,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,love   ,,by ,,emil
 ,,lucka   ,,translat$ ,,by ,,ellie     
,,s*leussn]  ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s   
logo  ,,london3 ,,george ,,all5  ,,unw9 
,,ltd4 ,,rusk9 ,,h\se1 #dj ,,museum     
,,/reet1 ,w4,c4#a   ,fir/ publi%$ 9     
,great ,brita9 #aibb   7,all rights     
res]v$7   ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by    
,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,! ,,gre%am 
,,press1 ,,london ,,& ,,wok+            
,,preface   ,! object ( ?is book1 :i* is
 address$ to all cultur$ m5 & wom51 is  
to set =? ! primitive manife/ations (   
love & to ?r[ light on ^? /range        
emotional climaxes :i* ,i h call$       
,metaphysical ,eroticism4 ,i h tak5 no  
acc\nt ( hi/orical detail1 except :]e x 
s]v$ ! purpose ( prov+1 expla9+ &       
illu/rat+ my subject4 ,nor h ,i hesitat$
 to int]m+le psy*ological motives &     
motives aris+ f ! gr[? & spread (       
civilisation4 ,! inevitable result ( a  
"o-sid$ glimpse at hi/orical facts w\ld 
h be5 a hi/ory ( love1 an und]tak+ = :i*
 ,i lack bo? ability & incl9ation4 ,on !

 o!r h&1 _h ,i writt5 a m]ely           
psy*ological treatise1 disreg>d+ !      
succession ( p]iods1 ,i %\ld h laid     
myself op5 to ! j reproa* ( giv+ re9 to 
my imag9ation in/ead ( deal+ ) reality4 
,i h avail$ myself ( hi/orical facts to 
demon/rate t :at psy*ology has %[n to be
 ! necess>y phases ( ! evolution ( love1
 h actually exi/$ 9 hi/orical "t &      
*>act]is$ a :ole p]iod ( civilisation4  
,! hi/ory ( civilisation is an end 9    
itself only 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,! ,bir? (
 ,europe4  ,my "w is int5d$ to be fir/ &
 =emo/ a monograph on ! emotional life (
 ! human race4 ,i am prep>$ to meet r ) 
rejection ?an ) approval4 ,nei!r !      
hi/orian nor ! psy*ologi/ w be pleas$4  
,moreov]1 ,i am well aw>e t my /&po9t is
 hopelessly old-fa%ion$4 ,to-day ne>ly  
all ! _w is cont5t to look ^u ! sexual  
impulse z ! s\rce ( all erotic emotion &
 to reg>d love z no?+ m nor less ?an its
 mo/ exquisite radiation4  ,my book1 on 
! contr>y1 endeav\rs to e/abli% its     
complete indep5d5ce ( sexuality4  ,my   

cont5tion t s p[]ful an emotion z love  
%\ld h come into exi/5ce 9 hi/orical1 n 
v remote times1 w seem v /range2 =1 all 
outw>d pr(ession ( fai? 9 evolution     
not)/&+1 m5 are /ill incl9$ to take !   
un*angeabl5ess ( human nature = grant$4 
,! facts on :i* ,i h bas$ my argum5ts   
are well kn[n1 b my d$uctions are new2 x
 is n = me to decide :e!r !y are "r or  
wrong4 ,9 ! fir/ 7introductory7 "p ,i h 
made use ( works already 9 exi/5ce1 9   
addition to ,plato & ! poets1 b ! second
 & ?ird p>ts are f\nd$ almo/ entirely on
 orig9al rese>*4                        
,e4,l4     ,,cont5ts                    
,,page  ,,preface                       
#e  ,,translator',s ,,introduction      
#i  ,,fir/ ,,/age3 ,,! ,,sexual ,,in/9ct
                                    #ba 
,,second ,,/age3 ,,love  ,,*apt]    ,i4 
,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,europe                 
#ci   ,,ii4 ,,! ,,deification ,,(       
,,woman 7,,fir/ ,,=m ,,(                
,,metaphysical ,,eroticism73--7a7 ,!    
,love ( ! ,tr\bad\rs2      7b7 ,! ,que5 

( ,heav52 7c7 ,dante & ,goe!2      7d7  
,mi*el ,angelo                          
#aae  ,,iii4 ,,p]v]sions ,,(            
,,metaphysical ,,eroticism3--      7a7  
,! ,brides ( ,*ri/2 7b7 ,sexual ,my/ics 
#bag  ,,?ird ,,/age3 ,,! ,,bl5d+ ,,(    
,,sexuality ,,& ,,love    ,i4 ,,!       
,,long+ ,,= ,,! ,,syn!sis               
#bca   ,,ii4 ,,! ,,love-,,dea? 7,,second
 ,,=m ,,( ,,metaphysical ,,eroticism7   
#bea  ,,iii4 ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5    
,,sexuality ,,& ,,love4--,,! ,,seek]    
,,( ,,love ,,& ,,! ,,slave ,,( ,,love   
#bff   ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rev5ge ,,(           
,,sexuality4--,,! ,,demoniacal ,,& ,,!  
,,obsc5e     #bge  ,,conclusion3 ,,!    
,,psy*og5etic ,,law4--,,! ,,individual  
,,z ,,an      ,,epitome ,,( ,,! ,,human 
,,race                                  
#bhd     ,,translator',s ,,introduction 
,s9ce ! triumphant days ( ! ,me*ani/s "s
 tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! w$ge (          
,pragmatism--a useful tool to be us$ &  
disc>d$--has be5 driv5 betwe5 mat]ialism
 & idealism1 & x appe>s t ! :ole t5d5cy 

( philosophy is n[ 9 ! latt] direction4 
,ev5 9 ,engl& ! influ5ce ( ,b]gson has  
l$ mod]n ?\ght away f ! pure mat]ialism 
( ! moni/s1 & x seems probable t        
,b5$etto ,croce's ,philosophy ( ! ,_s w 
c>ry ! movem5t a /ep ne>] t[>ds !       
ideali/ic concept ( reality4 ,& among ! 
late/ signs ( ! new t5d5cy mu/ be c\nt$ 
! brilliant "w ( ,emil ,lucka1 ! "y     
,au/rian poet-philosoph]1 ^: conception 
( ! developm5t ( love mu/ rank ) ! mo/  
d>+ speculations 9 rec5t psy*ology4  ,9 
! great reaction ( ! la/ c5tury1 love1 t
 mo/ cog5t motive ( human ?\ght &       
action1 fell f its high e/ate & came to 
be reg>d$ z an in/9ct n diff]+ 9 any    
ess5tial f hung] & ?ir/1 & exi/+1 l !m1 
f ! beg9n+1 et]nal & immutable1 manife/+
 itself ) equal =ce 9 ! he>t ( man &    
woman1 & impell+ !m t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,b   
,emil ,lucka1 9 8 rem>kable new book1 ,!
 ,?ree ,/ages ( ,love 7:i* 0 rec5tly    
publi%$ 9 ,b]l91 & has already creat$ a 
s5sation 9 lit]>y circles abroad71 leads
 u on to speculative heights f :i* we   

may look back ^u ! :ole !ory ( evolution
 n z a b> b z a bridge4 ,my book is     
int5d$ z a monograph ( ! emotional life 
( ! human race1 he says 9 ! preface1 &  
,i am prep>$ to meet ) rejection r ?an )
 approval4 ,!re has be5 abundance (     
criticism & controv]sy1 b ,lucka has    
/at$ 8 case & drawn 8 conclusions ) su* 
admirable precision & logic1 t 8 "w has 
ar\s$ admiration & appreciation ev5 9 ! 
ranks ( 8 oppon5ts4  ,love is a !me :i* 
at all times & 9 all c\ntries has be5 ( 
prim>y int]e/ to m5 & wom51 & !re=e ?is 
book1 :i* ?r[s an illum9at+ ray ( light 
9 _m a d>k place /ill wrapp$ 9 my/]y &  
sil5ce1 n only impresses ! psy*ologi/1 b
 also fasc9ates ! g5]al read] ) its     
weal? ( int]e/+ detail & *>m (          
expression4  ,! ?ree vitally important  
po9ts :i* ! au?or develops are z        
foll[s3--  ,love is n a prim>y in/9ct1 b
 has be5 gradually evolv$ 9 hi/orical   
"t4  ,ern/ ,haeckel's biog5etic law is  
exp&$ 9 a psy*og5etic law4  ,only man's 
emotions h und]gone evolution1 & !re=e h

 a hi/ory1 :ile ^? ( woman h exp]i5c$ no
 *ange4  ,lucka's book w probably n     
please ! advanc$ fem9i/s1 b ! delicate1 
al?\gh p]haps involunt>y homage to h]   
sex :i* is impli$ 9 8 !ories ought to   
r\se a feel+ ( gratification 9 ! he>t ( 
e "r-feel+ woman4 ,! v limitations &    
re/rictions :i* he lays ^u h] raise &   
glorify h]4 ,= :ile man has be5 !       
,odysseus w&]+ ?r\gh heav5 & hell1 pass+
 f ! be/ial to ! div9e to return aga9 & 
become human1 woman has always be5 !    
same1 un*angeable & )\t problems4 ,t :i*
 he has set up to-day z 8 highe/ erotic 
ideal1 ! bl5d+ ( sexual & spiritual     
love1 has be5 h] natural end[m5t f !    
beg9n+4 ,nev] p]fect1 he falls into     
error & s9 :]e %e _c err1 = h] in/9ct is
 ,nature h]self1 & %e kn[s n ! mean+ (  
s94  ,s*op5hau]'s in/9ct (              
philoprog5itiv5ess has to-day become an 
article ( fai? ) ! le>n$ & ! unle>n$4   
,?is sub-consci\s in/9ct = ! s]vice ( ! 
species :i*1 9 love1 is suppos$ to rise 
to consci\sness1 & ^: purpose is ! w to 

produce ! be/ possible (fspr+1 is conc$$
 by sci5ti/s :o reject n only           
,s*op5hau]'s metaphysic1 b metaphysic 9 
g5]al4 ,ev5 ,nietzs*e1 t                
ar*-individuali/1 has prov$ by _m ( 8   
pron\ncem5ts1 & mo/ /rik+ly by 8        
well-kn[n def9ition ( m>riage1 t he has 
n escap$ its fasc9ations4 ,s*op5hau]    
ignores all ph5om5a :i* are n 9 support 
( 8 my?1 says ,lucka1 :o d5ies ?is      
in/9ct ( philoprog5itiv5ess & w\ld      
sub/itute = x a pair+-in/9ct4 ,!        
exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 he argues1 n our own   
in/9ct1 has taught u t *ildr5 may1 n    
necess>ily mu/1 be ! result ( ! union ( 
! sexes4 ,into ! m$iaeval ideal :i*     
rea*$ its climax 9 metaphysical love1 ! 
idea ( propagation did n ent]4 ,moreov]1
 ! desire = *ildr5 is frequ5tly         
unaccompani$ by any sexual desire1 &    
!re=e to manufacture an in/9ct (        
philoprog5itiv5ess is fanta/ic          
metaphysic1 & is entirely oppos$ to     
intellectual reality4 ,?is 0 well       
und]/ood 9 ! long p]iod ( antiquity :i* 

/rictly sep>at$ ! sexual impulse & !    
desire = *ildr54  ,lucka di/+ui%es ?ree 
great /ages 9 ! evolution ( love4 ,9    
vivid & fasc9at+ pictures he unfolds !  
erotic life ( our primitive ance/ors1   
bas+ 8 /atem5ts on accept$ au?orities4  
,! sexual impulse 9 ^? remote days1     
unconsci\s ( its nature & f>-rea*+      
consequ5ces1 0 entirely undiff]5tiat$ f 
any o!r p[]ful in/9ct4 ,e woman ( !     
tribe belong$ to e male :o happ5$ to    
desire h]4 ,z is /ill ! case ) !        
aborig9es ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1
 ! ph5om5a ( pregnancy & *ildbir? 7     
attribut$ to wit*craft4#a ,! concept (  
fa!r _h n yet be5 =m$2 ! family         
congregat$ r\nd ! "m & saw 9 h] its     
natural *ief2 gynecocracy 0 ! prevail+  
=m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 e>ly hi/orical &      
pre-classical times1 promiscuity 0      
sy/ematis$ by religion 9 ,india & !     
c\ntries r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean & surviv$ 9
 ! ,temple ,pro/itution & ! ,my/]ies4   
,man z yet felt himself only z a "p (   
nature1 & aspir$ to no m ?an a life 9   

h>mony ) h] laws4 ,! wor%ip ( f]tility &
 ! endless r5ewal ( life 0 ! object ( ! 
orgia/ic cults ( ,adonis & ,a/>te 9 !   
,ea/1 & ,dionysus & ,aphrodite 9        
,greece2 unbridl$ lic5ti\sness & bl9d   
gratification ( ! s5ses _! sacram5t4  ,)
 ! gr[? ( civilisation & ! developm5t ( 
p]sonality !re sl[ly crept into ! m9ds (
 m5 a di/a/e = ?is irregul> sexuality & 
a desire = a less *aotic /ate ( ?+s4    
,?is long+ & ! wi% = legitimate heirs   
gradually ov]came promiscuity &1 9      
,greece1 l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( !         
monogam\s sy/em4 ,x mu/ n be assum$1    
h[ev]1 t ! ,greek ideal ( m>riage bore  
any resemblance to our mod]n conception4
 ,true1 ! wife occupi$ an hon\r$        
position z ! gu>dian ( he>? & *ildr5 & 0
 treat$ by h] husb& ) affection &       
respect1 b %e 0 n free4 ,nor 0 h] husb& 
expect$ to be fai?ful to h]4 ,m>riage 9 
no way re/rict$ 8 lib]ty1 b left him    
free to seek intellectual /imulation 9 !
 society ( ! heta]ae1 & gratification ( 
! s5ses 9 ! company ( 8 slaves4 ,love 9 

our s5se 0 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 & al?\gh
 !re is a mod]n note 9 ! leg5ds ( !     
fai?ful ,p5elope1 & ! love :i* unit$    
,orpheus & ,eurydice1 yet1 s ,lucka     
tells u1 ^! in/ances %\ld be reg>d$ r z 
poetic div9ations ( a future /age (     
feel+ ?an actual facts !n )9 ! scope (  
probability4 ,ev5 ,plato1 9 :om all     
wisdom & ante-,*ri/ian culture culm9at$1
 0 /ill1 9 ?is respect1 a citiz5 ( ! old
 _w1 = he1 too1 knew z yet no?+ ( !     
spiritual love ( a man = a woman4 ,to   
him ! love ( an individual 0 b a beg9n+1
 ! road to ! love ( p]fect beauty & !   
et]nal ideas4  ,on ! ?re%old ( ! second 
/age ( ! erotic life /&s ,*ri/ianity1   
:i*1 9 %>p contra/ to antiquity & to !  
classical p]iod1 s\ght ! c5tre & climax 
( life 9 ! s\l4 ,! f\nd] ( ! religion ( 
love discov]$ ! individual1 & by s do+  
laid ! f\ndation = t metaphysical love  
:i* f\nd its mo/ /rik+ expression 9 !   
deification ( woman & ! cult ( ! ,virg9 
,m>y4 ,h[ ?is *ange ( m5tal attitude 0  
br\ght ab\t is work$ out 9 a brilliant  

*apt]1 entitl$ ,! ,bir? ( ,europe4 ,!   
revivify+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/'s prea*+ &   
p]sonality 0 /ifl$ aft] ! fir/ c5turies 
by ! rigid dogma & =malism :i* _h alt]$ 
8 doctr9e almo/ pa/ recognition4 ,!     
,*ur* 0 build+ up its political /ructure
 & tol]at$ no rival4 ,art1 lit]ature1   
music1 all ! en?usiasm & pr(\nd ?\ght ( 
:i* ! human m9d is capable1 7 press$    
into h] s]vice4 ,indep5d5t ?\ght 0      
h]esy1 & ! dea? ( e h]etic became a new 
fett] :i* b\nd ! intellect ( man4 ,b    
ab\t ! ye> #aajj1 :5 ! mighty edifice 0 
complete1 & ! pope & 8 bi%ops look$ d[n 
^u k+s & emp]ors & c\nt$ !m _! vassals1 
:5 ! b>b>ic peoples :i* made up !       
population ( ,europe _h be5 suffici5tly 
s*ool$ & educat$ 9 ! new direction1 a   
long+ = some?+ new1 a ye>n+ = art1 =    
poetry1 = beauty1 began to /ir ! he>ts (
 m5 & wom54 ,x f\nd expression 9 ! ideal
 ( *ivalry1 ! ,holy ,sepul*re & ! ,holy 
,grail1 & sudd5ly love1 bur/+ out 9 a   
brilliant flame1 %$ its radiance on !   
sordid relation%ip :i* _h hi!rto exi/$  

betwe5 ! sexes1 & transfigur$ x4 ,woman1
 ! despis$1 to :om at ! ,c\ncil ( ,macon
 a s\l _h be5 d5i$1 all at once became a
 que51 a goddess4 ,! drudge1 ! pati5tly 
suff]+ wife1 7 ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,a new ideal
 _h be5 set up & m5 wor%ipp$ x ) b5d$   
knees4       ,%e %9es on u z ,god %9es  
on 8 angels1  sang ,gu9icelli4  ,x 0 9 a
 small c\ntry 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 9     
,prov5ce1 t ! new _s 0 born4 ,!         
tr\bad\rs1 w&]+ f ca/le to ca/le1 sang !
 praise ( love1 g5u9e love1 ! e>li] ones
 )\t admixture ei!r ( speculation or    
metaphysic4 ,! dogma t pure love 0 its  
own rew>d inasmu* z x made m5 p]fect1 0 
fram$ lat] on4       ,i _c s9 :5 ,i am 9
 h] m9d1  wrote ,guirot ,riqui]1 &      
,dante1 9 ! ,vita ,nuova1 calls 8 belov$
 mi/ress ! de/roy] ( all evil & ! que5 (
 all virtues4 ,! monk ,matfre ,erm5gau1 
:o wrote a text-book on love1 says3     
,love makes good m5 bett]1      ,& !    
wor/ man good4  ,! lat] tr\bad\rs drew a
 mu* %>p] di/9ction betwe5 spiritual &  
s5sual love4 ,! latt] 0 reg>d$ z degrad+

 & base 7at lea/ 9 pr9ciple7 & woe to ! 
man :o held1 or r1 av[$1 ano!r op9ion4  
,8 rew>d 0 ! contempt ( e man & woman ( 
culture4 ,i ask no m ( my mi/ress ?an t 
%e %\ld suff] me to s]ve h]1 prote/$    
,b]n>t de ,v5tad\r4  ,x goes )\t say+ t1
 9 spite ( ?is high ideal1 s5suality    
fl\ri%$ undim9i%$1 & a tr\bad\r :o l\dly
 sang ! praise ( *a/ity & blatantly     
pr(ess$ 8 entire dis9t]e/$ness 9 !      
s]vice ( 8 mi/ress1 did n see ! lea/    
inconsequ5ce 9 c>ry+ on a doz5 intrigues
 at ! same "t ) o!r wom54 ,sordello1 "o 
( ! be/ kn[n poets ( ?is p]iod1 0 *>g$  
by a contempor>y ) hav+ *ang$ 8 mi/ress 
ov] a hundr$ times1 & he himself1       
impud5tly bragg+1 proclaims t           
,none c resi/ me2 all ! fr[n+ husb&s    
,%all n prev5t me to embrace _! wives1  
,if ,i s wi%4444  ,ano!r poet1 ,c\nt    
,rambaut ,,iii41 ( ,orange1 recomm5d$ to
 8 fell[-m5 z ! sure/ way ( w9n+ a      
woman's fav\r1 to break h] nose ) a bl[ 
( ! fi/4 ,i myself1 he cont9u$1 treat   
all wom5 ) t5d]ness & c\rtesy1 b !n--,i 

am consid]$ a fool4  ,z may be expect$1 
sublimat$1 metaphysical love 0 n )\t its
 c>icatures & ecc5tricities4 ,"o ( ! mo/
 grotesque figures ( ! p]iod ( !        
tr\bad\rs 0 ,ulri* von ,li*t5/e91 a     
,g]man knight4 ,z a page1 we are told1  
he drank ! wat] 9 :i* 8 mi/ress _h wa%$ 
h] h&s4 ,lat] on he _h 8 upp] lip       
amputat$ because x displeas$ 8          
lady-love1 & on ano!r occasion he cut (f
 "o ( 8 f+]s1 _h x set 9 gold & us$ z a 
clasp on a volume ( 8 poems :i* he s5t z
 a pres5t to 8 inamorata4  ,at ! fam\s  
,c\rts ( ,love1 ! mo/ extraord9>y       
que/ions 7 s]i\sly discuss$ & decid$4 ,a
 fav\rite subject = debate 0 !          
relation%ip betwe5 love & m>riage1 & "s 
( ! decisions :i* h be5 pres]v$ = u     
prove )\t a d\bt t ^? two great factors 
9 ! emotional life 7 consid]$           
irreconcilable4 ,at ! ,c\rt ( !         
,visc\ntess ,erm5g>de ( ,n>bonne1 ! "q  
:e!r ! love betwe5 lov]s 0 great] ?an ! 
love betwe5 husb& & wife 0 settl$ z     
foll[s3 ,nature & cu/om h erect$ an     

insup]able b>ri] betwe5 conjugal        
affection & ! love :i* unites two lov]s4
 ,x w\ld be absurd to draw comp>isons   
betwe5 two ?+s :i* h nei!r resemblance  
nor connection4  ,! contra/ betwe5 !    
new1 spiritualis$ love & ! old]1 sexual1
 in/9ct creat$ t dualism s *>act]i/ic ( 
! :ole m$iaeval p]iod4 ,sexuality & love
 7 felt z two inimical =ces1 ! fusion ( 
:i* 0 beyond ! range ( possibility4     
,:ile on ! "o h& woman 0 wor%ipp$ z a   
div9e be+1 be=e :om all desire mu/ be   
sil5c$1 %e 0 on ! o!r h& /igmatis$ z !  
devil's tool1 a p[] :i* turn$ m5 away f 
8 high] mission & jeop>dis$ ! salvation 
( 8 s\l4 ,wagn] portray$ ?is dualism    
p]fectly 9 ,tannhaus]4 ,a man ( !       
,middle ,ages1 says ,lucka1 w\ld h      
recognis$ 9 ?is magnific5t "w ! trag$y (
 8 s\l4  ,x 0 b a small /ep f ! wor%ip (
 a belov$ mi/ress to ! cult ( ! ,virg9  
,m>y4 ,! ,*ur*1 ho/ile at fir/1 f9ally  
acquiesc$1 & ?r\gh h] (ficial           
ackn[l$gm5t ( a female deity1 op5 enmity
 betwe5 ! religion ( ! ,*ur* & !        

religion ( woman 0 avoid$4 ,a woman1 t  
is to say1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 _h /epp$      
betwe5 ,god & humanity z m$iator1       
int]cessor & savi\r4  ,bo? ,dante1 !    
inspir$ woman-wor%ipp] ( ! ,middle      
,ages1 & ! m mod]n ,goe!1 saw 9         
metaphysical love ! triumph ov] all ?+s 
e>?ly4 ,& f> above ei!r ( ^!            
intellectual h]oes looms ! awe-inspir+  
figure ( ,mi*elangelo1 ! sc(f]1 to :om  
love came late 9 life2 9 8 ec/atic      
adoration ( ,vittoria ,colonna1 !       
en?usiasm ( ,plato & ! passion ( ,dante 
are bl5d$ 9 a m transc5d5t flame4       
,sexual ,my/ics & ! ,brides ( ,*ri/     
pres5t ! d>k] aspect ( metaphysical     
love4 ,all ! latt]1 includ+ ev5 ,ca!r9e 
( ,si5a 7a clev] politician :o kept up a
 correspond5ce ) ! lead+ /atesm5 ( h]   
"t71 ,m>ie ( ,oignies1 & ,/4 ,t]esa1 are
 /igmatis$ z victims ( hy/]ia & consign$
 to ! doma9 ( pa?ology4  ,:ile ! fir/   
/age 0 *>act]is$ by ! reign ( unbridl$  
sexual in/9ct1 ! second by ! conflict   
betwe5 spiritual & s5sual love1 ! ?ird  

/age repres5ts our mod]n conception1 !  
bl5d+ ( spiritual & s5sual love1 :i* is 
n ! diff]5tiat$ sexual in/9ct1 b a =ce  
embrac+ ! psy*o-physical entity ( !     
belov$ be+ )\t any consci\sness ( sexual
 desire4 ,x %>es ) ! purely metaphysical
 love ! lov]'s long+ to raise 8 mi/ress 
above him & glorify h] )\t any ult]ior  
object & desire4 ,9 ?is /age !re is no  
tyranny ( man ov] woman1 z 9 ! sexual   
/age2 no subjection ( man to woman1 z 9 
! woman-wor%ip ( ! ,middle ,ages2 b     
complete equality ( ! sexes1 a mutual   
give & take4 ,if sexuality is inf9ite z 
matt]1 spiritual love et]nal z !        
metaphysical ideal1 !n ! syn!sis is     
human & p]sonal4 ,! apo!osis ( ?is      
p]fect love ,lucka f9ds 9 ! ,liebe/od 7!
 dea? ( ! lov]s 9 ! ec/asy ( love71 9   
,wagn]'s ,tri/an und ,isolde4  ,an      
int]e/+ *apt] on erotic ab]rations1 !   
demoniacal & ! obsc5e1 completes ! ?ird 
"p ( ! book4  ,!re may be mu* 9 ,lucka's
 !ories :i* w r\se ! scepticism ( !     
moni/s2 "s ( 8 d$uctions may appe> to 8 

read]s a little /ra9$1 b no ?9k+ man or 
woman c read 8 brilliant ,conclusion )\t
 d5y+ him ! tribute ( s9c]e admiration4 
,9 ?is la/ *apt] he applies ,haeckel's  
biog5etic law to ! doma9 ( ! _s4 ,z !   
human embryo passes ?r\gh ! pr9cipal    
/ages ( ! developm5t ( ! individual f   
l[] =ms ( life1 s ! gr[+ male mu/ pass  
?r\gh ! /ages ( psy*ical developm5t     
?r\gh :i* ! race has pass$4 ,!          
gynecocratic gov]nm5t ( prehi/oric "t is
 reviv$ 9 ! nurs]y1 :]e ! "m rules      
supreme & ! si/]s dom9ate4 ,! normal1   
heal?y s*ool-boy1 pref]r+ ! company ( 8 
s*ool-fell[s to all o!rs1 %unn+ 8 "m &  
si/]s1 a%am$ ( 8 female relatives1 is ! 
mod]n individual repres5tative ( ^? e>ly
 leagues & unions ( "y m5 :o oppos$     
matri>*y & f9ally br\ght ab\t its ov]?r[
 & ! e/abli%m5t ( male gov]nm5t4 ,!     
promiscu\s sexuality *>act]i/ic (       
adolesc5ce reproduces ! fir/1 m]ely     
sexual1 /age ( ! erotic life ( ! race 9 
! life ( ! individual4 ,z a rule ?is    
phase is foll[$ by a p]iod (            

woman-wor%ip2 love has conqu]$ ! sexual 
in/9ct & ! latt] is felt z base &       
degrad+4 ,atavism is n s mu* ! p]si/5ce 
( ! e>li]1 z ! abs5ce ( ! lat] /ages (  
psy*ical developm5t4  ,i ne$ n emphasise
 ! fact t ! ?ree /ages are (t5 int]m+l$ 
& n traceable ) equal cle>ness 9 ! life 
( e individual4 ,_m m5 nev] advance     
beyond ! fir/ /age & o!rs are fragm5t>y 
& undevelop$2 b c]ta9 phases are m or   
less di/+ui%able 9 e well-end[$ male    
individual4 ,lucka f9ds a p]fect        
illu/ration ( 8 !ory 9 ! life & works ( 
,ri*>d ,wagn]1 ^: op]as ,! ,fairies     
7bas$ on ,%akespe>e's ,measure =        
,measure71 ,tannhaus]1 & ,tri/an und    
,isolde1 successively illu/rate ! ?ree  
/ages ?r\gh :i* ! great poet-compos] &  
impassion$ lov] pass$1 & reflect !      
pr9cipal halt+-places 9 ! erotic        
evolution ( ! race4 ,9 ,p>sifal1        
,wagn]'s la/ & mature/ "w1 he           
conjectures a pot5tial f\r? /age1 div9$ 
by ! g5ius ( ! great musician & ?9k]1 a 
sublimation ( our mod]n ideal1 a /age :5

 love w be fre$ f all sexual feel+ 7a   
conception n unlike ,otto ,we9+]'s71 b  
to :i* we h n yet atta9$ & :i* we are   
ev5 unable fully to grasp4  ,i h n be5  
able to d m ?an t\* ^u ! pr9cipal       
features ( ?is book1 ! fame ( ^:        
brilliant au?or has long spread beyond !
 b\nd>ies ( 8 own native c\ntry4 ,emil  
,lucka 0 born 9 ,vi5na 9 #ahgg1 & has   
already a*iev$ a numb] ( rem>kably f9e  
books1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 translat$ into   
,russian1 ,fr5*1 & o!r =eign languages4 
,he is z yet unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 ?is be+ ! 
fir/ ( 8 works to appe> 9 ,engli%4      
,,ellie ,,s*leussn]4  ,,footnote3  #a   
cf4 ,h>tl&'s ,primitive ,pat]nity &     
,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh4     ,,!          
,,evolution ,,( ,,love  ,,! ,,fir/      
,,/age3 ,,! ,,sexual ,,in/9ct   ,to !   
g5]ations sl[ly ris+ f ! d>k abyss ( "t 
to ! twilight ( ! ,middle ,ages1 !      
satisfaction ( ! sexual in/9ct (f]$ few]
 difficulties ?an ! gratification ( any 
o!r ne$ or desire4 ,) e unprem$itat$ &  
cursory indulg5ce ! crav+ disappe>$ f   

consci\sness & left ! individual free to
 give 8 m9d to ! acquisition ( !        
necessities ( life :i* 7 f> m difficult 
to obta94 ,primitive1 prehi/oric man    
liv$ 9 ! mom5t4 ,:5 !re 0 pl5ty ( food  
he gorg$ to repletion1 he$less ( !      
/>vation :i* might be 8 fate to-morr[ or
 ! day aft]4 ,8 ?\ght _h nei!r bread?   
nor cont9uity4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him t 
!re might be a connection betwe5 an     
abrupt & quickly =gott5 embrace & ! bir?
 ( a *ild by a woman ( ! tribe aft] :at 
appe>$ to be an immeasurable lapse ( "t4
 ,he suspect$ wit*craft 9 ! ph5om5a (   
pregnancy & *ildbir? 7to ?is day !      
aborig9es ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,au/ralia 
d n realise ! connection betwe5 g5]ation
 & bir?74 ,z a rule x 0 rememb]$ t a    
c]ta9 woman _h giv5 bir? to a c]ta9 *ild
 by ! fact ( h] hav+ c>ri$ x ab\t & f$ x
 at h] brea/4 ,occasionally x 0 =gott5  
to :i* "m a *ild belong$2 p]haps ! "m _h
 di$2 p]haps ! *ild _h /ray$ beyond !   
b\nd>ies ( ! community & ! "m _h fail$  
to recognise x on its return4 ,b x 0    

cle> beyond all d\bt t e *ild _h a "m4  
,! conception ( fa!r _h n yet be5 =m$4  
,exp]i5ce _h taught our primitive       
ance/ors two und5iable facts1 namely t  
wom5 gave bir? to *ildr5 & t e *ild _h a
 "m4  ,we mu/ assume t sexual int]c\rse 
0 irregul> & haphaz>d up to ! dawn (    
hi/ory4 ,e woman--)9 ! limits ( h] own  
tribe1 probably--belong$ to e man4 ,:e!r
 ?is assumption is univ]sally applicable
 or n1 mu/ rema9 d\btful2 lat]          
e?nologi/s1 m p>ticul>ly von ,we/]m>ck1 
d5y x because x does n apply to e savage
 tribe ( ! pres5t day4 ,h]odotus tells u
 t promiscuity exi/$ 9 hi/orical times 9
 c\ntries z f> remov$ f ea* o!r z       
,e?iopia & ! bord]s ( ! ,caspian ,sea4  
,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t sexual   
int]c\rse took ! =m ( gr\p-m>riage1 !   
ex*ange or l5d+ ( wives1 & o!r simil>   
arrangem5ts4  ,! relation%ip betwe5 "m &
 *ild hav+ be5 e/abli%$ by ,nature      
h]self1 ! fir/ human family congregat$  
r\nd ! "m1 ackn[l$g+ h] z its natural   
*ief4 ,?is cont9u$ ev5 aft] ! causal    

connection betwe5 g5]ation & bir? _h    
ceas$ to be a my/]y4 ,9 all c\ntries on 
! ,m$it]ranean1 m especially 9 ,lycia1  
,crete & ,egypt1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! female
 elem5t 9 ,/ate & family is well atte/$2
 x is reflect$ 9 ! natural religions ( !
 ,ea/]n races--bo? ,semitic & ,aryan--& 
we f9d innum]able traces ( x 9 ,greek   
my?ology4 ,! m]it ( discov]+ ?is        
important /age 9 ! relation%ip ( ! sexes
 is due to ,ba*(54 ,bas$ on life-giv+   
mo!rhood1 he says1 gynecocracy 0        
completely dom9at$ by ! natural         
pr9ciples & ph5om5a :i* rule its inn] & 
out] life2 x vividly realis$ ! unity (  
nature1 ! h>mony ( ! univ]se :i* x _h n 
yet outgr[n4444 ,9 e respect ob$i5t to !
 laws ( physical exi/5ce1 its gaze 0    
fix$ ^u ! e>?1 x wor%ipp$ ! *?onian p[]s
 r ?an ! gods ( light4 ,! *ildr5 ( m5 :o
 _h sprung f _! "m z ! fl[]s spr+ f !   
soil1 rais$ alt>s to ,gaea1 ,demet] &   
,isis1 ! deities ( inexhau/ible f]tility
 & abundance4 ,^! e>ly races ( m5       
realis$ !mselves only z a "p ( nature2  

!y _h n yet conceiv$ ! idea ( ris+ above
 _! condition & sett+ _! intellig5ce to 
battle ) its bl9d laws4 ,incapable (    
realis+ _! individuality1 !y b[$ 9      
passive submission to nature's undisput$
 sway4 ,!y 7 memb]s ( a tribe1 & !      
fragm5t>y exi/5ce ( ! s+le individual 0 
( no importance :5 x cla%$ ) ! welf>e ( 
! clan4 ,! family--c5tr$ r\nd ! "m--& ! 
tribe 7 ! real individuals1 9 ! same way
 z ! sw>m ( bees1 & n ! individual bee1 
makes ! :ole4 ,!y liv$ 9 complete h>mony
 ) nature2 !y _h no spiritual life1 no  
hi/ory1 = civilisation & ! creation (   
intellectual values :i* are ! f\ndation 
( hi/ory dep5d on ! rise ( a community  
above primitive conditions4             
,diff]5tiation _h h>dly begun to ex]t   
its modify+ influ5ce2 all m5 7n unlike !
 ,ea/]n ,asiatics ( our day7 resembl$   
ea* o!r 9 looks1 "* & habits4  ,9 !     
c\ntries on ! ,m$it]ranean 7z well z 9  
,india & ,babylonia7 ! fir/ /age (      
sexual int]c\rse1 irresponsible &       
promiscu\s1 0 sy/ematis$ by religion4 ,!

 annual spr+-fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ,adonis1
 ,dionysus1 ,mylitta1 ,a/>te &          
,aphrodite1 celebrat$ unbridl$          
lic5ti\sness4 ,! :ole community greet$ !
 re-awak5+ vitality ( ! e>? by an       
unre/ra9$ ab&onm5t to passion4 ,man     
aspir$ to be no m ?an ! fl[] :i* scatt]s
 its se$ to ! w9ds4 ,! incompreh5sible  
lords ( cupidity & rank vegetation did n
 suff] ! individualisation ( desire4 ,! 
complete union ( ! male & female        
qualities1 z manife/$ bo? 9 nature &    
man1 0 solemnis$ 9 ! ,orgies1 & n by any
 means ! relation%ip ( an individual man
 to an individual woman1 or sexuality   
connect$ ) individuals & dom9at$ by !m4 
,nor 0 ?is unfett]+ ( in/9ct a          
symbolical act2 = x to be s1 man mu/ h  
/ood ov] aga9/ nature z an intellectual 
be+1 mirror+ & trans=m+ h] acts by 8 own
 de$s4 ,he 0 z yet f> f ?is4 ,8 ambition
 did n rea* beyond ! desire to fulfil   
nature 9 himself4 ,be=e ! maje/y (      
sex--wor%ipp$ 9 ! vague1 %ad[y mo!rs (  
mank9d1 ,rhea1 ,demet]1 ,cybele1 & _!   

human (fspr+1 ! phallic ,dionysus & !   
hundr$-brea/$ goddess ( ,ephesus--!     
individual ) 8 pite\s limitations %rank 
into insignificance4 ,sex 0 immortal1   
sex & prim>y matt]1 ! ,greek3 ul        
contra/$ by ,ari/otle ) ! ,greek3 eisos1
 ! =m4 ,! female pr9ciple is ! "m ( !   
body1 b ! "m ( ! _s is ! male4 ,!       
sub/ance ( ^? anci5t cults 0 bir? &     
dea?1 mean+less1 purposeless1 app>5tly  
)\t rhyme or reason2 _! sacram5t !      
p]petual union ( ! sexes4 ,betwe5 !     
succe$+ g5]ations !re 0 b "o bond1 !    
natural bond ( mo!rhood4 ,x 0 ! fir/ tie
 realis$ by mank9d1 a tie n felt z a    
concrete relation%ip betwe5 two         
individuals1 b z a g5]al1 mat]nal1      
natural =ce4 ,! presid+ div9ities 7 !   
mo!rs1 ! et]nal1 incorporeal deities1   
en?ron$ outside "t & space1 & !re=e     
immortal giv]s ( life & pres]v]s (      
mank9d4 ,be=e _! sil5t greatness !      
desire ( man to "k 8 :5ce & :i!r1 to w9 
%ape & individuality1 became blasphemy4 
,!y _h giv5 immortality to sex1 b ^u !  

individual !y _h laid ! curse ( dea?4   
,?us we h fir/ a /age ( fa!rless1       
natural conception1 correspond+ ) !     
philosophical !ories :i* ma9ta9$ t all  
creat$ ?+s _h sprung f ! elem5ts4 ,lat] 
ages discov]$ a spiritual pr9ciple1 a   
becom+1 or an et]nal be+1 & f9ally a    
conflict betwe5 _s & matt]4  ,b ! g5]al 
attitude t[>ds sexual int]c\rse und]w5t 
a *ange z soon z "h & !re individuals   
appe>$ :o 7 consci\s ( _! individuality4
 ,natural selection c\ld n come into    
play 9 a community ! memb]s ( :i*       
resembl$ "o ano!r s closely t all       
p]sonal *>act]i/ics 7 oblit]at$ 9 a     
g5]al monotony4 ,"o woman 0 z good z    
ano!r1 al?\gh 9 all probability a       
heal?y1 y\?ful & /rong individual w\ld  
be pref]r$ to a sickly1 puny specim54 ,b
 ap>t f ?is1 ! wi% to *oose a p>tn]     
in/ead ( be+ cont5t ) ! fir/ com]1 mu/ h
 co9cid$ hi/orically ) ! outw>d1 & lat] 
on ) ! inw>d diff]5tiation ( ! race4 ,i 
_c prove my !ory by quot+ *apt] & v]se f
 anci5t writ]s1 b obvi\sly a feel+ (    

pref]5ce c\ld n h aris5 until           
individuals _h begun to %[ v noticeable 
traces ( diff]5ce4 ,!re=e ) gr[+        
diff]5tiation a new factor--mode/ at    
fir/ & op]at+ )9 n>r[ limits--! factor (
 *oice1 _h come into ! sexual life4 ,!  
sl[ developm5t ( p]sonality gave bir? to
 ! feel+ :i* rebell$ aga9/ univ]sal     
sexual int]c\rse & gynecocracy 9 g5]al4 
,! m5 desir$ to %ape _! own _w2 !y _h no
 %>e 9 ! immortality ( mat]nal life4 ,z 
7relatively speak+7 s+le individuals !y 
/ood ov] aga9/ ! mat]ial bond ( !       
g5]ations liv+ 9 ! *a9 ( ! mo!rs4       
,demigods1 ! sons ( ! gods ( light &    
mortal mo!rs1 7 cr$it$ ) ! salvation (  
m5 f a confus$1 *aotic exi/5ce1 & !     
introduction ( new conditions ( life1 no
 long] bas$ on ! dictates ( nature b on 
! m\ld+ g5ius ( man4 ,h]cules1 ,!seus & 
,p]seus ov]?rew ! anci5t p[]s ( d>kness4
 ,!y laid ! f\ndations ( man's great    
a*ievem5t1 civilisation1 & 7 ! fir/ to  
wor%ip ! gods ( light4 ,!y deliv]$      
humanity f ! gross mat]ialism 9 :i* x _h

 hi!rto be5 /eep$2 !y 7 ! awak5]s (     
spiritual life1 :i* is a high] life ?an 
! life ( ! s5ses2 !y 7 z incorruptible z
 ! sun f :5ce !y came1 ! h]oes ( a new  
civilisation di/+ui%$ by g5tl5ess1 a    
high] endeav\r & a new disp5sation4     
7,ba*(547  ,he9ri* ,s*urtz has prov$    
7?\gh n 9 connection ) matri>*y7 t side 
by side ) ! family1 unions ( unm>ri$ m5 
exi/$ 9 _m c\ntries at a v e>ly "t4 ,!  
object ( ^! unions1 :i* _h no?+ ( !     
rigidity ( blood-relation%ip1 0         
fell[%ip4 ,z soon z ! boys _h outgr[n ! 
c>e ( _! "m !y 7 compell$ to comb9e = ! 
purpose ( play+ games & lat] on = w> &  
hunt+2 ^! m5's unions !re=e 7 ! outcome 
( ! necess>y conditions ( life4 ,x is   
obvi\s t innovations & inv5tions ( all  
sorts orig9at$ 9 ^! unions r ?an ) !    
temp]am5tally cons]vative wom51 & t we h
 to look ^u !m z ! hotb$ ( all spiritual
 & social evolution4 ,^! conf$]ations & 
leagues n bas$ on a natural or          
blood-relation%ip1 b on a feel+ (       
bro!rhood & fri5dl9ess1 might well h be5

 an attack ^u ! natural ties ( ! family1
 an expression ( a feel+ ( ho/ility to &
 contempt = wom51 & probably /ood 9     
close relation%ip to a /rik+ *>act]i/ic 
( ! pa/3 a widely spread homosexuality4 
,:e!r ,s*urtz gives u a correct picture 
( ^! m5's unions or n1 !re c be no d\bt 
t ! /ruggle aga9/ matri>*y orig9at$ 9   
!m4 ,?is /ruggle l$ ev5tually to !      
victory ( ! male pr9ciple1 ! ackn[l$gm5t
 ( ! au?ority ( ! fa!r1 ! in/itution (  
male gov]nm5t :i* depriv$ wom5 ( all    
legal rights1 & ! dom9ion ( ! spiritual2
 ! victory ( ! gods ( light ov] ! d>k   
lords ( f]tility4 ,?is revolution (     
pr9ciples 0 p]haps ! complete/          
revolution humanity has ev] kn[n4  ,a   
long road1 m>k$ by num]\s compromises & 
limitations1 l$ f casual int]c\rse to ! 
f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! monogam\s sy/em4    
,free int]c\rse _h be5 sanction$ by !   
gods1 :o suff]$ no re/rictions &        
modifications1 & sacrifices 9 ! %ape ( a
 tempor>y univ]sal unfett]+ ( in/9ct 7  
requir$ to pacify _! ang] & reconcile !m

 to ! new sy/em4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important
 ( ^! compromises 0 ! temple-pro/itution
 practis$ by _m nations 9 ,asia ,m9or1 !
 ,greek ,ar*ipelago1 ,india &           
,babylonia4 ,_m a girl ga9$ 9 ?is way ! 
m>riage portion :i* enabl$ h] lat] on to
 f9d a husb&1 to :om %e inv>iably rema9$
 /rictly loyal4 ,?us all religi\s       
requirem5ts 7 satisfi$4 ,at fir/ ?is 0  
an annually recurr+ rite1 b gradually x 
became an isolat$ c]emony 9 ! life ( e  
female individual4 ,9 ! place ( ! annual
 surr5d]1 says ,prie/]1 we n[ h a s+le  
act2 ! heta]ism ( ! matrons is succe$$  
by ! heta]ism ( ! maids2 in/ead ( be+   
practis$ dur+ m>riage1 x is practis$ 9  
sp9/]hood2 ! bl9d surr5d] has giv5 way  
to a yield+ to c]ta9 individuals4444  ,)
 ! gr[? ( civilisation a few girls1 !   
hi]odules1 7 set ap>t = ! purpose (     
pacify+ ! (f5d$ deities & _! act ransom$
 ! re/ ( ! female citiz5s4  ,x 0 n on   
erotic gr\nds1 b = political & social   
reasons t ! ,greek introduc$ monogamy4  
,! reason :i* weigh$ 9 ! scales m       

heavily ?an all o!rs 0 ! necessity =    
legitimate (fspr+4 ,x 0 natural t a man 
( prop]ty %\ld desire a legitimate heir 
:o w\ld inh]it x on 8 dea?4 ,! "r (     
succession f fa!r to son1 incorporat$   
lat] on 9 ! ,roman ,"r1 orig9at$ dur+   
?is p]iod4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only advantage  
connect$ ) ! possession ( a son3        
religion taught t aft] dea? ! body      
requir$ sacrificial food :i* c\ld only  
be provid$ by ! legitimate male         
desc5dants ( ! deceas$4 7,! same belief 
0 held by ! ,indians & ,ea/]n           
,asiatics47 ,9 sev]al ,greek ,/ates     
m>riage 0 compulsory & ba*elors 7 f9$4  
,at ! same "t ! contraction ( a m>riage 
did n int]f]e ) ! p]sonal fre$om ( !    
man2 he 0 at lib]ty to g to ! heta]ae = 
intellectual /imulation 7unless he      
happ5$ to pref] ! fri5ds ( 8 own sex7 & 
to 8 slaves = ! pleasures ( ! s5ses4 ,8 
wife1 al?\gh %e 0 n free1 0 respect$ by 
him z ! gu>dian ( 8 he>? & *ildr54 ,!re 
0 b "o legal reason = divorce3 /]ility1 
:i* fru/rat$ ! object ( matrimony4      

,conjugal love z we und]/& x did n exi/2
 x is a feel+ :i* 0 entirely unkn[n to !
 anci5ts4  ,) ! exception ( ! gradually 
weak5+ hold ( religion on ! imag9ation (
 ! p t[>ds ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 
no p]ceptible *ange occurr$ 9 ! social  
life ( ! old _w until ! dawn ( ! ,middle
 ,ages4 ,to quote ,otto ,seeck3 ,a wife 
_h no o!r task ?an to produce legitimate
 (fspr+2 & yet %e gave h]self airs &    
graces1 embitt]$ h] husb&'s life ) h]   
jeal\sy & bad temp] or1 worse ev51 set  
all tongues wagg+ ) h] evil conduct4 ,is
 x to be wond]$ at t m>riage 0 m]ely    
reg>d$ z a duty to ! ,/ate1 & t a great 
numb] ( m5 7 n suffici5tly patriotic to 
take su* a burd5 ^u _! %\ld]s8  ,?us !  
victory ( ! male spiritual pr9ciple ov] 
univ]sal sexual int]c\rse u%]$ 9 !      
second /age :i* *eck$ ! sexual impulse &
 direct$ x ^u c]ta9 individuals1 a      
di/9ction h[ev]1 :i* be>s no relation to
 love4  ,monogamy _h conqu]$1 9 pr9ciple
 at lea/ & z an ideal4  ,! pr(\ndly     
my/ical core ( ! mo/ p[]ful ,greek      

trag$y :i* has come d[n to our "t1 !    
,ore/es ( ,aes*ylus1 repres5ts ! victory
 ( ! new gods ( light ov] ! old mat]nal 
p[]s4 ,ore/es has s9n$ aga9/ ! old law1 
= 9 ord] to av5ge 8 fa!r's dea?1 he has 
sla9 8 "m4 ,! sun-god ,apollo & ! s9i/] 
,er9nys1 ! uphold]s ( ! old mat]nal "r1 
are wag+ w> ov] ! ju/ifiabl5ess ( ! de$4
 ,to ! ,er9nys1 matricide is ! f\le/ (  
all crimes1 = man is m ne>ly relat$ to !
 "m ?an to ! fa!r4 ,b ,apollo _h comm&$ 
! de$1 s t ! fa!r's murd] %\ld n rema9  
unav5g$4       ,n to ! "m is ! *ild     
indebt$      ,= life2 %e t5ds & gu>ds ! 
k9dl+ sp>k      ,! fa!r light$2 %e b    
holds 8 pl$ge4----  he expla9s4 ,& !    
answ] is ! lam5t ( ! ,er9nys3       ,?us
 ?\ de/roy'/ ! gods ( anci5t times6     
,a!ne1 ! virg9 goddess1 ! mo!rless      
daught] ( ,zeus1 appe>+ z m$iator betwe5
 ! oppon5ts1 decides 9 fav\r ( ! new    
disp5sation :i* places ! fa!r's claim   
above ! "m's4 ,ore/es is free ( guilt2 8
 de$ 0 ju/ifiable accord+ to ! canons ( 
! new law4 ,! trag$y is ! symbolical    

commemoration ( ! victory ( ! male      
pr9ciple 9 ,greece4 ,b ,a!ne is !       
embodim5t ( ! new h]maphroditic ideal ( 
! ,greek :i* /ood 9 close connexion to  
_! homosexuality1 & ) :i* ,i propose to 
deal lat] on4  ,!re is a psy*ical law   
orda9+ t no?+ :i* has ev] quick5$ ! s\l 
( man %all be entirely lo/4 ,7 x n s1 ! 
/oreh\ses ( ! s\l w\ld /& empty4 ,new   
values are creat$1 b ! old v]ities      
endure2 z a rule !y are relegat$ to a   
l[] sph]e1 to inf]ior social lay]s1 b !y
 p]si/ & frequ5tly m]ge into ! new4 ,?is
 law applies )\t exception to !         
relation%ip betwe5 ! sexes2 we %all come
 ^u x aga9 & aga94 ,dur+ ! second /age1 
*>act]is$ by ! spiritual love =eign to !
 anci5ts1 ! purely sexual impulse       
cont9u$ z an unimpair$ =ce1 b x _h lo/  
its pre/ige & 0 n only reg>d$ z ignoble 
& base1 b also /igmatis$ z s9ful &      
demoniacal4 ,! he>ts ( m5 7 /irr$ by new
 ideals4  ,a simil> attitude1 p]haps n q
 s uncompromis+ because ! contra/ 0 less
 pron\nc$1 exi/$ 9 classical ,greece4 ,!

 m highly develop$1 self-consci\s       
,hell5ic g5ius1 %r9k+ f promiscu\s      
int]c\rse1 _h sy/ematis$ ! in/9ct & set 
up a new ideal 9 ,platonic love4 ,b bel[
 ! surface rag$ ! unbridl$ natural =ce1 
& 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! ,greek _s--x 0 n  
hy/]ically hidd51 b assign$ a place 9 ! 
new sy/em4 ,wrapp$ 9 ! obscurity ( !    
,my/]ies1 conceal$ f ! gaze ( ! new gods
 ( light1 x attempt$ to assuage its     
inext+ui%able ?ir/4 ,! ,my/]ies 7 !     
annual tribute paid z a ransom by       
,apollo-wor%ipp+ ,hellas to *aotic      
,asia1 s t %e might be free to pursue h]
 high] psy*o-spiritual aims4 ,!         
brilliant civilisation ( ,a!ns 0 bas$ on
 ! d>k cult ( ! ,my/]ies4 ,on ! fe/ivals
 ( ! h]maphroditic ,dionysus & ,demet]1 
:i* are id5tical ) ! cults ( ,adonis &  
,mylitta1 ! imp]sonal1 g5]ative elem5ts 
7 wor%ipp$4 ,?us1 bel[ ! surface ( !    
,greek ,/ate1 f\nd$ on mascul9e values &
 attempt+ to re/rict int]c\rse = !      
b5efit ( a m sy/ematis$ prog5iture1     
fl\ri%$ ! orgia/ic cult ( ! anci5t      

,ea/]n deities1 :o _h v\*saf$ to mortals
 a glimpse ( ! great secret ( life 9 !  
ard\r ( procreation & conception4 ,!    
wom5 upheld ! religion ( passion z an   
end 9 itself2 bac*antes1 m5 9 female    
attire1 emasculat$ prie/s1 sacrific$ to 
! bl9dly b\ntiful gods4 ,we are told t  
,dionysus conqu]$ ev5 ! ,amazons &      
conv]t$ !m to 8 wor%ip4 ,euripides      
describ$ 9 ! ,bac*antes--! subject ( :i*
 is ! w> betwe5 ! uncontroll$ sexual    
impulse & ! new ord] ( ?+s--h[ ,dionysus
 trav]s$ all ,asia & f9ally arriv$ 9    
,hellas accompani$ by a cr[d ( ab&on$   
wom54 ,b 8 religion 0 m ?an a cult ( w9e
 & s5sual pleasure1 x embrac$ a g5tle   
wor%ip ( nature1 ?r[+ d[n ! b>ri] betwe5
 man & bea/--impassable by ! _s (       
civilisation--& lov+ly includ+ e liv+   
creature4 ,we read 9 ! ,bac*antes t !   
wom5 :o _h fl$ f ! t[n to foll[ !       
irresi/ible /rang]1 ,dionysus1 dwell$ 9 
! m\nta9s1 b9d+ _! hair ) tame add]s1   
c>ry+ 9 _! arms ! cubs ( wolves & ! "y  
de]1 & fe$+ !m ) ! milk ( _! brea/s2 t  

milk & w9e well$ up :5 !y /ruck ! e>? ) 
! ?yrsus2 & s on4 ,dionysus implores    
,p5!us1 ! repres5tative ( ! ,hell5ic    
mascul9e sy/em1 n to v5ture undisguis$  
among ! ma5ads3 ,!y'll murd] y if !y    
div9e y\r sex1 &1 kn[+ ! secret ( ! male
 & female temp]3        4  4  4  4  4  4
  4  4  4  ,fir/ let      ,8 m9d be     
cl\d$ by a slight disord]      ,=1      
consci\s ( 8 manhood he w nev]      ,we>
 wom5's g>b2 insane1 he's sure to we> x4
  ,p5!us1 recognis+ 9 ,dionysus ! foe ( 
a m spiritual conception ( ! law1 !     
effem9ate /rang] :o _h driv5 ! wom5 to  
madness1 is torn to pieces by ! fr5zi$  
bac*antes :o fall ^u him1 l$ by ,agave1 
8 "m1 & sacrific$ to ! bull-god         
,dionysus4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is /range
 & pr(\nd epos1 ,agave recov]s h] s5ses 
& curses ! acts :i* %e has committ$ 9 h]
 madness 444 wom5 submit to ! new       
spiritual disp5sation4 ,we realise n[ :y
 ,h]a1 ! tutel>y goddess ( ! newly      
introduc$ monogam\s sy/em1 hat$         
,dionysus & attempt$ to kill him be=e he

 0 born4  ,! subject treat$ 9 !         
beautiful my? ( ,orpheus is !           
relation%ip betwe5 ! primitive sexual   
impulse & its individualisation on a    
s+le p]sonality4 ,= sev5 mon?s ,orpheus 
bewails ! dea? ( ,eurydice & reg>ds all 
o!r liv+ creatures ) indiff]5ce4 ,?is   
loyalty (f5ds & infuriates ! wom5 (     
,?racia1 :o div9e 9 x a _s inimical to a
 life 9 h>mony ) nature4 ,"o night1 dur+
 ! celebration ( ! ,dionysian rites1 !y 
attack ! poet--! repres5tative ( ! high]
 ,hell5ic poetical ideals--& r5d him    
limb f limb4 ,b z ! head ( ! murd]$ s+] 
floats d[n ! riv]1 ! pale lips /ill     
frame ! belov$ "n3 ,eurydice6 ,x is     
c]ta9 t 9 ^? remote leg5d>y days su*    
love did n exi/4 ,b ! prophetic ,greek  
_s contra/$ promiscu\s int]c\rse ) love 
= a s+le woman4  ,s f> we h enc\nt]$    
only a g5]al1 n an individualis$1 sexual
 in/9ct &1 9 a limit$ measure at lea/1 a
 /ruggl+ t5d5cy t[>ds individualisation4
 ,b ev5 s x 0 m]ely a "q ( in/9ct1 & did
 n be> ! lea/ resemblance to love z we  

und]/& x to-day4 ,love did n exi/ 9 !   
old _w4 ,i admit t 9 ! leg5d ( ,orpheus 
we are face to face ) a s5tim5t :i* is n
 unlike mod]n love1 b1 z f> z ,i am     
aw>e1 ?is is an isolat$ case 9 ,greek   
hi/ory1 & may be reg>d$ z a div9ation ( 
some?+ new1 j z we f9d unmi/akable      
anticipations ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,plato's  
writ+s4 ,su* ph5om5a--! occasional      
occurr5ce ( :i* ,i d n altoge!r d5y1    
al?\gh ,i reg>d !m z on ! :ole          
improbable z f> z ! sph]e ( my rese>* is
 conc]n$--are n infrequ5tly met ) 9     
hi/ory1 b _! effect ^u civilisation 0   
nil2 !y 7 pres5tim5ts1 incompreh5sible 9
 _! day1 & = ?is v reason probably      
pres]v$ z curiosities4  ,9 spite ( !    
fact1 h[ev]1 t 9 ^? f>-(f days spiritual
 love ( a man = a woman 0 unkn[n1 we f9d
 ,plato contra/+ a base & degrad$ ,eros 
) a div9e ,eros4 ,pausanias says 9 !    
,symposium3  ,! man :o loves ) 8 s5ses  
only1 loves wom5 & boys equally well4   
,he loves ! body m ?an ! s\l4444 ,8 only
 /riv+ is to obta9 ! object ( 8 desire1 

& he c>es n :e!r x be wor?y or unwor?y4 
,! ,eros he wor%ips is ! ally ( t y\ng] 
goddess 9 :om male & female attributes  
are bl5d$4 ,b ! o!r ,eros is ! companion
 ( ,aphrodite1 ,urania1 ! div9e2        
unbegott5 by a fa!r1 unconceiv$ by a "m1
 %e is ! (fspr+ ( ! male elem5t1 ! eld] 
"o1 un/a9$ by passion4444 ,! s5suali/ :o
 loves ! body m ?an ! s\l is base4 ,8   
love passes away l ! object ( 8 passion4
 ,b ! companion ( ! ,olympic goddess is 
! ,eros :o fills ! he>ts ( ! lov]s ) !  
long+ = virtue4 ,! o!r ,eros is !       
conf$]ate ( ! debas$ ,aphrodite4 ,&     
,ari/ophanes1 ano!r ( ! p>ticipators 9 !
 fea/1 says3 ,! ye>n+ does n seem to be 
a desire = ! pleasures ( ! s5ses1 ! "o  
tak+ delight 9 8 int]c\rse ) ! o!r2 f> f
 x1 x is obvi\s t ea* s\l is crav+ =    
some?+ :i* x _c express 9 words1 b c    
only div9e & conjecture4 ,& ! my/]i\s   
,diotima reveal$ to ,socrates an        
entirely novel pr9ciple 9 erotic life2 !
 pr9ciple :i* guides man beyond !       
pleasures ( ! s5ses &--?r\gh love--leads

 him to ! div9e4 ,! slave ( 8 s5ses runs
 aft] wom52 b he :o loves ) 8 s\l &     
/rives to w9 immortality ?r\gh virtue & 
wisdom1 seeks a great & beautiful s\l t 
he may surr5d] himself to x completely4 
,b 9 ! op9ion ( ! classical ages1 a     
beautiful s\l 0 only to be f\nd 9 ! body
 ( a man2 woman belong$ to ! l[]1 animal
 sph]es2 %e 0 de/9$ = ! pleasure ( !    
s5ses & ! propagation ( ! race4 ,plato's
 !ory ( ideas is ! philosophical victory
 ( ! male-spiritual pr9ciple ov] nature1
 matt] & _! w>d53 woman4 7,p]haps x is  
ev5 ! rev5ge ( ! ,greek g5ius = man's   
orig9al enslavem5t47 ,love betwe5 m51   
cont9ues ! se]1 =ms a /rong] tie1 a     
clos] fri5d%ip1 ?an love betwe5 p>5ts & 
*ildr52 x has a mutual %>e 9 *ildr5 :i* 
are immortal & f> m beautiful ?an !     
*ildr5 ( m54 ,%e tea*es ,socrates t ?is 
noble love is at ! root ( all !         
magnific5t creations ( ! _s1 z c>nal    
love is ! orig9 ( human life4 ,until he 
becomes aw>e t ! beauty ( all bodies is 
closely relat$1 a man mu/ love an       

individual ) all 8 he>t4 ,if a man w    
foll[ aft] beauty1 he is fooli% n to    
conceive ! beauty ( all bodies z "o & ! 
same4 ,z soon z he has le>n$ ?is1 he w  
become a lov] ( all beautiful =ms2 8    
f]v5t passion = "o w dim9i%1 he w scorn 
! individual & hold x *eap4  ,) !       
,hell5ic homosexuality an elem5t =eign &
 ev5 ho/ile to ! orig9al & natural      
bi-sexual s5suality crept into ! erotic 
life ( ! human race2 x f\nd its         
classical repres5tation 9 ! ,platonic   
dialogues ,symposium & ,pha$ros4 ,9     
consci\s opposition to all sexuality    
,platonic love 7:at is usually call$    
,platonic love is bas$ on an ob/9ate    
misund]/&+7 turns to ! purely spiritual1
 t is to say1 ! conceptions ( tru?1     
beauty & goodness2 x is a ye>n+ = !     
sup]natural1 & x kn[s itself z ! pa? to 
x4 ,9 ! mutual love ( all noble s\ls    
lies ! g]m ( all high] ?+s2 x is ! way  
to ! gods ( light :i*1 9 ?is connection1
 are conceiv$ philosophically z ideas1  
?\gh 9 ! true ,hell5ic _s z objective   

ideas1 ! prototypes & culm9ations (     
ev]y?+ human4 ,to grasp ! mean+ (       
,platonic love x is ess5tial to realise 
t--unlike ! spiritual woman-wor%ip      
peculi> to ! ,middle ,ages--x is n a    
p]sonal feel+ ( "o individual = ano!r2  
platonically speak+1 ! love = an        
individual is only a fir/ /age2 ! pa?   
:i* leads to ! love ( beauty & ! et]nal 
ideas4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is metaphysical 
love :i* ,plato 0 ! fir/ to conceive1 0 
!re=e love = ! univ]sal1 & n love = an  
individual4 ,! latt]1 z we %all f9d lat]
 on1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! true or1 m     
mode/ly speak+1 specifically ,european  
conception ( love4 ,platonic love1      
f9ally1 0 ! p]ception ( p]fection1 !    
,socratic k2 its alpha & omega 0 n1 z ! 
my/ic & true erotic w\ld h x1 its ard\r 
& passion1 ! fulness ( its own be+4 ,x  
_h an ali5 purpose3 ! k ( ?+s div9e1 by 
a lat] p]iod ,*ri/ianis$ & und]/ood z ! 
div9e my/]ies4 ,to ,plato1 ! ess5ce &   
climax ( antique1 ante-,*ri/ian culture1
 e individual1 ev5 ! belov$ mi/ress1 0 b

 a prelim9>y1 a f+]-po/1 po9t+ ! way to 
! p]ception ( p]fect beauty4 ,true      
virtue is ! outcome ( pr(\nd k2 x       
trans=ms m5 into gods4 ,! purely        
spiritual woman-wor%ip ( ! ,middle ,ages
 0 only ano!r aspect ( ?is ye>n+ to     
atta9 to virtue & p]fection ?r\gh ! love
 ( an individual4 ,we mu/ n lose sight (
 ! fact t x 0 already /rongly emphasis$ 
& upheld 9 ! ,platonic ideal ( love4  ,9
 ! d>k excesses ( ! ,my/]ies ! beauty ( 
! human =m c\nt$ = no?+2 voluptu\sness &
 intoxication rul$4 ,9 ! ,asiatic cult (
 ! sexes !re 0 no room = beauty1 no "t =
 selection4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! discov]]s ( !
 beauty ( ! human =m4 ,beauty k9dl$ !   
flame ( love 9 _! s\ls1 beauty 0 ! gauge
 :i* det]m9$ _! erotic values4 ,_! ideal
 0 a kalokaga?os1 a y\? beautiful 9 body
 & s\l4  ,9 ,pha$ros ,plato contra/s )  
f> great] =ce ?an 9 ! ,symposium him :o 
craves = s5sual pleasure l ! bea/s 9 !  
fields ) him :o /rives aft] beauty &    
p]fection4 ,to ! latt] ! face ( ! belov$
 is ! reflection ( ! sublimely          

beautiful4 ,he w\ld l to sacrifice to   
h]1 z to ! immortal gods4 ,all beautiful
 bodies repres5t to him 9 an increas+   
measure ! idea ( ! beauty ( =m1 :i* aga9
 is subord9ate to ! beauty ( ! s\l4 ,x  
po9ts ! way to metaphysical beauty1 !   
et]nal & imp]i%able idea ( mank9d4      
,socrates c\ld scorn ! beauty ( !       
individual because he saw 9 x m]ely an  
imp]fect reflection ( p]fect beauty4 ,9 
its true/ s5se ,platonic love is1 !re=e1
 imp]sonal2 x is n spiritual love = a   
human be+1 b a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( !   
,greek cult ( beauty4 ,we %all aga9 meet
 ?is pr9ciple ( beauty-wor%ip 9         
metaphysical love1 ! adoration ( woman2 
?anks to ,plato1 x has = all "t become !
 inali5able prop]ty ( ! human m9d4 ,!   
/riv+ to rise above all individualism 0 
ano!r ideal :i* a lat] p]iod reviv$4 ,b 
! pivot r\nd :i* ! emotions revolv$ 0 ! 
love = a belov$ individual1 ! mod]n1    
,european1 fundam5tal motive1 z oppos$  
to ! antique ,platonic cult ( ideas4    
,?us ,plato1 too1 0 a citiz5 ( ! old _w1

 at ^: ?re%old /ood univ]sal sexual     
int]c\rse1 tol]at+ no?+ p]sonal1 kn[+ ( 
no individuals1 ackn[l$g+ only un*eck$1 
uncontrollable in/9ct1 & ^: decl9e 0    
aga9 *>act]is$ by ! extreme imp]sonality
 ( ideas4 ,x _h trav]s$ ! pa? ( human   
exi/5ce 9 a huge cycle4 ,/>t+ f an      
unconsci\s exi/5ce 9 complete h>mony )  
nature1 x _h pass$ ?r\gh individualis$  
man to ! l(tie/ spiritual conceptions 9 
! imp]sonal _w ( ideas4  ,! ,hell5ic    
ideal ( beauty 0 almo/ inv>iably realis$
 9 ! male =m4 ,! ,greeks ( ! classical  
p]iod disda9$ woman2 %e 0 = !m          
insep>ably connect$ ) base s5suality1 b 
_! contempt _h its s\rce p>tly 9 a feel+
 ( horror4 ,! days :5 matri>*y 0 ! =m ( 
gov]nm5t 7 n v remote2 x surviv$ 9 a    
great numb] ( my?s & also1 subconsci\sly
 p]haps1 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,to ! ,greek m9d
 woman 0 ! embodim5t ( ! d>k side (     
love1 & x 0 m]ely ! logical conclusion (
 ?is conception :51 at a lat] p]iod1 %e 
0 reg>d$ z ! devil's tool4 ,x is c]ta9 t
 ! orig9 ( ! idea mu/ be s\ght 9        

,plato's "t4  ,9 int]c\rse ) wom5 man   
dimly felt ! vague elem5t>y condition f 
:i* he _h /ruggl$ h>d to em]ge1 & fl$ to
 ! m famili> companions ( 8 own sex4    
,w\ld n love betwe5 man & man deliv] him
 f ! basely s5sual1 /r5g!n 8            
spirituality & lead him to ! gods8 ,9   
?is connection ,zeus is call$ 9 ,pha$ros
 ,greek3 philios1 ! mak] ( fri5d%ips4   
,plato1 9 prop\nd+ ?is doctr9e1 drew    
!reby ! mo/ radical conclusion ( ! new1 
app>5tly male1 b at he>t h]maphroditic  
ideal ( civilisation1 conceiv$ 9 ! h]oic
 epo* & elaborat$ & br\ght to p]fection 
by ! ,greek ( classical times4 ,?is     
ideal 0 ! victory ( ! spiritual pr9ciple
 ov] promiscu\s sexuality &             
irresponsible propagation &1 q 9 ! true 
,hell5ic _s1 x 0 aga9 int]pret$         
mat]ially4  ,because individualis$ love 
0 an unkn[n quantity to ! anci5ts1 !y   
ornam5t$ _! s>cophagi ) symbols (       
ec/atic life1 ) danc+ & embrac+ fauns & 
ma5ads4 ,g5]ations pass$ away1 b new    
ones arose1 embrac+ & begett+ life--=   

life 0 et]nal4 ,dea? 0 vanqui%$ 9 !     
ec/asy ( ! nameless millions1 = ! true  
mean+ ( life lay 9 ! pres]vation ( !    
species4 ,! dea? ( ! individual did n h 
a deep & poignant mean+ until ! s\l _h  
become ! c5tre & climax ( life4 ,an     
individual _h pass$ away = ev]--no?+    
c\ld recall him4 ,dea? _h become ! f9al 
issue1 ! t]ror1 because x de/roy$ !     
greate/ ( all ?+s3 self-consci\s man4 ,b
 love1 too1 _h *ang$2 x 0 no long]      
sexual impulse1 dep5d+ on ! body & p]i%+
 ) x1 b a crav+ ( ! s\l1 consci\s (     
itself & /ret*+ out feel]s f> beyond !  
e>?4 ,a new pang _h come into ! _w1 b   
also a new reconciliation4     ,,!      
,,second ,,/age3 ,,love     ,,*apt] ,i  
,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,europe   ,! memory ( ! 
figure & prea*+ ( ,*ri/ _h s p[]fully   
influ5c$ ! c5turies t x _h gradually    
p]meat$ & trans=m$ n only ! ,platonic   
doctr9e ( ideas--t mature/ fruit (      
,greek wisdom--b also ! ,semitic        
m$iaeval mono!ism4 ,some?+ new _h sprung
 into be+1 some?+ :i* express$ a hi!rto 

unkn[n feel+ = life & = humanity1 vague 
& unc]ta9 9 ! beg9n+1 b gr[+ 9 cle>ness 
& uni=mity4 ,on ! ?rone ( ! ,roman      
emp]ors sat a bi%op1 ^: p[] 0 increas+ )
 ! developm5t ( ! new civilisation1 &   
:om ! f9al victory ( ! new transc5d5tal 
_w-pr9ciple _h made ma/] ( ! _w4 ,!     
build+ up ( ?is new civilisation _h     
absorb$ ! intellectual =ce ( a ?\s&     
ye>s2 x _h monopolis$ ?\ght & e =m (    
en]gy4 ,! rew>d 0 great4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 
! annals ( ! _w ! que/ion+s ( brood+    
intellig5ce 7 fully answ]$1 ! angui% ( !
 tortur$ s\l 0 /ill$4 ,! purpose ( !    
univ]se1 ! de/9y ( man1 7 compreh5d$ &  
int]pret$1 good & evil be+ f9ally kn[n4 
,at ! close ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian mill5>y1  
all moral & intellectual values 7 gr\p$ 
r\nd & dom9at$ by "o supreme ideal2 !   
l(tie/ value 9 ?is _w & ! next1 side by 
side ) ! greate/ secul> p[]1 7 9 ! h&s (
 ! ,*ur*2 toge!r ) ! imp]ium %e _h      
succe$$ to ! spiritual & e?ical         
inh]itance ( ! dead civilisations4 ,)\t 
h] unc\? b>b>ism reign$1 & x 0 h] task1 

:ile elaborat+ ! sy/em ( ! univ]se = :i*
 %e /ood1 to tea* & conv]t ! new        
nations1 to spread a uni=m ,*ri/ian     
civilisation4  ,on ! m]e face ( x x mu/ 
seem /range t a religion :i* _h gr[n on 
=eign soil1 out ( =eign spiritual       
assumptions1 %\ld h be5 accept$ s       
readily & quickly by nations to :om x   
mu/ h be5 ali5 & un9telligible4 ,! love 
( w> & val\r ( ! ,teutonic tribes &     
,*ri/ian asceticism 7 diametrically     
oppos$ ideals1 & v (t5 _! relation%ip 0 
"o ( direct ho/ility4 ,i ne$ only rem9d 
! read] ( ! contempt express$ = ! *apla9
 by ,hag5 79 ! ,song ( ! ,niebelung574  
,on ! o!r h&1 ! anci5t ,celtic &        
,teutonic races %>$ "o pr(\nd *>act]i/ic
 ) ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* 7 
suffici5tly f>-rea*+ to raise ! religion
 ( ,*ri/ to ! religion ( ,europe4 ,!    
*>act]i/ic common to ! /ill uncultivat$ 
,european _s & ,*ri/ianity1 & mean+less 
alike to ! ,asiatic b>b>ians1 ! ,jews ( 
! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,greeks1 0 !        
importance :i* bo? atta*$ to !          

individual s\l4 ,?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian       
religion ?is new intuition :i* saw 9 !  
s\l ( man ! highe/ ( values1 became !   
c5tre & pivot ( life & fai?--a position 
to :i* ev5 ,plato1 to :om ! objective1  
metaphysical idea 0 ! ess5tial1 nev]    
atta9$4 ,x _h be5 ! mo/ p]sonal exp]i5ce
 ( ,*ri/1 & c5turies aft] 8 dea? !      
nations r$iscov]$ x z _! highe/ value4  
,x entitl$ ,*ri/ianity to become !      
natural religion ( ,europe1 & ! s\l (   
its new sy/em ( civilisation4 ,x =m$ !  
mo/ complete contra/ to all ,asiatic    
cults1 ,brahm9ism & ,buddhism1 a fact   
:i*1 s9ce ,s*op5hau]1 "o is incl9$ to   
ov]look4 ,to ! ,indian1 ! s\l ( man is n
 an entity2 8 consci\sness is a         
republic1 z x 71 compos$ ( div]se       
spiritual pr9ciples & metaphysical =ces 
:i* are n c5tralis$ into an ,i-c5tre1 b 
exi/ imp]sonally1 side by side4 ,?is may
 be a great conception1 b x is =eign to 
! feel+ ( ! citiz5 ( ,europe4 ,to !     
latt] ! ,i1 ! s\l1 ! p]sonality1 is !   
pivot r\nd :i* life turns4 ,! evolution 

( ! ,european _w-feel+ is 9 ! direction 
( ! indep5d5t developm5t ( all psy*ical 
=ces & _! fusion into a unity (         
ev]-increas+ intimacy4 ,new values w be 
creat$1 b ! fus+ p[] ( ! s\l w /rive )  
gr[+ int5sity to co-ord9ate & unify !   
int]nal & ext]nal life2 p]sonality w    
recreate ! _w 9 con=mity ) its own      
purposes1 t is to say1 x w f\nd ! sy/em 
( objective civilisation4 ,! incapacity 
( ! ,indian to produce a civilisation   
p]fect 9 e direction is expla9$ by 8    
"o-sid$1 morally-speculative ?\ght4 ,!  
_w is to him no?+ b a moral ph5om5on1 he
 admits no o!r explanation2 he seeks its
 true mean+ & ! possibility ( its       
salvation 9 ! realisation ( ! vanity (  
life1 n 9 ! lib]at+ de$1 & n 9 ! inw>d  
*ange4  ,! k]nel ( matur$ & spiritualis$
 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* rea*$ its apex 9 !    
,g]man my/ics1 lies 9 ! s\l ( man1 eag] 
to %$ ev]y?+ :i* is subjective &        
accid5tal1 & become _s1 pr(\nd1 div9e   
reality4 ,eckh>t1 ! great p]fect] ( ?is 
,european religion1 delib]ately & 9     

direct contradiction to ! dogma ( 8 "t1 
plac$ man above ! highe/ angels1 :om he 
consid]$ subject to limitations2 man1 he
 argues1 ?anks to 8 fre$om1 is able to  
rea* a goal to :i* no angel c\ld aspire4
 ,= he is always new1 inf9itely exalt$  
above ! limitations ( ! angels & all    
f9ite reason4 ,( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! 
s\l & ,god he says2 ,! s\l ( ! righte\s 
man %all be ) ,god1 8 equal & compe]1 no
 m & no less4 ,! ,upani%ads1 on ! o!r   
h&1 ma9ta9 t ! core ( ! _w is n to be   
f\nd 9 ! s\l ( ! individual b 9 ,brahma1
 ! univ]sal s\l1 outside :om !re is no  
reality4 ,! individual s\l is b a       
phantasm ( ! univ]sal s\l1 z !          
reflection ( ! sun 9 ! wat] is b a      
phantasm ( ! sun4 ,! sole purpose ( ! _w
 is ! ext9ction ( individual            
consci\sness1 its absorption 9 ,brahma1 
! end ( all suff]+3 ,:5 feel+ has ceas$1
 pa9 mu/ cease1 too1 & ! _w be deliv]$4 
,! ,indian lacks ! c5tral conception (  
love1 = :i* he sub/itutes k4 ,primitive 
,*ri/ianity conceiv$ ! connection betwe5

 body & s\l1 ! encumb]+ ( ! s\l by !    
body1 z x 71 z a temptation or a        
puni%m5t2 accord+ to ! ,v$as1 x is m]ely
 a delusion to :i* ! sage is n subject4 
,be=e 8 ke5 vision1 ! deception falls to
 ! gr\nd1 & by ?is v fact he is deliv]$4
 ,to ! feel+ ( ,europe & ,*ri/ianity1   
h[ev]1 life & ! univ]se are g5u9e1 deep 
realities1 ! t\*/one ( ! s\l4 ,love is !
 s\l's greate/ treasure & ! only true   
pa? to ,god2 k c nev] take its place4 ,!
 div9e /ream ( love fl[+ ?r\gh ! s\l1   
says ,eckh>t1 c>ries ! s\l along ) x to 
its orig91 to ! b\rne ( all k1 to ,god4 
,! v g5]al id5tification ( ! ,*ri/ian & 
,indian my/ics--a fact :i* is acc\nt$ = 
by _! common metaphysical t5d5cy--is    
bas$ on an error2 ,indian my/icism &    
,*ri/ian my/icism orig9at$ 9 diff]5t    
concepts2 "h ! c5tre ( all be+ is laid 9
 love & 9 ! s\l ( man1 !re x is conta9$ 
9 k & 9 ,brahma4 ,b ultimately1 at !    
t]m9ation ( ! _w-process1 !y w meet1    
al?\gh com+ f diff]5t directions4 ,:ile 
! s\l wor%ips a ,god1 realises a ,god & 

kn[s ( a ,god1 says ,eckh>t1 x is       
sep>at$ f ,god4 ,?is is ,god's purpose1 
to annihilate ,himself 9 ! s\l1 s t !   
s\l1 too1 %all lose itself4 ,= ,god has 
be5 call$ ,god by ! creatures4 ,! words 
,! s\l creates ,god f )91 is connect$ ) 
! div9e & becomes div9e itself1 are     
highly significant4 ,to ! ,v$anti/ ! s\l
 ( man is an emanation f ! _w-s\l3      
,al?\gh ,god diff]s f ! individual s\l1 
! individual s\l does n diff] f ,god4   
,at ?is po9t x is no long] an easy matt]
 to di/+ui% ! feel+ ( ! ,*ri/ian my/ic f
 ! feel+ ( ! ,brahm92 ?\gh _! valuations
 ( man1 life & ! _w diff]1 nay1 are ev5 
oppos$ to ea* o!r1 !y f9ally meet 9     
,god4 ,we read 9 ! ,v$anta3 ,! =ce :i*  
creat$ & ma9ta9s ! univ]se1 ! et]nal    
pr9ciple ( all be+1 dwells entirely &   
undivid$ly 9 e "o ( u4 ,our self is     
id5tical ) ! supreme deity & only       
app>5tly diff]5tiat$ f x4 ,:osoev] has  
ma/]$ ?is tru? has become at "o ) all   
creation2 :osoev] has n ma/]$ x1 is a   
/rang] & a foe to all creatures4  ,i d n

 int5d to depreciate ,indian wisdom2 ,i 
m]ely desire to po9t out its inh]5t     
dissimil>ity to ,we/]n ?\ght2 my task ( 
lay+ hold ( ! _s ( ,europe 9 its crises 
& wat*+ its gr[? is b\nd to be advanc$  
by ?is division4  ,! religi\s exp]i5ce (
 ,*ri/1 bas$ on ! realisation ( ! div9e 
nature ( ! s\l1 & ! road ( ! s\l to     
,god1 has e/abli%$ ! fundam5tal ,we/]n  
pr9ciple4 ,a _w-sy/em 0 built up :i*    
emanat$ f ! inn]mo/ dep? ( ! individual 
s\l &1 v consi/5tly1 relat$ all exi/+   
?+s1 heav5 & e>?1 ! creation & !        
de/ruction ( ! _w1 salvation & p]dition1
 to ! s\l ( man4 ,?is 0 a*iev$ ) ! aid (
 a nave metaphysic1 creat$ by ! ,greek  
g5ius & ext]nalis$ by ! crude intellect 
( b>b>ians2 ?is metaphysic drew its :ole
 cont5t f a unique revelation1 & !      
ess5tial 0 frequ5tly hidd5 by dialectic 
& speculation4 ,"o may safely say t !   
fir/ mill5>y /rove1 if n exactly to set 
aside ! orig9al pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity1 
yet to b9d x by dogma 9 su* a way t x   
(t5 became completely obscur$4 ,a long  

tra9+ 0 necess>y be=e ! immature nations
 ( b>b>ians 7 fit to become citiz5s ( ! 
spiritual _w1 be=e !y c\ld fully        
assimilate ! new traditions & grasp _!  
inn]mo/ mean+1 :i* by ?is v fact became 
alt]$ & modifi$4 ,?is process (         
education came to a tempor>y conclusion 
ab\t ! ye> #aajj4 ,at la/ ! ,european   
nations _h outgr[n ! gu>dian%ip ( !     
,*ur* ) its antiquat$ me?ods2 a new1 a  
creative epo* 0 dawn+2 ! civilisation ( 
,europe1 oppos$ to all b>b>ism &        
ori5talism1 rose l a brilliant /> on !  
horizon ( ! _w4 ,spontane\s feel+ = !   
race1 = nature & = ! div9e v]ities _h   
aga9 become possible4  ,i %all h to     
exce$ ! limits ( my subject 9 ?is *apt]1
 = ,i propose %[+ ! se$s f :i*1 9 ! "t (
 ! ,crusades1 ! new s\l ( ! ,european1  
?r[+ (f ! le?>gy ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian      
mill5>y1 began to gr[ ) extraord9>y     
vig\r & rapidity2 t new s\l :i* exp]i5c$
 a wid]1 if n deep]1 unfold+ 9 ! p]iod (
 ! ,r5asc5ce1 & to ?is day p]vades &    
f]tilises our spiritual life4 ,i might h

 be5 less digressive1 b ,i hope t two   
reasons w ju/ify my prolixity2 ! fir/ is
 ! great importance ( ! subject f ! po9t
 ( view ( a hi/ory ( civilisation1 & !  
second & m p>ticul> "o is its close inn]
 relation%ip to my pr9cipal !me4 ,=1 9  
complete contra/ ) ! sexuality on :i*   
h]et(ore ! relation%ip betwe5 husb& &   
wife _h be5 bas$1 a new feel+1 t (      
spiritual love1 _h come into exi/5ce &  
quickly rea*$ its climax4 ,project$ n   
only on ! o!r sex1 b also on ,god & on  
nature1 x p]meat$ ! age & expla9s its   
great & unprec$5t$ manife/ations3 !     
spiritual love betwe5 man & woman 7:i*  
det]iorat$ lat] on into ! deification ( 
woman71 ! new religion ( ! ,g]man       
my/ics1 ! awak5+ appreciation ( ! beauty
 ( nature1 ! sudd5 outbur/ ( ,g]man     
poetry--no soon] born ?an x rea*$       
p]fection--! specifically ,european     
,go?ic ar*itecture1 s completely        
indep5d5t ( ! old art4 ,all ^! new      
creations _h _! orig9 9 ! /range crav+ (
 ! p]iod = some?+ novel & romantic1     

some?+ hi!rto unkn[n4 ,?is long+ begot !
 ideal ( *ivalry & a weal? ( half human1
 half pret]-human conceptions1 su* z !  
,holy ,sepul*re & ! ,holy ,grail4 ,& all
 at once1 some?+ unprec$5t$1 some?+ (   
:i* ! race _h z yet no exp]i5ce1 _h come
 to pass3 love1 :i* _h no?+ 9 common )  
s5suality1 :i* 0 ev5 delib]ately ho/ile 
to x1 love :i* well$ up 9 "o s\l & fl[$ 
into ! o!r--presuppos+ p]sonality--love 
0 !re6 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i h gone into       
detail1 ,i hope t x has s]v$ to         
elucidate ! pr9cipal !me ( ?is "p ( my  
book1 namely1 ! spiritual "p ( man =    
woman aspir+ to ! metaphysical1 :i* is s
 ali5 to our mod]n feel+4  ,x is        
necess>y to beg9 by sket*+ a backgr\nd  
:i* %all set (f ! new ph5om5on4 ,!      
spiritual a*ievem5t ( ! fir/ mill5>y 0 !
 con/ruction ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( !     
univ]se ! ,*ur* _h complete k ( all ?+s 
9 heav5 & e>?--symbols m]ely ( ! et]nal 
v]ities2 h] wisdom almo/ equall$ div9e  
wisdom1 = ! secrets ( life & dea? _h be5
 reveal$ & surr5d]$ to h]2 ,/4          

,*ryso/om's words utt]$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1
 ,! ,*ur* is ,god1 _h become a fact4 ,! 
pr(\nde/ wisdom1 ! greate/ p[]1 7 h]s2 !
 l(tie/ ideal _h be5 realis$ z x has    
nev] be5 realis$ be=e or s9ce4 ,z !     
wisdom ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 a direct gift ( 
,god1 s h] p[]1 too1 _h div9e orig9 &   
rea*$ beyond ?is e>?ly life4 ,! ,*ur*   
alone held ! key to et]nal bliss1 h]    
curse meant ev]la/+ damnation4 ,to be   
excommunicat$ 0 to be b]eav$ ( temporal 
& et]nal happ9ess4 ,a man :o _h be5     
excommunicat$ 0 worse (f ?an a wild     
bea/2 he 0 surr5d]$ to ! devils 9 hell1 
& he knew x4 ,!re 0 b "o road to        
salvation3 to d p5ance & humbly submit  
to ! ,*ur*4 ,?is has be5 symbolis$ = all
 times by ! memorable submission ( !    
,roman-,g]man emp]or1 :o /ood = ?ree    
days1 b>efoot$ & fa/+1 9 ! sn[ 9 !      
c\rty>d ( ,canossa1 be=e he 0 receiv$   
back into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! k+dom (    
,god 0 synonym\s ) ! ,*ur*2 ,jews &     
pagans 7 ! natural *ildr5 ( ! devil1 b !
 diss5t]1 ! h]etic :o d>$ to "q a s+le  

proposition ( ! div9e sy/em1 or 0 bold  
en\gh to ?9k on orig9al l9es--9 o!r     
words 9 contradiction to                
tradition--volunt>ily turn$ 8 back on   
,god1 & ) see+ eyes w5t into ! k+dom ( !
 devil4 ,he 0 :olly evil1 & no e>?ly    
puni%m5t fitt$ 8 crime4 ,! emp]or       
,!odosius1 z f> back z ,a4,d4 #chj1 _h  
call$ su* h]etics insane & dem5t$1 & !  
burn+ ( _! bodies at ! /ake :i* prev5t$ 
_! s\ls f fall+ into ! h&s ( ! devil1 0 
look$ ^u z a great & undes]v$ m]cy4 ,b n
 only dur+ _! lifetime1 b aft] _! dea?1 
too1 ! h& ( ! ,*ur* fell heavily on all 
^? :o _h /ray$ beyond h] pale2 _! bodies
 7 dragg$ f _! graves & ?r[n into !     
c>rion-pit4 ,a man :om ! ,*ur* _h       
excommunicat$ 0 buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( a   
,g]man conv5t4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce   
ord]$ ! exhumation ( ! body1 ?reat5+ to 
int]dict div9e s]vice 9 ! conv5t if 8   
comm& 7 disobey$4 ,b ! abbess1          
,hildeg>de ( ,b+5 7#ajih-aagi71 a woman 
( great m5tal p[] & an inspir$ se]1     
oppos$ him4 ,hav+ receiv$ a direct      

message f ,god1 %e wrote to ! bi%op z   
foll[s3 ,con=m+ to my cu/om1 ,i look$ up
 to ! true light1 & ,god comm&$ me to   
)hold my cons5t to ! exhumation ( !     
body1 because ,he ,himself took ! dead  
man f ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 s t ,he might   
lead him to ! beatitude ( ! bless$4444  
,x 7 bett] = me to fall into ! h&s ( man
 ?an to disobey ! comm& ( my ,"l4 ,!    
sa9t _h int]pret$ ! w ( ,god1 & !       
ar*bi%op1 sanction+ a sudd5 rum\r t !   
deceas$ _h receiv$ absolution at !      
elev5? h\r1 yield$4 ,b ! bi%op's yield+ 
by no means c\nt5anc$ ! belief t ,god   
might1 = once1 tol]ate ! body ( an      
excommunicate 9 sacr$ gr\nd1 f> f x--!  
vision ( ! abbess ,hildeg>de _h m]ely   
s]v$ to correct an error4  ,all ^? :o   
d>$ to oppose ! cl]gy by ^w or de$ 7    
doom$ to ev]la/+ p]dition--?is 0 a fact 
:i* x 7 futile to d\bt2 at ! mo/1 a man 
%rugg$ 8 %\ld]s at c]ta9 damnation = !  
sake ( mundane pleasures--a ri* legacy 9
 ! h\r ( dea? might save him4 ,n        
infrequ5tly ! fe> ( ! devil 0 trans=m$  

into indiff]5ce1 & sometimes ev5 into   
demonolatry4 ,a s+le ungodly ?\ght might
 involve et]nal dea?1 & z _m a man1 m   
p>ticul>ly _m a prie/1 realis$ 8        
inability to live cont9u\sly 9 ! pres5ce
 ( ,god1 he surr5d]$ 8 s\l to !         
anti-god1 n f a long+ = ! pleasures ( ! 
s5ses1 b f despair4 ,! wor%ip ( ! devil1
 f> f be+ an inv5tion ( fanatical monks1
 actually exi/$1 & 0 (t5 ! la/          
consolation ( ^? :o held !mselves =sak5 
by ,god4 ,! hi]>*y did n hesitate a     
mom5t to make ! utmo/ use or ! p[]      
conf]r$ ^u !m by ! m5tal attitude ( ! p4
 ,! gov]nm5t ( k+s & pr9ces1 9 addition 
to ! ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 c\ld only  
be a transi5t1 s9ful condition2 ! "t 0  
b\nd to come :5 ! pope w\ld be k+ ( !   
e>?1 & ! great lords ( ! _w 8 vassals1  
appo9t$ by him to keep ! wick$ _w 9     
*eck1 & depos$ by him if he f\nd !m     
incapable1 wor%ipp]s ( ! devil1 or      
disob$i5t to ! ,*ur*4 ,! :ole _w 0 a    
hi]>*y ^: apex rea*$ heav5 & bore1 z !  
repres5tative ( its invisible summit1 ! 

pope4 ,he /ood1 to quote ,innoc5t       
,,iii41 9 ! middle1 betwe5 ,god &       
humanity4 ,! same great pope has left u 
a docum5t entitl$ ,on ! ,contempt ( !   
,_w1 :i* treats ( ! absolute futility ( 
all ?+s mundane4 ,!re is no reason to   
look ^u ! union ( ?is unqu5*able ?ir/ = 
p[] & complete o!r-world9ess z a        
contradiction4 ,! k+dom ( ,god1         
,augu/9e's ,civitas ,dei1 mu/ (         
necessity be e/abli%$ t ! de/9y ( ! _w  
may be fulfill$4 ,e pope mu/ acc\nt to  
,god = 8 %>e 9 ! advancem5t ( ! only "w 
:i* matt]$1 & ! great] ! p[] ! rul] (   
?is _w _h acquir$ ov] ! s\ls ( m51 ! m  
he trembl$ be=e ,god1 weigh$ d[n by !   
burd5 ( 8 enorm\s responsibility4 ,!    
r5unciation ( ! _w 9 ! s]vice ( !       
_w-rul+ ,*ur*1 ! ma/]y ( ! _w 9 ! s]vice
 ( r5unciation1 ?is 0 ! problem & ideal 
( ! middle ages 7,h>nack74 ,b n only !  
pope1 e prie/1 z a direct memb] ( !     
k+dom ( ,god1 0 sup]ior to ! secul>     
rul]s4 ,?is 0 taught emphatically by !  
great ,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 =        

in/ance1 & ,gregory ,,vii41 ! wilde/    
fanatic ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 said1 9 writ+ 
to a ,g]man bi%op3 ,:o !n :o possesses  
ev5 small k & reason+ p[]1 c\ld hesitate
 to place ! prie/s above ! k+s8 ,ev5 !  
emp]or ,con/ant9e1 ?\gh he 0 /ill l>gely
 "u ! sway ( ! imp]ial idea1 di/9ctly   
ackn[l$g$ ! bi%ops z 8 ma/]s2 accord+ to
 ! leg5d he h&$ to ! ,bi%op ( ,rome !   
insignia ( 8 p[]1 sceptre1 cr[n & cloak1
 & humbly held ! bridle ( ! prelate's   
horse4  ,! !oretic backbone ( ?is m5tal 
attitude 0 ! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs ( !     
,*ur* & ! old] s*ola/icism1 pron\nc+ !  
illimitable p[] ( human p]ception2 !    
_w's pr(\nde/ dep?s _h be5 fa?om$1 its  
riddle f9ally solv$2 !re 0 consequ5tly  
no room = philosophy1 ! endless         
m$itation on ! mean+ ( ! _w & ! de/9y ( 
man4 ,sci5ce _h b "o task3 to br+       
logical pro( ( ! reveal$ religi\s       
v]ities4 ,! greate/ *ampion ( ?is view 0
 ,anselm ( ,cant]bury 7#ajcc-aaji71 :o 9
 8 treatise1 ,cur ,deus ,homo prov$ t   
,god 0 compell$ to become man 9 ord] to 

complete ! "w ( salvation4 ,abl>d prea*$
 a simil> doctr9e1 b c>ri$ away by !    
f]v\r ( ?\ght1 arriv$ at conclusions :i*
 he 0 =c$ to recant ignom9i\sly2 = at ! 
end ( 8 *a9 ( evid5ce he did n always   
f9d ! =egone conclusion :i* %\ld h be5  
!re4 ,?is sy/em ( a f9al & infallible k 
( ! _w is ! v f\ndation ( ecclesia/ical 
gov]nm5t4 ,! prie/ alone has all k1 = he
 has ! doctr9e ( salvation4 ,_h x       
occurr$ to any man to def5d 8 own       
op9ions 9 contradiction to ! sy/em ( !  
,*ur*1 t man w\ld spe$ily h come to !   
conclusion t ! devil _h tempt$ him to   
false obs]vations1 or false d$uctions1 &
 8 submission to ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5 !   
outw>d sign ( 8 victory ov] ! evil :i*  
_h bl9d$ 8 spiritual vision4 ,a man _h  
to *oose betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ,god & !     
wor%ip ( ! devil1 !re 0 no alt]native4  
,nobody knew ! limits ( human k2        
ev]ybody1 ! le>n$ ecclesia/ic z well z !
 unle>n$1 pla9 man1 believ$ o!rs to be 9
 possession ( ! key to pr(\nd secrets & 
unlimit$ p[]4 ,"o ?+ only 0 ne$ful3 to  

possess "o's self ( ! philosoph]'s /one2
 !re=e ! belief 9 wit*craft & ! fe> (   
c]ta9 m5 suppos$ to be end[$ )          
sup]natural p[]--! prie/s--7 b ! obvi\s 
results ( a _w-sy/em1 f\nd$ on a reveal$
 & exact religion4  ,! ,lat9 poets1 ^:  
/udy w\ld probably h c\nt]act$ !        
univ]sal b>b>ism1 7 reg>d$ z dang]\s1 ! 
gods ( antiquity be+ id5tifi$ ) ! demons
 ( ! ,scriptures4 ,?is view 0           
responsible = ! loss ( _m a valuable    
manuscript4 ,! fav\rite haunts ( !      
demons 7 ! conv5ts1 orig9ally design$ z 
battlefields on :i* ! /ruggles ) !      
demons 7 to be f\ght out1 b frequ5tly   
p]i%+ 9 sup]/ition & ignorance4 ,e monk 
_h visions ( devils2 miracles occurr$   
cont9ually2 ! tortur+ problem 0 z to    
:e!r !y 7 work$ by ,god or ! devil4     
,nature 0 m]ely a collection ( my/ic    
symbols1 div9e--or p]haps               
diabolical--allegories1 ^: mean+ c\ld be
 discov]$ by a correct int]pretation ( !
 ,bible4 ,ev]y?+ :i* c\ld possibly happ5
 0 record$ 9 ! ,scriptures2 !y conta9$ !

 true explanation ( all ?+s4 ,x 0 only a
 matt] ( select+ ! "r ^w & int]pret+ x  
correctly1 = e ^w 0 ambigu\s &          
allegorical4 ,e natural occurr5ce--an   
eclipse ( ! sun1 a comet1 or ev5 a      
fire--/ood = some?+ else2 x 0 ! symbol (
 a spiritual ev5t conceal$ beh9d a      
ph5om5on4 ,! allegorical int]pretation (
 ! ,bible 0 c>ri$ to ! po9t ( ab/rus5ess
 because e ^w 0 consid]$ ( necessity to 
h an unfa?omably pr(\nd mean+4 ,! foll[+
 amaz+ int]pretation is by !            
highly-gift$ ,g]man poet & my/ic1 ,suso3
 ,among ! great numb] ( ,solomon's wives
 0 a black woman :om ! k+ lov$ above all
 o!rs4 ,n[ :at does ! ,holy ,gho/ mean  
by ?is8 ,! *>m+ black woman 9 :om ,god  
delights m ?an 9 any o!r1 is a man      
pati5tly be>+ ! trials :i* ,god s5ds    
him4 ,abl>d's int]pretation ( ! black   
woman is ev5 worse2 he ma9ta9$ t ?\gh %e
 0 black outside1 h] bones1 t is h] "*1 
7 :ite4 ,a really rem>kable de$ ( bad   
ta/e 0 committ$ by ! monk1 ,matfre      
,erm5gau1 ! au?or ( ! ,brevi>i d',amor1 

at a "t :5 civilisation _h already made 
consid]able /rides4 ,he s5t 8 si/] a    
,*ri/mas pres5t1 consi/+ ( a honey-cake1
 mead1 & a roa/ capon1 accompani$ by !  
foll[+ lett]3 ,! mead is ! blood (      
,*ri/1 ! honey-cake & ! capon are ,8    
body1 :i* = our salvation 0 bak$ & pi]c$
 at ! ,cross4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ bak$ ! cake
 9 ! ,virg9's womb1 9 :i* ! sug> ( ,8   
div9ity amalgamat$ ) ! d\gh ( our       
humanity4 ,9 ! ,virg9's womb ! ,holy    
,gho/ also spic$ ! mead & prep>$ x f    
w9e2 ! spice is div9e virtue1 ! w9e is  
human blood4 ,9 addition ,he caus$ !    
holy capon to issue f ! egg2 ! yolk ( ! 
egg is ! deity1 ! :ite is humanity1 !   
%ell is ! womb ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 4441 etc4
  ,! religion ( ,*ri/ 0 lo/1 man _h     
become a /rang] to 8 own s\l--cele/ial  
w>n+s1 signs ( ! ,judgm5t ,day1 daemonic
 temptations1 surr\nd$ him1 z f> z he   
paid he$ to any?+ sup]-s5su\s on all    
sides4 ,! ,fr5* *ronicl]1 ,radulf ,glab]
 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajjj71 might h be5 writ+ 
a satire on antiquity :5 he w>n$ 8      

contempor>ies ( ! demons lurk+ ev]y:]e1 
b m especially dwell+ 9 trees & f\nta9s4
 ,( a le>n$ man :o 0 /udy+ ! classic    
poets1 he said3 ,?is man1 confus$ by !  
magic ( evil spirits1 _h ! impud5ce to  
prop\nd doctr9es contradictory to our   
holy fai?4 ,9 8 op9ion ev]y?+ ! anci5t  
poets _h ma9ta9$ 0 true4 ,pet]1 ! bi%op 
( ! t[n1 condemn$ him z a h]etic4 ,at t 
"t !re 7 _m m5 9 ,italy believ+ ?is     
false doctr9e2 !y p]i%$ by ! sword or at
 ! /ake4 ,we h a lett]1 writt5 at ! same
 "t by ,g]b]t1 :o lat] on became ,pope  
,sylve/] ,,ii41 to a fri5d1 besee*+ him 
to obta9 = him manuscripts ( ! ,lat9    
philosoph]s & poets4 ,he wrote textbooks
 ( a/ronomy1 geometry & m$ic9e1 &       
introduc$ ! ,arabic numb]s & ! decimal  
sy/em into ,europe4 ,9 consequ5ce he1   
too1 0 accus$ ( magic & int]c\rse )     
,arabian pagans4 ,a *ronicl] relates t  
he sold 8 s\l to ! devil & became pope  
?r\gh ! devil's ag5cy2 & t1 :5 he 0 on !
 po9t ( dea?1 he ord]$ 8 body to be cut 
to pieces s t ! devil %\ld n c>ry x     

away4  ,to-day we f9d x difficult to    
realise su* a /ate ( m9d4 ,e man ( our  
p]iod :o takes ! smalle/ int]e/ 9 ?+s   
spiritual--be he ! mo/ or?odox          
ecclesia/ic--at lea/ kn[s t !re are     
capable p 9 ! _w ^: op9ions diff] f 81  
:o seek fre% k2 he kn[s x1 ev5 ?\gh he  
may pret5d t !y are p :o h gone a/ray & 
h be5 ab&on$ by ,god4 ,no "o c be       
entirely bl9d to ! new values creat$ by 
human intellect4 ,b ! m5 ( ! ,middle    
,ages 7 sway$ by a mon/r\s dualism1 &   
despite _! belief 9 ! illimitable p[] ( 
human cognition1 !y unque/ion+ly accept$
 ! sacr$ tradition & reject$ ! nave     
evid5ce ( ! s5ses & intellect :5ev] x   
seem$ to contradict ! dogma4 ,?us       
m$iaeval sci5ce did n repres5t :at x    
repres5t$ 9 antiquity1 & :at x repres5ts
 n[1 ! /udy ( ! true relation%ip ( ?+s1 
b r ! application ( tru?s reveal$ once &
 = all4 ,!re 0 no?+ m to be discov]$1 & 
!re=e sci5ti/s took a delight 9 logical 
& dialectical speculations :i* to a man 
( our day seem s5seless & *ildi%4 ,f>   

into ! ,r5asc5ce1 natural hi/ory 0 a    
m$ley ( anci5t traditions1 ori5tal      
fables & sup]ficial obs]vations4 ,!     
/range/ qualities 7 attribut$ to animals
 ) :i* we come almo/ daily into contact4
 ,! foll[+ quotations are cull$ f a     
,prov5al book on zoology3 ,! cricket is 
s pleas$ ) its song t x =gets to fe$ &  
dies s++4 ,:5 a snake cat*es sight ( a  
nude man1 x is s fill$ ) fe> t x does n 
d>e to look at him2 b if ! man is       
dress$1 ! snake looks ^u him z a weakl+ 
& spr+s ^u him4 ,! add] gu>ds ! balsam2 
if a man desires to /eal ! balsam1 he   
mu/ fir/ s5d ! add] to sleep by play+ on
 a musical in/rum5t4 ,b if ! add]       
discov]s t x is be+ dup$1 x closes "o ( 
its e>s ) its tail & rubs ! o!r "o aga9/
 ! gr\nd until x is fill$ ) e>?2 !n x _c
 he> ! music & rema9s awake4 ,( all     
animals !re is none s dang]\s z !       
unicorn2 x attacks ev]ybody ) ! horn :i*
 gr[s on ! top ( its head4 ,b x takes   
su* delight 9 virg9s t ! hunt]s place a 
maid5 on its trail4 ,z soon z ! unicorn 

sees ! maid51 x lays its head into h]   
lap & falls asleep1 :5 x may easily be  
caught4 ,( ! magnet we le>n among o!r   
?+s t x re/ores peace betwe5 husb& &    
wife1 s(t5s ! he>t ( all m5 & cures     
dropsy4 ,if a magnet is made into a p[d]
 & burnt on *>coal 9 ! f\r corn]s ( !   
h\se1 ! inhabitants imag9e t !y _c keep 
on _! legs & run away1 sorely affright$2
 ?ieves frequ5tly pr(it by ?is fact4 ,if
 a magnet is plac$ "u ! pill[ ( a sleep+
 woman1 %e is compell$1 if %e is        
virtu\s1 to embrace h] husb& 9 h] sleep2
 if %e has betray$ him1 %e w fall out ( 
h] b$ ) fe>4  ,all ?is in=mation 0 !    
common prop]ty ( ! p]iod2 ,ri*>d (      
,b]bezilh1 = in/ance1 an ae/hetic       
tr\bad\r1 tells u t--l a /ill-born      
lion's cub :i* 0 only br\ght to life by 
! ro>+ ( its dam--he 0 awak5$ to life by
 8 mi/ress4 7,he does n say :e!r x 0 by 
h] ro>+47 ,conrad ( ,wrzburg comp>es !  
,holy ,virg9 to a lioness :o br+s h]    
dead cubs1 i4e41 mank9d1 to life ) l\d  
ro>+4 ,b>tolom ,zorgi1 ano!r tr\bad\r ( 

! same p]iod1 lik5s 8 lady to a snake1  
=--he expla9s--%e flees f ! nude poet & 
h] c\rage only returns ) 8 clo!s4 ,dur+ 
! :ole m$iaeval p]iod ! unicorn 0 a     
well-kn[n symbol ( virg9ity1 m          
especially ( ! virg9ity ( ,m>y4 ,!      
,gold5 ,smi?y ( ! ,g]man m9nes+]1       
aft]w>ds monk ,conrad ( ,wrzburg1       
conta9s a r ab/ruse poem :i* beg9s3     
,! hunt began2      ,! heav5ly unicorn  
,0 *as$ into ! ?icket      ,( ?is ali5  
_w1      ,& s\ght1 imp]ial maid1        
,)9 ?9e arms a sanctu>y4444 etc4        
,natural hi/ory 0 9 a p>l\s /ate1 &     
geographical k 0 equally spuri\s4 ,!    
,*ur* 0 av]se to natural rese>*1 = !    
only problem 9 ! _w 0 ! salvation ( man 
f ev]la/+ damnation4 ,n only ,t]tullian1
 b sev]al ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 reg>d$      
physical rese>* z sup]flu\s & absurd1 & 
ev5 z godless4 ,:at happ9ess %all be m9e
 if ,i "k :]e ! ,nile has its s\rce1 or 
:at ! physici/s fable ( heav58 ask$     
,lactantius4 ,&1 ,%\ld we n be reg>d$ z 
insane if we pret5d$ to h k ( matt]s (  

:i* we c "k no?+8 ,h[ mu* m1 !n1 are !y 
to be reg>d$ z rav+ madm5 :o imag9e t !y
 "k ! secrets ( nature1 :i* w nev] be   
reveal$ to human inquisitiv5ess8 ,"h "o 
is rem9d$ ( a rem>k made 9 ,phdros by ! 
wise/ ( all ,greeks1 :o refus$ to leave 
t[n because :at c\ld ,socrates le>n f   
trees & grass8 ,& ,julius ,cs> wrote an 
acc\nt ( 8 w>s to :ile away ! "t :5 he 0
 cross+ ! ,alps4  ,v likely ! sy/em ( ! 
,*ur* w\ld h be5 less rigid _h x n      
l>gely be5 occupi$ 9 deal+ ) ignorant   
b>b>ians4 ,9 ! case ( ,celts & ,teutons1
 a complete & unassailable =m (         
dogmatics ) its coroll>y ( hi]atical    
intol]ance 0 ! only possible sy/em4 ,!  
traditions ( ^! peoples 7 f> too =eign  
to ,*ri/ianity to all[ ,*ri/ian g]ms to 
fl\ri% 9 _! soil4 ,& ! new nations1     
accept+ :at ,rome (f]$ to !m1 7         
completely unproductive 9 _! adolesc5ce4
 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is fatal fir/ mill5>y  
might be =mulat$ z foll[s3 ,! civilis$  
_w ( ,we/]n ,europe 0 unit$ "u !        
gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 on all      

nations x _h be5 impress$ 9 ! same      
comb9ation ( words & similes t !y 7 liv+
 9 a s9ful _w2 !y knew :5 ?is _w _h be5 
creat$ & :5 its ,savi\r _h appe>$2 !y   
knew t its end w\ld come toge!r ) !     
bodily resurrection ( ! dead & ! t]rible
 day ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t2 !y knew t demons
 7 lurk+ ev]y:]e1 seek+ to de/roy man's 
s\l1 & t ! ,*ur* alone c\ld save him4   
,all ^! facts 7 z unalt]able z ! return 
( ! seasons4  ,! fundam5tal s\rces (    
antiquity _h be5 s5suality & asceticism1
 ! elem5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages ab/ract    
?\ght & hi/orical fai?2 n[ emotion 0 to 
become ! pr9cipal factor4 ,x well$ up 9 
! s\l & soon dom9at$ all life4 ,! f\nta9
 :i* _h be5 dri$ up s9ce ! dawn ( !     
,*ri/ian era1 began to fl[ aga9 9 a     
small c\ntry 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,!      
civilis+ c5tre _h aga9 %ift$ we/w>ds1 z 
9 ! pa/ x _h %ift$ f ,asia to ,greece1 &
 f ,greece to ,rome4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/
 ?\s& ye>s ,greece & ,asia ,m9or _h     
sep>at$ !mselves f ,europe1 & f\nd$ a   
di/9ct culture1 ! ,byzant9e1 :i* ex]t$  

no influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,europe4  
,b n ev5 ,italy1 ! sc5e ( ! old]        
civilisation1 0 de/9$ to give bir? to ! 
new2 maybe ! memory ( ! antique1        
ante-,*ri/ian1 p]iod 0 too p[]ful "h4   
,its cradle /ood on virg9 gr\nd1 9      
,prov5ce1 a c\ntry wre/$ f ,celts &     
,teutons by ! ,roman eagles1 pl\gh$ by !
 ,roman _s1 pres]v+ 9 "s ( its coa/     
t[ns1 notably 9 ,m>silia1 ! ri* rema9s (
 ,greek settlem5ts1 some?+ ( ,moori%    
influ5ce 9 race & language1 & fus+ all  
^! het]og5e\s elem5ts into a spl5did    
:ole4 ,b :y ?is important spiritual     
c5tre %\ld h be5 =m$ j "h x is difficult
 to say4  ,= ! fir/ "t ! sy/em (        
ecclesia/ical values 0 confront$ by     
some?+ novel1 :i* 0 n--l ! old ,teutonic
 ideal ( ! p]fect w>rior--ta9t$ by      
b>b>ism1 b may be describ$ z ! sy/em (  
mundane c\rt values4 ,?is new ideal 0 n 
f\nd$ on an au?ority :i* _h to be       
accept$ 9 good fai?2 x _h its direct    
orig9 9 ! passionate ye>n+ ( ! human    
s\l4 ,man _h re-discov]$ himself &      

become consci\s ( 8 p]sonal creative    
=ce4 ,a v great ?+ _h be5 accompli%$2 ! 
se$ :i*1 sl[ly ga!r+ /r5g?1 _h la9 9 !  
soil = a ?\s& ye>s1 _h at la/ bur/ its  
husk1 & 0 rapidly gr[+ into ! magnific5t
 tree ( ! ,european civilisation4 ,9    
sil5t opposition to ! sy/em ( ! accept$ 
ecclesia/ical values1 ! new ideal (     
pretz e valor e beutatz 7wor? & value & 
beauty71 ( caval>ia & cortezia 7*ivalry 
& c\rtesy71 0 upheld 9 ,prov5ce4 ,f\r   
worldly virtues1 wisdom1 c\rtly mann]s1 
hone/y & self-re/ra9t1 7 contra/$ ) !   
ecclesia/ical c>d9al virtues4 ,! c\rts (
 ! pr9ces became c5tres ( new life &    
art4 ,! new spiritual-ae/hetic concept (
 fea/+ & enjoym5t trans=m$ ! =m] orgies 
( eat+ & dr9k+4 ,woman1 :o _h h]et(ore  
be5 exclud$ f male society1 0 all at    
once transf]r$ to ! v c5tre ( be+2 = h] 
sake m5 controll$ _! brutal temp]s &    
ex]t$ !mselves to please by good mann]s1
 ta/e & art4 ,%e1 :om ! ,*ur* _h done   
ev]y?+ to depreciate1 :o _h be5 d5i$ a  
s\l at ! ,c\ncil ( ,macon 79 ! six?     

c5tury71 _h become ! v vessel ( ! s\l2  
man look$ up to h] & b5t 8 knee be=e !  
newly-creat$ goddess4  ,! cultivation ( 
! new c\rtly mann] co9cid$ ) ! nasc5t   
art ( ! tr\bad\rs4 ,!re 0 no gradual    
gr[? & developm5t 9 ! latt]2 at ! v     
outset x _h rea*$ p]fection4 ,! fir/    
tr\bad\r ^: "n has come d[n to u 0      
,guillem ( ,poiti]s1 ,duke ( ,aquitania 
7ab\t #aajj72 great lords & b>ons glori$
 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is new art4 ,e c\rt     
boa/$ its poets1 hospitably receiv$ &   
load$ ) pres5ts2 ! great ones ( ! e>? 7 
beg9n+ to ex]cise t patronage ( art &   
lett]s :i* 9 ! ,r5asc5ce rea*$ su*      
extravagant proportions4 ,e di/+ui%$    
poet employ$ sal>i$ musicians1 ! jogl>s 
7jongleurs71 :o w&]$ f c\rt to c\rt1 s++
 _! ma/]s' new songs4 ,o!rs aga91 !     
comtaires1 relat$ romances ( love &     
adv5ture1 ga!r+ r\nd !m a rapt ?rong (  
lords & ladies4 ,c\rtly mann]s & l(ty   
pr9ciples quickly became ! recognis$    
ideal2 ! man :o 0 satisfi$ ) ! pleasures
 ( ! s5ses 0 held 9 contempt2 ! greate/ 

reproa* 0 vilania2 9 ! ,yva9 ( ! ,fr5*  
epic poet ,*re/i5 de ,troyes1 ?is       
univ]sal feel+ is ?us express$3       ,a
 c\rti] c\nts ?\gh he be dead1      ,m  
?an a ru/ic /\t & r$4  ,dante & 8       
circle1 z well z ! be/ ( ! tr\bad\rs1   
sub/itut$ = ! cortois ( ! sup]ficial    
,*re/i5 ! cor g5til1 ! noble he>t1 :i*  
!y acc\nt$ m preci\s ?an rank & weal? & 
p[]4 ,:]ev] !re is virtue !re is        
nobility1 says ,dante1 b :]e !re is     
nobility !re ne$ n necess>ily be virtue4
 ,a "t _h come :5 p]sonal di/9ction 0 9 
e man's grasp1 no matt] :e!r he 0 le>n$ 
or unle>n$1 a nobleman or a common]4    
,c]ta9ly ! common] 0 nev] on an equality
 ) ! ari/ocrat1 p>tly because he 0      
dep5d5t on ! l>gess ( ! great4 ,ev5     
,dante 0 compell$ to seek pr9cely       
patronage1 & n until ! ,r5asc5ce d we   
he> ( writ]s ^: s>ca/ic tongues 7 s     
dread$ t !y became indep5d5t ( *>ity4   
,9 opposition to ! monki% ideal ( a     
contemplative life :i* _h hi!rto obta9$1
 a new ideal1 ! ideal ( ! c\rti]'s life1

 0 upheld2 ecclesia/ical sa9tl9ess 0    
contra/$ ) knightly hon\r4 ,beauty1 :i* 
at ! dawn ( ! ,*ri/ian era _h fall5 into
 ill repute & _h become associat$ )     
unholy1 & ev5 diabolical1 practices1 _h 
aga9 come into its k+dom4 ,above ev]y?+ 
x 0 ! beauty ( woman :i* 0              
re-discov]$--or r1 9 its new1 spiritual 
s5se1 newly discov]$--& claim$ !        
en?usiasm & love ( ! be/ m5 ( ! p]iod4  
,aft] a ?\s& ye>s ( gloom & brutality1  
joy & culture %$ _! radiance on a r5ew$ 
_w4 ,! ideal ( *ivalry bore v little    
resemblance to ! old ,teutonic ideal ( !
 h]o2 ! old] ideal _h be5 bas$ entirely 
on ! appreciation ( physical /r5g?2 b   
*ivalry 0 ! dissem9ator ( culture1 leav+
 ecclesia/ical culture1 :i* hi!rto _h   
be5 synonym\s ) civilisation1 a v long  
way beh9d4 ,mezura1 masze 7! ,greek3    
mph/os ( ! ,platonic ,greeks7 0 ! new   
crit]ion1 z comp>$ ) ! b>b>ian's want ( 
re/ra9t4  ,i d n propose to give a      
description ( ! life at ! c\rts (       
,prov5ce4 ,! news ( x travell$ nor?1 &  

ev]y:]e r\s$ a desire to imitate x4 ,!  
ne$ ( a r5ew$ life 0 p[]fully /irr+ all 
he>ts4 ,m5 ye>n$ = beauty & spontaneity1
 = passionate life1 unprec$5t$ &        
romantic4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 !  
nor?1 9 ,france & 9 ,g]many1 & above all
 9 ,wales1 ! c\ntry ( ! imag9ative &    
highly-gift$ ,celts4 ,"h life 0 h>d]1   
poor]1 m b>b>ic2 ! cultur$ m9d suff]$ m 
f its brutal surr\nd+s ?an x did 9 !    
fav\r$ s\?4 ,x 0 "h t ! great leg5ds ( !
 ,middle ,ages1 s cle>ly expressive ( ! 
ye>n+ ( ! p]iod1 7 fir/ collect$4 ,!    
e>ly ,middle ,ages _h produc$ epic      
poems1 treat+ scriptural subjects 7su* z
 ! ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels ( ! monk        
,otfrit1 writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury71 &      
celebrat+ ! exploits ( popul> h]oes1 z1 
= in/ance1 ! ,g]man ,song ( ,hildebr&1 &
 ! ,fr5* ,*ansons de ,ge/e1 :i* conta9  
episodes f ! lives ( ,*>lemagne & 8     
nephew ,rol&4 ,! true epic1 aris+ f !   
ri* & poetical ,celtic tradition1 came  
into exi/5ce 9 ! elev5? c5tury 9 ! ,nor?
 ( ,france & imm$iately bur/ into       

extraord9>y luxuriance4 ,! leg5ds ( !   
h]oes ( ! dreamy ,celtic race--,k+      
,ar?ur & 8 knights1 ,m]l9 ! magician1 ! 
knights ( ! ,holy ,grail--travell+      
across ,france1 became ! common prop]ty 
( ! civilis$ ,european nations1 & fill$ 
all he>ts ) long+ & fanta/ic dreams4    
,*re/i5 de ,troyes1 9 8 romances1       
extoll$ knightly exploits & ! s]vice (  
woman1 ?us produc+ by ! comb9ation ( !  
old] & ! new] ideals ! novel ( adv5ture 
:i* has fasc9at$ ! _w = c5turies4 ,x is 
a mi/ake to believe t ,don ,quixote has 
/ruck at ! root ( x2 to ?is day ! masses
 wax en?usia/ic 9 read+ ( ! d\ghty de$s 
( knights1 ! beauty ( ladies & _!       
unsw]v+1 undy+ love4  ,9 addition to !  
great & h]oic subjects1 !re 7 less]1 m  
intimate1 & frequ5tly s5tim5tal1        
romances1 especially enjoy$ & widely    
circulat$ by ! ladies4 ,! b>on1 rid+ =?1
 left 8 "y wife at home1 %ut up 9 h] b[]
 & surr\nd$ by spies2 sometimes ev5     
physically br&$ z 8 prop]ty4 ,a prison] 
beh9d b>s1 h] imag9ation w5t out--n to !

 unlov$ husb& :o _h m>ri$ h] = ! sake ( 
h] broad acres1 & c\ld s5d h] back to h]
 p>5ts z soon z he f\nd a weal?i] bride 
7he _h b to ma9ta9 t %e 0 relat$ to him 
9 ! fif? degree & ! ,*ur* 0 ready to    
annul ! m>riage71 n to him1 h] "l &     
ma/]1 b to ! unkn[n knight1 ! passionate
 lov]1 :o w\ld gladly give 8 life to w9 
h]4 ,a jongleur arriv$ ) /ories ( !     
c\rts :]e love 0 ! only rul]2 :]e !     
knights will+ly suff]$ grief & want1 if 
by s do+ !y c\ld s]ve _! lady2 :]e !    
lov]1 9 ! %ape ( a beautiful blue bird1 
nightly slipp$ ?r\gh ! b>r$ w9d[s into !
 arms ( 8 mi/ress4 ,b ! jeal\s husb& _h 
drawn b>b$ wire across ! w9d[1 & ! lov]1
 fly+ away at dawn1 bl$ to dea? be=e !  
eyes ( 8 grief-/rick5 lady4 ,! jongleur 
w\ld tell ( ! knight :o _h fall5        
passionately 9 love ) a beautiful damsel
 ( :om he _h b caught a pass+ glimpse2  
mon? aft] mon? he work$ at digg+ an     
und]gr\nd passage2 e night br\ght him a 
little ne>] to h] b[]--%e c\ld di/9ctly 
he> ! dull s\nds ( 8 burr[+--until at   

la/ he rose ?r\gh ! gr\nd & took h] into
 8 arms4 ,^! & simil> tales1 d\btless   
all ( !m ( ,celtic orig9--pres]v$ = u 9 
! *>m+ ,lais ( ,m>ie de ,france--br\ght 
te>s to ! eyes ( _m a lonely wife & gave
 %ape to h] vague long+4 ,!re 0 no      
reason :y a man1 & a lov] to boot1 %\ld 
n trans=m himself nightly into a blue   
bird4 ,^? simple /ories 9 v]se fulfill$ 
e desire ( ! he>t2 imag9ation suppli$ 9 
! nor? :at ! s\? (f]$ 9 abundant        
reality4 ,b ,m>ie de ,france1 ! fir/    
woman noveli/ ( ,europe 7ab\t ! end ( ! 
twelf? c5tury71 des]ves to be rememb]$ =
 ano!r reason2 %e 0 ! fir/ poet voic+   
woman's long+ = love & romance--woman's 
adv5ture4 ,! *>m+ ,lai du ,*evrefoile   
7,! ,/ory ( ! ,honeysuckle7 relates an  
episode f ! loves ( ,tri/an & ,isolde1 !
 fam\s lov]s1 leg5d>y ev5 at t "t4      
,tri/an & ,isolde1 ,lancelot & ,gu9ev]e1
 ,fleur & ,blan*efleur--^! 7 ! admir$ & 
my?ical lov]s ( :om ! poets sang &      
dream$4 ,all ! _w knew _! adv5tures2 all
 ! _w repeat$ !m aga9 & aga91 rev]5tly  

pres]v+ ! id5tical words & yet          
unconsci\sly rem\ld+ !m4 ,at ! recital (
 _! loves1 h& clasp$ h&2 on t day we    
read no m1 confess$ ,dante's ill-fat$   
lov]s4  ,! long+1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,nor?
 ( ,europe1 to see ! _w & meet )        
adv5tures1 0 9 ,prov5ce & ,italy less   
pron\nc$4 ,^! fav\r$ climes possess$ s  
_m ( ! ?+s dream$ ( & desir$ by o!r     
c\ntries4 ,ev5ts1 /range z fiction1     
actually occurr$4 ,c\nt ,raimond (      
,r\ssillon1 = in/ance1 imprison$ 8 wife 
9 a t[] because ! tr\bad\r1 ,guillem (  
,cabe/ann1 0 9 love ) & belov$ by h]4   
,he waylaid ! lov]1 kill$ him1 cut 8    
he>t out ( 8 brea/ & s5t x1 roa/$1 to 8 
c\ntess4 ,:5 %e _h p>tak5 ( x1 he %[$ h]
 ,guillem's head & ask$ h] h[ %e _h     
enjoy$ ! di%4 ,s mu* t no o!r food %all 
ev] pass my lips1 %e repli$1 ca/+ h]self
 out ( ! w9d[4 ,:5 ! /ory spread abroad1
 ! great nobles rose up 9 arms aga9/    
,raimond1 & ev5 ! ,k+ ( ,aragon made w> 
on him4 ,he 0 caught & imprison$ = life1
 & 8 e/ates 7 confiscat$4 ,guillem & !  

c\ntess 7 buri$ 9 ! *ur*1 & = a long "t 
aft] m5 & wom5 travell$ long di/ances to
 kneel at _! grave4 ,! *>m+ poems (     
,melus9e & ! beautiful ,magelone1 :i* to
 ?is day delight ! read]1 7 compos$ dur+
 ! same p]iod4  ,be=e ! elev5? c5tury   
poetry 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w did n exi/4 
,!re 7 only ,lat9 ,*ur* hymns & leg5ds1 
p]v]t$ rem9isc5ces ( antiquity1 &1 9 !  
vulg> tongue1 leg5ds ( ! sa9ts & simple 
danc+-songs = ! amusem5t ( ! l[]        
classes4 ,?anks to ! rel5tless w> :i* ! 
cl]gy wag$ aga9/ !m1 a few only h be5   
pres]v$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,prov5ce 0 
! bir?place ( ,european poetry4 ,! sweet
 language ( ,prov5ce 0 ! fir/ to rea*   
p]fection & p]fect maturity4 ,x drove ! 
language ( ! ,g]man conqu]ors ea/w>ds & 
prep>$ ! gr\nd = ! ,fr5* tongue4  ,!    
beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury saw ! bir? ( ! 
poetry ( ! tr\bad\rs1 :i* possess$ f !  
fir/ 9 great p]fection ev]y?+ t         
di/+ui%es mod]n lyric poetry f !        
antique4 ,in/ead ( ! syllable-measur+   
quantity1 we n[ h ! emphasis+ acc5t2 !  

rhyme1 "o ( ! mo/ important lyrical     
contrivances--& 9 its ne> approa* to    
music ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n    
lyrical poetry z comp>$ ) !             
antique--rea*es p]fection toge!r ) !    
complete1 ev5ly-recurr+ v]se :i* is /ill
 to-day peculi> to lyrical art4 ,! poems
 ( _m ( ! tr\bad\rs pulsate ) passionate
 life1 & be> no trace ( ! traditional or
 ! conv5tional4 ,! m>tial songs ( ,b]tr&
 de ,born /ride along ) a rhy?m         
rem9isc5t ( ! clank+ ( iron4 ,i quote ! 
fir/ v]se ( "o ( ^!3       ,le coms m'a 
m&at e mogut      ,p] ,n',arramon ,luc  
d',esp>ro1      ,qu'eu fassa p] lui tal 
*anso1      ,on sian tr5*at mil escut1  
,elm e ausb]c e alcoto      ,e p]ponh   
faussat e romput4       ,! c\nt he s5t  
to me "o day      ,sir ,arramon ,luc    
d',esp>ro2      ,a song ,i 0 to make    
him--s      ,t ?\s& %ields ) r+ & /ay   
,& mail & arm\r ( ! foe      ,to        
fragm5ts %iv]$ 9 dismay4  ,! poetry ( ! 
,prov5al tr\bad\rs _h already pass$ its 
prime :51 9 ! o!r ,european c\ntries1   

lyric art 0 /ill 9 its infancy4 ,!      
crusade aga9/ ! ,albig5ses 7#abji71     
und]tak5 by ,gregory ,,vii4 ) ! object (
 kill+ ! new _s & ! new secul>          
civilisation1 drove _m tr\bad\rs to     
,italy1 among o!rs ! fam\s ,sordello1 :o
 is m5tion$ 9 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y4   
,o!rs w5t to ,sicily1 to ! c\rt ( !     
art-lov+ ,emp]or1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 :]e a 
di/9ct1 b n v orig9al1 poetic art arose4
 ,9 ,italy ! p]fection ( m$iaeval poetry
 0 rea*$ 9 ! sweet1 new /yle immortalis$
 by ,dante4 ,b n only ! great ,italians1
 ! tr\v]es f ! ,nor? ( ,france also1    
&--to "s ext5t--! ,g]man m9nes+]s1 7    
influ5c$ by ! art1 & above all1 ! ideals
 :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ,prov5ce4 ,! poetry (
 ! e>lie/ ,rh5i% & ,au/rian m9nes+]s    
closely foll[s ,g]man folklore1 & !     
songs ( ,dietm> ( ,ai/ & o!rs are /ill q
 innoc5t ( any trace ( neo-,lat9        
*>act]i/ics4 ,b v soon ! te*nical       
p]fection ( ! ,prov5al poetry & !       
,prov5al ideal ( c\rtesy & love1 fam\s  
all ov] ,europe1 /rongly influ5c$ !     

,g]man m9d4  ,! new poetry & ! ideal (  
*ivalry & ! s]vice ( woman 7 ! fir/     
indep5d5t developm5ts able to hold _!   
own by ! side ( ecclesia/ical culture4  
,! rigid ,lat9 0 sup]s$$2 ! s\l ( man   
sang 9 its own language ( ! return (    
spr+1 ! beauty ( woman1 knigh?ood &     
adv5ture4 ,poetry became ! mo/ important
 s\rce ( secul> education1 & z ea*      
nation sang 9 its own tongue1 national  
*>act]i/ics %one out ?r\gh !            
individuality ( ! s+]4 ,prov5als1       
,fr5*m51 ,g]mans & ,italians realis$ t  
!y belong$ to diff]5t races4 ,?is 0     
p>ticul>ly ! case dur+ ! ,crusades :51  
"u ! auspices ( ! ,*ur*1 ! nations (    
,europe _h app>5tly und]tak5 a common   
task4  ,9 ,prov5ce1 9 ,france & ,g]many1
 e poem 0 set to music1 & ?us1          
simultane\sly ) ! lyrical art1 secul>   
music 0 evolv$4 ,j4,b4 ,beck1 ! greate/ 
au?ority on ! music ( ! tr\bad\rs1--!   
music ( ! m9nes+]s has be5 /udi$ v      
little1--says1 ,! poetry ( ! tr\bad\rs &
 tr\v]es repres5ts 9 its totality a     

collection ( songs :i* 9 _! frequ5tly   
amaz+ navet & melodi\sness1 _!          
spontaneity & s\nd music1 intimate      
congruity ( melody & text & extraord9>y 
orig9ality1 h be5 unp>allel$ to ?is day4
 ,all ^! songs are di/+ui%$ by graceful 
simplicity2 b ! e> ( ! non-musician c   
h>dly p]ceive ! orig9ality on :i* ,beck 
lays su* /ress4 ,9 any case1 ! music is 
inf]ior to ! frequ5tly p]fect text4 ,?is
 same p]iod saw ! inception ( our pres5t
 sy/em ( musical notation4  ,! new      
poetry creat$ a desire = lit]ature1 ?us 
giv+ impetus to ! already exi/5t art (  
illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,e pr9ce kept a  
sal>i$ army ( copyi/s & illum9ators1    
produc+ ! manuscripts to-day pres]v$ &  
/udi$ 9 our museums4 ,/udios :]e ?is "w 
0 c>ri$ on exi/$ at v>i\s art c5tres1   
especially--z f> z we are able to tell  
to-day--at ! papal c\rts at ,avignon--t 
meet+-gr\nd ( ,fr5* & ,italian arti/s--9
 ,p>is & at ,rheims4 ,^! work%ops 7 !   
bir?place ( m9iature pa9t+1 :i* rea*$   
p]fection 9 ! fam\s ,burgundian ,livres 

d',heures4  ,to-day ! sci5ce ( ae/hetics
 is attempt+ to trace ! influ5ce :i*    
emanat$ f ! ,fr5* & ev5 f ! e>li]       
,engli% work%ops1 & spread ov] ! :ole   
cont95t4 ,x is v probable t ! ,fr5* art 
( m9iature pa9t+ ( ! fir/ half ( !      
?irte5? c5tury 0 "m ( ! lat]            
,nor?-,european art ( pa9t+4 ,x 0 9     
,nor!rn ,europe t1 indep5d5tly (        
,hell5ic & ,byzant9e influ5ce1 a new art
 orig9at$1 ( :i* ,max ,dvorak says3 ,x  
w\ld h>dly be possible to f9d an ext]nal
 cause = ! quick & complete disappe>ance
 ( ! elem5ts ( ! ,neo-,lat9 art4 ,! pa/ 
0 simply done )1 & an absolutely new    
p]iod 0 beg9n+4 ,?us ! new art 0 almo/  
)\t any tradition4 ,dvorak calls ?is    
complete *ange ! mo/ important 9 !      
hi/ory ( pa9t+ s9ce antiquity4 ,george1 
,c\nt ,vitz?um1 has prov$ t ! fam\s     
,cologne s*ool ( pa9t+ modell$ itself on
 ,nor!rn-,fr5*1 ,belgian1 & a q         
indep5d5t ,engli% s*ool ( illum9ators4  
,x is ev5 sugge/$ t ! ,engli% /yle (    
m9iature pa9t+ influ5c$ ,europe z f> z !

 ,upp] ,rh9e4 ,x is also v significant t
 ! ,dut* art ( ! bro!rs van ,eyck1 ^:   
sudd5 appe>ance seem$ s inexplicable1 is
 n[ prov$ to h _h its s\rce 9 ! ,nor? ( 
,france4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h draw+s (    
?ree ec/atic nuns %[+ decid$ orig9ality2
 ,hildeg>de ( ,b+51 already m5tion$ on a
 previ\s occasion1 has h]self ornam5t$  
h] book1 ,scivias1 ) m9iatures :i*1     
accord+ to ,hasel(f1 9 spite ( _!       
primitive /yle1 reveal a biz>re pla/ic  
tal5t1 & are !re=e closely relat$ to h] 
intuitions4 ,alfr$ ,peltz] speaks (     
fanta/ic figures surr\nd$ by flames4 ,! 
two o!r nuns 7 ,elizabe? ( ,s*nau1 &    
,h]rad ( ,l&sb]g2 ^! two 7 entirely "u !
 influ5ce ( ! dawn+ my/icism4  ,i w "h  
quote a few m passages f ,dvorak1 :o1 9 
deal+ ) ! individual arts1 does n lose  
sight ( ! :ole4 ,simultane\sly ) a new  
lit]ature1 he says1 we h a new art (    
illu/ration1 new m9iatures1 no long]    
draw+ inspiration f antiquity4444 ,we   
meet ! new /yle 9 its full p]fection    
:]ev] x is a matt] ( a new te*nique 79 !

 art ( /a9+ glass1 = in/ance1 or (      
illu/rat+ pr(ane lit]ature74444 ,he     
speaks ( a new decoration ( manuscripts 
inv5t$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5?
 c5tury4 ,?us ! close & causal          
connection betwe5 ! new poetry & !      
illum9ation ( books is cle>ly app>5t1 & 
x may be said )\t exagg]ation t !       
,prov5al lyric poetry & ! ,nor?-,fr5* & 
,celtic cycles ( romance l$ up to ! new 
,european /yle ( pa9t+ :i* did n come to
 p]fection until two c5turies lat]4     
7,no?+ positive c be said ab\t !        
influ5ce ( ,france on ,italian art2 !   
monum5tal "* & ! art ( ,cimabue1 ,giotto
 & ! ,si5ese does n1 h[ev]1 sugge/ t !y 
7 mu* influ5c$ by ! art ( m9iature      
pa9t+1 b r h9ts t !y drew inspiration f 
antique frescoes47  ,i mu/ add a few    
words on ! subject ( ^? m9iatures :i*   
are n easily accessible to ! layman1 b  
reproductions ( :i* are frequ5tly met ) 
9 books on ! hi/ory ( art4 ,9 addition  
to religi\s subjects1 ! :ole c\rtly     
company :i* lives & brea!s 9 ! leg5ds ( 

! ,r\nd ,table1 k+s & knights1 poets1   
m9/rels1 & fair damsels1 hawk+1 j\/+1   
banquet+ & play+ *ess1 ev]y?+ :i* /irr$ 
! poet's imag9ation1 is depict$4 ,! _s (
 ! romances :i* 9 mod]n times en*ant$ ! 
,engli% ,pre-,raphaelites1 six c5turies 
ago provid$ food & /imulus to !         
indu/ri\s illum9ators ^: names h long   
be5 =gott54  ,if ! art ( m9iature pa9t+ 
nev] rose--except+ 9 its wid]           
consequ5ces--to univ]sal significance1  
m$iaeval ar*itecture /&s be=e our eyes  
magnific5t z on ! fir/ day4 ,until !    
middle ( ! twelf? c5tury ! monum5tal    
/ructures ( ,europe 7 directly influ5c$ 
by ! lat] ,hell5ic civilisation4 ,!     
,byzant9e basilica 0 sl[ly trans=m$ into
 ! ,neo-,lat9 h\se1 & ?us1 9 ?is        
important doma9 also1 ,europe drew h]   
inspirations f antiquity4 ,b only !     
gr\nd-plan ( ! ,go?ic ca!dral1 t is to  
say1 ! idea ( a nave ) side-aisles1 0   
traditional & borr[$ f ,neo-,lat9       
models4 ,f ?is invisible gr\nd-plan rose
 some?+ absolutely orig9al & auto*?onic4

 ,?is new1 specifically                 
,c5tral-,european /yle ( ar*itecture 0  
develop$ on soil :]e !re 7 no antique   
build+s to /em ! new life ) _! ov]:elm+ 
dom9ation1 & to b> ! way ( arti/ic      
inspiration ) _! om9\s ,i am p]fection6 
,9 e bran* ( art antiquity _h prov$     
itself a foe1 until at la/ ! ,r5asc5ce 0
 suffici5tly mature to assimilate &     
ov]come ! antique inh]itance s          
completely t x became an excell5t       
f]tilis] = ! new art4 ,! ess5ce ( !     
,go?ic /yle is ! dissolution ( all t is 
heavy & mat]ial--! victory ( _s ov]     
matt]4 ,walls 7 brok5 up into pill>s &  
so>+ arcades2 monoton\s facework 0      
tol]at$ less & less1 & e available in* 0
 m\ld$ into a liv+ semblance4 ,! result 
may be /udi$ 9 ! incomp>able faades ( _m
 ( ! ca!drals 9 ! ,nor? ( ,france2 & 9  
t[]-pieces almo/ vibrat+ ) life &       
passion su* z t ( ,/4 ,/eph5's 9 ,vi5na4
 ,! conflict betwe5 matt] & pure =m is  
settl$--= ! fir/ & only "t--9 ,go?ic    
ar*itecture4 ,! ,greek temple ) its     

correct proportions possess$ no m ?an   
p]fection ( =m )\t spiritual admixture2 
x 0 p]fect z m>ble /atues1 :i* are an   
end 9 !mselves1 & d n po9t ! way to     
spiritual tru?s4 ,go?ic ar*itecture is  
probably unique 9 its bl5d+ ( /hetic    
p]fection ( =m & inf9ite spiritual      
weal?2 9 ! fusion ( ^! two elem5ts 9 a  
high] intuition4 ,x is ! balance ( ! two
 *>act]i/ics ( g5ius1 inexhau/ible weal?
 & ! /riv+ = h>moni\s expression4 ,x    
m>k$ ! fir/ p[]ful work+ ( ! ,teutonic  
_s on ! _w2 its metaphysical ye>n+      
toge!r ) a g5u9e love ( nature1 f\nd 9  
?is art its own peculi> traditionless   
expression1 j z x f\nd expression 9 !   
newly-evolv$ my/icism :i* no long]      
re-e*o$ ,ari/otle & 8 comm5tators1 b    
drew inspiration f its own intuition4 ,=
 ?is reason ,go?ic ar*itecture nev]     
became acclimatis$ 9 ,italy4 ,! so>+    
t[]1 m especially1 nev] appeal$ to !    
,italian ar*itect4  ,ornam5tation &     
capitals1 previ\sly a comb9ation (      
geometrical figures1 :i* may h be5      

ar*itecturally great & impos+1 b 0      
always m or less =mal & rigid1          
disappe>$2 ! new ma/]s1 ^: names h be5  
=gott51 look$ r\nd !m & drew inspiration
 f nature4 ,! =e/ trees ( ,c5tral       
,europe became pill>s2 gr\p$ toge!r1    
app>5tly haphaz>d1 !y reflect$ a my/ical
 nature puls+ ) my/]i\s life4 ,spread+ &
 ramify+1 gr[+ toge!r 9 an imp5etrable  
network ( foliage1 !y bore buds1 leaves 
& fruits4 ,e p9nacle became a sprig1 ev5
 ! p5dant icicles reappe>$ 9 !          
gable-bo>ds4 ,b ! assimilation ( natural
 objects did n cease !re2 t9y animals1  
light z a fea!r1 run ov] ! t5drils1     
liz>ds1 birds1 ev5 ! gnomes ( ,g]man    
my?ology1 f9d _! way into ! ,go?ic      
ca!dral4 ,n ! traditional ,greek acan?us
 leaf1 b ! foliage ( ! ,nor?-,european  
oak gr[s "u ! h&s ( ! sculptor4 ,ev5 !  
cross is twi/$ into a fl[]2 !           
sacro-sanct symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion
 is newly conceiv$1 newly int]pret$ &   
m\ld$ s t x may h a place4 ,! ,go?ic    
ca!dral ) its so>+ ar*es free f all     

heav9ess is ! p]fect expression ( t     
cosmic feel+ t inspir$ ,eckh>t & rea*$  
its arti/ic p]fection 9 ,dante4  ,b !   
s\l ( ! my/ic 9 /one conta9s ! same     
elem5ts z ! s\l ( ,eckh>t1 :o 0 also a  
s*oolman4 ,! confus$ & complex s*ola/ic 
_w ( ideas :i* correspond$ s well ) !   
m$iaeval temp] &1 toge!r ) ! new art1 _h
 emanat$ f ,p>is1 is closely ak9 to     
,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,= ! ,go?ic /yle &  
s*ola/ic ?\ght %>e ! *>act]i/ics ( !    
inf9itely con/ructive & inf9itely cleft1
 ! inf9itely subtle & ornam5tal--p]haps 
! la/ trace ( ! _s ( ! nor? z comp>$ ) !
 simplicity ( ! s\?4  ,z if f f]tile    
soil1 a _w ( sculptur$ m5 & bea/s sprang
 f ! faades ( ! new ca!drals4 ,! figures
 on ! ca!drals ( ,naumburg1 ,/rassburg1 
,rheims1 ,ami5s & ,*>tres are f> sup]ior
 to ! arti/ic a*ievem5ts ( ! dawn+      
r5asc5ce 9 ,italy4 ,!y are real m51 full
 ( life & passion1 no long] symbols ( ! 
transc5d5tal glory ( ! _w beyond !      
grave4 ,all rigidity _h melt$1 ev]y?+   
:i* _h be5 /iff & h>d _h become supple2 

! emotion ( ! s\l fl[s ?r\gh e curve &  
l9e2 ! set faces ( ! /atues are         
illum9at$ by a smile :i* seems to come f
 )91 ! aft]gl[ ( inw>d bliss 7,worr+]74 
,a long+ w5t ?r\gh ! _w1 /imulat+ fai? 9
 miracles & a desire = adv5ture1 a long+
 :i* no s\l c\ld resi/4 ,no?+ c]ta9 0   
kn[n ( c\ntries fifty miles di/ant2 !   
travell] mu/ be prep>$ = ! mo/ amaz+    
ev5ts4 ,no "o knew :at fate await$ him  
beh9d yond] blue m\nta9s4 ,! exi/5ce (  
natural laws 0 undreamt (2 !re 0 no     
improbability 9 dragons or lions        
possess+ p[] ( spee*4 ,a p]iod incapable
 ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! natural &          
sup]natural w always indulge 9 ^?       
fancies :i* are be/ suit$ to its temp]4 
,be ! native c\ntry nev] s poor1 ! long 
d>kness & cold ( ! w9t] nev] s h>d to   
be>1 f> away 9 ! ,ea/1 or 9 ,camelot1 ! 
k+dom ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 life 0 full ( beauty
 & sun%9e4 ,! leg5ds ( ,k+ ,ar?ur       
p[]fully affect$ ! imag9ation2 !y 7     
read1 secretly & surreptiti\sly1 9 all  
conv5ts2 on a sultry summ] aft]noon1    

dur+ ! le>n$ discussion ( _! preceptor1 
"o aft] ano!r ( ! pupils w\ld fall      
asleep2 ! preceptor1 sudd5ly int]rupt+  
himself1 w\ld cont9ue aft] a %ort pause3
 ,& n[ ,i w tell y ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 & all  
eyes w\ld sp>kle z ! pupils li/5$ ) rapt
 att5tion4 ,francis ( ,assisi call$ "o (
 8 disciples a knight ( 8 ,r\nd ,table1 
& ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] ,don ,quixote   
lo/ 8 reason ov] ! /udy ( ^? leg5ds2 "s 
( ! f9e/ works ( art ( ! pres5t "t1     
,wagn]'s ,loh5gr91 ,tri/an & ,isolde1 & 
,p>sifal1 take _! subject f !           
inexhau/ible treasure ( ! ,celtic epic  
cycle4 ,! long+ = exp]i5ce & adv5ture _h
 laid hold ( ! imag9ation to an         
extraord9>y degree4 ,! recital ( wondr\s
 adv5tures no long] satisfi$ ! li/5]2 he
 ye>n$ to p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,! "y knight1
 tra9$ 9 a?letics & c\rtesy1 & possess+ 
a little k ( biblical hi/ory1 left 8    
fa!r's ca/le to face ! unkn[n _w4 ,!re 0
 a sanctu>y1 my/]i\s1 almo/ sup]nal1    
c>efully gu>d$ 9 ! d5se =e/ ( an        
inaccessible m\nta94 ,a knight ^: he>t 0

 pure1 & :o _h d$icat$ himself to !     
lifelong s]vice ( ! div9e1 c\ld f9d x2 b
 he w\ld h to w&] = _m ye>s1 ?r\gh =e/s 
& gl5s & /range c\ntries1 alone &       
solit>y1 be=e 8 eyes w\ld behold ! mo/  
sacr$ relic 9 ! _w1 ! ,holy ,grail4  ,! 
"t 0 ripe = a great ev5t1 a univ]sal &  
ov]:elm+ ent]prise :i* c\ld absorb !    
passionate long+4 ,maybe t ! wisdom ( ! 
great popes--half unconsci\sly1 c]ta9ly1
 & "u ! pressure ( ! age1 b yet l$ by an
 un]r+ in/9ct--guid$ ?is /ream into ! b$
 ( ! ,*ur*2 ! vague crav+ f\nd a def9ite
 object3 ! ,crusades 7 organis$4 ,!     
,holy ,sepul*re1 ! mo/ sacr$ spot on    
e>?1 0 9 ! h&s ( ! hea!ns2 x 0 despis$ &
 defil$--:at great] ?+ c\ld a man d ?an 
ha/5 to its rescue & wre/ x f ! grasp ( 
pagans1 giants & sorc]]s8 ,9 ! fanta/ic 
imag9ation ( ! m5 ( t p]iod ! ,"l's     
sepul*re 0 no?+ b ! e>?ly realisation ( 
_! ye>n+ = ! ,holy ,grail4  ,z f> back z
 ,a4,d4 #ajjj ,g]b]t _h s5t mess5g]s to 
all nations1 exhort+ !m to hoi/ _!      
bann]s & m>* ) him to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,x _h

 be5 prophesi$ t he %\ld be ! fir/ to   
read ,mass 9 ,j]usalem2 a few %ips 7    
actually equipp$ at ,pisa--! fir/       
attempt at a ,crusade4 ,b at t "t       
,europe 0 n yet q prep>$ = !            
extraord9>y1 almo/ incompreh5sible1     
ent]prise--! conque/ ( a c\ntry :i*     
h>dly anybody _h ev] se5 & 9 :i* nobody 
_h any practical int]e/4 ,be=e su* an   
ent]prise c\ld be c>ri$ out all he>ts   
mu/ be fill$ by t uncontrollable & yet  
vague long+1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! great     
p]iod ( fantasy4 ,! sugge/ion t ! weal? 
( ! ,ea/1 excit+ ! gre$ ( ! we/]n       
nations1 l$ to ! ,crusades1 is an       
absolutely indef5sible idea4 ,d\btless1 
rum\rs ( ! fabul\s treasure ( ! ,ori5t  
_h /irr$ ! imag9ation ( ,europe1 appeal+
 f> less1 h[ev]1 to ! cupidity ( !      
individual ?an to 8 desire = some?+     
/range1 new & incr$ible4 ,x 0 impossible
 to =esee ! result ( ! fir/ ,crusade2 ! 
crusad] w5t to a /range l& 9 ord] to    
fight--! return 0 9 ,god's h&4 ,!re h   
be5 at all times m5 covet+ weal?1 b to  

make su* m5 ! in/igators & organis]s ( !
 ,crusades is a delib]ate attempt to    
repres5t a *>act]i/ic & unique ev5t 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ! _w 9 ! light ( a commonplace 
& e-day occurr5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ en*ant$    
wood a man might *ance ^u a beautiful   
pr9cess sitt+ beside a f\nta91 nude &   
weep+2 b x 0 equally possible t a giant 
w\ld ru% ^u ! ,*ri/ian knight1 break 8  
%ield & exact heavy p5alties4 ,x 0      
possible to w9 ! k+dom ( a sultan or    
emir--x c\ld be a*iev$ by brav]y & 9 a  
duel--& become a great k+1 = a k+ 9 ^?  
days 0 no m ?an a l>ge l&$ proprietor4  
,su* dreams 7 actually fulfill$ 9 ! mo/ 
extraord9>y way4 ,gottfri$ ( ,b\illon1 a
 poor ,alsatian knight1 might h become  
,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 _h he n refus$ to we> a
 cr[n ( gold 9 a l& :]e 8 ,savi\r _h    
worn a cr[n ( ?orns1 & cont5t$ himself )
 ! title ( ,protector ( ! ,holy ,l&4  ,!
 embattl$ citadel ( ,j]usalem1 l ! ,holy
 ,grail1 0 pictur$ z be+ situat$ outside
 ! _w4 ,!re ! long+ :i* _h become s va/ 
t x _h outgr[n ! e>?1 w\ld be /ill$4 ,a 

direct way mu/ lead f ,j]usalem1 ! c5tre
 ( ! e>?--x /ill takes ?is position 9   
,dante's ,div9e ,com$y--to ,p>adise4 ,0 
x n ! spot :]e ! ,cross ( ! ,savi\r _h  
be5 rais$8 ,_h n once be=e heav5 op5$   
above ! city to receive ,8 ris5 body8 ,0
 x n ! sc5e ( c\ntless miracles 9 ! pa/8
 ,:y %\ld x be diff]5t n[8 ,m5 knew     
practically no?+ ( ,pale/9e2 !y _h 9 _! 
m9ds a fanta/ic picture tally+1 9 e     
respect1 ) ,biblical acc\nts2 d\btless1 
! footpr9ts ( ! ,r$eem] c\ld easily be  
trac$ ev]y:]e2 ! possession ( ! c\ntry  
promis$ ! fulfilm5t ( transc5d5tal      
dreams4  ,! impulse & ! /r5g? necess>y =
 ! organisation ( ! ,crusades 7         
spiritual ph5om5a inh]5tly =eign & ev5  
ho/ile to ! ,*ur*2 b ?anks to ! m5tal   
sup]iority ( ! popes ( t p]iod1 & !     
ov]p[]+ conception ( a div9e k+dom1 !y  
became ! in/rum5ts ( ! greate/ triumphs 
v\*saf$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! ho/s1    
driv5 across ! sea by inn] re/lessness &
 ill-def9$ long+1 9 reality f\ght = !   
aggr&isem5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! great         

,hildebr& resolv$ to lead all ,*ri/5dom 
to ,j]usalem1 to f\nd on ! site ( !     
,holy ,sepul*re ! div9e k+dom prea*$ by 
,/4 ,augu/9e1 & inve/--a ris5 ,*ri/--!  
emp]or & all ! k+s ( ! e>? ) _! k+doms4 
,! crusad] & ! knight 9 que/ ( ! ,holy  
,grail pres5t toge!r a p>adoxical       
comb9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian-ecclesia/ical & 
! mundane-*ivalric _s1 :i* is q 9 h>mony
 ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,^! two worlds1 inw>d  
/rang]s1 =m$--9 ! ,ord] ( !             
,knight-,templ>s1 = in/ance--a union    
:i*1 :ile possess+ all ! ext]nal symbols
 ( *ivalry1 attribut$ to x het]og5e\s1  
ecclesia/ical motives2 ! glory ( battle 
& victory1 ! caprice ( a beautiful      
damsel1 7 no long] to become ! ma9spr+s 
( d\ghty exploits2 h5ce=? ! knight f\ght
 solely = ! glory ( ,god & ! victory (  
,*ri/ianity4 ,9 addition to ,k+ ,ar?ur's
 knights1 ! classical ,middle ,ages     
wor%ipp$ ! ideal ( ^! prie/ly w>riors :o
 wad$ ?r\gh /reams ( blood to kneel     
humbly at ! grave ( ! ,savi\r1 ( ^?     
seek]s ( ! ,holy ,grail :o d$icat$      

!mselves to a metaphysical task4 ,k+    
,ar?ur's ,r\nd ,table s]v$ ! actual     
ord]s ( knigh?ood z a model4 ,n only !  
,franciscans ( ,italy1 b also sl[1      
,g]man my/ics1 su* z ,suso & ! pr(\nd   
,johannes ,taul]1 delight$ 9 borr[+ _!  
similes & metaphors f knigh?ood4 ,taul] 
speaks ( ! sc>let knightly robes :i*    
,*ri/ receiv$ = ,8 knightly devotion3 ,&
 by ,8 *ivalric exploits he won ^?      
knightly weapons :i* he we>s be=e !     
,fa!r & ! angelic knigh?ood4 ,!re=e     
,*ri/ exults :5 ,8 knights elect also to
 put on su* knightly g>m5ts 4441 etc4   
,n infrequ5tly ! ,s>ac5s behav$ f> m    
g5]\sly ?an ! ,*ri/ian armies4 ,a ,g]man
 *ronicl]1 ,alb]t von ,/ade1 tells u t  
,a4,d4 #abba ! ,sultan ( ,egypt ( 8 own 
free w re/or$ ! ,"l's ,cross1 p]mitt$ ! 
,*ri/ians to leave ,egypt ) all _!      
belong+s1 & comm&$ all prison]s to be   
set free1 s t at t "t #cj1jjj captives 7
 releas$4 ,he also comm&$ 8 subjects to 
sell food to ! ri* & give alms to ! poor
 & ! sick4 ,occasionally ! pope ent]$   

into an alliance ) ! enemies ( ,*ri/5dom
 aga9/ ! emp]or1 if ! latt] prov$       
tr\blesome4 ,a4,d4 #abdf ! ,sultan (    
,egypt 7,malek z ,saleh ,ejul7 taught   
,innoc5t ,,iv41 ! speak] ( all          
,*ri/5dom1 ! judge ( ! ,*ri/ian peoples1
 ! foll[+ lesson3 ,x is n befitt+ to u1 
he wrote to him1 t we %\ld make a treaty
 ) ! ,*ri/ians )\t ! c\nsel & cons5t ( !
 emp]or4 ,& we h writt5 to our          
ambassador at ! c\rt ( ! emp]or1 in=m+  
him ( :at has be5 propos$ to u by !     
,pope's nuncio1 includ+ y\r message &   
sugge/ions4  ,! mo/ pa!tic symptom ( !  
re/lessness ( ! age 0 ! ,*ildr5's       
,crusade 9 #abab1 :i*1 ev5 at its actual
 occurr5ce1 caus$ helpless amazem5t4 ,! 
reports ( two ,g]man *ronicl]s are      
suffici5tly int]e/+ to be quot$ v]bally3
 ,9 ! same ye> happ5$ a v /range ?+1 a  
?+ :i* 0 all ! m /range because x 0     
unhe>d ( s9ce ! creation ( ! _w4 ,at    
,ea/] & ,:itsuntide _m ?\s&s ( boys f   
,franconia & ,teutonia1 f six ye>s      
upw>ds1 took ! ,cross )\t any ext]nal   

inducem5t or prea*+1 & aga9/ ! wi% ( _! 
p>5ts & relations1 :o s\ght to re/ra9   
!m4 ,"s left ! pl\gh :i* !y _h be5      
guid+1 o!rs ab&on$ _! flocks1 or any o!r
 task :i* !y _h be5 set to d1 b&$       
toge!r1 & ) hoi/$ bann] began to m>* to 
,j]usalem1 9 bat*es ( tw5ty1 fifty & a  
hundr$4 ,_m p enquir$ ( !m at ^: c\nsel 
& admoni%m5t !y 7 und]tak+ ?is j\rney1  
7= x 0 n _m ye>s ago t _m k+s1 a great  
numb] ( pr9ces & c\ntless p _h travell$ 
to ! ,holy ,l&1 /rongly arm$1 & _h      
return$ home )\t hav+ accompli%$ _!     
desire17 tell+ !m t 9 _! t5d] ye>s !y _h
 n yet suffici5t /r5g? to a*ieve any?+1 
& t !re=e ?is ?+ 0 fooli% & und]tak5 )\t
 due consid]ation2 ! *ildr5 answ]$      
briefly t !y 7 obey+ ,god's w1 & w\ld   
will+ly & gladly suff] all ! trials ,he 
w\ld s5d !m4 ,& !y w5t _! way1 "s turn+ 
back at ,may5ce1 o!rs at ,piac5za1 &    
o!rs at ,rome2 a small numb] arriv$ at  
,m>seilles1 b :e!r !y cross$ ! sea or n1
 & :at happ5$ to !m1 no "o kn[s2 only t 
mu* is c]ta91 t ( all ! ?\s&s :o w5t =?1

 only v few return$4 ,ano!r *ronicl]    
wrote3 ,& at ?is "t boys )\t a lead] or 
guide1 left ! t[ns & villages ( all     
c\ntries1 eag]ly j\rney+ to ! l&s across
 ! sea1 & :5 ask$ :i!r !y 7 w5d+1 !y    
repli$3 ',to ,j]usalem1 to ! ,holy ,l&4'
 ,_m ( !m 7 kept by _! p>5ts beh9d lock$
 doors1 b !y bur/ op5 ! doors1 broke    
?r\gh ! walls & escap$4 ,:5 ! ,pope he>d
 ( ^! ?+s he sigh$ heavily & said3 ',^! 
*ildr5 %ame u1 = !y ha/5 to ! recov]y ( 
! ,holy ,l& :ile we sleep4' ,no "o kn[s 
h[ f> !y w5t & :at became ( !m4 ,b _m   
return$1 & :5 !y 7 ask$ ! reason ( _!   
exp$ition1 !y said !y knew n4 ,at ! same
 "t nude wom5 7 se5 hurry+ ?r\gh t[ns & 
villages1 speak+ no ^w4  ,if x _h n be5 
= ! ,crusades1 some?+ else mu/ h happ5$ 
to relieve ! unbe>able t5sion4 ,! _w 0  
long+ = a great de$1 a de$ ov]/epp+ !   
bord]-l9e ( metaphysics1 & its en?usiasm
 0 suffici5t gu>antee ( a*ievem5t4 ,9 ! 
case ( ! individual1 vanity &           
boa/fulness play$ no mean "p4 ,?us !    
,au/rian m9nes+]1 ,ulri* ( ,li*t5/e91   

propos$ tak+ ! ,cross n to s]ve ,god b  
to please 8 mi/ress4 ,x is q probable1  
?\gh n hi/orically prov$1 t ?is v]itable
 ,don ,quixote dream$ ( decorat+ ! ,holy
 ,sepul*re ) 8 lady's h&k]*ief1 b 9 !   
end he rema9$ at home4 ,a j\rney to     
=eign l&s1 to return aft] ye>s ( ye>n+ =
 ! belov$1 h] loyalty1 or h] trea*]y1   
suppli$ ! romantic imag9ation ( ! age ) 
endless mat]ial4 ,! /ory ( ! ,c\nt von  
,glei*5 & 8 two wives is fam\s to ?is   
day4 ,a *>m+ ,prov5al song tells ( a    
maid :o1 day aft] day1 sat by a f\nta9  
weep+ = h] lov]4 ,at ?is spot !y _h     
bidd5 f>ewell to ea* o!r1 & "h %e 0     
await+ 8 return4 ,"o day a pilgrim      
arriv$1 & %e at once ask$ = news ( h]   
knight4 ,! pilgrim knew him & _h a      
message = h]4 ,aft] a %ort conv]sation  
he ?rew back 8 c[l & drew ! delight$    
maid5 into 8 arms1 = x 0 he himself1 h] 
lov]1 :o aft] _m ye>s ( abs5ce _h       
return$ & 0 fir/ visit+ ! spot :]e1 ye>s
 ago1 he _h said good-bye to h]4  ,b !re
 0 ano!r motive1 a religi\s "o1 :i*1    

jo9$ to ! univ]sal lu/ ( adv5ture1      
dom9at$ ! :ole m$iaeval p]iod to an     
extraord9>y degree2 t motive 0 ! idea ( 
do+ p5ance &--aft] all ! failures (     
life--return+ to ,god4 ,! ,crusades (f]$
 an opportunity = comb9+ "o's he>t's    
desire ) ?is spiritual ne$4 ,( all good 
works !re 7 none m pleas+ to ,god1 & e  
p>ticipator 0 promis$ =giv5ess ( 8 s9s4 
,9 ! tr\bad\rs' songs ( ! crusad]s !re  
is a /rong ye>n+ = p5ance &             
sanctification1 q indep5d5t ( ! idea ( !
 deliv]y ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re f ! rule ( 
! infidels4       ,all ,i held de> ,i n[
 abhor1      ,my pride1 my knightly rank
 & fame1      ,& seek ! spot :i* all    
adore1      ,! pilgrim's                
goal--,j]usalem4  sang ,guillem (       
,poiti]s1 "o ( ! gaye/ ( ! tr\bad\rs4   
,only v few ( ! m ?\ghtful m9ds realis$ 
t div9e ?\ghts h _! s\rce 9 ! s\l ( man1
 & t ^! ,crusades 7 obvi\sly a s5seless 
und]tak+ 7n to m5tion ! fact t ,god does
 n ne$ human assi/ance74 ,x is a great] 
?+ to wor%ip ,god always 9 humility &   

pov]ty1 said ! abbot1 ,pet] ( ,cluny1   
?an to j\rney to ,j]usalem 9 great pomp 
& circum/ance4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is a good  
?+ to visit ,j]usalem & /& on ! soil :i*
 our ,"l's feet h trod1 x is a f> bett] 
?+ /ill to /rive aft] heav5 :]e our ,"l 
c be se5 face to face4 ,bo? ! great     
s*ola/ic1 ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 & ,b]n>d
 ( ,clairvaux1 7 ( ! same op9ion4 ,!y   
%all aspire n to ! e>?ly1 b to ! heav5ly
 ,j]usalem1 & travel !re n ) _! feet1 b 
) ! desire ( _! he>ts4 ,& ,!y seek ,god 
9 ext]nal objects1 neglect+ to look into
 _! he>ts1 9 ^: inn]mo/ dep?s dwells !  
div9e4 ,& yet ^? same m51 :o ev5 !n     
seem$ to h outgr[n biblical religiosity1
 7 "u ! spell ( ! all-absorb+ idea ( !  
age4 ,b]n>d solv$ ! contradiction 9 !   
foll[+ way3 ,x is n because ,8 p[] has  
gr[n less t ! ,"l calls u feeble worms  
to protect ,8 own2 ,8 ^w is de$1 & ,he  
c\ld s5d m ?an twelve legions ( angels  
to d ,8 bidd+2 b because x is ! w ( !   
,"l y\r ,god to save y f p]dition1 ,he  
gives y an opportunity to s]ve ,him4 ,9 

^! words a significant *ange ( !        
fundam5tal idea c already be trac$4     
,pet] ( ,cluny work$ = ! ,crusades1 &   
,b]n>d1 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial & v5]able 
p]sonalities ( ! ,middle ,ages1 a man   
be=e ^: ^w ! popes b[$ d[n1 j\rney$     
?r\gh ! :ole ( ,france1 incit+ all he>ts
 to fanatical en?usiasm4 ,:oev] he>d him
 prea* =sook 8 worldly possessions &    
took ! cross1 clam\r+ = ,pet] himself to
 lead all ,*ri/5dom4 ,c\ntless numb]s   
flock$ to 8 bann]1 t[ns & ca/les /ood   
=sak5 & !re 0 h>dly "o man to sev5 wom54
 ,! wives 7 made wid[s dur+ ! lifetime (
 _! husb&s4 ,?us ,b]n>d wrote to !      
,pope1 travell+ ?r\gh ,g]many1 heal+ !  
sick by 8 m]e pres5ce1 & prea*+ to ! p 9
 a tongue no "o c\ld und]/&4 ,b !       
p]sonality ( ?is physically delicate    
man1 ^: body 0 only kept alive by 8 _s1 
t\*$ all he>ts4 ,! prud5t ,emp]or1      
,conrad1 resi/$ = a long "t1 & w\ld h   
no?+ to d ) su* an aimless ent]prise4 ,b
 ,b]n>d's fir/ s]mon 9 ! ca!dral at     
,spey]1 on ,*ri/mas ,day1 mov$ him to   

te>s4 ,b]n>d left ! pulpit & p9n$ !     
cross on ! %\ld] ( ! kneel+ emp]or4 ,by 
?is symbolical act ! metaphysical _s ( !
 "t1 ( :i* ! ,*ur* _h obta9$ control =  
h] own purposes1 visibly became ma/] (  
political common-s5se4  ,! ,crusades 7  
"o ( ! great movem5ts matur$ by !       
newly-awak5$ metaphysical ye>n+4 ,! same
 _s 9 ano!r1 pr(\nd]1 way1 manife/$     
itself 9 ! ef=ts ( religi\s re=m :i* 7  
be+ made "h & !re4 ,! appe>ance & spread
 ( h]esy has always be5 ! gauge by :i* !
 religi\s life ( ! individual mu/ be    
measur$1 says ,bttn] v p]t95tly 9 8     
preface to 8 edition ( ,eckh>t4 ,= !    
fir/ "t s9ce ! days ( ,*ri/ true        
religi\s feel+ 0 aga9 quick5+ ! he>ts ( 
m52 ! ecclesia/ical dogma1 :i* until !n 
_h repres5t$ absolute tru?1 no long]    
satisfi$ _! ne$4 ,soon opposition1      
timidly at fir/1 made itself felt4      
,laym5 v5tur$ to int]f]e 9 ! doma9 (    
religion4 ,all k--& consequ5tly all     
tradition & religion--_h be5 = a ?\s&   
ye>s ! exclusive possession ( ! cl]gy2  

^? laym5 :o _h any culture at all knew a
 little ,lat9 & a few s*ola/ic          
propositions4 ,all ?is 0 *ang+4 ,despite
 reit]at$ ecclesia/ical prohibitions1   
p>ts ( ! ,bible 7 translat$ into ! vulg>
 tongue & eag]ly /udi$ by ignorant folk2
 ev]y:]e m5 appe>$ to :om religion 0 a  
matt] ( vital importance1 m5 :o /rove to
 f9d ,god 9 _! own s\ls1 in/ead ( bl9dly
 accept+ ! ,god ( =eign doctr9e4  ,! m  
obvi\s cause ( ! gr[+ dislike to        
ecclesia/ical au?ority 0 ! immorality ( 
! prie/s4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! pr(essions
 ( humility1 & ! gre$1 vice & tyranny ( 
! cl]gy 0 too pron\nc$4 ,! ecclesia/ical
 (fices 7 publicly sold4 ,div9e =giv5ess
 0 *eap] ?an a new g>m5t2 e prie/ 0     
all[$ to keep a mi/ress if he paid a tax
 to ! bi%op4 ,two poems ( ! tr\bad\r1   
,guillem ,figueiras1 express ! /ate (   
affairs v bluntly3 ,our %eph]ds h become
 ?ievi% wolves1 plund]+ & despoil+ !    
fold "u ! guise ( mess5g]s ( peace4 ,!y 
g5tly console _! %eep night & day1 b    
once !y h !m 9 _! p[]1 ^! false %eph]ds 

let _! flock p]i% & die4 ,9 ! o!r poem  
he says ( ! prie/3       ,he lies 9 a   
woman's arms all night1      ,&         
wakes--defil$--9 ! morn+ light      ,to 
pr(f] ! sacr$ ho/4  ,worse invectives   
ev51 no less =cible ?an ^? ( lat]       
re=m]s1 he hurl$ aga9/ ,rome4 ,9 !      
flames & torm5ts ( hell is ?y place6444 
,?\ ha/ ! appe>ance ( an innoc5t lamb1 b
 inw>dly ?\ art a rag+ wolf1 a cr[n$    
snake1 begott5 by a vip]1 ! fri5d ( !   
devil6 ,ev5 ! good-natur$ ,g]man        
m9nes+]1 ,walt] von d] ,vogelweide1 f\nd
 bitt] words aga9/ ,rome3 ,!y po9t our  
way to ,god & g to hell !mselves4 ,b]n>d
 ( ,clairvaux1 ! support] ( ! ,*ur*1    
%>ply criticis$ ! abuses ( pope & cl]gy 
9 8 book1 ,de ,consid]atione3 ,! prop]ty
 ( ! poor is s[n be=e ! door ( ! ri*1 ! 
gold glitt]s 9 ! gutt]1 ! p come hurry+ 
up f all sides2 b n to ! ne$ie/ is x    
giv51 b to ! /ronge/ & to him :o is fir/
 on ! spot4 ,he accus$ ! pope (         
extravagance & luxury3 ,0 ,pet] clo!d 9 
robes ( silk1 cov]$ ) gold & preci\s    

/ones8 ,0 he c>ri$ 9 a litt] surr\nd$ by
 soldi]s & vassals8 ,& he utt]$ a ^w :i*
 to ?is day is a hi/orical tru?3 ,9 all 
?y spl5d\r ?\ art ! successor (         
,con/ant9e r ?an ! successor ( ,pet]4   
,dissatisfaction ) ! life ( ! cl]gy & ! 
tyranny ( ,rome 0 ! m ext]nal reason    
:i*1 al?\gh x vex$ ev5 ^? :o 7 indiff]5t
 to religion1 did n "q ! sacr$          
tradition2 ! o!r reason 0 m a matt] (   
pr9ciple2 x 0 root$ 9 ! desire = a      
religi\s revival & op5ly attack$ p]v]t$ 
tru?s4 ,! dread$1 hat$1 & cruelly       
p]secut$ h]etics 7 fe>less m51 /urdily  
fight+ = _! convictions4 ,! fundam5tal  
ideal ( ^! re=m]s 0 ! suppression ( !   
outw>d pomp ( ! ,*ur* & ! return to !   
simplicity ( ! gospels4 ,_! fates v>i$4 
,! g5tle ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi 0       
canonis$2 ! illum9$ ,eckh>t1 on ! o!r   
h&1 0 tortur$2 mo/ ( !m1 l ! ard5t      
,arnold ( ,brescia1 7 burnt at ! /ake4  
,?is conduct ( ! hi]>*y t[>ds ! truly   
religi\s m5 is easily expla9$4 ,! ,*ur* 
0 fac$ by a problem2 on ! "o h&1 ! g5u9e

 & pr(\nd piety ( ^! m5 0 unmi/akable1 b
 on ! o!r1 ! contra/ ( _! tea*+ ) ,*ur* 
tradition 0 too obvi\s1 & by _m ( !m too
 /rongly emphasis$ to be sil5tly ignor$4
  ,! ,prov5al h]etic1 ,pet] ( ,bruis1   
seems to h be5 ! fir/ re=m] :o prea*$   
aga9/ iconolatry & ev5 object$ to !     
images ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,he ord]$ *ur*es  
to be raz$ to ! gr\nd because he        
ackn[l$g$ only ! invisible community ( !
 sa9ts4 ,he 0 burnt at ,/4 ,giles' by an
 infuriat$ mob4 ,m p[]ful1 & f> m num]\s
 ?an 8 foll[]s1 ! ,pet]brusians1 7 !    
,ca?>i & ! ,wald5ses 7f\nd$ by ,pet]    
,valdez ,a4,d4 #aagg7 :o soon spread to 
,nor!rn ,italy & amalgamat$ ) ! sect ( !
 ,lomb>ds4 ,! ,ca?>i advocat$ a simple &
 ascetic life1 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( 
primitive ,*ri/ianity1 refra9$ f all    
ecclesia/ical c]emonies & despis$ !     
sacram5ts1 p>ticul>ly baptism4 ,m       
radical ?an lat] re=m]s1 !y reject$ !   
doctr9e ( transub/antiation1 & saw 9 !  
eu*>i/ only a symbol ( ! union ( ,god & 
! s\l4 ,?is made _! "n synonym\s )      

h]esy4 ,b by f> ! mo/ fam\s ( h]etical  
sects 0 ! sect ( ! ,wald5ses or         
,albig5ses4 ,x numb]$ among/ its        
adh]5ts--if n publicly1 at any rate     
secretly--_m ( ! great ,prov5al lords1 &
 !re c be no d\bt t ?is community 0     
p]meat$ by ! _s ( a r5ew$ ,*ri/ianity1 !
 ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4 ,francis & ! ,g]man  
my/ics4 ,! ,albig5ses believ$ t n ,*ri/1
 b ,8 semblance only1 _h be5 crucifi$2  
!y reject$ ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & _!
 doctr9e ( ! two creators1--! devil :o  
creat$ ! objective _w1 & ! true ,god :o 
creat$ ! spiritual _w--is rem9isc5t ( ! 
l(tie/ ,p>seeism & ! pr(\nde/ gno/icism4
 ,!y reg>d$ man z plac$ betwe5 good &   
evil2 ! *oice lay 9 8 own h&4 ,an       
extraord9>y poem by ,peire ,c>d9al--n by
 any means a h]etic--brea!s ?is _s4 ,he 
confronts ,god n ) ! cu/om>y humility1 b
 z "o p[] confronts ! o!r4 ,i w write a 
new poem1 & on ! day ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t  
,i w read x to ,him :o has creat$ me f  
no?+4 ,if ,he %\ld condemn me to ev]la/+
 damnation1 ,i w say to ,him3 ,"l1 h    

m]cy on me1 = ,i h always /riv5 aga9/ ! 
wick$ _w1 7! tr\bad\r "h alludes to 8 _m
 polemic poems7 & save me f ! torm5ts ( 
hell4 ,! heav5ly ho/ w m>vel at my      
spee*4 ,& ,i %all say to ,god t ,he s9s 
aga9/ ,8 creatures if he deliv]s !m into
 ! h&s ( ! devil4 ,r let ,him drive away
 ! devils1 = !n ,he w w9 m s\ls & all ! 
_w w be bless$4444 ,i w n despair ( ,!e 
& !re=e ,?\ mu/ =give my s9s & save my  
s\l & my he>t4 ,if ,i _h n be5 born ,i  
%\ld n h s9n$4 ,x w\ld be a great wrong 
& a s9 if ,?\ did/ condemn me to burn 9 
hell ev]la/+ly1 = truly ,i may accuse   
,!e ( hav+ s5t me a ?\s& evils = "o     
bless+4  ,mo/ t]rible 0 ! puni%m5t      
inflict$ ^u ,prov5ce by ,innoc5t ,,iii4 
,t highly intellectual pope realis$ t he
 0 fac$ by a revival ( ! true religi\s  
in/9ct f :i* ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* _h f> 
m to fe> ?an f all sultans & emirs put  
toge!r4 ,! sy/em ( absolute1 immutable  
values 0 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction4 ,9 ! ye> 
#abjh ! ,spani% nobleman ,dom9icus      
,guzman f\nd$ ! ord] ( ! ,dom9icans & ! 

,inquisition1 :i* invad$ ,prov5ce toge!r
 ) ! papal army support$ by ,france =   
political reasons4 ,half a million m5 7 
but*]$ 9 ord] to cru% ! _s und]/ood by a
 few hundr$s at mo/2 "o /ake 0 k9dl$ by 
! o!r2 9 ! memory ( man no great]       
sacrifice to tradition & dogma _h ev]   
be5 made4 ,simon de ,mont=t1 ! head ( ! 
exp$ition1 s5t ! foll[+ laconic report  
to ! pope3 ,we sp>$ nei!r sex nor age   
nor "n1 b slew all ) ! edge ( ! sword4  
,! tr\bad\rs bewail$ ! desolate c\ntry1 
! beauty t 0 no m4 ,montanhagol1 al?\gh 
greatly intimidat$ by ! ,inquisition1   
wrote a long poem on ! subject1 & !     
o!rwise unkn[n ,b]n>d ,sic>d de         
,m>vajols lam5ts3       ,oh6 ,t\l\se &  
,prov5ce1      ,& ?\1 l& ( ,ag5ce1      
,c>cassonne & ,bezi]s6      ,z once ,i  
beheld y--z ,i behold y to-day6  ,jacob 
( ,vitry1 a cultur$ ,fr5* prelate1 took 
a diff]5t view4 ,he inveigh$ aga9/ !    
fooli% poems1 ! lies ( ! poets1 !       
s+-song ( ! wom51 ! co>se innu5does ( ! 
je/]s4 ,su* v]m9 fl\ri%es on ! /ream (  

temporal abundance2 x lit]ally crawls   
ov] all food1 =1 z a rule1 ! meal is    
foll[$ by a deluge ( idle talk4 ,a      
reconciliation ( ! two worlds 0         
impossible4  ,:ile ! ,wald5ses fl\ri%$ 9
 ,prov5ce1 v>i\s h]etical sects arose 9 
! we/ ( ,g]many & 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 prom95t 
among !m 7 ! ,apo/olics1 :o took !      
,gospels lit]ally1 & introduc$ communism
 & polygamy1 & ! communities ( !        
,begh>ds & ,begu9es1 :i* r\s$ little    
public att5tion1 & did n aim at re=m1 b 
advocat$ a life ( contemplation4 ,!y    
f\nd support]s 9 all ranks ( !          
community1 & 7 connect$ ) ! lat] ,g]man 
my/ics4 ,an indictm5t pres]v$ = u proves
 ! religi\s orig9ality ( "o ( ^? sects1 
,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 :o upheld !   
h]etical view t x 7 bett] t "o man %\ld 
atta9 to spiritual p]fection ?an t a    
hundr$ mona/]ies %\ld be f\nd$4 ,at !   
same "t ! inspir$ se] & hy/]ical nun1   
,hildeg>de ( ,b+51 wrote wild lett]s to 
! popes1 d5\nc+ ! vice exi/+ 9 ! ,*ur* &
 ! degradation ( religion4 ,b ?\1 oh    

,rome1 :o art well-nigh at ! po9t (     
dea?1 ?\ wilt be %ak5 s t ! /r5g? ( ?y  
feet %all =sake !e1 because ?\ ha/ n    
lov$ ! royal maid5 righte\sness ) an    
ard5t love1 b ) ! torpor ( sleep1 & ?\  
ha/ become a /rang] to h]4 ,!re=e %e w  
des]t !e if ?\ d n call h] back4 ,pope  
,adrian ,,iv4 repli$1 almo/ humbly3 ,we 
long to he> words ( w>n+ f y1 because m5
 say t y are end[$ ) ! _s ( ! div9e     
miracles4 ,/4 ,b]n>d crav$ ,hildeg>de's 
pray]1 two emp]ors1 popes1 bi%ops &     
abbots correspond$ ) h]1 reque/+ h]     
pray] & advice1 & ! int]pretation (     
difficult passages ( ! ,scriptures4     
,hildeg>de repli$ 9 an obscure1         
apocalyptical language3 ,9 ! my/]ies ( !
 true wisdom h ,i se5 & he>d ?is4       
,prophets pr$ict+ ! revival ( ! ,gospel 
( ,*ri/ & ! reg5]ation ( ! _w appe>$ 9 !
 nor? & s\?4 ,! ,italian monk & fanatic1
 ,joa*im ( ,floris 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #abjj71 
prea*$ t ?is reg5]ation 0 pr$e/9$ to    
happ54 ,a precursor ( ,hegel1 he taught 
?ree eras3 ! dom9ion ( ! ,fa!r1 or !    

fir/ era1 *>act]is$ by fe> & ! sev]ity (
 ! law2 ! dom9ion ( ! ,son1 or ! era (  
fai? & compassion2 & ! dom9ion ( ! ,holy
 ,gho/1 or ! era ( love4 ,?is la/ era 0 
beg9n+ to dawn1 & 9 _m places ,joa*im's 
words 7 reg>d$ z ! prophecies ( a se]4  
,?us ! monk1 ,g]h>d ( ,borgo ,san       
,dom9o1 claim$ = ! dawn+ ?ird era !     
prea*+ ( a new gospel ( ! ,holy ,gho/1  
an unmi/akable pro( t ! _s ( h]esy 0 !  
outcome ( religi\s en?usiasm4  ,! p     
despis$ ! cl]gy1 & 7 fav\rably dispos$  
to e re=m]2 at ! same "t !y 7 entirely  
"u ! sway ( a sup]/iti\s awe ( !        
adm9i/rators ( my/]i\s magic :i*1 by    
appropriate practices1 or by means (    
pres5ts1 c\ld be turn$ to advantage4 ,! 
feti*ism ( relics fl\ri%$ ev]y:]e2 a    
suffici5t numb] ( pieces ( ! ,cross (   
,*ri/ 7 sold & wor%ipp$ to furni% trees 
= a big =e/--to say no?+ ( ! bones (    
num]\s sa9ts ) :i* _m mona/]ies1 m      
especially ,fr5* mona/]ies1 did a       
lucrative trade4 ,ev5 at ! "t ?is       
traffic repell$ ! f9] intellects2 9     

,a4,d4 #abjj1 ,guib]t1 ! abbot (        
,novig5tum1 prea*$ aga9/ ! cult ( !     
sa9ts & ! wor%ip ( relics1 adduc+ all ! 
well-kn[n argum5ts :i* to ?is day1      
h[ev]1 h prov$ insuffici5t to ov]come ! 
evil4 ,9 ,guib]t's words1 ,x 0 an       
abom9able nuisance t c]ta9 limbs %\ld be
 deta*$ f ! body1 !reby defy+ ! law t   
all bodies mu/ turn to du/4 ,h[ c !     
bones ( any man be wor? fram+ 9 gold &  
silv]1 he ask$1 :5 ! body ( ! ,son (    
,god 0 laid b5ea? a mis]able /one8 ,he  
exhort$ ! p to turn f ! visible & obvi\s
 to ! invisible4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! wor%ip 
( relics 0 oppos$ to true religion      
because n until ! disciples 7 b]eav$ ( !
 bodily pres5ce ( ,*ri/ c\ld ! ,holy    
,gho/ desc5d ^u !m4 ,he ev5 reject$ !   
preval5t1 entirely mat]iali/ic1 view ( a
 life aft] dea?1 & d>$ to sugge/ t !    
torm5ts ( hell %\ld be int]pret$        
spiritually4 ,! et]nal contemplation ( !
 ,"l is ! supreme bliss ( ! righte\s2 :o
 c\ld d>e to d5y t ! mis]y ( ! damn$    
consi/s 9 ! et]nal b]eavem5t ( ! face ( 

! ,"l8  ,religion _h be5 lo/2 :at %\ld h
 be5 a vital =ce _h become z f> z ! mo/ 
le>n$ 7 conc]n$ a k ( hi/orical ev5ts4  
,_m saw 9 a return to evangelical       
simplicity & love ! only rem$y2 b x 0 ! 
life1 n ! prea*+ ( a man1 :i* once aga9 
0 v\*saf$ to ! _w z a great example4    
,nobody has %[n me :at ,i %\ld d2 b !   
,mo/ ,high ,himself has comm&$ me to    
live accord+ to ! ,gospels4 ,francis (  
,assisi accept$ ! acc\nts ( ! life (    
,*ri/ ) ! utmo/ navet2 he nei!r se>*$ = 
an allegorical mean+ 7z ! !ologians     
did71 nor did he subord9ate ! man ,jesus
 to ! div9e pr9ciple ( ! logos 79 !     
mann] ( ! great my/ics74 ,to him !      
imitation ( ,*ri/ meant a m9i/ry ( love2
 he did n conceive religion z dogma & ! 
political p[] ( a hi]>*y1 b z a /ate ( !
 he>t4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic :i* he %>es 
) ,eckh>t1 ! great recreator ( ,european
 religion1 al?\gh he 0 fundam5tally ali5
 to him4 ,/4 ,francis nev] utt]$ a s+le 
ho/ile ^w aga9/ tradition or ! cl]gy2 he
 nev] inveigh$ aga9/ ! corruption (     

morals & religi\s indiff]5ce1 z o!r     
re=m]s did2 he ex]t$ a re=matory        
influ5ce solely by 8 life1 = he possess$
 ! secret ( ! great love4 ,dur+ 8 :ole  
life he 0 av]se to lay+ d[n rules = 8   
foll[]s1 al?\gh cont9ually urg$ to d s  
by popes & bi%ops4 ,8 importance does n 
lie 9 ! f\ndation ( an ord] ) c]ta9     
regulations & a specific object1 b 9 !  
fact t he 0 a vital =ce4 ,he broke !    
norms ( ! ,*ur* :5ev] x seem$ "r to him 
to d s1 = he 0 absolutely sure (        
himself2 )\t be+ orda9$ he prea*$ to ! p
 9 8 own tongue1 probably ! fir/ man    
7aft] ! ,prov5al ,pet] ,valdez7 :o did  
s2 )\t possess+ ! slighte/ au?ority he  
consecrat$ 8 fri5d ,cl>a z a nun4       
,innoc5t ,,iii41 :o made ! suppression (
 h]esy ! task ( 8 life1 %[$ great       
intellig5ce & wisdom 9 sanction+ ,/4    
,francis' s]mons to ! p & ackn[l$g+ 8   
unecclesia/ical bro!rhood4 ,?is probably
 trans=m$ a dang]\s revolution>y into a 
fai?ful s]vant ( ! ,*ur*4 ,maybe ! ,*ur*
 0 indebt$ to ,/4 ,francis = be+ sav$ f 

a great e>ly re=mation2 signs ( x 7 n   
want+1 & ano!r ,arnold ( ,brescia might 
h aris5 & br\ght ab\t h] ov]?r[4 ,x is  
d\btful :e!r ! ,*ur* w\ld h come out ( a
 ,franciscan crusade z victori\sly z %e 
came out ( h] /ruggle ) ,prov5ce4  ,/4  
,francis reg>d$ sci5ce ) indiff]5ce4 ,e 
demon1 he said1 has m sci5tific k ?an   
all m5 on e>? put toge!r4 ,b !re is     
some?+ a demon is incapable (1 & 9 x    
lies ! glory ( man4 ,a man c be fai?ful 
to ,god4 ,) ^? words he _h inw>dly      
ov]come tradition & !ology1 & direct k (
 ! div9e _h dawn$ 9 8 s\l4 ,he ev5 =bade
 8 bre?r5 to own copies ( ! ,scriptures4
 ,god 9 ! he>t--t 0 ! core ( 8 doctr9e4 
,) all 8 wond]ful intuition he 0        
absolutely innoc5t ( ! pride (          
ignorance2 he really felt himself small]
 ?an ! smalle/ ( m5--unlike ! bi%ops &  
popes :o call$ !mselves ! s]vants ( !   
s]vants ( ,god1 )\t atta*+ ! lea/ mean+ 
to x4 ,h[ *>act]i/ic ( 8 simple m9d 0 8 
passionate insi/5ce on ! respectful h&l+
 ( ! vessels us$ at holy ,mass1 because 

!y 7 de/9$ to receive ! body ( ! ,"l4 ,&
 yet he h>dly knew any?+ ( ! symbolic   
transmutation ( bread & w9e--he accept$ 
! miracle )\t a ?\ght1 l a *ild4  ,9 !  
ye> #abai1 ,/4 ,francis took "p 9 a     
,crusade4 ,:ile ! battle ( ,damietta 0  
rag+1 he w5t into ! camp ( ! ,s>ac5s &  
prea*$ be=e ! ,sultan1 :o receiv$ him ) 
respect & s5t him back unh>m$4 ,accord+ 
to ! leg5d1 he !n w5t to ,be?lehem &    
,j]usalem1 :]e ! ,sultan1 t\*$ by 8     
p]sonality1 gave him access to ! sacr$  
%r9es4 ,to ,francis ?is pilgrimage to ! 
,holy ,l& _h a pr(\nd mean+1 = to him   
,*ri/ianity meant ! imitation ( ,*ri/4  
,al?\gh he liv$ on bread himself1 &     
pov]ty 0 8 *os5 lady1 he reg>d$ !       
asceticism ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages z     
futile & reject$ x4 ,! fire ( life burn$
 9 him s ard5tly t he gave no ?\ght to !
 morr[1 & lit]ally foll[$ ! admonition (
 ! ,gospels3 ,s likewise1 :osoev] he be 
( y t =sake? n all t he ha?1 he _c be   
,my disciple4 ,we read 9 ! ,fioretti    
7p]haps ! olde/ popul> collection (     

poems 9 exi/5ce7 t he expressly         
prohibit$ asceticism z a pr9ciple2 an   
idea too =eign to ! _s ( ! age to h be5 
an inv5tion4 ,he also disapprov$ ( !    
seclud$ mona/ic life1 !n ! univ]sal     
ideal ( ! vita contemplativa1 & insi/$  
on 8 foll[]s liv+ 9 ! _w1 radiat+ love &
 su/a9+ life by ! *>ity ( _! fell[-m54  
,!re is an anecdote conta9$ 9 !         
,fioretti1 reflect+ ! great sup]iority &
 lucidity ( 8 m9d4 ,on a cold w9t]'s day
 he & ,bro!r ,leo 7 tramp+ ?r\gh ! deep 
sn[4 ,bro!r ,leo1 said ,/4 ,francis1 if 
we c\ld re/ore sight to all bl9d m51    
heal all cripples1 expel evil spirits & 
recall ! dead to life--x w\ld n be      
p]fect joy4 ,& aft] a :ile3 ,& if we    
knew all ! secrets ( sci5ce1 ! c\rse ( !
 />s1 ! ways ( ! bea/s--x w\ld n be     
p]fect joy--& if by our prea*+ we c\ld  
conv]t all infidels to ! true fai?--ev5 
t w\ld n be p]fect joy4 ,tell me !n1    
,fa!r1 said ,bro!r ,leo1 :at w\ld be    
p]fect joy8 ,if we n[ knock$ at ! conv5t
 gates1 cold & wet & fa9t ) hung]1 & !  

port] s5t u away ) h>% words1 s t we    
%\ld h to /& 9 ! sn[ until ! ev5+2 if we
 ?us wait$1 be>+ all ?+s pati5tly )\t   
murmur+--t w\ld be p]fect joy3 ! m]cy ( 
self-control4  ,he met dea? s++1 says 8 
biograph]1 ,?omas ( ,celano1 ! au?or ( !
 magnific5t ,dies irae1 dies illa4 ,on 8
 dea?b$ ,/4 ,francis compos$ & sang )\t 
int]ruption ! ,hymn to ! ,sun1 t l(ty   
song ( praise 9 :i* ! sum total ( 8     
noble life1 love = all creat$ ?+s1--is  
compris$ & transfigur$4 ,x expresses a  
new =m ( devotion1 compos$ ( ! ec/asy ( 
love & p]fect humility4 ,he embrac$ 9 8 
he>t 8 bro!r ,sun1 8 si/] ,moon1 ! de>  
,/>s2 8 bro!r ,w9d1 8 si/] & "m ,e>?2 & 
on ! day ( 8 dea? ?is bro!r s]aphicus   
add$ to x a p[]ful & t\*+ song ( praise 
( 8 bro!r ,dea?4 ,! leg5d has x t a     
flock ( s++-birds desc5d$ on ! ro( ( !  
cottage 9 :i* he lay dy+2 ! songs ( 8   
little si/]s accompani$ him to ! _w     
beyond ! grave4  ,we are ju/ifi$ 9      
comp>+ ?is dea?1 :i* 0 su/a9$ by !      
fundam5tal =ces ( t era1 s\l & emotion1 

to t o!r1 m fam\s1 dea? ( antiquity4    
,socrates di$ )\t 9 ! lea/ succumb+ to  
any p]sonal feel+1 support$ by ! purely 
logical consid]ation t x 0 exp$i5t to   
obey ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 dea? 0 !      
application ( a univ]sal proposition to 
an individual case1 & because no "o c\ld
 accuse ,socrates ( a dialectical error1
 ! conclusion1 8 dea?1 _h to take place4
  ,francis & "s ( 8 successors realis$ 9
 _! lives ! simple1 religi\s1 fundam5tal
 emotion ( love 9 a way :i* ! p c\ld    
cle>ly und]/&4 ,god's m9/rels 0 ! "n    
giv5 to 8 foll[]s1 because !y spoke &   
sang ( ! love ( ,god )\t ecclesia/ical  
c]emony4 ,jacopone da ,todi             
7#abcf-acjf71 probably next to ,dante & 
,gu9icelli ! greate/ poet :i* ,italy has
 produc$1 prais$ ! transc5d5t love (    
,god 9 ec/atic v]ses4 ,he 0 ! religi\s  
c\nt]p>t ( ! tr\bad\rs2 8 passionate    
devotion to ! *ild ,jesus1 ! ,madonna & 
! ,crucifi$1 eclipses _! mo/ ard5t      
lyrics4 ,^! s\!rn]s c\ld n =go ! visible
 emblems ( _! religion2 ! inf9itely     

simple pr9ciple t only he :o calls no?+ 
8 own1 & desires no e>?ly goods1 is     
p]fectly free1 & c nev] fall f\l ( 8    
neighb\r1 01 if n liv$ up to1 at any    
rate und]/ood & respect$4 ,! grateful   
he>ts ( ! p surr\nd$ ! "n ( ,/4 ,francis
 ) leg5ds2 ! /udy ( 8 life inspir$      
,giotto1 ! fa!r ( ! new art1 to ! /udy (
 plant & animal life4 ,! /ory ( ,/4     
,francis is writt5 on ! walls ( !       
ca!dral at ,assisi1 ! fir/ monum5tal "w 
( ,italian art4  ,/4 ,francis re-liv$ ! 
t]re/rial life ( ,jesus2 9 "o direction 
he excell$ 8 model1 = ?\gh ! love (     
,*ri/ embrac$ all mank9d1 ! he>t ( ,/4  
,francis w5t out to all ?+s1 bea/s &    
plants & />s4 ,he appli$ ! words1       
,:atsoev] ye d to ! lea/ ( my bre?r51 ye
 h done unto me1 to ,bro!r ,be> & 8     
si/]s ! little birds4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ 
m51 s9ce ! ,greek era1 :o saw nature 9  
its true aspect & n z a hi]oglyphic ( ! 
div9e ^w4 ,m5 _h realis$ ) a feel+ (    
helplessness ! dang]s ( ! elem5ts1 )\t  
p]ceiv+ _! magnific5ce2 !y _h speculat$ 

on & attempt$ to deciph] ! secret       
language ( ! t]re/rial & cele/ial       
ph5om5a4 ,! discov]y ( ! beauty (       
nature1 & ) x ! revival ( ae/hetics1 0  
an ess5tial "p ( ! new-born             
civilisation4 ,?is fact 0 accompli%$--9 
an almo/ s5tim5tal way--by ! tr\bad\rs &
 m9nes+]s4 ,b ! relation%ip ( ,/4       
,francis to nature 0 some?+ v diff]5t4  
,! co-ord9ation ( man & bea/--9 8 s]mon 
to ! birds1 = in/ance--_c be call$ any?+
 b frankly pagan4 ,/4 ,francis said to 8
 disciples3 ,t>ry a little :ile 9 ! road
 :ile ,i g & prea* to my little si/]s1 !
 birds4 ,& he w5t into ! fields & began 
to prea* to ! birds :i* sat on ! gr\nd2 
& /raightway all ! o!rs flew d[n f !    
trees & flock$ r\nd him1 & did n fly    
away until he _h bless$ !m2 & :5 he t\*$
 !m1 !y did n move4 ,& ^! 7 ! words :i* 
he spoke to !m3 ,my bro!rs & si/]s1     
little birds1 praise ,god & ?ank ,him t 
,he has giv5 y w+s ) :i* to fly & clo!d 
y ) a g>m5t ( fea!rs4 ,t he admitt$ y\r 
k9d into ,noah's ark s t y\r race %\ld n

 disappe> f ! e>?4 ,be grateful to ,him 
t ,he has giv5 y ! air = y\r k+dom2 y s[
 n1 nei!r d y reap1 b y\r ,heav5ly ,fa!r
 gives y abundance ( food4 ,he gave y ! 
riv]s & f\nta9s2 ,he gave y ! m\nta9s & 
valleys z a refuge1 & ! high trees s t y
 may build y\r ne/s 9 safety4 ,& because
 y c nei!r sp9 nor cook1 ,god clo!d y & 
y\r little ones4 ,behold ! greatness ( !
 love ( y\r ,creator6 ,bew>e ( ! s9 (   
+ratitude & dilig5tly praise ,god all   
day6 ,& :5 he _h ?us spok51 ! birds op5$
 _! beaks1 beat _! w+s & b[$ to ! gr\nd4
  ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s lat]             
7#acjj-acfe71 a man 0 liv+ 9 ,swabia ^: 
s\l 0 k9dr$ to ! s\l ( ,/4 ,francis3    
,suso1 :o is1 z a rule1 class$ ) !      
my/ics4 ,he _h a pr(\nd1 typically      
,g]man love ( mead[ & =e/1 & express$ x 
m exquisitely ?an ! be/ among !         
m9nes+]s4 ,look above y & ar\nd y &     
behold ! va/ness ( heav5 & ! spe$ ( its 
revolutions4 ,! ,"l has emblazon$ x )   
sev5 planets1 ea* ( :i*--n only !       
sun--is f> l>g] ?an ! e>?2 he has adorn$

 x ) myriads ( radiant />s4 ,see h[     
s]5ely ! glori\s sun is rid+ 9 !        
cl\dless sky1 giv+ to ! e>? abundance ( 
fruit6 ,behold ! v]dure ( ! mead[6 ,!   
trees are bur/+ into leaf & ! grass is  
spr++ up2 behold ! smil+ fl[]s & li/5 to
 gl5 & dale re-e*o+ ) ! sweet song ( !  
night+ales & little s++ birds2 ! bea/s  
:i* ! bitt] w9t] drove into nooks &     
crannies1 & into ! d>k gr\nd1 are em]g+ 
f _! hid+-places to rejoice 9 ! sun &   
seek a mate4 ,"y & old are glad ) an    
exce$+ joy4 ,oh6 ,?\ g5tle ,god1 h[ fair
 art ,?\ 9 ,?y creatures6 ,oh6 fields & 
mead[s1 h[ surpass+ is y\r beauty6 ,or3 
,my de> bre?r51 :at m %all ,i say to y  
?an t my eyes h se5 _m gladsome sights4 
,i walk$ across ! fl[]+ mead[s & li/5$  
to ! heav5ly h>ps ( ! little birds      
prais+ _! g5tle & lov+ ,creator s t !   
woods e*o$ ) _! songs4 ,&1 m            
compassionate ev5 ?an ,/4 ,francis3 ,i w
 say no?+ ( ! *ildr5 ( man2 b ! mis]y & 
sorr[ ( all ! bea/s & little birds1 &   
all creat$ ?+s1 is well-nigh break+ my  

he>t2 & hav+ no p[] to help !m1 ,i      
sigh$1 & pray$ to ! ,mo/ ,high1 ,mo/    
,m]ciful ,"l1 t ,he w\ld deliv] !m4 ,8  
description ( a p>adisean mead[ s\nds l 
! description ( a picture by ,fra       
,angelico3 ,n[ behold ) y\r own eyes !  
heav5ly mead[6 ,lo6 ,:at summ] joy6     
,behold ! k+dom ( sweet ,may1 ! valley (
 all true joy6 ,glad eyes are gaz+ into 
glad eyes6 ,h>k to ! h>ps & fiddles1 !  
s++ & laught]6 ,"y m5 & maid5s are lead+
 ! dance6 ,love )\t sorr[ %all reign =  
ev]4444 etc4 ,!re is a picture1 drawn by
 ?is same ,suso1 repres5t+ ! j\rney (   
man ?r\gh life1 8 dep>ture f ,god & 8   
return4 ,9 ?is picture ! pa? ( humanity 
is r5unciation & asceticism2 dea?       
fl\ri%es 8 scy! above ! heads ( a danc+ 
c\ple1 & und]nea? is writt53 ,?is is    
e>?ly love2 its end is sorr[2 to su* an 
ext5t 0 ?is s9c]e & s5sitive man "u !   
influ5ce ( ! traditional hatr$ ( ! _w   
:i* ,eckh>t1 8 great ma/]1 _h completely
 ov]come4  ,prov5als & ,italians sang ! 
delight ( spr+1 & ! ,g]man m9nes+]s     

greet$ x z ! deliv]] f all ! h>d%ips ( !
 sev]e w9t]2 ) ! latt] x 0 m a *ildi%   
delight 9 ! op5-air life :i* _h aga9    
become possible1 aft] ! long imprisonm5t
 ( w9t]1 ?an pure joy 9 beauty4 ,b "s ( 
! ,g]man epic poems1 ,tri/an & ,isolde1 
= in/ance1 conta9 g5u9e1 s9c]e          
descriptions ( sylvan beauty4 ,! /ud5t (
 art1 especially ! ,g]man art ( !       
,r5asc5ce1 _c help be+ /ruck by !       
extraord9>y love ) :i* q insignificant  
objects ( nature1 su* z a bird1 or a    
fl[]1 are treat$4 ,! famili> ?+s ( e-day
 life 7 9 ?is way br\ght into connection
 ) solemn biblico-hi/orical subjects4   
,!re is no d\bt t at all times a c]ta9  
ke5 p]ception ( ! beauty ( nature has   
be5 inh]5t 9 "s fav\r$ individuals2 b ! 
univ]sally accept$ op9ion t only !      
sup]nal 0 really beautiful1 & t         
t]re/rial beauty 0 m]ely its reflect$   
glory1 0 too /rong ev5 = !m4 ,?us we h  
se5 ,suso translat+ ! beauty ( ! e>?ly  
spr+ to ! k+dom ( heav54  ,at ! same "t 
m5 7 beg9n+ to travel to di/ant c\ntries

 = ! sole purpose ( see+ new sc5es &    
acquir+ fre% k4 ,! fam\s ,v5etian1 ,m>co
 ,polo1 0 ! fir/ ,european :o 79 #acjj7 
visit$ ,c5tral ,asia1 cross$ ,*9a &     
,?ibet1 & br\ght news to ,europe ( !    
fairyl& ( ,japan4 ,sight-see+ z an end 9
 itself 0 discov]$4 ,long sea-voyages = 
comm]cial purposes 7 no novelty1 b no   
human foot _h ev] trod ! summits ( !    
,l[] ,alps1 unless x _h be5 ! foot ( a  
peasant ^: cattle _h /ray$4 ,petr>* 0 ! 
fir/ man 79 #accf7 to climb a b>r5      
m\nta91 ! ,mont ,v5t\x 9 ,prov5ce1      
volunt>ily und]go+ a c]ta9 am\nt (      
fatigue = %e] delight 9 ! beauty (      
nature4 ,?is 0 a great1 an immortal de$1
 great] ?an all 8 sonnets & treatises   
put toge!r4 ,9 a long lett] :i* has be5 
pres]v$ to u1 he describes ) mu* _s &   
erudition ?is extraord9>y asc5t1 be=e ^:
 pr(\nd significance all ! ,alp9e       
exploits ( our "t %r9k into paltry      
gymna/ic ex]cises4  ,! beauty ( nature  
discov]$ & appreciat$1 int]e/ began to  
be ev9c$ 9 ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! 

v>i\s ph5om5a & !re arose a desire to   
obta9 ocul> pro( ( :at 0 writt5 9 !     
v5]able books--p]haps ev5 make new      
discov]ies4 ,! fir/ man ( any importance
 9 ?is direction 0 ! ,g]man ,albre*t    
,boll/dt 7,alb]tus ,magnus71 :o1 al?\gh 
he contribut$ m ?an any o!r man to !    
promulgation ( ,ari/otelian philosophy1 
wrote a book on natural hi/ory f\nd$ on 
p]sonal obs]vation2 8 great ,engli%     
contempor>y1 h[ev]1 ,rog] ,bacon1 is !  
true fa!r ( mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,x 
0 he :o co9$ ! expression sci5tia       
exp]im5talis1 & fram$ ! pr9ciple t all  
rese>* mu/ be bas$ on ! /udy ( nature4  
,he ma9ta9$ t exp]i5ce 0 ! mi/ress ( all
 sci5ces1 & said3 ,i respect ,ari/otle &
 acc\nt him ! pr9ce ( philosoph]s1 b ,i 
d n always %>e 8 op9ion4 ,ari/otle & !  
o!r philosoph]s h plant$ ! tree (       
sci5ce1 b ! latt] has n by any means put
 =? all its bran*es or matur$ all its   
fruit4 ,?is ?\ght1 ?\gh x seems to u    
self-evid5t1 0 ( great mom5t 9 ! age (  
s*ola/icism4 ,bacon sp5t t5 ye>s 9      

prison2 b 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 he 0 s mu*  
"u ! influ5ce ( s*ola/icism t he        
consid]$ x ! task ( philosophy to adduce
 evid5ce = ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma4   
,"h x is ess5tial r\ghly to sket* !     
ess5ce ( ! philosophical ?\ght ( t      
p]iod1 & po9t out ! way :i* l$ f !      
,*ri/ianity ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* &      
s*ola/icism to ! religion ( unhi/orical 
,*ri/ianity1 ! s-call$ my/icism4        
,s*ola/icism _h rea*$ its climax 9 !    
?irte5? c5tury2 univ]sities 7 f\nd$ 9   
,p>is1 ,ox=d & ,padua1 & he :o aspir$ to
 ! full dignity ( le>n+ _h to take 8    
degrees !re2 ev5 ,eckh>t did n neglect  
to obta9 8 s*ola/ic education 9 ,p>is4  
,s*ola/icism 0 an impos+ & yet /rangely 
grotesque sy/em ( ! _w1 built up--be=e a
 backgr\nd ( blaz+ /akes--( scriptural  
passages & ecclesia/ical tradition1     
l(ty1 pure ?\ght & antique-m$iaeval     
sup]/ition4 ,its fundam5tal problem1 !  
det]m9ation ( ! bord] l9e betwe5 fai? & 
k1 0 purely philosophical4 ,:ile ! old] 
s*ola/icism1 bas$ on ,platonic          

traditions1 endeav\r$ to br+ ^! into    
h>mony ) ,*ri/ianity1 t is to say1 prove
 ! revelations by dialectics1 ,alb]tus  
,magnus &1 au?oritatively1 8 pupil1     
,?omas ,aqu9as 7#abbf-abgd71 /rictly    
di/+ui%$1 by ! use ( ,ari/otelian       
weapons1 ! rational or p]ceptive tru?s f
 ! sup]natural v]ities or ! subjects (  
fai?4 ,?is di/9ction1 made 9 ord] to    
safegu>d dogma1 quickly reveal$ its     
d\ble-face4 ,! h&maid5 philosophy       
rebell$ aga9/ h] mi/ress !ology1 & ask$ 
h] = h] cr$5tials4 ,accord+ to ! classic
 & dogmatic doctr9e ( ,?omas1 ! natural 
v]ities alone c\ld be grasp$ by human   
und]/&+2 ! sup]natural or reveal$ tru?s 
7! dogmas7 7 beyond pro( & sci5tific    
cognition4 ,to submit !m to rese>* 0 n  
only an impossible task1 b ,?omas       
/igmatis$ e ef=t 9 ?is direction z      
h]esy1 fondly believ+ t he _h once & =  
all safegu>d$ ! position ( fai?4 ,b m   
resolute & pr(\nd ?9k]s1 al?\gh n 9 s _m
 words attack+ ! au?ority ( !           
,scriptures1 & leav+ ,?omas' bord]-l9e  

unque/ion$1 f\nd ! unfa?omable tru?s n 9
 ecclesia/ical tradition b 9 _! own     
s\ls1 ?us inve/+ fai? ) a new mean+1    
unassailable by criticism4  ,! idea (   
draw+ a l9e betwe5 p]ceivable or        
rational tru?s & imp]ceivable or div9e  
tru?s1 is fraught ) ! burn+ "q z to !   
limits ( human k1 a "q :i* to ?is day   
rema9s unansw]$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !      
limits 7 ext5d$ 9 fav\r ( imp]fect k 7b 
! "* ( ! unkn[able 0 problematis$ &     
que/ion$74 ,:ile ,?omas 0 /ill conv9c$ (
 ! possibility ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a    
,god by ! p[] ( ! human intellect1 ,duns
 ,scotus remov$ ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( 
a ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l f ! doma9
 ( sci5ce1 & made bo? propositions a    
matt] ( fai?4 ,william ( ,occam1 m      
uncompromis+ ?an ,duns ,scotus1 ma9ta9$ 
! absolute impossibility ( acquir+ k (  
sup]natural ?+s1 & taught--on ?is po9t1 
too1 anticipat+ ,kant--t objective k    
acquir$ ?r\gh ! s5ses %\ld prec$e       
ab/ract k4 ,! la/ conclusion ( nom9alism
 0 ?us arriv$ at1 ! exi/5ce ( univ]sal  

conceptions1 or univ]sals1 suppos$ to   
exi/ outside mat]ial ?+s--! curse ( !   
,platonic inh]itance--decl>$ to be      
impossible1 & reality conc$$ to !       
individual only4 ,roscell9us1 ! f\nd] ( 
?is doctr9e1 _h /ill be5 cont5t to d5y !
 exi/5ce ( ! conception ( deity1 leav+ !
 individual p]sons1 ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy 
,gho/1 z real individuals1 unt\*$4  ,we 
see f ! =ego+ t ! univ]sally d]id$      
s*ola/icism travell$ along ! :ole l9e ( 
mod]n ?\ght3 f ! realism ( ,?omas1 :i*  
leaves ! univ]sals z yet unassail$ by   
d\bt & occupy+ ! v he>t ( k1 pa/ ! fir/ 
&1 to our view1 v mode/ d\bts ( !       
nom9ali/s1 to ! agno/icism ( ,bacon1    
,duns & ,occam4  ,) ! new position (    
decid$ nom9alism ! f\ndation 0 prep>$ = 
! exp]im5tal sci5ces on ! "o h&1 &      
my/icism on ! o!r4 ,= ! conclusion t ?+s
 sup]natural are a clos$ book to u may h
 two results3 on ! "o h&1 ! rejection ( 
! transc5d5tal & ! victory ( sci5ce2 on 
! o!r1 ! ne$ to desc5d into ! pr(\nde/  
dep?s ( ! univ]se & ! s\l1 & grasp by   

intuition :at common s5se does n see4   
,! "t 0 ripe & ! consummators came3     
,dante 9 ! s\?1 ,eckh>t 9 ! c\ntries    
nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,) reg>d to ,dante1 ,i w
 say "o ?+ only2 he ga!r$ toge!r all !  
a*ievem5ts ( ! new art & transc5d$ !m 9 
a "w :i* has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,!      
pr(\ndly symbolical words1 ,! new life  
is beg9n+1 are writt5 at ! comm5cem5t ( 
8 ,vita ,nuova1 & ) 8 ,div9e ,com$y !   
art ( ,europe _h atta9$ p]fection4  ,x  
is necess>y to give a m detail$ acc\nt (
 ,eckh>t4 ,he _h be5 almo/ =gott5 9     
fav\r ( 8 pupils1 ,taul] & ,suso1 & !   
unkn[n au?or ( ! ,!ologica ,g]manica 7to
 :i* ,lu!r wrote a preface71 b to-day a 
fa9t idea ( ! great importance ( ?is man
 is beg9n+ to dawn ^u ! _w4 ,eckh>t 0 ! 
greate/ creative religi\s g5ius s9ce    
,jesus1 & ,i believe t 9 "t 8 writ+s w  
be consid]$ equal to ! ,gospel ( ,/4    
,john4 ,he grasp$ ! _s ( religion )     
unp>allel$ dep?2 ev]y?+ produc$ by !    
highly religi\s lat] m$iaeval era pales 
be=e 8 illum9ation4 ,comp>$ to him1 ,/4 

,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & ev5 ,/4 ,francis
 dw9dle into insignificance2 all ! lat] 
re=m]s are small beside ! greatness ( 8 
s\l4 ,e "o ( 8 s]mons conta9s pr(\nd    
passages1 su* z ,god mu/ become ,i & ,i 
mu/ become ,god4 ,! s\l z a sep>ate     
entity mu/ be s completely annihilat$ t 
no?+ rema9s except ,god1 yea1 t x       
becomes m glori\s ?an ,god1 z ! sun is m
 glori\s ?an ! moon4 ,! ,scriptures 7   
writt5 & ,god creat$ ! _w solely t ,he  
may be born 9 ! s\l & ! s\l aga9 9 ,him4
 ,! ess5ce ( all gra9 is :eat1 ( all    
metal gold1 & ( all creatures man4 ,?us 
spoke a great man3 ',!re is no bea/1 b x
 is 9 "s way a semblance ( man4' ,! lea/
 faculty ( my s\l is m inf9ite ?an !    
b\ndless heav5s4 ,aga9 we und]/& by !   
k+dom ( ,god ! s\l2 = ! s\l & ! ,deity  
are "o4 ,! s\l is ! univ]se & ! k+dom ( 
,god4 ,god dwells s mu* )9 ! s\l t all  
,8 div9ity dep5ds on x4 ,man %all be    
free & ma/] ( all 8 de$s1 unde/roy$ &   
unsubdu$4  ,eckh>t 0 ! fir/ man :o ?\ght
 consecutively 9 ! ,g]man v]nacul>1 & :o

 made ?is philosophically /ill virg9al  
language a m$ium = express+ pr(\nd      
?\ght4 ,9 addition he wrote ,lat9       
treatises :i* 7 discov]$ a %ort "t ago2 
,i h n read !m1 b ,i h no d\bt t 8      
pr(\nde/ convictions 7 express$ 9 !     
,g]man tongue4 ,! ,lat9 language has at 
all times fett]$ ! _s f> m successfully 
?an ! /ill unta9t$ & liv+ ,g]man4  ,!   
religi\s g5ius ( a s+le individual _h   
creat$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,b f ! v beg9n+ x 0 
misund]/ood2 ! salvation ( ! _w 0 l9k$  
to ! p]son ( a man :o _h aspir$ to be an
 example to ! :ole race4 ,! t]m1 ,son ( 
,god1 0 und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( ! h]o-cult (
 antiquity2 possibly ! ,jewi% fai? 9 a  
,messiah1 ! politico-national hope ( !  
,*ildr5 ( ,israel1 0 a good deal to     
blame = ?is4 ,a hi/orical ev5t 0        
translat$ into metaphysic4 ,! only truly
 religi\s man 0 made ! c5tre ( a new    
my?ology & navely wor%ipp$4 ,x may s\nd 
l a p>adox1 b x is a fact t ! :ole ( !  
fir/ mill5>y 0 inw>dly irreligi\s2 x    
conceal$ its want ( metaphysical        

intuition beh9d ! falsification (       
hi/orical ev5ts4 ,! entire m$iaeval 7& a
 l>ge proportion ( ! ,prote/ant7 !ology 
lab\r$ to obta9 an intellectual grasp ( 
! doctr9e ( a unique hi/orical salvation
 ( humanity & frame x into a dogma4 ,&  
?us occurr$ t unp>allel$ misund]/&+ 7a  
misund]/&+ :i* nev] cl\d$ ! m9d (       
,india7 :i* bas$ religion1 ! timeless   
metaphysical treasure ( ! s\l1 on !     
hi/orical record ( an ev5t :i* _h happ5$
 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & _h come d[n to u 9 a m
 or less g>bl$--"s say entirely         
falsifi$--v]sion4 ,?is 0 ! great s9 (   
,*ri/ianity3 ,x reg>d$ a hi/orical ev5t1
 reveal+ ! v ess5ce ( religion1 &       
consequ5tly capable ( be+ =mulat$1 z a  
div9e int]v5tion = ! purpose ( br++ ab\t
 ! salvation ( ! _w1 in/ead ( recognis+ 
9 ! sublime figure ( ! f\nd] ( !        
,*ri/ian religion a great1 p]haps ev5   
p]fect1 inc>nation ( ! et]nally new     
relation%ip betwe5 ,god & ! s\l4 ,x     
promulgat$ ! /range ?\ght t only ! "o   
s\l1 ! s\l ( ! f\nd]1 0 div9e1 & in/ead 

( tea*+ ! div9ity ( humanity1 x taught !
 div9ity ( ?is "o man only--,jesus      
became a ,god :o c\ld no long] be look$ 
^u z ! p]fect specim5 & prototype ( !   
race1 b be=e :om x behov$ man to kneel &
 pray = salvation4 ,p]haps x 0 n        
possible to und]/& ! new doctr9e 9 any  
o!r way2 be=e m5 c conceive ! idea ( _! 
div9ity1 !y mu/ h become consci\s ( _!  
s\ls4  ,?is complete misund]/&+ &       
ext]nalis+ ( religion :i* took place 9 !
 fir/ mill5>y1 & :i* c nev] n[ be       
retriev$1 is fundam5tally pagan1        
antique4 ,! record ( ! salvation ( ! _w1
 a*iev$ by a h]o once & = all "t1 !     
hi/orification ( ! div9e sp>k :i* is    
daily re-born 9 ! s\l1 entirely         
corresponds to ! ,greek my?s ( gods &   
demi-gods :i* be=e _! new1 symbolical   
int]pretation1 7 tak5 q lit]ally4 ,i am 
n n[ conc]n$ ) ! problem ( h[ f> !      
antique h]oes & ,ea/]n my/]ies directly 
influ5c$ ! conception ( ! figure (      
,*ri/2 ,i only wi% to emphasise ! pr(\nd
 contra/ betwe5 true religion :i* spr+s 

up 9 ! s\l ( ! individual1 & hi/orical  
tradition4 ,if !re is su* a ?+ z        
religion1 x mu/ exi/ equally = all m51 =
 ^? :o accid5tally receiv$ a report ( a 
c]ta9 hi/orical ev5t1 z well z = ^? :o  
rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ! fact4 ,all       
h]etical demon/rations 7 root$ 9 a vague
 realisation ( ?is contra/4 ,b ,eckh>t  
accompli%$ ! unp>allel$ de$ ( once m    
build+ a bridge betwe5 ! s\l & ! deity2 
( relegat+ to ! backgr\nd all !         
in]adicable hi/orical misrepres5tations 
or1 if !re 0 no alt]native1 (           
unhesitat+ly proclaim+ !m z errone\s1 or
 int]pret+ !m symbolically4 ,/4 ,paul's 
words1 he says1 = in/ance1 are no?+ b ! 
words ( ,paul2 x is n true t he spoke !m
 9 a /ate ( grace4 ,he did n reg>d !    
,scriptures z ! b\rne ( tru?1 b z       
subsequ5t pro( ( ! directly exp]i5c$    
tru? ( ! div9e ev5t4 ,) ?is conception  
,*ri/ianity _h rea*$ its highe/ /age4   
,h5ce=? ! orig9 ( all tru?s & values 0  
no long] s\ght 9 doctr9e & au?ority1 b 9
 ! s\l ( man2 ,god 0 nei!r to be f\nd 9 

! heav5s nor 9 hi/ory1 b 9 ! s\l2 ! s\l 
mu/ become div9e & creative2 x _h f\nd  
its task3 ! recreation ( ! _w4 ,x 0     
true1 ,/4 ,augu/9e _h said3 ,non        
,*ri/ianis$1 ,*ri/i sumus1 b ?is say+ _h
 nev] be5 und]/ood1 & v probably ,/4    
,augu/9e _h n meant x 9 its lit]al s5se4
 ,at la/ ! fundam5tal consci\sness (    
,*ri/ianity _h triumph$3 ! pr9ciple ( ! 
,son-(-,god%ip inspir$ ! s\l ( ! my/ics2
 9 future religion mu/ emanate f ! s\l &
 f9d its goal 9 ,god2 writt5 docum5ts   
&--9 ! case ( ! pr(\nde/ ?9k]s--examples
 7 no long] ne$$4 ,! h]etical sects _h  
be5 cont5t to reject po/-evangelical    
tradition1 9 ord] to lay great] /ress on
 ! words ( ,*ri/4 ,!y 7 g5u9e re=m]s1 b 
!y 7 z mu* con/ra9$ by ! hi/orical facts
 z ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & _! /&po9t 
has to ?is day rema9$ ! /&po9t ( !      
,prote/ant pr(essions ( fai?4  ,! fact (
 ?is new conception atta*+ no importance
 to ! hi/orical ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 7_h he 
nev] liv$ x w\ld h made no diff]5ce7    
made ( x a new religion4 ,by putt+ aside

 ?is ext]nal & accid5tal mom5t1 x plac$ 
! metaphysical & purely spiritual core (
 ,*ri/ianity1 ! fundam5tal conviction ( 
! div9ity ( ! s\l1 & ! w to et]nal life1
 )9 ! c5tre ( religi\s consci\sness1 &  
by s do+ put itself beyond ! rea* (     
hi/orical criticism & scepticism1       
,eckh>t1 m ?an any o!r tea*]1 0 pr(\ndly
 conv9c$ ( ! fre$om & et]nal value ( !  
s\l4 ,i1 z ! ,son1 am ! same z my       
,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,he taught t ,*ri/ is   
born 9 ! s\l1 t ! div9e sp>k is         
cont9u\sly re-k9dl$ 9 ! s\l3 ,x is !    
quality ( et]nity t life & y\? are "o1 &
 t man mu/ become m & m div9e1 m & m    
free f all t is uness5tial & accid5tal  
until he no long] diff]s f ,god4 ,x is  
only a logical conclusion to say t a    
p]fect man1 my/ically speak+1 is ,god2 8
 be+ & 8 w are 9 no?+ diff]5tiat$ f     
absolute1 univ]sal1 div9e w--,g]man     
my/icism agrees 9 ?is ) ! ,upani%ads4   
,kant w\ld h said t ! pr9ciples ( su* a 
man w\ld become cosmic laws2 s9 w\ld be 
! e/rangem5t f ,god1 ! w to draw away f 

,god4  ,! pr(\nd & only mission (       
religion is ! end[m5t ( man 9 ?is       
hurly-burly ( life ) ! consci\sness (   
et]nity4 ,religion places our transi5t  
life "u ! aspect ( et]nity1 & !re=e x   
mu/1 9 its ess5ce1 rema9 a /rang] to ?+s
 temporal4 ,only t mom5t 9 ! life ( a   
man c be call$ religi\s :i* lifts him   
beyond himself1 out ( 8 petty1 n>r[     
exi/5ce1 condition$ by & subject to     
accid5ts1 into timeless1 univ]sal life2 
:i* gives him ! c]ta9ty t hi/orical     
ev5ts c nev] be reg>d$ z def9ite &      
ultimate--t mom5t :i* has ! p[] to set  
free1 to deliv]1 to save4 ,?us x is     
irreligi\s to reg>d an ev5t :i* occurr$ 
on ! temporal plane--& 7 x ! greate/    
ev5t :i* ev] befell on e>?--z ! pivot ( 
metaphysical value = all m52 to l9k !   
salvation ( ! _w to an occurr5ce :i* 0  
relatively accid5tal1 to base !         
consci\sness ( et]nity on ! k ( a fact4 
,?is w\ld be a victory ( "t ov] et]nity1
 a victory ( irreligion ov] religion4   
,i reg>d x z ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( t    

great "t t spontane\s religion aga9     
became possible4 ,eckh>t r$iscov]$ !    
div9e nature ( man2 nev] has !          
consci\sness ( timeless et]nity be5     
express$ z he express$ x 9 8 tract1 ,on 
,solitude4 ,d\btless !re h be5 m5 be=e  
him :o possess$ direct religi\s         
intuitions1 & n[ & !n gave timid        
utt]ance to !m2 b ! au?ority ( tradition
 has always be5 too great1 & !y nev] did
 m ?an compromise betwe5 ! hi/orical    
ev5ts on :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion is bas$
 & ! g5u9ely religi\s exp]i5ce ( _! own 
s\ls4 ,eckh>t1 too1 0 c>eful n to (f5d  
aga9/ ! lett]1 & 8 pupils1 aft]         
suspicion _h fall5 on !m1 made _m a     
concession 9 t]ms1 & p]haps ev5 9 ?\ght4
 ,/4 ,augu/9e already _h /e]$ a middle  
c\rse betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! religi\s   
conception1 9 8 phrase3 ,p] ,*ri/um     
hom9em at ,*ri/um deum1 & ,suso 79 8    
,booklet ( ,et]nal ,wisdom7 foll[$ 8    
lead4 ,?us speaks ! et]nal wisdom3 ,if  
ye w behold me 9 my et]nal div9ity ye   
mu/ "k & love me 9 my suff]+ humanity4  

,= ?is is ! quicke/ road to et]nal      
salvation4 ,! brutality ( ! t5et :i*    
ma9ta9s t all ^? are et]nally lo/ :o1   
)\t _! own fault1 h no k ( ! salvation (
 ! _w 7especially !re=e1 ^? :o di$ be=e 
! ev5t71 0 a /umbl+-block to _m ?\ghtful
 m9ds4 ,! patri>*s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7  
look$ ^u z sav$--to "s ext5t--by ! fact 
( _! be+ ! ance/ors or prophets ( ,*ri/2
 b pagans & ,greeks1 includ+ ,ari/otle1 
7 condemn$ ev5 by ! great ,dante4 ,at ! 
conclusion ( 8 ,div9e ,com$y ,dante     
prov$ himself a truly inspir$ my/ic1 =  
he gave to u ! pr(\nde/ vision ( !      
div9ity :i* has ev] be5 v\*saf$ to man4 
,b 8 g5ius 0 direct$ & re/rict$ by !    
dogmas ( ! ,*ur*2 8 religi\s /&po9t 0 ! 
/&po9t ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages & dogmatic
 ,ca?olicism4 ,z poet & lov] he 0 !     
inaugurator ( a new _w2 "h he repres5ts 
! culm9ation & conclusion ( ! condemn$  
_w-sy/em4 ,he 0 ! iron l&m>k ( !        
ages--,eckh>t1 ! creator ( et]nal       
values4  ,! =emo/ ( ! precursors (      
,eckh>t 0 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux           

7#ajia-aaec74 ,he 0 ! expon5t ( ! love (
 ,god :i* he plac$ above k2 9 "o ( 8    
lett]s he calls love ! exi/5ce ( ,god   
,himself1 bas+ 8 def9ition on ! passage 
9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 ,god is ,love4 
,love is ! et]nal law :i* creat$ &      
pres]ves ! univ]se2 ! :ole _w is gov]n$ 
by love2 b al?\gh love is ! law to :i*  
all creation is subject1 x is n itself  
)\t law1 b x is a law unto itself4 ,s]fs
 & m]c5>ies are rul$ by laws :i* are n f
 ,god1 b :i* !y made !mselves2 "s       
because !y d n love ,god1 o!rs because  
!y love ! ?+s ( ?is _w bett] ?an        
,god4444 ,!y made _! own laws &         
subord9at$ ! univ]sal & et]nal laws to  
_! own w4 ,b ^? 7:o live righte\sly7 are
 9 ! _w z ,god is3 nei!r s]fs nor       
m]c5>ies1 b ! *ildr5 ( ,god &1 l ,god   
,himself1 !y live only by ! law ( love4 
,8 greate/ happ9ess is complete         
absorption 9 ! vision ( ! div9e &       
=getfulness ( self4 ,all love is an     
emanation ( t "o love4 ,x is ! et]nally 
creative & gov]n+ law ( ! univ]se4 ,to  

be p5etrat$ by su* emotion is to become 
deifi$4 ,z a drop ( wat] 9 a cup ( w9e  
is completely dissolv$ & takes ! ta/e & 
col\r ( ! w9e1 s also1 9 an             
indescribable mann]1 is ! human w       
absorb$ 9 ! div9e w1 & trans=m$ into ! w
 ( ,god4 ,= h[ c\ld ,god become all 9   
all if any?+ human 7 left 9 man8 ,!y are
 completely imm]s$ 7! m>tyrs7 9 !       
inf9ite ocean ( et]nal light1 9 radiant 
et]nity4444 ,! entranc$ s\l %all lose   
all k ( itself & become completely      
absorb$ 9 ,god2 x %all become unlike    
itself 9 ! measure z x has receiv$ !    
gift ( becom+ div9e4 ,s5su\s metaphors f
 ! ,song ( ,songs & ! ,psalms are aga9 &
 aga9 int]m+l$ ) ^! l(ty ?\ghts4 ,b 9   
spite ( 8 div9e emotion1 9 spite ( 8    
anticipations ( ! ,g]man my/ics1 ,b]n>d 
took ! /&po9t ( ecclesia/ical or?odoxy  
:5ev] he 0 n 9 ! ec/atic /ate2 8        
contemplative m9d 0 unable to grasp !   
importance ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 a fact    
amply prov$ by 8 +lori\s qu>rel )       
,abl>d1 ! greate/ ?9k] ( 8 "t4 ,?is     

qu>rel 0 a typical illu/ration ( !      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! believ] & ! ?9k]4     
,b]n>d =got all ab\t love1 & did n      
hesitate to /ir up unpleasantness :5ev] 
he c\ld d s4 ,s he wrote to ,pope       
,innoc5t ,,ii43 ,pet] ,abl>d is /riv+ to
 de/roy ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & imag9es t 8  
human intellect c p5etrate ! dep?s ( !  
div9e m9d4444 ,no?+ is hidd5 f him1     
nei!r 9 ! e>? bel[1 nor 9 ! heav5s      
above2 8 intellectual pride exce$s all  
limits2 he attacks ! doctr9es ( fai?1 & 
pond]s problems f> above 8 intellectual 
capacity2 he is an inv5tor ( h]esies    
4441 etc4 ,?anks to 8 ma*9ations1 ,abl>d
 0 compell$ to recant at ! ,c\ncil (    
,s5s1 & 0 condemn$ by ! ,pope to et]nal 
sil5ce4 ,b]5g> ( ,poiti] took ,abl>d's  
"p1 & 9 a satirical treatise v5tur$ to  
criticise ,/4 ,b]n>d's conduct3 ,?us    
philosophise ! old wom5 at ! looms4 ,(  
c\rse1 :5 ,b]n>d tells u t we mu/ love  
,god1 he speaks a true & v5]able ^w2 b  
he ne$ n h op5$ 8 lips to d s1 = x is a 
self-evid5t tru?4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^! 

words br&$ & contradict$ ! m]ely        
subjective emotional my/icism2 to !     
emotional my/ic salvation lies 9 !      
absorption 9 ,god1 9 %apeless1 ?\ghtless
 contemplation4 ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor1   
f\nd+ 8 !ories on ,/4 ,b]n>d1 e/abli%$  
six /ages ( m$itation4 ,! ,franciscan   
monk1 ,bonav5tura1 ! fam\s au?or ( !    
,biblia ,paup]um1 add$ a sev5?1 a       
complete re/ 9 ,god--l ! ,sabba? aft] ! 
six days ( lab\r4 ,to ,bonav5tura1 z    
lat] on to ,dante1 ! _w 0 a ladd] lead+ 
up to ,god4  ,if we turn f ^! ?9k]s ( ! 
,neo-,lat9 race1 :o 9 spite ( _!        
und5iable my/icism 7 completely "u !    
dom9ion ( ! ,*ur*--to ,g]man my/icism1  
we f9d above & beyond my/icism1 we f9d  
above & beyond love1 a new pr9ciple3 ,! 
s\l ( man is ! />t+-po9t ( religi\s     
consci\sness & ! cont5t ( ! religi\s    
consci\sness is ! s\l's road to ,god4 ,!
 nativity ( ,*ri/ ceas$ to be reg>d$ z a
 hi/orical ev5t1 & became ! bir? ( !    
div9e pr9ciple 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,9 pass+  
,i w m5tion a ,g]man nun1 ,me*?ild (    

,magdeburg 7#abab-abgg71 :o anticipat$  
"s ( ! great ?\ghts ( ,eckh>t1 al?\gh %e
 0 incapable ( grasp+ _! mutual         
connection4 ,! ,holy ,tr9ity & ev]y?+ 9 
heav5 & e>? mu/ be subject to me 7!     
s\l71 7 words 9 ! true _s ( ,eckh>t1    
leav+ ,/4 ,b]n>d f> beh9d4 ,me*?ild f\nd
 metaphors ( true poetical gr&eur :5 %e 
spoke ( ! union ( ! s\l ) ,god4 ,!      
dom9ion ( ! fire has yet to come4 ,t is 
,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ,^: h&s ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r 
has laid ! salvation ( ! _w & ! ,la/    
,judgm5t4 ,on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t ,he %all
 fa%ion cups ( wondr\s beauty out ( !   
crackl+ sp>ks2 !re9 ! ,fa!r w dr9k on ,8
 fe/ival all ! hol9ess :i* ?r\gh ,8 de> 
,son ,he has p\r$ into human s\ls4      
,emotional my/icism 0 ! prevail+ =m (   
my/icism 9 ^? days2 ev5 ,eckh>t's pupil1
 ,suso1 belong$ to ?is class ( my/ics4  
,?is vague s5tim5talism sav$ _m a m9d f 
! rigid dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 & z its       
vagu5ess c\ld be int]pret$ 9 m ?an "o   
way1 x caus$ v little (f5ce2 b ^!       
visions & ec/asies1 :i* are s (t5 mi/ak5

 = true my/icism1 h done mu* to br+ !   
latt] into contempt ) ! s]i\sly m9d$4   
,eckh>t did n ackn[l$ge x z g5u9e       
my/icism & directly condemn$ x 9 _m ( 8 
writ+s2 & z he reject$ my/ic            
s5tim5talism1 cle>ly div9+ its          
pa?ological cause1 s he also reject$    
asceticism & all religi\s c]emonies4 ,! 
evangelical pov]ty ( ! ,franciscan monks
 0 an object ( loa?+ to him4 ,/4        
,francis 7& ?irty ye>s be=e him ,pet]   
,valdez7 _h navely int]pret$ ! imitation
 ( ,*ri/ z a life ( absolute pov]ty1 &  
_h be5 rel5tless 9 8 d5unciation (      
worldly weal?1 :i* e monk ( 8 ord] _h to
 r5\nce4 ,he himself nev] t\*$ money1   
see+ 9 x ! s\rce ( all evil4 ,8         
transc5d5t treasure 0 ,holy ,pov]ty2    
,jacopone wrote an ard5t hymn to ,que5  
,pov]ty1 & ev5 ,?omas1 ! repres5tative (
 ,dom9ican erudition1 !oretically took  
up ! cudgels on its behalf4 ,b ev5 9 !  
primitive ,*ur* ! pr9ciple ( worldly &  
spiritual pov]ty 0 widely spread &      
enc\rag$4 ,9 ! def5ce ( pov]ty1 :i* 0   

practically ne>ly always synonym\s )    
idl5ess & begg+1 & !re=e r\s$ mu*       
ho/ility among ! p1 ,bonav5tura po9t$   
out 79 8 treatise1 ,de ,paup]tate       
,*ri/i7 t ,jesus ,himself _h nev] done  
any manual "w4 ,! univ]sal pref]5ce = a 
contemplative life enc\rag$ ! t5d5cy1 & 
! extreme *>itabl5ess ( ! ,middle ,ages 
made its realisation possible4 ,"w 0    
frequ5tly look$ ^u z a puni%m5t--a view 
:i* c\ld easily be upheld by ref]5ce to 
,adam's expulsion f ,p>adise--& inflict$
 ^u ! monks = (f5ces aga9/ ! rules4     
,dante's fri5d1 ,guido ,cavalcanti1     
express$ ! natural s5tim5t t pov]ty is a
 di/ress+ condition1 9 a canzone :i*    
bri/les ) insults hurl$ at ! ,que5 ( !  
,franciscans3       ,yea1 rightly art ?\
 hat$ worse ?an dea?1      ,= he1 at    
l5g?1 is long$ = 9 ! brea/4         ,b n
 ) !e1 wild bea/1        ,0 ev] aught   
f\nd beautiful or good2        ,= life  
is all t man c lose by dea?1        ,n  
fame & ! fair summits ( applause2       
,8 glory %all n pause        ,b live 9  

m5's p]petual gratitude4        ,:ile he
 :o on ?y nak$ sill has /ood        ,he 
%all be c\nt$ l[1 etc4                  
,d4,g4 ,,rossetti4  ,! concept ( !      
,g]man my/ics 0 inf9itely m pr(\nd ?an !
 concept ( ! m]ely ext]nal pov]ty ( !   
,franciscans1 :i* 9 ! case ( ,/4        
,francis & ,jacopone 0 an inh]5t        
*>act]i/ic & pure1 b 9 ! case ( ! o!rs m
 or less vici\s4 ,man _c live 9 ?is _w  
)\t lab\r1 says ,eckh>t1 b lab\r is     
man's portion2 !re=e he mu/ le>n to h   
,god 9 8 he>t1 al?\gh surr\nd$ by ! ?+s 
( ?is _w1 & n let 8 bus9ess or 8        
surr\nd+s be a b>ri]4 ,!re is a passage 
9 ! book ( an unkn[n au?or1 entitl$ ,!  
,imitation ( ,*ri/'s ,pov]ty 7=m]ly     
ascrib$ to ,taul]71 :i* reads z foll[s3 
,pov]ty is equality ) ,god1 a m9d turn$ 
away f all creatures2 pov]ty cl+s to    
no?+ & no?+ cl+s to x2 a man :o is poor 
cl+s to no?+ :i* is b5ea? him1 b to t   
alone :i* is great] ?an all ?+s4 ,& t is
 ! l(tie/ virtue ( pov]ty t x cl+s only 
to t :i* is sublime & takes no he$ ( !  

?+s :i* are base1 s f> z x is possible4 
,! s\l :ile x is burd5$ ) temporal &    
transi5t ?+s is n free4 ,be=e x c aspire
 to fre$om & nobility x mu/ ca/ away all
 ! ?+s ( ! _w4 ,nobody c be really poor 
unless ,god make him s2 b ,god makes no 
man poor unless he be 9 8 inmo/ he>t2 !n
 all ?+s w be tak5 f him :i* are n      
,god's4 ,! m spiritual a man is1 ! poor]
 w he be1 = spirituality & pov]ty are   
"o4444 ,pseudo-,taul] ev5 affirms t a   
man c possess abundant weal? & yet be   
poor 9 _s4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is cle>3 ,he  
^: he>t is n wrapp$ up 9 ! ?+s ( ! _w1 w
 f9d 8 way to ,god2 a s\l :i* is )\t    
desire is ri*4  ,b !re 0 a /ill great]  
contra/ betwe5 ! nave religion repres5t$
 by ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi & ! religion 
( ,eckh>t4 ,! =m] liv$ entirely 9 !     
obvi\s & visible2 ! love ( all creatures
 fill$ 8 he>t & %ap$ 8 life4 ,! he>t ( !
 my/ic too1 0 fill$ ) love1 b x 0 love  
transc5d+ ! love ( ! individual1 love ( 
! prim>y cause4 ,9 ! la/ s5se ,eckh>t   
taught1 contr>y to traditional          

,*ri/ianity1 & 9 con=mity ) ,indian     
wisdom1 t ! s\l mu/ be absorb$ into !   
absolute & t ev]y?+ transi5t &          
individual mu/ cease to exi/4 ,! highe/ 
fre$om is t ! s\l %\ld rise above itself
 & fl[ into ! fa?omless abyss ( its     
ar*etype1 ( ,god ,himself4  ,ev5 ,/4    
,b]n>d 0 n q free f ?is my/ical h]esy   
7cf4 ! previ\sly quot$ passages74 ,:5 he
 has rea*$ ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 
man is 9 a /ate ( complete =getfulness (
 self1 & hav+ entirely ceas$ to belong  
to himself1 becomes "o ) ,god1 releas$ f
 ev]y?+ n div9e4 ,ev5 compassion mu/    
cease 9 ?is /ate1 = !re is no?+ left b  
ju/ice & p]fection4  ,we recognise "h a 
*>act]i/ic ( all ^? :o are greate/ among
 m53 ( ,goe!1 = in/ance1 ( ,ba*1 or     
,kant3 namely1 ! correspond5ce ( int5se 
p]sonality & ! mo/ highly develop$      
objectivity2 = ! greate/ p]sonality     
ceases 9 ! end to di/+ui% betwe5 itself 
& ! _w1 has eradicat$ ev]y?+ paltry1    
selfi% & subjective & has become        
entirely objective1 imp]sonal1 div9e4   

,/4 ,francis knew no?+ ( ?is            
consci\sness4 ,god has *os5 me because  
among all m5 ,he c\ld f9d no "o m l[ly1 
& because ?r\gh my in/rum5tality ,he    
purpos$ to conf\nd nobility1 greatness1 
/r5g?1 beauty & ! wisdom ( ! _w4 ,he 0 !
 disciple ( ! e>?ly ,jesus1 ,:o w5t     
?r\gh life ! compassionate consol] ( all
 ^? :o 7 sorr[ful4 ,b ,eckh>t aspir$ to 
! %apeless nature ( ,god4 ,we w foll[   
,him1 b n 9 all ?+s1 he said ( !        
hi/orical ,jesus4 ,he did _m ?+s :i* ,he
 meant u to und]/& spiritually1 n       
lit]ally 444 we mu/ always foll[ ,him 9 
! pr(\nd] s5se4 ,comp>$ to ! religion ( 
,eckh>t1 ! religion ( ,/4 ,francis is ! 
fai? ( a little *ild1 pictur+ ,god z a  
b5evol5t old man4 ,su* a religion is    
equally true & s9c]e1 b x repres5ts an  
e>li] /age on ! road ( humanity4 ,if    
,*ri/ianity 7--z we are occasionally    
assur$--! religion ( ,jesus1 !n ! great 
my/ics _c be call$ ,*ri/ians4 ,& yet ,/4
 ,augu/9e's3 ,we are n ,*ri/ians1 b     
,*ri/s1 0 fulfill$ 9 !m4  ,! pr(\nde/   

dep? ( ,european religion1 ( :i* ,eckh>t
 0 ! expon5t1 & :i* f\nd arti/ic        
expression 9 ,go?ic art1 0 n s\nd$ by   
music until v mu* lat]4 ,ba*1 m         
emphatically 9 ! ,high ,mass & !        
,magnificat1 b also 9 8 purely          
in/rum5tal music1 br\ght ! univ]sal     
feel+ ( my/icism to absolute arti/ic    
p]fection4 ,! deep religi\s s5tim5t :i* 
p]vades ! ,high ,mass is s f> above all 
cults1 t x has no real connection ) any 
hi/orical fai?--x is pure consci\sness (
 ! div9e4  ,! peculi> /ate ( ! s\l1     
call$ my/icism1 c\ld nev] become popul>1
 or ex]t any v great influ5ce4 ,a few   
m51 su* z ,taul]1 ,suso1 ,m]sw91 & !    
unkn[n au?or ( ! ,!ologica ,g]manica h&$
 on--n by any means always              
unadult]at$--! doctr9e !y _h receiv$ f  
,eckh>t--:i* at all times appeal$ to a  
few ?9k]s--b ! real influ5ce on ! _w &  
on hi/ory 0 res]v$ = ! re=m]s4 ,! re=m]1
 9 8 inmo/ nature1 is relat$ to ! p2 8  
s\l is agitat$ by =mulas & c]emonies1 to
 :i* ! my/ic is indiff]5t2 !y are to him

 ob/acles to 8 fai? & he /ra9s e n]ve to
 de/roy !m4 ,he has e appe>ance ( !     
truly free _s1 b he is secretly dep5d5t 
on t aga9/ :i* he is fight+4 ,he suff]s 
"u its ineffici5cy2 8 de$ is ! f9al     
reaction aga9/ 8 environm5t2 salvation  
seems to him to lie 9 ! improvem5t (    
exi/+ conditions1 & n until he has      
succe$$ 9 accompli%+ 8 purpose c he hope
 = religi\s peace4 ,! my/ic is possible 
9 all /ates ( civilisation4 ,he is n    
dep5d5t on ext]nal circum/ances2 8 :ole 
consci\sness is fill$ ) "o problem only1
 be=e :i* ev]y?+ else pales3 !          
relation%ip ( ! s\l to ,god4 ,b ! re=m] 
is possible only "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 
,he1 too1 />ts f an inn] religi\s       
consci\sness1 b 8 problem is soon solv$1
 & he devotes all 8 en]gy to ! _w4 ,!   
my/ic is n ev5 aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 
8 own conception ( ,god & traditional   
religion2 he is "u ! impression t he is 
/ill an or?odox believ]1 long aft] he   
has brok5 fre% gr\nd2 = he has tak5 f ! 
traditional doctr9e ev]y?+ :i* he c     

re-animate4 ,! rema9d] is dead z f> z he
 is conc]n$4 ,to accuse him ( h]esy     
appe>s to him z a mon/r\s misund]/&+4   
,?us my/ic & re=m] dr9k f ! same well ( 
direct religi\s consci\sness4 ,b :ile 9 
! case ( ! my/ic ! well is fa?omless1 x 
is mu* m %all[ 9 ! case ( ! re=m]4      
,c]ta9 ( himself1 he directs 8 en]gy to 
! conv]sion & re=mation ( ! _w4 ,he     
resembles 9 "s respects ! public orator 
& agitator2 he has a grasp ( social     
conditions1 /rives to influ5ce 8        
surr\nd+s by ^w & de$1 & is ready to    
sacrifice 8 life to 8 convictions4 ,!   
my/ic rema9s solit>y & misund]/ood4     
,lu!r1 :o 0 to "s ext5t influ5c$ by     
,g]man my/icism1 f\ght1 at 8 be/1 aga9/ 
! dogma ( hi/orical salvation4  ,x is ! 
tragic fate ( all religions t !y mu/    
cry/allise into a sy/em4 ,a reflection (
 ! en?usiasm :i* animat$ _! f\nd]s /ill 
falls on _! disciples3 ,foll[ me6 ,b !  
second g5]ation already dem&s pro(s1    
tradition & clumsy miracles2 reports are
 drawn up & look$ ^u z sacr$--religion  

has become a glimpse into ! pa/4 ,mo/ p 
nev] h any direct religi\s exp]i5ce1 _! 
salvation lies 9 ! dogmas1 ! univ]sally 
accept$ doctr9es4 ,! f\nd] ( a new      
religion is always reg>d$ by 8          
contempor>ies z abnormal1 & is p]secut$ 
accord+ly2 n 9 malice1 b ( necessity4   
,arnold ( ,brescia di$ at ! /ake2 ,/4   
,francis 0 no m ?an a h]etic tol]at$ by 
! ,*ur*1 & ,eckh>t escap$ ! tribunal ( !
 ,inquisition only ?r\gh 8 dea?4  ,i h  
attempt$ to %[ 9 div]se doma9s ( ! high]
 spiritual & psy*ical life1 h[ p[]fully 
! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( ! individual s\l1 
! real fundam5tal value ( ! ,european   
civilisation1 manife/$ itself at ! "t ( 
! ,crusades1 & ev]y:]e became ! g]m (   
new ?+s4 ,! deepe/ ?9k]s tea* !         
deification ( man z ! culm9ation (      
exi/5ce1 ! ultimate purpose ( ?is e>?ly 
life1 & claim immortality = ! s\l4 ,?is 
position1 :i* may r\ghly be conceiv$ z !
 rais+ ( ! individual into ! ideal1 has 
det]m9$ ! ,european ideal ( culture &   
diff]5tiat$ x f all ,ori5talism1 includ+

 ev5 ! l(tie/ ,indian philosophy4 ,e    
attempt to sub/itute = ?is fundam5tal   
concept & its emotional cont5t some?+   
else--:e!r x be pan!ism1 ,buddhism1 or  
naturalism--w always rema9 a failure4   
,side by side ) ! spl5did a*ievem5t ( ! 
,g]man my/icism1 ! ,teutonic race has   
always be5 apt to give practical pro( ( 
its individualism by endless petty      
qu>rels & by splitt+s into num]\s       
cliques4 ,b ev5 be=e ?is race began to  
play a "p 9 hi/ory1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird
 c5tury1 ! pr9ciple ( ! individual s\l 0
 outw>dly c>ri$ to extremes4 ,:ile x 0 !
 ideal ( ! man ( antiquity to s]ve !    
high] community ( ! ,/ate ) body & s\l1 
nasc5t ,*ri/ianity c>$ solely = !       
salvation ( ! individual s\l1 &         
frequ5tly prov$ ?is by q ext]nal        
evid5ce1 by liv+ a h]mit's life 9 !     
des]t1 = in/ance4 ,*ildr5 left _! p>5ts1
 husb& & wife sep>at$1 dignit>ies =sook 
_! (fice to seek solitude & prep>e _!   
s\ls = ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,! fir/     
conv5ts--! outcome ( ,*ri/ian           

individualism & asceticism--7 f\nd$2 & !
 anti-social extreme ( ?is individualism
 acquir$ su* om9\s proportions t !      
,emp]or ,val5s 9 ! ye> ( grace #cfe1 0  
=c$ to legislate aga9/ ! mona/ic life4  
,?is hatr$ ( ! _w1 :i* 0 q 9 h>mony ) ! 
_s ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 only ov]come by !   
pr(\nd] concepts ( ,g]man my/icism1 = 9 
! primitive duali/ic view ( ! fir/      
mill5>y ! r5unciation ( ! _w 0 ! only   
possibility ( avoid+ s94 ,! ,emp]or     
,ju/9ian decre$ t any man :o induc$ a   
consecrat$ nun to m>ry him %\ld be      
puni%$ by dea?4 ,! ?\ght t p]sonal      
greatness did n consi/ 9 r5\nc+ ! _w b 9
 liv+ 9 x & ov]com+ x1 _h n yet be5     
conceiv$4  ,! delight 9 ! human =m1     
*>act]i/ic ( antiquity1 0 ext+ui%$1 a   
crude dualism d5i$ all antique values4  
,! body mu/ be hat$1 s t ! s\l c\ld     
fl\ri%4 ,b z ! ,hell5ic p]iod 0 prec$$  
by vague1 un9dividualis$1 mat]ial life1 
s ! imp]sonal1 *aotic1 spiritual life ( 
! fir/ ?\s& ye>s ( ,*ri/ianity matur$ ! 
individual s\l4 ,x f\nd its climax 9    

,dante & ,eckh>t1 ! greate/ poet ( !    
,neo-,lat9 race1 & ! mo/ illum9$        
religi\s g5ius ( ,g]many4 ,^! two m51 :o
 7 contempor>ies 7,dante di$ 9 #acba &  
,eckh>t 9 #acbi71 f9ally reveal$ ! "* ( 
two k9dr$ nations1 complet+ & fructify+ 
ea* o!r4 ,9 ,dante ! great arti/ic p[] (
 ! ,neo-,lat9 race appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 
its full int5sity2 x took possession ( !
 :ole visible univ]se1 & p\r$ new beauty
 into ! traditional my?s ( ,*ri/5dom4   
,eckh>t exp]i5c$ & recreat$ ! %apeless  
dep?s ( ! s\l1 ! regions ( ! bl5d+ ( !  
s\l ) ,god4 ,) ^! two m5 ,europe        
def9itely sev]$ h]self f antiquity &    
b>b>ism1 h5ce=? to foll[ h] own />4  ,! 
new _w _h come into exi/5ce6 ,r5asc5ce1 
! lucky heir1 ga!r$ ! ripe fruit f !    
tree ( art :i* _h blossom$ s m>vell\sly4
 ,god 0 no long] s\ght 9 ! dep? ( ! s\l1
 all emotion 0 project$ into ! _w (     
s5se4 ,*ur*es 7 built1 n f an           
irresi/ible impulse1 b z /ore-h\ses ( ! 
pictures :i* 7 pa9t$ ) amaz+ rapidity4  
,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( p]sonality 0   

ext]nalis$ 9 ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,vanity &     
boa/+1 traces ( :i* frequ5tly appe>$ 9 !
 age ( *ivalry1 grew exub]antly4 ,no    
less manife/ ?an ! incomp>able g5ius &  
esprit ( ! heyday ( ! ,r5asc5ce--al?\gh 
f> less frequ5tly comm5t$ on--0 ! desire
 to be conspicu\s1 to %9e1 to display   
weal? & le>n+4 ,! ess5ce ( p]sonality1  
in/ead ( be+ s\ght 9 ! s\l1 0 s\ght 9   
outw>d magnific5ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !
 mu* extoll$ ,r5asc5ce only p]fect$ !   
v>i\s bran*es ( art & poetry1 :i* _h    
sprung up 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,crusades4 ,!   
latt] 0 ! "t ( ! plant+ ( ! tree (      
,european culture2 all t foll[$ 0 m]ely 
its gr[? & ramification4 ,only exact    
sci5ce _h its orig9 9 ! ,r5asc5ce1 & ?is
 fact1 9 hi/orical p]spective1 mu/ be   
reg>d$ z ! supreme glory ( ?is p]iod4   
,h[ev] p>adoxical x may s\nd--!         
imp]sonal sci5ce is ! p]fection ( !     
,european sy/em ( individualism1 its mo/
 pot5t weapon = tak+ spiritual          
possession ( ! _w & all t ! _w conta9s4 
,! consci\sness ( p]sonality _h to      

p]meate ! :ole s\l be=e x c\ld recov]   
its ext]nal function3 organic exi/5ce   
ju/ifi$ by itself4 ,:ile art borr[s f   
nature & mank9d all t we ourselves deem 
beautiful1 p]fect1 valuable1 & imposes  
on ! _w a man-made law--sci5ce /rives to
 und]/& all ?+s & all creatures accord+ 
to ! law :i* dom9ates !m2 x /rives to   
compreh5d nature & humanity--ev5 :]e !y 
are =eign & ho/ile--n accord+ to human  
values1 b accord+ to _! inh]5t nature--&
 ?is is only possible :5 ! individuality
 ( all ?+s is respect$4 ,! me?od (      
sci5ce has sl[ly become ! p]fect weapon 
by ^: aid ,europe has atta9$ ! ma/]y ( !
 _w2 x re/s on ! fundam5tal feel+ = !   
mat]ial1 & is capable ( confront+ ! ,i )
 ! :ole sy/em ( natural ph5om5a1 ! n-,i1
 & expresses ! f9al victory ( compreh5d+
 _s ov] matt]4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,!    
,,deification ,,( ,,woman  7,,! ,,fir/  
,,=m ,,( ,,metaphysical ,,eroticism7    
7a7 ,! ,love ( ! ,tr\bad\rs   ,9 ! long 
*apt] on ! ,bir? ( ,europe1 ,i h        
attempt$ to br+ corroborative evid5ce f 

all sides 9 support ( my cont5tion t !  
twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies witness$ !    
bir? & gradual developm5t ( a new value 
( ! highe/ importance3 ! value (        
individuality1 imp]sonat$ by ! citiz5 ( 
,europe4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to realise ! 
psy*ological importance & ! importance =
 progress ( "o ( ! greate/ results ( ?is
 new developm5t--! spiritual love ( man 
= woman4 ,f ?is subject1 ! specific     
subject ( my book1 ,i %all n aga9       
digress4  ,we are aw>e t ! man (        
antiquity 7& also ! ,ea/]n nations (    
to-day7 recognis$ betwe5 man & woman    
only ! sexual bond1 un9flu5c$ by p]sonal
 & psy*ological motives1 & lead+ 9      
,greece to ! in/itution ( monogamy on   
purely economical & political gr\nds4 ,9
 addition to ?is bond !re exi/$ a v     
di/9ct spiritual love1 evolv$ by ,plato 
& 8 circle & project$ by "o man on ano!r
 memb] ( 8 own sex4 ,9 ! true ,hell5ic  
_s ?is love aspir$ to guide ! individual
 to ! ideal ( p]fection1 ! beauty &     
wisdom ( ! fri5d s]v+ z /epp+-/ones 9 ! 

upw>d climb4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ! spiritual 
love ( ! div9e became ! greate/ value & 
! pivot on :i* ! emotions turn$4 ,!     
primitive ,*ri/ian scorn$ ! body1 8 own 
z well z t ( 8 fell[2 he despis$ beauty 
( =m1 & reg>d$ only ! div9e z wor?y (   
love4 ,woman 0 disp>ag$ & suspect$2 all 
?9k]s1 d[n to ,?omas & ,anselm1 look+ ^u
 h] m]ely z a sn>e & a pitfall4 ,! p]iod
 discuss$ 9 detail 9 ! =ego+ *apt] u%]$ 
9 a new &1 until !n1 unkn[n feel+4 ,9   
crude & consci\s contra/ to sexuality1  
deprecat$ alike by classical ,greece &  
primitive ,*ri/ianity1 spiritual love ( 
man = woman came into exi/5ce4 ,x 0     
compos$ ( ?ree cle>ly di/+ui%able       
elem5ts3 ! ,platonic ?\ght1 ma9ta9+ t ! 
greate/ virtue lies 9 ! /riv+ = absolute
 p]fection2 ! entirely spiritual love ( 
! div9e1 suffici5t 9 itself1 & repres5t+
 ! f9al purpose ( life1 z develop$ by   
,*ri/ianity2 & ! dawn+ k ( ! value (    
p]sonality4 ,f ^! ?ree elem5ts3 ! noble/
 inh]itance ( antiquity1 ! c5tral       
creation ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! pivot ( !   

new-born ,european _s1 sprang ! new     
value :i* is ! subject ( ! second /age (
 eroticism4 ,! position ( woman _h      
*ang$2 %e 0 no long] ! m$ium = !        
satisfaction ( ! male impulse1 or ! re>+
 ( *ildr51 z 9 antiquity2 no long] !    
sil5t drudge or dev\t si/] ( ! fir/     
,*ri/ian mill5>y2 no long] ! %e-devil ( 
monki% conception2 transc5d+ humanity1  
%e _h be5 exalt$ to ! heav5s & _h become
 a goddess4 ,%e 0 lov$ & ador$ ) a      
devotion n ( ?is e>?1 a devotion :i* 0 !
 sole s\rce ( all ?+s l(ty & good2 %e _h
 become ! savi\r ( humanity & que5 ( !  
univ]se4  ,! rejection ( s5suality is an
 inh]5t "p ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 only  
he :o _h ov]come 8 s9ful desires 0 a    
h]o4 ,spiritual love 0 z yet unkn[n1    
only ! sexual impulse 0 realis$1 & t 0  
look$ ^u z a s92 !re 0 b "o way (       
escape3 r5unciation4 ,?is view is v     
cle>ly express$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ,alexius1 &
 9 ,b>laam & ,josaphat 7:i* al?\gh (    
,indian orig91 _h f\nd a ,g]man         
int]pret] & 7 kn[n all ov] ,europe74 ,! 

latt] leg5d tells h[ ,pr9ce ,josaphat1 a
 dev\t ,*ri/ian1 m>ri$ a beautiful      
pr9cess4 ,on 8 w$d+ night he _h a vision
 ( ! cele/ial p>adise1 ! dom9ion (      
*a/ity1 & ! e>?ly pool ( s94 ,recognis+ 
9 8 bride a devil :o _h come to tempt   
him1 he left h] & fl$ into ! des]t4 ,_m 
leg5ds illu/rate ! incapacity ( ! fir/  
mill5>y to realise ! relation%ip betwe5 
! sexes 9 any o!r s5se4 ,woman 0 evil2 !
 /ruggle aga9/ h] a laudable ef=t4  ,v  
probably ! /igmatis+ ( all eroticism    
dur+ t long spell ( a ?\s& ye>s 0       
necess>y4 ,only ! unnatural condemnation
 ( love 9 its wide/ s5se1 a hatr$ ( sex 
& woman su* z 0 felt by ,t]tullian &    
,orig51 c\ld result 9 ! rev]se (        
sexuality--purely spiritual love ) its  
logical climax1 ! deification & wor%ip (
 woman4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,*ri/ian  
ideal ( *a/ity 0 l>gely responsible = ! 
evolution ( ! ideal ( spiritual love4 ,!
 id5tity ( love & *a/ity 0 prop\nd$--9  
%>p contra/ to sexuality &--m p>ticul>ly
 among/ ! lat] tr\bad\rs1 su* z         

,montanhagol1 ,sordello1 & ! poets ( !  
sweet new /yle 9 ,italy--) a di/9ct     
lean+ t[>ds religi\s ec/asy4  ,inf9ite  
t5d]ness p]vad$ ! nasc5t cult ( woman4  
,x seem$ z if man 7 eag] to comp5sate h]
 = ! indignity :i* he _h heap$ ^u h] = a
 ?\s& ye>s4 ,8 in/9ctive ne$ to wor%ip  
_h f\nd an incomp>able be+ on e>? be=e  
:om he pro/rat$ himself4 ,%e 0 ! climax 
( e>?ly p]fection2 no ^w1 no metaphor 0 
suffici5tly ec/atic to express ! full   
f]v\r ( 8 adoration2 a new religion 0   
creat$1 & %e 0 ! presid+ div9ity4 ,:at 7
 ! _w if beaute\s woman 7 n8 sang       
,johannes ,hadlaub1 a ,g]man poet4      
,once m ,i mu/ rev]t to p]sonality1 !   
fundam5tal value ( ! ,european4 ,9      
antiquity1 ev5 9 ,greece & ,rome1       
p]sonality 9 its high] s5se did n exi/4 
,! h]o 0 ! epitome ( all ! en]gies ( !  
nation1 a t]m = ! /riv+ ( ! community2 !
 /atesman 0 ! inc>nate political w ( !  
p2 ev5 ! poet's ideal 0 ! repres5tation 
( ! ,hell5ic type 9 all its aspects4    
,agamemnon 0 no m ?an ! intellig5t rul]1

 ,a*illes ! head/rong h]o1 ,odysseus !  
cunn+ adv5tur]4 ,! individual 0 a memb] 
& s]vant ( ! tribe1 ! t[n1 ! /ate2 ea*  
man knew t 8 fell[ did n ess5tially     
diff] f him2 & ev5 at ! p]iod :5 ,hellas
 0 at its m]idian ! individuals 71      
comp>$ to mod]n m51 b slightly          
diff]5tiat$4 ,b ! ,greek diff]$ f !     
,ori5tal1 ! b>b>ian1 inasmu* z he felt  
himself no long] a compon5t "p ( nature1
 b realis$ 8 di/9ct individuality4  ,we 
f9d ! fir/ g]ms ( ! new creative        
pr9ciple ( p]sonality 9 ! ,platonic     
figure ( ,socrates :o1 fir/ ( all1      
conceiv$ ! idea ( a high] spiritual     
love1 bl5d$ x ) ! love ( ideas & sep>at$
 x %>ply f base desire4 ,?\gh 8         
conception 0 n yet p]sonal love 9 ! true
 s5se1 x 0 nev]!less a spiritual div9e  
love4 ,! ,greek ,/ate c\ld n tol]ate    
him1 & s5t5c$ him to dea?4 ,b ?is same  
,socrates also said 79 ,crito7 t man 0  
indebt$ to ! ,/ate = 8 exi/5ce4 ,did n  
?y fa!r1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law1 take ?y "m 
to wife & beget !e8 ,?is s5tim5t 0 z    

antique z x c\ld well be1 & ! dea? (    
,socrates--z relat$ by ,plato--0 ! mo/  
magnific5t confirmation ( ! ,greek idea 
t ! individual1 ev5 ! wise/1 0 entirely 
subord9ate to ! community4  ,!          
civilisations ( ,*9a & ,japan are       
imp]sonal ev5 to a great] ext5t ?an !   
civilisation ( anci5t ,greece4 ,p]cival 
,l[ell ma9ta9s t ! div]se manife/ations 
( ! _s ( ^? c\ntries c only be und]/ood 
if reg>d$ f ! /&po9t ( absolute         
imp]sonality4 ,he sees 9 a pron\nc$     
imp]sonality ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! 
,f> ,ea/1 ! f\ndation on :i* ! ,ori5tal 
"* is built up4 ,x is v in/ructive to   
obs]ve h[ x det]m9es ! individual's     
conception ( bir? & m>riage1 ?\ghts &   
acts1 life & dea?4 ,x is c>ri$ to s     
great an extreme t special t]ms = ,i1 y1
 he1 d n ev5 exi/ 9 ! ,japanese         
language1 & h to be replac$ by objective
 circumlocutions4 ,n cont5t ) ! fact (  
hav+ be5 born imp]sonal1 x is ! ambition
 ( ! inhabitant ( ! ,f> ,ea/ to become m
 & m s z 8 life unfolds itself4 ,witness

 ! h]oic exploits ( ,japanese soldi]s   
dur+ ! la/ w>3 individual soldi]s       
frequ5tly w5t to _! dea? = ! sake ( a   
small advantage to _! gr\p4 ,we         
,europeans reg>d ?is 9 ! light (        
h]oism--& x w\ld be h]oism 9 ! case ( a 
,european4 ,b ) ! sacrifice ( 8         
individual life 9 ! int]e/ ( !          
community1 ! ,japanese in/9ctively      
yields ! small] value4 ,9 ! same way    
,greeks & ,romans did n atta* v mu*     
importance to life2 suicide 0 v common1 
& frequ5tly committ$ )\t any special    
motive4 ,z true love is bas$ on         
p]sonality1 x is impossible = ! mod]n   
,ea/-,asiatic to "k love 9 our s5se4    
,l[ell agrees ) ?is3 ,love1 z we und]/& 
x1 is an unkn[n feel+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he     
reports t ,japanese wom5 w appe> be=e   
/rang]s entirely nude1 )\t ! lea/ trace 
( emb>rassm5t--z w\ld ,greek            
wom56--because !y are innoc5t ( t o!r   
aspect ( p]sonality--! feel+ ( %ame4 ,to
 be a%am$ implies ! desire ( conceal+   
some?+ individual & intimate2 :]e ?is is

 n ! case1 !re c be no feel+ ( %ame4    
,f9ally1 ,i %\ld l to po9t out t !      
p]v]sity & sexual ref9em5t peculi> to   
,*9a & ,japan are attributable simply to
 ! fact t ! limits ( sexuality _c be    
ov]/epp$1 & t sexuality is !re=e dep5d5t
 on vice & p]v]sity to satisfy its crav+
 = v>iety4  ,! fir/ manife/ation (      
ov]:elm+ p]sonality appe>s 9 ,jesus1 &  
he creat$ ! religion ( love4 ,9 him     
p]sonality & love 7 conv]tible =ces1 "o 
might ev5 say !y 7 id5tical4 ,he1 fir/ (
 all1 reveal$ _! my/]i\s intimate       
connection1 & cle>ly %[$ t love c only  
be exp]i5c$ by a di/9ct p]sonality1     
because x is an emanation ( ! s\l & n a 
natural in/9ct4  ,x 01 aga91 p]sonality 
:i*1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 produc$ a new   
=ce3 spiritual love project$ n only on  
,god & nature1 b also on woman4 ,n[ only
 _h p]sonality acquir$ its true         
significance2 x no long] meant--z x did 
9 ! mature ,greek _w--! individual      
sep>at$ f 8 environm5t1 ! individual ) a
 consci\s beg9n+ & a consci\s end1 b !  

pr9ciple ( ! syn!sis1 a high] entity    
above ! m]e individual1 ! s\rce ( all   
values & virtue4  ,p]sonality is !      
self-consci\s1 individual s\l1 produc+  
out ( its own weal? ! univ]sal ideal    
values1 & re-absorb+ & assimilat+ ^!    
ideal values 9 _! high] =m4 ,x admits ( 
! fusion ( ! subjective ) ! univ]sal &  
et]nal1 ) ! religi\s & arti/ic1 ! moral 
& sci5tific values ( civilisation4      
,p]sonality is ! bl5d+ ( ! univ]sal & ! 
individual1 said ,ki]kega>d1 express+1  
if n exactly my mean+1 some?+ v ne> x4  
,i %all endeav\r to depict ! spiritual  
love ( man = woman--! position _c be    
rev]s$--f its inception to its climax4  
,i %all submit abundant evid5ce to make 
! great unbrok5 /ream ( emotion cle>ly  
app>5t1 & indicate all its tribut>ies4  
,i d n pret5d t ,i h exhau/$ !          
subject--t w\ld be impossible4 ,! works 
f :i* ,i h drawn may be safely reg>d$ z 
! direct outp\r+ ( emotion2 ^? purely   
lyric poets 7 entirely subjective & ev] 
int5t ^u _! own feel+s2 !re h>dly exi/s 

"o ,prov5al1 old-,italian1 or m$ival    
love-song )\t ! ,i4  ,spiritual love    
fir/ appe>$ z a nave s5tim5t--unconsci\s
 ( its own peculi> *>act]i/ics--9 !     
poems ( ! e>li] tr\bad\rs ( ,prov5ce4   
,!re is a poem 9 :i* ! ,prov5als claim !
 fa!r%ip ( ! cult ( woman2 _! oppon5ts d
 n d5y x1 b add t x 0 an inv5tion :i*   
c\ld fill no man's /oma*4 ,^! words     
express ! great & insurm\ntable b>ri]   
betwe5 pure spiritual love & pleasure4  
,! ,*ri/ian dualism3 s\l-body1 _s-matt]1
 _h invad$ ! doma9 ( love4  ,spontane\s1
 g5u9e love1 unta9t$ by speculations &  
metaphysics1 is f\nd 9 ! songs ( ! e>li]
 tr\bad\rs4 ,! greate/ among all ( !m1  
,b]n>t ( ,v5tad\r1 0 ! fir/ to praise   
*a/e love4 ,if any *ampion (            
civilisation des]ves a monum5t1 x is ?is
 poet4       ,dead is ! man :o kn[s n   
love1      ,a sweet tremor 9 ! he>t4    
,love's rapture fills my he>t      ,)   
laught] & sighs4      ,grief slays me a 
hundr$ times1      ,joy bids me rise4   
,sweet is love's happ9ess1      ,sweet] 

love's pa94      ,joy br+s back grief to
 me1      ,grief1 joy aga94  ,guillem   
,augi] ,novella express$ ! feel+ ( be+  
elat$ ) exaltation & griev$ to dea? z   
foll[s3       ,lady1 (t5 fl[ my te>s1   
,glad songs 9 my mem'ry r+1      ,= !   
love t makes my blood      ,dance & s+4 
,i am y\rs ) he>t & s\l1      ,if x     
please y1 lady1 slay me4444  ,aim]il de 
,peguilhan is ( op9ion t ! pa9 ( love is
 no less sweet ?an ! joy ( love3        
,= he :o loves ) all 8 he>t w\ld fa9    
,be sick ) love1 su* rapture is 8 pa94  
,& ,b]n>t aga93       ,god keep my lady 
fair f grief & woe1      ,i'm close to  
h]1 h[ev] f> ,i g2      ,if ,god w be h]
 %elt] & h] %ield1      ,!n all my      
he>t's desire is fulfill$4  ,&3         
,my m9d 0 err+ 9 a maze1      ,t h\r ,i 
0 no long] ,i1      ,:5 9 y\r eyes ,i   
met my gaze      ,z 9 a mirror /range & 
%y4      ,oh1 mirror sweet1 reflect+ me1
      ,sigh+ ,i fell b5ea? y\r spell2   
,i p]i%$ 9 y utt]ly      ,z did         
,n>cissus 9 ! well4  ,9 ! same poem he  

goes on to say t he w ask = no rew>d1 b 
f9ally concludes3       ,my f]v5t kisses
 h] sweet lips %\ld cov]1      ,= weeks 
!y'd %[ ! traces ( h] lov]4  ,! ,g]man  
m9nes+]1 ,he9ri* ( ,morung51 call$ woman
 a mirror ( all ! delights ( ! _w1 &    
sang3       ,bless$ be ! t5d] h\r1      
,ble/ ! "t1 ! preci\s day1      ,:5 my  
brimm+ he>t well$ ov]1      ,:5 my      
secret op5 lay4      ,i 0 />tl$ ) great 
gladness1      ,& bewild]$ s ) love1    
,i c h>dly s+ !re(4  ,! s5su\s elem5t   
/ill dom9at$ ,b]n>t & 8 contempor>ies to
 "s ext5t4 ,9 _! poems1 all ( :i* are   
g5u9e & s9c]e1 ! long+ = kisses1        
sometimes = m1 is frankly express$1 b ! 
t5d5cy t[>ds ! n s5su\s & sup]-s5su\s is
 already app>5t4 ,! lov] loves "o woman 
only1 & w\ld r love 9 va91 pati5tly     
endur+ e pang %e causes him1 ?an receive
 fav\rs f ano!r woman1 7 %e beautiful z 
,v5us h] self4  ,b]n>t says3       ,my  
sorr[ is a sweet di/ress      ,to :i* no
 ali5 bliss comp>es1      ,& if my pa9  
su* sweetness be>s1      ,h[ sweet w\ld 

be my happ9ess6  ,elias ( ,b>jols3      
,full ( joy ,i am & sorr[      ,:5 ,i /&
 be=e h] face4  ,bonifacio ,calvo3      
,!re is no treasure-trove on e>?        
,:i* ,i w\ld b>t] = my pa92      ,i love
 my grief1 b spite & wra?      ,run riot
 9 my he>t2 my bra9      ,is reel+--& ,i
 laugh & cry4      ,jubilant & desp]ate1
      ,exultant1 ,i bewail my fate4     
,qu>t]6 ,lady1 ere ,i die4  ,! e>li]    
tr\bad\rs 7 /ill ignorant ( ! lat] dogma
 :i* made *a/e love ! sole f\nta9 (     
virtue & ! road to p]fection--! belov$  
woman c make ( h] admir] :at %e wills--a
 sa9t or a s9n]4  ,?us ,guillem (       
,poiti]s says3       ,love heals ! sick 
,& a grave does x delve      ,= ! /rong2
 m>s ! beauty ( beauty itself1          
,makes a fool ( ! sage ) its magic1     
,a cl[n ( ! c\rte\s knight1      ,& a k+
 ( ! l[lie/ wight4  ,! equally e>ly     
,c]camon3       ,false c ,i be or true =
 h]1      ,s9c]e or full ( lies1      ,a
 p]fect knight or wor?less cur1         
,s]5e or grave1 /upid or wise4  ,raimon 

( ,t\l\se3       ,9 ! k+dom ( love      
,folly rules & n s5se4  ,x 0 typical (  
?is en?usia/ic love t ! social rank ( ! 
belov$1 ! mi/ress1 0 inv>iably above !  
rank ( ! lov]4 ,! latt] 0 fond ( call+  
himself h] vassal & s]f1 proclaim+ t %e 
_h inve/$ him ) all 8 goods2 ev5 k+s &  
,g]man emp]ors compos$ love-songs1      
al?\gh 9 all probability !y w\ld h      
a*iev$ _! purpose f> m quickly by o!r   
means2 b 9 all cases we f9d ! *>act]i/ic
 attitude ( ! humble lov]1 look+ up to 8
 mi/ress4 ,! und]ly+ ?\ght is obvi\s3   
,love1 ! l(tie/ value 9 all ! _w1 is !  
great levell] ( all social diff]5ces1 a 
=ce be=e :i* weal? is z du/4 ,i w\ld r  
w9 a k9d glance f my lady's eyes ?an !  
royal cr[n ( ,france1 0 a fav\rite      
pr(ession ( ! poets4 ,montanhagol1 =    
in/ance1 9 a rhym$ m$itation1 /at$ t a  
lady 0 wise 9 *oos+ a lov] ( a l[]      
social rank1 because n only c\ld %e     
always c\nt on 8 gratitude & devotion1 b
 %e w\ld also h m influ5ce ov] him1 a   
fact :i* 9 ! case ( a social equal or   

sup]ior 01 to say ! lea/1 a little      
d\btful4 ,?is supreme rev]5ce = love    
soon became an accept$ doctr9e4 ,we     
con/antly meet ! ?\ght t *a/e love alone
 c make a man noble1 good & wise4 ,i w  
select a few illu/rations f a weal? (   
in/ances3  ,miraval3       ,noble is e  
de$ ^: root is love4  ,peire ,rogi]3    
,full well ,i "k t "r & good      ,is   
all ,i d = love ( h]4  ,guirot ,riqui]3 
,! man :o loves n is n noble-m9d$1      
,= love is fruit & blossom ( ! highe/4  
,&3       ,?us love transfigures ev'ry  
de$ we d1      ,& love gives ev]y?+ a   
deep] s5se4      ,love is ! tea*+ ( all 
g5u9e wor?4      ,s base is no man's    
he>t on ?is wide e>?1      ,love c\ld n 
guide x to great excell5ce4  ,giraut (  
,cal5so said ( ! ,city ( ,love t no base
 or ignorant man c\ld ent] x1 & !       
,italian ,lapo ,gianni sang3       ,!   
y\?ful maid5 :o appe>$ to me      ,s    
fill$ my s\l ) pure & l(ty ?\ghts1      
,t h5ce=? all ignoble ?+s ,i scorn4     
,dante 9 ! ,vita ,nuova calls ,beatrice 

! de/roy] ( all evil & ! que5 ( all     
virtues4  ,! v ?\ght ( ! belov$ makes a 
good man ( ! lov]3       ,i _c s9 :5 ,i 
am 9 h] ?\ghts4  ass]ts ! s9c]e ,guirot 
,riqui]1 & he prays ,*ri/ to tea* him ! 
true love ( woman4  ,:ile x 0 a g5]ally 
accept$ !ory t love 0 ! s\rce ( man's   
p]fection1 ,i "k ( only "o passage 7by  
,raimon ( ,miraval7 cont5d+ t woman1    
also1 0 p]fect$ by love2 ev]y:]e else we
 meet ! univ]sal & sil5tly accept$      
op9ion t ! ess5ce ( womanhood is some?+ 
une>?ly1 unfa?omable & div9e4 ,p]haps ! 
mo/ classical =mulation ( ! new doctr9e1
 to wit1 t spiritual love is ! begett] (
 all virtue & ! "m ( *a/ity1 outside :i*
 !re is no?+ div9e1 is to be f\nd 9 !   
poems ( ! some:at p$antic ,montanhagol3 
,! lov] :o loves n ! highe/ love1       
,is l a fool pollut+ preci\s w9e4       
,let l(tie/ love alone )9 !e move1      
,& purity & virtue w be ?9e4  ,guirot   
,riqui] express$ a simil> s5tim5t3      
,= *a/e & pure my love has always be51  
,f my sweet bliss ,i've nev] ask$ a     

boon2      ,if ,i may humbly s]ve h]    
night & noon1      ,my life be h]       
inali5able li54  ,walt] von d]          
,vogelweide says3 ,love is a treasure   
heap$ up ( all virtues4  ,z "t w5t on ! 
b>ri] erect$ betwe5 true spiritual love 
& insidi\s s5suality became m & m cle>ly
 def9$2 ! =m] p]vad$ ! erotic emotion ( 
! :ole p]iod4 ,p>allel ) *a/e love1     
s5suality cont9u$ to exi/ z some?+      
contemptible1 unwor?y ( a noble m9d2 & x
 mu/ be admitt$ t accord+ to !          
contempor>y ,fabliaux1 lat] ,g]man      
com$ies & ,italian & ,fr5* novels1 !    
sexual manife/ations ( ! p]iod1 7 (     
incr$ible co>s5ess4 ,z aga9/ ^!1        
spiritual love 0 n m]ely an arti/ic &   
!oretic concept1 b ! pr(\nd emotion ( ! 
cultur$ m9ds1 & rema9$ a p[]ful &       
creative =ce ev5 9 lat] c5turies4       
,spiritual love & sexuality 7           
irreconcilable contradi/9ctions2 ! man  
:o ?\ght o!rwise 0 look$ ^u z a lib]t9e4
 ,! foll[+ passages f ! poems ( !       
tr\bad\rs & _! heirs1 ! ,italian poets (

 ! dolce /il nuovo1 w prove ! hi/orical 
reality ( ?is relation%ip1 ! ideal ( !  
decl9+ ,middle ,ages4 ,we ne$ take no   
acc\nt ( ! ,g]man m9nes+]s1 = al?\gh !y 
%>$ ! same ideal1 !y did n influ5ce     
pr9ciple 9 ! same way z ! neo-,lat9     
poets4  ,b]n>t ( ,v5tad\r3              
,lady1 ,i ask no o!r me$      ,?an t y  
suff] me to s]ve2      ,my fai? & love  
%all nev] sw]ve1        ,i'm y\rs :atev]
 y decre$4  ,peire ,rogi]3       ,m9e is
 h] smile & m9e h] je/1      ,& fooli% 7
 ,i m to ask      ,& n to ?9k me :olly  
ble/4      ',tis no deceit1      ,to    
gaze at h] is all ,i ne$1      ,! sight 
( h] is my rew>d4  ,gaucelm ,faidit3    
,( all ! ways ( love ,i *ose ! be/1     
,i love y1 love1 ) ard\r inf9ite1       
,y\rs is my life1 d z y w ) x4      ,nor
 kiss ,i ask1 nor sweet embraces1 le/   
,i 7 blasphem+4444  ,! mo/ en?usia/ic   
*ampions ( pure love 7 ,montanhagol1    
,sordello & ,guirot ,riqiu]4 ,! =m]     
ma9ta9$ t a lov] :o ask$ = fav\rs       
incompatible ) 8 lady's hon\r1 nei!r    

lov$ h] nor des]v$ to be lov$4--,love   
begets purity1 & he :o kn[s ! mean+ (   
love c nev] =sake virtue4  ,!re is a    
controv]sy betwe5 ,peire ,guillem (     
,t\l\se & ,sordello1 :i* conta9s !      
foll[+ passages3       ,( all mank9d ,i 
nev] saw      ,a man l y1 ,sordell'1 ,i 
wis1      ,= he :o woman does adore     
,w nev] fl\t h] love & kiss4      ,& :at
 to o!rs is a prize      ,y surely don't
 mean to despise8       ,hon\r & joy ,i 
crave f h]1      ,& if a little rose %e 
b9d      ,into ! wrea?1 ,sir ,guillem   
,peire1      ,f m]cy1 n f duty1 m9d1    
,t w\ld be happ9ess inde$1      ,oh6 t  
su* bliss %\ld be my me$6       ,a      
humble lov] su* z y1      ,sordell'1 9  
fai?1 ,i nev] knew4       ,sir ,peire1  
me?9ks :at y express      ,is lack+ mu* 
9 seeml9ess4  ,9 ano!r poem ! tal5t$    
,sordello says3       ,my love = h] is s
 pr(\nd      ,i'd s]ve h]1 spurn & scorn
 despite      ,ere ) ano!r ,i'd be      
f\nd--      ,yet ,i'd n s]ve )\t        
requite1  & 9 ano!r1 aft] /at+ t he     

loves 8 lady s mu* t he w\ld ?ank h] ev5
 if %e kill$ him1 he cont9ues3          
,?us1 lady1 ,i comm5d to !e      ,my    
fate & life1 ?y fai?ful squire      ,i'd
 r die 9 mis]y      ,?an h !e /oop to my
 desire4       ,! knight :o truly loves 
8 dame      ,n only loves h] comely     
face1      ,de>] to him is h] fair fame 
,undimm$1 unsulli$ by disgrace4         
,h[ griev\sly ,i %\ld (f5d      ,?y     
virtue1 if ,i spoke ( passion2      ,b  
if ,i did--:i* ,god =f5d6      ,sweet   
lady1 /oop n to compassion4  ,al?\gh    
,sordello appe>$ s extremely mode/1 yet 
he 0 griev$ to dea? because 8 lady did n
 return 8 love4 ,!re is a poem 9 :i* he 
comp>es himself to a dr[n+ man :om !    
belov$ alone c\ld save4  ,?is spiritual 
love 7!n z n[7 puzzl$ ! commonplace1 & 0
 misund]/ood & reg>d$ ) scepticism4     
,b]tran d',alaman taunt$ ,sordello ) 8  
hypocritical happ9ess & ! :ole deception
 ( 8 love1 & ,granet1 9 a satirical     
poem1 ca/ d\bt ^u 8 s9c]ity4  ,x is v   
significant to f9d t ,sordello1 t       

typical *ampion ( *a/e love1 kept up a  
numb] ( que/ionable liaisons ) all sorts
 ( wom54 ,b]tran reproa*$ him ) hav+    
*ang$ 8 lady at lea/ a hundr$ times1 &  
he himself %amelessly confesses3        
,! jeal\sies ( husb&s ne'er amaze me1   
,= 9 ! art ( love ,i d excel1      ,&   
!re's no wife1 h[ev] *a/e %e may be     
,:o c resi/ me if ,i woo h] well4       
,& if h] husb& hate me ,i'll n grumble1 
,because 8 wife receives me 9 ! night1  
,if m9e h] kiss1 if m9e sweet love's    
delight1        ,8 pa9 & wra? my _s %all
 n humble4      ,no husb& e'er %all rob 
me ( my pleasure1      ,none c resi/ me1
 :at ,i wi% ,i ga91      ,all d ,i love 
& nev] w refra9      ,spite husb&s' wra?
 to rob !m ( _! treasure4  ,x may seem  
/range at fir/ sight t ?is en?usia/ic   
expon5t ( pure love %\ld h l$ su* a     
d\ble life4 ,b ,sordello's conduct is n 
9 ! lea/ p>adoxical2 9 accordance ) !   
t5d5cy ( ! p]iod1 he c>efully di/+ui%$ 9
 8 own he>t betwe5 sexuality & love2    
be=e ! "o he lay pro/rate1 unable to f9d

 words en\gh 9 self-depreciation1 s t he
 might ! m exalt 8 mi/ress2 b ) respect 
to all o!r wom5 he 0 a m]e s5suali/4 ,we
 read t al?\gh he 0 an exp]t 9 !        
treatm5t ( wom5 9 h] pres5ce 8 voice    
=sook him & he lo/ all self-control4    
,petr>*1 :o--:ile liv+ ) a v e>?ly      
woman--extoll$ all 8 life long a l(ty   
be+ :om he call$ ,laura1 0 ak9 to       
,sordello1 al?\gh he 0 a f> less brutal 
"*4 ,! latt] approa*$ ! type ( ! seek] (
 love1 ! ,don ,juan4  ,9 a t5zone betwe5
 ,peirol & ! ,dauph9 ( ,auv]gne1 ! =m]  
ma9ta9s t love mu/ die at ! mom5t ( its 
consummation4 ,i _c believe1 he says1 t 
a true lov] c cont9ue to love aft] he   
has receiv$ ! la/ fav\r4 7,otto ,we9+]  
agrees ) ?is47 ,b ,peirol w9ds up ) !   
subtle sugge/ion t ?\gh love be dead1 a 
man %\ld always cont9ue to behave z if  
he 7 /ill 9 love4  ,! tr\bad\rs nev]    
we>y ( draw+ a l9e betwe5 drud>ia &     
luxuria1 pure love & base desire4       
,mezura1 seeml9ess1 is contra/$ )       
dezmezura1 lic5ti\sness4 ,pure love is  

reg>d$ z ! creator ( all high values1   
luxuri\sness z _! de/roy]4 ,9 ! same way
 ! ,g]man m9nes+]s di/+ui%$ betwe5 l[   
love & high love4  ,z bo? cultur$ m9ds &
 ! upp] classes1 contemn+ sexuality1    
ackn[l$g$ spiritual love only1 x foll[s 
z a matt] ( c\rse t ! av[al ( su*       
s5tim5ts became good =m2 ! motif t !    
hon\r ( ! belov$ mu/ be c>efully %ield$1
 & t no desire mu/ dim h] purity1 occurs
 aga9 & aga94 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t a 
poet may love a s5tim5t = its own sake1 
)\t be+ 9 ! lea/ influ5c$ by x4 ,_m a   
tr\bad\r drew inspiration f an emotion  
:i* all prais$ z ! supreme value2 ev5 if
 he _h no e>?ly mi/ress1 he ador$ !     
sublime s5tim5t4 ,n infrequ5tly x happ5$
 t a tr\bad\r :o _h be5 l\d 9 praise (  
high love & d5unciation ( base desire--a
 trick ( 8 trade--sudd5ly came to       
himself & *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,folquet (       
,m>seilles1 = in/ance1 aft] m ?an t5    
ye>s ( va9 sigh+1 came to ! conclusion t
 he _h be5 a fool4       ,deceitful love
 beguiles ! simple fool      ,& b9ds )  

magic ?ongs ! hapless wight2      ,t l a
 mo? lur$ by ! c&le-light1      ,he     
hov]s1 helpless1 r\nd ! he>tless gh\l4  
,i ca/ !e out & foll[ o!r />s      ,full
 evil 0 my me$ & recomp5se--      ,new  
c\rage /eels my fa9t+ he>t1 & h5ce      
,i kneel at %r9es :i* passion nev] m>s4 
,9 an int]e/+ poem ,g>9 ! ,r$ implores  
,mezura to tea* him ! way to love purely
 & nobly2 b he is any?+ b pleas$ ) 8    
in/ructress1 & comes to ! conclusion t  
h] :ole wisdom is j good =m & no?+ else4
       ,b by my m]ry mood impell$       
,i kiss & dally night & morn      ,& d !
 ?+s ,i feel compell$      ,to d--or    
else1 ) tonsure %orn1      ,i'd seek a  
cloi/]4444  ,elias ( ,b>jols1 f9d+ t 8  
love w nev] be return$1 & hav+ no m9d to
 sigh all 8 life 9 va91 r5\nces love    
altoge!r4 ,i %\ld be a fool if ,i s]v$  
love any long]6  ,all y lov]s are fools6
 exclaim$ ano!r4 ,d y ?9k y c *ange !   
nature ( wom58 ,?is is "o ( ! v r>e     
criticisms ( woman2 z a rule we he> only
 ( h] angelic p]fection1 wisdom1 beauty 

& alo(ness4  ,! di/+ui%$ poet ,m>cabru 0
 a woman-hat]1 & enemy ( love f ! v     
beg9n+4 ,he said ( himself t he _h nev] 
lov$ a woman & t no woman _h ev] lov$   
him4       ,! love :i* is always a lie  
,& deceiv] ( m51 ,i decry      ,&       
d5\nce2 ,i _h m ?an en\gh4      ,c y    
c\nt all ! evil x wr\ght8      ,:5 ,i   
?9k ( x ,i am di/raught4      ,:at a    
madman ,i 0 to believe1      ,to sigh1  
to rejoice & to grieve2      ,b no long]
 ,i'll squ&] my days1      ,we h come to
 ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,etc4  ,he 0          
indefatigable 9 abus+ ! t5d] passion1 & 
_h a great deal to say ab\t ! immorality
 ( wom54 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ! /rong   
public op9ion ( ! "t t ev5 ?is misogyni/
 7:o1 p]haps1 aft] all 0 only a         
disappo9t$ man7 prais$ high love4  ,!   
subject also f\nd its !ori/s1 prom95t   
among :om 0 ! c\rt-*apla9 ,&reas1 :o    
wrote a v le>n$ book on love 9 ,lat94   
,he express$ 9 propositions &           
conclusions :at ! contempor>y poets     
express$ 9 v]se1 prov+ !reby t spiritual

 love 0 n m]ely a poetic fiction b !    
pr(\nde/ belief ( ! p]iod1 support$ by !
 full complem5t ( its philosophical     
weapons4 ,9 ! :ole _w !re is no good &  
no c\rtl9ess outside ! f\nta9 ( love4   
,!re=e love is ! beg9n+ & f\ndation (   
all good4 ,he also prov$ t a noble-m9d$ 
man mu/ be a lov]1 = if he 7 n1 he c\ld 
n h atta9$ virtue4 ,love disreg>ds all  
b>ri]s1 & makes ! man ( l[ orig9 ! equal
 & sup]ior ( ! nobleman4  ,?is          
conception ( spiritual nobility1 :i* 0  
lat] on p]fect$ 9 ! !ory ( ! cor g5til1 
only exi/$ 9 ,prov5ce & 9 ,italy2 x     
rema9$ unkn[n 9 ,france & ,g]many4      
,&reas drew a di/9ction betwe5 base     
love1 ! amor mixtus sive communis1 &    
pure love1 ! amor purus4 ,love1 he      
ma9ta9$1 fully agree+ ) ! poets1 gives  
to a man ! /r5g? ( *a/ity1 = he ^: he>t 
is brimm+ ov] ) ! love ( a woman1 _c ?9k
 ( dally+ ) ano!r1 h[ev] beautiful %e   
may be4 ,he prov$ f sub/ance & =m t a   
man _c love two wom54 ,9 ! ,leys        
d',amors1 a volum9\s f\rte5?-c5tury     

,prov5al treatise1 l>gely a text-book ( 
gramm> & prosody1 we read3 ,& n[ lov]s  
mu/ be taught h[ to love2 passionate    
lov]s mu/ be re/ra9$1 s t !y may come to
 realise _! evil & di%on\rable desires4 
,no good tr\bad\r1 :o is at ! same "t an
 hone/ lov]1 has ev] ab&on$ himself to  
base s5suality & ignoble desires4 ,!    
same au?or op9$ t a tr\bad\r :o ask$ 8  
lady = a kiss1 0 committ+ an act (      
indec5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,&reas 0 v      
broad-m9d$ 9 draw+ ! l9e betwe5 bo? k9ds
 ( love1 all[+ kisses1 & ev5 m1 9 ! case
 ( true love4 7,! be/ tr\bad\rs disagree
 ) him 9 ?is respect47  ,a s*ola/icism (
 love1 modell$ on ecclesia/ical         
s*ola/icism & sub/itut+ ! belov$ woman =
 ! ,deity1 0 gradually evolv$4 ,love1   
v5]ation1 humility1 hope1 etc41 7 !     
sacrifices (f]$ at h] %r9e4 ,%e 0 full (
 grace & compassion1 & 0 believ$ 9 z    
f]v5tly z 0 ,god4 ,"s ( ! poets 7       
animat$ by a curi\s ambition to prove _!
 feel+s ) s*ola/ic erudition1 & m       
especially by ! lat]1 ,italian1 s*ool1  

amore1 cor g5til1 valore1 7 conceiv$ z  
sub/ances1 attributes1 inh]5t qualities1
 etc4 ,! allegories ( amore play$ a     
prom95t "p1 & spoil$ _m a ma/]piece4 ,! 
,g]man poets /e]$ cle> ( ^! absurdities1
 :i* ev5 ,dante did n escape4  ,at !    
fam\s c\rts ( love1 presid$ ov] by      
pr9cesses1 ! mo/ extraord9>y que/ions   
relat+ to love 7 discuss$ & decid$ ) a  
c]emonial closely foll[+ ! c]emonial ( !
 petty c\rts ( law4 ,&reas pres]v$ = u a
 numb] ( ^! judgm5ts1 "s ( :i* prove !  
really q obvi\s fact t love & m>riage   
are two v diff]5t ?+s1 = if spiritual   
love be consid]$ ! supreme value1       
matrimony c only be reg>d$ z an inf]ior 
condition4 ,& x 0 a fact t 9 ! high]    
ranks ( society1--! only ones ) :i* we  
are conc]n$1--a m>riage 0 no?+ b a      
contract made = political & economical  
reasons4 ,! b>on desir$ to enl>ge 8     
e/ate1 obta9 a d[ry1 or m>ry into an    
influ5tial family2 no "o dream$ (       
consult+ ! future bride1 :om m>riage    
alone c\ld br+ into contact ) p outside 

h] own family4 ,to h] m>riage meant !   
p]mission to %9e & be ador$ by a man :o 
0 n h] husb&4 ,x is an und5iable fact1  
prop\nd$ ,&reas z regula amoris1 t !re  
is no room = love betwe5 husb& & wife1 &
 ,fauriel translat$ a passage z foll[s3 
,a husb& :o propos$ to behave to 8 wife 
z a knight w\ld to 8 lady1 w\ld propose 
to d some?+ contr>y to ! canons ( hon\r2
 su* a proce$+ c\ld nei!r increase 8    
virtue nor ! virtue ( 8 lady1 & no?+    
c\ld come ( x b :at already prop]ly     
exi/s4--,ano!r judgm5t ma9ta9$ t a lady 
lo/ h] admir] z soon z ! latt] became h]
 husb&2 & t %e 0 !re=e entitl$ to take a
 new lov]4 ,at ! c\rt ( love ( !        
,visc\ntess ,erm5g>de1 ( ,n>bonne1 !    
problem :e!r ! love betwe5 husb& & wife 
or ! love betwe5 lov]s 7 ! great]1 0    
decid$ z foll[s3 ,! affection betwe5 a  
m>ri$ c\ple & ! t5d] love :i* unites two
 lov]s are emotions :i* diff]           
fundam5tally & accord+ to cu/om4 ,x w\ld
 be folly to attempt a comp>ison betwe5 
two subjects :i* nei!r resemble ea* o!r1

 nor h any connection4 ,a husb& decl>$3 
,x is true1 ,i h a beautiful wife1 & ,i 
love h] ) conjugal love4 ,b because true
 love is impossible betwe5 husb& & wife1
 & because ev]y?+ good :i* happ5s 9 ?is 
_w has its orig9 9 love1 ,i am ( op9ion 
t ,i %\ld seek an alliance ( love       
outside my m>ri$ life4 ,all ?is 0 n     
frivolity1 b ! only logical conclusion (
 duali/ic eroticism1 incapable ( bl5d+  
s5suality & love4 ,x 0 equally logical t
 love betwe5 divorc$ p]sons 0 n only    
reg>d$ z n immoral1 b z p]fectly "r &   
ju/ifiable2 x 0 ev5 decid$ t a new      
m>riage c\ld nev] become a drawback to  
old love4 ,9 ! old novel1 ,gr>d (       
,r\ssillon1 ! pr9cess1 belov$ by ,gr>d1 
is m>ri$ to ! emp]or ,*>les ,m>tel1 &   
compell$ to "p f h] knight4 ,at _! la/  
meet+1 be=e a numb] ( witnesses1 %e     
call$ on ! "n ( ,*ri/ & said3 ,"k ye all
 t ,i give my love to ,sir ,gr>d ) ?is  
r+ & ?is fl[] f my *aplet4 ,i love him m
 ?an fa!r & husb&1 & n[ ,i mu/ weep te>s
 ( bitt] sorr[4 ,aft] ?is !y p>t$1 b _! 

love cont9u$ undim9i%$ ?\gh !re 0 no?+  
betwe5 !m b t5d] wi%es & secret ?\ghts4 
,matrimony _h no advantage ov] !        
love-alliance1 n ev5 ! sanction ( !     
,*ur*4 ,a love-alliance 0 frequ5tly     
accompani$ by a c]emony 9 :i* a prie/   
(ficiat$4 ,fauriel describes--)\t       
m5tion+ 8 s\rce--su* a c]emony z foll[s3
 ,kneel+ be=e 8 lady1 ) 8 fold$ h&s     
betwe5 h]s1 he d$icat$ himself to h]    
s]vice1 v[+ to be fai?ful to h] until   
dea?1 & to %ield h] f all h>m & insults 
z f> z lay )9 8 p[]4 ,! lady1 on h]     
side1 decl>$ h] will+ness to accept 8   
s]vice1 promis$ to devote h] l(tie/     
feel+s to him1 & z a rule gave him a r+ 
z a symbol ( _! union4 ,!n %e rais$ &   
kiss$ him1 always = ! fir/1 usually = ! 
la/ "t4 ,! p>t+ ( ! lov]s1 too1 0 a     
solemn act1 resembl+ 9 _m ways !        
dissolution ( a m>riage4         ,s t   
our solemn plight$ tro?      ,:5 love is
 dead1 we %all n break1      ,we'll to !
 prie/ ourselves betake4      ,y set me 
free1 z ,i d y1      ,a p]fect "r !n    

%all we bo?      ,enjoy to *oose a love 
anew1  wrote ,peire ( ,b>jac4  ,x 0 f> m
 easy to dissolve a m>riage ?an a true  
love-alliance2 ! husb& _h only to /ate t
 8 wife 0 a di/ant relation ( 81 & !    
,*ur* 0 ready to annul ! contract4 ,b ! 
love-alliance--s ,sordello ma9ta9$1 9 a 
long poem--%\ld be m b9d+ ?an any       
m>riage4       ,only "o love a woman c  
,pref]4 ,s let h] *oose h] man      ,)  
c>e4 ,to him %e mu/ be true1      ,=    
*oos+ once %e ne'er may rue4      ,m    
b9d+ ?an ! w$d+-tie      ,is love2 = a  
div]sity      ,( causes w$lock may      
divide1      ,by dea? alone be love     
unti$4  ,! idea t m>riage & love _c be  
comb9$ is !re=e only ! logical          
conclusion ( ! fundam5tal feel+ t love &
 desire _c toge!r be project$ on "o     
woman4  ,if matrimonial love _h n be5   
que/ion$1 ! *oice w\ld h la9 betwe5 two 
alt]natives3 ! canonisation (           
matrimony--an exp$i5t *os5 by !         
,*ur*--or a fusion ( love & sexuality 9 
our mod]n s5se4 ,! fir/ 0 a /age :i*    

humanity _h left beh9d1 = ! ideal (     
absolutely p]fect & pure love _h already
 be5 evolv$1 & ! _w 0 n ripe = ! second4
 ,! t5d5cy ( ! r>e/ m9ds 0 9 ! direction
 ( a fur!r idealisation ( love1 ( free+ 
x f all e>?ly %ackles & br++ x ne>] &   
ne>] to heav54 ,"o ( ! e>ly tr\bad\rs1  
,jaufre ,rudel1 ,pr9ce ( ,blaya1 gave a 
practical illu/ration to ?is feel+ by   
fall+ 9 love ) a lady :om he _h nev]    
se54 ,! /ory ( 8 love 0 fam\s =         
c5turies4 ,he lov$ a ,c\ntess (         
,tripoli1 a ,*ri/ian pr9cess1 & 8 :ole  
s\l 0 fill$ ) 8 imag9>y picture ( h]4 ,!
 ,prov5al ,biography relates t he       
wor%ipp$ h] = all ! good ! pilgrims _h  
n>rat$ ( h]4 ,9 ord] to see h]1 he took 
! cross & j\rney$ across ! sea2 he fell 
ill on ! %ip & 0 c>ri$ a%ore 9 a dy+    
condition4 ,! c\ntess1 on he>+ ( 8 great
 love1 ha/5$ to ! inn :]e he lay4 ,z %e 
ent]$ 8 room1 ,jaufre rega9$            
consci\sness2 he knew h] at once & di$  
happily 9 h] arms4 ,%e 0 s t\*$ by 8    
love t %e h5ce=? r5\nc$ ! _w4--,?is /ory

 is no fairy tale2 x is well atte/$ &   
univ]sally acc\nt$ g5u9e to-day4        
,jaufre's love1 express$ 9 t\*+ poems1 0
 no am\r de tte1 z x is sometimes call$1
 b a g5u9e am\r de coeur1 a purely      
spiritual love :i* ask$ no?+ ( ! belov$ 
woman b p]mission to love h]4 ,!re are  
o!r in/ances1 & ev5 9 lat] times x is n 
an infrequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! case (       
imag9ative p 7,i ne$ only m5tion ,brg] &
 ,klop/ock74  ,we m5 ( ! pres5t age look
 ^u ?is ecc5tric woman-wor%ip )         
uncompreh5d+ eyes4 ,p]haps we %all feel 
a little less bewild]$ :5 we meet x1    
/ripp$ ( c\rtly !ories & m$iaeval       
fa%ions1 9 "s ( ! great m5 :o are       
closely connect$ ) our own p]iod2 9     
,mi*elangelo1 9 ,goe!1 & 9 ,bee?ov54  ,!
 ,*ur*1 duali/ic & ascetic f its        
inception1 wag$ w> aga9/ s5suality z !  
evil ( evils4 ,z fire & wat] w n mix1   
wrote ,/4 ,b]n>d1 s spiritual & c>nal   
delights _c be exp]i5c$ toge!r4 ,!      
tol]ation ( matrimony 0 nev] m ?an a    
compromise2 we require no pro( t z f> z 

! ,*ur* 0 conc]n$1 *a/ity 0 ! only real 
value4 ,ev5 ,lu!r took up t position1 & 
to ?is day ,*ri/ianity & sexuality rema9
 unreconcil$4 ,b bo? ! ,ca?olic & !     
,prote/ant pr(essions ( fai? reg>d$     
matrimony z ! less] evil1 a concession  
made to ! enemy1 9 ord] to r5d] exi/5ce 
possible4 ,x is v int]e/+ to obs]ve !   
position tak5 up by ! ,*ur* 9 connection
 ) ! new woman-wor%ip :i*1 al?\gh x     
sprang f ! mo/ g5u9e ,*ri/ian dualism1  
_h = its object n ,god1 b mortal woman4 
,! logical attitude ( ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5
 "o ( welcome1 = ! *a/e wor%ip ( woman  
:i* reg>d$ matrimony z an inf]ior /ate1 
0 h] natural ally4 ,two cl]ics1 !       
c\rt-*apla9 ,&reas1 & ! prolific rhyme/]
 ,matfre ,erm5gau1 actually elaborat$ ! 
!ory ( spiritual love contr>y to ! _s ( 
! ,*ur*1 b bo? m5 ha/5$ to utt] a timely
 recantation & recomm5dation ( or?odoxy 
z ! only means ( salvation4 ,aft]       
e/abli%+ all ! desirable details ( love 
accord+ to sub/ance & accid5ts1 ,&reas  
d$uc$ t e love n d$icat$ to ,god 0 b\nd 

to (f5d ,him1 & advanc$ eighte5 po9ts   
aga9/ ! love ( woman1 />t+ ) ! well-kn[n
 argum5t t woman 0 naturally ( a base   
disposition1 covet\s1 envi\s1 gre$y1    
fickle1 g>rul\s1 /ubborn1 pr\d1 va91    
s5sual1 deceitful1 etc4 ,he :o s]ves    
love1 _c s]ve ,god1 he decl>$1 & ,god w 
puni% e man :o1 ap>t f matrimony1 s]ves 
,v5us4 ,:at good c\ld come f act+ aga9/ 
! w ( ,god8 ,"h we are face to face ) a 
grotesque position3 ! (ficial ,*ur*     
fav\r+ sexuality1 t is matrimony1 z     
aga9/ ! new] & high] /&>d ( ascetic1    
spiritual love4 ,?is attitude 0 q       
logical1 if n 9 ! _s ( religion & 9     
contradiction to ! pr9ciple (           
asceticism1 yet 9 ! _s ( or?odoxy2 =    
:atev] 0 n = h]1 0 aga9/ h]4 ,! brave1  
,janus-head$ abb 0 spokesman = ! :ole   
cl]gy1 :i* br&$ love n project$ on ,god 
z =nicatio4 ,9 8 recantation ,&reas     
upheld ! previ\sly-despis$ matrimonial  
/ate at ! exp5se ( love2 love1 he       
ma9ta9$1 de/roys matrimony4 ,matfre did 
exactly ! same ?+2 aft] recapitulat+ 9 8

 ,brevi>i d',amor all ! spl5did         
a*ievem5ts root$ 9 ! cult ( woman1 he   
sudd5ly ve]$ r\nd 7at ! #bg1dde? v]se73 
,& ,satan bl[s on _! desire1      ,9    
mon/r\s flames leaps up ! fire1      ,& 
madd5$ by ! rag+ fi5d1      ,f love (   
,god & hon\r wean$1      ,!y turn f _!  
,creator's %r9e      ,& call _!         
mi/resses div9e4      ,) s\l & body1 m9d
 & s5se1      ,!y wor%ip woman's        
excell5ce4      ,ab&on$ 9 h] beauty     
revel1      ,& unaw>es adore ! devil4   
,?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] ! fanatical      
,savanorola /orm$3 ,y clo! & adorn ! ,"m
 ( ,god z y clo! & adorn y\r c\rtesans1 
& y give h] ! features ( y\r mi/resses6 
:i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 0 lit]ally 
true4  ,! cl]gy resi/$ all c\nsels ( !  
cortezia & caval>ia ) ! sure in/9ct     
desir+ ! cont9uance ( exi/+ conditions r
 ?an ! victory ( ! high] conception4 ,"s
 writ]s av] t x 0 p>tly due to ?is fact 
t lat] on ! cult ( woman develop$ into !
 cult ( ,m>y4 ,aga9 we are confront$ by 
a process :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t has be5    

repeat$ m ?an once3 ! spiritual-my/ical 
pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity ent]$ ^u a new   
/age1 & took possession ( a new &       
important doma92 b ! ,*ur*1 rigid &     
unyield+1 pref]r$ cl++ to a pa/ l[] /age
 r ?an tol]at+ any *ange4 ,_h %e be5    
absolutely consi/5t1 h] greate/ poet    
w\ld be on ! index to-day1 =1 foll[+ 8  
own intuition & ignor+ h] rigid dogma1  
he introduc$ 8 belov$ ,beatrice into !  
,ca?olic heav54  ,! new spiritual love 0
 n )\t its c>icatures4 ,fam\s 9 ,prov5ce
 = _m /range exploits1 committ$ 9 ord]  
to please 8 lady1 0 ! tal5t$ ,peire     
,vidal4 ,on "o occasion he caus$ himself
 to be sewn into a wolfsk9 & ran ab\t ! 
fields2 b he 0 set ^u by dogs & s badly 
mangl$ t he ne>ly succumb$ to 8 w\nds4  
,he 0 an insuff]able bragg>t1 b nev] _h 
any success 9 love4 ,! pr9ce (          
c>icatures1 h[ev]1 0 ! ,g]man knight &  
m9nes+]1 ,ulri* ( ,li*t5/e94 ,he is     
responsible = a novel 9 prose1 entitl$  
,! ,s]vice ( ,woman1 :i* is fa9tly      
rem9isc5t ( ,goe!'s ,w]!r4 ,z a page he 

comm5c$ 8 glori\s c>e] by dr9k+ ! wat] 9
 :i* 8 lady _h wa%$ h] h&s2 lat] on he  
caus$ 8 upp] lip to be amputat$ because 
x displeas$ 8 mi/ress1 = :atev] %e      
dislikes 9 me1 ,i1 too1 hate4 ,on ano!r 
occasion he cut (f "o ( 8 f+]s & us$ x1 
set 9 gold1 z a clasp = a volume ( 8    
poems :i* he s5t to h]4 ,"o ( 8 mo/     
fam\s exploits 0 a j\rney ?r\gh ne>ly ! 
:ole ( ,au/ria1 disguis$ z ,v5us1 j\/+1 
dress$ 9 wom5's clo!s1 ) e knight he    
met4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 ecc5tricities1 !    
t5d5cy ( 8 m9d 0 n at all metaphysical2 
he crav$ v obvi\s fav\rs1 b z a rule    
cont5t$ himself ) a k9d1 or ev5 an unk9d
 ^w4 ,incid5tally1 we le>n t he 0 m>ri$2
 b he devot$ 8 :ole life to de$s (      
h]oism 9 hon\r ( 8 lady4 ,n ! great book
 ( ,c]vantes1 z is commonly believ$1    
held up m$iaeval c\rt life to ridicule &
 de/roy$ x z an ideal1 b ! life &       
exploits ( ?is knight & m9nes+]4 ,! same
 _s animat$ ,guilhem ( ,balaun4 ,at !   
comm& ( 8 lady he _h a f+]-nail extract$
 & s5t to h]1 aft] :i* he 0 re-admitt$  

to h] fav\r4  ,spiritual love 0 discov]$
 by ! ,prov5als1 b ! great] & pr(\nd]   
,italian poets develop$ x & br\ght x to 
p]fection4 ,:at _h be5 a nave s5tim5t ) 
! tr\bad\rs1 became 9 ,dante's circle a 
sy/em ( ! univ]se & a religion4 ,!      
,italian poet1 ,sordello1 :o wrote 9    
,prov5al1 may be reg>d$ z ! connect+    
l9k1 & ! =]unn] ( ! great ,italians4 ,he
 di$ 9 ! ye> ( grace #abgj1 & ,dante1 :o
 0 almo/ a contempor>y1 immortalis$ 8 "n
 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,! doctr9e on :i* ! 
dolce /il nuovo 0 bas$ po9t$ to ! love (
 a noble he>t z ! s\rce ( all p]fection 
9 heav5 & e>?4 ,purely spiritual        
woman-wor%ip 0 reg>d$ z an absolute     
virtue4 ,! words ( ! la/ ( ! ,prov5al   
tr\bad\rs1 ,guirot ,riqui]1 ,love is !  
doctr9e ( all sublime ?+s--0 develop$   
into a philosophy4 ,i w quote a few     
*>act]i/ic v]ses1 omitt+ ,dante = !     
pres5t4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ lyric poems ( all  
tongues & ages1 writt5 by ,guido        
,gu9icelli1 beg9s z foll[s3       ,)9 ! 
g5tle he>t love %elt]s him1      ,z     

birds )9 ! gre5 %ades ( ! grove2        
,be=e ! g5tle he>t 9 nature's s*eme     
,love 0 n1 or ! g5tle he>t ere love4    
7,transl4 by ,d4,g4 ,,rossetti47  ,c9o  
da ,pi/oia says 9 epigrammatic brevity3 
,y want to "k ! inmo/ core ( love8      
',tis art & gu]don ( a noble he>t4  ,a  
wond]ful canzone by ,gu9icelli conta9s !
 foll[+ v]ses3       ,a song %e seems   
among ! re/ & ^!      ,h all _! beauties
 9 h] spl5d\r dr[n$4      ,9 h] is ev'ry
 grace1--      ,simplicity ( wisdom1    
noble spee*1      ,accompli%$ lovel9ess2
      ,all e>?ly beauty is h] diadem4   
,?is tru? my song mu/ tea*--      ,my   
lady is ( ladies *os5 gem4              
7,transl4 by ,d4,g4 ,,rossetti47  ,&    
,cavalcanti s+s3       ,:at's %e ^: com+
 rivets all m5's eyes1      ,:o makes ! 
air s tremble ) delight1      ,& ?rills 
s e he>t t no man might      ,f9d tongue
 = words b v5ts 8 s\l 9 sighs8          
7,transl4 by ,,sir ,,!odore ,,m>t947  ,!
 s5tim5t :i* p]vades ^! v]ses has lift$ 
u into ! high] sph]e :i* w h5ce=? be our

 ma9 !me4 ,! belov$ 0 m & m extoll$2 9  
h] pres5ce ! lov] became m & m conv9c$ (
 8 insignificance2 %e 0 wor%ipp$1       
deifi$4 ,! ov]:elm+ emotion1 ! long+ =  
metaphysical values :i* dom9at$ ! :ole  
epo*1 _h rea*$ its highe/ *>act]i/ic1 _h
 rea*$ p]fection4 ,x prov$ ! et]nal     
quality ( human emotion3 ! impossibility
 ( f9d+ satisfaction1 ! /riv+ t[>ds !   
inf9ite2 x so>$ above its app>5t object 
& s\ght its consummation 9 metaphysic4  
,! love ( woman & ! my/ical love ( ,god 
7 bl5d$ 9 a pr(\nd] devotion2 love _h   
become ! sole giv] ( ! et]nal value &   
consolation1 ye>n$ = by mortal man4     
,*ri/ianity _h taught man to look up2 n[
 8 upw>d gaze lo/ its rigidity & beheld 
liv+ beauty--metaphysical eroticism _h  
be5 evolv$--! canonisation & deification
 ( woman4 ,! ideal ( ! tr\bad\rs to love
 ! ador$ mi/ress *a/ely & dev\tly f a   
di/ance 9 ! hope ( receiv+ a ^w (       
greet+1 no long] satisfi$ ! lov]2 %e mu/
 become a div9e be+1 mu/ be en?ron$     
above human joy & sorr[1 que5 ( ! _w4   

,traditional religion 0 trans=m$ s t a  
place might be f\nd 9 x = a woman4  ,!  
reason = ! recognition ( spiritual love 
f ! mom5t ( its inception z some?+      
sup]natural & div9e1 is obvi\s4 ,! he>t 
( man 0 fill$ ) an emotion hi!rto       
unkn[n1 an emotion :i* po9t$ direct to  
heav54 ,! s\l1 ! core ( pr(\nd ,*ri/ian 
consci\sness1 _h receiv$ a new1 glad    
cont5t1 r\s+ a feel+ ( su* int5sity t x 
c\ld only be comp>$ to ! religi\s ec/asy
 ( ! my/ic2 man div9$ t x 0 ! "m ( new &
 great ?+s--0 x n fitt+ to reg>d x z    
div9e & proclaim x ! supreme value8 ,!  
tr\bad\rs _h kn[n x4 ,b]n>t ( ,v5tad\r  
_h sung3       ,i /& 9 my lady's sight  
,9 deep devotion2      ,approa* h] )    
fold$ h&s      ,9 sweet emotion2        
,dumbly ador+ h]1      ,humbly implor+  
h]4  ,peire ,raimon ( ,t\l\se3       ,i 
w\ld approa* !e on my knees1      ,l[ly 
& meek1      ,i w\ld f>e f> o'er l&s &  
seas      ,?y ru? to seek4       ,& come
 to !e--a slave to 8 "l--      ,i'd pay 
!e homage ) eyes t m\rn1      ,until ?y 

m]cy ,i'd implor$1      ,he$less (      
laught]1 he$less ( scorn4  ,raimon (    
,miraval _h said1 ,i am no lov]1 ,i am a
 wor%ipp]1 & ,cavalcanti3       ,my     
lady's virtue has my bl9dness riv51     
,a secret sigh+ ?rills my humbl$ he>t3  
,:5 fav\r$ ) a sight ( h] ?\ art1       
,?y s\l w spread its w+s & so> to heav54
  ,peire ,vidal3       ,god call$ ! wom5
 close to ,him1      ,because he saw all
 good 9 !m4  ,&3       ,! ,god (        
righte\sness end[$      ,s well ?y body 
& ?y m9d      ,t ,8 own radiancy grew   
bl9d4      ,& _m a s\l t has n b[$      
,to ,him = ye>s 9 s9 enme%$1      ,is by
 ?y grace & *>m refre%$4  ,! beauty ( ! 
ador$ 0 div9e4 ,b]n>t ( ,v5tad\r wrote3 
,h] glori\s beauty %$s a brilliant ray  
,on d>ke/ night & dims ! brighte/ day4  
,guilhem ( ,cabe/a+3       ,god has     
creat$ h] )\t a blemi%      ,( ,8 own   
beauty4  ,gaucelm ,faidit3       ,!     
beauty :i* is ,god ,himself      ,he    
p\r$ into a s+le be+4  ,& ,montanhagol1 
anticipat+ ,dante3       ,:]e=e ,i tell 

y1 & my words are true1      ,f heav5   
came h] beauty1 r>e & t5d]1      ,h]    
lovel9ess 0 wr\ght 9 ,p>adise1          
,m5's dazzl$ eyes c sc>ce support h]    
spl5d\r4  ,folquet ( ,romans3       ,:5 
,i behold h] beauty r>e1      ,i'm s    
confus$ & />tl$ by h] wor?1      ,i we5 
,i am no long] on ?is e>?4  ,a canzone  
:i* has be5 attribut$ to ,cavalcanti1   
,c9o da ,pi/oia & ,dante1 reads z       
foll[s3       ,my lady comes & ev'ry lip
 is sil5t2      ,s p]fect is h] beauty's
 high e/ate      ,t mortal _s swoons &  
falls pro/rate      ,be=e h] glory4 ,&  
%e is s noble3      ,if ,i uplift to h] 
my inw>d eye1      ,my s\l is />tl$ z if
 dea? 7 nigh4  ,cavalcanti says3        
,r\nd y are fl[]s1 is ! t5d] gre51      
,! sun is n z bright z y\r de> face1    
,all nature 9 h] glori\s summ]-%e5      
,has n s fair & beautiful a place1      
,x pales beside y4 ,e>? has nev] se5    
,a ?+ s full ( lovel9ess & grace4  ,!   
p]fection :i* ! m]e pres5ce ( ! belov$ 0
 suppos$ to be/[ on ! lov]1 is "h       

conceiv$ m broadly & freely2 n only !   
lov]1 b all m5 are t\*$ & transfigur$ by
 h] appe>ance4 ,! s5tim5t ( ! lov]      
aspir$ to become objective tru?4 ,?is 0 
an important /age on ! road f !         
spiritual to ! deify+ love1 :i* ,i h    
call$ metaphysical eroticism4 ,ano!r    
rung ( ! ladd] ( evolution _h be5       
climb$--! mi/ress _h become que5 ( ! _w 
& goddess1 a be+ en?ron$ by ! side (    
,god4 ,i w aga9 quote ,gu9icelli3       
,ev] z %e walks %e has a sob] grace1    
,mak+ bold m5 aba%$ & good m5 glad1     
,if %e delight !e n1 ?y he>t mu/ err1   
,no man d>e look on h]1 8 ?\ghts be+    
base2      ,nay1 let me say ev5 m ?an ,i
 h said1      ,no man c\ld ?9k base     
?\ghts :o look$ on h]4                  
7,d4,g4 ,,rossetti47  ,! same poet 9 8  
canzone1 ,al ,cor ,g5til says3       ,%e
 %9es on u z ,god %9es on ,8 angels4    
,:5 madonna dies ! angels receive h]1   
rejoic+ t %e has jo9$ !m4 ,! ,prov5al1  
,pons ( ,capduelh1 anticipat$ ,dante3   
,& n[ we "k t ! cele/ial *oir      ,s+s 

songs ( jubilee at h] release      ,f   
?is dull e>?2 ,i he>d & am at re/2      
,:o praise ,8 ho/s1 praise ! ,et]nal    
,sire4      ,i "k %e is 9 ,heav5 ) !    
ble/1      ',mid/ fl['rs ^: glory "t c  
nev] dim      ,s++ ,god's praise1 & ble/
 by s]aphim4      ,n\ght b ! tru? f my  
glad lips %all fall1      ,9 ,heav5 %e  
is1 en?ron$ above all4  ,folquet (      
,romans wrote a lett] to 8 belov$1 9 :i*
 he said among/ o!r ?+s3                
,kneel+ 9 *ur* be=e ,god's face1        
--,a s9n] to besee* ,8 grace1--         
,& = my s9s to make am5ds1--            
',twas y to :om ,i rais$ my h&s2        
,y\r lovel9ess alone 0 !re1         ,my 
s\l knew only ( "o pray'r4         ,i   
fanci$ ,our ,fa!r fram$         ,my     
trembl+ lips1 :5 !y exclaim$            
,exultant at ,8 sacr$ %r9e3         ,oh6
 ,lady6 ,all my s\l is ?9e6       ,lady1
 y h bewit*$ me ) y\r beauty1      ,t   
,god ,i h =gott5 & myself4  ,c9o da     
,pi/oia wrote ! foll[+ comm5datory      
pray]3       ,into ?y h&s1 sweet lady ( 

my s\l1      ,! _s t is dy+ ,i comm5d2  
,& :i* dep>ts s sorr[ful t ,love        
,views x ) pity1 :ile dismiss+ x4       
,by y to ,8 dom9ion x 0 b\nd1      ,s   
firmly1 t x s9ce ha? _h no p[]      ,to 
call on ,him b ?us3 ,oh1 mighty ,"l1    
,:ate'er ?\ wilt ( me1 ,?y w is m9e4    
7,transl4 by ,c4 ,,lyell47  ,lancelot1  
"o ( ! great m$iaeval lov]s1 possess$ a 
lock ( ,gu9ev]e's hair1 :i* he priz$    
above all ! relics ( ! sa9ts4 ,:5 he    
p>t$ f 8 mi/ress 7:om he _h lov$ n only 
spiritually7 he fell on 8 knees be=e !  
door ( h] *amb] & pray$ z if he 7 kneel+
 be=e ! alt>4  ,spiritual love 0        
obvi\sly acquir+ a religi\s t+e4 ,!     
mi/ress took ! place ( ,god2 h] grace 0 
! s\rce ( all joy & consolation2 %e l$ !
 s\ls ( ! dy+ to et]nal life4 ,god _h   
yield$ ,8 position to h]1 %e _h /epp$ to
 ,8 side1 nay1 above ,him4 ,) ! curse ( 
! ,*ur* /ill cl++ to h]1 %e _h be5      
rem\ld$ by man's emotion into a p]fect1 
a cele/ial be+4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity 0 
9 dang]--w\ld ! new religion ( cultur$  

m9ds1 ! religion ( woman 7unwill+ to    
tol]ate any o!r ,god beside h]7 replace 
! religion ( ! masses8 ,0 a re=mation   
imm95t8 ,w\ld ! traditional religion be 
trans=m$ into metaphysical eroticism1   
de?ron+ ,god1 en?ron+ a goddess8 ,x is  
impossible to say 9 :at direction !     
spiritual hi/ory ( ,europe w\ld h       
develop$ if ,dante _h be5 m]ely a       
metaphysical lov]1 & n also an or?odox  
!ologian2 if in/ead ( p5etrat+ to !     
vision ( ! div9e secret1 he _h fa9t$    
be=e ! face ( ,beatrice4444  ,! religion
 ( woman & ! dom9ant religion came to   
t]ms4 ,?is compromise 0 possible because
 ! ,*ri/ian pan!on includ$ a female     
deity :o1 al?\gh %e _h n hi!rto play$ a 
prom95t "p1 held an exceptional         
position3 ?is 0 ,m>y1 ! ,"m ( ! ,r$eem]4
 ,f ,a4,d4 #djj to ,a4,d4 #abjj1 h] rank
 _h be5 on a level ) ! rank ( ! antique 
goddesses2 n[ ! new emotion envelop$ &  
revivifi$ h]4 ,! rigid1 s\lless image ) 
! gold5 circle r\nd ! head sl[ly melt$  
into sweet womanhood4 ,9 ,italy ?is     

s5tim5t inspir$ wond]ful pa9t+s ( !     
,madonna1 & 0 responsible = ! developm5t
 ( portraiture 9 g5]al4 ,! hold ( !     
ov]:elm+ tradition 0 brok54 ,reject+ !  
univ]sal conviction t ! hi/orical ,m>y  
_h resembl$ ! ,m>y ( ,byzant9e art1 !   
arti/1 "u ! dom9ion ( 8                 
woman-wor%ip--:i* surpass$ & re-valu$   
all ?+s--drew 8 inspiration f ! fulness 
( life4 ,i d n agree ) ,?ode t we are   
indebt$ to ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,francis = !   
mod]n s\lful & highly individualis$ art4
 ,its s\rce mu/ h be5 ! /ronge/ feel+ ( 
! mo/ cultur$ m9ds1 & t 0 und\bt$ly     
spiritual love4 ,! ,jesuit ,beissel     
wrote ) deep regret3 ,e ma/] almo/ =m$ 8
 own conception ( ,m>y1 b 9 su* a way t 
! hi]atic sev]ity ( e>li] times         
disappe>$ b sl[ly4 ,& he cont9u$3 ,x is 
true1 ! arti/s' models 7 ! noble ladies 
( _! p]iod2 n only on acc\nt ( _! k9dly 
smil+ faces1 b also on acc\nt ( ! *>m+  
coquetry ) :i* _! h&s drew _! cloaks    
across ! bosom4 ,& ! art-hi/orian1      
,male1 says3 ,x is a rem>kable fact t 9 

! ?irte5? c5tury ! leg5d1 or ! /ory1 ( !
 ,virg9 ,m>y 0 depict$ on ! doors ( all 
our 7i4e41 ,fr5*7 ca!drals4  ,! diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,prote/ant       
_w-pr9ciples is /rongly m>k$ 9 ?is      
connection4 ,ca?olicism ) its /riv+ =   
absolute uni=mity1 ackn[l$g+ no         
individual diff]5ces1 b eag] to %ape all
 life & all doctr9es 9 h>mony ) "o      
def9ite ideal1 v consi/5tly pron\nc$ "o 
s+le1 hi/orical woman to be div9e1 &    
made h] ! object ( univ]sal wor%ip4 ,?is
 dogma _h to be rigid1 immutable1 &     
almo/ mean+less4 ,aga91 ! hi/oric &     
pagan pr9ciple ( ,ca?olicism 0 ma9ta9$2 
a unique ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0       
immortalis$ & sy/ematis$ & all new      
religi\s conceptions 7 exclud$4         
,ca?olicism inv>iably places all really 
important ev5ts 9 ! pa/1 ev5 9 a q      
def9ite p]iod ( ! pa/1 a p]iod          
unassailable by hi/orical criticism4 ,b 
) ! comm5cem5t ( individual intellectual
 life ! uni=m1 ecclesia/ical image ( !  
,madonna gradually ga9$ life &          

individuality4 ,j z accord+ to          
,prote/ant tea*+ e s\l mu/ e/abli% its  
individual relation%ip ) ,god 7:i* is   
subject to *ange because individuality  
is n exclud$ z x is 9 ,ca?olicism71 s ! 
imag9ative emotionali/ creat$ 8 own     
,que5 ( ,heav54 ,frequ5tly he 0 /ill "u 
! impression--?is 0 especially ! case ) 
monks--t he 0 wor%ipp+ ! ecclesia/ical  
deity1 :5 he _h long be5 pray+ to a     
metaphysical conception ( 8 own4 ,!     
great ,italian art s9ce ! f\rte5?       
c5tury1 z well z ! ,neo-,lat9 & ,g]man  
cults ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 71 ?\gh app>5tly  
/ill or?odox1 9 _! inn]mo/ ess5ce !     
outcome ( a p]sonal desire = love1 & _h 
!re=e ab&on$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* & become 
,prote/ant4 ,! fact t ! s-call$         
,prote/ant ,*ur* look$ askance at ,m>y1 
& t ! r co>se-m9d$ ,lu!r said1 9 8      
annoyance3 ,pop]y has made a goddess (  
,m>y1 & is !re=e guilty ( idolatry1 does
 n contradict my /atem5t4 ,! true ,que5 
( ,heav5 0 a conception ( ! arti/ &     
lov]1 incompreh5sible to ^? :o 7 only   

?9k]s & morali/s4  ,?r\gh ! legitimation
 ( a div9e woman op5 enmity betwe5 !    
religion ( woman & ! religion ( ! ,*ur* 
0 avoid$4 ,a woman _h /epp$ betwe5 ,god 
& humanity z m$iator1 int]cessor &      
r$eem]4 ,e metaphysically-lov+ s\l c\ld 
conceive h] z x pleas$1 c\ld love h] &  
pray to h] )\t be+ a h]etic & wor%ipp] (
 ! devil4 ,matfre _h compla9$ t m5      
,ab&on$ 9 h] beauty revel      ,&       
unaw>es adore ! devil4--  b n[ a means  
_h be5 f\nd to adore ! belov$1 & yet    
rema9 fai?ful to ,god4 ,once 9 a way x 0
 rememb]$ t ! ador$1 /rictly speak+1 0 !
 ,"m ( ,god--if = no o!r reason1 = fe> (
 ! ,inquisition :i* ! ,dom9icans _h     
f\nd$ & plac$ "u ! special patronage (  
,m>y--h] bodygu>d z x 71 def5d+ h] f !  
onslaught ( m9ds all too worldly4 ,v    
r>ely ! ador$ e>?ly woman 0 id5tifi$ ) !
 (ficial ,que5 ( ,heav5--7?is may h be5 
done occasionally by monks72 sometimes z
 9 ! case ( ,mi*elangelo & ,gu9icelli1 !
 belov$ 0 ! sole goddess2 o!r poets1    
among :om we may include ,dante & ,goe!1

 conceiv$ h] z en?ron$ by ! side ( ,m>y4
  ,at ?is po9t ,i mu/ int]rupt my       
argum5t1 & briefly sket* ! position     
occupi$ by ,m>y 9 ! we/]n _w f ! dawn ( 
,*ri/ianity4   7b7 ,! ,que5 ( ,heav54   
,dur+ ! fir/ two hundr$ ye>s ,m>y did n 
occupy a prom95t place 9 ! ,*ri/ian     
communities2 ev5 9 ! f\r? c5tury %e 0   
/ill reg>d$ z a human woman & d5i$      
div9ity by ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 :o reproa*$ h]
 ) va+lory4 ,b 9 proportion z ,*ri/     
transc5d$ humanity1 & 0 m dogmatically &
 =mally int]pret$ by ! ,*ur*--m         
especially ! ,greek ,*ur*--! desire = a 
m$iator betwe5 ! wra?ful ,deity & s9ful 
humanity grew m pron\nc$1 a m$iator :o1 
al?\gh a human be+1 c\ld be end[$ aft] !
 mann] ( ! anci5t demi-gods ) sup]-human
 virtues4 ,! ,"m ( ! ,savi\r gradually  
assum$ ?is position4 ,%e _h be5 an e>?ly
 woman1 born ( e>?ly p>5ts1 & w\ld be   
able to und]/& human ne$s & wi%es1 & %e 
_h become ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,w\ld n h]      
int]cession h weight ) ! ,son ( ,god8   
,simultane\sly ) ! gr[+ recognition (   

asceticism1 ! doctr9e ( ! immaculate    
conception ga9$ gr\nd2 9 ! c\rse ( "t   
?is mom5t 0 m & m emphasis$1 & virg9ity 
0 set up z an ideal4  ,/4 ,a?anasius    
7f\r? c5tury7 _h writt53 ,:at ,god did  
to ,m>y is ! glory ( all virg9s2 = !y   
are atta*$ z virg9al sapl+s to h] :o is 
! root4 ,at ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury a   
long & bitt] controv]sy arose ov] ! "q z
 to :e!r ,m>y _h rema9$ a virg9 aft] !  
bir? ( ,jesus4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,j]ome 
& ,/4 ,augu/9e 7 9 fav\r ( ?is new      
doctr9e4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ! f\nd] ( ,we/]n 
music1 0 ! fir/ to praise h] p]fection 9
 ! ,lat9 tongue1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8     
treatise ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 ma9ta9$
 t %e 0 ! only human be+ born )\t       
orig9al s94 ,?is 0 ! fir/ important /ep 
t[>ds ! /ripp+ ( ! ,savi\r's "m ( h]    
humanity1 & e/abli%+ h] z a div9e be+4  
,/4 ,ir5aeus contra/$ ,eve1 ! br+] ( s91
 ) ,m>y1 ! second ,eve1 ! br+] (        
salvation1 & ,/4 ,ambrose said3 ,f ,eve 
we inh]it$ damnation ?r\gh ! fruit ( !  
tree2 b ,m>y has br\ght u salvation     

?r\gh ! gift ( ! tree1 = ,*ri/ too1 hung
 on ! tree l a fruit4  ,hi!rto ,m>y _h n
 be5 wor%ipp$2 all pray]s _h be5        
address$ to ,god & to ,*ri/4 ,! idea (  
approa*+ h] 9 pray] appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9
 a pamphlet entitl$ ,on ! ,dea? ( ,m>y1 
writt5 ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 &    
,gregory ( ,nazianz pictur$ ,m>y 9      
,heav51 c>+ = ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,!   
f\r? & fif? c5turies produc$ ! fir/     
hymns to ! ,virg91 writt5 9 ,syriac2 b  
or?odox bi%ops object$ to h]            
deification2 ,/4 ,epiphanus 7end ( f\r? 
c5tury7 said3 ,let u hon\r ,m>y by all  
means1 b let u wor%ip only ! ,fa!r1 !   
,son & ! ,holy ,gho/4  ,?is 0 ! position
 ( ! evangelical & hi/orical ,m>y be=e !
 fam\s & decisive ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus4   
,!re is a v important fact :i* mu/ n be 
ov]look$4 ,all ! nations dwell+ on !    
%ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,semites1 &     
,egyptians1 z well z ,greeks & ,romans1 
_h be5 accu/om$ to ! wor%ip ( female    
deities4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! anci5t peoples1  
woman1 ! symbol ( sex1 _h always be5    

end[$ ) qualities ( magic & my/]y4 ,!re 
0 some?+ sup]natural 9 h] p[] ( br++ =? 
a liv+ specim5 ( ! race1 & 9 all cults !
 mat]nal woman occupi$ a v important    
position4 ,_h ,*ri/ianity sudd5ly       
de/roy$ ?is anci5t & natural ne$8 ,we "k
 t ! ,*ur* _h assimilat$ a great numb] (
 antique sup]/itions2 nor 7 ! female    
deities sacrific$4 ,! great ,asiatic    
,mo!rs _h n be5 =gott52 ! v anci5t      
,babylonian ,i/> 7,a/>te71 ,rhea ,kybele
 ( ,asia ,m9or1 & above all ! ,egyptian 
,isis1 /ill liv$ 9 ! he>t (             
man1--subconsci\sly1 probably--z l(ty1  
sacr$ memories1 b nev]!less influ5c+ 8  
life4 ,! ,egyptian ,isis ) ,horus 9 h]  
lap is ! direct model ( ! ,madonna ) !  
,*ild4 ,%e repres5t$ e>?1 br++ =? fruit 
)\t f]tilisation4 ,?is religi\s cu/om 7!
 wor%ip ( ,isis71 says ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 
ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on nasc5t       
,*ri/ianity4 ,x is n too mu* to say t   
)\t ! ,egyptians we %\ld h _h no        
,madonna 9 our cre$4 ,! cult ( ,isis 0  
widely spread at ! "t ( ! fir/ emp]ors1 

:5 x 0 fa%ionable all ov] ! ,roman      
,empire2 :5 lat] on x m]g$ into t o!r   
great religi\s movem5t1 & fa%ion &      
conviction c\ld be comb9$1 its triumph 0
 assur$4  ,advanc+ ,*ri/ianity _h       
depopulat$ ! national pan!on4 ,!re mu/ h
 be5 a great s5se ( loss1 especially    
among ! l[] classes1 & x does n require 
mu* psy*ological insight to realise t x 
0 ! lack ( female deities :i* m         
especially r\s$ a feel+ ( anxiety &     
di/ress4 ,! masses 7 ye>n+ = a goddess1 
& x 0 at ,ephesus1 ! classical seat ( ! 
hundr$-brea/$ ,diana1 t ! /ol5 div9ity 0
 re/or$ to !m4 ,! !ologians 7 divid$    
into ?ree camps4 ,:ile "s ( !m reg>d$   
,m>y m]ely z ! "m ( man o!rs ackn[l$g$  
h] z ! ,"m ( ,god1 & ,ne/orius sugge/$ z
 a compromise ! title ,"m ( ,*ri/4 ,at !
 synod ( ,alex&ria1 9 ! ye> ( grace     
#dcj1 & at ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus 9 #dca1  
,ne/orius 0 f\nd guilty ( blasphemy &   
depriv$ ( 8 bi%opric4 ,h5ce=? ,m>y 0    
,greek3 ,!oto*os1 ! ,"m ( ,god1 & h]    
wor%ip 0 sanction$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,?r\gh   

,!e ! ,holy ,tr9ity has be5 glorifi$1   
exclaim$ ,cyril joyfully1 ?r\gh ,!e !   
,cross ( ! ,savi\r has be5 rais$6 ,?r\gh
 ,!e ! angels triumph$1 ! devils 7 driv5
 back2 ! tempt] 0 beat5 & human nature  
uplift$ to ,heav52 ?r\gh ,!e all        
intellig5t creatures :o 7 committ+      
idolatry1 h le>n$ ! tru?6 ,l\d rejoic+  
fill$ ! /reets ( ,ephesus4 ,:5 ! judgm5t
 pass$ on ,ne/orius 0 ann\nc$1 ! p      
exclaim$3 ,! enemy ( ! ,holy ,virg9 has 
be5 ov]come2 glory be to ! great1 !     
div9e ,"m ( ,god6 ,! highe/ au?ority 9 !
 l& _h re-e/abli%$ ! public wor%ip ( !  
great goddess1 :o _h = _m ye>s be5      
wor%ipp$ 9 secrecy4 ,! anci5t paganism  
_h triumph$ ov] ! spiritual intuition ( 
! l(ti] m9ds4 ,accord+ to anci5t cu/om  
sacrifices 7 (f]$ at ,m>y's %r9e2 !     
second epo* ( h] hi/ory _h begun4  ,9 ! 
,ea/ ! wor%ip ( female div9ities 0 old] 
& m spontane\s ?an 9 ! ,we/]n _w1 & ?us 
! cult ( ,m>y exi/$ 9 ! ,ori5t long be=e
 x p5etrat$ to ,italy & !nce into !     
newly ,*ri/ianis$ c\ntries4 ,! ,virg91  

:o = ! fir/ few hundr$ ye>s _h held a   
cle>ly def9$ position 9 evangelical     
hi/ory1 _h become an indep5d5t object ( 
wor%ip4 ,fe/ivals 7 held 9 h] hon\r2    
*ur*es 7 d$icat$ to h]2 ! w ( ! p       
triumph$ 9 ! litany2 art took possession
 ( ! grateful subject4 ,! t5d5cy to make
 ,m>y ! equal ( ,*ri/ grew /eadily4     
,metaphors orig9ally int5d$ = ,*ri/     
alone 7 us$ indiff]5tly = ei!r4 ,we     
con/antly f9d h] address$ z ! ar*etype1 
! light ( ! _w1 ! v9e1 ! m$iator1 !     
s\rce ( et]nal life1 etc4 ,f9ally %e    
ceas$ be+ reg>d$ z a passive p>ticipator
 9 ! "w ( salvation1 z ! ,"m ( !        
,savi\r1 & 0 accr$it$ ) indep5d5t sav+  
p[]4 ,john ( ,damascus 7eigh? c5tury7   
fir/ call$ ,m>y ,greek3 steira t\ *osm\1
 & soon aft] %e 0 /yl$ ,savi\r ( ! ,_w 9
 ! ,occid5t also4 ,) ?is ! cult ( ,m>y  
_h rea*$ its ?ird /age1 ! /age :i*      
int]e/s u2 %e _h become ! object (      
metaphysical love4 ,b be=e deal+ ) ?is  
?ird /age1 we mu/ glance1 9 pass+1 at ! 
anci5t ,teutonic tribes4 ,!y1 too1      

wor%ipp$ goddesses & sacr$ wom52        
virg9ity1 a virtue n appreciat$ by !    
,ori5tals1 "h /ood 9 high repute4       
,accord+ to ,tacitus & o!rs1 ! ,teutons 
look$ ^u ! ,virg9 z a my/]i\s be+1      
approa*+ div9ity m closely ?an all o!rs4
 ,?us !re 0 "h1 p]haps1 m ?an on ! %ores
 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 a fav\rable soil = ! 
cult ( ,m>y4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,holda &  
,freya1 z well z _! p]fect beauty1 7    
transf]r$ to ,m>y1 & ,m>y's "n 0        
sub/itut$ = ! names ( ! old auxili>y    
goddesses4 ,9 ! olde/ ,g]man evangelical
 poems ,m>y does n yet rank z a div9ity1
 %e is m]ely extoll$ z ! mo/ p]fect (   
all e>?-born wom54 ,9 ! ,heli& 7ab\t    
,a4,d4 #hcj7 %e is call$ ! mo/ beautiful
 ( all wom51 ! lovelie/ ( all maid5s2 & 
! monk ,otfri$1 ( ,weiss5burg 7#hfj71   
calls h]1 ,( all wom5 to ,god ! mo/     
pleas+1 ! :ite jewel1 ! radiant maid4   
,m>y _h n[ tak5 h] place by ! side (    
,god1 & 0 commonly address$ z div9e4    
,anselm ( ,cant]bury expla9s3 ,god is ! 
,fa!r ( all creat$ ?+s1 ,m>y ! ,"m ( all

 ?+s recreat$4444 ,god begat ! creator (
 ! _w1 ,m>y gave bir? to its ,savi\r4   
,pet] ( ,blois decl>$ t ! ,virg9 0 !    
only m$iatress betwe5 ,*ri/ & humanity4 
,we 7 s9n]s & afraid ( ! wra? ( ! ,fa!r1
 = ,he is t]rible2 b we h ! ,virg91 9   
:om !re is no?+ t]rible1 = 9 h] is !    
fulness ( m]cy & purity4 ,! twelf?      
c5tury produc$ ! ,ave ,m>ia1 ! angelic  
salutation1 ! pr9cipal pray] to ,m>y1   
:i* 0 introduc$ into all *ur*es4 ,!     
,italian ,franciscan monk1 ,bonav5tura1 
& ,pet] ,damiani1 7 above all o!rs      
in/rum5tal 9 spread+ ! wor%ip ( !       
,virg91 & ,damiani said ( h]3 ,to ,!e   
has be5 giv5 all p[] 9 heav5 & on e>?4  
,! fresco ( ! ,camposanto at ,pisa1     
ascrib$ to ,orcagna1 %[s ! transfigur$  
,virg9 sitt+ by ! side ( ,*ri/1 n bel[  
,him4 ,! num]\s leg5ds 9 :i* ,m>y1 (t5  
reg>dless ( ju/ice & propriety1 deliv]s 
h] fai?ful wor%ipp]s f all mann] (      
dang]s1 7 writt5 dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,"o 
( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! is ! leg5d (         
,!ophilus1 ! =]unn] ( ,fau/4 ,9 a ,g]man

 v]sion 7by ,brun ( ,s*nebeck7 dat+ f ! 
?irte5? c5tury1 ,!ophilus abjures ,god &
 all ?+s div9e1 ) ! sole exception (    
,m>y1 :]e=e %e saves him f et]nal       
damnation4 ,?is poem !re=e %[s u ,m>y z 
absolutely oppos$ to ,god4  ,we h n[    
arriv$ at ! ?ird /age ( ! cult ( ,m>y2 !
 new1 spiritual love1 translat$ into    
metaphysics1 0 project$ on h]2 %e 0     
approa*$ by h] wor%ipp]s ) ! ard5t love 
:i* hi!rto _h be5 ! pr]ogative ( e>?ly  
wom54 ,! two curr5ts1 ! "o aris+ 9      
ecclesia/ical tradition1 & ! o!r 9 ! s\l
 ( ! metaphysical lov]1 _h met2 ! g5u9e 
spiritual cult ( ,m>y 0 ! creation ( !  
great metaphysical lov]s1 :o exi/$ n    
only 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 b   
are met n infrequ5tly lat] on2 man's    
irresi/ible ne$ to raise woman above him
 & wor%ip h]1 creat$ ! true ,madonna1 = 
^: sake romantic s\ls ( all times h     
return$ home into ! fold ( ! ,*ur*1 !   
true ,madonna :o at he>t is ali5 to !   
pr9ciples ( ! ,*ur*1 b is re-born daily 
9 ! s\l ( ! metaphysical lov]4 ,! hi]>*y

 knew h[ to take advantage ( & control  
?is ador+ love2 ! metaphysical lov]     
rais$ 8 mi/ress above humanity & pray$  
be=e h] %r9e2 religion said3 ,! cele/ial
 woman :om y may lov+ly adore is "h1 )  
me4 ,all y h to d is to call h] by ! "n 
,i h giv5 h]1 & ! k+dom ( ,heav5 w be   
y\rs4  ,b on ! o!r h& ,m>y repres5ts    
to-day1 & d\btless w d = a long "t to   
come1 a dogmatically ackn[l$g$ deity1   
recognis$ by ! _s ( ,prote/antism z a   
remnant ( ,paganism1 & duly dete/$2 !   
masses 9 ,italy & ,spa9 pray to-day to  
h] image1 z 9 bygone days ! masses pray$
 to ! images 9 ,greek & ,roman temples4 
,?is goddess is un*ang+1 & f ! po9t (   
view ( ! psy*ologi/ un9t]e/+4  ,x is n  
difficult to und]/& :y ! two conceptions
 ( ,m>y 7m especially 9 ! s\ls ( !      
monks7 7 s (t5 inextricably int]m+l$2   
circum/ances frequ5tly dem&$ a complete 
fusion4 ,z late z 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a 
romantic poet1 ,za*>ias ,w]n]1 said3    
,oh1 sov'reign lady1 mi/ress ( my =tune1
      ,& ?\1 ! ,que5 & rul] ( ! heav5s1 

7,i _c keep y sund]$ & ap>t47  ,i %all  
endeav\r to keep !m sund]$ & ap>t z f> z
 possible1 = ,i am only conc]n$ ) man's 
metaphysical emotion ( love & its       
creation1 womanhood deifi$1 & n )       
,ca?olic dogmas4 ,) ?is object 9 view1  
,i w return to ! poets previ\sly quot$1 
& cont9ue ! unfold+ ( ! process (       
deification4 ,z a rule ! metaphysical   
lov]s 7 cont5t ) immortalis+ _! feel+s  
91 v (t51 excell5t v]ses1 rais+ ! belov$
 mi/ress above ! e>? & wor%ipp+ h] z !  
culm9ation ( beauty & p]fection4 ,! q   
unusual crav+ to give h] a place 9 !    
et]nal /ructure ( ! cosmos animat$ only 
"o poet1 ,dante1 :o1 comb9+ ! ,ca?olic  
/riv+ = unity ) spontane\s1 magnific5t  
woman-wor%ip1 creat$ a ma/]piece :i* is 
unique 9 lit]ature4  ,typical among !   
lat] ,prov5als 0 ,guirot ,riqui]4       
,sev]al ( 8 poems :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u
 make x impossible to say :e!r !y are   
address$ to an e>?ly woman or to ! ,que5
 ( ,heav52 ^! poems m>k1 9 a s5se1 a    
p]iod ( transition4 ,!y are exce$+ly    

vague1 & x is n wor? :ile to translate  
!m2 b z !y are dat$ x is int]e/+ to wat*
 ! poet's love gr[+ m & m spiritual &   
religi\s1 to see him gradually des]t+ 8 
e>?ly love = ! ,lady ( ,heav54 ,9 "o    
poem he prays to 8 lady :o is wor%ipp$  
by all true lov]s1 to tea* him ! "r way 
( lov+4 ,9 ! next he rep5ts 8 all too   
e>?ly passion3       ,i (t5 ?\ght ,i 0 (
 true love s++1      ,& knew n t to love
 my he>t 0 bl9d1      ,& folly 0 z love 
itself en%r9$4      ,b n[ su* love 9 all
 my s\l is r++1      ,t ?\gh to love &  
praise h] ,i aspire      ,z is h] me$--9
 va9 is my desire4      ,h5ce=? h] love 
alone %all be my guide      ,& my new   
hope 9 t great love abide4       ,= h]  
great love ! utt]mo/ %all pr(f]      ,( 
hon\r1 weal?1 & e>?ly joy & bliss1      
,) h] to love1 my he>t w nev] miss      
,^? :o no gifts l h] gifts h to (f]4    
,%e ! fulfilm5t is ( my desire1         
,!re=e ,i v[ myself h] true esquire2    
,%e'll love me 9 return--my spl5did     
me$--      ,if ,i b love aright 9 ^w &  

de$4  & "o ( 8 r m religi\s songs ends z
 foll[s3       ,)\t true love !re is on 
e>? no peace1      ,love gives u wisdom1
 fai? :i* w n sw]ve1      ,a noble m9d &
 will+ness to s]ve4      ,h[ r>e a ?+ on
 e>? 9 p]fect ease6      ,to ,!e1 oh    
,virg96 ,"m ( all love1      ,i d$icate 
?is song2 if ?\ d5ie/      ,me n1 ?\    
%all be my sweet bliss4 ,) ,*ri/      ,i
 pray ,!e1 int]c$e = me above4  ,9 ?is  
song1 !n1 he calls ,m>y 8 sweet bliss   
7bel deport71 a "n :i* he _h previ\sly  
giv5 to a c]ta9 c\ntess ) :om he _h be5 
9 love4 ,9 ! next poem1 9 :i* e>?ly love
 & love ( ! ,madonna are aga9 br\ght    
into juxta-position1 he comm5ds himself 
to ! ,virg91 ! sublime "m ( love1 on :om
 all my happ9ess dep5ds4 ,"o ( 8 poems  
:i* beg9s 9 q an e>?ly /ra91 ends ?us3  
,i feel no jeal\sy2 = he ^: s\l      ,is
 fill$ ) ye>n+ = 8 heav5ly love1        
,has pure/ happ9ess2 he is h] s]f1      
,& he has all ?+s t 8 he>t c crave4  ,b 
long be=e ?is1 9 "o ( 8 v worldly poems 
!re is a sudd5 outbur/1 address$ to !   

,madonna3 ,he :o does n s]ve ! ,"m (    
,god1 kn[s n ! mean+ ( love4 ,excell5t  
pro( ( ?is intimate connection betwe5   
e>?ly & ,madonna love is f\nd 9 ! poems 
( ! tr\v]e ,ruteboeuf1 :o calls ,m>y 8 v
 sweet lady4  ,lanfranc ,cigala wrote   
g5u9e love-songs to ! ,virg94 ,! foll[+ 
are two /anzas f "o ( 8 poems3       ,i 
wor%ip a cele/ial maid1      ,s]5e &    
wondr\sly adorn$2      ,& all %e does is
 well2 array$      ,9 noble love &      
g5tl5ess4      ,h] smile is bliss to all
 :o m\rn1      ,h] t5d] love is         
happ9ess1      ,& = h] kiss ! _w ,i     
scorn4      ,lady ( ,heav51 ,?y he>t    
incl9e      ,to me1 & untold bliss is   
m9e4      ,by day & night my only ?\ght 
,art1 ,m>y1 ,?\4 ,i am di/raught        
,say _m m51 = few c gauge      ,! ard\r 
:i* consumes my s\l4      ,i c>e n t !y 
say b]eft      ,i am ( s5se2 ! _w ,i've 
left1      ,to wor%ip ,!e1 love's spr+ &
 goal4  ,b o!r poems writt5 by ,cigala  
are unmi/akably address$ to ! cele/ial  
,madonna2 "s ( !m seem to be writt5 9 a 

p5it5tial mood2 he almo/ seems to rep5t 
( 8 =m] passionate adoration4 ,! same   
poet1 9 8 love-songs1 uses all !        
metaphors :i* are commonly us$ = ,m>y   
7or = ,*ri/71 root & climax1 fl[]1 fruit
 & se$ ( all goodness4  ,a little old]  
is an erotic hymn to ,m>y by ,peire     
,guillem ( ,lus]na2 ,i quote a few      
/anzas3       ,?y praise is happ9ess    
unm>r$1      ,= he :o praises ,!e1      
proclaims ! tru?1      ,?\ art ! fl[] ( 
beauty1 love & ru?1      ,full (        
compassion1 ) all grace b$ight1      ,f 
,?y :ite h&s we ga!r all delight4  ,!   
love ( ,m>y _h usurp$ ! peculi> prop]ty 
( ! love ( woman3 x _h become ! s\rce ( 
poetic & arti/ic inspiration4  ,! songs 
( ,aim]ic ( ,peguilhan resemble ^? (    
,cigala2 ! =m] bewails ! decl9e ( !     
s]vice ( woman2 he s+s ( ! root & cr[n (
 all noble ?+s1 b x is n q cle> :e!r he 
is address+ an e>?ly or a heav5ly lady4 
,suff] my love1 :i* asks = no rew>d6 ,! 
t]ms1 fri5ds & lov]s 7amans7 ( ! ,virg9 
are ) ^! poets conv]tible t]ms1 & !     

,virg9 is /yl$ ! true fri5d 7i4e41 !    
belov$74  ,guilhem ( ,autpol wrote a f9e
 poem to ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 beg9n+3      
,?\ hope ( all sad he>ts :o ye>n = love1
      ,?\ /ream ( lovel9ess1 ?\ well (  
grace1      ,?\ dove ( peace 9 fret &   
re/lessness1      ,?\ ray ( light to ^? 
:o1 lightless1 grope4      ,?\ h\se (   
,god1 ?\ g>d5 ( sweet %ades1      ,re/  
)\t ceas+1 refuge ( ! sad1      ,bliss  
)\t m\rn+1 fl['r t nev] fades1          
,ali5 to dea?1 & %elt] 9 ! mad          
,:irlpool ( life1 to all :o seek ?y     
port4      ,lady ( ,heav51 9 :om all    
he>ts rejoice1      ,?\ roseate dawn &  
light ( ,p>adise6  ,p]digon1 among _m   
worldly songs1 wrote "o to ! reg9a      
d'auteza e de s5horia1 :i* might be     
translat$ ?us3       ,supreme rul] ( !  
_w1      ,?y grace su/a9s      ,&       
ma9ta9s      ,! _w4      ,?\ fragrant   
rose1 ?\ fruitful v9e1      ,?\ w]t !   
*os5 vessel (      ,m]cy div9e4         
,unsurpass$ 9 ! fusion ( 8 e>?ly & 8    
cele/ial lady 0 ,folquet de ,lunel4 ,"s 

( 8 poems _c be class$ ) any c]ta9ty4   
,! fir/ poem :i* obta9$ a prize at !    
,academy ( ,ma/]s+]s ( ,t\l\se 0 a hymn 
to ,m>y4  ,?is v g5u9e s5tim5talism     
appe>s /range to u2 we _c ent] into !   
feel+s ( t p]iod4 ,a mod]n philologi/1  
,k>l ,appel1 reg>ds ,jaufre ,rudel's    
pa!tic songs1 address$ by him to !      
,c\ntess ( ,tripoli3       ,oh1 love 9  
l&s s f> away1      ,my he>t is ye>n+1  
ye>n+4444  z songs to ! ,madonna2 b x is
 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! lov] :e!r 8  
he>t's impulse1 translat$ into          
metaphysic1 is project$ on an unkn[n    
,c\ntess ( ,tripoli1 or a /ill m unkn[n 
,lady ( ,heav54 ,x is n ! lov$ woman :o 
is ( importance--:at d we "k ( ! ladies 
:o inspir$ ! exquisite m$iaeval poetry8 
,!y h long be5 du/1 & we may be sure t  
_! p]fection 0 no great] ?an is !       
p]fection ( _! gr&-daught]s4 ,b ! love (
 ! poets is alive to-day1 an et]nal     
docum5t ( ! human he>t1 repres5t+ "o ( !
 great phases ?r\gh :i* ! relation%ip   
betwe5 man & woman has pass$4  ,! foll[+

 are a few /anzas by ! ,g]man m9nes+]1  
,/e9m>1 :i* 7 lat] on adapt$ to ! ,holy 
,virg93       ,9 summ]-"t h[ glad am ,i 
,:5 ov] lea or d[n      ,a c\ntry lass  
m9e eyes espy1      ,( maid5s all !     
cr[n4       ,oh6 ,p>adise6 ,h[ glad am  
,i      ,:5 o'er ! heav5ly d[n      ,god
 & ,god's ,"m ,i espy1      ,( wom5 all 
! cr[n4  ,! ,italian poets1 f> m pr(\nd 
?an ! ,prov5als1 saw a goddess 9 !      
belov$ 7:om !y always address$ z        
,madonna71 & humbl$ !mselves be=e h]4   
,social diff]5ces1 :i* play$ su* a      
prom95t "p 9 ! ,nor?1 are "h ignor$4 ,! 
impecuni\s poet no long] extols !       
pr9cess1 ! wife ( 8 "l & ma/]4 ,!re is  
no "q ( su* a relation%ip2 ! poet is a  
free citiz5 ( ! t[n1 subject only to !  
emotion ( ! he>t1 & 8 song c>ries its   
own rew>d4 ,x has ceas$ to be ! m>ri$   
woman's privilege to be laud$ & extoll$2
 ! maid5 ( un>i/ocratic orig91 :o to !  
poets repres5ts m /rongly ! ideas (     
purity & p]fection1 has usurp$ h] place4
 ,we "k t ,lapo ,gianni1 ,d9o           

,frescobaldi1 ,gu9icelli & ,dante       
wor%ipp$ a maid5 unt\*$ by z mu* z a    
s5su\s ?\ght1 & ,frescobaldi decid$ ! "q
 :e!r x 7 bett] to love a m>ri$ woman or
 a maid51 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,! feel+ ( 
^? lov]s 0 pure & l(ty1 & !y _h ! p[] ( 
giv+ x p]fect expression4  ,9 a canzone1
 ! au?or%ip ( :i* is ascrib$ to bo?     
,cavalcanti & ,c9o da ,pi/oia1 x is said
 ( ! belov$ dead t ,god ne$$ h] pres5ce 
to p]fect ,heav51 & t all ! sa9ts n[    
wor%ip h]4 ,%e 0 a miracle ( p]fection  
:ile %e 0 yet on e>?1 b n[3       ,look 
?\ into ! pleasure :]e9 dwells      ,?y 
lovely lady1 :o is 9 heav5 cr[n$1       
,:o is h]self ?y hope 9 heav51 ! :ile   
,to make ?y mem'ry hall[$ %e prevails4  
,( !e %e ent]ta9s ! bless$ ?rongs1      
,& says to !m1 :ile yet my body ?rave   
,on e>?1 ,i gat mu* hon\r :i* he gave1  
,comm5d+ me 9 8 comm5d$ songs4          
7,transl4 by ,d4,g4 ,,rossetti47  ,at ! 
conclusion ( 8 f9e/ poem1 ,al ,cor      
,g5til1 ,gu9icelli1 next to ,dante      
d\btless ! greate/ poet ( ! ,middle     

,ages1 says3 ,god w ask me aft] my dea?3
 ',h[ c\ld'/ ?\ h lov$ aught b ,me8' ,& 
,i w reply3 ',%e came f ,?y realm & bore
 ! semblance ( an angel4 ,!re=e 9 lov+  
h]1 ,i 0 n unfai?ful to ,!e6' ,"h we h !
 p]fection ( metaphysical eroticism3 !  
belov$ woman is ,god2 he :o loves h]1   
loves ,god 9 h]4  ,cavalcanti ma9ta9$ 9 
a poem t an image ( ! ,madonna actually 
bore ! features ( 8 lady4       ,guido1 
an image ( my lady dwells      ,at ,san 
,mi*ele1 9 ,orto1 consecrate1      ,&   
daily wor%ipp$4 ,fair1 9 holy /ate1     
,%e li/5s to ! tale ea* s9n] tells4     
,& among !m :o come to h]1 :o ails      
,! mo/1 on him ! mo/ does bless+ fall2  
,%e bids ! fi5d m5's bodies abdicate2   
,ov] ! curse ( bl9dness %e prevails1    
,& heals sick languors 9 ! public       
squ>es4444                              
7,transl4 by ,d4,g4 ,,rossetti47  ,&    
,guido ,orl&i replies to him f !        
ecclesia/ical /&po9t1 z to a lo/ man3   
,_h'/ ?\ be5 speak+ ( ,m>y1 ?\ w\ld'/ h 
spok5 ! tru?4 ,b n[ ,i mu/ bewail ?y    

errors4  ,a complete bl5d+ ( s5suality &
 ,m>y-wor%ip 0 a*iev$ 9 an ,italian poem
 ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! au?or ( ?is poem
 address$ ,m>y z que5 ( my he>t1 &      
blossom ( lovel9ess1 & goes on to say3  
,i c tell by y\r ge/ures & y\r face t y 
respond to my love2 :5 y look at me1 y  
smile1 & :5 y sigh1 y\r eyes are full ( 
t5d]ness4444 ,sometimes1 9 ! ev5+1 ,i /&
 bel[ y\r balcony2 y he> my sighs1 b y  
make no reply4444 ,:5 ,i gaze at y\r    
beauty1 ,i burn ) love1 b :5 ,i ?9k (   
y\r cruelty1 ,i call on dea? to release 
me4 ,9 ?is poem we h a c>icature (      
metaphysical eroticism4  ,9 ! sonnets ( 
,petr>*1 metaphysical love has become   
/]eotyp$4 ,adoration has become a phrase
 7z ,cupid has become a phrase ) ! e>li]
 poets74 ,x is obvi\s t he loves ,laura 
because ! play on ! ^w ,laura & lauro   
7laurel7 caught 8 fancy4 ,i c f9d no    
spontane\s feel+ 9 ! fam\s ,canzoni]o2  
all ,i see is erudition & p]fection (   
=m4 ,b among ! few s9c]e specim5s !re is
 "o beautiful poem address$ to ,m>y3    

,v]g9e bella *e di sol ve/ida6 :i* is n 
)\t erotic w>m?4 ,b ! s+] & humani/     
expresses himself judici\sly3       ,oh1
 ,?\1 ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 & our goddess    
7,if x be fitt+ su* a phrase to use74   
,s f> we h obs]v$ ! curr5t :i*1 emanat+ 
f ! belov$ woman1 lift$ h] into sup]nal 
regions & end[$ h] ) p]fection--!       
mi/ress is /ripp$ ( ev]y?+ e>?ly1 !     
long+ :i* c nev] be /ill$ on e>?1 so>s  
heav5w>d4 ,n[ we w exam9e ! opposite    
curr5t2 ! curr5t :i* emanates f !       
,madonna ( dogma1 ! ,lady ( ,heav5 :o is
 ! same to all m51 9 h] la/ /age1 t is  
to say :5 %e is f9ally en?ron$ by ! side
 ( ,god4 ,_m a monk--e>?ly love be+ d5i$
 to him--0 driv5 to a purely spiritual1 
metaphysical love by ! fact ( 8 be+     
p]mitt$ to love ! ,lady ( ,heav5 )\t    
hesitation or remorse4 ,%e 0 ! faire/ ( 
wom51 & he 0 at lib]ty to int]pret !    
mean+ ( ! faire/ 9 any s5se he *ose4  ,!
 climax ( ! emotional wor%ip ( !        
ecclesia/ical ,m>y 0 rea*$ by ,/4       
,b]n>d1 ! ,doctor ,m>ianus m5tion$ on a 

previ\s occasion4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( s]mons
 & homilies 9 hon\r ( ,m>y1 & has be5   
in/rum5tal 9 dogmatis+ h] wor%ip by     
plac+ h] side by side ) ! ,savi\r4 ,x 0 
m fitt+ t bo? sexes %\ld take "p 9 !    
r5ewal ( mank9d1 he says1 because bo? 7 
in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t ! fall4444 ,man  
:o fell ?r\gh woman1 c be rais$ only by 
h]4 ,humanity kneels at ,?y feet1 = !   
com=t ( ! wret*$1 ! release ( !         
prison]s1 ! deliv]y ( ! condemn$1 !     
salvation ( ! c\ntless sons ( ,adam     
dep5d on a ^w f ,?y lips4 ,oh6 ,virg91  
ha/5 to reply6 ,speak ! ^w = :i* ! e>?1 
! ne!rmo/ hell1 & ! heav5s ev51 are     
wait+2 yea1 ! ,k+ & ,rul] ( ! univ]se1  
greatly z ,he desires ,?y lovel9ess1    
awaits ,?y cons5t1 9 :i* ,he has laid ! 
salvation ( ! _w4 ,bas+ 8 description on
 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e1 he 
draws h] picture z foll[s3 ,brilliant & 
:ite & dazzl+ are ! g>m5ts ( ! ,virg94  
,%e is s full ( light & radiance t !re  
is n ! lea/ d>kness ab\t h]1 & no "p (  
h] may be describ$ z less brilliant1 or 

n gl[+ ) int5se light4 ,& ) increas+ly  
pron\nc$ erotic emphasis1 pass+ f !     
,*ur* dogma ( salvation to passionate   
f]v\r1 he goes on to say3 ,a g>d5 (     
sacr$ delight art ,?\1 oh1 ,m>y6 ,9 x we
 ga!r fl[]s ( manifold joys z (t5 z we  
reflect on ! fulness ( sweetness :i*    
?r\gh ,!e 0 p\r$ out on ! _w4444 ,"r    
lovely art ,?\1 oh1 p]fect ,"o6 ,a b$ ( 
heav5ly spices & preci\s fl[]s ( all    
virtues1 fill+ ! h\se ( ! ,"l ) sweet   
p]fume6 ,oh6 ,m>y1 ,?\ violet (         
humility6 ,?\ lily ( *a/ity6 ,?\ rose ( 
love6 etc4  ,/4 ,b]n>d inaugurat$ t     
extraord9>y bl5d+ ( eroticism )         
half-crazy1 inconceivable allegories &  
fantasies1 :i* la/$ = c5turies4 ,"h1    
aga91 we p]ceive ! ideal ( metaphysical 
eroticism1 :i* 9 ! case ( a loyal son ( 
! ,*ur* c\ld only ref] to ! (ficial     
,que5 ( ,heav51 & consi/$ p>tly ( !     
g5u9e emotion ( love1 p>tly (           
allegorically con/ruct$ connections ) ! 
,*ur* dogma4  ,/4 ,b]n>d's emotional    
outbur/s 7 compreh5d$ & admir$4 ,8      

au?ority 0 suffici5t to ov]ride all     
scruples t might h /ood 9 ! way ( ?is   
d[nright description ( ,m>y's *>ms4 ,he 
became ! model = all h] lat] wor%ipp]s2 
,suso1 = in/ance1 (t5 quotes him1 &     
,bro!r ,hans call$ him ! h>pi/ & fiddl] 
( h] praise4  ,! great ec/atic poet1    
,jacopone da ,todi1 sang ,m>y's praise z
 foll[s3       ,hail1 pure/ ( virg9s1   
,"m & maid1      ,g5tle z moonlight1    
,lady ( ,aid6       ,i greet !e1 life's 
f\nta91      ,fruitlad5 v9e6            
,inf9ite m]cy      ,?\ %$de/ on ?9e6    
,hope's faire/ sun%9e1      ,balm's well
 s]5e6      ,i claim a dance ) !e1      
,all ! _w's ,que56       ,gate (        
beatitude6      --,all s9s =giv51--     
,lead u to p>adise1      ,sweet breeze (
 heav56       ,?\ po9te/ u upw>d        
,:]e angels adore1      ,:ite lily (    
g5tl5ess      ,?y grace ,i implore4     
,mirror ( ,*]ubim6      ,s]aphim laud ?y
 grace1      ,all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?     
,r+ ) ?y praise6  ,! spiritual love (   
,m>y especially appeal$ to ! ,g]man     

temp]4 ,among ! ador+ monks ,suso       
des]ves p>ticul> m5tion4 ,he laid great 
/ress on ! diff]5ce betwe5 high love &  
l[ love4 ,l[ love beg9s ) rapture & ends
 ) pa91 b high love beg9s ) grief1 & is 
trans=m$ into ec/asy1 until f9ally !    
lov]s are unit$ 9 et]nity4 ,he 0 ke5ly  
consci\s ( ! old] motive ( ! cult (     
,m>y1 namely1 ! ne$ ( a g5tle m$iator   
betwe5 man & ! inaccessible ,deity4 ,oh1
 ?\6 ,god's *os5 delight1 ?\ dulcet1    
gold5 song ( ! ,et]nal ,wisdom1 suff]   
me1 a poor s9n]1 to tell !e a little (  
my suff]+s4 ,my s\l pro/rates itself    
be=e !e ) timor\s eyes1 %amefac$4 ,oh6  
?\ ,"m ( all m]cies1 ,i we5 t nei!r my  
s\l nor ! s\l ( any o!r poor s9n] ne$s a
 m$iator1 or p]mission to come to ?y    
?rone1 = ?\1 ?yself1 art ! int]cessor = 
all s9n]s4 ,comp>$ to 8 =]unn]1 ,/4     
,b]n>d1 ,suso exhibits a m>k$ degree (  
intimacy 9 8 relation%ip ) ,m>y4 ,he    
describes heav5 z a k9d ( fl[]$ mead[1 &
 ,m>y keep+ c\rt1 l any e>?ly pr9cess4  
,n[ g & behold ! sweet ,que5 ( ,heav51  

:om y love s pr(\ndly1 lead+ !          
procession ( ! cele/ial ?rong 9 great   
gladness & /atel9ess1 incl9+ to h] lov] 
) roses & lilies6 ,behold h] wond]ful   
beauty %$d+ light & joy on ! heav5ly    
ho/s6 ,eya6 ,look up to h] :o give?     
gladness to he>t & m9d2 behold ! ,"m (  
,m]cy re/+ h] eyes1 h] t5d]1 pitiful    
eyes1 on y & all s9n]s1 p[]fully        
protect+ h] belov$ *ild4 ,! :ole sixte5?
 *apt] ( ! ,booklet ( ,et]nal ,wisdom is
 an ard5t hymn to ! ,madonna1 almo/     
comp>able to ,/4 ,b]n>d's pray] to ,m>y 
9 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y4 ,x 0 writt5   
ab\t ! "t ( ,dante's dea?1 n v long1    
!re=e1 aft] ! composition ( ! la/ *apt]s
 ( ! ,p>adise4  ,! ,life ( ,suso 7! fir/
 ,g]man biography ev] writt57 evid5ces 8
 adoration = ! ,lady ( ,heav53 ,x 0     
cu/om>y 9 8 c\ntry1 ,swabia1 = ! "y m5  
to g to _! swee!>ts' h\ses on ,new      
,ye>'s ,eve1 s++ songs until !y receiv$ 
f ! maid5s a *aplet 9 return4 ,?is cu/om
 s pleas$ 8 "y & ard5t he>t t he1 too1  
w5t on ! eve ( ! ,new ,ye> to 8 et]nal  

love1 to beg h] = a gift4 ,be=e daybreak
 he repair$ to ! /atue :i* repres5t$ !  
,virg9al ,"m press+ h] t5d] *ild1 !     
beautiful ,et]nal ,wisdom1 to h] bosom1 
& kneel+ d[n be=e h]1 ) a sweet1 l[ s++ 
( 8 s\l1 he *ant$ a sequ5ce to h]1      
implor+ h] to let him w9 a *aplet f h]  
,*ild4444 ,he !n said to ! ,et]nal      
,wisdom 7& x is unc]ta9 :e!r he is      
address+ ! "m or ! *ild73 ,?\ art my    
love1 my glad ,ea/] day1 ! summ]-joy (  
my he>t1 my sweet h\r2 ?\ art ! love :i*
 my "y he>t alone wor%ips1 & = ! sake ( 
:i* x has scorn$ e>?ly love4 ,give me a 
gu]don1 !n1 my he>t's delight1 & let me 
n g away f !e empty-h&$4  ,) a sweet1 l[
 s++ ( 8 s\l1 ?is wor%ipp] approa*$ !   
/atue ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,?is is love (
 woman undisguis$1 x m]ely has a        
religi\s und]tone4 ,o!r secul>          
m]ry-mak+s 7 adapt$ by ,suso to 8       
cele/ial mi/ress1 z1 = in/ance1 ! plant+
 ( ! may-tree1 & he repeat$ly makes use 
( similes & metaphors borr[$ f !        
*ivalr\s s]vice ( woman4 ,he frequ5tly  

alludes to himself z ! s]vant ( !       
,et]nal ,wisdom2 ! mean+ ( ?is          
expression is app>5tly int5tionally     
obscur$1 b x has a sav\r ( ! fem99e4    
,suso pictur$ himself1 aft] ! mann] (   
lov]s1 ) a *aplet ( roses on 8 br[4 ,9 8
 ,life !re is a passage unsurpass$ by ! 
be/ ( ! m9nes+]s3 ,9 ! gold5 summ]-"t :5
 all ! t5d] little fl[]s _h op5$ _!     
buds1 he ga!r$ none until he _h d$icat$ 
! fir/ blossoms to 8 spiritual love1 !  
g5tle1 fl[]-l1 rosy maid5 & ,"m ( ,god2 
:5 x seem$ to him t ! "t _h come1 he    
cull$ ! fl[]s ) _m lov+ ?\ghts1 c>ri$ !m
 into 8 cell & wove !m into a g>l&2 &   
aft] he _h done s1 he w5t into ! *oir1  
or into ,our ,lady's ,*apel1 pro/rat$   
himself be=e 8 de> lady1 & plac$ ! sweet
 g>l& on h] head1 hop+ t %e w\ld n scorn
 h] s]vant's (f]+1 z %e 0 ! mo/ wondr\s 
fl[] h]self1 & ! summ]-joy ( 8 he>t4    
,d\btless we "h h an analogy to !       
religi\s feel+ ( ! my/ics4 ,!           
metaphysical lov] is /ill "u !          
impression t he is wor%ipp+ ! ,m>y ( !  

,ca?olic ,*ur*2 b z 9 ! case ( ! my/ic !
 ,*ri/ ( dogma is trans=m$ into ! div9e 
sp>k 9 8 own s\l1 s ! love ( ,m>y has   
become undogmatic & pure woman-wor%ip1 !
 ideal ( ! great lov]s ( t age4  ,ano!r 
prom95t ,madonna-wor%ipp] 0 ,conrad (   
,wrzburg 7di$ #abgh74 ,he began 8 c>e] z
 a m9nes+]1 b lat] on ent]$ a mona/]y4  
,he 0 ! au?or ( a v ext5sive1 & 9 "p1   
poetical collection ( songs 9 praise ( !
 ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,! ,gold5 ,smi?y is an 
int]e/+ in/ance ( ! m+l+ ( g5u9e        
metaphysical eroticism & traditional    
,*ur* doctr9es4 ,conrad inextricably    
m+les all ! ,biblical allegories m or   
less applicable to ,m>y1 ! /ories ( !   
,gospels1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate     
,conception1 etc41 ) 8 own emotions1 &  
?us creates a _w ( feel+ :i*1 ?\gh 9 _m 
respects exagg]at$1 /ill repres5ts 9 its
 qua9t unity some?+ entirely novel &    
unique3       ,?y glori\s =m1      ,?\gh
 by beauty all enve/$1      ,nev]       
passion has sugge/$      ,nor has lit   
unholy fire      ,9 man's he>t1 t gross 

desire      ,f ?y purity %\ld spr+4     
,he1 too1 describes ! cele/ial ,p>adise 
z a lovely g>d51 9 :i* ,m>y walks z     
que51 & he says ( h] cele/ial maid5s1   
7p]haps a rem9isc5ce ( ! my?ological    
,g]man swan-maid5s73       ,?y :ite h& )
 blossoms      ,_! *aplets enhances1    
,?\ %['/ !m ! dances      ,( ,god's     
,p>adise4      ',mid radiant skies      
,?\ ga!r'/ heav5ly roses4  ,! ,italian  
,franciscan monk ,giacomo ( ,v]ona also 
wrote poems to ! ,que5 ( ! ,heav5ly     
,mead[s4 ,on ! "r h& ( ,*ri/ sits ,m>y1 
m lovely ?an ! fl[]s 9 ! mead[s & !     
half-op5$ rose-buds4 ,be=e h] face /& ! 
heav5ly ho/s s++ jubilant songs 9 h]    
praise1 b %e adorns h] knights ) g>l&s &
 gives !m roses4 ,j z ,pons ( ,capduelh 
describes ! transfiguration ( 8 e>?ly   
mi/ress1 ,jacopone describes ,m>y's     
asc5t into ,heav51 :]e %e is receiv$ by 
! angels s++ songs ( jubilee1 _!        
sanctus1 sanctus1 sanctus1 replac$ by a 
joyful sancta1 sancta1 sancta--a goddess
 has be5 receiv$ 9 ! place ( ,god4      

,gottfri$ ( ,/rassburg1 ! au?or ( !     
s5su\s & passionate epic poem ,tri/an & 
,isolde1 compos$ a long poem 9 hon\r (  
,m>y c\*$ 9 ! well-kn[n t]ms ( ! lov+   
wor%ipp]3       ,?\ vale (              
roses1--violet-dell1      ,?\ joy t     
make/ he>ts to swell1      ,et]nal well 
,( val\r2 ,que5 ( ,heav56      ,?\ rosy 
dawn1 ?\ morn+-r$1      ,?\ /eadfa/     
fri5d :5 hope has fl$1      ,! liv+     
bread1      ,oh6 ,lady1 ha/ ?\ giv54    
,?\ %e5 ( fl['rs ) love alight1      ,?\
 bridal cr[n1 all maids' delight1       
,?\ art b$ight      ,) heav5's gold5    
spl5d\r6       ,?\ ( all sweetness      
sweete/ %9e1      ,?\ sweet] ?an !      
sweete/ w9e1      ,! sweetness ?9e1     
,is my salvation ev]4      ,?\ art a    
potion sweet ( love1      ,sweetly      
p]vad+ heav5 above1      ,to sailors    
r\gh      ,sang syr5s sweet] nev]4      
,?\ ent]e/ ?r\gh eye & e>1      ,s5ses &
 s\l p]vad+1      ,?\ give/ to ! he>t   
great *e]1      ,a gu]don de>1      ,a  
glory nev] fad+4  ,! poet :o wrote (    

,isolde's love potion "h calls ! ,que5 (
 ,heav5 a potion sweet ( love1 a /range 
metaphor to use 9 connection ) ! ,m>y ( 
dogma4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic frequ5tly      
allud$ to is h] sweet p]fume1 an        
attribute :i* we to-day d n look ^u z   
exclusively cele/ial4  ,qua9tly delicate
 & t5d] are ! love-songs ( ,bro!r ,hans1
 an o!rwise unkn[n monk ( ! f\rte5?     
c5tury4 ,he himself tells u t he des]t$ 
8 e>?ly mi/ress = ! ,que5 ( ,heav54     
,p]haps ! dualism betwe5 e>?ly &        
transc5d5t love has nev] be5 express$ m 
cle>ly ?an by him2 = 9 8 case ! wor%ipp+
 love did n gradually lead up to ,m>y1 !
 ess5ce ( womanhood1 b an e>?ly love _h 
to be kill$ s t ! pure heav5ly love c\ld
 live4       ,m>y6 ,g5tle mi/ress m9e6  
,i humbly kneel be=e y2      ,all my    
he>t & s\l are ?9e4  ,&3       ,oh1     
,m>y6 ,secret f\nta91      ,clos$ g>d5 (
 delight1      ,! ,pr9ce ( ,heav5       
mirrors      ,him 9 ?y beauty bright4   
,b aft] describ+ all ! joys ( heav51    
,bro!r ,hans comes to ! conclusion t a  

man kn[s ab\t z mu* ( cele/ial matt]s z 
an ox kn[s ( discant s++4  ,8           
relation%ip to ,m>y is t5d]1 intimate & 
famili>3       ,)9 my he>t conceal$     
,!re is a secret cell2      ,at         
nightfall & at daybreak      ,my lady   
!re does dwell4      ,! mi/ress ( ! h\se
 is %e1      ,i feel h] love & c>e ab\t4
      ,if %e d5ies h]self to me1        
,me?9ks ! mi/ress has gone out4  ,9     
ano!r poem he prays to ,m>y to all[ him 
to te> (f a small piece ( h] robe1 s t  
he may keep himself w>m ) x 9 ! w9t]4   
,l ,c9o da ,pi/oia1 :o comm5d$ 8 dy+ s\l
 n to ,god b to 8 lov$ "o1 ,bro!r ,hans 
comm5ds himself to ,m>y3       ,?us ,i  
comm5d my s\l into ?y h&s1      ,:5 x   
mu/ j\rney to ^? unkn[n l&s1      ,:]e  
roads & pa?s are new & /range to x4  ,&3
       ,oh1 come to me1 ?\ ,bride (     
,god1      ,:5 my fa9t s\l dep>ts f me6 
,!re rema9s "o m motif to consid]1 a    
motif :i* 9 a way completes ! picture ( 
! cele/ial lady3 ,z m5 love & desire !  
wom5 ( ! e>?1 s ,god loves ! ,lady (    

,heav54 ,/4 ,b]n>d fir/ express$ ?is    
nave idea1 :i* makes ,god ! ,fa!r       
resemble a little ! anci5t ,jupit]4 ,%e 
attract$ ! eyes ( ! heav5ly ho/s1 ev5 ! 
he>t ( ! ,k+ w5t out to h]4 ,he         
,himself1 ! supreme ,k+ & ,rul]1 s mu*  
desires ?y beauty1 t ,he is await+ ?y   
cons5t1 ^u :i* ,he has decid$ to save ! 
_w4 ,& ,him ,:om ?\ delighte/ 9 ?y      
sil5ce1 ?\ wilt delight ev5 m by ?y     
spee*1 = ,he call$ to !e f ,heav53 ',oh6
 faire/ among wom56 ,let me he> ?y      
voice6' etc4 ,"h we h ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! rock
 ( or?odoxy1 repres5t+ ,god z ,m>y's    
langui%+ admir]6 ,suso is irreproa*able 
9 ?is respect1 b ,conrad says t ! col\r 
( ,m>y's face 0 s bright & made x s     
lovely1       ,t ev5 ! ,et]nal ,sire    
,0 fill$ ) sacr$ fire1      ,& all !    
heav5ly pr9ces4444  ,?us1 at ! turn ( ! 
f\rte5? c5tury ! great cele/ial *ange 0 
complete3 ,by ! side ( ,god1 nay1 ev5 9 
! place ( ,god1 a woman 0 en?ron$4 ,!   
,virg9 became ! ,god ( ! ,univ]se1 says 
,mi*elet1 a ?or\gh1 ?\gh r imag9ative   

exp]t on ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! p          
primitively wor%ipp$ idols4 ,! cl]gy1   
head$ by ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan      
monks1 introduc$ ,lady ,days into !     
cal5d> & inv5t$ ! ros>y to facilitate ! 
recital ( ! ,aves2 secul> ord]s (       
knigh?ood plac$ !mselves "u ! ,virg9's  
protection 7,la ,*eval]ie de ,sa9te     
,m>ie71 b ! r>e/ m9ds1 sublimat+ !      
belov$1 rais$ h] into ,heav5 & wor%ipp$ 
h] z div9e4 ,! e/abli%$ religion 0      
compell$ to ent] into p>tn]%ip ) ! great
 emotion ( ! "t1 metaphysical love1 le/ 
x ran ! risk ( los+ its sway ov]        
humanity4  ,& a feel+ 0 born !n :i* to  
?is day con/itutes "o ( ! /rik+         
diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n    
worlds3 ! respect = womanhood4 ,x is    
bas$ on ! woman-wor%ip ( secul>1 & !    
,madonna-wor%ip ( ecclesia/ical circles4
 ,x is true t ,jesus1 anticipat+ !      
intuition ( ,europe1 _h taught ! div9ity
 ( ! human s\l & recognis$ woman--9 ?is 
respect--z on an equality ) man1 b !    
in/9cts ( ,greece & ! ,ea/]n nations _h 

prov$ to be /rong] ?an 8 tea*+2 = twelve
 hundr$ ye>s woman 0 despis$1 & m ?an   
once ! "q z to :e!r or no %e _h a s\l--9
 o!r words1 z to :e!r or no %e 0 a human
 be+--_h come "u discussion4 ,! crude & 
primitively duali/ic m9ds ( ! p]iod     
realis$ 9 h] sex m]ely an embodim5t ( _!
 own s5suality1 ! enemy aga9/ :om !y    
f\ght1 & to :om !y knew !mselves        
subject4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t 9 h] fav\r  
:i* ! fir/ mill5>y c\ld adduce1 0 ! fact
 t ! ,savi\r ( ! _w _h be5 borne by a   
woman1 & t consequ5tly h] sex _h a %>e 9
 ! "w ( salvation2 ! idea t ?r\gh ! o!r 
,eve a "p ( ! s9 ( ! fir/ ,eve 0        
expiat$4 ,b g5u9e appreciation & respect
 7 only possible aft] base s5suality _h 
be5 contra/$ ) spiritual love1 ^:       
vehicle aga9 0 woman4 ,n[ !             
et]nal-fem99e-- contra/$ ) !            
e>?ly-fem99e--drew ! lov]s upw>ds1 & ?is
 new emotion ?rew su* a glam\r ov] !    
:ole sex1 t x nev] entirely di$ away2 if
 to-day wom5 are respect$ & _! ef=ts at 
emancipation support$1 !y are n indebt$1

 z !y are sometimes told1 to ,*ri/ian   
e?ics1 b r to ! mundane culture :i* _h  
its orig9 at ! c\rts ( ! ,prov5al lords1
 ^: ideals ultimately became ! controll+
 ideals ( ,europe1 & ^: inmo/ ess5ce    
/ill influ5ces ! _w4  ,! evolution (    
love _h obvi\sly arriv$ at a /age :5    
respect 0 consid]$ due to wom5--?\gh n  
p]haps to all wom54 ,i w n g to ! c\rts 
( ! great = evid5ce1 b m]ely relate an  
episode f ! life ( ! ,dom9ican fri>     
,suso3 ,9 cross+ a field1 ,suso met on a
 n>r[ pa? a poor1 respectable woman4 ,:5
 he 0 close to h]1 he /epp$ (f ! dry pa?
 & /ood 9 ! mud1 wait+ = h] to pass4 ,! 
woman1 :o knew him1 0 a/oni%$4 ',h[ is  
x1 ,sir1' %e said1 't y1 a v5]able      
prie/1 are humbly /&+ aside to all[ me1 
a poor woman1 to pass1 :5 x 7 f> m meet 
t ,i %\ld /& aside & make room = y8'    
',:y1 my good woman1' repli$ ,suso1 ',i 
l to hon\r all wom5 = ! sake ( ! g5tle  
,"m ( ,god 9 ,heav54'  ,x may seem      
extraord9>y1 b ?is absolutely           
unphilosophical1 & really p>adoxical    

emotion1 f\nd an appreciator 9 ! ,g]man 
philosoph] ,ludwig ,feu]ba*1 ! enemy (  
,*ri/ianity4 ,9 8 ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1
 z well z 9 8 treatise ,on ! ,cult (    
,m>y1 he ref]s to x m ?an once4 ,! holy 
,virg91 he says1 ! ,"m ( ,god1 is ! only
 div9e & positive1 t is to say1 ! only  
lovable & poetical figure ( ,*ri/ian    
my?ology1 & ! only "o wor?y ( wor%ip2 = 
,m>y is ! goddess ( beauty1 ! goddess ( 
love1 ! goddess ( humanity1 ! goddess ( 
nature1 ! goddess ( fre$om f dogma4     
,feu]ba* is "r4 ,! ,lady ( ,heav5 /&s = 
! deliv]y f dogma1 because %e _h h]     
orig9 9 spontane\s emotion1 clo!d ) b a 
few rags ( dogma4 ,! monks v[$ ! v[ (   
*a/ity1 he cont9ues 9 8 great "w2 !y    
suppress$ ! sexual impulse1 b 9 ex*ange 
!y _h ! p]sonification ( womanhood1 (   
love1 9 ! ,virg9 9 ,heav54 ,! m _!      
ideal1 fictiti\s repres5tative ( h] sex 
became an object ( spontane\s love1 ! m 
easily c\ld !y disp5se ) ! wom5 ( fle% &
 blood4 ,! m !y emphasis$ 9 _! lives !  
complete suppression ( sexuality1 ! m   

prom95t became ! "p :i* ! ,virg9 play$ 9
 _! emotions2 %e usurp$ 9 _m cases1 !   
place ( ,*ri/1 & ev5 ! place ( ,god4    
,feu]ba* !n expla9s ! ne$ ( man to      
project 8 noble/ s5tim5ts on ,heav51 &  
lays mu* /ress on ! necessity ( believ+ 
9 ! ,"m ( ,god1 because ! love ( a *ild 
= its "m is ! fir/ /rong feel+ ( man4   
,:]e ! fai? 9 ! ,"m ( ,god decl9es1 !   
fai? 9 ! ,son ( ,god1 & 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 
decl9es also4   ,i w n[ leave ! region (
 ! hi/orical & exam9e ! emotion ^:      
reality & influ5ce ,i h sub/antiat$1 f a
 timeless /&po9t1 = my pr9cipal po9t is 
! psy*ical1 & m p>ticul>ly !            
metaphysical consummation ( ! emotion ( 
love4 ,! sole object ( ! abundant       
evid5ce ,i h be5 compell$ to adduce is  
my desire to prove ! exi/5ce &          
significance ( all ! emotions :i* /ir ! 
s\l1 & 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages /rove s   
p[]fully to express !mselves4 ,my !sis t
 sexuality & love are oppos$ pr9ciples w
 no d\bt be reject$1 =1 "u ! /rong      
influ5ce ( ! !ory ( evolution1 all ! _w 

is to-day agre$ t love is no?+ b !      
ref9em5t ( ! sexual impulse4 ,i ma9ta9 t
 7z f> z man is conc]n$7 !y diff] v     
ess5tially1 & ,i h attempt$ to prove _! 
incomm5surability by submitt+ hi/orical 
facts4 ,t !y may1 & w1 ultimately m]ge1 
is my unalt]able conviction4 ,my        
ass]tion t some?+ s fundam5tal z !      
p]sonal love ( man & woman did n exi/ f 
! beg9n+1 b came into exi/5ce 9 ! c\rse 
( hi/ory1 at a n v remote p]iod1 may    
seem ev5 m /range4 ,my only reply is t  
in/ead ( advanc+ op9ions ,i h br\ght    
=w>d facts & all[$ !m to speak =        
!mselves4 ,moreov]1 to my m9d !         
realisation ( ! intimate connection (   
love & evolv+ p]sonality is a f> m      
magnific5t pro( ( ! s\ndness ( !        
evolution>y !ory ?an ! reflection t we h
 receiv$ all ?+s ready-made f ! h&s (   
nature4 ,has x n be5 prov$ to u t !     
religi\s consci\sness ( ! div9ity ( !   
human s\l 0 also evolv$ 9 hi/orical "t1 
& has nev] aga9 disappe>$8  ,e /rong    
love :i* f9ds no response is fraught ) !

 possibility ( an inf9ite unfold+2 x may
 p[]fully seize ! :ole s\l & make life a
 trag$y4 ,b ?is trag$y is n ( ! v ess5ce
 ( trag$y1 inasmu* z "h we h m]ely love 
confront$ by an unsurm\ntable ob/acle1  
meet+ & ov]:elm+ x2 ! discord is n      
inh]5t4 ,_m a lov] suff]+ f unrequit$   
love1 is born ) ! t5d5cy to become      
unhappy1 ) a secret w to ! voluptu\sness
 ( pa9 & melan*oly2 he w enjoy 8        
unhapp9ess1 p]haps become productive    
?r\gh x4 ,?us1 ?is delib]ately unhappy  
love may be reg>d$ z an analogy to g5u9e
 metaphysical eroticism4 ,= ! wor%ip (  
woman is 9 its ess5ce inf9ite /riv+2 its
 object is always unatta9able1 an       
illusion4 ,e e>?ly love1 ev5 if x f9ds  
no response at all1 may1 9 pr9ciple1 be 
gratifi$1 & is only unhappy if ext]nal  
circum/ances int]v5e4 ,b ! love ( !     
,madonna is 9 itself fraught ) ! tragic 
impossibility ( requital2 its f\ndation 
is ! recognition1 or div9ation1 ( ! fact
 t mortal wom5 are too insignificant = a
 passion :i* ye>ns = inf9itude4 ,a lov] 

fill$ ) ! long+ to glorify a woman &    
wor%ip h] z a div9e be+1 has frequ5tly  
exp]i5c$ a c]ta9 disappo9tm5t4 ,! belov$
 may h di$ "y--z did ,beatrice--)\t 8   
ev] hav+ come into close contact ) h]2  
in/9ctively 8 s\l turns heav5w>d--&     
imag9ation has ample scope to trans=m & 
transfigure ! dead4 ,or he may h be5    
disappo9t$ 9 8 mi/ress2 x may h be5 t   
he1 attun$ to pure1 spiritual love1 has 
f\nd h] all too human4 ,he flees f      
reality into ! _w ( dreams1 & envelops  
h] ) ! veil ( my/]i\sness & div9ity4    
,purely spiritual love is an int5se     
emotion1 & z m5 & wom5 ( fle% & blood _c
 always live at high pressure1 h\rs (   
dejection & disappo9tm5t w necess>ily h 
to be exp]i5c$4 ,! s\l takes refuge 9 an
 illusion :i* becomes m & m an end 9    
itself1 & gradually ! lov] creates an   
inaccessibly l(ty1 cele/ial woman4 ,=   
purely spiritual love aspires to        
absolute transc5d5cy2 x _c be> contact )
 e-day life4 ,! psy*ologi/s ( ! pres5t  
day tell u t a feel+1 9 becom+          

spiritualis$1 loses /r5g?1--hi/ory      
tea*es u t 9 ! case ( great s\ls !      
opposite is ! rule4  ,^! sugge/ions     
purpose to expla9 ! inception ( an      
ec/atic love2 b ! true metaphysical     
erotic is born & ne$s no outside        
/imulus2 8 he>t ye>ns = ! inaccessible f
 ! v beg9n+4 ,!re are c]ta9 elem5ts (   
feel+ :i* mu/ be pres5t 9 8 s\l         
simultane\sly3 a religi\s elem5t>y feel+
 t5d+ to ! metaphysical2 ! ne$ ( a      
sacr$--a div9e--be+1 z ! f\ndation ( all
 exi/+ ?+s2 a p[]ful & purely spiritual 
crav+ = love1 hurt1 p]haps unconsci\sly1
 9 e>ly y\?1 & f9ally an imag9ation     
end[$ ) pla/ic =ce--arti/ic t5d5cies4 ,9
 ! case ( ! my/ic ! s\l1 too1 is fill$ )
 ! consci\sness ( ! div9e2 he1 too1 has 
! capacity = a great love1 b ) him x is 
n ! love ( woman1 b ( some?+ univ]sal1 n
 individualis$1 ! _w1 ! cosmos1 ,god4   
,:ile ! my/ic attempts to embody !      
inconceivable ,deity 9 8 s\l1 ! wor%ipp]
 ( ! ,madonna1 l ! arti/1 imag9atively  
creates a be+ :i* he sets up =          

contemplation at ! greate/ possible     
di/ance4 ,! my/ic is bl9d1 z x 72 he is 
ye>n+ p]sonifi$1 & he w\ld =ce ,god into
 8 s\l4 ,! metaphysical lov] ne$s a     
pla/ic figure :i*1 9 ! extreme/ case1   
may repres5t ! :ole _w to him1 & ?is    
figure mu/ be a woman4 ,x is a hi/orical
 accid5t t ?is woman is frequ5tly       
connect$ ) a woman ( ecclesia/ical      
tradition1 an accid5t /r5g!n$ by        
insuffici5t creative p[] on ! "p ( !    
lov]1 or lack ( c\rage & self-confid5ce4
 ,he is grateful = ! support giv5 to him
 by tradition4 ,! greate/ metaphysical  
lov]s1 ,dante1 ,goe! & ,mi*elangelo1    
freely creat$ ! objects ( _! love2 !    
,prote/ant ,goe!--:om "s p ev5 accuse ( 
paganism--clung m closely ?an ei!r ( !  
o!rs to ! ,m>y ( ,ca?olicism 79 ! f9al  
sc5e ( ,fau/74 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,madonna is
 ! love ( great solit>y s\ls1 &--z is   
prov$ by ,goe!--( ! great s\ls 9 ! h\rs 
( _! la/ solitude4  ,:ile !re 0 only    
un9dividualis$ sexual in/9ct1 ! *a/ity (
 woman 0 ( no acc\nt2 we h se5 t nei!r !

 ,ea/]n nations nor ! ,greeks atta*$ any
 value to x4 ,! woman :o _h be/ fulfill$
 h] vocation z a "m1 0 ! woman mo/      
highly respect$4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 z well z )  
,jews & ,romans1 a woman c\ld be divorc$
 by h] husb& = /]ility4 ,! only wom5 :o 
71 to "s ext5t1 appreciat$ = _! own     
sakes1 7 ! ,greek heta]ae4 ,b :5        
asceticism became a moral value1 *a/ity1
 too1 0 reg>d$ z a virtue1 & p]sonal    
love betwe5 two individuals inve/$ x ) a
 pr(\nd significance4 ,h5ce=? woman %\ld
 no long] be reg>d$ z ! vehicle = !     
gratification ( male s5suality2 x %\ld  
be h] mission to lead ! lov] to         
spiritual p]fection4 ,! fusion ( ! old] 
ideal ( womanhood1 ! "m 7ackn[l$g$ &    
sanction$ by religion 9 ! "m ( !        
,savi\r71 ) ! new] ideal1 ! ,virg91     
creat$ ! ideal ( ! late ,middle ,ages3 !
 virg9 ) ! ,*ild4 ,"h ! natural vocation
 ( woman & ! fanta/ic mission laid ^u h]
 by man 7 unit$ 9 a p>adoxical high]    
intuition1 & x is sup]flu\s to po9t out 
t ! mo/ irreligi\s m9ds ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 z

 well z ^? ( all lat] eras1 h to ?is day
 wor%ipp$ ?is ideal1 & nev] we>i$ (     
repres5t+ x "u new =ms4  ,b ! wor%ip ( !
 ,virg9al ,"m conta9s ano!r elem5t1 an  
elem5t ( :i* man 9 8 contact ) woman is 
deeply consci\s3 ! elem5t ( my/]y4 ,to a
 man a "y girl1 unt\*$ by ! fa9te/ brea?
 ( s5suality1 has a quality ( /rang5ess 
& my/]i\sness 7?is is probably a result 
( ,european s5tim5t71 & at all times !  
woman :o has become a "m has be5 reg>d$ 
) a slight feel+ ( sup]/iti\s awe4 ,9 ! 
,virg9al ,"m ^! two vaguely rev]5tial   
feel+s are bl5d$2 %e is a /range &      
awe-inspir+ be+1 & man1 div9+ a my/]y1  
b[s d[n be=e h]4  ,otto ,we9+] 0 ! fir/ 
to give u a psy*ology ( ! cult ( !      
,madonna1 & he did x 9 a mann] :i* prov$
 8 entire compreh5sion ( ?is peculi>    
s5tim5tal disposition4 ,he realis$ &    
po9t$ out ! contra/ betwe5 sexuality &  
eroticism 78 t]ms = sexual impulse &    
love71 b 9 accordance ) 8 extreme m5tal 
disposition he left ^! two pr9ciples 9  
irreconcilable conflict1 :ile ,i reg>d  

_! anti!sis m]ely 9 ! light ( a transi5t
 phase :i* w be foll[$ by a reconcil+   
syn!sis4 ,we9+] is1 ,i believe1 9       
conflict ) spiritual reality :5 7guid$  
by e?ical1 n psy*ological consid]ations7
 he proposes ! !ory t a man end[s !     
belov$ woman ) all ! l(ty values he     
desires = himself4 ,he projects 8 ideal 
( an absolutely p]fect be+ on ano!r     
human be+1 & ?is & no?+ else is ! mean+ 
( 8 love4 ,to be/[ all ! qualities "o   
w\ld l to possess1 b nev] c q possess1  
on ano!r individual1 to make x !        
repres5tative ( all values1 t is to     
love4 ,x is a commonplace exp]i5ce t    
g5u9e love w awak5 9 ! s\l new &        
transc5d5t emotions1 comp>$ to :i* all  
previ\s exp]i5ce appe>s petty &         
insignificant4 ,! waves ( ?is emotion   
are able to c>ry ! lov] to ! inf9ite1 or
 at lea/ 8 emotion w help him to div9e !
 inf9ite4 ,he sees1 unexpect$ly1 8 inmo/
 s\l reveal$ to him1 he has exce$$ !    
limits ^u :i* he has hi!rto look$ z a   
matt] ( c\rse2 ! b>ri] betwe5 him & !   

univ]se has fall51 ! :ole _w belongs to 
him2 ! egoi/ becomes less selfi%1 !     
cruel man g5tle1 ! dull>d clairvoyant2 e
 man feels t he has become great] & m   
human4 ,?is is nei!r illusion nor       
projection1 nor is x a subtle1 psy*ical 
deception--x is sob] reality4 ,we9+]'s  
suspicion ( a delusion is no?+ b !      
result ( 8 ascetic solipsism1 refus+ to 
accept ano!r be+'s help 9 8 /riv+ =     
p]fection1 a consequ5ce ( ! "o-sid$1    
/]ile cult ( 8 individual s\l1 a noble b
 pu]ile pride refus+ to be indebt$ to ! 
_w & to 8 fell[-m51 ! fanatical1        
metaphysical dualism :i* is s (t5 met ) 
9 ! second /age ( eroticism1 & to :i*   
/age he belongs4  ,we9+] %rank f ! idea 
t an individual might be made ! means to
 an end1 in/ead ( be+ an end 9 itself4  
,9 my op9ion 8 ju/ification = !         
translation ( ?is =mula--fram$ by ,kant 
= pure e?ics--to empirical psy*ology1 is
 d\btful4 ,to use an individual only z a
 means to an end :i* is ali5 to 8 inmo/ 
be+1 is c]ta9ly immoral4 ,b all social  

life is bas$ on a mutual relation%ip (  
means & ends2 a man is an end 9 himself 
at ! same "t t he is a means to o!r     
individuals & ! community4 ,! tea*] is a
 means z f> z 8 pupils are conc]n$2 !   
poet is a means 9 respect to all :o seek
 9 8 writ+s in=mation or recreation4 ,to
 c>ry ! /igmatisation ( ^! facts to a   
logical conclusion1 "o w\ld h to call x 
immoral to accept any?+ f p>5ts or      
tea*]s2 "o w\ld h to reject e good      
influ5ce--:i* always comes f outside--& 
become completely absorb$ 9 ! cult (    
"o's own s\l4 ,"o w\ld ev5 h to object  
to be+ born1 & w\ld h to create "o's    
self out ( no?+4 ,x has always be5      
reg>d$ z ! spl5did privilege ( great m5 
to ex]t an ennobl+ influ5ce on o!rs--:y1
 !re=e1 %\ld ! influ5ce ( a belov$ woman
 on h] lov] be objectionable8  ,we9+]'s 
error 9 ! sph]e ( eroticism arises f !  
fact ( 8 imprison+ love 9 a =mula :i* is
 by no means applicable to x4 ,9 love ! 
mutual relation%ip ( means & ends does n
 exi/1 ! lov] feels t ! belov$ is always

 an end 9 h]self 9 ! highe/ s5se2 he    
w\ld f9d x impossible inw>dly to e/abli%
 su* a relation%ip betwe5 himself & h]2 
v frequ5tly himself1 8 well-be+ & 8     
life1 are ( no acc\nt to him if he c    
s]ve h]4 ,we9+]'s ass]tion t at !       
consummation ( love e woman is m]ely !  
means ( gratify+ a man's passion1 is    
simply n true4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a    
*>act]i/ic ( g5u9e love t ! physical    
embrace is ( no great importance1 does n
 ev5 rise to full consci\sness4 ,!      
p]sonality ( ! belov$ is ev]y?+1        
physical s5sation no?+4 ,we9+] id5tifies
 love ) passion & 8 argum5t is easily   
refutable by ! exp]i5ce ( _m4 ,9 love   
!re is nei!r means nor end2 if1 h[ev]1  
categoric =mulas mu/ be us$1 "o might   
speak ( a reciprocal action4 ,equally   
errone\s is 8 correspond+ ass]tion t !  
arti/ loves a woman spiritually1 t is1 9
 ! s5se ( deify+ h]1 = ! purpose ( draw+
 f h] inspiration = 8 "w4 ,if he loves  
h]1 !n 8 love is ! alpha & omega ( 8    
/riv+1 & if love inspires him to a*ieve 

a ma/]piece1 ! effect ( love on him mu/ 
be consid]$ great & good1 because x is a
 creative effect4  ,! extreme           
individuali/ic ideal w\ld lead to an    
absolutely unproductive view ( life4    
,asceticism /&s condemn$ because x is   
unproductive4 ,i may reg>d an ,indian   
fakir :o has become s godlike t he c    
su/a9 life on six gra9s ( rice a day1 & 
draw brea? once e qu>t] ( an h\r--to say
 no?+ ( spee* or cleanl9ess--z a v      
/range individual2 b ,i see no?+        
positive or important 9 him4 ,! road :i*
 leads f ! individual to ! univ]sal _c  
be ! rejection ( ! _w2 x mu/ be its     
p]fection1 result+ f productivity ( m9d1
 or s\l1 or de$4 ,he :o on pr9ciple     
refuses to be productive1 condemns      
himself to annihilation 9 ! high] s5se4 
,i admit t he :o works at 8 own         
p]fection does good "w1 too2 b x is !   
inexplicable secret ( all truly creative
 lab\r--9 ! highe/ z well z 9 ! l[e/    
s5se--t x mu/ ultimately affect ! _w &  
et]nity4 ,! /ronge/ emotions1 ! inn]    

illum9ation ( ! my/ic & ! love ( ! great
 erotic1 h be5 conceiv$ 9 ! he>t (      
he>ts2 & h ultimately gr[n beyond _!    
creator1 f ! individual to ! univ]sal4  
,! m intimate & p[]ful ! creative       
impulse has be51 ! m ret>d$ & abundant  
may1 p]haps1 be ! effect4 ,b ! *a9 :i*  
l9ks ! great s\l to humanity _c be      
brok51 ! "w w make itself manife/--! "w 
( de$1 ! "w ( ! m9d1 ! "w ( love--,i d n
 say to ! public1 b to life1 to ! _w4 ,!
 creative p]sonality alone is ! fa!r ( !
 objective values ( civilisation4  ,!   
great love :i* l$ ,dante1 ,goe! & ,wagn]
 to ! summits ( humanity is 9 ! highe/  
s5se positive & creative4 ,& he :o      
realises t love is n subject to sexual  
impulse1 :o kn[s x z some?+ purely      
p]sonal1 =eign & ev5 ho/ile to ! g5us1  
mu/ admit t x is "o ( ! v highe/ (      
values4 ,a contr>y e?ic is /]ile1       
,indian1 unproductive1 n ,european4 ,i  
am well aw>e t ,we9+] did n explicitly  
draw ?is conclusion2 b he rejects       
spiritual love because x end[s ! lov] ) 

new capacities1 ! capacities ( gr[? &   
p]fection1 & he is !re=e 9 ! la/ resort 
a repres5tative ( philosophic nihilism4 
7c7 ,dante & ,goe!  ,! wor%ip ( woman   
f\nd its climax 9 ,dante4 ,?r\gh ! "w ( 
8 y\?1 ! ,vita ,nuova & 8 ma/]piece1 ,! 
,div9e ,com$y1 we c trace /ep by /ep !  
/ages ( ! road1 beg9n+ ) a glimpse ( a  
"y girl 9 ,flor5ce1 & end+ ) !          
incorporation ( a woman into ! _w-sy/em4
 ,we are face to face ) an extraord9>y  
process ( evolution4 ,! "y girl he _h   
se5 a few times1 & :o di$ 9 h] y\?1 goes
 on gr[+ & develop+ 9 8 s\l1 until1 at  
la/1 9 him ! w to raise woman above "t  
into et]nity1 ! w to make h] a memb] ( !
 div9e sy/em1 rea*es its full           
realisation4 ,:at _h be5 begun by !     
tr\bad\rs & fully compreh5d$ by ! poets 
( ! sweet new /yle1 rea*$ completion 9  
,dante1 &1 0 h5ce=? an et]nal value =   
all humanity4  ,we see t ! lat]         
tr\bad\rs 7 incl9$ to bl5d ! lady ( _!  
he>t ) ! univ]sal ,lady ( ,heav52 ! ne$ 
( deify+ ! lov$ woman 0 at ! root ( _m  

dubi\s gr[?s1 & possibly ^! e>ly poets 7
 also to "s ext5t influ5c$ by _! dread (
 ! ,inquisition 7:i* nev] ga9$ mu*      
importance 9 ,italy74 ,! new poets      
deep5$ ?is feel+1 /ripp$ x ( all        
ext]nalities1 & appe>$ be=e ! ador$     
simply z lov]s4 ,!y did n require !     
dogmatic support ( ! ,*ur*1 _! own feel+
 0 suffici5t gu>antee4 ,dante1 moreov]1 
0 possess$ by a crav+ = an absolutely   
p]fect & consi/5t _w-sy/em1 & _h1       
besides1 ! p[] to build x up & p x )    
sublime intellig5ces4 ,& 9 ?is sy/em1 ! 
cr[n & p]fection ( ! m$iaeval-,ca?olic  
conception ( ! univ]se1 he assign$ to ! 
love ( 8 y\? a high & p]man5t place by !
 side ( ! deities4 ,dante ?us rais$ 8   
individual feel+ to a univ]sal dogma1 & 
enri*$ ! ,ca?olic heav5 by 8 p]sonal    
love4 ,:at = two hundr$ ye>s _h be5 a   
dream & a desire1 _h become a matt] (   
fai? & tru?4 ,n[1 & n until n[1 love &  
religion 7 "o2 ! love ( a woman _h be5  
includ$ 9 ! sy/em ( et]nal v]ities1 & _h
 become id5tical ) ! love ( immortality4

 ,love :i* moves ! sun & all ! />s 0    
ackn[l$g$ z a fundam5tal feel+4 ,!      
an*or+ ( ! subjective 9 ! et]nal 0      
a*iev$ 9 ?is metaphysical sett+3 !      
deification ( ! belov$2 & no great] gift
 0 ev] v\*saf$ to man ?an ! creation (  
metaphysically true be+s & values4 ,all 
t _h be5 done be=e _h m]ely prep>$ !    
gr\nd = ?is great de$3 ! en%r9em5t ( !  
belov$ 9 ! he>t ( ! div9e secrets4  ,!  
,vita ,nuova1 :i* is at once a glorifi$ 
hi/orical record & ! greate/ te/imony ( 
metaphysical love1 emphasises f ! outset
 ! inspir+1 purify+ influ5ce emanat+ f !
 belov$2 ,beatrice is ! de/roy] ( all   
evil & ! que5 ( all virtue4 ,:5 ,i saw  
h] com+ t[>ds me & c\ld hope = h]       
salutation1 ! _w held no enemy = me1    
yea1 ,i 0 fill$ ) ! fire ( bro!rly love 
to su* an ext5t1 t ,i 0 ready to =give  
anybody :o _h ev] (f5d$ me4 ,& :oev] _h 
begg$ me = a gift1 ,i %\ld h repli$3    
,love6 & my face w\ld h be5 full (      
humility4 ,ev5 be=e 8 love _h be5       
translat$ to ! _w beyond1 he portray$   

spiritual love z h>dly any o!r poet be=e
 or aft] him4 ,! wom5 ( ,flor5ce ask    
,dante3 ,:y doe/ ?\ love ?is lady1 see+ 
t ?\ can/ n ev5 be> h] pres5ce8 ,tell u1
 = ! end ( su* love mu/ be              
incompreh5sible to m54 ,& he replies3   
,ladies1 ! end & aim ( my love is b !   
salutation ( t lady2 !re9 ,i f9d t      
beatitude :i* is ! goal ( my desire4 ,& 
n[ t x has pleas$ h] to d5y me h]       
salutation1 my :ole happ9ess is conta9$ 
9 t :i* c nev] p]i%4 ,& ! wom53 ,tell u1
 !n1 :]e9 lies su* happ9ess8 ,9 ! words 
t praise my lady 7t is to say 9 !       
emotion :i* is an end 9 itself & 9 its  
arti/ic expression74 ,! lov] nev]       
ex*ang$ a ^w ) h]2 _h he done s1        
attempt+ to e/abli% a reciprocal        
relation%ip1 ,beatrice1 b]eft ( 8       
idealis+ love1 w\ld h _h to desc5d f h] 
p$e/al & %[ h]self a girl l all ! re/4  
,n until aft] h] deification has become 
an e/abli%$ fact1 does ,beatrice 79 !   
beg9n+ ( ! ,div9e ,com$y7 rememb] h]    
lov] & come to save him4 ,9 "o ( 8 poems

 ,dante says t n e woman c\ld inspire   
su* a love1 b only a woman ( peculi>    
nobility ( "*4 ,x is v app>5t t ,dante1 
at fir/1 0 n sure ( himself1 & t he only
 gradually discov]$ ! new consci\sness  
:i* 0 /irr+ 8 s\l2 ) e *apt] ! belov$   
rec$es to a great] di/ance & becomes m  
sacr$ to him4  ,x is q 9 keep+ ) all ?is
 t our k ( ?is girl ( eighte5 is v vague
 & unc]ta94 ,"s ( ,dante's comm5tators  
believe h] to h be5 a figm5t ( 8 bra91 a
 woman :o nev] liv$1 or an allegory (   
wisdom1 virtue1 ! ,*ur*1 !ology1 etc4 ,b
 at ! dea? ( h] fa!r ,beatrice aga9     
behaves l any o!r e>?ly maid54 ,!re is a
 gra9 ( tru? 9 e "o ( ^! !ories1 =      
,dante 0 a great s*ola/ic z well z a    
great poet1 & 9 m advanc$ ye>s he felt a
 ne$ someh[ to connect ! love ( 8 y\? ) 
! sy/em ( ! ,*ur*2 ?is c\ld be done 9 an
 allegorical way )\t be+ inw>dly        
untru?ful4  ,vague =ces1 :i* ! lov]     
himself realises z my/]i\s1 run high 9 !
 ,vita ,nuova & 9 ! poems2 ! lov] has   
halluc9ations 9 sleep & sickness4 ,9 !  

?ird canzone ,dante speaks ( !          
impossibility ( compreh5d+ :at gave him 
a glimpse ( ! nature ( 8 mi/ress4 ,x 0 a
 =ebod+ ( new & great ?+s1 /ruggl+ sl[ly
 & gradually to take %ape1 = ! creation 
( a _w-sy/em1 "o ( ^: support+ pill>s 0 
p]sonal love ( an individual1 0 an      
unprec$5t$ a*ievem5t4 ,:5 %e speaks a _s
 incl9es f heav54 ,! angels implore ,god
 to call ?is miracle into _! mid/1 b    
,god wills t !y %all h pati5ce until !  
,hope ( ! ,bless$ appe>s4       ,love   
says ( h] c !re be mortal ?+      ,at   
once adorn$ s ri*ly & s pure8      ,!n  
looks on h] & sil5tly affirms      ,t   
heav5 design$ 9 h] a creature new4      
7,transl4 by ,c4 ,,lyell47  ,aga9 & aga9
 recurs ! motif ( h] beauty be=e :i* !  
_w mu/ fall pro/rate4 ,9 a sonnet n     
includ$ 9 ! ,vita ,nuova he says3       
,9 heav5 itself t lady _h h] bir?1      
,i ?9k1 & is ) u = our beho(2           
,bless$ are !y :o meet h] on ! e>?4     
7,transl4 by ,d4,g4 ,,rossetti47  ,!    
lov] has a =ebod+ ( ! fate await+ him3  

,i h set my feet into t phase ( life f  
:5ce !re is no return4 ,he div9es !     
sorr[ to :i* love has pr$e/9$ him4 ,b   
o!rs1 too1 div9+ t ?is man expects m1   
p]haps1 ( love ?an o!rs1 ask him to     
expla9 to !m ! ess5ce ( love1 & he      
answ]s !m ) ! fam\s sonnet3       ,amor 
e cor g5til sono una cosa      7,love & 
! g5tle he>t are b "o ?+47  ,! dea? (   
,beatrice is accompani$ by ! same       
ph5om5a z 0 ! dea? ( ,*ri/3 ! sun lo/   
its brilliance1 />s appe>$ 9 ! sky1     
birds fell to ! gr\nd1 dead1 ! e>?      
trembl$2 ,god visibly int]v5$ 9 ! c\rse 
( nature4       ,= f ! lamp ( h] meek   
l[lihead      ,su* an exce$+ glory w5t  
up h5ce1      ,t x woke wond] 9 !       
,et]nal ,sire1      ,until a sweet      
desire      ,ent]$ ,him = t lovely      
excell5ce1      ,s t ,he bade h] to     
,himself aspire2      ,c\nt+ ?is we>y & 
mo/ evil place      ,unwor?y ( a ?+ s   
full ( grace4                           
7,transl4 by ,d4,g4 ,,rossetti47  ,9 !  
#bi? *apt]1 :i* we1 to-day1 d n readily 

und]/&1 ,dante e/abli%$ by a sy/em (    
symbolical numb]s a connection betwe5   
,beatrice & ! ,tr9ity2 ! deification ( !
 belov$ _h be5 a*iev$ 9 ?\ght & emotion1
 religion enri*$ by a new div9ity4      
,love1 weep+1 has fill$ my he>t ) new k1
 he says1 at ! conclusion ( ! "w ( 8    
y\?4 ,i repeat :at ,i h already said 9  
ano!r place1 & support$ by passages f ! 
,div9e ,com$y3 ,x 0 nev] ,dante's       
int5tion to write fictiti\s poems 9 our 
mean+ ( ! t]m1 b at e h\r ( 8 life he 0 
conv9c$ t he 0 proclaim+ ! pure tru?2 he
 knew himself to be ! *os5 vehicle = !  
int]pretation ( ! et]nal sy/em ( ! _w4  
,at ! conclusion ( ! ,vita ,nuova1      
,beatrice is a div9e be+1 devoid ( all  
emotion--en?ron$ 9 ,heav52 9 ! ,com$y %e
 becomes h] lov]'s savi\r & r$eem]1 &   
?r\gh him a help] ( all humanity4 ,!    
love ( ! y\? _h f\nd no response 9 !    
he>t ( ! ,flor5t9e maid51 b ! s\l ( !   
glorifi$ woman 0 inspir$ by love ( him4 
,%e trembles = him1 & :5 ,m>y's mess5g] 
admoni%es h]3 ,:y doe/ ?\ n help him :o 

has lov$ !e s mu*8 %e s5ds ,virgil to   
him z a guide & f9ally h]self leads h]  
r$eem$ lov] to ,god4 ,n[ %e responds to 
8 love2 %e has ev5 wept = him4 ,?is     
ultimately fulfill$1 b always *a/ely    
hidd5 long+ = love 9 return1 gives !    
woman-wor%ip ( ,dante a peculi>ly noble 
*>m4 ,at ! end ( 8 j\rney ?r\gh life he 
prays to h]1 :o has aga9 disappe>$ f 8  
sight1 & 8 la/ confession is3 ,into a   
free man ?\ trans=m'/ a slave4  ,love's 
greate/ miracle has be5 made manife/ 9  
him2 x has transfigur$ & purifi$ him1 & 
made ( ! slave ( ! _w & its desires1 a  
p]sonality--! fundam5tal motif ( love4  
,!re is a close connection betwe5 !     
metaphysical love ( ,dante & ,goe!'s    
confession 9 ! la/ sc5e ( ,fau/1 :i*    
reveals ! poet's deepe/ conviction1 8   
f9al judgm5t ( life4 ,! confessions (   
bo? poets are id5tical to ! smalle/     
detail4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y repres5ts !    
j\rney ( humanity ?r\gh ! k+doms ( ! _w 
9 a mann] unique & repres5tative1       
applicable alike to all m51 9 ! s5se ( !

 ,ca?olic ,middle ,ages4 ,! fundam5tal  
idea ( ,fau/ is aga9 ! desire ( man to  
f9d ! "r way ?r\gh ! _w4 ,"h also !     
j\rney ?r\gh life is int5d$ to be       
typical2 x is und]tak5 five hundr$ ye>s 
lat]2 ! sc5e is laid = ! mo/ "p on !    
surface ( ! e>?1 b ! ultimate goal ( !  
wayf>] is ,heav54 ,hell1 in/ead ( be+ a 
subt]rane\s region1 is embodi$ 9 a      
pres5ce1 accompany+ & tempt+ man2 mod]n 
man has no fai?ful guide2 he mu/ himself
 seek ! way :i* to ! man ( ! ,middle    
,ages 0 cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,!  
love ( 8 y\? 7:i* 9 ! case ( ,dante     
fills a book 9 itself7 is m]ely an      
episode at ! beg9n+ ( ! trag$y--! lov]  
w&]s ?r\gh all ! k+doms ( ! _w1 f9ally  
to return home to ! belov$4  ,! la/ sc5e
 ( ,fau/ is an unfold+ ( metaphysical   
love into its inh]5t multiplicity2 its  
summit is ! metaphysical love ( woman4  
,all human /riv+ is det]m9$ & cr[n$ by !
 sav+ grace ( love4 ,fau/ has no long] a
 specific "n2 he has dropp$ ev]y?+      
subjective1 & is briefly /yl$ a lov]2 l 

,dante1 he has become repres5tative (   
humanity4 ,! h\r ( dea? revives ! memory
 ( ! love ( 8 y\?1 app>5tly =gott5 9 !  
/orm & /ress ( a cr[d$ life1 yet nev] q 
ext+ui%$ 9 ! he>t ( 8 he>t4 ,m>g>et is  
pres5t & guides him 7z ,beatrice guid$  
,dante7 upw>d1 to ! ,et]nal-,fem99e1 t  
is to say1 to ! metaphysical            
consummation ( all male ye>n+ = love4 ,!
 love f on high saves ,fau/ z x has sav$
 ,dante4 ,! bless$ boys 7:o1 z well z ! 
angels1 are pres5t 9 bo? poems7 s++3    
,:om ye adore %all ye      ,see face to 
face4#b  are aga9 ref]r+ to !           
transc5d5tly lov+ lov]4 ,l ,beatrice1   
,m>g>et int]c$es = him 7int]cession = h]
 lov] has always be5 woman's pr(\nde/   
pray]7 ) ! ,que5 ( ,heav53              
,incl9e1 oh incl9e1      ,all o!rs      
excell+1      ,9 glory aye dwell+1      
,unto my bliss ?y glance b5ign2      ,! 
lov$ "o asc5d+1      ,8 long tr\ble     
end+1      ,comes back1 he is m9e6  ,^! 
words are m intimate & human ?an ! words
 ( ,beatrice1 b fundam5tally !y mean !  

same ?+4 ,dante1 meet+ ,beatrice aga91  
says3       ,& o'er my _s t s long a "t 
,_h f h] pres5ce felt no %udd]+ dread1  
,albeit my eyes discov]$ h] n1 !re mov$ 
,a hidd5 virtue f h]1 at ^: t\*      ,! 
p[] ( anci5t love 0 /rong )9 me4#c  ,b  
:5 he :o has said s mu* beholds h] face 
to face1 he is /rick5 dumb4  ,beatrice  
receives ,dante f 8 guide & h]self      
unveils to him ! my/]ies ( life4        
,simil>ly ,m>g>et besee*es ! ,virg93    
,to guide him1 be x giv5 to me          
,/ill dazzles him ! new-born day6  &    
receives f on high ! comm& :i* !        
symbolically burd5$ ,beatrice kn[s      
intuitively3       ,asc5d1 ?9e influ5ce 
feele? he1      ,he'll foll[ on ?9e     
upw>d way4  ,z ,beatrice approa*es1 !   
angels s+3       ,oh6 ,turn      ,?y    
sa9tly eyes to ?is ?y fai?ful "o1       
,:o to behold !e _m a we>isome pace     
,ha? measur$4  ,& ) ! fundam5tal feel+ (
 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y ,fau/ concludes3
       ,! ev]-womanly      ,draws u     
above4  ,! e>?ly love ( 8 y\? is        

fulfill$ 9 ! dream ( metaphysical love1 
9 ! dream ( a div9e woman4 ,! g5ius     
creates1 at ! conclusion ( 8 life1 !    
fulfilm5t ( all long+4 ,x may s\nd      
p>adoxical1 b ,fau/--l ,dante & ,pe]    
,gynt--unconsci\sly s\ght ,m>g>et 9 !   
hurly-burly ( ! _w2 n ! "y girl :om he  
_h s$uc$ & des]t$1 b ! ,et]nal-,fem99e1 
! purely spiritual love1 :i* 9 8 y\? he 
div9$1 b de/roy$1 b\nd by ! %ackles (   
desire4 ,to ,dante1 to :om life & poem 7
 "o1 z well z to ,goe!-,fau/1 ! memory (
 fir/ love rema9$ typical ( all g5u9e1  
pr(\nd feel+2 ) ,dante love & ,beatrice 
are id5tical4 ,9 ! s\l ( ^! two m5      
metaphysical love1 ! long+ = ! et]nal 9 
woman1 :i* !y did n f9d on e>?1         
gradually awoke to life4 ,bo? place !   
glorifi$ mi/ress by ! side ( ano!r      
woman1 ! ,ca?olic ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,9    
,dante's1 z well z 9 ,goe!'s ,p>adise   
two wom51 a p]sonal "o & a univ]sal "o1 
are lov$ & ador$4 ,! second woman1 too1 
has h] exclusive1 ec/atic wor%ipp]4 ,/4 
,b]n>d1 ! ,doctor ,m>ianus ( ,dante1    

pro/rat+ himself be=e h]1 addresses to  
h] ! sublime pray] :i* beg9s3       ,oh1
 ,virg96 ,"m6 ,daught] ( ?y ,son6  & 9  
,fau/ we meet aga9 ! ,doctor ,m>ianus   
burn+--z ! repres5tative ( ! totality ( 
h] wor%ipp]s--) ! sacr$ joy ( love      
7,dante says       ,! ,que5 ( ,heav5 =  
:om my s\l      ,burns ) love's rapture7
  & pron\nc+ ! mo/ beautiful pray] to ! 
,madonna :i* ! _w possesses1 & :i* is   
almo/ id5tical ) ,dante's3       ,virg91
 pure f ta9t ( e>?1      ,"m1 we adore  
!e1      ,) ! ,godhead "o by bir?1      
,que51 we b[ be=e !e6  ,&1 pro/rat$ be=e
 h]3       ,p5it5ts1 h] savi\r-glance   
,gratefully behold+1      ,to beatitude 
advance1      ,/ill new p['rs unfold+6  
,?9e ea* bett] ?\ght %all be1      ,to  
?y s]vice giv56      ,holy ,virg91      
graci\s be1      ,"m1 ,que5 ( ,heav56   
,9 ! ,div9e ,com$y ,/4 ,b]n>d prays3    
,s mighty art ?\1 ,lady1 & s great1     
,t he :o grace desire? & comes n        
,to !e = aid5ce1 fa9 w\ld h desire      
,fly )\t w+s4  ,! ,*orus my/icus c\ld   

equally well =m ! conclusion ( ! ,com$y4
 ,! inadequate :i* to fulness gr[e?1 is 
:at ! ,prov5als already1 9 _! "t1       
realis$ z folly1 z a p>adox3 !          
metaphysical love ( woman1 = ev] rema9+ 
dream & long+1 always unfulfill$1 !     
et]nal-fem99e4  ,z ! ,mat] ,gloriosa    
appe>s1 ,dante exclaims3       ,!nce=w>d
 :at ,i saw      ,0 n = words to speak1 
nor memory's self      ,to /& aga9/ su* 
outrage on h] skill4  ,& ,goe!3       ,9
 />ry wrea? is se5      ,l(ty & t5d]1   
,midmo/ ! heav5ly que51      ,kn[n by h]
 spl5d\r4  ,"h ! sacr$ fire ( love1     
metaphysical eroticism1 has rea*$ its   
absolute climax4 ,! univ]se is repres5t$
 by a div9e woman1 & man1 ab&on+ himself
 to h]1 wor%ips h]4 ,goe!'s ,fau/       
concludes at ?is po9t1 b ,dante w5t     
fur!r1 "r into ! he>t ( ! et]nal glory (
 ! ,deity1 !re to lose himself4  ,i h   
previ\sly said t ! la/ sc5e ( ,fau/ 0 ! 
f9al unfold+ ( ! manifold blossom (     
metaphysical eroticism1 & ,i w proce$ to
 e/abli% my po9t4 ,hi!rto ,i h us$ ! t]m

 metaphysical eroticism always 9 its    
n>r[ s5se ( love ( woman4 ,h5ce=? ,i    
%all use x 9 its broad] mean+ ( my/ical 
love 9 g5]al1 all love t is project$ on 
! transc5d5tal & ! div9e4 ,emotion is ! 
specific doma9 ( humanity1 its p[]1 its 
ess5ce4 ,& 9 ! pr(\nde/ emotion1 9 love1
 a connection betwe5 ! temporal & !     
et]nal may be div9$4 ,h5ce ! ,*ri/ian   
my/]y ( my/]ies1 ,god giv+ ,8 ,son to ! 
_w = love ( humanity2 ,god unable to    
approa* ! _w o!r ?an z a lov]--sacrific+
 ,himself = ! sake ( love4 ,we _c       
conceive ! ,sublime ) any o!r pr9cipal  
function ?an t ( love2 = love is !      
deepe/ & pr(\nde/ emotion ( ! human     
he>t1 &1 9 accordance ) ! fir/ po/ulate1
 mu/ !re=e be ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,on ?is
 po9t all my/ics & all metaphysical     
ec/atics are agre$2 ,god is love is     
writt5 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,love   
:i* moves ! sun & all ! />s1 /&s at !   
t]m9ation ( ,dante's ma/]piece3 & 9     
,fau/ ! ,pat] ,pr(undus confesses3      
,s love1 almighty1 all-p]vad+1          

,does all ?+s m\ld1 does all su/a94  ,he
 is /ill wre/l+ = div9e love2 he /ill   
has to fight aga9/ ! temptations ( d\bt 
7( ?\ght71       ,oh1 ,god6 ,my tr\bl$  
?\ghts compos+1      ,my ne$y he>t d ?\ 
illume6  ,b ! true en?usia/ic lov] ( !  
div9e1 compell$ to annihilate himself s 
z to become absorb$ 9 ,god1 ! lov] :o no
 long] kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 pa9 &     
delight1 is repres5t$ by ! ,pat]        
,ec/aticus3 ,! condition ( re/ is =eign 
to him1 ceaselessly mov+ up & d[n1 he   
s+s3       ,joy's ev]la/+ fire1         
,love's gl[ ( pure desire1      ,pang ( 
! see?+ brea/1      ,rapture a hall[$   
gue/6      ,d>ts pi]ce me ?r\gh & ?r\gh1
      ,lances my fle% subdue1           
,clubs me to atoms da%1      ,lightn+s  
a?w>t me fla%1      ,t all ! wor?less   
may      ,pass l a cl\d away1      ,:ile
 %9e? f af>1      ,love's gem1 a        
dea?less />6  ,^! ejaculations          
completely exhau/ ! emotional life ( !  
self-de/ructive metaphysical erotic--he 
is consci\s ( no?+ b 8 passion ( love   

:i* eclipses all else4 ,) him ! second  
=m ( metaphysical love1 ! love-dea?1 is 
rea*$4 ,goe!1 9 creat+ ?is "*1 mu/ h _h 
9 8 m9d ! unique ,jacopone da ,todi4 ,= 
?is raptur\s love 0 ! keynote (         
,jacopone's "*1 8 :ole life 0 "o great  
ec/asy3       ,my he>t 0 all to brok51  
,z pro/rate ,i 0 ly+1      ,) de> love's
 fi]y tok5      ,swift f ! ar*] fly+2   
,w\nd$1 ) sweet pa9 soak51      ,peace  
became w>--& dy+1      ,my s\l ) pa9 0  
soak51      ,di/raught ) ?roes ( love4  
,9 transports ,i am dy+1      ,oh6      
,love's a/\nd+ wond]6--      ,= love1 8 
fell spe> ply+1      ,has cleft my he>t 
asund]4      ,ar\nd ! blade are ly+     
,%>p tee?1 my life to sund]1      ,9    
rapture ,i am dy+1      ,di/raught )    
?roes ( love4  ,&3       ,oh1 ,love6 oh1
 ,love6 oh1 ,jesus1 my desire1      ,oh1
 ,love6 ,i hold !e clasp$ 9 sweet       
embrace6      ,oh1 ,love6 embrac+ !e1   
c\ld ,i expire6      ,oh1 ,love6 ,i'd   
die to see !e face to face4      ,oh1   
,love6 oh1 ,love6 ,i burn 9 rapture's   

fire1      ,i die1 enravi%$ 9 ! s\l's   
embrace4  ,! leg5d has x t ! he>t (     
,jacopone broke ) ! int5sity ( love4    
,?is w\ld h be5 a love-dea? ( cosmic    
gr&eur4  ,be=e ,jacopone ,/4 ,b]n>d1 9  
:om all ! radiations ( metaphysical     
eroticism are traceable1 0 consum$ by   
simil> emotions4 ,"s ( 8 ,lat9 poems v  
mu* resemble ! poems ( 8 successor3     
,oh1 mo/ sweet ,jesu1 ,savi\r ble/1     
,my ye>n+ _s's hope & re/1      ,to !e  
m9e inmo/ nature cries1      ,& seeks ?y
 face ) te>s & sighs4       ,?\1 my     
he>t's joy :]e'er ,i rove1      ,?\ art 
! p]fect+ ( love2      ,?\ art my       
boa/--all praise be ?9e1      ,jesu1 !  
_w's salvation1 m9e6        ,!n 8       
embrace1 8 holy kiss1      ,! honeycomb 
7 naught to ?is6      ',tw]e bliss fa/  
b\nd to ,*ri/ = aye1      ,b 9 ^! joys  
is little /ay4       ,?is love )        
ceaseless ard\r burns1      ,h[ wondr\s 
sweet no /rang] le>ns2      ,b ta/$     
once1 ! enraptur$ wight1      ,is fill$ 
) ev] new delight4       ,n[ ,i behold  

:at mo/ ,i s\ght2      ,fulfill$ at la/ 
my long+ ?\ght2      ,lovesick1 my s\l  
to ,jesus turns1      ,& all my he>t )9 
me burns4                               
7,transl4 by ,t4,g4 ,,cripp547  ,we read
 9 8 writ+s3 ,bless$ & sacr$ is he to   
:om x has be5 giv5 to exp]i5ce ?is 9 8  
e>?ly life2 ev5 if he h exp]i5c$ x only 
once1 = ! space ( a fleet+ m9ute4 ,= to 
melt away completely1 z x 71 z if "o _h 
ceas$ to exi/1 to be empti$ ( self1     
dissolv$ 9 holy emotion1 has n be5 giv5 
to mortal life1 b is ! /ate ( ! bless$4 
,i %all h to ref] to bo? m5 9 a future  
*apt]1 :5 ,i %all exam9e ! deg5]ate     
gr[?s ( metaphysical eroticism2 = !     
ard\r ( _! s\ls 0 frequ5tly k9dl$ by    
sexual imag9+s2 9 ! case ( emotional    
my/ics x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui%    
betwe5 s5sual conceptions & ! pure love 
( ,god 7a fact :i* does n1 h[ev]1 ju/ify
 ! sup]ficial op9ion t all my/icism is  
div]t$ sexuality74  ,x is obvi\s t ?is  
love ( ,god is n ! orig9al creation ( ! 
lov]1 z is ! deify+ love ( woman1 b !   

my/ic love ^: self-evid5t object is ,god
 or et]nity4 ,jacopone's 7& lat] on     
,z9z5dorf's7 love ( ,jesus1 ?\gh        
project$ on a hi/orical p]sonality1 0   
fundam5tally ! same ?+4 ,! love ( ,god  
also--& 9 ?is connection ,i might m5tion
 ,jacob ,boehme1 ,alphonso da ,liguori1 
,novalis--is metaphysical eroticism2 b  
,i h re/rict$ my subject to !           
metaphysical love ( woman1 & %all n     
ov]/ep my limits4 ,i w m]ely elucidate a
 little m ! la/ sc5e ( ,fau/4  ,pat]    
s]aphicus1 a title giv5 bo? to ,/4      
,francis & to ,bonav5tura--requires b a 
few words3 he1 too1 praises metaphysical
 love1 ! ess5ce ( ! supreme spirits4    
,?us ! spirits' nature /eal+      ,?r\gh
 ! e!r's dep?s pr(\nd2      ,love       
et]nal1 self-reveal+1      ,%$s         
beatitude ar\nd4  ,b ev5 ! m p]fect     
angels _c free !mselves f ! dualism (   
all ?+s human 7body & s\l7--an          
unmi/akable confession ( metaphysical   
dualism3       ,p>ts !m ,god's love     
alone1        ,_! union end+4  ,!       

id5tity ( ! la/ sc5e ( ,fau/1 ,goe!'s   
ma/]piece1 & ! conclusion ( ,dante's    
,div9e ,com$y1 is s obvi\s t ,i d n ?9k 
any "o c\ld d5y x4 ,i h po9t$ out !     
?\ght und]ly+ bo? works1 & c\ld easily  
advance fur!r pro( ( _! simil>ity1 b ,i 
w keep )9 ! limits ( ! la/ sc5e :i*     
conta9s ! totality ( metaphysico-erotic 
ye>n+1 & ,i cont5d t x is v rem>kable t 
a lifetime aft] ! composition ( ,m>g>et1
 ,fau/ 7& ) him ,goe!7 v old1 v wise1 & 
a little cold1 hav+ _h love-affairs )   
demi-goddesses1 & hav+ f9ally r5\nc$ !  
love ( woman1 f\nd 8 mission & 8        
happ9ess 9 un9t]rupt$1 productive       
activity4 ,he has discov]$ ! f9al value 
9 "w4 ,b ! long-=gott5 heav5 op5s & !   
love ( 8 y\? comes to meet him4 ,/ripp$ 
( ev]y?+ e>?ly1 a div9e be+1 %e /ill    
loves him & %[s him ! way to salvation1 
pres5t$ "u ! aspect ( !                 
,et]nal-,fem99e--exactly z 9 ! ,div9e   
,com$y4 ,!re mu/ be a reason = !        
uni=mity ( feel+ 9 ! case ( ! two       
greate/ subjective poets ( ,europe      

7,%akespe>e 0 great] ?an ei!r1 b he 0 q 
imp]sonal71 = ! logical possibility t   
,goe! imitat$ ,dante1 & borr[$ 8 supreme
 values f him1 _c be ma9ta9$ = a mom5t4 
,_! mutual *>act]i/ic is ! long+ =      
metaphysical love4 ,:5 ^! great lov]s   
exp]i5c$ = ! fir/ "t ! s5sation ( love1 
_! he>ts 7 ?r[n op5 to ! univ]se1 !y _h 
! fir/ p[]ful exp]i5ce ( et]nity1 & !y  
became poets4 ,! fir/ love & ! cosmic   
consci\sness ( g5ius 7 simultane\sly    
pres5t1 !y 7 "o 9 _! inmo/ s\l4 7,) !   
philosoph] x is a diff]5t matt]1 = to   
him ! love ( woman is n fraught ) ! same
 trem5d\s significance47 ,?is exp]i5ce (
 fir/ love1 awak5+ ! consci\sness (     
et]nity1 rema9$ to !m = all "t int]wov5 
) religion & metaphysics--int]wov51 t is
 to say1 ) all transc5d5t long+4 ,& ?\gh
 ! ag$ ,fau/ _h believ$ x to be buri$ 9 
! d>k night ( =gott5 ?+s1 x 0 /ill alive
 9 8 inmo/ he>t1 & ! dy+ man's vision ( 
! ,div9e took col\r & %ape f x4  ,!     
s\rce ( bo? great poems 0 ! poet's w to 
assimilate ! _w & recreate x1 impregnat$

 ) 8 own s\l2 ! secret motive p[]s 7 !  
my/ic love ( et]nity & ! love ( woman   
:i* _h outgr[n ?is _w & aspir$ to !     
next4 ,to ,goe!1 ?ir/+ to give a        
concrete %ape to 8 ye>n+1 ,god & et]nity
 7 too intangible1 too remote &         
incompreh5sible--b ! woman he lov$ )    
religio-erotic int5sity 0 famili> to    
him4 ,! ,et]nal-,fem99e is ?us n fraught
 ) incompreh5sibility1 b is r1 & ?is    
necess>ily1 ! f9al conclusion4 ,= ?is   
conclusion is a pr(ession ( metaphysical
 eroticism1 t is to say1 !              
,et]nal-,fem99e 9 contradi/9ction to !  
,transitory-,fem99e4 ,bo? ,dante1 !     
dev\t son ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,goe!1 ! 
*ampion ( mod]n culture1 dem&1 9 virtue 
( ! inh]5t "r ( _! g5ius1 ! consummation
 ( _! my/ic ye>n+ = love 9 ano!r life1 &
 a*ieve ! creation ( ! div9e woman4     
,precisely because ,m>g>et 0 no?+ b a   
little prov9cial1 ,goe! c\ld sublimate  
h] into a new be+1 = ! great] ! t5sion  
betwe5 reality & ! vision ( ! s\l1 !    
great] is ! task & ! m gigantic !       

creative p[] :i* su* a task may develop4
 ,x has be5 said t1 9 ?is sc5e1 ,goe!   
reveal$ lean+s t[>ds ,ca?olicism4 ,i d n
 pret5d to d5y x (fh&1 b ,i mu/ insi/ on
 ^! lean+s be+ und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( my   
premises4 ,goe! took f tradition ^?     
elem5ts :i* 7 able to mat]ialise 8      
spiritual life & gave !m a new          
int]pretation4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+
 t he accept$ no?+ b :at 0 con=mable to 
8 nature2 ! ,madonna repres5t$ 8        
pr(\nde/ feel+ &1 l ,dante 7,i attribute
 ! greate/ importance to ?is71 he creat$
 a new deity1 m\ld$ 9 ! %ape ( 8 fir/   
love1 & plac$ x by ! side ( ! univ]sal  
,que5 ( ,heav51 ! ,madonna ( ! ,ca?olic 
,*ur*1 trans=m$ by love4  ,! emotional  
life ( bo? poets agrees fundam5tally4   
,!y diff] n s mu* 9 feel+ z 9 ?\ght & 9 
fai?4 ,dante possess$ un%akable fai? 9 !
 reality ( 8 visions2 et]nal love 9 !   
%ape ( ,beatrice 0 await+ him2 8 vision 
0 pure1 et]nal tru?4 ,! vision ( ,goe!1 
on ! o!r h&1 0 poetic long+1 tragical1  
because ! vision ( ! transc5d5t came to 

! mod]n poet only 9 r>e h\rs4 ,:]e      
,dante possess$1 ,goe! mu/ seek1 /rive &
 err4  ,! deify+ love ( woman is1 z we h
 se51 ! extreme developm5t ( ! second   
/age1 9 :i* sexual impulse & spiritual  
love are /rictly sep>at$1 9 :i* man     
despises & fights 8 natural in/9ct1 or  
ab&ons himself to x--:i* is ! same 9    
pr9ciple--:ile 8 s\l1 wor%ipp+ love1    
so>s heav5w>d4 ,?is dualism ( feel+     
corresponds to ! p]si/5t dualism (      
,*ri/ianity & ! :ole m$iaeval p]iod4 ,b 
z ,goe! is frequ5tly look$ ^u z a moni/1
 my proposition t he 0 a duali/ 9       
eroticis w possibly be reject$1 9 spite 
( ! fact t 8 emotional life is reveal$  
to u ) great lucidity4 ,8 fir/ important
 "w1 8 ,w]!r1 :i* is also "o ( ! mo/    
important monum5ts ( s5tim5tal love1    
conta9s ! g]ms ( love z we und]/& x2 !  
love :i* is no long] cont5t to look ^u  
sexuality & s\l z two oppos$ pr9ciples1 
b /rives to bl5d !m 9 ! p]son ( !       
belov$4 ,i w rev]t to ,w]!r lat] on4    
,?is ?ird /age1 love 9 ! mod]n s5se1 is 

programmatically e/abli%$ 7z x 77 9     
,elective ,aff9ities1 b all ! re/ ( ! v 
abundant evid5ce ( 8 emotional life     
exhibits ! typically duali/ic feel+4 ,_m
 ( 8 e>ly poems evid5ce sexuality pure &
 simple2 9 ! ,v5etian ,epigrams & 9 !   
,roman ,elegies x is ev5 held up z a    
positive value4 ,9 ! ?ird ,elegy1 =     
in/ance1 ! poet's s5suality is l9k$     
directly to ! fam\s lov]s ( antiquity1 &
 ev]y?+ :i* aspires beyond x is reject$4
 ,9 ! same way 8 ,we/-,ea/]n ,divan is  
*>act]is$ by a gay s5suality )          
homo-sexual t5d5cies4  ,! s5sual quality
 ( ,goe!'s eroticism 0 p>tly sp5t 9 8   
relation%ip ) ,*ri/iane ,vulpius4 ,!    
foll[+ passage1 :i* =ms an int]e/+      
c\nt]p>t to ,goe!'s fam\s correspond5ce 
) ,*>lotte von ,/e91 is tak5 f a lett]  
writt5 to ,*ri/iane ,vulpius dur+ 8     
abs5ce f home4 ,! b$s ev]y:]e are v     
wide1 & y w\ld h no reason = compla9t1 z
 y sometimes h at home4 ,oh1 my sweet   
he>t6 ,!re is no su* happ9ess on e>? z  
be+ toge!r4  ,if ,*ri/iane repres5t$    

s5suality1 unreliev$ by any o!r feel+1  
,frau von ,/e9 repres5t$ ! mo/ important
 object ( ,goe!'s crav+ = spiritual     
love4 ,^! two liaisons 7 to "s ext5t    
contemporane\s2 ! ,roman ,elegies & !   
fam\s lett]s to ,*>lotte von ,/e9 7     
writt5 at ! same p]iod4 ,:5 %e reproa*$ 
him ) 8 love-affair ) ,*ri/iane1 he     
repli$ ) consi/5t dualism3 ,& :at sort (
 an affair is x8 ,^: int]e/s are suff]+ 
by x8 ,frau von ,/e91 8 s5ior by sev5   
ye>s1 0 ?irty-f\r ye>s old1 & "m ( sev5 
*ildr5 :5 ,goe! fir/ met h]4 ,accord+ to
 ,s*ill] %e c nev] h be5 beautiful1 & 9 
a lett] to ,ko]n] ! latt] says3 ,!y say 
t _! relation%ip 7,goe!'s & ,*>lotte von
 ,/e9's7 is absolutely pure &           
irreproa*able4 ,x 0 a great mi/ake ev]  
to reg>d ?is relation%ip z any?+ b a    
purely spiritual "o2 ,goe! nev] felt any
 passion = ,*>lotte2 he call$ h] 8 si/]1
 ! guide ( 8 s\l2 he told h] ( 8 little 
love-affairs & 0 nev] jeal\s ( h] husb&4
 ,! foll[+ are a few typical passages   
cull$ f 8 lett]s1 arrang$               

*ronologically3 ,my only love :om ,i c  
love )\t torm5t6 ,!n1 q 9 ! _s ( ! dolce
 /il nuovo3 ,y\r s\l1 9 :i* ?\s&s       
believe 9 ord] to w9 happ9ess1 ,! pure/1
 true/ & mo/ beautiful relation%ip :i*  
7) ! exception ( my si/]7 ev] exi/$     
betwe5 me & any woman4 ,! relation%ip   
betwe5 u is s /range & sacr$1 t ,i      
/rongly felt1 on t occasion1 t x _c be  
express$ 9 words1 t m5 _c realise x4 ,! 
foll[+ passage writt5 by ,goe! :5 he 0  
?irty1 might h be5 writt5 by ,gu9icelli 
or by ,dante3 ,y appe>$ to me l !       
,madonna asc5d+ into heav52 9 va9 did ! 
ab&on$ m\rn] /ret* out 8 arms1 9 va9 did
 8 te>ful glance plead = a la/          
return--%e 0 absorb$ 9 ! spl5d\r        
surr\nd+ h]1 long+ only = ! cr[n hov]+  
above h] head4 ,i long to be purifi$ 9  
triple fire s z to be wor?y ( y4 ,he    
addresses a pray] to h] & says3 ,on my  
knees ,i implore y to complete y\r "w & 
make a good man ( me4 ,:ile writ+       
,tasso1 ,i wor%ipp$ y4 ,*>lotte knew    
intuitively :at he desir$ ( h]1 & rema9$

 sil5t & passive l ! ,madonna4 ,n a s+le
 s5sual1 or ev5 passionate ^w1 repli$ to
 all ^! utt]ances4  ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !   
relation%ip betwe5 ! lov]s became "o (  
equality2 ! note ( adoration disappe>$1 
& ! keynote ( 8 lett]s became fri5d%ip &
 famili>ity4 ,f>ewell1 sweet fri5d &    
belov$1 ^: love alone makes me happy4 ,9
 ano!r lett] he said t all ! _w held no 
fur!r prize = him1 s9ce he _h f\nd      
ev]y?+ 9 h]4 ,& j z spiritual love      
approa*$ m & m ! mean ( a famili>       
fri5d%ip1 s 0 8 sexuality conc5trat$ on 
a s+le woman1 on ,*ri/iane1 9 ?is       
connection1 too1 seek+ a mean4 ,b x is  
an important po9t t ! fundam5tal        
duali/ic feel+ rema9$ un*ang$4 ,!re 0 no
 woman 9 ,goe!'s life 9 reg>d to :om he 
arriv$ at1 or ev5 aspir$ to1 ! bl5d+ (  
bo? emotions 9 a high] intuition4  ,ev5 
be=e 8 fri5d%ip ) ,frau von ,/e91 at !  
"t ( 8 engagem5t to ,lili ,s*o5emann1   
,goe! exp]i5c$ a spiritual love = a girl
 he _h nev] se54 ,he calls ,c\ntess     
,augu/e ,/olb]g 8 angel1 8 only1 only   

maid51 8 gold5 *ild1 & says3 ,i h an    
intuition t y w save me f great         
tribulation1 & t no o!r be+ on e>? c\ld 
d x4 ,^! lett]s also conta9 !           
significant passage3 ,mis]able fate :i* 
has d5i$ me a happy mean4 ,& t\*+ ! love
 ( 8 y\?1 ,lotte1 ,goe! wrote to ,ke/n]3
 ,i really _h no idea t all t 0 9 h]1 = 
,i always lov$ h] f> too mu* to obs]ve  
h]4  ,! ,pr9cess 9 ,tasso & ,iphig5ia :o
 deliv]s ,ore/es f unre/ & insanity1 are
 modell$ on ,*>lotte4 ,tasso is         
unmi/akably a fanta/ic woman-wor%ipp]1 a
 fact ( :i* ,leonore is fully aw>e3     
,n[ he exalts h] to ! />ry heav5s1      
,9 radiant glory1 & be=e t =m      ,b[s 
d[n l angels 9 ! realms above4      ,!n1
 /eal+ aft] h]1 ?r\gh sil5t fields1     
,he g>l&s 9 8 wrea? ea* beaute\s fl[]4  
,he loves n u--=give me :at ,i say--    
,8 lov'd ideal f ! sph]es he br+s       
,& does inve/ x ) ! "n we be>4      ,he 
has rel9qui%$ passion's fickle sway1    
,he cl+s no long] ) delusion sweet      
,to outw>d =m & beauty to atone      ,= 

brief excitem5t by disgu/ & hate4#d  ,& 
,tasso says3                            
,my v knees      ,trembl$ b5ea? me & my 
_s's /r5g?      ,0 all requir$ to hold  
myself erect1      ,& curb ! /rong      
desire to ?r[ myself      ,pro/rate be=e
 h]4 ,sc>cely c\ld ,i quell      ,!     
giddy rapture4  ,! significant av[al    
address$ by ,dante to ,beatrice3 ,into a
 free man ?\ trans=m'/ a slave1 ! seal (
 all great spiritual love1 0 repeat$ by 
,goe! 9 8 lett]s to ,*>lotte1 & is aga9 
repeat$ 9 ,tasso3       ,ov] my _s's    
dep?s !re comes a *ange2      ,reliev$ f
 d>k p]plexity ,i feel1      ,free z a  
god1 & all ,i owe to y4  ,v int]e/+ is  
also a rem>k :i* ,goe! made to          
,eck]mann3 ,woman is a silv] vessel 9   
:i* we m5 lay gold5 apples4 ,i did n    
d$uce my idea ( woman f reality1 b ,i 0 
born ) x1 or ,i conceiv$ x--,god kn[s   
h[4 ,^! notable words1 delib]ately      
pron\nc$1 reveal ,goe!'s feel+ v cle>ly2
 he kn[s t !re is a little              
self-deception 9 8 attitude t[>ds woman1

 b he consci\sly & lov+ly cl+s to x4 ,8 
pron\ncem5ts are n contradictions2 x is 
natural1 almo/ ess5tial1 t 9 ! s\l ( !  
highly-gift$ & highly-develop$          
repres5tative ( a mature civilisation ! 
:ole weal? ( human emotions %\ld be     
revivifi$4 ,he possesses all psy*ical   
qualities--at lea/ pot5tially--& "o     
elem5t aft] ! o!r rega9s life & becomes 
productive4 ,we %all see ?is ) />tl+    
cle>ness :5 we come to exam9e !         
emotional life ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,!      
intimate connection betwe5 ! individual 
& ! entire evolution>y process ( ! race 
w !n become evid5t4  ,x is rem>kable t  
,dante1 too1 wrote a poem cle>ly        
expressive ( ! fact t ! belov$ woman    
does n actually possess ! qualities     
ascrib$ to h]1 b t %e has be5 end[$ ) !m
 by ! imag9ation ( h] lov]4  ,i %all    
discuss ! emotional life ( only "o o!r  
poet 9 detail1 & t "o is ,mi*elangelo4  
,= ! mo/ "p ! poets ^: emotions 7 ak9 to
 t ( ,dante & ,goe! 7 m5 :o creat$ _!   
ideal woman because reality left !m     

unsatisfi$4 ,9 pass+ ,i w m5tion        
,bee?ov51 & 8 t\*+ lett] to 8 immortal  
love 7,my angel1 my all1 my ,i671 ^: "n1
 9 spite ( all ! /r5u\s attempts to     
discov] x1 is to ?is day n kn[n ) any   
c]ta9ty2 ev5 if x %\ld ev] be discov]$1 
,bee?ov5's immortal love w yet rema9 a  
figm5t ( 8 bra91 bas$ on a human woman4 
,toge!r ) ,bee?ov51 we may notice ! o!r 
great old ba*elor ,grillp>z]1 & 8 et]nal
 fiance ,ka?i ,frhli*1 & ! critical     
,hebbel1 :o at ! "t ( compos+ ,g5ovefa  
wrote 9 8 di>y3 ,all e>?ly love is m]ely
 ! road to ! heav5ly love4   ,be=e clos+
 ?is *apt]1 ,i mu/ draw att5tion to a   
/range fact 9 connection ) ! psy*ology (
 races4 ,all nations end[$ ) fair m5tal 
gifts & a sympa!tic und]/&+ ( nature1 h 
9 ! p]iod ( _! y\? & an?ropomorphi/ic & 
animi/ic ?\ght wor%ipp$ light1 & its    
s\rce1 ! sun1 z ! supreme deity1 ! giv] 
( joy & abundance4 ,all ! b5evol5t      
deities ( ! ,arians 7 cele/ial be+s1 all
 ! malevol5t div9ities spirits (        
d>kness3 ,olympian gods & ! demons ( !  

ne!rworld--,aesir & ,giants4 ,to ! nave 
m9d ( ! ,indo-,g]manic races x appe>$ a 
matt] ( c\rse t ! sun1 ! conqu]or (     
night & w9t]1 ! f]tiliz+1 life-giv+     
deity1 %\ld be wor%ipp$ z ! active male 
pr9ciple1 & repres5t$ z a god1 :ile on !
 o!r h& ! moon 0 usually conceiv$ z a   
female deity4 ,9 primitive ,*ri/ianity  
,*ri/1 z ! br+] ( light1 0 wor%ipp$ "u !
 symbol ( ! sun4 ,?us we naturally f9d 9
 ! old & new ,indo-,g]manic languages ! 
designation ( ! sun--or ! sun-god--( !  
mascul9e g5d]4 ,9 ! foll[+ words our ^w 
sun is easily recognisable3       ,sav> 
& sv>i 7! olde/ ,indo-,g]manic tongue74 
sv> & surya 7,sanscrit2 savit>--!       
sungod74      saval 7! olde/ ,european  
language74      savel                   
7,gracco-,italian74      sol 7,lat9 &   
relat$ languages74  ,9 ! ,g]manic       
languages & 9 ! ,prussian-,li?uanian bo?
 g5d]s occur4 7,go?ic sunnan & ,old     
,high-,g]man sunno74 ,sol 9 ! ,norse    
,edda is a female deity1 & !            
,anglo-,saxon sol is also fem99e4 ,!    

transition f ! male to ! female g5d] 0  
a*iev$ 9 ! ,middle-,high-,g]man language
 ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 & !     
,g]man language is ! only "o 9 :i* ! ^w 
sun is fem99e4 ,z ! old ,teutonic       
deities ( light 7 male 7,baldur &       
,sigurd71 ?is *ange ( g5d] mu/ seem     
/range4 ,! ,g]manic tribes at all times 
obs]v$ natural ph5om5a ) ! greate/      
att5tion1 borr[$ _! e?ical symbols f    
nature & us$ natural objects to repres5t
 _! highe/ values4 ,! *ange ( g5d] ( !  
supreme symbol ( div9ity1 ! sun1 c only 
be expla9$ by ! fact t 9 ! p]iod (      
woman-wor%ip ! highe/ value 0 no long]  
felt z male b z female1 t secretly a    
goddess _h usurp$ ! place ( a god4 ,v   
likely ! m9nes+]s f9ally fix$ ! female  
g5d] :5 x _h become problematical1 &    
wor%ipp$ ! lov$ woman "u ! div9e symbol 
( ,lady ,sun4  ,! great erotic1 ,he9ri* 
( ,morung51 says 9 "o ( 8 poems t 8 lady
 is radiant z ! sun at break ( day4 ,&  
also3       ,my lady %9es into ! he>t   
,z ?r\gh ! glass ! sun does %9e2        

,?us ! belov$ lady m9e      ,is sweet z 
,may1 full ( delight1      ,uncl\d$     
sun%9e1 gold5 light4  ,m>y1 :o _h be5   
call$ ,m>is ,/ella1 ! morn+ />1         
gradually assum$ ! symbol ( !           
all-conqu]+ sun4 ,suso1 9 "o ( 8 poems1 
/ill cl++ to ! old] epi!t1 makes use ( a
 metaphor correspond+ to ! break+ ( !   
sun ?r\gh cl\ds4 ,:5 ! radiant morn+ />1
 ,m>y1 broke ?r\gh ! suff]+ ( ?y d>k5$  
he>t1 x 0 salut$ ) gladness & ) ^!      
words3 ,greet+1 beautiful1 ris+ morn+   
/>1 f ! fa?omless dep?s ( all lov+      
he>ts6 ,b he also calls ,m>y3 ,?\ dazzl+
 mirror ( ! ,et]nal ,sun6 ,& 8          
,biography conta9s ! foll[+ beautiful   
passage3 ,& 8 eyes 7 op5$ & he fell on 8
 knees1 salut+ ! ris+ morn+ />1 ! t5d]  
que5 ( ! light ( heav52 z ! little birds
 9 ! summ] "t salute ! day1 s he salut$ 
! lum9\s br+] ( ! et]nal day1 & he spoke
 8 salutation n me*anically1 b ) a sweet
 l[ s++ ( 8 s\l4 ,?is is pure & g5u9e   
nature-wor%ip m+l$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,m>y4   
,s mu* = ,suso4 ,9 ,goe!'s ,fau/1       

,doctor ,m>ianus prays3       ,9 ?y t5t 
( azure blue1      ,que5 supremely      
reign+1      ,let me n[ ?y secret view1 
,vision high obta9+4  ,x is obvi\s t "h 
! ,que5 ( ,heav5 & ! sun are conceiv$ z 
"o4 ,ei*5dorff makes use ( ! metaphor3  
,! sun is smil+ languidly      ,l to a  
woman wondr\s sweet4  ,! typically      
un-,teutonic mod]n poet1 ,alfr$ ,momb]t1
 on ! o!r h&1 conceives ! sun z a y\?1 &
 contr>y to all cu/om1 calls a poem3 ,d]
 ,sonn5gei/ 7! sun-_s74  ,! great       
,italians1 also1 7 n unaw>e ( ?is *ange 
( ! sex ( ! supreme value2 at !         
conclusion ( ! ,p>adise !re is a passage
 79 ,/4 ,b]n>d's pray]7 :i* po9ts to a  
connection 9 ,dante's m9d betwe5 ! sun &
 ! ,que5 ( ,heav53       ,! love t moves
 ! sun 9 heav56   7d7 ,mi*elangelo4  ,9 
,mi*elangelo we meet ! _s ( ,plato & !  
pla/ic g5ius ( ,greece rais$ to a high] 
plane & lit by ! peculi> glory (        
,*ri/ianity--! conception ( ! s\l z an  
absolute value4 ,mi*elangelo 0 ?rill$ by
 a passionate love ( beauty2 beauty     

absolute1 et]nal & immutable4 ,he felt  
pr(\ndly ! ne$ ( salvation1 & he        
possess$ an unprec$5t$ p[] ( spiritual  
vision4 ,9 ! end1 add$ to all ^! ?+s1   
came consum+ love = a woman1 love rais$ 
to ! pit* ( self-de/ruction1 an         
adoration :i* entitles u to reg>d him1  
next to ,dante1 z ! greate/ metaphysical
 lov] ( all times4  ,at ! c\rt ( !      
,m$ici at ,flor5ce1 ,fic9io _h f\nd$ a  
,platonic ,academy1 :]e ,plato's works &
 ! writ+s ( ,plot9us--8 greate/ pupil--7
 aft] two ?\s& ye>s translat$ &         
elucidat$4 ,_m read & a few und]/ood1 b 
only 9 ,mi*elangelo did ! _s ( ,platonic
 ,hell5ism revive & become productive2 !
 ,platonic ideal ( a purely mascul9e    
culture1 ae/hetically & spiritually     
p]fect1 illum9$ 8 s\l2 once aga9 !      
unconditional cult ( beauty & ! love ( !
 p]fect male =m1 :i* speaks to u f !    
,dialogues1 quick5$ an imag9ation1 &    
boyhood & y\? 7 portray$ 9 a mann] :i*  
has nev] s9ce be5 equall$4  ,ne>ly all  
,mi*elangelo's y\?ful male figures--) ! 

exception1 p]haps1 ( ! gigantic         
,david--deviate f ! decid$ly mascul9e & 
approa* ! mean1 ! human 9 ! ab/ract2 ?us
 !y seem to u imbu$ ) a quality (       
fem99ity2 !y ev5 exhibit decid$ly female
 *>act]i/ics4 ,i h 9 m9d fir/ & =emo/ ! 
y\?s depict$ on ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e      
,*apel 7! mo/ s\lful adolesc5t figures 9
 ! _w71 b also ,bac*us1 ,/4 ,john1      
,adonis & ! figures 9 ! backgr\nd ( !   
,holy ,family at ,flor5ce4 ,cupid &     
,david ,apollo 79 ! ,b>gello7 are almo/ 
h]maphroditic1 & ev5 ! ,adam1 & !       
unf9i%$ ,slaves 9 ! ,bobili ,g>d5s      
exhibit female *>act]i/ics4 ,)\t go+    
fur!r into detail ,i w\ld draw att5tion 
to ! brea/s & ?ighs1 :i* positively     
raise a d\bt on ! "q ( sex4 7,i am      
ref]r+ to ! two y\?s above ! ,ery?rean  
,sybil47 ,se5 f a di/ance !y create !   
impression ( female figures1 :ile ! y\? 
above ,j]emiah is a p]fect ,hell5ic     
ephebos4 ,on ! o!r h&--) ! exception (  
two ( 8 e>ly ,madonnas &1 p]haps1       
,eve--he has n giv5 u "o glorifi$ female

 figure2 all 8 wom5 are *>act]is$ by    
some?+ c>eworn & unlovely2 "s ( 8 old   
wom5--mo/ /rik+ly ! ,cumaic ,sybil--are 
depict$ ) absolutely mascul9e features1 
mascul9e figures & gigantic musculature4
 ,8 ideal 0 ! ,hell5ic ideal1 0 a human 
=m nei!r man nor woman2 all extremes1 b 
also all peculi>ities & ev]y?+ p]sonal1 
71 if n completely suppress$1 at any    
rate pu%$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,we reg>d   
?is ideal1 :i* is ali5 to our inh]5t    
nature1 ) a feel+ ak9 to contempt1 = !  
mod]n ideal is male & female1 b x       
nev]!less 0 ( great mom5t 9 !           
oblit]ation ( sex & ! acc5tuation ( !   
purely human4 ,! ,platonic 7& also      
,mi*elangelo's7 love ( "y m5 0 9 its    
ess5ce pure love ( humanity1 love ( !   
p]fect human body & ! p]fect human s\l1 
^: greate/ h>mony 0 a*iev$ 9 !          
adolesc5t4 ,moreov]1 ! sup]ior m5tal    
end[m5t ( ! boy made an intellig5t      
conv]sation--s highly appreciat$ by     
,platoni/s & neo-,platoni/s-- possible1 
:]eas ) a girl a man c\ld only je/4     

,civilisations & individuals incl9+ to  
erotic male fri5d%ips are end[$ ) great 
pla/ic tal5t4 ,arti/s & poets ^: g5ius  
lies 9 ! direction ( ! pla/ic arts r ?an
 9 music1 frequ5tly h homo-sexual       
lean+s4 ,a musical tal5t1 h[ev]1 is z a 
rule accompani$ by ! love ( woman4 ,i "k
 ( no great musician1 or great lyrical  
poet1 incl9$ to erotic fri5d%ips ) m54  
,! simple song sugge/s ! love ( woman1 !
 artificial metre1 let u say ! ,greek   
rhy?m1 ! love ( man4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 m]ely
 po9t+ out ?is connection1 )\t draw+ any
 conclusions4  ,! poems address$ by     
,mi*elangelo to ,tommaso dei ,cavali]i  
brea! a deep long+ = fri5d%ip & complete
 surr5d]1 b above all ?+s = a return (  
affection2 all b>ri]s betwe5 ! fri5ds   
mu/ be ?r[n d[n1 = "o s\l is liv+ 9 two 
bodies4  ,^! poems are calm &           
well-balanc$1 & diff] greatly f ! re/ ( 
8 poetry4       ,if ea* ! o!r love1     
himself =ego+1      ,) su* delight1 su* 
sav\r & s well      ,t bo? to "o sole   
end _! wills comb9e4                    

7,transl4 by ,j4,a4 ,,symonds47         
,mi*elangelo pa9t$ ,ganym$e = ,tommaso1 
& ev5 at a ripe old age he address$     
poems to ,ce*9o ,bracci1 :o di$ at ! age
 ( sev5te54  ,8 contempt ( woman1 )\t   
:i* ! _s ( classical ,greece1 too1 is   
un?9kable1 =m$ a p>allel to 8 male      
fri5d%ips4  ,9 ! prime ( 8 life !       
,platonic elem5t 0 sup]s$$ by ! o!r     
great elem5t :i* /irr$ 8 s\l s pr(\ndly4
 ,exce$+ ! p]fection ( =m ( antique     
/atu>y1 8 lat] works ?rob ) a spiritual 
& passionate life q peculi> to him2 an  
inw>d fire seems to consume 8 ard5t     
figures4 ,!y are n creatures ( ?is e>?1 
a brea? ( et]nity has t\*$ !m2 !y are an
 embodim5t ( ! ,platonic h]itage :i*    
acc\nts all e>?ly ?+s z symbols ( et]nal
 beauty1 f]tilis$ & glorifi$ by a deep  
m\rn+ ov] human de/9y & a long+ =       
deliv]ance4 ,& :5 8 ye>s 7 already      
beg9n+ to decl9e1 ,vittoria ,colonna    
came into 8 life1 a semblance & symbol (
 div9e p]fection4 ,! love :i* took      
possession ( him trans=m$ 8 :ole life & 

lift$ x into religion4 ,9 8 tempe/u\s   
s\l ?is fir/ love1 com+ s late 9 life1  
f> exce$$ human limits2 x became        
adoration & religi\s ec/asy4            
,mi*elangelo1 :o c\ld n tol]ate 9       
fri5d%ip any o!r relation%ip ?an t (    
complete self-surr5d] & equality1 ?rew  
himself into ! v du/ be=e 8 love &      
debas$ himself almo/ to self-de/ruction4
  ,8 book ( poems is fill$ ) an         
unspeakable long+ = ! p]fection ( e>?ly 
beauty & = et]nity2 & 8 belov$ mi/ress  
is ! sole symbol ( ?is metaphysical     
climax4 ,e>?ly beauty is b an imp]fect  
semblance ( ! div9e beauty1 ! embodim5t 
( :i* is 8 love4 ,we meet all ! famili> 
motives2 he is no?+ be=e h]2 he is      
unwor?y ( exi/5ce2 he is l ! moon       
receiv+ h] light f ! sun2 love has rais$
 him f 8 base condition & is tea*+ him !
 futility ( all he _h hi!rto valu$4     
,yea1 well ,i see :at folly 'tw]e to ?9k
      ,t l>gess dropp$ f !e l dews f    
heav5      ,c\ld ev] be paid by "w s    
frail z m9e4                            

7,transl4 by ,j4,a4 ,,symonds47  ,& (   
love he says3       ,f l(tie/ />s %oots 
d[n a radiance all _! own1      ,draw+ !
 s\l above1      ,& su*1 we say1 is     
love4                                   
7,transl4 by ,,h>=d47  ,8 poems1 :i*    
w\ld proclaim him a great poet if he 7 n
 an ev5 great] sculptor1 brea! an       
emotion unsurpass$ 9 its int5sity4 ,!y  
reveal to u 9 an almo/ unique mann] !   
emotional process :i* culm9at$ 9 !      
deification ( ! belov$4 ,if we did n "k 
t ,vittoria ,colonna 0 an hi/orical     
individual1 n mu* y\ng] ?an ,mi*elangelo
 himself1 & 7if we are to cr$it h]      
portrait7 a v pla9 woman ) a l>ge       
mascul9e nose1 we might be tempt$ to    
believe h] to be a my?ical p]sonage l   
,beatrice ,port9>i1 or ,m>g>et 9 ,fau/4 
,b ! conviction t all true p]fection 0  
c5tr$ only 9 h]1 n[ fac$ 8 art & ?rew   
its t]rible %ad[ ov] x4  ,mi*elangelo   
conceiv$ love 9 ! ,platonic s5se1 wrote 
8 fri5d & biograph]1 ,condivi2 b ?is is 
only a "p ( ! tru?4 ,9 ! he>t (         

,mi*elangelo !re took place ! trem5d\s  
reconciliation betwe5 ! ,greek cult (   
beauty & ! religion ( ! beyond2 he bl5d$
 ! f9e/ blossom ( ,hell5ism ) ! pr(\nde/
 _s ( ,*ri/ianity2 he sublimat$ ,plato &
 ,dante into a high] intuition2 ! eroico
 furore ( 8 contempor>y1 ,giordano1 _h  
f\nd an embodim5t4 ,! two great rays :i*
 illum9at$ 8 life3 ! p]fect e>?ly beauty
 to :i* de/9y _h call$ him1 & ! b\ndless
 religi\s long+1 ! la/ fundam5tal =ce ( 
8 s\l1 conv]g$ 9 ! glorifi$ woman4      
,vittoria appe>$ to him z ! solution ( !
 _w-discord1 a solution :i* he _h no "r 
to expect1 a miracle4 ,%e 0 ! greate/   
exp]i5ce ( 8 great life1 an exp]i5ce :i*
 almo/ broke him4 ,m ?an once ! ?\ght ( 
,vittoria fill$ him ) sudd5 dread4 ,9 h]
 he _h se5 ,god & ! _w 9 "o4 ,! p[]ful  
effect ( ?is on s self-reliant a "*1 a  
man :o _h be5 unable to f9d mu* sympa?y 
) patrons & fri5ds1 to :om wom5 _h meant
 no?+1 may easily be imag9$4 ,all at    
once he _h f\nd a c5tre1 & m ?an t--a   
solution ( all ! discords ( life1 ( !   

et]nal dualism ( ! e>?ly & ! div9e4 ,8  
love 0 n ! love ( a y\? /ret*+ out      
feel]s to ! _w beyond1 b ! f9al cre$ ( a
 lonely life :i* _h kn[n no?+ b beauty &
 div9ity4 ,) ! passion *>act]i/ic ( him1
 he ?rew himself into ?is new exp]i5ce &
 made x 8 fate1 fl++ _w & art aside4    
,be=e ,vittoria he ceas$ to be a        
sculptor & became a wor%ipp]4  ,we      
realise ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ?is     
wor%ip & ! wor%ip ( ,dante4 ,! latt] =m$
 ! consci\sness ( et]nity1 & became a   
poet1 e>ly 9 life4 ,he nev] d\bt$ !     
pr(\nde/ tru?1 ! metaphysical importance
 ( 8 love2 b 9 ! case ( ,mi*elangelo1 ! 
love ( an old man 0 ! la/ ev5t 9 a life 
consum$ by re/lessness4 ,! adoration (  
?is mysogyni/ 0 almo/ an act ( despair2 
n a sweet deliv]y f d\bt1 b a s\rce (   
fre% %ocks4 ,x problematis$ 8 :ole      
previ\s exi/5ce & nullifi$ ! "w ( 8     
life4 ,= be=e ?is new                   
exp]i5ce--p]fection1 met 9 ! fle%--art  
broke d[n4 ,! greate/ ( sculptors nev]  
made an attempt to imprison ! beauty :i*

 _h appe>$ to 8 s\l 9 m>ble or 9 canvas1
 deeply conv9c$ t su* an a*ievem5t 0    
beyond ! p[] ( e>?ly endeav\r4  ,be=e   
,vittoria ,mi*elangelo became deeply    
consci\s ( 8 inmo/ self2 %e gave        
direction to 8 long+ & 0 its symbol2 %e 
0 ! p]fection = :i* he _h always        
/riv5--& he despair$ ( 8 art4       ,?y 
beauty x befell 9 yond] sph]es3      ,a 
symbol ( salvation1 bright'n+ heav5     
,?' ,et]nal ,arti/ s5t x d[n to e>?2    
,if x dim9i%1 ye>s succe$+ ye>s1        
,my love w l5d x b a great] wor?4       
,age _c fade ! beauty ,god has giv54  ,&
 ! conviction t only ! idea ( et]nal    
beauty has any value1 & t all e>?ly ?+s 
are z no?+ be=e x1 became /rong] & m    
torm5t+4 ,"o in/ance f _m3       ,z heat
 f fire1 f lovel9ess div9e      ,! m9d t
 wor%ips :at recalls ! sun1      ,f :5ce
 %e sprang1 c be divid$ nev]4           
7,transl4 by ,j4,a4 ,,symonds47  ,9 !   
same way he realis$ ! futility ( e>?ly  
love comp>$ to metaphysical love3       
,! "o love so>s1 ! o!r d[nw>d t5ds1     

,! s\l lights ?is :ile t ! s5ses /ir4   
,&3       ,! highe/ beauty only ,i      
desire4  ,x is extraord9>y1 h[ev]1 t ev5
 ?is ec/atic ador] vaguely suspect$ t he
 himself might be ! creator ( ! beauty  
:i* he saw 9 8 mi/ress4 ,9 a sonnet he  
asks ,cupid :e!r h] beauty really exi/s1
 or :e!r x is a delusion ( 8 s5ses1 & he
 receives ! reply3       ,! beauty ?\   
disc]ne/ all is h]s2      ,b gr[s 9     
radiance z x so>s on high4              
7,j4,a4 ,,symonds47  ,x is indescribably
 tragic to wat* ,mi*elangelo sl[ly      
despair+ ( 8 own g5ius & art1 & becom+ m
 & m dom9at$ by ! ?\ght ( ! futility (  
all e>?ly ?+s & all e>?ly beauty4 ,!    
religi\s conception ( et]nity &         
transc5d5t beauty1 ! =ma univ]sale      
became 8 la/ refuge4 ,aft] ,vittoria's  
dea? ,mi*elangelo said to ,condivi3 ,i h
 only "o regret & t is t ,i nev] kiss$  
,vittoria's br[ or lips :5 %e lay dy+4  
,m & m he brood$ on s9 & salvation1     
inc>nation & crucifixion4 ,! belov$     
mi/ress _h become ! sole h]ald ( et]nal 

tru?s4 ,melan*oly & m\rn+ took          
possession ( 8 s\l ) an iron grip2 he   
c\ld conceive ( only "o happ9ess1 dea?  
closely foll[+ on bir?4 ,b ! ?\ght (    
dea? aga9 0 seiz$ & symbolis$ ) ! old   
arti/ic passion3       ,& cleans$ by    
fire1 ,i %all live = ev]4       ,& z !  
flames are so>+ to ! sky1      ,i1 *ang$
 & purifi$1 %all so> to heav54          
,oh1 blissful day6 ,:5 9 a s+le fla%    
,"t slips away into et]nity--      ,!   
sun no long] rides across ! skies4444   
,mi*elangelo 0 consci\s ( 8 ne> k9%ip ) 
,dante2 he illu/rat$ a copy ( ! ,div9e  
,com$y :i*1 un=tunately1 is lo/1 & wrote
 a poem on ,dante 9 :i* ! foll[+ l9es   
occur3       ,7 ,i b he6 ,born = l l+]+ 
pa9s1      ,aga9/ 8 exile1 c\pl$ ) 8    
good1      ,i'd gladly *ange ! _w's     
inh]itage4                              
7,transl4 by ,j4,a4 ,,symonds47  ,!     
pa9t+s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ) _!          
mat]ialis$ ?\ghts ( de/9y1 retribution &
 et]nity1 orig9at$ 9 a feel+ ak9 to !   
feel+ und]ly+ ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,bo? "h &

 !re ! creation ( cele/ial & inf]nal    
spirits 0 ! outcome ( ! inf9ite long+ ( 
! arti/ic imag9ation4 ,bo? m5 c\ld sp5d 
! human & creative passions ) :i* _!    
s\ls 7 ?rill$ only on ! supreme &       
univ]sal4 ,! et]nal de/9y ( man1 fate1  
s91 ! futility ( all e>?ly ?+s1 !       
relation%ip ( ! _w to ,god1 love        
surpass+ all human limits & aspir+ to ! 
et]nal--^! are ! common objects ov] :i* 
!y brood$4 ,b :ile x 0 giv5 to ,dante to
 create 8 picture ( ! _w 9 h>mony ) 8   
own s\l1 & acc\nt x a true repres5tation
 ( ! _w-sy/em2 :ile 8 _w 0 a def9ite    
place ) a beg9n+ & an end1 & 8 life-"w  
rema9$ 9 h>mony ) 8 own s\l1 & !        
univ]se1 ,mi*elangelo's lac]at$ s\l c\ld
 f9d peace only 9 ! ultimate tru?1 :i*  
fill$ 8 he>t1 & to :i* he ye>n$ to give 
pla/ic life1 only to be unsatisfi$ aft] 
a*iev+ x4 ,george ,simmel1 9 a pr(\nd   
"w1 draws our att5tion to ! inf9ite     
melan*oly :i* ov]%ad[s all              
,mi*elangelo's figures1 because 8 g5ius 
aspir$ to express ! inexpressible4 ,ev5 

! supreme/ pla/ic repres5tation ( !     
passion & long+ = ! transc5d5tal :i*    
?rill$ 8 s\l did n satisfy him4 ,?is    
trag$y is ! trag$y ( ! metaphysical     
erotic ov]fl[+ its own specific doma94  
,dante's fai? 9 ! absolute value ( 8 "w 
& 9 ! tru? ( ! consummation ( 8 love 9  
et]nity--:i* 0 ! su/a9+ p[] ( 8         
life--rema9$ un%ak51 b ,mi*elangelo lo/ 
8 fai? 9 8 "w2 art & love =sook him &   
)drew into a transc5d5tal _w :i* he c\ld
 div9e1 b c\ld n grasp4 ,8 fai? 0 no    
blissful c]ta9ty2 he knew no m ?an ! d>k
 aspect ( ?+s2 ! imp]fection ( ev5 !    
sublime/1 ( 8 art & 8 love4             
,%akespe>e's g5ius c\ld brea! life into 
all ?+s human1 & he f\nd satisfaction 9 
do+ s4 ,mi*elangelo's creative1 pla/ic  
p[] seem$ illimitable2 he possess$ all !
 gifts an arti/ c\ld possibly h1 b f ye>
 to ye> 8 conviction ( ! futility ( all 
e>?ly ?+s grew to a pr(\nd] c]ta9ty4 ,he
 _h knock$ at ! iron gate ( humanity ) 8
 hamm] & 8 *isel2 !y _h brok5 into      
fragm5ts & sorr[ made him dumb4 ,!re is 

a /age 9 ! life ( e g5ius :5 he comes to
 ?is gate1 :5 he has to %[ 8 cr$5tials &
 reveal ! inmo/ k]nel ( 8 be+4 ,dante   
attempt$ to grasp ! transc5d5tal 9 "o   
gigantic vision1 ,goe! timidly %rank    
back f x4  ,9 exam9+ ! prophets & y\?s 9
 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 or ! *a9$ m5 9 !      
,l\vre1 :o seem unable to be> exi/5ce1 &
 are !re=e slaves ( ! e>?2 or 9         
contemplat+ ! half-f9i%$ slaves 9 !     
,boboli ,g>d5s1 :o seem almo/ to bur/ ! 
/one 9 _! wild long+ = a high] life2 or 
9 read+ 8 la/ sonnets1 we c conceive a  
vague idea ( ! deep melan*oly d>k5+ !   
life ( ?is man1 a gloom :i* 0 n !       
melan*oly ( ! individual1 b ( all       
humanity1 unable & unwill+ to deceive   
itself fur!r4 ,c !re be a great] trag$y 
?an ! trag$y ( ?is incomp>able arti/1   
look+ back at ! "w ( 8 lifetime )       
despair8       ,= art & wit & passion   
fade & vani%1      ,c\ntless a*ievem5ts1
 ev] new & great1      ,are naught b    
dross )9 ! sight ( heav54  ,to ,vas>i he
 s5t a sonnet d5\nc+ ! arti/ic passion  

:i* ab&ons itself completely to art3    
,n[ "k ,i well t t fond phantasy        
,:i* made my s\l ! wor%ipp] & ?rall     
,( e>?ly art is va94                    
7,transl4 by ,j4,a4 ,,symonds47  ,fai?1 
is to him ! m]cy ( m]cies1 = he has nev]
 possess$ its deepe/ conviction4  ,b !  
passion :i* burn$ 9 him rema9$ unquell$ 
to ! la/3 8 s\l is torn betwe5 love & ! 
?\ght ( dea?4       ,flames ( love      
,& *ill ( dea? are battl+ 9 my he>t4    
,he long$ to break away f love & f9d    
peace1 & he call$ on dea? = deliv]y1 b 9
 va93       ,burd5$ ) ye>s & full (     
s9fulness      ,) evil cu/oms gr[n      
invet]ate1      ,bo? dea?s ,i dread t   
bo? be=e me wait1      ,yet fe$ my he>t 
on poison\s ?\ghts no less4             
7,transl4 by ,j4,a4 ,,symonds47  ,& lat]
 on he ?anks love aga9 = be+ 8 deliv]]1 
& n dea?4  ,mi*elangelo p\r$ all 8 he>t 
into ^! la/ sonnets4 ,we see 8 solit>y &
 h]oic age ov]%ad[$ by ! ?\ght ( dea?4  
,8 :ole s\l is wrapp$ 9 gloom2 art is   
vanity1 love is sorr[1 ! ?\ght ( !      

futility ( all ?+s frames ! portrait ( 8
 love ) a wrea? ( black laurel4 ,he     
pond]s on 8 life1 & comes to !          
conclusion t       ,among ! _m ye>s n "o
 0 84  ,?is man1 ! supreme/ creative    
g5ius ! _w has kn[n1 accus$ himself (   
hav+ wa/$ 8 life4  ,no song ( praise ev]
 rose to ! ,deity f ,mi*elangelo's he>t1
 z x did at lea/ once or twice dur+ 8   
lifetime f ! he>t ( ,bee?ov54 ,he nev]  
_h "o h\r ( true inw>d peace4 ,he       
repres5ts ! metaphysical _w-feel+ :i* 79
 addition to love7 is ! f\ndation ( !   
deification ( woman1 b x has gr[n into  
imm5sity1 & has be5 lift$ to a high]    
plane2 n only love1 b all life is felt z
 fragm5t>y & po9t+ to a _w beyond4 ,if  
at an e>li] /age x 0 ! love ( woman :i* 
c\ld n f9d its consummation on e>?1 x is
 n[ ! :ole ( our e>?ly life & all our   
aspirations :i* c only atta9 to _!      
highe/ mean+ & to f9al tru? 9 a         
metaphysical exi/5ce4 ,! trag$y (       
metaphysical love has deep5$ into !     
supreme trag$y ( life4  ,,footnotes3  #b

 ,! quotations f ,fau/ are f !          
translation ( ,anna ,swanwick4  #c ,!   
quotations f ! ,div9e ,com$y are f !    
translation ( ,h5ry ,francis ,c>y4  #d  
,! quotations f ,tasso are f !          
translation ( ,anna ,swanwick4          
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,p]v]sions ,,(          
,,metaphysical ,,eroticism  7a7 ,!      
,brides ( ,*ri/   ,hi!rto ,i h conf9$   
myself to ! analysis ( ! emotional life 
( man1 b !re are two o!r po9ts :i* mu/  
be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! fir/ is ! "q (  
woman's attitude t[>ds ! l(ty position  
assign$ to h] by man2 ! second & m      
important "o is ! "q z to :e!r ! wom5 ( 
t p]iod exhibit 9 _! emotional life any 
traces ( a feel+ ak9 to ! deification ( 
_! sex8 ,! reply to ! fir/ "q is simple 
en\gh4 ,naturally ! adoration & wor%ip (
 _! lov]s c\ld n h be5 any?+ b pleasant 
to wom54 ,!re is a poem by ! tal5t$     
,prov5al ,c\ntess ,beatrix de ,die1 :i* 
betrays g5u9e sorr[ at ! infidelity ( h]
 fri5d1 & at ! same "t leaves no d\bt t 
%e--& probably a great _m o!rs--took !  

eulogies %[]$ ^u !m by ! enraptur$      
poets1 lit]ally4 ,once aga9 woman       
accepts ! position ?ru/ ^u h] by man1 n 
?is "t ! position ( a drudge1 b t ( a   
p]fect & godlike be+4 ,c\ntess ,beatrix 
cr$its h]self ) all ! qualities ) :i* ! 
imag9ation ( h] wor%ipp] _h end[$ h]1 z 
if !y 7 unque/ionable facts4       ,h5ce
 all my songs w be ) sadness fraught4   
,my lov] fills my s\l ) bitt] woe1      
,& yet is all ! happ9ess ,i "k4      ,my
 grace & fav\r all avail me naught4     
,my sp>kl+ wit1 my lovel9ess supreme1   
,!y _c hold 8 love & t5d] ?\ght1      ,(
 all my l(ty wor? b]eft ,i seem4  ,b f> 
m int]e/+ ?an ?is psy*ological          
misund]/&+ on ! "p ( ! mu*-laud$ sex1 is
 ! "q z to :e!r ! emotional life ( woman
 matur$ any?+ t c be call$ a wor%ip (   
man8 ,! answ] to ?is is a decid$ no4 ,at
 no "t 9 ! hi/ory ( woman d we f9d ev5 !
 smalle/ indication ( a p>allel         
ph5om5on2 ! pr(\nd & tragic dualism ( ! 
,middle ,ages--"o result ( :i* 0 !      
spiritual love ( woman--pass$ h] by )\t 

t\*+ h]4 ,9 ! fem99e s\l conflict       
app>5tly results n 9 trag$y &           
productivity1 b 9 morbidness & hy/]ia4  
,x may be argu$ t ! love ( ,jesus1 :i*  
inspir$ bo? ! nuns ( ! ,middle ,ages &  
^? ( a lat] p]iod1 repres5ts a type (   
man-wor%ip2 b 9 exam9+ all ^! m or less 
fam\s nuns & ascetics we f9d1 in/ead (  
g5u9e spirituality1 a conceal$ & (t5    
morbid condition1 :i* 9 "s cases        
deg5]at$ into hy/]ia4 ,! duali/ic p]iod1
 ! age ( metaphysical love1 made no     
impression ^u ! female s\l4 ,!re c be no
 d\bt t ! emotional life ( woman1 9     
/rict contra/ to ! emotional life ( man1
 has _h no evolution1 & c !re=e h no    
hi/ory4 ,x is unadult]at$ nature &1 9   
its way1 x is p]fect4  ,9 /udy+ ! female
 my/ics1 we f9d an imitation (          
metaphysical eroticism suffici5tly      
transp>5t to be easily recognis$1 ev5 by
 ! layman1 z belong+ to ! doma9 (       
pa?ology4 ,^! ec/atics 7 animat$ n by a 
pure1 b by an impure _s4 ,p]v]t$        
s5suali/s1 !y believ$ _! he>ts to be    

fill$ ) spiritual love4 ,contr>y to !   
/riv+ ( ! great] numb] ( ! m51 :o rais$ 
_! love into heav5 s z to keep x pure1 &
 made x "o ) _! religi\s aspirations1   
all ! figures & symbols ( religion 7 us$
 by ^! wom5 z an outlet & a foil to _!  
sexuality4 ,! lov+ s\l repair+ to !     
nuptial *amb] is ! transp>5t veil (     
desire half-conceal$ by religi\s        
conceptions4 ,wom5 h describ$ simil>    
situations 9 metaphors :i*--= s5su\s    
passion--leave no?+ to be desir$1 ev5 ! 
fam\s love-potion ( ,tri/an is n want+4 
,! mat]ial is abundant1 & ,i h repeat$ly
 t\*$ ^u x 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,at ! p]iod
 ( great my/ical en?usiasm 7! twelf? &  
?irte5? c5turies7 ?is morbid love ( ,god
 0 a s9i/] att5dant ph5om5on ( true     
my/icism4 ,:ole conv5ts 7 seiz$ by      
epidemics ( hy/]ia1 ! wom5 wri!d 9      
convulsions1 flogg$ ea* o!r1 sang hymns 
day & night & _h halluc9ations--= all ( 
:i* ! love ( ,god1 or ! temptation ( !  
devil1 7 made responsible4  ,among ! m  
notable ( ^! pseudo-my/ics are ,*ri/9e  

,ebn] 7! au?or ( a book entitl$1 ,on !  
,fullness ( ,m]cy71 & ,m>y ( ,oignies1 a
 passionate wor%ipp] ( ,*ri/ :o mutilat$
 h]self 9 h] ec/asies & :o1 on h]       
dea?b$1 /ill sang3 ,h[ beautiful art    
,?\1 oh1 my ,"l ,god6  ,a %9+ exception 
among ! ,g]man nuns ( t "t 0 ,me*?ild ( 
,magdeburg1 a woman ( r>e gifts4 ,%e 0 a
 g5u9e my/ic1 b %e1 too1 revell$ 9      
f]v5t1 s5su\s metaphors1 & x w\ld be an 
int]e/+ task to sep>ate ! two elem5ts 9 
h] case2 b1 hav+ admitt$ h] g5u9e       
my/icism 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ,i w "h     
re/rict myself to a few quotations :i*  
%[ h] f h] o!r side4 ,h] ,dialogue      
betwe5 ,love & ! ,s\l ab\nds 9 passages 
l ! foll[+3 ,tell my belov$ t 8 *amb] is
 prep>$1 & t ,i am sick ) love ( him4 ,!
 clos] ! embrace1 ! sweet] ! kisses4 ,!n
 ,he took ! s\l into ,8 div9e arms1 &   
plac+ ,8 fa!rly h& on h] bosom1 ,he gaz$
 into h] face & kiss$ h] "r well4       
,me*?ild1 too1 0 ready to die ) love4   
,ev]yone ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,brides (    
,*ri/ belong$ to ! ,lat9 race2 !y 7     

hy/]ics1 & z su* h long be5 claim$ by ! 
psy*opa?i/4  ,! love ( ,jesus pr(ess$ by
 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a 7#acdg-achh71 a clev]  
politician1 :o 0 9 correspond5ce ) !    
lead+ /atesm5 ( h] "t1 f\nd v5t 9       
passages l ! foll[+3  ,i desire1 !n1 t y
 )draw into ! op5 side ( ! ,son ( ,god1 
:o is a bottle s full ( p]fume t ev5 !  
?+s :i* are s9ful become fragrant4 ,!re 
! bride recl9es on a b$ ( fire & blood4 
,!re ! secret ( ! he>t ( ! ,son ( ,god  
is reveal$ & made manife/4 ,oh6 ,?\     
ov]fl[+ cup1 refre%+ & intoxicat+ e lov+
 & ye>n+ he>t4 ,i long to behold ! body 
( my ,"l6 ,& /raightway ! bridegroom    
appe>$ to h]1 op5$ 8 side & said to h]3 
,n[ dr9k z mu* ( my blood z ?\ desire/4 
,b ! sa9t :o enjoy$ ! greate/           
fame--p>tly on acc\nt ( h] frequ5t      
portrayal by ! pla/ic arts--0 d\btless  
,/4 ,t]esa 7,t]esia de ,jesus71 a       
,spani% nun 7#aeae-aehb74 ,dur+ *ildhood
 & e>ly y\? %e suff]$ f s]i\s illnesses1
 & on "o occasion 0 ev5 believ$ to be   
dead4 ,be=e ,i felt ! pres5ce ( ,god1 %e

 says 9 h] biography1 ,i exp]i5c$ = "s  
"t a v delightful s5sation1 a s5sation  
:i* ,i believe "o is p>tly able to      
produce at w 7671 a pleasure :i* is     
nei!r q s5su\s1 nor q spiritual1 b :i*  
comes f ,god4 ,%e describes 9 h] ,life  
f\r /ages ( pray]1 :i* gradually lead ! 
s\l to ,god3 ,!re is no joy to be comp>$
 ) ! joy :i* ! ,"l give? to ! s\l 9 its 
exile4 ,s great is ?is delight t        
frequ5tly x seems t ! lea/ ?+ w\ld make 
x =sake ! body = ev]4 ,:5 ! s\l seeks   
,god 9 ?is way1 ! sa9t feels ) supreme  
delight h] /r5g? ebb+ away & a trance   
/eal+ ov] h] until1 devoid ( brea? & all
 physical /r5g? %e c only move h] h& )  
great pa94 ,! delights exp]i5c$ by h]   
are describ$ 9 great detail & v s5su\s  
language2 hy/]ical conditions1 su* z    
pa9ful convulsions1 & halluc9ations1 are
 repres5t$ z religi\s ph5om5a4 ,x is    
dreadful :at "o has to suff] f          
confessors :o d n und]/& ^! ?+s1 %e says
 9 "o ( h] writ+s ) deep regret4  ,/4   
,t]esa relates h] life ) ! well-kn[n    

long-w9d$ self-complac5cy ( ! hy/]ical  
subject4 ,%e frequ5tly _h visions (     
,jesus1 & aga9 & aga9 %e emphasis$ !    
beauty ( 8 h&s4 ,/&+ by my side1 he said
 to me3 ',i h come to !e1 my daught]1 ,i
 am "h2 x is ,i2 %[ me ?y h&s4' ,& x    
seem$ to me t he took my h&s 9 81 & laid
 !m 9 8 side4 ',behold my w\nd1' he     
said1 '?\ art n sep>at$ f me2 be> ?is   
brief exile on e>?4444' etc4  ,on "o    
occasion %e _h a vision ( an angel :om  
%e describes z foll[s3 ,he 0 n tall b   
small1 v beautiful1 8 face s radiant t  
he seem$ to be "o ( ! highe/ angels1 :o 
are1 ,i believe1 all fire 444 9 8 h& he 
held a gold5 spe>1 at ! po9t ( :i* 0 a  
little flame2 he appe>$ to ?ru/ ?is spe>
 into my he>t aga9 & aga92 x p5etrat$ my
 entrails1 & z he drew x out he seem$ to
 draw !m out also1 & leave me on fire ) 
a great love ( ,god4 ,! pa9 0 s int5se t
 ,i c\ld n b sigh deeply2 yet s surpass+
 0 ! sweetness ( ?is pa9 t x made me wi%
 nev] to be )\t x4 ,x is n physical1 b  
spiritual pa91 al?\gh ! body (t5 suff]s 

greatly f x4 ,! c>ess+ love betwe5 ,god 
& ! s\l is s sweet t ,i implore ,him (  
,8 m]cy to let all ^? exp]i5ce x :o     
believe t ,i am ly+4  ,! treatise       
,?\ghts ( ! ,love ( ,god on "s ,words ( 
! ,song ( ,songs is cr[d$ ) purely      
s5su\s passages4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al
 cu/om1 %e int]prets ?is navely s5sual  
,semitic poem allegorically1 becomes    
trem5d\sly excit$ 9 m$itat+ on ! kiss ( 
! belov$ & discusses ! "q ( :at ! s\l   
%\ld d to satisfy s sweet a bridegroom4 
,9 ! pamphlet ,! ,=tress ( ! ,s\l & its 
,sev5 ,dwell+s1 ,/4 ,t]esa describes    
simil> /ates ( m9d3 ,! bridegroom comm&s
 ! doors ( ! dwell+s to be clos$ & also 
! gates ( ! =tress & its surr\nd+ walls4
 ,9 free+ ! s\l f ! body1 he /ops !     
body's brea?+ s t1 ev5 if ! o!r s5ses   
are n q dead5$1 spee* is impossible4 ,at
 o!r times all s5su\s p]ceptions        
disappe> simultane\sly2 body & h&s gr[  
rigid & x seems z if ! s\l _h left !    
body1 :i* is sc>cely brea?+4 ,?is       
condition is ( %ort duration4 ,!        

rigidity passes away to "s ext5t1 ! body
 sl[ly rega9s life1 ! brea? comes &     
goes1 only to die away aga9 & ?us end[ !
 s\l ) great] fre$om4 ,b ?is deep trance
 does n endure long4 ,%e cont9ues to    
describe h] ec/asies & is c>eful to po9t
 out ! complete fusion ( supreme delight
 & bodily pa94 ,p]haps no hy/]ical      
subject has ev] describ$ h] /ates ( m9d 
s well4 ,h] av[al 7made 9 a lett] to    
,fa!r ,rodrigue ,alv>ez7 ( h] complete  
unconsci\sness ( h] body is q 9 h>mony )
 ^? /ates ( rapture4 ,%e wrote a numb] (
 spiritual love-songs :i* are said to be
 conspicu\s = _! ard\r & beauty2        
probably !y h nev] be5 translat$ f !    
orig9al ,spani%4  ,f9ally !re is ! fam\s
 ,madame ,guyon 7#afdh-agag71 :o--9     
addition to _m o!r works--wrote a v     
detail$ autobiography4 ,%e liv$ ) h]    
husb&1 :om %e treat$ ) coldness1 f9d+ h]
 sole joy 9 h] spiritual int]c\rse )    
,god4 ,i desire only ! div9e love :i*   
?rills ! s\l ) inexpressible bliss1 !   
love :i* seems to melt my :ole be+4 ,god

 burns h] ) ,8 fire & /ill trembl+ )    
delight1 %e says to ,him3 ,oh1 ,"l6 ,!  
greate/ lib]t9e1 if ,?\ did/ make him   
exp]i5ce ,?y love z ,?\ did/ make me    
exp]i5ce x1 w\ld =swe> c>nal pleasure & 
/rive only aft] ,?y div9e love4 ,i 0 l a
 p]son intoxicat$ ) w9e or love1 unable 
to ?9k ( any?+ b my passion1 etc4 ,!    
fact t %e s\ght 9 ?is love ! pleasure ( 
! s5ses is v app>5t4  ,we are n conc]n$ 
"h ) ! problem ( h[ f> ^! wom5 may be   
reg>d$ z pa?ological cases2 all ( !m 7  
fill$ ) a vague fem99e desire =         
self-surr5d]1 :i* !y project$ on a      
cele/ial be+1 ei!r because !y did n come
 into contact ) a suitable t]re/rial    
object1 or because ! impulse 0 abnormal 
f ! beg9n+4 ,b _! spiritual love nev]   
rose above empty s5tim5tality & hy/]ical
 rapture4 ,all ( !m1 & "s ( !m 7 highly 
gift$1 7 ?rill$ ) ! love ( ,jesus1 !y _h
 visions ( ! sweet w\nds ( ! ,savi\r1 & 
s on2 b _! emotion did n k9dle ! smalle/
 sp>k ( creative p[]4 ,! ,que5 ( ,heav51
 on ! o!r h&1 0 a free creation (       

spiritually lov+ poets & monks4  ,! wom5
 imitat$ metaphysical love & di/ort$ x2 
sexual impulse1 arrogantly attempt+ to  
rea* beyond ! e>?1 reign$ 9 ! place (   
spiritual1 deify+ love4  ,i h includ$ ^!
 ph5om5a n = _! own sakes1 b to indicate
 my b\nd>y-l9e1 = v frequ5tly ^! wom5   
are cit$ z g5u9e my/ics4 ,ev5 ,s*op5hau]
 m5tions ^! sa9ts 9 "o brea? ) ,g]man   
my/ics & ,indian philosoph]s2 he calls  
,madame ,guyon a great & beautiful s\l  
^: memory ,i v5]ate4 ,& yet !re c be no 
d\bt t x is n ! fictiti\s object ( love 
:i* is conclusive1 b ! emotion ( ! lov]3
 ! s5suali/ c approa* ,god & ! ,virg9 ) 
inflam$ s5ses1 b to ! lov] e woman is   
div9e4  ,! result ( ?is *apt] is z f> z 
our inve/igation is conc]n$1 negative4  
,! deify+ love ( man has no p>allel     
ph5om5on 9 ! emotional life ( woman4    
7b7 ,,sexual ,,my/ics4  ,sexual my/icism
 is a contradiction 9 itself1 because   
true my/icism has no?+ :atev] to d )    
sexuality4 ,b frequ5tly suppress$       
sexuality1 secretly luxuriat+1 takes    

possession ( ! :ole s\l1 & a religi\s   
con/ruction is put on ! results4 ,!     
sexually excit$ subject attributes      
religi\s motives to 8 ec/asy4 ,i h no   
hesitation 9 ass]t+ t ! majority ( ^!   
ec/asies--especially 9 ! case (         
wom5--are root$ 9 sexuality1 & t ?is    
s-call$ my/icism is no?+ b a deviation  
or wrong int]pretation ( ! sexual       
impulse4 ,! same ?+ applies to !        
flagellants ( ! decl9+ ,middle ,ages1 & 
"s ,prote/ant sects ( mod]nity4 ,!      
raptures ( ,/4 ,t]esa & ,madame ,guyon1 
also1 belong to ?is category1 h[ev] mu* 
! fact may be conceal$ by               
pseudo-religi\s conceptions4 ,i h no    
d\bt t ,ea/]n my/icism1 too1 grew up on 
a sexual f\ndation1 b 7z ,i h done all  
along7 ,i w limit my subject to !       
civilisation ( ,europe4  ,?is c\nt]feit 
my/icism1 f$ f dubi\s s\rces & call+    
itself love ( ,god1 ta9ts ! pure        
intuitions ( "s ( ! g5u9e my/ics &      
metaphysical erotics2 !y 7 n always able
 to /e] cle> ( spuri\s outgr[?s4 7,"h1  

too1 ! psy*ological navet ( m$iaeval    
times mu/ to "s ext5t be held           
responsible47 ,conspicu\s among/ ^! is  
,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 :o 9 8 ,s]mones
 9 ,canticum took ! ,song ( ,songs z a  
base = my/ically-sexual imag9+s4  ,!re  
is no?+ really new 9 ?is direction4 ,b  
,i w cite a few /anzas writt5 by ,/4    
,b]n>d :i* might equally well h come f  
"o ( ! amor\s nuns3             ,,to ,,!
 ,,side-,,w\nd ,,( ,,*ri/4       ,"l1 ) 
my m\? ,i t\* & wor%ip ,!e1      ,) all 
! /r5g? ,i h ,i cl+ to ,!e1      ,) all 
my love ,i plunge my he>t 9 ,!e1        
,my v life blood w\ld ,i draw f ,!e1    
,oh1 ,jesus6 ,jesus6 ,draw me unto ,!e6 
,h[ sweet ,?y sav\r is6 ,:o ta/es ( ,!e1
      ,oh1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 c reli% naught 
b ,!e6      ,:o ta/es ,?y liv+ sweetness
 lives by ,!e2      ,all else is void2 !
 s\l mu/ die = ,!e1      ,s fa9ts my    
he>t--s w\ld ,i die = ,!e6              
7,transl4 by ,,emily ,,m>y ,,%apcote47  
,! greate/ religi\s poet ( all times    
aft] ,/4 ,b]n>d 0 ,jacopone da ,todi1 :o

 also1 ?\gh r>ely1 revell$ 9 f]vid      
utt]ances4 ,! ,lat9 hymn1 ,/abat ,mat]  
,speciosa1 ascrib$ to him1 is spuri\s4  
,i quote a translation tak5 f ! ,ros>y (
 ! ,b4,v4,m4       ,o!r ,virg9s f>      
transc5d+1      ,virg91 be n ?\ unb5d+1 
,to ?y humble suppliant's suit4         
,grant me !n1 to !e unit$1      ,by !   
love ( ,*ri/ excit$1      ,"h to s+ my  
jubilee4  ,b he is und\bt$ly ! au?or ( !
 foll[+ /anzas3       ,so>+ upw>ds      
love-enk9dl$1      ,does ! s\l rejoice1 
afire      ,9 h] glad triumphant flight4
      ,e>?ly c>es to naught h dw9dl$1   
,love's sweet footfall's draw+ nigh h]  
,to esp\se 8 he>t's delight4      ,all  
trans=m$ & nak$ q1      ,laugh+ l[1 )   
joy imbu$1      ,pure1 & l a snake      
r5ew$1      ,love div9e w ev] t5d h]4   
,b poems l ! foll[+ und\bt$ly orig9at$ 9
 a truly religi\s & pure s5tim5t3       
,enwrapt 9 love ?9e arms ,him fa/       
enfold+1      ,s closely clasp ,him t !y
 loose ,him nev]2      ,& 9 ?y he>t ,8  
sacr$ image hold+1      ,f> f ! pa? ( s9

 ?\'lt j\rney ev]4      ,8 dea? 9 twa9  
%all bla/ ?y call\s he>t      ,z once ! 
solid rock ,he r5t ap>t4  ,! mo/        
di/+ui%$ among ! f]vid lov]s ( ,god (   
lat] times 7 ! sa9ts ,jean de la ,croix1
 ,alfonso da ,liguori1 & ,franois de    
,sales4 ,! ,tract ( ! ,love ( ,god1     
writt5 by ,franois de ,sales1 surpasses 
ev]y?+ ev] a*iev$ 9 ?is direction4  ,i w
 n dilate fur!r on ?is b>r5 aspect (    
emotionalism s easily traceable ?r\gh ! 
lat] c5turies 9 _m a ,ca?olic &         
,prote/ant s5tim5tali/1 b w conclude ?is
 *apt] ) a brief discussion ( ,novalis4 
,if ,i m5tion ?is poet 9 ?is connexion x
 is n because ,i desire to depreciate 8 
g5ius1 b because1 possess+ z he did1 9 a
 r>e degree1 dep? ( feel+ & p[] (       
expression1 he is an important witness (
 an unusual type4 ,true1 "h & !re 8     
poems are rem9isc5t ( ,jacopone1 b he is
 n suffici5tly +5u\s1 & is altoge!r too 
morbid to be class$ ) t ard5t fanatic4  
,he %>es ) ,jacopone & o!r poets ! ye>n+
 to grasp transc5d5tal ?+s ) ! s5ses1 to

 approa* ! ,deity ) a love :i* _c be    
call$ any?+ b s5su\s4 ,novalis' ,hymns  
to ! ,night are ! mo/ magnific5t example
 ( ?is p]fect int]p5etration ( s5su\s & 
transc5d5tal love1 & at ! same "t       
repres5t a complete fusion ( ! love he  
bore to 8 fiance1 :o di$ "y1 & ! wor%ip 
( ,m>y4 ,night has op5$ inf9ite eyes 9  
u1 & we behold ! secret ( love unfold+  
itself 9 ! he>t ( ?is poet1 at once     
unique & pa!tic1 l(ty & morbid4 ,! :ole 
univ]se he conceives z a female be+ = ^:
 embrace he is long+4 ,x is a new       
emotion3 nei!r ! *a/e wor%ip ( !        
,madonna1 nor ! sexually-my/ic /riv+ to 
embrace ) ! s\l4 ,! night gives bir? to 
a =ebod+ :i* excites & soo!s all vague  
desires4 ,! lov] ?us soliloquises ( !   
night3       ,9 inf9ite space4          
,?\'d/ dissolve1      ,if x held !e n1  
,if x b\nd !e n1      ,& ?rill$ !e1     
,t afire      ,?\ begette/ ! _w4        
,v]ily be=e ?\ art ,i 01      ,) my sex 
,! "m s5t me      ,to live 9 ?y _w1     
,& to hall[ x      ,) love4  ,"h !      

anci5t1 my/ical long+ to become "o )    
,god is conceiv$ "u ! symbol ( ! night4 
7,a symbol :i* we %all meet aga91       
magnifi$1 9 ,wagn]'s ,tri/an47          
,lo6 ,love has bur/ its prison4      ,no
 p>t+ n[ %all be1      ,& life's full   
tide has ris5      ,l to a b\ndless sea4
      ,"o night ( love sup]nal1         
,only "o gold5 song1      ,& ! face ( ! 
,et]nal      ,to light our pa? along4   
,9 addition1 ,novalis 0 a p]fect        
woman-wor%ipp]4 ,he lov$ ! ,middle ,ages
 & ,ca?olicism4 ,! re=mation kill$      
,*ri/ianity2 h5ce=? ,*ri/ianity has     
ceas$ to exi/4 ,ca?olicism prea*$ no?+ b
 love = ! holy1 beautiful ,lady (       
,*ri/ianity1 :o1 end[$ ) div9e virtue1 0
 able to deliv] all loyal he>ts f ! mo/ 
t]rible dang]s4 ,he wrote hymns to ,m>y 
9 ! /yle ( ! pieti/s1 emphasis+ m       
especially ! pr9ciple ( mo!rl9ess3      
,oh1 ,m>y6 ,at ?y alt>      ,a ?\s&     
he>ts lie prone1      ,9 ?is dre> life (
 %ad[s      ,!y ye>n = !e alone4        
,all hop+ to recov]      ,f life's      

di/ress & sm>t1      ,if ?\1 oh holy    
,"m1      ,wilt take !m to ?y he>t4  ,he
 idolis$ 8 fiance1 :o di$ "y4 ,h] memory
 %all be my bett] self1 a sacr$ image 9 
my he>t be=e :i* a sanctu>y lamp is ev] 
burn+1 & :i* w save me f ! temptations (
 ! ,evil ,"o4 ,& ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,he9ri* (
 ,(t]d+5 he proclaims3 ,my belov$ is !  
abbreviation ( ! univ]se2 ! univ]se is !
 elongation ( my belov$4 ,heav5 has giv5
 y to me to wor%ip4 ,i adore y1 y are a 
sa9t1 y are div9e glory1 y are et]nal   
life6  ,?is s5tim5tal wor%ip ( woman1   
comb9$ ) an all-transc5d+ insatiable    
s5su\sness1 produc$ ! peculi>           
sexually-my/ic _w-feel+ :i* is s        
*>act]i/ic ( him4 ,night deeply moves 8 
s\l1 long+1 ! memory ( ! belov$ woman1  
adoration = ! ,virg91 8 fanta/ic        
conception ( an inc>nat$ univ]se are    
fus$ into "o great emotion3             
,praise to ! ,que5 ( ! ,_w6      ,! l(ty
 h]ald      ,( ! sacr$ _w4      ,!      
patroness      ,( raptur\s love6        
,?\ art com+1 belov$--      ,night has  

desc5d$--      ,my s\l is ravi%$--      
,ov] is ?is e>?ly j\rney      ,& ?\ art 
m9e aga94      ,i gaze into ?y d>k1 deep
 eyes1      ,& see naught b love &      
happ9ess4      ,we s9k d[n on ! alt> ( !
 night1      ,! s(t c\*--      ,! veil  
falls1      ,& k9dl$ by ! raptur\s      
embrace1      ,gl[s ! pure fire      ,( 
! sweet sacrifice4  ,! climax & unique  
example ( s5su\sness1 unsurpass$ = its  
symbols ( ! physical embrace1 is ! hymn3
 ,few "k ! ,secret ( ,love4 ,x is too   
long to give 9 full4 ,! foll[+ are a few
 /anzas3       ,w\ld t ! ocean          
,blu%$6      ,& 9 fragrant fle%         
,melt$ ! rock6      ,inf9ite is ! sweet 
repa/1      ,nev] satisfi$ is love2     
,nor close1 nor fa/ en\gh      ,c x hold
 ! belov$4      ,by ev] m t5d] lips     
,trans=m$1 ! pa/ ec/asy      ,gr[s      
clos]1 m intimate4      ,raptur\s love  
,?rills ! s\l2      ,hungri] & ?ir/i]   
,gr[s ! he>t4      ,& ?us ! transports (
 love      ,endure = ev]4  ,"h ! remote/
 limit has be5 rea*$--s5su\sness seems  

to fl[ into et]nity1 voluptu\sness w\ld 
%att] ! _w to pieces & create a new     
relation%ip ( ?+s4 ,be=e ?is poem all   
ec/asies ( s5su\sness masqu]ad+ z cosmic
 emotion are dull & timid4 ,! transc5d5t
 symbols ( ,ca?olicism are us$ to guide 
! insatiable s5su\s imag9ation to       
metaphysics4 ,:o c say t he und]/&s !   
nature ( blood8 ,novalis may ask ?is "q4
 ,x is truly blood1 human blood1 long+  
to gu% =? & pulsate ?r\gh ! body ( !    
univ]se4       ,9 "t to come all w be   
body      ,"o body2      ,9 cele/ial    
blood1      ,float ! enraptur$ twa94  ,!
 human blood has become cele/ial blood2 
! voluptu\sness ( man1 ! voluptu\sness (
 ! _w1 & because ! :ole _w is "o body1 x
 ne$s no duality2 sexuality :i* has     
become a cosmic law rules ov] humanity1 
,god1 ,*ri/ & ! univ]se4 ,?is hymn is ! 
immortalisation ( voluptu\sness4 ,if !  
love-dea? is ! immortalisation ( love   
unable to f9d satisfaction on e>?1 s its
 c\nt]p>t1 cosmic s5su\sness is1 9 ! la/
 s5se1 ori5talism4 ,only a g5ius c\ld   

inv5t a new1 symbolic language to       
express feel+s s ali5 to ! ,european4   
,e>?ly s5suality did n satisfy ,novalis1
 voluptu\sness deta*$ f man1            
voluptu\sness 9 itself1 0 8 dream & 8   
religion--! supreme/ creation ev] a*iev$
 by sexuality int5sifi$ into a cosmic   
emotion4  ,i ?9k t ,i h n[ made cle> !  
fact t ! emotional life ( man is root$ 9
 two elem5ts1 completely di/9ct f !     
beg9n+3 ! sexual impulse & p]sonal love4
 ,x is 9 /udy+ ! love ( ! transc5d5tal1 
t culm9at+ po9t ( s _m feel+s spr++ f   
v>i\s s\rces1 t ! inh]5t contra/ betwe5 
! two fundam5tal pr9ciples becomes mo/  
app>5t2 & t we realise :y !y h always   
be5 int]m+l$ bo? 9 !ory & 9 reality4    
,we h la/ exam9$ ! attempt ( sexuality  
to possess itself ( ! :ole univ]se2 we w
 n[ turn our att5tion to ! true union ( 
bo? erotic elem5ts4 ,?is union occurr$  
at ! "t :5 ,goe! & ,novalis 7 br++      
spiritual love & cosmic s5su\sness to _!
 highe/ summit4     ,,! ,,?ird ,,/age   
7,! ,unity ( ,sexual ,impulse & ,love7  

,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,long+ ,,= ,,!        
,,syn!sis4   ,humanity inh]it$ !        
pair+-in/9ct f ! animal-_w2 b z         
diff]5tiation progress$1 ?is in/9ct t5d$
 to re/rict itself to a few             
individuals--sometimes ev5 to a s+le    
repres5tative only--( ! o!r sex4 ,9 !   
beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury a new &        
unprec$5t$ emotion--spiritual love ( man
 = woman bas$ on p]sonality--made its   
appe>ance1 & until mod]n times ! two    
fundam5tal erotic pr9ciples exi/$ side  
by side )\t inn] relation%ip4 ,sexuality
 ) its v>i\s manife/ations has exi/$ f !
 beg9n+2 ! ultimate object ( sexual     
int]c\rse is pleasure2 b "h & !re1 &    
p>allel ) sexual pleasure1 !re h be51 9 
v>y+ degrees ( int5sity1 in/ances (     
spiritual love4 ,9 ! second half ( !    
eighte5? c5tury !re appe>$--timidly at  
fir/1 b gradually ga9+ 9 /r5g? &        
det]m9ation--a t5d5cy to f9d ! sole     
c\rse ( e erotic emotion 9 ! p]sonality 
( ! belov$1 a long+ no long] to         
dissociate sexual impulse & spiritual   

love1 b to bl5d !m 9 a h>moni\s :ole4   
,p]sonality %\ld knit body & s\l toge!r 
9 a high] syn!sis4 ,! fir/ signs ( ?is  
long+ became app>5t 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* 
revolution2 7we f9d traces ( x 9 ! works
 ( ,r\sseau & 9 ,goe!'s ,w]!r72 x 0     
develop$ by ! romantici/s & repres5ts ! 
typical =m ( mod]n love ) all its       
incomplet5ess & inexhau/$ possibilities4
 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is eag]ly desir$ unity1
 :i* w\ld be synonym\s ) ! victory (    
p]sonality ov] ! limitations ( body &   
s\l1 is ! great problem ( mod]n "t 9 !  
doma9 ( eroticism4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is  
?ird /age ( eroticism is ! complete     
triumph ( love ov] pleasure1 !          
neutralisation ( ! sexual & ! g5]ative  
by ! spiritual & ! p]sonal4 ,! physical 
& spiritual unity ( ! lov]s has become s
 mu* supreme erotic reality1 t ! l9e (  
dem>cation betwe5 s\l & s5ses is        
completely oblit]at$4 ,9 extreme        
cases--:i* are n at all r>e--! bodily   
union is n realis$ z any?+ di/9ct1      
specifically pleasurable2 x does n      

occupy a prom95t position 9 ! complex ( 
love2 s5su\s pleasure1 ! univ]sal       
inh]itance f ! animal _w1 has be5       
vanqui%$ by p]sonality1 ! supreme       
treasure ( man4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/  
/age 0 ! unque/ion$ sway ( "o ( !       
elem5ts ( erotic life1 s5sual           
gratification 7?is /age has1 ( c\rse1   
nev] ceas$ to exi/71 z well z ! ae/hetic
 pleasure 9 ! beauty ( ! human =m4 ,!   
second /age gave prom95ce to all ^?     
spiritual qualities :i* 7 mo/           
appreciat$1 virtue1 purity1 k9dness1    
wisdom1 etc41 because love r\ses &      
embraces ev]y?+ 9 ! human s\l :i* is    
p]fect4 ,9 ! ?ird /age1 s5su\s pleasure 
& spiritual love no long] exi/ z sep>ate
 elem5ts2 ! p]sonality ( ! belov$ 9 its 
individuality is ! only ess5tial1       
reg>dless z to :e!r %e be ! br+] ( weal 
or woe1 :e!r %e be good or evil1        
beautiful or pla91 wise or fooli%4      
,p]sonality has--9 pr9ciple--become !   
sole1 supreme s\rce ( eroticism4 ,9 ?is 
/age !re is no tyranny ( man ov]        

woman--z 9 ! sexual /age--no submission 
( man to woman--z 9 ! /age (            
woman-wor%ip2 x is ! /age ( ! complete  
equality ( ! sexes1 a mutual giv+ &     
tak+4 ,if sexuality is inf9ite z matt]1 
spiritual love et]nal z ! metaphysical  
ideal1 ! syn!sis is human & p]sonal4    
,be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?is new erotic 
union did n exi/ z a ph5om5on (         
civilisation1 b occasionally we f9d x   
anticipat$ or vaguely allud$ to4 ,"s ( !
 e>ly ,g]man m9nes+]s 7su* z ,dietm> von
 ,ai/ & ,krnb]g7 sometimes betray1      
especially :5 speak+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a  
woman1 s5tim5ts prophetic ( our mod]n   
s5tim5tal ballads4 ,! foll[+ v]ses by   
,albre*t ( ,johansdorf1 express !       
reciprocity *>act]i/ic ( mod]n love3    
,:5 two he>ts are s unit$      ,t _!    
love c nev] wane1      ,!n ,i we5 no man
 %\ld blight x1      ,dea? alone %\ld "p
 ! twa94  ,ev5 m mod]n 9 s5tim5t are !  
foll[+ /anzas3       ,?is is love's     
measure3      ,two he>ts & "o pleasure1 
,two loves "o love1 nor m nor less1     

,& bo? "r full ( happ9ess4      ,9 woe  
"o woe1      ,& nei!r f ! o!r g4  ,?\gh 
,walt] von d] ,vogelweide adopt$ !      
contemporane\s conception ( love z !    
s\rce ( ev]y?+ good & noble 7,tell me   
:at is ,love87 he nev] q accept$ x3     
,love is ! ec/asy ( two fond he>ts1     
,if bo? %>e equally1 !n love is !re4  ,m
 anci5t evid5ce ev5 is ! def9ition (    
m>riage by ! s*ola/ic ,hugo ( ,/4       
,victor1 :o _h lean+s t[>ds my/icism3   
,m>riage is ! fri5d%ip betwe5 man &     
woman1 he says4  ,my k ( ! subject _c1 (
 c\rse1 be unexceptional1 b ,i d n      
believe t p]sonal love ( ! ?ird /age1 t 
is1 ! bl5d+ ( bo? erotic elem5ts1 0 q   
def9itely express$ be=e ! second half ( 
! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we may be ju/ifi$ 9 
ma9ta9+ t ! t5sion betwe5 sexuality &   
spiritual love _h be5 slack5+ 9 ! c\rse 
( ! c5turies1 t sexuality 0 conceiv$ z  
less diabolical1 & love z less cele/ial 
?an h]et(ore2 b ! pr9ciple _h rema9$    
un*ang$4 ,only ! female portraits (     
,leon>do da ,v9ci are des]v+ ( special  

m5tion2 ! great arti/ 0 possibly ! fir/ 
:o arti/ically div9$1 if he did n       
a*ieve1 ! syn!sis4 ,! exceptional       
position always grant$ to 8             
wom5--p>ticul>ly to 8 ,mona ,lisa--mu/  
d\btless be ascrib$ to ?is premonition4 
,we may be c]ta9 t ,leon>do n only z    
arti/1 b z lov] also1 0 ahead ( 8 "t2 b 
he mu/ be reg>d$ z an isolat$ in/ance4  
,! ?ree /ages apply to ! eroticism ( man
 only4 ,8 emotion so>$ f brutality to   
div9ity1 & !n gradually became human2 8 
feel+ alone has a hi/ory4 ,! =ce :i*    
seiz$1 m\ld$ & trans=m$ him1 _h no      
influ5ce ov] woman4 ,comp>$ to man1 %e  
is to-day :at %e 0 at ! beg9n+1 pure    
nature4 ,h] lov] has always be5 ev]y?+  
to h]2 nev] m]ely a means = !           
gratification ( ! s5ses1 nor1 on ! o!r  
h&1 a high] be+ to :om %e look$ up & :om
 %e wor%ipp$ ) a purely spiritual love2 
b at all times he possess$ h] undivid$  
love1 unable 9 its nave simplicity to   
diff]5tiate betwe5 body & s\l4 ,! high] 
intuition1 ! object ( ! supreme erotic  

ye>n+ ( man1 = ! possession ( :i* he has
 /ruggl$ = c5turies1 & ev5 to-day does n
 fully possess1 has always be5 a matt] (
 c\rse to h]4 ,%e ^: true/ vocation is  
love1 receiv$ f nature t :i* ! greate/ (
 m5 h /riv5 h>d to w9 & only half       
succe$$ 9 w9n+4 ,man's pr(\nd dualism is
 ali5 to h]2 h] greatness--b also h]    
limitation--lies 9 ! simplicity &       
infallibility ( h] in/9ct1 :i* has _h no
 evolution & is consequ5tly n liable to 
produce atavisms & ab]rations4 ,%e is   
h>dly consci\s ( ! *asm betwe5 sexual   
in/9ct & p]sonal love4 ,:]ev] ?is is n  
s1 we may f9d intellectual greatness 7z 
= in/ance 9 ! case ( ! ,empress ,ca!r9e 
( ,russia71 b z a rule we f9d only      
morbidness1 despond5cy & call\sness4 ,to
 ! normal woman ! ph5om5a ( duali/ic    
eroticism appe> un9telligible1 ev5      
un:olesome4 ,! unity ( love is a matt] (
 c\rse to h]1 s t ! ?ird /age is        
practically male acquiesc5ce to female  
intuition4  ,ev5 9 our "t1 :5 s mu* is  
said & writt5 ab\t mod]n woman & h]     

claims1 h] feel+ is /ill p]fect 9       
itself2 comp>$ to ! discord &           
het]og5eity ( man1 %e repres5ts         
simplicity & h>mony4 ,bo? purely        
spiritual wor%ip & undiff]5tiat$ sexual 
desire are exceptions z f> z %e is      
conc]n$ & mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z abnormal4
  ,?is unbrok51 det]m9ative female      
eroticism may possibly be expla9$ 7z    
,we9+] expla9s x7 by woman's sexuality1 
:i* is absolute1 & does n rise above !  
horizon ( di/9ct consci\sness1 b        
,we9+]'s dualism is 9 ?is direction     
attempt+ to value & /&>dise some?+ :i* 9
 its ess5ce is ali5 to 8 /&>d4          
,psy*o-physical unity1 !n1 is ! basic   
*>act]i/ic ( female eroticism1 b ! /ate 
( affairs 9 ! case ( male eroticism is a
 v diff]5t "o4 ,a /udy ( ! gradual orig9
 ( ! erotic elem5ts w facilitate a bett]
 und]/&+ ( ! relevant ph5om5a4  ,9 !    
case ( woman1 ! prim>y sexual in/9ct    
p]vades ! :ole be+2 x has be5 ref9$ &   
purifi$ )\t any great fluctuations or   
*anges2 9 ! case ( man x has always be5 

re/rict$ to c]ta9 regions ( 8 physical &
 psy*ical life1 & an entirely novel     
exp]i5ce 0 requir$ be=e x c\ld w9 to !  
f9al =m ( p]sonal love4 ,?is prize1 9 8 
case1 is !re=e enhanc$ by ! fact ( be+ !
 outcome ( a long conflict2 ! rew>d ( a 
task /ill %[+ ! traces ( ! /ruggle & pa9
 ( c5turies4 ,! tru? ( ! words ,pleasure
 is degrad+ _h be5 e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce4
  ,a few hi/orical in/ances1 illu/rat+  
female eroticism1 w uphold my cont5tion4
 ,9 ! remote days ( ,greek antiquity1 we
 f9d an example ( undivid$ wifely love 9
 ,alce/is1 ^: devotion to h] husb& s5t  
h] to volunt>y dea? 9 ord] to l5g!n 8   
life4 ,wifely devotion accompli%$ :at   
p>5tal love c\ld n a*ieve4 ,! ,alce/is (
 ,euripides repres5ts a feel+ v famili> 
to u4 ,p5elope1 ! fai?ful m>tyr1 is a   
simil> in/ance4  ,at ! "t :5 spiritual  
love1 accompani$ by ecc5tricities &     
,lat9 treatises1 gradually1 & amid/     
heavy conflict1 /ruggl$ into exi/5ce1 ! 
s\l ( woman 0 already gl[+ ) ! emotion  
:i* we1 to-day1 realise z love4 ,i h    

?ree witnesses to prove ?is /atem5t4 ,! 
,lais ( ! ,fr5* poetess ,m>ie de        
,france1 bas$ on ,breton & ,celtic      
motifs1 are p]meat$ by a sweet          
s5tim5tality1 v ne>ly relat$ to !       
s5tim5t ( our popul> ballads4 ,!y tell (
 simple feel+s1 ( love & long+ & ! grief
 ( love4 ,"o ( h] lais treats ! t\*+    
/ory ( ,lanval & ,gu9ev]e1 & ano!r an   
episode ( ,tri/an & ,isolde4       ,de  
,tri/an et de la re9e1      ,de leur    
am\r qui tant fut f9e1      ,dont ils   
eur5t ma9te d\l\r      ,puis en m\rur5t 
en un j\r4  ,! nave s5tim5t ( ^! poems  
=ms a delici\s contra/ to !             
contemporane\s mature & subtile art (   
,prov5ce1 & ! entire erudite arm\ry (   
love4  ,a great b>on decl>$ t only ! man
 :o c\ld c>ry 8 daught] 9 8 arms to !   
summit ( a c]ta9 m\nta9--an impossible  
feat--%\ld w9 h] h& 9 m>riage4 ,no man  
possess$ /r5g? to c>ry h] f>!r ?an half 
way4 ,b ! knight :om %e lov$ secretly   
w5t out into ! _w1 & aft] ye>s ( se>*+1 
discov]$ a magic potion able to end[ him

 :o quaff$ x ) enorm\s /r5g?4 ,full (   
joy he return$ home &1 8 belov$ 9 8     
arms1 began ! labori\s asc5t4 ,/rong &  
jubilant1 he laugh$ at ! potion4 ,b aft]
 a :ile1 feel+ 8 /r5g? ebb+ away1 !     
maid5 implor$ him3 ,dr9k1 ,i besee* !e1 
belov$6 ,my he>t is /rong1 to dr9k 7    
wa/e ( "t4 ,& aga9 %e plead$3 ,dr9k n[1 
belov$1 ?y /r5g? is dim9i%+ fa/4 ,b he1 
eag] to w9 h] only by 8 own ef=t1 /agg]$
 on & rea*$ ! summit1 only to s9k to !  
gr\nd & expire4 ,! maid51 ?r[+ h]self on
 8 lifeless body1 kiss$ 8 eyes & lips & 
di$ ) him4  ,we recognise 9 ?is simple  
tale ! new =m ( love1 mutual devotion1 &
 ! ?\ght ( ! consummation ( ?is love1 ! 
,love-dea?1 :i* 0 n def9itely realis$   
until six hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,x orig9at$ 
9 ! ,celtic s\l1 z ! wor%ip ( woman     
orig9at$ 9 ! ,romanesque 7! ,teutonic   
s\l %>$ 9 ! developm5t ( bo?74 ,x 0 a   
dream ( ! suppress$ ,celtic race1 sp5d+ 
its :ole s\l 9 dreams & produc+ visions 
( su* dep? & beauty t ev5 we ( to-day _c
 read !m )\t be+ pr(\ndly mov$4  ,next  

!re are ?ree love-lett]s writt5 9 ,lat9 
by a ,g]man woman ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 
v t\*+ words %e tells h] lov] t ! love (
 him c nev] be torn out ( h] he>t4 ,i   
turn to y :om ,i hold = ev] enclos$ 9 my
 inmo/ he>t4 ,%e promises & claims      
fai?fulness until dea?3 ,among ?\s&s my 
he>t has *os5 y1 y alone c satisfy my   
long+1 & y w nev] f9d my love want+4 ,i 
tru/ myself to y1 all my hope is c5tr$ 9
 y4 ,i c\ld say a great deal m1 %e      
concludes1 b !re is no ne$ ( x4 ,& !n   
foll[ ! *>m+ ,g]man /anzas3       ,?\ to
 me & ,i to !e1      ,knit = all        
et]nity4      ,9 my he>t art ?\         
imprison$1      ,& ,i ?rew away ! key4  
,nev]more can/ ?\ be free4  ,9 ! ?ird   
lett] %e drops ! =mal ,lat9 & addresses 
him 9 intimate1 simple ,g]man4 ,b !     
man's replies are clumsy & /range1 &    
pla9ly evid5ce 8 unc]ta9ty ( himself3 ,y
 h put a human head on a horse's neck1 &
 ! beautiful female =m ends 9 an ugly   
fi%'s tail4 ,x looks z if a p>t+ 7      
inevitable4  ,b ! mo/ t\*+ te/imony f ! 

,middle ,ages is ! fam\s love /ory (    
,abl>d & ,hlose4 ,we probably possess no
 old] docum5t ( ! passionate devotion ( 
a woman1 diff]+ 9 no?+ f ! s5tim5t ( !  
pres5t age1 ?an ! lett]s ( ,hlose4      
,abl>d p]suad$ h] to take ! veil & rep5t
 9 a conv5t ! s9 ( voluptu\sness--b %e  
kn[s no?+ ( ,god--h] :ole s\l is wrapp$ 
up 9 h] lov]3 ,i expect no rew>d f ,god1
 = :at ,i did 0 n done = love ( ,him4444
 ,i want$ no?+ f y b y\rself2 ,i desir$ 
only y1 n t :i* belong$ to y2 ,i did n  
expect m>riage or gifts2 ,i did n seek  
to gratify my desires & d my w1 b y\rs1 
& well y "k t ,i am speak+ ! tru?6 ,! "n
 ( wife may seem sacr$ & hon\rable to y1
 b ,i pref] to be call$ y\r mi/ress or  
ev5 y\r h>lot4 ,! m ,i degrad$ myself = 
y\r sake1 ! m ,i hop$ to f9d grace 9 y\r
 eyes4444 ,i r5\nc$ all ! pleasures ( ! 
_w to live only = y2 ,i kept no?+ =     
myself b ! desire to belong entirely to 
y4 ,abl>d's replies are pi\s s]mons &   
!ological treatises2 he ?9ks ( ! love ( 
! pa/ only z ! curs$ desires ( ! fle%1 !

 sn>e 9 :i* ! devil _h caught !m1 &     
urges ,hlose to ?ank ,god t h5ce=? !y   
are safe4 ,my love :i* entangl$ bo? ( u 
9 s91 he says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 des]ves n
 ! "n ( love1 = x 0 naught b c>nal lu/4 
,i s\ght 9 y ! gratification ( my s9ful 
desires1 etc4 ,he bless$ ! savage crime 
committ$ on him because x sav$ him = ev]
 f ! s9 ( voluptu\sness4 ,:at ,hlose    
lov$ & treasur$ z h] sweete/ memory1 0  
to him hell & devil's "w4 ,he wrote to  
h] almo/ z if 9 mock]y3 ,:at spl5did    
int]e/ does ! tal5t ( y\r wisdom be> to 
! ,"l day aft] day6 ,h[ _m spiritual    
daught]s y h borne to ,him6 ,:at a      
t]rible loss x w\ld h be5 if y _h ab&on$
 y\rself to ! lu/ ( ! fle%1 _h borne1 ) 
travail1 a few e>?ly *ildr51 :ile n[1 ) 
joy1 y be> a great numb] ( daught]s = ! 
k+dom ( ,heav54 ,y w\ld h rema9$ a woman
 l all ! re/1 b n[ y are f> exalt$ ev5  
above m54 ,?is correspond5ce pla9ly     
reveals ! trag$y ( ! lac]at$ man ( !    
,middle ,ages1 z comp>$ to ! nev]-v>y+  
woman1 em]g+ p]fect f ! h&s ( nature4 ,a

 long & toilsome road /ill /ret*es out  
be=e him2 %e _h rea*$ ! goal1 )\t a     
/ruggle1 at ! outset4 ,h[ /range is ?is 
cry ( a m$iaeval nun3 ,x seems z if ! _w
 _h gr[n old1 z if all m5 & all liv+    
creatures _h lo/ _! fre%ness1 z if love 
_h gr[n cold n 9 _m1 b 9 all he>ts4     
,:at 0 really ! f9al cause ( ! ho/ility 
to s5su\sness display$ by duali/ic      
m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity8 ,0 x n conta9$ 9  
eroticism itself8  ,?is ho/ility 0 bas$ 
on ! fact t ! _w knew z yet only        
spiritual love & its anti!sis1 !        
sexuality :i* man %>es ) ! animals2 !   
only salvation1 n m]ely 9 ! ,*ri/ian    
s5se1 b f ! po9t ( view ( e l(ty        
conception ( civilisation1 lay 9 !      
victory ov] animalism4 ,! contempt ( & !
 /ruggle aga9/ ! l[] =m ( eroticism     
animat+ ! duali/ic p]iod 0 absolutely   
consi/5t2 asceticism repres5ts ! highe/ 
=m ( culture atta9able by t p]iod4 7,!  
rejection ( spiritual love 0 an         
inconsi/5cy on ! "p ( ! cl]gy47 ,!      
pr9ciple ( p]sonality 0 ! fundam5tal    

pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity2 ?is is cle>ly   
express$ by ! fact t ,*ri/ianity reg>d$ 
! s\l z ! supreme value4 ,& :at is ! s\l
 b ! consci\sness ( human p]sonality    
conceiv$ navely z sub/ance8 ,9 ! light (
 ?is high] intuition s5su\sness 0 b\nd  
to appe> base & degrad+4  ,x is !re=e   
hi/orically correct1 ?\gh ess5tially an 
error1 to reg>d ,*ri/ianity z ! religion
 ( asceticism1 = ! asceticism ( !       
,middle ,ages 0 no?+ b ! immature /age (
 ! pr9ciple ( p]sonality4 ,directly     
spiritual love 0 no long] 9 opposition  
to sexuality1 directly a syn!sis _h be5 
effect$1 ,*ri/ianity %\ld h drawn !     
obvi\s conclusion f its fundam5tal      
pr9ciple & ackn[l$g$ love1 :i* unit$ !  
ho/ile elem5ts4 ,prote/antism did s1    
half-he>t$ly4 ,lu!r's vacillat+ attitude
 t[>ds sexuality is typical ( ?is       
indecision4 ,at he>t he c\ld n ju/ify   
sexuality2 he reg>d$ x1 9 ! same way z  
did ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 z an evil ) :i* 
"o _h to make t]ms4 ,8 sanction (       
m>riage 0 no?+ b a crook$ & ill-f\nd$   

compromise2 & z he rema9$ at ! old      
duali/ic /&po9t1 x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4
 ,b ! mom5t ! new s5su\s-sup]s5su\s =m (
 love _h come into exi/5ce1 x behov$    
,*ri/ianity1 z ! religion ( p]sonality1 
to ackn[l$ge x4  ,aft] ?is digression ,i
 return to ! p]iod ( ! inception ( !    
?ird /age ( love4 ,if ,i 7 writ+ a      
hi/ory ( eroticism1 ,i %\ld n[ h to     
describe ! rococo p]iod1 a p]iod        
ess5tially rationali/ic & devot$ to     
pleasure1 a p]iod :i* believ$ 9 no?+ b !
 obvi\s & und]/ood love only 9 ! s5se ( 
s5sual pleasure4 ,if s5suality _h hi!rto
 be5 evil--at lea/ !oretically--x n[    
became obsc5e4 ,/ripp$ ( e gr& & cosmic 
feature1 x deg5]at$ into ! pr9cipal =m (
 amusem5t4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 ?\gh     
in/ructive & int]e/+ to ! /ud5t (       
eroticism1 produc$ no?+ new4 ,"u !      
undisput$ sway ( ,france1 a p]iod (     
s5suality set 91 unp>allel$ by any o!r  
epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 except1       
p]haps1 ! e>ly ori5tal epo*2 ev5 !      
gynecocratic family ( remote antiquity 0

 op5ly reviv$ by ! ladies ( ,p>is4      
,casanova 0 ! sexual h]o ( ! age 7z he  
is to "s ext5t ! h]o ( our pres5t       
impot5t epo*74 ,indefatigable 9 !       
pursuit ( woman & successful until old  
age1 he 0 a well-br$ sexuali/ )\t       
subtlety or dep?4 ,! ,vicomte de        
,valmont1 ! h]o ( ,*od]los de ,laclos'  
fam\s & reali/ic novel ,les ,liaisons   
,dang]euses1 an absolutely cold & cunn+ 
s$uc]1 0 its god4 ,!y 7 second$ by !    
pleasure-lov+ ,n9on de l',enclos1 :o 0  
/ill desir$ at ! age ( eighty4  ,?is    
ultra-ref9em5t 0 foll[$ by ! loa?+ (    
civilisation & love ( nature express$ by
 ,r\sseau1 ,w]!r & ,hld]l92 closely     
alli$ to ^! passions 0 s5tim5tal love1 !
 direct precursor ( our mod]n conception
 ( love4 ,its peculi>ity lay 9 ! fact t 
al?\gh spiritual 9 its s\rce1 x ye>n$ = 
psy*o-physical unity1 & 0 !re=e always  
slightly discordant4 ,r\sseau 0 ! fir/  
expon5t ( ?is romantic nature cult &    
s5tim5tal love ( woman4 ,he repres5ts ! 
%>p recoil f ! frivolity ( ! anci5      

rgime1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird /age ( love4 
,8 ,n\velle ,hlose 7#agei7 0 probably ! 
fir/ "w 9 :i* s5tim5tal love f\nd       
expression4 ,9 ,goe!'s ,w]!r 7#aggd71   
:i* is a fai?ful portrayal ( ! poet's   
p]sonal feel+s1 x 0 repres5t$ m         
p[]fully4 ,w]!r's love 0 purely         
spiritual at its inception4 ,lotte is   
sacr$ to me4 ,all desire is sil5t 9 h]  
pres5ce4 ,b 9 ! end he desires h] )     
unconqu]able passion2 a dream undeceives
 him ab\t ! nature ( 8 feel+s1 & z he   
clasps h] 9 a passionate embrace he is  
consci\s ( hav+ rea*$ ! summit ( 8      
long+4 ,?is w\ld seem ! goal ( mod]n    
love1 embody+ all its previ\s /ages4 ,x 
is int]e/+ to f9d embodim5ts ( ! extreme
 poles 9 two incid5tal *>act]s2 "o has  
be5 driv5 mad by 8 ador+ love = a woman 
& w&]s ab\t ! fields 9 ,novemb] to ga!r 
fl[]s = 8 que52 ! o!r is a "y peasant :o
 kills 8 rival 9 jeal\s rage4 ,b ,w]!r  
himself1 /e]+ a middle-c\rse betwe5 ^!  
two extremes1 walks /raight into mod]n  
love1 :i* means dea? to him4  ,bo? !    

,new ,hlose & ,w]!r are1 s5tim5tally1   
ef=ts to rea* ! syn!sis via ! s\l4      
,fri$ri* ,s*legel1 9 8 fam\s ,luc9da    
7#agii71 tri$ ! opposite way4 ,he has   
be5 savagely attack$ = x by "o side &   
laud$ to ! skies by ! o!r1 & :5 !       
emancipation ( ! fle% became ! motto ( !
 day1 he 0 glorifi$ z a m>tyr4 ,!       
philosoph] & !ologian ,s*lei]ma*] saw 9 
,luc9da a deliv]y f ! tyranny (         
c5turies4 ,love has become :ole aga9 & (
 "o piece1 he exclaims1 joyfully call+ !
 poem a vision ( a future _w ,god kn[s  
h[ di/ant4 ,love %all come aga92 a new  
life %all unite & animate its brok5     
limbs2 x %all rule ! he>ts & works ( m5 
9 fre$om & gladness1 & sup]s$e !        
lifeless phantoms ( fictiti\s virtues4  
,s*lei]ma*] also voic$ ! idea ( !       
syn!sis3 ,& :y %\ld we be arre/$ 9 ?is  
/ruggle 7i4e41 betwe5 love z ! fl[] (   
s5su\sness & ! intellectual my/ical     
compon5t ( love71 :5 9 all doma9s we are
 /riv+ to br+ ! ideas1 born by ! new    
developm5t ( humanity1 into h>mony ) !  

result ( ! "w ( pa/ ages8 ,8            
,confid5tial ,lett]s on ,s*legel's      
,luc9da h made ! ,prote/ant pa/or       
,s*lei]ma*] ! philosoph] ( ! ?ird /age (
 eroticism1 z ! *apla9 ,&reas 0 ! !ori/ 
( ! second4 ,! ?ird /age ga9$ its fir/  
foot+ among/ ! ,g]man romantici/s4 ,wom5
 7 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 a*iev+ its       
victory4 ,i w n g into detail b w conf9e
 myself to m5tion+ 9 pass+ ! names (    
,jean ,paul1 ,h5rietta ,h]z1 ,br5tano1  
,sophy ,m]eau1 ,doro?y ,ve/1 ,s*ell+1   
,fri$ri* ,g5tz4 ,w4 von ,humboldt       
records a conv]sation :i* he _h 9 ! ye> 
( ! ,revolution ) ,s*ill]4 ,! latt]     
unhesitat+ly pr(ess$ 8 fai? 9 ! unity ( 
love4 ,x 7! bl5d+ ( love & s5suality7 is
 always possible & always !re4 ,b       
,humboldt 0 diffid5t1 unable fully to   
grasp ! new conception4 ,i said t x w\ld
 sev] ! mo/ beautiful1 mo/ delicate     
relation%ips1 t x 0 too het]og5e\s to   
admit ( coh]5ce2 b my pr9cipal argum5t 0
 t 9 ! majority ( cases x 0 out ( !     
"q4444  ,!re is a docum5t f ! ye> #aggi 

:i* conta9s 9 its entirety ! mod]n      
conception ( h>moni\s love1 toge!r ) its
 ec/atic apo!osis1 ! love-dea?1 a       
docum5t :i* puts ! lat] !oris+          
romantici/s & ,luc9da completely 9 !    
%ade4 ,i am ref]r+ to ! only "o (       
,gottfri$ ,augu/ ,brg]'s lett]s to      
,molly1 :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,x conta9s 
! foll[+ passages3 ,i _c describe to y 9
 words h[ ard5tly ,i embrace y 9 ! _s4  
,!re is 9 me su* a tumult ( life t      
frequ5tly aft] an outbur/ my _s & s\l   
are left 9 su* we>9ess t ,i seem to be  
on ! po9t ( dea?4 ,e brief calm begets m
 viol5t /orms4 ,(t5 9 ! black d>kness ( 
a /ormy1 ra9y midnight1 ,i long to ha/5 
to y1 ?r[ myself into y\r arms1 s9k ) y 
into ! inf9ite ocean ( delight &--die4  
,oh ,love6 oh ,love6 :at a /range &     
wond]ful p[] art ?\ to hold body & s\l 9
 su* unbreakable bonds6444 ,i let my    
imag9ation roam ?r\gh ! :ole _w1 yea1   
?r\gh all ! heav5s & ! ,heav5 ( heav5s1 
& exam9e e delight & comp>e x to y1 b by
 ! ,et]nal ,god6 !re is no?+ ,i desire s

 ard5tly z to hold y1 sweete/ &         
heav5lie/ ( all wom51 9 my arms4 ,if ,i 
c\ld w9 y by walk+ r\nd ! e>?1 nak$ &   
b>efoot1 ?r\gh ?orns & ?i/les1 ov] rocks
 & sn[ & ice1 &1 on ! po9t ( dea?1 ) !  
la/ sp>k ( life1 s9k into y\r arms &    
draw new life & happ9ess f y\r lov+     
bosom1 ,i %\ld consid] t ,i b\ght y = a 
trifle4  ,to adduce m hi/orical evid5ce 
( mod]n love w\ld s]ve no purpose2 9 !  
next *apt] ,i %all discuss its          
metaphysical consummation1 ! love-dea?4 
,b ,i w briefly po9t out ! n q obvi\s   
diff]5ce betwe5 syn!tic love & sexuality
 project$ on a specific individual4 ,9  
sev]al ( ! high] animals ! sexual in/9ct
 is to "s ext5t individualis$1 b        
nev]!less x is no m ?an in/9ct1 seek+ a 
suitable mate = its gratification4 ,all 
! well-kn[n !ories ( sexual attraction1 
f ,s*op5hau] to ,we9+]1 acc\nt+ love z  
no?+ b a mutual supplem5t+ ( two        
individuals = ! purpose ( ! be/ possible
 reproduction ( ! species1 d n apply to 
love 9 ! mod]n s5se1 b to ! sexual      

impulse2 !y completely disreg>d !       
individual1 & are only aw>e ( ! species2
 !y appreh5d individualisation z an     
in/rum5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! race4 ,b g5u9e  
p]sonal love is n k9dl$ by in/9ct2 x is 
n diff]5tiat$ sexual impulse2 x embraces
 ! psy*o-physical unity ( ! belov$ )\t  
be+ consci\s ( sexual desire4 ,x %>es ) 
! purely spiritual love ! eag]ness ( man
 to raise & glorify ! belov$ woman1 )\t 
ult]ior motive or desire4 ,?is di/9ction
 may be call$ hair-splitt+1 & ,i admit t
 x is frequ5tly impossible to make x 9  
practice1 b x is important 9 pr9ciple   
because x goes back to orig9s & f9ds 9 !
 metaphysical climax ( ! ?ird /age1 !   
love-dea?1 its practical anti-g5]ic     
pro(4 ,b ) all ?is x is ( common        
occurr5ce t spiritual & s5sual love are 
at diff]5t times project$ on "o & ! same
 woman4  ,s*op5hau]'s in/9ct (          
philoprog5itiv5ess has to-day become an 
article ( fai? ) ! le>n$ & unle>n$4     
,s*op5hau] 0 ! fir/1 probably1 to       
conceive ! idea t love 0 ! consci\sness 

( ! unconsci\s in/9cts 9 ! s]vice ( !   
species1 & _h no o!r cont5t or purpose  
?an ! w ( ! species to produce ! be/    
possible (fspr+4 ,9 a *apt] ( 8 pr9cipal
 "w1 entitl$ ,! ,metaphysics ( ,love1 he
 essay$ to promulgate & prove 8 !ory 9  
detail4 ,all love1 h[ev] e!real x may   
pret5d to be1 is root$ solely 9 ! sexual
 in/9ct2 x is no?+ m nor less ?an       
specialis$1 /rictly speak+              
individualis$1 sexual desire4           
,s*op5hau]'s conception ( love does n   
rise above ?is specialis$ impulse4 ,he  
calmly ignores all ph5om5a su* z ^? ,i h
 describ$ because !y d n fit 8 !ory4 ,) 
! exception ( 8 *eap obs]vation t       
contra/s attract ea* o!r 7:i* is ! pi? (
 all 8 tru?s7 he does n adduce ! smalle/
 evid5ce = ! tru? ( 8 my? ( ! g5ius ( ! 
species spread+ 8 w+s ov] ! com+        
g5]ation4 ,h[ev] mu* ! results ( bre$]s 
may be applicable to ! human species1 !y
 h no?+ to d ) love1 & ! believ]s 9 !   
!ory ( ! in/9ct ( philoprog5itiv5ess are
 sil5t on ! subject ( ! be/ & mo/       

suitable subject = ! purpose2 is x !    
law-abid+ citiz58 ! re/less re=m]8 or ! 
arti/ & ?9k]8 ,/range to say1 ! leg5d ( 
! in/9ct ( philoprog5itiv5ess1          
intuitively consci\s ( ! "r way1 is     
to-day accept$ ev5 by sci5ti/s :o are 9 
sympa?y nei!r ) ,s*op5hau]'s nor ) any  
o!r metaphysic4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t   
love c only s]ve ! purpose ( ! species2 
! fact t ?is !ory is bo? metaphysically 
& sci5tifically uns\nd is ignor$4 ,= ev5
 leav+ ! g5ius ( ! species out ( ! "q1 8
 intellig5t compreh5sion ( ! composition
 ( ! next g5]ation is nev]!less dev\tly 
believ$ 94 ,ev5 ,nietzs*e1 t            
ar*-individuali/1 0 completely "u !     
spell ( ?is dogma1 z is prov$ by _m ( 8 
utt]ances1 = in/ance1 by ! well-kn[n    
sociali/ic def9ition ( m>riage z ! w (  
twa9 to create t :i* is high] ?an its   
creators1 & also by 8 !ory t man is n an
 end 9 himself b a bridge to some?+     
else4 ,nietzs*e's pron\ncem5t t he has n
 yet f\nd ! woman :om he w\ld l to be ! 
"m ( 8 *ildr51 e*oes ! philosophy (     

,s*op5hau]1 ! sup]/ition ( ! g5ius (    
philoprog5itiv5ess4 ,! intr9sic wor? (  
love )\t any ult]ior motive1 )\t a view 
to pleasure or to (fspr+1 seems to h be5
 unkn[n to ,nietzs*e4 ,s*op5hau]'s h]o  
puts ! purport ( love n 9 ! actual      
individual1 b 9 a conception1 &         
annihilates ! value ( ! individual & !  
unique4 ,e great emotion is an end 9    
itself1 & :atev] we may read into x (   
purposes & exp$i5cies1 is an inv5tion1 &
 indep5d5t ( ! emotion itself4 ,! aim ( 
! purely spiritual love ( ! second /age 
0 n propagation1 & yet x 0 an emotion ^:
 l(t9ess _c easily be surpass$4 ,) !    
deification ( woman love rea*$ f> beyond
 ! belov$ into inf9itude1 & ! ph5om5on (
 ! love-dea? r5d]s all ! suppos$ g5]ic  
purpose ( love impossible4 ,b ev5 if we 
ignor$ love altoge!r & admitt$ ! exi/5ce
 ( ! sexual in/9ct only1 its my/]i\s    
endeav\r 9 ! int]e/ ( ! species w\ld    
/ill rema9 pure imag9ation1 & a         
conception f> inf]ior to t ( ! w+$ god (
 love4 ,! in/9ct does n possess a trace 

( discretion1 takes no int]e/ 9 ! weal &
 woe ( humanity1 b is utt]ly selfi%1    
seek+ its own gratification & no?+ else4
  ,! !ory :i* fits s well into          
,s*op5hau]'s metaphysics has1 )\t x1    
nei!r s5se nor support4 ,!re is no      
in/9ct ( philoprog5itiv5ess1 b r a      
pair+-in/9ct1 & 9 addition to ?is a     
consci\s desire = (fspr+4 ,! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ^! two in/9cts is great1 = z a   
rule1 ! pair+-in/9ct is n accompani$ by 
a wi% = *ildr5 7t x %\ld be s           
unconsci\sly is a !ory n wor? consid]+  
s]i\sly71 & ! long+ = *ildr5 v frequ5tly
 exi/s )\t any sexual desire2 to        
manufacture an in/9ct out ( ^? two      
inh]5tly dissimil> impulses is fanta/ic 
metaphysics & n spiritual reality4 ,!   
hi/ory ( antiquity furni%es ample pro( (
 my cont5tion1 = 9 ! days ( ! remote pa/
 ! sexual impulse _h its special doma91 
z well z ! wi% = prog5y1 :i* 0 (t5      
reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a duty4  ,! leg5d ( !
 in/9ct ( philoprog5itiv5ess :i* is     
to-day s univ]sally believ$1 is         

und\bt$ly ! result ( ! g5]al feel+ t    
sexual int]c\rse z su* is base &        
degrad+4 ,b because ( ! m or less cle>  
consci\sness t sexual int]c\rse is      
really :at is mo/ desir$ 9 love1 &      
because ( ! lack ( c\rage op5ly to admit
 x1 attempts are made to ju/ify x f a   
social /&po9t4  ,! task ( e/abli%+ !    
equilibrium betwe5 love & s5su\sness has
 n yet be5 accompli%$4 ,:at is s (t5    
realis$ z ! sexual tr\ble has its orig9 
9 ! fact t ! high] /age has n yet be5   
f9ally rea*$4 ,!re is an inf9ite numb] (
 unions1 all ( :i* h a flaw4 ,witness   
mod]n lit]ature ) its indefatigable     
treatm5t ( eroticism4 ,if a complete    
unity is ev] to be e/abli%$1 !n d\btless
 x w be ! privilege ( ! ,g]manic race to
 a*ieve x1 = ! ,neo-,lat9 nations mean  
by love ei!r ! individualis$ in/9ct1 or 
! r>e1 purely spiritual love4 ,b x is n 
likely t ! ?ird /age w become a univ]sal
 condition2 9 all probability x w1 = a  
long "t to come1 be limit$ to special   
individuals1 & ev5 !n only to specific  

phases ( _! lives4 ,! feel+ ( ! great   
majority ( m5 has n *ang$2 x is         
primitively sexual2 9 ! /ate ( m9d :i*  
is call$ to be 9 love x is c5tr$ on an  
individual woman1 to be1 aft] a "t1     
gradually /ifl$ by o!r int]e/s4 ,!      
emotional life ( ! majority ( wom51 on !
 o!r h&1 is /ill :at x 0 9 remote/      
antiquity4 ,love impels woman into !    
arms ( a man to :om %e rema9s fai?ful1  
until sl[ly h] in/9cts are trans=m$ into
 love = h] *ildr54 ,b 9 ! case ev5 ( !  
av]age woman1 body & s\l are equally    
affect$2 !re is no m t]rible mom5t 9 a  
woman's life ?an ! "o 9 :i* %e discov]s 
t ! man to :om %e has giv5 h]self has   
m]ely us$ h] z a means = gratification4 
,h>moni\sly organis$ woman has giv5     
h]self to a m]ely sexual man :o s\ght 9 
h] only ! satisfaction ( 8 s5ses4 ,?is  
also is ! cause ( ! horror ) :i* !      
normal woman reg>ds ! pro/itute1 = !    
latt] has made ( h]self a means = !     
gratification ( male sexuality1 los+    
!reby h] inh]5t h>mony & individuality4 

,& x is also ! reason :y1 9 spite (     
e?ical convictions & logical            
conclusions1 we %\ld h diff]5t /&>ds = !
 loyalty ( ! husb& & ! loyalty ( ! wife2
 9 man sexuality is a di/9ct elem5t1 an 
elem5t1 x is true1 :i* we d n value1 b  
:i* nev]!less exi/s & has1 z we h se51 a
 hi/orical root4 ,:5 a man gives way to 
8 in/9cts1 8 individuality is n only n  
de/roy$1 b x is h>dly affect$4 ,x is v  
diff]5t 9 ! case ( ! woman2 ) h]1       
emancipat$ sexuality is synonym\s )     
inw>d annihilation1 = x has n ! support 
( ! pa/ & _c exi/ indep5d5tly4 ,a man's 
spiritual annihilation f ! emotional    
sph]e is un?9kable because 8            
organisation is naturally het]og5e\s4 ,!
 m]e sexuali/ repres5ts a pa/ /age (    
male eroticism :i* has be5 l>gely       
ov]come1 b he is r>ely s completely "u !
 spell ( sexuality t he _c highly       
develop o!r p>ts ( 8 entity4 ,! d\ble   
morality has1 !re=e1 an objective reason
 7?\gh p]haps n a high] ju/ification71 &
 w\ld only be unju/ifiable if man _h    

a*iev$ a complete erotic unity4  ,! m   
complicat$ life becomes1 ! m num]\s &   
complex are ! relations betwe5          
individuals & gr\ps4 ,a man is a memb] (
 a trades union2 he has political1      
arti/ic1 sport+ & social relations2 he  
may be a collector or int]e/$ 9 c]ta9   
social ph5om5a1 etc4 ,9 mod]n           
civilisation e compon5t "p ( ! human    
p]sonality is sep>at$ f ! entire        
p]sonality & br\ght into a sy/ematic    
connection ) simil> compon5t p>ts ( o!r 
entities4 ,our social pr9ciple is       
division ( lab\r1 n only 9 ! community b
 also 9 ! individual4 ,) "o man "o c    
talk only philosophy1 ) ano!r music1 ) a
 ?ird p]sonal matt]s1 & s on4 ,b because
 9 ?is way only "o "p ( man1 & nev] !   
:ole be+1 c be satisfi$ at a "t1 !      
desire to exp5d "o's :ole p]sonality 9  
"o great a*ievem5t1 or 9 connection )   
ano!r individual1 is increas+ exactly 9 
proportion z specialisation is increas+ 
9 ! community & 9 ! individual4 ,! m    
ri*ly end[$ & syn!tic a man1 ! m        

inappeasable w be 8 ye>n+ to f9d !      
tal5ts scatt]$ broadca/ ov] humanity    
comb9$ 9 "o p]sonality1 & to give       
himself :olly & entirely to t           
p]sonality4 ,! splitt+ up ( man caus$ by
 our social conditions is "o ( !        
pr9cipal causes ( ! long+ = ! great &   
/rong love :i* we he> s mu* discuss$4 ,!
 ye>n+ = ! absolute1 = p]fection1 no    
long] sep>at+ & select+ b embrac+ man z 
a :ole1 annihilat+ body & s\l 9 a high] 
intuition1 ! long+ = mutual             
self-surr5d]1 = giv+ & receiv+ an       
undivid$ self1 is gr[+ /rong] & /rong]4 
,! idea ( mod]n love1 a love embrac+ !  
:ole bread? ( human developm5t1 is      
unequall$ 9 human hi/ory4 ,a s+le p]son 
%all /& = all mank9d4 ,! lov] has always
 be5 all ! _w to woman1 b man has       
possess$ _m ?+s 9 addition to ! belov$4 
,our age claims 7:]ev] x und]/&s its own
 eroticism7 t woman1 on h] "p1 %all give
 to man all ?+s 9 exi/5ce 9 a high] &   
pur] =m2 n only complete satisfaction ( 
! s5ses1 n only ! l(ty emotion (        

spiritual love1 b also fri5d%ip z a     
fell[-man2 %e %all be to him ! fri5d :o 
meant s mu* to ! ,greek & ! anci5t      
,teuton4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! true     
erotic ( our "t has v little to sp>e =  
fri5d%ip1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! man :o is n
 erotic 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 b m]ely   
sexual1 has g5]ally a poor idea ( woman 
& a great appreciation ( male fri5d%ip4 
,b mod]n love does n only seek to comb9e
 all human relation%ips2 x w\ld fa9     
include "w1 recreation1 art4 ,!         
in/9ctive jeal\sy ( e occupation :i* %e 
does n %>e ) h] lov]1 is no?+ m ?an a   
lov+ woman's fe> t ! ?+s :i* belong to  
him exclusively may become a dang] to ! 
unity ( love4 ,:e!r su* an all-absorb+  
love is possible 9 ri*ly-end[$ natures1 
& :e!r x w n be ! cause ( new conflict1 
are que/ions :i* _c "h be ent]$ ^u4 ,b  
"o ?+ is c]ta93 ! great love _c f9d its 
consummation on e>?4     ,,*apt] ,,ii   
,,! ,,love-,,dea?  7,,! ,,second ,,=m   
,,( ,,metaphysical ,,eroticism7   ,!    
crav+ = inf9itude is lat5t 9 love2 its  

ess5ce is ! long+ to rea* beyond !      
atta9able1 to f9d ! mean+ ( ! _w 9      
ec/asy4 ,! great erotic is a man ^:     
inw>d be+ re/s on emotion1 :o mu/ br+   
?is emotion to its climax--& :o is      
wreck$ on ! incomplet5ess ( human feel+4
 ,we recognise 9 him "o ( ! tragic      
figures at ! conf9es ( humanity4 ,= x is
 ! f9al trag$y ( a s\l impell$ by !     
inexorable w to self-realisation1 to be 
brok5 on ! :eel ( human limitations4  ,!
 trag$y ( ! great man ( action is less  
condition$ by pr9ciple ?an ! trag$y (   
o!r types ( greatness1 because he is n  
limit$ by ! univ]sal re/rictions (      
humanity1 b by individual & accid5tal   
ones4 ,he recognises1 p>tly because ( 8 
unmetaphysical con/itution1 no limits to
 human activity1 & 9 ga9+ 8 individual  
object1 he rea*es a relative end4 ,x is 
o!rwise ) ! ?9k]1 ! arti/1 ! religi\s   
en?usia/ & ! lov]4 ,! ?9k] possesses !  
highe/ intellectual end[m5ts2 he        
repres5ts cognisant humanity1 & 8       
portion is ! angui% ( realis+ t ! ess5ce

 ( be+ _c be grasp$ by ! intellect4 ,!  
great arti/ creates a ma/]piece2 8 he>t 
is agl[ ) ! ideal ( p]fect beauty beheld
 by none b him1 b 8 ideal et]nally      
eludes him2 ! sa9t has a*iev$ p]fection 
z f> z p]fection is possible to         
humanity1 & /&s agha/ at ! burd5 (      
insuffici5cy :i* weighs d[n mank9d2 !   
great erotic is ! h]o 9 ! _w ( feel+1 8 
s\l ye>ns = ! consummation ( 8 love--&  
already he has rea*$ ! conf9es ( life4  
,!re are v>i\s pa?s by :i* ! erotic may 
travel t[>ds p]fection2 !y correspond to
 ! pr9cipal erotic types4 ,i h devot$ a 
special *apt] to ! seek] ( love1 or !   
,don ,juan2 ! woman-wor%ipp] :o _c f9d  
satisfaction on e>? has be5 dealt )     
already4 ,! great & r>e lov]1 h[ev]1 !  
expon5t ( ! f9al =m ( love1 :o loves a  
woman ( fle% & blood ) e fibre ( 8 be+1 
diff]s v ess5tially f ei!r ( ^! types4  
,! pr(\nd] ! emotional dep? ( ! s\l1 !  
great] is ! difficulty ( f9d+ a         
complem5t>y be+4 ,! erotically          
undiff]5tiat$ nature 7^: intellectual   

level may1 h[ev]1 be a high "o7 f9ds1 & 
9 case ( loss replaces1 ! complem5t>y   
be+ comp>atively easily4 ,! difficulty  
bo? ( f9d+ & ( sub/itution increases 9  
proportion to ! diff]5tiation & !       
int5sity ( feel+4 ,! true erotic1 once  
he has f\nd 8 complem5t>y be+1 is       
ov]:elm$ by ! w to ! p]fect realisation 
( 8 passion4 ,x appe>s ) ! unansw]able  
logic ( ! unique & f9al1 c>ry+ 9 its    
tra9 supreme happ9ess & inf9ite sorr[4  
,a love able to deliv] a s\l f its      
solitude is r>e2 once !re1 ! :ole _w is 
z no?+ to x4 ,all life is embrac$ &     
br\ght "u its spell4 7,9 ?is connection 
,i ne$ only m5tion ,mi*elangelo47 ,a    
lov] ( ?is type surr5d]s himself to love
 unconditionally--love %all completely  
annihilate1 completely r5ew him4  ,b x  
is j 9 ?is ov]:elm+ love t ! impassable 
b>ri] becomes app>5t4 ,! lov]s are two  
be+s & n "o indivisible entity4 ,!      
fundam5tal fact ( individuality /&s     
betwe5 !m z ! la/ ob/acle to _! complete
 union4 ,! m int5se ! emotion1 ! m      

desp]ately x tilts aga9/ ?is b>ri]1     
aga9/ ! impossibility ( complete mutual 
absorption1 & ! m passionately x dem&s  
ano!r common =m ( exi/5ce4              
,individuality & ! et]nal duality ( be+ 
is felt z a curse4 ,! lov]s _c endure ! 
?\ght ( cont9u+ life z di/9ct           
p]sonalities4  ,! great erotic :o1 aga9/
 all expectation1 f9ds ! be+ to :om he c
 surr5d] himself unres]v$ly & ) a s5se (
 immortality1 discov]s )9 himself !     
supreme & only happ9ess1 & by t v fact  
has himself become ! s\rce ( 8          
unhapp9ess4 ,p]sonality1 ! greate/ gift 
be/[$ ^u ! *ildr5 ( man1 has fla%$ its  
light ^u ! trag$y ( life3 solitude1     
et]nal duality4 ,! s\l recognises )     
unspeakable dismay 9 its own fundam5tal 
pr9ciple ! cause ( its isolation & !    
impossibility ( f9al union ) ! belov$4  
,! supreme value ( ,european            
civilisation1 ! value ( complete        
p]sonality1 into ^: gradual developm5t &
 p]fect+ all human =ces _h be5 built1 & 
9 ^: int]e/ c\ntless sacrifices _h be5  

made1 kn[s itself z ! cause ( supreme   
suff]+1 z an elem5t :i* ought on no     
acc\nt to exi/4 ,n its completion1 b its
 annihilation is :at %\ld really be     
desir$4 ,we h "h arriv$ at ! v conf9es (
 humanity4 ,if ! great ?9k] has f\nd !  
b\nd>ies ( all k 9 ! limitations ( !    
intellect1 & is ?us ! repres5tative ( ! 
human m9d ) its unatta9able goal3 k ( ! 
secret ( be+1 ! erotic has gone a /ep   
fur!r4 ,he has f\nd ! b\nd>y 9 ! v      
p]fection ( 8 p]sonality &1 to him1 !   
b>ri] is un5durable4 ,9 ! r>e love ( !  
r>e p]sonality is discov]$ ! et]nal     
sep>at5ess ( ! ego2 only ! de/ruction ( 
its orig91 ! annihilation ( itself1     
might1 p]haps1 ?r[ d[n ! b>ri] :i*      
sep>ates ! lov]s4 ,inevitably !re arises
 9 ! s\l ! desire & ! w to escape1      
toge!r ) ! belov$1 ! insuff]able        
solitude ( exi/5ce2 to a*ieve 9 dea? :at
 life d5ies2 to realise ano!r1 a high]  
condition1 div9$ 9 dreams & se5 9       
visions2 to become "o ) ! belov$1 to    
trans=m all human exi/5ce into a new1   

div9e univ]sal exi/5ce3 ,!n ,i myself am
 ! _w6 ,ev]y?+ individual1 all life1 is 
blott$ out2 ! dea? ( ! lov]s f love &   
?r\gh love is ! my/ic portal ( a high]  
/ate ( be+4 ,x is ! la/ ec/asy (        
unity--! love-dea?--an ec/asy :i* life  
_c give because x mu/ always be wreck$  
on duality4 ,x is ! despair+ attempt to 
escape f sep>at5ess1 to effect a deliv]y
 :i* to human und]/&+ seems f9al1 & x is
 *>act]i/ic t ,wagn]1 :o made ! problem 
( r$emption peculi>ly 8 own1 %\ld h     
express$ ?is attempt uniquely & )       
unp>allel$ gr&eur4  ,x w\ld be a mi/ake 
to read into ! idea ( ! love-dea? a     
rejection ( ! ,european view ( life1 a  
d5ial ( ! _w-feel+ ( p]sonality1 & a    
victory ( ! impot5t philosophy ( ! ,ea/ 
:i* exalts non-exi/5ce above exi/5ce 7t 
is to say1 individual exi/5ce74 ,= !    
ess5ce ( ! love-dea? is conta9$ 9 !     
det]m9ation ( p]sonality to realise     
itself 9 a new & positive =m ( exi/5ce4 
,x is felt z ! f9al syn!sis1 exactly z  
79 o!r sph]es7 ! union ( ! ideal ) !    

p]sonal is se5 z ! p]fection ( human    
life4 ,h[ w\ld x be possible at once to 
annihilate & to transc5d ! individual   
s\l1 ! s\rce ( p]sonal love1 if ?is s\l 
7 n fir/ presuppos$ z ! ess5tial &      
supreme value8 ,:]e p]sonal love does n 
exi/1 z 9 ! ,ori5t & ,japan1 ! ?\ght ( !
 love-dea? w\ld be an absurdity4 ,!     
burn+ ( ,indian wid[s is a ph5om5on     
widely diff]+ f ! love-dea?4 ,! ,indian 
wid[ slavi%ly ab&ons a life :i* has     
become aimless ?r\gh h] ma/]'s dea?2 %e 
does n make a sacrifice 9 ! true s5se ( 
! ^w1 & is n actuat$ by love4  ,!       
complete unity ( ! lov]s is possible on 
e>? = a brief h\r & x w1 9 mo/ cases1   
satisfy erotic ye>n+4 ,x c be realis$ 9 
two ways3 by ! blissful re/ ( ! lov]s 9 
ea* o!r1 :i* sil5ces all desires &      
app>5tly robs "t ( its tyranny4       ,!
 he>t is /ill1 & no?+ c di/urb      ,!  
deepe/ ?\ght1 ! ?\ght to be h] own4     
says ,goe!2 & a new] poet3       ,close 
ar\nd me1 wondr\s be+1      ,w9d ?y     
magic veil oblivion1      ,all my he>t f

 unre/ free+1      ,let !re be untr\bl$ 
calm4       ,give me peace2 ! helt]     
skelt]      ,( ! wide _w has gone by2   
,& ?is n>r[1 sil5t %elt]      ,holds !  
pot5t heal+ balm4  ,by ! side ( ?is     
idyllic consummation ( ! long+ = love1  
!re is ! o!r1 ! ec/atic consummation (  
mutual rapture4 ,x almo/ blots out      
individual consci\sness 9 ! s+ly 7no    
long] d\bly7 felt1 body & s\l entranc+  
ec/asy2 x is su* %e] delight t pleasure 
is no long] p]ceiv$ z a di/9ct elem5t1 b
 r is !re ! consci\sness ( a complete   
trans=mation ( life4 ,pleasure1 :i*1 a  
great psy*ologi/ ma9ta9s1 craves et]nity
 is annihilat$ 9 its p]fection1 kn[s no 
m ( itself1 & is a "p ( ! lov]s' s5se ( 
complete unity4 ,x does n crave et]nity2
 su* a crav+ is its la/ /age b "o1 !    
out] c\rt 7fur!r ?an :i* ,nietzs*e z f> 
z eroticism is conc]n$ nev] p5etrat$72 9
 ! inn]mo/ sanctu>y pleasure disappe>s2 
x has no long] any mean+1 x becomes void
 be=e ! new consci\sness4 ,! supreme    
ec/asy ( great love proves t ! summit ( 

human emotion is beyond pleasure & pa91 
& does n ackn[l$ge ! limitations (      
bodily exi/5ce4 ,?us1 ( necessity1 !    
rapture ( love mu/ eng5d] ! idea ( its  
own et]nity1 ! de/ruction ( individual  
consci\sness4 ,i w quote 9 ?is          
connection a few v]ses by ,erika        
,rhe9s*3       ,to op5 n[ my lips 7 va9 
inde$1      ,nor ^w nor ev5 kiss c\ld   
e'er confess      ,:at sighs & joy &    
grief & happ9ess      ,w\ld fla% f me to
 y ) lightn+ spe$4       ,nor hope nor  
pray'r c /ill ! s\l's desire1      ,=   
,god ,himself c nev] jo9 u twa92        
,my bitt] te>s fall on my he>t l ra9    
,& _c qu5* its all-consum+ fire4        
,oh6 ,n[ to break ! spell--! /orm to    
brea/      ,) brok5 he>t & life-blood   
ebb+ fa/1      ,be>+ ! pangs ( dea? = y1
 at la/1      ,d>k tr\bl$ love--at la/  
?\ w]t at re/6  ,we p]ceive t love c no 
long] cont5t itself ) ! p5ultimate--x   
mu/ d>e ! la/ h]oic /ep :i* creates     
beyond body & s\l some?+ new & f9al1 =  
,god ,himself c nev] jo9 u twa94 ,!     

love-dea? is ! la/ & inevitable         
conclusion ( reciprocal love :i* kn[s ( 
no value b itself1 & is resolv$ to face 
et]nity1 s t no ali5 influ5ce %all rea* 
x4 ,! two p[]s1 love & dea?1 t[] above  
human life fatefully & my/]i\sly2 an    
isolat$ exp]i5ce _c appease !m1 !y      
involve ! :ole exi/5ce4 ,to ! individual
 :o loves ) an all-absorb+ love1 & to ! 
individual on ! po9t ( dea?1 ev]y?+     
dw9dles into insignificance4 ,be=e !    
maje/y ( ! love-dea? life breaks d[n1 to
 be laid hold ( & transc5d$ 9 a new     
7div9$7 sph]e4  ,! ?\ght ( ! love-dea?1 
! w t ! _w %\ld be gov]n$ by love1 is ! 
mo/ unconditional po/ulate ( feel+ ev]  
laid d[n4 ,= ! love-dea? is ! def9ite & 
irrevocable victory ( emotion2 x is     
ec/asy z a solution ( ! _w-problem & !  
_w-process4 ,x is human to reg>d love & 
dea? z anti!ses2 to consid] !m f> remov$
 f ea* o!r2 m>riage & fun]al are ! poles
 ( social life4 ,! ec/asy ( ! love-dea?1
 h[ev]1 ow+ to its all-transc5d+ claim1 
unites ! two poles4 ,! climax ( life    

%all also be its end4  ,x is "h1 9 !    
volunt>y surr5d] ( life 9 ord] to atta9 
a div9$ unity1 & n 9 ! union ( begett+ &
 de/roy+1 t ! frequ5tly assum$          
connection betwe5 love & dea? is to be  
f\nd4 ,voluptu\sness & dea? are n       
int]l9k$1 z is s frequ5tly ass]t$ s9ce  
,novalis 7n on ! high] plane (          
eroticism71 b voluptu\sness has immolat$
 itself1 has be5 annihilat$ 9 !         
love-dea?4 ,! view t begett+ & de/roy+  
are relat$ functions1 is bas$ on !      
supposition t love is b\nd up )         
propagation4 ,?is is ! fateful error ( !
 mod]n !ory ( love1 a rationali/ic1     
metaphysical ab/raction1 :i* t\*es no   
correspond+ *ord 9 ! human s\l4 ,to base
 ! relation%ip ( love & dea? on an      
association ( becom+ & decl9+ is a      
beautiful idea1 b no?+ m4 ,mod]n syn!tic
 love produces ?is relation%ip 9 its    
metaphysical p]fection out ( itself2 x  
is =eign alike to pure sexuality & to   
spiritual love4 7,:]ev] ! desire to     
de/roy is f\nd h& 9 h& ) s5suality1     

morbid in/9cts are at play47  ,x        
frequ5tly occurs t lov]s commit suicide 
toge!r because ext]nal circum/ances     
prev5t _! union4 ,?is is a /ep          
correspond+ to suicide f (f5d$ vanity or
 incurable disease2 life has become     
unbe>able to ! individual haunt$ by a   
fix$ idea1 & he ?r[s x away4 ,b ?is has 
no?+ :atev] to d ) ! love-dea?2 x is a  
purely negative act ( despair1 :]eas !  
love-dea? is an altoge!r positive act1  
namely1 ! w to w9 to a high] 7& to !    
intellect inconceivable & p>adoxical7   
metaphysical unity4 ,! love-dea? aspires
 to p]=m a miracle4 ,x has1 possibly1   
nev] be5 realis$ 9 its full greatness2 !
 evid5ce ( ! common dea? ( ,he9ri* von  
,klei/ & ,h5rietta ,vogel mu/ be        
reject$4 ,dur+ ! la/ days ( 8 life      
,klei/ 0 wrapp$ up 9 ! idea ( _! common 
dea?1 & 9 a lett] to 8 c\s91 ,m>ie von  
,klei/1 he says3 ,if y c\ld only realise
 h[ dea? & love /rive to beautify ^! la/
 mom5ts ( my life ) heav5ly & e>?ly     
roses1 y w\ld be cont5t to let me die4  

,i swe> to y ,i am supremely happy4 ,9 !
 same lett] he speaks ( ! mo/ voluptu\s 
( dea?s4 ,& yet x 0 no real love-dea?1 t
 is to say1 dea? foll[+ z a necess>y    
coroll>y 9 ord] t love may be           
consummat$4 ,klei/ z well z ,h5rietta _h
 sep>ately resolv$ to commit suicide1 & 
:5 !y--almo/ accid5tally--he>d ( ?is    
mutual int5tion1 !y conceiv$ ! idea ( ! 
new voluptu\sness ( a common dea?4 ,love
 did n play a v great "p 9 ?is4 ,klei/  
fur!r says 9 ! same lett]3 ,h]          
resolution to die ) me drew me1 ,i _c   
tell y ) :at unspeakable & irresi/ible  
p[]1 into h] arms4 ,d y rememb] t ,i    
ask$ y m ?an once to die ) me4 ,b y     
always said ',no4' ,f ?is & o!r passages
 x is cle> t ,klei/ w\ld h tak5 8 life 9
 any case1 & t he only seiz$ ?is        
specific opportunity to plunge into !   
ec/asy ( a common dea?4  ,! ?\ght ( !   
love-dea? is (t5 pres5t 9 ! he>ts (     
individuals :o are g5u9ely 9 love4 ,we  
read 9 ,s*legel's ,luc9da3 ,!re 79 a    
transc5d5tal life7 our long+s may p]haps

 be satisfi$4 ,& 9 ,l5au's lett]s to    
,sophy ! same ?\ght is m ?an once       
app>5t4  ,! idea rea*$ p]fection &      
immortality 9 ,wagn]'s ,tri/an &        
,isolde4 ,x is ,wagn]'s _w-fam\s de$ to 
h liv$ ?r\gh & embodi$ ?is complex (    
emotion = ! fir/1 & s f> = ! la/ "t2 8  
lov]s are 9 a sup]lative degree         
repres5tative ( human love2 !y typify ! 
climaxes ( human emotion4 ,wagn] has    
immortalis$ ! metaphysical =m ( syn!tic 
love2 8 importance to syn!tic love      
surpasses ,dante's importance to        
deification4  ,already 9 ! fir/ act !   
ex*ange ( love-potion & dea?-draught is 
pr(\ndly significant3 bo? ,tri/an &     
,isolde seek dea? because !y are al>m$  
by ! ext]nal ob/acles to _! love4 ,b !  
?\ght ( dea? & love1 ! =ebod+ t _! love 
c f9d re/ only 9 ! ultimate1 9 f9ality1 
has be5 9 _! he>ts f ! outset4 ,toge!r  
!y receive new life f love1 & toge!r    
love leads !m1 /ep by /ep1 to dea?4 ,9 !
 pr(\nde/ s5se no ex*ange ( potions has 
tak5 place1 b ! p[] ( ! love-potion has 

made !m consci\s ( :at 0 lat5t 9 _!     
s\ls1 wait+ to bur/ into life4 ,at ! v  
mom5t :5 ,isolde pr(f]s ,tri/an !       
dea?-draught1 ! conviction fla%es into 8
 s\l t %e is giv+ him dea? ?r\gh love3  
,:5 ?y de> h& ! goblet rais$1 ,i        
recognis$ t dea? ?\ gav'/4 ,& 9 ! same  
way ,isolde3 ,f gold5 day ,i s\ght to   
flee1 9 d>ke/ night draw !e ) me1 :]e my
 he>t div9$ ! end ( deceit1 :]e         
illusion's haunt+ dream %\ld fade1 to   
dr9k et]nal love to !e1 jo9$ ev]la/+ly1 
to dea? ,i doom'd !e4  ,! second act    
leads !m fur!r & fur!r into ! coils ( _!
 love2 !y are m & m conv9c$ t dea? alone
 is left to !m1 /ep by /ep !y discov] ! 
secret ( ! my/ical union--& yet !y are  
/ill completely imprison$ )9 ! limits ( 
_! p]sonalities & _c q und]/& ! miracle3
 ,h[ to grasp x1 h[ to grasp x1 ?is     
great gladness1 f> f daylight1 f> f     
sadness1 f> f p>t+8 ,= x is ! pr(\nde/  
secret ( ! _w :i* "h mu/ be guess$ by   
love--! f9al unity ( two s\ls & ?r\gh x 
unity ) all life4 ,cle>] & cle>] & m & m

 compell+ looms ! ?\ght ( a common dea?1
 until x is grasp$ & compreh5d$2 ! lov]s
 realise t to be completely "o !y mu/   
surr5d] _! lives1 & t by los+ life !y c 
lose no?+ ess5tial4 ,all dea? c de/roy  
is t :i* divides u4 ,ultimately ,tri/an 
pron\nces ! f9al decision1 & ,isolde    
repeats x ^w by ^w1 foll[s x /ep by /ep 
l a sleep-walk]1 s z to make x q h] own4
 ,?us %\ld we die no m to "p1 9 endless 
joy1 "o s\l1 "o he>t1 nev] wak+1 nev]   
haunt$ by pale fe>1 9 love undaunt$1 ea*
 to ea* unit$ aye1 dream ( love's       
et]nity4 ,! gr&1 arti/ic symbol = ?is   
/ate ( consci\sness t\*es metaphysic4   
,wagn] introduces night z ! visible     
emblem ( an exi/5ce 9 a                 
_w--inconceivable by our s5ses--beyond !
 grave1 9 contra/ to ! e>?ly day1 to !  
day's deceptive glam\r4 7,nietzs*e lat] 
on adopt$ ?is symbol midnight z ! emblem
 ( ev]y?+ l(ty47 ,! lov]s :o 9 _!       
day-consci\sness believ$ t !y hat$ ea*  
o!r1 n[ t !y are walk+ t[>ds et]nal     
night div9e t :i* is beyond ! rea* ( _! 

sep>at$ selves1 beyond all illusion &   
duality4 ,! duality is outw>dly express$
 by _! diff]5t names1 sep>at$ & unit$ by
 ! little ^w &4 ,all at once ! k dawns  
^u !m t great love _c be consummat$ 9 ! 
day ( ! _w1 b t x po9ts to a life       
beyond4 ,!y h discov]$ ! f9al mean+ (   
life & ! _w--! annihilation ( individual
 life & dea? ?r\gh love--analog\s to !  
la/ wisdom ( ! my/ic3 ,to become ,god4  
,i myself am ! _w4 ,dea? is ! inevitable
 coroll>y ( supreme love4 ,b z !y       
trembl+ly ye>n = & await !              
inconceivable1 e>? once m /ret*es out h]
 arms to !m1 ! dream ( metaphysical     
exi/5ce melts sl[ly away4 ,9 !          
or*e/ration phantoms ( ! day1 dreams (  
morn+1 suppress ! new1 ! div9$          
conception4  ,at ! op5+ ( ! ?ird act !  
motif = horns & violas gradually asc5d+ 
& dy+ away1 expresses ! unspeakable     
dre>9ess & s5selessness ( mat]ial life1 
aft] its pr(\nd mean+1 ! re-creation ( !
 _w by love1 has be5 lo/4 ,?is feel+ (  
absolute s5selessness dom9ates ! awak5+ 

sleep]2 ,tri/an1 int]pret+ x 9 ! s5se ( 
,s*op5hau] z ! univ]sal aimlessness ( ! 
_w & ( life1 is m]ely express+ ! doom ( 
8 own long+ = ! supreme3 he has div9$ & 
has lo/ ! l(tie/ value4 ,wagn]          
intuitively p]ceives t s9 is a compon5t 
"p ( ! supreme sublimation ( love &     
p]sonality2 ,tri/an mu/ curse himself & 
! belov$ woman because love1 z ! la/    
consequ5ce ( s91 dem&s ! love-dea?1 :i* 
c nev] f9d completion2 ,! t]rible       
draught myself ,i h brew$ x6 ,a curse on
 !e1 t]rible draught6 ,a curse on him :o
 brew$ x6  ,9 ! music at ! end ( ! ?ird 
act1 :i* is kn[n by ! 7n q relevant7    
title ( ,isolde's ,love-dea?1 ,wagn]1   
aft] previ\sly express+ by ,tri/an's la/
 words1 ,d ,i ne> light8 ! inadequacy ( 
! physical s5ses--attempts to describe !
 metaphysical condition ( ! unity (     
love1 :i* to our consci\sness c only h !
 negative *>act]i/ics ( ! un?9kable &   
intangible--! unconsci\s4 ,?is he tri$  
to accompli% arti/ically by mak+ use ( !
 s5ses1 by try+ to convey 9 t]ms ( s\nd1

 light1 sc5t1 :at he und]/ood by ?is    
complete imm]sion 9 ! swirl+ totality ( 
cosmic life--9 des ,weltatem's weh5dem  
,all4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is condition is t !  
duality ( ! s\ls1 & f9ally !            
multiplicity ( ! _w1 is resolv$ 9 a     
high] unity4 ,b z we are conc]n$ ) !    
emotional life ( ! lov]s & n ) vague    
metaphysical propositions1 we may say t 
su* a dea? is n a be+ dead1 de/roy$1    
annihilat$1 disp]s$1 b a be+ trans=m$1  
p]fect$ 9 love4 ,! amaz+ ph5om5on ( ?is 
complex ( feel+ is ! fact t real life   
has become unbe>able1 & t ano!r life is 
creat$ )\t ! lea/ reg>d to possibility  
or tru?2 x is z if ! emotion ( ! lov]s 7
 end[$ ) div9e1 creative p[]4  ,^? :o   
realise ! love-dea? z a necessity ( _!  
inmo/ be+1 resemble ! great ec/atic :om 
e>?ly life c no long] satisfy1 because  
he is consci\s ( a =ce compell+ him to  
ent] into a high] cosmic exi/5ce4 ,8    
inmo/ exp]i5ce is ! annihilation ( !    
individual s\l 9 ,god2 he aspires to a  
direct p\r+ ( ! s\l into ! div9e love4  

,^? :o die 9 love are directly seek+    
complete unity ) ea* o!r1 & only        
indirectly1 ?r\gh ?is unity1 ! div9$    
annihilation 9 metaphysical be+4 ,!     
love-dea? is ! erotic1 bi-human =m (    
my/ic ec/asy1 & c\ld n be evolv$ until !
 highe/ =m ( love _h be5 develop$4      
,metaphysical eroticism is a product ( !
 _s ( ,europe1 = x is l9k$ to p]sonality
 ^: w is ! immortalisation ( love4      
,ori5talism nei!r compreh5ds nor        
appreciates ?is emotion1 = x lacks !    
f\ndation ( ! culture ( p]sonality4 ,!  
,semite1 ! ,indian & ! ,japanese        
exp]i5ce only ! rapture ( ! s5ses2 &    
gratification1 re/lessly revolv+ r\nd   
itself betwe5 enjoym5t & exhau/ion1 is  
condemn$ to et]nal /]ility4 ,all        
religio-sexual orgies ( :i* hi/ory tells
 u are s _m attempts ( s5suality to     
possess itself ( a high] intuition--va9 
attempts1 because casual int]c\rse & !  
annihilation ( ! individual c nev]      
produce new values4 ,accord+ to ,hegel !
 imman5t s5se ( ev]y?+ t happ5s 9 ! _w  

is ! de/9y ( ! individual to gr[ f      
slav]y into fre$om2 b is x n r ! mean+ (
 increas$ culture t man %\ld realise    
himself z an individual 7:i* is by no   
means a contradiction to ! fir/         
proposition78 ,metaphysical eroticism is
 ! completion ( p]sonality 9 love4      
,simultane\sly ) ! bir? ( p]sonality    
orig9at$ ! deification ( woman2 !       
de/ruction ( ! mo/ highly evolv$        
p]sonality1 ! la/ pa9ful consequ5ce (   
its bless$-unbless$ nature1 gives bir?  
to ! conception ( ! love-dea?4 ,l       
antique tor*-be>+ g5ii ! two            
metaphysical =ms ( love /& at ! head & !
 feet ( self-consci\s man4 ,"h & !re    
erotic emotion1 transc5d+ all           
limitations1 becomes ! pa?way lead+ to !
 ultimate secrets ( life3 deification   
creates a sup]natural female be+ z !    
erotic repres5tative ( ev]y?+ div9e4    
,?is is a productive act1 erotic1       
arti/ic & religi\s at ! same "t4 ,x     
produces out ( its own fulness new =ces 
= ! s]vice ( high] ideals2 x creates a  

new _w ( emotion ) new cont5ts4         
,simultane\sly ) ! projection ( ! love (
 woman into et]nity 7 s[n ! se$s ( ^?   
great ?+s on :i* ! high] spiritual life 
( to-day is bas$4 ,deification dem&s    
%ape & individuality beyond ! e>?ly     
sph]e1 9 et]nity4 ,b f "o side x is     
love1 love )\t response 7unless ! lov]  
f9ds response 9 & ?r\gh arti/ic         
expression71 ! eroticism ( ! solit>y    
man1 & x occurs z su* to ?is day 9 r>e  
m9ds4 ,woman-wor%ip is ! natural & !    
highe/ =m ( love = ! man :o does n seek 
8 own p]fection 9 duality--a reciprocal 
relation%ip ) ano!r be+--b solit>ily1 & 
yet n1 z ! my/ic1 %apelessly1 b r 9 a   
love def9itely project$ on ano!r be+4 ,!
 dream ( ! p]fect woman is ! only erotic
 dream :i* reality c nev] disappo9t1 = x
 makes no claim on reality4 ,d\btless x 
is to "s ext5t p>adoxical t ! inh]5tly  
social feel+1 an*or$ 9 duality1 %\ld be 
exp]i5c$ & p]fect$ solit>ily1 t x %\ld  
waive all claim to response &           
reciprocity1 to all appe>ances ! mo/    

important elem5ts ( love4  ,! love-dea? 
corresponds m completely to ! erotic    
ideal inasmu* z x is f\nd$ on absolute  
equality 9 reciprocity4 ,x f9ds its     
climax n 9 solitude b 9 ! company ( !   
belov$4 ,! idea ( complete ab&onm5t is  
revolt+ to ! solit>ily lov+ individual2 
! lov] ^: :ole s\l turns to ! belov$ _c 
und]/& ! love ( ! solit>y s\l2 x appe>s 
to him unnatural & cold1 p]haps         
mean+less & crazy4 ,woman does n "k true
 solitude1 ! ?\ght ( deification is     
=eign to h] nature2 %e atta9s to !      
supreme only ) & ?r\gh man2 x is easi]  
to h] to give h]self to h] lov]         
entirely1 & ev5 to foll[ him into dea?4 
,b 9 ?is connection ,i am unable to     
suppress a d\bt z to :e!r ! fundam5tal  
emotion ( ! my/ical _w-union is altoge!r
 pres5t 9 woman1 :e!r %e really div9es  
beh9d h] lov]--et]nity4  ,:ile          
deification is univ]sally creative1 :ile
 x is fre% z ! spr+ & full ( fai?1 !    
love-dea? ) its gloomy pa?os dem&s !    
entire individual & de/roys ev]y?+ b    

itself4 ,x has no creative p[]1 = !re is
 no?+ beyond x4 ,"o may ju/ly ma9ta9 t !
 love-dea? realises ! my/ico-ec/atic    
religi\s emotion1 :ile 9 ! deification (
 woman ! religi\s ne$ to wor%ip f9ds    
satisfaction4 ,bo? are comb9ations (    
love & religion1 bo? are metaphysical   
eroticism1 p>adoxical & yet logical     
conclusions ( human emotion4  ,!        
ov]:elm+ long+ :i* is connect$ at lea/ )
 ! fir/ /ages ( a great love1 may be    
int]pret$ 9 ano!r1 9 a social s5se4     
,love is ! int5se/ & mo/ direct         
relation%ip :i* c exi/ betwe5 two be+s1 
& ! impossibility ( realis+ its f9al    
long+ repres5ts ! mo/ g5u9e trag$y (    
life among m5 & wom5 ( ! social _w4 ,!  
ne$ :i* impels two be+s to ea* o!r      
lacks1 9 ?is union too1 ! possibility ( 
complete consummation4 ,& if ! mo/      
p[]ful ( all social emotions 7& z _m    
believe ! root ( all o!rs7 suff]s f an  
inn] duality1 to h[ mu* great] an ext5t 
mu/ ! less int5se feel+s :i* unite      
individuals %>e ! same lot6 ,humanity1  

:]ev] x is compreh5d$ pr(\ndly &        
spiritually1 n economically1 c>ries )9  
itself ! g]m ( its tragical imp]fection4
 ,:atev] social relation%ip we may ent]1
 we f9d t x has a flaw1 & ! m g5u9e &   
pr(\nd ! relation%ip1 ! less dictat$ by 
utilit>ian consid]ations 7:i* 9 ?is     
connection correspond to ! elem5t (     
s5suality 9 eroticism71 ! m pa9fully    
does ?is flaw make itself felt1--:e!r x 
be 9 fri5d%ip1 9 ! relation%ip ( ma/] & 
man1 or 9 free companion%ip4 ,e         
relation%ip betwe5 individuals is /rick5
 ) ! curse ( incomplet5ess--ev5 love _c 
escape ?is fate4 ,love en=ces 9 !       
deification ( woman a transc5d+ ( e>?ly 
life--& x ?r[s itself into ! la/ embrace
 ( a common dea?--t is to say1 x        
%udd]+ly admits ! impossibility ( its   
consummation4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,!    
,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,sexuality ,,&     
,,love  ,! ,seek] ( ,love & ,! ,slave ( 
,love   ,x is obvi\s t ev5 an           
equilibrium betwe5 sexuality & love _c  
always be e/abli%$1 :ile a g5u9e &      

complete unification is v unusual & may1
 p]haps1 be call$ utopian4 ,9 ! previ\s 
*apt]s ,i h dealt ) ! bl5d+ ( bo?       
elem5ts 9 ! highe/ =m ( eroticism2 9 !  
foll[+ ,i w attempt to ?r[ light on "s (
 ! pr9cipal ph5om5a result+ f a         
defective union ( sexuality & love1     
ph5om5a :i* ,i am conv9c$ h nev] be5    
correctly int]pret$4 ,i allude to       
p]v]sions :i* are n inh]5tly            
pa?ological1 al?\gh !y are z a rule only
 obs]v$ & describ$ 9 _! pa?ological =m4 
,! fundam5tal =m ( s-call$ sadism may be
 discov]$ 9 an erotic type :i* ,i w call
 ! seek] ( love4 ,a lov] ( ?is type is  
*>act]is$ by an unappeasable long+ =    
pure1 spiritual love2 he passes f woman 
to woman 9 ! hope ( realis+ ?is desire1 
b ow+ to 8 own mat]ial disposition he is
 unable to d s4 ,"t aft] "t he succumbs 
to sexual prompt+s4 ,?us grop+1         
frequ5tly q unconsci\sly--= a fictiti\s 
be+1 he hates e woman ^: fate x is to   
r\se 8 desire1 = ea* "o *eats him out ( 
t :i* he seeks4 ,a g5u9e illusioni/1 he 

kn[s no?+ ( ! woman ( fle% & blood1 &   
cont9ues seek+ 8 ideal1 only to be aga9 
& aga9 disappo9t$4 ,he blames e woman he
 conqu]s = :at is really 8 own          
insuffici5cy2 he despises h] or rev5ges 
himself on h]1 puni%es & ill-treats h]2 
we recognise ! true ,don ,juan & 8      
morbid c>icature1 ! sadi/4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ 
brutal repres5tative ( ?is type may /ill
 be psy*ologically describ$ z a man :o  
seeks spiritual love 9 woman aft] woman 
&1 f9d+ only sexuality1 rev5ges himself 
on h]4 ,q a numb] ( m5 h>b\r sadi/ic    
feel+s = only "o woman1 & t ! "o to :om 
!y owe _! great disillusionm5t4         
,d\btless _m m5 h almo/ lo/ ! psy*ical  
roots ( _! p]v]sions & are completely   
involv$ 9 physical acts4 ,!re is no?+   
rem>kable 9 ?is fact2 x occurs 9 e sph]e
 ( human life4 ,! vague in/9ct ( rev5ge 
on woman animates also1 ?\gh p]haps     
unconsci\sly1 ! pa?ological sadi/4  ,!re
 is "o ?+ :i* ! seek] ( love & !        
woman-wor%ipp] h 9 common3 bo? seek a   
high] ideal f> beyond ! woman ( e-day   

life2 b :ile ! wor%ipp] safegu>ds !     
purity ( 8 feel+ by putt+ ! greate/     
possible di/ance betwe5 him & ! object (
 8 wor%ip 7& is !re=e nev] disappo9t$71 
! seek] ( love1 bl9d$ by ! illusion t he
 has at la/ f\nd ! object ( 8 que/1     
draws e woman t[>ds him & aga9 & aga9   
discov]s t he is no?+ b a s5suali/4 ,e  
fre% conque/ de/roys 8 dream afre%1 & he
 rev5ges himself1 if he is a ,don ,juan1
 by despis+ & disgrac+ ! un=tunate      
victim1 & if he is a sadi/1 by maltreat+
 h]4 ,& yet he nev] entirely loses 8    
illusion2 he craves = complete          
satisfaction1 & z he is incapable (     
self-k1 he nev] ab&ons ! hope ( meet+ ! 
woman he seeks4 ,he diff]s v little f ! 
type repres5t$ by ,sordello1 :o lov$ "o 
woman spiritually1 b reg>d$ all ! o!rs f
 ! /&po9t ( sex4 ,x is ! trag$y ( ,don  
,juan to revolt f ! l[ erotic sph]e :i* 
is 8 portion1 & :]e he rules supreme1 & 
= ev] to aspire to a realm f :i* he is  
%ut out4 ,he is conv9c$ t ) ! help ( a  
woman he may r$eem himself--& s9ks deep]

 & deep] into ! sl\gh ( 8 own s5suality4
 ,he becomes malevol5t1 cruel & call\s2 
! pleasure ^: slave he is repels him3   
,f crav+ to enjoym5t ?us ,i reel1       
,& 9 enjoym5t langui% = desire4  ,he is 
insatiable1 b n z ! primitive h$oni/1 ^:
 natural elem5t is pleasure1 b because  
he aga9 & aga9 mi/akes pleasure = love4 
,he kn[s only wom51 & ?us he s9s aga9/  
p]sonality & ! love :i* is ! outcome (  
p]sonality4  ,! op9ion t ,don ,juan is  
no m ?an a vot>y ( pleasure is n wor?y (
 criticism2 ! fam\s ,casanova1 =        
in/ance1 has no?+ 9 common ) him4       
,casanova 0 a s5suali/ )\t psy*ical     
complexity & )\t trag$y4 ,8 sole        
endeav\r 0 to wr+ ! utmo/ measure (     
enjoym5t out ( life4 ,he knew ! woman ( 
reality & did n wa/e 8 "t 9 runn+ aft]  
phantoms4 ,9 8 old age he revell$ 9 !   
aft]-ta/e & settl$ d[n to write 8       
memoirs4 ,don ,juan1 on ! contr>y1 has  
su* a loa?+ = all ! wom5 he betrays1 t  
he h>dly rememb]s !m1 & c]ta9ly has !   
/ronge/ dis9cl9ation to evoke _! memory4

 ,casanova 0 an entirely unmetaphysical 
& unproblematical nature4 ,8 philosophy 
is cle>ly express$ 9 ! preface to 8     
,memoirs3 ,i always reg>d$ ! enjoym5t ( 
s5sual pleasures z my pr9cipal object2  
,i nev] knew a m important "o4          
,casanova1 :o1 /range to say1 enjoys su*
 high erotic hon\rs1 0 m]ely an ord9>y1 
v successful man ( ! _w1 & is ( no      
importance to ! subject 9 h&4 ,b ev5 !  
great] & wild] ,vicomte de ,valmont 7!  
h]o ( ! fam\s novel ( ,*od]los de       
,laclos7 is 9 spite ( all 8 art & esprit
 & p]v]se pr9ciples no seek] ( love & no
 ,don ,juan1 b a fop & a bragg>t1 s$uc+ 
wom5 9 ord] to boa/ ( 8 success4 ,he is 
moreov] only a repres5tative ( ! bor$   
,upp] ,t5 ( ! anci5 rgime1 & n by any   
means unique4  ,?\ghtful critics cont5d 
t ,don ,juan 0 an autocrat1 a de/roy]1 a
 crim9al nature ) satanic t5d5cies1 b5t 
on ! enslavem5t ( wom51 on _! social &  
moral dea?2 t conque/ only1 n enjoym5t1 
0 8 passion4 ,i d n altoge!r reject ?is 
int]pretation1 b x fa/5s too exclusively

 on ! ext]nal & ! obvi\s1 & ov]looks !  
ess5tial4 ,:at is ! reason ( 8 prepo/]\s
 proc$ure8 ,is he really actuat$ by !   
evil desire to injure ! wom5 he woos8   
,su* a motive may occur occasionally 7! 
,vicomte de ,valmont 0 s con/itut$71 b x
 _c be reg>d$ z ! guid+ pr9ciple ( a    
life--& above ev]y?+ its pett9ess is !  
exact rev]se ( s great & demoniacal a "*
 z ,don ,juan4 ,7 he conqu]or 9 ! highe/
 s5se1 !n--ascetic & pr\d--he w\ld be   
cont5t ) ! m]e consci\sness ( victory4  
,b 8 :ole attitude belies ! idea ( a    
conqu]or2 he is n 9 ! lea/ int]e/$ 9 !  
wom5 to :om he makes love4 ,!y are z    
necess>y to him z ! air he brea!s1 b !y 
are unable to give him :at he seeks4 ,at
 ! mom5t ( disappo9tm5t he ab&ons !m 9  
disgu/1 innoc5t ( any despotic desires  
7:i* w\ld pre-suppose int]e/74 ,z f> z  
he is conc]n$1 wom5 exi/ only = !       
purpose ( quick5+ some?+ 9 8 s\l4 ,b 8  
s\l rema9s dead2 div9e love has no "p 9 
him1 he _c be sav$ & is doom$ to et]nal 
damnation4  ,b :at is ! reason :y wom5  

_c resi/ him8 ,let u fir/ settle ! po9t 
z to :y wom5 are attract$ to m54 ,i w   
answ] ?is "q briefly1 & ?\gh my answ]   
may appe> dogmatical1 x ne$ n !re=e be  
wrong4 ,wom5 "k v little ( man1 b !re is
 "o ?+ !y feel ) unfail+ c]ta9ty1 & t is
 :e!r _! sex is ( great or ( small      
significance to him4 7,i am only allud+ 
to ! g5]al effect ( m5 on wom51 n to    
g5u9e p]sonal love :i* is always        
incomm5surable47 ,! great] ! importance 
a man atta*es to wom51 ! m readily d !y 
respond to 8 influ5ce4 ,!y are attract$ 
by 8 erotic w1 n by "o or ! o!r ( 8     
spiritual or physical qualities4 ,wom5  
_c resi/ a man to :om !y mean mu*1      
ev]y?+4 ,x is z if !y 7 compell$ to ?r[ 
!mselves into ! *asm ( 8 vacuity--e fre%
 victim ) ! fond hope ( fill+ x--b all (
 !m p]i%4 ,& yet1 at ! mom5t ( _! defeat
 !y are supremely happy1 = !y exp]i5ce !
 full int5sity ( 8 passion & !          
b\ndlessness ( 8 long+4 ,! erotic crav+ 
( a man simply means t wom5 are to him !
 mo/ important ?+ 9 life4 ,wom5         

in/9ctively yield to t man :o mo/ eag]ly
 desires !m4 ,! co>se s5suali/1 to :om  
all wom5 are alike1 attracts s5sual     
wom51 n exactly because !y f9d 9 him !  
satisfaction ( _! crav+1 b because !y   
!mselves act on him indiscrim9ately4 ,b 
a woman w adapt h]self ) ! greate/ ease 
to ! ne$s ( ! diff]5tiat$ erotic 7=     
in/ance1 %e w become really s5tim5tal to
 please ! man :o pref]s s5tim5tal wom571
 = %e loves to give h]self to ! man :o  
mo/ desires h] & z he desires h]4  ,don 
,juan1 animat$ by illimitable erotic    
ye>n+1 is !re=e ! undisput$ ma/] ( ! o!r
 sex4 ,he has ! p[] ( be/[+ absolute    
happ9ess1 ev5 if only = a brief h\r1    
because 9 8 b\ndless love 7:i* is       
project$ on any?+ b h]7 a woman receives
 ! supreme value4 ,maybe he w\ld be sav$
 if a woman d5i$ h]self to him--maybe he
 w\ld cease to be a seek] ( love &      
become a wor%ipp]1 = he c\ld n refuse to
 believe 9 ! woman :o reject$ him2 b x  
is 8 fate t no woman he woos c resi/    
him1 t all ?r[ !mselves into 8 arms )\t 

an exception & )\t a /ruggle4  ,?us !   
seek] ( love1 too1 ?\gh 9 a re/rict$    
s5se1 may be reg>d$ z a metaphysical    
erotic1 = he loa!s sexuality--8         
portion--& ye>ns = a high] =m ( love4   
,he %>es ?is attitude ) ! slave ( love1 
:o is also a s5suali/ & a w\ld-be lov]4 
,! slave ( love imitates ! attitude ( ! 
wor%ipp]1 b he infallibly s9ks into !   
sexual sph]e4 ,:at ! psy*opa?i/ s9ce    
,kraft-,ebb+ designates z maso*ism1 is !
 pa?ological deg5]ation ( ?is p>ticul>  
emotion1 :i* is v common & appe>s 9     
v>i\s =ms1 b does n seem to me to be at 
all morbid4 ,c]ta9ly x is morbid :5 a   
man all[s himself to be insult$1 b\nd & 
flogg$1 b x is fairly normal :5 8       
passionate admiration is r\s$ by an     
imp]i\s woman1 :o passes him by l a que5
 )\t ev5 notic+ 8 abject adoration2 :5  
he longs to kneel d[n be=e h] & kiss h] 
feet1 :i* 9 rew>d w\ld spurn him4 ,q    
normal1 too1 is ! boyi% happ9ess 9 s]v+ 
an admir$ & ador$ woman 7,kraft-,ebb+   
calls ?is pageism7 describ$ s           

beautifully 9 ,do/oievsky's novel1 ,a   
,"y ,h]o1 & fairly common among         
tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s4 7,i ne$ only      
m5tion ,ulri* von ,li*t5/e947 ,!re are  
num]\s degrees ( ?is feel+--we frequ5tly
 come across x 9 ! novels ( ,do/oievsky1
 ,jacobs51 ,/r9db]g1 ,d',annunzio1 &    
o!rs--b ! ess5ce ( x is always conta9$ 9
 ! fact t ! man1 al?\gh ye>n+ to wor%ip 
! belov$ woman1 _c ma9ta9 himself 9 !   
sph]e ( spiritual love1 & aspires to    
direct physical contact4 ,8 attitude1   
:i* closely imitates purely spiritual   
love1 _c be o!r ?an sexual4 ,! bl5d+ (  
love & sexuality toge!r ) ! incapacity (
 effect+ a real syn!sis1 ! confusion (  
value & pleasure is mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 !  
maso*i/--f> m cle>ly ?an 9 ! case ( !   
7r>e7 seek] ( love4 ,! outw>d modes     
pref]r$ by ! individual are a matt] (   
indiff]5ce2 = ! mo/ "p !y are symbolical
 acts1 indicat+ ! lov]'s inf]iority & ! 
l(t9ess & p[] ( 8 mi/ress4 ,:at is      
really ( importance is ! spiritual      
attitude :i* induces him to commit ^!   

/range acts1 & 9 ^! we f9d ! *>act]i/ic 
attitude ( ! woman-wor%ipp]3 t ( ! slave
 be=e 8 que54 ,! slave ( love is a      
s5suali/ incapable ( approa*+ woman 9 a 
normally manly1 in/9ctive & natural way1
 b requir+ ! pose ( ! spiritual         
wor%ipp]4 ,"o might be tempt$ to believe
 t he h>b\r$ ! secret wi% to atone = 8  
incapacity ( feel+ a pure love by be+   
degrad$ & ill-treat$4 ,?us f a human    
po9t ( view ! slave ( love is a high]   
type ?an ! seek] ( love2 all 8          
transgressions1 ! fault ( 8 morbid      
disposition1 come home to him2 he takes 
! blame ( 8 s9 ^u 8 own %\ld]s1 :ile !  
seek] ( love rev5ges himself on 8       
victims = 8 own %ortcom+s4 ,! seek] (   
love is by nature polygam\s1 :ile !     
slave ( love is1 z a rule1 monogam\s 7& 
consequ5tly has little success ) !      
opposite sex74 ,bo? aspire to a union ( 
s5sual & spiritual eroticism1 b 9 bo?   
cases ! union is a failure4 ,all !      
repulsive & t]rible manife/ations ( ^!  
p]v]sions :i* h be5 record$1 c easily be

 %[n to fit my !ory4 ,9 psy*ological    
rese>* x is m]ely a "q ( select+ ! great
 types f ! mass ( ph5om5a & det]m9+ !m  
correctly4  ,! s-call$ feti*i/1 too1 ^: 
passion is r\s$ by indiff]5t objects :i*
 belong$1 or might belong1 to ! belov$1 
or 9 fact to any woman1 is a v>iant ( ! 
slave ( love4 ,! classical repres5tative
 ( feti*ism is ! m$iaeval knight :o     
c>ri$ a h&k]*ief1 a glove1 or any o!r   
article ( clo?+ belong+ to 8 lady1 next 
to 8 he>t1 ?us believ+ himself pro(     
aga9/ evil influ5ces4 ,!re we see       
already spiritual love grop+ = mat]ial  
objects 9 ord] to ga9 e>?ly support2 n e
 man is a ,dante1 n e man is capable (  
keep+ 8 s\l free f ! ta9t ( ?is e>?ly   
sph]e4 ,b ev5 ! plait-cutt]1 s well kn[n
 to ! read] ( newspap]s1 ! collector (  
g>t]s1 & simil> desp]adoes1 require a   
relic1 a feti* :i* !y app>5tly wor%ip4  
,to ! same category belongs ! idolatr\s 
cult :i* "s m51 especially arti/s--b    
also madm5--practise ) female pictures &
 /atues 7m especially ) heads74 ,9 ?is  

case ! fundam5tal feel+ ( ! love (      
beauty1 :i* we "k z an ess5tial factor (
 purely spiritual eroticism1 is made to 
s]ve s5sual purposes4 ,! desir$ illusion
 ( spiritual wor%ip is facilitat$1 & is 
protect$ f self-revelation1 ow+ to !    
fact t a pa9t$ head r\ses 9 ! normal    
individual no passion1 b inspires him ) 
purely spiritual s5tim5ts4  ,i h briefly
 t\*$ on ?is subject because my !ory ( !
 two roots ( eroticism p]mits ( a new1 &
 9 my op9ion plausible1 explanation (   
erotic p]v]sions2 "o might ev5 g z f> z 
to say t ! exi/5ce ( p]v]sions foll[s z 
a necess>y consequ5ce2 t !y mu/ exi/    
because x obvi\sly _c always be possible
 to ma9ta9 a h>moni\s balance (         
s5suality & love4 ,?is *apt] is !re=e a 
necess>y supplem5t to ! previ\s ones 9  
:i* ! p]fection ( mod]n love is dealt )4
 ,! seek] ( love & ! slave ( love are   
ph5om5a ( duali/ic eroticism incapable (
 atta9+ to unity4 ,= ?is reason !y nei!r
 exi/$ 9 antiquity1 nor d we f9d g5u9e  
examples ( !m 9 ! female sex4 ,all      

female p]v]sions closely exam9$ are     
hy/]ia--t is to say1 want ( inn]        
balance--9 v>i\s =ms2 a woman's         
subjection to ! w ( a man is 9 v _m     
in/ances a natural symptom1 & _c be     
reg>d$ z p]v]se4 ,& ?us we aga9 p]ceive 
t ! eroticism ( woman is m h>moni\s &   
natural ?an t ( ! et]nally grop+ &      
et]nally err+ man4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,!
 ,,rev5ge ,,( ,,sexuality  ,!           
,demoniacal & ! ,obsc5e   ,9 conclusion 
,i w attempt to elucidate a gr\p (      
ph5om5a :i* play a "p1 important ?\gh   
(t5 ignor$1 9 ! emotional life ( !      
pres5t day4 ,!y are relat$ to ! subject 
"u discussion1 inasmu* z !y1 too1 are ! 
result ( a lack ( h>mony betwe5         
s5su\sness & love4 ,z long z s5su\sness 
is felt & und]/ood z a natural elem5t1 &
 "o :i* does n "u normal circum/ances   
ent] consci\sness z a di/9ct pr9ciple1 !
 emotional sph]e :i* may be designat$ z 
demoniacal-sexual & obsc5e1 does n exi/4
 ,n until s5su\sness is confront$ by a  
high] pr9ciple1 a n[ solely ackn[l$g$   

spiritual-div9e pr9ciple1 w natural     
life1 & p>ticul>ly normal sexuality1 be 
/igmatis$ z l[ & ungodly1 ev5 z         
demoniacal4 ,9 proportion z ! conception
 ( ,god became m spiritual & div9e1 !   
conception ( ! devil became m horrible2 
! high] ! s\l so>$1 ! deep] sank ! body4
 ,?is philosophy ( pure spirituality 0  
express$ by ,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux 9 ! 
foll[+ words3 ,oh1 s\l1 /amp$ ) ! image 
( ,god1 adorn$ ) ,8 semblance1 esp\s$ to
 fai?1 end[$ ) ,8 _s1 r$eem$ by ,8      
blood1 ! compe] ( angels1 inve/$ )      
reason--:at ha/ ?\ 9 common ) ! fle%1 = 
:i* ?\ mu/ suff] s mu*8444 ,& yet x is  
?y de>e/ companion6 ,behold1 !re w come 
a day :5 x %all be a mis]able1 pallid   
corpse1 food = worms6 ,= h[ev]          
beautifully x may be adorn$1 yet x is   
no?+ b fle%6 ,! man ( ! lat] ,middle    
,ages1 & especially ! cl]ic1 :o 0       
completely dom9at$ by ! contra/ ( !     
ascetic & ! sexual1 fe>$ ! devil m ?an  
he lov$ ,god1 & reg>d$ ! s5sual         
temptations :i* beset 8 excit$1         

sup]/iti\s & et]nally unsatisfi$        
imag9ation z s5t by ! devil4 ,! navet ( 
s5suality _h pass$ away = ev]2 z        
goodness 0 look$ ^u z div9e &           
sup]natural1 nature & natural in/9cts 7 
condemn$4 ,man 0 torn asund]4  ,b !     
devil 0 n only fe>$1 he 0 also wor%ipp$4
 ,a devil-wor%ip1 ! details ( :i* h be5 
little /udi$1 exi/$ f ! t5? to ! f\rte5?
 c5tury 7:5 x rea*$ its climax71 side by
 side ) ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,! great] !    
dread ( h]esy & wit*craft1 ! great]     
became ! numb] ( m5 :o1 despair+ (      
salvation1 pro/rat$ !mselves be=e !     
devil1 :om !y seem$ unable to escape 7a 
s+le evil ?\ght 0 suffici5t to doom _!  
s\ls to et]nal damnation71 9 ! hope t he
 w\ld at lea/ save _! bodies f ! /ake & 
v\*safe !m ! pleasures ( ?is _w4 ,satan 
promis$ 8 wor%ipp]s unlimit$ pleasure2  
he became ! r$eem] ( ^? :om ! cl]gy     
p]secut$4 ,x is ass]t$ t 8 wor%ip       
consi/$ 9 an obsc5e p>ody ( ! ,mass2    
accord+ to ,mi*elet1 ! body ( a female  
wor%ipp] s]v$ z ! alt> on :i* a toad 0  

consecrat$ & p>tak5 ( in/ead ( ! ,ho/4  
,! adept solemnly r5\nc$ ,jesus & did   
homage to ,satan by kiss+ 8 image4      
,asceticism & lib]t9ism always g h& 9   
h&4 ,!y are conv]tible pr9ciples r5d+ _!
 victim4 ,temptation is ! fundam5tal    
motif ( ?is condition4 ,! devil 0       
believ$ to s5d out 8 s]vants to w9 new  
s\ls2 monks 7 visit$ by demons 9 ! %ape 
( a voluptu\s woman1 ! succubus2 ,satan 
himself1 or "o ( 8 emiss>ies1 disguis$ z
 a fa%ionable g5tleman1 ! incubus1      
appe>$ to ! nuns4 ,und\bt$ly ! dreams ( 
ov]-excit$ m5 & wom5 play$ a v important
 "p 9 ?is connection2 _m hy/]ical wom5  
felt ! devil's kiss & embrace4 ,all ^!  
wom5 7 !mselves conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( _!   
halluc9ations & imag9+s1 & once ! belief
 9 wit*craft 0 firmly e/abli%$ 79 !     
?irte5? c5tury7 ! obvi\s atonem5t = _!  
hy/]ia 0 ! /ake4  ,! fe> ( wit*es1 :i*  
exi/$ p>allel ) ! love ( ! ,madonna1 0  
typical ( ! decl9+ ,middle ,ages4 ,!    
fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies knew nei!r !     
,lady ( ,heav5 9 ! lat] mean+ ( ! ^w1   

nor did !y "k any?+ ( wit*es4 ,9 ! reign
 ( ,*>lemagne ! p5alty = ! belief 9     
wit*craft 0 dea?4 ,at all times man has 
exhibit$ a t5d5cy to see 9 woman ei!r a 
cele/ial or an inf]nal be+1 & n[h]e 0   
?is t5d5cy m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 !   
s\l ( ! m$iaeval duali/3 he creat$ !    
belov$ & ador$ ,que5 ( ,heav51 ! m$iator
 betwe5 ,god & humanity &1 z h] c\nt]p>t
 ! wit*1 ! despis$ & dread$ s$uc]1 a be+
 betwe5 man & devil4 ,p[]less to effect 
a reconciliation betwe5 spiritual love &
 s5su\s pleasure1 he requir$ two di/9ct 
female types z p]sonifications ( ! two  
directions ( 8 desire2 love & ! pleasure
 ( ! s5ses c\ld h no?+ 9 common1 & once 
! highe/ value 0 realis$ 9 ! spiritual  
love ( woman1 pleasure c\ld n appe>     
o!rwise ?an degrad$1 s9ful & diabolical4
 ,9 ?is respect1 also1 woman submitt$   
)\t a murmur to ! dictates ( male w4    
,m>y & ! devil became m & m ! real      
ho/ile p[]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 !       
classical "t ( woman-wor%ip 0 also !    
climax ( ! fe> ( ! devil & wit*craft4 ,!

 ,dom9ican monks :o1 above all o!r      
ord]s1 contribut$ to ! spread ( ! cult (
 ,m>y1 proce$$1 soon aft] ! e/abli%m5t (
 ! ,inquisition1 aga9/ ! wit*es1 !      
enemies ( ,m>y4 ,9 ! second half ( !    
?irte5? c5tury ! p]secution ( h]esy     
gradually gave way to ! p]secution (    
wit*craft4  ,i w n g into ^! well-kn[n  
details1 = ! psy*ical position is cle>  
en\gh3 to ! man ^: he>t is fill$ ) !    
love ( good & ! spiritual love ( woman1 
s5su\sness w appe> z dang]\s & p]il\s1 &
 w h at ! same "t ! glam\r ( !          
demoniacally-sexual4 ,x is ! diabolical 
elem5t ( duali/ic consci\sness 9 ! sph]e
 ( eroticism4 ,_m p ( ! pres5t day w n  
be able to und]/& ?is feel+1 = x        
pre-supposes a completely inh>moni\s    
emotional life4  ,! consci\sness ( !    
obsc5e is alli$ to ! conception ( !     
demoniacal2 x accompanies mod]n syn!tic 
love z its temptation & its %ad[4 ,9    
p]sonal love s5suality & s\l are no     
long] indep5d5t1 contra/$ pr9ciples2    
p]sonality1 tak+ ! spiritual z its      

f\ndation1 includes ! s5su\s4 ,9 ?is    
highe/ /age all eroticism n hall[$ by   
mutual affection is felt z unp>donable4 
,! purely sexual pr9ciple cont9ues to   
exi/1 b :5ev] x appe>s 9 its imp]sonal &
 brutal crudity z an elem5t ho/ile to   
p]sonality1 x creates ! consci\sness ( !
 obsc5e4 ,! obsc5e is1 !re=e1 ! purely  
sexual1 n 9 its nave normality1 b z a   
=ce inimical to a value1 z a rule to !  
value ( p]sonality4 ,! obsc5e expresses 
scorn & hatr$ = p]sonal love4 ,x is !   
s$uction ( ! primitive :i* is no long]  
some?+ e>li]1 b some?+ bas] 7= e age mu/
 gauge all ?+s by its own /&>d74 ,!     
ae/hetic pr9ciple--9 ?is connection !   
s5se ( ! beauty ( ! human =m--s p[]ful  
an elem5t 9 nave s5suality z well z 9 e 
o!r =m ( eroticism1 is exclud$1 because 
9 ?is p>ticul> condition ! beauty ( !   
human body is n objectively realis$1 b  
is look$ ^u ) ! eyes ( ! s5ses4 ,! mom5t
 p]sonality is ackn[l$g$ z ! only       
decisive factor 9 erotic life1 *aotic   
imp]sonal s5suality /&s condemn$4 ,!    

obsc5e is ! d>k] aspect ( mod]n love1 & 
)\t mod]n love x c\ld n exi/4 ,its      
ess5ce is negative1 is ! t5d5cy to      
c>icature & mock ! highe/ =m ( love4 ,! 
photograph ( a nude woman is n obsc5e2 b
 if ! face is hidd51 & ?us ! p]sonal    
mom5t int5tionally elim9at$ 9 fav\r ( ! 
g5]ic elem5t1 x approa*es ! obsc5e4 ,?is
 acc\nts = ! widely felt pleasure 9     
obsc5e pictures2 ! behold] is n         
p]sonally engag$1 he c enjoy ^! pictures
 )\t tak+ ^u 8 %\ld]s any k9d (         
responsibility4 ,ev5 t m9imum ( respect 
:i* ! v dregs ( humanity may claim is n 
requir$ ( him4 ,! picture is capable (  
af=d+ pleasure )\t claim+ a gra9 ( human
 k9dness4 ,?us x w\ld seem t s5sual     
pleasure is possible )\t any sacrifice (
 ! inw>dly pr(ess$ high] eroticism1 a   
sacrifice :i* might be a b> to a        
primitive relation%ip ) a woman ( fle% &
 blood4 ,actually1 h[ev]1 x is n        
possible1 = ) ! surr5d] to ! base s\rce 
( enjoym5t1 ! spiritual position is     
ab&on$1 & p]sonally conceiv$ humanity   

inw>dly annihilat$4  ,x foll[s f ! =ego+
 t ! fasc9ation ( ! obsc5e c only be    
fully felt by "o :o has completely      
ackn[l$g$ ! pr9ciple ( p]sonality 9     
eroticism1 & :o has also lat5t )9 him ! 
possibility ( erotic dualism4 ,! m      
highly evolv$ ! emotional life ( a man  
7all ^! consid]ations apply only to a   
man 9 :om ! possibility ( dualism is    
lat5t71 ! m w he realise ! purely       
sexual1 ! emphasis ( ! elem5t (         
pleasure1 z some?+ unseemly &           
disagreeable2 some?+ :i* he ought to d5y
 himself1 b :i* attracts him ) !        
irresi/ible fasc9ation ( ! obsc5e4 ,!   
man :o surr5d]s himself navely to       
s5suality does n realise x z obsc5e1 b !
 man :o1 consci\s ( 8 high] concept1    
/rives aga9/ x1 exp]i5ces ! reaction (  
s5suality ) ! full =ce ( its p]v]se     
s$uction4 ,ev5 if only = a brief space1 
he annihilates ! high] elem5t & gives   
himself up to ! pleasure ( ! base &     
degrad$4  ,9 ?is connection we are face 
to face ) ! /range b /ill logical fact1 

t a man :o has completely atta9$ to !   
?ird /age ( love1 feels ev5 ! purely    
spiritual love z odi\s 9 its            
incomplet5ess4 ,x /rikes him z unnatural
 & =c$1 a feel+ :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 n be    
confus$ ) ! ord9>y contempt ( spiritual 
love4  ,primitively con/itut$ man kn[s  
only undiff]5tiat$ sexuality4 ,he enjoys
 ! nude1 & sees no diff]5ce betwe5 a    
,v5us by ,titian & an ord9>y photograph 
( a nude figure2 ! ae/hete1 & m         
especially ! arti/1 c nev] und]/& t a "w
 ( art may be s5sually /imulat+4 ,t x   
may be s w always be bluntly d5i$ by an 
individual capable ( enjoy+ a beautiful 
=m1 b to ! uncultivat$ m9d ! picture ( !
 female body w only evoke memories (    
pleasure4 ,?is feel+1 h[ev]1 is q di/9ct
 f ! obsc5e2 x is nei!r ho/ile to !     
high] spiritual life1 nor is x crim9al2 
x is natural & h>moni\s4 ,b ! same feel+
 may become obsc5e if a man1 aw>e (     
high] ae/hetic values1 ignores art &    
enjoys ! picture m]ely z a repres5tation
 ( a nude figure4 ,"h1 too1 ! s$uction  

lies 9 a demoniacal elem5t1 namely 9 !  
de/ruction ( ! ae/hetic value4 ,!       
de/ructive *>act]i/ic ( ! obsc5e w>s    
aga9/ all high] conceptions2 x is !     
rev5ge ( *aotic sex depos$ by a high]   
pr9ciple1 & has ! special *>m ( secret  
wrong-do+4  ,i might g ev5 fur!r1 &     
ma9ta9 t because mod]n love does n admit
 pleasure z its f\ndation & cont5t1 &   
because ! crav+ = pleasure is deeply    
root$ 9 human nature1 love fav\rs to a  
high degree ! desire to res]ve a sph]e =
 pleasure di/9ct f p]sonal love4 ,?is   
region is ! obsc5e1 & "o might prophesy 
t x w gr[ 9 proportion z ! pr9ciple (   
p]sonal love acquires dom9ion2 =        
pleasure w always ne$ an undi/urb$      
retreat untr\bl$ by high] dem&s4 ,?is c 
only be f\nd 9 ! sph]e ( ! obsc5e 9 :i* 
! elem5t ( p]sonality is entirely       
elim9at$4  ,mod]n man is beset by ano!r 
peculi> temptation4 ,! beauty ( woman1  
:i* 9 ! days ( ! pa/ 0 reg>d$ z sacr$1 c
 be made a means ( pleasure1 & ?us drawn
 f ! realm ( values into ! realm (      

s5suality4 ,?is is a brea* ) ! pr9ciple 
( p]sonal love1 = to ! latt] ! beauty ( 
a woman is s mu* "p & p>cel ( ! :ole    
p]sonality t x _c be enjoy$ sep>ately1 t
 inde$ x c h>dly be notic$ z a di/9ct   
elem5t4 ,?is cleavage has become s ne>ly
 univ]sal t we are h>dly consci\s ( its 
pr(\nd p]v]sity4 ,x is ! ar*-s9 ( all   
high] eroticism to realise beauty n z ! 
undeta*able & self-evid5t outw>d =m ( a 
belov$ s\l1 b z a means ( height5+      
pleasure4 ,al?\gh 9 its ess5ce x is !   
same ?+ z ! exam9ation ( a "w ( art     
m]ely = ! sake ( ! pleasure x af=ds to !
 s5ses1 ! (f5ce is "h aggravat$ because 
p]sonality is involv$4 ,?is degradation 
( ! high] values1 :e!r ( nature1 art1   
beauty1 k1 k9dness1 religion or ! human 
s\l1 to s]ve ! ends ( s5sual pleasure is
 ! expression ( a p]v]sity :i* is       
possibly ! mo/ radical & *>act]i/ic (   
our age4 ,to-day ! s\l ( a woman has    
frequ5tly ! same effect on man z h]     
physical beauty2 he enjoys x z a subtile
 *>m in/ead ( respect+ x z a my/]y4  ,i 

c h>dly expect to make my mean+ q cle>  
to ! multitude1 b ! t5d5cy to enjoy     
beauty ( =m or s\l z a di/9ct elem5t    
repres5ts a rupture ) ! pr9ciple (      
syn!tic love1 ! love :i* does n sep>ate 
b realises ! p]sonality ( ! belov$ z an 
indivisible entity4 ,! enjoym5t ( beauty
 z a sep>ate elem5t pre-supposes a      
consci\s1 spiritual division1 n only ( !
 belov$1 b also ( ! lov]1 & is !re=e !  
de/ruction ( ! pr9ciple ( unity4        
,ae/hete & lib]t9e alike s9k to ! l[]   
level ( pleasure1 & _! emotions become  
obsc5e4 ,!re is no "q ( a division :5   
,tri/an 9 8 vision ( ,isolde exclaims1  
,h[ beautiful ?\ art6 ,= great love c   
create ! beauty ( ! belov$ out ( its own
 s\l4  ,prud]y is bas$ on a simil>      
duality4 ,x expresses a consci\sness t !
 nude c only be allur+1 obsc5e1 indec5t1
 & %\ld !re=e be fe>$ & avoid$4 ,x is ! 
def5sive weapon ( sexually excit$1 = !  
mo/ "p1 slightly hy/]ical wom51 aga9/ ! 
purely sexual1 ^: sph]e !y (t5 ext5d    
amaz+ly4 ,prud]y conceives sexuality z a

 di/9ct1 re/rict$ complex 9             
consci\sness4 ,su* division is ali5 to  
woman &1 :]e x exi/s1 a hy/]ical        
condition1 a condition ( inn] discord1  
is cle>ly indicat$4 ,we may take x t !  
obsc5e :i* affects normal m51 affects   
only hy/]ical1 inw>dly discordant wom5  
:o try to take %elt] beh9d prud]y4 ,to !
 normal woman ! obsc5e does n exi/ z a  
spiritual pr9ciple2 %e turns ) a feel+ (
 displeasure f all ! l[] sexual         
manife/ations1 & ev5 f9ds !m absurd4 ,! 
elim9ation ( p]sonality ( eroticism1 !  
*>m ( :i* is felt by ev5 ! mo/ highly   
diff]5tiat$ man1 has always be5 =eign to
 woman--%e lacks ! duality ( erotic     
emotion :i* man is sl[ly & labori\sly   
/riv+ to ov]come--a /ill fur!r pro( ( ! 
unbrok51 syn!tic emotion ( woman4       
,,conclusion  ,,! ,,psy*og5etic ,,law   
,! ,individual z an ,epitome ( ! ,human 
,race   ,! biog5etic law ( ,ern/        
,haeckel tea*es u t ! human embryo      
passes ?r\gh all ! /ages ( developm5t   
trav]s$ by its ance/ors 9 _! evolution f

 ! l[] =ms ( ! animal _w4 ,al?\gh ea*   
successive /age completely replaces !   
prec$+ "o1 ! latt] is !re z its organic 
supposition4 ,man is n born z a human   
be+ until he has travell$ ov] ! pr9cipal
 portions ( ! road to evolution4 ,?is   
law1 :i* e/abli%es ! natural connection 
( ! individual ) ! :ole *a9 ( organisms1
 is cont9u$ 9 a psy*og5etic law1 n f\nd$
 on ! h]$ity ( ! blood b on ! h]$ity (  
culture 7& !re=e q indep5d5t ( ! doctr9e
 ( ! orig9 ( species74 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8   
developm5t ! individual repeats !       
psy*o-spiritual /ages ?r\gh :i* !       
species has pass$4 ,b :ile ! human body 
_c su/a9 life until x is p]fectly       
develop$1 ! degrees ( psy*ic p]fection  
v>y v consid]ably2 n e individual rea*es
 p]fection2 mo/ m5 atta9 to "s degree1 b
 !re are o!rs :o d n ev5 acquire !      
rudim5ts4  ,x w\ld be an attractive &   
grateful task to po9t out ! halt+-places
 ( ! human race 9 ! life ( ! individual2
 to fix ! mom5t :5 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life 
! *ild says ,i--a mom5t :i* usually     

occurs 9 8 second ye>1 & repres5ts !    
humanisation ( ! race1 ! great          
intuition1 :5 primitive man1 div9+ 8    
spiritual nature1 sev]$ himself f !     
ext]nal _w2 to p]ceive ! *ild--l its    
primitive ance/ors 9 _! day--treat+ all 
weak] creatures :i* fall into its h&s ) 
almo/ be/ial cruelty2 to wat* ! boyi%   
games reflect+ ! p]iod :5 ! nations liv$
 on w> & ! *ase1 _! eag]ness to draw up 
rules & regulations & create gradations 
( rank & m>ks ( di/9ction4 ,i am n able 
to c>ry out su* a task 9 detail &1      
moreov]1 z ,i am deal+ ) ! erotic life  
only1 su* a proce$+ w\ld be out ( place 
"h4  ,! psy*og5etic law1 !n1 comes to   
?is3 ,e well-develop$ male individual ( 
! pres5t day successively passes ?r\gh !
 ?ree /ages ( love ?r\gh :i* ! ,european
 races h pass$4 ,! ?ree /ages are n     
traceable 9 all m5 ) infallible c]ta9ty1
 !re are num]\s individuals ^:          
developm5t 9 ?is respect has be5 arre/$1
 b 9 ! emotional life ( e highly        
diff]5tiat$ memb] ( ! human race !y are 

cle>ly di/+ui%able1 & ! great] ! weal? &
 /r5g? ( a s\l1 ! m p]fectly w x reflect
 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,! evolution ( e    
well-end[$ individual pres5ts a r\gh    
sket* ( ! hi/ory ( civilisation2 x has  
its prehi/oric1 its classical1 its      
m$iaeval1 & its mod]n p]iod4 ,_m m5     
rema9 imprison$ 9 ! pa/2 o!rs are       
fragm5t>y1 or appe> to be susp5d$ 9     
mid-air1 rootless4 ,! _s ( humanity has 
liv$ ?r\gh ! pa/ & ov]come x1 s z to be 
able to create its future4  ,!          
gynecocratic /age actually survives to  
?is day 9 ! nurs]y4 ,"h ! "m rules      
supreme2 ! fa!r is an intrud]1 ! bro!rs 
are dom9at$ by _! si/]s1 (t5 _! juniors4
 ,wom5 mature at an e>li] age ?an m52   
?is ass]tion applies ) equal =ce to     
individual & sex 9 connection ) ! hi/ory
 ( civilisation4 ,aft] he has left !    
nurs]y1 !re foll[s 9 ! life ( ! boy a   
p]iod dur+ :i* he associates only ) 8   
s*ool-fri5ds1 %uns ! society ( 8 "m &   
si/]s1 & is a%am$ ( 8 female relatives4 
,?is repres5ts ! revival ( ! m5's unions

 ( remote antiquity 9 ! life ( !        
individual ( ! pres5t day4  ,at ! p]iod 
( pub]ty ! sexual in/9ct makes itself   
felt = ! fir/ "t2 z a rule1 if its      
nature is n recognis$1 x is accompani$  
by re/lessness & depression4 ,i d n     
believe t ! in/9ct is1 z soon z x       
appe>s1 direct$ to ! o!r sex1 or any?+  
else outside ! individual4 ,?is fact _c 
be expla9$ by want ( opportunity1 %yness
 or bad example2 !re is a positive      
reason = x2 ! long+ = a memb] ( ! o!r   
sex is /ill unfelt4  ,betwe5 8 tw5tie? &
 ?irtie? ye> a man is (t5 dom9at$ by an 
en?usia/ic spiritual love q unconnect$ )
 ! s5suality :i* has hi!rto rul$ 8      
emotions4 ,i w n elaborate ! gr[? ( ?is 
love & ! new feel+s :i* arise 9         
connection ) x2 j z 9 ! remote pa/ !    
s5se ( p]sonality 0 born z ! c5tre ( a  
new consci\sness1 s ! individual n[     
und]goes a p]iod ( purification &       
reg5]ation2 ?r\gh ! love = 8 mi/ress he 
discov]s 8 inmo/ self1 ( :i*1 until n[1 
he _h be5 practically ignorant4 ,!      

g5]ative1 undiff]5tiat$ impulse is      
supplant$ by ! love = an individual &   
/igmatis$ z base & contemptible4        
,gu9celli's words *>act]is+ ! second    
erotic /age ( ! race3 ,amor e cor g5til 
sono una cosa1 to-day apply to ! second 
/age 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,x also   
occurs t 9 ! he>t ( a man :om reality   
has fail$ to satisfy an ideal woman     
gradually w9s life & %ape4 ,sometimes x 
is ! idealis$ c\nt]p>t ( an actual      
woman1 b n infrequ5tly x is a vague1    
unsub/antial %ad[4 ,"h we h !           
deification ( ! woman reproduc$ 9 ! he>t
 ( ! individual4 ,to illu/rate my po9t1 
,i w quote ! v p]t95t conv]sation betwe5
 ,foldal1 ! embitt]$ old cl]k1 & ,john  
,gabriel ,borkman 7,ibs574              
,borkman3 ,inde$6 ,c y %[ me "o :o is   
any good8       ,foldal3 ,t's j ! po9t4 
,! few wom5 ,i've kn[n are no      good 
at all4       ,borkman3 7) a sne]7      
,:at's ! good ( !m if y don't "k        
!m8       ,foldal 7excit$ly73 ,don't say
 t1 ,john ,gabriel6 ,isn't x a          

magnific5t1 an ennobl+ ?\ght1 to "k t   
some:]e1 f>      away1 nev] m9d :]e1 !  
true woman lives8       ,borkman        
7impati5tly73 ,/op y\r high falut9'     
nons5se6       ,foldal 7hurt73 ,high    
falut9' nons5se8 ,y call my mo/ sacr$   
belief high falut9' nons5se8  ,9        
conclusion ,i %\ld l to m5tion "h t ,i  
look ^u ,otto ,we9+] z a tragic victim (
 ! second /age ( love :i*--9 our        
days--is sick ) an almo/ insurm\ntable  
inn] insuffici5cy4  ,!re is no ne$ to   
elaborate my subject fur!r & po9t out   
t--! fir/ /age pass$--! prime ( life    
br+s ) x ! fusion ( sexuality & love4   
,?is union is ! inn] mean+ ( m>riage 9 !
 mod]n s5se--:e!r x is r>ely or         
frequ5tly realis$ is beside ! po9t4  ,9 
previ\s *apt]s ,i h illu/rat$ v>i\s     
ph5om5a ( ! emotional life by %[+ _!    
reflections on ! lives ( two or ?ree    
di/+ui%$ m54 ,9 conclusion ,i w endeav\r
 to po9t out ! reproduction ( all !     
erotic /ages ?r\gh :i* ! race has pass$1
 9 ! psy*ical evolution ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]1

 & _! immortalisation 9 8 works4 ,we    
%all recognise 9 him ! erotic           
repres5tative ( mod]n man1 a p]sonality 
9 :om all t :i* z a rule is vague & only
 half express$1 has become great &      
typical4 ,love has be5 ! leitmotif ( 8  
life4 ,! conclud+ phrase ( ! crude fairy
 tale ,die ,fe5 7,! ,fairies71 compos$  
by ! y\? ( n9ete51 is3 ! inf9ite p[] (  
love1 & ! la/ words writt5 d[n two days 
be=e 8 dea?1 73 love--trag$y4  ,! op]a  
,das ,liebesv]bot 7,! ,prohibition to   
,love71 writt5 9 #ahcd1 is em95tly      
symptomatic ( ! fir/ /age4 ,x is a co>s]
 r5d]+ ( t blunte/ ( all ,%akespe>ean   
plays1 ,measure = ,measure2 its sole    
subject is ! pursuit ( s5sual pleasure1 
9 :i* all indulge1 & ! ridicul+ ( ^? :o 
appe> to ye>n = some?+ high]4 ,to detail
 ! cont5ts ( ! text--x _c be call$ a    
poem--w\ld s]ve no purpose2             
biographically1 b n arti/ically int]e/+1
 x exhibits ) amaz+ c&\r ! fir/1 purely 
sexual1 /age ( ! "y man ( tw5ty-"o4 ,x 0
 ! p]iod :5 "y ,g]many's device 0 !     

emancipation ( s5suality4 ,wagn] himself
 says t 8 conception 0 ma9ly direct$    
aga9/ ,puritan cant1 & l$ to ! bold     
glorification ( unre/ra9$ s5suality4 ,i 
0 det]m9$ to und]/& ! grave ,%akespe>ean
 subject only 9 ?is s5se4 ,& 9 8        
,autobiographical ,sket* he says3 ,i    
le>n$ to love matt]4 ,9 addition to ?is 
,wagn] gives u ! foll[+ synopsis ( a    
7lo/7 libretto1 ,die ,ho*zeit 7,!       
,w$d+71 writt5 at an e>li] p]iod3 ,a    
y\?1 madly 9 love ) 8 fri5d's fiance1   
climbs ?r\gh ! w9d[ into h] b$room1 :]e 
! latt] is await+ ! arrival ( h] lov]2 !
 fiance /ruggles ) ! fr5zi$ y\? & ?r[s  
him d[n into ! y>d1 :]e he expires4  ,! 
second1 discordant1 /age ( love is      
embodi$ 9 ,tannhus]1 compos$ :5 ,wagn] 0
 tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age4 ,!re is probably 
no mod]n "w ( art 9 :i* ! m$iaeval feel+
 ( dualism 9 ! s*eme ( ! univ]se has be5
 express$ ) great] pa?os4 ,we see man   
toss$ betwe5 heav5 & hell1 betwe5 !     
wor%ipp$ sa9t & s$uctive s5suality1     
imp]sonat$ by a %e-devil4 ,a man ( !    

,middle ,ages w\ld h recognis$ 9 ?is "w 
! trag$y ( 8 s\l4 ,wagn] _h plann$ !    
op]a be=e he _h really rea*$ ! second   
p]iod1 "u ! title ( ,d] ,v5usb]g 7,!    
,m\nta9 ( ,v5us71 & 9 ?is e>li] v]sion !
 purely sexual occupi$ a f> m prom95t   
place1 probably 9 clos] con=mity ) ! old
 leg5d4 ,= "h ,tannhus] returns to ,v5us
 unsav$ & defy+ ! et]nal values1 det]m9$
 to r5\nce a high] life & give himself  
up to ! pleasure ( ! s5ses = all        
et]nity4 ,?is idea 0 reta9$ 9 a lat]    
v]sion up to ! decisive f9al turn2 !    
purely spiritual love = ,elizabe?       
ev5tually ov]comes ! unre/ra9$ in/9ct4  
,z ! despair+ monk ( m$iaeval times1    
app>5tly ab&on$ by ! love ( ,god1 turn$ 
to ,satan & wor%ipp$ him1 s ,tannhus]1  
ca/ out ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 by ! words (
 ! ,pope1 & r5\nc$ by ,elizabe?1 aga9   
gives himself up to s5suality1 :i* is "h
 contra/$ ) spiritual love1 & repres5t$ 
z demoniacal4 ,tannhus] is n vacillat+  
betwe5 ! love ( two wom5--a spiritualis$
 & a s5sual love2 he is wav]+ betwe5 !  

purely spiritual love ( ,elizabe? &     
promiscu\s sexuality repres5t$ by ,v5us1
 n c5tr+ on h] z an individual1 b       
diffus$1 z x 71 ?r\gh h] :ole k+dom4 ,! 
dualism :i* r5ds ! :ole univ]se is      
/rongly & uncompromis+ly emphasis$ 9    
text & music1 & ,wagn] himself expla9$  
to ! op]a s+]1 ,s*norr von ,c>olsfeld1 t
 ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! pr9cipal "p 0 !   
int5se/ expression ( delight & remorse  
)\t any int]m$iate /age ( feel+1 *ang+  
abruptly & decisively4 ,! clos+ words ( 
! fir/ sc5e3 ,my salvation lies 9 ,m>y6 
are ! real turn+ po9t ( ! drama4 ,z     
abrupt z 8 des]tion ( ,v5us = ,m>y1 is 8
 return to h] 9 ! ?ird act4 ,by ! side (
 ,m>y is plac$ ! m human1 ! m e>?ly b   
yet idealis$ =m ( ,elizabe?1 a figure   
closely resembl+ ,beatrice & ,m>g>et4   
,! music ( ,tannhus] 7m especially !    
ov]ture7 expresses ! contra/ betwe5 !   
two erotic _w-elem5ts ) /rik+           
abruptness4 ,! h>moni\s & musically     
p]fect motive ( religi\s ye>n+ 7! *orus 
( ! pilgrims7 :i* =ms ! beg9n+ & ! end (

 ! ov]ture1 is assail$ by ! brief]      
motives ( s5su\s s$uction & ec/asy ( !  
middle2 ! quiv]+1 tickl+ passages ( !   
viol9s play r\nd ! sacr$ music ( !      
*orale l s _m s$uctive elves4 ,!        
,v5usb]g music is probably ! mo/ p]fect 
expression ( pure s5suality :i* has ev] 
be5 rea*$ 9 ! _w ( music2 x is !        
complete translation ( s5sual crav+ &   
s5sual rapture into ! language ( music4 
,9 ! ,v5usb]g music compos$ = ! p]=mance
 9 ,p>is1 ?is motive is /ill m ri*ly    
elaborat$1 & ! rec5tly publi%$ sket*es =
 ! sc5e 9 ! ,v5usb]g conta9 a numb] (   
details :i* 7 elim9at$ f ! lat] v]sion4 
,"h be/ial & demoniacal s5suality1 n    
cont5t ) human c\ples1 nymphs1 ma5ads1  
sir5s & fauns1 calls = be+s half-brute1 
half-human1 repres5t$ by c5taurs &      
sph9xes1 = black goats1 cats1 tig]s1    
pan!rs1 & s on1 f9ally = obsc5e         
repres5tations ( antique leg5ds1 su* z  
,l$a & ! ,swan1 ,europa & ! ,bull1      
symbols & illu/rations ( ! climax (     
p]v]sion4 ,x is a magnific5t1           

poetico-musical picture ( untrammell$   
sexuality1 ^: que5 is ,woman1 ! prie/ess
 ( voluptu\sness1 repres5t$ by ,v5us4   
,tannhus]'s ye>n+ = humanity & div9ely  
pure love gives to ?is _w a t+e ( !     
demoniacal1 = ! latt] is no?+ b natural 
s5suality reg>d$ f a high] /&po9t1 9 ?is
 case f ! po9t ( view ( spiritual love4 
,:5ev] x is oppos$ to ! transc5d5tal1 ! 
natural is conceiv$ z dang]\s &         
diabolical4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! abrupt inn] 
*ange 9 ,tannhus]1 ,v5us & h] _w mu/    
vani% l a phantom ( ! night4 ,a consum+1
 voluptu\s excitem5t kept my blood &    
n]ves t+l+ :ile ,i sket*$ & compos$ !   
music ( ,tannhus]4444 says ,wagn] 9 "o  
place1 & 9 ano!r he confesses t s5sual  
pleasure1 :ile attract+ & s$uc+ him1    
fill$ him ) repugnance4 ,he speaks ( 8  
long+ to satisfy my crav+ 9 a high]1    
nobl] elem5t :i*1 unpollut$ by !        
s5suality s *>act]i/ic ( mod]n life &   
art1 appe>s to me z some?+ pure1 some?+ 
*a/e & virg9al1 unapproa*able &         
intangible4 ,:at else c ?is long+ =     

love1 ! noble/ feel+ ,i am capable (1   
be1 ?an ! ye>n+ to leave ?is _w ( facts 
beh9d me & become absorb$ 9 an elem5t ( 
inf9ite1 transc5d5tal love1 to :i* dea? 
w\ld be ! gate4444  ,! dualism 9 ! music
 ( ,tannhus] is consi/5tly ma9ta9$4 ,!  
two elem5ts w> aga9/ ea* o!r )\t ev]    
m]g+ into "o4 ,^? p>ts ( ! music :i*    
*>act]ise ,elizabe? are full ( noble    
pa?os & a little s5tim5tal4 ,at ! beg9n+
 ( ! second act %e is n yet h]self2 %e c
 /ill laugh l a light-he>t$ girl1 b :5  
%e aga9 succumbs to ,tannhus]'s une>?ly 
7& to h] fatal7 *>m1 & realises h[      
irrevocably he has surr5d]$ himself to  
,v5us1 %e rises to true greatness &     
resolutely faces ! swords un%ea!d to    
puni% ! (f5d]4 ,be=e our eyes %e is     
trans=m$ into ! sa9t :o realises h]     
mission & is ready to take h] burd5 ^u  
h]2 m h]oic ?an ,beatrice or ,m>g>et1 %e
 po9ts to him :o laugh+ly /abb$ h] he>t1
 ! road to salvation4 ,l h] two         
pr$ecessors ,elizabe? prays to ,m>y = ! 
salvation ( h] lov]--! pray] = ! belov$ 

has ev] be5 woman's true/ & mo/ f]v5t   
pray]4  ,! ?\ght ( a*iev+ a man's       
salvation ?r\gh a great & /eadfa/ love1 
is ! subject ( ! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 &      
plays1 z is well kn[n1 an important "p )
 ,wagn]4 ,/range to say he has = ?is v  
reason frequ5tly be5 sc(f$ at by ^? :o  
call !mselves admir]s ( ,goe!4          
,dante-,goe!'s great problem ( salvation
 is repres5t$ 9 ,tannhus] ) ! utmo/     
lucidity4 ,! ess5ce ( x is t love c     
positively int]v5e 9 ! life ( a man ^:  
s\l is turn$ t[>ds x1 b :o is confus$ & 
beset by temptations4 ,8 vacillat+ he>t 
feels ! love :i* is brood+ ov] him &    
ultimately ab&ons itself to x1 to be    
sav$ by its unsw]v+ loyalty4 ,maybe ?is 
is z mu* a miracle z grace1 b x is also 
a psy*ical fact1 because ! love :i*     
ye>ns = ! s9n] awak5s & increases n only
 8 fai? 9 its p[] to help1 b also 9 8   
own /r5g?2 d>kness & evil dismay him &  
he turns t[>ds ! light4 ,9 ,tannhus] ?is
 spiritual condition1 :i* is ( su*      
prim>y importance 9 ! la/ sc5e ( ,fau/1 

is cle>ly express$2 8 love = ,elizabe?  
has be5 /rong en\gh to kill desire k9dl$
 9 8 he>t aga9 & aga9 by ,v5us2 yet aga9
 he is on ! po9t ( succumb+ to 8 s5ses4 
,! vision ( ,v5us appe>s be=e 8 eyes1 b 
at ,wolfram's exclamation1 ,elizabe?6 he
 realises 9 a fla% t ,elizabe? has be5  
pray+ = him day & night1 & has giv5 h]  
life to save him4 ,be=e ?is sudd5       
illum9ation ! p[] ( ,v5us s9ks into     
no?+2 div9e love falls into 8 d>kness l 
a ray ( light--,oh1 sacr$ love's et]nal 
p[]6--x quick5s 8 own love :i* is /riv+ 
upw>ds1 & ) ! words3 ,sa9t ,elizabe?1   
pray = me6 he s9ks to ! gr\nd4 ,8 way1 l
 ,fau/'s1 al?\gh "o-sid$ly emotional1   
leads f *aos & s9 to pure love &        
salvation1 n ?r\gh 8 own /r5g? b by !   
help v\*saf$ to him 9 ! love ( 8        
glorifi$ mi/ress4  ,by ! side ( !       
/ruggl+1 suff]+ ,tannhus]1 toss$ hi!r & 
?i!r betwe5 ,god & ! devil1 betwe5      
,elizabe? & ,v5us1 /&s ,wolfram1 !      
untempt$ woman-wor%ipp]4 ,! two extremes
 cla% ^u ea* o!r 9 ! conte/ ( !         

m9nes+]s4 ,tannhus]1 at w> ) himself1   
exasp]at$ by ! calm1 matt]-(-fact way 9 
:i* ,wolfram s+s ! praise ( spiritual   
love1 ru%es to ! o!r extreme & bur/s    
into raptur\s praise ( ! goddess ( love 
& ! pleasure ( ! s5ses4 ,i ne$ n lay    
/ress on ! fact t at t "t ( 8 life      
,wagn]'s own he>t 0 ! ar5a 9 :i* !      
conflict 0 f\ght out2 a "w l ,tannhus]  
is n made1 x is conceiv$ 9 ! inn]mo/ s\l
 ( its creator4 ,e "o ( ,wagn]'s great  
works be>s ! unmi/akable /amp ( s9c]ity 
& int5sity1 :ile ) ,goe!1 on ! o!r h&1 x
 is n difficult to di/+ui% ! g5u9e ones1
 t is to say1 ^? :i* 7 writt5 "u !      
pressure ( a compell+ impulse1 f ^? :i* 
ow$ _! exi/5ce to ! intellect r ?an to !
 s\l4  ,tannhus] immortalises !         
adolesc5ce ( ! ,european races ( mank9d2
 ! ?ird /age is n ev5 anticipat$4       
,loh5gr91 ! pr9cipal int]e/ ( :i* is o!r
 ?an erotic1 repres5ts a transitional   
phase betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird /age2    
body & s\l are no long] reg>d$ z w>r+   
aga9/ ea* o!r2 a great] h>mony beyond   

ei!r is dimly div9$4 ,loh5gr9 has set   
out f a di/ant1 transc5d5tal k+dom to   
f9d e>?ly happ9ess 9 ,elsa's love--b he 
is doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,i w n analyse
 ! !me1 b r quote a few passages f      
,wagn]3 ,loh5gr9 is seek+ ! woman :o is 
ready to believe 9 him2 :o w n ask him  
:o he is & :5ce he comes1 b love him z  
he is & because he is s4444 ,loh5gr9's  
only desire is = love1 to be lov$1 to be
 und]/ood ?r\gh love4 ,9 spite ( !      
sup]ior developm5t ( 8 s5ses1 9 spite ( 
8 int5se consci\sness1 he desires no?+ m
 ?an to live ! life ( an ord9>y citiz5 (
 ?is e>?1 to love & be lov$--to be a    
p]fect specim5 ( humanity4 ,wagn] fur!r 
speaks ( 8 long+ to f9d ! woman2 !      
female pr9ciple1 q simply1 = ev] appe>+ 
to him "u new =ms2 ! woman = :om ! ,fly+
 ,dut*man long$ 9 8 unfa?omable di/ress2
 ! woman :o1 l a radiant />1 guid$      
,tannhus] f ! voluptu\s cav]ns ( !      
,v5usb]g to ! pure regions ( ! _s1 &    
drew ,loh5gr9 f 8 dazzl+ heights to !   
w>m bosom ( ! e>?4 ,we f9d "h ! new =m (

 love1 n yet fully compreh5d$ b desir$ &
 anticipat$ 9 art4  ,9 ,tri/an & ,isolde
 x is atta9$ completely & 9 its highe/  
p]fection4 ,we possess 9 ,wagn]'s lett]s
 to ,matilda ,wes5donk1 & 9 ! di>y      
writt5 = h]1 ! docum5ts ( ! p]sonal     
exp]i5ce out ( :i* ,tri/an grew1 & :i*  
unfold "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ love-/ories4 ,z  
,i h already discuss$ ,tri/an & ,isolde 
9 a previ\s *apt]1 ,i w "h only quote a 
passage f a lett] writt5 by ,wagn] &    
address$ to ,liszt at ! "t ( 8 fir/     
meet+ ) ,matilda2 x fully expresses !   
h>mony ( ! ?ird /age4 ,give me a he>t1 a
 m9d1 a woman's love 9 :i* ,i c plunge  
my :ole be+--:o w fully und]/& me--h[   
little else ,i %\ld ne$ 9 ?is _w6  ,x is
 v significant t side by side ) ,tri/an 
we h ,die ,mei/]s+]1 compos$ a little   
lat] on4 ,"h ! ?ird /age ( love is      
realis$ 9 its idyllic possibility2 !    
syn!sis has be5 giv5 ! %ape (           
middle-class matt]-(-factness1 t is to  
say1 ! fulfilm5t ( love 9 m>riage3 ,i   
love a maid & claim h] h&6 ,= ?is reason

 ! "w1 al?\gh ! fundam5tal idea is n    
erotic1 is entitl$ to be plac$ by ! side
 ( ,tri/an ) its dem& = ! absolute      
metaphysical consummation ( love4  ,x is
 an amaz+ fact t ! same g5ius %\ld h    
exp]i5c$ & portray$ bo? /ages s         
p]fectly4 ,d\btless ,tannhus] & ,tri/an 
are ! mo/ p]sonal self-revelations ( !  
great lov]1 pulsat+ ) passion1 & f>     
remote f ! colossal objective _w ( !    
,niebelungs1 ! l(ty s]5ity ( ,loh5gr9 & 
! wisdom ( ,p>sifal4  ,wagn] _h f9i%$ ! 
,r+ be=e he conceiv$ ! idea ( ,tri/an & 
,isolde4 7,x 0 pr9t$ 9 #aheb47 ,9 ! =m] 
he int5tionally rais$ ! value ( love &  
its position 9 ! univ]se to a problem1  
embody+ 8 k ( ! _w1 & m especially ( !  
mod]n _w1 9 sup]natural1 my?ical        
figures4 ,! greate/ ambition ( man is   
p[] & weal?1 ! symbol ( :i* is a gold5  
r+4 ,gold 9 itself is                   
innoc5t--elem5t>y--a bauble at ! bottom 
( ! riv]1 a toy = laugh+ *ildr52 b !    
insatiable ?ir/ = p[] & weal? has robb$ 
x ( its h>mlessness & made x ! tool &   

symbol ( tyranny4 ,only a be+ completely
 9 ! grip ( ! gre$ = ri*es & dom9ion1 a 
be+ :o looks ^u ! _w & all m5 z objects 
to be b5t to 8 w1 & :o has consequ5tly  
r5\nc$ love1 c\ld h ?us enslav$ ! _w4   
,love does n impair ! wor? ( a          
fell[-creature1 b sets him above all    
?+s2 a lov] _c be entirely selfi%2 8    
feel+ at lea/ = 8 mi/ress1 & ?r\gh h] = 
! re/ ( ! _w1 mu/ be pure & unselfi%4 ,!
 /ruggle betwe5 ^! two mo/ p[]ful       
in/9cts1 bo? 9 ! race & 9 ! he>t ( !    
individual 7,wotan71 is ! incomp>able   
subject ( ?is trag$y4 ,! :ole _w-process
 is repres5t$ z a /ruggle betwe5 !      
app>5tly great1 :o are yet ! slaves (   
gold & au?ority1 & ! truly free man :o  
s]ves love1 & on :om ambition has no    
hold4  ,! repres5tatives ( ! petty1     
gre$y1 toil+ human v]m91 :o readily     
r5\nc$ love = ! sake ( weal?1 because ! 
latt] w always buy lu/ & pleasure1 are !
 ,niebelungs1 ! dwell]s 9 ! ,ne!rworld  
:o nev] see ! sun4 ,!y h b "o /&>d3     
money2 "o supreme value3 p[]1 ! gift (  

weal?4 ,mime bewails 8 p 7! small       
tradesm5 z x 771 z foll[s2 ,light-he>t$ 
smi?s we us$ to fa%ion gems & tr9kets = 
our wives1 gorge\s jewels1 !            
,niebelungs' pretty trifles--we laugh$  
at ! lab\r4 ,b ,alb]i*1 ! capitali/1    
?r\gh ! magic ( ! r+1 has usurp$ ! p[] &
 enslav$ 8 fell[s4 ,n[ ! felon compels u
 to creep 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s to lab\r 
= him4 ,!re we mu/ delve & explore &    
despoil1 plund] & smelt & hamm] ! metal1
 re/lessly toil+ to increase 8 treasure4
 ,! really daemonic prop]ty ( ! gold is 
t ev]ybody succumbs to its s$uction &   
/rives to possess x4 ,! =m] nave joy (  
liv+1 embodi$ 9 ! ,rh9e-daught]s1 & _! n
 yet humanis$ song1 :i* seems to come   
direct f ! he>t ( nature1 is de/roy$ by 
! !ft ( ! ,rh9e-gold4 ,:at till !n _h   
be5 a s]5ely %9+ /> ( ! deep1 has be5   
trans=m$ into a means by :i* to w9      
au?ority4 ,! programme ( ! gre$y &      
tyrann\s nev] v>ies2 ,alb]i* proclaims  
x2 ,! :ole _w w ,i w91 & x is 8 daemonic
 w to depreciate love & set up p[] z !  

only value1 s t nobody %all d\bt 8      
greatness & unique g5ius4 ,z ,i r5\nce  
love1 s all %all r5\nce x1 ) gold h ,i  
b\ght y1 = gold %all y crave4 ,love %all
 die & lu/ %all take its place2 he w =ce
 ev5 ! wives ( ! gods to d 8 w1 = 8     
weal? has made him ma/] ( ! :ole _w4    
,comp>$ to 8 re/less activity1 ! giant  
,fafn] is /upid2 he is incapable (      
trans=m+ gold into p[]2 he m]ely enjoys 
its possession1 cont5t ) ! consci\sness 
( 8 weal?4  ,b ! curse ( ,alb]i*1 ! fir/
 :o transmut$ ! %9+ metal into money1   
re/s on gold & p[]4 ,x %all n br+       
gladness--:o has x be se>$ by sorr[1 :o 
lacks x dev\r$ by envy4444 ,! curse ( ! 
et]nal concat5ation3 tyranny--slav]y1 ! 
c>e :i* accompanies weal? & ! envy ( !  
h-nots1 c only be lift$ f ! _w by a man 
:o is inw>dly free1 :o is nei!r ma/] nor
 slave4 ,siegfri$ und]/&s ! song ( !    
birds & ! elem5t>y be+s1 !              
,rh9e-daught]s2 he is a /rang] to human 
desires & passions4 ,i inh]it$ no?+ b my
 body--& liv+ x is consum$4 ,he is pro( 

aga9/ ! magic ( ! r+2 ! only value he   
kn[s is love4 ,alb]i*1 8 oppon5t1 says1 
9 speak+ ( him3 ,my curse has no /+ = ! 
mettlesome h]o1 = he kn[s n ! wor? ( !  
r+2 he squ&]s 8 prodigal /r5g?1 laugh+ &
 gl[+ ) love 8 body is burn+ away4 ,half
 way betwe5 ,alb]i*1 ! inw>dly wor?less 
wield] ( p[]1 & ,siegfri$1 ! truly free 
man1 ! embodim5t ( all virtue1 :o is    
murd]$ by ! p[]s ( d>kness1 /&s ,wotan1 
9 ^: he>t bo? motives1 au?ority & love1 
are /ruggl+ = supremacy1 :o w r5\nce    
nei!r love nor p[]4 ,arti/ically &      
symbolically ! salvation ( ! _w f !     
curse ( gre$ & tyranny is br\ght ab\t by
 ! re/itution ( ! r+1 & its dissolution 
9 ! pure wat]s ( ! riv] f :5ce x _h be5 
tak52 ! gold is giv5 back to !          
,rh9e-daught]s1 to fulfil aga9 its      
orig9al purpose1 namely1 to delight !   
he>t ( man ) its dazzl+ %e54  ,?us      
,wagn]1 ! greate/ & mo/ inspir$ expon5t 
( love among mod]n arti/s1 decl>$ t (   
all values love 0 ! greate/4 ,8         
intuitive g5ius left all ! doctr9es     

=mulat$ by ,s*op5hau] & ,buddha f> beh9d
 & def9itely reject$ pessimism z a cre$4
 ,!re is an int]e/+ lett] f him to      
,matilda ,wes5donk1 writt5 :ile he 0    
compos+ ! music ( ,tri/an1 & conta9+    
modifications ( ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy 
:i* he consid]$ requisite4 ,x is a "q ( 
po9t+ out ! road to salvation :i* no    
philosoph]1 n ev5 ,s*op5hau]1 discov]$1 
! road :i* leads to ! p]fect            
pacification ( ! w ?r\gh love2 ,i d n   
mean ab/ract love = all humanity1 b true
 love1 bas$ on sexual love1 t is to say 
love betwe5 man & woman4  ,9 ,p>sifal1 !
 la/ & mo/ mature ( all 8 works1 ,wagn] 
is break+ new gr\nd4 ,"h love betwe5 man
 & woman is depos$ f ! exalt$ position x
 hi!rto held1 subord9at$ to !           
metaphysical purpose ( ! _w1 t is to    
say1 ! purpose ( atta9+ to p]fection1 & 
absorb$ 9 a high] association ( ideas4  
,sexual love has und]gone a *ange1 x is 
no long] love 9 ! true s5se1 b !        
unconditional love ( ! my/ic4 ,!        
enigmatical figure ( ,kundry is n !     

imp]sonation ( "o woman1 %e is woman    
h]self4 ,! inc>nation ( ev]y?+ female1  
%e embodies ! s5su\s1 s$uctive &        
de/ructive elem5t toge!r ) ! contempt ( 
! man :o falls "u h] spell1 z well z !  
mo!rly1 & f9ally ! humbly-adm9i/rative  
pr9ciple1 :i* s f> _h n yet become a "p 
( ! erotic ideal4 ,%e is bo? positive & 
negative1 a bl9d tool ( ! elem5t ( evil 
:i* prompts man to =get 8 high] mission 
7rem9isc5t ( ! second m$iaeval p]iod71 &
 passionately ye>n+ = salvation4 ,%e    
dies be=e ! ,holy ,grail1 ! religi\s    
ideal made visible4 ,beside ,kundry !re 
are ! fl[]-maid5s1 navely s5su\s be+s1  
:o blossom l ! fl[]s & fade aga91       
unconsci\s & irresponsible4 ,i refra9 f 
a discussion ( ?is "w1 :i* w\ld lead too
 f>1 & only ma9ta9 t ! music1           
correspond+ to ! text1 is entirely      
un]otic & uns5tim5tal1 absolutely pure &
 religi\s4 ,! love ( a man = a woman has
 be5 sup]s$$ by love = ! absolute &     
sup]natural4 ,?us1 aft] ,wagn] _h       
exp]i5c$ all ! /ages ( love ?r\gh :i*   

humanity has pass$1 & embodi$ !m 9 8    
works1 he rea*$ a new po9t ( view1 a    
/age to :i* we h n yet atta9$ & :i*1 v  
likely1 we are n ev5 able fully to      
und]/&4 ,?is f\r? /age--n unlike        
,we9+]'s ideal--is ! ov]?r[ ( ! female &
 e>?ly elem5t 9 man by a volunt>y       
surr5d] to ! metaphysical4  ,wagn]'s la/
 position1 tak5 up q delib]ately1 p]mits
 ( two explanations :i* ,i w po9t out   
)\t press+ ei!r ( !m4 ,only a man       
possess+ bo? ! wisdom ( ! ag$ ,wagn] & a
 k ( ! evolution ( ! race1 & ! road :i* 
/ill /ret*es out 9 front ( x1 w\ld be   
entitl$ to speak a decisive ^w4 ,! fir/ 
obvi\sly is t ,wagn] div9$ a la/ /age 9 
! emotional life ( man1 a p]iod :i* has 
outgr[n sexual love & replac$ x by      
my/icism4 ,9 conjectur+ a pot5tial f\r? 
/age1 ! ?ree previ\s ones mu/ be reg>d$ 
z "o4 ,! second explanation is t        
,wagn]'s feel+ 9 8 la/ "w is no long]   
repres5tative ( ! feel+ ( ! race1 b is1 
z x 71 a p]sonal matt]1 at lea/ 9 s f> z
 love is conc]n$4 ,= al?\gh ! pr9cipal  

subject 9 ,p>sifal is n love1 yet x     
plays a v prom95t "p 9 x4 ,i am only    
t\*+ ^u ^! two alt]natives4 ,b if !     
latt] debatable po9t be omitt$1 my      
analysis ( ,wagn]'s emotional life mu/ h
 %[n 9 :i* s5se ! inspir$ man may be    
rightly reg>d$ z typical ( ! race4 ,he  
leads ! broade/ & at ! same "t ! mo/    
p]sonal life1 & yet he manife/s 9 x     
some?+ :i* is f> great]1 f> m univ]sal &
 repres5tative4  ,my argum5t proves t ! 
evolution z well z ! ab]rations ( love h
 affect$ man alone &1 r\ghly speak+1 to 
?is day affect only him4 ,he is !       
,odysseus1 w&]+ ?r\gh heav5 & hell1     
ultimately to return home1 p]haps1 to   
:]e woman1 ! un*angeable1 is await+ him4
 ,t :i* has be5 woman's natural end[m5t 
f all beg9n+1 ! bl5d+ ( spiritual &     
s5sual love1 man looks ^u & desires     
to-day z 8 highe/ erotic ideal4 ,8      
*aotic sexual impulse1 ! inh]itance ( ! 
pa/1 appe>s to him l[ & base 9 ! pres5ce
 ( h] 9 :om sexuality has always be5    
bl5d$ ) love2 8 wor%ip1 int5sifi$ until 

x rea*$ ! metaphysical1 seems to him    
unf\nd$ & ecc5tric be=e h] :o has ev]   
be5 & ev] w be entirely human1 & :o is  
p]fect 9 8 eyes because %e possesses :at
 he is /riv+ aft]4 ,?is & no?+ else is !
 mean+ ( ! vague /atem5t t 9 all matt]s 
p]ta9+ to love woman occupies a high]   
position ?an man4 ,%e is always ! same2 
he is always new & problematical2 nev]  
p]fect1 he falls into error & s9 :]e %e 
_c err1 = h] in/9ct is nature h]self1 & 
%e kn[s n ! mean+ ( s94 ,:atev] burd5   
man has laid ^u h]1 %e has borne x      
pati5tly & sil5tly2 %e has all[$ him to 
wor%ip h] z a goddess & /igmatise h] z a
 fi5d1 :ile all ! "t %e rema9$          
problemless & natural1 inw>dly remote f 
! ab]rations 9 :i* h] intellect believ$ 
s readily4 ,! conclusion :i* we h to    
draw1 & :i* t\*es ! f\ndation ( !       
psy*ology ( bo? sexes1 is t only man's  
emotions h a hi/ory1 :ile ^? ( ! woman h
 und]gone no *ange4  ,if !re is a law by
 :i* ! human race is reproduc$ 9 !      
individual1 !n ! s-call$ atavism 9 !    

%ape ( abnormality _c be ! sudd51 or    
app>5tly sudd5 reappe>ance ( conditions 
:i* once 7 normal & !n disappe>$2 r mu/ 
x be ! f9al arre/ ( an individual on a  
previ\s & l[] /age1 prev5t+ him f rea*+ 
our /&>d 9 "o or ! o!r emotional sph]e4 
,! m humanity a man has 9 him1 ! m      
p]fectly w he repeat 9 8 life ! /ages   
?r\gh :i* ! race has pass$1 or1 9 o!r   
words3 ! (t5] t :i* once quick5$ ! he>t 
( man is repeat$ & surpass$1 ! great] is
 ! possibility t new ?+s may gr[ out (  
x4 ,atavism !re=e is n s mu* ! p]si/5ce 
( ! e>li] z ! abs5ce ( ! lat] /ages4    
7,?is agrees ) ,freud's conception ( !  
neurotic subject47  ,x is obvi\s t !    
?ree /ages ( love are m]ely ! expression
 ( a p]iod 9 "o def9ite direction4 ,!   
emotions ( antiquity 7 entirely e>?ly1  
obvi\s & imp]sonal2 ! ,middle ,ages1 on 
! o!r h&1 atta*$ value only to ! _w     
beyond ! grave & matt]s p]ta9+ to ! s\l4
 ,! beauty ( spr+ 0 to !m b a reflexion 
( ano!r beauty4       ,h[ glori\s is    
life bel[6      ,:at great] glories may 

! heav5s hold6  s+s ,bro!r ,john        
*>act]i/ically4 ,b our p]iod is consci\s
 ( ! ne$ ( realis+ all our desires1 &   
atta9+ to ! highe/ possible spiritual   
p]fection 9 ?is e>?ly life1 & ?is n by  
de/roy+ ! transc5d5t ideals1 b by /ripp+
 !m ( _! metaphysical "*1 & br++ !m to  
be> on ?is life1 s t x may become a     
high] & holi] "o4 ,! w ( our            
intellectual h]oes is n ! rejection ( ! 
doctr9e ( ! survival ( ! s\l1 b !       
compreh5sion ( pa/ transc5d5tal values1 
s t !y may become a safe guide to u 9   
?is e>?ly life2 a m p]fect bl5d+ (      
realism & idealism2 ! glorification (   
life "u ! aspect ( et]nity4 ,?is applies
 to love z well3 ! ?\ght ( ! inf9ite1   
et]nal love mu/ transfigure & ennoble   
all t :i* is natural & human4  ,if my   
!ories are correct1 !y prove !          
ontological "* ( hi/orical evolution & !
 value ( ! /udy ( hi/ory = !            
compreh5sion ( ! human s\l4 ,i h %[n 9 a
 specific & highly important doma9 t t  
:i* we are fond ( reg>d+ z ! *>act]i/ic 

quality ( man 0 n pres5t f ! beg9n+1 b  
has gradually be5 evolv$ 9 hi/orical "t4
 ,9 o!r words3 hi/ory c & mu/ tea* u !  
orig9 & evolution ( ! _s & s\l ( man1 z 
an?ropology tea*es u ! con/ruction ( !  
body4 ,9 philosophically approa*+       
hi/ory1 x mu/ n be our object to discov]
 :at has be51 b :at has become1 h[ we   
became & :at we are4 ,! sci5ce ( hi/ory 
:i* loses sight ( its be>+ on our "t1   
cont5t ) its k ( ! pa/1 is antiqu>ian & 
dead2 at ! mo/ x has ae/hetic value1 b x
 is wor?less z f> z ! hi/ory (          
civilisation is conc]n$4 ,only t :i* has
 be5 productive 9 ! pa/1 :i* has _h a   
quick5+ influ5ce1 produc+ new values1 is
 hi/orical 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,x creates a
 new & close relation%ip betwe5         
psy*ology & hi/ory4 ,! pr9cipal purpose1
 or "o ( ! pr9cipal purposes (          
psy*ology1 t is ! k ( ! con/ruction ( ! 
normal human be+1 has receiv$ a new     
possibility ( solution3 e ess5tial      
quality :i* ! human race has evolv$ 9 ! 
c\rse ( hi/ory mu/ be pres5t 9 e        

normally develop$ individual ( our "t4  
,! normal man ( to-day is n ! normal man
 ( ! pa/2 e successive c5tury f9ds him  
ri*] & m complex1 b he c always be      
discov]$ intuitively 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ?is   
s5se hi/ory is an auxili>y sci5ce (     
psy*ology1 or r1 ! psy*ology ( ! human  
race1 = ! evolution ( ! psy*ology ( !   
individual--:i* has be5 /udi$ v         
little--is m]ely an abbreviat$ hi/ory ( 
! evolution ( ! psy*ology ( ! species4  
,a pa/ p]iod ( civilisation c be trac$ 9
 ! life ( e fully develop$ man1 & vice  
v]sa ! /ages 9 ! life ( ! individual    
po9t ! way 9 hi/ory4  ,if x c be        
e/abli%$ t ! fundam5tal emotions ( !    
human he>t orig9at$ 9 hi/orical "t1 !   
widely spread1 b unprov$1 !ory t ev]y?+ 
great & decisive exi/$ f ! beg9n+ w be  
contradict$4 ,! o!r complem5t>y ass]tion
 t no?+ :i* once exi/$ ev] q disappe>s1 
mu/ be admitt$2 no?+ p]i%es 9 ! s\l (   
man2 its position ) reg>d to ! :ole is  
m]ely %ift$ by newly int]v5+ motives &  
values2 & ev5 :5 x does n *ange its     

fundam5tal "*1 x becomes a diff]5t ?+ 9 
! :ole complex ( ! s\l4 ,sexuality1 :i* 
9 ! remote pa/ 0 a matt] ( c\rse1       
unassailable by d\bt1 became            
problematical & demoniacal z soon z x   
ent]$ into relation%ip ) ! new factors (
 erotic life4 ,an exi/5ce 9 h>mony )    
nature 0 possible z long z ! human race 
0 /ill 9 evolution1 & n yet consci\s (  
itself4 ,b z soon z intellect &         
self-consci\sness _h be5 evolv$1        
civilisation became possible4 ,nature   
has no hi/ory 9 ! s5se ( ! orig9 (      
values2 9 ! case ( /ill uncivilis$      
tribes e new g5]ation is a fai?ful      
reproduction ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,c]ta9ly !re
 is modification caus$ by adaptation to 
! environm5t1 b !re are no moral values1
 & consequ5tly !re is no hi/ory4  ,i h  
attempt$ to expla9 :y trag$y is         
insep>able f love 9 its highe/ int5sity1
 to %[ ! limits :i* *eck all deep       
emotion & ! ye>n+ :i* w\ld ov]/ep !m4 ,!
 emotional life ( man1 :i* is capable ( 
inf9ite evolution1 c only f9d           

satisfaction on its l[]1 animal /ages4  
,hung]1 ?ir/1 & sexual crav+ c be       
satisfi$ )\t mu* difficulty1 & !re=e no 
tragic %ad[ falls on ! fir/ /age4 ,b !  
emotion :i* ov]:elms ! s\l _c be        
appeas$4 ,n only ! great ?9k]'s ?ir/ =  
k1 ! my/ic's religi\s ye>n+1 ! ae/hetic 
w ( ! r>e arti/1 b also ! love & long+ (
 ! passionate lov] mu/ rea* beyond !    
atta9able to ! inf9ite4 ,?is e>? is !   
k+dom ( mean actions1 mean emotions &   
mean m54 ,& ! lov]1 unable to be> its   
limits1 creates = himself a new _w--! _w
 ( metaphysical love4