>boys 7 replac$ by *amb]s ( lead conta9+ wat] at ! bottom1 & 9 ^! lead *amb]s ! mixture ( sulphur & nitre 0 burnt on iron trays4 ,next1 al?\gh gradually1 ! plant 0 divid$ into two portions--a furnace = burn+ ! sulphur1 & a *amb] = receiv+ ! vap\rs4 ,! sy/em 0 ?us develop$ into ! "o foll[$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! sulphur1 or1 9 mo/ cases1 cupre\s iron pyrites 7a comb9ation ( iron & copp] ) sulphur71 is burn$ 9 specially con/ruct$ kilns or furnaces1 & ! hot gases1 consi/+ ess5tially ( sulphur dioxide ) ! excess ( air1 pass ?r\gh flues 9 :i* are plac$ ca/-iron nitre pots conta9+ a mixture ( nitre 7sodium nitrate7 & vitriol4 ,! gases ?us become mix$ ) nitr\s fumes or gase\s oxides ( nitrog51 &1 aft] cool+1 are ready = mix+ ) /eam or wat] spray 9 ! lead *amb]s 9 :i* ! vitriol is produc$4 ,^! oxides ( nitrog5 enable ! =mation ( sulphuric acid to take place m quickly by play+ ! "p ( oxyg5-c>ri]s4 ,sulphuric acid is =m$ by ! union ( oxyg5 ) sulphur dioxide & wat]2 ! oxides ( nitrog5 comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air pres5t 9 ! *amb]s1 !n give up ?is oxyg5 to ! sulphur dioxide & wat] or /eam to =m sulphuric acid1 aga9 comb9e ) m oxyg51 & s on4 ,! exact processes or reactions are ( c\rse mu* m complicat$1 b ! above repres5ts :at is practically ! ultimate result4 ,x is evid5t t ! gases leav+ ! la/ lead *amb] 9 :i* ! =mation ( vitriol is effect$1 mu/ /ill conta9 nitr\s fumes1 & x becomes a matt] ( importance to recov] !m1 s t !y c be us$ ov] aga94 ,to effect ?is object1 use is made ( ! solubility ( nitr\s fumes 9 /rong vitriol4 ,! gases f ! la/ lead *amb] ( ! s]ies are pass$ ?r\gh :at is call$ a ,gay-,lussac t[] 7! process 0 inv5t$ by ! em95t ,fr5* *emi/ ,gay-,lussac71 :i* is a t[] made ( lead1 support$ by a wood5 framework1 & fill$ ) coke or special /onew>e pack+1 ov] :i* /rong vitriol is caus$ to fl[4 ,! vitriol dissolves ! nitrog5 oxides1 & s-call$ nitr\s vitriol fl[s out at ! base ( ! t[]4 ,! recov]y ( ! nitrog5 comp\nds f ! nitr\s vitriol is effect$ 9 ,glov] t[]s 7! inv5tion ( ,john ,glov] ( ,newca/le71 :i* also s]ve to conc5trate to "s ext5t ! weak acid produc$ 9 ! lead *amb]s1 & to cool ! hot gases f ! sulphur burn]s or pyrites kilns4 ,! weak *amb] acid is mix$ ) ! nitr\s vitriol f ! ,gay-,lussac t[]1 & ! mixture is pump$ to ! top ( ! ,glov] t[]1 :i* is ( simil> con/ruction to ! ,gay-,lussac t[]1 b is g5]ally pack$ ) fl9ts4 ,?is ,glov] t[] is plac$ betwe5 ! sulphur burn]s or pyrites kilns & ! fir/ lead *amb]4 ,! nitr\s vitriol pass+ d[n ! t[] meets ! hot gases f ! kilns1 & a ?reefold object is effect$3 7#a7 ,! nitr\s fumes are expell$ f ! nitr\s vitriol1 & are c>ri$ into ! *amb]s1 to aga9 play ! "p ( oxyg5-c>ri]s2 7#b7 ! weak *amb] acid :i* 0 mix$ ) ! nitr\s vitriol is conc5trat$ by ! hot kiln gases2 & 7#c7 ! hot gases !mselves are cool$4 ,! acid f ! ,glov] t[] is purifi$ by special treatm5t--= example1 ! ars5ic may be remov$1 aft] precipitation ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 9 ! =m ( insoluble ars5ic sulphide1--& ! purifi$ acid is conc5trat$ by heat+ 9 glass or plat9um vessels4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( sulphuric acid is n[ made by ! s-call$ contact process1 9 :i* sulphur dioxide & oxyg5 unite to =m sulphuric acid 9 pres5ce ( a heat$ contact sub/ance1 usually "s =m ( f9ely-divid$ plat9um4 ,nitric ,acid4--,?is acid is usually prep>$ by di/ill+ a mixture ( sodium nitrate & vitriol 9 ca/-iron retorts or pots1 ! nitric acid be+ collect$ 9 /onew>e vessels connect$ "o ) ano!r1 or1 z is m g5]ally ! case at ! pres5t "t1 9 cond5s+ app>atus consi/+ ( /onew>e pipes or coils cool$ by wat]4 ,! efflu5t gases are pass$ ?r\gh a scrubb] 9 ord] to free !m f ! la/ traces ( acid be=e dis*>g+ !m into ! atmosph]e4 ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,! great] "p ( ! hydro*loric acid manufactur$ 9 ,great ,brita9 is obta9$ z an int]m$iate product 9 ! ,leblanc alkali process1 :i* w pres5tly be describ$1 be+ produc$ by heat+ common salt ) vitriol4 ,a l>ge quantity is1 h[ev]1 also produc$ by ! s-call$ direct process ( ,h>greaves ,rob9son1 :i* is1 9 pr9ciple1 ! same me?od z t employ$ 9 ! ,leblanc process1 except t ! int]m$iate product1 vitriol1 is n sep>at$4 ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 pass+ ! hot gases f pyrites kilns1 z us$ 9 ! manufacture ( vitriol1 ?r\gh l>ge ca/-iron vessels conta9+ common salt heat$ to a high temp]ature4 ,v>i\s physical conditions mu/ be compli$ ) 9 ord] to make ! process a success4 ,= example1 ! salt is us$ 9 ! =m ( m\ld$ h>d por\s cakes made f a damp mixture ( common salt & rock salt4 ,! ca/-iron vessels mu/ be heat$ uni=mly1 & ! hot pyrites kiln gases mu/ be pass$ d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! salt 9 ord] to ensure uni=m di/ribution4 ,! hydro*loric acid is cond5s$ 9 /onew>e pipes connect$ ) t[]s pack$ ) coke or /onew>e4 ,alkali3 ,leblanc ,process4--,! manufacture ( vitriol1 z ,i h describ$ x to y1 is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! ,leblanc process4 ,! next /age consi/s 9 ! manufacture ( sodium sulphate 7salt-cake7 & hydro*loric acid f ! sulphuric acid & common salt2 ?is is call$ ! salt-cake process4 ,! production ( salt-cake or crude sodium sulphate is c>ri$ out 9 two /ages4 ,a l>ge cov]$ iron pan1 call$ ! decompos+ pan or salt-cake pot1 is m\nt$ 9 "o "p ( ! salt-cake furnace1 & alongside x is ! he>? or b$ on :i* ! second /age ( ! process1 ! dry+ or roa/+1 is effect$4 ,! mixture ( common salt & vitriol is *>g$ into ! salt-cake pot1 :i* is heat$ by a fire bel[4 ,:5 f two-?irds to ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! hydro*loric acid has be5 expell$ f ! *>ge1 ! mass acquires ! consi/5ce ( ?ick d\gh1 & at ?is /age x is rak$ out ( ! pan on to ! roa/+ he>? alongside1 :]e ! decomposition is complet$ by means ( flames play+ directly on to ! top ( ! *>ge4 ,! hydro*loric acid evolv$ dur+ ! process is cond5s$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z 9 ! process ( ,h>greaves ,rob9son previ\sly describ$4 ,x is a curi\s fact t 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,leblanc process1 hydro*loric acid1 or spirits ( salt1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 0 a by-product t requir$ all ! vigilance ( ! alkali-works inspectors to prev5t x be+ all[$ to escape f ! *imneys 9 m ?an a c]ta9 small regulat$ am\nt4 ,n[1 x is ! pr9cipal product2 inde$1 ! ,leblanc alkali mak] may be said to subsi/ on t hydro*loric acid1 z 8 *ief in/rum5t = produc+ *loride ( lime or blea*+ p[d]4 ,me*anical furnaces are n[ us$ to a l>ge ext5t = ! salt-cake process4 ,!y consi/ broadly ( a l>ge revolv+ furnace-he>? or b$1 on to :i* ! mixture ( salt & vitriol is *>g$1 & on :i* x is cont9u\sly agitat$1 & gradually mov$ to ! place ( dis*>ge1 by rakes or ! l1 op]at$ by suitable ma*9]y4 ,! next /age ( ! ,leblanc process is ! manufacture ( black a%1 or crude sodium c>bonate4 ,?is is usually done 9 l>ge cyl9drical revolv+ furnaces1 ?r\gh1 :i* flames f a fire-grate1 or f ! burn+ ( gase\s fuel1 pass2 ! wa/e heat is utilis$ = boil+ d[n black a% liquor1 obta9$ by lixiviat+ ! black a%4 ,a mixture ( salt-cake1 lime/one or *alk 7calcium c>bonate71 & p[d]$ coal or coal slack is *>g$ into ! revolv+ cyl9d]2 dur+ ! process ! mass becomes agglom]at$1 & ! f9al product is :at is kn[n z a black-a% ball1 consi/+ *iefly ( crude sodium c>bonate & calcium sulphide1 b conta9+ small] quantities ( _m o!r sub/ances4 ,! soda a% or sodium c>bonate is obta9$ f ! black a% by lixiviat+ ) wat]1 & aft] v>i\s purification processes1 ! solution is boil$ d[n1 z previ\sly /at$1 by ! wa/e heat ( ! black-a% furnace4 ,! alkali is sold 9 v>i\s =ms z soda a%1 soda cry/als1 wa%+ soda1 etc4 ,cau/ic soda is manufactur$ f solution ( c>bonate ( soda by cau/icis+1 t is1 treatm5t ) cau/ic lime or quicklime4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t "o ( ! *ief reag5ts 9 ! ,leblanc process is ! sulphur us$ 9 ! =m ( brim/one or z pyrites = mak+ vitriol 9 ! fir/ /age2 ?is sulphur goes ?r\gh ! entire process2 f ! vitriol x goes to =m a con/itu5t ( ! salt-cake1 & aft]w>ds ( ! calcium sulphide conta9$ 9 ! black a%4 ,?is calcium sulphide rema9s z an insoluble mass :5 ! c>bonate ( soda is extract$ f ! black a%1 & =ms ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! alkali wa/e1 :i* until ! ye> #ahhj c\ld be se5 9 l>ge heaps ar\nd *emical works4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 by means ( treatm5t ) kiln gases conta9+ c>bonic acid1 ! sulphur is extract$ f ! wa/e 9 ! =m ( hydrog5 sulphide1 :i* is burnt to =m vitriol1 or is us$ = mak+ pure sulphur2 & s :at 0 once wa/e is n[ a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,ammonia-,soda ,process ( ,alkali ,manufacture4--,?is process dep5ds ^u ! fact t :5 c>bonic acid is =c$1 "u pressure1 into a saturat$ solution ( ammonia & common salt1 sodium bic>bonate is precipitat$1 :il/ ammonium *loride or sal-ammoniac rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! solution4 ,! reaction 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcf by a ,scot* *emi/ nam$ ,john ,?om1 & small quantities ( ammonia-soda 7 made at t "t by ! firm ( ,mc,naughton ,?om4 ,! successful c>ry+ out ( ! process on ! l>ge scale dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! complete recov]y ( ! exp5sive reag5t1 ammonia1 & ?is problem 0 only solv$ )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s by ,solvay4 ,! process has be5 p]fect$ & work$ ) great success 9 ,engl& by ,messrs4 ,brunn]1 ,mond1 ,co41 & has prov$ a successful rival to ! ,leblanc process4 ,alkali is also produc$ to "s ext5t by electrolytic processes1 dep5d+ ^u ! splitt+ up ( a solution ( common salt into cau/ic soda & *lor9e by ! use ( an electric curr5t4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,boric ,,acid1 ,,borax1 ,,soap ,boric ,acid4--,at ord9>y temp]atures & "u ord9>y conditions boric acid is a v weak acid1 b l silicic & "s o!r acids1 its relative p[]s ( aff9ity & comb9ation become v mu* *ang$ at high temp]atures2 ?us1 fus$ & /rongly heat$ boric acid c decompose c>bonates & ev5 sulphates1 & yet a curr5t ( s weak an acid z hydrog5 sulphide1 pass$ ?r\gh a /rong solution ( borax1 w decompose x & set free boric acid4 ,boric acid is obta9$ *iefly f ,italy4 ,9 a tract ( c\ntry call$ ! ,m>emma ( ,tuscany1 embrac+ an area ( ab\t =ty squ>e miles1 are num]\s *asms & crevices1 f :i* hot vap\r & heat$ gases & spr+s ( wat] spurt4 ,! /eam issu+ f ^! hot spr+s conta9s small quantities ( boric acid1 t acid be+ "o ( ^? solid sub/ances di/ill+ to "s ext5t 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,! /eam vap\rs ?us bur/+ =?1 ow+ to "s k9d ( con/ant volcanic di/urbance1 are also m or less lad5 ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 communicat+ a v ill od\r to ! neighb\rhood4 ,^! ph5om5a 7 at fir/ look$ ^u by ! p z ! "w ( ! devil1 & prie/ly exorcisms 7 9 consid]able reque/ 9 ! hope ( quell+ !m1 v mu* z a great deal ( ! m]e spee*-mak+ at ! pres5t "t 9 ,engl& on =eign competition & its evils1 & ! dulness ( trade1 ! artificial comb9ations to keep up prices1 to r$uce wages1 g5]al lam5tation1 etc41 are essay$ 9 ! attempt to *>m away bad trade4 ,at l5g? a k9d ( prophet arose ( a v practical "* 9 ! =m ( ! late ,c\nt ,l>d>el1 :o1 m9dful ( ! fact t ! *emi/ ,hff]1 9 ! "t ( ! ,gr& ,duke ,leopold ,i41 _h discov]$ boric acid 9 ! volcanic /eam jets1 look$ hopefully beyond ! exorcisms ( ! prie/s & ! sup]/itions ( ! p to a possible bless+ conta9$ 9 :at appe>$ to be an unholy confusion ( ,nature4 ,he con/ruct$ tanks ( f #ajj to #ajjj ft4 9 diamet] & #g to #bj ft4 9 dep?1 ( su* a k9d t ! /eam jets 7 surr\nd$ by or conta9$ 9 !m1 & ?us ! liquors =m$ by cond5sation became m & m conc5trat$4 ,^! tanks 7 arrang$ at diff]5t levels1 s t ! liquors c\ld be run (f f "o to ! o!r1 & f9ally to settl+ ci/]ns4 ,subsequ5tly ! /rong liquors 7 run to lead-l9$1 wood5 vats1 9 :i* ! boric acid 0 cry/allis$ out4 ,_h ! indu/ry dep5d$ on ! use ( fuel x c\ld nev] h develop$1 b ,c\nt ,l>d>el +5i\sly utilis$ ! heat ( ! /eam = all ! purposes1 & nei!r coal nor wood 0 requir$4 ,:]e w\ld t ,tuscan boric acid indu/ry h be5 n[ _h m]ely ! lam5tations ( l&[n]s1 fe>s ( ! p1 & exorcisms ( ! prie/s be5 cont9u$8 ,in/ead ( be+ ! "w ( ! ar*-enemy ( mank9d1 0 n x r an incitem5t to a some:at high & difficult /ep 9 an upw>d direction t[>ds ! atta9m5t1 on a high] plat=m ( k & skill1 ( a bless+ = ! :ole prov9ce ( ,tuscany8 ,:at 0 true 9 ! hi/ory ( t indu/ry & its developm5t is e :it z true ( ! mu*-lam5t$ slack5+ ( trade ?r\gh =eign competition or o!r causes n[ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & com+ home to y\rselves 9 ! hat-manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,! high] plat=m to :i* x 0 some:at difficult to /ep up1 b ^u :i* ! battle mu/ be f\ght & ! victory won1 0 "o ( a high] sci5tific & te*nological education & tra9+4 ,! *emi/ ,hff] made ! discov]y ( boric acid 9 ! vap\rs1 !y w\ld no d\bt take note2 b ,hff] w5t no fur!r2 & x ne$$ ! man ( bo? educat$ & practical m9d l ,c\nt ,l>d>el to turn ! discov]y to acc\nt & extract ! bless+4 ,9 l mann] x 0 cle> t 9 our educational s*emes = ! b5efit ( ! p1 !re mu/ n only be ! sci5tific inve/igator ( ab/ract tru?1 b also ! sci5tific te*nologi/ to po9t ! way to ! practical realisation ( tangible pr(it4 ,moreov]1 & a /ill m important tru?1 x is ! sci5tific education ( ! proprietors & heads we want--educat$ capital r ?an educat$ workm54 ,borax4--,a good deal ( ! ,tuscan boric acid is us$ 9 ,france = ! manufacture ( borax1 :i* is a sodium salt ( boric acid4 ,borax is also manufactur$ f boronitrocalcite1 a calcium salt ( boric acid1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,*ili & o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! crude boronitrocalcite or tiza is boil$ ) sodium c>bonate solution1 &1 aft] settl+1 ! borax is obta9$ by cry/allisation4 ,borax itself is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada1 ,u4,s4,a41 & also 9 ,p]u1 ,ceylon1 ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 & ,?ibet4 ,! comm]cial product is obta9$ f ! native borax 7kn[n z t9cal7 by dissolv+ 9 wat] & all[+ ! solution to cry/allise4 ,! ,p]uvian borax sometimes conta9s nitre4 ,= te/+ ! purity ( ref9$ borax ! foll[+ simple te/s w usually suffice4 ,a solution ( ! borax is made conta9+ #a "p ( borax to #ej p>ts ( wat]1 & small portions ( ! solution are te/$ z foll[s3 ,heavy metals 7lead1 copp]1 etc474--,on pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into ! solution1 no coloration or precipitate %\ld be produc$4 ,calcium ,salts4--,! solution %\ld n give a precipitate ) ammonium oxalate solution4 ,c>bonates4--,! solution %\ld n eff]vesce on addition ( nitric or hydro*loric acid4 ,*lorides4--,no appreciable precipitate %\ld be produc$ on addition ( silv] nitrate solution & nitric acid4 ,sulphates4--,no appreciable precipitate %\ld be produc$ on add+ hydro*loric acid & b>ium *loride4 ,iron4--#ej c4c4 ( ! solution %\ld n imm$iately be col\r$ blue by #je c4c4 ( potassium f]rocyanide solution4 ,soap4--,soap is a salt 9 ! *emical s5se1 & ?is leads to a wid] def9ition ( ! t]m salt or sal9e comp\nd4 ,fats & oils1 f :i* soaps are manufactur$1 are a k9d ( quasi salts1 compos$ ( a fatty acid & a *emical con/ant1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 9 ! %ape ( base1 namely1 glyc]94 ,:5 ^! fats & oils1 (t5 call$ glyc]ides1 are heat$ ) alkali1 soda1 a true salt ( ! fatty acid & soda is =m$1 & ?is is ! soap1 :il/ ! glyc]9 rema9s beh9d 9 ! sp5t soap lye4 ,n[ glyc]9 is soluble 9 wat] conta9+ dissolv$ salt 7br9e71 :il/ soap is insoluble1 ?\gh soluble 9 pure wat]4 ,! mixture ( soap & glyc]9 produc$ f ! fat & soda is !re=e treat$ ) br9e1 a process call$ cutt+ ! soap4 ,! soap sep>ates out 9 ! solid =m z a curdy mass1 :i* c be easily sep>at$4 ,c]ta9 soaps are able to absorb a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & yet appe> q solid1 & 9 pur*as+ l>ge quantities ( soap x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( wat] pres5t4 ,?is c be easily done by weigh+ out t5 or tw5ty grams ( ! soap1 cut 9 small pieces1 into a porcela9 di% & heat+ ov] a gas flame1 :il/ keep+ ! soap cont9ually /irr$1 until a glass held ov] ! di% no long] becomes blurr$ by escap+ /eam4 ,aft] cool+1 ! dry soap is weigh$1 & ! loss ( weight repres5ts ! am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,i h kn[n cases :]e soap conta9+ ab\t #hc p] c5t4 ( wat] has be5 sold at ! full m>ket price4 ,"s soaps also conta9 m alkali ?an is actually comb9$ ) ! fatty acids ( ! soap1 & t excess alkali is injuri\s 9 wa%+ silks & sc\r+ wool1 & is also n good = ! sk94 ,! pres5ce ( ?is free or excess alkali c be at once detect$ by rubb+ a little ph5olph?ale9 solution on to ! fre%ly-cut surface ( a piece ( soap2 if free alkali be pres5t1 a r$ col\r w be produc$4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,%ellac1 ,,wood ,,_s1 ,,& ,,! ,,/iff5+ ,,& ,,pro(+ ,,process ,%ellac4--,! res9 tribe1 ( :i* %ellac is a memb]1 comprises vegetable products ( a c]ta9 degree ( simil>ity4 ,!y are mo/ly solid1 glassy-look+ sub/ances insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 alcohol & wood _s4 ,9 _m cases ! alcoholic solutions %[ an acid reaction4 ,! res9s are p>tly soluble 9 alkalis1 ) =mation ( a k9d ( alkali salts :i* we may call res9-soaps4 ,%ellac is obta9$ f ! res9\s incru/ation produc$ on ! b>k ( ! twigs & bran*es ( v>i\s tropical trees by ! puncture ( ! female lac insect 7,tacc>dia lacca74 ,! lac is remov$ f ! twigs by beat+ 9 wat]2 ! woody matt] floats to ! surface1 & ! res9 s9ks to ! bottom1 & :5 remov$ =ms :at is kn[n z se$-lac4 ,=m]ly1 ! solution1 :i* conta9s ! col\r+ matt] dissolv$ f ! crude /ick-lac1 0 evaporat$ = recov]y ( ! s-call$ lac-dye1 b ! latt] is no long] us$ te*nically4 ,! se$-lac is blea*$ by boil+ ) sodium or potassium c>bonate1 alum1 or borax1 & !n1 if x is n pale en\gh1 is fur!r blea*$ by exposure to sunlight4 ,x is n[ dri$1 melt$1 & mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( ros9 or ( orpim5t 7a sulphide ( ars5ic7 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is desir$4 ,aft] fur!r op]ations ( melt+ & /ra9+1 ! lac is melt$ & spread into ?9 %eets to =m ord9>y %ellac1 or is melt$ & dropp$ on to a smoo? surface to =m button-lac4 ,ord9>y %ellac almo/ inv>iably conta9s "s ros91 b good button-lac is free f ?is sub/ance4 ,! pres5ce ( #e p] c5t4 ( ros9 9 %ellac c be detect$ by dissolv+ 9 a little alcohol1 p\r+ ! solution into wat]1 & dry+ ! f9e impalpable p[d] :i* sep>ates4 ,?is p[d] is extract$ ) petroleum _s1 & ! solution %ak5 ) wat] conta9+ a trace ( copp] acetate4 ,if ros9 be pres5t1 ! petroleum _s w be col\r$ em]ald-gre54 ,borax1 soda cry/als1 & ammonia are all us$ to dissolve %ellac1 & x may be ask$3 ,:i* ( ^! is lea/ injuri\s to wool8 & :y8 ,h[ is _! action modifi$ by ! pres5ce ( dilute sulphuric acid 9 ! wool8 ,i w\ld say t soda cry/als & ammonia are alkalis1 & if us$ /rong1 are sure to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( injury to ! fibre ( wool1 & m if us$ hot ?an cold4 ,( ! two1 ! ammonia w h ! lea/ effect1 especially if dilute1 b borax is bett] ?an ei!r4 ,! influ5ce ( a little sulphuric acid 9 ! wool w\ld be 9 ! direction ( neutralis+ "s ( ! ammonia or soda1 & %ellac1 if dissolv$ 9 ! alkalis1 w\ld be to "s ext5t precipitat$ on ! fibre1 unless ! alkali1 soda or ammonia1 7 pres5t 9 suffici5t excess to neutralise t sulphuric acid & to leave a suffici5t balance to keep ! %ellac 9 solution4 ,borax1 :i* is a borate ( soda1 w\ld be s act$ on by ! sulphuric acid t "s boric acid w\ld be set free1 ! sulphuric acid robb+ "s ( t borax ( its soda4 ,?is boric acid w\ld n be ne>ly s injuri\s to wool z c>bonate ( soda or ammonia w\ld4 ,! be/ solv5t = %ellac1 h[ev]1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! /iff5+ & pro(+ mixture = hats1 is probably wood _s or me?ylat$ _s4 ,a solution ( %ellac 9 wood _s is inde$ us$ = ! _s-pro(+ ( silk hats1 & to "s ext5t ( felt hats1 & on ! :ole ! be/ "w1 ,i believe1 is done ) x4 ,moreov]1 borax is n a *eap ag5t1 & be+ non-volatile x is all left beh9d 9 ! pro($ mat]ial1 :]eas wood _s or me?ylat$ _s is a volatile liquid1 i4e4 a liquid easily driv5 (f 9 vap\r1 & aft] application to ! felt x may be almo/ all recov]$ aga9 = re-use4 ,9 ?is way ,i conceive ! use ( wood _s w\ld be bo? m effective & also *eap] ?an t ( borax1 besides be+ mo/ suitable 9 ! case ( any k9d ( dyes & col\rs to be subsequ5tly appli$ to ! hats4 ,wood ,_s4--,wood _s1 ! pure =m ( :i* is me?yl alcohol1 is "o ( ! products ( ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood4 ,! wood is di/ill$ 9 l>ge iron retorts connect$ to app>atus = cond5s+ ! di/illation products4 ,! heat+ is conduct$ sl[ly at fir/1 s t ! maximum yield ( ! valuable products--wood acid 7acetic acid7 & wood _s--:i* di/il at a l[ temp]ature1 is obta9$4 ,:5 ! cond5s$ products are all[$ to settle1 !y sep>ate into two di/9ct lay]s1 ! l[] "o consi/+ ( a ?ick1 v d>k t>1 :il/ ! upp] "o1 mu* l>g] 9 quantity1 is ! crude wood acid 7conta9+ also ! wood _s71 & is r$di%-yell[ or r$di%-br[n 9 col\r4 ,?is crude wood acid is di/ill$1 & ! wood _s :i* di/ils (f fir/ is collect$ sep>ately f ! acetic acid :i* aft]w>ds comes ov]4 ,! acid is us$ = ! prep>ation ( alum9a & iron mordants 7see next lecture71 or is neutralis$ ) lime1 =m+ grey acetate ( lime1 f :i*1 subsequ5tly1 pure acetic acid or acetone is prep>$4 ,! crude wood _s is mix$ ) milk ( lime1 & aft] /&+ = sev]al h\rs is di/ill$ 9 a rectify+ /ill4 ,! di/illate is dilut$ ) wat]1 run (f f any oily impurities :i* are sep>at$1 & re-di/ill$ once or twice aft] treatm5t ) quicklime4 ,/iff5+ & ,pro(+ ,process4--,be=e proce$+ to discuss ! /iff5+ & pro(+ ( hat =ms or bodies1 x w be well to po9t out t x 0 9 ?or\ghly grasp+ ! importance ( a rational & sci5tific me?od ( c>ry+ out ?is process t ,cont95tal hat manufactur]s _h be5 able to /eal a m>* ^u _! ,engli% rivals 9 competition z to a special k9d ( hat :i* sold well on ! ,cont95t4 ,!re are1 or ought to be1 ?ree aims 9 ! process ( pro(+ & /iff5+1 all ! ?ree be+ ( equal importance4 ,^! are3 fir/1 to wat]pro( ! hat-=ms2 second1 to /iff5 !m at ! same "t & by ! same process2 & ! ?ird1 ! "o ! importance ( :i* ,i ?9k ,engli% hat manufactur]s h frequ5tly ov]look$1 at lea/ 9 ! pa/1 is to s pro( & /iff5 ! hat-=ms z to leave !m 9 a suitable condition = ! subsequ5t dye+ process4 ,9 pro(+ ! felt1 ! fibres become v>ni%$ ov] ) a k9d ( glaze :i* is insoluble 9 wat]1 & ?is v>ni% or pro( is b imp]fectly remov$ f ! ends ( ! fibres on ! upp] surface ( ! felt4 ,! consequ5ce is a too slight p5etration ( ! dye/uff into ! inn] pores ( ! fibres2 inde$1 9 ! logwood black dye+ ( su* pro($ felt a great deal ( ! col\r becomes precipitat$ on ! outside ( ! fibres--a k9d ( process ( smudg+-on ( a black pigm5t tak+ place4 ,! subsequ5t gre5+ ( ! black hats aft] a %ort p]iod ( we> is simply due to ! ease ) :i* su* badly fix$ dye rubs (f1 wa%es (f1 or we>s (f1 ! br[ni% or yell[i% sub/ratum :i* gradually comes to light1 caus+ a gre5i% %ade to at l5g? appe>4 ,if we exam9e "u ! microscope a pure unpro($ fur fibre1 its *>act]i/ic /ructure is q visible4 ,exam9ation ( an unpro($ fibre dy$ ) logwood black %[s aga9 ! same *>act]i/ic /ructure ) ! dye inside ! fibre1 col\r+ x a beautiful blui%-grey t9t1 ! inn] cellul> m>k+s be+ black4 ,a pro($ fur fibre1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 is se5 to be cov]$ ) a k9d ( transluc5t glaze1 :i* completely envelops x1 & prev5ts ! beautiful m>k+s %[+ ! scaly /ructure ( ! fibre f be+ se54 ,f9ally1 if we exam9e microscopically a pro($ fibre :i* has be5 dy$1 or :i* we h attempt$ to dye1 ) logwood black1 we f9d t ! fibre pres5ts an appe>ance simil> to t ( rope :i* has be5 drawn ?r\gh "s black pigm5t or black mud1 & !n dri$4 ,x is q pla9 t no lu/r\s appe>ance or good f9i% c be expect$ f su* mat]ial4 ,n[ h[ did ! ,cont95tal hat manufactur]s a*ieve _! success1 bo? z reg>ds dye+ ei!r ) logwood black or ) coal-t> col\rs1 & also gett+ a high degree ( f9i%8 ,!y atta9$ _! object by rubb+ ! pro(+ v>ni% on ! inside ( ! hat bodies1 9 "s cases fir/ protect+ ! outside ) a gum-v>ni% soluble 9 wat] b resi/+ ! lac-v>ni% rubb$ inside4 ,?us ! pro(+ c\ld nev] rea* ! outside4 ,on ?r[+ ! hat bodies1 ?us pro($ by a logical & sci5tific process1 into ! dye-ba?1 ! gums on ! out] surface are dissolv$ & remov$1 & ! dye /rikes into a pure1 clean fibre1 capable ( a high degree ( f9i%4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 :il/ v good = ! s(t] hats us$ on ! ,cont95t1 is n s satisfactory = ! h>d]1 /iff] headge> dem&$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a process :i* w\ld all[ ( a ?r\gh-&-?r\gh pro(+ & /iff5+1 & also ( satisfactory dye+ ( ! /iff5$ & pro($ felt4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by a process pat5t$ 9 #ahhg by ,mr4 ,f4,w4 ,*ee?am1 & call$ ! v5e]+ process4 ,! hat bodies1 pro($ z h>d z usual1 are ?r[n into a bump+ ma*9e conta9+ hot wat] r5d]$ fa9tly acid ) sulphuric acid1 & mix$ ) %ort-/aple fur or wool1 usually ( a f9] quality ?an t ( :i* ! hat bodies are compos$4 ,! hot acid wat] promotes 9 a high degree ! felt+ p[]s ( ! %ort-/aple wool or fur1 &1 to a less] ext5t1 ! ?9ly pro($ ends ( ! fibres project+ f ! surfaces ( ! pro($ hat-=ms4 ,?us ! %ort-/aple wool or fur felts itself on to ! fibres already =m+ "p ( ! hat bodies1 & a new lay] ( pure1 unpro($ wool or fur is gradually wr\ght on to ! pro($ surface4 ,! hat-=ms are !n tak5 out & wa%$1 & c be dy$ ) ! greate/ ease & ) excell5t results1 z w be se5 f ! accompany+ illu/ration 7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,?is successful inv5tion emphasises ! value ( ! microscope 9 ! /udy ( processes connect$ ) textile fibres4 ,i w\ld /rongly advise ev]yone int]e/$ 9 hat manufactur+ or simil> indu/ries to make a collection ( wool & fur fibres1 & m\nt !m on microscope slides s z to =m a k9d ( index collection = ref]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 #a4 ,natural wool fibre unpro($4 #b4 ,wool fibre %[+ pro( on surface1 fill+ up ! cells & r5d]+ ! same dye-pro(4 #c4 ,fur fibre f surface ( v5e]$ felt1 %[+ dye deposit$ 9 cells & on ! surface1 bright & lu/r\s4 #d4 ,wool fibre z 9 ,no4 #b1 ) dye deposit$ on surface ( pro(4 #e4 ,section ( pro($ & v5e]$ body1 %[+ unpro($ surface4 #f4 ,section ( pro($ body )\t v5e]4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,,mordants3 ,,_! ,,nature ,,& ,,use ,! "n or ^w mordant indicates ! empiricism1 or our old fri5d ! rule ( ?umb1 ( ! age 9 :i* x 0 fir/ creat$ & us$4 ,x s]ves z a l&m>k ( t age1 :i*1 by ! way1 ne$$ l&m>ks1 = x 0 an age ( some?+ betwe5 sci5tific twilight & absolute d>kness4 ,mord] 9 ,fr5*1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 mord]e1 means to bite1 & =m]ly ! us]s ( mordants 9 dye+ & pr9t+ believ$ _! action to be m]ely a me*anical action1 t is1 t !y ex]t$ a bit+ or corrod+ influ5ce1 s]v+ to op5 ! pores ( ! fabrics1 & ?us to give m ready +ress to ! col\r or dye4 ,mo/ mordants are salts1 or bodies resembl+ salts1 & h5ce we mu/ comm5ce our /udy ( mordants by a consid]ation ( ! nature ( salts4 ,i h already told y t acids are *>act]is$ by :at we t]m an acid reaction ^u c]ta9 vegetable & artificial col\rs1 :il/ bases or basic sub/ances 9 solution1 especially alkalis1 re/ore ^? col\rs1 or turn !m to q ano!r %ade2 ! acids d ! "o ?+1 & ! alkalis & soluble bases d ! opposite4 ,! /ronge/ & mo/ soluble bases are ! alkalis--soda1 pota%1 & ammonia4 ,y all "k1 probably1 t a drop ( vitriol all[$ to fall on a black felt hat w /a9 t hat r$ if ! hat has be5 dy$ ) logwood black2 & if y want to re/ore ! black1 y c d ?is by t\*+ ! /a9 ) a drop ( /rong ammonia4 ,b ! use ( a black felt hat z a means ( detect+ acidity or alkal9ity w\ld n comm5d itself to an economic m9d1 & we f9d a v excell5t reag5t = ! purpose 9 extract ( litmus or litmus t9cture1 z well z 9 blott+ pap] /a9$ !re)4 ,! litmus is turn$ bright r$ by acids & blue by alkalis4 ,if ! acid is exactly neutralis$ by1 t is comb9$ )1 ! alkal9e base to =m fully neutralis$ salts1 ! litmus pap] takes a purple t9t4 ,col\r$ reag5ts su* z litmus are t]m$ indicators4 ,a sub/ance call$ ph5olph?ale91 a coal-t> product1 is a v delicate indicator2 x is m s5sitive to acids ?an litmus is4 ,n[ !re are "s salts :i* conta9 a prepond]ance ( acid 9 _! composition1 i4e4 9 :i* ! acid has n be5 fully neutralis$ by ! base2 su* salts are t]m$ acid salts4 ,bic>bonate ( soda is "o ( ^! acid salts1 b s feeble is c>bonic acid 9 its acid prop]ties & practical evid5ces1 t we %all see bo? monoc>bonate or neutral c>bonate ( soda & bic>bonate or acid c>bonate ( soda %[ evid5ces (1 or1 z *emi/s say1 react ) alkal9ity t[>ds litmus4 ,h[ev]1 ph5olph?ale91 ?\gh react+ alkal9e ) monoc>bonate ( soda1 indicates ! acidity ( ! bic>bonate ( soda1 a ?+ :i*1 z ,i h j said1 litmus w n d4 ,we w take two j>s conta9+ solution ( monoc>bonate ( soda1 & 9 ! fir/ we w put "s ph5olph?ale9 solution1 & 9 ! second1 "s litmus t9cture4 ,! solution 9 ! fir/ j> turns rose col\r$1 & 9 ! second1 blue1 indicat+ 9 ea* case t ! solution is alkal9e4 ,if n[1 h[ev]1 c>bonic acid be bl[n into ! two solutions1 t 9 ! fir/ j>1 conta9+ ! ph5olph?ale91 becomes col\rless z soon z ! monoc>bonate ( soda is conv]t$ into bic>bonate1 & ?is disappe>ance ( ! rose col\r indicates acidity2 ! blue solution 9 ! j> conta9+ litmus1 on ! o!r h&1 is n alt]$ by bl[+ 9 c>bonic acid4 ,fur!rmore1 if to ! col\rless solution conta9+ ph5olph?ale91 & :i* is acid t[>ds t reag5t1 a little r$d5$ litmus is add$1 ?is is /ill turn$ blue1 & s /ill indicates ! pres5ce ( alkali4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 bic>bonate ( soda a salt :i* behaves z an acid to ph5olph?ale9 & z an alkali to litmus4 ,ano!r extremely s5sitive indicator is ! coal-t> dye/uff kn[n z ,congo r$2 ! col\r *anges produc$ by x are exactly ! inv]se ( ^? produc$ 9 ! case ( litmus1 t is1 x gives a blue col\r ) acids & a r$ col\r ) alkalis4 ,we h n[ le>n$ t acids are z ! antipodes to alkalis or bases1 & t ! two may comb9e to =m products :i* may be neutral or may h a prepond]ance ei!r ( acidity or ( basicity--9 %ort1 !y may yield neutral1 acid1 or basic salts4 ,i mu/ try to give y a yet cle>] idea ( ^! ?ree classes ( salts4 ,n[ acids 9 g5]al h1 z we h se51 :at we may call a *emical appetite1 & ea* acid 9 p>ticul> has a specific *emical appetite = bases1 t is1 ea* acid is capable ( comb9+ ) a def9ite quantity ( an individual base4 ,! t]ms *emical appetite & specific *emical appetite are names ,i h co9$ = y\r pres5t b5efit1 b = :i* *emi/s w\ld use ! words aff9ity & val5cy respectively4 ,n[ "s acids h a mod]ate specific appetite1 :il/ o!rs possess a l>ge "o1 & ! same may be said ( bases1 & ?us z an example we may h mono-1 di-1 & tri-acid salts1 or mono-1 di-1 & tri-basic salts4 ,9 a tri-acid salt a c]ta9 voracity ( ! base is indicat$1 & 9 a tri-basic salt1 ( ! acid4 ,aga91 ) a base capable ( absorb+ & comb9+ ) its comp\nd atom or molecule sev]al comp\nd atoms or molecules ( an acid1 we h ! possibility ( p>tial saturation1 &1 p]haps1 ( sev]al degrees ( x1 & also ( full saturation1 :i* means comb9ation to ! full ext5t ( ! p[]s ( ! base 9 "q4 ,also1 ) an acid capable (1 or possess+ a simil> l>ge absorptive faculty = bases1 we h possibilities ( ! =mation ( salts ( v>i\s degrees ( basicity1 accord+ to ! small] or l>g] degree ( satisfaction giv5 to ! molecule ( su* acid by ! addition ( a base4 ,we w n[ take z a simple case t ( hydro*loric acid 7spirits ( salt71 :i* is a monobasic acid1 t is1 its molecule is capable ( comb9+ ) only "o molecule ( a monoacid base4 ,hydro*loric acid may be writt51 z its "n w\ld indicate1 ,h,cl1 & an addition ev5 ( excess ( su* a base z cau/ic soda 7writt5 ,na,o,h7 w\ld only yield :at is kn[n z common salt or *loride ( sodium 7,na,cl71 9 :i* ! metal sodium 7,na7 has replac$ ! hydrog5 7,h7 ( ! hydro*loric acid4 ,n[ *loride ( sodium :5 dissolv$ 9 wat] w turn litmus nei!r blue nor r$2 x is !re=e neutral4 ,su* simple1 neutral1 monobasic salts are mo/ly v /able4 ,by /able we mean !y possess consid]able resi/ance to ag5cies1 t1 9 ! case ( o!r salts1 effect decompositions ( ^? salts4 ,su* o!r salts :i* are decompos$ m or less readily are t]m$ un/able1 b ! t]ms are ( c\rse only comp>ative4 ,n[ let u consid] a di- or bi-basic acid4 ,su* an "o is vitriol or sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d74 ,! hydrog5 atoms are 9 ?is case an index ( ! basicity ( ! acid1 & accord+ly ! fully saturat$ sodium salt is ,na#b,,s#d or neutral1 or bett] normal1 sulphate ( soda4 ,9 l mann] ! fully saturat$ salt ( ! dibasic acid1 c>bonic acid 7,h#b;,,co#c71 is ,na#b;,,co#c1 ord9>y or normal c>bonate ( soda4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve t ) ^! dibasic acids x is possible1 by add+ insuffici5t alkali to completely saturate !m1 to obta9 salts 9 :i* only "o hydrog5 atom ( ! acid is replac$ by ! metal ( ! base4 ,?us sulphuric & c>bonic acids yield ,na,h,s,o#d1 acid sulphate or bisulphate ( soda1 & ,na,h,c,o#c1 bic>bonate ( soda1 respectively4 ,an example ( a tribasic acid is phosphoric acid1 ,h#c,,po#d1 & "h we may h ?ree diff]5t classes ( salts ( ?ree v>i\s degrees ( basicity or base-saturation4 ,we may h ! fir/ /ep ( basicity due to comb9ation ) soda1 ,na,h#b,,po#d1 or monosodium phosphate1 ! second /ep1 ,na#c;,,hpo#d1 or disodium phosphate1 & ! ?ird1 & f9al /ep1 ,na#c,,po#d1 or trisodium phosphate4 ,n[ let u turn to ! v>y+ degrees ( acidity1 or r ! proportions ( acid radicals 9 salts1 due to ! v>y+ appetites or comb9+ p[]s ( bases4 ,sodium only =ms simple monoacid salts1 z sodium *loride 7,na,cl71 sodium sulphate 7,na#b,,s#d72 calcium =ms diacid salts1 e4g4 calcium *loride 7,ca,cl#b72 & alum9ium & iron1 triacid salts1 = example1 alum9ium sulphate ,al#b7,,s#d7c & iron 7f]ric7 sulphate ,fe#b7,,s#d7c4 ,n[ 9 ^! triacid salts we c remove "s ( ! acid gr\ps & sub/itute ! elem5ts ( wat]1 ,,oh1 or hydroxyl1 z x is call$1 = !m4 ,su* salts1 !n1 only p>tly saturat$ ) acid1 are t]m$ basic salts4 ,?us we h ,al#b7,,oh7#b7,,s#d7b1 ,al#b7,,oh7#d,,s#d1 z well z ,al#b7,,s#d7c1 & we c get ^! basic salts by treat+ ! normal sulphate ,al#b7,,s#d7c ) suffici5t cau/ic soda to remove ! necess>y quantities ( sulphuric acid4 ,n[ x is a curi\s ?+ t ( ^! alum9ium sulphates ! fully saturat$ "o1 ,al#b7,,s#d7c1 is ! mo/ /able1 = ev5 on long boil+ ( its solution 9 wat] x suff]s no *ange1 b ! m basic is ! sulphate ! less /able x becomes1 & s ! m easily x decomposes on heat+ or boil+ its solution1 giv+ a deposit or precipitate ( a /ill m basic sulphate1 or ( hydrat$ alum9a itself1 ,al#b7,,oh7#f1 until we arrive at ! salt ,al#b7,,s#d7b7,,oh7#b1 :i* is q un/able on boil+2 ,al#b7,,s#d77,,oh7#d w\ld be m un/able /ill4 ,?is behavi\r may be easily %[n exp]im5tally4 ,we w dissolve "s cake alum or normal sulphate ( alum9a1 ,al#b7,,s#d7c1 9 wat]1 & boil "s ( ! solution4 ,no deposit or precipitate is produc$2 ! salt is /able4 ,to ano!r portion ( ! solution we w add "s cau/ic soda1 ,na,o,h1 9 ord] to rob ! normal sulphate ( alum9a ( "s ( its sulphuric acid4 ,?is makes ! sulphate ( alum9a basic1 & ! m basic1 ! m cau/ic soda is add$1 ! sodium 7,na7 ( ! cau/ic soda comb9+ ) ! ,,s#d ( ! sulphate ( alum9a to =m sulphate ( soda 7,na#b,,s#d71 :il/ ! hydroxyl 7,,oh7 ( ! cau/ic soda takes ! position previ\sly occupi$ by ! ,,s#d4 ,b ?is increase ( basicity also means decrease ( /ability1 = on boil+ ! solution1 :i* n[ conta9s a basic sulphate ( alum9a1 a precipitate is =m$1 a result :i* also foll[s if m cau/ic soda is add$1 production ( /ill m basic salts or ( hydrat$ alum9a1 ,al#b7,,oh7#f1 tak+ place 9 ei!r case4 ,mordant+ or ,fix+ ,acid 7,ph5olic7 ,col\rs4--,b :at has all ?is to d ) mordant+8 is possibly n[ ! inquiry4 ,s mu* z ?is1 t only su* un/able salts z ,i h j describ$1 :i* decompose & yield precipitates by ! action on !m ( alkalis1 heat1 ! textile fibres !mselves1 or o!r ag5cies1 are suitable to act z true mordants4 ,h5ce1 g5]ally1 ! s\rces or root sub/ances ( ! be/ & mo/ effici5t mordants are ! metals ( high specific appetite or val5cy4 ,i ?9k we h n[ got a clue to ! pr9ciple ( mordants & also to ! importance ( a s\nd *emical k 9 deal+ mo/ effectively ) !m1 & ,i may tell y t ! man :o did mo/ to elucidate ! !ory ( mordant+ is n a practical man 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m1 b a man ( ! highe/ sci5tific atta9m5ts & /&+1 namely1 ,pr(essor ,lie*ti1 :o1 ) 8 colleague ,pr(essor ,suida1 did probably m ?an any o!r man to cle> up mu* t h]et(ore 0 cl\dy 9 ?is region4 ,we h se5 t ) alum9ium sulphate1 basic salts are precipitat$1 i4e4 salts ) su* a pr$om9ance ( appetite = acids1 or su* quasi-acids z ph5olic sub/ances1 t if su* bodies 7 pres5t !y w\ld comb9e ) ! basic p>ts ( ^? precipitat$ salts z soon z ! latt] 7 =m$1 & all w\ld be precipitat$ toge!r z "o complex comp\nd4 ,j su* peculi> quasi-acid1 or ph5olic sub/ances are ,aliz>91 & mo/ ( ! natural adjective dye/uffs1 ! col\r+ pr9ciples ( logwood1 co*9eal1 ,p]sian b]ries1 etc4 ,h5ce ^! sub/ances w be comb9$ & c>ri$ d[n ) su* precipitat$ basic salts4 ,! complex comp\nds ?us produc$ are col\r$ sub/ances kn[n z lakes4 ,= example1 if ,i take a solution conta9+ basic sulphate ( alum9a1 prep>$ z ,i h already describ$1 & add to "s ,aliz>91 & !n heat ! mixture1 ,i %all get a r$ lake ( ,aliz>9 & alum9a precipitat$4 ,if ,i _h tak5 sulphate ( iron in/ead ( sulphate ( alum9a1 & proce$$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & add$ ,aliz>91 ,i %\ld h obta9$ a d>k purple lake4 ,n[ if y imag9e ^! reactions go+ on 9 a s+le fibre ( a textile mat]ial1 y h grasp$ ! !ory & purpose ( mordant+4 ,! textile fabric is drawn ?r\gh ! alum9a solution to fill ! pores & tubes ( ! fabric2 x is !n pass$ ?r\gh a weak alkal9e ba? to basify or r5d] basic ! alum9ium salt 9 ! pores2 & !n x is f9ally c>ri$ into ! dye-ba? & heat$ !re1 9 ord] to precipitate ! col\r lake 9 ! fibre4 ,! me?od usually employ$ to mordant wooll5 fabrics consi/s 9 boil+ !m ) weak solutions ( ! metallic salts us$ z mordants1 (t5 ) ! addition ( acid salts1 cream ( t>t>1 & ! l4 ,a p>tial decomposition ( ! metallic salts ensues1 & x is induc$ by sev]al conditions3 7#a7 ,! dilution ( ! liquid2 7#b7 ! heat+ ( ! solution2 7#c7 ! pres5ce ( ! fibre1 :i* itself t5ds to cause ! break+ up ( ! metallic salts into less soluble basic ones4 ,?us x is n really necess>y to use basic alum9ium sulphate = mordant+ wool1 s9ce ! latt] itself decomposes ! normal or neutral sulphate ( alum9a on heat+1 an insoluble basic sulphate be+ precipitat$ 9 ! fibres ( ! wool4 7#d7 ,! pres5ce ( o!r add$ sub/ances1 z cream ( t>t>1 etc4 ,! be/ alum9a mordant is probably ! acetate ( alum9a 7r$ liquor71 & ! be/ iron mordant1 probably also ! acetate 7iron liquor7 7see prec$+ lecture71 because ! acetic acid is s h>mless to ! fibre1 & is easily driv5 (f on /eam+1 etc4 ,a fur!r reason is t f ! solution ( acetate ( iron or alum9a1 basic acetates are v easily precipitat$ on heat+1 & are ?us readily deposit$ 9 ! fibre4 ,mordant+ & ,fix+ ,basic ,col\rs4--,n[ let u ask ourselves a v important "q4 ,suppose we h a col\r or dye/uff1 su* z ,mag5ta1 :i* is ( a basic "*1 & n ( an acid or ph5olic "* l ! col\rs ,aliz>91 ,hmate9 7logwood71 or c>m9ic acid 7co*9eal71 & we wi% to fix ?is basic dye/uff on ! tissue4 ,c we !n use r$ liquor 7acetate ( alum9a71 acetate ( iron1 copp]as1 etc48 ,! answ] is1 ,no2 = su* a process w\ld be l try+ to comb9e base ) base1 in/ead ( base ) acid1 9 ord] to =m a salt4 ,comb9ation1 & s precipitation1 w\ld n take place2 no lake w\ld be =m$4 ,we mu/ seek = an acid or acid body to use z mordant = our basic col\r1 & an acid or acid body t w =m an insoluble precipitate or col\r-lake ) ! dye/uff4 ,an acid mu* us$1 & v valuable = ?is purpose1 is tannic acid4 ,! tannate ( rosanil9e 7col\r pr9ciple ( ,mag5ta7 is a tol]ably insoluble lake1 :i* c be precipitat$ by ,mag5ta f a solution ( tannate ( soda1 ! ,mag5ta be+ capable ( displac+ ! soda4 ,b tannic acid1 alone1 does n =m v fa/ lakes ) ,mag5ta & ! o!r basic dye/uffs1 & s a means ( r5d]+ ^! lakes m insoluble is ne$$4 ,x is f\nd t tannic acid & t>t> emetic 7a t>trate ( antimony & pota%7 yield a v insoluble comp\nd1 a tannate ( antimony4 ,p]*loride ( t91 9 a simil> mann]1 yields insoluble tannate ( t9 ) tannic acid4 ,^! insoluble comp\nds1 h[ev]1 h suffici5t acid-aff9ity left 9 ! comb9$ tannic acid to unite also ) ! basic anil9e col\rs1 =m+ v fa/ or insoluble col\r lakes4 ,?is pr9ciple is ext5sively us$ 9 practice to fix basic anil9e col\rs1 especially on cotton4 ,we %\ld fir/ soak ! piece ( cotton 9 a solution ( tannic acid1 & !n pass x into a solution1 say1 ( t>t> emetic1 :5 ! tannic acid w be firmly fix$1 z tannate ( antimony1 on ! cotton4 ,we !n dip ! mordant$ piece ( cotton into ! col\r ba?1 conta9+1 = in/ance1 ,mag5ta1 & x is dy$ a f9e r$1 compos$ ( a tannate ( antimony & ,mag5ta4 ,y n[ see1 no d\bt1 ! necessity ( %>ply discrim9at+ betwe5 two classes ( col\r+ matt]s1 :i* we may t]m col\r acids & col\r bases respectively4 ,!re are b few acids t act l tannic acid 9 fix+ basic anil9e dye/uffs1 b oleic acid & o!r fatty acids are ( ! numb]4 ,a curi\s "q might n[ be ask$1 namely3 ,c\ld ! acid col\r ,aliz>91 if fix$ on cotton clo?1 comb9e ) a basic anil9e col\r1 e4g4 ,anil9e ,violet1 & act z a mordant = x1 ?us fix+ x8 ,! answ] is1 ,c]ta9ly2 & ?us an ,aliz>9 ,purple w\ld be produc$1 :il/ if ,mag5ta 7 us$ 9 place ( ,anil9e ,violet1 an ,aliz>9 ,r$ ( a crimson tone w\ld result4 ,*rome ,mordant+ ( ,wool & ,fur4--,9 /udy+ ?is subject ,i w\ld recomm5d a c>eful p]usal ( ! *apt] on ,mordants 9 ,j4,j4 ,hummel's book1 entitl$ ,! ,dye+ ( ,textile ,fabrics1 & pages #ccg to #cdj ( ,b[man's "w on ,! ,wool-,fibre4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( wool or fur ) bi*rome 7potassium bi*romate7 we />t ) an acid salt1 a bi*romate 7,k#b;,cr#b,o#g7 & a /rong oxidis+ ag5t1 & we f9i% ) a basic sub/ance1 namely1 oxide ( *romium1 9 ! fibres ( ! wool or fur4 ,if we desire to utilise ! :ole ( ! *romic acid 9 our mordant+ liquor1 we mu/ add to x "s sulphuric acid to set free ! *romic acid f ! potassium ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,bi*romate ( pota% ) sulphuric acid gives sulphate ( pota% & *romic acid4 ,! "q ( ! prop] exhau/ion ( bi*romate ba?s is an important economic "o4 ,n[ we mu/ rememb] t ?is *romic acid 7,cr,o#c7 oxidises our wool or fur1 & mu/ oxidise x be=e x c ( itself act z a mordant by be+ r$uc$ 9 ! process to hydrat$ *romic oxide1 ,cr#b,o#c #c ,h#b,o4 #b ,cr,o#c 7*romic acid7 ,cr#b,o#c 7*romic oxide7 ,o#c 7oxyg574 ,x is ?is hydrat$ *romic oxide 9 ! fibre t yields ) ! ,hmate9 ( ! logwood y\r logwood black dye4 ,mr4 ,j>ma9 f9ds t x is n safe to use m ?an #c p] c5t4 7( ! weight ( ! wool7 ( bi*romate2 if #d p] c5t4 be us$1 ! col\r becomes impair$1 :il/ if #ab p] c5t4 be employ$1 ! wool _c be dy$ at all ) logwood1 ! ph5om5on kn[n z ov]-*rom+ be+ ! result ( su* excessive treatm5t4 ,i ?9k !re is no d\bt1 z ,pr(essor ,hummel says1 t ! col\r+ matt] is oxidis$ & de/roy$ 9 su* ov]-*rom+1 b ,i also ?9k t !re c be no d\bt t ! wool itself is also greatly injur$ & incapacitat$ = tak+ up col\r4 ,n[ ! use ( c]ta9 coal-t> black dyes 9 place ( logwood obviates ?is use ( bi*rome1 & ?us ! heavy /ress on ! fibre 9 mordant+ ) x4 ,x also effects economy 9 avoid+ ! use ( bi*rome1 z well z ( copp] salts2 b ev5 ?us1 ( c\rse1 o!r problems h to be solv$ be=e x c be f9ally decid$ :i* is be/4 ,,lecture ,,ix ,,dye/uffs ,,& ,,col\rs ,classification4--,9 classify+ ! diff]5t dye/uffs & col\r+ matt]s x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to consid] fir/ ! prop]ties ( ^? col\r+ matt]s g5]ally1 & secondly ! p>ticul> reason = mak+ su* classification4 ,! sci5tific *emi/1 = example1 w\ld classify !m accord+ to !oretical consid]ations1 z memb]s ( c]ta9 typical gr\ps2 ! repres5tative ( m$ical sci5ce or hygi5e w\ld naturally classify !m z poison\s & non-poison\s bodies2 :il/ ! dy] w z naturally seek to arrange !m accord+ to _! behavi\r :5 appli$ to textile fabrics4 ,b ?is behavi\r on apply+ to textile fibres1 if v>i$ 9 "* accord+ to ! *emical nature ( ! col\r+ matt]1 z well z ! *emical & physical nature ( ! fabric--& x is s v>i$--w make su* classification1 if x is to be ?or\gh-go+1 n a v simple matt]4 ,i may tell y t x is n a simple matt]1 &1 moreov]1 ! be/ classification & arrangem5t is t "o :i* dep5ds bo? on ! action ( ! dyes on ! fibres1 & also on ! intr9sic *emical "* ( ! dye/uffs !mselves4 ,s9ce ! high] bran*es ( organic *emi/ry are involv$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! /ructure & dispositions1 & consequ5tly m or less ( ! prop]ties ( ^! dyes1 y w readily compreh5d t ! ?or\gh appreciation & use ( t highe/ & be/ me?od ( classification1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ! coal-t> dyes1 w be1 m or less1 a seal$ book except to ! /ud5t ( organic *emi/ry4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,h[ does t highe/ & be/ me?od ( classify+ ! dye/uffs affect ! us]s1 ! dy]s1 9 _! processes8 ,9 reply1 ,i w\ld say1 ,i believe t ! dy] :o s und]/&s ! *emical pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! processes he c>ries out1 & 9 ! be/ me?ods ( classify+ ! dyes z *emical sub/ances1 s z to be able to act indep5d5tly ( ! prescriptions & recipes giv5 him by ! dye manufactur]s1 & s be ma/] ( 8 own position1 w1 cet]is p>ibus1 be ! mo/ economical & successful dy]4 ,_m manufactur]s ( dye/uffs h said ! v same ?+ to me1 b1 indep5d5tly ( ?is1 ,i "k x1 & c prove x ) ! greate/ ease4 ,let me n[1 by means ( an exp]im5t or two1 prove to y t at lea/ "s classification is necess>y to beg9 )4 ,s diff]5t & v>i$ are ! sub/ances us$ z col\r+ matt]s by ! dy]1 bo? z reg>ds _! *emical & physical prop]ties1 t !y ev5 act diff]5tly t[>ds ! same fibre4 ,i w take f\r pieces ( cotton fabric2 ?ree ( !m are simple :ite cotton1 :il/ ! f\r? cotton piece has _h c]ta9 metallic salts mix$ ) ?ick5+ sub/ances l gum1 pr9t$ on x 9 ! =m ( a patt]n1 :i* at pres5t _c readily be disc]n$4 ,we w n[ obs]ve & note ! diff]5t action on ^! pieces ( cotton--7i47 ( a ,turm]ic ba?1 7ii47 a ,mag5ta ba?1 & 7iii47 a madd] or ,aliz>9 ba?4 ,! ,turm]ic dyes ! cotton a fa/ yell[1 ! ,mag5ta only /a9s ! cotton crimson1 & on wa%+ ) wat] alone1 almo/ e trace ( col\r is remov$ aga92 ! madd]1 h[ev]1 /a9s ! cotton ) no pres5table %ade ( col\r at all1 produces a br[ni%-yell[ /a91 remov$ at once by a wa% 9 wat]4 ,b let u take ! pr9t$ piece ( cotton & dye t 9 ! ,aliz>9 ba?1 & !n we %all discov] ! conditions = produc+ col\rs ) su* a dye/uff z madd] or ,aliz>94 ,diff]5t col\r$ /ripes are produc$1 & ! col\rs are condition$ by ! k9d ( metallic salts us$4 ,evid5tly ! way 9 :i*1 ! turm]ic dyes ! cotton is diff]5t f t 9 :i* ! madd] dyes x4 ,! fir/ is a yell[ dye/uff1 b x w\ld be h>d to assign any "o %ade or t9t to ,aliz>9 z a dye/uff4 ,9 fact ,aliz>9 7! pr9ciple ( madd]7 is ( itself n a dye1 b x =ms ) ea* ( sev]al metals a diff]5tly col\r$ comp\nd2 & ?us ! metallic salt 9 ! fabric is actually conv]t$ into a col\r$ comp\nd1 & ! fabric is dy$ or pr9t$4 ,! case is j ! same ) logwood black dye+3 )\t ! pres5ce ( iron 7copp]as1 etc471 sulphate ( copp] 7blue/one71 or bi*rome1 y w\ld get no black at all4 ,we w n[ try simil> exp]im5ts ) wooll5 fabrics1 tak+ ?ree simple pieces ( flannel1 & also two pieces1 ! "o hav+ be5 fir/ treat$ ) a hot solution ( alum & cream ( t>t>1 & ! o!r ) copp]as or sulphate ( iron solution1 & !n wa%$4 ,turm]ic dyes ! fir/ yell[1 l x did ! cotton4 ,mag5ta1 h[ev]1 p]man5tly dyes ! wooll5 z x did n ! cotton4 ,aliz>9 only /a9s ! untreat$ wooll51 :il/ ! piece treat$ ) alum9a is dy$ r$1 & t ) iron1 purple4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pieces treat$ ) iron & alum9a _h be5 dy$ 9 ! ,mag5ta solution1 only "o col\r w\ld h be5 ! result1 & t a ,mag5ta-r$ 9 ea* case4 ,"h we h1 z prov$ by our exp]im5ts1 two di/9ct classes ( col\r+ matt]s4 ,! "o class comprises ^? :i* are ( !mselves ! actual col\r4 ,! col\r is fully develop$ 9 !m1 & to dye a fabric !y only require fix+ 9 _! un*ang$ /ate ^u t fabric4 ,su* dyes are t]m$ monog5etic1 because !y c only g5]ate or yield diff]5t %ades ( b "o col\r4 ,indigo is su* a dye1 & s are ,mag5ta1 ,anil9e ,black1 ,anil9e ,violet1 picric acid1 ,ultram>9e ,blue1 & s on4 ,ultram>9e is n1 x is true1 conf9$ to blue2 y c get ,ultram>9e ,gre51 & ev5 rose-col\r$ ,ultram>9e2 b /ill1 9 ! h&s ( ! dy]1 ea* %ade rema9s z x came f ! col\r-mak]1 & s ,ultram>9e is a monog5etic col\r4 ,monog5etic means capable ( g5]at+ "o4 ,turn+ to ! o!r class1 :i* comprises1 z we h %[n1 ,aliz>91 &1 besides1 ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( logwood 7,hmate971 ,galle91 & ,co*9eal1 etc41 we h bodies usually possess$ ( "s col\r1 x is true1 b su* col\r is ( no consequ5ce1 &1 inde$1 is ( no use to dy]s4 ,^! bodies require a special treatm5t to br+ out or develop ! col\rs1 = !re may be sev]al t ea* is capable ( yield+4 ,we may consid] !m z col\r-giv+ pr9ciples1 & s we t]m !m polyg5etic col\rs4 ,polyg5etic means capable ( g5]at+ sev]al or _m4 ,9 ! v>i\s col\rs & dyes we h all phases1 & ! monog5etic %ades almo/ imp]ceptibly into ! polyg5etic4 ,! mode ( application ( ! two classes ( col\rs is1 ( c\rse1 9 ea* case q ess5tially diff]5t1 = 9 ! case ( ! monog5etic class ! idea is ma9ly ei!r to dye at once & directly ^u1 ! unprep>$ fibre1 or hav+ subject$ ! fabric to a previ\s prep>ation ) a metallic or o!r solution1 to fix directly ! "o col\r on t fabric1 on :i*1 )\t su* prep>ation1 x w\ld be loose4 ,9 ! case ( ! polyg5etic class1 ! idea is necess>ily tw(old4 ,! dye+ mat]ials are n col\rs1 only col\r g5]ators4 ,h5ce 9 all cases ! fabric mu/ be prep>$ ) ! tw(old purpose--fir/1 ( us+ a metallic or o!r ag5t1 capable ( yield+1 ) ! dye mat]ial1 ! desir$ col\r2 & secondly1 ( yield+ x on ! fibre 9 an insoluble & p]man5t =m4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i h gone s f> into ?is mode ( classification1 because x does af=d "s in=mation & light1 yet ,i c g no f>!r )\t gett+ into a t]ritory t presupposes a k & acqua9tance ) ! *emical /ructure ( ! col\r+ matt]s z organic sub/ances1 :i* w\ld be1 at pres5t1 beyond u4 ,i %all n[ turn to ano!r mode ( classification1 :i*1 if n s f>-rea*+ z ! o!r1 is at lea/ an exce$+ly useful "o4 ,! two me?ods may be comb9$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,by ! latt] plan ! col\rs may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 ,i41 sub/antive col\rs2 ,,ii41 adjective col\rs2 ,,iii41 m9]al & pigm5t col\rs4 ,sub/antive ,dye/uffs4--,! sub/antive col\rs fix !mselves readily & directly on animal fibres & sub/ances1 b only a few among/ !m w dye vegetable fibres l cotton & l95 directly4 ,almo/ all sub/antive col\rs may1 h[ev]1 be fix$ on cotton & l95 by fir/ prep>+ or mordant+ ^? vegetable fibres4 ,silk1 wool1 fur1 etc41 act l fibre & mordant toge!r1 = !y absorb & fix ! sub/antive col\rs firmly4 ,9 our exp]im5ts we saw t turm]ic is "o ( ! few sub/antive col\rs fix+ itself on bo? cotton & wool1 )\t any aid f a mordant or fix+ ag5t4 ,mag5ta 0 also a sub/antive col\r1 b ,aliz>9 0 c]ta9ly n "o ( ?is class4 ,adjective ,dye/uffs4--,"s ( ^! sub/ances are def9itely col\r$ bodies1 b 9 "s ( !m ! col\r is ( no consequ5ce or value1 & is q diff]5t & di/9ct f ! col\r ev5tually =m$ on ! fibre1 :i* col\r only appe>s 9 conjunction ) a special mordant2 b1 aga91 "s ( !m are n col\r$1 & w\ld n col\r ! fibre directly at all1 only 9 conjunction ) "s mordant4 ,all ! polyg5etic col\rs are1 ( c\rse1 compris$ 9 ?is class1 = example ,aliz>9 & logwood 7,hmate971 :il/ su* monog5etic col\rs z annatto & turm]ic are sub/antive1 = !y w fix !mselves )\t a mordant on cotton & wool4 ,! adjective col\rs c be conv5i5tly subdivid$ into--7a7 ^? exi/+ 9 nature1 z logwood 7,hmate97 & ,co*9eal2 7b7 ^? artificially =m$ f coal-t> products1 z ,aliz>9 7madd]71 ,galle91 etc4 ,m9]al & ,pigm5t ,dye/uffs4--,^! col\rs are insoluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,!y are ei!r fix$ on ! fibre by me*anical means or by precipitation4 ,= example1 y use blacklead or plumbago to col\r or d>k5 y\r hats1 & y "w on ?is pigm5t col\r by me*anical means4 ,i w %[ y by exp]im5t h[ to fix a col\r$ insoluble pigm5t 9 ! fibre4 ,i take a solution ( acetate ( lead 7sug> ( lead71 & to x ,i add "s solution ( bi*rome 7potassium bi*romate74 ,acetate ( lead 7soluble 9 wat]7 ) bi*romate ( pota% 7also soluble 9 wat]7 yields1 on mix+ ! two1 acetate ( pota% 7soluble 9 wat]71 & *romate ( lead1 or *rome yell[ 7insoluble 9 wat]71 & :i* is consequ5tly precipitat$ or deposit$4 ,n[ suppose ,i boil "s ( t *rome-yell[ precipitate ) lime-wat]1 ,i conv]t t *rome yell[ into *rome orange4 ,?is1 y see1 takes place )\t any ref]5ce to textile fibres4 ,i w n[ "w a piece ( cotton 9 a lead solution1 s t ! little tubes ( ! cotton fibre %all be fill$ ) x j z ! l>g] glass tube or vessel 0 fill$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t4 ,i next squeeze & wa% ! piece1 s z to remove extrane\s solution ( lead1 j z if ,i _h fill$ my glass tube by r\ghly dipp+ x bodily into ! lead solution1 & !n wa%$ & cleans$ ! outside ( t tube4 ,!n ,i place ! fabric 9 a w>m solution ( bi*romate ( pota% 7bi*rome71 :5 x becomes dy$ a *rome yell[1 = j z *romate ( lead is precipitat$ 9 ! glass tube1 s x is n[ precipitat$ 9 ! little tubes ( ! cotton fibre 7see ,lecture ,i474 ,let u see if we c n[ *ange our *rome yell[ to *rome orange1 j z we did 9 ! glass vessel by boil+ 9 lime-wat]4 ,i place ! yell[ fabric 9 boil+ lime-wat]1 :5 x is col\r$ or dy$ orange4 ,9 ea* little tubul> cotton fibre ! same *ange goes on z w5t on 9 ! glass vessel1 & z ! tube or glass vessel looks orange1 s does ! fabric1 because ! cotton fibres or tubes are fill$ ) ! orange *romium comp\nd4 ,y see ?is is q a diff]5t process ( pigm5t col\r+ f t ( rubb+ or work+ a col\r me*anically on to ! fibre4 ,let u n[ turn to ! sub/antive col\rs 7,gr\p ,i471 & see if we c fur!r sub-divide ?is l>ge gr\p = ! sake ( conv5i5ce4 ,we c divide ! gr\p into two--7a7 su* col\rs z exi/ ready =m$ 9 nature1 & *iefly occur 9 plants1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 indigo1 ar*il or or*il1 saffl[]1 turm]ic1 & annatto2 7b7 ! v l>ge sub-gr\p ( ! artificial or coal-t> col\rs4 ,we w briefly consid] n[ ! dye/uffs m5tion$ 9 ,gr\p 7a74 ,natural ,sub/antive ,col\rs4--,indigo1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable dyes1 is ! product ( a l>ge numb] ( plants1 ! mo/ important be+ diff]5t species ( indig(]a1 :i* belong to ! pea family4 ,none ( ! plants 7( :i* indig(]a t9ctoria is ! *ief7 conta9 ! col\r+ matt] 9 ! free /ate1 ready-made1 s to say1 b only z a peculi> col\rless comp\nd call$ indican1 fir/ discov]$ by ,edw>d ,s*unck4 ,:5 ?is body is treat$ ) dilute m9]al acids x splits up into ,indigo ,blue & a k9d ( sug>4 ,b s easily is ?is *ange br\ght ab\t t if ! leaf ( ! plant be only bruis$1 ! decomposition ensues1 & a blue m>k is produc$ ?r\gh sep>ation ( ! ,indigo ,blue4 ,! possibility ( dye+ ) ,indigo s readily & easily is due to ! fact t ,indigo ,blue absorbs hydrog5 f bodies t w yield x1 & becomes1 z we say1 r$uc$ to a body )\t col\r1 call$ ,indigo ,:ite1 a body ri*] 9 hydrog5 ?an ,indigo ,blue1 & a body t is soluble4 ,if ?is :ite body 7,indigo ,:ite7 be expos$ to ! air1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air undoes :at ! hydrog5 did1 & oxidises t ,indigo ,:ite to insoluble ,indigo ,blue4 ,textile fabrics dipp$ 9 su* r$uc$ indigo solutions1 & aft]w>ds expos$ to ! air1 become blue ?r\gh deposit 9 ! fibres ( ! insoluble ,indigo ,blue1 & are s dy$4 ,?is is call$ ! indigo-vat me?od4 ,we c r$uce ?is indigo s z to prep>e ! indigo-vat by simply mix+ ,indigo ,blue1 copp]as 7f]r\s sulphate7 solution1 & milk ( lime 9 a closely-/opp]$ bottle ) wat]1 & lett+ ! mixture /&4 ,! cle> liquor only is us$4 ,a piece ( cotton dipp$ 9 x1 & expos$ to ! air1 quickly turns blue by absorb+ oxyg51 & is ?us dy$4 ,! be/ proportions = ! indigo-vat are1 = clo? dye+1 #djjj p>ts ( wat]1 #dj ( indigo1 #fj to #hj ( copp]as cry/als1 & #ej to #ajj ( dry slak$ lime4 ,! usual plan is to put 9 ! wat] fir/1 !n add ! indigo & copp]as1 :i* %\ld be dissolv$ fir/1 & f9ally to add ! milk ( lime1 /irr+ all ! "t4 ,artificial indigo has be5 made f coal-t> products4 ,! raw mat]ial is a coal-t> naph?a call$ tolu5e or toluol1 :i* is also ! raw mat]ial = sac*>91 a sweet5+ ag5t made f coal-t>4 ,?is artificial indigo is prov+ a =midable rival to ! natural product4 ,or*il pa/e1 or*il extract1 & cudbe> are obta9$ by expos+ ! plants 7species ( li*5s7 conta9+ ! col\r+ pr9ciple1 call$ ,orc91 itself a col\rless sub/ance1 to ! jo9t action ( ammonia & air1 :5 ! oxyg5 ( ! air *anges t orc9 by oxidis+ x into ,orc91 :i* is ! true r$ col\r+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! prep>ations nam$4 ,! li*5s ?us treat$ acquire gradually a deep purple col\r1 & =m ! products call$ cudbe>4 ,?is dye works be/ 9 a neutral ba?1 b x w d :at n _m dyes w1 namely1 dye 9 ei!r a slightly alkal9e or slightly acid ba? z well4 ,or*il is n applicable 9 cotton dye+4 ,be+ a sub/antive col\r no mordants are ne$$ 9 dye+ silk & wool ) x4 ,! col\r produc$ on wool & silk is a bright mag5ta-r$ ) blui% %ade4 ,litmus is also obta9$ f ! same li*5s z yield or*il4 ,x is n us$ 9 dye+1 & is a violet-blue col\r+ matt] :5 nei!r acid nor alkal9e1 b neutral z x is t]m$4 ,x turns r$ ) only a trace ( acid1 & blue ) ! lea/ trace ( alkali1 & s =ms a v delicate reag5t :5 pieces ( pap] are soak$ ) x1 & dipp$ into ! liquids to be te/$4 ,saffl[]3 ,?is vegetable dye+ mat]ial1 = produc+ p9k col\rs on cotton )\t ! aid ( a mordant1 consi/s ( ! petals ( ! fl[] ( c>?amus t9ctorius4 ,x conta9s a pr9ciple t]m$ ,c>?am9 or c>?amic acid1 :i* c be sep>at$ by exhau/+ saffl[] ) cold acidulat$ wat] 7sulphuric acid7 to dissolve out a yell[ col\r+ matt] :i* is useless4 ,! residue aft] wa%+ free f acid is treat$ ) a dilute solution ( soda cry/als1 & ! liquid is !n precipitat$ by an acid4 ,a r$ precipitate is obta9$1 :i* fixes itself directly on cotton ?read imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 & dyes x a delicate rose p9k1 :i* is1 un=tunately1 v fugitive4 ,silk c be dy$ l cotton4 ,! col\r is n fa/ aga9/ light4 ,turm]ic is ! root portion ( a plant call$ curcuma t9ctoria1 t gr[s 9 ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,! pr9ciple =m+ ! col\r+ matt] is ,curcum94 ,x is insoluble 9 cold wat]1 n mu* soluble 9 hot1 b easily soluble 9 alcohol4 ,f ! latt] solution x sep>ates 9 brilliant yell[ cry/als4 ,al?\gh ! col\r x yields is v fugitive1 ! wool & silk dy]s /ill use x = produc+ especially olives1 br[ns1 & simil> comp\nd %ades4 ,x produces on cotton & wool a bright yell[ col\r )\t ! aid ( any mordant4 ,to %[ y h[ easily dye+ ) turm]ic is effect$1 ,i w w>m "s p[d]$ turm]ic root 9 a flask ) alcohol1 & add ! extract to a vessel ( wat] w>m$ to ab\t #adj ,f4 7#fj ,c471 & !n dip a piece ( cotton 9 & /ir x ab\t1 :5 x w soon be p]man5tly dy$ a f9e bright yell[4 ,a piece ( wool simil>ly work$ 9 ! ba? is also dy$4 ,h[ev]1 ! un=tunate circum/ance is t ?is col\r is fa/ nei!r to light nor alkalis4 ,contact ) soap & wat]1 ev51 turns ! yell[-dy$ cotton1 r$di%-br[n4 ,annatto is a col\r+ pr9ciple obta9$ f ! pulpy matt] enclos+ ! se$s ( ! fruit ( a tree1 ! ,bixa orellana1 gr[+ 9 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,am]ica4 ,! r$ or orange col\r x yields is fugitive1 & s its use is limit$1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to silk dye+4 ,! yell[ comp\nd x conta9s is call$ ,orell91 & x also conta9s an orange comp\nd call$ ,bix91 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]1 b readily soluble 9 alkalis & 9 alcohol ) a deep yell[ col\r4 ,to dye cotton ) x1 a solution is made ( ! col\r 9 a boil+ solution ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,! cotton is work$ 9 ! dilut$ alkal9e solution :il/ hot4 ,by pass+ ! dy$ cotton ?r\gh wat] acidulat$ ) a little vitriol or alum1 a r$d] t9t is assum$4 ,= wool & silk1 pale %ades are dy$ at #ajf ,f4 7#ej ,c47 ) ! addition ( soap to ! ba?1 d>k %ades at #bjj to #bab ,f4 7#hj to #ajj ,c474 ,,lecture ,x ,,dye/uffs ,,& ,,col\rs--,cont9u$ ,artificial ,sub/antive ,dye/uffs4--,y may rememb] t 9 ! la/ lecture we divid$ ! col\r+ matt]s z foll[s3 ,i4 ,sub/antive col\rs1 fix+ !mselves directly on animal fibres )\t a mordant1 only a few ( !m do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 on vegetable fibres1 l cotton4 ,we sub-divid$ !m fur!r z--7a7 ^? occurr+ 9 nature1 & 7b7 ^? prep>$ artificially1 & *iefly1 b n entirely1 ! coal-t> col\r+ matt]s4 ,,ii4 ,adjective col\rs1 fix+ !mselves only 9 conjunction ) a mordant or mordants on animal or vegetable fibres1 & includ+ all ! polyg5etic col\rs4 ,,iii4 ,m9]al or pigm5t col\rs4 ,i describ$ exp]im5ts to illu/rate :at we mean by monog5etic & polyg5etic col\rs1 & indicat+ t ! monog5etic col\rs are ma9ly includ$ 9 ! gr\p ( sub/antive col\rs1 :il/ ! polyg5etic col\rs are ma9ly includ$ 9 ! adjective col\rs4 ,b ,i describ$ also an illu/ration ( ,gr\p ,,iii41 ! m9]al or pigm5t col\rs1 by :i* we may argue t *romate ( lead is a polyg5etic m9]al col\r1 =1 accord+ to ! treatm5t1 we 7 able to obta9 ei!r *rome yell[ 7neutral lead *romate7 or *rome orange 7basic lead *romate74 ,i also said !re 0 a k9d ( bord]l& :i*ev] mode ( classification be adopt$4 ,?us1 = example1 !re are col\rs t are fix$ on ! fibre ei!r directly l indigo1 & s are sub/antive1 or !y may be1 & g5]ally are1 appli$ ) a mordant l ! adjective & polyg5etic col\rs2 examples ( ^! are ,co]ule91 ,aliz>9 ,blue1 & a few m4 ,we h n[ be=e u a va/ t]ritory1 namely1 t ( ! b gr\p ( sub/antive col\rs1 or1 ! l>ge/ proportion1 inde$ almo/ all ( ^? prep>$ f coal-t> s\rces2 ,aliz>91 also prep>$ f coal-t>1 belongs to ! adjective col\rs4 ,) reg>d to ! s\rce ( ^! coal-t> col\rs1 ! ^w coal-t>1 ,i 0 go+ to say1 speaks volumes1 = ! de/ructive & dry di/illation ( coal 9 gas retorts at ! highe/ temp]atures to yield illum9at+ gas1 also yields u t>4 ,b1 coal di/ill$ at l[] temp]atures1 z well z %ale1 z 9 ,scotl&1 w yield t>1 b t> ( ano!r k9d1 f :i* col\r-g5]at+ sub/ances _c be obta9$ practically1 b in/ead1 p>aff9 oil & p>aff9 wax = mak+ c&les1 etc4 ,coal-t> conta9s a v l>ge numb] ( diff]5t sub/ances1 b only a few ( !m c be extract$ pr(itably = col\r-mak+4 ,all ! useful s\rces ( col\rs & dyes f coal-t> are simply comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog5--hydroc>bons1 z !y are call$1 ) ! exception ( "o1 namely1 ph5ol1 or c>bolic acid4 ,i am n speak+ "h ( ^? coal-t> con/itu5ts useful = mak+ dyes1 b ( ^? actually extract$ f coal-t> = t purpose1 i4e4 extract$ to pr(it4 ,= example1 anil9e is conta9$ 9 coal-t>1 b if we dep5d$ on ! anil9e conta9$ ready made 9 coal-t> = our anil9e dyes1 ! prices ( ^! dyes w\ld place !m beyond our rea*1 w\ld place !m among/ diamonds & preci\s /ones 9 r>ity & co/1 s difficult is x to extract ! small quantity ( anil9e f coal-t>4 ,! valuable con/itu5ts actually extract$ are !n ^!3 b5z5e1 tolu5e1 xyl5e1 naph?al5e1 an?rac5e1 & ph5ol or c>bolic acid4 ,"o ton ( ,lanca%ire coal1 :5 di/ill$ 9 gas retorts1 yields ab\t #ab gallons ( coal-t>4 ,let u n[ le>n :at ^? #ab gallons ( t> w give u 9 ! %ape ( hydroc>bons & c>bolic acid1 m5tion$ z extract$ pr(itably f t>4 ,?is is %[n v cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ table 7,table ,a74 ,! #ab gallons ( t> yield #a-a_/aj lb4 ( b5z5e1 #i_/aj lb4 ( tolu5e1 #a-a_/b lb4 ( c>bolic acid1 betwe5 #a_/aj & #b_/aj lb4 ( xyl5e1 #f-a_/b lb4 ( naph?al5e1 & #a_/b lb4 ( an?rac5e1 :il/ ! quantity ( pit* left beh9d is #fi-a_/b lb4 ,b our table %[s u m2 x indicates to u :at ! /eps are f ea* raw mat]ial to ea* col\r+ matt]1 z well z %[+ u ea* col\r+ matt]4 ,we see "h t our b5z5e yields u an equal weight ( anil9e1 & ! tolu5e 7#i_/aj lb47 ab\t #c_/d lb4 ( toluid9e1 ! mixture giv+1 on oxidation1 betwe5 #a_/b & #c_/d lb ( ,mag5ta4 ,f c>bolic acid are obta9$ bo? ,aur9 & picric acid1 & "h is ! actual quantity ( ,aur9 obta9able 7#a-a_/d lb474 ,f naph?al5e1 ei!r naph?ylam9e 7a body l anil9e7 or naph?ol 7resembl+ ph5ol7 may be prep>$4 ,! am\nts obta9able y see 9 ! table4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( naph?ol1 call$ alpha- & beta-naph?ol1 b only "o ph5ol1 namely1 c>bolic acid4 ,naph?ol ,yell[ is ( c\rse a naph?ol col\r1 :il/ ,v]mill9e ,sc>let is a dye conta9+ bo? naph?ylam9e & naph?ol4 ,y see ! quantities ( ^! dyes1 namely #g lb4 ( ,sc>let & #i-a_/b lb4 ( ! ,naph?ol ,yell[4 ,! am\nt ( pure an?rac5e obta9$ is #a_/b lb4 ,?is pure an?rac5e exhibits ! ph5om5on ( fluoresc5ce1 t is1 x n only looks :ite1 b :5 ! light falls on x1 x seems to reflect a delicate violet or blue light4 ,our table %[s u t f ! #ab gallons ( t> f #a ton ( coal we may ga9 #b-a_/d lb4 ( #bj p] c5t4 ,aliz>9 pa/e4 ,*emically pure ,aliz>9 cry/allises 9 bright-r$ ne$les2 x is ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( madd]1 & also ( ,aliz>9 pa/e4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful ?+ ab\t sub/antive coal-t> col\rs is _! imm5se t9ctorial p[]1 i4e4 ! v little quantity ( ea* requir$ comp>$ ) ! imm5se sup]ficies ( clo? x w dye to a full %ade4 ,,table ,a4#b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,twelve ,,gallons ,,( ,,gas-,,t> 7,,av]age ,,( ,,man*e/] ,,& ,,sal=d ,,t>7 ,,yield3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,b5z5e4 ,tolu5e4 ,p ,solv5t ,h ,n ,naph?al5e4 ,c ,h ,a ,p h ,naph?a e a r e n i e = a p e a t t n ,india v h o v h c o rubb]1 y t s y r h l conta9+ h o a 4 4 ! ?ree a t ,o c ,xyl5es4 4 e i e 4 l n 4 e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aaj lb4#jij lb4#ae #bdd lb41 #bdjfcj lb4 #ag #ad #jdf lb4#fif #aaj lb4 #jgg lb4 lb4 yield+ lb4 #ebe lb4 ( lb4lb4 #bbe lb4 ( ( #ab #jab lb4 alpha- lb4 ( ,anil9e ,toluid9elb4 (( ,xyl5e ,naph?ylam9e ,aliz>9 ,aur94 #jjg lb4 #gaa lb4 ( 7#bj74 ( ,v]mill9e _/ ,xylid9e ,sc>let #jfbc lb ( ,,rrr2 or #dge ,mag5ta4 lb4 ( alpha- or #aaj or beta- lb4 ( ,naph?ol ,anil9e #iej lb4 ( yields ,naph?ol #abc lb4 ,yell[ ( ,me?yl ,violet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,footnote #b3 ,?is table 0 compil$ by ,mr4 ,ivan ,lev9/e91 ( ,man*e/]4 ,! next table 7see ,table ,b7 %[s y ! dye+ p[] ( ! col\r+ matt]s d]iv$ f #a ton ( ,lanca%ire coal1 :i* w a/oni% any ?\ghtful m9d1 = ! ,mag5ta w dye #ejj y>ds ( flannel1 ! ,aur9 #abj y>ds1 ! ,v]mill9e ,sc>let #befj y>ds1 & ! ,aliz>9 #bee y>ds 7,turkey-r$ cotton clo?74 ,! next table 7,table ,c7 %[s ! lat5t dye+ p[] resid5t1 s to speak1 9 #a lb4 ( coal4 ,by a v simple exp]im5t a little ( a v f9e violet dye c be made f m]e traces ( ! mat]ials4 ,"o ( ! raw mat]ials = prep>+ ?is violet dye is a sub/ance ) a long "n1 :i* itself 0 prep>$ f anil9e4 ,?is sub/ance is tetrame?yldiamidob5zoph5one1 & a little bit ( x is plac$ 9 a small glass te/-tube1 j moi/5$ ) a c\ple ( drops ( ano!r anil9e d]ivative call$ dime?ylanil9e1 & !n two drops ( a fum+ liquid1 tri*loride ( phosphorus1 add$4 ,on simply w>m+ ?is mixture1 ! violet dye/uff is produc$ 9 ab\t a m9ute4 ,two drops ( ! mixture w col\r a l>ge cyl9d] ( wat] a beautiful violet4 ,! rema9d] 7p]haps two drops m7 w dye a ske9 ( silk a bright full %ade ( violet4 ,"h1 !n1 is a magnific5t example ( enorm\s t9ctorial p[]4 ,i mu/ n[ draw ! re91 or ,i %all simply transport y ?r\gh a p]fect wond]l& ( magic1 bright col\rs & app>5t *emical conjur+1 )\t1 h[ev]1 an adequate return ( solid in/ruction t y c c>ry usefully ) y into e-day life & practice4 ,,table ,b4#c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,dye+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,col\rs ,,f #a ,,ton ,,( ,,lanca%ire ,,coal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #jfbc lb4 (#acd lb4 ( #i4e lb4 ( #gaa lb4 ( #ab lb4 ( #bbe lb4 ( ,mag5ta w,me?yl ,naph?ol ,v]mill9e ,aur9 w ,aliz>9 dye #ejj ,violet w ,yell[ w w dye #befj;dye #abj 7#bj7 w y>ds ( dye #ajjj dye #chjj y>ds ( y>ds ( dye #bee flannel1 #bg y>ds ( y>ds ( flannel1 #bg flannel1 #bg y>ds ( in*es wide1flannel1 #bg flannel1 #bg in*es wide1 in*es wide1 ,pr9t]s' a full in*es wide1in*es wide1a full a full clo? a full %ade4 a full a full sc>let4 orange4 ,turkey r$4 violet4 yell[4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,table ,c4#c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,dye+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,col\rs ,,f #a ,,lb4 ,,( ,,lanca%ire ,,coal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,me?yl ,naph?ol ,v]mill9e ,aur9 ,aliz>9 ,mag5ta or ,violet4 ,yell[4 or ,sc>let4 7,orange74 7,turkey ,r$7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #h #bg #bd #bg #fa #bg #da #bg #aic #bg #d #bg in*es ( in*es ( in*es ( in*es ( in*es ( in*es ( flannel4 flannel4 flannel4 flannel4 flannel4 ,pr9t]s' clo?4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,footnote #c3 ,^! tables 7 compil$ by ,mr4 ,ivan ,lev9/e91 ( ,man*e/]4 ,be=e we g ano!r /ep1 ,i mu/ ask & answ]1 !re=e1 a few que/ions4 ,c we n get "s little insight into ! /ructure & g5]al mode ( develop+ ! lead+ coal-t> col\rs :i* s]ve z types ( :ole s]ies8 ,i w try :at c be done ) ! little k ( *emi/ry we h s f> accumulat$4 ,9 our e>li] lectures we h le>nt t wat] is a comp\nd ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 & 9 its comp\nd atom or molecule we h two atoms ( hydrog5 comb9$ ) "o ( oxyg51 symbolis$ z ,h#b,o4 ,we also le>nt t ammonia1 or spirits ( h>t%orn1 is a comp\nd ( hydrog5 ) nitrog51 ?ree atoms ( hydrog5 be+ comb9$ ) "o ( nitrog51 ?us1 ,,nh#c4 ,an example ( a hydroc>bon or comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog51 is m>% gas 7me?ane7 or fir$amp1 ,,*#d4 ,nitric acid1 or aqua =tis1 is a comp\nd ( nitrog51 oxyg51 & hydrog51 "o atom ( ! fir/ to ?ree ( ! second & "o ( ! ?ird--,,no#c;,h4 ,b ?is nitric acid "q =ces me on to a fur!r /atem5t1 namely1 we h 9 ?is =mula or symbol1 ,,no#c;,h1 a tw(old idea--fir/1 t ( ! comp\nd z a :ole1 an acid2 & secondly1 t x is =m$ f a sub/ance )\t acid prop]ties by ! addition ( wat]1 ,h#b,o1 or1 if we l1 ,,hoh4 ,?is sub/ance conta9s ! root or radical ( ! nitric acid1 & is ,,no#b1 :i* has ! p[] ( replac+ "o ( ! hydrog5 atoms1 or ,h1 ( wat]1 & s we get1 in/ead ( ,,hoh1 ,,no#b,,oh1 :i* is nitric acid4 ,?is is *emical replacem5t1 & on su* replacem5t dep5ds our p[]s ( build+ up n only col\rs1 b _m o!r useful & ornam5tal *emical /ructures4 ,y h all he>d ! old-fa%ion$ /atem5t t ,nature abhors a vacuum4 ,we _h a v practical example ( ?is :5 9 our fir/ lecture on wat] ,i br\ght an electric sp>k 9 contact ) a mixture ( free oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 a glass bulb4 ,^! gases at once unit$1 ?ree volumes ( !m cond5s+ to two volumes1 & ^! aga9 to a m9ute p>ticle ( liquid wat]4 ,a vacuum 0 left 9 t delicate glass bulb :il/ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 0 cru%+ ) a =ce ( #ae lb4 on ! squ>e in* on ! outside ( ! bulb1 & ?us a viol5t cra% 0 ! result ( ,nature's abhorr5ce4 ,!re is su* a k9d ( ?+1 ?\gh1 & ( a m subtle sort1 :i* we might t]m a *emical vacuum1 & x is ! result ( :at we call *emical val5cy1 :i* aga9 might be def9$ z ! specific *emical appetite ( ea* sub/ance4 ,let u n[ take ! case ( ! production ( an anil9e col\r1 & let u try to discov] :at anil9e is1 & h[ =m$4 ,i po9t$ to b5z5e or b5zol 9 ! table z a hydroc>bon1 ,c#f;,h#f1 :i* =ms a pr9cipal col\r-produc+ con/itu5t ( coal-t>4 ,if y desire to produce *emical appetite 9 b5z5e1 y mu/ rob x ( "s ( its hydrog54 ,?us ,c#f;,h#e is a gr\p t w\ld exi/ only = a mom5t1 s9ce x has a great appetite = ,h1 & we may say ?is appetite w\ld g ! l5g? ( at once absorb+ ei!r "o atom ( ,h 7hydrog57 or ( "s simil> sub/ance or gr\p hav+ a simil> appetite4 ,suppose1 n[1 ,i place "s b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#f1 9 a flask1 & add "s nitric acid1 :i*1 z we said1 is ,,no#b,,oh4 ,on w>m+ ! mixture we may say a t5d5cy spr+s up 9 t ,,oh ( ! nitric acid to effect union ) an ,h ( ! ,c#f;,h#f 7b5z5e7 to =m ,,hoh 7wat]71 :5 an appetite is at once left to ! rema9d]1 ,c#f;,h#e--on ! "o h&1 & ! ,,no#b--on ! o!r1 satisfi$ by imm$iate union ( ^! residues to =m a sub/ance ,c#f;,h#f,,no#b1 nitro-b5z5e or ess5ce ( mirbane1 smell+ l bitt] almonds4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( anil9e4 ,i ?9k ,i h told y t if we treat z9c scraps ) wat] & vitriol1 or wat] ) potassium1 we c rob t wat] ( its oxyg5 & set free ! hydrog54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a s+ul> fact t if we lib]ate a quantity ( fre% hydrog5 among/ our nitrob5z5e ,c#f;,h#e,,no#b1 t hydrog5 t5ds to comb9e1 or ev9ces an ungov]nable appetite = ! ,o#b ( t ,,no#b gr\p1 ! t5d5cy be+ aga9 to =m wat] ,h#b,o4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 leaves ! residual ,c#f;,h#e,n3 gr\p ) an appetite1 & only ! excess ( hydrog5 pres5t to satisfy x4 ,accord+ly hydrog5 is tak5 up1 & we get ,c#f;,h#e,,nh#b =m$1 :i* is anil9e4 ,i told y t ammonia is ,,nh#c1 & n[ 9 anil9e we f9d an ammonia d]ivative1 "o atom ( hydrog5 7,h7 be+ replac$ by ! gr\p ,c#f;,h#e4 ,i w n[ describe ! me?od ( prep>ation ( a small quantity ( anil9e1 9 ord] to illu/rate :at ,i h tri$ to expla9 9 !ory4 ,b5z5e f coal-t> is w>m$ ) nitric acid 9 a flask4 ,a /rong action sets 91 & on add+ wat]1 ! nitrob5z5e settles d[n z a heavy oil1 & ! acid wat] c be decant$ (f4 ,aft] wa%+ by decantation ) wat] once or twice1 & %ak+ ) "s p[d]$ m>ble to neutralise excess ( acid1 ! nitrob5z5e is br\ght into contact ) fre% hydrog5 gas by plac+ among/ x1 in/ead ( z9c1 "s t91 & in/ead ( vitriol1 "s hydro*loric acid 7spirits ( salt74 ,to %[ y t anil9e is =m$1 ,i w n[ produce a violet col\r ) x1 :i* only anil9e w give4 ,?is violet col\r is produc$ by add+ a v small quantity ( ! anil9e1 toge!r ) "s blea*+ p[d]1 to a mixture ( *alk & wat]1 ! *alk be+ add$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ acidity4 ,?is anil9e1 ,c#f;,h#e,,nh#b1 is a base1 & =ms ! f\ndation ( all ! s-call$ basic anil9e col\rs4 ,if ,i h made myself cle> s f>1 ,i %all be cont5t$4 ,x only rema9s to be said t = mak+ ,mag5ta1 pure anil9e w n d1 :at is us$ be+ a mixture ( anil9e1 ) an anil9e a /ep high]1 prep>$ f tolu5e4 ,if ,i 7 to give y ! =mula ( ,mag5ta y w\ld be a/oni%$ at its complexity & size1 b ,i ?9k n[ y w see t x is really built up ( anil9e d]ivatives4 ,me?yl ,violet is a col\r we h already ref]r$ to1 & its *emical /ructure is /ill m complex1 b x also is built up ( anil9e mat]ials1 & s is a basic anil9e col\r4 ,n[ x is possible = ! col\r-mak] to prep>e a v f9e gre5 dye f ?is beautiful violet 7,me?yl ,violet74 ,9 fact he may conv]t ! violet into ! gre5 col\r by heat+ ! fir/ "u pressure ) a gas call$ me?yl *loride 7,,*#c;,cl74 ,me?yl ,violet is con/ruct$ ( anil9e or sub/itut$ anil9e gr\ps2 ! addition ( ,,*#c;,cl1 !n1 gives u ! ,me?yl ,gre54 ,b "o ( ! mis=tunes ( ,me?yl ,gre5 is t if ! fabric dy$ ) x be boil$ ) wat]1 at t temp]ature 7#bab ,f47 ! col\r is decompos$ & injur$1 = "s ( ! me?yl *loride 9 ! comp\nd is driv5 (f4 ,9 fact1 by /rong] heat+ we may drive (f all ! me?yl *loride & get ! orig9al ,me?yl ,violet back aga94 ,b we h coal-t> col\rs :i* are n basic1 b r ( ! nature ( acid1--a bett] t]m w\ld be ph5olic1 or ( ! nature ( ph5ol or c>bolic acid4 ,let u see :at ph5ol or c>bolic acid is4 ,we saw t wat] may be =mulat$ ,,hoh1 & t b5z5e is ,c#f;,h#f4 ,well1 c>bolic acid or ph5ol is a d]ivative ( wat]1 or a d]ivative ( b5z5e1 j z y l1 & x is =mulat$ ,c#f;,h#e,,oh4 ,y c easily prove ?is by dropp+ c>bolic acid or ph5ol d[n a r$-hot tube fill$ ) iron-bor+s4 ,! oxyg5 is tak5 up by ! iron to give oxide ( iron1 & b5z5e is obta9$1 ?us3 ,c#f;,h#e,,oh gives ,o & ,c#f;,h#f4 ,b !re is ano!r hydroc>bon call$ naph?al5e1 ,c#aj;,h#h1 & ?is =ms n "o1 b two ph5ols4 ,z ! "n ( ! hydroc>bon is naph?al5e1 h[ev]1 we call ^! comp\nds naph?ols1 & "o is di/+ui%$ z alpha- ! o!r z beta-naph?ol1 bo? ( !m hav+ ! =mula ,c#aj;,h#g,,oh4 ,b n[ ) respect to ! col\rs4 ,if we treat ph5ol ) nitric acid "u prop] conditions1 we get a yell[ dye call$ picric acid1 :i* is tr9itro-ph5ol ,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,,oh2 y see ?is is no anil9e dye2 x is n a basic col\r1 = x w\ld saturate1 i4e4 de/roy ! basicity ( bases4 ,aga91 by oxidis+ ph5ol ) oxalic acid & vitriol1 we get a col\r dye+ silk orange1 namely1 ,aur91 ,,ho4,c,c#f;,h#d7,,oh7#c4 ,?is is also an acid or ph5olic dye1 z a glance at its =mula w %[ y4 ,its comp\nd atom bri/les1 s to say1 ) ph5ol-residues1 z "s ( ! anil9e dyes d ) anil9e residue-gr\ps4 ,we come n[ to a peculi> b imm5sely important gr\p ( col\rs kn[n z ! azo-dyes1 & ^! c be basic or acid1 or ( mix$ k9d4 ,j suppose two ammonia gr\ps1 ,,nh#c & ,,nh#c4 ,if we rob ^? nitrog5 atoms ( _! hydrog5 atoms1 we %\ld leave two unsatisfi$ nitrog5 atoms1 atoms ) an exce$+ly ke5 appetite repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( hydrog5 atoms z ,n999999 & ,n9999994 ,we might suppose a gr\p1 ?\gh ( two ,n atoms p>tially satisfi$ by p>tial union ) ea* o!r1 ?us--,n3,n--4 ,n[ ?is gr\p =ms ! nucleus ( ! azo-col\rs1 & if we satisfy a nitrog5 at "o side ) an anil9e1 & at ! o!r ) a ph5ol1 or at bo? ends ) anil9es1 & s on1 we get azo-dyes produc$4 ,! numb] ( coal-t> col\rs is ?us v great1 & ! v>iety also4 ,adjective ,col\rs4--,z reg>ds ! artificial coal-t> adjective dye/uffs1 ! pr9cipal are ,aliz>9 & ,purpur94 ,^! are n[ almo/ entirely prep>$ f coal-t> an?rac5e1 & madd] & g>anc9e are almo/ ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,vegetable adjective col\rs are ,brazil wood1 conta9+ ! dye-g5]at+ pr9ciple ,brasil91 logwood1 conta9+ ,hmate91 & santal-wood1 camwood1 & b>wood1 conta9+ ,santal94 ,animal adjective col\rs are co*9eal & lac dye4 ,!n ( wood col\rs we h fur!r3 qu]citron1 ,p]sian b]ries1 fu/ic & ! tann9s or tannic acids1 compris+ extracts1 b>ks1 fruits1 & gallnuts1 ) also leaves & twigs1 z ) sumac4 ,all ^! col\rs dye only ) mordants1 mo/ly =m+ ) c]ta9 metallic oxides or basic salts1 brightly-col\r$ comp\nds on ! tissues to :i* !y are appli$4 ,,lecture ,,xi ,,dye+ ,,( ,,wool ,,& ,,fur2 ,,& ,,optical ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,col\rs ,y h no d\bt a tol]ably vivid recollection ( ! illu/rations giv5 9 ,lecture ,i41 %[+ ! /ructure ( ! fibre ( wool & fur4 ,we saw t ! wool fibre1 ( :i* fur might be consid]$ a co>s] quality1 possesses a peculi>1 complex1 scaly /ructure1 ! jo9ts rem9d+ "o ( ! appe>ance ( plants ( ! ,equisetum family1 :il/ ! scal$ /ructure resembles t ( ! sk9 ( ! s]p5t4 ,n[ y may easily und]/& t a /ructure l ?is1 if x is to be completely & uni=mly p]meat$ by a dye liquor or any o!r aque\s solution1 mu/ h ^? scales n only well op5$1 b well cleans$1 because if *ok$ ) greasy or o!r =eign matt] imp]vi\s to or resi/+ wat]1 !re c be no *ance ( ! mordant+ or dye liquids p5etrat+ uni=mly2 ! result+ dye mu/ be ( a pat*y nature4 ,all wool1 9 its natural /ate1 conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( a peculi> comp\nd almo/ l a pota% soap1 a k9d ( s(t soap1 b x also conta9s besides1 a k9d ( fatty sub/ance unit$ ) lime1 & ( a m insoluble nature ?an ! fir/4 ,?is natural greasy matt] is t]m$ yolk or su9t2 & x ought nev] to be ?r[n away1 z x sometimes is by ! wool-sc\r]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 = x conta9s a sub/ance resembl+ a fat nam$ *ole/]9 or *ole/]ol1 :i* is ( great !rapeutical value4 ,wat] alone w wa% out a consid]able am\nt ( ?is greasy matt]1 =m+ a k9d ( la!r ) x1 b n all4 ,z is almo/ inv>iably ! case1 aft] dea?1 ! matt]s & secretions :i* 9 life fav\r ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! p>ts1 !n comm5ce to d ! opposite4 ,x is z if ! timepiece n m]ely comes to a /&/ill1 b comm5ces to run backw>ds4 ,?is natural grease1 if x be all[$ to /& 9 contact ) ! wool = "s "t aft] %e>+1 in/ead ( n\ri%+ & pres]v+ ! fibres z x does on ! liv+ animal1 comm5ces to f]m5t1 & injures !m by mak+ !m h>d & brittle4 ,we see1 !n1 ! importance ( sc\r+ wool = ! removal ( yolk1 z x is call$1 dirt1 oil1 etc4 ,if ?is important op]ation 7 omitt$1 or incompletely c>ri$ out1 ea* fibre w\ld be m or less cov]$ or v>ni%$ ) greasy matt]1 resi/+ ! absorption & fix+ ( mordant & dye4 ,z sc\r+ ag5ts1 ammonia1 c>bonate ( ammonia1 c>bonate ( soda completely free f cau/ic1 & pota% or soda soaps1 especially palm-oil soaps1 :i* ne$ n be made ) blea*$ palm oil1 b :i* mu/ be q free f free alkali1 may be us$4 ,9 mak+ ^! palm-oil soaps x is bett] to err on ! side ( a little excess ( free oil or fat1 b if m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( free fat be pres5t1 la!r+ qualities are !n int]f]$ )4 ,oleic acid soaps are excell5t1 b are r exp5sive = wool2 !y are g5]ally us$ = silks4 ,ei!r z a sk9 soap or a soap = sc\r+ wools1 ,i %\ld pref] "o conta9+ ab\t #a_/b p] c5t4 ( free fatty matt]1 ( c\rse p]fectly equally di/ribut$1 & n due to irregul> saponification4 ,on ! av]age ! soap solution = sc\r+ wool may conta9 ab\t #f-a_/b oz4 ( soap to ! gallon ( wat]4 ,9 ord] to increase ! cleans+ p[]s ( ! soap solution1 "s ammonia may be add$ to x4 ,h[ev]1 if soap is us$ = wool-sc\r+1 "o ?+ mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 namely1 t ! wat] us$ mu/ n be h>d1 = if insoluble lime & magnesia soaps are =m$ & precipitat$ on ! fibre1 ! sc\r+ w h remov$ "o evil1 b replac$ x by ano!r4 ,! pr9cipal sc\r+ mat]ial us$ is "o ( ! v>i\s =ms ( comm]cial c>bonate ( soda1 ei!r alone or 9 conjunction ) soap4 ,:atev] be ! =m or "n "u :i* ! c>bonate ( soda is sold1 x mu/ be free f hydrate ( soda1 i4e4 cau/ic soda1 or1 z x is also t]m$1 cau/icity4 ,by us+ ?is c>bonate ( soda y may disp5se ) soap1 & s be able1 ev5 ) a h>d or calc>e\s wat]1 to d y\r wool-sc\r+ )\t any?+ l ! ill effects t foll[ ! use ( soap & calc>e\s wat]4 ,! c>bonate ( soda solutions ought n to exce$ ! specific gravity ( #a to #b ,twaddell 7#a-a_/b to #c oz4 avoird4 p] gallon ( wat]74 ,! safe/ plan is to "w ) z consid]able a degree ( dilution & z l[ a temp]ature z are consi/5t ) fet*+ ! dirt & grease (f4 ,! sc\r+ ( loose wool1 z we may n[ readily disc]n1 divides itself into ?ree /ages3 #a/1 ! /age 9 :i* ^? yolk or su9t con/itu5ts soluble 9 wat]1 are remov$ by /eep+ & wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,?is op]ation is g5]ally c>ri$ out by ! wool-gr[] himself1 = he desires to sell wool1 & n wool plus yolk or su9t1 & ?us he saves himself consid]able co/ 9 transport4 ,! wat] us$ 9 ?is process %\ld n be at a high] temp]ature ?an #aac ,f41 & ! app>atus ought to be provid$ ) an agitator2 #bnd1 ! cleans+ or sc\r+ prop]1 ) a weak alkal9e solution2 #crd1 ! r9s+ or f9al wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,?us f> we h proce$$ along ! same l9es z ! wooll5 manufactur]1 b n[ we mu/ deviate f t c\rse1 = he requires s(tness & delicacy = special purposes1 = sp9n+ & weav+1 etc42 b ! felt manufactur]1 & especially ! manufactur] ( felt = felt hats1 requires to sacrifice "s ( ?is s(tness & delicacy 9 fav\r ( great] felt+ p[]s1 :i* c only be obta9$ by rais+ ! scales ( ! fibres by means ( a suitable process1 su* z treatm5t ) acids4 ,?is process is "o :i* is by no means unfav\rable to ! dye+ capacities ( ! wool2 on ! :ole x is decid$ly fav\rable4 ,s f> ev]y?+ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! wool has be5 p]fectly fav\rable = ! subsequ5t op]ations ( ! felt-hat dy]1 b n[ ,i come to a process :i* ,i consid] ,i %\ld be p]fectly unw>rant$ 9 pass+ ov] be=e proce$+ to ! dye+ processes4 ,9 fact1 7 x n = ?is pro(+ process 7see ,lecture ,,vii47 ! dye+ ( felt hats w\ld be z simple & easy ( atta9m5t z ! ord9>y dye+ ( :ole-wool fabrics4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i consid] ! hat manufactur]1 z reg>ds 8 dye+ processes z appli$ to ! /iff] classes ( felt hats1 has difficulties to cont5d ) fully comp>able ) ^? :i* pres5t !mselves to ! dy] ( mix$ cotton & wooll5 or ,brad=d goods4 ,y h he>d t ! purpose ( ! wool-sc\r] is to remove ! dirt1 grease1 & s-call$ yolk1 fill+ ! pores & v>ni%+ ! fibres4 ,n[ ! effect ( ! "w ( ! felt or felt-hat pro(] is to undo ne>ly all ?is = ! sake ( r5d]+ ! felt wat]pro( & /iff4 ,! mat]ial us$1 also1 is ev5 m imp]vi\s & resi/+ to ! action ( aque\s solutions ( dyes & mordants ?an ! raw wool w\ld be4 ,9 %ort1 x is impossible to mordant & to dye %ellac by any process t w dye wool4 ,to give y an idea ( :at x is necess>y to d 9 ord] to col\r or dye %ellac1 take ! case ( col\r$ seal+-wax1 :i* is ma9ly compos$ ( %ellac1 f\r p>ts1 & ,v5ice turp5t9e1 "o "p4 ,to make r$ seal+-wax ?is mixture is melt$1 & ?ree p>ts ( v]milion1 an insoluble metallic pigm5t1 are /irr$ 94 ,if black seal+-wax is requir$1 lamp-black or ivory-black is /irr$ 94 ,! fus$ mat]ial is !n ca/ 9 m\lds1 f :i* ! /icks are remov$ on cool+4 ,t is h[ %ellac may be col\r$ z seal+-wax1 b x is a totally diff]5t me?od f t by :i* wool is dy$4 ,! difficulty !n is ?is--9 pro(+1 y\r hat-=ms are r5d]$ imp]vi\s to ! dye solutions ( y\r dye-ba?s1 all except a ?9 sup]ficial lay]1 :i* !n has to be rubb$ d[n1 poli%$1 & f9i%$4 ,?us 9 a %ort "t1 s9ce ! bulk ( t sup]ficially dy$ wool or fur on ! top ( e hat is b small1 & has be5 mu* r$uc$ by poli%+ & rubb+1 y soon he> ( an appe>ance ( b>5ess--,i 0 go+ to say ?readb>5ess--mak+ itself manife/4 ,?is is simply because ! col\r or dye only p5etrates a v little way d[n into ! sub/ance ( ! felt1 until1 9 fact1 x meets ! pro(+1 :i*1 be+ z x ought to be1 a wat]pro(+1 _c be dy$4 ,x _c be dy$ ei!r by ,engli% or ,g]man me?ods2 nei!r logwood black nor coal-t> blacks c make any really good impression on x4 ,cases h (t5 be5 describ$ to me illu/rat+ ! difficulty 9 prev5t+ hats :i* h be5 dy$ black ) logwood1 & :i* are at fir/ a h&some deep black1 becom+ r too soon ( a ru/y or br[ni% %ade4 ,n[ my belief is t two causes may be f\nd = ?is det]ioration4 ,"o is ! unsci5tific me?od adopt$ 9 _m works ( us+ ! same ba? practically = ab\t a mon? toge!r )\t complete r5ewal4 ,dur+ ?is "t a l>ge quantity ( a muddy precipitate accumulates1 ri* 9 hydrat$ oxide ( iron or basic iron salts ( an insoluble k9d4 ,?is mud am\nts to no less ?an #be p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! copp]as us$4 ,f "t to "t c>bonate ( ammonia is add$ to ! ba?1 z x is said to ?r[ up dirt4 ,! /uff or dirt1 *iefly an o*re-l mass /a9$ black ) ! dye1 & ri* 9 iron & c>bonate ( iron1 is skimm$ (f1 & fre% v]digris & copp]as add$ ) ano!r lot ( hat-=ms4 ,no d\bt on add+ fre% copp]as fur!r precipitation ( iron w take place1 & s ?is o*re-l precipitate w accumulate1 & w ev5tually come ^u ! hats l a k9d ( ?9 black mud4 ,n[ ! effect ( ?is w be t ! dye/uff1 p>tly 9 ! fibre z a prop] dye1 & n a little on ! fibre z if smudg$ on or pa9t$ on1 w1 on exposure to ! wea!r1 moi/ure1 air1 & s on1 gradually oxidise1 ! great prepond]ance ( iron on ! fibre *ang+ to a k9d ( iron-ru/1 corrod+ ! fibres 9 ! process1 & ?us at once acc\nt+ = ! *ange to ! ugly br[ni% %ade1 & to ! rubb+ (f & rapid we>+ away ( ! already too ?9 sup]ficial coat+ ( dy$ felt fibre4 ,9 ! f9al spells ( dye+ 9 ! dye-beck already ref]r$ to1 tol]ably ?ick ) black precipitate or mud1 ! application ( black to ! hat-=ms beg9s1 ,i fe>1 to assume at l5g? a too close analogy to ano!r black+ process closely associat$ ) a pair ( bru%es & ! "t-hon\r$ "n ( ,day ,m>t94 ,) t logwood black fibre1 anyone c\ld argue z to a consid]able proportion ( ! dye rubb+1 we>+1 or wa%+ (f4 ,?us1 !n1 we h ! second cause ( ! det]ioration ( ! black1 = ! col\r c\ld n g into ! fibre1 & s x 0 *iefly laid or pla/]$ on4 ,y c also see t a logwood black hat dy] may well make ! boa/1 & ) consid]able appe>ance ( tru?1 t = ! purposes ( ! ,engli% hat manufactur]s1 logwood black dye+ is ! mo/ appropriate1 i4e4 = ! dye+ ( highly pro($ & /iff goods1 b z to ! p]man5t "* ( ! black col\r on ^? /iff hats1 !re y h q ano!r "q4 ,i firmly believe t 9 ord] to get ! be/ results ei!r ) logwood black or anil9e blacks1 x is absolutely necess>y to h 9 possession a m sci5tific & manageable process ( pro(+4 ,su* a process is t inv5t$ by ,f4,w4 ,*ee?am 7see ,lecture ,,vii4 p4 #ff74 ,9 ! dye+ ( wool & felt ) coal-t> col\rs1 x is 9 _m cases suffici5t to add ! solution ( ! col\r+ matt]s to ! cold or tepid wat] ( ! dye-ba?1 &1 aft] introduc+ ! wooll5 mat]ial1 to raise ! temp]ature ( ! ba?4 ,! ba? is g5]ally heat$ to ! boil+-po9t1 & kept !re = "s "t4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! coal-t> col\rs %[ a t5d5cy ( go+ s rapidly & gre$ily on to ! fibre t x is necess>y to f9d means to re/ra9 !m4 ,?is is done by add+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,glaub]'s salts 7sulphate ( soda71 9 ! solution ( :i* coal-t> col\rs are n s soluble z 9 wat] alone1 & s g m sl[ly1 delib]ately1 & ?us ev5ly ^u ! fibre4 ,x is usually also be/ to dye 9 a ba? slightly acid ) sulphuric acid1 or to add "s bisulphate ( soda4 ,!re is ano!r po9t t ne$s good he$ tak+ to1 namely1 9 us+ diff]5t coal-t> col\rs to produce "s mix$ effect1 or give "s special %ade1 ! col\rs to be s mix$ mu/ possess compatibility "u l circum/ances4 ,= example1 if y want a violet ( a v blue %ade1 & y take ,me?yl ,violet & dissolve x 9 wat] & !n add ,anil9e ,blue also 9 solution1 y f9d t precipitation ( ! col\r takes place 9 flocks4 ,a col\r+ matt] :i* requires1 z "s d1 to be appli$ 9 an acid ba?1 ought n to be appli$ simultane\sly ) "o t dyes be/ 9 a neutral ba?4 ,num]\s descriptions ( me?ods ( us+ coal-t> dye/uffs 9 hat-dye+ are available 9 diff]5t volumes ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 & also tables = ! detection ( su* dye/uffs on ! fibre4 ,n[ ,i w m5tion a process = dye+ felt a deep dead black ) a coal-t> black dye :i* alone w\ld n give a deep pure black1 b "o ) a blui%-purple %ade4 ,to neutralise ?is purple effect1 a small quantity ( a yell[ dye/uff & a trifle ( indigot9 are add$4 ,a deep black is ?us produc$1 fa/] to light ?an logwood black x is /at$1 & "o t goes on ! fibre ) ! greate/ ease4 ,b ,i h ref]r$ to ! use ( small quantities ( diff]5tly col\r$ dyes = ! purpose ( neutralis+ or de/roy+ c]ta9 %ades 9 ! pr$om9at+ col\r4 ,n[ ,i am consci\s t ?is matt] is "o t is wrapp$ 9 complete my/]y1 & f> f ! true k5 ( _m ( our dy]s2 b ! rational treatm5t ( su* que/ions possesses su* va/ advantages1 & pre-supposes a c]ta9 k ( ! !ory ( col\r1 ( application & advantage s equally important1 t ,i am p]suad$ ,i %\ld n close ?is c\rse wisely )\t say+ a few words on t subject1 namely1 ! optical prop]ties ( col\rs4 ,col\r is m]ely an impression produc$ ^u ! ret9a1 & !re=e on ! bra91 by v>i\s surfaces or m$ia :5 light falls ^u !m or passes ?r\gh !m4 ,remove ! light1 & col\r ceases to exi/4 ,! col\r ( a sub/ance does n dep5d s mu* on ! *emical "* ( t sub/ance1 b r & m directly ^u ! physical condition ( ! surface or m$ium ^u :i* ! light falls or ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,i c illu/rate ?is easily4 ,= example1 !re is a bright-r$ pa9t kn[n z ,crooke's heat-indicat+ pa9t4 ,if a piece ( iron coat$ ) ?is pa9t be heat$ to ab\t #aej ,f41 ! pa9t at once turns *ocolate br[n1 b x is ! same *emical sub/ance1 = on cool+ we get ! col\r back aga91 & ?is c be repeat$ any numb] ( times4 ,?us we see t x is ! peculi> physical /ructure ( bodies :i* appe> col\r$ t has a c]ta9 effect ^u ! light1 & h5ce x mu/ be f ! light itself t col\r really emanates4 ,orig9ally all col\r proce$s f ! s\rce ( light1 ?\gh x seems to come to ! eye f ! app>5tly col\r$ objects4 ,b )\t "s elucidation ?is /atem5t w\ld appe> z an enigma1 s9ce x might be urg$ t ! light ( ! sun z well z t ( artificial light is :ite1 & n col\r$4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 to %[ y t t light is :ite1 because x is s mu* col\r$1 s v>i\sly & ev5ly col\r$1 ?\gh ,i admit ! t]m col\r$ "h is us$ 9 a special s5se4 ,:ite light conta9s & is made up ( all ! diff]5tly col\r$ ra9b[ rays1 :i* are cont9ually vibrat+1 & ^: wave-l5g?s & numb] ( vibrations di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r4 ,we w take "s :ite light f an electric lant]n & ?r[ x on a scre54 ,9 a prism ( glass we h a simple in/rum5t = unravell+ ^? rays1 & in/ead ( lett+ !m all fall on ! same spot & illum9e x ) a :ite light1 x causes !m to fall side by side2 9 fact !y all fall ap>t1 & ! prism has actually analys$ t light4 ,we get n[ a col\r$ b&1 simil> to t ( ! ra9b[1 & ?is b& is call$ ! spectrum 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,if we c\ld n[ run all ^! col\r$ rays toge!r aga91 we %\ld simply reproduce :ite light4 ,we c d ?is by cat*+ ! col\r$ b& 9 ano!r prism1 :5 ! light n[ em]g+ w be f\nd to be :ite4 ,e "p ( t spectrum consi/s ( homog5e\s light1 i4e4 light t _c be fur!r split up4 ,! way 9 :i* ! :ite light is s unravell$ by ! prism is ?is3 ,z ! light passes ?r\gh ! prism its diff]5t compon5t col\r$ rays are v>i\sly deflect$ f _! normal c\rse1 s t on em]g+ we h ea* ( ^! col\r$ rays travell+ 9 its own direction1 vibrat+ 9 its own plane4 ,x is well to rememb] t ! b5d+ (f1 or deflection1 or refraction1 is t[>ds ! ?ick end ( ! prism always1 & t ^? ( ! col\r$ rays 9 t analys$ b&1 ! spectrum1 mo/ b5t away f ! orig9al l9e ( direction ( ! :ite light /rik+ ! prism1 are said to be ! mo/ refrangible rays1 & consequ5tly are situat$ 9 ! mo/ refrangible end or "p ( ! spectrum1 namely1 t f>!/ f ! orig9al direction ( ! incid5t :ite light4 ,^! mo/ refrangible rays are ! violet1 & we pass on to ! lea/ refrangible end1 ! r$1 ?r\gh blui%-violet1 blue1 blui%-gre51 gre51 gre5i%-yell[1 yell[1 & orange4 ,if y plac$ a prism say 9 ! r$ "p ( ! spectrum1 & caught "s ( ^? r$ rays & all[$ !m to pass ?r\gh y\r prism1 & !n ei!r look$ at ! em]g+ light or let x fall on a :ite surface1 y w\ld f9d only r$ light w\ld come ?r\gh1 only r$ rays4 ,t light has be5 once analys$1 & x _c be fur!r brok5 up4 ,!re is great div]sity ( %ades1 b only a limit$ numb] ( prim>y impressions4 ,( ^! prim>y impressions !re are only f\r--r$1 yell[1 gre51 & blue1 toge!r ) :ite & black4 ,:ite is a collective effect1 :il/ black is ! anti!sis ( :ite & ! v negation ( col\r4 ,! fir/ f\r are call$ prim>y col\rs1 = no human eye ev] detect$ 9 !m two diff]5t col\rs1 :ile all ( ! o!r col\rs conta9 two or m prim>y col\rs4 ,if we mix ! foll[+ t9ts ( ! spectrum1 i4e4 ! foll[+ rays ( col\r$ light1 we %all produce :ite light1 r$ & gre5i%-yell[1 orange & ,prussian blue1 yell[ & indigo blue1 gre5i%-yell[ & violet4 ,all ^? pairs ( col\rs t unite to produce :ite are t]m$ complem5t>y col\rs4 ,t is1 "o is complem5t>y to ! o!r4 ,?us if 9 :ite light y suppress any "o col\r$ /rip ( rays1 :i*1 m+l$ uni=mly ) all ! re/ ( ! spectral rays1 produces ! :ite light1 !n t light no long] rema9s :ite1 b is t+$ ) "s p>ticul> t9t4 ,:atev] col\r is ?us suppress$1 a p>ticul> o!r t9t !n p]vades ! residual light1 & t+es x4 ,t t9t :i* ?us makes its appe>ance is ! "o :i*1 ) ! col\r t 0 suppress$1 gave :ite light1 & ! "o is complem5t>y to ! o!r4 ,?us :ite c always be comp\nd$ ( two t9ts1 & ^! two t9ts are complem5t>y col\rs4 ,b x is important to rem>k "h t ,i am n[ speak+ ( rays ( col\r$ light proce$+ to & /rik+ ! eye2 = a "q l ?is might be ask$3 ,y say t blue & yell[ are complem5t>y col\rs1 & toge!r !y produce :ite1 b if we mix a yell[ & a blue pa9t or dye we h z ! result a gre5 col\r4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,! cases are entirely diff]5t1 z ,i %all proce$ to %[4 ,9 speak+ ( ! fir/1 ! complem5t>y col\rs1 we speak ( pure spectral col\rs1 col\r$ rays ( light2 9 ! latt]1 ( pigm5t or dye col\rs4 ,z we %all see1 9 ! fir/1 we h an addition direct ( col\r$ lights produc+ :ite2 9 ! latt]1 ! gre5 col\r1 appe>+ z ! result ( ! mixture ( ! blue & yell[ pigm5ts1 is obta9$ by ! subtraction ( col\rs2 x is due to ! absorption1 by ! blue & yell[ pigm5ts1 ( all ! spectrum1 practically1 except ! gre5 portion4 ,9 ! case ( col\r$ objects1 we are !n confront$ ) ! fact t ^! objects appe> col\r$ because ( an absorption by ! col\r+ matt] ( e "p ( ! rays ( light fall+ !reupon1 except t ( ! col\r ( ! object1 :i* col\r is ?r[n (f or reflect$4 ,?is w appe> cle>] z we proce$4 ,n[ let me po9t out a fur!r fact & indicate ano!r /ep :i* w %[ y ! value ( su* k z ?is if prop]ly appli$4 ,i said t if we select$ f ! col\r$ light spectrum1 sep>at$ f :ite light by a prism1 say1 ! orange portion1 & bor+ a hole 9 our scre51 if we caught t orange light 9 ano!r prism1 x w\ld em]ge z orange light1 & suff] no fur!r analysis4 ,x _c be resolv$ into r$ & yell[1 z "s might h suppos$1 x is mono*romatic light1 i4e4 light purely ( "o col\r4 ,b :5 a mixture ( r$ & yell[ light1 :i* means1 ( c\rse1 a mixture ( rays ( great] & less refrangibility respectively ?an our spectral orange1 ! mono*romatic orange--is all[$ to /rike ! eye1 !n we h aga9 ! impression ( orange4 ,h[ are we to di/+ui% a pure & mono*romatic orange col\r f a col\r produc$ by a mixture ( r$ & yell[8 ,9 %ort1 h[ are we to di/+ui% :e!r col\rs are homog5e\s or mix$8 ,! answ] is1 t ?is c only be done by ! prism1 ap>t f *emical analysis or te/+ ( ! sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! spectroscope is a conv5i5t prism-arrangem5t1 su* t ! analytical effect produc$ by t prism is look$ at ?r\gh a telescope1 & ! light t falls on ! prism is c>efully pres]v$ f o!r light by pass+ x along a tube aft] only admitt+ a small quantity ?r\gh a regulat$ slit4 ,n[ all solid & liquid bodies :5 rais$ to a :ite heat give a cont9u\s spectrum1 "o l ! prismatic b& already describ$1 & "o n int]rupt$ by any d>k l9es or b&s4 ,! rays emitt$ f ! :ite-hot sub/ance ( ! sun h to pass1 be=e rea*+ our e>?1 ?r\gh ! sun's atmosph]e1 & s9ce ! light emitt$ f any inc&esc5t body is absorb$ on pass+ ?r\gh ! vap\r ( t sub/ance1 & s9ce ! sun is surr\nd$ by su* an atmosph]e ( ! vap\rs ( v>i\s metals & sub/ances1 h5ce we h1 on exam9+ ! sun's spectrum1 in/ead ( col\r$ b&s or l9es only1 _m d>k ones among/ !m1 :i* are call$ ,fraunh(]'s l9es4 ,ord9>y inc&esc5t vap\rs f highly heat$ sub/ances give discont9u\s spectra1 i4e4 spectra 9 :i* ! rays ( col\r$ light are q limit$1 & !y appe> 9 ! spectroscope only z l9es ( ! bread? ( ! slit4 ,^! are call$ l9e-spectra1 & e *emical elem5t possesses 9 ! inc&esc5t gase\s /ate its own *>act]i/ic l9es ( c]ta9 col\r & c]ta9 refrangibility1 by means ( :i* t elem5t c be recognis$4 ,to obs]ve ?is y place a ,buns5 burn] opposite ! slit ( ! spectroscope1 & introduce into its col\rless flame on ! end ( a plat9um wire a little ( a volatile salt ( ! metal or elem5t to be exam9$4 ,! flame ( ! lamp itself is (t5 col\r$ ) a di/9ctiv5ess t is suffici5t = a judgm5t to be made ) ! aid ( ! nak$ eye alone1 z to ! metal or elem5t pres5t4 ,?us soda & its salts give a yell[ flame1 :i* is absolutely yell[ or mono*romatic1 & if y look ?r\gh y\r prism or spectroscope at x1 y d n see a col\r$ ra9b[ b& or spectrum1 z ) daylight or gaslight1 b only "o yell[ d\ble l9e1 j :]e ! yell[ w\ld h be5 if ! :ole spectrum _h be5 repres5t$4 ,i ?9k x is n[ pla9 t = ! sake ( obs]vations & exact discrim9ation1 x is necess>y to map out our spectrum1 & accord+ly1 9 "o ( ! tubes1 ! ?ird1 ! spectroscope is provid$ ) a graduat$ scale1 s adju/$ t :5 we look at ! spectrum we also see ! graduations ( ! scale1 & s our spectrum is mapp$2 ! l9es m>k$ out & nam$ ) ! l>ge & small lett]s ( ! alphabet1 are c]ta9 ( ! prom95t ,fraunh(]'s l9es 7see ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 a1 d1 etc41 ,fig4 #af74 ,we speak1 = example1 ( ! soda yell[-l9e z co9cid+ ) ,d ( ! spectrum4 ,^!1 !n1 are spectra produc$ by lum9\s bodies4 ,! col\r+ matt]s & dyes1 _! solutions1 & ! sub/ances dy$ ) !m1 are n1 ( c\rse1 lum9\s1 b !y d conv]t :ite light :i* /rikes ^u or trav]ses !m into col\r$ light1 & t is :y !y1 9 fact1 appe> ei!r z col\r$ sub/ances or solutions4 ,! explanation ( ! col\r$ appe>ance is t ! col\r$ sub/ances or solutions h ! p[] to absorb f ! :ite light t /rikes or trav]ses !m1 all ! rays ( ! spectrum b ^? :i* are ( ! col\r ( ! sub/ance or solution 9 "q1 ^! latt] be+ ?r[n (f or reflect$1 & s /rik+ ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,take a solution ( ,mag5ta1 = example1 & place a light beh9d x4 ,all ! rays ( t :ite light are absorb$ except ! r$ ones1 :i* pass ?r\gh & are se54 ,?us ! liquid appe>s r$4 ,if a dy$ piece be tak51 ! light /rikes x1 & if a pure r$1 f t light all ! rays b r$ are absorb$1 & s r$ light alone is reflect$ f its surface4 ,b ?is is n all ) a dy$ fabric1 = "h ! light is n simply reflect$ light2 "p ( x has trav]s$ ! upp] lay]s ( t col\r$ body1 & is !n reflect$ f ! int]ior1 los+ a portion ( its col\r$ rays by absorption4 ,?is reflect$ col\r$ light is always mix$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( :ite light reflect$ f ! actual surface ( ! body be=e p5etrat+ its upp]mo/ lay]4 ,?us1 if dy$ fabrics are exam9$ by ! spectroscope1 ! same appe>ances are g5]ally obs]v$ z ) ! solution ( ! correspond+ col\r+ matt]s4 ,an absorption spectrum is 9 ea* case obta9$1 b ! "o f ! solution is ! pur]1 = x does n conta9 ! mix$ :ite light reflect$ f ! surfaces ( col\r$ objects4 ,let u n[ take an example4 ,we w take a cyl9d] glass full ( picric acid 9 wat]1 & ( a yell[ col\r4 ,n[ :5 ,i pass :ite light ?r\gh t solution & exam9e ! em]g+ light1 :i* looks1 to my nak$ eye1 yell[1 ,i f9d by ! spectroscope t :at has tak5 place is ?is3 ! blue "p ( ! spectrum is totally ext+ui%$ z f> z ,g & #b_/c ( ,f4 ,t is all4 ,!n :y1 say y1 does t liquid look yell[ if all ! re/ ( ^? rays pass ?r\gh & ent] ! eye1 namely1 ! blue-gre5 ) a trifle ( blue1 ! gre51 yell[1 orange1 & r$8 ,! reason is ?is3 we h already se5 t ! col\rs complem5t>y to1 & s produc+ :ite light ) r$1 are gre5 & gre5i%-blue or blui%-gre54 ,h5ce ^! cancel1 s to say1 & we only see yell[4 ,we d n see a pure yell[1 !n1 9 picric acid1 b yell[ ) a consid]able am\nt ( :ite4 ,"h is a piece ( sc>let pap]4 ,:y does x appe> sc>let8 ,because f ! :ite light fall+ ^u x1 x practically absorbs all ! rays ( ! spectrum except ! r$ & orange ones1 & ^! x reflects4 ,if ?is be s1 !n1 & we take our spectrum b& ( p]fectly pure col\rs & pass our /rip ( sc>let pap] along t v>i\sly col\r$ b& ( light1 we %all be able to te/ ! tru? ( sev]al /atem5ts ,i h made z to ! nature ( col\r4 ,i h said col\r is only an impression1 & n a reality2 & t x does n exi/ ap>t f light4 ,n[1 ,i c %[ y m1 namely1 t ! col\r ( ! s-call$ col\r$ object is entirely dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce 9 ! light ( ! special col\r$ rays :i* x radiates1 & t ?is sc>let pap] dep5ds on ! r$ light ( ! spectrum = ! exi/5ce ( its r$ness4 ,on pass+ ! piece ( sc>let pap] along ! col\r$ b& ( light1 x appe>s r$ only :5 9 ! r$ portion ( ! spectrum1 :il/ 9 ! o!r portions1 ?\gh x is illum9$1 yet x has no col\r1 9 fact x looks black4 ,h5ce :at ,i h said is true1 &1 moreov]1 t r$ pap] looks r$ because1 z y see1 x absorbs & ext+ui%es all ! rays ( ! spectrum b ! r$ ones1 & ^! x radiates4 ,a bright gre5 /rip ( pap] plac$ 9 ! r$ has no col\r1 & looks black1 b transf]r$ to ! pure gre5 portion x radiates t at once1 does n absorb x z x did ! r$1 & s ! gre5 %9es out f9ely4 ,i h told y t sodium salts give to a col\rless flame a f9e mono*romatic or pure yell[ col\r4 ,n[1 if ?is be s1 & if all ! light available 9 ?is _w 7 ( su* a "*1 !n su* a col\r z blue w\ld be unkn[n4 ,we w n[ ask ourselves ano!r "q1 ,we h a new blue col\r+ matt]1 & we desire to "k if we may expect x to be "o ( ! greate/ possible brilliancy1 :at spectroscopic conditions ought x to fulfil8 ,on exam9+ a solution ( x1 or r ! light pass+ ?r\gh a solution ( x1 ) ! spectroscope1 we ought to f9d t all ! rays ( ! spectrum ly+ betwe5 & ne>ly to ,h & b 7,fig4 #af71 i4e4 all ! blui%-violet1 blue1 & blue-gre5 rays pass ?r\gh x un*ang$1 unabsorb$1 :il/ all ! re/ %\ld be completely absorb$4 ,9 l mann] a pure yell[ col\r w\ld all[ all ! rays ly+ betwe5 orange-r$ & gre5i%-yell[ 7,fig4 #af7 to pass ?r\gh un*ang$1 b w\ld absorb all ! o!r col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,n[ we come to !1 = y1 mo/-important subject ( mixtures ( col\rs & _! effects4 ,let u take ! popul> case ( blue & yell[ produc+ gre54 ,we h se5 t ! subjective effect ( ! mixture ( blue & yell[ light on ! eye is = ! latt] to lose s5se ( col\r1 s9ce col\r disappe>s1 & we get :at we t]m :ite light2 9 /rict analogy to ?is ! objective effect ( a pure yell[ pigm5t & a blue is also to de/roy col\r1 & s no col\r comes f ! object to ! eye2 t object appe>s black4 ,n[ ! pure blue col\r+ matt] w\ld n yield a gre5 ) ! pure yell[ col\r+ matt]1 = if y plot (f ! two absorption spectra z previ\sly describ$1 on to ! spectrum 7,fig4 #af71 y w f9d t all ! rays w\ld be absorb$ by ! mixture1 & ! result w\ld be a black4 ,b1 n[1 suppose a little less pure yell[ 7 tak51 "o conta9+ a little gre5i%-yell[ & a trifle ( gre51 & also a little orange-r$ on ! o!r side to r$1 !n :]eas to ! eye t yell[ might be z good z ! fir/2 n[1 :5 mix$ ) a blue1 we get a v respectable gre54 ,b1 & ?is is v important1 al?\gh ( ! mo/ brilliant dyes & col\rs !re are probably no two ( ^! t w\ld s unite to block out all ! rays & produce black1 yet ?is result c easily & practically be arriv$ at by us+ ?ree col\r+ matt]s1 :i* mu/ be z diff]5t z possible f "o ano!r4 ,?us a comb9ation ( a r$1 a yell[1 & a blue col\r+ matt]1 :5 conc5trat$ en\gh1 w n let any light pass ?r\gh x1 & c ?us be us$ = ! production ( blacks1 & ?is prop]ty is made use ( 9 dye+4 ,& n[ we see :y a little yell[ dye is add$ to our coal-t> black4 ,a purpli% %ade w\ld else be produc$2 ! yell[ us$ is a col\r complem5t>y to t purple1 & x absorbs j ^? blue & purple rays ( ! spectrum necess>y to illum9ate by radiation t purple1 & vice v]s2 bo? yell[ & purple !re=e disappe>4 ,9 l mann]1 _h ! black be5 ( a gre5i% %ade1 ,i %\ld h add$ ,croce9e ,orange1 :i* on ! fabric w\ld absorb j ^? gre5 & blui% rays ( light necess>y to radiate f & illum9e t gre5i% "p1 & ! gre5i% "p w\ld d ! l by ! orange rays2 ! effects w\ld be neutralis$1 & all w\ld fall toge!r into black4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index ,acetone1 #fd ,acid1 boric4 ,see ,boric acid4 c>bolic4 ,see ,ph5ol4 col\rs1 mordant+1 #gd hydro*loric4 ,see ,hydro*loric acid4 nitric4 ,see ,nitric acid4 sulphuric4 ,see ,sulphuric acid4 ,acids1 di/+ui%+1 f alkalis1 #bc1 #di neutralisation (1 #ej prop]ties (1 #di specific gravities (1 #di ,aff9ity1 *emical1 #ga ,aliz>91 #ge1 #gf1 #hj1 #hc1 #ia1 #ii blue1 #ij pa/e1 #ia pure1 #ia purple1 #gg r$1 #gg ,alkali1 manufacture (1 by ammonia-soda process1 #ee manufacture (1 by electrolytic process1 #ef manufacture (1 by ,leblanc process1 #ec ,alkalis1 di/+ui%+1 f acids1 #bc1 #di neutralisation (1 #ej prop]ties (1 #di specific gravities (1 #di ,alum1 cake1 #gc ,alum9ium sulphate1 #gc ,ammonia1 #bc1 #ie ,ammonia-soda process1 #ee ,anil9e1 #ia black1 #ha con/itution (1 #if prep>ation (1 #if reaction ( #ig violet #gg1 #ha ,animal fibres4 ,see ,fibres4 ,annatto1 #hc1 #he1 #hg ,an?rac5e1 #ij ,ar*il4 ,see ,or*il4 ,aur91 #ia1 #ih ,azo dye/uffs1 #ih ,b>wood1 #ii ,basic col\rs or dye/uffs1 mordant+1 #gf ,ba/ fibres4 ,see ,fibres4 ,ba/ose1 #d ,ba/ose1 di/9ction betwe51 & cellulose1 #d ,beaum hydromet] degrees1 #ca ,b5z5e1 #ij1 #if ,bix91 #hh ,black-a% process1 #ed ,blue col\r1 absorption spectrum ( pure1 #aad ,boil]s1 incru/ations 91 #db ,boil+-po9t1 effect ( pressure on1 #cb ( wat]1 effect ( dissolv$ salts on1 #cf ( wat]1 effect ( increase ( pressure on1 #ce ,borax1 #ei te/s ( purity (1 #ei ,boric acid1 #eg ,boronitrocalcite1 #ei ,brasil91 #ii ,brazil wood1 #ii ,camwood1 #ii ,c>bolic acid4 ,see ,ph5ol4 ,c>m9ic acid1 #gf ,c>r ice-mak+ ma*9e1 #cb ,c>rott+4 ,see ,scretage4 ,c>?amic acid1 #hg ,c>?am91 #hg ,cellulose1 action ( cupric-ammonium solutions on1 #e composition (1 #c di/9ction betwe51 & ba/ose1 #d prop]ties ( pure1 #e ,*ole/]ol1 #ajj ,*rome mordant+1 #gh ,*rome orange1 #hd yell[1 #hd ,*rom+1 ov]-1 #gh ,cl>k's soap te/1 #dc ,coal-t>1 #ij yield ( valuable products f1 #ij ,co*9eal1 #ge1 #gf1 #hb1 #hc1 #ii ,co]ule91 #ij ,col\r1 absorption spectrum ( pure blue1 #aad absorption spectrum ( pure yell[1 #aad acids1 #gg bases1 #gg nature (1 #ajg ,col\r$ sub/ances1 spectra (1 #aab ,col\rs1 acid1 mordant+ (1 #gd basic1 #ge classification (1 #gi complem5t>y1 #aji mix$1 spectra (1 #aae pigm5t1 #aaj prim>y1 #aaj spectral1 #aaj ,condition+ e/abli%m5ts1 #ba ,congo r$1 #ga ,copp] salts1 dissolv+1 9 iron pans1 #ci wet me?od ( extract+1 #ch ,corrosion caus$ by fatty acids1 #ce ,cotton & wooll5 goods1 sep>ation ( mix$1 #e ,cotton fibre1 action ( basic z9c *loride on1 #e composition (1 #c dim5sions (1 #b /omata 9 cuticle (1 #b /ructure (1 #a ,cotton-silk fibre1 #c composition (1 #c ,crookes' heat-indicat+ pa9t1 #ajg ,cudbe>1 #hf ,cupric ammonium solution1 action (1 on cellulose1 #e ,curcum91 #hg ,dextr91 #d ,dye+ felt hats deep black1 #ajf effect ( /iff5+ & pro(+ process 91 #fe1 #ajc ( wool & felt ) coal-t> col\rs1 #aje ( wool & fur1 #ajj p[] ( coal-t> dye/uffs1 #ic ) mix$ coal-t> col\rs1 #ajf ,dye/uffs1 adjectiv1 #hc1 #ii azo1 #ih classification (1 #gi coal-t>1 #ij dye+ p[] (1 #ic yield (1 #ia m9]al1 #hc monog5etic1 #ha pigm5t1 #hc polyg5etic1 #hb sub/antive1 #hc artificial1 #hi natural1 #he ,equival5ce1 law (1 #di ,fats1 decomposition (1 by sup]heat$ /eam1 #ce ,felt1 dye+1 deep black1 #ajf ) coal-t> col\rs1 #aje ,felt+1 dilute acid = promot+1 #bb effect ( wat] 91 #ba fur1 #ae int]lock+ ( scales 91 #ac prep>ation ( fur =1 #ah unsuitability ( dead wool =1 #ah ,fibre1 cotton4 ,see ,cotton4 cotton-silk4 ,see ,cotton-silk4 flax4 ,see ,flax4 jute4 ,see ,jute4 silk4 ,see ,silk4 wool4 ,see ,wool4 ,fibres1 action ( acids on textile1 #e alkal9e solution ( copp] & glyc]9 on textile1 #bh alkalis on textile1 #e cau/ic soda on textile 1 #bh copp]-oxide-ammonia on textile1 #bh nitric acid on textile1 #bh /eam on textile1 #e sulphuric acid on textile1 #bg ,fibres1 animal1 #f ba/1 #c vegetable1 #a & animal1 det]m9+1 9 mixture1 #bg & animal1 di/+ui%+1 #d1 #e & animal1 di/+ui%+ & sep>at+1 #bd ,fibron1 #g ,flax fibre1 action ( basic z9c *loride on1 #e composition (1 #c /ructure (1 #b ,fraunh(]'s l9es1 #aaa1 #aab ,fur1 #h action ( acids on1 #bc ( alkalis on1 #bd on1 9 scretage process1 #ag *rome mordant+ (1 #gg composition (1 #bb felt+1 #ae f9i% & /r5g? ( felt$1 effect ( boil+ wat] on1 #bb hygroscopicity (1 #bj prep>ation (1 = felt+1 #ah scretage or c>rott+ (1 #ag /iff5+ & pro(+ ( felt$1 #ff sulphur 91 reag5ts = detection (1 #bf ,fu/ic1 #ii ,galle91 #hb1 #hc ,gallnuts1 #ii ,g>anc9e1 #ii ,guy-,lussac t[]1 #eb ,glov] t[]1 #eb ,glucose1 #d ,gre5+ ( black hats1 #fe ,hmate91 #gf1 #gh #hc1 #ii ,hair1 #h cells f1 #aa di/9ction betwe51 & wool1 #ab1 #ad dye+1 #bf gr[? (1 #h scales f1 #aa (1 action ( reag5ts on1 #ab scaly /ructure (1 #aa /ructure (1 #h1 #i sulphur 91 reag5ts = detection (1 #bf ,h>greaves ,rob9son's process1 #ec ,hats dy$ logwood black1 det]ioration (1 #ajd gre5+ ( black1 #fe /iff5+ & pro(+ (1 #fc1 #fd /iff5+ & pro(+ (1 by ,*ee?am's process1 #ff /iff5+ & pro(+ (1 by ,cont95tal process1 #ff /iff5+ & pro(+ process1 effect (1 9 dye+1 #fe1 #ajc ,heat1 lat5t1 #cb1 #cc ( /eam1 #cd ( wat]1 #cd ,h$debault's process ( sep>at+ mix$ cotton & wooll5 goods1 #e ,hydro*loric acid1 manufacture (1 by ,h>greaves ,rob9son's process1 #ec manufacture (1 by salt-cake process1 #ec ,ice1 heat ( liquefaction (1 #cd ,ice-mak+ ma*9e1 ,c>r1 #cb ,indican1 #he ,indicators1 #ej1 #gj ,indigo1 #he artificial1 #hf blue1 #he recov]y (1 f indigo-dy$ wooll5 goods1 #bd vat1 #hf :ite1 #he ,insoluble comp\nds1 precipitation (1 f solutions1 #ch ,iron liquor4 ,see ,mordant1 iron4 ,jute fibre1 #c composition (1 #d ,lac1 button1 #fc dye1 #fb1 #ii se$1 #fb /ick1 #fb ,see also ,%ellac4 ,lakes1 col\r1 #ge ,lat5t heat4 ,see ,heat4 ,leblanc process1 #ec ,light1 analysis ( :ite1 #ajg composition ( :ite1 #ajg homog5e\s or mono*romatic1 #ajh1 #aaj rays1 refraction (1 #ajh ,l95 fibre4 ,see ,flax4 ,litmus1 #gj1 #hf ,logwood1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #hc1 #ii ,logwood black1 #gh1 #ha1 #ajd det]ioration ( hats dy$ )1 #ajd ,madd]1 #hj1 #hc1 #ii ,mag5ta1 #gf1 #hj1 #hc1 #ia1 #ig ,m>% gas1 #ie ,m]curic nitrate1 use (1 = ! scretage ( fur1 #ag ,m]9o wool1 #ae ,me?ane4 ,see ,m>% gas4 ,me?yl alcohol4 ,see ,wood _s4 gre51 #ig violet1 #ig ,mirbane1 ess5ce (1 #if ,molis*'s te/1 #d ,mordant1 alum9a1 #fd1 #ge antimony1 #gf iron1 #fd1 #gf tann91 #gf t91 #gf ,mordant+ acid 7ph5olic7 col\rs1 #gd basic col\rs1 #gf *rome1 #gg wooll5 fabrics1 #ge ,mordants1 #fi fatty acid1 #gg ,naph?al5e1 #ij1 #ih ,naph?ol yell[1 #ia ,naph?ols1 #ia1 #ih ,naph?ylam9e1 #ia ,nitric acid1 #ie manufacture (1 #eb ,nitrob5z5e1 #if ,nitroprusside ( soda1 #bf ,oils1 decomposition (1 by sup]heat$ /eam1 #ce ,orc91 #hf ,or*il1 #he1 #hf ,orc91 #hf ,orell91 #hh ,ov]-*rom+1 ,see ,*rom+4 ,pa9t1 ,crookes' heat-indicat+1 #ajg ,p]sian b]ries1 #ge1 #ii ,ph5ol1 #ij con/itution (1 #ih ,ph5olic col\rs4 ,see ,acid col\rs4 ,ph5olph?ale91 #gj ,picric acid1 #ha1 #ia absorption spectrum (1 #aac con/itution (1 #ih ,plumbate ( soda1 #bf ,potassium1 decomposition ( wat] by1 #be1 #cj ,pro(+ mixture1 #fc process1 #fd ,*ee?am's1 #ff ,cont95tal1 #ff effect (1 9 dye+1 #fe1 #ajc ,purpur91 #ii ,qu]citron1 #ii ,r$ liquor4 ,see ,mordant1 alum9a4 ,refraction ( light rays1 #ajh ,saffl[]1 #he1 #hg ,salt-cake process1 #ec ,salts1 #di acid1 #gj1 #ga basic1 #ga neutral or normal1 #ga /able1 #gb un/able1 #gb ,santal91 #ii ,santalwood1 #ii ,seal+-wax1 col\r$1 #ajc ,scretage ( fur1 #ag process1 injury to fur 91 #ag ,s]ic91 #g ,%ellac1 #fb col\r+ (1 #ajc ros9 91 detection (1 #fc solv5ts =1 #fc ,see also ,lac4 ,silk fibre1 action ( acids on1 #g ( alkal9e solution (1 copp] & glyc]9 on1 #g ( alkalis on1 #g ( basic z9c *loride on1 #g blea*+ (1 #g composition (1 #g /ructure (1 #f ungumm+ (1 #g glue1 #g gum1 #g ,soap1 #fj alkali 91 detection (1 #fa oleic acid1 #aja palm oil1 #aja wat] 91 det]m9ation (1 #fj ,soda4 ,see ,alkali4 ,solution1 #cf precipitation ( insoluble comp\nds f1 #ch ,specific gravity1 #cj ,spectra ( col\r$ sub/ances #aab ,spectroscope1 #aaa ,spectrum1 #ajh absorption1 #aac cont9u\s1 #aaa discont9u\s or l9e1 #aaa ,spirits ( salt4 ,see ,hydro*loric acid4 ,/>*1 #d ,/eam1 #ca lat5t heat (1 #cd ,/iff5+ mixture1 #fc process1 #fd ,*ee?am's1 #ff ,cont95tal1 #ff effect (1 9 dye+ #fe1 #ajc ,su9t4 ,see ,wool grease4 ,sulphur 9 wool1 fur1 & hair1 reag5ts = detection (1 #bf ,sulphuric acid1 manufacture (1 #ej by contact process1 #eb by lead *amb] process1 #ea ,suma*1 #ii ,tann9s1 #ii ,t9cal1 #ei ,tiza1 #ei ,tolu5e1 #ij ,toluid9e1 #ia ,turm]ic1 #hj1 #hc1 #he1 #hg ,twaddell hydromet] degrees1 #ca ,ultram>9e blue1 #ha ,ultram>9e gre51 #ha rose-col\r$1 #ha ,val5cy1 #ga ,vegetable fibres4 ,see ,fibres4 ,v5e]+ process1 #ff ,v]mill9e sc>let1 #ia ,vitriol4 ,see ,sulphuric acid4 ,wat]1 #bi boil+ ( #ca boil+-po9t (1 effect ( dissolv$ salts on #cf boil+-po9t (1 effect ( increase ( pressure on1 #ce *lorides 91 detection (1 #dg composition (1 #bi contam9ation (1 by factories1 #de copp] 91 detection (1 #df decomposition (1 by potassium1 #be1 #cj filtration (1 #dg h>d1 #da1 #db ,cl>k's soap te/ =1 #dc s(t5+ (1 #da wa/e ( soap by1 #dc h>dness1 tempor>y & p]man5t1 (1 #db impurities 91 #db effect (1 9 dye+1 #db f]rug9\s1 #dd iron 91 detection (1 #df lat5t heat (1 #cd lead 91 detection (1 #dg lime 91 detection (1 #df magnesium 91 detection (1 #df purification (1 #de purity (1 te/s =1 #df s(t1 #dj effect ( c>bonic acid 9 h>d5+1 #dj sulphates 91 detection (1 #bd ,wood acid1 #fd de/ructive di/illation (1 #fd _s1 #fd ,wool1 *rome mordant+ (1 #gg dead3 :y x w n felt1 #ah dye+1 ) coal-t> col\rs1 #aje felt$1 effect ( boil+ wat] on f9i% & /r5g? (1 #bb felt$1 effect ( /iff5+ process on f9i% (1 #ff1 #ajc felt+ (1 int]lock+ ( scales 91 #ac fibre1 #h action ( acids on1 #bc ( alkalis on1 #bd composition (1 #bb curly /ructure (1 #ae di/9ction betwe51 & hair1 #ab1 #ad gr[? (1 #h hygroscopicity (1 #bj /ructure (1 f diseas$ %eep1 #ai sulphur 91 reag5ts = detection (1 #bf grease1 #ajj kempy1 #ai m]9o1 #ae mordant+1 #ge sc\r+1 #aja /ripp+ (1 #bc ,wooll5 goods1 indigo-dy$1 recov]y ( indigo f1 #bd mix$ cotton &1 sep>ation (1 #e ,xyl5es1 #ij ,yell[ col\r1 absorption spectrum ( pure1 #aad ,yolk4 ,see ,wool grease4 ,abridg$ ,catalogue ,,( ,special ,te*nical ,books4 ,,index ,,to ,,subjects4 ,,page ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 #i ,air1 ,indu/rial ,use (1 #aj ,alum & its ,sulphates1 #h ,ammonia1 #h ,anil9e ,col\rs1 #c ,animal ,fats1 #f ,anti-corrosive ,pa9ts1 #d ,ar*itecture1 ,t]ms 91 #bb ,ar*itectural ,pott]y1 #ab ,artificial ,p]fumes1 #g ,balsams1 #i ,blea*+1 #ag ,blea*+ ,ag5ts1 #ag ,bone ,products1 #h ,bookb9d+1 #bc ,brick-mak+1 #aa1 #ab ,burni%+ ,brass1 #bj ,c>pet ,y>n ,pr9t+1 #af ,case91 #d ,celluloid1 #bc ,cem5t1 #bb ,c]amic ,books1 #aa ,*>coal1 #h ,*emical ,essays1 #h ,*emical ,works1 #h ,*emi/ry ( ,pott]y1 #ab ,clay ,analysis1 #ab ,coal du/ ,fir+1 #ai ,col\r ,mat*+1 #af ,colli]y ,recov]y ,"w1 #ah ,col\r-mix+ = ,dy]s1 #af ,col\r ,!ory1 #af ,comb+ ,ma*9es1 #ah ,comp\nd+ ,oils1 #f ,cond5s+ ,app>atus1 #ai ,cosmetics1 #g ,cotton ,dye+1 #ag ,cotton ,sp9n+1 #ag1 #ah ,cotton ,wa/e1 #ah ,damask ,weav+1 #ae ,dampness 9 ,build+s1 #bb ,decorators' ,books1 #d ,decorative ,textiles1 #ae ,d5tal ,metallurgy1 #ai ,drugs1 #bb ,dry+ ,oils1 #e ,dry+ ) ,air1 #aj ,dye+ ,m>ble1 #bc ,dye+ ,wooll5 ,fabrics1 #ag ,dy]s' ,mat]ials1 #af ,dye-/uffs1 #ag ,edible ,fats & ,oils1 #g ,electric ,wir+1 #bj1 #ba ,electricity 9 ,colli]ies1 #ai ,em]y1 #bd ,enamell+ ,metal1 #ac1 #ba ,enamels1 #ac ,eng9e]+ ,h&books1 #bj ,engrav+1 #bc ,ess5tial ,oils1 #g ,evaporat+ ,app>atus1 #i ,ext]nal ,plumb+1 #bj ,fats1 #f ,faults 9 ,wooll5 ,goods1 #ae ,flax ,sp9n+1 #ah ,food & ,drugs1 #bb ,fruit ,pres]v+1 #bb ,gas ,fir+1 #ai ,glass-mak+ ,recipes1 #ac ,glass ,pa9t+1 #ac ,glue-mak+ & ,te/+1 #h ,greases1 #f ,gutta ,p]*a1 #aa ,hat ,manufactur+1 #ae ,hemp ,sp9n+1 #ah ,hi/ory ( ,/affs ,pott]ies #ab ,hops1 #ba ,hot-wat] ,supply1 #ba ,india-rubb]1 #aa ,indu/rial ,alcohol1 #i ,inks1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #i ,iron-corrosion1 #d ,iron1 ,sci5ce (1 #ai ,japann+1 #ba ,jute ,sp9n+1 #ah ,lace-,mak+1 #ae ,lacqu]+1 #bj ,lake ,pigm5ts1 #c ,lead & its ,comp\nd1 #aj ,lea!r-work+ ,mat]'ls1 #f1 #aa ,libr>ies1 #bd ,l9oleum1 #e ,li?ography1 #bc ,lubricants1 #f ,manures1 #h1 #i ,meat ,pres]v+1 #bb ,m9]al ,pigm5ts1 #c ,m9]al ,waxes1 #f ,m9e ,v5tilation1 #ah ,m9e ,haulage1 #ah ,m9+1 ,electricity1 #ai ,ne$lework1 #ae ,oil & ,col\r ,recipes1 #c ,oil ,boil+1 #e ,oil ,m]*ants' ,manual1 #f ,oils1 #f ,ozone1 ,indu/rial ,use (1 #aj ,pa9t ,manufacture1 #c ,pa9t ,mat]ials1 #c ,pa9t-mat]ial ,te/+1 #d ,pa9t ,mix+1 #c ,pap]-,mill ,*emi/ry1 #ac ,pap]-pulp ,dye+1 #ac ,petroleum1 #f ,pigm5ts1 ,*emi/ry (1 #c ,plumb]s' ,"w1 #bj ,pott]y ,clays1 #ab ,pott]y ,decorat+1 #aa ,pott]y ,manufacture1 #aa ,pott]y ,m>ks1 #ab ,p[]-loom ,weav+1 #ad ,pres]v$ ,foods1 #bb ,pr9t]s' ,ready ,reckon] #bc ,pr9t+ ,inks1 #c1 #d1 #e ,recipes1 #c ,res9s1 #i ,r+ ,sp9n+ ,frame1 #ah ,risks ( ,occupations1 #aj ,rivet+ ,*9a1 etc41 #ab ,sanit>y ,plumb+1 #bj ,s*eele's ,essays1 #h ,seal+ ,waxes1 #i ,%ale ,t> ,di/illation1 #h ,%oe ,poli%es1 #f ,silk ,dye+1 #ag ,silk ,?r[+1 #ag ,smoke ,prev5tion1 #ai ,soaps1 #g ,sp9n+1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah ,_s ,v>ni%es1 #e ,/a9+ ,m>ble1 & ,bone1 #bc ,/eam ,dry+1 #aj ,/eel ,h>d5+1 #ai ,sug> ,ref9+1 #bc ,sweetmeats1 #bb ,te*nical ,s*ools1 ,li/1 #bd ,t]ra-cotta1 #aa ,te/+ ,pa9t ,mat]ials1 #d ,te/+ ,y>ns1 #ae ,textile ,fabrics1 #ad1 #ae ,textile ,fibres1 #ad ,textile ,mat]ials1 #ad ,timb]1 #ba ,v>ni%es1 #e ,vegetable ,fats1 #g ,vegetable ,pres]v+1 #bb ,w>p ,siz+1 #af ,wa/e ,utilisation1 #i ,wat]1 ,indu/rial ,use1 #aj ,wat]-pro(+ ,fabrics1 #af ,waxes1 #f ,weav+ ,calculations1 #ae ,:ite ,lead & ,z9c1 #e ,wood ,di/illation1 #ba ,wood ,extracts1 #ba ,wood ,wa/e ,utilisation1 #bb ,wood-,dye+1 #bc ,wool-,dye+1 #ag ,wooll5 ,goods1 #ae1 #af1 #ag ,writ+ ,inks1 #i ,x-,ray ,"w1 #aa ,y>n ,siz+1 #af ,y>n ,te/+1 #ae ,z9c ,:ite ,pa9ts1 #e ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,son #h ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,full ,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,cont5ts ,( ! ,books m5tion$ 9 ?is ,,abridg$ ,,catalogue w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ ,catalogues ( ,,curr5t ,,te*nical ,,books4 ,,li/ ,i4 ,arti/s' ,col\rs--,bone ,products--,butt] & ,m>g>9e ,manufacture--,case9--,cem5ts--,*emical ,works 7,design+ & ,erection7--,*emi/ry 7,agricultural1 ,indu/rial1 ,practical & ,!oretical7--,col\r ,mix+--,col\r ,manufacture--,comp\nd+ ,oils--,decorat+--,dri]s--,dry+ ,oils--,drysalt]y--,em]y--,ess5tial ,oils--,fats 7,animal1 ,vegetable1 ,edible7--,gelat9es--,glues--,greases-- ,gums--,inks--,lead--,lea!r--,lubricants --,oils--,oil ,cru%+--,pa9ts--,pa9t ,manufactur+--,pa9t ,mat]ial ,te/+--,p]fumes--,petroleum--,ph>macy-- ,recipes 7,pa9t1 ,oil & ,col\r7--,res9s--,seal+ ,waxes--,%oe ,poli%es--,soap ,manufacture--,solv5ts--,_s ,v>ni%es--,v>ni%es--,:ite ,lead--,work%op ,wr9kles4 ,,li/ ,,ii4 ,blea*+--,bookb9d+--,c>pet ,y>n ,pr9t+--,col\r 7,mat*+1 ,mix+1 ,!ory7--,cotton ,comb+ ,ma*9es--,dye+ 7,cotton1 ,wooll5 & ,silk ,goods7--,dy]s' ,mat]ials--,dye-/uffs--,engrav+--,flax1 ,hemp & ,jute ,sp9n+ & ,twi/+--,gutta-,p]*a--,hat ,manufactur+--,india-rubb]--,inks--,lace -mak+--,li?ography--,ne$lework--,pap] ,mak+--,pap]-,mill ,*emi/--,pap]-pulp ,dye+--,po9t ,lace--,p[]-loom ,weav+--,pr9t+ ,inks--,silk ,?r[+--,smoke ,prev5tion--,soaps--,sp9n+--,textile 7,sp9n+1 ,design+1 ,dye+1 ,weav+1 ,f9i%+7--,textile ,mat]ials--,textile ,fabrics--,textile ,fibres--,textile ,oils--,textile ,soaps--,timb]--,wat] 7,indu/rial ,uses7--,wat]-pro(+--,weav+--,writ+ ,inks--,y>ns 7,te/+1 ,siz+74 ,,li/ ,,iii4 ,ar*itectural ,t]ms--,brassw>e 7,bronz+1 ,burni%+1 ,dipp+1 ,lacqu]+7--,brickmak+--,build+--,cem5t ,"w--,c]amic ,indu/ries--,*9a--,coal-du/ ,fir+--,colli]y ,books--,concrete--,cond5s+ ,app>atus--,d5tal ,metallurgy--,dra9age--,drugs--,dye+--,e >!nw>e--,electrical ,books--,enamell+--,enamels--,eng9e]+ ,h&books--,evaporat+ ,app>atus--,fl9t ,glass-mak+--,foods--,food ,pres]v+--,fruit ,pres]v+--,gas ,eng9es--,gas ,fir+--,ge>+--,glassw>e 7,pa9t+1 ,rivet+7--,hops--,iron 7,con/ruction1 ,sci5ce7--,japann+--,lead--,meat ,pres]v+--,m9es 7,haulage1 ,electrical ,equipm5t1 ,v5tilation1 ,recov]y ,"w f7--,plants 7,diseases1 ,fungicides1 ,insecticides7--,plumb+ ,books--,pott]y 7,ar*itectural1 ,clays1 ,decorat+1 ,manufacture1 ,m>ks on7--,re9=c$ ,concrete--,rivet+ 7,*9a1 ,e>!nw>e1 ,glassw>e7--,/eam ,turb9es--,sanit>y ,eng9e]+--,/eel 7,h>d5+1 ,temp]+7--,sug>--,sweetmeats--,too!d ,ge>+--,vegetable ,pres]v+--,wood ,dye+--,x-,ray ,"w4 ,,copies ,,( ,,any ,,( ,,^! ,,li/s ,,w ,,be ,,s5t ,,po/ ,,free ,,on ,,application4 7,pa9ts1 ,col\rs1 ,pigm5ts & ,pr9t+ ,inks47 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,by ,,erne/ ,j4 ,,p>ry1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 & ,j4,h4 ,,co/e1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,demy #hvo4 ,five ,illu/rations4 #bhe pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pa9t4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,pa9t ,manufactur]s1 ,m]*ants & ,pa9t]s4 ,by ,j4 ,,cruick%ank ,,smi?1 ,b4,sc4 ,demy #hvo4 #bjj pp4 ,sixty ,illu/rations & ,"o ,l>ge ,diagram4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,*emicals ,,& ,,raw ,,products ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pa9ts1 ,,col\rs1 ,,v>ni%es ,,& ,,alli$ ,,prep>ations4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,demy #hvo4 #chj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,lake ,,pigm5ts ,,f ,,artificial ,,col\rs4 ,by ,,francis ,h4 ,,j5nison1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,sixte5 ,col\r$ ,plates1 %[+ ,specim5s ( ,eighty-n9e ,col\rs1 specially prep>$ f ! ,recipes giv5 9 ! ,book4 #acf pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,m9]al ,,& ,,lake ,,pigm5ts4 ,conta9+ ,directions = ! ,manufacture ( all ,artificial1 ,arti/s & ,pa9t]s' ,col\rs1 ,enamel1 ,soot & ,metallic ,pigm5ts4 ,a text-book = ,manufactur]s1 ,m]*ants1 ,arti/s & ,pa9t]s1 ,by ,dr4 ,,josef ,,b]s*4 ,translat$ by ,a4,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,=ty-?ree ,illu/rations4 #dgf pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,recipes ,,= ,,! ,,col\r1 ,,pa9t1 ,,v>ni%1 ,,oil1 ,,soap ,,& ,,drysalt]y ,,trades4 ,compil$ by ,,an ,,analytical ,,*emi/4 #cej pp4 ,second ,revis$ ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,oil ,,col\rs ,,& ,,pr9t]s' ,,inks4 ,by ,,l\is ,,edg> ,,&,s4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 #bae pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ef ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,mod]n ,,pr9t+ ,,inks4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,pr9t+ ,ink ,manufactur]s & ,pr9t]s4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,seym\r4 ,demy #hvo4 ,six ,illu/rations4 #ij pages4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,%ades ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,mix ,,!m4 ,= ,ar*itects1 ,pa9t]s & ,decorators4 ,by ,a4 ,,desa9t1 ,arti/ic ,int]ior ,decorator ( ,p>is4 ,! book conta9s #ajj folio ,plates1 measur+ #ab 94 by #g 941 ea* ,plate conta9+ specim5s ( ?ree arti/ic %ades4 ,^! %ades are all numb]$1 & _! composition & p>ticul>s = mix+ are fully giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,ea* ,plate is int]leav$ ) grease-pro( pap]1 & ! volume is v arti/ically b\nd 9 art & l95 ) ! ,%ield ( ! ,pa9t]s' ,guild impress$ on ! cov] 9 gold & silv]4 ,price #bas4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bas4 #f;d4 home2 #bbs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,h\se ,,decorat+ ,,& ,,pa9t+4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,br[n4 ,eighty-eight ,illu/rations4 #aej pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home & abroad47 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,decorative ,,art4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,br[n4 ,?irty-n9e ,illu/rations4 #if pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #as4 net4 7,po/ free1 #as4 #c;d4 home & abroad47 ,,work%op ,,wr9kles4 = ,decorators1 ,pa9t]s1 ,pap]hang]s1 & ,o!rs4 ,by ,w4,n4 ,,br[n4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abh pp4 ,second ,edition4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home2 #bs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,case94 ,by ,,rob]t ,,s*]]4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,,*as4 ,,salt]4 ,demy #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,revis$ ,engli% ,edition4 #afj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,simple ,,me?ods ,,= ,,te/+ ,,pa9t]s' ,,mat]ials4 ,by ,a4,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon4741 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,cr[n #hvo4 #afj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,iron-,,corrosion1 ,,anti-,,f\l+ ,,& ,,anti-,,corrosive ,,pa9ts4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,l\is ,,edg> ,,&,s4 ,sixty-two ,illu/rations4 #bge pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,te/+ ,,& ,,valuation ,,( ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pa9t ,,& ,,col\r ,,manufacture4 ,by ,m4,w4 ,,jones1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,a ,book = ! ,laboratories ( ,col\r ,works4 #hh pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home & abroad47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,i4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,m]its ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead ,,& ,,z9c ,,:ite ,,pa9ts4 ,by ,g4 ,,petit1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 etc4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajj pp4 ,price #ds4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ds4 #c;d4 home2 #ds4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,,/ud5ts' ,,h&book ,,( ,,pa9ts1 ,,col\rs1 ,,oils ,,& ,,v>ni%es4 ,by ,,john ,,furnell4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ab ,illu/rations4 #if pp4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home & abroad47 7,v>ni%es & ,dry+ ,oils47 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,v>ni%es ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,indu/ries4 ,by ,j4 ,,g$des ,,mc9to%4 ,second1 greatly enl>g$1 ,engli% ,edition1 9 ?ree ,volumes1 bas$ on & includ+ ! "w ( ,a*4 ,liva*e4 ,,volume ,i4--,,oil ,,cru%+1 ,,ref9+ ,,& ,,boil+1 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,l9oleum1 ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,li?ographic ,,inks1 ,,& ,,india-,,rubb] ,,sub/itutes4 ,demy #hvo4 #aej pp4 #bi ,illu/rations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,volume ,,ii4--,,v>ni% ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,oil-,,v>ni% ,,mak+4 ,demy #hvo4 #gj ,illu/rations4 #bbj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,volume ,,iii4--,,_s ,,v>ni%es ,,& ,,_s ,,v>ni% ,,mat]ials4 ,demy #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #dfd pp4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,dry+ ,,oils1 ,,boil$ ,,oil ,,& ,,solid ,,& ,,liquid ,,dri]s4 ,by ,l4,e4 ,,&,s4 ,expressly ,writt5 = ?is ,s]ies ( ,special ,te*nical ,books1 & ! ,publi%]s hold ! ,copyright = ,engli% & ,=eign ,editions4 ,=ty-two ,illu/rations4 #cdb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #c;d4 abroad47 7,analysis ( ,res9s1 see page #i47 7,oils1 ,fats1 ,waxes1 ,greases1 ,petroleum47 ,,lubricat+ ,,oils1 ,,pats ,,& ,,greases3 ,_! ,orig91 ,prep>ation1 ,prop]ties1 ,uses & ,analyses4 ,a ,h&book = ,oil ,manufactur]s1 ,ref9]s & ,m]*ants1 & ! ,oil & ,fat ,indu/ry 9 ,g5]al4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,?ird ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,sev5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 #chd pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,te*nology ,,( ,,petroleum3 ,oil ,fields ( ! ,_w--,_! ,hi/ory1 ,geography & ,geology--,annual ,production & ,developm5t--,oil-well ,drill+--,transport4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,neub]g] & ,,h5ry ,,noalhat4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,j4,g4 ,,mc9to%4 #eej pp4 #aec ,illu/rations4 #bf ,plates4 ,sup] ,royal #hvo4 ,price #bas4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bas1 #i;d4 home2 #bcs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,m9]al ,,waxes3 ,_! ,prep>ation & ,uses4 ,by ,,rudolf ,,gregorius4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bej pp4 #cb ,illu/rations4 ,price #fs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #fs4 #d;d4 home2 #fs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,practical ,,comp\nd+ ,,( ,,oils1 ,,tall[ ,,& ,,grease ,,= ,,lubrication1 ,,etc4 ,by ,an ,,exp]t ,,oil ,,ref9]4 ,second ,edition4 #ajj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,lubricants1 ,,%oe ,,poli%es ,,& ,,lea!r ,,dress+s4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,brunn]4 ,translat$ f ! ,six? ,g]man ,edition by ,,*as4 ,,salt]4 #aj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #agj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,oil ,,m]*ants' ,,manual ,,& ,,oil ,,trade ,,ready ,,reckon]4 ,compil$ by ,,frank ,f4 ,,%]riff4 ,second ,edition ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,demy #hvo4 #bad pp4 ,) ,two ,%eets ( ,tables4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,animal ,,fats ,,& ,,oils3 ,_! ,practical ,production1 ,purification & ,uses = a great ,v>iety ( ,purposes4 ,_! ,prop]ties1 ,falsification & ,exam9ation4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,l\is ,,edg> ,,&,s4 ,sixty-two ,illu/rations4 #bdj pp4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,demy #hvo41 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,i4 ,,vegetable ,,fats ,,& ,,oils3 ,_! ,practical ,prep>ation1 ,purification & ,employm5t = ,v>i\s ,purposes1 _! ,prop]ties1 ,adult]ation & ,exam9ation4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,l\is ,,edg> ,,&,s4 ,n9ety-f\r ,illu/rations4 #cdj pp4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,edible ,,fats ,,& ,,oils3 ,_! ,composition1 ,manufacture & ,analysis4 ,by ,w4,h4 ,,simmons1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 & ,c4,a4 ,,mit*ell1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon474 ,demy #hvo4 #aej pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,ess5tial ,oils & ,p]fumes47 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,ess5tial ,,oils ,,& ,,artificial ,,p]fumes4 ,by ,,erne/ ,j4 ,,p>ry1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #eeb pp4 #bj ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,soap ,manufacture47 ,,soaps4 ,a ,practical ,manual ( ! ,manufacture ( ,dome/ic1 ,toilet & o!r ,soaps4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s4 #bnd edition4 #cij pp4 #ff ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,textile ,,soaps ,,& ,,oils4 ,h&book on ! ,prep>ation1 ,prop]ties & ,analysis ( ! ,soaps & ,oils us$ 9 ,textile ,manufactur+1 ,dye+ & ,pr9t+4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #aie pp4 #aijd4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,soap ,,manufacture4 ,by ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,simmons1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,c4,s4 & ,h4,a4 ,,appleton4 ,demy #hvo4 #afj pp4 #bg ,illu/rations4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #hs4 #aj;d4 home2 #is4 abroad47 7,cosmetical ,prep>ations47 ,,cosmetics3 ,,manufacture1 ,,employm5t ,,& ,,te/+ ,,( ,,all ,,cosmetic ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,cosmetic ,,specialities4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,dr4 ,,!odor ,,koll]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bfb pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,glue1 ,bone ,products & ,manures47 ,,glue ,,& ,,glue ,,te/+4 ,by ,,samuel ,,rideal1 ,d4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c4 ,f\rte5 ,engrav+s4 #add pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad7 ,,bone ,,products ,,& ,,manures3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! mo/ rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,fat1 ,glue1 ,animal ,*>coal1 ,size1 ,gelat9e & ,manures4 ,by ,,?omas ,,lamb]t1 ,te*nical & ,consult+ ,*emi/4 ,illu/rat$ by ,tw5ty-"o ,plans & ,diagrams4 #afb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,see also ,*emical ,manures1 p4 #i47 7,*emicals1 ,wa/e ,products1 etc47 ,,reissue ,,( ,,*emical ,,essays ,,( ,c4,w4 ,,s*eele4 ,fir/ ,publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 #aghf4 ,translat$ f ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,/ockholm1 ) ,additions4 #cjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #f;d4 home2 #es4 #i;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,alum ,,& ,,! ,,sulphates ,,& ,,o!r ,,salts ,,( ,,alum9a ,,& ,,iron4 ,_! ,uses & ,applications z ,mordants 9 ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1 & _! o!r ,applications 9 ! ,arts ,manufactures1 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,agriculture & ,horticulture4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,luci5 ,,ges*w9d4 #aie ,illu/rations4 #djj pp4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,ammonia ,,& ,,its ,,comp\nds3 ,_! ,manufacture & ,uses4 ,by ,,camille ,,v9c5t1 ,pr(essor at ! ,c5tral ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,manufactures1 ,p>is4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,m4,j4 ,,salt]4 ,royal #hvo4 #aad pp4 ,?irty-two ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,*emical ,,works3 ,_! ,design1 ,erection1 & ,equipm5t4 ,by ,s4,s4 ,,dyson & ,s4,s4 ,,cl>kson4 ,royal #hvo4 #bbj pp4 ,) ,plates & ,illu/rations4 ,price #bas4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bas4 #f;d4 home2 #bbs4 abroad47 ,,%ale ,,t> ,,di/illation3 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,%ale & ,lignite ,products4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,w4 ,,s*ei?au]4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,i4 ,,indu/rial ,,alcohol4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ! ,production & ,use ( ,alcohol = ,indu/rial ,purposes & = ,use z a ,heat+ ,ag5t1 z an ,illum9ant & z a ,s\rce ( ,motive ,p[]4 ,by ,j4,g4 ,,mc9to%1 ,lectur] on ,manufacture & ,applications ( ,indu/rial ,alcohol at ,! ,polyte*nic1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 ,london4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijg4 #bej pp4 ,) #ge ,illu/rations & #be ,tables4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,utilisation ,,( ,,wa/e ,,products4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,rational ,utilisation1 ,recov]y & ,treatm5t ( ,wa/e ,products ( all k9ds4 ,by ,dr4 ,,!odor ,,koll]4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,revis$ ,g]man ,edition4 ,tw5ty-two ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #bhj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,analysis ,,( ,,res9s ,,& ,,balsams4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,dr4 ,,k>l ,,diet]i*4 ,demy #hvo4 #cdj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 7,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,manures47 ,,manual ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,+le1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,late ,lectur] on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 ! ,le$s ,univ]sity2 ,lectur] 9 ! ,victoria ,univ]sity4 ,second ,edition1 ) additional matt] relat+ to ,tropical ,agriculture1 etc4 #dch pp4 #aa ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,*emical ,,manures4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,j4 ,,frits*4 ,demy #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #cdj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,see also ,bone ,products & ,manures1 p4 #h47 7,writ+ ,inks & ,seal+ ,waxes47 ,,ink ,,manufacture3 ,includ+ ,writ+1 ,copy+1 ,li?ographic1 ,m>k+1 ,/amp+1 & ,laundry ,inks4 ,by ,,sigmund ,,lehn]4 ,?ree ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #afb pp4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ! ,fif? ,edition4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,seal+-,,waxes1 ,,waf]s ,,& ,,o!r ,,adhesives ,,= ,,! ,,h\sehold1 ,,(fice1 ,,work%op ,,& ,,factory4 ,by ,h4,c4 ,,/&age1 ,cr[n #hvo4 #if pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 7,lead ,ores & ,lead ,comp\nds47 ,,lead ,,& ,,its ,,comp\nds4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,lamb]t1 ,te*nical & ,consult+ ,*emi/4 ,demy #hvo4 #bbf pp4 ,=ty ,illu/rations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,notes ,,on ,,lead ,,ores3 ,_! ,di/ribution & ,prop]ties4 ,by ,,jas4 ,,fairie1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fd pages4 ,price #as4 net4 7,po/ free1 #as4 #c;d4 home2 #as4 #d;d4 abroad47 7,:ite ,lead & ,z9c ,:ite ,pa9ts1 see p4 #e447 7,indu/rial ,hygi5e47 ,,! ,,risks ,,& ,,dang]s ,,to ,,heal? ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,occupations ,,& ,,_! ,,prev5tion4 ,by ,,leon>d ,a4 ,,p>ry1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 #aif pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,indu/rial ,uses ( ,air1 ,/eam & ,wat]47 ,,dry+ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,air ,,& ,,/eam4 ,explanations1 ,=mul1 & ,tables = ,use 9 ,practice4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,e4 ,,hausbr&4 ,two fold+ ,diagrams & ,?irte5 ,tables4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gb pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,see also ,evaporat+1 ,cond5s+ & ,cool+ ,app>atus1 p4 #ai47 ,,pure ,,air1 ,,ozone1 ,,& ,,wat]4 ,a ,practical ,treatise ( _! ,utilisation & ,value 9 ,oil1 ,grease1 ,soap1 ,pa9t1 ,glue & o!r ,indu/ries4 ,by ,w4,b4 ,,c[ell4 ,twelve ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #he pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,uses ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,composition--,,effects--,,tr\bles--,,r em$ies--,,residu>y ,,wat]s--,,purification--,,analysis4 ,by ,h4 ,,de ,,la ,,c\x4 ,royal #hvo4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* & ,revis$ by ,,ar?ur ,,morris4 #cfd pp4 #ace ,illu/rations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,see ,books on ,smoke ,prev5tion1 ,eng9e]+ & ,metallurgy1 p4 #ai1 etc47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,,iii4 7,x ,rays47 ,,practical ,x ,,ray ,,"w4 ,by ,,frank ,t4 ,,addyman1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,memb] ( ! ,ro5tg5 ,society ( ,london2 ,radiograph] to ,/4 ,george's ,hospital2 ,demon/rator ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 & ,tea*] ( ,radiography 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,demy #hvo4 ,twelve ,plates f ,photographs ( ,x ,ray ,"w4 ,fifty-two ,illu/rations4 #bjj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 7,india-,rubb] & ,gutta ,p]*a47 ,,india-,,rubb] ,,& ,,gutta ,,p]*a4 ,second ,engli% ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,bas$ on ! ,fr5* "w ( ,t4 ,,seeligmann1 ,g4 ,,lamy ,,torrilhon & ,h4 ,,falconnet by ,,john ,,g$des ,,mc9to%4 ,royal #hvo4 #ajj ,illu/rations4 #djj pages4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,lea!r ,trades47 ,,! ,,lea!r ,,work]',s ,,manual4 ,be+ a ,comp5dium ( ,practical ,recipes & ,work+ ,=mul = ,curri]s1 ,bootmak]s1 ,lea!r ,dress]s1 ,black+ ,manufactur]s1 ,saddl]s1 ,fancy ,lea!r ,work]s4 ,by ,h4,c4 ,,/&age4 ,demy #hvo4 #afe pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,see also ,manufacture ( ,%oe ,poli%es1 ,lea!r ,dress+s1 etc41 p4 #f47 7,pott]y1 ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,glass1 etc47 ,,mod]n ,,brickmak+4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,b4 ,,se>le1 ,royal #hvo4 #ddj pages4 #bfj ,illu/rations4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,manual ,,( ,,practical ,,pott+4 ,compil$ by ,exp]ts1 & ,edit$ by ,,*as4 ,f4 ,,b9ns4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #bjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ags4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ags4 #aj;d4 home2 #ahs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,pott]y ,,decorat+4 ,a ,description ( all ! ,processes = ,decorat+ ,pott]y & ,porcela94 ,by ,r4 ,,ha9ba*4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bej pp4 ,tw5ty-two ,illu/rations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,c]amic ,,indu/ries4 ,a ,complete ,manual = ,pott]y1 ,tile1 & ,brick ,manufactur]s4 ,by ,,emile ,,b\rry4 ,a ,revis$ ,translation f ! ,fr5*1 ) "s ,critical ,notes by ,,alfr$ ,b4 ,,se>le4 ,demy #hvo4 #cjh ,illu/rations4 #dfj pp4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,ar*itectural ,,pott]y4 ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,pipes1 ,enamell$ ,t]ra-cottas1 ,ord9>y & ,incru/$ ,qu>ries1 ,/onew>e ,mosaics1 ,faences & ,ar*itectural ,/onew>e4 ,by ,,leon ,,lef,,vre4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,k4,h4 ,,bird1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,,moore ,,b9ns4 ,) ,five ,plates4 #iej ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text1 & num]\s e/imates4 #ejj pp41 royal #hvo4 ,price #aes4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aes4 #f;d4 home2 #afs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,c]amic ,,te*nology3 ,be+ "s ,aspects ( ,te*nical ,sci5ce z ,appli$ to ,pott]y ,manufacture4 ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,f4 ,,b9ns4 #ajj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #abs4 #aj;d4 home2 #acs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,rivet+ ,,glass1 ,,*9a ,,& ,,e>!nw>e4 ,by ,j4 ,,h[>?4 ,second ,edition4 ,pap] ,cov]4 ,price #as4 net4 7,by po/1 home or abroad1 #as4 #a;d47 ,,notes ,,on ,,pott]y ,,clays4 ,! ,di/ribution1 ,prop]ties1 ,uses & ,analyses ( ,ball ,clays1 ,*9a ,clays & ,*9a ,/one4 ,by ,,jas4 ,,fairie1 ,f4,g4,s4 #acb pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,h[ ,,to ,,analyse ,,clay4 ,by ,h4,m4 ,,a%by4 ,demy #hvo4 #gb ,pages4 #bj ,illu/rations4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,a ,reissue ( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,/af=d%ire ,,pott]ies2 ,,& ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela94 ,) ,ref]5ces to ,g5u9e ,specim5s1 & ,notices ( ,em95t ,pott]s4 ,by ,,simeon ,,%aw4 7,orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahbi47 #bfe pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #i;d4 abroad47 ,a ,reissue ( ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,het]og5e\s ,,comp\nds ,,us$ ,,9 ,,manufactur+ ,,porcela91 ,,glass ,,& ,,pott]y4 ,by ,,simeon ,,%aw4 7,orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahcg47 #gej pp4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #f;d4 home2 #abs4 abroad47 ,,briti% ,,pott]y ,,m>ks4 ,by ,g4 ,,woolliscr(t ,,rhead4 ,demy #hvo4 #caj pp4 ,) ov] ,twelve-hundr$ ,illu/rations ( ,m>ks4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,,iii4 7,glassw>e1 ,glass ,/a9+ & ,pa9t+47 ,,recipes ,,= ,,fl9t ,,glass ,,mak+4 ,by a ,briti% ,glass ,ma/] & ,mix]4 ,sixty ,recipes4 ,be+ ,leaves f ! ,mix+ ,book ( sev]al exp]ts 9 ! ,fl9t ,glass ,trade1 conta9+ up-to-date recipes & valuable in=mation z to ,cry/al1 ,demi-cry/al & ,col\r$ ,glass 9 its _m v>ieties4 ,x conta9s ! recipes = *eap metal suit$ to press+1 bl[+1 etc41 z well z ! mo/ co/ly cry/al & ruby4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #i;d4 home2 #ajs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass ,,pa9t+4 ,prefac$ ) a ,review ( ,anci5t ,glass4 ,by ,,erne/ ,r4 ,,suffl+4 ,) ,"o ,col\r$ ,plate & ,?irty-sev5 ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #adj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,pap] ,mak+1 ,pap] ,dye+1 & ,te/+47 ,,! ,,dye+ ,,( ,,pap] ,,pulp4 ,a ,practical ,treatise = ! use ( ,pap]mak]s1 ,pap]/a9]s1 ,/ud5ts & o!rs4 ,by ,,julius ,,erfurt1 ,manag] ( a ,pap] ,mill4 ,translat$ into ,engli% & ,edit$ ) ,additions by ,,julius ,h,,bn]1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,lectur] on ,pap]mak+ at ! ,man*e/] ,municipal ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,) illu/rations & #aeg patt]ns ( pap] dy$ 9 ! pulp4 ,royal #hvo1 #ahj pp4 ,price #aes4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aes4 #f;d4 home2 #afs4 #f;d4 abroad74 ,,! ,,pap] ,,mill ,,*emi/4 ,by ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,/ev5s1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,royal #abmo4 #fj illu/rations4 #cjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #gs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,pap] ,,= ,,special ,,purposes4 ,by ,l4,e4 ,,&,s4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #dh ,illu/rations4 #bej pp4 ,price #fs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #fs4 #d;d4 home2 #fs4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,enamell+ on ,metal47 ,,enamels ,,& ,,enamell+4 ,= ,enamel ,mak]s1 ,work]s 9 ,gold & ,silv]1 & ,manufactur]s ( ,objects ( ,art4 ,by ,,paul ,,r&au4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,enamell+ ,,on ,,metal4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,br[n4 ,tw5ty-eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fj pp4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home & abroad47 7,textile & ,dye+ ,subjects47 ,,! ,,f9i%+ ,,( ,,textile ,,fabrics 7,wooll51 ,wor/$1 ,union & o!r ,clo?s74 ,by ,,rob]ts ,,beaumont1 ,m4,sc41 ,m4,i4 ,me*4,e41 ,pr(essor ( ,textile ,indu/ries1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,le$s2 ,au?or ( ,col\r 9 ,wov5 ,design2 ,wooll5 & ,wor/$ ,clo? ,manufacture2 ,wov5 ,fabrics at ! ,_w's ,fair2 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,jury ( ,aw>d at ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 #aijj2 ,inspector ( ,textile ,in/itutes2 ,society ( ,arts ,silv] ,m$alli/2 ,honor>y ,m$alli/ ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute4 ,) #aej ,illu/rations ( ,fibres1 ,y>ns & ,fabrics1 also ,sectional & o!r ,draw+s ( ,f9i%+ ,ma*9]y ,demy #hvo4 #bfj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,fibres ,,us$ ,,9 ,,textile ,,& ,,alli$ ,,indu/ries4 ,by ,c4 ,,a9swor? ,,mit*ell1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,i4,c41 & ,r4,m4 ,,prideaux1 ,f4,i4,c4 ,) #ff ,illu/rations specially drawn direct f ! ,fibres4 ,demy #hvo4 #bjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,dress+s ,,& ,,f9i%+s ,,= ,,textile ,,fabrics ,,& ,,_! ,,application4 ,description ( all ! ,mat]ials us$ 9 ,dress+ ,textiles3 ,_! ,special ,prop]ties1 ! prep>ation ( ,dress+s & _! employm5t 9 ,f9i%+ ,l951 ,cotton1 ,wooll5 & ,silk ,fabrics4 ,firepro( & ,wat]pro( ,dress+s1 toge!r ) ! pr9cipal ma*9]y employ$4 ,translat$ f ! ,?ird ,g]man ,edition ( ,,fri$ri* ,,polleyn4 ,demy #hvo4 #bhj pp4 ,sixty ,illu/rations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,*emical ,,te*nology ,,( ,,textile ,,fibres2 ,_! ,orig91 ,/ructure1 ,prep>ation1 ,wa%+1 ,blea*+1 ,dye+1 ,pr9t+ & ,dress+4 ,by ,dr4 ,,georg ,,von ,,georgievics4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,,*>les ,,salt]4 #cbj pp4 ,=ty-sev5 ,illu/rations4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,p[]-,,loom ,,weav+ ,,& ,,y>n ,,numb]+1 ,accord+ to ,v>i\s ,sy/ems1 ) ,conv]sion ,tables4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,an?on ,,grun]4 ,) ,tw5ty-six ,diagrams 9 ,col\rs4 #aej pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,textile ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,_! ,,conv]sion ,,into ,,y>ns4 7,! ,/udy ( ! ,raw ,mat]ials & ! ,te*nology ( ! ,sp9n+ ,process47 ,by ,,julius ,,zips]4 ,translat$ f ,g]man by ,,*>les ,,salt]4 #cjb ,illu/rations4 #ejj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,,ii4 ,,gramm> ,,( ,,textile ,,design4 ,by ,h4 ,,nisbet1 ,weav+ & ,design+ ,ma/]1 ,bolton ,municipal ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,demy #hvo4 #bhj pp4 #dij ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,price #fs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #fs4 #d;d4 home2 #fs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,art ,,ne$lework ,,& ,,design4 ,,po9t ,,lace4 ,a ,manual ( ,appli$ ,art = ,second>y ,s*ools & ,cont9uation ,classes4 ,by ,m4,e4 ,,wilk9son4 ,oblong qu>to4 ,) #bb ,plates4 ,b\nd 9 ,art ,l954 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #aj;d4 home2 #ds4 abroad47 ,,home ,,lace-,,mak+4 ,a ,h&book = ,tea*]s & ,pupils4 ,by ,m4,e4,w4 ,,milroy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fd pp4 ,) #c ,plates & #i ,diagrams4 ,price #as4 net4 7,po/ free1 #as4 #c;d4 home2 #as4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,hat ,,manufactur+4 ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,hat ,manufactur]s' ,association4 ,by ,,watson ,,smi?1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,revis$ & ,edit$ by ,,alb]t ,,%onk4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #acb pp4 #af ,illu/rations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #gs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,te*nical ,,te/+ ,,( ,,y>ns ,,& ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,) ,ref]5ce to ,(ficial ,specifications4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,,h]zfeld4 ,second ,edition4 ,sixty-n9e ,illu/rations4 #bjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,,decorative ,,& ,,fancy ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,by ,r4,t4 ,,"l4 ,= ,manufactur]s & ,design]s ( ,c>pets1 ,damask1 ,dress & all ,textile ,fabrics4 #bjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #acb ,designs & ,illu/rations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,damask ,,weav+4 ,by ,h4 ,,k9z] & ,k4 ,,walt]4 ,royal #hvo4 ,eighte5 ,fold+ ,plates4 ,six ,illu/rations4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 #aaj pp4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #is4 home2 #is4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,faults ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,wooll5 ,,goods ,,& ,,_! ,,prev5tion4 ,by ,,nicolas ,,reis]4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,sixty-?ree ,illu/rations4 #agj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,sp9n+ ,,& ,,weav+ ,,calculations1 especially relat+ to ,wooll5s4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,n4 ,,reis]4 ,?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,tables4 #afj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijd4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,,wat]pro(+ ,,( ,,fabrics4 ,by ,dr4 ,s4 ,,mi]z9ski4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajd pp4 #bi ,illus4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,wooll5 ,,mill ,,pay4 ,by ,,john ,,mackie4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gf pp4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,y>n ,,& ,,w>p ,,siz+ ,,9 ,,all ,,its ,,bran*es4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,c>l ,,krets*m>4 ,royal #hvo4 #abc ,illu/rations4 #aej pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 7,= ,textile ,soaps & ,oils see p4 #g47 7,dye+1 ,col\r ,pr9t+1 ,mat*+ & ,dye-/uffs47 ,,! ,,col\r ,,pr9t+ ,,( ,,c>pet ,,y>ns4 ,manual = ,col\r ,*emi/s & ,textile ,pr9t]s4 ,by ,,david ,,pat]son1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,sev5te5 ,illu/rations4 #acf pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,col\r ,,mix+4 ,a ,manual int5d$ = ! use ( ,dy]s1 ,calico ,pr9t]s & ,col\r ,*emi/s4 ,by ,,david ,,pat]son1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,=ty-"o ,illu/rations4 ,five ,col\r$ ,plates1 & ,f\r ,plates %[+ ,elev5 ,dy$ ,specim5s ,( ,fabrics4 #acb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,dy]s' ,,mat]ials3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,exam9ation1 ,evaluation & ,application ( ! mo/ important ,sub/ances us$ 9 ,dye+1 ,pr9t+1 ,blea*+ & ,f9i%+4 ,by ,,paul ,,he]man1 ,ph4,d4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,a4,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon741 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #aej pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,col\r ,,mat*+ ,,on ,,textiles4 ,a ,manual int5d$ = ! use ( ,/ud5ts ( ,col\r ,*emi/ry1 ,dye+ & ,textile ,pr9t+4 ,by ,,david ,,pat]son1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,col\r$ ,frontispiece4 ,tw5ty-n9e ,illu/rations & ,f\rte5 ,specim5s ( ,dy$ ,fabrics4 ,demy #hvo4 #acb pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,col\r3 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,col\r4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,) ,t5 ,col\r$ ,plates & ,sev5ty-two ,illu/rations4 #afj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,,ii4 ,reissue ( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,dye+ ,,wool1 ,,silk ,,& ,,cotton4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,,hellot1 ,m4 ,,macqu] & ,m4 ,,le ,,pileur ,d',,apligny4 ,fir/ ,publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 #aghi4 ,six ,plates4 ,demy #hvo4 #ddf pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #f;d4 home2 #fs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,dye-,,/uffs4 ,by ,dr4 ,,georg ,,von ,,georgievics4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition4 #dab pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,dye+ ,,( ,,cotton ,,fabrics3 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ! ,dy] & ,/ud5t4 ,by ,,frankl9 ,,bee*1 ,practical ,col\ri/ & ,*emi/4 #bgb pp4 ,=ty-f\r ,illu/rations ( ,blea*+ & ,dye+ ,ma*9]y4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,! ,,dye+ ,,( ,,wooll5 ,,fabrics4 ,by ,,frankl9 ,,bee*1 ,practical ,col\ri/ & ,*emi/4 ,?irty-?ree ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #bbh pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,silk ,manufacture47 ,,silk ,,?r[+ ,,& ,,wa/e ,,silk ,,sp9n+4 ,by ,,holl9s ,,rayn]4 ,demy #hvo4 #agj pp4 #aag ,illus4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,blea*+ & ,blea*+ ,ag5ts47 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,blea*+ ,,( ,,l95 ,,& ,,cotton ,,y>n ,,& ,,fabrics4 ,by ,l4 ,,tailf]1 ,*emical & ,me*anical ,eng9e]4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,,john ,,g$des ,,mc9to%4 ,demy #hvo4 #cjc pp4 ,tw5ty ,illus4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,mod]n ,,blea*+ ,,ag5ts ,,& ,,det]g5ts4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,max ,,bottl]4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #af ,illu/rations4 #afj pages4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,cotton ,sp9n+ & ,comb+47 ,,cotton ,,sp9n+ 7,fir/ ,ye>74 ,by ,,?omas ,,?ornley1 ,sp9n+ ,ma/]1 ,bolton ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #afj pp4 ,eighty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,second ,impression4 ,price #cs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #d;d4 home2 #cs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,cotton ,,sp9n+ 7,int]m$iate1 or ,second ,ye>74 ,by ,,?omas ,,?ornley4 ,second ,impression4 #ahj pp4 ,sev5ty ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home3 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,cotton ,,sp9n+ 7,hon\rs1 or ,?ird ,ye>74 ,by ,,?omas ,,?ornley4 #baf pp ,sev5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,cotton ,,comb+ ,,ma*9es4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,?ornley1 ,sp9n+ ,ma/]1 ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,bolton4 ,demy #hvo4 #aag ,illu/rations4 #cjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,cotton ,,wa/e3 ,its ,production1 ,*>act]i/ics1 ,regulation1 ,op5+1 ,c>d+1 ,sp9n+ & ,weav+4 ,by ,,?omas ,,?ornley4 ,demy #hvo4 ,ab\t #cjj pages4 ,9 ! press4 ,,! ,,r+ ,,sp9n+ ,,frame3 ,,guide ,,= ,,ov]look]s ,,& ,,/ud5ts4 ,by ,n4 ,,boo?4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gf pages4 ,price #cs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #c;d4 home2 #cs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,j publi%$4 7,flax1 ,hemp & ,jute ,sp9n+47 ,,mod]n ,,flax1 ,,hemp ,,& ,,jute ,,sp9n+ ,,& ,,twi/+4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ! use ( ,flax1 ,hemp & ,jute ,sp9n]s1 ,?read1 ,tw9e & ,rope ,mak]s4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,r4 ,,c>t]1 ,mill ,manag]1 ,textile ,exp]t & ,eng9e]1 ,exam9] 9 ,flax ,sp9n+ to ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijg4 ,) #ib ,illu/rations4 #bjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #hs abroad47 7,colli]ies & ,m9es47 ,,recov]y ,,"w ,,aft] ,,pit ,,fires4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,lampre*t1 ,m9+ ,eng9e] & ,manag]4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,illu/rat$ by ,six l>ge ,plates1 conta9+ ,sev5ty-six ,illu/rations4 #age pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,,v5tilation ,,9 ,,m9es4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wabn]1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,royal #hvo4 ,?irty ,plates & ,tw5ty-two ,illu/rations4 #bdj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,haulage ,,& ,,w9d+ ,,appliances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,m9es4 ,by ,,c>l ,,volk4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,royal #hvo4 ,) ,six ,plates & #adh ,illu/rations4 #aej pp4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #is4 home2 #is4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,,iii4 ,,! ,,electrical ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,colli]ies4 ,by ,w4 ,,gall[ay ,,duncan1 ,electrical & ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,head ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,eng9e]+1 ,dacca1 ,india2 & ,,david ,,p5man1 ,c]tificat$ ,colli]y ,manag]1 ,lectur] 9 ,m9+ to ,fife ,c\nty ,committee4 ,demy #hvo4 #caj pp4 #aee ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 7,d5tal ,metallurgy47 ,,d5tal ,,metallurgy3 ,,manual ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,d5ti/s4 ,by ,a4,b4 ,,griffi?s1 ,ph4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 ,?irty-six ,illu/rations4 #bjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,eng9e]+1 ,smoke ,prev5tion & ,metallurgy47 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,smoke4 ,comb9$ ) ! ,economical ,combu/ion ( ,fuel4 ,by ,w4,c4 ,,popplewell1 ,m4,sc41 ,a4,m4 ,in/41 ,c4,e41 ,consult+ ,eng9e]4 ,=ty-six ,illu/rations4 #aij pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,gas ,,& ,,coal ,,du/ ,,fir+4 ,a ,critical ,review ( ! ,v>i\s ,appliances ,pat5t$ 9 ,g]many = ?is purpose s9ce #ahhe4 ,by ,,alb]t ,p,,ts*4 #acj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,) #ajc ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,h>d5+ ,,& ,,temp]+ ,,( ,,/eel ,,9 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice4 ,by ,,fridol9 ,,reis]4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ! ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,,sid]ology3 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,iron 7,! ,con/itution ( ,iron ,alloys & ,slags74 ,translat$ f ,g]man ( ,,hanns ,,freih]r ,v4 ,j,,ptn]4 #cej pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,elev5 ,plates & ,t5 ,illu/rations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,evaporat+1 ,,cond5s+ ,,& ,,cool+ ,,app>atus4 ,explanations1 ,=mul & ,tables = ,use 9 ,practice4 ,by ,e4 ,,hausbr&1 ,eng9e]4 ,translat$ by ,a4,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc41 7,lond474 ,) ,tw5ty-"o ,illu/rations & ,sev5ty-six ,tables4 #djj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,! ,broadway ,s]ies ( ,eng9e]+ ,h&books47 ,,volume ,i4--,,re9=c$ ,,concrete4 ,by ,,ew>t ,s4 ,,&rews1 ,b4,sc4 ,eng4 7,lond474 ,9 ! press4 ,,volume ,,ii4--,,gas ,,& ,,oil ,,eng9es4 ,9 ! press4 ,,volume ,,iii4--,,/ructural ,,/eel ,,& ,,iron ,,"w4 ,9 ! press4 ,,volume ,,iv4--,,too!d ,,ge>+4 ,by ,g4,t4 ,,:ite1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,9 ! press4 ,,volume ,v4--,,/eam ,,turb9es3 ,_! ,!ory & ,con/ruction4 ,9 ! press4 7,sanit>y ,plumb+1 ,electric ,wir+1 ,metal ,"w1 etc47 ,,ext]nal ,,plumb+ ,,"w4 ,a ,treatise on ,lead ,"w = ,ro(s4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,h>t1 ,r4,p4,c4 #ahj ,illu/rations4 #bgb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,second ,edition ,revis$4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free4 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,plumb]s ,,on ,,jo9t ,,wip+1 ,,pipe ,,b5d+ ,,& ,,lead ,,burn+4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,correct$1 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,h>t1 ,r4,p4,c4 #ahd ,illu/rations4 #cac pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,sanit>y ,,plumb+ ,,& ,,dra9age4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,h>t4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) #bjh ,illu/rations4 #bej pp4 #aijd4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,electric ,,wir+ ,,& ,,fitt+4 ,by ,,sydney ,f4 ,,walk]1 ,r4,n41 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,m4,i4,m94,e41 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 etc41 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #aej pp4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,tables4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,dipp+1 ,,burni%+1 ,,lacqu]+ ,,& ,,bronz+ ,,brass ,,w>e4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,br[n4 #dh pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #cs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #c;d4 home & abroad47 ,j publi%$4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,inc&esc5t ,,electric ,,lamps4 ,by ,g4 ,,basil ,,b>ham1 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #aif pp4 ,9 ! press4 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,i4 ,,wir+ ,,calculations ,,= ,,electric ,,light ,,& ,,p[] ,,in/allations4 ,a ,practical ,h&book conta9+ ,wir+ ,tables1 ,rules1 & ,=mul = ! ,use ( ,ar*itects1 ,eng9e]s1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 & ,electricians1 ,wir+ ,contractors & ,wirem51 etc4 ,by ,g4 ,,lummis ,,pat]son4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,tw5ty-two ,illu/rations4 #ajj pp4 ,9 ! press4 ,a ,,h&book ,,on ,,japann+ ,,& ,,enamell+ ,,= ,,cycles1 ,,b$/eads1 ,,t9w>e1 ,,etc4 ,by ,,william ,,norman ,,br[n4 #eb pp4 & ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #bs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bs4 #c;d4 home & abroad47 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,hot ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,h>t1 ,r4,p4,c4 ,) #abi ,illu/rations4 #agg pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 7,brew+ & ,botanical47 ,,hops ,,9 ,,_! ,,botanical1 ,,agricultural ,,& ,,te*nical ,,aspect1 ,,& ,,z ,,an ,,article ,,( ,,comm]ce4 ,by ,,emmanuel ,,gross1 ,pr(essor at ! ,high] ,agricultural ,college1 ,tets*5-,liebw]d4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,sev5ty-eight ,illu/rations4 #cdj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas #f;d4 abroad47 ,a ,,book ,,on ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,plants1 ,,fungicides ,,& ,,insecticides1 ,,etc4 ,demy #hvo4 ,ab\t #ejj pp4 ,9 ! press4 7,wood ,products1 ,timb] & ,wood ,wa/e47 ,,wood ,,products3 ,,di/illates ,,& ,,extracts4 ,by ,p4 ,,dumesny1 ,*emical ,eng9e]1 ,exp]t be=e ! ,lyons ,comm]cial ,tribunal1 ,memb] ( ! ,int]national ,association ( ,lea!r ,*emi/s2 & ,j4 ,,noy]4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,,donald ,,grant4 ,royal #hvo4 #cbj pp4 #ajc ,illu/rations & ,num]\s ,tables4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,timb]3 ,a ,compreh5sive ,/udy ( ,wood 9 all its ,aspects 7,comm]cial & ,botanical71 %[+ ! diff]5t ,applications & ,uses ( ,timb] 9 ,v>i\s ,trades1 etc4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,paul ,,*>p5ti]4 ,royal #hvo4 #dcg pp4 #agh ,illu/rations4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #ads4 abroad47 ,,! ,,utilisation ,,( ,,wood ,,wa/e4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,ern/ ,,hubb>d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #aib pp4 ,fifty ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,see also ,utilisation ( ,wa/e ,products1 p4 #i47 7,build+ & ,ar*itecture47 ,,ornam5tal ,,cem5t ,,"w4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,:eatley4 ,demy #hvo4 #hc ,illu/rations4 #abh pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,j publi%$4 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,dampness ,,9 ,,build+s2 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,causes1 ,nature & ,effects ( ,sal9e1 ,effloresc5ces & ,dry-rot1 = ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 ,ov]se]s1 ,pla/]]s1 ,pa9t]s & ,h\se ,own]s4 ,by ,,adolf ,,wilhelm ,,keim4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ! second revis$ ,edition by ,m4,j4 ,,salt]1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,eight ,col\r$ ,plates & ,?irte5 ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #aae pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,,h&book ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,build+1 ,,& ,,_! ,,alli$ ,,trades ,,& ,,subjects4 ,by ,,augu/9e ,c4 ,,passmore4 ,demy #hvo4 #chj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,foods1 ,drugs & ,sweetmeats47 ,,food ,,& ,,drugs4 ,by ,e4,j4 ,,p>ry1 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,volume ,i4 ,! ,analysis ( ,food & ,drugs 7,*emical & ,microscopical74 ,royal #hvo4 #gbd pp4 ,price #bas4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bas4 #h;d4 home2 #bbs4 abroad47 ,volume ,,ii4 ,! ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,acts1 #ahge-aijg4 ,royal #hvo4 #ahd pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,j publi%$4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pres]v$ ,,foods ,,& ,,sweetmeats4 ,by ,a4 ,,hausn]4 ,) ,tw5ty-eight ,illu/rations4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ! ?ird enl>g$ ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bbe pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #gs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,recipes ,,= ,,! ,,pres]v+ ,,( ,,fruit1 ,,vegetables ,,& ,,meat4 ,by ,e4 ,,wagn]4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abe pp4 ,) #ad ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,= cont5ts ( ^! books1 see ,li/ ,,iii4 7,dye+ ,fancy ,goods47 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,dye+ ,,& ,,/a9+ ,,m>ble1 ,,artificial ,,/one1 ,,bone1 ,,horn1 ,,ivory ,,& ,,wood1 ,,& ,,( ,,imitat+ ,,all ,,sorts ,,( ,,wood4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ! ,use ( ,jo9]s1 ,turn]s1 ,manufactur]s ( ,fancy ,goods1 ,/ick & ,umbrella ,mak]s1 ,comb ,mak]s1 etc4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,d4,h4 ,,soxhlet1 ,te*nical ,*emi/4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #afh pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 7,celluloid47 ,,celluloid3 ,its ,raw ,mat]ial1 ,manufacture1 ,prop]ties & ,uses4 ,a ,h&book = ,manufactur]s ( ,celluloid & ,celluloid ,articles1 & all ,indu/ries us+ ,celluloid2 also = ,d5ti/s & ,tee? ,speciali/s4 ,by ,dr4 ,fr4 ,b,,ckmann1 ,te*nical ,*emi/4 ,translat$ f ! ,?ird ,revis$ ,g]man ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abj pp4 ,) #di ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 7,li?ography1 ,pr9t+ & ,engrav+47 ,,practical ,,li?ography4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,seym\r4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,frontispiece & #cc ,illus4 #abj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,pr9t]s' ,,& ,,/ation]s' ,,ready ,,reckon] ,,& ,,comp5dium4 ,compil$ by ,,victor ,,graham4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #aab pp4 #aijd4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,engrav+ ,,= ,,illu/ration4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,practical ,,notes4 ,by ,j4 ,,kirkbride4 #gb pp4 ,two ,plates & #f ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home2 #bs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 7,= ,pr9t+ ,inks1 see p4 #d47 7,bookb9d+47 ,,practical ,,bookb9d+4 ,by ,,paul ,,adam4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ahj pp4 #abg ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,sug> ,ref9+47 ,,! ,,te*nology ,,( ,,sug>3 ,practical ,treatise on ! ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,manufacture ( ,sug> f ! ,sug> ,cane & ,sug> ,beet4 ,by ,,john ,,g$des ,,mc9to%4 ,second ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 #dcf pp4 ,sev5ty-six ,tables4 #aijf4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 7,see ,evaporat+1 ,cond5s+1 etc41 ,app>atus1 p4 #i47 7,em]y47 ,,em]y ,,& ,,! ,,em]y ,,indu/ry4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,a4 ,,ha5ig4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #de ,illu/rations4 #aaj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,j publi%$4 7,libr>ies & ,bibliography47 ,,classifi$ ,,guide ,,to ,,te*nical ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,books4 ,compil$ by ,,edg> ,,gre5wood4 ,demy #hvo4 #bbd pp4 #aijd4 ,be+ a ,subject-li/ ( ! ,pr9cipal ,briti% & ,am]ican ,books 9 ,pr9t2 giv+ ,title1 ,au?or1 ,size1 ,date1 ,publi%] & ,price4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,h&book ,,to ,,! ,,te*nical ,,& ,,art ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ,conta9+ p>ticul>s ( ne>ly #a1jjj ,te*nical1 ,comm]cial & ,art ,s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,) full p>ticul>s ( ! c\rses ( in/ruction1 names ( pr9cipals1 secret>ies1 etc4 ,demy #hvo4 #aej pp4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #aj;d4 home2 #ds4 abroad47 ,,! ,,libr>ies1 ,,museums ,,& ,,art ,,gall]ies ,,ye> ,,book1 #aiaj-aa4 ,be+ ! ,?ird ,edition ( ,gre5wood's ,briti% ,libr>y ,ye> ,book4 ,edit$ by ,,alex4 ,j4 ,,philip4 ,demy #hvo4 #bhf pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,po/ free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,! ,,plumb+1 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,annual ,,= #aiaa4 ,! ,trade ,ref]5ce ,book = ,plumb]s1 ,sanit>y1 ,heat+ & ,light+ ,eng9e]s1 ,build]s' ,m]*ants1 ,contractors & ,ar*itects4 ,qu>to4 ,b\nd 9 clo? & gilt lett]$4 ,price #cs4 net4 7,po/ free1 #cs4 #d;d4 home2 #cs4 #h;d4 abroad47 ,includ+ ! translation ( ,h]mann ,ke*nagel's ,kal5d] fur ,gesundheits-,te*nik]1 ,h&book = ,heat+1 ,v5tilat+1 & ,dome/ic ,eng9e]s1 ( :i* ,scott1 ,gre5wood ,son h pur*as$ ! sole "r = ! ,engli% ,language4 ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,son1 ,te*nical ,book & ,trade ,j\rnal ,publi%]s1 #h ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,telegraphic ,address1 ,pr9t]ies1 ,london4 ,tel4 ,no43 ,bank #edjc4 ,janu>y1 #aiab4