supplem5tation by ,david ,mc,clamrock ,,/4 ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,,summa ,,!ologica ,,"p ,i 7,prima ,p>s7 ,translat$ by ,fa!rs ( ! ,engli% ,dom9ican ,prov9ce ,,b5zig] ,,bro!rs ,,new ,,york ,,d$ication ,to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y ,immaculate ,seat ( ,wisdom ,,note ,,to ,,?is ,,electronic ,,edition ,! text ( ?is electronic edition 0 orig9ally produc$ by ,s&ra ,k4 ,p]ry1 ,p]rysburg1 ,ohio1 & made available ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,classics ,e!real ,libr>y http3_/_/www4ccel4org4 ,i h elim9at$ unnecess>y =matt+ 9 ! text1 correct$ "s errors 9 transcription1 & add$ ! d$ication1 tables ( cont5ts1 ,prologue1 & ! numb]s ( ! que/ions & articles1 z !y appe>$ 9 ! pr9t$ translation publi%$ by ,b5zig] ,bro!rs4 ,ea* article is n[ designat$ by "p1 "q numb]1 & article numb] 9 brackets1 l ?is3 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,supreme ,good1 ,god1 ,is ! ,cause ( ,evil8 ,9 a few places1 :]e obvi\s errors appe>$ 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition1 ,i h correct$ !m by ref]5ce to a ,lat9 text ( ! ,summa4 ,^! corrections are indicat$ by ,engli% text 9 brackets4 ,= example1 9 ,"p ,i1 ,"q #de1 ,article #b1 ! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition beg9s3 ,n only is x impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$ by ,god4444 ,by ref]5ce to ! ,lat91 non solum non e/ impossibile a ,deo aliquid cre>i 7emphasis add$71 ?is has be5 correct$ to ,n only is x n impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$ by ,god4444 ,?is electronic edition also diff]s f ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition 9 ! foll[+ details 7z well z ! obvi\s lack ( ! orig9al page numb]s & head]s73 99 ,! repetitive expression ,we proce$ ?us to ! next ,article does n appe> directly bel[ ! title ( ea* article4 99 ,italics are repres5t$ by und]scores at ! beg9n+ & end1 l ?is4 ,quotations & o!r quotable matt]1 h[ev]1 are ord9>ily set (f by quotation m>ks ) no und]scores 9 ?is edition1 9 accordance ) common ,engli% usage1 ev5 :]e !y 7 set 9 italics ) no quotation m>ks 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition4 ,titles ( books are set (f by und]scores :5 !y appe> 9 ! text ) no p>5!ses1 b n :5 ! books are cit$ 9 p>5!ses4 99 ,bible *apt]s & v]ses are cit$ ) arabic num]als sep>at$ by colons1 l ?is3 ,dan4 #g3aj--n l ?is3 ,dan4 vii4 #aj4 ,small roman num]als h be5 reta9$ :]e !y appe> 9 citations to books o!r ?an ! ,bible4 99 ,any matt] t appe>$ 9 a footnote 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition is pres5t$ 9 brackets at ! po9t 9 ! text :]e ! footnote m>k appe>$4 99 ,greek words are pres5t$ 9 ,roman translit]ation4 99 ,p>agraphs are n ind5t$ & are sep>at$ by blank l9es4 99 ,numb]$ topics1 set =? at ! beg9n+ ( ea* "q & at c]ta9 o!r places1 are ord9>ily pres5t$ on a sep>ate l9e = ea* topic4 99 ,titles ( que/ions are 9 all caps4 ,any?+ else 9 ?is electronic edition t does n correspond to ! cont5t ( ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition may be reg>d$ z a defect 9 ?is edition & attribut$ to me 7,david ,mc,clamrock74 ,,cont5ts ,,prologue ,,fir/ ,,"p 7,,qq4 #a-aai7 ,"q #a4 ,! ,nature & ,ext5t ( ,sacr$ ,doctr9e #b4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god #c4 ,on ! ,simplicity ( ,god #d4 ,! ,p]fection ( ,god #e4 ,( ,goodness 9 ,g5]al #f4 ,! ,goodness ( ,god #g4 ,! ,inf9ity ( ,god #h4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god 9 ,?+s #i4 ,! ,immutability ( ,god #aj4 ,! ,et]nity ( ,god #aa4 ,! ,unity ( ,god #ab4 ,h[ ,god ,is ,kn[n by ,u #ac4 ,! ,names ( ,god #ad4 ,( ,god's ,k #ae4 ,( ,ideas #af4 ,( ,tru? #ag4 ,conc]n+ ,falsity #ah4 ,! ,life ( ,god #ai4 ,! ,w ( ,god #bj4 ,god's ,love #ba4 ,! ,ju/ice & ,m]cy ( ,god #bb4 ,! ,provid5ce ( ,god #bc4 ,( ,pr$e/9ation #bd4 ,! ,book ( ,life #be4 ,! ,p[] ( ,god #bf4 ,( ! ,div9e ,beatitude ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,tr9ity #bg4 ,! ,procession ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons #bh4 ,! ,div9e ,relations #bi4 ,! ,div9e ,p]sons #cj4 ,! ,plurality ( ,p]sons 9 ,god #ca4 ,( ,:at ,belongs to ! ,unity or ,plurality 9 ,god #cb4 ,! ,k ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons #cc4 ,( ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r #cd4 ,( ! ,p]son ( ! ,son #ce4 ,( ! ,image #cf4 ,( ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/ #cg4 ,( ! ,"n ( ! ,holy ,gho/--,love #ch4 ,( ! ,"n ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ,gift #ci4 ,( ! ,p]sons 9 ,relation to ! ,ess5ce #dj4 ,( ! ,p]sons z ,comp>$ to ! ,relations or ,prop]ties #da4 ,( ! ,p]sons 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,notional ,acts #db4 ,( ,equality & ,lik5ess ,among ! ,div9e ,p]sons #dc4 ,! ,mission ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,creation #dd4 ,! ,procession ( ,creatures f ,god1 & ( ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ,all ,?+s #de4 ,! ,mode ( ,emanation ( ,?+s f ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple #df4 ,( ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,duration ( ,creatures #dg4 ,( ! ,di/9ction ( ,?+s 9 ,g5]al #dh4 ,! ,di/9ction ( ,?+s 9 ,p>ticul> #di4 ,! ,cause ( ,evil ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,angels #ej4 ,( ! ,sub/ance ( ! ,angels ,absolutely ,consid]$ #ea4 ,( ! ,angels 9 ,comp>ison ) ,bodies #eb4 ,( ! ,angels 9 ,relation to ,place #ec4 ,( ! ,local ,movem5t ( ! ,angels #ed4 ,( ! ,k ( ! ,angels #ee4 ,( ! ,m$ium ( ! ,angelic ,k #ef4 ,( ! ,angels' ,k ( ,immat]ial ,?+s #eg4 ,( ! ,angels' ,k ( ,mat]ial ,?+s #eh4 ,( ! ,mode ( ! ,angelic ,k #ei4 ,! ,w ( ! ,angels #fj4 ,( ! ,love or ,dilection ( ! ,angels #fa4 ,( ! ,production ( ! ,angels 9 ! ,ord] ( ,natural ,be+ #fb4 ,( ! ,p]fection ( ! ,angels 9 ! ,ord] ( ,grace & ( ,glory #fc4 ,! ,malice ( ! ,angels ) ,reg>d to ,s9 #fd4 ,! ,puni%m5t ( ! ,demons ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,six ,,days #fe4 ,! ,"w ( ,creation ( ,corporeal ,creatures #ff4 ,on ! ,ord] ( ,creation ,t[>ds ,di/9ction #fg4 ,on ! ,"w ( ,di/9ction 9 ,itself #fh4 ,on ! ,"w ( ! ,second ,day #fi4 ,on ! ,"w ( ! ,?ird ,day #gj4 ,on ! ,"w ( ,adornm5t1 z ,reg>ds ! ,f\r? ,day #ga4 ,on ! ,"w ( ! ,fif? ,day #gb4 ,on ! ,"w ( ! ,six? ,day #gc4 ,on ! ,?+s ,t ,belong to ! ,sev5? ,day #gd4 ,on ,all ! ,sev5 ,days 9 ,common ,,treatise ,,on ,,man #ge4 ,( ,man ,:o ,is ,compos$ ( a ,spiritual & a ,corporeal ,sub/ance3 & 9 ! ,fir/ ,place1 ,conc]n+ ,:at ,belongs to ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,s\l #gf4 ,( ! ,union ( ,body & ,s\l #gg4 ,( ,^? ,?+s ,:i* ,belong to ! ,p[]s ( ! ,s\l 9 ,g5]al #gh4 ,( ! ,specific ,p[]s ( ! ,s\l #gi4 ,( ! ,intellectual ,p[]s #hj4 ,( ! ,appetitive ,p[]s 9 ,g5]al #ha4 ,( ! ,p[] ( ,s5suality #hb4 ,( ! ,w #hc4 ,( ,free-,w #hd4 ,h[ ! ,s\l ,:ile ,unit$ to ! ,body ,und]/&s ,corporeal ,?+s ,b5ea? ,x #he4 ,( ! ,mode & ,ord] ( ,und]/&+ #hf4 ,:at ,our ,intellect ,kn[s 9 ,mat]ial ,?+s #hg4 ,h[ ! ,intellectual ,s\l ,kn[s ,itself & ,all ,)9 ,itself #hh4 ,h[ ! ,human ,s\l ,kn[s ,:at ,is ,above ,itself #hi4 ,( ! ,k ( ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l #ij4 ,( ! ,fir/ ,production ( ,man's ,s\l #ia4 ,! ,production ( ! ,fir/ ,man's ,body #ib4 ,! ,production ( ! ,woman #ic4 ,! ,end or ,t]m ( ! ,production ( ,man #id4 ,( ! ,/ate & ,condition ( ! ,fir/ ,man z ,reg>ds ,8 ,intellect #ie4 ,( ,?+s ,p]ta9+ to ! ,fir/ ,man's ,w--,namely1 ,grace & ,righte\sness #if4 ,( ! ,ma/]%ip ,belong+ to ,man 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce #ig4 ,( ! ,pres]vation ( ! ,individual 9 ! ,primitive ,/ate #ih4 ,( ! ,pres]vation ( ! ,species #ii4 ,( ! ,condition ( ! ,(fspr+ ,z to ! ,body #ajj4 ,( ! ,condition ( ! ,(fspr+ ,z ,reg>ds ,righte\sness #aja4 ,( ! ,condition ( ! ,(fspr+ ,z ,reg>ds ,k #ajb4 ,( ,man's ,abode1 ,:i* ,is ,p>adise ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,div9e ,,gov]nm5t #ajc4 ,( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,?+s 9 ,g5]al #ajd4 ,! ,special ,effects ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t #aje4 ,( ! ,*ange ( ,creatures by ,god #ajf4 ,h[ ,"o ,creature ,moves ,ano!r #ajg4 ,! ,spee* ( ! ,angels #ajh4 ,( ! ,angelic ,degrees ( ,hi]>*ies & ,ord]s #aji4 ,! ,ord]+ ( ! ,bad ,angels #aaj4 ,h[ ,angels ,act on ,bodies #aaa4 ,! ,action ( ! ,angels on ,man #aab4 ,! ,mission ( ! ,angels #aac4 ,( ! ,gu>dian%ip ( ! ,good ,angels #aad4 ,( ! ,assaults ( ! ,demons #aae4 ,( ! ,action ( ! ,corporeal ,creature #aaf4 ,on ,fate #aag4 ,( ,?+s ,p]ta9+ to ! ,action ( ,man #aah4 ,( ! ,production ( ,man f ,man ,z to ! ,s\l #aai4 ,( ! ,propagation ( ,man ,z to ! ,body ,,prologue ,because ! ,ma/] ( ,ca?olic ,tru? ought n only to tea* ! pr(ici5t1 b also to in/ruct beg9n]s 7accord+ to ! ,apo/le3 ,z ,unto ,little ,ones 9 ,*ri/1 ,i ,gave ,y ,milk to ,dr9k1 ,n ,meat-- #a ,cor4 iii4 #a1 #b7--we purpose 9 ?is book to treat ( :atev] belongs to ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 9 su* a way z may t5d to ! in/ruction ( beg9n]s4 ,we h consid]$ t /ud5ts 9 ?is ,sci5ce h n seldom be5 hamp]$ by :at !y h f\nd writt5 by o!r au?ors1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! multiplication ( useless que/ions1 articles1 & argum5ts2 p>tly also because ^? ?+s t are ne$ful = !m to "k are n taught accord+ to ! ord] ( ! subject-matt]1 b accord+ z ! plan ( ! book might require1 or ! occasion ( ! argum5t (f]2 p>tly1 too1 because frequ5t repetition br\ght we>9ess & confusion to ! m9ds ( ! read]s4 ,endeavor+ to avoid ^! & o!r l faults1 we %all try1 by ,god's help1 to set =? :atev] is includ$ 9 ?is ,sacr$ ,sci5ce z briefly & cle>ly z ! matt] itself may all[4 ,,summa ,,!ologica ,,fir/ ,,"p ,i1 ,prima ,p>s ,,"q #a ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,sacr$ ,,doctr9e 79 ,t5 ,articles7 ,to place our purpose )9 prop] limits1 we fir/ endeavor to inve/igate ! nature & ext5t ( ?is sacr$ doctr9e4 ,conc]n+ ?is !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is necess>y8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a sci5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is "o or _m8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is speculative or practical8 7#e7 ,h[ x is comp>$ ) o!r sci5ces8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is ! same z wisdom8 7#g7 ,:e!r ,god is its subject-matt]8 7#h7 ,:e!r x is a matt] ( argum5t8 7#i7 ,:e!r x rightly employs metaphors & similes8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ! ,sacr$ ,scripture ( ?is doctr9e may be exp\nd$ 9 diff]5t s5ses8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r1 besides ,philosophy1 any ,fur!r ,doctr9e ,is ,requir$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t1 besides philosophical sci5ce1 we h no ne$ ( any fur!r k4 ,= man %\ld n seek to "k :at is above reason3 ,seek n ! ?+s t are too high = !e 7,ecclus4 #c3bb74 ,b :atev] is n above reason is fully treat$ ( 9 philosophical sci5ce4 ,!re=e any o!r k besides philosophical sci5ce is sup]flu\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 k c be conc]n$ only ) be+1 = no?+ c be kn[n1 save :at is true2 & all t is1 is true4 ,b ev]y?+ t is1 is treat$ ( 9 philosophical sci5ce--ev5 ,god ,himself2 s t !re is a "p ( philosophy call$ !ology1 or ! div9e sci5ce1 z ,ari/otle has prov$ 7,metaph4 vi74 ,!re=e1 besides philosophical sci5ce1 !re is no ne$ ( any fur!r k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,tim4 #c3af73 ,all ,scripture inspir$ ( ,god is pr(itable to tea*1 to reprove1 to correct1 to in/ruct 9 ju/ice4 ,n[ ,scripture1 inspir$ ( ,god1 is no "p ( philosophical sci5ce1 :i* has be5 built up by human reason4 ,!re=e x is useful t besides philosophical sci5ce1 !re %\ld be o!r k1 i4e4 inspir$ ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,x 0 necess>y = man's salvation t !re %\ld be a k reveal$ by ,god besides philosophical sci5ce built up by human reason4 ,fir/ly1 inde$1 because man is direct$ to ,god1 z to an end t surpasses ! grasp ( 8 reason3 ,! eye ha? n se51 ,o ,god1 besides ,!e1 :at ?+s ,?\ ha/ prep>$ = !m t wait = ,!e 7,isa4 #ff3d74 ,b ! end mu/ fir/ be kn[n by m5 :o are to direct _! ?\ghts & actions to ! end4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y = ! salvation ( man t c]ta9 tru?s :i* exce$ human reason %\ld be made kn[n to him by div9e revelation4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ^? tru?s ab\t ,god :i* human reason c\ld h discov]$1 x 0 necess>y t man %\ld be taught by a div9e revelation2 because ! tru? ab\t ,god su* z reason c\ld discov]1 w\ld only be kn[n by a few1 & t aft] a long "t1 & ) ! admixture ( _m errors4 ,:]eas man's :ole salvation1 :i* is 9 ,god1 dep5ds ^u ! k ( ?is tru?4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t ! salvation ( m5 might be br\ght ab\t m fitly & m surely1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld be taught div9e tru?s by div9e revelation4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y t besides philosophical sci5ce built up by reason1 !re %\ld be a sacr$ sci5ce le>n$ ?r\gh revelation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ^? ?+s :i* are beyond man's k may n be s\ght = by man ?r\gh 8 reason1 nev]!less1 once !y are reveal$ by ,god1 !y mu/ be accept$ by fai?4 ,h5ce ! sacr$ text cont9ues1 ,= _m ?+s are %[n to !e above ! und]/&+ ( man 7,ecclus4 #c3be74 ,& 9 ?is1 ! sacr$ sci5ce consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sci5ces are diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! v>i\s means ?r\gh :i* k is obta9$4 ,= ! a/ronom] & ! physici/ bo? may prove ! same conclusion3 t ! e>?1 = in/ance1 is r\nd3 ! a/ronom] by means ( ma!matics 7i4e4 ab/ract+ f matt]71 b ! physici/ by means ( matt] itself4 ,h5ce !re is no reason :y ^? ?+s :i* may be le>n$ f philosophical sci5ce1 s f> z !y c be kn[n by natural reason1 may n also be taught u by ano!r sci5ce s f> z !y fall )9 revelation4 ,h5ce !ology includ$ 9 sacr$ doctr9e diff]s 9 k9d f t !ology :i* is "p ( philosophy4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,sacr$ ,doctr9e ,is a ,sci5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t sacr$ doctr9e is n a sci5ce4 ,= e sci5ce proce$s f self-evid5t pr9ciples4 ,b sacr$ doctr9e proce$s f articles ( fai? :i* are n self-evid5t1 s9ce _! tru? is n admitt$ by all3 ,= all m5 h n fai? 7#b ,!ss4 #c3b74 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is n a sci5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no sci5ce deals ) individual facts4 ,b ?is sacr$ sci5ce treats ( individual facts1 su* z ! de$s ( ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob & su* l4 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is n a sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a7 to ?is sci5ce alone belongs t :]eby sav+ fai? is begott51 n\ri%$1 protect$ & /r5g!n$4 ,b ?is c be said ( no sci5ce except sacr$ doctr9e4 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is a sci5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,sacr$ doctr9e is a sci5ce4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are two k9ds ( sci5ces4 ,!re are "s :i* proce$ f a pr9ciple kn[n by ! natural light ( intellig5ce1 su* z ari?metic & geometry & ! l4 ,!re are "s :i* proce$ f pr9ciples kn[n by ! light ( a high] sci5ce3 ?us ! sci5ce ( p]spective proce$s f pr9ciples e/abli%$ by geometry1 & music f pr9ciples e/abli%$ by ari?metic4 ,s x is t sacr$ doctr9e is a sci5ce because x proce$s f pr9ciples e/abli%$ by ! light ( a high] sci5ce1 namely1 ! sci5ce ( ,god & ! bless$4 ,h5ce1 j z ! musician accepts on au?ority ! pr9ciples taught him by ! ma!matician1 s sacr$ sci5ce is e/abli%$ on pr9ciples reveal$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! pr9ciples ( any sci5ce are ei!r 9 !mselves self-evid5t1 or r$ucible to ! conclusions ( a high] sci5ce2 & su*1 z we h said1 are ! pr9ciples ( sacr$ doctr9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,individual facts are treat$ ( 9 sacr$ doctr9e1 n because x is conc]n$ ) !m pr9cipally1 b !y are introduc$ r bo? z examples to be foll[$ 9 our lives 7z 9 moral sci5ces7 & 9 ord] to e/abli% ! au?ority ( ^? m5 ?r\gh :om ! div9e revelation1 on :i* ?is sacr$ scripture or doctr9e is bas$1 has come d[n to u4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,sacr$ ,doctr9e ,is ,"o ,sci5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t sacr$ doctr9e is n "o sci5ce2 = accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,po/]4 i7 t sci5ce is "o :i* treats only ( "o class ( subjects4 ,b ! creator & ! creature1 bo? ( :om are treat$ ( 9 sacr$ doctr9e1 _c be gr\p$ toge!r "u "o class ( subjects4 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is n "o sci5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 sacr$ doctr9e we treat ( angels1 corporeal creatures & human morality4 ,b ^! belong to sep>ate philosophical sci5ces4 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e _c be "o sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,holy ,scripture speaks ( x z "o sci5ce3 ,wisdom gave him ! k sci5tiam ( holy ?+s 7,wis4 #aj3aj74 ,i answ] t1 ,sacr$ doctr9e is "o sci5ce4 ,! unity ( a faculty or habit is to be gaug$ by its object1 n inde$1 9 its mat]ial aspect1 b z reg>ds ! precise =mality "u :i* x is an object4 ,= example1 man1 ass1 /one agree 9 ! "o precise =mality ( be+ color$2 & color is ! =mal object ( sight4 ,!re=e1 because ,sacr$ ,scripture consid]s ?+s precisely "u ! =mality ( be+ div9ely reveal$1 :atev] has be5 div9ely reveal$ possesses ! "o precise =mality ( ! object ( ?is sci5ce2 & !re=e is includ$ "u sacr$ doctr9e z "u "o sci5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sacr$ doctr9e does n treat ( ,god & creatures equally1 b ( ,god prim>ily1 & ( creatures only s f> z !y are ref]able to ,god z _! beg9n+ or end4 ,h5ce ! unity ( ?is sci5ce is n impair$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ prev5ts inf]ior faculties or habits f be+ diff]5tiat$ by some?+ :i* falls "u a high] faculty or habit z well2 because ! high] faculty or habit reg>ds ! object 9 its m univ]sal =mality1 z ! object ( ! common s5se is :atev] affects ! s5ses1 includ+1 !re=e1 :atev] is visible or audible4 ,h5ce ! common s5se1 al?\gh "o faculty1 ext5ds to all ! objects ( ! five s5ses4 ,simil>ly1 objects :i* are ! subject-matt] ( diff]5t philosophical sci5ces c yet be treat$ ( by ?is "o s+le sacr$ sci5ce "u "o aspect precisely s f> z !y c be includ$ 9 revelation4 ,s t 9 ?is way1 sacr$ doctr9e be>s1 z x 71 ! /amp ( ! div9e sci5ce :i* is "o & simple1 yet ext5ds to ev]y?+4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,sacr$ ,doctr9e ,is a ,practical ,sci5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t sacr$ doctr9e is a practical sci5ce2 = a practical sci5ce is t :i* ends 9 action accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 ii74 ,b sacr$ doctr9e is orda9$ to action3 ,be ye do]s ( ! ^w1 & n he>]s only 7,james #a3bb74 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is a practical sci5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sacr$ doctr9e is divid$ into ! ,old & ! ,new ,law4 ,b law implies a moral sci5ce :i* is a practical sci5ce4 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is a practical sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e practical sci5ce is conc]n$ ) human op]ations2 z moral sci5ce is conc]n$ ) human acts1 & ar*itecture ) build+s4 ,b sacr$ doctr9e is *iefly conc]n$ ) ,god1 ^: h&iwork is especially man4 ,!re=e x is n a practical b a speculative sci5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,sacr$ doctr9e1 be+ "o1 ext5ds to ?+s :i* belong to diff]5t philosophical sci5ces because x consid]s 9 ea* ! same =mal aspect1 namely1 s f> z !y c be kn[n ?r\gh div9e revelation4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh among ! philosophical sci5ces "o is speculative & ano!r practical1 nev]!less sacr$ doctr9e includes bo?2 z ,god1 by "o & ! same sci5ce1 kn[s bo? ,himself & ,8 works4 ,/ill1 x is speculative r ?an practical because x is m conc]n$ ) div9e ?+s ?an ) human acts2 ?\gh x does treat ev5 ( ^! latt]1 inasmu* z man is orda9$ by !m to ! p]fect k ( ,god 9 :i* consi/s et]nal bliss4 ,?is is a suffici5t answ] to ! ,objections4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,sacr$ ,doctr9e ,is ,nobl] ?an ,o!r ,sci5ces8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t sacr$ doctr9e is n nobl] ?an o!r sci5ces2 = ! nobility ( a sci5ce dep5ds on ! c]titude x e/abli%es4 ,b o!r sci5ces1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* _c be d\bt$1 seem to be m c]ta9 ?an sacr$ doctr9e2 = its pr9ciples--namely1 articles ( fai?--c be d\bt$4 ,!re=e o!r sci5ces seem to be nobl]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is ! sign ( a l[] sci5ce to dep5d ^u a high]2 z music dep5ds on ari?metic4 ,b sacr$ doctr9e does 9 a s5se dep5d ^u philosophical sci5ces2 = ,j]ome obs]ves1 9 8 ,epi/le to ,magnus1 t ! anci5t doctors s enri*$ _! books ) ! ideas & phrases ( ! philosoph]s1 t ?\ kn[e/ n :at m to admire 9 !m1 _! pr(ane erudition or _! scriptural le>n+4 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is inf]ior to o!r sci5ces4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,o!r sci5ces are call$ ! h&maid5s ( ?is "o3 ,wisdom s5t h] maids to invite to ! t[] 7,prov4 #i3c74 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ?is sci5ce is p>tly speculative & p>tly practical1 x transc5ds all o!rs speculative & practical4 ,n[ "o speculative sci5ce is said to be nobl] ?an ano!r1 ei!r by reason ( its great] c]titude1 or by reason ( ! high] wor? ( its subject-matt]4 ,9 bo? ^! respects ?is sci5ce surpasses o!r speculative sci5ces2 9 po9t ( great] c]titude1 because o!r sci5ces d]ive _! c]titude f ! natural light ( human reason1 :i* c err2 :]eas ?is d]ives its c]titude f ! light ( div9e k1 :i* _c be misl$3 9 po9t ( ! high] wor? ( its subject-matt] because ?is sci5ce treats *iefly ( ^? ?+s :i* by _! sublimity transc5d human reason2 :ile o!r sci5ces consid] only ^? ?+s :i* are )9 reason's grasp4 ,( ! practical sci5ces1 t "o is nobl] :i* is orda9$ to a fur!r purpose1 z political sci5ce is nobl] ?an milit>y sci5ce2 = ! good ( ! army is direct$ to ! good ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ! purpose ( ?is sci5ce1 9 s f> z x is practical1 is et]nal bliss2 to :i* z to an ultimate end ! purposes ( e practical sci5ce are direct$4 ,h5ce x is cle> t f e /&po9t1 x is nobl] ?an o!r sci5ces4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x may well happ5 t :at is 9 itself ! m c]ta9 may seem to u ! less c]ta9 on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( our intellig5ce1 :i* is dazzl$ by ! cle>e/ objects ( nature2 z ! owl is dazzl$ by ! light ( ! sun 7,metaph4 ii1 lect4 i74 ,h5ce ! fact t "s happ5 to d\bt ab\t articles ( fai? is n due to ! unc]ta9 nature ( ! tru?s1 b to ! weakness ( human intellig5ce2 yet ! sl5d]e/ k t may be obta9$ ( ! highe/ ?+s is m desirable ?an ! mo/ c]ta9 k obta9$ ( less] ?+s1 z is said 9 de ,animalibus xi4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is sci5ce c 9 a s5se dep5d ^u ! philosophical sci5ces1 n z ?\gh x /ood 9 ne$ ( !m1 b only 9 ord] to make its tea*+ cle>]4 ,= x accepts its pr9ciples n f o!r sci5ces1 b imm$iately f ,god1 by revelation4 ,!re=e x does n dep5d ^u o!r sci5ces z ^u ! high]1 b makes use ( !m z ( ! less]1 & z h&maid5s3 ev5 s ! ma/] sci5ces make use ( ! sci5ces t supply _! mat]ials1 z political ( milit>y sci5ce4 ,t x ?us uses !m is n due to its own defect or insuffici5cy1 b to ! defect ( our intellig5ce1 :i* is m easily l$ by :at is kn[n ?r\gh natural reason 7f :i* proce$ ! o!r sci5ces7 to t :i* is above reason1 su* z are ! tea*+s ( ?is sci5ce4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,?is ,doctr9e ,is ! ,same z ,wisdom8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ?is doctr9e is n ! same z wisdom4 ,= no doctr9e :i* borr[s its pr9ciples is wor?y ( ! "n ( wisdom2 see+ t ! wise man directs1 & is n direct$ 7,metaph4 i74 ,b ?is doctr9e borr[s its pr9ciples4 ,!re=e ?is sci5ce is n wisdom4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is a "p ( wisdom to prove ! pr9ciples ( o!r sci5ces4 ,h5ce x is call$ ! *ief ( sci5ces1 z is cle> 9 ,e?ic4 vi4 ,b ?is doctr9e does n prove ! pr9ciples ( o!r sci5ces4 ,!re=e x is n ! same z wisdom4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?is doctr9e is acquir$ by /udy1 :]eas wisdom is acquir$ by ,god's inspiration2 s t x is numb]$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s 7,isa4 #aa3b74 ,!re=e ?is doctr9e is n ! same z wisdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3f73 ,?is is y\r wisdom & und]/&+ 9 ! sight ( nations4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is doctr9e is wisdom above all human wisdom2 n m]ely 9 any "o ord]1 b absolutely4 ,= s9ce x is ! "p ( a wise man to arrange & to judge1 & s9ce less] matt]s %\ld be judg$ 9 ! light ( "s high] pr9ciple1 he is said to be wise 9 any "o ord] :o consid]s ! highe/ pr9ciple 9 t ord]3 ?us 9 ! ord] ( build+1 he :o plans ! =m ( ! h\se is call$ wise & ar*itect1 9 opposition to ! inf]ior labor]s :o trim ! wood & make ready ! /ones3 ,z a wise ar*itect1 ,i h laid ! f\ndation 7#a ,cor4 #c3aj74 ,aga91 9 ! ord] ( all human life1 ! prud5t man is call$ wise1 inasmu* z he directs 8 acts to a fitt+ end3 ,wisdom is prud5ce to a man 7,prov4 #aj3 #bc74 ,!re=e he :o consid]s absolutely ! highe/ cause ( ! :ole univ]se1 namely ,god1 is mo/ ( all call$ wise4 ,h5ce wisdom is said to be ! k ( div9e ?+s1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad74 ,b sacr$ doctr9e ess5tially treats ( ,god view$ z ! highe/ cause--n only s f> z ,he c be kn[n ?r\gh creatures j z philosoph]s knew ,him--,t :i* is kn[n ( ,god is manife/ 9 !m 7,rom4 #a3ai7--;b also z f> z ,he is kn[n to ,himself alone & reveal$ to o!rs4 ,h5ce sacr$ doctr9e is especially call$ wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sacr$ doctr9e d]ives its pr9ciples n f any human k1 b f ! div9e k1 ?r\gh :i*1 z ?r\gh ! highe/ wisdom1 all our k is set 9 ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! pr9ciples ( o!r sci5ces ei!r are evid5t & _c be prov$1 or are prov$ by natural reason ?r\gh "s o!r sci5ce4 ,b ! k prop] to ?is sci5ce comes ?r\gh revelation & n ?r\gh natural reason4 ,!re=e x has no conc]n to prove ! pr9ciples ( o!r sci5ces1 b only to judge ( !m4 ,:atsoev] is f\nd 9 o!r sci5ces contr>y to any tru? ( ?is sci5ce mu/ be condemn$ z false3 ,de/roy+ c\nsels & e height t exalte? itself aga9/ ! k ( ,god 7#b ,cor4 #aj3d1 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce judgm5t app]ta9s to wisdom1 ! tw(old mann] ( judg+ produces a tw(old wisdom4 ,a man may judge 9 "o way by incl9ation1 z :oev] has ! habit ( a virtue judges rightly ( :at conc]ns t virtue by 8 v incl9ation t[>ds x4 ,h5ce x is ! virtu\s man1 z we read1 :o is ! measure & rule ( human acts4 ,9 ano!r way1 by k1 j z a man le>n$ 9 moral sci5ce might be able to judge rightly ab\t virtu\s acts1 ?\gh he _h n ! virtue4 ,! fir/ mann] ( judg+ div9e ?+s belongs to t wisdom :i* is set d[n among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 ,! spiritual man judge? all ?+s 7#a ,cor4 #b3ae74 ,& ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii73 ,hi]o!us is taught n by m]e le>n+1 b by exp]i5ce ( div9e ?+s4 ,! second mann] ( judg+ belongs to ?is doctr9e :i* is acquir$ by /udy1 ?\gh its pr9ciples are obta9$ by revelation4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,god ,is ! ,object ( ,?is ,sci5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n ! object ( ?is sci5ce4 ,= 9 e sci5ce1 ! nature ( its object is presuppos$4 ,b ?is sci5ce _c presuppose ! ess5ce ( ,god1 = ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 iv73 ,x is impossible to def9e ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! object ( ?is sci5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] conclusions are rea*$ 9 any sci5ce mu/ be compreh5d$ "u ! object ( ! sci5ce4 ,b 9 ,holy ,writ we rea* conclusions n only conc]n+ ,god1 b conc]n+ _m o!r ?+s1 su* z creatures & human morality4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! object ( ?is sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! object ( ! sci5ce is t ( :i* x pr9cipally treats4 ,b 9 ?is sci5ce1 ! treatm5t is ma9ly ab\t ,god2 = x is call$ !ology1 z treat+ ( ,god4 ,!re=e ,god is ! object ( ?is sci5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,god is ! object ( ?is sci5ce4 ,! relation betwe5 a sci5ce & its object is ! same z t betwe5 a habit or faculty & its object4 ,n[ prop]ly speak+1 ! object ( a faculty or habit is ! ?+ "u ! aspect ( :i* all ?+s are ref]r$ to t faculty or habit1 z man & /one are ref]r$ to ! faculty ( sight 9 t !y are color$4 ,h5ce color$ ?+s are ! prop] objects ( sight4 ,b 9 sacr$ sci5ce1 all ?+s are treat$ ( "u ! aspect ( ,god3 ei!r because !y are ,god ,himself or because !y ref] to ,god z _! beg9n+ & end4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ,god is 9 v tru? ! object ( ?is sci5ce4 ,?is is cle> also f ! pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce1 namely1 ! articles ( fai?1 = fai? is ab\t ,god4 ,! object ( ! pr9ciples & ( ! :ole sci5ce mu/ be ! same1 s9ce ! :ole sci5ce is conta9$ virtually 9 its pr9ciples4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 look+ to :at is treat$ ( 9 ?is sci5ce1 & n to ! aspect "u :i* x is treat$1 h ass]t$ ! object ( ?is sci5ce to be some?+ o!r ?an ,god--t is1 ei!r ?+s & signs2 or ! works ( salvation2 or ! :ole ,*ri/1 z ! head & memb]s4 ,( all ^! ?+s1 9 tru?1 we treat 9 ?is sci5ce1 b s f> z !y h ref]5ce to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh we _c "k 9 :at consi/s ! ess5ce ( ,god1 nev]!less 9 ?is sci5ce we make use ( ,8 effects1 ei!r ( nature or ( grace1 9 place ( a def9ition1 9 reg>d to :atev] is treat$ ( 9 ?is sci5ce conc]n+ ,god2 ev5 z 9 "s philosophical sci5ces we demon/rate some?+ ab\t a cause f its effect1 by tak+ ! effect 9 place ( a def9ition ( ! cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:atev] o!r conclusions are rea*$ 9 ?is sacr$ sci5ce are compreh5d$ "u ,god1 n z p>ts or species or accid5ts b z 9 "s way relat$ to ,him4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,sacr$ ,doctr9e is a ,matt] ( ,argum5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems ?is doctr9e is n a matt] ( argum5t4 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide #a73 ,put argum5ts aside :]e fai? is s\ght4 ,b 9 ?is doctr9e1 fai? especially is s\ght3 ,b ^! ?+s are writt5 t y may believe 7,john #bj3ca74 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is n a matt] ( argum5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if x is a matt] ( argum5t1 ! argum5t is ei!r f au?ority or f reason4 ,if x is f au?ority1 x seems unbefitt+ its dignity1 = ! pro( f au?ority is ! weake/ =m ( pro(4 ,b if x is f reason1 ?is is unbefitt+ its end1 because1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 #bf71 fai? has no m]it 9 ^? ?+s ( :i* human reason br+s its own exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e sacr$ doctr9e is n a matt] ( argum5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,scripture says t a bi%op %\ld embrace t fai?ful ^w :i* is accord+ to doctr9e1 t he may be able to exhort 9 s\nd doctr9e & to conv9ce ! ga9say]s 7,titus #a3i74 ,i answ] t1 ,z o!r sci5ces d n argue 9 pro( ( _! pr9ciples1 b argue f _! pr9ciples to demon/rate o!r tru?s 9 ^! sci5ces3 s ?is doctr9e does n argue 9 pro( ( its pr9ciples1 :i* are ! articles ( fai?1 b f !m x goes on to prove some?+ else2 z ! ,apo/le f ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ argues 9 pro( ( ! g5]al resurrection 7#a ,cor4 #ae74 ,h[ev]1 x is to be borne 9 m9d1 9 reg>d to ! philosophical sci5ces1 t ! inf]ior sci5ces nei!r prove _! pr9ciples nor dispute ) ^? :o d5y !m1 b leave ?is to a high] sci5ce2 :]eas ! highe/ ( !m1 viz4 metaphysics1 c dispute ) "o :o d5ies its pr9ciples1 if only ! oppon5t w make "s concession2 b if he conc$e no?+1 x c h no dispute ) him1 ?\gh x c answ] 8 objections4 ,h5ce ,sacr$ ,scripture1 s9ce x has no sci5ce above itself1 c dispute ) "o :o d5ies its pr9ciples only if ! oppon5t admits "s at lea/ ( ! tru?s obta9$ ?r\gh div9e revelation2 ?us we c argue ) h]etics f texts 9 ,holy ,writ1 & aga9/ ^? :o d5y "o article ( fai?1 we c argue f ano!r4 ,if our oppon5t believes no?+ ( div9e revelation1 !re is no long] any means ( prov+ ! articles ( fai? by reason+1 b only ( answ]+ 8 objections--if he has any--aga9/ fai?4 ,s9ce fai? re/s ^u infallible tru?1 & s9ce ! contr>y ( a tru? c nev] be demon/rat$1 x is cle> t ! argum5ts br\ght aga9/ fai? _c be demon/rations1 b are difficulties t c be answ]$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh argum5ts f human reason _c avail to prove :at mu/ be receiv$ on fai?1 nev]!less1 ?is doctr9e argues f articles ( fai? to o!r tru?s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is doctr9e is especially bas$ ^u argum5ts f au?ority1 inasmu* z its pr9ciples are obta9$ by revelation3 ?us we ought to believe on ! au?ority ( ^? to :om ! revelation has be5 made4 ,nor does ?is take away f ! dignity ( ?is doctr9e1 = al?\gh ! argum5t f au?ority bas$ on human reason is ! weake/1 yet ! argum5t f au?ority bas$ on div9e revelation is ! /ronge/4 ,b sacr$ doctr9e makes use ev5 ( human reason1 n1 inde$1 to prove fai? 7= !reby ! m]it ( fai? w\ld come to an end71 b to make cle> o!r ?+s t are put =w>d 9 ?is doctr9e4 ,s9ce !re=e grace does n de/roy nature b p]fects x1 natural reason %\ld m9i/] to fai? z ! natural b5t ( ! w m9i/]s to *>ity4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says3 ,br++ into captivity e und]/&+ unto ! ob$i5ce ( ,*ri/ 7#b ,cor4 #aj3e74 ,h5ce sacr$ doctr9e makes use also ( ! au?ority ( philosoph]s 9 ^? que/ions 9 :i* !y 7 able to "k ! tru? by natural reason1 z ,paul quotes a say+ ( ,aratus3 ,z "s also ( y\r own poets said3 ,= we are also ,8 (fspr+ 7,acts #ag3bh74 ,nev]!less1 sacr$ doctr9e makes use ( ^! au?orities z extr9sic & probable argum5ts2 b prop]ly uses ! au?ority ( ! canonical ,scriptures z an incontrov]tible pro(1 & ! au?ority ( ! doctors ( ! ,*ur* z "o t may prop]ly be us$1 yet m]ely z probable4 ,= our fai? re/s ^u ! revelation made to ! apo/les & prophets :o wrote ! canonical books1 & n on ! revelations 7if any su* !re are7 made to o!r doctors4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,epis4 ad ,hi]on4 xix1 #a73 ,only ^? books ( ,scripture :i* are call$ canonical h ,i le>n$ to hold 9 su* honor z to believe _! au?ors h n err$ 9 any way 9 writ+ !m4 ,b o!r au?ors ,i s read z n to deem ev]y?+ 9 _! works to be true1 m]ely on acc\nt ( _! hav+ s ?\ght & writt51 :atev] may h be5 _! hol9ess & le>n+4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,holy ,scripture ,%\ld ,use ,metaphors8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,holy ,scripture %\ld n use metaphors4 ,= t :i* is prop] to ! l[e/ sci5ce seems n to befit ?is sci5ce1 :i* holds ! highe/ place ( all4 ,b to proce$ by ! aid ( v>i\s similitudes & figures is prop] to poetry1 ! lea/ ( all ! sci5ces4 ,!re=e x is n fitt+ t ?is sci5ce %\ld make use ( su* similitudes4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?is doctr9e seems to be int5d$ to make tru? cle>4 ,h5ce a rew>d is held out to ^? :o manife/ x3 ,!y t expla9 me %all h life ev]la/+ 7,ecclus4 #bd3ca74 ,b by su* similitudes tru? is obscur$4 ,!re=e1 to put =w>d div9e tru?s by lik5+ !m to corporeal ?+s does n befit ?is sci5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! high] creatures are1 ! ne>] !y approa* to ! div9e lik5ess4 ,if !re=e any creature be tak5 to repres5t ,god1 ?is repres5tation ought *iefly to be tak5 f ! high] creatures1 & n f ! l[]2 yet ?is is (t5 f\nd 9 ,scriptures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,osee #ab3aj73 ,i h multipli$ visions1 & ,i h us$ similitudes by ! m9i/ry ( ! prophets4 ,b to put =w>d any?+ by means ( similitudes is to use metaphors4 ,!re=e ?is sacr$ sci5ce may use metaphors4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is befitt+ ,holy ,writ to put =w>d div9e & spiritual tru?s by means ( comp>isons ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,= ,god provides = ev]y?+ accord+ to ! capacity ( its nature4 ,n[ x is natural to man to atta9 to intellectual tru?s ?r\gh s5sible objects1 because all our k orig9ates f s5se4 ,h5ce 9 ,holy ,writ1 spiritual tru?s are fitt+ly taught "u ! lik5ess ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,?is is :at ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i73 ,we _c be enlight5$ by ! div9e rays except !y be hidd5 )9 ! cov]+ ( _m sacr$ veils4 ,x is also befitt+ ,holy ,writ1 :i* is propos$ to all )\t di/9ction ( p]sons--,to ! wise & to ! unwise ,i am a debtor 7,rom4 #a3ad7--t spiritual tru?s be exp\nd$ by means ( figures tak5 f corporeal ?+s1 9 ord] t !reby ev5 ! simple :o are unable by !mselves to grasp intellectual ?+s may be able to und]/& x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,poetry makes use ( metaphors to produce a repres5tation1 = x is natural to man to be pleas$ ) repres5tations4 ,b sacr$ doctr9e makes use ( metaphors z bo? necess>y & useful4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ray ( div9e revelation is n ext+ui%$ by ! s5sible imag]y :]e) x is veil$1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i72 & its tru? s f> rema9s t x does n all[ ! m9ds ( ^? to :om ! revelation has be5 made1 to re/ 9 ! metaphors1 b raises !m to ! k ( tru?s2 & ?r\gh ^? to :om ! revelation has be5 made o!rs also may receive in/ruction 9 ^! matt]s4 ,h5ce ^? ?+s t are taught metaphorically 9 "o "p ( ,scripture1 9 o!r p>ts are taught m op5ly4 ,! v hid+ ( tru? 9 figures is useful = ! ex]cise ( ?\ghtful m9ds & z a def5se aga9/ ! ridicule ( ! impi\s1 accord+ to ! words ,give n t :i* is holy to dogs 7,matt4 #g3f74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,dionysius says1 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i7 x is m fitt+ t div9e tru?s %\ld be exp\nd$ "u ! figure ( less noble ?an ( nobl] bodies1 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/ly1 because !reby m5's m9ds are ! bett] pres]v$ f error4 ,= !n x is cle> t ^! ?+s are n lit]al descriptions ( div9e tru?s1 :i* might h be5 op5 to d\bt _h !y be5 express$ "u ! figure ( nobl] bodies1 especially = ^? :o c\ld ?9k ( no?+ nobl] ?an bodies4 ,secondly1 because ?is is m befitt+ ! k ( ,god t we h 9 ?is life4 ,= :at ,he is n is cle>] to u ?an :at ,he is4 ,!re=e similitudes drawn f ?+s f>!/ away f ,god =m )9 u a tru] e/imate t ,god is above :atsoev] we may say or ?9k ( ,him4 ,?irdly1 because !reby div9e tru?s are ! bett] hidd5 f ! unwor?y4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r 9 ,holy ,scripture a ,^w may h ,sev]al ,s5ses8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t 9 ,holy ,writ a ^w _c h sev]al s5ses1 hi/orical or lit]al1 allegorical1 tropological or moral1 & anagogical4 ,= _m diff]5t s5ses 9 "o text produce confusion & deception & de/roy all =ce ( argum5t4 ,h5ce no argum5t1 b only fallacies1 c be d$uc$ f a multiplicity ( propositions4 ,b ,holy ,writ ought to be able to /ate ! tru? )\t any fallacy4 ,!re=e 9 x !re _c be sev]al s5ses to a ^w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de util4 cr$4 iii7 t ! ,old ,te/am5t has a f\rfold division z to hi/ory1 etiology1 analogy & allegory4 ,n[ ^! f\r seem altoge!r diff]5t f ! f\r divisions m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ objection4 ,!re=e x does n seem fitt+ to expla9 ! same ^w ( ,holy ,writ accord+ to ! f\r diff]5t s5ses m5tion$ above4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 besides ^! s5ses1 !re is ! p>abolical1 :i* is n "o ( ^! f\r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xx1 #a73 ,holy ,writ by ! mann] ( its spee* transc5ds e sci5ce1 because 9 "o & ! same s5t5ce1 :ile x describes a fact1 x reveals a my/]y4 ,i answ] t1 ,! au?or ( ,holy ,writ is ,god1 9 ^: p[] x is to signify ,8 mean+1 n by words only 7z man also c d71 b also by ?+s !mselves4 ,s1 :]eas 9 e o!r sci5ce ?+s are signifi$ by words1 ?is sci5ce has ! prop]ty1 t ! ?+s signifi$ by ! words h !mselves also a signification4 ,!re=e t fir/ signification :]eby words signify ?+s belongs to ! fir/ s5se1 ! hi/orical or lit]al4 ,t signification :]eby ?+s signifi$ by words h !mselves also a signification is call$ ! spiritual s5se1 :i* is bas$ on ! lit]al1 & presupposes x4 ,n[ ?is spiritual s5se has a ?reefold division4 ,= z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aj3a7 ! ,old ,law is a figure ( ! ,new ,law1 & ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i7 ! ,new ,law itself is a figure ( future glory4 ,aga91 9 ! ,new ,law1 :atev] our ,head has done is a type ( :at we ought to d4 ,!re=e1 s f> z ! ?+s ( ! ,old ,law signify ! ?+s ( ! ,new ,law1 !re is ! allegorical s5se2 s f> z ! ?+s done 9 ,*ri/1 or s f> z ! ?+s :i* signify ,*ri/1 are types ( :at we ought to d1 !re is ! moral s5se4 ,b s f> z !y signify :at relates to et]nal glory1 !re is ! anagogical s5se4 ,s9ce ! lit]al s5se is t :i* ! au?or int5ds1 & s9ce ! au?or ( ,holy ,writ is ,god1 ,:o by "o act compreh5ds all ?+s by ,8 intellect1 x is n unfitt+1 z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 xii71 if1 ev5 accord+ to ! lit]al s5se1 "o ^w 9 ,holy ,writ %\ld h sev]al s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! multiplicity ( ^! s5ses does n produce equivocation or any o!r k9d ( multiplicity1 see+ t ^! s5ses are n multipli$ because "o ^w signifies sev]al ?+s1 b because ! ?+s signifi$ by ! words c be !mselves types ( o!r ?+s4 ,?us 9 ,holy ,writ no confusion results1 = all ! s5ses are f\nd$ on "o--! lit]al--f :i* alone c any argum5t be drawn1 & n f ^? int5d$ 9 allegory1 z ,augu/9e says 7,epis4 #dh74 ,nev]!less1 no?+ ( ,holy ,scripture p]i%es on acc\nt ( ?is1 s9ce no?+ necess>y to fai? is conta9$ "u ! spiritual s5se :i* is n else:]e put =w>d by ! ,scripture 9 its lit]al s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! ?ree--hi/ory1 etiology1 analogy--are gr\p$ "u ! lit]al s5se4 ,= x is call$ hi/ory1 z ,augu/9e exp\nds 7,epis4 #dh71 :5ev] any?+ is simply relat$2 x is call$ etiology :5 its cause is assign$1 z :5 ,our ,"l gave ! reason :y ,moses all[$ ! putt+ away ( wives--namely1 on acc\nt ( ! h>dness ( m5's he>ts2 x is call$ analogy :5ev] ! tru? ( "o text ( ,scripture is %[n n to contradict ! tru? ( ano!r4 ,( ^! f\r1 allegory alone /&s = ! ?ree spiritual s5ses4 ,?us ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor 7,sacram4 iv1 #d ,prolog47 includes ! anagogical "u ! allegorical s5se1 lay+ d[n ?ree s5ses only--! hi/orical1 ! allegorical1 & ! tropological4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p>abolical s5se is conta9$ 9 ! lit]al1 = by words ?+s are signifi$ prop]ly & figuratively4 ,nor is ! figure itself1 b t :i* is figur$1 ! lit]al s5se4 ,:5 ,scripture speaks ( ,god's arm1 ! lit]al s5se is n t ,god has su* a memb]1 b only :at is signifi$ by ?is memb]1 namely op]ative p[]4 ,h5ce x is pla9 t no?+ false c ev] und]lie ! lit]al s5se ( ,holy ,writ4 ,,"q #b ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,because ! *ief aim ( sacr$ doctr9e is to tea* ! k ( ,god1 n only z ,he is 9 ,himself1 b also z ,he is ! beg9n+ ( ?+s & _! la/ end1 & especially ( rational creatures1 z is cle> f :at has be5 already said1 !re=e1 9 our endeavor to exp\nd ?is sci5ce1 we %all treat3 7#a7 ,( ,god2 7#b7 ,( ! rational creature's advance t[>ds ,god2 7#c7 ,( ,*ri/1 ,:o z man1 is our way to ,god4 ,9 treat+ ( ,god !re w be a ?reefold division1 = we %all consid]3 7#a7 ,:atev] conc]ns ! ,div9e ,ess5ce2 7#b7 ,:atev] conc]ns ! di/9ctions ( ,p]sons2 7#c7 ,:atev] conc]ns ! procession ( creatures f ,him4 ,conc]n+ ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 we mu/ consid]3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god exi/s8 7#b7 ,! mann] ( ,8 exi/5ce1 or1 r1 :at is n ! mann] ( ,8 exi/5ce2 7#c7 ,:atev] conc]ns ,8 op]ations--namely1 ,8 k1 w1 p[]4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/1 !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! proposition ,god exi/s is self-evid5t8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is demon/rable8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god exi/s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god ,is ,self-,evid5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is self-evid5t4 ,n[ ^? ?+s are said to be self-evid5t to u ! k ( :i* is naturally implant$ 9 u1 z we c see 9 reg>d to fir/ pr9ciples4 ,b z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #a1c71 ! k ( ,god is naturally implant$ 9 all4 ,!re=e ! exi/5ce ( ,god is self-evid5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s are said to be self-evid5t :i* are kn[n z soon z ! t]ms are kn[n1 :i* ! ,philosoph] 7#a ,po/]4 iii7 says is true ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( demon/ration4 ,?us1 :5 ! nature ( a :ole & ( a "p is kn[n1 x is at once recogniz$ t e :ole is great] ?an its "p4 ,b z soon z ! signification ( ! ^w ,god is und]/ood1 x is at once se5 t ,god exi/s4 ,= by ?is ^w is signifi$ t ?+ ?an :i* no?+ great] c be conceiv$4 ,b t :i* exi/s actually & m5tally is great] ?an t :i* exi/s only m5tally4 ,!re=e1 s9ce z soon z ! ^w ,god is und]/ood x exi/s m5tally1 x also foll[s t x exi/s actually4 ,!re=e ! proposition ,god exi/s is self-evid5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! exi/5ce ( tru? is self-evid5t4 ,= :oev] d5ies ! exi/5ce ( tru? grants t tru? does n exi/3 &1 if tru? does n exi/1 !n ! proposition ,tru? does n exi/ is true3 & if !re is any?+ true1 !re mu/ be tru?4 ,b ,god is tru? itself3 ,i am ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life 7,john #ad3f7 ,!re=e ,god exi/s is self-evid5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no "o c m5tally admit ! opposite ( :at is self-evid5t2 z ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 iv1 lect4 vi7 /ates conc]n+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( demon/ration4 ,b ! opposite ( ! proposition ,god is c be m5tally admitt$3 ,! fool said 9 8 he>t1 ,!re is no ,god 7,ps4 #eb3a74 ,!re=e1 t ,god exi/s is n self-evid5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ c be self-evid5t 9 ei!r ( two ways3 on ! "o h&1 self-evid5t 9 itself1 ?\gh n to u2 on ! o!r1 self-evid5t 9 itself1 & to u4 ,a proposition is self-evid5t because ! pr$icate is includ$ 9 ! ess5ce ( ! subject1 z ,man is an animal1 = animal is conta9$ 9 ! ess5ce ( man4 ,if1 !re=e ! ess5ce ( ! pr$icate & subject be kn[n to all1 ! proposition w be self-evid5t to all2 z is cle> ) reg>d to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( demon/ration1 ! t]ms ( :i* are common ?+s t no "o is ignorant (1 su* z be+ & non-be+1 :ole & "p1 & su* l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are "s to :om ! ess5ce ( ! pr$icate & subject is unkn[n1 ! proposition w be self-evid5t 9 itself1 b n to ^? :o d n "k ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate & subject ( ! proposition4 ,!re=e1 x happ5s1 z ,boe?ius says 7,hebdom41 ! title ( :i* is3 ,:e!r all t is1 is good71 t !re are "s m5tal concepts self-evid5t only to ! le>n$1 z t incorporeal sub/ances are n 9 space4 ,!re=e ,i say t ?is proposition1 ,god exi/s1 ( itself is self-evid5t1 = ! pr$icate is ! same z ! subject1 because ,god is ,8 own exi/5ce z w be h]eaft] %[n 7,q4 #c1 ,art4 #d74 ,n[ because we d n "k ! ess5ce ( ,god1 ! proposition is n self-evid5t to u2 b ne$s to be demon/rat$ by ?+s t are m kn[n to u1 ?\gh less kn[n 9 _! nature--namely1 by effects4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to "k t ,god exi/s 9 a g5]al & confus$ way is implant$ 9 u by nature1 inasmu* z ,god is man's beatitude4 ,= man naturally desires happ9ess1 & :at is naturally desir$ by man mu/ be naturally kn[n to him4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n to "k absolutely t ,god exi/s2 j z to "k t someone is approa*+ is n ! same z to "k t ,pet] is approa*+1 ev5 ?\gh x is ,pet] :o is approa*+2 = _m !re are :o imag9e t man's p]fect good :i* is happ9ess1 consi/s 9 ri*es1 & o!rs 9 pleasures1 & o!rs 9 some?+ else4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]haps n ev]yone :o he>s ?is ^w ,god und]/&s x to signify some?+ ?an :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght1 see+ t "s h believ$ ,god to be a body4 ,yet1 grant$ t ev]yone und]/&s t by ?is ^w ,god is signifi$ some?+ ?an :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght1 nev]!less1 x does n !re=e foll[ t he und]/&s t :at ! ^w signifies exi/s actually1 b only t x exi/s m5tally4 ,nor c x be argu$ t x actually exi/s1 unless x be admitt$ t !re actually exi/s some?+ ?an :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght2 & ?is precisely is n admitt$ by ^? :o hold t ,god does n exi/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! exi/5ce ( tru? 9 g5]al is self-evid5t b ! exi/5ce ( a ,primal ,tru? is n self-evid5t to u4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,c ,be ,demon/rat$ ,t ,god ,exi/s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! exi/5ce ( ,god _c be demon/rat$4 ,= x is an article ( fai? t ,god exi/s4 ,b :at is ( fai? _c be demon/rat$1 because a demon/ration produces sci5tific k2 :]eas fai? is ( ! unse5 7,heb4 #aa3a74 ,!re=e x _c be demon/rat$ t ,god exi/s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ess5ce is ! middle t]m ( demon/ration4 ,b we _c "k 9 :at ,god's ess5ce consi/s1 b solely 9 :at x does n consi/2 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #d74 ,!re=e we _c demon/rate t ,god exi/s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! exi/5ce ( ,god 7 demon/rat$1 ?is c\ld only be f ,8 effects4 ,b ,8 effects are n proportionate to ,him1 s9ce ,he is inf9ite & ,8 effects are f9ite2 & betwe5 ! f9ite & inf9ite !re is no proportion4 ,!re=e1 s9ce a cause _c be demon/rat$ by an effect n proportionate to x1 x seems t ! exi/5ce ( ,god _c be demon/rat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says3 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,him are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made 7,rom4 #a3bj74 ,b ?is w\ld n be unless ! exi/5ce ( ,god c\ld be demon/rat$ ?r\gh ! ?+s t are made2 = ! fir/ ?+ we mu/ "k ( any?+ is :e!r x exi/s4 ,i answ] t1 ,demon/ration c be made 9 two ways3 ,"o is ?r\gh ! cause1 & is call$ a priori1 & ?is is to argue f :at is prior absolutely4 ,! o!r is ?r\gh ! effect1 & is call$ a demon/ration a po/]iori2 ?is is to argue f :at is prior relatively only to u4 ,:5 an effect is bett] kn[n to u ?an its cause1 f ! effect we proce$ to ! k ( ! cause4 ,& f e effect ! exi/5ce ( its prop] cause c be demon/rat$1 s long z its effects are bett] kn[n to u2 because s9ce e effect dep5ds ^u its cause1 if ! effect exi/s1 ! cause mu/ pre-exi/4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 9 s f> z x is n self-evid5t to u1 c be demon/rat$ f ^? ( ,8 effects :i* are kn[n to u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god & o!r l tru?s ab\t ,god1 :i* c be kn[n by natural reason1 are n articles ( fai?1 b are preambles to ! articles2 = fai? presupposes natural k1 ev5 z grace presupposes nature1 & p]fection supposes some?+ t c be p]fect$4 ,nev]!less1 !re is no?+ to prev5t a man1 :o _c grasp a pro(1 accept+1 z a matt] ( fai?1 some?+ :i* 9 itself is capable ( be+ sci5tifically kn[n & demon/rat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( a cause is demon/rat$ f an effect1 ?is effect takes ! place ( ! def9ition ( ! cause 9 pro( ( ! cause's exi/5ce4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 reg>d to ,god1 because1 9 ord] to prove ! exi/5ce ( any?+1 x is necess>y to accept z a middle t]m ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 & n its ess5ce1 = ! "q ( its ess5ce foll[s on ! "q ( its exi/5ce4 ,n[ ! names giv5 to ,god are d]iv$ f ,8 effects2 consequ5tly1 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ,8 effects1 we may take = ! middle t]m ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,f effects n proportionate to ! cause no p]fect k ( t cause c be obta9$4 ,yet f e effect ! exi/5ce ( ! cause c be cle>ly demon/rat$1 & s we c demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ,8 effects2 ?\gh f !m we _c p]fectly "k ,god z ,he is 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,exi/s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n exi/2 because if "o ( two contr>ies be inf9ite1 ! o!r w\ld be altoge!r de/roy$4 ,b ! ^w ,god means t ,he is inf9ite goodness4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,god exi/$1 !re w\ld be no evil discov]able2 b !re is evil 9 ! _w4 ,!re=e ,god does n exi/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is sup]flu\s to suppose t :at c be acc\nt$ = by a few pr9ciples has be5 produc$ by _m4 ,b x seems t ev]y?+ we see 9 ! _w c be acc\nt$ = by o!r pr9ciples1 suppos+ ,god did n exi/4 ,= all natural ?+s c be r$uc$ to "o pr9ciple :i* is nature2 & all volunt>y ?+s c be r$uc$ to "o pr9ciple :i* is human reason1 or w4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ to suppose ,god's exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ! p]son ( ,god3 ,i am ,:o am4 7,ex4 #c3ad7 ,i answ] t1 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god c be prov$ 9 five ways4 ,! fir/ & m manife/ way is ! argum5t f motion4 ,x is c]ta91 & evid5t to our s5ses1 t 9 ! _w "s ?+s are 9 motion4 ,n[ :atev] is 9 motion is put 9 motion by ano!r1 = no?+ c be 9 motion except x is 9 pot5tiality to t t[>ds :i* x is 9 motion2 :]eas a ?+ moves inasmu* z x is 9 act4 ,= motion is no?+ else ?an ! r$uction ( some?+ f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,b no?+ c be r$uc$ f pot5tiality to actuality1 except by some?+ 9 a /ate ( actuality4 ,?us t :i* is actually hot1 z fire1 makes wood1 :i* is pot5tially hot1 to be actually hot1 & !reby moves & *anges x4 ,n[ x is n possible t ! same ?+ %\ld be at once 9 actuality & pot5tiality 9 ! same respect1 b only 9 diff]5t respects4 ,= :at is actually hot _c simultane\sly be pot5tially hot2 b x is simultane\sly pot5tially cold4 ,x is !re=e impossible t 9 ! same respect & 9 ! same way a ?+ %\ld be bo? mov] & mov$1 i4e4 t x %\ld move itself4 ,!re=e1 :atev] is 9 motion mu/ be put 9 motion by ano!r4 ,if t by :i* x is put 9 motion be itself put 9 motion1 !n ?is also mu/ ne$s be put 9 motion by ano!r1 & t by ano!r aga94 ,b ?is _c g on to inf9ity1 because !n !re w\ld be no fir/ mov]1 &1 consequ5tly1 no o!r mov]2 see+ t subsequ5t mov]s move only inasmu* z !y are put 9 motion by ! fir/ mov]2 z ! /aff moves only because x is put 9 motion by ! h&4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to arrive at a fir/ mov]1 put 9 motion by no o!r2 & ?is ev]yone und]/&s to be ,god4 ,! second way is f ! nature ( ! effici5t cause4 ,9 ! _w ( s5se we f9d !re is an ord] ( effici5t causes4 ,!re is no case kn[n 7nei!r is x1 inde$1 possible7 9 :i* a ?+ is f\nd to be ! effici5t cause ( itself2 = s x w\ld be prior to itself1 :i* is impossible4 ,n[ 9 effici5t causes x is n possible to g on to inf9ity1 because 9 all effici5t causes foll[+ 9 ord]1 ! fir/ is ! cause ( ! int]m$iate cause1 & ! int]m$iate is ! cause ( ! ultimate cause1 :e!r ! int]m$iate cause be sev]al1 or only "o4 ,n[ to take away ! cause is to take away ! effect4 ,!re=e1 if !re be no fir/ cause among effici5t causes1 !re w be no ultimate1 nor any int]m$iate cause4 ,b if 9 effici5t causes x is possible to g on to inf9ity1 !re w be no fir/ effici5t cause1 nei!r w !re be an ultimate effect1 nor any int]m$iate effici5t causes2 all ( :i* is pla9ly false4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to admit a fir/ effici5t cause1 to :i* ev]yone gives ! "n ( ,god4 ,! ?ird way is tak5 f possibility & necessity1 & runs ?us4 ,we f9d 9 nature ?+s t are possible to be & n to be1 s9ce !y are f\nd to be g5]at$1 & to corrupt1 & consequ5tly1 !y are possible to be & n to be4 ,b x is impossible = ^! always to exi/1 = t :i* is possible n to be at "s "t is n4 ,!re=e1 if ev]y?+ is possible n to be1 !n at "o "t !re c\ld h be5 no?+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,n[ if ?is 7 true1 ev5 n[ !re w\ld be no?+ 9 exi/5ce1 because t :i* does n exi/ only beg9s to exi/ by some?+ already exi/+4 ,!re=e1 if at "o "t no?+ 0 9 exi/5ce1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = any?+ to h begun to exi/2 & ?us ev5 n[ no?+ w\ld be 9 exi/5ce--:i* is absurd4 ,!re=e1 n all be+s are m]ely possible1 b !re mu/ exi/ some?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* is necess>y4 ,b e necess>y ?+ ei!r has its necessity caus$ by ano!r1 or n4 ,n[ x is impossible to g on to inf9ity 9 necess>y ?+s :i* h _! necessity caus$ by ano!r1 z has be5 already prov$ 9 reg>d to effici5t causes4 ,!re=e we _c b po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( "s be+ hav+ ( itself its own necessity1 & n receiv+ x f ano!r1 b r caus+ 9 o!rs _! necessity4 ,?is all m5 speak ( z ,god4 ,! f\r? way is tak5 f ! gradation to be f\nd 9 ?+s4 ,among be+s !re are "s m & "s less good1 true1 noble & ! l4 ,b m & less are pr$icat$ ( diff]5t ?+s1 accord+ z !y resemble 9 _! diff]5t ways some?+ :i* is ! maximum1 z a ?+ is said to be hott] accord+ z x m ne>ly resembles t :i* is hotte/2 s t !re is some?+ :i* is true/1 some?+ be/1 some?+ noble/ &1 consequ5tly1 some?+ :i* is utt]mo/ be+2 = ^? ?+s t are greate/ 9 tru? are greate/ 9 be+1 z x is writt5 9 ,metaph4 ii4 ,n[ ! maximum 9 any g5us is ! cause ( all 9 t g5us2 z fire1 :i* is ! maximum heat1 is ! cause ( all hot ?+s4 ,!re=e !re mu/ also be some?+ :i* is to all be+s ! cause ( _! be+1 goodness1 & e o!r p]fection2 & ?is we call ,god4 ,! fif? way is tak5 f ! gov]nance ( ! _w4 ,we see t ?+s :i* lack intellig5ce1 su* z natural bodies1 act = an end1 & ?is is evid5t f _! act+ always1 or ne>ly always1 9 ! same way1 s z to obta9 ! be/ result4 ,h5ce x is pla9 t n =tuit\sly1 b design$ly1 d !y a*ieve _! end4 ,n[ :atev] lacks intellig5ce _c move t[>ds an end1 unless x be direct$ by "s be+ end[$ ) k & intellig5ce2 z ! arr[ is %ot to its m>k by ! ar*]4 ,!re=e "s intellig5t be+ exi/s by :om all natural ?+s are direct$ to _! end2 & ?is be+ we call ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion xi73 ,s9ce ,god is ! highe/ good1 ,he w\ld n all[ any evil to exi/ 9 ,8 works1 unless ,8 omnipot5ce & goodness 7 su* z to br+ good ev5 out ( evil4 ,?is is "p ( ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 t ,he %\ld all[ evil to exi/1 & out ( x produce good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce nature works = a det]m9ate end "u ! direction ( a high] ag5t1 :atev] is done by nature mu/ ne$s be trac$ back to ,god1 z to its fir/ cause4 ,s also :atev] is done volunt>ily mu/ also be trac$ back to "s high] cause o!r ?an human reason or w1 s9ce ^! c *ange or fail2 = all ?+s t are *angeable & capable ( defect mu/ be trac$ back to an immovable & self-necess>y fir/ pr9ciple1 z 0 %[n 9 ! body ( ! ,article4 ,,"q #c ,,( ,,! ,,simplicity ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ has be5 asc]ta9$ !re rema9s ! fur!r "q ( ! mann] ( its exi/5ce1 9 ord] t we may "k its ess5ce4 ,n[1 because we _c "k :at ,god is1 b r :at ,he is n1 we h no means = consid]+ h[ ,god is1 b r h[ ,he is n4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ consid]3 7#a7 ,h[ ,he is n2 7#b7 ,h[ ,he is kn[n by u2 7#c7 ,h[ ,he is nam$4 ,n[ x c be %[n h[ ,god is n1 by d5y+ ,him :atev] is oppos$ to ! idea ( ,him1 viz4 composition1 motion1 & ! l4 ,!re=e 7#a7 we mu/ discuss ,8 simplicity1 :]eby we d5y composition 9 ,him2 & because :atev] is simple 9 mat]ial ?+s is imp]fect & a "p ( some?+ else1 we %all discuss 7#b7 ,8 p]fection2 7#c7 ,8 inf9ity2 7#d7 ,8 immutability2 7#e7 ,8 unity4 ,conc]n+ ,8 simplicity1 !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is a body8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,he is compos$ ( matt] & =m8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 ,him !re is composition ( quiddity1 ess5ce or nature1 & subject8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,he is compos$ ( ess5ce & exi/5ce8 7#e7 ,:e!r ,he is compos$ ( g5us & diff]5ce8 7#f7 ,:e!r ,he is compos$ ( subject & accid5t8 7#g7 ,:e!r ,he is 9 any way composite1 or :olly simple8 7#h7 ,:e!r ,he ent]s into composition ) o!r ?+s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,is a ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is a body4 ,= a body is t :i* has ! ?ree dim5sions4 ,b ,holy ,scripture attributes ! ?ree dim5sions to ,god1 = x is writt53 ,he is high] ?an ,heav51 & :at wilt ?\ d8 ,he is deep] ?an ,hell1 & h[ wilt ?\ "k8 ,! measure ( ,him is long] ?an ! e>? & broad] ?an ! sea 7,job #aa3h1 #i74 ,!re=e ,god is a body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ t has figure is a body1 s9ce figure is a quality ( quantity4 ,b ,god seems to h figure1 = x is writt53 ,let u make man to our image & lik5ess 7,g54 #a3bf74 ,n[ a figure is call$ an image1 accord+ to ! text3 ,:o be+ ! brightness ( ,8 glory & ! figure1 i4e4 ! image1 ( ,8 sub/ance 7,heb4 #a3c74 ,!re=e ,god is a body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] has corporeal p>ts is a body4 ,n[ ,scripture attributes corporeal p>ts to ,god4 ,ha/ ?\ an arm l ,god8 7,job #dj3d72 & ,! eyes ( ! ,"l are ^u ! j 7,ps4 #cc3af72 & ,! "r h& ( ! ,"l ha? wr\ght /r5g? 7,ps4 #aag3af74 ,!re=e ,god is a body4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 po/ure belongs only to bodies4 ,b some?+ :i* supposes po/ure is said ( ,god 9 ! ,scriptures3 ,i saw ! ,"l sitt+ 7,isa4 #f3a71 & ,he /&e? up to judge 7,isa4 #c3ac74 ,!re=e ,god is a body4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 only bodies or ?+s corporeal c be a local t]m :]efrom or :]eto4 ,b 9 ! ,scriptures ,god is spok5 ( z a local t]m :]eto1 accord+ to ! words1 ,come ye to ,him & be enlight5$ 7,ps4 #cc3f71 & z a t]m :]efrom3 ,all !y t dep>t f ,!e %all be writt5 9 ! e>? 7,j]4 #ag3ac74 ,!re=e ,god is a body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john 7,john #d3bd73 ,god is a _s4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is absolutely true t ,god is n a body2 & ?is c be %[n 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 because no body is 9 motion unless x be put 9 motion1 z is evid5t f induction4 ,n[ x has be5 already prov$ 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c71 t ,god is ! ,fir/ ,mov]1 & is ,himself unmov$4 ,!re=e x is cle> t ,god is n a body4 ,secondly1 because ! fir/ be+ mu/ ( necessity be 9 act1 & 9 no way 9 pot5tiality4 ,= al?\gh 9 any s+le ?+ t passes f pot5tiality to actuality1 ! pot5tiality is prior 9 "t to ! actuality2 nev]!less1 absolutely speak+1 actuality is prior to pot5tiality2 = :atev] is 9 pot5tiality c be r$uc$ into actuality only by "s be+ 9 actuality4 ,n[ x has be5 already prov$ t ,god is ! ,fir/ ,be+4 ,x is !re=e impossible t 9 ,god !re %\ld be any pot5tiality4 ,b e body is 9 pot5tiality because ! cont9u\s1 z su*1 is divisible to inf9ity2 x is !re=e impossible t ,god %\ld be a body4 ,?irdly1 because ,god is ! mo/ noble ( be+s4 ,n[ x is impossible = a body to be ! mo/ noble ( be+s2 = a body mu/ be ei!r animate or inanimate2 & an animate body is manife/ly nobl] ?an any inanimate body4 ,b an animate body is n animate precisely z body2 o!rwise all bodies w\ld be animate4 ,!re=e its animation dep5ds ^u "s o!r ?+1 z our body dep5ds = its animation on ! s\l4 ,h5ce t by :i* a body becomes animat$ mu/ be nobl] ?an ! body4 ,!re=e x is impossible t ,god %\ld be a body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #i71 ,holy ,writ puts be=e u spiritual & div9e ?+s "u ! comp>ison ( corporeal ?+s4 ,h5ce1 :5 x attributes to ,god ! ?ree dim5sions "u ! comp>ison ( corporeal quantity1 x implies ,8 virtual quantity2 ?us1 by dep?1 x signifies ,8 p[] ( kn[+ hidd5 ?+s2 by height1 ! transc5d5ce ( ,8 excell+ p[]2 by l5g?1 ! duration ( ,8 exi/5ce2 by bread?1 ,8 act ( love = all4 ,or1 z says ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 ix71 by ! dep? ( ,god is meant ! incompreh5sibility ( ,8 ess5ce2 by l5g?1 ! procession ( ,8 all-p]vad+ p[]2 by bread?1 ,8 ov]spread+ all ?+s1 inasmu* z all ?+s lie "u ,8 protection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man is said to be aft] ! image ( ,god1 n z reg>ds 8 body1 b z reg>ds t :]eby he excels o!r animals4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is said1 ,let u make man to our image & lik5ess1 x is add$1 ,& let him h dom9ion ov] ! fi%es ( ! sea 7,g54 #a3bf74 ,n[ man excels all animals by 8 reason & intellig5ce2 h5ce x is accord+ to 8 intellig5ce & reason1 :i* are incorporeal1 t man is said to be accord+ to ! image ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,corporeal p>ts are attribut$ to ,god 9 ,scripture on acc\nt ( ,8 actions1 & ?is is ow+ to a c]ta9 p>allel4 ,= in/ance ! act ( ! eye is to see2 h5ce ! eye attribut$ to ,god signifies ,8 p[] ( see+ intellectually1 n s5sibly2 & s on ) ! o!r p>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:atev] p]ta9s to po/ure1 also1 is only attribut$ to ,god by "s sort ( p>allel4 ,he is spok5 ( z sitt+1 on acc\nt ( ,8 un*angeabl5ess & dom9ion2 & z /&+1 on acc\nt ( ,8 p[] ( ov]com+ :atev] )/&s ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,we draw ne> to ,god by no corporeal /eps1 s9ce ,he is ev]y:]e1 b by ! affections ( our s\l1 & by ! actions ( t same s\l d we )draw f ,him2 ?us1 to draw ne> to or to )draw signifies m]ely spiritual actions bas$ on ! metaphor ( local motion4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,is ,compos$ ( ,matt] & ,=m8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,= :atev] has a s\l is compos$ ( matt] & =m2 s9ce ! s\l is ! =m ( ! body4 ,b ,scripture attributes a s\l to ,god2 = x is m5tion$ 9 ,hebrews 7,heb4 #aj3ch71 :]e ,god says3 ,b ,my j man live? by fai?2 b if he )draw himself1 he %all n please ,my s\l4 ,!re=e ,god is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ang]1 joy & ! l are passions ( ! composite4 ,b ^! are attribut$ to ,god 9 ,scripture3 ,! ,"l 0 exce$+ angry ) ,8 p 7,ps4 #aje3dj74 ,!re=e ,god is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 matt] is ! pr9ciple ( individualization4 ,b ,god seems to be individual1 = ,he _c be pr$icat$ ( _m4 ,!re=e ,he is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is compos$ ( matt] & =m is a body2 = dim5sive quantity is ! fir/ prop]ty ( matt]4 ,b ,god is n a body z prov$ 9 ! prec$+ ,article2 !re=e ,he is n compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible t matt] %\ld exi/ 9 ,god4 ,fir/1 because matt] is 9 pot5tiality4 ,b we h %[n 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c7 t ,god is pure act1 )\t any pot5tiality4 ,h5ce x is impossible t ,god %\ld be compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,secondly1 because ev]y?+ compos$ ( matt] & =m owes its p]fection & goodness to its =m2 !re=e its goodness is p>ticipat$1 inasmu* z matt] p>ticipates ! =m4 ,n[ ! fir/ good & ! be/--viz4 ,god--is n a p>ticipat$ good1 because ! ess5tial good is prior to ! p>ticipat$ good4 ,h5ce x is impossible t ,god %\ld be compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,?irdly1 because e ag5t acts by its =m2 h5ce ! mann] 9 :i* x has its =m is ! mann] 9 :i* x is an ag5t4 ,!re=e :atev] is prim>ily & ess5tially an ag5t mu/ be prim>ily & ess5tially =m4 ,n[ ,god is ! fir/ ag5t1 s9ce ,he is ! fir/ effici5t cause4 ,he is !re=e ( ,8 ess5ce a =m2 & n compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a s\l is attribut$ to ,god because ,8 acts resemble ! acts ( a s\l2 =1 t we w any?+1 is due to our s\l4 ,h5ce :at is pleas+ to ,8 w is said to be pleas+ to ,8 s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ang] & ! l are attribut$ to ,god on acc\nt ( a similitude ( effect4 ,?us1 because to puni% is prop]ly ! act ( an angry man1 ,god's puni%m5t is metaphorically spok5 ( z ,8 ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,=ms :i* c be receiv$ 9 matt] are individualiz$ by matt]1 :i* _c be 9 ano!r z 9 a subject s9ce x is ! fir/ und]ly+ subject2 al?\gh =m ( itself1 unless some?+ else prev5ts x1 c be receiv$ by _m4 ,b t =m :i* _c be receiv$ 9 matt]1 b is self-subsi/+1 is individualiz$ precisely because x _c be receiv$ 9 a subject2 & su* a =m is ,god4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t matt] exi/s 9 ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god is ! ,same z ,8 ,ess5ce or ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n ! same z ,8 ess5ce or nature4 ,= no?+ c be 9 itself4 ,b ! sub/ance or nature ( ,god--i4e4 ! ,godhead--is said to be 9 ,god4 ,!re=e x seems t ,god is n ! same z ,8 ess5ce or nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! effect is assimilat$ to its cause2 = e ag5t produces its l4 ,b 9 creat$ ?+s ! suppositum is n id5tical ) its nature2 = a man is n ! same z 8 humanity4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! same z ,8 ,godhead4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said ( ,god t ,he is life itself1 & n only t ,he is a liv+ ?+3 ,i am ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life 7,john #ad3f74 ,n[ ! relation betwe5 ,godhead & ,god is ! same z ! relation betwe5 life & a liv+ ?+4 ,!re=e ,god is ,8 v ,godhead4 ,i answ] t1 ,god is ! same z ,8 ess5ce or nature4 ,to und]/& ?is1 x mu/ be not$ t 9 ?+s compos$ ( matt] & =m1 ! nature or ess5ce mu/ diff] f ! suppositum1 because ! ess5ce or nature connotes only :at is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! species2 z1 humanity connotes all t is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( man1 = x is by ?is t man is man1 & x is ?is t humanity signifies1 t1 namely1 :]eby man is man4 ,n[ individual matt]1 ) all ! individualiz+ accid5ts1 is n includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! species4 ,= ?is p>ticul> fle%1 ^! bones1 ?is blackness or :it5ess1 etc41 are n includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( a man4 ,!re=e ?is fle%1 ^! bones1 & ! accid5tal qualities di/+ui%+ ?is p>ticul> matt]1 are n includ$ 9 humanity2 & yet !y are includ$ 9 ! ?+ :i* is man4 ,h5ce ! ?+ :i* is a man has some?+ m 9 x ?an has humanity4 ,consequ5tly humanity & a man are n :olly id5tical2 b humanity is tak5 to mean ! =mal "p ( a man1 because ! pr9ciples :]eby a ?+ is def9$ are reg>d$ z ! =mal con/itu5t 9 reg>d to ! individualiz+ matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ?+s n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 9 :i* individualization is n due to individual matt]--t is to say1 to ?is matt]--! v =ms be+ individualiz$ ( !mselves--x is necess>y ! =ms !mselves %\ld be subsi/+ supposita4 ,!re=e suppositum & nature 9 !m are id5tifi$4 ,s9ce ,god !n is n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 ,he mu/ be ,8 own ,godhead1 ,8 own ,life1 & :atev] else is ?us pr$icat$ ( ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we c speak ( simple ?+s only z ?\gh !y 7 l ! composite ?+s f :i* we d]ive our k4 ,!re=e 9 speak+ ( ,god1 we use concrete n\ns to signify ,8 subsi/5ce1 because ) u only ^? ?+s subsi/ :i* are composite2 & we use ab/ract n\ns to signify ,8 simplicity4 ,9 say+ !re=e t ,godhead1 or life1 or ! l are 9 ,god1 we indicate ! composite way 9 :i* our intellect und]/&s1 b n t !re is any composition 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! effects ( ,god d n imitate ,him p]fectly1 b only z f> z !y are able2 & ! imitation is "h defective1 precisely because :at is simple & "o1 c only be repres5t$ by div]s ?+s2 consequ5tly1 composition is accid5tal to !m1 & !re=e1 9 !m suppositum is n ! same z nature4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ess5ce & ,exi/5ce ,are ! ,same 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ess5ce & exi/5ce are n ! same 9 ,god4 ,= if x be s1 !n ! div9e be+ has no?+ add$ to x4 ,n[ be+ to :i* no addition is made is univ]sal be+ :i* is pr$icat$ ( all ?+s4 ,!re=e x foll[s t ,god is be+ 9 g5]al :i* c be pr$icat$ ( ev]y?+4 ,b ?is is false3 ,= m5 gave ! incommunicable "n to /ones & wood 7,wis4 #ad3ba74 ,!re=e ,god's exi/5ce is n ,8 ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we c "k :e!r ,god exi/s z said above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #b72 b we _c "k :at ,he is4 ,!re=e ,god's exi/5ce is n ! same z ,8 ess5ce--t is1 z ,8 quiddity or nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,tr94 vii73 ,9 ,god exi/5ce is n an accid5tal quality1 b subsi/+ tru?4 ,!re=e :at subsi/s 9 ,god is ,8 exi/5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,god is n only ,8 own ess5ce1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ article1 b also ,8 own exi/5ce4 ,?is may be %[n 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 :atev] a ?+ has besides its ess5ce mu/ be caus$ ei!r by ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( t ess5ce 7l a prop]ty t necess>ily accompanies ! species--z ! faculty ( laugh+ is prop] to a man--& is caus$ by ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( ! species71 or by "s ext]ior ag5t--z heat is caus$ 9 wat] by fire4 ,!re=e1 if ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ diff]s f its ess5ce1 ?is exi/5ce mu/ be caus$ ei!r by "s ext]ior ag5t or by its ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,n[ x is impossible = a ?+'s exi/5ce to be caus$ by its ess5tial con/itu5t pr9ciples1 = no?+ c be ! suffici5t cause ( its own exi/5ce1 if its exi/5ce is caus$4 ,!re=e t ?+1 ^: exi/5ce diff]s f its ess5ce1 mu/ h its exi/5ce caus$ by ano!r4 ,b ?is _c be true ( ,god2 because we call ,god ! fir/ effici5t cause4 ,!re=e x is impossible t 9 ,god ,8 exi/5ce %\ld diff] f ,8 ess5ce4 ,secondly1 exi/5ce is t :i* makes e =m or nature actual2 = goodness & humanity are spok5 ( z actual1 only because !y are spok5 ( z exi/+4 ,!re=e exi/5ce mu/ be comp>$ to ess5ce1 if ! latt] is a di/9ct reality1 z actuality to pot5tiality4 ,!re=e1 s9ce 9 ,god !re is no pot5tiality1 z %[n above 7,a4 #a71 x foll[s t 9 ,him ess5ce does n diff] f exi/5ce4 ,!re=e ,8 ess5ce is ,8 exi/5ce4 ,?irdly1 because1 j z t :i* has fire1 b is n itself fire1 is on fire by p>ticipation2 s t :i* has exi/5ce b is n exi/5ce1 is a be+ by p>ticipation4 ,b ,god is ,8 own ess5ce1 z %[n above 7,a4 #c72 if1 !re=e1 ,he is n ,8 own exi/5ce ,he w be n ess5tial1 b p>ticipat$ be+4 ,he w n !re=e be ! fir/ be+--:i* is absurd4 ,!re=e ,god is ,8 own exi/5ce1 & n m]ely ,8 own ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ t has no?+ add$ to x c be ( two k9ds4 ,ei!r its ess5ce precludes any addition2 ?us1 = example1 x is ( ! ess5ce ( an irrational animal to be )\t reason4 ,or we may und]/& a ?+ to h no?+ add$ to x1 inasmu* z its ess5ce does n require t any?+ %\ld be add$ to x2 ?us ! g5us animal is )\t reason1 because x is n ( ! ess5ce ( animal 9 g5]al to h reason2 b nei!r is x to lack reason4 ,& s ! div9e be+ has no?+ add$ to x 9 ! fir/ s5se2 :]eas univ]sal be+ has no?+ add$ to x 9 ! second s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to be c mean ei!r ( two ?+s4 ,x may mean ! act ( ess5ce1 or x may mean ! composition ( a proposition effect$ by ! m9d 9 jo9+ a pr$icate to a subject4 ,tak+ to be 9 ! fir/ s5se1 we _c und]/& ,god's exi/5ce nor ,8 ess5ce2 b only 9 ! second s5se4 ,we "k t ?is proposition :i* we =m ab\t ,god :5 we say ,god is1 is true2 & ?is we "k f ,8 effects 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #b74 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,god ,is ,conta9$ 9 a ,g5us8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is conta9$ 9 a g5us4 ,= a sub/ance is a be+ t subsi/s ( itself4 ,b ?is is especially true ( ,god4 ,!re=e ,god is 9 a g5us ( sub/ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ c be measur$ save by some?+ ( its own g5us2 z l5g? is measur$ by l5g? & numb]s by numb]4 ,b ,god is ! measure ( all sub/ances1 z ! ,comm5tator %[s 7,metaph4 x74 ,!re=e ,god is 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! m9d1 g5us is prior to :at x conta9s4 ,b no?+ is prior to ,god ei!r really or m5tally4 ,!re=e ,god is n 9 any g5us4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ c be 9 a g5us 9 two ways2 ei!r absolutely & prop]ly1 z a species conta9$ "u a g5us2 or z be+ r$ucible to x1 z pr9ciples & privations4 ,= example1 a po9t & unity are r$uc$ to ! g5us ( quantity1 z its pr9ciples2 :ile bl9dness & all o!r privations are r$uc$ to ! g5us ( habit4 ,b 9 nei!r way is ,god 9 a g5us4 ,t ,he _c be a species ( any g5us may be %[n 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 because a species is con/itut$ ( g5us & diff]5ce4 ,n[ t f :i* ! diff]5ce con/itut+ ! species is d]iv$1 is always relat$ to t f :i* ! g5us is d]iv$1 z actuality is relat$ to pot5tiality4 ,= animal is d]iv$ f s5sitive nature1 by concretion z x 71 = t is animal1 :i* has a s5sitive nature4 ,rational be+1 on ! o!r h&1 is d]iv$ f intellectual nature1 because t is rational1 :i* has an intellectual nature1 & intellig5ce is comp>$ to s5se1 z actuality is to pot5tiality4 ,! same argum5t holds good 9 o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce s9ce 9 ,god actuality is n add$ to pot5tiality1 x is impossible t ,he %\ld be 9 any g5us z a species4 ,secondly1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ,god is ,8 ess5ce1 if ,god 7 9 any g5us1 ,he w\ld be ! g5us be+1 because1 s9ce g5us is pr$icat$ z an ess5tial x ref]s to ! ess5ce ( a ?+4 ,b ! ,philosoph] has %[n 7,metaph4 iii7 t be+ _c be a g5us1 = e g5us has diff]5ces di/9ct f its g5]ic ess5ce4 ,n[ no diff]5ce c exi/ di/9ct f be+2 = non-be+ _c be a diff]5ce4 ,x foll[s !n t ,god is n 9 a g5us4 ,?irdly1 because all 9 "o g5us agree 9 ! quiddity or ess5ce ( ! g5us :i* is pr$icat$ ( !m z an ess5tial1 b !y diff] 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( man & ( horse is n ! same2 z also ( ?is man & t man3 ?us 9 e memb] ( a g5us1 exi/5ce & quiddity--i4e4 ess5ce--mu/ diff]4 ,b 9 ,god !y d n diff]1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ article4 ,!re=e x is pla9 t ,god is n 9 a g5us z if ,he 7 a species4 ,f ?is x is also pla9 t ,he has no g5us nor diff]5ce1 nor c !re be any def9ition ( ,him2 nor1 save ?r\gh ,8 effects1 a demon/ration ( ,him3 = a def9ition is f g5us & diff]5ce2 & ! mean ( a demon/ration is a def9ition4 ,t ,god is n 9 a g5us1 z r$ucible to x z its pr9ciple1 is cle> f ?is1 t a pr9ciple r$ucible to any g5us does n ext5d beyond t g5us2 z1 a po9t is ! pr9ciple ( cont9u\s quantity alone2 & unity1 ( discont9u\s quantity4 ,b ,god is ! pr9ciple ( all be+4 ,!re=e ,he is n conta9$ 9 any g5us z its pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ^w sub/ance signifies n only :at exi/s ( itself--= exi/5ce _c ( itself be a g5us1 z %[n 9 ! body ( ! article2 b1 x also signifies an ess5ce t has ! prop]ty ( exi/+ 9 ?is way--namely1 ( exi/+ ( itself2 ?is exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 is n its ess5ce4 ,?us x is cle> t ,god is n 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection turns ^u proportionate measure :i* mu/ be homog5e\s ) :at is measur$4 ,n[1 ,god is n a measure proportionate to any?+4 ,/ill1 ,he is call$ ! measure ( all ?+s1 9 ! s5se t ev]y?+ has be+ only accord+ z x resembles ,him4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r 9 ,god ,!re ,are ,any ,accid5ts8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re are accid5ts 9 ,god4 ,= sub/ance _c be an accid5t1 z ,ari/otle says 7,phys4 i74 ,!re=e t :i* is an accid5t 9 "o1 _c1 9 ano!r1 be a sub/ance4 ,?us x is prov$ t heat _c be ! sub/antial =m ( fire1 because x is an accid5t 9 o!r ?+s4 ,b wisdom1 virtue1 & ! l1 :i* are accid5ts 9 u1 are attributes ( ,god4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re are accid5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 e g5us !re is a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,b !re are _m g5]a ( accid5ts4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! primal memb]s ( ^! g5]a are n 9 ,god1 !re w be _m primal be+s o!r ?an ,god--:i* is absurd4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e accid5t is 9 a subject4 ,b ,god _c be a subject1 = no simple =m c be a subject1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr9474 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re _c be any accid5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,f all we h said1 x is cle> !re c be no accid5t 9 ,god4 ,fir/1 because a subject is comp>$ to its accid5ts z pot5tiality to actuality2 = a subject is 9 "s s5se made actual by its accid5ts4 ,b !re c be no pot5tiality 9 ,god1 z 0 %[n 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,secondly1 because ,god is ,8 own exi/5ce2 & z ,boe?ius says 7,hebdom471 al?\gh e ess5ce may h some?+ sup]add$ to x1 ?is _c apply to absolute be+3 ?us a heat$ sub/ance c h some?+ extrane\s to heat add$ to x1 z :it5ess1 nev]!less absolute heat c h no?+ else ?an heat4 ,?irdly1 because :at is ess5tial is prior to :at is accid5tal4 ,:5ce z ,god is absolute primal be+1 !re c be 9 ,him no?+ accid5tal4 ,nei!r c ,he h any ess5tial accid5ts 7z ! capability ( laugh+ is an ess5tial accid5t ( man71 because su* accid5ts are caus$ by ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( ! subject4 ,n[ !re c be no?+ caus$ 9 ,god1 s9ce ,he is ! fir/ cause4 ,h5ce x foll[s t !re is no accid5t 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue & wisdom are n pr$icat$ ( ,god & ( u univocally4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t !re are accid5ts 9 ,god z !re are 9 u4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce sub/ance is prior to its accid5ts1 ! pr9ciples ( accid5ts are r$ucible to ! pr9ciples ( ! sub/ance z to t :i* is prior2 al?\gh ,god is n fir/ z if conta9$ 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance2 yet ,he is fir/ 9 respect to all be+1 outside ( e g5us4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,god ,is ,altoge!r ,simple8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n altoge!r simple4 ,= :atev] is f ,god mu/ imitate ,him4 ,?us f ! fir/ be+ are all be+s2 & f ! fir/ good is all good4 ,b 9 ! ?+s :i* ,god has made1 no?+ is altoge!r simple4 ,!re=e nei!r is ,god altoge!r simple4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is be/ mu/ be attribut$ to ,god4 ,b ) u t :i* is composite is bett] ?an t :i* is simple2 ?us1 *emical comp\nds are bett] ?an simple elem5ts1 & animals ?an ! p>ts t compose !m4 ,!re=e x _c be said t ,god is altoge!r simple4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #f1g73 ,god is truly & absolutely simple4 ,i answ] t1 ,! absolute simplicity ( ,god may be %[n 9 _m ways4 ,fir/1 f ! previ\s articles ( ?is "q4 ,= !re is nei!r composition ( quantitative p>ts 9 ,god1 s9ce ,he is n a body2 nor composition ( matt] & =m2 nor does ,8 nature diff] f ,8 suppositum2 nor ,8 ess5ce f ,8 exi/5ce2 nei!r is !re 9 ,him composition ( g5us & diff]5ce1 nor ( subject & accid5t4 ,!re=e1 x is cle> t ,god is n[ise composite1 b is altoge!r simple4 ,secondly1 because e composite is po/]ior to its compon5t p>ts1 & is dep5d5t on !m2 b ,god is ! fir/ be+1 z %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,?irdly1 because e composite has a cause1 = ?+s 9 !mselves diff]5t _c unite unless some?+ causes !m to unite4 ,b ,god is uncaus$1 z %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c71 s9ce ,he is ! fir/ effici5t cause4 ,f\r?ly1 because 9 e composite !re mu/ be pot5tiality & actuality2 b ?is does n apply to ,god2 = ei!r "o ( ! p>ts actuates ano!r1 or at lea/ all ! p>ts are pot5tial to ! :ole4 ,fif?ly1 because no?+ composite c be pr$icat$ ( any s+le "o ( its p>ts4 ,& ?is is evid5t 9 a :ole made up ( dissimil> p>ts2 = no "p ( a man is a man1 nor any ( ! p>ts ( ! foot1 a foot4 ,b 9 :oles made up ( simil> p>ts1 al?\gh some?+ :i* is pr$icat$ ( ! :ole may be pr$icat$ ( a "p 7z a "p ( ! air is air1 & a "p ( wat]1 wat]71 nev]!less c]ta9 ?+s are pr$icable ( ! :ole :i* _c be pr$icat$ ( any ( ! p>ts2 = in/ance1 if ! :ole volume ( wat] is two cubits1 no "p ( x c be two cubits4 ,?us 9 e composite !re is some?+ :i* is n x itself4 ,b1 ev5 if ?is c\ld be said ( :atev] has a =m1 viz4 t x has some?+ :i* is n x itself1 z 9 a :ite object !re is some?+ :i* does n belong to ! ess5ce ( :ite2 nev]!less 9 ! =m itself1 !re is no?+ besides itself4 ,& s1 s9ce ,god is absolute =m1 or r absolute be+1 ,he c be 9 no way composite4 ,hil>y implies ?is argum5t1 :5 he says 7,de ,tr94 vii73 ,god1 ,:o is /r5g?1 is n made up ( ?+s t are weak2 nor is ,he ,:o is light1 compos$ ( ?+s t are dim4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:atev] is f ,god imitates ,him1 z caus$ ?+s imitate ! fir/ cause4 ,b x is ( ! ess5ce ( a ?+ to be 9 "s sort composite2 because at lea/ its exi/5ce diff]s f its ess5ce1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,) u composite ?+s are bett] ?an simple ?+s1 because ! p]fections ( creat$ goodness _c be f\nd 9 "o simple ?+1 b 9 _m ?+s4 ,b ! p]fection ( div9e goodness is f\nd 9 "o simple ?+ 7,,qq4 #d1 ,a4 #a1 & #f1 ,a4 #b74 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,god ,ent]s into ! ,composition ( ,o!r ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god ent]s into ! composition ( o!r ?+s1 = ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv73 ,! be+ ( all ?+s is t :i* is above be+--! ,godhead4 ,b ! be+ ( all ?+s ent]s into ! composition ( ev]y?+4 ,!re=e ,god ent]s into ! composition ( o!r ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god is a =m2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 ,s]m4 xxxviii7 t1 ! ^w ( ,god1 :i* is ,god1 is an uncreat$ =m4 ,b a =m is "p ( a comp\nd4 ,!re=e ,god is "p ( "s comp\nd4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ?+s exi/1 9 no way diff]+ f ea* o!r1 are ! same4 ,b ,god & prim>y matt] exi/1 & 9 no way diff] f ea* o!r4 ,!re=e !y are absolutely ! same4 ,b prim>y matt] ent]s into ! composition ?+s4 ,!re=e also does ,god4 ,pro( ( ! m9or--:atev] ?+s diff]1 !y diff] by "s diff]5ces1 & !re=e mu/ be composite4 ,b ,god & prim>y matt] are altoge!r simple4 ,!re=e !y n[ise diff] f ea* o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii73 ,!re c be no t\*+ ,him1 i4e4 ,god1 nor any o!r union ) ,him by m+l+ "p ) "p4 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ cause rules all ?+s )\t comm+l+ ) !m1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,causis74 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is po9t !re h be5 ?ree errors4 ,"s h affirm$ t ,god is ! _w-s\l1 z is cle> f ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vii1 #f74 ,?is is practically ! same z ! op9ion ( ^? :o ass]t t ,god is ! s\l ( ! highe/ heav54 ,aga91 o!rs h said t ,god is ! =mal pr9ciple ( all ?+s2 & ?is 0 ! !ory ( ! ,alm>icians4 ,! ?ird error is t ( ,david ( ,d9ant1 :o mo/ absurdly taught t ,god 0 prim>y matt]4 ,n[ all ^! conta9 manife/ untru?2 s9ce x is n possible = ,god to ent] into ! composition ( any?+1 ei!r z a =mal or a mat]ial pr9ciple4 ,fir/1 because ,god is ! fir/ effici5t cause4 ,n[ ! effici5t cause is n id5tical num]ically ) ! =m ( ! ?+ caus$1 b only specifically3 = man begets man4 ,b prim>y matt] c be nei!r num]ically nor specifically id5tical ) an effici5t cause2 = ! =m] is m]ely pot5tial1 :ile ! latt] is actual4 ,secondly1 because1 s9ce ,god is ! fir/ effici5t cause1 to act belongs to ,him prim>ily & ess5tially4 ,b t :i* ent]s into composition ) any?+ does n act prim>ily & ess5tially1 b r ! composite s acts2 = ! h& does n act1 b ! man by 8 h&2 &1 fire w>ms by its heat4 ,h5ce ,god _c be "p ( a comp\nd4 ,?irdly1 because no "p ( a comp\nd c be absolutely primal among be+s--n ev5 matt]1 nor =m1 ?\gh !y are ! primal p>ts ( e comp\nd4 ,= matt] is m]ely pot5tial2 & pot5tiality is absolutely po/]ior to actuality1 z is cle> f ! =ego+ 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a73 :ile a =m :i* is "p ( a comp\nd is a p>ticipat$ =m2 & z t :i* p>ticipates is po/]ior to t :i* is ess5tial1 s likewise is t :i* is p>ticipat$2 z fire 9 ignit$ objects is po/]ior to fire t is ess5tially su*4 ,n[ x has be5 prov$ t ,god is absolutely primal be+ 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,godhead is call$ ! be+ ( all ?+s1 z _! effici5t & exempl> cause1 b n z be+ _! ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,^w is an exempl> =m2 b n a =m t is "p ( a comp\nd4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,simple ?+s d n diff] by add$ diff]5ces--= ?is is ! prop]ty ( comp\nds4 ,?us man & horse diff] by _! diff]5ces1 rational & irrational2 :i* diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 d n diff] f ea* o!r by o!r diff]5ces4 ,h5ce1 to be q accurate1 x is bett] to say t !y are1 n diff]5t1 b div]se4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 x71 ?+s :i* are div]se are absolutely di/9ct1 b ?+s :i* are diff]5t diff] by some?+4 ,!re=e1 /rictly speak+1 prim>y matt] & ,god d n diff]1 b are by _! v be+1 div]se4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ !y are ! same4 ,,"q #d ,,! ,,p]fection ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,hav+ consid]$ ! div9e simplicity1 we treat next ( ,god's p]fection4 ,n[ because ev]y?+ 9 s f> z x is p]fect is call$ good1 we %all speak fir/ ( ! div9e p]fection2 secondly ( ! div9e goodness4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is p]fect8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god is p]fect univ]sally1 z hav+ 9 ,himself ! p]fections ( all ?+s8 7#c7 ,:e!r creatures c be said to be l ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god is ,p]fect8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t p]fection does n belong to ,god4 ,= we say a ?+ is p]fect if x is completely made4 ,b x does n befit ,god to be made4 ,!re=e ,he is n p]fect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god is ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,b ! beg9n+s ( ?+s seem to be imp]fect1 z se$ is ! beg9n+ ( animal & vegetable life4 ,!re=e ,god is imp]fect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d71 ,god's ess5ce is exi/5ce4 ,b exi/5ce seems mo/ imp]fect1 s9ce x is mo/ univ]sal & receptive ( all modification4 ,!re=e ,god is imp]fect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,be y p]fect z also y\r heav5ly ,fa!r is p]fect 7,matt4 #e3dh74 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] relates 7,metaph4 xii71 "s anci5t philosoph]s1 namely1 ! ,py?agoreans & ,leucippus1 did n pr$icate be/ & mo/ p]fect ( ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,! reason 0 t ! anci5t philosoph]s consid]$ only a mat]ial pr9ciple2 & a mat]ial pr9ciple is mo/ imp]fect4 ,= s9ce matt] z su* is m]ely pot5tial1 ! fir/ mat]ial pr9ciple mu/ be simply pot5tial1 & ?us mo/ imp]fect4 ,n[ ,god is ! fir/ pr9ciple1 n mat]ial1 b 9 ! ord] ( effici5t cause1 :i* mu/ be mo/ p]fect4 ,= j z matt]1 z su*1 is m]ely pot5tial1 an ag5t1 z su*1 is 9 ! /ate ( actuality4 ,h5ce1 ! fir/ active pr9ciple mu/ ne$s be mo/ actual1 & !re=e mo/ p]fect2 = a ?+ is p]fect 9 proportion to its /ate ( actuality1 because we call t p]fect :i* lacks no?+ ( ! mode ( its p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #bf1bi73 ,?\gh our lips c only /amm]1 we yet *ant ! high ?+s ( ,god4 ,= t :i* is n made is improp]ly call$ p]fect4 ,nev]!less because creat$ ?+s are !n call$ p]fect1 :5 f pot5tiality !y are br\ght into actuality1 ?is ^w p]fect signifies :atev] is n want+ 9 actuality1 :e!r ?is be by way ( p]fection or n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! mat]ial pr9ciple :i* ) u is f\nd to be imp]fect1 _c be absolutely primal2 b mu/ be prec$$ by some?+ p]fect4 ,= se$1 ?\gh x be ! pr9ciple ( animal life reproduc$ ?r\gh se$1 has previ\s to x1 ! animal or plant f :i* is came4 ,because1 previ\s to t :i* is pot5tial1 mu/ be t :i* is actual2 s9ce a pot5tial be+ c only be r$uc$ into act by "s be+ already actual4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,exi/5ce is ! mo/ p]fect ( all ?+s1 = x is comp>$ to all ?+s z t by :i* !y are made actual2 = no?+ has actuality except s f> z x exi/s4 ,h5ce exi/5ce is t :i* actuates all ?+s1 ev5 _! =ms4 ,!re=e x is n comp>$ to o!r ?+s z ! receiv] is to ! receiv$2 b r z ! receiv$ to ! receiv]4 ,:5 !re=e ,i speak ( ! exi/5ce ( man1 or horse1 or any?+ else1 exi/5ce is consid]$ a =mal pr9ciple1 & z some?+ receiv$2 & n z t :i* exi/s4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,p]fections ( ,all ,?+s ,are 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! p]fections ( all ?+s are n 9 ,god4 ,= ,god is simple1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g72 :]eas ! p]fections ( ?+s are _m & div]se4 ,!re=e ! p]fections ( all ?+s are n 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 opposites _c coexi/4 ,n[ ! p]fections ( ?+s are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 = ea* ?+ is p]fect$ by its specific diff]5ce4 ,b ! diff]5ces by :i* g5]a are divid$1 & species con/itut$1 are oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,!re=e because opposites _c coexi/ 9 ! same subject1 x seems t ! p]fections ( all ?+s are n 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a liv+ ?+ is m p]fect ?an :at m]ely exi/s2 & an intellig5t ?+ ?an :at m]ely lives4 ,!re=e life is m p]fect ?an exi/5ce2 & k ?an life4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ,god is exi/5ce itself4 ,!re=e ,he has n ! p]fections ( life1 & k1 & o!r simil> p]fections4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v7 t ,god 9 ,8 "o exi/5ce prepossesses all ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,all creat$ p]fections are 9 ,god4 ,h5ce ,he is spok5 ( z univ]sally p]fect1 because ,he lacks n 7says ! ,comm5tator1 ,metaph4 v7 any excell5ce :i* may be f\nd 9 any g5us4 ,?is may be se5 f two consid]ations4 ,fir/1 because :atev] p]fection exi/s 9 an effect mu/ be f\nd 9 ! effective cause3 ei!r 9 ! same =mality1 if x is a univocal ag5t--z :5 man reproduces man2 or 9 a m em95t degree1 if x is an equivocal ag5t--?us 9 ! sun is ! lik5ess ( :atev] is g5]at$ by ! sun's p[]4 ,n[ x is pla9 t ! effect pre-exi/s virtually 9 ! effici5t cause3 & al?\gh to pre-exi/ 9 ! pot5tiality ( a mat]ial cause is to pre-exi/ 9 a m imp]fect way1 s9ce matt] z su* is imp]fect1 & an ag5t z su* is p]fect2 /ill to pre-exi/ virtually 9 ! effici5t cause is to pre-exi/ n 9 a m imp]fect1 b 9 a m p]fect way4 ,s9ce !re=e ,god is ! fir/ effective cause ( ?+s1 ! p]fections ( all ?+s mu/ pre-exi/ 9 ,god 9 a m em95t way4 ,dionysius implies ! same l9e ( argum5t by say+ ( ,god 7,div4 ,nom4 v73 ,x is n t ,he is ?is & n t1 b t ,he is all1 z ! cause ( all4 ,secondly1 f :at has be5 already prov$1 ,god is exi/5ce itself1 ( itself subsi/5t 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly1 ,he mu/ conta9 )9 ,himself ! :ole p]fection ( be+4 ,= x is cle> t if "s hot ?+ has n ! :ole p]fection ( heat1 ?is is because heat is n p>ticipat$ 9 its full p]fection2 b if ?is heat 7 self-subsi/+1 no?+ ( ! virtue ( heat w\ld be want+ to x4 ,s9ce !re=e ,god is subsi/+ be+ itself1 no?+ ( ! p]fection ( be+ c be want+ to ,him4 ,n[ all creat$ p]fections are includ$ 9 ! p]fection ( be+2 = ?+s are p]fect1 precisely s f> z !y h be+ aft] "s fa%ion4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! p]fection ( no "o ?+ is want+ to ,god4 ,?is l9e ( argum5t1 too1 is impli$ by ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 v71 :5 he says t1 ,god exi/s n 9 any s+le mode1 b embraces all be+ )9 ,himself1 absolutely1 )\t limitation1 uni=mly2 & aft]w>ds he adds t1 ,he is ! v exi/5ce to subsi/+ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z ! sun 7z ,dionysius rem>ks1 7,div4 ,nom4 v771 :ile rema9+ "o & %9+ uni=mly1 conta9s )9 itself fir/ & uni=mly ! sub/ances ( s5sible ?+s1 & _m & div]se qualities2 a =tiori %\ld all ?+s 9 a k9d ( natural unity pre-exi/ 9 ! cause ( all ?+s2 & ?us ?+s div]se & 9 !mselves oppos$ to ea* o!r1 pre-exi/ 9 ,god z "o1 )\t injury to ,8 simplicity4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v7 t1 al?\gh exi/5ce is m p]fect ?an life1 & life ?an wisdom1 if !y are consid]$ z di/+ui%$ 9 idea2 nev]!less1 a liv+ ?+ is m p]fect ?an :at m]ely exi/s1 because liv+ ?+s also exi/ & intellig5t ?+s bo? exi/ & live4 ,al?\gh !re=e exi/5ce does n include life & wisdom1 because t :i* p>ticipates 9 exi/5ce ne$ n p>ticipate 9 e mode ( exi/5ce2 nev]!less ,god's exi/5ce includes 9 itself life & wisdom1 because no?+ ( ! p]fection ( be+ c be want+ to ,him :o is subsi/+ be+ itself4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,creature ,c ,be ,l ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t no creature c be l ,god4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #he3h73 ,!re is none among ! gods l unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l4 ,b ( all creatures ! mo/ excell5t are ^? :i* are call$ by p>ticipation gods4 ,!re=e /ill less c o!r creatures be said to be l ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 lik5ess implies comp>ison4 ,b !re c be no comp>ison betwe5 ?+s 9 a diff]5t g5us4 ,!re=e nei!r c !re be any lik5ess4 ,?us we d n say t sweetness is l :it5ess4 ,b no creature is 9 ! same g5us z ,god3 s9ce ,god is no g5us1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e no creature is l ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we speak ( ^? ?+s z l :i* agree 9 =m4 ,b no?+ c agree ) ,god 9 =m2 =1 save 9 ,god alone1 ess5ce & exi/5ce diff]4 ,!re=e no creature c be l to ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 among l ?+s !re is mutual lik5ess2 = l is l to l4 ,if !re=e any creature is l ,god1 ,god w be l "s creature1 :i* is aga9/ :at is said by ,isaias3 ,to :om h y lik5$ ,god8 7,isa4 #dj3ah74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,let u make man to our image & lik5ess 7,g54 #a3bf71 &3 ,:5 ,he %all appe> we %all be l to ,him 7#a ,john #c3b74 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce lik5ess is bas$ ^u agreem5t or communication 9 =m1 x v>ies accord+ to ! _m modes ( communication 9 =m4 ,"s ?+s are said to be l1 :i* communicate 9 ! same =m accord+ to ! same =mality1 & accord+ to ! same mode2 & ^! are said to be n m]ely l1 b equal 9 _! lik5ess2 z two ?+s equally :ite are said to be alike 9 :it5ess2 & ?is is ! mo/ p]fect lik5ess4 ,9 ano!r way1 we speak ( ?+s z alike :i* communicate 9 =m accord+ to ! same =mality1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! same measure1 b accord+ to m or less1 z some?+ less :ite is said to be l ano!r ?+ m :ite2 & ?is is imp]fect lik5ess4 ,9 a ?ird way "s ?+s are said to be alike :i* communicate 9 ! same =m1 b n accord+ to ! same =mality2 z we see 9 non-univocal ag5ts4 ,= s9ce e ag5t reproduces itself s f> z x is an ag5t1 & ev]y?+ acts accord+ to ! mann] ( its =m1 ! effect mu/ 9 "s way resemble ! =m ( ! ag5t4 ,if !re=e ! ag5t is conta9$ 9 ! same species z its effect1 !re w be a lik5ess 9 =m betwe5 t :i* makes & t :i* is made1 accord+ to ! same =mality ( ! species2 z man reproduces man4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ag5t & its effect are n conta9$ 9 ! same species1 !re w be a lik5ess1 b n accord+ to ! =mality ( ! same species2 z ?+s g5]at$ by ! sun's heat may be 9 "s sort spok5 ( z l ! sun1 n z ?\gh !y receiv$ ! =m ( ! sun 9 its specific lik5ess1 b 9 its g5]ic lik5ess4 ,!re=e if !re is an ag5t n conta9$ 9 any g5us1 its effect w /ill m di/antly reproduce ! =m ( ! ag5t1 n1 t is1 s z to p>ticipate 9 ! lik5ess ( ! ag5t's =m accord+ to ! same specific or g5]ic =mality1 b only accord+ to "s sort ( analogy2 z exi/5ce is common to all4 ,9 ?is way all creat$ ?+s1 s f> z !y are be+s1 are l ,god z ! fir/ & univ]sal pr9ciple ( all be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ix71 :5 ,holy ,writ decl>es t no?+ is l ,god1 x does n mean to d5y all lik5ess to ,him4 ,=1 ! same ?+s c be l & unlike to ,god3 l1 accord+ z !y imitate ,him1 z f> z ,he1 ,:o is n p]fectly imitable1 c be imitat$2 unlike accord+ z !y fall %ort ( _! cause1 n m]ely 9 int5sity & remission1 z t :i* is less :ite falls %ort ( t :i* is m :ite2 b because !y are n 9 agreem5t1 specifically or g5]ically4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is n relat$ to creatures z ?\gh belong+ to a diff]5t g5us1 b z transc5d+ e g5us1 & z ! pr9ciple ( all g5]a4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,lik5ess ( creatures to ,god is n affirm$ on acc\nt ( agreem5t 9 =m accord+ to ! =mality ( ! same g5us or species1 b solely accord+ to analogy1 inasmu* z ,god is ess5tial be+1 :]eas o!r ?+s are be+s by p>ticipation4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh x may be admitt$ t creatures are 9 "s sort l ,god1 x mu/ n[ise be admitt$ t ,god is l creatures2 because1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ix73 ,a mutual lik5ess may be f\nd betwe5 ?+s ( ! same ord]1 b n betwe5 a cause & t :i* is caus$4 ,=1 we say t a /atue is l a man1 b n conv]sely2 s also a creature c be spok5 ( z 9 "s sort l ,god2 b n t ,god is l a creature4 ,,"q #e ,,( ,,goodness ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we next consid] goodness3 ,fir/1 goodness 9 g5]al4 ,secondly1 ! goodness ( ,god4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r goodness & be+ are ! same really8 7#b7 ,grant$ t !y diff] only 9 idea1 :i* is prior 9 ?\ght8 7#c7 ,grant$ t be+ is prior1 :e!r e be+ is good8 7#d7 ,to :at cause %\ld goodness be r$uc$8 7#e7 ,:e!r goodness consi/s 9 mode1 species1 & ord]8 7#f7 ,:e!r goodness is divid$ into ! virtu\s1 ! useful1 & ! pleasant8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,goodness ,diff]s ,really f ,be+8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t goodness diff]s really f be+4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom473 ,i p]ceive t 9 nature ! fact t ?+s are good is "o ?+3 t !y are is ano!r4 ,!re=e goodness & be+ really diff]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ c be its own =m4 ,b t is call$ good :i* has ! =m ( be+1 accord+ to ! comm5t>y on ,de ,causis4 ,!re=e goodness diff]s really f be+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 goodness c be m or less4 ,b be+ _c be m or less4 ,!re=e goodness diff]s really f be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #db7 t1 inasmu* z we exi/ we are good4 ,i answ] t1 ,goodness & be+ are really ! same1 & diff] only 9 idea2 :i* is cle> f ! foll[+ argum5t4 ,! ess5ce ( goodness consi/s 9 ?is1 t x is 9 "s way desirable4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i73 ,goodness is :at all desire4 ,n[ x is cle> t a ?+ is desirable only 9 s f> z x is p]fect2 = all desire _! own p]fection4 ,b ev]y?+ is p]fect s f> z x is actual4 ,!re=e x is cle> t a ?+ is p]fect s f> z x exi/s2 = x is exi/5ce t makes all ?+s actual1 z is cle> f ! =ego+ 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x is cle> t goodness & be+ are ! same really4 ,b goodness pres5ts ! aspect ( desirabl5ess1 :i* be+ does n pres5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh goodness & be+ are ! same really1 nev]!less s9ce !y diff] 9 ?\ght1 !y are n pr$icat$ ( a ?+ absolutely 9 ! same way4 ,s9ce be+ prop]ly signifies t some?+ actually is1 & actuality prop]ly correlates to pot5tiality2 a ?+ is1 9 consequ5ce1 said simply to h be+1 accord+ly z x is prim>ily di/+ui%$ f t :i* is only 9 pot5tiality2 & ?is is precisely ea* ?+'s sub/antial be+4 ,h5ce by its sub/antial be+1 ev]y?+ is said to h be+ simply2 b by any fur!r actuality x is said to h be+ relatively4 ,?us to be :ite implies relative be+1 = to be :ite does n take a ?+ out ( simply pot5tial be+2 because only a ?+ t actually has be+ c receive ?is mode ( be+4 ,b goodness signifies p]fection :i* is desirable2 & consequ5tly ( ultimate p]fection4 ,h5ce t :i* has ultimate p]fection is said to be simply good2 b t :i* has n ! ultimate p]fection x ought to h 7al?\gh1 9 s f> z x is at all actual1 x has "s p]fection71 is n said to be p]fect simply nor good simply1 b only relatively4 ,9 ?is way1 !re=e1 view$ 9 its primal 7i4e4 sub/antial7 be+ a ?+ is said to be simply1 & to be good relatively 7i4e4 9 s f> z x has be+7 b view$ 9 its complete actuality1 a ?+ is said to be relatively1 & to be good simply4 ,h5ce ! say+ ( ,boe?ius 7,de ,hebdom471 ,i p]ceive t 9 nature ! fact t ?+s are good is "o ?+2 t !y are is ano!r1 is to be ref]r$ to a ?+'s goodness simply1 & hav+ be+ simply4 ,because1 reg>d$ 9 its primal actuality1 a ?+ simply exi/s2 & reg>d$ 9 its complete actuality1 x is good simply--9 su* sort t ev5 9 its primal actuality1 x is 9 "s sort good1 & ev5 9 its complete actuality1 x 9 "s sort has be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,goodness is a =m s f> z absolute goodness signifies complete actuality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,aga91 goodness is spok5 ( z m or less accord+ to a ?+'s sup]add$ actuality1 = example1 z to k or virtue4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,goodness ,is ,prior 9 ,idea to ,be+8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t goodness is prior 9 idea to be+4 ,= names are arrang$ accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! ?+s signifi$ by ! names4 ,b ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iii7 assign$ ! fir/ place1 among/ ! o!r names ( ,god1 to ,8 goodness r ?an to ,8 be+4 ,!re=e 9 idea goodness is prior to be+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is ! m ext5sive is prior 9 idea4 ,b goodness is m ext5sive ?an be+1 because1 z ,dionysius notes 7,div4 ,nom4 v71 goodness ext5ds to ?+s bo? exi/+ & non-exi/+2 :]eas exi/5ce ext5ds to exi/+ ?+s alone4 ,!re=e goodness is 9 idea prior to be+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is ! m univ]sal is prior 9 idea4 ,b goodness seems to be m univ]sal ?an be+1 s9ce goodness has ! aspect ( desirable2 :]eas to "s non-exi/5ce is desirable2 = x is said ( ,judas3 ,x 7 bett] = him1 if t man _h n be5 born 7,matt4 #bf3bd74 ,!re=e 9 idea goodness is prior to be+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 n only is exi/5ce desirable1 b life1 k1 & _m o!r ?+s besides4 ,?us x seems t exi/5ce is a p>ticul> appetible1 & goodness a univ]sal appetible4 ,!re=e1 absolutely1 goodness is prior 9 idea to be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said by ,ari/otle 7,de ,causis7 t ! fir/ ( creat$ ?+s is be+4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 idea be+ is prior to goodness4 ,= ! mean+ signifi$ by ! "n ( a ?+ is t :i* ! m9d conceives ( ! ?+ & int5ds by ! ^w t /&s = x4 ,!re=e1 t is prior 9 idea1 :i* is fir/ conceiv$ by ! intellect4 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ conceiv$ by ! intellect is be+2 because ev]y?+ is kn[able only inasmu* z x is 9 actuality4 ,h5ce1 be+ is ! prop] object ( ! intellect1 & is prim>ily intelligible2 z s\nd is t :i* is prim>ily audible4 ,!re=e 9 idea be+ is prior to goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius discusses ! ,div9e ,names 7,div4 ,nom4 i1 iii7 z imply+ "s causal relation 9 ,god2 = we "n ,god1 z he says1 f creatures1 z a cause f its effects4 ,b goodness1 s9ce x has ! aspect ( desirable1 implies ! idea ( a f9al cause1 ! causality ( :i* is fir/ among causes1 s9ce an ag5t does n act except = "s end2 & by an ag5t matt] is mov$ to its =m4 ,h5ce ! end is call$ ! cause ( causes4 ,?us goodness1 z a cause1 is prior to be+1 z is ! end to ! =m4 ,!re=e among ! names signify+ ! div9e causality1 goodness prec$es be+4 ,aga91 accord+ to ! ,platoni/s1 :o1 ?r\gh n di/+ui%+ prim>y matt] f privation1 said t matt] 0 non-be+1 goodness is m ext5sively p>ticipat$ ?an be+2 = prim>y matt] p>ticipates 9 goodness z t5d+ to x1 = all seek _! l2 b x does n p>ticipate 9 be+1 s9ce x is presum$ to be non-be+4 ,!re=e ,dionysius says t goodness ext5ds to non-exi/5ce 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same solution is appli$ to ?is objection4 ,or x may be said t goodness ext5ds to exi/+ & non-exi/+ ?+s1 n s f> z x c be pr$icat$ ( !m1 b s f> z x c cause !m--if1 inde$1 by non-exi/5ce we und]/& n simply ^? ?+s :i* d n exi/1 b ^? :i* are pot5tial1 & n actual4 ,= goodness has ! aspect ( ! end1 9 :i* n only actual ?+s f9d _! completion1 b also t[>ds :i* t5d ev5 ^? ?+s :i* are n actual1 b m]ely pot5tial4 ,n[ be+ implies ! habitude ( a =mal cause only1 ei!r inh]5t or exempl>2 & its causality does n ext5d save to ^? ?+s :i* are actual4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,non-be+ is desirable1 n ( itself1 b only relatively--i4e4 inasmu* z ! removal ( an evil1 :i* c only be remov$ by non-be+1 is desirable4 ,n[ ! removal ( an evil _c be desirable1 except s f> z ?is evil deprives a ?+ ( "s be+4 ,!re=e be+ is desirable ( itself2 & non-be+ only relatively1 inasmu* z "o seeks "s mode ( be+ ( :i* "o _c be> to be depriv$2 ?us ev5 non-be+ c be spok5 ( z relatively good4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,life1 wisdom1 & ! l1 are desirable only s f> z !y are actual4 ,h5ce1 9 ea* "o ( !m "s sort ( be+ is desir$4 ,& ?us no?+ c be desir$ except be+2 & consequ5tly no?+ is good except be+4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,e ,be+ ,is ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t n e be+ is good4 ,= goodness is some?+ sup]add$ to be+1 z is cle> f ,a4 #a4 ,b :atev] is add$ to be+ limits x2 z sub/ance1 quantity1 quality1 etc4 ,!re=e goodness limits be+4 ,!re=e n e be+ is good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no evil is good3 ,woe to y t call evil good & good evil 7,isa4 #e3bj74 ,b "s ?+s are call$ evil4 ,!re=e n e be+ is good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 goodness implies desirability4 ,n[ prim>y matt] does n imply desirability1 b r t :i* desires4 ,!re=e prim>y matt] does n conta9 ! =mality ( goodness4 ,!re=e n e be+ is good4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] notes 7,metaph4 iii7 t 9 ma!matics goodness does n exi/4 ,b ma!matics are entities2 o!rwise !re w\ld be no sci5ce ( ma!matics4 ,!re=e n e be+ is good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e be+ t is n ,god is ,god's creature4 ,n[ e creature ( ,god is good 7#a ,tim4 #d3d73 & ,god is ! greate/ good4 ,!re=e e be+ is good4 ,i answ] t1 ,e be+1 z be+1 is good4 ,= all be+1 z be+1 has actuality & is 9 "s way p]fect2 s9ce e act implies "s sort ( p]fection2 & p]fection implies desirability & goodness1 z is cle> f ,a4 #a4 ,h5ce x foll[s t e be+ z su* is good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sub/ance1 quantity1 quality1 & ev]y?+ includ$ 9 !m1 limit be+ by apply+ x to "s ess5ce or nature4 ,n[ 9 ?is s5se1 goodness does n add any?+ to be+ beyond ! aspect ( desirability & p]fection1 :i* is also prop] to be+1 :atev] k9d ( nature x may be4 ,h5ce goodness does n limit be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no be+ c be spok5 ( z evil1 =mally z be+1 b only s f> z x lacks be+4 ,?us a man is said to be evil1 because he lacks "s virtue2 & an eye is said to be evil1 because x lacks ! p[] to see well4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z prim>y matt] has only pot5tial be+1 s x is only pot5tially good4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ! ,platoni/s1 prim>y matt] may be said to be a non-be+ on acc\nt ( ! privation atta*+ to x1 nev]!less1 x does p>ticipate to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 goodness1 viz4 by its relation to1 or aptitude =1 goodness4 ,consequ5tly1 to be desirable is n its prop]ty1 b to desire4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ma!matical entities d n subsi/ z realities2 because !y w\ld be 9 "s sort good if !y subsi/$2 b !y h only logical exi/5ce1 inasmu* z !y are ab/ract$ f motion & matt]2 ?us !y _c h ! aspect ( an end1 :i* itself has ! aspect ( mov+ ano!r4 ,nor is x repugnant t !re %\ld be 9 "s logical entity nei!r goodness nor =m ( goodness2 s9ce ! idea ( be+ is prior to ! idea ( goodness1 z 0 said 9 ! prec$+ article4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,goodness ,has ! ,aspect ( a ,f9al ,cause8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t goodness has n ! aspect ( a f9al cause1 b r ( ! o!r causes4 ,=1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 ,goodness is prais$ z beauty4 ,b beauty has ! aspect ( a =mal cause4 ,!re=e goodness has ! aspect ( a =mal cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 goodness is self-diffusive2 = ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t goodness is t :]eby all ?+s subsi/1 & are4 ,b to be self-giv+ implies ! aspect ( an effici5t cause4 ,!re=e goodness has ! aspect ( an effici5t cause4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #ca7 t we exi/ because ,god is good4 ,b we owe our exi/5ce to ,god z ! effici5t cause4 ,!re=e goodness implies ! aspect ( an effici5t cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii7 t t is to be consid]$ z ! end & ! good ( o!r ?+s1 = ! sake ( :i* some?+ is4 ,!re=e goodness has ! aspect ( a f9al cause4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce goodness is t :i* all ?+s desire1 & s9ce ?is has ! aspect ( an end1 x is cle> t goodness implies ! aspect ( an end4 ,nev]!less1 ! idea ( goodness presupposes ! idea ( an effici5t cause1 & also ( a =mal cause4 ,= we see t :at is fir/ 9 caus+1 is la/ 9 ! ?+ caus$4 ,fire1 e4g4 heats fir/ ( all be=e x reproduces ! =m ( fire2 ?\gh ! heat 9 ! fire foll[s f its sub/antial =m4 ,n[ 9 caus+1 goodness & ! end come fir/1 bo? ( :i* move ! ag5t to act2 secondly1 ! action ( ! ag5t mov+ to ! =m2 ?irdly1 comes ! =m4 ,h5ce 9 t :i* is caus$ ! conv]se ought to take place1 s t !re %\ld be fir/1 ! =m :]eby x is a be+2 secondly1 we consid] 9 x its effective p[]1 :]eby x is p]fect 9 be+1 = a ?+ is p]fect :5 x c reproduce its l1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,meteor4 iv72 ?irdly1 !re foll[s ! =mality ( goodness :i* is ! basic pr9ciple ( its p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,beauty & goodness 9 a ?+ are id5tical fundam5tally2 = !y are bas$ ^u ! same ?+1 namely1 ! =m2 & consequ5tly goodness is prais$ z beauty4 ,b !y diff] logically1 = goodness prop]ly relates to ! appetite 7goodness be+ :at all ?+s desire72 & !re=e x has ! aspect ( an end 7! appetite be+ a k9d ( movem5t t[>ds a ?+74 ,on ! o!r h&1 beauty relates to ! cognitive faculty2 = beautiful ?+s are ^? :i* please :5 se54 ,h5ce beauty consi/s 9 due proportion2 = ! s5ses delight 9 ?+s duly proportion$1 z 9 :at is aft] _! own k9d--because ev5 s5se is a sort ( reason1 j z is e cognitive faculty4 ,n[ s9ce k is by assimilation1 & simil>ity relates to =m1 beauty prop]ly belongs to ! nature ( a =mal cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,goodness is describ$ z self-diffusive 9 ! s5se t an end is said to move4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o has a w is said to be good1 s f> z he has a good w2 because x is by our w t we employ :atev] p[]s we may h4 ,h5ce a man is said to be good1 n by 8 good und]/&+2 b by 8 good w4 ,n[ ! w relates to ! end z to its prop] object4 ,?us ! say+1 we exi/ because ,god is good has ref]5ce to ! f9al cause4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,ess5ce ( ,goodness ,consi/s 9 ,mode1 ,species & ,ord]8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! ess5ce ( goodness does n consi/ 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,= goodness & be+ diff] logically4 ,b mode1 species & ord] seem to belong to ! nature ( be+1 = x is writt53 ,?\ ha/ ord]$ all ?+s 9 measure1 & numb]1 & weight 7,wis4 #aa3ba74 ,& to ^! ?ree c be r$uc$ species1 mode & ord]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #c73 ,measure fixes ! mode ( ev]y?+1 numb] gives x its species1 & weight gives x re/ & /ability4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce ( goodness does n consi/ 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mode1 species & ord] are !mselves good4 ,!re=e if ! ess5ce ( goodness consi/s 9 mode1 species & ord]1 !n e mode mu/ h its own mode1 species & ord]4 ,! same w\ld be ! case ) species & ord] 9 endless succession4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 evil is ! privation ( mode1 species & ord]4 ,b evil is n ! total abs5ce ( goodness4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce ( goodness does n consi/ 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 t :]e9 consi/s ! ess5ce ( goodness _c be spok5 ( z evil4 ,yet we c speak ( an evil mode1 species & ord]4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce ( goodness does n consi/ 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 mode1 species & ord] are caus$ by weight1 numb] & measure1 z appe>s f ! quotation f ,augu/9e4 ,b n e good ?+ has weight1 numb] & measure2 = ,ambrose says 7,hexam4 i1 #i73 ,x is ( ! nature ( light n to h be5 creat$ 9 numb]1 weight & measure4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce ( goodness does n consi/ 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 ,boni4 iii73 ,^! ?ree--mode1 species & ord]--z common good ?+s1 are 9 ev]y?+ ,god has made2 ?us1 :]e ^! ?ree ab\nd ! ?+s are v good2 :]e !y are less1 ! ?+s are less good2 :]e !y d n exi/ at all1 !re c be no?+ good4 ,b ?is w\ld n be unless ! ess5ce ( goodness consi/$ 9 !m4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce ( goodness consi/s 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,i answ] t1 ,ev]y?+ is said to be good s f> z x is p]fect2 = 9 t way only is x desirable 7z %[n above1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be p]fect if x lacks no?+ accord+ to ! mode ( its p]fection4 ,b s9ce ev]y?+ is :at x is by its =m 7& s9ce ! =m presupposes c]ta9 ?+s1 & f ! =m c]ta9 ?+s necess>ily foll[71 9 ord] = a ?+ to be p]fect & good x mu/ h a =m1 toge!r ) all t prec$es & foll[s ^u t =m4 ,n[ ! =m presupposes det]m9ation or comm5suration ( its pr9ciples1 :e!r mat]ial or effici5t1 & ?is is signifi$ by ! mode3 h5ce x is said t ! measure m>ks ! mode4 ,b ! =m itself is signifi$ by ! species2 = ev]y?+ is plac$ 9 its species by its =m4 ,h5ce ! numb] is said to give ! species1 = def9itions signify+ species are l numb]s1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 x72 = z a unit add$ to1 or tak5 f a numb]1 *anges its species1 s a diff]5ce add$ to1 or tak5 f a def9ition1 *anges its species4 ,fur!r1 ^u ! =m foll[s an incl9ation to ! end1 or to an action1 or some?+ ( ! sort2 = ev]y?+1 9 s f> z x is 9 act1 acts & t5ds t[>ds t :i* is 9 accordance ) its =m2 & ?is belongs to weight & ord]4 ,h5ce ! ess5ce ( goodness1 s f> z x consi/s 9 p]fection1 consi/s also 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! ?ree only foll[ ^u be+1 s f> z x is p]fect1 & accord+ to ?is p]fection is x good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,mode1 species & ord] are said to be good1 & to be be+s1 n z ?\gh !y !mselves 7 subsi/5ces1 b because x is ?r\gh !m t o!r ?+s are bo? be+s & good4 ,h5ce !y h no ne$ ( o!r ?+s :]eby !y are good3 = !y are spok5 ( z good1 n z ?\gh =mally con/itut$ s by some?+ else1 b z =mally con/itut+ o!rs good3 ?us :it5ess is n said to be a be+ z ?\gh x 7 by any?+ else2 b because1 by x1 some?+ else has accid5tal be+1 z an object t is :ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e be+ is due to "s =m4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to e be+ ( a ?+ is its mode1 species1 ord]4 ,?us1 a man has a mode1 species & ord] z he is :ite1 virtu\s1 le>n$ & s on2 accord+ to ev]y?+ pr$icat$ ( him4 ,b evil deprives a ?+ ( "s sort ( be+1 z bl9dness deprives u ( t be+ :i* is sight2 yet x does n de/roy e mode1 species & ord]1 b only su* z foll[ ^u ! be+ ( sight4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 ,boni4 xxiii71 ,e mode1 z mode1 is good 7& ! same c be said ( species & ord]74 ,b an evil mode1 species & ord] are s call$ z be+ less ?an !y ought to be1 or z n belong+ to t :i* !y ought to belong4 ,!re=e !y are call$ evil1 because !y are out ( place & incongru\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! nature ( light is spok5 ( z be+ )\t numb]1 weight & measure1 n absolutely1 b 9 comp>ison ) corporeal ?+s1 because ! p[] ( light ext5ds to all corporeal ?+s2 inasmu* z x is an active quality ( ! fir/ body t causes *ange1 i4e4 ! heav5s4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,goodness ,is ,rightly ,divid$ into ! ,virtu\s991 ! ,useful & ! ,pleasant8 99,bonum hone/um is ! virtu\s good consid]$ z fitt+4 ,cf4 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ade4 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t goodness is n rightly divid$ into ! virtu\s1 ! useful & ! pleasant4 ,= goodness is divid$ by ! t5 pr$icam5ts1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i74 ,b ! virtu\s1 ! useful & ! pleasant c be f\nd "u "o pr$icam5t4 ,!re=e goodness is n rightly divid$ by !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e division is made by opposites4 ,b ^! ?ree d n seem to be opposites2 = ! virtu\s is pleas+1 & no wick$ness is useful2 :]eas ?is ought to be ! case if ! division 7 made by opposites1 = !n ! virtu\s & ! useful w\ld be oppos$2 & ,tully speaks ( ?is 7,de ,(fic4 ii74 ,!re=e ?is division is incorrect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :]e "o ?+ is on acc\nt ( ano!r1 !re is only "o ?+4 ,b ! useful is n goodness1 except s f> z x is pleas+ & virtu\s4 ,!re=e ! useful ought n to divid$ aga9/ ! pleasant & ! virtu\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose makes use ( ?is division ( goodness 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #i7 ,i answ] t1 ,?is division prop]ly conc]ns human goodness4 ,b if we consid] ! nature ( goodness f a high] & m univ]sal po9t ( view1 we %all f9d t ?is division prop]ly conc]ns goodness z su*4 ,= ev]y?+ is good s f> z x is desirable1 & is a t]m ( ! movem5t ( ! appetite2 ! t]m ( ^: movem5t c be se5 f a consid]ation ( ! movem5t ( a natural body4 ,n[ ! movem5t ( a natural body is t]m9at$ by ! end absolutely2 & relatively by ! means ?r\gh :i* x comes to ! end1 :]e ! movem5t ceases2 s a ?+ is call$ a t]m ( movem5t1 s f> z x t]m9ates any "p ( t movem5t4 ,n[ ! ultimate t]m ( movem5t c be tak5 9 two ways1 ei!r z ! ?+ itself t[>ds :i* x t5ds1 e4g4 a place or =m2 or a /ate ( re/ 9 t ?+4 ,?us1 9 ! movem5t ( ! appetite1 ! ?+ desir$ t t]m9ates ! movem5t ( ! appetite relatively1 z a means by :i* some?+ t5ds t[>ds ano!r1 is call$ ! useful2 b t s\ght aft] z ! la/ ?+ absolutely t]m9at+ ! movem5t ( ! appetite1 z a ?+ t[>ds :i* = its own sake ! appetite t5ds1 is call$ ! virtu\s2 = ! virtu\s is t :i* is desir$ = its own sake2 b t :i* t]m9ates ! movem5t ( ! appetite 9 ! =m ( re/ 9 ! ?+ desir$1 is call$ ! pleasant4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,goodness1 s f> z x is id5tical ) be+1 is divid$ by ! t5 pr$icam5ts4 ,b ?is division belongs to x accord+ to its prop] =mality4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is division is n by opposite ?+s2 b by opposite aspects4 ,n[ ^? ?+s are call$ pleas+ :i* h no o!r =mality "u :i* !y are desirable except ! pleasant1 be+ sometimes hurtful & contr>y to virtue4 ,:]eas ! useful applies to su* z h no?+ desirable 9 !mselves1 b are desir$ only z helpful to some?+ fur!r1 z ! tak+ ( bitt] m$ic9e2 :ile ! virtu\s is pr$icat$ ( su* z are desirable 9 !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,goodness is n divid$ into ^! ?ree z some?+ univocal to be pr$icat$ equally ( !m all2 b z some?+ analogical to be pr$icat$ ( !m accord+ to priority & po/]iority4 ,h5ce x is pr$icat$ *iefly ( ! virtu\s2 !n ( ! pleasant2 & la/ly ( ! useful4 ,,"q #f ,,! ,,goodness ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! goodness ( ,god2 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r goodness belongs to ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god is ! supreme good8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,he alone is ess5tially good8 7#d7 ,:e!r all ?+s are good by ! div9e goodness8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god is good8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t to be good does n belong to ,god4 ,= goodness consi/s 9 mode1 species & ord]4 ,b ^! d n seem to belong to ,god2 s9ce ,god is imm5se & is n ord]$ to any?+ else4 ,!re=e to be good does n belong to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! good is :at all ?+s desire4 ,b all ?+s d n desire ,god1 because all ?+s d n "k ,him2 & no?+ is desir$ unless x is kn[n4 ,!re=e to be good does n belong to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,lam4 #c3be73 ,! ,"l is good to !m t hope 9 ,him1 to ! s\l t seeke? ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,to be good belongs pre-em95tly to ,god4 ,= a ?+ is good accord+ to its desirabl5ess4 ,n[ ev]y?+ seeks aft] its own p]fection2 & ! p]fection & =m ( an effect consi/ 9 a c]ta9 lik5ess to ! ag5t1 s9ce e ag5t makes its l2 & h5ce ! ag5t itself is desirable & has ! nature ( good4 ,= ! v ?+ :i* is desirable 9 x is ! p>ticipation ( its lik5ess4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,god is ! fir/ effective cause ( all ?+s1 x is manife/ t ! aspect ( good & ( desirabl5ess belong to ,him2 & h5ce ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 attributes good to ,god z to ! fir/ effici5t cause1 say+ t1 ,god is call$ good z by ,:om all ?+s subsi/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to h mode1 species & ord] belongs to ! ess5ce ( caus$ good2 b good is 9 ,god z 9 its cause1 & h5ce x belongs to ,him to impose mode1 species & ord] on o!rs2 :]e=e ^! ?ree ?+s are 9 ,god z 9 _! cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ?+s1 by desir+ _! own p]fection1 desire ,god ,himself1 inasmu* z ! p]fections ( all ?+s are s _m similitudes ( ! div9e be+2 z appe>s f :at is said above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c74 ,& s ( ^? ?+s :i* desire ,god1 "s "k ,him z ,he is ,himself1 & ?is is prop] to ! rational creature2 o!rs "k "s p>ticipation ( ,8 goodness1 & ?is belongs also to s5sible k2 o!rs h a natural desire )\t k1 z be+ direct$ to _! ends by a high] intellig5ce4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,is ! ,supreme ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n ! supreme good4 ,= ! supreme good adds some?+ to good2 o!rwise x w\ld belong to e good4 ,b ev]y?+ :i* is an addition to any?+ else is a comp\nd ?+3 !re=e ! supreme good is a comp\nd4 ,b ,god is supremely simple2 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e ,god is n ! supreme good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,good is :at all desire1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #a74 ,n[ :at all desire is no?+ b ,god1 ,:o is ! end ( all ?+s3 !re=e !re is no o!r good b ,god4 ,?is appe>s also f :at is said 7,luke #ah3ai73 ,none is good b ,god alone4 ,b we use ! ^w supreme 9 comp>ison ) o!rs1 z e4g4 supreme heat is us$ 9 comp>ison ) all o!r heats4 ,!re=e ,god _c be call$ ! supreme good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 supreme implies comp>ison4 ,b ?+s n 9 ! same g5us are n comp>able2 z1 sweetness is n prop]ly great] or less ?an a l9e4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,god is n 9 ! same g5us z o!r good ?+s1 z appe>s above 7,,qq4 #c1 ,a4 #e2 #d1 ,a4 #c7 x seems t ,god _c be call$ ! supreme good 9 relation to o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ii7 t1 ! ,tr9ity ( ! div9e p]sons is ! supreme good1 disc]n$ by purifi$ m9ds4 ,i answ] t1 ,god is ! supreme good simply1 & n only z exi/+ 9 any g5us or ord] ( ?+s4 ,= good is attribut$ to ,god1 z 0 said 9 ! prec$+ article1 inasmu* z all desir$ p]fections fl[ f ,him z f ! fir/ cause4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 fl[ f ,him z f a univocal ag5t1 z %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b72 b z f an ag5t :i* does n agree ) its effects ei!r 9 species or g5us4 ,n[ ! lik5ess ( an effect 9 ! univocal cause is f\nd uni=mly2 b 9 ! equivocal cause x is f\nd m excell5tly1 z1 heat is 9 ! sun m excell5tly ?an x is 9 fire4 ,!re=e z good is 9 ,god z 9 ! fir/1 b n ! univocal1 cause ( all ?+s1 x mu/ be 9 ,him 9 a mo/ excell5t way2 & !re=e ,he is call$ ! supreme good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! supreme good does n add to good any absolute ?+1 b only a relation4 ,n[ a relation ( ,god to creatures1 is n a reality 9 ,god1 b 9 ! creature2 = x is 9 ,god 9 our idea only3 z1 :at is kn[able is s call$ ) relation to k1 n t x dep5ds on k1 b because k dep5ds on x4 ,?us x is n necess>y t !re %\ld be composition 9 ! supreme good1 b only t o!r ?+s are defici5t 9 comp>ison ) x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 we say t good is :at all desire1 x is n to be und]/ood t e k9d ( good ?+ is desir$ by all2 b t :atev] is desir$ has ! nature ( good4 ,& :5 x is said1 ,none is good b ,god alone1 ?is is to be und]/ood ( ess5tial goodness1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! next article4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s n ( ! same g5us are 9 no way comp>able to ea* o!r if inde$ !y are 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,n[ we say t ,god is n 9 ! same g5us ) o!r good ?+s2 n t ,he is any o!r g5us1 b t ,he is outside g5us1 & is ! pr9ciple ( e g5us2 & ?us ,he is comp>$ to o!rs by excess1 & x is ?is k9d ( comp>ison ! supreme good implies4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i4 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r to ,be ,ess5tially ,good ,belongs to ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t to be ess5tially good does n belong to ,god alone4 ,= z "o is conv]tible ) be+1 s is good2 z we said above 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #a74 ,b e be+ is "o ess5tially1 z appe>s f ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 iv72 !re=e e be+ is good ess5tially4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if good is :at all ?+s desire1 s9ce be+ itself is desir$ by all1 !n ! be+ ( ea* ?+ is its good4 ,b ev]y?+ is a be+ ess5tially2 !re=e e be+ is good ess5tially4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ is good by its own goodness4 ,!re=e if !re is any?+ :i* is n good ess5tially1 x is necess>y to say t its goodness is n its own ess5ce4 ,!re=e its goodness1 s9ce x is a be+1 mu/ be good2 & if x is good by "s o!r goodness1 ! same "q applies to t goodness also2 !re=e we mu/ ei!r proce$ to inf9ity1 or come to "s goodness :i* is n good by any o!r goodness4 ,!re=e ! fir/ supposition holds good4 ,!re=e ev]y?+ is good ess5tially4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom471 t all ?+s b ,god are good by p>ticipation4 ,!re=e !y are n good ess5tially4 ,i answ] t1 ,god alone is good ess5tially4 ,= ev]y?+ is call$ good accord+ to its p]fection4 ,n[ p]fection ( a ?+ is ?reefold3 fir/1 accord+ to ! con/itution ( its own be+2 secondly1 9 respect ( any accid5ts be+ add$ z necess>y = its p]fect op]ation2 ?irdly1 p]fection consi/s 9 ! atta9+ to some?+ else z ! end4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ p]fection ( fire consi/s 9 its exi/5ce1 :i* x has ?r\gh its own sub/antial =m2 its second>y p]fection consi/s 9 heat1 lightness & dryness1 & ! l2 its ?ird p]fection is to re/ 9 its own place4 ,?is triple p]fection belongs to no creature by its own ess5ce2 x belongs to ,god only1 9 ,:om alone ess5ce is exi/5ce2 9 ,:om !re are no accid5ts2 s9ce :atev] belongs to o!rs accid5tally belongs to ,him ess5tially2 z1 to be p[]ful1 wise & ! l1 z appe>s f :at is /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #f72 & ,he is n direct$ to any?+ else z to an end1 b is ,himself ! la/ end ( all ?+s4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ,god alone has e k9d ( p]fection by ,8 own ess5ce2 !re=e ,he ,himself alone is good ess5tially4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o does n include ! idea ( p]fection1 b only ( indivision1 :i* belongs to ev]y?+ accord+ to its own ess5ce4 ,n[ ! ess5ces ( simple ?+s are undivid$ bo? actually & pot5tially1 b ! ess5ces ( comp\nds are undivid$ only actually2 & !re=e ev]y?+ mu/ be "o ess5tially1 b n good ess5tially1 z 0 %[n above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ev]y?+ is good 9 t x has be+1 yet ! ess5ce ( a creature is n v be+2 & !re=e x does n foll[ t a creature is good ess5tially4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! goodness ( a creature is n its v ess5ce1 b some?+ sup]add$2 x is ei!r its exi/5ce1 or "s add$ p]fection1 or ! ord] to its end4 ,/ill1 ! goodness itself ?us add$ is good1 j z x is be+4 ,b = ?is reason is x call$ be+ because by x some?+ has be+1 n because x itself has be+ ?r\gh some?+ else3 h5ce = ?is reason is x call$ good because by x some?+ is good1 & n because x itself has "s o!r goodness :]eby x is good4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ,?+s ,are ,good by ! ,div9e ,goodness8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t all ?+s are good by ! div9e goodness4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 viii71 ,?is & t are good2 take away ?is & t1 & see good itself if ?\ can/2 & s ?\ %alt see ,god1 good n by any o!r good1 b ! good ( e good4 ,b ev]y?+ is good by its own good2 !re=e ev]y?+ is good by t v good :i* is ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom471 all ?+s are call$ good1 accord+ly z !y are direct$ to ,god1 & ?is is by reason ( ! div9e goodness2 !re=e all ?+s are good by ! div9e goodness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all ?+s are good1 inasmu* z !y h be+4 ,b !y are n call$ be+s ?r\gh ! div9e be+1 b ?r\gh _! own be+2 !re=e all ?+s are n good by ! div9e goodness1 b by _! own goodness4 ,i answ] t1 ,z reg>ds relative ?+s1 we mu/ admit extr9sic d5om9ation2 z1 a ?+ is d5om9at$ plac$ f place1 & measur$ f measure4 ,b z reg>ds absolute ?+s op9ions diff]4 ,plato held ! exi/5ce ( sep>ate ideas 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #d7 ( all ?+s1 & t individuals 7 d5om9at$ by !m z p>ticipat+ 9 ! sep>ate ideas2 = in/ance1 t ,socrates is call$ man accord+ to ! sep>ate idea ( man4 ,n[ j z he laid d[n sep>ate ideas ( man & horse :i* he call$ absolute man & absolute horse1 s likewise he laid d[n sep>ate ideas ( be+ & ( "o1 & ^! he call$ absolute be+ & absolute on5ess2 & by p>ticipation ( ^!1 ev]y?+ 0 call$ be+ or "o2 & :at 0 ?us absolute be+ & absolute "o1 he said 0 ! supreme good4 ,& because good is conv]tible ) be+1 z "o is also2 he call$ ,god ! absolute good1 f :om all ?+s are call$ good by way ( p>ticipation4 ,al?\gh ?is op9ion appe>s to be unreasonable 9 affirm+ sep>ate ideas ( natural ?+s z subsi/+ ( !mselves--z ,ari/otle argues 9 _m ways--/ill1 x is absolutely true t !re is fir/ some?+ :i* is ess5tially be+ & ess5tially good1 :i* we call ,god1 z appe>s f :at is %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c71 & ,ari/otle agrees ) ?is4 ,h5ce f ! fir/ be+1 ess5tially su*1 & good1 ev]y?+ c be call$ good & a be+1 inasmu* z x p>ticipates 9 x by way ( a c]ta9 assimilation :i* is f> remov$ & defective2 z appe>s f ! above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c74 ,ev]y?+ is !re=e call$ good f ! div9e goodness1 z f ! fir/ exempl>y effective & f9al pr9ciple ( all goodness4 ,nev]!less1 ev]y?+ is call$ good by reason ( ! similitude ( ! div9e goodness belong+ to x1 :i* is =mally its own goodness1 :]eby x is d5om9at$ good4 ,& s ( all ?+s !re is "o goodness1 & yet _m goodnesses4 ,?is is a suffici5t ,reply to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #g ,,! ,,inf9ity ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ ! div9e p]fection we mu/ consid] ! div9e inf9ity1 & ,god's exi/5ce 9 ?+s3 = ,god is ev]y:]e1 & 9 all ?+s1 inasmu* z ,he is b\ndless & inf9ite4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/1 !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is inf9ite8 7#b7 ,:e!r any?+ besides ,him is inf9ite 9 ess5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r any?+ c be inf9itude 9 magnitude8 7#d7 ,:e!r an inf9ite multitude c exi/8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,is ,inf9ite8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n inf9ite4 ,= ev]y?+ inf9ite is imp]fect1 z ! ,philosoph] says2 because x has p>ts & matt]1 z is said 9 ,phys4 iii4 ,b ,god is mo/ p]fect2 !re=e ,he is n inf9ite4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 i71 f9ite & inf9ite belong to quantity4 ,b !re is no quantity 9 ,god1 = ,he is n a body1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x does n belong to ,him to be inf9ite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is "h 9 su* a way z n to be else:]e1 is f9ite accord+ to place4 ,!re=e t :i* is a ?+ 9 su* a way z n to be ano!r ?+1 is f9ite accord+ to sub/ance4 ,b ,god is ?is1 & n ano!r2 = ,he is n a /one or wood4 ,!re=e ,god is n inf9ite 9 sub/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #d7 t ,god is inf9ite & et]nal1 & b\ndless4 ,i answ] t1 ,all ! anci5t philosoph]s attribute inf9itude to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 z is said 7,phys4 iii71 & ) reason2 = !y consid]$ t ?+s fl[ =? inf9itely f ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,b because "s err$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! fir/ pr9ciple1 z a consequ5ce !y err$ also conc]n+ its inf9ity2 =asmu* z !y ass]t$ t matt] 0 ! fir/ pr9ciple2 consequ5tly !y attribut$ to ! fir/ pr9ciple a mat]ial inf9ity to ! effect t "s inf9ite body 0 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,we mu/ consid] !re=e t a ?+ is call$ inf9ite because x is n f9ite4 ,n[ matt] is 9 a way made f9ite by =m1 & ! =m by matt]4 ,matt] inde$ is made f9ite by =m1 inasmu* z matt]1 be=e x receives its =m1 is 9 pot5tiality to _m =ms2 b on receiv+ a =m1 x is t]m9at$ by t "o4 ,aga91 =m is made f9ite by matt]1 inasmu* z =m1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is common to _m2 b :5 receiv$ 9 matt]1 ! =m is det]m9$ to ?is "o p>ticul> ?+4 ,n[ matt] is p]fect$ by ! =m by :i* x is made f9ite2 !re=e inf9ite z attribut$ to matt]1 has ! nature ( some?+ imp]fect2 = x is z x 7 =mless matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 =m is n made p]fect by matt]1 b r is contract$ by matt]2 & h5ce ! inf9ite1 reg>d$ on ! "p ( ! =m n det]m9$ by matt]1 has ! nature ( some?+ p]fect4 ,n[ be+ is ! mo/ =mal ( all ?+s1 z appe>s f :at is %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #c74 ,s9ce !re=e ! div9e be+ is n a be+ receiv$ 9 any?+1 b ,he is ,8 own subsi/5t be+ z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d71 x is cle> t ,god ,himself is inf9ite & p]fect4 ,f ?is appe>s ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,quantity is t]m9at$ by its =m1 :i* c be se5 9 ! fact t a figure :i* consi/s 9 quantity t]m9at$1 is a k9d ( quantitative =m4 ,h5ce ! inf9ite ( quantity is ! inf9ite ( matt]2 su* a k9d ( inf9ite _c be attribut$ to ,god2 z 0 said above1 9 ?is article4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact t ! be+ ( ,god is self-subsi/+1 n receiv$ 9 any o!r1 & is ?us call$ inf9ite1 %[s ,him to be di/+ui%$ f all o!r be+s1 & all o!rs to be ap>t f ,him4 ,ev5 s1 7 !re su* a ?+ z a self-subsi/+ :it5ess1 ! v fact t x did n exi/ 9 any?+ else1 w\ld make x di/9ct f e o!r :it5ess exi/+ 9 a subject4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,any?+ b ,god ,c ,be ,ess5tially ,inf9ite8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t some?+ else besides ,god c be ess5tially inf9ite4 ,= ! p[] ( any?+ is proportion$ to its ess5ce4 ,n[ if ! ess5ce ( ,god is inf9ite1 ,8 p[] mu/ also be inf9ite4 ,!re=e ,he c produce an inf9ite effect1 s9ce ! ext5t ( a p[] is kn[n by its effect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] has inf9ite p[]1 has an inf9ite ess5ce4 ,n[ ! creat$ intellect has an inf9ite p[]2 = x appreh5ds ! univ]sal1 :i* c ext5d itself to an inf9itude ( s+ul> ?+s4 ,!re=e e creat$ intellectual sub/ance is inf9ite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prim>y matt] is some?+ o!r ?an ,god1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h74 ,b prim>y matt] is inf9ite4 ,!re=e some?+ besides ,god c be inf9ite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! inf9ite _c h a beg9n+1 z said 9 ,phys4 iii4 ,b ev]y?+ outside ,god is f ,god z f its fir/ pr9ciple4 ,!re=e besides ,god no?+ c be inf9ite4 ,i answ] t1 ,?+s o!r ?an ,god c be relatively inf9ite1 b n absolutely inf9ite4 ,= ) reg>d to inf9ite z appli$ to matt]1 x is manife/ t ev]y?+ actually exi/+ possesses a =m2 & ?us its matt] is det]m9$ by =m4 ,b because matt]1 consid]$ z exi/+ "u "s sub/antial =m1 rema9s 9 pot5tiality to _m accid5tal =ms1 :i* is absolutely f9ite c be relatively inf9ite2 z1 = example1 wood is f9ite accord+ to its own =m1 b /ill x is relatively inf9ite1 inasmu* z x is 9 pot5tiality to an inf9ite numb] ( %apes4 ,b if we speak ( ! inf9ite 9 ref]5ce to =m1 x is manife/ t ^? ?+s1 ! =ms ( :i* are 9 matt]1 are absolutely f9ite1 & 9 no way inf9ite4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any creat$ =ms are n receiv$ into matt]1 b are self-subsi/+1 z "s ?9k is ! case ) angels1 ^! w be relatively inf9ite1 inasmu* z su* k9ds ( =ms are n t]m9at$1 nor contract$ by any matt]4 ,b because a creat$ =m ?us subsi/+ has be+1 & yet is n its own be+1 x foll[s t its be+ is receiv$ & contract$ to a det]m9ate nature4 ,h5ce x _c be absolutely inf9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is aga9/ ! nature ( a made ?+ = its ess5ce to be its exi/5ce2 because subsi/+ be+ is n a creat$ be+2 h5ce x is aga9/ ! nature ( a made ?+ to be absolutely inf9ite4 ,!re=e1 z ,god1 al?\gh ,he has inf9ite p[]1 _c make a ?+ to be n made 7= ?is w\ld imply t two contradictories are true at ! same "t71 s likewise ,he _c make any?+ to be absolutely inf9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fact t ! p[] ( ! intellect ext5ds itself 9 a way to inf9ite ?+s1 is because ! intellect is a =m n 9 matt]1 b ei!r :olly sep>at$ f matt]1 z is ! angelic sub/ance1 or at lea/ an intellectual p[]1 :i* is n ! act ( any organ1 9 ! intellectual s\l jo9$ to a body4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prim>y matt] does n exi/ by itself 9 nature1 s9ce x is n actually be+1 b pot5tially only2 h5ce x is some?+ concreat$ r ?an creat$4 ,nev]!less1 prim>y matt] ev5 z a pot5tiality is n absolutely inf9ite1 b relatively1 because its pot5tiality ext5ds only to natural =ms4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,actually ,inf9ite ,magnitude ,c ,exi/8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re c be some?+ actually inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,= 9 ma!matics !re is no error1 s9ce !re is no lie 9 ?+s ab/ract1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii74 ,b ma!matics uses ! inf9ite 9 magnitude2 ?us1 ! geometrician 9 8 demon/rations says1 ,let ?is l9e be inf9ite4 ,!re=e x is n impossible = a ?+ to be inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is n aga9/ ! nature ( any?+1 c agree ) x4 ,n[ to be inf9ite is n aga9/ ! nature ( magnitude2 b r bo? ! f9ite & ! inf9ite seem to be prop]ties ( quantity4 ,!re=e x is n impossible = "s magnitude to be inf9ite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 magnitude is inf9itely divisible1 = ! cont9u\s is def9$ t :i* is inf9itely divisible1 z is cle> f ,phys4 iii4 ,b contr>ies are conc]n$ ab\t "o & ! same ?+4 ,s9ce !re=e addition is oppos$ to division1 & increase oppos$ to dim9ution1 x appe>s t magnitude c be increas$ to inf9ity4 ,!re=e x is possible = magnitude to be inf9ite4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 movem5t & "t h quantity & cont9uity d]iv$ f ! magnitude ov] :i* movem5t passes1 z is said 9 ,phys4 iv4 ,b x is n aga9/ ! nature ( "t & movem5t to be inf9ite1 s9ce e det]m9ate indivisible 9 "t & circul> movem5t is bo? a beg9n+ & an end4 ,!re=e nei!r is x aga9/ ! nature ( magnitude to be inf9ite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e body has a surface4 ,b e body :i* has a surface is f9ite2 because surface is ! t]m ( a f9ite body4 ,!re=e all bodies are f9ite4 ,! same applies bo? to surface & to a l9e4 ,!re=e no?+ is inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is "o ?+ to be inf9ite 9 ess5ce1 & ano!r to be inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,= grant$ t a body exi/s inf9ite 9 magnitude1 z fire or air1 yet ?is c\ld n be inf9ite 9 ess5ce1 because its ess5ce w\ld be t]m9at$ 9 a species by its =m1 & conf9$ to individuality by matt]4 ,& s assum+ f ^! premises t no creature is inf9ite 9 ess5ce1 x /ill rema9s to inquire :e!r any creature c be inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,we mu/ !re=e obs]ve t a body1 :i* is a complete magnitude1 c be consid]$ 9 two ways2 ma!matically1 9 respect to its quantity only2 & naturally1 z reg>ds its matt] & =m4 ,n[ x is manife/ t a natural body _c be actually inf9ite4 ,= e natural body has "s det]m9$ sub/antial =m4 ,s9ce !re=e ! accid5ts foll[ ^u ! sub/antial =m1 x is necess>y t det]m9ate accid5ts %\ld foll[ ^u a det]m9ate =m2 & among ^! accid5ts is quantity4 ,s e natural body has a great] or small] det]m9ate quantity4 ,h5ce x is impossible = a natural body to be inf9ite4 ,! same appe>s f movem5t2 because e natural body has "s natural movem5t2 :]eas an inf9ite body c\ld n h any natural movem5t2 nei!r direct1 because no?+ moves naturally by a direct movem5t unless x is out ( its place2 & ?is c\ld n happ5 to an inf9ite body1 = x w\ld occupy e place1 & ?us e place w\ld be indiff]5tly its own place4 ,nei!r c\ld x move circul>ly2 =asmu* z circul> motion requires t "o "p ( ! body is necess>ily transf]r$ to a place occupi$ by ano!r "p1 & ?is c\ld n happ5 z reg>ds an inf9ite circul> body3 = if two l9es be drawn f ! c5tre1 ! f>!r !y ext5d f ! c5tre1 ! f>!r !y are f ea* o!r2 !re=e1 if a body 7 inf9ite1 ! l9es w\ld be inf9itely di/ant f ea* o!r2 & ?us "o c\ld nev] occupy ! place belong+ to any o!r4 ,! same applies to a ma!matical body4 ,= if we imag9e a ma!matical body actually exi/+1 we mu/ imag9e x "u "s =m1 because no?+ is actual except by its =m2 h5ce1 s9ce ! =m ( quantity z su* is figure1 su* a body mu/ h "s figure1 & s w\ld be f9ite2 = figure is conf9$ by a t]m or b\nd>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a geometrician does n ne$ to assume a l9e actually inf9ite1 b takes "s actually f9ite l9e1 f :i* he subtracts :atev] he f9ds necess>y2 :i* l9e he calls inf9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! inf9ite is n aga9/ ! nature ( magnitude 9 g5]al1 /ill x is aga9/ ! nature ( any species ( x2 ?us1 = in/ance1 x is aga9/ ! nature ( a bicubical or tricubical magnitude1 :e!r circul> or triangul>1 & s on4 ,n[ :at is n possible 9 any species _c exi/ 9 ! g5us2 h5ce !re _c be any inf9ite magnitude1 s9ce no species ( magnitude is inf9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! inf9ite 9 quantity1 z 0 %[n above1 belongs to matt]4 ,n[ by division ( ! :ole we approa* to matt]1 =asmu* z p>ts h ! aspect ( matt]2 b by addition we approa* to ! :ole :i* has ! aspect ( a =m4 ,!re=e ! inf9ite is n 9 ! addition ( magnitude1 b only 9 division4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,movem5t & "t are :ole1 n actually b successively2 h5ce !y h pot5tiality mix$ ) actuality4 ,b magnitude is an actual :ole2 !re=e ! inf9ite 9 quantity ref]s to matt]1 & does n agree ) ! totality ( magnitude2 yet x agrees ) ! totality ( "t & movem5t3 = x is prop] to matt] to be 9 pot5tiality4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,inf9ite ,multitude ,c ,exi/8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t an actually inf9ite multitude is possible4 ,= x is n impossible = a pot5tiality to be made actual4 ,b numb] c be multipli$ to inf9ity4 ,!re=e x is possible = an inf9ite multitude actually to exi/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is possible = any individual ( any species to be made actual4 ,b ! species ( figures are inf9ite4 ,!re=e an inf9ite numb] ( actual figures is possible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s n oppos$ to ea* o!r d n ob/ruct ea* o!r4 ,b suppos+ a multitude ( ?+s to exi/1 !re c /ill be _m o!rs n oppos$ to !m4 ,!re=e x is n impossible = o!rs also to coexi/ ) !m1 & s on to inf9itude2 !re=e an actual inf9ite numb] ( ?+s is possible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt51 ,?\ ha/ ord]$ all ?+s 9 measure1 & numb]1 & weight 7,wis4 #aa3ba74 ,i answ] t1 ,a tw(old op9ion exi/s on ?is subject4 ,"s1 z ,avic5na & ,algazel1 said t x 0 impossible = an actually inf9ite multitude to exi/ absolutely2 b t an accid5tally inf9ite multitude 0 n impossible4 ,a multitude is said to be inf9ite absolutely1 :5 an inf9ite multitude is necess>y t some?+ may exi/4 ,n[ ?is is impossible2 because x w\ld entail some?+ dep5d5t on an inf9ity = its exi/5ce2 & h5ce its g5]ation c\ld nev] come to be1 because x is impossible to pass ?r\gh an inf9ite m$ium4 ,a multitude is said to be accid5tally inf9ite :5 its exi/5ce z su* is n necess>y1 b accid5tal4 ,?is c be %[n1 = example1 9 ! "w ( a c>p5t] requir+ a c]ta9 absolute multitude2 namely1 art 9 ! s\l1 ! movem5t ( ! h&1 & a hamm]2 & suppos+ t su* ?+s 7 inf9itely multipli$1 ! c>p5t]+ "w w\ld nev] be f9i%$1 =asmu* z x w\ld dep5d on an inf9ite numb] ( causes4 ,b ! multitude ( hamm]s1 inasmu* z "o may be brok5 & ano!r us$1 is an accid5tal multitude2 = x happ5s by accid5t t _m hamm]s are us$1 & x matt]s little :e!r "o or two1 or _m are us$1 or an inf9ite numb]1 if ! "w is c>ri$ on = an inf9ite "t4 ,9 ?is way !y said t !re c be an accid5tally inf9ite multitude4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is impossible2 s9ce e k9d ( multitude mu/ belong to a species ( multitude4 ,n[ ! species ( multitude are to be reckon$ by ! species ( numb]s4 ,b no species ( numb] is inf9ite2 = e numb] is multitude measur$ by "o4 ,h5ce x is impossible = !re to be an actually inf9ite multitude1 ei!r absolute or accid5tal4 ,likewise multitude 9 nature is creat$2 & ev]y?+ creat$ is compreh5d$ "u "s cle> int5tion ( ! ,creator2 = no ag5t acts aimlessly4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ creat$ mu/ be compreh5d$ 9 a c]ta9 numb]4 ,!re=e x is impossible = an actually inf9ite multitude to exi/1 ev5 accid5tally4 ,b a pot5tially inf9ite multitude is possible2 because ! increase ( multitude foll[s ^u ! division ( magnitude2 s9ce ! m a ?+ is divid$1 ! great] numb] ( ?+s result4 ,h5ce1 z ! inf9ite is to be f\nd pot5tially 9 ! division ( ! cont9u\s1 because we ?us approa* matt]1 z 0 %[n 9 ! prec$+ article1 by ! same rule1 ! inf9ite c be also f\nd pot5tially 9 ! addition ( multitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e pot5tiality is made actual accord+ to its mode ( be+2 = in/ance1 a day is r$uc$ to act successively1 & n all at once4 ,likewise ! inf9ite 9 multitude is r$uc$ to act successively1 & n all at once2 because e multitude c be succe$$ by ano!r multitude to inf9ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,species ( figures are inf9ite by inf9itude ( numb]4 ,n[ !re are v>i\s species ( figures1 su* z trilat]al1 quadrilat]al & s on2 & z an inf9itely num]able multitude is n all at once r$uc$ to act1 s nei!r is ! multitude ( figures4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! supposition ( "s ?+s does n preclude ! supposition ( o!rs1 /ill ! supposition ( an inf9ite numb] is oppos$ to any s+le species ( multitude4 ,h5ce x is n possible = an actually inf9ite multitude to exi/4 ,,"q #h ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,?+s 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,s9ce x evid5tly belongs to ! inf9ite to be pres5t ev]y:]e1 & 9 all ?+s1 we n[ consid] :e!r ?is belongs to ,god2 & conc]n+ ?is !re arise f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is 9 all ?+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god is ev]y:]e8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god is ev]y:]e by ess5ce1 p[]1 & pres5ce8 7#d7 ,:e!r to be ev]y:]e belongs to ,god alone8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,is 9 ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n 9 all ?+s4 ,= :at is above all ?+s is n 9 all ?+s4 ,b ,god is above all1 accord+ to ! ,psalm 7,ps4 #aab3d71 ,! ,"l is high above all nations1 etc4 ,!re=e ,god is n 9 all ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is 9 any?+ is !reby conta9$4 ,n[ ,god is n conta9$ by ?+s1 b r does ,he conta9 !m4 ,!re=e ,god is n 9 ?+s b ?+s are r 9 ,him4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 #bj71 t 9 ,him ?+s are1 r ?an ,he is 9 any place4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m p[]ful an ag5t is1 ! m ext5d$ is its action4 ,b ,god is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ag5ts4 ,!re=e ,8 action c ext5d to ?+s :i* are f> remov$ f ,him2 nor is x necess>y t ,he %\ld be 9 all ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! demons are be+s4 ,b ,god is n 9 ! demons2 = !re is no fell[%ip betwe5 light & d>kness 7#b ,cor4 #f3ad74 ,!re=e ,god is n 9 all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a ?+ is :]ev] x op]ates4 ,b ,god op]ates 9 all ?+s1 accord+ to ,isa4 #bf3ab1 ,"l 4 4 4 ,?\ ha/ wr\ght all our works 9 ,vulg43 '=' u4 ,!re=e ,god is 9 all ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,god is 9 all ?+s2 n1 inde$1 z "p ( _! ess5ce1 nor z an accid5t1 b z an ag5t is pres5t to t ^u :i* x works4 ,= an ag5t mu/ be jo9$ to t :]e9 x acts imm$iately & t\* x by its p[]2 h5ce x is prov$ 9 ,phys4 vii t ! ?+ mov$ & ! mov] mu/ be jo9$ toge!r4 ,n[ s9ce ,god is v be+ by ,8 own ess5ce1 creat$ be+ mu/ be ,8 prop] effect2 z to ignite is ! prop] effect ( fire4 ,n[ ,god causes ?is effect 9 ?+s n only :5 !y fir/ beg9 to be1 b z long z !y are pres]v$ 9 be+2 z light is caus$ 9 ! air by ! sun z long z ! air rema9s illum9at$4 ,!re=e z long z a ?+ has be+1 ,god mu/ be pres5t to x1 accord+ to its mode ( be+4 ,b be+ is inn]mo/ 9 ea* ?+ & mo/ fundam5tally inh]5t 9 all ?+s s9ce x is =mal 9 respect ( ev]y?+ f\nd 9 a ?+1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x mu/ be t ,god is 9 all ?+s1 & inn]mo/ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is above all ?+s by ! excell5ce ( ,8 nature2 nev]!less1 ,he is 9 all ?+s z ! cause ( ! be+ ( all ?+s2 z 0 %[n above 9 ?is article4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh corporeal ?+s are said to be 9 ano!r z 9 t :i* conta9s !m1 nev]!less1 spiritual ?+s conta9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* !y are2 z ! s\l conta9s ! body4 ,h5ce also ,god is 9 ?+s conta9+ !m2 nev]!less1 by a c]ta9 similitude to corporeal ?+s1 x is said t all ?+s are 9 ,god2 inasmu* z !y are conta9$ by ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no action ( an ag5t1 h[ev] p[]ful x may be1 acts at a di/ance1 except ?r\gh a m$ium4 ,b x belongs to ! great p[] ( ,god t ,he acts imm$iately 9 all ?+s4 ,h5ce no?+ is di/ant f ,him1 z if x c\ld be )\t ,god 9 itself4 ,b ?+s are said to be di/ant f ,god by ! unlik5ess to ,him 9 nature or grace2 z also ,he is above all by ! excell5ce ( ,8 own nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! demons !re is _! nature :i* is f ,god1 & also ! de=mity ( s9 :i* is n f ,him2 !re=e1 x is n to be absolutely conc$$ t ,god is 9 ! demons1 except ) ! addition1 inasmu* z !y are be+s4 ,b 9 ?+s n de=m$ 9 _! nature1 we mu/ say absolutely t ,god is4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,is ,ev]y:]e8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n ev]y:]e4 ,= to be ev]y:]e means to be 9 e place4 ,b to be 9 e place does n belong to ,god1 to ,:om x does n belong to be 9 place at all2 = incorporeal ?+s1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom471 are n 9 a place4 ,!re=e ,god is n ev]y:]e4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! relation ( "t to succession is ! same z ! relation ( place to p]man5ce4 ,b "o indivisible "p ( action or movem5t _c exi/ 9 diff]5t times2 !re=e nei!r c "o indivisible "p 9 ! g5us ( p]man5t ?+s be 9 e place4 ,n[ ! div9e be+ is n successive b p]man5t4 ,!re=e ,god is n 9 _m places2 & ?us ,he is n ev]y:]e4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is :olly 9 any "o place is n 9 "p else:]e4 ,b if ,god is 9 any "o place ,he is all !re2 = ,he has no p>ts4 ,no "p ( ,him !n is else:]e2 & !re=e ,god is n ev]y:]e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt51 ,i fill heav5 & e>?4 7,j]4 #bc3bd74 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce place is a ?+1 to be 9 place c be und]/ood 9 a tw(old s5se2 ei!r by way ( o!r ?+s--i4e4 z "o ?+ is said to be 9 ano!r no matt] h[2 & ?us ! accid5ts ( a place are 9 place2 or by a way prop] to place2 & ?us ?+s plac$ are 9 a place4 ,n[ 9 bo? ^! s5ses1 9 "s way ,god is 9 e place2 & ?is is to be ev]y:]e4 ,fir/1 z ,he is 9 all ?+s giv+ !m be+1 p[] & op]ation2 s ,he is 9 e place z giv+ x exi/5ce & locative p[]4 ,aga91 ?+s plac$ are 9 place1 inasmu* z !y fill place2 & ,god fills e place2 n1 inde$1 l a body1 = a body is said to fill place inasmu* z x excludes ! co-pres5ce ( ano!r body2 :]eas by ,god be+ 9 a place1 o!rs are n !reby exclud$ f x2 inde$1 by ! v fact t ,he gives be+ to ! ?+s t fill e place1 ,he ,himself fills e place4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,incorporeal ?+s are 9 place n by contact ( dim5sive quantity1 z bodies are b by contact ( p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! indivisible is tw(old4 ,"o is ! t]m ( ! cont9u\s2 z a po9t 9 p]man5t ?+s1 & z a mom5t 9 succession2 & ?is k9d ( ! indivisible 9 p]man5t ?+s1 =asmu* z x has a det]m9ate site1 _c be 9 _m p>ts ( place1 or 9 _m places2 likewise ! indivisible ( action or movem5t1 =asmu* z x has a det]m9ate ord] 9 movem5t or action1 _c be 9 _m p>ts ( "t4 ,ano!r k9d ( ! indivisible is outside ( ! :ole g5us ( ! cont9u\s2 & 9 ?is way incorporeal sub/ances1 l ,god1 angel & s\l1 are call$ indivisible4 ,su* a k9d ( indivisible does n belong to ! cont9u\s1 z a "p ( x1 b z t\*+ x by its p[]2 h5ce1 accord+ z its p[] c ext5d itself to "o or to _m1 to a small ?+1 or to a great "o1 9 ?is way x is 9 "o or 9 _m places1 & 9 a small or l>ge place4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a :ole is s call$ ) ref]5ce to its p>ts4 ,n[ "p is tw(old3 viz4 a "p ( ! ess5ce1 z ! =m & ! matt] are call$ p>ts ( ! composite1 :ile g5us & diff]5ce are call$ p>ts ( species4 ,!re is also "p ( quantity into :i* any quantity is divid$4 ,:at !re=e is :ole 9 any place by totality ( quantity1 _c be outside ( t place1 because ! quantity ( any?+ plac$ is comm5surate to ! quantity ( ! place2 & h5ce !re is no totality ( quantity )\t totality ( place4 ,b totality ( ess5ce is n comm5surate to ! totality ( place4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y = t :i* is :ole by totality ( ess5ce 9 a ?+1 n to be at all outside ( x4 ,?is appe>s also 9 accid5tal =ms :i* h accid5tal quantity2 z an example1 :it5ess is :ole 9 ea* "p ( ! surface if we speak ( its totality ( ess5ce2 because accord+ to ! p]fect idea ( its species x is f\nd to exi/ 9 e "p ( ! surface4 ,b if its totality be consid]$ accord+ to quantity :i* x has accid5tally1 !n x is n :ole 9 e "p ( ! surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 incorporeal sub/ances h no totality ei!r ( !mselves or accid5tally1 except 9 ref]5ce to ! p]fect idea ( _! ess5ce4 ,h5ce1 z ! s\l is :ole 9 e "p ( ! body1 s is ,god :ole 9 all ?+s & 9 ea* "o4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,is ,ev]y:]e by ,ess5ce1 ,pres5ce & ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! mode ( ,god's exi/5ce 9 all ?+s is n prop]ly describ$ by way ( ess5ce1 pres5ce & p[]4 ,= :at is by ess5ce 9 any?+1 is 9 x ess5tially4 ,b ,god is n ess5tially 9 ?+s2 = ,he does n belong to ! ess5ce ( any?+4 ,!re=e x ought n to be said t ,god is 9 ?+s by ess5ce1 pres5ce & p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to be pres5t 9 any?+ means n to be abs5t f x4 ,n[ ?is is ! mean+ ( ,god be+ 9 ?+s by ,8 ess5ce1 t ,he is n abs5t f any?+4 ,!re=e ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 all ?+s by ess5ce & pres5ce means ! same ?+4 ,!re=e x is sup]flu\s to say t ,god is pres5t 9 ?+s by ,8 ess5ce1 pres5ce & p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,god by ,8 p[] is ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 s ,he is ! same likewise by ,8 k & w4 ,b x is n said t ,he is 9 ?+s by k & w4 ,!re=e nei!r is ,he pres5t by ,8 p[]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z grace is a p]fection add$ to ! sub/ance ( a ?+1 s _m o!r p]fections are likewise add$4 ,!re=e if ,god is said to be 9 c]ta9 p]sons 9 a special way by grace1 x seems t accord+ to e p]fection !re ought to be a special mode ( ,god's exi/5ce 9 ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ! ,canticle ( ,canticles 7#e7 says t1 ,god by a common mode is 9 all ?+s by ,8 pres5ce1 p[] & sub/ance2 /ill ,he is said to be pres5t m famili>ly 9 "s by grace4 99,! quotation is f ,/4 ,gregory1 7,hom4 viii 9 ,eze*474 ,i answ] t1 ,god is said to be 9 a ?+ 9 two ways2 9 "o way aft] ! mann] ( an effici5t cause2 & ?us ,he is 9 all ?+s creat$ by ,him2 9 ano!r way he is 9 ?+s z ! object ( op]ation is 9 ! op]ator2 & ?is is prop] to ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 accord+ z ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! "o :o kn[s2 & ! ?+ desir$ 9 ! "o desir+4 ,9 ?is second way ,god is especially 9 ! rational creature :i* kn[s & loves ,him actually or habitually4 ,& because ! rational creature possesses ?is pr]ogative by grace1 z w be %[n lat] 7,q4 #ab74 ,he is said to be ?us 9 ! sa9ts by grace4 ,b h[ ,he is 9 o!r ?+s creat$ by ,him1 may be consid]$ f human affairs4 ,a k+1 = example1 is said to be 9 ! :ole k+dom by 8 p[]1 al?\gh he is n ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,aga9 a ?+ is said to be by its pres5ce 9 o!r ?+s :i* are subject to its inspection2 z ?+s 9 a h\se are said to be pres5t to anyone1 :o nev]!less may n be 9 sub/ance 9 e "p ( ! h\se4 ,la/ly1 a ?+ is said to be by way ( sub/ance or ess5ce 9 t place 9 :i* its sub/ance may be4 ,n[ !re 7 "s 7! ,mani*ees7 :o said t spiritual & incorporeal ?+s 7 subject to ! div9e p[]2 b t visible & corporeal ?+s 7 subject to ! p[] ( a contr>y pr9ciple4 ,!re=e aga9/ ^! x is necess>y to say t ,god is 9 all ?+s by ,8 p[]4 ,b o!rs1 ?\gh !y believ$ t all ?+s 7 subject to ! div9e p[]1 /ill did n all[ t div9e provid5ce ext5d$ to ^! inf]ior bodies1 & 9 ! p]son ( ^! x is said1 ,he walke? ab\t ! poles ( ! heav5s2 & ,he do? n consid] our ?+s 99,vulg43 ',he do? n consid] 4 4 4 & ,he walke?1' etc4 7,job #bb3ad74 ,aga9/ ^! x is necess>y to say t ,god is 9 all ?+s by ,8 pres5ce4 ,fur!r1 o!rs said t1 al?\gh all ?+s are subject to ,god's provid5ce1 /ill all ?+s are n imm$iately creat$ by ,god2 b t ,he imm$iately creat$ ! fir/ creatures1 & ^! creat$ ! o!rs4 ,aga9/ ^! x is necess>y to say t ,he is 9 all ?+s by ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e1 ,god is 9 all ?+s by ,8 p[]1 inasmu* z all ?+s are subject to ,8 p[]2 ,he is by ,8 pres5ce 9 all ?+s1 z all ?+s are b>e & op5 to ,8 eyes2 ,he is 9 all ?+s by ,8 ess5ce1 inasmu* z ,he is pres5t to all z ! cause ( _! be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is said to be 9 all ?+s by ess5ce1 n inde$ by ! ess5ce ( ! ?+s !mselves1 z if ,he 7 ( _! ess5ce2 b by ,8 own ess5ce2 because ,8 sub/ance is pres5t to all ?+s z ! cause ( _! be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ c be said to be pres5t to ano!r1 :5 9 its sight1 ?\gh ! ?+ may be di/ant 9 sub/ance1 z 0 %[n 9 ?is article2 & !re=e two modes ( pres5ce are necess>y2 viz4 by ess5ce & by pres5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,k & w require t ! ?+ kn[n %\ld be 9 ! "o :o kn[s1 & ! ?+ will$ 9 ! "o :o wills4 ,h5ce by k & w ?+s are m truly 9 ,god ?an ,god 9 ?+s4 ,b p[] is ! pr9ciple ( act+ on ano!r2 h5ce by p[] ! ag5t is relat$ & appli$ to an ext]nal ?+2 ?us by p[] an ag5t may be said to be pres5t to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,no o!r p]fection1 except grace1 add$ to sub/ance1 r5d]s ,god pres5t 9 any?+ z ! object kn[n & lov$2 !re=e only grace con/itutes a special mode ( ,god's exi/5ce 9 ?+s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r special mode ( ,god's exi/5ce 9 man by union1 :i* w be treat$ ( 9 its own place 7,"p ,,iii74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r to ,be ,ev]y:]e ,belongs to ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t to be ev]y:]e does n belong to ,god alone4 ,= ! univ]sal1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,po/]4 i71 is ev]y:]e1 & always2 prim>y matt] also1 s9ce x is 9 all bodies1 is ev]y:]e4 ,b nei!r ( ^! is ,god1 z appe>s f :at is said above 7,q4 #c74 ,!re=e to be ev]y:]e does n belong to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 numb] is 9 ?+s numb]$4 ,b ! :ole univ]se is con/itut$ 9 numb]1 z appe>s f ! ,book ( ,wisdom 7,wis4 #aa3ba74 ,!re=e !re is "s numb] :i* is 9 ! :ole univ]se1 & is ?us ev]y:]e4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! univ]se is a k9d ( :ole p]fect body 7,coel4 et ,mund4 i74 ,b ! :ole univ]se is ev]y:]e1 because !re is no place outside x4 ,!re=e to be ev]y:]e does n belong to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if any body 7 inf9ite1 no place w\ld exi/ outside ( x1 & s x w\ld be ev]y:]e4 ,!re=e to be ev]y:]e does n appe> to belong to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #f71 is :ole 9 ! :ole body1 & :ole 9 e "o ( its p>ts4 ,!re=e if !re 0 only "o animal 9 ! _w1 its s\l w\ld be ev]y:]e2 & ?us to be ev]y:]e does n belong to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 #acg71 ,! s\l feels :]e x sees1 & lives :]e x feels1 & is :]e x lives4 ,b ! s\l sees z x 7 ev]y:]e3 = 9 a succession ( glances x compreh5ds ! entire space ( ! heav5s 9 its sight4 ,!re=e ! s\l is ev]y:]e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,spir4 ,sanct4 i1 #g73 ,:o d>es to call ! ,holy ,gho/ a creature1 ,:o 9 all ?+s1 & ev]y:]e1 & always is1 :i* assur$ly belongs to ! div9ity alone8 ,i answ] t1 ,to be ev]y:]e prim>ily & absolutely1 is prop] to ,god4 ,n[ to be ev]y:]e prim>ily is said ( t :i* 9 its :ole self is ev]y:]e2 = if a ?+ 7 ev]y:]e accord+ to its p>ts 9 diff]5t places1 x w\ld n be prim>ily ev]y:]e1 =asmu* z :at belongs to any?+ accord+ to "p does n belong to x prim>ily2 ?us if a man has :ite tee?1 :it5ess belongs prim>ily n to ! man b to 8 tee?4 ,b a ?+ is ev]y:]e absolutely :5 x does n belong to x to be ev]y:]e accid5tally1 t is1 m]ely on "s supposition2 z a gra9 ( millet w\ld be ev]y:]e1 suppos+ t no o!r body exi/$4 ,x belongs !re=e to a ?+ to be ev]y:]e absolutely :51 on any supposition1 x mu/ be ev]y:]e2 & ?is prop]ly belongs to ,god alone4 ,= :atev] numb] ( places be suppos$1 ev5 if an inf9ite numb] be suppos$ besides :at already exi/1 x w\ld be necess>y t ,god %\ld be 9 all ( !m2 = no?+ c exi/ except by ,him4 ,!re=e to be ev]y:]e prim>ily & absolutely belongs to ,god & is prop] to ,him3 because :atev] numb] ( places be suppos$ to exi/1 ,god mu/ be 9 all ( !m1 n z to a "p ( ,him1 b z to ,8 v self4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! univ]sal1 & also prim>y matt] are inde$ ev]y:]e2 b n accord+ to ! same mode ( exi/5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,numb]1 s9ce x is an accid5t1 does n1 ( itself1 exi/ 9 place1 b accid5tally2 nei!r is ! :ole b only "p ( x 9 ea* ( ! ?+s numb]$2 h5ce x does n foll[ t x is prim>ily & absolutely ev]y:]e4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! :ole body ( ! univ]se is ev]y:]e1 b n prim>ily2 =asmu* z x is n :olly 9 ea* place1 b accord+ to its p>ts2 nor aga9 is x ev]y:]e absolutely1 because1 suppos+ t o!r places exi/$ besides itself1 x w\ld n be 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,if an inf9ite body exi/$1 x w\ld be ev]y:]e2 b accord+ to its p>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,7 !re "o animal only1 its s\l w\ld be ev]y:]e prim>ily inde$1 b only accid5tally4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,:5 x is said t ! s\l sees any:]e1 ?is c be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,9 "o s5se ! adv]b any:]e det]m9es ! act ( see+ on ! "p ( ! object2 & 9 ?is s5se x is true t :ile x sees ! heav5s1 x sees 9 ! heav5s2 & 9 ! same way x feels 9 ! heav5s2 b x does n foll[ t x lives or exi/s 9 ! heav5s1 because to live & to exi/ d n import an act pass+ to an ext]ior object4 ,9 ano!r s5se x c be und]/ood accord+ z ! adv]b det]m9es ! act ( ! se]1 z proce$+ f ! se]2 & ?us x is true t :]e ! s\l feels & sees1 !re x is1 & !re x lives accord+ to ?is mode ( speak+2 & ?us x does n foll[ t x is ev]y:]e4 ,,"q #i ,,! ,,immutability ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we next consid] ,god's immutability1 & ,8 et]nity foll[+ on ,8 immutability4 ,on ! immutability ( ,god !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is altoge!r immutable8 7#b7 ,:e!r to be immutable belongs to ,god alone8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god is altoge!r immutable8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n altoge!r immutable4 ,= :atev] moves itself is 9 "s way mutable4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit1 viii1 #bj71 ,! ,creator ,_s moves ,himself nei!r by "t1 nor by place4 ,!re=e ,god is 9 "s way mutable4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is said ( ,wisdom1 t x is m mobile ?an all ?+s active ,vulg4 'mobilior' 7,wis4 #g3bd74 ,b ,god is wisdom itself2 !re=e ,god is movable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to approa* & to rec$e signify movem5t4 ,b ^! are said ( ,god 9 ,scripture1 ,draw nigh to ,god & ,he w draw nigh to y 7,james #d3h74 ,!re=e ,god is mutable4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt51 ,i am ! ,"l1 & ,i *ange n 7,mala*i #c3f74 ,i answ] t1 ,f :at prec$es1 x is %[n t ,god is altoge!r immutable4 ,fir/1 because x 0 %[n above t !re is "s fir/ be+1 :om we call ,god2 & t ?is fir/ be+ mu/ be pure act1 )\t ! admixture ( any pot5tiality1 = ! reason t1 absolutely1 pot5tiality is po/]ior to act4 ,n[ ev]y?+ :i* is 9 any way *ang$1 is 9 "s way 9 pot5tiality4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t x is impossible = ,god to be 9 any way *angeable4 ,secondly1 because ev]y?+ :i* is mov$1 rema9s z x 0 9 "p1 & passes away 9 "p2 z :at is mov$ f :it5ess to blackness1 rema9s ! same z to sub/ance2 ?us 9 ev]y?+ :i* is mov$1 !re is "s k9d ( composition to be f\nd4 ,b x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g7 t 9 ,god !re is no composition1 = ,he is altoge!r simple4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ,god _c be mov$4 ,?irdly1 because ev]y?+ :i* is mov$ acquires some?+ by its movem5t1 & atta9s to :at x _h n atta9$ previ\sly4 ,b s9ce ,god is inf9ite1 compreh5d+ 9 ,himself all ! pl5itude ( p]fection ( all be+1 ,he _c acquire any?+ new1 nor ext5d ,himself to any?+ :]eto ,he 0 n ext5d$ previ\sly4 ,h5ce movem5t 9 no way belongs to ,him4 ,s1 "s ( ! anci5ts1 con/ra9$1 z x 71 by ! tru?1 decid$ t ! fir/ pr9ciple 0 immovable4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e !re speaks 9 a simil> way to ,plato1 :o said t ! fir/ mov] moves ,himself2 call+ e op]ation a movem5t1 ev5 z ! acts ( und]/&+1 & will+1 & lov+1 are call$ movem5ts4 ,!re=e because ,god und]/&s & loves ,himself1 9 t respect !y said t ,god moves ,himself1 n1 h[ev]1 z movem5t & *ange belong to a ?+ exi/+ 9 pot5tiality1 z we n[ speak ( *ange & movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,wisdom is call$ mobile by way ( similitude1 accord+ z x diffuses its lik5ess ev5 to ! out]mo/ ( ?+s2 = no?+ c exi/ :i* does n proce$ f ! div9e wisdom by way ( "s k9d ( imitation1 z f ! fir/ effective & =mal pr9ciple2 z also works ( art proce$ f ! wisdom ( ! arti/4 ,& s 9 ! same way1 inasmu* z ! similitude ( ! div9e wisdom proce$s 9 degrees f ! highe/ ?+s1 :i* p>ticipate m fully ( its lik5ess1 to ! l[e/ ?+s :i* p>ticipate ( x 9 a less] degree1 !re is said to be a k9d ( procession & movem5t ( ! div9e wisdom to ?+s2 z :5 we say t ! sun proce$s to ! e>?1 inasmu* z ! ray ( light t\*es ! e>?4 ,9 ?is way ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i7 exp\nds ! matt]1 t e procession ( ! div9e manife/ation comes to u f ! movem5t ( ! ,fa!r ( light4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! ?+s are said ( ,god 9 ,scripture metaphorically4 ,= z ! sun is said to ent] a h\se1 or to g out1 accord+ z its rays rea* ! h\se1 s ,god is said to approa* to u1 or to rec$e f u1 :5 we receive ! influx ( ,8 goodness1 or decl9e f ,him4 ,,second ,,article ,i4 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r to ,be ,immutable ,belongs to ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t to be immutable does n belong to ,god alone4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 ii7 t matt] is 9 ev]y?+ :i* is mov$4 ,b1 accord+ to "s1 c]ta9 creat$ sub/ances1 z angels & s\ls1 h n matt]4 ,!re=e to be immutable does n belong to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ 9 motion moves to "s end4 ,:at !re=e has already atta9$ its ultimate end1 is n 9 motion4 ,b "s creatures h already atta9$ to _! ultimate end2 z all ! bless$ 9 heav54 ,!re=e "s creatures are immovable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* is mutable is v>iable4 ,b =ms are inv>iable2 = x is said 7,sex ,pr9cip4 i7 t =m is ess5ce consi/+ ( ! simple & inv>iable4 ,!re=e x does n belong to ,god alone to be immutable4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 ,boni4 i71 ,god alone is immutable2 & :atev] ?+s ,he has made1 be+ f no?+1 are mutable4 ,i answ] t1 ,god alone is altoge!r immutable2 :]eas e creature is 9 "s way mutable4 ,be x kn[n !re=e t a mutable ?+ c be call$ s 9 two ways3 by a p[] 9 itself2 & by a p[] possess$ by ano!r4 ,= all creatures be=e !y exi/$1 7 possible1 n by any creat$ p[]1 s9ce no creature is et]nal1 b by ! div9e p[] alone1 inasmu* z ,god c\ld produce !m into exi/5ce4 ,?us1 z ! production ( a ?+ into exi/5ce dep5ds on ! w ( ,god1 s likewise x dep5ds on ,8 w t ?+s %\ld be pres]v$2 = ,he does n pres]ve !m o!rwise ?an by ev] giv+ !m exi/5ce2 h5ce if ,he took away ,8 action f !m1 all ?+s w\ld be r$uc$ to no?+1 z appe>s f ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #ab74 ,!re=e z x 0 9 ! ,creator's p[] to produce !m be=e !y exi/$ 9 !mselves1 s likewise x is 9 ! ,creator's p[] :5 !y exi/ 9 !mselves to br+ !m to no?+4 ,9 ?is way !re=e1 by ! p[] ( ano!r--namely1 ( ,god--!y are mutable1 inasmu* z !y are producible f no?+ by ,him1 & are by ,him r$ucible f exi/5ce to non-exi/5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a ?+ is call$ mutable by a p[] 9 itself1 ?us also 9 "s mann] e creature is mutable4 ,= e creature has a tw(old p[]1 active & passive2 & ,i call t p[] passive :i* enables any?+ to atta9 its p]fection ei!r 9 be+1 or 9 atta9+ to its end4 ,n[ if ! mutability ( a ?+ be consid]$ accord+ to its p[] = be+1 9 t way all creatures are n mutable1 b ^? only 9 :i* :at is pot5tial 9 !m is consi/5t ) non-be+4 ,h5ce1 9 ! inf]ior bodies !re is mutability bo? z reg>ds sub/antial be+1 inasmu* z _! matt] c exi/ ) privation ( _! sub/antial =m1 & also z reg>ds _! accid5tal be+1 suppos+ ! subject to coexi/ ) privation ( accid5t2 z1 = example1 ?is subject man c exi/ ) n-:it5ess & c !re=e be *ang$ f :ite to n-:ite4 ,b suppos+ ! accid5t to be su* z to foll[ on ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! subject1 !n ! privation ( su* an accid5t _c coexi/ ) ! subject4 ,h5ce ! subject _c be *ang$ z reg>ds t k9d ( accid5t2 z1 = example1 sn[ _c be made black4 ,n[ 9 ! cele/ial bodies matt] is n consi/5t ) privation ( =m1 because ! =m p]fects ! :ole pot5tiality ( ! matt]2 !re=e ^! bodies are n mutable z to sub/antial be+1 b only z to locality1 because ! subject is consi/5t ) privation ( ?is or t place4 ,on ! o!r h& incorporeal sub/ances1 be+ subsi/5t =ms :i*1 al?\gh ) respect to _! own exi/5ce are z pot5tiality to act1 are n consi/5t ) ! privation ( ?is act2 =asmu* z exi/5ce is consequ5t ^u =m1 & no?+ corrupts except x lose its =m4 ,h5ce 9 ! =m itself !re is no p[] to non-exi/5ce2 & s ^! k9ds ( sub/ances are immutable & inv>iable z reg>ds _! exi/5ce4 ,:]e=e ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t intellectual creat$ sub/ances are pure f g5]ation & f e v>iation1 z also are incorporeal & immat]ial sub/ances4 ,/ill1 !re rema9s 9 !m a tw(old mutability3 "o z reg>ds _! pot5tiality to _! end2 & 9 t way !re is 9 !m a mutability accord+ to *oice f good to evil1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ii1 #c1d72 ! o!r z reg>ds place1 inasmu* z by _! f9ite p[] !y atta9 to c]ta9 fre% places--:i* _c be said ( ,god1 :o by ,8 inf9ity fills all places1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #b74 ,?us 9 e creature !re is a pot5tiality to *ange ei!r z reg>ds sub/antial be+ z 9 ! case ( ?+s corruptible2 or z reg>ds locality only1 z 9 ! case ( ! cele/ial bodies2 or z reg>ds ! ord] to _! end1 & ! application ( _! p[]s to div]s objects1 z 9 ! case ) ! angels2 & univ]sally all creatures g5]ally are mutable by ! p[] ( ! ,creator1 9 ,^: p[] is _! exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce4 ,h5ce s9ce ,god is 9 none ( ^! ways mutable1 x belongs to ,him alone to be altoge!r immutable4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection proce$s f mutability z reg>ds sub/antial or accid5tal be+2 = philosoph]s treat$ ( su* movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good angels1 besides _! natural end[m5t ( immutability ( be+1 h also immutability ( election by div9e p[]2 nev]!less !re rema9s 9 !m mutability z reg>ds place4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,=ms are call$ inv>iable1 =asmu* z !y _c be subjects ( v>iation2 b !y are subject to v>iation because by !m _! subject is v>iable4 ,h5ce x is cle> t !y v>y 9 s f> z !y are2 = !y are n call$ be+s z ?\gh !y 7 ! subject ( be+1 b because ?r\gh !m some?+ has be+4 ,,"q #aj ,,! ,,et]nity ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! et]nity ( ,god1 conc]n+ :i* arise six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is et]nity8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god is et]nal8 7#c7 ,:e!r to be et]nal belongs to ,god alone8 7#d7 ,:e!r et]nity diff]s f "t8 7#e7 ,! diff]5ce ( aevit]nity & ( "t4 7#f7 ,:e!r !re is only "o aevit]nity1 z !re is "o "t1 & "o et]nity8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,?is ,is a ,good ,def9ition ( ,et]nity1 ,! ,simultane\sly- ,:ole & ,p]fect ,possession ( ,int]m9able ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! def9ition ( et]nity giv5 by ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 v7 is n a good "o3 ,et]nity is ! simultane\sly-:ole & p]fect possession ( int]m9able life4 ,= ! ^w int]m9able is a negative "o4 ,b negation only belongs to :at is defective1 & ?is does n belong to et]nity4 ,!re=e 9 ! def9ition ( et]nity ! ^w int]m9able ought n to be f\nd4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 et]nity signifies a c]ta9 k9d ( duration4 ,b duration reg>ds exi/5ce r ?an life4 ,!re=e ! ^w life ought n to come into ! def9ition ( et]nity2 b r ! ^w exi/5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a :ole is :at has p>ts4 ,b ?is is ali5 to et]nity :i* is simple4 ,!re=e x is improp]ly said to be :ole4 ,obj4 #d3 ,_m days _c occur toge!r1 nor c _m times exi/ all at once4 ,b 9 et]nity1 days & times are 9 ! plural1 = x is said1 ,8 go+ =? is f ! beg9n+1 f ! days ( et]nity 7,micah #e3b72 & also x is said1 ,accord+ to ! revelation ( ! my/]y hidd5 f et]nity 7,rom4 #af3be74 ,!re=e et]nity is n omni-simultane\s4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! :ole & ! p]fect are ! same ?+4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 t x is :ole1 x is sup]flu\sly describ$ z p]fect4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 duration does n imply possession4 ,b et]nity is a k9d ( duration4 ,!re=e et]nity is n possession4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we atta9 to ! k ( simple ?+s by way ( comp\nd ?+s1 s mu/ we rea* to ! k ( et]nity by means ( "t1 :i* is no?+ b ! numb]+ ( movem5t by be=e & aft]4 ,= s9ce succession occurs 9 e movem5t1 & "o "p comes aft] ano!r1 ! fact t we reckon be=e & aft] 9 movem5t1 makes u appreh5d "t1 :i* is no?+ else b ! measure ( be=e & aft] 9 movem5t4 ,n[ 9 a ?+ b]eft ( movem5t1 :i* is always ! same1 !re is no be=e or aft]4 ,z !re=e ! idea ( "t consi/s 9 ! numb]+ ( be=e & aft] 9 movem5t2 s likewise 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! uni=mity ( :at is outside ( movem5t1 consi/s ! idea ( et]nity4 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s are said to be measur$ by "t :i* h a beg9n+ & an end 9 "t1 because 9 ev]y?+ :i* is mov$ !re is a beg9n+1 & !re is an end4 ,b z :atev] is :olly immutable c h no succession1 s x has no beg9n+1 & no end4 ,?us et]nity is kn[n f two s\rces3 fir/1 because :at is et]nal is int]m9able--t is1 has no beg9n+ nor end 7t is1 no t]m ei!r way72 secondly1 because et]nity has no succession1 be+ simultane\sly :ole4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,simple ?+s are usually def9$ by way ( negation2 z a po9t is t :i* has no p>ts4 ,yet ?is is n to be tak5 z if ! negation belong$ to _! ess5ce1 b because our intellect :i* fir/ appreh5ds comp\nd ?+s1 _c atta9 to ! k ( simple ?+s except by remov+ ! opposite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:at is truly et]nal1 is n only be+1 b also liv+2 & life ext5ds to op]ation1 :i* is n true ( be+4 ,n[ ! protraction ( duration seems to belong to op]ation r ?an to be+2 h5ce "t is ! numb]+ ( movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,et]nity is call$ :ole1 n because x has p>ts1 b because x is want+ 9 no?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,god1 al?\gh incorporeal1 is nam$ 9 ,scripture metaphorically by corporeal names1 s et]nity ?\gh simultane\sly :ole1 is call$ by names imply+ "t & succession4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,two ?+s are to be consid]$ 9 "t3 "t itself1 :i* is successive2 & ! n[ ( "t1 :i* is imp]fect4 ,h5ce ! expression simultane\sly-:ole is us$ to remove ! idea ( "t1 & ! ^w p]fect is us$ to exclude ! n[ ( "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,:atev] is possess$1 is held firmly & quietly2 !re=e to designate ! immutability & p]man5ce ( et]nity1 we use ! ^w possession4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god is ,et]nal8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n et]nal4 ,= no?+ made c be pr$icat$ ( ,god2 = ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr94 iv7 t1 ,! n[ t fl[s away makes "t1 ! n[ t /&s /ill makes et]nity2 & ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 #bh7 t ,god is ! au?or ( et]nity4 ,!re=e ,god is n et]nal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is be=e et]nity1 & aft] et]nity1 is n measur$ by et]nity4 ,b1 z ,ari/otle says 7,de ,causis71 ,god is be=e et]nity & ,he is aft] et]nity3 = x is writt5 t ! ,"l %all reign = et]nity1 & beyond 99,d\ay3 '= ev] & ev]' 7,ex4 #ae3ah74 ,!re=e to be et]nal does n belong to ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 et]nity is a k9d ( measure4 ,b to be measur$ belongs n to ,god4 ,!re=e x does n belong to ,him to be et]nal4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 et]nity1 !re is no pres5t1 pa/ or future1 s9ce x is simultane\sly :ole2 z 0 said 9 ! prec$+ article4 ,b words d5ot+ pres5t1 pa/ & future "t are appli$ to ,god 9 ,scripture4 ,!re=e ,god is n et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a?anasius says 9 8 ,cre$3 ,! ,fa!r is et]nal1 ! ,son is et]nal1 ! ,holy ,gho/ is et]nal4 ,i answ] t1 ,! idea ( et]nity foll[s immutability1 z ! idea ( "t foll[s movem5t1 z appe>s f ! prec$+ article4 ,h5ce1 z ,god is supremely immutable1 x supremely belongs to ,him to be et]nal4 ,nor is ,he et]nal only2 b ,he is ,8 own et]nity2 :]eas1 no o!r be+ is its own duration1 z no o!r is its own be+4 ,n[ ,god is ,8 own uni=m be+2 & h5ce z ,he is ,8 own ess5ce1 s ,he is ,8 own et]nity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! n[ t /&s /ill1 is said to make et]nity accord+ to our appreh5sion4 ,z ! appreh5sion ( "t is caus$ 9 u by ! fact t we appreh5d ! fl[ ( ! n[1 s ! appreh5sion ( et]nity is caus$ 9 u by our appreh5d+ ! n[ /&+ /ill4 ,:5 ,augu/9e says t ,god is ! au?or ( et]nity1 ?is is to be und]/ood ( p>ticipat$ et]nity4 ,= ,god communicates ,8 et]nity to "s 9 ! same way z ,he communicates ,8 immutability4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ?is appe>s ! answ] to ! ,second ,objection4 ,= ,god is said to be be=e et]nity1 accord+ z x is %>$ by immat]ial sub/ances4 ,h5ce1 also1 9 ! same book1 x is said t intellig5ce is equal to et]nity4 ,9 ! words ( ,exodus1 ,! ,"l %all reign = et]nity1 & beyond1 et]nity /&s = age1 z ano!r r5d]+ has x4 ,?us x is said t ! ,"l w reign beyond et]nity1 inasmu* z ,he endures beyond e age1 i4e4 beyond e k9d ( duration4 ,= age is no?+ m ?an ! p]iod ( ea* ?+1 z is said 9 ! book ,de ,coelo i4 ,or to reign beyond et]nity c be tak5 to mean t if any o!r ?+ 7 conceiv$ to exi/ = ev]1 z ! movem5t ( ! heav5s accord+ to "s philosoph]s1 !n ,god w\ld /ill reign beyond1 inasmu* z ,8 reign is simultane\sly :ole4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,et]nity is no?+ else b ,god ,himself4 ,h5ce ,god is n call$ et]nal1 z if ,he 7 9 any way measur$2 b ! idea ( measurem5t is !re tak5 accord+ to ! appreh5sion ( our m9d alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,words d5ot+ diff]5t times are appli$ to ,god1 because ,8 et]nity includes all times2 n z if ,he ,himself 7 alt]$ ?r\gh pres5t1 pa/ & future4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r to ,be ,et]nal ,belongs to ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t x does n belong to ,god alone to be et]nal4 ,= x is writt5 t ^? :o in/ruct _m to ju/ice1 %all be z />s unto p]petual et]nities 99,d\ay3 '= all et]nity' 7,dan4 #ab3c74 ,n[ if ,god alone 7 et]nal1 !re c\ld n be _m et]nities4 ,!re=e ,god alone is n ! only et]nal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 ,dep>t1 ye curs$ into et]nal ,d\ay3 'ev]la/+' fire 7,matt4 #be3da74 ,!re=e ,god is n ! only et]nal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e necess>y ?+ is et]nal4 ,b !re are _m necess>y ?+s2 z1 = in/ance1 all pr9ciples ( demon/ration & all demon/rative propositions4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! only et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome says 7,ep4 ad ,damasum1 xv7 t ,god is ! only "o :o has no beg9n+4 ,n[ :atev] has a beg9n+1 is n et]nal4 ,!re=e ,god is ! only "o et]nal4 ,i answ] t1 ,et]nity truly & prop]ly s call$ is 9 ,god alone1 because et]nity foll[s on immutability2 z appe>s f ! fir/ article4 ,b ,god alone is altoge!r immutable1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,accord+ly1 h[ev]1 z "s receive immutability f ,him1 !y %>e 9 ,8 et]nity4 ,?us "s receive immutability f ,god 9 ! way ( nev] ceas+ to exi/2 9 t s5se x is said ( ! e>?1 x /&e? = ev] 7,eccl4 #a3d74 ,aga91 "s ?+s are call$ et]nal 9 ,scripture because ( ! l5g? ( _! duration1 al?\gh !y are 9 nature corruptible2 ?us 7,ps4 #ge3e7 ! hills are call$ et]nal & we read ( ! fruits ( ! et]nal hills4 7,deut4 #cc3ae74 ,"s aga91 %>e m fully ?an o!rs 9 ! nature ( et]nity1 inasmu* z !y possess un*angeabl5ess ei!r 9 be+ or fur!r /ill 9 op]ation2 l ! angels1 & ! bless$1 :o enjoy ! ,^w1 because z reg>ds t vision ( ! ,^w1 no *ang+ ?\ghts exi/ 9 ! ,sa9ts1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv74 ,h5ce ^? :o see ,god are said to h et]nal life2 accord+ to t text1 ,?is is et]nal life1 t !y may "k ,!e ! only true ,god1 etc4 7,john #ag3c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re are said to be _m et]nities1 accord+ly z _m %>e 9 et]nity1 by ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fire ( hell is call$ et]nal1 only because x nev] ends4 ,/ill1 !re is *ange 9 ! pa9s ( ! lo/1 accord+ to ! words ,to extreme heat !y w pass f sn[y wat]s 7,job #bd3ai74 ,h5ce 9 hell true et]nity does n exi/1 b r "t2 accord+ to ! text ( ! ,psalm ,_! "t w be = ev] 7,ps4 #hj3af74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,necess>y means a c]ta9 mode ( tru?2 & tru?1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 vi71 is 9 ! m9d4 ,!re=e 9 ?is s5se ! true & necess>y are et]nal1 because !y are 9 ! et]nal m9d1 :i* is ! div9e intellect alone2 h5ce x does n foll[ t any?+ beside ,god is et]nal4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i4 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,et]nity ,diff]s f ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t et]nity does n diff] f "t4 ,= two measures ( duration _c exi/ toge!r1 unless "o is "p ( ! o!r2 = in/ance two days or two h\rs _c be toge!r2 nev]!less1 we may say t a day or an h\r are toge!r1 consid]+ h\r z "p ( a day4 ,b et]nity & "t occur toge!r1 ea* ( :i* imports a c]ta9 measure ( duration4 ,s9ce !re=e et]nity is n a "p ( "t1 =asmu* z et]nity exce$s "t1 & includes x1 x seems t "t is a "p ( et]nity1 & is n a diff]5t ?+ f et]nity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iv71 ! n[ ( "t rema9s ! same 9 ! :ole ( "t4 ,b ! nature ( et]nity seems to be t x is ! same indivisible ?+ 9 ! :ole space ( "t4 ,!re=e et]nity is ! n[ ( "t4 ,b ! n[ ( "t is n sub/antially diff]5t f "t4 ,!re=e et]nity is n sub/antially diff]5t f "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! measure ( ! fir/ movem5t is ! measure ( e movem5t1 z said 9 ,phys4 iv1 x ?us appe>s t ! measure ( ! fir/ be+ is t ( e be+4 ,b et]nity is ! measure ( ! fir/ be+--t is1 ( ! div9e be+4 ,!re=e et]nity is ! measure ( e be+4 ,b ! be+ ( ?+s corruptible is measur$ by "t4 ,"t !re=e is ei!r et]nity or is a "p ( et]nity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,et]nity is simultane\sly :ole4 ,b "t has a be=e & an aft]4 ,!re=e "t & et]nity are n ! same ?+4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is manife/ t "t & et]nity are n ! same4 ,"s h f\nd$ ?is diff]5ce on ! fact t et]nity has nei!r beg9n+ nor an end2 :]eas "t has a beg9n+ & an end4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 makes a m]ely accid5tal1 & n an absolute diff]5ce because1 grant$ t "t always 0 & always w be1 accord+ to ! idea ( ^? :o ?9k ! movem5t ( ! heav5s goes on = ev]1 !re w\ld yet rema9 a diff]5ce betwe5 et]nity & "t1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 v71 aris+ f ! fact t et]nity is simultane\sly :ole2 :i* _c be appli$ to "t3 = et]nity is ! measure ( a p]man5t be+2 :ile "t is a measure ( movem5t4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! a=esaid diff]5ce be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! ?+s measur$1 & n z reg>ds ! measures1 !n !re is "s reason = x1 inasmu* z t alone is measur$ by "t :i* has beg9n+ & end 9 "t4 ,h5ce1 if ! movem5t ( ! heav5s la/$ always1 "t w\ld n be ( its measure z reg>ds ! :ole ( its duration1 s9ce ! inf9ite is n measurable2 b x w\ld be ! measure ( t "p ( its revolution :i* has beg9n+ & end 9 "t4 ,ano!r reason = ! same c be tak5 f ^! measures 9 !mselves1 if we consid] ! end & ! beg9n+ z pot5tialities2 because1 grant$ also t "t always goes on1 yet x is possible to note 9 "t bo? ! beg9n+ & ! end1 by consid]+ its p>ts3 ?us we speak ( ! beg9n+ & ! end ( a day or ( a ye>2 :i* _c be appli$ to et]nity4 ,/ill ^! diff]5ces foll[ ^u ! ess5tial & prim>y diff]5ces1 t et]nity is simultane\sly :ole1 b t "t is n s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,su* a reason w\ld be a valid "o if "t & et]nity 7 ! same k9d ( measure2 b ?is is se5 n to be ! case :5 we consid] ^? ?+s ( :i* ! respective measures are "t & et]nity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! n[ ( "t is ! same z reg>ds its subject 9 ! :ole c\rse ( "t1 b x diff]s 9 aspect2 = inasmu* z "t corresponds to movem5t1 its n[ corresponds to :at is movable2 & ! ?+ movable has ! same "o subject 9 all "t1 b diff]s 9 aspect a be+ "h & !re2 & su* alt]ation is movem5t4 ,likewise ! fl[ ( ! n[ z alt]nat+ 9 aspect is "t4 ,b et]nity rema9s ! same accord+ to bo? subject & aspect2 & h5ce et]nity is n ! same z ! n[ ( "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z et]nity is ! prop] measure ( p]man5t be+1 s "t is ! prop] measure ( movem5t2 & h5ce1 accord+ z any be+ rec$es f p]man5ce ( be+1 & is subject to *ange1 x rec$es f et]nity1 & is subject to "t4 ,!re=e ! be+ ( ?+s corruptible1 because x is *angeable1 is n measur$ by et]nity1 b by "t2 = "t measures n only ?+s actually *ang$1 b also ?+s *angeable2 h5ce x n only measures movem5t b x also measures repose1 :i* belongs to :atev] is naturally movable1 b is n actually 9 motion4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #e ,! ,diff]5ce ( ,aevit]nity & ,"t ,objection #a3 ,x seems t aevit]nity is ! same z "t4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc71 t ,god moves ! spiritual ?r\gh "t4 ,b aevit]nity is said to be ! measure ( spiritual sub/ances4 ,!re=e "t is ! same z aevit]nity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is ess5tial to "t to h be=e & aft]2 b x is ess5tial to et]nity to be simultane\sly :ole1 z 0 %[n above 9 ! fir/ article4 ,n[ aevit]nity is n et]nity2 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #a3a7 t et]nal ,wisdom is be=e age4 ,!re=e x is n simultane\sly :ole b has be=e & aft]2 & ?us x is ! same z "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if !re is no be=e & aft] 9 aevit]nity1 x foll[s t 9 aevit]nal ?+s !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 be+1 hav+ be51 or go+ to be4 ,s9ce !n x is impossible = aevit]nal ?+s n to h be51 x foll[s t x is impossible = !m n to be 9 ! future2 :i* is false1 s9ce ,god c r$uce !m to no?+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! duration ( aevit]nal ?+s is inf9ite z to subsequ5t duration1 if aevit]nity is simultane\sly :ole1 x foll[s t "s creature is actually inf9ite2 :i* is impossible4 ,!re=e aevit]nity does n diff] f "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii7 ,:o comm&e/ "t to be sep>ate f aevit]nity4 ,i answ] t1 ,aevit]nity diff]s f "t1 & f et]nity1 z ! mean betwe5 !m bo?4 ,?is diff]5ce is expla9$ by "s to consi/ 9 ! fact t et]nity has nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 aevit]nity1 a beg9n+ b no end1 & "t bo? beg9n+ & end4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is b an accid5tal "o1 z 0 %[n above1 9 ! prec$+ article2 because ev5 if aevit]nal ?+s _h always be51 & w\ld always be1 z "s ?9k1 & ev5 if !y might sometimes fail to be1 :i* is possible to ,god to all[2 ev5 grant$ ?is1 aevit]nity w\ld /ill be di/+ui%$ f et]nity1 & f "t4 ,o!rs assign ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! ?ree to consi/ 9 ! fact t et]nity has no be=e & aft]2 b t "t has bo?1 toge!r ) innovation & vet]ation2 & t aevit]nity has be=e & aft] )\t innovation & vet]ation4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 involves a contradiction2 :i* manife/ly appe>s if innovation & vet]ation be ref]r$ to ! measure itself4 ,= s9ce be=e & aft] ( duration _c exi/ toge!r1 if aevit]nity has be=e & aft]1 x mu/ foll[ t ) ! rec$+ ( ! fir/ "p ( aevit]nity1 ! aft] "p ( aevit]nity mu/ newly appe>2 & ?us innovation w\ld occur 9 aevit]nity itself1 z x does 9 "t4 ,& if !y be ref]r$ to ! ?+s measur$1 ev5 !n an incongruity w\ld foll[4 ,= a ?+ :i* exi/s 9 "t gr[s old ) "t1 because x has a *angeable exi/5ce1 & f ! *angeabl5ess ( a ?+ measur$1 !re foll[s be=e & aft] 9 ! measure1 z is cle> f ,physic4 iv4 ,!re=e ! fact t an aevit]nal ?+ is nei!r invet]ate1 nor subject to innovation1 comes f its *angelessness2 & consequ5tly its measure does n conta9 be=e & aft]4 ,we say !n t s9ce et]nity is ! measure ( a p]man5t be+1 9 s f> z any?+ rec$es f p]man5ce ( be+1 x rec$es f et]nity4 ,n[ "s ?+s rec$e f p]man5ce ( be+1 s t _! be+ is subject to *ange1 or consi/s 9 *ange2 & ^! ?+s are measur$ by "t1 z are all movem5ts1 & also ! be+ ( all ?+s corruptible4 ,b o!rs rec$e less f p]man5ce ( be+1 =asmu* z _! be+ nei!r consi/s 9 *ange1 nor is ! subject ( *ange2 nev]!less !y h *ange annex$ to !m ei!r actually or pot5tially4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 ! sub/antial be+ ( :i* is un*angeable2 & yet ) un*angeable be+ !y h *angeabl5ess ( place4 ,! same applies to ! angels1 :o h an un*angeable be+ z reg>ds _! nature ) *angeabl5ess z reg>ds *oice2 moreov] !y h *angeabl5ess ( intellig5ce1 ( affections & ( places 9 _! own degree4 ,!re=e ^! are measur$ by aevit]nity :i* is a mean betwe5 et]nity & "t4 ,b ! be+ t is measur$ by et]nity is n *angeable1 nor is x annex$ to *ange4 ,9 ?is way "t has be=e & aft]2 aevit]nity 9 itself has no be=e & aft]1 :i* c1 h[ev]1 be annex$ to x2 :ile et]nity has nei!r be=e nor aft]1 nor is x compatible ) su* at all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,spiritual creatures z reg>ds successive affections & intellig5ces are measur$ by "t4 ,h5ce also ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc7 t to be mov$ ?r\gh "t1 is to be mov$ by affections4 ,b z reg>ds _! nature !y are measur$ by aevit]nity2 :]eas z reg>ds ! vision ( glory1 !y h a %>e ( et]nity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,aevit]nity is simultane\sly :ole2 yet x is n et]nity1 because be=e & aft] are compatible ) x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! v be+ ( an angel consid]$ absolutely1 !re is no diff]5ce ( pa/ & future1 b only z reg>ds accid5tal *ange4 ,n[ to say t an angel 01 or is1 or w be1 is to be tak5 9 a diff]5t s5se accord+ to ! acceptation ( our intellect1 :i* appreh5ds ! angelic exi/5ce by comp>ison ) diff]5t p>ts ( "t4 ,b :5 we say t an angel is1 or 01 we suppose some?+1 :i* be+ suppos$1 its opposite is n subject to ! div9e p[]4 ,:]eas :5 we say he w be1 we d n z yet suppose any?+4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce ( an angel consid]$ absolutely is subject to ! div9e p[]1 ,god c make ! exi/5ce ( an angel n future2 b ,he _c cause him n to be :ile he is1 or n to h be51 aft] he has be54 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! duration ( aevit]nity is inf9ite1 =asmu* z x is n f9i%$ by "t4 ,h5ce1 !re is no incongruity 9 say+ t a creature is inf9ite1 inasmu* z x is n end$ by any o!r creature4 ,,six? ,,article ,i4 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,"o ,aevit]nity8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re is n only "o aevit]nity2 = x is writt5 9 ! apocryphal books ( ,esdras3 ,maje/y & p[] ( ages are ) ,!e1 ,o ,"l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t g5]a h diff]5t measures4 ,b "s aevit]nal ?+s belong to ! corporeal g5us1 z ! heav5ly bodies2 & o!rs are spiritual sub/ances1 z are ! angels4 ,!re=e !re is n only "o aevit]nity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce aevit]nity is a t]m ( duration1 :]e !re is "o aevit]nity1 !re is also "o duration4 ,b n all aevit]nal ?+s h "o duration1 = "s beg9 to exi/ aft] o!rs2 z appe>s 9 ! case especially ( human s\ls4 ,!re=e !re is n only "o aevit]nity4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ?+s n dep5d5t on ea* o!r d n seem to h "o measure ( duration2 = !re appe>s to be "o "t = all temporal ?+s2 s9ce ! fir/ movem5t1 measur$ by "t1 is 9 "s way ! cause ( all movem5t4 ,b aevit]nal ?+s d n dep5d on ea* o!r1 = "o angel is n ! cause ( ano!r angel4 ,!re=e !re is n only "o aevit]nity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,aevit]nity is a m simple ?+ ?an "t1 & is ne>] to et]nity4 ,b "t is "o only4 ,!re=e mu* m is aevit]nity "o only4 ,i answ] t1 ,a tw(old op9ion exi/s on ?is subject4 ,"s say !re is only "o aevit]nity2 o!rs t !re are _m aevit]nities4 ,:i* ( ^! is true1 may be consid]$ f ! cause :y "t is "o2 = we c rise f corporeal ?+s to ! k ( spiritual ?+s4 ,n[ "s say t !re is only "o "t = temporal ?+s1 =asmu* z "o numb] exi/s = all ?+s numb]$2 z "t is a numb]1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,physic4 iv74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a suffici5t reason2 because "t is n a numb] ab/ract$ f ! ?+ numb]$1 b exi/+ 9 ! ?+ numb]$2 o!rwise x w\ld n be cont9u\s2 = t5 ells ( clo? are cont9u\s n by reason ( ! numb]1 b by reason ( ! ?+ numb]$4 ,n[ numb] z x exi/s 9 ! ?+ numb]$1 is n ! same = all2 b x is diff]5t = diff]5t ?+s4 ,h5ce1 o!rs ass]t t ! unity ( et]nity z ! pr9ciple ( all duration is ! cause ( ! unity ( "t4 ,?us all durations are "o 9 t view1 9 ! light ( _! pr9ciple1 b are _m 9 ! light ( ! div]sity ( ?+s receiv+ duration f ! influx ( ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,on ! o!r h& o!rs assign prim>y matt] z ! cause :y "t is "o2 z x is ! fir/ subject ( movem5t1 ! measure ( :i* is "t4 ,nei!r ( ^! reasons1 h[ev]1 is suffici5t2 =asmu* z ?+s :i* are "o 9 pr9ciple1 or 9 subject1 especially if di/ant1 are n "o absolutely1 b accid5tally4 ,!re=e ! true reason :y "t is "o1 is to be f\nd 9 ! on5ess ( ! fir/ movem5t by :i*1 s9ce x is mo/ simple1 all o!r movem5ts are measur$4 ,!re=e "t is ref]r$ to t movem5t1 n only z a measure is to ! ?+ measur$1 b also z accid5t is to subject2 & ?us receives unity f x4 ,:]eas to o!r movem5ts x is comp>$ only z ! measure is to ! ?+ measur$4 ,h5ce x is n multipli$ by _! multitude1 because by "o sep>ate measure _m ?+s c be measur$4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 we mu/ obs]ve t a tw(old op9ion exi/$ conc]n+ spiritual sub/ances4 ,"s said t all proce$$ f ,god 9 a c]ta9 equality1 z ,orig5 said 7,p]i ,ar*on4 i72 or at lea/ _m ( !m1 z "s o!rs ?\ght4 ,o!rs said t all spiritual sub/ances proce$$ f ,god 9 a c]ta9 degree & ord]2 & ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 x7 seems to h ?\ght s1 :5 he said t among spiritual sub/ances !re are ! fir/1 ! middle & ! la/2 ev5 9 "o ord] ( angels4 ,n[ accord+ to ! fir/ op9ion1 x mu/ be said t !re are _m aevit]nities z !re are _m aevit]nal ?+s ( fir/ degree4 ,b accord+ to ! second op9ion1 x w\ld be necess>y to say t !re is "o aevit]nity only2 because s9ce ea* ?+ is measur$ by ! mo/ simple elem5t ( its g5us1 x mu/ be t ! exi/5ce ( all aevit]nal ?+s %\ld be measur$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/ aevit]nal ?+1 :i* is all ! m simple ! ne>] x is to ! fir/4 ,:]e=e because ! second op9ion is tru]1 z w be %[n lat] 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b72 we conc$e at pres5t t !re is only "o aevit]nity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,aevit]nity is sometimes tak5 = age1 t is1 a space ( a ?+'s duration2 & ?us we say _m aevit]nities :5 we mean ages4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! heav5ly bodies & spiritual ?+s diff] 9 ! g5us ( _! nature1 /ill !y agree 9 hav+ a *angeless be+1 & are ?us measur$ by aevit]nity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all temporal ?+s did n beg9 toge!r2 nev]!less !re is "o "t = all ( !m1 by reason ( ! fir/ measur$ by "t2 & ?us all aevit]nal ?+s h "o aevit]nity by reason ( ! fir/1 ?\gh all did n beg9 toge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,= ?+s to be measur$ by "o1 x is n necess>y t ! "o %\ld be ! cause ( all1 b t x be m simple ?an ! re/4 ,,"q #aa ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] ! =ego+1 we consid] ! div9e unity2 conc]n+ :i* !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "o adds any?+ to be+8 7#b7 ,:e!r "o & _m are oppos$ to ea* o!r8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god is "o8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,he is 9 ! highe/ degree "o8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"o ,adds ,any?+ to ,be+8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t "o adds some?+ to be+4 ,= ev]y?+ is 9 a det]m9ate g5us by addition to be+1 :i* p5etrates all g5]a4 ,b "o is a det]m9ate g5us1 = x is ! pr9ciple ( numb]1 :i* is a species ( quantity4 ,!re=e "o adds some?+ to be+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at divides a ?+ common to all1 is an addition to x4 ,b be+ is divid$ by "o & by _m4 ,!re=e "o is an addition to be+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if "o is n an addition to be+1 "o & be+ mu/ h ! same mean+4 ,b x w\ld be nugatory to call be+ by ! "n ( be+2 !re=e x w\ld be equally s to call be+ "o4 ,n[ ?is is false4 ,!re=e "o is an addition to be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 #e1 ult473 ,no?+ :i* exi/s is n 9 "s way "o1 :i* w\ld be false if "o 7 an addition to be+1 9 ! s5se ( limit+ x4 ,!re=e "o is n an addition to be+4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o does n add any reality to be+2 b is only a negation ( division2 = "o means undivid$ be+4 ,?is is ! v reason :y "o is ! same z be+4 ,n[ e be+ is ei!r simple or comp\nd4 ,b :at is simple is undivid$1 bo? actually & pot5tially4 ,:]eas :at is comp\nd1 has n be+ :il/ its p>ts are divid$1 b aft] !y make up & compose x4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ! be+ ( any?+ consi/s 9 undivision2 & h5ce x is t ev]y?+ gu>ds its unity z x gu>ds its be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s1 ?9k+ t ! "o conv]tible ) be+ is ! same z ! "o :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb]1 7 divid$ into contr>y op9ions4 ,py?agoras & ,plato1 see+ t ! "o conv]tible ) be+ did n add any reality to be+1 b signifi$ ! sub/ance ( be+ z undivid$1 ?\ght t ! same appli$ to ! "o :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb]4 ,& because numb] is compos$ ( unities1 !y ?\ght t numb]s 7 ! sub/ances ( all ?+s4 ,avic5na1 h[ev]1 on ! contr>y1 consid]+ t "o :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb]1 add$ a reality to ! sub/ance ( be+ 7o!rwise numb] made ( unities w\ld n be a species ( quantity71 ?\ght t ! "o conv]tible ) be+ add$ a reality to ! sub/ance ( be+s2 z :ite to man4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is manife/ly false1 inasmu* z ea* ?+ is "o by its sub/ance4 ,= if a ?+ 7 "o by any?+ else b by its sub/ance1 s9ce ?is aga9 w\ld be "o1 suppos+ x 7 aga9 "o by ano!r ?+1 we %\ld be driv5 on to inf9ity4 ,h5ce we mu/ adh]e to ! =m] /atem5t2 !re=e we mu/ say t ! "o :i* is conv]tible ) be+1 does n add a reality to be+2 b t ! "o :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb]1 does add a reality to be+1 belong+ to ! g5us ( quantity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t a ?+ :i* 9 "o way is divid$1 f be+ ano!r way undivid$2 z :at is divid$ 9 numb]1 may be undivid$ 9 species2 ?us x may be t a ?+ is 9 "o way "o1 & 9 ano!r way _m4 ,/ill1 if x is absolutely undivid$1 ei!r because x is s accord+ to :at belongs to its ess5ce1 ?\gh x may be divid$ z reg>ds :at is outside its ess5ce1 z :at is "o 9 subject may h _m accid5ts2 or because x is undivid$ actually1 & divid$ pot5tially1 z :at is "o 9 ! :ole1 & is _m 9 p>ts2 9 su* a case a ?+ w be "o absolutely & _m accid5tally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x be undivid$ accid5tally1 & divid$ absolutely1 z if x 7 divid$ 9 ess5ce & undivid$ 9 idea or 9 pr9ciple or cause1 x w be _m absolutely & "o accid5tally2 z :at are _m 9 numb] & "o 9 species or "o 9 pr9ciple4 ,h5ce 9 t way1 be+ is divid$ by "o & by _m2 z x 7 by "o absolutely & by _m accid5tally4 ,= multitude itself w\ld n be conta9$ "u be+1 unless x 7 9 "s way conta9$ "u "o4 ,?us ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom41 cap4 ult47 t !re is no k9d ( multitude t is n 9 a way "o4 ,b :at are _m 9 _! p>ts1 are "o 9 _! :ole2 & :at are _m 9 accid5ts1 are "o 9 subject2 & :at are _m 9 numb]1 are "o 9 species2 & :at are _m 9 species1 are "o 9 g5us2 & :at are _m 9 processions1 are "o 9 pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x does n foll[ t x is nugatory to say be+ is "o2 =asmu* z "o adds an idea to be+4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,"o & ,_m ,are ,oppos$ to ,ea* ,o!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t "o & _m are n mutually oppos$4 ,= no opposite ?+ is pr$icat$ ( its opposite4 ,b e multitude is 9 a c]ta9 way "o1 z appe>s f ! prec$+ article4 ,!re=e "o is n oppos$ to multitude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no opposite ?+ is con/itut$ by its opposite4 ,b multitude is con/itut$ by "o4 ,!re=e x is n oppos$ to multitude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o is oppos$ to "o4 ,b ! idea ( few is oppos$ to _m4 ,!re=e "o is n oppos$ to _m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if "o is oppos$ to multitude1 x is oppos$ z ! undivid$ is to ! divid$2 & is ?us oppos$ to x z privation is to habit4 ,b ?is appe>s to be incongru\s2 because x w\ld foll[ t "o comes aft] multitude1 & is def9$ by x2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 multitude is def9$ by "o4 ,h5ce !re w\ld be a vici\s circle 9 ! def9ition2 :i* is inadmissible4 ,!re=e "o & _m are n oppos$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s :i* are oppos$ 9 idea1 are !mselves oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,b ! idea ( "o consi/s 9 indivisibility2 & ! idea ( multitude conta9s division4 ,!re=e "o & _m are oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o is oppos$ to _m1 b 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! "o :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb] is oppos$ to multitude :i* is numb]1 z ! measure is to ! ?+ measur$4 ,= "o implies ! idea ( a prim>y measure2 & numb] is multitude measur$ by "o1 z is cle> f ,metaph4 x4 ,b ! "o :i* is conv]tible ) be+ is oppos$ to multitude by way ( privation2 z ! undivid$ is to ! ?+ divid$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no privation entirely takes away ! be+ ( a ?+1 inasmu* z privation means negation 9 ! subject1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,categor4 viii74 ,nev]!less e privation takes away "s be+2 & s 9 be+1 by reason ( its univ]sality1 ! privation ( be+ has its f\ndation 9 be+2 :i* is n ! case 9 privations ( special =ms1 z ( sight1 or ( :it5ess & ! l4 ,& :at applies to be+ applies also to "o & to good1 :i* are conv]tible ) be+1 = ! privation ( good is f\nd$ 9 "s good2 likewise ! removal ( unity is f\nd$ 9 "s "o ?+4 ,h5ce x happ5s t multitude is "s "o ?+2 & evil is "s good ?+1 & non-be+ is "s k9d ( be+4 ,nev]!less1 opposite is n pr$icat$ ( opposite2 =asmu* z "o is absolute1 & ! o!r is relative2 = :at is relative be+ 7z a pot5tiality7 is non-be+ absolutely1 i4e4 actually2 or :at is absolute be+ 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance is non-be+ relatively z reg>ds "s accid5tal be+4 ,9 ! same way1 :at is relatively good is absolutely bad1 or vice v]sa2 likewise :at is absolutely "o is relatively _m1 & vice v]sa4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a :ole is tw(old4 ,9 "o s5se x is homog5e\s1 compos$ ( l p>ts2 9 ano!r s5se x is het]og5e\s1 compos$ ( dissimil> p>ts4 ,n[ 9 e homog5e\s :ole1 ! :ole is made up ( p>ts hav+ ! =m ( ! :ole2 z1 = in/ance1 e "p ( wat] is wat]2 & su* is ! con/itution ( a cont9u\s ?+ made up ( its p>ts4 ,9 e het]og5e\s :ole1 h[ev]1 e "p is want+ 9 ! =m belong+ to ! :ole2 z1 = in/ance1 no "p ( a h\se is a h\se1 nor is any "p ( a man a man4 ,n[ multitude is su* a k9d ( a :ole4 ,!re=e inasmu* z its "p has n ! =m ( ! multitude1 ! latt] is compos$ ( unities1 z a h\se is compos$ ( n h\ses2 n1 inde$1 z if unities con/itut$ multitude s f> z !y are undivid$1 9 :i* way !y are oppos$ to multitude2 b s f> z !y h be+1 z also ! p>ts ( a h\se make up ! h\se by ! fact t !y are be+s1 n by ! fact t !y are n h\ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,_m is tak5 9 two ways3 absolutely1 & 9 t s5se x is oppos$ to "o2 9 ano!r way z import+ "s k9d ( excess1 9 :i* s5se x is oppos$ to few2 h5ce 9 ! fir/ s5se two are _m b n 9 ! second s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"o is oppos$ to _m privatively1 inasmu* z ! idea ( _m involves division4 ,h5ce division mu/ be prior to unity1 n absolutely 9 itself1 b accord+ to our way ( appreh5sion4 ,= we appreh5d simple ?+s by comp\nd ?+s2 & h5ce we def9e a po9t to be1 :at has no "p1 or ! beg9n+ ( a l9e4 ,multitude also1 9 idea1 foll[s on "o2 because we d n und]/& divid$ ?+s to convey ! idea ( multitude except by ! fact t we attribute unity to e "p4 ,h5ce "o is plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( multitude2 b multitude is n plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( "o4 ,b division comes to be und]/ood f ! v negation ( be+3 s :at fir/ comes to m9d is be+2 secondly1 t ?is be+ is n t be+1 & ?us we appreh5d division z a consequ5ce2 ?irdly1 comes ! notion ( "o2 f\r?ly1 ! notion ( multitude4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,is ,"o8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n "o4 ,= x is writt5 ,= !re be _m gods & _m lords 7#a ,cor4 #h3e74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,"o1 z ! pr9ciple ( numb]1 _c be pr$icat$ ( ,god1 s9ce quantity is n pr$icat$ ( ,god2 likewise1 nei!r c "o :i* is conv]tible ) be+ be pr$icat$ ( ,god1 because x imports privation1 & e privation is an imp]fection1 :i* _c apply to ,god4 ,!re=e ,god is n "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l 7,deut4 #f3d74 ,i answ] t1 ,x c be %[n f ^! ?ree s\rces t ,god is "o4 ,fir/ f ,8 simplicity4 ,= x is manife/ t ! reason :y any s+ul> ?+ is ?is p>ticul> ?+ is because x _c be communicat$ to _m3 s9ce t :]eby ,socrates is a man1 c be communicat$ to _m2 :]eas1 :at makes him ?is p>ticul> man1 is only communicable to "o4 ,!re=e1 if ,socrates 7 a man by :at makes him to be ?is p>ticul> man1 z !re _c be _m ,socrates1 s !re c\ld n 9 t way be _m m54 ,n[ ?is belongs to ,god alone2 = ,god ,himself is ,8 own nature1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e1 9 ! v same way ,god is ,god1 & ,he is ?is ,god4 ,impossible is x !re=e t _m ,gods %\ld exi/4 ,secondly1 ?is is prov$ f ! inf9ity ( ,8 p]fection4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b7 t ,god compreh5ds 9 ,himself ! :ole p]fection ( be+4 ,if !n _m gods exi/$1 !y w\ld necess>ily diff] f ea* o!r4 ,some?+ !re=e w\ld belong to "o :i* did n belong to ano!r4 ,& if ?is 7 a privation1 "o ( !m w\ld n be absolutely p]fect2 b if a p]fection1 "o ( !m w\ld be )\t x4 ,s x is impossible = _m gods to exi/4 ,h5ce also ! anci5t philosoph]s1 con/ra9$ z x 7 by tru?1 :5 !y ass]t$ an inf9ite pr9ciple1 ass]t$ likewise t !re 0 only "o su* pr9ciple4 ,?irdly1 ?is is %[n f ! unity ( ! _w4 ,= all ?+s t exi/ are se5 to be ord]$ to ea* o!r s9ce "s s]ve o!rs4 ,b ?+s t are div]se d n h>monize 9 ! same ord]1 unless !y are ord]$ !reto by "o4 ,= _m are r$uc$ into "o ord] by "o bett] ?an by _m3 because "o is ! p] se cause ( "o1 & _m are only ! accid5tal cause ( "o1 inasmu* z !y are 9 "s way "o4 ,s9ce !re=e :at is fir/ is mo/ p]fect1 & is s p] se & n accid5tally1 x mu/ be t ! fir/ :i* r$uces all into "o ord] %\ld be only "o4 ,& ?is "o is ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gods are call$ _m by ! error ( "s :o wor%ipp$ _m deities1 ?9k+ z !y did t ! planets & o!r />s 7 gods1 & also ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! _w4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le adds3 ,our ,god is "o1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb] is n pr$icat$ ( ,god1 b only ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,= "o ! pr9ciple ( numb] belongs to ! g5us ( ma!matics1 :i* are mat]ial 9 be+1 & ab/ract$ f matt] only 9 idea4 ,b "o :i* is conv]tible ) be+ is a metaphysical entity & does n dep5d on matt] 9 its be+4 ,& al?\gh 9 ,god !re is no privation1 /ill1 accord+ to ! mode ( our appreh5sion1 ,he is kn[n to u by way only ( privation & remotion4 ,?us !re is no reason :y a c]ta9 k9d ( privation %\ld n be pr$icat$ ( ,god2 = in/ance1 t ,he is incorporeal & inf9ite2 & 9 ! same way x is said ( ,god t ,he is "o4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,god ,is ,supremely ,"o8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n supremely "o4 ,= "o is s call$ f ! privation ( division4 ,b privation _c be great] or less4 ,!re=e ,god is n m "o ?an o!r ?+s :i* are call$ "o4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ seems to be m indivisible ?an :at is actually & pot5tially indivisible2 su* z a po9t & unity4 ,b a ?+ is said to be m "o accord+ z x is indivisible4 ,!re=e ,god is n m "o ?an unity is "o & a po9t is "o4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is ess5tially good is supremely good4 ,!re=e :at is ess5tially "o is supremely "o4 ,b e be+ is ess5tially "o1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 iv74 ,!re=e e be+ is supremely "o2 & !re=e ,god is n "o m ?an any o!r be+ is "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,b]n>d says 7,de ,consid4 v73 ,among all ?+s call$ "o1 ! unity ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity holds ! fir/ place4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce "o is an undivid$ be+1 if any?+ is supremely "o x mu/ be supremely be+1 & supremely undivid$4 ,n[ bo? ( ^! belong to ,god4 ,= ,he is supremely be+1 inasmu* z ,8 be+ is n det]m9$ by any nature to :i* x is adjo9$2 s9ce ,he is be+ itself1 subsi/5t1 absolutely undet]m9$4 ,b ,he is supremely undivid$ inasmu* z ,he is divid$ nei!r actually nor pot5tially1 by any mode ( division2 s9ce ,he is altoge!r simple1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g74 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ,god is "o 9 ! supreme degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh privation consid]$ 9 itself is n susceptive ( m or less1 /ill accord+ z its opposite is subject to m or less1 privation also c be consid]$ itself 9 ! light ( m & less4 ,!re=e accord+ z a ?+ is m divid$1 or is divisible1 ei!r less or n at all1 9 ! degree x is call$ m1 or less1 or supremely1 "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a po9t & unity :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb]1 are n supremely be+1 inasmu* z !y h be+ only 9 "s subject4 ,h5ce nei!r ( !m c be supremely "o4 ,= z a subject _c be supremely "o1 because ( ! diff]5ce )9 x ( accid5t & subject1 s nei!r c an accid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh e be+ is "o by its sub/ance1 /ill e su* sub/ance is n equally ! cause ( unity2 = ! sub/ance ( "s ?+s is comp\nd & ( o!rs simple4 ,,"q #ab ,,h[ ,,god ,,is ,,kn[n ,,by ,,u 7,9 ,?irte5 ,articles7 ,z hi!rto we h consid]$ ,god z ,he is 9 ,himself1 we n[ g on to consid] 9 :at mann] ,he is 9 ! k ( creatures2 conc]n+ :i* !re are ?irte5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r any creat$ intellect c see ! ess5ce ( ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! ess5ce ( ,god is se5 by ! intellect ?r\gh any creat$ image8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! ess5ce ( ,god c be se5 by ! corporeal eye8 7#d7 ,:e!r any creat$ intellectual sub/ance is suffici5t by its own natural p[]s to see ! ess5ce ( ,god8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! creat$ intellect ne$s any creat$ light 9 ord] to see ! ess5ce ( ,god8 7#f7 ,:e!r ( ^? :o see ,god1 "o sees ,him m p]fectly ?an ano!r8 7#g7 ,:e!r any creat$ intellect c compreh5d ! ess5ce ( ,god8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! creat$ intellect see+ ! ess5ce ( ,god1 kn[s all ?+s 9 x8 7#i7 ,:e!r :at is !re kn[n is kn[n by any similitudes8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ! creat$ intellect kn[s at once :at x sees 9 ,god8 7#aa7 ,:e!r 9 ! /ate ( ?is life any man c see ! ess5ce ( ,god8 7#ab7 ,:e!r by natural reason we c "k ,god 9 ?is life8 7#ac7 ,:e!r !re is 9 ?is life any k ( ,god ?r\gh grace above ! k ( natural reason8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,any ,creat$ ,intellect ,c ,see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t no creat$ intellect c see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,= ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xiv4 9 ,joan47 comm5t+ on ,john #a3ah1 ,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t1 says3 ,n prophets only1 b nei!r angels nor ar*angels h se5 ,god4 ,= h[ c a creature see :at is increatable8 ,dionysius also says 7,div4 ,nom4 i71 speak+ ( ,god3 ,nei!r is !re s5se1 nor image1 nor op9ion1 nor reason1 nor k ( ,him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ inf9ite1 z su*1 is unkn[n4 ,b ,god is inf9ite1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e 9 ,himself ,he is unkn[n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! creat$ intellect kn[s only exi/+ ?+s4 ,= :at falls fir/ "u ! appreh5sion ( ! intellect is be+4 ,n[ ,god is n some?+ exi/+2 b ,he is r sup]-exi/5ce1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e ,god is n intelligible2 b above all intellect4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 !re mu/ be "s proportion betwe5 ! kn[] & ! kn[n1 s9ce ! kn[n is ! p]fection ( ! kn[]4 ,b no proportion exi/s betwe5 ! creat$ intellect & ,god2 = !re is an inf9ite di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,!re=e ! creat$ intellect _c see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,we %all see ,him z ,he is 7#a ,john #b3b74 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ev]y?+ is kn[able accord+ z x is actual1 ,god1 ,:o is pure act )\t any admixture ( pot5tiality1 is 9 ,himself supremely kn[able4 ,b :at is supremely kn[able 9 itself1 may n be kn[able to a p>ticul> intellect1 on acc\nt ( ! excess ( ! intelligible object above ! intellect2 z1 = example1 ! sun1 :i* is supremely visible1 _c be se5 by ! bat by reason ( its excess ( light4 ,!re=e "s :o consid]$ ?is1 held t no creat$ intellect c see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 is n t5able4 ,= z ! ultimate beatitude ( man consi/s 9 ! use ( 8 highe/ function1 :i* is ! op]ation ( 8 intellect2 if we suppose t ! creat$ intellect c\ld nev] see ,god1 x w\ld ei!r nev] atta9 to beatitude1 or its beatitude w\ld consi/ 9 some?+ else beside ,god2 :i* is oppos$ to fai?4 ,= ! ultimate p]fection ( ! rational creature is to be f\nd 9 t :i* is ! pr9ciple ( its be+2 s9ce a ?+ is p]fect s f> z x atta9s to its pr9ciple4 ,fur!r ! same op9ion is also aga9/ reason4 ,= !re resides 9 e man a natural desire to "k ! cause ( any effect :i* he sees2 & !nce arises wond] 9 m54 ,b if ! intellect ( ! rational creature c\ld n rea* s f> z to ! fir/ cause ( ?+s1 ! natural desire w\ld rema9 void4 ,h5ce x mu/ be absolutely grant$ t ! bless$ see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,bo? ( ^! au?orities speak ( ! vision ( compreh5sion4 ,h5ce ,dionysius premises imm$iately be=e ! words cit$1 ,he is univ]sally to all incompreh5sible1 etc4 ,*ryso/om likewise aft] ! words quot$ says3 ,he says ?is ( ! mo/ c]ta9 vision ( ! ,fa!r1 :i* is su* a p]fect consid]ation & compreh5sion z ! ,fa!r has ( ! ,son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! inf9ity ( matt] n made p]fect by =m1 is unkn[n 9 itself1 because all k comes by ! =m2 :]eas ! inf9ity ( ! =m n limit$ by matt]1 is 9 itself supremely kn[n4 ,god is ,inf9ite 9 ?is way1 & n 9 ! fir/ way3 z appe>s f :at 0 said above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god is n said to be n exi/+ z if ,he did n exi/ at all1 b because ,he exi/s above all t exi/s2 inasmu* z ,he is ,8 own exi/5ce4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t ,he _c be kn[n at all1 b t ,he exce$s e k9d ( k2 :i* means t ,he is n compreh5d$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,proportion is tw(old4 ,9 "o s5se x means a c]ta9 relation ( "o quantity to ano!r1 accord+ z d\ble1 treble & equal are species ( proportion4 ,9 ano!r s5se e relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r is call$ proportion4 ,& 9 ?is s5se !re c be a proportion ( ! creature to ,god1 inasmu* z x is relat$ to ,him z ! effect ( its cause1 & z pot5tiality to its act2 & 9 ?is way ! creat$ intellect c be proportion$ to "k ,god4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,is ,se5 by ! ,creat$ ,intellect ,?r\gh an ,image8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! ess5ce ( ,god is se5 ?r\gh an image by ! creat$ intellect4 ,= x is writt53 ,we "k t :5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him1 & ,vulg43 'because' we %all see ,him z ,he is 7#a ,john #c3b74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v73 ,:5 we "k ,god1 "s lik5ess ( ,god is made 9 u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect 9 act is ! actual intelligible2 z s5se 9 act is ! actual s5sible4 ,b ?is comes ab\t inasmu* z s5se is in=m$ ) ! lik5ess ( ! s5sible object1 & ! intellect ) ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood4 ,!re=e1 if ,god is se5 by ! creat$ intellect 9 act1 x mu/ be t ,he is se5 by "s similitude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv7 t :5 ! ,apo/le says1 ,we see ?r\gh a glass & 9 an enigma 99,d\ay3 '9 a d>k mann]'1 by ! t]ms 'glass' & 'enigma' c]ta9 similitudes are signifi$ by him1 :i* are accommodat$ to ! vision ( ,god4 ,b to see ! ess5ce ( ,god is n an enigmatic nor a speculative vision1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 ( an opposite k9d4 ,!re=e ! div9e ess5ce is n se5 ?r\gh a similitude4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s are requir$ bo? = s5sible & = intellectual vision--viz4 p[] ( sight1 & union ( ! ?+ se5 ) ! sight4 ,= vision is made actual only :5 ! ?+ se5 is 9 a c]ta9 way 9 ! se]4 ,n[ 9 corporeal ?+s x is cle> t ! ?+ se5 _c be by its ess5ce 9 ! se]1 b only by its lik5ess2 z ! similitude ( a /one is 9 ! eye1 :]eby ! vision is made actual2 :]eas ! sub/ance ( ! /one is n !re4 ,b if ! pr9ciple ( ! visual p[] & ! ?+ se5 7 "o & ! same ?+1 x w\ld necess>ily foll[ t ! se] w\ld receive bo? ! visual p[] & ! =m :]eby x sees1 f t "o same ?+4 ,n[ x is manife/ bo? t ,god is ! au?or ( ! intellectual p[]1 & t ,he c be se5 by ! intellect4 ,& s9ce ! intellective p[] ( ! creature is n ! ess5ce ( ,god1 x foll[s t x is "s k9d ( p>ticipat$ lik5ess ( ,him :o is ! fir/ intellect4 ,h5ce also ! intellectual p[] ( ! creature is call$ an intelligible light1 z x 71 d]iv$ f ! fir/ light1 :e!r ?is be und]/ood ( ! natural p[]1 or ( "s p]fection sup]add$ ( grace or ( glory4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to see ,god1 !re mu/ be "s similitude ( ,god on ! "p ( ! visual faculty1 :]eby ! intellect is made capable ( see+ ,god4 ,b on ! "p ( ! object se51 :i* mu/ necess>ily be unit$ to ! se]1 ! ess5ce ( ,god _c be se5 by any creat$ similitude4 ,fir/1 because z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i71 by ! similitudes ( ! inf]ior ord] ( ?+s1 ! sup]ior c 9 no way be kn[n2 z by ! lik5ess ( a body ! ess5ce ( an incorporeal ?+ _c be kn[n4 ,mu* less !re=e c ! ess5ce ( ,god be se5 by any creat$ lik5ess :atev]4 ,secondly1 because ! ess5ce ( ,god is ,8 own v exi/5ce1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d71 :i* _c be said ( any creat$ =m2 & s no creat$ =m c be ! similitude repres5t+ ! ess5ce ( ,god to ! se]4 ,?irdly1 because ! div9e ess5ce is uncircumscrib$1 & conta9s 9 itself sup]-em95tly :atev] c be signifi$ or und]/ood by ! creat$ intellect4 ,n[ ?is _c 9 any way be repres5t$ by any creat$ lik5ess2 = e creat$ =m is det]m9$ accord+ to "s aspect ( wisdom1 or ( p[]1 or ( be+ itself1 or ( "s l ?+4 ,h5ce to say t ,god is se5 by "s similitude1 is to say t ! div9e ess5ce is n se5 at all2 :i* is false4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t to see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 !re is requir$ "s similitude 9 ! visual faculty1 namely1 ! light ( glory /r5g!n+ ! intellect to see ,god1 :i* is spok5 ( 9 ! ,psalm 7#ce3aj71 ,9 ,?y light we %all see light4 ,! ess5ce ( ,god1 h[ev]1 _c be se5 by any creat$ similitude repres5t+ ! div9e ess5ce itself z x really is4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t au?ority speaks ( ! similitude :i* is caus$ by p>ticipation ( ! light ( glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e speaks ( ! k ( ,god "h on e>?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! div9e ess5ce is exi/5ce itself4 ,h5ce z o!r intelligible =ms :i* are n _! own exi/5ce are unit$ to ! intellect by means ( "s entity1 :]eby ! intellect itself is in=m$1 & made 9 act2 s ! div9e ess5ce is unit$ to ! creat$ intellect1 z ! object actually und]/ood1 mak+ ! intellect 9 act by & ( itself4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,c ,be ,se5 ) ! ,bodily ,eye8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! ess5ce ( ,god c be se5 by ! corporeal eye4 ,= x is writt5 7,job #ai3bf73 ,9 my fle% ,i %all see 4 4 4 ,god1 & 7,job #db3e71 ,) ! he>+ ( ! e> ,i h he>d ,!e1 b n[ my eye see? ,!e4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxix1 #bi73 ,^? eyes 7namely ! glorifi$7 w !re=e h a great] p[] ( sight1 n s mu* to see m ke5ly1 z "s report ( ! sight ( s]p5ts or ( eagles 7= :atev] acut5ess ( vision is possess$ by ^! creatures1 !y c see only corporeal ?+s7 b to see ev5 incorporeal ?+s4 ,n[ :oev] c see incorporeal ?+s1 c be rais$ up to see ,god4 ,!re=e ! glorifi$ eye c see ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god c be se5 by man ?r\gh a vision ( ! imag9ation4 ,= x is writt53 ,i saw ! ,"l sitt+ ^u a ?rone1 etc4 7,isa4 #f3a74 ,b an imag9>y vision orig9ates f s5se2 = ! imag9ation is mov$ by s5se to act4 ,!re=e ,god c be se5 by a vision ( s5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,vid4 ,deum1 ,ep4 cxlvii73 ,no "o has ev] se5 ,god ei!r 9 ?is life1 z ,he is1 nor 9 ! angelic life1 z visible ?+s are se5 by corporeal vision4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = ,god to be se5 by ! s5se ( sight1 or by any o!r s5se1 or faculty ( ! s5sitive p[]4 ,= e su* k9d ( p[] is ! act ( a corporeal organ1 z w be %[n lat] 7,q4 #gh74 ,n[ act is proportional to ! nature :i* possesses x4 ,h5ce no p[] ( t k9d c g beyond corporeal ?+s4 ,= ,god is incorporeal1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce ,he _c be se5 by ! s5se or ! imag9ation1 b only by ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words1 ,9 my fle% ,i %all see ,god my ,savi\r1 d n mean t ,god w be se5 ) ! eye ( ! fle%1 b t man exi/+ 9 ! fle% aft] ! resurrection w see ,god4 ,likewise ! words1 ,n[ my eye see? ,!e1 are to be und]/ood ( ! m9d's eye1 z ! ,apo/le says3 ,may ,he give unto y ! _s ( wisdom 4 4 4 9 ! k ( ,him1 t ! eyes ( y\r he>t may be enlight5$ 7,eph4 #a3ag1 #ah74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e speaks z "o inquir+1 & conditionally4 ,?is appe>s f :at he says previ\sly3 ,!re=e !y w h an altoge!r diff]5t p[] 7viz4 ! glorifi$ eyes71 if !y %all see t incorporeal nature2 & aft]w>ds he expla9s ?is1 say+3 ,x is v cr$ible1 t we %all s see ! mundane bodies ( ! new heav5 & ! new e>?1 z to see mo/ cle>ly ,god ev]y:]e pres5t1 gov]n+ all corporeal ?+s1 n z we n[ see ! invisible ?+s ( ,god z und]/ood by :at is made2 b z :5 we see m5 among :om we live1 liv+ & ex]cis+ ! functions ( human life1 we d n believe !y live1 b see x4 ,h5ce x is evid5t h[ ! glorifi$ eyes w see ,god1 z n[ our eyes see ! life ( ano!r4 ,b life is n se5 ) ! corporeal eye1 z a ?+ 9 itself visible1 b z ! indirect object ( ! s5se2 :i* inde$ is n kn[n by s5se1 b at once1 toge!r ) s5se1 by "s o!r cognitive p[]4 ,b t ! div9e pres5ce is kn[n by ! intellect imm$iately on ! sight (1 & ?r\gh1 corporeal ?+s1 happ5s f two causes--viz4 f ! p]spicuity ( ! intellect1 & f ! refulg5ce ( ! div9e glory infus$ into ! body aft] its r5ovation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ess5ce ( ,god is n se5 9 a vision ( ! imag9ation2 b ! imag9ation receives "s =m repres5t+ ,god accord+ to "s mode ( similitude2 z 9 ! div9e ,scripture div9e ?+s are metaphorically describ$ by means ( s5sible ?+s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,any ,creat$ ,intellect by ,its ,natural ,p[]s ,c ,see ! ,div9e ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t a creat$ intellect c see ! ,div9e ess5ce by its own natural p[]4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,an angel is a pure mirror1 mo/ cle>1 receiv+1 if x is "r to say s1 ! :ole beauty ( ,god4 ,b if a reflection is se51 ! orig9al ?+ is se54 ,!re=e s9ce an angel by 8 natural p[] und]/&s himself1 x seems t by 8 own natural p[] he und]/&s ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is supremely visible1 is made less visible to u by reason ( our defective corporeal or intellectual sight4 ,b ! angelic intellect has no su* defect4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,god is supremely intelligible 9 ,himself1 x seems t 9 l mann] ,he is supremely s to an angel4 ,!re=e1 if he c und]/& o!r intelligible ?+s by 8 own natural p[]1 mu* m c he und]/& ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 corporeal s5se _c be rais$ up to und]/& incorporeal sub/ance1 :i* is above its nature4 ,!re=e if to see ! ess5ce ( ,god is above ! nature ( e creat$ intellect1 x foll[s t no creat$ intellect c rea* up to see ! ess5ce ( ,god at all4 ,b ?is is false1 z appe>s f :at is said above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x seems t x is natural = a creat$ intellect to see ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,! grace ( ,god is life ev]la/+ 7,rom4 #f3bc74 ,b life ev]la/+ consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce1 accord+ to ! words3 ,?is is et]nal life1 t !y may "k ,!e ! only true ,god1 etc4 7,john #ag3c74 ,!re=e to see ! ess5ce ( ,god is possible to ! creat$ intellect by grace1 & n by nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = any creat$ intellect to see ! ess5ce ( ,god by its own natural p[]4 ,= k is regulat$ accord+ z ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[]4 ,b ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[] accord+ to ! mode ( ! kn[]4 ,h5ce ! k ( e kn[] is rul$ accord+ to its own nature4 ,if !re=e ! mode ( any?+'s be+ exce$s ! mode ( ! kn[]1 x mu/ result t ! k ( ! object is above ! nature ( ! kn[]4 ,n[ ! mode ( be+ ( ?+s is manifold4 ,= "s ?+s h be+ only 9 ?is "o individual matt]2 z all bodies4 ,b o!rs are subsi/+ natures1 n resid+ 9 matt] at all1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n _! own exi/5ce1 b receive x2 & ^! are ! incorporeal be+s1 call$ angels4 ,b to ,god alone does x belong to be ,8 own subsi/5t be+4 ,!re=e :at exi/s only 9 individual matt] we "k naturally1 =asmu* z our s\l1 :]eby we "k1 is ! =m ( c]ta9 matt]4 ,n[ our s\l possesses two cognitive p[]s2 "o is ! act ( a corporeal organ1 :i* naturally kn[s ?+s exi/+ 9 individual matt]2 h5ce s5se kn[s only ! s+ul>4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d ( cognitive p[] 9 ! s\l1 call$ ! intellect2 & ?is is n ! act ( any corporeal organ4 ,:]e=e ! intellect naturally kn[s natures :i* exi/ only 9 individual matt]2 n z !y are 9 su* individual matt]1 b accord+ z !y are ab/ract$ !refrom by ! consid]+ act ( ! intellect2 h5ce x foll[s t ?r\gh ! intellect we c und]/& ^! objects z univ]sal2 & ?is is beyond ! p[] ( ! s5se4 ,n[ ! angelic intellect naturally kn[s natures t are n 9 matt]2 b ?is is beyond ! p[] ( ! intellect ( our s\l 9 ! /ate ( its pres5t life1 unit$ z x is to ! body4 ,x foll[s !re=e t to "k self-subsi/5t be+ is natural to ! div9e intellect alone2 & ?is is beyond ! natural p[] ( any creat$ intellect2 = no creature is its own exi/5ce1 =asmu* z its exi/5ce is p>ticipat$4 ,!re=e ! creat$ intellect _c see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 unless ,god by ,8 grace unites ,himself to ! creat$ intellect1 z an object made intelligible to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is mode ( kn[+ ,god is natural to an angel--namely1 to "k ,him by ,8 own lik5ess refulg5t 9 ! angel himself4 ,b to "k ,god by any creat$ similitude is n to "k ! ess5ce ( ,god1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #b74 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t an angel c "k ! ess5ce ( ,god by 8 own p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! angelic intellect is n defective1 if defect be tak5 to mean privation1 z if x 7 )\t any?+ :i* x ought to h4 ,b if ! defect be tak5 negatively1 9 t s5se e creature is defective1 :5 comp>$ ) ,god2 =asmu* z x does n possess ! excell5ce :i* is 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s5se ( sight1 z be+ altoge!r mat]ial1 _c be rais$ up to immat]iality4 ,b our intellect1 or ! angelic intellect1 inasmu* z x is elevat$ above matt] 9 its own nature1 c be rais$ up above its own nature to a high] level by grace4 ,! pro( is1 t sight _c 9 any way "k ab/ract$ly :at x kn[s concretely2 = 9 no way c x p]ceive a nature except z ?is "o p>ticul> nature2 :]eas our intellect is able to consid] ab/ract$ly :at x kn[s concretely4 ,n[ al?\gh x kn[s ?+s :i* h a =m resid+ 9 matt]1 /ill x resolves ! composite into bo? ( ^! elem5ts2 & x consid]s ! =m sep>ately by itself4 ,likewise1 also1 ! intellect ( an angel1 al?\gh x naturally kn[s ! concrete 9 any nature1 /ill x is able to sep>ate t exi/5ce by its intellect2 s9ce x kn[s t ! ?+ itself is "o ?+1 & its exi/5ce is ano!r4 ,s9ce !re=e ! creat$ intellect is naturally capable ( appreh5d+ ! concrete =m1 & ! concrete be+ ab/ract$ly1 by way ( a k9d ( resolution ( p>ts2 x c by grace be rais$ up to "k sep>ate subsi/+ sub/ance1 & sep>ate subsi/+ exi/5ce4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,creat$ ,intellect ,ne$s ,any ,creat$ ,light 9 ,ord] to ,see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! creat$ intellect does n ne$ any creat$ light 9 ord] to see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,= :at is ( itself lucid 9 s5sible ?+s does n require any o!r light 9 ord] to be se54 ,!re=e ! same applies to intelligible ?+s4 ,n[ ,god is intelligible light4 ,!re=e ,he is n se5 by means ( any creat$ light4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ,god is se5 ?r\gh a m$ium1 ,he is n se5 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,b if se5 by any creat$ light1 ,he is se5 ?r\gh a m$ium4 ,!re=e ,he is n se5 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is creat$ c be natural to "s creature4 ,!re=e if ! ess5ce ( ,god is se5 ?r\gh any creat$ light1 su* a light c be made natural to "s o!r creature2 & ?us1 t creature w\ld n ne$ any o!r light to see ,god2 :i* is impossible4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y t e creature %\ld require a sup]add$ light 9 ord] to see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,9 ,?y light we %all see light 7,ps4 #ce3aj74 ,i answ] t1 ,ev]y?+ :i* is rais$ up to :at exce$s its nature1 mu/ be prep>$ by "s disposition above its nature2 z1 = example1 if air is to receive ! =m ( fire1 x mu/ be prep>$ by "s disposition = su* a =m4 ,b :5 any creat$ intellect sees ! ess5ce ( ,god1 ! ess5ce ( ,god itself becomes ! intelligible =m ( ! intellect4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t "s sup]natural disposition %\ld be add$ to ! intellect 9 ord] t x may be rais$ up to su* a great & sublime height4 ,n[ s9ce ! natural p[] ( ! creat$ intellect does n avail to enable x to see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 z 0 %[n 9 ! prec$+ article1 x is necess>y t ! p[] ( und]/&+ %\ld be add$ by div9e grace4 ,n[ ?is increase ( ! intellectual p[]s is call$ ! illum9ation ( ! intellect1 z we also call ! intelligible object itself by ! "n ( light ( illum9ation4 ,& ?is is ! light spok5 ( 9 ! ,apocalypse 7,apoc4 #ba3bc73 ,! glory ( ,god ha? enlight5$ x--viz4 ! society ( ! bless$ :o see ,god4 ,by ?is light ! bless$ are made dei=m--i4e4 l to ,god1 accord+ to ! say+3 ,:5 ,he %all appe> we %all be l to ,him1 & ,vulg43 'because' we %all see ,him z ,he is 7#a ,john #b3b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! creat$ light is necess>y to see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 n 9 ord] to make ! ess5ce ( ,god intelligible1 :i* is ( itself intelligible1 b 9 ord] to enable ! intellect to und]/& 9 ! same way z a habit makes a p[] abl] to act4 ,ev5 s corporeal light is necess>y z reg>ds ext]nal sight1 inasmu* z x makes ! m$ium actually transp>5t1 & susceptible ( color4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is light is requir$ to see ! div9e ess5ce1 n z a similitude 9 :i* ,god is se51 b z a p]fection ( ! intellect1 /r5g!n+ x to see ,god4 ,!re=e x may be said t ?is light is to be describ$ n z a m$ium 9 :i* ,god is se51 b z "o by :i* ,he is se52 & su* a m$ium does n take away ! imm$iate vision ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! disposition to ! =m ( fire c be natural only to ! subject ( t =m4 ,h5ce ! light ( glory _c be natural to a creature unless ! creature has a div9e nature2 :i* is impossible4 ,b by ?is light ! rational creature is made dei=m1 z is said 9 ?is article4 ,,six? ,,article ,i4 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ( ,^? ,:o ,see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god1 ,"o ,sees ,m ,p]fectly ,?an ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ( ^? :o see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 "o does n see m p]fectly ?an ano!r4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3b73 ,we %all see ,him z ,he is4 ,b ,he is only 9 "o way4 ,!re=e ,he w be se5 by all 9 "o way only2 & !re=e ,he w n be se5 m p]fectly by "o & less p]fectly by ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 xxxii73 ,"o p]son _c see "o & ! same ?+ m p]fectly ?an ano!r4 ,b all :o see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 und]/& ! ,div9e ess5ce1 = ,god is se5 by ! intellect & n by s5se1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ( ^? :o see ! div9e ess5ce1 "o does n see m cle>ly ?an ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,t any?+ be se5 m p]fectly ?an ano!r c happ5 9 two ways3 ei!r on ! "p ( ! visible object1 or on ! "p ( ! visual p[] ( ! se]4 ,on ! "p ( ! object1 x may s happ5 because ! object is receiv$ m p]fectly 9 ! se]1 t is1 accord+ to ! great] p]fection ( ! similitude2 b ?is does n apply to ! pres5t "q1 = ,god is pres5t to ! intellect see+ ,him n by way ( similitude1 b by ,8 ess5ce4 ,x foll[s !n t if "o sees ,him m p]fectly ?an ano!r1 ?is happ5s accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! intellectual p[]2 ?us x foll[s too t ! "o ^: intellectual p[] is high]1 w see ,him ! m cle>ly2 & ?is is incongru\s2 s9ce equality ) angels is promis$ to m5 z _! beatitude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,et]nal life consi/s 9 ! vision ( ,god1 accord+ to ,john #ag3c3 ,?is is et]nal life1 t !y may "k ,!e ! only true ,god1 etc4 ,!re=e if all saw ! ess5ce ( ,god equally 9 et]nal life1 all w\ld be equal2 ! contr>y to :i* is decl>$ by ! ,apo/le3 ,/> diff]s f /> 9 glory 7#a ,cor4 #ae3da74 ,i answ] t1 ,( ^? :o see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 "o sees ,him m p]fectly ?an ano!r4 ,?is1 inde$1 does n take place z if "o _h a m p]fect similitude ( ,god ?an ano!r1 s9ce t vision w n spr+ f any similitude2 b x w take place because "o intellect w h a great] p[] or faculty to see ,god ?an ano!r4 ,! faculty ( see+ ,god1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ! creat$ intellect naturally1 b is giv5 to x by ! light ( glory1 :i* e/abli%es ! intellect 9 a k9d ( dei=mity1 z appe>s f :at is said above1 9 ! prec$+ article4 ,h5ce ! intellect :i* has m ( ! light ( glory w see ,god ! m p]fectly2 & he w h a full] p>ticipation ( ! light ( glory :o has m *>ity2 because :]e !re is ! great] *>ity1 !re is ! m desire2 & desire 9 a c]ta9 degree makes ! "o desir+ apt & prep>$ to receive ! object desir$4 ,h5ce he :o possesses ! m *>ity1 w see ,god ! m p]fectly1 & w be ! m beatifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! words1 ,we %all see ,him z ,he is1 ! conjunction z det]m9es ! mode ( vision on ! "p ( ! object se51 s t ! mean+ is1 we %all see ,him to be z ,he is1 because we %all see ,8 exi/5ce1 :i* is ,8 ess5ce4 ,b x does n det]m9e ! mode ( vision on ! "p ( ! "o see+2 z if ! mean+ 0 t ! mode ( see+ ,god w be z p]fect z is ! p]fect mode ( ,god's exi/5ce4 ,?us appe>s ! answ] to ! ,second ,objection4 ,= :5 x is said t "o intellect does n und]/& "o & ! same ?+ bett] ?an ano!r1 ?is w\ld be true if ref]r$ to ! mode ( ! ?+ und]/ood1 = :oev] und]/&s x o!rwise ?an x really is1 does n truly und]/& x1 b n if ref]r$ to ! mode ( und]/&+1 = ! und]/&+ ( "o is m p]fect ?an ! und]/&+ ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! div]sity ( see+ w n arise on ! "p ( ! object se51 = ! same object w be pres5t$ to all--viz4 ! ess5ce ( ,god2 nor w x arise f ! div]se p>ticipation ( ! object se5 by diff]5t similitudes2 b x w arise on ! "p ( ! div]se faculty ( ! intellect1 n1 inde$1 ! natural faculty1 b ! glorifi$ faculty4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,compreh5d ,him8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ^? :o see ! div9e ess5ce1 compreh5d ,god4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #c3ab73 ,b ,i foll[ aft]1 if ,i may by any means compreh5d ,d\ay3 'appreh5d'4 ,b ! ,apo/le did n foll[ 9 va92 = he said 7#a ,cor4 #i3bf73 ,i 4 4 4 s run1 n z at an unc]ta9ty4 ,!re=e he compreh5d$2 & 9 ! same way1 o!rs also1 :om he invites to d ! same1 say+3 ,s run t y may compreh5d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,vid4 ,deum1 ,ep4 cxlvii73 ,t is compreh5d$ :i* is s se5 z a :ole1 t no?+ ( x is hidd5 f ! se]4 ,b if ,god is se5 9 ,8 ess5ce1 ,he is se5 :ole1 & no?+ ( ,him is hidd5 f ! se]1 s9ce ,god is simple4 ,!re=e :oev] sees ,8 ess5ce1 compreh5ds ,him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if we say t ,he is se5 z a :ole1 b n :olly1 x may be contr>ily urg$ t :olly ref]s ei!r to ! mode ( ! se]1 or to ! mode ( ! ?+ se54 ,b he :o sees ! ess5ce ( ,god1 sees ,him :olly1 if ! mode ( ! ?+ se5 is consid]$2 =asmu* z he sees ,him z ,he is2 also1 likewise1 he sees ,him :olly if ! mode ( ! se] is meant1 =asmu* z ! intellect w ) its full p[] see ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,!re=e all :o see ! ess5ce ( ,god see ,him :olly2 !re=e !y compreh5d ,him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,o mo/ mighty1 great1 & p[]ful1 ! ,"l ( ho/s is ,?y ,"n4 ,great 9 c\nsel1 & incompreh5sible 9 ?\ght 7,j]4 #cb3ah1ai74 ,!re=e ,he _c be compreh5d$4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = any creat$ intellect to compreh5d ,god2 yet = ! m9d to atta9 to ,god 9 "s degree is great beatitude1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 xxxviii74 ,9 pro( ( ?is we mu/ consid] t :at is compreh5d$ is p]fectly kn[n2 & t is p]fectly kn[n :i* is kn[n s f> z x c be kn[n4 ,?us1 if any?+ :i* is capable ( sci5tific demon/ration is held only by an op9ion re/+ on a probably pro(1 x is n compreh5d$2 z1 = in/ance1 if anyone kn[s by sci5tific demon/ration t a triangle has ?ree angles equal to two "r angles1 he compreh5ds t tru?2 :]eas if anyone accepts x z a probable op9ion because wise m5 or mo/ m5 tea* x1 he _c be said to compreh5d ! ?+ itself1 because he does n atta9 to t p]fect mode ( k ( :i* x is intr9sically capable4 ,b no creat$ intellect c atta9 to t p]fect mode ( ! k ( ! ,div9e intellect :]e( x is intr9sically capable4 ,:i* ?us appe>s--,ev]y?+ is kn[able accord+ to its actuality4 ,b ,god1 ^: be+ is inf9ite1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #g71 is inf9itely kn[able4 ,n[ no creat$ intellect c "k ,god inf9itely4 ,= ! creat$ intellect kn[s ! ,div9e ess5ce m or less p]fectly 9 proportion z x receives a great] or less] light ( glory4 ,s9ce !re=e ! creat$ light ( glory receiv$ into any creat$ intellect _c be inf9ite1 x is cle>ly impossible = any creat$ intellect to "k ,god 9 an inf9ite degree4 ,h5ce x is impossible t x %\ld compreh5d ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,compreh5sion is tw(old3 9 "o s5se x is tak5 /rictly & prop]ly1 accord+ z some?+ is includ$ 9 ! "o compreh5d+2 & ?us 9 no way is ,god compreh5d$ ei!r by intellect1 or 9 any o!r way2 =asmu* z ,he is inf9ite & _c be includ$ 9 any f9ite be+2 s t no f9ite be+ c conta9 ,him inf9itely1 9 ! degree ( ,8 own inf9ity4 ,9 ?is s5se we n[ take compreh5sion4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se compreh5sion is tak5 m l>gely z oppos$ to non-atta9m5t2 = he :o atta9s to anyone is said to compreh5d him :5 he atta9s to him4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,god is compreh5d$ by ! bless$1 accord+ to ! words1 ,i held him1 & ,i w n let him g 7,cant4 #c3d72 9 ?is s5se also are to be und]/ood ! words quot$ f ! ,apo/le conc]n+ compreh5sion4 ,& 9 ?is way compreh5sion is "o ( ! ?ree pr]ogatives ( ! s\l1 respond+ to hope1 z vision responds to fai?1 & fruition responds to *>ity4 ,= ev5 among ourselves n ev]y?+ se5 is held or possess$1 =asmu* z ?+s ei!r appe> sometimes af> (f1 or !y are n 9 our p[] ( atta9m5t4 ,nei!r1 aga91 d we always enjoy :at we possess2 ei!r because we f9d no pleasure 9 !m1 or because su* ?+s are n ! ultimate end ( our desire1 s z to satisfy & quell x4 ,b ! bless$ possess ^! ?ree ?+s 9 ,god2 because !y see ,him1 & 9 see+ ,him1 possess ,him z pres5t1 hav+ ! p[] to see ,him always2 & possess+ ,him1 !y enjoy ,him z ! ultimate fulfilm5t ( desire4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is call$ incompreh5sible n because any?+ ( ,him is n se52 b because ,he is n se5 z p]fectly z ,he is capable ( be+ se52 ?us :5 any demon/rable proposition is kn[n by probable reason only1 x does n foll[ t any "p ( x is unkn[n1 ei!r ! subject1 or ! pr$icate1 or ! composition2 b t x is n z p]fectly kn[n z x is capable ( be+ kn[n4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e1 9 8 def9ition ( compreh5sion1 says ! :ole is compreh5d$ :5 x is se5 9 su* a way t no?+ ( x is hidd5 f ! se]1 or :5 its b\nd>ies c be completely view$ or trac$2 = ! b\nd>ies ( a ?+ are said to be completely survey$ :5 ! end ( ! k ( x is atta9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ^w :olly d5otes a mode ( ! object2 n t ! :ole object does n come "u k1 b t ! mode ( ! object is n ! mode ( ! "o :o kn[s4 ,!re=e he :o sees ,god's ess5ce1 sees 9 ,him t ,he exi/s inf9itely1 & is inf9itely kn[able2 nev]!less1 ?is inf9ite mode does n ext5d to enable ! kn[] to "k inf9itely2 ?us1 = in/ance1 a p]son c h a probable op9ion t a proposition is demon/rable1 al?\gh he himself does n "k x z demon/rat$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,see ,all 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ^? :o see ! ess5ce ( ,god see all ?+s 9 ,god4 ,= ,gregory says 7,dialog4 iv73 ,:at d !y n see1 :o see ,him ,:o sees all ?+s8 ,b ,god sees all ?+s4 ,!re=e ^? :o see ,god see all ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] sees a mirror1 sees :at is reflect$ 9 ! mirror4 ,b all actual or possible ?+s %9e =? 9 ,god z 9 a mirror2 = ,he kn[s all ?+s 9 ,himself4 ,!re=e :oev] sees ,god1 sees all actual ?+s 9 ,him1 & also all possible ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] und]/&s ! great]1 c und]/& ! lea/1 z is said 9 ,de ,anima iii4 ,b all t ,god does1 or c d1 are less ?an ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e :oev] und]/&s ,god1 c und]/& all t ,god does1 or c d4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! rational creature naturally desires to "k all ?+s4 ,!re=e if 9 see+ ,god x does n "k all ?+s1 its natural desire w n re/ satisfi$2 ?us1 9 see+ ,god x w n be fully happy2 :i* is incongru\s4 ,!re=e he :o sees ,god kn[s all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! angels see ! ess5ce ( ,god2 & yet d n "k all ?+s4 ,= z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 ! inf]ior angels are cleans$ f ignorance by ! sup]ior angels4 ,also !y are ignorant ( future cont+5t ?+s1 & ( secret ?\ghts2 = ?is k belongs to ,god alone4 ,!re=e :osoev] sees ! ess5ce ( ,god1 does n "k all ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! creat$ intellect1 9 see+ ! div9e ess5ce1 does n see 9 x all t ,god does or c d4 ,= x is manife/ t ?+s are se5 9 ,god z !y are 9 ,him4 ,b all o!r ?+s are 9 ,god z effects are 9 ! p[] ( _! cause4 ,!re=e all ?+s are se5 9 ,god z an effect is se5 9 its cause4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! m p]fectly a cause is se51 ! m ( its effects c be se5 9 x4 ,= :oev] has a l(ty und]/&+1 z soon z "o demon/rative pr9ciple is put be=e him c ga!r ! k ( _m conclusions2 b ?is is beyond "o ( a weak] intellect1 = he ne$s ?+s to be expla9$ to him sep>ately4 ,& s an intellect c "k all ! effects ( a cause & ! reasons = ^? effects 9 ! cause itself1 if x compreh5ds ! cause :olly4 ,n[ no creat$ intellect c compreh5d ,god :olly1 z %[n above 7,a4 #g74 ,!re=e no creat$ intellect 9 see+ ,god c "k all t ,god does or c d1 = ?is w\ld be to compreh5d ,8 p[]2 b ( :at ,god does or c d any intellect c "k ! m1 ! m p]fectly x sees ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory speaks z reg>ds ! object be+ suffici5t1 namely1 ,god1 :o 9 ,himself suffici5tly conta9s & %[s =? all ?+s2 b x does n foll[ t :oev] sees ,god kn[s all ?+s1 = he does n p]fectly compreh5d ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n necess>y t :oev] sees a mirror %\ld see all t is 9 ! mirror1 unless 8 glance compreh5ds ! mirror itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh x is m to see ,god ?an to see all ?+s else1 /ill x is a great] ?+ to see ,him s t all ?+s are kn[n 9 ,him1 ?an to see ,him 9 su* a way t n all ?+s1 b ! few] or ! m1 are kn[n 9 ,him4 ,= x has be5 %[n 9 ?is article t ! m ?+s are kn[n 9 ,god accord+ z ,he is se5 m or less p]fectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! natural desire ( ! rational creature is to "k ev]y?+ t belongs to ! p]fection ( ! intellect1 namely1 ! species & ! g5]a ( ?+s & _! types1 & ^! ev]yone :o sees ! ,div9e ess5ce w see 9 ,god4 ,b to "k o!r s+ul>s1 _! ?\ghts & _! de$s does n belong to ! p]fection ( ! creat$ intellect nor does its natural desire g out to ^! ?+s2 nei!r1 aga91 does x desire to "k ?+s t exi/ n z yet1 b :i* ,god c call into be+4 ,yet if ,god alone 7 se51 ,:o is ! f\nt & pr9ciple ( all be+ & ( all tru?1 ,he w\ld s fill ! natural desire ( k t no?+ else w\ld be desir$1 & ! se] w\ld be completely beatifi$4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 v73 ,unhappy ! man :o kn[e? all ^! 7i4e4 all creatures7 & kn[e? n ,!e6 b happy :oso kn[e? ,!e al?\gh he "k n ^!4 ,& :oso kn[e? bo? ,!e & !m is n ! happi] = !m1 b = ,!e alone4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,:at ,is ,se5 9 ,god by ,^? ,:o ,see ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 ,is ,se5 ,?r\gh ,any ,similitude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t :at is se5 9 ,god by ^? :o see ! ,div9e ess5ce1 is se5 by means ( "s similitude4 ,= e k9d ( k comes ab\t by ! kn[] be+ assimilat$ to ! object kn[n4 ,= ?us ! intellect 9 act becomes ! actual intelligible1 & ! s5se 9 act becomes ! actual s5sible1 inasmu* z x is in=m$ by a similitude ( ! object1 z ! eye by ! similitude ( color4 ,!re=e if ! intellect ( "o :o sees ! ,div9e ess5ce und]/&s any creatures 9 ,god1 x mu/ be in=m$ by _! similitudes4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at we h se51 we keep 9 memory4 ,b ,paul1 see+ ! ess5ce ( ,god :il/ 9 ec/asy1 :5 he _h ceas$ to see ! ,div9e ess5ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #bh1cd71 rememb]$ _m ( ! ?+s he _h se5 9 ! rapture2 h5ce he said3 ,i h he>d secret words :i* x is n grant$ to man to utt] 7#b ,cor4 #ab3d74 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t c]ta9 similitudes ( :at he rememb]$1 rema9$ 9 8 m9d2 & 9 ! same way1 :5 he actually saw ! ess5ce ( ,god1 he _h c]ta9 similitudes or ideas ( :at he actually saw 9 x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a mirror & :at is 9 x are se5 by means ( "o lik5ess4 ,b all ?+s are se5 9 ,god z 9 an intelligible mirror4 ,!re=e if ,god ,himself is n se5 by any similitude b by ,8 own ess5ce1 nei!r are ! ?+s se5 9 ,him se5 by any similitudes or ideas4 ,i answ] t1 ,^? :o see ! div9e ess5ce see :at !y see 9 ,god n by any lik5ess1 b by ! div9e ess5ce itself unit$ to _! intellect4 ,= ea* ?+ is kn[n 9 s f> z its lik5ess is 9 ! "o :o kn[s4 ,n[ ?is takes place 9 two ways4 ,= z ?+s :i* are l "o & ! same ?+ are l to ea* o!r1 ! cognitive faculty c be assimilat$ to any kn[able object 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way x is assimilat$ by ! object itself1 :5 x is directly in=m$ by a similitude1 & !n ! object is kn[n 9 itself4 ,9 ano!r way :5 in=m$ by a similitude :i* resembles ! object2 & 9 ?is way1 ! k is n ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 b ( ! ?+ 9 its lik5ess4 ,= ! k ( a man 9 himself diff]s f ! k ( him 9 8 image4 ,h5ce to "k ?+s ?us by _! lik5ess 9 ! "o :o kn[s1 is to "k !m 9 !mselves or 9 _! own nature2 :]eas to "k !m by _! similitudes pre-exi/+ 9 ,god1 is to see !m 9 ,god4 ,n[ !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( k4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! k :]eby ?+s are kn[n by ^? :o see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 !y are se5 9 ,god ,himself n by any o!r similitudes b by ! ,div9e ess5ce alone pres5t to ! intellect2 by :i* also ,god ,himself is se54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! creat$ intellect ( "o :o sees ,god is assimilat$ to :at is se5 9 ,god1 inasmu* z x is unit$ to ! ,div9e ess5ce1 9 :i* ! similitudes ( all ?+s pre-exi/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s ( ! cognitive faculties =m o!r images f ^? fir/ conceiv$2 ?us ! imag9ation f ! preconceiv$ images ( a m\nta9 & ( gold c =m ! lik5ess ( a gold5 m\nta92 & ! intellect1 f ! preconceiv$ ideas ( g5us & diff]5ce1 =ms ! idea ( species2 9 l mann] f ! similitude ( an image we c =m 9 our m9ds ! similitude ( ! orig9al ( ! image4 ,?us ,paul1 or any o!r p]son :o sees ,god1 by ! v vision ( ! div9e ess5ce1 c =m 9 himself ! similitudes ( :at is se5 9 ! div9e ess5ce1 :i* rema9$ 9 ,paul ev5 :5 he _h ceas$ to see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,/ill ?is k9d ( vision :]eby ?+s are se5 by ?is lik5ess ?us conceiv$1 is n ! same z t :]eby ?+s are se5 9 ,god4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,see ,all ,!y ,see 9 ,x at ! ,same ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ^? :o see ! ess5ce ( ,god d n see all !y see 9 ,him at "o & ! same "t4 ,= accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,topic4 ii73 ,x may happ5 t _m ?+s are kn[n1 b only "o is und]/ood4 ,b :at is se5 9 ,god1 is und]/ood2 = ,god is se5 by ! intellect4 ,!re=e ^? :o see ,god d n see all 9 ,him at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #bb1 #bc71 ,god moves ! spiritual creature accord+ to "t--i4e4 by intellig5ce & affection4 ,b ! spiritual creature is ! angel :o sees ,god4 ,!re=e ^? :o see ,god und]/& & are affect$ successively2 = "t means succession4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xvi73 ,our ?\ghts w n be un/able1 go+ to & fro f "o ?+ to ano!r2 b we %all see all we "k at "o glance4 ,i answ] t1 ,:at is se5 9 ! ,^w is se5 n successively1 b at ! same "t4 ,9 pro( :]e(1 we ourselves _c "k _m ?+s all at once1 =asmu* z und]/& _m ?+s by means ( _m ideas4 ,b our intellect _c be actually in=m$ by _m div]se ideas at ! same "t1 s z to und]/& by !m2 z "o body _c be> diff]5t %apes simultane\sly4 ,h5ce1 :5 _m ?+s c be und]/ood by "o idea1 !y are und]/ood at ! same "t2 z ! p>ts ( a :ole are und]/ood successively1 & n all at ! same "t1 if ea* "o is und]/ood by its own idea2 :]eas if all are und]/ood "u ! "o idea ( ! :ole1 !y are und]/ood simultane\sly4 ,n[ x 0 %[n above t ?+s se5 9 ,god1 are n se5 s+ly by _! own similitude2 b all are se5 by ! "o ess5ce ( ,god4 ,h5ce !y are se5 simultane\sly1 & n successively4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we und]/& "o ?+ only :5 we und]/& by "o idea2 b _m ?+s und]/ood by "o idea are und]/ood simultane\sly1 z 9 ! idea ( a man we und]/& animal & rational2 & 9 ! idea ( a h\se we und]/& ! wall & ! ro(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z reg>ds _! natural k1 :]eby !y "k ?+s by div]se ideas giv5 !m1 ! angels d n "k all ?+s simultane\sly1 & ?us !y are mov$ 9 ! act ( und]/&+ accord+ to "t2 b z reg>ds :at !y see 9 ,god1 !y see all at ! same "t4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,anyone 9 ,?is ,life ,c ,see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t "o c 9 ?is life see ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,= ,jacob said3 ,i h se5 ,god face to face 7,g54 #cb3cj74 ,b to see ,him face to face is to see ,8 ess5ce1 z appe>s f ! words3 ,we see n[ 9 a glass & 9 a d>k mann]1 b !n face to face 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ab74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,"l said to ,moses3 ,i speak to him m\? to m\?1 & pla9ly1 & n by riddles & figures do? he see ! ,"l 7,num4 #ab3h72 b ?is is to see ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e x is possible to see ! ess5ce ( ,god 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :]e9 we "k all o!r ?+s1 & :]eby we judge ( o!r ?+s1 is kn[n 9 itself to u4 ,b ev5 n[ we "k all ?+s 9 ,god2 = ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii73 ,if we bo? see t :at y say is true1 & we bo? see t :at ,i say is true2 :]e1 ,i ask1 d we see ?is8 nei!r ,i 9 !e1 nor ?\ 9 me2 b bo? ( u 9 ! v incommutable tru? itself above our m9ds4 ,he also says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxx7 t1 ,we judge ( all ?+s accord+ to ! div9e tru?2 & 7,de ,tr94 xii7 t1 x is ! duty ( reason to judge ( ^! corporeal ?+s accord+ to ! incorporeal & et]nal ideas2 :i* unless !y 7 above ! m9d c\ld n be incommutable4 ,!re=e ev5 9 ?is life we see ,god ,himself4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bd1 #be71 ^? ?+s t are 9 ! s\l by _! ess5ce are se5 by intellectual vision4 ,b intellectual vision is ( intelligible ?+s1 n by similitudes1 b by _! v ess5ces1 z he also says 7,g54 ad lit4 xiii1 #bd1 #be74 ,!re=e s9ce ,god is 9 our s\l by ,8 ess5ce1 x foll[s t ,he is se5 by u 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt51 ,man %all n see ,me1 & live 7,ex4 #cb3bj71 & a gloss ^u ?is says1 ,9 ?is mortal life ,god c be se5 by c]ta9 images1 b n by ! lik5ess itself ( ,8 own nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,god _c be se5 9 ,8 ess5ce by a m]e human be+1 except he be sep>at$ f ?is mortal life4 ,! reason is because1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #d71 ! mode ( k foll[s ! mode ( ! nature ( ! kn[]4 ,b our s\l1 z long z we live 9 ?is life1 has its be+ 9 corporeal matt]2 h5ce naturally x kn[s only :at has a =m 9 matt]1 or :at c be kn[n by su* a =m4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! ,div9e ess5ce _c be kn[n ?r\gh ! nature ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,,aa4 #b1 #i7 t ! k ( ,god by means ( any creat$ similitude is n ! vision ( ,8 ess5ce4 ,h5ce x is impossible = ! s\l ( man 9 ?is life to see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,?is c be se5 9 ! fact t ! m our s\l is ab/ract$ f corporeal ?+s1 ! m x is capable ( receiv+ ab/ract intelligible ?+s4 ,h5ce 9 dreams & ali5ations ( ! bodily s5ses div9e revelations & =esight ( future ev5ts are p]ceiv$ ! m cle>ly4 ,x is n possible1 !re=e1 t ! s\l 9 ?is mortal life %\ld be rais$ up to ! supreme ( intelligible objects1 i4e4 to ! div9e ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv7 a man is said 9 ! ,scriptures to see ,god 9 ! s5se t c]ta9 figures are =m$ 9 ! s5ses or imag9ation1 accord+ to "s similitude repres5t+ 9 "p ! div9ity4 ,s :5 ,jacob says1 ,i h se5 ,god face to face1 ?is does n mean ! ,div9e ess5ce1 b "s figure repres5t+ ,god4 ,& ?is is to be ref]r$ to "s high mode ( prophecy1 s t ,god seems to speak1 ?\gh 9 an imag9>y vision2 z w lat] be expla9$ 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agd7 9 treat+ ( ! degrees ( prophecy4 ,we may also say t ,jacob spoke ?us to designate "s exalt$ intellectual contemplation1 above ! ord9>y /ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,god works miracles 9 corporeal ?+s1 s also ,he does sup]natural wond]s above ! common ord]1 rais+ ! m9ds ( "s liv+ 9 ! fle% beyond ! use ( s5se1 ev5 up to ! vision ( ,8 own ess5ce2 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh7 ( ,moses1 ! tea*] ( ! ,jews2 & ( ,paul1 ! tea*] ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,?is w be treat$ m fully 9 ! "q ( rapture 7,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #age74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ?+s are said to be se5 9 ,god & all ?+s are judg$ 9 ,him1 because by ! p>ticipation ( ,8 light1 we "k & judge all ?+s2 = ! light ( natural reason itself is a p>ticipation ( ! div9e light2 z likewise we are said to see & judge ( s5sible ?+s 9 ! sun1 i4e41 by ! sun's light4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 i1 #h71 ,! lessons ( in/ruction c only be se5 z x 7 by _! own sun1 namely ,god4 ,z !re=e 9 ord] to see a s5sible object1 x is n necess>y to see ! sub/ance ( ! sun1 s 9 l mann] to see any intelligible object1 x is n necess>y to see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,intellectual vision is ( ! ?+s :i* are 9 ! s\l by _! ess5ce1 z intelligible ?+s are 9 ! intellect4 ,& ?us ,god is 9 ! s\ls ( ! bless$2 n ?us is ,he 9 our s\l1 b by pres5ce1 ess5ce & p[]4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,god ,c ,be ,kn[n 9 ,?is ,life by ,natural ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t by natural reason we _c "k ,god 9 ?is life4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 v7 t reason does n grasp simple =m4 ,b ,god is a supremely simple =m1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e natural reason _c atta9 to "k ,him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l und]/&s no?+ by natural reason )\t ! use ( ! imag9ation4 ,b we _c h an imag9ation ( ,god1 ,:o is incorporeal4 ,!re=e we _c "k ,god by natural k4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! k ( natural reason belongs to bo? good & evil1 inasmu* z !y h a common nature4 ,b ! k ( ,god belongs only to ! good2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i73 ,! weak eye ( ! human m9d is n fix$ on t excell5t light unless purifi$ by ! ju/ice ( fai?4 ,!re=e ,god _c be kn[n by natural reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #a3ai71 ,t :i* is kn[n ( ,god1 namely1 :at c be kn[n ( ,god by natural reason1 is manife/ 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,our natural k beg9s f s5se4 ,h5ce our natural k c g z f> z x c be l$ by s5sible ?+s4 ,b our m9d _c be l$ by s5se s f> z to see ! ess5ce ( ,god2 because ! s5sible effects ( ,god d n equal ! p[] ( ,god z _! cause4 ,h5ce f ! k ( s5sible ?+s ! :ole p[] ( ,god _c be kn[n2 nor !re=e c ,8 ess5ce be se54 ,b because !y are ,8 effects & dep5d on _! cause1 we c be l$ f !m s f> z to "k ( ,god :e!r ,he exi/s1 & to "k ( ,him :at mu/ necess>ily belong to ,him1 z ! fir/ cause ( all ?+s1 exce$+ all ?+s caus$ by ,him4 ,h5ce we "k t ,8 relation%ip ) creatures s f> z to be ! cause ( !m all2 also t creatures diff] f ,him1 inasmu* z ,he is n 9 any way "p ( :at is caus$ by ,him2 & t creatures are n remov$ f ,him by reason ( any defect on ,8 "p1 b because ,he sup]exce$s !m all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason _c rea* up to simple =m1 s z to "k :at x is2 b x c "k :e!r x is4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is kn[n by natural k ?r\gh ! images ( ,8 effects4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! k ( ,god's ess5ce is by grace1 x belongs only to ! good2 b ! k ( ,him by natural reason c belong to bo? good & bad2 & h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i71 retract+ :at he _h said be=e3 ,i d n approve :at ,i said 9 pray]1 ',god :o wille/ t only ! pure %\ld "k tru?4' ,= x c be answ]$ t _m :o are n pure c "k _m tru?s1 i4e4 by natural reason4 ,,?irte5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #ac ,:e!r by ,grace a ,high] ,k ( ,god ,c ,be ,obta9$ ,?an by ,natural ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t by grace a high] k ( ,god is n obta9$ ?an by natural reason4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,de ,my/ica ,!ol4 i7 t :oev] is ! m unit$ to ,god 9 ?is life1 is unit$ to ,him z to "o entirely unkn[n4 ,he says ! same ( ,moses1 :o nev]!less obta9$ a c]ta9 excell5ce by ! k conf]r$ by grace4 ,b to be unit$ to ,god :ile ignor+ ( ,him :at ,he is1 comes ab\t also by natural reason4 ,!re=e ,god is n m kn[n to u by grace ?an by natural reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we c acquire ! k ( div9e ?+s by natural reason only ?r\gh ! imag9ation2 & ! same applies to ! k giv5 by grace4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i7 t x is impossible = ! div9e ray to %9e ^u u except z scre5$ r\nd ab\t by ! _m color$ sacr$ veils4 ,!re=e we _c "k ,god m fully by grace ?an by natural reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 our intellect adh]es to ,god by grace ( fai?4 ,b fai? does n seem to be k2 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxvi 9 ,ev47 t ?+s n se5 are ! objects ( fai?1 & n ( k4 ,!re=e !re is n giv5 to u a m excell5t k ( ,god by grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says t ,god ha? reveal$ to u ,8 _s1 :at none ( ! pr9ces ( ?is _w knew 7#a ,cor4 #b3aj71 namely1 ! philosoph]s1 z ! gloss exp\nds4 ,i answ] t1 ,we h a m p]fect k ( ,god by grace ?an by natural reason4 ,:i* is prov$ ?us4 ,! k :i* we h by natural reason conta9s two ?+s3 images d]iv$ f ! s5sible objects2 & ! natural intelligible light1 enabl+ u to ab/ract f !m intelligible conceptions4 ,n[ 9 bo? ( ^!1 human k is assi/$ by ! revelation ( grace4 ,= ! intellect's natural light is /r5g!n$ by ! infusion ( gratuit\s light2 & sometimes also ! images 9 ! human imag9ation are div9ely =m$1 s z to express div9e ?+s bett] ?an ^? d :i* we receive f s5sible objects1 z appe>s 9 prophetic visions2 :ile sometimes s5sible ?+s1 or ev5 voices1 are div9ely =m$ to express "s div9e mean+2 z 9 ! ,baptism1 ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 se5 9 ! %ape ( a dove1 & ! voice ( ! ,fa!r 0 he>d1 ,?is is ,my belov$ ,son 7,matt4 #c3ag74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh by ! revelation ( grace 9 ?is life we _c "k ( ,god :at ,he is1 & ?us are unit$ to ,him z to "o unkn[n2 /ill we "k ,him m fully accord+ z _m & m excell5t ( ,8 effects are demon/rat$ to u1 & accord+ z we attribute to ,him "s ?+s kn[n by div9e revelation1 to :i* natural reason _c rea*1 z1 = in/ance1 t ,god is ,?ree & ,"o4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ! images ei!r receiv$ f s5se 9 ! natural ord]1 or div9ely =m$ 9 ! imag9ation1 we h s mu* ! m excell5t intellectual k1 ! /rong] ! intelligible light is 9 man2 & ?us ?r\gh ! revelation giv5 by ! images a full] k is receiv$ by ! infusion ( ! div9e light4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fai? is a k9d ( k1 inasmu* z ! intellect is det]m9$ by fai? to "s kn[able object4 ,b ?is det]m9ation to "o object does n proce$ f ! vision ( ! believ]1 b f ! vision ( ,him :o is believ$4 ,?us z f> z fai? falls %ort ( vision1 x falls %ort ( ! k :i* belongs to sci5ce1 = sci5ce det]m9es ! intellect to "o object by ! vision & und]/&+ ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,,"q #ac ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,aft] ! consid]ation ( ^? ?+s :i* belong to ! div9e k1 we n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! div9e names4 ,= ev]y?+ is nam$ by u accord+ to our k ( x4 ,"u ?is head1 !re are twelve po9ts = inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god c be nam$ by u8 7#b7 ,:e!r any names appli$ to ,god are pr$icat$ ( ,him sub/antially8 7#c7 ,:e!r any names appli$ to ,god are said ( ,him lit]ally1 or are all to be tak5 metaphorically8 7#d7 ,:e!r any names appli$ to ,god are synonym\s8 7#e7 ,:e!r "s names are appli$ to ,god & to creatures univocally or equivocally8 7#f7 ,:e!r1 suppos+ !y are appli$ analogically1 !y are appli$ fir/ to ,god or to creatures8 7#g7 ,:e!r any names are applicable to ,god f "t8 7#h7 ,:e!r ?is "n ,god is a "n ( nature1 or ( ! op]ation8 7#i7 ,:e!r ?is "n ,god is a communicable "n8 7#aj7 ,:e!r x is tak5 univocally or equivocally z signify+ ,god1 by nature1 by p>ticipation1 & by op9ion8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ?is "n1 ,:o is1 is ! supremely appropriate "n ( ,god8 7#ab7 ,:e!r affirmative propositions c be =m$ ab\t ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,"n ,c ,be ,giv5 to ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t no "n c be giv5 to ,god4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i7 t1 ,( ,him !re is nei!r "n1 nor c "o be f\nd ( ,him2 & x is writt53 ,:at is ,8 "n1 & :at is ! "n ( ,8 ,son1 if ?\ kn[e/8 7,prov4 #cj3d74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e "n is ei!r ab/ract or concrete4 ,b concrete names d n belong to ,god1 s9ce ,he is simple1 nor d ab/ract names belong to ,him1 =asmu* z !y d n signify any p]fect subsi/+ ?+4 ,!re=e no "n c be said ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 n\ns are tak5 to signify sub/ance ) quality2 v]bs & p>ticiples signify sub/ance ) "t2 pron\ns ! same ) demon/ration or relation4 ,b none ( ^! c be appli$ to ,god1 = ,he has no quality1 nor accid5t1 nor "t2 moreov]1 ,he _c be felt1 s z to be po9t$ out2 nor c ,he be describ$ by relation1 inasmu* z relations s]ve to recall a ?+ m5tion$ be=e by n\ns1 p>ticiples1 or demon/rative pron\ns4 ,!re=e ,god _c 9 any way be nam$ by u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #ae3c73 ,! ,"l is a man ( w>1 ,almighty is ,8 "n4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,p]i ,h]m4 i71 words are signs ( ideas1 & ideas ! similitude ( ?+s1 x is evid5t t words relate to ! mean+ ( ?+s signifi$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! intellectual conception4 ,x foll[s !re=e t we c give a "n to any?+ 9 z f> z we c und]/& x4 ,n[ x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ab1 ,,aa4 #aa1 #ab7 t 9 ?is life we _c see ! ess5ce ( ,god2 b we "k ,god f creatures z _! pr9ciple1 & also by way ( excell5ce & remotion4 ,9 ?is way !re=e ,he c be nam$ by u f creatures1 yet n s t ! "n :i* signifies ,him expresses ! div9e ess5ce 9 itself4 ,?us ! "n man expresses ! ess5ce ( man 9 himself1 s9ce x signifies ! def9ition ( man by manife/+ 8 ess5ce2 = ! idea express$ by ! "n is ! def9ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! reason :y ,god has no "n1 or is said to be above be+ nam$1 is because ,8 ess5ce is above all t we und]/& ab\t ,god1 & signify 9 ^w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,because we "k & "n ,god f creatures1 ! names we attribute to ,god signify :at belongs to mat]ial creatures1 ( :i* ! k is natural to u4 ,& because 9 creatures ( ?is k9d :at is p]fect & subsi/5t is comp\nd2 :]eas _! =m is n a complete subsi/+ ?+1 b r is t :]eby a ?+ is2 h5ce x foll[s t all names us$ by u to signify a complete subsi/+ ?+ mu/ h a concrete mean+ z applicable to comp\nd ?+s2 :]eas names giv5 to signify simple =ms1 signify a ?+ n z subsi/+1 b z t :]eby a ?+ is2 z1 = in/ance1 :it5ess signifies t :]eby a ?+ is :ite4 ,& z ,god is simple1 & subsi/+1 we attribute to ,him ab/ract names to signify ,8 simplicity1 & concrete names to signify ,8 sub/ance & p]fection1 al?\gh bo? ^! k9ds ( names fail to express ,8 mode ( be+1 =asmu* z our intellect does n "k ,him 9 ?is life z ,he is4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to signify sub/ance ) quality is to signify ! suppositum ) a nature or det]m9$ =m 9 :i* x subsi/s4 ,h5ce1 z "s ?+s are said ( ,god 9 a concrete s5se1 to signify ,8 subsi/5ce & p]fection1 s likewise n\ns are appli$ to ,god signify+ sub/ance ) quality4 ,fur!r1 v]bs & p>ticiples :i* signify "t1 are appli$ to ,him because ,8 et]nity includes all "t4 ,= z we c appreh5d & signify simple subsi/5ces only by way ( comp\nd ?+s1 s we c und]/& & express simple et]nity only by way ( temporal ?+s1 because our intellect has a natural aff9ity to comp\nd & temporal ?+s4 ,b demon/rative pron\ns are appli$ to ,god z describ+ :at is und]/ood1 n :at is s5s$4 ,= we c only describe ,him z f> z we und]/& ,him4 ,?us1 accord+ z n\ns1 p>ticiples & demon/rative pron\ns are applicable to ,god1 s f> c ,he be signifi$ by relative pron\ns4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,any ,"n ,c ,be ,appli$ to ,god ,sub/antially8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t no "n c be appli$ to ,god sub/antially4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #i73 ,ev]y?+ said ( ,god signifies n ,8 sub/ance1 b r %[s =? :at ,he is n2 or expresses "s relation1 or some?+ foll[+ f ,8 nature or op]ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i73 ,y w f9d a *orus ( holy doctors address$ to ! end ( di/+ui%+ cle>ly & praisewor?ily ! div9e processions 9 ! d5om9ation ( ,god4 ,?us ! names appli$ by ! holy doctors 9 prais+ ,god are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! div9e processions !mselves4 ,b :at expresses ! procession ( any?+1 does n signify its ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! names appli$ to ,god are n said ( ,him sub/antially4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is nam$ by u accord+ z we und]/& x4 ,b ,god is n und]/ood by u 9 ?is life 9 ,8 sub/ance4 ,!re=e nei!r is any "n we c use appli$ sub/antially to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi73 ,! be+ ( ,god is ! be+ /rong1 or ! be+ wise1 or :atev] else we may say ( t simplicity :]eby ,8 sub/ance is signifi$4 ,!re=e all names ( ?is k9d signify ! div9e sub/ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,negative names appli$ to ,god1 or signify+ ,8 relation to creatures manife/ly d n at all signify ,8 sub/ance1 b r express ! di/ance ( ! creature f ,him1 or ,8 relation to some?+ else1 or r1 ! relation ( creatures to ,himself4 ,b z reg>ds absolute & affirmative names ( ,god1 z good1 wise1 & ! l1 v>i\s & _m op9ions h be5 giv54 ,= "s h said t all su* names1 al?\gh !y are appli$ to ,god affirmatively1 nev]!less h be5 br\ght into use m to express "s remotion f ,god1 r ?an to express any?+ t exi/s positively 9 ,him4 ,h5ce !y ass]t t :5 we say t ,god lives1 we mean t ,god is n l an inanimate ?+2 & ! same 9 l mann] applies to o!r names2 & ?is 0 taught by ,rabbi ,moses4 ,o!rs say t ^! names appli$ to ,god signify ,8 relation%ip t[>ds creatures3 ?us 9 ! words1 ,god is good1 we mean1 ,god is ! cause ( goodness 9 ?+s2 & ! same rule applies to o!r names4 ,bo? ( ^! op9ions1 h[ev]1 seem to be untrue = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/ because 9 nei!r ( !m c a reason be assign$ :y "s names m ?an o!rs are appli$ to ,god4 ,= ,he is assur$ly ! cause ( bodies 9 ! same way z ,he is ! cause ( good ?+s2 !re=e if ! words ,god is good1 signifi$ no m ?an1 ,god is ! cause ( good ?+s1 x might 9 l mann] be said t ,god is a body1 inasmu* z ,he is ! cause ( bodies4 ,s also to say t ,he is a body implies t ,he is n a m]e pot5tiality1 z is prim>y matt]4 ,secondly1 because x w\ld foll[ t all names appli$ to ,god w\ld be said ( ,him by way ( be+ tak5 9 a second>y s5se1 z heal?y is second>ily said ( m$ic9e1 =asmu* z x signifies only ! cause ( ! heal? 9 ! animal :i* prim>ily is call$ heal?y4 ,?irdly1 because ?is is aga9/ ! int5tion ( ^? :o speak ( ,god4 ,= 9 say+ t ,god lives1 !y assur$ly mean m ?an to say ! ,he is ! cause ( our life1 or t ,he diff]s f inanimate bodies4 ,!re=e we mu/ hold a diff]5t doctr9e--viz4 t ^! names signify ! div9e sub/ance1 & are pr$icat$ sub/antially ( ,god1 al?\gh !y fall %ort ( a full repres5tation ( ,him4 ,:i* is prov$ ?us4 ,= ^! names express ,god1 s f> z our intellects "k ,him4 ,n[ s9ce our intellect kn[s ,god f creatures1 x kn[s ,him z f> z creatures repres5t ,him4 ,n[ x is %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b7 t ,god prepossesses 9 ,himself all ! p]fections ( creatures1 be+ ,himself simply & univ]sally p]fect4 ,h5ce e creature repres5ts ,him1 & is l ,him s f> z x possesses "s p]fection2 yet x repres5ts ,him n z some?+ ( ! same species or g5us1 b z ! excell+ pr9ciple ( ^: =m ! effects fall %ort1 al?\gh !y d]ive "s k9d ( lik5ess !reto1 ev5 z ! =ms ( inf]ior bodies repres5t ! p[] ( ! sun4 ,?is 0 expla9$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c71 9 treat+ ( ! div9e p]fection4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid names signify ! div9e sub/ance1 b 9 an imp]fect mann]1 ev5 z creatures repres5t x imp]fectly4 ,s :5 we say1 ,god is good1 ! mean+ is n1 ,god is ! cause ( goodness1 or ,god is n evil2 b ! mean+ is1 ,:atev] good we attribute to creatures1 pre-exi/s 9 ,god1 & 9 a m excell5t & high] way4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t ,god is good1 because ,he causes goodness2 b r1 on ! contr>y1 ,he causes goodness 9 ?+s because ,he is good2 accord+ to :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cb71 ,because ,he is good1 we are4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,damasc5e says t ^! names d n signify :at ,god is1 =asmu* z by none ( ^! names is p]fectly express$ :at ,he is2 b ea* "o signifies ,him 9 an imp]fect mann]1 ev5 z creatures repres5t ,him imp]fectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! significance ( names1 t f :i* ! "n is d]iv$ is diff]5t sometimes f :at x is int5d$ to signify1 z = in/ance1 ?is "n /one lapis is impos$ f ! fact t x hurts ! foot lo$it p$em1 b x is n impos$ to signify t :i* hurts ! foot1 b r to signify a c]ta9 k9d ( body2 o!rwise ev]y?+ t hurts ! foot w\ld be a /one 99,?is ref]s to ! ,lat9 etymology ( ! ^w lapis1 :i* has no place 9 ,engli%4 ,s we mu/ say t ^! k9ds ( div9e names are impos$ f ! div9e processions2 = z accord+ to ! div]se processions ( _! p]fections1 creatures are ! repres5tations ( ,god1 al?\gh 9 an imp]fect mann]2 s likewise our intellect kn[s & names ,god accord+ to ea* k9d ( procession2 b nev]!less ^! names are n impos$ to signify ! procession !mselves1 z if :5 we say ,god lives1 ! s5se 71 life proce$s f ,him2 b to signify ! pr9ciple itself ( ?+s1 9 s f> z life pre-exi/s 9 ,him1 al?\gh x pre-exi/s 9 ,him 9 a m em95t way ?an c be und]/ood or signifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we _c "k ! ess5ce ( ,god 9 ?is life1 z ,he really is 9 ,himself2 b we "k ,him accord+ly z ,he is repres5t$ 9 ! p]fections ( creatures2 & ?us ! names impos$ by u signify ,him 9 t mann] only4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,"n ,c ,be ,appli$ to ,god 9 ,its ,lit]al ,s5se8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t no "n is appli$ lit]ally to ,god4 ,= all names :i* we apply to ,god are tak5 f creatures2 z 0 expla9$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b ! names ( creatures are appli$ to ,god metaphorically1 z :5 we say1 ,god is a /one1 or a lion1 or ! l4 ,!re=e names are appli$ to ,god 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "n c be appli$ lit]ally to any?+ if x %\ld be )held f x r ?an giv5 to x4 ,b all su* names z good1 wise1 & ! l are m truly )held f ,god ?an giv5 to ,him2 z appe>s f ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ii74 ,!re=e none ( ^! names belong to ,god 9 _! lit]al s5se4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 corporeal names are appli$ to ,god 9 a metaphorical s5se only2 s9ce ,he is incorporeal4 ,b all su* names imply "s k9d ( corporeal condition2 = _! mean+ is b\nd up ) "t & composition & l corporeal conditions4 ,!re=e all ^! names are appli$ to ,god 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide ii71 ,"s names !re are :i* express evid5tly ! prop]ty ( ! div9ity1 & "s :i* express ! cle> tru? ( ! div9e maje/y1 b o!rs !re are :i* are appli$ to ,god metaphorically by way ( similitude4 ,!re=e n all names are appli$ to ,god 9 a metaphorical s5se1 b !re are "s :i* are said ( ,him 9 _! lit]al s5se4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! prec$+ article1 our k ( ,god is d]iv$ f ! p]fections :i* fl[ f ,him to creatures1 :i* p]fections are 9 ,god 9 a m em95t way ?an 9 creatures4 ,n[ our intellect appreh5ds !m z !y are 9 creatures1 & z x appreh5ds !m x signifies !m by names4 ,!re=e z to ! names appli$ to ,god--viz4 ! p]fections :i* !y signify1 su* z goodness1 life & ! l1 & _! mode ( signification4 ,z reg>ds :at is signifi$ by ^! names1 !y belong prop]ly to ,god1 & m prop]ly ?an !y belong to creatures1 & are appli$ prim>ily to ,him4 ,b z reg>ds _! mode ( signification1 !y d n prop]ly & /rictly apply to ,god2 = _! mode ( signification applies to creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re are "s names :i* signify ^! p]fections fl[+ f ,god to creatures 9 su* a way t ! imp]fect way 9 :i* creatures receive ! div9e p]fection is "p ( ! v signification ( ! "n itself z /one signifies a mat]ial be+1 & names ( ?is k9d c be appli$ to ,god only 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,o!r names1 h[ev]1 express ^! p]fections absolutely1 )\t any su* mode ( p>ticipation be+ "p ( _! signification z ! words be+1 good1 liv+1 & ! l1 & su* names c be lit]ally appli$ to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,su* names z ^!1 z ,dionysius %[s1 are d5i$ ( ,god = ! reason t :at ! "n signifies does n belong to ,him 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( its signification1 b 9 a m em95t way4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says also t ,god is above all sub/ance & all life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! names :i* are appli$ to ,god lit]ally imply corporeal conditions n 9 ! ?+ signifi$1 b z reg>ds _! mode ( signification2 :]eas ^? :i* are appli$ to ,god metaphorically imply & mean a corporeal condition 9 ! ?+ signifi$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,names ,appli$ to ,god ,are ,synonym\s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ^! names appli$ to ,god are synonym\s names4 ,= synonym\s names are ^? :i* mean exactly ! same4 ,b ^! names appli$ to ,god mean entirely ! same ?+ 9 ,god2 = ! goodness ( ,god is ,8 ess5ce1 & likewise x is ,8 wisdom4 ,!re=e ^! names are entirely synonym\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if x be said ^! names signify "o & ! same ?+ 9 reality1 b diff] 9 idea1 x c be object$ t an idea to :i* no reality corresponds is a va9 notion4 ,!re=e if ^! ideas are _m1 & ! ?+ is "o1 x seems also t all ^! ideas are va9 notions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ :i* is "o 9 reality & 9 idea1 is m "o ?an :at is "o 9 reality & _m 9 idea4 ,b ,god is supremely "o4 ,!re=e x seems t ,he is n "o 9 reality & _m 9 idea2 & ?us ! names appli$ to ,god d n signify diff]5t ideas2 & ?us !y are synonym\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all synonyms unit$ ) ea* o!r are r$undant1 z :5 we say1 ve/ure clo?+4 ,!re=e if all names appli$ to ,god are synonym\s1 we _c prop]ly say good ,god or ! l1 & yet x is writt51 ,o mo/ mighty1 great & p[]ful1 ! ,"l ( ho/s is ,?y "n 7,j]4 #cb3ah74 ,i answ] t1 ,^! names spok5 ( ,god are n synonym\s4 ,?is w\ld be easy to und]/&1 if we said t ^! names are us$ to remove1 or to express ! relation ( cause to creatures2 = ?us x w\ld foll[ t !re are diff]5t ideas z reg>ds ! div]se ?+s d5i$ ( ,god1 or z reg>ds div]se effects connot$4 ,b ev5 accord+ to :at 0 said above 7,a4 #b71 t ^! names signify ! div9e sub/ance1 al?\gh 9 an imp]fect mann]1 x is also cle> f :at has be5 said 7,,aa4 #a1 #b7 t !y h div]se mean+s4 ,= ! idea signifi$ by ! "n is ! conception 9 ! intellect ( ! ?+ signifi$ by ! "n4 ,b our intellect1 s9ce x kn[s ,god f creatures1 9 ord] to und]/& ,god1 =ms conceptions proportional to ! p]fections fl[+ f ,god to creatures1 :i* p]fections pre-exi/ 9 ,god unit$ly & simply1 :]eas 9 creatures !y are receiv$ & divid$ & multipli$4 ,z !re=e1 to ! diff]5t p]fections ( creatures1 !re corresponds "o simple pr9ciple repres5t$ by diff]5t p]fections ( creatures 9 a v>i\s & manifold mann]1 s also to ! v>i\s & multipli$ conceptions ( our intellect1 !re corresponds "o altoge!r simple pr9ciple1 accord+ to ^! conceptions1 imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,!re=e al?\gh ! names appli$ to ,god signify "o ?+1 /ill because !y signify t "u _m & diff]5t aspects1 !y are n synonym\s4 ,?us appe>s ! solution ( ! ,fir/ ,objection1 s9ce synonym\s t]ms signify "o ?+ "u "o aspect2 = words :i* signify diff]5t aspects ( "o ?+1 d n signify prim>ily & absolutely "o ?+2 because ! t]m only signifies ! ?+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! intellectual conception1 z 0 said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! _m aspects ( ^! names are n empty & va91 = !re corresponds to all ( !m "o simple reality repres5t$ by !m 9 a manifold & imp]fect mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p]fect unity ( ,god requires t :at are manifold & divid$ 9 o!rs %\ld exi/ 9 ,him simply & unit$ly4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ,he is "o 9 reality1 & yet multiple 9 idea1 because our intellect appreh5ds ,him 9 a manifold mann]1 z ?+s repres5t ,him4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,:at ,is ,said ( ,god & ( ,creatures ,is ,univocally ,pr$icat$ ( ,!m8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! ?+s attribut$ to ,god & creatures are univocal4 ,= e equivocal t]m is r$uc$ to ! univocal1 z _m are r$uc$ to "o2 = if ! "n dog be said equivocally ( ! b>k+ dog1 & ( ! dogfi%1 x mu/ be said ( "s univocally--viz4 ( all b>k+ dogs2 o!rwise we proce$ to inf9itude4 ,n[ !re are "s univocal ag5ts :i* agree ) _! effects 9 "n & def9ition1 z man g5]ates man2 & !re are "s ag5ts :i* are equivocal1 z ! sun :i* causes heat1 al?\gh ! sun is hot only 9 an equivocal s5se4 ,!re=e x seems t ! fir/ ag5t to :i* all o!r ag5ts are r$uc$1 is an univocal ag5t3 & ?us :at is said ( ,god & creatures1 is pr$icat$ univocally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no similitude among equivocal ?+s4 ,!re=e z creatures h a c]ta9 lik5ess to ,god1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ,g5esis 7,g54 #a3bf71 ,let u make man to our image & lik5ess1 x seems t some?+ c be said ( ,god & creatures univocally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 measure is homog5e\s ) ! ?+ measur$4 ,b ,god is ! fir/ measure ( all be+s4 ,!re=e ,god is homog5e\s ) creatures2 & ?us a ^w may be appli$ univocally to ,god & to creatures4 ,on ! contr>y1 :atev] is pr$icat$ ( v>i\s ?+s "u ! same "n b n 9 ! same s5se1 is pr$icat$ equivocally4 ,b no "n belongs to ,god 9 ! same s5se t x belongs to creatures2 = in/ance1 wisdom 9 creatures is a quality1 b n 9 ,god4 ,n[ a diff]5t g5us *anges an ess5ce1 s9ce ! g5us is "p ( ! def9ition2 & ! same applies to o!r ?+s4 ,!re=e :atev] is said ( ,god & ( creatures is pr$icat$ equivocally4 ,fur!r1 ,god is m di/ant f creatures ?an any creatures are f ea* o!r4 ,b ! di/ance ( "s creatures makes any univocal pr$ication ( !m impossible1 z 9 ! case ( ^? ?+s :i* are n 9 ! same g5us4 ,!re=e mu* less c any?+ be pr$icat$ univocally ( ,god & creatures2 & s only equivocal pr$ication c be appli$ to !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,univocal pr$ication is impossible betwe5 ,god & creatures4 ,! reason ( ?is is t e effect :i* is n an adequate result ( ! p[] ( ! effici5t cause1 receives ! similitude ( ! ag5t n 9 its full degree1 b 9 a measure t falls %ort1 s t :at is divid$ & multipli$ 9 ! effects resides 9 ! ag5t simply1 & 9 ! same mann]2 z = example ! sun by ex]cise ( its "o p[] produces manifold & v>i\s =ms 9 all inf]ior ?+s4 ,9 ! same way1 z said 9 ! prec$+ article1 all p]fections exi/+ 9 creatures divid$ & multipli$1 pre-exi/ 9 ,god unit$ly4 ,?us :5 any t]m express+ p]fection is appli$ to a creature1 x signifies t p]fection di/9ct 9 idea f o!r p]fections2 z1 = in/ance1 by ! t]m wise appli$ to man1 we signify "s p]fection di/9ct f a man's ess5ce1 & di/9ct f 8 p[] & exi/5ce1 & f all simil> ?+s2 :]eas :5 we apply to x ,god1 we d n mean to signify any?+ di/9ct f ,8 ess5ce1 or p[]1 or exi/5ce4 ,?us also ?is t]m wise appli$ to man 9 "s degree circumscribes & compreh5ds ! ?+ signifi$2 :]eas ?is is n ! case :5 x is appli$ to ,god2 b x leaves ! ?+ signifi$ z incompreh5d$1 & z exce$+ ! signification ( ! "n4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ?is t]m wise is n appli$ 9 ! same way to ,god & to man4 ,! same rule applies to o!r t]ms4 ,h5ce no "n is pr$icat$ univocally ( ,god & ( creatures4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 are names appli$ to ,god & creatures 9 a purely equivocal s5se1 z "s h said4 ,because if t 7 s1 x foll[s t f creatures no?+ c\ld be kn[n or demon/rat$ ab\t ,god at all2 = ! reason+ w\ld always be expos$ to ! fallacy ( equivocation4 ,su* a view is aga9/ ! philosoph]s1 :o prov$ _m ?+s ab\t ,god1 & also aga9/ :at ! ,apo/le says3 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se5 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made 7,rom4 #a3bj74 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t ^! names are said ( ,god & creatures 9 an analog\s s5se1 i4e4 accord+ to proportion4 ,n[ names are ?us us$ 9 two ways3 ei!r accord+ z _m ?+s are proportionate to "o1 ?us = example heal?y pr$icat$ ( m$ic9e & ur9e 9 relation & 9 proportion to heal? ( a body1 ( :i* ! =m] is ! sign & ! latt] ! cause3 or accord+ z "o ?+ is proportionate to ano!r1 ?us heal?y is said ( m$ic9e & animal1 s9ce m$ic9e is ! cause ( heal? 9 ! animal body4 ,& 9 ?is way "s ?+s are said ( ,god & creatures analogically1 & n 9 a purely equivocal nor 9 a purely univocal s5se4 ,= we c "n ,god only f creatures 7,a4 #a74 ,?us :atev] is said ( ,god & creatures1 is said accord+ to ! relation ( a creature to ,god z its pr9ciple & cause1 :]e9 all p]fections ( ?+s pre-exi/ excell5tly4 ,n[ ?is mode ( community ( idea is a mean betwe5 pure equivocation & simple univocation4 ,= 9 analogies ! idea is n1 z x is 9 univocals1 "o & ! same1 yet x is n totally div]se z 9 equivocals2 b a t]m :i* is ?us us$ 9 a multiple s5se signifies v>i\s proportions to "s "o ?+2 ?us heal?y appli$ to ur9e signifies ! sign ( animal heal?1 & appli$ to m$ic9e signifies ! cause ( ! same heal?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh equivocal pr$ications mu/ be r$uc$ to univocal1 /ill 9 actions1 ! non-univocal ag5t mu/ prec$e ! univocal ag5t4 ,= ! non-univocal ag5t is ! univ]sal cause ( ! :ole species1 z = in/ance ! sun is ! cause ( ! g5]ation ( all m52 :]eas ! univocal ag5t is n ! univ]sal effici5t cause ( ! :ole species 7o!rwise x w\ld be ! cause ( itself1 s9ce x is conta9$ 9 ! species71 b is a p>ticul> cause ( ?is individual :i* x places "u ! species by way ( p>ticipation4 ,!re=e ! univ]sal cause ( ! :ole species is n an univocal ag5t2 & ! univ]sal cause comes be=e ! p>ticul> cause4 ,b ?is univ]sal ag5t1 :il/ x is n univocal1 nev]!less is n altoge!r equivocal1 o!rwise x c\ld n produce its own lik5ess1 b r x is to be call$ an analogical ag5t1 z all univocal pr$ications are r$uc$ to "o fir/ non-univocal analogical pr$ication1 :i* is be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! lik5ess ( ! creature to ,god is imp]fect1 = x does n repres5t "o & ! same g5]ic ?+ 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god is n ! measure proportion$ to ?+s measur$2 h5ce x is n necess>y t ,god & creatures %\ld be 9 ! same g5us4 ,! argum5ts adduc$ 9 ! contr>y s5se prove inde$ t ^! names are n pr$icat$ univocally ( ,god & creatures2 yet !y d n prove t !y are pr$icat$ equivocally4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,names ,pr$icat$ ( ,god ,are ,pr$icat$ ,prim>ily ( ,creatures8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t names are pr$icat$ prim>ily ( creatures r ?an ( ,god4 ,= we "n any?+ accord+ly z we "k x1 s9ce names1 z ! ,philosoph] says1 are signs ( ideas4 ,b we "k creatures be=e we "k ,god4 ,!re=e ! names impos$ by u are pr$icat$ prim>ily ( creatures r ?an ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i73 ,we "n ,god f creatures4 ,b names transf]r$ f creatures to ,god1 are said prim>ily ( creatures r ?an ( ,god1 z lion1 /one1 & ! l4 ,!re=e all names appli$ to ,god & creatures are appli$ prim>ily to creatures r ?an to ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all names equally appli$ to ,god & creatures1 are appli$ to ,god z ! cause ( all creatures1 z ,dionysius says 7,de ,my/ica ,!ol474 ,b :at is appli$ to any?+ ?r\gh its cause1 is appli$ to x second>ily1 = heal?y is prim>ily pr$icat$ ( animal r ?an ( m$ic9e1 :i* is ! cause ( heal?4 ,!re=e ^! names are said prim>ily ( creatures r ?an ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt51 ,i b[ my knees to ! ,fa!r1 ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( ,:om all pat]nity 9 heav5 & e>? is nam$ 7,eph4 #c3ad1ae72 & ! same applies to ! o!r names appli$ to ,god & creatures4 ,!re=e ^! names are appli$ prim>ily to ,god r ?an to creatures4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 names pr$icat$ ( _m 9 an analogical s5se1 all are pr$icat$ because !y h ref]5ce to "s "o ?+2 & ?is "o ?+ mu/ be plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( !m all4 ,& s9ce t express$ by ! "n is ! def9ition1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 iv71 su* a "n mu/ be appli$ prim>ily to t :i* is put 9 ! def9ition ( su* o!r ?+s1 & second>ily to ^! o!rs accord+ z !y approa* m or less to t fir/4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 heal?y appli$ to animals comes into ! def9ition ( heal?y appli$ to m$ic9e1 :i* is call$ heal?y z be+ ! cause ( heal? 9 ! animal2 & also into ! def9ition ( heal?y :i* is appli$ to ur9e1 :i* is call$ heal?y 9 s f> z x is ! sign ( ! animal's heal?4 ,?us all names appli$ metaphorically to ,god1 are appli$ to creatures prim>ily r ?an to ,god1 because :5 said ( ,god !y mean only similitudes to su* creatures4 ,= z smil+ appli$ to a field means only t ! field 9 ! beauty ( its fl[]+ is l ! beauty ( ! human smile by proportionate lik5ess1 s ! "n ( lion appli$ to ,god means only t ,god manife/s /r5g? 9 ,8 works1 z a lion 9 84 ,?us x is cle> t appli$ to ,god ! signification ( names c be def9$ only f :at is said ( creatures4 ,b to o!r names n appli$ to ,god 9 a metaphorical s5se1 ! same rule w\ld apply if !y 7 spok5 ( ,god z ! cause only1 z "s h suppos$4 ,= :5 x is said1 ,god is good1 x w\ld !n only mean ,god is ! cause ( ! creature's goodness2 ?us ! t]m good appli$ to ,god w\ld includ$ 9 its mean+ ! creature's goodness4 ,h5ce good w\ld apply prim>ily to creatures r ?an to ,god4 ,b z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #b71 ^! names are appli$ to ,god n z ! cause only1 b also ess5tially4 ,= ! words1 ,god is good1 or wise1 signify n only t ,he is ! cause ( wisdom or goodness1 b t ^! exi/ 9 ,him 9 a m excell5t way4 ,h5ce z reg>ds :at ! "n signifies1 ^! names are appli$ prim>ily to ,god r ?an to creatures1 because ^! p]fections fl[ f ,god to creatures2 b z reg>ds ! imposition ( ! names1 !y are prim>ily appli$ by u to creatures :i* we "k fir/4 ,h5ce !y h a mode ( signification :i* belongs to creatures1 z said above 7,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection ref]s to ! imposition ( ! "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same rule does n apply to metaphorical & to o!r names1 z said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection w\ld be valid if ^! names 7 appli$ to ,god only z cause1 & n also ess5tially1 = in/ance z heal?y is appli$ to m$ic9e4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,names ,:i* ,imply ,relation to ,creatures ,are ,pr$icat$ ( ,god ,temporally8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t names :i* imply relation to creatures are n pr$icat$ ( ,god temporally4 ,= all su* names signify ! div9e sub/ance1 z is univ]sally held4 ,h5ce also ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide i7 t ?is "n ,"l is ! "n ( p[]1 :i* is ! div9e sub/ance2 & ,creator signifies ! action ( ,god1 :i* is ,8 ess5ce4 ,n[ ! div9e sub/ance is n temporal1 b et]nal4 ,!re=e ^! names are n appli$ to ,god temporally1 b et]nally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t to :i* some?+ applies temporally c be describ$ z made2 = :at is :ite temporally is made :ite4 ,b to make does n apply to ,god4 ,!re=e no?+ c be pr$icat$ ( ,god temporally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if any names are appli$ to ,god temporally z imply+ relation to creatures1 ! same rule holds good ( all ?+s t imply relation to creatures4 ,b "s names are spok5 ( ,god imply+ relation ( ,god to creatures f et]nity2 = f et]nity ,he knew & lov$ ! creature1 accord+ to ! ^w3 ,i h lov$ !e ) an ev]la/+ love 7,j]4 #ca3c74 ,!re=e also o!r names imply+ relation to creatures1 z ,"l & ,creator1 are appli$ to ,god f et]nity4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 names ( ?is k9d signify relation4 ,!re=e t relation mu/ be some?+ 9 ,god1 or 9 ! creature only4 ,b x _c be t x is some?+ 9 ! creature only1 = 9 t case ,god w\ld be call$ ,"l f ! opposite relation :i* is 9 creatures2 & no?+ is nam$ f its opposite4 ,!re=e ! relation mu/ be some?+ 9 ,god also4 ,b no?+ temporal c be 9 ,god1 = ,he is above "t4 ,!re=e ^! names are n appli$ to ,god temporally4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is call$ relative f relation2 = in/ance "l f lord%ip1 z :ite f :it5ess4 ,!re=e if ! relation ( lord%ip is n really 9 ,god1 b only 9 idea1 x foll[s t ,god is n really ,"l1 :i* is pla9ly false4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 9 relative ?+s :i* are n simultane\s 9 nature1 "o c exi/ )\t ! o!r2 z a ?+ kn[able c exi/ )\t ! k ( x1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,pra$ic4 v74 ,b relative ?+s :i* are said ( ,god & creatures are n simultane\s 9 nature4 ,!re=e a relation c be pr$icat$ ( ,god to ! creature ev5 )\t ! exi/5ce ( ! creature2 & ?us ^! names ,"l & ,creator are pr$icat$ ( ,god f et]nity1 & n temporally4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v7 t ?is relative appellation ,"l is appli$ to ,god temporally4 ,i answ] t1 ,! names :i* import relation to creatures are appli$ to ,god temporally1 & n f et]nity4 ,to see ?is we mu/ le>n t "s h said t relation is n a reality1 b only an idea4 ,b ?is is pla9ly se5 to be false f ! v fact t ?+s !mselves h a mutual natural ord] & habitude4 ,nev]!less x is necess>y to "k t s9ce relation has two extremes1 x happ5s 9 ?ree ways t a relation is real or logical4 ,sometimes f bo? extremes x is an idea only1 z :5 mutual ord] or habitude c only g betwe5 ?+s 9 ! appreh5sion ( reason2 z :5 we say a ?+ ! same z itself4 ,= reason appreh5d+ "o ?+ twice reg>ds x z two2 ?us x appreh5ds a c]ta9 habitude ( a ?+ to itself4 ,& ! same applies to relations betwe5 be+ & non-be+ =m$ by reason1 appreh5d+ non-be+ z an extreme4 ,! same is true ( relations t foll[ ^u an act ( reason1 z g5us & species1 & ! l4 ,n[ !re are o!r relations :i* are realities z reg>ds bo? extremes1 z :5 = in/ance a habitude exi/s betwe5 two ?+s accord+ to "s reality t belongs to bo?2 z is cle> ( all relations1 consequ5t ^u quantity2 z great & small1 d\ble & half1 & ! l2 = quantity exi/s 9 bo? extremes3 & ! same applies to relations consequ5t ^u action & passion1 z motive p[] & ! movable ?+1 fa!r & son1 & ! l4 ,aga91 sometimes a relation 9 "o extreme may be a reality1 :ile 9 ! o!r extreme x is an idea only2 & ?is happ5s :5ev] two extremes are n ( "o ord]2 z s5se & sci5ce ref] respectively to s5sible ?+s & to intellectual ?+s2 :i*1 inasmu* z !y are realities exi/+ 9 nature1 are outside ! ord] ( s5sible & intellectual exi/5ce4 ,!re=e 9 sci5ce & 9 s5se a real relation exi/s1 because !y are ord]$ ei!r to ! k or to ! s5sible p]ception ( ?+s2 :]eas ! ?+s look$ at 9 !mselves are outside ?is ord]1 & h5ce 9 !m !re is no real relation to sci5ce & s5se1 b only 9 idea1 inasmu* z ! intellect appreh5ds !m z t]ms ( ! relations ( sci5ce & s5se4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v7 t !y are call$ relative1 n =asmu* z !y are relat$ to o!r ?+s1 b z o!rs are relat$ to !m4 ,likewise = in/ance1 on ! "r is n appli$ to a column1 unless x /&s z reg>ds an animal on ! "r side2 :i* relation is n really 9 ! column1 b 9 ! animal4 ,s9ce !re=e ,god is outside ! :ole ord] ( creation1 & all creatures are ord]$ to ,him1 & n conv]sely1 x is manife/ t creatures are really relat$ to ,god ,himself2 :]eas 9 ,god !re is no real relation to creatures1 b a relation only 9 idea1 inasmu* z creatures are ref]r$ to ,him4 ,?us !re is no?+ to prev5t ^! names :i* import relation to ! creature f be+ pr$icat$ ( ,god temporally1 n by reason ( any *ange 9 ,him1 b by reason ( ! *ange ( ! creature2 z a column is on ! "r ( an animal1 )\t *ange 9 itself1 b by *ange 9 ! animal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s relative names are impos$ to signify ! relative habitudes !mselves1 z ma/] & s]vant1 fa!r1 & son1 & ! l1 & ^! relatives are call$ pr$icam5tal secundum esse4 ,b o!rs are impos$ to signify ! ?+s f :i* ensue c]ta9 habitudes1 z ! mov] & ! ?+ mov$1 ! head & ! ?+ t has a head1 & ! l3 & ^! relatives are call$ transc5d5tal secundum dici4 ,?us1 !re is ! same two-fold diff]5ce 9 div9e names4 ,= "s signify ! habitude itself to ! creature1 z ,"l1 & ^! d n signify ! div9e sub/ance directly1 b indirectly1 9 s f> z !y presuppose ! div9e sub/ance2 z dom9ion presupposes p[]1 :i* is ! div9e sub/ance4 ,o!rs signify ! div9e ess5ce directly1 & consequ5tly ! correspond+ habitudes1 z ,savi\r1 ,creator1 & su*like2 & ^! signify ! action ( ,god1 :i* is ,8 ess5ce4 ,yet bo? names are said ( ,god tempor>ily s f> z !y imply a habitude ei!r pr9cipally or consequ5tly1 b n z signify+ ! ess5ce1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z relations appli$ to ,god temporally are only 9 ,god 9 our idea1 s1 to become or to be made are appli$ to ,god only 9 idea1 ) no *ange 9 ,him1 z = in/ance :5 we say1 ,"l1 ,?\ art become ,d\ay3 'ha/ be5' our refuge 7,ps4 #hi3a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! op]ation ( ! intellect & ! w is 9 ! op]ator1 !re=e names signify+ relations foll[+ ^u ! action ( ! intellect or w1 are appli$ to ,god f et]nity2 :]eas ^? foll[+ ^u ! actions proce$+ accord+ to our mode ( ?9k+ to ext]nal effects are appli$ to ,god temporally1 z ,savi\r1 ,creator1 & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,relations signifi$ by ^! names :i* are appli$ to ,god temporally1 are 9 ,god only 9 idea2 b ! opposite relations 9 creatures are real4 ,nor is x incongru\s t ,god %\ld be d5om9at$ f relations really exi/+ 9 ! ?+1 yet s t ! opposite relations 9 ,god %\ld also be und]/ood by u at ! same "t2 9 ! s5se t ,god is spok5 ( relatively to ! creature1 inasmu* z ! creature is relat$ to ,him3 ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v7 t ! object is said to be kn[able relatively because k relates to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,s9ce ,god is relat$ to ! creature = ! reason t ! creature is relat$ to ,him3 & s9ce ! relation ( subjection is real 9 ! creature1 x foll[s t ,god is ,"l n 9 idea only1 b 9 reality2 = ,he is call$ ,"l accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! creature is subject to ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,to "k :e!r relations are simultane\s by nature or o!rwise1 x is n necess>y to consid] ! ord] ( ?+s to :i* !y belong b ! mean+ ( ! relations !mselves4 ,= if "o 9 its idea includes ano!r1 & vice v]sa1 !n !y are simultane\s by nature3 z d\ble & half1 fa!r & son1 & ! l4 ,b if "o 9 its idea includes ano!r1 & n vice v]sa1 !y are n simultane\s by nature4 ,?is applies to sci5ce & its object2 = ! object kn[able is consid]$ z a pot5tiality1 & ! sci5ce z a habit1 or z an act4 ,h5ce ! kn[able object 9 its mode ( signification exi/s be=e sci5ce1 b if ! same object is consid]$ 9 act1 !n x is simultane\s ) sci5ce 9 act2 = ! object kn[n is no?+ z su* unless x is kn[n4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,god is prior to ! creature1 /ill because ! signification ( ,"l includes ! idea ( a s]vant & vice v]sa1 ^! two relative t]ms1 ,"l & s]vant1 are simultane\s by nature4 ,h5ce1 ,god 0 n ,"l until ,he _h a creature subject to ,himself4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,?is ,"n ,god ,is a ,"n ( ! ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ?is "n1 ,god1 is n a "n ( ! nature4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 #a7 t ,god 7,!os7 is s call$ f !e9 :i* means to take c>e (1 & to *]i% all ?+s2 or f ai!9 t is1 to burn1 = our ,god is a fire consum+ all malice2 or f !a/hai1 :i* means to consid] all ?+s4 ,b all ^! names belong to op]ation4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god signifies ,8 op]ation & n ,8 nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is nam$ by u z we "k x4 ,b ! div9e nature is unkn[n to u4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god does n signify ! div9e nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide i7 t ,god is a "n ( ! nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5ce a "n is impos$1 & :at ! "n signifies are n always ! same ?+4 ,= z we "k sub/ance f its prop]ties & op]ations1 s we "n sub/ance sometimes = its op]ation1 or its prop]ty2 e4g4 we "n ! sub/ance ( a /one f its act1 z = in/ance t x hurts ! foot lo$it p$em2 b /ill ?is "n is n meant to signify ! p>ticul> action1 b ! /one's sub/ance4 ,! ?+s1 on ! o!r h&1 kn[n to u 9 !mselves1 su* z heat1 cold1 :it5ess & ! l1 are n nam$ f o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce z reg>ds su* ?+s ! mean+ ( ! "n & its s\rce are ! same4 ,because !re=e ,god is n kn[n to u 9 ,8 nature1 b is made kn[n to u f ,8 op]ations or effects1 we "n ,him f ^!1 z said 9 ,a4 #a2 h5ce ?is "n ,god is a "n ( op]ation s f> z relates to ! s\rce ( its mean+4 ,= ?is "n is impos$ f ,8 univ]sal provid5ce ov] all ?+s2 s9ce all :o speak ( ,god int5d to "n ,god z ex]cis+ provid5ce ov] all2 h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii71 ,! ,deity wat*es ov] all ) p]fect provid5ce & goodness4 ,b tak5 f ?is op]ation1 ?is "n ,god is impos$ to signify ! div9e nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all t ,damasc5e says ref]s to provid5ce2 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! signification ( ! "n ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we c "n a ?+ accord+ to ! k we h ( its nature f its prop]ties & effects4 ,h5ce because we c "k :at /one is 9 itself f its prop]ty1 ?is "n /one signifies ! nature ( ! /one itself2 = x signifies ! def9ition ( /one1 by :i* we "k :at x is1 = ! idea :i* ! "n signifies is ! def9ition1 z is said 9 ,metaph4 iv4 ,n[ f ! div9e effects we _c "k ! div9e nature 9 itself1 s z to "k :at x is2 b only by way ( em95ce1 & by way ( causality1 & ( negation z /at$ above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #ab74 ,?us ! "n ,god signifies ! div9e nature1 = ?is "n 0 impos$ to signify some?+ exi/+ above all ?+s1 ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s & remov$ f all ?+s2 = ^? :o "n ,god int5d to signify all ?is4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,?is ,"n ,god ,is ,communicable8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ?is "n ,god is communicable4 ,= :osoev] %>es 9 ! ?+ signifi$ by a "n %>es 9 ! "n itself4 ,b ?is "n ,god signifies ! div9e nature1 :i* is communicable to o!rs1 accord+ to ! words1 ,he ha? giv5 u great ,vulg43 'mo/ great' & preci\s promises1 t by ^! we ,vulg43 'ye' may be made p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature 7#b ,pet4 #a3d74 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god c be communicat$ to o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 only prop] names are n communicable4 ,n[ ?is "n ,god is n a prop]1 b an appellative n\n2 :i* appe>s f ! fact t x has a plural1 accord+ to ! text1 ,i h said1 ,y are gods 7,ps4 #ha3f74 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god is communicable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?is "n ,god comes f op]ation1 z expla9$4 ,b o!r names giv5 to ,god f ,8 op]ations or effects are communicable2 z good1 wise1 & ! l4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god is communicable4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,!y gave ! incommunicable "n to wood & /ones 7,wis4 #ad3ba71 9 ref]5ce to ! div9e "n4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god is incommunicable4 ,i answ] t1 ,a "n is communicable 9 two ways3 prop]ly1 & by similitude4 ,x is prop]ly communicable 9 ! s5se t its :ole signification c be giv5 to _m2 by similitude x is communicable accord+ to "s "p ( ! signification ( ! "n4 ,= in/ance ?is "n lion is prop]ly communicable to all ?+s ( ! same nature z lion2 by similitude x is communicable to ^? :o p>ticipate 9 ! nature ( a lion1 z = in/ance by c\rage1 or /r5g?1 & ^? :o ?us p>ticipate are call$ lions metaphorically4 ,to "k1 h[ev]1 :at names are prop]ly communicable1 we mu/ consid] t e =m exi/+ 9 ! s+ul> subject1 by :i* x is individualiz$1 is common to _m ei!r 9 reality1 or 9 idea2 z human nature is common to _m 9 reality1 & 9 idea2 :]eas ! nature ( ! sun is n common to _m 9 reality1 b only 9 idea2 = ! nature ( ! sun c be und]/ood z exi/+ 9 _m subjects2 & ! reason is because ! m9d und]/&s ! nature ( e species by ab/raction f ! s+ul>4 ,h5ce to be 9 "o s+ul> subject or 9 _m is outside ! idea ( ! nature ( ! species4 ,s1 giv5 ! idea ( a species1 x c be und]/ood z exi/+ 9 _m4 ,b ! s+ul>1 f ! fact t x is s+ul>1 is divid$ (f f all o!rs4 ,h5ce e "n impos$ to signify any s+ul> ?+ is incommunicable bo? 9 reality & idea2 = ! plurality ( ?is individual ?+ _c be2 nor c x be conceiv$ 9 idea4 ,h5ce no "n signify+ any individual ?+ is prop]ly communicable to _m1 b only by way ( similitude2 z = in/ance a p]son c be call$ ,a*illes metaphorically1 =asmu* z he may possess some?+ ( ! prop]ties ( ,a*illes1 su* z /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 =ms :i* are individualiz$ n by any suppositum1 b by & ( !mselves1 z be+ subsi/+ =ms1 if und]/ood z !y are 9 !mselves1 c\ld n be communicable ei!r 9 reality or 9 idea2 b only p]haps by way ( similitude1 z 0 said ( individuals4 ,=asmu* z we are unable to und]/& simple self-subsi/+ =ms z !y really are1 we und]/& !m z comp\nd ?+s hav+ =ms 9 matt]2 !re=e1 z 0 said 9 ! fir/ article1 we give !m concrete names signify+ a nature exi/+ 9 "s suppositum4 ,h5ce1 s f> z conc]ns images1 ! same rules apply to names we impose to signify ! nature ( comp\nd ?+s z to names giv5 to u to signify simple subsi/+ natures4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ?is "n ,god is giv5 to signify ! div9e nature z /at$ above 7,a4 #h71 & s9ce ! div9e nature _c be multipli$ z %[n above 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #c71 x foll[s t ?is "n ,god is incommunicable 9 reality1 b communicable 9 op9ion2 j 9 ! same way z ?is "n sun w\ld be communicable accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o say !re are _m suns4 ,!re=e1 x is writt53 ,y s]v$ !m :o by nature are n gods1 7,gal4 #d3h71 & a gloss adds1 ,gods n 9 nature1 b 9 human op9ion4 ,nev]!less ?is "n ,god is communicable1 n 9 its :ole signification1 b 9 "s "p ( x by way ( similitude2 s t ^? are call$ gods :o %>e 9 div9ity by lik5ess1 accord+ to ! text1 ,i h said1 ,y are gods 7,ps4 #ha3f74 ,b if any "n 7 giv5 to signify ,god n z to ,8 nature b z to ,8 suppositum1 accord+ly z ,he is consid]$ z ?is some?+1 t "n w\ld be absolutely incommunicable2 z1 = in/ance1 p]haps ! ,tetragrammaton among ! ,hebrew2 & ?is is l giv+ a "n to ! sun z signify+ ?is individual ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! div9e nature is only communicable accord+ to ! p>ticipation ( "s similitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is "n ,god is an appellative "n1 & n a prop] "n1 = x signifies ! div9e nature 9 ! possessor2 al?\gh ,god ,himself 9 reality is nei!r univ]sal nor p>ticul>4 ,= names d n foll[ ^u ! mode ( be+ 9 ?+s1 b ^u ! mode ( be+ z x is 9 our m9d4 ,& yet x is incommunicable accord+ to ! tru? ( ! ?+1 z 0 said above conc]n+ ! "n sun4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! names good1 wise1 & ! l1 are impos$ f ! p]fections proce$+ f ,god to creatures2 b !y d n signify ! div9e nature1 b r signify ! p]fections !mselves absolutely2 & !re=e !y are 9 tru? communicable to _m4 ,b ?is "n ,god is giv5 to ,god f ,8 own prop] op]ation1 :i* we exp]i5ce cont9ually1 to signify ! div9e nature4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,?is ,"n ,god ,is ,appli$ to ,god ,univocally by ,nature1 by ,p>ticipation1 & ,accord+ to ,op9ion8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ?is "n ,god is appli$ to ,god univocally by nature1 by p>ticipation1 & accord+ to op9ion4 ,= :]e a div]se signification exi/s1 !re is no contradiction ( affirmation & negation2 = equivocation prev5ts contradiction4 ,b a ,ca?olic :o says3 ,an idol is n ,god1 contradicts a pagan :o says3 ,an idol is ,god4 ,!re=e ,god 9 bo? s5ses is spok5 ( univocally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z an idol is ,god 9 op9ion1 & n 9 tru?1 s ! enjoym5t ( c>nal pleasures is call$ happ9ess 9 op9ion1 & n 9 tru?4 ,b ?is "n beatitude is appli$ univocally to ?is suppos$ happ9ess1 & also to true happ9ess4 ,!re=e also ?is "n ,god is appli$ univocally to ! true ,god1 & to ,god also 9 op9ion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 names are call$ univocal because !y conta9 "o idea4 ,n[ :5 a ,ca?olic says3 ,!re is "o ,god1 he und]/&s by ! "n ,god an omnipot5t be+1 & "o v5]at$ above all2 :ile ! hea!n und]/&s ! same :5 he says3 ,an idol is ,god4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god is appli$ univocally to bo?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! idea 9 ! intellect is ! lik5ess ( :at is 9 ! ?+ z is said 9 ,p]i ,h]m4 i4 ,b ! ^w animal appli$ to a true animal1 & to a picture ( "o1 is equivocal4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god appli$ to ! true ,god & to ,god 9 op9ion is appli$ equivocally4 ,fur!r1 ,no "o c signify :at he does n "k4 ,b ! hea!n does n "k ! div9e nature4 ,s :5 he says an idol is ,god1 he does n signify ! true ,deity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,ca?olic signifies ! true ,deity :5 he says t !re is "o ,god4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,god is n appli$ univocally1 b equivocally to ! true ,god1 & to ,god accord+ to op9ion4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is "n ,god 9 ! ?ree a=esaid significations is tak5 nei!r univocally nor equivocally1 b analogically4 ,?is is app>5t f ?is reason3 ,univocal t]ms mean absolutely ! same ?+1 b equivocal t]ms absolutely diff]5t2 :]eas 9 analogical t]ms a ^w tak5 9 "o signification mu/ be plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! same ^w tak5 9 o!r s5ses2 z1 = in/ance1 be+ :i* is appli$ to sub/ance is plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( be+ z appli$ to accid5t2 & heal?y appli$ to animal is plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( heal?y z appli$ to ur9e & m$ic9e4 ,= ur9e is ! sign ( heal? 9 ! animal1 & m$ic9e is ! cause ( heal?4 ,! same applies to ! "q at issue4 ,= ?is "n ,god1 z signify+ ! true ,god1 includes ! idea ( ,god :5 x is us$ to d5ote ,god 9 op9ion1 or p>ticipation4 ,= :5 we "n anyone god by p>ticipation1 we und]/& by ! "n ( god "s lik5ess ( ! true ,god4 ,likewise1 :5 we call an idol god1 by ?is "n god we und]/& & signify some?+ :i* m5 ?9k is ,god2 ?us x is manife/ t ! "n has diff]5t mean+s1 b t "o ( !m is compris$ 9 ! o!r significations4 ,h5ce x is manife/ly said analogically4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! multiplication ( names does n dep5d on ! pr$ication ( ! "n1 b on ! signification3 = ?is "n man1 ( :omsoev] x is pr$icat$1 :e!r truly or falsely1 is pr$icat$ 9 "o s5se4 ,b x w\ld be multipli$ if by ! "n man we meant to signify diff]5t ?+s2 = in/ance1 if "o meant to signify by ?is "n man :at man really is1 & ano!r meant to signify by ! same "n a /one1 or some?+ else4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t a ,ca?olic say+ t an idol is n ,god contradicts ! pagan ass]t+ t x is ,god2 because ea* ( !m uses ?is "n ,god to signify ! true ,god4 ,= :5 ! pagan says an idol is ,god1 he does n use ?is "n z mean+ ,god 9 op9ion1 = he w\ld !n speak ! tru?1 z also ,ca?olics sometimes use ! "n 9 t s5se1 z 9 ! ,psalm1 ,all ! gods ( ! ,g5tiles are demons 7,ps4 #ie3e74 ,! same rem>k applies to ! ,second & ,?ird ,objections4 ,= ^! reasons proce$ f ! diff]5t pr$ication ( ! "n1 & n f its v>i\s significations4 ,reply ,obj4 #d ,on ! contr>y1 p>4 #a3 ,! t]m animal appli$ to a true & a pictur$ animal is n purely equivocal2 = ! ,philosoph] takes equivocal names 9 a l>ge s5se1 includ+ analog\s names2 because also be+1 :i* is pr$icat$ analogically1 is sometimes said to be pr$icat$ equivocally ( diff]5t pr$icam5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #e ,on ! contr>y1 p>4 #b 3 ,nei!r a ,ca?olic nor a pagan kn[s ! v nature ( ,god z x is 9 itself2 b ea* "o kn[s x accord+ to "s idea ( causality1 or excell5ce1 or remotion 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #ab74 ,s a pagan c take ?is "n ,god 9 ! same way :5 he says an idol is ,god1 z ! ,ca?olic does 9 say+ an idol is n ,god4 ,b if anyone %\ld be q ignorant ( ,god altoge!r1 he c\ld n ev5 "n ,him1 unless1 p]haps1 z we use names ! mean+ ( :i* we "k n4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,?is ,"n1 ,,he ,,:o ,,is1 ,is ! ,mo/ ,prop] ,"n ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is is n ! mo/ prop] "n ( ,god4 ,= ?is "n ,god is an incommunicable "n4 ,b ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is1 is n an incommunicable "n4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is is n ! mo/ prop] "n ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iii7 t ! "n ( good excell5tly manife/s all ! processions ( ,god4 ,b x especially belongs to ,god to be ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( all ?+s4 ,!re=e ?is "n good is supremely prop] to ,god1 & n ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e div9e "n seems to imply relation to creatures1 = ,god is kn[n to u only ?r\gh creatures4 ,b ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is imports no relation to creatures4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is is n ! mo/ applicable to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 t :5 ,moses ask$1 ,if !y %\ld say to me1 ,:at is ,8 "n8 :at %all ,i say to !m8 ,! ,"l answ]$ him1 ,?us %alt ?\ say to !m1 ,,he ,,:o ,,is ha? s5t me to y 7,ex4 #c3ac1 #ad74 ,!re=e ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is mo/ prop]ly belongs to ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is is mo/ prop]ly appli$ to ,god1 = ?ree reasons3 ,fir/1 because ( its signification4 ,= x does n signify =m1 b simply exi/5ce itself4 ,h5ce s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ,god is ,8 ess5ce itself1 :i* c be said ( no o!r 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d71 x is cle> t among o!r names ?is "o specially d5om9ates ,god1 = ev]y?+ is d5om9at$ by its =m4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( its univ]sality4 ,= all o!r names are ei!r less univ]sal1 or1 if conv]tible ) x1 add some?+ above x at lea/ 9 idea2 h5ce 9 a c]ta9 way !y in=m & det]m9e x4 ,n[ our intellect _c "k ! ess5ce ( ,god itself 9 ?is life1 z x is 9 itself1 b :atev] mode x applies 9 det]m9+ :at x und]/&s ab\t ,god1 x falls %ort ( ! mode ( :at ,god is 9 ,himself4 ,!re=e ! less det]m9ate ! names are1 & ! m univ]sal & absolute !y are1 ! m prop]ly !y are appli$ to ,god4 ,h5ce ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i7 t1 ,,he ,,:o ,,is1 is ! pr9cipal ( all names appli$ to ,god2 = compreh5d+ all 9 itself1 x conta9s exi/5ce itself z an inf9ite & indet]m9ate sea ( sub/ance4 ,n[ by any o!r "n "s mode ( sub/ance is det]m9$1 :]eas ?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is1 det]m9es no mode ( be+1 b is indet]m9ate to all2 & !re=e x d5om9ates ! inf9ite ocean ( sub/ance4 ,?irdly1 f its consignification1 = x signifies pres5t exi/5ce2 & ?is above all prop]ly applies to ,god1 ^: exi/5ce kn[s n pa/ or future1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is "n ,,he ,,:o ,,is is ! "n ( ,god m prop]ly ?an ?is "n ,god1 z reg>ds its s\rce1 namely1 exi/5ce2 & z reg>ds ! mode ( signification & consignification1 z said above4 ,b z reg>ds ! object int5d$ by ! "n1 ?is "n ,god is m prop]1 z x is impos$ to signify ! div9e nature2 & /ill m prop] is ! ,tetragrammaton1 impos$ to signify ! sub/ance ( ,god itself1 incommunicable &1 if "o may s speak1 s+ul>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is "n good is ! pr9cipal "n ( ,god 9 s f> z ,he is a cause1 b n absolutely2 = exi/5ce consid]$ absolutely comes be=e ! idea ( cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is n necess>y t all ! div9e names %\ld import relation to creatures1 b x suffices t !y be impos$ f "s p]fections fl[+ f ,god to creatures4 ,among ^! ! fir/ is exi/5ce1 f :i* comes ?is "n1 ,,he ,,:o ,,is4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,affirmative ,propositions ,c ,be ,=m$ ,ab\t ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t affirmative propositions _c be =m$ ab\t ,god4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ii7 t negations ab\t ,god are true2 b affirmations are vague4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr94 ii7 t a simple =m _c be a subject4 ,b ,god is ! mo/ absolutely simple =m1 z %[n 7,q4 #c73 !re=e ,he _c be a subject4 ,b ev]y?+ ab\t :i* an affirmative proposition is made is tak5 z a subject4 ,!re=e an affirmative proposition _c be =m$ ab\t ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e intellect is false :i* und]/&s a ?+ o!rwise ?an z x is4 ,b ,god has exi/5ce )\t any composition z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e s9ce e affirmative intellect und]/&s some?+ z comp\nd1 x foll[s t a true affirmative proposition ab\t ,god _c be made4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at is ( fai? _c be false4 ,b "s affirmative propositions are ( fai?2 z t ,god is ,?ree & ,"o2 & t ,he is omnipot5t4 ,!re=e true affirmative propositions c be =m$ ab\t ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,true affirmative propositions c be =m$ ab\t ,god4 ,to prove ?is we mu/ "k t 9 e true affirmative proposition ! pr$icate & ! subject signify 9 "s way ! same ?+ 9 reality1 & diff]5t ?+s 9 idea4 ,& ?is appe>s to be ! case bo? 9 propositions :i* h an accid5tal pr$icate1 & 9 ^? :i* h an ess5tial pr$icate4 ,= x is manife/ t man & :ite are ! same 9 subject1 & diff]5t 9 idea2 = ! idea ( man is "o ?+1 & t ( :it5ess is ano!r4 ,! same applies :5 ,i say1 man is an animal2 s9ce ! same ?+ :i* is man is truly animal2 = 9 ! same suppositum !re is s5sible nature by reason ( :i* he is call$ animal1 & ! rational nature by reason ( :i* he is call$ man2 h5ce "h aga9 pr$icate & subject are ! same z to suppositum1 b diff]5t z to idea4 ,b 9 propositions :]e "o same ?+ is pr$icat$ ( itself1 ! same rule 9 "s way applies1 inasmu* z ! intellect draws to ! suppositum :at x places 9 ! subject2 & :at x places 9 ! pr$icate x draws to ! nature ( ! =m exi/+ 9 ! suppositum2 accord+ to ! say+ t pr$icates are to be tak5 =mally1 & subjects mat]ially4 ,to ?is div]sity 9 idea corresponds ! plurality ( pr$icate & subject1 :ile ! intellect signifies ! id5tity ( ! ?+ by ! composition itself4 ,god1 h[ev]1 z consid]$ 9 ,himself1 is altoge!r "o & simple1 yet our intellect kn[s ,him by diff]5t conceptions because x _c see ,him z ,he is 9 ,himself4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh x und]/&s ,him "u diff]5t conceptions1 x kn[s t "o & ! same simple object corresponds to its conceptions4 ,!re=e ! plurality ( pr$icate & subject repres5ts ! plurality ( idea2 & ! intellect repres5ts ! unity by composition4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius says t ! affirmations ab\t ,god are vague or1 accord+ to ano!r translation1 incongru\s1 inasmu* z no "n c be appli$ to ,god accord+ to its mode ( signification4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our intellect _c compreh5d simple subsi/+ =ms1 z !y really are 9 !mselves2 b x appreh5ds !m z comp\nd ?+s 9 :i* !re is some?+ tak5 z subject & some?+ t is inh]5t4 ,!re=e x appreh5ds ! simple =m z a subject1 & attributes some?+ else to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is proposition1 ,! intellect und]/&+ any?+ o!rwise ?an x is1 is false1 c be tak5 9 two s5ses1 accord+ly z ?is adv]b o!rwise det]m9es ! ^w und]/&+ on ! "p ( ! ?+ und]/ood1 or on ! "p ( ! "o :o und]/&s4 ,tak5 z ref]r+ to ! ?+ und]/ood1 ! proposition is true1 & ! mean+ is3 ,any intellect :i* und]/&s t ! ?+ is o!rwise ?an x is1 is false4 ,b ?is does n hold 9 ! pres5t case2 because our intellect1 :5 =m+ a proposition ab\t ,god1 does n affirm t ,he is composite1 b t ,he is simple4 ,b tak5 z ref]r+ to ! "o :o und]/&s1 ! proposition is false4 ,= ! mode ( ! intellect 9 und]/&+ is diff]5t f ! mode ( ! ?+ 9 its ess5ce4 ,s9ce x is cle> t our intellect und]/&s mat]ial ?+s bel[ itself 9 an immat]ial mann]2 n t x und]/&s !m to be immat]ial ?+s2 b its mann] ( und]/&+ is immat]ial4 ,likewise1 :5 x und]/&s simple ?+s above itself1 x und]/&s !m accord+ to its own mode1 :i* is 9 a composite mann]2 yet n s z to und]/& !m to be composite ?+s4 ,& ?us our intellect is n false 9 =m+ composition 9 its ideas conc]n+ ,god4 ,,"q #ad ,,( ,,god',s ,,k 7,9 ,sixte5 ,articles7 ,hav+ consid]$ :at belongs to ! div9e sub/ance1 we h n[ to treat ( ,god's op]ation4 ,& s9ce "o k9d ( op]ation is imman5t1 & ano!r k9d ( op]ation proce$s to ! ext]ior effect1 we treat fir/ ( k & ( w 7= und]/&+ abides 9 ! intellig5t ag5t1 & w is 9 ! "o :o wills72 & aft]w>ds ( ! p[] ( ,god1 ! pr9ciple ( ! div9e op]ation z proce$+ to ! ext]ior effect4 ,n[ because to und]/& is a k9d ( life1 aft] treat+ ( ! div9e k1 we consid] ! div9e life4 ,& z k conc]ns tru?1 we consid] tru? & falsehood4 ,fur!r1 z ev]y?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[]1 & ! types ( ?+s z exi/+ 9 ! k ( ,god are call$ ideas1 to ! consid]ation ( k w be add$ ! treatm5t ( ideas4 ,conc]n+ k1 !re are sixte5 po9ts = inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is k 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god und]/&s ,himself8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,he compreh5ds ,himself8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,8 und]/&+ is ,8 sub/ance8 7#e7 ,:e!r ,he und]/&s o!r ?+s besides ,himself8 7#f7 ,:e!r ,he has a prop] k ( !m8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! k ( ,god is discursive8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! k ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s8 7#i7 ,:e!r ,god has k ( non-exi/+ ?+s8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ,he has k ( evil8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ,he has k ( individual ?+s8 7#ab7 ,:e!r ,he kn[s ! inf9ite8 7#ac7 ,:e!r ,he kn[s future cont+5t ?+s8 7#ad7 ,:e!r ,he kn[s enunciable ?+s8 7#ae7 ,:e!r ! k ( ,god is v>iable8 7#af7 ,:e!r ,god has speculative or practical k ( ?+s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,k 99,sci5tia 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t 9 ,god !re is n k4 ,= k is a habit2 & habit does n belong to ,god1 s9ce x is ! mean betwe5 pot5tiality & act4 ,!re=e k is n 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce sci5ce is ab\t conclusions1 x is a k9d ( k caus$ by some?+ else :i* is ! k ( pr9ciples4 ,b no?+ is caus$ 9 ,god2 !re=e sci5ce is n 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all k is univ]sal1 or p>ticul>4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no univ]sal or p>ticul> 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re is n k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says1 ,o ! dep? ( ! ri*es ( ! wisdom & ( ! k ( ,god 7,rom4 #aa3cc74 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ,god !re exi/s ! mo/ p]fect k4 ,to prove ?is1 we mu/ note t intellig5t be+s are di/+ui%$ f non-intellig5t be+s 9 t ! latt] possess only _! own =m2 :]eas ! intellig5t be+ is naturally adapt$ to h also ! =m ( "s o!r ?+2 = ! idea ( ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[]4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ! nature ( a non-intellig5t be+ is m contract$ & limit$2 :]eas ! nature ( intellig5t be+s has a great] amplitude & ext5sion2 !re=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii7 t ! s\l is 9 a s5se all ?+s4 ,n[ ! contraction ( ! =m comes f ! matt]4 ,h5ce1 z we h said above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a7 =ms accord+ z !y are ! m immat]ial1 approa* m ne>ly to a k9d ( inf9ity4 ,!re=e x is cle> t ! immat]iality ( a ?+ is ! reason :y x is cognitive2 & accord+ to ! mode ( immat]iality is ! mode ( k4 ,h5ce x is said 9 ,de ,anima ii t plants d n "k1 because !y are :olly mat]ial4 ,b s5se is cognitive because x c receive images free f matt]1 & ! intellect is /ill fur!r cognitive1 because x is m sep>at$ f matt] & unmix$1 z said 9 ,de ,anima iii4 ,s9ce !re=e ,god is 9 ! highe/ degree ( immat]iality z /at$ above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a71 x foll[s t ,he occupies ! highe/ place 9 k4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,because p]fections fl[+ f ,god to creatures exi/ 9 a high] /ate 9 ,god ,himself 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b71 :5ev] a "n tak5 f any creat$ p]fection is attribut$ to ,god1 x mu/ be sep>at$ 9 its signification f any?+ t belongs to t imp]fect mode prop] to creatures4 ,h5ce k is n a quality ( ,god1 nor a habit2 b sub/ance & pure act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:atev] is divid$ & multipli$ 9 creatures exi/s 9 ,god simply & unit$ly 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ man has diff]5t k9ds ( k1 accord+ to ! diff]5t objects ( ,8 k4 ,he has intellig5ce z reg>ds ! k ( pr9ciples2 he has sci5ce z reg>ds k ( conclusions2 he has wisdom1 accord+ z he kn[s ! highe/ cause2 he has c\nsel or prud5ce1 accord+ z he kn[s :at is to be done4 ,b ,god kn[s all ^! by "o simple act ( k1 z w be %[n 7,a4 #g74 ,h5ce ! simple k ( ,god c be nam$ by all ^! names2 9 su* a way1 h[ev]1 t !re mu/ be remov$ f ea* ( !m1 s f> z !y ent] into div9e pr$ication1 ev]y?+ t savors ( imp]fection2 & ev]y?+ t expresses p]fection is to be reta9$ 9 !m4 ,h5ce x is said1 ,) ,him is wisdom & /r5g?1 ,he ha? c\nsel & und]/&+ 7,job #ab3ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,k is accord+ to ! mode ( ! "o :o kn[s2 = ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[] accord+ to ! mode ( ! kn[]4 ,n[ s9ce ! mode ( ! div9e ess5ce is high] ?an t ( creatures1 div9e k does n exi/ 9 ,god aft] ! mode ( creat$ k1 s z to be univ]sal or p>ticul>1 or habitual1 or pot5tial1 or exi/+ accord+ to any su* mode4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,und]/&s ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n und]/& ,himself4 ,= x is said by ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,causis71 ,e kn[] :o kn[s 8 own ess5ce1 returns completely to 8 own ess5ce4 ,b ,god does n g out f ,8 own ess5ce1 nor is ,he mov$ at all2 ?us ,he _c return to ,8 own ess5ce4 ,!re=e ,he does n "k ,8 own ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to und]/& is a k9d ( passion & movem5t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii72 & k also is a k9d ( assimilation to ! object kn[n2 & ! ?+ kn[n is ! p]fection ( ! kn[]4 ,b no?+ is mov$1 or suff]s1 or is made p]fect by itself1 nor1 z ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 iii71 is a ?+ its own lik5ess4 ,!re=e ,god does n und]/& ,himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we are l to ,god *iefly 9 our intellect1 because we are ! image ( ,god 9 our m9d1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 vi74 ,b our intellect und]/&s itself1 only z x und]/&s o!r ?+s1 z is said 9 ,de ,anima iii4 ,!re=e ,god und]/&s ,himself only s f> p]*ance z ,he und]/&s o!r ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,! ?+s t are ( ,god no man kn[e?1 b ! ,_s ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 #b3aa74 ,i answ] t1 ,god und]/&s ,himself ?r\gh ,himself4 ,9 pro( :]e( x mu/ be kn[n t al?\gh 9 op]ations :i* pass to an ext]nal effect1 ! object ( ! op]ation1 :i* is tak5 z ! t]m1 exi/s outside ! op]ator2 nev]!less 9 op]ations t rema9 9 ! op]ator1 ! object signifi$ z ! t]m ( op]ation1 resides 9 ! op]ator2 & accord+ly z x is 9 ! op]ator1 ! op]ation is actual4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii7 t ! s5sible 9 act is s5se 9 act1 & ! intelligible 9 act is intellect 9 act4 ,= ! reason :y we actually feel or "k a ?+ is because our intellect or s5se is actually in=m$ by ! s5sible or intelligible species4 ,& because ( ?is only1 x foll[s t s5se or intellect is di/9ct f ! s5sible or intelligible object1 s9ce bo? are 9 pot5tiality4 ,s9ce !re=e ,god has no?+ 9 ,him ( pot5tiality1 b is pure act1 ,8 intellect & its object are altoge!r ! same2 s t ,he nei!r is )\t ! intelligible species1 z is ! case ) our intellect :5 x und]/&s pot5tially2 nor does ! intelligible species diff] f ! sub/ance ( ! div9e intellect1 z x diff]s 9 our intellect :5 x und]/&s actually2 b ! intelligible species itself is ! div9e intellect itself1 & ?us ,god und]/&s ,himself ?r\gh ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,return to its own ess5ce means only t a ?+ subsi/s 9 itself4 ,inasmu* z ! =m p]fects ! matt] by giv+ x exi/5ce1 x is 9 a c]ta9 way diffus$ 9 x2 & x returns to itself inasmu* z x has exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,!re=e ^? cognitive faculties :i* are n subsi/+1 b are ! acts ( organs1 d n "k !mselves1 z 9 ! case ( ea* ( ! s5ses2 :]eas ^? cognitive faculties :i* are subsi/+1 "k !mselves2 h5ce x is said 9 ,de ,causis t1 :oev] kn[s 8 ess5ce returns to x4 ,n[ x supremely belongs to ,god to be self-subsi/+4 ,h5ce accord+ to ?is mode ( speak+1 ,he supremely returns to ,8 own ess5ce1 & kn[s ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,movem5t & passion are tak5 equivocally1 accord+ z to und]/& is describ$ z a k9d ( movem5t or passion1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii4 ,= to und]/& is n a movem5t t is an act ( some?+ imp]fect pass+ f "o to ano!r1 b x is an act1 exi/+ 9 ! ag5t itself1 ( some?+ p]fect4 ,likewise t ! intellect is p]fect$ by ! intelligible object1 i4e4 is assimilat$ to x1 ?is belongs to an intellect :i* is sometimes 9 pot5tiality2 because ! fact ( its be+ 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality makes x diff] f ! intelligible object & assimilates x !reto ?r\gh ! intelligible species1 :i* is ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood1 & makes x to be p]fect$ !reby1 z pot5tiality is p]fect$ by act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! div9e intellect1 :i* is no way 9 pot5tiality1 is n p]fect$ by ! intelligible object1 nor is x assimilat$ !reto1 b is its own p]fection1 & its own intelligible object4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,exi/5ce 9 nature does n belong to prim>y matt]1 :i* is a pot5tiality1 unless x is r$uc$ to act by a =m4 ,n[ our passive intellect has ! same relation to intelligible objects z prim>y matt] has to natural ?+s2 = x is 9 pot5tiality z reg>ds intelligible objects1 j z prim>y matt] is to natural ?+s4 ,h5ce our passive intellect c be ex]cis$ conc]n+ intelligible objects only s f> z x is p]fect$ by ! intelligible species ( some?+2 & 9 t way x und]/&s itself by an intelligible species1 z x und]/&s o!r ?+s3 = x is manife/ t by kn[+ ! intelligible object x und]/&s also its own act ( und]/&+1 & by ?is act kn[s ! intellectual faculty4 ,b ,god is a pure act 9 ! ord] ( exi/5ce1 z also 9 ! ord] ( intelligible objects2 !re=e ,he und]/&s ,himself ?r\gh ,himself4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,compreh5ds ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n compreh5d ,himself4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 xv71 t :atev] compreh5ds itself is f9ite z reg>ds itself4 ,b ,god is 9 all ways inf9ite4 ,!re=e ,he does n compreh5d ,himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,if x is said t ,god is inf9ite to u1 & f9ite to ,himself1 x c be urg$ to ! contr>y1 t ev]y?+ 9 ,god is tru] ?an x is 9 u4 ,if !re=e ,god is f9ite to ,himself1 b inf9ite to u1 !n ,god is m truly f9ite ?an inf9ite2 :i* is aga9/ :at 0 laid d[n above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ,god does n compreh5d ,himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 xv71 t ,ev]y?+ t und]/&s itself1 compreh5ds itself4 ,b ,god und]/&s ,himself4 ,!re=e ,he compreh5ds ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,god p]fectly compreh5ds ,himself1 z c be ?us prov$4 ,a ?+ is said to be compreh5d$ :5 ! end ( ! k ( x is atta9$1 & ?is is accompli%$ :5 x is kn[n z p]fectly z x is kn[able2 z1 = in/ance1 a demon/rable proposition is compreh5d$ :5 kn[n by demon/ration1 n1 h[ev]1 :5 x is kn[n by "s probable reason4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ,god kn[s ,himself z p]fectly z ,he is p]fectly kn[able4 ,= ev]y?+ is kn[able accord+ to ! mode ( its own actuality2 s9ce a ?+ is n kn[n accord+ z x is 9 pot5tiality1 b 9 s f> z x is 9 actuality1 z said 9 ,metaph4 ix4 ,n[ ! p[] ( ,god 9 kn[+ is z great z ,8 actuality 9 exi/+2 because x is f ! fact t ,he is 9 act & free f all matt] & pot5tiality1 t ,god is cognitive1 z %[n above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,:5ce x is manife/ t ,he kn[s ,himself z mu* z ,he is kn[able2 & = t reason ,he p]fectly compreh5ds ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! /rict mean+ ( compreh5sion signifies t "o ?+ holds & includes ano!r2 & 9 ?is s5se ev]y?+ compreh5d$ is f9ite1 z also is ev]y?+ includ$ 9 ano!r4 ,b ,god is n said to be compreh5d$ by ,himself 9 ?is s5se1 z if ,8 intellect 7 a faculty ap>t f ,himself1 & z if x held & includ$ ,himself2 = ^! modes ( speak+ are to be tak5 by way ( negation4 ,b z ,god is said to be 9 ,himself1 =asmu* z ,he is n conta9$ by any?+ outside ( ,himself2 s ,he is said to be compreh5d$ by ,himself1 =asmu* z no?+ 9 ,himself is hidd5 f ,himself4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,vid4 ,deum4 ep4 cxii71 ,! :ole is compreh5d$ :5 se51 if x is se5 9 su* a way t no?+ ( x is hidd5 f ! se]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 x is said1 ,god is f9ite to ,himself1 ?is is to be und]/ood accord+ to a c]ta9 similitude ( proportion1 because ,he has ! same relation 9 n exce$+ ,8 intellect1 z any?+ f9ite has 9 n exce$+ f9ite intellect4 ,b ,god is n to be call$ f9ite to ,himself 9 ?is s5se1 z if ,he und]/ood ,himself to be some?+ f9ite4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,act ( ,god's ,intellect ,is ,8 ,sub/ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! act ( ,god's intellect is n ,8 sub/ance4 ,= to und]/& is an op]ation4 ,b an op]ation signifies some?+ proce$+ f ! op]ator4 ,!re=e ! act ( ,god's intellect is n ,8 sub/ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to und]/& "o's act ( und]/&+1 is to und]/& some?+ t is nei!r great nor *iefly und]/ood1 b second>y & accessory4 ,if !re=e ,god be 8 own act ( und]/&+1 ,8 act ( und]/&+ w be z :5 we und]/& our act ( und]/&+3 & ?us ,god's act ( und]/&+ w n be some?+ great4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e act ( und]/&+ means und]/&+ some?+4 ,:5 !re=e ,god und]/&s ,himself1 if ,he ,himself is n di/9ct f ?is act ( und]/&+1 ,he und]/&s t ,he und]/&s ,himself2 & s on to inf9ity4 ,!re=e ! act ( ,god's intellect is n ,8 sub/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii71 ,9 ,god to be is ! same z to be wise4 ,b to be wise is ! same ?+ z to und]/&4 ,!re=e 9 ,god to be is ! same ?+ z to und]/&4 ,b ,god's exi/5ce is ,8 sub/ance1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ! act ( ,god's intellect is ,8 sub/ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ be said t ! act ( ,god's intellect is ,8 sub/ance4 ,= if ,8 act ( und]/&+ 7 o!r ?an ,8 sub/ance1 !n some?+ else1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 xii71 w\ld be ! act & p]fection ( ! div9e sub/ance1 to :i* ! div9e sub/ance w\ld be relat$1 z pot5tiality is to act1 :i* is altoge!r impossible2 because ! act ( und]/&+ is ! p]fection & act ( ! "o und]/&+4 ,let u n[ consid] h[ ?is is4 ,z 0 laid d[n above 7,a4 #b71 to und]/& is n an act pass+ to any?+ extr9sic2 = x rema9s 9 ! op]ator z 8 own act & p]fection2 z exi/5ce is ! p]fection ( ! "o exi/+3 j z exi/5ce foll[s on ! =m1 s 9 l mann] to und]/& foll[s on ! intelligible species4 ,n[ 9 ,god !re is no =m :i* is some?+ o!r ?an ,8 exi/5ce1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c74 ,h5ce z ,8 ess5ce itself is also ,8 intelligible species1 x necess>ily foll[s t ,8 act ( und]/&+ mu/ be ,8 ess5ce & ,8 exi/5ce4 ,?us x foll[s f all ! =ego+ t 9 ,god1 intellect1 & ! object und]/ood1 & ! intelligible species1 & ,8 act ( und]/&+ are entirely "o & ! same4 ,h5ce :5 ,god is said to be und]/&+1 no k9d ( multiplicity is atta*$ to ,8 sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to und]/& is n an op]ation proce$+ out ( ! op]ator1 b rema9+ 9 him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 t act ( und]/&+ :i* is n subsi/5t is und]/ood1 some?+ n great is und]/ood2 z :5 we und]/& our act ( und]/&+2 & s ?is _c be lik5$ to ! act ( ! div9e und]/&+ :i* is subsi/5t4 ,?us appe>s ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,= ! act ( div9e und]/&+ subsi/s 9 itself1 & belongs to its v self & is n ano!r's2 h5ce x ne$ n proce$ to inf9ity4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,god ,kn[s ,?+s ,o!r ,?an ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n "k ?+s besides ,himself4 ,= all o!r ?+s b ,god are outside ( ,god4 ,b ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 xlvi7 t ,god does n behold any?+ out ( ,himself4 ,!re=e ,he does n "k ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object und]/ood is ! p]fection ( ! "o :o und]/&s4 ,if !re=e ,god und]/&s o!r ?+s besides ,himself1 some?+ else w be ! p]fection ( ,god1 & w be nobl] ?an ,he2 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( und]/&+ is specifi$ by ! intelligible object1 z is e o!r act f its own object4 ,h5ce ! intellectual act is s mu* ! nobl]1 ! nobl] ! object und]/ood4 ,b ,god is ,8 own intellectual act4 ,if !re=e ,god und]/&s any?+ o!r ?an ,himself1 !n ,god ,himself is specifi$ by some?+ else ?an ,himself2 :i* _c be4 ,!re=e ,he does n und]/& ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,all ?+s are nak$ & op5 to ,8 eyes 7,heb4 #d3ac74 ,i answ] t1 ,god necess>ily kn[s ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,= x is manife/ t ,he p]fectly und]/&s ,himself2 o!rwise ,8 exi/5ce w\ld n be p]fect1 s9ce ,8 exi/5ce is ,8 act ( und]/&+4 ,n[ if any?+ is p]fectly kn[n1 x foll[s ( necessity t its p[] is p]fectly kn[n4 ,b ! p[] ( any?+ c be p]fectly kn[n only by kn[+ to :at its p[] ext5ds4 ,s9ce !re=e ! div9e p[] ext5ds to o!r ?+s by ! v fact t x is ! fir/ effective cause ( all ?+s1 z is cle> f ! a=esaid 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c71 ,god mu/ necess>ily "k ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,& ?is appe>s /ill m pla9ly if we add t ! v exi/5ce ( ! fir/ effective cause--viz4 ,god--is ,8 own act ( und]/&+4 ,h5ce :atev] effects pre-exi/ 9 ,god1 z 9 ! fir/ cause1 mu/ be 9 ,8 act ( und]/&+1 & all ?+s mu/ be 9 ,him accord+ to an intelligible mode3 = ev]y?+ :i* is 9 ano!r1 is 9 x accord+ to ! mode ( t 9 :i* x is4 ,n[ 9 ord] to "k h[ ,god kn[s ?+s o!r ?an ,himself1 we mu/ consid] t a ?+ is kn[n 9 two ways3 9 itself1 & 9 ano!r4 ,a ?+ is kn[n 9 itself :5 x is kn[n by ! prop] species adequate to ! kn[able object2 z :5 ! eye sees a man ?r\gh ! image ( a man4 ,a ?+ is se5 9 ano!r ?r\gh ! image ( t :i* conta9s x2 z :5 a "p is se5 9 ! :ole by ! image ( ! :ole2 or :5 a man is se5 9 a mirror by ! image 9 ! mirror1 or by any o!r mode by :i* "o ?+ is se5 9 ano!r4 ,s we say t ,god sees ,himself 9 ,himself1 because ,he sees ,himself ?r\gh ,8 ess5ce2 & ,he sees o!r ?+s n 9 !mselves1 b 9 ,himself2 inasmu* z ,8 ess5ce conta9s ! similitude ( ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage ( ,augu/9e 9 :i* x is said t ,god sees no?+ outside ,himself is n to be tak5 9 su* a way1 z if ,god saw no?+ outside ,himself1 b 9 ! s5se t :at is outside ,himself ,he does n see except 9 ,himself1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! object und]/ood is a p]fection ( ! "o und]/&+ n by its sub/ance1 b by its image1 accord+ to :i* x is 9 ! intellect1 z its =m & p]fection1 z is said 9 ,de ,anima iii4 ,= a /one is n 9 ! s\l1 b its image4 ,n[ ^? ?+s :i* are o!r ?an ,god are und]/ood by ,god1 inasmu* z ! ess5ce ( ,god conta9s _! images z above expla9$2 h5ce x does n foll[ t !re is any p]fection 9 ! div9e intellect o!r ?an ! div9e ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellectual act is n specifi$ by :at is und]/ood 9 ano!r1 b by ! pr9cipal object und]/ood 9 :i* o!r ?+s are und]/ood4 ,= ! intellectual act is specifi$ by its object1 inasmu* z ! intelligible =m is ! pr9ciple ( ! intellectual op]ation3 s9ce e op]ation is specifi$ by ! =m :i* is its pr9ciple ( op]ation2 z heat+ by heat4 ,h5ce ! intellectual op]ation is specifi$ by t intelligible =m :i* makes ! intellect 9 act4 ,& ?is is ! image ( ! pr9cipal ?+ und]/ood1 :i* 9 ,god is no?+ b ,8 own ess5ce 9 :i* all images ( ?+s are compreh5d$4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t ! div9e intellectual act1 or r ,god ,himself1 is specifi$ by any?+ else ?an ! div9e ess5ce itself4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,god ,kn[s ,?+s ,o!r ,?an ,himself by ,prop] ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n "k ?+s o!r ?an ,himself by prop] k4 ,=1 z 0 %[n 7,a4 #e71 ,god kn[s ?+s o!r ?an ,himself1 accord+ z !y are 9 ,himself4 ,b o!r ?+s are 9 ,him z 9 _! common & univ]sal cause1 & are kn[n by ,god z 9 _! fir/ & univ]sal cause4 ,?is is to "k !m by g5]al1 & n by prop] k4 ,!re=e ,god kn[s ?+s besides ,himself by g5]al1 & n by prop] k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! creat$ ess5ce is z di/ant f ! div9e ess5ce1 z ! div9e ess5ce is di/ant f ! creat$ ess5ce4 ,b ! div9e ess5ce _c be kn[n by ! creat$ ess5ce1 z said above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e nei!r c ! creat$ ess5ce be kn[n by ! div9e ess5ce4 ,?us z ,god kn[s only by ,8 ess5ce1 x foll[s t ,he does n "k :at ! creature is 9 its ess5ce1 s z to "k :at x is1 :i* is to h prop] k ( x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prop] k ( a ?+ c come only ?r\gh its prop] ratio i4e41 concept4 ,b z ,god kn[s all ?+s by ,8 ess5ce1 x seems t ,he does n "k ea* ?+ by its prop] ratio2 = "o ?+ _c be ! prop] ratio ( _m & div]se ?+s4 ,!re=e ,god has n a prop] k ( ?+s1 b a g5]al k2 = to "k ?+s o!rwise ?an by _! prop] ratio is to h only a common & g5]al k ( !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to h a prop] k ( ?+s is to "k !m n only 9 g5]al1 b z !y are di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,n[ ,god kn[s ?+s 9 t mann]4 ,h5ce x is writt5 t ,he rea*es ev5 to ! division ( ! s\l & ! _s1 ( ! jo9ts also & ! m>r[1 & is a disc]n] ( ?\ghts & int5ts ( ! he>t2 nei!r is !re any creature invisible 9 ,8 sight 7,heb4 #d3ab1ac74 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h err$ on ?is po9t1 say+ t ,god kn[s ?+s o!r ?an ,himself only 9 g5]al1 t is1 only z be+s4 ,= z fire1 if x knew itself z ! pr9ciple ( heat1 w\ld "k ! nature ( heat1 & all ?+s else 9 s f> z !y are hot2 s ,god1 ?r\gh kn[+ ,himself z ! pr9ciple ( be+1 kn[s ! nature ( be+1 & all o!r ?+s 9 s f> z !y are be+s4 ,b ?is _c be4 ,= to "k a ?+ 9 g5]al & n 9 p>ticul>1 is to h an imp]fect k4 ,h5ce our intellect1 :5 x is r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act1 acquires fir/ a univ]sal & confus$ k ( ?+s1 be=e x kn[s !m 9 p>ticul>2 z proce$+ f ! imp]fect to ! p]fect1 z is cle> f ,phys4 i4 ,if !re=e ! k ( ,god reg>d+ ?+s o!r ?an ,himself is only univ]sal & n special1 x w\ld foll[ t ,8 und]/&+ w\ld n be absolutely p]fect2 !re=e nei!r w\ld ,8 be+ be p]fect2 & ?is is aga9/ :at 0 said above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #a74 ,we mu/ !re=e hold t ,god kn[s ?+s o!r ?an ,himself ) a prop] k2 n only 9 s f> z be+ is common to !m1 b 9 s f> z "o is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r4 ,9 pro( !re( we may obs]ve t "s wi%+ to %[ t ,god kn[s _m ?+s by "o1 br+ =w>d "s examples1 z1 = in/ance1 t if ! c5tre knew itself1 x w\ld "k all l9es t proce$ f ! c5tre2 or if light knew itself1 x w\ld "k all colors4 ,n[ ^! examples al?\gh !y are simil> 9 "p1 namely1 z reg>ds univ]sal causality1 nev]!less !y fail 9 ?is respect1 t multitude & div]sity are caus$ by ! "o univ]sal pr9ciple1 n z reg>ds t :i* is ! pr9ciple ( di/9ction1 b only z reg>ds t 9 :i* !y communicate4 ,= ! div]sity ( colors is n caus$ by ! light only1 b by ! diff]5t disposition ( ! diaphan\s m$ium :i* receives x2 & likewise1 ! div]sity ( ! l9es is caus$ by _! diff]5t position4 ,h5ce x is t ?is k9d ( div]sity & multitude _c be kn[n 9 its pr9ciple by prop] k1 b only 9 a g5]al way4 ,9 ,god1 h[ev]1 x is o!rwise4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b7 t :atev] p]fection exi/s 9 any creature1 :olly pre-exi/s & is conta9$ 9 ,god 9 an excell+ mann]4 ,n[ n only :at is common to creatures--viz4 be+--belongs to _! p]fection1 b also :at makes !m di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r2 z liv+ & und]/&+1 & ! l1 :]eby liv+ be+s are di/+ui%$ f ! non-liv+1 & ! intellig5t f ! non-intellig5t4 ,likewise e =m :]eby ea* ?+ is con/itut$ 9 its own species1 is a p]fection2 & ?us all ?+s pre-exi/ 9 ,god1 n only z reg>ds :at is common to all1 b also z reg>ds :at di/+ui%es "o ?+ f ano!r4 ,& !re=e z ,god conta9s all p]fections 9 ,himself1 ! ess5ce ( ,god is comp>$ to all o!r ess5ces ( ?+s1 n z ! common to ! prop]1 z unity is to numb]s1 or z ! c5tre 7( a circle7 to ! 7radiat+7 l9es2 b z p]fect acts to imp]fect2 z if ,i 7 to comp>e man to animal2 or six1 a p]fect numb]1 to ! imp]fect numb]s conta9$ "u x4 ,n[ x is manife/ t by a p]fect act imp]fect acts c be kn[n n only 9 g5]al1 b also by prop] k2 ?us1 = example1 :oev] kn[s a man1 kn[s an animal by prop] k2 & :oev] kn[s ! numb] six1 kn[s ! numb] ?ree also by prop] k4 ,z !re=e ! ess5ce ( ,god conta9s 9 itself all ! p]fection conta9$ 9 ! ess5ce ( any o!r be+1 & f> m1 ,god c "k 9 ,himself all ( !m ) prop] k4 ,= ! nature prop] to ea* ?+ consi/s 9 "s degree ( p>ticipation 9 ! div9e p]fection4 ,n[ ,god c\ld n be said to "k ,himself p]fectly unless ,he knew all ! ways 9 :i* ,8 own p]fection c be %>$ by o!rs4 ,nei!r c\ld ,he "k ! v nature ( be+ p]fectly1 unless ,he knew all modes ( be+4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ,god kn[s all ?+s ) prop] k1 9 _! di/9ction f ea* o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s to "k a ?+ z x is 9 ! kn[]1 may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way ?is adv]b s imports ! mode ( k on ! "p ( ! ?+ kn[n2 & 9 t s5se x is false4 ,= ! kn[] does n always "k ! object kn[n accord+ to ! exi/5ce x has 9 ! kn[]2 s9ce ! eye does n "k a /one accord+ to ! exi/5ce x has 9 ! eye2 b by ! image ( ! /one :i* is 9 ! eye1 ! eye kn[s ! /one accord+ to its exi/5ce outside ! eye4 ,& if any kn[] has a k ( ! object kn[n accord+ to ! 7mode (7 exi/5ce x has 9 ! kn[]1 ! kn[] nev]!less kn[s x accord+ to its 7mode (7 exi/5ce outside ! kn[]2 ?us ! intellect kn[s a /one accord+ to ! intelligible exi/5ce x has 9 ! intellect1 inasmu* z x kn[s t x und]/&s2 :ile nev]!less x kn[s :at a /one is 9 its own nature4 ,if h[ev] ! adv]b 's' be und]/ood to import ! mode 7( k7 on ! "p ( ! kn[]1 9 t s5se x is true t only ! kn[] has k ( ! object kn[n z x is 9 ! kn[]2 = ! m p]fectly ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[]1 ! m p]fect is ! mode ( k4 ,we mu/ say !re=e t ,god n only kn[s t all ?+s are 9 ,himself2 b by ! fact t !y are 9 ,him1 ,he kn[s !m 9 _! own nature & all ! m p]fectly1 ! m p]fectly ea* "o is 9 ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! creat$ ess5ce is comp>$ to ! ess5ce ( ,god z ! imp]fect to ! p]fect act4 ,!re=e ! creat$ ess5ce _c suffici5tly lead u to ! k ( ! div9e ess5ce1 b r ! conv]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same ?+ _c be tak5 9 an equal mann] z ! ratio ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,b ! div9e ess5ce excels all creatures4 ,h5ce x c be tak5 z ! prop] ratio ( ea* ?+ accord+ to ! div]se ways 9 :i* div]se creatures p>ticipate 91 & imitate x4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,k ( ,god ,is ,discursive8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! k ( ,god is discursive4 ,= ! k ( ,god is n habitual k1 b actual k4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 ii73 ,! habit ( k may reg>d _m ?+s at once2 b actual und]/&+ reg>ds only "o ?+ at a "t4 ,!re=e z ,god kn[s _m ?+s1 ,himself & o!rs1 z %[n above 7,,aa4 #b1 #e71 x seems t ,he does n und]/& all at once1 b disc\rses f "o to ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 discursive k is to "k ! effect ?r\gh its cause4 ,b ,god kn[s ?+s ?r\gh ,himself2 z an effect 7is kn[n7 ?r\gh its cause4 ,!re=e ,8 k is discursive4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god kn[s ea* creature m p]fectly ?an we "k x4 ,b we "k ! effects 9 _! creat$ causes2 & ?us we g discursively f causes to ?+s caus$4 ,!re=e x seems t ! same applies to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv71 ,god does n see all ?+s 9 _! p>ticul>ity or sep>ately1 z if ,he saw alt]nately "h & !re2 b ,he sees all ?+s toge!r at once4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! div9e k !re is no discursion2 ! pro( ( :i* is z foll[s4 ,9 our k !re is a tw(old discursion3 "o is accord+ to succession only1 z :5 we h actually und]/ood any?+1 we turn ourselves to und]/& some?+ else2 :ile ! o!r mode ( discursion is accord+ to causality1 z :5 ?r\gh pr9ciples we arrive at ! k ( conclusions4 ,! fir/ k9d ( discursion _c belong to ,god4 ,= _m ?+s1 :i* we und]/& 9 succession if ea* is consid]$ 9 itself1 we und]/& simultane\sly if we see !m 9 "s "o ?+2 if1 = in/ance1 we und]/& ! p>ts 9 ! :ole1 or see diff]5t ?+s 9 a mirror4 ,n[ ,god sees all ?+s 9 "o 7?+71 :i* is ,himself4 ,!re=e ,god sees all ?+s toge!r1 & n successively4 ,likewise ! second mode ( discursion _c be appli$ to ,god4 ,fir/1 because ?is second mode ( discursion presupposes ! fir/ mode2 = :osoev] proce$s f pr9ciples to conclusions does n consid] bo? at once2 secondly1 because to disc\rse ?us is to proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t :5 ! fir/ is kn[n1 ! second is /ill unkn[n2 & ?us ! second is kn[n n 9 ! fir/1 b f ! fir/4 ,n[ ! t]m ( discursive reason+ is atta9$ :5 ! second is se5 9 ! fir/1 by resolv+ ! effects into _! causes2 & !n ! discursion ceases4 ,h5ce z ,god sees ,8 effects 9 ,himself z _! cause1 ,8 k is n discursive4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh !re is only "o act ( und]/&+ 9 itself1 nev]!less _m ?+s may be und]/ood 9 "o 7m$ium71 z %[n above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god does n "k by _! cause1 kn[n1 z x 7 previ\sly1 effects unkn[n2 b ,he kn[s ! effects 9 ! cause2 & h5ce ,8 k is n discursive1 z 0 %[n above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god sees ! effects ( creat$ causes 9 ! causes !mselves1 mu* bett] ?an we c2 b /ill n 9 su* a mann] t ! k ( ! effects is caus$ 9 ,him by ! k ( ! creat$ causes1 z is ! case ) u2 & h5ce ,8 k is n discursive4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,k ( ,god ,is ! ,cause ( ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! k ( ,god is n ! cause ( ?+s4 ,= ,orig5 says1 on ,rom4 #h3cj1 ,:om ,he call$1 !m ,he also ju/ifi$1 etc43 ,a ?+ w happ5 n because ,god kn[s x z future2 b because x is future1 x is on t acc\nt kn[n by ,god1 be=e x exi/s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 giv5 ! cause1 ! effect foll[s4 ,b ! k ( ,god is et]nal4 ,!re=e if ! k ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s creat$1 x seems t creatures are et]nal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,! ?+ kn[n is prior to k1 & is its measure1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 x74 ,b :at is po/]ior & measur$ _c be a cause4 ,!re=e ! k ( ,god is n ! cause ( ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv71 ,n because !y are1 does ,god "k all creatures spiritual & temporal1 b because ,he kn[s !m1 !re=e !y are4 ,i answ] t1 ,! k ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s4 ,= ! k ( ,god is to all creatures :at ! k ( ! artific] is to ?+s made by 8 art4 ,n[ ! k ( ! artific] is ! cause ( ! ?+s made by 8 art f ! fact t ! artific] works by 8 intellect4 ,h5ce ! =m ( ! intellect mu/ be ! pr9ciple ( action2 z heat is ! pr9ciple ( heat+4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ obs]ve t a natural =m1 be+ a =m t rema9s 9 t to :i* x gives exi/5ce1 d5otes a pr9ciple ( action accord+ only z x has an incl9ation to an effect2 & likewise1 ! intelligible =m does n d5ote a pr9ciple ( action 9 s f> z x resides 9 ! "o :o und]/&s unless !re is add$ to x ! incl9ation to an effect1 :i* incl9ation is ?r\gh ! w4 ,= s9ce ! intelligible =m has a relation to opposite ?+s 7inasmu* z ! same k relates to opposites71 x w\ld n produce a det]m9ate effect unless x 7 det]m9$ to "o ?+ by ! appetite1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 ix74 ,n[ x is manife/ t ,god causes ?+s by ,8 intellect1 s9ce ,8 be+ is ,8 act ( und]/&+2 & h5ce ,8 k mu/ be ! cause ( ?+s1 9 s f> z ,8 w is jo9$ to x4 ,h5ce ! k ( ,god z ! cause ( ?+s is usually call$ ! k ( approbation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,orig5 spoke 9 ref]5ce to t aspect ( k to :i* ! idea ( causality does n belong unless ! w is jo9$ to x1 z is said above4 ,b :5 he says ! reason :y ,god =ekn[s "s ?+s is because !y are future1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood accord+ to ! cause ( consequ5ce1 & n accord+ to ! cause ( ess5ce4 ,= if ?+s are 9 ! future1 x foll[s t ,god kn[s !m2 b n t ! futurity ( ?+s is ! cause :y ,god kn[s !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! k ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s accord+ z ?+s are 9 ,8 k4 ,n[ t ?+s %\ld be et]nal 0 n 9 ! k ( ,god2 h5ce al?\gh ! k ( ,god is et]nal1 x does n foll[ t creatures are et]nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,natural ?+s are midway betwe5 ! k ( ,god & our k3 = we receive k f natural ?+s1 ( :i* ,god is ! cause by ,8 k4 ,h5ce1 z ! natural objects ( k are prior to our k1 & are its measure1 s1 ! k ( ,god is prior to natural ?+s1 & is ! measure ( !m2 z1 = in/ance1 a h\se is midway betwe5 ! k ( ! build] :o made x1 & ! k ( ! "o :o ga!rs 8 k ( ! h\se f ! h\se already built4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,god ,has ,k ( ,?+s ,t ,are ,n8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god has n k ( ?+s t are n4 ,= ! k ( ,god is ( true ?+s4 ,b tru? & be+ are conv]tible t]ms4 ,!re=e ! k ( ,god is n ( ?+s t are n4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 k requires lik5ess betwe5 ! kn[] & ! ?+ kn[n4 ,b ^? ?+s t are n _c h any lik5ess to ,god1 ,:o is v be+4 ,!re=e :at is n1 _c be kn[n by ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! k ( ,god is ! cause ( :at is kn[n by ,him4 ,b x is n ! cause ( ?+s t are n1 because a ?+ t is n1 has no cause4 ,!re=e ,god has no k ( ?+s t are n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says3 ,:o 4 4 4 calle? ^? ?+s t are n z ^? t are 7,rom4 #d3ag74 ,i answ] t1 ,god kn[s all ?+s :atsoev] t 9 any way are4 ,n[ x is possible t ?+s t are n absolutely1 %\ld be 9 a c]ta9 s5se4 ,= ?+s absolutely are :i* are actual2 :]eas ?+s :i* are n actual1 are 9 ! p[] ei!r ( ,god ,himself or ( a creature1 :e!r 9 active p[]1 or passive2 :e!r 9 p[] ( ?\ght or ( imag9ation1 or ( any o!r mann] ( mean+ :atsoev]4 ,:atev] !re=e c be made1 or ?\ght1 or said by ! creature1 z also :atev] ,he ,himself c d1 all are kn[n to ,god1 al?\gh !y are n actual4 ,& 9 s f> x c be said t ,he has k ev5 ( ?+s t are n4 ,n[ a c]ta9 diff]5ce is to be not$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ^? ?+s t are n actual4 ,= ?\gh "s ( !m may n be 9 act n[1 /ill !y 71 or !y w be2 & ,god is said to "k all ^! ) ! k ( vision3 = s9ce ,god's act ( und]/&+1 :i* is ,8 be+1 is measur$ by et]nity2 & s9ce et]nity is )\t succession1 compreh5d+ all "t1 ! pres5t glance ( ,god ext5ds ov] all "t1 & to all ?+s :i* exi/ 9 any "t1 z to objects pres5t to ,him4 ,b !re are o!r ?+s 9 ,god's p[]1 or ! creature's1 :i* nev]!less are n1 nor w be1 nor 72 & z reg>ds ^! ,he is said to h k1 n ( vision1 b ( simple intellig5ce4 ,?is is s call$ because ! ?+s we see ar\nd u h di/9ct be+ outside ! se]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? ?+s t are n actual are true 9 s f> z !y are 9 pot5tiality2 = x is true t !y are 9 pot5tiality2 & z su* !y are kn[n by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ,god is v be+ ev]y?+ is1 9 s f> z x p>ticipates 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god2 z ev]y?+ is hot 9 s f> z x p>ticipates 9 heat4 ,s1 ?+s 9 pot5tiality are kn[n by ,god1 al?\gh !y are n 9 act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! k ( ,god1 jo9$ to ,8 w is ! cause ( ?+s4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y t :at ev] ,god kn[s1 is1 or 01 or w be2 b only is ?is necess>y z reg>ds :at ,he wills to be1 or p]mits to be4 ,fur!r1 x is 9 ! k ( ,god n t !y be1 b t !y be possible4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,god ,kn[s ,evil ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n "k evil ?+s4 ,= ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii7 says t ! intellect :i* is n 9 pot5tiality does n "k privation4 ,b evil is ! privation ( good1 z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii1 #g74 ,!re=e1 z ! intellect ( ,god is nev] 9 pot5tiality1 b is always 9 act1 z is cle> f ! =ego+ 7,a4 #b71 x seems t ,god does n "k evil ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all k is ei!r ! cause ( ! ?+ kn[n1 or is caus$ by x4 ,b ! k ( ,god is n ! cause ( evil1 nor is x caus$ by evil4 ,!re=e ,god does n "k evil ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ kn[n is kn[n ei!r by its lik5ess1 or by its opposite4 ,b :atev] ,god kn[s1 ,he kn[s ?r\gh ,8 ess5ce1 z is cle> f ! =ego+ 7,a4 #e74 ,n[ ! div9e ess5ce nei!r is ! lik5ess ( evil1 nor is evil contr>y to x2 = to ! div9e ess5ce !re is no contr>y1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii74 ,!re=e ,god does n "k evil ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :at is kn[n ?r\gh ano!r & n ?r\gh itself1 is imp]fectly kn[n4 ,b evil is n kn[n by ,god2 = ! ?+ kn[n mu/ be 9 ! kn[]4 ,!re=e if evil is kn[n ?r\gh ano!r1 namely1 ?r\gh good1 x w\ld be kn[n by ,him imp]fectly2 :i* _c be1 = ! k ( ,god is n imp]fect4 ,!re=e ,god does n "k evil ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #ae3aa71 ,hell & de/ruction are be=e ,god ,vulg3 '! ,"l'4 ,i answ] t1 ,:oev] kn[s a ?+ p]fectly1 mu/ "k all t c be accid5tal to x4 ,n[ !re are "s good ?+s to :i* corruption by evil may be accid5tal4 ,h5ce ,god w\ld n "k good ?+s p]fectly1 unless ,he also knew evil ?+s4 ,n[ a ?+ is kn[able 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is2 h5ce s9ce ?is is ! ess5ce ( evil t x is ! privation ( good1 by ! fact t ,god kn[s good ?+s1 ,he kn[s evil ?+s also2 z by light is kn[n d>kness4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii73 ,god ?r\gh ,himself receives ! vision ( d>kness1 n o!rwise see+ d>kness except ?r\gh light4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ! ,philosoph] mu/ be und]/ood z mean+ t ! intellect :i* is n 9 pot5tiality1 does n "k privation by privation exi/+ 9 x2 & ?is agrees ) :at he said previ\sly1 t a po9t & e indivisible ?+ are kn[n by privation ( division4 ,?is is because simple & indivisible =ms are 9 our intellect n actually1 b only pot5tially2 = 7 !y actually 9 our intellect1 !y w\ld n be kn[n by privation4 ,x is ?us t simple ?+s are kn[n by sep>ate sub/ances4 ,god !re=e kn[s evil1 n by privation exi/+ 9 ,himself1 b by ! opposite good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! k ( ,god is n ! cause ( evil2 b is ! cause ( ! good :]eby evil is kn[n4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh evil is n oppos$ to ! div9e ess5ce1 :i* is n corruptible by evil2 x is oppos$ to ! effects ( ,god1 :i* ,he kn[s by ,8 ess5ce2 & kn[+ !m1 ,he kn[s ! opposite evils4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to "k a ?+ by some?+ else only1 belongs to imp]fect k1 if t ?+ is ( itself kn[able2 b evil is n ( itself kn[able1 =asmu* z ! v nature ( evil means ! privation ( good2 !re=e evil c nei!r be def9$ nor kn[n except by good4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,god ,kn[s ,s+ul> ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n "k s+ul> ?+s4 ,= ! div9e intellect is m immat]ial ?an ! human intellect4 ,n[ ! human intellect by reason ( its immat]iality does n "k s+ul> ?+s2 b z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii71 reason has to d ) univ]sals1 s5se ) s+ul> ?+s4 ,!re=e ,god does n "k s+ul> ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 u ^? faculties alone "k ! s+ul>1 :i* receive ! species n ab/ract$ f mat]ial conditions4 ,b 9 ,god ?+s are 9 ! highe/ degree ab/ract$ f all mat]iality4 ,!re=e ,god does n "k s+ul> ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all k comes ab\t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s lik5ess4 ,b ! lik5ess ( s+ul> ?+s 9 s f> z !y are s+ul>1 does n seem to be 9 ,god2 = ! pr9ciple ( s+ul>ity is matt]1 :i*1 s9ce x is 9 pot5tiality only1 is altoge!r unlike ,god1 ,:o is pure act4 ,!re=e ,god _c "k s+ul> ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #af3b71 ,all ! ways ( a man are op5 to ,8 eyes4 ,i answ] t1 ,god kn[s s+ul> ?+s4 ,= all p]fections f\nd 9 creatures pre-exi/ 9 ,god 9 a high] way1 z is cle> f ! =ego+ 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ to "k s+ul> ?+s is "p ( our p]fection4 ,h5ce ,god mu/ "k s+ul> ?+s4 ,ev5 ! ,philosoph] consid]s x incongru\s t any?+ kn[n by u %\ld be unkn[n to ,god2 & ?us aga9/ ,emp$ocles he argues 7,de ,anima i & ,metaph4 iii7 t ,god w\ld be mo/ ignorant if ,he did n "k discord4 ,n[ ! p]fections :i* are divid$ among inf]ior be+s1 exi/ simply & unit$ly 9 ,god2 h5ce1 al?\gh by "o faculty we "k ! univ]sal & immat]ial1 & by ano!r we "k s+ul> & mat]ial ?+s1 nev]!less ,god kn[s bo? by ,8 simple intellect4 ,n[ "s1 wi%+ to %[ h[ ?is c be1 said t ,god kn[s s+ul> ?+s by univ]sal causes4 ,= no?+ exi/s 9 any s+ul> ?+1 t does n arise f "s univ]sal cause4 ,!y give ! example ( an a/rolog] :o kn[s all ! univ]sal movem5ts ( ! heav5s1 & c !nce =etell all eclipses t are to come4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh2 = s+ul> ?+s f univ]sal causes atta9 to c]ta9 =ms & p[]s :i*1 h[ev] !y may be jo9$ toge!r1 are n individualiz$ except by individual matt]4 ,h5ce he :o kn[s ,socrates because he is :ite1 or because he is ! son ( ,sophroniscus1 or because ( some?+ ( t k9d1 w\ld n "k him 9 s f> z he is ?is p>ticul> man4 ,h5ce accord+ to ! a=esaid mode1 ,god w\ld n "k s+ul> ?+s 9 _! s+ul>ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!rs h said t ,god kn[s s+ul> ?+s by ! application ( univ]sal causes to p>ticul> effects4 ,b ?is w n hold2 =asmu* z no "o c apply a ?+ to ano!r unless he fir/ kn[s t ?+2 h5ce ! said application _c be ! reason ( kn[+ ! p>ticul>1 = x presupposes ! k ( s+ul> ?+s4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said o!rwise1 t1 s9ce ,god is ! cause ( ?+s by ,8 k1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h71 ,8 k ext5ds z f> z ,8 causality ext5ds4 ,h5ce z ! active p[] ( ,god ext5ds n only to =ms1 :i* are ! s\rce ( univ]sality1 b also to matt]1 z we %all prove fur!r on 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b71 ! k ( ,god mu/ ext5d to s+ul> ?+s1 :i* are individualiz$ by matt]4 ,= s9ce ,he kn[s ?+s o!r ?an ,himself by ,8 ess5ce1 z be+ ! lik5ess ( ?+s1 or z _! active pr9ciple1 ,8 ess5ce mu/ be ! suffic+ pr9ciple ( kn[+ all ?+s made by ,him1 n only 9 ! univ]sal1 b also 9 ! s+ul>4 ,! same w\ld apply to ! k ( ! artific]1 if x 7 productive ( ! :ole ?+1 & n only ( ! =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our intellect ab/racts ! intelligible species f ! individualiz+ pr9ciples2 h5ce ! intelligible species 9 our intellect _c be ! lik5ess ( ! individual pr9ciples2 & on t acc\nt our intellect does n "k ! s+ul>4 ,b ! intelligible species 9 ! div9e intellect1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ,god1 is immat]ial n by ab/raction1 b ( itself1 be+ ! pr9ciple ( all ! pr9ciples :i* ent] into ! composition ( ?+s1 :e!r pr9ciples ( ! species or pr9ciples ( ! individual2 h5ce by x ,god kn[s n only univ]sal1 b also s+ul> ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh z reg>ds ! species 9 ! div9e intellect its be+ has no mat]ial conditions l ! images receiv$ 9 ! imag9ation & s5se1 yet its p[] ext5ds to bo? immat]ial & mat]ial ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh matt] z reg>ds its pot5tiality rec$es f lik5ess to ,god1 yet1 ev5 9 s f> z x has be+ 9 ?is wise1 x reta9s a c]ta9 lik5ess to ! div9e be+4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,god ,c ,"k ,inf9ite ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god _c "k inf9ite ?+s4 ,= ! inf9ite1 z su*1 is unkn[n2 s9ce ! inf9ite is t :i*1 to ^? :o measure x1 leaves always some?+ m to be measur$1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 iii74 ,moreov]1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii7 t :atev] is compreh5d$ by k1 is b\nd$ by ! compreh5sion ( ! kn[]4 ,n[ inf9ite ?+s h no b\nd>y4 ,!re=e !y _c be compreh5d$ by ! k ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if we say t ?+s inf9ite 9 !mselves are f9ite 9 ,god's k1 aga9/ ?is x may be urg$ t ! ess5ce ( ! inf9ite is t x is untrav]sable1 & ! f9ite t x is trav]sable1 z said 9 ,phys4 iii4 ,b ! inf9ite is n trav]sable ei!r by ! f9ite or by ! inf9ite1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 vi4 ,!re=e ! inf9ite _c be b\nd$ by ! f9ite1 nor ev5 by ! inf9ite2 & s ! inf9ite _c be f9ite 9 ,god's k1 :i* is inf9ite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! k ( ,god is ! measure ( :at is kn[n4 ,b x is contr>y to ! ess5ce ( ! inf9ite t x be measur$4 ,!re=e inf9ite ?+s _c be kn[n by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii71 ,al?\gh we _c numb] ! inf9ite1 nev]!less x c be compreh5d$ by ,him ^: k has no b\nds4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ,god kn[s n only ?+s actual b also ?+s possible to ,himself or to creat$ ?+s1 z %[n above 7,a4 #i71 & z ^! mu/ be inf9ite1 x mu/ be held t ,he kn[s inf9ite ?+s4 ,al?\gh ! k ( vision :i* has relation only to ?+s t are1 or w be1 or 71 is n ( inf9ite ?+s1 z "s say1 = we d n say t ! _w is et]nal1 nor t g5]ation & movem5t w g on = ev]1 s t individuals be inf9itely multipli$2 yet1 if we consid] m att5tively1 we mu/ hold t ,god kn[s inf9ite ?+s ev5 by ! k ( vision4 ,= ,god kn[s ev5 ! ?\ghts & affections ( he>ts1 :i* w be multipli$ to inf9ity z rational creatures g on = ev]4 ,! reason ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! k ( e kn[] is measur$ by ! mode ( ! =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( k4 ,= ! s5sible image 9 s5se is ! lik5ess ( only "o individual ?+1 & c give ! k ( only "o individual4 ,b ! intelligible species ( our intellect is ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ z reg>ds its specific nature1 :i* is p>ticipable by inf9ite p>ticul>s2 h5ce our intellect by ! intelligible species ( man 9 a c]ta9 way kn[s inf9ite m52 n h[ev] z di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 b z communicat+ 9 ! nature ( ! species2 & ! reason is because ! intelligible species ( our intellect is ! lik5ess ( man n z to ! individual pr9ciples1 b z to ! pr9ciples ( ! species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! div9e ess5ce1 :]eby ! div9e intellect und]/&s1 is a suffic+ lik5ess ( all ?+s t are1 or c be1 n only z reg>ds ! univ]sal pr9ciples1 b also z reg>ds ! pr9ciples prop] to ea* "o1 z %[n above4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! k ( ,god ext5ds to inf9ite ?+s1 ev5 z di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! idea ( ! inf9ite p]ta9s to quantity1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 i74 ,b ! idea ( quantity implies ! ord] ( p>ts4 ,!re=e to "k ! inf9ite accord+ to ! mode ( ! inf9ite is to "k "p aft] "p2 & 9 ?is way ! inf9ite _c be kn[n2 = :atev] quantity ( p>ts be tak51 !re w always rema9 some?+ else outside4 ,b ,god does n "k ! inf9ite or inf9ite ?+s1 z if ,he enum]at$ "p aft] "p2 s9ce ,he kn[s all ?+s simultane\sly1 & n successively1 z said above 7,a4 #g74 ,h5ce !re is no?+ to prev5t ,him f kn[+ inf9ite ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,transition imports a c]ta9 succession ( p>ts2 & h5ce x is t ! inf9ite _c be trav]s$ by ! f9ite1 nor by ! inf9ite4 ,b equality suffices = compreh5sion1 because t is said to be compreh5d$ :i* has no?+ outside ! compreh5d]4 ,h5ce x is n aga9/ ! idea ( ! inf9ite to be compreh5d$ by ! inf9ite4 ,& s1 :at is inf9ite 9 itself c be call$ f9ite to ! k ( ,god z compreh5d$2 b n z if x 7 trav]sable4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! k ( ,god is ! measure ( ?+s1 n quantitatively1 = ! inf9ite is n subject to ?is k9d ( measure2 b x is ! measure ( ! ess5ce & tru? ( ?+s4 ,= ev]y?+ has tru? ( nature accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* x imitates ! k ( ,god1 z ! ?+ made by art agrees ) ! art4 ,grant$1 h[ev]1 an actually inf9ite numb] ( ?+s1 = in/ance1 an inf9itude ( m51 or an inf9itude 9 cont9u\s quantity1 z an inf9itude ( air1 z "s ( ! anci5ts held2 yet x is manife/ t ^! w\ld h a det]m9ate & f9ite be+1 because _! be+ w\ld be limit$ to "s det]m9ate nature4 ,h5ce !y w\ld be measurable z reg>ds ! k ( ,god4 ,,?irte5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #ac ,:e!r ! ,k ( ,god ,is ( ,future ,cont+5t ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! k ( ,god is n ( future cont+5t ?+s4 ,= f a necess>y cause proce$s a necess>y effect4 ,b ! k ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s kn[n1 z said above 7,a4 #h74 ,s9ce !re=e t k is necess>y1 :at ,he kn[s mu/ also be necess>y4 ,!re=e ! k ( ,god is n ( cont+5t ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e conditional proposition ( :i* ! antec$5t is absolutely necess>y mu/ h an absolutely necess>y consequ5t4 ,= ! antec$5t is to ! consequ5t z pr9ciples are to ! conclusion3 & f necess>y pr9ciples only a necess>y conclusion c foll[1 z is prov$ 9 ,po/]4 i4 ,b ?is is a true conditional proposition1 ,if ,god knew t ?is ?+ w be1 x w be1 = ! k ( ,god is only ( true ?+s4 ,n[ ! antec$5t conditional ( ?is is absolutely necess>y1 because x is et]nal1 & because x is signifi$ z pa/4 ,!re=e ! consequ5t is also absolutely necess>y4 ,!re=e :atev] ,god kn[s1 is necess>y2 & s ! k ( ,god is n ( cont+5t ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ kn[n by ,god mu/ necess>ily be1 because ev5 :at we ourselves "k1 mu/ necess>ily be2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! k ( ,god is mu* m c]ta9 ?an ours4 ,b no future cont+5t ?+s mu/ necess>ily be4 ,!re=e no cont+5t future ?+ is kn[n by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #cb3ae71 ,he ,:o ha? made ! he>ts ( e "o ( !m2 ,:o und]/&e? all _! works1 i4e4 ( m54 ,n[ ! works ( m5 are cont+5t1 be+ subject to free w4 ,!re=e ,god kn[s future cont+5t ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #i71 ,god kn[s all ?+s2 n only ?+s actual b also ?+s possible to ,him & creature2 & s9ce "s ( ^! are future cont+5t to u1 x foll[s t ,god kn[s future cont+5t ?+s4 ,9 evid5ce ( ?is1 we mu/ consid] t a cont+5t ?+ c be consid]$ 9 two ways2 fir/1 9 itself1 9 s f> z x is n[ 9 act3 & 9 ?is s5se x is n consid]$ z future1 b z pres5t2 nei!r is x consid]$ z cont+5t 7z hav+ ref]5ce7 to "o ( two t]ms1 b z det]m9$ to "o2 & on acc\nt ( ?is x c be infallibly ! object ( c]ta9 k1 = in/ance to ! s5se ( sight1 z :5 ,i see t ,socrates is sitt+ d[n4 ,9 ano!r way a cont+5t ?+ c be consid]$ z x is 9 its cause2 & 9 ?is way x is consid]$ z future1 & z a cont+5t ?+ n yet det]m9$ to "o2 =asmu* z a cont+5t cause has relation to opposite ?+s3 & 9 ?is s5se a cont+5t ?+ is n subject to any c]ta9 k4 ,h5ce1 :oev] kn[s a cont+5t effect 9 its cause only1 has m]ely a conjectural k ( x4 ,n[ ,god kn[s all cont+5t ?+s n only z !y are 9 _! causes1 b also z ea* "o ( !m is actually 9 itself4 ,& al?\gh cont+5t ?+s become actual successively1 nev]!less ,god kn[s cont+5t ?+s n successively1 z !y are 9 _! own be+1 z we d b simultane\sly4 ,! reason is because ,8 k is measur$ by et]nity1 z is also ,8 be+2 & et]nity be+ simultane\sly :ole comprises all "t1 z said above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce all ?+s t are 9 "t are pres5t to ,god f et]nity1 n only because ,he has ! types ( ?+s pres5t )9 ,him1 z "s say2 b because ,8 glance is c>ri$ f et]nity ov] all ?+s z !y are 9 _! pres5tiality4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t cont+5t ?+s are infallibly kn[n by ,god1 inasmu* z !y are subject to ! div9e sight 9 _! pres5tiality2 yet !y are future cont+5t ?+s 9 relation to _! own causes4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! supreme cause is necess>y1 ! effect may be cont+5t by reason ( ! proximate cont+5t cause2 j z ! g]m9ation ( a plant is cont+5t by reason ( ! proximate cont+5t cause1 al?\gh ! movem5t ( ! sun :i* is ! fir/ cause1 is necess>y4 ,s likewise ?+s kn[n by ,god are cont+5t on acc\nt ( _! proximate causes1 :ile ! k ( ,god1 :i* is ! fir/ cause1 is necess>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s say t ?is antec$5t1 ,god knew ?is cont+5t to be future1 is n necess>y1 b cont+5t2 because1 al?\gh x is pa/1 /ill x imports relation to ! future4 ,?is h[ev] does n remove necessity f x2 = :atev] has _h relation to ! future1 mu/ h _h x1 al?\gh ! future sometimes does n foll[4 ,on ! o!r h& "s say t ?is antec$5t is cont+5t1 because x is a comp\nd ( necess>y & cont+5t2 z ?is say+ is cont+5t1 ,socrates is a :ite man4 ,b ?is also is to no purpose2 = :5 we say1 ,god knew ?is cont+5t to be future1 cont+5t is us$ "h only z ! matt] ( ! ^w1 & n z ! *ief "p ( ! proposition4 ,h5ce its cont+5cy or necessity has no ref]5ce to ! necessity or cont+5cy ( ! proposition1 or to its be+ true or false4 ,= x may be j z true t ,i said a man is an ass1 z t ,i said ,socrates runs1 or ,god is3 & ! same applies to necess>y & cont+5t4 ,h5ce x mu/ be said t ?is antec$5t is absolutely necess>y4 ,nor does x foll[1 z "s say1 t ! consequ5t is absolutely necess>y1 because ! antec$5t is ! remote cause ( ! consequ5t1 :i* is cont+5t by reason ( ! proximate cause4 ,b ?is is to no purpose4 ,= ! conditional w\ld be false 7 its antec$5t ! remote necess>y cause1 & ! consequ5t a cont+5t effect2 z1 = example1 if ,i said1 if ! sun moves1 ! grass w gr[4 ,!re=e we mu/ reply o!rwise2 t :5 ! antec$5t conta9s any?+ belong+ to an act ( ! s\l1 ! consequ5t mu/ be tak5 n z x is 9 itself1 b z x is 9 ! s\l3 = ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ 9 itself is diff]5t f ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,= example1 :5 ,i say1 ,:at ! s\l und]/&s is immat]ial1 ?is is to be und]/ood t x is immat]ial z x is 9 ! intellect1 n z x is 9 itself4 ,likewise if ,i say1 ,if ,god knew any?+1 x w be1 ! consequ5t mu/ be und]/ood z x is subject to ! div9e k1 i4e4 z x is 9 its pres5tiality4 ,& ?us x is necess>y1 z also is ! antec$5t3 ,= ev]y?+ t is1 :ile x is1 mu/ be necess>ily be1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ,p]i ,h]m4 i4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s r$uc$ to act 9 "t1 z kn[n by u successively 9 "t1 b by ,god 7are kn[n7 9 et]nity1 :i* is above "t4 ,:5ce to u !y _c be c]ta91 =asmu* z we "k future cont+5t ?+s z su*2 b 7!y are c]ta97 to ,god alone1 ^: und]/&+ is 9 et]nity above "t4 ,j z he :o goes along ! road1 does n see ^? :o come aft] him2 :]eas he :o sees ! :ole road f a height1 sees at once all travell+ by ! way4 ,h5ce :at is kn[n by u mu/ be necess>y1 ev5 z x is 9 itself2 = :at is future cont+5t 9 itself1 _c be kn[n by u4 ,:]eas :at is kn[n by ,god mu/ be necess>y accord+ to ! mode 9 :i* !y are subject to ! div9e k1 z already /at$1 b n absolutely z consid]$ 9 _! own causes4 ,h5ce also ?is proposition1 ,ev]y?+ kn[n by ,god mu/ necess>ily be1 is usually di/+ui%$2 = ?is may ref] to ! ?+1 or to ! say+4 ,if x ref]s to ! ?+1 x is divid$ & false2 = ! s5se is1 ,ev]y?+ :i* ,god kn[s is necess>y4 ,if und]/ood ( ! say+1 x is composite & true2 = ! s5se is1 ,?is proposition1 't :i* is kn[n by ,god is' is necess>y4 ,n[ "s urge an objection & say t ?is di/9ction holds good ) reg>d to =ms t are sep>able f ! subject2 ?us if ,i said1 ,x is possible = a :ite ?+ to be black1 x is false z appli$ to ! say+1 & true z appli$ to ! ?+3 = a ?+ :i* is :ite1 c become black2 :]eas ?is say+1 a :ite ?+ is black c nev] be true4 ,b 9 =ms t are insep>able f ! subject1 ?is di/9ction does n hold1 = in/ance1 if ,i said1 ,a black cr[ c be :ite2 = 9 bo? s5ses x is false4 ,n[ to be kn[n by ,god is insep>able f ! ?+2 = :at is kn[n by ,god _c be kn[n4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 w\ld hold if ^! words t :i* is kn[n impli$ any disposition inh]5t to ! subject2 b s9ce !y import an act ( ! kn[]1 some?+ c be attribut$ to ! ?+ kn[n1 9 itself 7ev5 if x always be kn[n71 :i* is n attribut$ to x 9 s f> z x /&s "u actual k2 ?us mat]ial exi/5ce is attribut$ to a /one 9 itself1 :i* is n attribut$ to x inasmu* z x is kn[n4 ,,f\rte5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #ad ,:e!r ,god ,kn[s ,enunciable ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n "k enunciable ?+s4 ,= to "k enunciable ?+s belongs to our intellect z x composes & divides4 ,b 9 ! div9e intellect1 !re is no composition4 ,!re=e ,god does n "k enunciable ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e k9d ( k is made ?r\gh "s lik5ess4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no lik5ess ( enunciable ?+s1 s9ce ,he is altoge!r simple4 ,!re=e ,god does n "k enunciable ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,! ,"l kn[e? ! ?\ghts ( m5 7,ps4 #ic3aa74 ,b enunciable ?+s are conta9$ 9 ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,!re=e ,god kn[s enunciable ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce x is 9 ! p[] ( our intellect to =m enunciations1 & s9ce ,god kn[s :atev] is 9 ,8 own p[] or 9 t ( creatures1 z said above 7,a4 #i71 x foll[s ( necessity t ,god kn[s all enunciations t c be =m$4 ,n[ j z ,he kn[s mat]ial ?+s immat]ially1 & composite ?+s simply1 s likewise ,he kn[s enunciable ?+s n aft] ! mann] ( enunciable ?+s1 z if 9 ,8 intellect !re 7 composition or division ( enunciations2 = ,he kn[s ea* ?+ by simple intellig5ce1 by und]/&+ ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+2 z if we by ! v fact t we und]/& :at man is1 7 to und]/& all t c be pr$icat$ ( man4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n happ5 9 our intellect1 :i* disc\rses f "o ?+ to ano!r1 =asmu* z ! intelligible species repres5ts "o ?+ 9 su* a way z n to repres5t ano!r4 ,h5ce :5 we und]/& :at man is1 we d n =?) und]/& o!r ?+s :i* belong to him1 b we und]/& !m "o by "o1 accord+ to a c]ta9 succession4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ?+s we und]/& z sep>at$1 we mu/ r$uce to "o by way ( composition or division1 by =m+ an enunciation4 ,n[ ! species ( ! div9e intellect1 :i* is ,god's ess5ce1 suffices to repres5t all ?+s4 ,h5ce by und]/&+ ,8 ess5ce1 ,god kn[s ! ess5ces ( all ?+s1 & also :atev] c be accid5tal to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection w\ld avail if ,god knew enunciable ?+s aft] ! mann] ( enunciable ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,enunciatory composition signifies "s exi/5ce ( a ?+2 & ?us ,god by ,8 exi/5ce1 :i* is ,8 ess5ce1 is ! similitude ( all ^? ?+s :i* are signifi$ by enunciation4 ,,fifte5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #ae ,:e!r ! ,k ( ,god ,is ,v>iable8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! k ( ,god is v>iable4 ,= k is relat$ to :at is kn[able4 ,b :atev] imports relation to ! creature is appli$ to ,god f "t1 & v>ies accord+ to ! v>iation ( creatures4 ,!re=e ! k ( ,god is v>iable accord+ to ! v>iation ( creatures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ,god c make1 ,he c "k4 ,b ,god c make m ?an ,he does4 ,!re=e ,he c "k m ?an ,he kn[s4 ,?us ,8 k c v>y accord+ to increase & dim9ution4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god knew t ,*ri/ w\ld be born4 ,b ,he does n "k n[ t ,*ri/ w be born2 because ,*ri/ is n to be born 9 ! future4 ,!re=e ,god does n "k ev]y?+ ,he once knew2 & ?us ! k ( ,god is v>iable4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said1 t 9 ,god !re is no *ange nor %ad[ ( alt]ation 7,james #a3ag74 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! k ( ,god is ,8 sub/ance1 z is cle> f ! =ego+ 7,a4 #d71 j z ,8 sub/ance is altoge!r immutable1 z %[n above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a71 s ,8 k likewise mu/ be altoge!r inv>iable4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"l1 ,creator & ! l1 import relations to creatures 9 s f> z !y are 9 !mselves4 ,b ! k ( ,god imports relation to creatures 9 s f> z !y are 9 ,god2 because ev]y?+ is actually und]/ood accord+ z x is 9 ! "o :o und]/&s4 ,n[ creat$ ?+s are 9 ,god 9 an inv>iable mann]2 :ile !y exi/ v>iably 9 !mselves4 ,we may also say t ,"l1 ,creator & ! l1 import ! relations consequ5t ^u ! acts :i* are und]/ood z t]m9at+ 9 ! creatures !mselves1 z !y are 9 !mselves2 & ?us ^! relations are attribut$ to ,god v>i\sly1 accord+ to ! v>iation ( creatures4 ,b k & love1 & ! l1 import relations consequ5t ^u ! acts :i* are und]/ood to be 9 ,god2 & !re=e ^! are pr$icat$ ( ,god 9 an inv>iable mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god kn[s also :at ,he c make1 & does n make4 ,h5ce f ! fact t ,he c make m ?an ,he makes1 x does n foll[ t ,he c "k m ?an ,he kn[s1 unless ?is be ref]r$ to ! k ( vision1 accord+ to :i* ,he is said to "k ^? ?+s :i* are 9 act 9 "s p]iod ( "t4 ,b f ! fact t ,he kn[s "s ?+s might be :i* are n1 or t "s ?+s might n be :i* are1 x does n foll[ t ,8 k is v>iable1 b r t ,he kn[s ! v>iability ( ?+s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any?+ exi/$ :i* ,god did n previ\sly "k1 & aft]w>ds knew1 !n ,8 k w\ld be v>iable4 ,b ?is c\ld n be2 = :atev] is1 or c be 9 any p]iod ( "t1 is kn[n by ,god 9 ,8 et]nity4 ,!re=e f ! fact t a ?+ exi/s 9 "s p]iod ( "t1 x foll[s t x is kn[n by ,god f et]nity4 ,!re=e x _c be grant$ t ,god c "k m ?an ,he kn[s2 because su* a proposition implies t fir/ ( all ,he did n "k1 & !n aft]w>ds knew4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! anci5t ,nom9ali/s said t x 0 ! same ?+ to say ,*ri/ is born & w be born & 0 born2 because ! same ?+ is signifi$ by ^! ?ree--viz4 ! nativity ( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e x foll[s1 !y said1 t :atev] ,god knew1 ,he kn[s2 because n[ ,he kn[s t ,*ri/ is born1 :i* means ! same ?+ z t ,*ri/ w be born4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 is false2 bo? because ! div]sity 9 ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce causes a div]sity ( enunciations2 & because x w\ld foll[ t a proposition :i* is true once w\ld be always true2 :i* is contr>y to :at ! ,philosoph] lays d[n 7,categor4 iii7 :5 he says t ?is s5t5ce1 ,socrates sits1 is true :5 he is sitt+1 & false :5 he rises up4 ,!re=e1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ?is proposition is n true1 ,:atev] ,god knew ,he kn[s1 if ref]r$ to enunciable propositions4 ,b because ( ?is1 x does n foll[ t ! k ( ,god is v>iable4 ,= z x is )\t v>iation 9 ! div9e k t ,god kn[s "o & ! same ?+ sometime to be1 & sometime n to be1 s x is )\t v>iation 9 ! div9e k t ,god kn[s an enunciable proposition is sometime true1 & sometime false4 ,! k ( ,god1 h[ev]1 w\ld be v>iable if ,he knew enunciable ?+s by way ( enunciation1 by composition & division1 z occurs 9 our intellect4 ,h5ce our k v>ies ei!r z reg>ds tru? & falsity1 = example1 if :5 ei!r z reg>ds tru? & falsity1 = example1 if :5 a ?+ suff]s *ange we reta9$ ! same op9ion ab\t x2 or z reg>ds div]se op9ions1 z if we fir/ ?\ght t anyone 0 sitt+1 & aft]w>ds ?\ght t he 0 n sitt+2 nei!r ( :i* c be 9 ,god4 ,,sixte5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #af ,:e!r ,god ,has a ,speculative ,k ( ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god has n a speculative k ( ?+s4 ,= ! k ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s1 z %[n above 7,a4 #h74 ,b speculative k is n ! cause ( ! ?+s kn[n4 ,!re=e ! k ( ,god is n speculative4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 speculative k comes by ab/raction f ?+s2 :i* does n belong to ! div9e k4 ,!re=e ! k ( ,god is n speculative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is ! m excell5t mu/ be attribut$ to ,god4 ,b speculative k is m excell5t ?an practical k1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,metaphysics4 ,!re=e ,god has a speculative k ( ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s k is speculative only2 "s is practical only2 & "s is p>tly speculative & p>tly practical4 ,9 pro( :]e( x mu/ be obs]v$ t k c be call$ speculative 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! ?+s kn[n1 :i* are n op]able by ! kn[]2 su* is ! k ( man ab\t natural or div9e ?+s4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! mann] ( kn[+--z1 = in/ance1 if a build] consid] a h\se by def9+ & divid+1 & consid]+ :at belongs to x 9 g5]al3 = ?is is to consid] op]able ?+s 9 a speculative mann]1 & n z practically op]able2 = op]able means ! application ( =m to matt]1 & n ! resolution ( ! composite into its univ]sal =mal pr9ciples4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds ! end2 = ! practical intellect diff]s 9 its end f ! speculative1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii74 ,= ! practical intellect is ord]$ to ! end ( ! op]ation2 :]eas ! end ( ! speculative intellect is ! consid]ation ( tru?4 ,h5ce if a build] %\ld consid] h[ a h\se c be made1 n ord]+ ?is to ! end ( op]ation1 b only to "k 7h[ to d x71 ?is w\ld be only a speculative consid]ations z reg>ds ! end1 al?\gh x conc]ns an op]able ?+4 ,!re=e k :i* is speculative by reason ( ! ?+ itself kn[n1 is m]ely speculative4 ,b t :i* is speculative ei!r 9 its mode or z to its end is p>tly speculative & p>tly practical3 & :5 x is orda9$ to an op]ative end x is simply practical4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 !re=e1 x mu/ be said t ,god has ( ,himself a speculative k only2 = ,he ,himself is n op]able4 ,b ( all o!r ?+s ,he has bo? speculative & practical k4 ,he has speculative k z reg>ds ! mode2 = :atev] we "k speculatively 9 ?+s by def9+ & divid+1 ,god kn[s all ?is mu* m p]fectly4 ,n[ ( ?+s :i* ,he c make1 b does n make at any "t1 ,he has n a practical k1 accord+ z k is call$ practical f ! end4 ,b ,he has a practical k ( :at ,he makes 9 "s p]iod ( "t4 ,&1 z reg>ds evil ?+s1 al?\gh !y are n op]able by ,him1 yet !y fall "u ,8 practical k1 l good ?+s1 inasmu* z ,he p]mits1 or imp$es1 or directs !m2 z also sicknesses fall "u ! practical k ( ! physician1 inasmu* z he cures !m by 8 art4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! k ( ,god is ! cause1 n inde$ ( ,himself1 b ( o!r ?+s4 ,he is actually ! cause ( "s1 t is1 ( ?+s t come to be 9 "s p]iod ( "t2 & ,he is virtually ! cause ( o!rs1 t is1 ( ?+s :i* ,he c make1 & :i* nev]!less are nev] made4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fact t k is d]iv$ f ?+s kn[n does n ess5tially belong to speculative k1 b only accid5tally 9 s f> z x is human4 ,9 answ] to :at is object$ on ! contr>y1 we mu/ say t p]fect k ( op]able ?+s is obta9able only if !y are kn[n 9 s f> z !y are op]able4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! k ( ,god is 9 e way p]fect1 ,he mu/ "k :at is op]able by ,him1 =mally z su*1 & n only 9 s f> z !y are speculative4 ,nev]!less ?is does n impair ! nobility ( ,8 speculative k1 =asmu* z ,he sees all ?+s o!r ?an ,himself 9 ,himself1 & ,he kn[s ,himself speculatively2 & s 9 ! speculative k ( ,himself1 he possesses bo? speculative & practical k ( all o!r ?+s4 ,,"q #ae ,,( ,,ideas 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ ! k ( ,god1 x rema9s to consid] ideas4 ,& ab\t ?is !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re are ideas8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y are _m1 or "o only8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re are ideas ( all ?+s kn[n by ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,ideas8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re are no ideas4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii71 t ,god does n "k ?+s by ideas4 ,b ideas are = no?+ else except t ?+s may be kn[n ?r\gh !m4 ,!re=e !re are no ideas4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god kn[s all ?+s 9 ,himself1 z has be5 already said 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #e74 ,b ,he does n "k ,himself ?r\gh an idea2 nei!r !re=e o!r ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an idea is consid]$ to be ! pr9ciple ( k & action4 ,b ! div9e ess5ce is a suffici5t pr9ciple ( kn[+ & effect+ all ?+s4 ,x is n !re=e necess>y to suppose ideas4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 xlvi71 ,su* is ! p[] inh]5t 9 ideas1 t no "o c be wise unless !y are und]/ood4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is necess>y to suppose ideas 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,= ! ,greek ^w ,idea is 9 ,lat9 ,=ma4 ,h5ce by ideas are und]/ood ! =ms ( ?+s1 exi/+ ap>t f ! ?+s !mselves4 ,n[ ! =m ( any?+ exi/+ ap>t f ! ?+ itself c be = "o ( two ends3 ei!r to be ! type ( t ( :i* x is call$ ! =m1 or to be ! pr9ciple ( ! k ( t ?+1 inasmu* z ! =ms ( ?+s kn[able are said to be 9 him :o kn[s !m4 ,9 ei!r case we mu/ suppose ideas1 z is cle> = ! foll[+ reason3 ,9 all ?+s n g5]at$ by *ance1 ! =m mu/ be ! end ( any g5]ation :atsoev]4 ,b an ag5t does n act on acc\nt ( ! =m1 except 9 s f> z ! lik5ess ( ! =m is 9 ! ag5t1 z may happ5 9 two ways4 ,= 9 "s ag5ts ! =m ( ! ?+ to be made pre-exi/s accord+ to its natural be+1 z 9 ^? t act by _! nature2 z a man g5]ates a man1 or fire g5]ates fire4 ,:]eas 9 o!r ag5ts 7! =m ( ! ?+ to be made pre-exi/s7 accord+ to intelligible be+1 z 9 ^? t act by ! intellect2 & ?us ! lik5ess ( a h\se pre-exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ! build]4 ,& ?is may be call$ ! idea ( ! h\se1 s9ce ! build] int5ds to build 8 h\se l to ! =m conceiv$ 9 8 m9d4 ,z !n ! _w 0 n made by *ance1 b by ,god act+ by ,8 intellect1 z w appe> lat] 7,q4 #df1 ,a4 #a71 !re mu/ exi/ 9 ! div9e m9d a =m to ! lik5ess ( :i* ! _w 0 made4 ,& 9 ?is ! notion ( an idea consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god does n und]/& ?+s accord+ to an idea exi/+ outside ,himself4 ,?us ,ari/otle 7,metaph4 ix7 rejects ! op9ion ( ,plato1 :o held t ideas exi/$ ( !mselves1 & n 9 ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ,god kn[s ,himself & all else by ,8 own ess5ce1 yet ,8 ess5ce is ! op]ative pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 except ( ,himself4 ,x has !re=e ! nature ( an idea ) respect to o!r ?+s2 ?\gh n ) respect to ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god is ! similitude ( all ?+s accord+ to ,8 ess5ce2 !re=e an idea 9 ,god is id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ideas ,are ,_m8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ideas are n _m4 ,= an idea 9 ,god is ,8 ess5ce4 ,b ,god's ess5ce is "o only4 ,!re=e !re is only "o idea4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! idea is ! pr9ciple ( kn[+ & op]at+1 s are art & wisdom4 ,b 9 ,god !re are n sev]al arts or wisdoms4 ,!re=e 9 ,him !re is no plurality ( ideas4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x be said t ideas are multipli$ accord+ to _! relations to diff]5t creatures1 x may be argu$ on ! contr>y t ! plurality ( ideas is et]nal4 ,if1 !n1 ideas are _m1 b creatures temporal1 !n ! temporal mu/ be ! cause ( ! et]nal4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ^! relations are ei!r real 9 creatures only1 or 9 ,god also4 ,if 9 creatures only1 s9ce creatures are n f et]nity1 ! plurality ( ideas _c be f et]nity1 if ideas are multipli$ only accord+ to ^! relations4 ,b if !y are real 9 ,god1 x foll[s t !re is a real plurality 9 ,god o!r ?an ! plurality ( ,p]sons3 & ?is is aga9/ ! tea*+ ( ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #aj71 :o says1 9 ,god all ?+s are "o1 except +5]ability1 g5]ation1 & procession4 ,ideas !re=e are n _m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 xlvi71 ,ideas are c]ta9 pr9cipal =ms1 or p]man5t & immutable types ( ?+s1 !y !mselves n be+ =m$4 ,?us !y are et]nal1 & exi/+ always 9 ! same mann]1 z be+ conta9$ 9 ! div9e intellig5ce4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 !y !mselves nei!r come into be+ nor decay1 yet we say t 9 accordance ) !m ev]y?+ is =m$ t c rise or decay1 & all t actually does s4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ necess>ily be held t ideas are _m4 ,9 pro( ( :i* x is to be consid]$ t 9 e effect ! ultimate end is ! prop] int5tion ( ! pr9cipal ag5t1 z ! ord] ( an army 7is ! prop] int5tion7 ( ! g5]al4 ,n[ ! highe/ good exi/+ 9 ?+s is ! good ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 z ! ,philosoph] cle>ly tea*es 9 ,metaph4 xii4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( ! univ]se is prop]ly int5d$ by ,god1 & is n ! accid5tal result ( a succession ( ag5ts1 z has be5 suppos$ by ^? :o h taught t ,god creat$ only ! fir/ creature1 & t ?is creature creat$ ! second creature1 & s on1 until ?is great multitude ( be+s 0 produc$4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion ,god w\ld h ! idea ( ! fir/ creat$ ?+ alone2 :]eas1 if ! ord] itself ( ! univ]se 0 creat$ by ,him imm$iately1 & int5d$ by ,him1 ,he mu/ h ! idea ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ !re _c be an idea ( any :ole1 unless p>ticul> ideas are _h ( ^? p>ts ( :i* ! :ole is made2 j z a build] _c conceive ! idea ( a h\se unless he has ! idea ( ea* ( its p>ts4 ,s1 !n1 x mu/ ne$s be t 9 ! div9e m9d !re are ! prop] ideas ( all ?+s4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 xlvi71 t ea* ?+ 0 creat$ by ,god accord+ to ! idea prop] to x1 f :i* x foll[s t 9 ! div9e m9d ideas are _m4 ,n[ x c easily be se5 h[ ?is is n repugnant to ! simplicity ( ,god1 if we consid] t ! idea ( a "w is 9 ! m9d ( ! op]ator z t :i* is und]/ood1 & n z ! image :]eby he und]/&s1 :i* is a =m t makes ! intellect 9 act4 ,= ! =m ( ! h\se 9 ! m9d ( ! build]1 is some?+ und]/ood by him1 to ! lik5ess ( :i* he =ms ! h\se 9 matt]4 ,n[1 x is n repugnant to ! simplicity ( ! div9e m9d t x und]/& _m ?+s2 ?\gh x w\ld be repugnant to its simplicity 7 ,8 und]/&+ to be =m$ by a plurality ( images4 ,h5ce _m ideas exi/ 9 ! div9e m9d1 z ?+s und]/ood by x2 z c be prov$ ?us4 ,inasmu* z ,he kn[s ,8 own ess5ce p]fectly1 ,he kn[s x accord+ to e mode 9 :i* x c be kn[n4 ,n[ x c be kn[n n only z x is 9 itself1 b z x c be p>ticipat$ 9 by creatures accord+ to "s degree ( lik5ess4 ,b e creature has its own prop] species1 accord+ to :i* x p>ticipates 9 "s degree 9 lik5ess to ! div9e ess5ce4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ,god kn[s ,8 ess5ce z capable ( su* imitation by any creature1 ,he kn[s x z ! p>ticul> type & idea ( t creature2 & 9 l mann] z reg>ds o!r creatures4 ,s x is cle> t ,god und]/&s _m p>ticul> types ( ?+s & ^! are _m ideas4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! div9e ess5ce is n call$ an idea 9 s f> z x is t ess5ce1 b only 9 s f> z x is ! lik5ess or type ( ?is or t ?+4 ,h5ce ideas are said to be _m1 inasmu* z _m types are und]/ood ?r\gh ! self-same ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by wisdom & art we signify t by :i* ,god und]/&s2 b an idea1 t :i* ,god und]/&s4 ,= ,god by "o und]/&s _m ?+s1 & t n only accord+ to :at !y are 9 !mselves1 b also accord+ z !y are und]/ood1 & ?is is to und]/& ! sev]al types ( ?+s4 ,9 ! same way1 an ar*itect is said to und]/& a h\se1 :5 he und]/&s ! =m ( ! h\se 9 matt]4 ,b if he und]/&s ! =m ( a h\se1 z devis$ by himself1 f ! fact t he und]/&s t he und]/&s x1 he !reby und]/&s ! type or idea ( ! h\se4 ,n[ n only does ,god und]/& _m ?+s by ,8 ess5ce1 b ,he also und]/&s t ,he und]/&s _m ?+s by ,8 ess5ce4 ,& ?is means t ,he und]/&s ! sev]al types ( ?+s2 or t _m ideas are 9 ,8 intellect z und]/ood by ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,su* relations1 :]eby ideas are multipli$1 are caus$ n by ! ?+s !mselves1 b by ! div9e intellect comp>+ its own ess5ce ) ^! ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,relations multiply+ ideas d n exi/ 9 creat$ ?+s1 b 9 ,god4 ,yet !y are n real relations1 su* z ^? :]eby ! ,p]sons are di/+ui%$1 b relations und]/ood by ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,ideas ( ,all ,?+s ,t ,god ,kn[s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re are n ideas 9 ,god ( all ?+s t ,he kn[s4 ,= ! idea ( evil is n 9 ,god2 s9ce x w\ld foll[ t evil 0 9 ,him4 ,b evil ?+s are kn[n by ,god4 ,!re=e !re are n ideas ( all ?+s t ,god kn[s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god kn[s ?+s t nei!r are1 nor w be1 nor h be51 z has be5 said above 7,a4 #i74 ,b ( su* ?+s !re are no ideas1 s9ce1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v73 ,acts ( ! div9e w are ! det]m9+ & effective types ( ?+s4 ,!re=e !re are n 9 ,god ideas ( all ?+s kn[n by ,him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god kn[s prim>y matt]1 ( :i* !re c be no idea1 s9ce x has no =m4 ,h5ce ! same conclusion4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is c]ta9 t ,god kn[s n only species1 b also g5]a1 s+ul>s1 & accid5ts4 ,b !re are n ideas ( ^!1 accord+ to ,plato's tea*+1 :o fir/ taught ideas1 z ,augu/9e says 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 xlvi74 ,!re=e !re are n ideas 9 ,god ( all ?+s kn[n by ,him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ideas are types exi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d1 z is cle> f ,augu/9e 7,octog4 ,tri4 ,quae/4 qu4 xlvi74 ,b ,god has ! prop] types ( all ?+s t ,he kn[s2 & !re=e ,he has ideas ( all ?+s kn[n by ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ideas1 accord+ to ,plato1 are pr9ciples ( ! k ( ?+s & ( _! g5]ation1 an idea has ?is tw(old (fice1 z x exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,s f> z ! idea is ! pr9ciple ( ! mak+ ( ?+s1 x may be call$ an exempl>1 & belongs to practical k4 ,b s f> z x is a pr9ciple ( k1 x is prop]ly call$ a type1 & may belong to speculative k also4 ,z an exempl>1 !re=e1 x has respect to ev]y?+ made by ,god 9 any p]iod ( "t2 :]eas z a pr9ciple ( k x has respect to all ?+s kn[n by ,god1 ev5 ?\gh !y nev] come to be 9 "t2 & to all ?+s t ,he kn[s accord+ to _! prop] type1 9 s f> z !y are kn[n by ,him 9 a speculative mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,evil is kn[n by ,god n ?r\gh its own type1 b ?r\gh ! type ( good4 ,evil1 !re=e1 has no idea 9 ,god1 nei!r 9 s f> z an idea is an exempl> nor z a type4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god has no practical k1 except virtually1 ( ?+s :i* nei!r are1 nor w be1 nor h be54 ,h5ce1 ) respect to ^! !re is no idea 9 ,god 9 s f> z idea signifies an exempl> b only 9 s f> z x d5otes a type4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,plato is said by "s to h consid]$ matt] z n creat$2 & !re=e he po/ulat$ n an idea ( matt] b a concause ) matt]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we hold matt] to be creat$ by ,god1 ?\gh n ap>t f =m1 matt] has its idea 9 ,god2 b n ap>t f ! idea ( ! composite2 = matt] 9 itself c nei!r exi/1 nor be kn[n4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,g5us c h no idea ap>t f ! idea ( species1 9 s f> z idea d5otes an exempl>2 = g5us _c exi/ except 9 "s species4 ,! same is ! case ) ^? accid5ts t insep>ably accompany _! subject2 = ^! come into be+ along ) _! subject4 ,b accid5ts :i* sup]v5e to ! subject1 h _! special idea4 ,= an ar*itect produces ?r\gh ! =m ( ! h\se all ! accid5ts t orig9ally accompany x2 :]eas ^? t are sup]add$ to ! h\se :5 complet$1 su* z pa9t+1 or any o!r su* ?+1 are produc$ ?r\gh "s o!r =m4 ,n[ individual ?+s1 accord+ to ,plato1 h no o!r idea ?an t ( species2 bo? because p>ticul> ?+s are individualiz$ by matt]1 :i*1 z "s say1 he held to be uncreat$ & ! concause ) ! idea2 & because ! int5tion ( nature reg>ds ! species1 & produces individuals only t 9 !m ! species may be pres]v$4 ,h[ev]1 div9e provid5ce ext5ds n m]ely to species2 b to individuals z w be %[n lat] 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c74 ,,"q #af ,,( ,,tru? 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,s9ce k is ( ?+s t are true1 aft] ! consid]ation ( ! k ( ,god1 we mu/ inquire conc]n+ tru?4 ,ab\t ?is !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r tru? resides 9 ! ?+1 or only 9 ! intellect8 7#b7 ,:e!r x resides only 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+8 7#c7 ,on ! comp>ison ( ! true to be+4 7#d7 ,on ! comp>ison ( ! true to ! good4 7#e7 ,:e!r ,god is tru?8 7#f7 ,:e!r all ?+s are true by "o tru?1 or by _m8 7#g7 ,on ! et]nity ( tru?4 7#h7 ,on ! un*angeabl5ess ( tru?4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,tru? ,resides ,only 9 ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t tru? does n reside only 9 ! intellect1 b r 9 ?+s4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,soliloq4 ii1 #e7 condemns ?is def9ition ( tru?1 ,t is true :i* is se52 s9ce x w\ld foll[ t /ones hidd5 9 ! bosom ( ! e>? w\ld n be true /ones1 z !y are n se54 ,he also condemns ! foll[+1 ,t is true :i* is z x appe>s to ! kn[]1 :o is will+ & able to "k1 = h5ce x w\ld foll[ t no?+ w\ld be true1 unless someone c\ld "k x4 ,!re=e he def9es tru? ?us3 ,t is true :i* is4 ,x seems1 !n1 t tru? resides 9 ?+s1 & n 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is true1 is true by reason ( tru?4 ,if1 !n1 tru? is only 9 ! intellect1 no?+ w be true except 9 s f> z x is und]/ood4 ,b ?is is ! error ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 :o said t :atev] seems to be true is s4 ,consequ5tly mutual contradictories seem to be true z se5 by diff]5t p]sons at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t1 on acc\nt ( :i* a ?+ is s1 is itself m s1 z is evid5t f ! ,philosoph] 7,po/]4 i74 ,b x is f ! fact t a ?+ is or is n1 t our ?\ght or ^w is true or false1 z ! ,philosoph] tea*es 7,pra$icam4 iii74 ,!re=e tru? resides r 9 ?+s ?an 9 ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vi71 ,! true & ! false reside n 9 ?+s1 b 9 ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! good d5otes t t[>ds :i* ! appetite t5ds1 s ! true d5otes t t[>ds :i* ! intellect t5ds4 ,n[ !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! appetite & ! intellect1 or any k :atsoev]1 t k is accord+ z ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[]1 :il/ appetite is accord+ z ! desir] t5ds t[>ds ! ?+ desir$4 ,?us ! t]m ( ! appetite1 namely good1 is 9 ! object desirable1 & ! t]m ( ! intellect1 namely true1 is 9 ! intellect itself4 ,n[ z good exi/s 9 a ?+ s f> z t ?+ is relat$ to ! appetite--& h5ce ! aspect ( goodness passes on f ! desirable ?+ to ! appetite1 9 s f> z ! appetite is call$ good if its object is good2 s1 s9ce ! true is 9 ! intellect 9 s f> z x is con=m$ to ! object und]/ood1 ! aspect ( ! true mu/ ne$s pass f ! intellect to ! object und]/ood1 s t also ! ?+ und]/ood is said to be true 9 s f> z x has "s relation to ! intellect4 ,n[ a ?+ und]/ood may be 9 relation to an intellect ei!r ess5tially or accid5tally4 ,x is relat$ ess5tially to an intellect on :i* x dep5ds z reg>ds its ess5ce2 b accid5tally to an intellect by :i* x is kn[able2 ev5 z we may say t a h\se is relat$ ess5tially to ! intellect ( ! ar*itect1 b accid5tally to ! intellect ^u :i* x does n dep5d4 ,n[ we d n judge ( a ?+ by :at is 9 x accid5tally1 b by :at is 9 x ess5tially4 ,h5ce1 ev]y?+ is said to be true absolutely1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! intellect f :i* x dep5ds2 & ?us x is t artificial ?+s are said to be true z be+ relat$ to our intellect4 ,= a h\se is said to be true t expresses ! lik5ess ( ! =m 9 ! ar*itect's m9d2 & words are said to be true s f> z !y are ! signs ( tru? 9 ! intellect4 ,9 ! same way natural ?+s are said to be true 9 s f> z !y express ! lik5ess ( ! species t are 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,= a /one is call$ true1 :i* possesses ! nature prop] to a /one1 accord+ to ! preconception 9 ! div9e intellect4 ,?us1 !n1 tru? resides prim>ily 9 ! intellect1 & second>ily 9 ?+s accord+ z !y are relat$ to ! intellect z _! pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly !re are v>i\s def9itions ( tru?4 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxvi71 ,tru? is t :]eby is made manife/ t :i* is2 & ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 v7 t ,tru? makes be+ cle> & evid5t & ?is p]ta9s to tru? accord+ z x is 9 ! intellect4 ,z to ! tru? ( ?+s 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ! intellect1 we h ,augu/9e's def9ition 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxvi71 ,tru? is a supreme lik5ess )\t any unlik5ess to a pr9ciple3 also ,anselm's def9ition 7,de ,v]it4 xii71 ,tru? is rightness1 p]ceptible by ! m9d alone2 = t is "r :i* is 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple2 also ,avic5na's def9ition 7,metaph4 viii1 #f71 ,! tru? ( ea* ?+ is a prop]ty ( ! ess5ce :i* is immutably atta*$ to x4 ,! def9ition t ,tru? is ! equation ( ?\ght & ?+ is applicable to x "u ei!r aspect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ab\t ! tru? ( ?+s1 & excludes f ! notion ( ?is tru?1 relation to our intellect2 = :at is accid5tal is exclud$ f e def9ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! anci5t philosoph]s held t ! species ( natural ?+s did n proce$ f any intellect1 b 7 produc$ by *ance4 ,b z !y saw t tru? implies relation to intellect1 !y 7 compell$ to base ! tru? ( ?+s on _! relation to our intellect4 ,f ?is1 conclusions result t are inadmissible1 & :i* ! ,philosoph] refutes 7,metaph4 iv74 ,su*1 h[ev]1 d n foll[1 if we say t ! tru? ( ?+s consi/s 9 _! relation to ! div9e intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! tru? ( our intellect is caus$ by ! ?+1 yet x is n necess>y t tru? %\ld be !re prim>ily1 any m ?an t heal? %\ld be prim>ily 9 m$ic9e1 r ?an 9 ! animal3 = ! virtue ( m$ic9e1 & n its heal?1 is ! cause ( heal?1 = "h ! ag5t is n univocal4 ,9 ! same way1 ! be+ ( ! ?+1 n its tru?1 is ! cause ( tru? 9 ! intellect4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says t a ?\ght or a ^w is true f ! fact t a ?+ is1 n because a ?+ is true4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,tru? ,resides ,only 9 ! ,intellect ,compos+ & ,divid+8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t tru? does n reside only 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii7 t z ! s5ses are always true z reg>ds _! prop] s5sible objects1 s is ! intellect z reg>ds :at a ?+ is4 ,n[ composition & division are nei!r 9 ! s5ses nor 9 ! intellect kn[+ :at a ?+ is4 ,!re=e tru? does n reside only 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isaac says 9 8 book ,on ,def9itions t tru? is ! equation ( ?\ght & ?+4 ,n[ j z ! intellect ) reg>d to complex ?+s c be equat$ to ?+s1 s also ) reg>d to simple ?+s2 & ?is is true also ( s5se appreh5d+ a ?+ z x is4 ,!re=e tru? does n reside only 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vi7 t ) reg>d to simple ?+s & :at a ?+ is1 tru? is f\nd nei!r 9 ! intellect nor 9 ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ be=e1 tru? resides1 9 its prim>y aspect1 9 ! intellect4 ,n[ s9ce ev]y?+ is true accord+ z x has ! =m prop] to its nature1 ! intellect1 9 s f> z x is kn[+1 mu/ be true1 s f> z x has ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ kn[n1 ?is be+ its =m1 z kn[+4 ,= ?is reason tru? is def9$ by ! con=mity ( intellect & ?+2 & h5ce to "k ?is con=mity is to "k tru?4 ,b 9 no way c s5se "k ?is4 ,= al?\gh sight has ! lik5ess ( a visible ?+1 yet x does n "k ! comp>ison :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ?+ se5 & t :i* itself appreh5ds conc]n+ x4 ,b ! intellect c "k its own con=mity ) ! intelligible ?+2 yet x does n appreh5d x by kn[+ ( a ?+ :at a ?+ is4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x judges t a ?+ corresponds to ! =m :i* x appreh5ds ab\t t ?+1 !n fir/ x kn[s & expresses tru?4 ,?is x does by compos+ & divid+3 = 9 e proposition x ei!r applies to1 or removes f ! ?+ signifi$ by ! subject1 "s =m signifi$ by ! pr$icate3 & ?is cle>ly %[s t ! s5se is true ( any ?+1 z is also ! intellect1 :5 x kn[s :at a ?+ is2 b x does n !reby "k or affirm tru?4 ,?is is 9 l mann] ! case ) complex or non-complex words4 ,tru? !re=e may be 9 ! s5ses1 or 9 ! intellect kn[+ :at a ?+ is1 z 9 any?+ t is true2 yet n z ! ?+ kn[n 9 ! kn[]1 :i* is impli$ by ! ^w tru?2 = ! p]fection ( ! intellect is tru? z kn[n4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 tru? resides 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+2 & n 9 ! s5ses2 nor 9 ! intellect kn[+ :at a ?+ is4 ,& ?us ! ,objections giv5 are solv$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,true & ,be+ ,are ,conv]tible ,t]ms8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! true & be+ are n conv]tible t]ms4 ,= ! true resides prop]ly 9 ! intellect1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a72 b be+ is prop]ly 9 ?+s4 ,!re=e !y are n conv]tible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* ext5ds to be+ & n-be+ is n conv]tible ) be+4 ,b ! true ext5ds to be+ & n-be+2 = x is true t :at is1 is2 & t :at is n1 is n4 ,!re=e ! true & be+ are n conv]tible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* /& to ea* o!r 9 ord] ( priority & po/]iority seem n to be conv]tible4 ,b ! true appe>s to be prior to be+2 = be+ is n und]/ood except "u ! aspect ( ! true4 ,!re=e x seems !y are n conv]tible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 ii7 t !re is ! same disposition ( ?+s 9 be+ & 9 tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z good has ! nature ( :at is desirable1 s tru? is relat$ to k4 ,n[ ev]y?+1 9 z f> z x has be+1 s f> is x kn[able4 ,:]e=e x is said 9 ,de ,anima iii t ! s\l is 9 "s mann] all ?+s1 ?r\gh ! s5ses & ! intellect4 ,& !re=e1 z good is conv]tible ) be+1 s is ! true4 ,b z good adds to be+ ! notion ( desirable1 s ! true adds relation to ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! true resides 9 ?+s & 9 ! intellect1 z said be=e 7,a4 #a74 ,b ! true t is 9 ?+s is conv]tible ) be+ z to sub/ance2 :ile ! true t is 9 ! intellect is conv]tible ) be+1 z ! manife/ation ) ! manife/$2 = ?is belongs to ! nature ( tru?1 z has be5 said already 7,a4 #a74 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t be+ also is 9 ?+s & 9 ! intellect1 z is ! true2 al?\gh tru? is prim>ily 9 ! intellect1 :ile be+ is prim>ily 9 ?+s2 & ?is is s because tru? & be+ diff] 9 idea4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n-be+ has no?+ 9 itself :]eby x c be kn[n2 yet x is kn[n 9 s f> z ! intellect r5d]s x kn[able4 ,h5ce ! true is bas$ on be+1 inasmu* z n-be+ is a k9d ( logical be+1 appreh5d$1 t is1 by reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 x is said t be+ _c be appreh5d$ except "u ! notion ( ! true1 ?is c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,9 ! "o way s z to mean t be+ is n appreh5d$1 unless ! idea ( ! true foll[s appreh5sion ( be+2 & ?is is true4 ,9 ! o!r way1 s z to mean t be+ _c be appreh5d$ unless ! idea ( ! true be appreh5d$ also2 & ?is is false4 ,b ! true _c be appreh5d$ unless ! idea ( be+ be appreh5d$ also2 s9ce be+ is includ$ 9 ! idea ( ! true4 ,! case is ! same if we comp>e ! intelligible object ) be+4 ,= be+ _c be und]/ood1 unless be+ is intelligible4 ,yet be+ c be und]/ood :ile its intelligibility is n und]/ood4 ,simil>ly1 be+ :5 und]/ood is true1 yet ! true is n und]/ood by und]/&+ be+4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,good ,is ,logically ,prior to ! ,true8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t good is logically prior to ! true4 ,= :at is m univ]sal is logically prior1 z is evid5t f ,phys4 i4 ,b ! good is m univ]sal ?an ! true1 s9ce ! true is a k9d ( good1 namely1 ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! good is logically prior to ! true4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 good is 9 ?+s1 b ! true 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+ z said above 7,a4 #b74 ,b t :i* is 9 ?+s is prior to t :i* is 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e good is logically prior to ! true4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 tru? is a species ( virtue1 z is cle> f ,e?ic4 iv4 ,b virtue is includ$ "u good2 s9ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arbit4 ii1 #ai71 x is a good quality ( ! m9d4 ,!re=e ! good is prior to ! true4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at is 9 m ?+s is prior logically4 ,b ! true is 9 "s ?+s :]e9 good is n1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ma!matics4 ,!re=e ! true is prior to good4 ,i answ] t1 ,al?\gh ! good & ! true are conv]tible ) be+1 z to suppositum1 yet !y diff] logically4 ,& 9 ?is mann] ! true1 speak+ absolutely1 is prior to good1 z appe>s f two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! true is m closely relat$ to be+ ?an is good4 ,= ! true reg>ds be+ itself simply & imm$iately2 :ile ! nature ( good foll[s be+ 9 s f> z be+ is 9 "s way p]fect2 = ?us x is desirable4 ,secondly1 x is evid5t f ! fact t k naturally prec$es appetite4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! true reg>ds k1 b ! good reg>ds ! appetite1 ! true mu/ be prior 9 idea to ! good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w & ! intellect mutually include "o ano!r3 = ! intellect und]/&s ! w1 & ! w wills ! intellect to und]/&4 ,s !n1 among ?+s direct$ to ! object ( ! w1 are compris$ also ^? t belong to ! intellect2 & conv]sely4 ,:5ce 9 ! ord] ( ?+s desirable1 good /&s z ! univ]sal1 & ! true z ! p>ticul>2 :]eas 9 ! ord] ( intelligible ?+s ! conv]se is ! case4 ,f ! fact1 !n1 t ! true is a k9d ( good1 x foll[s t ! good is prior 9 ! ord] ( ?+s desirable2 b n t x is prior absolutely4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ is prior logically 9 s f> z x is prior to ! intellect4 ,n[ ! intellect appreh5ds prim>ily be+ itself2 secondly1 x appreh5ds t x und]/&s be+2 & ?irdly1 x appreh5ds t x desires be+4 ,h5ce ! idea ( be+ is fir/1 t ( tru? second1 & ! idea ( good ?ird1 ?\gh good is 9 ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! virtue :i* is call$ tru? is n tru? 9 g5]al1 b a c]ta9 k9d ( tru? accord+ to :i* man %[s himself 9 de$ & ^w z he really is4 ,b tru? z appli$ to life is us$ 9 a p>ticul> s5se1 inasmu* z a man fulfills 9 8 life t to :i* he is orda9$ by ! div9e intellect1 z x has be5 said t tru? exi/s 9 o!r ?+s 7,a4 #a74 ,:]eas ! tru? ( ju/ice is f\nd 9 man z he fulfills 8 duty to 8 neighbor1 z orda9$ by law4 ,h5ce we _c argue f ^! p>ticul> tru?s to tru? 9 g5]al4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,god ,is ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n tru?4 ,= tru? consi/s 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+4 ,b 9 ,god !re is n composition & division4 ,!re=e 9 ,him !re is n tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 tru?1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxvi7 is a lik5ess to ! pr9ciple4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no lik5ess to a pr9ciple4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re is n tru?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is said ( ,god1 is said ( ,him z ( ! fir/ cause ( all ?+s2 ?us ! be+ ( ,god is ! cause ( all be+2 & ,8 goodness ! cause ( all good4 ,if !re=e !re is tru? 9 ,god1 all tru? w be f ,him4 ,b x is true t someone s9s4 ,!re=e ?is w be f ,god2 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l says1 ,i am ! ,way1 ! ,tru?1 & ! ,life 7,john #ad3f74 ,i answ] t1 ,z said above 7,a4 #a71 tru? is f\nd 9 ! intellect accord+ z x appreh5ds a ?+ z x is2 & 9 ?+s accord+ z !y h be+ con=mable to an intellect4 ,?is is to ! greate/ degree f\nd 9 ,god4 ,= ,8 be+ is n only con=m$ to ,8 intellect1 b x is ! v act ( ,8 intellect2 & ,8 act ( und]/&+ is ! measure & cause ( e o!r be+ & ( e o!r intellect1 & ,he ,himself is ,8 own exi/5ce & act ( und]/&+4 ,:5ce x foll[s n only t tru? is 9 ,him1 b t ,he is tru? itself1 & ! sov]eign & fir/ tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh 9 ! div9e intellect !re is nei!r composition nor division1 yet 9 ,8 simple act ( intellig5ce ,he judges ( all ?+s & kn[s all ?+s complex2 & ?us !re is tru? 9 ,8 intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! tru? ( our intellect is accord+ to its con=mity ) its pr9ciple1 t is to say1 to ! ?+s f :i* x receives k4 ,! tru? also ( ?+s is accord+ to _! con=mity ) _! pr9ciple1 namely1 ! div9e intellect4 ,n[ ?is _c be said1 prop]ly speak+1 ( div9e tru?2 unless p]haps 9 s f> z tru? is appropriat$ to ! ,son1 ,:o has a pr9ciple4 ,b if we speak ( div9e tru? 9 its ess5ce1 we _c und]/& ?is unless ! affirmative mu/ be resolv$ into ! negative1 z :5 "o says3 ! ,fa!r is ( ,himself1 because ,he is n f ano!r4 ,simil>ly1 ! div9e tru? c be call$ a lik5ess to ! pr9ciple1 inasmu* z ,8 exi/5ce is n dissimil> to ,8 intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n-be+ & privation h no tru? ( !mselves1 b only 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! intellect4 ,n[ all appreh5sion ( ! intellect is f ,god4 ,h5ce all ! tru? t exi/s 9 ! /atem5t--t a p]son commits =nication is true--is entirely f ,god4 ,b to argue1 ,!re=e t ?is p]son =nicates is f ,god1 is a fallacy ( ,accid5t4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,"o ,tru?1 ,accord+ to ,:i* ,all ,?+s ,are ,true8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re is only "o tru?1 accord+ to :i* all ?+s are true4 ,= accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #a71 no?+ is great] ?an ! m9d ( man1 except ,god4 ,n[ tru? is great] ?an ! m9d ( man2 o!rwise ! m9d w\ld be ! judge ( tru?3 :]eas 9 fact x judges all ?+s accord+ to tru?1 & n accord+ to its own measure4 ,!re=e ,god alone is tru?4 ,!re=e !re is no o!r tru? b ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,anselm says 7,de ,v]it4 xiv71 t1 z is ! relation ( "t to temporal ?+s1 s is t ( tru? to true ?+s4 ,b !re is only "o "t = all temporal ?+s4 ,!re=e !re is only "o tru?1 by :i* all ?+s are true4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is writt5 7,ps4 #aa3b71 ,tru?s are decay$ f among ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,i answ] t1 ,9 "o s5se tru?1 :]eby all ?+s are true1 is "o1 & 9 ano!r s5se x is n4 ,9 pro( ( :i* we mu/ consid] t :5 any?+ is pr$icat$ ( _m ?+s univocally1 x is f\nd 9 ea* ( !m accord+ to its prop] nature2 z animal is f\nd 9 ea* species ( animal4 ,b :5 any?+ is pr$icat$ ( _m ?+s analogically1 x is f\nd 9 only "o ( !m accord+ to its prop] nature1 & f ?is "o ! re/ are d5om9at$4 ,s heal?9ess is pr$icat$ ( animal1 ( ur9e1 & ( m$ic9e1 n t heal? is only 9 ! animal2 b f ! heal? ( ! animal1 m$ic9e is call$ heal?y1 9 s f> z x is ! cause ( heal?1 & ur9e is call$ heal?y1 9 s f> z x indicates heal?4 ,& al?\gh heal? is nei!r 9 m$ic9e nor 9 ur9e1 yet 9 ei!r !re is some?+ :]eby ! "o causes1 & ! o!r indicates heal?4 ,n[ we h said 7,a4 #a7 t tru? resides prim>ily 9 ! intellect2 & second>ily 9 ?+s1 accord+ z !y are relat$ to ! div9e intellect4 ,if !re=e we speak ( tru?1 z x exi/s 9 ! intellect1 accord+ to its prop] nature1 !n are !re _m tru?s 9 _m creat$ intellects2 & ev5 9 "o & ! same intellect1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ?+s kn[n4 ,:5ce a gloss on ,ps4 #aa3b1 ,tru?s are decay$ f among ! *ildr5 ( m51 says3 ,z f "o man's face _m lik5esses are reflect$ 9 a mirror1 s _m tru?s are reflect$ f ! "o div9e tru?4 ,b if we speak ( tru? z x is 9 ?+s1 !n all ?+s are true by "o prim>y tru?2 to :i* ea* "o is assimilat$ accord+ to its own entity4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh ! ess5ces or =ms ( ?+s are _m1 yet ! tru? ( ! div9e intellect is "o1 9 con=mity to :i* all ?+s are said to be true4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s\l does n judge ( ?+s accord+ to any k9d ( tru?1 b accord+ to ! prim>y tru?1 inasmu* z x is reflect$ 9 ! s\l1 z 9 a mirror1 by reason ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! und]/&+4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! prim>y tru? is great] ?an ! s\l4 ,& yet1 ev5 creat$ tru?1 :i* resides 9 our intellect1 is great] ?an ! s\l1 n simply1 b 9 a c]ta9 degree1 9 s f> z x is its p]fection2 ev5 z sci5ce may be said to be great] ?an ! s\l4 ,yet x is true t no?+ subsi/+ is great] ?an ! rational s\l1 except ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! say+ ( ,anselm is correct 9 s f> z ?+s are said to be true by _! relation to ! div9e intellect4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,creat$ ,tru? ,is ,et]nal8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t creat$ tru? is et]nal4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arbit4 ii1 #h7 ,no?+ is m et]nal ?an ! nature ( a circle1 & t two add$ to ?ree make five4 ,b ! tru? ( ^! is a creat$ tru?4 ,!re=e creat$ tru? is et]nal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is always1 is et]nal4 ,b univ]sals are always & ev]y:]e2 !re=e !y are et]nal4 ,s !re=e is tru?1 :i* is ! mo/ univ]sal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x 0 always true t :at is true 9 ! pres5t 0 to be 9 ! future4 ,b z ! tru? ( a proposition reg>d+ ! pres5t is a creat$ tru?1 s is t ( a proposition reg>d+ ! future4 ,!re=e "s creat$ tru? is et]nal4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 all t is )\t beg9n+ & end is et]nal4 ,b ! tru? ( enunciables is )\t beg9n+ & end2 = if _! tru? _h a beg9n+1 s9ce x 0 n be=e1 x 0 true t tru? 0 n1 & true1 ( c\rse1 by reason ( tru?2 s t tru? 0 be=e x began to be4 ,simil>ly1 if x be ass]t$ t tru? has an end1 x foll[s t x is aft] x has ceas$ to be1 = x w /ill be true t tru? is n4 ,!re=e tru? is et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,god alone is et]nal1 z laid d[n be=e 7,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #c74 ,i answ] t1 ,! tru? ( enunciations is no o!r ?an ! tru? ( ! intellect4 ,= an enunciation resides 9 ! intellect1 & 9 spee*4 ,n[ accord+ z x is 9 ! intellect x has tru? ( itself3 b accord+ z x is 9 spee*1 x is call$ enunciable tru?1 accord+ z x signifies "s tru? ( ! intellect1 n on acc\nt ( any tru? resid+ 9 ! enunciation1 z ?\gh 9 a subject4 ,?us ur9e is call$ heal?y1 n f any heal? )9 x b f ! heal? ( an animal :i* x indicates4 ,9 l mann] x has be5 already said t ?+s are call$ true f ! tru? ( ! intellect4 ,h5ce1 if no intellect 7 et]nal1 no tru? w\ld be et]nal4 ,n[ because only ! div9e intellect is et]nal1 9 x alone tru? has et]nity4 ,nor does x foll[ f ?is t any?+ else b ,god is et]nal2 s9ce ! tru? ( ! div9e intellect is ,god ,himself1 z %[n already 7,a4 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! nature ( a circle1 & ! fact t two & ?ree make five1 h et]nity 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t some?+ is always & ev]y:]e1 c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 z hav+ 9 itself ! p[] ( ext5sion to all "t & to all places1 z x belongs to ,god to be ev]y:]e & always4 ,9 ! o!r way z n hav+ 9 itself det]m9ation to any place or "t1 z prim>y matt] is said to be "o1 n because x has "o =m1 b by ! abs5ce ( all di/+ui%+ =m4 ,9 ?is mann] all univ]sals are said to be ev]y:]e & always1 9 s f> z univ]sals are indep5d5t ( place & "t4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[ f ?is t !y are et]nal1 except 9 an intellect1 if "o exi/s t is et]nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* n[ is1 0 future1 be=e x 7actually7 02 because x 0 9 its cause t x w\ld be4 ,h5ce1 if ! cause 7 remov$1 t ?+'s com+ to be 0 n future4 ,b ! fir/ cause is alone et]nal4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t x 0 always true t :at n[ is w\ld be1 except 9 s f> z its future be+ 0 9 ! sempit]nal cause2 & ,god alone is su* a cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,because our intellect is n et]nal1 nei!r is ! tru? ( enunciable propositions :i* are =m$ by u1 et]nal1 b x _h a beg9n+ 9 "t4 ,n[ be=e su* tru? exi/$1 x 0 n true to say t su* a tru? did exi/1 except by reason ( ! div9e intellect1 :]e9 alone tru? is et]nal4 ,b x is true n[ to say t t tru? did n !n exi/3 & ?is is true only by reason ( ! tru? t is n[ 9 our intellect2 & n by reason ( any tru? 9 ! ?+s4 ,= ?is is tru? conc]n+ n-be+2 & n-be+ has n tru? ( itself1 b only s f> z our intellect appreh5ds x4 ,h5ce x is true to say t tru? did n exi/1 9 s f> z we appreh5d its n-be+ z prec$+ its be+4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,tru? ,is ,immutable8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t tru? is immutable4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arbit4 ii1 #ab71 t ,tru? & m9d d n rank z equals1 o!rwise tru? w\ld be mutable1 z ! m9d is4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at rema9s aft] e *ange is immutable2 z prim>y matt] is unbegott5 & incorruptible1 s9ce x rema9s aft] all g5]ation & corruption4 ,b tru? rema9s aft] all *ange2 = aft] e *ange x is true to say t a ?+ is1 or is n4 ,!re=e tru? is immutable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! tru? ( an enunciation *anges1 x *anges mo/ly ) ! *ang+ ( ! ?+4 ,b x does n ?us *ange4 ,= tru?1 accord+ to ,anselm 7,de ,v]it4 viii71 is a c]ta9 rightness 9 s f> z a ?+ answ]s to t :i* is 9 ! div9e m9d conc]n+ x4 ,b ?is proposition t ,socrates sits1 receives f ! div9e m9d ! signification t ,socrates does sit2 & x has ! same signification ev5 ?\gh he does n sit4 ,!re=e ! tru? ( ! proposition 9 no way *anges4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :]e !re is ! same cause1 !re is ! same effect4 ,b ! same ?+ is ! cause ( ! tru? ( ! ?ree propositions1 ,socrates sits1 w sit1 sat4 ,!re=e ! tru? ( ea* is ! same4 ,b "o or o!r ( ^! mu/ be ! true "o4 ,!re=e ! tru? ( ^! propositions rema9s immutable2 & = ! same reason t ( any o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #aa3b71 ,tru?s are decay$ f among ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,i answ] t1 ,tru?1 prop]ly speak+1 resides only 9 ! intellect1 z said be=e 7,a4 #a72 b ?+s are call$ true 9 virtue ( ! tru? resid+ 9 an intellect4 ,h5ce ! mutability ( tru? mu/ be reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! intellect1 ! tru? ( :i* consi/s 9 its con=mity to ! ?+ und]/ood4 ,n[ ?is con=mity may v>y 9 two ways1 ev5 z any o!r lik5ess1 ?r\gh *ange 9 "o ( ! two extremes4 ,h5ce 9 "o way tru? v>ies on ! "p ( ! intellect1 f ! fact t a *ange ( op9ion occurs ab\t a ?+ :i* 9 itself has n *ang$1 & 9 ano!r way1 :5 ! ?+ is *ang$1 b n ! op9ion2 & 9 ei!r way !re c be a *ange f true to false4 ,if1 !n1 !re is an intellect :]e9 !re c be no alt]nation ( op9ions1 & ! k ( :i* no?+ c escape1 9 ?is is immutable tru?4 ,n[ su* is ! div9e intellect1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said be=e 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ae74 ,h5ce ! tru? ( ! div9e intellect is immutable4 ,b ! tru? ( our intellect is mutable2 n because x is itself ! subject ( *ange1 b 9 s f> z our intellect *anges f tru? to falsity1 = ?us =ms may be call$ mutable4 ,:]eas ! tru? ( ! div9e intellect is t accord+ to :i* natural ?+s are said to be true1 & ?is is altoge!r immutable4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( div9e tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! true & be+ are conv]tible t]ms4 ,h5ce j z be+ is n g5]at$ nor corrupt$ ( itself1 b accid5tally1 9 s f> z ?is be+ or t is corrupt$ or g5]at$1 z is said 9 ,phys4 i1 s does tru? *ange1 n s z t no tru? rema9s1 b because t tru? does n rema9 :i* 0 be=e4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a proposition n only has tru?1 z o!r ?+s are said to h x1 9 s f>1 t is1 z !y correspond to t :i* is ! design ( ! div9e intellect conc]n+ !m2 b x is said to h tru? 9 a special way1 9 s f> z x indicates ! tru? ( ! intellect1 :i* consi/s 9 ! con=mity ( ! intellect ) a ?+4 ,:5 ?is disappe>s1 ! tru? ( an op9ion *anges1 & consequ5tly ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,s !re=e ?is proposition1 ,socrates sits1 is true1 z long z he is sitt+1 bo? ) ! tru? ( ! ?+1 9 s f> z ! expression is significative1 & ) ! tru? ( signification1 9 s f> z x signifies a true op9ion4 ,:5 ,socrates rises1 ! fir/ tru? rema9s1 b ! second is *ang$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! sitt+ ( ,socrates1 :i* is ! cause ( ! tru? ( ! proposition1 ,socrates sits1 has n ! same mean+ :5 ,socrates sits1 aft] he sits1 & be=e he sits4 ,h5ce ! tru? :i* results1 v>ies1 & is v>i\sly signifi$ by ^! propositions conc]n+ pres5t1 pa/1 or future4 ,?us x does n foll[1 ?\gh "o ( ! ?ree propositions is true1 t ! same tru? rema9s inv>iable4 ,,"q #ag ,,conc]n+ ,,falsity 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] falsity4 ,ab\t ?is f\r po9ts ( inquiry arise3 7#a7 ,:e!r falsity exi/s 9 ?+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r x exi/s 9 ! s5se8 7#c7 ,:e!r x exi/s 9 ! intellect8 7#d7 ,conc]n+ ! opposition ( ! true & ! false4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,falsity ,exi/s 9 ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x appe>s t falsity does n exi/ 9 ?+s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 ii1 #h71 ,if ! true is t :i* is1 x w be conclud$ t ! false exi/s n[h]e2 :atev] reason may appe> to ! contr>y4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 false is d]iv$ f fall]e 7to deceive74 ,b ?+s d n deceive2 =1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #cc71 !y %[ no?+ b _! own species4 ,!re=e ! false is n f\nd 9 ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! true is said to exi/ 9 ?+s by con=mity to ! div9e intellect1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #af74 ,b ev]y?+1 9 s f> z x exi/s1 imitates ,god4 ,!re=e ev]y?+ is true )\t admixture ( falsity2 & ?us no?+ is false4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #cd73 ,e body is a true body & a false unity3 = x imitates unity )\t be+ unity4 ,b ev]y?+ imitates ! div9e unity yet falls %ort ( x4 ,!re=e 9 all ?+s falsity exi/s4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce true & false are oppos$1 & s9ce opposites /& 9 relation to ! same ?+1 we mu/ ne$s seek falsity1 :]e prim>ily we f9d tru?2 t is to say1 9 ! intellect4 ,n[1 9 ?+s1 nei!r tru? nor falsity exi/s1 except 9 relation to ! intellect4 ,& s9ce e ?+ is d5om9at$ simply by :at belongs to x p] se1 b is d5om9at$ relatively by :at belongs to x accid5tally2 a ?+ inde$ may be call$ false simply :5 comp>$ ) ! intellect on :i* x dep5ds1 & to :i* x is comp>$ p] se b may be call$ false relatively z direct$ to ano!r intellect1 to :i* x is comp>$ accid5tally4 ,n[ natural ?+s dep5d on ! div9e intellect1 z artificial ?+s on ! human4 ,:]e=e artificial ?+s are said to be false simply & 9 !mselves1 9 s f> z !y fall %ort ( ! =m ( ! art2 :5ce a craftsman is said to produce a false "w1 if x falls %ort ( ! prop] op]ation ( 8 art4 ,9 ?+s t dep5d on ,god1 fals5ess _c be f\nd1 9 s f> z !y are comp>$ ) ! div9e intellect2 s9ce :atev] takes place 9 ?+s proce$s f ! ord9ance ( t intellect1 unless p]haps 9 ! case ( volunt>y ag5ts only1 :o h x 9 _! p[] to )draw !mselves f :at is s orda9$2 :]e9 consi/s ! evil ( s94 ,?us s9s !mselves are call$ untru?s & lies 9 ! ,scriptures1 accord+ to ! words ( ! text1 ,:y d y love vanity1 & seek aft] ly+8 7,ps4 #d3c73 z on ! o!r h& virtu\s de$s are call$ ! tru? ( life z be+ ob$i5t to ! ord] ( ! div9e intellect4 ,?us x is said1 ,he t do? tru?1 come? to ! light 7,john #c3ba74 ,b 9 relation to our intellect1 natural ?+s :i* are comp>$ !reto accid5tally1 c be call$ false2 n simply1 b relatively2 & t 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way accord+ to ! ?+ signifi$1 & ?us a ?+ is said to be false z be+ signifi$ or repres5t$ by ^w or ?\ght t is false4 ,9 ?is respect any?+ c be said to be false z reg>ds any quality n possess$ by x2 z if we %\ld say t a diamet] is a false comm5surable ?+1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 #cd74 ,s1 too1 ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 ii1 #aj73 ,! true trag$ian is a false ,hector3 ev5 z1 on ! contr>y1 any?+ c be call$ true1 9 reg>d to t :i* is becom+ to x4 ,9 ano!r way a ?+ c be call$ false1 by way ( cause--& ?us a ?+ is said to be false t naturally begets a false op9ion4 ,& :]eas x is innate 9 u to judge ?+s by ext]nal appe>ances1 s9ce our k takes its rise f s5se1 :i* pr9cipally & naturally deals ) ext]nal accid5ts1 !re=e ^? ext]nal accid5ts1 :i* resemble ?+s o!r ?an !mselves1 are said to be false ) respect to ^? ?+s2 ?us gall is falsely honey2 & t91 false gold4 ,reg>d+ ?is1 ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 ii1 #f73 ,we call ^? ?+s false t appe> to our appreh5sion l ! true3 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 #cd73 ,?+s are call$ false t are naturally apt to appe> su* z !y are n1 or :at !y are n4 ,9 ?is way a man is call$ false z delight+ 9 false op9ions or words1 & n because he c inv5t !m2 = 9 ?is way _m wise & le>n$ p]sons might be call$ false1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 v1 #cd4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ comp>$ ) ! intellect is said to be true 9 respect to :at x is2 & false 9 respect to :at x is n4 ,h5ce1 ,! true trag$ian is a false ,hector1 z /at$ 9 ,soliloq4 ii1 #f4 ,z1 !re=e1 9 ?+s t are is f\nd a c]ta9 non-be+1 s 9 ?+s t are is f\nd a degree ( fals5ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?+s d n deceive by _! own nature1 b by accid5t4 ,= !y give occasion to falsity1 by ! lik5ess !y be> to ?+s :i* !y actually are n4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s are said to be false1 n z comp>$ ) ! div9e intellect1 9 :i* case !y w\ld be false simply1 b z comp>$ ) our intellect2 & ?us !y are false only relatively4 ,to ! argum5t :i* is urg$ on ! contr>y1 lik5ess or defective repres5tation does n involve ! idea ( falsity except 9 s f> z x gives occasion to false op9ion4 ,h5ce a ?+ is n always said to be false1 because x resembles ano!r ?+2 b only :5 ! resemblance is su* z naturally to produce a false op9ion1 n 9 any "o case1 b 9 ! majority ( in/ances4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,falsity 9 ! ,s5ses8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t falsity is n 9 ! s5ses4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #cc73 ,if all ! bodily s5ses report z !y are affect$1 ,i d n "k :at m we c require f !m4 ,?us x seems t we are n deceiv$ by ! s5ses2 & !re=e t falsity is n 9 !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 iv1 #bd7 t falsity is n prop] to ! s5ses1 b to ! imag9ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 non-complex ?+s !re is nei!r true nor false1 b 9 complex ?+s only4 ,b affirmation & negation d n belong to ! s5ses4 ,!re=e 9 ! s5ses !re is no falsity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 ii1 #f71 ,x appe>s t ! s5ses entrap u into error by _! deceptive similitudes4 ,i answ] t1 ,falsity is n to be s\ght 9 ! s5ses except z tru? is 9 !m4 ,n[ tru? is n 9 !m 9 su* a way z t ! s5ses "k tru?1 b 9 s f> z !y appreh5d s5sible ?+s truly1 z said above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #b71 & ?is takes place ?r\gh ! s5ses appreh5d+ ?+s z !y are1 & h5ce x happ5s t falsity exi/s 9 ! s5ses ?r\gh _! appreh5d+ or judg+ ?+s to be o!rwise ?an !y really are4 ,! k ( ?+s by ! s5ses is 9 proportion to ! exi/5ce ( _! lik5ess 9 ! s5ses2 & ! lik5ess ( a ?+ c exi/ 9 ! s5ses 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 prim>ily & ( its own nature1 z 9 sight !re is ! lik5ess ( colors1 & ( o!r s5sible objects prop] to x4 ,secondly1 ( its own nature1 ?\gh n prim>ily2 z 9 sight !re is ! lik5ess ( %ape1 size1 & ( o!r s5sible objects common to m ?an "o s5se4 ,?irdly1 nei!r prim>ily nor ( its own nature1 b accid5tally1 z 9 sight1 !re is ! lik5ess ( a man1 n z man1 b 9 s f> z x is accid5tal to ! color$ object to be a man4 ,s5se1 !n1 has no false k ab\t its prop] objects1 except accid5tally & r>ely1 & !n1 because ( ! uns\nd organ x does n receive ! s5sible =m rightly2 j z o!r passive subjects because ( _! indisposition receive defectively ! impressions ( ! ag5t4 ,h5ce1 = in/ance1 x happ5s t on acc\nt ( an unheal?y tongue sweet seems bitt] to a sick p]son4 ,b z to common objects ( s5se1 & accid5tal objects1 ev5 a rightly dispos$ s5se may h a false judgm5t1 because x is ref]r$ to !m n directly1 b accid5tally1 or z a consequ5ce ( be+ direct$ to o!r ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! affection ( s5se is its s5sation itself4 ,h5ce1 f ! fact t s5se reports z x is affect$1 x foll[s t we are n deceiv$ 9 ! judgm5t by :i* we judge t we exp]i5ce s5sation4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 s5se is sometimes affect$ errone\sly ( t object1 x foll[s t x sometimes reports errone\sly ( t object2 & ?us we are deceiv$ by s5se ab\t ! object1 b n ab\t ! fact ( s5sation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,falsity is said n to be prop] to s5se1 s9ce s5se is n deceiv$ z to its prop] object4 ,h5ce 9 ano!r translation x is said m pla9ly1 ,s5se1 ab\t its prop] object1 is nev] false4 ,falsity is attribut$ to ! imag9ation1 z x repres5ts ! lik5ess ( some?+ ev5 9 its abs5ce4 ,h5ce1 :5 anyone p]ceives ! lik5ess ( a ?+ z if x 7 ! ?+ itself1 falsity results f su* an appreh5sion2 & = ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 #cd7 t %ad[s1 pictures1 & dreams are said to be false inasmu* z !y convey ! lik5ess ( ?+s t are n pres5t 9 sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t proves t ! false is n 9 ! s5se1 z 9 t :i* kn[s ! true & ! false4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,falsity ,is 9 ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t falsity is n 9 ! intellect4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 #cb71 ,ev]yone :o is deceiv$1 und]/&s n t 9 :i* he is deceiv$4 ,b falsity is said to exi/ 9 any k 9 s f> z we are deceiv$ !re94 ,!re=e falsity does n exi/ 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #ea7 t ! intellect is always "r4 ,!re=e !re is no falsity 9 ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #ba1 #bb t :]e !re is composition ( objects und]/ood1 !re is tru? & falsehood4 ,b su* composition is 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e tru? & falsehood exi/ 9 ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z a ?+ has be+ by its prop] =m1 s ! kn[+ faculty has k by ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ kn[n4 ,h5ce1 z natural ?+s _c fall %ort ( ! be+ t belongs to !m by _! =m1 b may fall %ort ( accid5tal or consequ5t qualities1 ev5 z a man may fail to possess two feet1 b n fail to be a man2 s ! faculty ( kn[+ _c fail 9 k ( ! ?+ ) ! lik5ess ( :i* x is in=m$2 b may fail ) reg>d to some?+ consequ5t ^u t =m1 or accid5tal !reto4 ,= x has be5 said 7,a4 #b7 t sight is n deceiv$ 9 its prop] s5sible1 b ab\t common s5sibles t are consequ5t to t object2 or ab\t accid5tal objects ( s5se4 ,n[ z ! s5se is directly in=m$ by ! lik5ess ( its prop] object1 s is ! intellect by ! lik5ess ( ! ess5ce ( a ?+4 ,h5ce ! intellect is n deceiv$ ab\t ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 z nei!r ! s5se ab\t its prop] object4 ,b 9 affirm+ & d5y+1 ! intellect may be deceiv$1 by attribut+ to ! ?+ ( :i* x und]/&s ! ess5ce1 some?+ :i* is n consequ5t ^u x1 or is oppos$ to x4 ,= ! intellect is 9 ! same position z reg>ds judg+ ( su* ?+s1 z s5se is z to judg+ ( common1 or accid5tal1 s5sible objects4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 z be=e m5tion$ reg>d+ tru? 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #b71 t falsity c exi/ 9 ! intellect n only because ! k ( ! intellect is false1 b because ! intellect is consci\s ( t k1 z x is consci\s ( tru?2 :]eas 9 s5se falsity does n exi/ z kn[n1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b because falsity ( ! intellect is conc]n$ ess5tially only ) ! composition ( ! intellect1 falsity occurs also accid5tally 9 t op]ation ( ! intellect :]eby x kn[s ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 9 s f> z composition ( ! intellect is mix$ up 9 x4 ,?is c take place 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 by ! intellect apply+ to "o ?+ ! def9ition prop] to ano!r2 z t ( a circle to a man4 ,:]e=e ! def9ition ( "o ?+ is false ( ano!r4 ,9 ano!r way1 by compos+ a def9ition ( p>ts :i* are mutually exclusive4 ,= ?us ! def9ition is n only false ( ! ?+1 b false 9 itself4 ,a def9ition su* z a reasonable f\r-foot$ animal w\ld be ( ?is k9d1 & ! intellect false 9 mak+ x2 = su* a /atem5t z "s reasonable animals are f\r-foot$ is false 9 itself4 ,= ?is reason ! intellect _c be false 9 its k ( simple ess5ces2 b x is ei!r true1 or x und]/&s no?+ at all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,because ! ess5ce ( a ?+ is ! prop] object ( ! intellect1 we are prop]ly said to und]/& a ?+ :5 we r$uce x to its ess5ce1 & judge ( x !reby2 z takes place 9 demon/rations1 9 :i* !re is no falsity4 ,9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e's words mu/ be und]/ood1 t he :o is deceiv$1 und]/&s n t :]e9 he is deceiv$2 & n 9 ! s5se t no "o is ev] deceiv$ 9 any op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellect is always "r z reg>ds fir/ pr9ciples2 s9ce x is n deceiv$ ab\t !m = ! same reason t x is n deceiv$ ab\t :at a ?+ is4 ,= self-kn[n pr9ciples are su* z are kn[n z soon z ! t]ms are und]/ood1 f ! fact t ! pr$icate is conta9$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! subject4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,true & ,false ,are ,contr>ies8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t true & false are n contr>ies4 ,= true & false are oppos$1 z t :i* is to t :i* is n2 = tru?1 z ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 ii1 #e71 is t :i* is4 ,b t :i* is & t :i* is n are n oppos$ z contr>ies4 ,!re=e true & false are n contr>y ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o ( two contr>ies is n 9 ! o!r4 ,b falsity is 9 tru?1 because1 z ,augu/9e says1 7,soliloq4 ii1 #aj71 ,a trag$ian w\ld n be a false ,hector1 if he 7 n a true trag$ian4 ,!re=e true & false are n contr>ies4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ,god !re is no contr>iety1 = no?+ is contr>y to ! ,div9e ,sub/ance1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii1 #b74 ,b falsity is oppos$ to ,god1 = an idol is call$ 9 ,scripture a lie1 ,!y h laid hold on ly+ 7,j]4 #h3e71 t is to say1 an idol1 z a gloss says4 ,!re=e false & true are n contr>ies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,p]i ,h]m4 ii71 t a false op9ion is contr>y to a true "o4 ,i answ] t1 ,true & false are oppos$ z contr>ies1 & n1 z "s h said1 z affirmation & negation4 ,9 pro( ( :i* x mu/ be consid]$ t negation nei!r ass]ts any?+ nor det]m9es any subject1 & c !re=e be said ( be+ z ( n-be+1 = in/ance n-see+ or n-sitt+4 ,b privation ass]ts no?+1 :]eas x det]m9es its subject1 = x is negation 9 a subject1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 iv1 #d3 v4 #bg2 = bl9dness is n said except ( "o ^: nature x is to see4 ,contr>ies1 h[ev]1 bo? ass]t some?+ & det]m9e ! subject1 = blackness is a species ( color4 ,falsity ass]ts some?+1 = a ?+ is false1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 iv1 #bg71 inasmu* z some?+ is said or seems to be some?+ t x is n1 or n to be :at x really is4 ,= z tru? implies an adequate appreh5sion ( a ?+1 s falsity implies ! contr>y4 ,h5ce x is cle> t true & false are contr>ies4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:at is 9 ?+s is ! tru? ( ! ?+2 b :at is appreh5d$1 is ! tru? ( ! intellect1 :]e9 tru? prim>ily resides4 ,h5ce ! false is t :i* is n z appreh5d$4 ,to appreh5d be+1 & n-be+1 implies contr>iety2 =1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,p]i ,h]m4 ii71 ! contr>y ( ?is /atem5t ,god is good1 is1 ,god is n good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,falsity is n f\nd$ 9 ! tru? :i* is contr>y to x1 j z evil is n f\nd$ 9 ! good :i* is contr>y to x1 b 9 t :i* is its prop] subject4 ,?is happ5s 9 ei!r1 because true & good are univ]sals1 & conv]tible ) be+4 ,h5ce1 z e privation is f\nd$ 9 a subject1 t is a be+1 s e evil is f\nd$ 9 "s good1 & e falsity 9 "s tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,because contr>ies1 & opposites by way ( privation1 are by nature ab\t "o & ! same ?+1 !re=e !re is no?+ contr>y to ,god1 consid]$ 9 ,himself1 ei!r ) respect to ,8 goodness or ,8 tru?1 = 9 ,8 intellect !re c be no?+ false4 ,b 9 our appreh5sion ( ,him contr>ies exi/1 = ! false op9ion conc]n+ ,him is contr>y to ! true4 ,s idols are call$ lies1 oppos$ to ! div9e tru?1 inasmu* z ! false op9ion conc]n+ !m is contr>y to ! true op9ion ( ! div9e unity4 ,,"q #ah ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,s9ce to und]/& belongs to liv+ be+s1 aft] consid]+ ! div9e k & intellect1 we mu/ consid] ! div9e life4 ,ab\t ?is1 f\r po9ts ( inquiry arise3 7#a7 ,to :om does x belong to live8 7#b7 ,:at is life8 7#c7 ,:e!r life is prop]ly attribut$ to ,god8 7#d7 ,:e!r all ?+s 9 ,god are life8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r to ,live ,belongs to ,all ,natural ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t to live belongs to all natural ?+s4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 viii1 #a7 t ,movem5t is l a k9d ( life possess$ by all ?+s exi/+ 9 nature4 ,b all natural ?+s p>ticipate 9 movem5t4 ,!re=e all natural ?+s p>take ( life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 plants are said to live1 inasmu* z !y h 9 !mselves a pr9ciple ( movem5t ( gr[? & decay4 ,b local movem5t is naturally m p]fect ?an1 & prior to1 movem5t ( gr[? & decay1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,phys4 viii1 #ef1 #eg74 ,s9ce !n1 all natural bodies h 9 !mselves "s pr9ciple ( local movem5t1 x seems t all natural bodies live4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among/ natural bodies ! elem5ts are ! less p]fect4 ,yet life is attribut$ to !m1 = we speak ( liv+ wat]s4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 h o!r natural bodies life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vi1 #a7 t ,! la/ e*o ( life is he>d 9 ! plants1 :]eby x is inf]r$ t _! life is life 9 its l[e/ degree4 ,b inanimate bodies are inf]ior to plants4 ,!re=e !y h n life4 ,i answ] t1 ,we c ga!r to :at ?+s life belongs1 & to :at x does n1 f su* ?+s z manife/ly possess life4 ,n[ life manife/ly belongs to animals1 = x said 9 ,de ,vegetab4 i 99,de ,plantis i1 #a t 9 animals life is manife/4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 di/+ui% liv+ f lifeless ?+s1 by comp>+ !m to t by reason ( :i* animals are said to live3 & ?is x is 9 :i* life is manife/$ fir/ & rema9s la/4 ,we say !n t an animal beg9s to live :5 x beg9s to move ( itself3 & z long z su* movem5t appe>s 9 x1 s long z x is consid]$ to be alive4 ,:5 x no long] has any movem5t ( itself1 b is only mov$ by ano!r p[]1 !n its life is said to fail1 & ! animal to be dead4 ,:]eby x is cle> t ^? ?+s are prop]ly call$ liv+ t move !mselves by "s k9d ( movem5t1 :e!r x be movem5t prop]ly s call$1 z ! act ( an imp]fect be+1 i4e4 ( a ?+ 9 pot5tiality1 is call$ movem5t2 or movem5t 9 a m g5]al s5se1 z :5 said ( ! act ( a p]fect ?+1 z und]/&+ & feel+ are call$ movem5t4 ,accord+ly all ?+s are said to be alive t det]m9e !mselves to movem5t or op]ation ( any k9d3 :]eas ^? ?+s t _c by _! nature d s1 _c be call$ liv+1 unless by a similitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ! ,philosoph] may be und]/ood ei!r ( ! fir/ movem5t1 namely1 t ( ! cele/ial bodies1 or ( ! movem5t 9 its g5]al s5se4 ,9 ei!r way is movem5t call$ ! life1 z x 71 ( natural bodies1 speak+ by a similitude1 & n attribut+ x to !m z _! prop]ty4 ,! movem5t ( ! heav5s is 9 ! univ]se ( corporeal natures z ! movem5t ( ! he>t1 :]eby life is pres]v$1 is 9 animals4 ,simil>ly also e natural movem5t 9 respect to natural ?+s has a c]ta9 similitude to ! op]ations ( life4 ,h5ce1 if ! :ole corporeal univ]se 7 "o animal1 s t its movem5t came f an intr9sic mov+ =ce1 z "s 9 fact h held1 9 t case movem5t w\ld really be ! life ( all natural bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to bodies1 :e!r heavy or light1 movem5t does n belong1 except 9 s f> z !y are displac$ f _! natural conditions1 & are out ( _! prop] place2 = :5 !y are 9 ! place t is prop] & natural to !m1 !n !y are at re/4 ,plants & o!r liv+ ?+s move ) vital movem5t1 9 accordance ) ! disposition ( _! nature1 b n by approa*+ !reto1 or by rec$+ f x1 = 9 s f> z !y rec$e f su* movem5t1 s f> d !y rec$e f _! natural disposition4 ,heavy & light bodies are mov$ by an extr9sic =ce1 ei!r g5]at+ !m & giv+ !m =m1 or remov+ ob/acles f _! way4 ,!y d n !re=e move !mselves1 z d liv+ bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,wat]s are call$ liv+ t h a cont9u\s curr5t3 = /&+ wat]s1 t are n connect$ ) a cont9ually fl[+ s\rce1 are call$ dead1 z 9 ci/]ns & ponds4 ,?is is m]ely a similitude1 inasmu* z ! movem5t !y are se5 to possess makes !m look z if !y 7 alive4 ,yet ?is is n life 9 !m 9 its real s5se1 s9ce ?is movem5t ( !irs is n f !mselves b f ! cause t g5]ates !m4 ,! same is ! case ) ! movem5t ( o!r heavy & light bodies4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,life ,is an ,op]ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t life is an op]ation4 ,= no?+ is divid$ except into p>ts ( ! same g5us4 ,b life is divid$ by c]ta9 op]ations1 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #ac71 :o di/+ui%es f\r k9ds ( life1 namely1 n\ri%m5t1 s5sation1 local movem5t & und]/&+4 ,!re=e life is an op]ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! active life is said to be diff]5t f ! contemplative4 ,b ! contemplative is only di/+ui%$ f ! active by c]ta9 op]ations4 ,!re=e life is an op]ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to "k ,god is an op]ation4 ,b ?is is life1 z is cle> f ! words ( ,john #ah3c1 ,n[ ?is is et]nal life1 t !y may "k ,!e1 ! only true ,god4 ,!re=e life is an op]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #cg71 ,9 liv+ ?+s1 to live is to be4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #c71 our intellect1 :i* takes cognizance ( ! ess5ce ( a ?+ z its prop] object1 ga9s k f s5se1 ( :i* ! prop] objects are ext]nal accid5ts4 ,h5ce f ext]nal appe>ances we come to ! k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,& because we "n a ?+ 9 accordance ) our k ( x1 z is cle> f :at has already be5 said 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a71 s f ext]nal prop]ties names are (t5 impos$ to signify ess5ces4 ,h5ce su* names are sometimes tak5 /rictly to d5ote ! ess5ce itself1 ! signification ( :i* is _! pr9cipal object2 b sometimes1 & less /rictly1 to d5ote ! prop]ties by reason ( :i* !y are impos$4 ,& s we see t ! ^w body is us$ to d5ote a g5us ( sub/ances f ! fact ( _! possess+ ?ree dim5sions3 & is sometimes tak5 to d5ote ! dim5sions !mselves2 9 :i* s5se body is said to be a species ( quantity4 ,! same mu/ be said ( life4 ,! "n is giv5 f a c]ta9 ext]nal appe>ance1 namely1 self-movem5t1 yet n precisely to signify ?is1 b r a sub/ance to :i* self-movem5t & ! application ( itself to any k9d ( op]ation1 belong naturally4 ,to live1 accord+ly1 is no?+ else ?an to exi/ 9 ?is or t nature2 & life signifies ?is1 ?\gh 9 ! ab/ract1 j z ! ^w runn+ d5otes to run 9 ! ab/ract4 ,h5ce liv+ is n an accid5tal b an ess5tial pr$icate4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 life is us$ less prop]ly = ! op]ations f :i* its "n is tak51 & ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #i7 t to live is pr9cipally to s5se or to und]/&4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] "h takes to live to mean an op]ation ( life4 ,or x w\ld be bett] to say t s5sation & intellig5ce & ! l1 are sometimes tak5 = ! op]ations1 sometimes = ! exi/5ce itself ( ! op]ator4 ,= he says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #i7 t to live is to s5se or to und]/&--9 o!r words1 to h a nature capable ( s5sation or und]/&+4 ,?us1 !n1 he di/+ui%es life by ! f\r op]ations m5tion$4 ,= 9 ?is l[] _w !re are f\r k9ds ( liv+ ?+s4 ,x is ! nature ( "s to be capable ( no?+ m ?an tak+ n\ri%m5t1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ( gr[+ & g5]at+4 ,o!rs are able1 9 addition1 to s5se1 z we see 9 ! case ( %ellfi% & o!r animals )\t movem5t4 ,o!rs h ! fur!r p[] ( mov+ f place to place1 z p]fect animals1 su* z quadrup$s1 & birds1 & s on4 ,o!rs1 z man1 h ! /ill high] faculty ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by vital op]ations are meant ^? ^: pr9ciples are )9 ! op]ator1 & 9 virtue ( :i* ! op]ator produces su* op]ations ( itself4 ,x happ5s t !re exi/ 9 m5 n m]ely su* natural pr9ciples ( c]ta9 op]ations z are _! natural p[]s1 b some?+ ov] & above ^!1 su* z habits incl9+ !m l a second nature to p>ticul> k9ds ( op]ations1 s t ! op]ations become s\rces ( pleasure4 ,?us1 z by a similitude1 any k9d ( "w 9 :i* a man takes delight1 s t 8 b5t is t[>ds x1 8 "t sp5t 9 x1 & 8 :ole life ord]$ ) a view to x1 is said to be ! life ( t man4 ,h5ce "s are said to lead a life ( self-indulg5ce1 o!rs a life ( virtue4 ,9 ?is way ! contemplative life is di/+ui%$ f ! active1 & ?us to "k ,god is said to be life et]nal4 ,:]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is cle>4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,life ,is ,prop]ly ,attribut$ to ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t life is n prop]ly attribut$ to ,god4 ,= ?+s are said to live inasmu* z !y move !mselves1 z previ\sly /at$ 7,a4 #b74 ,b movem5t does n belong to ,god4 ,nei!r !re=e does life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 all liv+ ?+s we mu/ ne$s suppose "s pr9ciple ( life4 ,h5ce x is said by ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #d7 t ! s\l is ! cause & pr9ciple ( ! liv+ body4 ,b ,god has no pr9ciple4 ,!re=e life _c be attribut$ to ,him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! pr9ciple ( life 9 ! liv+ ?+s t exi/ among u is ! vegetative s\l4 ,b ?is exi/s only 9 corporeal ?+s4 ,!re=e life _c be attribut$ to incorporeal ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #hc3c73 ,my he>t & my fle% h rejoic$ 9 ! liv+ ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,life is 9 ! highe/ degree prop]ly 9 ,god4 ,9 pro( ( :i* x mu/ be consid]$ t s9ce a ?+ is said to live 9 s f> z x op]ates ( itself & n z mov$ by ano!r1 ! m p]fectly ?is p[] is f\nd 9 any?+1 ! m p]fect is ! life ( t ?+4 ,9 ?+s t move & are mov$1 a ?reefold ord] is f\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! end moves ! ag5t3 & ! pr9cipal ag5t is t :i* acts ?r\gh its =m1 & sometimes x does s ?r\gh "s in/rum5t t acts by virtue n ( its own =m1 b ( ! pr9cipal ag5t1 & does no m ?an execute ! action4 ,accord+ly !re are ?+s t move !mselves1 n 9 respect ( any =m or end naturally inh]5t 9 !m1 b only 9 respect ( ! execut+ ( ! movem5t2 ! =m by :i* !y act1 & ! end ( ! action be+ alike det]m9$ = !m by _! nature4 ,( ?is k9d are plants1 :i* move !mselves accord+ to _! inh]5t nature1 ) reg>d only to execut+ ! movem5ts ( gr[? & decay4 ,o!r ?+s h self-movem5t 9 a high] degree1 t is1 n only ) reg>d to execut+ ! movem5t1 b ev5 z reg>ds to ! =m1 ! pr9ciple ( movem5t1 :i* =m !y acquire ( !mselves4 ,( ?is k9d are animals1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( movem5t is n a naturally implant$ =m2 b "o receiv$ ?r\gh s5se4 ,h5ce ! m p]fect is _! s5se1 ! m p]fect is _! p[] ( self-movem5t4 ,su* z h only ! s5se ( t\*1 z %ellfi%1 move only ) ! motion ( expansion & contraction2 & ?us _! movem5t h>dly exce$s t ( plants4 ,:]eas su* z h ! s5sitive p[] 9 p]fection1 s z to recognize n only connection & t\*1 b also objects ap>t f !mselves1 c move !mselves to a di/ance by progressive movem5t4 ,yet al?\gh animals ( ! latt] k9d receive ?r\gh s5se ! =m t is ! pr9ciple ( _! movem5t1 nev]!less !y _c ( !mselves propose to !mselves ! end ( _! op]ation1 or movem5t2 = ?is has be5 implant$ 9 !m by nature2 & by natural in/9ct !y are mov$ to any action ?r\gh ! =m appreh5d$ by s5se4 ,h5ce su* animals z move !mselves 9 respect to an end !y !mselves propose are sup]ior to ^!4 ,?is c only be done by reason & intellect2 ^: prov9ce x is to "k ! proportion betwe5 ! end & ! means to t end1 & duly coord9ate !m4 ,h5ce a m p]fect degree ( life is t ( intellig5t be+s2 = _! p[] ( self-movem5t is m p]fect4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t 9 "o & ! same man ! intellectual faculty moves ! s5sitive p[]s2 & ^! by _! comm& move ! organs ( movem5t4 ,?us 9 ! arts we see t ! art ( us+ a %ip1 i4e4 ! art ( navigation1 rules ! art ( %ip-design+2 & ?is 9 its turn rules ! art t is only conc]n$ ) prep>+ ! mat]ial = ! %ip4 ,b al?\gh our intellect moves itself to "s ?+s1 yet o!rs are suppli$ by nature1 z are fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* x _c d\bt2 & ! la/ end1 :i* x _c b w4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ) respect to "s ?+s x moves itself1 yet ) reg>d to o!r ?+s x mu/ be mov$ by ano!r4 ,:]e=e t be+ ^: act ( und]/&+ is its v nature1 & :i*1 9 :at x naturally possesses1 is n det]m9$ by ano!r1 mu/ h life 9 ! mo/ p]fect degree4 ,su* is ,god2 & h5ce 9 ,him pr9cipally is life4 ,f ?is ! ,philosoph] concludes 7,metaph4 xii1 #ea71 aft] %[+ ,god to be intellig5t1 t ,god has life mo/ p]fect & et]nal1 s9ce ,8 intellect is mo/ p]fect & always 9 act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ix1 #af1 action is tw(old4 ,actions ( "o k9d pass out to ext]nal matt]1 z to heat or to cut2 :il/ actions ( ! o!r k9d rema9 9 ! ag5t1 z to und]/&1 to s5se & to w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is ?is1 t ! =m] action is ! p]fection n ( ! ag5t t moves1 b ( ! ?+ mov$2 :]eas ! latt] action is ! p]fection ( ! ag5t4 ,h5ce1 because movem5t is an act ( ! ?+ 9 movem5t1 ! latt] action1 9 s f> z x is ! act ( ! op]ator1 is call$ its movem5t1 by ?is similitude1 t z movem5t is an act ( ! ?+ mov$1 s an act ( ?is k9d is ! act ( ! ag5t1 al?\gh movem5t is an act ( ! imp]fect1 t is1 ( :at is 9 pot5tiality2 :ile ?is k9d ( act is an act ( ! p]fect1 t is to say1 ( :at is 9 act z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #bh4 ,9 ! s5se1 !re=e1 9 :i* und]/&+ is movem5t1 t :i* und]/&s itself is said to move itself4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,plato also taught t ,god moves ,himself2 n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* movem5t is an act ( ! imp]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,god is ,8 own v exi/5ce & und]/&+1 s is ,he ,8 own life2 & !re=e ,he s lives t ,he has no pr9ciple ( life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,life 9 ?is l[] _w is be/[$ on a corruptible nature1 t ne$s g5]ation to pres]ve ! species1 & n\ri%m5t to pres]ve ! individual4 ,= ?is reason life is n f\nd "h bel[ ap>t f a vegetative s\l3 b ?is does n hold good ) incorruptible natures4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ,?+s ,are ,life 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t n all ?+s are life 9 ,god4 ,= x is said 7,acts #ag3bh71 ,9 ,him we live1 & move1 & be4 ,b n all ?+s 9 ,god are movem5t4 ,!re=e n all ?+s are life 9 ,him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ?+s are 9 ,god z _! fir/ model4 ,b ?+s modell$ ought to con=m to ! model4 ,s9ce1 !n1 n all ?+s h life 9 !mselves1 x seems t n all ?+s are life 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #bi71 a liv+ sub/ance is bett] ?an a sub/ance t does n live4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?+s :i* 9 !mselves h n life1 are life 9 ,god1 x seems t ?+s exi/ m truly 9 ,god ?an !mselves4 ,b ?is appe>s to be false2 s9ce 9 !mselves !y exi/ actually1 b 9 ,god pot5tially4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z good ?+s & ?+s made 9 "t are kn[n by ,god1 s are bad ?+s1 & ?+s t ,god c make1 b t nev] w be made4 ,if1 !re=e1 all ?+s are life 9 ,god1 inasmu* z kn[n by ,him1 x seems t ev5 bad ?+s & ?+s t w nev] be made are life 9 ,god1 z kn[n by ,him1 & ?is appe>s inadmissible4 ,on ! contr>y1 7,john #a3c1 #d71 x is said1 ,:at 0 made1 9 ,him 0 life4 ,b all ?+s 7 made1 except ,god4 ,!re=e all ?+s are life 9 ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ,god to live is to und]/&1 z be=e /at$ 7,a4 #c74 ,9 ,god intellect1 ! ?+ und]/ood1 & ! act ( und]/&+1 are "o & ! same4 ,h5ce :atev] is 9 ,god z und]/ood is ! v liv+ or life ( ,god4 ,n[1 :]e=e1 s9ce all ?+s t h be5 made by ,god are 9 ,him z ?+s und]/ood1 x foll[s t all ?+s 9 ,him are ! div9e life itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,creatures are said to be 9 ,god 9 a tw(old s5se4 ,9 "o way1 s f> are !y are held toge!r & pres]v$ by ! div9e p[]2 ev5 z we say t ?+s t are 9 our p[] are 9 u4 ,& creatures are ?us said to be 9 ,god1 ev5 z !y exi/ 9 _! own natures4 ,9 ?is s5se we mu/ und]/& ! words ( ! ,apo/le :5 he says1 ,9 ,him we live1 move1 & be2 s9ce our be+1 liv+1 & mov+ are !mselves caus$ by ,god4 ,9 ano!r s5se ?+s are said to be 9 ,god1 z 9 ,him :o kn[s !m1 9 :i* s5se !y are 9 ,god ?r\gh _! prop] ideas1 :i* 9 ,god are n di/9ct f ! div9e ess5ce4 ,h5ce ?+s z !y are 9 ,god are ! div9e ess5ce4 ,& s9ce ! div9e ess5ce is life & n movem5t1 x foll[s t ?+s exi/+ 9 ,god 9 ?is mann] are n movem5t1 b life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ?+ modell$ mu/ be l ! model accord+ to ! =m1 n ! mode ( be+4 ,= sometimes ! =m has be+ ( ano!r k9d 9 ! model f t :i* x has 9 ! ?+ modell$4 ,?us ! =m ( a h\se has 9 ! m9d ( ! ar*itect immat]ial & intelligible be+2 b 9 ! h\se t exi/s outside 8 m9d1 mat]ial & s5sible be+4 ,h5ce ! ideas ( ?+s1 ?\gh n exi/+ 9 !mselves1 are life 9 ! div9e m9d1 z hav+ a div9e exi/5ce 9 t m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if =m only1 & n matt]1 belong$ to natural ?+s1 !n 9 all respects natural ?+s w\ld exi/ m truly 9 ! div9e m9d1 by ! ideas ( !m1 ?an 9 !mselves4 ,= :i* reason1 9 fact1 ,plato held t ! sep>ate man 0 ! true man2 & t man z he exi/s 9 matt]1 is man only by p>ticipation4 ,b s9ce matt] ent]s into ! be+ ( natural ?+s1 we mu/ say t ^? ?+s h simply be+ 9 ! div9e m9d m truly ?an 9 !mselves1 because 9 t m9d !y h an uncreat$ be+1 b 9 !mselves a creat$ be+3 :]eas ?is p>ticul> be+1 a man1 or horse1 = example1 has ?is be+ m truly 9 its own nature ?an 9 ! div9e m9d1 because x belongs to human nature to be mat]ial1 :i*1 z exi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d1 x is n4 ,ev5 s a h\se has nobl] be+ 9 ! ar*itect's m9d ?an 9 matt]2 yet a mat]ial h\se is call$ a h\se m truly ?an ! "o :i* exi/s 9 ! m9d2 s9ce ! =m] is actual1 ! latt] only pot5tial4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh bad ?+s are 9 ,god's k1 z be+ compris$ "u t k1 yet !y are n 9 ,god z creat$ by ,him1 or pres]v$ by ,him1 or z hav+ _! type 9 ,him4 ,!y are kn[n by ,god ?r\gh ! types ( good ?+s4 ,h5ce x _c be said t bad ?+s are life 9 ,god4 ,^? ?+s t are n 9 "t may be call$ life 9 ,god 9 s f> z life means und]/&+ only1 & inasmu* z !y are und]/ood by ,god2 b n 9 s f> z life implies a pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,,"q #ai ,,! ,,w ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ ! ?+s belong+ to ! div9e k1 we consid] :at belongs to ! div9e w4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is ab\t ! div9e w itself2 ! second ab\t :at belongs /rictly to ,8 w2 ! ?ird ab\t :at belongs to ! intellect 9 relation to ,8 w4 ,ab\t ,8 w itself !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is w 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god wills ?+s ap>t f ,himself8 7#c7 ,:e!r :atev] ,god wills1 ,he wills necess>ily8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s8 7#e7 ,:e!r any cause c be assign$ to ! div9e w8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! div9e w is always fulfill$8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! w ( ,god is mutable8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! w ( ,god imposes necessity on ! ?+s will$8 7#i7 ,:e!r !re is 9 ,god ! w ( evil8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ,god has free w8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ! w ( expression is di/+ui%$ 9 ,god8 7#ab7 ,:e!r five expressions ( w are rightly assign$ to ! div9e w8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,w 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re is n w 9 ,god4 ,= ! object ( w is ! end & ! good4 ,b we _c assign to ,god any end4 ,!re=e !re is n w 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 w is a k9d ( appetite4 ,b appetite1 z x is direct$ to ?+s n possess$1 implies imp]fection1 :i* _c be imput$ to ,god4 ,!re=e !re is n w 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #ed71 ! w moves1 & is mov$4 ,b ,god is ! fir/ cause ( movem5t1 & ,himself is unmov$1 z prov$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 #di4 ,!re=e !re is n w 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ab3b73 ,t y may prove :at is ! w ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is w 9 ,god1 z !re is intellect3 s9ce w foll[s ^u intellect4 ,= z natural ?+s h actual exi/5ce by _! =m1 s ! intellect is actually intellig5t by its intelligible =m4 ,n[ ev]y?+ has ?is aptitude t[>ds its natural =m1 t :5 x has x n1 x t5ds t[>ds x2 & :5 x has x1 x is at re/ !re94 ,x is ! same ) e natural p]fection1 :i* is a natural good4 ,?is aptitude to good 9 ?+s )\t k is call$ natural appetite4 ,:5ce also intellectual natures h a l aptitude z appreh5d$ ?r\gh its intelligible =m2 s z to re/ !re9 :5 possess$1 & :5 n possess$ to seek to possess x1 bo? ( :i* p]ta9 to ! w4 ,h5ce 9 e intellectual be+ !re is w1 j z 9 e s5sible be+ !re is animal appetite4 ,& s !re mu/ be w 9 ,god1 s9ce !re is intellect 9 ,him4 ,& z ,8 intellect is ,8 own exi/5ce1 s is ,8 w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh no?+ ap>t f ,god is ,8 end1 yet ,he ,himself is ! end ) respect to all ?+s made by ,him4 ,& ?is by ,8 ess5ce1 = by ,8 ess5ce ,he is good1 z %[n above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #c73 = ! end has ! aspect ( good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,w 9 u belongs to ! appetitive "p1 :i*1 al?\gh nam$ f appetite1 has n = its only act ! seek+ :at x does n possess2 b also ! lov+ & ! delight+ 9 :at x does possess4 ,9 ?is respect w is said to be 9 ,god1 z hav+ always good :i* is its object1 s9ce1 z already said1 x is n di/9ct f ,8 ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a w ( :i* ! pr9cipal object is a good outside itself1 mu/ be mov$ by ano!r2 b ! object ( ! div9e w is ,8 goodness1 :i* is ,8 ess5ce4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! w ( ,god is ,8 ess5ce1 x is n mov$ by ano!r ?an itself1 b by itself alone1 9 ! same s5se z und]/&+ & will+ are said to be movem5t4 ,?is is :at ,plato meant :5 he said t ! fir/ mov] moves itself4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,wills ,?+s ,ap>t f ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n w ?+s ap>t f ,himself4 ,= ! div9e w is ! div9e exi/5ce4 ,b ,god is n o!r ?an ,himself4 ,!re=e ,he does n w ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! will$ moves ! will]1 z ! appetible ! appetite1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #ed4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,god wills any?+ ap>t f ,himself1 ,8 w mu/ be mov$ by ano!r2 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if :at is will$ suffices ! will]1 he seeks no?+ beyond x4 ,b ,8 own goodness suffices ,god1 & completely satisfies ,8 w4 ,!re=e ,god does n w any?+ ap>t f ,himself4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 acts ( w are multipli$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( _! objects4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,god wills ,himself & ?+s ap>t f ,himself1 x foll[s t ! act ( ,8 w is manifold1 & consequ5tly ,8 exi/5ce1 :i* is ,8 w4 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,!re=e ,god does n w ?+s ap>t f ,himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,!ss4 #d3c73 ,?is is ! w ( ,god1 y\r sanctification4 ,i answ] t1 ,god wills n only ,himself1 b o!r ?+s ap>t f ,himself4 ,?is is cle> f ! comp>ison :i* we made above 7,a4 #a74 ,= natural ?+s h a natural incl9ation n only t[>ds _! own prop] good1 to acquire x if n possess$1 &1 if possess$1 to re/ !re92 b also to spread abroad _! own good among/ o!rs1 s f> z possible4 ,h5ce we see t e ag5t1 9 s f> z x is p]fect & 9 act1 produces its l4 ,x p]ta9s1 !re=e1 to ! nature ( ! w to communicate z f> z possible to o!rs ! good possess$2 & especially does ?is p]ta9 to ! div9e w1 f :i* all p]fection is d]iv$ 9 "s k9d ( lik5ess4 ,h5ce1 if natural ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are p]fect1 communicate _! good to o!rs1 mu* m does x app]ta9 to ! div9e w to communicate by lik5ess its own good to o!rs z mu* z possible4 ,?us1 !n1 ,he wills bo? ,himself to be1 & o!r ?+s to be2 b ,himself z ! end1 & o!r ?+s z orda9$ to t end2 inasmu* z x befits ! div9e goodness t o!r ?+s %\ld be p>tak]s !re94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! div9e w is ,god's own exi/5ce ess5tially1 yet !y diff] 9 aspect1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ways ( und]/&+ !m & express+ !m1 z is cle> f :at has already be5 said 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #d74 ,= :5 we say t ,god exi/s1 no relation to any o!r object is impli$1 z we d imply :5 we say t ,god wills4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ,he is n any?+ ap>t f ,himself1 yet ,he does w ?+s ap>t f ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?+s will$ = ! sake ( ! end1 ! :ole reason = our be+ mov$ is ! end1 & ?is x is t moves ! w1 z mo/ cle>ly appe>s 9 ?+s will$ only = ! sake ( ! end4 ,he :o wills to take a bitt] draught1 9 do+ s wills no?+ else ?an heal?2 & ?is alone moves 8 w4 ,x is diff]5t ) "o :o takes a draught t is pleasant1 :i* anyone may w to d1 n only = ! sake ( heal?1 b also = its own sake4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ,god wills ?+s ap>t f ,himself only = ! sake ( ! end1 :i* is ,8 own goodness1 x does n foll[ t any?+ else moves ,8 w1 except ,8 goodness4 ,s1 z ,he und]/&s ?+s ap>t f ,himself by und]/&+ ,8 own ess5ce1 s ,he wills ?+s ap>t f ,himself by will+ ,8 own goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,f ! fact t ,8 own goodness suffices ! div9e w1 x does n foll[ t x wills no?+ ap>t f itself1 b r t x wills no?+ except by reason ( its goodness4 ,?us1 too1 ! div9e intellect1 ?\gh its p]fection consi/s 9 its v k ( ! div9e ess5ce1 yet 9 t ess5ce kn[s o!r ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! div9e intellect is "o1 z see+ ! _m only 9 ! "o1 9 ! same way ! div9e w is "o & simple1 z will+ ! _m only ?r\gh ! "o1 t is1 ?r\gh its own goodness4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,:atev] ,god ,wills ,he ,wills ,necess>ily8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t :atev] ,god wills ,he wills necess>ily4 ,= ev]y?+ et]nal is necess>y4 ,b :atev] ,god wills1 ,he wills f et]nity1 = o!rwise ,8 w w\ld be mutable4 ,!re=e :atev] ,he wills1 ,he wills necess>ily4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god wills ?+s ap>t f ,himself1 inasmu* z ,he wills ,8 own goodness4 ,n[ ,god wills ,8 own goodness necess>ily4 ,!re=e ,he wills ?+s ap>t f ,himself necess>ily4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] belongs to ! nature ( ,god is necess>y1 = ,god is ( ,himself necess>y be+1 & ! pr9ciple ( all necessity1 z above %[n 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,b x belongs to ,8 nature to w :atev] ,he wills2 s9ce 9 ,god !re c be no?+ ov] & above ,8 nature z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 v1 #f4 ,!re=e :atev] ,he wills1 ,he wills necess>ily4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 be+ t is n necess>y1 & be+ t is possible n to be1 are "o & ! same ?+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,god does n necess>ily w a ?+ t ,he wills1 x is possible = ,him n to w x1 & !re=e possible = ,him to w :at ,he does n w4 ,& s ! div9e w is cont+5t ^u "o or ! o!r ( two ?+s1 & imp]fect1 s9ce ev]y?+ cont+5t is imp]fect & mutable4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 on ! "p ( t :i* is indiff]5t to "o or ! o!r ( two ?+s1 no action results unless x is incl9$ to "o or ! o!r by "s o!r p[]1 z ! ,comm5tator 99,av]roes says 9 ,phys4 ii4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,w ( ,god is indiff]5t ) reg>d to any?+1 x foll[s t ,8 det]m9ation to act comes f ano!r2 & ?us ,he has "s cause prior to ,himself4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ,god kn[s1 ,he kn[s necess>ily4 ,b z ! div9e k is ,8 ess5ce1 s is ! div9e w4 ,!re=e :atev] ,god wills1 ,he wills necess>ily4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #a3aa73 ,:o worke? all ?+s accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,8 w4 ,n[1 :at we "w accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ! w1 we d n w necess>ily4 ,!re=e ,god does n w necess>ily :atev] ,he wills4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* a ?+ is said to be necess>y1 namely1 absolutely1 & by supposition4 ,we judge a ?+ to be absolutely necess>y f ! relation ( ! t]ms1 z :5 ! pr$icate =ms "p ( ! def9ition ( ! subject3 ?us x is absolutely necess>y t man is an animal4 ,x is ! same :5 ! subject =ms "p ( ! notion ( ! pr$icate2 ?us x is absolutely necess>y t a numb] mu/ be odd or ev54 ,9 ?is way x is n necess>y t ,socrates sits3 :]e=e x is n necess>y absolutely1 ?\gh x may be s by supposition2 =1 grant$ t he is sitt+1 he mu/ necess>ily sit1 z long z he is sitt+4 ,accord+ly z to ?+s will$ by ,god1 we mu/ obs]ve t ,he wills some?+ ( absolute necessity3 b ?is is n true ( all t ,he wills4 ,= ! div9e w has a necess>y relation to ! div9e goodness1 s9ce t is its prop] object4 ,h5ce ,god wills ,8 own goodness necess>ily1 ev5 z we w our own happ9ess necess>ily1 & z any o!r faculty has necess>y relation to its prop] & pr9cipal object1 = in/ance ! sight to color1 s9ce x t5ds to x by its own nature4 ,b ,god wills ?+s ap>t f ,himself 9 s f> z !y are ord]$ to ,8 own goodness z _! end4 ,n[ 9 will+ an end we d n necess>ily w ?+s t conduce to x1 unless !y are su* t ! end _c be atta9$ )\t !m2 z1 we w to take food to pres]ve life1 or to take %ip 9 ord] to cross ! sea4 ,b we d n necess>ily w ?+s )\t :i* ! end is atta9able1 su* z a horse = a j\rney :i* we c take on foot1 = we c make ! j\rney )\t "o4 ,! same applies to o!r means4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! goodness ( ,god is p]fect1 & c exi/ )\t o!r ?+s inasmu* z no p]fection c accrue to ,him f !m1 x foll[s t ,8 will+ ?+s ap>t f ,himself is n absolutely necess>y4 ,yet x c be necess>y by supposition1 = suppos+ t ,he wills a ?+1 !n ,he is unable n to w x1 z ,8 w _c *ange4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,f ! fact t ,god wills f et]nity :atev] ,he wills1 x does n foll[ t ,he wills x necess>ily2 except by supposition4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ,god necess>ily wills ,8 own goodness1 ,he does n necess>ily w ?+s will$ on acc\nt ( ,8 goodness2 = x c exi/ )\t o!r ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is n natural to ,god to w any ( ^? o!r ?+s t ,he does n w necess>ily2 & yet x is n unnatural or contr>y to ,8 nature1 b volunt>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,sometimes a necess>y cause has a non-necess>y relation to an effect2 ow+ to a defici5cy 9 ! effect1 & n 9 ! cause4 ,ev5 s1 ! sun's p[] has a non-necess>y relation to "s cont+5t ev5ts on ?is e>?1 ow+ to a defect n 9 ! sol> p[]1 b 9 ! effect t proce$s n necess>ily f ! cause4 ,9 ! same way1 t ,god does n necess>ily w "s ( ! ?+s t ,he wills1 does n result f defect 9 ! div9e w1 b f a defect belong+ to ! nature ( ! ?+ will$1 namely1 t ! p]fect goodness ( ,god c be )\t x2 & su* defect accompanies all creat$ good4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a naturally cont+5t cause mu/ be det]m9$ to act by "s ext]nal p[]4 ,! div9e w1 :i* by its nature is necess>y1 det]m9es itself to w ?+s to :i* x has no necess>y relation4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,z ! div9e ess5ce is necess>y ( itself1 s is ! div9e w & ! div9e k2 b ! div9e k has a necess>y relation to ! ?+ kn[n2 n ! div9e w to ! ?+ will$4 ,! reason = ?is is t k is ( ?+s z !y exi/ 9 ! kn[]2 b ! w is direct$ to ?+s z !y exi/ 9 !mselves4 ,s9ce !n all o!r ?+s h necess>y exi/5ce inasmu* z !y exi/ 9 ,god2 b no absolute necessity s z to be necess>y 9 !mselves1 9 s f> z !y exi/ 9 !mselves2 x foll[s t ,god kn[s necess>ily :atev] ,he wills1 b does n w necess>ily :atev] ,he wills4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,w ( ,god ,is ! ,cause ( ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! w ( ,god is n ! cause ( ?+s4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #a73 ,z our sun1 n by reason nor by pre-election1 b by its v be+1 enlight5s all ?+s t c p>ticipate 9 its light1 s ! div9e good by its v ess5ce p\rs ! rays ( goodness ^u ev]y?+ t exi/s4 ,b e volunt>y ag5t acts by reason & pre-election4 ,!re=e ,god does n act by w2 & s ,8 w is n ! cause ( ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,! fir/ 9 any ord] is t :i* is ess5tially s1 ?us 9 ! ord] ( burn+ ?+s1 t comes fir/ :i* is fire by its ess5ce4 ,b ,god is ! fir/ ag5t4 ,!re=e ,he acts by ,8 ess5ce2 & t is ,8 nature4 ,he acts !n by nature1 & n by w4 ,!re=e ! div9e w is n ! cause ( ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,:atev] is ! cause ( any?+1 ?r\gh be+ su* a ?+1 is ! cause by nature1 & n by w4 ,= fire is ! cause ( heat1 z be+ itself hot2 :]eas an ar*itect is ! cause ( a h\se1 because he wills to build x4 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cb71 ,because ,god is good1 we exi/4 ,!re=e ,god is ! cause ( ?+s by ,8 nature1 & n by ,8 w4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,( "o ?+ !re is "o cause4 ,b ! cause ( creat$ ?+s is ! k ( ,god1 z said be=e 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e ! w ( ,god _c be consid]$ ! cause ( ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,wis4 #aa3bf71 ,h[ c\ld any?+ endure1 if ,?\ w\ld/ n8 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ hold t ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s2 & t ,he acts by ! w1 & n1 z "s h suppos$1 by a necessity ( ,8 nature4 ,?is c be %[n 9 ?ree ways3 ,fir/1 f ! ord] itself ( active causes4 ,s9ce bo? intellect & nature act = an end1 z prov$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #di1 ! natural ag5t mu/ h ! end & ! necess>y means pr$et]m9$ = x by "s high] intellect2 z ! end & def9ite movem5t is pr$et]m9$ = ! arr[ by ! ar*]4 ,h5ce ! intellectual & volunt>y ag5t mu/ prec$e ! ag5t t acts by nature4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ,god is fir/ 9 ! ord] ( ag5ts1 ,he mu/ act by intellect & w4 ,?is is %[n1 secondly1 f ! "* ( a natural ag5t1 ( :i* ! prop]ty is to produce "o & ! same effect2 = nature op]ates 9 "o & ! same way unless x be prev5t$4 ,?is is because ! nature ( ! act is accord+ to ! nature ( ! ag5t2 & h5ce z long z x has t nature1 its acts w be 9 accordance ) t nature2 = e natural ag5t has a det]m9ate be+4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! ,div9e ,be+ is undet]m9$1 & conta9s 9 ,himself ! full p]fection ( be+1 x _c be t ,he acts by a necessity ( ,8 nature1 unless ,he 7 to cause some?+ undet]m9$ & indef9ite 9 be+3 & t ?is is impossible has be5 already %[n 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #b74 ,he does n1 !re=e1 act by a necessity ( ,8 nature1 b det]m9$ effects proce$ f ,8 own inf9ite p]fection accord+ to ! det]m9ation ( ,8 w & intellect4 ,?irdly1 x is %[n by ! relation ( effects to _! cause4 ,= effects proce$ f ! ag5t t causes !m1 9 s f> z !y pre-exi/ 9 ! ag5t2 s9ce e ag5t produces its l4 ,n[ effects pre-exi/ 9 _! cause aft] ! mode ( ! cause4 ,:]e=e s9ce ! ,div9e ,be+ is ,8 own intellect1 effects pre-exi/ 9 ,him aft] ! mode ( intellect1 & !re=e proce$ f ,him aft] ! same mode4 ,consequ5tly1 !y proce$ f ,him aft] ! mode ( w1 = ,8 incl9ation to put 9 act :at ,8 intellect has conceiv$ app]ta9s to ! w4 ,!re=e ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius 9 ^! words does n int5d to exclude election f ,god absolutely2 b only 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 9 s f>1 t is1 z ,he communicates ,8 goodness n m]ely to c]ta9 ?+s1 b to all2 & z election implies a c]ta9 di/9ction4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,because ! ess5ce ( ,god is ,8 intellect & w1 f ! fact ( ,8 act+ by ,8 ess5ce1 x foll[s t ,he acts aft] ! mode ( intellect & w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,good is ! object ( ! w4 ,! words1 !re=e1 ,because ,god is good1 we exi/1 are true inasmu* z ,8 goodness is ! reason ( ,8 will+ all o!r ?+s1 z said be=e 7,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ev5 9 u ! cause ( "o & ! same effect is k z direct+ x1 :]eby ! =m ( ! "w is conceiv$1 & w z comm&+ x1 s9ce ! =m z x is 9 ! intellect only is n det]m9$ to exi/ or n to exi/ 9 ! effect1 except by ! w4 ,h5ce1 ! speculative intellect has no?+ to say to op]ation4 ,b ! p[] is cause1 z execut+ ! effect1 s9ce x d5otes ! imm$iate pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,b 9 ,god all ^! ?+s are "o4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,any ,cause ,c ,be ,assign$ to ! ,div9e ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t "s cause c be assign$ to ! div9e w4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 #df73 ,:o w\ld v5ture to say t ,god made all ?+s irrationally8 ,b to a volunt>y ag5t1 :at is ! reason ( op]at+1 is ! cause ( will+4 ,!re=e ! w ( ,god has "s cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ?+s made by "o :o wills to make !m1 & ^: w is influ5c$ by no cause1 !re c be no cause assign$ except by ! w ( him :o wills4 ,b ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( all ?+s1 z has be5 already %[n 7,a4 #d74 ,if1 !n1 !re is no cause ( ,8 w1 we _c seek 9 any natural ?+s any cause1 except ! div9e w alone4 ,?us all sci5ce w\ld be 9 va91 s9ce sci5ce seeks to assign causes to effects4 ,?is seems inadmissible1 & !re=e we mu/ assign "s cause to ! div9e w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is done by ! will]1 on acc\nt ( no cause1 dep5ds simply on 8 w4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! w ( ,god has no cause1 x foll[s t all ?+s made dep5d simply on ,8 w1 & h no o!r cause4 ,b ?is also is n admissible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 #bh73 ,e effici5t cause is great] ?an ! ?+ effect$4 ,b no?+ is great] ?an ! w ( ,god4 ,we mu/ n !n seek = a cause ( x4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 no wise has ! w ( ,god a cause4 ,9 pro( ( :i* we mu/ consid] t1 s9ce ! w foll[s f ! intellect1 !re is cause ( ! w 9 ! p]son :o wills1 9 ! same way z !re is a cause ( ! und]/&+1 9 ! p]son t und]/&s4 ,! case ) ! und]/&+ is ?is3 t if ! premiss & its conclusion are und]/ood sep>ately f ea* o!r1 ! und]/&+ ! premiss is ! cause t ! conclusion is kn[n4 ,if ! und]/&+ p]ceive ! conclusion 9 ! premiss itself1 appreh5d+ bo? ! "o & ! o!r at ! same glance1 9 ?is case ! kn[+ ( ! conclusion w\ld n be caus$ by und]/&+ ! premisses1 s9ce a ?+ _c be its own cause2 & yet1 x w\ld be true t ! ?9k] w\ld und]/& ! premisses to be ! cause ( ! conclusion4 ,x is ! same ) ! w1 ) respect to :i* ! end /&s 9 ! same relation to ! means to ! end1 z d ! premisses to ! conclusion ) reg>d to ! und]/&+4 ,h5ce1 if anyone 9 "o act wills an end1 & 9 ano!r act ! means to t end1 8 will+ ! end w be ! cause ( 8 will+ ! means4 ,?is _c be ! case if 9 "o act he wills bo? end & means2 = a ?+ _c be its own cause4 ,yet x w be true to say t he wills to ord] to ! end ! means to ! end4 ,n[ z ,god by "o act und]/&s all ?+s 9 ,8 ess5ce1 s by "o act ,he wills all ?+s 9 ,8 goodness4 ,h5ce1 z 9 ,god to und]/& ! cause is n ! cause ( ,8 und]/&+ ! effect1 = ,he und]/&s ! effect 9 ! cause1 s1 9 ,him1 to w an end is n ! cause ( ,8 will+ ! means1 yet ,he wills ! ord]+ ( ! means to ! end4 ,!re=e1 ,he wills ?is to be z means to t2 b does n w ?is on acc\nt ( t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w ( ,god is reasonable1 n because any?+ is to ,god a cause ( will+1 b 9 s f> z ,he wills "o ?+ to be on acc\nt ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ,god wills effects to proce$ f def9ite causes1 = ! pres]vation ( ord] 9 ! univ]se1 x is n unreasonable to seek = causes second>y to ! div9e w4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be unreasonable to d s1 if su* 7 consid]$ z prim>y1 & n z dep5d5t on ! w ( ,god4 ,9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #b73 ,philosoph]s 9 _! vanity h ?\ght fit to attribute cont+5t effects to o!r causes1 be+ utt]ly unable to p]ceive ! cause t is %[n above all o!rs1 ! w ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ,god wills effects to come f causes1 all effects t presuppose "s o!r effect d n dep5d solely on ! w ( ,god1 b on some?+ else besides3 b ! fir/ effect dep5ds on ! div9e w alone4 ,?us1 = example1 we may say t ,god will$ man to h h&s to s]ve 8 intellect by _! "w1 & intellect1 t he might be man2 & will$ him to be man t he might enjoy ,him1 or = ! completion ( ! univ]se4 ,b ?is _c be r$uc$ to o!r creat$ second>y ends4 ,h5ce su* ?+s dep5d on ! simple w ( ,god2 b ! o!rs on ! ord] ( o!r causes4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,w ( ,god ,is ,always ,fulfill$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! w ( ,god is n always fulfill$4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #b3d73 ,god w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come to ! k ( ! tru?4 ,b ?is does n happ54 ,!re=e ! w ( ,god is n always fulfill$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z is ! relation ( k to tru?1 s is t ( ! w to good4 ,n[ ,god kn[s all tru?4 ,!re=e ,he wills all good4 ,b n all good actually exi/s2 = mu* m good might exi/4 ,!re=e ! w ( ,god is n always fulfill$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! w ( ,god is ! fir/ cause1 x does n exclude int]m$iate causes4 ,b ! effect ( a fir/ cause may be h9d]$ by a defect ( a second>y cause2 z ! effect ( ! motive p[] may be h9d]$ by ! weakness ( ! limb4 ,!re=e ! effect ( ! div9e w may be h9d]$ by a defect ( ! second>y causes4 ,! w ( ,god1 !re=e1 is n always fulfill$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #aac3aa73 ,god ha? done all ?+s1 :atsoev] ,he w\ld4 ,i answ] t1 ,! w ( ,god mu/ ne$s always be fulfill$4 ,9 pro( ( :i* we mu/ consid] t s9ce an effect is con=m$ to ! ag5t accord+ to its =m1 ! rule is ! same ) active causes z ) =mal causes4 ,! rule 9 =ms is ?is3 t al?\gh a ?+ may fall %ort ( any p>ticul> =m1 x _c fall %ort ( ! univ]sal =m4 ,= ?\gh a ?+ may fail to be1 = example1 a man or a liv+ be+1 yet x _c fail to be a be+4 ,h5ce ! same mu/ happ5 9 active causes4 ,some?+ may fall outside ! ord] ( any p>ticul> active cause1 b n outside ! ord] ( ! univ]sal cause2 "u :i* all p>ticul> causes are includ$3 & if any p>ticul> cause fails ( its effect1 ?is is because ( ! h9drance ( "s o!r p>ticul> cause1 :i* is includ$ 9 ! ord] ( ! univ]sal cause4 ,!re=e an effect _c possibly escape ! ord] ( ! univ]sal cause4 ,ev5 9 corporeal ?+s ?is is cle>ly se54 ,= x may happ5 t a /> is h9d]$ f produc+ its effects2 yet :atev] effect does result1 9 corporeal ?+s1 f ?is h9drance ( a corporeal cause1 mu/ be ref]r$ ?r\gh int]m$iate causes to ! univ]sal influ5ce ( ! fir/ heav54 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! w ( ,god is ! univ]sal cause ( all ?+s1 x is impossible t ! div9e w %\ld n produce its effect4 ,h5ce t :i* seems to dep>t f ! div9e w 9 "o ord]1 returns into x 9 ano!r ord]2 z does ! s9n]1 :o by s9 falls away f ! div9e w z mu* z lies 9 him1 yet falls back into ! ord] ( t w1 :5 by its ju/ice he is puni%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words ( ! ,apo/le1 ,god w h all m5 to be sav$1 etc4 c be und]/ood 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by a re/rict$ application1 9 :i* case !y w\ld mean1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de pra$4 sanct4 i1 #h3 ,en*iridion #ajc71 ,god wills all m5 to be sav$ t are sav$1 n because !re is no man :om ,he does n wi% sav$1 b because !re is no man sav$ ^: salvation ,he does n w4 ,secondly1 !y c be und]/ood z apply+ to e class ( individuals1 n to e individual ( ea* class2 9 :i* case !y mean t ,god wills "s m5 ( e class & condition to be sav$1 males & females1 ,jews & ,g5tiles1 great & small1 b n all ( e condition4 ,?irdly1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bi71 !y are und]/ood ( ! antec$5t w ( ,god2 n ( ! consequ5t w4 ,?is di/9ction mu/ n be tak5 z apply+ to ! div9e w itself1 9 :i* !re is no?+ antec$5t nor consequ5t1 b to ! ?+s will$4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ consid] t ev]y?+1 9 s f> z x is good1 is will$ by ,god4 ,a ?+ tak5 9 its prim>y s5se1 & absolutely consid]$1 may be good or evil1 & yet :5 "s additional circum/ances are tak5 into acc\nt1 by a consequ5t consid]ation may be *ang$ into ! contr>y4 ,?us t a man %\ld live is good2 & t a man %\ld be kill$ is evil1 absolutely consid]$4 ,b if 9 a p>ticul> case we add t a man is a murd]] or dang]\s to society1 to kill him is a good2 t he live is an evil4 ,h5ce x may be said ( a j judge1 t antec$5tly he wills all m5 to live2 b consequ5tly wills ! murd]] to be hang$4 ,9 ! same way ,god antec$5tly wills all m5 to be sav$1 b consequ5tly wills "s to be damn$1 z ,8 ju/ice exacts4 ,nor d we w simply1 :at we w antec$5tly1 b r we w x 9 a qualifi$ mann]2 = ! w is direct$ to ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 & 9 !mselves !y exi/ "u p>ticul> qualifications4 ,h5ce we w a ?+ simply inasmu* z we w x :5 all p>ticul> circum/ances are consid]$2 & ?is is :at is meant by will+ consequ5tly4 ,?us x may be said t a j judge wills simply ! hang+ ( a murd]]1 b 9 a qualifi$ mann] he w\ld w him to live1 to wit1 inasmu* z he is a man4 ,su* a qualifi$ w may be call$ a will+ness r ?an an absolute w4 ,?us x is cle> t :atev] ,god simply wills takes place2 al?\gh :at ,he wills antec$5tly may n take place4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an act ( ! cognitive faculty is accord+ z ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[]2 :ile an act ( ! appetite faculty is direct$ to ?+s z !y exi/ 9 !mselves4 ,b all t c h ! nature ( be+ & tru? virtually exi/s 9 ,god1 ?\gh x does n all exi/ 9 creat$ ?+s4 ,!re=e ,god kn[s all tru?2 b does n w all good1 except 9 s f> z ,he wills ,himself1 9 ,:om all good virtually exi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a fir/ cause c be h9d]$ 9 its effect by defici5cy 9 ! second>y cause1 :5 x is n ! univ]sal fir/ cause1 includ+ )9 itself all causes2 = !n ! effect c\ld 9 no way escape its ord]4 ,& ?us x is ) ! w ( ,god1 z said above4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,w ( ,god ,is ,*angeable8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! w ( ,god is *angeable4 ,= ! ,"l says 7,g54 #f3g73 ,x rep5te? ,me t ,i h made man4 ,b :oev] rep5ts ( :at he has done1 has a *angeable w4 ,!re=e ,god has a *angeable w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is said 9 ! p]son ( ! ,"l3 ,i w speak aga9/ a nation & aga9/ a k+dom1 to root out1 & to pull d[n1 & to de/roy x2 b if t nation %all rep5t ( its evil1 ,i also w rep5t ( ! evil t ,i h ?\ght to d to !m 7,j]4 #ah3g1 #h74 ,!re=e ,god has a *angeable w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ,god does1 ,he does volunt>ily4 ,b ,god does n always d ! same ?+1 = at "o "t ,he ord]$ ! law to be obs]v$1 & at ano!r "t =bade x4 ,!re=e ,he has a *angeable w4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,god does n w ( necessity :at ,he wills1 z said be=e 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ,he c bo? w & n w ! same ?+4 ,b :atev] c incl9e to ei!r ( two opposites1 is *angeable sub/antially2 & t :i* c exi/ 9 a place or n 9 t place1 is *angeable locally4 ,!re=e ,god is *angeable z reg>ds ,8 w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said3 ,god is n z a man1 t ,he %\ld lie1 nor z ! son ( man1 t ,he %\ld be *ang$ 7,num4 #bc3ai74 ,i answ] t1 ,! w ( ,god is entirely un*angeable4 ,on ?is po9t we mu/ consid] t to *ange ! w is "o ?+2 to w t c]ta9 ?+s %\ld be *ang$ is ano!r4 ,x is possible to w a ?+ to be done n[1 & its contr>y aft]w>ds2 & yet = ! w to rema9 p]man5tly ! same3 :]eas ! w w\ld be *ang$1 if "o %\ld beg9 to w :at be=e he _h n will$2 or cease to w :at he _h will$ be=e4 ,?is _c happ51 unless we presuppose *ange ei!r 9 ! k or 9 ! disposition ( ! sub/ance ( ! will]4 ,= s9ce ! w reg>ds good1 a man may 9 two ways beg9 to w a ?+4 ,9 "o way :5 t ?+ beg9s to be good = him1 & ?is does n take place )\t a *ange 9 him4 ,?us :5 ! cold wea!r beg9s1 x becomes good to sit by ! fire2 ?\gh x 0 n s be=e4 ,9 ano!r way :5 he kn[s = ! fir/ "t t a ?+ is good = him1 ?\gh he did n "k x be=e2 h5ce we take c\nsel 9 ord] to "k :at is good = u4 ,n[ x has already be5 %[n t bo? ! sub/ance ( ,god & ,8 k are entirely un*angeable 7,,qq4 #i1 ,a4 #a2 #ad1 ,a4 #ae74 ,!re=e ,8 w mu/ be entirely un*angeable4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ! ,"l are to be und]/ood metaphorically1 & accord+ to ! lik5ess ( our nature4 ,= :5 we rep5t1 we de/roy :at we h made2 al?\gh we may ev5 d s )\t *ange ( w2 z1 :5 a man wills to make a ?+1 at ! same "t int5d+ to de/roy x lat]4 ,!re=e ,god is said to h rep5t$1 by way ( comp>ison ) our mode ( act+1 9 s f> z by ! deluge ,he de/roy$ f ! face ( ! e>? man :om ,he _h made4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w ( ,god1 z x is ! fir/ & univ]sal cause1 does n exclude int]m$iate causes t h p[] to produce c]ta9 effects4 ,s9ce h[ev] all int]m$iate causes are inf]ior 9 p[] to ! fir/ cause1 !re are _m ?+s 9 ! div9e p[]1 k & w t are n includ$ 9 ! ord] ( inf]ior causes4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 "o :o look$ only on inf]ior causes might h said3 ,laz>us w n rise aga91 b look+ at ! div9e fir/ cause might h said3 ,laz>us w rise aga94 ,& ,god wills bo?3 t is1 t 9 ! ord] ( ! inf]ior cause a ?+ %all happ52 b t 9 ! ord] ( ! high] cause x %all n happ52 or ,he may w conv]sely4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ,god sometimes decl>es t a ?+ %all happ5 accord+ z x falls "u ! ord] ( inf]ior causes1 z ( nature1 or m]it1 :i* yet does n happ5 z n be+ 9 ! designs ( ! div9e & high] cause4 ,?us ,he =etold to ,eze*ias3 ,take ord] ) ?y h\se1 = ?\ %alt die1 & n live 7,isa4 #ch3a74 ,yet ?is did n take place1 s9ce f et]nity x 0 o!rwise dispos$ 9 ! div9e k & w1 :i* is un*angeable4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 xvi1 #e73 ,! s5t5ce ( ,god *anges1 b n ,8 c\nsel--t is to say1 ! c\nsel ( ,8 w4 ,:5 !re=e ,he says1 ,i also w rep5t1 ,8 words mu/ be und]/ood metaphorically4 ,= m5 seem to rep5t1 :5 !y d n fulfill :at !y h ?reat5$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x does n foll[ f ?is argum5t t ,god has a w t *anges1 b t ,he sometimes wills t ?+s %\ld *ange4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ,god's will+ a ?+ is n by absolute necessity1 yet x is necess>y by supposition1 on acc\nt ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! div9e w1 z has be5 said above 7,a4 #c74 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,w ( ,god ,imposes ,necessity on ! ,?+s ,will$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! w ( ,god imposes necessity on ! ?+s will$4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ajc73 ,no "o is sav$1 except :om ,god has will$ to be sav$4 ,he mu/ !re=e be ask$ to w x2 = if ,he wills x1 x mu/ necess>ily be4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e cause t _c be h9d]$1 produces its effect necess>ily1 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #hd7 ,nature always works 9 ! same way1 if !re is no?+ to h9d] x4 ,b ! w ( ,god _c be h9d]$4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #i3ai73 ,:o resi/e? ,8 w8 ,!re=e ! w ( ,god imposes necessity on ! ?+s will$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is necess>y by its antec$5t cause is necess>y absolutely2 x is ?us necess>y t animals %\ld die1 be+ comp\nd$ ( contr>y elem5ts4 ,n[ ?+s creat$ by ,god are relat$ to ! div9e w z to an antec$5t cause1 :]eby !y h necessity4 ,= ! conditional /atem5t is true t if ,god wills a ?+1 x comes to pass2 & e true conditional /atem5t is necess>y4 ,x foll[s !re=e t all t ,god wills is necess>y absolutely4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all good ?+s t exi/ ,god wills to be4 ,if !re=e ,8 w imposes necessity on ?+s will$1 x foll[s t all good happ5s ( necessity2 & ?us !re is an end ( free w1 c\nsel1 & all o!r su* ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! div9e w imposes necessity on "s ?+s will$ b n on all4 ,! reason ( ?is "s h *os5 to assign to int]m$iate causes1 hold+ t :at ,god produces by necess>y causes is necess>y2 & :at ,he produces by cont+5t causes cont+5t4 ,?is does n seem to be a suffici5t explanation1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! effect ( a fir/ cause is cont+5t on acc\nt ( ! second>y cause1 f ! fact t ! effect ( ! fir/ cause is h9d]$ by defici5cy 9 ! second cause1 z ! sun's p[] is h9d]$ by a defect 9 ! plant4 ,b no defect ( a second>y cause c h9d] ,god's w f produc+ its effect4 ,secondly1 because if ! di/9ction betwe5 ! cont+5t & ! necess>y is to be ref]r$ only to second>y causes1 ?is mu/ be indep5d5t ( ! div9e int5tion & w2 :i* is inadmissible4 ,x is bett] !re=e to say t ?is happ5s on acc\nt ( ! efficacy ( ! div9e w4 ,= :5 a cause is efficaci\s to act1 ! effect foll[s ^u ! cause1 n only z to ! ?+ done1 b also z to its mann] ( be+ done or ( be+4 ,?us f defect ( active p[] 9 ! se$ x may happ5 t a *ild is born unlike its fa!r 9 accid5tal po9ts1 t belong to its mann] ( be+4 ,s9ce !n ! div9e w is p]fectly efficaci\s1 x foll[s n only t ?+s are done1 :i* ,god wills to be done1 b also t !y are done 9 ! way t ,he wills4 ,n[ ,god wills "s ?+s to be done necess>ily1 "s cont+5tly1 to ! "r ord]+ ( ?+s1 = ! build+ up ( ! univ]se4 ,!re=e to "s effects ,he has atta*$ necess>y causes1 t _c fail2 b to o!rs defectible & cont+5t causes1 f :i* arise cont+5t effects4 ,h5ce x is n because ! proximate causes are cont+5t t ! effects will$ by ,god happ5 cont+5tly1 b because ,god prep>$ cont+5t causes = !m1 x be+ ,8 w t !y %\ld happ5 cont+5tly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ! words ( ,augu/9e we mu/ und]/& a necessity 9 ?+s will$ by ,god t is n absolute1 b conditional4 ,= ! conditional /atem5t t if ,god wills a ?+ x mu/ necess>ily be1 is necess>ily true4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ! v fact t no?+ resi/s ! div9e w1 x foll[s t n only ^? ?+s happ5 t ,god wills to happ51 b t !y happ5 necess>ily or cont+5tly accord+ to ,8 w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,consequ5ts h necessity f _! antec$5ts accord+ to ! mode ( ! antec$5ts4 ,h5ce ?+s effect$ by ! div9e w h t k9d ( necessity t ,god wills !m to h1 ei!r absolute or conditional4 ,n all ?+s1 !re=e1 are absolute necessities4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,god ,wills ,evils8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god wills evils4 ,= e good t exi/s1 ,god wills4 ,b x is a good t evil %\ld exi/4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ie73 ,al?\gh evil 9 s f> z x is evil is n a good1 yet x is good t n only good ?+s %\ld exi/1 b also evil ?+s4 ,!re=e ,god wills evil ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #bc73 ,evil w\ld conduce to ! p]fection ( ev]y?+1 i4e4 ! univ]se4 ,& ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #aj1 #aa73 ,out ( all ?+s is built up ! admirable beauty ( ! univ]se1 :]e9 ev5 t :i* is call$ evil1 prop]ly ord]$ & dispos$1 comm5ds ! good m evid5tly 9 t good is m pleas+ & praisewor?y :5 contra/$ ) evil4 ,b ,god wills all t app]ta9s to ! p]fection & beauty ( ! univ]se1 = ?is is :at ,god desires above all ?+s 9 ,8 creatures4 ,!re=e ,god wills evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t evil %\ld exi/1 & %\ld n exi/1 are contradictory opposites4 ,b ,god does n w t evil %\ld n exi/2 o!rwise1 s9ce v>i\s evils d exi/1 ,god's w w\ld n always be fulfill$4 ,!re=e ,god wills t evil %\ld exi/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 #hc1c73 ,no wise man is ! cause ( ano!r man becom+ worse4 ,n[ ,god surpasses all m5 9 wisdom4 ,mu* less !re=e is ,god ! cause ( man becom+ worse2 & :5 ,he is said to be ! cause ( a ?+1 ,he is said to w x4 ,!re=e x is n by ,god's w t man becomes worse4 ,n[ x is cle> t e evil makes a ?+ worse4 ,!re=e ,god wills n evil ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! ratio ( good is ! ratio ( appetibility1 z said be=e 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #a71 & s9ce evil is oppos$ to good1 x is impossible t any evil1 z su*1 %\ld be s\ght = by ! appetite1 ei!r natural1 or animal1 or by ! intellectual appetite :i* is ! w4 ,nev]!less evil may be s\ght accid5tally1 s f> z x accompanies a good1 z appe>s 9 ea* ( ! appetites4 ,= a natural ag5t int5ds n privation or corruption1 b ! =m to :i* is annex$ ! privation ( "s o!r =m1 & ! g5]ation ( "o ?+1 :i* implies ! corruption ( ano!r4 ,also :5 a lion kills a /ag1 8 object is food1 to obta9 :i* ! kill+ ( ! animal is only ! means4 ,simil>ly ! =nicator has m]ely pleasure = 8 object1 & ! de=mity ( s9 is only an accompanim5t4 ,n[ ! evil t accompanies "o good1 is ! privation ( ano!r good4 ,nev] !re=e w\ld evil be s\ght aft]1 n ev5 accid5tally1 unless ! good t accompanies ! evil 7 m desir$ ?an ! good ( :i* ! evil is ! privation4 ,n[ ,god wills no good m ?an ,he wills ,8 own goodness2 yet ,he wills "o good m ?an ano!r4 ,h5ce ,he 9 no way wills ! evil ( s91 :i* is ! privation ( "r ord] t[>ds ! div9e good4 ,! evil ( natural defect1 or ( puni%m5t1 ,he does w1 by will+ ! good to :i* su* evils are atta*$4 ,?us 9 will+ ju/ice ,he wills puni%m5t2 & 9 will+ ! pres]vation ( ! natural ord]1 ,he wills "s ?+s to be naturally corrupt$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s h said t al?\gh ,god does n w evil1 yet ,he wills t evil %\ld be or be done1 because1 al?\gh evil is n a good1 yet x is good t evil %\ld be or be done4 ,?is !y said because ?+s evil 9 !mselves are ord]$ to "s good end2 & ?is ord] !y ?\ght 0 express$ 9 ! words t evil %\ld be or be done4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n correct2 s9ce evil is n ( itself ord]$ to good1 b accid5tally4 ,= x is beside ! int5tion ( ! s9n]1 t any good %\ld foll[ f 8 s92 z x 0 beside ! int5tion ( tyrants t ! pati5ce ( ! m>tyrs %\ld %9e =? f all _! p]secutions4 ,x _c !re=e be said t su* an ord]+ to good is impli$ 9 ! /atem5t t x is a good ?+ t evil %\ld be or be done1 s9ce no?+ is judg$ ( by t :i* app]ta9s to x accid5tally1 b by t :i* belongs to x ess5tially4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,evil does n op]ate t[>ds ! p]fection & beauty ( ! univ]se1 except accid5tally1 z said above 7ad #a74 ,!re=e ,dionysius 9 say+ t evil w\ld conduce to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 draws a conclusion by r$uction to an absurdity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! /atem5ts t evil exi/s1 & t evil exi/s n1 are oppos$ z contradictories2 yet ! /atem5ts t anyone wills evil to exi/ & t he wills x n to be1 are n s oppos$2 s9ce ei!r is affirmative4 ,god !re=e nei!r wills evil to be done1 nor wills x n to be done1 b wills to p]mit evil to be done2 & ?is is a good4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,god ,has ,free-,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god has n free-w4 ,= ,j]ome says1 9 a homily on ! prodigal son 99,ep4 #adf1 ad ,damas42 ,god alone is ,he :o is n liable to s91 nor c be liable3 all o!rs1 z hav+ free-w1 c be incl9$ to ei!r side4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 free-w is ! faculty ( ! reason & w1 by :i* good & evil are *os54 ,b ,god does n w evil1 z has be5 said 7,a4 #i74 ,!re=e !re is n free-w 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide ii1 #c73 ,! ,holy ,_s divide? unto ea* "o z ,he w1 namely1 accord+ to ! free *oice ( ! w1 n 9 ob$i5ce to necessity4 ,i answ] t1 ,we h free-w ) respect to :at we w n ( necessity1 nor by natural in/9ct4 ,= our w to be happy does n app]ta9 to free-w1 b to natural in/9ct4 ,h5ce o!r animals1 t are mov$ to act by natural in/9ct1 are n said to be mov$ by free-w4 ,s9ce !n ,god necess>ily wills ,8 own goodness1 b o!r ?+s n necess>ily1 z %[n above 7,a4 #c71 ,he has free w ) respect to :at ,he does n necess>ily w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j]ome seems to d5y free-w to ,god n simply1 b only z reg>ds ! incl9ation to s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ! evil ( s9 consi/s 9 turn+ away f ! div9e goodness1 by :i* ,god wills all ?+s1 z above %[n1 x is manife/ly impossible = ,him to w ! evil ( s92 yet ,he c make *oice ( "o ( two opposites1 inasmu* z ,he c w a ?+ to be1 or n to be4 ,9 ! same way we ourselves1 )\t s91 c w to sit d[n1 & n w to sit d[n4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ! ,w ( ,expression ,is to ,be ,di/+ui%$ 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! w ( expression is n to be di/+ui%$ 9 ,god4 ,= z ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s1 s is ,8 wisdom4 ,b no expressions are assign$ to ! div9e wisdom4 ,!re=e no expressions ought to be assign$ to ! div9e w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e expression t is n 9 agreem5t ) ! m9d ( him :o expresses himself1 is false4 ,if !re=e ! expressions assign$ to ! div9e w are n 9 agreem5t ) t w1 !y are false4 ,b if !y d agree1 !y are sup]flu\s4 ,no expressions !re=e mu/ be assign$ to ! div9e w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! w ( ,god is "o1 s9ce x is ! v ess5ce ( ,god4 ,yet sometimes x is spok5 ( z _m1 z 9 ! words ( ,ps4 #aaj3b3 ,great are ! works ( ! ,"l1 s\ght out accord+ to all ,8 wills4 ,!re=e sometimes ! sign mu/ be tak5 = ! w4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s ?+s are said ( ,god 9 _! /rict s5se2 o!rs by metaphor1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said be=e 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #c74 ,:5 c]ta9 human passions are pr$icat$ ( ! ,godhead metaphorically1 ?is is done because ( a lik5ess 9 ! effect4 ,h5ce a ?+ t is 9 u a sign ( "s passion1 is signifi$ metaphorically 9 ,god "u ! "n ( t passion4 ,?us ) u x is usual = an angry man to puni%1 s t puni%m5t becomes an expression ( ang]4 ,!re=e puni%m5t itself is signifi$ by ! ^w ang]1 :5 ang] is attribut$ to ,god4 ,9 ! same way1 :at is usually ) u an expression ( w1 is sometimes metaphorically call$ w 9 ,god2 j z :5 anyone lays d[n a precept1 x is a sign t he wi%es t precept obey$4 ,h5ce a div9e precept is sometimes call$ by metaphor ! w ( ,god1 z 9 ! words3 ,?y w be done on e>?1 z x is 9 heav5 7,matt4 #f3aj74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 w & ang]1 t ang] is nev] attribut$ to ,god prop]ly1 s9ce 9 its prim>y mean+ x includes passion2 :]eas w is attribut$ to ,him prop]ly4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re are di/+ui%$ w 9 its prop] s5se1 & w z attribut$ to ,him by metaphor4 ,w 9 its prop] s5se is call$ ! w ( good pleasure2 & w metaphorically tak5 is ! w ( expression1 inasmu* z ! sign itself ( w is call$ w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,k is n ! cause ( a ?+ be+ done1 unless ?r\gh ! w4 ,= we d n put into act :at we "k1 unless we w to d s4 ,accord+ly expression is n attribut$ to k1 b to w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,expressions ( w are call$ div9e wills1 n z be+ signs t ,god wills any?+2 b because :at 9 u is ! usual expression ( our w1 is call$ ! div9e w 9 ,god4 ,?us puni%m5t is n a sign t !re is ang] 9 ,god2 b x is call$ ang] 9 ,him1 f ! fact t x is an expression ( ang] 9 ourselves4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,five ,expressions ( ,w ,are ,rightly ,assign$ to ! ,div9e ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t five expressions ( w--namely1 prohibition1 precept1 c\nsel1 op]ation1 & p]mission--are n rightly assign$ to ! div9e w4 ,= ! same ?+s t ,god bids u d by ,8 precept or c\nsel1 ^! ,he sometimes op]ates 9 u1 & ! same ?+s t ,he prohibits1 ^! ,he sometimes p]mits4 ,!y ought n !re=e to be enum]at$ z di/9ct4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god works no?+ unless ,he wills x1 z ! ,scripture says 7,wis4 #aa3bf74 ,b ! w ( expression is di/9ct f ! w ( good pleasure4 ,!re=e op]ation ought n to be compreh5d$ 9 ! w ( expression4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 op]ation & p]mission app]ta9 to all creatures 9 common1 s9ce ,god works 9 !m all1 & p]mits "s action 9 !m all4 ,b precept1 c\nsel1 & prohibition belong to rational creatures only4 ,!re=e !y d n come rightly "u "o division1 n be+ ( "o ord]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 evil happ5s 9 m ways ?an good1 s9ce good happ5s 9 "o way1 b evil 9 all k9ds ( ways1 z decl>$ by ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f71 & ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #bb74 ,x is n "r !re=e to assign "o expression only 9 ! case ( evil--namely1 prohibition--& two--namely1 c\nsel & precept--9 ! case ( good4 ,i answ] t1 ,by ^! signs we "n ! expression ( w by :i* we are accu/om$ to %[ t we w some?+4 ,a man may %[ t he wills some?+1 ei!r by himself or by means ( ano!r4 ,he may %[ x by himself1 by do+ some?+ ei!r directly1 or indirectly & accid5tally4 ,he %[s x directly :5 he works 9 8 own p]son2 9 t way ! expression ( 8 w is 8 own work+4 ,he %[s x indirectly1 by n h9d]+ ! do+ ( a ?+2 = :at removes an imp$im5t is call$ an accid5tal mov]4 ,9 ?is respect ! expression is call$ p]mission4 ,he decl>es 8 w by means ( ano!r :5 he ord]s ano!r to p]=m a "w1 ei!r by insi/+ ^u x z necess>y by precept1 & by prohibit+ its contr>y2 or by p]suasion1 :i* is a "p ( c\nsel4 ,s9ce 9 ^! ways ! w ( man makes itself kn[n1 ! same five are sometimes d5om9at$ ) reg>d to ! div9e w1 z ! expression ( t w4 ,t precept1 c\nsel1 & prohibition are call$ ! w ( ,god is cle> f ! words ( ,matt4 #f3aj3 ,?y w be done on e>? z x is 9 heav54 ,t p]mission & op]ation are call$ ! w ( ,god is cle> f ,augu/9e 7,en*iridion #ie71 :o says3 ,no?+ is done1 unless ! ,almighty wills x to be done1 ei!r by p]mitt+ x1 or by actually do+ x4 ,or x may be said t p]mission & op]ation ref] to pres5t "t1 p]mission be+ ) respect to evil1 op]ation ) reg>d to good4 ,:il/ z to future "t1 prohibition is 9 respect to evil1 precept to good t is necess>y & c\nsel to good t is ( sup]]ogation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t anyone decl>+ 8 w ab\t ! same matt] 9 diff]5t ways2 ?us we f9d _m words t mean ! same ?+4 ,h5ce !re is no reason :y ! same ?+ %\ld n be ! subject ( precept1 op]ation1 & c\nsel2 or ( prohibition or p]mission4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,god may by metaphor be said to w :at by ,8 w1 prop]ly speak+1 ,he wills n2 s ,he may by metaphor be said to w :at ,he does1 prop]ly speak+1 w4 ,h5ce !re is no?+ to prev5t ! same ?+ be+ ! object ( ! w ( good pleasure1 & ( ! w ( expression4 ,b op]ation is always ! same z ! w ( good pleasure2 :ile precept & c\nsel are n2 bo? because ! =m] reg>ds ! pres5t1 & ! two latt] ! future2 & because ! =m] is ( itself ! effect ( ! w2 ! latt] its effect z fulfill$ by means ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,rational creatures are ma/]s ( _! own acts2 & = ?is reason c]ta9 special expressions ( ! div9e w are assign$ to _! acts1 inasmu* z ,god orda9s rational creatures to act volunt>ily & ( !mselves4 ,o!r creatures act only z mov$ by ! div9e op]ation2 !re=e only op]ation & p]mission are conc]n$ ) ^!4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all evil ( s91 ?\gh happ5+ 9 _m ways1 agrees 9 be+ out ( h>mony ) ! div9e w4 ,h5ce ) reg>d to evil1 only "o expression is assign$1 t ( prohibition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 good /&s 9 v>i\s relations to ! div9e goodness1 s9ce !re are good de$s )\t :i* we _c atta9 to ! fruition ( t goodness1 & ^! are ! subject ( precept2 & !re are o!rs by :i* we atta9 to x m p]fectly1 & ^! are ! subject ( c\nsel4 ,or x may be said t c\nsel is n only conc]n$ ) ! obta9+ ( great] good2 b also ) ! avoid+ ( less] evils4 ,,"q #bj ,,god',s ,,love 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] ^? ?+s t p]ta9 absolutely to ! w ( ,god4 ,9 ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l !re are f\nd 9 ourselves bo? ! passions ( ! s\l1 z joy1 love1 & ! l2 & ! habits ( ! moral virtues1 z ju/ice1 =titude & ! l4 ,h5ce we %all fir/ consid] ! love ( ,god1 & secondly ,8 ju/ice & m]cy4 ,ab\t ! fir/ !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r love exi/s 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,he loves all ?+s8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,he loves "o ?+ m ?an ano!r8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,he loves m ! bett] ?+s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,love ,exi/s 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t love does n exi/ 9 ,god4 ,= 9 ,god !re are no passions4 ,n[ love is a passion4 ,!re=e love is n 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love1 ang]1 sorr[ & ! l1 are mutually divid$ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,b sorr[ & ang] are n attribut$ to ,god1 unless by metaphor4 ,!re=e nei!r is love attribut$ to ,him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,love is a unit+ & b9d+ =ce4 ,b ?is _c take place 9 ,god1 s9ce ,he is simple4 ,!re=e love does n exi/ 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,god is love 7,john #d3af74 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ ne$s ass]t t 9 ,god !re is love3 because love is ! fir/ movem5t ( ! w & ( e appetitive faculty4 ,= s9ce ! acts ( ! w & ( e appetitive faculty t5d t[>ds good & evil1 z to _! prop] objects3 & s9ce good is ess5tially & especially ! object ( ! w & ! appetite1 :]eas evil is only ! object second>ily & indirectly1 z oppos$ to good2 x foll[s t ! acts ( ! w & appetite t reg>d good mu/ naturally be prior to ^? t reg>d evil2 ?us1 = in/ance1 joy is prior to sorr[1 love to hate3 because :at exi/s ( itself is always prior to t :i* exi/s ?r\gh ano!r4 ,aga91 ! m univ]sal is naturally prior to :at is less s4 ,h5ce ! intellect is fir/ direct$ to univ]sal tru?2 & 9 ! second place to p>ticul> & special tru?s4 ,n[ !re are c]ta9 acts ( ! w & appetite t reg>d good "u "s special condition1 z joy & delight reg>d good pres5t & possess$2 :]eas desire & hope reg>d good n z yet possess$4 ,love1 h[ev]1 reg>ds good univ]sally1 :e!r possess$ or n4 ,h5ce love is naturally ! fir/ act ( ! w & appetite2 = :i* reason all ! o!r appetite movem5ts presuppose love1 z _! root & orig94 ,= nobody desires any?+ nor rejoices 9 any?+1 except z a good t is lov$3 nor is any?+ an object ( hate except z oppos$ to ! object ( love4 ,simil>ly1 x is cle> t sorr[1 & o!r ?+s l to x1 mu/ be ref]r$ to love z to _! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,h5ce1 9 :omsoev] !re is w & appetite1 !re mu/ also be love3 s9ce if ! fir/ is want+1 all t foll[s is also want+4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n t w is 9 ,god 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #a71 & h5ce we mu/ attribute love to ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! cognitive faculty does n move except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! appetitive3 & j z 9 ourselves ! univ]sal reason moves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p>ticul> reason1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #eh1 #ge1 s 9 ourselves ! intellectual appetite1 or ! w z x is call$1 moves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,h5ce1 9 u ! s5sitive appetite is ! proximate motive-=ce ( our bodies4 ,"s bodily *ange !re=e always accompanies an act ( ! s5sitive appetite1 & ?is *ange affects especially ! he>t1 :i*1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de "p4 animal4 iii1 #d71 is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( movem5t 9 animals4 ,!re=e acts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 inasmu* z !y h annex$ to !m "s bodily *ange1 are call$ passions2 :]eas acts ( ! w are n s call$4 ,love1 !re=e1 & joy & delight are passions2 9 s f> z !y d5ote acts ( ! intellective appetite1 !y are n passions4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] s5se t !y are 9 ,god4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii73 ,god rejoices by an op]ation t is "o & simple1 & = ! same reason ,he loves )\t passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! passions ( ! s5sitive appetite !re may be di/+ui%$ a c]ta9 mat]ial elem5t--namely1 ! bodily *ange--& a c]ta9 =mal elem5t1 :i* is on ! "p ( ! appetite4 ,?us 9 ang]1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #ae1 #fc1 #fd71 ! mat]ial elem5t is ! k9dl+ ( ! blood ab\t ! he>t2 b ! =mal1 ! appetite = rev5ge4 ,aga91 z reg>ds ! =mal elem5t ( c]ta9 passions a c]ta9 imp]fection is impli$1 z 9 desire1 :i* is ( ! good we h n1 & 9 sorr[1 :i* is ab\t ! evil we h4 ,?is applies also to ang]1 :i* supposes sorr[4 ,c]ta9 o!r passions1 h[ev]1 z love & joy1 imply no imp]fection4 ,s9ce !re=e none ( ^! c be attribut$ to ,god on _! mat]ial side1 z has be5 said 7ad #a72 nei!r c ^? t ev5 on _! =mal side imply imp]fection be attribut$ to ,him2 except metaphorically1 & f lik5ess ( effects1 z already %[ 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #aa74 ,:]eas1 ^? t d n imply imp]fection1 su* z love & joy1 c be prop]ly pr$icat$ ( ,god1 ?\gh )\t attribut+ passion to ,him1 z said be=e 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #aa74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an act ( love always t5ds t[>ds two ?+s2 to ! good t "o wills1 & to ! p]son = :om "o wills x3 s9ce to love a p]son is to wi% t p]son good4 ,h5ce1 inasmu* z we love ourselves1 we wi% ourselves good2 &1 s f> z possible1 union ) t good4 ,s love is call$ ! unitive =ce1 ev5 9 ,god1 yet )\t imply+ composition2 = ! good t ,he wills = ,himself1 is no o!r ?an ,himself1 ,:o is good by ,8 ess5ce1 z above %[n 7,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,& by ! fact t anyone loves ano!r1 he wills good to t o!r4 ,?us he puts ! o!r1 z x 71 9 ! place ( himself2 & reg>ds ! good done to him z done to himself4 ,s f> love is a b9d+ =ce1 s9ce x aggregates ano!r to ourselves1 & ref]s 8 good to our own4 ,& !n aga9 ! div9e love is a b9d+ =ce1 inasmu* z ,god wills good to o!rs2 yet x implies no composition 9 ,god4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,loves ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n love all ?+s4 ,= accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #a71 love places ! lov] outside himself1 & causes him to pass1 z x 71 into ! object ( 8 love4 ,b x is n admissible to say t ,god is plac$ outside ( ,himself1 & passes into o!r ?+s4 ,!re=e x is inadmissible to say t ,god loves ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! love ( ,god is et]nal4 ,b ?+s ap>t f ,god are n f et]nity2 except 9 ,god4 ,!re=e ,god does n love any?+1 except z x exi/s 9 ,himself4 ,b z exi/+ 9 ,him1 x is no o!r ?an ,himself4 ,!re=e ,god does n love ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 love is tw(old--! love1 namely1 ( desire1 & ! love ( fri5d%ip4 ,n[ ,god does n love irrational creatures ) ! love ( desire1 s9ce ,he ne$s no creature outside ,himself4 ,nor ) ! love ( fri5d%ip2 s9ce !re c be no fri5d%ip ) irrational creatures1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,e?ic4 viii1 #b74 ,!re=e ,god does n love all ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ps4 #e3g73 ,?\ hate/ all ! work]s ( iniquity4 ,n[ no?+ is at ! same "t hat$ & lov$4 ,!re=e ,god does n love all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,wis4 #aa3be73 ,?\ love/ all ?+s t are1 & hate/ none ( ! ?+s :i* ,?\ ha/ made4 ,i answ] t1 ,god loves all exi/+ ?+s4 ,= all exi/+ ?+s1 9 s f> z !y exi/1 are good1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ is itself a good2 & likewise1 :atev] p]fection x possesses4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d7 t ,god's w is ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,x mu/ ne$s be1 !re=e1 t a ?+ has exi/5ce1 or any k9d ( good1 only inasmu* z x is will$ by ,god4 ,to e exi/+ ?+1 !n1 ,god wills "s good4 ,h5ce1 s9ce to love any?+ is no?+ else ?an to w good to t ?+1 x is manife/ t ,god loves ev]y?+ t exi/s4 ,yet n z we love4 ,because s9ce our w is n ! cause ( ! goodness ( ?+s1 b is mov$ by x z by its object1 our love1 :]eby we w good to any?+1 is n ! cause ( its goodness2 b conv]sely its goodness1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 calls =? our love1 by :i* we w t x %\ld pres]ve ! good x has1 & receive besides ! good x has n1 & to ?is end we direct our actions3 :]eas ! love ( ,god infuses & creates goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a lov] is plac$ outside himself1 & made to pass into ! object ( 8 love1 inasmu* z he wills good to ! belov$2 & works = t good by 8 provid5ce ev5 z he works = 8 own4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #a73 ,on behalf ( ! tru? we mu/ make bold to say ev5 ?is1 t ,he ,himself1 ! cause ( all ?+s1 by ,8 ab\nd+ love & goodness1 is plac$ outside ,himself by ,8 provid5ce = all exi/+ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh creatures h n exi/$ f et]nity1 except 9 ,god1 yet because !y h be5 9 ,him f et]nity1 ,god has kn[n !m et]nally 9 _! prop] natures2 & = t reason has lov$ !m1 ev5 z we1 by ! images ( ?+s )9 u1 "k ?+s exi/+ 9 !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fri5d%ip _c exi/ except t[>ds rational creatures1 :o are capable ( return+ love1 & communicat+ "o ) ano!r 9 ! v>i\s works ( life1 & :o may f>e well or ill1 accord+ to ! *anges ( =tune & happ9ess2 ev5 z to !m is b5evol5ce prop]ly speak+ ex]cis$4 ,b irrational creatures _c atta9 to lov+ ,god1 nor to any %>e 9 ! intellectual & beatific life t ,he lives4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 ,god does n love irrational creatures ) ! love ( fri5d%ip2 b z x 7 ) ! love ( desire1 9 s f> z ,he ord]s !m to rational creatures1 & ev5 to ,himself4 ,yet ?is is n because ,he /&s 9 ne$ ( !m2 b only on acc\nt ( ,8 goodness1 & ( ! s]vices !y r5d] to u4 ,= we c desire a ?+ = o!rs z well z = ourselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,no?+ prev5ts "o & ! same ?+ be+ lov$ "u "o aspect1 :ile x is hat$ "u ano!r4 ,god loves s9n]s 9 s f> z !y are exi/+ natures2 = !y h exi/5ce & h x f ,him4 ,9 s f> z !y are s9n]s1 !y h n exi/5ce at all1 b fall %ort ( x2 & ?is 9 !m is n f ,god4 ,h5ce "u ?is aspect1 !y are hat$ by ,him4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,loves ,all ,?+s ,equally8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god loves all ?+s equally4 ,= x is said3 ,he ha? equally c>e ( all 7,wis4 #f3h74 ,b ,god's provid5ce ov] ?+s comes f ! love :]e) ,he loves !m4 ,!re=e ,he loves all ?+s equally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! love ( ,god is ,8 ess5ce4 ,b ,god's ess5ce does n admit ( degree2 nei!r !re=e does ,8 love4 ,he does n !re=e love "s ?+s m ?an o!rs4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,god's love ext5ds to creat$ ?+s1 s d ,8 k & w ext5d4 ,b ,god is n said to "k "s ?+s m ?an o!rs2 nor w "o ?+ m ?an ano!r4 ,nei!r !re=e does ,he love "s ?+s m ?an o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 9 ,joan4 cx73 ,god loves all ?+s t ,he has made1 & among/ !m rational creatures m1 & ( ^! especially ^? :o are memb]s ( ,8 only-begott5 ,son ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce to love a ?+ is to w x good1 9 a tw(old way any?+ may be lov$ m1 or less4 ,9 "o way on ! "p ( ! act ( ! w itself1 :i* is m or less int5se4 ,9 ?is way ,god does n love "s ?+s m ?an o!rs1 because ,he loves all ?+s by an act ( ! w t is "o1 simple1 & always ! same4 ,9 ano!r way on ! "p ( ! good itself t a p]son wills = ! belov$4 ,9 ?is way we are said to love t "o m ?an ano!r1 = :om we w a great] good1 ?\gh our w is n m int5se4 ,9 ?is way we mu/ ne$s say t ,god loves "s ?+s m ?an o!rs4 ,= s9ce ,god's love is ! cause ( goodness 9 ?+s1 z has be5 said 7,a4 #b71 no "o ?+ w\ld be bett] ?an ano!r1 if ,god did n w great] good = "o ?an = ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is said to h equally c>e ( all1 n because by ,8 c>e ,he deals out equal good to all1 b because ,he adm9i/]s all ?+s ) a l wisdom & goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t is bas$ on ! int5sity ( love on ! "p ( ! act ( ! w1 :i* is ! div9e ess5ce4 ,b ! good t ,god wills = ,8 creatures1 is n ! div9e ess5ce4 ,!re=e !re is no reason :y x may n v>y 9 degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to und]/& & to w d5ote ! act alone1 & d n include 9 _! mean+ objects f ! div]sity ( :i* ,god may be said to "k or w m or less1 z has be5 said ) respect to ,god's love4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,god ,always ,loves ,m ! ,bett] ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god does n always love m ! bett] ?+s4 ,= x is manife/ t ,*ri/ is bett] ?an ! :ole human race1 be+ ,god & man4 ,b ,god lov$ ! human race m ?an ,he lov$ ,*ri/2 = x is said3 ,he sp>$ n ,8 own ,son1 b deliv]$ ,him up = u all 7,rom4 #h3cb74 ,!re=e ,god does n always love m ! bett] ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an angel is bett] ?an a man4 ,h5ce x is said ( man3 ,?\ ha/ made him a little less ?an ! angels 7,ps4 #h3f74 ,b ,god lov$ m5 m ?an ,he lov$ ! angels1 = x is said3 ,n[h]e do? ,he take hold ( ! angels1 b ( ! se$ ( ,abraham ,he take? hold 7,heb4 #b3af74 ,!re=e ,god does n always love m ! bett] ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,pet] 0 bett] ?an ,john1 s9ce he lov$ ,*ri/ m4 ,h5ce ! ,"l1 kn[+ ?is to be true1 ask$ ,pet]1 say+3 ,simon1 son ( ,john1 love/ ?\ ,me m ?an ^!8 ,yet ,*ri/ lov$ ,john m ?an ,he lov$ ,pet]4 ,= z ,augu/9e says1 comm5t+ on ! words1 ,simon1 son ( ,john1 love/ ?\ ,me83 ,by ?is v m>k is ,john di/+ui%$ f ! o!r disciples1 n t ,he lov$ him only1 b t ,he lov$ him m ?an ! re/4 ,!re=e ,god does n always love m ! bett] ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! innoc5t man is bett] ?an ! rep5tant1 s9ce rep5tance is1 z ,j]ome says 7,cap4 #c 9 ,isa471 a second plank aft] %ipwreck4 ,b ,god loves ! p5it5t m ?an ! innoc5t2 s9ce ,he rejoices ov] him ! m4 ,= x is said3 ,i say to y t !re %all be joy 9 heav5 ^u ! "o s9n] t do? p5ance1 m ?an ^u n9ety-n9e j :o ne$ n p5ance 7,luke #ae3g74 ,!re=e ,god does n always love m ! bett] ?+s4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! j man :o is =ekn[n is bett] ?an ! pr$e/9$ s9n]4 ,n[ ,god loves m ! pr$e/9$ s9n]1 s9ce ,he wills = him a great] good1 life et]nal4 ,!re=e ,god does n always love m ! bett] ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ev]y?+ loves :at is l x1 z appe>s f 7,ecclus4 #ac3ai73 ,e bea/ love? its l4 ,n[ ! bett] a ?+ is1 ! m l is x to ,god4 ,!re=e ! bett] ?+s are m lov$ by ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ ne$s be1 accord+ to :at has be5 said be=e1 t ,god loves m ! bett] ?+s4 ,= x has be5 %[n 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 t ,god's lov+ "o ?+ m ?an ano!r is no?+ else ?an ,8 will+ = t ?+ a great] good3 because ,god's w is ! cause ( goodness 9 ?+s2 & ! reason :y "s ?+s are bett] ?an o!rs1 is t ,god wills = !m a great] good4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ,he loves m ! bett] ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god loves ,*ri/ n only m ?an ,he loves ! :ole human race1 b m ?an ,he loves ! entire creat$ univ]se3 because ,he will$ = ,him ! great] good 9 giv+ ,him a "n t is above all names1 9 s f> z ,he 0 true ,god4 ,nor did any?+ ( ,8 excell5ce dim9i% :5 ,god deliv]$ ,him up to dea? = ! salvation ( ! human race2 r did ,he become !reby a glori\s conqu]or3 ,! gov]nm5t 0 plac$ ^u ,8 %\ld]1 accord+ to ,isa4 #i3f4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god loves ! human nature assum$ by ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ m ?an ,he loves all ! angels2 = t nature is bett]1 especially on ! gr\nd ( ! union ) ! ,godhead4 ,b speak+ ( human nature 9 g5]al1 & comp>+ x ) ! angelic1 ! two are f\nd equal1 9 ! ord] ( grace & ( glory3 s9ce accord+ to ,rev #ba3ag1 ! measure ( a man & ( an angel is ! same4 ,yet s t1 9 ?is respect1 "s angels are f\nd nobl] ?an "s m51 & "s m5 nobl] ?an "s angels4 ,b z to natural condition an angel is bett] ?an a man4 ,god !re=e did n assume human nature because ,he lov$ man1 absolutely speak+1 m2 b because ! ne$s ( man 7 great]2 j z ! ma/] ( a h\se may give "s co/ly delicacy to a sick s]vant1 t he does n give to 8 own son 9 s\nd heal?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is d\bt conc]n+ ,pet] & ,john has be5 solv$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,augu/9e int]prets x my/ically1 & says t ! active life1 signifi$ by ,pet]1 loves ,god m ?an ! contemplative signifi$ by ,john1 because ! =m] is m consci\s ( ! mis]ies ( ?is pres5t life1 & !re=e ! m ard5tly desires to be fre$ f !m1 & dep>t to ,god4 ,god1 he says1 loves m ! contemplative life1 s9ce ,he pres]ves x long]4 ,= x does n end1 z ! active life does1 ) ! life ( ! body4 ,"s say t ,pet] lov$ ,*ri/ m 9 ,8 memb]s1 & !re=e 0 lov$ m by ,*ri/ also1 = :i* reason ,he gave him ! c>e ( ! ,*ur*2 b t ,john lov$ ,*ri/ m 9 ,himself1 & s 0 lov$ m by ,him2 on :i* acc\nt ,*ri/ comm5d$ ,8 "m to 8 c>e4 ,o!rs say t x is unc]ta9 :i* ( !m lov$ ,*ri/ m ) ! love ( *>ity1 & unc]ta9 also :i* ( !m ,god lov$ m & orda9$ to a great] degree ( glory 9 et]nal life4 ,pet] is said to h lov$ m1 9 reg>d to a c]ta9 promptness & f]vor2 b ,john to h be5 m lov$1 ) respect to c]ta9 m>ks ( famili>ity :i* ,*ri/ %[$ to him r ?an to o!rs1 on acc\nt ( 8 y\? & purity4 ,:ile o!rs say t ,*ri/ lov$ ,pet] m1 f 8 m excell5t gift ( *>ity2 b ,john m1 f 8 gifts ( intellect4 ,h5ce1 absolutely speak+1 ,pet] 0 ! bett] & m belov$2 b1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ,john 0 ! bett]1 & 0 lov$ ! m4 ,h[ev]1 x may seem presumptu\s to pass judgm5t on ^! matt]s2 s9ce ! ,"l & no o!r is ! weigh] ( spirits 7,prov4 #af3b74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! p5it5t & ! innoc5t are relat$ z exce$+ & exce$$4 ,= :e!r innoc5t or p5it5t1 ^? are ! bett] & bett] lov$ :o h mo/ grace4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 innoc5ce is ! nobl] ?+ & ! m belov$4 ,god is said to rejoice m ov] ! p5it5t ?an ov] ! innoc5t1 because (t5 p5it5ts rise f s9 m cauti\s1 humble1 & f]v5t4 ,h5ce ,gregory comm5t+ on ^! words 7,hom4 #cd 9 ,ev47 says t1 ,9 battle ! g5]al loves ! soldi] :o aft] flight returns & bravely pursues ! enemy1 m ?an him :o has nev] fl$1 b has nev] done a brave de$4 ,or x may be answ]$ t gifts ( grace1 equal 9 !mselves1 are m z conf]r$ on ! p5it5t1 :o des]v$ puni%m5t1 ?an z conf]r$ on ! innoc5t1 to :om no puni%m5t 0 due2 j z a hundr$ p\nds m>coe are a great] gift to a poor man ?an to a k+4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,s9ce ,god's w is ! cause ( goodness 9 ?+s1 ! goodness ( "o :o is lov$ by ,god is to be reckon$ accord+ to ! "t :5 "s good is to be giv5 to him by div9e goodness4 ,accord+ !re=e to ! "t1 :5 !re is to be giv5 by ! div9e w to ! pr$e/9$ s9n] a great] good1 ! s9n] is bett]2 al?\gh accord+ to "s o!r "t he is ! worse2 because ev5 accord+ to "s "t he is nei!r good nor bad4 ,,"q #ba ,,! ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,m]cy ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ ! div9e love1 we mu/ treat ( ,god's ju/ice & m]cy4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is ju/ice 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,8 ju/ice c be call$ tru?8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re is m]cy 9 ,god8 7#d7 ,:e!r 9 e "w ( ,god !re are ju/ice & m]cy8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,ju/ice 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re is n ju/ice 9 ,god4 ,= ju/ice is divid$ aga9/ temp]ance4 ,b temp]ance does n exi/ 9 ,god3 nei!r !re=e does ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he :o does :atsoev] he wills & pleases does n "w accord+ to ju/ice4 ,b1 z ! ,apo/le says3 ,god worke? all ?+s accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,8 w 7,eph4 #a3aa74 ,!re=e ju/ice _c be attribut$ to ,him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( ju/ice is to pay :at is due4 ,b ,god is no man's debtor4 ,!re=e ju/ice does n belong to ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is 9 ,god1 is ,8 ess5ce4 ,b ju/ice _c belong to ?is4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom473 ,good reg>ds ! ess5ce2 ju/ice ! act4 ,!re=e ju/ice does n belong to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #aj3h73 ,! ,"l is j1 & ha? lov$ ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two k9ds ( ju/ice4 ,! "o consi/s 9 mutual giv+ & receiv+1 z 9 buy+ & sell+1 & o!r k9ds ( int]c\rse & ex*ange4 ,?is ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #d7 calls commutative ju/ice1 t directs ex*ange & int]c\rse ( bus9ess4 ,?is does n belong to ,god1 s9ce1 z ! ,apo/le says3 ,:o ha? fir/ giv5 to ,him1 & recomp5se %all be made him8 7,rom4 #aa3ce74 ,! o!r consi/s 9 di/ribution1 & is call$ di/ributive ju/ice2 :]eby a rul] or a /ew>d gives to ea* :at 8 rank des]ves4 ,z !n ! prop] ord] display$ 9 rul+ a family or any k9d ( multitude ev9ces ju/ice ( ?is k9d 9 ! rul]1 s ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 :i* is se5 bo? 9 effects ( nature & 9 effects ( w1 %[s =? ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 viii1 #d73 ,we mu/ ne$s see t ,god is truly j1 9 see+ h[ ,he gives to all exi/+ ?+s :at is prop] to ! condition ( ea*2 & pres]ves ! nature ( ea* 9 ! ord] & ) ! p[]s t prop]ly belong to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c]ta9 ( ! moral virtues are conc]n$ ) ! passions1 z temp]ance ) concupisc5ce1 =titude ) fe> & d>+1 meekness ) ang]4 ,su* virtues z ^! c only metaphorically be attribut$ to ,god2 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #a71 9 ,god !re are no passions2 nor a s5sitive appetite1 :i* is1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj71 ! subject ( ^? virtues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 moral virtues are conc]n$ ) works ( giv+ & exp5d+2 su* z ju/ice1 lib]ality1 & magnific5ce2 & ^! reside n 9 ! s5sitive faculty1 b 9 ! w4 ,h5ce1 !re is no?+ to prev5t our attribut+ ^! virtues to ,god2 al?\gh n 9 civil matt]s1 b 9 su* acts z are n unbecom+ to ,him4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #h71 x w\ld be absurd to praise ,god = ,8 political virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce good z p]ceiv$ by intellect is ! object ( ! w1 x is impossible = ,god to w any?+ b :at ,8 wisdom approves4 ,?is is1 z x 71 ,8 law ( ju/ice1 9 accordance ) :i* ,8 w is "r & j4 ,h5ce1 :at ,he does accord+ to ,8 w ,he does ju/ly3 z we d ju/ly :at we d accord+ to law4 ,b :]eas law comes to u f "s high] p[]1 ,god is a law unto ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to ea* "o is due :at is 8 own4 ,n[ t :i* is direct$ to a man is said to be 8 own4 ,?us ! ma/] owns ! s]vant1 & n conv]sely1 = t is free :i* is its own cause4 ,9 ! ^w debt1 !re=e1 is impli$ a c]ta9 exig5ce or necessity ( ! ?+ to :i* x is direct$4 ,n[ a tw(old ord] has to be consid]$ 9 ?+s3 ! "o1 :]eby "o creat$ ?+ is direct$ to ano!r1 z ! p>ts ( ! :ole1 accid5t to sub/ance1 & all ?+s :atsoev] to _! end2 ! o!r1 :]eby all creat$ ?+s are ord]$ to ,god4 ,?us 9 ! div9e op]ations debt may be reg>d$ 9 two ways1 z due ei!r to ,god1 or to creatures1 & 9 ei!r way ,god pays :at is due4 ,x is due to ,god t !re %\ld be fulfill$ 9 creatures :at ,8 w & wisdom require1 & :at manife/s ,8 goodness4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,god's ju/ice reg>ds :at befits ,him2 inasmu* z ,he r5d]s to ,himself :at is due to ,himself4 ,x is also due to a creat$ ?+ t x %\ld possess :at is ord]$ to x2 ?us x is due to man to h h&s1 & t o!r animals %\ld s]ve him4 ,?us also ,god ex]cises ju/ice1 :5 ,he gives to ea* ?+ :at is due to x by its nature & condition4 ,?is debt h[ev] is d]iv$ f ! =m]2 s9ce :at is due to ea* ?+ is due to x z ord]$ to x accord+ to ! div9e wisdom4 ,& al?\gh ,god 9 ?is way pays ea* ?+ its due1 yet ,he ,himself is n ! debtor1 s9ce ,he is n direct$ to o!r ?+s1 b r o!r ?+s to ,him4 ,ju/ice1 !re=e1 9 ,god is sometimes spok5 ( z ! fitt+ accompanim5t ( ,8 goodness2 sometimes z ! rew>d ( m]it4 ,anselm t\*es on ei!r view :]e he says 7,prosolog4 #aj73 ,:5 ,?\ do/ puni% ! wick$1 x is j1 s9ce x agrees ) _! des]ts2 & :5 ,?\ do/ sp>e ! wick$1 x is also j2 s9ce x befits ,?y goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ju/ice reg>ds act1 ?is does n prev5t its be+ ! ess5ce ( ,god2 s9ce ev5 t :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( a ?+ may be ! pr9ciple ( action4 ,b good does n always reg>d act2 s9ce a ?+ is call$ good n m]ely ) respect to act1 b also z reg>ds p]fection 9 its ess5ce4 ,= ?is reason x is said 7,de ,hebdom47 t ! good is relat$ to ! j1 z ! g5]al to ! special4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,ju/ice ( ,god ,is ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! ju/ice ( ,god is n tru?4 ,= ju/ice resides 9 ! w2 s9ce1 z ,anselm says 7,dial4 ,v]it4 #ac71 x is a rectitude ( ! w1 :]eas tru? resides 9 ! intellect1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vi2 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b1f74 ,!re=e ju/ice does n app]ta9 to tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g71 tru? is a virtue di/9ct f ju/ice4 ,tru? !re=e does n app]ta9 to ! idea ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is said 7,ps4 #hd3aa73 ,m]cy & tru? h met ea* o!r3 :]e tru? /&s = ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,tru? consi/s 9 ! equation ( m9d & ?+1 z said above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! m9d1 t is ! cause ( ! ?+1 is relat$ to x z its rule & measure2 :]eas ! conv]se is ! case ) ! m9d t receives its k f ?+s4 ,:5 !re=e ?+s are ! measure & rule ( ! m9d1 tru? consi/s 9 ! equation ( ! m9d to ! ?+1 z happ5s 9 ourselves4 ,= accord+ z a ?+ is1 or is n1 our ?\ghts or our words ab\t x are true or false4 ,b :5 ! m9d is ! rule or measure ( ?+s1 tru? consi/s 9 ! equation ( ! ?+ to ! m9d2 j z ! "w ( an arti/ is said to be true1 :5 x is 9 accordance ) 8 art4 ,n[ z works ( art are relat$ to art1 s are works ( ju/ice relat$ to ! law ) :i* !y accord4 ,!re=e ,god's ju/ice1 :i* e/abli%es ?+s 9 ! ord] con=mable to ! rule ( ,8 wisdom1 :i* is ! law ( ,8 ju/ice1 is suitably call$ tru?4 ,?us we also 9 human affairs speak ( ! tru? ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ju/ice1 z to ! law t gov]ns1 resides 9 ! reason or intellect2 b z to ! comm& :]eby our actions are gov]n$ accord+ to ! law1 x resides 9 ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! tru? ( :i* ! ,philosoph] is speak+ 9 ?is passage1 is t virtue :]eby a man %[s himself 9 ^w & de$ su* z he really is4 ,?us x consi/s 9 ! con=mity ( ! sign ) ! ?+ signifi$2 & n 9 t ( ! effect ) its cause & rule3 z has be5 said reg>d+ ! tru? ( ju/ice4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,m]cy ,c ,be ,attribut$ to ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t m]cy _c be attribut$ to ,god4 ,= m]cy is a k9d ( sorr[1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ad74 ,b !re is no sorr[ 9 ,god2 & !re=e !re is no m]cy 9 ,him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 m]cy is a relaxation ( ju/ice4 ,b ,god _c remit :at app]ta9s to ,8 ju/ice4 ,= x is said 7#b ,tim4 #b3ac73 ,if we believe n1 ,he cont9ue? fai?ful3 ,he _c d5y ,himself4 ,b ,he w\ld d5y ,himself1 z a gloss says1 if ,he %\ld d5y ,8 words4 ,!re=e m]cy is n becom+ to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is said 7,ps4 #aaj3d73 ,he is a m]ciful & graci\s ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,m]cy is especially to be attribut$ to ,god1 z se5 9 its effect1 b n z an affection ( passion4 ,9 pro( ( :i* x mu/ be consid]$ t a p]son is said to be m]ciful mis]icors1 z be+1 s to speak1 sorr[ful at he>t mis]um cor2 be+ affect$ ) sorr[ at ! mis]y ( ano!r z ?\gh x 7 8 own4 ,h5ce x foll[s t he endeavors to dispel ! mis]y ( ?is o!r1 z if x 7 82 & ?is is ! effect ( m]cy4 ,to sorr[1 !re=e1 ov] ! mis]y ( o!rs belongs n to ,god2 b x does mo/ prop]ly belong to ,him to dispel t mis]y1 :atev] be ! defect we call by t "n4 ,n[ defects are n remov$1 except by ! p]fection ( "s k9d ( goodness2 & ! prim>y s\rce ( goodness is ,god1 z %[n above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #d74 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ t to be/[ p]fections app]ta9s n only to ! div9e goodness1 b also to ,8 ju/ice1 lib]ality1 & m]cy2 yet "u diff]5t aspects4 ,! communicat+ ( p]fections1 absolutely consid]$1 app]ta9s to goodness1 z %[n above 7,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d72 9 s f> z p]fections are giv5 to ?+s 9 proportion1 ! be/[al ( !m belongs to ju/ice1 z has be5 already said 7,a4 #a72 9 s f> z ,god does n be/[ !m = ,8 own use1 b only on acc\nt ( ,8 goodness1 x belongs to lib]ality2 9 s f> z p]fections giv5 to ?+s by ,god expel defects1 x belongs to m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is bas$ on m]cy1 reg>d$ z an affection ( passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god acts m]cifully1 n inde$ by go+ aga9/ ,8 ju/ice1 b by do+ some?+ m ?an ju/ice2 ?us a man :o pays ano!r two hundr$ pieces ( money1 ?\gh ow+ him only "o hundr$1 does no?+ aga9/ ju/ice1 b acts lib]ally or m]cifully4 ,! case is ! same ) "o :o p>dons an (f5ce committ$ aga9/ him1 = 9 remitt+ x he may be said to be/[ a gift4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le calls remission a =giv+3 ,=give "o ano!r1 z ,*ri/ has =giv5 y 7,eph4 #d3cb74 ,h5ce x is cle> t m]cy does n de/roy ju/ice1 b 9 a s5se is ! fulness !re(4 ,& ?us x is said3 ,m]cy exalte? itself above judgem5t 7,james #b3ac74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r 9 ,e ,"w ( ,god ,!re ,are ,m]cy & ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t n 9 e "w ( ,god are m]cy & ju/ice4 ,= "s works ( ,god are attribut$ to m]cy1 z ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly2 & o!rs to ju/ice1 z ! damnation ( ! wick$4 ,h5ce x is said3 ,judgm5t )\t m]cy to him t ha? n done m]cy 7,james #b3ac74 ,!re=e n 9 e "w ( ,god d m]cy & ju/ice appe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le attributes ! conv]sion ( ! ,jews to ju/ice & tru?1 b t ( ! ,g5tiles to m]cy 7,rom4 #ae74 ,!re=e n 9 e "w ( ,god are ju/ice & m]cy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 _m j p]sons are afflict$ 9 ?is _w2 :i* is unju/4 ,!re=e n 9 e "w ( ,god are ju/ice & m]cy4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is ! "p ( ju/ice to pay :at is due1 b ( m]cy to relieve mis]y4 ,?us bo? ju/ice & m]cy presuppose some?+ 9 _! works3 :]eas creation presupposes no?+4 ,!re=e 9 creation nei!r m]cy nor ju/ice is f\nd4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #bd3aj73 ,all ! ways ( ! ,"l are m]cy & tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,m]cy & tru? are necess>ily f\nd 9 all ,god's works1 if m]cy be tak5 to mean ! removal ( any k9d ( defect4 ,n e defect1 h[ev]1 c prop]ly be call$ a mis]y2 b only defect 9 a rational nature ^: lot is to be happy2 = mis]y is oppos$ to happ9ess4 ,= ?is necessity !re is a reason1 because s9ce a debt paid accord+ to ! div9e ju/ice is "o due ei!r to ,god1 or to "s creature1 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c be lack+ 9 any "w ( ,god3 because ,god c d no?+ t is n 9 accord ) ,8 wisdom & goodness2 & x is 9 ?is s5se1 z we h said1 t any?+ is due to ,god4 ,likewise1 :atev] is done by ,him 9 creat$ ?+s1 is done accord+ to prop] ord] & proportion :]e9 consi/s ! idea ( ju/ice4 ,?us ju/ice mu/ exi/ 9 all ,god's works4 ,n[ ! "w ( div9e ju/ice always presupposes ! "w ( m]cy2 & is f\nd$ !reupon4 ,= no?+ is due to creatures1 except = some?+ pre-exi/+ 9 !m1 or =ekn[n4 ,aga91 if ?is is due to a creature1 x mu/ be due on acc\nt ( some?+ t prec$es4 ,& s9ce we _c g on to inf9ity1 we mu/ come to some?+ t dep5ds only on ! goodness ( ! div9e w--:i* is ! ultimate end4 ,we may say1 = in/ance1 t to possess h&s is due to man on acc\nt ( 8 rational s\l2 & 8 rational s\l is due to him t he may be man2 & 8 be+ man is on acc\nt ( ! div9e goodness4 ,s 9 e "w ( ,god1 view$ at its prim>y s\rce1 !re appe>s m]cy4 ,9 all t foll[s1 ! p[] ( m]cy rema9s1 & works inde$ ) ev5 great] =ce2 z ! influ5ce ( ! fir/ cause is m int5se ?an t ( second causes4 ,= ?is reason does ,god out ( abundance ( ,8 goodness be/[ ^u creatures :at is due to !m m b\ntifully ?an is proportionate to _! des]ts3 s9ce less w\ld suffice = pres]v+ ! ord] ( ju/ice ?an :at ! div9e goodness conf]s2 because betwe5 creatures & ,god's goodness !re c be no proportion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c]ta9 works are attribut$ to ju/ice1 & c]ta9 o!rs to m]cy1 because 9 "s ju/ice appe>s m =cibly & 9 o!rs m]cy4 ,ev5 9 ! damnation ( ! reprobate m]cy is se51 :i*1 ?\gh x does n totally remit1 yet some:at alleviates1 9 puni%+ %ort ( :at is des]v$4 ,9 ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly1 ju/ice is se51 :5 ,god remits s9s on acc\nt ( love1 ?\gh ,he ,himself has m]cifully infus$ t love4 ,s we read ( ,magdal53 ,_m s9s are =giv5 h]1 because %e ha? lov$ mu* 7,luke #g3dg74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god's ju/ice & m]cy appe> bo? 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,jews & ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,b an aspect ( ju/ice appe>s 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,jews :i* is n se5 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles2 inasmu* z ! ,jews 7 sav$ on acc\nt ( ! promises made to ! fa!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ju/ice & m]cy appe> 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! j 9 ?is _w1 s9ce by afflictions less] faults are cleans$ 9 !m1 & !y are ! m rais$ up f e>?ly affections to ,god4 ,z to ?is ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxvi1 #i73 ,! evils t press on u 9 ?is _w =ce u to g to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh creation presupposes no?+ 9 ! univ]se2 yet x does presuppose some?+ 9 ! k ( ,god4 ,9 ?is way too ! idea ( ju/ice is pres]v$ 9 creation2 by ! production ( be+s 9 a mann] t accords ) ! div9e wisdom & goodness4 ,& ! idea ( m]cy1 also1 is pres]v$ 9 ! *ange ( creatures f non-exi/5ce to exi/5ce4 ,,"q #bb ,,! ,,provid5ce ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,hav+ consid]$ all t relates to ! w absolutely1 we mu/ n[ proce$ to ^? ?+s :i* h relation to bo? ! intellect & ! w1 namely provid5ce1 9 respect to all creat$ ?+s2 pr$e/9ation & reprobation & all t is connect$ ) ^! acts 9 respect especially ( man z reg>ds 8 et]nal salvation4 ,= 9 ! sci5ce ( morals1 aft] ! moral virtues !mselves1 comes ! consid]ation ( prud5ce1 to :i* provid5ce w\ld seem to belong4 ,conc]n+ ,god's provid5ce !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r provid5ce is suitably assign$ to ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ev]y?+ comes "u div9e provid5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r div9e provid5ce is imm$iately conc]n$ ) all ?+s8 7#d7 ,:e!r div9e provid5ce imposes any necessity ^u ?+s =ese58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,provid5ce ,c ,suitably ,be ,attribut$ to ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t provid5ce is n becom+ to ,god4 ,= provid5ce1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ii71 is a "p ( prud5ce4 ,b prud5ce1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e1 #i1 #ah71 x gives good c\nsel1 _c belong to ,god1 ,:o nev] has any d\bt = :i* ,he %\ld take c\nsel4 ,!re=e provid5ce _c belong to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is 9 ,god1 is et]nal4 ,b provid5ce is n any?+ et]nal1 = x is conc]n$ ) exi/+ ?+s t are n et]nal1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bi74 ,!re=e !re is no provid5ce 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is no?+ composite 9 ,god4 ,b provid5ce seems to be some?+ composite1 because x includes bo? ! intellect & ! w4 ,!re=e provid5ce is n 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,wis4 #ad3c73 ,b ,?\1 ,fa!r1 gov]ne/ all ?+s by provid5ce 99,vulg4 ,b ',?y provid5ce1 ,o ,fa!r1 gov]ne? x4'4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is necess>y to attribute provid5ce to ,god4 ,= all ! good t is 9 creat$ ?+s has be5 creat$ by ,god1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #d74 ,9 creat$ ?+s good is f\nd n only z reg>ds _! sub/ance1 b also z reg>ds _! ord] t[>ds an end & especially _! la/ end1 :i*1 z 0 said above1 is ! div9e goodness 7,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #d74 ,?is good ( ord] exi/+ 9 ?+s creat$1 is itself creat$ by ,god4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,god is ! cause ( ?+s by ,8 intellect1 & ?us x behooves t ! type ( e effect %\ld pre-exi/ 9 ,him1 z is cle> f :at has gone be=e 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d71 x is necess>y t ! type ( ! ord] ( ?+s t[>ds _! end %\ld pre-exi/ 9 ! div9e m9d3 & ! type ( ?+s ord]$ t[>ds an end is1 prop]ly speak+1 provid5ce4 ,= x is ! *ief "p ( prud5ce1 to :i* two o!r p>ts are direct$--namely1 remembrance ( ! pa/1 & und]/&+ ( ! pres5t2 inasmu* z f ! remembrance ( :at is pa/ & ! und]/&+ ( :at is pres5t1 we ga!r h[ to provide = ! future4 ,n[ x belongs to prud5ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ab71 to direct o!r ?+s t[>ds an end :e!r 9 reg>d to oneself--z = in/ance1 a man is said to be prud5t1 :o ord]s well 8 acts t[>ds ! end ( life--or 9 reg>d to o!rs subject to him1 9 a family1 city or k+dom2 9 :i* s5se x is said 7,matt4 #bd3de71 a fai?ful & wise s]vant1 :om 8 "l ha? appo9t$ ov] 8 family4 ,9 ?is way prud5ce or provid5ce may suitably be attribut$ to ,god4 ,= 9 ,god ,himself !re c be no?+ ord]$ t[>ds an end1 s9ce ,he is ! la/ end4 ,?is type ( ord] 9 ?+s t[>ds an end is !re=e 9 ,god call$ provid5ce4 ,:5ce ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv1 #f7 t ,provid5ce is ! div9e type itself1 seat$ 9 ! ,supreme ,rul]2 :i* dispose? all ?+s3 :i* disposition may ref] ei!r to ! type ( ! ord] ( ?+s t[>ds an end1 or to ! type ( ! ord] ( p>ts 9 ! :ole4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i1 #aj71 ,prud5ce is :at1 /rictly speak+1 comm&s all t 'ebulia' has rightly c\nsell$ & 'synesis' rightly judg$ 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #f4 ,:5ce1 ?\gh to take c\nsel may n be fitt+ to ,god1 f ! fact t c\nsel is an inquiry into matt]s t are d\btful1 nev]!less to give a comm& z to ! ord]+ ( ?+s t[>ds an end1 ! "r reason ( :i* ,he possesses1 does belong to ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #adh3f3 ,he ha? made a decree1 & x %all n pass away4 ,9 ?is mann] bo? prud5ce & provid5ce belong to ,god4 ,al?\gh at ! same "t x may be said t ! v reason ( ?+s to be done is call$ c\nsel 9 ,god2 n because ( any inquiry necessitat$1 b f ! c]titude ( ! k1 to :i* ^? :o take c\nsel come by inquiry4 ,:5ce x is said3 ,:o worke? all ?+s accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,8 w 7,eph4 #a3aa74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,two ?+s p]ta9 to ! c>e ( provid5ce--namely1 ! reason ( ord]1 :i* is call$ provid5ce & disposition2 & ! execution ( ord]1 :i* is t]m$ gov]nm5t4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is et]nal1 & ! second is temporal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,provid5ce resides 9 ! intellect2 b presupposes ! act ( will+ ! end4 ,nobody gives a precept ab\t ?+s done = an end2 unless he w t end4 ,h5ce prud5ce presupposes ! moral virtues1 by means ( :i* ! appetitive faculty is direct$ t[>ds good1 z ! ,philosoph] says4 ,ev5 if ,provid5ce has to d ) ! div9e w & intellect equally1 ?is w\ld n affect ! div9e simplicity1 s9ce 9 ,god bo? ! w & intellect are "o & ! same ?+1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ai74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ev]y?+ ,is ,subject to ! ,provid5ce ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ev]y?+ is n subject to div9e provid5ce4 ,= no?+ =ese5 c happ5 by *ance4 ,if !n ev]y?+ 0 =ese5 by ,god1 no?+ w\ld happ5 by *ance4 ,& ?us haz>d & luck w\ld disappe>2 :i* is aga9/ common op9ion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a wise provid] excludes any defect or evil1 z f> z he c1 f ^? ov] :om he has a c>e4 ,b we see _m evils exi/+4 ,ei!r1 !n1 ,god _c h9d] ^!1 & ?us is n omnipot5t2 or else ,he does n h c>e = ev]y?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] happ5s ( necessity does n require provid5ce or prud5ce4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e1 #i1 #aj1 #aa73 ,prud5ce is ! "r reason ( ?+s cont+5t conc]n+ :i* !re is c\nsel & *oice4 ,s9ce1 !n1 _m ?+s happ5 f necessity1 ev]y?+ _c be subject to provid5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :atsoev] is left to itself _c be subject to ! provid5ce ( a gov]nor4 ,b m5 are left to !mselves by ,god 9 accordance ) ! words3 ,god made man f ! beg9n+1 & left him 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel 7,ecclus4 #ae3ad74 ,& p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to ! wick$3 ,i let !m g accord+ to ! desires ( _! he>t 7,ps4 #hj3ac74 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 _c be subject to div9e provid5ce4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #i3i73 ,god do? n c>e = ox5 99,vulg4 ',do? ,god take c>e = ox58'3 & we may say ! same ( o!r irrational creatures4 ,?us ev]y?+ _c be "u ! c>e ( div9e provid5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said ( ,div9e ,wisdom3 ,%e rea*e? f end to end mightily1 & ord]e? all ?+s sweetly 7,wis4 #h3a74 ,i answ] t1 ,c]ta9 p]sons totally d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( provid5ce1 z ,democritus & ! ,epicureans1 ma9ta9+ t ! _w 0 made by *ance4 ,o!rs taught t incorruptible ?+s only 7 subject to provid5ce & corruptible ?+s n 9 _! individual selves1 b only accord+ to _! species2 = 9 ?is respect !y are incorruptible4 ,!y are repres5t$ z say+ 7,job #bb3ad73 ,! cl\ds are ,8 cov]t2 & ,he do? n consid] our ?+s2 & ,he walke? ab\t ! poles ( heav54 ,rabbi ,moses1 h[ev]1 exclud$ m5 f ! g5]ality ( ?+s corruptible1 on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( ! intellect :i* !y possess1 b 9 ref]5ce to all else t suff]s corruption he adh]$ to ! op9ion ( ! o!rs4 ,we mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t all ?+s are subject to div9e provid5ce1 n only 9 g5]al1 b ev5 9 _! own individual selves4 ,?is is made evid5t ?us4 ,= s9ce e ag5t acts = an end1 ! ord]+ ( effects t[>ds t end ext5ds z f> z ! causality ( ! fir/ ag5t ext5ds4 ,:5ce x happ5s t 9 ! effects ( an ag5t some?+ takes place :i* has no ref]5ce t[>ds ! end1 because ! effect comes f a cause o!r ?an1 & outside ! int5tion ( ! ag5t4 ,b ! causality ( ,god1 ,:o is ! fir/ ag5t1 ext5ds to all be+1 n only z to con/itu5t pr9ciples ( species1 b also z to ! individualiz+ pr9ciples2 n only ( ?+s incorruptible1 b also ( ?+s corruptible4 ,h5ce all ?+s t exi/ 9 :atsoev] mann] are necess>ily direct$ by ,god t[>ds "s end2 z ! ,apo/le says3 ,^? ?+s t are ( ,god are well ord]$ 99,vulg4 ',^? p[]s t are1 are orda9$ ( ,god'3 ',quae autem sunt1 a ,deo ord9atae sunt4' ,/4 ,?omas (t5 quotes ?is passage1 & inv>iably reads3 ',quae a ,deo sunt1 ord9ata sunt4' 7,rom4 #ac3a74 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 z ! provid5ce ( ,god is no?+ less ?an ! type ( ! ord] ( ?+s t[>ds an end1 z we h said2 x necess>ily foll[s t all ?+s1 inasmu* z !y p>ticipate 9 exi/5ce1 mu/ likewise be subject to div9e provid5ce4 ,x has also be5 %[n 7,q4 #ad1 ,,aa4 #f1 #aa7 t ,god kn[s all ?+s1 bo? univ]sal & p>ticul>4 ,& s9ce ,8 k may be comp>$ to ! ?+s !mselves1 z ! k ( art to ! objects ( art1 all ?+s mu/ ( necessity come "u ,8 ord]+2 z all ?+s wr\ght by art are subject to ! ord]+ ( t art4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 univ]sal & p>ticul> causes4 ,a ?+ c escape ! ord] ( a p>ticul> cause2 b n ! ord] ( a univ]sal cause4 ,= no?+ escapes ! ord] ( a p>ticul> cause1 except ?r\gh ! int]v5tion & h9drance ( "s o!r p>ticul> cause2 z1 = in/ance1 wood may be prev5t$ f burn+1 by ! action ( wat]4 ,s9ce !n1 all p>ticul> causes are includ$ "u ! univ]sal cause1 x c\ld n be t any effect %\ld take place outside ! range ( t univ]sal cause4 ,s f> !n z an effect escapes ! ord] ( a p>ticul> cause1 x is said to be casual or =tuit\s 9 respect to t cause2 b if we reg>d ! univ]sal cause1 outside ^: range no effect c happ51 x is said to be =ese54 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! meet+ ( two s]vants1 al?\gh to !m x appe>s a *ance circum/ance1 has be5 fully =ese5 by _! ma/]1 :o has purposely s5t !m to meet at ! "o place1 9 su* a way t ! "o kn[s n ab\t ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is o!rwise ) "o :o has c>e ( a p>ticul> ?+1 & "o ^: provid5ce is univ]sal1 because a p>ticul> provid] excludes all defects f :at is subject to 8 c>e z f> z he c2 :]eas1 "o :o provides univ]sally all[s "s little defect to rema91 le/ ! good ( ! :ole %\ld be h9d]$4 ,h5ce1 corruption & defects 9 natural ?+s are said to be contr>y to "s p>ticul> nature2 yet !y are 9 keep+ ) ! plan ( univ]sal nature2 inasmu* z ! defect 9 "o ?+ yields to ! good ( ano!r1 or ev5 to ! univ]sal good3 = ! corruption ( "o is ! g5]ation ( ano!r1 & ?r\gh ?is x is t a species is kept 9 exi/5ce4 ,s9ce ,god1 !n1 provides univ]sally = all be+1 x belongs to ,8 provid5ce to p]mit c]ta9 defects 9 p>ticul> effects1 t ! p]fect good ( ! univ]se may n be h9d]$1 = if all evil 7 prev5t$1 mu* good w\ld be abs5t f ! univ]se4 ,a lion w\ld cease to live1 if !re 7 no slay+ ( animals2 & !re w\ld be no pati5ce ( m>tyrs if !re 7 no tyrannical p]secution4 ,?us ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #b73 ,almighty ,god w\ld 9 no wise p]mit evil to exi/ 9 ,8 works1 unless ,he 7 s almighty & s good z to produce good ev5 f evil4 ,x w\ld appe> t x 0 on acc\nt ( ^! two argum5ts to :i* we h j repli$1 t "s 7 p]suad$ to consid] corruptible ?+s--e4g4 casual & evil ?+s--z remov$ f ! c>e ( div9e provid5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is n ! au?or ( nature2 b he uses natural ?+s 9 apply+ art & virtue to 8 own use4 ,h5ce human provid5ce does n rea* to t :i* takes place 9 nature f necessity2 b div9e provid5ce ext5ds ?us f>1 s9ce ,god is ! au?or ( nature4 ,app>5tly x 0 ?is argum5t t mov$ ^? :o )drew ! c\rse ( nature f ! c>e ( div9e provid5ce1 attribut+ x r to ! necessity ( matt]1 z ,democritus1 & o!rs ( ! anci5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 x is said t ,god left man to himself1 ?is does n mean t man is exempt f div9e provid5ce2 b m]ely t he has n a prefix$ op]at+ =ce det]m9$ to only ! "o effect2 z 9 ! case ( natural ?+s1 :i* are only act$ ^u z ?\gh direct$ by ano!r t[>ds an end2 & d n act ( !mselves1 z if !y direct$ !mselves t[>ds an end1 l rational creatures1 ?r\gh ! possession ( free w1 by :i* ^! are able to take c\nsel & make a *oice4 ,h5ce x is significantly said3 ,9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel4 ,b s9ce ! v act ( free w is trac$ to ,god z to a cause1 x necess>ily foll[s t ev]y?+ happ5+ f ! ex]cise ( free w mu/ be subject to div9e provid5ce4 ,= human provid5ce is includ$ "u ! provid5ce ( ,god1 z a p>ticul> "u a univ]sal cause4 ,god1 h[ev]1 ext5ds ,8 provid5ce ov] ! j 9 a c]ta9 m excell5t way ?an ov] ! wick$2 inasmu* z ,he prev5ts any?+ happ5+ :i* w\ld imp$e _! f9al salvation4 ,= to !m t love ,god1 all ?+s "w toge!r unto good 7,rom4 #h3bh74 ,b f ! fact t ,he does n re/ra9 ! wick$ f ! evil ( s91 ,he is said to ab&on !m3 n t ,he altoge!r )draws ,8 provid5ce f !m2 o!rwise !y w\ld return to no?+1 if !y 7 n pres]v$ 9 exi/5ce by ,8 provid5ce4 ,?is 0 ! reason t _h weight ) ,tully1 :o )drew f ! c>e ( div9e provid5ce human affairs conc]n+ :i* we take c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,s9ce a rational creature has1 ?r\gh its free w1 control ov] its actions1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #aj71 x is subject to div9e provid5ce 9 an especial mann]1 s t some?+ is imput$ to x z a fault1 or z a m]it2 & !re is giv5 x accord+ly some?+ by way ( puni%m5t or rew>d4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,apo/le )draws ox5 f ! c>e ( ,god3 n1 h[ev]1 t individual irrational creatures escape ! c>e ( div9e provid5ce2 z 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,rabbi ,moses4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,has ,imm$iate ,provid5ce ,ov] ,ev]y?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god has n imm$iate provid5ce ov] all ?+s4 ,= :atev] is conta9$ 9 ! notion ( dignity1 mu/ be attribut$ to ,god4 ,b x belongs to ! dignity ( a k+1 t he %\ld h m9i/]s2 ?r\gh ^: m$iation he provides = 8 subjects4 ,!re=e mu* less has ,god ,himself imm$iate provid5ce ov] all ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to provid5ce to ord] all ?+s to an end4 ,n[ ! end ( ev]y?+ is its p]fection & its good4 ,b x app]ta9s to e cause to direct its effect to good2 :]e=e e active cause is a cause ( ! effect ( provid5ce4 ,if !re=e ,god 7 to h imm$iate provid5ce ov] all ?+s1 all second>y causes w\ld be )drawn4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ag7 t1 ,x is bett] to be ignorant ( "s ?+s ?an to "k !m1 = example1 vile ?+s3 & ! ,philosoph] says ! same 7,metaph4 xii1 #ea74 ,b :atev] is bett] mu/ be assign$ to ,god4 ,!re=e ,he has n imm$iate provid5ce ov] bad & vile ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,job #cd3ac73 ,:at o!r ha? ,he appo9t$ ov] ! e>?8 or :om ha? ,he set ov] ! _w :i* ,he made8 ,on :i* passage ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxiv1 #bj73 ,himself ,he rule? ! _w :i* ,he ,himself ha? made4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s belong to provid5ce--namely1 ! type ( ! ord] ( ?+s =eorda9$ t[>ds an end2 & ! execution ( ?is ord]1 :i* is call$ gov]nm5t4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,god has imm$iate provid5ce ov] ev]y?+1 because ,he has 9 ,8 intellect ! types ( ev]y?+1 ev5 ! smalle/2 & :atsoev] causes ,he assigns to c]ta9 effects1 ,he gives !m ! p[] to produce ^? effects4 ,:5ce x mu/ be t ,he has be=eh& ! type ( ^? effects 9 ,8 m9d4 ,z to ! second1 !re are c]ta9 int]m$i>ies ( ,god's provid5ce2 = ,he gov]ns ?+s inf]ior by sup]ior1 n on acc\nt ( any defect 9 ,8 p[]1 b by reason ( ! abundance ( ,8 goodness2 s t ! dignity ( causality is imp>t$ ev5 to creatures4 ,?us ,plato's op9ion1 z n>rat$ by ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,de ,provid4 viii1 #c71 is explod$4 ,he taught a ?reefold provid5ce4 ,fir/1 "o :i* belongs to ! supreme ,deity1 ,:o fir/ & =emo/ has provision ov] spiritual ?+s1 & ?us ov] ! :ole _w z reg>ds g5us1 species1 & univ]sal causes4 ,! second provid5ce1 :i* is ov] ! individuals ( all t c be g5]at$ & corrupt$1 he attribut$ to ! div9ities :o circulate 9 ! heav5s2 t is1 c]ta9 sep>ate sub/ances1 :i* move corporeal ?+s 9 a circul> direction4 ,! ?ird provid5ce1 ov] human affairs1 he assign$ to demons1 :om ! ,platonic philosoph]s plac$ betwe5 u & ! gods1 z ,augu/9e tells u 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 #a1 #b3 viii1 #ad74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x p]ta9s to a k+'s dignity to h m9i/]s :o execute 8 provid5ce4 ,b ! fact t he has n ! plan ( ^? ?+s :i* are done by !m arises f a defici5cy 9 himself4 ,= e op]ative sci5ce is ! m p]fect1 ! m x consid]s ! p>ticul> ?+s ) :i* its action is conc]n$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god's imm$iate provision ov] ev]y?+ does n exclude ! action ( second>y causes2 :i* are ! executors ( ,8 ord]1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,,aa4 #e1 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is bett] = u n to "k l[ & vile ?+s1 because by !m we are imp$$ 9 our k ( :at is bett] & high]2 = we _c und]/& _m ?+s simultane\sly2 because ! ?\ght ( evil sometimes p]v]ts ! w t[>ds evil4 ,?is does n hold ) ,god1 ,:o sees ev]y?+ simultane\sly at "o glance1 & ^: w _c turn 9 ! direction ( evil4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,provid5ce ,imposes ,any ,necessity on ,?+s ,=ese58 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t div9e provid5ce imposes necessity ^u ?+s =ese54 ,= e effect t has a p] se cause1 ei!r pres5t or pa/1 :i* x necess>ily foll[s1 happ5s f necessity2 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,metaph4 vi1 #g74 ,b ! provid5ce ( ,god1 s9ce x is et]nal1 pre-exi/s2 & ! effect fl[s f x ( necessity1 = div9e provid5ce _c be fru/rat$4 ,!re=e div9e provid5ce imposes a necessity ^u ?+s =ese54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e provid] makes 8 "w z /able z he c1 le/ x %\ld fail4 ,b ,god is mo/ p[]ful4 ,!re=e ,he assigns ! /ability ( necessity to ?+s provid$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv1 #f73 ,fate f ! immutable s\rce ( provid5ce b9ds toge!r human acts & =tunes by ! indissoluble connection ( causes4 ,x seems !re=e t provid5ce imposes necessity ^u ?+s =ese54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says t 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #bc7 to corrupt nature is n ! "w ( provid5ce4 ,b x is 9 ! nature ( "s ?+s to be cont+5t4 ,div9e provid5ce does n !re=e impose any necessity ^u ?+s s z to de/roy _! cont+5cy4 ,i answ] t1 ,div9e provid5ce imposes necessity ^u "s ?+s2 n ^u all1 z "s =m]ly believ$4 ,= to provid5ce x belongs to ord] ?+s t[>ds an end4 ,n[ aft] ! div9e goodness1 :i* is an extr9sic end to all ?+s1 ! pr9cipal good 9 ?+s !mselves is ! p]fection ( ! univ]se2 :i* w\ld n be1 7 n all grades ( be+ f\nd 9 ?+s4 ,:5ce x p]ta9s to div9e provid5ce to produce e grade ( be+4 ,& ?us x has prep>$ = "s ?+s necess>y causes1 s t !y happ5 ( necessity2 = o!rs cont+5t causes1 t !y may happ5 by cont+5cy1 accord+ to ! nature ( _! proximate causes4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! effect ( div9e provid5ce is n only t ?+s %\ld happ5 someh[2 b t !y %\ld happ5 ei!r by necessity or by cont+5cy4 ,!re=e :atsoev] div9e provid5ce orda9s to happ5 infallibly & ( necessity happ5s infallibly & ( necessity2 & t happ5s f cont+5cy1 :i* ! plan ( div9e provid5ce conceives to happ5 f cont+5cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ord] ( div9e provid5ce is un*angeable & c]ta91 s f> z all ?+s =ese5 happ5 z !y h be5 =ese51 :e!r f necessity or f cont+5cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t indissolubility & un*angeabl5ess ( :i* ,boe?ius speaks1 p]ta9 to ! c]ta9ty ( provid5ce1 :i* fails n to produce its effect1 & t 9 ! way =ese52 b !y d n p]ta9 to ! necessity ( ! effects4 ,we mu/ rememb] t prop]ly speak+ necess>y & cont+5t are consequ5t ^u be+1 z su*4 ,h5ce ! mode bo? ( necessity & ( cont+5cy falls "u ! =esight ( ,god1 :o provides univ]sally = all be+2 n "u ! =esight ( causes t provide only = "s p>ticul> ord] ( ?+s4 ,,"q #bc ,,( ,,pr$e/9ation 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,aft] consid]ation ( div9e provid5ce1 we mu/ treat ( pr$e/9ation & ! book ( life4 ,conc]n+ pr$e/9ation !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pr$e/9ation is suitably attribut$ to ,god8 7#b7 ,:at is pr$e/9ation1 & :e!r x places any?+ 9 ! pr$e/9$8 7#c7 ,:e!r to ,god belongs ! reprobation ( "s m58 7#d7 ,on ! comp>ison ( pr$e/9ation to election2 :e!r1 t is to say1 ! pr$e/9$ are *os58 7#e7 ,:e!r m]its are ! cause or reason ( pr$e/9ation1 or reprobation1 or election8 7#f7 ( ! c]ta9ty ( pr$e/9ation2 :e!r ! pr$e/9$ w infallibly be sav$8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is c]ta98 7#h7 ,:e!r pr$e/9ation c be fur!r$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,pr$e/9$ by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t m5 are n pr$e/9$ by ,god1 = ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #cj73 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,god =ekn[s b does n pr$et]m9e ev]y?+1 s9ce ,he =ekn[s all t is 9 u1 b does n pr$et]m9e x all4 ,b human m]it & dem]it are 9 u1 =asmu* z we are ! ma/]s ( our own acts by free w4 ,all t p]ta9s !re=e to m]it or dem]it is n pr$e/9$ by ,god2 & ?us man's pr$e/9ation is done away4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all creatures are direct$ to _! end by div9e provid5ce1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #bb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b o!r creatures are n said to be pr$e/9$ by ,god4 ,!re=e nei!r are m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! angels are capable ( beatitude1 z well z m54 ,b pr$e/9ation is n suitable to angels1 s9ce 9 !m !re nev] 0 any unhapp9ess 7mis]ia72 = pr$e/9ation1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de pra$e/4 sanct4 #ag71 is ! purpose to take pity mis]5di 99,see ,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c4 ,!re=e m5 are n pr$e/9$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! b5efits ,god conf]s ^u m5 are reveal$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to holy m5 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #b3ab73 ,n[ we h receiv$ n ! _s ( ?is _w1 b ! ,_s t is ( ,god3 t we may "k ! ?+s t are giv5 u f ,god4 ,!re=e if man 7 pr$e/9$ by ,god1 s9ce pr$e/9ation is a b5efit f ,god1 8 pr$e/9ation w\ld be made kn[n to ea* pr$e/9$2 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #h3cj73 ,:om ,he pr$e/9$1 !m ,he also call$4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is fitt+ t ,god %\ld pr$e/9e m54 ,= all ?+s are subject to ,8 provid5ce1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ x belongs to provid5ce to direct ?+s t[>ds _! end1 z 0 also said 7,q4 #bb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,! end t[>ds :i* creat$ ?+s are direct$ by ,god is tw(old2 "o :i* exce$s all proportion & faculty ( creat$ nature2 & ?is end is life et]nal1 t consi/s 9 see+ ,god :i* is above ! nature ( e creature1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d74 ,! o!r end1 h[ev]1 is proportionate to creat$ nature1 to :i* end creat$ be+ c atta9 accord+ to ! p[] ( its nature4 ,n[ if a ?+ _c atta9 to some?+ by ! p[] ( its nature1 x mu/ be direct$ !reto by ano!r2 ?us1 an arr[ is direct$ by ! ar*] t[>ds a m>k4 ,h5ce1 prop]ly speak+1 a rational creature1 capable ( et]nal life1 is l$ t[>ds x1 direct$1 z x 71 by ,god4 ,! reason ( t direction pre-exi/s 9 ,god2 z 9 ,him is ! type ( ! ord] ( all ?+s t[>ds an end1 :i* we prov$ above to be provid5ce4 ,n[ ! type 9 ! m9d ( ! do] ( some?+ to be done1 is a k9d ( pre-exi/5ce 9 him ( ! ?+ to be done4 ,h5ce ! type ( ! a=esaid direction ( a rational creature t[>ds ! end ( life et]nal is call$ pr$e/9ation4 ,= to de/9e1 is to direct or s5d4 ,?us x is cle> t pr$e/9ation1 z reg>ds its objects1 is a "p ( provid5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,damasc5e calls pr$e/9ation an imposition ( necessity1 aft] ! mann] ( natural ?+s :i* are pr$et]m9$ t[>ds "o end4 ,?is is cle> f 8 add+3 ,he does n w malice1 nor does ,he compel virtue4 ,:5ce pr$e/9ation is n exclud$ by ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,irrational creatures are n capable ( t end :i* exce$s ! faculty ( human nature4 ,:5ce !y _c be prop]ly said to be pr$e/9$2 al?\gh improp]ly ! t]m is us$ 9 respect ( any o!r end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pr$e/9ation applies to angels1 j z x does to m51 al?\gh !y h nev] be5 unhappy4 ,= movem5t does n take its species f ! t]m :]efrom b f ! t]m :]eto4 ,because x matt]s no?+1 9 respect ( ! notion ( mak+ :ite1 :e!r he :o is made :ite 0 be=e black1 yell[ or r$4 ,likewise x matt]s no?+ 9 respect ( ! notion ( pr$e/9ation :e!r "o is pr$e/9$ to life et]nal f ! /ate ( mis]y or n4 ,al?\gh x may be said t e conf]r+ ( good above t :i* is due p]ta9s to m]cy2 z 0 %[n previ\sly 7,q4 #ba1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ev5 if by a special privilege _! pr$e/9ation 7 reveal$ to "s1 x is n fitt+ t x %\ld be reveal$ to ev]yone2 because1 if s1 ^? :o 7 n pr$e/9$ w\ld despair2 & security w\ld beget neglig5ce 9 ! pr$e/9$4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,pr$e/9ation ,places ,any?+ 9 ! ,pr$e/9$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pr$e/9ation does place some?+ 9 ! pr$e/9$4 ,= e action ( itself causes passion4 ,if !re=e pr$e/9ation is action 9 ,god1 pr$e/9ation mu/ be passion 9 ! pr$e/9$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,orig5 says on ! text1 ,he :o 0 pr$e/9$1 etc4 7,rom4 #a3d73 ,pr$e/9ation is ( "o :o is n2 de/9ation1 ( "o :o is4 ,& ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$4 ,sanct473 ,:at is pr$e/9ation b ! de/9ation ( "o :o is8 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation is only ( "o :o actually exi/s2 & x ?us places some?+ 9 ! pr$e/9$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prep>ation is some?+ 9 ! ?+ prep>$4 ,b pr$e/9ation is ! prep>ation ( ,god's b5efits1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$4 ,sanct4 ii1 #ad74 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation is some?+ 9 ! pr$e/9$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no?+ temporal ent]s into ! def9ition ( et]nity4 ,b grace1 :i* is some?+ temporal1 is f\nd 9 ! def9ition ( pr$e/9ation4 ,= pr$e/9ation is ! prep>ation ( grace 9 ! pres5t2 & ( glory 9 ! future4 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation is n any?+ et]nal4 ,s x mu/ ne$s be t x is 9 ! pr$e/9$1 & n 9 ,god2 = :atev] is 9 ,him is et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$4 ,sanct4 ii1 #ad7 t pr$e/9ation is ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god's b5efits4 ,b =ekn[l$ge is n 9 ! ?+s =ekn[n1 b 9 ! p]son :o =ekn[s !m4 ,!re=e1 pr$e/9ation is 9 ! "o :o pr$e/9es1 & n 9 ! pr$e/9$4 ,i answ] t1 ,pr$e/9ation is n any?+ 9 ! pr$e/9$2 b only 9 ! p]son :o pr$e/9es4 ,we h said above t pr$e/9ation is a "p ( provid5ce4 ,n[ provid5ce is n any?+ 9 ! ?+s provid$ =2 b is a type 9 ! m9d ( ! provid]1 z 0 prov$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #a74 ,b ! execution ( provid5ce :i* is call$ gov]nm5t1 is 9 a passive way 9 ! ?+ gov]n$1 & 9 an active way 9 ! gov]nor4 ,:5ce x is cle> t pr$e/9ation is a k9d ( type ( ! ord]+ ( "s p]sons t[>ds et]nal salvation1 exi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,! execution1 h[ev]1 ( ?is ord] is 9 a passive way 9 ! pr$e/9$1 b actively 9 ,god4 ,! execution ( pr$e/9ation is ! call+ & magnification2 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #h3cj73 ,:om ,he pr$e/9$1 !m ,he also call$ & :om ,he call$1 !m ,he also magnifi$ ,vulg4 'ju/ifi$'4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,actions pass+ out to ext]nal matt] imply ( !mselves passion--= example1 ! actions ( w>m+ & cutt+2 b n s actions rema9+ 9 ! ag5t1 z und]/&+ & will+1 z said above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a74 ,pr$e/9ation is an action ( ?is latt] class4 ,:]e=e1 x does n put any?+ 9 ! pr$e/9$4 ,b its execution1 :i* passes out to ext]nal ?+s1 has an effect 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,de/9ation sometimes d5otes a real mission ( someone to a giv5 end2 ?us1 de/9ation c only be said ( someone actually exi/+4 ,x is tak51 h[ev]1 9 ano!r s5se = a mission :i* a p]son conceives 9 ! m9d2 & 9 ?is mann] we are said to de/9e a ?+ :i* we firmly propose 9 our m9d4 ,9 ?is latt] way x is said t ,eleaz> det]m9$ n to d any unlawful ?+s = ! love ( life 7#b ,macc4 #f3bj74 ,?us de/9ation c be ( a ?+ :i* does n exi/4 ,pr$e/9ation1 h[ev]1 by reason ( ! antec$5t nature x implies1 c be attribut$ to a ?+ :i* does n actually exi/2 9 :atsoev] way de/9ation is accept$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prep>ation is tw(old3 ( ! pati5t 9 respect to passion & ?is is 9 ! ?+ prep>$2 & ( ! ag5t to action1 & ?is is 9 ! ag5t4 ,su* a prep>ation is pr$e/9ation1 & z an ag5t by intellect is said to prep>e itself to act1 accord+ly z x preconceives ! idea ( :at is to be done4 ,?us1 ,god f all et]nity prep>$ by pr$e/9ation1 conceiv+ ! idea ( ! ord] ( "s t[>ds salvation4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,grace does n come into ! def9ition ( pr$e/9ation1 z some?+ belong+ to its ess5ce1 b inasmu* z pr$e/9ation implies a relation to grace1 z ( cause to effect1 & ( act to its object4 ,:5ce x does n foll[ t pr$e/9ation is any?+ temporal4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,reprobates ,any ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god reprobates no man4 ,= nobody reprobates :at he loves4 ,b ,god loves e man1 accord+ to 7,wis4 #aa3be73 ,?\ love/ all ?+s t are1 & ,?\ hate/ none ( ! ?+s ,?\ ha/ made4 ,!re=e ,god reprobates no man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ,god reprobates any man1 x w\ld be necess>y = reprobation to h ! same relation to ! reprobates z pr$e/9ation has to ! pr$e/9$4 ,b pr$e/9ation is ! cause ( ! salvation ( ! pr$e/9$4 ,!re=e reprobation w likewise be ! cause ( ! loss ( ! reprobate4 ,b ?is false4 ,= x is said 7,osee #ac3i73 ,de/ruction is ?y own1 ,o ,israel2 ,?y help is only 9 ,me4 ,god does n1 !n1 reprobate any man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to no "o ought any?+ be imput$ :i* he _c avoid4 ,b if ,god reprobates anyone1 t "o mu/ p]i%4 ,= x is said 7,eccles4 #g3ad73 ,consid] ! works ( ,god1 t no man c correct :om ,he ha? despis$4 ,!re=e x c\ld n be imput$ to any man1 7 he to p]i%4 ,b ?is is false4 ,!re=e ,god does n reprobate anyone4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,mala*i #a3b1c73 ,i h lov$ ,jacob1 b h hat$ ,esau4 ,i answ] t1 ,god does reprobate "s4 ,= x 0 said above 7,a4 #a7 t pr$e/9ation is a "p ( provid5ce4 ,to provid5ce1 h[ev]1 x belongs to p]mit c]ta9 defects 9 ^? ?+s :i* are subject to provid5ce1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b74 ,?us1 z m5 are orda9$ to et]nal life ?r\gh ! provid5ce ( ,god1 x likewise is "p ( t provid5ce to p]mit "s to fall away f t end2 ?is is call$ reprobation4 ,?us1 z pr$e/9ation is a "p ( provid5ce1 9 reg>d to ^? orda9$ to et]nal salvation1 s reprobation is a "p ( provid5ce 9 reg>d to ^? :o turn aside f t end4 ,h5ce reprobation implies n only =ekn[l$ge1 b also some?+ m1 z does provid5ce1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e1 z pr$e/9ation includes ! w to conf] grace & glory2 s also reprobation includes ! w to p]mit a p]son to fall into s91 & to impose ! puni%m5t ( damnation on acc\nt ( t s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god loves all m5 & all creatures1 inasmu* z ,he wi%es !m all "s good2 b ,he does n wi% e good to !m all4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ,he does n wi% ?is p>ticul> good--namely1 et]nal life--,he is said to hate or reprobat$ !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reprobation diff]s 9 its causality f pr$e/9ation4 ,?is latt] is ! cause bo? ( :at is expect$ 9 ! future life by ! pr$e/9$--namely1 glory--& ( :at is receiv$ 9 ?is life--namely1 grace4 ,reprobation1 h[ev]1 is n ! cause ( :at is 9 ! pres5t--namely1 s92 b x is ! cause ( ab&onm5t by ,god4 ,x is ! cause1 h[ev]1 ( :at is assign$ 9 ! future--namely1 et]nal puni%m5t4 ,b guilt proce$s f ! free-w ( ! p]son :o is reprobat$ & des]t$ by grace4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ^w ( ! prophet is true--namely1 ,de/ruction is ?y own1 ,o ,israel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,reprobation by ,god does n take any?+ away f ! p[] ( ! p]son reprobat$4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is said t ! reprobat$ _c obta9 grace1 ?is mu/ n be und]/ood z imply+ absolute impossibility3 b only conditional impossibility3 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c71 t ! pr$e/9$ mu/ necess>ily be sav$2 yet a conditional necessity1 :i* does n d away ) ! lib]ty ( *oice4 ,:5ce1 al?\gh anyone reprobat$ by ,god _c acquire grace1 nev]!less t he falls into ?is or t p>ticul> s9 comes f ! use ( 8 free-w4 ,h5ce x is rightly imput$ to him z guilt4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,pr$e/9$ ,are ,*os5 by ,god8 99,eligantur4 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! pr$e/9$ are n *os5 by ,god4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #a7 t z ! corporeal sun s5ds 8 rays ^u all )\t selection1 s does ,god ,8 goodness4 ,b ! goodness ( ,god is communicat$ to "s 9 an especial mann] ?r\gh a p>ticipation ( grace & glory4 ,!re=e ,god )\t any selection communicates ,8 grace & glory2 & ?is belongs to pr$e/9ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 election is ( ?+s t exi/4 ,b pr$e/9ation f all et]nity is also ( ?+s :i* d n exi/4 ,!re=e1 "s are pr$e/9$ )\t election4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 election implies "s discrim9ation4 ,n[ ,god wills all m5 to be sav$ 7#a ,tim4 #b3d74 ,!re=e1 pr$e/9ation :i* orda9s m5 t[>ds et]nal salvation1 is )\t election4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,eph4 #a3d73 ,he *ose u 9 ,him be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,i answ] t1 ,pr$e/9ation presupposes election 9 ! ord] ( reason2 & election presupposes love4 ,! reason ( ?is is t pr$e/9ation1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 is a "p ( provid5ce4 ,n[ provid5ce1 z also prud5ce1 is ! plan exi/+ 9 ! intellect direct+ ! ord]+ ( "s ?+s t[>ds an end2 z 0 prov$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b74 ,b no?+ is direct$ t[>ds an end unless ! w = t end already exi/s4 ,:5ce ! pr$e/9ation ( "s to et]nal salvation presupposes1 9 ! ord] ( reason1 t ,god wills _! salvation2 & to ?is belong bo? election & love3--love1 inasmu* z ,he wills !m ?is p>ticul> good ( et]nal salvation2 s9ce to love is to wi% well to anyone1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,,aa4 #b 1#c73--;election1 inasmu* z ,he wills ?is good to "s 9 pref]5ce to o!rs2 s9ce ,he reprobates "s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,election & love1 h[ev]1 are diff]5tly ord]$ 9 ,god1 & 9 ourselves3 because 9 u ! w 9 lov+ does n cause good1 b we are incit$ to love by ! good :i* already exi/s2 & !re=e we *oose someone to love1 & s election 9 u prec$es love4 ,9 ,god1 h[ev]1 x is ! rev]se4 ,= ,8 w1 by :i* 9 lov+ ,he wi%es good to someone1 is ! cause ( t good possess$ by "s 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,?us x is cle> t love prec$es election 9 ! ord] ( reason1 & election prec$es pr$e/9ation4 ,:5ce all ! pr$e/9ate are objects ( election & love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if ! communication ( ! div9e goodness 9 g5]al be consid]$1 ,god communicates ,8 goodness )\t election2 inasmu* z !re is no?+ :i* does n 9 "s way %>e 9 ,8 goodness1 z we said above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #d74 ,b if we consid] ! communication ( ?is or t p>ticul> good1 ,he does n allot x )\t election2 s9ce ,he gives c]ta9 goods to "s m51 :i* ,he does n give to o!rs4 ,?us 9 ! conf]r+ ( grace & glory election is impli$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ! w ( ! p]son *oos+ is incit$ to make a *oice by ! good already pre-exi/+ 9 ! object *os51 ! *oice mu/ ne$s be ( ^? ?+s :i* already exi/1 z happ5s 9 our *oice4 ,9 ,god x is o!rwise2 z 0 said above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #b74 ,?us1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,ap4 ,s]m4 #aa73 ,^? are *os5 by ,god1 :o d n exi/2 yet ,he does n err 9 ,8 *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god wills all m5 to be sav$ by ,8 antec$5t w1 :i* is to w n simply b relatively2 & n by ,8 consequ5t w1 :i* is to w simply4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,=ekn[l$ge ( ,m]its ,is ! ,cause ( ,pr$e/9ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =ekn[l$ge ( m]its is ! cause ( pr$e/9ation4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3bi73 ,:om ,he =eknew1 ,he also pr$e/9$4 ,aga9 a gloss ( ,ambrose on ,rom4 #i3ae3 ,i w h m]cy ^u :om ,i w h m]cy says3 ,i w give m]cy to him :o1 ,i =esee1 w turn to ,me ) 8 :ole he>t4 ,!re=e x seems ! =ekn[l$ge ( m]its is ! cause ( pr$e/9ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,div9e pr$e/9ation includes ! div9e w1 :i* by no means c be irrational2 s9ce pr$e/9ation is ! purpose to h m]cy1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$4 ,sanct4 ii1 #ag74 ,b !re c be no o!r reason = pr$e/9ation ?an ! =ekn[l$ge ( m]its4 ,!re=e x mu/ be ! cause ( reason ( pr$e/9ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,!re is no inju/ice 9 ,god 7,rom4 #i3ad74 ,n[ x w\ld seem unju/ t unequal ?+s be giv5 to equals4 ,b all m5 are equal z reg>ds bo? nature & orig9al s92 & inequality 9 !m arises f ! m]its or dem]its ( _! actions4 ,!re=e ,god does n prep>e unequal ?+s = m5 by pr$e/9at+ & reprobat+1 unless ?r\gh ! =ekn[l$ge ( _! m]its & dem]its4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,titus #c3e73 ,n by works ( ju/ice :i* we h done1 b accord+ to ,8 m]cy ,he sav$ u4 ,b z ,he sav$ u1 s ,he pr$e/9$ t we %\ld be sav$4 ,!re=e1 =ekn[l$ge ( m]its is n ! cause or reason ( pr$e/9ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce pr$e/9ation includes w1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #d71 ! reason ( pr$e/9ation mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! same way z 0 ! reason ( ! w ( ,god4 ,n[ x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #e71 t we _c assign any cause ( ! div9e w on ! "p ( ! act ( will+2 b a reason c be f\nd on ! "p ( ! ?+s will$2 inasmu* z ,god wills "o ?+ on acc\nt ( some?+ else4 ,:]e=e nobody has be5 s insane z to say t m]it is ! cause ( div9e pr$e/9ation z reg>ds ! act ( ! pr$e/9ator4 ,b ?is is ! "q1 :e!r1 z reg>ds ! effect1 pr$e/9ation has any cause2 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 :e!r ,god pre-orda9$ t ,he w\ld give ! effect ( pr$e/9ation to anyone on acc\nt ( any m]its4 ,accord+ly !re 7 "s :o held t ! effect ( pr$e/9ation 0 pre-orda9$ = "s on acc\nt ( pre-exi/+ m]its 9 a =m] life4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ,orig51 :o ?\ght t ! s\ls ( m5 7 creat$ 9 ! beg9n+1 & accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! works diff]5t /ates 7 assign$ to !m 9 ?is _w :5 unit$ ) ! body4 ,! ,apo/le1 h[ev]1 rebuts ?is op9ion :]e he says 7,rom4 #i3aa1ab73 ,= :5 !y 7 n yet born1 nor _h done any good or evil 4 4 4 n ( works1 b ( ,him t calle?1 x 0 said ( h]3 ,! eld] %all s]ve ! y\ng]4 ,o!rs said t pre-exi/+ m]its 9 ?is life are ! reason & cause ( ! effect ( pr$e/9ation4 ,= ! ,pelagians taught t ! beg9n+ ( do+ well came f u2 & ! consummation f ,god3 s t x came ab\t t ! effect ( pr$e/9ation 0 grant$ to "o1 & n to ano!r1 because ! "o made a beg9n+ by prep>+1 :]eas ! o!r did n4 ,b aga9/ ?is we h ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #c3e71 t we are n suffici5t to ?9k any?+ ( ourselves z ( ourselves4 ,n[ no pr9ciple ( action c be imag9$ previ\s to ! act ( ?9k+4 ,:]e=e x _c be said t any?+ begun 9 u c be ! reason ( ! effect ( pr$e/9ation4 ,& s o!rs said t m]its foll[+ ! effect ( pr$e/9ation are ! reason ( pr$e/9ation2 giv+ u to und]/& t ,god gives grace to a p]son1 & pre-orda9s t ,he w give x1 because ,he kn[s be=eh& t ,he w make good use ( t grace1 z if a k+ 7 to give a horse to a soldi] because he kn[s he w make good use ( x4 ,b ^! seem to h drawn a di/9ction betwe5 t :i* fl[s f grace1 & t :i* fl[s f free w1 z if ! same ?+ _c come f bo?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 manife/ t :at is ( grace is ! effect ( pr$e/9ation2 & ?is _c be consid]$ z ! reason ( pr$e/9ation1 s9ce x is conta9$ 9 ! notion ( pr$e/9ation4 ,!re=e1 if any?+ else 9 u be ! reason ( pr$e/9ation1 x w outside ! effect ( pr$e/9ation4 ,n[ !re is no di/9ction betwe5 :at fl[s f free w1 & :at is ( pr$e/9ation2 z !re is n di/9ction betwe5 :at fl[s f a second>y cause & f a fir/ cause4 ,= ! provid5ce ( ,god produces effects ?r\gh ! op]ation ( second>y causes1 z 0 above %[n 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e1 t :i* fl[s f free-w is also ( pr$e/9ation4 ,we mu/ say1 !re=e1 t ! effect ( pr$e/9ation may be consid]$ 9 a tw(old light--9 "o way1 9 p>ticul>2 & ?us !re is no reason :y "o effect ( pr$e/9ation %\ld n be ! reason or cause ( ano!r2 a subsequ5t effect be+ ! reason ( a previ\s effect1 z its f9al cause2 & ! previ\s effect be+ ! reason ( ! subsequ5t z its m]itori\s cause1 :i* is r$uc$ to ! disposition ( ! matt]4 ,?us we might say t ,god pre-orda9$ to give glory on acc\nt ( m]it1 & t ,he pre-orda9$ to give grace to m]it glory4 ,9 ano!r way1 ! effect ( pr$e/9ation may be consid]$ 9 g5]al4 ,?us1 x is impossible t ! :ole ( ! effect ( pr$e/9ation 9 g5]al %\ld h any cause z com+ f u2 because :atsoev] is 9 man dispos+ him t[>ds salvation1 is all includ$ "u ! effect ( pr$e/9ation2 ev5 ! prep>ation = grace4 ,= nei!r does ?is happ5 o!rwise ?an by div9e help1 accord+ to ! prophet ,j]emias 7,lam4 #e3ba73 conv]t u1 ,o ,"l1 to ,!e1 & we %all be conv]t$4 ,yet pr$e/9ation has 9 ?is way1 9 reg>d to its effect1 ! goodness ( ,god = its reason2 t[>ds :i* ! :ole effect ( pr$e/9ation is direct$ z to an end2 & f :i* x proce$s1 z f its fir/ mov+ pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! use ( grace =ekn[n by ,god is n ! cause ( conf]r+ grace1 except aft] ! mann] ( a f9al cause2 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pr$e/9ation has its f\ndation 9 ! goodness ( ,god z reg>ds its effects 9 g5]al4 ,consid]$ 9 its p>ticul> effects1 h[ev]1 "o effect is ! reason ( ano!r2 z already /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason = ! pr$e/9ation ( "s1 & reprobation ( o!rs1 mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! goodness ( ,god4 ,?us ,he is said to h made all ?+s ?r\gh ,8 goodness1 s t ! div9e goodness might be repres5t$ 9 ?+s4 ,n[ x is necess>y t ,god's goodness1 :i* 9 itself is "o & undivid$1 %\ld be manife/$ 9 _m ways 9 ,8 creation2 because creatures 9 !mselves _c atta9 to ! simplicity ( ,god4 ,?us x is t = ! completion ( ! univ]se !re are requir$ diff]5t grades ( be+2 "s ( :i* hold a high & "s a l[ place 9 ! univ]se4 ,t ?is multi=mity ( grades may be pres]v$ 9 ?+s1 ,god all[s "s evils1 le/ _m good ?+s %\ld nev] happ51 z 0 said above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b74 ,let u !n consid] ! :ole ( ! human race1 z we consid] ! :ole univ]se4 ,god wills to manife/ ,8 goodness 9 m52 9 respect to ^? :om ,he pr$e/9es1 by means ( ,8 m]cy1 z sp>+ !m2 & 9 respect ( o!rs1 :om he reprobates1 by means ( ,8 ju/ice1 9 puni%+ !m4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,god elects "s & rejects o!rs4 ,to ?is ! ,apo/le ref]s1 say+ 7,rom4 #i3bb1 #bc73 ,:at if ,god1 will+ to %[ ,8 wra? t is1 ! v5geance ( ,8 ju/ice1 & to make ,8 p[] kn[n1 endur$ t is1 p]mitt$ ) mu* pati5ce vessels ( wra?1 fitt$ = de/ruction2 t ,he might %[ ! ri*es ( ,8 glory on ! vessels ( m]cy1 :i* ,he ha? prep>$ unto glory & 7#b ,tim4 #b3bj73 ,b 9 a great h\se !re are n only vessels ( gold & silv]2 b also ( wood & ( e>?2 & "s1 inde$1 unto honor1 b "s unto di%onor4 ,yet :y ,he *ooses "s = glory1 & reprobates o!rs1 has no reason1 except ! div9e w4 ,:5ce ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxvi4 9 ,joan473 ,:y ,he draws "o1 & ano!r ,he draws n1 seek n to judge1 if ?\ do/ n wi% to err4 ,?us too1 9 ! ?+s ( nature1 a reason c be assign$1 s9ce prim>y matt] is altoge!r uni=m1 :y "o "p ( x 0 fa%ion$ by ,god f ! beg9n+ "u ! =m ( fire1 ano!r "u ! =m ( e>?1 t !re might be a div]sity ( species 9 ?+s ( nature4 ,yet :y ?is p>ticul> "p ( matt] is "u ?is p>ticul> =m1 & t "u ano!r1 dep5ds ^u ! simple w ( ,god2 z f ! simple w ( ! artific] x dep5ds t ?is /one is 9 "p ( ! wall1 & t 9 ano!r2 al?\gh ! plan requires t "s /ones %\ld be 9 ?is place1 & "s 9 t place4 ,nei!r on ?is acc\nt c !re be said to be inju/ice 9 ,god1 if ,he prep>es unequal lots = n unequal ?+s4 ,?is w\ld be altoge!r contr>y to ! notion ( ju/ice1 if ! effect ( pr$e/9ation 7 grant$ z a debt1 & n gratuit\sly4 ,9 ?+s :i* are giv5 gratuit\sly1 a p]son c give m or less1 j z he pleases 7provid$ he deprives nobody ( 8 due71 )\t any infr+em5t ( ju/ice4 ,?is is :at ! ma/] ( ! h\se said3 ,take :at is ?9e1 & g ?y way4 ,is x n lawful = me to d :at ,i w8 7,matt4 #bj3ad1ae74 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,pr$e/9ation ,is ,c]ta98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pr$e/9ation is n c]ta94 ,because on ! words ,hold fa/ t :i* ?\ ha/1 t no "o take ?y cr[n1 7,rev #c3aa71 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,corr4 et ,grat4 #ae73 ,ano!r w n receive1 unless ?is "o 7 to lose x4 ,h5ce ! cr[n :i* is ! effect ( pr$e/9ation c be bo? acquir$ & lo/4 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation _c be c]ta94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 grant$ :at is possible1 no?+ impossible foll[s4 ,b x is possible t "o pr$e/9$--e4g4 ,pet]--may s9 & !n be kill$4 ,b if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld foll[ t ! effect ( pr$e/9ation w\ld be ?w>t$4 ,?is !n1 is n impossible4 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation is n c]ta94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ,god c\ld d 9 ! pa/1 ,he c d n[4 ,b ,he c\ld h n pr$e/9$ :om ,he ha? pr$e/9$4 ,!re=e n[ ,he is able n to pr$e/9e him4 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation is n c]ta94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,rom4 #h3bi3 ,:om ,he =eknew1 ,he also pr$e/9at$1 says3 ,pr$e/9ation is ! =ekn[l$ge & prep>ation ( ! b5efits ( ,god1 by :i* :osoev] are fre$ w mo/ c]ta9ly be fre$4 ,i answ] t1 ,pr$e/9ation mo/ c]ta9ly & infallibly takes effect2 yet x does n impose any necessity1 s t1 namely1 its effect %\ld take place f necessity4 ,= x 0 said above 7,a4 #a71 t pr$e/9ation is a "p ( provid5ce4 ,b n all ?+s subject to provid5ce are necess>y2 "s ?+s happ5+ f cont+5cy1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! proximate causes1 :i* div9e provid5ce has orda9$ = su* effects4 ,yet ! ord] ( provid5ce is infallible1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #d74 ,s also ! ord] ( pr$e/9ation is c]ta92 yet free-w is n de/roy$2 :5ce ! effect ( pr$e/9ation has its cont+5cy4 ,moreov] all t has be5 said ab\t ! div9e k & w 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d7 mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation2 s9ce !y d n de/roy cont+5cy 9 ?+s1 al?\gh !y !mselves are mo/ c]ta9 & infallible4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! cr[n may be said to belong to a p]son 9 two ways2 fir/1 by ,god's pr$e/9ation1 & ?us no "o loses 8 cr[n3 secondly1 by ! m]it ( grace2 = :at we m]it1 9 a c]ta9 way is ours2 & ?us anyone may lose 8 cr[n by mortal s94 ,ano!r p]son receives t cr[n ?us lo/1 inasmu* z he takes ! =m]'s place4 ,= ,god does n p]mit "s to fall1 )\t rais+ o!rs2 accord+ to ,job #cd3bd3 ,he %all break 9 pieces _m & innum]able1 & make o!rs to /& 9 _! /ead4 ,?us m5 are sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( ! fall5 angels2 & ! ,g5tiles 9 t ( ! ,jews4 ,he :o is sub/itut$ = ano!r 9 ! /ate ( grace1 also receives ! cr[n ( ! fall5 9 t 9 et]nal life he w rejoice at ! good ! o!r has done1 9 :i* life he w rejoice at all good :e!r done by himself or by o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh x is possible = "o :o is pr$e/9at$ consid]$ 9 himself to die 9 mortal s92 yet x is n possible1 suppos$1 z 9 fact x is suppos$4 t he is pr$e/9at$4 ,:5ce x does n foll[ t pr$e/9ation c fall %ort ( its effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce pr$e/9ation includes ! div9e w z /at$ above 7,a4 #d73 & ! fact t ,god wills any creat$ ?+ is necess>y on ! supposition t ,he s wills1 on acc\nt ( ! immutability ( ! div9e w1 b is n necess>y absolutely2 s ! same mu/ be said ( pr$e/9ation4 ,:]e=e "o ought n to say t ,god is able n to pr$e/9ate "o :om ,he has pr$e/9at$1 tak+ x 9 a composite s5se1 ?\ght1 absolutely speak+1 ,god c pr$e/9ate or n4 ,b 9 ?is way ! c]ta9ty ( pr$e/9ation is n de/roy$4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,numb] ( ! ,pr$e/9$ ,is ,c]ta98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is n c]ta94 ,= a numb] to :i* an addition c be made is n c]ta94 ,b !re c be an addition to ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ z x seems2 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #a3aa73 ,! ,"l ,god adds to ?is numb] _m ?\s&s1 & a gloss adds1 fix$ by ,god1 :o kn[s ^? :o belong to ,him4 ,!re=e ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is n c]ta94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no reason c be assign$ :y ,god pre-orda9s to salvation "o numb] ( m5 m ?an ano!r4 ,b no?+ is arrang$ by ,god )\t a reason4 ,!re=e ! numb] to be sav$ pre-orda9$ by ,god _c be c]ta94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! op]ations ( ,god are m p]fect ?an ^? ( nature4 ,b 9 ! works ( nature1 good is f\nd 9 ! majority ( ?+s2 defect & evil 9 ! m9ority4 ,if1 !n1 ! numb] ( ! sav$ 7 fix$ by ,god at a c]ta9 figure1 !re w\ld be m sav$ ?an lo/4 ,yet ! contr>y foll[s f ,matt4 #g3ac1ad3 ,= wide is ! gate1 & broad ! way t leade? to de/ruction1 & _m !re are :o g 9 !reat4 ,h[ n>r[ is ! gate1 & /rait is ! way t leade? to life2 & few !re are :o f9d x6 ,!re=e ! numb] ( ^? pre-orda9$ by ,god to be sav$ is n c]ta94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,corr4 et ,grat4 #ac73 ,! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is c]ta91 & c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$4 ,i answ] t1 ,! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is c]ta94 ,"s h said t x 0 =mally1 b n mat]ially c]ta92 z if we 7 to say t x 0 c]ta9 t a hundr$ or a ?\s& w\ld be sav$2 n h[ev] ^! or ^? individuals4 ,b ?is de/roys ! c]ta9ty ( pr$e/9ation2 ( :i* we spoke above 7,a4 #f74 ,!re=e we mu/ say t to ,god ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is c]ta91 n only =mally1 b also mat]ially4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is said to be c]ta9 to ,god1 n by reason ( ,8 k1 because1 t is to say1 ,he kn[s h[ _m w be sav$ 7= 9 ?is way ! numb] ( drops ( ra9 & ! s&s ( ! sea are c]ta9 to ,god72 b by reason ( ,8 delib]ate *oice & det]m9ation4 ,= ! fur!r evid5ce ( :i* we mu/ rememb] t e ag5t int5ds to make some?+ f9ite1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above :5 we treat$ ( ! inf9ite 7,q4 #g1 ,,aa4 #b 1#c74 ,n[ :osoev] int5ds "s def9ite measure 9 8 effect ?9ks out "s def9ite numb] 9 ! ess5tial p>ts1 :i* are by _! v nature requir$ = ! p]fection ( ! :ole4 ,= ( ^? ?+s :i* are requir$ n pr9cipally1 b only on acc\nt ( some?+ else1 he does n select any def9ite numb] p] se2 b he accepts & uses !m 9 su* numb]s z are necess>y on acc\nt ( t o!r ?+4 ,= in/ance1 a build] ?9ks out ! def9ite measurem5ts ( a h\se1 & also ! def9ite numb] ( rooms :i* he wi%es to make 9 ! h\se2 & def9ite measurem5ts ( ! walls & ro(2 he does n1 h[ev]1 select a def9ite numb] ( /ones1 b accepts & uses j s _m z are suffici5t = ! requir$ measurem5ts ( ! wall4 ,s also mu/ we consid] conc]n+ ,god 9 reg>d to ! :ole univ]se1 :i* is ,8 effect4 ,= ,he pre-orda9$ ! measurem5ts ( ! :ole ( ! univ]se1 & :at numb] w\ld befit ! ess5tial p>ts ( t univ]se--t is to say1 :i* h 9 "s way be5 orda9$ 9 p]petuity2 h[ _m sph]es1 h[ _m />s1 h[ _m elem5ts1 & h[ _m species4 ,individuals1 h[ev]1 :i* und]go corruption1 are n orda9$ z x 7 *iefly = ! good ( ! univ]se1 b 9 a second>y way1 inasmu* z ! good ( ! species is pres]v$ ?r\gh !m4 ,:5ce1 al?\gh ,god kn[s ! total numb] ( individuals1 ! numb] ( ox51 flies & su* l1 is n pre-orda9$ by ,god p] se2 b div9e provid5ce produces j s _m z are suffici5t = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,n[ ( all creatures ! rational creature is *iefly orda9$ = ! good ( ! univ]se1 be+ z su* incorruptible2 m especially ^? :o atta9 to et]nal happ9ess1 s9ce !y m imm$iately rea* ! ultimate end4 ,:5ce ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$ is c]ta9 to ,god2 n only by way ( k1 b also by way ( a pr9cipal pre-ord9ation4 ,x is n exactly ! same ?+ 9 ! case ( ! numb] ( ! reprobate1 :o w\ld seem to be pre-orda9$ by ,god = ! good ( ! elect1 9 ^: reg>d all ?+s "w toge!r unto good 7,rom4 #h3bh74 ,conc]n+ ! numb] ( all ! pr$e/9$1 "s say t s _m m5 w be sav$ z angels fell2 "s1 s _m z !re 7 angels left2 o!rs1 z _m z ! numb] ( angels creat$ by ,god4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] to say t1 to ,god alone is kn[n ! numb] = :om is res]v$ et]nal happ9ess 99,f ! 'secret' pray] ( ! missal1 'pro vivis et defunctis4' ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ,deut]onomy mu/ be tak5 z appli$ to ^? :o are m>k$ out by ,god be=eh& 9 respect to pres5t righte\sness4 ,= _! numb] is increas$ & dim9i%$1 b n ! numb] ( ! pr$e/9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason ( ! quantity ( any "o "p mu/ be judg$ f ! proportion ( t "p ( ! :ole4 ,?us 9 ,god ! reason :y ,he has made s _m />s1 or s _m species ( ?+s1 or pr$e/9$ s _m1 is accord+ to ! proportion ( ! pr9cipal p>ts to ! good ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! good t is proportionate to ! common /ate ( nature is to be f\nd 9 ! majority2 & is want+ 9 ! m9ority4 ,! good t exce$s ! common /ate ( nature is to be f\nd 9 ! m9ority1 & is want+ 9 ! majority4 ,?us x is cle> t ! majority ( m5 h a suffici5t k = ! guidance ( life2 & ^? :o h n ?is k are said to be half-witt$ or fooli%2 b !y :o atta9 to a pr(\nd k ( ?+s intelligible are a v small m9ority 9 respect to ! re/4 ,s9ce _! et]nal happ9ess1 consi/+ 9 ! vision ( ,god1 exce$s ! common /ate ( nature1 & especially 9 s f> z ?is is depriv$ ( grace ?r\gh ! corruption ( orig9al s91 ^? :o are sav$ are 9 ! m9ority4 ,9 ?is especially1 h[ev]1 appe>s ! m]cy ( ,god1 t ,he has *os5 "s = t salvation1 f :i* v _m 9 accordance ) ! common c\rse & t5d5cy ( nature fall %ort4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,pr$e/9ation ,c ,be ,fur!r$ by ! ,pray]s ( ! ,sa9ts8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pr$e/9ation _c be fur!r$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,= no?+ et]nal c be prec$$ by any?+ temporal2 & 9 consequ5ce no?+ temporal c help t[>ds mak+ some?+ else et]nal4 ,b pr$e/9ation is et]nal4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts are temporal1 !y _c s help z to cause anyone to become pr$e/9$4 ,pr$e/9ation !re=e is n fur!r$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z !re is no ne$ ( advice except on acc\nt ( defective k1 s !re is no ne$ ( help except ?r\gh defective p[]4 ,b nei!r ( ^! ?+s c be said ( ,god :5 ,he pr$e/9es4 ,:5ce x is said3 ,:o ha? help$ ! ,_s ( ! ,"l8 99,vulg43 ',:o ha? kn[n ! m9d ( ! ,"l8' ,or :o ha? be5 ,8 c\nsellor8 7,rom4 #aa3cd74 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation _c be fur!r$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a ?+ c be help$1 x c also be h9d]$4 ,b pr$e/9ation _c be h9d]$ by any?+4 ,!re=e x _c be fur!r$ by any?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said t ,isaac bes\ght ! ,"l = 8 wife because %e 0 b>r52 & ,he he>d him & made ,rebecca to conceive 7,g54 #be3ba74 ,b f t conception ,jacob 0 born1 & he 0 pr$e/9$4 ,n[ 8 pr$e/9ation w\ld n h happ5$ if he _h nev] be5 born4 ,!re=e pr$e/9ation c be fur!r$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,conc]n+ ?is "q1 !re 7 diff]5t errors4 ,"s1 reg>d+ ! c]ta9ty ( div9e pr$e/9ation1 said t pray]s 7 sup]flu\s1 z also any?+ else done to atta9 salvation2 because :e!r ^! ?+s 7 done or n1 ! pr$e/9$ w\ld atta91 & ! reprobate w\ld n atta91 et]nal salvation4 ,b aga9/ ?is op9ion are all ! w>n+s ( ,holy ,scripture1 exhort+ u to pray] & o!r good works4 ,o!rs decl>$ t ! div9e pr$e/9ation 0 alt]$ ?r\gh pray]4 ,?is is /at$ to h ! op9ion ( ! ,egyptians1 :o ?\ght t ! div9e ord9ation1 :i* !y call$ fate1 c\ld be fru/rat$ by c]ta9 sacrifices & pray]s4 ,aga9/ ?is also is ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,= x is said3 ,b ! triumph] 9 ,israel w n sp>e & w n be mov$ to rep5tance 7#a ,k+s #ae3bi72 & t ! gifts & ! call+ ( ,god are )\t rep5tance 7,rom4 #aa3bi74 ,:]e=e we mu/ say o!rwise t 9 pr$e/9ation two ?+s are to be consid]$--namely1 ! div9e ord9ation2 & its effect4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 9 no possible way c pr$e/9ation be fur!r$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,= x is n due to _! pray]s t anyone is pr$e/9$ by ,god4 ,z reg>ds ! latt]1 pr$e/9ation is said to be help$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 & by o!r good works2 because provid5ce1 ( :i* pr$e/9ation is a "p1 does n d away ) second>y causes b s provides effects1 t ! ord] ( second>y causes falls also "u provid5ce4 ,s1 z natural effects are provid$ by ,god 9 su* a way t natural causes are direct$ to br+ ab\t ^? natural effects1 )\t :i* ^? effects w\ld n happ52 s ! salvation ( a p]son is pr$e/9$ by ,god 9 su* a way1 t :atev] helps t p]son t[>ds salvation falls "u ! ord] ( pr$e/9ation2 :e!r x be "o's own pray]s or ^? ( ano!r2 or o!r good works1 & su* l1 )\t :i* "o w\ld n atta9 to salvation4 ,:5ce1 ! pr$e/9$ mu/ /rive aft] good works & pray]2 because ?r\gh ^! means pr$e/9ation is mo/ c]ta9ly fulfill$4 ,= ?is reason x is said3 ,labor m t by good works y may make sure y\r call+ & election 7#b ,pet4 #a3aj74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t %[s t pr$e/9ation is n fur!r$ by ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 z reg>ds ! preord9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o is said to be help$ by ano!r 9 two ways2 9 "o way1 inasmu* z he receives p[] f him3 & to be help$ ?us belongs to ! weak2 b ?is _c be said ( ,god1 & ?us we are to und]/&1 ,:o ha? help$ ! ,_s ( ! ,"l8 ,9 ano!r way "o is said to be help$ by a p]son ?r\gh :om he c>ries out 8 "w1 z a ma/] ?r\gh a s]vant4 ,9 ?is way ,god is help$ by u2 inasmu* z we execute ,8 ord]s1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #c3i3 ,we are ,god's co-adjutors4 ,nor is ?is on acc\nt ( any defect 9 ! p[] ( ,god1 b because ,he employs int]m$i>y causes1 9 ord] t ! beauty ( ord] may be pres]v$ 9 ! univ]se2 & also t ,he may communicate to creatures ! dignity ( causality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,second>y causes _c escape ! ord] ( ! fir/ univ]sal cause1 z has be5 said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #f71 inde$1 !y execute t ord]4 ,& !re=e pr$e/9ation c be fur!r$ by creatures1 b x _c be imp$$ by !m4 ,,"q #bd ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,life 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! book ( life2 conc]n+ :i* !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! book ( life8 7#b7 ,( :at life is x ! book8 7#c7 ,:e!r anyone c be blott$ out ( ! book ( life8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,book ( ,life ,is ! ,same ,z ,pr$e/9ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! book ( life is n ! same ?+ z pr$e/9ation4 ,= x is said1 ,all ?+s are ! book ( life 7,ecclus4 #d3cb7--;i4e4 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t accord+ to a gloss4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n pr$e/9ation4 ,!re=e ! book ( life is n pr$e/9ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xx1 #ad7 t ! book ( life is a c]ta9 div9e en]gy1 by :i* x happ5s t to ea* "o 8 good or evil works are recall$ to memory4 ,b div9e en]gy belongs seem+ly1 n to pr$e/9ation1 b r to div9e p[]4 ,!re=e ! book ( life is n ! same ?+ z pr$e/9ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 reprobation is oppos$ to pr$e/9ation4 ,s1 if ! book ( life 7 ! same z pr$e/9ation1 !re %\ld also be a book ( dea?1 z !re is a book ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 a gloss ^u ,ps4 #fh3bi1 ,let !m be blott$ out ( ! book ( ! liv+1 ,?is book is ! k ( ,god1 by :i* ,he ha? pr$e/9$ to life ^? :om ,he =eknew4 ,i answ] t1 ,! book ( life is 9 ,god tak5 9 a metaphorical s5se1 accord+ to a comp>ison ) human affairs4 ,= x is usual among m5 t !y :o are *os5 = any (fice %\ld be inscrib$ 9 a book2 z1 = in/ance1 soldi]s1 or c\nsellors1 :o =m]ly 7 call$ conscript fa!rs4 ,n[ x is cle> f ! prec$+ 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d7 t all ! pr$e/9$ are *os5 by ,god to possess et]nal life4 ,?is conscription1 !re=e1 ( ! pr$e/9$ is call$ ! book ( life4 ,a ?+ is said metaphorically to be writt5 ^u ! m9d ( anyone :5 x is firmly held 9 ! memory1 accord+ to ,prov4 #c3c3 ,=get n ,my ,law1 & let ?y he>t keep ,my comm&m5ts1 & fur!r on1 ,write !m 9 ! tables ( ?y he>t4 ,= ?+s are writt5 d[n 9 mat]ial books to help ! memory4 ,:5ce1 ! k ( ,god1 by :i* ,he firmly rememb]s t ,he has pr$e/9$ "s to et]nal life1 is call$ ! book ( life4 ,= z ! writ+ 9 a book is ! sign ( ?+s to be done1 s ! k ( ,god is a sign 9 ,him ( ^? :o are to be br\ght to et]nal life1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #aa3ai3 ,! sure f\ndation ( ,god /&e? firm1 hav+ ?is seal2 ! ,"l kn[e? :o are ,84 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! book ( life may be und]/ood 9 two s5ses4 ,9 "o s5se z ! inscription ( ^? :o are *os5 to life2 ?us we n[ speak ( ! book ( life4 ,9 ano!r s5se ! inscription ( ^? ?+s :i* lead u to life may be call$ ! book ( life2 & ?is also is tw(old1 ei!r z ( ?+s to be done2 & ?us ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t are call$ a book ( life2 or ( ?+s already done1 & ?us t div9e en]gy by :i* x happ5s t to ea* "o 8 de$s w be recall$ to memory1 is spok5 ( z ! book ( life4 ,?us t also may be call$ ! book ( w>1 :e!r x conta9s ! names inscrib$ ( ^? *os5 = milit>y s]vice2 or treats ( ! art ( w>f>e1 or relates ! de$s ( soldi]s4 ,h5ce ! solution ( ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is ! cu/om to inscribe1 n ^? :o are reject$1 b ^? :o are *os54 ,:5ce !re is no book ( dea? correspond+ to reprobation2 z ! book ( life to pr$e/9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,pr$e/9ation & ! book ( life are diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+4 ,= ?is latt] implies ! k ( pr$e/9ation2 z also is made cle> f ! gloss quot$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,book ( ,life ,reg>ds ,only ! ,life ( ,glory ( ! ,pr$e/9$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! book ( life does n only reg>d ! life ( glory ( ! pr$e/9$4 ,= ! book ( life is ! k ( life4 ,b ,god1 ?r\gh ,8 own life1 kn[s all o!r life4 ,!re=e ! book ( life is s call$ 9 reg>d to div9e life2 & n only 9 reg>d to ! life ( ! pr$e/9$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! life ( glory comes f ,god1 s also does ! life ( nature4 ,!re=e1 if ! k ( ! life ( glory is call$ ! book ( life2 s also %\ld ! k ( ! life ( nature be s call$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s are *os5 to ! life ( grace :o are n *os5 to ! life ( glory2 z x is cle> f :at is said3 ,h n ,i *os5 y twelve1 & "o ( y is a devil8 7,john #f3ga74 ,b ! book ( life is ! inscription ( ! div9e election1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x applies also to ! life ( grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! book ( life is ! k ( pr$e/9ation1 z /at$ above 7ibid474 ,b pr$e/9ation does n reg>d ! life ( grace1 except s f> z x is direct$ to glory2 = ^? are n pr$e/9$ :o h grace & yet fail to obta9 glory4 ,! book ( life altoge!r is only s call$ 9 reg>d to ! life ( glory4 ,i answ] t1 ,! book ( life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 implies a conscription or a k ( ^? *os5 to life4 ,n[ a man is *os5 = some?+ :i* does n belong to him by nature2 & aga9 t to :i* a man is *os5 has ! aspect ( an end4 ,= a soldi] is n *os5 or inscrib$ m]ely to put on armor1 b to fight2 s9ce ?is is ! prop] duty to :i* milit>y s]vice is direct$4 ,b ! life ( glory is an end exce$+ human nature1 z said above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e1 /rictly speak+1 ! book ( life reg>ds ! life ( glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! div9e life1 ev5 consid]$ z a life ( glory1 is natural to ,god2 :5ce 9 ,8 reg>d !re is no election1 & 9 consequ5ce no book ( life3 = we d n say t anyone is *os5 to possess ! p[] ( s5se1 or any ( ^? ?+s t are consequ5t on nature4 ,f ?is we ga!r ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,= !re is no election1 nor a book ( life1 z reg>ds ! life ( nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! life ( grace has ! aspect1 n ( an end1 b ( some?+ direct$ t[>ds an end4 ,h5ce nobody is said to be *os5 to ! life ( grace1 except s f> z ! life ( grace is direct$ to glory4 ,= ?is reason ^? :o1 possess+ grace1 fail to obta9 glory1 are n said to be *os5 simply1 b relatively4 ,likewise !y are n said to be writt5 9 ! book ( life simply1 b relatively2 t is to say1 t x is 9 ! ord9ation & k ( ,god t !y are to h "s relation to et]nal life1 accord+ to _! p>ticipation 9 grace4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,anyone ,may ,be ,blott$ ,out ( ! ,book ( ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t no "o may be blott$ out ( ! book ( life4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xx1 #ae73 ,god's =ekn[l$ge1 :i* _c be deceiv$1 is ! book ( life4 ,b no?+ c be tak5 away f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 nor f pr$e/9ation4 ,!re=e nei!r c anyone be blott$ out f ! book ( life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is 9 a ?+ is 9 x accord+ to ! disposition ( t ?+4 ,b ! book ( life is some?+ et]nal & immutable4 ,!re=e :atsoev] is writt5 !re91 is !re n 9 a tempor>y way1 b immovably1 & indelibly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 blott+ out is ! contr>y to inscription4 ,b nobody c be writt5 a second "t 9 ! book ( life4 ,nei!r !re=e c he be blott$ out4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said1 ,let !m be blott$ out f ! book ( ! liv+ 7,ps4 #fh3bi74 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h said t none c\ld be blott$ out ( ! book ( life z a matt] ( fact1 b only 9 ! op9ion ( m54 ,= x is cu/om>y 9 ! ,scriptures to say t some?+ is done :5 x becomes kn[n4 ,?us "s are said to be writt5 9 ! book ( life1 inasmu* z m5 ?9k !y are writt5 !re91 on acc\nt ( ! pres5t righte\sness !y see 9 !m2 b :5 x becomes evid5t1 ei!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next1 t !y h fall5 f t /ate ( righte\sness1 !y are !n said to be blott$ out4 ,& ?us a gloss expla9s ! passage3 ,let !m be blott$ out ( ! book ( ! liv+4 ,b because n to be blott$ out ( ! book ( life is plac$ among ! rew>ds ( ! j1 accord+ to ! text1 ,he t %all ov]come1 %all ?us be clo!d 9 :ite g>m5ts1 & ,i w n blot 8 "n out ( ! book ( life 7,apoc4 #c3e7 7& :at is promis$ to holy m51 is n m]ely some?+ 9 ! op9ion ( m571 x c !re=e be said t to be blott$ out1 & n blott$ out1 ( ! book ( life is n only to be ref]r$ to ! op9ion ( man1 b to ! reality ( ! fact4 ,= ! book ( life is ! inscription ( ^? orda9$ to et]nal life1 to :i* "o is direct$ f two s\rces2 namely1 f pr$e/9ation1 :i* direction nev] fails1 & f grace2 = :oev] has grace1 by ?is v fact becomes fitt$ = et]nal life4 ,?is direction fails sometimes2 because "s are direct$ by possess+ grace1 to obta9 et]nal life1 yet !y fail to obta9 x ?r\gh mortal s94 ,!re=e ^? :o are orda9$ to possess et]nal life ?r\gh div9e pr$e/9ation are writt5 d[n 9 ! book ( life simply1 because !y are writt5 !re9 to h et]nal life 9 reality2 su* are nev] blott$ out f ! book ( life4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o are orda9$ to et]nal life1 n ?r\gh div9e pr$e/9ation1 b ?r\gh grace1 are said to be writt5 9 ! book ( life n simply1 b relatively1 = !y are writt5 !re9 n to h et]nal life 9 itself1 b 9 its cause only4 ,yet ?\gh ^! latt] c be said to be blott$ out ( ! book ( life1 ?is blott+ out mu/ n be ref]r$ to ,god1 z if ,god =eknew a ?+1 & aft]w>ds knew x n2 b to ! ?+ kn[n1 namely1 because ,god kn[s "o is fir/ orda9$ to et]nal life1 & aft]w>ds n orda9$ :5 he falls f grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! act ( blott+ out does n ref] to ! book ( life z reg>ds ,god's =ekn[l$ge1 z if 9 ,god !re 7 any *ange2 b z reg>ds ?+s =ekn[n1 :i* c *ange4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ?+s are immutably 9 ,god1 yet 9 !mselves !y are subject to *ange4 ,to ?is x is t ! blott+ out ( ! book ( life ref]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! way 9 :i* "o is said to be blott$ out ( ! book ( life is t 9 :i* "o is said to be writt5 !re9 anew2 ei!r 9 ! op9ion ( m51 or because he beg9s aga9 to h relation t[>ds et]nal life ?r\gh grace2 :i* also is includ$ 9 ! k ( ,god1 al?\gh n anew4 ,,"q #be ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ ! div9e =ekn[l$ge & w1 & o!r ?+s p]ta9+ !reto1 x rema9s = u to consid] ! p[] ( ,god4 ,ab\t ?is are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is p[] 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,8 p[] is inf9ite8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,he is almighty8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,he c\ld make ! pa/ n to h be58 7#e7 ,:e!r ,he c\ld d :at ,he does n1 or n d :at ,he does8 7#f7 ,:e!r :at ,he makes ,he c\ld make bett]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,p[] 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t p[] is n 9 ,god4 ,= z prim>y matt] is to p[]1 s ,god1 :o is ! fir/ ag5t1 is to act4 ,b prim>y matt]1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is devoid ( all act4 ,!re=e1 ! fir/ ag5t--namely1 ,god--is devoid ( p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 vi1 #ai71 bett] ?an e p[] is its act4 ,= =m is bett] ?an matt]2 & action ?an active p[]1 s9ce x is its end4 ,b no?+ is bett] ?an :at is 9 ,god2 because :atsoev] is 9 ,god1 is ,god1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e1 !re is no p[] 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,p[] is ! pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,b ! div9e p[] is ,god's ess5ce1 s9ce !re is no?+ accid5tal 9 ,god3 & ( ! ess5ce ( ,god !re is no pr9ciple4 ,!re=e !re is no p[] 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d7 t ,god's k & w are ! cause ( ?+s4 ,b ! cause & pr9ciple ( a ?+ are id5tical4 ,we ought n1 !re=e1 to assign p[] to ,god2 b only k & w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said3 ,?\ art mighty1 ,o ,"l1 & ,?y tru? is r\nd ab\t ,!e 7,ps4 #hh3i74 ,i answ] t1 ,p[] is tw(old--namely1 passive1 :i* exi/s n at all 9 ,god2 & active1 :i* we mu/ assign to ,him 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,= x is manife/ t ev]y?+1 accord+ z x is 9 act & is p]fect1 is ! active pr9ciple ( some?+3 :]eas ev]y?+ is passive accord+ z x is defici5t & imp]fect4 ,n[ x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #d1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 t ,god is pure act1 simply & 9 all ways p]fect1 nor 9 ,him does any imp]fection f9d place4 ,:5ce x mo/ fitt+ly belongs to ,him to be an active pr9ciple1 & 9 no way :atsoev] to be passive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! notion ( active pr9ciple is consi/5t ) active p[]4 ,= active p[] is ! pr9ciple ( act+ ^u some?+ else2 :]eas passive p[] is ! pr9ciple ( be+ act$ ^u by some?+ else1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 #ag74 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t 9 ,god !re is active p[] 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,active p[] is n contr>y to act1 b is f\nd$ ^u x1 = ev]y?+ acts accord+ z x is actual3 b passive p[] is contr>y to act2 = a ?+ is passive accord+ z x is pot5tial4 ,:5ce ?is pot5tiality is n 9 ,god1 b only active p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5ev] act is di/9ct f p[]1 act mu/ be nobl] ?an p[]4 ,b ,god's action is n di/9ct f ,8 p[]1 = bo? are ,8 div9e ess5ce2 nei!r is ,8 exi/5ce di/9ct f ,8 ess5ce4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t !re %\ld be any?+ 9 ,god nobl] ?an ,8 p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 creatures1 p[] is ! pr9ciple n only ( action1 b likewise ( effect4 ,?us 9 ,god ! idea ( p[] is reta9$1 inasmu* z x is ! pr9ciple ( an effect2 n1 h[ev]1 z x is a pr9ciple ( action1 = ?is is ! div9e ess5ce itself2 except1 p]*ance1 aft] our mann] ( und]/&+1 inasmu* z ! div9e ess5ce1 :i* pre-conta9s 9 itself all p]fection t exi/s 9 creat$ ?+s1 c be und]/ood ei!r "u ! notion ( action1 or "u t ( p[]2 z also x is und]/ood "u ! notion ( suppositum possess+ nature1 & "u t ( nature4 ,accord+ly ! notion ( p[] is reta9$ 9 ,god 9 s f> z x is ! pr9ciple ( an effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,p[] is pr$icat$ ( ,god n z some?+ really di/9ct f ,8 k & w1 b z diff]+ f !m logically2 inasmu* z p[] implies a notion ( a pr9ciple putt+ into execution :at ! w comm&s1 & :at k directs1 :i* ?ree ?+s 9 ,god are id5tifi$4 ,or we may say1 t ! k or w ( ,god1 accord+ z x is ! effective pr9ciple1 has ! notion ( p[] conta9$ 9 x4 ,h5ce ! consid]ation ( ! k & w ( ,god prec$es ! consid]ation ( ,8 p[]1 z ! cause prec$es ! op]ation & effect4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,p[] ( ,god ,is ,inf9ite8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! p[] ( ,god is n inf9ite4 ,= ev]y?+ t is inf9ite is imp]fect accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iii1 #f74 ,b ! p[] ( ,god is f> f imp]fect4 ,!re=e x is n inf9ite4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e p[] is made kn[n by its effect2 o!rwise x w\ld be ineffectual4 ,if1 !n1 ! p[] ( ,god 7 inf9ite1 x c\ld produce an inf9ite effect1 b ?is is impossible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #gi7 t if ! p[] ( any corporeal ?+ 7 inf9ite1 x w\ld cause in/antane\s movem5t4 ,god1 h[ev]1 does n cause in/antane\s movem5t1 b moves ! spiritual creature 9 "t1 & ! corporeal creature 9 place & "t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 #bj1 #bb1 #bc74 ,!re=e1 ,8 p[] is n inf9ite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 viii71 t ,god's p[] is immeasurable4 ,he is ! liv+ mighty "o4 ,n[ ev]y?+ t is immeasurable is inf9ite4 ,!re=e ! p[] ( ,god is inf9ite4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 active p[] exi/s 9 ,god accord+ to ! measure 9 :i* ,he is actual4 ,n[ ,8 exi/5ce is inf9ite1 inasmu* z x is n limit$ by any?+ t receives x1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said1 :5 we discuss$ ! inf9ity ( ! div9e ess5ce 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e1 x is necess>y t ! active p[] 9 ,god %\ld be inf9ite4 ,= 9 e ag5t is x f\nd t ! m p]fectly an ag5t has ! =m by :i* x acts ! great] its p[] to act4 ,= in/ance1 ! hott] a ?+ is1 ! great] ! p[] has x to give heat2 & x w\ld h inf9ite p[] to give heat1 7 its own heat inf9ite4 ,:5ce1 s9ce ! div9e ess5ce1 ?r\gh :i* ,god acts1 is inf9ite1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a7 x foll[s t ,8 p[] likewise is inf9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is "h speak+ ( an inf9ity 9 reg>d to matt] n limit$ by any =m2 & su* inf9ity belongs to quantity4 ,b ! div9e ess5ce is o!rwise1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a72 & consequ5tly s also ,8 p[]4 ,x does n foll[1 !re=e1 t x is imp]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p[] ( a univocal ag5t is :olly manife/$ 9 its effect4 ,! g5]ative p[] ( man1 = example1 is n able to d m ?an beget man4 ,b ! p[] ( a non-univocal ag5t does n :olly manife/ itself 9 ! production ( its effect3 z1 = example1 ! p[] ( ! sun does n :olly manife/ itself 9 ! production ( an animal g5]at$ f putrefaction4 ,n[ x is cle> t ,god is n a univocal ag5t4 ,= no?+ agrees ) ,him ei!r 9 species or 9 g5us1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c74 ,:5ce x foll[s t ,8 effect is always less ?an ,8 p[]4 ,x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god %\ld be manife/$ s z to produce an inf9ite effect4 ,yet ev5 if x 7 to produce no effect1 ! p[] ( ,god w\ld n be ineffectual2 because a ?+ is ineffectual :i* is orda9$ t[>ds an end to :i* x does n atta94 ,b ! p[] ( ,god is n ord]$ t[>d its effect z t[>ds an end2 r1 x is ! end ( ! effect produc$ by x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 viii1 #gi7 proves t if a body _h inf9ite p[]1 x w\ld cause a non-temporal movem5t4 ,& he %[s t ! p[] ( ! mov] ( heav5 is inf9ite1 because x c move 9 an inf9ite "t4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 accord+ to 8 reckon+1 t ! inf9ite p[] ( a body1 if su* exi/$1 w\ld move )\t "t2 n1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( an incorporeal mov]4 ,! reason ( ?is is t "o body mov+ ano!r is a univocal ag5t2 :]e=e x foll[s t ! :ole p[] ( ! ag5t is made kn[n 9 its motion4 ,s9ce !n ! great] ! p[] ( a mov+ body1 ! m quickly does x move2 ! necess>y conclusion is t if its p[] 7 inf9ite1 x w\ld move beyond comp>ison fa/]1 & ?is is to move )\t "t4 ,an incorporeal mov]1 h[ev]1 is n a univocal ag5t2 :5ce x is n necess>y t ! :ole ( its p[] %\ld be manife/$ 9 motion1 s z to move )\t "t2 & especially s9ce x moves 9 accordance ) ! disposition ( its w4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,is ,omnipot5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n omnipot5t4 ,= movem5t & passiv5ess belong to ev]y?+4 ,b ?is is impossible ) ,god1 = ,he is immovable1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ,he is n omnipot5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 is an act ( "s k9d4 ,b ,god _c s91 nor d5y ,himself z x is said 9 #b ,tim4 #b3ac4 ,!re=e ,he is n omnipot5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is said ( ,god t ,he manife/s ,8 omnipot5ce especially by sp>+ & hav+ m]cy 99,collect1 #aj? ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/4 ,!re=e ! greate/ act possible to ! div9e p[] is to sp>e & h m]cy4 ,!re are ?+s mu* great]1 h[ev]1 ?an sp>+ & hav+ m]cy2 = example1 to create ano!r _w1 & ! l4 ,!re=e ,god is n omnipot5t4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ^u ! text1 ,god ha? made fooli% ! wisdom ( ?is _w 7#a ,cor4 #a3bj71 a gloss says3 ,god ha? made ! wisdom ( ?is _w fooli% 99,vulg43 ',ha? n ,god'1 etc4 by %[+ ^? ?+s to be possible :i* x judges to be impossible4 ,:5ce x w\ld seem t no?+ is to be judg$ possible or impossible 9 ref]5ce to inf]ior causes1 z ! wisdom ( ?is _w judges !m2 b 9 ref]5ce to ! div9e p[]4 ,if ,god1 !n1 7 omnipot5t1 all ?+s w\ld be possible2 no?+1 !re=e impossible4 ,b if we take away ! impossible1 !n we de/roy also ! necess>y2 = :at necess>ily exi/s is impossible n to exi/4 ,!re=e !re w\ld be no?+ at all t is necess>y 9 ?+s if ,god 7 omnipot5t4 ,b ?is is an impossibility4 ,!re=e ,god is n omnipot5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said3 ,no ^w %all be impossible ) ,god 7,luke #a3cg74 ,i answ] t1 ,all confess t ,god is omnipot5t2 b x seems difficult to expla9 9 :at ,8 omnipot5ce precisely consi/s3 = !re may be d\bt z to ! precise mean+ ( ! ^w 'all' :5 we say t ,god c d all ?+s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! matt] aright1 s9ce p[] is said 9 ref]5ce to possible ?+s1 ?is phrase1 ,god c d all ?+s1 is rightly und]/ood to mean t ,god c d all ?+s t are possible2 & = ?is reason ,he is said to be omnipot5t4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 v1 #ag71 a ?+ is said to be possible 9 two ways4 ,fir/ 9 relation to "s p[]1 ?us :atev] is subject to human p[] is said to be possible to man4 ,secondly absolutely1 on acc\nt ( ! relation 9 :i* ! v t]ms /& to ea* o!r4 ,n[ ,god _c be said to be omnipot5t ?r\gh be+ able to d all ?+s t are possible to creat$ nature2 = ! div9e p[] ext5ds f>!r ?an t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to say t ,god is omnipot5t because ,he c d all ?+s t are possible to ,8 p[]1 !re w\ld be a vici\s circle 9 expla9+ ! nature ( ,8 p[]4 ,= ?is w\ld be say+ no?+ else b t ,god is omnipot5t1 because ,he c d all t ,he is able to d4 ,x rema9s !re=e1 t ,god is call$ omnipot5t because ,he c d all ?+s t are possible absolutely2 :i* is ! second way ( say+ a ?+ is possible4 ,= a ?+ is said to be possible or impossible absolutely1 accord+ to ! relation 9 :i* ! v t]ms /& to "o ano!r1 possible if ! pr$icate is n incompatible ) ! subject1 z t ,socrates sits2 & absolutely impossible :5 ! pr$icate is altoge!r incompatible ) ! subject1 z1 = in/ance1 t a man is a donkey4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t s9ce e ag5t produces an effect l itself1 to ea* active p[] !re corresponds a ?+ possible z its prop] object accord+ to ! nature ( t act on :i* its active p[] is f\nd$2 = in/ance1 ! p[] ( giv+ w>m? is relat$ z to its prop] object to ! be+ capable ( be+ w>m$4 ,! div9e exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 ^u :i* ! nature ( p[] 9 ,god is f\nd$1 is inf9ite1 & is n limit$ to any g5us ( be+2 b possesses )9 itself ! p]fection ( all be+4 ,:5ce1 :atsoev] has or c h ! nature ( be+1 is numb]$ among ! absolutely possible ?+s1 9 respect ( :i* ,god is call$ omnipot5t4 ,n[ no?+ is oppos$ to ! idea ( be+ except non-be+4 ,!re=e1 t :i* implies be+ & non-be+ at ! same "t is repugnant to ! idea ( an absolutely possible ?+1 )9 ! scope ( ! div9e omnipot5ce4 ,= su* _c come "u ! div9e omnipot5ce1 n because ( any defect 9 ! p[] ( ,god1 b because x has n ! nature ( a feasible or possible ?+4 ,!re=e1 ev]y?+ t does n imply a contradiction 9 t]ms1 is numb]$ among/ ^? possible ?+s1 9 respect ( :i* ,god is call$ omnipot5t3 :]eas :atev] implies contradiction does n come )9 ! scope ( div9e omnipot5ce1 because x _c h ! aspect ( possibility4 ,h5ce x is bett] to say t su* ?+s _c be done1 ?an t ,god _c d !m4 ,nor is ?is contr>y to ! ^w ( ! angel1 say+3 ,no ^w %all be impossible ) ,god4 ,= :atev] implies a contradiction _c be a ^w1 because no intellect c possibly conceive su* a ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is said to be omnipot5t 9 respect to ,8 active p[]1 n to passive p[]1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a74 ,:5ce ! fact t ,he is immovable or impassible is n repugnant to ,8 omnipot5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to s9 is to fall %ort ( a p]fect action2 h5ce to be able to s9 is to be able to fall %ort 9 action1 :i* is repugnant to omnipot5ce4 ,!re=e x is t ,god _c s91 because ( ,8 omnipot5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 iv1 #c7 t ,god c delib]ately d :at is evil4 ,b ?is mu/ be und]/ood ei!r on a condition1 ! antec$5t ( :i* is impossible--z1 = in/ance1 if we 7 to say t ,god c d evil ?+s if ,he w4 ,= !re is no reason :y a conditional proposition %\ld n be true1 ?\gh bo? ! antec$5t & consequ5t are impossible3 z if "o 7 to say3 ,if man is a donkey1 he has f\r feet4 ,or he may be und]/ood to mean t ,god c d "s ?+s :i* n[ seem to be evil3 :i*1 h[ev]1 if ,he did !m1 w\ld !n be good4 ,or he is1 p]haps1 speak+ aft] ! common mann] ( ! hea!n1 :o ?\ght t m5 became gods1 l ,jupit] or ,m]cury4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god's omnipot5ce is p>ticul>ly %[n 9 sp>+ & hav+ m]cy1 because 9 ?is is x made manife/ t ,god has supreme p[]1 t ,he freely =gives s9s4 ,= x is n = "o :o is b\nd by laws ( a sup]ior to =give s9s ( 8 own free w4 ,or1 because by sp>+ & hav+ m]cy ^u m51 ,he leads !m on to ! p>ticipation ( an inf9ite good2 :i* is ! ultimate effect ( ! div9e p[]4 ,or because1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #d71 ! effect ( ! div9e m]cy is ! f\ndation ( all ! div9e works4 ,= no?+ is due to anyone1 except on acc\nt ( some?+ already giv5 him gratuit\sly by ,god4 ,9 ?is way ! div9e omnipot5ce is p>ticul>ly made manife/1 because to x p]ta9s ! fir/ f\ndation ( all good ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! absolute possible is n s call$ 9 ref]5ce ei!r to high] causes1 or to inf]ior causes1 b 9 ref]5ce to itself4 ,b ! possible 9 ref]5ce to "s p[] is nam$ possible 9 ref]5ce to its proximate cause4 ,h5ce ^? ?+s :i* x belongs to ,god alone to d imm$iately--z1 = example1 to create1 to ju/ify1 & ! l--are said to be possible 9 ref]5ce to a high] cause4 ,^? ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* are ( su* k9d z to be done by inf]ior causes are said to be possible 9 ref]5ce to ^? inf]ior causes4 ,= x is accord+ to ! condition ( ! proximate cause t ! effect has cont+5cy or necessity1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,?us is x t ! wisdom ( ! _w is deem$ fooli%1 because :at is impossible to nature1 x judges to be impossible to ,god4 ,s x is cle> t ! omnipot5ce ( ,god does n take away f ?+s _! impossibility & necessity4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,god ,c ,make ! ,pa/ ,n to ,h ,be58 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god c make ! pa/ n to h be54 ,= :at is impossible 9 itself is mu* m impossible ?an t :i* is only impossible accid5tally4 ,b ,god c d :at is impossible 9 itself1 z to give sight to ! bl9d1 or to raise ! dead4 ,!re=e1 & mu* m c ,he d :at is only impossible accid5tally4 ,n[ = ! pa/ n to h be5 is impossible accid5tally3 ?us = ,socrates n to be runn+ is accid5tally impossible1 f ! fact t 8 runn+ is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,!re=e ,god c make ! pa/ n to h be54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at ,god c\ld d1 ,he c d n[1 s9ce ,8 p[] is n less5$4 ,b ,god c\ld h effect$1 be=e ,socrates ran1 t he %\ld n run4 ,!re=e1 :5 he has run1 ,god c\ld effect t he did n run4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is a m excell5t virtue ?an virg9ity4 ,b ,god c supply *>ity t is lo/2 !re=e also lo/ virg9ity4 ,!re=e ,he c s effect t :at 0 corrupt %\ld n h be5 corrupt4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome says 7,ep4 #bb ad ,eu/o*473 ,al?\gh ,god c d all ?+s1 ,he _c make a ?+ t is corrupt n to h be5 corrupt$4 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 ,he _c effect t any?+ else :i* is pa/ %\ld n h be54 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #b71 !re does n fall "u ! scope ( ,god's omnipot5ce any?+ t implies a contradiction4 ,n[ t ! pa/ %\ld n h be5 implies a contradiction4 ,= z x implies a contradiction to say t ,socrates is sitt+1 & is n sitt+1 s does x to say t he sat1 & did n sit4 ,b to say t he did sit is to say t x happ5$ 9 ! pa/4 ,to say t he did n sit1 is to say t x did n happ54 ,:5ce1 t ! pa/ %\ld n h be51 does n come "u ! scope ( div9e p[]4 ,?is is :at ,augu/9e means :5 he says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxix1 #e73 ,:osoev] says1 ,if ,god is almighty1 let ,him make :at is done z if x 7 n done1 does n see t ?is is to say3 ,if ,god is almighty let ,him effect t :at is true1 by ! v fact t x is true1 be false3 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b73 ,( ?is "o ?+ alone is ,god depriv$--namely1 to make undone ! ?+s t h be5 done4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh x is impossible accid5tally = ! pa/ n to h be51 if "o consid]s ! pa/ ?+ itself1 z1 = in/ance1 ! runn+ ( ,socrates2 nev]!less1 if ! pa/ ?+ is consid]$ z pa/1 t x %\ld n h be5 is impossible1 n only 9 itself1 b absolutely s9ce x implies a contradiction4 ,?us1 x is m impossible ?an ! rais+ ( ! dead2 9 :i* !re is no?+ contradictory1 because ?is is reckon$ impossible 9 ref]5ce to "s p[]1 t is to say1 "s natural p[]2 = su* impossible ?+s d come b5ea? ! scope ( div9e p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,god1 9 accordance ) ! p]fection ( ! div9e p[]1 c d all ?+s1 & yet "s ?+s are n subject to ,8 p[]1 because !y fall %ort ( be+ possible2 s1 also1 if we reg>d ! immutability ( ! div9e p[]1 :atev] ,god c\ld d1 ,he c d n[4 ,"s ?+s1 h[ev]1 at "o "t 7 9 ! nature ( possibility1 :il/ !y 7 yet to be done1 :i* n[ fall %ort ( ! nature ( possibility1 :5 !y h be5 done4 ,s is ,god said n to be able to d !m1 because !y !mselves _c be done4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god c remove all corruption ( ! m9d & body f a woman :o has fall52 b ! fact t %e _h be5 corrupt _c be remov$ f h]2 z also is x impossible t ! fact ( hav+ s9n$ or hav+ lo/ *>ity !reby c be remov$ f ! s9n]4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,god ,c ,d ,:at ,he ,does ,n8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god _c d o!r ?an :at ,he does4 ,= ,god _c d :at ,he has n =ekn[n & pre-orda9$ t ,he w\ld d4 ,b ,he nei!r =eknew nor pre-orda9$ t ,he w\ld d any?+ except :at ,he does4 ,!re=e ,he _c d except :at ,he does4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god c only d :at ought to be done & :at is "r to be done4 ,b ,god is n b\nd to d :at ,he does n2 nor is x "r t ,he %\ld d :at ,he does n4 ,!re=e ,he _c d except :at ,he does4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god _c d any?+ t is n good & befitt+ creation4 ,b x is n good = creatures nor befitt+ !m to be o!rwise ?an z !y are4 ,!re=e ,god _c d except :at ,he does4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said3 ,?9ke/ ?\ t ,i _c ask ,my ,fa!r1 & ,he w give ,me pres5tly m ?an twelve legions ( angels8 7,matt4 #bf3ec74 ,b ,he nei!r ask$ = !m1 nor did ,8 ,fa!r %[ !m to refute ! ,jews4 ,!re=e ,god c d :at ,he does n4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ?is matt] c]ta9 p]sons err$ 9 two ways4 ,"s laid x d[n t ,god acts f natural necessity 9 su* way t z f ! action ( nature no?+ else c happ5 beyond :at actually takes place--z1 = in/ance1 f ! se$ ( man1 a man mu/ come1 & f t ( an olive1 an olive2 s f ! div9e op]ation !re c\ld n result o!r ?+s1 nor ano!r ord] ( ?+s1 ?an t :i* n[ is4 ,b we %[$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c7 t ,god does n act f natural necessity1 b t ,8 w is ! cause ( all ?+s2 nor is t w naturally & f any necessity det]m9$ to ^? ?+s4 ,:5ce 9 no way at all is ! pres5t c\rse ( ev5ts produc$ by ,god f any necessity1 s t o!r ?+s c\ld n happ54 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 said t ! div9e p[] is re/rict$ to ?is pres5t c\rse ( ev5ts ?r\gh ! ord] ( ! div9e wisdom & ju/ice )\t :i* ,god does no?+4 ,b s9ce ! p[] ( ,god1 :i* is ,8 ess5ce1 is no?+ else b ,8 wisdom1 x c inde$ be fitt+ly said t !re is no?+ 9 ! div9e p[] :i* is n 9 ! ord] ( ! div9e wisdom2 = ! div9e wisdom includes ! :ole pot5cy ( ! div9e p[]4 ,yet ! ord] plac$ 9 creation by div9e wisdom1 9 :i* ord] ! notion ( ,8 ju/ice consi/s1 z said above 7,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #b71 is n s adequate to ! div9e wisdom t ! div9e wisdom %\ld be re/rict$ to ?is pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! :ole idea ( ord] :i* a wise man puts into ?+s made by him is tak5 f _! end4 ,s1 :5 ! end is proportionate to ! ?+s made = t end1 ! wisdom ( ! mak] is re/rict$ to "s def9ite ord]4 ,b ! div9e goodness is an end exce$+ beyond all proportion ?+s creat$4 ,:5ce ! div9e wisdom is n s re/rict$ to any p>ticul> ord] t no o!r c\rse ( ev5ts c\ld happ54 ,:]e=e we mu/ simply say t ,god c d o!r ?+s ?an ^? ,he has done4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ourselves1 9 :om p[] & ess5ce are di/9ct f w & intellect1 & aga9 intellect f wisdom1 & w f ju/ice1 !re c be some?+ 9 ! p[] :i* is n 9 ! j w nor 9 ! wise intellect4 ,b 9 ,god1 p[] & ess5ce1 w & intellect1 wisdom & ju/ice1 are "o & ! same4 ,:5ce1 !re c be no?+ 9 ! div9e p[] :i* _c also be 9 ,8 j w or 9 ,8 wise intellect4 ,nev]!less1 because ,8 w _c be det]m9$ f necessity to ?is or t ord] ( ?+s1 except ^u supposition1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c71 nei!r are ! wisdom & ju/ice ( ,god re/rict$ to ?is pres5t ord]1 z 0 %[n above2 s no?+ prev5ts !re be+ some?+ 9 ! div9e p[] :i* ,he does n w1 & :i* is n includ$ 9 ! ord] :i* ,he has place 9 ?+s4 ,aga91 because p[] is consid]$ z execut+1 ! w z comm&+1 & ! intellect & wisdom z direct+2 :at is attribut$ to ,8 p[] consid]$ 9 itself1 ,god is said to be able to d 9 accordance ) ,8 absolute p[]4 ,( su* a k9d is ev]y?+ :i* has ! nature ( be+1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #c74 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 attribut$ to ! div9e p[]1 accord+ z x c>ries into execution ! comm& ( a j w1 ,god is said to be able to d by ,8 ord9>y p[]4 ,9 ?is mann]1 we mu/ say t ,god c d o!r ?+s by ,8 absolute p[] ?an ^? ,he has =ekn[n & pre-orda9$ ,he w\ld d4 ,b x c\ld n happ5 t ,he %\ld d any?+ :i* ,he _h n =ekn[n1 & _h n pre-orda9$ t ,he w\ld d1 because ,8 actual do+ is subject to ,8 =ekn[l$ge & pre-ord9ation1 ?\gh ,8 p[]1 :i* is ,8 nature1 is n s4 ,= ,god does ?+s because ,he wills s to d2 yet ! p[] to d !m does n come f ,8 w1 b f ,8 nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is b\nd to nobody b ,himself4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is said t ,god c only d :at ,he ought1 no?+ else is meant by ?is ?an t ,god c d no?+ b :at is befitt+ to ,himself1 & j4 ,b ^! words befitt+ & j may be und]/ood 9 two ways3 "o1 9 direct connection ) ! v]b is2 & ?us !y w\ld be re/rict$ to ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s2 & w\ld conc]n ,8 p[]4 ,!n :at is said 9 ! objection is false2 = ! s5se is t ,god c d no?+ except :at is n[ fitt+ & j4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y be jo9$ directly ) ! v]b c 7:i* has ! effect ( ext5d+ ! mean+71 & !n secondly ) is1 ! pres5t w be signifi$1 b 9 a confus$ & g5]al way4 ,! s5t5ce w\ld !n be true 9 ?is s5se3 ,god _c d any?+ except t :i*1 if ,he did x1 w\ld be suitable & j4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ?is ord] ( ?+s be re/rict$ to :at n[ exi/s1 ! div9e p[] & wisdom are n ?us re/rict$4 ,:5ce1 al?\gh no o!r ord] w\ld be suitable & good to ! ?+s :i* n[ are1 yet ,god c d o!r ?+s & impose ^u !m ano!r ord]4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,god ,c ,d ,bett] ,?an ,:at ,he ,does8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god _c d bett] ?an ,he does4 ,= :atev] ,god does1 ,he does 9 a mo/ p[]ful & wise way4 ,b a ?+ is s mu* ! bett] done z x is m p[]fully & wisely done4 ,!re=e ,god _c d any?+ bett] ?an ,he does4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e ?us argues 7,contra ,maxim94 iii1 #h73 ,if ,god c\ld1 b w\ld n1 beget a ,son ,8 equal1 ,he w\ld h be5 envi\s4 ,= ! same reason1 if ,god c\ld h made bett] ?+s ?an ,he has done1 b 0 n will+ s to d1 ,he w\ld h be5 envi\s4 ,b envy is f> remov$ f ,god4 ,!re=e ,god makes ev]y?+ ( ! be/4 ,he _c !re=e make any?+ bett] ?an ,he does4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is v good & ! be/ ( all _c be bett]$2 because no?+ is bett] ?an ! be/4 ,b z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #aj71 ea* ?+ t ,god has made is good1 &1 tak5 all toge!r !y are v good2 because 9 !m all consi/s ! wondr\s beauty ( ! univ]se4 ,!re=e ! good 9 ! univ]se c\ld n be made bett] by ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,*ri/ z man is full ( grace & tru?1 & has ! ,_s )\t measure2 & s ,he _c be bett]4 ,aga9 creat$ happ9ess is describ$ z ! highe/ good1 & ?us _c be bett]4 ,& ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y is rais$ above all ! *oirs ( angels1 & s _c be bett] ?an %e is4 ,god _c !re=e make all ?+s bett] ?an ,he has made !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,eph4 #c3bj73 ,god is able to d all ?+s m abundantly ?an we desire or und]/&4 ,i answ] t1 ,! goodness ( any?+ is tw(old2 "o1 :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( x--?us1 = in/ance1 to be rational p]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( man4 ,z reg>ds ?is good1 ,god _c make a ?+ bett] ?an x is itself2 al?\gh ,he c make ano!r ?+ bett] ?an x2 ev5 z ,he _c make ! numb] f\r great] ?an x is2 because if x 7 great] x w\ld no long] be f\r1 b ano!r numb]4 ,= ! addition ( a sub/antial diff]5ce 9 def9itions is aft] ! mann] ( ! addition ( unity ( numb]s 7,metaph4 viii1 #aj74 ,ano!r k9d ( goodness is t :i* is ov] & above ! ess5ce2 ?us1 ! good ( a man is to be virtu\s or wise4 ,z reg>ds ?is k9d ( goodness1 ,god c make bett] ! ?+s ,he has made4 ,absolutely speak+1 h[ev]1 ,god c make some?+ else bett] ?an ea* ?+ made by ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 x is said t ,god c make a ?+ bett] ?an ,he makes x1 if bett] is tak5 sub/antively1 ?is proposition is true4 ,= ,he c always make some?+ else bett] ?an ea* individual ?+3 & ,he c make ! same ?+ 9 "o way bett] ?an x is1 & 9 ano!r way n2 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,if1 h[ev]1 bett] is tak5 z an adv]b1 imply+ ! mann] ( ! mak+2 ?us ,god _c make any?+ bett] ?an ,he makes x1 because ,he _c make x f great] wisdom & goodness4 ,b if x implies ! mann] ( ! ?+ done1 ,he c make some?+ bett]2 because ,he c give to ?+s made by ,him a bett] mann] ( exi/5ce z reg>ds ! accid5ts1 al?\gh n z reg>ds ! sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ( ! nature ( a son t he %\ld be equal to 8 fa!r1 :5 he comes to maturity4 ,b x is n ( ! nature ( any?+ creat$1 t x %\ld be bett] ?an x 0 made by ,god4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! univ]se1 ! pres5t creation be+ suppos$1 _c be bett]1 on acc\nt ( ! mo/ beautiful ord] giv5 to ?+s by ,god2 9 :i* ! good ( ! univ]se consi/s4 ,= if any "o ?+ 7 bett]$1 ! proportion ( ord] w\ld be de/roy$2 z if "o /r+ 7 /ret*$ m ?an x ought to be1 ! melody ( ! h>p w\ld be de/roy$4 ,yet ,god c\ld make o!r ?+s1 or add some?+ to ! pres5t creation2 & !n !re w\ld be ano!r & a bett] univ]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! humanity ( ,*ri/1 f ! fact t x is unit$ to ! ,godhead2 & creat$ happ9ess f ! fact t x is ! fruition ( ,god2 & ! ,bless$ ,virg9 f ! fact t %e is ! "m ( ,god2 h all a c]ta9 inf9ite dignity f ! inf9ite good1 :i* is ,god4 ,& on ?is acc\nt !re _c be any?+ bett] ?an ^!2 j z !re _c be any?+ bett] ?an ,god4 ,,"q #bf ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,beatitude 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ all t p]ta9s to ! unity ( ! div9e ess5ce1 we come to treat ( ! div9e beatitude4 ,conc]n+ ?is1 !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r beatitude belongs to ,god8 7#b7 ,9 reg>d to :at is ,god call$ bless$2 does ?is reg>d ,8 act ( intellect8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,he is ess5tially ! beatitude ( ea* ( ! bless$8 7#d7 ,:e!r all o!r beatitude is includ$ 9 ! div9e beatitude8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,beatitude ,belongs to ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t beatitude does n belong to ,god4 ,= beatitude accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 iv7 is a /ate made p]fect by ! aggregation ( all good ?+s4 ,b ! aggregation ( goods has no place 9 ,god2 nor has composition4 ,!re=e beatitude does n belong to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 beatitude or happ9ess is ! rew>d ( virtue1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #i74 ,b rew>d does n apply to ,god2 z nei!r does m]it4 ,!re=e nei!r does beatitude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says3 ,:i* 9 ,8 times ,he %all %[1 :o is ! ,bless$ & only ,almighty1 ! ,k+ ( ,k+s & ,"l ( ,lords4 7#a ,tim4 #f3ae74 ,i answ] t1 ,beatitude belongs to ,god 9 a v special mann]4 ,= no?+ else is und]/ood to be meant by ! t]m beatitude ?an ! p]fect good ( an intellectual nature2 :i* is capable ( kn[+ t x has a suffici5cy ( ! good :i* x possesses1 to :i* x is compet5t t good or ill may befall1 & :i* c control its own actions4 ,all ( ^! ?+s belong 9 a mo/ excell5t mann] to ,god1 namely1 to be p]fect1 & to possess intellig5ce4 ,:5ce beatitude belongs to ,god 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,aggregation ( good is 9 ,god1 aft] ! mann] n ( composition1 b ( simplicity2 = ^? ?+s :i* 9 creatures is manifold1 pre-exi/ 9 ,god1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #d71 9 simplicity & unity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs z an accid5t to beatitude or happ9ess to be ! rew>d ( virtue1 s f> z anyone atta9s to beatitude2 ev5 z to be ! t]m ( g5]ation belongs accid5tally to a be+1 s f> z x passes f pot5tiality to act4 ,z1 !n1 ,god has be+1 ?\gh n begott52 s ,he has beatitude1 al?\gh n acquir$ by m]it4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,is ,call$ ,bless$ 9 ,respect ( ,8 ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is n call$ bless$ 9 respect to ,8 intellect4 ,= beatitude is ! highe/ good4 ,b good is said to be 9 ,god 9 reg>d to ,8 ess5ce1 because good has ref]5ce to be+ :i* is accord+ to ess5ce1 accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,de ,hebdom474 ,!re=e beatitude also is said to be 9 ,god 9 reg>d to ,8 ess5ce1 & n to ,8 intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,beatitude implies ! notion ( end4 ,n[ ! end is ! object ( ! w1 z also is ! good4 ,!re=e beatitude is said to be 9 ,god ) ref]5ce to ,8 w1 & n ) ref]5ce to ,8 intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxii1 #g73 ,he is 9 glory1 ,:o :il/ ,he rejoices 9 ,himself1 ne$s n fur!r praise4 ,to be 9 glory1 h[ev]1 is ! same z to be bless$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce we enjoy ,god 9 respect to our intellect1 because vision is ! :ole ( ! rew>d1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxii71 x w\ld seem t beatitude is said to be 9 ,god 9 respect ( ,8 intellect4 x w\ld seem t beatitude is said to be 9 ,god 9 respect ( ,8 intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,beatitude1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 is ! p]fect good ( an intellectual nature4 ,?us x is t1 z ev]y?+ desires ! p]fection ( its nature1 intellectual nature desires naturally to be happy4 ,n[ t :i* is mo/ p]fect 9 any intellectual nature is ! intellectual op]ation1 by :i* 9 "s s5se x grasps ev]y?+4 ,:5ce ! beatitude ( e intellectual nature consi/s 9 und]/&+4 ,n[ 9 ,god1 to be & to und]/& are "o & ! same ?+2 diff]+ only 9 ! mann] ( our und]/&+ !m4 ,beatitude mu/ !re=e be assign$ to ,god 9 respect ( ,8 intellect2 z also to ! bless$1 :o are call$ bless$ beati by reason ( ! assimilation to ,8 beatitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t proves t beatitude belongs to ,god2 n t beatitude p]ta9s ess5tially to ,him "u ! aspect ( ,8 ess5ce2 b r "u ! aspect ( ,8 intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce beatitude is a good1 x is ! object ( ! w2 n[ ! object is und]/ood z prior to ! act ( a p[]4 ,:5ce 9 our mann] ( und]/&+1 div9e beatitude prec$es ! act ( ! w at re/ 9 x4 ,?is _c be o!r ?an ! act ( ! intellect2 & ?us beatitude is to be f\nd 9 an act ( ! intellect4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,is ! ,beatitude ( ,ea* ( ! ,bless$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god is ! beatitude ( ea* ( ! bless$4 ,= ,god is ! supreme good1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d74 ,b x is q impossible t !re %\ld be _m supreme goods1 z also is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is ( ! ess5ce ( beatitude t x %\ld be ! supreme good1 x seems t beatitude is no?+ else b ,god ,himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 beatitude is ! la/ end ( ! rational nature4 ,b to be ! la/ end ( ! rational nature belongs only to ,god4 ,!re=e ! beatitude ( e bless$ is ,god alone4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! beatitude ( "o is great] ?an t ( ano!r1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ae3da3 ,/> diff]e? f /> 9 glory4 ,b no?+ is great] ?an ,god4 ,!re=e beatitude is some?+ diff]5t f ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,! beatitude ( an intellectual nature consi/s 9 an act ( ! intellect4 ,9 ?is we may consid] two ?+s1 namely1 ! object ( ! act1 :i* is ! ?+ und]/ood2 & ! act itself :i* is to und]/&4 ,if1 !n1 beatitude be consid]$ on ! side ( ! object1 ,god is ! only beatitude2 = ev]yone is bless$ f ?is sole fact1 t he und]/&s ,god1 9 accordance ) ! say+ ( ,augu/9e 7,confess4 v1 #d73 ,bless$ is he :o kn[e? ,!e1 ?\gh he "k n\ght else4 ,b z reg>ds ! act ( und]/&+1 beatitude is a creat$ ?+ 9 beatifi$ creatures2 b 9 ,god1 ev5 9 ?is way1 x is an uncreat$ ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,beatitude1 z reg>ds its object1 is ! supreme good absolutely1 b z reg>ds its act1 9 beatifi$ creatures x is _! supreme good1 n absolutely1 b 9 t k9d ( goods :i* a creature c p>ticipate4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,end is tw(old1 namely1 objective & subjective1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,great] ,e?ics i1 #c71 namely1 ! ?+ itself & its use4 ,?us to a mis] ! end is money1 & its acquisition4 ,accord+ly ,god is inde$ ! la/ end ( a rational creature1 z ! ?+ itself2 b creat$ beatitude is ! end1 z ! use1 or r fruition1 ( ! ?+4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ,o!r ,beatitude ,is ,includ$ 9 ! ,beatitude ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! div9e beatitude does n embrace all o!r beatitudes4 ,= !re are "s false beatitudes4 ,b no?+ false c be 9 ,god4 ,!re=e ! div9e beatitude does n embrace all o!r beatitudes4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a c]ta9 beatitude1 accord+ to "s1 consi/s 9 ?+s corporeal2 z 9 pleasure1 ri*es1 & su* l4 ,n[ none ( ^! h to d ) ,god1 s9ce ,he is incorporeal4 ,!re=e ,8 beatitude does n embrace all o!r beatitudes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,beatitude is a c]ta9 p]fection4 ,b ! div9e p]fection embraces all o!r p]fection1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ! div9e beatitude embraces all o!r beatitudes4 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] is desirable 9 :atsoev] beatitude1 :e!r true or false1 pre-exi/s :olly & 9 a m em95t degree 9 ! div9e beatitude4 ,z to contemplative happ9ess1 ,god possesses a cont9ual & mo/ c]ta9 contemplation ( ,himself & ( all ?+s else2 & z to t :i* is active1 ,he has ! gov]nance ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,z to e>?ly happ9ess1 :i* consi/s 9 delight1 ri*es1 p[]1 dignity1 & fame1 accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 iii1 #aj71 ,he possesses joy 9 ,himself & all ?+s else = ,8 delight2 in/ead ( ri*es ,he has t complete self-suffici5cy1 :i* is promis$ by ri*es2 9 place ( p[]1 ,he has omnipot5ce2 = dignities1 ! gov]nm5t ( all ?+s2 & 9 place ( fame1 ,he possesses ! admiration ( all creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a p>ticul> k9d ( beatitude is false accord+ z x falls %ort ( ! idea ( true beatitude2 & ?us x is n 9 ,god4 ,b :atev] semblance x has1 h[soev] slight1 ( beatitude1 ! :ole ( x pre-exi/s 9 ! div9e beatitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good t exi/s 9 ?+s corporeal 9 a corporeal mann]1 is also 9 ,god1 b 9 a spiritual mann]4 ,we h n[ spok5 en\gh conc]n+ :at p]ta9s to ! unity ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,mo/ ,,holy ,,tr9ity 7,,qq4 #bg-dc7 ,,"q #bg ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,p]sons 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,hav+ consid]$ :at belongs to ! unity ( ! div9e ess5ce1 x rema9s to treat ( :at belongs to ! ,tr9ity ( ! p]sons 9 ,god4 ,& because ! div9e ,p]sons are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r accord+ to ! relations ( orig91 ! ord] ( ! doctr9e leads u to consid] fir/ly1 ! "q ( orig9 or procession2 secondly1 ! relations ( orig92 ?irdly1 ! p]sons4 ,conc]n+ procession !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is procession 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r any procession 9 ,god c be call$ g5]ation8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re c be any o!r procession 9 ,god besides g5]ation8 7#d7 ,:e!r t o!r procession c be call$ g5]ation8 7#e7 ,:e!r !re are m ?an two processions 9 ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,procession 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be any procession 9 ,god4 ,= procession signifies outw>d movem5t4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no?+ mobile1 nor any?+ extrane\s4 ,!re=e nei!r is !re procession 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* proce$s diff]s f t :5ce x proce$s4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no div]sity2 b supreme simplicity4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re is no procession4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to proce$ f ano!r seems to be aga9/ ! nature ( ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,b ,god is ! fir/ pr9ciple1 z %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re is no procession4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l says1 ,f ,god ,i proce$$ 7,john #h3db74 ,i answ] t1 ,div9e ,scripture uses1 9 relation to ,god1 names :i* signify procession4 ,?is procession has be5 diff]5tly und]/ood4 ,"s h und]/ood x 9 ! s5se ( an effect1 proce$+ f its cause2 s ,arius took x1 say+ t ! ,son proce$s f ! ,fa!r z ,8 prim>y creature1 & t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z ! creature ( bo?4 ,9 ?is s5se nei!r ! ,son nor ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld be true ,god3 & ?is is contr>y to :at is said ( ! ,son1 ,t 4 4 4 we may be 9 ,8 true ,son4 ,?is is true ,god 7#a ,john #e3bj74 ,( ! ,holy ,gho/ x is also said1 ,"k y n t y\r memb]s are ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 7#a ,cor4 #f3ai74 ,n[1 to h a temple is ,god's pr]ogative4 ,o!rs take ?is procession to mean ! cause proce$+ to ! effect1 z mov+ x1 or impress+ its own lik5ess on x2 9 :i* s5se x 0 und]/ood by ,sabellius1 :o said t ,god ! ,fa!r is call$ ,son 9 assum+ fle% f ! ,virg91 & t ! ,fa!r also is call$ ,holy ,gho/ 9 sanctify+ ! rational creature1 & mov+ x to life4 ,! words ( ! ,"l contradict su* a mean+1 :5 ,he speaks ( ,himself1 ,! ,son _c ( ,himself d any?+ 7,john #e3ai72 :ile _m o!r passages %[ ! same1 :]eby we "k t ! ,fa!r is n ! ,son4 ,c>eful exam9ation %[s t bo? ( ^! op9ions take procession z mean+ an outw>d act2 h5ce nei!r ( !m affirms procession z exi/+ 9 ,god ,himself2 :]eas1 s9ce procession always supposes action1 & z !re is an outw>d procession correspond+ to ! act t5d+ to ext]nal matt]1 s !re mu/ be an inw>d procession correspond+ to ! act rema9+ )9 ! ag5t4 ,?is applies mo/ conspicu\sly to ! intellect1 ! action ( :i* rema9s 9 ! intellig5t ag5t4 ,= :5ev] we und]/&1 by ! v fact ( und]/&+ !re proce$s some?+ )9 u1 :i* is a conception ( ! object und]/ood1 a conception issu+ f our intellectual p[] & proce$+ f our k ( t object4 ,?is conception is signifi$ by ! spok5 ^w2 & x is call$ ! ^w ( ! he>t signifi$ by ! ^w ( ! voice4 ,z ,god is above all ?+s1 we %\ld und]/& :at is said ( ,god1 n accord+ to ! mode ( ! l[e/ creatures1 namely bodies1 b f ! similitude ( ! highe/ creatures1 ! intellectual sub/ances2 :ile ev5 ! similitudes d]iv$ f ^! fall %ort 9 ! repres5tation ( div9e objects4 ,procession1 !re=e1 is n to be und]/ood f :at x is 9 bodies1 ei!r accord+ to local movem5t or by way ( a cause proce$+ =? to its ext]ior effect1 z1 = in/ance1 l heat f ! ag5t to ! ?+ made hot4 ,r x is to be und]/ood by way ( an intelligible emanation1 = example1 ( ! intelligible ^w :i* proce$s f ! speak]1 yet rema9s 9 him4 ,9 t s5se ! ,ca?olic ,fai? und]/&s procession z exi/+ 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection comes f ! idea ( procession 9 ! s5se ( local motion1 or ( an action t5d+ to ext]nal matt]1 or to an ext]ior effect2 :i* k9d ( procession does n exi/ 9 ,god1 z we h expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:atev] proce$s by way ( outw>d procession is necess>ily di/9ct f ! s\rce :5ce x proce$s1 :]eas1 :atev] proce$s )9 by an intelligible procession is n necess>ily di/9ct2 inde$1 ! m p]fectly x proce$s1 ! m closely x is "o ) ! s\rce :5ce x proce$s4 ,= x is cle> t ! m a ?+ is und]/ood1 ! m closely is ! intellectual conception jo9$ & unit$ to ! intellig5t ag5t2 s9ce ! intellect by ! v act ( und]/&+ is made "o ) ! object und]/ood4 ,?us1 z ! div9e intellig5ce is ! v supreme p]fection ( ,god 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b71 ! div9e ,^w is ( necessity p]fectly "o ) ! s\rce :5ce ,he proce$s1 )\t any k9d ( div]sity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to proce$ f a pr9ciple1 s z to be some?+ outside & di/9ct f t pr9ciple1 is irreconcilable ) ! idea ( a fir/ pr9ciple2 :]eas an intimate & uni=m procession by way ( an intelligible act is includ$ 9 ! idea ( a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,= :5 we call ! build] ! pr9ciple ( ! h\se1 9 ! idea ( su* a pr9ciple is includ$ t ( 8 art2 & x w\ld be includ$ 9 ! idea ( ! fir/ pr9ciple 7 ! build] ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! h\se4 ,god1 ,:o is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 may be comp>$ to ?+s creat$ z ! ar*itect is to ?+s design$4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,any ,procession 9 ,god ,c ,be ,call$ ,g5]ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no procession 9 ,god c be call$ g5]ation4 ,= g5]ation is *ange f non-exi/5ce to exi/5ce1 & is oppos$ to corruption2 :ile matt] is ! subject ( bo?4 ,no?+ ( all ?is belongs to ,god4 ,!re=e g5]ation _c exi/ 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 procession exi/s 9 ,god1 accord+ to an intelligible mode1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #a74 ,b su* a process is n call$ g5]ation 9 u2 !re=e nei!r is x to be s call$ 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 any?+ t is g5]at$ d]ives exi/5ce f its g5]ator4 ,!re=e su* exi/5ce is a d]iv$ exi/5ce4 ,b no d]iv$ exi/5ce c be a self-subsi/5ce4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! div9e exi/5ce is self-subsi/+ 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d71 x foll[s t no g5]at$ exi/5ce c be ! div9e exi/5ce4 ,!re=e !re is no g5]ation 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #b3g73 ,?is day h ,i begott5 ,!e4 ,i answ] t1 ,! procession ( ! ,^w 9 ,god is call$ g5]ation4 ,9 pro( :]e( we mu/ obs]ve t g5]ation has a tw(old mean+3 "o common to ev]y?+ subject to g5]ation & corruption2 9 :i* s5se g5]ation is no?+ b *ange f non-exi/5ce to exi/5ce4 ,9 ano!r s5se x is prop] & belongs to liv+ ?+s2 9 :i* s5se x signifies ! orig9 ( a liv+ be+ f a conjo9$ liv+ pr9ciple2 & ?is is prop]ly call$ bir?4 ,n ev]y?+ ( t k9d1 h[ev]1 is call$ begott52 b1 /rictly speak+1 only :at proce$s by way ( similitude4 ,h5ce a hair has n ! aspect ( g5]ation & son%ip1 b only t has :i* proce$s by way ( a similitude4 ,nor w any lik5ess suffice2 = a worm :i* is g5]at$ f animals has n ! aspect ( g5]ation & son%ip1 al?\gh x has a g5]ic similitude2 = ?is k9d ( g5]ation requires t !re %\ld be a procession by way ( similitude 9 ! same specific nature2 z a man proce$s f a man1 & a horse f a horse4 ,s 9 liv+ ?+s1 :i* proce$ f pot5tial to actual life1 su* z m5 & animals1 g5]ation includes bo? ^! k9ds ( g5]ation4 ,b if !re is a be+ ^: life does n proce$ f pot5tiality to act1 procession 7if f\nd 9 su* a be+7 excludes entirely ! fir/ k9d ( g5]ation2 :]eas x may h t k9d ( g5]ation :i* belongs to liv+ ?+s4 ,s 9 ?is mann] ! procession ( ! ,^w 9 ,god is g5]ation2 = ,he proce$s by way ( intelligible action1 :i* is a vital op]ation3--f a conjo9$ pr9ciple 7z above describ$73--by way ( similitude1 inasmu* z ! concept ( ! intellect is a lik5ess ( ! object conceiv$3--& exi/s 9 ! same nature1 because 9 ,god ! act ( und]/&+ & ,8 exi/5ce are ! same1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce ! procession ( ! ,^w 9 ,god is call$ g5]ation2 & ! ,^w ,himself proce$+ is call$ ! ,son4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection is bas$ on ! idea ( g5]ation 9 ! fir/ s5se1 import+ ! issu+ =? f pot5tiality to act2 9 :i* s5se x is n f\nd 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! act ( human und]/&+ 9 ourselves is n ! sub/ance itself ( ! intellect2 h5ce ! ^w :i* proce$s )9 u by intelligible op]ation is n ( ! same nature z ! s\rce :5ce x proce$s2 s ! idea ( g5]ation _c be prop]ly & fully appli$ to x4 ,b ! div9e act ( intellig5ce is ! v sub/ance itself ( ! "o :o und]/&s 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #d74 ,! ,^w proce$+ !re=e proce$s z subsi/+ 9 ! same nature2 & s is prop]ly call$ begott51 & ,son4 ,h5ce ,scripture employs t]ms :i* d5ote g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s 9 ord] to signify ! procession ( ! div9e ,wisdom1 namely1 conception & bir?2 z is decl>$ 9 ! p]son ( ! div9e ,wisdom1 ,! dep?s 7 n z yet1 & ,i 0 already conceiv$2 be=e ! hills1 ,i 0 br\ght =?4 7,prov4 #h3bd74 ,9 our way ( und]/&+ we use ! ^w conception 9 ord] to signify t 9 ! ^w ( our intellect is f\nd ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood1 al?\gh !re be no id5tity ( nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n ev]y?+ d]iv$ f ano!r has exi/5ce 9 ano!r subject2 o!rwise we c\ld n say t ! :ole sub/ance ( creat$ be+ comes f ,god1 s9ce !re is no subject t c\ld receive ! :ole sub/ance4 ,s1 !n1 :at is g5]at$ 9 ,god receives its exi/5ce f ! g5]ator1 n z ?\gh t exi/5ce 7 receiv$ into matt] or into a subject 7:i* w\ld conflict ) ! div9e self-subsi/5ce72 b :5 we speak ( ,8 exi/5ce z receiv$1 we mean t ,he ,:o proce$s receives div9e exi/5ce f ano!r2 n1 h[ev]1 z if ,he 7 o!r f ! div9e nature4 ,= 9 ! p]fection itself ( ! div9e exi/5ce are conta9$ bo? ! ,^w intelligibly proce$+ & ! pr9ciple ( ! ,^w1 ) :atev] belongs to ,8 p]fection 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any ,o!r ,procession ,exi/s 9 ,god ,besides ,t ( ! ,^w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no o!r procession exi/s 9 ,god besides ! g5]ation ( ! ,^w4 ,because1 = :atev] reason we admit ano!r procession1 we %\ld be l$ to admit yet ano!r1 & s on to inf9itude2 :i* _c be4 ,!re=e we mu/ /op at ! fir/1 & hold t !re exi/s only "o procession 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e nature possesses b "o mode ( self-communication2 because op]ations d]ive unity & div]sity f _! t]ms4 ,b procession 9 ,god is only by way ( communication ( ! div9e nature4 ,!re=e1 z !re is only "o div9e nature 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #d71 x foll[s t only "o procession exi/s 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if any o!r procession b ! intelligible procession ( ! ,^w exi/$ 9 ,god1 x c\ld only be ! procession ( love1 :i* is by ! op]ation ( ! w4 ,b su* a procession is id5tifi$ ) ! intelligible procession ( ! intellect1 inasmu* z ! w 9 ,god is ! same z ,8 intellect 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re is no o!r procession b ! procession ( ! ,^w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r 7,john #ae3bf72 & ,he is di/9ct f ! ,son1 accord+ to ! words1 ,i w ask ,my ,fa!r1 & ,he w give y ano!r ,p>aclete 7,john #ad3af74 ,!re=e 9 ,god ano!r procession exi/s besides ! procession ( ! ,^w4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two processions 9 ,god2 ! procession ( ! ,^w1 & ano!r4 ,9 evid5ce :]e( we mu/ obs]ve t procession exi/s 9 ,god1 only accord+ to an action :i* does n t5d to any?+ ext]nal1 b rema9s 9 ! ag5t itself4 ,su* an action 9 an intellectual nature is t ( ! intellect1 & ( ! w4 ,! procession ( ! ,^w is by way ( an intelligible op]ation4 ,! op]ation ( ! w )9 ourselves involves also ano!r procession1 t ( love1 :]eby ! object lov$ is 9 ! lov]2 z1 by ! conception ( ! ^w1 ! object spok5 ( or und]/ood is 9 ! intellig5t ag5t4 ,h5ce1 besides ! procession ( ! ,^w 9 ,god1 !re exi/s 9 ,him ano!r procession call$ ! procession ( love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no ne$ to g on to inf9itude 9 ! div9e processions2 = ! procession :i* is accompli%$ )9 ! ag5t 9 an intellectual nature t]m9ates 9 ! procession ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all t exi/s 9 ,god1 is ,god 7,q4 #c1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d72 :]eas ! same does n apply to o!rs4 ,!re=e ! div9e nature is communicat$ by e procession :i* is n outw>d1 & ?is does n apply to o!r natures4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?\gh w & intellect are n div]se 9 ,god1 nev]!less ! nature ( w & intellect requires ! processions belong+ to ea* ( !m to exi/ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,= ! procession ( love occurs 9 due ord] z reg>ds ! procession ( ! ,^w2 s9ce no?+ c be lov$ by ! w unless x is conceiv$ 9 ! intellect4 ,s z !re exi/s a c]ta9 ord] ( ! ,^w to ! pr9ciple :5ce ,he proce$s1 al?\gh 9 ,god ! sub/ance ( ! intellect & its concept are ! same2 s1 al?\gh 9 ,god ! w & ! intellect are ! same1 /ill1 inasmu* z love requires by its v nature t x proce$ only f ! concept ( ! intellect1 !re is a di/9ction ( ord] betwe5 ! procession ( love & ! procession ( ! ,^w 9 ,god4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,procession ( ,love 9 ,god ,is ,g5]ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! procession ( love 9 ,god is g5]ation4 ,= :at proce$s by way ( lik5ess ( nature among liv+ ?+s is said to be g5]at$ & born4 ,b :at proce$s 9 ,god by way ( love proce$s 9 ! lik5ess ( nature2 o!rwise x w\ld be extrane\s to ! div9e nature1 & w\ld be an ext]nal procession4 ,!re=e :at proce$s 9 ,god by way ( love1 proce$s z g5]at$ & born4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z similitude is ( ! nature ( ! ^w1 s does x belong to love4 ,h5ce x is said1 t e bea/ loves its l 7,ecclus4 #ac3ai74 ,!re=e if ! ,^w is begott5 & born by way ( lik5ess1 x seems becom+ t love %\ld proce$ by way ( g5]ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is n 9 any species is n 9 ! g5us4 ,s if !re is a procession ( love 9 ,god1 !re ought to be "s special "n besides ?is common "n ( procession4 ,b no o!r "n is applicable b g5]ation4 ,!re=e ! procession ( love 9 ,god is g5]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,7 ?is true1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o proce$s z love1 w\ld proce$ z begott52 :i* is aga9/ ! /atem5t ( ,a?anasius3 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 n made1 nor begott51 b proce$+4 ,i answ] t1 ,! procession ( love 9 ,god ought n to be call$ g5]ation4 ,9 evid5ce :]e( we mu/ consid] t ! intellect & ! w diff] 9 ?is respect1 t ! intellect is made actual by ! object und]/ood resid+ accord+ to its own lik5ess 9 ! intellect2 :]eas ! w is made actual1 n by any similitude ( ! object will$ )9 x1 b by its hav+ a c]ta9 incl9ation to ! ?+ will$4 ,?us ! procession ( ! intellect is by way ( similitude1 & is call$ g5]ation1 because e g5]ator begets its own l2 :]eas ! procession ( ! w is n by way ( similitude1 b r by way ( impulse & movem5t t[>ds an object4 ,s :at proce$s 9 ,god by way ( love1 does n proce$ z begott51 or z son1 b proce$s r z _s2 :i* "n expresses a c]ta9 vital movem5t & impulse1 accord+ly z anyone is describ$ z mov$ or impell$ by love to p]=m an action4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all t exi/s 9 ,god is "o ) ! div9e nature4 ,h5ce ! prop] notion ( ?is or t procession1 by :i* "o procession is di/+ui%$ f ano!r1 _c be on ! "p ( ?is unity3 b ! prop] notion ( ?is or t procession mu/ be tak5 f ! ord] ( "o procession to ano!r2 :i* ord] is d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! w & intellect4 ,h5ce1 ea* procession 9 ,god takes its "n f ! prop] notion ( w & intellect2 ! "n be+ impos$ to signify :at its nature really is2 & s x is t ! ,p]son proce$+ z love receives ! div9e nature1 b is n said to be born4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,lik5ess belongs 9 a diff]5t way to ! ^w & to love4 ,x belongs to ! ^w z be+ ! lik5ess ( ! object und]/ood1 z ! ?+ g5]at$ is ! lik5ess ( ! g5]ator2 b x belongs to love1 n z ?\gh love itself 7 a lik5ess1 b because lik5ess is ! pr9ciple ( lov+4 ,?us x does n foll[ t love is begott51 b t ! "o begott5 is ! pr9ciple ( love4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we c "n ,god only f creatures 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a74 ,z 9 creatures g5]ation is ! only pr9ciple ( communication ( nature1 procession 9 ,god has no prop] or special "n1 except t ( g5]ation4 ,h5ce ! procession :i* is n g5]ation has rema9$ )\t a special "n2 b x c be call$ spiration1 z x is ! procession ( ! ,_s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,m ,?an ,two ,processions 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are m ?an two processions 9 ,god4 ,z k & w are attribut$ to ,god1 s is p[]4 ,!re=e1 if two processions exi/ 9 ,god1 ( intellect & w1 x seems t !re mu/ also be a ?ird procession ( p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 goodness seems to be ! greate/ pr9ciple ( procession1 s9ce goodness is diffusive ( itself4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be a procession ( goodness 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ,god !re is great] p[] ( fecundity ?an 9 u4 ,b 9 u !re is n only "o procession ( ! ^w1 b !re are _m3 = 9 u f "o ^w proce$s ano!r2 & also f "o love proce$s ano!r4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re are m ?an two processions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ,god !re are n m ?an two :o proce$--! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e !re are 9 ,him b two processions4 ,i answ] t1 ,! div9e processions c be d]iv$ only f ! actions :i* rema9 )9 ! ag5t4 ,9 a nature :i* is intellectual1 & 9 ! div9e nature ^! actions are two1 ! acts ( intellig5ce & ( w4 ,! act ( s5sation1 :i* also appe>s to be an op]ation )9 ! ag5t1 takes place outside ! intellectual nature1 nor c x be reckon$ z :olly remov$ f ! sph]e ( ext]nal actions2 = ! act ( s5sation is p]fect$ by ! action ( ! s5sible object ^u s5se4 ,x foll[s t no o!r procession is possible 9 ,god b ! procession ( ! ,^w1 & ( ,love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p[] is ! pr9ciple :]eby "o ?+ acts on ano!r4 ,h5ce x is t ext]nal action po9ts to p[]4 ,?us ! div9e p[] does n imply ! procession ( a div9e p]son2 b is indicat$ by ! procession !refrom ( creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom471 goodness belongs to ! ess5ce & n to ! op]ation1 unless consid]$ z ! object ( ! w4 ,?us1 z ! div9e processions mu/ be d5om9at$ f c]ta9 actions2 no o!r processions c be und]/ood 9 ,god accord+ to goodness & ! l attributes except ^? ( ! ,^w & ( love1 accord+ z ,god und]/&s & loves ,8 own ess5ce1 tru? & goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #e71 ,god und]/&s all ?+s by "o simple act2 & by "o act also ,he wills all ?+s4 ,h5ce !re _c exi/ 9 ,him a procession ( ,^w f ,^w1 nor ( ,love f ,love3 = !re is 9 ,him only "o p]fect ,^w1 & "o p]fect ,love2 !reby be+ manife/$ ,8 p]fect fecundity4 ,,"q #bh ,,! ,,div9e ,,relations 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,! div9e relations are next to be consid]$1 9 f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re are real relations 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r ^? relations are ! div9e ess5ce itself1 or are extr9sic to x8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 ,god !re c be sev]al relations di/9ct f ea* o!r8 7#d7 ,! numb] ( ^! relations4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,real ,relations 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are no real relations 9 ,god4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr94 iv71 ,all possible pr$icam5ts us$ z reg>ds ! ,godhead ref] to ! sub/ance2 = no?+ c be pr$icat$ relatively4 ,b :atev] really exi/s 9 ,god c be pr$icat$ ( ,him4 ,!re=e no real relation exi/s 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr94 iv7 t1 ,relation 9 ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,fa!r to ! ,son1 & ( bo? to ! ,holy ,gho/1 is ! relation ( ! same to ! same4 ,b a relation ( ?is k9d is only a logical "o2 = e real relation requires & implies 9 reality two t]ms4 ,!re=e ! div9e relations are n real relations1 b are =m$ only by ! m9d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! relation ( pat]nity is ! relation ( a pr9ciple4 ,b to say t ,god is ! pr9ciple ( creatures does n import any real relation1 b only a logical "o4 ,!re=e pat]nity 9 ,god is n a real relation2 :ile ! same applies = ! same reason to ! o!r relations 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! div9e g5]ation proce$s by way ( an intelligible ^w4 ,b ! relations foll[+ ^u ! op]ation ( ! intellect are logical relations4 ,!re=e pat]nity & filiation 9 ,god1 consequ5t ^u g5]ation1 are only logical relations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,fa!r is d5om9at$ only f pat]nity2 & ! ,son only f filiation4 ,!re=e1 if no real pat]nity or filiation exi/$ 9 ,god1 x w\ld foll[ t ,god is n really ,fa!r or ,son1 b only 9 our mann] ( und]/&+2 & ?is is ! ,sabellian h]esy4 ,i answ] t1 relations exi/ 9 ,god really2 9 pro( :]e( we may consid] t 9 relations alone is f\nd some?+ :i* is only 9 ! appreh5sion & n 9 reality4 ,?is is n f\nd 9 any o!r g5us2 =asmu* z o!r g5]a1 z quantity & quality1 9 _! /rict & prop] mean+1 signify some?+ inh]5t 9 a subject4 ,b relation 9 its own prop] mean+ signifies only :at ref]s to ano!r4 ,su* reg>d to ano!r exi/s sometimes 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 z 9 ^? ?+s :i* by _! own v nature are ord]$ to ea* o!r1 & h a mutual incl9ation2 & su* relations are necess>ily real relations2 z 9 a heavy body is f\nd an incl9ation & ord] to ! c5tre2 & h5ce !re exi/s 9 ! heavy body a c]ta9 respect 9 reg>d to ! c5tre & ! same applies to o!r ?+s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is reg>d to ano!r1 signifi$ by relation1 is to be f\nd only 9 ! appreh5sion ( reason comp>+ "o ?+ to ano!r1 & ?is is a logical relation only2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 reason comp>es man to animal z ! species to ! g5us4 ,b :5 some?+ proce$s f a pr9ciple ( ! same nature1 !n bo? ! "o proce$+ & ! s\rce ( procession1 agree 9 ! same ord]2 & !n !y h real relations to ea* o!r4 ,!re=e z ! div9e processions are 9 ! id5tity ( ! same nature1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #bg1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d71 ^! relations1 accord+ to ! div9e processions1 are necess>ily real relations4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,relation%ip is n pr$icat$ ( ,god accord+ to its prop] & =mal mean+1 t is to say1 9 s f> z its prop] mean+ d5otes comp>ison to t 9 :i* relation is inh]5t1 b only z d5ot+ reg>d to ano!r4 ,nev]!less ,boe?ius did n wi% to exclude relation 9 ,god2 b he wi%$ to %[ t x 0 n to be pr$icat$ ( ,him z reg>ds ! mode ( inh]5ce 9 ,himself 9 ! /rict mean+ ( relation2 b r by way ( relation to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! relation signifi$ by ! t]m ! same is a logical relation only1 if 9 reg>d to absolutely ! same ?+2 because su* a relation c exi/ only 9 a c]ta9 ord] obs]v$ by reason z reg>ds ! ord] ( any?+ to itself1 accord+ to "s two aspects !re(4 ,! case is o!rwise1 h[ev]1 :5 ?+s are call$ ! same1 n num]ically1 b g5]ically or specifically4 ,?us ,boe?ius lik5s ! div9e relations to a relation ( id5tity1 n 9 e respect1 b only z reg>ds ! fact t ! sub/ance is n div]sifi$ by ^! relations1 z nei!r is x by relation ( id5tity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! creature proce$s f ,god 9 div]sity ( nature1 ,god is outside ! ord] ( ! :ole creation1 nor does any relation to ! creature arise f ,8 nature2 = ,he does n produce ! creature by necessity ( ,8 nature1 b by ,8 intellect & w1 z is above expla9$ 7,q4 #ad1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e !re is no real relation 9 ,god to ! creature2 :]eas 9 creatures !re is a real relation to ,god2 because creatures are conta9$ "u ! div9e ord]1 & _! v nature entails dep5d5ce on ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! div9e processions are 9 "o & ! same nature4 ,h5ce no p>allel exi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,relations :i* result f ! m5tal op]ation alone 9 ! objects und]/ood are logical relations only1 inasmu* z reason obs]ves !m z exi/+ betwe5 two objects p]ceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,^? relations1 h[ev]1 :i* foll[ ! op]ation ( ! intellect1 & :i* exi/ betwe5 ! ^w intellectually proce$+ & ! s\rce :5ce x proce$s1 are n logical relations only1 b are real relations2 inasmu* z ! intellect & ! reason are real ?+s1 & are really relat$ to t :i* proce$s f !m intelligibly2 z a corporeal ?+ is relat$ to t :i* proce$s f x corporeally4 ,?us pat]nity & filiation are real relations 9 ,god4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,relation 9 ,god ,is ! ,same ,z ,8 ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! div9e relation is n ! same z ! div9e ess5ce4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v7 t n all t is said ( ,god is said ( ,8 sub/ance1 = we say "s ?+s relatively1 z ,fa!r 9 respect ( ! ,son3 b su* ?+s d n ref] to ! sub/ance4 ,!re=e ! relation is n ! div9e ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii7 t1 e relative expression is some?+ besides ! relation express$1 z ma/] is a man1 & slave is a man4 ,!re=e1 if relations exi/ 9 ,god1 !re mu/ be some?+ else besides relation 9 ,god4 ,?is c only be ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e ess5ce diff]s f relation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ess5ce ( relation is ! be+ ref]r$ to ano!r1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,pra$ic4 v74 ,s if relation is ! div9e ess5ce1 x foll[s t ! div9e ess5ce is ess5tially itself a relation to some?+ else2 :]eas ?is is repugnant to ! p]fection ( ! div9e ess5ce1 :i* is supremely absolute & self-subsi/+ 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e relation is n ! div9e ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ev]y?+ :i* is n ! div9e ess5ce is a creature4 ,b relation really belongs to ,god2 & if x is n ! div9e ess5ce1 x is a creature2 & x _c claim ! adoration ( latria2 contr>y to :at is sung 9 ! ,preface3 ,let u adore ! di/9ction ( ! ,p]sons1 & ! equality ( _! ,maje/y4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is report$ t ,gilb]t de la ,porree err$ on ?is po9t1 b revok$ 8 error lat] at ! c\ncil ( ,rheims4 ,= he said t ! div9e relations are assi/ant1 or ext]nally affix$4 ,to p]ceive ! error "h express$1 we mu/ consid] t 9 ea* ( ! n9e g5]a ( accid5ts !re are two po9ts = rem>k4 ,"o is ! nature belong+ to ea* "o ( !m consid]$ z an accid5t2 :i* commonly applies to ea* ( !m z inh]5t 9 a subject1 = ! ess5ce ( an accid5t is to inh]e4 ,! o!r po9t ( rem>k is ! prop] nature ( ea* "o ( ^! g5]a4 ,9 ! g5]a1 ap>t f t ( relation1 z 9 quantity & quality1 ev5 ! true idea ( ! g5us itself is d]iv$ f a respect to ! subject2 = quantity is call$ ! measure ( sub/ance1 & quality is ! disposition ( sub/ance4 ,b ! true idea ( relation is n tak5 f its respect to t 9 :i* x is1 b f its respect to some?+ outside4 ,s if we consid] ev5 9 creatures1 relations =mally z su*1 9 t aspect !y are said to be assi/ant1 & n intr9sically affix$1 =1 9 ?is way1 !y signify a respect :i* affects a ?+ relat$ & t5ds f t ?+ to some?+ else2 :]eas1 if relation is consid]$ z an accid5t1 x inh]es 9 a subject1 & has an accid5tal exi/5ce 9 x4 ,gilb]t de la ,porree consid]$ relation 9 ! =m] mode only4 ,n[ :atev] has an accid5tal exi/5ce 9 creatures1 :5 consid]$ z transf]r$ to ,god1 has a sub/antial exi/5ce2 = !re is no accid5t 9 ,god2 s9ce all 9 ,him is ,8 ess5ce4 ,s1 9 s f> z relation has an accid5tal exi/5ce 9 creatures1 relation really exi/+ 9 ,god has ! exi/5ce ( ! div9e ess5ce 9 no way di/9ct !refrom4 ,b 9 s f> z relation implies respect to some?+ else1 no respect to ! ess5ce is signifi$1 b r to its opposite t]m4 ,?us x is manife/ t relation really exi/+ 9 ,god is really ! same z ,8 ess5ce & only diff]s 9 its mode ( intelligibility2 z 9 relation is meant t reg>d to its opposite :i* is n express$ 9 ! "n ( ess5ce4 ,?us x is cle> t 9 ,god relation & ess5ce d n diff] f ea* o!r1 b are "o & ! same4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ,augu/9e d n imply t pat]nity or any o!r relation :i* is 9 ,god is n 9 its v be+ ! same z ! div9e ess5ce2 b t x is n pr$icat$ "u ! mode ( sub/ance1 z exi/+ 9 ,him to ,:om x is appli$2 b z a relation4 ,s !re are said to be two pr$icam5ts only 9 ,god1 s9ce o!r pr$icam5ts import habitude to t ( :i* !y are spok51 bo? 9 _! g5]ic & 9 _! specific nature2 b no?+ t exi/s 9 ,god c h any relation to t :]e9 x exi/s or ( :om x is spok51 except ! relation ( id5tity2 & ?is by reason ( ,god's supreme simplicity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! relation :i* exi/s 9 creatures involves n only a reg>d to ano!r1 b also some?+ absolute1 s ! same applies to ,god1 yet n 9 ! same way4 ,:at is conta9$ 9 ! creature above & beyond :at is conta9$ 9 ! mean+ ( relation1 is some?+ else besides t relation2 :]eas 9 ,god !re is no di/9ction1 b bo? are "o & ! same2 & ?is is n p]fectly express$ by ! ^w relation1 z if x 7 compreh5d$ 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( t t]m4 ,= x 0 above expla9$ 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #b71 9 treat+ ( ! div9e names1 t m is conta9$ 9 ! p]fection ( ! div9e ess5ce ?an c be signifi$ by any "n4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t !re exi/s 9 ,god any?+ besides relation 9 reality2 b only 9 ! v>i\s names impos$ by u4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! div9e p]fection conta9$ only :at is signifi$ by relative names1 x w\ld foll[ t x is imp]fect1 be+ ?us relat$ to some?+ else2 z 9 ! same way1 if no?+ m 7 conta9$ 9 x ?an :at is signifi$ by ! ^w wisdom1 x w\ld n 9 t case be a subsi/5ce4 ,b z ! p]fection ( ! div9e ess5ce is great] ?an c be includ$ 9 any "n1 x does n foll[1 if a relative t]m or any o!r "n appli$ to ,god signify some?+ imp]fect1 t ! div9e ess5ce is 9 any way imp]fect2 = ! div9e ess5ce compreh5ds )9 itself ! p]fection ( e g5us 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,relations 9 ,god ,are ,really ,di/+ui%$ f ,ea* ,o!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! div9e relations are n really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,= ?+s :i* are id5tifi$ ) ! same1 are id5tifi$ ) ea* o!r4 ,b e relation 9 ,god is really ! same z ! div9e ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! relations are n really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z pat]nity & filiation are by "n di/+ui%$ f ! div9e ess5ce1 s likewise are goodness & p[]4 ,b ?is k9d ( di/9ction does n make any real di/9ction ( ! div9e goodness & p[]4 ,!re=e nei!r does x make any real di/9ction ( pat]nity & filiation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ,god !re is no real di/9ction b t ( orig94 ,b "o relation does n seem to arise f ano!r4 ,!re=e ! relations are n really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr947 t 9 ,god ! sub/ance conta9s ! unity2 & relation multiplies ! tr9ity4 ,!re=e1 if ! relations 7 n really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 !re w\ld be no real tr9ity 9 ,god1 b only an ideal tr9ity1 :i* is ! error ( ,sabellius4 ,i answ] t1 ,! attribut+ ( any?+ to ano!r involves ! attribution likewise ( :atev] is conta9$ 9 x4 ,s :5 man is attribut$ to anyone1 a rational nature is likewise attribut$ to him4 ,! idea ( relation1 h[ev]1 necess>ily means reg>d ( "o to ano!r1 accord+ z "o is relatively oppos$ to ano!r4 ,s z 9 ,god !re is a real relation 7,a4 #a71 !re mu/ also be a real opposition4 ,! v nature ( relative opposition includes di/9ction4 ,h5ce1 !re mu/ be real di/9ction 9 ,god1 n1 inde$1 accord+ to t :i* is absolute--namely1 ess5ce1 :]e9 !re is supreme unity & simplicity--b accord+ to t :i* is relative4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iii71 ?is argum5t holds1 t :atev] ?+s are id5tifi$ ) ! same ?+ are id5tifi$ ) ea* o!r1 if ! id5tity be real & logical2 z1 = in/ance1 a tunic & a g>m5t2 b n if !y diff] logically4 ,h5ce 9 ! same place he says t al?\gh action is ! same z motion1 & likewise passion2 /ill x does n foll[ t action & passion are ! same2 because action implies ref]5ce z ( some?+ f :i* !re is motion 9 ! ?+ mov$2 :]eas passion implies ref]5ce z ( some?+ :i* is f ano!r4 ,likewise1 al?\gh pat]nity1 j z filiation1 is really ! same z ! div9e ess5ce2 nev]!less ^! two 9 _! own prop] idea & def9itions import opposite respects4 ,h5ce !y are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p[] & goodness d n import any opposition 9 _! respective natures2 & h5ce !re is no p>allel argum5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh relations1 prop]ly speak+1 d n arise or proce$ f ea* o!r1 nev]!less !y are consid]$ z oppos$ accord+ to ! procession ( "o f ano!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r 9 ,god ,!re ,are ,only ,f\r ,real ,relations--,pat]nity1 ,filiation1 ,spiration1 & ,procession8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,god !re are n only f\r real relations--pat]nity1 filiation1 spiration & procession4 ,= x mu/ be obs]v$ t 9 ,god !re exi/ ! relations ( ! intellig5t ag5t to ! object und]/ood2 & ( ! "o will+ to ! object will$2 :i* are real relations n compris$ "u ^? above specifi$4 ,!re=e !re are n only f\r real relations 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 real relations 9 ,god are und]/ood z com+ f ! intelligible procession ( ! ,^w4 ,b intelligible relations are inf9itely multipli$1 z ,avic5na says4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re exi/s an inf9ite s]ies ( real relations4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ideas 9 ,god are et]nal 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #a72 & are only di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by reason ( _! reg>d to ?+s1 z above /at$4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re are _m m et]nal relations4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 equality1 & lik5ess1 & id5tity are relations3 & !y are 9 ,god f et]nity4 ,!re=e sev]al m relations are et]nal 9 ,god ?an ! above nam$4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x may also contr>iwise be said t !re are few] relations 9 ,god ?an ^? above nam$4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iii text #bd71 ,x is ! same way f ,a!ns to ,!bes1 z f ,!bes to ,a!ns4 ,by ! same way ( reason+ !re is ! same relation f ! ,fa!r to ! ,son1 t ( pat]nity1 & f ! ,son to ! ,fa!r1 t ( filiation2 & ?us !re are n f\r relations 9 ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 v71 e relation is bas$ ei!r on quantity1 z d\ble & half2 or on action & passion1 z ! do] & ! de$1 ! fa!r & ! son1 ! ma/] & ! s]vant1 & ! l4 ,n[ z !re is no quantity 9 ,god1 = ,he is great )\t quantity1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #a7 x foll[s t a real relation 9 ,god c be bas$ only on action4 ,su* relations are n bas$ on ! actions ( ,god accord+ to any extr9sic procession1 =asmu* z ! relations ( ,god to creatures are n real 9 ,him 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #g74 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t real relations 9 ,god c be und]/ood only 9 reg>d to ^? actions accord+ to :i* !re are int]nal1 & n ext]nal1 processions 9 ,god4 ,^! processions are two only1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #e71 "o d]iv$ f ! action ( ! intellect1 ! procession ( ! ,^w2 & ! o!r f ! action ( ! w1 ! procession ( love4 ,9 respect ( ea* ( ^! processions two opposite relations arise2 "o ( :i* is ! relation ( ! p]son proce$+ f ! pr9ciple2 ! o!r is ! relation ( ! pr9ciple ,himself4 ,! procession ( ! ,^w is call$ g5]ation 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 :]eby x is appli$ to liv+ ?+s4 ,n[ ! relation ( ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation 9 p]fect liv+ be+s is call$ pat]nity2 & ! relation ( ! "o proce$+ f ! pr9ciple is call$ filiation4 ,b ! procession ( ,love has no prop] "n ( its own 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d72 & s nei!r h ! ensu+ relations a prop] "n ( _! own4 ,! relation ( ! pr9ciple ( ?is procession is call$ spiration2 & ! relation ( ! p]son proce$+ is call$ procession3 al?\gh ^! two names belong to ! processions or orig9s !mselves1 & n to ! relations4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellect & its object1 & ! w & its object1 !re c be a real relation1 bo? ( sci5ce to its object1 & ( ! will] to ! object will$4 ,9 ,god1 h[ev]1 ! intellect & its object are "o & ! same2 because by und]/&+ ,himself1 ,god und]/&s all o!r ?+s2 & ! same applies to ,8 w & ! object t ,he wills4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 9 ,god ^! k9ds ( relations are n real2 z nei!r is ! relation ( a ?+ to itself4 ,nev]!less1 ! relation to ! ^w is a real relation2 because ! ^w is und]/ood z proce$+ by an intelligible action2 & n z a ?+ und]/ood4 ,= :5 we und]/& a /one2 t :i* ! intellect conceives f ! ?+ und]/ood1 is call$ ! ^w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,intelligible relations 9 ourselves are inf9itely multipli$1 because a man und]/&s a /one by "o act1 & by ano!r act und]/&s t he und]/&s ! /one1 & aga9 by ano!r1 und]/&s t he und]/&s ?is2 ?us ! acts ( und]/&+ are inf9itely multipli$1 & consequ5tly also ! relations und]/ood4 ,?is does n apply to ,god1 inasmu* z ,he und]/&s all ?+s by "o act alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ideal relations exi/ z und]/ood by ,god4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ f _! plurality t !re are _m relations 9 ,god2 b t ,god kn[s ^! _m relations4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,equality & similitude 9 ,god are n real relations2 b are only logical relations 7,q4 #db1 ,a4 #c1 ad #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! way f "o t]m to ano!r & conv]sely is ! same2 nev]!less ! mutual relations are n ! same4 ,h5ce1 we _c conclude t ! relation ( ! fa!r to ! son is ! same z t ( ! son to ! fa!r2 b we c\ld conclude ?is ( some?+ absolute1 if !re 7 su* betwe5 !m4 ,,"q #bi ,,! ,,div9e ,,p]sons 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,hav+ premis$ :at h appe>$ necess>y notions conc]n+ ! processions & ! relations1 we mu/ n[ approa* ! subject ( ! p]sons4 ,fir/1 we %all consid] ! p]sons absolutely1 & !n comp>atively z reg>ds ea* o!r4 ,we mu/ consid] ! p]sons absolutely fir/ 9 common2 & !n s+ly4 ,! g5]al consid]ation ( ! p]sons seem+ly involves f\r po9ts3 7#a7 ,! signification ( ?is ^w p]son2 7#b7 ! numb] ( ! p]sons2 7#c7 :at is involv$ 9 ! numb] ( p]sons1 or is oppos$ !reto2 z div]sity1 & similitude1 & ! l2 & 7#d7 :at belongs to our k ( ! p]sons4 ,f\r subjects ( inquiry are compris$ 9 ! fir/ po9t3 7#a7 ,! def9ition ( p]son4 7#b7 ,! comp>ison ( p]son to ess5ce1 subsi/5ce1 & hypo/asis4 7#c7 ,:e!r ! "n ( p]son is becom+ to ,god8 7#d7 ,:at does x signify 9 ,him8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #a ,! ,def9ition ( ,p]son ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! def9ition ( p]son giv5 by ,boe?ius 7,de ,duab4 ,nat47 is insuffici5t--t is1 a p]son is an individual sub/ance ( a rational nature4 ,= no?+ s+ul> c be subject to def9ition4 ,b p]son signifies some?+ s+ul>4 ,!re=e p]son is improp]ly def9$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sub/ance z plac$ above 9 ! def9ition ( p]son1 is ei!r fir/ sub/ance1 or second sub/ance4 ,if x is ! =m]1 ! ^w individual is sup]flu\s1 because fir/ sub/ance is individual sub/ance2 if x /&s = second sub/ance1 ! ^w individual is false1 = !re is contradiction ( t]ms2 s9ce second sub/ances are ! g5]a or species4 ,!re=e ?is def9ition is incorrect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an int5tional t]m mu/ n be includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( a ?+4 ,= to def9e a man z a species ( animal w\ld n be a correct def9ition2 s9ce man is ! "n ( a ?+1 & species is a "n ( an int5tion4 ,!re=e1 s9ce p]son is ! "n ( a ?+ 7= x signifies a sub/ance ( a rational nature71 ! ^w individual :i* is an int5tional "n comes improp]ly into ! def9ition4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,nature is ! pr9ciple ( motion & re/1 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* x is ess5tially1 & n accid5tally1 z ,ari/otle says 7,phys4 ii74 ,b p]son exi/s 9 ?+s immovable1 z 9 ,god1 & 9 ! angels4 ,!re=e ! ^w nature ought n to ent] into ! def9ition ( p]son1 b ! ^w %\ld r be ess5ce4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! sep>at$ s\l is an individual sub/ance ( ! rational nature2 b x is n a p]son4 ,!re=e p]son is n prop]ly def9$ z above4 ,i answ] t1 ,al?\gh ! univ]sal & p>ticul> exi/ 9 e g5us1 nev]!less1 9 a c]ta9 special way1 ! individual belongs to ! g5us ( sub/ance4 ,= sub/ance is individualiz$ by itself2 :]eas ! accid5ts are individualiz$ by ! subject1 :i* is ! sub/ance2 s9ce ?is p>ticul> :it5ess is call$ ?is1 because x exi/s 9 ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,& s x is reasonable t ! individuals ( ! g5us sub/ance %\ld h a special "n ( _! own2 = !y are call$ hypo/ases1 or fir/ sub/ances4 ,fur!r /ill1 9 a m special & p]fect way1 ! p>ticul> & ! individual are f\nd 9 ! rational sub/ances :i* h dom9ion ov] _! own actions2 & :i* are n only made to act1 l o!rs2 b :i* c act ( !mselves2 = actions belong to s+ul>s4 ,!re=e also ! individuals ( ! rational nature h a special "n ev5 among o!r sub/ances2 & ?is "n is p]son4 ,?us ! t]m individual sub/ance is plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( p]son1 z signify+ ! s+ul> 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance2 & ! t]m rational nature is add$1 z signify+ ! s+ul> 9 rational sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ?is or t s+ul> may n be def9able1 yet :at belongs to ! g5]al idea ( s+ul>ity c be def9$2 & s ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,pra$ic41 cap4 ,de sub/antia7 gives a def9ition ( fir/ sub/ance2 & 9 ?is way ,boe?ius def9es p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ! t]m sub/ance 9 ! def9ition ( p]son /&s = fir/ sub/ance1 :i* is ! hypo/asis2 nor is ! t]m individual sup]flu\sly add$1 =asmu* z by ! "n ( hypo/asis or fir/ sub/ance ! idea ( univ]sality & ( "p is exclud$4 ,= we d n say t man 9 g5]al is an hypo/asis1 nor t ! h& is s9ce x is only a "p4 ,b :]e individual is add$1 ! idea ( assumptibility is exclud$ f p]son2 = ! human nature 9 ,*ri/ is n a p]son1 s9ce x is assum$ by a great]--t is1 by ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] to say t sub/ance is "h tak5 9 a g5]al s5se1 z divid$ into fir/ & second1 & :5 individual is add$1 x is re/rict$ to fir/ sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sub/antial diff]5ces be+ unkn[n to u1 or at lea/ unnam$ by u1 x is sometimes necess>y to use accid5tal diff]5ces 9 ! place ( sub/antial2 z1 = example1 we may say t fire is a simple1 hot1 & dry body3 = prop] accid5ts are ! effects ( sub/antial =ms1 & make !m kn[n4 ,likewise1 t]ms expressive ( int5tion c be us$ 9 def9+ realities if us$ to signify ?+s :i* are unnam$4 ,& s ! t]m individual is plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( p]son to signify ! mode ( subsi/5ce :i* belongs to p>ticul> sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 v1 #e71 ! ^w nature 0 fir/ us$ to signify ! g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* is call$ nativity4 ,& because ?is k9d ( g5]ation comes f an intr9sic pr9ciple1 ?is t]m is ext5d$ to signify ! intr9sic pr9ciple ( any k9d ( movem5t4 ,9 ?is s5se he def9es nature 7,phys4 ii1 #c74 ,& s9ce ?is k9d ( pr9ciple is ei!r =mal or mat]ial1 bo? matt] & =m are commonly call$ nature4 ,& z ! ess5ce ( any?+ is complet$ by ! =m2 s ! ess5ce ( any?+1 signifi$ by ! def9ition1 is commonly call$ nature4 ,& "h nature is tak5 9 t s5se4 ,h5ce ,boe?ius says 7,de ,duab4 ,nat47 t1 nature is ! specific diff]5ce giv+ its =m to ea* ?+1 = ! specific diff]5ce completes ! def9ition1 & is d]iv$ f ! special =m ( a ?+4 ,s 9 ! def9ition ( p]son1 :i* means ! s+ul> 9 a det]m9$ g5us1 x is m correct to use ! t]m nature ?an ess5ce1 because ! latt] is tak5 f be+1 :i* is mo/ common4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! s\l is a "p ( ! human species2 & s1 al?\gh x may exi/ 9 a sep>ate /ate1 yet s9ce x ev] reta9s its nature ( unibility1 x _c be call$ an individual sub/ance1 :i* is ! hypo/asis or fir/ sub/ance1 z nei!r c ! h& nor any o!r "p ( man2 ?us nei!r ! def9ition nor ! "n ( p]son belongs to x4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,p]son ,is ! ,same ,z ,hypo/asis1 ,subsi/5ce1 & ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t p]son is ! same z hypo/asis1 subsi/5ce1 & ess5ce4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,duab4 ,nat47 t ! ,greeks call$ ! individual sub/ance ( ! rational nature by ! "n hypo/asis4 ,b ?is ) u signifies p]son4 ,!re=e p]son is altoge!r ! same z hypo/asis4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z we say !re are ?ree p]sons 9 ,god1 s we say !re are ?ree subsi/5ces 9 ,god2 :i* implies t p]son & subsi/5ce h ! same mean+4 ,!re=e p]son & subsi/5ce mean ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,com4 ,pra$47 t ! ,greek ousia1 :i* means ess5ce1 signifies a be+ compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,n[ t :i* is compos$ ( matt] & =m is ! individual sub/ance call$ hypo/asis & p]son4 ,!re=e all ! a=esaid names seem to h ! same mean+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,duab4 ,nat47 t g5]a & species only subsi/2 :]eas individuals are n only subsi/5t1 b also sub/&4 ,b subsi/5ces are s call$ f subsi/+1 z sub/ance or hypo/asis is s call$ f sub/&+4 ,!re=e1 s9ce g5]a & species are n hypo/ases or p]sons1 ^! are n ! same z subsi/5ces4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,com4 ,pra$47 t matt] is call$ hypo/asis1 & =m is call$ ousiosis--t is1 subsi/5ce4 ,b nei!r =m nor matt] c be call$ p]son4 ,!re=e p]son diff]s f ! o!rs4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 v71 sub/ance is tw(old4 ,9 "o s5se x means ! quiddity ( a ?+1 signifi$ by its def9ition1 & ?us we say t ! def9ition means ! sub/ance ( a ?+2 9 :i* s5se sub/ance is call$ by ! ,greeks ousia1 :at we may call ess5ce4 ,9 ano!r s5se sub/ance means a subject or suppositum1 :i* subsi/s 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance4 ,to ?is1 tak5 9 a g5]al s5se1 c be appli$ a "n expressive ( an int5tion2 & ?us x is call$ suppositum4 ,x is also call$ by ?ree names signify+ a reality--t is1 a ?+ ( nature1 subsi/5ce1 & hypo/asis1 accord+ to a ?reefold consid]ation ( ! sub/ance ?us nam$4 ,=1 z x exi/s 9 itself & n 9 ano!r1 x is call$ subsi/5ce2 z we say t ^? ?+s subsi/ :i* exi/ 9 !mselves1 & n 9 ano!r4 ,z x und]lies "s common nature1 x is call$ a ?+ ( nature2 z1 = in/ance1 ?is p>ticul> man is a human natural ?+4 ,z x und]lies ! accid5ts1 x is call$ hypo/asis1 or sub/ance4 ,:at ^! ?ree names signify 9 common to ! :ole g5us ( sub/ances1 ?is "n p]son signifies 9 ! g5us ( rational sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,among ! ,greeks ! t]m hypo/asis1 tak5 9 ! /rict int]pretation ( ! ^w1 signifies any individual ( ! g5us sub/ance2 b 9 ! usual way ( speak+1 x means ! individual ( ! rational nature1 by reason ( ! excell5ce ( t nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z we say ?ree p]sons plurally 9 ,god1 & ?ree subsi/5ces1 s ! ,greeks say ?ree hypo/ases4 ,b because ! ^w sub/ance1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 corresponds 9 mean+ to hypo/asis1 is us$ among u 9 an equivocal s5se1 s9ce x sometimes means ess5ce1 & sometimes means hypo/asis1 9 ord] to avoid any occasion ( error1 x 0 ?\ght pref]able to use subsi/5ce = hypo/asis1 r ?an sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,/rictly speak+1 ! ess5ce is :at is express$ by ! def9ition4 ,n[1 ! def9ition comprises ! pr9ciples ( ! species1 b n ! individual pr9ciples4 ,h5ce 9 ?+s compos$ ( matt] & =m1 ! ess5ce signifies n only ! =m1 nor only ! matt]1 b :at is compos$ ( matt] & ! common =m1 z ! pr9ciples ( ! species4 ,b :at is compos$ ( ?is matt] & ?is =m has ! nature ( hypo/asis & p]son4 ,= s\l1 fle%1 & bone belong to ! nature ( man2 :]eas ?is s\l1 ?is fle% & ?is bone belong to ! nature ( ?is man4 ,!re=e hypo/asis & p]son add ! individual pr9ciples to ! idea ( ess5ce2 nor are ^! id5tifi$ ) ! ess5ce 9 ?+s compos$ ( matt] & =m1 z we said above :5 treat+ ( div9e simplicity 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,boe?ius says t g5]a & species subsi/1 inasmu* z x belongs to "s individual ?+s to subsi/1 f ! fact t !y belong to g5]a & species compris$ 9 ! pr$icam5t ( sub/ance1 b n because ! species & g5]a !mselves subsi/2 except 9 ! op9ion ( ,plato1 :o ass]t$ t ! species ( ?+s subsi/$ sep>ately f s+ul> ?+s4 ,to sub/&1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! same individual ?+s 9 relation to ! accid5ts1 :i* are outside ! ess5ce ( g5]a & species4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! individual compos$ ( matt] & =m sub/&s 9 relation to accid5t f ! v nature ( matt]4 ,h5ce ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr9473 ,a simple =m _c be a subject4 ,its self-subsi/5ce is d]iv$ f ! nature ( its =m1 :i* does n sup]v5e to ! ?+s subsi/+1 b gives actual exi/5ce to ! matt] & makes x subsi/ z an individual4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !re=e1 he ascribes hypo/asis to matt]1 & ousiosis1 or subsi/5ce1 to ! =m1 because ! matt] is ! pr9ciple ( sub/&+1 & =m is ! pr9ciple ( subsi/+4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,^w ,p]son ,%\ld ,be ,said ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! "n p]son %\ld n be said ( ,god4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom473 ,no "o %\ld ev] d>e to say or ?9k any?+ ( ! sup]sub/antial & hidd5 ,div9ity1 beyond :at has be5 div9ely express$ to u by ! oracles4 ,b ! "n p]son is n express$ to u 9 ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re=e p]son is n to be appli$ to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,duab4 ,nat473 ,! ^w p]son seems to be tak5 f ^? p]sons :o repres5t$ m5 9 com$ies & trag$ies4 ,= p]son comes f s\nd+ ?r\gh p]son&o1 s9ce a great] volume ( s\nd is produc$ ?r\gh ! cavity 9 ! mask4 ,^! p]sons or masks ! ,greeks call$ prosopa1 z !y 7 plac$ on ! face & cov]$ ! features be=e ! eyes4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c apply to ,god only 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,!re=e ! ^w p]son is only appli$ to ,god metaphorically4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e p]son is a hypo/asis4 ,b ! ^w hypo/asis does n apply to ,god1 s9ce1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,duab4 ,nat471 x signifies :at is ! subject ( accid5ts1 :i* d n exi/ 9 ,god4 ,j]ome also says 7,ep4 ad ,damas47 t1 9 ?is ^w hypo/asis1 poison lurks 9 honey4 ,!re=e ! ^w p]son %\ld n be said ( ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if a def9ition is d5i$ ( any?+1 ! ?+ def9$ is also d5i$ ( x4 ,b ! def9ition ( p]son1 z giv5 above1 does n apply to ,god4 ,bo? because reason implies a discursive k1 :i* does n apply to ,god1 z we prov$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ab72 & ?us ,god _c be said to h a rational nature4 ,& also because ,god _c be call$ an individual sub/ance1 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( individuation is matt]2 :ile ,god is immat]ial3 nor is ,he ! subject ( accid5ts1 s z to be call$ a sub/ance4 ,!re=e ! ^w p]son ought n to be attribut$ to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,cre$ ( ,a?anasius we say3 ,"o is ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ano!r ( ! ,son1 ano!r ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,p]son signifies :at is mo/ p]fect 9 all nature--t is1 a subsi/5t individual ( a rational nature4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ev]y?+ t is p]fect mu/ be attribut$ to ,god1 =asmu* z ,8 ess5ce conta9s e p]fection1 ?is "n p]son is fitt+ly appli$ to ,god2 n1 h[ev]1 z x is appli$ to creatures1 b 9 a m excell5t way2 z o!r names also1 :i*1 :ile giv+ !m to creatures1 we attribute to ,god2 z we %[$ above :5 treat+ ( ! names ( ,god 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! ^w p]son is n f\nd appli$ to ,god 9 ,scripture1 ei!r 9 ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 nev]!less :at ! ^w signifies is f\nd to be affirm$ ( ,god 9 _m places ( ,scripture2 z t ,he is ! supreme self-subsi/+ be+1 & ! mo/ p]fectly intellig5t be+4 ,if we c\ld speak ( ,god only 9 ! v t]ms !mselves ( ,scripture1 x w\ld foll[ t no "o c\ld speak ab\t ,god 9 any b ! orig9al language ( ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! urg5cy ( confut+ h]etics made x necess>y to f9d new words to express ! anci5t fai? ab\t ,god4 ,nor is su* a k9d ( novelty to be %unn$2 s9ce x is by no means pr(ane1 = x does n lead u a/ray f ! s5se ( ,scripture4 ,! ,apo/le w>ns u to avoid pr(ane novelties ( words 7#a ,tim4 #f3bj74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ?is "n p]son may n belong to ,god z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ! t]m1 nev]!less x excell5tly belongs to ,god 9 its objective mean+4 ,= z fam\s m5 7 repres5t$ 9 com$ies & trag$ies1 ! "n p]son 0 giv5 to signify ^? :o held high dignity4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o held high rank 9 ! ,*ur* came to be call$ p]sons4 ,!nce by "s ! def9ition ( p]son is giv5 z hypo/asis di/9ct by reason ( dignity4 ,& because subsi/5ce 9 a rational nature is ( high dignity1 !re=e e individual ( ! rational nature is call$ a p]son4 ,n[ ! dignity ( ! div9e nature excels e o!r dignity2 & ?us ! "n p]son pre-em95tly belongs to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ^w hypo/asis does n apply to ,god z reg>ds its s\rce ( orig91 s9ce ,he does n und]lie accid5ts2 b x applies to ,him 9 its objective s5se1 = x is impos$ to signify ! subsi/5ce4 ,j]ome said t poison lurks 9 ?is ^w1 =asmu* z be=e x 0 fully und]/ood by ! ,lat9s1 ! h]etics us$ ?is t]m to deceive ! simple1 to make p pr(ess _m ess5ces z !y pr(ess sev]al hypo/ases1 inasmu* z ! ^w sub/ance1 :i* corresponds to hypo/asis 9 ,greek1 is commonly tak5 among/ u to mean ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x may be said t ,god has a rational nature1 if reason be tak5 to mean1 n discursive ?\ght1 b 9 a g5]al s5se1 an intellig5t nature4 ,b ,god _c be call$ an individual 9 ! s5se t ,8 individuality comes f matt]2 b only 9 ! s5se :i* implies incommunicability4 ,sub/ance c be appli$ to ,god 9 ! s5se ( signify+ self-subsi/5ce4 ,!re are "s1 h[ev]1 :o say t ! def9ition ( ,boe?ius1 quot$ above 7,a4 #a71 is n a def9ition ( p]son 9 ! s5se we use :5 speak+ ( p]sons 9 ,god4 ,!re=e ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor am5ds ?is def9ition by add+ t ,p]son 9 ,god is ! incommunicable exi/5ce ( ! div9e nature4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,?is ,^w ,p]son ,signifies ,relation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is ^w p]son1 z appli$ to ,god1 does n signify relation1 b sub/ance4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #f73 ,:5 we speak ( ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 we mean no?+ else b ! sub/ance ( ! ,fa!r1 = p]son is said 9 reg>d to ,himself1 & n 9 reg>d to ! ,son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! int]rogation ,:at8 ref]s to ess5ce4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e says3 ,:5 we say !re are ?ree :o be> witness 9 heav51 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,^w1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 & x is ask$1 ,?ree :at8 ! answ] is1 ,?ree p]sons4 ,!re=e p]son signifies ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 iv71 ! mean+ ( a ^w is its def9ition4 ,b ! def9ition ( p]son is ?is3 ,! individual sub/ance ( ! rational nature1 z above /at$4 ,!re=e p]son signifies sub/ance4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 p]son 9 m5 & angels does n signify relation1 b some?+ absolute4 ,!re=e1 if 9 ,god x signifi$ relation1 x w\ld be> an equivocal mean+ 9 ,god1 9 man1 & 9 angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr947 t e ^w t ref]s to ! p]sons signifies relation4 ,b no ^w belongs to p]son m /rictly ?an ! v ^w p]son itself4 ,!re=e ?is ^w p]son signifies relation4 ,i answ] t1 ,a difficulty arises conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ?is ^w p]son 9 ,god1 f ! fact t x is pr$icat$ plurally ( ! ,?ree 9 contra/ to ! nature ( ! names belong+ to ! ess5ce2 nor does x 9 itself ref] to ano!r1 z d ! words :i* express relation4 ,h5ce "s h ?\ght t ?is ^w p]son ( itself expresses absolutely ! div9e ess5ce2 z ?is "n ,god & ?is ^w ,wise2 b t to meet h]etical attack1 x 0 orda9$ by concili> decree t x 0 to be tak5 9 a relative s5se1 & especially 9 ! plural1 or ) ! addition ( a di/+ui%+ adjective2 z :5 we say1 ,?ree p]sons1 or1 "o is ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ano!r ( ! ,son1 etc4 ,us$1 h[ev]1 9 ! s+ul>1 x may be ei!r absolute or relative4 ,b ?is does n seem to be a satisfactory explanation2 =1 if ?is ^w p]son1 by =ce ( its own signification1 expresses ! div9e ess5ce only1 x foll[s t =asmu* z we speak ( ?ree p]sons1 s f> f ! h]etics be+ sil5c$1 !y _h /ill m reason to argue4 ,see+ ?is1 o!rs ma9ta9$ t ?is ^w p]son 9 ,god signifies bo? ! ess5ce & ! relation4 ,"s ( ^! said t x signifies directly ! ess5ce1 & relation indirectly1 =asmu* z p]son means z x 7 by itself "o p] se una2 & unity belongs to ! ess5ce4 ,& :at is by itself implies relation indirectly2 = ! ,fa!r is und]/ood to exi/ by ,himself1 z relatively di/9ct f ! ,son4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 said1 on ! contr>y1 t x signifies relation directly2 & ess5ce indirectly2 =asmu* z 9 ! def9ition ( p]son ! t]m nature is m5tion$ indirectly2 & ^! come ne>] to ! tru?4 ,to det]m9e ! "q1 we mu/ consid] t some?+ may be includ$ 9 ! mean+ ( a less common t]m1 :i* is n includ$ 9 ! m common t]m2 z rational is includ$ 9 ! mean+ ( man1 & n 9 ! mean+ ( animal4 ,s t x is "o ?+ to ask ! mean+ ( ! ^w animal1 & ano!r to ask its mean+ :5 ! animal 9 "q is man4 ,also1 x is "o ?+ to ask ! mean+ ( ?is ^w p]son 9 g5]al2 & ano!r to ask ! mean+ ( p]son z appli$ to ,god4 ,= p]son 9 g5]al signifies ! individual sub/ance ( a rational figure4 ,! individual 9 itself is undivid$1 b is di/9ct f o!rs4 ,!re=e p]son 9 any nature signifies :at is di/9ct 9 t nature3 ?us 9 human nature x signifies ?is fle%1 ^! bones1 & ?is s\l1 :i* are ! individuat+ pr9ciples ( a man1 & :i*1 ?\gh n belong+ to p]son 9 g5]al1 nev]!less d belong to ! mean+ ( a p>ticul> human p]son4 ,n[ di/9ction 9 ,god is only by relation ( orig91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c71 :ile relation 9 ,god is n z an accid5t 9 a subject1 b is ! div9e ess5ce itself2 & s x is subsi/5t1 = ! div9e ess5ce subsi/s4 ,!re=e1 z ! ,godhead is ,god s ! div9e pat]nity is ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,:o is a div9e p]son4 ,!re=e a div9e p]son signifies a relation z subsi/+4 ,& ?is is to signify relation by way ( sub/ance1 & su* a relation is a hypo/asis subsi/+ 9 ! div9e nature1 al?\gh 9 tru? t :i* subsi/s 9 ! div9e nature is ! div9e nature itself4 ,?us x is true to say t ! "n p]son signifies relation directly1 & ! ess5ce indirectly2 n1 h[ev]1 ! relation z su*1 b z express$ by way ( a hypo/asis4 ,s likewise x signifies directly ! ess5ce1 & indirectly ! relation1 inasmu* z ! ess5ce is ! same z ! hypo/asis3 :ile 9 ,god ! hypo/asis is express$ z di/9ct by ! relation3 & ?us relation1 z su*1 ent]s into ! notion ( ! p]son indirectly4 ,?us we c say t ?is signification ( ! ^w p]son 0 n cle>ly p]ceiv$ be=e x 0 attack$ by h]etics4 ,h5ce1 ?is ^w p]son 0 us$ j z any o!r absolute t]m4 ,b aft]w>ds x 0 appli$ to express relation1 z x l5t itself to t signification1 s t ?is ^w p]son means relation n only by use & cu/om1 accord+ to ! fir/ op9ion1 b also by =ce ( its own prop] signification4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is ^w p]son is said 9 respect to itself1 n to ano!r2 =asmu* z x signifies relation n z su*1 b by way ( a sub/ance--:i* is a hypo/asis4 ,9 t s5se ,augu/9e says t x signifies ! ess5ce1 inasmu* z 9 ,god ess5ce is ! same z ! hypo/asis1 because 9 ,god :at ,he is1 & :]eby ,he is are ! same4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! t]m :at ref]s sometimes to ! nature express$ by ! def9ition1 z :5 we ask2 ,:at is man8 & we answ]3 ,a mortal rational animal4 ,sometimes x ref]s to ! suppositum1 z :5 we ask1 ,:at swims 9 ! sea8 & answ]1 ,a fi%4 ,s to ^? :o ask1 ,?ree :at8 we answ]1 ,?ree p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ,god ! individual--i4e4 di/9ct & incommunicable sub/ance--includes ! idea ( relation1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! diff]5t s5se ( ! less common t]m does n produce equivocation 9 ! m common4 ,al?\gh a horse & an ass h _! own prop] def9itions1 nev]!less !y agree univocally 9 animal1 because ! common def9ition ( animal applies to bo?4 ,s x does n foll[ t1 al?\gh relation is conta9$ 9 ! signification ( div9e p]son1 b n 9 t ( an angelic or ( a human p]son1 ! ^w p]son is us$ 9 an equivocal s5se4 ,?\gh nei!r is x appli$ univocally1 s9ce no?+ c be said univocally ( ,god & creatures 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #e74 ,,"q #cj ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we are n[ l$ to consid] ! plurality ( ! p]sons3 ab\t :i* !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re are sev]al p]sons 9 ,god8 7#b7 ,h[ _m are !y8 7#c7 ,:at ! num]al t]ms signify 9 ,god8 7#d7 ,! community ( ! t]m p]son4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,sev]al ,p]sons 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n sev]al p]sons 9 ,god4 ,= p]son is ! individual sub/ance ( a rational nature4 ,if !n !re are sev]al p]sons 9 ,god1 !re mu/ be sev]al sub/ances2 :i* appe>s to be h]etical4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,plurality ( absolute prop]ties does n make a di/9ction ( p]sons1 ei!r 9 ,god1 or 9 ourselves4 ,mu* less !re=e is ?is effect$ by a plurality ( relations4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no plurality b ( relations 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !re _c be sev]al p]sons 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says ( ,god 7,de ,tr94 i71 t ?is is truly "o :i* has no numb]4 ,b plurality implies numb]4 ,!re=e !re are n sev]al p]sons 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :]e numb] is1 !re is :ole & "p4 ,?us1 if 9 ,god !re exi/ a numb] ( p]sons1 !re mu/ be :ole & "p 9 ,god2 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! div9e simplicity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a?anasius says3 ,"o is ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ano!r ( ! ,son1 ano!r ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ are sev]al p]sons4 ,i answ] t1 ,x foll[s f :at prec$es t !re are sev]al p]sons 9 ,god4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #d7 t ?is ^w p]son signifies 9 ,god a relation z subsi/+ 9 ! div9e nature4 ,x 0 also e/abli%$ 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #a7 t !re are sev]al real relations 9 ,god2 & h5ce x foll[s t !re are also sev]al realities subsi/5t 9 ! div9e nature2 :i* means t !re are sev]al p]sons 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! def9ition ( p]son includes sub/ance1 n z mean+ ! ess5ce1 b ! suppositum :i* is made cle> by ! addition ( ! t]m individual4 ,to signify ! sub/ance ?us und]/ood1 ! ,greeks use ! "n hypo/asis4 ,s1 z we say1 ,?ree p]sons1 !y say ,?ree hypo/ases4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 accu/om$ to say ,?ree sub/ances1 le/ we be und]/ood to mean ?ree ess5ces or natures1 by reason ( ! equivocal signification ( ! t]m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! absolute prop]ties 9 ,god1 su* z goodness & wisdom1 are n mutually oppos$2 & h5ce1 nei!r are !y really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh !y subsi/1 nev]!less !y are n sev]al subsi/5t realities--t is1 sev]al p]sons4 ,b ! absolute prop]ties 9 creatures d n subsi/1 al?\gh !y are really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 z :it5ess & sweetness2 on ! o!r h&1 ! relative prop]ties 9 ,god subsi/1 & are really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ! plurality ( p]sons 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! supreme unity & simplicity ( ,god exclude e k9d ( plurality ( absolute ?+s1 b n plurality ( relations4 ,because relations are pr$icat$ relatively1 & ?us ! relations d n import composition 9 t ( :i* !y are pr$icat$1 z ,boe?ius tea*es 9 ! same book4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,numb] is tw(old1 simple or absolute1 z two & ?ree & f\r2 & numb] z exi/+ 9 ?+s numb]$1 z two m5 & two horses4 ,s1 if numb] 9 ,god is tak5 absolutely or ab/ract$ly1 !re is no?+ to prev5t :ole & "p f be+ 9 ,him1 & ?us numb] 9 ,him is only 9 our way ( und]/&+2 =asmu* z numb] reg>d$ ap>t f ?+s numb]$ exi/s only 9 ! intellect4 ,b if numb] be tak5 z x is 9 ! ?+s numb]$1 9 t s5se z exi/+ 9 creatures1 "o is "p ( two1 & two ( ?ree1 z "o man is "p ( two m51 & two ( ?ree2 b ?is does n apply to ,god1 because ! ,fa!r is ( ! same magnitude z ! :ole ,tr9ity1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #db1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,m ,?an ,?ree ,p]sons 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are m ?an ?ree p]sons 9 ,god4 ,= ! plurality ( p]sons 9 ,god arises f ! plurality ( ! relative prop]ties z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b !re are f\r relations 9 ,god z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d71 pat]nity1 filiation1 common spiration1 & procession4 ,!re=e !re are f\r p]sons 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,! nature ( ,god does n diff] f ,8 w m ?an f ,8 intellect4 ,b 9 ,god1 "o p]son proce$s f ! w1 z love2 & ano!r proce$s f ,8 nature1 z ,son4 ,!re=e ano!r proce$s f ,8 intellect1 z ,^w1 besides ! "o ,:o proce$s f ,8 nature1 z ,son2 ?us aga9 x foll[s t !re are n only ?ree p]sons 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m p]fect a creature is1 ! m int]ior op]ations x has2 z a man has und]/&+ & w beyond o!r animals4 ,b ,god inf9itely excels e creature4 ,!re=e 9 ,god n only is !re a p]son proce$+ f ! w1 & ano!r f ! intellect1 b also 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways4 ,!re=e !re are an inf9ite numb] ( p]sons 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is f ! inf9ite goodness ( ! ,fa!r t ,he communicates ,himself inf9itely 9 ! production ( a div9e p]son4 ,b also 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ is inf9ite goodness4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ produces a div9e p]son2 & t p]son ano!r2 & s to inf9ity4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ )9 a det]m9ate numb] is measur$1 = numb] is a measure4 ,b ! div9e p]sons are imm5se1 z we say 9 ! ,cre$ ( ,a?anasius3 ,! ,fa!r is imm5se1 ! ,son is imm5se1 ! ,holy ,gho/ is imm5se4 ,!re=e ! p]sons are n conta9$ )9 ! numb] ?ree4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said3 ,!re are ?ree :o be> witness 9 heav51 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,^w1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ 7#a ,john #e3g74 ,to ^? :o ask1 ,?ree :at8 we answ]1 ) ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #d71 ,?ree p]sons4 ,!re=e !re are b ?ree p]sons 9 ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 expla9$ above1 !re c be only ?ree p]sons 9 ,god4 ,= x 0 %[n above t ! sev]al p]sons are ! sev]al subsi/+ relations really di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,b a real di/9ction betwe5 ! div9e relations c come only f relative opposition4 ,!re=e two opposite relations mu/ ne$s ref] to two p]sons3 & if any relations are n opposite !y mu/ ne$s belong to ! same p]son4 ,s9ce !n pat]nity & filiation are opposite relations1 !y belong necess>ily to two p]sons4 ,!re=e ! subsi/+ pat]nity is ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r2 & ! subsi/+ filiation is ! p]son ( ! ,son4 ,! o!r two relations are n oppos$ to ea* o!r2 !re=e ^! two _c belong to "o p]son3 h5ce ei!r "o ( !m mu/ belong to bo? ( ! a=esaid p]sons2 or "o mu/ belong to "o p]son1 & ! o!r to ! o!r4 ,n[1 procession _c belong to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 or to ei!r ( !m2 = ?us x w\ld foll[s t ! procession ( ! intellect1 :i* 9 ,god is g5]ation1 :]efrom pat]nity & filiation are d]iv$1 w\ld issue f ! procession ( love1 :5ce spiration & procession are d]iv$1 if ! p]son g5]at+ & ! p]son g5]at$ proce$$ f ! p]son spirat+2 & ?is is aga9/ :at 0 laid d[n above 7,q4 #bg1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,we mu/ consequ5tly admit t spiration belongs to ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 & to ! p]son ( ! ,son1 =asmu* z x has no relative opposition ei!r to pat]nity or to filiation2 & consequ5tly t procession belongs to ! o!r p]son :o is call$ ! p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o proce$s by way ( love1 z above expla9$4 ,!re=e only ?ree p]sons exi/ 9 ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh !re are f\r relations 9 ,god1 "o ( !m1 spiration1 is n sep>at$ f ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son1 b belongs to bo?2 ?us1 al?\gh x is a relation1 x is n call$ a prop]ty1 because x does n belong to only "o p]son2 nor is x a p]sonal relation--i4e4 con/itut+ a p]son4 ,! ?ree relations--pat]nity1 filiation1 & procession--are call$ p]sonal prop]ties1 con/itut+ z x 7 ! p]sons2 = pat]nity is ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 filiation is ! p]son ( ! ,son1 procession is ! p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* proce$s by way ( intellig5ce1 z ^w1 proce$s accord+ to similitude1 z also t :i* proce$s by way ( nature2 ?us1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #c71 ! procession ( ! div9e ,^w is ! v same z g5]ation by way ( nature4 ,b love1 z su*1 does n proce$ z ! similitude ( t :5ce x proce$s2 al?\gh 9 ,god love is co-ess5tial z be+ div9e2 & !re=e ! procession ( love is n call$ g5]ation 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z man is m p]fect ?an o!r animals1 he has m intr9sic op]ations ?an o!r animals1 because 8 p]fection is some?+ composite4 ,h5ce ! angels1 :o are m p]fect & m simple1 h few] intr9sic op]ations ?an man1 = !y h no imag9ation1 or feel+1 or ! l4 ,9 ,god !re exi/s only "o real op]ation--t is1 ,8 ess5ce4 ,h[ !re are 9 ,him two processions 0 above expla9$ 7,q4 #bg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is argum5t w\ld prove if ! ,holy ,gho/ possess$ ano!r goodness ap>t f ! goodness ( ! ,fa!r2 = !n if ! ,fa!r produc$ a div9e p]son by ,8 goodness1 ! ,holy ,gho/ also w\ld d s4 ,b ! ,fa!r & ! ,holy ,gho/ h "o & ! same goodness4 ,nor is !re any di/9ction betwe5 !m except by ! p]sonal relations4 ,s goodness belongs to ! ,holy ,gho/1 z d]iv$ f ano!r2 & x belongs to ! ,fa!r1 z ! pr9ciple ( its communication to ano!r4 ,! opposition ( relation does n all[ ! relation ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to be jo9$ ) ! relation ( pr9ciple ( ano!r div9e p]son2 because ,he ,himself proce$s f ! o!r p]sons :o are 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a det]m9ate numb]1 if tak5 z a simple numb]1 exi/+ 9 ! m9d only1 is measur$ by "o4 ,b :5 we speak ( a numb] ( ?+s z appli$ to ! p]sons 9 ,god1 ! notion ( measure has no place1 because ! magnitude ( ! ?ree p]sons is ! same 7,q4 #db1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d71 & ! same is n measur$ by ! same4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,num]al ,t]ms ,d5ote ,any?+ ,real 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! num]al t]ms d5ote some?+ real 9 ,god4 ,= ! div9e unity is ! div9e ess5ce4 ,b e numb] is unity repeat$4 ,!re=e e num]al t]m 9 ,god signifies ! ess5ce2 & !re=e x d5otes some?+ real 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is said ( ,god & ( creatures1 belongs to ,god 9 a m em95t mann] ?an to creatures4 ,b ! num]al t]ms d5ote some?+ real 9 creatures2 !re=e mu* m s 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! num]al t]ms d n d5ote any?+ real 9 ,god1 & are introduc$ simply 9 a negative & remov+ s5se1 z plurality is employ$ to remove unity1 & unity to remove plurality2 x foll[s t a vici\s circle results1 confus+ ! m9d & obscur+ ! tru?2 & ?is ought n to be4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t ! num]al t]ms d5ote some?+ real 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 iv73 ,if we admit companion%ip--t is1 plurality--we exclude ! idea ( on5ess & ( solitude2 & ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide i73 ,:5 we say "o ,god1 unity excludes plurality ( gods1 & does n imply quantity 9 ,god4 ,h5ce we see t ^! t]ms are appli$ to ,god 9 ord] to remove some?+2 & n to d5ote any?+ positive4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,ma/] 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 #bd7 consid]s t ! num]al t]ms d n d5ote any?+ positive 9 ,god1 b h only a negative mean+4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ass]t ! contr>y4 ,9 ord] to resolve ?is po9t1 we may obs]ve t all plurality is a consequ5ce ( division4 ,n[ division is tw(old2 "o is mat]ial1 & is division ( ! cont9u\s2 f ?is results numb]1 :i* is a species ( quantity4 ,numb] 9 ?is s5se is f\nd only 9 mat]ial ?+s :i* h quantity4 ,! o!r k9d ( division is call$ =mal1 & is effect$ by opposite or div]se =ms2 & ?is k9d ( division results 9 a multitude1 :i* does n belong to a g5us1 b is transc5d5tal 9 ! s5se 9 :i* be+ is divid$ by "o & by _m4 ,?is k9d ( multitude is f\nd only 9 immat]ial ?+s4 ,"s1 consid]+ only t multitude :i* is a species ( discrete quantity1 & see+ t su* k9d ( quantity has no place 9 ,god1 ass]t$ t ! num]al t]ms d n d5ote any?+ real 9 ,god1 b remove some?+ f ,him4 ,o!rs1 consid]+ ! same k9d ( multitude1 said t z k exi/s 9 ,god accord+ to ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b n 9 ! s5se ( its g5us 7z 9 ,god !re is no su* ?+ z a quality71 s numb] exi/s 9 ,god 9 ! prop] s5se ( numb]1 b n 9 ! s5se ( its g5us1 :i* is quantity4 ,b we say t num]al t]ms pr$icat$ ( ,god are n d]iv$ f numb]1 a species ( quantity1 = 9 t s5se !y c\ld be> only a metaphorical s5se 9 ,god1 l o!r corporeal prop]ties1 su* z l5g?1 bread?1 & ! l2 b t !y are tak5 f multitude 9 a transc5d5t s5se4 ,n[ multitude s und]/ood has relation to ! _m ( :i* x is pr$icat$1 z "o conv]tible ) be+ is relat$ to be+2 :i* k9d ( on5ess does n add any?+ to be+1 except a negation ( division1 z we saw :5 treat+ ( ! div9e unity 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #a72 = "o signifies undivid$ be+4 ,s1 ( :atev] we say "o1 we imply its undivid$ reality3 ?us1 = in/ance1 "o appli$ to man signifies ! undivid$ nature or sub/ance ( a man4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 we speak ( _m ?+s1 multitude 9 ?is latt] s5se po9ts to ^? ?+s z be+ ea* undivid$ 9 itself4 ,b numb]1 if tak5 z a species ( quantity1 d5otes an accid5t add$ to be+2 z also does "o :i* is ! pr9ciple ( t numb]4 ,!re=e ! num]al t]ms 9 ,god signify ! ?+s ( :i* !y are said1 & beyond ?is !y add negation only1 z /at$ 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 #bd72 9 :i* respect ! ,ma/] 0 "r 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 #bd74 ,s :5 we say1 ! ess5ce is "o1 ! t]m "o signifies ! ess5ce undivid$2 & :5 we say ! p]son is "o1 x signifies ! p]son undivid$2 & :5 we say ! p]sons are _m1 we signify ^? p]sons1 & _! individual undivid$ness2 = x is ( ! v nature ( multitude t x %\ld be compos$ ( units4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o1 z x is a transc5d5tal1 is wid] & m g5]al ?an sub/ance & relation4 ,& s likewise is multitude2 h5ce 9 ,god x may mean bo? sub/ance & relation1 accord+ to ! context4 ,/ill1 ! v signification ( su* names adds a negation ( division1 beyond sub/ance & relation2 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,multitude1 :i* d5otes some?+ real 9 creatures1 is a species ( quantity1 & _c be us$ :5 speak+ ( ,god3 unlike transc5d5tal multitude1 :i* adds only indivision to ^? ( :i* x is pr$icat$4 ,su* a k9d ( multitude is applicable to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o does n exclude multitude1 b division1 :i* logically prec$es "o or multitude4 ,multitude does n remove unity1 b division f ea* ( ! individuals :i* compose ! multitude4 ,?is 0 expla9$ :5 we treat$ ( ! div9e unity 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #b74 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 nev]!less1 t ! opposite argum5ts d n suffici5tly prove ! po9t advanc$4 ,al?\gh ! idea ( solitude is exclud$ by plurality1 & ! plurality ( gods by unity1 x does n foll[ t ^! t]ms express ?is signification alone4 ,= blackness is exclud$ by :it5ess2 nev]!less1 ! t]m :it5ess does n signify ! m]e exclusion ( blackness4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,?is ,t]m ,p]son ,c ,be ,common to ! ,?ree ,p]sons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is t]m p]son _c be common to ! ?ree p]sons4 ,= no?+ is common to ! ?ree p]sons b ! ess5ce4 ,b ?is t]m p]son does n signify ! ess5ce directly4 ,!re=e x is n common to all ?ree4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! common is ! opposite to ! incommunicable4 ,b ! v mean+ ( p]son is t x is incommunicable2 z appe>s f ! def9ition giv5 by ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #c1 ad #d74 ,!re=e ?is t]m p]son is n common to all ! ?ree p]sons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! "n p]son is common to ! ?ree1 x is common ei!r really1 or logically4 ,b x is n s really2 o!rwise ! ?ree p]sons w\ld be "o p]son2 nor aga9 is x s logically2 o!rwise p]son w\ld be a univ]sal4 ,b 9 ,god !re is nei!r univ]sal nor p>ticul>2 nei!r g5us nor species1 z we prov$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e ?is t]m 'p]son' is n common to ! ?ree4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #d7 t :5 we ask1 ,?ree :at8 we say1 ,?ree p]sons1 because :at a p]son is1 is common to !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,! v mode ( expression itself %[s t ?is t]m p]son is common to ! ?ree :5 we say ?ree p]sons2 = :5 we say ?ree m5 we %[ t man is common to ! ?ree4 ,n[ x is cle> t ?is is n community ( a real ?+1 z if "o ess5ce 7 common to ! ?ree2 o!rwise !re w\ld be only "o p]son ( ! ?ree1 z also "o ess5ce4 ,:at is meant by su* a community has be5 v>i\sly det]m9$ by ^? :o h exam9$ ! subject4 ,"s h call$ x a community ( exclusion1 =asmu* z ! def9ition ( p]son conta9s ! ^w incommunicable4 ,o!rs ?\ght x to be a community ( int5tion1 z ! def9ition ( p]son conta9s ! ^w individual2 z we say t to be a species is common to horse & ox4 ,bo? ( ^! explanations1 h[ev]1 are exclud$ by ! fact t p]son is n a "n ( exclusion nor ( int5tion1 b ! "n ( a reality4 ,we mu/ !re=e resolve t ev5 9 human affairs ?is "n p]son is common by a community ( idea1 n z g5us or species1 b z a vague individual ?+4 ,! names ( g5]a & species1 z man or animal1 are giv5 to signify ! common natures !mselves1 b n ! int5tions ( ^? common natures1 signifi$ by ! t]ms g5us or species4 ,! vague individual ?+1 z "s man1 signifies ! common nature ) ! det]m9ate mode ( exi/5ce ( s+ul> ?+s--t is1 some?+ self-subsi/+1 z di/9ct f o!rs4 ,b ! "n ( a designat$ s+ul> ?+ signifies t :i* di/+ui%es ! det]m9ate ?+2 z ! "n ,socrates signifies ?is fle% & ?is bone4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce--t ! t]m "s man signifies ! nature1 or ! individual on ! "p ( its nature1 ) ! mode ( exi/5ce ( s+ul> ?+s2 :ile ?is "n p]son is n giv5 to signify ! individual on ! "p ( ! nature1 b ! subsi/5t reality 9 t nature4 ,n[ ?is is common 9 idea to ! div9e p]sons1 t ea* ( !m subsi/s di/9ctly f ! o!rs 9 ! div9e nature4 ,?us ?is "n p]son is common 9 idea to ! ?ree div9e p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is f\nd$ on a real community4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh p]son is incommunicable1 yet ! mode itself ( incommunicable exi/5ce c be common to _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ?is community is logical & n real1 yet x does n foll[ t 9 ,god !re is univ]sal or p>ticul>1 or g5us1 or species2 bo? because nei!r 9 human affairs is ! community ( p]son ! same z community ( g5us or species2 & because ! div9e p]sons h "o be+2 :]eas g5us & species & e o!r univ]sal are pr$icat$ ( _m :i* diff] 9 be+4 ,,"q #ca ,,( ,,:at ,,belongs ,,to ,,! ,,unity ,,or ,,plurality ,,9 ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] :at belongs to ! unity or plurality 9 ,god2 :i* gives rise to f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,conc]n+ ! ^w ,tr9ity2 7#b7 ,:e!r we c say t ! ,son is o!r ?an ! ,fa!r8 7#c7 ,:e!r an exclusive t]m1 :i* seems to exclude o!rness1 c be jo9$ to an ess5tial "n 9 ,god8 7#d7 ,:e!r x c be jo9$ to a p]sonal t]m8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,tr9ity 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem !re is n tr9ity 9 ,god4 ,= e "n 9 ,god signifies sub/ance or relation4 ,b ?is "n ,tr9ity does n signify ! sub/ance2 o!rwise x w\ld be pr$icat$ ( ea* "o ( ! p]sons3 nor does x signify relation2 = x does n express a "n t ref]s to ano!r4 ,!re=e ! ^w ,tr9ity is n to be appli$ to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?is ^w tr9ity is a collective t]m1 s9ce x signifies multitude4 ,b su* a ^w does n apply to ,god2 z ! unity ( a collective "n is ! lea/ ( unities1 :]eas 9 ,god !re exi/s ! greate/ possible unity4 ,!re=e ?is ^w tr9ity does n apply to ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e tr9e is ?reefold4 ,b 9 ,god !re is n triplicity2 s9ce triplicity is a k9d ( inequality4 ,!re=e nei!r is !re tr9ity 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 all t exi/s 9 ,god exi/s 9 ! unity ( ! div9e ess5ce2 because ,god is ,8 own ess5ce4 ,!re=e1 if ,tr9ity exi/s 9 ,god1 x exi/s 9 ! unity ( ! div9e ess5ce2 & ?us 9 ,god !re w\ld be ?ree ess5tial unities2 :i* is h]esy4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 9 all t is said ( ,god1 ! concrete is pr$icat$ ( ! ab/ract2 = ,deity is ,god & pat]nity is ! ,fa!r4 ,b ! ,tr9ity _c be call$ tr9e2 o!rwise !re w\ld be n9e realities 9 ,god2 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is errone\s4 ,!re=e ! ^w tr9ity is n to be appli$ to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a?anasius says3 ,unity 9 ,tr9ity2 & ,tr9ity 9 ,unity is to be rev]$4 ,i answ] t1 ,! "n ,tr9ity 9 ,god signifies ! det]m9ate numb] ( p]sons4 ,& s ! plurality ( p]sons 9 ,god requires t we %\ld use ! ^w tr9ity2 because :at is indet]m9ately signifi$ by plurality1 is signifi$ by tr9ity 9 a det]m9ate mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 its etymological s5se1 ?is ^w ,tr9ity seems to signify ! "o ess5ce ( ! ?ree p]sons1 accord+ z tr9ity may mean tr9e-unity4 ,b 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! t]m x r signifies ! numb] ( p]sons ( "o ess5ce2 & on ?is acc\nt we _c say t ! ,fa!r is ! ,tr9ity1 z ,he is n ?ree p]sons4 ,yet x does n mean ! relations !mselves ( ! ,p]sons1 b r ! numb] ( p]sons relat$ to ea* o!r2 & h5ce x is t ! ^w 9 itself does n express reg>d to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,two ?+s are impli$ 9 a collective t]m1 plurality ( ! supposita1 & a unity ( "s k9d ( ord]4 ,= p is a multitude ( m5 compreh5d$ "u a c]ta9 ord]4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 ?is ^w tr9ity is l o!r collective words2 b 9 ! second s5se x diff]s f !m1 because 9 ! div9e ,tr9ity n only is !re unity ( ord]1 b also ) ?is !re is unity ( ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,tr9ity is tak5 9 an absolute s5se2 = x signifies ! ?reefold numb] ( p]sons4 ,triplicity signifies a proportion ( inequality2 = x is a species ( unequal proportion1 accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,ari?m4 i1 #bc74 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re is n triplicity1 b ,tr9ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! div9e ,tr9ity is to be und]/ood bo? numb] & ! p]sons numb]$4 ,s :5 we say1 ,tr9ity 9 ,unity1 we d n place numb] 9 ! unity ( ! ess5ce1 z if we meant ?ree times "o2 b we place ! ,p]sons numb]$ 9 ! unity ( nature2 z ! supposita ( a nature are said to exi/ 9 t nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we say ,unity 9 ,tr9ity2 mean+ t ! nature is 9 its supposita4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,:5 we say1 ,tr9ity is tr9e1 by reason ( ! numb] impli$1 we signify ! multiplication ( t numb] by itself2 s9ce ! ^w tr9e imports a di/9ction 9 ! supposita ( :i* x is spok54 ,!re=e x _c be said t ! ,tr9ity is tr9e2 o!rwise x foll[s t1 if ! ,tr9ity be tr9e1 !re w\ld be ?ree supposita ( ! ,tr9ity2 z :5 we say1 ,god is tr9e1 x foll[s t !re are ?ree supposita ( ! ,godhead4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,son ,is ,o!r ,?an ! ,fa!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,son is n o!r ?an ! ,fa!r4 ,= o!r is a relative t]m imply+ div]sity ( sub/ance4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,son is o!r ?an ! ,fa!r1 ,he mu/ be diff]5t f ! ,fa!r2 :i* is contr>y to :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii71 t :5 we speak ( ?ree p]sons1 we d n mean to imply div]sity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :osoev] are o!r f "o ano!r1 diff] 9 "s way f "o ano!r4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,son is o!r ?an ! ,fa!r1 x foll[s t ,he diff]s f ! ,fa!r2 :i* is aga9/ :at ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide i71 t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o 9 ,godhead2 nor is !re any diff]5ce 9 sub/ance betwe5 !m1 nor any div]sity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! t]m ali5 is tak5 f alius 7o!r74 ,b ! ,son is n ali5 f ! ,fa!r1 = ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 vii7 t 9 ! div9e p]sons !re is no?+ div]se1 no?+ ali51 no?+ sep>able4 ,!re=e ! ,son is n o!r ?an ! ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! t]ms o!r p]son & o!r ?+ alius et aliud h ! same mean+1 diff]+ only 9 g5d]4 ,s if ! ,son is ano!r p]son f ! ,fa!r1 x foll[s t ! ,son is a ?+ ap>t f ! ,fa!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 99,fulg5tius1 ,de ,fide ad ,petrum i4 says3 ,!re is "o ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r & ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 9 :i* ! ,fa!r is n "o ?+1 ! ,son ano!r1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ ano!r2 al?\gh ! ,fa!r is "o p]son1 ! ,son ano!r1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce z ,j]ome rem>ks 99,9 sub/ance1 ,ep4 lvii41 a h]esy arises f words wrongly us$1 :5 we speak ( ! ,tr9ity we mu/ proce$ ) c>e & ) befitt+ mode/y2 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #c71 n[h]e is error m h>mful1 ! que/ m toilsome1 ! f9d+ m fruitful4 ,n[1 9 treat+ ( ! ,tr9ity1 we mu/ bew>e ( two opposite errors1 & proce$ cauti\sly betwe5 !m--namely1 ! error ( ,arius1 :o plac$ a ,tr9ity ( sub/ance ) ! ,tr9ity ( p]sons2 & ! error ( ,sabellius1 :o plac$ unity ( p]son ) ! unity ( ess5ce4 ,?us1 to avoid ! error ( ,arius we mu/ %un ! use ( ! t]ms div]sity & diff]5ce 9 ,god1 le/ we take away ! unity ( ess5ce3 we may1 h[ev]1 use ! t]m di/9ction on acc\nt ( ! relative opposition4 ,h5ce :5ev] we f9d t]ms ( div]sity or diff]5ce ( ,p]sons us$ 9 an au!ntic "w1 ^! t]ms ( div]sity or diff]5ce are tak5 to mean di/9ction4 ,b le/ ! simplicity & s+l5ess ( ! div9e ess5ce be tak5 away1 ! t]ms sep>ation & division1 :i* belong to ! p>ts ( a :ole1 are to be avoid$3 & le/ quality be tak5 away1 we avoid ! use ( ! t]m disp>ity3 & le/ we remove similitude1 we avoid ! t]ms ali5 & discrepant4 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide i7 t 9 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son !re is no discrepancy1 b "o ,godhead3 & accord+ to ,hil>y1 z quot$ above1 9 ,god !re is no?+ ali51 no?+ sep>able4 ,to avoid ! h]esy ( ,sabellius1 we mu/ %un ! t]m s+ul>ity1 le/ we take away ! communicability ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,h5ce ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 vii73 ,x is sacrilege to ass]t t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are sep>ate 9 ,godhead4 ,we mu/ avoid ! adjective only 7unici7 le/ we take away ! numb] ( p]sons4 ,h5ce ,hil>y says 9 ! same book3 ,we exclude f ,god ! idea ( s+ul>ity or uniqu5ess4 ,nev]!less1 we say ! only ,son1 = 9 ,god !re is no plurality ( ,sons4 ,yet1 we d n say ! only ,god1 = ! ,deity is common to sev]al4 ,we avoid ! ^w confus$1 le/ we take away f ! ,p]sons ! ord] ( _! nature4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide i73 ,:at is "o is n confus$2 & !re is no multiplicity :]e !re is no diff]5ce4 ,! ^w solit>y is also to be avoid$1 le/ we take away ! society ( ! ?ree p]sons2 =1 z ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 iv71 ,we confess nei!r a solit>y nor a div]se ,god4 ,?is ^w o!r alius1 h[ev]1 9 ! mascul9e s5se1 means only a di/9ction ( suppositum2 & h5ce we c prop]ly say t ! ,son is o!r ?an ! ,fa!r1 because ,he is ano!r suppositum ( ! div9e nature1 z ,he is ano!r p]son & ano!r hypo/asis4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,o!r1 be+ l ! "n ( a p>ticul> ?+1 ref]s to ! suppositum2 & s1 !re is suffici5t reason = us+ x1 :]e !re is a di/9ct sub/ance 9 ! s5se ( hypo/asis or p]son4 ,b div]sity requires a di/9ct sub/ance 9 ! s5se ( ess5ce4 ,?us we _c say t ! ,son is div]se f ! ,fa!r1 al?\gh ,he is ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,diff]5ce implies di/9ction ( =m4 ,!re is "o =m 9 ,god1 z appe>s f ! text1 ,:o1 :5 ,he 0 9 ! =m ( ,god 7,phil4 #b3f74 ,!re=e ! t]m diff]5ce does n prop]ly apply to ,god1 z appe>s f ! au?ority quot$4 ,yet1 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #e7 employs ! t]m diff]5ce 9 ! div9e p]sons1 z mean+ t ! relative prop]ty is signifi$ by way ( =m4 ,h5ce he says t ! hypo/ases d n diff] f ea* o!r 9 sub/ance1 b accord+ to det]m9ate prop]ties4 ,b diff]5ce is tak5 = di/9ction1 z above /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! t]m ali5 means :at is extrane\s & dissimil>2 :i* is n express$ by ! t]m o!r alius2 & !re=e we say t ! ,son is o!r ?an ! ,fa!r1 b n t ,he is any?+ ali54 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! neut] g5d] is =mless2 :]eas ! mascul9e is =m$ & di/9ct2 & s is ! fem99e4 ,s ! common ess5ce is prop]ly & aptly express$ by ! neut] g5d]1 b by ! mascul9e & fem99e is express$ ! det]m9$ subject 9 ! common nature4 ,h5ce also 9 human affairs1 if we ask1 ,:o is ?is man8 we answ]1 ,socrates1 :i* is ! "n ( ! suppositum2 :]eas1 if we ask1 ,:at is he8 we reply1 ,a rational & mortal animal4 ,s1 because 9 ,god di/9ction is by ! p]sons1 & n by ! ess5ce1 we say t ! ,fa!r is o!r ?an ! ,son1 b n some?+ else2 :ile conv]sely we say t !y are "o ?+1 b n "o p]son4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,exclusive ,^w ,alone ,%\ld ,be ,add$ to ! ,ess5tial ,t]m 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! exclusive ^w alone solus is n to be add$ to an ess5tial t]m 9 ,god4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,el5*4 ii1 #c71 ,he is alone :o is n ) ano!r4 ,b ,god is ) ! angels & ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts4 ,!re=e we _c say t ,god is alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is jo9$ to ! ess5tial t]m 9 ,god c be pr$icat$ ( e p]son p] se1 & ( all ! p]sons toge!r2 =1 z we c prop]ly say t ,god is wise1 we c say ! ,fa!r is a wise ,god2 & ! ,tr9ity is a wise ,god4 ,b ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #i73 ,we mu/ consid] ! op9ion t ! ,fa!r is n true ,god alone4 ,!re=e ,god _c be said to be alone4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r if ?is expression alone is jo9$ to an ess5tial t]m1 x w\ld be s jo9$ z reg>ds ei!r ! p]sonal pr$icate or ! ess5tial pr$icate4 ,b x _c be ! =m]1 z x is false to say1 ,god alone is ,fa!r1 s9ce man also is a fa!r2 nor1 aga91 c x be appli$ z reg>ds ! latt]1 =1 if ?is say+ 7 true1 ,god alone creates1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ,fa!r alone creates1 z :atev] is said ( ,god c be said ( ! ,fa!r2 & x w\ld be false1 z ! ,son also creates4 ,!re=e ?is expression alone _c be jo9$ to an ess5tial t]m 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said1 ,to ! ,k+ ( ages1 immortal1 invisible1 ! only ,god 7#a ,tim4 #a3ag74 ,i answ] t1 ,?is t]m alone c be tak5 z a categorematical t]m1 or z a syncategorematical t]m4 ,a categorematical t]m is "o :i* ascribes absolutely its mean+ to a giv5 suppositum2 z1 = in/ance1 :ite to man1 z :5 we say a :ite man4 ,if ! t]m alone is tak5 9 ?is s5se1 x _c 9 any way be jo9$ to any t]m 9 ,god2 = x w\ld mean solitude 9 ! t]m to :i* x is jo9$2 & x w\ld foll[ t ,god 0 solit>y1 aga9/ :at is above /at$ 7,a4 #b74 ,a syncategorematical t]m imports ! ord] ( ! pr$icate to ! subject2 z ?is expression e "o or no "o2 & likewise ! t]m alone1 z exclud+ e o!r suppositum f ! pr$icate4 ,?us1 :5 we say1 ,socrates alone writes1 we d n mean t ,socrates is solit>y1 b t he has no companion 9 writ+1 ?\gh _m o!rs may be ) him4 ,9 ?is way no?+ prev5ts ! t]m alone be+ jo9$ to any ess5tial t]m 9 ,god1 z exclud+ ! pr$icate f all ?+s b ,god2 z if we said ,god alone is et]nal1 because no?+ b ,god is et]nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! angels & ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts are always ) ,god1 nev]!less1 if plurality ( p]sons did n exi/ 9 ,god1 ,he w\ld be alone or solit>y4 ,= solitude is n remov$ by association ) any?+ t is extrane\s 9 nature2 ?us anyone is said to be alone 9 a g>d51 ?\gh _m plants & animals are ) him 9 ! g>d54 ,likewise1 ,god w\ld be alone or solit>y1 ?\gh angels & m5 7 ) ,him1 suppos+ t sev]al p]sons 7 n )9 ,him4 ,!re=e ! society ( angels & ( s\ls does n take away absolute solitude f ,god2 mu* less does x remove respective solitude1 9 ref]5ce to a pr$icate4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is expression alone1 prop]ly speak+1 does n affect ! pr$icate1 :i* is tak5 =mally1 = x ref]s to ! suppositum1 z exclud+ any o!r suppositum f ! "o :i* x qualifies4 ,b ! adv]b only1 be+ exclusive1 c be appli$ ei!r to subject or pr$icate4 ,= we c say1 ,only ,socrates--t is1 no "o else--runs3 & ,socrates runs only--t is1 he does no?+ else4 ,h5ce x is n prop]ly said t ! ,fa!r is ,god alone1 or ! ,tr9ity is ,god alone1 unless "s impli$ mean+ be assum$ 9 ! pr$icate1 z1 = in/ance1 ,! ,tr9ity is ,god ,:o alone is ,god4 ,9 t s5se x c be true to say t ! ,fa!r is t ,god ,:o alone is ,god1 if ! relative be ref]r$ to ! pr$icate1 & n to ! suppositum4 ,s1 :5 ,augu/9e says t ! ,fa!r is n ,god alone1 b t ! ,tr9ity is ,god alone1 he speaks expositively1 z he might expla9 ! words1 ,to ! ,k+ ( ages1 invisible1 ! only ,god1 z apply+ n to ! ,fa!r1 b to ! ,tr9ity alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 bo? ways c ! t]m alone be jo9$ to an ess5tial t]m4 ,= ?is proposition1 ,god alone is ,fa!r1 c mean two ?+s1 because ! ^w ,fa!r c signify ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r2 & !n x is true2 = no man is t p]son3 or x c signify t relation only2 & ?us x is false1 because ! relation ( pat]nity is f\nd also 9 o!rs1 ?\gh n 9 a univocal s5se4 ,likewise x is true to say ,god alone creates2 nor1 does x foll[1 !re=e ! ,fa!r alone creates1 because1 z logicians say1 an exclusive diction s fixes ! t]m to :i* x is jo9$ t :at is said exclusively ( t t]m _c be said exclusively ( an individual conta9$ 9 t t]m3 = in/ance1 f ! premiss1 ,man alone is a mortal rational animal1 we _c conclude1 !re=e ,socrates alone is su*4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,exclusive ,diction ,c ,be ,jo9$ to ! ,p]sonal ,t]m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an exclusive diction c be jo9$ to ! p]sonal t]m1 ev5 ?\gh ! pr$icate is common4 ,= our ,"l speak+ to ! ,fa!r1 said3 ,t !y may "k ,!e1 ! only true ,god 7,john #ag3c74 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r alone is true ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,he said3 ,no "o kn[s ! ,son b ! ,fa!r 7,matt4 #aa3bg72 :i* means t ! ,fa!r alone kn[s ! ,son4 ,b to "k ! ,son is common 7to ! p]sons74 ,!re=e ! same conclusion foll[s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an exclusive diction does n exclude :at ent]s into ! concept ( ! t]m to :i* x is jo9$4 ,h5ce x does n exclude ! "p1 nor ! univ]sal2 = x does n foll[ t if we say ,socrates alone is :ite1 t !re=e 8 h& is n :ite1 or t man is n :ite4 ,b "o p]son is 9 ! concept ( ano!r2 z ! ,fa!r is 9 ! concept ( ! ,son2 & conv]sely4 ,!re=e1 :5 we say1 ,! ,fa!r alone is ,god1 we d n exclude ! ,son1 nor ! ,holy ,gho/2 s t su* a mode ( speak+ is true4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,*ur* s+s3 ,?\ alone art ,mo/ ,high1 ,o ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?is proposition ,! ,fa!r alone is ,god includes two ass]tions--namely1 t ! ,fa!r is ,god1 & t no o!r besides ! ,fa!r is ,god4 ,b ?is second proposition is false1 = ! ,son is ano!r f ! ,fa!r1 & ,he is ,god4 ,!re=e ?is is false1 ,! ,fa!r alone is ,god2 & ! same ( ! l say+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 we say1 ,! ,fa!r alone is ,god1 su* a proposition c be tak5 9 sev]al s5ses4 ,if alone means solitude 9 ! ,fa!r1 x is false 9 a categorematical s5se2 b if tak5 9 a syncategorematical s5se x c aga9 be und]/ood 9 sev]al ways4 ,= if x exclude 7all o!rs7 f ! =m ( ! subject1 x is true1 ! s5se be+ ! ,fa!r alone is ,god--t is1 ,he :o ) no o!r is ! ,fa!r1 is ,god4 ,9 ?is way ,augu/9e exp\nds :5 he says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #f73 ,we say ! ,fa!r alone1 n because ,he is sep>ate f ! ,son1 or f ! ,holy ,gho/1 b because !y are n ! ,fa!r toge!r ) ,him4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! usual way ( speak+1 unless we und]/& ano!r implication1 z ?\gh we said ,he :o alone is call$ ! ,fa!r is ,god4 ,b 9 ! /rict s5se ! exclusion affects ! pr$icate4 ,& ?us ! proposition is false if x excludes ano!r 9 ! mascul9e s5se2 b true if x excludes x 9 ! neut] s5se2 because ! ,son is ano!r p]son ?an ! ,fa!r1 b n ano!r ?+2 & ! same applies to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b because ?is diction alone1 prop]ly speak+1 ref]s to ! subject1 x t5ds to exclude ano!r ,p]son r ?an o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce su* a way ( speak+ is n to be tak5 too lit]ally1 b x %\ld be pi\sly exp\nd$1 :5ev] we f9d x 9 an au!ntic "w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 we say1 ,!e ! only true ,god1 we d n und]/& x z ref]r+ to ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 b to ! :ole ,tr9ity1 z ,augu/9e exp\nds 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #i74 ,or1 if und]/ood ( ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ! o!r p]sons are n exclud$ by reason ( ! unity ( ess5ce2 9 s f> z ! ^w only excludes ano!r ?+1 z above expla9$4 ,! same ,reply c be giv5 to ,obj4 #b4 ,= an ess5tial t]m appli$ to ! ,fa!r does n exclude ! ,son or ! ,holy ,gho/1 by reason ( ! unity ( ess5ce4 ,h5ce we mu/ und]/& t 9 ! text quot$ ! t]m no "o 99,nemo non-homo1 i4e4 no man is n ! same z no man1 :i* ! ^w itself w\ld seem to signify 7= ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r c\ld n be except$71 b is tak5 accord+ to ! usual way ( speak+ 9 a di/ributive s5se1 to mean any rational nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! exclusive diction does n exclude :at ent]s into ! concept ( ! t]m to :i* x is adjo9$1 if !y d n diff] 9 suppositum1 z "p & univ]sal4 ,b ! ,son diff]s 9 suppositum f ! ,fa!r2 & s !re is no p>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we d n say absolutely t ! ,son alone is ,mo/ ,high2 b t ,he alone is ,mo/ ,high ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,,"q #cb ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,p]sons 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we proce$ to inquire conc]n+ ! k ( ! div9e p]sons2 & ?is involves f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! div9e p]sons c be kn[n by natural reason8 7#b7 ,:e!r notions are to be attribut$ to ! div9e p]sons8 7#c7 ,! numb] ( ! notions8 7#d7 ,:e!r we may lawfully h v>i\s contr>y op9ions ( ^! notions8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons ,c ,be ,kn[n by ,natural ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! tr9ity ( ! div9e p]sons c be kn[n by natural reason4 ,= philosoph]s came to ! k ( ,god n o!rwise ?an by natural reason4 ,n[ we f9d t !y said _m ?+s ab\t ! tr9ity ( p]sons1 = ,ari/otle says 7,de ,coelo et ,mundo i1 #b73 ,?r\gh ?is numb]--namely1 ?ree--we br+ ourselves to ackn[l$ge ! greatness ( "o ,god1 surpass+ all ?+s creat$4 ,& ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 vii1 #i73 ,i h read 9 _! works1 n 9 s _m words1 b en=c$ by _m & v>i\s reasons1 t 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god1 & s on2 9 :i* passage ! di/9ction ( p]sons is laid d[n4 ,we read1 moreov]1 9 a gloss on ,rom4 #a & ,ex4 #h t ! magicians ( ,ph>aoh fail$ 9 ! ?ird sign--t is1 z reg>ds k ( a ?ird p]son--i4e4 ( ! ,holy ,gho/--& ?us x is cle> t !y knew at lea/ two p]sons4 ,likewise ,trismegi/us says3 ,! monad begot a monad1 & reflect$ ^u itself its own heat4 ,by :i* words ! g5]ation ( ! ,son & procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/ seem to be indicat$4 ,!re=e k ( ! div9e p]sons c be obta9$ by natural reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ri*>d ,/4 ,victor says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #d73 ,i believe )\t d\bt t probable & ev5 necess>y argum5ts c be f\nd = any explanation ( ! tru?4 ,s ev5 to prove ! ,tr9ity "s h br\ght =w>d a reason f ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 :o communicates ,himself inf9itely 9 ! procession ( ! div9e p]sons2 :ile "s are mov$ by ! consid]ation t no good ?+ c be joyfully possess$ )\t p>tn]%ip4 ,augu/9e proce$s 7,de ,tr94 x1 #d2 x1 #aa1 #ab7 to prove ! tr9ity ( p]sons by ! procession ( ! ^w & ( love 9 our own m9d2 & we h foll[$ him 9 ?is 7,q4 #bg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,!re=e ! tr9ity ( p]sons c be kn[n by natural reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems to be sup]flu\s to tea* :at _c be kn[n by natural reason4 ,b x ought n to be said t ! div9e tradition ( ! ,tr9ity is sup]flu\s4 ,!re=e ! tr9ity ( p]sons c be kn[n by natural reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 i71 ,let no man ?9k to rea* ! sacr$ my/]y ( g5]ation by 8 own m9d4 ,& ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide ii1 #e71 ,x is impossible to "k ! secret ( g5]ation4 ,! m9d fails1 ! voice is sil5t4 ,b ! tr9ity ( ! div9e p]sons is di/+ui%$ by orig9 ( g5]ation & procession 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b74 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 man _c "k1 & ) 8 und]/&+ grasp t = :i* no necess>y reason c be giv51 x foll[s t ! tr9ity ( p]sons _c be kn[n by reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible to atta9 to ! k ( ! ,tr9ity by natural reason4 ,=1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ab1 ,,aa4 #d1 #ab71 man _c obta9 ! k ( ,god by natural reason except f creatures4 ,n[ creatures lead u to ! k ( ,god1 z effects d to _! cause4 ,accord+ly1 by natural reason we c "k ( ,god t only :i* ( necessity belongs to ,him z ! pr9ciple ( ?+s1 & we h cit$ ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 treat+ ( ,god z above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #ab74 ,n[1 ! creative p[] ( ,god is common to ! :ole ,tr9ity2 & h5ce x belongs to ! unity ( ! ess5ce1 & n to ! di/9ction ( ! p]sons4 ,!re=e1 by natural reason we c "k :at belongs to ! unity ( ! ess5ce1 b n :at belongs to ! di/9ction ( ! p]sons4 ,:oev]1 !n1 tries to prove ! tr9ity ( p]sons by natural reason1 d]ogates f fai? 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 z reg>ds ! dignity ( fai? itself1 :i* consi/s 9 its be+ conc]n$ ) invisible ?+s1 t exce$ human reason2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says t fai? is ( ?+s t appe> n 7,heb4 #aa3a71 & ! same ,apo/le says also1 ,we speak wisdom among ! p]fect1 b n ! wisdom ( ?is _w1 nor ( ! pr9ces ( ?is _w2 b we speak ! wisdom ( ,god 9 a my/]y :i* is hidd5 7#a ,cor4 #b3f1 #g74 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! utility ( draw+ o!rs to ! fai?4 ,= :5 anyone 9 ! endeavor to prove ! fai? br+s =w>d reasons :i* are n cog5t1 he falls "u ! ridicule ( ! unbeliev]s3 s9ce !y suppose t we /& ^u su* reasons1 & t we believe on su* gr\nds4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ n attempt to prove :at is ( fai?1 except by au?ority alone1 to ^? :o receive ! au?ority2 :ile z reg>ds o!rs x suffices to prove t :at fai? tea*es is n impossible4 ,h5ce x is said by ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 ii73 ,:oev] :olly resi/s ! ^w1 is f> (f f our philosophy2 :]eas if he reg>ds ! tru? ( ! ^w--i4e4 ! sacr$ ^w1 we too foll[ ?is rule4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! philosoph]s did n "k ! my/]y ( ! tr9ity ( ! div9e p]sons by its prop] attributes1 su* z pat]nity1 filiation1 & procession1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le's words1 ,we speak ! wisdom ( ,god :i* none ( ! pr9ces ( ! _w--i4e4 ! philosoph]s--knew 7#a ,cor4 #b3f74 ,nev]!less1 !y knew "s ( ! ess5tial attributes appropriat$ to ! p]sons1 z p[] to ! ,fa!r1 wisdom to ! ,son1 goodness to ! ,holy ,gho/2 z w lat] on appe>4 ,s1 :5 ,ari/otle said1 ,by ?is numb]1 etc41 we mu/ n take x z if he affirm$ a ?reefold numb] 9 ,god1 b t he wi%$ to say t ! anci5ts us$ ! ?reefold numb] 9 _! sacrifices & pray]s on acc\nt ( "s p]fection resid+ 9 ! numb] ?ree4 ,9 ! ,platonic books also we f9d1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ^w1 n z mean+ ! ,p]son begott5 9 ,god1 b z mean+ ! ideal type :]eby ,god made all ?+s1 & :i* is appropriat$ to ! ,son4 ,& al?\gh !y knew ^! 7 appropriat$ to ! ?ree p]sons1 yet !y are said to h fail$ 9 ! ?ird sign--t is1 9 ! k ( ! ?ird p]son1 because !y deviat$ f ! goodness appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 t kn[+ ,god !y did n glorify ,him z ,god 7,rom4 #a72 or1 because ! ,platoni/s ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( "o ,primal ,be+ :om !y also decl>$ to be ! fa!r ( ! univ]se1 !y consequ5tly ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r sub/ance b5ea? him1 :i* !y call$ m9d or ! pat]nal intellect1 conta9+ ! idea ( all ?+s1 z ,macrobius relates 7,som4 ,scip4 iv74 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a ?ird sep>ate sub/ance :i* might correspond to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,s also we d n ass]t t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son diff] 9 sub/ance1 :i* 0 ! error ( ,orig5 & ,arius1 :o 9 ?is foll[$ ! ,platoni/s4 ,:5 ,trismegi/us says1 ,monad begot monad1 etc41 ?is does n ref] to ! g5]ation ( ! ,son1 or to ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 b to ! production ( ! _w4 ,= "o ,god produc$ "o _w by reason ( ,8 love = ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reason may be employ$ 9 two ways to e/abli% a po9t3 fir/ly1 = ! purpose ( furni%+ suffici5t pro( ( "s pr9ciple1 z 9 natural sci5ce1 :]e suffici5t pro( c be br\ght to %[ t ! movem5t ( ! heav5s is always ( uni=m velocity4 ,reason is employ$ 9 ano!r way1 n z furni%+ a suffici5t pro( ( a pr9ciple1 b z confirm+ an already e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 by %[+ ! congruity ( its results1 z 9 a/rology ! !ory ( ecc5trics & epicycles is consid]$ z e/abli%$1 because !reby ! s5sible appe>ances ( ! heav5ly movem5ts c be expla9$2 n1 h[ev]1 z if ?is pro( 7 suffici5t1 =asmu* z "s o!r !ory might expla9 !m4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 we c prove t ,god is "o2 & ! l4 ,9 ! second way1 reasons avail to prove ! ,tr9ity2 z1 :5 assum$ to be true1 su* reasons confirm x4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ! tr9ity ( p]sons is adequately prov$ by su* reasons4 ,?is becomes evid5t :5 we consid] ea* po9t2 = ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god is manife/$ also 9 creation1 because to produce f no?+ is an act ( inf9ite p[]4 ,= if ,god communicates ,himself by ,8 inf9ite goodness1 x is n necess>y t an inf9ite effect %\ld proce$ f ,god3 b t accord+ to its own mode & capacity x %\ld receive ! div9e goodness4 ,likewise1 :5 x is said t joy\s possession ( good requires p>tn]%ip1 ?is holds 9 ! case ( "o n hav+ p]fect goodness3 h5ce x ne$s to %>e "s o!r's good1 9 ord] to h ! goodness ( complete happ9ess4 ,nor is ! image 9 our m9d an adequate pro( 9 ! case ( ,god1 =asmu* z ! intellect is n 9 ,god & ourselves univocally4 ,h5ce1 ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxvii4 9 ,joan47 t by fai? we arrive at k1 & n conv]sely4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are two reasons :y ! k ( ! div9e p]sons 0 necess>y = u4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! "r idea ( creation4 ,! fact ( say+ t ,god made all ?+s by ,8 ,^w excludes ! error ( ^? :o say t ,god produc$ ?+s by necessity4 ,:5 we say t 9 ,him !re is a procession ( love1 we %[ t ,god produc$ creatures n because ,he ne$$ !m1 nor because ( any o!r extr9sic reason1 b on acc\nt ( ! love ( ,8 own goodness4 ,s ,moses1 :5 he _h said1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 subjo9$1 ,god said1 ,let !re be light1 to manife/ ! div9e ,^w2 & !n said1 ,god saw ! light t x 0 good1 to %[ pro( ( ! div9e love4 ,! same is also f\nd 9 ! o!r works ( creation4 ,9 ano!r way1 & *iefly1 t we may ?9k rightly conc]n+ ! salvation ( ! human race1 accompli%$ by ! ,inc>nate ,son1 & by ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,notions 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,god !re are no notions4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i73 ,we mu/ n d>e to say any?+ ( ,god b :at is taught to u by ! ,holy ,scripture4 ,b ,holy ,scripture does n say any?+ conc]n+ notions4 ,!re=e !re are none 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all t exi/s 9 ,god conc]ns ! unity ( ! ess5ce or ! tr9ity ( ! p]sons4 ,b ! notions d n conc]n ! unity ( ! ess5ce1 nor ! tr9ity ( ! p]sons2 = nei!r c :at belongs to ! ess5ce be pr$icat$ ( ! notions3 = in/ance1 we d n say t pat]nity is wise or creates2 nor c :at belongs to ! p]sons be s pr$icat$2 = example1 we d n say t pat]nity begets1 nor t filiation is begott54 ,!re=e !re d n exi/ notions 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we d n require to presuppose any ab/ract notions z pr9ciples ( kn[+ ?+s :i* are devoid ( composition3 = !y are kn[n ( !mselves4 ,b ! div9e p]sons are supremely simple4 ,!re=e we are n to suppose any notions 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #e73 ,we recognize diff]5ce ( hypo/ases i4e4 ( p]sons1 9 ! ?ree prop]ties2 i4e4 9 ! pat]nal1 ! filial1 & ! processional4 ,!re=e we mu/ admit prop]ties & notions 9 ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,prepositivus1 consid]+ ! simplicity ( ! p]sons1 said t 9 ,god !re 7 no prop]ties or notions1 & :]ev] !re 7 m5tion$1 he prop\nd$ ! ab/ract = ! concrete4 ,= z we are accu/om$ to say1 ,i besee* y\r k9dness--i4e4 y :o are k9d--s :5 we speak ( pat]nity 9 ,god1 we mean ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,b1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 ! use ( concrete & ab/ract names 9 ,god is n 9 any way repugnant to ! div9e simplicity2 =asmu* z we always "n a ?+ z we und]/& x4 ,n[1 our intellect _c atta9 to ! absolute simplicity ( ! div9e ess5ce1 consid]$ 9 itself1 & !re=e1 our human intellect appreh5ds & names div9e ?+s1 accord+ to its own mode1 t is 9 s f> z !y are f\nd 9 s5sible objects1 :5ce its k is d]iv$4 ,9 ^! ?+s we use ab/ract t]ms to signify simple =ms2 & to signify subsi/5t ?+s we use concrete t]ms4 ,h5ce also we signify div9e ?+s1 z above /at$1 by ab/ract names1 to express _! simplicity2 :]eas1 to express _! subsi/5ce & complet5ess1 we use concrete names4 ,b n only mu/ ess5tial names be signifi$ 9 ! ab/ract & 9 ! concrete1 z :5 we say ,deity & ,god2 or wisdom & wise2 b ! same applies to ! p]sonal names1 s t we may say pat]nity & ,fa!r4 ,two *ief motives = ?is c be cit$4 ,! fir/ arises f ! ob/9acy ( h]etics4 ,= s9ce we confess ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ to be "o ,god & ?ree p]sons1 to ^? :o ask3 ,:]eby are ,!y "o ,god8 & :]eby are ,!y ?ree p]sons8 z we answ] t ,!y are "o 9 ess5ce or deity2 s !re mu/ also be "s ab/ract t]ms :]eby we may answ] t ! p]sons are di/+ui%$2 & ^! are ! prop]ties or notions signifi$ by an ab/ract t]m1 z pat]nity & filiation4 ,!re=e ! div9e ess5ce is signifi$ z ,:at2 & ! p]son z ,:o2 & ! prop]ty z ,:]eby4 ,! second motive is because "o p]son 9 ,god is relat$ to two p]sons--namely1 ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r to ! p]son ( ! ,son & ! p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 by "o relation2 o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t ! ,son also & ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld be relat$ to ! ,fa!r by "o & ! same relation4 ,?us1 s9ce relation alone multiplies ! ,tr9ity1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld n be two p]sons4 ,nor c x be said ) ,prepositivus t z ,god is relat$ 9 "o way to creatures1 :ile creatures are relat$ to ,him 9 div]s ways1 s ! ,fa!r is relat$ by "o relation to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/2 :]eas ^! two p]sons are relat$ to ! ,fa!r by two relations4 ,=1 s9ce ! v specific idea ( a relation is t x ref]s to ano!r1 x mu/ be said t two relations are n specifically diff]5t if b "o opposite relation corresponds to !m4 ,= ! relation ( "l & fa!r mu/ diff] accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( filiation & s]vitude4 ,n[1 all creatures are relat$ to ,god z ,8 creatures by "o specific relation4 ,b ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ are n relat$ to ! ,fa!r by "o & ! same k9d ( relation4 ,h5ce !re is no p>ity4 ,fur!r1 9 ,god !re is no ne$ to admit any real relation to ! creature 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #a1 #c72 :ile !re is no reason aga9/ our admitt+ 9 ,god1 _m logical relations4 ,b 9 ! ,fa!r !re mu/ be a real relation to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,h5ce1 correspond+ to ! two relations ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :]eby !y are relat$ to ! ,fa!r1 we mu/ und]/& two relations 9 ! ,fa!r1 :]eby ,he is relat$ to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,h5ce1 s9ce !re is only "o ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 x is necess>y t ! relations %\ld be sep>ately signifi$ 9 ! ab/ract2 & ^! are :at we mean by prop]ties & notions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! notions are n m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,scripture1 yet ! p]sons are m5tion$1 compris+ ! idea ( notions1 z ! ab/ract is conta9$ 9 ! concrete4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ,god ! notions h _! significance n aft] ! mann] ( realities1 b by way ( c]ta9 ideas :]eby ! p]sons are kn[n2 al?\gh 9 ,god ^! notions or relations are real1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e :atev] has ord] to any ess5tial or p]sonal act1 _c be appli$ to ! notions2 =asmu* z ?is is aga9/ _! mode ( signification4 ,h5ce we _c say t pat]nity begets1 or creates1 or is wise1 or is intellig5t4 ,! ess5tials1 h[ev]1 :i* are n ord]$ to any act1 b simply remove creat$ conditions f ,god1 c be pr$icat$ ( ! notions2 = we c say t pat]nity is et]nal1 or imm5se1 or su* l4 ,s also on acc\nt ( ! real id5tity1 sub/antive t]ms1 :e!r p]sonal or ess5tial1 c be pr$icat$ ( ! notions2 = we c say t pat]nity is ,god1 & t pat]nity is ! ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! p]sons are simple1 /ill )\t prejudice to _! simplicity1 ! prop] ideas ( ! p]sons c be ab/ract$ly signifi$1 z above expla9$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,five ,notions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n five notions4 ,= ! notions prop] to ! p]sons are ! relations :]eby !y are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,b ! relations 9 ,god are only f\r 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ! notions are only f\r 9 numb]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z !re is only "o ess5ce 9 ,god1 ,he is call$ "o ,god1 & because 9 ,him !re are ?ree p]sons1 ,he is call$ ! ,tr9e ,god4 ,!re=e1 if 9 ,god !re are five notions1 ,he may be call$ qu9>y2 :i* _c be all[$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if !re are five notions = ! ?ree p]sons 9 ,god1 !re mu/ be 9 "s "o p]son two or m notions1 z 9 ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r !re is innascibility & pat]nity1 & common spiration4 ,ei!r ^! ?ree notions really diff]1 or n4 ,if !y really diff]1 x foll[s t ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r is compos$ ( sev]al ?+s4 ,b if !y diff] only logically1 x foll[s t "o ( !m c be pr$icat$ ( ano!r1 s t we c say t z ! div9e goodness is ! same z ! div9e wisdom by reason ( ! common reality1 s common spiration is pat]nity2 :i* is n to be admitt$4 ,!re=e !re are n five notions4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x seems t !re are m2 because z ! ,fa!r is f no "o1 & !refrom is d]iv$ ! notion ( innascibility2 s f ! ,holy ,gho/ no o!r p]son proce$s4 ,& 9 ?is respect !re ought to be a six? notion4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are ! common orig9 ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 s x is common to ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ to proce$ f ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e1 z "o notion is common to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 s !re ought to be "o notion common to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,a notion is ! prop] idea :]eby we "k a div9e ,p]son4 ,n[ ! div9e p]sons are multipli$ by reason ( _! orig93 & orig9 includes ! idea ( someone f :om ano!r comes1 & ( someone t comes f ano!r1 & by ^! two modes a p]son c be kn[n4 ,!re=e ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r _c be kn[n by ! fact t ,he is f ano!r2 b by ! fact t ,he is f no "o2 & ?us ! notion t belongs to ,him is call$ innascibility4 ,z ! s\rce ( ano!r1 ,he c be kn[n 9 two ways1 because z ! ,son is f ,him1 ! ,fa!r is kn[n by ! notion ( pat]nity2 & z ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ,him1 ,he is kn[n by ! notion ( common spiration4 ,! ,son c be kn[n z begott5 by ano!r1 & ?us ,he is kn[n by filiation2 & also by ano!r p]son proce$+ f ,him1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ?us ,he is kn[n 9 ! same way z ! ,fa!r is kn[n1 by common spiration4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ c be kn[n by ! fact t ,he is f ano!r1 or f o!rs2 ?us ,he is kn[n by procession2 b n by ! fact t ano!r is f ,him1 z no div9e p]son proce$s f ,him4 ,!re=e1 !re are ,five notions 9 ,god3 innascibility1 pat]nity1 filiation1 common spiration1 & procession4 ,( ^! only f\r are relations1 = innascibility is n a relation1 except by r$uction1 z w appe> lat] 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,f\r only are prop]ties4 ,= common spiration is n a prop]ty2 because x belongs to two p]sons4 ,?ree are p]sonal notions--i4e4 con/itut+ p]sons1 pat]nity1 filiation1 & procession4 ,common spiration & innascibility are call$ notions ( ,p]sons1 b n p]sonal notions1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,besides ! f\r relations1 ano!r notion mu/ be admitt$1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! div9e ess5ce is signifi$ z a reality2 & likewise ! p]sons are signifi$ z realities2 :]eas ! notions are signifi$ z ideas notify+ ! p]sons4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ,god is "o by unity ( ess5ce1 & tr9e by tr9ity ( p]sons1 nev]!less ,he is n qu9>y by ! five notions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! real plurality 9 ,god is f\nd$ only on relative opposition1 ! sev]al prop]ties ( "o ,p]son1 z !y are n relatively oppos$ to ea* o!r1 d n really diff]4 ,nor aga9 are !y pr$icat$ ( ea* o!r1 because !y are diff]5t ideas ( ! p]sons2 z we d n say t ! attribute ( p[] is ! attribute ( k1 al?\gh we d say t k is p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce ,p]son implies dignity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c71 we _c d]ive a notion ( ! ,holy ,_s f ! fact t no p]son is f ,him4 ,= ?is does n belong to ,8 dignity1 z x belongs to ! au?ority ( ! ,fa!r t ,he is f no "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ d n agree 9 "o special mode ( exi/5ce d]iv$ f ! ,fa!r2 z ! ,fa!r & ! ,son agree 9 "o special mode ( produc+ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! pr9ciple on :i* a notion is bas$ mu/ be some?+ special2 ?us no p>ity ( reason+ exi/s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,h ,v>i\s ,contr>y ,op9ions ( ,notions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n lawful to h v>i\s contr>y op9ions ( ! notions4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #c73 ,no error is m dang]\s ?an any z reg>ds ! ,tr9ity3 to :i* my/]y ! notions assur$ly belong4 ,b contr>y op9ions mu/ be 9 "s way errone\s4 ,!re=e x is n "r to h contr>y op9ions ( ! notions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p]sons are kn[n by ! notions4 ,b no contr>y op9ion conc]n+ ! p]sons is to be tol]at$4 ,!re=e nei!r c !re be ab\t ! notions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! notions are n articles ( fai?4 ,!re=e diff]5t op9ions ( ! notions are p]missible4 ,i answ] t1 ,any?+ is ( fai? 9 two ways2 directly1 :]e any tru? comes to u pr9cipally z div9ely taught1 z ! tr9ity & unity ( ,god1 ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,son1 & ! l2 & conc]n+ ^! tru?s a false op9ion ( itself involves h]esy1 especially if x be held ob/9ately4 ,a ?+ is ( fai?1 indirectly1 if ! d5ial ( x involves z a consequ5ce some?+ aga9/ fai?2 z = in/ance if anyone said t ,samuel 0 n ! son ( ,elcana1 = x foll[s t ! div9e ,scripture w\ld be false4 ,conc]n+ su* ?+s anyone may h a false op9ion )\t dang] ( h]esy1 be=e ! matt] has be5 consid]$ or settl$ z involv+ consequ5ces aga9/ fai?1 & p>ticul>ly if no ob/9acy be %[n2 :]eas :5 x is manife/1 & especially if ! ,*ur* has decid$ t consequ5ces foll[ aga9/ fai?1 !n ! error _c be free f h]esy4 ,= ?is reason _m ?+s are n[ consid]$ z h]etical :i* 7 =m]ly n s consid]$1 z _! consequ5ces are n[ m manife/4 ,s we mu/ decide t anyone may ent]ta9 contr>y op9ions ab\t ! notions1 if he does n mean to uphold any?+ at v>iance ) fai?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 anyone %\ld ent]ta9 a false op9ion ( ! notions1 kn[+ or ?9k+ t consequ5ces aga9/ ! fai? w\ld foll[1 he w\ld lapse into h]esy4 ,by :at has be5 said all ! objections may be solv$4 ,,"q #cc ,,( ,,! ,,p]son ,,( ,,! ,,fa!r 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! p]sons s+ly2 & fir/1 ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 conc]n+ ,:om !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ,fa!r is ! ,pr9ciple8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r is prop]ly signifi$ by ?is "n ,fa!r8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,fa!r 9 ,god is said p]sonally be=e x is said ess5tially8 7#d7 ,:e!r x belongs to ! ,fa!r alone to be unbegott58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to ! ,fa!r to ,be ! ,pr9ciple8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,fa!r _c be call$ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,son1 or ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= pr9ciple & cause are ! same1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 iv74 ,b we d n say t ! ,fa!r is ! cause ( ! ,son4 ,!re=e we mu/ n say t ,he is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a pr9ciple is s call$ 9 relation to ! ?+ pr9cipl$4 ,s if ! ,fa!r is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,son1 x foll[s t ! ,son is a p]son pr9cipl$1 & is !re=e creat$2 :i* appe>s false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w pr9ciple is tak5 f priority4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no be=e & aft]1 z ,a?anasius says4 ,!re=e 9 speak+ ( ,god we ought n to us$ ! t]m pr9ciple4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj71 ,! ,fa!r is ! ,pr9ciple ( ! :ole ,deity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w pr9ciple signifies only t :5ce ano!r proce$s3 s9ce any?+ :5ce some?+ proce$s 9 any way we call a pr9ciple2 & conv]sely4 ,z ! ,fa!r !n is ! "o :5ce ano!r proce$s1 x foll[s t ! ,fa!r is a pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,greeks use ! words cause & pr9ciple indiff]5tly1 :5 speak+ ( ,god2 :]eas ! ,lat9 ,doctors d n use ! ^w cause1 b only pr9ciple4 ,! reason is because pr9ciple is a wid] t]m ?an cause2 z cause is m common ?an elem5t4 ,= ! fir/ t]m ( a ?+1 z also ! fir/ "p1 is call$ ! pr9ciple1 b n ! cause4 ,n[ ! wid] a t]m is1 ! m suitable x is to use z reg>ds ,god 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #aa71 because ! m special t]ms are1 ! m !y det]m9e ! mode adapt$ to ! creature4 ,h5ce ?is t]m cause seems to mean div]sity ( sub/ance1 & dep5d5ce ( "o f ano!r2 :i* is n impli$ 9 ! ^w pr9ciple4 ,= 9 all k9ds ( causes !re is always to be f\nd betwe5 ! cause & ! effect a di/ance ( p]fection or ( p[]3 :]eas we use ! t]m pr9ciple ev5 9 ?+s :i* h no su* diff]5ce1 b h only a c]ta9 ord] to ea* o!r2 z :5 we say t a po9t is ! pr9ciple ( a l9e2 or also :5 we say t ! fir/ "p ( a l9e is ! pr9ciple ( a l9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ! cu/om ) ! ,greeks to say t ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ are pr9cipl$4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! cu/om ) our ,doctors2 because1 al?\gh we attribute to ! ,fa!r some?+ ( au?ority by reason ( ,8 be+ ! pr9ciple1 /ill we d n attribute any k9d ( subjection or inf]iority to ! ,son1 or to ! ,holy ,gho/1 to avoid any occasion ( error4 ,9 ?is way1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 ix73 ,by au?ority ( ! ,giv]1 ! ,fa!r is ! great]2 nev]!less ! ,son is n less to ,:om on5ess ( nature is give4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ?is ^w pr9ciple1 z reg>ds its d]ivation1 seems to be tak5 f priority1 /ill x does n signify priority1 b orig94 ,= :at a t]m signifies1 & ! reason :y x 0 impos$1 are n ! same ?+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #h74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,?is ,"n ,fa!r ,is ,prop]ly ! ,"n ( a ,div9e ,p]son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is "n ,fa!r is n prop]ly ! "n ( a div9e p]son4 ,= ! "n ,fa!r signifies relation4 ,moreov] p]son is an individual sub/ance4 ,!re=e ?is "n ,fa!r is n prop]ly a "n signify+ a ,p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a begett] is m common ?an fa!r2 = e fa!r begets2 b x is n s conv]sely4 ,b a m common t]m is m prop]ly appli$ to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #aa74 ,!re=e ! m prop] "n ( ! div9e p]son is begett] & g5itor ?an ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a metaphorical t]m _c be ! prop] "n ( anyone4 ,b ! ^w is by u metaphorically call$ begott51 or (fspr+2 & consequ5tly1 he ( :om is ! ^w1 is metaphorically call$ fa!r4 ,!re=e ! pr9ciple ( ! ,^w 9 ,god is n prop]ly call$ ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* is said prop]ly ( ,god1 is said ( ,god fir/ be=e creatures4 ,b g5]ation appe>s to apply to creatures be=e ,god2 because g5]ation seems to be tru] :5 ! "o :o proce$s is di/9ct f ! "o :5ce x proce$s1 n only by relation b also by ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! "n ,fa!r tak5 f g5]ation does n seem to be ! prop] "n ( any div9e p]son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #hh3bg73 ,he %all cry out to me3 ,?\ art my ,fa!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! prop] "n ( any p]son signifies t :]eby ! p]son is di/+ui%$ f all o!r p]sons4 ,= z body & s\l belong to ! nature ( man1 s to ! concept ( ?is p>ticul> man belong ?is p>ticul> s\l & ?is p>ticul> body2 & by ^! is ?is p>ticul> man di/+ui%$ f all o!r m54 ,n[ x is pat]nity :i* di/+ui%es ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r f all o!r p]sons4 ,h5ce ?is "n ,fa!r1 :]eby pat]nity is signifi$1 is ! prop] "n ( ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,among u relation is n a subsi/+ p]son4 ,s ?is "n fa!r among u does n signify a p]son1 b ! relation ( a p]son4 ,9 ,god1 h[ev]1 x is n s1 z "s wrongly ?\ght2 = 9 ,god ! relation signifi$ by ! "n ,fa!r is a subsi/+ p]son4 ,h5ce1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #d71 ?is "n p]son 9 ,god signifies a relation subsi/+ 9 ! div9e nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 text #di71 a ?+ is d5om9at$ *iefly by its p]fection1 & by its end4 ,n[ g5]ation signifies some?+ 9 process ( be+ made1 :]eas pat]nity signifies ! complem5t ( g5]ation2 & !re=e ! "n ,fa!r is m expressive z reg>ds ! div9e p]son ?an g5itor or begettor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 human nature ! ^w is n a subsi/5ce1 & h5ce is n prop]ly call$ begott5 or son4 ,b ! div9e ,^w is some?+ subsi/5t 9 ! div9e nature2 & h5ce ,he is prop]ly & n metaphorically call$ ,son1 & ,8 pr9ciple is call$ ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! t]ms g5]ation & pat]nity l ! o!r t]ms prop]ly appli$ to ,god1 are said ( ,god be=e creatures z reg>ds ! ?+ signifi$1 b n z reg>ds ! mode ( signification4 ,h5ce also ! ,apo/le says1 ,i b5d my knee to ! ,fa!r ( my ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 f :om all pat]nity 9 heav5 & on e>? is nam$ 7,eph4 #c3ad74 ,?is is expla9$ ?us4 ,x is manife/ t g5]ation receives its species f ! t]m :i* is ! =m ( ! ?+ g5]at$2 & ! ne>] x is to ! =m ( ! g5]ator1 ! tru] & m p]fect is ! g5]ation2 z univocal g5]ation is m p]fect ?an non-univocal1 = x belongs to ! ess5ce ( a g5]ator to g5]ate :at is l itself 9 =m4 ,h5ce ! v fact t 9 ! div9e g5]ation ! =m ( ! ,begett] & ,begott5 is num]ically ! same1 :]eas 9 creatures x is n num]ically1 b only specifically1 ! same1 %[s t g5]ation1 & consequ5tly pat]nity1 is appli$ to ,god be=e creatures4 ,h5ce ! v fact t 9 ,god a di/9ction exi/s ( ! ,begott5 f ! ,begett] z reg>ds relation only1 belongs to ! tru? ( ! div9e g5]ation & pat]nity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,?is ,"n ,fa!r ,is ,appli$ to ,god1 ,fir/ly ,z a ,p]sonal ,"n8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is "n ,fa!r is n appli$ to ,god1 fir/ly z a p]sonal "n4 ,= 9 ! intellect ! common prec$es ! p>ticul>4 ,b ?is "n ,fa!r z a p]sonal "n1 belongs to ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r2 & tak5 9 an ess5tial s5se x is common to ! :ole ,tr9ity2 = we say ,our ,fa!r to ! :ole ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e ,fa!r comes fir/ z an ess5tial "n be=e its p]sonal s5se4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ?+s ( :i* ! concept is ! same !re is no priority ( pr$ication4 ,b pat]nity & filiation seem to be ( ! same nature1 accord+ z a div9e p]son is ,fa!r ( ! ,son1 & ! :ole ,tr9ity is our ,fa!r1 or ! creature's2 s9ce1 accord+ to ,basil 7,hom4 xv1 ,de ,fide71 to receive is common to ! creature & to ! ,son4 ,!re=e ,fa!r 9 ,god is n tak5 z an ess5tial "n be=e x is tak5 p]sonally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is n possible to comp>e ?+s :i* h n a common concept4 ,b ! ,son is comp>$ to ! creature by reason ( filiation or g5]ation1 accord+ to ,col4 #a3ae3 ,:o is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! fir/-born ( e creature4 ,!re=e pat]nity tak5 9 a p]sonal s5se is n prior to1 b has ! same concept z1 pat]nity tak5 ess5tially4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! et]nal comes be=e ! temporal4 ,b ,god is ! ,fa!r ( ! ,son f et]nity2 :ile ,he is ! ,fa!r ( ! creature 9 "t4 ,!re=e pat]nity 9 ,god is tak5 9 a p]sonal s5se z reg>ds ! ,son1 be=e x is s tak5 z reg>ds ! creature4 ,i answ] t1 ,a "n is appli$ to t :]e9 is p]fectly conta9$ its :ole signification1 be=e x is appli$ to t :i* only p>tially conta9s x2 = ! latt] be>s ! "n by reason ( a k9d ( similitude to t :i* answ]s p]fectly to ! signification ( ! "n2 s9ce all imp]fect ?+s are tak5 f p]fect ?+s4 ,h5ce ?is "n lion is appli$ fir/ to ! animal conta9+ ! :ole nature ( a lion1 & :i* is prop]ly s call$1 be=e x is appli$ to a man :o %[s some?+ ( a lion's nature1 z c\rage1 or /r5g?1 or ! l2 & ( :om x is said by way ( similitude4 ,n[ x is manife/ f ! =ego+ 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d71 t ! p]fect idea ( pat]nity & filiation is to be f\nd 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 & 9 ,god ! ,son1 because "o is ! nature & glory ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,b 9 ! creature1 filiation is f\nd 9 relation to ,god1 n 9 a p]fect mann]1 s9ce ! ,creator & ! creature h n ! same nature2 b by way ( a c]ta9 lik5ess1 :i* is ! m p]fect ! ne>] we approa* to ! true idea ( filiation4 ,= ,god is call$ ! ,fa!r ( "s creatures1 by reason only ( a trace1 = in/ance ( irrational creatures1 accord+ to ,job #ch3bh3 ,:o is ! fa!r ( ! ra98 or :o begot ! drops ( dew8 ,( "s1 namely1 ! rational creature 7,he is ! ,fa!r71 by reason ( ! lik5ess ( ,8 image1 accord+ to ,deut4 #cb3f3 ,is ,he n ?y ,fa!r1 :o possess$1 & made1 & creat$ !e8 ,& ( o!rs ,he is ! ,fa!r by similitude ( grace1 & ^! are also call$ adoptive sons1 z orda9$ to ! h]itage ( et]nal glory by ! gift ( grace :i* !y h receiv$1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3af1 #ag3 ,! ,_s ,himself gives te/imony to our _s t we are ! sons ( ,god2 & if sons1 heirs also4 ,la/ly1 ,he is ! ,fa!r ( o!rs by similitude ( glory1 =asmu* z !y h obta9$ possession ( ! h]itage ( glory1 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3b3 ,we glory 9 ! hope ( ! glory ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,!re=e x is pla9 t pat]nity is appli$ to ,god fir/1 z import+ reg>d ( "o ,p]son to ano!r ,p]son1 be=e x imports ! reg>d ( ,god to creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,common t]ms tak5 absolutely1 9 ! ord] ( our intellig5ce1 come be=e prop] t]ms2 because !y are includ$ 9 ! und]/&+ ( prop] t]ms2 b n conv]sely4 ,= 9 ! concept ( ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ,god is und]/ood2 b n conv]sely4 ,b common t]ms :i* import relation to ! creature come aft] prop] t]ms :i* import p]sonal relations2 because ! p]son proce$+ 9 ,god proce$s z ! pr9ciple ( ! production ( creatures4 ,= z ! ^w conceiv$ 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ is fir/ und]/ood to proce$ f ! arti/ be=e ! ?+ design$1 :i* is produc$ 9 lik5ess to ! ^w conceiv$ 9 ! arti/'s m9d2 s ! ,son proce$s f ! ,fa!r be=e ! creature1 to :i* ! "n ( filiation is appli$ z x p>ticipates 9 ! lik5ess ( ! ,son1 z is cle> f ! words ( ,rom4 #h3bi3 ,:om ,he =eknew & pr$e/9$ to be made con=mable to ! image ( ,8 ,son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to receive is said to be common to ! creature & to ! ,son n 9 a univocal s5se1 b accord+ to a c]ta9 remote similitude :]eby ,he is call$ ! ,fir/ ,born ( creatures4 ,h5ce ! au?ority quot$ subjo9s3 ,t ,he may be ! ,fir/ ,born among _m bre?r51 aft] say+ t "s 7 con=m$ to ! image ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,b ! ,son ( ,god possesses a position ( s+ul>ity above o!rs1 9 hav+ by nature :at ,he receives1 z ,basil also decl>es 7,hom4 xv ,de ,fide72 h5ce ,he is call$ ! only begott5 7,john #a3ah73 ,! only begott5 ,:o is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 ,he ha? decl>$ unto u4 ,f ?is appe>s ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,prop] to ! ,fa!r to ,be ,unbegott58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n prop] to ! ,fa!r to be unbegott54 ,= e prop]ty supposes some?+ 9 t ( :i* x is ! prop]ty4 ,b unbegott5 supposes no?+ 9 ! ,fa!r2 x only removes some?+4 ,!re=e x does n signify a prop]ty ( ! ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,unbegott5 is tak5 ei!r 9 a privative1 or 9 a negative s5se4 ,if 9 a negative s5se1 !n :atev] is n begott5 c be call$ unbegott54 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ is n begott52 nei!r is ! div9e ess5ce4 ,!re=e to be unbegott5 belongs also to ! ess5ce2 ?us x is n prop] to ! ,fa!r4 ,b if x be tak5 9 a privative s5se1 z e privation signifies imp]fection 9 ! ?+ :i* is ! subject ( privation1 x foll[s t ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r is imp]fect2 :i* _c be4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ,god1 unbegott5 does n signify relation1 = x is n us$ relatively4 ,!re=e x signifies sub/ance2 !re=e unbegott5 & begott5 diff] 9 sub/ance4 ,b ! ,son1 ,:o is begott51 does n diff] f ! ,fa!r 9 sub/ance4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r ought n to be call$ unbegott54 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 prop]ty means :at belongs to "o alone4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re are m ?an "o 9 ,god proce$+ f ano!r1 !re is no?+ to prev5t sev]al n receiv+ _! be+ f ano!r4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r is n alone unbegott54 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,fa!r is ! pr9ciple ( ! p]son begott51 s is ,he ( ! p]son proce$+4 ,s if by reason ( 8 opposition to ! p]son begott51 x is prop] to ! ,fa!r to be unbegott5 x foll[s t x is prop] to ,him also to be unproce$+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 iv73 ,"o is f "o--t is1 ! ,begott5 is f ! ,unbegott5--namely1 by ! prop]ty 9 ea* "o respectively ( innascibility & orig94 ,i answ] t1 ,z 9 creatures !re exi/ a fir/ & a second>y pr9ciple1 s also 9 ! div9e ,p]sons1 9 ,:om !re is no be=e or aft]1 is =m$ ! pr9ciple n f a pr9ciple1 ,:o is ! ,fa!r2 & ! pr9ciple f a pr9ciple1 ,:o is ! ,son4 ,n[ 9 ?+s creat$ a fir/ pr9ciple is kn[n 9 two ways2 9 "o way z ! fir/ pr9ciple1 by reason ( its hav+ a relation to :at proce$s f itself2 9 ano!r way1 inasmu* z x is a fir/ pr9ciple by reason ( its n be+ f ano!r4 ,?us !re=e ! ,fa!r is kn[n bo? by pat]nity & by common spiration1 z reg>ds ! p]sons proce$+ f ,himself4 ,b z ! pr9ciple1 n f a pr9ciple ,he is kn[n by ! fact t ,he is n f ano!r2 & ?is belongs to ! prop]ty ( innascibility1 signifi$ by ?is ^w begott54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s !re are :o say t innascibility1 signifi$ by ! ^w unbegott51 z a prop]ty ( ! ,fa!r1 is n a negative t]m only1 b ei!r t x means bo? ^! ?+s toge!r--namely1 t ! ,fa!r is f no "o1 & t ,he is ! pr9ciple ( o!rs2 or t x imports univ]sal au?ority1 or also ,8 pl5itude z ! s\rce ( all4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem true1 because ?us innascibility w\ld n be a prop]ty di/9ct f pat]nity & spiration2 b w\ld include !m z ! prop] is includ$ 9 ! common4 ,= s\rce & au?ority signify 9 ,god no?+ b ! pr9ciple ( orig94 ,we mu/ !re=e say ) ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 v1 #g7 t unbegott5 imports ! negation ( passive g5]ation4 ,= he says t unbegott5 has ! same mean+ z n a son4 ,nor does x foll[ t unbegott5 is n ! prop] notion ( ! ,fa!r2 = prim>y & simple ?+s are notifi$ by negations2 z1 = in/ance1 a po9t is def9$ z :at has no "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,unbegott5 is tak5 sometimes 9 a negative s5se only1 & 9 t s5se ,j]ome says t ! ,holy ,gho/ is unbegott51 t is1 ,he is n begott54 ,o!rwise unbegott5 may be tak5 9 a k9d ( privative s5se1 b n z imply+ any imp]fection4 ,= privation c be tak5 9 _m ways2 9 "o way :5 a ?+ has n :at is naturally belongs to ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh x is n ( its own nature to h x2 z1 = in/ance1 if a /one be call$ a dead ?+1 z want+ life1 :i* naturally belongs to "s o!r ?+s4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 privation is s call$ :5 some?+ has n :at naturally belongs to "s memb]s ( its g5us2 z = in/ance :5 a mole is call$ bl9d4 ,9 a ?ird s5se privation means ! abs5ce ( :at some?+ ought to h2 9 :i* s5se1 privation imports an imp]fection4 ,9 ?is s5se1 unbegott5 is n attribut$ to ! ,fa!r z a privation1 b x may be s attribut$ 9 ! second s5se1 mean+ t a c]ta9 p]son ( ! div9e nature is n begott51 :ile "s p]son ( ! same nature is begott54 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m unbegott5 c be appli$ also to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,h5ce to consid] x z a t]m prop] to ! ,fa!r alone1 x mu/ be fur!r und]/ood t ! "n unbegott5 belongs to a div9e p]son z ! pr9ciple ( ano!r p]son2 s t x be und]/ood to imply negation 9 ! g5us ( pr9ciple tak5 p]sonally 9 ,god4 ,or t !re be und]/ood 9 ! t]m unbegott5 t ,he is n 9 any way d]iv$ f ano!r2 & n only t ,he is n f ano!r by way only ( g5]ation4 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m unbegott5 does n belong at all to ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is f ano!r by procession1 z a subsi/+ p]son2 nor does x belong to ! div9e ess5ce1 ( :i* x may be said t x is 9 ! ,son or 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ f ano!r--namely1 f ! ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #i71 unbegott5 9 "o s5se signifies ! same z uncreat$2 & ?us x applies to ! sub/ance1 = !reby does ! creat$ sub/ance diff] f ! uncreat$4 ,9 ano!r s5se x signifies :at is n begott51 & 9 ?is s5se x is a relative t]m2 j z negation is r$uc$ to ! g5us ( affirmation1 z n man is r$uc$ to ! g5us ( sub/ance1 & n :ite to ! g5us ( quality4 ,h5ce1 s9ce begott5 implies relation 9 ,god1 unbegott5 belongs also to relation4 ,?us x does n foll[ t ! ,fa!r unbegott5 is sub/antially di/+ui%$ f ! ,son begott52 b only by relation2 t is1 z ! relation ( ,son is d5i$ ( ! ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 e g5us !re mu/ be some?+ fir/2 s 9 ! div9e nature !re mu/ be "s "o pr9ciple :i* is n f ano!r1 & :i* we call unbegott54 ,to admit two innascibles is to suppose ! exi/5ce ( two ,gods1 & two div9e natures4 ,h5ce ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod473 ,z !re is "o ,god1 s !re _c be two innascibles4 ,& ?is especially because1 did two innascibles exi/1 "o w\ld n be f ! o!r1 & !y w\ld n be di/+ui%$ by relative opposition3 !re=e !y w\ld be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by div]sity ( nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! prop]ty ( ! ,fa!r1 :]eby ,he is n f ano!r1 is m cle>ly signifi$ by ! removal ( ! nativity ( ! ,son1 ?an by ! removal ( ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 bo? because ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/ has no special "n1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c71 & because also 9 ! ord] ( nature x presupposes ! g5]ation ( ! ,son4 ,h5ce1 x be+ d5i$ ( ! ,fa!r t ,he is begott51 al?\gh ,he is ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 x foll[s1 z a consequ5ce1 t ,he does n proce$ by ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 because ! ,holy ,gho/ is n ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 b proce$s f ! p]son begott54 ,,"q #cd ,,( ,,! ,,p]son ,,( ,,! ,,son 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! p]son ( ! ,son4 ,?ree names are attribut$ to ! ,son--namely1 ,son1 ,^w1 & ,image4 ,! idea ( ,son is ga!r$ f ! idea ( ,fa!r4 ,h5ce x rema9s = u to consid] ,^w & ,image4 ,conc]n+ ,^w !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,^w is an ess5tial t]m 9 ,god1 or a p]sonal t]m8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is ! prop] "n ( ! ,son8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 ! "n ( ,^w is express$ relation to creatures8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,^w 9 ,god ,is a ,p]sonal ,"n8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,^w 9 ,god is n a p]sonal "n4 ,= p]sonal names are appli$ to ,god 9 a prop] s5se1 z ,fa!r & ,son4 ,b ,^w is appli$ to ,god metaphorically1 z ,orig5 says on 7,john #a3a71 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w4 ,!re=e ,^w is n a p]sonal "n 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #aj71 ,! ,^w is k ) love2 & accord+ to ,anselm 7,monol4 lx71 ,to speak is to ! ,supreme ,_s no?+ b to see by ?\ght4 ,b k & ?\ght1 & sight1 are ess5tial t]ms 9 ,god4 ,!re=e ,^w is n a p]sonal t]m 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is ess5tial to ^w to be spok54 ,b1 accord+ to ,anselm 7,monol4 lix71 z ! ,fa!r is intellig5t1 ! ,son is intellig5t1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ is intellig5t1 s ! ,fa!r speaks1 ! ,son speaks1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ speaks2 & likewise1 ea* "o ( !m is spok54 ,!re=e1 ! "n ,^w is us$ z an ess5tial t]m 9 ,god1 & n 9 a p]sonal s5se4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no div9e p]son is made4 ,b ! ,^w ( ,god is some?+ made4 ,= x is said1 ,fire1 hail1 sn[1 ice1 ! /orms :i* d ,8 ,^w 7,ps4 #adh3h74 ,!re=e ! ,^w is n a p]sonal "n 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #aa73 ,z ! ,son is relat$ to ! ,fa!r1 s also is ! ,^w to ,him ,^: ,^w ,he is4 ,b ! ,son is a p]sonal "n1 s9ce x is said relatively4 ,!re=e s also is ,^w4 ,i answ] t1 ,! "n ( ,^w 9 ,god1 if tak5 9 its prop] s5se1 is a p]sonal "n1 & 9 no way an ess5tial "n4 ,to see h[ ?is is true1 we mu/ "k t our own ^w tak5 9 its prop] s5se has a ?reefold mean+2 :ile 9 a f\r? s5se x is tak5 improp]ly or figuratively4 ,! cle>e/ & mo/ common s5se is :5 x is said ( ! ^w spok5 by ! voice2 & ?is proce$s f an int]ior s\rce z reg>ds two ?+s f\nd 9 ! ext]ior ^w--t is1 ! vocal s\nd itself1 & ! signification ( ! s\nd4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,p]i ,h]m4 i7 vocal s\nd signifies ! concept ( ! intellect4 ,aga9 ! vocal s\nd proce$s f ! signification or ! imag9ation1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 text #ij4 ,! vocal s\nd1 :i* has no signification _c be call$ a ^w3 :]e=e ! ext]ior vocal s\nd is call$ a ^w f ! fact ! x signifies ! int]ior concept ( ! m9d4 ,!re=e x foll[s t1 fir/ & *iefly1 ! int]ior concept ( ! m9d is call$ a ^w2 second>ily1 ! vocal s\nd itself1 signify+ ! int]ior concept1 is s call$2 & ?irdly1 ! imag9ation ( ! vocal s\nd is call$ a ^w4 ,damasc5e m5tions ^! ?ree k9ds ( words 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #ag71 say+ t ^w is call$ ! natural movem5t ( ! intellect1 :]eby x is mov$1 & und]/&s1 & ?9ks1 z light & spl5dor2 :i* is ! fir/ k9d4 ,aga91 he says1 ! ^w is :at is n pron\nc$ by a vocal ^w1 b is utt]$ 9 ! he>t2 :i* is ! ?ird k9d4 ,aga91 also1 ! ^w is ! angel--t is1 ! mess5g] ( intellig5ce2 :i* is ! second k9d4 ,^w is also us$ 9 a f\r? way figuratively = t :i* is signifi$ or effect$ by a ^w2 ?us we are wont to say1 ?is is ! ^w ,i h said1 or :i* ! k+ has comm&$1 allud+ to "s de$ signifi$ by ! ^w ei!r by way ( ass]tion or ( comm&4 ,n[ ^w is tak5 /rictly 9 ,god1 z signify+ ! concept ( ! intellect4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #aj73 ,:oev] c und]/& ! ^w1 n only be=e x is s\nd$1 b also be=e ?\ght has clo!d x ) imag9>y s\nd1 c already see "s lik5ess ( t ,^w ( ,:om x is said3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w4 ,! concept itself ( ! he>t has ( its own nature to proce$ f some?+ o!r ?an itself--namely1 f ! k ( ! "o conceiv+4 ,h5ce ,^w1 accord+ z we use ! t]m /rictly ( ,god1 signifies some?+ proce$+ f ano!r2 :i* belongs to ! nature ( p]sonal t]ms 9 ,god1 inasmu* z ! div9e p]sons are di/+ui%$ by orig9 7,q4 #bg1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d1 #e74 ,h5ce ! t]m ,^w1 accord+ z we use ! t]m /rictly ( ,god1 is to be tak5 z said n ess5tially1 b p]sonally4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,arians1 :o sprang f ,orig51 decl>$ t ! ,son diff]$ 9 sub/ance f ! ,fa!r4 ,h5ce1 !y endeavor$ to ma9ta9 t :5 ! ,son ( ,god is call$ ! ,^w1 ?is is n to be und]/ood 9 a /rict s5se2 le/ ! idea ( ! ,^w proce$+ %\ld compel !m to confess t ! ,son ( ,god is ( ! same sub/ance z ! ,fa!r4 ,= ! int]ior ^w proce$s 9 su* a mann] f ! "o :o pron\nces x1 z to rema9 )9 him4 ,b suppos+ ,^w to be said metaphorically ( ,god1 we mu/ /ill admit ,^w 9 its /rict s5se4 ,= if a ?+ be call$ a ^w metaphorically1 ?is c only be by reason ( "s manife/ation2 ei!r x makes some?+ manife/ z a ^w1 or x is manife/$ by a ^w4 ,if manife/$ by a ^w1 !re mu/ exi/ a ^w :]eby x is manife/$4 ,if x is call$ a ^w because x ext]iorly manife/s1 :at x ext]iorly manife/s _c be call$ ^w except 9 z f> z x signifies ! int]ior concept ( ! m9d1 :i* anyone may also manife/ by ext]ior signs4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ,^w may be sometimes said ( ,god metaphorically1 nev]!less we mu/ also admit ,^w 9 ! prop] s5se1 & :i* is said p]sonally4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ belong+ to ! intellect c be appli$ to ,god p]sonally1 except ^w alone2 = ^w alone signifies t :i* emanates f ano!r4 ,= :at ! intellect =ms 9 its conception is ! ^w4 ,n[1 ! intellect itself1 accord+ z x is made actual by ! intelligible species1 is consid]$ absolutely2 likewise ! act ( und]/&+ :i* is to ! actual intellect :at exi/5ce is to actual be+2 s9ce ! act ( und]/&+ does n signify an act go+ out f ! intellig5t ag5t1 b an act rema9+ 9 ! ag5t4 ,!re=e :5 we say t ^w is k1 ! t]m k does n mean ! act ( a kn[+ intellect1 or any "o ( its habits1 b /&s = :at ! intellect conceives by kn[+4 ,h5ce also ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #a7 t ! ,^w is begott5 wisdom2 = x is no?+ b ! concept ( ! ,wise ,"o2 & 9 ! same way ,x c be call$ begott5 k4 ,?us c also be expla9$ h[ to speak is 9 ,god to see by ?\ght1 =asmu* z ! ,^w is conceiv$ by ! gaze ( ! div9e ?\ght4 ,/ill ! t]m ?\ght does n prop]ly apply to ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #af73 ,!re=e d we speak ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 & n ( ! ,?\ght ( ,god1 le/ we believe t 9 ,god !re is some?+ un/able1 n[ assum+ ! =m ( ,^w1 n[ putt+ (f t =m & rema9+ lat5t & z x 7 =mless4 ,= ?\ght consi/s prop]ly 9 ! se>* aft] ! tru?1 & ?is has no place 9 ,god4 ,b :5 ! intellect atta9s to ! =m ( tru?1 x does n ?9k1 b p]fectly contemplates ! tru?4 ,h5ce ,anselm 7,monol4 lx7 takes ?\ght 9 an improp] s5se = contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z1 prop]ly speak+1 ,^w 9 ,god is said p]sonally1 & n ess5tially1 s likewise is to speak4 ,h5ce1 z ! ,^w is n common to ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 s x is n true t ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/ are "o speak]4 ,s ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #a73 ,he :o speaks 9 t co-et]nal ,^w is und]/ood z n alone 9 ,god1 b z be+ ) t v ,^w1 )\t :i*1 =soo?1 ,he w\ld n be speak+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to be spok5 belongs to ea* ,p]son1 = n only is ! ^w spok51 b also ! ?+ und]/ood or signifi$ by ! ^w4 ,!re=e 9 ?is mann] to "o p]son alone 9 ,god does x belong to be spok5 9 ! same way z a ^w is spok52 :]eas 9 ! way :]eby a ?+ is spok5 z be+ und]/ood 9 ! ^w1 x belongs to ea* ,p]son to be spok54 ,= ! ,fa!r1 by und]/&+ ,himself1 ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/1 & all o!r ?+s compris$ 9 ?is k1 conceives ! ,^w2 s t ?us ! :ole ,tr9ity is spok5 9 ! ,^w2 & likewise also all creatures3 z ! intellect ( a man by ! ^w he conceives 9 ! act ( und]/&+ a /one1 speaks a /one4 ,anselm took ! t]m speak improp]ly = ! act ( und]/&+2 :]eas !y really diff] f ea* o!r2 = to und]/& means only ! habitude ( ! intellig5t ag5t to ! ?+ und]/ood1 9 :i* habitude no trace ( orig9 is convey$1 b only a c]ta9 in=mation ( our intellect2 =asmu* z our intellect is made actual by ! =m ( ! ?+ und]/ood4 ,9 ,god1 h[ev]1 x means complete id5tity1 because 9 ,god ! intellect & ! ?+ und]/ood are altoge!r ! same1 z 0 prov$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,:]eas to speak means *iefly ! habitude to ! ^w conceiv$2 = to speak is no?+ b to utt] a ^w4 ,b by means ( ! ^w x imports a habitude to ! ?+ und]/ood :i* 9 ! ^w utt]$ is manife/$ to ! "o :o und]/&s4 ,?us1 only ! ,p]son :o utt]s ! ,^w is speak] 9 ,god1 al?\gh ea* ,p]son und]/&s & is und]/ood1 & consequ5tly is spok5 by ! ,^w4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! t]m ^w is !re tak5 figuratively1 z ! ?+ signifi$ or effect$ by ^w is call$ ^w4 ,= ?us creatures are said to d ! ^w ( ,god1 z execut+ any effect1 :]eto !y are orda9$ f ! ^w conceiv$ ( ! div9e wisdom2 z anyone is said to d ! ^w ( ! k+ :5 he does ! "w to :i* he is appo9t$ by ! k+'s ^w4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,^w ,is ! ,son's ,prop] ,"n8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,^w is n ! prop] "n ( ! ,son4 ,= ! ,son is a subsi/+ p]son 9 ,god4 ,b ^w does n signify a subsi/+ ?+1 z appe>s 9 ourselves4 ,!re=e ^w _c be ! prop] "n ( ! p]son ( ! ,son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w proce$s f ! speak] by be+ utt]$4 ,!re=e if ! ,son is prop]ly ! ^w1 ,he proce$s f ! ,fa!r1 by way only ( utt]ance2 :i* is ! h]esy ( ,val5t9e2 z appe>s f ,augu/9e 7,de ,ha]es4 xi74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e prop] "n ( a p]son signifies "s prop]ty ( t p]son4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,^w is ! ,son's prop] "n1 x signifies "s prop]ty ( ,82 & ?us !re w be sev]al m prop]ties 9 ,god ?an ^? above m5tion$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :oev] und]/&s conceives a ^w 9 ! act ( und]/&+4 ,b ! ,son und]/&s4 ,!re=e "s ^w belongs to ! ,son2 & consequ5tly to be ,^w is n prop] to ! ,son4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is said ( ! ,son 7,heb4 #a3c73 ,be>+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[]2 :5ce ,basil inf]s 7,cont4 ,eunom4 v1 #aa7 t ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,son's ,^w4 ,!re=e to be ,^w is n prop] to ! ,son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aa73 ,by ,^w we und]/& ! ,son alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,^w1 said ( ,god 9 its prop] s5se1 is us$ p]sonally1 & is ! prop] "n ( ! p]son ( ! ,son4 ,= x signifies an emanation ( ! intellect3 & ! p]son ,:o proce$s 9 ,god1 by way ( emanation ( ! intellect1 is call$ ! ,son2 & ?is procession is call$ g5]ation1 z we h %[n above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! ,son alone is prop]ly call$ ,^w 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to be & to und]/& are n ! same 9 u4 ,h5ce t :i* 9 u has intellectual be+1 does n belong to our nature4 ,b 9 ,god to be & to und]/& are "o & ! same3 h5ce ! ,^w ( ,god is n an accid5t 9 ,him1 or an effect ( ,82 b belongs to ,8 v nature4 ,& !re=e x mu/ ne$s be some?+ subsi/5t2 = :atev] is 9 ! nature ( ,god subsi/s2 & s ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #ah7 t ! ,^w ( ,god is sub/antial & has a hypo/atic be+2 b o!r words z our own are activities if ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! error ( ,val5t9e 0 condemn$1 n z ! ,arians pret5d$1 because he ass]t$ t ! ,son 0 born by be+ utt]$1 z ,hil>y relates 7,de ,tr94 vi72 b on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t mode ( utt]ance propos$ by its au?or1 z appe>s f ,augu/9e 7,de ,ha]es4 xi74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! t]m ,^w ! same prop]ty is compris$ z 9 ! "n ,son4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #aa73 ,^w & ,son express ! same4 ,= ! ,son's nativity1 :i* is ,8 p]sonal prop]ty1 is signifi$ by diff]5t names1 :i* are attribut$ to ! ,son to express ,8 p]fection 9 v>i\s ways4 ,to %[ t ,he is ( ! same nature z ! ,fa!r1 ,he is call$ ! ,son2 to %[ t ,he is co-et]nal1 ,he is call$ ! ,spl5dor2 to %[ t ,he is altoge!r l1 ,he is call$ ! ,image2 to %[ t ,he is begott5 immat]ially1 ,he is call$ ! ,^w4 ,all ^! tru?s _c be express$ by only "o "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to be intellig5t belongs to ! ,son1 9 ! same way z x belongs to ,him to be ,god1 s9ce to und]/& is said ( ,god ess5tially1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d74 ,n[ ! ,son is ,god begott51 & n ,god begett+2 & h5ce ,he is intellig5t1 n z produc+ a ,^w1 b z ! ,^w proce$+2 =asmu* z 9 ,god ! ,^w proce$+ does n diff] really f ! div9e intellect1 b is di/+ui%$ f ! pr9ciple ( ! ,^w only by relation4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,:5 x is said ( ! ,son1 ,be>+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[]2 ^w is tak5 figuratively = ! effect ( ! ,^w4 ,h5ce a gloss says t ^w is "h tak5 to mean comm&2 inasmu* z by ! effect ( ! p[] ( ! ,^w1 ?+s are kept 9 be+1 z also by ! effect ( ! p[] ( ! ,^w ?+s are br\ght into be+4 ,basil speaks widely & figuratively 9 apply+ ,^w to ! ,holy ,gho/2 9 ! s5se p]haps t ev]y?+ t makes a p]son kn[n may be call$ 8 ^w1 & s 9 t way ! ,holy ,gho/ may be call$ ! ,son's ,^w1 because ,he manife/s ! ,son4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,"n ,^w ,imports ,relation to ,creatures8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! "n ',^w' does n import relation to creatures4 ,= e "n t connotes "s effect 9 creatures1 is said ( ,god ess5tially4 ,b ,^w is n said ess5tially1 b p]sonally4 ,!re=e ,^w does n import relation to creatures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] imports relation to creatures is said ( ,god 9 "t2 z ,"l & ,creator4 ,b ,^w is said ( ,god f et]nity4 ,!re=e x does n import relation to ! creature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,^w imports relation to ! s\rce :5ce x proce$s4 ,!re=e1 if x imports relation to ! creature1 x foll[s t ! ,^w proce$s f ! creature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ideas 79 ,god7 are _m accord+ to _! v>i\s relations to creatures4 ,!re=e if ,^w imports relation to creatures1 x foll[s t 9 ,god !re is n "o ,^w only1 b _m4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ,^w imports relation to ! creature1 ?is c only be because creatures are kn[n by ,god4 ,b ,god does n "k be+s only2 ,he kn[s also non-be+s4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,^w are impli$ relations to non-be+s2 :i* appe>s to be false4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #fc71 t ! "n ,^w signifies n only relation to ! ,fa!r1 b also relation to ^? be+s :i* are made ?r\gh ! ,^w1 by ,8 op]ative p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,^w implies relation to creatures4 ,= ,god by kn[+ ,himself1 kn[s e creature4 ,n[ ! ^w conceiv$ 9 ! m9d is repres5tative ( ev]y?+ t is actually und]/ood4 ,h5ce !re are 9 ourselves diff]5t words = ! diff]5t ?+s :i* we und]/&4 ,b because ,god by "o act und]/&s ,himself & all ?+s1 ,8 "o only ,^w is expressive n only ( ! ,fa!r1 b ( all creatures4 ,& z ! k ( ,god is only cognitive z reg>ds ,god1 :]eas z reg>ds creatures1 x is bo? cognitive & op]ative1 s ! ,^w ( ,god is only expressive ( :at is 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 b is bo? expressive & op]ative ( creatures2 & !re=e x is said 7,ps4 #cb3i73 ,he spake1 & !y 7 made2 because 9 ! ,^w is impli$ ! op]ative idea ( :at ,god makes4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! nature is also includ$ indirectly 9 ! "n ( ! p]son2 = p]son is an individual sub/ance ( a rational nature4 ,!re=e ! "n ( a div9e p]son1 z reg>ds ! p]sonal relation1 does n imply relation to ! creature1 b x is impli$ 9 :at belongs to ! nature4 ,yet !re is no?+ to prev5t its imply+ relation to creatures1 s f> z ! ess5ce is includ$ 9 its mean+3 = z x prop]ly belongs to ! ,son to be ! ,son1 s x prop]ly belongs to ,him to be ,god begott51 or ! ,creator begott52 & 9 ?is way ! "n ,^w imports relation to creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ! relations result f actions1 "s names import ! relation ( ,god to creatures1 :i* relation foll[s on ! action ( ,god :i* passes into "s ext]ior effect1 z to create & to gov]n2 & ! l are appli$ to ,god 9 "t4 ,b o!rs import a relation :i* foll[s f an action :i* does n pass into an ext]ior effect1 b abides 9 ! ag5t--z to "k & to w3 su* are n appli$ to ,god 9 "t2 & ?is k9d ( relation to creatures is impli$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,^w4 ,nor is x true t all names :i* import ! relation ( ,god to creatures are appli$ to ,him 9 "t2 b only ^? names are appli$ 9 "t :i* import relation foll[+ on ! action ( ,god pass+ into ext]ior effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,creatures are kn[n to ,god n by a k d]iv$ f ! creatures !mselves1 b by ,8 own ess5ce4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y t ! ,^w %\ld proce$ f creatures1 al?\gh ! ,^w is expressive ( creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! "n ( ,idea is impos$ *iefly to signify relation to creatures2 & !re=e x is appli$ 9 a plural s5se to ,god2 & x is n said p]sonally4 ,b ! "n ( ,^w is impos$ *iefly to signify ! speak]1 & consequ5tly1 relation to creatures1 inasmu* z ,god1 by und]/&+ ,himself1 und]/&s e creature2 & s !re is only "o ,^w 9 ,god1 & t is a p]sonal "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,god's k ( non-be+s & ,god's ,^w ab\t non-be+s are ! same2 because ! ,^w ( ,god conta9s no less ?an does ! k ( ,god1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ad74 ,nev]!less ! ,^w is expressive & op]ative ( be+s1 b is expressive & manife/ive ( non-be+s4 ,,"q #ce ,,( ,,! ,,image 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we next inquire conc]n+ ! image3 ab\t :i* !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,image 9 ,god is said p]sonally8 7#b7 ,:e!r ?is "n belongs to ! ,son alone8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,image 9 ,god ,is ,said ,p]sonally8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t image is n said p]sonally ( ,god4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,fulg5tius1 ,de ,fide ad ,petrum i7 says1 ,! ,godhead ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity & ! ,image :]eunto man is made are "o4 ,!re=e ,image is said ( ,god ess5tially1 & n p]sonally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod473 ,an image is a l species ( t :i* x repres5ts4 ,b species or =m is said ( ,god ess5tially4 ,!re=e s also is ,image4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,image is d]iv$ f imitation1 :i* implies be=e & aft]4 ,b 9 ! div9e p]sons !re is no be=e & aft]4 ,!re=e ,image _c be a p]sonal "n 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #a73 ,:at is m absurd ?an to say t an image is ref]r$ to itself8 ,!re=e ! ,image 9 ,god is a relation1 & is ?us a p]sonal "n4 ,i answ] t1 ,image includes ! idea ( similitude4 ,/ill1 n any k9d ( similitude suffices = ! notion ( image1 b only similitude ( species1 or at lea/ ( "s specific sign4 ,9 corporeal ?+s ! specific sign consi/s *iefly 9 ! figure4 ,= we see t ! species ( diff]5t animals are ( diff]5t figures2 b n ( diff]5t colors4 ,h5ce if ! color ( any?+ is depict$ on a wall1 ?is is n call$ an image unless ! figure is likewise depict$4 ,fur!r1 nei!r ! similitude ( species or ( figure is en\gh = an image1 :i* requires also ! idea ( orig92 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #gd73 ,"o egg is n ! image ( ano!r1 because x is n d]iv$ f x4 ,!re=e = a true image x is requir$ t "o proce$s f ano!r l to x 9 species1 or at lea/ 9 specific sign4 ,n[ :atev] imports procession or orig9 9 ,god1 belongs to ! p]sons4 ,h5ce ! "n ,image is a p]sonal "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,image1 prop]ly speak+1 means :atev] proce$s =? 9 lik5ess to ano!r4 ,t to ! lik5ess ( :i* any?+ proce$s1 is prop]ly speak+ call$ ! exempl>1 & is improp]ly call$ ! image4 ,nev]!less ,augu/9e 7,fulg5tius7 uses ! "n ( ,image 9 ?is s5se :5 he says t ! div9e nature ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity is ! ,image to :om man 0 made4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 species1 z m5tion$ by ,hil>y 9 ! def9ition ( image1 means ! =m d]iv$ f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,9 ?is s5se image is said to be ! species ( any?+1 z t :i* is assimilat$ to any?+ is call$ its =m1 inasmu* z x has a l =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,imitation 9 ,god does n signify po/]iority1 b only assimilation4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,"n ( ,image ,is ,prop] to ! ,son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! "n ( ,image is n prop] to ! ,son2 because1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #ah71 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,image ( ! ,son4 ,!re=e ,image does n belong to ! ,son alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 similitude 9 expression belongs to ! nature ( an image1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #gd74 ,b ?is belongs to ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o proce$s f ano!r by way ( similitude4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ is an ,image2 & s to be ,image does n belong to ! ,son alone4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man is also call$ ! image ( ,god1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #aa3g1 ,! man ought n to cov] 8 head1 = he is ! image & ! glory ( ,god4 ,!re=e ,image is n prop] to ! ,son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #b73 ,! ,son alone is ! ,image ( ! ,fa!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,greek ,doctors commonly say t ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,image ( bo? ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son2 b ! ,lat9 ,doctors attribute ! "n ,image to ! ,son alone4 ,= x is n f\nd 9 ! canonical ,scripture except z appli$ to ! ,son2 z 9 ! words1 ,:o is ! ,image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! fir/born ( creatures 7,col4 #a3ae7 & aga93 ,:o be+ ! brightness ( ,8 glory1 & ! figure ( ,8 sub/ance4 7,heb4 #a3c74 ,"s expla9 ?is by ! fact t ! ,son agrees ) ! ,fa!r1 n 9 nature only1 b also 9 ! notion ( pr9ciple3 :]eas ! ,holy ,gho/ agrees nei!r ) ! ,son1 nor ) ! ,fa!r 9 any notion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem to suffice4 ,because z x is n by reason ( ! relations t we consid] ei!r equality or inequality 9 ,god1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v1 #f71 s nei!r 7by reason !re( d we consid]7 t similitude :i* is ess5tial to image4 ,h5ce o!rs say t ! ,holy ,gho/ _c be call$ ! ,image ( ! ,son1 because !re _c be an image ( an image2 nor ( ! ,fa!r1 because aga9 ! image mu/ be imm$iately relat$ to t :i* x is ! image2 & ! ,holy ,gho/ is relat$ to ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son2 nor aga9 is ,he ! ,image ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 because !n !re w\ld be "o image ( two2 :i* is impossible4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! ,holy ,gho/ is 9 no way an ,image4 ,b ?is is no pro(3 = ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce !re is no?+ to prev5t !re be+ "o ,image ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son1 inasmu* z !y are "o2 s9ce ev5 man is "o image ( ! :ole ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e we mu/ expla9 ! matt] o!rwise by say+ t1 z ! ,holy ,gho/1 al?\gh by ,8 procession ,he receives ! nature ( ! ,fa!r1 z ! ,son also receives x1 nev]!less is n said to be born2 s1 al?\gh ,he receives ! lik5ess ( ! ,fa!r1 ,he is n call$ ! ,image2 because ! ,son proce$s z ^w1 & x is ess5tial to ^w to be l species ) t :5ce x proce$s2 :]eas ?is does n ess5tially belong to love1 al?\gh x may belong to t love :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/1 inasmu* z ,he is ! div9e love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,damasc5e & ! o!r ,greek ,doctors commonly employ ! t]m image z mean+ a p]fect similitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! ,holy ,gho/ is l to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 /ill x does n foll[ t ,he is ! ,image1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! image ( a ?+ may be f\nd 9 some?+ 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way x is f\nd 9 some?+ ( ! same specific nature2 z ! image ( ! k+ is f\nd 9 8 son4 ,9 ano!r way x is f\nd 9 some?+ ( a diff]5t nature1 z ! k+'s image on ! co94 ,9 ! fir/ s5se ! ,son is ! ,image ( ! ,fa!r2 9 ! second s5se man is call$ ! image ( ,god2 & !re=e 9 ord] to express ! imp]fect "* ( ! div9e image 9 man1 man is n simply call$ ! image1 b to ! image1 :]eby is express$ a c]ta9 movem5t ( t5d5cy to p]fection4 ,b x _c be said t ! ,son ( ,god is to ! image1 because ,he is ! p]fect ,image ( ! ,fa!r4 ,,"q #cf ,,( ,,! ,,p]son ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we proce$ to treat ( :at belongs to ! p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is call$ n only ! ,holy ,gho/1 b also ! ,love & ,gift ( ,god4 ,conc]n+ ! "n ,holy ,gho/ !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ?is "n1 ,holy ,gho/1 is ! prop] "n ( "o div9e ,p]son8 7#b7 ,:e!r t div9e p]son ,:o is call$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,he proce$s f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,?is ,"n ,holy ,gho/ ,is ! ,prop] ,"n ( ,"o ,div9e ,p]son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is "n1 ,holy ,gho/1 is n ! prop] "n ( "o div9e p]son4 ,= no "n :i* is common to ! ?ree p]sons is ! prop] "n ( any "o p]son4 ,b ?is "n ( ',holy ,gho/' 99,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! ^w gho/ is ! old ,engli% equival5t = ! ,lat9 spiritus1 :e!r 9 ! s5se ( brea? or bla/1 or 9 ! s5se ( _s1 z an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,?us1 we read 9 ! =m] s5se 7,hampole1 ,psalt] x1 #g71 ,! ,go/ ( ,/orms spiritus procell>um1 & 9 ! latt] ,trubl$ go/ is sacrifice ( ,god 7,prose ,psalt]1 ,a4,d4 #acbe71 & ,oure wre/lynge is 4 4 4 aga9/ ! spiritual wick$ go/es ( ! ayre 7,m1 ,com=t aga9/ ,tribulation72 & 9 our mod]n expression ( giv+ up ! gho/4 ,z appli$ to ,god1 & n specially to ! ?ird ,holy ,p]son1 we h an example f ,maund]1 ,jhesu ,cri/e 0 ! worde & ! go/e ( ,good4 7,see ,ox=d ,diction>y747 is common to ! ?ree p]sons2 = ,hil>y 7,de ,tr94 viii7 %[s t ! ,_s ( ,god sometimes means ! ,fa!r1 z 9 ! words ( ,isa4 #fa3a3 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l is ^u me2 & sometimes ! ,son1 z :5 ! ,son says3 ,9 ! ,_s ( ,god ,i ca/ out devils 7,matt4 #ab3bh71 %[+ t ,he ca/ out devils by ,8 own natural p[]2 & t sometimes x means ! ,holy ,gho/1 z 9 ! words ( ,joel #b3bh3 ,i w p\r out ( ,my ,_s ov] all fle%4 ,!re=e ?is "n ',holy ,gho/' is n ! prop] "n ( a div9e p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! names ( ! div9e p]sons are relative t]ms1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr9474 ,b ?is "n ,holy ,gho/ is n a relative t]m4 ,!re=e ?is "n is n ! prop] "n ( a div9e ,p]son4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 because ! ,son is ! "n ( a div9e ,p]son ,he _c be call$ ! ,son ( ?is or ( t4 ,b ! _s is spok5 ( z ( ?is or t man1 z appe>s 9 ! words1 ,! ,"l said to ,moses1 ,i w take ( ?y _s & w give to !m 7,num4 #aa3ag7 & also ,! ,_s ( ,elias re/$ ^u ,eliseus 7#d ,k+s #b3ae74 ,!re=e ,holy ,gho/ does n seem to be ! prop] "n ( a div9e ,p]son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7#a ,john #e3g73 ,!re are ?ree :o be> witness 9 heav51 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,^w1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #d73 ,:5 we ask1 ,?ree :at8 we say1 ,?ree p]sons4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! "n ( a div9e p]son4 ,i answ] t1 ,:ile !re are two processions 9 ,god1 "o ( ^!1 ! procession ( love1 has no prop] "n ( its own1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,h5ce ! relations also :i* foll[ f ?is procession are )\t a "n 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d73 = :i* reason ! ,p]son proce$+ 9 t mann] has n a prop] "n4 ,b z "s names are accommodat$ by ! usual mode ( speak+ to signify ! a=esaid relations1 z :5 we use ! names ( procession & spiration1 :i* 9 ! /rict s5se m fitt+ly signify ! notional acts ?an ! relations2 s to signify ! div9e ,p]son1 ,:o proce$s by way ( love1 ?is "n ,holy ,gho/ is by ! use ( scriptural spee* accommodat$ to ,him4 ,! appropriat5ess ( ?is "n may be %[n 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 f ! fact t ! p]son :o is call$ ,holy ,gho/ has some?+ 9 common ) ! o!r ,p]sons4 ,=1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ag2 v1 #aa71 ,because ! ,holy ,gho/ is common to bo?1 ,he ,himself is call$ t prop]ly :i* bo? are call$ 9 common4 ,= ! ,fa!r also is a _s1 & ! ,son is a _s2 & ! ,fa!r is holy1 & ! ,son is holy4 ,secondly1 f ! prop] signification ( ! "n4 ,= ! "n _s 9 ?+s corporeal seems to signify impulse & motion2 = we call ! brea? & ! w9d by ! t]m _s4 ,n[ x is a prop]ty ( love to move & impel ! w ( ! lov] t[>ds ! object lov$4 ,fur!r1 hol9ess is attribut$ to :atev] is ord]$ to ,god4 ,!re=e because ! div9e p]son proce$s by way ( ! love :]eby ,god is lov$1 t p]son is mo/ prop]ly nam$ ,! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! expression ,holy ,_s1 if tak5 z two words1 is applicable to ! :ole ,tr9ity3 because by '_s' ! immat]iality ( ! div9e sub/ance is signifi$2 = corporeal _s is invisible1 & has b little matt]2 h5ce we apply ?is t]m to all immat]ial & invisible sub/ances4 ,& by add+ ! ^w holy we signify ! purity ( div9e goodness4 ,b if ,holy ,_s be tak5 z "o ^w1 x is ?us t ! expression1 9 ! usage ( ! ,*ur*1 is accommodat$ to signify "o ( ! ?ree p]sons1 ! "o :o proce$s by way ( love1 = ! reason above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ?is "n ,holy ,gho/ does n indicate a relation1 /ill x takes ! place ( a relative t]m1 inasmu* z x is accommodat$ to signify a ,p]son di/9ct f ! o!rs by relation only4 ,yet ?is "n may be und]/ood z includ+ a relation1 if we und]/& ! ,holy ,_s z be+ brea!d spiratus4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! "n ,son we und]/& t relation only :i* is ( some?+ f a pr9ciple1 9 reg>d to t pr9ciple3 b 9 ! "n ,fa!r we und]/& ! relation ( pr9ciple2 & likewise 9 ! "n ( ,_s inasmu* z x implies a mov+ p[]4 ,b to no creature does x belong to be a pr9ciple z reg>ds a div9e p]son2 b r ! rev]se4 ,!re=e we c say our ,fa!r1 & our ,_s2 b we _c say our ,son4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,holy ,gho/ ,proce$s f ! ,son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,holy ,gho/ does n proce$ f ! ,son4 ,= z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i73 ,we mu/ n d>e to say any?+ conc]n+ ! sub/antial ,div9ity except :at has be5 div9ely express$ to u by ! sacr$ oracles4 ,b 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scripture we are n told t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,son2 b only t ,he proce$s f ! ,fa!r1 z appe>s f ,john #ae3bf3 ,! ,_s ( tru?1 ,:o proce$s f ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ does n proce$ f ! ,son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,9 ! cre$ ( ! c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 7,c4 vii7 we read3 ,we believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,"l & ,life-giv]1 :o proce$s f ! ,fa!r2 ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son to be ador$ & glorifi$4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be add$ 9 our ,cre$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,son2 & ^? :o add$ su* a ?+ appe> to be wor?y ( ana!ma4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i73 ,we say t ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,fa!r1 & we "n ,him ! _s ( ! ,fa!r2 b we d n say t ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,son1 yet we "n ,him ! ,_s ( ! ,son4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ does n proce$ f ! ,son4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,no?+ proce$s f t :]e9 x re/s4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ re/s 9 ! ,son2 = x is said 9 ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,&rew3 ,peace be to y & to all :o believe 9 ! "o ,god ! ,fa!r1 & 9 ,8 only ,son our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 9 ! "o ,holy ,gho/ proce$+ f ! ,fa!r1 & abid+ 9 ! ,son4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ does n proce$ f ! ,son4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ,son proce$s z ! ,^w4 ,b our brea? spiritus does n seem to proce$ 9 ourselves f our ^w4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ does n proce$ f ! ,son4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s p]fectly f ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e x is sup]flu\s to say t ,he proce$s f ! ,son4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r ! actual & ! possible d n diff] 9 ?+s p]petual 7,phys4 iii1 text #cb71 & mu* less s 9 ,god4 ,b x is possible = ! ,holy ,gho/ to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,son1 ev5 if ,he did n proce$ f ,him4 ,= ,anselm says 7,de ,process4 ,spir4 ,sancti1 ii73 ,! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ h _! ,be+ f ! ,fa!r2 b ea* 9 a diff]5t way2 "o by ,bir?1 ! o!r by ,procession1 s t !y are ?us di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,& fur!r on he says3 ,= ev5 if = no o!r reason 7 ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ di/9ct1 ?is alone w\ld suffice4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,_s is di/9ct f ! ,son1 )\t proce$+ f ,him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a?anasius says3 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 n made1 nor creat$1 nor begott51 b proce$+4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ be said t ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,son4 ,= if ,he 7 n f ,him1 ,he c\ld 9 no wise be p]sonally di/+ui%$ f ,him2 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b74 ,= x _c be said t ! div9e ,p]sons are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 9 any absolute s5se2 = x w\ld foll[ t !re w\ld n be "o ess5ce ( ! ?ree p]sons3 s9ce ev]y?+ t is spok5 ( ,god 9 an absolute s5se1 belongs to ! unity ( ess5ce4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t ! div9e p]sons are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r only by ! relations4 ,n[ ! relations _c di/+ui% ! p]sons except =asmu* z !y are opposite relations2 :i* appe>s f ! fact t ! ,fa!r has two relations1 by "o ( :i* ,he is relat$ to ! ,son1 & by ! o!r to ! ,holy ,gho/2 b ^! are n opposite relations1 & !re=e !y d n make two p]sons1 b belong only to ! "o p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,if !re=e 9 ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ !re 7 two relations only1 :]eby ea* ( !m 7 relat$ to ! ,fa!r1 ^! relations w\ld n be opposite to ea* o!r1 z nei!r w\ld be ! two relations :]eby ! ,fa!r is relat$ to !m4 ,h5ce1 z ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r is "o1 x w\ld foll[ t ! p]son ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld be "o1 hav+ two relations oppos$ to ! two relations ( ! ,fa!r4 ,b ?is is h]etical s9ce x de/roys ! ,fai? 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ mu/ be relat$ to ea* o!r by opposite relations4 ,n[ !re _c be 9 ,god any relations oppos$ to ea* o!r1 except relations ( orig91 z prov$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d74 ,& opposite relations ( orig9 are to be und]/ood z ( a pr9ciple1 & ( :at is f ! pr9ciple4 ,!re=e we mu/ conclude t x is necess>y to say t ei!r ! ,son is f ! ,holy ,gho/2 :i* no "o says2 or t ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,son1 z we confess4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ord] ( ! procession ( ea* "o agrees ) ?is conclusion4 ,= x 0 said above 7,q4 #bg1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d2 ,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d71 t ! ,son proce$s by ! way ( ! intellect z ,^w1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ by way ( ! w z ,love4 ,n[ love mu/ proce$ f a ^w4 ,= we d n love any?+ unless we appreh5d x by a m5tal conception4 ,h5ce also 9 ?is way x is manife/ t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,son4 ,we d]ive a k ( ! same tru? f ! v ord] ( nature itself4 ,= we n[h]e f9d t sev]al ?+s proce$ f "o )\t ord] except 9 ^? :i* diff] only by _! matt]2 z = in/ance "o smi? produces _m knives di/9ct f ea* o!r mat]ially1 ) no ord] to ea* o!r2 :]eas 9 ?+s 9 :i* !re is n only a mat]ial di/9ction we always f9d t "s ord] exi/s 9 ! multitude produc$4 ,h5ce also 9 ! ord] ( creatures produc$1 ! beauty ( ! div9e wisdom is display$4 ,s if f ! "o ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 two p]sons proce$1 ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/1 !re mu/ be "s ord] betwe5 !m4 ,nor c any o!r be assign$ except ! ord] ( _! nature1 :]eby "o is f ! o!r4 ,!re=e x _c be said t ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$ f ! ,fa!r 9 su* a way z t nei!r ( !m proce$s f ! o!r1 unless we admit 9 !m a mat]ial di/9ction2 :i* is impossible4 ,h5ce also ! ,greeks !mselves recognize t ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/ has "s ord] to ! ,son4 ,= !y grant t ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,_s ( ! ,son2 & t ,he is f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,"s ( !m are said also to conc$e t ,he is f ! ,son2 or t ,he fl[s f ! ,son1 b n t ,he proce$s2 :i* seems to come f ignorance or ob/9acy4 ,= a j consid]ation ( ! tru? w conv9ce anyone t ! ^w procession is ! "o mo/ commonly appli$ to all t d5otes orig9 ( any k9d4 ,= we use ! t]m to describe any k9d ( orig92 z :5 we say t a l9e proce$s f a po9t1 a ray f ! sun1 a /ream f a s\rce1 & likewise 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,h5ce1 grant$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ orig9ates 9 any way f ! ,son1 we c conclude t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,son4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we ought n to say ab\t ,god any?+ :i* is n f\nd 9 ,holy ,scripture ei!r explicitly or implicitly4 ,b al?\gh we d n f9d x v]bally express$ 9 ,holy ,scripture t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,son1 /ill we d f9d x 9 ! s5se ( ,scripture1 especially :]e ! ,son says1 speak+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,he w glorify ,me1 because ,he %all receive ( ,m9e 7,john #af3ad74 ,x is also a rule ( ,holy ,scripture t :atev] is said ( ! ,fa!r1 applies to ! ,son1 al?\gh !re be add$ an exclusive t]m2 except only z reg>ds :at belongs to ! opposite relations1 :]eby ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,= :5 ! ,"l says1 ,no "o kn[e? ! ,son1 b ! ,fa!r1 ! idea ( ! ,son kn[+ ,himself is n exclud$4 ,s !re=e :5 we say t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r1 ev5 ?\gh x be add$ t ,he proce$s f ! ,fa!r alone1 ! ,son w\ld n !reby be at all exclud$2 because z reg>ds be+ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are n oppos$ to ea* o!r1 b only z reg>ds ! fact t "o is ! ,fa!r1 & ! o!r is ! ,son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 e c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* a symbol ( fai? has be5 drawn up to meet "s preval5t error condemn$ 9 ! c\ncil at t "t4 ,h5ce subsequ5t c\ncils are n to be describ$ z mak+ a new symbol ( fai?2 b :at 0 implicitly conta9$ 9 ! fir/ symbol 0 expla9$ by "s addition direct$ aga9/ ris+ h]esies4 ,h5ce 9 ! decision ( ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on x is decl>$ t ^? :o 7 congregat$ toge!r 9 ! c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 h&$ d[n ! doctr9e ab\t ! ,holy ,gho/1 n imply+ t !re 0 any?+ want+ 9 ! doctr9e ( _! pr$ecessors :o _h ga!r$ toge!r at ,nicaea1 b expla9+ :at ^? fa!rs _h und]/ood ( ! matt]4 ,!re=e1 because at ! "t ( ! anci5t c\ncils ! error ( ^? :o said t ! ,holy ,gho/ did n proce$ f ! ,son _h n aris51 x 0 n necess>y to make any explicit decl>ation on t po9t2 :]eas1 lat] on1 :5 c]ta9 errors rose up1 ano!r c\ncil 99,c\ncil ( ,rome1 "u ,pope ,damasus assembl$ 9 ! we/1 ! matt] 0 explicitly def9$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,pontiff1 by ^: au?ority also ! anci5t c\ncils 7 summon$ & confirm$4 ,nev]!less ! tru? 0 conta9$ implicitly 9 ! belief t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,ne/orians 7 ! fir/ to introduce ! error t ! ,holy ,gho/ did n proce$ f ! ,son1 z appe>s 9 a ,ne/orian cre$ condemn$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus4 ,?is error 0 embrac$ by ,!odoric ! ,ne/orian1 & sev]al o!rs aft] him1 among :om 0 also ,damasc5e4 ,h5ce1 9 t po9t 8 op9ion is n to be held4 ,al?\gh1 too1 x has be5 ass]t$ by "s t :ile ,damasc5e did n confess t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 f ! ,son1 nei!r d ^? words ( 8 express a d5ial !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to re/ or abide 9 ! ,son1 x does n mean t ,he does n proce$ f ,him2 = ! ,son also is said to abide 9 ! ,fa!r1 al?\gh ,he proce$s f ! ,fa!r4 ,also ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to re/ 9 ! ,son z ! love ( ! lov] abides 9 ! belov$2 or 9 ref]5ce to ! human nature ( ,*ri/1 by reason ( :at is writt53 ,on :om ?\ %alt see ! ,_s desc5d+ & rema9+ ^u ,him1 ,he x is :o baptizes 7,john #a3cc74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! ,^w 9 ,god is n tak5 aft] ! similitude ( ! vocal ^w1 :5ce ! brea? spiritus does n proce$2 = x w\ld !n be only metaphorical2 b aft] ! similitude ( ! m5tal ^w1 :5ce proce$s love4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,= ! reason t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r p]fectly1 n only is x n sup]flu\s to say ,he proce$s f ! ,son1 b r x is absolutely necess>y4 ,=asmu* z "o p[] belongs to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 & because :atev] is f ! ,fa!r1 mu/ be f ! ,son unless x be oppos$ to ! prop]ty ( filiation2 = ! ,son is n f ,himself1 al?\gh ,he is f ! ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is di/+ui%$ f ! ,son1 inasmu* z ! orig9 ( "o is di/+ui%$ f ! orig9 ( ! o!r2 b ! diff]5ce itself ( orig9 comes f ! fact t ! ,son is only f ! ,fa!r1 :]eas ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 = o!rwise ! processions w\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 z expla9$ above1 & 9 ,q4 #bg4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,holy ,gho/ ,proce$s f ! ,fa!r ,?r\gh ! ,son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,holy ,gho/ does n proce$ f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,= :atev] proce$s f "o ?r\gh ano!r1 does n proce$ imm$iately4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son1 ,he does n proce$ imm$iately2 :i* seems to be unfitt+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son1 ,he does n proce$ f ! ,son1 except on acc\nt ( ! ,fa!r4 ,b :atev] causes a ?+ to be su* is yet m s4 ,!re=e ,he proce$s m f ! ,fa!r ?an f ! ,son4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,son has ,8 be+ by g5]ation4 ,!re=e if ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son1 x foll[s t ! ,son is fir/ g5]at$ & aft]w>ds ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s2 & ?us ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is n et]nal1 :i* is h]etical4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :5 anyone acts ?r\gh ano!r1 ! same may be said conv]sely4 ,= z we say t ! k+ acts ?r\gh ! bailiff1 s x c be said conv]sely t ! bailiff acts ?r\gh ! k+4 ,b we c nev] say t ! ,son spirates ! ,holy ,gho/ ?r\gh ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e x c nev] be said t ! ,fa!r spirates ! ,holy ,gho/ ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 xii73 ,keep me1 ,i pray1 9 ?is expression ( my fai?1 t ,i may ev] possess ! ,fa!r--namely ,?yself3 t ,i may adore ,?y ,son toge!r ) ,!e3 & t ,i may des]ve ,?y ,holy ,_s1 :o is ?r\gh ,?y ,only ,begott54 ,i answ] t1 ,:5ev] "o is said to act ?r\gh ano!r1 ?is preposition ?r\gh po9ts out1 9 :at is cov]$ by x1 "s cause or pr9ciple ( t act4 ,b s9ce action is a mean betwe5 ! ag5t & ! ?+ done1 sometimes t :i* is cov]$ by ! preposition ?r\gh is ! cause ( ! action1 z proce$+ f ! ag5t2 & 9 t case x is ! cause ( :y ! ag5t acts1 :e!r x be a f9al cause or a =mal cause1 :e!r x be effective or motive4 ,x is a f9al cause :5 we say1 = in/ance1 t ! artisan works ?r\gh love ( ga94 ,x is a =mal cause :5 we say t he works ?r\gh 8 art4 ,x is a motive cause :5 we say t he works ?r\gh ! comm& ( ano!r4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 t :i* is cov]$ by ?is preposition ?r\gh is ! cause ( ! action reg>d$ z t]m9at$ 9 ! ?+ done2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we say1 ! artisan acts ?r\gh ! mallet1 = ?is does n mean t ! mallet is ! cause :y ! artisan acts1 b t x is ! cause :y ! ?+ made proce$s f ! artisan1 & t x has ev5 ?is effect f ! artisan4 ,?is is :y x is sometimes said t ?is preposition ?r\gh sometimes d5otes direct au?ority1 z :5 we say1 ! k+ works ?r\gh ! bailiff2 & sometimes indirect au?ority1 z :5 we say1 ! bailiff works ?r\gh ! k+4 ,!re=e1 because ! ,son receives f ! ,fa!r t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ,him1 x c be said t ! ,fa!r spirates ! ,holy ,gho/ ?r\gh ! ,son1 or t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son1 :i* has ! same mean+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 e action two ?+s are to be consid]$1 ! suppositum act+1 & ! p[] :]eby x acts2 z1 = in/ance1 fire heats ?r\gh heat4 ,s if we consid] 9 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son ! p[] :]eby !y spirate ! ,holy ,gho/1 !re is no mean1 = ?is is "o & ! same p[]4 ,b if we consid] ! p]sons !mselves spirat+1 !n1 z ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s bo? f ! ,fa!r & f ! ,son1 ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r imm$iately1 z f ,him1 & m$iately1 z f ! ,son2 & ?us ,he is said to proce$ f ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,s also did ,abel proce$ imm$iately f ,adam1 inasmu* z ,adam 0 8 fa!r2 & m$iately1 z ,eve 0 8 "m1 :o proce$$ f ,adam2 al?\gh1 inde$1 ?is example ( a mat]ial procession is inept to signify ! immat]ial procession ( ! div9e p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! ,son receiv$ f ! ,fa!r a num]ically di/9ct p[] = ! spiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 x w\ld foll[ t ,he w\ld be a second>y & in/rum5tal cause2 & ?us ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld proce$ m f ! ,fa!r ?an f ! ,son2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! same spirative p[] belongs to ! ,fa!r & to ! ,son2 & !re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s equally f bo?1 al?\gh sometimes ,he is said to proce$ pr9cipally or prop]ly f ! ,fa!r1 because ! ,son has ?is p[] f ! ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! begett+ ( ! ,son is co-et]nal ) ! begett] 7& h5ce ! ,fa!r does n exi/ be=e begett+ ! ,son71 s ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is co-et]nal ) ,8 pr9ciple4 ,h5ce1 ! ,son 0 n begott5 be=e ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$$2 b ea* ( ! op]ations is et]nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 anyone is said to "w ?r\gh any?+1 ! conv]se proposition is n always true4 ,= we d n say t ! mallet works ?r\gh ! c>p5t]2 :]eas we c say t ! bailiff acts ?r\gh ! k+1 because x is ! bailiff's place to act1 s9ce he is ma/] ( 8 own act1 b x is n ! mallet's place to act1 b only to be made to act1 & h5ce x is us$ only z an in/rum5t4 ,! bailiff is1 h[ev]1 said to act ?r\gh ! k+1 al?\gh ?is preposition ?r\gh d5otes a m$ium1 = ! m a suppositum is prior 9 action1 s mu* ! m is its p[] imm$iate z reg>ds ! effect1 inasmu* z ! p[] ( ! fir/ cause jo9s ! second cause to its effect4 ,h5ce also fir/ pr9ciples are said to be imm$iate 9 ! demon/rative sci5ces4 ,!re=e1 s f> z ! bailiff is a m$ium accord+ to ! ord] ( ! subject's act+1 ! k+ is said to "w ?r\gh ! bailiff2 b accord+ to ! ord] ( p[]s1 ! bailiff is said to act ?r\gh ! k+1 =asmu* z ! p[] ( ! k+ gives ! bailiff's action its effect4 ,n[ !re is no ord] ( p[] betwe5 ,fa!r & ,son1 b only ord] ( 'supposita'2 & h5ce we say t ! ,fa!r spirates ?r\gh ! ,son2 & n conv]sely4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,fa!r & ! ,son ,are ,"o ,pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are n "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ! ,holy ,gho/ does n proce$ f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z !y are "o2 n z !y are "o 9 nature1 = ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld 9 t way proce$ f ,himself1 z ,he is "o 9 nature ) ,!m2 nor aga9 inasmu* z !y are unit$ 9 any "o prop]ty1 = x is cle> t "o prop]ty _c belong to two subjects4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are n "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ?is proposition ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 we d n designate p]sonal unity1 because 9 t case ! ,fa!r & ! ,son w\ld be "o p]son2 nor aga9 d we designate ! unity ( prop]ty1 because if "o prop]ty 7 ! reason ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son be+ "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 simil>ly1 on acc\nt ( ,8 two prop]ties1 ! ,fa!r w\ld be two pr9ciples ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* _c be admitt$4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are n "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,son is n "o ) ! ,fa!r m ?an is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! ,fa!r are n "o pr9ciple z reg>ds any o!r div9e p]son4 ,!re=e nei!r are ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ?is "o is ei!r ! ,fa!r or x is n ! ,fa!r4 ,b we _c ass]t ei!r ( ^! positions because if ! "o is ! ,fa!r1 x foll[s t ! ,son is ! ,fa!r2 & if ! "o is n ! ,fa!r1 x foll[s t ! ,fa!r is n ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e we _c say t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 x seems necess>y to say1 conv]sely1 t ! "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,b ?is seems to be false2 = ?is ^w pr9ciple /&s ei!r = ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 or = ! p]son ( ! ,son2 & 9 ei!r s5se x is false4 ,!re=e ?is proposition also is false1 t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 unity 9 sub/ance makes id5tity4 ,s if ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are ! "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 x foll[s t !y are ! same pr9ciple2 :i* is d5i$ by _m4 ,!re=e we _c grant t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/ are call$ "o ,creator1 because !y are ! "o pr9ciple ( ! creature4 ,b ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are n "o1 b two ,spirators1 z _m ass]t2 & ?is agrees also ) :at ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 ii7 t ! ,holy ,gho/ is to be confess$ z proce$+ f ,fa!r & ,son z au?ors4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are n "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v1 #ad7 t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are n two pr9ciples1 b "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,fa!r & ! ,son are 9 ev]y?+ "o1 :]ev] !re is no di/9ction betwe5 !m ( opposite relation4 ,h5ce s9ce !re is no relative opposition betwe5 !m z ! pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ x foll[s t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ass]t t ?is proposition is incorrect3 ,! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 because1 !y decl>e1 s9ce ! ^w pr9ciple 9 ! s+ul> numb] does n signify p]son1 b prop]ty1 x mu/ be tak5 z an adjective2 & =asmu* z an adjective _c be modifi$ by ano!r adjective1 x _c prop]ly be said t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ unless "o be tak5 z an adv]b1 s t ! mean+ %\ld be3 ,!y are "o pr9ciple--t is1 9 "o & ! same way4 ,b !n x might be equally "r to say t ! ,fa!r is two pr9ciples ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/--namely1 9 two ways4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ say t1 al?\gh ?is ^w pr9ciple signifies a prop]ty1 x does s aft] ! mann] ( a sub/antive1 z d ! words fa!r & son ev5 9 ?+s creat$4 ,h5ce x takes its numb] f ! =m x signifies1 l o!r sub/antives4 ,!re=e1 z ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o ,god1 by reason ( ! unity ( ! =m t is signifi$ by ?is ^w ,god2 s !y are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ by reason ( ! unity ( ! prop]ty t is signifi$ 9 ?is ^w pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if we consid] ! spirative p[]1 ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z !y are "o 9 ! spirative p[]1 :i* 9 a c]ta9 way signifies ! nature ) ! prop]ty1 z we %all see lat] 7ad #g74 ,nor is !re any reason aga9/ "o prop]ty be+ 9 two supposita t possess "o common nature4 ,b if we consid] ! supposita ( ! spiration1 !n we may say t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 z di/9ct2 = ,he proce$s f !m z ! unitive love ( bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! proposition ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 "o prop]ty is designat$ :i* is ! =m signifi$ by ! t]m4 ,x does n !nce foll[ t by reason ( ! sev]al prop]ties ! ,fa!r c be call$ sev]al pr9ciples1 = ?is w\ld imply 9 ,him a plurality ( subjects4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is n by reason ( relative prop]ties t we speak ( similitude or dissimilitude 9 ,god1 b by reason ( ! ess5ce4 ,h5ce1 z ! ,fa!r is n m l to ,himself ?an ,he is to ! ,son2 s likewise nei!r is ! ,son m l to ! ,fa!r ?an is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^! two propositions1 ,! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple :i* is ! ,fa!r1 or1 "o pr9ciple :i* is n ! ,fa!r1 are n mutually contradictory2 & h5ce x is n necess>y to ass]t "o or o!r ( !m4 ,= :5 we say ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple1 ?is ^w pr9ciple has n det]m9ate supposition b r x /&s indet]m9ately = two p]sons toge!r4 ,h5ce !re is a fallacy ( figure ( spee* z ! argum5t concludes f ! indet]m9ate to ! det]m9ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,?is proposition is also true3--,! "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 because ! ^w pr9ciple does n /& = "o p]son only1 b indi/9ctly = ! two p]sons z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,!re is no reason aga9/ say+ t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are ! same pr9ciple1 because ! ^w pr9ciple /&s confus$ly & indi/9ctly = ! two ,p]sons toge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,"s say t al?\gh ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !re are two spirators1 by reason ( ! di/9ction ( supposita1 z also !re are two spirat+1 because acts ref] to subjects4 ,yet ?is does n hold good z to ! "n ,creator2 because ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z f two di/9ct p]sons1 z above expla9$2 :]eas ! creature proce$s f ! ?ree p]sons n z di/9ct p]sons1 b z unit$ 9 ess5ce4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 bett] to say t because spirat+ is an adjective1 & spirator a sub/antive1 we c say t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are two spirat+1 by reason ( ! plurality ( ! supposita b n two spirators by reason ( ! "o spiration4 ,= adjectival words d]ive _! numb] f ! supposita b sub/antives f !mselves1 accord+ to ! =m signifi$4 ,z to :at ,hil>y says1 t ! ,holy ,gho/ is f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z ,8 au?ors1 ?is is to be expla9$ 9 ! s5se t ! sub/antive "h /&s = ! adjective4 ,,"q #cg ,,( ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/--,,love 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we n[ inquire conc]n+ ! "n ,love1 on :i* arise two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! ,fa!r & ! ,son love ea* o!r by ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,love ,is ! ,prop] ,"n ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,love is n ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ag73 ,z ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/ are call$ ,wisdom1 & are n ?ree ,wisdoms1 b "o2 ,i "k n :y ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/ %\ld n be call$ ,*>ity1 & all toge!r "o ,*>ity4 ,b no "n :i* is pr$icat$ 9 ! s+ul> ( ea* p]son & ( all toge!r1 is a prop] "n ( a p]son4 ,!re=e ?is "n1 ,love1 is n ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,holy ,gho/ is a subsi/+ p]son1 b love is n us$ to signify a subsi/+ p]son1 b r an action pass+ f ! lov] to ! belov$4 ,!re=e ,love is n ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,love is ! bond betwe5 lov]s1 = z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,love is a unitive =ce4 ,b a bond is a m$ium betwe5 :at x jo9s toge!r1 n some?+ proce$+ f !m4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #b71 x seems t ,he is n ! ,love or bond ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,love belongs to e lov]4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ is a lov]3 !re=e ,he has love4 ,s if ! ,holy ,gho/ is ,love1 ,he mu/ be love ( love1 & _s f _s2 :i* is n admissible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxx1 9 ,p5teco/473 ,! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself is ,love4 ,i answ] t1 ,! "n ,love 9 ,god c be tak5 ess5tially & p]sonally4 ,if tak5 p]sonally x is ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 z ,^w is ! prop] "n ( ! ,son4 ,to see ?is we mu/ "k t s9ce z %[n above 7,q4 #bg1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e71 !re are two processions 9 ,god1 "o by way ( ! intellect1 :i* is ! procession ( ! ,^w1 & ano!r by way ( ! w1 :i* is ! procession ( ,love2 =asmu* z ! =m] is ! m kn[n to u1 we h be5 able to apply m suitable names to express our v>i\s consid]ations z reg>ds t procession1 b n z reg>ds ! procession ( ! w4 ,h5ce1 we are oblig$ to employ circumlocution z reg>ds ! p]son ,:o proce$s1 & ! relations foll[+ f ?is procession :i* are call$ procession & spiration1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c71 & yet express ! orig9 r ?an ! relation 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,nev]!less we mu/ consid] !m 9 respect ( ea* procession simply4 ,= z :5 a ?+ is und]/ood by anyone1 !re results 9 ! "o :o und]/&s a conception ( ! object und]/ood1 :i* conception we call ^w2 s :5 anyone loves an object1 a c]ta9 impression results1 s to speak1 ( ! ?+ lov$ 9 ! affection ( ! lov]2 by reason ( :i* ! object lov$ is said to be 9 ! lov]2 z also ! ?+ und]/ood is 9 ! "o :o und]/&s2 s t :5 anyone und]/&s & loves himself he is 9 himself1 n only by real id5tity1 b also z ! object und]/ood is 9 ! "o :o und]/&s1 & ! ?+ lov$ is 9 ! lov]4 ,z reg>ds ! intellect1 h[ev]1 words h be5 f\nd to describe ! mutual relation ( ! "o :o und]/&s ! object und]/ood1 z appe>s 9 ! ^w to und]/&2 & o!r words are us$ to express ! procession ( ! intellectual conception--namely1 to speak1 & ^w4 ,h5ce 9 ,god1 to und]/& is appli$ only to ! ess5ce2 because x does n import relation to ! ,^w t proce$s2 :]eas ,^w is said p]sonally1 because x signifies :at proce$s2 & ! t]m to speak is a notional t]m z import+ ! relation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,^w to ! ,^w ,himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! "p ( ! w1 ) ! exception ( ! words dilection & love1 :i* express ! relation ( ! lov] to ! object lov$1 !re are no o!r t]ms 9 use1 :i* express ! relation ( ! impression or affection ( ! object lov$1 produc$ 9 ! lov] by fact t he loves--to ! pr9ciple ( t impression1 or vice v]sa4 ,& !re=e1 on acc\nt ( ! pov]ty ( our vocabul>y1 we express ^! relations by ! words love & dilection3 j z if we 7 to call ! ,^w intellig5ce conceiv$1 or wisdom begott54 ,x foll[s t s f> z love means only ! relation ( ! lov] to ! object lov$1 love & to love are said ( ! ess5ce1 z und]/&+ & to und]/&2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 s f> z ^! words are us$ to express ! relation to its pr9ciple1 ( :at proce$s by way ( love1 & vice v]sa1 s t by love is und]/ood ! love proce$+1 & by to love is und]/ood ! spiration ( ! love proce$+1 9 t s5se love is ! "n ( ! p]son & to love is a notional t]m1 z to speak & to beget4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is !re speak+ ( *>ity z x means ! div9e ess5ce1 z 0 said above 7"h & ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #b1 ad #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh to und]/&1 & to w1 & to love signify actions pass+ on to _! objects1 nev]!less !y are actions t rema9 9 ! ag5ts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #d71 yet 9 su* a way t 9 ! ag5t itself !y import a c]ta9 relation to _! object4 ,h5ce1 love also 9 ourselves is some?+ t abides 9 ! lov]1 & ! ^w ( ! he>t is some?+ abid+ 9 ! speak]2 yet ) a relation to ! ?+ express$ by ^w1 or lov$4 ,b 9 ,god1 9 :om !re is no?+ accid5tal1 !re is m ?an ?is2 because bo? ,^w & ,love are subsi/5t4 ,!re=e1 :5 we say t ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,love ( ! ,fa!r = ! ,son1 or = some?+ else2 we d n mean any?+ t passes into ano!r1 b only ! relation ( love to ! belov$2 z also 9 ! ,^w is import$ ! relation ( ! ,^w to ! ?+ express$ by ! ,^w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be ! bond ( ! ,fa!r & ,son1 inasmu* z ,he is ,love2 because1 s9ce ! ,fa!r loves ,himself & ! ,son ) "o ,love1 & conv]sely1 !re is express$ 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ,love1 ! relation ( ! ,fa!r to ! ,son1 & conv]sely1 z t ( ! lov] to ! belov$4 ,b f ! fact t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son mutually love "o ano!r1 x necess>ily foll[s t ?is mutual ,love1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 proce$s f bo?4 ,z reg>ds orig91 !re=e1 ! ,holy ,gho/ is n ! m$ium1 b ! ?ird p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity2 :]eas z reg>ds ! a=esaid relation ,he is ! bond betwe5 ! two p]sons1 z proce$+ f bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z x does n belong to ! ,son1 ?\gh ,he und]/&s1 to produce a ^w1 = x belongs to ,him to und]/& z ! ^w proce$+2 s 9 l mann]1 al?\gh ! ,holy ,gho/ loves1 tak+ ,love z an ess5tial t]m1 /ill x does n belong to ,him to spirate love1 :i* is to take love z a notional t]m2 because ,he loves ess5tially z love proce$+2 b n z ! "o :5ce love proce$s4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,fa!r & ! ,son ,love ,ea* ,o!r by ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son d n love ea* o!r by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #a7 proves t ! ,fa!r is n wise by ! ,wisdom begott54 ,b z ! ,son is ,wisdom begott51 s ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,love proce$+1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r & ! ,son d n love ,!mselves by ! ,love proce$+1 :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! proposition1 ,! ,fa!r & ! ,son love ea* o!r by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ?is ^w love is to be tak5 ei!r ess5tially or notionally4 ,b x _c be true if tak5 ess5tially1 because 9 ! same way we might say t ! ,fa!r und]/&s by ! ,son2 nor1 aga91 if x is tak5 notionally1 = !n1 9 l mann]1 x might be said t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son spirate by ! ,holy ,gho/1 or t ! ,fa!r g5]ates by ! ,son4 ,!re=e 9 no way is ?is proposition true3 ,! ,fa!r & ! ,son love ea* o!r by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by ! same love ! ,fa!r loves ! ,son1 & ,himself1 & u4 ,b ! ,fa!r does n love ,himself by ! ,holy ,gho/2 = no notional act is reflect$ back on ! pr9ciple ( ! act2 s9ce x _c be said t ! ,fa!r begets ,himself1 or t ,he spirates ,himself4 ,!re=e1 nei!r c x be said t ,he loves ,himself by ! ,holy ,gho/1 if to love is tak5 9 a notional s5se4 ,aga91 ! love :]e) ,he loves u is n ! ,holy ,gho/2 because x imports a relation to creatures1 & ?is belongs to ! ess5ce4 ,!re=e ?is also is false3 ,! ,fa!r loves ! ,son by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #e73 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is ,he :]eby ! ,begott5 is lov$ by ! "o begett+ & loves ,8 ,begett]4 ,i answ] t1 ,a difficulty ab\t ?is "q is object$ to ! effect t :5 we say1 ! ,fa!r loves ! ,son by ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce ! ablative is con/ru$ z d5ot+ a cause1 x seems to mean t ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! pr9ciple ( love to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 :i* _c be admitt$4 ,9 view ( ?is difficulty "s h held t x is false1 t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son love ea* o!r by ! ,holy ,gho/2 & !y add t x 0 retract$ by ,augu/9e :5 he retract$ its equival5t to ! effect t ! ,fa!r is wise by ! ,wisdom begott54 ,o!rs say t ! proposition is inaccurate & ought to be exp\nd$1 z t ! ,fa!r loves ! ,son by ! ,holy ,gho/--t is1 by ,8 ess5tial ,love1 :i* is appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,o!rs fur!r say t ?is ablative %\ld be con/ru$ z import+ a sign1 s t x means1 ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! sign t ! ,fa!r loves ! ,son2 inasmu* z ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f !m bo?1 z ,love4 ,o!rs1 aga91 say t ?is ablative mu/ be con/ru$ z import+ ! relation ( =mal cause1 because ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! love :]eby ! ,fa!r & ! ,son =mally love ea* o!r4 ,o!rs1 aga91 say t x %\ld be con/ru$ z import+ ! relation ( a =mal effect2 & ^! approa* ne>] to ! tru?4 ,to make ! matt] cle>1 we mu/ consid] t s9ce a ?+ is commonly d5om9at$ f its =ms1 z :ite f :it5ess1 & man f humanity2 ev]y?+ :5ce any?+ is d5om9at$1 9 ?is p>ticul> respect /&s to t ?+ 9 ! relation ( =m4 ,s :5 ,i say1 ?is man is clo!d ) a g>m5t1 ! ablative is to be con/ru$ z hav+ relation to ! =mal cause1 al?\gh ! g>m5t is n ! =m4 ,n[ x may happ5 t a ?+ may be d5om9at$ f t :i* proce$s f x1 n only z an ag5t is f its action1 b also z f ! t]m itself ( ! action--t is1 ! effect1 :5 ! effect itself is includ$ 9 ! idea ( ! action4 ,= we say t fire w>ms by heat+1 al?\gh heat+ is n ! heat :i* is ! =m ( ! fire1 b is an action proce$+ f ! fire2 & we say t a tree fl[]s ) ! fl[]1 al?\gh ! fl[] is n ! tree's =m1 b is ! effect proce$+ f ! =m4 ,9 ?is way1 !re=e1 we mu/ say t s9ce 9 ,god to love is tak5 9 two ways1 ess5tially & notionally1 :5 x is tak5 ess5tially1 x means t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son love ea* o!r n by ! ,holy ,gho/1 b by _! ess5ce4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #g73 ,:o d>es to say t ! ,fa!r loves nei!r ,himself1 nor ! ,son1 nor ! ,holy ,gho/1 except by ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,! op9ions fir/ quot$ are to be tak5 9 ?is s5se4 ,b :5 ! t]m ,love is tak5 9 a notional s5se x means no?+ else ?an to spirate love2 j z to speak is to produce a ^w1 & to fl[] is to produce fl[]s4 ,z !re=e we say t a tree fl[]s by its fl[]1 s d we say t ! ,fa!r1 by ! ,^w or ! ,son1 speaks ,himself1 & ,8 creatures2 & t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son love ea* o!r & u1 by ! ,holy ,gho/1 or by ,love proce$+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to be wise or intellig5t is tak5 only ess5tially 9 ,god2 !re=e we _c say t ! ,fa!r is wise or intellig5t by ! ,son4 ,b to love is tak5 n only ess5tially1 b also 9 a notional s5se2 & 9 ?is way1 we c say t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son love ea* o!r by ! ,holy ,gho/1 z 0 above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ! idea ( an action includes a det]m9$ effect1 ! pr9ciple ( ! action may be d5om9at$ bo? f ! action1 & f ! effect2 s we c say1 = in/ance1 t a tree fl[]s by its fl[]+ & by its fl[]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! idea ( an action does n include a det]m9$ effect1 !n 9 t case1 ! pr9ciple ( ! action _c be d5om9at$ f ! effect1 b only f ! action4 ,= we d n say t ! tree produces ! fl[] by ! fl[]1 b by ! production ( ! fl[]4 ,s :5 we say1 spirates or begets1 ?is imports only a notional act4 ,h5ce we _c say t ! ,fa!r spirates by ! ,holy ,gho/1 or begets by ! ,son4 ,b we c say t ! ,fa!r speaks by ! ,^w1 z by ! ,p]son proce$+1 & speaks by ! speak+1 z by a notional act2 =asmu* z to speak imports a det]m9ate p]son proce$+2 s9ce to speak means to produce a ^w4 ,likewise to love1 tak5 9 a notional s5se1 means to produce love2 & s x c be said t ! ,fa!r loves ! ,son by ! ,holy ,gho/1 z by ! p]son proce$+1 & by ,love itself z a notional act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,fa!r loves n only ! ,son1 b also ,himself & u1 by ! ,holy ,gho/2 because1 z above expla9$1 to love1 tak5 9 a notional s5se1 n only imports ! production ( a div9e p]son1 b also ! p]son produc$1 by way ( love1 :i* has relation to ! object lov$4 ,h5ce1 z ! ,fa!r speaks ,himself & e creature by ,8 begott5 ,^w1 inasmu* z ! ,^w begott5 adequately repres5ts ! ,fa!r & e creature2 s ,he loves ,himself & e creature by ! ,holy ,gho/1 inasmu* z ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s z ! love ( ! primal goodness :]eby ! ,fa!r loves ,himself & e creature4 ,?us x is evid5t t relation to ! creature is impli$ bo? 9 ! ,^w & 9 ! proce$+ ,love1 z x 7 9 a second>y way1 inasmu* z ! div9e tru? & goodness are a pr9ciple ( und]/&+ & lov+ all creatures4 ,,"q #ch ,,( ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/1 ,,z ,,gift 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,!re n[ foll[s ! consid]ation ( ! ,gift2 conc]n+ :i* !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,gift c be a p]sonal "n8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,gift ,is a ,p]sonal ,"n8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,gift is n a p]sonal "n4 ,= e p]sonal "n imports a di/9ction 9 ,god4 ,b ! "n ( ,gift does n import a di/9ction 9 ,god2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ai73 t ! ,holy ,gho/ is s giv5 z ,god's ,gift1 t ,he also gives ,himself z ,god4 ,!re=e ,gift is n a p]sonal "n4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no p]sonal "n belongs to ! div9e ess5ce4 ,b ! div9e ess5ce is ! ,gift :i* ! ,fa!r gives to ! ,son1 z ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 ix74 ,!re=e ,gift is n a p]sonal "n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv1 #ai7 !re is no subjection nor s]vice 9 ! div9e p]sons4 ,b gift implies a subjection bo? z reg>ds him to :om x is giv51 & z reg>ds him by :om x is giv54 ,!re=e ,gift is n a p]sonal "n4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,gift imports relation to ! creature1 & x ?us seems to be said ( ,god 9 "t4 ,b p]sonal names are said ( ,god f et]nity2 z ,fa!r1 & ,son4 ,!re=e ,gift is n a p]sonal "n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ai73 ,z ! body ( fle% is no?+ b fle%2 s ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is no?+ b ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ is a p]sonal "n2 s also !re=e is ,gift4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w gift imports an aptitude = be+ giv54 ,& :at is giv5 has an aptitude or relation bo? to ! giv] & to t to :i* x is giv54 ,= x w\ld n be giv5 by anyone1 unless x 0 8 to give2 & x is giv5 to someone to be 84 ,n[ a div9e p]son is said to belong to ano!r1 ei!r by orig91 z ! ,son belongs to ! ,fa!r2 or z possess$ by ano!r4 ,b we are said to possess :at we c freely use or enjoy z we please3 & 9 ?is way a div9e p]son _c be possess$1 except by a rational creature unit$ to ,god4 ,o!r creatures c be mov$ by a div9e p]son1 n1 h[ev]1 9 su* a way z to be able to enjoy ! div9e p]son1 & to use ! effect !re(4 ,! rational creature does sometimes atta9 !reto2 z :5 x is made p>tak] ( ! div9e ,^w & ( ! ,love proce$+1 s z freely to "k ,god truly & to love ,god rightly4 ,h5ce ! rational creature alone c possess ! div9e p]son4 ,nev]!less 9 ord] t x may possess ,him 9 ?is mann]1 its own p[] avails no?+3 h5ce ?is mu/ be giv5 x f above2 = t is said to be giv5 to u :i* we h f ano!r s\rce4 ,?us a div9e p]son c be giv51 & c be a gift4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! "n ,gift imports a p]sonal di/9ction1 9 s f> z gift imports some?+ belong+ to ano!r ?r\gh its orig94 ,nev]!less1 ! ,holy ,gho/ gives ,himself1 inasmu* z ,he is ,8 own1 & c use or r enjoy ,himself2 z also a free man belongs to himself4 ,& z ,augu/9e says 7,9 ,joan4 ,tract4 xxix73 ,:at is m y\rs ?an y\rself8 ,or we might say1 & m fitt+ly1 t a gift mu/ belong 9 a way to ! giv]4 ,b ! phrase1 ?is is ?is "o's1 c be und]/ood 9 sev]al s5ses4 ,9 "o way x means id5tity1 z ,augu/9e says 7,9 ,joan4 ,tract4 xxix72 & 9 t s5se gift is ! same z ! giv]1 b n ! same z ! "o to :om x is giv54 ,! ,holy ,gho/ gives ,himself 9 t s5se4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 a ?+ is ano!r's z a possession1 or z a slave2 & 9 t s5se gift is ess5tially di/9ct f ! giv]2 & ! gift ( ,god s tak5 is a creat$ ?+4 ,9 a ?ird s5se ?is is ?is "o's ?r\gh its orig9 only2 & 9 ?is s5se ! ,son is ! ,fa!r's2 & ! ,holy ,gho/ belongs to bo?4 ,!re=e1 s f> z gift 9 ?is way signifies ! possession ( ! giv]1 x is p]sonally di/+ui%$ f ! giv]1 & is a p]sonal "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! div9e ess5ce is ! ,fa!r's gift 9 ! fir/ s5se1 z be+ ! ,fa!r's by way ( id5tity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,gift z a p]sonal "n 9 ,god does n imply subjection1 b only orig91 z reg>ds ! giv]2 b z reg>ds ! "o to :om x is giv51 x implies a free use1 or enjoym5t1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,gift is n s call$ f be+ actually giv51 b f its aptitude to be giv54 ,h5ce ! div9e p]son is call$ ,gift f et]nity1 al?\gh ,he is giv5 9 "t4 ,nor does x foll[ t x is an ess5tial "n because x imports relation to ! creature2 b t x includes some?+ ess5tial 9 its mean+2 z ! ess5ce is includ$ 9 ! idea ( p]son1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #c74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,gift ,is ! ,prop] ,"n ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,gift is n ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ! "n ,gift comes f be+ giv54 ,b1 z ,isaiah says 7#i3af73 ,a ,son is giv5 to u4 ,!re=e to be ,gift belongs to ! ,son1 z well z to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e prop] "n ( a p]son signifies a prop]ty4 ,b ?is ^w ,gift does n signify a prop]ty ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ,gift is n a prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,holy ,gho/ c be call$ ! _s ( a man1 :]eas ,he _c be call$ ! gift ( any man1 b ,god's ,gift only4 ,!re=e ,gift is n ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj73 ,z 'to be born' is1 = ! ,son1 to be f ! ,fa!r1 s1 = ! ,holy ,gho/1 'to be ! ,gift ( ,god' is to proce$ f ,fa!r & ,son4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ receives ,8 prop] "n f ! fact t ,he proce$s f ,fa!r & ,son4 ,!re=e ,gift is ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,gift1 tak5 p]sonally 9 ,god1 is ! prop] "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 pro( ( ?is we mu/ "k t a gift is prop]ly an unreturnable giv+1 z ,ari/otle says 7,topic4 iv1 #d7--;i4e4 a ?+ :i* is n giv5 ) ! int5tion ( a return--& x ?us conta9s ! idea ( a gratuit\s donation4 ,n[1 ! reason ( donation be+ gratuit\s is love2 s9ce !re=e d we give some?+ to anyone gratuit\sly =asmu* z we wi% him well4 ,s :at we fir/ give him is ! love :]eby we wi% him well4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t love has ! nature ( a fir/ gift1 ?r\gh :i* all free gifts are giv54 ,s s9ce ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s z love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #a71 ,he proce$s z ! fir/ gift4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #bd73 ,by ! gift1 :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/1 _m p>ticul> gifts are portion$ out to ! memb]s ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,son is prop]ly call$ ! ,image because ,he proce$s by way ( a ^w1 ^: nature x is to be ! similitude ( its pr9ciple1 al?\gh ! ,holy ,gho/ also is l to ! ,fa!r2 s also1 because ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r z love1 ,he is prop]ly call$ ,gift1 al?\gh ! ,son1 too1 is giv54 ,= t ! ,son is giv5 is f ! ,fa!r's love1 accord+ to ! words1 ,god s lov$ ! _w1 z to give ,8 only begott5 ,son 7,john #c3af74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! "n ,gift involves ! idea ( belong+ to ! ,giv] ?r\gh its orig92 & ?us x imports ! prop]ty ( ! orig9 ( ! ,holy ,gho/--t is1 ,8 procession4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,be=e a gift is giv51 x belongs only to ! giv]2 b :5 x is giv51 x is 8 to :om x is giv54 ,!re=e1 because ,gift does n import ! actual giv+1 x _c be call$ a gift ( man1 b ! ,gift ( ,god giv+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x has be5 giv51 !n x is ! _s ( man1 or a gift be/[$ on man4 ,,"q #ci ,,( ,,! ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,ess5ce 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,^? ?+s consid]$ :i* belong to ! div9e p]sons absolutely1 we next treat ( :at conc]ns ! p]son 9 ref]5ce to ! ess5ce1 to ! prop]ties1 & to ! notional acts2 & ( ! comp>ison ( ^! ) ea* o!r4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^!1 !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ess5ce 9 ,god is ! same z ! p]son8 7#b7 ,:e!r we %\ld say t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r ess5tial names %\ld be pr$icat$ ( ! p]sons 9 ! plural1 or 9 ! s+ul>8 7#d7 ,:e!r notional adjectives1 or v]bs1 or p>ticiples1 c be pr$icat$ ( ! ess5tial names tak5 9 a concrete s5se8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! same c be pr$icat$ ( ess5tial names tak5 9 ! ab/ract8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! names ( ! p]sons c be pr$icat$ ( concrete ess5tial names8 7#g7 ,:e!r ess5tial attributes c be appropriat$ to ! p]sons8 7#h7 ,:i* attributes %\ld be appropriat$ to ea* p]son8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r 9 ,god ! ,ess5ce ,is ! ,same ,z ! ,p]son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,god ! ess5ce is n ! same z p]son4 ,= :5ev] ess5ce is ! same z p]son or suppositum1 !re c be only "o suppositum ( "o nature1 z is cle> 9 ! case ( all sep>ate sub/ances4 ,= 9 ^? ?+s :i* are really "o & ! same1 "o _c be multipli$ ap>t f ! o!r4 ,b 9 ,god !re is "o ess5ce & ?ree p]sons1 z is cle> f :at is above exp\nd$ 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ess5ce is n ! same z p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 simultane\s affirmation & negation ( ! same ?+s 9 ! same respect _c be true4 ,b affirmation & negation are true ( ess5ce & ( p]son4 ,= p]son is di/9ct1 :]eas ess5ce is n4 ,!re=e p]son & ess5ce are n ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ c be subject to itself4 ,b p]son is subject to ess5ce2 :5ce x is call$ suppositum or hypo/asis4 ,!re=e p]son is n ! same z ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #g73 ,:5 we say ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r we mean no?+ else b ! sub/ance ( ! ,fa!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! tru? ( ?is "q is q cle> if we consid] ! div9e simplicity4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #c7 t ! div9e simplicity requires t 9 ,god ess5ce is ! same z suppositum1 :i* 9 intellectual sub/ances is no?+ else ?an p]son4 ,b a difficulty seems to arise f ! fact t :ile ! div9e p]sons are multipli$1 ! ess5ce nev]!less reta9s its unity4 ,& because1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr94 i71 relation multiplies ! ,tr9ity ( p]sons1 "s h ?\ght t 9 ,god ess5ce & p]son diff]1 =asmu* z !y held ! relations to be adjac5t2 consid]+ only 9 ! relations ! idea ( ref]5ce to ano!r1 & n ! relations z realities4 ,b z x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #b7 9 creatures relations are accid5tal1 :]eas 9 ,god !y are ! div9e ess5ce itself4 ,!nce x foll[s t 9 ,god ess5ce is n really di/9ct f p]son2 & yet t ! p]sons are really di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,= p]son1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #d71 signifies relation z subsi/+ 9 ! div9e nature4 ,b relation z ref]r$ to ! ess5ce does n diff] !refrom really1 b only 9 our way ( ?9k+2 :ile z ref]r$ to an opposite relation1 x has a real di/9ction by virtue ( t opposition4 ,?us !re are "o ess5ce & ?ree p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re _c be a di/9ction ( suppositum 9 creatures by means ( relations1 b only by ess5tial pr9ciples2 because 9 creatures relations are n subsi/5t4 ,b 9 ,god relations are subsi/5t1 & s by reason ( ! opposition betwe5 !m !y di/+ui% ! supposita2 & yet ! ess5ce is n di/+ui%$1 because ! relations !mselves are n di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r s f> z !y are id5tifi$ ) ! ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ess5ce & p]son 9 ,god diff] 9 our way ( ?9k+1 x foll[s t some?+ c be d5i$ ( ! "o & affirm$ ( ! o!r2 & !re=e1 :5 we suppose ! "o1 we ne$ n suppose ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,div9e ?+s are nam$ by u aft] ! way ( creat$ ?+s1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ac1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,& s9ce creat$ natures are individualiz$ by matt] :i* is ! subject ( ! specific nature1 x foll[s t individuals are call$ subjects1 supposita1 or hypo/ases4 ,s ! div9e p]sons are nam$ supposita or hypo/ases1 b n z if !re really exi/$ any real supposition or subjection4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,mu/ ,be ,said ,t ! ,?ree ,p]sons ,are ( ,"o ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem n "r to say t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce4 ,= ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod47 t ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/ are inde$ ?ree by sub/ance1 b "o 9 h>mony4 ,b ! sub/ance ( ,god is ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! ?ree p]sons are n ( "o ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is to be affirm$ ( ,god except :at c be confirm$ by ! au?ority ( ,holy ,writ1 z appe>s f ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 i74 ,n[ ,holy ,writ nev] says t ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/ are ( "o ess5ce4 ,!re=e ?is %\ld n be ass]t$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! div9e nature is ! same z ! div9e ess5ce4 ,x suffices !re=e to say t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o nature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is n usual to say t ! p]son is ( ! ess5ce2 b r t ! ess5ce is ( ! p]son4 ,!re=e x does n seem fitt+ to say t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #f7 t we d n say t ! ?ree p]sons are f "o ess5ce ex una ess5tia1 le/ we %\ld seem to indicate a di/9ction betwe5 ! ess5ce & ! p]sons 9 ,god4 ,b prepositions :i* imply transition1 d5ote ! oblique case4 ,!re=e x is equally wrong to say t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce unius ess5tiae4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 no?+ %\ld be said ( ,god :i* c be occasion ( error4 ,n[1 to say t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce or sub/ance1 furni%es occasion ( error4 ,=1 z ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod473 ,"o sub/ance pr$icat$ ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son signifies ei!r "o subsi/5t1 ) two d5om9ations2 or "o sub/ance divid$ into two imp]fect sub/ances2 or a ?ird prior sub/ance tak5 & assum$ by ! o!r two4 ,!re=e x mu/ n be said t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o sub/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,maxim4 iii7 t ! ^w homo\sion1 :i* ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea adopt$ aga9/ ! ,arians1 means t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ac1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 div9e ?+s are nam$ by our intellect1 n z !y really are 9 !mselves1 = 9 t way x kn[s !m n2 b 9 a way t belongs to ?+s creat$4 ,& z 9 ! objects ( ! s5ses1 :5ce ! intellect d]ives its k1 ! nature ( ! species is made individual by ! matt]1 & ?us ! nature is z ! =m1 & ! individual is ! suppositum ( ! =m2 s also 9 ,god ! ess5ce is tak5 z ! =m ( ! ?ree p]sons1 accord+ to our mode ( signification4 ,n[ 9 creatures we say t e =m belongs to t :]e( x is ! =m2 z ! heal? & beauty ( a man belongs to ! man4 ,b we d n say ( t :i* has a =m1 t x belongs to ! =m1 unless "s adjective qualifies ! =m2 z :5 we say3 ,t woman is ( a h&some figure1 or3 ,?is man is ( p]fect virtue4 ,9 l mann]1 z 9 ,god ! p]sons are multipli$1 & ! ess5ce is n multipli$1 we speak ( "o ess5ce ( ! ?ree p]sons1 & ?ree p]sons ( ! "o ess5ce1 provid$ t ^! g5itives be und]/ood z designat+ ! =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sub/ance is "h tak5 = ! hypo/asis1 & n = ! ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh we may n f9d x decl>$ 9 ,holy ,writ 9 s _m words t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce1 nev]!less we f9d x s /at$ z reg>ds ! mean+2 = in/ance1 ,i & ! ,fa!r are "o 7,john #aj3cj71 & ,i am 9 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,fa!r 9 ,me 7,john #aj3ch72 & !re are _m o!r texts ( ! same import4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,because nature designates ! pr9ciple ( action :ile ess5ce comes f be+ ess5do1 ?+s may be said to be ( "o nature :i* agree 9 "s action1 z all ?+s :i* give heat2 b only ^? ?+s c be said to be ( "o ess5ce :i* h "o be+4 ,s ! div9e unity is bett] describ$ by say+ t ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce1 ?an by say+ !y are ( "o nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,=m1 9 ! absolute s5se1 is wont to be designat$ z belong+ to t ( :i* x is ! =m1 z we say ! virtue ( ,pet]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?+ hav+ =m is n wont to be designat$ z belong+ to ! =m except :5 we wi% to qualify or designate ! =m4 ,9 :i* case two g5itives are requir$1 "o signify+ ! =m1 & ! o!r signify+ ! det]m9ation ( ! =m1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we say1 ,pet] is ( great virtue magnae virtutis1 or else "o g5itive mu/ h ! =ce ( two1 z1 = in/ance1 he is a man ( blood--t is1 he is a man :o %$s mu* blood multi sangu9is4 ,s1 because ! div9e ess5ce signifies a =m z reg>ds ! p]son1 x may prop]ly be said t ! ess5ce is ( ! p]son2 b we _c say ! conv]se1 unless we add "s t]m to designate ! ess5ce2 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,fa!r is a p]son ( ! div9e ess5ce2 or1 ! ?ree p]sons are ( "o ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! preposition f or out ( does n designate ! habitude ( a =mal cause1 b r ! habitude ( an effici5t or mat]ial cause2 :i* causes are 9 all cases di/+ui%$ f ^? ?+s ( :i* !y are ! causes4 ,= no?+ c be its own matt]1 nor its own active pr9ciple4 ,yet a ?+ may be its own =m1 z appe>s 9 all immat]ial ?+s4 ,s1 :5 we say1 ?ree p]sons ( "o ess5ce1 tak+ ess5ce z hav+ ! habitude ( =m1 we d n mean t ess5ce is diff]5t f p]son1 :i* we %\ld mean if we said1 ?ree p]sons f ! same ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,z ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod473 ,x w\ld be prejudicial to holy ?+s1 if we _h to d away ) !m1 j because "s d n ?9k !m holy4 ,s if "s misund]/& homo\sion1 :at is t to me1 if ,i und]/& x rightly8 4 4 4 ,! on5ess ( nature does n result f division1 or f union or f community ( possession1 b f "o nature be+ prop] to bo? ,fa!r & ,son4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,ess5tial ,names ,%\ld ,be ,pr$icat$ 9 ! ,s+ul> ( ! ,?ree ,p]sons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ess5tial names1 z ! "n ,god1 %\ld n be pr$icat$ 9 ! s+ul> ( ! ?ree p]sons1 b 9 ! plural4 ,= z man signifies "o t has humanity1 s ,god signifies "o t has ,godhead4 ,b ! ?ree p]sons are ?ree :o h ,godhead4 ,!re=e ! ?ree p]sons are ?ree ,gods4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,g54 #a3a1 :]e x is said1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 ! ,hebrew orig9al has ,elohim1 :i* may be r5d]$ ,gods or ,judges3 & ?is ^w is us$ on acc\nt ( ! plurality ( p]sons4 ,!re=e ! ?ree p]sons are sev]al ,gods1 & n "o ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?is ^w ?+ :5 x is said absolutely1 seems to belong to sub/ance4 ,b x is pr$icat$ ( ! ?ree p]sons 9 ! plural4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #e73 ,! ?+s t are ! objects ( our future glory are ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e o!r ess5tial names c be pr$icat$ 9 ! plural ( ! ?ree p]sons4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z ?is ^w ,god signifies a be+ :o has ,deity1 s also ?is ^w p]son signifies a be+ subsi/+ 9 an intellectual nature4 ,b we say !re are ?ree p]sons4 ,s = ! same reason we c say !re are ?ree ,gods4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,deut4 #f3d73 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l ?y ,god is "o ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s ess5tial names signify ! ess5ce aft] ! mann] ( sub/antives2 :ile o!rs signify x aft] ! mann] ( adjectives4 ,^? :i* signify x z sub/antives are pr$icat$ ( ! ?ree p]sons 9 ! s+ul> only1 & n 9 ! plural4 ,^? :i* signify ! ess5ce z adjectives are pr$icat$ ( ! ?ree p]sons 9 ! plural4 ,! reason ( ?is is t sub/antives signify some?+ by way ( sub/ance1 :ile adjectives signify some?+ by way ( accid5t1 :i* adh]es to a subject4 ,n[ j z sub/ance has exi/5ce ( itself1 s also x has ( itself unity or multitude2 :]e=e ! s+ul>ity or plurality ( a sub/antive "n dep5ds ^u ! =m signifi$ by ! "n4 ,b z accid5ts h _! exi/5ce 9 a subject1 s !y h unity or plurality f _! subject2 & !re=e ! s+ul>ity & plurality ( adjectives dep5ds ^u _! supposita4 ,9 creatures1 "o =m does n exi/ 9 sev]al supposita except by unity ( ord]1 z ! =m ( an ord]$ multitude4 ,s if ! names signify+ su* a =m are sub/antives1 !y are pr$icat$ ( _m 9 ! s+ul>1 b o!rwise if !y adjectives4 ,= we say t _m m5 are a college1 or an army1 or a p2 b we say t _m m5 are collegians4 ,n[ 9 ,god ! div9e ess5ce is signifi$ by way ( a =m1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #b71 :i*1 inde$1 is simple & supremely "o1 z %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #d74 ,s1 names :i* signify ! div9e ess5ce 9 a sub/antive mann] are pr$icat$ ( ! ?ree p]sons 9 ! s+ul>1 & n 9 ! plural4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! reason :y we say t ,socrates1 ,plato & ,cic]o are ?ree m52 :]eas we d n say ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/ are ?ree ,gods1 b "o ,god2 =asmu* z 9 ! ?ree supposita ( human nature !re are ?ree humanities1 :]eas 9 ! ?ree div9e ,p]sons !re is b "o div9e ess5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! names :i* signify ess5ce 9 an adjectival mann] are pr$icat$ ( ! ?ree p]sons plurally1 by reason ( ! plurality ( supposita4 ,= we say !re are ?ree exi/5t or ?ree wise be+s1 or ?ree et]nal1 uncreat$1 & imm5se be+s1 if ^! t]ms are und]/ood 9 an adjectival s5se4 ,b if tak5 9 a sub/antive s5se1 we say "o uncreat$1 imm5se1 et]nal be+1 z ,a?anasius decl>es4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?\gh ! "n ,god signifies a be+ hav+ ,godhead1 nev]!less ! mode ( signification is diff]5t4 ,= ! "n ,god is us$ sub/antively2 :]eas hav+ ,godhead is us$ adjectively4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh !re are ?ree hav+ ,godhead1 x does n foll[ t !re are ?ree ,gods4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,v>i\s languages h div]se modes ( expression4 ,s z by reason ( ! plurality ( supposita ! ,greeks said ?ree hypo/ases1 s also 9 ,hebrew ,elohim is 9 ! plural4 ,we1 h[ev]1 d n apply ! plural ei!r to ,god or to sub/ance1 le/ plurality be ref]r$ to ! sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is ^w ?+ is "o ( ! transc5d5tals4 ,:5ce1 s f> z x is ref]r$ to relation1 x is pr$icat$ ( ,god 9 ! plural2 :]eas1 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! sub/ance1 x is pr$icat$ 9 ! s+ul>4 ,s ,augu/9e says1 9 ! passage quot$1 t ! same ,tr9ity is a ?+ supreme4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! =m signifi$ by ! ^w p]son is n ess5ce or nature1 b p]sonality4 ,s1 z !re are ?ree p]sonalities--t is1 ?ree p]sonal prop]ties 9 ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/--x is pr$icat$ ( ! ?ree1 n 9 ! s+ul>1 b 9 ! plural4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,concrete ,ess5tial ,names ,c ,/& = ! ,p]son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! concrete1 ess5tial names _c /& = ! p]son1 s t we c truly say ,god begot ,god4 ,=1 z ! logicians say1 a s+ul> t]m signifies :at x /&s =4 ,b ?is "n ,god seems to be a s+ul> t]m1 = x _c be pr$icat$ 9 ! plural1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e1 s9ce x signifies ! ess5ce1 x /&s = ess5ce1 & n = p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a t]m 9 ! subject is n modifi$ by a t]m 9 ! pr$icate1 z to its signification2 b only z to ! s5se signifi$ 9 ! pr$icate4 ,b :5 ,i say1 ,god creates1 ?is "n ,god /&s = ! ess5ce4 ,s :5 we say ,god begot1 ?is t]m ,god _c by reason ( ! notional pr$icate1 /& = p]son4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ?is be true1 ,god begot1 because ! ,fa!r g5]ates2 = ! same reason ?is is true1 ,god does n beget1 because ! ,son does n beget4 ,!re=e !re is ,god :o begets1 & !re is ,god :o does n beget2 & ?us x foll[s t !re are two ,gods4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ,god begot ,god1 ,he begot ei!r ,god1 t is ,himself1 or ano!r ,god4 ,b ,he did n beget ,god1 t is ,himself2 =1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #a71 no?+ begets itself4 ,nei!r did ,he beget ano!r ,god2 z !re is only "o ,god4 ,!re=e x is false to say1 ,god begot ,god4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ,god begot ,god1 ,he begot ei!r ,god :o is ! ,fa!r1 or ,god :o is n ! ,fa!r4 ,if ,god :o is ! ,fa!r1 !n ,god ! ,fa!r 0 begott54 ,if ,god :o is n ! ,fa!r1 !n !re is a ,god :o is n ,god ! ,fa!r3 :i* is false4 ,!re=e x _c be said t ,god begot ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,cre$ x is said1 ,god ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h said t ?is "n ,god & ! l1 prop]ly accord+ to _! nature1 /& = ! ess5ce1 b by reason ( "s notional adjunct are made to /& = ! ,p]son4 ,?is op9ion app>5tly arose f consid]+ ! div9e simplicity1 :i* requires t 9 ,god1 ,he :o possesses & :at is possess$ be ! same4 ,s ,he :o possesses ,godhead1 :i* is signifi$ by ! "n ,god1 is ! same z ,godhead4 ,b :5 we consid] ! prop] way ( express+ ourselves1 ! mode ( signification mu/ be consid]$ no less ?an ! ?+ signifi$4 ,h5ce z ?is ^w ,god signifies ! div9e ess5ce z 9 ,him ,:o possesses x1 j z ! "n man signifies humanity 9 a subject1 o!rs m truly h said t ?is ^w ,god1 f its mode ( signification1 c1 9 its prop] s5se1 /& = p]son1 z does ! ^w man4 ,s ?is ^w ,god sometimes /&s = ! ess5ce1 z :5 we say ,god creates2 because ?is pr$icate is attribut$ to ! subject by reason ( ! =m signifi$--t is1 ,godhead4 ,b sometimes x /&s = ! p]son1 ei!r = only "o1 z :5 we say1 ,god begets1 or = two1 z :5 we say1 ,god spirates2 or = ?ree1 z :5 x is said3 ,to ! ,k+ ( ages1 immortal1 invisible1 ! only ,god1 etc4 7#a ,tim4 #a3ag74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ?is "n ,god agrees ) s+ul> t]ms z reg>ds ! =m signifi$ n be+ multipli$2 nev]!less x agrees also ) g5]al t]ms s f> z ! =m signifi$ is to be f\nd 9 sev]al supposita4 ,s x ne$ n always /& = ! ess5ce x signifies4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is holds good aga9/ ^? :o say t ! ^w ,god does n naturally /& = p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ^w ,god /&s = ! p]son 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* ?is ^w man does2 = s9ce ! =m signifi$ by ?is ^w man--t is1 humanity--is really divid$ among its diff]5t subjects1 x /&s ( itself = ! p]son1 ev5 if !re is no adjunct det]m9+ x to ! p]son--t is1 to a di/9ct subject4 ,! unity or community ( ! human nature1 h[ev]1 is n a reality1 b is only 9 ! consid]ation ( ! m9d4 ,h5ce ?is t]m man does n /& = ! common nature1 unless ?is is requir$ by "s adjunct1 z :5 we say1 man is a species2 :]eas ! =m signifi$ by ! "n ,god--t is1 ! div9e ess5ce--is really "o & common4 ,s ( itself x /&s = ! common nature1 b by "s adjunct x may be re/rict$ s z to /& = ! p]son4 ,s1 :5 we say1 ,god g5]ates1 by reason ( ! notional act ?is "n ,god /&s = ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,b :5 we say1 ,god does n g5]ate1 !re is no adjunct to det]m9e ?is "n to ! p]son ( ! ,son1 & h5ce ! phrase means t g5]ation is repugnant to ! div9e nature4 ,if1 h[ev]1 some?+ be add$ belong+ to ! p]son ( ! ,son1 ?is proposition1 = in/ance1 ,god begott5 does n beget1 is true4 ,consequ5tly1 x does n foll[ t !re exi/s a ,god g5]ator1 & a ,god n g5]ator2 unless !re be an adjunct p]ta9+ to ! p]sons2 z1 = in/ance1 if we 7 to say1 ! ,fa!r is ,god ! g5]ator & ! ,son is ,god ! non-g5]ator & s x does n foll[ t !re are _m ,gods2 = ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o ,god1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is is false1 ! ,fa!r begot ,god1 t is ,himself1 because ! ^w ,himself1 z a reciprocal t]m1 ref]s to ! same suppositum4 ,nor is ?is contr>y to :at ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 lxvi ad ,maxim47 t ,god ! ,fa!r begot ano!r self alt]um se1 =asmu* z ! ^w se is ei!r 9 ! ablative case1 & !n x means ,he begot ano!r f ,himself1 or x indicates a s+le relation1 & ?us po9ts to id5tity ( nature4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ei!r a figurative or an emphatic way ( speak+1 s t x w\ld really mean1 ,he begot ano!r mo/ l to ,himself4 ,likewise also x is false to say1 ,he begot ano!r ,god1 because al?\gh ! ,son is ano!r ?an ! ,fa!r1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #b71 nev]!less x _c be said t ,he is ano!r ,god2 =asmu* z ?is adjective ano!r w\ld be und]/ood to apply to ! sub/antive ,god2 & ?us ! mean+ w\ld be t !re is a di/9ction ( ,godhead4 ,yet ?is proposition ,he begot ano!r ,god is tol]at$ by "s1 provid$ t ano!r be tak5 z a sub/antive1 & ! ^w ,god be con/ru$ 9 apposition ) x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an inexact way ( speak+1 & to be avoid$1 = fe> ( giv+ occasion to error4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,to say1 ,god begot ,god ,:o is ,god ! ,fa!r1 is wrong1 because s9ce ! ^w ,fa!r is con/ru$ 9 apposition to ,god1 ! ^w ,god is re/rict$ to ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r2 s t x w\ld mean1 ,he begot ,god1 ,:o is ,himself ! ,fa!r2 & !n ! ,fa!r w\ld be spok5 ( z begott51 :i* is false4 ,:]e=e ! negative ( ! proposition is true1 ,he begot ,god ,:o is n ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,if h[ev]1 we und]/& ^! words n to be 9 apposition1 & require some?+ to be add$1 !n1 on ! contr>y1 ! affirmative proposition is true1 & ! negative is false2 s t ! mean+ w\ld be1 ,he begot ,god ,:o is ,god ,:o is ! ,fa!r4 ,su* a r5d]+ h[ev] appe>s to be =c$1 s t x is bett] to say simply t ! affirmative proposition is false1 & ! negative is true4 ,yet ,prepositivus said t bo? ! negative & affirmative are false1 because ?is relative ,:o 9 ! affirmative proposition c be ref]r$ to ! suppositum2 :]eas 9 ! negative x d5otes bo? ! ?+ signifi$ & ! suppositum4 ,:5ce1 9 ! affirmative ! s5se is t to be ,god ! ,fa!r is befitt+ to ! p]son ( ! ,son2 & 9 ! negative s5se is t to be ,god ! ,fa!r1 is to be remov$ f ! ,son's div9ity z well z f ,8 p]sonality4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be irrational2 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,p]i ,h]m4 ii71 :at is op5 to affirmation1 is op5 also to negation4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,ab/ract ,ess5tial ,names ,c ,/& = ! ,p]son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ab/ract ess5tial names c /& = ! p]son1 s t ?is proposition is true1 ,ess5ce begets ess5ce4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 i1 #b73 ,! ,fa!r & ! ,son are "o ,wisdom1 because !y are "o ess5ce2 & tak5 s+ly ,wisdom is f ,wisdom1 z ess5ce f ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 g5]ation or corruption 9 ourselves implies g5]ation or corruption ( :at is )9 u4 ,b ! ,son is g5]at$4 ,!re=e s9ce ! div9e ess5ce is 9 ! ,son1 x seems t ! div9e ess5ce is g5]at$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god & ! div9e ess5ce are ! same1 z is cle> f :at is above expla9$ 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #c74 ,b1 z 0 %[n1 x is true to say t ,god begets ,god4 ,!re=e ?is is also true3 ,ess5ce begets ess5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a pr$icate c /& = t ( :i* x is pr$icat$4 ,b ! ,fa!r is ! div9e ess5ce2 !re=e ess5ce c /& = ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,?us ! ess5ce begets4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ess5ce is a ?+ begett+1 because ! ess5ce is ! ,fa!r :o is begett+4 ,!re=e if ! ess5ce is n begett+1 ! ess5ce w be a ?+ begett+1 & n begett+3 :i* _c be4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj73 ,! ,fa!r is ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole ,godhead4 ,b ,he is pr9ciple only by begett+ or spirat+4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r begets or spirates ! ,godhead4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #a73 ,no?+ begets itself4 ,b if ! ess5ce begets ! ess5ce1 x begets itself only1 s9ce no?+ exi/s 9 ,god z di/+ui%$ f ! div9e ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce does n beget ess5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,conc]n+ ?is1 ! abbot ,joa*im err$ 9 ass]t+ t z we c say ,god begot ,god1 s we c say ,ess5ce begot ess5ce3 consid]+ t1 by reason ( ! div9e simplicity ,god is no?+ else b ! div9e ess5ce4 ,9 ?is he 0 wrong1 because if we wi% to express ourselves correctly1 we mu/ take into acc\nt n only ! ?+ :i* is signifi$1 b also ! mode ( its signification z above /at$ 7,a4 #d74 ,n[ al?\gh ,god is really ! same z ,godhead1 nev]!less ! mode ( signification is n 9 ea* case ! same4 ,= s9ce ?is ^w ,god signifies ! div9e ess5ce 9 ,him t possesses x1 f its mode ( signification x c ( its own nature /& = p]son4 ,?us ! ?+s :i* prop]ly belong to ! p]sons1 c be pr$icat$ ( ?is ^w1 ,god1 z1 = in/ance1 we c say ,god is begott5 or is ,begett]1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #d74 ,! ^w ess5ce1 h[ev]1 9 its mode ( signification1 _c /& = ,p]son1 because x signifies ! ess5ce z an ab/ract =m4 ,consequ5tly1 :at prop]ly belongs to ! p]sons :]eby !y are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 _c be attribut$ to ! ess5ce4 ,= t w\ld imply di/9ction 9 ! div9e ess5ce1 9 ! same way z !re exi/s di/9ction 9 ! supposita4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to express unity ( ess5ce & ( p]son1 ! holy ,doctors h sometimes express$ !mselves ) great] emphasis ?an ! /rict propriety ( t]ms all[s4 ,:5ce in/ead ( enl>g+ ^u su* expressions we %\ld r expla9 !m3 ?us1 = in/ance1 ab/ract names %\ld be expla9$ by concrete names1 or ev5 by p]sonal names2 z :5 we f9d ess5ce f ess5ce2 or wisdom f wisdom2 we %\ld take ! s5se to be1 ! ,son :o is ess5ce & wisdom1 is f ! ,fa!r :o is ess5ce & wisdom4 ,nev]!less1 z reg>ds ^! ab/ract names a c]ta9 ord] %\ld be obs]v$1 =asmu* z :at belongs to action is m ne>ly alli$ to ! p]sons because actions belong to supposita4 ,s nature f nature1 & wisdom f wisdom are less inexact ?an ess5ce f ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 creatures ! "o g5]at$ has n ! same nature num]ically z ! g5]ator1 b ano!r nature1 num]ically di/9ct1 :i* comm5ces to exi/ 9 x anew by g5]ation1 & ceases to exi/ by corruption1 & s x is g5]at$ & corrupt$ accid5tally2 :]eas ,god begott5 has ! same nature num]ically z ! begett]4 ,s ! div9e nature 9 ! ,son is n begott5 ei!r directly or accid5tally4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ,god & ! div9e ess5ce are really ! same1 nev]!less1 on acc\nt ( _! diff]5t mode ( signification1 we mu/ speak 9 a diff]5t way ab\t ea* ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! div9e ess5ce is pr$icat$ ( ! ,fa!r by mode ( id5tity by reason ( ! div9e simplicity2 yet x does n foll[ t x c /& = ! ,fa!r1 its mode ( signification be+ diff]5t4 ,?is objection w\ld hold good z reg>ds ?+s :i* are pr$icat$ ( ano!r z ! univ]sal ( a p>ticul>4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 sub/antive & adjectival names consi/ 9 ?is1 t ! =m] c>ry _! subject ) !m1 :]eas ! latt] d n1 b add ! ?+ signifi$ to ! sub/antive4 ,:5ce logicians are wont to say t ! sub/antive is consid]$ 9 ! light ( suppositum1 :]eas ! adjective indicates some?+ add$ to ! suppositum4 ,!re=e sub/antive p]sonal t]ms c be pr$icat$ ( ! ess5ce1 because !y are really ! same2 nor does x foll[ t a p]sonal prop]ty makes a di/9ct ess5ce2 b x belongs to ! suppositum impli$ 9 ! sub/antive4 ,b notional & p]sonal adjectives _c be pr$icat$ ( ! ess5ce unless we add "s sub/antive4 ,we _c say t ! ess5ce is begett+2 yet we c say t ! ess5ce is a ?+ begett+1 or t x is ,god begett+1 if ?+ & ,god /& = p]son1 b n if !y /& = ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly !re exi/s no contradiction 9 say+ t ess5ce is a ?+ begett+1 & a ?+ n begett+2 because 9 ! fir/ case ?+ /&s = p]son1 & 9 ! second x /&s = ! ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,s f> z ,godhead is "o 9 sev]al supposita1 x agrees 9 a c]ta9 degree ) ! =m ( a collective t]m4 ,s :5 we say1 ! ,fa!r is ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole ,godhead1 ! t]m ,godhead c be tak5 = all ! p]sons toge!r1 inasmu* z x is ! pr9ciple 9 all ! div9e p]sons4 ,nor does x foll[ t ,he is ,8 own pr9ciple2 z "o ( ! p may be call$ ! rul] ( ! p )\t be+ rul] ( himself4 ,we may also say t ,he is ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole ,godhead2 n z g5]at+ or spirat+ x1 b z communicat+ x by g5]ation & spiration4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,p]sons ,c ,be ,pr$icat$ ( ! ,ess5tial ,t]ms8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p]sons _c be pr$icat$ ( ! concrete ess5tial names2 s t we c say = in/ance1 ,god is ?ree p]sons2 or ,god is ! ,tr9ity4 ,= x is false to say1 man is e man1 because x _c be v]ifi$ z reg>ds any p>ticul> subject4 ,= nei!r ,socrates1 nor ,plato1 nor anyone else is e man4 ,9 ! same way ?is proposition1 ,god is ! ,tr9ity1 _c be v]ifi$ ( any "o ( ! supposita ( ! div9e nature4 ,= ! ,fa!r is n ! ,tr9ity2 nor is ! ,son2 nor is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,s to say1 ,god is ! ,tr9ity1 is false4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! l[] is n pr$icat$ ( ! high] except by accid5tal pr$ication2 z :5 ,i say1 animal is man2 = x is accid5tal to animal to be man4 ,b ?is "n ,god z reg>ds ! ?ree p]sons is z a g5]al t]m to inf]ior t]ms1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #d74 ,!re=e x seems t ! names ( ! p]sons _c be pr$icat$ ( ?is "n ,god1 except 9 an accid5tal s5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says1 9 8 s]mon on ,fai? 99,s]m4 ii1 9 co5a ,dom9i1 ,we believe t "o ,god is "o div9ely nam$ ,tr9ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above expla9$ 7,a4 #e71 al?\gh adjectival t]ms1 :e!r p]sonal or notional1 _c be pr$icat$ ( ! ess5ce1 nev]!less sub/antive t]ms c be s pr$icat$1 ow+ to ! real id5tity ( ess5ce & p]son4 ,! div9e ess5ce is n only really ! same z "o p]son1 b x is really ! same z ! ?ree p]sons4 ,:5ce1 "o p]son1 & two1 & ?ree1 c be pr$icat$ ( ! ess5ce z if we 7 to say1 ,! ess5ce is ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& because ?is ^w ,god c ( itself /& = ! ess5ce1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #d1 ad #c71 h5ce1 z x is true to say1 ,! ess5ce is ! ?ree p]sons2 s likewise x is true to say1 ,god is ! ?ree p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z above expla9$ ?is t]m man c ( itself /& = p]son1 :]eas an adjunct is requir$ = x to /& = ! univ]sal human nature4 ,s x is false to say1 ,man is e man2 because x _c be v]ifi$ ( any p>ticul> human subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is ^w ,god c ( itself be tak5 = ! div9e ess5ce4 ,s1 al?\gh to say ( any ( ! supposita ( ! div9e nature1 ,god is ! ,tr9ity1 is untrue1 nev]!less x is true ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,?is 0 d5i$ by ,porretanus because he did n take note ( ?is di/9ction4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 we say1 ,god1 or ! div9e ess5ce is ! ,fa!r1 ! pr$ication is "o ( id5tity1 & n ( ! l[] 9 reg>d to a high] species3 because 9 ,god !re is no univ]sal & s+ul>4 ,h5ce1 z ?is proposition1 ,! ,fa!r is ,god is ( itself true1 s ?is proposition ,god is ! ,fa!r is true ( itself1 & by no means accid5tally4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,ess5tial ,names ,%\ld ,be ,appropriat$ to ! ,p]sons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ess5tial names %\ld n be appropriat$ to ! p]sons4 ,= :atev] might v]ge on error 9 fai? %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! treatm5t ( div9e ?+s2 =1 z ,j]ome says1 c>eless words involve risk ( h]esy 99,9 sub/ance ,ep4 lvii44 ,b to appropriate to any "o p]son ! names :i* are common to ! ?ree p]sons1 may v]ge on error 9 fai?2 = x may be suppos$ ei!r t su* belong only to ! p]son to :om !y are appropriat$ or t !y belong to ,him 9 a full] degree ?an to ! o!rs4 ,!re=e ! ess5tial attributes %\ld n be appropriat$ to ! p]sons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ess5tial attributes express$ 9 ! ab/ract signify by mode ( =m4 ,b "o p]son is n z a =m to ano!r2 s9ce a =m is n di/+ui%$ 9 subject f t ( :i* x is ! =m4 ,!re=e ! ess5tial attributes1 especially :5 express$ 9 ! ab/ract1 are n to be appropriat$ to ! p]sons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prop]ty is prior to ! appropriat$1 = prop]ty is includ$ 9 ! idea ( ! appropriat$4 ,b ! ess5tial attributes1 9 our way ( und]/&+1 are prior to ! p]sons2 z :at is common is prior to :at is prop]4 ,!re=e ! ess5tial attributes are n to be appropriat$ to ! p]sons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,apo/le says3 ,*ri/ ! p[] ( ,god & ! wisdom ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 #a3bd74 ,i answ] t1 ,= ! manife/ation ( our fai? x is fitt+ t ! ess5tial attributes %\ld be appropriat$ to ! p]sons4 ,= al?\gh ! tr9ity ( p]sons _c be prov$ by demon/ration1 z 0 above exp\nd$ 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a71 nev]!less x is fitt+ t x be decl>$ by ?+s :i* are m kn[n to u4 ,n[ ! ess5tial attributes ( ,god are m cle> to u f ! /&po9t ( reason ?an ! p]sonal prop]ties2 because we c d]ive c]ta9 k ( ! ess5tial attributes f creatures :i* are s\rces ( k to u1 su* z we _c obta9 reg>d+ ! p]sonal prop]ties1 z 0 above expla9$ 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a74 ,z1 !re=e1 we make use ( ! lik5ess ( ! trace or image f\nd 9 creatures = ! manife/ation ( ! div9e p]sons1 s also 9 ! same mann] d we make use ( ! ess5tial attributes4 ,& su* a manife/ation ( ! div9e p]sons by ! use ( ! ess5tial attributes is call$ appropriation4 ,! div9e p]son c be manife/$ 9 a tw(old mann] by ! ess5tial attributes2 9 "o way by similitude1 & ?us ! ?+s :i* belong to ! intellect are appropriat$ to ! ,son1 ,:o proce$s by way ( intellect1 z ,^w4 ,9 ano!r way by dissimilitude2 z p[] is appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r1 z ,augu/9e says1 because fa!rs by reason ( old age are sometimes feeble2 le/ any?+ ( ! k9d be imag9$ ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ess5tial attributes are n appropriat$ to ! p]sons z if !y exclusively belong$ to !m2 b 9 ord] to make ! p]sons manife/ by way ( similitude1 or dissimilitude1 z above expla9$4 ,s1 no error 9 fai? c arise1 b r manife/ation ( ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! ess5tial attributes 7 appropriat$ to ! p]sons z exclusively belong+ to ea* ( !m1 !n x w\ld foll[ t "o p]son w\ld be z a =m z reg>ds ano!r2 :i* ,augu/9e altoge!r repudiates 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #b71 %[+ t ! ,fa!r is wise1 n by ,wisdom begott5 by ,him1 z ?\gh only ! ,son 7 ,wisdom2 s t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son toge!r only c be call$ wise1 b n ! ,fa!r )\t ! ,son4 ,b ! ,son is call$ ! ,wisdom ( ! ,fa!r1 because ,he is ,wisdom f ! ,fa!r ,:o is ,wisdom4 ,= ea* ( !m is ( ,himself ,wisdom2 & bo? toge!r are "o ,wisdom4 ,:5ce ! ,fa!r is n wise by ! wisdom begott5 by ,him1 b by ! wisdom :i* is ,8 own ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! ess5tial attribute is 9 its prop] concept prior to p]son1 accord+ to our way ( und]/&+2 nev]!less1 s f> z x is appropriat$1 !re is no?+ to prev5t ! p]sonal prop]ty f be+ prior to t :i* is appropriat$4 ,?us color is po/]ior to body consid]$ z body1 b is naturally prior to :ite body1 consid]$ z :ite4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,ess5tial ,attributes ,are ,appropriat$ to ! ,p]sons 9 a ,fitt+ ,mann] by ! ,holy ,doctors8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ess5tial attributes are appropriat$ to ! p]sons unfitt+ly by ! holy doctors4 ,= ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 ii73 ,et]nity is 9 ! ,fa!r1 ! species 9 ! ,image2 & use is 9 ! ,gift4 ,9 :i* words he designates ?ree names prop] to ! p]sons3 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ! "n ,image prop] to ! ,son 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #b71 & ! "n ,b\nty or ,gift1 :i* is prop] to ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,q4 #ch1 ,a4 #b74 ,he also designates ?ree appropriat$ t]ms4 ,= he appropriates et]nity to ! ,fa!r1 species to ! ,son1 & use to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?is he does app>5tly )\t reason4 ,= et]nity imports duration ( exi/5ce2 species1 ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce2 & 'use' belongs to ! op]ation4 ,b ess5ce & op]ation are n f\nd to be appropriat$ to any p]son4 ,!re=e ! above t]ms are n fitt+ly appropriat$ to ! p]sons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #e73 ,unity is 9 ! ,fa!r1 equality 9 ! ,son1 & 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! concord ( equality & unity4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 seem fitt+2 because "o p]son does n receive =mal d5om9ation f :at is appropriat$ to ano!r4 ,= ! ,fa!r is n wise by ! wisdom begott51 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,b1 z he subjo9s1 ,all ^! ?ree are "o by ! ,fa!r2 all are equal by ! ,son1 & all unit$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! above1 !re=e1 are n fitt+ly appropriat$ to ! ,p]sons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e1 to ! ,fa!r is attribut$ p[]1 to ! ,son wisdom1 to ! ,holy ,gho/ goodness4 ,nor does ?is seem fitt+2 = /r5g? is "p ( p[]1 :]eas /r5g? is f\nd to be appropriat$ to ! ,son1 accord+ to ! text1 ,*ri/ ! /r5g? 99,d\ay3 p[] ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 #a3bd74 ,s x is likewise appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to ! words1 /r5g? 99,d\ay3 virtue came out f ,him & heal$ all 7,luke #f3ai74 ,!re=e p[] %\ld n be appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,likewise ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj73 ,:at ! ,apo/le says1 ,f ,him1 & by ,him1 & 9 ,him1 is n to be tak5 9 a confus$ s5se4 ,& 7,contra ,maxim4 ii7 'f ,him' ref]s to ! ,fa!r1 'by ,him' to ! ,son1 '9 ,him' to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems to be incorrectly said2 = ! words 9 ,him seem to imply ! relation ( f9al cause1 :i* is fir/ among ! causes4 ,!re=e ?is relation ( cause %\ld be appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r1 ,:o is ! pr9ciple f no pr9ciple4 ,obj4 #e3 ,likewise1 ,tru? is appropriat$ to ! ,son1 accord+ to ,john #ad3f1 ,i am ! ,way1 ! ,tru?1 & ! ,life2 & likewise ! book ( life1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ci3i1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! book x is writt5 ( ,me1 :]e a gloss obs]ves1 t is1 ) ! ,fa!r ,:o is ,my head1 also ?is ^w ,:o is2 because on ! text ( ,isaias1 ,behold ,i g to ! ,g5tiles 7#fe3a71 a gloss adds1 ,! ,son speaks ,:o said to ,moses1 ,i am ,:o am4 ,^! appe> to belong to ! ,son1 & are n appropriat$4 ,= tru?1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #cf71 is ! supreme similitude ( ! pr9ciple )\t any dissimilitude4 ,s x seems t x prop]ly belongs to ! ,son1 ,:o has a pr9ciple4 ,also ! book ( life seems prop] to ! ,son1 z signify+ a ?+ f ano!r2 = e book is writt5 by someone4 ,?is also1 ,:o is1 appe>s to be prop] to ! ,son2 because if :5 x 0 said to ,moses1 ,i am ,:o am1 ! ,tr9ity spoke1 !n ,moses c\ld h said1 ,he ,:o is ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ s5t me to y1 s also he c\ld h said fur!r1 ,he ,:o is ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ s5t me to y1 po9t+ out a c]ta9 p]son4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is false2 because no p]son is ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e x _c be common to ! ,tr9ity1 b is prop] to ! ,son4 ,i answ] t1 ,our intellect1 :i* is l$ to ! k ( ,god f creatures1 mu/ consid] ,god accord+ to ! mode d]iv$ f creatures4 ,9 consid]+ any creature f\r po9ts pres5t !mselves to u 9 due ord]4 ,fir/ly1 ! ?+ itself tak5 absolutely is consid]$ z a be+4 ,secondly1 x is consid]$ z "o4 ,?irdly1 its intr9sic p[] ( op]ation & causality is consid]$4 ,! f\r? po9t ( consid]ation embraces its relation to its effects4 ,h5ce ?is f\rfold consid]ation comes to our m9d 9 ref]5ce to ,god4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ po9t ( consid]ation1 :]eby we consid] ,god absolutely 9 ,8 be+1 ! appropriation m5tion$ by ,hil>y applies1 accord+ to :i* et]nity is appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r1 species to ! ,son1 use to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= et]nity z mean+ a be+ )\t a pr9ciple1 has a lik5ess to ! prop]ty ( ! ,fa!r1 ,:o is a pr9ciple )\t a pr9ciple4 ,species or beauty has a lik5ess to ! prop]ty ( ! ,son4 ,= beauty includes ?ree conditions1 integrity or p]fection1 s9ce ^? ?+s :i* are impair$ are by ! v fact ugly2 due proportion or h>mony2 & la/ly1 brightness or cl>ity1 :5ce ?+s are call$ beautiful :i* h a bright color4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has a lik5ess to ! prop]ty ( ! ,son1 inasmu* z ,he z ,son has 9 ,himself truly & p]fectly ! nature ( ! ,fa!r4 ,to ins9uate ?is1 ,augu/9e says 9 8 explanation 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj73 ,:]e--t is1 9 ! ,son--!re is supreme & primal life1 etc4 ,! second agrees ) ! ,son's prop]ty1 inasmu* z ,he is ! express ,image ( ! ,fa!r4 ,h5ce we see t an image is said to be beautiful1 if x p]fectly repres5ts ev5 an ugly ?+4 ,?is is indicat$ by ,augu/9e :5 he says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj71 ,:]e !re exi/s wondr\s proportion & primal equality1 etc4 ,! ?ird agrees ) ! prop]ty ( ! ,son1 z ! ,^w1 :i* is ! light & spl5dor ( ! intellect1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #c74 ,augu/9e alludes to ! same :5 he says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj73 ,z ! p]fect ,^w1 n want+ 9 any?+1 &1 s to speak1 ! art ( ! omnipot5t ,god1 etc4 ,use has a lik5ess to ! prop]ty ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 provid$ ! use be tak5 9 a wide s5se1 z includ+ also ! s5se ( to enjoy2 accord+ z to use is to employ some?+ at ! beck ( ! w1 & to enjoy means to use joyfully1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa74 ,s use1 :]eby ! ,fa!r & ! ,son enjoy ea* o!r1 agrees ) ! prop]ty ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ,love4 ,?is is :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj73 ,t love1 t delectation1 t felicity or beatitude1 is call$ use by him 7,hil>y74 ,b ! use by :i* we enjoy ,god1 is lik5$ to ! prop]ty ( ! ,holy ,gho/ z ! ,gift2 & ,augu/9e po9ts to ?is :5 he says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj73 ,9 ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! sweetness ( ! ,begettor & ! ,begott51 p\rs out ^u u m]e creatures ,8 imm5se b\nty & weal?4 ,?us x is cle> h[ et]nity1 species1 & use are attribut$ or appropriat$ to ! p]sons1 b n ess5ce or op]ation2 because1 be+ common1 !re is no?+ 9 _! concept to lik5 !m to ! prop]ties ( ! ,p]sons4 ,! second consid]ation ( ,god reg>ds ,him z "o4 ,9 t view ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #e7 appropriates unity to ! ,fa!r1 equality to ! ,son1 concord or union to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,x is manife/ t ^! ?ree imply unity1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= unity is said absolutely1 z x does n presuppose any?+ else2 & = ?is reason x is appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r1 to ,:om any o!r p]son is n presuppos$ s9ce ,he is ! pr9ciple )\t pr9ciple4 ,equality implies unity z reg>ds ano!r2 = t is equal :i* has ! same quantity z ano!r4 ,s equality is appropriat$ to ! ,son1 ,:o is ! pr9ciple f a pr9ciple4 ,union implies ! unity ( two2 & is !re=e appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 inasmu* z ,he proce$s f two4 ,& f ?is we c und]/& :at ,augu/9e means :5 he says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #e7 t ,! ,?ree are "o1 by reason ( ! ,fa!r2 ,!y are equal by reason ( ! ,son2 & are unit$ by reason ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= x is cle> t we trace a ?+ back to t 9 :i* we f9d x fir/3 j z 9 ?is l[] _w we attribute life to ! vegetative s\l1 because !re9 we f9d ! fir/ trace ( life4 ,n[ unity is p]ceiv$ at once 9 ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ev5 if by an impossible hypo!sis1 ! o!r p]sons 7 remov$4 ,s ! o!r p]sons d]ive _! unity f ! ,fa!r4 ,b if ! o!r p]sons be remov$1 we d n f9d equality 9 ! ,fa!r1 b we f9d x z soon z we suppose ! ,son4 ,s1 all are equal by reason ( ! ,son1 n z if ! ,son 7 ! pr9ciple ( equality 9 ! ,fa!r1 b t1 )\t ! ,son equal to ! ,fa!r1 ! ,fa!r c\ld n be call$ equal2 because ,8 equality is consid]$ fir/ly 9 reg>d to ! ,son3 = t ! ,holy ,gho/ is equal to ! ,fa!r1 is also f ! ,son4 ,likewise1 if ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ! union ( ! two1 be exclud$1 we _c und]/& ! on5ess ( ! union betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,s all are connect$ by reason ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 because giv5 ! ,holy ,gho/1 we f9d :5ce ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are said to be unit$4 ,accord+ to ! ?ird consid]ation1 :i* br+s be=e u ! adequate p[] ( ,god 9 ! sph]e ( causality1 !re is said to be a ?ird k9d ( appropriation1 ( p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness4 ,?is k9d ( appropriation is made bo? by reason ( similitude z reg>ds :at exi/s 9 ! div9e p]sons1 & by reason ( dissimilitude if we consid] :at is 9 creatures4 ,= p[] has ! nature ( a pr9ciple1 & s x has a lik5ess to ! heav5ly ,fa!r1 ,:o is ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole ,godhead4 ,b 9 an e>?ly fa!r x is want+ sometimes by reason ( old age4 ,wisdom has lik5ess to ! heav5ly ,son1 z ! ,^w1 = a ^w is no?+ b ! concept ( wisdom4 ,9 an e>?ly son ?is is sometimes abs5t by reason ( lack ( ye>s4 ,goodness1 z ! nature & object ( love1 has lik5ess to ! ,holy ,gho/2 b seems repugnant to ! e>?ly _s1 :i* (t5 implies a c]ta9 viol5t impulse1 accord+ to ,isa4 #be3d3 ,! _s ( ! /rong is z a bla/ beat+ on ! wall4 ,/r5g? is appropriat$ to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/1 n z d5ot+ ! p[] itself ( a ?+1 b z sometimes us$ to express t :i* proce$s f p[]2 = in/ance1 we say t ! /rong "w done by an ag5t is its /r5g?4 ,accord+ to ! f\r? consid]ation1 i4e4 ,god's relation to ,8 effects1 !re arises appropriation ( ! expression f ,:om1 by ,:om1 & 9 ,:om4 ,= ?is preposition f ex sometimes implies a c]ta9 relation ( ! mat]ial cause2 :i* has no place 9 ,god2 & sometimes x expresses ! relation ( ! effici5t cause1 :i* c be appli$ to ,god by reason ( ,8 active p[]2 h5ce x is appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r 9 ! same way z p[]4 ,! preposition by p] sometimes designates an int]m$iate cause2 ?us we may say t a smi? works by a hamm]4 ,h5ce ! ^w by is n always appropriat$ to ! ,son1 b belongs to ! ,son prop]ly & /rictly1 accord+ to ! text1 ,all ?+s 7 made by ,him 7,john #a3c72 n t ! ,son is an in/rum5t1 b z ! pr9ciple f a pr9ciple4 ,sometimes x designates ! habitude ( a =m by :i* an ag5t works2 ?us we say t an artific] works by 8 art4 ,h5ce1 z wisdom & art are appropriat$ to ! ,son1 s also is ! expression by ,:om4 ,! preposition 9 /rictly d5otes ! habitude ( "o conta9+4 ,n[1 ,god conta9s ?+s 9 two ways3 9 "o way by _! similitudes2 ?us ?+s are said to be 9 ,god1 z exi/+ 9 ,8 k4 ,9 ?is s5se ! expression 9 ,him %\ld be appropriat$ to ! ,son4 ,9 ano!r s5se ?+s are conta9$ 9 ,god =asmu* z ,he 9 ,8 goodness pres]ves & gov]ns !m1 by guid+ !m to a fitt+ end2 & 9 ?is s5se ! expression 9 ,him is appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 z likewise is goodness4 ,nor ne$ ! habitude ( ! f9al cause 7?\gh ! fir/ ( causes7 be appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r1 ,:o is ! pr9ciple )\t a pr9ciple3 because ! div9e p]sons1 ( ,:om ! ,fa!r is ! pr9ciple1 d n proce$ f ,him z t[>ds an end1 s9ce ea* ( ,!m is ! la/ end2 b ,!y proce$ by a natural procession1 :i* seems m to belong to ! nature ( a natural p[]4 ,reg>d+ ! o!r po9ts ( inquiry1 we c say t s9ce tru? belongs to ! intellect1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a71 x is appropriat$ to ! ,son1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ a prop]ty ( ,84 ,= tru? c be consid]$ z exi/+ 9 ! ?\ght or 9 ! ?+ itself4 ,h5ce1 z intellect & ?+ 9 _! ess5tial mean+1 are ref]r$ to ! ess5ce1 & n to ! p]sons1 s ! same is to be said ( tru?4 ,! def9ition quot$ f ,augu/9e belongs to tru? z appropriat$ to ! ,son4 ,! book ( life directly means k b indirectly x means life4 ,=1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #a71 x is ,god's k reg>d+ ^? :o are to possess et]nal life4 ,consequ5tly1 x is appropriat$ to ! ,son2 al?\gh life is appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 z imply+ a c]ta9 k9d ( int]ior movem5t1 agree+ 9 t s5se ) ! prop]ty ( ! ,holy ,gho/ z ,love4 ,to be writt5 by ano!r is n ( ! ess5ce ( a book consid]$ z su*2 b ?is belongs to x only z a "w produc$4 ,s ?is does n imply orig92 nor is x p]sonal1 b an appropriation to a p]son4 ,! expression ,:o is is appropriat$ to ! p]son ( ! ,son1 n by reason ( itself1 b by reason ( an adjunct1 inasmu* z1 9 ,god's ^w to ,moses1 0 prefigur$ ! deliv]y ( ! human race accompli%$ by ! ,son4 ,yet1 =asmu* z ! ^w ,:o is tak5 9 a relative s5se1 x may sometimes relate to ! p]son ( ! ,son2 & 9 t s5se x w\ld be tak5 p]sonally2 z1 = in/ance1 7 we to say1 ,! ,son is ! begott5 ',:o is1' inasmu* z ,god begott5 is p]sonal4 ,b tak5 indef9itely1 x is an ess5tial t]m4 ,& al?\gh ! pron\n ?is i/e seems grammatically to po9t to a p>ticul> p]son1 nev]!less ev]y?+ t we c po9t to c be grammatically treat$ z a p]son1 al?\gh 9 its own nature x is n a p]son2 z we may say1 ?is /one1 & ?is ass4 ,s1 speak+ 9 a grammatical s5se1 s f> z ! ^w ,god signifies & /&s = ! div9e ess5ce1 ! latt] may be designat$ by ! pron\n ?is1 accord+ to ,ex4 #ae3b3 ,?is is my ,god1 & ,i w glorify ,him4 ,,"q #dj ,,( ,,! ,,p]sons ,,z ,,comp>$ ,,to ,,! ,,relations ,,or ,,prop]ties 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! p]sons 9 connection ) ! relations1 or prop]ties2 & !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r relation is ! same z p]son8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! relations di/+ui% & con/itute ! p]sons8 7#c7 ,:e!r m5tal ab/raction ( ! relations f ! p]sons leaves ! hypo/ases di/9ct8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! relations1 accord+ to our mode ( und]/&+1 presuppose ! acts ( ! p]sons1 or contr>iwise8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,relation ,is ! ,same ,z ,p]son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,god relation is n ! same z p]son4 ,= :5 ?+s are id5tical1 if "o is multipli$ ! o!rs are multipli$4 ,b 9 "o p]son !re are sev]al relations2 z 9 ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r !re is pat]nity & common spiration4 ,aga91 "o relation exi/s 9 two p]son1 z common spiration 9 ! ,fa!r & 9 ! ,son4 ,!re=e relation is n ! same z p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iv1 text4 #bd71 no?+ is conta9$ by itself4 ,b relation is 9 ! p]son2 nor c x be said t ?is occurs because !y are id5tical1 = o!rwise relation w\ld be also 9 ! ess5ce4 ,!re=e relation1 or prop]ty1 is n ! same z p]son 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5 sev]al ?+s are id5tical1 :at is pr$icat$ ( "o is pr$icat$ ( ! o!rs4 ,b all t is pr$icat$ ( a ,p]son is n pr$icat$ ( ,8 prop]ty4 ,= we say t ! ,fa!r begets2 b n t ! pat]nity is begett+4 ,!re=e prop]ty is n ! same z p]son 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,god :at is & :]eby x is are ! same1 accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,de ,hebdom474 ,b ! ,fa!r is ,fa!r by pat]nity4 ,9 ! same way1 ! o!r prop]ties are ! same z ! p]sons4 ,i answ] t1 ,diff]5t op9ions h be5 held on ?is po9t4 ,"s h said t ! prop]ties are n ! p]sons1 nor 9 ! p]sons2 & ^! h ?\ght ?us ow+ to ! mode ( signification ( ! relations1 :i* d n inde$ signify exi/5ce 9 some?+1 b r exi/5ce t[>ds some?+4 ,:5ce1 !y /yl$ ! relations assi/ant1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #b74 ,b s9ce relation1 consid]$ z really exi/+ 9 ,god1 is ! div9e ess5ce ,itself1 & ! ess5ce is ! same z p]son1 z appe>s f :at 0 said above 7,q4 #ci1 ,a4 #a71 relation mu/ necess>ily be ! same z p]son4 ,o!rs1 !re=e1 consid]+ ?is id5tity1 said t ! prop]ties 7 inde$ ! p]sons2 b n 9 ! p]sons2 =1 !y said1 !re are no prop]ties 9 ,god except 9 our way ( speak+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #b74 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 say t !re are prop]ties 9 ,god2 z we h %[n 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #b74 ,^! are designat$ by ab/ract t]ms1 be+ =ms1 z x 71 ( ! p]sons4 ,s1 s9ce ! nature ( a =m requires x to be 9 t ( :i* x is ! =m1 we mu/ say t ! prop]ties are 9 ! p]sons1 & yet t !y are ! p]sons2 z we say t ! ess5ce is 9 ,god1 & yet is ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p]son & prop]ty are really ! same1 b diff] 9 concept4 ,consequ5tly1 x does n foll[ t if "o is multipli$1 ! o!r mu/ also be multipli$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 consid] t 9 ,god1 by reason ( ! div9e simplicity1 a tw(old real id5tity exi/s z reg>ds :at 9 creatures are di/9ct4 ,=1 s9ce ! div9e simplicity excludes ! composition ( matt] & =m1 x foll[s t 9 ,god ! ab/ract is ! same z ! concrete1 z ,godhead & ,god4 ,& z ! div9e simplicity excludes ! composition ( subject & accid5t1 x foll[s t :atev] is attribut$ to ,god1 is ,8 ess5ce ,itself2 & s1 wisdom & p[] are ! same 9 ,god1 because !y are bo? 9 ! div9e ess5ce4 ,accord+ to ?is tw(old id5tity1 prop]ty 9 ,god is ! same z p]son4 ,= p]sonal prop]ties are ! same z ! p]sons because ! ab/ract & ! concrete are ! same 9 ,god2 s9ce !y are ! subsi/+ p]sons !mselves1 z pat]nity is ! ,fa!r ,himself1 & filiation is ! ,son1 & procession is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! non-p]sonal prop]ties are ! same z ! p]sons accord+ to ! o!r reason ( id5tity1 :]eby :atev] is attribut$ to ,god is ,8 own ess5ce4 ,?us1 common spiration is ! same z ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 & ! p]son ( ! ,son2 n t x is "o self-subsi/+ p]son2 b t z !re is "o ess5ce 9 ! two p]sons1 s also !re is "o prop]ty 9 ! two p]sons1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prop]ties are said to be 9 ! ess5ce1 only by mode ( id5tity2 b 9 ! p]sons !y exi/ by mode ( id5tity1 n m]ely 9 reality1 b also 9 ! mode ( signification2 z ! =m exi/s 9 its subject4 ,?us ! prop]ties det]m9e & di/+ui% ! p]sons1 b n ! ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,notional p>ticiples & v]bs signify ! notional acts3 & acts belong to a suppositum4 ,n[1 prop]ties are n designat$ z supposita1 b z =ms ( supposita4 ,& s _! mode ( signification is aga9/ notional p>ticiples & v]bs be+ pr$icat$ ( ! prop]ties4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,p]sons ,are ,di/+ui%$ by ! ,relations8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p]sons are n di/+ui%$ by ! relations4 ,= simple ?+s are di/9ct by !mselves4 ,b ! p]sons are supremely simple4 ,!re=e !y are di/+ui%$ by !mselves1 & n by ! relation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a =m is di/+ui%$ only 9 relation to its g5us4 ,= :ite is di/+ui%$ f black only by quality4 ,b hypo/asis signifies an individual 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance4 ,!re=e ! hypo/ases _c be di/+ui%$ by relations4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is absolute comes be=e :at is relative4 ,b ! di/9ction ( ! div9e p]sons is ! prim>y di/9ction4 ,!re=e ! div9e p]sons are n di/+ui%$ by ! relations4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :atev] presupposes di/9ction _c be ! fir/ pr9ciple ( di/9ction4 ,b relation presupposes di/9ction1 :i* comes into its def9ition2 = a relation is ess5tially :at is t[>ds ano!r4 ,!re=e ! fir/ di/9ctive pr9ciple 9 ,god _c be relation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr9473 ,relation alone multiplies ! ,tr9ity ( ! div9e p]sons4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 :atev] multitude ( ?+s is to be f\nd some?+ common to all1 x is necess>y to seek out ! pr9ciple ( di/9ction4 ,s1 z ! ?ree p]sons agree 9 ! unity ( ess5ce1 we mu/ seek to "k ! pr9ciple ( di/9ction :]eby !y are sev]al4 ,n[1 !re are two pr9ciples ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! div9e p]sons1 & ^! are orig9 & relation4 ,al?\gh ^! d n really diff]1 yet !y diff] 9 ! mode ( signification2 = orig9 is signifi$ by way ( act1 z g5]ation2 & relation by way ( ! =m1 z pat]nity4 ,"s1 !n1 consid]+ t relation foll[s ^u act1 h said t ! div9e hypo/ases are di/+ui%$ by orig91 s t we may say t ! ,fa!r is di/+ui%$ f ! ,son1 inasmu* z ! =m] begets & ! latt] is begott54 ,fur!r1 t ! relations1 or ! prop]ties1 make kn[n ! di/9ctions ( ! hypo/ases or p]sons z result+ !refrom2 z also 9 creatures ! prop]ties manife/ ! di/9ctions ( individuals1 :i* di/9ctions are caus$ by ! mat]ial pr9ciples4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 _c /&--= two reasons4 ,fir/ly1 because1 9 ord] t two ?+s be und]/ood z di/9ct1 _! di/9ction mu/ be und]/ood z result+ f some?+ intr9sic to bo?2 ?us 9 ?+s creat$ x results f _! matt] or _! =m4 ,n[ orig9 ( a ?+ does n designate any?+ intr9sic1 b means ! way f some?+1 or to some?+2 z g5]ation signifies ! way to a ?+ g5]at$1 & z proce$+ f ! g5]ator4 ,h5ce x is n possible t :at is g5]at$ & ! g5]ator %\ld be di/+ui%$ by g5]ation alone2 b 9 ! g5]ator & 9 ! ?+ g5]at$ we mu/ presuppose :atev] makes !m to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 a div9e p]son !re is no?+ to presuppose b ess5ce1 & relation or prop]ty4 ,:5ce1 s9ce ! p]sons agree 9 ess5ce1 x only rema9s to be said t ! p]sons are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! relations4 ,secondly3 because ! di/9ction ( ! div9e p]sons is n to be s und]/ood z if :at is common to !m all is divid$1 because ! common ess5ce rema9s undivid$2 b ! di/+ui%+ pr9ciples !mselves mu/ con/itute ! ?+s :i* are di/9ct4 ,n[ ! relations or ! prop]ties di/+ui% or con/itute ! hypo/ases or p]sons1 inasmu* z !y are !mselves ! subsi/+ p]sons2 z pat]nity is ! ,fa!r1 & filiation is ! ,son1 because 9 ,god ! ab/ract & ! concrete d n diff]4 ,b x is aga9/ ! nature ( orig9 t x %\ld con/itute hypo/asis or p]son4 ,= orig9 tak5 9 an active s5se signifies proce$+ f a subsi/+ p]son1 s t x presupposes ! latt]2 :ile 9 a passive s5se orig91 z nativity1 signifies ! way to a subsi/+ p]son1 & z n yet con/itut+ ! p]son4 ,x is !re=e bett] to say t ! p]sons or hypo/ases are di/+ui%$ r by relations ?an by orig94 ,=1 al?\gh 9 bo? ways !y are di/+ui%$1 nev]!less 9 our mode ( und]/&+ !y are di/+ui%$ *iefly & fir/ly by relations2 :5ce ?is "n ,fa!r signifies n only a prop]ty1 b also ! hypo/asis2 :]eas ?is t]m ,begett] or ,begett+ signifies prop]ty only2 =asmu* z ?is "n ,fa!r signifies ! relation :i* is di/9ctive & con/itutive ( ! hypo/asis2 & ?is t]m ,begett] or ,begott5 signifies ! orig9 :i* is n di/9ctive & con/itutive ( ! hypo/asis4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p]sons are ! subsi/+ relations !mselves4 ,h5ce x is n aga9/ ! simplicity ( ! div9e p]sons = !m to be di/+ui%$ by ! relations4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! div9e p]sons are n di/+ui%$ z reg>ds be+1 9 :i* !y subsi/1 nor 9 any?+ absolute1 b only z reg>ds some?+ relative4 ,h5ce relation suffices = _! di/9ction4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! m prior a di/9ction is1 ! ne>] x approa*es to unity2 & s x mu/ be ! lea/ possible di/9ction4 ,s ! di/9ction ( ! p]sons mu/ be by t :i* di/+ui%es ! lea/ possible2 & ?is is by relation4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,relation presupposes ! di/9ction ( ! subjects1 :5 x is an accid5t2 b :5 ! relation is subsi/5t1 x does n presuppose1 b br+s ab\t di/9ction4 ,= :5 x is said t relation is by nature to be t[>ds ano!r1 ! ^w ano!r signifies ! correlative :i* is n prior1 b simultane\s 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,hypo/ases ,rema9 ,if ! ,relations ,are ,m5tally ,ab/ract$ f ! ,p]sons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! hypo/ases rema9 if ! prop]ties or relations are m5tally ab/ract$ f ! p]sons4 ,= t to :i* some?+ is add$1 may be und]/ood :5 ! addition is tak5 away2 z man is some?+ add$ to animal :i* c be und]/ood if rational be tak5 away4 ,b p]son is some?+ add$ to hypo/asis2 = p]son is a hypo/asis di/+ui%$ by a prop]ty ( dignity4 ,!re=e1 if a p]sonal prop]ty be tak5 away f a p]son1 ! hypo/asis rema9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t ! ,fa!r is ,fa!r1 & t ,he is someone1 are n due to ! same reason4 ,= z ,he is ! ,fa!r by pat]nity1 suppos+ ,he is "s "o by pat]nity1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ,son1 9 ,:om !re is n pat]nity1 w\ld n be someone4 ,s :5 pat]nity is m5tally ab/ract$ f ! ,fa!r1 ,he /ill rema9s someone--t is1 a hypo/asis4 ,!re=e1 if prop]ty be remov$ f p]son1 ! hypo/asis rema9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v1 #f73 ,unbegott5 is n ! same z ,fa!r2 = if ! ,fa!r _h n begott5 ! ,son1 no?+ w\ld prev5t ,him be+ call$ unbegott54 ,b if ,he _h n begott5 ! ,son1 !re w\ld be no pat]nity 9 ,him4 ,!re=e1 if pat]nity be remov$1 !re /ill rema9s ! hypo/asis ( ! ,fa!r z unbegott54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 iv73 ,! ,son has no?+ else ?an bir?4 ,b ,he is ,son by bir?4 ,!re=e1 if filiation be remov$1 ! ,son's hypo/asis no m rema9s2 & ! same holds z reg>ds ! o!r p]sons4 ,i answ] t1 ,ab/raction by ! intellect is tw(old--:5 ! univ]sal is ab/ract$ f ! p>ticul>1 z animal ab/ract$ f man2 & :5 ! =m is ab/ract$ f ! matt]1 z ! =m ( a circle is ab/ract$ by ! intellect f any s5sible matt]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ab/ractions consi/s 9 ! fact t 9 ! ab/raction ( ! univ]sal f ! p>ticul>1 t f :i* ! ab/raction is made does n rema92 = :5 ! diff]5ce ( rationality is remov$ f man1 ! man no long] rema9s 9 ! intellect1 b animal alone rema9s4 ,b 9 ! ab/raction ( ! =m f ! matt]1 bo? ! =m & ! matt] rema9 9 ! intellect2 z1 = in/ance1 if we ab/ract ! =m ( a circle f brass1 !re rema9s 9 our intellect sep>ately ! und]/&+ bo? ( a circle1 & ( brass4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re is no univ]sal nor p>ticul> 9 ,god1 nor =m & matt]1 9 reality2 nev]!less1 z reg>ds ! mode ( signification !re is a c]ta9 lik5ess ( ^! ?+s 9 ,god2 & ?us ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #f7 t sub/ance is common & hypo/asis is p>ticul>4 ,s1 if we speak ( ! ab/raction ( ! univ]sal f ! p>ticul>1 ! common univ]sal ess5ce rema9s 9 ! intellect if ! prop]ties are remov$2 b n ! hypo/asis ( ! ,fa!r1 :i* is1 z x 71 a p>ticul>4 ,b z reg>ds ! ab/raction ( ! =m f ! matt]1 if ! non-p]sonal prop]ties are remov$1 !n ! idea ( ! hypo/ases & p]sons rema9s2 z1 = in/ance1 if ! fact ( ! ,fa!r's be+ unbegott5 or spirat+ be m5tally ab/ract$ f ! ,fa!r1 ! ,fa!r's hypo/asis or p]son rema9s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p]sonal prop]ty be m5tally ab/ract$1 ! idea ( ! hypo/asis no long] rema9s4 ,= ! p]sonal prop]ties are n to be und]/ood z add$ to ! div9e hypo/ases1 z a =m is add$ to a pre-exi/+ subject3 b !y c>ry ) !m _! own supposita1 inasmu* z !y are !mselves subsi/+ p]sons2 ?us pat]nity is ! ,fa!r ,himself4 ,= hypo/asis signifies some?+ di/9ct 9 ,god1 s9ce hypo/asis means an individual sub/ance4 ,s1 z relation di/+ui%es & con/itutes ! hypo/ases1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #b71 x foll[s t if ! p]sonal relations are m5tally ab/ract$1 ! hypo/ases no long] rema94 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ?9k1 z above not$1 t ! div9e hypo/ases are n di/+ui%$ by ! relations1 b only by orig92 s t ! ,fa!r is a hypo/asis z n f ano!r1 & ! ,son is a hypo/asis z f ano!r by g5]ation4 ,& t ! consequ5t relations :i* are to be reg>d$ z prop]ties ( dignity1 con/itute ! notion ( a p]son1 & are ?us call$ p]sonal prop]ties4 ,h5ce1 if ^! relations are m5tally ab/ract$1 ! hypo/asis1 b n ! p]sons1 rema94 ,b ?is is impossible1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because ! relations di/+ui% & con/itute ! hypo/ases1 z %[n above 7,a4 #b72 secondly1 because e hypo/asis ( a rational nature is a p]son1 z appe>s f ! def9ition ( ,boe?ius 7,de ,duab4 ,nat47 t1 p]son is ! individual sub/ance ( a rational nature4 ,h5ce1 to h hypo/asis & n p]son1 x w\ld be necess>y to ab/ract ! rationality f ! nature1 b n ! prop]ty f ! p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p]son does n add to hypo/asis a di/+ui%+ prop]ty absolutely1 b a di/+ui%+ prop]ty ( dignity1 all ( :i* mu/ be tak5 z ! diff]5ce4 ,n[1 ?is di/+ui%+ prop]ty is "o ( dignity precisely because x is und]/ood z subsi/+ 9 a rational nature4 ,h5ce1 if ! di/+ui%+ prop]ty be remov$ f ! p]son1 ! hypo/asis no long] rema9s2 :]eas x w\ld rema9 7 ! rationality ( ! nature remov$2 = bo? p]son & hypo/asis are individual sub/ances4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ,god ! di/+ui%+ relation belongs ess5tially to bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by pat]nity ! ,fa!r is n only ,fa!r1 b is a p]son1 & is someone1 or a hypo/asis4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! ,son is n someone or a hypo/asis2 j z x does n foll[ t ,he is n a p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e does n mean to say t ! hypo/asis ( ! ,fa!r w\ld rema9 z unbegott51 if ,8 pat]nity 7 remov$1 z if innascibility con/itut$ & di/+ui%$ ! hypo/asis ( ! ,fa!r2 = ?is w\ld be impossible1 s9ce be+ unbegott5 says no?+ positive & is only a negation1 z he himself says4 ,b he speaks 9 a g5]al s5se1 =asmu* z n e unbegott5 be+ is ! ,fa!r4 ,s1 if pat]nity be remov$1 ! hypo/asis ( ! ,fa!r does n rema9 9 ,god1 z di/+ui%$ f ! o!r p]sons1 b only z di/+ui%$ f creatures2 z ! ,jews und]/& x4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! prop]ties presuppose ! notional acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! notional acts are und]/ood be=e ! prop]ties4 ,= ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces says 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 xxvii7 t ! ,fa!r always is1 because ,he is ev] begett+ ! ,son4 ,s x seems t g5]ation prec$es pat]nity 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce e relation presupposes t on :i* x is f\nd$2 z equality presupposes quantity4 ,b pat]nity is a relation f\nd$ on ! action ( g5]ation4 ,!re=e pat]nity presupposes g5]ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 active g5]ation is to pat]nity z nativity is to filiation4 ,b filiation presupposes nativity2 = ! ,son is s call$ because ,he is born4 ,!re=e pat]nity also presupposes g5]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,g5]ation is ! op]ation ( ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,b pat]nity con/itutes ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce1 pat]nity is prior to g5]ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! op9ion t ! prop]ties d n di/+ui% & con/itute ! hypo/ases 9 ,god1 b only manife/ !m z already di/9ct & con/itut$1 we mu/ absolutely say t ! relations 9 our mode ( und]/&+ foll[ ^u ! notional acts1 s t we c say1 )\t qualify+ ! phrase1 t because ,he begets1 ,he is ! ,fa!r4 ,a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is ne$$ if we suppose t ! relations di/+ui% & con/itute ! div9e hypo/ases4 ,= orig9 has 9 ,god an active & passive signification--active1 z g5]ation is attribut$ to ! ,fa!r1 & spiration1 tak5 = ! notional act1 is attribut$ to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 passive1 z nativity is attribut$ to ! ,son1 & procession to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,=1 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce1 orig91 9 ! passive s5se1 simply prec$es ! p]sonal prop]ties ( ! p]son proce$+2 because orig91 z passively und]/ood1 signifies ! way to a p]son con/itut$ by ! prop]ty4 ,likewise1 orig9 signifi$ actively is prior 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce to ! non-p]sonal relation ( ! p]son orig9at+2 z ! notional act ( spiration prec$es1 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce1 ! unnam$ relative prop]ty common to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,! p]sonal prop]ty ( ! ,fa!r c be consid]$ 9 a tw(old s5se3 fir/ly1 z a relation2 & ?us aga9 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce x presupposes ! notional act1 = relation1 z su*1 is f\nd$ ^u an act3 secondly1 accord+ z x con/itutes ! p]son2 & ?us ! notional act presupposes ! relation1 z an action presupposes a p]son act+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! ,ma/] says t because ,he begets1 ,he is ,fa!r1 ! t]m ,fa!r is tak5 z mean+ relation only1 b n z signify+ ! subsi/+ p]son2 = !n x w\ld be necess>y to say conv]sely t because ,he is ,fa!r ,he begets4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection avails ( pat]nity z a relation1 b n z con/itut+ a p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,nativity is ! way to ! p]son ( ! ,son2 & s1 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce1 x prec$es filiation1 ev5 z con/itut+ ! p]son ( ! ,son4 ,b active g5]ation signifies a proce$+ f ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r2 :]e=e x presupposes ! p]sonal prop]ty ( ! ,fa!r4 ,,"q #da ,,( ,,! ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,notional ,,acts 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! p]sons 9 ref]5ce to ! notional acts1 conc]n+ :i* six po9ts ( inquiry arise3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! notional acts are to be attribut$ to ! p]sons8 7#b7 ,:e!r ^! acts are necess>y1 or volunt>y8 7#c7 ,:e!r z reg>ds ^! acts1 a p]son proce$s f no?+ or f some?+8 7#d7 ,:e!r 9 ,god !re exi/s a p[] z reg>ds ! notional acts8 7#e7 ,:at ?is p[] means8 7#f7 ,:e!r sev]al p]sons c be ! t]m ( "o notional act8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,notional ,acts ,are to ,be ,attribut$ to ! ,p]sons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! notional acts are n to be attribut$ to ! p]sons4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr9473 ,:atev] is pr$icat$ ( ,god1 ( :atev] g5us x be1 becomes ! div9e sub/ance1 except :at p]ta9s to ! relation4 ,b action is "o ( ! t5 g5]a4 ,!re=e any action attribut$ to ,god belongs to ,8 ess5ce1 & n to a notion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 v1 #d1e7 t1 ev]y?+ :i* is said ( ,god1 is said ( ,him z reg>ds ei!r ,8 sub/ance1 or relation4 ,b :atev] belongs to ! sub/ance is signifi$ by ! ess5tial attributes2 & :atev] belongs to ! relations1 by ! names ( ! p]sons1 or by ! names ( ! prop]ties4 ,!re=e1 9 addition to ^!1 notional acts are n to be attribut$ to ! p]sons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! nature ( action is ( itself to cause passion4 ,b we d n place passions 9 ,god4 ,!re=e nei!r are notional acts to be plac$ 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,fulg5tius1 ,de ,fide ad ,petrum ii7 says3 ,x is a prop]ty ( ! ,fa!r to beget ! ,son4 ,!re=e notional acts are to be plac$ 9 ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! div9e p]sons di/9ction is f\nd$ on orig94 ,b orig9 c be prop]ly designat$ only by c]ta9 acts4 ,:]e=e1 to signify ! ord] ( orig9 9 ! div9e p]sons1 we mu/ attribute notional acts to ! p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e orig9 is designat$ by an act4 ,9 ,god !re is a tw(old ord] ( orig93 "o1 inasmu* z ! creature proce$s f ,him1 & ?is is common to ! ?ree p]sons2 & s ^? actions :i* are attribut$ to ,god to designate ! proce$+ ( creatures f ,him1 belong to ,8 ess5ce4 ,ano!r ord] ( orig9 9 ,god reg>ds ! procession ( p]son f p]son2 :]e=e ! acts :i* designate ! ord] ( ?is orig9 are call$ notional2 because ! notions ( ! p]sons are ! mutual relations ( ! p]sons1 z is cle> f :at 0 above expla9$ 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! notional acts diff] f ! relations ( ! p]sons only 9 _! mode ( signification2 & 9 reality are altoge!r ! same4 ,:5ce ! ,ma/] says t g5]ation & nativity 9 o!r words are pat]nity & filiation 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 xxvi74 ,to see ?is1 we mu/ consid] t ! orig9 ( "o ?+ f ano!r is fir/ly inf]r$ f movem5t3 = t any?+ be *ang$ f its disposition by movem5t evid5tly arises f "s cause4 ,h5ce action1 9 its prim>y s5se1 means orig9 ( movem5t2 =1 z movem5t d]iv$ f ano!r into a mobile object1 is call$ passion1 s ! orig9 ( movem5t itself z beg9n+ f ano!r & t]m9at+ 9 :at is mov$1 is call$ action4 ,h5ce1 if we take away movem5t1 action implies no?+ m ?an ord] ( orig91 9 s f> z action proce$s f "s cause or pr9ciple to :at is f t pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce 9 ,god no movem5t exi/s1 ! p]sonal action ( ! "o produc+ a p]son is only ! habitude ( ! pr9ciple to ! p]son :o is f ! pr9ciple2 :i* habitudes are ! relations1 or ! notions4 ,nev]!less we _c speak ( div9e & intelligible ?+s except aft] ! mann] ( s5sible ?+s1 :5ce we d]ive our k1 & :]e9 actions & passions1 s f> z ^! imply movem5t1 diff] f ! relations :i* result f action & passion1 & !re=e x 0 necess>y to signify ! habitudes ( ! p]sons sep>ately aft] ! mann] ( act1 & sep>ately aft] ! mann] ( relations4 ,?us x is evid5t t !y are really ! same1 diff]+ only 9 _! mode ( signification4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,action1 s f> z x means orig9 ( movem5t1 naturally involves passion2 b action 9 t s5se is n attribut$ to ,god4 ,:5ce1 passions are attribut$ to ,him only f a grammatical /&po9t1 & 9 accordance ) our mann] ( speak+1 z we attribute to beget ) ! ,fa!r1 & to ! ,son to be begott54 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,notional ,acts ,are ,volunt>y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! notional acts are volunt>y4 ,= ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod473 ,n by natural necessity 0 ! ,fa!r l$ to beget ! ,son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says1 ,he transf]r$ u to ! k+dom ( ! ,son ( ,8 love 7,col4 #a3ac74 ,b love belongs to ! w4 ,!re=e ! ,son 0 begott5 ( ! ,fa!r by w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is m volunt>y ?an love4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s z ,love f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,!re=e ,he proce$s volunt>ily4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,son proce$s by mode ( ! intellect1 z ! ,^w4 ,b e ^w proce$s by ! w f a speak]4 ,!re=e ! ,son proce$s f ! ,fa!r by w1 & n by nature4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :at is n volunt>y is necess>y4 ,!re=e if ! ,fa!r begot ! ,son1 n by ! w1 x seems to foll[ t ,he begot ,him by necessity2 & ?is is aga9/ :at ,augu/9e says 7,ad ,orosium qu4 vii74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says1 9 ! same book1 t1 ! ,fa!r begot ! ,son nei!r by w1 nor by necessity4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 any?+ is said to be1 or to be made by ! w1 ?is c be und]/ood 9 two s5ses4 ,9 "o s5se1 ! ablative designates only concomitance1 z ,i c say t ,i am a man by my w--t is1 ,i w to be a man2 & 9 ?is way x c be said t ! ,fa!r begot ! ,son by w2 z also ,he is ,god by w1 because ,he wills to be ,god1 & wills to beget ! ,son4 ,9 ! o!r s5se1 ! ablative imports ! habitude ( a pr9ciple z x is said t ! workman works by 8 w1 z ! w is ! pr9ciple ( 8 "w2 & ?us 9 t s5se x mu/ be said ! ,god ! ,fa!r begot ! ,son1 n by ,8 w2 b t ,he produc$ ! creature by ,8 w4 ,:5ce 9 ! book ,de ,synod41 x is said3 ,if anyone say t ! ,son 0 made by ! ,w ( ,god1 z a creature is said to be made1 let him be ana!ma4 ,! reason ( ?is is t w & nature diff] 9 _! mann] ( causation1 9 su* a way t nature is det]m9$ to "o1 :ile ! w is n det]m9$ to "o2 & ?is because ! effect is assimilat$ to ! =m ( ! ag5t1 :]eby ! latt] acts4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ( "o ?+ !re is only "o natural =m :]eby x exi/s2 & h5ce su* z x is itself1 su* also is its "w4 ,b ! =m :]eby ! w acts is n only "o1 b _m1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ideas und]/ood4 ,h5ce ! quality ( ! w's action does n dep5d on ! quality ( ! ag5t1 b on ! ag5t's w & und]/&+4 ,s ! w is ! pr9ciple ( ^? ?+s :i* may be ?is way or t way2 :]eas ( ^? ?+s :i* c be only 9 "o way1 ! pr9ciple is nature4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 c exi/ 9 diff]5t ways is f> f ! div9e nature1 :]eas x belongs to ! nature ( a creat$ be+2 because ,god is ( ,himself necess>y be+1 :]eas a creature is made f no?+4 ,?us1 ! ,arians1 wi%+ to prove ! ,son to be a creature1 said t ! ,fa!r begot ! ,son by w1 tak+ w 9 ! s5se ( pr9ciple4 ,b we1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ ass]t t ! ,fa!r begot ! ,son1 n by w1 b by nature4 ,:]e=e ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod473 ,! w ( ,god gave to all creatures _! sub/ance3 b p]fect bir? gave ! ,son a nature d]iv$ f a sub/ance impassible & unborn4 ,all ?+s creat$ are su* z ,god will$ !m to be2 b ! ,son1 born ( ,god1 subsi/s 9 ! p]fect lik5ess ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ is direct$ aga9/ ^? :o did n admit ev5 ! concomitance ( ! ,fa!r's w 9 ! g5]ation ( ! ,son1 = !y said t ! ,fa!r begot ! ,son 9 su* a mann] by nature t ! w to beget 0 want+2 j z we ourselves suff] _m ?+s aga9/ our w f natural necessity--z1 = in/ance1 dea?1 old age1 & l ills4 ,?is appe>s f :at prec$es & f :at foll[s z reg>ds ! words quot$1 = ?us we read3 ,n aga9/ ,8 w1 nor z x 71 =c$1 nor z if ,he 7 l$ by natural necessity did ! ,fa!r beget ! ,son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,apo/le calls ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ! love ( ,god1 inasmu* z ,he is sup]abundantly lov$ by ,god2 n1 h[ev]1 z if love 7 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,son's g5]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w1 z a natural faculty1 wills some?+ naturally1 z man's w naturally t5ds to happ9ess2 & likewise ,god naturally wills & loves ,himself2 :]eas 9 reg>d to ?+s o!r ?an ,himself1 ! w ( ,god is 9 a way1 undet]m9$ 9 itself1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[1 ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s z ,love1 inasmu* z ,god loves ,himself1 & h5ce ,he proce$s naturally1 al?\gh ,he proce$s by mode ( w4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! intellectual conceptions ( ! m9d1 a return is made to ^? fir/ pr9ciples :i* are naturally und]/ood4 ,b ,god naturally und]/&s ,himself1 & ?us ! conception ( ! div9e ,^w is natural4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a ?+ is said to be necess>y ( itself1 & by reason ( ano!r4 ,tak5 9 ! latt] s5se1 x has a tw(old mean+3 fir/ly1 z an effici5t & compell+ cause1 & ?us necess>y means :at is viol5t2 secondly1 x means a f9al cause1 :5 a ?+ is said to be necess>y z ! means to an end1 s f> z )\t x ! end c\ld n be atta9$1 or1 at lea/1 s well atta9$4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! ways is ! div9e g5]ation necess>y2 because ,god is n ! means to an end1 nor is ,he subject to compulsion4 ,b a ?+ is said to be necess>y ( itself :i* _c b be3 9 ?is s5se x is necess>y = ,god to be2 & 9 ! same s5se x is necess>y t ! ,fa!r beget ! ,son4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,notional ,acts ,proce$ f ,some?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! notional acts d n proce$ f any?+4 ,= if ! ,fa!r begets ! ,son f some?+1 ?is w be ei!r f ,himself or f some?+ else4 ,if f some?+ else1 s9ce t :5ce a ?+ is g5]at$ exi/s 9 :at is g5]at$1 x foll[s t some?+ diff]5t f ! ,fa!r exi/s 9 ! ,son1 & ?is contradicts :at is laid d[n by ,hil>y 7,de ,tr94 vii7 t1 ,9 !m no?+ div]se or diff]5t exi/s4 ,if ! ,fa!r begets ! ,son f ,himself1 s9ce aga9 t :5ce a ?+ is g5]at$1 if x be some?+ p]man5t1 receives z pr$icate ! ?+ g5]at$ !refrom j z we say1 ,! man is :ite1 s9ce ! man rema9s1 :5 n f :ite he is made :ite--x foll[s t ei!r ! ,fa!r does n rema9 aft] ! ,son is begott51 or t ! ,fa!r is ! ,son1 :i* is false4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r does n beget ! ,son f some?+1 b f no?+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :5ce any?+ is g5]at$ is ! pr9ciple reg>d+ :at is g5]at$4 ,s if ! ,fa!r g5]ate ! ,son f ,8 own ess5ce or nature1 x foll[s t ! ess5ce or nature ( ! ,fa!r is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,son4 ,b x is n a mat]ial pr9ciple1 because 9 ,god no?+ mat]ial exi/s2 & !re=e x is1 z x 71 an active pr9ciple1 z ! begett] is ! pr9ciple ( ! "o begott54 ,?us x foll[s t ! ess5ce g5]ates1 :i* 0 disprov$ above 7,q4 #ci1 ,a4 #e74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vii1 #f7 t ! ?ree p]sons are n f ! same ess5ce2 because ! ess5ce is n ano!r ?+ f p]son4 ,b ! p]son ( ! ,son is n ano!r ?+ f ! ,fa!r's ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! ,son is n f ! ,fa!r's ess5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e creature is f no?+4 ,b 9 ,scripture ! ,son is call$ a creature2 = x is said 7,ecclus4 #bd3e71 9 ! p]son ( ! ,wisdom begott51,i came out ( ! m\? ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! fir/-born be=e all creatures3 & fur!r on 7,ecclus4 #bd3ad7 x is said z utt]$ by ! same ,wisdom1 ,f ! beg9n+1 & be=e ! _w 0 ,i creat$4 ,!re=e ! ,son 0 n begott5 f some?+1 b f no?+4 ,likewise we c object conc]n+ ! ,holy ,gho/1 by reason ( :at is said 7,ze*4 #ab3a73 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,:o /ret*e? =? ! heav5s1 & laye? ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 & =me? ! _s ( man )9 him2 & 7,amos #d3ac7 accord+ to ano!r v]sion 99,! ,septuag9t3 ,i ,:o =m ! e>?1 & create ! _s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,fulg5tius1 ,de ,fide ad ,petrum i1 #a7 says3 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ( ,8 nature1 )\t beg9n+1 begot ! ,son equal to ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,son 0 n begott5 f no?+1 b f ! ,fa!r's sub/ance4 ,= x 0 expla9$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #cc1 ,,aa4 #b 1#c7 t pat]nity1 filiation & nativity really & truly exi/ 9 ,god4 ,n[1 ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 true g5]ation1 :]eby "o proce$s f ano!r z a son1 & mak+1 t ! mak] makes some?+ out ( ext]nal matt]1 z a c>p5t] makes a b5* out ( wood1 :]eas a man begets a son f himself4 ,n[1 z a creat$ workman makes a ?+ out ( matt]1 s ,god makes ?+s out ( no?+1 z w be %[n lat] on 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #a71 n z if ?is no?+ 7 a "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ made1 b because ! :ole sub/ance ( a ?+ is produc$ by ,him )\t any?+ else :atev] presuppos$4 ,s1 7 ! ,son to proce$ f ! ,fa!r z out ( no?+1 !n ! ,son w\ld be to ! ,fa!r :at ! ?+ made is to ! mak]1 :]eto1 z is evid5t1 ! "n ( filiation w\ld n apply except by a k9d ( similitude4 ,?us1 if ! ,son ( ,god proce$s f ! ,fa!r out ( no?+1 ,he c\ld n be prop]ly & truly call$ ! ,son1 :]eas ! contr>y is /at$ 7#a ,john #e3bj73 ,t we may be 9 ,8 true ,son ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!re=e ! true ,son ( ,god is n f no?+2 nor is ,he made1 b begott54 ,t c]ta9 creatures made by ,god out ( no?+ are call$ sons ( ,god is to be tak5 9 a metaphorical s5se1 accord+ to a c]ta9 lik5ess ( assimilation to ,him ,:o is ! true ,son4 ,:5ce1 z ,he is ! only true & natural ,son ( ,god1 ,he is call$ ! only begott51 accord+ to ,john #a3ah1 ,! only begott5 ,son1 ,:o is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 ,he ha? decl>$ ,him2 & s z o!rs are entitl$ sons ( adoption by _! similitude to ,him1 ,he is call$ ! fir/ begott51 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3bi3 ,:om ,he =eknew ,he also pr$e/9at$ to be made con=mable to ! image ( ,8 ,son1 t ,he might be ! fir/ born ( _m bre?r54 ,!re=e ! ,son ( ,god is begott5 ( ! sub/ance ( ! ,fa!r1 b n 9 ! same way z man is born ( man2 = a "p ( ! human sub/ance 9 g5]ation passes into ! sub/ance ( ! "o begott51 :]eas ! div9e nature _c be p>t$2 :5ce x necess>ily foll[s t ! ,fa!r 9 begett+ ! ,son does n transmit any "p ( ,8 nature1 b communicates ,8 :ole nature to ,him1 ! di/9ction only ( orig9 rema9+ z expla9$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 we say t ! ,son 0 born ( ! ,fa!r1 ! preposition ( designates a consub/antial g5]at+ pr9ciple1 b n a mat]ial pr9ciple4 ,= t :i* is produc$ f matt]1 is made by a *ange ( =m 9 t :5ce x is produc$4 ,b ! div9e ess5ce is un*angeable1 & is n susceptive ( ano!r =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 we say ! ,son is begott5 ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r1 z ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces expla9s 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 v71 ?is d5otes ! habitude ( a k9d ( active pr9ciple1 & z he exp\nds1 ! ,son is begott5 ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r--t is1 ( ! ,fa!r ,:o is ess5ce2 & s ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ac73 ,:5 ,i say ( ! ,fa!r ,:o is ess5ce1 x is ! same z if ,i said m explicitly1 ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh to expla9 ! real mean+ ( ! words4 ,= we c say t ! creature is f ,god ,:o is ess5ce2 b n t x is f ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,s we may expla9 !m o!rwise1 by obs]v+ t ! preposition ( de always d5otes consub/antiality4 ,we d n say t a h\se is ( de ! build]1 s9ce he is n ! consub/antial cause4 ,we c say1 h[ev]1 t some?+ is ( ano!r1 if ?is is its consub/antial pr9ciple1 no matt] 9 :at way x is s1 :e!r x be an active pr9ciple1 z ! son is said to be ( ! fa!r1 or a mat]ial pr9ciple1 z a knife is ( iron2 or a =mal pr9ciple1 b 9 ^? ?+s only 9 :i* ! =ms are subsi/+1 & n accid5tal to ano!r1 = we c say t an angel is ( an intellectual nature4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 we say t ! ,son is begott5 '(' ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r1 inasmu* z ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r1 communicat$ by g5]ation1 subsi/s 9 ! ,son4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 we say t ! ,son is begott5 ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r1 a t]m is add$ :i* saves ! di/9ction4 ,b :5 we say t ! ?ree p]sons are '(' ! div9e ess5ce1 !re is no?+ express$ to w>rant ! di/9ction signifi$ by ! preposition1 s !re is no p>ity ( argum5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 we say ,wisdom 0 creat$1 ?is may be und]/ood n ( ,wisdom :i* is ! ,son ( ,god1 b ( creat$ wisdom giv5 by ,god to creatures3 = x is said1 ,he creat$ h] namely1 ,wisdom 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ,he p\r$ h] out ov] all ,8 works 7,ecclus4 #a3i1 #aj74 ,nor is x inconsi/5t = ,scripture 9 "o text to speak ( ! ,wisdom begott5 & wisdom creat$1 = wisdom creat$ is a k9d ( p>ticipation ( ! uncreat$ ,wisdom4 ,! say+ may also be ref]r$ to ! creat$ nature assum$ by ! ,son1 s t ! s5se be1 ,f ! beg9n+ & be=e ! _w 0 ,i made--t is1 ,i 0 =ese5 z unit$ to ! creature4 ,or ! m5tion ( wisdom z bo? creat$ & begott5 ins9uates into our m9ds ! mode ( ! div9e g5]ation2 = 9 g5]ation :at is g5]at$ receives ! nature ( ! g5]ator & ?is p]ta9s to p]fection2 :]eas 9 creation ! ,creator is n *ang$1 b ! creature does n receive ! ,creator's nature4 ,?us ! ,son is call$ bo? creat$ & begott51 9 ord] t f ! idea ( creation ! immutability ( ! ,fa!r may be und]/ood1 & f g5]ation ! unity ( nature 9 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,9 ?is way ,hil>y exp\nds ! s5se ( ?is text ( ,scripture 7,de ,synod474 ,! o!r passages quot$ d n ref] to ! ,holy ,gho/1 b to ! creat$ _s1 sometimes call$ w9d1 sometimes air1 sometimes ! brea? ( man1 sometimes also ! s\l1 or any o!r invisible sub/ance4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r 9 ,god ,!re ,is a ,p[] 9 ,respect ( ! ,notional ,acts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,god !re is no p[] 9 respect ( ! notional acts4 ,= e k9d ( p[] is ei!r active or passive2 nei!r ( :i* c be "h appli$1 !re be+ 9 ,god no?+ :i* we call passive p[]1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a72 nor c active p[] belong to "o p]son z reg>ds ano!r1 s9ce ! div9e p]sons 7 n made1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re is no p[] 9 respect ( ! notional acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( p[] is :at is possible4 ,b ! div9e p]sons are n reg>d$ z possible1 b necess>y4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds ! notional acts1 :]eby ! div9e p]sons proce$1 !re _c be p[] 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,son proce$s z ! ^w1 :i* is ! concept ( ! intellect2 & ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s z love1 :i* belongs to ! w4 ,b 9 ,god p[] exi/s z reg>ds effects1 & n z reg>ds intellect & w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e1 9 ,god p[] does n exi/ 9 ref]5ce to ! notional acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,maxim4 iii1 #a73 ,if ,god ! ,fa!r c\ld n beget a co-equal ,son1 :]e is ! omnipot5ce ( ,god ! ,fa!r8 ,p[] !re=e exi/s 9 ,god reg>d+ ! notional acts4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! notional acts exi/ 9 ,god1 s mu/ !re be also a p[] 9 ,god reg>d+ ^! acts2 s9ce p[] only means ! pr9ciple ( act4 ,s1 z we und]/& ! ,fa!r to be pr9ciple ( g5]ation2 & ! ,fa!r & ! ,son to be ! pr9ciple ( spiration1 we mu/ attribute ! p[] ( g5]at+ to ! ,fa!r1 & ! p[] ( spiration to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 = ! p[] ( g5]ation means t :]eby ! g5]ator g5]ates4 ,n[ e g5]ator g5]ates by some?+4 ,!re=e 9 e g5]ator we mu/ suppose ! p[] ( g5]at+1 & 9 ! spirator ! p[] ( spirat+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z a p]son1 accord+ to notional acts1 does n proce$ z if made2 s ! p[] 9 ,god z reg>ds ! notional acts has no ref]5ce to a p]son z if made1 b only z reg>ds ! p]son z proce$+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,possible1 z oppos$ to :at is necess>y1 is a consequ5ce ( a passive p[]1 :i* does n exi/ 9 ,god4 ,h5ce1 9 ,god !re is no su* ?+ z possibility 9 ?is s5se1 b only 9 ! s5se ( possible z conta9$ 9 :at is necess>y2 & 9 ?is latt] s5se x c be said t z x is possible = ,god to be1 s also is x possible t ! ,son %\ld be g5]at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,p[] signifies a pr9ciple3 & a pr9ciple implies di/9ction f t ( :i* x is ! pr9ciple4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve a d\ble di/9ction 9 ?+s said ( ,god3 "o is a real di/9ction1 ! o!r is a di/9ction ( reason only4 ,by a real di/9ction1 ,god by ,8 ess5ce is di/9ct f ^? ?+s ( :i* ,he is ! pr9ciple by creation3 j z "o p]son is di/9ct f ! o!r ( :i* ,he is pr9ciple by a notional act4 ,b 9 ,god ! di/9ction ( action & ag5t is "o ( reason only1 o!rwise action w\ld be an accid5t 9 ,god4 ,& !re=e ) reg>d to ^? actions 9 respect ( :i* c]ta9 ?+s proce$ :i* are di/9ct f ,god1 ei!r p]sonally or ess5tially1 we may ascribe p[] to ,god 9 its prop] s5se ( pr9ciple4 ,& z we ascribe to ,god ! p[] ( creat+1 s we may ascribe ! p[] ( begett+ & ( spirat+4 ,b to und]/& & to w are n su* actions z to designate ! procession ( some?+ di/9ct f ,god1 ei!r ess5tially or p]sonally4 ,:]e=e1 ) reg>d to ^! actions we _c ascribe p[] to ,god 9 its prop] s5se1 b only aft] our way ( und]/&+ & speak+3 inasmu* z we designate by diff]5t t]ms ! intellect & ! act ( und]/&+ 9 ,god1 :]eas 9 ,god ! act ( und]/&+ is ,8 v ess5ce :i* has no pr9ciple4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,p[] ( ,begett+ ,signifies a ,relation1 & ,n ! ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p[] ( begett+1 or ( spirat+1 signifies ! relation & n ! ess5ce4 ,= p[] signifies a pr9ciple1 z appe>s f its def9ition3 = active p[] is ! pr9ciple ( action1 z we f9d 9 ,metaph4 v1 text #ag4 ,b 9 ,god pr9ciple 9 reg>d to ,p]son is said notionally4 ,!re=e1 9 ,god1 p[] does n signify ess5ce b relation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ,god1 ! p[] to act posse & 'to act' are n di/9ct4 ,b 9 ,god1 begett+ signifies relation4 ,!re=e1 ! same applies to ! p[] ( begett+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t]ms signify+ ! ess5ce 9 ,god1 are common to ! ?ree p]sons4 ,b ! p[] ( begett+ is n common to ! ?ree p]sons1 b prop] to ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e x does n signify ! ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,z ,god has ! p[] to beget ! ,son1 s also ,he wills to beget ,him4 ,b ! w to beget signifies ! ess5ce4 ,!re=e1 also1 ! p[] to beget4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h said t ! p[] to beget signifies relation 9 ,god4 ,b ?is is n possible4 ,= 9 e ag5t1 t is prop]ly call$ p[]1 by :i* ! ag5t acts4 ,n[1 ev]y?+ t produces some?+ by its action1 produces some?+ l itself1 z to ! =m by :i* x acts2 j z man begott5 is l 8 begett] 9 8 human nature1 9 virtue ( :i* ! fa!r has ! p[] to beget a man4 ,9 e begett]1 !re=e1 t is ! p[] ( begett+ 9 :i* ! begott5 is l ! begett]4 ,n[ ! ,son ( ,god is l ! ,fa!r1 :o begets ,him1 9 ! div9e nature4 ,:]e=e ! div9e nature 9 ! ,fa!r is 9 ,him ! p[] ( begett+4 ,& s ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 v73 ,! bir? ( ,god _c b conta9 t nature f :i* x proce$$2 = ,he _c subsi/ o!r ?an ,god1 ,:o subsi/s f no o!r s\rce ?an ,god4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! p[] ( begett+ signifies pr9cipally ! div9e ess5ce z ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 vii71 & n ! relation only4 ,nor does x signify ! ess5ce z id5tifi$ ) ! relation1 s z to signify bo? equally4 ,= al?\gh pat]nity is signifi$ z ! =m ( ! ,fa!r1 nev]!less x is a p]sonal prop]ty1 be+ 9 respect to ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 :at ! individual =m is to ! individual creature4 ,n[ ! individual =m 9 ?+s creat$ con/itutes ! p]son begett+1 b is n t by :i* ! begett] begets1 o!rwise ,socrates w\ld beget ,socrates4 ,s nei!r c pat]nity be und]/ood z t by :i* ! ,fa!r begets1 b z con/itut+ ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 o!rwise ! ,fa!r w\ld beget ! ,fa!r4 ,b t by :i* ! ,fa!r begets is ! div9e nature1 9 :i* ! ,son is l to ,him4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #ah7 t g5]ation is ! "w ( nature1 n ( nature g5]at+1 b ( nature1 z be+ t by :i* ! g5]ator g5]ates4 ,& !re=e ! p[] ( begett+ signifies ! div9e nature directly1 b ! relation indirectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p[] does n signify ! relation itself ( a pr9ciple1 = ?us x w\ld be 9 ! g5us ( relation2 b x signifies t :i* is a pr9ciple2 n1 inde$1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we call ! ag5t a pr9ciple1 b 9 ! s5se ( be+ t by :i* ! ag5t acts4 ,n[ ! ag5t is di/9ct f t :i* x makes1 & ! g5]ator f t :i* x g5]ates3 b t by :i* ! g5]ator g5]ates is common to g5]at$ & g5]ator1 & s mu* m p]fectly1 z ! g5]ation is m p]fect4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! div9e g5]ation is mo/ p]fect1 t by :i* ! ,begett] begets1 is common to ,begott5 & ,begett] by a community ( id5tity1 & n only ( species1 z 9 ?+s creat$4 ,!re=e1 f ! fact t we say t ! div9e ess5ce is ! pr9ciple by :i* ! ,begett] begets1 x does n foll[ t ! div9e ess5ce is di/9ct 7f ! ,begott573 :i* w\ld foll[ if we 7 to say t ! div9e ess5ce begets4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z 9 ,god1 ! p[] ( begett+ is ! same z ! act ( begett+1 s ! div9e ess5ce is ! same 9 reality z ! act ( begett+ or pat]nity2 al?\gh !re is a di/9ction ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! p[] ( begett+1 p[] is signifi$ directly1 g5]ation indirectly3 j z if ,i 7 to say1 ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r4 ,:]e=e 9 respect ( ! ess5ce1 :i* is signifi$1 ! p[] ( begett+ is common to ! ?ree p]sons3 b 9 respect ( ! notion t is connot$1 x is prop] to ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,sev]al ,p]sons ,c ,be ! ,t]m ( ,"o ,notional ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a notional act c be direct$ to sev]al ,p]sons1 s t !re may be sev]al ,p]sons begott5 or spirat$ 9 ,god4 ,= :oev] has ! p[] ( begett+ c beget4 ,b ! ,son has ! p[] ( begett+4 ,!re=e ,he c beget4 ,b ,he _c beget ,himself3 !re=e ,he c beget ano!r son4 ,!re=e !re c be sev]al ,sons 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,maxim4 iii1 #ab73 ,! ,son did n beget a ,creator3 n t ,he c\ld n1 b t x behov$ ,him n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god ! ,fa!r has great] p[] to beget ?an has a creat$ fa!r4 ,b a man c beget sev]al sons4 ,!re=e ,god c also3 ! m s t ! p[] ( ! ,fa!r is n dim9i%$ aft] begett+ ! ,son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ,god t :i* is possible1 & t :i* is d n diff]4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ,god x 7 possible = !re to be sev]al ,sons1 !re w\ld be sev]al ,sons4 ,& ?us !re w\ld be m ?an ?ree ,p]sons 9 ,god2 :i* is h]etical4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,a?anasius says1 9 ,god !re is only "o ,fa!r1 "o ,son1 "o ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ?is f\r reasons may be giv54 ,! fir/ reason is 9 reg>d to ! relations by :i* alone are ! ,p]sons di/9ct4 ,= s9ce ! div9e ,p]sons are ! relations !mselves z subsi/5t1 !re w\ld n be sev]al ,fa!rs1 or sev]al ,sons 9 ,god1 unless !re 7 m ?an "o pat]nity1 or m ?an "o filiation4 ,& ?is1 inde$1 w\ld n be possible except ow+ to a mat]ial di/9ction3 s9ce =ms ( "o species are n multipli$ except 9 respect ( matt]1 :i* is n 9 ,god4 ,:]e=e !re c be b "o subsi/5t filiation 9 ,god3 j z !re c\ld be b "o subsi/5t :it5ess4 ,! second reason is tak5 f ! mann] ( ! processions4 ,= ,god und]/&s & wills all ?+s by "o simple act4 ,:]e=e !re c be b "o p]son proce$+ aft] ! mann] ( ^w1 :i* p]son is ! ,son2 & b "o p]son proce$+ aft] ! mann] ( love1 :i* p]son is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! ?ird reason is tak5 f ! mann] 9 :i* ! p]sons proce$4 ,= ! p]sons proce$ naturally1 z we h said 7,a4 #b71 & nature is det]m9$ to "o4 ,! f\r? reason is tak5 f ! p]fection ( ! div9e p]sons4 ,= ?is reason is ! ,son p]fect1 t ! entire div9e filiation is conta9$ 9 ,him1 & t !re is b "o ,son4 ,! argum5t is simil> 9 reg>d to ! o!r p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we c grant1 )\t di/9ction1 t ! ,son has ! same p[] z ! ,fa!r2 b we _c grant t ! ,son has ! p[] g5]&i ( begett+ ?us tak+ g5]&i z ! g]und ( ! active v]b1 s t ! s5se w\ld be t ! ,son has ! p[] to beget4 ,j z1 al?\gh ,fa!r & ,son h ! same be+1 x does n foll[ t ! ,son is ! ,fa!r1 by reason ( ! notional t]m add$4 ,b if ! ^w g5]&i ( be+ begott5 is tak5 z ! g]undive ( ! passive v]b1 ! p[] g5]&i is 9 ! ,son--t is1 ! p[] ( be+ begott54 ,! same is to be said if x be tak5 z ! g]undive ( an imp]sonal v]b1 s t ! s5se be ! p[] ( g5]ation--t is1 a p[] by :i* x is g5]at$ by "s p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e does n mean to say by ^? words t ! ,son c\ld beget a ,son3 b t if ,he did n1 x 0 n because ,he c\ld n1 z we %all see lat] on 7,q4 #db1 ,a4 #f1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,div9e p]fection & ! total abs5ce ( matt] 9 ,god require t !re _c be sev]al ,sons 9 ,god1 z we h expla9$4 ,:]e=e t !re are n sev]al ,sons is n due to any lack ( begett+ p[] 9 ! ,fa!r4 ,,"q #db ,,( ,,equality ,,& ,,lik5ess ,,among ,,! ,,div9e ,,p]sons 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we n[ h to consid] ! p]sons z comp>$ to "o ano!r3 fir/ly1 ) reg>d to equality & lik5ess2 secondly1 ) reg>d to mission4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are six po9ts ( inquiry4 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is equality among ! div9e p]sons8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! p]son :o proce$s is equal to ! "o f ,:om ,he proce$s 9 et]nity8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re is any ord] among ! div9e p]sons8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! div9e p]sons are equal 9 greatness8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! "o div9e p]son is 9 ano!r8 7#f7 ,:e!r !y are equal 9 p[]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,equality 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t equality is n becom+ to ! div9e p]sons4 ,= equality is 9 relation to ?+s :i* are "o 9 quantity z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text #bj74 ,b 9 ! div9e p]sons !re is no quantity1 nei!r cont9u\s intr9sic quantity1 :i* we call size1 nor cont9u\s extr9sic quantity1 :i* we call place & "t4 ,nor c !re be equality by reason ( discrete quantity1 because two p]sons are m ?an "o4 ,!re=e equality is n becom+ to ! div9e p]sons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! div9e p]sons are ( "o ess5ce1 z we h said 7,q4 #ci1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ess5ce is signifi$ by way ( =m4 ,b agreem5t 9 =m makes ?+s to be alike1 n to be equal4 ,!re=e1 we may speak ( lik5ess 9 ! div9e p]sons1 b n ( equality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :]e9 !re is to be f\nd equality1 are equal to "o ano!r1 = equality is reciprocal4 ,b ! div9e p]sons _c be said to be equal to "o ano!r4 ,= z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj73 ,if an image answ]s p]fectly to t :]e( x is ! image1 x may be said to be equal to x2 b t :i* x repres5ts _c be said to be equal to ! image4 ,b ! ,son is ! image ( ! ,fa!r2 & s ! ,fa!r is n equal to ! ,son4 ,!re=e equality is n to be f\nd among ! div9e p]sons4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 equality is a relation4 ,b no relation is common to ! ?ree p]sons2 = ! p]sons are di/9ct by reason ( ! relations4 ,!re=e equality is n becom+ to ! div9e p]sons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a?anasius says t ! ?ree p]sons are co-et]nal & co-equal to "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ ne$s admit equality among ! div9e p]sons4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 x1 text #ae1 #af1 #ag71 equality signifies ! negation ( great] or less4 ,n[ we _c admit any?+ great] or less 9 ! div9e p]sons2 = z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr94 i73 ,!y mu/ ne$s admit a diff]5ce namely1 ( ,godhead :o speak ( ei!r increase or decrease1 z ! ,arians d1 :o sund] ! ,tr9ity by di/+ui%+ degrees z ( numb]s1 ?us involv+ a plurality4 ,n[ ! reason ( ?is is t unequal ?+s _c h ! same quantity4 ,b quantity1 9 ,god1 is no?+ else ?an ,8 ess5ce4 ,:]e=e x foll[s1 t if !re 7 any inequality 9 ! div9e p]sons1 !y w\ld n h ! same ess5ce2 & ?us ! ?ree p]sons w\ld n be "o ,god2 :i* is impossible4 ,we mu/ !re=e admit equality among ! div9e p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,quantity is tw(old4 ,!re is quantity ( bulk or dim5sive quantity1 :i* is to be f\nd only 9 corporeal ?+s1 & has1 !re=e1 no place 9 ,god4 ,!re is also quantity ( virtue1 :i* is measur$ accord+ to ! p]fection ( "s nature or =m3 to ?is sort ( quantity we allude :5 we speak ( some?+ z be+ m1 or less1 hot2 =asmu* z x is m or less1 p]fect 9 heat4 ,n[ ?is virtual quantity is measur$ fir/ly by its s\rce--t is1 by ! p]fection ( t =m or nature3 su* is ! greatness ( spiritual ?+s1 j z we speak ( great heat on acc\nt ( its int5sity & p]fection4 ,& s ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #ah7 t 9 ?+s :i* are great1 b n 9 bulk1 to be great] is to be bett]1 = ! m p]fect a ?+ is ! bett] x is4 ,secondly1 virtual quantity is measur$ by ! effects ( ! =m4 ,n[ ! fir/ effect ( =m is be+1 = ev]y?+ has be+ by reason ( its =m4 ,! second effect is op]ation1 = e ag5t acts ?r\gh its =m4 ,consequ5tly virtual quantity is measur$ bo? 9 reg>d to be+ & 9 reg>d to action3 9 reg>d to be+1 =asmu* z ?+s ( a m p]fect nature are ( long] duration2 & 9 reg>d to action1 =asmu* z ?+s ( a m p]fect nature are m p[]ful to act4 ,& s z ,augu/9e 7,fulg5tius1 ,de ,fide ad ,petrum i7 says3 ,we und]/& equality to be 9 ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 inasmu* z no "o ( !m ei!r prec$es 9 et]nity1 or excels 9 greatness1 or surpasses 9 p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:]e we h equality 9 respect ( virtual quantity1 equality includes lik5ess & some?+ besides1 because x excludes excess4 ,= :atev] ?+s h a common =m may be said to be alike1 ev5 if !y d n p>ticipate 9 t =m equally1 j z ! air may be said to be l fire 9 heat2 b !y _c be said to be equal if "o p>ticipates 9 ! =m m p]fectly ?an ano!r4 ,& because n only is ! same nature 9 bo? ,fa!r & ,son1 b also is x 9 bo? 9 p]fect equality1 !re=e we say n only t ! ,son is l to ! ,fa!r1 9 ord] to exclude ! error ( ,eunomius1 b also t ,he is equal to ! ,fa!r to exclude ! error ( ,arius4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,equality & lik5ess 9 ,god may be designat$ 9 two ways--namely1 by n\ns & by v]bs4 ,:5 designat$ by n\ns1 equality 9 ! div9e p]sons is mutual1 & s is lik5ess2 = ! ,son is equal & l to ! ,fa!r1 & conv]sely4 ,?is is because ! div9e ess5ce is n m ! ,fa!r's ?an ! ,son's4 ,:]e=e1 j z ! ,son has ! greatness ( ! ,fa!r1 & is !re=e equal to ! ,fa!r1 s ! ,fa!r has ! greatness ( ! ,son1 & is !re=e equal to ! ,son4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to creatures1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ix73 ,equality & lik5ess are n mutual4 ,= effects are said to be l _! causes1 inasmu* z !y h ! =m ( _! causes2 b n conv]sely1 = ! =m is pr9cipally 9 ! cause1 & second>ily 9 ! effect4 ,b v]bs signify equality ) movem5t4 ,& al?\gh movem5t is n 9 ,god1 !re is some?+ t receives4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! ,son receives f ! ,fa!r1 ?is1 namely1 t ,he is equal to ! ,fa!r1 & n conv]sely1 = ?is reason we say t ! ,son is equall$ to ! ,fa!r1 b n conv]sely4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! div9e p]sons !re is no?+ = u to consid] b ! ess5ce :i* !y h 9 common & ! relations 9 :i* !y are di/9ct4 ,n[ equality implies bo?--namely1 di/9ction ( p]sons1 = no?+ c be said to be equal to itself2 & unity ( ess5ce1 s9ce = ?is reason are ! p]sons equal to "o ano!r1 t !y are ( ! same greatness & ess5ce4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! relation ( a ?+ to itself is n a real relation4 ,nor1 aga91 is "o relation ref]r$ to ano!r by a fur!r relation3 = :5 we say t pat]nity is oppos$ to filiation1 opposition is n a relation m$iat+ betwe5 pat]nity & filiation4 ,= 9 bo? ^! cases relation w\ld be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,!re=e equality & lik5ess 9 ! div9e p]sons is n a real relation di/9ct f ! p]sonal relations3 b 9 its concept x includes bo? ! relations :i* di/+ui% ! p]sons1 & ! unity ( ess5ce4 ,= ?is reason ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 i1 ,d1 xxxi7 t 9 ^! x is only ! t]ms t are relative4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,p]son ,proce$+ ,is ,co-et]nal ) ,8 ,pr9ciple1 ,z ! ,son ) ! ,fa!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p]son proce$+ is n co-et]nal ) ,8 pr9ciple1 z ! ,son ) ! ,fa!r4 ,= ,arius gives twelve modes ( g5]ation4 ,! fir/ mode is l ! issue ( a l9e f a po9t2 :]e9 is want+ equality ( simplicity4 ,! second is l ! emission ( rays f ! sun2 :]e9 is abs5t equality ( nature4 ,! ?ird is l ! m>k or impression made by a seal2 :]e9 is want+ consub/antiality & executive p[]4 ,! f\r? is ! infusion ( a good w f ,god2 :]e9 also consub/antiality is want+4 ,! fif? is ! emanation ( an accid5t f its subject2 b ! accid5t has no subsi/5ce4 ,! six? is ! ab/raction ( a species f matt]1 z s5se receives ! species f ! s5sible object2 :]e9 is want+ equality ( spiritual simplicity4 ,! sev5? is ! excit+ ( ! w by k1 :i* excitation is m]ely temporal4 ,! eigh? is trans=mation1 z an image is made ( brass2 :i* trans=mation is mat]ial4 ,! n9? is motion f a mov]2 & "h aga9 we h effect & cause4 ,! t5? is ! tak+ ( species f g5]a2 b ?is mode has no place 9 ,god1 = ! ,fa!r is n pr$icat$ ( ! ,son z ! g5us ( a species4 ,! elev5? is ! realization ( an idea ideatio1 z an ext]nal c(f] arises f ! "o 9 ! m9d4 ,! twelf? is bir?1 z a man is begott5 ( 8 fa!r2 :i* implies priority & po/]iority ( "t4 ,?us x is cle> t equality ( nature or ( "t is abs5t 9 e mode :]eby "o ?+ is f ano!r4 ,s if ! ,son is f ! ,fa!r1 we mu/ say t ,he is less ?an ! ,fa!r1 or lat] ?an ! ,fa!r1 or bo?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ t comes f ano!r has a pr9ciple4 ,b no?+ et]nal has a pr9ciple4 ,!re=e ! ,son is n et]nal2 nor is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* is corrupt$ ceases to be4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ g5]at$ beg9s to be2 = ! end ( g5]ation is exi/5ce4 ,b ! ,son is g5]at$ by ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e ,he beg9s to exi/1 & is n co-et]nal ) ! ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! ,son be begott5 by ! ,fa!r1 ei!r ,he is always be+ begott51 or !re is "s mom5t 9 :i* ,he is begott54 ,if ,he is always be+ begott51 s9ce1 dur+ ! process ( g5]ation1 a ?+ mu/ be imp]fect1 z appe>s 9 successive ?+s1 :i* are always 9 process ( becom+1 z "t & motion1 x foll[s t ! ,son mu/ be always imp]fect1 :i* _c be admitt$4 ,?us !re is a mom5t to be assign$ = ! begett+ ( ! ,son1 & be=e t mom5t ! ,son did n exi/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a?anasius decl>es t all ! ?ree p]sons are co-et]nal ) ea* o!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ say t ! ,son is co-et]nal ) ! ,fa!r4 ,9 pro( ( :i* we mu/ consid] t = a ?+ :i* proce$s f a pr9ciple to be po/]ior to its pr9ciple may be due to two reasons3 "o on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 & ! o!r on ! "p ( ! action4 ,on ! "p ( ! ag5t ?is happ5s diff]5tly z reg>ds free ag5ts & natural ag5ts4 ,9 free ag5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! *oice ( "t2 = z a free ag5t c *oose ! =m x gives to ! effect1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b71 s x c *oose ! "t 9 :i* to produce its effect4 ,9 natural ag5ts1 h[ev]1 ! same happ5s f ! ag5t n hav+ its p]fection ( natural p[] f ! v fir/1 b obta9+ x aft] a c]ta9 "t2 z1 = in/ance1 a man is n able to g5]ate f ! v fir/4 ,consid]$ on ! "p ( action1 any?+ d]iv$ f a pr9ciple _c exi/ simultane\sly ) its pr9ciple :5 ! action is successive4 ,s1 giv5 t an ag5t1 z soon z x exi/s1 beg9s to act ?us1 ! effect w\ld n exi/ 9 ! same in/ant1 b 9 ! in/ant ( ! action's t]m9ation4 ,n[ x is manife/1 accord+ to :at has be5 said 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b71 t ! ,fa!r does n beget ! ,son by w1 b by nature2 & also t ! ,fa!r's nature 0 p]fect f et]nity2 & aga9 t ! action :]eby ! ,fa!r produces ! ,son is n successive1 because ?us ! ,son w\ld be successively g5]at$1 & ?is g5]ation w\ld be mat]ial1 & accompani$ ) movem5t2 :i* is q impossible4 ,!re=e we conclude t ! ,son exi/$ :5soev] ! ,fa!r exi/$ & ?us ! ,son is co-et]nal ) ! ,fa!r1 & likewise ! ,holy ,gho/ is co-et]nal ) bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]bis ,dom9i1 ,s]m4 #ch71 no mode ( ! procession ( any creature p]fectly repres5ts ! div9e g5]ation4 ,h5ce we ne$ to ga!r a lik5ess ( x f _m ( ^! modes1 s t :at is want+ 9 "o may be some:at suppli$ f ano!r2 & ?us x is decl>$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus3 ,let ,spl5dor tell !e t ! co-et]nal ,son exi/$ always ) ! ,fa!r2 let ! ,^w ann\nce ! impassibility ( ,8 bir?2 let ! "n ,son ins9uate ,8 consub/antiality4 ,yet1 above !m all ! procession ( ! ^w f ! intellect repres5ts x m exactly2 ! intellectual ^w n be+ po/]ior to its s\rce except 9 an intellect pass+ f pot5tiality to act2 & ?is _c be said ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,et]nity excludes ! pr9ciple ( duration1 b n ! pr9ciple ( orig94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e corruption is a *ange2 & s all t corrupts beg9s n to exi/ & ceases to be4 ,! div9e g5]ation1 h[ev]1 is n *ang$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce ! ,son is ev] be+ begott51 & ! ,fa!r is always begett+4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 "t !re is some?+ indivisible--namely1 ! in/ant2 & !re is some?+ else :i* endures--namely1 "t4 ,b 9 et]nity ! indivisible n[ /&s ev] /ill1 z we h said above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,b ! g5]ation ( ! ,son is n 9 ! n[ ( "t1 or 9 "t1 b 9 et]nity4 ,& s to express ! pres5tiality & p]man5ce ( et]nity1 we c say t ,he is ev] be+ born1 z ,orig5 said 7,hom4 9 ,joan4 i74 ,b z ,gregory 99,moral4 xxix1 #ba & ,augu/9e 99,sup] ,ps4 #b3g said1 x is bett] to say ev] born1 s t ev] may d5ote ! p]man5ce ( et]nity1 & born ! p]fection ( ! only ,begott54 ,?us1 !re=e1 nei!r is ! ,son imp]fect1 nor 0 !re a "t :5 ,he 0 n1 z ,arius said4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r 9 ! ,div9e ,p]sons ,!re ,exi/s an ,ord] ( ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t among ! div9e p]sons !re does n exi/ an ord] ( nature4 ,= :atev] exi/s 9 ,god is ! ess5ce1 or a p]son1 or a notion4 ,b ! ord] ( nature does n signify ! ess5ce1 nor any ( ! p]sons1 or notions4 ,!re=e !re is no ord] ( nature 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]ev] ord] ( nature exi/s1 !re "o comes be=e ano!r1 at lea/1 accord+ to nature & intellect4 ,b 9 ! div9e p]sons !re exi/s nei!r priority nor po/]iority1 z decl>$ by ,a?anasius4 ,!re=e1 9 ! div9e p]sons !re is no ord] ( nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :]ev] ord] exi/s1 di/9ction also exi/s4 ,b !re is no di/9ction 9 ! div9e nature4 ,!re=e x is n subject to ord]2 & ord] ( nature does n exi/ 9 x4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! div9e nature is ! div9e ess5ce4 ,b !re is no ord] ( ess5ce 9 ,god4 ,!re=e nei!r is !re ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:]e plurality exi/s )\t ord]1 confusion exi/s4 ,b 9 ! div9e p]sons !re is no confusion1 z ,a?anasius says4 ,!re=e 9 ,god ord] exi/s4 ,i answ] t1 ,ord] always has ref]5ce to "s pr9ciple4 ,:]e=e s9ce !re are _m k9ds ( pr9ciple--namely1 accord+ to site1 z a po9t2 accord+ to intellect1 z ! pr9ciple ( demon/ration2 & accord+ to ea* individual cause--s are !re _m k9ds ( ord]4 ,n[ pr9ciple1 accord+ to orig91 )\t priority1 exi/s 9 ,god z we h /at$ 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #a73 s !re mu/ likewise be ord] accord+ to orig91 )\t priority2 & ?is is call$ '! ord] ( nature'3 9 ! words ( ,augu/9e 7,contra ,maxim4 iv73 ,n :]eby "o is prior to ano!r1 b :]eby "o is f ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ord] ( nature signifies ! notion ( orig9 9 g5]al1 n a special k9d ( orig94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?+s creat$1 ev5 :5 :at is d]iv$ f a pr9ciple is co-equal 9 duration ) its pr9ciple1 ! pr9ciple /ill comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( nature & reason1 if =mally consid]$ z pr9ciple4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! relations ( cause & effect1 or ( ! pr9ciple & ! ?+ proce$+ !refrom1 x is cle> t ! ?+s s relat$ are simultane\s 9 ! ord] ( nature & reason1 inasmu* z ! "o ent]s ! def9ition ( ! o!r4 ,b 9 ,god ! relations !mselves are ! p]sons subsi/+ 9 "o nature4 ,s1 nei!r on ! "p ( ! nature1 nor on ! "p ! relations1 c "o p]son be prior to ano!r1 n ev5 9 ! ord] ( nature & reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ord] ( nature means n ! ord]+ ( nature itself1 b ! exi/5ce ( ord] 9 ! div9e ,p]sons accord+ to natural orig94 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,nature 9 a c]ta9 way implies ! idea ( a pr9ciple1 b ess5ce does n2 & s ! ord] ( orig9 is m correctly call$ ! ord] ( nature ?an ! ord] ( ess5ce4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,son ,is ,equal to ! ,fa!r 9 ,greatness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,son is n equal to ! ,fa!r 9 greatness4 ,= ,he ,himself said 7,john #ad3bh73 ,! ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i2 & ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ae3bh73 ,! ,son ,himself %all be subject to ,him t put all ?+s "u ,him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pat]nity is "p ( ! ,fa!r's dignity4 ,b pat]nity does n belong to ! ,son4 ,!re=e ! ,son does n possess all ! ,fa!r's dignity2 & s ,he is n equal 9 greatness to ! ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :]ev] !re exi/ a :ole & a "p1 _m p>ts are m ?an "o only1 or ?an few] p>ts2 z ?ree m5 are m ?an two1 or ?an "o4 ,b 9 ,god a univ]sal :ole exi/s1 & a "p2 = "u relation or notion1 sev]al notions are includ$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce 9 ! ,fa!r !re are ?ree notions1 :ile 9 ! ,son !re are only two1 ! ,son is evid5tly n equal to ! ,fa!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,phil4 #b3f73 ,he ?\ght x n robb]y to be equal ) ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,son is necess>ily equal to ! ,fa!r 9 greatness4 ,= ! greatness ( ,god is no?+ b ! p]fection ( ,8 nature4 ,n[ x belongs to ! v nature ( pat]nity & filiation t ! ,son by g5]ation %\ld atta9 to ! possession ( ! p]fection ( ! nature :i* is 9 ! ,fa!r1 9 ! same way z x is 9 ! ,fa!r ,himself4 ,b s9ce 9 m5 g5]ation is a c]ta9 k9d ( transmutation ( "o proce$+ f pot5tiality to act1 x foll[s t a man is n equal at fir/ to ! fa!r :o begets him1 b atta9s to equality by due gr[?1 unless ow+ to a defect 9 ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation x %\ld happ5 o!rwise4 ,f :at prec$es 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #cc1 ,,aa4 #b 1#c71 x is evid5t t 9 ,god !re exi/ real true pat]nity & filiation4 ,nor c we say t ! p[] ( g5]ation 9 ! ,fa!r 0 defective1 nor t ! ,son ( ,god arriv$ at p]fection 9 a successive mann] & by *ange4 ,!re=e we mu/ say t ! ,son 0 et]nally equal to ! ,fa!r 9 greatness4 ,h5ce1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod4 ,c4 #bg73 ,remove bodily weakness1 remove ! beg9n+ ( conception1 remove pa9 & all human %ortcom+s1 !n e son1 by reason ( 8 natural nativity1 is ! fa!r's equal1 because he has a l nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words are to be und]/ood ( ,*ri/'s human nature1 :]e9 ,he is less ?an ! ,fa!r1 & subject to ,him2 b 9 ,8 div9e nature ,he is equal to ! ,fa!r4 ,?is is express$ by ,a?anasius1 ,equal to ! ,fa!r 9 ,8 ,godhead2 less ?an ! ,fa!r 9 humanity3 & by ,hil>y 7,de ,tr94 ix73 ,by ! fact ( giv+1 ! ,fa!r is great]2 b ,he is n less to ,:om ! same be+ is giv52 & 7,de ,synod473 ,! ,son subjects ,himself by ,8 inborn piety--t is1 by ,8 recognition ( pat]nal au?ority2 :]eas creatures are subject by _! creat$ weakness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,equality is measur$ by greatness4 ,9 ,god greatness signifies ! p]fection ( nature1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #a1 ad #a71 & belongs to ! ess5ce4 ,?us equality & lik5ess 9 ,god h ref]5ce to ! ess5ce2 nor c !re be inequality or dissimilitude aris+ f ! di/9ction ( ! relations4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,maxim4 iii1 #ac71 ,! "q ( orig9 is1 ,:o is f :om8 b ! "q ( equality is1 ,( :at k9d1 or h[ great1 is he8 ,!re=e1 pat]nity is ! ,fa!r's dignity1 z also ! ,fa!r's ess5ce3 s9ce dignity is some?+ absolute1 & p]ta9s to ! ess5ce4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! same ess5ce1 :i* 9 ! ,fa!r is pat]nity1 9 ! ,son is filiation1 s ! same dignity :i*1 9 ! ,fa!r is pat]nity1 9 ! ,son is filiation4 ,x is ?us true to say t ! ,son possesses :atev] dignity ! ,fa!r has2 b we _c argue--! ,fa!r has pat]nity1 !re=e ! ,son has pat]nity1 = !re is a transition f sub/ance to relation4 ,= ! ,fa!r & ! ,son h ! same ess5ce & dignity1 :i* exi/ 9 ! ,fa!r by ! relation ( giv]1 & 9 ! ,son by relation ( receiv]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ,god relation is n a univ]sal :ole1 al?\gh x is pr$icat$ ( ea* ( ! relations2 because all ! relations are "o 9 ess5ce & be+1 :i* is irreconcilable ) ! idea ( univ]sal1 ! p>ts ( :i* are di/+ui%$ 9 be+4 ,p]son likewise is n a univ]sal t]m 9 ,god z we h se5 above 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #d74 ,:]e=e all ! relations toge!r are n great] ?an only "o2 nor are all ! p]sons some?+ great] ?an only "o2 because ! :ole p]fection ( ! div9e nature exi/s 9 ea* p]son4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,son ,is 9 ! ,fa!r1 & ,conv]sely8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,son & ! ,fa!r are n 9 ea* o!r4 ,= ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iv1 text4 #bc7 gives eight modes ( "o ?+ exi/+ 9 ano!r1 accord+ to none ( :i* is ! ,son 9 ! ,fa!r1 or conv]sely2 z is pat5t to anyone :o exam9es ea* mode4 ,!re=e ! ,son & ! ,fa!r are n 9 ea* o!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ t has come out f ano!r is )94 ,b ! ,son f et]nity came out f ! ,fa!r1 accord+ to ,mic4 #e3b3 ,8 go+ =? is f ! beg9n+1 f ! days ( et]nity4 ,!re=e ! ,son is n 9 ! ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o ( two opposites _c be 9 ! o!r4 ,b ! ,son & ! ,fa!r are relatively oppos$4 ,!re=e "o _c be 9 ! o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,john #ad3aj73 ,i am 9 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,fa!r is 9 ,me4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are ?ree po9ts ( consid]ation z reg>ds ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 ! ess5ce1 ! relation & ! orig92 & accord+ to ea* ! ,son & ! ,fa!r are 9 ea* o!r4 ,! ,fa!r is 9 ! ,son by ,8 ess5ce1 =asmu* z ! ,fa!r is ,8 own ess5ce & communicates ,8 ess5ce to ! ,son n by any *ange on ,8 "p4 ,h5ce x foll[s t z ! ,fa!r's ess5ce is 9 ! ,son1 ! ,fa!r ,himself is 9 ! ,son2 likewise1 s9ce ! ,son is ,8 own ess5ce1 x foll[s t ,he ,himself is 9 ! ,fa!r 9 ,:om is ,8 ess5ce4 ,?is is express$ by ,hil>y 7,de ,tr94 v71 ,! un*angeable ,god1 s to speak1 foll[s ,8 own nature 9 begett+ an un*angeable subsi/+ ,god4 ,s we und]/& ! nature ( ,god to subsi/ 9 ,him1 = ,he is ,god 9 ,god4 ,x is also manife/ t z reg>ds ! relations1 ea* ( two relative opposites is 9 ! concept ( ! o!r4 ,reg>d+ orig9 also1 x is cle> t ! procession ( ! intelligible ^w is n outside ! intellect1 inasmu* z x rema9s 9 ! utt]] ( ! ^w4 ,:at also is utt]$ by ! ^w is !re9 conta9$4 ,& ! same applies to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:at is conta9$ 9 creatures does n suffici5tly repres5t :at exi/s 9 ,god2 s accord+ to none ( ! modes enum]at$ by ! ,philosoph]1 are ! ,son & ! ,fa!r 9 ea* o!r4 ,! mode ! mo/ ne>ly approa*+ to ! reality is to be f\nd 9 t :]eby some?+ exi/s 9 its orig9at+ pr9ciple1 except t ! unity ( ess5ce betwe5 ! pr9ciple & t :i* proce$s !refrom is want+ 9 ?+s creat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,son's go+ =? f ! ,fa!r is by mode ( ! int]ior procession :]eby ! ^w em]ges f ! he>t & rema9s !re94 ,h5ce ?is go+ =? 9 ,god is only by ! di/9ction ( ! relations1 n by any k9d ( ess5tial sep>ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,fa!r & ! ,son are relatively oppos$1 b n ess5tially2 :ile1 z above expla9$1 "o relative opposite is 9 ! o!r4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,son ,is ,equal to ! ,fa!r 9 ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,son is n equal to ! ,fa!r 9 p[]4 ,= x is said 7,john #e3ai73 ,! ,son _c d any?+ ( ,himself b :at ,he see? ! ,fa!r do+4 ,b ! ,fa!r c act ( ,himself4 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r's p[] is great] ?an ! ,son's4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 great] is ! p[] ( him :o comm&s & tea*es ?an ( him :o obeys & he>s4 ,b ! ,fa!r comm&s ! ,son accord+ to ,john #ad3ca3 ,z ! ,fa!r gave ,me comm&m5t s d ,i4 ,! ,fa!r also tea*es ! ,son3 ,! ,fa!r love? ! ,son1 & %[e? ,him all ?+s t ,himself do? 7,john #e3bj74 ,also1 ! ,son he>s3 ,z ,i he>1 s ,i judge 7,john #e3cj74 ,!re=e ! ,fa!r has great] p[] ?an ! ,son4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! ,fa!r's omnipot5ce to be able to beget a ,son equal to ,himself4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,maxim4 iii1 #g71 ,7 ,he unable to beget "o equal to ,himself1 :]e w\ld be ! omnipot5ce ( ,god ! ,fa!r8 ,b ! ,son _c beget a ,son1 z prov$ above 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ! ,son _c d all t belongs to ! ,fa!r's omnipot5ce2 & h5ce ,he is n equal to ,him p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,john #e3ai73 ,:atsoev] ?+s ! ,fa!r do?1 ^! ! ,son also do? 9 l mann]4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,son is necess>ily equal to ! ,fa!r 9 p[]4 ,p[] ( action is a consequ5ce ( p]fection 9 nature4 ,9 creatures1 = in/ance1 we see t ! m p]fect ! nature1 ! great] p[] is !re = action4 ,n[ x 0 %[n above 7,a4 #d7 t ! v notion ( ! div9e pat]nity & filiation requires t ! ,son %\ld be ! ,fa!r's equal 9 greatness--t is1 9 p]fection ( nature4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! ,son is equal to ! ,fa!r 9 p[]2 & ! same applies to ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 relation to bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words1 ! ,son _c ( ,himself d any?+1 d n )draw f ! ,son any p[] possess$ by ! ,fa!r1 s9ce x is imm$iately add$1 ,:atsoev] ?+s ! ,fa!r do?1 ! ,son do? 9 l mann]2 b _! mean+ is to %[ t ! ,son d]ives ,8 p[] f ! ,fa!r1 ( ,:om ,he receives ,8 nature4 ,h5ce1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 ix71 ,! unity ( ! div9e nature implies t ! ,son s acts ( ,himself p] se1 t ,he does n act by ,himself a se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,fa!r's %[+ & ! ,son's he>+ are to be tak5 9 ! s5se t ! ,fa!r communicates k to ! ,son1 z ,he communicates ,8 ess5ce4 ,! comm& ( ! ,fa!r c be expla9$ 9 ! same s5se1 z giv+ ,him f et]nity k & w to act1 by begett+ ,him4 ,or1 bett] /ill1 ?is may be ref]r$ to ,*ri/ 9 ,8 human nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! same ess5ce is pat]nity 9 ! ,fa!r1 & filiation 9 ! ,son3 s by ! same p[] ! ,fa!r begets1 & ! ,son is begott54 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! ,son c d :atev] ! ,fa!r c d2 yet x does n foll[ t ! ,son c beget2 = to argue ?us w\ld imply transition f sub/ance to relation1 = g5]ation signifies a div9e relation4 ,s ! ,son has ! same omnipot5ce z ! ,fa!r1 b ) ano!r relation2 ! ,fa!r possess+ p[] z giv+ signifi$ :5 we say t ,he is able to beget2 :ile ! ,son possesses ! p[] ( receiv+1 signifi$ by say+ t ,he c be begott54 ,,"q #dc ,,! ,,mission ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,p]sons 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! mission ( ! div9e p]sons1 conc]n+ :i* !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is suitable = a div9e p]son to be s5t8 7#b7 ,:e!r mission is et]nal1 or only temporal8 7#c7 ,9 :at s5se a div9e p]son is invisibly s5t8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is fitt+ t ea* p]son be s5t8 7#e7 ,:e!r bo? ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ are invisibly s5t8 7#f7 ,to :om ! invisible mission is direct$8 7#g7 ,( ! visible mission4 7#h7 ,:e!r any p]son s5ds ,himself visibly or invisibly8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,div9e ,p]son ,c ,be ,prop]ly ,s5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a div9e p]son _c be prop]ly s5t4 ,= "o :o is s5t is less ?an ! s5d]4 ,b "o div9e p]son is n less ?an ano!r4 ,!re=e "o p]son is n s5t by ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is s5t is sep>at$ f ! s5d]2 h5ce ,j]ome says1 comm5t+ on ,eze*4 #af3ec3 ,:at is jo9$ & ti$ 9 "o body _c be s5t4 ,b 9 ! div9e p]sons !re is no?+ t is sep>able1 z ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 vii74 ,!re=e "o p]son is n s5t by ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] is s5t1 dep>ts f "o place & comes anew into ano!r4 ,b ?is does n apply to a div9e p]son1 ,:o is ev]y:]e4 ,!re=e x is n suitable = a div9e p]son to be s5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,john #h3af73 ,i am n alone1 b ,i & ! ,fa!r t s5t ,me4 ,i answ] t1 ! notion ( mission includes two ?+s3 ! habitude ( ! "o s5t to ! s5d]2 & t ( ! "o s5t to ! end :]eto he is s5t4 ,anyone be+ s5t implies a c]ta9 k9d ( procession ( ! "o s5t f ! s5d]3 ei!r accord+ to comm&1 z ! ma/] s5ds ! s]vant2 or accord+ to c\nsel1 z an advis] may be said to s5d ! k+ to battle2 or accord+ to orig91 z a tree s5ds =? its fl[]s4 ,! habitude to ! t]m to :i* he is s5t is also %[n1 s t 9 "s way he beg9s to be pres5t !re3 ei!r because 9 no way 0 he pres5t be=e 9 ! place :]eto he is s5t1 or because he beg9s to be !re 9 "s way 9 :i* he 0 n !re hi!rto4 ,?us ! mission ( a div9e p]son is a fitt+ ?+1 z mean+ 9 "o way ! procession ( orig9 f ! s5d]1 & z mean+ a new way ( exi/+ 9 ano!r2 ?us ! ,son is said to be s5t by ! ,fa!r into ! _w1 inasmu* z ,he began to exi/ visibly 9 ! _w by tak+ our nature2 :]eas ,he 0 previ\sly 9 ! _w 7,john #a3a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,mission implies inf]iority 9 ! "o s5t1 :5 x means procession f ! s5d] z pr9ciple1 by comm& or c\nsel2 =asmu* z ! "o comm&+ is ! great]1 & ! c\nsellor is ! wis]4 ,9 ,god1 h[ev]1 x means only procession ( orig91 :i* is accord+ to equality1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #db1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:at is s s5t z to beg9 to exi/ :]e previ\sly x did n exi/1 is locally mov$ by be+ s5t2 h5ce x is necess>ily sep>at$ locally f ! s5d]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has no place 9 ! mission ( a div9e p]son2 = ! div9e p]son s5t nei!r beg9s to exi/ :]e he did n previ\sly exi/1 nor ceases to exi/ :]e ,he 04 ,h5ce su* a mission takes place )\t a sep>ation1 hav+ only di/9ction ( orig94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection re/s on ! idea ( mission accord+ to local motion1 :i* is n 9 ,god4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,mission ,is ,et]nal1 or ,only ,temporal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t mission c be et]nal4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxvi1 9 ,ev471 ,! ,son is s5t z ,he is begott54 ,b ! ,son's g5]ation is et]nal4 ,!re=e mission is et]nal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is *ang$ if x becomes some?+ temporally4 ,b a div9e p]son is n *ang$4 ,!re=e ! mission ( a div9e p]son is n temporal1 b et]nal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 mission implies procession4 ,b ! procession ( ! div9e p]sons is et]nal4 ,!re=e mission is also et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,gal4 #d3d73 ,:5 ! fullness ( ! "t 0 come1 ,god s5t ,8 ,son4 ,i answ] t1 ,a c]ta9 diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ 9 all ! words t express ! orig9 ( ! div9e p]sons4 ,= "s express only relation to ! pr9ciple1 z procession & go+ =?4 ,o!rs express ! t]m ( procession toge!r ) ! relation to ! pr9ciple4 ,( ^! "s express ! et]nal t]m1 z g5]ation & spiration2 = g5]ation is ! procession ( ! div9e p]son into ! div9e nature1 & passive spiration is ! procession ( ! subsi/+ love4 ,o!rs express ! temporal t]m ) ! relation to ! pr9ciple1 z mission & giv+4 ,= a ?+ is s5t t x may be 9 some?+ else1 & is giv5 t x may be possess$2 b t a div9e p]son be possess$ by any creature1 or exi/ 9 x 9 a new mode1 is temporal4 ,h5ce mission & giv+ h only a temporal significance 9 ,god2 b g5]ation & spiration are exclusively et]nal2 :]eas procession & giv+1 9 ,god1 h bo? an et]nal & a temporal signification3 = ! ,son may proce$ et]nally z ,god2 b temporally1 by becom+ man1 accord+ to ,8 visible mission1 or likewise by dwell+ 9 man accord+ to ,8 invisible mission4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory speaks ( ! temporal g5]ation ( ! ,son1 n f ! ,fa!r1 b f ,8 "m2 or x may be tak5 to mean t ,he c\ld be s5t because et]nally begott54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t a div9e p]son may newly exi/ 9 anyone1 or be possess$ by anyone 9 "t1 does n come f *ange ( ! div9e p]son1 b f *ange 9 ! creature2 z ,god ,himself is call$ ,"l temporally by *ange ( ! creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,mission signifies n only procession f ! pr9ciple1 b also det]m9es ! temporal t]m ( ! procession4 ,h5ce mission is only temporal4 ,or we may say t x includes ! et]nal procession1 ) ! addition ( a temporal effect4 ,= ! relation ( a div9e p]son to ,8 pr9ciple mu/ be et]nal4 ,h5ce ! procession may be call$ a tw9 procession1 et]nal & temporal1 n t !re is a d\ble relation to ! pr9ciple1 b a d\ble t]m1 temporal & et]nal4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,invisible ,mission ( ! ,div9e ,p]son ,is ,only ,accord+ to ! ,gift ( ,sanctify+ ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! invisible mission ( ! div9e p]son is n only accord+ to ! gift ( sanctify+ grace4 ,= ! s5d+ ( a div9e p]son means t ,he is giv54 ,h5ce if ! div9e p]son is s5t only accord+ to ! gift ( sanctify+ grace1 ! div9e p]son ,himself w n be giv51 b only ,8 gifts2 & ?is is ! error ( ^? :o say t ! ,holy ,gho/ is n giv51 b t ,8 gifts are giv54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?is preposition1 accord+ to1 d5otes ! habitude ( "s cause4 ,b ! div9e p]son is ! cause :y ! gift ( sanctify+ grace is possess$1 & n conv]sely1 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3e1 ! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is giv5 to u4 ,!re=e x is improp]ly said t ! div9e p]son is s5t accord+ to ! gift ( sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj7 t ! ,son1 :5 temporally p]ceiv$ by ! m9d1 is s5t4 ,b ! ,son is kn[n n only by sanctify+ grace1 b also by gratuit\s grace1 z by fai? & k4 ,!re=e ! div9e p]son is n s5t only accord+ to ! gift ( sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,rabanus says t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 giv5 to ! apo/les = ! work+ ( miracles4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a gift ( sanctify+ grace1 b a gratuit\s grace4 ,!re=e ! div9e p]son is n giv5 only accord+ to ! gift ( sanctify+ grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d7 t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s temporally = ! creature's sanctification4 ,b mission is a temporal procession4 ,s9ce !n ! creature's sanctification is by sanctify+ grace1 x foll[s t ! mission ( ! div9e p]son is only by sanctify+ grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,! div9e p]son is fitt+ly s5t 9 ! s5se t ,he exi/s newly 9 any "o2 & ,he is giv5 z possess$ by anyone2 & nei!r ( ^! is o!rwise ?an by sanctify+ grace4 ,= ,god is 9 all ?+s by ,8 ess5ce1 p[] & pres5ce1 accord+ to ,8 "o common mode1 z ! cause exi/+ 9 ! effects :i* p>ticipate 9 ,8 goodness4 ,above & beyond ?is common mode1 h[ev]1 !re is "o special mode belong+ to ! rational nature :]e9 ,god is said to be pres5t z ! object kn[n is 9 ! kn[]1 & ! belov$ 9 ! lov]4 ,& s9ce ! rational creature by its op]ation ( k & love atta9s to ,god ,himself1 accord+ to ?is special mode ,god is said n only to exi/ 9 ! rational creature b also to dwell !re9 z 9 ,8 own temple4 ,s no o!r effect c be put d[n z ! reason :y ! div9e p]son is 9 ! rational creature 9 a new mode1 except sanctify+ grace4 ,h5ce1 ! div9e p]son is s5t1 & proce$s temporally only accord+ to sanctify+ grace4 ,aga91 we are said to possess only :at we c freely use or enjoy3 & to h ! p[] ( enjoy+ ! div9e p]son c only be accord+ to sanctify+ grace4 ,& yet ! ,holy ,gho/ is possess$ by man1 & dwells )9 him1 9 ! v gift itself ( sanctify+ grace4 ,h5ce ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself is giv5 & s5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ! gift ( sanctify+ grace ! rational creature is p]fect$ s t x c freely use n only ! creat$ gift itself1 b enjoy also ! div9e p]son ,himself2 & s ! invisible mission takes place accord+ to ! gift ( sanctify+ grace2 & yet ! div9e p]son ,himself is giv54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sanctify+ grace disposes ! s\l to possess ! div9e p]son2 & ?is is signifi$ :5 x is said t ! ,holy ,gho/ is giv5 accord+ to ! gift ( grace4 ,nev]!less ! gift itself ( grace is f ! ,holy ,gho/2 :i* is meant by ! words1 ! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! ,son c be kn[n by u accord+ to o!r effects1 yet nei!r does ,he dwell 9 u1 nor is ,he possess$ by u accord+ to ^? effects4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! work+ ( miracles manife/s sanctify+ grace z also does ! gift ( prophecy & any o!r gratuit\s graces4 ,h5ce gratuit\s grace is call$ ! manife/ation ( ! ,_s 7#a ,cor4 #ab3g74 ,s ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be giv5 to ! apo/les = ! work+ ( miracles1 because sanctify+ grace 0 giv5 to !m ) ! outw>d sign4 ,7 ! sign only ( sanctify+ grace giv5 to !m )\t ! grace itself1 x w\ld n be simply said t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 giv51 except ) "s qualify+ t]m2 j z we read ( c]ta9 ones receiv+ ! gift ( ! _s ( prophecy1 or ( miracles1 z hav+ f ! ,holy ,gho/ ! p[] ( prophesy+ or ( work+ miracles4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,fa!r ,c ,be ,fitt+ly ,s5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is fitt+ also t ! ,fa!r %\ld be s5t4 ,= be+ s5t means t ! div9e p]son is giv54 ,b ! ,fa!r gives ,himself s9ce ,he c only be possess$ by ,8 giv+ ,himself4 ,!re=e x c be said t ! ,fa!r s5ds ,himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! div9e p]son is s5t accord+ to ! indwell+ ( grace4 ,b by grace ! :ole ,tr9ity dwells 9 u accord+ to ,john #ad3bc3 ,we w come to him & make ,our abode ) him4 ,!re=e ea* "o ( ! div9e p]sons is s5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] belongs to "o p]son1 belongs to !m all1 except ! notions & p]sons4 ,b mission does n signify any p]son2 nor ev5 a notion1 s9ce !re are only five notions1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e e div9e p]son c be s5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ii1 #c71 ,! ,fa!r alone is nev] describ$ z be+ s5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,! v idea ( mission means procession f ano!r1 & 9 ,god x means procession accord+ to orig91 z above exp\nd$4 ,h5ce1 z ! ,fa!r is n f ano!r1 9 no way is x fitt+ = ,him to be s5t2 b ?is c only belong to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/1 to ,:om x belongs to be f ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! s5se ( giv+ z a free be/[al ( some?+1 ! ,fa!r gives ,himself1 z freely be/[+ ,himself to be enjoy$ by ! creature4 ,b z imply+ ! au?ority ( ! giv] z reg>ds :at is giv51 to be giv5 only applies 9 ,god to ! ,p]son ,:o is f ano!r2 & ! same z reg>ds be+ s5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! effect ( grace is also f ! ,fa!r1 ,:o dwells 9 u by grace1 j z ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/1 /ill ,he is n describ$ z be+ s5t1 = ,he is n f ano!r4 ,?us ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj7 t ,! ,fa!r1 :5 kn[n by anyone 9 "t1 is n said to be s5t2 = !re is no "o :5ce ,he is1 or f :om ,he proce$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,mission1 mean+ procession f ! s5d]1 includes ! signification ( a notion1 n ( a special notion1 b 9 g5]al2 ?us to be f ano!r is common to two ( ! notions4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,x ,is ,fitt+ = ! ,son to ,be ,s5t ,invisibly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n fitt+ = ! ,son to be s5t invisibly4 ,= invisible mission ( ! div9e p]son is accord+ to ! gift ( grace4 ,b all gifts ( grace belong to ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3aa3 ,"o & ! same ,_s worke? all ?+s4 ,!re=e only ! ,holy ,gho/ is s5t invisibly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! mission ( ! div9e p]son is accord+ to sanctify+ grace4 ,b ! gifts belong+ to ! p]fection ( ! intellect are n gifts ( sanctify+ grace1 s9ce !y c be held )\t ! gift ( *>ity1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3b3 ,if ,i %\ld h prophecy1 & %\ld "k all my/]ies1 & all k1 & if ,i %\ld h all fai? s t ,i c\ld move m\nta9s1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ,son proce$s z ! ^w ( ! intellect1 x seems unfitt+ = ,him to be s5t invisibly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! mission ( ! div9e p]son is a procession1 z exp\nd$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #d74 ,b ! procession ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/ diff] f ea* o!r4 ,!re=e !y are di/9ct missions if bo? are s5t2 & !n "o ( !m w\ld be sup]flu\s1 s9ce "o w\ld suffice = ! creature's sanctification4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said ( div9e ,wisdom 7,wis4 #i3aj73 ,s5d h] f heav5 to ,?y ,sa9ts1 & f ! seat ( ,?y greatness4 ,i answ] t1 ,! :ole ,tr9ity dwells 9 ! m9d by sanctify+ grace1 accord+ to ,john #ad3bc3 ,we w come to him1 & w make ,our abode ) him4 ,b t a div9e p]son be s5t to anyone by invisible grace signifies bo? t ?is p]son dwells 9 a new way )9 him & t ,he has ,8 orig9 f ano!r4 ,h5ce1 s9ce bo? to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/ x belongs to dwell 9 ! s\l by grace1 & to be f ano!r1 x !re=e belongs to bo? ( !m to be invisibly s5t4 ,z to ! ,fa!r1 ?\gh ,he dwells 9 u by grace1 /ill x does n belong to ,him to be f ano!r1 & consequ5tly ,he is n s5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh all ! gifts1 consid]$ z su*1 are attribut$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 =asmu* z ,he is by ,8 nature ! fir/ ,gift1 s9ce ,he is ,love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ch1 ,a4 #a71 "s gifts nev]!less1 by reason ( _! own p>ticul> nature1 are appropriat$ 9 a c]ta9 way to ! ,son1 ^?1 namely1 :i* belong to ! intellect1 & 9 respect ( :i* we speak ( ! mission ( ! ,son4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj7 t ,! ,son is s5t to anyone invisibly1 :5ev] ,he is kn[n & p]ceiv$ by anyone4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! s\l is made l to ,god by grace4 ,h5ce = a div9e p]son to be s5t to anyone by grace1 !re mu/ ne$s be a lik5+ ( ! s\l to ! div9e p]son ,:o is s5t1 by "s gift ( grace4 ,because ! ,holy ,gho/ is ,love1 ! s\l is assimilat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/ by ! gift ( *>ity3 h5ce ! mission ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is accord+ to ! mode ( *>ity4 ,:]eas ! ,son is ! ,^w1 n any sort ( ^w1 b "o ,:o brea!s =? ,love4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix #aj73 ,! ,^w we speak ( is k ) love4 ,?us ! ,son is s5t n 9 accordance ) e & any k9d ( intellectual p]fection1 b accord+ to ! intellectual illum9ation1 :i* breaks =? into ! affection ( love1 z is said 7,john #f3de73 ,ev]yone t ha? he>d f ! ,fa!r & ha? le>n$1 come? to ,me1 & 7,ps4 #ch3d73 ,9 my m$itation a fire %all flame =?4 ,?us ,augu/9e pla9ly says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj73 ,! ,son is s5t1 :5ev] ,he is kn[n & p]ceiv$ by anyone4 ,n[ p]ception implies a c]ta9 exp]im5tal k2 & ?is is prop]ly call$ wisdom sapi5tia1 z x 7 a sweet k sapida sci5tia1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #f3bc3 ,! wisdom ( doctr9e is accord+ to h] "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce mission implies ! orig9 ( ! p]son ,:o is s5t1 & ,8 indwell+ by grace1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #a71 if we speak ( mission accord+ to orig91 9 ?is s5se ! ,son's mission is di/+ui%$ f ! mission ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z g5]ation is di/+ui%$ f procession4 ,if we consid] mission z reg>ds ! effect ( grace1 9 ?is s5se ! two missions are unit$ 9 ! root :i* is grace1 b are di/+ui%$ 9 ! effects ( grace1 :i* consi/ 9 ! illum9ation ( ! intellect & ! k9dl+ ( ! affection4 ,?us x is manife/ t "o mission _c be )\t ! o!r1 because nei!r takes place )\t sanctify+ grace1 nor is "o p]son sep>at$ f ! o!r4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,invisible ,mission ,is to ,all ,:o ,p>ticipate ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! invisible mission is n to all :o p>ticipate grace4 ,= ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h _! %>e ( grace4 ,yet to !m 0 made no invisible mission2 = x is said 7,john #g3ci73 ,! ,_s 0 n yet giv51 because ,jesus 0 n yet glorifi$4 ,!re=e ! invisible mission is n to all p>tak]s 9 grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 progress 9 virtue is only by grace4 ,b ! invisible mission is n accord+ to progress 9 virtue2 because progress 9 virtue is cont9u\s1 s9ce *>ity ev] increases or decreases2 & ?us ! mission w\ld be cont9u\s4 ,!re=e ! invisible mission is n to all :o %>e 9 grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,*ri/ & ! bless$ h fullness ( grace4 ,b mission is n to !m1 = mission implies di/ance1 :]eas ,*ri/1 z man1 & all ! bless$ are p]fectly unit$ to ,god4 ,!re=e ! invisible mission is n to all %>]s 9 grace4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law conta9 grace1 & x is n said t ! invisible mission is s5t to !m4 ,!re=e ! invisible mission is n to all t h grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d2 xv1 #bg71 ! invisible mission is = ! creature's sanctification4 ,n[ e creature t has grace is sanctifi$4 ,!re=e ! invisible mission is to e su* creature4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above /at$ 7,,aa4 #c1 #d 1#e71 mission 9 its v mean+ implies t he :o is s5t ei!r beg9s to exi/ :]e he 0 n be=e1 z occurs to creatures2 or beg9s to exi/ :]e he 0 be=e1 b 9 a new way1 9 :i* s5se mission is ascrib$ to ! div9e p]sons4 ,?us1 mission z reg>ds ! "o to :om x is s5t implies two ?+s1 ! indwell+ ( grace1 & a c]ta9 r5ewal by grace4 ,?us ! invisible mission is s5t to all 9 :om are to be f\nd ^! two conditions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! invisible mission 0 direct$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,fa!rs1 z appe>s f :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj71 t ! invisible mission ( ! ,son is 9 man & ) m54 ,?is 0 done 9 =m] times ) ! ,fa!rs & ! ,prophets4 ,?us ! words1 ! ,_s 0 n yet giv51 are to be appli$ to t giv+ accompani$ ) a visible sign :i* took place on ! day ( ,p5teco/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! invisible mission takes place also z reg>ds progress 9 virtue or increase ( grace4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj71 t ! ,son is s5t to ea* "o :5 ,he is kn[n & p]ceiv$ by anyone1 s f> z ,he c be kn[n & p]ceiv$ accord+ to ! capacity ( ! s\l1 :e!r j\rney+ t[>ds ,god1 or unit$ p]fectly to ,him4 ,su* invisible mission1 h[ev]1 *iefly occurs z reg>ds anyone's pr(ici5cy 9 ! p]=mance ( a new act1 or 9 ! acquisition ( a new /ate ( grace2 z1 = example1 ! pr(ici5cy 9 ref]5ce to ! gift ( miracles or ( prophecy1 or 9 ! f]vor ( *>ity lead+ a man to expose himself to ! dang] ( m>tyrdom1 or to r5\nce 8 possessions1 or to und]take any ardu\s "w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! invisible mission is direct$ to ! bless$ at ! v beg9n+ ( _! beatitude4 ,! invisible mission is made to !m subsequ5tly1 n by int5sity ( grace1 b by ! fur!r revelation ( my/]ies2 :i* goes on till ! day ( judgm5t4 ,su* an increase is by ! ext5sion ( grace1 because x ext5ds to a great] numb] ( objects4 ,to ,*ri/ ! invisible mission 0 s5t at ! fir/ mom5t ( ,8 conception2 b n aft]w>ds1 s9ce f ! beg9n+ ( ,8 conception ,he 0 fill$ ) all wisdom & grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,grace resides in/rum5tally 9 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law1 z ! =m ( a ?+ design$ resides 9 ! in/rum5ts ( ! art design+1 accord+ to a process fl[+ f ! ag5t to ! passive object4 ,b mission is only spok5 ( z direct$ to its t]m4 ,h5ce ! mission ( ! div9e p]son is n s5t to ! sacram5ts1 b to ^? :o receive grace ?r\gh ! sacram5ts4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,x ,is ,fitt+ = ! ,holy ,gho/ to ,be ,s5t ,visibly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,holy ,gho/ is n fitt+ly s5t 9 a visible mann]4 ,= ! ,son z visibly s5t to ! _w is said to be less ?an ! ,fa!r4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ is nev] said to be less ?an ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ is n fitt+ly s5t 9 a visible mann]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! visible mission takes place by way ( union to a visible creature1 z ! ,son's mission accord+ to ! fle%4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ did n assume any visible creature2 & h5ce x _c be said t ,he exi/s o!rwise 9 "s creatures ?an 9 o!rs1 unless p]haps z 9 a sign1 z ,he is also pres5t 9 ! sacram5ts1 & 9 all ! figures ( ! law4 ,?us ! ,holy ,gho/ is ei!r n s5t visibly at all1 or ,8 visible mission takes place 9 all ^! ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e visible creature is an effect %[+ =? ! :ole ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ is n s5t by reason ( ^? visible creatures m ?an any o!r p]son4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,son 0 visibly s5t by reason ( ! noble/ k9d ( creature--namely1 ! human nature4 ,!re=e if ! ,holy ,gho/ is s5t visibly1 ,he ought to be s5t by reason ( rational creatures4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is done visibly by ,god is disp5s$ by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels2 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d1e1i74 ,s visible appe>ances1 if !re h be5 any1 came by means ( ! angels4 ,?us ! angels are s5t1 & n ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! ,holy ,gho/ be+ s5t 9 a visible mann] is only = ! purpose ( manife/+ ! invisible mission2 z invisible ?+s are made kn[n by ! visible4 ,s ^? to :om ! invisible mission 0 n s5t1 ought n to receive ! visible mission2 & to all :o receiv$ ! invisible mission1 :e!r 9 ! ,new or 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! visible mission ought likewise to be s5t2 & ?is is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ is n s5t visibly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,matt4 #c3af7 t1 :5 our ,"l 0 baptiz$1 ! ,holy ,gho/ desc5d$ ^u ,him 9 ! %ape ( a dove4 ,i answ] t1 ,god provides = all ?+s accord+ to ! nature ( ea* ?+4 ,n[ ! nature ( man requires t he be l$ to ! invisible by visible ?+s1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #ab74 ,:]e=e ! invisible ?+s ( ,god mu/ be made manife/ to man by ! ?+s t are visible4 ,z ,god1 !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 way has demon/rat$ ,himself & ,8 et]nal processions to m5 by visible creatures1 accord+ to c]ta9 signs2 s 0 x fitt+ t ! invisible missions also ( ! div9e p]sons %\ld be made manife/ by "s visible creatures4 ,?is mode ( manife/ation applies 9 diff]5t ways to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= x belongs to ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o proce$s z ,love1 to be ! gift ( sanctification2 to ! ,son z ! pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 x belongs to ! au?or ( ?is sanctification4 ,?us ! ,son has be5 s5t visibly z ! au?or ( sanctification2 ! ,holy ,gho/ z ! sign ( sanctification4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,son assum$ ! visible creature1 :]e9 ,he appe>$1 into ! unity ( ,8 p]son1 s t :atev] c be said ( t creature c be said ( ! ,son ( ,god2 & s1 by reason ( ! nature assum$1 ! ,son is call$ less ?an ! ,fa!r4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ did n assume ! visible creature1 9 :i* ,he appe>$1 into ! unity ( ,8 p]son2 s t :at is said ( x _c be pr$icat$ ( ,him4 ,h5ce ,he _c be call$ less ?an ! ,fa!r by reason ( any visible creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! visible mission ( ! ,holy ,gho/ does n apply to ! imag9>y vision :i* is t ( prophecy2 because z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ii1 #f73 ,! prophetic vision is n display$ to corporeal eyes by corporeal %apes1 b is %[n 9 ! _s by ! spiritual images ( bodies4 ,b :oev] saw ! dove & ! fire1 saw !m by _! eyes4 ,nor1 aga91 has ! ,holy ,gho/ ! same relation to ^! images t ! ,son has to ! rock1 because x is said1 ',! rock 0 ,*ri/' 7#a ,cor4 #aj3d74 ,= t rock 0 already creat$1 & aft] ! mann] ( an action 0 nam$ ,*ri/1 ,:om x typifi$2 :]eas ! dove & ! fire sudd5ly appe>$ to signify only :at 0 happ5+4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to be l to ! flame ( ! burn+ bu% se5 by ,moses & to ! column :i* ! p foll[$ 9 ! des]t1 & to ! lightn+ & ?und] issu+ =? :5 ! law 0 giv5 on ! m\nta94 ,= ! purpose ( ! bodily appe>ances ( ^? ?+s 0 t !y might signify1 & !n pass away4 ,?us ! visible mission is nei!r display$ by prophetic vision1 :i* belongs to ! imag9ation1 & n to ! body1 nor by ! sacram5tal signs ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e9 c]ta9 pre-exi/+ ?+s are employ$ to signify some?+4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be s5t visibly1 inasmu* z ,he %[$ ,himself 9 c]ta9 creatures z 9 signs especially made = t purpose4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! :ole ,tr9ity makes ^? creatures1 /ill !y are made 9 ord] to %[ =? 9 "s special way ?is or t p]son4 ,= z ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/ are signifi$ by div]se names1 s also c ,!y ea* "o be signifi$ by diff]5t ?+s2 al?\gh nei!r sep>ation nor div]sity exi/s among/ ,!m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x 0 necess>y = ! ,son to be decl>$ z ! au?or ( sanctification1 z expla9$ above4 ,?us ! visible mission ( ! ,son 0 necess>ily made accord+ to ! rational nature to :i* x belongs to act1 & :i* is capable ( sanctification2 :]eas any o!r creature c\ld be ! sign ( sanctification4 ,nor 0 su* a visible creature1 =m$ = su* a purpose1 necess>ily assum$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ into ! unity ( ,8 p]son1 s9ce x 0 n assum$ or us$ = ! purpose ( action1 b only = ! purpose ( a sign2 & s likewise x 0 n requir$ to la/ beyond :at its use requir$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,^? visible creatures 7 =m$ by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels1 n to signify ! p]son ( an angel1 b to signify ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?us1 z ! ,holy ,gho/ resid$ 9 ^? visible creatures z ! "o signifi$ 9 ! sign1 on t acc\nt ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be s5t visibly1 & n z an angel4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,x is n necess>y t ! invisible mission %\ld always be made manife/ by "s visible ext]nal sign2 b1 z is said 7#a ,cor4 #ab3g7--! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to e man unto pr(it--t is1 ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is utility consi/s 9 ! confirmation & propagation ( ! fai? by su* visible signs4 ,?is has be5 done *iefly by ,*ri/ & by ! apo/les1 accord+ to ,heb4 #b3c1 :i* hav+ begun to be decl>$ by ! ,"l1 0 confirm$ unto u by !m t he>d4 ,?us 9 a special s5se1 a mission ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 direct$ to ,*ri/1 to ! apo/les1 & to "s ( ! e>ly sa9ts on :om ! ,*ur* 0 9 a way f\nd$2 9 su* a mann]1 h[ev]1 t ! visible mission made to ,*ri/ %\ld %[ =? ! invisible mission made to ,him1 n at t p>ticul> "t1 b at ! fir/ mom5t ( ,8 conception4 ,! visible mission 0 direct$ to ,*ri/ at ! "t ( ,8 baptism by ! figure ( a dove1 a fruitful animal1 to %[ =? 9 ,*ri/ ! au?ority ( ! giv] ( grace by spiritual reg5]ation2 h5ce ! ,fa!r's voice spoke1 ,?is is ,my belov$ ,son 7,matt4 #c3ag71 t o!rs might be reg5]at$ to ! lik5ess ( ! only ,begott54 ,! ,transfiguration %[$ x =? 9 ! appe>ance ( a bright cl\d1 to %[ ! exub]ance ( doctr9e2 & h5ce x 0 said1 ,he> ye ,him 7,matt4 #ag3e74 ,to ! apo/les ! mission 0 direct$ 9 ! =m ( brea?+ to %[ =? ! p[] ( _! m9i/ry 9 ! disp5sation ( ! sacram5ts2 & h5ce x 0 said1 ,^: s9s y %all =give1 !y are =giv5 7,john #bj3bc73 & aga9 "u ! sign ( fi]y tongues to %[ =? ! (fice ( tea*+2 :5ce x is said t1 !y began to speak ) div]s tongues 7,acts #b3d74 ,! visible mission ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 fitt+ly n s5t to ! fa!rs ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 because ! visible mission ( ! ,son 0 to be accompli%$ be=e t ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 s9ce ! ,holy ,gho/ manife/s ! ,son1 z ! ,son manife/s ! ,fa!r4 ,visible app>itions ( ! div9e p]sons 71 h[ev]1 giv5 to ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i*1 inde$1 _c be call$ visible missions2 because1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 ii1 #ag71 !y 7 n s5t to designate ! indwell+ ( ! div9e p]son by grace1 b = ! manife/ation ( some?+ else4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r a ,div9e ,p]son ,is ,s5t ,only by ! ,p]son ,:5ce ,he ,proce$s ,et]nally8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a div9e p]son is s5t only by ! "o :5ce ,he proce$s et]nally4 ,= z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv71 ,! ,fa!r is s5t by no "o because ,he is f no "o4 ,!re=e if a div9e p]son is s5t by ano!r1 ,he mu/ be f t o!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s5d] has au?ority ov] ! "o s5t4 ,b !re c be no au?ority z reg>ds a div9e p]son except f orig94 ,!re=e ! div9e p]son s5t mu/ proce$ f ! "o s5d+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a div9e p]son c be s5t by "o :5ce ,he does n proce$1 !n ! ,holy ,gho/ may be giv5 by a man1 al?\gh ,he proce$s n f him2 :i* is contr>y to :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv74 ,!re=e ! div9e p]son is s5t only by ! "o :5ce ,he proce$s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,son is s5t by ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to ,isa4 #dh3af1 ,n[ ! ,"l ,god ha? s5t ,me & ,8 ,_s4 ,b ! ,son is n f ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e a div9e p]son is s5t by "o f ,:om ,he does n proce$4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are diff]5t op9ions on ?is po9t4 ,"s say t ! div9e p]son is s5t only by ! "o :5ce ,he proce$s et]nally2 & s1 :5 x is said t ! ,son ( ,god is s5t by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ?is is to be expla9$ z reg>ds ,8 human nature1 by reason ( :i* ,he 0 s5t to prea* by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1 says 7,de ,tr94 ii1 #e7 t ! ,son is s5t by ,himself1 & by ! ,holy ,gho/2 & ! ,holy ,gho/ is s5t by ,himself1 & by ! ,son2 s t to be s5t 9 ,god does n apply to ea* p]son1 b only to ! p]son proce$+ f ano!r1 :]eas to s5d belongs to ea* p]son4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 bo? ( ^! op9ions2 because :5 a p]son is describ$ z be+ s5t1 ! p]son ,himself exi/+ f ano!r is designat$1 ) ! visible or invisible effect1 applicable to ! mission ( ! div9e p]son4 ,?us if ! s5d] be designat$ z ! pr9ciple ( ! p]son s5t1 9 ?is s5se n ea* p]son s5ds1 b t p]son only ,:o is ! pr9ciple ( t p]son :o is s5t2 & ?us ! ,son is s5t only by ! ,fa!r2 & ! ,holy ,gho/ by ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p]son s5d+ is und]/ood z ! pr9ciple ( ! effect impli$ 9 ! mission1 9 t s5se ! :ole ,tr9ity s5ds ! p]son s5t4 ,?is reason does n prove t a man c s5d ! ,holy ,gho/1 =asmu* z man _c cause ! effect ( grace4 ,! answ]s to ! objections appe> f ! above4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,creation 7,,qq4 #dd-di7 ,,"q #dd ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,creatures ,,f ,,god1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cause ,,( ,,all ,,?+s 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] treat+ ( ! procession ( ! div9e p]sons1 we mu/ consid] ! procession ( creatures f ,god4 ,?is consid]ation w be ?reefold3 7#a7 ( ! production ( creatures2 7#b7 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 !m2 7#c7 ( _! pres]vation & gov]nm5t4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ po9t !re are ?ree ?+s to be consid]$3 7#a7 ! fir/ cause ( be+s2 7#b7 ! mode ( procession ( creatures f ! fir/ cause2 7#c7 ! pr9ciple ( ! duration ( ?+s4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is ! effici5t cause ( all be+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r prim>y matt] is creat$ by ,god1 or is an indep5d5t coord9ate pr9ciple ) ,him8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god is ! exempl> cause ( be+s or :e!r !re are o!r exempl> causes8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,he is ! f9al cause ( ?+s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y ,t ,e ,be+ ,be ,creat$ by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n necess>y t e be+ be creat$ by ,god4 ,= !re is no?+ to prev5t a ?+ f be+ )\t t :i* does n belong to its ess5ce1 z a man c be f\nd )\t :it5ess4 ,b ! relation ( ! ?+ caus$ to its cause does n appe> to be ess5tial to be+s1 = "s be+s c be und]/ood )\t x2 !re=e !y c exi/ )\t x2 & !re=e x is possible t "s be+s %\ld n be creat$ by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ requires an effici5t cause 9 ord] to exi/4 ,!re=e :atev] _c b exi/ does n require an effici5t cause4 ,b no necess>y ?+ c n exi/1 because :atev] necess>ily exi/s _c b exi/4 ,!re=e z !re are _m necess>y ?+s 9 exi/5ce1 x appe>s t n all be+s are f ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] ?+s h a cause1 c be demon/rat$ by t cause4 ,b 9 ma!matics demon/ration is n made by ! effici5t cause1 z appe>s f ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 iii1 text #c72 !re=e n all be+s are f ,god z f _! effici5t cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,rom4 #aa3cf73 ,( ,him1 & by ,him1 & 9 ,him are all ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ be said t e be+ 9 any way exi/+ is f ,god4 ,= :atev] is f\nd 9 any?+ by p>ticipation1 mu/ be caus$ 9 x by t to :i* x belongs ess5tially1 z iron becomes ignit$ by fire4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d7 :5 treat+ ( ! div9e simplicity t ,god is ! ess5tially self-subsi/+ ,be+2 & also x 0 %[n 7,q4 #aa1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d7 t subsi/+ be+ mu/ be "o2 z1 if :it5ess 7 self-subsi/+1 x w\ld be "o1 s9ce :it5ess is multipli$ by its recipi5ts4 ,!re=e all be+s ap>t f ,god are n _! own be+1 b are be+s by p>ticipation4 ,!re=e x mu/ be t all ?+s :i* are div]sifi$ by ! div]se p>ticipation ( be+1 s z to be m or less p]fect1 are caus$ by "o ,fir/ ,be+1 ,:o possesses be+ mo/ p]fectly4 ,h5ce ,plato said 7,p>m54 xxvi7 t unity mu/ come be=e multitude2 & ,ari/otle said 7,metaph4 ii1 text #d7 t :atev] is greate/ 9 be+ & greate/ 9 tru?1 is ! cause ( e be+ & ( e tru?2 j z :atev] is ! greate/ 9 heat is ! cause ( all heat4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?\gh ! relation to its cause is n "p ( ! def9ition ( a ?+ caus$1 /ill x foll[s1 z a consequ5ce1 on :at belongs to its ess5ce2 because f ! fact t a ?+ has be+ by p>ticipation1 x foll[s t x is caus$4 ,h5ce su* a be+ _c be )\t be+ caus$1 j z man _c be )\t hav+ ! faculty ( laugh+4 ,b1 s9ce to be caus$ does n ent] into ! ess5ce ( be+ z su*1 !re=e is x possible = u to f9d a be+ uncaus$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection has l$ "s to say t :at is necess>y has no cause 7,phys4 viii1 text #df74 ,b ?is is manife/ly false 9 ! demon/rative sci5ces1 :]e necess>y pr9ciples are ! causes ( necess>y conclusions4 ,& !re=e ,ari/otle says 7,metaph4 v1 text #f71 t !re are "s necess>y ?+s :i* h a cause ( _! necessity4 ,b ! reason :y an effici5t cause is requir$ is n m]ely because ! effect is n necess>y1 b because ! effect might n be if ! cause 7 n4 ,= ?is conditional proposition is true1 :e!r ! antec$5t & consequ5t be possible or impossible4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! sci5ce ( ma!matics treats its object z ?\gh x 7 some?+ ab/ract$ m5tally1 :]eas x is n ab/ract 9 reality4 ,n[1 x is becom+ t ev]y?+ %\ld h an effici5t cause 9 proportion to its be+4 ,& s1 al?\gh ! object ( ma!matics has an effici5t cause1 /ill1 its relation to t cause is n ! reason :y x is br\ght "u ! consid]ation ( ! ma!matician1 :o !re=e does n demon/rate t object f its effici5t cause4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,prim>y ,matt] ,is ,creat$ by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prim>y matt] is n creat$ by ,god4 ,= :atev] is made is compos$ ( a subject & ( some?+ else 7,phys4 i1 text #fb74 ,b prim>y matt] has no subject4 ,!re=e prim>y matt] _c h be5 made by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 action & passion are opposite memb]s ( a division4 ,b z ! fir/ active pr9ciple is ,god1 s ! fir/ passive pr9ciple is matt]4 ,!re=e ,god & prim>y matt] are two pr9ciples divid$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 nei!r ( :i* is f ! o!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e ag5t produces its l1 & ?us1 s9ce e ag5t acts 9 proportion to its actuality1 x foll[s t ev]y?+ made is 9 "s degree actual4 ,b prim>y matt] is only 9 pot5tiality1 =mally consid]$ 9 itself4 ,!re=e x is aga9/ ! nature ( prim>y matt] to be a ?+ made4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 xii1 #g71 ,two ?+s ha/ ,?\ made1 ,o ,"l2 "o nigh unto ,?yself--viz4 angels--! o!r nigh unto no?+--viz4 prim>y matt]4 ,i answ] t1 ,! anci5t philosoph]s gradually1 & z x 7 /ep by /ep1 advanc$ to ! k ( tru?4 ,at fir/ be+ ( gross] m9d1 !y fail$ to realize t any be+s exi/$ except s5sible bodies4 ,& ^? among !m :o admitt$ movem5t1 did n consid] x except z reg>ds c]ta9 accid5ts1 = in/ance1 9 relation to r>efaction & cond5sation1 by union & sep>ation4 ,& suppos+ z !y did t corporeal sub/ance itself 0 uncreat$1 !y assign$ c]ta9 causes = ^! accid5tal *anges1 z = in/ance1 aff9ity1 discord1 intellect1 or some?+ ( t k9d4 ,an advance 0 made :5 !y und]/ood t !re 0 a di/9ction betwe5 ! sub/antial =m & matt]1 :i* latt] !y imag9$ to be uncreat$1 & :5 !y p]ceiv$ transmutation to take place 9 bodies 9 reg>d to ess5tial =ms4 ,su* transmutations !y attribut$ to c]ta9 univ]sal causes1 su* z ! oblique circle 99,! zodiac1 accord+ to ,ari/otle 7,de ,g5]4 ii71 or ideas1 accord+ to ,plato4 ,b we mu/ take into consid]ation t matt] is contract$ by its =m to a det]m9ate species1 z a sub/ance1 belong+ to a c]ta9 species1 is contract$ by a sup]v5+ accid5t to a det]m9ate mode ( be+2 = in/ance1 man by :it5ess4 ,ea* ( ^! op9ions1 !re=e1 consid]$ be+ "u "s p>ticul> aspect1 ei!r z ?is or z su*2 & s !y assign$ p>ticul> effici5t causes to ?+s4 ,!n o!rs !re 7 :o arose to ! consid]ation ( be+1 z be+1 & :o assign$ a cause to ?+s1 n z ^!1 or z su*1 b z be+s4 ,!re=e :atev] is ! cause ( ?+s consid]$ z be+s1 mu/ be ! cause ( ?+s1 n only accord+ z !y are su* by accid5tal =ms1 nor accord+ z !y are ^! by sub/antial =ms1 b also accord+ to all t belongs to _! be+ at all 9 any way4 ,& ?us x is necess>y to say t also prim>y matt] is creat$ by ! univ]sal cause ( ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 i1 text #fb71 is speak+ ( becom+ 9 p>ticul>--t is1 f =m to =m1 ei!r accid5tal or sub/antial4 ,b "h we are speak+ ( ?+s accord+ to _! emanation f ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( be+2 f :i* emanation matt] itself is n exclud$1 al?\gh x is exclud$ f ! =m] mode ( be+ made4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,passion is an effect ( action4 ,h5ce x is reasonable t ! fir/ passive pr9ciple %\ld be ! effect ( ! fir/ active pr9ciple1 s9ce e imp]fect ?+ is caus$ by "o p]fect4 ,= ! fir/ pr9ciple mu/ be mo/ p]fect1 z ,ari/otle says 7,metaph4 xii1 text #dj74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason adduc$ does n %[ t matt] is n creat$1 b t x is n creat$ )\t =m2 = ?\gh ev]y?+ creat$ is actual1 /ill x is n pure act4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t ev5 :at is pot5tial 9 x %\ld be creat$1 if all t belongs to its be+ is creat$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,exempl> ,cause ,is ,any?+ ,besides ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! exempl> cause is some?+ besides ,god4 ,= ! effect is l its exempl> cause4 ,b creatures are f> f be+ l ,god4 ,!re=e ,god is n _! exempl> cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is by p>ticipation is r$uc$ to some?+ self-exi/+1 z a ?+ ignit$ is r$uc$ to fire1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b :atev] exi/s 9 s5sible ?+s exi/s only by p>ticipation ( "s species4 ,?is appe>s f ! fact t 9 all s5sible species is f\nd n only :at belongs to ! species1 b also individuat+ pr9ciples add$ to ! pr9ciples ( ! species4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to admit self-exi/+ species1 z = in/ance1 a p] se man1 & a p] se horse1 & ! l1 :i* are call$ ! exempl>s4 ,!re=e exempl> causes exi/ besides ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sci5ces & def9itions are conc]n$ ) species !mselves1 b n z ^! are 9 p>ticul> ?+s1 because !re is no sci5ce or def9ition ( p>ticul> ?+s4 ,!re=e !re are "s be+s1 :i* are be+s or species n exi/+ 9 s+ul> ?+s1 & ^! are call$ exempl>s4 ,!re=e ! same conclusion foll[s z above4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ?is likewise appe>s f ,dionysius1 :o says 7,div4 ,nom4 v7 t self-subsi/+ be+ is be=e self-subsi/+ life1 & be=e self-subsi/+ wisdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! exempl> is ! same z ! idea4 ,b ideas1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #df71 are ! ma/] =ms1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! div9e intellig5ce4 ,!re=e ! exempl>s ( ?+s are n outside ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,god is ! fir/ exempl> cause ( all ?+s4 ,9 pro( :]e( we mu/ consid] t if = ! production ( any?+ an exempl> is necess>y1 x is 9 ord] t ! effect may receive a det]m9ate =m4 ,= an artific] produces a det]m9ate =m 9 matt] by reason ( ! exempl> be=e him1 :e!r x is ! exempl> beheld ext]nally1 or ! exempl> int]iorily conceiv$ 9 ! m9d4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ?+s made by nature receive det]m9ate =ms4 ,?is det]m9ation ( =ms mu/ be r$uc$ to ! div9e wisdom z its fir/ pr9ciple1 = div9e wisdom devis$ ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 :i* ord] consi/s 9 ! v>iety ( ?+s4 ,& !re=e we mu/ say t 9 ! div9e wisdom are ! types ( all ?+s1 :i* types we h call$ ideas--i4e4 exempl> =ms exi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #a74 ,& ^! ideas1 ?\gh multipli$ by _! relations to ?+s1 9 reality are n ap>t f ! div9e ess5ce1 accord+ z ! lik5ess to t ess5ce c be %>$ div]sely by diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 ?is mann] !re=e ,god ,himself is ! fir/ exempl> ( all ?+s4 ,moreov]1 9 ?+s creat$ "o may be call$ ! exempl> ( ano!r by ! reason ( its lik5ess !reto1 ei!r 9 species1 or by ! analogy ( "s k9d ( imitation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh creatures d n atta9 to a natural lik5ess to ,god accord+ to similitude ( species1 z a man begott5 is l to ! man begett+1 /ill !y d atta9 to lik5ess to ,him1 =asmu* z !y repres5t ! div9e idea1 z a mat]ial h\se is l to ! h\se 9 ! ar*itect's m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ( a man's nature to be 9 matt]1 & s a man )\t matt] is impossible4 ,!re=e al?\gh ?is p>ticul> man is a man by p>ticipation ( ! species1 he _c be r$uc$ to any?+ self-exi/+ 9 ! same species1 b to a sup]ior species1 su* z sep>ate sub/ances4 ,! same applies to o!r s5sible ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh e sci5ce & def9ition is conc]n$ only ) be+s1 /ill x is n necess>y t a ?+ %\ld h ! same mode 9 reality z ! ?\ght ( x has 9 our und]/&+4 ,= we ab/ract univ]sal ideas by =ce ( ! active intellect f ! p>ticul> conditions2 b x is n necess>y t ! univ]sals %\ld exi/ outside ! p>ticul>s 9 ord] to be _! exempl>s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 by self-exi/+ life & self-exi/+ wisdom he sometimes d5otes ,god ,himself1 sometimes ! p[]s giv5 to ?+s !mselves2 b n any self-subsi/+ ?+s1 z ! anci5ts ass]t$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,god ,is ! ,f9al ,cause ( ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god is n ! f9al cause ( all ?+s4 ,= to act = an end seems to imply ne$ ( ! end4 ,b ,god ne$s no?+4 ,!re=e x does n become ,him to act = an end4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! end ( g5]ation1 & ! =m ( ! ?+ g5]at$1 & ! ag5t _c be id5tical 7,phys4 ii1 text #gj71 because ! end ( g5]ation is ! =m ( ! ?+ g5]at$4 ,b ,god is ! fir/ ag5t produc+ all ?+s4 ,!re=e ,he is n ! f9al cause ( all ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all ?+s desire _! end4 ,b all ?+s d n desire ,god1 = all d n ev5 "k ,him4 ,!re=e ,god is n ! end ( all ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! f9al cause is ! fir/ ( causes4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,god is ! effici5t cause & ! f9al cause1 x foll[s t be=e & aft] exi/ 9 ,him2 :i* is impossible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,prov4 #af3d73 ,! ,"l has made all ?+s = ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,e ag5t acts = an end3 o!rwise "o ?+ w\ld n foll[ m ?an ano!r f ! action ( ! ag5t1 unless x 7 by *ance4 ,n[ ! end ( ! ag5t & ( ! pati5t consid]$ z su* is ! same1 b 9 a diff]5t way respectively4 ,= ! impression :i* ! ag5t int5ds to produce1 & :i* ! pati5t int5ds to receive1 are "o & ! same4 ,"s ?+s1 h[ev]1 are bo? ag5t & pati5t at ! same "t3 ^! are imp]fect ag5ts1 & to ^! x belongs to int5d1 ev5 :ile act+1 ! acquisition ( some?+4 ,b x does n belong to ! ,fir/ ,ag5t1 ,:o is ag5t only1 to act = ! acquisition ( "s end2 ,he int5ds only to communicate ,8 p]fection1 :i* is ,8 goodness2 :ile e creature int5ds to acquire its own p]fection1 :i* is ! lik5ess ( ! div9e p]fection & goodness4 ,!re=e ! div9e goodness is ! end ( all ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to act f ne$ belongs only to an imp]fect ag5t1 :i* by its nature is bo? ag5t & pati5t4 ,b ?is does n belong to ,god1 & !re=e ,he alone is ! mo/ p]fectly lib]al giv]1 because ,he does n act = ,8 own pr(it1 b only = ,8 own goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! =m ( ! ?+ g5]at$ is n ! end ( g5]ation1 except inasmu* z x is ! lik5ess ( ! =m ( ! g5]ator1 :i* int5ds to communicate its own lik5ess2 o!rwise ! =m ( ! ?+ g5]at$ w\ld be m noble ?an ! g5]ator1 s9ce ! end is m noble ?an ! means to ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ?+s desire ,god z _! end1 :5 !y desire "s good ?+1 :e!r ?is desire be intellectual or s5sible1 or natural1 i4e4 )\t k2 because no?+ is good & desirable except =asmu* z x p>ticipates 9 ! lik5ess to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce ,god is ! effici5t1 ! exempl> & ! f9al cause ( all ?+s1 & s9ce prim>y matt] is f ,him1 x foll[s t ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s is "o 9 reality4 ,b ?is does n prev5t u f m5tally consid]+ _m ?+s 9 ,him1 "s ( :i* come into our m9d be=e o!rs4 ,,"q #de ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,emanation ,,( ,,?+s ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,! next "q conc]ns ! mode ( ! emanation ( ?+s f ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple1 & ?is is call$ creation1 & includes eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is creation8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god c create any?+8 7#c7 ,:e!r creation is any?+ 9 ! v nature ( ?+s8 7#d7 ,to :at ?+s x belongs to be creat$8 7#e7 ,:e!r x belongs to ,god alone to create8 7#f7 ,:e!r creation is common to ! :ole ,tr9ity1 or prop] to any "o ,p]son8 7#g7 ,:e!r any trace ( ! ,tr9ity is to be f\nd 9 creat$ ?+s8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! "w ( creation is m+l$ ) ! works ( nature & ( ! w8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r to ,create ,is to ,make ,some?+ f ,no?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to create is n to make any?+ f no?+4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,adv4 ,leg4 et ,proph4 i73 ,to make conc]ns :at did n exi/ at all2 b to create is to make some?+ by br++ =? some?+ f :at 0 already4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! nobility ( action & ( motion is consid]$ f _! t]ms4 ,action is !re=e nobl] f good to good1 & f be+ to be+1 ?an f no?+ to some?+4 ,b creation appe>s to be ! mo/ noble action1 & fir/ among all actions4 ,!re=e x is n f no?+ to some?+1 b r f be+ to be+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! preposition f ex imports relation ( "s cause1 & especially ( ! mat]ial cause2 z :5 we say t a /atue is made f brass4 ,b no?+ _c be ! matt] ( be+1 nor 9 any way its cause4 ,!re=e to create is n to make some?+ f no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,on ! text ( ,g54 #a1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$1 etc41 ! gloss has1 ,to create is to make some?+ f no?+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z said above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b71 we mu/ consid] n only ! emanation ( a p>ticul> be+ f a p>ticul> ag5t1 b also ! emanation ( all be+ f ! univ]sal cause1 :i* is ,god2 & ?is emanation we designate by ! "n ( creation4 ,n[ :at proce$s by p>ticul> emanation1 is n presuppos$ to t emanation2 z :5 a man is g5]at$1 he 0 n be=e1 b man is made f n-man1 & :ite f n-:ite4 ,h5ce if ! emanation ( ! :ole univ]sal be+ f ! fir/ pr9ciple be consid]$1 x is impossible t any be+ %\ld be presuppos$ be=e ?is emanation4 ,= no?+ is ! same z no be+4 ,!re=e z ! g5]ation ( a man is f ! n-be+ :i* is n-man1 s creation1 :i* is ! emanation ( all be+1 is f ! n-be+ :i* is no?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e uses ! ^w creation 9 an equivocal s5se1 accord+ z to be creat$ signifies improvem5t 9 ?+s2 z :5 we say t a bi%op is creat$4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 speak ( creation 9 t way "h1 b z x is describ$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*anges receive species & dignity1 n f ! t]m :]efrom1 b f ! t]m :]eto4 ,!re=e a *ange is m p]fect & excell5t :5 ! t]m :]eto ( ! *ange is m noble & excell5t1 al?\gh ! t]m :]efrom1 correspond+ to ! t]m :]eto1 may be m imp]fect3 ?us g5]ation is simply nobl] & m excell5t ?an alt]ation1 because ! sub/antial =m is nobl] ?an ! accid5tal =m2 & yet ! privation ( ! sub/antial =m1 :i* is ! t]m :]efrom 9 g5]ation1 is m imp]fect ?an ! contr>y1 :i* is ! t]m :]efrom 9 alt]ation4 ,simil>ly creation is m p]fect & excell5t ?an g5]ation & alt]ation1 because ! t]m :]eto is ! :ole sub/ance ( ! ?+2 :]eas :at is und]/ood z ! t]m :]efrom is simply n-be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 any?+ is said to be made f no?+1 ?is preposition f ex does n signify ! mat]ial cause1 b only ord]2 z :5 we say1 f morn+ comes midday--i4e4 aft] morn+ is midday4 ,b we mu/ und]/& t ?is preposition f ex c comprise ! negation impli$ :5 ,i say ! ^w no?+1 or c be includ$ 9 x4 ,if tak5 9 ! fir/ s5se1 !n we affirm ! ord] by /at+ ! relation betwe5 :at is n[ & its previ\s non-exi/5ce4 ,b if ! negation includes ! preposition1 !n ! ord] is d5i$1 & ! s5se is1 ,x is made f no?+--i4e4 x is n made f any?+--z if we 7 to say1 ,he speaks ( no?+1 because he does n speak ( any?+4 ,& ?is is v]ifi$ 9 bo? ways1 :5 x is said1 t any?+ is made f no?+4 ,b 9 ! fir/ way ?is preposition f ex implies ord]1 z has be5 said 9 ?is reply4 ,9 ! second s5se1 x imports ! mat]ial cause1 :i* is d5i$4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,c ,create ,any?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c create any?+1 because1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 i1 text #cd71 ! anci5t philosoph]s consid]$ x z a commonly receiv$ axiom t no?+ is made f no?+4 ,b ! p[] ( ,god does n ext5d to ! contr>ies ( fir/ pr9ciples2 z1 = in/ance1 t ,god c\ld make ! :ole to be less ?an its "p1 or t affirmation & negation are bo? true at ! same "t4 ,!re=e ,god _c make any?+ f no?+1 or create4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if to create is to make some?+ f no?+1 to be creat$ is to be made4 ,b to be made is to be *ang$4 ,!re=e creation is *ange4 ,b e *ange occurs 9 "s subject1 z appe>s by ! def9ition ( movem5t3 = movem5t is ! act ( :at is 9 pot5tiality4 ,!re=e x is impossible = any?+ to be made out ( no?+ by ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at has be5 made mu/ h at "s "t be5 becom+4 ,b x _c be said t :at is creat$1 at ! same "t1 is becom+ & has be5 made1 because 9 p]man5t ?+s :at is becom+1 is n1 & :at has be5 made1 already is3 & s x w\ld foll[ t some?+ w\ld be1 & n be1 at ! same "t4 ,!re=e :5 any?+ is made1 its becom+ prec$es its hav+ be5 made4 ,b ?is is impossible1 unless !re is a subject 9 :i* ! becom+ is su/a9$4 ,!re=e x is impossible t any?+ %\ld be made f no?+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 inf9ite di/ance _c be cross$4 ,b inf9ite di/ance exi/s betwe5 be+ & no?+4 ,!re=e x does n happ5 t some?+ is made f no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #a3a73 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,n only is x n impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$ by ,god1 b x is necess>y to say t all ?+s 7 creat$ by ,god1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a74 ,= :5 anyone makes "o ?+ f ano!r1 ?is latt] ?+ f :i* he makes is presuppos$ to 8 action1 & is n produc$ by 8 action2 ?us ! craftsman works f natural ?+s1 z wood or brass1 :i* are caus$ n by ! action ( art1 b by ! action ( nature4 ,s also nature itself causes natural ?+s z reg>ds _! =m1 b presupposes matt]4 ,if !re=e ,god did only act f some?+ presuppos$1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ?+ presuppos$ w\ld n be caus$ by ,him4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #dd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 t no?+ c be1 unless x is f ,god1 ,:o is ! univ]sal cause ( all be+4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to say t ,god br+s ?+s into be+ f no?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,anci5t philosoph]s1 z is said above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b71 consid]$ only ! emanation ( p>ticul> effects f p>ticul> causes1 :i* necess>ily presuppose some?+ 9 _! action2 :5ce came _! common op9ion t no?+ is made f no?+4 ,b ?is has no place 9 ! fir/ emanation f ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,creation is n *ange1 except accord+ to a mode ( und]/&+4 ,= *ange means t ! same some?+ %\ld be diff]5t n[ f :at x 0 previ\sly4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! same actual ?+ is diff]5t n[ f :at x 0 be=e1 z 9 motion accord+ to quantity1 quality & place2 b sometimes x is ! same be+ only 9 pot5tiality1 z 9 sub/antial *ange1 ! subject ( :i* is matt]4 ,b 9 creation1 by :i* ! :ole sub/ance ( a ?+ is produc$1 ! same ?+ c be tak5 z diff]5t n[ & be=e only accord+ to our way ( und]/&+1 s t a ?+ is und]/ood z fir/ n exi/+ at all1 & aft]w>ds z exi/+4 ,b z action & passion co9cide z to ! sub/ance ( motion1 & diff] only accord+ to div]se relations 7,phys4 iii1 text #bj1 #ba71 x mu/ foll[ t :5 motion is )drawn1 only div]se relations rema9 9 ! ,creator & 9 ! creature4 ,b because ! mode ( signification foll[s ! mode ( und]/&+ z 0 said above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a71 creation is signifi$ by mode ( *ange2 & on ?is acc\nt x is said t to create is to make some?+ f no?+4 ,& yet to make & to be made are m suitable expressions "h ?an to *ange & to be *ang$1 because to make & to be made import a relation ( cause to ! effect1 & ( effect to ! cause1 & imply *ange only z a consequ5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ?+s :i* are made )\t movem5t1 to become & to be already made are simultane\s1 :e!r su* mak+ is ! t]m ( movem5t1 z illum9ation 7= a ?+ is be+ illum9at$ & is illum9at$ at ! same "t7 or :e!r x is n ! t]m ( movem5t1 z ! ^w is be+ made 9 ! m9d & is made at ! same "t4 ,9 ^! ?+s :at is be+ made1 is2 b :5 we speak ( its be+ made1 we mean t x is f ano!r1 & 0 n previ\sly4 ,h5ce s9ce creation is )\t movem5t1 a ?+ is be+ creat$ & is already creat$ at ! same "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is objection proce$s f a false imag9ation1 z if !re 7 an inf9ite m$ium betwe5 no?+ & be+2 :i* is pla9ly false4 ,?is false imag9ation comes f creation be+ tak5 to signify a *ange exi/+ betwe5 two =ms4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,creation ,is ,any?+ 9 ! ,creature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t creation is n any?+ 9 ! creature4 ,= z creation tak5 9 a passive s5se is attribut$ to ! creature1 s creation tak5 9 an active s5se is attribut$ to ! ,creator4 ,b creation tak5 actively is n any?+ 9 ! ,creator1 because o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t 9 ,god !re w\ld be some?+ temporal4 ,!re=e creation tak5 passively is n any?+ 9 ! creature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no m$ium betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creature4 ,b creation is signifi$ z ! m$ium betwe5 !m bo?3 s9ce x is n ! ,creator1 z x is n et]nal2 nor is x ! creature1 because 9 t case x w\ld be necess>y = ! same reason to suppose ano!r creation to create x1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,!re=e creation is n any?+ 9 ! creature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if creation is any?+ besides ! creat$ sub/ance1 x mu/ be an accid5t belong+ to x4 ,b e accid5t is 9 a subject4 ,!re=e a ?+ creat$ w\ld be ! subject ( creation1 & s ! same ?+ w\ld be ! subject & also ! t]m ( creation4 ,?is is impossible1 because ! subject is be=e ! accid5t1 & pres]ves ! accid5t2 :ile ! t]m is aft] ! action & passion ^: t]m x is1 & z soon z x exi/s1 action & passion cease4 ,!re=e creation itself is n any ?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is great] = a ?+ to be made accord+ to its entire sub/ance1 ?an to be made accord+ to its sub/antial or accid5tal =m4 ,b g5]ation tak5 simply1 or relatively1 :]eby any?+ is made accord+ to ! sub/antial or ! accid5tal =m1 is some?+ 9 ! ?+ g5]at$4 ,!re=e mu* m is creation1 :]eby a ?+ is made accord+ to its :ole sub/ance1 some?+ 9 ! ?+ creat$4 ,i answ] t1 ,creation places some?+ 9 ! ?+ creat$ accord+ to relation only2 because :at is creat$1 is n made by movem5t1 or by *ange4 ,= :at is made by movem5t or by *ange is made f some?+ pre-exi/+4 ,& ?is happ5s1 inde$1 9 ! p>ticul> productions ( "s be+s1 b _c happ5 9 ! production ( all be+ by ! univ]sal cause ( all be+s1 :i* is ,god4 ,h5ce ,god by creation produces ?+s )\t movem5t4 ,n[ :5 movem5t is remov$ f action & passion1 only relation rema9s1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,h5ce creation 9 ! creature is only a c]ta9 relation to ! ,creator z to ! pr9ciple ( its be+2 ev5 z 9 passion1 :i* implies movem5t1 is impli$ a relation to ! pr9ciple ( motion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,creation signifi$ actively means ! div9e action1 :i* is ,god's ess5ce1 ) a relation to ! creature4 ,b 9 ,god relation to ! creature is n a real relation1 b only a relation ( reason2 :]eas ! relation ( ! creature to ,god is a real relation1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #g7 9 treat+ ( ! div9e names4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,because creation is signifi$ z a *ange1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b71 & *ange is a k9d ( m$ium betwe5 ! mov] & ! mov$1 !re=e also creation is signifi$ z a m$ium betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creature4 ,nev]!less passive creation is 9 ! creature1 & is a creature4 ,nor is !re ne$ ( a fur!r creation 9 its creation2 because relations1 or _! entire nature be+ ref]r$ to some?+1 are n ref]r$ by any o!r relations1 b by !mselves2 z 0 also %[n above 7,q4 #db1 ,a4 #a1 ad #d71 9 treat+ ( ! equality ( ! ,p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! creature is ! t]m ( creation z signify+ a *ange1 b is ! subject ( creation1 tak5 z a real relation1 & is prior to x 9 be+1 z ! subject is to ! accid5t4 ,nev]!less creation has a c]ta9 aspect ( priority on ! "p ( ! object to :i* x is direct$1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! creature4 ,nor is x necess>y t z long z ! creature is x %\ld be creat$2 because creation imports a relation ( ! creature to ! ,creator1 ) a c]ta9 newness or beg9n+4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r to ,be ,creat$ ,belongs to ,composite & ,subsi/+ ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to be creat$ does n belong to composite & subsi/+ ?+s4 ,= 9 ! book1 ,de ,causis 7prop4 iv7 x is said1 ,! fir/ ( creatures is be+4 ,b ! be+ ( a ?+ creat$ is n subsi/+4 ,!re=e creation prop]ly speak+ does n belong to subsi/+ & composite ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is creat$ is f no?+4 ,b composite ?+s are n f no?+1 b are ! result ( _! own compon5t p>ts4 ,!re=e composite ?+s are n creat$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is presuppos$ 9 ! second emanation is prop]ly produc$ by ! fir/3 z natural g5]ation produces ! natural ?+1 :i* is presuppos$ 9 ! op]ation ( art4 ,b ! ?+ suppos$ 9 natural g5]ation is matt]4 ,!re=e matt]1 & n ! composite1 is1 prop]ly speak+1 t :i* is creat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #a3a73 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,b heav5 & e>? are subsi/+ composite ?+s4 ,!re=e creation belongs to !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,to be creat$ is1 9 a mann]1 to be made1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b1 #c74 ,n[1 to be made is direct$ to ! be+ ( a ?+4 ,h5ce to be made & to be creat$ prop]ly belong to :atev] be+ belongs2 :i*1 inde$1 belongs prop]ly to subsi/+ ?+s1 :e!r !y are simple ?+s1 z 9 ! case ( sep>ate sub/ances1 or composite1 z 9 ! case ( mat]ial sub/ances4 ,= be+ belongs to t :i* has be+--t is1 to :at subsi/s 9 its own be+4 ,b =ms & accid5ts & ! l are call$ be+s1 n z if !y !mselves 71 b because some?+ is by !m2 z :it5ess is call$ a be+1 inasmu* z its subject is :ite by x4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 vii1 text #b7 accid5t is m prop]ly said to be ( a be+ ?an a be+4 ,!re=e1 z accid5ts & =ms & ! l non-subsi/+ ?+s are to be said to co-exi/ r ?an to exi/1 s !y ought to be call$ r concreat$ ?an creat$ ?+s2 :]eas1 prop]ly speak+1 creat$ ?+s are subsi/+ be+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! proposition ! fir/ ( creat$ ?+s is be+1 ! ^w be+ does n ref] to ! subject ( creation1 b to ! prop] concept ( ! object ( creation4 ,= a creat$ ?+ is call$ creat$ because x is a be+1 n because x is ?is be+1 s9ce creation is ! emanation ( all be+ f ! ,univ]sal ,be+1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #a74 ,we use a simil> way ( speak+ :5 we say t ! fir/ visible ?+ is color1 al?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 ! ?+ color$ is :at is se54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,creation does n mean ! build+ up ( a composite ?+ f pre-exi/+ pr9ciples2 b x means t ! composite is creat$ s t x is br\ght into be+ at ! same "t ) all its pr9ciples4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is reason does n prove t matt] alone is creat$1 b t matt] does n exi/ except by creation2 = creation is ! production ( ! :ole be+1 & n only matt]4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to ,god ,alone to ,create8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x does n belong to ,god alone to create1 because1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 text #cd71 :at is p]fect c make its own lik5ess4 ,b immat]ial creatures are m p]fect ?an mat]ial creatures1 :i* nev]!less c make _! own lik5ess1 = fire g5]ates fire1 & man begets man4 ,!re=e an immat]ial sub/ance c make a sub/ance l to itself4 ,b immat]ial sub/ance c be made only by creation1 s9ce x has no matt] f :i* to be made4 ,!re=e a creature c create4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great] ! resi/ance is on ! "p ( ! ?+ made1 s mu* ! great] p[] is requir$ 9 ! mak]4 ,b a contr>y resi/s m ?an no?+4 ,!re=e x requires m p[] to make 7some?+7 f its contr>y1 :i* nev]!less a creature c d1 ?an to make a ?+ f no?+4 ,mu* m !re=e c a creature d ?is4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p[] ( ! mak] is consid]$ accord+ to ! measure ( :at is made4 ,b creat$ be+ is f9ite1 z we prov$ above :5 treat+ ( ! inf9ity ( ,god 7,q4 #g1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #d74 ,!re=e only a f9ite p[] is ne$$ to produce a creature by creation4 ,b to h a f9ite p[] is n contr>y to ! nature ( a creature4 ,!re=e x is n impossible = a creature to create4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h7 t nei!r good nor bad angels c create any?+4 ,mu* less !re=e c any o!r creatures4 ,i answ] t1 ,x suffici5tly appe>s at ! fir/ glance1 accord+ to :at prec$es 7,a4 #a71 t to create c be ! action ( ,god alone4 ,= ! m univ]sal effects mu/ be r$uc$ to ! m univ]sal & prior causes4 ,n[ among all effects ! mo/ univ]sal is be+ itself3 & h5ce x mu/ be ! prop] effect ( ! fir/ & mo/ univ]sal cause1 & t is ,god4 ,h5ce also x is said 7,de ,causis prop41 iii7 t nei!r intellig5ce nor ! s\l gives u be+1 except inasmu* z x works by div9e op]ation4 ,n[ to produce be+ absolutely1 n z ?is or t be+1 belongs to creation4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t creation is ! prop] act ( ,god alone4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t some?+ p>ticipates ! prop] action ( ano!r1 n by its own p[]1 b in/rum5tally1 inasmu* z x acts by ! p[] ( ano!r2 z air c heat & ignite by ! p[] ( fire4 ,& s "s h suppos$ t al?\gh creation is ! prop] act ( ! univ]sal cause1 /ill "s inf]ior cause act+ by ! p[] ( ! fir/ cause1 c create4 ,& ?us ,avic5na ass]t$ t ! fir/ sep>ate sub/ance creat$ by ,god creat$ ano!r aft] itself1 & ! sub/ance ( ! _w & its s\l2 & t ! sub/ance ( ! _w creates ! matt] ( inf]ior bodies4 ,& 9 ! same mann] ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 iv1 ,d1 #e7 t ,god c communicate to a creature ! p[] ( creat+1 s t ! latt] c create m9i/]ially1 n by its own p[]4 ,b su* a ?+ _c be1 because ! second>y in/rum5tal cause does n p>ticipate ! action ( ! sup]ior cause1 except inasmu* z by some?+ prop] to itself x acts dispositively to ! effect ( ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,if !re=e x effects no?+1 accord+ to :at is prop] to itself1 x is us$ to no purpose2 nor w\ld !re be any ne$ ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts = c]ta9 actions4 ,?us we see t a saw1 9 cutt+ wood1 :i* x does by ! prop]ty ( its own =m1 produces ! =m ( a b5*1 :i* is ! prop] effect ( ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,n[ ! prop] effect ( ,god creat+ is :at is presuppos$ to all o!r effects1 & t is absolute be+4 ,h5ce no?+ else c act dispositively & in/rum5tally to ?is effect1 s9ce creation is n f any?+ presuppos$1 :i* c be dispos$ by ! action ( ! in/rum5tal ag5t4 ,s !re=e x is impossible = any creature to create1 ei!r by its own p[] or in/rum5tally--t is1 m9i/]ially4 ,& above all x is absurd to suppose t a body c create1 = no body acts except by t\*+ or mov+2 & ?us x requires 9 its action "s pre-exi/+ ?+1 :i* c be t\*$ or mov$1 :i* is contr>y to ! v idea ( creation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a p]fect ?+ p>ticipat+ any nature1 makes a lik5ess to itself1 n by absolutely produc+ t nature1 b by apply+ x to some?+ else4 ,= an individual man _c be ! cause ( human nature absolutely1 because he w\ld !n be ! cause ( himself2 b he is ! cause ( human nature be+ 9 ! man begott52 & ?us he presupposes 9 8 action a det]m9ate matt] :]eby he is an individual man4 ,b z an individual man p>ticipates human nature1 s e creat$ be+ p>ticipates1 s to speak1 ! nature ( be+2 = ,god alone is ,8 own be+1 z we h said above 7,q4 #g1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e no creat$ be+ c produce a be+ absolutely1 except =asmu* z x causes be+ 9 ?is3 & s x is necess>y to presuppose t :]eby a ?+ is ?is ?+1 be=e ! action :]eby x makes its own lik5ess4 ,b 9 an immat]ial sub/ance x is n possible to presuppose any?+ :]eby x is ?is ?+2 because x is :at x is by its =m1 :]eby x has be+1 s9ce x is a subsi/+ =m4 ,!re=e an immat]ial sub/ance _c produce ano!r immat]ial sub/ance l to itself z reg>ds its be+1 b only z reg>ds "s add$ p]fection2 z we may say t a sup]ior angel illum9ates an inf]ior1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv1 x74 ,9 ?is way ev5 9 heav5 !re is pat]nity1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #c3ae73 ,f :om all pat]nity 9 heav5 & on e>? is nam$4 ,f :i* evid5tly appe>s t no creat$ be+ c cause any?+1 unless some?+ is presuppos$2 :i* is aga9/ ! v idea ( creation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ is made f its contr>y indirectly 7,phys4 i1 text #dc71 b directly f ! subject :i* is 9 pot5tiality4 ,& s ! contr>y resi/s ! ag5t1 inasmu* z x imp$es ! pot5tiality f ! act :i* ! ag5t int5ds to induce1 z fire int5ds to r$uce ! matt] ( wat] to an act l to itself1 b is imp$$ by ! =m & contr>y dispositions1 :]eby ! pot5tiality 7( ! wat]7 is re/ra9$ f be+ r$uc$ to act2 & ! m ! pot5tiality is re/ra9$1 ! m p[] is requir$ 9 ! ag5t to r$uce ! matt] to act4 ,h5ce a mu* great] p[] is requir$ 9 ! ag5t :5 no pot5tiality pre-exi/s4 ,?us !re=e x appe>s t x is an act ( mu* great] p[] to make a ?+ f no?+1 ?an f its contr>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p[] ( ! mak] is reckon$ n only f ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ made1 b also f ! mode ( its be+ made2 = a great] heat heats n only m1 b quick]4 ,!re=e al?\gh to create a f9ite effect does n %[ an inf9ite p[]1 yet to create x f no?+ does %[ an inf9ite p[]3 :i* appe>s f :at has be5 said 7ad #b74 ,= if a great] p[] is requir$ 9 ! ag5t 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! pot5tiality f ! act1 x foll[s t ! p[] ( t :i* produces some?+ f no presuppos$ pot5tiality is inf9ite1 because !re is no proportion betwe5 no pot5tiality & ! pot5tiality presuppos$ by ! p[] ( a natural ag5t1 z !re is no proportion betwe5 n be+ & be+4 ,& because no creature has simply an inf9ite p[]1 any m ?an x has an inf9ite be+1 z 0 prov$ above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #b71 x foll[s t no creature c create4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r to ,create ,is ,prop] to ,any ,p]son8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to create is prop] to "s ,p]son4 ,= :at comes fir/ is ! cause ( :at is aft]2 & :at is p]fect is ! cause ( :at is imp]fect4 ,b ! procession ( ! div9e ,p]son is prior to ! procession ( ! creature3 & is m p]fect1 because ! div9e ,p]son proce$s 9 p]fect similitude ( its pr9ciple2 :]eas ! creature proce$s 9 imp]fect similitude4 ,!re=e ! processions ( ! div9e ,p]sons are ! cause ( ! processions ( ?+s1 & s to create belongs to a ,p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! div9e ,p]sons are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r only by _! processions & relations4 ,!re=e :atev] diff]5ce is attribut$ to ! div9e ,p]sons belongs to !m accord+ to ! processions & relations ( ! ,p]sons4 ,b ! causation ( creatures is div]sely attribut$ to ! div9e ,p]sons2 = 9 ! ,cre$1 to ! ,fa!r is attribut$ t ,he is ! ,creator ( all ?+s visible & invisible2 to ! ,son is attribut$ t by ,him all ?+s 7 made2 & to ! ,holy ,gho/ is attribut$ t ,he is ,"l & ,life-giv]4 ,!re=e ! causation ( creatures belongs to ! ,p]sons accord+ to processions & relations4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x be said t ! causation ( ! creature fl[s f "s ess5tial attribute appropriat$ to "s "o ,p]son1 ?is does n appe> to be suffici5t2 because e div9e effect is caus$ by e ess5tial attribute--viz4 by p[]1 goodness & wisdom--& ?us does n belong to "o m ?an to ano!r4 ,!re=e any det]m9ate mode ( causation ought n to be attribut$ to "o ,p]son m ?an to ano!r1 unless !y are di/+ui%$ 9 creat+ accord+ to relations & processions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii7 t all ?+s caus$ are ! common "w ( ! :ole ,godhead4 ,i answ] t1 ,to create is1 prop]ly speak+1 to cause or produce ! be+ ( ?+s4 ,& z e ag5t produces its l1 ! pr9ciple ( action c be consid]$ f ! effect ( ! action2 = x mu/ be fire t g5]ates fire4 ,& !re=e to create belongs to ,god accord+ to ,8 be+1 t is1 ,8 ess5ce1 :i* is common to ! ?ree ,p]sons4 ,h5ce to create is n prop] to any "o ,p]son1 b is common to ! :ole ,tr9ity4 ,nev]!less ! div9e ,p]sons1 accord+ to ! nature ( _! procession1 h a causality respect+ ! creation ( ?+s4 ,= z 0 said above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d71 :5 treat+ ( ! k & w ( ,god1 ,god is ! cause ( ?+s by ,8 intellect & w1 j z ! craftsman is cause ( ! ?+s made by 8 craft4 ,n[ ! craftsman works ?r\gh ! ^w conceiv$ 9 8 m9d1 & ?r\gh ! love ( 8 w reg>d+ "s object4 ,h5ce also ,god ! ,fa!r made ! creature ?r\gh ,8 ,^w1 :i* is ,8 ,son2 & ?r\gh ,8 ,love1 :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& s ! processions ( ! ,p]sons are ! type ( ! productions ( creatures inasmu* z !y include ! ess5tial attributes1 k & w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! processions ( ! div9e ,p]sons are ! cause ( creation1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! div9e nature1 al?\gh common to ! ?ree ,p]sons1 /ill belongs to !m 9 a k9d ( ord]1 inasmu* z ! ,son receives ! div9e nature f ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ f bo?3 s also likewise ! p[] ( creation1 :il/ common to ! ?ree ,p]sons1 belongs to !m 9 a k9d ( ord]4 ,= ! ,son receives x f ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ f bo?4 ,h5ce to be ! ,creator is attribut$ to ! ,fa!r z to ,him ,:o does n receive ! p[] ( creation f ano!r4 ,& ( ! ,son x is said 7,john #a3c71 ,?r\gh ,him all ?+s 7 made1 inasmu* z ,he has ! same p[]1 b f ano!r2 = ?is preposition ?r\gh usually d5otes a m$iate cause1 or a pr9ciple f a pr9ciple4 ,b to ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o has ! same p[] f bo?1 is attribut$ t by ,8 sway ,he gov]ns1 & quick5s :at is creat$ by ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,aga91 ! reason = ?is p>ticul> appropriation may be tak5 f ! common notion ( ! appropriation ( ! ess5tial attributes4 ,=1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #ci1 ,a4 #h1 ad #c71 to ! ,fa!r is appropriat$ p[] :i* is *iefly %[n 9 creation1 & !re=e x is attribut$ to ,him to be ! ,creator4 ,to ! ,son is appropriat$ wisdom1 ?r\gh :i* ! intellectual ag5t acts2 & !re=e x is said3 ,?r\gh ,:om all ?+s 7 made4 ,& to ! ,holy ,gho/ is appropriat$ goodness1 to :i* belong bo? gov]nm5t1 :i* br+s ?+s to _! prop] end1 & ! giv+ ( life--= life consi/s 9 a c]ta9 int]ior movem5t2 & ! fir/ mov] is ! end1 & goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh e effect ( ,god proce$s f ea* attribute1 ea* effect is r$uc$ to t attribute ) :i* x is naturally connect$2 ?us ! ord] ( ?+s is r$uc$ to wisdom1 & ! ju/ification ( ! s9n] to m]cy & goodness p\r$ out sup]-abundantly4 ,b creation1 :i* is ! production ( ! v sub/ance ( a ?+1 is r$uc$ to p[]4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r 9 ,creatures ,is ,necess>ily ,f\nd a ,trace ( ! ,tr9ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 creatures !re is n necess>ily f\nd a trace ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,= any?+ c be trac$ ?r\gh its traces4 ,b ! tr9ity ( p]sons _c be trac$ f ! creatures1 z 0 above /at$ 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !re is no trace ( ! ,tr9ity 9 creatures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is 9 creatures is creat$4 ,!re=e if ! trace ( ! ,tr9ity is f\nd 9 creatures accord+ to "s ( _! prop]ties1 & if ev]y?+ creat$ has a trace ( ! ,tr9ity1 x foll[s t we c f9d a trace ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ea* ( ^! 7prop]ties73 & s on to inf9itude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! effect repres5ts only its own cause4 ,b ! causality ( creatures belongs to ! common nature1 & n to ! relations :]eby ! ,p]sons are di/+ui%$ & numb]$4 ,!re=e 9 ! creature is to be f\nd a trace n ( ! ,tr9ity b ( ! unity ( ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #aj71 t ! trace ( ! ,tr9ity appe>s 9 creatures4 ,i answ] t1 ,e effect 9 "s degree repres5ts its cause1 b div]sely4 ,= "s effects repres5t only ! causality ( ! cause1 b n its =m2 z smoke repres5ts fire4 ,su* a repres5tation is call$ a trace3 = a trace %[s t someone has pass$ by b n :o x is4 ,o!r effects repres5t ! cause z reg>ds ! similitude ( its =m1 z fire g5]at$ repres5ts fire g5]at+2 & a /atue ( ,m]cury repres5ts ,m]cury2 & ?is is call$ ! repres5tation ( image4 ,n[ ! processions ( ! div9e ,p]sons are ref]r$ to ! acts ( intellect & w1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #bg74 ,= ! ,son proce$s z ! ^w ( ! intellect2 & ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s z love ( ! w4 ,!re=e 9 rational creatures1 possess+ intellect & w1 !re is f\nd ! repres5tation ( ! ,tr9ity by way ( image1 inasmu* z !re is f\nd 9 !m ! ^w conceiv$1 & ! love proce$+4 ,b 9 all creatures !re is f\nd ! trace ( ! ,tr9ity1 inasmu* z 9 e creature are f\nd "s ?+s :i* are necess>ily r$uc$ to ! div9e ,p]sons z to _! cause4 ,= e creature subsi/s 9 its own be+1 & has a =m1 :]eby x is det]m9$ to a species1 & has relation to some?+ else4 ,!re=e z x is a creat$ sub/ance1 x repres5ts ! cause & pr9ciple2 & s 9 t mann] x %[s ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ,:o is ! pr9ciple f no pr9ciple4 ,accord+ z x has a =m & species1 x repres5ts ! ,^w z ! =m ( ! ?+ made by art is f ! conception ( ! craftsman4 ,accord+ z x has relation ( ord]1 x repres5ts ! ,holy ,gho/1 inasmu* z ,he is love1 because ! ord] ( ! effect to some?+ else is f ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,& !re=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi #aj7 t ! trace ( ! ,tr9ity is f\nd 9 e creature1 accord+ z x is "o individual1 & accord+ z x is =m$ by a species1 & accord+ z x has a c]ta9 relation ( ord]4 ,& to ^! also are r$uc$ ^? ?ree1 numb]1 weight1 & measure1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom 7#i3ba74 ,= measure ref]s to ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ limit$ by its pr9ciples1 numb] ref]s to ! species1 weight ref]s to ! ord]4 ,& to ^! ?ree are r$uc$ ! o!r ?ree m5tion$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,nat4 ,boni iii71 mode1 species1 & ord]1 & also ^? he m5tions 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ah73 t :i* exi/s2 :]eby x is di/+ui%$2 :]eby x agrees4 ,= a ?+ exi/s by its sub/ance1 is di/9ct by its =m1 & agrees by its ord]4 ,o!r simil> expressions may be easily r$uc$ to ! above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! repres5tation ( ! trace is to be ref]r$ to ! appropriations3 9 :i* mann] we are able to arrive at a k ( ! tr9ity ( ! div9e p]sons f creatures1 z we h said 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a creature prop]ly speak+ is a ?+ self-subsi/+2 & 9 su* are ! ?ree above-m5tion$ ?+s to be f\nd4 ,nor is x necess>y t ^! ?ree ?+s %\ld be f\nd 9 all t exi/s 9 ! creature2 b only to a subsi/+ be+ is ! trace ascrib$ 9 reg>d to ^? ?ree ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! processions ( ! p]sons are also 9 "s way ! cause & type ( creation2 z appe>s f ! above 7,a4 #f74 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,creation ,is ,m+l$ ) ,works ( ,nature & ,art8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t creation is m+l$ 9 works ( nature & art4 ,= 9 e op]ation ( nature & art "s =m is produc$4 ,b x is n produc$ f any?+1 s9ce matt] has no "p 9 x4 ,!re=e x is produc$ f no?+2 & ?us 9 e op]ation ( nature & art !re is creation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! effect is n m p[]ful ?an its cause4 ,b 9 natural ?+s ! only ag5t is ! accid5tal =m1 :i* is an active or a passive =m4 ,!re=e ! sub/antial =m is n produc$ by ! op]ation ( nature2 & !re=e x mu/ be produc$ by creation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 nature l begets l4 ,b "s ?+s are f\nd g5]at$ 9 nature by a ?+ unlike to !m2 z is evid5t 9 animals g5]at$ ?r\gh putrefaction4 ,!re=e ! =m ( ^! is n f nature1 b by creation2 & ! same reason applies to o!r ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :at is n creat$1 is n a creature4 ,if !re=e 9 nature's productions !re 7 n creation1 x w\ld foll[ t nature's productions are n creatures2 :i* is h]etical4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,sup] ,g54 v1 #f1ad1ae7 di/+ui%es ! "w ( propagation1 :i* is a "w ( nature1 f ! "w ( creation4 ,i answ] t1 ,! d\bt on ?is subject arises f ! =ms :i*1 "s said1 d n come into exi/5ce by ! action ( nature1 b previ\sly exi/ 9 matt]2 = !y ass]t$ t =ms are lat5t4 ,?is arose f ignorance conc]n+ matt]1 & f n kn[+ h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 pot5tiality & act4 ,= because =ms pre-exi/ 9 matt]1 9 pot5tiality1 !y ass]t$ t !y pre-exi/ simply4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 said t ! =ms 7 giv5 or caus$ by a sep>ate ag5t by way ( creation2 & accord+ly1 t to ea* op]ation ( nature is jo9$ creation4 ,b ?is op9ion arose f ignorance conc]n+ =m4 ,= !y fail$ to consid] t ! =m ( ! natural body is n subsi/+1 b is t by :i* a ?+ is4 ,& !re=e1 s9ce to be made & to be creat$ belong prop]ly to a subsi/+ ?+ alone1 z %[n above 7,a4 #d71 x does n belong to =ms to be made or to be creat$1 b to be concreat$4 ,:at1 inde$1 is prop]ly made by ! natural ag5t is ! composite1 :i* is made f matt]4 ,h5ce 9 ! works ( nature creation does n ent]1 b is presuppos$ to ! "w ( nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,=ms beg9 to be actual :5 ! composite ?+s are made1 n z ?\gh !y 7 made directly1 b only indirectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! active qualities 9 nature act by virtue ( sub/antial =ms3 & !re=e ! natural ag5t n only produces its l accord+ to quality1 b accord+ to species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,= ! g5]ation ( imp]fect animals1 a univ]sal ag5t suffices1 & ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! cele/ial p[] to :i* !y are assimilat$1 n 9 species1 b accord+ to a k9d ( analogy4 ,nor is x necess>y to say t _! =ms are creat$ by a sep>ate ag5t4 ,h[ev]1 = ! g5]ation ( p]fect animals ! univ]sal ag5t does n suffice1 b a prop] ag5t is requir$1 9 ! %ape ( a univocal g5]ator4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! op]ation ( nature takes place only on ! presupposition ( creat$ pr9ciples2 & ?us ! products ( nature are call$ creatures4 ,,"q #df ,,( ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,creatures 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,next mu/ be consid]$ ! beg9n+ ( ! duration ( creatures1 ab\t :i* !re are ?ree po9ts = treatm5t3 7#a7 ,:e!r creatures always exi/$8 7#b7 ,:e!r t !y began to exi/ is an article ( ,fai?8 7#c7 ,h[ ,god is said to h creat$ heav5 & e>? 9 ! beg9n+8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,univ]se ( ,creatures ,always ,exi/$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! univ]se ( creatures1 call$ ! _w1 _h no beg9n+1 b exi/$ f et]nity4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* beg9s to exi/1 is a possible be+ be=e x exi/s3 o!rwise x w\ld be impossible = x to exi/4 ,if !re=e ! _w began to exi/1 x 0 a possible be+ be=e x began to exi/4 ,b possible be+ is matt]1 :i* is 9 pot5tiality to exi/5ce1 :i* results f a =m1 & to non-exi/5ce1 :i* results f privation ( =m4 ,if !re=e ! _w began to exi/1 matt] mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! _w4 ,b matt] _c exi/ )\t =m3 :ile ! matt] ( ! _w ) its =m is ! _w4 ,!re=e ! _w exi/$ be=e x began to exi/3 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ :i* has p[] to be always1 sometimes is & sometimes is n2 because s f> z ! p[] ( a ?+ ext5ds s long x exi/s4 ,b e incorruptible ?+ has p[] to be always2 = its p[] does n ext5d to any det]m9ate "t4 ,!re=e no incorruptible ?+ sometimes is1 & sometimes is n3 b ev]y?+ :i* has a beg9n+ at "s "t is1 & at "s "t is n2 !re=e no incorruptible ?+ beg9s to exi/4 ,b !re are _m incorruptible ?+s 9 ! _w1 z ! cele/ial bodies & all intellectual sub/ances4 ,!re=e ! _w did n beg9 to exi/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is unbegott5 has no beg9n+4 ,b ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 i1 text #hb7 proves t matt] is unbegott51 & also 7,de ,coelo et ,mundo i1 text #bj7 t ! heav5 is unbegott54 ,!re=e ! univ]se did n beg9 to exi/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a vacuum is :]e !re is n a body1 b !re might be4 ,b if ! _w began to exi/1 !re 0 fir/ no body :]e ! body ( ! _w n[ is2 & yet x c\ld be !re1 o!rwise x w\ld n be !re n[4 ,!re=e be=e ! _w !re 0 a vacuum2 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 no?+ beg9s anew to be mov$ except ?r\gh ei!r ! mov] or ! ?+ mov$ be+ o!rwise ?an x 0 be=e4 ,b :at is o!rwise n[ ?an x 0 be=e1 is mov$4 ,!re=e be=e e new movem5t !re 0 a previ\s movem5t4 ,!re=e movem5t always 02 & !re=e also ! ?+ mov$ always 01 because movem5t is only 9 a movable ?+4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 e mov] is ei!r natural or volunt>y4 ,b nei!r beg9s to move except by "s pre-exi/+ movem5t4 ,= nature always moves 9 ! same mann]3 h5ce unless "s *ange prec$e ei!r 9 ! nature ( ! mov]1 or 9 ! movable ?+1 !re _c arise f ! natural mov] a movem5t :i* 0 n !re be=e4 ,& ! w1 )\t itself be+ *ang$1 puts (f do+ :at x proposes to d2 b ?is c be only by "s imag9$ *ange1 at lea/ on ! "p ( "t4 ,?us he :o wills to make a h\se tomorr[1 & n today1 awaits some?+ :i* w be tomorr[1 b is n today2 & at lea/ awaits = today to pass1 & = tomorr[ to come2 & ?is _c be )\t *ange1 because "t is ! measure ( movem5t4 ,!re=e x rema9s t be=e e new movem5t1 !re 0 a previ\s movem5t2 & s ! same conclusion foll[s z be=e4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is always 9 its beg9n+1 & always 9 its end1 _c cease & _c beg92 because :at beg9s is n 9 its end1 & :at ceases is n 9 its beg9n+4 ,b "t always is 9 its beg9n+ & end1 because !re is no "t except n[ :i* is ! end ( ! pa/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! future4 ,!re=e "t _c beg9 or end1 & consequ5tly nei!r c movem5t1 ! measure ( :at is "t4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 ,god is be=e ! _w ei!r 9 ! ord] ( nature only1 or also by duration4 ,if 9 ! ord] ( nature only1 !re=e1 s9ce ,god is et]nal1 ! _w also is et]nal4 ,b if ,god is prior by duration2 s9ce :at is prior & po/]ior 9 duration con/itutes "t1 x foll[s t "t exi/$ be=e ! _w1 :i* is impossible4 ,obj4 #i3 ,fur!r1 if !re is a suffici5t cause1 !re is an effect2 = a cause to :i* !re is no effect is an imp]fect cause1 requir+ some?+ else to make ! effect foll[4 ,b ,god is ! suffici5t cause ( ! _w2 be+ ! f9al cause1 by reason ( ,8 goodness1 ! exempl> cause by reason ( ,8 wisdom1 & ! effici5t cause1 by reason ( ,8 p[] z appe>s f ! above 7,q4 #dd1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #d74 ,s9ce !re=e ,god is et]nal1 ! _w is also et]nal4 ,obj4 #aj3 ,fur!r1 et]nal action po/ulates an et]nal effect4 ,b ! action ( ,god is ,8 sub/ance1 :i* is et]nal4 ,!re=e ! _w is et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,john #ag3e71 ,glorify ,me1 ,o ,fa!r1 ) ,?yself ) ! glory :i* ,i _h be=e ! _w 02 & 7,prov4 #h3bb71 ,! ,"l possess$ ,me 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,8 ways1 be=e ,he made any?+ f ! beg9n+4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ except ,god c be et]nal4 ,& ?is /atem5t is f> f impossible to uphold3 = x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d7 t ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s4 ,!re=e ?+s are necess>y1 accord+ z x is necess>y = ,god to w !m1 s9ce ! necessity ( ! effect dep5ds on ! necessity ( ! cause 7,metaph4 v1 text #f74 ,n[ x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c71 t1 absolutely speak+1 x is n necess>y t ,god %\ld w any?+ except ,himself4 ,x is n !re=e necess>y = ,god to w t ! _w %\ld always exi/2 b ! _w exi/s =asmu* z ,god wills x to exi/1 s9ce ! be+ ( ! _w dep5ds on ! w ( ,god1 z on its cause4 ,x is n !re=e necess>y = ! _w to be always2 & h5ce x _c be prov$ by demon/ration4 ,nor are ,ari/otle's reasons 7,phys4 viii7 simply1 b relatively1 demon/rative--viz4 9 ord] to contradict ! reasons ( "s ( ! anci5ts :o ass]t$ t ! _w began to exi/ 9 "s q impossible mann]4 ,?is appe>s 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ly1 because1 bo? 9 ,phys4 viii & 9 ,de ,coelo i1 text #aja1 he premises "s op9ions1 z ^? ( ,anaxagoras1 ,emp$ocles & ,plato1 & br+s =w>d reasons to refute !m4 ,secondly1 because :]ev] he speaks ( ?is subject1 he quotes ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 :i* is n ! way ( a demon/rator1 b ( "o p]suad+ ( :at is probable4 ,?irdly1 because he expressly says 7,topic4 i1 #i71 t !re are dialectical problems1 ab\t :i* we h no?+ to say f reason1 z1 :e!r ! _w is et]nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,be=e ! _w exi/$ x 0 possible = ! _w to be1 n1 inde$1 accord+ to a passive p[] :i* is matt]1 b accord+ to ! active p[] ( ,god2 & also1 accord+ z a ?+ is call$ absolutely possible1 n 9 relation to any p[]1 b f ! sole habitude ( ! t]ms :i* are n repugnant to ea* o!r2 9 :i* s5se possible is oppos$ to impossible1 z appe>s f ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 v1 text #ag74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:atev] has p[] always to be1 f ! fact ( hav+ t p[]1 _c sometimes be & sometimes n be2 b be=e x receiv$ t p[]1 x did n exi/4 ,h5ce ?is reason :i* is giv5 by ,ari/otle 7,de ,coelo i1 text #abj7 does n prove simply t incorruptible ?+s nev] began to exi/2 b t !y did n beg9 by ! natural mode :]eby ?+s g5]at$ & corruptible beg94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ari/otle 7,phys4 i1 text #hb7 proves t matt] is unbegott5 f ! fact t x has n a subject f :i* to d]ive its exi/5ce2 & 7,de ,coelo et ,mundo i1 text #bj7 he proves t heav5 is ung5]at$1 =asmu* z x has no contr>y f :i* to be g5]at$4 ,h5ce x appe>s t no conclusion foll[s ei!r way1 except t matt] & heav5 did n beg9 by g5]ation1 z "s said1 especially ab\t heav54 ,b we say t matt] & heav5 7 produc$ into be+ by creation1 z appe>s above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! notion ( a vacuum is n only 9 :i* is no?+1 b also implies a space capable ( hold+ a body & 9 :i* !re is n a body1 z appe>s f ,ari/otle 7,phys4 iv1 text #fj74 ,:]eas we hold t !re 0 no place or space be=e ! _w 04 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! fir/ mov] 0 always 9 ! same /ate3 b ! fir/ movable ?+ 0 n always s1 because x began to be :]eas hi!rto x 0 n4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ?r\gh *ange1 b by creation1 :i* is n *ange1 z said above 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ?is reason1 :i* ,ari/otle gives 7,phys4 viii71 is valid aga9/ ^? :o admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( et]nal movable ?+s1 b n et]nal movem5t1 z appe>s f ! op9ions ( ,anaxagoras & ,emp$ocles4 ,b we hold t f ! mom5t t movable ?+s began to exi/ movem5t also exi/$4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! fir/ ag5t is a volunt>y ag5t4 ,& al?\gh ,he _h ! et]nal w to produce "s effect1 yet ,he did n produce an et]nal effect4 ,nor is x necess>y = "s *ange to be presuppos$1 n ev5 on acc\nt ( imag9>y "t4 ,= we mu/ take into consid]ation ! diff]5ce betwe5 a p>ticul> ag5t1 t presupposes some?+ & produces some?+ else1 & ! univ]sal ag5t1 :o produces ! :ole4 ,! p>ticul> ag5t produces ! =m1 & presupposes ! matt]2 & h5ce x is necess>y t x introduce ! =m 9 due proportion into a suitable matt]4 ,h5ce x is correct to say t x introduces ! =m into su* matt]1 & n into ano!r1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( matt]4 ,b x is n correct to say s ( ,god ,:o produces =m & matt] toge!r3 :]eas x is correct to say ( ,him t ,he produces matt] fitt+ to ! =m & to ! end4 ,n[1 a p>ticul> ag5t presupposes "t j z x presupposes matt]4 ,h5ce x is correctly describ$ z act+ 9 "t aft] & n 9 "t be=e1 accord+ to an imag9>y succession ( "t aft] "t4 ,b ! univ]sal ag5t :o produces ! ?+ & "t also1 is n correctly describ$ z act+ n[1 & n be=e1 accord+ to an imag9>y succession ( "t succe$+ "t1 z if "t 7 presuppos$ to ,8 action2 b ,he mu/ be consid]$ z giv+ "t to ,8 effect z mu* z & :5 ,he will$1 & accord+ to :at 0 fitt+ to demon/rate ,8 p[]4 ,= ! _w leads m evid5tly to ! k ( ! div9e creat+ p[]1 if x 0 n always1 ?an if x _h always be52 s9ce ev]y?+ :i* 0 n always manife/ly has a cause2 :]eas ?is is n s manife/ ( :at always 04 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,z is /at$ 7,phys4 iv1 text #ii71 be=e & aft] belong to "t1 accord+ z !y are 9 movem5t4 ,h5ce beg9n+ & end 9 "t mu/ be tak5 9 ! same way z 9 movem5t4 ,n[1 grant$ ! et]nity ( movem5t1 x is necess>y t any giv5 mom5t 9 movem5t be a beg9n+ & an end ( movem5t2 :i* ne$ n be if movem5t be a beg9n+4 ,! same applies to ! n[ ( "t4 ,?us x appe>s t ! idea ( ! in/ant n[1 z be+ always ! beg9n+ & end ( "t1 presupposes ! et]nity ( "t & movem5t4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle br+s =w>d ?is reason 7,phys4 viii1 text #aj7 aga9/ ^? :o ass]t$ ! et]nity ( "t1 b d5i$ ! et]nity ( movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,god is prior to ! _w by priority ( duration4 ,b ! ^w prior signifies priority n ( "t1 b ( et]nity4 ,or we may say t x signifies ! et]nity ( imag9>y "t1 & n ( "t really exi/+2 ?us1 :5 we say t above heav5 !re is no?+1 ! ^w above signifies only an imag9>y place1 accord+ z x is possible to imag9e o!r dim5sions beyond ^? ( ! heav5ly body4 ,reply ,obj4 #i3 ,z ! effect foll[s f ! cause t acts by nature1 accord+ to ! mode ( its =m1 s likewise x foll[s f ! volunt>y ag5t1 accord+ to ! =m preconceiv$ & det]m9$ by ! ag5t1 z appe>s f :at 0 said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ,god 0 f et]nity ! suffici5t cause ( ! _w1 we %\ld n say t ! _w 0 produc$ by ,him1 except z preorda9$ by ,8 w--t is1 t x %\ld h be+ aft] n be+1 9 ord] m manife/ly to decl>e its au?or4 ,reply ,obj4 #aj3 ,giv5 ! action1 ! effect foll[s accord+ to ! requirem5t ( ! =m1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( action4 ,b 9 ag5ts act+ by w1 :at is conceiv$ & preorda9$ is to be tak5 z ! =m1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( action4 ,!re=e f ! et]nal action ( ,god an et]nal effect did n foll[2 b su* an effect z ,god will$1 an effect1 to wit1 :i* has be+ aft] n be+4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is an ,article ( ,fai? ,t ! ,_w ,began8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n an article ( fai? b a demon/rable conclusion t ! _w began4 ,= ev]y?+ t is made has a beg9n+ ( its duration4 ,b x c be prov$ demon/ratively t ,god is ! effective cause ( ! _w2 inde$ ?is is ass]t$ by ! m approv$ philosoph]s4 ,!re=e x c be demon/ratively prov$ t ! _w began4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if x is necess>y to say t ! _w 0 made by ,god1 x mu/ !re=e h be5 made f no?+ or f some?+4 ,b x 0 n made f some?+2 o!rwise ! matt] ( ! _w w\ld h prec$$ ! _w2 aga9/ :i* are ! argum5ts ( ,ari/otle 7,de ,coelo i71 :o held t heav5 0 ung5]at$4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t ! _w 0 made f no?+2 & ?us x has be+ aft] n be+4 ,!re=e x mu/ h begun4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* works by intellect works f "s pr9ciple1 z appe>s 9 all k9ds ( craftsm54 ,b ,god acts by intellect3 !re=e ,8 "w has a pr9ciple4 ,! _w1 !re=e1 :i* is ,8 effect1 did n always exi/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x appe>s manife/ly t c]ta9 arts h develop$1 & c]ta9 c\ntries h begun to be inhabit$ at "s fix$ "t4 ,b ?is w\ld n be ! case if ! _w _h be5 always4 ,!re=e x is manife/ t ! _w did n always exi/4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is c]ta9 t no?+ c be equal to ,god4 ,b if ! _w _h always be51 x w\ld be equal to ,god 9 duration4 ,!re=e x is c]ta9 t ! _w did n always exi/4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 if ! _w always 01 ! consequ5ce is t inf9ite days prec$$ ?is pres5t day4 ,b x is impossible to pass ?r\gh an inf9ite m$ium4 ,!re=e we %\ld nev] h arriv$ at ?is pres5t day2 :i* is manife/ly false4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 if ! _w 0 et]nal1 g5]ation also 0 et]nal4 ,!re=e "o man 0 begott5 ( ano!r 9 an inf9ite s]ies4 ,b ! fa!r is ! effici5t cause ( ! son 7,phys4 ii1 text #e74 ,!re=e 9 effici5t causes !re c\ld be an inf9ite s]ies1 :i* is disprov$ 7,metaph4 ii1 text #e74 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 if ! _w & g5]ation always 71 !re h be5 an inf9ite numb] ( m54 ,b man's s\l is immortal3 !re=e an inf9ite numb] ( human s\ls w\ld actually n[ exi/1 :i* is impossible4 ,!re=e x c be kn[n ) c]ta9ty t ! _w began1 & n only is x kn[n by fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! articles ( fai? _c be prov$ demon/ratively1 because fai? is ( ?+s t appe> n 7,heb4 #aa3a74 ,b t ,god is ! ,creator ( ! _w3 h5ce t ! _w began1 is an article ( fai?2 = we say1 ,i believe 9 "o ,god1 etc4 ,& aga91 ,gregory says 7,hom4 i 9 ,eze*471 t ,moses prophesi$ ( ! pa/1 say+1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?3 9 :i* words ! newness ( ! _w is /at$4 ,!re=e ! newness ( ! _w is kn[n only by revelation2 & !re=e x _c be prov$ demon/ratively4 ,i answ] t1 ,by fai? alone d we hold1 & by no demon/ration c x be prov$1 t ! _w did n always exi/1 z 0 said above ( ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a74 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! newness ( ! _w _c be demon/rat$ on ! "p ( ! _w itself4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( demon/ration is ! ess5ce ( a ?+4 ,n[ ev]y?+ accord+ to its species is ab/ract$ f "h & n[2 :5ce x is said t univ]sals are ev]y:]e & always4 ,h5ce x _c be demon/rat$ t man1 or heav51 or a /one 7 n always4 ,likewise nei!r c x be demon/rat$ on ! "p ( ! effici5t cause1 :i* acts by w4 ,= ! w ( ,god _c be inve/igat$ by reason1 except z reg>ds ^? ?+s :i* ,god mu/ w ( necessity2 & :at ,he wills ab\t creatures is n among ^!1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c74 ,b ! div9e w c be manife/$ by revelation1 on :i* fai? re/s4 ,h5ce t ! _w began to exi/ is an object ( fai?1 b n ( demon/ration or sci5ce4 ,& x is useful to consid] ?is1 le/ anyone1 presum+ to demon/rate :at is ( fai?1 %\ld br+ =w>d reasons t are n cog5t1 s z to give occasion to unbeliev]s to laugh1 ?9k+ t on su* gr\nds we believe ?+s t are ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #d71 ! op9ion ( philosoph]s :o ass]t$ ! et]nity ( ! _w 0 tw(old4 ,= "s said t ! sub/ance ( ! _w 0 n f ,god1 :i* is an intol]able error2 & !re=e x is refut$ by pro(s t are cog5t4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 said t ! _w 0 et]nal1 al?\gh made by ,god4 ,= !y hold t ! _w has a beg9n+1 n ( "t1 b ( creation1 s t 9 a c]ta9 h>dly intelligible way x 0 always made4 ,& !y try to expla9 _! mean+ ?us 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #ca73 = z1 if ! foot 7 always 9 ! du/ f et]nity1 !re w\ld always be a footpr9t :i* )\t d\bt 0 caus$ by him :o trod on x1 s also ! _w always 01 because its ,mak] always exi/$4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ consid] t ! effici5t cause1 :i* acts by motion1 ( necessity prec$es its effect 9 "t2 because ! effect is only 9 ! end ( ! action1 & e ag5t mu/ be ! pr9ciple ( action4 ,b if ! action is in/antane\s & n successive1 x is n necess>y = ! mak] to be prior to ! ?+ made 9 duration z appe>s 9 ! case ( illum9ation4 ,h5ce !y say t x does n foll[ necess>ily if ,god is ! active cause ( ! _w1 t ,he %\ld be prior to ! _w 9 duration2 because creation1 by :i* ,he produc$ ! _w1 is n a successive *ange1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o w\ld say t ! _w 0 et]nal1 w\ld say t ! _w 0 made by ,god f no?+1 n t x 0 made aft] no?+1 accord+ to :at we und]/& by ! ^w creation1 b t x 0 n made f any?+2 & s also "s ( !m d n reject ! ^w creation1 z appe>s f ,avic5na 7,metaph4 ix1 text #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is is ! argum5t ( ,anaxagoras 7z quot$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 text #ae74 ,b x does n lead to a necess>y conclusion1 except z to t intellect :i* delib]ates 9 ord] to f9d out :at %\ld be done1 :i* is l movem5t4 ,su* is ! human intellect1 b n ! div9e intellect 7,q4 #ad1 ,,aa4 #g1 #ab74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? :o hold ! et]nity ( ! _w hold t "s region 0 *ang$ an inf9ite numb] ( times1 f be+ un9habitable to be+ inhabitable & vice v]sa1 & likewise !y hold t ! arts1 by reason ( v>i\s corruptions & accid5ts1 7 subject to an inf9ite v>iety ( advance & decay4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle says 7,meteor4 i71 t x is absurd f su* p>ticul> *anges to hold ! op9ion ( ! newness ( ! :ole _w4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! _w always 01 x w\ld n be equal to ,god 9 et]nity1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 v1 #f72 because ! div9e ,be+ is all be+ simultane\sly )\t succession2 b ) ! _w x is o!rwise4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,passage is always und]/ood z be+ f t]m to t]m4 ,:atev] bygone day we *oose1 f x to ! pres5t day !re is a f9ite numb] ( days :i* c be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! objection is f\nd$ on ! idea t1 giv5 two extremes1 !re is an inf9ite numb] ( mean t]ms4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,9 effici5t causes x is impossible to proce$ to inf9ity p] se--?us1 !re _c be an inf9ite numb] ( causes t are p] se requir$ = a c]ta9 effect2 = in/ance1 t a /one be mov$ by a /ick1 ! /ick by ! h&1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,b x is n impossible to proce$ to inf9ity accid5tally z reg>ds effici5t causes2 = in/ance1 if all ! causes ?us inf9itely multipli$ %\ld h ! ord] ( only "o cause1 _! multiplication be+ accid5tal1 z an artific] acts by means ( _m hamm]s accid5tally1 because "o aft] ! o!r may be brok54 ,x is accid5tal1 !re=e1 t "o p>ticul> hamm] acts aft] ! action ( ano!r2 & likewise x is accid5tal to ?is p>ticul> man z g5]ator to be g5]at$ by ano!r man2 = he g5]ates z a man1 & n z ! son ( ano!r man4 ,= all m5 g5]at+ hold "o grade 9 effici5t causes--viz4 ! grade ( a p>ticul> g5]ator4 ,h5ce x is n impossible = a man to be g5]at$ by man to inf9ity2 b su* a ?+ w\ld be impossible if ! g5]ation ( ?is man dep5d$ ^u ?is man1 & on an elem5t>y body1 & on ! sun1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,^? :o hold ! et]nity ( ! _w evade ?is reason 9 _m ways4 ,= "s d n ?9k x impossible = !re to be an actual inf9ity ( s\ls1 z appe>s f ! ,metaphysics ( ,algazel1 :o says t su* a ?+ is an accid5tal inf9ity4 ,b ?is 0 disprov$ above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #d74 ,"s say t ! s\l is corrupt$ ) ! body4 ,& "s say t ( all s\ls only "o w rema94 ,b o!rs1 z ,augu/9e says 99,s]m4 xiv1 ,de ,temp4 #d1 #e2 ,de ,ha]es41 ha]es4 #df2 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xii4 #ac1 ass]t$ on ?is acc\nt a circuit ( s\ls--viz4 t s\ls sep>at$ f _! bodies return aga9 ?i!r aft] a c\rse ( "t2 a full] consid]ation ( :i* matt]s w be giv5 lat] 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #f74 ,b be x not$ t ?is argum5t consid]s only a p>ticul> case4 ,h5ce "o might say t ! _w 0 et]nal1 or at lea/ "s creature1 z an angel1 b n man4 ,b we are consid]+ ! "q 9 g5]al1 z to :e!r any creature c exi/ f et]nity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,creation ( ,?+s ,0 9 ! ,beg9n+ ( ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! creation ( ?+s 0 n 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,= :atev] is n 9 "t1 is n ( any "p ( "t4 ,b ! creation ( ?+s 0 n 9 "t2 = by ! creation ! sub/ance ( ?+s 0 br\ght into be+2 & "t does n measure ! sub/ance ( ?+s1 & especially ( incorporeal ?+s4 ,!re=e creation 0 n 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 vi1 text #dj7 t ev]y?+ :i* is made1 0 be+ made2 & s to be made implies a be=e & aft]4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t1 s9ce x is indivisible1 !re is no be=e & aft]4 ,!re=e1 s9ce to be creat$ is a k9d ( be+ made1 x appe>s t ?+s 7 n creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev5 "t itself is creat$4 ,b "t _c be creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t1 s9ce "t is divisible1 & ! beg9n+ ( "t is indivisible4 ,!re=e1 ! creation ( ?+s 0 n 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #a3a73 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,! words ( ,g5esis1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 are exp\nd$ 9 a ?reefold s5se 9 ord] to exclude ?ree errors4 ,= "s said t ! _w always 01 & t "t _h no beg9n+2 & to exclude ?is ! words ,9 ! beg9n+ are exp\nd$--viz4 ( "t4 ,& "s said t !re are two pr9ciples ( creation1 "o ( good ?+s & ! o!r ( evil ?+s1 aga9/ :i* ,9 ! beg9n+ is exp\nd$--9 ! ,son4 ,= z ! effici5t pr9ciple is appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r by reason ( p[]1 s ! exempl> pr9ciple is appropriat$ to ! ,son by reason ( wisdom1 9 ord] t1 z x is said 7,ps4 #ajc3bd71 ,?\ ha/ made all ?+s 9 wisdom1 x may be und]/ood t ,god made all ?+s 9 ! beg9n+--t is1 9 ! ,son2 accord+ to ! ^w ( ! ,apo/le 7,col4 #a3af71 ,9 ,him--viz4 ! ,son--7 creat$ all ?+s4 ,b o!rs said t corporeal ?+s 7 creat$ by ,god ?r\gh ! m$ium ( spiritual creation2 & to exclude ?is x is exp\nd$ ?us3 ,9 ! beg9n+--i4e4 be=e all ?+s--,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,= f\r ?+s are /at$ to be creat$ toge!r--viz4 ! empyrean heav51 corporeal matt]1 by :i* is meant ! e>?1 "t1 & ! angelic nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?+s are said to be creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t1 n z if ! beg9n+ ( "t 7 a measure ( creation1 b because toge!r ) "t heav5 & e>? 7 creat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is say+ ( ! ,philosoph] is und]/ood ( be+ made by means ( movem5t1 or z ! t]m ( movem5t4 ,because1 s9ce 9 e movem5t !re is be=e & aft]1 be=e any "o po9t 9 a giv5 movem5t--t is1 :il/ any?+ is 9 ! process ( be+ mov$ & made1 !re is a be=e & also an aft]1 because :at is 9 ! beg9n+ ( movem5t or 9 its t]m is n 9 be+ mov$4 ,b creation is nei!r movem5t nor ! t]m ( movem5t1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #de1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,h5ce a ?+ is creat$ 9 su* a way t x 0 n be+ creat$ be=e4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ is made except z x exi/s4 ,b no?+ exi/s ( "t except n[4 ,h5ce "t _c be made except accord+ to "s n[2 n because 9 ! fir/ n[ is "t1 b because f x "t beg9s4 ,,"q #dg ,,( ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,?+s ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ ! production ( creatures1 we come to ! consid]ation ( ! di/9ction ( ?+s4 ,?is consid]ation w be ?reefold--fir/1 ( ! di/9ction ( ?+s 9 g5]al2 secondly1 ( ! di/9ction ( good & evil2 ?irdly1 ( ! di/9ction ( ! spiritual & corporeal creature4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! multitude or di/9ction ( ?+s4 7#b7 ,_! inequality4 7#c7 ,! unity ( ! _w4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,multitude & ,di/9ction ( ,?+s ,come f ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! multitude & di/9ction ( ?+s does n come f ,god4 ,= "o naturally always makes "o4 ,b ,god is supremely "o1 z appe>s f :at prec$es 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ,he produces b "o effect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! repres5tation is assimilat$ to its exempl>4 ,b ,god is ! exempl> cause ( ,8 effect1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e1 z ,god is "o1 ,8 effect is "o only1 & n div]se4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! means are proportional to ! end4 ,b ! end ( ! creation is "o--viz4 ! div9e goodness1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ! effect ( ,god is b "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #a3d1 #g7 t ,god divid$ ! light f ! d>kness1 & divid$ wat]s f wat]s4 ,!re=e ! di/9ction & multitude ( ?+s is f ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,! di/9ction ( ?+s has be5 ascrib$ to _m causes4 ,= "s attribut$ ! di/9ction to matt]1 ei!r by itself or ) ! ag5t4 ,democritus1 = in/ance1 & all ! anci5t natural philosoph]s1 :o admitt$ no cause b matt]1 attribut$ x to matt] alone2 & 9 _! op9ion ! di/9ction ( ?+s comes f *ance accord+ to ! movem5t ( matt]4 ,anaxagoras1 h[ev]1 attribut$ ! di/9ction & multitude ( ?+s to matt] & to ! ag5t toge!r2 & he said t ! intellect di/+ui%es ?+s by extract+ :at is mix$ up 9 matt]4 ,b ?is _c /&1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b71 ev5 matt] itself 0 creat$ by ,god4 ,h5ce we mu/ r$uce :atev] di/9ction comes f matt] to a high] cause4 ,secondly1 because matt] is = ! sake ( ! =m1 & n ! =m = ! matt]1 & ! di/9ction ( ?+s comes f _! prop] =ms4 ,!re=e ! di/9ction ( ?+s is n on acc\nt ( ! matt]2 b r1 on ! contr>y1 creat$ matt] is =mless1 9 ord] t x may be accommodat$ to diff]5t =ms4 ,o!rs h attribut$ ! di/9ction ( ?+s to second>y ag5ts1 z did ,avic5na1 :o said t ,god by und]/&+ ,himself1 produc$ ! fir/ intellig5ce2 9 :i*1 =asmu* z x 0 n its own be+1 !re is necess>ily composition ( pot5tiality & act1 z w appe> lat] 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #c74 ,& s ! fir/ intellig5ce1 inasmu* z x und]/ood ! fir/ cause1 produc$ ! second intellig5ce2 & 9 s f> z x und]/ood itself z 9 pot5tiality x produc$ ! heav5ly body1 :i* causes movem5t1 & inasmu* z x und]/ood itself z hav+ actuality x produc$ ! s\l ( ! heav5s4 ,b ?is op9ion _c /&1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #e7 t to create belongs to ,god alone1 & h5ce :at c be caus$ only by creation is produc$ by ,god alone--viz4 all ^? ?+s :i* are n subject to g5]ation & corruption4 ,secondly1 because1 accord+ to ?is op9ion1 ! univ]sality ( ?+s w\ld n proce$ f ! int5tion ( ! fir/ ag5t1 b f ! concurr5ce ( _m active causes2 & su* an effect we c describe only z be+ produc$ by *ance4 ,!re=e1 ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 :i* consi/s ( ! div]sity ( ?+s1 w\ld ?us be a ?+ ( *ance1 :i* is impossible4 ,h5ce we mu/ say t ! di/9ction & multitude ( ?+s come f ! int5tion ( ! fir/ ag5t1 :o is ,god4 ,= ,he br\ght ?+s into be+ 9 ord] t ,8 goodness might be communicat$ to creatures1 & be repres5t$ by !m2 & because ,8 goodness c\ld n be adequately repres5t$ by "o creature alone1 ,he produc$ _m & div]se creatures1 t :at 0 want+ to "o 9 ! repres5tation ( ! div9e goodness might be suppli$ by ano!r4 ,= goodness1 :i* 9 ,god is simple & uni=m1 9 creatures is manifold & divid$ & h5ce ! :ole univ]se toge!r p>ticipates ! div9e goodness m p]fectly1 & repres5ts x bett] ?an any s+le creature :atev]4 ,& because ! div9e wisdom is ! cause ( ! di/9ction ( ?+s1 !re=e ,moses said t ?+s are made di/9ct by ! ^w ( ,god1 :i* is ! concept ( ,8 wisdom2 & ?is is :at we read 9 ,g54 #a3c1 #d3 ,god said3 ,be light made 4 4 4 ,& ,he divid$ ! light f ! d>kness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! natural ag5t acts by ! =m :i* makes x :at x is1 & :i* is only "o 9 "o ?+2 & !re=e its effect is "o only4 ,b ! volunt>y ag5t1 su* z ,god is1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d71 acts by an intellectual =m4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 x is n aga9/ ,god's unity & simplicity to und]/& _m ?+s1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #b71 x foll[s t1 al?\gh ,he is "o1 ,he c make _m ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is reason w\ld apply to ! repres5tation :i* reflects ! exempl> p]fectly1 & :i* is multipli$ by reason ( matt] only2 h5ce ! uncreat$ image1 :i* is p]fect1 is only "o4 ,b no creature repres5ts ! fir/ exempl> p]fectly1 :i* is ! div9e ess5ce2 &1 !re=e1 x c be repres5t$ by _m ?+s4 ,/ill1 accord+ z ideas are call$ exempl>s1 ! plurality ( ideas corresponds 9 ! div9e m9d to ! plurality ( ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 speculative ?+s ! m$ium ( demon/ration1 :i* demon/rates ! conclusion p]fectly1 is "o only2 :]eas probable means ( pro( are _m4 ,likewise :5 op]ation is conc]n$1 if ! means be equal1 s to speak1 to ! end1 "o only is suffici5t4 ,b ! creature is n su* a means to its end1 :i* is ,god2 & h5ce ! multiplication ( creatures is necess>y4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,inequality ( ,?+s ,is f ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! inequality ( ?+s is n f ,god4 ,= x belongs to ! be/ to produce ! be/4 ,b among ?+s t are be/1 "o is n great] ?an ano!r4 ,!re=e1 x belongs to ,god1 ,:o is ! ,be/1 to make all ?+s equal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 equality is ! effect ( unity 7,metaph4 v1 text #bj74 ,b ,god is "o4 ,!re=e1 ,he has made all ?+s equal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is ! "p ( ju/ice to give unequal to unequal ?+s4 ,b ,god is j 9 all ,8 works4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 no inequality ( ?+s is presuppos$ to ! op]ation :]eby ,he gives be+ to ?+s1 x seems t ,he has made all ?+s equal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ecclus4 #cc3g73 ,:y does "o day excel ano!r1 & "o light ano!r1 & "o ye> ano!r ye>1 "o sun ano!r sun8 ,vulg43 ':5 all come ( ! sun'4 ,by ! k ( ! ,"l !y 7 di/+ui%$4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 ,orig5 wi%$ to refute ^? :o said t ! di/9ction ( ?+s arose f ! contr>y pr9ciples ( good & evil1 he said t 9 ! beg9n+ all ?+s 7 creat$ equal by ,god4 ,= he ass]t$ t ,god fir/ creat$ only ! rational creatures & all equal2 & t inequality arose 9 !m f free-w1 "s be+ turn$ to ,god m & "s less1 & o!rs turn$ m & o!rs less away f ,god4 ,& s ^? rational creatures :i* 7 turn$ to ,god by free-w1 7 promot$ to ! ord] ( angels accord+ to ! div]sity ( m]its4 ,& ^? :o 7 turn$ away f ,god 7 b\nd d[n to bodies accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! s92 & he said ?is 0 ! cause ( ! creation & div]sity ( bodies4 ,b accord+ to ?is op9ion1 x w\ld foll[ t ! univ]sality ( bodily creatures w\ld n be ! effect ( ! goodness ( ,god z communicat$ to creatures1 b x w\ld be = ! sake ( ! puni%m5t ( s91 :i* is contr>y to :at is said3 ,god saw all ! ?+s t ,he _h made1 & !y 7 v good 7,g54 #a3ca74 ,&1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ii1 #c73 ,:at c be m fooli% ?an to say t ! div9e ,ar*itect provid$ ?is "o sun = ! "o _w1 n to be an ornam5t to its beauty1 nor = ! b5efit ( corporeal ?+s1 b t x happ5$ ?r\gh ! s9 ( "o s\l2 s t1 if a hundr$ s\ls _h s9n$1 !re w\ld be a hundr$ suns 9 ! _w8 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t z ! wisdom ( ,god is ! cause ( ! di/9ction ( ?+s1 s ! same wisdom is ! cause ( _! inequality4 ,?is may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,a tw(old di/9ction is f\nd 9 ?+s2 "o is a =mal di/9ction z reg>ds ?+s diff]+ specifically2 ! o!r is a mat]ial di/9ction z reg>ds ?+s diff]+ num]ically only4 ,& z ! matt] is on acc\nt ( ! =m1 mat]ial di/9ction exi/s = ! sake ( ! =mal di/9ction4 ,h5ce we see t 9 incorruptible ?+s !re is only "o individual ( ea* species1 =asmu* z ! species is suffici5tly pres]v$ 9 ! "o2 :]eas 9 ?+s g5]at$ & corruptible !re are _m individuals ( "o species = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,:5ce x appe>s t =mal di/9ction is ( great] consequ5ce ?an mat]ial4 ,n[1 =mal di/9ction always requires inequality1 because z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 viii1 #aj71 ! =ms ( ?+s are l numb]s 9 :i* species v>y by addition or subtraction ( unity4 ,h5ce 9 natural ?+s species seem to be arrang$ 9 degrees2 z ! mix$ ?+s are m p]fect ?an ! elem5ts1 & plants ?an m9]als1 & animals ?an plants1 & m5 ?an o!r animals2 & 9 ea* ( ^! "o species is m p]fect ?an o!rs4 ,!re=e1 z ! div9e wisdom is ! cause ( ! di/9ction ( ?+s = ! sake ( ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 s x is ! cause ( inequality4 ,= ! univ]se w\ld n be p]fect if only "o grade ( goodness 7 f\nd 9 ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is "p ( ! be/ ag5t to produce an effect :i* is be/ 9 its entirety2 b ?is does n mean t ,he makes e "p ( ! :ole ! be/ absolutely1 b 9 proportion to ! :ole2 9 ! case ( an animal1 = in/ance1 its goodness w\ld be tak5 away if e "p ( x _h ! dignity ( an eye4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ,god also made ! univ]se to be be/ z a :ole1 accord+ to ! mode ( a creature2 :]eas ,he did n make ea* s+le creature be/1 b "o bett] ?an ano!r4 ,& !re=e we f9d x said ( ea* creature1 ,god saw ! light t x 0 good 7,g54 #a3d72 & 9 l mann] ( ea* "o ( ! re/4 ,b ( all toge!r x is said1 ,god saw all ! ?+s t ,he _h made1 & !y 7 v good 7,g54 #a3ca74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fir/ effect ( unity is equality2 & !n comes multiplicity2 & !re=e f ! ,fa!r1 to ,:om1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #e71 is appropriat$ unity1 ! ,son proce$s to ,:om is appropriat$ equality1 & !n f ,him ! creature proce$s1 to :i* belongs inequality2 b nev]!less ev5 creatures %>e 9 a c]ta9 equality--namely1 ( proportion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is is ! argum5t t p]suad$ ,orig53 b x holds only z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( rew>ds1 ! inequality ( :i* is due to unequal m]its4 ,b 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s !re is no inequality ( p>ts ?r\gh any prec$+ inequality1 ei!r ( m]its or ( ! disposition ( ! matt]2 b inequality comes f ! p]fection ( ! :ole4 ,?is appe>s also 9 works done by art2 = ! ro( ( a h\se diff]s f ! f\ndation1 n because x is made ( o!r mat]ial2 b 9 ord] t ! h\se may be made p]fect ( diff]5t p>ts1 ! artific] seeks diff]5t mat]ial2 inde$1 he w\ld make su* mat]ial if he c\ld4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,"o ,_w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is n only "o _w1 b _m4 ,because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #df71 x is unfitt+ to say t ,god has creat$ ?+s )\t a reason4 ,b = ! same reason ,he creat$ "o1 ,he c\ld create _m1 s9ce ,8 p[] is n limit$ to ! creation ( "o _w2 b r x is inf9ite1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ,god has produc$ _m worlds4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 nature does :at is be/ & mu* m does ,god4 ,b x is bett] = !re to be _m worlds ?an "o1 because _m good ?+s are bett] ?an a few4 ,!re=e _m worlds h be5 made by ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* has a =m 9 matt] c be multipli$ 9 numb]1 ! species rema9+ ! same1 because multiplication 9 numb] comes f matt]4 ,b ! _w has a =m 9 matt]4 ,?us z :5 ,i say man ,i mean ! =m1 & :5 ,i say ?is man1 ,i mean ! =m 9 matt]2 s :5 we say _w1 ! =m is signifi$1 & :5 we say ?is _w1 ! =m 9 ! matt] is signifi$4 ,!re=e !re is no?+ to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( _m worlds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,john #a3aj73 ,! _w 0 made by ,him1 :]e ! _w is nam$ z "o1 z if only "o exi/$4 ,i answ] t1 ,! v ord] ( ?+s creat$ by ,god %[s ! unity ( ! _w4 ,= ?is _w is call$ "o by ! unity ( ord]1 :]eby "s ?+s are ord]$ to o!rs4 ,b :atev] ?+s come f ,god1 h relation ( ord] to ea* o!r1 & to ,god ,himself1 z %[n above 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x mu/ be t all ?+s %\ld belong to "o _w4 ,!re=e ^? only c ass]t t _m worlds exi/ :o d n ackn[l$ge any orda9+ wisdom1 b r believe 9 *ance1 z ,democritus1 :o said t ?is _w1 besides an inf9ite numb] ( o!r worlds1 0 made f a casual conc\rse ( atoms4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is reason proves t ! _w is "o because all ?+s mu/ be arrang$ 9 "o ord]1 & to "o end4 ,!re=e f ! unity ( ord] 9 ?+s ,ari/otle inf]s 7,metaph4 xii1 text #eb7 ! unity ( ,god gov]n+ all2 & ,plato 7,tim471 f ! unity ( ! exempl>1 proves ! unity ( ! _w1 z ! ?+ design$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no ag5t int5ds mat]ial plurality z ! end =asmu* z mat]ial multitude has no c]ta9 limit1 b ( itself t5ds to inf9ity1 & ! inf9ite is oppos$ to ! notion ( end4 ,n[ :5 x is said t _m worlds are bett] ?an "o1 ?is has ref]5ce to mat]ial ord]4 ,b ! be/ 9 ?is s5se is n ! int5tion ( ! div9e ag5t2 =asmu* z = ! same reason x might be said t if ,he _h made two worlds1 x w\ld be bett] if ,he _h made ?ree2 & s on to inf9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! _w is compos$ ( ! :ole ( its matt]4 ,= x is n possible = !re to be ano!r e>? ?an ?is "o1 s9ce e e>? w\ld naturally be c>ri$ to ?is c5tral "o1 :]ev] x 04 ,! same applies to ! o!r bodies :i* are "p ( ! _w4 ,,"q #dh ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,?+s ,,9 ,,p>ticul> 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! di/9ction ( ?+s 9 p>ticul>2 & fir/ly ! di/9ction ( good & evil2 & !n ! di/9ction ( ! spiritual & corporeal creatures4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/1 we inquire into evil & its cause4 ,conc]n+ evil1 six po9ts are to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,:e!r evil is a nature8 7#b7 ,:e!r evil is f\nd 9 ?+s8 7#c7 ,:e!r good is ! subject ( evil8 7#d7 ,:e!r evil totally corrupts good8 7#e7 ,! division ( evil into pa9 & fault4 7#f7 ,:e!r pa91 or fault1 has m ! nature ( evil8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,evil ,is a ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t evil is a nature4 ,= e g5us is a nature4 ,b evil is a g5us2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,pra$ic4 x7 t good & evil are n 9 a g5us1 b are g5]a ( o!r ?+s4 ,!re=e evil is a nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e diff]5ce :i* con/itutes a species is a nature4 ,b evil is a diff]5ce con/itut+ a species ( morality2 = a bad habit diff]s 9 species f a good habit1 z lib]ality f illib]ality4 ,!re=e evil signifies a nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ea* extreme ( two contr>ies is a nature4 ,b evil & good are n oppos$ z privation & habit1 b z contr>ies1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,pra$ic4 x7 by ! fact t betwe5 good & evil !re is a m$ium1 & f evil !re c be a return to good4 ,!re=e evil signifies a nature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :at is n1 acts n4 ,b evil acts1 = x corrupts good4 ,!re=e evil is a be+ & a nature4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 no?+ belongs to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se except :at is a be+ & a nature4 ,b evil belongs to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se ( ?+s2 = ,augu/9e says 7,en*ir4 #aj1 #aa7 t ! admirable beauty ( ! univ]se is made up ( all ?+s4 ,9 :i* ev5 :at is call$ evil1 well ord]$ & 9 its place1 is ! em95t comm5dation ( :at is good4 ,!re=e evil is a nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 ,evil is nei!r a be+ nor a good4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o opposite is kn[n ?r\gh ! o!r1 z d>kness is kn[n ?r\gh light4 ,h5ce also :at evil is mu/ be kn[n f ! nature ( good4 ,n[1 we h said above t good is ev]y?+ appetible2 & ?us1 s9ce e nature desires its own be+ & its own p]fection1 x mu/ be said also t ! be+ & ! p]fection ( any nature is good4 ,h5ce x _c be t evil signifies be+1 or any =m or nature4 ,!re=e x mu/ be t by ! "n ( evil is signifi$ ! abs5ce ( good4 ,& ?is is :at is meant by say+ t evil is nei!r a be+ nor a good4 ,= s9ce be+1 z su*1 is good1 ! abs5ce ( "o implies ! abs5ce ( ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ari/otle speaks !re accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,py?agoreans1 :o ?\ght t evil 0 a k9d ( nature2 & !re=e !y ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( ! g5us ( good & evil4 ,= ,ari/otle1 especially 9 8 logical works1 br+s =w>d examples t 9 8 "t 7 probable 9 ! op9ion ( "s philosoph]s4 ,or1 x may be said t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 iv1 text #f71 ! fir/ k9d ( contr>iety is habit & privation1 z be+ v]ifi$ 9 all contr>ies2 s9ce "o contr>y is always imp]fect 9 relation to ano!r1 z black 9 relation to :ite1 & bitt] 9 relation to sweet4 ,& 9 ?is way good & evil are said to be g5]a n simply1 b 9 reg>d to contr>ies2 because1 z e =m has ! nature ( good1 s e privation1 z su*1 has ! nature ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good & evil are n con/itutive diff]5ces except 9 morals1 :i* receive _! species f ! end1 :i* is ! object ( ! w1 ! s\rce ( all morality4 ,& because good has ! nature ( an end1 !re=e good & evil are specific diff]5ces 9 moral ?+s2 good 9 itself1 b evil z ! abs5ce ( ! due end4 ,yet nei!r does ! abs5ce ( ! due end by itself con/itute a moral species1 except z x is jo9$ to ! undue end2 j z we d n f9d ! privation ( ! sub/antial =m 9 natural ?+s1 unless x is jo9$ to ano!r =m4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! evil :i* is a con/itutive diff]5ce 9 morals is a c]ta9 good jo9$ to ! privation ( ano!r good2 z ! end propos$ by ! intemp]ate man is n ! privation ( ! good ( reason1 b ! delight ( s5se )\t ! ord] ( reason4 ,h5ce evil is n a con/itutive diff]5ce z su*1 b by reason ( ! good t is annex$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is appe>s f ! above4 ,= ! ,philosoph] speaks !re ( good & evil 9 morality4 ,because 9 t respect1 betwe5 good & evil !re is a m$ium1 z good is consid]$ z some?+ rightly ord]$1 & evil z a ?+ n only out ( "r ord]1 b also z injuri\s to ano!r4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 i7 t a prodigal man is fooli%1 b n evil4 ,& f ?is evil 9 morality1 !re may be a return to good1 b n f any sort ( evil1 = f bl9dness !re is no return to sight1 al?\gh bl9dness is an evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a ?+ is said to act 9 a ?reefold s5se4 ,9 "o way1 =mally1 z :5 we say t :it5ess makes :ite2 & 9 t s5se evil consid]$ ev5 z a privation is said to corrupt good1 =asmu* z x is itself a corruption or privation ( good4 ,9 ano!r s5se a ?+ is said to act effectively1 z :5 a pa9t] makes a wall :ite4 ,?irdly1 x is said 9 ! s5se ( ! f9al cause1 z ! end is said to effect by mov+ ! effici5t cause4 ,b 9 ^! two ways evil does n effect any?+ ( itself1 t is1 z a privation1 b by virtue ( ! good annex$ to x4 ,= e action comes f "s =m2 & ev]y?+ :i* is desir$ z an end1 is a p]fection4 ,& !re=e1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,evil does n act1 nor is x desir$1 except by virtue ( "s good jo9$ to x3 :ile ( itself x is no?+ def9ite1 & beside ! scope ( our w & int5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,z 0 said above1 ! p>ts ( ! univ]se are ord]$ to ea* o!r1 accord+ z "o acts on ! o!r1 & accord+ z "o is ! end & exempl> ( ! o!r4 ,b1 z 0 said above1 ?is c only happ5 to evil z jo9$ to "s good4 ,h5ce evil nei!r belongs to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 nor does x come "u ! ord] ( ! same1 except accid5tally1 t is1 by reason ( "s good jo9$ to x4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,evil ,is ,f\nd 9 ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t evil is n f\nd 9 ?+s4 ,= :atev] is f\nd 9 ?+s1 is ei!r some?+1 or a privation ( some?+1 t is a n-be+4 ,b ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil is di/ant f exi/5ce1 & ev5 m di/ant f non-exi/5ce4 ,!re=e evil is n at all f\nd 9 ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 be+ & ?+ are conv]tible4 ,if !re=e evil is a be+ 9 ?+s1 x foll[s t evil is a ?+1 :i* is contr>y to :at has be5 said 7,a4 #a74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! :ite unmix$ ) black is ! mo/ :ite1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 iii1 #d74 ,!re=e also ! good unmix$ ) evil is ! great] good4 ,b ,god makes always :at is be/1 mu* m ?an nature does4 ,!re=e 9 ?+s made by ,god !re is no evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,on ! above assumptions1 all prohibitions & p5alties w\ld cease1 = !y exi/ only = evils4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,q4 #dg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! p]fection ( ! univ]se requires t !re %\ld be inequality 9 ?+s1 s t e grade ( goodness may be realiz$4 ,n[1 "o grade ( goodness is t ( ! good :i* _c fail4 ,ano!r grade ( goodness is t ( ! good :i* c fail 9 goodness1 & ?is grade is to be f\nd 9 exi/5ce itself2 = "s ?+s !re are :i* _c lose _! exi/5ce z incorruptible ?+s1 :ile "s !re are :i* c lose x1 z ?+s corruptible4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! p]fection ( ! univ]se requires t !re %\ld be n only be+s incorruptible1 b also corruptible be+s2 s ! p]fection ( ! univ]se requires t !re %\ld be "s :i* c fail 9 goodness1 & !nce x foll[s t sometimes !y d fail4 ,n[ x is 9 ?is t evil consi/s1 namely1 9 ! fact t a ?+ fails 9 goodness4 ,h5ce x is cle> t evil is f\nd 9 ?+s1 z corruption also is f\nd2 = corruption is itself an evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,evil is di/ant bo? f simple be+ & f simple n-be+1 because x is nei!r a habit nor a pure negation1 b a privation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text #ad71 be+ is tw(old4 ,9 "o way x is consid]$ z signify+ ! entity ( a ?+1 z divisible by ! t5 pr$icam5ts2 & 9 t s5se x is conv]tible ) ?+1 & ?us no privation is a be+1 & nei!r !re=e is evil a be+4 ,9 ano!r s5se be+ conveys ! tru? ( a proposition :i* unites toge!r subject & attribute by a copula1 notifi$ by ?is ^w is2 & 9 ?is s5se be+ is :at answ]s to ! "q1 ,does x exi/8 & ?us we speak ( bl9dness z be+ 9 ! eye2 or ( any o!r privation4 ,9 ?is way ev5 evil c be call$ a be+4 ,?r\gh ignorance ( ?is di/9ction "s1 consid]+ t ?+s may be evil1 or t evil is said to be 9 ?+s1 believ$ t evil 0 a positive ?+ 9 itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god & nature & any o!r ag5t make :at is be/ 9 ! :ole1 b n :at is be/ 9 e s+le "p1 except 9 ord] to ! :ole1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b74 ,& ! :ole itself1 :i* is ! univ]se ( creatures1 is all ! bett] & m p]fect if "s ?+s 9 x c fail 9 goodness1 & d sometimes fail1 ,god n prev5t+ ?is4 ,?is happ5s1 fir/ly1 because x belongs to ,provid5ce n to de/roy1 b to save nature1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv72 b x belongs to nature t :at may fail %\ld sometimes fail2 secondly1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,en*ir4 #aa71 ,god is s p[]ful t ,he c ev5 make good out ( evil4 ,h5ce _m good ?+s w\ld be tak5 away if ,god p]mitt$ no evil to exi/2 = fire w\ld n be g5]at$ if air 0 n corrupt$1 nor w\ld ! life ( a lion be pres]v$ unless ! ass 7 kill$4 ,nei!r w\ld av5g+ ju/ice nor ! pati5ce ( a suff]] be prais$ if !re 7 no inju/ice4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,evil ,is 9 ,good ,z 9 ,its ,subject8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t evil is n 9 good z its subject4 ,= good is some?+ t exi/s4 ,b ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #d7 t evil does n exi/1 nor is x 9 t :i* exi/s4 ,!re=e1 evil is n 9 good z its subject4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 evil is n a be+2 :]eas good is a be+4 ,b non-be+ does n require be+ z its subject4 ,!re=e1 nei!r does evil require good z its subject4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y is n ! subject ( ano!r4 ,b good & evil are contr>ies4 ,!re=e1 evil is n 9 good z 9 its subject4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! subject ( :it5ess is call$ :ite4 ,!re=e also ! subject ( evil is evil4 ,if1 !re=e1 evil is 9 good z 9 its subject1 x foll[s t good is evil1 aga9/ :at is said 7,isa4 #e3bj73 ,woe to y :o call evil good1 & good evil6 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ad7 t evil exi/s only 9 good4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,a4 #a71 evil imports ! abs5ce ( good4 ,b n e abs5ce ( good is evil4 ,= abs5ce ( good c be tak5 9 a privative & 9 a negative s5se4 ,abs5ce ( good1 tak5 negatively1 is n evil2 o!rwise1 x w\ld foll[ t :at does n exi/ is evil1 & also t ev]y?+ w\ld be evil1 ?r\gh n hav+ ! good belong+ to some?+ else2 = in/ance1 a man w\ld be evil :o _h n ! swiftness ( ! roe1 or ! /r5g? ( a lion4 ,b ! abs5ce ( good1 tak5 9 a privative s5se1 is an evil2 z1 = in/ance1 ! privation ( sight is call$ bl9dness4 ,n[1 ! subject ( privation & ( =m is "o & ! same--viz4 be+ 9 pot5tiality1 :e!r x be be+ 9 absolute pot5tiality1 z prim>y matt]1 :i* is ! subject ( ! sub/antial =m1 & ( privation ( ! opposite =m2 or :e!r x be be+ 9 relative pot5tiality1 & absolute actuality1 z 9 ! case ( a transp>5t body1 :i* is ! subject bo? ( d>kness & light4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 manife/ t ! =m :i* makes a ?+ actual is a p]fection & a good2 & ?us e actual be+ is a good2 & likewise e pot5tial be+1 z su*1 is a good1 z hav+ a relation to good4 ,= z x has be+ 9 pot5tiality1 s has x goodness 9 pot5tiality4 ,!re=e1 ! subject ( evil is good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius means t evil is n 9 exi/+ ?+s z a "p1 or z a natural prop]ty ( any exi/+ ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n-be+1 und]/ood negatively1 does n require a subject2 b privation is negation 9 a subject1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 iv1 text #d71 & su* n-be+ is an evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,evil is n 9 ! good oppos$ to x z 9 its subject1 b 9 "s o!r good1 = ! subject ( bl9dness is n sight1 b animal4 ,yet1 x appe>s1 z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ac71 t ! rule ( dialectics "h fails1 :]e x is laid d[n t contr>ies _c exi/ toge!r4 ,b ?is is to be tak5 z ref]r+ to good & evil 9 g5]al1 b n 9 ref]5ce to any p>ticul> good & evil4 ,= :ite & black1 sweet & bitt]1 & ! l contr>ies1 are only consid]$ z contr>ies 9 a special s5se1 because !y exi/ 9 "s det]m9ate g5us2 :]eas good ent]s into e g5us4 ,h5ce "o good c coexi/ ) ! privation ( ano!r good4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! prophet invokes woe to ^? :o say t good z su* is evil4 ,b ?is does n foll[ f :at is said above1 z is cle> f ! explanation giv54 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,evil ,corrupts ! ,:ole ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t evil corrupts ! :ole good4 ,= "o contr>y is :olly corrupt$ by ano!r4 ,b good & evil are contr>ies4 ,!re=e evil corrupts ! :ole good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ab7 t evil hurts inasmu* z x takes away good4 ,b good is all ( a piece & uni=m4 ,!re=e x is :olly tak5 away by evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 evil1 z long z x la/s1 hurts1 & takes away good4 ,b t f :i* some?+ is always be+ remov$1 is at "s "t consum$1 unless x is inf9ite1 :i* _c be said ( any creat$ good4 ,!re=e evil :olly consumes good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ab7 t evil _c :olly consume good4 ,i answ] t1 ,evil _c :olly consume good4 ,to prove ?is we mu/ consid] t good is ?reefold4 ,"o k9d ( good is :olly de/roy$ by evil1 & ?is is ! good oppos$ to evil1 z light is :olly de/roy$ by d>kness1 & sight by bl9dness4 ,ano!r k9d ( good is nei!r :olly de/roy$ nor dim9i%$ by evil1 & t is ! good :i* is ! subject ( evil2 = by d>kness ! sub/ance ( ! air is n injur$4 ,& !re is also a k9d ( good :i* is dim9i%$ by evil1 b is n :olly tak5 away2 & ?is good is ! aptitude ( a subject to "s actuality4 ,! dim9ution1 h[ev]1 ( ?is k9d ( good is n to be consid]$ by way ( subtraction1 z dim9ution 9 quantity1 b r by way ( remission1 z dim9ution 9 qualities & =ms4 ,! remission likewise ( ?is habitude is to be tak5 z contr>y to its int5sity4 ,= ?is k9d ( aptitude receives its int5sity by ! dispositions :]eby ! matt] is prep>$ = actuality2 :i* ! m !y are multipli$ 9 ! subject ! m is x fitt$ to receive its p]fection & =m2 &1 on ! contr>y1 x receives its remission by contr>y dispositions :i*1 ! m !y are multipli$ 9 ! matt]1 & ! m !y are int5sifi$1 ! m is ! pot5tiality remitt$ z reg>ds ! actuality4 ,!re=e1 if contr>y dispositions _c be multipli$ & int5sifi$ to inf9ity1 b only to a c]ta9 limit1 nei!r is ! a=esaid aptitude dim9i%$ or remitt$ inf9itely1 z appe>s 9 ! active & passive qualities ( ! elem5ts2 = coldness & humidity1 :]eby ! aptitude ( matt] to ! =m ( fire is dim9i%$ or remitt$1 _c be inf9itely multipli$4 ,b if ! contr>y dispositions c be inf9itely multipli$1 ! a=esaid aptitude is also inf9itely dim9i%$ or remitt$2 yet1 nev]!less1 x is n :olly tak5 away1 because its root always rema9s1 :i* is ! sub/ance ( ! subject4 ,?us1 if opaque bodies 7 int]pos$ to inf9ity betwe5 ! sun & ! air1 ! aptitude ( ! air to light w\ld be inf9itely dim9i%$1 b /ill x w\ld nev] be :olly remov$ :ile ! air rema9$1 :i* 9 its v nature is transp>5t4 ,likewise1 addition 9 s9 c be made to inf9itude1 :]eby ! aptitude ( ! s\l to grace is m & m less5$2 & ^! s9s1 inde$1 are l ob/acles int]pos$ betwe5 u & ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ei3b3 ,our s9s h divid$ betwe5 u & ,god4 ,yet ! a=esaid aptitude ( ! s\l is n :olly tak5 away1 = x belongs to its v nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! good :i* is oppos$ to evil is :olly tak5 away2 b o!r goods are n :olly remov$1 z said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! a=esaid aptitude is a m$ium betwe5 subject & act4 ,h5ce1 :]e x t\*es act1 x is dim9i%$ by evil2 b :]e x t\*es ! subject1 x rema9s z x 04 ,!re=e1 al?\gh good is l to itself1 yet1 on acc\nt ( its relation to diff]5t ?+s1 x is n :olly1 b only p>tially tak5 away4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s1 imag9+ t ! dim9ution ( ?is k9d ( good is l ! dim9ution ( quantity1 said t j z ! cont9u\s is inf9itely divisible1 if ! division be made 9 an ev] same proportion 7= in/ance1 half ( half1 or a ?ird ( a ?ird71 s is x 9 ! pres5t case4 ,b ?is explanation does n avail "h4 ,= :5 9 a division we keep ! same proportion1 we cont9ue to subtract less & less2 = half ( half is less ?an half ( ! :ole4 ,b a second s9 does n necess>ily dim9i% ! above m5tion$ aptitude less ?an a prec$+ s91 b p]*ance ei!r equally or m4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t1 al?\gh ?is aptitude is a f9ite ?+1 /ill x may be s dim9i%$ inf9itely1 n p] se1 b accid5tally2 accord+ z ! contr>y dispositions are also increas$ inf9itely1 z expla9$ above4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,evil ,is ,adequately ,divid$ into ,pa999 & ,fault8 99,pa9 "h means p5alty3 su* 0 its orig9al signification1 be+ d]iv$ f po5a4 ,9 ?is s5se we say ,pa9 ( dea?1 ,pa9 ( loss1 ,pa9 ( s5se4--,ed4 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t evil is n adequately divid$ into pa9 & fault4 ,= e defect is a k9d ( evil4 ,b 9 all creatures !re is ! defect ( n be+ able to pres]ve _! own exi/5ce1 :i* nev]!less is nei!r a pa9 nor a fault4 ,!re=e evil is inadequately divid$ into pa9 & fault4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 irrational creatures !re is nei!r fault nor pa92 b1 nev]!less1 !y h corruption & defect1 :i* are evils4 ,!re=e n e evil is a pa9 or a fault4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 temptation is an evil1 b x is n a fault2 = temptation :i* involves no cons5t1 is n a s91 b an occasion = ! ex]cise ( virtue1 z is said 9 a gloss on #b ,cor4 #ab2 n is x a pa92 because temptation prec$es ! fault1 & ! pa9 foll[s aft]w>ds4 ,!re=e1 evil is n suffici5tly divid$ into pa9 & fault4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x w\ld seem t ?is division is sup]flu\s3 =1 z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion #ab71 a ?+ is evil because x hurts4 ,b :atev] hurts is p5al4 ,!re=e e evil comes "u pa94 ,i answ] t1 ,evil1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #c71 is ! privation ( good1 :i* *iefly & ( itself consi/s 9 p]fection & act4 ,act1 h[ev]1 is tw(old2 fir/1 & second4 ,! fir/ act is ! =m & integrity ( a ?+2 ! second act is its op]ation4 ,!re=e evil also is tw(old4 ,9 "o way x occurs by ! subtraction ( ! =m1 or ( any "p requir$ = ! integrity ( ! ?+1 z bl9dness is an evil1 z also x is an evil to be want+ 9 any memb] ( ! body4 ,9 ano!r way evil exi/s by ! )drawal ( ! due op]ation1 ei!r because x does n exi/1 or because x has n its due mode & ord]4 ,b because good 9 itself is ! object ( ! w1 evil1 :i* is ! privation ( good1 is f\nd 9 a special way 9 rational creatures :i* h a w4 ,!re=e ! evil :i* comes f ! )drawal ( ! =m & integrity ( ! ?+1 has ! nature ( a pa92 & especially s on ! supposition t all ?+s are subject to div9e provid5ce & ju/ice1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b72 = x is ( ! v nature ( a pa9 to be aga9/ ! w4 ,b ! evil :i* consi/s 9 ! subtraction ( ! due op]ation 9 volunt>y ?+s has ! nature ( a fault2 = ?is is imput$ to anyone z a fault to fail z reg>ds p]fect action1 ( :i* he is ma/] by ! w4 ,!re=e e evil 9 volunt>y ?+s is to be look$ ^u z a pa9 or a fault4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,because evil is ! privation ( good1 & n a m]e negation1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #c71 !re=e n e defect ( good is an evil1 b ! defect ( ! good :i* is naturally due4 ,= ! want ( sight is n an evil 9 a /one1 b x is an evil 9 an animal2 s9ce x is aga9/ ! nature ( a /one to see4 ,s1 likewise1 x is aga9/ ! nature ( a creature to be pres]v$ 9 exi/5ce by itself1 because exi/5ce & cons]vation come f "o & ! same s\rce4 ,h5ce ?is k9d ( defect is n an evil z reg>ds a creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pa9 & fault d n divide evil absolutely consid]$1 b evil t is f\nd 9 volunt>y ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,temptation1 z import+ provocation to evil1 is always an evil ( fault 9 ! tempt]2 b 9 ! "o tempt$ x is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a fault2 unless ?r\gh ! temptation "s *ange is wr\ght 9 ! "o :o is tempt$2 = ?us is ! action ( ! ag5t 9 ! pati5t4 ,& if ! tempt$ is *ang$ to evil by ! tempt] he falls into fault4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 answ] to ! opposite argum5t1 x mu/ be said t ! v nature ( pa9 includes ! idea ( injury to ! ag5t 9 himself1 :]eas ! idea ( fault includes ! idea ( injury to ! ag5t 9 8 op]ation2 & ?us bo? are conta9$ 9 evil1 z includ+ ! idea ( injury4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,pa9 ,has ! ,nature ( ,evil ,m ,?an ,fault ,has8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pa9 has m ( evil ?an fault4 ,= fault is to pa9 :at m]it is to rew>d4 ,b rew>d has m good ?an m]it1 z its end4 ,!re=e pa9 has m evil 9 x ?an fault has4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t is ! great] evil :i* is oppos$ to ! great] good4 ,b pa91 z 0 said above 7,a4 #e71 is oppos$ to ! good ( ! ag5t1 :ile fault is oppos$ to ! good ( ! action4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ag5t is bett] ?an ! action1 x seems t pa9 is worse ?an fault4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! privation ( ! end is a pa9 consi/+ 9 =feit+ ! vision ( ,god2 :]eas ! evil ( fault is privation ( ! ord] to ! end4 ,!re=e pa9 is a great] evil ?an fault4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a wise workman *ooses a less evil 9 ord] to prev5t a great]1 z ! surgeon cuts (f a limb to save ! :ole body4 ,b div9e wisdom inflicts pa9 to prev5t fault4 ,!re=e fault is a great] evil ?an pa94 ,i answ] t1 ,fault has ! nature ( evil m ?an pa9 has2 n only m ?an pa9 ( s5se1 consi/+ 9 ! privation ( corporeal goods1 :i* k9d ( pa9 appeals to mo/ m52 b also m ?an any k9d ( pa91 ?us tak+ pa9 9 its mo/ g5]al mean+1 s z to include privation ( grace or glory4 ,!re is a tw(old reason = ?is4 ,! fir/ is t "o becomes evil by ! evil ( fault1 b n by ! evil ( pa91 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,to be puni%$ is n an evil2 b x is an evil to be made wor?y ( puni%m5t4 ,& ?is because1 s9ce good absolutely consid]$ consi/s 9 act1 & n 9 pot5tiality1 & ! ultimate act is op]ation1 or ! use ( some?+ possess$1 x foll[s t ! absolute good ( man consi/s 9 good op]ation1 or ! good use ( some?+ possess$4 ,n[ we use all ?+s by ! act ( ! w4 ,h5ce f a good w1 :i* makes a man use well :at he has1 man is call$ good1 & f a bad w he is call$ bad4 ,= a man :o has a bad w c use ill ev5 ! good he has1 z :5 a gramm>ian ( 8 own w speaks incorrectly4 ,!re=e1 because ! fault itself consi/s 9 ! disord]$ act ( ! w1 & ! pa9 consi/s 9 ! privation ( some?+ us$ by ! w1 fault has m ( evil 9 x ?an pa9 has4 ,! second reason c be tak5 f ! fact t ,god is ! au?or ( ! evil ( pa91 b n ( ! evil ( fault4 ,& ?is is because ! evil ( pa9 takes away ! creature's good1 :i* may be ei!r some?+ creat$1 z sight1 de/roy$ by bl9dness1 or some?+ uncreat$1 z by be+ depriv$ ( ! vision ( ,god1 ! creature =feits its uncreat$ good4 ,b ! evil ( fault is prop]ly oppos$ to uncreat$ good2 = x is oppos$ to ! fulfilm5t ( ! div9e w1 & to div9e love1 :]eby ! div9e good is lov$ = itself1 & n only z %>$ by ! creature4 ,!re=e x is pla9 t fault has m evil 9 x ?an pa9 has4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh fault results 9 pa91 z m]it 9 rew>d1 yet fault is n int5d$ on acc\nt ( ! pa91 z m]it is = ! rew>d2 b r1 on ! contr>y1 pa9 is br\ght ab\t s t ! fault may be avoid$1 & ?us fault is worse ?an pa94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ord] ( action :i* is de/roy$ by fault is ! m p]fect good ( ! ag5t1 s9ce x is ! second p]fection1 ?an ! good tak5 away by pa91 :i* is ! fir/ p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pa9 & fault are n to be comp>$ z end & ord] to ! end2 because "o may be depriv$ ( bo? ( ^! 9 "s way1 bo? by fault & by pa92 by pa91 accord+ly z a man is remov$ f ! end & f ! ord] to ! end2 by fault1 inasmu* z ?is privation belongs to ! action :i* is n ord]$ to its due end4 ,,"q #di ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,evil 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we next inquire into ! cause ( evil4 ,conc]n+ ?is !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r good c be ! cause ( evil8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! supreme good1 ,god1 is ! cause ( evil8 7#c7 ,:e!r !re be any supreme evil1 :i* is ! fir/ cause ( all evils8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,good ,c ,be ! ,cause ( ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t good _c be ! cause ( evil4 ,= x is said 7,matt4 #g3ah73 ,a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y _c be ! cause ( ano!r4 ,b evil is ! contr>y to good4 ,!re=e good _c be ! cause ( evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a defici5t effect c proce$ only f a defici5t cause4 ,b evil is a defici5t effect4 ,!re=e its cause1 if x has "o1 is defici5t4 ,b ev]y?+ defici5t is an evil4 ,!re=e ! cause ( evil c only be evil4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil has no cause4 ,!re=e good is n ! cause ( evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,julian4 i1 #i73 ,!re is no possible s\rce ( evil except good4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ be said t e evil 9 "s way has a cause4 ,= evil is ! abs5ce ( ! good1 :i* is natural & due to a ?+4 ,b t any?+ fail f its natural & due disposition c come only f "s cause draw+ x out ( its prop] disposition4 ,= a heavy ?+ is n mov$ upw>ds except by "s impell+ =ce2 nor does an ag5t fail 9 its action except f "s imp$im5t4 ,b only good c be a cause2 because no?+ c be a cause except inasmu* z x is a be+1 & e be+1 z su*1 is good4 ,& if we consid] ! special k9ds ( causes1 we see t ! ag5t1 ! =m1 & ! end1 import "s k9d ( p]fection :i* belongs to ! notion ( good4 ,ev5 matt]1 z a pot5tiality to good1 has ! nature ( good4 ,n[ t good is ! cause ( evil by way ( ! mat]ial cause 0 %[n above 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #c74 ,= x 0 %[n t good is ! subject ( evil4 ,b evil has no =mal cause1 r is x a privation ( =m2 likewise1 nei!r has x a f9al cause1 b r is x a privation ( ord] to ! prop] end2 s9ce n only ! end has ! nature ( good1 b also ! useful1 :i* is ord]$ to ! end4 ,evil1 h[ev]1 has a cause by way ( an ag5t1 n directly1 b accid5tally4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we mu/ "k t evil is caus$ 9 ! action o!rwise ?an 9 ! effect4 ,9 ! action evil is caus$ by reason ( ! defect ( "s pr9ciple ( action1 ei!r ( ! pr9cipal or ! in/rum5tal ag5t2 ?us ! defect 9 ! movem5t ( an animal may happ5 by reason ( ! weakness ( ! motive p[]1 z 9 ! case ( *ildr51 or by reason only ( ! ineptitude ( ! in/rum5t1 z 9 ! lame4 ,on ! o!r h&1 evil is caus$ 9 a ?+1 b n 9 ! prop] effect ( ! ag5t1 sometimes by ! p[] ( ! ag5t1 sometimes by reason ( a defect1 ei!r ( ! ag5t or ( ! matt]4 ,x is caus$ by reason ( ! p[] or p]fection ( ! ag5t :5 !re necess>ily foll[s on ! =m int5d$ by ! ag5t ! privation ( ano!r =m2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 on ! =m ( fire !re foll[s ! privation ( ! =m ( air or ( wat]4 ,!re=e1 z ! m p]fect ! fire is 9 /r5g?1 s mu* ! m p]fectly does x impress its own =m1 s also ! m p]fectly does x corrupt ! contr>y4 ,h5ce t evil & corruption befall air & wat] comes f ! p]fection ( ! fire3 b ?is is accid5tal2 because fire does n aim at ! privation ( ! =m ( wat]1 b at ! br++ 9 ( its own =m1 ?\gh by do+ ?is x also accid5tally causes ! o!r4 ,b if !re is a defect 9 ! prop] effect ( ! fire--z1 = in/ance1 t x fails to heat--?is comes ei!r by defect ( ! action1 :i* implies ! defect ( "s pr9ciple1 z 0 said above1 or by ! indisposition ( ! matt]1 :i* does n receive ! action ( ! fire1 ! ag5t4 ,b ?is v fact t x is a defici5t be+ is accid5tal to good to :i* ( itself x belongs to act4 ,h5ce x is true t evil 9 no way has any b an accid5tal cause2 & ?us is good ! cause ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,julian4 i73 ,! ,"l calls an evil w ! evil tree1 & a good w a good tree4 ,n[1 a good w does n produce a morally bad act1 s9ce x is f ! good w itself t a moral act is judg$ to be good4 ,nev]!less ! movem5t itself ( an evil w is caus$ by ! rational creature1 :i* is good2 & ?us good is ! cause ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good does n cause t evil :i* is contr>y to itself1 b "s o!r evil3 ?us ! goodness ( ! fire causes evil to ! wat]1 & man1 good z to 8 nature1 causes an act morally evil4 ,&1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #i71 ?is is by accid5t4 ,moreov]1 x does happ5 sometimes t "o contr>y causes ano!r by accid5t3 = in/ance1 ! ext]ior surr\nd+ cold heats 7! body7 ?r\gh ! conc5tration ( ! inw>d heat4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,evil has a defici5t cause 9 volunt>y ?+s o!rwise ?an 9 natural ?+s4 ,= ! natural ag5t produces ! same k9d ( effect z x is itself1 unless x is imp$$ by "s ext]ior ?+2 & ?is am\nts to "s defect belong+ to x4 ,h5ce evil nev] foll[s 9 ! effect1 unless "s o!r evil pre-exi/s 9 ! ag5t or 9 ! matt]1 z 0 said above4 ,b 9 volunt>y ?+s ! defect ( ! action comes f ! w actually defici5t1 inasmu* z x does n actually subject itself to its prop] rule4 ,?is defect1 h[ev]1 is n a fault1 b fault foll[s ^u x f ! fact t ! w acts ) ?is defect4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,evil has no direct cause1 b only an accid5tal cause1 z 0 said above4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,supreme ,good1 ,god1 ,is ! ,cause ( ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! supreme good1 ,god1 is ! cause ( evil4 ,= x is said 7,isa4 #de3e1g73 ,i am ! ,"l1 & !re is no o!r ,god1 =m+ ! light1 & creat+ d>kness1 mak+ peace1 & creat+ evil4 ,& ,amos #c3f1 ,%all !re be evil 9 a city1 :i* ! ,"l ha? n done8 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! effect ( ! second>y cause is r$uc$ to ! fir/ cause4 ,b good is ! cause ( evil1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,god is ! cause ( e good1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d71 x foll[s t also e evil is f ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z is said by ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 ii1 text #cj71 ! cause ( bo? safety & dang] ( ! %ip is ! same4 ,b ,god is ! cause ( ! safety ( all ?+s4 ,!re=e ,he is ! cause ( all p]dition & ( all evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ba71 t1 ,god is n ! au?or ( evil because ,he is n ! cause ( t5d+ to n-be+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z appe>s f :at 0 said 7,a4 #a71 ! evil :i* consi/s 9 ! defect ( action is always caus$ by ! defect ( ! ag5t4 ,b 9 ,god !re is no defect1 b ! highe/ p]fection1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce1 ! evil :i* consi/s 9 defect ( action1 or :i* is caus$ by defect ( ! ag5t1 is n r$uc$ to ,god z to its cause4 ,b ! evil :i* consi/s 9 ! corruption ( "s ?+s is r$uc$ to ,god z ! cause4 ,& ?is appe>s z reg>ds bo? natural ?+s & volunt>y ?+s4 ,= x 0 said 7,a4 #a7 t "s ag5t inasmu* z x produces by its p[] a =m to :i* foll[s corruption & defect1 causes by its p[] t corruption & defect4 ,b x is manife/ t ! =m :i* ,god *iefly int5ds 9 ?+s creat$ is ! good ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,n[1 ! ord] ( ! univ]se requires1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b2 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #b71 t !re %\ld be "s ?+s t c1 & d sometimes1 fail4 ,& ?us ,god1 by caus+ 9 ?+s ! good ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 consequ5tly & z x 7 by accid5t1 causes ! corruptions ( ?+s1 accord+ to #a ,k+s #b3f3 ,! ,"l kille? & make? alive4 ,b :5 we read t ,god ha? n made dea? 7,wis4 #a3ac71 ! s5se is t ,god does n w dea? = its own sake4 ,nev]!less ! ord] ( ju/ice belongs to ! ord] ( ! univ]se2 & ?is requires t p5alty %\ld be dealt out to s9n]s4 ,& s ,god is ! au?or ( ! evil :i* is p5alty1 b n ( ! evil :i* is fault1 by reason ( :at is said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! passages ref] to ! evil ( p5alty1 & n to ! evil ( fault4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! effect ( ! defici5t second>y cause is r$uc$ to ! fir/ non-defici5t cause z reg>ds :at x has ( be+ & p]fection1 b n z reg>ds :at x has ( defect2 j z :atev] !re is ( motion 9 ! act ( limp+ is caus$ by ! motive p[]1 :]eas :at !re is ( obliqu5ess 9 x does n come f ! motive p[]1 b f ! curvature ( ! leg4 ,&1 likewise1 :atev] !re is ( be+ & action 9 a bad action1 is r$uc$ to ,god z ! cause2 :]eas :atev] defect is 9 x is n caus$ by ,god1 b by ! defici5t second>y cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s9k+ ( a %ip is attribut$ to ! sailor z ! cause1 f ! fact t he does n fulfil :at ! safety ( ! %ip requires2 b ,god does n fail 9 do+ :at is necess>y = ! safety ( all4 ,h5ce !re is no p>ity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,be ,"o ,supreme ,evil ,:i* ,is ! ,cause ( ,e ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is "o supreme evil :i* is ! cause ( e evil4 ,= contr>y effects h contr>y causes4 ,b contr>iety is f\nd 9 ?+s1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #cc3ae3 ,good is set aga9/ evil1 & life aga9/ dea?2 s also is ! s9n] aga9/ a j man4 ,!re=e !re are _m contr>y pr9ciples1 "o ( good1 ! o!r ( evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if "o contr>y is 9 nature1 s is ! o!r4 ,b ! supreme good is 9 nature1 & is ! cause ( e good1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d74 ,!re=e1 also1 !re is a supreme evil oppos$ to x z ! cause ( e evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z we f9d good & bett] ?+s1 s we f9d evil & worse4 ,b good & bett] are s consid]$ 9 relation to :at is be/4 ,!re=e evil & worse are s consid]$ 9 relation to "s supreme evil4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ p>ticipat$ is r$uc$ to :at is ess5tial4 ,b ?+s :i* are evil among u are evil n ess5tially1 b by p>ticipation4 ,!re=e we mu/ seek = "s supreme ess5tial evil1 :i* is ! cause ( e evil4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is accid5tal is r$uc$ to t :i* is p] se4 ,b good is ! accid5tal cause ( evil4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ suppose "s supreme evil :i* is ! p] se cause ( evils4 ,nor c x be said t evil has no p] se cause1 b only an accid5tal cause2 = x w\ld !n foll[ t evil w\ld n exi/ 9 ! _m1 b only 9 ! few4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! evil ( ! effect is r$uc$ to ! evil ( ! cause2 because ! defici5t effect comes f ! defici5t cause1 z 0 said above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b we _c proce$ to inf9ity 9 ?is matt]4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ suppose "o fir/ evil z ! cause ( e evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! supreme good is ! cause ( e be+1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #f1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e !re _c be any pr9ciple oppos$ to x z ! cause ( evils4 ,i answ] t1 ,x appe>s f :at prec$es t !re is no "o fir/ pr9ciple ( evil1 z !re is "o fir/ pr9ciple ( good4 ,fir/1 inde$1 because ! fir/ pr9ciple ( good is ess5tially good1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,b no?+ c be ess5tially bad4 ,= x 0 %[n above t e be+1 z su*1 is good 7,q4 #e1 ,a4 #c72 & t evil c exi/ only 9 good z 9 its subject 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #c74 ,secondly1 because ! fir/ pr9ciple ( good is ! highe/ & p]fect good :i* pre-conta9s 9 itself all goodness1 z %[n above 7,q4 #f1 ,a4 #b74 ,b !re _c be a supreme evil2 because1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #d71 al?\gh evil always less5s good1 yet x nev] :olly consumes x2 & ?us1 :ile good ev] rema9s1 no?+ c be :olly & p]fectly bad4 ,!re=e1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 t if ! :olly evil c\ld be1 x w\ld de/roy itself2 because all good be+ de/roy$ 7:i* x ne$ be = some?+ to be :olly evil71 evil itself w\ld be tak5 away1 s9ce its subject is good4 ,?irdly1 because ! v nature ( evil is aga9/ ! idea ( a fir/ pr9ciple2 bo? because e evil is caus$ by good1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a71 & because evil c be only an accid5tal cause1 & ?us x _c be ! fir/ cause1 = ! accid5tal cause is subsequ5t to ! direct cause4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o upheld two fir/ pr9ciples1 "o good & ! o!r evil1 fell into ?is error f ! same cause1 :5ce also arose o!r /range notions ( ! anci5ts2 namely1 because !y fail$ to consid] ! univ]sal cause ( all be+1 & consid]$ only ! p>ticul> causes ( p>ticul> effects4 ,= on t acc\nt1 if !y f\nd a ?+ hurtful to some?+ by ! p[] ( its own nature1 !y ?\ght t ! v nature ( t ?+ 0 evil2 z1 = in/ance1 if "o %\ld say t ! nature ( fire 0 evil because x burnt ! h\se ( a poor man4 ,! judgm5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! goodness ( any?+ does n dep5d ^u its ord] to any p>ticul> ?+1 b r ^u :at x is 9 itself1 & on its ord] to ! :ole univ]se1 :]e9 e "p has its own p]fectly ord]$ place1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,likewise1 because !y f\nd two contr>y p>ticul> causes ( two contr>y p>ticul> effects1 !y did n "k h[ to r$uce ^! contr>y p>ticul> causes to ! univ]sal common cause2 & !re=e !y ext5d$ ! contr>iety ( causes ev5 to ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,b s9ce all contr>ies agree 9 some?+ common1 x is necess>y to se>* = "o common cause = !m above _! own contr>y prop] causes2 z above ! contr>y qualities ( ! elem5ts exi/s ! p[] ( a heav5ly body2 & above all ?+s t exi/1 no matt] h[1 !re exi/s "o fir/ pr9ciple ( be+1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,contr>ies agree 9 "o g5us1 & !y also agree 9 ! nature ( be+2 & !re=e1 al?\gh !y h contr>y p>ticul> causes1 nev]!less we mu/ come at la/ to "o fir/ common cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,privation & habit belong naturally to ! same subject4 ,n[ ! subject ( privation is a be+ 9 pot5tiality1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce1 s9ce evil is privation ( good1 z appe>s f :at 0 said above 7,q4 #dh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c71 x is oppos$ to t good :i* has "s pot5tiality1 b n to ! supreme good1 :o is pure act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,increase 9 int5sity is 9 proportion to ! nature ( a ?+4 ,& z ! =m is a p]fection1 s privation removes a p]fection4 ,h5ce e =m1 p]fection1 & good is int5sifi$ by approa* to ! p]fect t]m2 b privation & evil by rec$+ f t t]m4 ,h5ce a ?+ is n said to be evil & worse1 by reason ( access to ! supreme evil1 9 ! same way z x is said to be good & bett]1 by reason ( access to ! supreme good4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,no be+ is call$ evil by p>ticipation1 b by privation ( p>ticipation4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y to r$uce x to any ess5tial evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,evil c only h an accid5tal cause1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a74 ,h5ce r$uction to any 'p] se' cause ( evil is impossible4 ,& to say t evil is 9 ! great] numb] is simply false4 ,= ?+s :i* are g5]at$ & corrupt$1 9 :i* alone c !re be natural evil1 are ! small] "p ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,& aga91 9 e species ! defect ( nature is 9 ! small] numb]4 ,9 man alone does evil appe> z 9 ! great] numb]2 because ! good ( man z reg>ds ! s5ses is n ! good ( man z man--t is1 9 reg>d to reason2 & m m5 seek good 9 reg>d to ! s5ses ?an good accord+ to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,9 ! causes ( evil we d n proce$ to inf9ity1 b r$uce all evils to "s good cause1 :5ce evil foll[s accid5tally4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,angels 7,,qq4 #ej-fd7 ,,"q #ej ,,( ,,! ,,sub/ance ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,absolutely ,,consid]$ 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,n[ we consid] ! di/9ction ( corporeal & spiritual creatures3 fir/ly1 ! purely spiritual creature :i* 9 ,holy ,scripture is call$ angel2 secondly1 ! creature :olly corporeal2 ?irdly1 ! composite creature1 corporeal & spiritual1 :i* is man4 ,conc]n+ ! angels1 we consid] fir/ :at belongs to _! sub/ance2 secondly1 :at belongs to _! intellect2 ?irdly1 :at belongs to _! w2 f\r?ly1 :at belongs to _! creation4 ,_! sub/ance we consid] absolutely & 9 relation to corporeal ?+s4 ,conc]n+ _! sub/ance absolutely consid]$1 !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is any entirely spiritual creature1 altoge!r incorporeal8 7#b7 ,suppos+ t an angel is su*1 we ask :e!r x is compos$ ( matt] & =m8 7#c7 ,we ask conc]n+ _! numb]4 7#d7 ,( _! diff]5ce f ea* o!r4 7#e7 ,( _! immortality or incorruptibility4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r an ,angel ,is ,altoge!r ,incorporeal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel is n entirely incorporeal4 ,= :at is incorporeal only z reg>ds ourselves1 & n 9 relation to ,god1 is n absolutely incorporeal4 ,b ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t an angel is said to be incorporeal & immat]ial z reg>ds u2 b comp>$ to ,god x is corporeal & mat]ial4 ,!re=e he is n simply incorporeal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is mov$ except a body1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vi1 text #cb74 ,b ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t an angel is an ev] movable intellectual sub/ance4 ,!re=e an angel is a corporeal sub/ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,spir4 ,sanct4 i1 #g73 ,e creature is limit$ )9 its own nature4 ,b to be limit$ belongs to bodies4 ,!re=e1 e creature is corporeal4 ,n[ angels are ,god's creatures1 z appe>s f ,ps4 #adh3b3 ,praise ye ! ,"l1 all ,8 angels2 &1 f>!r on 7v]se #d71 ,= ,he spoke1 & !y 7 made2 ,he comm&$1 & !y 7 creat$4 ,!re=e angels are corporeal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #ajc3d73 ,:o makes ,8 angels spirits4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re mu/ be "s incorporeal creatures4 ,= :at is pr9cipally int5d$ by ,god 9 creatures is good1 & ?is consi/s 9 assimilation to ,god ,himself4 ,& ! p]fect assimilation ( an effect to a cause is accompli%$ :5 ! effect imitates ! cause accord+ to t :]eby ! cause produces ! effect2 z heat makes heat4 ,n[1 ,god produces ! creature by ,8 intellect & w 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce ! p]fection ( ! univ]se requires t !re %\ld be intellectual creatures4 ,n[ intellig5ce _c be ! action ( a body1 nor ( any corporeal faculty2 = e body is limit$ to "h & n[4 ,h5ce ! p]fection ( ! univ]se requires ! exi/5ce ( an incorporeal creature4 ,! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 n prop]ly realiz+ ! =ce ( intellig5ce1 & fail+ to make a prop] di/9ction betwe5 s5se & intellect1 ?\ght t no?+ exi/$ 9 ! _w b :at c\ld be appreh5d$ by s5se & imag9ation4 ,& because bodies alone fall "u imag9ation1 !y suppos$ t no be+ exi/$ except bodies1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,phys4 iv1 text #eb1eg74 ,!nce came ! error ( ! ,sadducees1 :o said !re 0 no _s 7,acts #bc3h74 ,b ! v fact t intellect is above s5se is a reasonable pro( t !re are "s incorporeal ?+s compreh5sible by ! intellect alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,incorporeal sub/ances rank betwe5 ,god & corporeal creatures4 ,n[ ! m$ium comp>$ to "o extreme appe>s to be ! o!r extreme1 z :at is tepid comp>$ to heat seems to be cold2 & ?us x is said t angels1 comp>$ to ,god1 are mat]ial & corporeal1 n1 h[ev]1 z if any?+ corporeal exi/$ 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,movem5t is !re tak5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is appli$ to intellig5ce & w4 ,!re=e an angel is call$ an ev] mobile sub/ance1 because he is ev] actually intellig5t1 & n z if he 7 sometimes actually & sometimes pot5tially1 z we are4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! objection re/s on an equivocation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to be circumscrib$ by local limits belongs to bodies only2 :]eas to be circumscrib$ by ess5tial limits belongs to all creatures1 bo? corporeal & spiritual4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,spir4 ,sanct4 i1 #g7 t al?\gh "s ?+s are n conta9$ 9 corporeal place1 /ill !y are none ! less circumscrib$ by _! sub/ance4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r an ,angel ,is ,compos$ ( ,matt] & ,=m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* is conta9$ "u any g5us is compos$ ( ! g5us1 & ( ! diff]5ce :i* add$ to ! g5us makes ! species4 ,b ! g5us comes f ! matt]1 & ! diff]5ce f ! =m 7,metaph4 xiii1 text #f74 ,!re=e ev]y?+ :i* is 9 a g5us is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,b an angel is 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance4 ,!re=e he is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]ev] ! prop]ties ( matt] exi/1 !re is matt]4 ,n[ ! prop]ties ( matt] are to receive & to sub/&2 :5ce ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr947 t a simple =m _c be a subject3 & ! above prop]ties are f\nd 9 ! angel4 ,!re=e an angel is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 =m is act4 ,s :at is =m only is pure act4 ,b an angel is n pure act1 = ?is belongs to ,god alone4 ,!re=e an angel is n =m only1 b has a =m 9 matt]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 =m is prop]ly limit$ & p]fect$ by matt]4 ,s ! =m :i* is n 9 matt] is an inf9ite =m4 ,b ! =m ( an angel is n inf9ite1 = e creature is f9ite4 ,!re=e ! =m ( an angel is 9 matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,! fir/ creatures are und]/ood to be z immat]ial z !y are incorporeal4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s ass]t t ! angels are compos$ ( matt] & =m2 :i* op9ion ,avicebron endeavor$ to e/abli% 9 8 book ( ! ,f\nt ( ,life4 ,= he supposes t :atev] ?+s are di/+ui%$ by ! intellect are really di/9ct4 ,n[ z reg>ds incorporeal sub/ance1 ! intellect appreh5ds t :i* di/+ui%es x f corporeal sub/ance1 & t :i* x has 9 common ) x4 ,h5ce he concludes t :at di/+ui%es incorporeal f corporeal sub/ance is a k9d ( =m to x1 & :atev] is subject to ?is di/+ui%+ =m1 z x 7 some?+ common1 is its matt]4 ,!re=e1 he ass]ts ! univ]sal matt] ( spiritual & corporeal ?+s is ! same2 s t x mu/ be und]/ood t ! =m ( incorporeal sub/ance is impress$ 9 ! matt] ( spiritual ?+s1 9 ! same way z ! =m ( quantity is impress$ 9 ! matt] ( corporeal ?+s4 ,b "o glance is en\gh to %[ t !re _c be "o matt] ( spiritual & ( corporeal ?+s4 ,= x is n possible t a spiritual & a corporeal =m %\ld be receiv$ into ! same "p ( matt]1 o!rwise "o & ! same ?+ w\ld be corporeal & spiritual4 ,h5ce x w\ld foll[ t "o "p ( matt] receives ! corporeal =m1 & ano!r receives ! spiritual =m4 ,matt]1 h[ev]1 is n divisible into p>ts except z reg>d$ "u quantity2 & )\t quantity sub/ance is indivisible1 z ,ari/otle says 7,phys4 i1 text #ae74 ,!re=e x w\ld foll[ t ! matt] ( spiritual ?+s is subject to quantity2 :i* _c be4 ,!re=e x is impossible t corporeal & spiritual ?+s %\ld h ! same matt]4 ,x is1 fur!r1 impossible = an intellectual sub/ance to h any k9d ( matt]4 ,= ! op]ation belong+ to any?+ is accord+ to ! mode ( its sub/ance4 ,n[ to und]/& is an altoge!r immat]ial op]ation1 z appe>s f its object1 :5ce any act receives its species & nature4 ,= a ?+ is und]/ood accord+ to its degree ( immat]iality2 because =ms t exi/ 9 matt] are individual =ms :i* ! intellect _c appreh5d z su*4 ,h5ce x mu/ be t e individual sub/ance is altoge!r immat]ial4 ,b ?+s di/+ui%$ by ! intellect are n necess>ily di/+ui%$ 9 reality2 because ! intellect does n appreh5d ?+s accord+ to _! mode1 b accord+ to its own mode4 ,h5ce mat]ial ?+s :i* are bel[ our intellect exi/ 9 our intellect 9 a simpl] mode ?an !y exi/ 9 !mselves4 ,angelic sub/ances1 on ! o!r h&1 are above our intellect2 & h5ce our intellect _c atta9 to appreh5d !m1 z !y are 9 !mselves1 b by its own mode1 accord+ z x appreh5ds composite ?+s2 & 9 ?is way also x appreh5ds ,god 7,q4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is diff]5ce :i* con/itutes ! species4 ,n[ ev]y?+ is con/itut$ 9 a species accord+ z x is det]m9$ to "s special grade ( be+ because ! species ( ?+s are l numb]s1 :i* diff] by addition & subtraction ( unity1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 viii1 text #aj74 ,b 9 mat]ial ?+s !re is "o ?+ :i* det]m9es to a special grade1 & t is ! =m2 & ano!r ?+ :i* is det]m9$1 & ?is is ! matt]2 & h5ce f ! latt] ! g5us is d]iv$1 & f ! =m] ! diff]5ce4 ,:]eas 9 immat]ial ?+s !re is no sep>ate det]m9ator & ?+ det]m9$2 ea* ?+ by its own self holds a det]m9ate grade 9 be+2 & !re=e 9 !m g5us & diff]5ce are n d]iv$ f diff]5t ?+s1 b f "o & ! same4 ,nev]!less1 ?is diff]s 9 our mode ( conception2 =1 inasmu* z our intellect consid]s x z indet]m9ate1 x d]ives ! idea ( _! g5us2 & inasmu* z x consid]s x det]m9ately1 x d]ives ! idea ( _! diff]5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is reason is giv5 9 ! book on ! ,f\nt ( ,life1 & x w\ld be cog5t1 suppos+ t ! receptive mode ( ! intellect & ( matt] 7 ! same4 ,b ?is is cle>ly false4 ,= matt] receives ! =m1 t !reby x may be con/itut$ 9 "s species1 ei!r ( air1 or ( fire1 or ( some?+ else4 ,b ! intellect does n receive ! =m 9 ! same way2 o!rwise ! op9ion ( ,emp$ocles 7,de ,anima i1 #e1 text #bf7 w\ld be true1 to ! effect t we "k e>? by e>?1 & fire by fire4 ,b ! intelligible =m is 9 ! intellect accord+ to ! v nature ( a =m2 = z su* is x s kn[n by ! intellect4 ,h5ce su* a way ( receiv+ is n t ( matt]1 b ( an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh !re is no composition ( matt] & =m 9 an angel1 yet !re is act & pot5tiality4 ,& ?is c be made evid5t if we consid] ! nature ( mat]ial ?+s :i* conta9 a tw(old composition4 ,! fir/ is t ( =m & matt]1 :]eby ! nature is con/itut$4 ,su* a composite nature is n its own exi/5ce b exi/5ce is its act4 ,h5ce ! nature itself is relat$ to its own exi/5ce z pot5tiality to act4 ,!re=e if !re be no matt]1 & suppos+ t ! =m itself subsi/s )\t matt]1 !re nev]!less /ill rema9s ! relation ( ! =m to its v exi/5ce1 z ( pot5tiality to act4 ,& su* a k9d ( composition is und]/ood to be 9 ! angels2 & ?is is :at "s say1 t an angel is compos$ (1 :]eby he is1 & :at is1 or exi/5ce1 & :at is1 z ,boe?ius says4 ,= :at is1 is ! =m itself subsi/+2 & ! exi/5ce itself is :]eby ! sub/ance is2 z ! runn+ is :]eby ! runn] runs4 ,b 9 ,god exi/5ce & :at is are n diff]5t z 0 expla9$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce ,god alone is pure act4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,e creature is simply f9ite1 inasmu* z its exi/5ce is n absolutely subsi/+1 b is limit$ to "s nature to :i* x belongs4 ,b !re is no?+ aga9/ a creature be+ consid]$ relatively inf9ite4 ,mat]ial creatures are inf9ite on ! "p ( matt]1 b f9ite 9 _! =m1 :i* is limit$ by ! matt] :i* receives x4 ,b immat]ial creat$ sub/ances are f9ite 9 _! be+2 :]eas !y are inf9ite 9 ! s5se t _! =ms are n receiv$ 9 any?+ else2 z if we 7 to say1 = example1 t :it5ess exi/+ sep>ate is inf9ite z reg>ds ! nature ( :it5ess1 =asmu* z x is n contract$ to any "o subject2 :ile its be+ is f9ite z det]m9$ to "s "o special nature4 ,:5ce x is said 7,de ,causis1 prop4 #af7 t intellig5ce is f9ite f above1 z receiv+ its be+ f above itself1 & is inf9ite f bel[1 z n receiv$ 9 any matt]4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,angels ,exi/ 9 ,any ,great ,numb]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels are n 9 great numb]s4 ,= numb] is a species ( quantity1 & foll[s ! division ( a cont9u\s body4 ,b ?is _c be 9 ! angels1 s9ce !y are incorporeal1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! angels _c exi/ 9 any great numb]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m a ?+ approa*es to unity1 s mu* ! less is x multipli$1 z is evid5t 9 numb]s4 ,b among o!r creat$ natures ! angelic nature approa*es ne>e/ to ,god4 ,!re=e s9ce ,god is supremely "o1 x seems t !re is ! lea/ possible numb] 9 ! angelic nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! prop] effect ( ! sep>ate sub/ances seems to be ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies fall )9 "s small det]m9$ numb]1 :i* we c appreh5d4 ,!re=e ! angels are n 9 great] numb] ?an ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,obj4 #d3 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t all intelligible & intellectual sub/ances subsi/ because ( ! rays ( ! div9e goodness4 ,b a ray is only multipli$ accord+ to ! diff]5t ?+s t receive x4 ,n[ x _c be said t _! matt] is receptive ( an intelligible ray1 s9ce intellectual sub/ances are immat]ial1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x seems t ! multiplication ( intellectual sub/ances c only be accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! fir/ bodies--t is1 ( ! heav5ly ones1 s t 9 "s way ! %$d+ =m ( ! a=esaid rays may be t]m9at$ 9 !m2 & h5ce ! same conclusion is to be drawn z be=e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,dan4 #g3aj73 ,?\s&s ( ?\s&s m9i/]$ to ,him1 & t5 ?\s&s times a hundr$ ?\s& /ood be=e ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re h be5 v>i\s op9ions ) reg>d to ! numb] ( ! sep>ate sub/ances4 ,plato cont5d$ t ! sep>ate sub/ances are ! species ( s5sible ?+s2 z if we 7 to ma9ta9 t human nature is a sep>ate sub/ance ( itself3 & accord+ to ?is view x w\ld h to be ma9ta9$ t ! numb] ( ! sep>ate sub/ances is ! numb] ( ! species ( s5sible ?+s4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 rejects ?is view 7,metaph4 i1 text #ca7 because matt] is ( ! v nature ( ! species ( s5sible ?+s4 ,consequ5tly ! sep>ate sub/ances _c be ! exempl> species ( ^! s5sible ?+s2 b h _! own fix$ natures1 :i* are high] ?an ! natures ( s5sible ?+s4 ,nev]!less ,ari/otle held 7,metaph4 xi1 text #dc7 t ^? m p]fect natures be> relation to ^! s5sible ?+s1 z t ( mov] & end2 & !re=e he /rove to f9d out ! numb] ( ! sep>ate sub/ances accord+ to ! numb] ( ! fir/ movem5ts4 ,b s9ce ?is appe>s to militate aga9/ ! tea*+s ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 ,rabbi ,moses ! ,jew1 wi%+ to br+ bo? into h>mony1 held t ! angels1 9 s f> z !y are /yl$ immat]ial sub/ances1 are multipli$ accord+ to ! numb] ( heav5ly movem5ts or bodies1 z ,ari/otle held 7,metaph4 xi1 text #dc72 :ile he cont5d$ t 9 ! ,scriptures ev5 m5 be>+ a div9e message are /yl$ angels2 & aga91 ev5 ! p[]s ( natural ?+s1 :i* manife/ ,god's almighty p[]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q =eign to ! cu/om ( ! ,scriptures = ! p[]s ( irrational ?+s to be designat$ z angels4 ,h5ce x mu/ be said t ! angels1 ev5 inasmu* z !y are immat]ial sub/ances1 exi/ 9 exce$+ great numb]1 f> beyond all mat]ial multitude4 ,?is is :at ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xiv73 ,!re are _m bless$ armies ( ! heav5ly intellig5ces1 surpass+ ! weak & limit$ reckon+ ( our mat]ial numb]s4 ,! reason :]e( is ?is1 because1 s9ce x is ! p]fection ( ! univ]se t ,god *iefly int5ds 9 ! creation ( ?+s1 ! m p]fect "s ?+s are1 9 s mu* great] an excess are !y creat$ by ,god4 ,n[1 z 9 bodies su* excess is obs]v$ 9 reg>d to _! magnitude1 s 9 ?+s incorporeal is x obs]v$ 9 reg>d to _! multitude4 ,we see1 9 fact1 t incorruptible bodies1 exce$ corruptible bodies almo/ incomp>ably 9 magnitude2 = ! entire sph]e ( ?+s active & passive is some?+ v small 9 comp>ison ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,h5ce x is reasonable to conclude t ! immat]ial sub/ances z x 7 incomp>ably exce$ mat]ial sub/ances z to multitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! angels numb] is n t ( discrete quantity1 br\ght ab\t by division ( :at is cont9u\s1 b t :i* is caus$ by di/9ction ( =ms2 accord+ z multitude is reckon$ among ! transc5d5tals1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #aa74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ! angelic nature be+ ! nighe/ unto ,god1 x mu/ ne$s h lea/ ( multitude 9 its composition1 b n s z to be f\nd 9 few subjects4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is is ,ari/otle's argum5t 7,metaph4 xii1 text #dd71 & x w\ld conclude necess>ily if ! sep>ate sub/ances 7 made = corporeal sub/ances4 ,= ?us ! immat]ial sub/ances w\ld exi/ to no purpose1 unless "s movem5t f !m 7 to appe> 9 corporeal ?+s4 ,b x is n true t ! immat]ial sub/ances exi/ on acc\nt ( ! corporeal1 because ! end is nobl] ?an ! means to ! end4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle says 7,metaph4 xii1 text #dd7 t ?is is n a necess>y argum5t1 b a probable "o4 ,he 0 =c$ to make use ( ?is argum5t1 s9ce only ?r\gh s5sible ?+s c we come to "k intelligible ones4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is argum5t comes f ! op9ion ( su* z hold t matt] is ! cause ( ! di/9ction ( ?+s2 b ?is 0 refut$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #a74 ,accord+ly1 ! multiplication ( ! angels is n to be tak5 accord+ to matt]1 nor accord+ to bodies1 b accord+ to ! div9e wisdom devis+ ! v>i\s ord]s ( immat]ial sub/ances4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,angels ,diff] 9 ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels d n diff] 9 species4 ,= s9ce ! diff]5ce is nobl] ?an ! 'g5us1' all ?+s :i* agree 9 :at is noble/ 9 !m1 agree likewise 9 _! ultimate con/itutive diff]5ce2 & s !y are ! same accord+ to species4 ,b all angels agree 9 :at is noble/ 9 !m--t is to say1 9 intellectuality4 ,!re=e all ! angels are ( "o species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 m & less d n *ange a species4 ,b ! angels seem to diff] only f "o ano!r accord+ to m & less--namely1 z "o is simpl] ?an ano!r1 & ( ke5] intellect4 ,!re=e ! angels d n diff] specifically4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s\l & angel are contra-di/+ui%$ mutually f ea* o!r4 ,b all s\ls are ( ! "o species4 ,s !re=e are ! angels4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! m p]fect a ?+ is 9 nature1 ! m ought x to be multipli$4 ,b ?is w\ld n be s if !re 7 b "o individual "u "o species4 ,!re=e !re are _m angels ( "o species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ?+s ( "o species !re is no su* ?+ z fir/ & second prius et po/]ius1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 iii1 text #b74 ,b 9 ! angels ev5 ( ! "o ord] !re are fir/1 middle1 & la/1 z ,dionysius says 7,hi]4 ,ang4 x74 ,!re=e ! angels are n ( ! same species4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h said t all spiritual sub/ances1 ev5 s\ls1 are ( ! "o species4 ,o!rs1 aga91 t all ! angels are ( ! "o species1 b n s\ls2 :ile o!rs allege t all ! angels ( "o hi]>*y1 or ev5 ( "o ord]1 are ( ! "o species4 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,= su* ?+s z agree 9 species b diff] 9 numb]1 agree 9 =m1 b are di/+ui%$ mat]ially4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! angels be n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #b71 x foll[s t x is impossible = two angels to be ( "o species2 j z x w\ld be impossible = !re to be sev]al :it5esses ap>t1 or sev]al humanities1 s9ce :it5esses are n sev]al1 except 9 s f> z !y are 9 sev]al sub/ances4 ,& if ! angels _h matt]1 n ev5 !n c\ld !re be sev]al angels ( "o species4 ,= x w\ld be necess>y = matt] to be ! pr9ciple ( di/9ction ( "o f ! o!r1 n1 inde$1 accord+ to ! division ( quantity1 s9ce !y are incorporeal1 b accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! p[]s2 & su* div]sity ( matt] causes div]sity n m]ely ( species1 b ( g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,diff]5ce is nobl] ?an g5us1 z ! det]m9$ is m noble ?an ! undet]m9$1 & ! prop] ?an ! common1 b n z "o nature is nobl] ?an ano!r2 o!rwise x w\ld be necess>y t all irrational animals be ( ! same species2 or t !re %\ld be 9 !m "s =m :i* is high] ?an ! s5sible s\l4 ,!re=e irrational animals diff] 9 species accord+ to ! v>i\s det]m9$ degrees ( s5sitive nature2 & 9 l mann] all ! angels diff] 9 species accord+ to ! div]se degrees ( intellectual nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m & less *ange ! species1 n accord+ z !y are caus$ by ! int5sity or remissness ( "o =m1 b accord+ z !y are caus$ by =ms ( div]se degrees2 = in/ance1 if we say t fire is m p]fect ?an air3 & 9 ?is way ! angels are div]sifi$ accord+ to m or less4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! good ( ! species prepond]ates ov] ! good ( ! individual4 ,h5ce x is mu* bett] = ! species to be multipli$ 9 ! angels ?an = individuals to be multipli$ 9 ! "o species4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,num]ical multiplication1 s9ce x c be drawn out inf9itely1 is n int5d$ by ! ag5t1 b only specific multiplication1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ! p]fection ( ! angelic nature calls = ! multiply+ ( species1 b n = ! multiply+ ( individuals 9 "o species4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,angels ,are ,incorruptible8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels are n incorruptible2 = ,damasc5e1 speak+ ( ! angel1 says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #c7 t he is an intellectual sub/ance1 p>tak+ ( immortality by favor1 & n by nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,plato says 9 ! ,timaeus3 ,o gods ( gods1 ^: mak] & fa!r am ,i3 ,y are inde$ my works1 dissoluble by nature1 yet indissoluble because ,i s w x4 ,b gods su* z ^! c only be und]/ood to be ! angels4 ,!re=e ! angels are corruptible by _! nature ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xvi71 all ?+s w\ld t5d t[>ds no?+1 unless ! h& ( ! ,almighty pres]v$ !m4 ,b :at c be br\ght to no?+ is corruptible4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! angels 7 made by ,god1 x w\ld appe> t !y are corruptible ( _! own nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! intellectual sub/ances h unfail+ life1 be+ free f all corruption1 dea?1 matt]1 & g5]ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ necess>ily be ma9ta9$ t ! angels are incorruptible ( _! own nature4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t no?+ is corrupt$ except by its =m be+ sep>at$ f ! matt]4 ,h5ce1 s9ce an angel is a subsi/+ =m1 z is cle> f :at 0 said above 7,a4 #b71 x is impossible = its sub/ance to be corruptible4 ,= :at belongs to any?+ consid]$ 9 itself c nev] be sep>at$ f x2 b :at belongs to a ?+1 consid]$ 9 relation to some?+ else1 c be sep>at$1 :5 t some?+ else is tak5 away1 9 view ( :i* x belong$ to x4 ,r\ndness c nev] be tak5 f ! circle1 because x belongs to x ( itself2 b a bronze circle c lose r\ndness1 if ! bronze be depriv$ ( its circul> %ape4 ,n[ to be belongs to a =m consid]$ 9 itself2 = ev]y?+ is an actual be+ accord+ to its =m3 :]eas matt] is an actual be+ by ! =m4 ,consequ5tly a subject compos$ ( matt] & =m ceases to be actually :5 ! =m is sep>at$ f ! matt]4 ,b if ! =m subsi/s 9 its own be+1 z happ5s 9 ! angels1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #b71 x _c lose its be+4 ,!re=e1 ! angel's immat]iality is ! cause :y x is incorruptible by its own nature4 ,a tok5 ( ?is incorruptibility c be ga!r$ f its intellectual op]ation2 = s9ce ev]y?+ acts accord+ z x is actual1 ! op]ation ( a ?+ indicates its mode ( be+4 ,n[ ! species & nature ( ! op]ation is und]/ood f ! object4 ,b an intelligible object1 be+ above "t1 is ev]la/+4 ,h5ce e intellectual sub/ance is incorruptible ( its own nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,damasc5e is deal+ ) p]fect immortality1 :i* includes complete immutability2 s9ce e *ange is a k9d ( dea?1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,maxim4 iii74 ,! angels obta9 p]fect immutability only by favor1 z w appe> lat] 7,q4 #fb74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by ! expression 'gods' ,plato und]/&s ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* he suppos$ to be made up ( elem5ts1 & !re=e dissoluble ( _! own nature2 yet !y are = ev] pres]v$ 9 exi/5ce by ! ,div9e w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z 0 obs]v$ above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a7 !re is a k9d ( necess>y ?+ :i* has a cause ( its necessity4 ,h5ce x is n repugnant to a necess>y or incorruptible be+ to dep5d = its exi/5ce on ano!r z its cause4 ,!re=e1 :5 x is said t all ?+s1 ev5 ! angels1 w\ld lapse into no?+1 unless pres]v$ by ,god1 x is n to be ga!r$ !refrom t !re is any pr9ciple ( corruption 9 ! angels2 b t ! nature ( ! angels is dep5d5t ^u ,god z its cause4 ,= a ?+ is said to be corruptible n m]ely because ,god c r$uce x to non-exi/5ce1 by )draw+ ,8 act ( pres]vation2 b also because x has "s pr9ciple ( corruption )9 itself1 or "s contr>iety1 or at lea/ ! pot5tiality ( matt]4 ,,"q #ea ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,9 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,bodies 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we next inquire ab\t ! angels 9 comp>ison ) corporeal ?+s2 & 9 ! fir/ place ab\t _! comp>ison ) bodies2 secondly1 ( ! angels 9 comp>ison ) corporeal places2 &1 ?irdly1 ( _! comp>ison ) local movem5t4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r angels h bodies naturally unit$ to !m8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y assume bodies8 7#c7 ,:e!r !y ex]cise functions ( life 9 ! bodies assum$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,angels ,h ,bodies ,naturally ,unit$ to ,!m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t angels h bodies naturally unit$ to !m4 ,= ,orig5 says 7,p]i ,ar*on i73 ,x is ,god's attribute alone--t is1 x belongs to ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 z a prop]ty ( nature1 t ,he is und]/ood to exi/ )\t any mat]ial sub/ance & )\t any companion%ip ( corporeal addition4 ,b]n>d likewise says 7,hom4 vi4 sup] ,cant473 ,let u assign incorporeity to ,god alone ev5 z we d immortality1 ^: nature alone1 nei!r = its own sake nor on acc\nt ( any?+ else1 ne$s ! help ( any corporeal organ4 ,b x is cle> t e creat$ _s ne$s corporeal sub/ance4 ,augu/9e also says 7,g54 ad lit4 iii73 ,! demons are call$ animals ( ! atmosph]e because _! nature is ak9 to t ( a]ial bodies4 ,b ! nature ( demons & angels is ! same4 ,!re=e angels h bodies naturally unit$ to !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory 7,hom4 x 9 ,ev47 calls an angel a rational animal4 ,b e animal is compos$ ( body & s\l4 ,!re=e angels h bodies naturally unit$ to !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 life is m p]fect 9 ! angels ?an 9 s\ls4 ,b ! s\l n only lives1 b gives life to ! body4 ,!re=e ! angels animate bodies :i* are naturally unit$ to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! angels are und]/ood to be incorporeal4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angels h n bodies naturally unit$ to !m4 ,= :atev] belongs to any nature z an accid5t is n f\nd univ]sally 9 t nature2 ?us1 = in/ance1 to h w+s1 because x is n ( ! ess5ce ( an animal1 does n belong to e animal4 ,n[ s9ce to und]/& is n ! act ( a body1 nor ( any corporeal en]gy1 z w be %[n lat] 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b71 x foll[s t to h a body unit$ to x is n ( ! nature ( an intellectual sub/ance1 z su*2 b x is accid5tal to "s intellectual sub/ance on acc\nt ( some?+ else4 ,ev5 s x belongs to ! human s\l to be unit$ to a body1 because x is imp]fect & exi/s pot5tially 9 ! g5us ( intellectual sub/ances1 n hav+ ! fulness ( k 9 its own nature1 b acquir+ x f s5sible ?+s ?r\gh ! bodily s5ses1 z w be expla9$ lat] on 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ :5ev] we f9d some?+ imp]fect 9 any g5us we mu/ presuppose some?+ p]fect 9 t g5us4 ,!re=e 9 ! intellectual nature !re are "s p]fectly intellectual sub/ances1 :i* d n ne$ to acquire k f s5sible ?+s4 ,consequ5tly n all intellectual sub/ances are unit$ to bodies2 b "s are q sep>at$ f bodies1 & ^! we call angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z 0 said above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #a7 x 0 ! op9ion ( "s t e be+ is a body2 & consequ5tly "s seem to h ?\ght t !re 7 no incorporeal sub/ances exi/+ except z unit$ to bodies2 s mu* s t "s ev5 held t ,god 0 ! s\l ( ! _w1 z ,augu/9e tells u 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vii74 ,z ?is is contr>y to ,ca?olic ,fai?1 :i* ass]ts t ,god is exalt$ above all ?+s1 accord+ to ,ps4 #h3b3 ,?y magnific5ce is exalt$ beyond ! heav5s2 ,orig51 :ile refus+ to say su* a ?+ ( ,god1 foll[$ ! above op9ion ( o!rs reg>d+ ! o!r sub/ances2 be+ deceiv$ "h z he 0 also 9 _m o!r po9ts1 by foll[+ ! op9ions ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,b]n>d's expression c be expla9$1 t ! creat$ _s ne$s "s bodily in/rum5t1 :i* is n naturally unit$ to x1 b assum$ = "s purpose1 z w be expla9$ 7,a4 #b74 ,augu/9e speaks1 n z ass]t+ ! fact1 b m]ely us+ ! op9ion ( ! ,platoni/s1 :o ma9ta9$ t !re are "s a]ial animals1 :i* !y t]m$ demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gregory calls ! angel a rational animal metaphorically1 on acc\nt ( ! lik5ess to ! rational nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to give life effectively is a p]fection simply speak+2 h5ce x belongs to ,god1 z is said 7#a ,k+s #b3f73 ,! ,"l kille?1 & make? alive4 ,b to give life =mally belongs to a sub/ance :i* is "p ( "s nature1 & :i* has n )9 itself ! full nature ( ! species4 ,h5ce an intellectual sub/ance :i* is n unit$ to a body is m p]fect ?an "o :i* is unit$ to a body4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,angels ,assume ,bodies8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t angels d n assume bodies4 ,= !re is no?+ sup]flu\s 9 ! "w ( an angel1 z !re is no?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! "w ( nature4 ,b x w\ld be sup]flu\s = ! angels to assume bodies1 because an angel has no ne$ = a body1 s9ce 8 own p[] exce$s all bodily p[]4 ,!re=e an angel does n assume a body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e assumption is t]m9at$ 9 "s union2 because to assume implies a tak+ to oneself ad se sum]e4 ,b a body is n unit$ to an angel z to a =m1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a72 :ile 9 s f> z x is unit$ to ! angel z to a mov]1 x is n said to be assum$1 o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t all bodies mov$ by ! angels are assum$ by !m4 ,!re=e ! angels d n assume bodies4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 angels d n assume bodies f ! e>? or wat]1 or !y c\ld n sudd5ly disappe>2 nor aga9 f fire1 o!rwise !y w\ld burn :atev] ?+s !y t\*$2 nor aga9 f air1 because air is )\t %ape or color4 ,!re=e ! angels d n assume bodies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xvi7 t angels appe>$ to ,abraham "u assum$ bodies4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ! angels nev] assume bodies1 b t all t we read 9 ,scripture ( app>itions ( angels happ5$ 9 prophetic vision--t is1 accord+ to imag9ation4 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! int5t ( ,scripture2 = :atev] is beheld 9 imag9>y vision is only 9 ! behold]'s imag9ation1 & consequ5tly is n se5 by ev]ybody4 ,yet ,div9e ,scripture f "t to "t introduces angels s app>5t z to be se5 commonly by all2 j z ! angels :o appe>$ to ,abraham 7 se5 by him & by 8 :ole family1 by ,lot1 & by ! citiz5s ( ,sodom2 9 l mann] ! angel :o appe>$ to ,tobias 0 se5 by all pres5t4 ,f all ?is x is cle>ly %[n t su* app>itions 7 beheld by bodily vision1 :]eby ! object se5 exi/s outside ! p]son behold+ x1 & c accord+ly be se5 by all4 ,n[ by su* a vision only a body c be beheld4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! angels are n bodies1 nor h !y bodies naturally unit$ ) !m1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #a71 x foll[s t !y sometimes assume bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,angels ne$ an assum$ body1 n = !mselves1 b on our acc\nt2 t by conv]s+ famili>ly ) m5 !y may give evid5ce ( t intellectual companion%ip :i* m5 expect to h ) !m 9 ! life to come4 ,moreov] t angels assum$ bodies "u ! ,old ,law 0 a figurative indication t ! ,^w ( ,god w\ld take a human body2 because all ! app>itions 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 orda9$ to t "o :]eby ! ,son ( ,god appe>$ 9 ! fle%4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! body assum$ is unit$ to ! angel n z its =m1 nor m]ely z its mov]1 b z its mov] repres5t$ by ! assum$ movable body4 ,= z 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scripture ! prop]ties ( intelligible ?+s are set =? by ! lik5esses ( ?+s s5sible1 9 ! same way by ,div9e p[] s5sible bodies are s fa%ion$ by angels z fitt+ly to repres5t ! intelligible prop]ties ( an angel4 ,& ?is is :at we mean by an angel assum+ a body4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh air z long z x is 9 a /ate ( r>efaction has nei!r %ape nor color1 yet :5 cond5s$ x c bo? be %ap$ & color$ z appe>s 9 ! cl\ds4 ,ev5 s ! angels assume bodies ( air1 cond5s+ x by ! ,div9e p[] 9 s f> z is ne$ful = =m+ ! assum$ body4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,angels ,ex]cise ,functions ( ,life 9 ! ,bodies ,assum$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels ex]cise functions ( life 9 assum$ bodies4 ,= pret5ce is unbecom+ 9 angels ( tru?4 ,b x w\ld be pret5ce if ! body assum$ by !m1 :i* seems to live & to ex]cise vital functions1 did n possess ^! functions4 ,!re=e ! angels ex]cise functions ( life 9 ! assum$ body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! works ( ! angels !re is no?+ )\t a purpose4 ,b eyes1 no/rils1 & ! o!r in/rum5ts ( ! s5ses1 w\ld be fa%ion$ )\t a purpose 9 ! body assum$ by ! angel1 if he p]ceiv$ no?+ by _! means4 ,consequ5tly1 ! angel p]ceives by ! assum$ body2 & ?is is ! mo/ special function ( life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to move hi!r & ?i!r is "o ( ! functions ( life1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii74 ,b ! angels are manife/ly se5 to move 9 _! assum$ bodies4 ,= x 0 said 7,g54 #ah3af7 t ,abraham walk$ ) ! angels1 :o _h appe>$ to him1 br++ !m on ! way2 & :5 ,tobias said to ! angel 7,tob4 #e3g1 #h73 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! way t leade? to ! city ( ,m$es8 he answ]$3 ,i "k x2 & ,i h (t5 walk$ ?r\gh all ! ways !re(4 ,!re=e ! angels (t5 ex]cise functions ( life 9 assum$ bodies4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 spee* is ! function ( a liv+ subject1 = x is produc$ by ! voice1 :ile ! voice itself is a s\nd convey$ f ! m\?4 ,b x is evid5t f _m passages ( ,sacr$ ,scripture t angels spoke 9 assum$ bodies4 ,!re=e 9 _! assum$ bodies !y ex]cise functions ( life4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 eat+ is a purely animal function4 ,h5ce ! ,"l aft] ,8 ,resurrection ate ) ,8 disciples 9 pro( ( hav+ resum$ life 7,luke #bd74 ,n[ :5 angels appe>$ 9 _! assum$ bodies !y ate1 & ,abraham (f]$ !m food1 aft] hav+ previ\sly ador$ !m z ,god 7,g54 #ah74 ,!re=e ! angels ex]cise functions ( life 9 assum$ bodies4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 to beget (fspr+ is a vital act4 ,b ?is has befall5 ! angels 9 _! assum$ bodies2 = x is relat$3 ,aft] ! sons ( ,god w5t 9 to ! daught]s ( m51 & !y br\ght =? *ildr51 ^! are ! mighty m5 ( old1 m5 ( r5[n 7,g54 #f3d74 ,consequ5tly ! angels ex]cis$ vital functions 9 _! assum$ bodies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! bodies assum$ by angels h no life1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! previ\s article 7ad #c74 ,!re=e !y _c ex]cise functions ( life ?r\gh assum$ bodies4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s functions ( liv+ subjects h some?+ 9 common ) o!r op]ations2 j z spee*1 :i* is ! function ( a liv+ creature1 agrees ) o!r s\nds ( inanimate ?+s1 9 s f> z x is s\nd2 & walk+ agrees ) o!r movem5ts1 9 s f> z x is movem5t4 ,consequ5tly vital functions c be p]=m$ 9 assum$ bodies by ! angels1 z to t :i* is common 9 su* op]ations2 b n z to t :i* is special to liv+ subjects2 because1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,somn4 et ,vig4 i71 t :i* has ! faculty has ! action4 ,h5ce no?+ c h a function ( life except :at has life1 :i* is ! pot5tial pr9ciple ( su* action4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z x is 9 no wise contr>y to tru? = intelligible ?+s to be set =? 9 ,scripture "u s5sible figures1 s9ce x is n said = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ t intelligible ?+s are s5sible1 b 9 ord] t prop]ties ( intelligible ?+s may be und]/ood accord+ to similitude ?r\gh s5sible figures2 s x is n contr>y to ! tru? ( ! holy angels t ?r\gh _! assum$ bodies !y appe> to be liv+ m51 al?\gh !y are really n4 ,= ! bodies are assum$ m]ely = ?is purpose1 t ! spiritual prop]ties & works ( ! angels may be manife/$ by ! prop]ties ( man & ( 8 works4 ,?is c\ld n s fitt+ly be done if !y 7 to assume true m52 because ! prop]ties ( su* m5 w\ld lead u to m51 & n to angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s5sation is entirely a vital function4 ,consequ5tly x c 9 no way be said t ! angels p]ceive ?r\gh ! organs ( _! assum$ bodies4 ,yet su* bodies are n fa%ion$ 9 va92 = !y are n fa%ion$ = ! purpose ( s5sation ?r\gh !m1 b to ?is end1 t by su* bodily organs ! spiritual p[]s ( ! angels may be made manife/2 j z by ! eye ! p[] ( ! angel's k is po9t$ out1 & o!r p[]s by ! o!r memb]s1 z ,dionysius tea*es 7,coel4 ,hi]474 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,movem5t com+ f a unit$ mov] is a prop] function ( life2 b ! bodies assum$ by ! angels are n ?us mov$1 s9ce ! angels are n _! =ms4 ,yet ! angels are mov$ accid5tally1 :5 su* bodies are mov$1 s9ce !y are 9 !m z mov]s are 9 ! mov$2 & !y are "h 9 su* a way z n to be else:]e1 :i* _c be said ( ,god4 ,accord+ly1 al?\gh ,god is n mov$ :5 ! ?+s are mov$ 9 :i* ,he exi/s1 s9ce ,he is ev]y:]e2 yet ! angels are mov$ accid5tally accord+ to ! movem5t ( ! bodies assum$4 ,b !y are n mov$ accord+ to ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ev5 ?\gh !y be 9 !m z ! mov]s 9 ! ?+ mov$1 because ! heav5ly bodies d n *ange place 9 _! entirety2 nor = ! _s :i* moves ! _w is !re any fix$ locality accord+ to any re/rict$ "p ( ! _w's sub/ance1 :i* n[ is 9 ! ea/1 & n[ 9 ! we/1 b accord+ to a fix$ qu>t]2 because ! mov+ en]gy is always 9 ! ea/1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 text #hd4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! angels d n talk ?r\gh _! assum$ bodies2 yet !re is a semblance ( spee*1 9 s f> z !y fa%ion s\nds 9 ! air l to human voices4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! angels _c be said to eat1 because eat+ involves ! tak+ ( food conv]tible into ! sub/ance ( ! eat]4 ,al?\gh aft] ! ,resurrection food 0 n conv]t$ into ! sub/ance ( ,*ri/'s body1 b resolv$ into pre-exi/+ matt]2 nev]!less ,*ri/ _h a body ( su* a true nature t food c\ld be *ang$ into x2 h5ce x 0 a true eat+4 ,b ! food tak5 by angels 0 nei!r *ang$ into ! assum$ body1 nor 0 ! body ( su* a nature t food c\ld be *ang$ into x2 consequ5tly1 x 0 n a true eat+1 b figurative ( spiritual eat+4 ,?is is :at ! angel said to ,tobias3 ,:5 ,i 0 ) y1 ,i seem$ inde$ to eat & to dr9k2 b ,i use an invisible meat & dr9k 7,tob4 #ab3ai74 ,abraham (f]$ !m food1 deem+ !m to be m51 9 :om1 nev]!less1 he wor%ipp$ ,god1 z ,god is wont to be 9 ! prophets1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xvi74 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xv73 ,_m p]sons affirm t !y h _h ! exp]i5ce1 or h he>d f su* z h exp]i5c$ x1 t ! ,satyrs & ,fauns1 :om ! common folk call incubi1 h (t5 pres5t$ !mselves be=e wom51 & h s\ght & procur$ int]c\rse ) !m4 ,h5ce x is folly to d5y x4 ,b ,god's holy angels c\ld n fall 9 su* fa%ion be=e ! deluge4 ,h5ce by ! sons ( ,god are to be und]/ood ! sons ( ,se?1 :o 7 good2 :ile by ! daught]s ( m5 ! ,scripture designates ^? :o sprang f ! race ( ,ca94 ,nor is x to be wond]$ at t giants %\ld be born ( !m2 = !y 7 n all giants1 albeit !re 7 _m m be=e ?an aft] ! deluge4 ,/ill if "s are occasionally begott5 f demons1 x is n f ! se$ ( su* demons1 nor f _! assum$ bodies1 b f ! se$ ( m5 tak5 = ! purpose2 z :5 ! demon assumes fir/ ! =m ( a woman1 & aft]w>ds ( a man2 j z !y take ! se$ ( o!r ?+s = o!r g5]at+ purposes1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii71 s t ! p]son born is n ! *ild ( a demon1 b ( a man4 ,,"q #eb ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,place 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we n[ inquire into ! place ( ! angels4 ,t\*+ ?is !re are ?ree subjects ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,is ! angel 9 a place8 7#b7 ,c he be 9 sev]al places at once8 7#c7 ,c sev]al angels be 9 ! same place8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r an ,angel ,is 9 a ,place8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel is n 9 a place4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,hebdom473 ,! common op9ion ( ! le>n$ is t ?+s incorporeal are n 9 a place4 ,& aga91 ,ari/otle obs]ves 7,phys4 iv1 text #dh1eg7 t x is n ev]y?+ exi/+ :i* is 9 a place1 b only a movable body4 ,b an angel is n a body1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ej74 ,!re=e an angel is n 9 a place4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 place is a quantity hav+ position4 ,b ev]y?+ :i* is 9 a place has "s position4 ,n[ to h a position _c befit an angel1 s9ce 8 sub/ance is devoid ( quantity1 ! prop] diff]5ce ( :i* is to h a position4 ,!re=e an angel is n 9 a place4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to be 9 a place is to be measur$ & to be conta9$ by su* place1 z is evid5t f ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iv1 text #ad1aai74 ,b an angel c nei!r be measur$ nor conta9$ by a place1 because ! conta9] is m =mal ?an ! conta9$2 z air ) reg>d to wat] 7,phys4 iv1 text #ce1di74 ,!re=e an angel is n 9 a place4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ! ,collect 99,pray] at ,compl9e1 ,dom9ican ,brevi>y3 ,let ,?y holy angels :o dwell h]e91 keep u 9 peace4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is befitt+ an angel to be 9 a place2 yet an angel & a body are said to be 9 a place 9 q a diff]5t s5se4 ,a body is said to be 9 a place 9 su* a way t x is appli$ to su* place accord+ to ! contact ( dim5sive quantity2 b !re is no su* quantity 9 ! angels1 = !irs is a virtual "o4 ,consequ5tly an angel is said to be 9 a corporeal place by application ( ! angelic p[] 9 any mann] :atev] to any place4 ,accord+ly !re is no ne$ = say+ t an angel c be deem$ comm5surate ) a place1 or t he occupies a space 9 ! cont9u\s2 = ?is is prop] to a locat$ body :i* is end[$ ) dim5sive quantity4 ,9 simil> fa%ion x is n necess>y on ?is acc\nt = ! angel to be conta9$ by a place2 because an incorporeal sub/ance virtually conta9s ! ?+ ) :i* x comes into contact1 & is n conta9$ by x3 = ! s\l is 9 ! body z conta9+ x1 n z conta9$ by x4 ,9 ! same way an angel is said to be 9 a place :i* is corporeal1 n z ! ?+ conta9$1 b z someh[ conta9+ x4 ,& h]eby we h ! answ]s to ! objections4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r an ,angel ,c ,be 9 ,sev]al ,places at ,once8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel c be 9 sev]al places at once4 ,= an angel is n less end[$ ) p[] ?an ! s\l4 ,b ! s\l is 9 sev]al places at once1 = x is entirely 9 e "p ( ! body1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi74 ,!re=e an angel c be 9 sev]al places at once4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an angel is 9 ! body :i* he assumes2 &1 s9ce ! body :i* he assumes is cont9u\s1 x w\ld appe> t he is 9 e "p !re(4 ,b accord+ to ! v>i\s p>ts !re are v>i\s places4 ,!re=e ! angel is at "o "t 9 v>i\s places4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t :]e ! angel op]ates1 !re he is4 ,b occasionally he op]ates 9 sev]al places at "o "t1 z is evid5t f ! angel de/roy+ ,sodom 7,g54 #ai3be74 ,!re=e an angel c be 9 sev]al places at ! "o "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t :ile ! angels are 9 heav51 !y are n on e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,an angel's p[] & nature are f9ite1 :]eas ! ,div9e p[] & ess5ce1 :i* is ! univ]sal cause ( all ?+s1 is inf9ite3 consequ5tly ,god ?r\gh ,8 p[] t\*es all ?+s1 & is n m]ely pres5t 9 "s places1 b is ev]y:]e4 ,n[ s9ce ! angel's p[] is f9ite1 x does n ext5d to all ?+s1 b to "o det]m9$ ?+4 ,= :atev] is comp>$ ) "o p[] mu/ be comp>$ !re) z "o det]m9$ ?+4 ,consequ5tly s9ce all be+ is comp>$ z "o ?+ to ,god's univ]sal p[]1 s is "o p>ticul> be+ comp>$ z "o ) ! angelic p[]4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! angel is 9 a place by ! application ( 8 p[] to ! place1 x foll[s t he is n ev]y:]e1 nor 9 sev]al places1 b 9 only "o place4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 h be5 deceiv$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,= "s :o 7 unable to g beyond ! rea* ( _! imag9ations suppos$ ! indivisibility ( ! angel to be l t ( a po9t2 consequ5tly !y ?\ght t an angel c\ld be only 9 a place :i* is a po9t4 ,b !y 7 manife/ly deceiv$1 because a po9t is some?+ indivisible1 yet hav+ its situation2 :]eas ! angel is indivisible1 & beyond ! g5us ( quantity & situation4 ,consequ5tly !re is no occasion = det]m9+ 9 8 reg>d "o indivisible place z to situation3 any place :i* is ei!r divisible or indivisible1 great or small suffices1 accord+ z to 8 own free-w he applies 8 p[] to a great or to a small body4 ,s ! entire body to :i* he is appli$ by 8 p[]1 corresponds z "o place to him4 ,nei!r1 if any angel moves ! heav5s1 is x necess>y = him to be ev]y:]e4 ,fir/ ( all1 because 8 p[] is appli$ only to :at is fir/ mov$ by him4 ,n[ !re is "o "p ( ! heav5s 9 :i* !re is movem5t fir/ ( all1 namely1 ! "p to ! ea/3 h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 vii1 text #hd7 attributes ! p[] ( ! heav5ly mov] to ! "p :i* is 9 ! ea/4 ,secondly1 because philosoph]s d n hold t "o sep>ate sub/ance moves all ! sph]es imm$iately4 ,h5ce x ne$ n be ev]y:]e4 ,s1 !n1 x is evid5t t to be 9 a place app]ta9s q diff]5tly to a body1 to an angel1 & to ,god4 ,= a body is 9 a place 9 a circumscrib$ fa%ion1 s9ce x is measur$ by ! place4 ,an angel1 h[ev]1 is n !re 9 a circumscrib$ fa%ion1 s9ce he is n measur$ by ! place1 b def9itively1 because he is 9 a place 9 su* a mann] t he is n 9 ano!r4 ,b ,god is nei!r circumscriptively nor def9itively !re1 because ,he is ev]y:]e4 ,f ?is we c easily ga!r an answ] to ! objections3 because ! entire subject to :i* ! angelic p[] is imm$iately appli$1 is reput$ z "o place1 ev5 ?\gh x be cont9u\s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,sev]al ,angels ,c ,be at ! ,same ,"t 9 ! ,same ,place8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sev]al angels c be at ! same "t 9 ! same place4 ,= sev]al bodies _c be at ! same "t 9 ! same place1 because !y fill ! place4 ,b ! angels d n fill a place1 because only a body fills a place1 s t x be n empty1 z appe>s f ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iv1 text #eb1eh74 ,!re=e sev]al angels c be 9 ! "o place4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is a great] diff]5ce betwe5 an angel & a body ?an !re is betwe5 two angels4 ,b an angel & a body are at ! "o "t 9 ! "o place3 because !re is no place :i* is n fill$ ) a s5sible body1 z we f9d prov$ 9 ,phys4 iv1 text4 #eh4 ,mu* m1 !n1 c two angels be 9 ! same place4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is 9 e "p ( ! body1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 vi74 ,b demons1 al?\gh !y d n obsess s\ls1 d obsess bodies occasionally2 & ?us ! s\l & ! demon are at ! "o "t 9 ! same place2 & consequ5tly = ! same reason all o!r spiritual sub/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,!re are n two s\ls 9 ! same body4 ,!re=e = a l reason !re are n two angels 9 ! same place4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are n two angels 9 ! same place4 ,! reason ( ?is is because x is impossible = two complete causes to be ! causes imm$iately ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,?is is evid5t 9 e class ( causes3 = !re is "o proximate =m ( "o ?+1 & !re is "o proximate mov]1 al?\gh !re may be sev]al remote mov]s4 ,nor c x be object$ t sev]al individuals may r[ a boat1 s9ce no "o ( !m is a p]fect mov]1 because no "o man's /r5g? is suffici5t = mov+ ! boat2 :ile all toge!r are z "o mov]1 9 s f> z _! unit$ /r5g?s all comb9e 9 produc+ ! "o movem5t4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! angel is said to be 9 "o place by ! fact t 8 p[] t\*es ! place imm$iately by way ( a p]fect conta9]1 z 0 said 7,a4 #a71 !re c be b "o angel 9 "o place4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sev]al angels are n h9d]$ f be+ 9 ! same place because ( _! fill+ ! place2 b = ano!r reason1 z has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an angel & a body are n 9 a place 9 ! same way2 h5ce ! conclusion does n foll[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n ev5 a demon & a s\l are comp>$ to a body accord+ to ! same relation ( causality2 s9ce ! s\l is its =m1 :ile ! demon is n4 ,h5ce ! inf]5ce does n foll[4 ,,"q #ec ,,( ,,! ,,local ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,angels 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! local movem5t ( ! angels2 "u :i* head+ !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r an angel c be mov$ locally4 7#b7 ,:e!r 9 pass+ f place to place he passes ?r\gh int]v5+ space8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! angel's movem5t is 9 "t or in/antane\s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r an ,angel ,c ,be ,mov$ ,locally8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t an angel _c be mov$ locally4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 vi1 text #cb1 #hf7 no?+ :i* is devoid ( p>ts is mov$2 because1 :ile x is 9 ! t]m :]efrom1 x is n mov$2 nor :ile x is 9 ! t]m :]eto1 = x is !n already mov$2 consequ5tly x rema9s t ev]y?+ :i* is mov$1 :ile x is be+ mov$1 is p>tly 9 ! t]m :]efrom & p>tly 9 ! t]m :]eto4 ,b an angel is )\t p>ts4 ,!re=e an angel _c be mov$ locally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 movem5t is ! act ( an imp]fect be+1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 iii1 text #ad74 ,b a beatifi$ angel is n imp]fect4 ,consequ5tly a beatifi$ angel is n mov$ locally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 movem5t is simply because ( want4 ,b ! holy angels h no want4 ,!re=e ! holy angels are n mov$ locally4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is ! same ?+ = a beatifi$ angel to be mov$ z = a beatifi$ s\l to be mov$4 ,b x mu/ necess>ily be said t a bless$ s\l is mov$ locally1 because x is an article ( fai? t ,*ri/'s s\l desc5d$ into ,hell4 ,!re=e a beatifi$ angel is mov$ locally4 ,i answ] t1 ,a beatifi$ angel c be mov$ locally4 ,z1 h[ev]1 to be 9 a place belongs equivocally to a body & to an angel1 s likewise does local movem5t4 ,= a body is 9 a place 9 s f> z x is conta9$ "u ! place1 & is comm5surate ) ! place4 ,h5ce x is necess>y = local movem5t ( a body to be comm5surate ) ! place1 & accord+ to its exig5cy4 ,h5ce x is t ! cont9uity ( movem5t is accord+ to ! cont9uity ( magnitude2 & accord+ to priority & po/]iority ( local movem5t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 iv1 text #ii74 ,b an angel is n 9 a place z comm5surate & conta9$1 b r z conta9+ x4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y = ! local movem5t ( an angel to be comm5surate ) ! place1 nor = x to be accord+ to ! exig5cy ( ! place1 s z to h cont9uity !refrom2 b x is a non-cont9u\s movem5t4 ,= s9ce ! angel is 9 a place only by virtual contact1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #eb1 ,a4 #a71 x foll[s necess>ily t ! movem5t ( an angel 9 a place is no?+ else ?an ! v>i\s contacts ( v>i\s places successively1 & n at once2 because an angel _c be 9 sev]al places at "o "t1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #eb1 ,a4 #b74 ,nor is x necess>y = ^! contacts to be cont9u\s4 ,nev]!less a c]ta9 k9d ( cont9uity c be f\nd 9 su* contacts4 ,because1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #eb1 ,a4 #a71 !re is no?+ to h9d] u f assign+ a divisible place to an angel accord+ to virtual contact2 j z a divisible place is assign$ to a body by contact ( magnitude4 ,h5ce z a body successively1 & n all at once1 quits ! place 9 :i* x 0 be=e1 & !nce arises cont9uity 9 its local movem5t2 s likewise an angel c successively quit ! divisible place 9 :i* he 0 be=e1 & s 8 movem5t w be cont9u\s4 ,& he c all at once quit ! :ole place1 & 9 ! same in/ant apply himself to ! :ole ( ano!r place1 & ?us 8 movem5t w n be cont9u\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t fails ( its purpose = a tw(old reason4 ,fir/ ( all1 because ,ari/otle's demon/ration deals ) :at is indivisible accord+ to quantity1 to :i* responds a place necess>ily indivisible4 ,& ?is _c be said ( an angel4 ,secondly1 because ,ari/otle's demon/ration deals ) movem5t :i* is cont9u\s4 ,= if ! movem5t 7 n cont9u\s1 x might be said t a ?+ is mov$ :]e x is 9 ! t]m :]efrom1 & :ile x is 9 ! t]m :]eto3 because ! v succession ( :]es1 reg>d+ ! same ?+1 w\ld be call$ movem5t3 h5ce1 9 :i*ev] ( ^? :]es ! ?+ might be1 x c\ld be said to be mov$4 ,b ! cont9uity ( movem5t prev5ts ?is2 because no?+ :i* is cont9u\s is 9 its t]m1 z is cle>1 because ! l9e is n 9 ! po9t4 ,!re=e x is necess>y = ! ?+ mov$ to be n totally 9 ei!r ( ! t]ms :ile x is be+ mov$2 b p>tly 9 ! "o1 & p>tly 9 ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 accord+ z ! angel's movem5t is n cont9u\s1 ,ari/otle's demon/ration does n hold good4 ,b accord+ z ! angel's movem5t is held to be cont9u\s1 x c be s grant$1 t1 :ile an angel is 9 movem5t1 he is p>tly 9 ! t]m :]efrom1 & p>tly 9 ! t]m :]eto 7yet s t su* p>tiality be n ref]r$ to ! angel's sub/ance1 b to ! place72 because at ! outset ( 8 cont9u\s movem5t ! angel is 9 ! :ole divisible place f :i* he beg9s to be mov$2 b :ile he is actually 9 movem5t1 he is 9 "p ( ! fir/ place :i* he quits1 & 9 "p ( ! second place :i* he occupies4 ,?is v fact t he c occupy ! p>ts ( two places app]ta9s to ! angel f ?is1 t he c occupy a divisible place by apply+ 8 p[]2 z a body does by application ( magnitude4 ,h5ce x foll[s reg>d+ a body :i* is movable accord+ to place1 t x is divisible accord+ to magnitude2 b reg>d+ an angel1 t 8 p[] c be appli$ to some?+ :i* is divisible4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! movem5t ( t :i* is 9 pot5tiality is ! act ( an imp]fect ag5t4 ,b ! movem5t :i* is by application ( en]gy is ! act ( "o 9 act3 because en]gy implies actuality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! movem5t ( t :i* is 9 pot5tiality is ! act ( an imp]fect b ! movem5t ( :at is 9 act is n = any ne$ ( its own1 b = ano!r's ne$4 ,9 ?is way1 because ( our ne$1 ! angel is mov$ locally1 accord+ to ,heb4 #a3ad3 ,!y are all 99,vulg43 ',are !y n all 4 4 4 8' m9i/]+ spirits1 s5t to m9i/] = !m :o receive ! inh]itance ( salvation4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r an ,angel ,passes ,?r\gh ,int]m$iate ,space8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel does n pass ?r\gh int]m$iate space4 ,= ev]y?+ t passes ?r\gh a middle space fir/ travels along a place ( its own dim5sions1 be=e pass+ ?r\gh a great]4 ,b ! place respond+ to an angel1 :o is indivisible1 is conf9$ to a po9t4 ,!re=e if ! angel passes ?r\gh middle space1 he mu/ reckon inf9ite po9ts 9 8 movem5t3 :i* is n possible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an angel is ( simpl] sub/ance ?an ! s\l4 ,b our s\l by tak+ ?\ght c pass f "o extreme to ano!r )\t go+ ?r\gh ! middle3 = ,i c ?9k ( ,france & aft]w>ds ( ,syria1 )\t ev] ?9k+ ( ,italy1 :i* /&s betwe5 !m4 ,!re=e mu* m c an angel pass f "o extreme to ano!r )\t go+ ?r\gh ! middle4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if ! angel be mov$ f "o place to ano!r1 !n1 :5 he is 9 ! t]m :i!r1 he is no long] 9 motion1 b is *ang$4 ,b a process ( *ang+ prec$es e actual *ange3 consequ5tly he 0 be+ mov$ :ile exi/+ 9 "s place4 ,b he 0 n mov$ s long z he 0 9 ! t]m :5ce4 ,!re=e1 he 0 mov$ :ile he 0 9 mid-space3 & s x 0 necess>y = him to pass ?r\gh int]v5+ space4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 obs]v$ above 9 ! prec$+ article1 ! local motion ( an angel c be cont9u\s1 & non-cont9u\s4 ,if x be cont9u\s1 ! angel _c pass f "o extreme to ano!r )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! mid-space2 because1 z is said by ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 v1 text #bb2 vi1 text #gg71 ,! middle is t into :i* a ?+ :i* is cont9ually mov$ comes1 be=e arriv+ at ! la/ into :i* x is mov$2 because ! ord] ( fir/ & la/ 9 cont9u\s movem5t1 is accord+ to ! ord] ( ! fir/ & la/ 9 magnitude1 z he says 7,phys4 iv1 text #ii74 ,b if an angel's movem5t be n cont9u\s1 x is possible = him to pass f "o extreme to ano!r )\t go+ ?r\gh ! middle3 :i* is evid5t ?us4 ,betwe5 ! two extreme limits !re are inf9ite int]m$iate places2 :e!r ! places be tak5 z divisible or z indivisible4 ,?is is cle>ly evid5t ) reg>d to places :i* are indivisible2 because betwe5 e two po9ts t are inf9ite int]m$iate po9ts1 s9ce no two po9ts foll[ "o ano!r )\t a middle1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 vi1 text4 #a4 ,& ! same mu/ ( necessity be said ( divisible places3 & ?is is %[n f ! cont9u\s movem5t ( a body4 ,= a body is n mov$ f place to place except 9 "t4 ,b 9 ! :ole "t :i* measures ! movem5t ( a body1 !re are n two n[s 9 :i* ! body mov$ is n 9 "o place & 9 ano!r2 = if x 7 9 "o & ! same place 9 two n[s1 x w\ld foll[ t x w\ld be at re/ !re2 s9ce to be at re/ is no?+ else ?an to be 9 ! same place n[ & previ\sly4 ,!re=e s9ce !re are inf9ite n[s betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ n[ ( ! "t :i* measures ! movem5t1 !re mu/ be inf9ite places betwe5 ! fir/ f :i* ! movem5t beg9s1 & ! la/ :]e ! movem5t ceases4 ,?is aga9 is made evid5t f s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,let !re be a body ( a palm's l5g?1 & let !re be a plane measur+ two palms1 along :i* x travels2 x is evid5t t ! fir/ place f :i* ! movem5t />ts is t ( ! "o palm2 & ! place :]e9 ! movem5t ends is t ( ! o!r palm4 ,n[ x is cle> t :5 x beg9s to move1 x gradually quits ! fir/ palm & ent]s ! second4 ,accord+1 !n1 z ! magnitude ( ! palm is divid$1 ev5 s are ! int]m$iate places multipli$2 because e di/9ct po9t 9 ! magnitude ( ! fir/ palm is ! beg9n+ ( a place1 & a di/9ct po9t 9 ! magnitude ( ! o!r palm is ! limit ( ! same4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce magnitude is inf9itely divisible & ! po9ts 9 e magnitude are likewise inf9ite 9 pot5tiality1 x foll[s t betwe5 e two places !re are inf9ite int]m$iate places4 ,n[ a movable body only exhau/s ! inf9ity ( ! int]m$iate places by ! cont9uity ( its movem5t2 because1 z ! int]m$iate places are inf9ite 9 pot5tiality1 s likewise mu/ !re be reckon$ "s inf9itudes 9 movem5t :i* is cont9u\s4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! movem5t be n cont9u\s1 !n all ! p>ts ( ! movem5t w be actually numb]$4 ,if1 !re=e1 any movable body be mov$1 b n by cont9u\s movem5t1 x foll[s1 ei!r t x does n pass ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate places1 or else t x actually numb]s inf9ite places3 :i* is n possible4 ,accord+ly1 !n1 z ! angel's movem5t is n cont9u\s1 he does n pass ?r\gh all int]m$iate places4 ,n[1 ! actual pass+ f "o extreme to ! o!r1 )\t go+ ?r\gh ! mid-space1 is q 9 keep+ ) an angel's nature2 b n ) t ( a body1 because a body is measur$ by & conta9$ "u a place2 h5ce x is b\nd to foll[ ! laws ( place 9 its movem5t4 ,b an angel's sub/ance is n subject to place z conta9$ !reby1 b is above x z conta9+ x3 h5ce x is "u 8 control to apply himself to a place j z he wills1 ei!r ?r\gh or )\t ! int]v5+ place4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! place ( an angel is n tak5 z equal to him accord+ to magnitude1 b accord+ to contact ( p[]3 & s ! angel's place c be divisible1 & is n always a m]e po9t4 ,yet ev5 ! int]m$iate divisible places are inf9ite1 z 0 said above3 b !y are consum$ by ! cont9uity ( ! movem5t1 z is evid5t f ! =ego+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:ile an angel is mov$ locally1 8 ess5ce is appli$ to v>i\s places3 b ! s\l's ess5ce is n appli$ to ! ?+s ?\ght (1 b r ! ?+s ?\ght ( are 9 x4 ,s !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 cont9u\s movem5t ! actual *ange is n a "p ( ! movem5t1 b its conclusion2 h5ce movem5t mu/ prec$e *ange4 ,accord+ly su* movem5t is ?r\gh ! mid-space4 ,b 9 movem5t :i* is n cont9u\s1 ! *ange is a "p1 z a unit is a "p ( numb]3 h5ce ! succession ( ! v>i\s places1 ev5 )\t ! mid-space1 con/itutes su* movem5t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,movem5t ( an ,angel ,is ,in/antane\s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel's movem5t is in/antane\s4 ,= ! great] ! p[] ( ! mov]1 & ! less ! mov$ resi/ ! mov]1 ! m rapid is ! movem5t4 ,b ! p[] ( an angel mov+ himself exce$s beyond all proportion ! p[] :i* moves a body4 ,n[ ! proportion ( velocities is reckon$ accord+ to ! less5+ ( ! "t4 ,b betwe5 "o l5g? ( "t & any o!r l5g? ( "t !re is proportion4 ,if !re=e a body is mov$ 9 "t1 an angel is mov$ 9 an in/ant4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angel's movem5t is simpl] ?an any bodily *ange4 ,b "s bodily *ange is effect$ 9 an in/ant1 su* z illum9ation2 bo? because ! subject is n illum9at$ successively1 z x gets hot successively2 & because a ray does n rea* soon] :at is ne> ?an :at is remote4 ,mu* m !re=e is ! angel's movem5t in/antane\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if an angel be mov$ f place to place 9 "t1 x is manife/ t 9 ! la/ in/ant ( su* "t he is 9 ! t]m :]eto3 b 9 ! :ole ( ! prec$+ "t1 he is ei!r 9 ! place imm$iately prec$+1 :i* is tak5 z ! t]m :]efrom2 or else he is p>tly 9 ! "o1 & p>tly 9 ! o!r1 x foll[s t he is divisible2 :i* is impossible4 ,!re=e dur+ ! :ole ( ! prec$+ "t he is 9 ! t]m :]efrom4 ,!re=e he re/s !re3 s9ce to be at re/ is to be 9 ! same place n[ & previ\sly1 z 0 said 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x foll[s t he is n mov$ except 9 ! la/ in/ant ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 e *ange !re is a be=e & aft]4 ,n[ ! be=e & aft] ( movem5t is reckon$ by "t4 ,consequ5tly e movem5t1 ev5 ( an angel1 is 9 "t1 s9ce !re is a be=e & aft] 9 x4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ! local movem5t ( an angel is in/antane\s4 ,!y said t :5 an angel is mov$ f place to place1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! prec$+ "t he is 9 ! t]m :]efrom2 b 9 ! la/ in/ant ( su* "t he is 9 ! t]m :]eto4 ,nor is !re any ne$ = a m$ium betwe5 ! t]ms1 j z !re is no m$ium betwe5 "t & ! limit ( "t4 ,b !re is a mid-"t betwe5 two n[s ( "t3 h5ce !y say t a la/ n[ _c be assign$ 9 :i* x 0 9 ! t]m :]efrom1 j z 9 illum9ation1 & 9 ! sub/antial g5]ation ( fire1 !re is no la/ in/ant to be assign$ 9 :i* ! air 0 d>k1 or 9 :i* ! matt] 0 "u ! privation ( ! =m ( fire3 b a la/ "t c be assign$1 s t 9 ! la/ in/ant ( su* "t !re is light 9 ! air1 or ! =m ( fire 9 ! matt]4 ,& s illum9ation & sub/antial g5]ation are call$ in/antane\s movem5ts4 ,b ?is does n hold good 9 ! pres5t case2 & x is %[n ?us4 ,x is ( ! nature ( re/ t ! subject 9 repose be n o!rwise dispos$ n[ ?an x 0 be=e3 & !re=e 9 e n[ ( "t :i* measures re/1 ! subject repos+ is 9 ! same :]e 9 ! fir/1 9 ! middle1 & 9 ! la/ n[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ( ! v nature ( movem5t = ! subject mov$ to be o!rwise n[ ?an x 0 be=e3 & !re=e 9 e n[ ( "t :i* measures movem5t1 ! movable subject is 9 v>i\s dispositions2 h5ce 9 ! la/ n[ x mu/ h a diff]5t =m f :at x _h be=e4 ,s x is evid5t t to re/ dur+ ! :ole "t 9 "s 7disposition71 = in/ance1 9 :it5ess1 is to be 9 x 9 e in/ant ( su* "t4 ,h5ce x is n possible = any?+ to re/ 9 "o t]m dur+ ! :ole ( ! prec$+ "t1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! la/ in/ant ( t "t to be 9 ! o!r t]m4 ,b ?is is possible 9 movem5t3 because to be mov$ 9 any :ole "t1 is n to be 9 ! same disposition 9 e in/ant ( t "t4 ,!re=e all in/antane\s *anges ( ! k9d are t]ms ( a cont9u\s movem5t3 j z g5]ation is ! t]m ( ! alt]ation ( matt]1 & illum9ation is ! t]m ( ! local movem5t ( ! illum9at+ body4 ,n[ ! local movem5t ( an angel is n ! t]m ( any o!r cont9u\s movem5t1 b is ( itself1 dep5d+ ^u no o!r movem5t4 ,consequ5tly x is impossible to say t he is 9 any place dur+ ! :ole "t1 & t 9 ! la/ n[ he is 9 ano!r place3 b "s n[ mu/ be assign$ 9 :i* he 0 la/ 9 ! prec$+ place4 ,b :]e !re are _m n[s succe$+ "o ano!r1 !re is necess>ily "t2 s9ce "t is no?+ else ?an ! reckon+ ( be=e & aft] 9 movem5t4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t ! movem5t ( an angel is 9 "t4 ,x is 9 cont9u\s "t if 8 movem5t be cont9u\s1 & 9 non-cont9u\s "t if 8 movem5t is non-cont9u\s =1 z 0 said 7,a4 #a71 8 movem5t c be ( ei!r k9d1 s9ce ! cont9uity ( "t comes ( ! cont9uity ( movem5t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 iv1 text #ii74 ,b t "t1 :e!r x be cont9u\s or n1 is n ! same z ! "t :i* measures ! movem5t ( ! heav5s1 & :]eby all corporeal ?+s are measur$1 :i* h _! *angeabl5ess f ! movem5t ( ! heav5s2 because ! angel's movem5t does n dep5d ^u ! movem5t ( ! heav5s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if ! "t ( ! angel's movem5t be n cont9u\s1 b a k9d ( succession ( 'n[s1' x w h no proportion to ! "t :i* measures ! movem5t ( corporeal ?+s1 :i* is cont9u\s2 s9ce x is n ( ! same nature4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be cont9u\s1 x is inde$ proportionable1 n1 inde$1 because ( ! proportion ( ! mov] & ! movable1 b on acc\nt ( ! proportion ( ! magnitudes 9 :i* ! movem5t exi/s4 ,besides1 ! swiftness ( ! angel's movem5t is n measur$ by ! quantity ( 8 p[]1 b accord+ to ! det]m9ation ( 8 w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,illum9ation is ! t]m ( a movem5t2 & is an alt]ation1 n a local movem5t1 z ?\gh ! light 7 und]/ood to be mov$ to :at is ne>1 be=e be+ mov$ to :at is remote4 ,b ! angel's movem5t is local1 &1 besides1 x is n ! t]m ( movem5t2 h5ce !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection is bas$ on cont9u\s "t4 ,b ! same "t ( an angel's movem5t c be non-cont9u\s4 ,s an angel c be 9 "o place 9 "o in/ant1 & 9 ano!r place 9 ! next in/ant1 )\t any "t int]v5+4 ,if ! "t ( ! angel's movem5t be cont9u\s1 he is *ang$ ?r\gh inf9ite places ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t :i* prec$es ! la/ 'n['2 z 0 already %[n 7,a4 #b74 ,nev]!less he is p>tly 9 "o ( ! cont9u\s places1 & p>tly 9 ano!r1 n because 8 sub/ance is susceptible ( p>ts1 b because 8 p[] is appli$ to a "p ( ! fir/ place & to a "p ( ! second1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #b74 ,,"q #ed ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,angels 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ :at belongs to ! angel's sub/ance1 we n[ proce$ to 8 k4 ,?is inve/igation w be f\rfold4 ,9 ! fir/ place inquiry mu/ be made into 8 p[] ( k3 secondly1 into 8 m$ium ( k3 ?irdly1 into ! objects kn[n3 & f\r?ly1 into ! mann] :]eby he kn[s !m4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,is ! angel's und]/&+ 8 sub/ance8 7#b7 ,is 8 be+ 8 und]/&+8 7#c7 ,is 8 sub/ance 8 p[] ( intellig5ce8 7#d7 ,is !re 9 ! angels an active & a passive intellect8 7#e7 ,is !re 9 !m any o!r p[] ( k besides ! intellect8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r an ,angel's ,act ( ,und]/&+ ,is ,8 ,sub/ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel's act ( und]/&+ is 8 sub/ance4 ,= ! angel is bo? high] & simpl] ?an ! active intellect ( a s\l4 ,b ! sub/ance ( ! active intellect is its own action2 z is evid5t f ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii7 & f 8 ,comm5tator 99,av]roes1 ,a4,d4 #aabf-aaih4 ,!re=e mu* m is ! angel's sub/ance 8 action--t is1 8 act ( und]/&+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 xii1 text #ci7 t ! action ( ! intellect is life4 ,b s9ce 9 liv+ ?+s to live is to be1 z he says 7,de ,anima ii1 text #cg71 x seems t life is ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! action ( ! intellect is ! ess5ce ( an angel :o und]/&s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! extremes be "o1 !n ! middle does n diff] f !m2 because extreme is f>!r f extreme ?an ! middle is4 ,b 9 an angel ! intellect & ! object und]/ood are ! same1 at lea/ 9 s f> z he und]/&s 8 own ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! act ( und]/&+1 :i* is betwe5 ! intellect & ! ?+ und]/ood1 is "o ) ! sub/ance ( ! angel :o und]/&s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! action ( any?+ diff]s m f its sub/ance ?an does its exi/5ce4 ,b no creature's exi/5ce is its sub/ance1 = ?is belongs to ,god only1 z is evid5t f :at 0 said above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e nei!r ! action ( an angel1 nor ( any o!r creature1 is its sub/ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = ! action ( an angel1 or ( any creature1 to be its own sub/ance4 ,= an action is prop]ly ! actuality ( a p[]2 j z exi/5ce is ! actuality ( a sub/ance or ( an ess5ce4 ,n[ x is impossible = any?+ :i* is n a pure act1 b :i* has "s admixture ( pot5tiality1 to be its own actuality3 because actuality is oppos$ to pot5tiality4 ,b ,god alone is pure act4 ,h5ce only 9 ,god is ,8 sub/ance ! same z ,8 exi/5ce & ,8 action4 ,besides1 if an angel's act ( und]/&+ 7 8 sub/ance1 x w\ld be necess>y = x to be subsi/+4 ,n[ a subsi/+ act ( intellig5ce c be b "o2 j z an ab/ract ?+ t subsi/s4 ,consequ5tly an angel's sub/ance w\ld nei!r be di/+ui%$ f ,god's sub/ance1 :i* is ,8 v act ( und]/&+ subsi/+ 9 itself1 nor f ! sub/ance ( ano!r angel4 ,also1 if ! angel 7 8 own act ( und]/&+1 !re c\ld !n be no degrees ( und]/&+ m or less p]fectly2 = ?is comes ab\t ?r\gh ! div]se p>ticipation ( ! act ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! active intellect is said to be its own action1 su* pr$ication is n ess5tial1 b concomitant1 because1 s9ce its v nature consi/s 9 act1 in/antly1 s f> z lies 9 itself1 action accompanies x3 :i* _c be said ( ! passive intellect1 = ?is has no actions until aft] x has be5 r$uc$ to act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! relation betwe5 life & to live is n ! same z t betwe5 ess5ce & to be2 b r z t betwe5 a race & to run1 "o ( :i* signifies ! act 9 ! ab/ract1 & ! o!r 9 ! concrete4 ,h5ce x does n foll[1 if to live is to be1 t life is ess5ce4 ,al?\gh life is sometimes put = ! ess5ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x71 ,memory & und]/&+ & w are "o ess5ce1 "o life3 yet x is n tak5 9 ?is s5se by ! ,philosoph]1 :5 he says t ! act ( ! intellect is life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! action :i* is transi5t1 pass+ to "s extr9sic object1 is really a m$ium betwe5 ! ag5t & ! subject receiv+ ! action4 ,! action :i* rema9s )9 ! ag5t1 is n really a m$ium betwe5 ! ag5t & ! object1 b only accord+ to ! mann] ( expression2 = x really foll[s ! union ( ! object ) ! ag5t4 ,= ! act ( und]/&+ is br\ght ab\t by ! union ( ! object und]/ood ) ! "o :o und]/&s x1 z an effect :i* diff]s f bo?4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ! ,angel to ,und]/& ,is to ,exi/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! angel to und]/& is to exi/4 ,= 9 liv+ ?+s to live is to be1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 text4 #cg74 ,b to und]/& is 9 a s5se to live 7,de ,anima ii1 text4 #cg74 ,!re=e 9 ! angel to und]/& is to exi/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cause be>s ! same relation to cause1 z effect to effect4 ,b ! =m :]eby ! angel exi/s is ! same z ! =m by :i* he und]/&s at lea/ himself4 ,!re=e 9 ! angel to und]/& is to exi/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! angel's act ( und]/&+ is 8 movem5t1 z is cle> f ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b to exi/ is n movem5t4 ,!re=e 9 ! angel to be is n to und]/&4 ,i answ] t1 ,! action ( ! angel1 z also ! action ( any creature1 is n 8 exi/5ce4 ,= z x is said 7,metaph4 ix1 text4 #af71 !re is a tw(old class ( action2 "o :i* passes out to some?+ beyond1 & causes passion 9 x1 z burn+ & cutt+2 & ano!r :i* does n pass outw>ds1 b :i* rema9s )9 ! ag5t1 z to feel1 to und]/&1 to w2 by su* actions no?+ outside is *ang$1 b ! :ole action takes place )9 ! ag5t4 ,x is q cle> reg>d+ ! fir/ k9d ( action t x _c be ! ag5t's v exi/5ce3 because ! ag5t's exi/5ce is signifi$ z )9 him1 :ile su* an action d5otes some?+ z issu+ f ! ag5t into ! ?+ done4 ,b ! second action ( its own nature has inf9ity1 ei!r simple or relative4 ,z an example ( simple inf9ity1 we h ! act to und]/&1 ( :i* ! object is ! true2 & ! act to w1 ( :i* ! object is ! good2 ea* ( :i* is conv]tible ) be+2 & s1 to und]/& & to w1 ( !mselves1 be> relation to all ?+s1 & ea* receives its species f its object4 ,b ! act ( s5sation is relatively inf9ite1 = x be>s relation to all s5sible ?+s2 z sight does to all ?+s visible4 ,n[ ! be+ ( e creature is re/rict$ to "o 9 g5us & species2 ,god's be+ alone is simply inf9ite1 compreh5d+ all ?+s 9 itself1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,h5ce ! ,div9e nature alone is its own act ( und]/&+ & its own act ( w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,life is sometimes tak5 = ! exi/5ce ( ! liv+ subject3 sometimes also = a vital op]ation1 t is1 = "o :]eby some?+ is %[n to be liv+4 ,9 ?is way ! ,philosoph] says t to und]/& is1 9 a s5se1 to live3 = !re he di/+ui%es ! v>i\s grades ( liv+ ?+s accord+ to ! v>i\s functions ( life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ess5ce ( an angel is ! reason ( 8 entire exi/5ce1 b n ! reason ( 8 :ole act ( und]/&+1 s9ce he _c und]/& ev]y?+ by 8 ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly 9 its own specific nature z su* an ess5ce1 x is comp>$ to ! exi/5ce ( ! angel1 :]eas to 8 act ( und]/&+ x is comp>$ z includ$ 9 ! idea ( a m univ]sal object1 namely1 tru? & be+4 ,?us x is evid5t1 t1 al?\gh ! =m is ! same1 yet x is n ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce & ( und]/&+ accord+ to ! same =mality4 ,on ?is acc\nt x does n foll[ t 9 ! angel to be is ! same z 'to und]/&4' ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,angel's ,p[] ( ,intellig5ce ,is ,8 ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 an angel ! p[] or faculty ( und]/&+ is n diff]5t f 8 ess5ce4 ,=1 m9d & intellect express ! p[] ( und]/&+4 ,b 9 _m passages ( 8 writ+s1 ,dionysius /yles angels intellects & m9ds4 ,!re=e ! angel is 8 own p[] ( intellig5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ! angel's p[] ( intellig5ce be any?+ besides 8 ess5ce1 !n x mu/ ne$s be an accid5t2 = t :i* is besides ! ess5ce ( any?+1 we call x accid5t4 ,b a simple =m _c be a subject1 z ,boe?ius /ates 7,de ,tr94 #a74 ,?us an angel w\ld n be a simple =m1 :i* is contr>y to :at has be5 previ\sly said 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #b74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,confess4 xii7 says1 t ,god made ! angelic nature nigh unto ,himself1 :ile ,he made prim>y matt] nigh unto no?+2 f ?is x w\ld seem t ! angel is ( a simpl] nature ?an prim>y matt]1 z be+ clos] to ,god4 ,b prim>y matt] is its own p[]4 ,!re=e mu* m is an angel 8 own p[] ( intellig5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xi7 t ! angels are divid$ into sub/ance1 p[]1 & op]ation4 ,!re=e sub/ance1 p[]1 & op]ation1 are all di/9ct 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,nei!r 9 an angel nor 9 any creature1 is ! p[] or op]ative faculty ! same z its ess5ce3 :i* is made evid5t ?us4 ,s9ce e p[] is orda9$ to an act1 !n accord+ to ! div]sity ( acts mu/ be ! div]sity ( p[]s2 & on ?is acc\nt x is said t ea* prop] act responds to its prop] p[]4 ,b 9 e creature ! ess5ce diff]s f ! exi/5ce1 & is comp>$ to x z pot5tiality is to act1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 already said 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! act to :i* ! op]ative p[] is comp>$ is op]ation4 ,b 9 ! angel to und]/& is n ! same z to exi/1 nor is any op]ation 9 him1 nor 9 any o!r creat$ ?+1 ! same z 8 exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! angel's ess5ce is n 8 p[] ( intellig5ce3 nor is ! ess5ce ( any creature its p[] ( op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an angel is call$ intellect & m9d1 because all 8 k is intellectual3 :]eas ! k ( a s\l is p>tly intellectual & p>tly s5sitive4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a simple =m :i* is pure act _c be ! subject ( accid5t1 because subject is comp>$ to accid5t z pot5tiality is to act4 ,god alone is su* a =m3 & ( su* is ,boe?ius speak+ !re4 ,b a simple =m :i* is n its own exi/5ce1 b is comp>$ to x z pot5tiality is to act1 c be ! subject ( accid5t2 & especially ( su* accid5t z foll[s ! species3 = su* accid5t belongs to ! =m--:]eas an accid5t :i* belongs to ! individual1 & :i* does n belong to ! :ole species1 results f ! matt]1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( individuation4 ,& su* a simple =m is an angel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p[] ( matt] is a pot5tiality 9 reg>d to sub/antial be+ itself1 :]eas ! p[] ( op]ation reg>ds accid5tal be+4 ,h5ce !re is no comp>ison4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,is an ,active & a ,passive ,intellect 9 an ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is bo? an active & a passive intellect 9 an angel4 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ag7 t1 9 ! s\l1 j z 9 e nature1 !re is some?+ :]eby x c become all ?+s1 & !re is some?+ :]eby x c make all ?+s4 ,b an angel is a k9d ( nature4 ,!re=e !re is an active & a passive intellect 9 an angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! prop] function ( ! passive intellect is to receive2 :]eas to enlight5 is ! prop] function ( ! active intellect1 z is made cle> 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #b1 #c1 #ah4 ,b an angel receives enlight5m5t f a high] angel1 & enlight5s a l[] "o4 ,!re=e !re is 9 him an active & a passive intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! di/9ction ( active & passive intellect 9 u is 9 relation to ! phantasms1 :i* are comp>$ to ! passive intellect z colors to ! sight2 b to ! active intellect z colors to ! light1 z is cle> f ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ah4 ,b ?is is n s 9 ! angel4 ,!re=e !re is no active & passive intellect 9 ! angel4 ,i answ] t1 ,! necessity = admitt+ a passive intellect 9 u is d]iv$ f ! fact t we und]/& sometimes only 9 pot5tiality1 & n actually4 ,h5ce !re mu/ exi/ "s p[]1 :i*1 previ\s to ! act ( und]/&+1 is 9 pot5tiality to intelligible ?+s1 b :i* becomes actuat$ 9 _! reg>d :5 x appreh5ds !m1 & /ill m :5 x reflects ^u !m4 ,?is is ! p[] :i* is d5om9at$ ! passive intellect4 ,! necessity = admitt+ an active intellect is due to ?is--t ! natures ( ! mat]ial ?+s :i* we und]/& d n exi/ outside ! s\l1 z immat]ial & actually intelligible1 b are only intelligible 9 pot5tiality s long z !y are outside ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly x is necess>y t !re %\ld be "s p[] capable ( r5d]+ su* natures actually intelligible3 & ?is p[] 9 u is call$ ! active intellect4 ,b ea* ( ^! necessities is abs5t f ! angels4 ,!y are nei!r sometimes und]/&+ only 9 pot5tiality1 ) reg>d to su* ?+s z !y naturally appreh5d2 nor1 aga91 are _! intelligible objects intelligible 9 pot5tiality1 b !y are actually su*2 = !y fir/ & pr9cipally und]/& immat]ial ?+s1 z w appe> lat] 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !re _c be an active & a passive intellect 9 !m1 except equivocally4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! words !mselves %[1 ! ,philosoph] und]/&s ^? two ?+s to be 9 e nature 9 :i* !re *ances to be g5]ation or mak+4 ,k1 h[ev]1 is n g5]at$ 9 ! angels1 b is pres5t naturally4 ,h5ce !re is no ne$ = admitt+ an active & a passive intellect 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ! function ( ! active intellect to enlight51 n ano!r intellect1 b ?+s :i* are intelligible 9 pot5tiality1 9 s f> z by ab/raction x makes !m to be actually intelligible4 ,x belongs to ! passive intellect to be 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to ?+s :i* are naturally capable ( be+ kn[n1 & sometimes to appreh5d !m actually4 ,h5ce = "o angel to enlight5 ano!r does n belong to ! notion ( an active intellect3 nei!r does x belong to ! passive intellect = ! angel to be enlight5$ ) reg>d to sup]natural my/]ies1 to ! k ( :i* he is sometimes 9 pot5tiality4 ,b if anyone wi%es to call ^! by ! names ( active & passive intellect1 he w !n be speak+ equivocally2 & x is n ab\t names t we ne$ tr\ble4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,intellectual ,k 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! k ( ! angels is n exclusively intellectual4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei viii7 t 9 ! angels !re is life :i* und]/&s & feels4 ,!re=e !re is a s5sitive faculty 9 !m z well4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono7 t ! angels h le>nt _m ?+s by exp]i5ce4 ,b exp]i5ce comes ( _m remembrances1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 i1 #a4 ,consequ5tly !y h likewise a p[] ( memory4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t !re is a sort ( p]v]t$ phantasy 9 ! demons4 ,b phantasy belongs to ! imag9ative faculty4 ,!re=e ! p[] ( ! imag9ation is 9 ! demons2 & = ! same reason x is 9 ! angels1 s9ce !y are ( ! same nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 #bi 9 ,ev471 t man s5ses 9 common ) ! brutes1 & und]/&s ) ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 our s\l !re are c]ta9 p[]s ^: op]ations are ex]cis$ by corporeal organs2 su* p[]s are acts ( sundry p>ts ( ! body1 z sight ( ! eye1 & he>+ ( ! e>4 ,!re are "s o!r p[]s ( ! s\l ^: op]ations are n p]=m$ ?r\gh bodily organs1 z intellect & w3 ^! are n acts ( any p>ts ( ! body4 ,n[ ! angels h no bodies naturally jo9$ to !m1 z is manife/ f :at has be5 said already 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce ( ! s\l's p[]s only intellect & w c belong to !m4 ,! ,comm5tator 7,metaph4 xii7 says ! same ?+1 namely1 t ! sep>at$ sub/ances are divid$ into intellect & w4 ,& x is 9 keep+ ) ! ord] ( ! univ]se = ! highe/ intellectual creature to be entirely intellig5t2 & n 9 "p1 z is our s\l4 ,= ?is reason ! angels are call$ intellects & m9ds1 z 0 said above 7,a4 #c1 ad #a74 ,a tw(old answ] c be return$ to ! contr>y objections4 ,fir/1 x may be repli$ t ^? au?orities are speak+ accord+ to ! op9ion ( su* m5 z cont5d$ t angels & demons h bodies naturally unit$ to !m4 ,augu/9e (t5 makes use ( ?is op9ion 9 8 books1 al?\gh he does n mean to ass]t x2 h5ce he says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi7 t su* an inquiry does n call = mu* labor4 ,secondly1 x may be said t su* au?orities & ! l are to be und]/ood by way ( similitude4 ,because1 s9ce s5se has a sure appreh5sion ( its prop] s5sible object1 x is a common usage ( spee*1 :5 we und]/& some?+ = c]ta91 to say t we s5se x4 ,& h5ce x is t we use ! ^w s5t5ce4 ,exp]i5ce c be attribut$ to ! angels accord+ to ! lik5ess ( ! ?+s kn[n1 al?\gh n by lik5ess ( ! faculty kn[+ !m4 ,we h exp]i5ce :5 we "k s+le objects ?r\gh ! s5ses3 ! angels likewise "k s+le objects1 z we %all %[ 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #b71 yet n ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,b memory c be all[$ 9 ! angels1 accord+ z ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 x7 puts x 9 ! m9d2 al?\gh x _c belong to !m 9 s f> z x is a "p ( ! s5sitive s\l4 ,9 l fa%ion 'a p]v]t$ phantasy' is attribut$ to demons1 s9ce !y h a false practical e/imate ( :at is ! true good2 :ile deception 9 u comes prop]ly f ! phantasy1 :]eby we sometimes hold fa/ to images ( ?+s z to ! ?+s !mselves1 z is manife/ 9 sleep]s & lunatics4 ,,"q #ee ,,( ,,! ,,m$ium ,,( ,,! ,,angelic ,,k 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,next 9 ord]1 ! "q arises z to ! m$ium ( ! angelic k4 ,"u ?is head+ !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,d ! angels "k ev]y?+ by _! sub/ance1 or by "s species8 7#b7 ,if by species1 is x by connatural species1 or is x by su* z !y h d]iv$ f ?+s8 7#c7 ,d ! high] angels "k by m univ]sal species ?an ! l[] angels8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,angels ,"k ,all ,?+s by ,_! ,sub/ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels "k all ?+s by _! sub/ance4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 t ! angels1 accord+ to ! prop] nature ( a m9d1 "k ! ?+s :i* are happ5+ ^u e>?4 ,b ! angel's nature is 8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! angel kn[s ?+s by 8 ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 xii1 text4 #ea2 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ae71 9 ?+s :i* are )\t matt]1 ! intellect is ! same z ! object und]/ood4 ,b ! object und]/ood is ! same z ! "o :o und]/&s x1 z reg>ds t :]eby x is und]/ood4 ,!re=e 9 ?+s )\t matt]1 su* z ! angels1 ! m$ium :]eby ! object is und]/ood is ! v sub/ance ( ! "o und]/&+ x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* is conta9$ 9 ano!r is !re accord+ to ! mode ( ! conta9]4 ,b an angel has an intellectual nature4 ,!re=e :atev] is 9 him is !re 9 an intelligible mode4 ,b all ?+s are 9 him3 because ! l[] ord]s ( be+s are ess5tially 9 ! high]1 :ile ! high] are 9 ! l[] p>ticipatively3 & !re=e ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ,god enfolds ! :ole 9 ! :ole1 i4e4 all 9 all4 ,!re=e ! angel kn[s all ?+s 9 8 sub/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! angels are enlight5$ by ! =ms ( ?+s4 ,!re=e !y "k by ! =ms ( ?+s1 & n by _! own sub/ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! intellect und]/&s1 is comp>$ to ! intellect und]/&+ x z its =m1 because x is by ! =m t ! ag5t acts4 ,n[ 9 ord] t ! faculty may be p]fectly complet$ by ! =m1 x is necess>y = all ?+s to :i* ! faculty ext5ds to be conta9$ "u ! =m4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ?+s :i* are corruptible1 ! =m does n p]fectly complete ! pot5tiality ( ! matt]3 because ! pot5tiality ( ! matt] ext5ds to m ?+s ?an are conta9$ "u ?is or t =m4 ,b ! intellective p[] ( ! angel ext5ds to und]/&+ all ?+s3 because ! object ( ! intellect is univ]sal be+ or univ]sal tru?4 ,! angel's ess5ce1 h[ev]1 does n comprise all ?+s 9 itself1 s9ce x is an ess5ce re/rict$ to a g5us & species4 ,?is is prop] to ! ,div9e ess5ce1 :i* is inf9ite1 simply & p]fectly to comprise all ?+s 9 ,itself4 ,!re=e ,god alone kn[s all ?+s by ,8 ess5ce4 ,b an angel _c "k all ?+s by 8 ess5ce2 & 8 intellect mu/ be p]fect$ by "s species 9 ord] to "k ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 x is said t ! angel kn[s ?+s accord+ to 8 own nature1 ! words accord+ to d n det]m9e ! m$ium ( su* k1 s9ce ! m$ium is ! similitude ( ! ?+ kn[n2 b !y d5ote ! kn[+ p[]1 :i* belongs to ! angel ( 8 own nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! s5se 9 act is ! s5sible 9 act1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 text4 #ec1 n s t ! s5sitive p[] is ! s5sible object's lik5ess conta9$ 9 ! s5se1 b because "o ?+ is made f bo? z f act & pot5tiality3 s likewise ! intellect 9 act is said to be ! ?+ und]/ood 9 act1 n t ! sub/ance ( ! intellect is itself ! similitude by :i* x und]/&s1 b because t similitude is its =m4 ,n[1 x is precisely ! same ?+ to say 9 ?+s :i* are )\t matt]1 ! intellect is ! same ?+ z ! object und]/ood1 z to say t ! intellect 9 act is ! ?+ und]/ood 9 act2 = a ?+ is actually und]/ood1 precisely because x is immat]ial4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ?+s :i* are b5ea? ! angel1 & ^? :i* are above him1 are 9 a measure 9 8 sub/ance1 n inde$ p]fectly1 nor accord+ to _! own prop] =mality--because ! angel's ess5ce1 z be+ f9ite1 is di/+ui%$ by its own =mality f o!r ?+s--b accord+ to "s common =mality4 ,yet all ?+s are p]fectly & accord+ to _! own =mality 9 ,god's ess5ce1 z 9 ! fir/ & univ]sal op]ative p[]1 f :i* proce$s :atev] is prop] or common to any?+4 ,!re=e ,god has a prop] k ( all ?+s by ,8 own ess5ce3 & ?is ! angel has n1 b only a common k4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,angels ,und]/& by ,species ,drawn f ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels und]/& by species drawn f ?+s4 ,= ev]y?+ und]/ood is appreh5d$ by "s lik5ess )9 him :o und]/&s x4 ,b ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ exi/+ 9 ano!r is !re ei!r by way ( an exempl>1 s t ! lik5ess is ! cause ( ! ?+2 or else by way ( an image1 s t x is caus$ by su* ?+4 ,all k1 !n1 ( ! p]son und]/&+ mu/ ei!r be ! cause ( ! object und]/ood1 or else caus$ by x4 ,n[ ! angel's k is n ! cause ( exi/+ ?+s2 t belongs to ! ,div9e k alone4 ,!re=e x is necess>y = ! species1 by :i* ! angelic m9d und]/&s1 to be d]iv$ f ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angelic light is /rong] ?an ! light ( ! active intellect ( ! s\l4 ,b ! light ( ! active intellect ab/racts intelligible species f phantasms4 ,!re=e ! light ( ! angelic m9d c also ab/ract species f s5sible ?+s4 ,s !re is no?+ to h9d] u f say+ t ! angel und]/&s ?r\gh species drawn f ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! species 9 ! intellect are indiff]5t to :at is pres5t or di/ant1 except 9 s f> z !y are tak5 f s5sible objects4 ,!re=e1 if ! angel does n und]/& by species drawn f ?+s1 8 k w\ld be indiff]5t z to ?+s pres5t & di/ant2 & s he w\ld be mov$ locally to no purpose4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 t ! angels d n ga!r _! ,div9e k f ?+s divisible or s5sible4 ,i answ] t1 ,! species :]eby ! angels und]/& are n drawn f ?+s1 b are connatural to !m4 ,= we mu/ obs]ve t !re is a simil>ity betwe5 ! di/9ction & ord] ( spiritual sub/ances & ! di/9ction & ord] ( corporeal sub/ances4 ,! highe/ bodies h 9 _! nature a pot5tiality :i* is fully p]fect$ by ! =m2 :]eas 9 ! l[] bodies ! pot5tiality ( matt] is n entirely p]fect$ by ! =m1 b receives f "s ag5t1 n[ "o =m1 n[ ano!r4 ,9 l fa%ion also ! l[] intellectual sub/ances --t is to say1 human s\ls--h a p[] ( und]/&+ :i* is n naturally complete1 b is successively complet$ 9 !m by _! draw+ intelligible species f ?+s4 ,b 9 ! high] spiritual sub/ances--t is1 ! angels--! p[] ( und]/&+ is naturally complete by intelligible species1 9 s f> z !y h su* species connatural to !m1 s z to und]/& all ?+s :i* !y c "k naturally4 ,! same is evid5t f ! mann] ( exi/5ce ( su* sub/ances4 ,! l[] spiritual sub/ances--t is1 s\ls--h a nature ak9 to a body1 9 s f> z !y are ! =ms ( bodies3 & consequ5tly f _! v mode ( exi/5ce x behooves !m to seek _! intelligible p]fection f bodies1 & ?r\gh bodies2 o!rwise !y w\ld be unit$ ) bodies to no purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! high] sub/ances--t is1 ! angels--are utt]ly free f bodies1 & subsi/ immat]ially & 9 _! own intelligible nature2 consequ5tly !y atta9 _! intelligible p]fection ?r\gh an intelligible outp\r+1 :]eby !y receiv$ f ,god ! species ( ?+s kn[n1 toge!r ) _! intellectual nature4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #h73 ,! o!r ?+s :i* are l[] ?an ! angels are s creat$ t !y fir/ receive exi/5ce 9 ! k ( ! rational creature1 & !n 9 _! own nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re are images ( creatures 9 ! angel's m9d1 n1 inde$ d]iv$ f creatures1 b f ,god1 ,:o is ! cause ( creatures1 & 9 ,:om ! lik5esses ( creatures fir/ exi/4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #h7 t1 ,z ! type1 accord+ to :i* ! creature is fa%ion$1 is 9 ! ,^w ( ,god be=e ! creature :i* is fa%ion$1 s ! k ( ! same type exi/s fir/ 9 ! intellectual creature1 & is aft]w>ds ! v fa%ion+ ( ! creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to g f "o extreme to ! o!r x is necess>y to pass ?r\gh ! middle4 ,n[ ! nature ( a =m 9 ! imag9ation1 :i* =m is )\t matt] b n )\t mat]ial conditions1 /&s midway betwe5 ! nature ( a =m :i* is 9 matt]1 & ! nature ( a =m :i* is 9 ! intellect by ab/raction f matt] & f mat]ial conditions4 ,consequ5tly1 h[ev] p[]ful ! angelic m9d might be1 x c\ld n r$uce mat]ial =ms to an intelligible condition1 except x 7 fir/ to r$uce !m to ! nature ( imag9$ =ms2 :i* is impossible1 s9ce ! angel has no imag9ation1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #e74 ,ev5 grant$ t he c\ld ab/ract intelligible species f mat]ial ?+s1 yet he w\ld n d s2 because he w\ld n ne$ !m1 = he has connatural intelligible species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! angel's k is q indiff]5t z to :at is ne> or di/ant4 ,nev]!less 8 local movem5t is n purposeless on t acc\nt3 = he is n mov$ to a place = ! purpose ( acquir+ k1 b = ! purpose ( op]ation4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,high] ,angels ,und]/& by ,m ,univ]sal ,species ,?an ! ,l[] ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! high] angels d n und]/& by m univ]sal species ?an ! l[] angels4 ,= ! univ]sal1 seem+ly1 is :at is ab/ract$ f p>ticul>s4 ,b angels d n und]/& by species ab/ract$ f ?+s4 ,!re=e x _c be said t ! species ( ! angelic intellect are m or less univ]sal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is kn[n 9 detail is m p]fectly kn[n ?an :at is kn[n g5]ically2 because to "k any?+ g5]ically is1 9 a fa%ion1 midway betwe5 pot5tiality & act4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! high] angels "k by m univ]sal species ?an ! l[]1 x foll[s t ! high] h a m imp]fect k ?an ! l[]2 :i* is n befitt+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same _c be ! prop] type ( _m4 ,b if ! high] angel kn[s v>i\s ?+s by "o univ]sal =m1 :i* ! l[] angel kn[s by sev]al special =ms1 x foll[s t ! high] angel uses "o univ]sal =m = kn[+ v>i\s ?+s4 ,!re=e he w n be able to h a prop] k ( ea*2 :i* seems unbecom+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xii7 t ! high] angels h a m univ]sal k ?an ! l[]4 ,& 9 ,de ,causis x is said t ! high] angels h m univ]sal =ms4 ,i answ] t1 ,= ?is reason are "s ?+s ( a m exalt$ nature1 because !y are ne>] to & m l unto ! fir/1 :i* is ,god4 ,n[ 9 ,god ! :ole pl5itude ( intellectual k is conta9$ 9 "o ?+1 t is to say1 9 ! ,div9e ess5ce1 by :i* ,god kn[s all ?+s4 ,?is pl5itude ( k is f\nd 9 creat$ intellects 9 a l[] mann]1 & less simply4 ,consequ5tly x is necess>y = ! l[] intellig5ces to "k by _m =ms :at ,god kn[s by "o1 & by s _m =ms ! m accord+ z ! intellect is l[]4 ,?us ! high] ! angel is1 by s mu* ! few] species w he be able to appreh5d ! :ole mass ( intelligible objects4 ,!re=e 8 =ms mu/ be m univ]sal2 ea* "o ( !m1 z x 71 ext5d+ to m ?+s4 ,an example ( ?is c 9 "s measure be obs]v$ 9 ourselves4 ,= "s p !re are :o _c grasp an intelligible tru?1 unless x be expla9$ to !m 9 e "p & detail2 ?is comes ( _! weakness ( intellect3 :ile !re are o!rs ( /rong] intellect1 :o c grasp _m ?+s f few4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is accid5tal to ! univ]sal to be ab/ract$ f p>ticul>s1 9 s f> z ! intellect kn[+ x d]ives its k f ?+s4 ,b if !re be an intellect :i* does n d]ive its k f ?+s1 ! univ]sal :i* x kn[s w n be ab/ract$ f ?+s1 b 9 a measure w be pre-exi/+ to !m2 ei!r accord+ to ! ord] ( causality1 z ! univ]sal ideas ( ?+s are 9 ! ,^w ( ,god2 or at lea/ 9 ! ord] ( nature1 z ! univ]sal ideas ( ?+s are 9 ! angelic m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to "k any?+ univ]sally c be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,9 "o way1 on ! "p ( ! ?+ kn[n1 namely1 t only ! univ]sal nature ( ! ?+ is kn[n4 ,to "k a ?+ ?us is some?+ less p]fect3 = he w\ld h b an imp]fect k ( a man :o only knew him to be an animal4 ,9 ano!r way1 on ! "p ( ! m$ium ( su* k4 ,9 ?is way x is m p]fect to "k a ?+ 9 ! univ]sal2 = ! intellect1 :i* by "o univ]sal m$ium c "k ea* ( ! ?+s :i* are prop]ly conta9$ 9 x1 is m p]fect ?an "o :i* _c4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same _c be ! prop] & adequate type ( sev]al ?+s4 ,b if x be em95t1 !n x c be tak5 z ! prop] type & lik5ess ( _m4 ,j z 9 man1 !re is a univ]sal prud5ce ) respect to all ! acts ( ! virtues2 :i* c be tak5 z ! prop] type & lik5ess ( t prud5ce :i* 9 ! lion leads to acts ( magnanimity1 & 9 ! fox to acts ( w>9ess2 & s on ( ! re/4 ,! ,div9e ess5ce1 on acc\nt ( ,its em95ce1 is 9 l fa%ion tak5 z ! prop] type ( ea* ?+ conta9$ !re93 h5ce ea* "o is lik5$ to ,x accord+ to its prop] type4 ,! same applies to ! univ]sal =m :i* is 9 ! m9d ( ! angel1 s t1 on acc\nt ( its excell5ce1 _m ?+s c be kn[n ?r\gh x ) a prop] k4 ,,"q #ef ,,( ,,! ,,angel',s ,,k ,,( ,,immat]ial ,,?+s 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we n[ inquire into ! k ( ! angels ) reg>d to ! objects kn[n by !m4 ,we %all treat ( _! k1 fir/1 ( immat]ial ?+s1 secondly ( ?+s mat]ial4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,does an angel "k himself8 7#b7 ,does "o angel "k ano!r8 7#c7 ,does ! angel "k ,god by 8 own natural pr9ciples8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art #a ,:e!r an ,angel ,kn[s ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel does n "k himself4 ,= ,dionysius says t ! angels d n "k _! own p[]s 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vi74 ,b1 :5 ! sub/ance is kn[n1 ! p[] is kn[n4 ,!re=e an angel does n "k 8 own ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an angel is a s+le sub/ance1 o!rwise he w\ld n act1 s9ce acts belong to s+le subsi/5ces4 ,b no?+ s+le is intelligible4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! angel possesses only k :i* is intellectual1 no angel c "k himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect is mov$ by ! intelligible object3 because1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #d und]/&+ is a k9d ( passion4 ,b no?+ is mov$ by or is passive to itself2 z appe>s 9 corporeal ?+s4 ,!re=e ! angel _c und]/& himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii7 t ! angel knew himself :5 he 0 e/abli%$1 t is1 enlight5$ by tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is evid5t f :at has be5 previ\sly said 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b71 ! object is on a diff]5t foot+ 9 an imman5t1 & 9 a transi5t1 action4 ,9 a transi5t action ! object or matt] into :i* ! action passes is some?+ sep>ate f ! ag5t1 z ! ?+ heat$ is f :at gave x heat1 & ! build+ f ! build]2 :]eas 9 an imman5t action1 = ! action to proce$1 ! object mu/ be unit$ ) ! ag5t2 j z ! s5sible object mu/ be 9 contact ) s5se1 9 ord] t s5se may actually p]ceive4 ,& ! object :i* is unit$ to a faculty be>s ! same relation to actions ( ?is k9d z does ! =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( action 9 o!r ag5ts3 =1 z heat is ! =mal pr9ciple ( heat+ 9 ! fire1 s is ! species ( ! ?+ se5 ! =mal pr9ciple ( sight to ! eye4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ?is image ( ! object exi/s sometimes only pot5tially 9 ! kn[+ faculty2 & !n !re is only k 9 pot5tiality2 & 9 ord] t !re may be actual k1 x is requir$ t ! faculty ( k be actuat$ by ! species4 ,b if x always actually possesses ! species1 x c !reby h actual k )\t any prec$+ *ange or reception4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t x is n ( ! nature ( kn[]1 z kn[+1 to be mov$ by ! object1 b z kn[+ 9 pot5tiality4 ,n[1 = ! =m to be ! pr9ciple ( ! action1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r x be inh]5t 9 some?+ else1 or self-subsi/+2 because heat w\ld give =? heat none ! less if x 7 self-subsi/+1 ?an x does by inh]+ 9 some?+ else4 ,s !re=e1 if 9 ! ord] ( intelligible be+s !re be any subsi/+ intelligible =m1 x w und]/& itself4 ,& s9ce an angel is immat]ial1 he is a subsi/+ =m2 &1 consequ5tly1 he is actually intelligible4 ,h5ce x foll[s t he und]/&s himself by 8 =m1 :i* is 8 sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t is ! text ( ! old translation1 :i* is am5d$ 9 ! new "o1 & runs ?us3 fur!rmore !y1 t is to say ! angels1 knew _! own p[]s3 in/ead ( :i* ! old translation read--& fur!rmore !y d n "k _! own p[]s4 ,al?\gh ev5 ! lett] ( ! old translation might be kept 9 ?is respect1 t ! angels d n "k _! own p[] p]fectly2 accord+ z x proce$s f ! ord] ( ! ,div9e ,wisdom1 ,:i* to ! angels is incompreh5sible4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we h no k ( s+le corporeal ?+s1 n because ( _! p>ticul>ity1 b on acc\nt ( ! matt]1 :i* is _! pr9ciple ( individuation4 ,accord+ly1 if !re be any s+le ?+s subsi/+ )\t matt]1 z ! angels are1 !re is no?+ to prev5t !m f be+ actually intelligible4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to ! intellect1 9 s f> z x is 9 pot5tiality1 to be mov$ & to be passive4 ,h5ce ?is does n happ5 9 ! angelic intellect1 especially z reg>ds ! fact t he und]/&s himself4 ,besides ! action ( ! intellect is n ( ! same nature z ! action f\nd 9 corporeal ?+s1 :i* passes into "s o!r matt]4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,"o ,angel ,kn[s ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o angel does n "k ano!r4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #d71 t if ! human intellect 7 to h 9 itself any "o ( ! s5sible ?+s1 !n su* a nature exi/+ )9 x w\ld prev5t x f appreh5d+ ext]nal ?+s2 z likewise1 if ! pupil ( ! eye 7 color$ ) "s p>ticul> color1 x c\ld n see e color4 ,b z ! human intellect is dispos$ = und]/&+ corporeal ?+s1 s is ! angelic m9d = und]/&+ immat]ial ?+s4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! angelic intellect has )9 itself "s "o det]m9ate nature f ! numb] ( su* natures1 x w\ld seem t x _c und]/& o!r natures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ 9 ,de ,causis t e intellig5ce kn[s :at is above x1 9 s f> z x is caus$ by x2 & :at is b5ea? x1 9 s f> z x is its cause4 ,b "o angel is n ! cause ( ano!r4 ,!re=e "o angel does n "k ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o angel _c be kn[n to ano!r angel by ! ess5ce ( ! "o kn[+2 because all k is effect$ by way ( a lik5ess4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! angel kn[+ is n l ! ess5ce ( ! angel kn[n1 except g5]ically2 z is cle> f :at has be5 said be=e 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t "o angel w\ld n h a p>ticul> k ( ano!r1 b only a g5]al k4 ,9 l mann] x _c be said t "o angel kn[s ano!r by ! ess5ce ( ! angel kn[n2 because t :]eby ! intellect und]/&s is some?+ )9 ! intellect2 :]eas ! ,tr9ity alone c p5etrate ! m9d4 ,aga91 x _c be said t "o angel kn[s ! o!r by a species2 because t species w\ld n diff] f ! angel und]/ood1 s9ce ea* is immat]ial4 ,!re=e 9 no way does x appe> t "o angel c und]/& ano!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if "o angel did und]/& ano!r1 ?is w\ld be ei!r by an innate species2 & s x w\ld foll[ t1 if ,god 7 n[ to create ano!r angel1 su* an angel c\ld n be kn[n by ! exi/+ angels2 or else he w\ld h to be kn[n by a species drawn f ?+s2 & s x w\ld foll[ t ! high] angels c\ld n "k ! l[]1 f :om !y receive no?+4 ,!re=e 9 no way does x seem t "o angel kn[s ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we read 9 ,de ,causis t e intellig5ce kn[s ! ?+s :i* are n corrupt$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 lit4 ii71 su* ?+s z pre-exi/$ f et]nity 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 came =? f ,him 9 two ways3 fir/1 into ! angelic m9d2 & secondly1 s z to subsi/ 9 _! own natures4 ,!y proce$$ into ! angelic m9d 9 su* a way1 t ,god impress$ ^u ! angelic m9d ! images ( ! ?+s :i* ,he produc$ 9 _! own natural be+4 ,n[ 9 ! ,^w ( ,god f et]nity !re exi/$ n only ! =ms ( corporeal ?+s1 b likewise ! =ms ( all spiritual creatures4 ,s 9 e "o ( ^! spiritual creatures1 ! =ms ( all ?+s1 bo? corporeal & spiritual1 7 impress$ by ! ,^w ( ,god2 yet s t 9 e angel !re 0 impress$ ! =m ( 8 own species accord+ to bo? its natural & its intelligible condition1 s t he %\ld subsi/ 9 ! nature ( 8 species1 & und]/& himself by x2 :ile ! =ms ( o!r spiritual & corporeal natures 7 impress$ 9 him only accord+ to _! intelligible natures1 s t by su* impress$ species he might "k corporeal & spiritual creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! spiritual natures ( ! angels are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 z 0 already obs]v$ 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a1 #b74 ,s ! nature ( an angel does n h9d] him f kn[+ ! o!r angelic natures1 s9ce bo? ! high] & l[] be> aff9ity to 8 nature1 ! only diff]5ce be+ accord+ to _! v>i\s degrees ( p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! nature ( cause & effect does n lead "o angel to "k ano!r1 except on acc\nt ( lik5ess1 s f> z cause & effect are alike4 ,!re=e if lik5ess )\t causality be admitt$ 9 ! angels1 ?is w suffice = "o to "k ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o angel kn[s ano!r by ! species ( su* angel exi/+ 9 8 intellect1 :i* diff]s f ! angel ^: image x is1 n accord+ to mat]ial & immat]ial nature1 b accord+ to natural & int5tional exi/5ce4 ,! angel is himself a subsi/+ =m 9 8 natural be+2 b 8 species 9 ! intellect ( ano!r angel is n s1 = !re x possesses only an intelligible exi/5ce4 ,z ! =m ( color on ! wall has a natural exi/5ce2 b1 9 ! def]5t m$ium1 x has only int5tional exi/5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,god made e creature proportionate to ! univ]se :i* ,he det]m9$ to make4 ,!re=e _h ,god resolv$ to make m angels or m natures ( ?+s1 ,he w\ld h impress$ m intelligible species 9 ! angelic m9ds2 z a build] :o1 if he _h int5d$ to build a l>g] h\se1 w\ld h made l>g] f\ndations4 ,h5ce1 = ,god to add a new creature to ! univ]se1 means t ,he w\ld add a new intelligible species to an angel4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,angel ,kn[s ,god by ,8 ,own ,natural ,pr9ciples8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels _c "k ,god by _! natural pr9ciples4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i7 t ,god by ,8 incompreh5sible might is plac$ above all heav5ly m9ds4 ,aft]w>ds he adds t1 s9ce ,he is above all sub/ances1 ,he is remote f all k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god is inf9itely above ! intellect ( an angel4 ,b :at is inf9itely beyond _c be rea*$4 ,!re=e x appe>s t an angel _c "k ,god by 8 natural pr9ciples4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ab73 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]2 b !n face to face4 ,f ?is x appe>s t !re is a tw(old k ( ,god2 ! "o1 :]eby ,he is se5 9 ,8 ess5ce1 accord+ to :i* ,he is said to be se5 face to face2 ! o!r :]eby ,he is se5 9 ! mirror ( creatures4 ,z 0 already %[n 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d71 an angel _c h ! =m] k by 8 natural pr9ciples4 ,nor does vision ?r\gh a mirror belong to ! angels1 s9ce !y d n d]ive _! k ( ,god f s5sible ?+s1 z ,dionysius obs]ves 7,div4 ,nom4 vii74 ,!re=e ! angels _c "k ,god by _! natural p[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! angels are mighti] 9 k ?an m54 ,yet m5 c "k ,god ?r\gh _! natural pr9ciples2 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3ai3 :at is kn[n ( ,god is manife/ 9 !m4 ,!re=e mu* m s c ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angels c h "s k ( ,god by _! own pr9ciples4 ,9 evid5ce :]e( x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t a ?+ is kn[n 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 by ! pres5ce ( its ess5ce 9 ! kn[]1 z light c be se5 9 ! eye2 & s we h said t an angel kn[s himself--secondly1 by ! pres5ce ( its similitude 9 ! p[] :i* kn[s x1 z a /one is se5 by ! eye f its image be+ 9 ! eye--?irdly1 :5 ! image ( ! object kn[n is n drawn directly f ! object itself1 b f some?+ else 9 :i* x is made to appe>1 z :5 we behold a man 9 a mirror4 ,to ! fir/-nam$ class t k ( ,god is lik5$ by :i* ,he is se5 ?r\gh ,8 ess5ce2 & k su* z ?is _c accrue to any creature f its natural pr9ciples1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d74 ,! ?ird class comprises ! k :]eby we "k ,god :ile we are on e>?1 by ,8 lik5ess reflect$ 9 creatures1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bj3 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made4 ,h5ce1 too1 we are said to see ,god 9 a mirror4 ,b ! k1 :]eby accord+ to 8 natural pr9ciples ! angel kn[s ,god1 /&s midway betwe5 ^! two2 & is lik5$ to t k :]eby a ?+ is se5 ?r\gh ! species ab/ract$ f x4 ,= s9ce ,god's image is impress$ on ! v nature ( ! angel 9 8 ess5ce1 ! angel kn[s ,god 9 z mu* z he is ! image ( ,god4 ,yet he does n behold ,god's ess5ce2 because no creat$ lik5ess is suffici5t to repres5t ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,su* k !n approa*es r to ! specul> k9d2 because ! angelic nature is itself a k9d ( mirror repres5t+ ! ,div9e image4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius is speak+ ( ! k ( compreh5sion1 z 8 words expressly /ate4 ,9 ?is way ,god is n kn[n by any creat$ intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce an angel's intellect & ess5ce are inf9itely remote f ,god1 x foll[s t he _c compreh5d ,him2 nor c he see ,god's ess5ce ?r\gh 8 own nature4 ,yet x does n foll[ on t acc\nt t he c h no k ( ,him at all3 because1 z ,god is inf9itely remote f ! angel1 s ! k :i* ,god has ( ,himself is inf9itely above ! k :i* an angel has ( ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! k :i* an angel has ( ,god is midway betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( k2 nev]!less x approa*es m to "o ( !m1 z 0 said above4 ,,"q #eg ,,( ,,! ,,angel',s ,,k ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,?+s 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we next inve/igate ! mat]ial objects :i* are kn[n by ! angels4 ,"u ?is head+ !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! angels "k ! natures ( mat]ial ?+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y "k s+le ?+s8 7#c7 ,:e!r !y "k ! future8 7#d7 ,:e!r !y "k secret ?\ghts8 7#e7 ,:e!r !y "k all my/]ies ( grace8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,angels ,"k ,mat]ial ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels d n "k mat]ial ?+s4 ,= ! object und]/ood is ! p]fection ( him :o und]/&s x4 ,b mat]ial ?+s _c be ! p]fections ( angels1 s9ce !y are b5ea? !m4 ,!re=e ! angels d n "k mat]ial ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 intellectual vision is only ( su* ?+s z exi/ )9 ! s\l by _! ess5ce1 z is said 9 ! gloss 99,on #b ,cor4 #ab3b1 tak5 f ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii4 #bh74 ,b ! mat]ial ?+s _c ent] by _! ess5ce into man's s\l1 nor into ! angel's m9d4 ,!re=e !y _c be kn[n by intellectual vision1 b only by imag9>y vision1 :]eby ! images ( bodies are appreh5d$1 & by s5sible vision1 :i* reg>ds bodies 9 !mselves4 ,n[ !re is nei!r imag9>y nor s5sible vision 9 ! angels1 b only intellectual4 ,!re=e ! angels _c "k mat]ial ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 mat]ial ?+s are n actually intelligible1 b are kn[able by appreh5sion ( s5se & ( imag9ation1 :i* does n exi/ 9 angels4 ,!re=e angels d n "k mat]ial ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] ! l[] p[] c d1 ! high] c d likewise4 ,b man's intellect1 :i* 9 ! ord] ( nature is inf]ior to ! angel's1 c "k mat]ial ?+s4 ,!re=e mu* m c ! m9d ( an angel4 ,i answ] t1 ,! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s is = ! high] be+s to be m p]fect ?an ! l[]2 & = :atev] is conta9$ defici5tly1 p>tially1 & 9 manifold mann] 9 ! l[] be+s1 to be conta9$ 9 ! high] em95tly1 & 9 a c]ta9 degree ( fulness & simplicity4 ,!re=e1 9 ,god1 z 9 ! highe/ s\rce ( ?+s1 all ?+s pre-exi/ sup]sub/antially 9 respect ( ,8 simple ,be+ itself1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 #a74 ,b among o!r creatures ! angels are ne>e/ to ,god1 & resemble ,him mo/2 h5ce !y %>e m fully & m p]fectly 9 ! ,div9e goodness1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv74 ,consequ5tly1 all mat]ial ?+s pre-exi/ 9 ! angels m simply & less mat]ially ev5 ?an 9 !mselves1 yet 9 a m manifold mann] & less p]fectly ?an 9 ,god4 ,n[ :atev] exi/s 9 any subject1 is conta9$ 9 x aft] ! mann] ( su* subject4 ,b ! angels are intellectual be+s ( _! own nature4 ,!re=e1 z ,god kn[s mat]ial ?+s by ,8 ess5ce1 s d ! angels "k !m1 =asmu* z !y are 9 ! angels by _! intelligible species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ?+ und]/ood is ! p]fection ( ! "o :o und]/&s1 by reason ( ! intelligible species :i* he has 9 8 intellect4 ,& ?us ! intelligible species :i* are 9 ! intellect ( an angel are p]fections & acts 9 reg>d to t intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s5se does n appreh5d ! ess5ces ( ?+s1 b only _! outw>d accid5ts4 ,9 l mann] nei!r does ! imag9ation2 = x appreh5ds only ! images ( bodies4 ,! intellect alone appreh5ds ! ess5ces ( ?+s4 ,h5ce x is said 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #bf7 t ! object ( ! intellect is :at a ?+ is1 reg>d+ :i* x does n err2 z nei!r does s5se reg>d+ its prop] s5sible object4 ,s !re=e ! ess5ces ( mat]ial ?+s are 9 ! intellect ( man & angels1 z ! ?+ und]/ood is 9 him :o und]/&s1 & n accord+ to _! real natures4 ,b "s ?+s are 9 an intellect or 9 ! s\l accord+ to bo? natures2 & 9 ei!r case !re is intellectual vision4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if an angel 7 to draw 8 k ( mat]ial ?+s f ! mat]ial ?+s !mselves1 he w\ld require to make !m actually intelligible by a process ( ab/raction4 ,b he does n d]ive 8 k ( !m f ! mat]ial ?+s !mselves2 he has k ( mat]ial ?+s by actually intelligible species ( ?+s1 :i* species are connatural to him2 j z our intellect has1 by species :i* x makes intelligible by ab/raction4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r an ,angel ,kn[s ,s+ul>s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t angels d n "k s+ul>s4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,po/]4 i1 text4 #bb73 ,! s5se has = its object s+ul>s1 b ! intellect1 univ]sals4 ,n[1 9 ! angels !re is no p[] ( und]/&+ save ! intellectual p[]1 z is evid5t f :at 0 said above 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #e74 ,consequ5tly !y d n "k s+ul>s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all k comes ab\t by "s assimilation ( ! kn[] to ! object kn[n4 ,b x is n possible = any assimilation to exi/ betwe5 an angel & a s+ul> object1 9 s f> z x is s+ul>2 because1 z 0 obs]v$ above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #b71 an angel is immat]ial1 :ile matt] is ! pr9ciple ( s+ul>ity4 ,!re=e ! angel _c "k s+ul>s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if an angel does "k s+ul>s1 x is ei!r by s+ul> or by univ]sal species4 ,x is n by s+ul> species2 because 9 ?is way he w\ld require to h an inf9ite numb] ( species4 ,nor is x by univ]sal species2 s9ce ! univ]sal is n ! suffici5t pr9ciple = kn[+ ! s+ul> z su*1 because s+ul> ?+s are n kn[n 9 ! univ]sal except pot5tially4 ,!re=e ! angel does n "k s+ul>s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no "o c gu>d :at he does n "k4 ,b angels gu>d individual m51 accord+ to ,ps4 #ij3aa3 ,he ha? giv5 ,8 angels *>ge ov] ,!e4 ,consequ5tly ! angels "k s+ul>s4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h d5i$ to ! angels all k ( s+ul>s4 ,9 ! fir/ place ?is d]ogates f ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :i* ass]ts t ^! l[] ?+s are adm9i/]$ by angels1 accord+ to ,heb4 #a3ad3 ,!y are all m9i/]+ spirits4 ,n[1 if !y _h no k ( s+ul>s1 !y c\ld ex]cise no provision ov] :at is go+ on 9 ?is _w2 s9ce acts belong to individuals3 & ?is is aga9/ ! text ( ,eccles4 #e3e3 ,say n be=e ! angel3 ,!re is no provid5ce4 ,secondly1 x is also contr>y to ! tea*+s ( philosophy1 accord+ to :i* ! angels are /at$ to be ! mov]s ( ! heav5ly sph]es1 & to move !m accord+ to _! k & w4 ,consequ5tly o!rs h said t ! angel possesses k ( s+ul>s1 b 9 _! univ]sal causes1 to :i* all p>ticul> effects are r$uc$2 z if ! a/ronom] 7 to =etell a com+ eclipse f ! dispositions ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5s4 ,?is op9ion does n escape ! a=esaid implications2 because1 to "k a s+ul>1 m]ely 9 its univ]sal causes1 is n to "k x z s+ul>1 t is1 z x exi/s "h & n[4 ,! a/ronom]1 kn[+ f computation ( ! heav5ly movem5ts t an eclipse is ab\t to happ51 kn[s x 9 ! univ]sal2 yet he does n "k x z tak+ place n[1 except by ! s5ses4 ,b adm9i/ration1 provid5ce & movem5t are ( s+ul>s1 z !y are "h & n[ exi/+4 ,!re=e1 x mu/ be said diff]5tly1 t1 z man by 8 v>i\s p[]s ( k kn[s all classes ( ?+s1 appreh5d+ univ]sals & immat]ial ?+s by 8 intellect1 & ?+s s+ul> & corporeal by ! s5ses1 s an angel kn[s bo? by 8 "o m5tal p[]4 ,= ! ord] ( ?+s runs 9 ?is way1 t ! high] a ?+ is1 s mu* ! m is its p[] unit$ & f>-rea*+3 ?us 9 man himself x is manife/ t ! common s5se :i* is high] ?an ! prop] s5se1 al?\gh x is b "o faculty1 kn[s ev]y?+ appreh5d$ by ! five outw>d s5ses1 & "s o!r ?+s :i* no out] s5se kn[s2 = example1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :ite & sweet4 ,! same is to be obs]v$ 9 o!r cases4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce an angel is above man 9 ! ord] ( nature1 x is unreasonable to say t a man kn[s by any "o ( 8 p[]s some?+ :i* an angel by 8 "o faculty ( k1 namely1 ! intellect1 does n "k4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle pron\nces x ridicul\s to say t a discord1 :i* is kn[n to u1 %\ld be unkn[n to ,god 7,de ,anima i1 text4 #hj2 ,metaph4 text4 #ae74 ,! mann] 9 :i* an angel kn[s s+ul> ?+s c be consid]$ f ?is1 t1 z ?+s proce$ f ,god 9 ord] t !y may subsi/ 9 _! own natures1 s likewise !y proce$ 9 ord] t !y may exi/ 9 ! angelic m9d4 ,n[ x is cle> t !re comes =? f ,god n only :atev] belongs to _! univ]sal nature1 b likewise all t goes to make up _! pr9ciples ( individuation2 s9ce ,he is ! cause ( ! entire sub/ance ( ! ?+1 z to bo? its matt] & its =m4 ,& = z mu* z ,he causes1 does ,he "k2 = ,8 k is ! cause ( a ?+1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e z by ,8 ess5ce1 by :i* ,he causes all ?+s1 ,god is ! lik5ess ( all ?+s1 & kn[s all ?+s1 n only z to _! univ]sal natures1 b also z to _! s+ul>ity2 s ?r\gh ! species imp>t$ to !m d ! angels "k ?+s1 n only z to _! univ]sal nature1 b likewise 9 _! individual conditions1 9 s f> z !y are ! manifold repres5tations ( t "o simple ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ( our intellect1 :i* appreh5ds only by a process ( ab/raction2 & by su* ab/raction f mat]ial conditions ! ?+ ab/ract$ becomes a univ]sal4 ,su* a mann] ( und]/&+ is n 9 keep+ ) ! nature ( ! angels1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b1 ,a4 #c ad #a71 & consequ5tly !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n accord+ to _! nature t ! angels are lik5$ to mat]ial ?+s1 z "o ?+ resembles ano!r by agreem5t 9 g5us1 species1 or accid5t2 b z ! high] be>s resemblance to ! l[]1 z ! sun does to fire4 ,ev5 9 ?is way !re is 9 ,god a resemblance ( all ?+s1 z to bo? matt] & =m1 9 s f> z !re pre-exi/s 9 ,him z 9 its cause :atev] is to be f\nd 9 ?+s4 ,= ! same reason1 ! species 9 ! angel's intellect1 :i* are images drawn f ! ,div9e ess5ce1 are ! images ( ?+s n only z to _! =m1 b also z to _! matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,angels "k s+ul>s by univ]sal =ms1 :i* nev]!less are ! images ( ?+s bo? z to _! univ]sal1 & z to _! individuat+ pr9ciples4 ,h[ _m ?+s c be kn[n by ! same species1 has be5 already /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,angels ,"k ! ,future8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels "k future ev5ts4 ,= angels are mighti] 9 k ?an m54 ,b "s m5 "k _m future ev5ts4 ,!re=e mu* m d ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! pres5t & ! future are diff]5ces ( "t4 ,b ! angel's intellect is above "t2 because1 z is said 9 ,de ,causis1 an intellig5ce keeps pace ) et]nity1 t is1 aevit]nity4 ,!re=e1 to ! angel's m9d1 pa/ & future are n diff]5t1 b he kn[s ea* indiff]5tly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! angel does n und]/& by species d]iv$ f ?+s1 b by innate univ]sal species4 ,b univ]sal species ref] equally to pres5t1 pa/1 & future4 ,!re=e x appe>s t ! angels "k indiff]5tly ?+s pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z a ?+ is spok5 ( z di/ant by reason ( "t1 s is x by reason ( place4 ,b angels "k ?+s :i* are di/ant accord+ to place4 ,!re=e !y likewise "k ?+s di/ant accord+ to future "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is ! exclusive sign ( ! ,div9ity1 does n belong to ! angels4 ,b to "k future ev5ts is ! exclusive sign ( ! ,div9ity1 accord+ to ,isa4 #da3bc3 ,%[ ! ?+s t are to come h]eaft]1 & we %all "k t ye are gods4 ,!re=e ! angels d n "k future ev5ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,! future c be kn[n 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 x c be kn[n 9 its cause4 ,& ?us1 future ev5ts :i* proce$ necess>ily f _! causes1 are kn[n ) sure k2 z t ! sun w rise tomorr[4 ,b ev5ts :i* proce$ f _! causes 9 ! majority ( cases1 are n kn[n = c]ta91 b conjecturally2 ?us ! doctor kn[s be=eh& ! heal? ( ! pati5t4 ,?is mann] ( kn[+ future ev5ts exi/s 9 ! angels1 & by s mu* ! m ?an x does 9 u1 z !y und]/& ! causes ( ?+s bo? m univ]sally & m p]fectly2 ?us doctors :o p5etrate m deeply into ! causes ( an ailm5t c pron\nce a sur] v]dict on ! future issue !re(4 ,b ev5ts :i* proce$ f _! causes 9 ! m9ority ( cases are q unkn[n2 su* z casual & *ance ev5ts4 ,9 ano!r way future ev5ts are kn[n 9 !mselves4 ,to "k ! future 9 ?is way belongs to ,god alone2 & n m]ely to "k ^? ev5ts :i* happ5 ( necessity1 or 9 ! majority ( cases1 b ev5 casual & *ance ev5ts2 = ,god sees all ?+s 9 ,8 et]nity1 :i*1 be+ simple1 is pres5t to all "t1 & embraces all "t4 ,& !re=e ,god's "o glance is ca/ ov] all ?+s :i* happ5 9 all "t z pres5t be=e ,him2 & ,he beholds all ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 z 0 said be=e :5 deal+ ) ,god's k 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac74 ,b ! m9d ( an angel1 & e creat$ intellect1 fall f> %ort ( ,god's et]nity2 h5ce ! future z x is 9 itself _c be kn[n by any creat$ intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m5 _c "k future ?+s except 9 _! causes1 or by ,god's revelation4 ,! angels "k ! future 9 ! same way1 b mu* m di/9ctly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! angel's intellect is above t "t accord+ to :i* corporeal movem5ts are reckon$1 yet !re is a "t 9 8 m9d accord+ to ! succession ( intelligible concepts2 ( :i* ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii7 t ,god moves ! spiritual creature accord+ to "t4 ,& ?us1 s9ce !re is succession 9 ! angel's intellect1 n all ?+s t happ5 ?r\gh all "t1 are pres5t to ! angelic m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! species 9 ! intellect ( an angel1 9 s f> z !y are species1 ref] equally to ?+s pres5t1 pa/1 & future2 nev]!less ! pres5t1 pa/1 & future2 nev]!less ! pres5t1 pa/1 & future d n be> ! same relations to ! species4 ,pres5t ?+s h a nature accord+ to :i* !y resemble ! species 9 ! m9d ( an angel3 & s !y c be kn[n !reby4 ,?+s :i* are yet to come h n yet a nature :]eby !y are lik5$ to su* species2 consequ5tly1 !y _c be kn[n by ^? species4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?+s di/ant accord+ to place are already exi/+ 9 nature2 & %>e 9 "s species1 ^: image is 9 ! angel2 :]eas ?is is n true ( future ?+s1 z has be5 /at$4 ,consequ5tly !re is no comp>ison4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,angels ,"k ,secret ,?\ghts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels "k secret ?\ghts4 ,= ,gregory 7,moral4 xviii71 expla9+ ,job #bh3ag3 ,gold or cry/al _c equal x1 says t !n1 namely 9 ! bliss ( ^? ris+ f ! dead1 "o %all be z evid5t to ano!r z he is to himself1 & :5 once ! m9d ( ea* is se51 8 consci5ce w at ! same "t be p5etrat$4 ,b ^? :o rise %all be l ! angels1 z is /at$ 7,matt4 #bb3cj74 ,!re=e an angel c see :at is 9 ano!r's consci5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 intelligible species be> ! same relation to ! intellect z %apes d to bodies4 ,b :5 ! body is se5 its %ape is se54 ,!re=e1 :5 an intellectual sub/ance is se51 ! intelligible species )9 x is also se54 ,consequ5tly1 :5 "o angel beholds ano!r1 or ev5 a s\l1 x seems t he c see ! ?\ghts ( bo?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ideas ( our intellect resemble ! angel m ?an d ! images 9 our imag9ation2 because ! =m] are actually und]/ood1 :ile ! latt] are und]/ood only pot5tially4 ,b ! images 9 our imag9ation c be kn[n by an angel z corporeal ?+s are kn[n3 because ! imag9ation is a corporeal faculty4 ,!re=e x seems t an angel c "k ! ?\ghts ( ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at is prop] to ,god does n belong to ! angels4 ,b x is prop] to ,god to read ! secrets ( he>ts1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ag3i3 ,! he>t is p]v]se above all ?+s1 & unse>*able2 :o c "k x8 ,i am ! ,"l1 ,:o se>* ! he>t4 ,!re=e angels d n "k ! secrets ( he>ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,a secret ?\ght c be kn[n 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 its effect4 ,9 ?is way x c be kn[n n only by an angel1 b also by man2 & ) s mu* ! great] subtlety accord+ z ! effect is ! m hidd54 ,= ?\ght is sometimes discov]$ n m]ely by outw>d act1 b also by *ange ( c\nt5ance2 & doctors c tell "s passions ( ! s\l by ! m]e pulse4 ,mu* m !n c angels1 or ev5 demons1 ! m deeply !y p5etrate ^? occult bodily modifications4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de div94 daemon47 t demons sometimes ) ! greate/ faculty le>n man's dispositions1 n only :5 express$ by spee*1 b ev5 :5 conceiv$ 9 ?\ght1 :5 ! s\l expresses !m by c]ta9 signs 9 ! body2 al?\gh 7,retract4 ii1 #cj7 he says x _c be ass]t$ h[ ?is is done4 ,9 ano!r way ?\ghts c be kn[n z !y are 9 ! m9d1 & affections z !y are 9 ! w3 & ?us ,god alone c "k ! ?\ghts ( he>ts & affections ( wills4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 because ! rational creature is subject to ,god only1 & ,he alone c "w 9 x ,:o is its pr9cipal object & la/ end3 ?is w be develop$ lat] 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #e74 ,consequ5tly all t is 9 ! w1 & all ?+s t dep5d only on ! w1 are kn[n to ,god alone4 ,n[ x is evid5t t x dep5ds entirely on ! w = anyone actually to consid] any?+2 because a man :o has a habit ( k1 or any intelligible species1 uses !m at w4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3aa73 ,= :at man kn[e? ! ?+s ( a man1 b ! _s ( a man t is 9 him8 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! pres5t life "o man's ?\ght is n kn[n by ano!r ow+ to a tw(old h9drance2 namely1 on acc\nt ( ! grossness ( ! body1 & because ! w %uts up its secrets4 ,! fir/ ob/acle w be remov$ at ! ,resurrection1 & does n exi/ at all 9 ! angels2 :ile ! second w rema91 & is 9 ! angels n[4 ,nev]!less ! brightness ( ! body w %[ =? ! quality ( ! s\l2 z to its am\nt ( grace & ( glory4 ,9 ?is way "o w be able to see ! m9d ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh "o angel sees ! intelligible species ( ano!r1 by ! fact t ! species are proportion$ to ! rank ( ^! sub/ances accord+ to great] or less] univ]sality1 yet x does n foll[ t "o kn[s h[ f> ano!r makes use ( !m by actual consid]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! appetite ( ! brute does n control its act1 b foll[s ! impression ( "s o!r corporeal or spiritual cause4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! angels "k corporeal ?+s & _! dispositions1 !y c !reby "k :at is pass+ 9 ! appetite or 9 ! imag9ative appreh5sion ( ! brute bea/s1 & ev5 ( man1 9 s f> z ! s5sitive appetite sometimes1 ?r\gh foll[+ "s bodily impression1 influ5ces 8 conduct1 z always happ5s 9 brutes4 ,yet ! angels d n necess>ily "k ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite & ! imag9ative appreh5sion ( man 9 s f> z ^! are mov$ by ! w & reason2 because1 ev5 ! l[] "p ( ! s\l has "s %>e ( reason1 z obey+ its rul]1 z is said 9 ,e?ics iii1 #ab4 ,b x does n foll[ t1 if ! angel kn[s :at is pass+ ?r\gh man's s5sitive appetite or imag9ation1 he kn[s :at is 9 ! ?\ght or w3 because ! intellect or w is n subject to ! s5sitive appetite or ! imag9ation1 b c make v>i\s uses ( !m4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,angels ,"k ! ,my/]ies ( ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels "k my/]ies ( grace4 ,=1 ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation is ! mo/ excell5t ( all my/]ies4 ,b ! angels knew ( x f ! beg9n+2 = ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #ai73 ,?is my/]y 0 hidd5 9 ,god ?r\gh ! ages1 yet s t x 0 kn[n to ! pr9ces & p[]s 9 heav5ly places4 ,& ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #c3af73 ,t great my/]y ( godl9ess appe>$ unto angels994 99,vulg43 ',great is ! my/]y ( godl9ess1 :i* 4 4 4 appe>$ unto angels4' ,!re=e ! angels "k ! my/]ies ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! reasons ( all my/]ies ( grace are conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e wisdom4 ,b ! angels behold ,god's wisdom1 :i* is ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e !y "k ! my/]ies ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! prophets are enlight5$ by ! angels1 z is cle> f ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv74 ,b ! prophets knew my/]ies ( grace2 = x is said 7,amos #c3g73 ,= ! ,"l ,god do? no?+ )\t reveal+ ,8 secret to ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,!re=e angels "k ! my/]ies ( grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no "o le>ns :at he kn[s already4 ,yet ev5 ! highe/ angels seek out & le>n my/]ies ( grace4 ,= x is /at$ 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 t ,sacr$ ,scripture describes "s heav5ly ess5ces z que/ion+ ,jesus1 & le>n+ f ,him ! k ( ,8 ,div9e "w = u2 & ,jesus z tea*+ !m directly3 z is evid5t 9 ,isa4 #fc3a1 :]e1 on ! angels ask+1 ,:o is he :o come? up f ,edom8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,x is ,i1 ,:o speak ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! angels d n "k my/]ies ( grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is a tw(old k 9 ! angel4 ,! fir/ is 8 natural k1 accord+ to :i* he kn[s ?+s bo? by 8 ess5ce1 & by innate species4 ,by su* k ! angels _c "k my/]ies ( grace4 ,= ^! my/]ies dep5d ^u ! pure w ( ,god3 & if an angel _c le>n ! ?\ghts ( ano!r angel1 :i* dep5d ^u ! w ( su* angel1 mu* less c he asc]ta9 :at dep5ds entirely ^u ,god's w4 ,! ,apo/le reasons 9 ?is fa%ion 7#a ,cor4 #b3aa73 ,no "o kn[e? ! ?+s ( a man 99,vulg43 ',:at man kn[e? ! ?+s ( a man1 b 4 4 4 8'1 b ! _s ( a man t is 9 him4 ,s1 ! ?+s also t are ( ,god no man kn[e? b ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,!re is ano!r k ( ! angels1 :i* r5d]s !m happy2 x is ! k :]eby !y see ! ,^w1 & ?+s 9 ! ,^w4 ,by su* vision !y "k my/]ies ( grace1 b n all my/]ies3 nor d !y all "k !m equally2 b j z ,god wills !m to le>n by revelation2 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3aj73 ,b to u ,god ha? reveal$ !m ?r\gh ,8 ,_s2 yet s t ! high] angels behold+ ! ,div9e wisdom m cle>ly1 le>n m & deep] my/]ies 9 ! vision ( ,god1 :i* my/]ies !y communicate to ! l[] angels by enlight5+ !m4 ,"s ( ^! my/]ies !y knew f ! v beg9n+ ( _! creation2 o!rs !y are taught aft]w>ds1 z befits _! m9i/rations4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o c speak 9 two ways ( ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 g5]al2 & 9 ?is way x 0 reveal$ to all f ! comm5cem5t ( _! beatitude4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ?is is a k9d ( g5]al pr9ciple to :i* all _! duties are ord]$4 ,= all are 99,vulg43 ',are !y n all4' m9i/]+ spirits1 s5t to m9i/] = !m :o %all receive ! inh]itance ( salvation 7,heb4 #a3ad72 & ?is is br\ght ab\t by ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y = all ( !m to be in/ruct$ 9 ?is my/]y f ! v beg9n+4 ,we c speak ( ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation 9 ano!r way1 z to its special conditions4 ,?us n all ! angels 7 in/ruct$ on all po9ts f ! beg9n+2 ev5 ! high] angels le>n$ ^! aft]w>ds1 z appe>s f ! passage ( ,dionysius already quot$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! angels 9 bliss behold ! ,div9e wisdom1 yet !y d n compreh5d x4 ,s x is n necess>y = !m to "k ev]y?+ hidd5 9 x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:atev] ! prophets knew by revelation ( ! my/]ies ( grace1 0 reveal$ 9 a m excell5t way to ! angels4 ,& al?\gh ,god reveal$ 9 g5]al to ! prophets :at ,he 0 "o day to d reg>d+ ! salvation ( ! human race1 /ill ! apo/les knew "s p>ticul>s ( ! same1 :i* ! prophets did n "k4 ,?us we read 7,eph4 #c3d1 #e73 ,z y read+1 may und]/& my k 9 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/1 :i* 9 o!r g5]ations 0 n kn[n to ! sons ( m51 z x is n[ reveal$ to ,8 holy apo/les4 ,among ! prophets also1 ! lat] ones knew :at ! =m] did n "k2 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3ajj3 ,i h _h und]/&+ above anci5ts1 & ,gregory says3 ,! k ( ,div9e ?+s increas$ z "t w5t on 7,hom4 xvi 9 ,eze*474 ,,"q #eh ,,( ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,angelic ,,k 7,9 ,sev5 ,articles7 ,aft] ! =ego+ we h n[ to treat ( ! mode ( ! angelic k1 conc]n+ :i* !re are sev5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! angel's intellect be sometimes 9 pot5tiality1 & sometimes 9 act8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! angel c und]/& _m ?+s at ! same "t8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! angel's k is discursive8 7#d7 ,:e!r he und]/&s by compos+ & divid+8 7#e7 ,:e!r !re c be error 9 ! angel's intellect8 7#f7 ,:e!r 8 k c be /yl$ z morn+ & ev5+8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! morn+ & ev5+ k are ! same1 or d !y diff]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,angel's ,intellect ,is ,sometimes 9 ,pot5tiality1 ,sometimes 9 ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel's intellect is sometimes 9 pot5tiality & sometimes 9 act4 ,= movem5t is ! act ( :at is 9 pot5tiality1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 iii1 #f4 ,b ! angels' m9ds are mov$ by und]/&+1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e ! angelic m9ds are sometimes 9 pot5tiality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce desire is ( a ?+ n possess$ b possible to h1 :oev] desires to "k any?+ is 9 pot5tiality !reto4 ,b x is said 7#a ,pet4 #a3ab73 ,on ,:om ! angels desire to look4 ,!re=e ! angel's intellect is sometimes 9 pot5tiality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! book ,de ,causis x is /at$ t an intellig5ce und]/&s accord+ to ! mode ( its sub/ance4 ,b ! angel's intellig5ce has "s admixture ( pot5tiality4 ,!re=e x sometimes und]/&s pot5tially4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii73 ,s9ce ! angels 7 creat$1 9 ! et]nity ( ! ,^w1 !y enjoy holy & dev\t contemplation4 ,n[ a contemplat+ intellect is n 9 pot5tiality1 b 9 act4 ,!re=e ! intellect ( an angel is n 9 pot5tiality4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #h2 ,phys4 viii1 #cb71 ! intellect is 9 pot5tiality 9 two ways2 fir/1 z be=e le>n+ or discov]+1 t is1 be=e x has ! habit ( k2 secondly1 z :5 x possesses ! habit ( k1 b does n actually consid]4 ,9 ! fir/ way an angel's intellect is nev] 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to ! ?+s to :i* 8 natural k ext5ds4 ,=1 z ! high]1 namely1 ! heav5ly1 bodies h no pot5tiality to exi/5ce1 :i* is n fully actuat$1 9 ! same way ! heav5ly intellects1 ! angels1 h no intelligible pot5tiality :i* is n fully complet$ by connatural intelligible species4 ,b ) reg>d to ?+s div9ely reveal$ to !m1 !re is no?+ to h9d] !m f be+ 9 pot5tiality3 because ev5 ! heav5ly bodies are at times 9 pot5tiality to be+ enlight5$ by ! sun4 ,9 ! second way an angel's intellect c be 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to ?+s le>nt by natural k2 = he is n always actually consid]+ ev]y?+ t he kn[s by natural k4 ,b z to ! k ( ! ,^w1 & ( ! ?+s he beholds 9 ! ,^w1 he is nev] 9 ?is way 9 pot5tiality2 because he is always actually behold+ ! ,^w1 & ! ?+s he sees 9 ! ,^w4 ,= ! bliss ( ! angels consi/s 9 su* vision2 & beatitude does n consi/ 9 habit1 b 9 act1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,movem5t is tak5 !re n z ! act ( some?+ imp]fect1 t is1 ( some?+ exi/+ 9 pot5tiality1 b z ! act ( some?+ p]fect1 t is1 ( "o actually exi/+4 ,9 ?is way und]/&+ & feel+ are t]m$ movem5ts1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #bh4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,su* desire on ! "p ( ! angels does n exclude ! object desir$1 b we>9ess !re(4 ,or !y are said to desire ! vision ( ,god ) reg>d to fre% revelations1 :i* !y receive f ,god to fit !m = ! tasks :i* !y h to p]=m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! angel's sub/ance !re is no pot5tiality dive/$ ( act4 ,9 ! same way1 ! angel's intellect is nev] s 9 pot5tiality z to be )\t act4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r an ,angel ,c ,und]/& ,_m ,?+s at ! ,same ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel _c und]/& _m ?+s at ! same "t4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 ii1 #d7 t x may happ5 t we "k _m ?+s1 b und]/& only "o4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is und]/ood unless ! intellect be in=m$ by an intelligible species2 j at ! body is =m$ by %ape4 ,b "o body _c be =m$ into _m %apes4 ,!re=e nei!r c "o intellect simultane\sly und]/& v>i\s intelligible ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to und]/& is a k9d ( movem5t4 ,b no movem5t t]m9ates 9 v>i\s t]ms4 ,!re=e _m ?+s _c be und]/ood altoge!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #cb73 ,! spiritual faculty ( ! angelic m9d compreh5ds mo/ easily at ! same "t all ?+s t x wills4 ,i answ] t1 ,z unity ( t]m is requisite = unity ( movem5t1 s is unity ( object requir$ = unity ( op]ation4 ,n[ x happ5s t sev]al ?+s may be tak5 z sev]al or z "o2 l ! p>ts ( a cont9u\s :ole4 ,= if ea* ( ! p>ts be consid]$ sev]ally !y are _m3 consequ5tly nei!r by s5se nor by intellect are !y grasp$ by "o op]ation1 nor all at once4 ,9 ano!r way !y are tak5 z =m+ "o 9 ! :ole2 & s !y are grasp$ bo? by s5se & intellect all at once & by "o op]ation2 z long z ! entire cont9u\s :ole is consid]$1 z is /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #bc4 ,9 ?is way our intellect und]/&s toge!r bo? ! subject & ! pr$icate1 z =m+ p>ts ( "o proposition2 & also two ?+s comp>$ toge!r1 accord+ z !y agree 9 "o po9t ( comp>ison4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t _m ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are di/9ct1 _c be und]/ood at once2 b 9 s f> z !y are compris$ "u "o intelligible concept1 !y c be und]/ood toge!r4 ,n[ ev]y?+ is actually intelligible accord+ z its image is 9 ! intellect4 ,all ?+s1 !n1 :i* c be kn[n by "o intelligible species1 are kn[n z "o intelligible object1 & !re=e are und]/ood simultane\sly4 ,b ?+s kn[n by v>i\s intelligible species1 are appreh5d$ z diff]5t intelligible objects4 ,consequ5tly1 by su* k z ! angels h ( ?+s ?r\gh ! ,^w1 !y "k all ?+s "u "o intelligible species1 :i* is ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds su* k1 !y "k all ?+s at once3 j z 9 heav5 our ?\ghts w n be fleet+1 go+ & return+ f "o ?+ to ano!r1 b we %all survey all our k at ! same "t by "o glance1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #af74 ,b by t k :]e) ! angels "k ?+s by innate species1 !y c at "o "t "k all ?+s :i* c be compris$ "u "o species2 b n su* z are "u v>i\s species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to und]/& _m ?+s z "o1 is1 s to speak1 to und]/& "o ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellect is in=m$ by ! intelligible species :i* x has )9 x4 ,s x c behold at ! same "t _m intelligible objects "u "o species2 z "o body c by "o %ape be lik5$ to _m bodies4 ,to ! ?ird objection ! answ] is ! same z ! fir/4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,angel's ,k ,is ,discursive8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! k ( an angel is discursive4 ,= ! discursive movem5t ( ! m9d comes f "o ?+ be+ kn[n ?r\gh ano!r4 ,b ! angels "k "o ?+ ?r\gh ano!r2 = !y "k creatures ?r\gh ! ,^w4 ,!re=e ! intellect ( an angel kn[s by discursive me?od4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] a l[] p[] c d1 ! high] c d4 ,b ! human intellect c syllogize1 & "k causes 9 effects2 all ( :i* is ! discursive me?od4 ,!re=e ! intellect ( ! angel1 :i* is high] 9 ! ord] ( nature1 c ) great] reason d ?is4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore 7,de sum4 bono i1 #aj7 says t demons le>n m ?+s by exp]i5ce4 ,b exp]im5tal k is discursive3 =1 "o exp]i5ce comes ( _m remembrances1 & "o univ]sal f _m exp]i5ces1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves 7,po/]4 ii2 ,metaph4 vii74 ,!re=e an angel's k is discursive4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 t ! angels d n acquire ,div9e k f sep>ate disc\rses1 nor are !y l$ to some?+ p>ticul> f some?+ common4 ,i answ] t1 ,z has (t5 be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #a71 ! angels hold t grade among spiritual sub/ances :i* ! heav5ly bodies hold among corporeal sub/ances3 = ,dionysius calls !m heav5ly m9ds 7loc4 cit474 ,n[1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 heav5ly & e>?ly bodies is ?is1 t e>?ly bodies obta9 _! la/ p]fection by *ance & movem5t3 :ile ! heav5ly bodies h _! la/ p]fection at once f _! v nature4 ,s1 likewise1 ! l[]1 namely1 ! human1 intellects obta9 _! p]fection 9 ! k ( tru? by a k9d ( movem5t & discursive intellectual op]ation2 t is to say1 z !y advance f "o kn[n ?+ to ano!r4 ,b1 if f ! k ( a kn[n pr9ciple !y 7 /raightway to p]ceive z kn[n all its consequ5t conclusions1 !n !re w\ld be no discursive process at all4 ,su* is ! condition ( ! angels1 because 9 ! tru?s :i* !y "k naturally1 !y at once behold all ?+s :atsoev] t c be kn[n 9 !m4 ,!re=e !y are call$ intellectual be+s3 because ev5 ) ourselves ! ?+s :i* are in/antly grasp$ by ! m9d are said to be und]/ood intelligi2 h5ce intellect is def9$ z ! habit ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,b human s\ls :i* acquire k ( tru? by ! discursive me?od are call$ rational2 & ?is comes ( ! feebl5ess ( _! intellectual light4 ,= if !y possess$ ! fulness ( intellectual light1 l ! angels1 !n 9 ! fir/ aspect ( pr9ciples !y w\ld at once compreh5d _! :ole range1 by p]ceiv+ :atev] c\ld be reason$ out f !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,discursion expresses movem5t ( a k9d4 ,n[ all movem5t is f some?+ be=e to some?+ aft]4 ,h5ce discursive k comes ab\t accord+ z f some?+ previ\sly kn[n "o atta9s to ! k ( :at is aft]w>ds kn[n1 & :i* 0 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,b if 9 ! ?+ p]ceiv$ some?+ else be se5 at ! same "t1 z an object & its image are se5 simultane\sly 9 a mirror1 x is n discursive k4 ,& 9 ?is way ! angels "k ?+s 9 ! ,^w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! angels c syllogize1 9 ! s5se ( kn[+ a syllogism2 & !y see effects 9 causes1 & causes 9 effects3 yet !y d n acquire k ( an unkn[n tru? 9 ?is way1 by syllogiz+ f causes to effect1 or f effect to cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,exp]i5ce is affirm$ ( angels & demons simply by way ( similitude1 =asmu* z !y "k s5sible ?+s :i* are pres5t1 yet )\t any discursion )al4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,angels ,und]/& by ,compos+ & ,divid+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels und]/& by compos+ & divid+4 ,=1 :]e !re is multiplicity ( ?+s und]/ood1 !re is composition ( ! same1 z is said 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ba4 ,b !re is a multitude ( ?+s und]/ood 9 ! angelic m9d2 because angels appreh5d diff]5t ?+s by v>i\s species1 & n all at "o "t4 ,!re=e !re is composition & division 9 ! angel's m9d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 negation is f> m remote f affirmation ?an any two opposite natures are2 because ! fir/ ( di/9ctions is t ( affirmation & negation4 ,b ! angel kn[s c]ta9 di/ant natures n by "o1 b by div]se species1 z is evid5t f :at 0 said 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e he mu/ "k affirmation & negation by div]se species4 ,& s x seems t he und]/&s by compos+ & divid+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 spee* is a sign ( ! intellect4 ,b 9 speak+ to m51 angels use affirmative & negative expressions1 :i* are signs ( composition & ( division 9 ! intellect2 z is manife/ f _m passages ( ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,!re=e x seems t ! angel und]/&s by compos+ & divid+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 t ! intellectual p[] ( ! angel %9es =? ) ! cle> simplicity ( div9e concepts4 ,b a simple intellig5ce is )\t composition & division4 ,!re=e ! angel und]/&s )\t composition or division4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 9 ! intellect1 :5 reason+1 ! conclusion is comp>$ ) ! pr9ciple1 s 9 ! intellect compos+ & divid+1 ! pr$icate is comp>$ ) ! subject4 ,= if our intellect 7 to see at once ! tru? ( ! conclusion 9 ! pr9ciple1 x w\ld nev] und]/& by discursion & reason+4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! intellect 9 appreh5d+ ! quiddity ( ! subject 7 at once to h k ( all t c be attribut$ to1 or remov$ f1 ! subject1 x w\ld nev] und]/& by compos+ & divid+1 b only by und]/&+ ! ess5ce4 ,?us x is evid5t t = ! self-same reason our intellect und]/&s by discursion1 & by compos+ & divid+1 namely1 t 9 ! fir/ appreh5sion ( any?+ newly appreh5d$ x does n at once grasp all t is virtually conta9$ 9 x4 ,& ?is comes f ! weakness ( ! intellectual light )9 u1 z has be5 said 7,a4 #c74 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! intellectual light is p]fect 9 ! angel1 = he is a pure & mo/ cle> mirror1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 x foll[s t z ! angel does n und]/& by reason+1 s nei!r does he by compos+ & divid+4 ,nev]!less1 he und]/&s ! composition & ! division ( enunciations1 j z he appreh5ds ! reason+ ( syllogisms3 = he und]/&s simply1 su* ?+s z are composite1 ?+s movable immovably1 & mat]ial ?+s immat]ially4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e multitude ( ?+s und]/ood causes composition1 b a multitude ( su* ?+s und]/ood t "o ( !m is attribut$ to1 or d5i$ (1 ano!r4 ,:5 an angel appreh5ds ! nature ( any?+1 he at ! same "t und]/&s :atev] c be ei!r attribut$ to x1 or d5i$ ( x4 ,h5ce1 9 appreh5d+ a nature1 he by "o simple p]ception grasps all t we c le>n by compos+ & divid+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! v>i\s natures ( ?+s diff] less z to _! mode ( exi/+ ?an d affirmation & negation4 ,yet1 z to ! way 9 :i* !y are kn[n1 affirmation & negation h some?+ m 9 common2 because directly ! tru? ( an affirmation is kn[n1 ! falsehood ( ! opposite negation is kn[n also4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact t angels use affirmative & negative =ms ( spee*1 %[s t !y "k bo? composition & division3 yet n t !y "k by compos+ & divid+1 b by kn[+ simply ! nature ( a ?+4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,falsehood 9 ! ,intellect ( an ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be falsehood 9 ! angel's intellect4 ,= p]v]sity app]ta9s to falsehood4 ,b1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 !re is a p]v]t$ fancy 9 ! demons4 ,!re=e x seems t !re c be falsehood 9 ! intellect ( ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 nesci5ce is ! cause ( e/imat+ falsely4 ,b1 z ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi71 !re c be nesci5ce 9 ! angels4 ,!re=e x seems !re c be falsehood 9 !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* falls %ort ( ! tru? ( wisdom1 & :i* has a deprav$ reason1 has falsehood or error 9 its intellect4 ,b ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 affirms ?is ( ! demons4 ,!re=e x seems t !re c be error 9 ! m9ds ( ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #da7 t ! intellig5ce is always true4 ,augu/9e likewise says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cb7 t no?+ b :at is true c be ! object ( intellig5ce ,!re=e !re c be nei!r deception nor falsehood 9 ! angel's k4 ,i answ] t1 ,! tru? ( ?is "q dep5ds p>tly ^u :at has gone be=e4 ,= x has be5 said 7,a4 #d7 t an angel und]/&s n by compos+ & divid+1 b by und]/&+ :at a ?+ is4 ,n[ ! intellect is always true z reg>ds :at a ?+ is1 j z ! s5se reg>d+ its prop] object1 z is said 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #bf4 ,b by accid5t1 deception & falsehood creep 91 :5 we und]/& ! ess5ce ( a ?+ by "s k9d ( composition1 & ?is happ5s ei!r :5 we take ! def9ition ( "o ?+ = ano!r1 or :5 ! p>ts ( a def9ition d n hang toge!r1 z if we 7 to accept z ! def9ition ( "s creature1 a f\r-foot$ fly+ bea/1 = !re is no su* animal4 ,& ?is comes ab\t 9 ?+s composite1 ! def9ition ( :i* is drawn f div]se elem5ts1 "o ( :i* is z matt] to ! o!r4 ,b !re is no room = error 9 und]/&+ simple quiddities1 z is /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ix1 text4 #bb2 = ei!r !y are n grasp$ at all1 & s we "k no?+ respect+ !m2 or else !y are kn[n precisely z !y exi/4 ,s !re=e1 no falsehood1 error1 or deception c exi/ ( itself 9 ! m9d ( any angel2 yet x does s happ5 accid5tally2 b v diff]5tly f ! way x befalls u4 ,= we sometimes get at ! quiddity ( a ?+ by a compos+ & divid+ process1 z :51 by division & demon/ration1 we seek out ! tru? ( a def9ition4 ,su* is n ! me?od ( ! angels2 b ?r\gh ! 7k ( !7 ess5ce ( a ?+ !y "k ev]y?+ t c be said reg>d+ x4 ,n[ x is q evid5t t ! quiddity ( a ?+ c be a s\rce ( k ) reg>d to ev]y?+ belong+ to su* ?+1 or exclud$ f x2 b n ( :at may be dep5d5t on ,god's sup]natural ord9ance4 ,consequ5tly1 ow+ to _! upright w1 f _! kn[+ ! nature ( e creature1 ! good angels =m no judgm5ts z to ! nature ( ! qualities !re91 save "u ! ,div9e ord9ance2 h5ce !re c be no error or falsehood 9 !m4 ,b s9ce ! m9ds ( demons are utt]ly p]v]t$ f ! ,div9e wisdom1 !y at times =m _! op9ions ( ?+s simply accord+ to ! natural conditions ( ! same4 ,nor are !y ev] deceiv$ z to ! natural prop]ties ( any?+2 b !y c be misl$ ) reg>d to sup]natural matt]s2 = example1 on see+ a dead man1 !y may suppose t he w n rise aga91 or1 on behold+ ,*ri/1 !y may judge ,him n to be ,god4 ,f all ?is ! answ]s to ! objections ( bo? sides ( ! "q are evid5t4 ,= ! p]v]sity ( ! demons comes ( _! n be+ subject to ! ,div9e wisdom2 :ile nesci5ce is 9 ! angels z reg>ds ?+s kn[able1 n naturally b sup]naturally4 ,x is1 fur!rmore1 evid5t t _! und]/&+ ( :at a ?+ is1 is always true1 save accid5tally1 accord+ z x is1 9 an undue mann]1 ref]r$ to "s composition or division4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,morn+ & an ,ev5+ ,k 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is nei!r an ev5+ nor a morn+ k 9 ! angels2 because ev5+ & morn+ h an admixture ( d>kness4 ,b !re is no d>kness 9 ! k ( an angel2 s9ce !re is no error nor falsehood4 ,!re=e ! angelic k ought n to be t]m$ morn+ & ev5+ k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 betwe5 ev5+ & morn+ ! night int]v5es2 :ile noonday falls betwe5 morn+ & ev5+4 ,consequ5tly1 if !re be a morn+ & an ev5+ k 9 ! angels1 = ! same reason x appe>s t !re ought to be a noonday & a night k4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 k is div]sifi$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! objects kn[n3 h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #ch71 ,! sci5ces are divid$ j z ?+s are4 ,b !re is a ?reefold exi/5ce ( ?+s3 to wit1 9 ! ,^w2 9 _! own natures2 & 9 ! angelic k1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #h74 ,if1 !re=e1 a morn+ & an ev5+ k be admitt$ 9 ! angels1 because ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 ! ,^w1 & 9 _! own nature1 !n !re ought to be admitt$ a ?ird class ( k1 on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 ! angelic m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bb1 #ca2 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xii1 #g1 #bj7 divides ! k ( ! angels into morn+ & ev5+ k4 ,i answ] t1 ,! expression morn+ & ev5+ k 0 devis$ by ,augu/9e2 :o int]prets ! six days :]e9 ,god made all ?+s1 n z ord9>y days measur$ by ! sol> circuit1 s9ce ! sun 0 only made on ! f\r? day1 b z "o day1 namely1 ! day ( angelic k z direct$ to six classes ( ?+s4 ,z 9 ! ord9>y day1 morn+ is ! beg9n+1 & ev5+ ! close ( day1 s1 _! k ( ! primordial be+ ( ?+s is call$ morn+ k2 & ?is is accord+ z ?+s exi/ 9 ! ,^w4 ,b _! k ( ! v be+ ( ! ?+ creat$1 z x /&s 9 its own nature1 is t]m$ ev5+ k2 because ! be+ ( ?+s fl[s f ! ,^w1 z f a k9d ( primordial pr9ciple2 & ?is fl[ is t]m9at$ 9 ! be+ :i* !y h 9 !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5+ & morn+ k 9 ! angelic k are n tak5 z comp>$ to an admixture ( d>kness1 b z comp>$ to beg9n+ & end4 ,or else x c be said1 z ,augu/9e puts x 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bc71 t !re is no?+ to prev5t u f call+ some?+ light 9 comp>ison ) "o ?+1 & d>kness ) respect to ano!r4 ,9 ! same way ! life ( ! fai?ful & ! j is call$ light 9 comp>ison ) ! wick$1 accord+ to ,eph4 #e3h3 ,y 7 h]et(ore d>kness2 b n[1 light 9 ! ,"l3 yet ?is v life ( ! fai?ful1 :5 set 9 contra/ to ! life ( glory1 is t]m$ d>kness1 accord+ to #b ,pet4 #a3ai3 ,y h ! firm prophetic ^w1 :]eunto y d well to att5d1 z to a light t %9e? 9 a d>k place4 ,s ! angel's k by :i* he kn[s ?+s 9 _! own nature1 is day 9 comp>ison ) ignorance or error2 yet x is d>k 9 comp>ison ) ! vision ( ! ,^w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! morn+ & ev5+ k belong to ! day1 t is1 to ! enlight5$ angels1 :o are q ap>t f ! d>kness1 t is1 f ! evil spirits4 ,! good angels1 :ile kn[+ ! creature1 d n adh]e to x1 = t w\ld be to turn to d>kness & to night2 b !y ref] ?is back to ! praise ( ,god1 9 ,:om1 z 9 _! pr9ciple1 !y "k all ?+s4 ,consequ5tly aft] ev5+ !re is no night1 b morn+2 s t morn+ is ! end ( ! prec$+ day1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+1 9 s f> z ! angels ref] to ,god's praise _! k ( ! prec$+ "w4 ,noonday is compris$ "u ! "n ( day1 z ! middle betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,or else ! noon c be ref]r$ to _! k ( ,god ,himself1 ,:o has nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! angels !mselves are also creatures4 ,accord+ly ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 ! angelic k is compris$ "u ev5+ k1 z also ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 _! own nature4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,k ,are ,"o8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! morn+ & ! ev5+ k are "o4 ,= x is said 7,g54 #a3e73 ,!re 0 ev5+ & morn+1 "o day4 ,b by ! expression day ! k ( ! angels is to be und]/ood1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bc74 ,!re=e ! morn+ & ev5+ k ( ! angels are "o & ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is impossible = "o faculty to h two op]ations at ! same "t4 ,b ! angels are always us+ _! morn+ k2 because !y are always behold+ ,god & ?+s 9 ,god1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ah3aj4 ,!re=e1 if ! ev5+ k 7 diff]5t f ! morn+1 ! angel c\ld nev] ex]cise 8 ev5+ k4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3aj73 ,:5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 !n t :i* is 9 "p %all be done away4 ,b1 if ! ev5+ k be diff]5t f ! morn+1 x is comp>$ to x z ! less p]fect to ! p]fect4 ,!re=e ! ev5+ k _c exi/ toge!r ) ! morn+ k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bd73 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ any?+ z x is 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 & z x is 9 its own nature2 s t ! =m] belongs to ! day1 & ! latt] to ! ev5+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 obs]v$ 7,a4 #f71 ! ev5+ k is t by :i* ! angels "k ?+s 9 _! prop] nature4 ,?is _c be und]/ood z if !y drew _! k f ! prop] nature ( ?+s1 s t ! preposition 9 d5otes ! =m ( a pr9ciple2 because1 z has be5 already /at$ 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b71 ! angels d n draw _! k f ?+s4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t :5 we say 9 _! prop] nature we ref] to ! aspect ( ! ?+ kn[n 9 s f> z x is an object ( k2 t is to say1 t ! ev5+ k is 9 ! angels 9 s f> z !y "k ! be+ ( ?+s :i* ^? ?+s h 9 _! own nature4 ,n[ !y "k ?is ?r\gh a tw(old m$ium1 namely1 by innate ideas1 or by ! =ms ( ?+s exi/+ 9 ! ,^w4 ,= by behold+ ! ,^w1 !y "k n m]ely ! be+ ( ?+s z exi/+ 9 ! ,^w1 b ! be+ z possess$ by ! ?+s !mselves2 z ,god by contemplat+ ,himself sees t be+ :i* ?+s h 9 _! own nature4 ,x1 !re=e1 x be call$ ev5+ k1 9 s f> z :5 ! angels behold ! ,^w1 !y "k ! be+ :i* ?+s h 9 _! prop] nature1 !n ! morn+ & ! ev5+ k are ess5tially "o & ! same1 & only diff] z to ! ?+s kn[n4 ,if x be call$ ev5+ k1 9 s f> z ?r\gh innate ideas !y "k ! be+ :i* ?+s h 9 _! own natures1 !n ! morn+ & ! ev5+ k diff]4 ,?us ,augu/9e seems to und]/& x :5 he assigns "o z inf]ior to ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! six days1 z ,augu/9e und]/&s !m1 are tak5 z ! six classes ( ?+s kn[n by ! angels2 s t ! day's unit is tak5 accord+ to ! unit ( ! ?+ und]/ood2 :i*1 nev]!less1 c be appreh5d$ by v>i\s ways ( kn[+ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re c be two op]ations ( ! same faculty at ! "o "t1 "o ( :i* is ref]r$ to ! o!r2 z is evid5t :5 ! w at ! same "t wills ! end & ! means to ! end2 & ! intellect at ! same in/ant p]ceives pr9ciples & conclusions ?r\gh ^? pr9ciples1 :5 x has already acquir$ k4 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bd71 ! ev5+ k is ref]r$ to ! morn+ k 9 ! angels2 h5ce !re is no?+ to h9d] bo? f be+ at ! same "t 9 ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,on ! com+ ( :at is p]fect1 ! opposite imp]fect is done away3 j z fai?1 :i* is ( ! ?+s t are n se51 is made void :5 vision succe$s4 ,b ! imp]fection ( ! ev5+ k is n oppos$ to ! p]fection ( ! morn+ k4 ,= t a ?+ be kn[n 9 itself1 is n opposite to its be+ kn[n 9 its cause4 ,nor1 aga91 is !re any inconsi/5cy 9 kn[+ a ?+ ?r\gh two m$iums1 "o ( :i* is m p]fect & ! o!r less p]fect2 j z we c h a demon/rative & a probable m$ium = rea*+ ! same conclusion4 ,9 l mann] a ?+ c be kn[n by ! angel ?r\gh ! uncreat$ ,^w1 & ?r\gh an innate idea4 ,,"q #ei ,,! ,,w ,,( ,,! ,,angels 7,,f\r ,,articles7 ,9 ! next place we mu/ treat ( ?+s conc]n+ ! w ( ! angels4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all treat ( ! w itself2 secondly1 ( its movem5t1 :i* is love4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is w 9 ! angels8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! w ( ! angel is 8 nature1 or 8 intellect8 7#c7 ,is !re free-w 9 ! angels8 7#d7 ,is !re an irascible & a concupiscible appetite 9 !m8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,w 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no w 9 ! angels4 ,= z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #db71 ,! w is 9 ! reason4 ,b !re is no reason 9 ! angels1 b some?+ high] ?an reason4 ,!re=e !re is no w 9 ! angels1 b some?+ high] ?an ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! w is compris$ "u ! appetite1 z is evid5t f ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #db74 ,b ! appetite argues some?+ imp]fect2 because x is a desire ( some?+ n z yet possess$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce !re is no imp]fection 9 ! angels1 especially 9 ! bless$ ones1 x seems t !re is no w 9 !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 text4 #ed7 t ! w is a mov] :i* is mov$2 = x is mov$ by ! appetible object und]/ood4 ,n[ ! angels are immovable1 s9ce !y are incorporeal4 ,!re=e !re is no w 9 ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa1ab7 t ! image ( ! ,tr9ity is f\nd 9 ! s\l accord+ to memory1 und]/&+1 & w4 ,b ,god's image is f\nd n only 9 ! s\l ( man1 b also 9 ! angelic m9d1 s9ce x also is capable ( kn[+ ,god4 ,!re=e !re is w 9 ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ necess>ily place a w 9 ! angels4 ,9 evid5ce !re(1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 s9ce all ?+s fl[ f ! ,div9e w1 all ?+s 9 _! own way are incl9$ by appetite t[>ds good1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"s are incl9$ to good by _! natural incl9ation1 )\t k1 z plants & inanimate bodies4 ,su* incl9ation t[>ds good is call$ a natural appetite4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are incl9$ t[>ds good1 b ) "s k2 n t !y "k ! aspect ( goodness1 b t !y appreh5d "s p>ticul> good2 z 9 ! s5se1 :i* kn[s ! sweet1 ! :ite1 & s on4 ,! incl9ation :i* foll[s ?is appreh5sion is call$ a s5sitive appetite4 ,o!r ?+s1 aga91 h an incl9ation t[>ds good1 b ) a k :]eby !y p]ceive ! aspect ( goodness2 ?is belongs to ! intellect4 ,?is is mo/ p]fectly incl9$ t[>ds :at is good2 n1 inde$1 z if x 7 m]ely guid$ by ano!r t[>ds "s p>ticul> good only1 l ?+s devoid ( k1 nor t[>ds "s p>ticul> good only1 z ?+s :i* h only s5sitive k1 b z incl9$ t[>ds good 9 g5]al4 ,su* incl9ation is t]m$ w4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! angels by _! intellect "k ! univ]sal aspect ( goodness1 x is manife/ t !re is a w 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason surpasses s5se 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* intellect surpasses reason4 ,reason surpasses s5se accord+ to ! div]sity ( ! objects kn[n2 = s5se judges ( p>ticul> objects1 :ile reason judges ( univ]sals4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be "o appetite t5d+ t[>ds good 9 ! ab/ract1 :i* appetite belongs to reason2 & ano!r ) a t5d5cy t[>ds p>ticul> good1 :i* appetite belongs to s5se4 ,b intellect & reason diff] z to _! mann] ( kn[+2 because ! intellect kn[s by simple intuition1 :ile reason kn[s by a process ( discursion f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,nev]!less by su* discursion reason comes to "k :at intellect le>ns )\t x1 namely1 ! univ]sal4 ,consequ5tly ! object pres5t$ to ! appetitive faculty on ! "p ( reason & on ! "p ( intellect is ! same4 ,!re=e 9 ! angels1 :o are purely intellectual1 !re is no appetite high] ?an ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! "n ( ! appetitive "p is d]iv$ f seek+ ?+s n yet possess$1 yet ! appetitive "p rea*es out n to ^! ?+s only1 b also to _m o!r ?+s2 ?us ! "n ( a /one lapis is d]iv$ f injur+ ! foot laesione p$is1 ?\gh n ?is alone belongs to a /one4 ,9 ! same way ! irascible faculty is s d5om9at$ f ang] ira2 ?\gh at ! same "t !re are sev]al o!r passions 9 x1 z hope1 d>+1 & ! re/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w is call$ a mov] :i* is mov$1 accord+ z to w & to und]/& are t]m$ movem5ts ( a k9d2 & !re is no?+ to prev5t movem5t ( ?is k9d f exi/+ 9 ! angels1 s9ce su* movem5t is ! act ( a p]fect ag5t1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #bh4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ! ,angels ! ,w ,diff]s f ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! angel ! w does n diff] f ! intellect & f ! nature4 ,= an angel is m simple ?an a natural body4 ,b a natural body is incl9$ ?r\gh its =m t[>ds its end1 :i* is its good4 ,!re=e mu* m s is ! angel4 ,n[ ! angel's =m is ei!r ! nature 9 :i* he subsi/s1 or else x is "s species )9 8 intellect4 ,!re=e ! angel incl9es t[>ds ! good ?r\gh 8 own nature1 or ?r\gh an intelligible species4 ,b su* incl9ation t[>ds ! good belongs to ! w4 ,!re=e ! w ( ! angel does n diff] f 8 nature or 8 intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( ! intellect is ! true1 :ile ! object ( ! w is ! good4 ,n[ ! good & ! true diff]1 n really b only logically 99,cf4 ,q4 #af1 ,a4 #d4 ,!re=e w & intellect are n really diff]5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! di/9ction ( common & prop] does n diff]5tiate ! faculties2 = ! same p[] ( sight p]ceives color & :it5ess4 ,b ! good & ! true seem to be mutually relat$ z common to p>ticul>2 = ! true is a p>ticul> good1 to wit1 ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! w1 ^: object is ! good1 does n diff] f ! intellect1 ^: object is ! true4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! w 9 ! angels reg>ds good ?+s only1 :ile _! intellect reg>ds bo? good & bad ?+s1 = !y "k bo?4 ,!re=e ! w ( ! angels is di/9ct f _! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! angels ! w is a special faculty or p[]1 :i* is nei!r _! nature nor _! intellect4 ,t x is n _! nature is manife/ f ?is1 t ! nature or ess5ce ( a ?+ is completely compris$ )9 x3 :atev]1 !n1 ext5ds to any?+ beyond x1 is n its ess5ce4 ,h5ce we see 9 natural bodies t ! incl9ation to be+ does n come f any?+ sup]add$ to ! ess5ce1 b f ! matt] :i* desires be+ be=e possess+ x1 & f ! =m :i* keeps x 9 su* be+ :5 once x exi/s4 ,b ! incl9ation t[>ds some?+ extr9sic comes f some?+ sup]add$ to ! ess5ce2 z t5d5cy to a place comes f gravity or lightness1 :ile ! incl9ation to make some?+ l itself comes f ! active qualities4 ,n[ ! w has a natural t5d5cy t[>ds good4 ,consequ5tly !re alone are ess5ce & w id5tifi$ :]e all good is conta9$ )9 ! ess5ce ( him :o wills2 t is to say1 9 ,god1 ,:o wills no?+ beyond ,himself except on acc\nt ( ,8 goodness4 ,?is _c be said ( any creature1 because inf9ite goodness is q =eign to ! nature ( any creat$ ?+4 ,accord+ly1 nei!r ! w ( ! angel1 nor t ( any creature1 c be ! same ?+ z its ess5ce4 ,9 l mann] nei!r c ! w be ! same ?+ z ! intellect ( angel or man4 ,because k comes ab\t 9 s f> z ! object kn[n is )9 ! kn[]2 consequ5tly ! intellect ext5ds itself to :at is outside x1 accord+ z :at1 9 its ess5ce1 is outside x is dispos$ to be someh[ )9 x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w goes out to :at is beyond x1 accord+ z by a k9d ( incl9ation x t5ds1 9 a mann]1 to :at is outside x4 ,n[ x belongs to "o faculty to h )9 itself some?+ :i* is outside x1 & to ano!r faculty to t5d to :at is outside x4 ,consequ5tly intellect & w mu/ necess>ily be diff]5t p[]s 9 e creature4 ,x is n s ) ,god1 = ,he has )9 ,himself univ]sal be+1 & ! univ]sal good4 ,!re=e bo? intellect & w are ,8 nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a natural body is mov$ to its own be+ by its sub/antial =m3 :ile x is incl9$ to some?+ outside by some?+ additional1 z has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,faculties are n diff]5tiat$ by any mat]ial diff]5ce ( _! objects1 b accord+ to _! =mal di/9ction1 :i* is tak5 f ! nature ( ! object z su*4 ,consequ5tly ! div]sity d]iv$ f ! notion ( good & true suffices = ! diff]5ce ( intellect f w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,because ! good & ! true are really conv]tible1 x foll[s t ! good is appreh5d$ by ! intellect z some?+ true2 :ile ! true is desir$ by ! w z some?+ good4 ,nev]!less1 ! div]sity ( _! aspects is suffici5t = div]sify+ ! faculties1 z 0 said above 7ad #b74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,free-,w 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no free-w 9 ! angels4 ,= ! act ( free-w is to *oose4 ,b !re c be no *oice ) ! angels1 because *oice is ! desire ( some?+ aft] tak+ c\nsel1 :ile c\nsel is a k9d ( inquiry1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,b ! angels' k is n ! result ( inquir+1 = ?is belongs to ! discursiv5ess ( reason4 ,!re=e x appe>s t !re is no free-w 9 ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 free-w implies indiff]5ce to alt]natives4 ,b 9 ! angels on ! "p ( _! intellect !re is no su* indiff]5ce2 because1 z 0 obs]v$ already 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #e71 _! intellect is n deceiv$ z to ?+s :i* are naturally intelligible to !m4 ,!re=e nei!r on ! "p ( _! appetitive faculty c !re be free-w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! natural end[m5ts ( ! angels belong to !m accord+ to degrees ( m or less2 because 9 ! high] angels ! intellectual nature is m p]fect ?an 9 ! l[]4 ,b ! free-w does n admit ( degrees4 ,!re=e !re is no free-w 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,free-w is "p ( man's dignity4 ,b ! angels' dignity surpasses t ( m54 ,!re=e1 s9ce free-w is 9 m51 ) mu* m reason is x 9 ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s ?+s !re are :i* act1 n f any previ\s judgm5t1 b1 z x 71 mov$ & made to act by o!rs2 j z ! arr[ is direct$ to ! t>get by ! ar*]4 ,o!rs act f "s k9d ( judgm5t2 b n f free-w1 su* z irrational animals2 = ! %eep flies f ! wolf by a k9d ( judgm5t :]eby x e/eems x to be hurtful to itself3 su* a judgm5t is n a free "o1 b implant$ by nature4 ,only an ag5t end[$ ) an intellect c act ) a judgm5t :i* is free1 9 s f> z x appreh5ds ! common note ( goodness2 f :i* x c judge ?is or ! o!r ?+ to be good4 ,consequ5tly1 :]ev] !re is intellect1 !re is free-w4 ,x is !re=e manife/ t j z !re is intellect1 s is !re free-w 9 ! angels1 & 9 a high] degree ( p]fection ?an 9 man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ( *oice1 z x is 9 man4 ,z a man's e/imate 9 speculative matt]s diff]s f an angel's 9 ?is1 t ! "o ne$s n to inquire1 :ile ! o!r does s ne$2 s is x 9 practical matt]s4 ,h5ce !re is *oice 9 ! angels1 yet n ) ! inquisitive delib]ation ( c\nsel1 b by ! sudd5 acceptance ( tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z 0 obs]v$ already 7,a4 #b71 k is effect$ by ! pres5ce ( ! kn[n )9 ! kn[]4 ,n[ x is a m>k ( imp]fection 9 any?+ n to h )9 x :at x %\ld naturally h4 ,consequ5tly an angel w\ld n be p]fect 9 8 nature1 if 8 intellect 7 n det]m9$ to e tru? :i* he c "k naturally4 ,b ! act ( ! appetitive faculty comes ( ?is1 t ! affection is direct$ to some?+ outside4 ,yet ! p]fection ( a ?+ does n come f ev]y?+ to :i* x is incl9$1 b only f some?+ :i* is high] ?an x4 ,!re=e x does n argue imp]fection 9 an angel if 8 w be n det]m9$ ) reg>d to ?+s b5ea? him2 b x w\ld argue imp]fection 9 him1 7 he to be indet]m9ate to :at is above him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,free-w exi/s 9 a nobl] mann] 9 ! high] angels ?an x does 9 ! l[]1 z also does ! judgm5t ( ! intellect4 ,yet x is true t lib]ty1 9 s f> z ! removal ( compulsion is consid]$1 is n susceptible ( great] & less degree2 because privations & negations are n less5$ nor increas$ directly ( !mselves2 b only by _! cause1 or ?r\gh ! addition ( "s qualification4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,is an ,irascible & a ,concupiscible ,appetite 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is an irascible & a concupiscible appetite 9 ! angels4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t 9 ! demons !re is unreasonable fury & wild concupisc5ce4 ,b demons are ( ! same nature z angels2 = s9 has n alt]$ _! nature4 ,!re=e !re is an irascible & a concupiscible appetite 9 ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love & joy are 9 ! concupiscible2 :ile ang]1 hope1 & fe> are 9 ! irascible appetite4 ,b 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures ^! ?+s are attribut$ bo? to ! good & to ! wick$ angels4 ,!re=e !re is an irascible & a concupiscible appetite 9 ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s virtues are said to reside 9 ! irascible appetite & "s 9 ! concupiscible3 ?us *>ity & temp]ance appe> to be 9 ! concupiscible1 :ile hope & =titude are 9 ! irascible4 ,b ^! virtues are 9 ! angels4 ,!re=e !re is bo? a concupiscible & an irascible appetite 9 ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 text4 #db7 t ! irascible & concupiscible are 9 ! s5sitive "p1 :i* does n exi/ 9 angels4 ,consequ5tly !re is no irascible or concupiscible appetite 9 ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,! intellective appetite is n divid$ into irascible & concupiscible2 only ! s5sitive appetite is s divid$4 ,! reason ( ?is is because1 s9ce ! faculties are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r n accord+ to ! mat]ial b only by ! =mal di/9ction ( objects1 if to any faculty !re respond an object accord+ to "s common idea1 !re w be no di/9ction ( faculties accord+ to ! div]sity ( ! p>ticul> ?+s conta9$ "u t common idea4 ,j z if ! prop] object ( ! p[] ( sight be color z su*1 !n !re are n sev]al p[]s ( sight di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( black & :ite3 :]eas if ! prop] object ( any faculty 7 :ite1 z :ite1 !n ! faculty ( see+ :ite w\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! faculty ( see+ black4 ,n[ x is q evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a71 t ! object ( ! intellective appetite1 o!rwise kn[n z ! w1 is good accord+ to ! common aspect ( goodness2 nor c !re be any appetite except ( :at is good4 ,h5ce1 9 ! intellective "p1 ! appetite is n divid$ accord+ to ! di/9ction ( "s p>ticul> good ?+s1 z ! s5sitive appetite is divid$1 :i* does n crave = :at is good accord+ to its common aspect1 b = "s p>ticul> good object4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce !re exi/s 9 ! angels only an intellective appetite1 _! appetite is n di/+ui%$ into irascible & concupiscible1 b rema9s undivid$2 & x is call$ ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fury & concupisc5ce are metaphorically said to be 9 ! demons1 z ang] is sometimes attribut$ to ,god2--on acc\nt ( ! resemblance 9 ! effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,love & joy1 9 s f> z !y are passions1 are 9 ! concupiscible appetite1 b 9 s f> z !y express a simple act ( ! w1 !y are 9 ! intellective "p3 9 ?is s5se to love is to wi% well to anyone2 & to be glad is = ! w to repose 9 "s good possess$4 ,univ]sally speak+1 none ( ^! ?+s is said ( ! angels1 z by way ( passions2 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity1 z a virtue1 is n 9 ! concupiscible appetite1 b 9 ! w2 because ! object ( ! concupiscible appetite is ! good z delectable to ! s5ses4 ,b ! ,div9e goodness1 :i* is ! object ( *>ity1 is n ( any su* k9d4 ,= ! same reason x mu/ be said t hope does n exi/ 9 ! irascible appetite2 because ! object ( ! irascible appetite is some?+ ardu\s belong+ to ! s5sible ord]1 :i* ! virtue ( hope does n reg>d2 s9ce ! object ( hope is ardu\s & div9e4 ,temp]ance1 h[ev]1 consid]$ z a human virtue1 deals ) ! desires ( s5sible pleasures1 :i* belong to ! concupiscible faculty4 ,simil>ly1 =titude regulates d>+ & fe>1 :i* reside 9 ! irascible "p4 ,consequ5tly temp]ance1 9 s f> z x is a human virtue1 resides 9 ! concupiscible "p1 & =titude 9 ! irascible4 ,b !y d n exi/ 9 ! angels 9 ?is mann]4 ,= 9 !m !re are no passions ( concupisc5ce1 nor ( fe> & d>+1 to be regulat$ by temp]ance & =titude4 ,b temp]ance is pr$icat$ ( !m accord+ z 9 mod]ation !y display _! w 9 con=mity ) ! ,div9e w4 ,=titude is likewise attribut$ to !m1 9 s f> z !y firmly c>ry out ! ,div9e w4 ,all ( ?is is done by _! w1 & n by ! irascible or concupiscible appetite4 ,,"q #fj ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,or ,,dilection ,,( ,,! ,,angels 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,! next subject = our consid]ation is t act ( ! w :i* is love or dilection2 because e act ( ! appetitive faculty comes ( love4 ,"u ?is head+ !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is natural love 9 ! angels8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re is 9 !m love ( *oice8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! angel loves himself ) natural love or ) love ( *oice8 7#d7 ,:e!r "o angel loves ano!r ) natural love z he loves himself8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! angel loves ,god m ?an self ) natural love8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,natural ,love or ,dilection 9 an ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no natural love or dilection 9 ! angels4 ,=1 natural love is contradi/+ui%$ f intellectual love1 z /at$ by ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b an angel's love is intellectual4 ,!re=e x is n natural4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o love ) natural love are m act$ ^u ?an active 9 !mselves2 = no?+ has control ov] its own nature4 ,n[ ! angels are n act$ ^u1 b act ( !mselves2 because !y possess free-w1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #c74 ,consequ5tly !re is no natural love 9 !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e love is ei!r ord9ate or inord9ate4 ,n[ ord9ate love belongs to *>ity2 :ile inord9ate love belongs to wick$ness4 ,b nei!r ( ^! belongs to nature2 because *>ity is above nature1 :ile wick$ness is aga9/ nature4 ,!re=e !re is no natural love 9 ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,love results f k2 =1 no?+ is lov$ except x be fir/ kn[n1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a1b74 ,b !re is natural k 9 ! angels4 ,!re=e !re is also natural love4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ necess>ily place natural love 9 ! angels4 ,9 evid5ce ( ?is we mu/ be> 9 m9d t :at comes fir/ is always su/a9$ 9 :at comes aft] x4 ,n[ nature comes be=e intellect1 because ! nature ( e subject is its ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly :atev] belongs to nature mu/ be pres]v$ likewise 9 su* subjects z h intellect4 ,b x is common to e nature to h "s incl9ation2 & ?is is its natural appetite or love4 ,?is incl9ation is f\nd to exi/ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t natures2 b 9 ea* accord+ to its mode4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! intellectual nature !re is to be f\nd a natural incl9ation com+ f ! w2 9 ! s5sitive nature1 accord+ to ! s5sitive appetite2 b 9 a nature devoid ( k1 only accord+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! nature to some?+4 ,!re=e1 s9ce an angel is an intellectual nature1 !re mu/ be a natural love 9 8 w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,intellectual love is contradi/+ui%$ f t natural love1 :i* is m]ely natural1 9 s f> z x belongs to a nature :i* has n likewise ! p]fection ( ei!r s5se or intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ?+s 9 ! _w are mov$ to act by some?+ else except ! ,fir/ ,ag5t1 ,:o acts 9 su* a mann] t ,he is 9 no way mov$ to act by ano!r2 & 9 ,:om nature & w are ! same4 ,s !re is no?+ unfitt+ 9 an angel be+ mov$ to act 9 s f> z su* natural incl9ation is implant$ 9 him by ! ,au?or ( 8 nature4 ,yet he is n s mov$ to act t he does n act himself1 because he has free-w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z natural k is always true1 s is natural love well regulat$2 because natural love is no?+ else ?an ! incl9ation implant$ 9 nature by its ,au?or4 ,to say t a natural incl9ation is n well regulat$1 is to d]ogate f ! ,au?or ( nature4 ,yet ! rectitude ( natural love is diff]5t f ! rectitude ( *>ity & virtue3 because ! "o rectitude p]fects ! o!r2 ev5 s ! tru? ( natural k is ( "o k9d1 & ! tru? ( infus$ or acquir$ k is ( ano!r4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,love ( ,*oice 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no love ( *oice 9 ! angels4 ,= love ( *oice appe>s to be rational love2 s9ce *oice foll[s c\nsel1 :i* lies 9 inquiry1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,n[ rational love is contra/$ ) intellectual1 :i* is prop] to angels1 z is said 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e !re is no love ( *oice 9 ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angels h only natural k besides su* z is infus$3 s9ce !y d n proce$ f pr9ciples to acquire ! k ( conclusions4 ,h5ce !y are dispos$ to ev]y?+ !y c "k1 z our intellect is dispos$ t[>ds fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* x c "k naturally4 ,n[ love foll[s k1 z has be5 already /at$ 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a74 ,consequ5tly1 besides _! infus$ love1 !re is only natural love 9 ! angels4 ,!re=e !re is no love ( *oice 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we nei!r m]it nor dem]it by our natural acts4 ,b by _! love ! angels m]it or dem]it4 ,!re=e !re is love ( *oice 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re exi/s 9 ! angels a natural love1 & a love ( *oice4 ,_! natural love is ! pr9ciple ( _! love ( *oice2 because1 :at belongs to t :i* prec$es1 has always ! nature ( a pr9ciple4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce nature is fir/ 9 ev]y?+1 :at belongs to nature mu/ be a pr9ciple 9 ev]y?+4 ,?is is cle>ly evid5t 9 man1 ) respect to bo? 8 intellect & 8 w4 ,= ! intellect kn[s pr9ciples naturally2 & f su* k 9 man comes ! k ( conclusions1 :i* are kn[n by him n naturally1 b by discov]y1 or by tea*+4 ,9 l mann]1 ! end acts 9 ! w 9 ! same way z ! pr9ciple does 9 ! intellect1 z is laid d[n 9 ,phys4 ii1 text4 #hi4 ,consequ5tly ! w t5ds naturally to its la/ end2 = e man naturally wills happ9ess3 & all o!r desires are caus$ by ?is natural desire2 s9ce :atev] a man wills he wills on acc\nt ( ! end4 ,!re=e ! love ( t good1 :i* a man naturally wills z an end1 is 8 natural love2 b ! love :i* comes ( ?is1 :i* is ( some?+ lov$ = ! end's sake1 is ! love ( *oice4 ,!re is h[ev] a diff]5ce on ! "p ( ! intellect & on ! "p ( ! w4 ,because1 z 0 /at$ already 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #b71 ! m9d's k is br\ght ab\t by ! inw>d pres5ce ( ! kn[n )9 ! kn[]4 ,x comes ( ! imp]fection ( man's intellectual nature t 8 m9d does n simultane\sly possess all ?+s capable ( be+ und]/ood1 b only a few ?+s f :i* he is mov$ 9 a measure to grasp o!r ?+s4 ,! act ( ! appetitive faculty1 on ! contr>y1 foll[s ! incl9ation ( man t[>ds ?+s2 "s ( :i* are good 9 !mselves1 & consequ5tly are appetible 9 !mselves2 o!rs be+ good only 9 relation to some?+ else1 & be+ appetible on acc\nt ( some?+ else4 ,consequ5tly x does n argue imp]fection 9 ! p]son desir+1 = him to seek "o ?+ naturally z 8 end1 & some?+ else f *oice z orda9$ to su* end4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! intellectual nature ( ! angels is p]fect1 only natural & n d$uctive k is to be f\nd 9 !m1 b !re is to be f\nd 9 !m bo? natural love & love ( *oice4 ,9 say+ all ?is1 we are pass+ ov] all t reg>ds ?+s :i* are above nature1 s9ce nature is n ! suffici5t pr9ciple !re(3 b we %all speak ( !m lat] on 7,q4 #fb74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n all love ( *oice is rational love1 accord+ z rational is di/+ui%$ f intellectual love4 ,= rational love is s call$ :i* foll[s d$uctive k3 b1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 :5 treat+ ( free-w1 e *oice does n foll[ a discursive act ( ! reason2 b only human *oice4 ,consequ5tly ! conclusion does n foll[4 ,! reply to ! second objection foll[s f :at has be5 said4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,angel ,loves ,himself ) ,bo? ,natural ,love1 & ,love ( ,*oice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel does n love himself bo? ) natural love & a love ( *oice4 ,=1 z 0 said 7,a4 #b71 natural love reg>ds ! end itself2 :ile love ( *oice reg>ds ! means to ! end4 ,b ! same ?+1 ) reg>d to ! same1 _c be bo? ! end & a means to ! end4 ,!re=e natural love & ! love ( *oice _c h ! same object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,dionysius obs]ves 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,love is a unit+ & a b9d+ p[]4 ,b unit+ & b9d+ imply v>i\s ?+s br\ght toge!r4 ,!re=e ! angel _c love himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 love is a k9d ( movem5t4 ,b e movem5t t5ds t[>ds some?+ else4 ,!re=e x seems t an angel _c love himself ) ei!r natural or elective love4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h73 ,love = o!rs comes ( love = oneself4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! object ( love is good1 & good is to be f\nd bo? 9 sub/ance & 9 accid5t1 z is cle> f ,e?ic4 i1 #f1 a ?+ may be lov$ 9 two ways2 fir/ ( all z a subsi/+ good2 & secondly z an accid5tal or inh]5t good4 ,t is lov$ z a subsi/+ good1 :i* is s lov$ t we wi% well to x4 ,b t :i* we wi% unto ano!r1 is lov$ z an accid5tal or inh]5t good3 ?us k is lov$1 n t any good may come to x b t x may be possess$4 ,?is k9d ( love has be5 call$ by ! "n concupisc5ce :ile ! fir/ is call$ fri5d%ip4 ,n[ x is manife/ t 9 ?+s devoid ( k1 ev]y?+ naturally seeks to procure :at is good = itself2 z fire seeks to m\nt upw>ds4 ,consequ5tly bo? angel & man naturally seek _! own good & p]fection4 ,?is is to love self4 ,h5ce angel & man naturally love self1 9 s f> z by natural appetite ea* desires :at is good = self4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ea* loves self ) ! love ( *oice1 9 s f> z f *oice he wi%es = some?+ :i* w b5efit himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n "u ! same b "u q diff]5t aspects t an angel or a man loves self ) natural & ) elective love1 z 0 obs]v$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z to be "o is bett] ?an to be unit$1 s !re is m on5ess 9 love :i* is direct$ to self ?an 9 love :i* unites "o to o!rs4 ,dionysius us$ ! t]ms unit+ & b9d+ 9 ord] to %[ ! d]ivation ( love f self to ?+s outside self2 z unit+ is d]iv$ f unity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z love is an action :i* rema9s )9 ! ag5t1 s also is x a movem5t :i* abides )9 ! lov]1 b does n ( necessity t5d t[>ds some?+ else2 yet x c be reflect$ back ^u ! lov] s t he loves himself2 j z k is reflect$ back ^u ! kn[]1 9 su* a way t he kn[s himself4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,angel ,loves ,ano!r ) ,natural ,love ,z ,he ,loves ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel does n love ano!r ) natural love z he loves himself4 ,= love foll[s k4 ,b an angel does n "k ano!r z he kn[s himself3 because he kn[s himself by 8 ess5ce1 :ile he kn[s ano!r by 8 similitude1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ef1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e x seems t "o angel does n love ano!r ) natural love z he loves himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! cause is m p[]ful ?an ! effect2 & ! pr9ciple ?an :at is d]iv$ f x4 ,b love = ano!r comes ( love = self1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h74 ,!re=e "o angel does n love ano!r z himself1 b loves himself m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 natural love is ( some?+ z an end1 & is unremovable4 ,b no angel is ! end ( ano!r2 & aga91 su* love c be sev]$ f him1 z is ! case ) ! demons1 :o h no love = ! good angels4 ,!re=e an angel does n love ano!r ) natural love z he loves himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t seems to be a natural prop]ty :i* is f\nd 9 all1 ev5 9 su* z devoid ( reason4 ,b1 e bea/ loves its l1 z is said1 ,ecclus4 #ac3ai4 ,!re=e an angel naturally loves ano!r z he loves himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 obs]v$ 7,a4 #c71 bo? angel & man naturally love self4 ,n[ :at is "o ) a ?+1 is t ?+ itself3 consequ5tly e ?+ loves :at is "o ) itself4 ,s1 if ?is be "o ) x by natural union1 x loves x ) natural love2 b if x be "o ) x by non-natural union1 !n x loves x ) non-natural love4 ,?us a man loves 8 fell[ t[nsman ) a social love1 :ile he loves a blood relation ) natural affection1 9 s f> z he is "o ) him 9 ! pr9ciple ( natural g5]ation4 ,n[ x is evid5t t :at is g5]ically or specifically "o ) ano!r1 is ! "o accord+ to nature4 ,& s ev]y?+ loves ano!r :i* is "o ) x 9 species1 ) a natural affection1 9 s f> z x loves its own species4 ,?is is manife/ ev5 9 ?+s devoid ( k3 = fire has a natural incl9ation to communicate its =m to ano!r ?+1 :]e9 consi/s ?is o!r ?+'s good2 z x is naturally incl9$ to seek its own good1 namely1 to be borne upw>ds4 ,s !n1 x mu/ be said t "o angel loves ano!r ) natural affection1 9 s f> z he is "o ) him 9 nature4 ,b s f> z an angel has some?+ else 9 common ) ano!r angel1 or diff]s f him 9 o!r respects1 he does n love him ) natural love4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! expression 'z himself' c 9 "o way qualify ! k & ! love on ! "p ( ! "o kn[n & lov$3 & ?us "o angel kn[s ano!r z himself1 because he kn[s ! o!r to be ev5 z he kn[s himself to be4 ,9 ano!r way ! expression c qualify ! k & ! love on ! "p ( ! kn[] & lov]4 ,& ?us "o angel does n "k ano!r z himself1 because he kn[s himself by 8 ess5ce1 & ! o!r n by ! o!r's ess5ce4 ,9 l mann] he does n love ano!r z he loves himself1 because he loves himself by 8 own w2 b he does n love ano!r by ! o!r's w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! expression z does n d5ote equality1 b lik5ess4 ,= s9ce natural affection re/s ^u natural unity1 ! angel naturally loves less :at is less "o ) him4 ,consequ5tly he loves m :at is num]ically "o ) himself1 ?an :at is "o only g5]ically or specifically4 ,b x is natural = him to h a l love = ano!r z = himself1 9 ?is respect1 t z he loves self 9 wi%+ well to self1 s he loves ano!r 9 wi%+ well to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,natural love is said to be ( ! end1 n z ( t end to :i* good is will$1 b r z ( t good :i* "o wills = oneself1 & 9 consequ5ce = ano!r1 z unit$ to oneself4 ,nor c su* natural love be /ripp$ f ! wick$ angels1 )\t _! /ill reta9+ a natural affection t[>ds ! good angels1 9 s f> z !y %>e ! same nature ) !m4 ,b !y hate !m1 9 s f> z !y are unlike !m accord+ to righte\sness & unrighte\sness4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r an angel by natural love loves ,god m ?an he loves himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel does n love ,god by natural love m ?an he loves himself4 ,=1 z 0 /at$ 7,a4 #d71 natural love re/s ^u natural union4 ,n[ ! ,div9e nature is f> above ! angelic nature4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to natural love1 ! angel loves ,god less ?an self1 or ev5 ?an ano!r angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,t on acc\nt ( :i* a ?+ is su*1 is yet m s4 ,b e "o loves ano!r ) natural love = 8 own sake3 because "o ?+ loves ano!r z good = itself4 ,!re=e ! angel does n love ,god m ?an self ) natural love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 nature is self-c5t]$ 9 its op]ation2 = we behold e ag5t act+ naturally = its own pres]vation4 ,b nature's op]ation w\ld n be self-c5t]$ 7 x to t5d t[>ds any?+ else m ?an to nature itself4 ,!re=e ! angel does n love ,god m ?an himself f natural love4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is prop] to *>ity to love ,god m ?an self4 ,b to love f *>ity is n natural to ! angels2 = x is p\r$ out ^u _! he>ts by ! ,holy ,_s ,:o is giv5 to !m1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii1 #i74 ,!re=e ! angels d n love ,god m ?an !mselves by natural love4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 natural love la/s :ile nature endures4 ,b ! love ( ,god m ?an self does n rema9 9 ! angel or man :o s9s2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv71 ,two loves h made two cities2 namely love ( self unto ! contempt ( ,god has made ! e>?ly city2 :ile love ( ,god unto ! contempt ( self has made ! heav5ly city4 ,!re=e x is n natural to love ,god m ?an self4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all ! moral precepts ( ! law come ( ! law ( nature4 ,b ! precept ( lov+ ,god m ?an self is a moral precept ( ! law4 ,!re=e1 x is ( ! law ( nature4 ,consequ5tly f natural love ! angel loves ,god m ?an himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re h be5 "s :o ma9ta9$ t an angel loves ,god m ?an himself ) natural love1 bo? z to ! love ( concupisc5ce1 ?r\gh 8 seek+ ! ,div9e good = himself r ?an 8 own good2 &1 9 a fa%ion1 z to ! love ( fri5d%ip1 9 s f> z he naturally desires a great] good to ,god ?an to himself2 because he naturally wi%es ,god to be ,god1 :ile z = himself1 he wills to h 8 own nature4 ,b absolutely speak+1 out ( ! natural love he loves himself m ?an he does ,god1 because he naturally loves himself be=e ,god1 & ) great] int5sity4 ,! falsity ( su* an op9ion /&s 9 evid5ce1 if "o b consid] :i!r natural movem5t t5ds 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s2 because ! natural t5d5cy ( ?+s devoid ( reason %[s ! nature ( ! natural incl9ation resid+ 9 ! w ( an intellectual nature4 ,n[1 9 natural ?+s1 ev]y?+ :i*1 z su*1 naturally belongs to ano!r1 is pr9cipally1 & m /rongly incl9$ to t o!r to :i* x belongs1 ?an t[>ds itself4 ,su* a natural t5d5cy is evid5c$ f ?+s :i* are mov$ accord+ to nature3 because accord+ z a ?+ is mov$ naturally1 x has an inborn aptitude to be ?us mov$1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 text4 #gh4 ,= we obs]ve t ! "p naturally exposes itself 9 ord] to safegu>d ! :ole2 z1 = in/ance1 ! h& is )\t delib]ation expos$ to ! bl[ = ! :ole body's safety4 ,& s9ce reason copies nature1 we f9d ! same incl9ation among ! social virtues2 = x behooves ! virtu\s citiz5 to expose himself to ! dang] ( dea? = ! public weal ( ! /ate2 & if man 7 a natural "p ( ! city1 !n su* incl9ation w\ld be natural to him4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ,god is ! univ]sal good1 & "u ?is good bo? man & angel & all creatures are compris$1 because e creature 9 reg>d to its entire be+ naturally belongs to ,god1 x foll[s t f natural love angel & man alike love ,god be=e !mselves & ) a great] love4 ,o!rwise1 if ei!r ( !m lov$ self m ?an ,god1 x w\ld foll[ t natural love w\ld be p]v]se1 & t x w\ld n be p]fect$ b de/roy$ by *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,su* reason+ holds good ( ?+s adequately divid$ :]e( "o is n ! cause ( ! exi/5ce & goodness ( ! o!r2 = 9 su* natures ea* loves itself naturally m ?an x does ! o!r1 inasmu* z x is m "o ) itself ?an x is ) ! o!r4 ,b :]e "o is ! :ole cause ( ! exi/5ce & goodness ( ! o!r1 t "o is naturally m lov$ ?an self2 because1 z we said above1 ea* "p naturally loves ! :ole m ?an itself3 & ea* individual naturally loves ! good ( ! species m ?an its own individual good4 ,n[ ,god is n only ! good ( "o species1 b is absolutely ! univ]sal good2 h5ce ev]y?+ 9 its own way naturally loves ,god m ?an itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 x is said t ,god is lov$ by an angel 9 s f> z ,he is good to ! angel1 if ! expression 9 s f> d5otes an end1 !n x is false2 = he does n naturally love ,god = 8 own good1 b = ,god's sake4 ,if x d5otes ! nature ( love on ! lov]'s "p1 !n x is true2 = x w\ld n be 9 ! nature ( anyone to love ,god1 except f ?is--t ev]y?+ is dep5d5t on t good :i* is ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,nature's op]ation is self-c5t]$ n m]ely z to c]ta9 p>ticul> details1 b mu* m z to :at is common2 = ev]y?+ is incl9$ to pres]ve n m]ely its individuality1 b likewise its species4 ,& mu* m has ev]y?+ a natural incl9ation t[>ds :at is ! absolutely univ]sal good4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,god1 9 s f> z ,he is ! univ]sal good1 f ,:om e natural good dep5ds1 is lov$ by ev]y?+ ) natural love4 ,s f> z ,he is ! good :i* ( its v nature beatifies all ) sup]natural beatitude1 ,he is love ) ! love ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,s9ce ,god's sub/ance & univ]sal goodness are "o & ! same1 all :o behold ,god's ess5ce are by ! same movem5t ( love mov$ t[>ds ! ,div9e ess5ce z x is di/9ct f o!r ?+s1 & accord+ z x is ! univ]sal good4 ,& because ,he is naturally lov$ by all s f> z ,he is ! univ]sal good1 x is impossible t :oev] sees ,him 9 ,8 ess5ce %\ld n love ,him4 ,b su* z d n behold ,8 ess5ce1 "k ,him by "s p>ticul> effects1 :i* are sometimes oppos$ to _! w4 ,s 9 ?is way !y are said to hate ,god2 yet nev]!less1 s f> z ,he is ! univ]sal good ( all1 e ?+ naturally loves ,god m ?an itself4 ,,"q #fa ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,9 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,natural ,,be+ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] deal+ ) ! nature ( ! angels1 _! k & w1 x n[ rema9s = u to treat ( _! creation1 or1 speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 ( _! orig94 ,su* consid]ation is ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place we mu/ see h[ !y 7 br\ght into natural exi/5ce2 secondly1 h[ !y 7 made p]fect 9 grace or glory2 & ?irdly1 h[ "s ( !m became wick$4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! angel has a cause ( 8 exi/5ce8 7#b7 ,:e!r he has exi/$ f et]nity8 7#c7 ,:e!r he 0 creat$ be=e corporeal creatures8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! angels 7 creat$ 9 ! empyrean heav58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,angels ,h a ,cause ( ,_! ,exi/5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels h no cause ( _! exi/5ce4 ,= ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis treats ( ?+s creat$ by ,god4 ,b !re is no m5tion ( angels4 ,!re=e ! angels 7 n creat$ by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 viii1 text4 #af7 t if any sub/ance be a =m )\t matt]1 /raightway x has be+ & unity ( itself1 & has no cause ( its be+ & unity4 ,b ! angels are immat]ial =ms1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e !y h no cause ( _! be+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is produc$ by any ag5t1 f ! v fact ( its be+ produc$1 receives =m f x4 ,b s9ce ! angels are =ms1 !y d n d]ive _! =m f any ag5t4 ,!re=e ! angels h no active cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #adh3b73 ,praise ye ,him1 all ,8 angels2 & fur!r on1 v]se #e3 ,= ,he spoke & !y 7 made4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ be affirm$ t angels & ev]y?+ exi/+1 except ,god1 7 made by ,god4 ,god alone is ,8 own exi/5ce2 :ile 9 ev]y?+ else ! ess5ce diff]s f ! exi/5ce1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #d74 ,f ?is x is cle> t ,god alone exi/s ( ,8 own ess5ce3 :ile all o!r ?+s h _! exi/5ce by p>ticipation4 ,n[ :atev] exi/s by p>ticipation is caus$ by :at exi/s ess5tially2 z ev]y?+ ignit$ is caus$ by fire4 ,consequ5tly ! angels1 ( necessity1 7 made by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #ej7 t ! angels 7 n pass$ ov] 9 t acc\nt ( ! fir/ creation ( ?+s1 b are designat$ by ! "n heav5s or ( light4 ,& !y 7 ei!r pass$ ov]1 or else designat$ by ! names ( corporeal ?+s1 because ,moses 0 address+ an uncultur$ p1 z yet incapable ( und]/&+ an incorporeal nature2 & if x _h be5 divulg$ t !re 7 creatures exi/+ beyond corporeal nature1 x w\ld h prov$ to !m an occasion ( idolatry1 to :i* !y 7 incl9$1 & f :i* ,moses especially meant to safegu>d !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sub/ances t are subsi/+ =ms h no '=mal' cause ( _! exi/5ce & unity1 nor su* active cause z produces its effect by *ang+ ! matt] f a /ate ( pot5tiality to actuality2 b !y h a cause productive ( _! entire sub/ance4 ,f ?is ! solution ( ! ?ird difficulty is manife/4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,angel ,0 ,produc$ by ,god f ,et]nity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel 0 produc$ by ,god f et]nity4 ,= ,god is ! cause ( ! angel by ,8 be+3 = ,he does n act ?r\gh some?+ besides ,8 ess5ce4 ,b ,8 be+ is et]nal4 ,!re=e ,he produc$ ! angels f et]nity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ :i* exi/s at "o p]iod & n at ano!r1 is subject to "t4 ,b ! angel is above "t1 z is laid d[n 9 ! book ,de ,causis4 ,!re=e ! angel is n at "o "t exi/+ & at ano!r non-exi/+1 b exi/s always4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiii7 proves ! s\l's incorruptibility by ! fact t ! m9d is capable ( tru?4 ,b z tru? is incorruptible1 s is x et]nal4 ,!re=e ! intellectual nature ( ! s\l & ( ! angel is n only incorruptible1 b likewise et]nal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,prov4 #h3bb71 9 ! p]son ( begott5 ,wisdom3 ,! ,"l possess$ me 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,8 ways1 be=e ,he made any?+ f ! beg9n+4 ,b1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a71 ! angels 7 made by ,god4 ,!re=e at "o "t ! angels 7 n4 ,i answ] t1 ,god alone1 ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 is f et]nity4 ,ca?olic ,fai? holds ?is )\t d\bt2 & ev]y?+ to ! contr>y mu/ be reject$ z h]etical4 ,= ,god s produc$ creatures t ,he made !m f no?+2 t is1 aft] !y _h n be54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god's be+ is ,8 w4 ,s ! fact t ,god produc$ ! angels & o!r creatures by ,8 be+ does n exclude t ,he made !m also by ,8 w4 ,b1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #a71 ,god's w does n act by necessity 9 produc+ creatures4 ,!re=e ,he produc$ su* z ,he will$1 & :5 ,he will$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an angel is above t "t :i* is ! measure ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5s2 because he is above e movem5t ( a corporeal nature4 ,nev]!less he is n above "t :i* is ! measure ( ! succession ( 8 exi/5ce aft] 8 non-exi/5ce1 & :i* is also ! measure ( ! succession :i* is 9 8 op]ations4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #bj1ba7 t ,god moves ! spiritual creature accord+ to "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,angels & intellig5t s\ls are incorruptible by ! v fact ( _! hav+ a nature :]eby !y are capable ( tru?4 ,b !y did n possess ?is nature f et]nity2 x 0 be/[$ ^u !m :5 ,god ,himself will$ x4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t ! angels exi/$ f et]nity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,angels ,7 ,creat$ ,be=e ! ,corporeal ,_w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels 7 creat$ be=e ! corporeal _w4 ,= ,j]ome says 7,9 ,ep4 ad ,tit4 i1 #b73 ,six ?\s& ye>s ( our "t h n yet elaps$2 yet h[ %all we measure ! "t1 h[ %all we c\nt ! ages1 9 :i* ! ,angels1 ,?rones1 ,dom9ations1 & ! o!r ord]s s]v$ ,god8 ,damasc5e also says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii73 ,"s say t ! angels 7 begott5 be=e all creation2 z ,gregory ! ,!ologian decl>es1 ,he fir/ ( all devis$ ! angelic & heav5ly p[]s1 & ! devis+ 0 ! mak+ !re(4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angelic nature /&s midway betwe5 ! ,div9e & ! corporeal natures4 ,b ! ,div9e nature is f et]nity2 :ile corporeal nature is f "t4 ,!re=e ! angelic nature 0 produc$ ere "t 0 made1 & aft] et]nity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! angelic nature is m remote f ! corporeal nature ?an "o corporeal nature is f ano!r4 ,b "o corporeal nature 0 made be=e ano!r2 h5ce ! six days ( ! production ( ?+s are set =? 9 ! op5+ ( ,g5esis4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 0 ! angelic nature made be=e e corporeal nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #a3a73 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,n[1 ?is w\ld n be true if any?+ _h be5 creat$ previ\sly4 ,consequ5tly ! angels 7 n creat$ be=e corporeal nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is a tw(old op9ion on ?is po9t to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,! m probable "o holds t ! angels 7 creat$ at ! same "t z corporeal creatures4 ,= ! angels are "p ( ! univ]se3 !y d n con/itute a univ]se ( !mselves2 b bo? !y & corporeal natures unite 9 con/itut+ "o univ]se4 ,?is /&s 9 evid5ce f ! relation%ip ( creature to creature2 because ! mutual relation%ip ( creatures makes up ! good ( ! univ]se4 ,b no "p is p]fect if sep>ate f ! :ole4 ,consequ5tly x is improbable t ,god1 ,^: works are p]fect1 z x is said ,deut4 #cb3d1 %\ld h creat$ ! angelic creature be=e o!r creatures4 ,at ! same "t ! contr>y is n to be deem$ errone\s2 especially on acc\nt ( ! op9ion ( ,gregory ,nazianz51 ^: au?ority 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e is ( su* weight t no "o has ev] rais$ objection to 8 tea*+1 z is also ! case ) ! doctr9e ( ,a?anasius1 z ,j]ome says4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j]ome is speak+ accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs2 all ( :om hold ! creation ( ! angels to h tak5 place previ\sly to t ( ! corporeal _w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is n a "p (1 b f> above1 ! :ole univ]se1 possess+ )9 ,himself ! entire p]fection ( ! univ]se 9 a m em95t way4 ,b an angel is a "p ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison does n hold4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all corporeal creatures are "o 9 matt]2 :ile ! angels d n agree ) !m 9 matt]4 ,consequ5tly ! creation ( ! matt] ( ! corporeal creature involves 9 a mann] ! creation ( all ?+s2 b ! creation ( ! angels does n involve creation ( ! univ]se4 ,if ! contr>y view be held1 !n 9 ! text ( ,g54 #a1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+1 mu/ be int]pret$1 ,9 ! ,son1 or ,9 ! beg9n+ ( "t3 b n1 ,9 ! beg9n+1 be=e :i* !re 0 no?+1 unless we say ,be=e :i* !re 0 no?+ ( ! nature ( corporeal creatures4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,angels ,7 ,creat$ 9 ! ,empyrean ,heav58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels 7 n creat$ 9 ! empyrean heav54 ,= ! angels are incorporeal sub/ances4 ,n[ a sub/ance :i* is incorporeal is n dep5d5t ^u a body = its exi/5ce2 & z a consequ5ce1 nei!r is x = its creation4 ,!re=e ! angels 7 n creat$ 9 any corporeal place4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,g54 ad lit4 iii1 #aj71 t ! angels 7 creat$ 9 ! upp] atmosph]e3 !re=e n 9 ! empyrean heav54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! empyrean heav5 is said to be ! highe/ heav54 ,if !re=e ! angels 7 creat$ 9 ! empyrean heav51 x w\ld n beseem !m to m\nt up to a /ill high] heav54 ,& ?is is contr>y to :at is said 9 ,isaias1 speak+ 9 ! p]son ( ! s9n+ angel3 ,i w asc5d into heav5 7,isa4 #ad3ac74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,/rabus1 comm5t+ on ! text ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 says3 ,by heav5 he does n mean ! visible firmam5t1 b ! empyrean1 t is1 ! fi]y or intellectual firmam5t1 :i* is n s /yl$ f its heat1 b f its spl5dor2 & :i* 0 fill$ ) angels directly x 0 made4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 obs]v$ 7,a4 #c71 ! univ]se is made up ( corporeal & spiritual creatures4 ,consequ5tly spiritual creatures 7 s creat$ z to be> "s relation%ip to ! corporeal creature1 & to rule ov] e corporeal creature4 ,h5ce x 0 fitt+ = ! angels to be creat$ 9 ! highe/ corporeal place1 z presid+ ov] all corporeal nature2 :e!r x be /yl$ ! empyrean heav51 or :atev] else x be call$4 ,s ,isidore says t ! highe/ heav5 is ! heav5 ( ! angels1 expla9+ ! passage ( ,deut4 #aj3ad3 ,behold heav5 is ! ,"l's ?y ,god1 & ! heav5 ( heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! angels 7 creat$ 9 a corporeal place1 n z if dep5d+ ^u a body ei!r z to _! exi/5ce or z to _! be+ made2 because ,god c\ld h creat$ !m be=e all corporeal creation1 z _m holy ,doctors hold4 ,!y 7 made 9 a corporeal place 9 ord] to %[ _! relation%ip to corporeal nature1 & t !y are by _! p[] 9 t\* ) bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by ! upp]mo/ atmosph]e ,augu/9e possibly means ! highe/ "p ( heav51 to :i* ! atmosph]e has a k9d ( aff9ity ow+ to its subtlety & transp>5cy4 ,or else he is n speak+ ( all ! angels2 b only ( su* z s9n$1 :o1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 belong$ to ! inf]ior ord]s4 ,b !re is no?+ to h9d] u f say+ t ! high] angels1 z hav+ an exalt$ & univ]sal p[] ov] all corporeal ?+s1 7 creat$ 9 ! highe/ place ( ! corporeal creature2 :ile ! o!r angels1 z hav+ m re/rict$ p[]s1 7 creat$ among ! inf]ior bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,isaias is n speak+ !re ( any corporeal heav51 b ( ! heav5 ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity2 unto :i* ! s9n+ angel wi%$ to asc5d1 :5 he desir$ to be equal 9 "s mann] to ,god1 z w appe> lat] on 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #c74 ,,"q #fb ,,( ,,! ,,p]fection ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,9 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,grace ,,& ,,( ,,glory 7,9 ,n9e ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we h to inquire h[ ! angels 7 made 9 ! ord] ( grace & ( glory2 "u :i* head+ !re are n9e po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,7 ! angels creat$ 9 beatitude8 7#b7 ,did !y ne$ grace 9 ord] to turn to ,god8 7#c7 ,7 !y creat$ 9 grace8 7#d7 ,did !y m]it _! beatitude8 7#e7 ,did !y at once ent] into beatitude aft] m]it8 7#f7 ,did !y receive grace & glory accord+ to _! natural capacities8 7#g7 ,aft] ent]+ glory1 did _! natural love & k rema98 7#h7 ,c\ld !y h s9n$ aft]w>ds8 7#i7 ,aft] ent]+ into glory1 c\ld !y advance f>!r8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,angels ,7 ,creat$ 9 ,beatitude8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels 7 creat$ 9 beatitude4 ,= x is /at$ 7,de ,eccl4 ,dogm4 xxix7 t ! angels :o cont9ue 9 ! beatitude :]e9 !y 7 creat$1 d n ( _! nature possess ! excell5ce !y h4 ,!re=e ! angels 7 creat$ 9 beatitude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angelic nature is nobl] ?an ! corporeal creature4 ,b ! corporeal creature /raightway f its creation 0 made p]fect & complete2 nor did its lack ( =m take prec$5ce 9 "t1 b only 9 nature1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #ae74 ,!re=e nei!r did ,god create ! angelic nature imp]fect & incomplete4 ,b its =mation & p]fection are d]iv$ f its beatitude1 :]eby x enjoys ,god4 ,!re=e x 0 creat$ 9 beatitude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #cd2 v1 #e71 ! ?+s :i* we read ( z be+ made 9 ! works ( ! six days1 7 made toge!r at "o "t2 & s all ! six days mu/ h exi/$ in/antly f ! beg9n+ ( creation4 ,b1 accord+ to 8 exposition1 9 ^? six days1 ! morn+ 0 ! angelic k1 accord+ to :i* !y knew ! ,^w & ?+s 9 ! ,^w4 ,!re=e /raightway f _! creation !y knew ! ,^w1 & ?+s 9 ! ,^w4 ,b ! bliss ( ! angels comes ( see+ ! ,^w4 ,consequ5tly ! angels 7 9 beatitude /raightway f ! v beg9n+ ( _! creation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to be e/abli%$ or confirm$ 9 good is ( ! nature ( beatitude4 ,b ! angels 7 n confirm$ 9 good z soon z !y 7 creat$2 ! fall ( "s ( !m %[s ?is4 ,!re=e ! angels 7 n 9 beatitude f _! creation4 ,i answ] t1 ,by ! "n ( beatitude is und]/ood ! ultimate p]fection ( rational or ( intellectual nature2 & h5ce x is t x is naturally desir$1 s9ce ev]y?+ naturally desires its ultimate p]fection4 ,n[ !re is a tw(old ultimate p]fection ( rational or ( intellectual nature4 ,! fir/ is "o :i* x c procure ( its own natural p[]2 & ?is is 9 a measure call$ beatitude or happ9ess4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 x7 says t man's ultimate happ9ess consi/s 9 8 mo/ p]fect contemplation1 :]eby 9 ?is life he c behold ! be/ intelligible object2 & t is ,god4 ,above ?is happ9ess !re is /ill ano!r1 :i* we look =w>d to 9 ! future1 :]eby we %all see ,god z ,he is4 ,?is is beyond ! nature ( e creat$ intellect1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d74 ,s1 !n1 x rema9s to be said1 t1 z reg>ds ?is fir/ beatitude1 :i* ! angel c\ld procure by 8 natural p[]1 he 0 creat$ already bless$4 ,because ! angel does n acquire su* beatitude by any progressive action1 z man does1 b1 z 0 obs]v$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 is /raightway 9 possession !re(1 ow+ to 8 natural dignity4 ,b ! angels did n h f ! beg9n+ ( _! creation t ultimate beatitude :i* is beyond ! p[] ( nature2 because su* beatitude is no "p ( _! nature1 b its end2 & consequ5tly !y ought n to h x imm$iately f ! beg9n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,beatitude is !re tak5 = t natural p]fection :i* ! angel _h 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! corporeal creature in/antly 9 ! beg9n+ ( its creation c\ld n h ! p]fection to :i* x is br\ght by its op]ation2 consequ5tly1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad4 lit4 v1 #d1 #bc2 viii1 #c71 ! gr[+ ( plants f ! e>? did n take place at once among ! fir/ works1 9 :i* only ! g]m9at+ p[] ( ! plants 0 be/[$ ^u ! e>?4 ,9 ! same way1 ! angelic creature 9 ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce _h ! p]fection ( its nature2 b x did n h ! p]fection to :i* x _h to come by its op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! angel has a tw(old k ( ! ,^w2 ! "o :i* is natural1 & ! o!r accord+ to glory4 ,he has a natural k :]eby he kn[s ! ,^w ?r\gh a similitude !re( %9+ 9 8 nature2 & he has a k ( glory :]eby he kn[s ! ,^w ?r\gh ,8 ess5ce4 ,by bo? k9ds ( k ! angel kn[s ?+s 9 ! ,^w2 imp]fectly by 8 natural k1 & p]fectly by 8 k ( glory4 ,!re=e ! fir/ k ( ?+s 9 ! ,^w 0 pres5t to ! angel f ! outset ( 8 creation2 :ile ! second 0 n1 b only :5 ! angels became bless$ by turn+ to ! good4 ,& ?is is prop]ly t]m$ _! morn+ k4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r an ,angel ,ne$s ,grace 9 ,ord] to ,turn to ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel _h no ne$ ( grace 9 ord] to turn to ,god4 ,=1 we h no ne$ ( grace = :at we c accompli% naturally4 ,b ! angel naturally turns to ,god3 because he loves ,god naturally1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e an angel did n ne$ grace 9 ord] to turn to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly we ne$ help only = difficult tasks4 ,n[ x 0 n a difficult task = ! angel to turn to ,god2 because !re 0 no ob/acle 9 him to su* turn+4 ,!re=e ! angel _h no ne$ ( grace 9 ord] to turn to ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to turn oneself to ,god is to dispose oneself = grace2 h5ce x is said 7,ze*4 #a3c73 ,turn ye to ,me1 & ,i w turn to y4 ,b we d n /& 9 ne$ ( grace 9 ord] to prep>e ourselves = grace3 = ?us we %\ld g on to inf9ity4 ,!re=e ! angel did n ne$ grace to turn to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x 0 by turn+ to ,god t ! angel rea*$ to beatitude4 ,if1 !n1 he _h ne$$ no grace 9 ord] to turn to ,god1 x w\ld foll[ t he did n require grace 9 ord] to possess ev]la/+ life4 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #f3bc73 ,! grace ( ,god is life ev]la/+4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angels /ood 9 ne$ ( grace 9 ord] to turn to ,god1 z ! object ( beatitude4 ,=1 z 0 obs]v$ above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #b7 ! natural movem5t ( ! w is ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s t we w4 ,b ! w's natural incl9ation is direct$ t[>ds :at is 9 keep+ ) its nature4 ,!re=e1 if !re is any?+ :i* is above nature1 ! w _c be incl9$ t[>ds x1 unless help$ by "s o!r sup]natural pr9ciple4 ,?us x is cle> t fire has a natural t5d5cy to give =? heat1 & to g5]ate fire2 :]eas to g5]ate fle% is beyond ! natural p[] ( fire2 consequ5tly1 fire has no t5d5cy !reto1 except 9 s f> z x is mov$ in/rum5tally by ! nutritive s\l4 ,n[ x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ab1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ,god's k1 t to see ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce1 :]e9 ! ultimate beatitude ( ! rational creature consi/s1 is beyond ! nature ( e creat$ intellect4 ,consequ5tly no rational creature c h ! movem5t ( ! w direct$ t[>ds su* beatitude1 except x be mov$ !reto by a sup]natural ag5t4 ,?is is :at we call ! help ( grace4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t an angel c\ld n ( 8 own w be turn$ to su* beatitude1 except by ! help ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! angel loves ,god naturally1 s f> z ,god is ! au?or ( 8 natural be+4 ,b "h we are speak+ ( turn+ to ,god1 s f> z ,god be/[s beatitude by ! vision ( ,8 ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ is difficult :i* is beyond a p[]2 & ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ( all1 because x is beyond ! natural capacity ( ! p[]4 ,?us1 if x c be atta9$ by "s help1 x is said to be difficult2 b if x c 9 no way be atta9$1 !n x is impossible2 ?us x is impossible = a man to fly4 ,9 ano!r way a ?+ may be beyond ! p[]1 n accord+ to ! natural ord] ( su* p[]1 b ow+ to "s int]v5+ h9drance2 z to m\nt upw>ds is n contr>y to ! natural ord] ( ! motive p[] ( ! s\l2 because ! s\l1 consid]$ 9 itself1 c be mov$ 9 any direction2 b is h9d]$ f s do+ by ! weight ( ! body2 consequ5tly x is difficult = a man to m\nt upw>ds4 ,to be turn$ to 8 ultimate beatitude is difficult = man1 bo? because x is beyond 8 nature1 & because he has a h9drance f ! corruption ( ! body & infection ( s94 ,b x is difficult = an angel1 only because x is sup]natural4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e movem5t ( ! w t[>ds ,god c be t]m$ a conv]sion to ,god4 ,& s !re is a ?reefold turn+ to ,god4 ,! fir/ is by ! p]fect love ( ,god2 ?is belongs to ! creature enjoy+ ! possession ( ,god2 & = su* conv]sion1 consummate grace is requir$4 ,! next turn+ to ,god is t :i* m]its beatitude2 & = ?is !re is requir$ habitual grace1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( m]it4 ,! ?ird conv]sion is t :]eby a man disposes himself s t he may h grace2 = ?is no habitual grace is requir$2 b ! op]ation ( ,god1 ,:o draws ! s\l t[>ds ,himself1 accord+ to ,lam5t4 #e3ba3 ,conv]t u1 ,o ,"l1 to ,!e1 & we %all be conv]t$4 ,h5ce x is cle> t !re is no ne$ to g on to inf9ity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,angels ,7 ,creat$ 9 ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels 7 n creat$ 9 grace4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #h7 t ! angelic nature 0 fir/ made )\t =m1 & 0 call$ heav53 b aft]w>ds x receiv$ its =m1 & 0 !n call$ light4 ,b su* =mation comes f grace4 ,!re=e !y 7 n creat$ 9 grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 grace turns ! rational creature t[>ds ,god4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! angel _h be5 creat$ 9 grace1 no angel w\ld ev] h turn$ away f ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 grace comes midway betwe5 nature & glory4 ,b ! angels 7 n beatifi$ 9 _! creation4 ,!re=e x seems t !y 7 n creat$ 9 grace2 b t !y 7 fir/ creat$ 9 nature only1 & !n receiv$ grace1 & t la/ ( all !y 7 beatifi$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii1 #i71 ,:o wr\ght ! good w ( ! angels8 ,:o1 save ,him ,:o creat$ !m ) ,8 w1 t is1 ) ! pure love :]e) !y cl+ to ,him2 at ! same "t build+ up _! nature & be/[+ grace on !m8 ,i answ] t1 ,al?\gh !re are conflict+ op9ions on ?is po9t1 "s hold+ t ! angels 7 creat$ only 9 a natural /ate1 :ile o!rs ma9ta9 t !y 7 creat$ 9 grace2 yet x seems m probable1 & m 9 keep+ ) ! say+s ( holy m51 t !y 7 creat$ 9 sanctify+ grace4 ,= we see t all ?+s :i*1 9 ! process ( "t1 be+ creat$ by ! "w ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 7 produc$ by ! op]ation ( ,god1 7 creat$ 9 ! fir/ fa%ion+ ( ?+s accord+ to se$like =ms1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #c71 su* z trees1 animals1 & ! re/4 ,n[ x is evid5t t sanctify+ grace be>s ! same relation to beatitude z ! se$like =m 9 nature does to ! natural effect2 h5ce 7#a ,john #c3i7 grace is call$ ! se$ ( ,god4 ,z1 !n1 9 ,augu/9e's op9ion x is cont5d$ t ! se$like =ms ( all natural effects 7 implant$ 9 ! creature :5 corporeally creat$1 s /raightway f ! beg9n+ ! angels 7 creat$ 9 grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,su* abs5ce ( =m 9 ! angels c be und]/ood ei!r by comp>ison ) _! =mation 9 glory2 & s ! abs5ce ( =mation prec$$ =mation by priority ( "t4 ,or else x c be und]/ood ( ! =mation accord+ to grace3 & s x did n prec$e 9 ! ord] ( "t1 b 9 ! ord] ( nature2 z ,augu/9e holds ) reg>d to ! =mation ( corporeal ?+s 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #ae74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e =m incl9es ! subject aft] ! mode ( ! subject's nature4 ,n[ x is ! mode ( an intellectual nature to be incl9$ freely t[>ds ! objects x desires4 ,consequ5tly ! movem5t ( grace does n impose necessity2 b he :o has grace c fail to make use ( x1 & c s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh 9 ! ord] ( nature grace comes midway betwe5 nature & glory1 nev]!less1 9 ! ord] ( "t1 9 creat$ nature1 glory is n simultane\s ) nature2 because glory is ! end ( ! op]ation ( nature help$ by grace4 ,b grace /&s n z ! end ( op]ation1 because x is n ( works1 b z ! pr9ciple ( "r op]ation4 ,!re=e x 0 fitt+ = grace to be giv5 /raightway ) nature4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,angel ,m]its ,8 ,beatitude8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel did n m]it 8 beatitude4 ,= m]it arises f ! difficulty ( ! m]itori\s act4 ,b ! angel exp]i5c$ no difficulty 9 act+ rightly4 ,!re=e righte\s action 0 n m]itori\s = him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we d n m]it by m]ely natural op]ations4 ,b x 0 q natural = ! angel to turn to ,god4 ,!re=e he did n !reby m]it beatitude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a beatifi$ angel m]it$ 8 beatitude1 he did s ei!r be=e he _h x1 or else aft]w>ds4 ,b x 0 n be=e2 because1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 he _h no grace be=e :]eby to m]it x4 ,nor did he m]it x aft]w>ds1 because ?us he w\ld be m]it+ x n[2 :i* is cle>ly false1 because 9 t case a l[] angel c\ld by m]it+ rise up to ! rank ( a high]1 & ! di/9ct degrees ( grace w\ld n be p]man5t2 :i* is n admissible4 ,consequ5tly ! angel did n m]it 8 beatitude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 7,apoc4 #ba3ag7 t ! measure ( ! angel 9 t heav5ly ,j]usalem is ! measure ( a man4 ,!re=e ! same is ! case ) ! angel4 ,i answ] t1 ,p]fect beatitude is natural only to ,god1 because exi/5ce & beatitude are "o & ! same ?+ 9 ,him4 ,beatitude1 h[ev]1 is n ( ! nature ( ! creature1 b is its end4 ,n[ ev]y?+ atta9s its la/ end by its op]ation4 ,su* op]ation lead+ to ! end is ei!r productive ( ! end1 :5 su* end is n beyond ! p[] ( ! ag5t work+ = ! end1 z ! heal+ art is productive ( heal?2 or else x is des]v+ ( ! end1 :5 su* end is beyond ! capacity ( ! ag5t /riv+ to atta9 x2 :]e=e x is look$ = f ano!r's be/[+4 ,n[ x is evid5t f :at has gone be=e 7,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #ab1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e71 ultimate beatitude exce$s bo? ! angelic & ! human nature4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t bo? man & angel m]it$ _! beatitude4 ,& if ! angel 0 creat$ 9 grace1 )\t :i* !re is no m]it1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 say+ t he m]it$ beatitude3 z also1 if "o 7 to say t he _h grace 9 any way be=e he _h glory4 ,b if he _h no grace be=e ent]+ ^u beatitude1 x w\ld !n h to be said t he _h beatitude )\t m]it1 ev5 z we h grace4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is q =eign to ! idea ( beatitude2 :i* conveys ! notion ( an end1 & is ! rew>d ( virtue1 z ev5 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #i74 ,or else x w h to be said1 z "s o!rs h ma9ta9$1 t ! angels m]it beatitude by _! pres5t m9i/rations1 :ile 9 beatitude4 ,?is is q contr>y1 aga91 to ! notion ( m]it3 s9ce m]it conveys ! idea ( a means to an end2 :ile :at is already 9 its end _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be mov$ t[>ds su* end2 & s no "o m]its to produce :at he already enjoys4 ,or else x w h to be said t "o & ! same act ( turn+ to ,god1 s f> z x comes ( free-w1 is m]itori\s2 & s f> z x atta9s ! end1 is ! fruition ( beatitude4 ,ev5 ?is view w n /&1 because free-w is n ! suffici5t cause ( m]it2 &1 consequ5tly1 an act _c be m]itori\s z com+ f free-w1 except 9 s f> z x is in=m$ by grace2 b x _c at ! same "t be in=m$ by imp]fect grace1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( m]it+1 & by p]fect grace1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( enjoy+4 ,h5ce x does n appe> to be possible = anyone to enjoy beatitude1 & at ! same "t to m]it x4 ,consequ5tly x is bett] to say t ! angel _h grace ere he 0 admitt$ to beatitude1 & t by su* grace he m]it$ beatitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! angel's difficulty ( work+ righte\sly does n come f any contr>iety or h9drance ( natural p[]s2 b f ! fact t ! good "w is beyond 8 natural capacity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an angel did n m]it beatitude by natural movem5t t[>ds ,god2 b by ! movem5t ( *>ity1 :i* comes ( grace4 ,! answ] to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t f :at we h said4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,angel ,obta9$ ,beatitude ,imm$iately ,aft] ,"o ,act ( ,m]it8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel did n possess beatitude in/antly aft] "o act ( m]it4 ,= x is m difficult = a man to d well ?an = an angel4 ,b man is n rew>d$ at once aft] "o act ( m]it4 ,!re=e nei!r 0 ! angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an angel c\ld act at once1 & 9 an in/ant1 f ! v outset ( 8 creation1 = ev5 natural bodies beg9 to be mov$ 9 ! v in/ant ( _! creation2 & if ! movem5t ( a body c\ld be in/antane\s1 l op]ations ( m9d & w1 x w\ld h movem5t 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( its g5]ation4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! angel m]it$ beatitude by "o act ( 8 w1 he m]it$ x 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation2 & s1 if _! beatitude 0 n ret>d$1 !n ! angels 7 9 beatitude 9 ! fir/ in/ant4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re mu/ be _m int]vals betwe5 ?+s :i* are f> ap>t4 ,b ! beatific /ate ( ! angels is v f> remote f _! natural condition3 :ile m]it comes midway betwe54 ,!re=e ! angel w\ld h to pass ?r\gh _m /ages ( m]it 9 ord] to rea* beatitude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man's s\l & an angel are orda9$ alike = beatitude3 consequ5tly equality ) angels is promis$ to ! sa9ts4 ,n[ ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body1 if x has m]it des]v+ beatitude1 ent]s at once into beatitude1 unless !re be "s ob/acle4 ,!re=e s does an angel4 ,n[ an angel in/antly1 9 8 fir/ act ( *>ity1 _h ! m]it ( beatitude4 ,!re=e1 s9ce !re 0 no ob/acle )9 him1 he pass$ at once into beatitude by only "o m]itori\s act4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angel 0 beatifi$ in/antly aft] ! fir/ act ( *>ity1 :]eby he m]it$ beatitude4 ,! reason :]e( is because grace p]fects nature accord+ to ! mann] ( ! nature2 z e p]fection is receiv$ 9 ! subject capable ( p]fection1 accord+ to its mode4 ,n[ x is prop] to ! angelic nature to receive its natural p]fection n by pass+ f "o /age to ano!r2 b to h x at once naturally1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,b z ! angel is ( 8 nature incl9$ to natural p]fection1 s is he by m]it incl9$ to glory4 ,h5ce in/antly aft] m]it ! angel secur$ beatitude4 ,n[ ! m]it ( beatitude 9 angel & man alike c be f m]ely "o act2 because man m]its beatitude by e act in=m$ by *>ity4 ,h5ce x rema9s t an angel 0 beatifi$ /raightway aft] "o act ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man 0 n int5d$ to secure 8 ultimate p]fection at once1 l ! angel4 ,h5ce a long] way 0 assign$ to man ?an to ! angel = secur+ beatitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! angel is above ! "t ( corporeal ?+s2 h5ce ! v>i\s in/ants reg>d+ ! angels are n to be tak5 except z reckon+ ! succession ( _! acts4 ,n[ _! act :i* m]it$ beatitude c\ld n be 9 !m simultane\sly ) ! act ( beatitude1 :i* is fruition2 s9ce ! "o belongs to imp]fect grace1 & ! o!r to consummate grace4 ,consequ5tly1 x rema9s = diff]5t in/ants to be conceiv$1 9 "o ( :i* ! angel m]it$ beatitude1 & 9 ano!r 0 beatifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is ( ! nature ( an angel in/antly to atta9 ! p]fection unto :i* he is orda9$4 ,consequ5tly1 only "o m]itori\s act is requir$2 :i* act c s f> be call$ an int]val z ?r\gh x ! angel is br\ght to beatitude4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,angels ,receive ,grace & ,glory ,accord+ to ! ,degree ( ,_! ,natural ,gifts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels did n receive grace & glory accord+ to ! degree ( _! natural gifts4 ,= grace is be/[$ ( ,god's absolute w4 ,!re=e ! degree ( grace dep5ds on ,god's w1 & n on ! degree ( _! natural gifts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a moral act seems to be m closely alli$ ) grace ?an nature is2 because a moral act is prep>atory to grace4 ,b grace does n come ( works1 z is said ,rom4 #aa3f4 ,!re=e mu* less does ! degree ( grace dep5d ^u ! degree ( _! natural gifts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man & angel are alike orda9$ = beatitude or grace4 ,b man does n receive m grace accord+ to ! degree ( 8 natural gifts4 ,!re=e nei!r does ! angel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,is ! say+ ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 #c7 t ^? angels :o 7 creat$ ) m subtle natures & ( ke5] intellig5ce 9 wisdom1 7 likewise end[$ ) great] gifts ( grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is reasonable to suppose t gifts ( graces & p]fection ( beatitude 7 be/[$ on ! angels accord+ to ! degree ( _! natural gifts4 ,! reason = ?is c be drawn f two s\rces4 ,fir/ ( all1 on ! "p ( ,god1 ,:o1 9 ! ord] ( ,8 wisdom1 e/abli%$ v>i\s degrees 9 ! angelic nature4 ,n[ z ! angelic nature 0 made by ,god = atta9+ grace & beatitude1 s likewise ! grades ( ! angelic nature seem to be orda9$ = ! v>i\s degrees ( grace & glory2 j z :51 = example1 ! build] *isels ! /ones = build+ a h\se1 f ! fact t he prep>es "s m arti/ically & m fitt+ly ?an o!rs1 x is cle> t he is sett+ !m ap>t = ! m ornate "p ( ! h\se4 ,s x seems t ,god de/9$ ^? angels = great] gifts ( grace & full] beatitude1 :om ,he made ( a high] nature4 ,secondly1 ! same is evid5t on ! "p ( ! angel4 ,! angel is n a comp\nd ( diff]5t natures1 s t ! incl9ation ( ! "o ?w>ts or ret>ds ! t5d5cy ( ! o!r2 z happ5s 9 man1 9 :om ! movem5t ( 8 intellective "p is ei!r ret>d$ or ?w>t$ by ! incl9ation ( 8 s5sitive "p4 ,b :5 !re is no?+ to ret>d or ?w>t x1 nature is mov$ ) its :ole en]gy4 ,s x is reasonable to suppose t ! angels :o _h a high] nature1 7 turn$ to ,god m mightily & efficaci\sly4 ,! same ?+ happ5s 9 m51 s9ce great] grace & glory are be/[$ accord+ to ! great] e>ne/ness ( _! turn+ to ,god4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! angels :o _h ! great] natural p[]s1 _h ! m grace & glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z grace comes ( ,god's w alone1 s likewise does ! nature ( ! angel3 & z ,god's w orda9$ nature = grace1 s did x orda9 ! v>i\s degrees ( nature to ! v>i\s degrees ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! acts ( ! rational creature are f ! creature itself2 :]eas nature is imm$iately f ,god4 ,accord+ly x seems r t grace is be/[$ accord+ to degree ( nature ?an accord+ to works4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,div]sity ( natural gifts is 9 "o way 9 ! angels1 :o are !mselves diff]5t specifically2 & 9 q ano!r way 9 m51 :o diff] only num]ically4 ,= specific diff]5ce is on acc\nt ( ! end2 :ile num]ical diff]5ce is because ( ! matt]4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is some?+ 9 man :i* c ?w>t or imp$e ! movem5t ( 8 intellective nature2 b n 9 ! angels4 ,consequ5tly ! argum5t is n ! same = bo?4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,natural ,k & ,love ,rema9 9 ! ,beatifi$ ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t natural k & love d n rema9 9 ! beatifi$ angels4 ,= x is said 7#a ,cor4 #ac3aj73 ,:5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 !n t :i* is 9 "p %all be done away4 ,b natural love & k are imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) beatifi$ k & love4 ,!re=e1 9 beatitude1 natural k & love cease4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]e "o suffices1 ano!r is sup]flu\s4 ,b ! k & love ( glory suffice = ! beatifi$ angels4 ,!re=e x w\ld be sup]flu\s = _! natural k & love to rema94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same faculty has n two simultane\s acts1 z ! same l9e _c1 at ! same end1 be t]m9at$ 9 two po9ts4 ,b ! beatifi$ angels are always ex]cis+ _! beatifi$ k & love2 =1 z is said ,e?ic4 i1 #h1 happ9ess consi/s n 9 habit1 b 9 act4 ,!re=e !re c nev] be natural k & love 9 ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s long z a nature endures1 its op]ation rema9s4 ,b beatitude does n de/roy nature1 s9ce x is its p]fection4 ,!re=e x does n take away natural k & love4 ,i answ] t1 ,natural k & love rema9 9 ! angels4 ,= z pr9ciples ( op]ations are mutually relat$1 s are ! op]ations !mselves4 ,n[ x is manife/ t nature is to beatitude z fir/ to second2 because beatitude is sup]add$ to nature4 ,b ! fir/ mu/ ev] be pres]v$ 9 ! second4 ,consequ5tly nature mu/ be pres]v$ 9 beatitude3 & 9 l mann] ! act ( nature mu/ be pres]v$ 9 ! act ( beatitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! adv5t ( a p]fection removes ! opposite imp]fection4 ,n[ ! imp]fection ( nature is n oppos$ to ! p]fection ( beatitude1 b und]lies x2 z ! imp]fection ( ! p[] und]lies ! p]fection ( ! =m1 & ! p[] is n tak5 away by ! =m1 b ! privation :i* is oppos$ to ! =m4 ,9 ! same way1 ! imp]fection ( natural k is n oppos$ to ! p]fection ( ! k 9 glory2 = no?+ h9d]s u f kn[+ a ?+ ?r\gh v>i\s m$iums1 z a ?+ may be kn[n at ! "o "t ?r\gh a probable m$ium & ?r\gh a demon/rative "o4 ,9 l mann]1 an angel c "k ,god by ,8 ess5ce1 & ?is app]ta9s to 8 k ( glory2 & at ! same "t he c "k ,god by 8 own ess5ce1 :i* belongs to 8 natural k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ?+s :i* make up beatitude are suffici5t ( !mselves4 ,b 9 ord] = !m to exi/1 !y presuppose ! natural gifts2 because no beatitude is self-subsi/+1 except ! uncreat$ beatitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re _c be two op]ations ( ! "o faculty at ! "o "t1 except ! "o be orda9$ to ! o!r4 ,b natural k & love are orda9$ to ! k & love ( glory4 ,accord+ly !re is no?+ to h9d] natural k & love f exi/+ 9 ! angel conjo9tly ) ^? ( glory4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r a ,beatifi$ ,angel ,c ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a beatifi$ angel c s94 ,=1 z z said above 7,a4 #g71 beatitude does n d away ) nature4 ,b x is ( ! v notion ( creat$ nature1 t x c fail4 ,!re=e a beatifi$ angel c s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! rational p[]s are ref]r$ to opposites1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,metaph4 iv1 text4 #c74 ,b ! w ( ! angel 9 beatitude does n cease to be rational4 ,!re=e x is incl9$ t[>ds good & evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! lib]ty ( free-w = man to be able to *oose good or evil4 ,b ! fre$om ( w is n less5$ 9 ! beatifi$ angels4 ,!re=e !y c s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi7 t !re is 9 ! holy angels t nature :i* _c s94 ,!re=e ! holy angels _c s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! beatifi$ angels _c s94 ,! reason = ?is is1 because _! beatitude consi/s 9 see+ ,god ?r\gh ,8 ess5ce4 ,n[1 ,god's ess5ce is ! v ess5ce ( goodness4 ,consequ5tly ! angel behold+ ,god is dispos$ t[>ds ,god 9 ! same way z anyone else n see+ ,god is to ! common =m ( goodness4 ,n[ x is impossible = any man ei!r to w or to d any?+ except aim+ at :at is good2 or = him to wi% to turn away f good precisely z su*4 ,!re=e ! beatifi$ angel c nei!r w nor act1 except z aim+ t[>ds ,god4 ,n[ :oev] wills or acts 9 ?is mann] _c s94 ,consequ5tly ! beatifi$ angel _c s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,creat$ good1 consid]$ 9 itself1 c fail4 ,b f its p]fect union ) ! uncreat$ good1 su* z is ! union ( beatitude1 x is r5d]$ unable to s91 = ! reason already alleg$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! rational p[]s are ref]r$ to opposites 9 ! ?+s to :i* !y are n incl9$ naturally2 b z to ! ?+s :]eunto !y h a natural t5d5cy1 !y are n ref]r$ to opposites4 ,= ! intellect _c b ass5t to naturally kn[n pr9ciples2 9 ! same way1 ! w _c help cl++ to good1 =mally z good2 because ! w is naturally orda9$ to good z to its prop] object4 ,consequ5tly ! w ( ! angels is ref]r$ to opposites1 z to do+ _m ?+s1 or n do+ !m4 ,b !y h no t5d5cy to opposites ) reg>d to ,god ,himself1 ,:om !y see to be ! v nature ( goodness2 b 9 all ?+s _! aim is t[>ds ,god1 :i* ev] alt]native !y *oose1 t is n s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,free-w 9 its *oice ( means to an end is dispos$ j z ! intellect is to conclusions4 ,n[ x is evid5t t x belongs to ! p[] ( ! intellect to be able to proce$ to diff]5t conclusions1 accord+ to giv5 pr9ciples2 b = x to proce$ to "s conclusion by pass+ out ( ! ord] ( ! pr9ciples1 comes ( its own defect4 ,h5ce x belongs to ! p]fection ( its lib]ty = ! free-w to be able to *oose betwe5 opposite ?+s1 keep+ ! ord] ( ! end 9 view2 b x comes ( ! defect ( lib]ty = x to *oose any?+ by turn+ away f ! ord] ( ! end2 & ?is is to s94 ,h5ce !re is great] lib]ty ( w 9 ! angels1 :o _c s91 ?an !re is 9 ourselves1 :o c s94 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,beatifi$ ,angels ,advance 9 ,beatitude8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! beatifi$ angels c advance 9 beatitude4 ,= *>ity is ! pr9ciple ( m]it4 ,b !re is p]fect *>ity 9 ! angels4 ,!re=e ! beatifi$ angels c m]it4 ,n[1 z m]it increases1 ! rew>d ( beatitude increases4 ,!re=e ! beatifi$ angels c progress 9 beatitude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i7 t ,god makes use ( u = our own ga91 & = ,8 own goodness4 ,! same ?+ happ5s to ! angels1 :om ,he uses = spiritual m9i/rations2 s9ce !y are all 99,vulg43 ',are !y n all 4 4 4 8' m9i/]+ spirits1 s5t to m9i/] = !m :o %all receive ! inh]itance ( salvation 7,heb4 #a3ad74 ,?is w\ld n be = _! pr(it 7 !y n to m]it !reby1 nor to advance to beatitude4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t ! beatifi$ angels c m]it1 & c advance 9 beatitude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x argues imp]fection = anyone n occupy+ ! =emo/ place n to be able to advance4 ,b ! angels are n 9 ! highe/ degree ( beatitude4 ,!re=e if unable to asc5d high]1 x w\ld appe> t !re is imp]fection & defect 9 !m2 :i* is n admissible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,m]it & progress belong to ?is pres5t condition ( life4 ,b angels are n wayf>]s travell+ t[>ds beatitude1 !y are already 9 possession ( beatitude4 ,consequ5tly ! beatifi$ angels c nei!r m]it nor advance 9 beatitude4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 e movem5t ! mov]'s int5tion is c5t]$ ^u "o det]m9$ end1 to :i* he int5ds to lead ! movable subject2 because int5tion looks to ! end1 to :i* inf9ite progress is repugnant4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 s9ce ! rational creature _c ( its own p[] atta9 to its beatitude1 :i* consi/s 9 ! vision ( ,god1 z is cle> f :at has gone be=e 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d71 t x ne$s to be mov$ by ,god t[>ds its beatitude4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be "s "o det]m9$ ?+ to :i* e rational creature is direct$ z to its la/ end4 ,n[ ?is "o det]m9ate object _c1 9 ! vision ( ,god1 consi/ precisely 9 t :i* is se52 = ! ,supreme ,tru? is se5 by all ! bless$ 9 v>i\s degrees3 b x is on ! "p ( ! mode ( vision1 t div]se t]ms are fix$ be=eh& by ! int5tion ( ,him ,:o directs t[>ds ! end4 ,= x is impossible t z ! rational creature is l$ on to ! vision ( ! ,supreme ,ess5ce1 x %\ld be l$ on 9 ! same way to ! supreme mode ( vision1 :i* is compreh5sion1 = ?is belongs to ,god only2 z is evid5t f :at 0 said above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #c74 ,b s9ce inf9ite efficacy is requir$ = compreh5d+ ,god1 :ile ! creature's efficacy 9 behold+ is only f9ite2 & s9ce e f9ite be+ is 9 inf9ite degrees remov$ f ! inf9ite2 x comes to pass t ! rational creature und]/&s ,god m or less cle>ly accord+ to inf9ite degrees4 ,& z beatitude consi/s 9 vision1 s ! degree ( vision lies 9 a det]m9ate mode ( ! vision4 ,!re=e e rational creature is s l$ by ,god to ! end ( its beatitude1 t f ,god's pr$e/9ation x is br\ght ev5 to a det]m9ate degree ( beatitude4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 t degree is once secur$1 x _c pass to a high] degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m]it belongs to a subject :i* is mov+ t[>ds its end4 ,n[ ! rational creature is mov$ t[>ds its end1 n m]ely passively1 b also by work+ actively4 ,if ! end is )9 ! p[] ( ! rational creature1 !n its action is said to procure ! end2 z man acquires k by reflection3 b if ! end be beyond its p[]1 & is look$ = f ano!r1 !n ! action w be m]itori\s ( su* end4 ,b :at is already 9 ! ultimate t]m is n said to be mov$1 b to h be5 mov$4 ,consequ5tly1 to m]it belongs to ! imp]fect *>ity ( ?is life2 :]eas p]fect *>ity does n m]it b r enjoys ! rew>d4 ,ev5 z 9 acquir$ habits1 ! op]ation prec$+ ! habit is productive ( ! habit2 b ! op]ation f an acquir$ habit is bo? p]fect & enjoyable4 ,9 ! same way ! act ( p]fect *>ity has no quality ( m]it1 b belongs r to ! p]fection ( ! rew>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ c be t]m$ useful 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ( all1 z be+ on ! way to an end2 & s ! m]it ( beatitude is useful4 ,secondly1 z ! "p is useful = ! :ole2 z ! wall = a h\se4 ,9 ?is way ! angelic m9i/]+s are useful = ! beatifi$ angels1 inasmu* z !y are a "p ( _! beatitude2 = to p\r out acquir$ p]fection ^u o!rs is ( ! nature ( :at is p]fect1 consid]$ z p]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh a beatifi$ angel is n absolutely 9 ! highe/ degree ( beatitude1 yet1 9 8 own reg>d he is 9 ! highe/ degree1 accord+ to ,div9e pr$e/9ation4 ,nev]!less ! joy ( ! angels c be increas$ ) reg>d to ! salvation ( su* z are sav$ by _! m9i/rations1 accord+ to ,luke #ae3aj3 ,!re is ,vulg4'%all be' joy be=e ! angels ( ,god ^u "o s9n] do+ p5ance4 ,su* joy belongs to _! accid5tal rew>d1 :i* c be increas$ unto judgm5t day4 ,h5ce "s writ]s say t !y c m]it z to _! accid5tal rew>d4 ,b x is bett] to say t ! ,bless$ c 9 no wise m]it )\t be+ at ! same "t a wayf>] & a compreh5sor2 l ,*ri/1 ,:o alone 0 su*4 ,= ! ,bless$ acquire su* joy f ! virtue ( _! beatitude1 r ?an m]it x4 ,,"q #fc ,,! ,,malice ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,s9 7,9 ,n9e ,articles7 ,9 ! next place we mu/ consid] h[ angels became evil3 fir/ ( all ) reg>d to ! evil ( fault2 & secondly1 z to ! evil ( puni%m5t4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ !re are n9e po9ts = consid]ation3 7#a7 ,c !re be evil ( fault 9 ! angels8 7#b7 ,:at k9d ( s9s c be 9 !m8 7#c7 ,:at did ! angel seek 9 s9n+8 7#d7 ,suppos+ t "s became evil by a s9 ( _! own *oos+1 are any ( !m naturally evil8 7#e7 ,suppos+ t x is n s1 c\ld any "o ( !m become evil 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation by an act ( 8 own w8 7#f7 ,suppos+ t he did n1 0 !re any int]val betwe5 8 creation & fall8 7#g7 ,0 ! highe/ ( !m :o fell1 absolutely ! highe/ among ! angels8 7#h7 ,0 ! s9 ( ! =emo/ angel ! cause ( ! o!rs s9n+8 7#i7 ,did z _m s9 z rema9$ /eadfa/8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,evil ( ,fault ,c ,be 9 ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be no evil ( fault 9 ! angels4 ,= !re c be no evil except 9 ?+s :i* are 9 pot5tiality1 z is said by ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 ix1 text4 #ai71 because ! subject ( privation is a be+ 9 pot5tiality4 ,b ! angels h n be+ 9 pot5tiality1 s9ce !y are subsi/+ =ms4 ,!re=e !re c be no evil 9 !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angels are high] ?an ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b philosoph]s say t !re _c be evil 9 ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re=e nei!r c !re be 9 ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is natural to a ?+ is always 9 x4 ,b x is natural = ! angels to be mov$ by ! movem5t ( love t[>ds ,god4 ,!re=e su* love _c be )drawn f !m4 ,b 9 lov+ ,god !y d n s94 ,consequ5tly ! angels _c s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 desire is only ( :at is good or app>5tly good4 ,n[ = ! angels !re c be no app>5t good :i* is n a true good2 because 9 !m ei!r !re c be no error at all1 or at lea/ n be=e guilt4 ,!re=e ! angels c desire only :at x truly good4 ,b no "o s9s by desir+ :at is truly good4 ,consequ5tly ! angel does n s9 by desire4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,job #d3ah73 ,9 ,8 angels ,he f\nd wick$ness4 ,i answ] t1 ,an angel or any o!r rational creature consid]$ 9 8 own nature1 c s92 & to :atev] creature x belongs n to s91 su* creature has x z a gift ( grace1 & n f ! condition ( nature4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 because s9n+ is no?+ else ?an a deviation f t rectitude :i* an act ought to h2 :e!r we speak ( s9 9 nature1 art1 or morals4 ,t act alone1 ! rule ( :i* is ! v virtue ( ! ag5t1 c nev] fall %ort ( rectitude4 ,7 ! craftsman's h& ! rule itself engrav+1 he c\ld n engrave ! wood o!rwise ?an rightly2 b if ! rightness ( engrav+ be judg$ by ano!r rule1 !n ! engrav+ may be "r or faulty4 ,n[ ! ,div9e w is ! sole rule ( ,god's act1 because x is n ref]r$ to any high] end4 ,b e creat$ w has rectitude ( act s f> only z x is regulat$ accord+ to ! ,div9e w1 to :i* ! la/ end is to be ref]r$3 z e desire ( a subord9ate ought to be regulat$ by ! w ( 8 sup]ior2 = in/ance1 ! soldi]'s w1 accord+ to ! w ( 8 comm&+ (fic]4 ,?us only 9 ! ,div9e w c !re be no s92 :]eas !re c be s9 9 ! w ( e creature2 consid]+ ! condition ( its nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! angels !re is no pot5tiality to natural exi/5ce4 ,yet !re is pot5tiality 9 _! intellective "p1 z reg>ds _! be+ incl9$ to ?is or ! o!r object4 ,9 ?is respect !re c be evil 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! heav5ly bodies h none b a natural op]ation4 ,!re=e z !re c be no evil ( corruption 9 _! nature2 s nei!r c !re be evil ( disord] 9 _! natural action4 ,b besides _! natural action !re is ! action ( free-w 9 ! angels1 by reason ( :i* evil may be 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is natural = ! angel to turn to ,god by ! movem5t ( love1 accord+ z ,god is ! pr9ciple ( 8 natural be+4 ,b = him to turn to ,god z ! object ( sup]natural beatitude1 comes ( infus$ love1 f :i* he c\ld be turn$ away by s9n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,mortal s9 occurs 9 two ways 9 ! act ( free-w4 ,fir/1 :5 some?+ evil is *os52 z man s9s by *oos+ adult]y1 :i* is evil ( itself4 ,su* s9 always comes ( ignorance or error2 o!rwise :at is evil w\ld nev] be *os5 z good4 ,! adult]] errs 9 ! p>ticul>1 *oos+ ?is delight ( an inord9ate act z some?+ good to be p]=m$ n[1 f ! incl9ation ( passion or ( habit2 ev5 ?\gh he does n err 9 8 univ]sal judgm5t1 b reta9s a "r op9ion 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ?is way !re c be no s9 9 ! angel2 because !re are no passions 9 ! angels to fett] reason or intellect1 z is manife/ f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d72 nor1 aga91 c\ld any habit incl9+ to s9 prec$e _! fir/ s94 ,9 ano!r way s9 comes ( free-w by *oos+ some?+ good 9 itself1 b n accord+ to prop] measure or rule2 s t ! defect :i* induces s9 is only on ! "p ( ! *oice :i* is n prop]ly regulat$1 b n on ! "p ( ! ?+ *os52 z if "o 7 to pray1 )\t he$+ ! ord] e/abli%$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,su* a s9 does n presuppose ignorance1 b m]ely abs5ce ( consid]ation ( ! ?+s :i* ought to be consid]$4 ,9 ?is way ! angel s9n$1 by seek+ 8 own good1 f 8 own free-w1 insubord9ately to ! rule ( ! ,div9e w4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,only ! ,s9 ( ,pride & ,envy ,c ,exi/ 9 an ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be o!r s9s 9 ! angels besides ^? ( pride & envy4 ,because :osoev] c delight 9 any k9d ( s91 c fall into ! s9 itself4 ,b ! demons delight ev5 9 ! obsc5ities ( c>nal s9s2 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #c74 ,!re=e !re c also be c>nal s9s 9 ! demons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z pride & envy are spiritual s9s1 s are slo?1 av>ice1 & ang]4 ,b spiritual s9s are conc]n$ ) ! _s1 j z c>nal s9s are ) ! fle%4 ,!re=e n only c !re be pride & envy 9 ! angels2 b likewise slo? & av>ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi71 _m vices spr+ f pride2 & 9 l mann] f envy4 ,b1 if ! cause is grant$1 ! effect foll[s4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re c be pride & envy 9 ! angels1 = ! same reason !re c likewise be o!r vices 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #c7 t ! devil is n a =nicator nor a drunk>d1 nor any?+ ( ! l sort2 yet he is pr\d & envi\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9 c exi/ 9 a subject 9 two ways3 fir/ ( all by actual guilt1 & secondly by affection4 ,z to guilt1 all s9s are 9 ! demons2 s9ce by lead+ m5 to s9 !y incur ! guilt ( all s9s4 ,b z to affection only ^? s9s c be 9 ! demons :i* c belong to a spiritual nature4 ,n[ a spiritual nature _c be affect$ by su* pleasures z app]ta9 to bodies1 b only by su* z are 9 keep+ ) spiritual ?+s2 because no?+ is affect$ except ) reg>d to some?+ :i* is 9 "s way suit$ to its nature4 ,b !re c be no s9 :5 anyone is incit$ to good ( ! spiritual ord]2 unless 9 su* affection ! rule ( ! sup]ior be n kept4 ,su* is precisely ! s9 ( pride--n to be subject to a sup]ior :5 subjection is due4 ,consequ5tly ! fir/ s9 ( ! angel c be none o!r ?an pride4 ,yet1 z a consequ5ce1 x 0 possible = envy also to be 9 !m1 s9ce = ! appetite to t5d to ! desire ( some?+ involves on its "p resi/ance to any?+ contr>y4 ,n[ ! envi\s man rep9es ov] ! good possess$ by ano!r1 inasmu* z he deems 8 neighbor's good to be a h9drance to 8 own4 ,b ano!r's good c\ld n be deem$ a h9drance to ! good covet$ by ! wick$ angel1 except inasmu* z he covet$ a s+ul> excell5ce1 :i* w\ld cease to be s+ul> because ( ! excell5ce ( "s o!r4 ,s1 aft] ! s9 ( pride1 !re foll[$ ! evil ( envy 9 ! s9n+ angel1 :]eby he griev$ ov] man's good1 & also ov] ! ,div9e excell5ce1 accord+ z aga9/ ! devil's w ,god makes use ( man = ! ,div9e glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! demons d n delight 9 ! obsc5ities ( ! s9s ( ! fle%1 z if !y !mselves 7 dispos$ to c>nal pleasures3 x is :olly ?r\gh envy t !y take pleasure 9 all sorts ( human s9s1 s f> z ^! are h9drances to a man's good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,av>ice1 consid]$ z a special k9d ( s91 is ! immod]ate gre$ ( temporal possessions :i* s]ve ! use ( human life1 & :i* c be e/imat$ 9 value ( money2 to ^! demons are n at all incl9$1 any m ?an !y are to c>nal pleasures4 ,consequ5tly av>ice prop]ly s call$ _c be 9 !m4 ,b if e immod]ate gre$ ( possess+ any creat$ good be t]m$ av>ice1 9 ?is way av>ice is conta9$ "u ! pride :i* is 9 ! demons4 ,ang] implies passion1 & s does concupisc5ce2 consequ5tly !y c only exi/ metaphorically 9 ! demons4 ,slo? is a k9d ( sadness1 :]eby a man becomes sluggi% 9 spiritual ex]cises because !y we>y ! body2 :i* does n apply to ! demons4 ,s x is evid5t t pride & envy are ! only spiritual s9s :i* c be f\nd 9 demons2 yet s t envy is n to be tak5 = a passion1 b = a w resi/+ ! good ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"u envy & pride1 z f\nd 9 ! demons1 are compris$ all o!r s9s d]iv$ f !m4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,devil ,desir$ to ,be ,z ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! devil did n desire to be z ,god4 ,= :at does n fall "u appreh5sion1 does n fall "u desire2 because ! good :i* is appreh5d$ moves ! appetite1 :e!r s5sible1 rational1 or intellectual2 & s9 consi/s only 9 su* desire4 ,b = any creature to be ,god's equal does n fall "u appreh5sion1 because x implies a contradiction2 = x ! f9ite equals ! inf9ite1 !n x w\ld itself be inf9ite4 ,!re=e an angel c\ld n desire to be z ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! natural end c always be desir$ )\t s94 ,b to be lik5$ unto ,god is ! end to :i* e creature naturally t5ds4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! angel desir$ to be z ,god1 n by equality1 b by lik5ess1 x w\ld seem t he did n !reby s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! angel 0 creat$ ) great] fulness ( wisdom ?an man4 ,b no man1 save a fool1 ev] makes *oice ( be+ ! equal ( an angel1 /ill less ( ,god2 because *oice reg>ds only ?+s :i* are possible1 reg>d+ :i* "o takes delib]ation4 ,!re=e mu* less did ! angel s9 by desir+ to be z ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said1 9 ! p]son ( ! devil 7,isa4 #ad3ac1 #ad71 ,i w asc5d into heav5 4 4 4 ,i w be l ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,& ,augu/9e 7,de ,qu4 ,vet4 ,te/4 cxiii7 says t be+ inflat$ ) pride1 he wi%$ to be call$ ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,)\t d\bt ! angel s9n$ by seek+ to be z ,god4 ,b ?is c be und]/ood 9 two ways3 fir/1 by equality2 secondly1 by lik5ess4 ,he c\ld n seek to be z ,god 9 ! fir/ way2 because by natural k he knew t ?is 0 impossible3 & !re 0 no habit prec$+ 8 fir/ s9ful act1 nor any passion fett]+ 8 m9d1 s z to lead him to *oose :at 0 impossible by fail+ 9 "s p>ticul>2 z sometimes happ5s 9 ourselves4 ,& ev5 suppos+ x 7 possible1 x w\ld be aga9/ ! natural desire2 because !re exi/s 9 ev]y?+ ! natural desire ( pres]v+ its own nature2 :i* w\ld n be pres]v$ 7 x to be *ang$ into ano!r nature4 ,consequ5tly1 no creature ( a l[] ord] c ev] covet ! grade ( a high] nature2 j z an ass does n desire to be a horse3 = 7 x to be s uprais$1 x w\ld cease to be itself4 ,b h]e9 ! imag9ation plays u false2 = "o is liable to ?9k t1 because a man seeks to occupy a high] grade z to accid5tals1 :i* c increase )\t ! de/ruction ( ! subject1 he c also seek a high] grade ( nature1 to :i* he c\ld n atta9 )\t ceas+ to exi/4 ,n[ x is q evid5t t ,god surpasses ! angels1 n m]ely 9 accid5tals1 b also 9 degree ( nature2 & "o angel1 ano!r4 ,consequ5tly x is impossible = "o angel ( l[] degree to desire equality ) a high]2 & /ill m to covet equality ) ,god4 ,to desire to be z ,god accord+ to lik5ess c happ5 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 z to t lik5ess :]eby ev]y?+ is made to be lik5$ unto ,god4 ,& s1 if anyone desire 9 ?is way to be ,godlike1 he commits no s92 provid$ t he desires su* lik5ess 9 prop] ord]1 t is to say1 t he may obta9 x ( ,god4 ,b he w\ld s9 7 he to desire to be l unto ,god ev5 9 ! "r way1 z ( 8 own1 & n ( ,god's p[]4 ,9 ano!r way "o may desire to be l unto ,god 9 "s respect :i* is n natural to "o2 z if "o 7 to desire to create heav5 & e>?1 :i* is prop] to ,god2 9 :i* desire !re w\ld be s94 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! devil desir$ to be z ,god4 ,n t he desir$ to resemble ,god by be+ subject to no "o else absolutely2 = s he w\ld be desir+ 8 own 'n-be+'2 s9ce no creature c exi/ except by hold+ its exi/5ce "u ,god4 ,b he desir$ resemblance ) ,god 9 ?is respect--by desir+1 z 8 la/ end ( beatitude1 some?+ :i* he c\ld atta9 by ! virtue ( 8 own nature1 turn+ 8 appetite away f sup]natural beatitude1 :i* is atta9$ by ,god's grace4 ,or1 if he desir$ z 8 la/ end t lik5ess ( ,god :i* is be/[$ by grace1 he s\ght to h x by ! p[] ( 8 own nature2 & n f ,div9e assi/ance accord+ to ,god's ord]+4 ,?is h>monizes ) ,anselm's op9ion1 :o says 99,de casu diaboli1 iv4 t he s\ght t to :i* he w\ld h come _h he /ood fa/4 ,^! two views 9 a mann] co9cide2 because accord+ to bo?1 he s\ght to h f9al beatitude ( 8 own p[]1 :]eas ?is is prop] to ,god alone4 ,s9ce1 !n1 :at exi/s ( itself is ! cause ( :at exi/s ( ano!r1 x foll[s f ?is fur!rmore t he s\ght to h dom9ion ov] o!rs2 :]e9 he also p]v]sely wi%$ to be l unto ,god4 ,f ?is we h ! answ] to all ! objections4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,any ,demons ,are ,naturally ,wick$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "s demons are naturally wick$4 ,= ,porphyry says1 z quot$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #aa73 ,!re is a class ( demons ( crafty nature1 pret5d+ t !y are gods & ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,b to be deceitful is to be evil4 ,!re=e "s demons are naturally wick$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! angels are creat$ by ,god1 s are m54 ,b "s m5 are naturally wick$1 ( :om x is said 7,wis4 #ab3aj73 ,_! malice is natural4 ,!re=e "s angels may be naturally wick$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s irrational animals h wick$ dispositions by nature3 ?us ! fox is naturally sly1 & ! wolf naturally rapaci\s2 yet !y are ,god's creatures4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! demons are ,god's creatures1 !y may be naturally wick$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! demons are n naturally wick$4 ,i answ] t1 ,ev]y?+ :i* exi/s1 s f> z x exi/s & has a p>ticul> nature1 t5ds naturally t[>ds "s good2 s9ce x comes f a good pr9ciple2 because ! effect always rev]ts to its pr9ciple4 ,n[ a p>ticul> good may happ5 to h "s evil connect$ ) x2 ?us fire has ?is evil connect$ ) x t x consumes o!r ?+s3 b ) ! univ]sal good no evil c be connect$4 ,if1 !n1 !re be any?+ ^: nature is incl9$ t[>ds "s p>ticul> good1 x c t5d naturally to "s evil2 n z evil1 b accid5tally1 z connect$ ) "s good4 ,b if any?+ ( its nature be incl9$ to good 9 g5]al1 !n ( its own nature x _c be incl9$ to evil4 ,n[ x is manife/ t e intellectual nature is incl9$ t[>ds good 9 g5]al1 :i* x c appreh5d & :i* is ! object ( ! w4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! demons are intellectual sub/ances1 !y c 9 no wise h a natural incl9ation t[>ds any evil :atsoev]2 consequ5tly !y _c be naturally evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e rebukes ,porphyry = say+ t ! demons are naturally deceitful2 himself ma9ta9+ t !y are n naturally s1 b ( _! own w4 ,n[ ! reason :y ,porphyry held t !y are naturally deceitful 0 t1 z he cont5d$1 demons are animals ) a s5sitive nature4 ,n[ ! s5sitive nature is incl9$ t[>ds "s p>ticul> good1 ) :i* evil may be connect$4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 x c h a natural incl9ation to evil2 yet only accid5tally1 inasmu* z evil is connect$ ) good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! malice ( "s m5 c be call$ natural1 ei!r because ( cu/om :i* is a second nature2 or on acc\nt ( ! natural proclivity on ! "p ( ! s5sitive nature to "s inord9ate passion1 z "s p are said to be naturally wra?ful or lu/ful2 b n on ! "p ( ! intellectual nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,brute bea/s h a natural incl9ation 9 _! s5sitive nature t[>ds c]ta9 p>ticul> goods1 ) :i* c]ta9 evils are connect$2 ?us ! fox 9 seek+ its food has a natural incl9ation to d s ) a c]ta9 skill c\pl$ ) deceit4 ,:]e=e x is n evil 9 ! fox to be sly1 s9ce x is natural to him2 z x is n evil 9 ! dog to be fi]ce1 z ,dionysius obs]ves 7,de ,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,devil ,0 ,wick$ by ! ,fault ( ,8 ,own ,w 9 ! ,fir/ ,in/ant ( ,8 ,creation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! devil 0 wick$ by ! fault ( 8 own w 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation4 ,= x is said ( ! devil 7,john #h3dd73 ,he 0 a murd]] f ! beg9n+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #ae71 ! lack ( =m 9 ! creature did n prec$e its =mation 9 ord] ( "t1 b m]ely 9 ord] ( nature4 ,n[ accord+ to him 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #h71 ! heav51 :i* is said to h be5 creat$ 9 ! beg9n+1 signifies ! angelic nature :ile z yet n fully =m$3 & :5 x is said t ,god said3 ,be light made3 & light 0 made1 we are to und]/& ! full =mation ( ! angel by turn+ to ! ,^w4 ,consequ5tly1 ! nature ( ! angel 0 creat$1 & light 0 made1 9 ! "o in/ant4 ,b at ! same mom5t t light 0 made1 x 0 made di/9ct f d>kness1 :]eby ! angels :o s9n$ are d5ot$4 ,!re=e 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( _! creation "s ( ! angels 7 made bless$1 & "s s9n$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 is oppos$ to m]it4 ,b "s intellectual nature c m]it 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( its creation2 z ! s\l ( ,*ri/1 or also ! good angels4 ,!re=e ! demons likewise c\ld s9 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( _! creation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! angelic nature is m p[]ful ?an ! corporeal nature4 ,b a corporeal ?+ beg9s to h its op]ation 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( its creation2 z fire beg9s to move upw>ds 9 ! fir/ in/ant x is produc$4 ,!re=e ! angel c\ld also h 8 op]ation 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation4 ,n[ ?is op]ation 0 ei!r ord9ate or inord9ate4 ,if ord9ate1 !n1 s9ce he _h grace1 he !reby m]it$ beatitude4 ,b ) ! angels ! rew>d foll[s imm$iately ^u m]it2 z 0 said above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #e74 ,consequ5tly !y w\ld h become bless$ at once2 & s w\ld nev] h s9n$1 :i* is false4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t !y s9n$ by inord9ate action 9 _! fir/ in/ant4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3ca73 ,god saw all ! ?+s t ,he _h made1 & !y 7 v good4 ,b among !m 7 also ! demons4 ,!re=e ! demons 7 at "s "t good4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ! demons 7 wick$ /raightway 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( _! creation2 n by _! nature1 b by ! s9 ( _! own w2 because1 z soon z he 0 made1 ! devil refus$ righte\sness4 ,to ?is op9ion1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #ac71 if anyone subscribes1 he does n agree ) ^? ,mani*ean h]etics :o say t ! devil's nature is evil ( itself4 ,s9ce ?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 is 9 contradiction ) ! au?ority ( ,scripture--= x is said ( ! devil "u ! figure ( ! pr9ce ( ,babylon 7,isa4 #ad3ab73 ,h[ art ?\ fall5 4 4 4 ,o ,lucif]1 :o did/ rise 9 ! morn+6 & x is said to ! devil 9 ! p]son ( ! ,k+ ( ,tyre 7,eze*4 #bh3ac73 ,?\ wa/ 9 ! pleasures ( ! p>adise ( ,god1--consequ5tly1 ?is op9ion 0 reasonably reject$ by ! ma/]s z errone\s4 ,h5ce o!rs h said t ! angels1 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( _! creation1 c\ld h s9n$1 b did n4 ,yet ?is view also is repudiat$ by "s1 because1 :5 two op]ations foll[ "o ^u ! o!r1 x seems impossible = ea* op]ation to t]m9ate 9 ! "o in/ant4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! angel's s9 0 an act subsequ5t to 8 creation4 ,b ! t]m ( ! creative act is ! angel's v be+1 :ile ! t]m ( ! s9ful act is ! be+ wick$4 ,x seems1 !n1 an impossibility = ! angel to h be5 wick$ 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 does n satisfy4 ,= x holds good only 9 su* movem5ts z are measur$ by "t1 & take place successively2 ?us1 if local movem5t foll[s a *ange1 !n ! *ange & ! local movem5t _c be t]m9at$ 9 ! same in/ant4 ,b if ! *anges are in/antane\s1 !n all at once & 9 ! same in/ant !re c be a t]m to ! fir/ & ! second *ange2 ?us 9 ! same in/ant 9 :i* ! moon is lit up by ! sun1 ! atmosph]e is lit up by ! moon4 ,n[1 x is manife/ t creation is in/antane\s2 s also is ! movem5t ( free-w 9 ! angels2 =1 z has be5 already /at$1 !y h no occasion = comp>ison or discursive reason+ 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c74 ,consequ5tly1 !re is no?+ to h9d] ! t]m ( creation & ( free-w f exi/+ 9 ! same in/ant4 ,we mu/ !re=e reply t1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 impossible = ! angel to s9 9 ! fir/ in/ant by an inord9ate act ( free-w4 ,= al?\gh a ?+ c beg9 to act 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( its exi/5ce1 nev]!less1 t op]ation :i* beg9s ) ! exi/5ce comes ( ! ag5t f :i* x drew its nature2 j z upw>d movem5t 9 fire comes ( its productive cause4 ,!re=e1 if !re be any?+ :i* d]ives its nature f a defective cause1 :i* c be ! cause ( a defective action1 x c 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( its exi/5ce h a defective op]ation2 j z ! leg1 :i* is defective f bir?1 ?r\gh a defect 9 ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 beg9s at once to limp4 ,b ! ag5t :i* br\ght ! angels into exi/5ce1 namely1 ,god1 _c be ! cause ( s94 ,consequ5tly x _c be said t ! devil 0 wick$ 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #ae71 :5 x is /at$ t ! devil s9s f ! beg9n+1 he is n to be ?\ght ( z s9n+ f ! beg9n+ :]e9 he 0 creat$1 b f ! beg9n+ ( s93 t is to say1 because he nev] w5t back f 8 s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t di/9ction ( light & d>kness1 :]eby ! s9s ( ! demons are und]/ood by ! t]m d>kness1 mu/ be tak5 z accord+ to ,god's =ekn[l$ge4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #ae71 t ,he alone c\ld disc]n light & d>kness1 ,:o also c\ld =ekn[1 be=e !y fell1 ^? :o w\ld fall4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all t is 9 m]it is f ,god2 & consequ5tly an angel c\ld m]it 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation4 ,! same reason does n hold good ( s92 z has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,god did n di/+ui% betwe5 ! angels be=e ! turn+ away ( "s ( !m1 & ! turn+ ( o!rs to ,himself1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #ae74 ,!re=e1 z all 7 creat$ 9 grace1 all m]it$ 9 _! fir/ in/ant4 ,b "s ( !m at once plac$ an imp$im5t to _! beatitude1 !reby de/roy+ _! prec$+ m]it2 & consequ5tly !y 7 depriv$ ( ! beatitude :i* !y _h m]it$4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,0 ,any ,int]val ,betwe5 ! ,creation & ! ,fall ( ! ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re 0 "s int]val betwe5 ! angel's creation & 8 fall4 ,=1 x is said 7,eze*4 #bh3ae73 ,?\ did/ walk p]fect 99,vulg43 ',?\ ha/ walk$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ones ( fire2 ?\ wa/ p]fect 4 4 4' 9 ?y ways f ! day ( ?y creation until iniquity 0 f\nd 9 !e4 ,b s9ce walk+ is cont9u\s movem5t1 x requires an int]val4 ,!re=e !re 0 "s int]val betwe5 ! devil's creation & 8 fall4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,orig5 says 7,hom4 i 9 ,eze*47 t ! s]p5t ( old did n f ! fir/ walk ^u 8 brea/ & belly2 :i* ref]s to 8 s94 ,!re=e ! devil did n s9 at once aft] ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 capability ( s9n+ is common alike to man & angel4 ,b !re 0 "s delay betwe5 man's =mation & 8 s94 ,!re=e1 = ! l reason !re 0 "s int]val betwe5 ! devil's =mation & 8 s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! in/ant :]e9 ! devil s9n$ 0 di/9ct f ! in/ant :]e9 he 0 creat$4 ,b !re is a middle "t betwe5 e two in/ants4 ,!re=e !re 0 an int]val betwe5 8 creation & 8 fall4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said ( ! devil 7,john #h3dd73 ,he /ood n 9 ! tru?3 &1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #ae71 we mu/ und]/& ?is 9 ! s5se1 t he 0 9 ! tru?1 b did n rema9 9 x4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is a tw(old op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,b ! m probable "o1 :i* is also m 9 h>mony ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,sa9ts1 is t ! devil s9n$ at once aft] ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation4 ,?is mu/ be ma9ta9$ if x be held t he elicit$ an act ( free-w 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( 8 creation1 & t he 0 creat$ 9 grace2 z we h said 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,= s9ce ! angels atta9 beatitude by "o m]itori\s act1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #e71 if ! devil1 creat$ 9 grace1 m]it$ 9 ! fir/ in/ant1 he w\ld at once h receiv$ beatitude aft] t fir/ in/ant1 if he _h n plac$ an imp$im5t by s9n+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be cont5d$ t ! angel 0 n creat$ 9 grace1 or t he c\ld n elicit an act ( free-w 9 ! fir/ in/ant1 !n !re is no?+ to prev5t "s int]val be+ int]pos$ betwe5 8 creation & fall4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sometimes 9 ,holy ,scripture spiritual in/antane\s movem5ts are repres5t$ by corporeal movem5ts :i* are measur$ by "t4 ,9 ?is way by walk+ we are to und]/& ! movem5t ( free-w t5d+ t[>ds good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,orig5 says1 ,! s]p5t ( old did n f ! fir/ walk ^u 8 brea/ & belly1 because ( ! fir/ in/ant 9 :i* he 0 n wick$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an angel has an inflexible free-w aft] once *oos+2 consequ5tly1 if aft] ! fir/ in/ant1 9 :i* he _h a natural movem5t to good1 he _h n at once plac$ a b>ri] to beatitude1 he w\ld h be5 confirm$ 9 good4 ,x is n s ) man2 & !re=e ! argum5t does n hold good4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is true to say t !re is a middle "t betwe5 e two in/ants1 s f> z "t is cont9u\s1 z x is prov$ ,phys4 vi1 text4 #b4 ,b 9 ! angels1 :o are n subject to ! heav5ly movem5t1 :i* is prim>ily measur$ by cont9u\s "t1 "t is tak5 to mean ! succession ( _! m5tal acts1 or ( _! affections4 ,s ! fir/ in/ant 9 ! angels is und]/ood to respond to ! op]ation ( ! angelic m9d1 :]eby x introspects itself by its ev5+ k because on ! fir/ day ev5+ is m5tion$1 b n morn+4 ,?is op]ation 0 good 9 !m all4 ,f su* op]ation "s ( !m 7 conv]t$ to ! praise ( ! ,^w by _! morn+ k :ile o!rs1 absorb$ 9 !mselves1 became night1 swell+ up ) pride1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bd74 ,h5ce ! fir/ act 0 common to !m all2 b 9 _! second !y 7 sep>at$4 ,consequ5tly !y 7 all ( !m good 9 ! fir/ in/ant2 b 9 ! second ! good 7 set ap>t f ! wick$4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,highe/ ,angel ,among ,^? ,:o ,s9n$ ,0 ! ,highe/ ( ,all8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! highe/ among ! angels :o s9n$ 0 n ! highe/ ( all4 ,= x is /at$ 7,eze*4 #bh3ad73 ,?\ wa/ a *]ub /ret*$ out1 & protect+1 & ,i set !e 9 ! holy m\nta9 ( ,god4 ,n[ ! ord] ( ! ,*]ubim is "u ! ord] ( ! ,s]aphim1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vi1 vii74 ,!re=e1 ! highe/ angel among ^? :o s9n$ 0 n ! highe/ ( all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god made intellectual nature 9 ord] t x might atta9 to beatitude4 ,if !re=e ! highe/ ( ! angels s9n$1 x foll[s t ! ,div9e ord9ance 0 fru/rat$ 9 ! noble/ creature :i* is unfitt+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m a subject is incl9$ t[>ds any?+1 s mu* ! less c x fall away f x4 ,b ! high] an angel is1 s mu* ! m is he incl9$ t[>ds ,god4 ,!re=e s mu* ! less c he turn away f ,god by s9n+4 ,& s x seems t ! angel :o s9n$ 0 n ! highe/ ( all1 b "o ( ! l[] angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,ev47 says t ! *ief angel :o s9n$1 be+ set ov] all ! ho/s ( angels1 surpass$ !m 9 brightness1 & 0 by comp>ison ! mo/ illu/ri\s among !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s h to be consid]$ 9 s91 namely1 ! pron5ess to s91 & ! motive = s9n+4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! angels we consid] ! pron5ess to s91 x seems t ! high] angels 7 less likely to s9 ?an ! l[]4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii71 t ! highe/ ( ^? :o s9n$ 0 set ov] ! t]re/rial ord]4 ,?is op9ion seems to agree ) ! view ( ! ,platoni/s1 :i* ,augu/9e quotes 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vii1 #f1 #g2 x1 #i1 #aj1 #aa74 ,= !y said t all ! gods 7 good2 :]eas "s ( ! demons 7 good1 & "s bad2 nam+ z 'gods' ! intellectual sub/ances :i* are above ! lun> sph]e1 & call+ by ! "n ( demons ! intellectual sub/ances :i* are b5ea? x1 yet high] ?an m5 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,nor is ?is op9ion to be reject$ z contr>y to fai?2 because ! :ole corporeal creation is gov]n$ by ,god ?r\gh ! angels1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d1e74 ,consequ5tly !re is no?+ to prev5t u f say+ t ! l[] angels 7 div9ely set aside = presid+ ov] ! l[] bodies1 ! high] ov] ! high] bodies2 & ! highe/ to /& be=e ,god4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t !y :o fell 7 ( ! l[] grade ( angels2 yet 9 t ord] "s ( !m rema9$ good4 ,b if ! motive = s9n+ be consid]$1 we f9d t x exi/$ 9 ! high] angels m ?an 9 ! l[]4 ,=1 z has be5 said 7,a4 #b71 ! demons' s9 0 pride2 & ! motive ( pride is excell5ce1 :i* 0 great] 9 ! high] spirits4 ,h5ce ,gregory says t he :o s9n$ 0 ! v highe/ ( all4 ,?is seems to be ! m probable view3 because ! angels' s9 did n come ( any pron5ess1 b ( free *oice alone4 ,consequ5tly t argum5t seems to h ! m weight :i* is drawn f ! motive 9 s9n+4 ,yet ?is mu/ n be prejudicial to ! o!r view2 because !re might be "s motive = s9n+ 9 him also :o 0 ! *ief ( ! l[] angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*]ubim is int]pret$ fulness ( k1 :ile ,s]aphim means ^? :o are on fire1 or :o set on fire4 ,consequ5tly ,*]ubim is d]iv$ f k2 :i* is compatible ) mortal s92 b ,s]aphim is d]iv$ f ! heat ( *>ity1 :i* is incompatible ) mortal s94 ,!re=e ! fir/ angel :o s9n$ is call$1 n a ,s]aph1 b a ,*]ub4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,div9e int5tion is n fru/rat$ ei!r 9 ^? :o s91 or 9 ^? :o are sav$2 = ,god kn[s be=eh& ! end ( bo?2 & ,he procures glory f bo?1 sav+ ^! ( ,8 goodness1 & puni%+ ^? ( ,8 ju/ice4 ,b ! intellectual creature1 :5 x s9s1 falls away f its due end4 ,nor is ?is unfitt+ 9 any exalt$ creature2 because ! intellectual creature 0 s made by ,god1 t x lies )9 its own w to act = its end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,h[ev] great 0 ! incl9ation t[>ds good 9 ! highe/ angel1 !re 0 no necessity impos$ ^u him3 consequ5tly x 0 9 8 p[] n to foll[ x4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ! ,highe/ ,angel ,0 ! ,cause ( ! ,o!rs ,s9n+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( ! highe/ angel 0 n ! cause ( ! o!rs s9n+4 ,= ! cause prec$es ! effect4 ,b1 z ,damasc5e obs]ves 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii71 !y all s9n$ at "o "t4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( "o 0 n ! cause ( ! o!rs' s9n+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an angel's fir/ s9 c only be pride1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #b74 ,b pride seeks excell5ce4 ,n[ x is m contr>y to excell5ce = anyone to be subject to an inf]ior ?an to a sup]ior2 & s x does n appe> t ! angels s9n$ by desir+ to be subject to a high] angel r ?an to ,god4 ,yet ! s9 ( "o angel w\ld h be5 ! cause ( ! o!rs s9n+1 if he _h induc$ !m to be 8 subjects4 ,!re=e x does n appe> t ! s9 ( ! highe/ angel 0 ! cause ( ! o!rs s9n+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is a great] s9 to wi% to be subject to ano!r aga9/ ,god1 ?an to wi% to be ov] ano!r aga9/ ,god2 because !re is less motive = s9n+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! s9 ( ! =emo/ angel 0 ! cause ( ! o!rs s9n+1 9 t he induc$ !m to subject !mselves to him1 !n ! l[] angels w\ld h s9n$ m deeply ?an ! highe/ "o2 :i* is contr>y to a gloss on ,ps4 #ajc3bf3 ,?is dragon :i* ,?\ ha/ =m$--,he :o 0 ! m excell5t ?an ! re/ 9 nature1 became ! great] 9 malice4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( ! highe/ angel 0 n ! cause ( ! o!rs s9n+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,apoc4 #ab3d7 t ! dragon drew ) him ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav54 ,i answ] t1 ,! s9 ( ! highe/ angel 0 ! cause ( ! o!rs s9n+2 n z compell+ !m1 b z induc+ !m by a k9d ( exhortation4 ,a tok5 !re( appe>s 9 ?is1 t all ! demons are subjects ( t highe/ "o2 z is evid5t f our ,"l's words3 ,g ,vulg4 ',dep>t f ,me'1 y curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 :i* 0 prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels 7,matt4 #be3da74 ,= ! ord] ( ,div9e ju/ice exacts t :osoev] cons5ts to ano!r's evil sugge/ion1 %all be subject$ to him 9 8 puni%m5t2 accord+ to 7#b ,pet4 #b3ai73 ,by :om a man is ov]come1 ( ! same also he is ! slave4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! demons all s9n$ 9 ! "o in/ant1 yet ! s9 ( "o c\ld be ! cause ( ! re/ s9n+4 ,= ! angel ne$s no delay ( "t = *oice1 exhortation1 or cons5t1 z man1 :o requires delib]ation 9 ord] to *oose & cons5t1 & vocal spee* 9 ord] to exhort2 bo? ( :i* are ! "w ( "t4 ,& x is evid5t t ev5 man beg9s to speak 9 ! v in/ant :5 he takes ?\ght2 & 9 ! la/ in/ant ( spee*1 ano!r :o cat*es 8 mean+ c ass5t to :at is said2 z is especially evid5t ) reg>d to prim>y concepts1 :i* ev]yone accepts directly !y are he>d 99,boe?ius1 ,de ,hebdom44 ,tak+ away1 !n1 ! "t = spee* & delib]ation :i* is requir$ 9 u2 9 ! same in/ant 9 :i* ! highe/ angel express$ 8 affection by intelligible spee*1 x 0 possible = ! o!rs to cons5t !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! pr\d w\ld r be subject to a sup]ior ?an to an inf]ior4 ,yet he *ooses r to be subject to an inf]ior ?an to a sup]ior1 if he c procure an advantage "u an inf]ior :i* he _c "u a sup]ior4 ,consequ5tly x 0 n aga9/ ! demons' pride = !m to wi% to s]ve an inf]ior by yield+ to 8 rule2 = !y want$ to h him z _! pr9ce & lead]1 s t !y might atta9 _! ultimate beatitude ( _! own natural p[]s2 especially because 9 ! ord] ( nature !y 7 ev5 !n subject to ! highe/ angel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z 0 obs]v$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #f71 an angel has no?+ 9 him to ret>d 8 action1 & ) 8 :ole might he is mov$ to :atsoev] he is mov$1 be x good or bad4 ,consequ5tly s9ce ! highe/ angel _h great] natural en]gy ?an ! l[] angels1 he fell into s9 ) int5s] en]gy1 & !re=e he became ! great] 9 malice4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,s9n$ ,7 ,z ,_m ,z ,^? ,:o ,rema9$ ,firm8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m angels s9n$ ?an /ood firm4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f73 ,evil is 9 _m1 b good is 9 few4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice & s9 are to be f\nd 9 ! same way 9 m5 & 9 angels4 ,b !re are m wick$ m5 to be f\nd ?an good2 accord+ to ,eccles4 #a3ae3 ,! numb] ( fools is inf9ite4 ,!re=e = ! same reason x is s ) ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! angels are di/+ui%$ accord+ to p]sons & ord]s4 ,!re=e if m angelic p]sons /ood firm1 x w\ld appe> t ^? :o s9n$ 7 n f all ! ord]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7#d ,k+s #f3af73 ,!re are m ) u ?an ) !m3 :i* is exp\nd$ ( ! good angels :o are ) u to aid u1 & ! wick$ spirits :o are our foes4 ,i answ] t1 ,m angels /ood firm ?an s9n$4 ,because s9 is contr>y to ! natural incl9ation2 :ile t :i* is aga9/ ! natural ord] happ5s ) less frequ5cy2 = nature procures its effects ei!r always1 or m (t5 ?an n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ) reg>d to m51 9 :om evil comes to pass f seek+ aft] s5sible pleasures1 :i* are kn[n to mo/ m51 & f =sak+ ! good dictat$ by reason1 :i* good is kn[n to ! few4 ,9 ! angels !re is only an intellectual nature2 h5ce ! argum5t does n hold4 ,& f ?is we h ! answ] to ! second difficulty4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ^? :o hold t ! *ief devil belong$ to ! l[] ord] ( ! angels1 :o are set ov] e>?ly affairs1 x is evid5t t "s ( e ord] did n fall1 b only ^? ( ! l[e/ ord]4 ,accord+ to ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! *ief devil 0 ( ! highe/ ord]1 x is probable t "s fell ( e ord]2 j z m5 are tak5 up into e ord] to supply = ! angelic ru94 ,9 ?is view ! lib]ty ( free-w is m e/abli%$2 :i* 9 e degree ( creature c be turn$ to evil4 ,9 ! ,sacr$ ,scripture1 h[ev]1 ! names ( "s ord]s1 z ( ,s]aphim & ,?rones1 are n attribut$ to demons2 s9ce !y are d]iv$ f ! ardor ( love & f ,god's indwell+1 :i* are n consi/5t ) mortal s94 ,yet ! names ( ,*]ubim1 ,p[]s1 & ,pr9cipalities are attribut$ to !m2 because ^! names are d]iv$ f k & f p[]1 :i* c be common to bo? good & bad4 ,,"q #fd ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,demons 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,x n[ rema9s z a sequel to deal ) ! puni%m5t ( ! demons2 "u :i* head+ !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,( _! d>kness ( intellect2 7#b7 ,( _! ob/9acy ( w2 7#c7 ,( _! grief2 7#d7 ,( _! place ( puni%m5t4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,demons' ,intellect ,is ,d>k5$ by ,privation ( ! ,k ( ,all ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! demons' intellect is d>k5$ by be+ depriv$ ( ! k ( all tru?4 ,= if !y knew any tru? at all1 !y w\ld mo/ ( all "k !mselves2 :i* is to "k sep>at$ sub/ances4 ,b ?is is n 9 keep+ ) _! unhapp9ess3 = ?is seems to belong to great happ9ess1 insomu* z t "s writ]s h assign$ z man's la/ happ9ess ! k ( ! sep>at$ sub/ances4 ,!re=e ! demons are depriv$ ( all k ( tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is mo/ manife/ 9 its nature1 seems to be specially manife/ to ! angels1 :e!r good or bad4 ,t ! same is n manife/ ) reg>d to ourselves1 comes f ! weakness ( our intellect :i* draws its k f phantasms2 z x comes f ! weakness ( its eye t ! owl _c behold ! light ( ! sun4 ,b ! demons _c "k ,god1 ,:o is mo/ manife/ ( ,himself1 because ,he is ! sov]eign tru?2 & ?is is because !y are n clean ( he>t1 :]eby alone c ,god be se54 ,!re=e nei!r c !y "k o!r ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bb71 ! prop] k ( ! angels is tw(old2 namely1 morn+ & ev5+4 ,b ! demons h no morn+ k1 because !y d n see ?+s 9 ! ,^w2 nor h !y ! ev5+ k1 because ?is ev5+ k ref]s ! ?+s kn[n to ! ,creator's praise 7h5ce1 aft] ev5+ comes morn+ ,g54 #a74 ,!re=e ! demons c h no k ( ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! angels at _! creation knew ! my/]y ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #ai2 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xi74 ,b ! demons are depriv$ ( su* k3 = if !y _h kn[n x1 !y w\ld nev] h crucifi$ ! ,"l ( glory1 z is said #a ,cor4 #b3h4 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 !y are depriv$ ( all o!r k ( tru?4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :atev] tru? anyone kn[s is kn[n ei!r naturally1 z we "k fir/ pr9ciples2 or by d]iv+ x f someone else1 z we "k by le>n+2 or by long exp]i5ce1 z ! ?+s we le>n by discov]y4 ,n[1 ! demons _c "k ! tru? by _! own nature1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #cc71 ! good angels are sep>at$ f !m z light is f d>kness2 & e manife/ation is made ?r\gh light1 z is said ,eph4 #e3ac4 ,9 l mann] !y _c le>n by revelation1 nor by le>n+ f ! good angels3 because !re is no fell[%ip ( light ) d>kness 99,vulg43 ',:at fell[%ip ha? 4 4 4 8' 7#b ,cor4 #f3ad74 ,nor c !y le>n by long exp]i5ce3 because exp]i5ce comes ( ! s5ses4 ,consequ5tly !re is no k ( tru? 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t1 c]ta9 gifts 7 be/[$ ^u ! demons :i*1 we say1 h n be5 *ang$ at all1 b rema9 entire & mo/ brilliant4 ,n[1 ! k ( tru? /&s among ^? natural gifts4 ,consequ5tly !re is "s k ( tru? 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,! k ( tru? is tw(old3 "o :i* comes ( nature1 & "o :i* comes ( grace4 ,! k :i* comes ( grace is likewise tw(old3 ! fir/ is purely speculative1 z :5 ,div9e secrets are imp>t$ to an individual2 ! o!r is effective1 & produces love = ,god2 :i* k prop]ly belongs to ! gift ( wisdom4 ,( ^! ?ree k9ds ( k ! fir/ 0 nei!r tak5 away nor less5$ 9 ! demons4 ,= x foll[s f ! v nature ( ! angel1 :o1 accord+ to 8 nature1 is an intellect or m9d3 s9ce on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( 8 sub/ance1 no?+ c be )drawn f 8 nature1 s z to puni% him by subtract+ f 8 natural p[]s1 z a man is puni%$ by be+ depriv$ ( a h& or a foot or ( some?+ else4 ,!re=e ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! natural gifts rema9 entire 9 !m4 ,consequ5tly _! natural k 0 n dim9i%$4 ,! second k9d ( k1 h[ev]1 :i* comes ( grace1 & consi/s 9 speculation1 has n be5 utt]ly tak5 away f !m1 b less5$2 because1 ( ^! ,div9e secrets only s mu* is reveal$ to !m z is necess>y2 & t is done ei!r by means ( ! angels1 or ?r\gh "s temporal work+s ( ,div9e p[]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #ba72 b n 9 ! same degree z to ! holy angels1 to :om _m m ?+s are reveal$1 & m fully1 9 ! ,^w ,himself4 ,b ( ! ?ird k1 z likewise ( *>ity1 !y are utt]ly depriv$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 self-application to some?+ high]4 ,! sep>at$ sub/ances are above u 9 ! ord] ( nature2 h5ce man c h happ9ess ( a k9d by kn[+ ! sep>at$ sub/ances1 al?\gh 8 p]fect happ9ess consi/s 9 kn[+ ! fir/ sub/ance1 namely1 ,god4 ,b x is q natural = "o sep>ate sub/ance to "k ano!r2 z x is natural = u to "k s5sible natures4 ,h5ce1 z man's happ9ess does n consi/ 9 kn[+ s5sible natures2 s nei!r does ! angel's happ9ess consi/ 9 kn[+ sep>at$ sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:at is mo/ manife/ 9 its nature is hidd5 f u by its surpass+ ! b\nds ( our intellect2 & n m]ely because our intellect draws k f phantasms4 ,n[ ! ,div9e sub/ance surpasses ! proportion n only ( ! human intellect1 b ev5 ( ! angelic4 ,consequ5tly1 n ev5 an angel c ( 8 own nature "k ,god's sub/ance4 ,yet on acc\nt ( ! p]fection ( 8 intellect he c ( 8 nature h a high] k ( ,god ?an man c h4 ,su* k ( ,god rema9s also 9 ! demons4 ,al?\gh !y d n possess ! purity :i* comes ) grace1 nev]!less !y h purity ( nature2 & ?is suffices = ! k ( ,god :i* belongs to !m f _! nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! creature is d>kness 9 comp>ison ) ! excell5ce ( ! ,div9e light2 & !re=e ! creature's k 9 its own nature is call$ ev5+ k4 ,= ! ev5+ is ak9 to d>kness1 yet x possesses "s light3 b :5 ! light fails utt]ly1 !n x is night4 ,s !n ! k ( ?+s 9 _! own nature1 :5 ref]r$ to ! praise ( ! ,creator1 z x is 9 ! good angels1 has some?+ ( ! ,div9e light1 & c be call$ ev5+ k2 b if x be n ref]r$ to ,god1 z is ! case ) ! demons1 x is n call$ ev5+1 b nocturnal k4 ,accord+ly we read 9 ,g54 #a3e t ! d>kness1 :i* ,god sep>at$ f ! light1 ,he call$ night4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all ! angels _h "s k f ! v beg9n+ respect+ ! my/]y ( ,god's k+dom1 :i* f\nd its completion 9 ,*ri/2 & mo/ ( all f ! mom5t :5 !y 7 beatifi$ by ! vision ( ! ,^w1 :i* vision ! demons nev] _h4 ,yet all ! angels did n fully & equally appreh5d x2 h5ce ! demons mu* less fully und]/ood ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation1 :5 ,*ri/ 0 9 ! _w4 ,=1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #ba71 ,x 0 n manife/$ to !m z x 0 to ! holy angels1 :o enjoy a p>ticipat$ et]nity ( ! ,^w2 b x 0 made kn[n by "s temporal effects1 s z to /rike t]ror into !m4 ,= _h !y fully & c]ta9ly kn[n t ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god & ! effect ( ,8 passion1 !y w\ld nev] h procur$ ! crucifixion ( ! ,"l ( glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! demons "k a tru? 9 ?ree ways3 fir/ ( all by ! subtlety ( _! nature2 = al?\gh !y are d>k5$ by privation ( ! light ( grace1 yet !y are enlight5$ by ! light ( _! intellectual nature3 secondly1 by revelation f ! holy angels2 = :ile n agree+ ) !m 9 con=mity ( w1 !y d agree1 nev]!less1 by _! lik5ess ( intellectual nature1 accord+ to :i* !y c accept :at is manife/$ by o!rs3 ?irdly1 !y "k by long exp]i5ce2 n z d]iv+ x f ! s5ses2 b :5 ! similitude ( _! innate intelligible species is complet$ 9 individual ?+s1 !y "k "s ?+s z pres5t1 :i* !y previ\sly did n "k w\ld come to pass1 z we said :5 deal+ ) ! k ( ! angels 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,w ( ! ,demons ,is ,ob/9ate 9 ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w ( ! demons is n ob/9ate 9 evil4 ,= lib]ty ( w belongs to ! nature ( an intellectual be+1 :i* nature rema9s 9 ! demons1 z we said above 7,a4 #a74 ,b lib]ty ( w is directly & fir/ly orda9$ to good r ?an to evil4 ,!re=e ! demons' w is n s ob/9ate 9 evil z n to be able to return to :at is good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ,god's m]cy is inf9ite1 x is great] ?an ! demons' malice1 :i* is f9ite4 ,b no "o returns f ! malice ( s9 to ! goodness ( ju/ice save ?r\gh ,god's m]cy4 ,!re=e ! demons c likewise return f _! /ate ( malice to ! /ate ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! demons h a w ob/9ate 9 evil1 !n _! w w\ld be especially ob/9ate 9 ! s9 :]eby !y fell4 ,b t s91 namely1 pride1 is 9 !m no long]2 because ! motive = ! s9 no long] endures1 namely1 excell5ce4 ,!re=e ! demon is n ob/9ate 9 malice4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 iv7 t man c be re9/at$ by ano!r1 s9ce he fell ?r\gh ano!r4 ,b1 z 0 obs]v$ already 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #h71 ! l[] demons fell ?r\gh ! highe/ "o4 ,!re=e _! fall c be repair$ by ano!r4 ,consequ5tly !y are n ob/9ate 9 malice4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :oev] is ob/9ate 9 malice1 nev] p]=ms any good "w4 ,b ! demon p]=ms "s good works3 = he confesses ! tru?1 say+ to ,*ri/3 ,i "k ,:o ,?\ art1 ! holy "o ( ,god 7,m>k #a3bd74 ,! demons also believe & tremble 7,james #b3ai74 ,& ,dionysius obs]ves 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 t !y desire :at is good & be/1 :i* is1 to be1 to live1 to und]/&4 ,!re=e !y are n ob/9ate 9 malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #gc3bc73 ,! pride ( !m t hate ,!e1 asc5de? cont9ually2 & ?is is und]/ood ( ! demons4 ,!re=e !y rema9 ev] ob/9ate 9 _! malice4 ,i answ] t1 ,x 0 ,orig5's op9ion 99,p]i ,ar*on i4 #f t e w ( ! creature c by reason ( free-w be incl9$ to good & evil2 ) ! exception ( ! s\l ( ,*ri/ on acc\nt ( ! union ( ! ,^w4 ,su* a /atem5t deprives angels & sa9ts ( true beatitude1 because ev]la/+ /ability is ( ! v nature ( true beatitude2 h5ce x is t]m$ life ev]la/+4 ,x is also contr>y to ! au?ority ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 :i* decl>es t demons & wick$ m5 %all be s5t into ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 & ! good br\ght into ev]la/+ life4 ,consequ5tly su* an op9ion mu/ be consid]$ errone\s2 :ile accord+ to ,ca?olic ,fai?1 x mu/ be held firmly bo? t ! w ( ! good angels is confirm$ 9 good1 & t ! w ( ! demons is ob/9ate 9 evil4 ,we mu/ seek = ! cause ( ?is ob/9acy1 n 9 ! gravity ( ! s91 b 9 ! condition ( _! nature or /ate4 ,= z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii71 dea? is to m51 :at ! fall is to ! angels4 ,n[ x is cle> t all ! mortal s9s ( m51 grave or less grave1 are p>donable be=e dea?2 :]eas aft] dea? !y are )\t remission & endure = ev]4 ,to f9d ! cause1 !n1 ( ?is ob/9acy1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! appetitive p[] is 9 all ?+s proportion$ to ! appreh5sive1 :]eby x is mov$1 z ! movable by its mov]4 ,= ! s5sitive appetite seeks a p>ticul> good2 :ile ! w seeks ! univ]sal good1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #a72 z also ! s5se appreh5ds p>ticul> objects1 :ile ! intellect consid]s univ]sals4 ,n[ ! angel's appreh5sion diff]s f man's 9 ?is respect1 t ! angel by 8 intellect appreh5ds immovably1 z we appreh5d immovably fir/ pr9ciples :i* are ! object ( ! habit ( intellig5ce2 :]eas man by 8 reason appreh5ds movably1 pass+ f "o consid]ation to ano!r2 & hav+ ! way op5 by :i* he may proce$ to ei!r ( two opposites4 ,consequ5tly man's w adh]es to a ?+ movably1 & ) ! p[] ( =sak+ x & ( cl++ to ! opposite2 :]eas ! angel's w adh]es fix$ly & immovably4 ,!re=e1 if 8 w be consid]$ be=e its adhesion1 x c freely adh]e ei!r to ?is or to its opposite 7namely1 9 su* ?+s z he does n w naturally72 b aft] he has once adh]$1 he cl+s immovably4 ,s x is cu/om>y to say t man's free-w is flexible to ! opposite bo? be=e & aft] *oice2 b ! angel's free-w is flexible ei!r opposite be=e ! *oice1 b n aft]4 ,!re=e ! good angels :o adh]$ to ju/ice1 7 confirm$ !re92 :]eas ! wick$ ones1 s9n+1 are ob/9ate 9 s94 ,lat] on we %all treat ( ! ob/9acy ( m5 :o are damn$ 7,suppl41 ,q4 #ih1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! good & wick$ angels h free-w1 b accord+ to ! mann] & condition ( _! /ate1 z has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god's m]cy deliv]s f s9 ^? :o rep5t4 ,b su* z are n capable ( rep5t+1 cl+ immovably to s91 & are n deliv]$ by ! ,div9e m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! devil's fir/ s9 /ill rema9s 9 him accord+ to desire2 al?\gh n z to 8 believ+ t he c obta9 :at he desir$4 ,ev5 s1 if a man 7 to believe t he c commit murd]1 & wills to commit x1 & aft]w>ds ! p[] is tak5 f him2 nev]!less1 ! w to murd] c /ay ) him1 s t he w\ld he _h done x1 or /ill w\ld d x if he c\ld4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! fact t man s9n$ f ano!r's sugge/ion1 is n ! :ole cause ( man's s9 be+ p>donable4 ,consequ5tly ! argum5t does n hold good4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a demon's act is tw(old4 ,"o comes ( delib]ate w2 & ?is is prop]ly call$ 8 own act4 ,su* an act on ! demon's "p is always wick$2 because1 al?\gh at times he does some?+ good1 yet he does n d x well2 z :5 he tells ! tru? 9 ord] to deceive2 & :5 he believes & confesses1 yet n will+ly1 b compell$ by ! evid5ce ( ?+s4 ,ano!r k9d ( act is natural to ! demon2 ?is c be good & be>s witness to ! goodness ( nature4 ,yet he abuses ev5 su* good acts to evil purpose4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,sorr[ 9 ! ,demons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no sorr[ 9 ! demons4 ,= s9ce sorr[ & joy are opposites1 !y _c be toge!r 9 ! same subject4 ,b !re is joy 9 ! demons3 = ,augu/9e writ+ aga9/ ! ,mani*es 7,de ,g54 ,contra ,mani*4 ii1 #ag7 says3 ,! devil has p[] ov] !m :o despise ,god's comm&m5ts1 & he rejoices ov] ?is s9i/] p[]4 ,!re=e !re is no sorr[ 9 ! demons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ is ! cause ( fe>1 = ^? ?+s cause fe> :ile !y are future1 :i* cause sorr[ :5 !y are pres5t4 ,b !re is no fe> 9 ! demons1 accord+ to ,job #da3bd1 ,:o 0 made to fe> no "o4 ,!re=e !re is no grief 9 ! demons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is a good ?+ to be sorry = evil4 ,b ! demons c d no good action4 ,!re=e !y _c be sorry1 at lea/ = ! evil ( s92 :i* applies to ! worm ( consci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! demon's s9 is great] ?an man's s94 ,b man is puni%$ ) sorr[ on acc\nt ( ! pleasure tak5 9 s91 accord+ to ,apoc4 #ah3g1 ,z mu* z %e ha? glorifi$ h]self1 & liv$ 9 delicacies1 s mu* torm5t & sorr[ give ye to h]4 ,consequ5tly mu* m is ! devil puni%$ ) ! grief ( sorr[1 because he especially glorifi$ himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,fe>1 sorr[1 joy1 & ! l1 s f> z !y are passions1 _c exi/ 9 ! demons2 = ?us !y are prop] to ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is a p[] 9 a corporeal organ4 ,accord+1 h[ev]1 z !y d5ote simple acts ( ! w1 !y c be 9 ! demons4 ,& x mu/ be said t !re is sorr[ 9 !m2 because sorr[1 z d5ot+ a simple act ( ! w1 is no?+ else ?an ! resi/ance ( ! w to :at is1 or to :at is n4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! demons w\ld wi% _m ?+s n to be1 :i* are1 & o!rs to be1 :i* are n3 =1 out ( envy1 !y w\ld wi% o!rs to be damn$1 :o are sav$4 ,consequ5tly1 sorr[ mu/ be said to exi/ 9 !m3 & especially because x is ( ! v notion ( puni%m5t = x to be repugnant to ! w4 ,moreov]1 !y are depriv$ ( happ9ess1 :i* !y desire naturally2 & _! wick$ w is curb$ 9 _m respects4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,joy & sorr[ ab\t ! same ?+ are opposites1 b n ab\t diff]5t ?+s4 ,h5ce !re is no?+ to h9d] a man f be+ sorry = "o ?+1 & joyful = ano!r2 especially s f> z sorr[ & joy imply simple acts ( ! w2 because1 n m]ely 9 diff]5t ?+s1 b ev5 9 "o & ! same ?+1 !re c be some?+ t we w1 & some?+ t we w n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z !re is sorr[ 9 ! demons ov] pres5t evil1 s also !re is fe> ( future evil4 ,n[ :5 x is said1 ,he 0 made to fe> no "o1 ?is is to be und]/ood ( ! fe> ( ,god :i* re/ra9s f s94 ,= x is writt5 else:]e t ! devils believe & tremble 7,james #b3ai74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to be sorry = ! evil ( s9 on acc\nt ( ! s9 be>s witness to ! goodness ( ! w1 to :i* ! evil ( s9 is oppos$4 ,b to be sorry = ! evil ( puni%m5t1 or = ! evil ( s9 on acc\nt ( ! puni%m5t1 be>s witness to ! goodness ( nature1 to :i* ! evil ( puni%m5t is oppos$4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ac71 t sorr[ = good lo/ by puni%m5t1 is ! witness to a good nature4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! demon has a p]v]se & ob/9ate w1 he is n sorry = ! evil ( s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,our ,atmosph]e ,is ! ,demons' ,place ( ,puni%m5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is atmosph]e is n ! demons' place ( puni%m5t4 ,= a demon is a spiritual nature4 ,b a spiritual nature is n affect$ by place4 ,!re=e !re is no place ( puni%m5t = demons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man's s9 is n grav] ?an ! demons'4 ,b man's place ( puni%m5t is hell4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is x ! demons' place ( puni%m5t2 & consequ5tly n ! d>ksome atmosph]e4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! demons are puni%$ ) ! pa9 ( fire4 ,b !re is no fire 9 ! d>ksome atmosph]e4 ,!re=e ! d>ksome atmosph]e is n ! place ( puni%m5t = ! demons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iii1 #aj71 t ! d>ksome atmosph]e is z a prison to ! demons until ! judgm5t day4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angels 9 _! own nature /& midway betwe5 ,god & m54 ,n[ ! ord] ( ,div9e provid5ce s disposes1 t x procures ! welf>e ( ! inf]ior ord]s ?r\gh ! sup]ior4 ,b man's welf>e is dispos$ by ,div9e provid5ce 9 two ways3 fir/ ( all1 directly1 :5 a man is br\ght unto good & )held f evil2 & ?is is fitt+ly done ?r\gh ! good angels4 ,9 ano!r way1 indirectly1 z :5 anyone assail$ is ex]cis$ by fight+ aga9/ opposition4 ,x 0 fitt+ = ?is procur+ ( man's welf>e to be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! wick$ spirits1 le/ !y %\ld cease to be ( s]vice 9 ! natural ord]4 ,consequ5tly a tw(old place ( puni%m5t is due to ! demons3 "o1 by reason ( _! s91 & ?is is hell2 & ano!r1 9 ord] t !y may tempt m51 & ?us ! d>ksome atmosph]e is _! due place ( puni%m5t4 ,n[ ! procur+ ( m5's salvation is prolong$ ev5 to ! judgm5t day3 consequ5tly1 ! m9i/ry ( ! angels & wre/l+ ) demons endure until !n4 ,h5ce until !n ! good angels are s5t to u "h2 & ! demons are 9 ?is d>k atmosph]e = our trial3 al?\gh "s ( !m are ev5 n[ 9 hell1 to torm5t ^? :om !y h l$ a/ray2 j z "s ( ! good angels are ) ! holy s\ls 9 heav54 ,b aft] ! judgm5t day all ! wick$1 bo? m5 & angels1 w be 9 hell1 & ! good 9 heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a place is n p5al to angel or s\l z if affect+ ! nature by *ang+ x1 b z affect+ ! w by sadd5+ x3 because ! angel or ! s\l appreh5ds t x is 9 a place n agreeable to its w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o s\l is n set ov] ano!r 9 ! ord] ( nature1 z ! demons are ov] m5 9 ! ord] ( nature2 consequ5tly !re is no p>allel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ! pa9 ( s5se = demons & s\ls is po/pon$ until ! judgm5t day3 & t ! beatitude ( ! sa9ts is likewise po/pon$ until ! judgm5t day4 ,b ?is is errone\s1 & contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #e3a73 ,if our e>?ly h\se ( ?is habitation be dissolv$1 we h a h\se 9 heav54 ,o!rs1 aga91 :ile n admitt+ ! same ( s\ls1 admit x z to demons4 ,b x is bett] to say t ! same judgm5t is pass$ ^u wick$ s\ls & wick$ angels1 ev5 z on good s\ls & good angels4 ,consequ5tly1 x mu/ be said t1 al?\gh a heav5ly place belongs to ! glory ( ! angels1 yet _! glory is n less5$ by _! com+ to u1 = !y consid] t place to be _! own2 9 ! same way z we say t ! bi%op's honor is n less5$ :ile he is n actually sitt+ on 8 ?rone4 ,9 l mann] x mu/ be said1 t al?\gh ! demons are n actually b\nd )9 ! fire ( hell :ile !y are 9 ?is d>k atmosph]e1 nev]!less _! puni%m5t is none ! less2 because !y "k t su* conf9em5t is _! due4 ,h5ce x is said 9 a gloss ^u ,james #c3f3 ,!y c>ry fire ( hell ) !m :]ev] !y g4 ,nor is ?is contr>y to :at is said 7,luke #h3ca71 ,!y bes\ght ! ,"l n to ca/ !m into ! abyss2 = !y ask$ = ?is1 deem+ x to be a puni%m5t = !m to be ca/ out ( a place :]e !y c\ld injure m54 ,h5ce x is /at$1 ,!y ,vulg4 ',he' bes\ght ,him t ,he w\ld n expel !m ,vulg4 'him' out ( ! c\ntry 7,m>k #e3aj74 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,six ,,days 7,,qq4 #fe-gd7 ,,"q #fe ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,creation ,,( ,,corporeal ,,creatures 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,f ! consid]ation ( spiritual creatures we proce$ to t ( corporeal creatures1 9 ! production ( :i*1 z ,holy ,scripture makes m5tion1 ?ree works are f\nd1 namely1 ! "w ( creation1 z giv5 9 ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?2 ! "w ( di/9ction z giv5 9 ! words1 ,he divid$ ! light f ! d>kness1 & ! wat]s t are above ! firmam5t f ! wat]s t are "u ! firmam5t2 & ! "w ( adornm5t1 express$ ?us1 ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t4 ,fir/1 !n1 we mu/ consid] ! "w ( creation2 secondly1 ! "w ( di/9ction2 & ?irdly1 ! "w ( adornm5t4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r corporeal creatures are f ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y 7 creat$ on acc\nt ( ,god's goodness8 7#c7 ,:e!r !y 7 creat$ by ,god ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! angels8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! =ms ( bodies are f ! angels or imm$iately f ,god4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,corporeal ,creatures ,are f ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t corporeal creatures are n f ,god4 ,= x is said 7,eccles4 #c3ad73 ,i h le>n$ t all ! works :i* ,god ha? made1 cont9ue = ev]4 ,b visible bodies d n cont9ue = ev]1 = x is said 7#b ,cor4 #d3ah73 ,! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s :i* are n se5 are et]nal4 ,!re=e ,god did n make visible bodies4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is said 7,g54 #a3ca73 ,god saw all ?+s t ,he _h made1 & !y 7 v good4 ,b corporeal creatures are evil1 s9ce we f9d !m h>mful 9 _m ways2 z may be se5 9 s]p5ts1 9 ! sun's heat1 & o!r ?+s4 ,n[ a ?+ is call$ evil1 9 s f> z x is h>mful4 ,corporeal creatures1 !re=e1 are n f ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is f ,god does n )draw u f ,god1 b leads u to ,him4 ,b corporeal creatures )draw u f ,god4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #d3ah73 ,:ile we look n at ! ?+s :i* are se54 ,corporeal creatures1 !re=e1 are n f ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #ade3f73 ,:o made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all ?+s t are 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,c]ta9 h]etics ma9ta9 t visible ?+s are n creat$ by ! good ,god1 b by an evil pr9ciple1 & allege 9 pro( ( _! error ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #d3d71 ,! god ( ?is _w ha? bl9d$ ! m9ds ( unbeliev]s4 ,b ?is position is altoge!r unt5able4 ,=1 if ?+s t diff] agree 9 "s po9t1 !re mu/ be "s cause = t agreem5t1 s9ce ?+s div]se 9 nature _c be unit$ ( !mselves4 ,h5ce :5ev] 9 diff]5t ?+s "s "o ?+ common to all is f\nd1 x mu/ be t ^! diff]5t ?+s receive t "o ?+ f "s "o cause1 z diff]5t bodies t are hot receive _! heat f fire4 ,b be+ is f\nd to be common to all ?+s1 h[ev] o!rwise diff]5t4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be "o pr9ciple ( be+ f :i* all ?+s 9 :atev] way exi/+ h _! be+1 :e!r !y are invisible & spiritual1 or visible & corporeal4 ,b ! devil is call$ ! god ( ?is _w1 n z hav+ creat$ x1 b because worldl+s s]ve him1 ( :om also ! ,apo/le says1 speak+ 9 ! same s5se1 ,^: god is _! belly 7,phil4 #c3ai74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! creatures ( ,god 9 "s respects cont9ue = ev]1 at lea/ z to matt]1 s9ce :at is creat$ w nev] be annihilat$1 ev5 ?\gh x be corruptible4 ,& ! ne>] a creature approa*es ,god1 ,:o is immovable1 ! m x also is immovable4 ,= corruptible creatures endure = ev] z reg>ds _! matt]1 ?\gh !y *ange z reg>ds _! sub/antial =m4 ,b incorruptible creatures endure ) respect to _! sub/ance1 ?\gh !y are mutable 9 o!r respects1 su* z place1 = in/ance1 ! heav5ly bodies2 or ! affections1 z spiritual creatures4 ,b ! ,apo/le's words1 ,! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 ?\gh true ev5 z reg>ds su* ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves 79 s f> z e visible creature is subject to "t1 ei!r z to be+ or z to movem5t71 are int5d$ to apply to visible ?+s 9 s f> z !y are (f]$ to man z rew>ds4 ,= su* rew>ds1 z consi/ 9 ^! visible ?+s1 are temporal2 :ile ^? t are invisible endure = ev]4 ,h5ce he said be=e 7#b ,cor4 #d3ag73 ,x worke? = u 4 4 4 an et]nal weight ( glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,corporeal creatures accord+ to _! nature are good1 ?\gh ?is good is n univ]sal1 b p>tial & limit$1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is a c]ta9 opposition ( contr>y qualities1 ?\gh ea* quality is good 9 itself4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 :o e/imate ?+s1 n by ! nature !re(1 b by ! good !y !mselves c d]ive !refrom1 ev]y?+ :i* is h>mful to !mselves seems simply evil4 ,= !y d n reflect t :at is 9 "s way injuri\s to "o p]son1 to ano!r is b5eficial1 & t ev5 to !mselves ! same ?+ may be evil 9 "s respects1 b good 9 o!rs4 ,& ?is c\ld n be1 if bodies 7 ess5tially evil & h>mful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,creatures ( !mselves d n )draw u f ,god1 b lead u to ,him2 = ! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made 7,rom4 #a3bj74 ,if1 !n1 !y )draw m5 f ,god1 x is ! fault ( ^? :o use !m fooli%ly4 ,?us x is said 7,wis4 #ad3aa73 ,creatures are turn$ into a sn>e to ! feet ( ! unwise4 ,& ! v fact t !y c ?us )draw u f ,god proves t !y came f ,him1 = !y _c lead ! fooli% away f ,god except by ! allurem5ts ( "s good t !y h f ,him4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,corporeal ,?+s ,7 ,made on ,acc\nt ( ,god's ,goodness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t corporeal creatures 7 n made on acc\nt ( ,god's goodness4 ,= x is said 7,wis4 #a3ad7 t ,god creat$ all ?+s t !y might be4 ,!re=e all ?+s 7 creat$ = _! own be+'s sake1 & n on acc\nt ( ,god's goodness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 good has ! nature ( an end2 !re=e ! great] good 9 ?+s is ! end ( ! less] good4 ,b spiritual creatures are relat$ to corporeal creatures1 z ! great] good to ! less]4 ,corporeal creatures1 !re=e1 are creat$ = ! sake ( spiritual creatures1 & n on acc\nt ( ,god's goodness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice does n give unequal ?+s except to ! unequal4 ,n[ ,god is j3 !re=e inequality n creat$ by ,god mu/ prec$e all inequality creat$ by ,him4 ,b an inequality n creat$ by ,god c only arise f free-w1 & consequ5tly all inequality results f ! diff]5t movem5ts ( free-w4 ,n[1 corporeal creatures are unequal to spiritual creatures4 ,!re=e ! =m] 7 made on acc\nt ( movem5ts ( free-w1 & n on acc\nt ( ,god's goodness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,prov4 #af3d73 ,! ,"l ha? made all ?+s = ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,orig5 laid d[n 99,p]i ,ar*on ii4 t corporeal creatures 7 n made accord+ to ,god's orig9al purpose1 b 9 puni%m5t ( ! s9 ( spiritual creatures4 ,= he ma9ta9$ t ,god 9 ! beg9n+ made spiritual creatures only1 & all ( equal nature2 b t ( ^! by ! use ( free-w "s turn$ to ,god1 &1 accord+ to ! measure ( _! conv]sion1 7 giv5 a high] or a l[] rank1 reta9+ _! simplicity2 :ile o!rs turn$ f ,god1 & became b\nd to diff]5t k9ds ( bodies accord+ to ! degree ( _! turn+ away4 ,b ?is position is errone\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because x is contr>y to ,scripture1 :i*1 aft] n>rat+ ! production ( ea* k9d ( corporeal creatures1 subjo9s1 ,god saw t x 0 good 7,g54 #a71 z if to say t ev]y?+ 0 br\ght into be+ = ! reason t x 0 good = x to be4 ,b accord+ to ,orig5's op9ion1 ! corporeal creature 0 made1 n because x 0 good t x %\ld be1 b t ! evil 9 ano!r might be puni%$4 ,secondly1 because x w\ld foll[ t ! arrangem5t1 :i* n[ exi/s1 ( ! corporeal _w w\ld arise f m]e *ance4 ,= x ! sun's body 0 made :at x is1 t x might s]ve = a puni%m5t suitable to "s s9 ( a spiritual creature1 x w\ld foll[1 if o!r spiritual creatures _h s9n$ 9 ! same way z ! "o to puni% :om ! sun _h be5 creat$1 t _m suns w\ld exi/ 9 ! _w2 & s ( o!r ?+s4 ,b su* a consequ5ce is altoge!r inadmissible4 ,h5ce we mu/ set aside ?is !ory z false1 & consid] t ! entire univ]se is con/itut$ by all creatures1 z a :ole consi/s ( its p>ts4 ,n[ if we wi% to assign an end to any :ole1 & to ! p>ts ( t :ole1 we %all f9d1 fir/1 t ea* & e "p exi/s = ! sake ( its prop] act1 z ! eye = ! act ( see+2 secondly1 t less honorable p>ts exi/ = ! m honorable1 z ! s5ses = ! intellect1 ! lungs = ! he>t2 &1 ?irdly1 t all p>ts are = ! p]fection ( ! :ole1 z ! matt] = ! =m1 s9ce ! p>ts are1 z x 71 ! matt] ( ! :ole4 ,fur!rmore1 ! :ole man is on acc\nt ( an extr9sic end1 t end be+ ! fruition ( ,god4 ,s1 !re=e1 9 ! p>ts ( ! univ]se also e creature exi/s = its own prop] act & p]fection1 & ! less noble = ! nobl]1 z ^? creatures t are less noble ?an man exi/ = ! sake ( man1 :il/ ea* & e creature exi/s = ! p]fection ( ! entire univ]se4 ,fur!rmore1 ! entire univ]se1 ) all its p>ts1 is orda9$ t[>ds ,god z its end1 inasmu* z x imitates1 z x 71 & %[s =? ! ,div9e goodness1 to ! glory ( ,god4 ,reasonable creatures1 h[ev]1 h 9 "s special & high] mann] ,god z _! end1 s9ce !y c atta9 to ,him by _! own op]ations1 by kn[+ & lov+ ,him4 ,?us x is pla9 t ! ,div9e goodness is ! end ( all corporeal ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! v fact ( any creature possess+ be+1 x repres5ts ! ,div9e be+ & ,its goodness4 ,&1 !re=e1 t ,god creat$ all ?+s1 t !y might h be+1 does n exclude t ,he creat$ !m = ,8 own goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! proximate end does n exclude ! ultimate end4 ,!re=e t corporeal creatures 71 9 a mann]1 made = ! sake ( ! spiritual1 does n prev5t _! be+ made on acc\nt ( ,god's goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,equality ( ju/ice has its place 9 retribution1 s9ce equal rew>ds or puni%m5ts are due to equal m]it or dem]it4 ,b ?is does n apply to ?+s z at fir/ in/itut$4 ,= j z an ar*itect1 )\t inju/ice1 places /ones ( ! same k9d 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a build+1 n on acc\nt ( any antec$5t diff]5ce 9 ! /ones1 b ) a view to secur+ t p]fection ( ! entire build+1 :i* c\ld n be obta9$ except by ! diff]5t positions ( ! /ones2 ev5 s1 ,god f ! beg9n+1 to secure p]fection 9 ! univ]se1 has set !re9 creatures ( v>i\s & unequal natures1 accord+ to ,8 wisdom1 & )\t inju/ice1 s9ce no div]sity ( m]it is presuppos$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,corporeal ,creatures ,7 ,produc$ by ,god ,?r\gh ! ,m$ium ( ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t corporeal creatures 7 produc$ by ,god ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! angels4 ,=1 z all ?+s are gov]n$ by ! ,div9e wisdom1 s by x 7 all ?+s made1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ajc3bd3 ,?\ ha/ made all ?+s 9 wisdom4 ,b x belongs to wisdom to orda91 z /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,metaphysics 7i1 #b74 ,h5ce 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ?+s ! l[] is rul$ by ! high] 9 a c]ta9 fitt+ ord]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d74 ,!re=e 9 ! production ( ?+s x 0 orda9$ t ! corporeal %\ld be produc$ by ! spiritual1 z ! l[] by ! high]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 div]sity ( effects %[s div]sity ( causes1 s9ce l always produces l4 ,if !n all creatures1 bo? spiritual & corporeal1 7 produc$ imm$iately by ,god1 !re w\ld be no div]sity 9 creatures1 = "o w\ld n be fur!r remov$ f ,god ?an ano!r4 ,b ?is is cle>ly false2 = ! ,philosoph] says t "s ?+s are corruptible because !y are f> remov$ f ,god 7,de ,g54 et ,corrup4 ii1 text4 #ei74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 inf9ite p[] is n requir$ to produce a f9ite effect4 ,b e corporeal ?+ is f9ite4 ,!re=e1 x c\ld be1 & 01 produc$ by ! f9ite p[] ( spiritual creatures3 = 9 su*like be+s !re is no di/9ction betwe5 :at is & :at is possible3 especially z no dignity befitt+ a nature is d5i$ to t nature1 unless x be 9 puni%m5t ( a fault4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #a3a73 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?2 by :i* are und]/ood corporeal creatures4 ,^!1 !re=e1 7 produc$ imm$iately by ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t creatures proce$$ f ,god by degrees1 9 su* a way t ! fir/ creature proce$$ f ,him imm$iately1 & 9 its turn produc$ ano!r1 & s on until ! production ( corporeal creatures4 ,b ?is position is unt5able1 s9ce ! fir/ production ( corporeal creatures is by creation1 by :i* matt] itself is produc$3 = 9 ! act ( com+ into be+ ! imp]fect mu/ be made be=e ! p]fect3 & x is impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$1 save by ,god alone4 ,9 pro( :]e( x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! high] ! cause1 ! m num]\s ! objects to :i* its causation ext5ds4 ,n[ ! und]ly+ pr9ciple 9 ?+s is always m univ]sal ?an t :i* in=ms & re/ricts x2 ?us1 be+ is m univ]sal ?an liv+1 liv+ ?an und]/&+1 matt] ?an =m4 ,! m widely1 !n1 "o ?+ und]lies o!rs1 ! m directly does t ?+ proce$ f a high] cause4 ,?us ! ?+ t und]lies prim>ily all ?+s1 belongs prop]ly to ! causality ( ! supreme cause4 ,!re=e no second>y cause c produce any?+1 unless !re is presuppos$ 9 ! ?+ produc$ some?+ t is caus$ by a high] cause4 ,b creation is ! production ( a ?+ 9 its entire sub/ance1 no?+ be+ presuppos$ ei!r uncreat$ or creat$4 ,h5ce x rema9s t no?+ c create except ,god alone1 ,:o is ! fir/ cause4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to %[ t all bodies 7 creat$ imm$iately by ,god1 ,moses said3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! production ( ?+s an ord] exi/s1 b n su* t "o creature is creat$ by ano!r1 = t is impossible2 b r su* t by ! ,div9e wisdom div]se grades are con/itut$ 9 creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god ,himself1 ?\gh "o1 has k ( _m & diff]5t ?+s )\t detrim5t to ! simplicity ( ,8 nature1 z has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #b72 s t by ,8 wisdom ,he is ! cause ( div]se ?+s z kn[n by ,him1 ev5 z an artific]1 by appreh5d+ div]se =ms1 produces div]se works ( art4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! am\nt ( ! p[] ( an ag5t is measur$ n only by ! ?+ made1 b also by ! mann] ( mak+ x2 = "o & ! same ?+ is made 9 "o way by a high] p[]1 9 ano!r by a l[]4 ,b ! production ( f9ite ?+s1 :]e no?+ is presuppos$ z exi/+1 is ! "w ( inf9ite p[]1 &1 z su*1 c belong to no creature4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,=ms ( ,bodies ,are f ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! =ms ( bodies come f ! angels4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,tr94 i73 ,f =ms t are )\t matt] come ! =ms t are 9 matt]4 ,b =ms t are )\t matt] are spiritual sub/ances1 & =ms t are 9 matt] are ! =ms ( bodies4 ,!re=e1 ! =ms ( bodies are f spiritual sub/ances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all t is su* by p>ticipation is r$uc$ to t :i* is su* by its ess5ce4 ,b spiritual sub/ances are =ms ess5tially1 :]eas corporeal creatures h =ms by p>ticipation4 ,!re=e ! =ms ( corporeal ?+s are d]iv$ f spiritual sub/ances4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 spiritual sub/ances h m p[] ( causation ?an ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b ! heav5ly bodies give =m to ?+s "h bel[1 = :i* reason !y are said to cause g5]ation & corruption4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 are mat]ial =ms d]iv$ f spiritual sub/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h73 ,we mu/ n suppose t ?is corporeal matt] s]ves ! angels at _! nod1 b r t x obeys ,god ?us4 ,b corporeal matt] may be said ?us to s]ve t f :i* x receives its =m4 ,corporeal =ms1 !n1 are n f ! angels1 b f ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( "s t all corporeal =ms are d]iv$ f spiritual sub/ances1 :i* we call ! angels4 ,& !re are two ways 9 :i* ?is has be5 /at$4 ,= ,plato held t ! =ms ( corporeal matt] are d]iv$ f1 & =m$ by1 =ms immat]ially subsi/+1 by a k9d ( p>ticipation4 ,?us he held t !re exi/s an immat]ial man1 & an immat]ial horse1 & s =?1 & t f su* ! individual s5sible ?+s t we see are con/itut$1 9 s f> z 9 corporeal matt] !re abides ! impression receiv$ f ^! sep>ate =ms1 by a k9d ( assimilation1 or z he calls x1 p>ticipation 7,pha$o xlix74 ,&1 accord+ to ! ,platoni/s1 ! ord] ( =ms corresponds to ! ord] ( ^? sep>ate sub/ances2 = example1 t !re is a s+le sep>ate sub/ance1 :i* is horse & ! cause ( all horses1 :il/ above ?is is sep>ate life1 or p] se life1 z !y t]m x1 :i* is ! cause ( all life1 & t above ?is aga9 is t :i* !y call be+ itself1 :i* is ! cause ( all be+4 ,avic5na1 h[ev]1 & c]ta9 o!rs1 h ma9ta9$ t ! =ms ( corporeal ?+s d n subsi/ p] se 9 matt]1 b 9 ! intellect only4 ,?us !y say t f =ms exi/+ 9 ! intellect ( spiritual creatures 7call$ intellig5ces by !m1 b angels by u7 proce$ all ! =ms ( corporeal matt]1 z ! =m ( 8 h&iwork proce$s f ! =ms 9 ! m9d ( ! craftsman4 ,?is !ory seems to be ! same z t ( c]ta9 h]etics ( mod]n times1 :o say t ,god inde$ creat$ all ?+s1 b t ! devil =m$ corporeal matt]1 & diff]5tiat$ x into species4 ,b all ^! op9ions seem to h a common orig92 !y all1 9 fact1 s\ght = a cause ( =ms z ?\gh ! =m 7 ( itself br\ght into be+4 ,:]eas1 z ,ari/otle 7,metaph4 vii1 text4 #bf1 #bg1 #bh71 proves1 :at is1 prop]ly speak+1 made1 is ! composite4 ,n[1 su* are ! =ms ( corruptible ?+s t at "o "t !y exi/ & at ano!r exi/ n1 )\t be+ !mselves g5]at$ or corrupt$1 b by reason ( ! g5]ation or corruption ( ! composite2 s9ce ev5 =ms h n be+1 b composites h be+ ?r\gh =ms3 =1 accord+ to a ?+'s mode ( be+1 is ! mode 9 :i* x is br\ght into be+4 ,s9ce1 !n1 l is produc$ f l1 we mu/ n look = ! cause ( corporeal =ms 9 any immat]ial =m1 b 9 some?+ t is composite1 z ?is fire is g5]at$ by t fire4 ,corporeal =ms1 !re=e1 are caus$1 n z emanations f "s immat]ial =m1 b by matt] be+ br\ght f pot5tiality into act by "s composite ag5t4 ,b s9ce ! composite ag5t1 :i* is a body1 is mov$ by a creat$ spiritual sub/ance1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d1 #e71 x foll[s fur!r t ev5 corporeal =ms are d]iv$ f spiritual sub/ances1 n emanat+ f !m1 b z ! t]m ( _! movem5t4 ,&1 fur!r /ill1 ! species ( ! angelic intellect1 :i* are1 z x 71 ! sem9al types ( corporeal =ms1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ,god z ! fir/ cause4 ,b 9 ! fir/ production ( corporeal creatures no transmutation f pot5tiality to act c h tak5 place1 & accord+ly1 ! corporeal =ms t bodies _h :5 fir/ produc$ came imm$iately =m ,god1 ^: bidd+ alone matt] obeys1 z its own prop] cause4 ,to signify ?is1 ,moses prefaces ea* "w ) ! words1 ,god said1 ,let ?is ?+ be1 or t1 to d5ote ! =mation ( all ?+s by ! ,^w ( ,god1 f ,:om1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,tract4 i4 9 ,joan4 & ,g54 ad lit4 i4 #d1 is all =m & fitness & concord ( p>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by immat]ial =ms ,boe?ius und]/&s ! types ( ?+s 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,?us ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3c73 ,by fai? we und]/& t ! _w 0 fram$ by ! ,^w ( ,god2 t f invisible ?+s visible ?+s might be made4 ,b if by immat]ial =ms he und]/&s ! angels1 we say t f !m come mat]ial =ms1 n by emanation1 b by motion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,=ms receiv$ into matt] are to be ref]r$1 n to self-subsi/+ =ms ( ! same type1 z ! ,platoni/s held1 b ei!r to intelligible =ms ( ! angelic intellect1 f :i* !y proce$ by movem5t1 or1 /ill high]1 to ! types 9 ! ,div9e intellect1 by :i* ! se$s ( =ms are implant$ 9 creat$ ?+s1 t !y may be able to be br\ght by movem5t into act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! heav5ly bodies in=m e>?ly ones by movem5t1 n by emanation4 ,,"q #ff ,,on ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,creation ,,t[>ds ,,di/9ction 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! "w ( di/9ction2 fir/1 ! ord]+ ( creation t[>ds di/9ction2 secondly1 ! di/9ction itself4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r =mlessness ( creat$ matt] prec$$ 9 "t its =mation8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! matt] ( all corporeal ?+s is ! same8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! empyrean heav5 0 creat$ contemporane\sly ) =mless matt]8 7#d7 ,:e!r "t 0 creat$ simultane\sly ) x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #a ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t =mlessness ( matt] prec$$ 9 "t its =mation4 ,= x is said 7,g54 #a3b73 ,! e>? 0 void & empty1 or invisible & %apeless1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion 99,septuag9t2 by :i* is und]/ood ! =mlessness ( matt]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 xii1 #ab74 ,!re=e matt] 0 =mless until x receiv$ its =m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 nature 9 its work+ imitates ! work+ ( ,god1 z a second>y cause imitates a fir/ cause4 ,b 9 ! work+ ( nature =mlessness prec$es =m 9 "t4 ,x does s1 !re=e1 9 ! ,div9e work+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 matt] is high] ?an accid5t1 = matt] is "p ( sub/ance4 ,b ,god c effect t accid5t exi/ )\t sub/ance1 z 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,alt>4 ,he c\ld1 !re=e1 cause matt] to exi/ )\t =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,an imp]fect effect proves imp]fection 9 ! ag5t4 ,b ,god is an ag5t absolutely p]fect2 :]e=e x is said ( ,him 7,deut4 #cb3d73 ,! works ( ,god are p]fect4 ,!re=e ! "w ( ,8 creation 0 at no "t =mless4 ,fur!r1 ! =mation ( corporeal creatures 0 effect$ by ! "w ( di/9ction4 ,b confusion is oppos$ to di/9ction1 z =mlessness to =m4 ,if1 !re=e1 =mlessness prec$$ 9 "t ! =mation ( matt]1 x foll[s t at ! beg9n+ confusion1 call$ by ! anci5ts *aos1 exi/$ 9 ! corporeal creation4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is po9t holy m5 diff] 9 op9ion4 ,augu/9e = in/ance 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #ae71 believes t ! =mlessness ( matt] 0 n prior 9 "t to its =mation1 b only 9 orig9 or ! ord] ( nature1 :]eas o!rs1 z ,basil 7,hom4 ii ,9 ,hexaem471 ,ambrose 7,9 ,hexaem4 i71 & ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 ii ,9 ,g5471 hold t =mlessness ( matt] prec$$ 9 "t its =mation4 ,& al?\gh ^! op9ions seem mutually contradictory1 9 reality !y diff] b little2 = ,augu/9e takes ! =mlessness ( matt] 9 a diff]5t s5se f ! o!rs4 ,9 8 s5se x means ! abs5ce ( all =m1 & if we ?us und]/& x we _c say t ! =mlessness ( matt] 0 prior 9 "t ei!r to its =mation or to its di/9ction4 ,z to =mation1 ! argum5t is cle>4 ,= if =mless matt] prec$$ 9 duration1 x already exi/$2 = ?is is impli$ by duration1 s9ce ! end ( creation is be+ 9 act3 & act itself is a =m4 ,to say1 !n1 t matt] prec$$1 b )\t =m1 is to say t be+ exi/$ actually1 yet )\t act1 :i* is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,nor c x be said t x possess$ "s common =m1 on :i* aft]w>ds sup]v5$ ! diff]5t =ms t di/+ui% x4 ,= ?is w\ld be to hold ! op9ion ( ! anci5t natural philosoph]s1 :o ma9ta9$ t prim>y matt] 0 "s corporeal ?+ 9 act1 z fire1 air1 wat]1 or "s int]m$iate sub/ance4 ,h5ce1 x foll[$ t to be made means m]ely to be *ang$2 = s9ce t prec$+ =m be/[$ actual sub/antial be+1 & made "s p>ticul> ?+ to be1 x w\ld result t ! sup]v5+ =m w\ld n simply make an actual be+1 b '?is' actual be+2 :i* is ! prop] effect ( an accid5tal =m4 ,?us ! consequ5t =ms w\ld be m]ely accid5ts1 imply+ n g5]ation1 b alt]ation4 ,h5ce we mu/ ass]t t prim>y matt] 0 n creat$ altoge!r =mless1 nor "u any "o common =m1 b "u di/9ct =ms4 ,& s1 if ! =mlessness ( matt] be tak5 z ref]r+ to ! condition ( prim>y matt]1 :i* 9 itself is =mless1 ?is =mlessness did n prec$e 9 "t its =mation or di/9ction1 b only 9 orig9 & nature1 z ,augu/9e says2 9 ! same way z pot5tiality is prior to act1 & ! "p to ! :ole4 ,b ! o!r holy writ]s und]/& by =mlessness1 n ! exclusion ( all =m1 b ! abs5ce ( t beauty & comel9ess :i* are n[ app>5t 9 ! corporeal creation4 ,accord+ly !y say t ! =mlessness ( corporeal matt] prec$$ its =m 9 duration4 ,& s1 :5 ?is is consid]$1 x appe>s t ,augu/9e agrees ) !m 9 "s respects1 & 9 o!rs disagrees1 z w be %[n lat] 7,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #b74 ,z f> z may be ga!r$ f ! text ( ,g5esis a ?reefold beauty 0 want+ to corporeal creatures1 = :i* reason !y are said to be )\t =m4 ,= ! beauty ( light 0 want+ to all t transp>5t body :i* we call ! heav5s1 :5ce x is said t d>kness 0 ^u ! fact ( ! deep4 ,& ! e>? lack$ beauty 9 two ways3 fir/1 t beauty :i* x acquir$ :5 its wat]y veil 0 )drawn1 & s we read t ! e>? 0 void1 or invisible1 inasmu* z ! wat]s cov]$ & conceal$ x f view2 secondly1 t :i* x d]ives f be+ adorn$ by h]bs & plants1 = :i* reason x is call$ empty1 or1 accord+ to ano!r read+ 99,septuag9t1 %apeless--t is1 unadorn$4 ,?us aft] m5tion ( two creat$ natures1 ! heav5 & ! e>?1 ! =mlessness ( ! heav5 is indicat$ by ! words1 d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 s9ce ! air is includ$ "u heav52 & ! =mlessness ( ! e>?1 by ! words1 ! e>? 0 void & empty4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ^w e>? is tak5 diff]5tly 9 ?is passage by ,augu/9e1 & by o!r writ]s4 ,augu/9e holds t by ! words e>? & wat]1 9 ?is passage1 prim>y matt] itself is signifi$ on acc\nt ( its be+ impossible = ,moses to make ! idea ( su* matt] intelligible to an ignorant p1 except "u ! similitude ( well-kn[n objects4 ,h5ce he uses a v>iety ( figures 9 speak+ ( x1 call+ x n wat] only1 nor e>? only1 le/ !y %\ld ?9k x to be 9 v tru? wat] or e>?4 ,at ! same "t x has s f> a lik5ess to e>?1 9 t x is susceptible ( =m1 & to wat] 9 its adaptability to a v>iety ( =ms4 ,9 ?is respect1 !n1 ! e>? is said to be void & empty1 or invisible & %apeless1 t matt] is kn[n by means ( =m4 ,h5ce1 consid]$ 9 itself1 x is call$ invisible or void1 & its pot5tiality is complet$ by =m2 ?us ,plato says t matt] is place 99,timaeus1 quot$ by ,ari/otle1 ,phys4 iv1 text4 #ae4 ,b o!r holy writ]s und]/& by e>? ! elem5t ( e>?1 & we h said 7,a4 #a7 h[1 9 ?is s5se1 ! e>? 01 accord+ to !m1 )\t =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,nature produces effect 9 act f be+ 9 pot5tiality2 & consequ5tly 9 ! op]ations ( nature pot5tiality mu/ prec$e act 9 "t1 & =mlessness prec$e =m4 ,b ,god produces be+ 9 act out ( no?+1 & c1 !re=e1 produce a p]fect ?+ 9 an in/ant1 accord+ to ! greatness ( ,8 p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accid5t1 inasmu* z x is a =m1 is a k9d ( act2 :]eas matt]1 z su*1 is ess5tially be+ 9 pot5tiality4 ,h5ce x is m repugnant t matt] %\ld be 9 act )\t =m1 ?an = accid5t to be )\t subject4 ,9 reply to ! fir/ argum5t 9 ! contr>y s5se1 we say t if1 accord+ to "s holy writ]s1 =mlessness 0 prior 9 "t to ! in=m+ ( matt]1 ?is arose1 n f want ( p[] on ,god's "p1 b f ,8 wisdom1 & f ! design ( pres]v+ due ord] 9 ! disposition ( creatures by develop+ p]fection f imp]fection4 ,9 reply to ! second argum5t1 we say t c]ta9 ( ! anci5t natural philosoph]s ma9ta9$ confusion devoid ( all di/9ction2 except ,anaxagoras1 :o taught t ! intellect alone 0 di/9ct & )\t admixture4 ,b previ\s to ! "w ( di/9ction ,holy ,scripture enum]ates sev]al k9ds ( diff]5tiation1 ! fir/ be+ t ( ! heav5 f ! e>?1 9 :i* ev5 a mat]ial di/9ction is express$1 z w be %[n lat] 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #a74 ,?is is signifi$ by ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,! second di/9ction m5tion$ is t ( ! elem5ts accord+ to _! =ms1 s9ce bo? e>? & wat] are nam$4 ,t air & fire are n m5tion$ by "n is due to ! fact t ! corporeal nature ( ^! w\ld n be s evid5t z t ( e>? & wat]1 to ! ignorant p to :om ,moses spoke4 ,plato 7,timaeus xxvi71 nev]!less1 und]/ood air to be signifi$ by ! words1 ,_s ( ,god1 s9ce _s is ano!r "n = air1 & consid]$ t by ! ^w heav5 is meant fire1 = he held heav5 to be compos$ ( fire1 z ,augu/9e relates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei viii1 #aa74 ,b ,rabbi ,moses 7,p]plex4 ii71 ?\gh o!rwise agree+ ) ,plato1 says t fire is signifi$ by ! ^w d>kness1 s9ce1 said he1 fire does n %9e 9 its own sph]e4 ,h[ev]1 x seems m reasonable to hold to :at we /at$ above2 because by ! words ,_s ( ,god ,scripture usually means ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is said to move ov] ! wat]s1 n1 inde$1 9 bodily %ape1 b z ! craftsman's w may be said to move ov] ! mat]ial to :i* he int5ds to give a =m4 ,! ?ird di/9ction is t ( place2 s9ce ! e>? is said to be "u ! wat]s t r5d]$ x invisible1 :il/ ! air1 ! subject ( d>kness1 is describ$ z be+ above ! wat]s1 9 ! words3 ,d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,! rema9+ di/9ctions w appe> f :at foll[s 7,q4 #ga74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,=mless ,matt] ( ,all ,corporeal ,?+s ,is ! ,same8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! =mless matt] ( all corporeal ?+s is ! same4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 xii1 #ab73 ,i f9d two ?+s ,?\ ha/ made1 "o =m$1 ! o!r =mless1 & he says t ! latt] 0 ! e>? invisible & %apeless1 :]eby1 he says1 ! matt] ( all corporeal ?+s is designat$4 ,!re=e ! matt] ( all corporeal ?+s is ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #aj73 ,?+s t are "o 9 g5us are "o 9 matt]4 ,b all corporeal ?+s are 9 ! same g5us ( body4 ,!re=e ! matt] ( all bodies is ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t acts befit diff]5t pot5tialities1 & ! same act befits ! same pot5tiality4 ,b all bodies h ! same =m1 corporeity4 ,!re=e all bodies h ! same matt]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 matt]1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is only 9 pot5tiality4 ,b di/9ction is due to =m4 ,!re=e matt] consid]$ 9 itself is ! same 9 all corporeal ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s ( :i* ! matt] is ! same are mutually int]*angeable & mutually active or passive1 z is said 7,de ,g5]4 i1 text4 #ej74 ,b heav5ly & e>?ly bodies d n act ^u ea* o!r mutually4 ,!re=e _! matt] is n ! same4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is "q ! op9ions ( philosoph]s h diff]$4 ,plato & all :o prec$$ ,ari/otle held t all bodies are ( ! nature ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,h5ce because ! f\r elem5ts h "o common matt]1 z _! mutual g5]ation & corruption prove1 x foll[$ t ! matt] ( all bodies is ! same4 ,b ! fact ( ! incorruptibility ( "s bodies 0 ascrib$ by ,plato1 n to ! condition ( matt]1 b to ! w ( ! artific]1 ,god1 ,:om he repres5ts z say+ to ! heav5ly bodies3 ,by y\r own nature y are subject to dissolution1 b by ,my w y are indissoluble1 = ,my w is m p[]ful ?an ! l9k t b9ds y toge!r4 ,b ?is !ory ,ari/otle 7,de ,caelo i1 text4 #e7 disproves by ! natural movem5ts ( bodies4 ,= s9ce1 he says1 ! heav5ly bodies h a natural movem5t1 diff]5t f t ( ! elem5ts1 x foll[s t !y h a diff]5t nature f !m4 ,= movem5t 9 a circle1 :i* is prop] to ! heav5ly bodies1 is n by contr>ies1 :]eas ! movem5ts ( ! elem5ts are mutually opposite1 "o t5d+ upw>ds1 ano!r d[nw>ds3 s1 !re=e1 ! heav5ly body is )\t contr>iety1 :]eas ! elem5tal bodies h contr>iety 9 _! nature4 ,& z g5]ation & corruption are f contr>ies1 x foll[s t1 :]eas ! elem5ts are corruptible1 ! heav5ly bodies are incorruptible4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is diff]5ce ( natural corruption & incorruption1 ,avicebron taught unity ( matt] 9 all bodies1 argu+ f _! unity ( =m4 ,&1 inde$1 if corporeity 7 "o =m 9 itself1 on :i* ! o!r =ms t di/+ui% bodies f ea* o!r sup]v5e1 ?is argum5t w\ld necess>ily be true2 = ?is =m ( corporeity w\ld inh]e 9 matt] immutably & s f> all bodies w\ld be incorruptible4 ,b corruption w\ld !n be m]ely accid5tal ?r\gh ! disappe>ance ( successive =ms--t is to say1 x w\ld be corruption1 n pure & simple1 b p>tial1 s9ce a be+ 9 act w\ld subsi/ "u ! transi5t =m4 ,?us ! anci5t natural philosoph]s taught t ! sub/ratum ( bodies 0 "s actual be+1 su* z air or fire4 ,b suppos+ t no =m exi/s 9 corruptible bodies :i* rema9s subsi/+ b5ea? g5]ation & corruption1 x foll[s necess>ily t ! matt] ( corruptible & incorruptible bodies is n ! same4 ,= matt]1 z x is 9 itself1 is 9 pot5tiality to =m4 ,consid]$ 9 itself1 !n1 x is 9 pot5tiality 9 respect to all ^? =ms to :i* x is common1 & 9 receiv+ any "o =m x is 9 act only z reg>ds t =m4 ,h5ce x rema9s 9 pot5tiality to all o!r =ms4 ,& ?is is ! case ev5 :]e "s =ms are m p]fect ?an o!rs1 & conta9 ^! o!rs virtually 9 !mselves4 ,= pot5tiality 9 itself is indiff]5t ) respect to p]fection & imp]fection1 s t "u an imp]fect =m x is 9 pot5tiality to a p]fect =m1 & vice v]sa4 ,matt]1 !re=e1 :il/ exi/+ "u ! =m ( an incorruptible body1 w\ld be 9 pot5tiality to ! =m ( a corruptible body2 & z x does n actually possess ! latt]1 x has bo? =m & ! privation ( =m2 = want ( a =m 9 t :i* is 9 pot5tiality !reto is privation4 ,b ?is condition implies corruptibility4 ,x is !re=e impossible t bodies by nature corruptible1 & ^? by nature incorruptible1 %\ld possess ! same matt]4 ,nei!r c we say1 z ,av]roes 99,de ,sub/antia ,orbis ii4 imag9es1 t a heav5ly body itself is ! matt] ( ! heav5--be+ 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to place1 ?\gh n to be+1 & t its =m is a sep>ate sub/ance unit$ to x z its motive =ce4 ,= x is impossible to suppose any be+ 9 act1 unless 9 its totality x be act & =m1 or be some?+ :i* has act or =m4 ,sett+ aside1 !n1 9 ?\ght1 ! sep>ate sub/ance /at$ to be end[$ ) motive p[]1 if ! heav5ly body is n some?+ hav+ =m--t is1 some?+ compos$ ( a =m & ! subject ( t =m--x foll[s t 9 its totality x is =m & act4 ,b e su* ?+ is some?+ actually und]/ood1 :i* ! heav5ly bodies are n1 be+ s5sible4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! matt] ( ! heav5ly bodies1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is 9 pot5tiality to t =m alone :i* x actually possesses4 ,nor does x conc]n ! po9t at issue to inquire :e!r ?is is a s\l or any o!r ?+4 ,h5ce ?is =m p]fects ?is matt] 9 su* a way t !re rema9s 9 x no pot5tiality ) respect to be+1 b only to place1 z ,ari/otle 99,de ,coelo i1 text4 #bj says4 ,s1 !n1 ! matt] ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( ! elem5ts is n ! same1 except by analogy1 9 s f> z !y agree 9 ! "* ( pot5tiality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e foll[s 9 ?is ! op9ion ( ,plato1 :o does n admit a fif? ess5ce4 ,or we may say t =mless matt] is "o ) ! unity ( ord]1 z all bodies are "o 9 ! ord] ( corporeal creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if g5us is tak5 9 a physical s5se1 corruptible & incorruptible ?+s are n 9 ! same g5us1 on acc\nt ( _! diff]5t modes ( pot5tiality1 z is said 9 ,metaph4 x1 text4 #bf4 ,logically consid]$1 h[ev]1 !re is b "o g5us ( all bodies1 s9ce !y are all includ$ 9 ! "o notion ( corporeity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! =m ( corporeity is n "o & ! same 9 all bodies1 be+ no o!r ?an ! v>i\s =ms by :i* bodies are di/+ui%$1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z pot5tiality is direct$ t[>ds act1 pot5tial be+s are diff]5tiat$ by _! diff]5t acts1 z sight is by color1 he>+ by s\nd4 ,!re=e = ?is reason ! matt] ( ! cele/ial bodies is diff]5t f t ( ! elem5tal1 because ! matt] ( ! cele/ial is n 9 pot5tiality to an elem5tal =m4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,empyrean ,heav5 ,0 ,creat$ at ! ,same ,"t ,z ,=mless ,matt]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! empyrean heav5 0 n creat$ at ! same "t z =mless matt]4 ,= ! empyrean1 if x is any?+ at all1 mu/ be a s5sible body4 ,b all s5sible bodies are movable1 & ! empyrean heav5 is n movable4 ,= if x 7 s1 its movem5t w\ld be asc]ta9$ by ! movem5t ( "s visible body1 :i* is n ! case4 ,! empyrean heav51 !n1 0 n creat$ contemporane\sly ) =mless matt]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d7 t ! l[] bodies are gov]n$ by ! high] 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! empyrean heav5 is ! highe/ ( bodies1 x mu/ necess>ily ex]cise "s influ5ce on bodies bel[ x4 ,b ?is does n seem to be ! case1 especially z x is presum$ to be )\t movem5t2 = "o body _c move ano!r unless itself also be mov$4 ,!re=e ! empyrean heav5 0 n creat$ toge!r ) =mless matt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x is held t ! empyrean heav5 is ! place ( contemplation1 & n orda9$ to natural effects2 on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj73 ,9 s f> z we m5tally appreh5d et]nal ?+s1 s f> are we n ( ?is _w2 f :i* x is cle> t contemplation lifts ! m9d above ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,corporeal place1 !re=e1 _c be ! seat ( contemplation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 among ! heav5ly bodies exi/s a body1 p>tly transp>5t & p>tly lum9\s1 :i* we call ! sid]eal heav54 ,!re exi/s also a heav5 :olly transp>5t1 call$ by "s ! aque\s or cry/all9e heav54 ,if1 !n1 !re exi/s a /ill high] heav51 x mu/ be :olly lum9\s4 ,b ?is _c be1 = !n ! air w\ld be con/antly illum9at$1 & !re w\ld be no night4 ,!re=e ! empyrean heav5 0 n creat$ toge!r ) =mless matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,/rabus says t 9 ! passage1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 heav5 d5otes n ! visible firmam5t1 b ! empyrean or fi]y heav54 ,i answ] t1 ,! empyrean heav5 re/s only on ! au?ority ( ,/rabus & ,b$e1 & also ( ,basil2 all ( :om agree 9 "o respect1 namely1 9 hold+ x to be ! place ( ! bless$4 ,/rabus & ,b$e say t z soon z creat$ x 0 fill$ ) angels2 & ,basil 99,hom4 ii4 9 ,hexaem4 says3 ,j z ! lo/ are driv5 into ! l[e/ d>kness1 s ! rew>d = wor?y de$s is laid up 9 ! light beyond ?is _w1 :]e ! j %all obta9 ! abode ( re/4 ,b !y diff] 9 ! reasons on :i* !y base _! /atem5t4 ,/rabus & ,b$e tea* t !re is an empyrean heav51 because ! firmam5t1 :i* !y take to mean ! sid]eal heav51 is said to h be5 made1 n 9 ! beg9n+1 b on ! second day3 :]eas ! reason giv5 by ,basil is t o!rwise ,god w\ld seem to h made d>kness ,8 fir/ "w1 z ! ,mani*eans falsely ass]t1 :5 !y call ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,god ( d>kness4 ,^! reasons1 h[ev]1 are n v cog5t4 ,= ! "q ( ! firmam5t1 said to h be5 made on ! second day1 is solv$ 9 "o way by ,augu/9e1 & 9 ano!r by o!r holy writ]s4 ,b ! "q ( ! d>kness is expla9$ accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,g54 ad lit4 i2 vii41 by suppos+ t =mlessness1 signifi$ by d>kness1 prec$$ =m n by duration1 b by orig94 ,accord+ to o!rs1 h[ev]1 s9ce d>kness is no creature1 b a privation ( light1 x is a pro( ( ,div9e wisdom1 t ! ?+s x creat$ f no?+ x produc$ fir/ ( all 9 an imp]fect /ate1 & aft]w>ds br\ght !m to p]fection4 ,b a bett] reason c be drawn f ! /ate ( glory itself4 ,= 9 ! rew>d to come a two-fold glory is look$ =1 spiritual & corporeal1 n only 9 ! human body to be glorifi$1 b 9 ! :ole _w :i* is to be made new4 ,n[ ! spiritual glory began ) ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 9 ! bless$ness ( ! angels1 equality ) :om is promis$ to ! sa9ts4 ,x 0 fitt+1 !n1 t ev5 f ! beg9n+1 !re %\ld be made "s beg9n+ ( bodily glory 9 some?+ corporeal1 free at ! v outset f ! s]vitude ( corruption & *ange1 & :olly lum9\s1 ev5 z ! :ole bodily creation1 aft] ! ,resurrection1 is expect$ to be4 ,s1 !n1 t heav5 is call$ ! empyrean1 i4e4 fi]y1 n f its heat1 b f its brightness4 ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #i1 #bg7 says t ,porphyry sets ! demons ap>t f ! angels by suppos+ t ! =m] inhabit ! air1 ! latt] ! e!r1 or empyrean4 ,b ,porphyry1 z a ,platoni/1 held ! heav51 kn[n z sid]eal1 to be fi]y1 & !re=e call$ x empyrean or e!real1 tak+ e!real to d5ote ! burn+ ( flame1 & n z ,ari/otle und]/&s x1 swiftness ( movem5t 7,de ,coel4 i1 text4 #bb74 ,?is mu* has be5 said to prev5t anyone f suppos+ t ,augu/9e ma9ta9$ an empyrean heav5 9 ! s5se und]/ood by mod]n writ]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s5sible corporeal ?+s are movable 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 = by ! movem5t ( corporeal creatures is secur$ by ! multiplication ( ! elem5ts4 ,b :5 glory is f9ally consummat$1 ! movem5t ( bodies w cease4 ,& su* mu/ h be5 f ! beg9n+ ! condition ( ! empyrean4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is suffici5tly probable1 z "s ass]t1 t ! empyrean heav51 hav+ ! /ate ( glory = its orda9$ end1 does n influ5ce inf]ior bodies ( ano!r ord]--^?1 namely1 t are direct$ only to natural ends4 ,yet x seems /ill m probable t x does influ5ce bodies t are mov$1 ?\gh itself motionless1 j z angels ( ! highe/ rank1 :o assi/ 99,infra1 ,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #c1 influ5ce ^? ( l[] degree :o act z mess5g]s1 ?\gh !y !mselves are n s5t1 z ,dionysius tea*es 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xii74 ,= ?is reason x may be said t ! influ5ce ( ! empyrean ^u t :i* is call$ ! fir/ heav51 & is mov$1 produces !re9 n some?+ t comes & goes z a result ( movem5t1 b some?+ ( a fix$ & /able nature1 z ! p[] ( cons]vation or causation1 or some?+ ( ! k9d p]ta9+ to dignity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,corporeal place is assign$ to contemplation1 n z necess>y1 b z congru\s1 t ! spl5dor )\t may correspond to t :i* is )94 ,h5ce ,basil 7,hom4 ii 9 ,hexaem47 says3 ,! m9i/]+ _s c\ld n live 9 d>kness1 b made 8 habitual dwell+ 9 light & joy4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,basil says 7,hom4 ii 9 ,hexaem473 ,x is c]ta9 t ! heav5 0 creat$ sph]ical 9 %ape1 ( d5se body1 & suffici5tly /rong to sep>ate :at is outside x f :at x encloses4 ,on ?is acc\nt x d>k5s ! region ext]nal to x1 ! light by :i* itself is lit up be+ %ut out f t region4 ,b s9ce ! body ( ! firmam5t1 ?\gh solid1 is transp>5t1 = t x does n exclude light 7z is cle> f ! fact t we c see ! />s ?r\gh ! int]v5+ heav5s71 we may also say t ! empyrean has light1 n cond5s$ s z to emit rays1 z ! sun does1 b ( a m subtle nature4 ,or x may h ! brightness ( glory :i* diff]s f m]e natural brightness4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,"t ,0 ,creat$ ,simultane\sly ) ,=mless ,matt]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "t 0 n creat$ simultane\sly ) =mless matt]4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 xii1 #ab73 ,i f9d two ?+s t ,?\ did/ create be=e "t 01 ! prim>y corporeal matt]1 & ! angelic nature4 ,!re=e "t 0 n creat$ ) =mless matt]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "t is divid$ by day & night4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 nei!r day nor night1 = ^! began :5 ,god divid$ ! light f ! d>kness4 ,!re=e 9 ! beg9n+ "t 0 n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "t is ! measure ( ! firmam5t's movem5t2 & ! firmam5t is said to h be5 made on ! second day4 ,!re=e 9 ! beg9n+ "t 0 n4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 movem5t prec$es "t1 & !re=e %\ld be reckon$ among ! fir/ ?+s creat$1 r ?an "t4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 z "t is ! extr9sic measure ( creat$ ?+s1 s is place4 ,place1 !n1 z truly z "t1 mu/ be reckon$ among ! ?+s fir/ creat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #c73 ,bo? spiritual & corporeal creatures 7 creat$ at ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is commonly said t ! fir/ ?+s creat$ 7 ^! f\r--! angelic nature1 ! empyrean heav51 =mless corporeal matt]1 & "t4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n ! op9ion ( ,augu/9e4 ,= he 7,confess4 xii1 #ab7 specifies only two ?+s z fir/ creat$--! angelic nature & corporeal matt]--mak+ no m5tion ( ! empyrean heav54 ,b ^! two1 namely1 ! angelic nature & =mless matt]1 prec$e ! =mation1 by nature only1 & n by duration2 & !re=e1 z !y prec$e =mation1 s d !y prec$e movem5t & "t4 ,"t1 !re=e1 _c be includ$ among !m4 ,b ! enum]ation above giv5 is t ( o!r holy writ]s1 :o hold t ! =mlessness ( matt] prec$$ by duration its =m1 & ?is view po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( "t z ! measure ( duration3 = o!rwise !re w\ld be no su* measure4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! tea*+ ( ,augu/9e re/s on ! op9ion t ! angelic nature & =mless matt] prec$e "t by orig9 or nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z 9 ! op9ion ( "s holy writ]s matt] 0 9 "s measure =mless be=e x receiv$ its full =m1 s "t 0 9 a mann] =mless be=e x 0 fully =m$ & di/+ui%$ into day & night4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! movem5t ( ! firmam5t did n beg9 imm$iately f ! beg9n+1 !n ! "t t prec$$ 0 ! measure1 n ( ! firmam5t's movem5t1 b ( ! fir/ movem5t ( :atsoev] k9d4 ,= x is accid5tal to "t to be ! measure ( ! firmam5t's movem5t1 9 s f> z ?is is ! fir/ movem5t4 ,b if ! fir/ movem5t 0 ano!r ?an ?is1 "t w\ld h be5 its measure1 = ev]y?+ is measur$ by ! fir/ ( its k9d4 ,& x mu/ be grant$ t =?) f ! beg9n+1 !re 0 movem5t ( "s k9d1 at lea/ 9 ! succession ( concepts & affections 9 ! angelic m9d3 :ile movem5t )\t "t _c be conceiv$1 s9ce "t is no?+ else ?an ! measure ( priority & succession 9 movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,among ! fir/ creat$ ?+s are to be reckon$ ^? :i* h a g5]al relation%ip to ?+s4 ,&1 !re=e1 among ^! "t mu/ be includ$1 z hav+ ! nature ( a common measure2 b n movem5t1 :i* is relat$ only to ! movable subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,place is impli$ z exi/+ 9 ! empyrean heav51 ?is be+ ! b\nd>y ( ! univ]se4 ,& s9ce place has ref]5ce to ?+s p]man5t1 x 0 creat$ at once 9 its totality4 ,b "t1 z n be+ p]man5t1 0 creat$ 9 its beg9n+3 ev5 z actually we _c lay hold ( any "p ( "t save ! n[4 ,,"q #fg ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,di/9ction ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ consid] next ! "w ( di/9ction 9 itself4 ,fir/1 ! "w ( ! fir/ day2 secondly1 ! "w ( ! second day2 ?irdly ! "w ( ! ?ird day4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ^w light is us$ 9 its prop] s5se 9 speak+ ( spiritual ?+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r light1 9 corporeal ?+s1 is itself corporeal8 7#c7 ,:e!r light is a quality8 7#d7 ,:e!r light 0 fitt+ly made on ! fir/ day8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,^w ,light ,is ,us$ 9 ,its ,prop] ,s5se 9 ,speak+ ( ,spiritual ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t light is us$ 9 its prop] s5se 9 spiritual ?+s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bh7 t 9 spiritual ?+s light is bett] & sur]3 & t ,*ri/ is n call$ ,light 9 ! same s5se z ,he is call$ ! ,/one2 ! =m] is to be tak5 lit]ally1 & ! latt] metaphorically4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 includes ,light among ! intellectual names ( ,god4 ,b su* names are us$ 9 _! prop] s5se 9 spiritual ?+s4 ,!re=e light is us$ 9 its prop] s5se 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3ac73 ,all t is made manife/ is light4 ,b to be made manife/ belongs m prop]ly to spiritual ?+s ?an to corporeal4 ,!re=e also does light4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide ii7 t ,spl5dor is among ^? ?+s :i* are said ( ,god metaphorically4 ,i answ] t1 ,any ^w may be us$ 9 two ways--t is to say1 ei!r 9 its orig9al application or 9 its m ext5d$ mean+4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n 9 ! ^w sight1 orig9ally appli$ to ! act ( ! s5se1 & !n1 z sight is ! noble/ & mo/ tru/wor?y ( ! s5ses1 ext5d$ 9 common spee* to all k obta9$ ?r\gh ! o!r s5ses4 ,?us we say1 ,see+ h[ x ta/es1 or smells1 or burns4 ,fur!r1 sight is appli$ to k obta9$ ?r\gh ! intellect1 z 9 ^? words3 ,bless$ are ! clean ( he>t1 = !y %all see ,god 7,matt4 #e3h74 ,& ?us x is ) ! ^w light4 ,9 its prim>y mean+ x signifies t :i* makes manife/ to ! s5se ( sight2 aft]w>ds x 0 ext5d$ to t :i* makes manife/ to cognition ( any k9d4 ,if1 !n1 ! ^w is tak5 9 its /rict & prim>y mean+1 x is to be und]/ood metaphorically :5 appli$ to spiritual ?+s1 z ,ambrose says 7,de ,fide ii74 ,b if tak5 9 its common & ext5d$ use1 z appli$ to manife/ation ( e k9d1 x may prop]ly be appli$ to spiritual ?+s4 ,! answ] to ! objections w suffici5tly appe> f :at has be5 said4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,light ,is a ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t light is a body4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #e7 t light takes ! fir/ place among bodies4,!re=e light is a body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 v1 #b7 t light is a species ( fire4 ,b fire is a body1 & !re=e s is light4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p[]s ( movem5t1 int]section1 reflection1 belong prop]ly to bodies2 & all ^! are attributes ( light & its rays4 ,moreov]1 diff]5t rays ( light1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii7 are unit$ & sep>at$1 :i* seems impossible unless !y are bodies4 ,!re=e light is a body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,two bodies _c occupy ! same place simultane\sly4 ,b ?is is ! case ) light & air4 ,!re=e light is n a body4 ,i answ] t1 ,light _c be a body1 = ?ree evid5t reasons4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( place4 ,= ! place ( any "o body is diff]5t f t ( any o!r1 nor is x possible1 naturally speak+1 = any two bodies ( :atev] nature1 to exi/ simultane\sly 9 ! same place2 s9ce contiguity requires di/9ction ( place4 ,! second reason is f movem5t4 ,= if light 7 a body1 its diffusion w\ld be ! local movem5t ( a body4 ,n[ no local movem5t ( a body c be in/antane\s1 z ev]y?+ t moves f "o place to ano!r mu/ pass ?r\gh ! int]v5+ space be=e rea*+ ! end3 :]eas ! diffusion ( light is in/antane\s4 ,nor c x be argu$ t ! "t requir$ is too %ort to be p]ceiv$2 = ?\gh ?is may be ! case 9 %ort di/ances1 x _c be s 9 di/ances s great z t :i* sep>ates ! ,ea/ f ! ,we/4 ,yet z soon z ! sun is at ! horizon1 ! :ole hemisph]e is illum9at$ f end to end4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d on ! "p ( movem5t t :]eas all bodies h _! natural det]m9ate movem5t1 t ( light is indiff]5t z reg>ds direction1 work+ equally 9 a circle z 9 a /raight l9e4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! diffusion ( light is n ! local movem5t ( a body4 ,! ?ird reason is f g5]ation & corruption4 ,= if light 7 a body1 x w\ld foll[ t :5ev] ! air is d>k5$ by ! abs5ce ( ! lum9>y1 ! body ( light w\ld be corrupt$1 & its matt] w\ld receive a new =m4 ,b unless we are to say t d>kness is a body1 ?is does n appe> to be ! case4 ,nei!r does x appe> f :at matt] a body c be daily g5]at$ l>ge en\gh to fill ! int]v5+ hemisph]e4 ,also x w\ld be absurd to say t a body ( s great a bulk is corrupt$ by ! m]e abs5ce ( ! lum9>y4 ,& %\ld anyone reply t x is n corrupt$1 b approa*es & moves ar\nd ) ! sun1 we may ask :y x is t :5 a light$ c&le is obscur$ by ! int]v5+ object ! :ole room is d>k5$8 ,x is n t ! light is cond5s$ r\nd ! c&le :5 ?is is done1 s9ce x burns no m brightly !n ?an x burn$ be=e4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ^! ?+s are repugnant1 n only to reason1 b to common s5se1 we mu/ conclude t light _c be a body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e takes light to be a lum9\s body 9 act--9 o!r words1 to be fire1 ! noble/ ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ari/otle pron\nces light to be fire exi/+ 9 its own prop] matt]3 j z fire 9 a]ial matt] is flame1 or 9 e>?ly matt] is burn+ coal4 ,nor mu/ too mu* att5tion be paid to ! in/ances adduc$ by ,ari/otle 9 8 works on logic1 z he m]ely m5tions !m z ! m or less probable op9ions ( v>i\s writ]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ^! prop]ties are assign$ to light metaphorically1 & might 9 ! same way be attribut$ to heat4 ,= because movem5t f place to place is naturally fir/ 9 ! ord] ( movem5t z is prov$ ,phys4 viii1 text4 #ee1 we use t]ms belong+ to local movem5t 9 speak+ ( alt]ation & movem5t ( all k9ds4 ,= ev5 ! ^w di/ance is d]iv$ f ! idea ( remot5ess ( place1 to t ( all contr>ies1 z is said ,metaph4 x1 text4 #ac4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,light ,is a ,quality8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t light is n a quality4 ,= e quality rema9s 9 its subject1 ?\gh ! active cause ( ! quality be remov$1 z heat rema9s 9 wat] remov$ f ! fire4 ,b light does n rema9 9 ! air :5 ! s\rce ( light is )drawn4 ,!re=e light is n a quality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s5sible quality has its opposite1 z cold is oppos$ to heat1 blackness to :it5ess4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) light s9ce d>kness is m]ely a privation ( light4 ,light !re=e is n a s5sible quality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a cause is m pot5t ?an its effect4 ,b ! light ( ! heav5ly bodies is a cause ( sub/antial =ms ( e>?ly bodies1 & also gives to colors _! immat]ial be+1 by mak+ !m actually visible4 ,light1 !n1 is n a s5sible quality1 b r a sub/antial or spiritual =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i7 says t light is a species ( quality4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s writ]s h said t ! light 9 ! air has n a natural be+ su* z ! color on a wall has1 b only an int5tional be+1 z a similitude ( color 9 ! air4 ,b ?is _c be ! case = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because light gives a "n to ! air1 s9ce by x ! air becomes actually lum9\s4 ,b color does n d ?is1 = we d n speak ( ! air z color$4 ,secondly1 because light produces natural effects1 = by ! rays ( ! sun bodies are w>m$1 & natural *anges _c be br\ght ab\t by m]e int5tions4 ,o!rs h said t light is ! sun's sub/antial =m1 b ?is also seems impossible = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because sub/antial =ms are n ( !mselves objects ( ! s5ses2 = ! object ( ! intellect is :at a ?+ is1 z is said ,de ,anima iii1 text4 #bf3 :]eas light is visible ( itself4 ,9 ! second place1 because x is impossible t :at is ! sub/antial =m ( "o ?+ %\ld be ! accid5tal =m ( ano!r2 s9ce sub/antial =ms ( _! v nature con/itute species3 :]e=e ! sub/antial =m always & ev]y:]e accompanies ! species4 ,b light is n ! sub/antial =m ( air1 = if x 71 ! air w\ld be de/roy$ :5 light is )drawn4 ,h5ce x _c be ! sub/antial =m ( ! sun4 ,we mu/ say1 !n1 t z heat is an active quality consequ5t on ! sub/antial =m ( fire1 s light is an active quality consequ5t on ! sub/antial =m ( ! sun1 or ( ano!r body t is ( itself lum9\s1 if !re is any su* body4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t ! rays ( diff]5t />s produce diff]5t effects accord+ to ! div]se natures ( bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce quality is consequ5t ^u sub/antial =m1 ! mode 9 :i* ! subject receives a quality diff]s z ! mode diff]s 9 :i* a subject receives a sub/antial =m4 ,= :5 matt] receives its =m p]fectly1 ! qualities consequ5t ^u ! =m are firm & endur+2 z :51 = in/ance1 wat] is conv]t$ into fire4 ,:51 h[ev]1 sub/antial =m is receiv$ imp]fectly1 s z to be1 z x 71 9 process ( be+ receiv$1 r ?an fully impress$1 ! consequ5t quality la/s = a "t b is n p]man5t2 z may be se5 :5 wat] :i* has be5 heat$ returns 9 "t to its natural /ate4 ,b light is n produc$ by ! transmutation ( matt]1 z ?\gh matt] 7 9 receipt ( a sub/antial =m1 & light 7 a c]ta9 inception ( sub/antial =m4 ,= ?is reason light disappe>s on ! disappe>ance ( its active cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is accid5tal to light n to h a contr>y1 =asmu* z x is ! natural quality ( ! fir/ corporeal cause ( *ange1 :i* is itself remov$ f contr>iety4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z heat acts t[>ds p]fect+ ! =m ( fire1 z an in/rum5tal cause1 by virtue ( ! sub/antial =m1 s does light act in/rum5tally1 by virtue ( ! heav5ly bodies1 t[>ds produc+ sub/antial =ms2 & t[>ds r5d]+ colors actually visible1 inasmu* z x is a quality ( ! fir/ s5sible body4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,production ( ,light ,is ,fitt+ly ,assign$ to ! ,fir/ ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! production ( light is n fitt+ly assign$ to ! fir/ day4 ,= light1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 is a quality4 ,b qualities are accid5ts1 & z su* %\ld h1 n ! fir/1 b a subord9ate place4 ,! production ( light1 !n1 ought n to be assign$ to ! fir/ day4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is light t di/+ui%es night f day1 & ?is is effect$ by ! sun1 :i* is record$ z hav+ be5 made on ! f\r? day4 ,!re=e ! production ( light c\ld n h be5 on ! fir/ day4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 night & day are br\ght ab\t by ! circul> movem5t ( a lum9\s body4 ,b movem5t ( ?is k9d is an attribute ( ! firmam5t1 & we read t ! firmam5t 0 made on ! second day4 ,!re=e ! production ( light1 divid+ night f day1 ought n to be assign$ to ! fir/ day4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if x be said t spiritual light is "h spok5 (1 x may be repli$ t ! light made on ! fir/ day dispels ! d>kness4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ spiritual d>kness 0 n1 = ev5 ! demons 7 9 ! beg9n+ good1 z has be5 %[n 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e ! production ( light ought n to be assign$ to ! fir/ day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t )\t :i* !re c\ld n be day1 mu/ h be5 made on ! fir/ day4 ,b !re c be no day )\t light4 ,!re=e light mu/ h be5 made on ! fir/ day4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two op9ions z to ! production ( light4 ,augu/9e seems to say 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #i1cc7 t ,moses c\ld n h fitt+ly pass$ ov] ! production ( ! spiritual creature1 & !re=e :5 we read1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 a spiritual nature z yet =mless is to be und]/ood by ! ^w heav51 & =mless matt] ( ! corporeal creature by ! ^w e>?4 ,& spiritual nature 0 =m$ fir/1 z be+ ( high] dignity ?an corporeal4 ,! =m+1 !re=e1 ( ?is spiritual nature is signifi$ by ! production ( light1 t is to say1 ( spiritual light4 ,= a spiritual nature receives its =m by ! enlight5m5t :]eby x is l$ to adh]e to ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,o!r writ]s ?9k t ! production ( spiritual creatures 0 purposely omitt$ by ,moses1 & give v>i\s reasons4 ,basil 99,hom4 i 9 ,hexaem4 says t ,moses beg9s 8 n>rative f ! beg9n+ ( "t :i* belongs to s5sible ?+s2 b t ! spiritual or angelic creation is pass$ ov]1 z creat$ be=eh&4 ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 ii 9 ,g5es4 gives z a reason = ! omission t ,moses 0 address+ an ignorant p1 to :om mat]ial ?+s alone appeal$1 & :om he 0 endeavor+ to )draw f ! s]vice ( idols4 ,x w\ld h be5 to !m a pretext = idolatry if he _h spok5 to !m ( natures spiritual 9 sub/ance & nobl] ?an all corporeal creatures2 = !y w\ld h paid !m ,div9e wor%ip1 s9ce !y 7 prone to wor%ip z gods ev5 ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 :i* 0 =bidd5 !m 7,deut4 #d74 ,b m5tion is made ( sev]al k9ds ( =mlessness1 9 reg>d to ! corporeal creature4 ,"o is :]e we read t ! e>? 0 void & empty1 & ano!r :]e x is said t d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,n[ x seems to be requir$1 = two reasons1 t ! =mlessness ( d>kness %\ld be remov$ fir/ ( all by ! production ( light4 ,9 ! fir/ place because light is a quality ( ! fir/ body1 z 0 /at$ 7,a4 #c71 & ?us by means ( light x 0 fitt+ t ! _w %\ld fir/ receive its =m4 ,! second reason is because light is a common quality4 ,= light is common to t]re/rial & cele/ial bodies4 ,b z 9 k we proce$ f g5]al pr9ciples1 s d we 9 "w ( e k9d4 ,= ! liv+ ?+ is g5]at$ be=e ! animal1 & ! animal be=e ! man1 z is %[n 9 ,de ,g5]4 ,anim4 ii1 #c4 ,x 0 fitt+1 !n1 z an evid5ce ( ! ,div9e wisdom1 t among ! works ( di/9ction ! production ( light %\ld take fir/ place1 s9ce light is a =m ( ! prim>y body1 & because x is m common quality4 ,basil 99,hom4 ii 9 ,hexaem41 inde$1 adds a ?ird reason3 t all o!r ?+s are made manife/ by light4 ,& !re is yet a f\r?1 already t\*$ ^u 9 ! objections2 t day _c be unless light exi/s1 :i* 0 made !re=e on ! fir/ day4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o hold t ! =mlessness ( matt] prec$$ its =m 9 duration1 matt] mu/ be held to h be5 creat$ at ! beg9n+ ) sub/antial =ms1 aft]w>ds receiv+ ^? t are accid5tal1 among :i* light holds ! fir/ place4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s ! light "h spok5 ( 0 a k9d ( lum9\s nebula1 & t on ! mak+ ( ! sun ?is return$ to ! matt] ( :i* x _h be5 =m$4 ,b ?is _c well be ma9ta9$1 z 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,g5esis ,holy ,scripture records ! in/itution ( t ord] ( nature :i* h5ce=? is to endure4 ,we _c1 !n1 say t :at 0 made at t "t aft]w>ds ceas$ to exi/4 ,o!rs1 !re=e1 held t ?is lum9\s nebula cont9ues 9 exi/5ce1 b s closely atta*$ to ! sun z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,b ?is is z mu* z to say t x is sup]flu\s1 :]eas none ( ,god's works h be5 made 9 va94 ,on ?is acc\nt x is held by "s t ! sun's body 0 made out ( ?is nebula4 ,?is1 too1 is impossible to ^? at lea/ :o believe t ! sun is diff]5t 9 its nature f ! f\r elem5ts1 & naturally incorruptible4 ,= 9 t case its matt] _c take on ano!r =m4 ,i answ]1 !n1 ) ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 t ! light 0 ! sun's light1 =mless z yet1 be+ already ! sol> sub/ance1 & possess+ illum9ative p[] 9 a g5]al way1 to :i* 0 aft]w>ds add$ ! special & det]m9ative p[] requir$ to produce det]m9ate effects4 ,?us1 !n1 9 ! production ( ?is light a triple di/9ction 0 made betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,fir/1 z to ! cause1 =asmu* z 9 ! sub/ance ( ! sun we h ! cause ( light1 & 9 ! opaque nature ( ! e>? ! cause ( d>kness4 ,secondly1 z to place1 = 9 "o hemisph]e !re 0 light1 9 ! o!r d>kness4 ,?irdly1 z to "t2 because !re 0 light = "o & d>kness = ano!r 9 ! same hemisph]e2 & ?is is signifi$ by ! words1 ,he call$ ! light day1 & ! d>kness night4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,basil says 7,hom4 ii 9 ,hexaem47 t day & night 7 !n caus$ by expansion & contraction ( light1 r ?an by movem5t4 ,b ,augu/9e objects to ?is 7,g54 ad lit4 i71 t !re 0 no reason = ?is vicissitude ( expansion & contraction s9ce !re 7 nei!r m5 nor animals on ! e>? at t "t1 = ^: s]vice ?is 0 requir$4 ,nor does ! nature ( a lum9\s body seem to admit ( ! )drawal ( light1 s long z ! body is actually pres5t2 ?\gh ?is might be effect$ by a miracle4 ,z to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,g54 ad lit4 i7 t 9 ! fir/ f\nd+ ( ! ord] ( nature we mu/ n look = miracles1 b = :at is 9 accordance ) nature4 ,we hold1 !n1 t ! movem5t ( ! heav5s is tw(old4 ,( ^! movem5ts1 "o is common to ! entire heav51 & is ! cause ( day & night4 ,?is1 z x seems1 _h its beg9n+ on ! fir/ day4 ,! o!r v>ies 9 proportion z x affects v>i\s bodies1 & by its v>iations is ! cause ( ! succession ( days1 mon?s1 & ye>s4 ,?us x is1 t 9 ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ day ! di/9ction betwe5 day & night alone is m5tion$2 ?is di/9ction be+ br\ght ab\t by ! common movem5t ( ! heav5s4 ,! fur!r di/9ction into successive days1 seasons1 & ye>s record$ z begun on ! f\r? day1 9 ! words1 let !m be = seasons1 & = days1 & ye>s is due to prop] movem5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,augu/9e tea*es 7,confess4 xii2 ,g54 ad lit4 #a1 #ae71 =mlessness did n prec$e =ms 9 duration2 & s we mu/ und]/& ! production ( light to signify ! =mation ( spiritual creatures1 n1 inde$1 ) ! p]fection ( glory1 9 :i* !y 7 n creat$1 b ) ! p]fection ( grace1 :i* !y possess$ f _! creation z said above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,?us ! division ( light f d>kness w d5ote ! di/9ction ( ! spiritual creature f o!r creat$ ?+s z yet )\t =m4 ,b if all creat$ ?+s receiv$ _! =m at ! same "t1 ! d>kness mu/ be held to mean ! spiritual d>kness ( ! wick$1 n z exi/+ f ! beg9n+ b su* z ,god =esaw w\ld exi/4 ,,"q #fh ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,day 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! "w ( ! second day4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! firmam5t 0 made on ! second day8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re are wat]s above ! firmam5t8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! firmam5t divides wat]s f wat]s8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re is m ?an "o heav58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,firmam5t ,0 ,made on ! ,second ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! firmam5t 0 n made on ! second day4 ,= x is said 7,g54 #a3h73 ,god call$ ! firmam5t heav54 ,b ! heav5 exi/$ be=e days1 z is cle> f ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,!re=e ! firmam5t 0 n made on ! second day4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! "w ( ! six days is ord]$ con=mably to ! ord] ( ,div9e wisdom4 ,n[ x w\ld ill become ! ,div9e wisdom to make aft]w>ds t :i* is naturally fir/4 ,b ?\gh ! firmam5t naturally prec$es ! e>? & ! wat]s1 ^! are m5tion$ be=e ! =mation ( light1 :i* 0 on ! fir/ day4 ,!re=e ! firmam5t 0 n made on ! second day4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all t 0 made 9 ! six days 0 =m$ out ( matt] creat$ be=e days began4 ,b ! firmam5t _c h be5 =m$ out ( pre-exi/+ matt]1 = if s x w\ld be liable to g5]ation & corruption4 ,!re=e ! firmam5t 0 n made on ! second day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3f73 ,god said3 let !re be a firmam5t1 & fur!r on 7v]se #h72 ,& ! ev5+ & morn+ 7 ! second day4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 discuss+ que/ions ( ?is k9d two rules are to be obs]v$1 z ,augu/9e tea*es 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #ah74 ,! fir/ is1 to hold ! tru? ( ,scripture )\t wav]+4 ,! second is t s9ce ,holy ,scripture c be expla9$ 9 a multiplicity ( s5ses1 "o %\ld adh]e to a p>ticul> explanation1 only 9 su* measure z to be ready to ab&on x1 if x be prov$ ) c]ta9ty to be false2 le/ ,holy ,scripture be expos$ to ! ridicule ( unbeliev]s1 & ob/acles be plac$ to _! believ+4 ,we say1 !re=e1 t ! words :i* speak ( ! firmam5t z made on ! second day c be und]/ood 9 two s5ses4 ,!y may be und]/ood1 fir/1 ( ! />ry firmam5t1 on :i* po9t x is necess>y to set =? ! diff]5t op9ions ( philosoph]s4 ,"s ( ^! believ$ x to be compos$ ( ! elem5ts2 & ?is 0 ! op9ion ( ,emp$ocles1 :o1 h[ev]1 held fur!r t ! body ( ! firmam5t 0 n susceptible ( dissolution1 because its p>ts are1 s to say1 n 9 disunion1 b 9 h>mony4 ,o!rs held ! firmam5t to be ( ! nature ( ! f\r elem5ts1 n1 inde$1 comp\nd$ ( !m1 b be+ z x 7 a simple elem5t4 ,su* 0 ! op9ion ( ,plato1 :o held t elem5t to be fire4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h held t ! heav5 is n ( ! nature ( ! f\r elem5ts1 b is itself a fif? body1 exi/+ ov] & above ^!4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle 7,de ,coel4 i1 text4 #f1cb74 ,accord+ to ! fir/ op9ion1 x may1 /rictly speak+1 be grant$ t ! firmam5t 0 made1 ev5 z to sub/ance1 on ! second day4 ,= x is "p ( ! "w ( creation to produce ! sub/ance ( ! elem5ts1 :ile x belongs to ! "w ( di/9ction & adornm5t to give =ms to ! elem5ts t pre-exi/4 ,b ! belief t ! firmam5t 0 made1 z to its sub/ance1 on ! second day is incompatible ) ! op9ion ( ,plato1 accord+ to :om ! mak+ ( ! firmam5t implies ! production ( ! elem5t ( fire4 ,?is production1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! "w ( creation1 at lea/1 accord+ to ^? :o hold t =mlessness ( matt] prec$$ 9 "t its =mation1 s9ce ! fir/ =m receiv$ by matt] is ! elem5tal4 ,/ill less compatible ) ! belief t ! sub/ance ( ! firmam5t 0 produc$ on ! second day is ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 see+ t ! m5tion ( days d5otes succession ( "t1 :]eas ! firmam5t1 be+ naturally incorruptible1 is ( a matt] n susceptible ( *ange ( =m2 :]e=e x c\ld n be made out ( matt] exi/+ antec$5tly 9 "t4 ,h5ce to produce ! sub/ance ( ! firmam5t belongs to ! "w ( creation4 ,b its =mation1 9 "s degree1 belongs to ! second day1 accord+ to bo? op9ions3 = z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 ! light ( ! sun 0 )\t =m dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days1 & aft]w>ds1 on ! f\r? day1 receiv$ its =m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take ^! days to d5ote m]ely sequ5ce 9 ! natural ord]1 z ,augu/9e holds 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bb1bd71 & n succession 9 "t1 !re is !n no?+ to prev5t our say+1 :il/ hold+ any "o ( ! op9ions giv5 above1 t ! sub/antial =mation ( ! firmam5t belongs to ! second day4 ,ano!r possible explanation is to und]/& by ! firmam5t t 0 made on ! second day1 n t 9 :i* ! />s are set1 b ! "p ( ! atmosph]e :]e ! cl\ds are collect$1 & :i* has receiv$ ! "n firmam5t f ! firmness & d5sity ( ! air4 ,= a body is call$ firm1 t is d5se & solid1 !reby diff]+ f a ma!matical body z is rem>k$ by ,basil 7,hom4 iii 9 ,hexaem474 ,if1 !n1 ?is explanation is adopt$ none ( ^! op9ions w be f\nd repugnant to reason4 ,augu/9e1 9 fact 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #d71 recomm5ds x ?us3 ,i consid] ?is view ( ! "q wor?y ( all comm5dation1 z nei!r contr>y to fai? nor difficult to be prov$ & believ$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 iii 9 ,g5es471 ,moses prefaces 8 record by speak+ ( ! works ( ,god collectively1 9 ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 & !n proce$s to expla9 !m "p by "p2 9 some:at ! same way z "o might say3 ,?is h\se 0 con/ruct$ by t build]1 & !n add3 ,fir/1 he laid ! f\ndations1 !n built ! walls1 & ?irdly1 put on ! ro(4 ,9 accept+ ?is explanation we are1 !re=e1 n b\nd to hold t a diff]5t heav5 is spok5 ( 9 ! words3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?1 & :5 we read t ! firmam5t 0 made on ! second day4 ,we may also say t ! heav5 record$ z creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ is n ! same z t made on ! second day2 & !re are sev]al s5ses 9 :i* ?is may be und]/ood4 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #i7 t ! heav5 record$ z made on ! fir/ day is ! =mless spiritual nature1 & t ! heav5 ( ! second day is ! corporeal heav54 ,accord+ to ,b$e 7,hexaem4 i7 & ,/rabus1 ! heav5 made on ! fir/ day is ! empyrean1 & ! firmam5t made on ! second day1 ! />ry heav54 ,accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t ( ! fir/ day 0 sph]ical 9 =m & )\t />s1 ! same1 9 fact1 t ! philosoph]s speak (1 call+ x ! n9? sph]e1 & ! prim>y movable body t moves ) diurnal movem5t3 :ile by ! firmam5t made on ! second day he und]/&s ! />ry heav54 ,accord+ to ano!r !ory1 t\*$ ^u by ,augu/9e 99,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #a ! heav5 made on ! fir/ day 0 ! />ry heav51 & ! firmam5t made on ! second day 0 t region ( ! air :]e ! cl\ds are collect$1 :i* is also call$ heav51 b equivocally4 ,& to %[ t ! ^w is "h us$ 9 an equivocal s5se1 x is expressly said t ,god call$ ! firmam5t heav52 j z 9 a prec$+ v]se x said t ,god call$ ! light day 7s9ce ! ^w day is also us$ to d5ote a space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs74 ,o!r in/ances ( a simil> use occur1 z po9t$ out by ,rabbi ,moses4 ,! second & ?ird objections are suffici5tly answ]$ by :at has be5 already said4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,wat]s ,above ! ,firmam5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n wat]s above ! firmam5t4 ,= wat] is heavy by nature1 & heavy ?+s t5d naturally d[nw>ds1 n upw>ds4 ,!re=e !re are n wat]s above ! firmam5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 wat] is fluid by nature1 & fluids _c re/ on a sph]e1 z exp]i5ce %[s4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! firmam5t is a sph]e1 !re _c be wat] above x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 wat] is an elem5t1 & appo9t$ to ! g5]ation ( composite bodies1 accord+ to ! relation 9 :i* imp]fect ?+s /& t[>ds p]fect4 ,b bodies ( composite nature h _! place ^u ! e>?1 & n above ! firmam5t1 s t wat] w\ld be useless !re4 ,b none ( ,god's works are useless4 ,!re=e !re are n wat]s above ! firmam5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3g73 7,god7 divid$ ! wat]s t 7 "u ! firmam5t1 f ^? t 7 above ! firmam5t4 ,i answ] ) ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #e7 t1 ,^! words ( ,scripture h m au?ority ?an ! mo/ exalt$ human intellect4 ,h5ce1 :atev] ^! wat]s are1 & :atev] _! mode ( exi/5ce1 we _c = a mom5t d\bt t !y are !re4 ,z to ! nature ( ^! wat]s1 all are n agre$4 ,orig5 says 7,hom4 i 9 ,g547 t ! wat]s t are above ! firmam5t are spiritual sub/ances4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #adh3d73 ,let ! wat]s t are above ! heav5s praise ! "n ( ! ,"l1 & 7,dan4 #c3fj73 ,ye wat]s t are above ! heav5s1 bless ! ,"l4,to ?is ,basil answ]s 7,hom4 iii 9 ,hexaem47 t ^! words d n mean t ^! wat]s are rational creatures1 b t ! ?\ghtful contemplation ( !m by ^? :o und]/& fulfils ! glory ( ! ,creator4 ,h5ce 9 ! same context1 fire1 hail1 & o!r l creatures1 are invok$ 9 ! same way1 ?\gh no "o w\ld attribute reason to ^!4 ,we mu/ hold1 !n1 ^! wat]s to be mat]ial1 b _! exact nature w be diff]5tly def9$ accord+ z op9ions on ! firmam5t diff]4 ,= if by ! firmam5t we und]/& ! />ry heav51 & z be+ ( ! nature ( ! f\r elem5ts1 = ! same reason x may be believ$ t ! wat]s above ! heav5 are ( ! same nature z ! elem5tal wat]s4 ,b if by ! firmam5t we und]/& ! />ry heav51 n1 h[ev]1 z be+ ( ! nature ( ! f\r elem5ts1 !n ! wat]s above ! firmam5t w n be ( ! same nature z ! elem5tal wat]s1 b j z1 accord+ to ,/rabus1 "o heav5 is call$ empyrean1 t is1 fi]y1 solely on acc\nt ( its spl5dor3 s ?is o!r heav5 w be call$ aque\s solely on acc\nt ( its transp>5ce2 & ?is heav5 is above ! />ry heav54 ,aga91 if ! firmam5t is held to be ( o!r nature ?an ! elem5ts1 x may /ill be said to divide ! wat]s1 if we und]/& by wat] n ! elem5t b =mless matt]4 ,augu/9e1 9 fact1 says 7,sup] ,g54 cont4 ,mani*4 i1 #e1g7 t :atev] divides bodies f bodies c be said to divide wat]s f wat]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we und]/& by ! firmam5t t "p ( ! air 9 :i* ! cl\ds are collect$1 !n ! wat]s above ! firmam5t mu/ r be ! vapors resolv$ f ! wat]s :i* are rais$ above a "p ( ! atmosph]e1 & f :i* ! ra9 falls4 ,b to say1 z "s writ]s allud$ to by ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #d71 t wat]s resolv$ into vapor may be lift$ above ! />ry heav51 is a m]e absurdity4 ,! solid nature ( ! firmam5t1 ! int]v5+ region ( fire1 :]e9 all vapor mu/ be consum$1 ! t5d5cy 9 light & r>efi$ bodies to drift to "o spot b5ea? ! vault ( ! moon1 z well z ! fact t vapors are p]ceiv$ n to rise ev5 to ! tops ( ! high] m\nta9s1 all to g to %[ ! impossibility ( ?is4 ,nor is x less absurd to say1 9 support ( ?is op9ion1 t bodies may be r>efi$ inf9itely1 s9ce natural bodies _c be inf9itely r>efi$ or divid$1 b up to a c]ta9 po9t only4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s h attempt$ to solve ?is difficulty by suppos+ t 9 spite ( ! natural gravity ( wat]1 x is kept 9 its place above ! firmam5t by ! ,div9e p[]4 ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #a71 h[ev] w n admit ?is solution1 b says ,x is our bus9ess "h to inquire h[ ,god has con/itut$ ! natures ( ,8 creatures1 n h[ f> x may h pleas$ ,him to "w on !m by way ( miracle4 ,we leave ?is view1 !n1 & answ] t accord+ to ! la/ two op9ions on ! firmam5t & ! wat]s ! solution appe>s f :at has be5 said4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ op9ion1 an ord] ( ! elem5ts mu/ be suppos$ diff]5t f t giv5 by ,ari/otle1 t is to say1 t ! wat]s surr\nd+ ! e>? are ( a d5se consi/5cy1 & ^? ar\nd ! firmam5t ( a r>] consi/5cy1 9 proportion to ! respective d5sity ( ! e>? & ( ! heav54 ,or by ! wat]1 z /at$1 we may und]/& ! matt] ( bodies to be signifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! solution is cle> f :at has be5 said1 accord+ to ! la/ two op9ions4 ,b accord+ to ! fir/ op9ion1 ,basil gives two replies 7,hom4 iii 9 ,hexaem474 ,he answ]s fir/1 t a body se5 z concave b5ea? ne$ n necess>ily be r\nd$1 or convex1 above4 ,secondly1 t ! wat]s above ! firmam5t are n fluid1 b exi/ outside x 9 a solid /ate1 z a mass ( ice1 & t ?is is ! cry/all9e heav5 ( "s writ]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! ?ird op9ion giv51 ! wat]s above ! firmam5t h be5 rais$ 9 ! =m ( vapors1 & s]ve to give ra9 to ! e>?4 ,b accord+ to ! second op9ion1 !y are above ! heav5 t is :olly transp>5t & />less4 ,?is1 accord+ to "s1 is ! prim>y mobile1 ! cause ( ! daily revolution ( ! entire heav51 :]eby ! cont9uance ( g5]ation is secur$4 ,9 ! same way ! />ry heav51 by ! zodiacal movem5t1 is ! cause :]eby diff]5t bodies are g5]at$ or corrupt$1 ?r\gh ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! />s1 & _! v>i\s influ5ces4 ,b accord+ to ! fir/ op9ion ^! wat]s are set !re to temp] ! heat ( ! cele/ial bodies1 z ,basil supposes 7,hom4 iii 9 ,hexaem474 ,& ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #e7 t "s h consid]$ ?is to be prov$ by ! extreme cold ( ,saturn ow+ to its ne>ness to ! wat]s t are above ! firmam5t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,firmam5t ,divides ,wat]s f ,wat]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! firmam5t does n divide wat]s f wat]s4 ,= bodies t are ( "o & ! same species h naturally "o & ! same place4 ,b ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 i1 #f73 ,all wat] is ! same species4 ,wat] !re=e _c be di/9ct f wat] by place4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 %\ld x be said t ! wat]s above ! firmam5t diff] 9 species f ^? "u ! firmam5t1 x may be argu$1 on ! contr>y1 t ?+s di/9ct 9 species ne$ no?+ else to di/+ui% !m4 ,if !n1 ^! wat]s diff] 9 species1 x is n ! firmam5t t di/+ui%es !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld appe> t :at di/+ui%es wat]s f wat]s mu/ be some?+ :i* is 9 contact ) !m on ei!r side1 z a wall /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( a riv]4 ,b x is evid5t t ! wat]s bel[ d n rea* up to ! firmam5t4 ,!re=e ! firmam5t does n divide ! wat]s f ! wat]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3f73 ,let !re be a firmam5t made amid/ ! wat]s2 & let x divide ! wat]s f ! wat]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! text ( ,g5esis1 consid]$ sup]ficially1 might lead to ! adoption ( a !ory simil> to t held by c]ta9 philosoph]s ( antiquity1 :o taught t wat] 0 a body inf9ite 9 dim5sion1 & ! prim>y elem5t ( all bodies4 ,?us 9 ! words1 ,d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 ! ^w deep might be tak5 to mean ! inf9ite mass ( wat]1 und]/ood z ! pr9ciple ( all o!r bodies4 ,^! philosoph]s also taught t n all corporeal ?+s are conf9$ b5ea? ! heav5 p]ceiv$ by our s5ses1 b t a body ( wat]1 inf9ite 9 ext5t1 exi/s above t heav54 ,on ?is view ! firmam5t ( heav5 might be said to divide ! wat]s )\t f ^? )9--t is to say1 f all bodies "u ! heav51 s9ce !y took wat] to be ! pr9ciple ( !m all4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is !ory c be %[n to be false by solid reasons1 x _c be held to be ! s5se ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,x %\ld r be consid]$ t ,moses 0 speak+ to ignorant p1 & t out ( condesc5sion to _! weakness he put be=e !m only su* ?+s z are app>5t to s5se4 ,n[ ev5 ! mo/ un$ucat$ c p]ceive by _! s5ses t e>? & wat] are corporeal1 :]eas x is n evid5t to all t air also is corporeal1 = !re h ev5 be5 philosoph]s :o said t air is no?+1 & call$ a space fill$ ) air a vacuum4 ,moses1 !n1 :ile he expressly m5tions wat] & e>?1 makes no express m5tion ( air by "n1 to avoid sett+ be=e ignorant p]sons some?+ beyond _! k4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to express ! tru? to ^? capable ( und]/&+ x1 he implies 9 ! words3 ,d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 ! exi/5ce ( air z att5dant1 s to say1 ^u ! wat]4 ,= x may be und]/ood f ^! words t ov] ! face ( ! wat] a transp>5t body 0 ext5d$1 ! subject ( light & d>kness1 :i*1 9 fact1 is ! air4 ,:e!r1 !n1 we und]/& by ! firmam5t ! />ry heav51 or ! cl\dy region ( ! air1 x is true to say t x divides ! wat]s f ! wat]s1 accord+ z we take wat] to d5ote =mless matt]1 or any k9d ( transp>5t body1 z fitt+ly designat$ "u ! "n ( wat]s4 ,= ! />ry heav5 divides ! l[] transp>5t bodies f ! high]1 & ! cl\dy region divides t high] "p ( ! air1 :]e ! ra9 & simil> ?+s are g5]at$1 f ! l[] "p1 :i* is connect$ ) ! wat] & includ$ "u t "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if by ! firmam5t is und]/ood ! />ry heav51 ! wat]s above are n ( ! same species z ^? b5ea?4 ,b if by ! firmam5t is und]/ood ! cl\dy region ( ! air1 bo? ^! wat]s are ( ! same species1 & two places are assign$ to !m1 ?\gh n = ! same purpose1 ! high] be+ ! place ( _! begett+1 ! l[]1 ! place ( _! repose4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! wat]s are held to diff] 9 species1 ! firmam5t _c be said to divide ! wat]s1 z ! cause ( _! de/ruction1 b only z ! b\nd>y ( ea*4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,on acc\nt ( ! air & o!r simil> bodies be+ invisible1 ,moses includes all su* bodies "u ! "n ( wat]1 & ?us x is evid5t t wat]s are f\nd on ea* side ( ! firmam5t1 :atev] be ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is us$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,"o ,heav58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is only "o heav54 ,= ! heav5 is contra/$ ) ! e>?1 9 ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,b !re is only "o e>?4 ,!re=e !re is only "o heav54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* consi/s ( ! entire sum ( its own matt]1 mu/ be "o2 & su* is ! heav51 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,de ,coel4 i1 text4 #ie74 ,!re=e !re is b "o heav54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is pr$icat$ ( _m ?+s univocally is pr$icat$ ( !m accord+ to "s common notion4 ,b if !re are m heav5s ?an "o1 !y are s call$ univocally1 = if equivocally only1 !y c\ld n prop]ly be call$ _m4 ,if1 !n1 !y are _m1 !re mu/ be "s common notion by reason ( :i* ea* is call$ heav51 b ?is common notion _c be assign$4 ,!re=e !re _c be m ?an "o heav54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,ps4 #adh3d73 ,praise ,him1 ye heav5s ( heav5s4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is po9t !re seems to be a div]sity ( op9ion betwe5 ,basil & ,*ryso/om4 ,! latt] says t !re is only "o heav5 7,hom4 iv 9 ,g5471 & t ! words 'heav5s ( heav5s' are m]ely ! translation ( ! ,hebrew idiom accord+ to :i* ! ^w is always us$ 9 ! plural1 j z 9 ,lat9 !re are _m n\ns t are want+ 9 ! s+ul>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,basil 7,hom4 iii 9 ,hexaem471 :om ,damasc5e foll[s 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii71 says t !re are _m heav5s4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is m nom9al ?an real4 ,= ,*ryso/om means by ! "o heav5 ! :ole body t is above ! e>? & ! wat]1 = :i* reason ! birds t fly 9 ! air are call$ birds ( heav5 99,ps4 #h3i4 ,b s9ce 9 ?is body !re are _m di/9ct p>ts1 ,basil said t !re are m heav5s ?an "o4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to und]/& ! di/9ction ( heav5s1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,scripture speaks ( heav5 9 a ?reefold s5se4 ,sometimes x uses ! ^w 9 its prop] & natural mean+1 :5 x d5otes t body on high :i* is lum9\s actually or pot5tially1 & incorruptible by nature4 ,9 ?is body !re are ?ree heav5s2 ! fir/ is ! empyrean1 :i* is :olly lum9\s2 ! second is ! aque\s or cry/all9e1 :olly transp>5t2 & ! ?ird is call$ ! />ry heav51 9 "p transp>5t1 & 9 "p actually lum9\s1 & divid$ into eight sph]es4 ,"o ( ^! is ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s2 ! o!r sev51 :i* may be call$ ! sev5 heav5s1 are ! sph]es ( ! planets4 ,9 ! second place1 ! "n heav5 is appli$ to a body t p>ticipates 9 any prop]ty ( ! heav5ly body1 z sublimity & lum9osity1 actual or pot5tial4 ,?us ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 holds z "o heav5 all ! space betwe5 ! wat]s & ! moon's orb1 call+ x ! a]ial4 ,accord+ to him1 !n1 !re are ?ree heav5s1 ! a]ial1 ! />ry1 & "o high] ?an bo? ^!1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le is und]/ood to speak :5 he says ( himself t he 0 rapt to ! ?ird heav54 ,b s9ce ?is space conta9s two elem5ts1 namely1 fire & air1 & 9 ea* ( ^! !re is :at is call$ a high] & a l[] region ,rabanus subdivides ?is space into f\r di/9ct heav5s4 ,! high] region ( fire he calls ! fi]y heav52 ! l[]1 ! ,olympian heav5 f a l(ty m\nta9 ( t "n3 ! high] region ( air he calls1 f its brightness1 ! e!real heav52 ! l[]1 ! a]ial4 ,:51 !re=e1 ^! f\r heav5s are add$ to ! ?ree enum]at$ above1 !re are sev5 corporeal heav5s 9 all1 9 ! op9ion ( ,rabanus4 ,?irdly1 !re are metaphorical uses ( ! ^w heav51 z :5 ?is "n is appli$ to ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 ,:o is ! ,light & ! ,mo/ ,high ,_s4 ,x is expla9$ by "s1 z ?us appli$1 9 ! words1 ,i w asc5d into heav52 :]eby ! evil _s is repres5t$ z seek+ to make himself equal ) ,god4 ,sometimes also spiritual bless+s1 ! recomp5se ( ! ,sa9ts1 f be+ ! highe/ ( all good gifts1 are signifi$ by ! ^w heav51 &1 9 fact1 are s signifi$1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte71 9 ! words1 ,y\r rew>d is v great 9 heav5 7,matt4 #e3ab74 ,aga91 ?ree k9ds ( sup]natural visions1 bodily1 imag9ative1 & intellectual1 are call$ sometimes s _m heav5s1 9 ref]5ce to :i* ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii7 exp\nds ,paul's rapture to ! ?ird heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! e>? /&s 9 relation to ! heav5 z ! c5tre ( a circle to its circumf]5ce4 ,b z "o c5t] may h _m circumf]5ces1 s1 ?\gh !re is b "o e>?1 !re may be _m heav5s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! argum5t holds good z to ! heav51 9 s f> z x d5otes ! entire sum ( corporeal creation1 = 9 t s5se x is "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! heav5s h 9 common sublimity & "s degree ( lum9osity1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said4 ,,"q #fi ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,day 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! "w ( ! ?ird day4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,ab\t ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s4 7#b7 ,ab\t ! production ( plants4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,0 ,fitt+ ,t ! ,ga!r+ ,toge!r ( ! ,wat]s ,%\ld ,take ,place1 ,z ,record$1 on ! ,?ird ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 n fitt+ t ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s %\ld take place on ! ?ird day4 ,= :at 0 made on ! fir/ & second days is expressly said to h be5 made 9 ! words1 ,god said3 ,be light made1 & ,let !re be a firmam5t made4,b ! ?ird day is contradi/+ui%$ f ! fir/ & ! second days4 ,!re=e ! "w ( ! ?ird day %\ld h be5 describ$ z a mak+ n z a ga!r+ toge!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! e>? hi!rto _h be5 completely cov]$ by ! wat]s1 :]e=e x 0 describ$ z invisible 99 ,see ,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #a4 ,!re 0 !n no place on ! e>? to :i* ! wat]s c\ld be ga!r$ toge!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* are n 9 cont9u\s contact _c occupy "o place4 ,b n all ! wat]s are 9 cont9u\s contact1 & !re=e all 7 n ga!r$ toge!r into "o place4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a ga!r+ toge!r is a mode ( local movem5t4 ,b ! wat]s fl[ naturally1 & take _! c\rse t[>ds ! sea4 ,9 _! case1 !re=e1 a ,div9e precept ( ?is k9d 0 unnecess>y4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! e>? is giv5 its "n at its fir/ creation by ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,!re=e ! imposition ( its "n on ! ?ird day seems to be record$ )\t necessity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! au?ority ( ,scripture suffices4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is necess>y to reply diff]5tly to ?is "q accord+ to ! diff]5t int]pretations giv5 by ,augu/9e & o!r holy writ]s4 ,9 all ^! works1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #ae2 iv1 #bb1 #cd2 ,de ,g54 ,contr4 ,mani*4 i1 #e1 #g71 !re is no ord] ( duration1 b only ( orig9 & nature4 ,he says t ! =mless spiritual & =mless corporeal natures 7 creat$ fir/ ( all1 & t ! latt] are at fir/ indicat$ by ! words e>? & wat]4 ,n t ?is =mlessness prec$$ =mation1 9 "t1 b only 9 orig92 nor yet t "o =mation prec$$ ano!r 9 duration1 b m]ely 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,agreeably1 !n1 to ?is ord]1 ! =mation ( ! highe/ or spiritual nature is record$ 9 ! fir/ place1 :]e x is said t light 0 made on ! fir/ day4 ,= z ! spiritual nature is high] ?an ! corporeal1 s ! high] bodies are nobl] ?an ! l[]4 ,h5ce ! =mation ( ! high] bodies is indicat$ 9 ! second place1 by ! words1 ,let !re be made a firmam5t1 by :i* is to be und]/ood ! impression ( cele/ial =ms on =mless matt]1 t prec$$ ) priority n ( "t1 b ( orig9 only4 ,b 9 ! ?ird place ! impression ( elem5tal =ms on =mless matt] is record$1 also ) a priority ( orig9 only4 ,!re=e ! words1 ,let ! wat]s be ga!r$ toge!r1 & ! dry l& appe>1 mean t corporeal matt] 0 impress$ ) ! sub/antial =m ( wat]1 s z to h su* movem5t1 & ) ! sub/antial =m ( e>?1 s z to h su* an appe>ance4 ,accord+1 h[ev]1 to o!r holy writ]s 99 ,see ,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #a1 an ord] ( duration 9 ! works is to be und]/ood1 by :i* is meant t ! =mlessness ( matt] prec$es its =mation1 & "o =m ano!r1 9 ord] ( "t4 ,nev]!less1 !y d n hold t ! =mlessness ( matt] implies ! total abs5ce ( =m1 s9ce heav51 e>?1 & wat] already exi/$1 s9ce ^! ?ree are nam$ z already cle>ly p]ceptible to ! s5ses2 r !y und]/& by =mlessness ! want ( due di/9ction & ( p]fect beauty1 & 9 respect ( ^! ?ree ,scripture m5tions ?ree k9ds ( =mlessness4 ,heav51 ! highe/ ( !m1 0 )\t =m s long z d>kness fill$ x1 because x 0 ! s\rce ( light4 ,! =mlessness ( wat]1 :i* holds ! middle place1 is call$ ! deep1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contr4 ,fau/4 xxii1 #aa71 ?is ^w signifies ! mass ( wat]s )\t ord]4 ,?irdly1 ! =mless /ate ( ! e>? is t\*$ ^u :5 ! e>? is said to be void or invisible1 because x 0 cov]$ by ! wat]s4 ,?us1 !n1 ! =mation ( ! highe/ body took place on ! fir/ day4 ,& s9ce "t results f ! movem5t ( ! heav51 & is ! num]ical measure ( ! movem5t ( ! highe/ body1 f ?is =mation1 result$ ! di/9ction ( "t1 namely1 t ( night & day4 ,on ! second day ! int]m$iate body1 wat]1 0 =m$1 receiv+ f ! firmam5t a sort ( di/9ction & ord] 7s t wat] be und]/ood z includ+ c]ta9 o!r ?+s1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #c774 ,on ! ?ird day ! e>?1 ! l[e/ body1 receiv$ its =m by ! )drawal ( ! wat]s1 & !re result$ ! di/9ction 9 ! l[e/ body1 namely1 ( l& & sea4 ,h5ce ,scripture1 hav+ cle>ly express$ ! =mless /ate ( ! e>?1 by say+ t x 0 invisible or void1 expresses ! mann] 9 :i* x receiv$ its =m by ! equally suitable words1 ,let ! dry l& appe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #g1 #h2 iii1 #bj1 ,scripture does n say ( ! "w ( ! ?ird day1 t x 0 made1 z x says ( ^? t prec$e1 9 ord] to %[ t high] & spiritual =ms1 su* z ! angels & ! heav5ly bodies1 are p]fect & /able 9 be+1 :]eas inf]ior =ms are imp]fect & mutable4 ,h5ce ! impression ( su* =ms is signifi$ by ! ga!r+ ( ! wat]s1 & ! appe>+ ( ! l&4 ,= wat]1 to use ,augu/9e's words1 glides & fl[s away1 ! e>? abides 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #aa74 ,o!rs1 aga91 hold t ! "w ( ! ?ird day 0 p]fect$ on t day only z reg>ds movem5t f place to place1 & t = ?is reason ,scripture _h no reason to speak ( x z made4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t is easily solv$1 accord+ to ,augu/9e's op9ion 7,de ,g54 ,contr4 ,mani*4 i71 because we ne$ n suppose t ! e>? 0 fir/ cov]$ by ! wat]s1 & t ^! 7 aft]w>ds ga!r$ toge!r1 b t !y 7 produc$ 9 ?is v ga!r+ toge!r4 ,b accord+ to ! o!r writ]s !re are ?ree solutions1 :i* ,augu/9e gives 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #ab74 ,! fir/ supposes t ! wat]s are heap$ up to a great] height at ! place :]e !y 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 = x has be5 prov$ 9 reg>d to ! ,r$ ,sea1 t ! sea is high] ?an ! l&1 z ,basil rem>ks 7,hom4 iv 9 ,hexaem474 ,! second expla9s ! wat] t cov]$ ! e>? z be+ r>efi$ or nebul\s1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds cond5s$ :5 ! wat]s 7 ga!r$ toge!r4 ,! ?ird sugge/s ! exi/5ce ( holl[s 9 ! e>?1 to receive ! conflu5ce ( wat]s4 ,( ! above ! fir/ seems ! mo/ probable4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! wat]s h ! sea z _! goal1 into :i* !y fl[ by *annels hidd5 or app>5t1 & ?is may be ! reason :y !y are said to be ga!r$ toge!r into "o place4 ,or1 "o place is to be und]/ood n simply1 b z contra/$ ) ! place ( ! dry l&1 s t ! s5se w\ld be1 ,let ! wat]s be ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o place1 t is1 ap>t f ! dry l&4 ,t ! wat]s occupi$ m places ?an "o seems to be impli$ by ! words t foll[1 ,! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s ,he call$ ,seas4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! ,div9e comm& gives bodies _! natural movem5t & by ^! natural movem5ts !y are said to fulfill ,8 ^w4 ,or we may say t x 0 accord+ to ! nature ( wat] completely to cov] ! e>?1 j z ! air completely surr\nds bo? wat] & e>?2 b z a necess>y means t[>ds an end1 namely1 t plants & animals might be on ! e>?1 x 0 necess>y = ! wat]s to be )drawn f a portion ( ! e>?4 ,"s philosoph]s attribute ?is uncov]+ ( ! e>?'s surface to ! action ( ! sun lift+ up ! vapors & ?us dry+ ! l&4 ,scripture1 h[ev]1 attributes x to ! ,div9e p[]1 n only 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 b also ,job #ch3aj :]e 9 ! p]son ( ! ,"l x is said1 ,i set ,my b\nds ar\nd ! sea1 & ,j]4 #e3bb1 :]e x is writt53 ,w y n !n fe> ,me1 sai? ! ,"l1 :o h set ! s& a b\nd = ! sea8 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,g54 ,contr4 ,mani*4 i71 prim>y matt] is meant by ! ^w e>?1 :]e fir/ m5tion$1 b 9 ! pres5t passage x is to be tak5 = ! elem5t itself4 ,aga9 x may be said ) ,basil 7,hom4 iv 9 ,hexaem471 t ! e>? is m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ passage 9 respect ( its nature1 b "h 9 respect ( its pr9cipal prop]ty1 namely1 dryness4 ,:]e=e x is writt53 ,he call$ ! dry l&1 ,e>?4 ,x may also be said ) ,rabbi ,moses1 t ! expression1 ,he call$1 d5otes ?r\gh\t an equivocal use ( ! "n impos$4 ,?us we f9d x said at fir/ t ,he call$ ! light ,day3 = ! reason t lat] on a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs is also call$ day1 :]e x is said t !re 0 ev5+ & morn+1 "o day4 ,9 l mann] x is said t ! firmam5t1 t is1 ! air1 ,he call$ heav53 = t :i* 0 fir/ creat$ 0 also call$ heav54 ,& "h1 aga91 x is said t ! dry l&1 t is1 ! "p f :i* ! wat]s _h )drawn1 ,he call$1 ,e>?1 z di/9ct f ! sea2 al?\gh ! "n e>? is equally appli$ to t :i* is cov]$ ) wat]s or n4 ,s by ! expression ,he call$ we are to und]/& ?r\gh\t t ! nature or prop]ty ,he be/[$ correspond$ to ! "n ,he gave4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,0 ,fitt+ ,t ! ,production ( ,plants ,%\ld ,take ,place on ! ,?ird ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 n fitt+ t ! production ( plants %\ld take place on ! ?ird day4 ,= plants h life1 z animals h4 ,b ! production ( animals belongs to ! "w1 n ( di/9ction1 b ( adornm5t4 ,!re=e ! production ( plants1 z also belong+ to ! "w ( adornm5t1 ought n to be record$ z tak+ place on ! ?ird day1 :i* is devot$ to ! "w ( di/9ction4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a "w by :i* ! e>? is accurs$ %\ld h be5 record$ ap>t f ! "w by :i* x receives its =m4 ,b ! words ( ,g54 #c3ag1 ,curs$ is ! e>? 9 ?y "w1 ?orns & ?i/les %all x br+ =? to !e1 %[ t by ! production ( c]ta9 plants ! e>? 0 accurs$4 ,!re=e ! production ( plants 9 g5]al %\ld n h be5 record$ on ! ?ird day1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! "w ( =mation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z plants are firmly fix$ to ! e>?1 s are /ones & metals1 :i* are1 nev]!less1 n m5tion$ 9 ! "w ( =mation4 ,plants1 !re=e1 ought n to h be5 made on ! ?ird day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #a3ab73 ,! e>? br\ght =? ! gre5 h]b1 aft] :i* !re foll[s1 ,! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! ?ird day4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ! ?ird day1 z said 7,a4 #a71 ! =mless /ate ( ! e>? comes to an end4 ,b ?is /ate is describ$ z tw(old4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! e>? 0 invisible or void1 be+ cov]$ by ! wat]s2 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 %apeless or empty1 t is1 )\t t comel9ess :i* x owes to ! plants t clo! x1 z x 71 ) a g>m5t4 ,?us1 !re=e1 9 ei!r respect ?is =mless /ate ends on ! ?ird day3 fir/1 :5 ! wat]s 7 ga!r$ toge!r into "o place & ! dry l& appe>$2 secondly1 :5 ! e>? br\ght =? ! gre5 h]b4 ,b conc]n+ ! production ( plants1 ,augu/9e's op9ion diff]s f t ( o!rs4 ,= o!r comm5tators1 9 accordance ) ! surface mean+ ( ! text1 consid] t ! plants 7 produc$ 9 act 9 _! v>i\s species on ?is ?ird day2 :]eas ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #e2 viii1 #c7 says t ! e>? is said to h !n produc$ plants & trees 9 _! causes1 t is1 x receiv$ !n ! p[] to produce !m4 ,he supports ?is view by ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 = x is said 7,g54 #b3d1 #e73 ,^! are ! g5]ations ( ! heav5 & ! e>?1 :5 !y 7 creat$1 9 ! day t 4 4 4 ,god made ! heav5 & ! e>?1 & e plant ( ! field be=e x sprung up 9 ! e>?1 & e h]b ( ! gr\nd be=e x grew4 ,!re=e1 ! production ( plants 9 _! causes1 )9 ! e>?1 took place be=e !y sprang up f ! e>?'s surface4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by reason1 z foll[s4 ,9 ^! fir/ days ,god creat$ all ?+s 9 _! orig9 or causes1 & f ?is "w ,he subsequ5tly re/$4 ,yet aft]w>ds1 by gov]n+ ,8 creatures1 9 ! "w ( propagation1 ,he worke? until n[4 ,n[ ! production ( plants f ! e>? is a "w ( propagation1 & !re=e !y 7 n produc$ 9 act on ! ?ird day1 b 9 _! causes only4 ,h[ev]1 9 accordance ) o!r writ]s1 x may be said t ! fir/ con/itution ( species belongs to ! "w ( ! six days1 b ! reproduction among !m ( l f l1 to ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,& ,scripture indicates ?is 9 ! words1 be=e x sprung up 9 ! e>?1 & be=e x grew1 t is1 be=e l 0 produc$ f l2 j z n[ happ5s 9 ! natural c\rse by ! production ( se$4 ,:]e=e ,scripture says po9t$ly 7,g54 #a3aa73 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! gre5 h]b1 & su* z may se$1 z indicat+ ! production ( p]fect species1 f :i* ! se$ ( o!rs %\ld arise4 ,nor does ! "q :]e ! sem9al p[] may reside1 :e!r 9 root1 /em1 or fruit1 affect ! argum5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,life 9 plants is hidd51 s9ce !y lack s5se & local movem5t1 by :i* ! animate & ! inanimate are *iefly disc]nible4 ,& !re=e1 s9ce !y are firmly fix$ 9 ! e>?1 _! production is treat$ z a "p ( ! e>?'s =mation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 be=e ! e>? 0 accurs$1 ?orns & ?i/les _h be5 produc$1 ei!r virtually or actually4 ,b !y 7 n produc$ 9 puni%m5t ( man2 z ?\gh ! e>?1 :i* he till$ to ga9 8 food1 produc$ unfruitful & noxi\s plants4 ,h5ce x is said3 ,%all x br+ =? to !e4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,moses put be=e ! p su* ?+s only z 7 manife/ to _! s5ses1 z we h said 7,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #c74 ,b m9]als are g5]at$ 9 hidd5 ways )9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,moreov] !y seem h>dly specifically di/9ct f e>?1 & w\ld seem to be species !re(4 ,= ?is reason1 !re=e1 he makes no m5tion ( !m4 ,,"q #gj ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,adornm5t1 ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,! ,,f\r? ,,day 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! "w ( adornm5t1 fir/ z to ea* day by itself1 secondly z to all sev5 days 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 we consid] ! "w ( ! f\r? day1 secondly1 t ( ! fif? day1 ?irdly1 t ( ! six? day1 & f\r?ly1 su* matt]s z belong to ! sev5? day4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,z to ! production ( ! lights2 7#b7 ,z to ! end ( _! production2 7#c7 ,:e!r !y are liv+ be+s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,lights ,ought to ,h ,be5 ,produc$ on ! ,f\r? ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! lights ought n to h be5 produc$ on ! f\r? day4 ,= ! heav5ly lum9>ies are by nature incorruptible bodies3 :]e=e _! matt] _c exi/ )\t _! =m4 ,b z _! matt] 0 produc$ 9 ! "w ( creation1 be=e !re 0 any day1 s !re=e 7 _! =ms4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! lights 7 n produc$ on ! f\r? day4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! lum9>ies are1 z x 71 vessels ( light4 ,b light 0 made on ! fir/ day4 ,! lum9>ies1 !re=e1 %\ld h be5 made on ! fir/ day1 n on ! f\r?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! lights are fix$ 9 ! firmam5t1 z plants are fix$ 9 ! e>?4 ,=1 ! ,scripture says3 ,he set !m 9 ! firmam5t4 ,b plants are describ$ z produc$ :5 ! e>?1 to :i* !y are atta*$1 receiv$ its =m4 ,! lights1 !re=e1 %\ld h be5 produc$ at ! same "t z ! firmam5t1 t is to say1 on ! second day4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 plants are an effect ( ! sun1 moon1 & o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,n[1 cause prec$es effect 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,! lights1 !re=e1 ought n to h be5 produc$ on ! f\r? day1 b on ! ?ird day4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 z a/ronom]s say1 !re are _m />s l>g] ?an ! moon4 ,!re=e ! sun & ! moon alone are n correctly describ$ z ! two great lights4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,suffices ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 recapitulat+ ! ,div9e works1 ,scripture says 7,g54 #b3a73 ,s ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 f9i%$ & all ! furniture ( !m1 !reby indicat+ t ! "w 0 ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ "w1 t ( creation1 ! heav5 & ! e>? 7 produc$1 b z yet )\t =m4 ,9 ! second1 or "w ( di/9ction1 ! heav5 & ! e>? 7 p]fect$1 ei!r by add+ sub/antial =m to =mless matt]1 z ,augu/9e holds 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #aa71 or by giv+ !m ! ord] & beauty due to !m1 z o!r holy writ]s suppose4 ,to ^! two works is add$ ! "w ( adornm5t1 :i* is di/9ct f p]fection4 ,= ! p]fection ( ! heav5 & ! e>? reg>ds1 seem+ly1 ^? ?+s t belong to !m intr9sically1 b ! adornm5t1 ^? t are extr9sic1 j z ! p]fection ( a man lies 9 8 prop] p>ts & =ms1 & 8 adornm5t1 9 clo?+ or su* l4 ,n[ j z di/9ction ( c]ta9 ?+s is made mo/ evid5t by _! local movem5t1 z sep>at+ "o f ano!r2 s ! "w ( adornm5t is set =? by ! production ( ?+s hav+ movem5t 9 ! heav5s1 & ^u ! e>?4 ,b x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #a71 t ?ree ?+s are record$ z creat$1 namely1 ! heav51 ! wat]1 & ! e>?2 & ^! ?ree receiv$ _! =m f ! ?ree days' "w ( di/9ction1 s t heav5 0 =m$ on ! fir/ day2 on ! second day ! wat]s 7 sep>at$2 & on ! ?ird day1 ! e>? 0 divid$ into sea & dry l&4 ,s also is x 9 ! "w ( adornm5t2 on ! fir/ day ( ?is "w1 :i* is ! f\r? ( creation1 are produc$ ! lights1 to adorn ! heav5 by _! movem5ts2 on ! second day1 :i* is ! fif?1 birds & fi%es are call$ into be+1 to make beautiful ! int]m$iate elem5t1 = !y move 9 air & wat]1 :i* are "h tak5 z "o2 :ile on ! ?ird day1 :i* is ! six?1 animals are br\ght =?1 to move ^u ! e>? & adorn x4 ,x mu/ also "h be not$ t ,augu/9e's op9ion 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #e7 on ! production ( lights is n at v>iance ) t ( o!r holy writ]s1 s9ce he says t !y 7 made actually1 & n m]ely virtually1 = ! firmam5t has n ! p[] ( produc+ lights1 z ! e>? has ( produc+ plants4 ,:]e=e ,scripture does n say3 ,let ! firmam5t produce lights1 ?\gh x says3 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! gre5 h]b4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ,augu/9e's op9ion !re is no difficulty "h2 = he does n hold a succession ( "t 9 ^! works1 & s !re 0 no ne$ = ! matt] ( ! lights to exi/ "u ano!r =m4 ,nor is !re any difficulty 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o hold ! heav5ly bodies to be ( ! nature ( ! f\r elem5ts1 = x may be said t !y 7 =m$ out ( matt] already exi/+1 z animals & plants 7 =m$4 ,= ^?1 h[ev]1 :o hold ! heav5ly bodies to be ( ano!r nature f ! elem5ts1 & naturally incorruptible1 ! answ] mu/ be t ! lights 7 sub/antially creat$ at ! beg9n+1 b t _! sub/ance1 at fir/ =mless1 is =m$ on ?is day1 by receiv+ n its sub/antial =m1 b a det]m9ation ( p[]4 ,z to ! fact t ! lights are n m5tion$ z exi/+ f ! beg9n+1 b only z made on ! f\r? day1 ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 vi 9 ,g547 expla9s ?is by ! ne$ ( gu>d+ ! p f ! dang] ( idolatry3 s9ce ! lights are prov$ n to be gods1 by ! fact t !y 7 n f ! beg9n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no difficulty exi/s if we foll[ ,augu/9e 9 hold+ ! light made on ! fir/ day to be spiritual1 & t made on ?is day to be corporeal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! light made on ! fir/ day is und]/ood to be itself corporeal1 !n x mu/ be held to h be5 produc$ on t day m]ely z light 9 g5]al2 & t on ! f\r? day ! lights receiv$ a def9ite p[] to produce det]m9ate effects4 ,?us we obs]ve t ! rays ( ! sun h "o effect1 ^? ( ! moon ano!r1 & s =?4 ,h5ce1 speak+ ( su* a det]m9ation ( p[]1 ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 says t ! sun's light :i* previ\sly 0 )\t =m1 0 =m$ on ! f\r? day4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ,ptolemy ! heav5ly lum9>ies are n fix$ 9 ! sph]es1 b h _! own movem5t di/9ct f ! movem5t ( ! sph]es4 ,:]e=e ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 vi 9 ,g547 t ,he is said to h set !m 9 ! firmam5t1 n because ,he fix$ !m !re immovably1 b because ,he bade !m to be !re1 ev5 z ,he plac$ man 9 ,p>adise1 to be !re4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 ! />s are fix$ 9 _! orbits1 & 9 reality h no o!r movem5t b t ( ! sph]es2 & yet our s5ses p]ceive ! movem5t ( ! lum9>ies & n t ( ! sph]es 7,de ,coel4 ii1 text4 #dc74 ,b ,moses describes :at is obvi\s to s5se1 out ( condesc5sion to popul> ignorance1 z we h already said 7,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #c74 ,! objection1 h[ev]1 falls to ! gr\nd if we reg>d ! firmam5t made on ! second day z hav+ a natural di/9ction f t 9 :i* ! />s are plac$1 ev5 ?\gh ! di/9ction is n app>5t to ! s5ses1 ! te/imony ( :i* ,moses foll[s1 z /at$ above 7,de ,coel4 ii1 text4 #dc74 ,= al?\gh to ! s5ses !re appe>s b "o firmam5t2 if we admit a high] & a l[] firmam5t1 ! l[] w be t :i* 0 made on ! second day1 & on ! f\r? ! />s 7 fix$ 9 ! high] firmam5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! words ( ,basil 7,hom4 v 9 ,hexaem471 plants 7 record$ z produc$ be=e ! sun & moon1 to prev5t idolatry1 s9ce ^? :o believe ! heav5ly bodies to be gods1 hold t plants orig9ate prim>ily f ^! bodies4 ,al?\gh z ,*ryso/om rem>ks 7,hom4 vi 9 ,g5471 ! sun1 moon1 & />s coop]ate 9 ! "w ( production by _! movem5ts1 z ! husb&man coop]ates by 8 labor4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,z ,*ryso/om says1 ! two lights are call$ great1 n s mu* ) reg>d to _! dim5sions z to _! influ5ce & p[]4 ,= ?\gh ! />s be ( great] bulk ?an ! moon1 yet ! influ5ce ( ! moon is m p]ceptible to ! s5ses 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,moreov]1 z f> z ! s5ses are conc]n$1 its app>5t size is great]4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,cause ,assign$ = ! ,production ( ! ,lights ,is ,reasonable8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! cause assign$ = ! production ( ! lights is n reasonable4 ,= x is said 7,j]4 #aj3b73 ,be n afraid ( ! signs ( heav51 :i* ! hea!ns fe>4 ,!re=e ! heav5ly lights 7 n made to be signs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sign is contradi/+ui%$ f cause4 ,b ! lights are ! cause ( :at takes place ^u ! e>?4 ,!re=e !y are n signs4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! di/9ction ( seasons & days began f ! fir/ day4 ,!re=e ! lights 7 n made = seasons1 & days1 & ye>s1 t is1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is made = ! sake ( t :i* is inf]ior to itself1 s9ce ! end is bett] ?an ! means 7,topic4 iii74 ,b ! lights are nobl] ?an ! e>?4 ,!re=e !y 7 n made to enlight5 x4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! new moon _c be said to rule ! night4 ,b su* x probably did :5 fir/ made2 = m5 beg9 to c\nt f ! new moon4 ,! moon1 !re=e1 0 n made to rule ! night4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,suffices ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #b71 a corporeal creature c be consid]$ z made ei!r = ! sake ( its prop] act1 or = o!r creatures1 or = ! :ole univ]se1 or = ! glory ( ,god4 ,( ^! reasons only t :i* po9ts out ! usefulness ( ^! ?+s to man1 is t\*$ ^u by ,moses1 9 ord] to )draw 8 p f idolatry4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3ai73 ,le/ p]haps lift+ up ?y eyes to heav51 ?\ see ! sun & ! moon & all ! />s ( heav51 & be+ deceiv$ by error ?\ adore & s]ve !m1 :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god creat$ = ! s]vice ( all nations4 ,n[1 he expla9s ?is s]vice at ! beg9n+ ( ,g5esis z ?reefold4 ,fir/1 ! lights are ( s]vice to man1 9 reg>d to sight1 :i* directs him 9 8 works1 & is mo/ useful = p]ceiv+ objects4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is he says3 ,let !m %9e 9 ! firmam5t & give life to ! e>?4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! *anges ( ! seasons1 :i* prev5t we>9ess1 pres]ve heal?1 & provide = ! necessities ( food2 all ( :i* ?+s c\ld n be secur$ if x 7 always summ] or w9t]4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is he says3 ,let !m be = seasons1 & = days1 & ye>s4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds ! conv5i5ce ( bus9ess & "w1 9 s f> z ! lights are set 9 ! heav5s to indicate fair or f\l wea!r1 z favorable to v>i\s occupations4 ,& 9 ?is respect he says3 ,let !m be = signs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! lights 9 ! heav5 are set = signs ( *anges effect$ 9 corporeal creatures1 b n ( ^? *anges :i* dep5d ^u ! free-w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we are sometimes br\ght to ! k ( hidd5 effects ?r\gh _! s5sible causes1 & conv]sely4 ,h5ce no?+ prev5ts a s5sible cause f be+ a sign4 ,b he says signs1 r ?an causes1 to gu>d aga9/ idolatry4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! g5]al division ( "t into day & night took place on ! fir/ day1 z reg>ds ! diurnal movem5t1 :i* is common to ! :ole heav5 & may be und]/ood to h begun on t fir/ day4 ,b ! p>ticul> di/9ctions ( days & seasons & ye>s1 accord+ z "o day is hott] ?an ano!r1 "o season ?an ano!r1 & "o ye> ?an ano!r1 are due to c]ta9 p>ticul> movem5ts ( ! />s3 :i* movem5ts may h _h _! beg9n+ on ! f\r? day4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,light 0 giv5 to ! e>? = ! s]vice ( man1 :o1 by reason ( 8 s\l1 is nobl] ?an ! heav5ly bodies4 ,nor is x untrue to say t a high] creature may be made = ! sake ( a l[]1 consid]$ n 9 itself1 b z orda9$ to ! good ( ! univ]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,:5 ! moon is at its p]fection x rises 9 ! ev5+ & sets 9 ! morn+1 & ?us x rules ! night1 & x 0 probably made 9 its full p]fection z 7 plants yield+ se$1 z also 7 animals & man himself4 ,= al?\gh ! p]fect is develop$ f ! imp]fect by natural processes1 yet ! p]fect mu/ exi/ simply be=e ! imp]fect4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev] 7,g54 ad lit4 ii71 does n say ?is1 = he says t x is n unfitt+ t ,god made ?+s imp]fect1 :i* ,he aft]w>ds p]fect$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,lights ( ,heav5 ,are ,liv+ ,be+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! lights ( heav5 are liv+ be+s4 ,= ! nobl] a body is1 ! m nobly x %\ld be adorn$4 ,b a body less noble ?an ! heav51 is adorn$ ) liv+ be+s1 ) fi%1 birds1 & ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,!re=e ! lights ( heav51 z p]ta9+ to its adornm5t1 %\ld be liv+ be+s also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! nobl] a body is1 ! nobl] mu/ be its =m4 ,b ! sun1 moon1 & />s are nobl] bodies ?an plants or animals1 & mu/ !re=e h nobl] =ms4 ,n[ ! noble/ ( all =ms is ! s\l1 z be+ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( life4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxix7 says3 ,e liv+ sub/ance /&s high] 9 ! ord] ( nature ?an "o t has n life4 ,! lights ( heav51 !re=e1 are liv+ be+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a cause is nobl] ?an its effect4 ,b ! sun1 moon1 & />s are a cause ( life1 z is especially evid5c$ 9 ! case ( animals g5]at$ f putrefaction1 :i* receive life f ! p[] ( ! sun & />s4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 h ! heav5ly bodies a liv+ s\l4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! movem5t ( ! heav5 & ! heav5ly bodies are natural 7,de ,coel4 i1 text4 #g1 #h73 & natural movem5t is f an intr9sic pr9ciple4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( movem5t 9 ! heav5ly bodies is a sub/ance capable ( appreh5sion1 & is mov$ z ! desir] is mov$ by ! object desir$ 7,metaph4 xii1 text4 #cf74 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 ! appreh5d+ pr9ciple is intr9sic to ! heav5ly bodies3 & consequ5tly !y are liv+ be+s4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ ( movables is ! heav54 ,n[1 ( all ?+s t are end[$ ) movem5t ! fir/ moves itself1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 text4 #cd1 because1 :at is su* ( itself prec$es t :i* is by ano!r4 ,b only be+s t are liv+ move !mselves1 z is %[n 9 ! same book 7text4 #bg74 ,!re=e ! heav5ly bodies are liv+ be+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii71 ,let no "o e/eem ! heav5s or ! heav5ly bodies to be liv+ ?+s1 = !y h nei!r life nor s5se4 ,i answ] t1 ,philosoph]s h diff]$ on ?is "q4 ,anaxagoras1 = in/ance1 z ,augu/9e m5tions 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xviii1 #da71 0 condemn$ by ! ,a!nians = tea*+ t ! sun 0 a fi]y mass ( /one1 & nei!r a god nor ev5 a liv+ be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,platoni/s held t ! heav5ly bodies h life4 ,nor 0 !re less div]sity ( op9ion among ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ,orig5 7,p]i ,ar*on i7 & ,j]ome t ^! bodies 7 alive1 & ! latt] seems to expla9 9 t s5se ! words 7,eccles4 #a3f71 ,! _s goe? =w>d1 survey+ all places r\nd ab\t4 ,b ,basil 7,hom4 iii1 vi 9 ,hexaem47 & ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 ma9ta9 t ! heav5ly bodies are inanimate4 ,augu/9e leaves ! matt] 9 d\bt1 )\t committ+ himself to ei!r !ory1 ?\gh he goes s f> z to say t if ! heav5ly bodies are really liv+ be+s1 _! s\ls mu/ be ak9 to ! angelic nature 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #ah2 ,en*iridion lviii74 ,9 exam9+ ! tru? ( ?is "q1 :]e su* div]sity ( op9ion exi/s1 we %all d well to be> 9 m9d t ! union ( s\l & body exi/s = ! sake ( ! s\l & n ( ! body2 = ! =m does n exi/ = ! matt]1 b ! matt] = ! =m4 ,n[ ! nature & p[] ( ! s\l are appreh5d$ ?r\gh its op]ation1 :i* is to a c]ta9 ext5t its end4 ,yet = "s ( ^! op]ations1 z s5sation & nutrition1 our body is a necess>y in/rum5t4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! s5sitive & nutritive s\ls mu/ be unit$ to a body 9 ord] to ex]cise _! functions4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 op]ations ( ! s\l1 :i* are n ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! body1 ?\gh ! body m9i/]s1 z x 71 to _! production4 ,! intellect1 = example1 makes use ( ! phantasms d]iv$ f ! bodily s5ses1 & ?us f> is dep5d5t on ! body1 al?\gh capable ( exi/+ ap>t f x4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 possible t ! functions ( nutrition1 gr[?1 & g5]ation1 ?r\gh :i* ! nutritive s\l op]ates1 c be ex]cis$ by ! heav5ly bodies1 = su* op]ations are incompatible ) a body naturally incorruptible4 ,equally impossible is x t ! functions ( ! s5sitive s\l c app]ta9 to ! heav5ly body1 s9ce all ! s5ses dep5d on ! s5se ( t\*1 :i* p]ceives elem5tal qualities1 & all ! organs ( ! s5ses require a c]ta9 proportion 9 ! admixture ( elem5ts1 :]eas ! nature ( ! heav5ly bodies is n elem5tal4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ( ! op]ations ( ! s\l ! only ones left to be attribut$ to ! heav5ly bodies are ^? ( und]/&+ & mov+2 = appetite foll[s bo? s5sitive & intellectual p]ception1 & is 9 proportion !reto4 ,b ! op]ations ( ! intellect1 :i* does n act ?r\gh ! body1 d n ne$ a body z _! in/rum5t1 except to supply phantasms ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,moreov]1 ! op]ations ( ! s5sitive s\l1 z we h se51 _c be attribut$ to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,accord+ly1 ! union ( a s\l to a heav5ly body _c be = ! purpose ( ! op]ations ( ! intellect4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 only to consid] :e!r ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies dem&s a s\l z ! motive p[]1 n t ! s\l1 9 ord] to move ! heav5ly body1 ne$ be unit$ to ! latt] z its =m2 b by contact ( p[]1 z a mov] is unit$ to t :i* he moves4 ,:]e=e ,ari/otle 7,phys4 viii1 text4 #db1 #dc71 aft] %[+ t ! fir/ mov] is made up ( two p>ts1 ! mov+ & ! mov$1 goes on to %[ ! nature ( ! union betwe5 ^! two p>ts4 ,?is1 he says1 is effect$ by contact :i* is mutual if bo? are bodies2 on ! "p ( "o only1 if "o is a body & ! o!r n4 ,! ,platoni/s expla9 ! union ( s\l & body 9 ! same way1 z a contact ( a mov+ p[] ) ! object mov$1 & s9ce ,plato holds ! heav5ly bodies to be liv+ be+s1 ?is means no?+ else b t sub/ances ( spiritual nature are unit$ to !m1 & act z _! mov+ p[]4 ,a pro( t ! heav5ly bodies are mov$ by ! direct influ5ce & contact ( "s spiritual sub/ance1 & n1 l bodies ( specific gravity1 by nature1 lies 9 ! fact t :]eas nature moves to "o fix$ end :i* hav+ atta9$1 x re/s2 ?is does n appe> 9 ! movem5t ( heav5ly bodies4 ,h5ce x foll[s t !y are mov$ by "s intellectual sub/ances4 ,augu/9e appe>s to be ( ! same op9ion :5 he expresses 8 belief t all corporeal ?+s are rul$ by ,god ?r\gh ! _s ( life 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d74 ,f :at has be5 said1 !n1 x is cle> t ! heav5ly bodies are n liv+ be+s 9 ! same s5se z plants & animals1 & t if !y are call$ s1 x c only be equivocally4 ,x w also be se5 t ! diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ^? :o affirm1 & ^? :o d5y1 t ^! bodies h life1 is n a diff]5ce ( ?+s b ( words4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c]ta9 ?+s belong to ! adornm5t ( ! univ]se by reason ( _! prop] movem5t2 & 9 ?is way ! heav5ly lum9>ies agree ) o!rs t conduce to t adornm5t1 = !y are mov$ by a liv+ sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o be+ may be nobl] ?an ano!r absolutely1 b n 9 a p>ticul> respect4 ,:ile1 !n1 x is n conc$$ t ! s\ls ( heav5ly bodies are nobl] ?an ! s\ls ( animals absolutely x mu/ be conc$$ t !y are sup]ior to !m ) reg>d to _! respective =ms1 s9ce _! =m p]fects _! matt] entirely1 :i* is n 9 pot5tiality to o!r =ms2 :]eas a s\l does n d ?is4 ,also z reg>ds movem5t ! p[] t moves ! heav5ly bodies is ( a nobl] k9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! heav5ly body is a mov] mov$1 x is ( ! nature ( an in/rum5t1 :i* acts 9 virtue ( ! ag5t3 & !re=e s9ce ?is ag5t is a liv+ sub/ance ! heav5ly body c imp>t life 9 virtue ( t ag5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies are natural1 n on acc\nt ( _! active pr9ciple1 b on acc\nt ( _! passive pr9ciple2 t is to say1 f a c]ta9 natural aptitude = be+ mov$ by an intellig5t p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! heav5 is said to move itself 9 z f> z x is comp\nd$ ( mov] & mov$2 n by ! union ( ! mov]1 z ! =m1 ) ! mov$1 z ! matt]1 b by contact ) ! motive p[]1 z we h said4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! pr9ciple t moves x may be call$ intr9sic1 & consequ5tly its movem5t natural ) respect to t active pr9ciple2 j z we say t volunt>y movem5t is natural to ! animal z animal 7,phys4 viii1 text4 #bg74 ,,"q #ga ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,fif? ,,day 7,9 ,"o ,article7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! "w ( ! fif? day4 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is "w is n fitt+ly describ$4 ,= ! wat]s produce t :i* ! p[] ( wat] suffices to produce4 ,b ! p[] ( wat] does n suffice = ! production ( e k9d ( fi%es & birds s9ce we f9d t _m ( !m are g5]at$ f se$4 ,!re=e ! words1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? ! creep+ creature hav+ life1 & ! f[l t may fly ov] ! e>?1 d n fitt+ly describe ?is "w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fi%es & birds are n produc$ f wat] only1 b e>? seems to pr$om9ate ov] wat] 9 _! composition1 z is %[n by ! fact t _! bodies t5d naturally to ! e>? & re/ ^u x4 ,x is n1 !n1 fitt+ly said t fi%es & birds are produc$ f wat]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fi%es move 9 ! wat]s1 & birds 9 ! air4 ,if1 !n1 fi%es are produc$ f ! wat]s1 birds ought to be produc$ f ! air1 & n f ! wat]s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 n all fi%es creep ?r\gh ! wat]s1 = "s1 z seals1 h feet & walk on l&4 ,!re=e ! production ( fi%es is n suffici5tly describ$ by ! words1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? ! creep+ creature hav+ life4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 l& animals are m p]fect ?an birds & fi%es :i* appe>s f ! fact t !y h m di/9ct limbs1 & g5]ation ( a high] ord]4 ,= !y br+ =? liv+ be+s1 :]eas birds & fi%es br+ =? eggs4 ,b ! m p]fect has prec$5ce 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,!re=e fi%es & birds ought n to h be5 produc$ on ! fif? day1 be=e l& animals4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,suffices ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,z said above1 7,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #a71 ! ord] ( ! "w ( adornm5t corresponds to ! ord] ( ! "w ( di/9ction4 ,h5ce1 z among ! ?ree days assign$ to ! "w ( di/9ction1 ! middle1 or second1 day is devot$ to ! "w ( di/9ction ( wat]1 :i* is ! int]m$iate body1 s 9 ! ?ree days ( ! "w ( adornm5t1 ! middle day1 :i* is ! fif?1 is assign$ to ! adornm5t ( ! int]m$iate body1 by ! production ( birds & fi%es4 ,z1 !n1 ,moses makes m5tion ( ! lights & ! light on ! f\r? day1 to %[ t ! f\r? day corresponds to ! fir/ day on :i* he _h said t ! light 0 made1 s on ?is fif? day he m5tions ! wat]s & ! firmam5t ( heav5 to %[ t ! fif? day corresponds to ! second4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ,augu/9e diff]s f o!r writ]s 9 8 op9ion ab\t ! production ( fi%es & birds1 z he diff]s ab\t ! production ( plants4 ,= :ile o!rs say t fi%es & birds 7 produc$ on ! fif? day actually1 he holds t ! nature ( ! wat]s produc$ !m on t day pot5tially4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x 0 laid d[n by ,avic5na t animals ( all k9ds c be g5]at$ by v>i\s m+l+s ( ! elem5ts1 & naturally1 )\t any k9d ( se$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems repugnant to ! fact t nature produces its effects by det]m9ate means1 & consequ5tly1 ^? ?+s t are naturally g5]at$ f se$ _c be g5]at$ naturally 9 any o!r way4 ,x ought1 !n1 r to be said t 9 ! natural g5]ation ( all animals t are g5]at$ f se$1 ! active pr9ciple lies 9 ! =mative p[] ( ! se$1 b t 9 ! case ( animals g5]at$ f putrefaction1 ! =mative p[] ( is ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! mat]ial pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 9 ! g5]ation ( ei!r k9d ( animals1 is ei!r "s elem5t1 or some?+ comp\nd$ ( ! elem5ts4 ,b at ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! _w ! active pr9ciple 0 ! ,^w ( ,god1 :i* produc$ animals f mat]ial elem5ts1 ei!r 9 act1 z "s holy writ]s say1 or virtually1 z ,augu/9e tea*es4 ,n z ?\gh ! p[] possess$ by wat] or e>? ( produc+ all animals resides 9 ! e>? & ! wat] !mselves1 z ,avic5na held1 b 9 ! p[] orig9ally giv5 to ! elem5ts ( produc+ !m f elem5tal matt] by ! p[] ( se$ or ! influ5ce ( ! />s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! bodies ( birds & fi%es may be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,if consid]$ 9 !mselves1 x w be evid5t t ! e>?ly elem5t mu/ pr$om9ate1 s9ce ! elem5t t is lea/ active1 namely1 ! e>?1 mu/ be ! mo/ abundant 9 quantity 9 ord] t ! m+l+ may be duly temp]$ 9 ! body ( ! animal4 ,b if consid]$ z by nature con/itut$ to move ) c]ta9 specific motions1 ?us !y h "s special aff9ity ) ! bodies 9 :i* !y move2 & h5ce ! words 9 :i* _! g5]ation is describ$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! air1 z n be+ s app>5t to ! s5ses1 is n enum]at$ by itself1 b ) o!r ?+s3 p>tly ) ! wat]1 because ! l[] region ( ! air is ?ick5$ by wat]y exhalations2 p>tly ) ! heav5 z to ! high] region4 ,b birds move 9 ! l[] "p ( ! air1 & s are said to fly b5ea? ! firmam5t1 ev5 if ! firmam5t be tak5 to mean ! region ( cl\ds4 ,h5ce ! production ( birds is ascrib$ to ! wat]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,nature passes f "o extreme to ano!r ?r\gh ! m$ium2 & !re=e !re are creatures ( int]m$iate type betwe5 ! animals ( ! air & ^? ( ! wat]1 hav+ some?+ 9 common ) bo?2 & !y are reckon$ z belong+ to t class to :i* !y are mo/ alli$1 ?r\gh ! *>act]s possess$ 9 common ) t class1 r ?an ) ! o!r4 ,b 9 ord] to include among fi%es all su* int]m$iate =ms z h special *>act]s l to !irs1 ! words1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? ! creep+ creature hav+ life1 are foll[$ by ^!3 ,god creat$ great :ales1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! production ( ^! animals is giv5 has ref]5ce to ! ord] ( ^? bodies :i* !y are set to adorn1 r ?an to ! sup]iority ( ! animals !mselves4 ,moreov]1 9 g5]ation also ! m p]fect is rea*$ ?r\gh ! less p]fect4 ,,"q #gb ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,six? ,,day 7,9 ,"o ,article7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! "w ( ! six? day4 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?is "w is n fitt+ly describ$4 ,= z birds & fi%es h a liv+ s\l1 s also h l& animals4 ,b ^! animals are n !mselves liv+ s\ls4 ,!re=e ! words1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature1 %\ld r h be51 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ f\r-foot$ creatures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a g5us ought n to be oppos$ to its species4 ,b bea/s & cattle are quadrup$s4 ,!re=e quadrup$s ought n to be enum]at$ z a class ) bea/s & cattle4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z animals belong to a det]m9ate g5us & species1 s also does man4 ,b 9 ! mak+ ( man no?+ is said ( 8 g5us & species1 & !re=e no?+ ought to h be5 said ab\t !m 9 ! production ( o!r animals1 :]eas x is said accord+ to its g5us & 9 its species4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 l& animals are m l man1 :om ,god is record$ to h bless$1 ?an are birds & fi%es4 ,b z birds & fi%es are said to be bless$1 ?is %\ld h be5 said1 ) mu* m reason1 ( ! o!r animals z well4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 c]ta9 animals are g5]at$ f putrefaction1 :i* is a k9d ( corruption4 ,b corruption is repugnant to ! fir/ f\nd+ ( ! _w4 ,!re=e su* animals %\ld n h be5 produc$ at t "t4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 c]ta9 animals are poison\s1 & injuri\s to man4 ,b !re ought to h be5 no?+ injuri\s to man be=e man s9n$4 ,!re=e su* animals ought n to h be5 made by ,god at all1 s9ce ,he is ! ,au?or ( good2 or at lea/ n until man _h s9n$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,suffices ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,z on ! fif? day ! int]m$iate body1 namely1 ! wat]1 is adorn$1 & ?us t day corresponds to ! second day2 s ! six? day1 on :i* ! l[e/ body1 or ! e>?1 is adorn$ by ! production ( l& animals1 corresponds to ! ?ird day4 ,h5ce ! e>? is m5tion$ 9 bo? places4 ,& "h aga9 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 v7 t ! production 0 pot5tial1 & o!r holy writ]s t x 0 actual4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! diff]5t grades ( life :i* are f\nd 9 diff]5t liv+ creatures c be discov]$ f ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ,scripture speaks ( !m1 z ,basil says 7,hom4 viii 9 ,hexaem474 ,! life ( plants1 = in/ance1 is v imp]fect & difficult to disc]n1 & h5ce1 9 speak+ ( _! production1 no?+ is said ( _! life1 b only _! g5]ation is m5tion$1 s9ce only 9 g5]ation is a vital act obs]v$ 9 !m4 ,= ! p[]s ( nutrition & gr[? are subord9ate to ! g5]ative life1 z w be %[n lat] on 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #b74 ,b among/ animals1 ^? t live on l& are1 g5]ally speak+1 m p]fect ?an birds & fi%es1 n because ! fi% is devoid ( memory1 z ,basil upholds 7,hom4 viii 9 ,hexaem47 & ,augu/9e rejects 7,g54 ad lit4 iii71 b because _! limbs are m di/9ct & _! g5]ation ( a high] ord]1 7yet "s imp]fect animals1 su* z bees & ants1 are m intellig5t 9 c]ta9 ways74 ,scripture1 !re=e1 does n call fi%es liv+ creatures1 b creep+ creatures hav+ life2 :]eas x does call l& animals liv+ creatures on acc\nt ( _! m p]fect life1 & seems to imply t fi%es are m]ely bodies hav+ 9 !m some?+ ( a s\l1 :il/ l& animals1 f ! high] p]fection ( _! life1 are1 z x 71 liv+ s\ls ) bodies subject to !m4 ,b ! life ( man1 z be+ ! mo/ p]fect grade1 is n said to be produc$1 l ! life ( o!r animals1 by e>? or wat]1 b imm$iately by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by cattle1 dome/ic animals are signifi$1 :i* 9 any way are ( s]vice to man3 b by bea/s1 wild animals su* z be>s & lions are designat$4 ,by creep+ ?+s ^? animals are meant :i* ei!r h no feet & _c rise f ! e>?1 z s]p5ts1 or ^? ^: feet are too %ort to lift !m f> f ! gr\nd1 z ! liz>d & tortoise4 ,b s9ce c]ta9 animals1 z de] & goats1 seem to fall "u none ( ^! classes1 ! ^w quadrup$s is add$4 ,or p]haps ! ^w quadrup$ is us$ fir/ z be+ ! g5us1 to :i* ! o!rs are add$ z species1 = ev5 "s reptiles1 su* z liz>ds & tortoises1 are f\r-foot$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 o!r animals1 & 9 plants1 m5tion is made ( g5us & species1 to d5ote ! g5]ation ( l f l4 ,b x 0 unnecess>y to d s 9 ! case ( man1 z :at _h already be5 said ( o!r creatures might be und]/ood ( him4 ,aga91 animals & plants may be said to be produc$ accord+ to _! k9ds1 to signify _! remot5ess f ! ,div9e image & lik5ess1 :]eas man is said to be made to ! image & lik5ess ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! bless+ ( ,god gives p[] to multiply by g5]ation1 &1 hav+ be5 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ acc\nt ( ! mak+ ( birds & fi%es1 c\ld be und]/ood ( ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 )\t requir+ to be repeat$4 ,! bless+1 h[ev]1 is repeat$ 9 ! case ( man1 s9ce 9 him g5]ation ( *ildr5 has a special relation to ! numb] ( ! elect 99,cf4 ,augu/9e1 ,g54 ad lit4 iii1 #ab1 & to prev5t anyone f say+ t !re 0 any s9 :atev] 9 ! act ( begett+ *ildr54 ,z to plants1 s9ce !y exp]i5ce nei!r desire ( propagation1 nor s5sation 9 g5]at+1 !y are deem$ unwor?y ( a =mal bless+4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,s9ce ! g5]ation ( "o ?+ is ! corruption ( ano!r1 x 0 n incompatible ) ! fir/ =mation ( ?+s1 t f ! corruption ( ! less p]fect ! m p]fect %\ld be g5]at$4 ,h5ce animals g5]at$ f ! corruption ( inanimate ?+s1 or ( plants1 may h be5 g5]at$ !n4 ,b ^? g5]at$ f corruption ( animals c\ld n h be5 produc$ !n o!rwise ?an pot5tially4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,9 ! words ( ,augu/9e 7,sup]4 ,g54 contr4 ,mani*4 i73 ,if an unskill$ p]son ent]s ! work%op ( an artific] he sees 9 x _m appliances ( :i* he does n und]/& ! use1 & :i*1 if he is a fooli% fell[1 he consid]s unnecess>y4 ,moreov]1 %\ld he c>elessly fall into ! fire1 or w\nd himself ) a %>p-edg$ tool1 he is "u ! impression t _m ( ! ?+s !re are hurtful2 :]eas ! craftsman1 kn[+ _! use1 laughs at 8 folly4 ,& ?us "s p presume to f9d fault ) _m ?+s 9 ?is _w1 ?r\gh n see+ ! reasons = _! exi/5ce4 ,= ?\gh n requir$ = ! furni%+ ( our h\se1 ^! ?+s are necess>y = ! p]fection ( ! univ]se4 ,&1 s9ce man be=e he s9n$ w\ld h us$ ! ?+s ( ?is _w con=mably to ! ord] design$1 poison\s animals w\ld n h injur$ him4 ,,"q #gc ,,on ,,! ,,?+s ,,t ,,belong ,,to ,,! ,,sev5? ,,day 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! ?+s t belong to ! sev5? day4 ,"u ?is head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,ab\t ! completion ( ! works2 7#b7 ,ab\t ! re/+ ( ,god2 7#c7 ,ab\t ! bless+ & sanctify+ ( ?is day4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,completion ( ! ,div9e ,works ,ought to ,be ,ascrib$ to ! ,sev5? ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! completion ( ! ,div9e works ought n to be ascrib$ to ! sev5? day4 ,= all ?+s t are done 9 ?is _w belong to ! ,div9e works4 ,b ! consummation ( ! _w w be at ! end ( ! _w 7,matt4 #ac3ci1 #dj74 ,moreov]1 ! "t ( ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation is a "t ( completion1 :]e=e x is call$ ! "t ( fulness 99,vulg43 '! fulness ( "t' 7,gal4 #d3d74 ,& ,*ri/ ,himself1 at ! mom5t ( ,8 dea?1 cri$ out1 ,x is consummat$ 7,john #ai3cj74 ,h5ce ! completion ( ! ,div9e works does n belong to ! sev5? day4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! completion ( a "w is an act 9 itself4 ,b we d n read t ,god act$ at all on ! sev5? day1 b r t ,he re/$ f all ,8 "w4 ,!re=e ! completion ( ! works does n belong to ! sev5? day4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is said to be complete to :i* _m ?+s are add$1 unless !y are m]ely sup]flu\s1 = a ?+ is call$ p]fect to :i* no?+ is want+ t x ought to possess4 ,b _m ?+s 7 made aft] ! sev5? day1 z ! production ( _m individual be+s1 & ev5 ( c]ta9 new species t are frequ5tly appe>+1 especially 9 ! case ( animals g5]at$ f putrefaction4 ,also1 ,god creates daily new s\ls4 ,aga91 ! "w ( ! ,inc>nation 0 a new "w1 ( :i* x is said 7,j]4 #ca3bb73 ,! ,"l ha? creat$ a new ?+ ^u ! e>?4 ,miracles also are new works1 ( :i* x is said 7,eccles4 #cf3f73 ,r5ew ?y signs1 & "w new miracles4 ,moreov]1 all ?+s w be made new :5 ! ,sa9ts are glorifi$1 accord+ to ,apoc4 #ba3e3 ,& ,he t sat on ! ?rone said3 ,behold ,i make all ?+s new4 ,!re=e ! completion ( ! ,div9e works ought n to be attribut$ to ! sev5? day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #b3b73 ,on ! sev5? day ,god end$ ,8 "w :i* ,he _h made4 ,i answ] t1 ,! p]fection ( a ?+ is tw(old1 ! fir/ p]fection & ! second p]fection4 ,! fir/ p]fection is t accord+ to :i* a ?+ is sub/antially p]fect1 & ?is p]fection is ! =m ( ! :ole2 :i* =m results f ! :ole hav+ its p>ts complete4 ,b ! second p]fection is ! end1 :i* is ei!r an op]ation1 z ! end ( ! h>pi/ is to play ! h>p2 or some?+ t is atta9$ by an op]ation1 z ! end ( ! build] is ! h\se t he makes by build+4 ,b ! fir/ p]fection is ! cause ( ! second1 because ! =m is ! pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,n[ ! f9al p]fection1 :i* is ! end ( ! :ole univ]se1 is ! p]fect beatitude ( ! ,sa9ts at ! consummation ( ! _w2 & ! fir/ p]fection is ! complet5ess ( ! univ]se at its fir/ f\nd+1 & ?is is :at is ascrib$ to ! sev5? day4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! fir/ p]fection is ! cause ( ! second1 z above said4 ,n[ = ! atta9+ ( beatitude two ?+s are requir$1 nature & grace4 ,!re=e1 z said above1 ! p]fection ( beatitude w be at ! end ( ! _w4 ,b ?is consummation exi/$ previ\sly 9 its causes1 z to nature1 at ! fir/ f\nd+ ( ! _w1 z to grace1 9 ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/4 ,=1 ,grace & tru? came by ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,john #a3ag74 ,s1 !n1 on ! sev5? day 0 ! consummation ( nature1 9 ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation ! consummation ( grace1 & at ! end ( ! _w w be ! consummation ( glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god did act on ! sev5? day1 n by creat+ new creatures1 b by direct+ & mov+ ,8 creatures to ! "w prop] to !m1 & ?us ,he made "s beg9n+ ( ! second p]fection4 ,s t1 accord+ to our v]sion ( ! ,scripture1 ! completion ( ! works is attribut$ to ! sev5? day1 ?\gh accord+ to ano!r x is assign$ to ! six?4 ,ei!r v]sion1 h[ev]1 may /&1 s9ce ! completion ( ! univ]se z to ! complet5ess ( its p>ts belongs to ! six? day1 b its completion z reg>ds _! op]ation1 to ! sev5?4 ,x may also be add$ t 9 cont9u\s movem5t1 s long z any movem5t fur!r is possible1 movem5t _c be call$ complet$ till x comes to re/1 = re/ d5otes consummation ( movem5t4 ,n[ ,god might h made _m o!r creatures besides ^? :i* ,he made 9 ! six days1 & h5ce1 by ! fact t ,he ceas$ mak+ !m on ! sev5? day1 ,he is said on t day to h consummat$ ,8 "w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ entirely new 0 aft]w>ds made by ,god1 b all ?+s subsequ5tly made _h 9 a s5se be5 made be=e 9 ! "w ( ! six days4 ,"s ?+s1 inde$1 _h a previ\s exp]i5ce mat]ially1 z ! rib f ! side ( ,adam out ( :i* ,god =m$ ,eve2 :il/ o!rs exi/$ n only 9 matt] b also 9 _! causes1 z ^? individual creatures t are n[ g5]at$ exi/$ 9 ! fir/ ( _! k9d4 ,species1 also1 t are new1 if any su* appe>1 exi/$ be=eh& 9 v>i\s active p[]s2 s t animals1 & p]haps ev5 new species ( animals1 are produc$ by putrefaction by ! p[] :i* ! />s & elem5ts receiv$ at ! beg9n+4 ,aga91 animals ( new k9ds arise occasionally f ! connection ( individuals belong+ to diff]5t species1 z ! mule is ! (fspr+ ( an ass & a m>e2 b ev5 ^! exi/$ previ\sly 9 _! causes1 9 ! works ( ! six days4 ,"s also exi/$ be=eh& by way ( similitude1 z ! s\ls n[ creat$4 ,& ! "w ( ! ,inc>nation itself 0 ?us =e%ad[$1 = z we read 7,phil4 #b3g71 ,! ,son ( ,god 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( m54 ,& aga91 ! glory t is spiritual 0 anticipat$ 9 ! angels by way ( similitude2 & t ( ! body 9 ! heav51 especially ! empyrean4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,eccles4 #a3aj71 ,no?+ "u ! sun is new1 = x ha? already gone be=e1 9 ! ages t 7 be=e u4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,re/$ on ! ,sev5? ,day f ,all ,8 ,"w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god did n re/ on ! sev5? day f all ,8 "w4 ,= x is said 7,john #e3ag71 ,my ,fa!r worke? until n[1 & ,i "w4 ,god1 !n1 did n re/ on ! sev5? day f all ,8 "w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 re/ is oppos$ to movem5t1 or to labor1 :i* movem5t causes4 ,b1 z ,god produc$ ,8 "w )\t movem5t & )\t labor1 ,he _c be said to h re/$ on ! sev5? day f ,8 "w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 %\ld x be said t ,god re/$ on ! sev5? day by caus+ man to re/2 aga9/ ?is x may be argu$ t re/ is set d[n 9 contradi/9ction to ,8 "w2 n[ ! words ,god creat$ or made ?is ?+ or ! o!r _c be expla9$ to mean t ,he made man create or make ^! ?+s4 ,!re=e ! re/+ ( ,god _c be expla9$ z ,8 mak+ man to re/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,g54 #b3b73 ,god re/$ on ! sev5? day f all ! "w :i* ,he _h done4 ,i answ] t1 ,re/ is1 prop]ly speak+1 oppos$ to movem5t1 & consequ5tly to ! labor t arises f movem5t4 ,b al?\gh movem5t1 /rictly speak+1 is a quality ( bodies1 yet ! ^w is appli$ also to spiritual ?+s1 & 9 a tw(old s5se4 ,on ! "o h&1 e op]ation may be call$ a movem5t1 & ?us ! ,div9e goodness is said to move & g =? to its object1 9 communicat+ itself to t object1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! desire t t5ds to an object outside itself1 is said to move t[>ds x4 ,h5ce re/ is tak5 9 two s5ses1 9 "o s5se mean+ a cessation f "w1 9 ! o!r1 ! satisfy+ ( desire4 ,n[1 9 ei!r s5se ,god is said to h re/$ on ! sev5? day4 ,fir/1 because ,he ceas$ f creat+ new creatures on t day1 =1 z said above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 ,he made no?+ aft]w>ds t _h n exi/$ previ\sly1 9 "s degree1 9 ! fir/ works2 secondly1 because ,he ,himself _h no ne$ ( ! ?+s t ,he _h made1 b 0 happy 9 ! fruition ( ,himself4 ,h5ce1 :5 all ?+s 7 made ,he is n said to h re/$ 9 ,8 works1 z ?\gh ne$+ !m = ,8 own happ9ess1 b to h re/$ f !m1 z 9 fact re/+ 9 ,himself1 z ,he suffices = ,himself & fulfils ,8 own desire4 ,& ev5 ?\gh f all et]nity ,he re/$ 9 ,himself1 yet ! re/ 9 ,himself1 :i* ,he took aft] ,he _h f9i%$ ,8 works1 is t re/ :i* belongs to ! sev5? day4 ,& ?is1 says ,augu/9e1 is ! mean+ ( ,god's re/+ f ,8 works on t day 7,g54 ad lit4 iv74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god inde$ worke? until n[ by pres]v+ & provid+ = ! creatures ,he has made1 b n by ! mak+ ( new ones4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,re/ is "h n oppos$ to labor or to movem5t1 b to ! production ( new creatures1 & to ! desire t5d+ to an ext]nal object4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 z ,god re/s 9 ,himself alone & is happy 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,himself1 s our own sole happ9ess lies 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,?us1 also1 ,he makes u f9d re/ 9 ,himself1 bo? f ,8 works & our own4 ,x is n1 !n1 unreasonable to say t ,god re/$ 9 giv+ re/ to u4 ,/ill1 ?is explanation mu/ n be set d[n z ! only "o1 & ! o!r is ! fir/ & pr9cipal explanation4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,bless+ & ,sanctify+ ,are ,due to ! ,sev5? ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t bless+ & sanctify+ are n due to ! sev5? day4 ,= x is usual to call a "t bless$ or holy = t "s good ?+ has happ5$ 9 x1 or "s evil be5 avoid$4 ,b :e!r ,god works or ceases f "w no?+ accrues to ,him or is lo/ to ,him4 ,!re=e no special bless+ or sanctify+ are due to ! sev5? day4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,lat9 b5$ictio bless+ is d]iv$ f bonitas goodness4 ,b x is ! nature ( good to spread & communicate itself1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,! days1 !re=e1 9 :i* ,god produc$ creatures des]v$ a bless+ r ?an ! day on :i* ,he ceas$ produc+ !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ov] ea* creature a bless+ 0 pron\nc$1 z ^u ea* "w x 0 said1 ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,!re=e x 0 n necess>y t aft] all _h be5 produc$1 ! sev5? day %\ld be bless$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3c71 ,god bless$ ! sev5? day & sanctifi$ x1 because 9 x ,he _h re/$ f all ,8 "w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z said above 7,a4 #b71 ,god's re/ on ! sev5? day is und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 t ,he ceas$ f produc+ new works1 ?\gh ,he /ill pres]ves & provides = ! creatures ,he has made4 ,secondly1 9 t aft] all ,8 works ,he re/$ 9 ,himself4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ mean+1 !n1 a bless+ befits ! sev5? day1 s9ce1 z we expla9$ 7,q4 #gb1 ad #d71 ! bless+ ref]r$ to ! increase by multiplication2 = :i* reason ,god said to ! creatures :i* ,he bless$3 ,increase & multiply4 ,n[1 ?is increase is effect$ ?r\gh ,god's ,provid5ce ov] ,8 creatures1 secur+ ! g5]ation ( l f l4 ,& accord+ to ! second mean+1 x is "r t ! sev5? day %\ld h be5 sanctifi$1 s9ce ! special sanctification ( e creature consi/s 9 re/+ 9 ,god4 ,= ?is reason ?+s d$icat$ to ,god are said to be sanctifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! sev5? day is said to be sanctifi$ n because any?+ c accrue to ,god1 or be tak5 f ,him1 b because some?+ is add$ to creatures by _! multiply+1 & by _! re/+ 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! fir/ six days creatures 7 produc$ 9 _! fir/ causes1 b aft] be+ ?us produc$1 !y are multipli$ & pres]v$1 & ?is "w also belongs to ! ,div9e goodness4 ,& ! p]fection ( ?is goodness is made mo/ cle> by ! k t 9 x alone ,god f9ds ,8 own re/1 & we may f9d ours 9 its fruition4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! good m5tion$ 9 ! works ( ea* day belongs to ! fir/ in/itution ( nature2 b ! bless+ atta*$ to ! sev5? day1 to its propagation4 ,,"q #gd ,,on ,,all ,,! ,,sev5 ,,days ,,9 ,,common 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we next consid] all ! sev5 days 9 common3 & !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,z to ! suffici5cy ( ^! days2 7#b7 ,:e!r !y are all "o day1 or m ?an "o8 7#c7 ,z to c]ta9 modes ( speak+ :i* ,scripture uses 9 n>rat+ ! works ( ! six days4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ^! days are suffici5tly enum]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^! days are n suffici5tly enum]at$4 ,= ! "w ( creation is no less di/9ct f ! works ( di/9ction & adornm5t ?an ^! two works are f "o ano!r4 ,b sep>ate days are assign$ to di/9ction & to adornm5t1 & !re=e sep>ate days %\ld be assign$ to creation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 air & fire are nobl] elem5ts ?an e>? & wat]4 ,b "o day is assign$ to ! di/9ction ( wat]1 & ano!r to ! di/9ction ( ! l&4 ,!re=e1 o!r days ought to be devot$ to ! di/9ction ( fire & air4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fi% diff] f birds z mu* z birds diff] f ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 :]eas man diff]s m f o!r animals ?an all animals :atsoev] diff] f ea* o!r4 ,b "o day is devot$ to ! production ( fi%es1 & ano!r to t ( ! bea/ ( ! e>?4 ,ano!r day1 !n1 ought to be assign$ to ! production ( birds & ano!r to t ( man4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem1 on ! o!r h&1 t "s ( ^! days are sup]flu\s4 ,light1 = in/ance1 /&s to ! lum9>ies 9 ! relation ( accid5t to subject4 ,b ! subject is produc$ at ! same "t z ! accid5t prop] to x4 ,! light & ! lum9>ies1 !re=e1 ought n to h be5 produc$ on diff]5t days4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ^! days are devot$ to ! fir/ in/itut+ ( ! _w4 ,b z on ! sev5? day no?+ 0 in/itut$1 t day ought n to be enum]at$ ) ! o!rs4 ,i answ] t1 ,! reason ( ! di/9ction ( ^! days is made cle> by :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #a71 namely1 t ! p>ts ( ! _w _h fir/ to be di/+ui%$1 & !n ea* "p adorn$ & fill$1 z x 71 by ! be+s t inhabit x4 ,n[ ! p>ts into :i* ! corporeal creation is divid$ are ?ree1 accord+ to "s holy writ]s1 ^! p>ts be+ ! heav51 or highe/ "p1 ! wat]1 or middle "p1 & ! e>?1 or ! l[e/ "p4 ,?us ! ,py?agoreans tea* t p]fection consi/s 9 ?ree ?+s1 ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end4 ,! fir/ "p1 !n1 is di/+ui%$ on ! fir/ day1 & adorn$ on ! f\r?1 ! middle "p di/+ui%$ on ! middle day1 & adorn$ on ! fif?1 & ! ?ird "p di/+ui%$ on ! ?ird day1 & adorn$ on ! six?4 ,b ,augu/9e1 :ile agree+ ) ! above writ]s z to ! la/ ?ree days1 diff]s z to ! fir/ ?ree1 =1 accord+ to him1 spiritual creatures are =m$ on ! fir/ day1 & corporeal on ! two o!rs1 ! high] bodies be+ =m$ on ! fir/ ^! two days1 & ! l[] on ! second4 ,?us1 !n1 ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e works corresponds to ! p]fection ( ! numb] six1 :i* is ! sum ( its aliquot p>ts1 "o1 two1 ?ree2 s9ce "o day is assign$ to ! =m+ ( spiritual creatures1 two to t ( corporeal creatures1 & ?ree to ! "w ( adornm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e1 ! "w ( creation belongs to ! production ( =mless matt]1 & ( ! =mless spiritual nature1 bo? ( :i* are outside ( "t1 z he himself says 7,confess4 xii1 #ab74 ,?us1 !n1 ! creation ( ei!r is set d[n be=e !re 0 any day4 ,b x may also be said1 foll[+ o!r holy writ]s1 t ! works ( di/9ction & adornm5t imply c]ta9 *anges 9 ! creature :i* are measurable by "t2 :]eas ! "w ( creation lies only 9 ! ,div9e act produc+ ! sub/ance ( be+s in/antane\sly4 ,= ?is reason1 !re=e1 e "w ( di/9ction & adornm5t is said to take place 9 a day1 b creation 9 ! beg9n+ :i* d5otes some?+ indivisible4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fire & air1 z n di/9ctly kn[n by ! unlett]$1 are n expressly nam$ by ,moses among ! p>ts ( ! _w1 b reckon$ ) ! int]m$iate "p1 or wat]1 especially z reg>ds ! l[e/ "p ( ! air2 or ) ! heav51 to :i* ! high] region ( air approa*es1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! production ( animals is record$ ) ref]5ce to _! adorn+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & !re=e ! days ( _! production are sep>at$ or unit$ accord+ z ! animals adorn ! same p>ts ( ! _w1 or diff]5t p>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! nature ( light1 z exi/+ 9 a subject1 0 made on ! fir/ day2 & ! mak+ ( ! lum9>ies on ! f\r? day does n mean t _! sub/ance 0 produc$ anew1 b t !y !n receiv$ a =m t !y _h n be=e1 z said above 7,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #a ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #ae71 aft] all t has be5 record$ t is assign$ to ! six days1 some?+ di/9ct is attribut$ to ! sev5?--namely1 t on x ,god re/$ 9 ,himself f ,8 works3 & = ?is reason x 0 "r t ! sev5? day %\ld be m5tion$ aft] ! six4 ,x may also be said1 ) ! o!r writ]s1 t ! _w ent]$ on ! sev5? day ^u a new /ate1 9 t no?+ new 0 to be add$ to x1 & t !re=e ! sev5? day is m5tion$ aft] ! six1 f its be+ devot$ to cessation f "w4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,all ,^! ,days ,are ,"o ,day8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ^! days are "o day4 ,= x is writt5 7,g54 #b3d1 #e73 ,^! are ! g5]ations ( ! heav5 & ! e>?1 :5 !y 7 creat$1 9 ! day t ! ,"l 4 4 4 made ! heav5 & ! e>?1 & e plant ( ! field1 be=e x sprung up 9 ! e>?4 ,!re=e ! day 9 :i* ,god made ! heav5 & ! e>?1 & e plant ( ! field1 is "o & ! same day4 ,b ,he made ! heav5 & ! e>? on ! fir/ day1 or r be=e !re 0 any day1 b ! plant ( ! field ,he made on ! ?ird day4 ,!re=e ! fir/ & ?ird days are b "o day1 & = a l reason all ! re/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is said 7,ecclus4 #ah3a73 ,he t live? = ev]1 creat$ all ?+s toge!r4 ,b ?is w\ld n be ! case if ! days ( ^! works 7 m ?an "o4 ,!re=e !y are n _m b "o only4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 on ! sev5? day ,god ceas$ f all new works4 ,if1 !n1 ! sev5? day is di/9ct f ! o!r days1 x foll[s t ,he did n make t day2 :i* is n admissible4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! entire "w ascrib$ to "o day ,god p]fect$ 9 an in/ant1 = ) ea* "w are ! words 7,god7 said 4 4 4 4 & x 0 4 4 4 done4 ,if1 !n1 ,he _h kept back ,8 next "w to ano!r day1 x w\ld foll[ t = ! rema9d] ( a day ,he w\ld h ceas$ f work+ & left x vacant1 :i* w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,! day1 !re=e1 ( ! prec$+ "w is "o ) ! day ( ! "w t foll[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a71 ,! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! second day 4 4 4 ! ?ird day1 & s on4 ,b :]e !re is a second & ?ird !re are m ?an "o4 ,!re 0 n1 !re=e1 only "o day4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is "q ,augu/9e diff]s f o!r expositors4 ,8 op9ion is t all ! days t are call$ sev51 are "o day repres5t$ 9 a sev5fold aspect 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bb2 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #i2 ,ad ,orosium xxvi72 :ile o!rs consid] !re 7 sev5 di/9ct days1 n "o only4 ,n[1 ^! two op9ions1 tak5 z expla9+ ! lit]al text ( ,g5esis1 are c]ta9ly widely diff]5t4 ,= ,augu/9e und]/&s by ! ^w day1 ! k 9 ! m9d ( ! angels1 & h5ce1 accord+ to him1 ! fir/ day d5otes _! k ( ! fir/ ( ! ,div9e works1 ! second day _! k ( ! second "w1 & simil>ly ) ! re/4 ,?us1 !n1 ea* "w is said to h be5 wr\ght 9 "s "o ( ^! days1 inasmu* z ,god wr\ght no?+ 9 ! univ]se )\t impress+ ! k !re( on ! angelic m9d2 :i* c "k _m ?+s at ! same "t1 especially 9 ! ,^w1 9 ,:om all angelic k is p]fect$ & t]m9at$4 ,s ! di/9ction ( days d5otes ! natural ord] ( ! ?+s kn[n1 & n a succession 9 ! k acquir$1 or 9 ! ?+s produc$4 ,moreov]1 angelic k is appropriately call$ day1 s9ce light1 ! cause ( day1 is to be f\nd 9 spiritual ?+s1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bh74 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! o!rs1 h[ev]1 ! days signify a succession bo? 9 "t1 & 9 ! ?+s produc$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! two explanations are look$ at z ref]r+ to ! mode ( production1 !y w be f\nd n greatly to diff]1 if ! div]sity ( op9ion exi/+ on two po9ts1 z already %[n 7,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #a71 betwe5 ,augu/9e & o!r writ]s is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,fir/1 because ,augu/9e takes ! e>? & ! wat] z fir/ creat$1 to signify matt] totally )\t =m2 b ! mak+ ( ! firmam5t1 ! ga!r+ ( ! wat]s1 & ! appe>+ ( dry l&1 to d5ote ! impression ( =ms ^u corporeal matt]4 ,b o!r holy writ]s take ! e>? & ! wat]1 z fir/ creat$1 to signify ! elem5ts ( ! univ]se !mselves exi/+ "u ! prop] =ms1 & ! works t foll[ to mean "s sort ( di/9ction 9 bodies previ\sly exi/+1 z also has be5 %[n 7,q4 #fg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d2 ,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #a74 ,secondly1 "s writ]s hold t plants & animals 7 produc$ actually 9 ! "w ( ! six days2 ,augu/9e1 t !y 7 produc$ pot5tially4 ,n[ ! op9ion ( ,augu/9e1 t ! works ( ! six days 7 simultane\s1 is consi/5t ) ei!r view ( ! mode ( production4 ,= ! o!r writ]s agree ) him t 9 ! fir/ production ( ?+s matt] exi/$ "u ! sub/antial =m ( ! elem5ts1 & agree ) him also t 9 ! fir/ in/itut+ ( ! _w animals & plants did n exi/ actually4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce z to f\r po9ts2 s9ce1 accord+ to ! latt]1 !re 0 a "t1 aft] ! production ( creatures1 9 :i* light did n exi/1 ! firmam5t _h n be5 =m$1 & ! e>? 0 /ill cov]$ by ! wat]s1 nor _h ! heav5ly bodies be5 =m$1 :i* is ! f\r? diff]5ce2 :i* are n consi/5t ) ,augu/9e's explanation4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to be imp>tial1 we mu/ meet ! argum5ts ( ei!r side4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,on ! day on :i* ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?1 ,he creat$ also e plant ( ! field1 n1 inde$1 actually1 b be=e x sprung up 9 ! e>?1 t is1 pot5tially4 ,& ?is "w ,augu/9e ascribes to ! ?ird day1 b o!r writ]s to ! fir/ in/itut+ ( ! _w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god creat$ all ?+s toge!r s f> z reg>ds _! sub/ance 9 "s measure =mless4 ,b ,he did n create all ?+s toge!r1 s f> z reg>ds t =mation ( ?+s :i* lies 9 di/9ction & adornm5t4 ,h5ce ! ^w creation is significant4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,on ! sev5? day ,god ceas$ f mak+ new ?+s1 b n f provid+ = _! increase1 & to ?is latt] "w x belongs t ! fir/ day is succe$$ by o!r days4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all ?+s 7 n di/+ui%$ & adorn$ toge!r1 n f a want ( p[] on ,god's "p1 z requir+ "t 9 :i* to "w1 b t due ord] might be obs]v$ 9 ! in/itut+ ( ! _w4 ,h5ce x 0 fitt+ t diff]5t days %\ld be assign$ to ! diff]5t /ates ( ! _w1 z ea* succe$+ "w add$ to ! _w a fre% /ate ( p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e1 ! ord] ( days ref]s to ! natural ord] ( ! works attribut$ to ! days4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,scripture ,uses ,suitable ,words to ,express ! ,"w ( ! ,six ,days8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem ! ,scripture does n use suitable words to express ! works ( ! six days4 ,= z light1 ! firmam5t1 & o!r simil> works 7 made by ! ,^w ( ,god1 s 7 ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,= all ?+s 7 made by ,him 7,john #a3c74 ,!re=e 9 ! creation ( heav5 & e>?1 z 9 ! o!r works1 m5tion %\ld h be5 made ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! wat] 0 creat$ by ,god1 yet its creation is n m5tion$4 ,!re=e ! creation ( ! _w is n suffici5tly describ$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is said 7,g54 #a3ca73 ,god saw all ! ?+s t ,he _h made1 & !y 7 v good4 ,x ought1 !n1 to h be5 said ( ea* "w1 ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,! omission1 !re=e1 ( ^! words 9 ! "w ( creation & 9 t ( ! second day1 is n fitt+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,_s ( ,god is ,god ,himself4 ,b x does n befit ,god to move & to occupy place4 ,!re=e ! words1 ,! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ov] ! wat]s1 are unbecom+4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :at is already made is n made ov] aga94 ,!re=e to ! words1 ,god said3 ,let ! firmam5t be made 4 4 4 & x 0 s1 x is sup]flu\s to add1 ,god made ! firmam5t4 ,& ! l is to be said ( o!r works4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ev5+ & morn+ d n suffici5tly divide ! day1 s9ce ! day has _m p>ts4 ,!re=e ! words1 ,! ev5+ & morn+ 7 ! second day or1 ! ?ird day1 are n suitable4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 fir/1 n "o1 corresponds to second & ?ird4 ,x %\ld !re=e h be5 said t1 ,! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day1 r ?an "o day4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #d71 ! p]son ( ! ,son is m5tion$ bo? 9 ! fir/ creation ( ! _w1 & 9 its di/9ction & adornm5t1 b diff]5tly 9 ei!r place4 ,= di/9ction & adornm5t belong to ! "w by :i* ! _w receives its =m4 ,b z ! giv+ =m to a "w ( art is by means ( ! =m ( ! art 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/1 :i* may be call$ 8 intelligible ^w1 s ! giv+ =m to e creature is by ! ^w ( ,god2 & = ?is reason 9 ! works ( di/9ction & adornm5t ! ,^w is m5tion$4 ,b 9 creation ! ,son is m5tion$ z ! beg9n+1 by ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$1 s9ce by creation is und]/ood ! production ( =mless matt]4 ,b accord+ to ^? :o hold t ! elem5ts 7 creat$ f ! fir/ "u _! prop] =ms1 ano!r explanation mu/ be giv52 & !re=e ,basil says 7,hom4 ii1 iii 9 ,hexaem47 t ! words1 ,god said1 signify a ,div9e comm&4 ,su* a comm&1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 giv5 be=e creatures _h be5 produc$ t c\ld obey x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #cc71 by ! heav5 is und]/ood ! =mless spiritual nature1 & by ! e>?1 ! =mless matt] ( all corporeal ?+s1 & ?us no creature is omitt$4 ,b1 accord+ to ,basil 7,hom4 i 9 ,hexaem471 ! heav5 & ! e>?1 z ! two extremes1 are alone m5tion$1 ! int]v5+ ?+s be+ left to be und]/ood1 s9ce all ^! move heav5w>ds1 if light1 or e>?w>ds1 if heavy4 ,& o!rs say t "u ! ^w1 e>?1 ,scripture is accu/om$ to include all ! f\r elem5ts z 7,ps4 #adh3g1h7 aft] ! words1 ,praise ! ,"l f ! e>?1 is add$1 fire1 hail1 sn[1 & ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! creation !re is f\nd some?+ to correspond to ! words1 ,god saw t x 0 good1 us$ 9 ! "w ( di/9ction & adornm5t1 & ?is appe>s f ! consid]ation t ! ,holy ,_s is ,love4 ,n[1 !re are two ?+s1 says ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #h7 :i* came f ,god's love ( ,8 creatures1 _! exi/5ce & _! p]man5ce4 ,t !y might !n exi/1 & exi/ p]man5tly1 ! ,_s ( ,god1 x is said1 mov$ ov] ! wat]s--t is to say1 ov] t =mless matt]1 signifi$ by wat]1 ev5 z ! love ( ! arti/ moves ov] ! mat]ials ( 8 art1 t out ( !m he may =m 8 "w4 ,& ! words1 ,god saw t x 0 good1 signify t ! ?+s t ,he _h made 7 to endure1 s9ce !y express a c]ta9 satisfaction tak5 by ,god 9 ,8 works1 z ( an arti/ 9 8 art3 n z ?\gh ,he knew ! creature o!rwise1 or t ! creature 0 pleas+ to ,him o!rwise1 ?an be=e ,he made x4 ,?us 9 ei!r "w1 ( creation & ( =mation1 ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons is impli$4 ,9 creation ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r is indicat$ by ,god ! ,creator1 ! ,p]son ( ! ,son by ! beg9n+1 9 :i* ,he creat$1 & ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/ by ! ,_s t mov$ ov] ! wat]s4 ,b 9 ! =mation1 ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r is indicat$ by ,god t speaks1 & ! ,p]son ( ! ,son by ! ,^w 9 :i* ,he speaks1 & ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,_s by ! satisfaction ) :i* ,god saw t :at 0 made 0 good4 ,& if ! words1 ,god saw t x 0 good1 are n said ( ! "w ( ! second day1 ?is is because ! "w ( di/+ui%+ ! wat]s 0 only begun on t day1 b p]fect$ on ! ?ird4 ,h5ce ^! words1 t are said ( ! ?ird day1 ref] also to ! second4 ,or x may be t ,scripture does n use ^! words ( approval ( ! second day's "w1 because ?is is conc]n$ ) ! di/9ction ( ?+s n evid5t to ! s5ses ( mank9d4 ,or1 aga91 because by ! firmam5t is simply und]/ood ! cl\dy region ( ! air1 :i* is n "o ( ! p]man5t p>ts ( ! univ]se1 nor ( ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! _w4 ,! above ?ree reasons are giv5 by ,rabbi ,moses 99,p]plex4 ii41 & to ^! may be add$ a my/ical "o d]iv$ f numb]s & assign$ by "s writ]s1 accord+ to :om ! "w ( ! second day is n m>k$ ) approval because ! second numb] is an imp]fect numb]1 z rec$+ f ! p]fection ( unity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,rabbi ,moses 7,p]plex4 ii7 und]/&s by ! ,_s ( ! ,"l1 ! air or ! w9d1 z ,plato also did1 & says t x is s call$ accord+ to ! cu/om ( ,scripture1 9 :i* ^! ?+s are ?r\gh\t attribut$ to ,god4 ,b accord+ to ! holy writ]s1 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l signifies ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is said to move ov] ! wat]--t is to say1 ov] :at ,augu/9e holds to mean =mless matt]1 le/ x %\ld be suppos$ t ,god lov$ ( necessity ! works ,he 0 to produce1 z ?\gh ,he /ood 9 ne$ ( !m4 ,= love ( t k9d is subject to1 n sup]ior to1 ! object ( love4 ,moreov]1 x is fitt+ly impli$ t ! ,_s mov$ ov] t :i* 0 incomplete & unf9i%$1 s9ce t movem5t is n "o ( place1 b ( pre-em95t p[]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #g74 ,x is ! op9ion1 h[ev]1 ( ,basil 7,hom4 ii 9 ,hexaem47 t ! ,_s mov$ ov] ! elem5t ( wat]1 fo/]+ & quick5+ its nature & impress+ vital p[]1 z ! h5 broods ov] h] *ick5s4 ,= wat] has especially a life-giv+ p[]1 s9ce _m animals are g5]at$ 9 wat]1 & ! se$ ( all animals is liquid4 ,also ! life ( ! s\l is giv5 by ! wat] ( baptism1 accord+ to ,john #c3e3 ,unless a man be born aga9 ( wat] & ! ,holy ,gho/1 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 i1 #h71 ^! ?ree phrases d5ote ! ?reefold be+ ( creatures2 fir/1 _! be+ 9 ! ,^w1 d5ot$ by ! comm& ,let 4 4 4 be made2 secondly1 _! be+ 9 ! angelic m9d1 signifi$ by ! words1 ,x 0 4 4 4 done2 ?irdly1 _! be+ 9 _! prop] nature1 by ! words1 ,he made4 ,& because ! =mation ( ! angels is record$ on ! fir/ day1 x 0 n necess>y !re to add1 ,he made4 ,x may also be said1 foll[+ o!r writ]s1 t ! words1 ,he said1 & ,let 4 4 4 be made1 d5ote ,god's comm&1 & ! words1 ,x 0 done1 ! fulfilm5t ( t comm&4 ,b z x 0 necess>y1 = ! sake ( ^? especially :o h ass]t$ t all visible ?+s 7 made by ! angels1 to m5tion h[ ?+s 7 made1 x is add$1 9 ord] to remove t error1 t ,god ,himself made !m4 ,h5ce1 9 ea* "w1 aft] ! words1 ,x 0 done1 "s act ( ,god is express$ by "s su* words z1 ,he made1 or1 ,he divid$1 or1 ,he call$4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #bb1 #cj71 by ! ev5+ & ! morn+ are und]/ood ! ev5+ & ! morn+ k ( ! angels1 :i* has be5 expla9$ 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #f1 #g74 ,b1 accord+ to ,basil 7,hom4 ii 9 ,hexaem471 ! entire p]iod takes its "n1 z is cu/om>y1 f its m important "p1 ! day4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! words ( ,jacob1 ,! days ( my pilgrimage1 :]e night is n m5tion$ at all4 ,b ! ev5+ & ! morn+ are m5tion$ z be+ ! ends ( ! day1 s9ce day beg9s ) morn+ & ends ) ev5+1 or because ev5+ d5otes ! beg9n+ ( night1 & morn+ ! beg9n+ ( day4 ,x seems fitt+1 also1 t :]e ! fir/ di/9ction ( creatures is describ$1 divisions ( "t %\ld be d5ot$ only by :at m>ks _! beg9n+4 ,& ! reason = m5tion+ ! ev5+ fir/ is t z ! ev5+ ends ! day1 :i* beg9s ) ! light1 ! t]m9ation ( ! light at ev5+ prec$es ! t]m9ation ( ! d>kness1 :i* ends ) ! morn+4 ,b ,*ryso/om's explanation is t !reby x is int5d$ to %[ t ! natural day does n end ) ! ev5+1 b ) ! morn+ 7,hom4 v 9 ,g5474 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! words "o day are us$ :5 day is fir/ in/itut$1 to d5ote t "o day is made up ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,h5ce1 by m5tion+ "o1 ! measure ( a natural day is fix$4 ,ano!r reason may be to signify t a day is complet$ by ! return ( ! sun to ! po9t f :i* x comm5c$ its c\rse4 ,& yet ano!r1 because at ! completion ( a week ( sev5 days1 ! fir/ day returns :i* is "o ) ! eigh? day4 ,! ?ree reasons assign$ above are ^? giv5 by ,basil 7,hom4 ii 9 ,hexaem474 ,,treatise ,,on ,,man 7,,qq4 #ge-ajb7 ,,"q #ge ,,( ,,man ,,:o ,,is ,,compos$ ,,( ,a ,,spiritual ,,& ,a ,,corporeal ,,sub/ance3 ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,place1 ,,conc]n+ ,,:at ,,belongs ,,to ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,! ,,s\l 7,9 ,sev5 ,articles7 ,hav+ treat$ ( ! spiritual & ( ! corporeal creature1 we n[ proce$ to treat ( man1 :o is compos$ ( a spiritual & corporeal sub/ance4 ,we %all treat fir/ ( ! nature ( man1 & secondly ( 8 orig94 ,n[ ! !ologian consid]s ! nature ( man 9 relation to ! s\l2 b n 9 relation to ! body1 except 9 s f> z ! body has relation to ! s\l4 ,h5ce ! fir/ object ( our consid]ation w be ! s\l4 ,& s9ce ,dionysius 7,ang4 ,hi]4 xi7 says t ?ree ?+s are to be f\nd 9 spiritual sub/ances--ess5ce1 p[]1 & op]ation--we %all treat fir/ ( :at belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l2 secondly1 ( :at belongs to its p[]2 ?irdly1 ( :at belongs to its op]ation4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/1 two po9ts h to be consid]$2 ! fir/ is ! nature ( ! s\l consid]$ 9 itself2 ! second is ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are sev5 po9ts ( inquiry4 7#a7 ,:e!r ! s\l is a body8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! human s\l is a subsi/5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! s\ls ( brute animals are subsi/5t8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! s\l is man1 or is man compos$ ( s\l & body8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! s\l is compos$ ( matt] & =m8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! s\l is incorruptible8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! s\l is ( ! same species z an angel8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,is a ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l is a body4 ,= ! s\l is ! mov+ pr9ciple ( ! body4 ,nor does x move unless mov$4 ,fir/1 because seem+ly no?+ c move unless x is itself mov$1 s9ce no?+ gives :at x has n2 = in/ance1 :at is n hot does n give heat4 ,secondly1 because if !re be any?+ t moves & is n mov$1 x mu/ be ! cause ( et]nal1 un*ang+ movem5t1 z we f9d prov$ ,phys4 viii1 #f2 & ?is does n appe> to be ! case 9 ! movem5t ( an animal1 :i* is caus$ by ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! s\l is a mov] mov$4 ,b e mov] mov$ is a body4 ,!re=e ! s\l is a body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all k is caus$ by means ( a lik5ess4 ,b !re c be no lik5ess ( a body to an incorporeal ?+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! s\l 7 n a body1 x c\ld n h k ( corporeal ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 betwe5 ! mov] & ! mov$ !re mu/ be contact4 ,b contact is only betwe5 bodies4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! s\l moves ! body1 x seems t ! s\l mu/ be a body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #f7 t ! s\l is simple 9 comp>ison ) ! body1 inasmu* z x does n occupy space by its bulk4 ,i answ] t1 ,to seek ! nature ( ! s\l1 we mu/ premise t ! s\l is def9$ z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( life ( ^? ?+s :i* live3 = we call liv+ ?+s animate1 99i4e4 hav+ a s\l & ^? ?+s :i* h no life1 inanimate4 ,n[ life is %[n pr9cipally by two actions1 k & movem5t4 ,! philosoph]s ( old1 n be+ able to rise above _! imag9ation1 suppos$ t ! pr9ciple ( ^! actions 0 some?+ corporeal3 = !y ass]t$ t only bodies 7 real ?+s2 & t :at is n corporeal is no?+3 h5ce !y ma9ta9$ t ! s\l is some?+ corporeal4 ,?is op9ion c be prov$ to be false 9 _m ways2 b we %all make use ( only "o pro(1 bas$ on univ]sal & c]ta9 pr9ciples1 :i* %[s cle>ly t ! s\l is n a body4 ,x is manife/ t n e pr9ciple ( vital action is a s\l1 = !n ! eye w\ld be a s\l1 z x is a pr9ciple ( vision2 & ! same might be appli$ to ! o!r in/rum5ts ( ! s\l3 b x is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( life1 :i* we call ! s\l4 ,n[1 ?\gh a body may be a pr9ciple ( life1 z ! he>t is a pr9ciple ( life 9 an animal1 yet no?+ corporeal c be ! fir/ pr9ciple ( life4 ,= x is cle> t to be a pr9ciple ( life1 or to be a liv+ ?+1 does n belong to a body z su*2 s9ce1 if t 7 ! case1 e body w\ld be a liv+ ?+1 or a pr9ciple ( life4 ,!re=e a body is compet5t to be a liv+ ?+ or ev5 a pr9ciple ( life1 z su* a body4 ,n[ t x is actually su* a body1 x owes to "s pr9ciple :i* is call$ its act4 ,!re=e ! s\l1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( life1 is n a body1 b ! act ( a body2 ?us heat1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( calefaction1 is n a body1 b an act ( a body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ev]y?+ :i* is 9 motion mu/ be mov$ by some?+ else1 a process :i* _c be prolong$ indef9itely1 we mu/ all[ t n e mov] is mov$4 ,=1 s9ce to be mov$ is to pass f pot5tiality to actuality1 ! mov] gives :at x has to ! ?+ mov$1 inasmu* z x causes x to be 9 act4 ,b1 z is %[n 9 ,phys4 viii1 #f1 !re is a mov] :i* is altoge!r immovable1 & n mov$ ei!r ess5tially1 or accid5tally2 & su* a mov] c cause an inv>iable movem5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r k9d ( mov]1 :i*1 ?\gh n mov$ ess5tially1 is mov$ accid5tally2 & = ?is reason x does n cause an inv>iable movem5t2 su* a mov]1 is ! s\l4 ,!re is1 aga91 ano!r mov]1 :i* is mov$ ess5tially--namely1 ! body4 ,& because ! philosoph]s ( old believ$ t no?+ exi/$ b bodies1 !y ma9ta9$ t e mov] is mov$2 & t ! s\l is mov$ directly1 & is a body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! lik5ess ( a ?+ kn[n is n ( necessity actually 9 ! nature ( ! kn[]2 b giv5 a ?+ :i* kn[s pot5tially1 & aft]w>ds kn[s actually1 ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ kn[n mu/ be 9 ! nature ( ! kn[]1 n actually1 b only pot5tially2 ?us color is n actually 9 ! pupil ( ! eye1 b only pot5tially4 ,h5ce x is necess>y1 n t ! lik5ess ( corporeal ?+s %\ld be actually 9 ! nature ( ! s\l1 b t !re be a pot5tiality 9 ! s\l = su* a lik5ess4 ,b ! anci5t philosoph]s omitt$ to di/+ui% betwe5 actuality & pot5tiality2 & s !y held t ! s\l mu/ be a body 9 ord] to h k ( a body2 & t x mu/ be compos$ ( ! pr9ciples ( :i* all bodies are =m$ 9 ord] to "k all bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are two k9ds ( contact2 ( quantity1 & ( p[]4 ,by ! =m] a body c be t\*$ only by a body2 by ! latt] a body c be t\*$ by an incorporeal ?+1 :i* moves t body4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,human ,s\l ,is ,some?+ ,subsi/5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! human s\l is n some?+ subsi/5t4 ,= t :i* subsi/s is said to be ?is p>ticul> ?+4 ,n[ ?is p>ticul> ?+ is said n ( ! s\l1 b ( t :i* is compos$ ( s\l & body4 ,!re=e ! s\l is n some?+ subsi/5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ subsi/5t op]ates4 ,b ! s\l does n op]ate2 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 #d71 to say t ! s\l feels or und]/&s is l say+ t ! s\l weaves or builds4 ,!re=e ! s\l is n subsi/5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! s\l 7 subsi/5t1 x w\ld h "s op]ation ap>t f ! body4 ,b x has no op]ation ap>t f ! body1 n ev5 t ( und]/&+3 = ! act ( und]/&+ does n take place )\t a phantasm1 :i* _c exi/ ap>t f ! body4 ,!re=e ! human s\l is n some?+ subsi/5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #g73 ,:o und]/&s t ! nature ( ! s\l is t ( a sub/ance & n t ( a body1 w see t ^? :o ma9ta9 ! corporeal nature ( ! s\l1 are l$ a/ray ?r\gh associat+ ) ! s\l ^? ?+s )\t :i* !y are unable to ?9k ( any nature--i4e4 imag9>y pictures ( corporeal ?+s4 ,!re=e ! nature ( ! human intellect is n only incorporeal1 b x is also a sub/ance1 t is1 some?+ subsi/5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,x mu/ necess>ily be all[$ t ! pr9ciple ( intellectual op]ation :i* we call ! s\l1 is a pr9ciple bo? incorporeal & subsi/5t4 ,= x is cle> t by means ( ! intellect man c h k ( all corporeal ?+s4 ,n[ :atev] kn[s c]ta9 ?+s _c h any ( !m 9 its own nature2 because t :i* is 9 x naturally w\ld imp$e ! k ( any?+ else4 ,?us we obs]ve t a sick man's tongue be+ vitiat$ by a fev]i% & bitt] humor1 is ins5sible to any?+ sweet1 & ev]y?+ seems bitt] to x4 ,!re=e1 if ! intellectual pr9ciple conta9$ ! nature ( a body x w\ld be unable to "k all bodies4 ,n[ e body has its own det]m9ate nature4 ,!re=e x is impossible = ! intellectual pr9ciple to be a body4 ,x is likewise impossible = x to und]/& by means ( a bodily organ2 s9ce ! det]m9ate nature ( t organ w\ld imp$e k ( all bodies2 z :5 a c]ta9 det]m9ate color is n only 9 ! pupil ( ! eye1 b also 9 a glass vase1 ! liquid 9 ! vase seems to be ( t same color4 ,!re=e ! intellectual pr9ciple :i* we call ! m9d or ! intellect has an op]ation p] se ap>t f ! body4 ,n[ only t :i* subsi/s c h an op]ation p] se4 ,= no?+ c op]ate b :at is actual3 = :i* reason we d n say t heat imp>ts heat1 b t :at is hot gives heat4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !re=e1 t ! human s\l1 :i* is call$ ! intellect or ! m9d1 is some?+ incorporeal & subsi/5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is p>ticul> ?+ c be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,fir/ly1 = any?+ subsi/5t2 secondly1 = t :i* subsi/s1 & is complete 9 a specific nature4 ,! =m] s5se excludes ! inh]5ce ( an accid5t or ( a mat]ial =m2 ! latt] excludes also ! imp]fection ( ! "p1 s t a h& c be call$ ?is p>ticul> ?+ 9 ! fir/ s5se1 b n 9 ! second4 ,!re=e1 z ! human s\l is a "p ( human nature1 x c inde$ be call$ ?is p>ticul> ?+1 9 ! fir/ s5se1 z be+ some?+ subsi/5t2 b n 9 ! second1 = 9 ?is s5se1 :at is compos$ ( body & s\l is said to be ?is p>ticul> ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ari/otle wrote ^? words z express+ n 8 own op9ion1 b ! op9ion ( ^? :o said t to und]/& is to be mov$1 z is cle> f ! context4 ,or we may reply t to op]ate p] se belongs to :at exi/s p] se4 ,b = a ?+ to exi/ p] se1 x suffices sometimes t x be n inh]5t1 z an accid5t or a mat]ial =m2 ev5 ?\gh x be "p ( some?+4 ,nev]!less1 t is rightly said to subsi/ p] se1 :i* is nei!r inh]5t 9 ! above s5se1 nor "p ( any?+ else4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! eye or ! h& _c be said to subsi/ p] se2 nor c x = t reason be said to op]ate p] se4 ,h5ce ! op]ation ( ! p>ts is ?r\gh ea* "p attribut$ to ! :ole4 ,= we say t man sees ) ! eye1 & feels ) ! h&1 & n 9 ! same s5se z :5 we say t :at is hot gives heat by its heat2 = heat1 /rictly speak+1 does n give heat4 ,we may !re=e say t ! s\l und]/&s1 z ! eye sees2 b x is m correct to say t man und]/&s ?r\gh ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! body is necess>y = ! action ( ! intellect1 n z its orig9 ( action1 b on ! "p ( ! object2 = ! phantasm is to ! intellect :at color is to ! sight4 ,nei!r does su* a dep5d5ce on ! body prove ! intellect to be non-subsi/5t2 o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t an animal is non-subsi/5t1 s9ce x requires ext]nal objects ( ! s5ses 9 ord] to p]=m its act ( p]ception4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,s\ls ( ,brute ,animals ,are ,subsi/5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\ls ( brute animals are subsi/5t4 ,= man is ( ! same g5us z o!r animals2 &1 z we h j %[n 7,a4 #b71 ! s\l ( man is subsi/5t4 ,!re=e ! s\ls ( o!r animals are subsi/5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! relation ( ! s5sitive faculty to s5sible objects is l ! relation ( ! intellectual faculty to intelligible objects4 ,b ! intellect1 ap>t f ! body1 appreh5ds intelligible objects4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive faculty1 ap>t f ! body1 p]ceives s5sible objects4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! s\ls ( brute animals are s5sitive1 x foll[s t !y are subsi/5t2 j z ! human intellectual s\l is subsi/5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l ( brute animals moves ! body4 ,b ! body is n a mov]1 b is mov$4 ,!re=e ! s\l ( brute animals has an op]ation ap>t f ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,is :at is writt5 9 ! book ,de ,eccl4 ,dogm4 xvi1 xvii3 ,man alone we believe to h a subsi/5t s\l3 :]eas ! s\ls ( animals are n subsi/5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,! anci5t philosoph]s made no di/9ction betwe5 s5se & intellect1 & ref]r$ bo? to a corporeal pr9ciple1 z has be5 said 7,a4 #a74 ,plato1 h[ev]1 drew a di/9ction betwe5 intellect & s5se2 yet he ref]r$ bo? to an incorporeal pr9ciple1 ma9ta9+ t s5s+1 j z und]/&+1 belongs to ! s\l z su*4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ev5 ! s\ls ( brute animals are subsi/5t4 ,b ,ari/otle held t ( ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 und]/&+ alone is p]=m$ )\t a corporeal organ4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s5sation & ! consequ5t op]ations ( ! s5sitive s\l are evid5tly accompani$ ) *ange 9 ! body2 ?us 9 ! act ( vision1 ! pupil ( ! eye is affect$ by a reflection ( color3 & s ) ! o!r s5ses4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! s5sitive s\l has no p] se op]ation ( its own1 & t e op]ation ( ! s5sitive s\l belongs to ! composite4 ,:]e=e we conclude t z ! s\ls ( brute animals h no p] se op]ations !y are n subsi/5t4 ,= ! op]ation ( any?+ foll[s ! mode ( its be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh man is ( ! same g5us z o!r animals1 he is ( a diff]5t species4 ,specific diff]5ce is d]iv$ f ! diff]5ce ( =m2 nor does e diff]5ce ( =m necess>ily imply a div]sity ( g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! relation ( ! s5sitive faculty to ! s5sible object is 9 "o way ! same z t ( ! intellectual faculty to ! intelligible object1 9 s f> z ea* is 9 pot5tiality to its object4 ,b 9 ano!r way _! relations diff]1 inasmu* z ! impression ( ! object on ! s5se is accompani$ ) *ange 9 ! body2 s t excessive /r5g? ( ! s5sible corrupts s5se2 a ?+ t nev] occurs 9 ! case ( ! intellect4 ,= an intellect t und]/&s ! highe/ ( intelligible objects is m able aft]w>ds to und]/& ^? t are l[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ! process ( intellectual op]ation ! body is we>y1 ?is result is accid5tal1 inasmu* z ! intellect requires ! op]ation ( ! s5sitive p[]s 9 ! production ( ! phantasms4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,motive p[] is ( two k9ds4 ,"o1 ! appetitive p[]1 comm&s motion4 ,! op]ation ( ?is p[] 9 ! s5sitive s\l is n ap>t f ! body2 = ang]1 joy1 & passions ( a l nature are accompani$ by a *ange 9 ! body4 ,! o!r motive p[] is t :i* executes motion 9 adapt+ ! memb]s = obey+ ! appetite2 & ! act ( ?is p[] does n consi/ 9 mov+1 b 9 be+ mov$4 ,:5ce x is cle> t to move is n an act ( ! s5sitive s\l )\t ! body4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,is ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l is man4 ,= x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #d3af73 ,?\gh our outw>d man is corrupt$1 yet ! inw>d man is r5ew$ day by day4 ,b t :i* is )9 man is ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! s\l is ! inw>d man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! human s\l is a sub/ance4 ,b x is n a univ]sal sub/ance4 ,!re=e x is a p>ticul> sub/ance4 ,!re=e x is a hypo/asis or a p]son2 & x c only be a human p]son4 ,!re=e ! s\l is man2 = a human p]son is a man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #c7 comm5ds ,v>ro z hold+ t man is n a m]e s\l1 nor a m]e body2 b bo? s\l & body4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ass]tion ! s\l is man1 c be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,fir/1 t man is a s\l2 ?\gh ?is p>ticul> man1 ,socrates1 = in/ance1 is n a s\l1 b compos$ ( s\l & body4 ,i say ?is1 =asmu* z "s held t ! =m alone belongs to ! species2 :ile matt] is "p ( ! individual1 & n ! species4 ,?is _c be true2 = to ! nature ( ! species belongs :at ! def9ition signifies2 & 9 natural ?+s ! def9ition does n signify ! =m only1 b ! =m & ! matt]4 ,h5ce 9 natural ?+s ! matt] is "p ( ! species2 n1 inde$1 signate matt]1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( individuality2 b ! common matt]4 ,= z x belongs to ! notion ( ?is p>ticul> man to be compos$ ( ?is s\l1 ( ?is fle%1 & ( ^! bones2 s x belongs to ! notion ( man to be compos$ ( s\l1 fle%1 & bones2 = :atev] belongs 9 common to ! sub/ance ( all ! individuals conta9$ "u a giv5 species1 mu/ belong to ! sub/ance ( ! species4 ,x may also be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se1 t ?is s\l is ?is man2 & ?is c\ld be held if x 7 suppos$ t ! op]ation ( ! s5sitive s\l 7 prop] to x1 ap>t f ! body2 because 9 t case all ! op]ations :i* are attribut$ to man w\ld belong to ! s\l only2 & :atev] p]=ms ! op]ations prop] to a ?+1 is t ?+2 :]e=e t :i* p]=ms ! op]ations ( a man is man4 ,b x has be5 %[n above 7,a4 #c7 t s5sation is n ! op]ation ( ! s\l only4 ,s9ce1 !n1 s5sation is an op]ation ( man1 b n prop] to him1 x is cle> t man is n a s\l only1 b some?+ compos$ ( s\l & body4 ,plato1 ?r\gh suppos+ t s5sation 0 prop] to ! s\l1 c\ld ma9ta9 man to be a s\l mak+ use ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h71 a ?+ seems to be *iefly :at is pr9cipal 9 x2 ?us :at ! gov]nor ( a /ate does1 ! /ate is said to d4 ,9 ?is way sometimes :at is pr9cipal 9 man is said to be man2 sometimes1 inde$1 ! intellectual "p :i*1 9 accordance ) tru?1 is call$ ! inw>d man2 & sometimes ! s5sitive "p ) ! body is call$ man 9 ! op9ion ( ^? ^: obs]vation does n g beyond ! s5ses4 ,& ?is is call$ ! outw>d man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n e p>ticul> sub/ance is a hypo/asis or a p]son1 b t :i* has ! complete nature ( its species4 ,h5ce a h&1 or a foot1 is n call$ a hypo/asis1 or a p]son2 nor1 likewise1 is ! s\l alone s call$1 s9ce x is a "p ( ! human species4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,is ,compos$ ( ,matt] & ,=m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,= pot5tiality is oppos$ to actuality4 ,n[1 :atsoev] ?+s are 9 actuality p>ticipate ( ! ,fir/ ,act1 :i* is ,god2 by p>ticipation ( ,:om1 all ?+s are good1 are be+s1 & are liv+ ?+s1 z is cle> f ! tea*+ ( ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,!re=e :atsoev] ?+s are 9 pot5tiality p>ticipate ( ! fir/ pot5tiality4 ,b ! fir/ pot5tiality is prim>y matt]4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! human s\l is1 aft] a mann]1 9 pot5tiality2 :i* appe>s f ! fact t sometimes a man is pot5tially und]/&+2 x seems t ! human s\l mu/ p>ticipate ( prim>y matt]1 z "p ( itself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]ev] ! prop]ties ( matt] are f\nd1 !re matt] is4 ,b ! prop]ties ( matt] are f\nd 9 ! s\l--namely1 to be a subject1 & to be *ang$1 = x is a subject to sci5ce1 & virtue2 & x *anges f ignorance to k & f vice to virtue4 ,!re=e matt] is 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* h no matt]1 h no cause ( _! exi/5ce1 z ! ,philosoph] says ,metaph4 viii 7,did4 vii1 #f74 ,b ! s\l has a cause ( its exi/5ce1 s9ce x is creat$ by ,god4 ,!re=e ! s\l has matt]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :at has no matt]1 & is a =m only1 is a pure act1 & is inf9ite4 ,b ?is belongs to ,god alone4 ,!re=e ! s\l has matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 vii1 #g1h1i7 proves t ! s\l 0 made nei!r ( corporeal matt]1 nor ( spiritual matt]4 ,i answ] t1 ,! s\l has no matt]4 ,we may consid] ?is "q 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f ! notion ( a s\l 9 g5]al2 = x belongs to ! notion ( a s\l to be ! =m ( a body4 ,n[1 ei!r x is a =m by virtue ( itself1 9 its entirety1 or by virtue ( "s "p ( itself4 ,if by virtue ( itself 9 its entirety1 !n x is impossible t any "p ( x %\ld be matt]1 if by matt] we und]/& some?+ purely pot5tial3 = a =m1 z su*1 is an act2 & t :i* is purely pot5tiality _c be "p ( an act1 s9ce pot5tiality is repugnant to actuality z be+ opposite !reto4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be a =m by virtue ( a "p ( itself1 !n we call t "p ! s\l3 & t matt]1 :i* x actualizes fir/1 we call ! prim>y animate4 ,secondly1 we may proce$ f ! specific notion ( ! human s\l inasmu* z x is intellectual4 ,= x is cle> t :atev] is receiv$ into some?+ is receiv$ accord+ to ! condition ( ! recipi5t4 ,n[ a ?+ is kn[n 9 z f> z its =m is 9 ! kn[]4 ,b ! intellectual s\l kn[s a ?+ 9 its nature absolutely3 = in/ance1 x kn[s a /one absolutely z a /one2 & !re=e ! =m ( a /one absolutely1 z to its prop] =mal idea1 is 9 ! intellectual s\l4 ,!re=e ! intellectual s\l itself is an absolute =m1 & n some?+ compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,= if ! intellectual s\l 7 compos$ ( matt] & =m1 ! =ms ( ?+s w\ld be receiv$ into x z individuals1 & s x w\ld only "k ! individual3 j z x happ5s ) ! s5sitive p[]s :i* receive =ms 9 a corporeal organ2 s9ce matt] is ! pr9ciple by :i* =ms are individualiz$4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! intellectual s\l1 & e intellectual sub/ance :i* has k ( =ms absolutely1 is exempt f composition ( matt] & =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,fir/ ,act is ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( all acts2 because ,x is inf9ite1 virtually preconta9+ all ?+s1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,:]e=e ?+s p>ticipate ( ,x n z a "p ( !mselves1 b by diffusion ( ,its processions4 ,n[ z pot5tiality is receptive ( act1 x mu/ be proportionate to act4 ,b ! acts receiv$ :i* proce$ f ! ,fir/ ,inf9ite ,act1 & are p>ticipations !re(1 are div]se1 s t !re _c be "o pot5tiality :i* receives all acts1 z !re is "o act1 f :i* all p>ticipat$ acts are d]iv$2 = !n ! receptive pot5tiality w\ld equal ! active pot5tiality ( ! ,fir/ ,act4 ,n[ ! receptive pot5tiality 9 ! intellectual s\l is o!r ?an ! receptive pot5tiality ( fir/ matt]1 z appe>s f ! div]sity ( ! ?+s receiv$ by ea*4 ,= prim>y matt] receives individual =ms2 :]eas ! intellig5ce receives absolute =ms4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( su* a pot5tiality 9 ! intellectual s\l does n prove t ! s\l is compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to be a subject & to be *ang$ belong to matt] by reason ( its be+ 9 pot5tiality4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! pot5tiality ( ! intellig5ce is "o ?+ & ! pot5tiality ( prim>y matt] ano!r1 s 9 ea* is !re a diff]5t reason ( subjection & *ange4 ,= ! intellig5ce is subject to k1 & is *ang$ f ignorance to k1 by reason ( its be+ 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to ! intelligible species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! =m causes matt] to be1 & s does ! ag5t2 :]e=e ! ag5t causes matt] to be1 s f> z x actualizes x by transmut+ x to ! act ( a =m4 ,a subsi/5t =m1 h[ev]1 does n owe its exi/5ce to "s =mal pr9ciple1 nor has x a cause transmut+ x f pot5tiality to act4 ,s aft] ! words quot$ above1 ! ,philosoph] concludes1 t 9 ?+s compos$ ( matt] & =m !re is no o!r cause b t :i* moves f pot5tiality to act2 :ile :atsoev] ?+s h no matt] are simply be+s at once4 99,! ,leon9e edition has1 simplicit] sunt quod v]e entia aliquid4 ,! ,p>ma edition ( ,/4 ,?omas's ,comm5t>y on ,ari/otle has1 /atim p] se unum quiddam e/ 4 4 4 et ens quiddam4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ev]y?+ p>ticipat$ is comp>$ to ! p>ticipator z its act4 ,b :atev] creat$ =m be suppos$ to subsi/ p] se1 mu/ h exi/5ce by p>ticipation2 = ev5 life1 or any?+ ( t sort1 is a p>ticipator ( exi/5ce1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,n[ p>ticipat$ exi/5ce is limit$ by ! capacity ( ! p>ticipator2 s t ,god alone1 ,:o is ,8 own exi/5ce1 is pure act & inf9ite4 ,b 9 intellectual sub/ances !re is composition ( actuality & pot5tiality1 n1 inde$1 ( matt] & =m1 b ( =m & p>ticipat$ exi/5ce4 ,:]e=e "s say t !y are compos$ ( t :]eby !y are & t :i* !y are2 = exi/5ce itself is t by :i* a ?+ is4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,human ,s\l ,is ,incorruptible8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! human s\l is corruptible4 ,= ^? ?+s t h a l beg9n+ & process seem+ly h a l end4 ,b ! beg9n+1 by g5]ation1 ( m5 is l t ( animals1 = !y are made f ! e>?4 ,& ! process ( life is alike 9 bo?2 because all ?+s brea! alike1 & man ha? no?+ m ?an ! bea/1 z x is writt5 7,eccles4 #c3ai74 ,!re=e1 z ! same text concludes1 ! dea? ( man & bea/ is "o1 & ! condition ( bo? is equal4 ,b ! s\ls ( brute animals are corruptible4 ,!re=e1 also1 ! human s\l is corruptible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is out ( no?+ c return to no?+ness2 because ! end %\ld correspond to ! beg9n+4 ,b z x is writt5 7,wis4 #b3b71 ,we are born ( no?+2 :i* is true1 n only ( ! body1 b also ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e1 z is conclud$ 9 ! same passage1 ,aft] ?is we %all be z if we _h n be51 ev5 z to our s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is )\t its own prop] op]ation4 ,b ! op]ation prop] to ! s\l1 :i* is to und]/& ?r\gh a phantasm1 _c be )\t ! body4 ,= ! s\l und]/&s no?+ )\t a phantasm2 & !re is no phantasm )\t ! body z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 #a74 ,!re=e ! s\l _c survive ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t human s\ls owe to ,div9e goodness t !y are intellectual1 & t !y h an incorruptible sub/antial life4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ ass]t t ! intellectual pr9ciple :i* we call ! human s\l is incorruptible4 ,= a ?+ may be corrupt$ 9 two ways--p] se1 & accid5tally4 ,n[ x is impossible = any sub/ance to be g5]at$ or corrupt$ accid5tally1 t is1 by ! g5]ation or corruption ( some?+ else4 ,= g5]ation & corruption belong to a ?+1 j z exi/5ce belongs to x1 :i* is acquir$ by g5]ation & lo/ by corruption4 ,!re=e1 :atev] has exi/5ce p] se _c be g5]at$ or corrupt$ except p] se2 :ile ?+s :i* d n subsi/1 su* z accid5ts & mat]ial =ms1 acquire exi/5ce or lose x ?r\gh ! g5]ation or corruption ( composite ?+s4 ,n[ x 0 %[n above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c7 t ! s\ls ( brutes are n self-subsi/5t1 :]eas ! human s\l is2 s t ! s\ls ( brutes are corrupt$1 :5 _! bodies are corrupt$2 :ile ! human s\l c\ld n be corrupt$ unless x 7 corrupt$ p] se4 ,?is1 inde$1 is impossible1 n only z reg>ds ! human s\l1 b also z reg>ds any?+ subsi/5t t is a =m alone4 ,= x is cle> t :at belongs to a ?+ by virtue ( itself is insep>able f x2 b exi/5ce belongs to a =m1 :i* is an act1 by virtue ( itself4 ,:]e=e matt] acquires actual exi/5ce z x acquires ! =m2 :ile x is corrupt$ s f> z ! =m is sep>at$ f x4 ,b x is impossible = a =m to be sep>at$ f itself2 & !re=e x is impossible = a subsi/5t =m to cease to exi/4 ,grant$ ev5 t ! s\l is compos$ ( matt] & =m1 z "s pret5d1 we %\ld nev]!less h to ma9ta9 t x is incorruptible4 ,= corruption is f\nd only :]e !re is contr>iety2 s9ce g5]ation & corruption are f contr>ies & into contr>ies4 ,:]e=e ! heav5ly bodies1 s9ce !y h no matt] subject to contr>iety1 are incorruptible4 ,n[ !re c be no contr>iety 9 ! intellectual s\l2 = x receives accord+ to ! mann] ( its exi/5ce1 & ^? ?+s :i* x receives are )\t contr>iety2 = ! notions ev5 ( contr>ies are n !mselves contr>y1 s9ce contr>ies belong to ! same k4 ,!re=e x is impossible = ! intellectual s\l to be corruptible4 ,moreov] we may take a sign ( ?is f ! fact t ev]y?+ naturally aspires to exi/5ce aft] its own mann]4 ,n[1 9 ?+s t h k1 desire ensues ^u k4 ,! s5ses inde$ d n "k exi/5ce1 except "u ! conditions ( "h & n[1 :]eas ! intellect appreh5ds exi/5ce absolutely1 & = all "t2 s t ev]y?+ t has an intellect naturally desires always to exi/4 ,b a natural desire _c be 9 va94 ,!re=e e intellectual sub/ance is incorruptible4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,solomon reasons ?us 9 ! p]son ( ! fooli%1 z express$ 9 ! words ( ,wisdom #b4 ,!re=e ! say+ t man & animals h a l beg9n+ 9 g5]ation is true ( ! body2 = all animals alike are made ( e>?4 ,b x is n true ( ! s\l4 ,= ! s\ls ( brutes are produc$ by "s p[] ( ! body2 :]eas ! human s\l is produc$ by ,god4 ,to signify ?is x is writt5 z to o!r animals3 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ s\l 7,g54 #a3bd73 :ile ( man x is writt5 7,g54 #b3g7 t ,he brea!d into 8 face ! brea? ( life4 ,& s 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,ecclesia/es 7#ab3g7 x is conclud$3 7,be=e7 ! du/ return into its e>? f :5ce x 02 & ! _s return to ,god ,:o gave x4 ,aga9 ! process ( life is alike z to ! body1 conc]n+ :i* x is writt5 7,eccles4 #c3ai73 ,all ?+s brea! alike1 & 7,wis4 #b3b71 ,! brea? 9 our no/rils is smoke4 ,b ! process is n alike ( ! s\l2 = man is intellig5t1 :]eas animals are n4 ,h5ce x is false to say3 ,man has no?+ m ?an bea/s4 ,?us dea? comes to bo? alike z to ! body1 by n z to ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z a ?+ c be creat$ by reason1 n ( a passive pot5tiality1 b only ( ! active pot5tiality ( ! ,creator1 ,:o c produce some?+ out ( no?+1 s :5 we say t a ?+ c be r$uc$ to no?+1 we d n imply 9 ! creature a pot5tiality to non-exi/5ce1 b 9 ! ,creator ! p[] ( ceas+ to su/a9 exi/5ce4 ,b a ?+ is said to be corruptible because !re is 9 x a pot5tiality to non-exi/5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to und]/& ?r\gh a phantasm is ! prop] op]ation ( ! s\l by virtue ( its union ) ! body4 ,aft] sep>ation f ! body x w h ano!r mode ( und]/&+1 simil> to o!r sub/ances sep>at$ f bodies1 z w appe> lat] on 7,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #a74 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,is ( ! ,same ,species ,z an ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l is ( ! same species z an angel4 ,= ea* ?+ is orda9$ to its prop] end by ! nature ( its species1 :5ce is d]iv$ its incl9ation = t end4 ,b ! end ( ! s\l is ! same z t ( an angel--namely1 et]nal happ9ess4 ,!re=e !y are ( ! same species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ultimate specific diff]5ce is ! noble/1 because x completes ! nature ( ! species4 ,b !re is no?+ nobl] ei!r 9 an angel or 9 ! s\l ?an _! intellectual nature4 ,!re=e ! s\l & ! angel agree 9 ! ultimate specific diff]5ce3 !re=e !y belong to ! same species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems t ! s\l does n diff] f an angel except 9 its union ) ! body4 ,b z ! body is outside ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 x seems t x does n belong to its species4 ,!re=e ! s\l & angel are ( ! same species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s :i* h diff]5t natural op]ations are ( diff]5t species4 ,b ! natural op]ations ( ! s\l & ( an angel are diff]5t2 s9ce1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii71 ,angelic m9ds h simple & bless$ intellig5ce1 n ga!r+ _! k ( ,div9e ?+s f visible ?+s4 ,subsequ5tly he says ! contr>y to ?is ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! s\l & an angel are n ( ! same species4 ,i answ] t1 ,orig5 7,p]i ,ar*on iii1 #e7 held t human s\ls & angels are all ( ! same species2 & ?is because he suppos$ t 9 ^! sub/ances ! diff]5ce ( degree 0 accid5tal1 z result+ f _! free-w3 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ?is _c be2 = 9 incorporeal sub/ances !re _c be div]sity ( numb] )\t div]sity ( species & inequality ( nature2 because1 z !y are n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 b are subsi/5t =ms1 x is cle> t !re is necess>ily among !m a div]sity ( species4 ,= a sep>ate =m _c be und]/ood o!rwise ?an z "o ( a s+le species2 ?us1 suppos+ a sep>ate :it5ess to exi/1 x c\ld only be "o2 =asmu* z "o :it5ess does n diff] f ano!r except z 9 ?is or t subject4 ,b div]sity ( species is always accompani$ ) a div]sity ( nature2 ?us 9 species ( colors "o is m p]fect ?an ano!r2 & ! same applies to o!r species1 because diff]5ces :i* divide a g5us are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,contr>ies1 h[ev]1 are comp>$ to "o ano!r z ! p]fect to ! imp]fect1 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( contr>iety is habit1 & privation !re(1 z is writt51 ,metaph4 x 7,did4 ix1 #d74 ,! same w\ld foll[ if ! a=esaid sub/ances 7 compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,= if ! matt] ( "o be di/9ct f ! matt] ( ano!r1 x foll[s t ei!r ! =m is ! pr9ciple ( ! di/9ction ( matt]--t is to say1 t ! matt] is di/9ct on acc\nt ( its relation to div]s =ms2 & ev5 !n !re w\ld result a diff]5ce ( species & inequality ( nature3 or else ! matt] is ! pr9ciple ( ! di/9ction ( =ms4 ,b "o matt] _c be di/9ct f ano!r1 except by a di/9ction ( quantity1 :i* has no place 9 ^! incorporeal sub/ances1 su* z an angel & ! s\l4 ,s t x is n possible = ! angel & ! s\l to be ( ! same species4 ,h[ x is t !re c be _m s\ls ( "o species w be expla9$ lat] 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t proce$s f ! proximate & natural end4 ,et]nal happ9ess is ! ultimate & sup]natural end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ultimate specific diff]5ce is ! noble/ because x is ! mo/ det]m9ate1 9 ! same way z actuality is nobl] ?an pot5tiality4 ,?us1 h[ev]1 ! intellectual faculty is n ! noble/1 because x is indet]m9ate & common to _m degrees ( intellectuality2 z ! s5sible faculty is common to _m degrees 9 ! s5sible nature4 ,h5ce1 z all s5sible ?+s are n ( "o species1 s nei!r are all intellectual ?+s ( "o species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! body is n ( ! ess5ce ( ! s\l2 b ! s\l by ! nature ( its ess5ce c be unit$ to ! body1 s t1 prop]ly speak+1 n ! s\l alone1 b ! composite1 is ! species4 ,& ! v fact t ! s\l 9 a c]ta9 way requires ! body = its op]ation1 proves t ! s\l is end[$ ) a grade ( intellectuality inf]ior to t ( an angel1 :o is n unit$ to a body4 ,,"q #gf ,,( ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,body ,,& ,,s\l 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body2 & conc]n+ ?is !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! intellectual pr9ciple is unit$ to ! body z its =m8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! intellectual pr9ciple is multipli$ num]ically accord+ to ! numb] ( bodies2 or is !re "o intellig5ce = all m58 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 ! body ! =m ( :i* is an intellectual pr9ciple1 !re is "s o!r s\l8 7#d7 ,:e!r 9 ! body !re is any o!r sub/antial =m8 7#e7 ,( ! qualities requir$ 9 ! body ( :i* ! intellectual pr9ciple is ! =m8 7#f7 ,:e!r x be unit$ to su* a body by means ( ano!r body8 7#g7 ,:e!r by means ( an accid5t8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! s\l is :olly 9 ea* "p ( ! body8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,pr9ciple ,is ,unit$ to ! ,body ,z ,its ,=m8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! intellectual pr9ciple is n unit$ to ! body z its =m4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t ! intellect is sep>ate1 & t x is n ! act ( any body4 ,!re=e x is n unit$ to ! body z its =m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e =m is det]m9$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! matt] ( :i* x is ! =m2 o!rwise no proportion w\ld be requir$ betwe5 matt] & =m4 ,!re=e if ! intellect 7 unit$ to ! body z its =m1 s9ce e body has a det]m9ate nature1 x w\ld foll[ t ! intellect has a det]m9ate nature2 & ?us1 x w\ld n be capable ( kn[+ all ?+s1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b72 :i* is contr>y to ! nature ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! intellect is n unit$ to ! body z its =m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] receptive p[] is an act ( a body1 receives a =m mat]ially & individually2 = :at is receiv$ mu/ be receiv$ accord+ to ! condition ( ! receiv]4 ,b ! =m ( ! ?+ und]/ood is n receiv$ into ! intellect mat]ially & individually1 b r immat]ially & univ]sally3 o!rwise ! intellect w\ld n be capable ( ! k ( immat]ial & univ]sal objects1 b only ( individuals1 l ! s5ses4 ,!re=e ! intellect is n unit$ to ! body z its =m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 p[] & action h ! same subject2 = ! same subject is :at c1 & does1 act4 ,b ! intellectual action is n ! action ( a body1 z appe>s f above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e nei!r is ! intellectual faculty a p[] ( ! body4 ,b virtue or p[] _c be m ab/ract or m simple ?an ! ess5ce f :i* ! faculty or p[] is d]iv$4 ,!re=e nei!r is ! sub/ance ( ! intellect ! =m ( a body4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :atev] has p] se exi/5ce is n unit$ to ! body z its =m2 because a =m is t by :i* a ?+ exi/s3 s t ! v exi/5ce ( a =m does n belong to ! =m by itself4 ,b ! intellectual pr9ciple has p] se exi/5ce & is subsi/5t1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x is n unit$ to ! body z its =m4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 :atev] exi/s 9 a ?+ by reason ( its nature exi/s 9 x always4 ,b to be unit$ to matt] belongs to ! =m by reason ( its nature2 because =m is ! act ( matt]1 n by an accid5tal quality1 b by its own ess5ce2 o!rwise matt] & =m w\ld n make a ?+ sub/antially "o1 b only accid5tally "o4 ,!re=e a =m _c be )\t its own prop] matt]4 ,b ! intellectual pr9ciple1 s9ce x is incorruptible1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #f71 rema9s sep>ate f ! body1 aft] ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,!re=e ! intellectual pr9ciple is n unit$ to ! body z its =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph]1 ,metaph4 viii 7,did4 vii #b71 diff]5ce is d]iv$ f ! =m4 ,b ! diff]5ce :i* con/itutes man is rational1 :i* is appli$ to man on acc\nt ( 8 intellectual pr9ciple4 ,!re=e ! intellectual pr9ciple is ! =m ( man4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ ass]t t ! intellect :i* is ! pr9ciple ( intellectual op]ation is ! =m ( ! human body4 ,= t :]eby prim>ily any?+ acts is a =m ( ! ?+ to :i* ! act is to be attribut$3 = in/ance1 t :]eby a body is prim>ily heal$ is heal?1 & t :]eby ! s\l kn[s prim>ily is k2 h5ce heal? is a =m ( ! body1 & k is a =m ( ! s\l4 ,! reason is because no?+ acts except s f> z x is 9 act2 :]e=e a ?+ acts by t :]eby x is 9 act4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! fir/ ?+ by :i* ! body lives is ! s\l4 ,& z life appe>s ?r\gh v>i\s op]ations 9 diff]5t degrees ( liv+ ?+s1 t :]eby we prim>ily p]=m ea* ( all ^! vital actions is ! s\l4 ,= ! s\l is ! prim>y pr9ciple ( our n\ri%m5t1 s5sation1 & local movem5t2 & likewise ( our und]/&+4 ,!re=e ?is pr9ciple by :i* we prim>ily und]/&1 :e!r x be call$ ! intellect or ! intellectual s\l1 is ! =m ( ! body4 ,?is is ! demon/ration us$ by ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima ii1 #b74 ,b if anyone says t ! intellectual s\l is n ! =m ( ! body he mu/ fir/ expla9 h[ x is t ?is action ( und]/&+ is ! action ( ?is p>ticul> man2 = ea* "o is consci\s t x is himself :o und]/&s4 ,n[ an action may be attribut$ to anyone 9 ?ree ways1 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 v1 #a72 = a ?+ is said to move or act1 ei!r by virtue ( its :ole self1 = in/ance1 z a physician heals2 or by virtue ( a "p1 z a man sees by 8 eye2 or ?r\gh an accid5tal quality1 z :5 we say t some?+ t is :ite builds1 because x is accid5tal to ! build] to be :ite4 ,s :5 we say t ,socrates or ,plato und]/&s1 x is cle> t ?is is n attribut$ to him accid5tally2 s9ce x is ascrib$ to him z man1 :i* is pr$icat$ ( him ess5tially4 ,we mu/ !re=e say ei!r t ,socrates und]/&s by virtue ( 8 :ole self1 z ,plato ma9ta9$1 hold+ t man is an intellectual s\l2 or t intellig5ce is a "p ( ,socrates4 ,! fir/ _c /&1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #d71 = ?is reason1 t x is "o & ! same man :o is consci\s bo? t he und]/&s1 & t he s5ses4 ,b "o _c s5se )\t a body3 !re=e ! body mu/ be "s "p ( man4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! intellect by :i* ,socrates und]/&s is a "p ( ,socrates1 s t 9 "s way x is unit$ to ! body ( ,socrates4 ,! ,comm5tator held t ?is union is ?r\gh ! intelligible species1 z hav+ a d\ble subject1 9 ! possible intellect1 & 9 ! phantasms :i* are 9 ! corporeal organs4 ,?us ?r\gh ! intelligible species ! possible intellect is l9k$ to ! body ( ?is or t p>ticul> man4 ,b ?is l9k or union does n suffici5tly expla9 ! fact1 t ! act ( ! intellect is ! act ( ,socrates4 ,?is c be cle>ly se5 f comp>ison ) ! s5sitive faculty1 f :i* ,ari/otle proce$s to consid] ?+s relat+ to ! intellect4 ,= ! relation ( phantasms to ! intellect is l ! relation ( colors to ! s5se ( sight1 z he says ,de ,anima iii1 #e1g4 ,!re=e1 z ! species ( colors are 9 ! sight1 s are ! species ( phantasms 9 ! possible intellect4 ,n[ x is cle> t because ! colors1 ! images ( :i* are 9 ! sight1 are on a wall1 ! action ( see+ is n attribut$ to ! wall3 = we d n say t ! wall sees1 b r t x is se54 ,!re=e1 f ! fact t ! species ( phantasms are 9 ! possible intellect1 x does n foll[ t ,socrates1 9 :om are ! phantasms1 und]/&s1 b t he or 8 phantasms are und]/ood4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 tri$ to ma9ta9 t ! intellect is unit$ to ! body z its motor2 & h5ce t ! intellect & body =m "o ?+ s t ! act ( ! intellect c\ld be attribut$ to ! :ole4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 absurd = _m reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! intellect does n move ! body except ?r\gh ! appetite1 ! movem5t ( :i* presupposes ! op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,! reason !re=e :y ,socrates und]/&s is n because he is mov$ by 8 intellect1 b r1 contr>iwise1 he is mov$ by 8 intellect because he und]/&s4 ,secondly1 because s9ce ,socrates is an individual 9 a nature ( "o ess5ce compos$ ( matt] & =m1 if ! intellect be n ! =m1 x foll[s t x mu/ be outside ! ess5ce1 & !n ! intellect is ! :ole ,socrates z a motor to ! ?+ mov$4 ,:]eas ! act ( intellect rema9s 9 ! ag5t1 & does n pass into some?+ else1 z does ! action ( heat+4 ,!re=e ! action ( und]/&+ _c be attribut$ to ,socrates = ! reason t he is mov$ by 8 intellect4 ,?irdly1 because ! action ( a motor is nev] attribut$ to ! ?+ mov$1 except z to an in/rum5t2 z ! action ( a c>p5t] to a saw4 ,!re=e if und]/&+ is attribut$ to ,socrates1 z ! action ( :at moves him1 x foll[s t x is attribut$ to him z to an in/rum5t4 ,?is is contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,philosoph]1 :o holds t und]/&+ is n possible ?r\gh a corporeal in/rum5t 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,f\r?ly1 because1 al?\gh ! action ( a "p be attribut$ to ! :ole1 z ! action ( ! eye is attribut$ to a man2 yet x is nev] attribut$ to ano!r "p1 except p]haps indirectly2 = we d n say t ! h& sees because ! eye sees4 ,!re=e if ! intellect & ,socrates are unit$ 9 ! above mann]1 ! action ( ! intellect _c be attribut$ to ,socrates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,socrates be a :ole compos$ ( a union ( ! intellect ) :atev] else belongs to ,socrates1 & /ill ! intellect be unit$ to ^? o!r ?+s only z a motor1 x foll[s t ,socrates is n "o absolutely1 & consequ5tly nei!r a be+ absolutely1 = a ?+ is a be+ accord+ z x is "o4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 no o!r explanation ?an t giv5 by ,ari/otle--namely1 t ?is p>ticul> man und]/&s1 because ! intellectual pr9ciple is 8 =m4 ,?us f ! v op]ation ( ! intellect x is made cle> t ! intellectual pr9ciple is unit$ to ! body z its =m4 ,! same c be cle>ly %[n f ! nature ( ! human species4 ,= ! nature ( ea* ?+ is %[n by its op]ation4 ,n[ ! prop] op]ation ( man z man is to und]/&2 because he !reby surpasses all o!r animals4 ,:5ce ,ari/otle concludes 7,e?ic4 x1 #g7 t ! ultimate happ9ess ( man mu/ consi/ 9 ?is op]ation z prop]ly belong+ to him4 ,man mu/ !re=e d]ive 8 species f t :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ?is op]ation4 ,b ! species ( any?+ is d]iv$ f its =m4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! intellectual pr9ciple is ! prop] =m ( man4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve t ! nobl] a =m is1 ! m x rises above corporeal matt]1 ! less x is m]g$ 9 matt]1 & ! m x excels matt] by its p[] & its op]ation2 h5ce we f9d t ! =m ( a mix$ body has ano!r op]ation n caus$ by its elem5tal qualities4 ,& ! high] we advance 9 ! nobility ( =ms1 ! m we f9d t ! p[] ( ! =m excels ! elem5t>y matt]2 z ! vegetative s\l excels ! =m ( ! metal1 & ! s5sitive s\l excels ! vegetative s\l4 ,n[ ! human s\l is ! highe/ & noble/ ( =ms4 ,:]e=e x excels corporeal matt] 9 its p[] by ! fact t x has an op]ation & a p[] 9 :i* corporeal matt] has no %>e :atev]4 ,?is p[] is call$ ! intellect4 ,x is well to rem>k t if anyone holds t ! s\l is compos$ ( matt] & =m1 x w\ld foll[ t 9 no way c\ld ! s\l be ! =m ( ! body4 ,= s9ce ! =m is an act1 & matt] is only 9 pot5tiality1 t :i* is compos$ ( matt] & =m _c be ! =m ( ano!r by virtue ( itself z a :ole4 ,b if x is a =m by virtue ( "s "p ( itself1 !n t "p :i* is ! =m we call ! s\l1 & t ( :i* x is ! =m we call ! prim>y animate1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #b71 ! ultimate natural =m to :i* ! consid]ation ( ! natural philosoph] is direct$ is inde$ sep>ate2 yet x exi/s 9 matt]4 ,he proves ?is f ! fact t man & ! sun g5]ate man f matt]4 ,x is sep>ate inde$ accord+ to its intellectual p[]1 because ! intellectual p[] does n belong to a corporeal organ1 z ! p[] ( see+ is ! act ( ! eye2 = und]/&+ is an act :i* _c be p]=m$ by a corporeal organ1 l ! act ( see+4 ,b x exi/s 9 matt] s f> z ! s\l itself1 to :i* ?is p[] belongs1 is ! =m ( ! body1 & ! t]m ( human g5]ation4 ,& s ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii7 t ! intellect is sep>ate1 because x is n ! faculty ( a corporeal organ4 ,f ?is x is cle> h[ to answ] ! ,second & ,?ird objections3 s9ce1 9 ord] t man may be able to und]/& all ?+s by means ( 8 intellect1 & t 8 intellect may und]/& immat]ial ?+s & univ]sals1 x is suffici5t t ! intellectual p[] be n ! act ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! human s\l1 by reason ( its p]fection1 is n a =m m]g$ 9 matt]1 or entirely embrac$ by matt]4 ,!re=e !re is no?+ to prev5t "s p[] !re( n be+ ! act ( ! body1 al?\gh ! s\l is ess5tially ! =m ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! s\l communicates t exi/5ce 9 :i* x subsi/s to ! corporeal matt]1 out ( :i* & ! intellectual s\l !re results unity ( exi/5ce2 s t ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole composite is also ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,?is is n ! case ) o!r non-subsi/5t =ms4 ,= ?is reason ! human s\l reta9s its own exi/5ce aft] ! dissolution ( ! body2 :]eas x is n s ) o!r =ms4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,to be unit$ to ! body belongs to ! s\l by reason ( itself1 z x belongs to a light body by reason ( itself to be rais$ up4 ,& z a light body rema9s light1 :5 remov$ f its prop] place1 reta9+ mean:ile an aptitude & an incl9ation = its prop] place2 s ! human s\l reta9s its prop] exi/5ce :5 sep>at$ f ! body1 hav+ an aptitude & a natural incl9ation to be unit$ to ! body4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,pr9ciple ,is ,multipli$ ,accord+ to ! ,numb] ( ,bodies8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual pr9ciple is n multipli$ accord+ to ! numb] ( bodies1 b t !re is "o intellect 9 all m54 ,= an immat]ial sub/ance is n multipli$ 9 numb] )9 "o species4 ,b ! human s\l is an immat]ial sub/ance2 s9ce x is n compos$ ( matt] & =m z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e !re are n _m human s\ls 9 "o species4 ,b all m5 are ( "o species4 ,!re=e !re is b "o intellect 9 all m54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :5 ! cause is remov$1 ! effect is also remov$4 ,!re=e1 if human s\ls 7 multipli$ accord+ to ! numb] ( bodies1 x foll[s t ! bodies be+ remov$1 ! numb] ( s\ls w\ld n rema92 b f all ! s\ls !re w\ld be b a s+le rema9d]4 ,?is is h]etical2 = x w\ld d away ) ! di/9ction ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if my intellect is di/9ct f y\r intellect1 my intellect is an individual1 & s is y\rs2 = individuals are ?+s :i* diff] 9 numb] b agree 9 "o species4 ,n[ :atev] is receiv$ into any?+ mu/ be receiv$ accord+ to ! condition ( ! receiv]4 ,!re=e ! species ( ?+s w\ld be receiv$ individually into my intellect1 & also into y\rs3 :i* is contr>y to ! nature ( ! intellect :i* kn[s univ]sals4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ?+ und]/ood is 9 ! intellect :i* und]/&s4 ,if1 !re=e1 my intellect is di/9ct f y\rs1 :at is und]/ood by me mu/ be di/9ct f :at is und]/ood by y2 & consequ5tly x w be reckon$ z some?+ individual1 & be only pot5tially some?+ und]/ood2 s t ! common int5tion w h to be ab/ract$ f bo?2 s9ce f ?+s div]se some?+ intelligible common to !m may be ab/ract$4 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! nature ( ! intellect2 = !n ! intellect w\ld seem n to be di/9ct f ! imag9ation4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 to foll[ t !re is "o intellect 9 all m54 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :5 ! disciple receives k f ! ma/]1 x _c be said t ! ma/]'s k begets k 9 ! disciple1 because !n also k w\ld be an active =m1 su* z heat is1 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! same individual k :i* is 9 ! ma/] is communicat$ to ! disciple2 :i* _c be1 unless !re is "o intellect 9 bo?4 ,seem+ly1 !re=e1 ! intellect ( ! disciple & ma/] is b "o2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! same applies to all m54 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,quant4 ,animae xxxii7 says3 ,if ,i 7 to say t !re are _m human s\ls1 ,i %\ld laugh at myself4 ,b ! s\l seems to be "o *iefly on acc\nt ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e !re is "o intellect ( all m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #c7 t ! relation ( univ]sal causes to univ]sals is l ! relation ( p>ticul> causes to individuals4 ,b x is impossible t a s\l1 "o 9 species1 %\ld belong to animals ( diff]5t species4 ,!re=e x is impossible t "o individual intellectual s\l %\ld belong to sev]al individuals4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is absolutely impossible = "o intellect to belong to all m54 ,?is is cle> if1 z ,plato ma9ta9$1 man is ! intellect itself4 ,= x w\ld foll[ t ,socrates & ,plato are "o man2 & t !y are n di/9ct f ea* o!r1 except by some?+ outside ! ess5ce ( ea*4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,socrates & ,plato w\ld be no o!r ?an t ( "o man ) a tunic & ano!r ) a cloak2 :i* is q absurd4 ,x is likewise cle> t ?is is impossible if1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima ii1 #b71 x is suppos$ t ! intellect is a "p or a p[] ( ! s\l :i* is ! =m ( man4 ,= x is impossible = _m di/9ct individuals to h "o =m1 z x is impossible = !m to h "o exi/5ce1 = ! =m is ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce4 ,aga91 ?is is cle>ly impossible1 :atev] "o may hold z to ! mann] ( ! union ( ! intellect to ?is or t man4 ,= x is manife/ t1 suppos+ !re is "o pr9cipal ag5t1 & two in/rum5ts1 we c say t !re is "o ag5t absolutely1 b sev]al actions2 z :5 "o man t\*es sev]al ?+s ) 8 two h&s1 !re w be "o :o t\*es1 b two contacts4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we suppose "o in/rum5t & sev]al pr9cipal ag5ts1 we might say t !re are sev]al ag5ts1 b "o act2 = example1 if !re be _m draw+ a %ip by means ( a rope2 !re w be _m draw+1 b "o pull4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is "o pr9cipal ag5t1 & "o in/rum5t1 we say t !re is "o ag5t & "o action1 z :5 ! smi? /rikes ) "o hamm]1 !re is "o /rik] & "o /roke4 ,n[ x is cle> t no matt] h[ ! intellect is unit$ or c\pl$ to ?is or t man1 ! intellect has ! prec$5ce ( all ! o!r ?+s :i* app]ta9 to man2 = ! s5sitive p[]s obey ! intellect1 & are at its s]vice4 ,!re=e1 if we suppose two m5 to h sev]al intellects & "o s5se--= in/ance1 if two m5 _h "o eye--!re w\ld be sev]al se]s1 b "o sight4 ,b if !re is "o intellect1 no matt] h[ div]se may be all ^? ?+s ( :i* ! intellect makes use z in/rum5ts1 9 no way is x possible to say t ,socrates & ,plato are o!rwise ?an "o und]/&+ man4 ,& if to ?is we add t to und]/&1 :i* is ! act ( ! intellect1 is n affect$ by any organ o!r ?an ! intellect itself2 x w fur!r foll[ t !re is b "o ag5t & "o action3 t is to say t all m5 are b "o und]/&]1 & h b "o act ( und]/&+1 9 reg>d1 t is1 ( "o intelligible object4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be possible to di/+ui% my intellectual action f y\rs by ! di/9ction ( ! phantasms--t is to say1 7 !re "o phantasm ( a /one 9 me1 & ano!r 9 y--if ! phantasm itself1 z x is "o ?+ 9 me & ano!r 9 y1 7 a =m ( ! possible intellect2 s9ce ! same ag5t accord+ to div]s =ms produces div]s actions2 z1 accord+ to div]s =ms ( ?+s ) reg>d to ! same eye1 !re are div]s visions4 ,b ! phantasm itself is n a =m ( ! possible intellect2 x is ! intelligible species ab/ract$ f ! phantasm t is a =m4 ,n[ 9 "o intellect1 f diff]5t phantasms ( ! same species1 only "o intelligible species is ab/ract$2 z appe>s 9 "o man1 9 :om !re may be diff]5t phantasms ( a /one2 yet f all ( !m only "o intelligible species ( a /one is ab/ract$2 by :i* ! intellect ( t "o man1 by "o op]ation1 und]/&s ! nature ( a /one1 not)/&+ ! div]sity ( phantasms4 ,!re=e1 if !re 7 "o intellect = all m51 ! div]sity ( phantasms :i* are 9 ?is "o & t "o w\ld n cause a div]sity ( intellectual op]ation 9 ?is man & t man4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t x is altoge!r impossible & unreasonable to ma9ta9 t !re exi/s "o intellect = all m54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! intellectual s\l1 l an angel1 has no matt] f :i* x is produc$1 yet x is ! =m ( a c]ta9 matt]2 9 :i* x is unlike an angel4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ! division ( matt]1 !re are _m s\ls ( "o species2 :ile x is q impossible = _m angels to be ( "o species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev]y?+ has unity 9 ! same way t x has be+2 consequ5tly we mu/ judge ( ! multiplicity ( a ?+ z we judge ( its be+4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! intellectual s\l1 by virtue ( its v be+1 is unit$ to ! body z its =m2 yet1 aft] ! dissolution ( ! body1 ! intellectual s\l reta9s its own be+4 ,9 l mann] ! multiplicity ( s\ls is 9 proportion to ! multiplicity ( ! bodies2 yet1 aft] ! dissolution ( ! bodies1 ! s\ls reta9 _! multipli$ be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,individuality ( ! intellig5t be+1 or ( ! species :]eby x und]/&s1 does n exclude ! und]/&+ ( univ]sals2 o!rwise1 s9ce sep>ate intellects are subsi/5t sub/ances1 & consequ5tly individual1 !y c\ld n und]/& univ]sals4 ,b ! mat]iality ( ! kn[]1 & ( ! species :]eby x kn[s1 imp$es ! k ( ! univ]sal4 ,= z e action is accord+ to ! mode ( ! =m by :i* ! ag5t acts1 z heat+ is accord+ to ! mode ( ! heat2 s k is accord+ to ! mode ( ! species by :i* ! kn[] kn[s4 ,n[ x is cle> t common nature becomes di/9ct & multipli$ by reason ( ! individuat+ pr9ciples :i* come f ! matt]4 ,!re=e if ! =m1 :i* is ! means ( k1 is mat]ial--t is1 n ab/ract$ f mat]ial conditions--its lik5ess to ! nature ( a species or g5us w be accord+ to ! di/9ction & multiplication ( t nature by means ( individuat+ pr9ciples2 s t k ( ! nature ( a ?+ 9 g5]al w be impossible4 ,b if ! species be ab/ract$ f ! conditions ( individual matt]1 !re w be a lik5ess ( ! nature )\t ^? ?+s :i* make x di/9ct & multipli$2 ?us !re w be k ( ! univ]sal4 ,nor does x matt]1 z to ?is p>ticul> po9t1 :e!r !re be "o intellect or _m2 because1 ev5 if !re 7 b "o1 x w\ld necess>ily be an individual intellect1 & ! species :]eby x und]/&s1 an individual species4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:e!r ! intellect be "o or _m1 :at is und]/ood is "o2 = :at is und]/ood is 9 ! intellect1 n accord+ to its own nature1 b accord+ to its lik5ess2 = ! /one is n 9 ! s\l1 b its lik5ess is1 z is said1 ,de ,anima iii1 #h4 ,yet x is ! /one :i* is und]/ood1 n ! lik5ess ( ! /one2 except by a reflection ( ! intellect on itself3 o!rwise1 ! objects ( sci5ces w\ld n be ?+s1 b only intelligible species4 ,n[ x happ5s t diff]5t ?+s1 accord+ to diff]5t =ms1 are lik5$ to ! same ?+4 ,& s9ce k is begott5 accord+ to ! assimilation ( ! kn[] to ! ?+ kn[n1 x foll[s t ! same ?+ may happ5 to be kn[n by sev]al kn[]s2 z is app>5t 9 reg>d to ! s5ses2 = sev]al see ! same color1 accord+ to diff]5t lik5esses4 ,9 ! same way sev]al intellects und]/& "o object und]/ood4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 betwe5 ! s5se & ! intellig5ce--t a ?+ is p]ceiv$ by ! s5se accord+ to ! disposition :i* x has outside ! s\l--t is1 9 its individuality2 :]eas ! nature ( ! ?+ und]/ood is inde$ outside ! s\l1 b ! mode accord+ to :i* x exi/s outside ! s\l is n ! mode accord+ to :i* x is und]/ood4 ,= ! common nature is und]/ood z ap>t f ! individuat+ pr9ciples2 :]eas su* is n its mode ( exi/5ce outside ! s\l4 ,b1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,plato1 ! ?+ und]/ood exi/s outside ! s\l 9 ! same condition z ^? "u :i* x is und]/ood2 = he suppos$ t ! natures ( ?+s exi/ sep>ate f matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,"o k exi/s 9 ! disciple & ano!r 9 ! ma/]4 ,h[ x is caus$ w be %[n lat] on 7,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,augu/9e d5ies a plurality ( s\ls1 t w\ld involve a plurality ( species4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,besides ! ,intellectual ,s\l ,!re ,are 9 ,man ,o!r ,s\ls ,ess5tially ,diff]5t f ,"o ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t besides ! intellectual s\l !re are 9 man o!r s\ls ess5tially diff]5t f "o ano!r1 su* z ! s5sitive s\l & ! nutritive s\l4 ,= corruptible & incorruptible are n ( ! same sub/ance4 ,b ! intellectual s\l is incorruptible2 :]eas ! o!r s\ls1 z ! s5sitive & ! nutritive1 are corruptible1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e 9 man ! ess5ce ( ! intellectual s\l1 ! s5sitive s\l1 & ! nutritive s\l1 _c be ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if x be said t ! s5sitive s\l 9 man is incorruptible2 on ! contr>y1 corruptible & incorruptible diff] g5]ically1 says ! ,philosoph]1 ,metaph4 x 7,did4 ix1 #aj74 ,b ! s5sitive s\l 9 ! horse1 ! lion1 & o!r brute animals1 is corruptible4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 man x be incorruptible1 ! s5sitive s\l 9 man & brute animals w n be ( ! same g5us4 ,n[ an animal is s call$ f its hav+ a s5sitive s\l2 &1 !re=e1 animal w n be "o g5us common to man & o!r animals1 :i* is absurd4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says1 ,metaph4 viii 7,did4 vii1 #b71 t ! g5us is tak5 f ! matt]1 & diff]5ce f ! =m4 ,b rational1 :i* is ! diff]5ce con/itut+ man1 is tak5 f ! intellectual s\l2 :ile he is call$ animal by reason ( 8 hav+ a body animat$ by a s5sitive s\l4 ,!re=e ! intellectual s\l may be comp>$ to ! body animat$ by a s5sitive s\l1 z =m to matt]4 ,!re=e 9 man ! intellectual s\l is n ess5tially ! same z ! s5sitive s\l1 b presupposes x z a mat]ial subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ! book ,de ,ecclesia/icis ,dogmatibus xv3 ,nor d we say t !re are two s\ls 9 "o man1 z ,james & o!r ,syrians write2 "o1 animal1 by :i* ! body is animat$1 & :i* is m+l$ ) ! blood2 ! o!r1 spiritual1 :i* obeys ! reason2 b we say t x is "o & ! same s\l 9 man1 t bo? gives life to ! body by be+ unit$ to x1 & ord]s itself by its own reason+4 ,i answ] t1 ,plato held t !re 7 sev]al s\ls 9 "o body1 di/9ct ev5 z to organs1 to :i* s\ls he ref]r$ ! diff]5t vital actions1 say+ t ! nutritive p[] is 9 ! liv]1 ! concupiscible 9 ! he>t1 & ! p[] ( k 9 ! bra94 ,:i* op9ion is reject$ by ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima ii1 #b71 ) reg>d to ^? p>ts ( ! s\l :i* use corporeal organs2 = ?is reason1 t 9 ^? animals :i* cont9ue to live :5 !y h be5 divid$ 9 ea* "p are obs]v$ ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 z s5se & appetite4 ,n[ ?is w\ld n be ! case if ! v>i\s pr9ciples ( ! s\l's op]ations 7 ess5tially diff]5t1 & di/ribut$ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,b ) reg>d to ! intellectual "p1 he seems to leave x 9 d\bt :e!r x be only logically di/9ct f ! o!r p>ts ( ! s\l1 or also locally4 ,! op9ion ( ,plato might be ma9ta9$ if1 z he held1 ! s\l 0 suppos$ to be unit$ to ! body1 n z its =m1 b z its motor4 ,= x involves no?+ unreasonable t ! same movable ?+ be mov$ by sev]al motors2 & /ill less if x be mov$ accord+ to its v>i\s p>ts4 ,if we suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! s\l is unit$ to ! body z its =m1 x is q impossible = sev]al ess5tially diff]5t s\ls to be 9 "o body4 ,?is c be made cle> by ?ree diff]5t reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 an animal w\ld n be absolutely "o1 9 :i* !re 7 sev]al s\ls4 ,= no?+ is absolutely "o except by "o =m1 by :i* a ?+ has exi/5ce3 because a ?+ has f ! same s\rce bo? exi/5ce & unity2 & !re=e ?+s :i* are d5om9at$ by v>i\s =ms are n absolutely "o2 z1 = in/ance1 a :ite man4 ,if1 !re=e1 man 7 liv+ by "o =m1 ! vegetative s\l1 & animal by ano!r =m1 ! s5sitive s\l1 & man by ano!r =m1 ! intellectual s\l1 x w\ld foll[ t man is n absolutely "o4 ,?us ,ari/otle argues1 ,metaph4 viii 7,did4 vii1 #f71 aga9/ ,plato1 t if ! idea ( an animal is di/9ct f ! idea ( a bip$1 !n a bip$ animal is n absolutely "o4 ,= ?is reason1 aga9/ ^? :o hold t !re are sev]al s\ls 9 ! body1 he asks 7,de ,anima i1 #e71 :at conta9s !m8--t is1 :at makes !m "o8 ,x _c be said t !y are unit$ by ! "o body2 because r does ! s\l conta9 ! body & make x "o1 ?an ! rev]se4 ,secondly1 ?is is prov$ to be impossible by ! mann] 9 :i* "o ?+ is pr$icat$ ( ano!r4 ,^? ?+s :i* are d]iv$ f v>i\s =ms are pr$icat$ ( "o ano!r1 ei!r accid5tally1 7if ! =ms are n ord]$ to "o ano!r1 z :5 we say t some?+ :ite is sweet71 or ess5tially1 9 ! second mann] ( ess5tial pr$ication1 7if ! =ms are ord]$ "o to ano!r1 ! subject belong+ to ! def9ition ( ! pr$icate2 z a surface is presuppos$ to color2 s t if we say t a body ) a surface is color$1 we h ! second mann] ( ess5tial pr$ication47 ,!re=e1 if we h "o =m by :i* a ?+ is an animal1 & ano!r =m by :i* x is a man1 x foll[s ei!r t "o ( ^! two ?+s c\ld n be pr$icat$ ( ! o!r1 except accid5tally1 suppos+ ^! two =ms n to be ord]$ to "o ano!r--or t "o w\ld be pr$icat$ ( ! o!r accord+ to ! second mann] ( ess5tial pr$ication1 if "o s\l be presuppos$ to ! o!r4 ,b bo? ( ^! consequ5ces are cle>ly false3 because animal is pr$icat$ ( man ess5tially & n accid5tally2 & man is n "p ( ! def9ition ( an animal1 b ! o!r way ab\t4 ,!re=e ( necessity by ! same =m a ?+ is animal & man2 o!rwise man w\ld n really be ! ?+ :i* is an animal1 s t animal c be ess5tially pr$icat$ ( man4 ,?irdly1 ?is is %[n to be impossible by ! fact t :5 "o op]ation ( ! s\l is int5se x imp$es ano!r1 :i* c\ld nev] be ! case unless ! pr9ciple ( action 7 ess5tially "o4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t 9 man ! s5sitive s\l1 ! intellectual s\l1 & ! nutritive s\l are num]ically "o s\l4 ,?is c easily be expla9$1 if we consid] ! diff]5ces ( species & =ms4 ,= we obs]ve t ! species & =ms ( ?+s diff] f "o ano!r1 z ! p]fect & imp]fect2 z 9 ! ord] ( ?+s1 ! animate are m p]fect ?an ! inanimate1 & animals m p]fect ?an plants1 & man ?an brute animals2 & 9 ea* ( ^! g5]a !re are v>i\s degrees4 ,= ?is reason ,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 viii 7,did4 vii1 #c71 comp>es ! species ( ?+s to numb]s1 :i* diff] 9 species by ! addition or subtraction ( unity4 ,& 7,de ,anima ii1 #c7 he comp>es ! v>i\s s\ls to ! species ( figures1 "o ( :i* conta9s ano!r2 z a p5tagon conta9s & exce$s a tetragon4 ,?us ! intellectual s\l conta9s virtually :atev] belongs to ! s5sitive s\l ( brute animals1 & to ! nutritive s\ls ( plants4 ,!re=e1 z a surface :i* is ( a p5tagonal %ape1 is n tetragonal by "o %ape1 & p5tagonal by ano!r--s9ce a tetragonal %ape w\ld be sup]flu\s z conta9$ 9 ! p5tagonal--s nei!r is ,socrates a man by "o s\l1 & animal by ano!r2 b by "o & ! same s\l he is bo? animal & man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s5sitive s\l is incorruptible1 n by reason ( its be+ s5sitive1 b by reason ( its be+ intellectual4 ,:51 !re=e1 a s\l is s5sitive only1 x is corruptible2 b :5 ) s5sibility x has also intellectuality1 x is incorruptible4 ,= al?\gh s5sibility does n give incorruptibility1 yet x _c deprive intellectuality ( its incorruptibility4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n =ms1 b composites1 are classifi$ ei!r g5]ically or specifically4 ,n[ man is corruptible l o!r animals4 ,& s ! diff]5ce ( corruptible & incorruptible :i* is on ! "p ( ! =ms does n involve a g5]ic diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! o!r animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! embryo has fir/ ( all a s\l :i* is m]ely s5sitive1 & :5 ?is is remov$1 x is supplant$ by a m p]fect s\l1 :i* is bo? s5sitive & intellectual3 z w be %[n fur!r on 7,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we mu/ n consid] ! div]sity ( natural ?+s z proce$+ f ! v>i\s logical notions or int5tions1 :i* fl[ f our mann] ( und]/&+1 because reason c appreh5d "o & ! same ?+ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!re=e s9ce1 z we h said1 ! intellectual s\l conta9s virtually :at belongs to ! s5sitive s\l1 & some?+ m1 reason c consid] sep>ately :at belongs to ! p[] ( ! s5sitive s\l1 z some?+ imp]fect & mat]ial4 ,& because x obs]ves t ?is is some?+ common to man & to o!r animals1 x =ms !nce ! notion ( ! g5us2 :ile t :]e9 ! intellectual s\l exce$s ! s5sitive s\l1 x takes z =mal & p]fect+2 !nce x ga!rs ! diff]5ce ( man4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r 9 ,man ,!re ,is ,ano!r ,=m ,besides ! ,intellectual ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 man !re is ano!r =m besides ! intellectual s\l4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #a71 t ! s\l is ! act ( a physical body :i* has life pot5tially4 ,!re=e ! s\l is to ! body z a =m ( matt]4 ,b ! body has a sub/antial =m by :i* x is a body4 ,!re=e "s o!r sub/antial =m 9 ! body prec$es ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man moves himself z e animal does4 ,n[ ev]y?+ t moves itself is divid$ into two p>ts1 ( :i* "o moves1 & ! o!r is mov$1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #e74 ,b ! "p :i* moves is ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! o!r "p mu/ be su* t x c be mov$4 ,b prim>y matt] _c be mov$ 7,phys4 v1 #a71 s9ce x is a be+ only pot5tially2 inde$ ev]y?+ t is mov$ is a body4 ,!re=e 9 man & 9 e animal !re mu/ be ano!r sub/antial =m1 by :i* ! body is con/itut$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ord] ( =ms dep5ds on _! relation to prim>y matt]2 = be=e & aft] apply by comp>ison to "s beg9n+4 ,!re=e if !re 7 n 9 man "s o!r sub/antial =m besides ! rational s\l1 & if ?is 7 to inh]e imm$iately to prim>y matt]2 x w\ld foll[ t x ranks among ! mo/ imp]fect =ms :i* inh]e to matt] imm$iately4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! human body is a mix$ body4 ,n[ m+l+ does n result f matt] alone2 = !n we %\ld h m]e corruption4 ,!re=e ! =ms ( ! elem5ts mu/ rema9 9 a mix$ body2 & ^! are sub/antial =ms4 ,!re=e 9 ! human body !re are o!r sub/antial =ms besides ! intellectual s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,( "o ?+ !re is b "o sub/antial be+4 ,b ! sub/antial =m gives sub/antial be+4 ,!re=e ( "o ?+ !re is b "o sub/antial =m4 ,b ! s\l is ! sub/antial =m ( man4 ,!re=e x is impossible = !re to be 9 man ano!r sub/antial =m besides ! intellectual s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we suppose t ! intellectual s\l is n unit$ to ! body z its =m1 b only z its motor1 z ! ,platoni/s ma9ta91 x w\ld necess>ily foll[ t 9 man !re is ano!r sub/antial =m1 by :i* ! body is e/abli%$ 9 its be+ z movable by ! s\l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! intellectual s\l be unit$ to ! body z its sub/antial =m1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a71 x is impossible = ano!r sub/antial =m besides ! intellectual s\l to be f\nd 9 man4 ,9 ord] to make ?is evid5t1 we mu/ consid] t ! sub/antial =m diff]s f ! accid5tal =m 9 ?is1 t ! accid5tal =m does n make a ?+ to be simply1 b to be su*1 z heat does n make a ?+ to be simply1 b only to be hot4 ,!re=e by ! com+ ( ! accid5tal =m a ?+ is n said to be made or g5]at$ simply1 b to be made su*1 or to be 9 "s p>ticul> condition2 & 9 l mann]1 :5 an accid5tal =m is remov$1 a ?+ is said to be corrupt$1 n simply1 b relatively4 ,n[ ! sub/antial =m gives be+ simply2 !re=e by its com+ a ?+ is said to be g5]at$ simply2 & by its removal to be corrupt$ simply4 ,= ?is reason1 ! old natural philosoph]s1 :o held t prim>y matt] 0 "s actual be+--= in/ance1 fire or air1 or some?+ ( t sort--ma9ta9$ t no?+ is g5]at$ simply1 or corrupt$ simply2 & /at$ t e becom+ is no?+ b an alt]ation1 z we read1 ,phys4 i1 #d4 ,!re=e1 if besides ! intellectual s\l !re pre-exi/$ 9 matt] ano!r sub/antial =m by :i* ! subject ( ! s\l 7 made an actual be+1 x w\ld foll[ t ! s\l does n give be+ simply2 & consequ5tly t x is n ! sub/antial =m3 & s at ! adv5t ( ! s\l !re w\ld n be simple g5]ation2 nor at its removal simple corruption1 all ( :i* is cle>ly false4 ,:5ce we mu/ conclude1 t !re is no o!r sub/antial =m 9 man besides ! intellectual s\l2 & t ! s\l1 z x virtually conta9s ! s5sitive & nutritive s\ls1 s does x virtually conta9 all inf]ior =ms1 & itself alone does :atev] ! imp]fect =ms d 9 o!r ?+s4 ,! same is to be said ( ! s5sitive s\l 9 brute animals1 & ( ! nutritive s\l 9 plants1 & univ]sally ( all m p]fect =ms ) reg>d to ! imp]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ari/otle does n say t ! s\l is ! act ( a body only1 b ! act ( a physical organic body :i* has life pot5tially2 & t ?is pot5tiality does n reject ! s\l4 ,:5ce x is cle> t :5 ! s\l is call$ ! act1 ! s\l itself is includ$2 z :5 we say t heat is ! act ( :at is hot1 & light ( :at is lucid2 n z ?\gh lucid & light 7 two sep>ate ?+s1 b because a ?+ is made lucid by ! light4 ,9 l mann]1 ! s\l is said to be ! act ( a body1 etc41 because by ! s\l x is a body1 & is organic1 & has life pot5tially4 ,yet ! fir/ act is said to be 9 pot5tiality to ! second act1 :i* is op]ation2 = su* a pot5tiality does n reject--t is1 does n exclude--! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! s\l does n move ! body by its ess5ce1 z ! =m ( ! body1 b by ! motive p[]1 ! act ( :i* presupposes ! body to be already actualiz$ by ! s\l3 s t ! s\l by its motive p[] is ! "p :i* moves2 & ! animate body is ! "p mov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we obs]ve 9 matt] v>i\s degrees ( p]fection1 z exi/5ce1 liv+1 s5s+1 & und]/&+4 ,n[ :at is add$ is always m p]fect4 ,!re=e t =m :i* gives matt] only ! fir/ degree ( p]fection is ! mo/ imp]fect2 :ile t =m :i* gives ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird degree1 & s on1 is ! mo/ p]fect3 & yet x inh]es to matt] imm$iately4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,avic5na held t ! sub/antial =ms ( ! elem5ts rema9 entire 9 ! mix$ body2 & t ! mixture is made by ! contr>y qualities ( ! elem5ts be+ r$uc$ to an av]age4 ,b ?is is impossible1 because ! v>i\s =ms ( ! elem5ts mu/ necess>ily be 9 v>i\s p>ts ( matt]2 = ! di/9ction ( :i* we mu/ suppose dim5sions1 )\t :i* matt] _c be divisible4 ,n[ matt] subject to dim5sion is n to be f\nd except 9 a body4 ,b v>i\s bodies _c be 9 ! same place4 ,:5ce x foll[s t elem5ts 9 ! mix$ body w\ld be di/9ct z to situation4 ,& !n !re w\ld n be a real mixture :i* is 9 respect ( ! :ole2 b only a mixture app>5t to s5se1 by ! juxtaposition ( p>ticles4 ,av]roes ma9ta9$ t ! =ms ( elem5ts1 by reason ( _! imp]fection1 are a m$ium betwe5 accid5tal & sub/antial =ms1 & s c be m or less2 & !re=e 9 ! mixture !y are modifi$ & r$uc$ to an av]age1 s t "o =m em]ges f !m4 ,b ?is is ev5 /ill m impossible4 ,= ! sub/antial be+ ( ea* ?+ consi/s 9 some?+ indivisible1 & e addition & subtraction v>ies ! species1 z 9 numb]s1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 viii 7,did4 vii1 #c72 & consequ5tly x is impossible = any sub/antial =m to receive m or less4 ,nor is x less impossible = any?+ to be a m$ium betwe5 sub/ance & accid5t4 ,!re=e we mu/ say1 9 accordance ) ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #aj71 t ! =ms ( ! elem5ts rema9 9 ! mix$ body1 n actually b virtually4 ,= ! prop] qualities ( ! elem5ts rema91 ?\gh modifi$2 & 9 !m is ! p[] ( ! elem5t>y =ms4 ,?is quality ( ! mixture is ! prop] disposition = ! sub/antial =m ( ! mix$ body2 = in/ance1 ! =m ( a /one1 or ( any sort ( s\l4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,s\l ,is ,prop]ly ,unit$ to ,su* a ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual s\l is improp]ly unit$ to su* a body4 ,= matt] mu/ be proportionate to ! =m4 ,b ! intellectual s\l is incorruptible4 ,!re=e x is n prop]ly unit$ to a corruptible body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! intellectual s\l is a p]fectly immat]ial =m2 a pro( :]e( is its op]ation 9 :i* corporeal matt] does n %>e4 ,b ! m subtle is ! body1 ! less has x ( matt]4 ,!re=e ! s\l %\ld be unit$ to a mo/ subtle body1 to fire1 = in/ance1 & n to a mix$ body1 /ill less to a t]re/rial body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! =m is ! pr9ciple ( ! species1 "o =m _c produce a v>iety ( species4 ,b ! intellectual s\l is "o =m4 ,!re=e1 x %\ld n be unit$ to a body :i* is compos$ ( p>ts belong+ to v>i\s species4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :at is susceptible ( a m p]fect =m %\ld itself be m p]fect4 ,b ! intellectual s\l is ! mo/ p]fect ( s\ls4 ,!re=e s9ce ! bodies ( o!r animals are naturally provid$ ) a cov]+1 = in/ance1 ) hair in/ead ( clo!s1 & ho(s in/ead ( %oes2 & are1 moreov]1 naturally provid$ ) arms1 z claws1 tee?1 & horns2 x seems t ! intellectual s\l %\ld n h be5 unit$ to a body :i* is imp]fect z be+ depriv$ ( ! above means ( protection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #a71 t ! s\l is ! act ( a physical organic body hav+ life pot5tially4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! =m is n = ! matt]1 b r ! matt] = ! =m1 we mu/ ga!r f ! =m ! reason :y ! matt] is su* z x is2 & n conv]sely4 ,n[ ! intellectual s\l1 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b7 9 ! ord] ( nature1 holds ! l[e/ place among intellectual sub/ances2 inasmu* z x is n naturally gift$ ) ! k ( tru?1 z ! angels are2 b has to ga!r k f individual ?+s by way ( ! s5ses1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii74 ,b nature nev] fails 9 necess>y ?+s3 !re=e ! intellectual s\l _h to be end[$ n only ) ! p[] ( und]/&+1 b also ) ! p[] ( feel+4 ,n[ ! action ( ! s5ses is n p]=m$ )\t a corporeal in/rum5t4 ,!re=e x behoov$ ! intellectual s\l to be unit$ to a body fitt$ to be a conv5i5t organ ( s5se4 ,n[ all ! o!r s5ses are bas$ on ! s5se ( t\*4 ,b ! organ ( t\* requires to be a m$ium betwe5 contr>ies1 su* z hot & cold1 wet & dry1 & ! l1 ( :i* ! s5se ( t\* has ! p]ception2 ?us x is 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to contr>ies1 & is able to p]ceive !m4 ,!re=e ! m ! organ ( t\* is r$uc$ to an equable complexion1 ! m s5sitive w be ! t\*4 ,b ! intellectual s\l has ! p[] ( s5se 9 all its complet5ess2 because :at belongs to ! inf]ior nature pre-exi/s m p]fectly 9 ! sup]ior1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,!re=e ! body to :i* ! intellectual s\l is unit$ %\ld be a mix$ body1 above o!rs r$uc$ to ! mo/ equable complexion4 ,= ?is reason among animals1 man has ! be/ s5se ( t\*4 ,& among m51 ^? :o h ! be/ s5se ( t\* h ! be/ intellig5ce4 ,a sign ( :i* is t we obs]ve ^? :o are ref9$ 9 body are well end[$ 9 m9d1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima ii1 #i4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p]haps someone might attempt to answ] ?is by say+ t be=e s9 ! human body 0 incorruptible4 ,?is answ] does n seem suffici5t2 because be=e s9 ! human body 0 immortal n by nature1 b by a gift ( ,div9e grace2 o!rwise its immortality w\ld n be =feit$ ?r\gh s91 z nei!r 0 ! immortality ( ! devil4 ,!re=e we answ] o!rwise by obs]v+ t 9 matt] two conditions are to be f\nd2 "o :i* is *os5 9 ord] t ! matt] be suitable to ! =m2 ! o!r :i* foll[s by =ce ( ! fir/ disposition4 ,! artisan1 = in/ance1 = ! =m ( ! saw *ooses iron adapt$ = cutt+ ?r\gh h>d mat]ial2 b t ! tee? ( ! saw may become blunt & ru/$1 foll[s by =ce ( ! matt] itself4 ,s ! intellectual s\l requires a body ( equable complexion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is corruptible by =ce ( its matt]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be said t ,god c\ld avoid ?is1 we answ] t 9 ! =mation ( natural ?+s we d n consid] :at ,god might d2 b :at is suitable to ! nature ( ?+s1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #a74 ,god1 h[ev]1 provid$ 9 ?is case by apply+ a rem$y aga9/ dea? 9 ! gift ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a body is n necess>y to ! intellectual s\l by reason ( its intellectual op]ation consid]$ z su*2 b on acc\nt ( ! s5sitive p[]1 :i* requires an organ ( equable temp]am5t4 ,!re=e ! intellectual s\l _h to be unit$ to su* a body1 & n to a simple elem5t1 or to a mix$ body1 9 :i* fire 0 9 excess2 because o!rwise !re c\ld n be an equability ( temp]am5t4 ,& ?is body ( an equable temp]am5t has a dignity ( its own by reason ( its be+ remote f contr>ies1 !reby resembl+ 9 a way a heav5ly body4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p>ts ( an animal1 = in/ance1 ! eye1 h&1 fle%1 & bones1 & s =?1 d n make ! species2 b ! :ole does1 & !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 we _c say t ^! are ( diff]5t species1 b t !y are ( v>i\s dispositions4 ,?is is suitable to ! intellectual s\l1 :i*1 al?\gh x be "o 9 its ess5ce1 yet on acc\nt ( its p]fection1 is manifold 9 p[]3 & !re=e1 = its v>i\s op]ations x requires v>i\s dispositions 9 ! p>ts ( ! body to :i* x is unit$4 ,= ?is reason we obs]ve t !re is a great] v>iety ( p>ts 9 p]fect ?an 9 imp]fect animals2 & 9 ^! a great] v>iety ?an 9 plants4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! intellectual s\l z compreh5d+ univ]sals1 has a p[] ext5d+ to ! inf9ite2 !re=e x _c be limit$ by nature to c]ta9 fix$ natural notions1 or ev5 to c]ta9 fix$ means :e!r ( def5ce or ( clo?+1 z is ! case ) o!r animals1 ! s\ls ( :i* are end[$ ) k & p[] 9 reg>d to fix$ p>ticul> ?+s4 ,in/ead ( all ^!1 man has by nature 8 reason & 8 h&s1 :i* are ! organs ( organs 7,de ,anima iii71 s9ce by _! means man c make = himself in/rum5ts ( an inf9ite v>iety1 & = any numb] ( purposes4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,s\l ,is ,unit$ to ! ,body ,?r\gh ! ,m$ium ( ,accid5tal ,dispositions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual s\l is unit$ to ! body ?r\gh ! m$ium ( accid5tal dispositions4 ,= e =m exi/s 9 its prop] dispos$ matt]4 ,b dispositions to a =m are accid5ts4 ,!re=e we mu/ presuppose accid5ts to be 9 matt] be=e ! sub/antial =m2 & !re=e be=e ! s\l1 s9ce ! s\l is a sub/antial =m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 v>i\s =ms ( "o species require v>i\s p>ts ( matt]4 ,b v>i\s p>ts ( matt] are un9telligible )\t division 9 measurable quantities4 ,!re=e we mu/ suppose dim5sions 9 matt] be=e ! sub/antial =ms1 :i* are _m belong+ to "o species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is spiritual is connect$ ) :at is corporeal by virtual contact4 ,b ! virtue ( ! s\l is its p[]4 ,!re=e x seems t ! s\l is unit$ to ! body by means ( a p[]1 :i* is an accid5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accid5t is po/]ior to sub/ance1 bo? 9 ! ord] ( "t & 9 ! ord] ( reason1 z ! ,philosoph] says1 ,metaph4 vii 7,did4 vi1 #a74 ,!re=e x is un9telligible t any accid5tal =m exi/ 9 matt] be=e ! s\l1 :i* is ! sub/antial =m4 ,i answ] t1 ,if ! s\l 7 unit$ to ! body1 m]ely z a motor1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 dispositions m$iat+ betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld be necess>y1 = on ! "p ( ! s\l w\ld be requir$ ! p[] to move ! body2 & on ! "p ( ! body1 a c]ta9 aptitude to be mov$ by ! s\l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! intellectual s\l is unit$ to ! body z ! sub/antial =m1 z we h already said above 7,a4 #a71 x is impossible = any accid5tal disposition to come betwe5 ! body & ! s\l1 or betwe5 any sub/antial =m :atev] & its matt]4 ,! reason is because s9ce matt] is 9 pot5tiality to all mann] ( acts 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 :at is absolutely fir/ among ! acts mu/ be und]/ood z be+ fir/ 9 matt]4 ,n[ ! fir/ among all acts is exi/5ce4 ,!re=e1 x is impossible = matt] to be appreh5d$ z hot1 or z hav+ quantity1 be=e x is actual4 ,b matt] has actual exi/5ce by ! sub/antial =m1 :i* makes x to exi/ absolutely1 z we h said above 7,a4 #d74 ,:]e=e x is impossible = any accid5tal dispositions to pre-exi/ 9 matt] be=e ! sub/antial =m1 & consequ5tly be=e ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z appe>s f :at has be5 already said 7,a4 #d71 ! m p]fect =m virtually conta9s :atev] belongs to ! inf]ior =ms2 !re=e :ile rema9+ "o & ! same1 x p]fects matt] accord+ to ! v>i\s degrees ( p]fection4 ,= ! same ess5tial =m makes man an actual be+1 a body1 a liv+ be+1 an animal1 & a man4 ,n[ x is cle> t to e g5us foll[ its own prop] accid5ts4 ,!re=e z matt] is appreh5d$ z p]fect$ 9 its exi/5ce1 be=e x is und]/ood z corporeal1 & s on2 s ^? accid5ts :i* belong to exi/5ce are und]/ood to exi/ be=e corporeity2 & ?us dispositions are und]/ood 9 matt] be=e ! =m1 n z reg>ds all its effects1 b z reg>ds ! subsequ5t effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,dim5sions ( quantity are accid5ts consequ5t to ! corporeity :i* belongs to ! :ole matt]4 ,:]e=e matt]1 once und]/ood z corporeal & measurable1 c be und]/ood z di/9ct 9 its v>i\s p>ts1 & z receptive ( diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! fur!r degrees ( p]fection4 ,= al?\gh x is ess5tially ! same =m :i* gives matt] ! v>i\s degrees ( p]fection1 z we h said 7ad #a71 yet x is consid]$ z diff]5t :5 br\ght "u ! obs]vation ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a spiritual sub/ance :i* is unit$ to a body z its motor only1 is unit$ !reto by p[] or virtue4 ,b ! intellectual s\l is unit$ by its v be+ to ! body z a =m2 & yet x guides & moves ! body by its p[] & virtue4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,is ,unit$ to ! ,animal ,body by ,means ( a ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! s\l is unit$ to ! animal body by means ( a body4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 vii1 #ai71 t ! s\l adm9i/]s ! body by light1 t is1 by fire1 & by air1 :i* is mo/ ak9 to a _s4 ,b fire & air are bodies4 ,!re=e ! s\l is unit$ to ! human body by means ( a body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a l9k betwe5 two ?+s seems to be t ?+ ! removal ( :i* involves ! cessation ( _! union4 ,b :5 brea?+ ceases1 ! s\l is sep>at$ f ! body4 ,!re=e ! brea?1 :i* is a subtle body1 is ! means ( union betwe5 s\l & body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* are v di/ant f "o ano!r1 are n unit$ except by some?+ betwe5 !m4 ,b ! intellectual s\l is v di/ant f ! body1 bo? because x is incorporeal1 & because x is incorruptible4 ,!re=e x seems to be unit$ to ! body by means ( an incorruptible body1 & su* w\ld be "s heav5ly light1 :i* w\ld h>monize ! elem5ts1 & unite !m toge!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #a73 ,we ne$ n ask if ! s\l & body are "o1 z nei!r d we ask if wax & its %ape are "o4 ,b ! %ape is unit$ to ! wax )\t a body int]v5+4 ,!re=e also ! s\l is ?us unit$ to ! body4 ,i answ] t1 ,if ! s\l1 accord+ to ! ,platoni/s1 7 unit$ to ! body m]ely z a motor1 x w\ld be "r to say t "s o!r bodies mu/ int]v5e betwe5 ! s\l & body ( man1 or any animal :atev]2 = a motor naturally moves :at is di/ant f x by means ( some?+ ne>]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s\l is unit$ to ! body z its =m1 z we h said 7,a4 #a71 x is impossible = x to be unit$ by means ( ano!r body4 ,! reason ( ?is is t a ?+ is "o1 accord+ z x is a be+4 ,n[ ! =m1 ?r\gh itself1 makes a ?+ to be actual s9ce x is itself ess5tially an act2 nor does x give exi/5ce by means ( some?+ else4 ,:]e=e ! unity ( a ?+ compos$ ( matt] & =m1 is by virtue ( ! =m itself1 :i* by reason ( its v nature is unit$ to matt] z its act4 ,nor is !re any o!r cause ( union except ! ag5t1 :i* causes matt] to be 9 act1 z ! ,philosoph] says1 ,metaph4 viii 7,did4 vii1 #f74 ,f ?is x is cle> h[ false are ! op9ions ( ^? :o ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( "s m$iate bodies betwe5 ! s\l & body ( man4 ,( ^! c]ta9 ,platoni/s said t ! intellectual s\l has an incorruptible body naturally unit$ to x1 f :i* x is nev] sep>at$1 & by means ( :i* x is unit$ to ! corruptible body ( man4 ,o!rs said t ! s\l is unit$ to ! body by means ( a corporeal _s4 ,o!rs said x is unit$ to ! body by means ( light1 :i*1 !y say1 is a body & ( ! nature ( ! fif? ess5ce2 s t ! vegetative s\l w\ld be unit$ to ! body by means ( ! light ( ! sid]eal heav52 ! s5sible s\l1 by means ( ! light ( ! cry/al heav52 & ! intellectual s\l by means ( ! light ( ! empyrean heav54 ,n[ all ?is is fictiti\s & ridicul\s3 = light is n a body2 & ! fif? ess5ce does n ent] mat]ially into ! composition ( a mix$ body 7s9ce x is un*angeable71 b only virtually3 & la/ly1 because ! s\l is imm$iately unit$ to ! body z ! =m to matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e speaks !re ( ! s\l z x moves ! body2 :5ce he uses ! ^w adm9i/ration4 ,x is true t x moves ! gross] p>ts ( ! body by ! m subtle p>ts4 ,& ! fir/ in/rum5t ( ! motive p[] is a k9d ( _s1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ,de causa motus animalium 7,de mot4 animal4 x74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! union ( s\l & body ceases at ! cessation ( brea?1 n because ?is is ! means ( union1 b because ( ! removal ( t disposition by :i* ! body is dispos$ = su* a union4 ,nev]!less ! brea? is a means ( mov+1 z ! fir/ in/rum5t ( motion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s\l is inde$ v di/ant f ! body1 if we consid] ! condition ( ea* sep>ately3 s t if ea* _h a sep>ate exi/5ce1 _m means ( connection w\ld h to int]v5e4 ,b inasmu* z ! s\l is ! =m ( ! body1 x has n an exi/5ce ap>t f ! exi/5ce ( ! body1 b by its own exi/5ce is unit$ to ! body imm$iately4 ,?is is ! case ) e =m :i*1 if consid]$ z an act1 is v di/ant f matt]1 :i* is a be+ only 9 pot5tiality4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,is 9 ,ea* ,"p ( ! ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! :ole s\l is n 9 ea* "p ( ! body2 = ! ,philosoph] says 9 ,de causa motus animalium 7,de mot4 animal4 x73 ,x is n necess>y = ! s\l to be 9 ea* "p ( ! body2 x suffices t x be 9 "s pr9ciple ( ! body caus+ ! o!r p>ts to live1 = ea* "p has a natural movem5t ( its own4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is 9 ! body ( :i* x is ! act4 ,b x is ! act ( an organic body4 ,!re=e x exi/s only 9 an organic body4 ,b ea* "p ( ! human body is n an organic body4 ,!re=e ! :ole s\l is n 9 ea* "p4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #a7 t ! relation ( a "p ( ! s\l to a "p ( ! body1 su* z ! sight to ! pupil ( ! eye1 is ! same z ! relation ( ! s\l to ! :ole body ( an animal4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! :ole s\l is 9 ea* "p ( ! body1 x foll[s t ea* "p ( ! body is an animal4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are root$ 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! :ole s\l be 9 ea* "p ( ! body1 x foll[s t all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are 9 ea* "p ( ! body2 ?us ! sight w be 9 ! e>1 & he>+ 9 ! eye1 & ?is is absurd4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ! :ole s\l is 9 ea* "p ( ! body1 ea* "p ( ! body is imm$iately dep5d5t on ! s\l4 ,?us "o "p w\ld n dep5d on ano!r2 nor w\ld "o "p be nobl] ?an ano!r2 :i* is cle>ly untrue4 ,!re=e ! s\l is n 9 ea* "p ( ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #f71 t 9 ea* body ! :ole s\l is 9 ! :ole body1 & 9 ea* "p is entire4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said1 if ! s\l 7 unit$ to ! body m]ely z its motor1 we might say t x is n 9 ea* "p ( ! body1 b only 9 "o "p ?r\gh :i* x w\ld move ! o!rs4 ,b s9ce ! s\l is unit$ to ! body z its =m1 x mu/ necess>ily be 9 ! :ole body1 & 9 ea* "p !re(4 ,= x is n an accid5tal =m1 b ! sub/antial =m ( ! body4 ,n[ ! sub/antial =m p]fects n only ! :ole1 b ea* "p ( ! :ole4 ,= s9ce a :ole consi/s ( p>ts1 a =m ( ! :ole :i* does n give exi/5ce to ea* ( ! p>ts ( ! body1 is a =m consi/+ 9 composition & ord]1 su* z ! =m ( a h\se2 & su* a =m is accid5tal4 ,b ! s\l is a sub/antial =m2 & !re=e x mu/ be ! =m & ! act1 n only ( ! :ole1 b also ( ea* "p4 ,!re=e1 on ! )drawal ( ! s\l1 z we d n speak ( an animal or a man unless equivocally1 z we speak ( a pa9t$ animal or a /one animal2 s is x ) ! h&1 ! eye1 ! fle% & bones1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #a74 ,a pro( ( :i* is1 t on ! )drawal ( ! s\l1 no "p ( ! body reta9s its prop] action2 al?\gh t :i* reta9s its species1 reta9s ! action ( ! species4 ,b act is 9 t :i* x actuates3 :]e=e ! s\l mu/ be 9 ! :ole body1 & 9 ea* "p !re(4 ,t x is entire 9 ea* "p !re(1 may be conclud$ f ?is1 t s9ce a :ole is t :i* is divid$ into p>ts1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( totality1 correspond+ to ?ree k9ds ( division4 ,!re is a :ole :i* is divid$ into p>ts ( quantity1 z a :ole l9e1 or a :ole body4 ,!re is also a :ole :i* is divid$ into logical & ess5tial p>ts3 z a ?+ def9$ is divid$ into ! p>ts ( a def9ition1 & a composite into matt] & =m4 ,!re is1 fur!r1 a ?ird k9d ( :ole :i* is pot5tial1 divid$ into virtual p>ts4 ,! fir/ k9d ( totality does n apply to =ms1 except p]haps accid5tally2 & !n only to ^? =ms1 :i* h an indiff]5t relation%ip to a quantitative :ole & its p>ts2 z :it5ess1 z f> z its ess5ce is conc]n$1 is equally dispos$ to be 9 ! :ole surface & 9 ea* "p ( ! surface2 &1 !re=e1 ! surface be+ divid$1 ! :it5ess is accid5tally divid$4 ,b a =m :i* requires v>iety 9 ! p>ts1 su* z a s\l1 & specially ! s\l ( p]fect animals1 is n equally relat$ to ! :ole & ! p>ts3 h5ce x is n divid$ accid5tally :5 ! :ole is divid$4 ,s !re=e quantitative totality _c be attribut$ to ! s\l1 ei!r ess5tially or accid5tally4 ,b ! second k9d ( totality1 :i* dep5ds on logical & ess5tial p]fection1 prop]ly & ess5tially belongs to =ms3 & likewise ! virtual totality1 because a =m is ! pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,!re=e if x be ask$ :e!r ! :ole :it5ess is 9 ! :ole surface & 9 ea* "p !re(1 x is necess>y to di/+ui%4 ,if we mean quantitative totality :i* :it5ess has accid5tally1 !n ! :ole :it5ess is n 9 ea* "p ( ! surface4 ,! same is to be said ( totality ( p[]3 s9ce ! :it5ess :i* is 9 ! :ole surface moves ! sight m ?an ! :it5ess :i* is 9 a small "p !re(4 ,b if we mean totality ( species & ess5ce1 !n ! :ole :it5ess is 9 ea* "p ( a surface4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! s\l has n quantitative totality1 nei!r ess5tially1 nor accid5tally1 z we h se52 x is en\gh to say t ! :ole s\l is 9 ea* "p ( ! body1 by totality ( p]fection & ( ess5ce1 b n by totality ( p[]4 ,= x is n 9 ea* "p ( ! body1 ) reg>d to ea* ( its p[]s2 b ) reg>d to sight1 x is 9 ! eye2 & ) reg>d to he>+1 x is 9 ! e>2 & s =?4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t s9ce ! s\l requires v>iety ( p>ts1 its relation to ! :ole is n ! same z its relation to ! p>ts2 = to ! :ole x is comp>$ prim>ily & ess5tially1 z to its prop] & proportionate p]fectible2 b to ! p>ts1 second>ily1 inasmu* z !y are orda9$ to ! :ole4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ !re ( ! motive p[] ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! s\l is ! act ( an organic body1 z ( its prim>y & proportionate p]fectible4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an animal is t :i* is compos$ ( a s\l & a :ole body1 :i* is ! s\l's prim>y & proportionate p]fectible4 ,?us ! s\l is n 9 a "p4 ,:5ce x does n foll[ t a "p ( an animal is an animal4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"s ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l are 9 x accord+ z x exce$s ! entire capacity ( ! body1 namely ! intellect & ! w2 :5ce ^! p[]s are n said to be 9 any "p ( ! body4 ,o!r p[]s are common to ! s\l & body2 :]e=e ea* ( ^! p[]s ne$ n be :]ev] ! s\l is1 b only 9 t "p ( ! body1 :i* is adapt$ to ! op]ation ( su* a p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,"o "p ( ! body is said to be nobl] ?an ano!r1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s p[]s1 ( :i* ! p>ts ( ! body are ! organs4 ,= t "p :i* is ! organ ( a nobl] p[]1 is a nobl] "p ( ! body3 z also is t "p :i* s]ves ! same p[] 9 a nobl] mann]4 ,,"q #gg ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,belong ,,to ,,! ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we proce$ to consid] ^? ?+s :i* belong to ! p[]s ( ! s\l2 fir/1 9 g5]al1 secondly1 9 p>ticul>4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is its p[]8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re is "o p[] ( ! s\l1 or sev]al8 7#c7 ,h[ ! p[]s ( ! s\l are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r8 7#d7 ,( ! ord]s ( ! p[]s1 "o to ano!r2 7#e7 ,:e!r ! p[]s ( ! s\l are 9 x z 9 _! subject8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! p[]s fl[ f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l8 7#g7 ,:e!r "o p[] rises f ano!r8 7#h7 ,:e!r all ! p[]s ( ! s\l rema9 9 ! s\l aft] dea?8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,s\l ,is ,its ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is its p[]4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #d71 t m9d1 k1 & love are 9 ! s\l sub/antially1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ess5tially3 & 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa71 t memory1 und]/&+1 & w are "o life1 "o m9d1 "o ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is nobl] ?an prim>y matt]4 ,b prim>y matt] is its own pot5tiality4 ,mu* m !re=e is ! s\l its own p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! sub/antial =m is simpl] ?an ! accid5tal =m2 a sign ( :i* is t ! sub/antial =m is n int5sifi$ or relax$1 b is indivisible4 ,b ! accid5tal =m is its own p[]4 ,mu* m !re=e is t sub/antial =m :i* is ! s\l4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 we s5se by ! s5sitive p[] & we und]/& by ! intellectual p[]4 ,b t by :i* we fir/ s5se & und]/& is ! s\l1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #b74 ,!re=e ! s\l is its own p[]4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 :atev] does n belong to ! ess5ce is an accid5t4 ,!re=e if ! p[] ( ! s\l is some?+ else besides ! ess5ce !re(1 x is an accid5t1 :i* is contr>y to ,augu/9e1 :o says t ! =ego+ 7see ,obj4 #a7 are n 9 ! s\l z 9 a subject z color or %ape1 or any o!r quality1 or quantity1 are 9 a body2 = :atev] is s1 does n exce$ ! subject 9 :i* x is3 ,:]eas ! m9d c love & "k o!r ?+s 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #d74 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 a simple =m _c be a subject4 ,b ! s\l is a simple =m2 s9ce x is n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e ! p[] ( ! s\l _c be 9 x z 9 a subject4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 an accid5t is n ! pr9ciple ( a sub/antial diff]5ce4 ,b s5sitive & rational are sub/antial diff]5ces2 & !y are tak5 f s5se & reason1 :i* are p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! p[]s ( ! s\l are n accid5ts2 & s x w\ld seem t ! p[] ( ! s\l is its own ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xi7 says t heav5ly spirits are divid$ into ess5ce1 p[]1 & op]ation4 ,mu* m1 !n1 9 ! s\l is ! ess5ce di/9ct f ! virtue or p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible to admit t ! p[] ( ! s\l is its ess5ce1 al?\gh "s h ma9ta9$ x4 ,= ! pres5t purpose ?is may be prov$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because1 s9ce p[] & act divide be+ & e k9d ( be+1 we mu/ ref] a p[] & its act to ! same g5us4 ,!re=e1 if ! act be n 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance1 ! p[] direct$ to t act _c be 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance4 ,n[ ! op]ation ( ! s\l is n 9 ! g5us ( sub/ance2 = ?is belongs to ,god alone1 ^: op]ation is ,8 own sub/ance4 ,:]e=e ! ,div9e p[] :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ,8 op]ation is ! ,div9e ,ess5ce itself4 ,?is _c be true ei!r ( ! s\l1 or ( any creature2 z we h said above :5 speak+ ( ! angels 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #c74 ,secondly1 ?is may be also %[n to be impossible 9 ! s\l4 ,= ! s\l by its v ess5ce is an act4 ,!re=e if ! v ess5ce ( ! s\l 7 ! imm$iate pr9ciple ( op]ation1 :atev] has a s\l w\ld always h actual vital actions1 z t :i* has a s\l is always an actually liv+ ?+4 ,= z a =m ! s\l is n an act orda9$ to a fur!r act1 b ! ultimate t]m ( g5]ation4 ,:]e=e1 = x to be 9 pot5tiality to ano!r act1 does n belong to x accord+ to its ess5ce1 z a =m1 b accord+ to its p[]4 ,s ! s\l itself1 z ! subject ( its p[]1 is call$ ! fir/ act1 ) a fur!r relation to ! second act4 ,n[ we obs]ve t :at has a s\l is n always actual ) respect to its vital op]ations2 :5ce also x is said 9 ! def9ition ( ! s\l1 t x is ! act ( a body hav+ life pot5tially2 :i* pot5tiality1 h[ev]1 does n exclude ! s\l4 ,!re=e x foll[s t ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is n its p[]4 ,= no?+ is 9 pot5tiality by reason ( an act1 z act4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( ! m9d z x kn[s & loves itself4 ,?us k & love z ref]r$ to ! s\l z kn[n & lov$1 are sub/antially or ess5tially 9 ! s\l1 = ! v sub/ance or ess5ce ( ! s\l is kn[n & lov$4 ,9 ! same way are we to und]/& :at he says 9 ! o!r passage1 t ^? ?+s are "o life1 "o m9d1 "o ess5ce4 ,or1 z "s say1 ?is passage is true 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! pot5tial :ole is pr$icat$ ( its p>ts1 be+ midway betwe5 ! univ]sal :ole1 & ! integral :ole4 ,= ! univ]sal :ole is 9 ea* "p accord+ to its entire ess5ce & p[]2 z animal 9 a man & 9 a horse2 & !re=e x is prop]ly pr$icat$ ( ea* "p4 ,b ! integral :ole is n 9 ea* "p1 nei!r accord+ to its :ole ess5ce1 nor accord+ to its :ole p[]4 ,!re=e 9 no way c x be pr$icat$ ( ea* "p2 yet 9 a way x is pr$icat$1 ?\gh improp]ly1 ( all ! p>ts toge!r2 z if we 7 to say t ! wall1 ro(1 & f\ndations are a h\se4 ,b ! pot5tial :ole is 9 ea* "p accord+ to its :ole ess5ce1 n1 h[ev]1 accord+ to its :ole p[]4 ,!re=e 9 a way x c be pr$icat$ ( ea* "p1 b n s prop]ly z ! univ]sal :ole4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,augu/9e says t ! memory1 und]/&+1 & ! w are ! "o ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! act to :i* prim>y matt] is 9 pot5tiality is ! sub/antial =m4 ,!re=e ! pot5tiality ( matt] is no?+ else b its ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,action belongs to ! composite1 z does exi/5ce2 = to act belongs to :at exi/s4 ,n[ ! composite has sub/antial exi/5ce ?r\gh ! sub/antial =m2 & x op]ates by ! p[] :i* results f ! sub/antial =m4 ,h5ce an active accid5tal =m is to ! sub/antial =m ( ! ag5t 7= in/ance1 heat comp>$ to ! =m ( fire7 z ! p[] ( ! s\l is to ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,t ! accid5tal =m is a pr9ciple ( action is due to ! sub/antial =m4 ,!re=e ! sub/antial =m is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( action2 b n ! proximate pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,philosoph] says t ! s\l is t :]eby we und]/& & s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,if we take accid5t z mean+ :at is divid$ aga9/ sub/ance1 !n !re c be no m$ium betwe5 sub/ance & accid5t2 because !y are divid$ by affirmation & negation1 t is1 accord+ to exi/5ce 9 a subject1 & non-exi/5ce 9 a subject4 ,9 ?is s5se1 z ! p[] ( ! s\l is n its ess5ce1 x mu/ be an accid5t2 & x belongs to ! second species ( accid5t1 t ( quality4 ,b if we take accid5t z "o ( ! five univ]sals1 9 ?is s5se !re is a m$ium betwe5 sub/ance & accid5t4 ,= ! sub/ance is all t belongs to ! ess5ce ( a ?+2 :]eas :atev] is beyond ! ess5ce ( a ?+ _c be call$ accid5t 9 ?is s5se2 b only :at is n caus$ by ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! species4 ,= ! 'prop]' does n belong to ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 b is caus$ by ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! species2 :]e=e x is a m$ium betwe5 ! ess5ce & accid5t ?us und]/ood4 ,9 ?is s5se ! p[]s ( ! s\l may be said to be a m$ium betwe5 sub/ance & accid5t1 z be+ natural prop]ties ( ! s\l4 ,:5 ,augu/9e says t k & love are n 9 ! s\l z accid5ts 9 a subject1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! s5se giv5 above1 inasmu* z !y are comp>$ to ! s\l1 n z lov+ & kn[+1 b z lov$ & kn[n4 ,8 argum5t proce$s 9 ?is s5se2 = if love 7 9 ! s\l lov$ z 9 a subject1 x w\ld foll[ t an accid5t transc5ds its subject1 s9ce ev5 o!r ?+s are lov$ ?r\gh ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,al?\gh ! s\l is n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 yet x has an admixture ( pot5tiality1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d72 & = ?is reason x c be ! subject ( an accid5t4 ,! /atem5t quot$ is v]ifi$ 9 ,god1 ,:o is ! ,pure ,act2 9 treat+ ( :i* subject ,boe?ius employs t phrase 7,de ,tr94 i74 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,rational & s5sitive1 z diff]5ces1 are n tak5 f ! p[]s ( s5se & reason1 b f ! s5sitive & rational s\l itself4 ,b because sub/antial =ms1 :i* 9 !mselves are unkn[n to u1 are kn[n by _! accid5ts2 no?+ prev5ts u f sometimes sub/itut+ accid5ts = sub/antial diff]5ces4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,sev]al ,p[]s ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n sev]al p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,= ! intellectual s\l approa*es ne>e/ to ! lik5ess ( ,god4 ,b 9 ,god !re is "o simple p[]3 & !re=e also 9 ! intellectual s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! high] a p[] is1 ! m unifi$ x is4 ,b ! intellectual s\l excels all o!r =ms 9 p[]4 ,!re=e above all o!rs x has "o virtue or p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to op]ate belongs to :at is 9 act4 ,b by ! "o ess5ce ( ! s\l1 man has actual exi/5ce 9 ! diff]5t degrees ( p]fection1 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #gf1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,!re=e by ! "o p[] ( ! s\l he p]=ms op]ations ( v>i\s degrees4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] places sev]al p[]s 9 ! s\l 7,de ,anima ii1 #b1c74 ,i answ] t1 ,( necessity we mu/ place sev]al p[]s 9 ! s\l4 ,to make ?is evid5t1 we obs]ve t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,coelo ii1 #ab71 ! l[e/ ord] ( ?+s _c acquire p]fect goodness1 b !y acquire a c]ta9 imp]fect goodness1 by few movem5ts2 & ^? :i* belong to a high] ord] acquire p]fect goodness by _m movem5ts2 & ^? yet high] acquire p]fect goodness by few movem5ts2 & ! highe/ p]fection is f\nd 9 ^? ?+s :i* acquire p]fect goodness )\t any movem5t :atev]4 ,?us he is lea/ ( all dispos$ ( heal?1 :o c only acquire imp]fect heal? by means ( a few rem$ies2 bett] dispos$ is he :o c acquire p]fect heal? by means ( _m rem$ies2 & bett] /ill1 he :o c by few rem$ies2 be/ ( all is he :o has p]fect heal? )\t any rem$ies4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ?+s :i* are bel[ man acquire a c]ta9 limit$ goodness2 & s !y h a few det]m9ate op]ations & p[]s4 ,b man c acquire univ]sal & p]fect goodness1 because he c acquire beatitude4 ,yet he is 9 ! la/ degree1 accord+ to 8 nature1 ( ^? to :om beatitude is possible2 !re=e ! human s\l requires _m & v>i\s op]ations & p[]s4 ,b to angels a small] v>iety ( p[]s is suffici5t4 ,9 ,god !re is no p[] or action beyond ,8 own ,ess5ce4 ,!re is yet ano!r reason :y ! human s\l ab\nds 9 a v>iety ( p[]s--because x is on ! conf9es ( spiritual & corporeal creatures2 & !re=e ! p[]s ( bo? meet toge!r 9 ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intellectual s\l approa*es to ! ,div9e lik5ess1 m ?an inf]ior creatures1 9 be+ able to acquire p]fect goodness2 al?\gh by _m & v>i\s means2 & 9 ?is x falls %ort ( m p]fect creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a unifi$ p[] is sup]ior if x ext5ds to equal ?+s3 b a multi=m p[] is sup]ior to x1 if x is ov] _m ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o ?+ has "o sub/antial exi/5ce1 b may h sev]al op]ations4 ,s !re is "o ess5ce ( ! s\l1 ) sev]al p[]s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,p[]s ,are ,di/+ui%$ by ,_! ,acts & ,objects8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p[]s ( ! s\l are n di/+ui%$ by acts & objects4 ,= no?+ is det]m9$ to its species by :at is subsequ5t & extr9sic to x4 ,b ! act is subsequ5t to ! p[]2 & ! object is extr9sic to x4 ,!re=e ! s\l's p[]s are n specifically di/9ct by acts & objects4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 contr>ies are :at diff] mo/ f ea* o!r4 ,!re=e if ! p[]s are di/+ui%$ by _! objects1 x foll[s t ! same p[] c\ld n h contr>y objects4 ,?is is cle>ly false 9 almo/ all ! p[]s2 = ! p[] ( vision ext5ds to :ite & black1 & ! p[] to ta/e to sweet & bitt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! cause be remov$1 ! effect is remov$4 ,h5ce if ! diff]5ce ( p[]s came f ! diff]5ce ( objects1 ! same object w\ld n come "u diff]5t p[]s4 ,?is is cle>ly false2 = ! same ?+ is kn[n by ! cognitive p[]1 & desir$ by ! appetitive4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 t :i* ( itself is ! cause ( any?+1 is ! cause !re(1 :]ev] x is4 ,b v>i\s objects :i* belong to v>i\s p[]s1 belong also to "s "o p[]2 z s\nd & color belong to sight & he>+1 :i* are diff]5t p[]s1 yet !y come "u ! "o p[] ( common s5se4 ,!re=e ! p[]s are n di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( _! objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s t are subsequ5t are di/+ui%$ by :at prec$es4 ,b ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d7 t acts & op]ations prec$e ! p[]s accord+ to reason2 & ^! aga9 are prec$$ by _! opposites1 t is _! objects4 ,!re=e ! p[]s are di/+ui%$ accord+ to _! acts & objects4 ,i answ] t1 ,a p[] z su* is direct$ to an act4 ,:]e=e we seek to "k ! nature ( a p[] f ! act to :i* x is direct$1 & consequ5tly ! nature ( a p[] is div]sifi$1 z ! nature ( ! act is div]sifi$4 ,n[ ! nature ( an act is div]sifi$ accord+ to ! v>i\s natures ( ! objects4 ,= e act is ei!r ( an active p[] or ( a passive p[]4 ,n[1 ! object is to ! act ( a passive p[]1 z ! pr9ciple & mov+ cause3 = color is ! pr9ciple ( vision1 inasmu* z x moves ! sight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ! act ( an active p[] ! object is a t]m & end2 z ! object ( ! p[] ( gr[? is p]fect quantity1 :i* is ! end ( gr[?4 ,n[1 f ^! two ?+s an act receives its species1 namely1 f its pr9ciple1 or f its end or t]m2 = ! act ( heat+ diff]s f ! act ( cool+1 9 ?is1 t ! =m] proce$s f some?+ hot1 :i* is ! active pr9ciple1 to heat2 ! latt] f some?+ cold1 :i* is ! active pr9ciple1 to cold4 ,!re=e ! p[]s are ( necessity di/+ui%$ by _! acts & objects4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ obs]ve t ?+s :i* are accid5tal d n *ange ! species4 ,= s9ce to be color$ is accid5tal to an animal1 its species is n *ang$ by a diff]5ce ( color1 b by a diff]5ce 9 t :i* belongs to ! nature ( an animal1 t is to say1 by a diff]5ce 9 ! s5sitive s\l1 :i* is sometimes rational1 & sometimes o!rwise4 ,h5ce rational & irrational are diff]5ces divid+ animal1 con/itut+ its v>i\s species4 ,9 l mann] !re=e1 n any v>iety ( objects div]sifies ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 b a diff]5ce 9 t to :i* ! p[] ( its v nature is direct$4 ,?us ! s5ses ( _! v nature are direct$ to ! passive quality :i* ( itself is divid$ into color1 s\nd1 & ! l1 & !re=e !re is "o s5sitive p[] ) reg>d to color1 namely1 ! sight1 & ano!r ) reg>d to s\nd1 namely1 he>+4 ,b x is accid5tal to a passive quality1 = in/ance1 to some?+ color$1 to be a musician or a gramm>ian1 great or small1 a man or a /one4 ,!re=e by reason ( su* diff]5ces ! p[]s ( ! s\l are n di/9ct4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,act1 ?\gh subsequ5t 9 exi/5ce to p[]1 is1 nev]!less1 prior to x 9 int5tion & logically2 z ! end is ) reg>d to ! ag5t4 ,& ! object1 al?\gh extr9sic1 is1 nev]!less1 ! pr9ciple or end ( ! action2 & ^? conditions :i* are intr9sic to a ?+1 are proportionate to its pr9ciple & end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if any p[] 7 to h "o ( two contr>ies z su* = its object1 ! o!r contr>y w\ld belong to ano!r p[]4 ,b ! p[] ( ! s\l does n reg>d ! nature ( ! contr>y z su*1 b r ! common aspect ( bo? contr>ies2 z sight does n reg>d :ite z su*1 b z color4 ,?is is because ( two contr>ies "o1 9 a mann]1 includes ! idea ( ! o!r1 s9ce !y are to "o ano!r z p]fect & imp]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ prev5ts ?+s :i* co9cide 9 subject1 f be+ consid]$ "u diff]5t aspects2 !re=e !y c belong to v>i\s p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! high] p[] ( itself reg>ds a m univ]sal =mality ( ! object ?an ! l[] p[]2 because ! high] a p[] is1 to a great] numb] ( ?+s does x ext5d4 ,!re=e _m ?+s are comb9$ 9 ! "o =mality ( ! object1 :i* ! high] p[] consid]s ( itself2 :ile !y diff] 9 ! =malities reg>d$ by ! l[] p[]s ( !mselves4 ,?us x is t v>i\s objects belong to v>i\s l[] p[]s2 :i* objects1 h[ev]1 are subject to "o high] p[]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,among ! ,p[]s ( ! ,s\l ,!re ,is ,ord]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no ord] among ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,= 9 ^? ?+s :i* come "u "o division1 !re is no be=e & aft]1 b all are naturally simultane\s4 ,b ! p[]s ( ! s\l are contradi/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,!re=e !re is no ord] among !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p[]s ( ! s\l are ref]r$ to _! objects & to ! s\l itself4 ,on ! "p ( ! s\l1 !re is n ord] among !m1 because ! s\l is "o4 ,9 l mann] ! objects are v>i\s & dissimil>1 z color & s\nd4 ,!re=e !re is no ord] among ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :]e !re is ord] among p[]s1 we f9d t ! op]ation ( "o dep5ds on ! op]ation ( ano!r4 ,b ! action ( "o p[] ( ! s\l does n dep5d on t ( ano!r2 = sight c act indep5d5tly ( he>+1 & conv]sely4 ,!re=e !re is no ord] among ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #c7 comp>es ! p>ts or p[]s ( ! s\l to figures4 ,b figures h an ord] among !mselves4 ,!re=e ! p[]s ( ! s\l h ord]4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! s\l is "o1 & ! p[]s are _m2 & s9ce a numb] ( ?+s t proce$ f "o mu/ proce$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]2 !re mu/ be "s ord] among ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve a triple ord] among !m1 two ( :i* correspond to ! dep5d5ce ( "o p[] on ano!r2 :ile ! ?ird is tak5 f ! ord] ( ! objects4 ,n[ ! dep5d5ce ( "o p[] on ano!r c be tak5 9 two ways2 accord+ to ! ord] ( nature1 =asmu* z p]fect ?+s are by _! nature prior to imp]fect ?+s2 & accord+ to ! ord] ( g5]ation & "t2 =asmu* z f be+ imp]fect1 a ?+ comes to be p]fect4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! fir/ k9d ( ord] among ! p[]s1 ! intellectual p[]s are prior to ! s5sitive p[]s2 :]e=e !y direct !m & comm& !m4 ,likewise ! s5sitive p[]s are prior 9 ?is ord] to ! p[]s ( ! nutritive s\l4 ,9 ! second k9d ( ord]1 x is ! o!r way ab\t4 ,= ! p[]s ( ! nutritive s\l are prior by way ( g5]ation to ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive s\l2 = :i*1 !re=e1 !y prep>e ! body4 ,! same is to be said ( ! s5sitive p[]s ) reg>d to ! intellectual4 ,b 9 ! ?ird k9d ( ord]1 c]ta9 s5sitive p[]s are ord]$ among !mselves1 namely1 sight1 he>+1 & smell+4 ,= ! visible naturally comes fir/2 s9ce x is common to high] & l[] bodies4 ,b s\nd is audible 9 ! air1 :i* is naturally prior to ! m+l+ ( elem5ts1 ( :i* smell is ! result4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! species ( a giv5 g5us are to "o ano!r z be=e & aft]1 l numb]s & figures1 if consid]$ 9 _! nature2 al?\gh !y may be said to be simultane\s1 accord+ z !y receive ! pr$ication ( ! common g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is ord] among ! p[]s ( ! s\l is bo? on ! "p ( ! s\l 7:i*1 ?\gh x be "o accord+ to its ess5ce1 has a c]ta9 aptitude to v>i\s acts 9 a c]ta9 ord]7 & on ! "p ( ! objects1 & fur!rmore on ! "p ( ! acts1 z we h said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t is v]ifi$ z reg>ds ^? p[]s among :i* ord] ( ! ?ird k9d exi/s4 ,^? p[]s among :i* ! two o!r k9ds ( ord] exi/ are su* t ! action ( "o dep5ds on ano!r4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,all ! ,p[]s ( ! ,s\l ,are 9 ! ,s\l ,z ,_! ,subject8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are 9 ! s\l z _! subject4 ,= z ! p[]s ( ! body are to ! body2 s are ! p[]s ( ! s\l to ! s\l4 ,b ! body is ! subject ( ! corporeal p[]s4 ,!re=e ! s\l is ! subject ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! op]ations ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l are attribut$ to ! body by reason ( ! s\l2 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #b71 ,! s\l is t by :i* we s5se & und]/& prim>ily4 ,b ! natural pr9ciples ( ! op]ations ( ! s\l are ! p[]s4 ,!re=e ! p[]s are prim>ily 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #g1bd7 t ! s\l s5ses c]ta9 ?+s1 n ?r\gh ! body1 9 fact1 )\t ! body1 z fe> & su* l2 & "s ?+s ?r\gh ! body4 ,b if ! s5sitive p[]s 7 n 9 ! s\l alone z _! subject1 ! s\l c\ld n s5se any?+ )\t ! body4 ,!re=e ! s\l is ! subject ( ! s5sitive p[]s2 & = a simil> reason1 ( all ! o!r p[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,somno et ,vigilia i7 t s5sation belongs nei!r to ! s\l1 nor to ! body1 b to ! composite4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive p[] is 9 ! composite z its subject4 ,!re=e ! s\l alone is n ! subject ( all ! p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! subject ( op]ative p[] is t :i* is able to op]ate1 = e accid5t d5om9ates its prop] subject4 ,n[ ! same is t :i* is able to op]ate1 & t :i* does op]ate4 ,:]e=e ! subject ( p[] is ( necessity ! subject ( op]ation1 z aga9 ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,de ,somno et ,vigilia4 ,n[1 x is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #ge1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c2 ,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 t "s op]ations ( ! s\l are p]=m$ )\t a corporeal organ1 z und]/&+ & w4 ,h5ce ! p[]s ( ^! op]ations are 9 ! s\l z _! subject4 ,b "s op]ations ( ! s\l are p]=m$ by means ( corporeal organs2 z sight by ! eye1 & he>+ by ! e>4 ,& s x is ) all ! o!r op]ations ( ! nutritive & s5sitive p>ts4 ,!re=e ! p[]s :i* are ! pr9ciples ( ^! op]ations h _! subject 9 ! composite1 & n 9 ! s\l alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! p[]s are said to belong to ! s\l1 n z _! subject1 b z _! pr9ciple2 because x is by ! s\l t ! composite has ! p[] to p]=m su* op]ations4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all su* p[]s are prim>ily 9 ! s\l1 z comp>$ to ! composite2 n z 9 _! subject1 b z 9 _! pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,plato's op9ion 0 t s5sation is an op]ation prop] to ! s\l1 j z und]/&+ is4 ,n[ 9 _m ?+s relat+ to ,philosophy ,augu/9e makes use ( ! op9ions ( ,plato1 n ass]t+ !m z true1 b relat+ !m4 ,h[ev]1 z f> z ! pres5t "q is conc]n$1 :5 x is said t ! s\l s5ses "s ?+s ) ! body1 & "s )\t ! body1 ?is c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 ! words ) ! body or )\t ! body may det]m9e ! act ( s5se 9 its mode ( proce$+ f ! s5ti5t4 ,?us ! s\l s5ses no?+ )\t ! body1 because ! action ( s5sation _c proce$ f ! s\l except by a corporeal organ4 ,secondly1 !y may be und]/ood z det]m9+ ! act ( s5se on ! "p ( ! object s5s$4 ,?us ! s\l s5ses "s ?+s ) ! body1 t is1 ?+s exi/+ 9 ! body1 z :5 x feels a w\nd or some?+ ( t sort2 :ile x s5ses "s ?+s )\t ! body1 t is1 :i* d n exi/ 9 ! body1 b only 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! s\l1 z :5 x feels sad or joyful on he>+ some?+4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,p[]s ( ! ,s\l ,fl[ f ,its ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p[]s ( ! s\l d n fl[ f its ess5ce4 ,= diff]5t ?+s d n proce$ f "o simple ?+4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is "o & simple4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! p[]s ( ! s\l are _m & v>i\s1 !y _c proce$ f its ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t f :i* a ?+ proce$s is its cause4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! s\l _c be said to be ! cause ( ! p[]s2 z is cle> if "o consid]s ! diff]5t k9ds ( causes4 ,!re=e ! p[]s ( ! s\l d n fl[ f its ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 emanation involves "s sort ( movem5t4 ,b no?+ is mov$ by itself1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 vii1 #a1b72 except1 p]haps1 by reason ( a "p ( itself1 z an animal is said to be mov$ by itself1 because "o "p !re( moves & ano!r is mov$4 ,nei!r is ! s\l mov$1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,de ,anima i1 #d74 ,!re=e ! s\l does n produce its p[]s )9 itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! p[]s ( ! s\l are its natural prop]ties4 ,b ! subject is ! cause ( its prop] accid5ts2 :5ce also x is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( accid5t1 z is cle> f ,metaph4 vii 7,did4 vi1 #d74 ,!re=e ! p[]s ( ! s\l proce$ f its ess5ce z _! cause4 ,i answ] t1 ,! sub/antial & ! accid5tal =m p>tly agree & p>tly diff]4 ,!y agree 9 ?is1 t ea* is an act2 & t by ea* ( !m some?+ is aft] a mann] actual4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 because ! sub/antial =m makes a ?+ to exi/ absolutely1 & its subject is some?+ purely pot5tial4 ,b ! accid5tal =m does n make a ?+ to exi/ absolutely b to be su*1 or s great1 or 9 "s p>ticul> condition2 = its subject is an actual be+4 ,h5ce x is cle> t actuality is obs]v$ 9 ! sub/antial =m prior to its be+ obs]v$ 9 ! subject3 & s9ce t :i* is fir/ 9 a g5us is ! cause 9 t g5us1 ! sub/antial =m causes exi/5ce 9 its subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 actuality is obs]v$ 9 ! subject ( ! accid5tal =m prior to its be+ obs]v$ 9 ! accid5tal =m2 :]e=e ! actuality ( ! accid5tal =m is caus$ by ! actuality ( ! subject4 ,s ! subject1 =asmu* z x is 9 pot5tiality1 is receptive ( ! accid5tal =m3 b =asmu* z x is 9 act1 x produces x4 ,?is ,i say ( ! prop] & p] se accid5t2 = ) reg>d to ! extrane\s accid5t1 ! subject is receptive only1 ! accid5t be+ caus$ by an extr9sic ag5t4 ,secondly1 sub/antial & accid5tal =ms diff]1 because1 s9ce t :i* is ! less pr9cipal exi/s = ! sake ( t :i* is ! m pr9cipal1 matt] !re=e exi/s on acc\nt ( ! sub/antial =m2 :ile on ! contr>y1 ! accid5tal =m exi/s on acc\nt ( ! complet5ess ( ! subject4 ,n[ x is cle>1 f :at has be5 said 7,a4 #e71 t ei!r ! subject ( ! s\l's p[]s is ! s\l itself alone1 :i* c be ! subject ( an accid5t1 =asmu* z x has some?+ ( pot5tiality1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a1 ad #f72 or else ?is subject is ! composite4 ,n[ ! composite is actual by ! s\l4 ,:5ce x is cle> t all ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 :e!r _! subject be ! s\l alone1 or ! composite1 fl[ f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 z f _! pr9ciple2 because x has already be5 said t ! accid5t is caus$ by ! subject accord+ z x is actual1 & is receiv$ into x accord+ z x is 9 pot5tiality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,f "o simple ?+ _m ?+s may proce$ naturally1 9 a c]ta9 ord]2 or aga9 if !re be div]sity ( recipi5ts4 ,?us1 f ! "o ess5ce ( ! s\l _m & v>i\s p[]s proce$2 bo? because ord] exi/s among ^! p[]s2 & also by reason ( ! div]sity ( ! corporeal organs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! subject is bo? ! f9al cause1 & 9 a way ! active cause1 ( its prop] accid5t4 ,x is also z x 7 ! mat]ial cause1 inasmu* z x is receptive ( ! accid5t4 ,f ?is we may ga!r t ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is ! cause ( all its p[]s1 z _! end1 & z _! active pr9ciple2 & ( "s z receptive !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! emanation ( prop] accid5ts f _! subject is n by way ( transmutation1 b by a c]ta9 natural resultance2 ?us "o ?+ results naturally f ano!r1 z color f light4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,"o ,p[] ( ! ,s\l ,arises f ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o p[] ( ! s\l does n arise f ano!r4 ,= if sev]al ?+s arise toge!r1 "o ( !m does n arise f ano!r4 ,b all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are creat$ at ! same "t ) ! s\l4 ,!re=e "o ( !m does n arise f ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p[] ( ! s\l arises f ! s\l z an accid5t f ! subject4 ,b "o p[] ( ! s\l _c be ! subject ( ano!r2 because no?+ is ! accid5t ( an accid5t4 ,!re=e "o p[] does n arise f ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o opposite does n arise f ! o!r opposite2 b ev]y?+ arises f t :i* is l x 9 species4 ,n[ ! p[]s ( ! s\l are oppositely divid$1 z v>i\s species4 ,!re=e "o ( !m does n proce$ f ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,p[]s are kn[n by _! actions4 ,b ! action ( "o p[] is caus$ by ! action ( ano!r p[]1 z ! action ( ! imag9ation by ! action ( ! s5ses4 ,!re=e "o p[] ( ! s\l is caus$ by ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ^? ?+s :i* proce$ f "o accord+ to a natural ord]1 z ! fir/ is ! cause ( all1 s t :i* is ne>] to ! fir/ is1 9 a way1 ! cause ( ^? :i* are m remote4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n above 7,a4 #d7 t among ! p[]s ( ! s\l !re are sev]al k9ds ( ord]4 ,!re=e "o p[] ( ! s\l proce$s f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l by ! m$ium ( ano!r4 ,b s9ce ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is comp>$ to ! p[]s bo? z a pr9ciple active & f9al1 & z a receptive pr9ciple1 ei!r sep>ately by itself1 or toge!r ) ! body2 & s9ce ! ag5t & ! end are m p]fect1 :ile ! receptive pr9ciple1 z su*1 is less p]fect2 x foll[s t ^? p[]s ( ! s\l :i* prec$e ! o!rs1 9 ! ord] ( p]fection & nature1 are ! pr9ciples ( ! o!rs1 aft] ! mann] ( ! end & active pr9ciple4 ,= we see t ! s5ses are = ! sake ( ! intellig5ce1 & n ! o!r way ab\t4 ,! s5ses1 moreov]1 are a c]ta9 imp]fect p>ticipation ( ! intellig5ce2 :]e=e1 accord+ to _! natural orig91 !y proce$ f ! intellig5ce z ! imp]fect f ! p]fect4 ,b consid]$ z receptive pr9ciples1 ! m p]fect p[]s are pr9ciples ) reg>d to ! o!rs2 ?us ! s\l1 accord+ z x has ! s5sitive p[]1 is consid]$ z ! subject1 & z some?+ mat]ial ) reg>d to ! intellig5ce4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! m imp]fect p[]s prec$e ! o!rs 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 = ! animal is g5]at$ be=e ! man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! p[] ( ! s\l fl[s f ! ess5ce1 n by a transmutation1 b by a c]ta9 natural resultance1 & is simultane\s ) ! s\l1 s is x ! case ) "o p[] z reg>ds ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an accid5t _c ( itself be ! subject ( an accid5t2 b "o accid5t is receiv$ prior to ano!r into sub/ance1 z quantity prior to quality4 ,9 ?is s5se "o accid5t is said to be ! subject ( ano!r2 z surface is ( color1 inasmu* z sub/ance receives an accid5t ?r\gh ! means ( ano!r4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p[]s ( ! s\l are oppos$ to "o ano!r1 z p]fect & imp]fect2 z also are ! species ( numb]s & figures4 ,b ?is opposition does n prev5t ! orig9 ( "o f ano!r1 because imp]fect ?+s naturally proce$ f p]fect ?+s4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,all ! ,p[]s ,rema9 9 ! ,s\l ,:5 ,sep>at$ f ! ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! p[]s ( ! s\l rema9 9 ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body4 ,= we read 9 ! book ,de ,spiritu et ,anima t ! s\l )draws f ! body1 tak+ ) itself s5se & imag9ation1 reason & intellig5ce1 concupiscibility & irascibility4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p[]s ( ! s\l are its natural prop]ties4 ,b prop]ties are always 9 t to :i* !y belong2 & are nev] sep>at$ f x4 ,!re=e ! p[]s ( ! s\l are 9 x ev5 aft] dea?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p[]s ev5 ( ! s5sitive s\l are n weak5$ :5 ! body becomes weak2 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 #d71 ,if an old man 7 giv5 ! eye ( a "y man1 he w\ld see ev5 z well z a "y man4 ,b weakness is ! road to corruption4 ,!re=e ! p[]s ( ! s\l are n corrupt$ :5 ! body is corrupt$1 b rema9 9 ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 memory is a p[] ( ! s5sitive s\l1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,de ,memor4 et ,rem94 #a74 ,b memory rema9s 9 ! sep>at$ s\l2 = x 0 said to ! ri* glutton ^: s\l 0 9 hell3 ,rememb] t ?\ did/ receive good ?+s dur+ ?y lifetime 7,luke #af3be74 ,!re=e memory rema9s 9 ! sep>at$ s\l2 & consequ5tly ! o!r p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 joy & sorr[ are 9 ! concupiscible "p1 :i* is a p[] ( ! s5sitive s\l4 ,b x is cle> t sep>ate s\ls grieve or rejoice at ! pa9s or rew>ds :i* !y receive4 ,!re=e ! concupiscible p[] rema9s 9 ! sep>ate s\l4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #cb7 t1 z ! s\l1 :5 ! body lies s5seless1 yet n q dead1 sees "s ?+s by imag9>y vision2 s also :5 by dea? ! s\l is q sep>ate f ! body4 ,b ! imag9ation is a p[] ( ! s5sitive "p4 ,!re=e ! p[] ( ! s5sitive "p rema9s 9 ! sep>ate s\l2 & consequ5tly all ! o!r p[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,de ,eccl4 ,dogm4 xix7 t ( two sub/ances only does man consi/2 ! s\l ) its reason1 & ! body ) its s5ses4 ,!re=e ! body be+ dead1 ! s5sitive p[]s d n rema94 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said already 7,,aa4 #e1 #f1 #g71 all ! p[]s ( ! s\l belong to ! s\l alone z _! pr9ciple4 ,b "s p[]s belong to ! s\l alone z _! subject2 z ! intellig5ce & ! w4 ,^! p[]s mu/ rema9 9 ! s\l1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! body4 ,b o!r p[]s are subject$ 9 ! composite2 z all ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive & nutritive p>ts4 ,n[ accid5ts _c rema9 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! subject4 ,:]e=e1 ! composite be+ de/roy$1 su* p[]s d n rema9 actually2 b !y rema9 virtually 9 ! s\l1 z 9 _! pr9ciple or root4 ,s x is false t1 z "s say1 ^! p[]s rema9 9 ! s\l ev5 aft] ! corruption ( ! body4 ,x is mu* m false t1 z !y say also1 ! acts ( ^! p[]s rema9 9 ! sep>ate s\l2 because ^! p[]s h no act ap>t f ! corporeal organ4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t book has no au?ority1 & s :at is !re writt5 c be despis$ ) ! same facility z x 0 said2 al?\gh we may say t ! s\l takes ) itself ^! p[]s1 n actually b virtually4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! p[]s1 :i* we say d n actually rema9 9 ! sep>ate s\l1 are n ! prop]ties ( ! s\l alone1 b ( ! composite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! p[]s are said n to be weak5$ :5 ! body becomes weak1 because ! s\l rema9s un*angeable1 & is ! virtual pr9ciple ( ^! p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! recollection spok5 ( !re is to be tak5 9 ! same way z ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa2 xiv1 #g7 places memory 9 ! m9d2 n z a "p ( ! s5sitive s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,9 ! sep>ate s\l1 sorr[ & joy are n 9 ! s5sitive1 b 9 ! intellectual appetite1 z 9 ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,augu/9e 9 t passage is speak+ z inquir+1 n z ass]t+4 ,:]e=e he retract$ "s ?+s :i* he _h said !re 7,retrac4 ii1 #bd74 ,,"q #gh ,,( ,,! ,,specific ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\l 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next treat ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l specifically4 ,! !ologian1 h[ev]1 has only to inquire specifically conc]n+ ! intellectual & appetitive p[]s1 9 :i* ! virtues reside4 ,& s9ce ! k ( ^! p[]s dep5ds to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! o!r p[]s1 our consid]ation ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l tak5 specifically w be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 fir/1 we %all consid] ^? p[]s :i* are a preamble to ! intellect2 secondly1 ! intellectual p[]s2 ?irdly1 ! appetitive p[]s4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! p[]s ( ! s\l consid]$ g5]ally2 7#b7 ,! v>i\s species ( ! vegetative "p2 7#c7 ,! ext]ior s5ses2 7#d7 ,! int]ior s5ses4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,are to ,be ,di/+ui%$ ,five ,g5]a ( ,p[]s 9 ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n to be di/+ui%$ five g5]a ( p[]s 9 ! s\l--namely1 vegetative1 s5sitive1 appetitive1 locomotive1 & intellectual4 ,= ! p[]s ( ! s\l are call$ its p>ts4 ,b only ?ree p>ts ( ! s\l are commonly assign$--namely1 ! vegetative s\l1 ! s5sitive s\l1 & ! rational s\l4 ,!re=e !re are only ?ree g5]a ( p[]s 9 ! s\l1 & n five4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p[]s ( ! s\l are ! pr9ciples ( its vital op]ations4 ,n[1 9 f\r ways is a ?+ said to live4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #b73 ,9 sev]al ways a ?+ is said to live1 & ev5 if only "o ( ^! is pres5t1 ! ?+ is said to live2 z intellect & s5se1 local movem5t & re/1 & la/ly1 movem5t ( decrease & increase due to n\ri%m5t4 ,!re=e !re are only f\r g5]a ( p[]s ( ! s\l1 z ! appetitive is exclud$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a special k9d ( s\l ought n to be assign$ z reg>ds :at is common to all ! p[]s4 ,n[ desire is common to ea* p[] ( ! s\l4 ,= sight desires an appropriate visible object2 :5ce we read 7,ecclus4 #dj3bb73 ,! eye desire? favor & beauty1 b m ?an ^! gre5 s[n fields4 ,9 ! same way e o!r p[] desires its appropriate object4 ,!re=e ! appetitive p[] %\ld n be made a special g5us ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! mov+ pr9ciple 9 animals is s5se1 intellect or appetite1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj74 ,!re=e ! motive p[] %\ld n be add$ to ! above z a special g5us ( s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #c71 ,! p[]s are ! vegetative1 ! s5sitive1 ! appetitive1 ! locomotion1 & ! intellectual4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are five g5]a ( p[]s ( ! s\l1 z above numb]$4 ,( ^!1 ?ree are call$ s\ls1 & f\r are call$ modes ( liv+4 ,! reason ( ?is div]sity lies 9 ! v>i\s s\ls be+ di/+ui%$ accord+ly z ! op]ation ( ! s\l transc5ds ! op]ation ( ! corporeal nature 9 v>i\s ways2 = ! :ole corporeal nature is subject to ! s\l1 & is relat$ to x z its matt] & in/rum5t4 ,!re exi/s1 !re=e1 an op]ation ( ! s\l :i* s f> exce$s ! corporeal nature t x is n ev5 p]=m$ by any corporeal organ2 & su* is ! op]ation ( ! rational s\l4 ,bel[ ?is1 !re is ano!r op]ation ( ! s\l1 :i* is inde$ p]=m$ ?r\gh a corporeal organ1 b n ?r\gh a corporeal quality1 & ?is is ! op]ation ( ! s5sitive s\l2 = ?\gh hot & cold1 wet & dry1 & o!r su* corporeal qualities are requir$ = ! "w ( ! s5ses1 yet !y are n requir$ 9 su* a way t ! op]ation ( ! s5ses takes place by virtue ( su* qualities2 b only = ! prop] disposition ( ! organ4 ,! l[e/ ( ! op]ations ( ! s\l is t :i* is p]=m$ by a corporeal organ1 & by virtue ( a corporeal quality4 ,yet ?is transc5ds ! op]ation ( ! corporeal nature2 because ! movem5ts ( bodies are caus$ by an extr9sic pr9ciple1 :ile ^! op]ations are f an intr9sic pr9ciple2 = ?is is common to all ! op]ations ( ! s\l2 s9ce e animate ?+1 9 "s way1 moves itself4 ,su* is ! op]ation ( ! vegetative s\l2 = dige/ion1 & :at foll[s1 is caus$ in/rum5tally by ! action ( heat1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d74 ,n[ ! p[]s ( ! s\l are di/+ui%$ g5]ically by _! objects4 ,= ! high] a p[] is1 ! m univ]sal is ! object to :i* x ext5ds1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c1 ad #d74 ,b ! object ( ! s\l's op]ation may be consid]$ 9 a triple ord]4 ,= 9 ! s\l !re is a p[] ! object ( :i* is only ! body t is unit$ to t s\l2 ! p[]s ( ?is g5us are call$ vegetative = ! vegetative p[] acts only on ! body to :i* ! s\l is unit$4 ,!re is ano!r g5us 9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 :i* g5us reg>ds a m univ]sal object--namely1 e s5sible body1 n only ! body to :i* ! s\l is unit$4 ,& !re is yet ano!r g5us 9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 :i* g5us reg>ds a /ill m univ]sal object--namely1 n only ! s5sible body1 b all be+ 9 univ]sal4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t ! latt] two g5]a ( ! s\l's p[]s h an op]ation 9 reg>d n m]ely to t :i* is unit$ to !m1 b also to some?+ extr9sic4 ,n[1 s9ce :atev] op]ates mu/ 9 "s way be unit$ to ! object ab\t :i* x op]ates1 x foll[s ( necessity t ?is some?+ extr9sic1 :i* is ! object ( ! s\l's op]ation1 mu/ be relat$ to ! s\l 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,fir/1 inasmu* z ?is some?+ extr9sic has a natural aptitude to be unit$ to ! s\l1 & to be by its lik5ess 9 ! s\l4 ,9 ?is way !re are two k9ds ( p[]s--namely1 ! s5sitive 9 reg>d to ! less common object--! s5sible body2 & ! intellectual1 9 reg>d to ! mo/ common object--univ]sal be+4 ,secondly1 =asmu* z ! s\l itself has an incl9ation & t5d5cy to ! some?+ extr9sic4 ,& 9 ?is way !re are aga9 two k9ds ( p[]s 9 ! s\l3 "o--! appetitive--9 respect ( :i* ! s\l is ref]r$ to some?+ extr9sic z to an end1 :i* is fir/ 9 ! int5tion2 ! o!r--! locomotive p[]--9 respect ( :i* ! s\l is ref]r$ to some?+ extr9sic z to ! t]m ( its op]ation & movem5t2 = e animal is mov$ = ! purpose ( realiz+ its desires & int5tions4 ,! modes ( liv+ are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! degrees ( liv+ ?+s4 ,!re are "s liv+ ?+s 9 :i* !re exi/s only vegetative p[]1 z ! plants4 ,!re are o!rs 9 :i* ) ! vegetative !re exi/s also ! s5sitive1 b n ! locomotive p[]2 su* z immovable animals1 z %ellfi%4 ,!re are o!rs :i* besides ?is h locomotive p[]s1 z p]fect animals1 :i* require _m ?+s = _! life1 & consequ5tly movem5t to seek necess>ies ( life f a di/ance4 ,& !re are "s liv+ ?+s :i* ) ^! h intellectual p[]--namely1 m54 ,b ! appetitive p[] does n con/itute a degree ( liv+ ?+s2 because :]ev] !re is s5se !re is also appetite 7,de ,anima ii1 #c74 ,?us ! fir/ two objections are h]eby solv$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! natural appetite is t incl9ation :i* ea* ?+ has1 ( its own nature1 = some?+2 :]e=e by its natural appetite ea* p[] desires some?+ suitable to itself4 ,b ! animal appetite results f ! =m appreh5d$2 ?is sort ( appetite requires a special p[] ( ! s\l--m]e appreh5sion does n suffice4 ,= a ?+ is desir$ z x exi/s 9 its own nature1 :]eas 9 ! appreh5sive p[] x exi/s n accord+ to its own nature1 b accord+ to its lik5ess4 ,:5ce x is cle> t sight desires naturally a visible object = ! purpose ( its act only--namely1 = ! purpose ( see+2 b ! animal by ! appetitive p[] desires ! ?+ se51 n m]ely = ! purpose ( see+ x1 b also = o!r purposes4 ,b if ! s\l did n require ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 except on acc\nt ( ! actions ( ! s5ses1 t is1 = ! purpose ( s5s+ !m2 !re w\ld be no ne$ = a special g5us ( appetitive p[]s1 s9ce ! natural appetite ( ! p[]s w\ld suffice4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh s5se & appetite are pr9ciples ( movem5t 9 p]fect animals1 yet s5se & appetite1 z su*1 are n suffici5t to cause movem5t1 unless ano!r p[] be add$ to !m2 = immovable animals h s5se & appetite1 & yet !y h n ! p[] ( motion4 ,n[ ?is motive p[] is n only 9 ! appetite & s5se z comm&+ ! movem5t1 b also 9 ! p>ts ( ! body1 to make !m obey ! appetite ( ! s\l :i* moves !m4 ,( ?is we h a sign 9 ! fact t :5 ! memb]s are depriv$ ( _! natural disposition1 !y d n move 9 ob$i5ce to ! appetite4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,p>ts ( ! ,vegetative ,s\l ,are ,fitt+ly ,describ$ ,z ! ,nutritive1 ,augm5tative1 & ,g5]ative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p>ts ( ! vegetative s\l are n fitt+ly describ$--namely1 ! nutritive1 augm5tative1 & g5]ative4 ,= ^! are call$ natural =ces4 ,b ! p[]s ( ! s\l are above ! natural =ces4 ,!re=e we %\ld n class ! above =ces z p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we %\ld n assign a p>ticul> p[] ( ! s\l to t :i* is common to liv+ & non-liv+ ?+s4 ,b g5]ation is common to all ?+s t c be g5]at$ & corrupt$1 :e!r liv+ or n liv+4 ,!re=e ! g5]ative =ce %\ld n be class$ z a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is m p[]ful ?an ! body4 ,b ! body by ! same =ce gives species & quantity2 mu* m1 !re=e1 does ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! augm5tative p[] ( ! s\l is n di/9ct f ! g5]ative p[]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ is pres]v$ 9 be+ by t :]eby x exi/s4 ,b ! g5]ative p[] is t :]eby a liv+ ?+ exi/s4 ,!re=e by ! same p[] ! liv+ ?+ is pres]v$4 ,n[ ! nutritive =ce is direct$ to ! pres]vation ( ! liv+ ?+ 7,de ,anima ii1 #d71 be+ a p[] :i* is capable ( pres]v+ :atev] receives x4 ,!re=e we %\ld n di/+ui% ! nutritive p[] f ! g5]ative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #b1d7 t ! op]ations ( ?is s\l are g5]ation1 ! use ( food1 & 7cf4 ,de ,anima iii1 #i7 gr[?4 ,i answ] t1 ,! vegetative "p has ?ree p[]s4 ,= ! vegetative "p1 z we h said 7,a4 #a71 has = its object ! body itself1 liv+ by ! s\l2 = :i* body a triple op]ation ( ! s\l is requir$4 ,"o is :]eby x acquires exi/5ce1 & to ?is is direct$ ! g5]ative p[]4 ,ano!r is :]eby ! liv+ body acquires its due quantity2 to ?is is direct$ ! augm5tative p[]4 ,ano!r is :]eby ! body ( a liv+ ?+ is pres]v$ 9 its exi/5ce & 9 its due quantity2 to ?is is direct$ ! nutritive p[]4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve a diff]5ce among ^! p[]s4 ,! nutritive & ! augm5tative h _! effect :]e !y exi/1 s9ce ! body itself unit$ to ! s\l gr[s & is pres]v$ by ! augm5tative & nutritive p[]s :i* exi/ 9 "o & ! same s\l4 ,b ! g5]ative p[] has its effect1 n 9 "o & ! same body b 9 ano!r2 = a ?+ _c g5]ate itself4 ,!re=e ! g5]ative p[]1 9 a way1 approa*es to ! dignity ( ! s5sitive s\l1 :i* has an op]ation ext5d+ to extr9sic ?+s1 al?\gh 9 a m excell5t & m univ]sal mann]2 = t :i* is highe/ 9 an inf]ior nature approa*es to t :i* is l[e/ 9 ! high] nature1 z is made cle> by ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 vii74 ,!re=e1 ( ^! ?ree p[]s1 ! g5]ative has ! great] f9ality1 nobility1 & p]fection1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d71 = x belongs to a ?+ :i* is already p]fect to produce ano!r l unto itself4 ,& ! g5]ative p[] is s]v$ by ! augm5tative & nutritive p[]s2 & ! augm5tative p[] by ! nutritive4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,su* =ces are call$ natural1 bo? because !y produce an effect l t ( nature1 :i* also gives exi/5ce1 quantity & pres]vation 7al?\gh ! above =ces accompli% ^! ?+s 9 a m p]fect way72 & because ^? =ces p]=m _! actions in/rum5tally1 ?r\gh ! active & passive qualities1 :i* are ! pr9ciples ( natural actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,g5]ation ( inanimate ?+s is entirely f an extr9sic s\rce2 :]eas ! g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s is 9 a high] way1 ?r\gh some?+ 9 ! liv+ ?+ itself1 :i* is ! sem5 conta9+ ! pr9ciple productive ( ! body4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be 9 ! liv+ ?+ a p[] t prep>es ?is sem52 & ?is is ! g5]ative p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s is f a sem51 x is necess>y t 9 ! beg9n+ an animal ( small size be g5]at$4 ,= ?is reason x mu/ h a p[] 9 ! s\l1 :]eby x is br\ght to its appropriate size4 ,b ! inanimate body is g5]at$ f det]m9ate matt] by an extr9sic ag5t2 !re=e x receives at once its nature & its quantity1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z we h said above 7,a4 #a71 ! op]ation ( ! vegetative pr9ciple is p]=m$ by means ( heat1 ! prop]ty ( :i* is to consume humidity4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to re/ore ! humidity ?us lo/1 ! nutritive p[] is requir$1 :]eby ! food is *ang$ into ! sub/ance ( ! body4 ,?is is also necess>y = ! action ( ! augm5tative & g5]ative p[]s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,five ,ext]ior ,s5ses ,are ,prop]ly ,di/+ui%$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem inaccurate to di/+ui% five ext]ior s5ses4 ,= s5se c "k accid5ts4 ,b !re are _m k9ds ( accid5ts4 ,!re=e1 z p[]s are di/+ui%$ by _! objects1 x seems t ! s5ses are multipli$ accord+ to ! numb] ( ! k9ds ( accid5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 magnitude & %ape1 & o!r ?+s :i* are call$ common s5sibles1 are n s5sibles by accid5t1 b are contradi/+ui%$ f !m by ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #f74 ,n[ ! div]sity ( objects1 z su*1 div]sifies ! p[]s4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 magnitude & %ape are fur!r f color ?an s\nd is1 x seems t !re is mu* m ne$ = ano!r s5sitive p[] ?an c grasp magnitude or %ape ?an = t :i* grasps color or s\nd4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o s5se reg>ds "o contr>iety2 z sight reg>ds :ite & black4 ,b ! s5se ( t\* grasps sev]al contr>ies2 su* z hot or cold1 damp or dry1 & su*like4 ,!re=e x is n a s+le s5se b sev]al4 ,!re=e !re are m ?an five s5ses4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a species is n divid$ aga9/ its g5us4 ,b ta/e is a k9d ( t\*4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be class$ z a di/9ct s5se ( t\*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #a73 ,!re is no o!r besides ! five s5ses4 ,i answ] t1 ,! reason ( ! di/9ction & numb] ( ! s5ses has be5 assign$ by "s to ! organs 9 :i* "o or o!r ( ! elem5ts prepond]ate1 z wat]1 air1 or ! l4 ,by o!rs x has be5 assign$ to ! m$ium1 :i* is ei!r 9 conjunction or extr9sic & is ei!r wat] or air1 or su* l4 ,o!rs h ascrib$ x to ! v>i\s natures ( ! s5sible qualities1 accord+ z su* quality belongs to a simple body or results f complexity4 ,b none ( ^! explanations is apt4 ,= ! p[]s are n = ! organs1 b ! organs = ! p[]s2 :]e=e !re are n v>i\s p[]s = ! reason t !re are v>i\s organs2 on ! contr>y1 = ?is has nature provid$ a v>iety ( organs1 t !y might be adapt$ to v>i\s p[]s4 ,9 ! same way nature provid$ v>i\s m$iums = ! v>i\s s5ses1 accord+ to ! conv5i5ce ( ! acts ( ! p[]s4 ,& to be cognizant ( ! natures ( s5sible qualities does n p]ta9 to ! s5ses1 b to ! intellect4 ,! reason ( ! numb] & di/9ction ( ! ext]ior s5ses mu/ !re=e be ascrib$ to t :i* belongs to ! s5ses prop]ly & p] se4 ,n[1 s5se is a passive p[]1 & is naturally immut$ by ! ext]ior s5sible4 ,:]e=e ! ext]ior cause ( su* immutation is :at is p] se p]ceiv$ by ! s5se1 & accord+ to ! div]sity ( t ext]ior cause are ! s5sitive p[]s div]sifi$4 ,n[1 immutation is ( two k9ds1 "o natural1 ! o!r spiritual4 ,natural immutation takes place by ! =m ( ! immut] be+ receiv$ accord+ to its natural exi/5ce1 into ! ?+ immut$1 z heat is receiv$ into ! ?+ heat$4 ,:]eas spiritual immutation takes place by ! =m ( ! immut] be+ receiv$1 accord+ to a spiritual mode ( exi/5ce1 into ! ?+ immut$1 z ! =m ( color is receiv$ into ! pupil :i* does n !reby become color$4 ,n[1 = ! op]ation ( ! s5ses1 a spiritual immutation is requir$1 :]eby an int5tion ( ! s5sible =m is effect$ 9 ! s5sile organ4 ,o!rwise1 if a natural immutation alone suffic$ = ! s5se's action1 all natural bodies w\ld feel :5 !y und]go alt]ation4 ,b 9 "s s5ses we f9d spiritual immutation only1 z 9 sight3 :ile 9 o!rs we f9d n only spiritual b also a natural immutation2 ei!r on ! "p ( ! object only1 or likewise on ! "p ( ! organ4 ,on ! "p ( ! object we f9d natural immutation1 z to place1 9 s\nd :i* is ! object ( he>+2 = s\nd is caus$ by p]cussion & commotion ( air3 & we f9d natural immutation by alt]ation1 9 odor :i* is ! object ( smell+2 = 9 ord] to exhale an odor1 a body mu/ be 9 a measure affect$ by heat4 ,on ! "p ( an organ1 natural immutation takes place 9 t\* & ta/e2 = ! h& t t\*es some?+ hot becomes hot1 :ile ! tongue is moi/5$ by ! humidity ( ! flavor$ morsel4 ,b ! organs ( smell+ & he>+ are n affect$ 9 _! respective op]ations by any natural immutation unless indirectly4 ,n[1 ! sight1 :i* is )\t natural immutation ei!r 9 its organ or 9 its object1 is ! mo/ spiritual1 ! mo/ p]fect1 & ! mo/ univ]sal ( all ! s5ses4 ,aft] ?is comes ! he>+ & !n ! smell1 :i* require a natural immutation on ! "p ( ! object2 :ile local motion is m p]fect ?an1 & naturally prior to1 ! motion ( alt]ation1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #g74 ,t\* & ta/e are ! mo/ mat]ial ( all3 ( ! di/9ction ( :i* we %all speak lat] on 7ad #c1 #d74 ,h5ce x is t ! ?ree o!r s5ses are n ex]cis$ ?r\gh a m$ium unit$ to !m1 to obviate any natural immutation 9 _! organ2 z happ5s z reg>ds ^! two s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e accid5t has 9 itself a p[] ( immutation b only qualities ( ! ?ird species1 :i* are ! pr9ciples ( alt]ation3 !re=e only su*like qualities are ! objects ( ! s5ses2 because ! s5ses are affect$ by ! same ?+s :]eby inanimate bodies are affect$1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 #b4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,size1 %ape1 & ! l1 :i* are call$ common s5sibles1 are midway betwe5 accid5tal s5sibles & prop] s5sibles1 :i* are ! objects ( ! s5ses4 ,= ! prop] s5sibles fir/1 & ( _! v nature1 affect ! s5ses2 s9ce !y are qualities t cause alt]ation4 ,b ! common s5sibles are all r$ucible to quantity4 ,z to size & numb]1 x is cle> t !y are species ( quantity4 ,%ape is a quality ab\t quantity1 s9ce ! notion ( %ape consi/s ( fix+ ! b\nds ( magnitude4 ,movem5t & re/ are s5s$ accord+ z ! subject is affect$ 9 "o or m ways 9 ! magnitude ( ! subject or ( its local di/ance1 z 9 ! movem5t ( gr[? or ( locomotion1 or aga91 accord+ z x is affect$ 9 "s s5sible qualities1 z 9 ! movem5t ( alt]ation2 & ?us to s5se movem5t & re/ is1 9 a way1 to s5se "o ?+ & _m4 ,n[ quantity is ! proximate subject ( ! qualities t cause alt]ation1 z surface is ( color4 ,!re=e ! common s5sibles d n move ! s5ses fir/ & ( _! own nature1 b by reason ( ! s5sible quality2 z ! surface by reason ( color4 ,yet !y are n accid5tal s5sibles1 = !y produce a c]ta9 v>iety 9 ! immutation ( ! s5ses4 ,= s5se is immut$ diff]5tly by a l>ge & by a small surface3 s9ce :it5ess itself is said to be great or small1 & !re=e x is divid$ accord+ to its prop] subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] seems to say 7,de ,anima ii1 #aa71 ! s5se ( t\* is g5]ically "o1 b is divid$ into sev]al specific s5ses1 & = ?is reason x ext5ds to v>i\s contr>ieties2 :i* s5ses1 h[ev]1 are n sep>ate f "o ano!r 9 _! organ1 b are spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole body1 s t _! di/9ction is n evid5t4 ,b ta/e1 :i* p]ceives ! sweet & ! bitt]1 accompanies t\* 9 ! tongue1 b n 9 ! :ole body2 s x is easily di/+ui%$ f t\*4 ,we might also say t all ^? contr>ieties agree1 ea* 9 "s proximate g5us1 & all 9 a common g5us1 :i* is ! common & =mal object ( t\*4 ,su* common g5us is1 h[ev]1 unnam$1 j z ! proximate g5us ( hot & cold is unnam$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! s5se ( ta/e1 accord+ to a say+ ( ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #i71 is a k9d ( t\* exi/+ 9 ! tongue only4 ,x is n di/9ct f t\* 9 g5]al1 b only f ! species ( t\* di/ribut$ 9 ! body4 ,b if t\* is "o s5se only1 on acc\nt ( ! common =mality ( its object3 we mu/ say t ta/e is di/+ui%$ f t\* by reason ( a diff]5t =mality ( immutation4 ,= t\* involves a natural1 & n only a spiritual1 immutation 9 its organ1 by reason ( ! quality :i* is its prop] object4 ,b ! organ ( ta/e is n necess>ily immut$ by a natural immutation by reason ( ! quality :i* is its prop] object1 s t ! tongue itself becomes sweet & bitt]3 b by reason ( a quality :i* is a preamble to1 & on :i* is bas$1 ! flavor1 :i* quality is moi/ure1 ! object ( t\*4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,int]ior ,s5ses ,are ,suitably ,di/+ui%$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! int]ior s5ses are n suitably di/+ui%$4 ,= ! common is n divid$ aga9/ ! prop]4 ,!re=e ! common s5se %\ld n be numb]$ among ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s1 9 addition to ! prop] ext]ior s5ses4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no ne$ to assign an int]ior p[] ( appreh5sion :5 ! prop] & ext]ior s5se suffices4 ,b ! prop] & ext]ior s5ses suffice = u to judge ( s5sible ?+s2 = ea* s5se judges ( its prop] object4 ,9 l mann] !y seem to suffice = ! p]ception ( _! own actions2 = s9ce ! action ( ! s5se is1 9 a way1 betwe5 ! p[] & its object1 x seems t sight mu/ be mu* m able to p]ceive its own vision1 z be+ ne>] to x1 ?an ! color2 & 9 l mann] ) ! o!r s5ses4 ,!re=e = ?is !re is no ne$ to assign an int]ior p[]1 call$ ! common s5se4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,memor4 et ,rem94 i71 ! imag9ation & ! memory are passions ( ! fir/ s5sitive4 ,b passion is n divid$ aga9/ its subject4 ,!re=e memory & imag9ation %\ld n be assign$ z p[]s di/9ct f ! s5ses4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect dep5ds on ! s5ses less ?an any p[] ( ! s5sitive "p4 ,b ! intellect kn[s no?+ b :at x receives f ! s5ses2 :5ce we read 7,po/]4 i1 #h71 t ^? :o lack "o s5se lack "o k9d ( k4 ,!re=e mu* less %\ld we assign to ! s5sitive "p a p[]1 :i* !y call ! e/imative p[]1 = ! p]ception ( int5tions :i* ! s5se does n p]ceive4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! action ( ! cogitative p[]1 :i* consi/s 9 comp>+1 add+ & divid+1 & ! action ( ! rem9isc5ce1 :i* consi/s 9 ! use ( a k9d ( syllogism = ! sake ( inquiry1 is n less di/ant f ! actions ( ! e/imative & memorative p[]s1 ?an ! action ( ! e/imative is f ! action ( ! imag9ation4 ,!re=e ei!r we mu/ add ! cognitive & rem9iscitive to ! e/imative & memorative p[]s1 or ! e/imative & memorative p[]s %\ld n be made di/9ct f ! imag9ation4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #f1 #g1 #bd7 describes ?ree k9ds ( vision2 namely1 corporeal1 :i* is ! action ( ! s5se2 spiritual1 :i* is an action ( ! imag9ation or phantasy2 & intellectual1 :i* is an action ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e !re is no int]ior p[] betwe5 ! s5se & intellect1 besides ! imag9ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,avic5na 7,de ,anima iv1 #a7 assigns five int]ior s5sitive p[]s2 namely1 common s5se1 phantasy1 imag9ation1 & ! e/imative & memorative p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z nature does n fail 9 necess>y ?+s1 !re mu/ ne$s be z _m actions ( ! s5sitive s\l z may suffice = ! life ( a p]fect animal4 ,if any ( ^! actions _c be r$uc$ to ! same "o pr9ciple1 !y mu/ be assign$ to div]se p[]s2 s9ce a p[] ( ! s\l is no?+ else ?an ! proximate pr9ciple ( ! s\l's op]ation4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve t = ! life ( a p]fect animal1 ! animal %\ld appreh5d a ?+ n only at ! actual "t ( s5sation1 b also :5 x is abs5t4 ,o!rwise1 s9ce animal motion & action foll[ appreh5sion1 an animal w\ld n be mov$ to seek some?+ abs5t3 ! contr>y ( :i* we may obs]ve specially 9 p]fect animals1 :i* are mov$ by progression1 = !y are mov$ t[>ds some?+ appreh5d$ & abs5t4 ,!re=e an animal ?r\gh ! s5sitive s\l mu/ n only receive ! species ( s5sible ?+s1 :5 x is actually affect$ by !m1 b x mu/ also reta9 & pres]ve !m4 ,n[ to receive & reta9 are1 9 corporeal ?+s1 r$uc$ to div]se pr9ciples2 = moi/ ?+s are apt to receive1 b reta9 ) difficulty1 :ile x is ! rev]se ) dry ?+s4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ! s5sitive p[] is ! act ( a corporeal organ1 x foll[s t ! p[] :i* receives ! species ( s5sible ?+s mu/ be di/9ct f ! p[] :i* pres]ves !m4 ,aga9 we mu/ obs]ve t if an animal 7 mov$ by pleas+ & disagreeable ?+s only z affect+ ! s5se1 !re w\ld be no ne$ to suppose t an animal has a p[] besides ! appreh5sion ( ^? =ms :i* ! s5ses p]ceive1 & 9 :i* ! animal takes pleasure1 or f :i* x %r9ks ) horror4 ,b ! animal ne$s to seek or to avoid c]ta9 ?+s1 n only because !y are pleas+ or o!rwise to ! s5ses1 b also on acc\nt ( o!r advantages & uses1 or disadvantages3 j z ! %eep runs away :5 x sees a wolf1 n on acc\nt ( its color or %ape1 b z a natural enemy3 & aga9 a bird ga!rs toge!r /raws1 n because !y are pleasant to ! s5se1 b because !y are useful = build+ its ne/4 ,animals1 !re=e1 ne$ to p]ceive su* int5tions1 :i* ! ext]ior s5se does n p]ceive4 ,& "s di/9ct pr9ciple is necess>y = ?is2 s9ce ! p]ception ( s5sible =ms comes by an immutation caus$ by ! s5sible1 :i* is n ! case ) ! p]ception ( ^? int5tions4 ,?us1 !re=e1 = ! reception ( s5sible =ms1 ! prop] s5se & ! common s5se are appo9t$1 & ( _! di/9ction we %all speak f>!r on 7ad #a1 #b74 ,b = ! ret5tion & pres]vation ( ^! =ms1 ! phantasy or imag9ation is appo9t$2 :i* are ! same1 = phantasy or imag9ation is z x 7 a /oreh\se ( =ms receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,fur!rmore1 = ! appreh5sion ( int5tions :i* are n receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ! e/imative p[] is appo9t$3 & = ! pres]vation !re(1 ! memorative p[]1 :i* is a /oreh\se ( su*-l int5tions4 ,a sign ( :i* we h 9 ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( memory 9 animals is f\nd 9 "s su* int5tion1 = in/ance1 t some?+ is h>mful or o!rwise4 ,& ! v =mality ( ! pa/1 :i* memory obs]ves1 is to be reckon$ among ^! int5tions4 ,n[1 we mu/ obs]ve t z to s5sible =ms !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 man & o!r animals2 = !y are simil>ly immut$ by ! extr9sic s5sible4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce z to ! above int5tions3 = o!r animals p]ceive ^! int5tions only by "s natural in/9ct1 :ile man p]ceives !m by means ( coalition ( ideas4 ,!re=e ! p[] by :i* 9 o!r animals is call$ ! natural e/imative1 9 man is call$ ! cogitative1 :i* by "s sort ( collation discov]s ^! int5tions4 ,:]e=e x is also call$ ! p>ticul> reason1 to :i* m$ical m5 assign a c]ta9 p>ticul> organ1 namely1 ! middle "p ( ! head3 = x comp>es individual int5tions1 j z ! intellectual reason comp>es univ]sal int5tions4 ,z to ! memorative p[]1 man has n only memory1 z o!r animals h 9 ! sudd5 recollection ( ! pa/2 b also rem9isc5ce by syllogi/ically1 z x 71 seek+ = a recollection ( ! pa/ by ! application ( individual int5tions4 ,avic5na1 h[ev]1 assigns betwe5 ! e/imative & ! imag9ative1 a fif? p[]1 :i* comb9es & divides imag9>y =ms3 z :5 f ! imag9>y =m ( gold1 & imag9>y =m ( a m\nta91 we compose ! "o =m ( a gold5 m\nta91 :i* we h nev] se54 ,b ?is op]ation is n to be f\nd 9 animals o!r ?an man1 9 :om ! imag9ative p[] suffices !reto4 ,to man also does ,av]roes attribute ?is action 9 8 book ,de s5su et s5sibilibus 7viii74 ,s !re is no ne$ to assign m ?an f\r int]ior p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p--namely1 ! common s5se1 ! imag9ation1 & ! e/imative & memorative p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! int]ior s5se is call$ common n by pr$ication1 z if x 7 a g5us2 b z ! common root & pr9ciple ( ! ext]ior s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prop] s5se judges ( ! prop] s5sible by disc]n+ x f o!r ?+s :i* come "u ! same s5se2 = in/ance1 by disc]n+ :ite f black or gre54 ,b nei!r sight nor ta/e c disc]n :ite f sweet3 because :at disc]ns betwe5 two ?+s mu/ "k bo?4 ,:]e=e ! disc]n+ judgm5t mu/ be assign$ to ! common s5se2 to :i*1 z to a common t]m1 all appreh5sions ( ! s5ses mu/ be ref]r$3 & by :i*1 aga91 all ! int5tions ( ! s5ses are p]ceiv$2 z :5 someone sees t he sees4 ,= ?is _c be done by ! prop] s5se1 :i* only kn[s ! =m ( ! s5sible by :i* x is immut$1 9 :i* immutation ! action ( sight is complet$1 & f immutation foll[s ano!r 9 ! common s5se :i* p]ceives ! act ( vision4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z "o p[] arises f ! s\l by means ( ano!r1 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #g71 s also ! s\l is ! subject ( "o p[] ?r\gh ano!r4 ,9 ?is way ! imag9ation & ! memory are call$ passions ( ! fir/ s5sitive4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ! op]ation ( ! intellect has its orig9 9 ! s5ses3 yet1 9 ! ?+ appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ! intellect kn[s _m ?+s :i* ! s5ses _c p]ceive4 ,9 l mann] does ! e/imative p[]1 ?\gh 9 a less p]fect mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! cogitative & memorative p[]s 9 man owe _! excell5ce n to t :i* is prop] to ! s5sitive "p2 b to a c]ta9 aff9ity & proximity to ! univ]sal reason1 :i*1 s to speak1 ov]fl[s into !m4 ,!re=e !y are n di/9ct p[]s1 b ! same1 yet m p]fect ?an 9 o!r animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,augu/9e calls t vision spiritual :i* is effect$ by ! images ( bodies 9 ! abs5ce ( bodies4 ,:5ce x is cle> t x is common to all int]ior appreh5sions4 ,,"q #gi ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,p[]s 7,9 ,?irte5 ,articles7 ,! next "q conc]ns ! intellectual p[]s1 "u :i* head !re are ?irte5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! intellect is a p[] ( ! s\l1 or its ess5ce8 7#b7 ,if x be a p[]1 :e!r x is a passive p[]8 7#c7 ,if x is a passive p[]1 :e!r !re is an active intellect8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is some?+ 9 ! s\l8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! active intellect is "o 9 all8 7#f7 ,:e!r memory is 9 ! intellect8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! memory be di/9ct f ! intellect8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! reason is a di/9ct p[] f ! intellect8 7#i7 ,:e!r ! sup]ior & inf]ior reason are di/9ct p[]s8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ! intellig5ce is di/9ct f ! intellect8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ! speculative & practical intellect are di/9ct p[]s8 7#ab7 ,:e!r synd]esis is a p[] ( ! intellectual "p8 7#ac7 ,:e!r ! consci5ce is a p[] ( ! intellectual "p8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,intellect ,is a ,p[] ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect is n a p[] ( ! s\l1 b ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,= ! intellect seems to be ! same z ! m9d4 ,n[ ! m9d is n a p[] ( ! s\l1 b ! ess5ce2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #b73 ,m9d & _s are n relative ?+s1 b d5om9ate ! ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! intellect is ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t g5]a ( ! s\l's p[]s are n unit$ 9 "s "o p[]1 b only 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,n[ ! appetitive & ! intellectual are diff]5t g5]a ( ! s\l's p[]s z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #c71 b !y are unit$ 9 ! m9d1 = ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa7 places ! intellig5ce & w 9 ! m9d4 ,!re=e ! m9d & intellect ( man is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! s\l & n a p[] !re(4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,gregory1 9 a homily = ! ,asc5sion 7xxix 9 ,ev471 man und]/&s ) ! angels4 ,b angels are call$ m9ds & intellects4 ,!re=e ! m9d & intellect ( man are n a p[] ( ! s\l1 b ! s\l itself4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a sub/ance is intellectual by ! fact t x is immat]ial4 ,b ! s\l is immat]ial ?r\gh its ess5ce4 ,!re=e x seems t ! s\l mu/ be intellectual ?r\gh its ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] assigns ! intellectual faculty z a p[] ( ! s\l 7,de ,anima ii1 #c74 ,i answ] t1 ,9 accordance ) :at has be5 already %[n 7,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #a7 x is necess>y to say t ! intellect is a p[] ( ! s\l1 & n ! v ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,= !n alone ! ess5ce ( t :i* op]ates is ! imm$iate pr9ciple ( op]ation1 :5 op]ation itself is its be+3 = z p[] is to op]ation z its act1 s is ! ess5ce to be+4 ,b 9 ,god alone ,8 action ( und]/&+ is ,8 v ,be+4 ,:]e=e 9 ,god alone is ,8 intellect ,8 ess5ce3 :ile 9 o!r intellectual creatures1 ! intellect is a p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s5se is sometimes tak5 = ! p[]1 & sometimes = ! s5sitive s\l2 = ! s5sitive s\l takes its "n f its *ief p[]1 :i* is s5se4 ,& 9 l mann] ! intellectual s\l is sometimes call$ intellect1 z f its *ief p[]2 & ?us we read 7,de ,anima i1 #d71 t ! intellect is a sub/ance4 ,& 9 ?is s5se also ,augu/9e says t ! m9d is _s & ess5ce 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #b2 xiv1 #af74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! appetitive & intellectual p[]s are diff]5t g5]a ( p[]s 9 ! s\l1 by reason ( ! diff]5t =malities ( _! objects4 ,b ! appetitive p[] agrees p>tly ) ! intellectual p[] & p>tly ) ! s5sitive 9 its mode ( op]ation ei!r ?r\gh a corporeal organ or )\t x3 = appetite foll[s appreh5sion4 ,& 9 ?is way ,augu/9e puts ! w 9 ! m9d2 & ! ,philosoph]1 9 ! reason 7,de ,anima iii1 #i74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! angels !re is no o!r p[] besides ! intellect1 & ! w1 :i* foll[s ! intellect4 ,& = ?is reason an angel is call$ a m9d or an intellect2 because 8 :ole p[] consi/s 9 ?is4 ,b ! s\l has _m o!r p[]s1 su* z ! s5sitive & nutritive p[]s1 & !re=e ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! immat]iality ( ! creat$ intellig5t sub/ance is n its intellect2 & ?r\gh its immat]iality x has ! p[] ( intellig5ce4 ,:]e=e x foll[s n t ! intellect is ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 b t x is its virtue & p[]4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,intellect ,is a ,passive ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect is n a passive p[]4 ,= ev]y?+ is passive by its matt]1 & acts by its =m4 ,b ! intellectual p[] results f ! immat]iality ( ! intellig5t sub/ance4 ,!re=e x seems t ! intellect is n a passive p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! intellectual p[] is incorruptible1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #f74 ,b if ! intellect is passive1 x is corruptible 7,de ,anima iii1 #e74 ,!re=e ! intellectual p[] is n passive4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ag5t is nobl] ?an ! pati5t1 z ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #af7 & ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii1 #e7 says4 ,b all ! p[]s ( ! vegetative "p are active2 yet !y are ! l[e/ among ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 all ! intellectual p[]s1 :i* are ! highe/1 are active4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t to und]/& is 9 a way to be passive4 ,i answ] t1 ,to be passive may be tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ly1 9 its mo/ /rict s5se1 :5 f a ?+ is tak5 some?+ :i* belongs to x by virtue ei!r ( its nature1 or ( its prop] incl9ation3 z :5 wat] loses coolness by heat+1 & z :5 a man becomes ill or sad4 ,secondly1 less /rictly1 a ?+ is said to be passive1 :5 some?+1 :e!r suitable or unsuitable1 is tak5 away f x4 ,& 9 ?is way n only he :o is ill is said to be passive1 b also he :o is heal$2 n only he t is sad1 b also he t is joyful2 or :atev] way he be alt]$ or mov$4 ,?irdly1 9 a wide s5se a ?+ is said to be passive1 f ! v fact t :at is 9 pot5tiality to some?+ receives t to :i* x 0 9 pot5tiality1 )\t be+ depriv$ ( any?+4 ,& accord+ly1 :atev] passes f pot5tiality to act1 may be said to be passive1 ev5 :5 x is p]fect$4 ,& ?us ) u to und]/& is to be passive4 ,?is is cle> f ! foll[+ reason4 ,= ! intellect1 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #a71 has an op]ation ext5d+ to univ]sal be+4 ,we may !re=e see :e!r ! intellect be 9 act or pot5tiality by obs]v+ fir/ ( all ! nature ( ! relation ( ! intellect to univ]sal be+4 ,= we f9d an intellect ^: relation to univ]sal be+ is t ( ! act ( all be+3 & su* is ! ,div9e intellect1 :i* is ! ,ess5ce ( ,god1 9 :i* orig9ally & virtually1 all be+ pre-exi/s z 9 its fir/ cause4 ,& !re=e ! ,div9e intellect is n 9 pot5tiality1 b is pure act4 ,b no creat$ intellect c be an act 9 relation to ! :ole univ]sal be+2 o!rwise x w\ld ne$s be an inf9ite be+4 ,:]e=e e creat$ intellect is n ! act ( all ?+s intelligible1 by reason ( its v exi/5ce2 b is comp>$ to ^! intelligible ?+s z a pot5tiality to act4 ,n[1 pot5tiality has a d\ble relation to act4 ,!re is a pot5tiality :i* is always p]fect$ by its act3 z ! matt] ( ! heav5ly bodies 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #a74 ,& !re is ano!r pot5tiality :i* is n always 9 act1 b proce$s f pot5tiality to act2 z we obs]ve 9 ?+s t are corrupt$ & g5]at$4 ,:]e=e ! angelic intellect is always 9 act z reg>ds ^? ?+s :i* x c und]/&1 by reason ( its proximity to ! fir/ intellect1 :i* is pure act1 z we h said above4 ,b ! human intellect1 :i* is ! l[e/ 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce & mo/ remote f ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e intellect1 is 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to ?+s intelligible1 & is at fir/ l a clean tablet on :i* no?+ is writt51 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,?is is made cle> f ! fact1 t at fir/ we are only 9 pot5tiality to und]/&1 & aft]w>ds we are made to und]/& actually4 ,& s x is evid5t t ) u to und]/& is 9 a way to be passive2 tak+ passion 9 ! ?ird s5se4 ,& consequ5tly ! intellect is a passive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection is v]ifi$ ( passion 9 ! fir/ & second s5ses1 :i* belong to prim>y matt]4 ,b 9 ! ?ird s5se passion is 9 any?+ :i* is r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,passive intellect is ! "n giv5 by "s to ! s5sitive appetite1 9 :i* are ! passions ( ! s\l2 :i* appetite is also call$ rational by p>ticipation1 because x obeys ! reason 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,o!rs give ! "n ( passive intellect to ! cogitative p[]1 :i* is call$ ! p>ticul> reason4 ,& 9 ea* case passive may be tak5 9 ! two fir/ s5ses2 =asmu* z ?is s-call$ intellect is ! act ( a corporeal organ4 ,b ! intellect :i* is 9 pot5tiality to ?+s intelligible1 & :i* = ?is reason ,ari/otle calls ! possible intellect 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 is n passive except 9 ! ?ird s5se3 = x is n an act ( a corporeal organ4 ,h5ce x is incorruptible4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ag5t is nobl] ?an ! pati5t1 if ! action & ! passion are ref]r$ to ! same ?+3 b n always1 if !y ref] to diff]5t ?+s4 ,n[ ! intellect is a passive p[] 9 reg>d to ! :ole univ]sal be+3 :ile ! vegetative p[] is active 9 reg>d to "s p>ticul> ?+1 namely1 ! body z unit$ to ! s\l4 ,:]e=e no?+ prev5ts su* a passive =ce be+ nobl] ?an su* an active "o4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is an ,active ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no active intellect4 ,= z ! s5ses are to ?+s s5sible1 s is our intellect to ?+s intelligible4 ,b because s5se is 9 pot5tiality to ?+s s5sible1 ! s5se is n said to be active1 b only passive4 ,!re=e1 s9ce our intellect is 9 pot5tiality to ?+s intelligible1 x seems t we _c say t ! intellect is active1 b only t x is passive4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if we say t also 9 ! s5ses !re is some?+ active1 su* z light3 on ! contr>y1 light is requir$ = sight1 inasmu* z x makes ! m$ium to be actually lum9\s2 = color ( its own nature moves ! lum9\s m$ium4 ,b 9 ! op]ation ( ! intellect !re is no appo9t$ m$ium t has to be br\ght into act4 ,!re=e !re is no necessity = an active intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! lik5ess ( ! ag5t is receiv$ into ! pati5t accord+ to ! nature ( ! pati5t4 ,b ! passive intellect is an immat]ial p[]4 ,!re=e its immat]ial nature suffices = =ms to be receiv$ into x immat]ially4 ,n[ a =m is intelligible 9 act f ! v fact t x is immat]ial4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = an active intellect to make ! species actually intelligible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #e71 ,z 9 e nature1 s 9 ! s\l is !re some?+ by :i* x becomes all ?+s1 & some?+ by :i* x makes all ?+s4 ,!re=e we mu/ admit an active intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,plato1 !re is no ne$ = an active intellect 9 ord] to make ?+s actually intelligible2 b p]haps 9 ord] to provide intellectual light to ! intellect1 z w be expla9$ f>!r on 7,a4 #d74 ,= ,plato suppos$ t ! =ms ( natural ?+s subsi/$ ap>t f matt]1 & consequ5tly t !y are intelligible3 s9ce a ?+ is actually intelligible f ! v fact t x is immat]ial4 ,& he call$ su* =ms species or ideas2 f a p>ticipation ( :i*1 he said t ev5 corporeal matt] 0 =m$1 9 ord] t individuals might be naturally e/abli%$ 9 _! prop] g5]a & species3 & t our intellect 0 =m$ by su* p>ticipation 9 ord] to h k ( ! g5]a & species ( ?+s4 ,b s9ce ,ari/otle did n all[ t =ms ( natural ?+s exi/ ap>t f matt]1 & z =ms exi/+ 9 matt] are n actually intelligible2 x foll[s t ! natures or =ms ( ! s5sible ?+s :i* we und]/& are n actually intelligible4 ,n[ no?+ is r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act except by some?+ 9 act2 z ! s5ses z made actual by :at is actually s5sible4 ,we mu/ !re=e assign on ! "p ( ! intellect "s p[] to make ?+s actually intelligible1 by ab/raction ( ! species f mat]ial conditions4 ,& su* is ! necessity = an active intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s5sible ?+s are f\nd 9 act outside ! s\l2 & h5ce !re is no ne$ = an active s5se4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t 9 ! nutritive "p all ! p[]s are active1 :]eas 9 ! s5sitive "p all are passive3 b 9 ! intellectual "p1 !re is some?+ active & some?+ passive4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are two op9ions z to ! effect ( light4 ,= "s say t light is requir$ = sight1 9 ord] to make colors actually visible4 ,& accord+ to ?is ! active intellect is requir$ = und]/&+1 9 l mann] & = ! same reason z light is requir$ = see+4 ,b 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs1 light is requir$ = sight2 n = ! colors to become actually visible2 b 9 ord] t ! m$ium may become actually lum9\s1 z ! ,comm5tator says on ,de ,anima ii4 ,& accord+ to ?is1 ,ari/otle's comp>ison ( ! active intellect to light is v]ifi$ 9 ?is1 t z x is requir$ = und]/&+1 s is light requir$ = see+2 b n = ! same reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! ag5t pre-exi/1 x may well happ5 t its lik5ess is receiv$ v>i\sly into v>i\s ?+s1 on acc\nt ( _! dispositions4 ,b if ! ag5t does n pre-exi/1 ! disposition ( ! recipi5t has no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,n[ ! intelligible 9 act is n some?+ exi/+ 9 nature2 if we consid] ! nature ( ?+s s5sible1 :i* d n subsi/ ap>t f matt]4 ,& !re=e 9 ord] to und]/& !m1 ! immat]ial nature ( ! passive intellect w\ld n suffice b = ! pres5ce ( ! active intellect :i* makes ?+s actually intelligible by way ( ab/raction4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,active ,intellect ,is ,some?+ 9 ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! active intellect is n some?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,= ! effect ( ! active intellect is to give light = ! purpose ( und]/&+4 ,b ?is is done by some?+ high] ?an ! s\l3 accord+ to ,john #a3i1 ,he 0 ! true light t enlight5e? e man com+ into ?is _w4 ,!re=e ! active intellect is n some?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #e7 says ( ! active intellect1 t x does n sometimes und]/& & sometimes n und]/&4 ,b our s\l does n always und]/&3 sometimes x und]/&s1 sometimes x does n und]/&4 ,!re=e ! active intellect is n some?+ 9 our s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ag5t & pati5t suffice = action4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! passive intellect1 :i* is a passive p[]1 is some?+ belong+ to ! s\l2 & also ! active intellect1 :i* is an active p[]3 x foll[s t a man w\ld always be able to und]/& :5 he wi%$1 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e ! active intellect is n some?+ 9 our s\l4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #e7 says t ! active intellect is a sub/ance 9 actual be+4 ,b no?+ c be 9 pot5tiality & 9 act ) reg>d to ! same ?+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! passive intellect1 :i* is 9 pot5tiality to all ?+s intelligible1 is some?+ 9 ! s\l1 x seems impossible = ! active intellect to be also some?+ 9 our s\l4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ! active intellect is some?+ 9 ! s\l1 x mu/ be a p[]4 ,= x is nei!r a passion nor a habit2 s9ce habits & passions are n 9 ! nature ( ag5ts 9 reg>d to ! passivity ( ! s\l2 b r passion is ! v action ( ! passive p[]2 :ile habit is some?+ :i* results f acts4 ,b e p[] fl[s f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,x w\ld !re=e foll[ t ! active intellect fl[s f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,& ?us x w\ld n be 9 ! s\l by way ( p>ticipation f "s high] intellect3 :i* is unfitt+4 ,!re=e ! active intellect is n some?+ 9 our s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #e71 t x is necess>y = ^! diff]5ces1 namely1 ! passive & active intellect1 to be 9 ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,! active intellect1 ( :i* ! ,philosoph] speaks1 is some?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,9 ord] to make ?is evid5t1 we mu/ obs]ve t above ! intellectual s\l ( man we mu/ ne$s suppose a sup]ior intellect1 f :i* ! s\l acquires ! p[] ( und]/&+4 ,= :at is su* by p>ticipation1 & :at is mobile1 & :at is imp]fect always requires ! pre-exi/5ce ( some?+ ess5tially su*1 immovable & p]fect4 ,n[ ! human s\l is call$ intellectual by reason ( a p>ticipation 9 intellectual p[]2 a sign ( :i* is t x is n :olly intellectual b only 9 "p4 ,moreov] x rea*es to ! und]/&+ ( tru? by argu+1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( reason+ & movem5t4 ,aga9 x has an imp]fect und]/&+2 bo? because x does n und]/& ev]y?+1 & because1 9 ^? ?+s :i* x does und]/&1 x passes f pot5tiality to act4 ,!re=e !re mu/ ne$s be "s high] intellect1 by :i* ! s\l is help$ to und]/&4 ,:]e=e "s held t ?is intellect1 sub/antially sep>ate1 is ! active intellect1 :i* by light+ up ! phantasms z x 71 makes !m to be actually intelligible4 ,b1 ev5 suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a sep>ate active intellect1 x w\ld /ill be necess>y to assign to ! human s\l "s p[] p>ticipat+ 9 t sup]ior intellect1 by :i* p[] ! human s\l makes ?+s actually intelligible4 ,j z 9 o!r p]fect natural ?+s1 besides ! univ]sal active causes1 ea* "o is end[$ ) its prop] p[]s d]iv$ f ^? univ]sal causes3 = ! sun alone does n g5]ate man2 b 9 man is ! p[] ( begett+ man3 & 9 l mann] ) o!r p]fect animals4 ,n[ among ^! l[] ?+s no?+ is m p]fect ?an ! human s\l4 ,:]e=e we mu/ say t 9 ! s\l is "s p[] d]iv$ f a high] intellect1 :]eby x is able to light up ! phantasms4 ,& we "k ?is by exp]i5ce1 s9ce we p]ceive t we ab/ract univ]sal =ms f _! p>ticul> conditions1 :i* is to make !m actually intelligible4 ,n[ no action belongs to any?+ except ?r\gh "s pr9ciple =mally inh]5t !re92 z we h said above ( ! passive intellect 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! p[] :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ?is action mu/ be some?+ 9 ! s\l4 ,= ?is reason ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii1 #e7 comp>$ ! active intellect to light1 :i* is some?+ receiv$ into ! air3 :ile ,plato comp>$ ! sep>ate intellect impress+ ! s\l to ! sun1 z ,!mi/ius says 9 8 comm5t>y on ,de ,anima iii4 ,b ! sep>ate intellect1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( our fai?1 is ,god ,himself1 ,:o is ! s\l's ,creator1 & only beatitude2 z w be %[n lat] on 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #g74 ,:]e=e ! human s\l d]ives its intellectual light f ,him1 accord+ to ,ps4 #d3g1 ,! light ( ,?y c\nt5ance1 ,o ,"l1 is sign$ ^u u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t true light enlight5s z a univ]sal cause1 f :i* ! human s\l d]ives a p>ticul> p[]1 z we h expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] says ^? words n ( ! active intellect1 b ( ! intellect 9 act3 ( :i* he _h already said3 ,k 9 act is ! same z ! ?+4 ,or1 if we ref] ^? words to ! active intellect1 !n !y are said because x is n ow+ to ! active intellect t sometimes we d1 & sometimes we d n und]/&1 b to ! intellect :i* is 9 pot5tiality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! relation ( ! active intellect to ! passive 7 t ( ! active object to a p[]1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ! visible 9 act to ! sight2 x w\ld foll[ t we c\ld und]/& all ?+s in/antly1 s9ce ! active intellect is t :i* makes all ?+s 79 act74 ,b n[ ! active intellect is n an object1 r is x t :]eby ! objects are made to be 9 act3 = :i*1 besides ! pres5ce ( ! active intellect1 we require ! pres5ce ( phantasms1 ! good disposition ( ! s5sitive p[]s1 & practice 9 ?is sort ( op]ation2 s9ce ?r\gh "o ?+ und]/ood1 o!r ?+s come to be und]/ood1 z f t]ms are made propositions1 & f fir/ pr9ciples1 conclusions4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x matt]s n :e!r ! active intellect is some?+ belong+ to ! s\l1 or some?+ sep>ate f ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! intellectual s\l is inde$ actually immat]ial1 b x is 9 pot5tiality to det]m9ate species4 ,on ! contr>y1 phantasms are actual images ( c]ta9 species1 b are immat]ial 9 pot5tiality4 ,:]e=e no?+ prev5ts "o & ! same s\l1 inasmu* z x is actually immat]ial1 hav+ "o p[] by :i* x makes ?+s actually immat]ial1 by ab/raction f ! conditions ( individual matt]3 :i* p[] is call$ ! active intellect2 & ano!r p[]1 receptive ( su* species1 :i* is call$ ! passive intellect by reason ( its be+ 9 pot5tiality to su* species4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,s9ce ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is immat]ial1 creat$ by ! supreme intellect1 no?+ prev5ts t p[] :i* x d]ives f ! supreme intellect1 & :]eby x ab/racts f matt]1 fl[+ f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 9 ! same way z its o!r p[]s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,active ,intellect ,is ,"o 9 ,all8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is "o active intellect 9 all4 ,= :at is sep>ate f ! body is n multipli$ accord+ to ! numb] ( bodies4 ,b ! active intellect is sep>ate1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #e74 ,!re=e x is n multipli$ 9 ! _m human bodies1 b is "o = all m54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! active intellect is ! cause ( ! univ]sal1 :i* is "o 9 _m4 ,b t :i* is ! cause ( unity is /ill m itself "o4 ,!re=e ! active intellect is ! same 9 all4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all m5 agree 9 ! fir/ intellectual concepts4 ,b to ^! !y ass5t by ! active intellect4 ,!re=e all agree 9 "o active intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #e7 t ! active intellect is z a light4 ,b light is n ! same 9 ! v>i\s ?+s enlight5$4 ,!re=e ! same active intellect is n 9 v>i\s m54 ,i answ] t1 ,! tru? ab\t ?is "q dep5ds on :at we h already said 7,a4 #d74 ,= if ! active intellect 7 n some?+ belong+ to ! s\l1 b 7 "s sep>ate sub/ance1 !re w\ld be "o active intellect = all m54 ,& ?is is :at !y mean :o hold t !re is "o active intellect = all4 ,b if ! active intellect is some?+ belong+ to ! s\l1 z "o ( its p[]s1 we are b\nd to say t !re are z _m active intellects z !re are s\ls1 :i* are multipli$ accord+ to ! numb] ( m51 z we h said above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #b74 ,= x is impossible t "o same p[] belong to v>i\s sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] proves t ! active intellect is sep>ate1 by ! fact t ! passive intellect is sep>ate3 because1 z he says 7,de ,anima iii1 #e71 ! ag5t is m noble ?an ! pati5t4 ,n[ ! passive intellect is said to be sep>ate1 because x is n ! act ( any corporeal organ4 ,& 9 ! same s5se ! active intellect is also call$ sep>ate2 b n z a sep>ate sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! active intellect is ! cause ( ! univ]sal1 by ab/ract+ x f matt]4 ,b = ?is purpose x ne$ n be ! same intellect 9 all intellig5t be+s2 b x mu/ be "o 9 its relation%ip to all ^? ?+s f :i* x ab/racts ! univ]sal1 ) respect to :i* ?+s ! univ]sal is "o4 ,& ?is befits ! active intellect inasmu* z x is immat]ial4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ?+s :i* are ( "o species enjoy 9 common ! action :i* accompanies ! nature ( ! species1 & consequ5tly ! p[] :i* is ! pr9ciple ( su* action2 b n s z t p[] be id5tical 9 all4 ,n[ to "k ! fir/ intelligible pr9ciples is ! action belong+ to ! human species4 ,:]e=e all m5 enjoy 9 common ! p[] :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ?is action3 & ?is p[] is ! active intellect4 ,b !re is no ne$ = x to be id5tical 9 all4 ,yet x mu/ be d]iv$ by all f "o pr9ciple4 ,& ?us ! possession by all m5 9 common ( ! fir/ pr9ciples proves ! unity ( ! sep>ate intellect1 :i* ,plato comp>es to ! sun2 b n ! unity ( ! active intellect1 :i* ,ari/otle comp>es to light4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,memory ,is 9 ! ,intellectual ,"p ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t memory is n 9 ! intellectual "p ( ! s\l4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #b1c1h7 t to ! high] "p ( ! s\l belongs ^? ?+s :i* are n common to man & bea/4 ,b memory is common to man & bea/1 = he says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #b1 #c1 #h7 t bea/s c s5se corporeal ?+s ?r\gh ! s5ses ( ! body1 & commit !m to memory4 ,!re=e memory does n belong to ! intellectual "p ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 memory is ( ! pa/4 ,b ! pa/ is said ( some?+ ) reg>d to a fix$ "t4 ,memory1 !re=e1 kn[s a ?+ "u a condition ( a fix$ "t2 :i* involves k "u ! conditions ( "h & n[4 ,b ?is is n ! prov9ce ( ! intellect1 b ( ! s5se4 ,!re=e memory is n 9 ! intellectual "p1 b only 9 ! s5sitive4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! memory are pres]v$ ! species ( ^? ?+s ( :i* we are n actually ?9k+4 ,b ?is _c happ5 9 ! intellect1 because ! intellect is r$uc$ to act by ! fact t ! intelligible species are receiv$ into x4 ,n[ ! intellect 9 act implies und]/&+ 9 act2 & !re=e ! intellect actually und]/&s all ?+s ( :i* x has ! species4 ,!re=e ! memory is n 9 ! intellectual "p4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa7 t memory1 und]/&+1 & w are "o m9d4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce x is ( ! nature ( ! memory to pres]ve ! species ( ^? ?+s :i* are n actually appreh5d$1 we mu/ fir/ ( all consid] :e!r ! intelligible species c ?us be pres]v$ 9 ! intellect3 because ,avic5na held t ?is 0 impossible4 ,= he admitt$ t ?is c\ld happ5 9 ! s5sitive "p1 z to "s p[]s1 inasmu* z !y are acts ( corporeal organs1 9 :i* c]ta9 species may be pres]v$ ap>t f actual appreh5sion4 ,b 9 ! intellect1 :i* has no corporeal organ1 no?+ b :at is intelligible exi/s4 ,:]e=e e ?+ ( :i* ! lik5ess exi/s 9 ! intellect mu/ be actually und]/ood4 ,?us1 !re=e1 accord+ to him1 z soon z we cease to und]/& some?+ actually1 ! species ( t ?+ ceases to be 9 our intellect1 & if we wi% to und]/& t ?+ anew1 we mu/ turn to ! active intellect1 :i* he held to be a sep>ate sub/ance1 9 ord] t ! intelligible species may !nce fl[ aga9 into our passive intellect4 ,& f ! practice & habit ( turn+ to ! active intellect !re is =m$1 accord+ to him1 a c]ta9 aptitude 9 ! passive intellect = turn+ to ! active intellect2 :i* aptitude he calls ! habit ( k4 ,accord+1 !re=e1 to ?is supposition1 no?+ is pres]v$ 9 ! intellectual "p t is n actually und]/ood3 :]e=e x w\ld n be possible to admit memory 9 ! intellectual "p4 ,b ?is op9ion is cle>ly oppos$ to ! tea*+ ( ,ari/otle4 ,= he says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t1 :5 ! passive intellect is id5tifi$ ) ea* ?+ z kn[+ x1 x is said to be 9 act1 & t ?is happ5s :5 x c op]ate ( itself4 ,&1 ev5 !n1 x is 9 pot5tiality1 b n 9 ! same way z be=e le>n+ & discov]+4 ,n[1 ! passive intellect is said to be ea* ?+1 inasmu* z x receives ! intelligible species ( ea* ?+4 ,to ! fact1 !re=e1 t x receives ! species ( intelligible ?+s x owes its be+ able to op]ate :5 x wills1 b n s t x be always op]at+3 = ev5 !n is x 9 pot5tiality 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ?\gh o!rwise ?an be=e ! act ( und]/&+--namely1 9 ! s5se t :oev] has habitual k is 9 pot5tiality to actual consid]ation4 ,! =ego+ op9ion is also oppos$ to reason4 ,= :at is receiv$ into some?+ is receiv$ accord+ to ! conditions ( ! recipi5t4 ,b ! intellect is ( a m /able nature1 & is m immovable ?an corporeal nature4 ,if1 !re=e1 corporeal matt] holds ! =ms :i* x receives1 n only :ile x actually does some?+ ?r\gh !m1 b also aft] ceas+ to act ?r\gh !m1 mu* m cog5t reason is !re = ! intellect to receive ! species un*angeably & la/+ly1 :e!r x receive !m f ?+s s5sible1 or d]ive !m f "s sup]ior intellect4 ,?us1 !re=e1 if we take memory only = ! p[] ( reta9+ species1 we mu/ say t x is 9 ! intellectual "p4 ,b if 9 ! notion ( memory we include its object z some?+ pa/1 !n ! memory is n 9 ! intellectual1 b only 9 ! s5sitive "p1 :i* appreh5ds individual ?+s4 ,= pa/1 z pa/1 s9ce x signifies be+ "u a condition ( fix$ "t1 is some?+ individual4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,memory1 if consid]$ z ret5tive ( species1 is n common to u & o!r animals4 ,= species are n reta9$ 9 ! s5sitive "p ( ! s\l only1 b r 9 ! body & s\l unit$3 s9ce ! memorative p[] is ! act ( "s organ4 ,b ! intellect 9 itself is ret5tive ( species1 )\t ! association ( any corporeal organ4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t ! s\l is ! seat ( ! species1 n ! :ole s\l1 b ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! condition ( pa/ may be ref]r$ to two ?+s--namely1 to ! object :i* is kn[n1 & to ! act ( k4 ,^! two are f\nd toge!r 9 ! s5sitive "p1 :i* appreh5ds some?+ f ! fact ( its be+ immut$ by a pres5t s5sible3 :]e=e at ! same "t an animal rememb]s to h s5s$ be=e 9 ! pa/1 & to h s5s$ "s pa/ s5sible ?+4 ,b z conc]ns ! intellectual "p1 ! pa/ is accid5tal1 & is n 9 itself a "p ( ! object ( ! intellect4 ,= ! intellect und]/&s man1 z man3 & to man1 z man1 x is accid5tal t he exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 pa/1 or future4 ,b on ! "p ( ! act1 ! condition ( pa/1 ev5 z su*1 may be und]/ood to be 9 ! intellect1 z well z 9 ! s5ses4 ,because our s\l's act ( und]/&+ is an individual act1 exi/+ 9 ?is or t "t1 inasmu* z a man is said to und]/& n[1 or ye/]day1 or tomorr[4 ,& ?is is n incompatible ) ! intellectual nature3 = su* an act ( und]/&+1 ?\gh some?+ individual1 is yet an immat]ial act1 z we h said above ( ! intellect 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a72 & !re=e1 z ! intellect und]/&s itself1 ?\gh x be itself an individual intellect1 s also x und]/&s its act ( und]/&+1 :i* is an individual act1 9 ! pa/1 pres5t1 or future4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ! notion ( memory1 9 z f> z x reg>ds pa/ ev5ts1 is pres]v$ 9 ! intellect1 =asmu* z x und]/&s t x previ\sly und]/ood3 b n 9 ! s5se t x und]/&s ! pa/ z some?+ "h & n[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intelligible species is sometimes 9 ! intellect only 9 pot5tiality1 & !n ! intellect is said to be 9 pot5tiality4 ,sometimes ! intelligible species is 9 ! intellect z reg>ds ! ultimate completion ( ! act1 & !n x und]/&s 9 act4 ,& sometimes ! intelligible species is 9 a middle /ate1 betwe5 pot5tiality & act3 & !n we h habitual k4 ,9 ?is way ! intellect reta9s ! species1 ev5 :5 x does n und]/& 9 act4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,memory ,is a ,p[] ,di/9ct f ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual memory is di/9ct f ! intellect4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa7 assigns to ! s\l memory1 und]/&+1 & w4 ,b x is cle> t ! memory is a di/9ct p[] f ! w4 ,!re=e x is also di/9ct f ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! reason ( di/9ction among ! p[]s 9 ! s5sitive "p is ! same z 9 ! intellectual "p4 ,b memory 9 ! s5sitive "p is di/9ct f s5se1 z we h said 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e memory 9 ! intellectual "p is di/9ct f ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa2 xi1 #g71 memory1 und]/&+1 & w are equal to "o ano!r1 & "o fl[s f ! o!r4 ,b ?is c\ld n be if memory & intellect 7 ! same p[]4 ,!re=e !y are n ! same p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,f its nature ! memory is ! treasury or /oreh\se ( species4 ,b ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii7 attributes ?is to ! intellect1 z we h said 7,a4 #f1 ad #a74 ,!re=e ! memory is n ano!r p[] f ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,z has be5 said above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c71 ! p[]s ( ! s\l are di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t =mal aspects ( _! objects3 s9ce ea* p[] is def9$ 9 ref]5ce to t ?+ to :i* x is direct$ & :i* is its object4 ,x has also be5 said above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d7 t if any p[] by its nature be direct$ to an object accord+ to ! common ratio ( ! object1 t p[] w n be diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! individual diff]5ces ( t object3 j z ! p[] ( sight1 :i* reg>ds its object "u ! common ratio ( color1 is n diff]5tiat$ by diff]5ces ( black & :ite4 ,n[1 ! intellect reg>ds its object "u ! common ratio ( be+3 s9ce ! passive intellect is t 9 :i* all are 9 pot5tiality4 ,:]e=e ! passive intellect is n diff]5tiat$ by any diff]5ce ( be+4 ,nev]!less !re is a di/9ction betwe5 ! p[] ( ! active intellect & ( ! passive intellect3 because z reg>ds ! same object1 ! active p[] :i* makes ! object to be 9 act mu/ be di/9ct f ! passive p[]1 :i* is mov$ by ! object exi/+ 9 act4 ,?us ! active p[] is comp>$ to its object z a be+ 9 act is to a be+ 9 pot5tiality2 :]eas ! passive p[]1 on ! contr>y1 is comp>$ to its object z be+ 9 pot5tiality is to a be+ 9 act4 ,!re=e !re c be no o!r diff]5ce ( p[]s 9 ! intellect1 b t ( passive & active4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t memory is n a di/9ct p[] f ! intellect3 = x belongs to ! nature ( a passive p[] to reta9 z well z to receive4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh x is said 7#c ,s5t4 ,d1 #a7 t memory1 intellect1 & w are ?ree p[]s1 ?is is n 9 accordance ) ! mean+ ( ,augu/9e1 :o says expressly 7,de ,tr94 xiv7 t if we take memory1 intellig5ce1 & w z always pres5t 9 ! s\l1 :e!r we actually att5d to !m or n1 !y seem to p]ta9 to ! memory only4 ,& by intellig5ce ,i mean t by :i* we und]/& :5 actually ?9k+2 & by w ,i mean t love or affection :i* unites ! *ild & its p>5t4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t ,augu/9e does n take ! above ?ree = ?ree p[]s2 b by memory he und]/&s ! s\l's habit ( ret5tion2 by intellig5ce1 ! act ( ! intellect2 & by w1 ! act ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pa/ & pres5t may diff]5tiate ! s5sitive p[]s1 b n ! intellectual p[]s1 = ! reason give above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,intellig5ce arises f memory1 z act f habit2 & 9 ?is way x is equal to x1 b n z a p[] to a p[]4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,reason ,is ,di/9ct f ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! reason is a di/9ct p[] f ! intellect4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ,de ,spiritu et ,anima t :5 we wi% to rise f l[] ?+s to high]1 fir/ ! s5se comes to our aid1 !n imag9ation1 !n reason1 !n ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! reason is di/9ct f ! intellect1 z imag9ation is f s5se4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv1 #f71 t intellect is comp>$ to reason1 z et]nity to "t4 ,b x does n belong to ! same p[] to be 9 et]nity & to be 9 "t4 ,!re=e reason & intellect are n ! same p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man has intellect 9 common ) ! angels1 & s5se 9 common ) ! brutes4 ,b reason1 :i* is prop] to man1 :5ce he is call$ a rational animal1 is a p[] di/9ct f s5se4 ,!re=e is x equally true to say t x is di/9ct f ! intellect1 :i* prop]ly belongs to ! angel3 :5ce !y are call$ intellectual4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iii1 #bj7 t t 9 :i* man excels irrational animals is reason1 or m9d1 or intellig5ce or :atev] appropriate "n we l to give x4 ,!re=e1 reason1 intellect & m9d are "o p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,reason & intellect 9 man _c be di/9ct p[]s4 ,we %all und]/& ?is cle>ly if we consid] _! respective actions4 ,= to und]/& is simply to appreh5d intelligible tru?3 & to reason is to advance f "o ?+ und]/ood to ano!r1 s z to "k an intelligible tru?4 ,& !re=e angels1 :o accord+ to _! nature1 possess p]fect k ( intelligible tru?1 h no ne$ to advance f "o ?+ to ano!r2 b appreh5d ! tru? simply & )\t m5tal discussion1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii74 ,b man arrives at ! k ( intelligible tru? by advanc+ f "o ?+ to ano!r2 & !re=e he is call$ rational4 ,reason+1 !re=e1 is comp>$ to und]/&+1 z movem5t is to re/1 or acquisition to possession2 ( :i* "o belongs to ! p]fect1 ! o!r to ! imp]fect4 ,& s9ce movem5t always proce$s f some?+ immovable1 & ends 9 some?+ at re/2 h5ce x is t human reason+1 by way ( inquiry & discov]y1 advances f c]ta9 ?+s simply und]/ood--namely1 ! fir/ pr9ciples2 &1 aga91 by way ( judgm5t returns by analysis to fir/ pr9ciples1 9 ! light ( :i* x exam9es :at x has f\nd4 ,n[ x is cle> t re/ & movem5t are n to be ref]r$ to diff]5t p[]s1 b to "o & ! same1 ev5 9 natural ?+s3 s9ce by ! same nature a ?+ is mov$ t[>ds a c]ta9 place1 & re/s 9 t place4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 by ! same p[] d we und]/& & reason3 & s x is cle> t 9 man reason & intellect are ! same p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t enum]ation is made accord+ to ! ord] ( actions1 n accord+ to ! di/9ction ( p[]s4 ,moreov]1 t book is n ( great au?ority4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! answ] is cle> f :at we h said4 ,= et]nity is comp>$ to "t z immovable to movable4 ,& ?us ,boe?ius comp>$ ! intellect to et]nity1 & reason to "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,o!r animals are s mu* l[] ?an man t !y _c atta9 to ! k ( tru?1 :i* reason seeks4 ,b man atta9s1 al?\gh imp]fectly1 to ! k ( intelligible tru?1 :i* angels "k4 ,!re=e 9 ! angels ! p[] ( k is n ( a diff]5t g5us f t :i* is 9 ! human reason1 b is comp>$ to x z ! p]fect to ! imp]fect4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ! ,high] & ,l[] ,reason ,are ,di/9ct ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! high] & l[] reason are di/9ct p[]s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #d1g71 t ! image ( ! ,tr9ity is 9 ! high] "p ( ! reason1 & n 9 ! l[]4 ,b ! p>ts ( ! s\l are its p[]s4 ,!re=e ! high] & l[] reason are two p[]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ fl[s f itself4 ,n[1 ! l[] reason fl[s f ! high]1 & is rul$ & direct$ by x4 ,!re=e ! high] reason is ano!r p[] f ! l[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #a7 t ! sci5tific "p ( ! s\l1 by :i* ! s\l kn[s necess>y ?+s1 is ano!r pr9ciple1 & ano!r "p f ! op9ionative & reason+ "p by :i* x kn[s cont+5t ?+s4 ,& he proves ?is f ! pr9ciple t = ^? ?+s :i* are g5]ically diff]5t1 g5]ically diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l are orda9$4 ,n[ cont+5t & necess>y are g5]ically diff]5t1 z corruptible & incorruptible4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 necess>y is ! same z et]nal1 & temporal ! same z cont+5t1 x seems t :at ! ,philosoph] calls ! sci5tific "p mu/ be ! same z ! high] reason1 :i*1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #g7 is int5t on ! consid]ation & consultation ( ?+s et]nal2 & t :at ! ,philosoph] calls ! reason+ or op9ionative "p is ! same z ! l[] reason1 :i*1 accord+ to ,augu/9e1 is int5t on ! disposal ( temporal ?+s4 ,!re=e ! high] reason is ano!r p[] ?an ! l[]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t op9ion rises f ! imag9ation3 !n ! m9d by judg+ ( ! tru? or error ( ! op9ion discov]s ! tru?3 :5ce m5s 7m9d7 is d]iv$ f meti5do 7measur+74 ,& !re=e ! intellect reg>ds ^? ?+s :i* are already subject to judgm5t & true decision4 ,!re=e ! op9ionative p[]1 :i* is ! l[] reason1 is di/9ct f ! m9d & ! intellect1 by :i* we may und]/& ! high] reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #d7 t ! high] & l[] reason are only di/9ct by _! functions4 ,!re=e !y are n two p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! high] & l[] reason1 z !y are und]/ood by ,augu/9e1 c 9 no way be two p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,= he says t ! high] reason is t :i* is int5t on ! contemplation & consultation ( ?+s et]nal3 =asmu* z 9 contemplation x sees !m 9 !mselves1 & 9 consultation x takes its rules ( action f !m4 ,b he calls ! l[] reason t :i* is int5t on ! disposal ( temporal ?+s4 ,n[ ^! two--namely1 et]nal & temporal--are relat$ to our k 9 ?is way1 t "o ( !m is ! means ( kn[+ ! o!r4 ,= by way ( discov]y1 we come ?r\gh k ( temporal ?+s to t ( ?+s et]nal1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #a3bj71 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made3 :ile by way ( judgm5t1 f et]nal ?+s already kn[n1 we judge ( temporal ?+s1 & accord+ to laws ( ?+s et]nal we dispose ( temporal ?+s4 ,b x may happ5 t ! m$ium & :at is atta9$ !reby belong to diff]5t habits3 z ! fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciples belong to ! habit ( ! intellect2 :]eas ! conclusions :i* we draw f !m belong to ! habit ( sci5ce4 ,& s x happ5s t f ! pr9ciples ( geometry we draw a conclusion 9 ano!r sci5ce--= example1 p]spective4 ,b ! p[] ( ! reason is su* t bo? m$ium & t]m belong to x4 ,= ! act ( ! reason is1 z x 71 a movem5t f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,b ! same movable ?+ passes ?r\gh ! m$ium & rea*es ! end4 ,:]e=e ! high] & l[] reasons are "o & ! same p[]4 ,b accord+ to ,augu/9e !y are di/+ui%$ by ! functions ( _! actions1 & accord+ to _! v>i\s habits3 = wisdom is attribut$ to ! high] reason1 sci5ce to ! l[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we speak ( p>ts1 9 :atev] way a ?+ is divid$4 ,& s f> z reason is divid$ accord+ to its v>i\s acts1 ! high] & l[] reason are call$ p>ts2 b n because !y are diff]5t p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! l[] reason is said to fl[ f ! high]1 or to be rul$ by x1 z f> z ! pr9ciples made use ( by ! l[] reason are drawn f & direct$ by ! pr9ciples ( ! high] reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! sci5tific "p1 ( :i* ! ,philosoph] speaks1 is n ! same z ! high] reason3 = necess>y tru?s are f\nd ev5 among temporal ?+s1 ( :i* natural sci5ce & ma!matics treat4 ,& ! op9ionative & ratioc9ative "p is m limit$ ?an ! l[] reason2 = x reg>ds only ?+s cont+5t4 ,nei!r mu/ we say1 )\t any qualification1 t a p[]1 by :i* ! intellect kn[s necess>y ?+s1 is di/9ct f a p[] by :i* x kn[s cont+5t ?+s3 because x kn[s bo? "u ! same objective aspect--namely1 "u ! aspect ( be+ & tru?4 ,:]e=e x p]fectly kn[s necess>y ?+s :i* h p]fect be+ 9 tru?2 s9ce x p5etrates to _! v ess5ce1 f :i* x demon/rates _! prop] accid5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x kn[s cont+5t ?+s1 b imp]fectly2 =asmu* z !y h b imp]fect be+ & tru?4 ,n[ p]fect & imp]fect 9 ! action d n v>y ! p[]1 b !y v>y ! actions z to ! mode ( act+1 & consequ5tly ! pr9ciples ( ! actions & ! habits !mselves4 ,& !re=e ! ,philosoph] po/ulates two less] p>ts ( ! s\l--namely1 ! sci5tific & ! ratioc9ative1 n because !y are two p[]s1 b because !y are di/9ct accord+ to a diff]5t aptitude = receiv+ v>i\s habits1 conc]n+ ! v>iety ( :i* he inquires4 ,= cont+5t & necess>y1 ?\gh diff]+ accord+ to _! prop] g5]a1 nev]!less agree 9 ! common aspect ( be+1 :i* ! intellect consid]s1 & to :i* !y are v>i\sly comp>$ z p]fect & imp]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,t di/9ction giv5 by ,damasc5e is accord+ to ! v>iety ( acts1 n accord+ to ! v>iety ( p[]s4 ,= op9ion signifies an act ( ! intellect :i* leans to "o side ( a contradiction1 :il/ 9 fe> ( ! o!r4 ,:ile to judge or measure m5sur>e is an act ( ! intellect1 apply+ c]ta9 pr9ciples to exam9e propositions4 ,f ?is is tak5 ! ^w m5s m9d4 ,la/ly1 to und]/& is to adh]e to ! =m$ judgm5t ) approval4 ,,t5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,intellig5ce ,is a ,p[] ,di/9ct f ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellig5ce is ano!r p[] ?an ! intellect4 ,= we read 9 ,de ,spiritu et ,anima t :5 we wi% to rise f l[] to high] ?+s1 fir/ ! s5se comes to our aid1 !n imag9ation1 !n reason1 !n intellect1 & aft]w>ds intellig5ce4 ,b imag9ation & s5se are di/9ct p[]s4 ,!re=e also intellect & intellig5ce are di/9ct4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 v1 #d7 t s5se consid]s man 9 "o way1 imag9ation 9 ano!r1 reason 9 ano!r1 intellig5ce 9 ano!r4 ,b intellect is ! same p[] z reason4 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 intellig5ce is a di/9ct p[] f intellect1 z reason is a di/9ct p[] f imag9ation or s5se4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 actions came be=e p[]s1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d74 ,b intellig5ce is an act sep>ate f o!rs attribut$ to ! intellect4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii7 t ! fir/ movem5t is call$ intellig5ce2 b t intellig5ce :i* is ab\t a c]ta9 ?+ is call$ int5tion2 t :i* rema9s & con=ms ! s\l to t :i* is und]/ood is call$ inv5tion1 & inv5tion :5 x rema9s 9 ! same man1 exam9+ & judg+ ( itself1 is call$ phronesis 7t is1 wisdom71 & phronesis if dilat$ makes ?\ght1 t is1 ord]ly int]nal spee*2 f :i*1 !y say1 comes spee* express$ by ! tongue4 ,!re=e x seems t intellig5ce is "s special p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #f7 t intellig5ce is ( indivisible ?+s 9 :i* !re is no?+ false4 ,b ! k ( ^! ?+s belongs to ! intellect4 ,!re=e intellig5ce is n ano!r p[] ?an ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is ^w intellig5ce prop]ly signifies ! intellect's v act1 :i* is to und]/&4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s works translat$ f ! ,arabic1 ! sep>ate sub/ances :i* we call angels are call$ intellig5ces1 & p]haps = ?is reason1 t su* sub/ances are always actually und]/&+4 ,b 9 works translat$ f ! ,greek1 !y are call$ intellects or m9ds4 ,?us intellig5ce is n di/9ct f intellect1 z p[] is f p[]2 b z act is f p[]4 ,& su* a division is recogniz$ ev5 by ! philosoph]s4 ,= sometimes !y assign f\r intellects--namely1 ! active & passive intellects1 ! intellect 9 habit1 & ! actual intellect4 ,( :i* f\r ! active & passive intellects are diff]5t p[]s2 j z 9 all ?+s ! active p[] is di/9ct f ! passive4 ,b ?ree ( ^! are di/9ct1 z ?ree /ates ( ! passive intellect1 :i* is sometimes 9 pot5tiality only1 & ?us x is call$ passive2 sometimes x is 9 ! fir/ act1 :i* is k1 & ?us x is call$ intellect 9 habit2 & sometimes x is 9 ! second act1 :i* is to consid]1 & ?us x is call$ intellect 9 act1 or actual intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if ?is au?ority is accept$1 intellig5ce !re means ! act ( ! intellect4 ,& ?us x is divid$ aga9/ intellect z act aga9/ p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,boe?ius takes intellig5ce z mean+ t act ( ! intellect :i* transc5ds ! act ( ! reason4 ,:]e=e he also says t reason alone belongs to ! human race1 z intellig5ce alone belongs to ,god1 = x belongs to ,god to und]/& all ?+s )\t any inve/igation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ^? acts :i* ,damasc5e enum]ates belong to "o p[]--namely1 ! intellectual p[]4 ,= ?is p[] fir/ ( all only appreh5ds some?+2 & ?is act is call$ intellig5ce4 ,secondly1 x directs :at x appreh5ds to ! k ( some?+ else1 or to "s op]ation2 & ?is is call$ int5tion4 ,& :5 x goes on 9 se>* ( :at x int5ds1 x is call$ inv5tion4 ,:51 by ref]5ce to some?+ kn[n = c]ta91 x exam9es :at x has f\nd1 x is said to "k or to be wise1 :i* belongs to phronesis or wisdom2 = x belongs to ! wise man to judge1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 i1 #b74 ,& :5 once x has obta9$ some?+ = c]ta91 z be+ fully exam9$1 x ?9ks ab\t ! means ( mak+ x kn[n to o!rs2 & ?is is ! ord]+ ( int]ior spee*1 f :i* proce$s ext]nal spee*4 ,= e diff]5ce ( acts does n make ! p[]s v>y1 b only :at _c be r$uc$ to ! "o same pr9ciple1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d74 ,,elev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ! ,speculative & ,practical ,intellects ,are ,di/9ct ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! speculative & practical intellects are di/9ct p[]s4 ,= ! appreh5sive & motive are diff]5t k9ds ( p[]s1 z is cle> f ,de ,anima ii1 #c4 ,b ! speculative intellect is m]ely an appreh5sive p[]2 :ile ! practical intellect is a motive p[]4 ,!re=e !y are di/9ct p[]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! diff]5t nature ( ! object diff]5tiates ! p[]4 ,b ! object ( ! speculative intellect is tru?1 & ( ! practical is good2 :i* diff] 9 nature4 ,!re=e ! speculative & practical intellect are di/9ct p[]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! intellectual "p1 ! practical intellect is comp>$ to ! speculative1 z ! e/imative is to ! imag9ative p[] 9 ! s5sitive "p4 ,b ! e/imative diff]s f ! imag9ative1 z p[] =m p[]1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e also ! speculative intellect diff]s f ! practical4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! speculative intellect by ext5sion becomes practical 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj74 ,b "o p[] is n *ang$ into ano!r4 ,!re=e ! speculative & practical intellects are n di/9ct p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! speculative & practical intellects are n di/9ct p[]s4 ,! reason ( :i* is t1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c71 :at is accid5tal to ! nature ( ! object ( a p[]1 does n diff]5tiate t p[]2 = x is accid5tal to a ?+ color$ to be man1 or to be great or small2 h5ce all su* ?+s are appreh5d$ by ! same p[] ( sight4 ,n[1 to a ?+ appreh5d$ by ! intellect1 x is accid5tal :e!r x be direct$ to op]ation or n1 & accord+ to ?is ! speculative & practical intellects diff]4 ,= x is ! speculative intellect :i* directs :at x appreh5ds1 n to op]ation1 b to ! consid]ation ( tru?2 :ile ! practical intellect is t :i* directs :at x appreh5ds to op]ation4 ,& ?is is :at ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj72 t ! speculative diff]s f ! practical 9 its end4 ,:5ce ea* is nam$ f its end3 ! "o speculative1 ! o!r practical--i4e4 op]ative4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! practical intellect is a motive p[]1 n z execut+ movem5t1 b z direct+ t[>ds x2 & ?is belongs to x accord+ to its mode ( appreh5sion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,tru? & good include "o ano!r2 = tru? is some?+ good1 o!rwise x w\ld n be desirable2 & good is some?+ true1 o!rwise x w\ld n be intelligible4 ,!re=e z ! object ( ! appetite may be some?+ true1 z hav+ ! aspect ( good1 = example1 :5 "s "o desires to "k ! tru?2 s ! object ( ! practical intellect is good direct$ to ! op]ation1 & "u ! aspect ( tru?4 ,= ! practical intellect kn[s tru?1 j z ! speculative1 b x directs ! kn[n tru? to op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,_m diff]5ces diff]5tiate ! s5sitive p[]s1 :i* d n diff]5tiate ! intellectual p[]s1 z we h said above 7,a4 #g1 ad #b2 ,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c1 ad #d74 ,,twelf? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,synd]esis ,is a ,special ,p[] ( ! ,s\l ,di/9ct f ! ,o!rs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t synd]esis is a special p[]1 di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* fall "u "o division1 seem to be ( ! same g5us4 ,b 9 ! gloss ( ,j]ome on ,eze*4 #a3f1 synd]esis is divid$ aga9/ ! irascible1 ! concupiscible1 & ! rational1 :i* are p[]s4 ,!re=e synd]esis is a p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 opposite ?+s are ( ! same g5us4 ,b synd]esis & s5suality seem to be oppos$ to "o ano!r because synd]esis always incites to good2 :ile s5suality always incites to evil3 :5ce x is signifi$ by ! s]p5t1 z is cle> f ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab1ac74 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t synd]esis is a p[] j z s5suality is4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #aj7 t 9 ! natural p[] ( judgm5t !re are c]ta9 rules & se$s ( virtue1 bo? true & un*angeable4 ,& ?is is :at we call synd]esis4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! un*angeable rules :i* guide our judgm5t belong to ! reason z to its high] "p1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #b71 x seems t synd]esis is ! same z reason3 & ?us x is a p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 viii1 #b71 rational p[]s reg>d opposite ?+s4 ,b synd]esis does n reg>d opposites1 b incl9es to good only4 ,!re=e synd]esis is n a p[]4 ,= if x 7 a p[] x w\ld be a rational p[]1 s9ce x is n f\nd 9 brute animals4 ,i answ] t1 ,synd]esis is n a p[] b a habit2 ?\gh "s held t x is a p[] high] ?an reason2 :ile o!rs 99,cf4 ,alex&] ( ,hales1 ,sum4 ,!ol4 ,,ii1 ,q4 #gc said t x is reason itself1 n z reason1 b z a nature4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle> we mu/ obs]ve t1 z we h said above 7,a4 #h71 man's act ( reason+1 s9ce x is a k9d ( movem5t1 proce$s f ! und]/&+ ( c]ta9 ?+s--namely1 ^? :i* are naturally kn[n )\t any inve/igation on ! "p ( reason1 z f an immovable pr9ciple--& ends also at ! und]/&+1 inasmu* z by means ( ^? pr9ciples naturally kn[n1 we judge ( ^? ?+s :i* we h discov]$ by reason+4 ,n[ x is cle> t1 z ! speculative reason argues ab\t speculative ?+s1 s t practical reason argues ab\t practical ?+s4 ,!re=e we mu/ h1 be/[$ on u by nature1 n only speculative pr9ciples1 b also practical pr9ciples4 ,n[ ! fir/ speculative pr9ciples be/[$ on u by nature d n belong to a special p[]1 b to a special habit1 :i* is call$ ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,e?ic4 vi1 #f74 ,:]e=e ! fir/ practical pr9ciples1 be/[$ on u by nature1 d n belong to a special p[]1 b to a special natural habit1 :i* we call synd]esis4 ,:5ce synd]esis is said to incite to good1 & to murmur at evil1 inasmu* z ?r\gh fir/ pr9ciples we proce$ to discov]1 & judge ( :at we h discov]$4 ,x is !re=e cle> t synd]esis is n a p[]1 b a natural habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! division giv5 by ,j]ome is tak5 f ! v>iety ( acts1 & n f ! v>iety ( p[]s2 & v>i\s acts c belong to "o p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 l mann]1 ! opposition ( s5suality to syn]esis is an opposition ( acts1 & n ( ! diff]5t species ( "o g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? un*angeable notions are ! fir/ practical pr9ciples1 conc]n+ :i* no "o errs2 & !y are attribut$ to reason z to a p[]1 & to synd]esis z to a habit4 ,:]e=e we judge naturally bo? by our reason & by synd]esis4 ,,?irte5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #ac ,:e!r ,consci5ce ,be a ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t consci5ce is a p[]2 = ,orig5 says 99,comm5t>y on ,rom4 #b3ae t consci5ce is a correct+ & guid+ _s accompany+ ! s\l1 by :i* x is l$ away f evil & made to cl+ to good4 ,b 9 ! s\l1 _s designates a p[]--ei!r ! m9d itself1 accord+ to ! text 7,eph4 #d3ac71 ,be ye r5ew$ 9 ! _s ( y\r m9d--or ! imag9ation1 :5ce imag9>y vision is call$ spiritual1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #g1bd74 ,!re=e consci5ce is a p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is a subject ( s91 except a p[] ( ! s\l4 ,b consci5ce is a subject ( s92 = x is said ( "s t _! m9d & consci5ce are defil$ 7,titus #a3ae74 ,!re=e x seems t consci5ce is a p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 consci5ce mu/ ( necessity be ei!r an act1 a habit1 or a p[]4 ,b x is n an act2 = ?us x w\ld n always exi/ 9 man4 ,nor is x a habit2 = consci5ce is n "o ?+ b _m1 s9ce we are direct$ 9 our actions by _m habits ( k4 ,!re=e consci5ce is a p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,consci5ce c be laid aside4 ,b a p[] _c be laid aside4 ,!re=e consci5ce is n a p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,prop]ly speak+1 consci5ce is n a p[]1 b an act4 ,?is is evid5t bo? f ! v "n & f ^? ?+s :i* 9 ! common way ( speak+ are attribut$ to consci5ce4 ,= consci5ce1 accord+ to ! v nature ( ! ^w1 implies ! relation ( k to some?+3 = consci5ce may be resolv$ into cum alio sci5tia1 i4e4 k appli$ to an individual case4 ,b ! application ( k to some?+ is done by "s act4 ,:]e=e f ?is explanation ( ! "n x is cle> t consci5ce is an act4 ,! same is manife/ f ^? ?+s :i* are attribut$ to consci5ce4 ,= consci5ce is said to witness1 to b9d1 or incite1 & also to accuse1 torm5t1 or rebuke4 ,& all ^! foll[ ! application ( k or sci5ce to :at we d3 :i* application is made 9 ?ree ways4 ,"o way 9 s f> z we recognize t we h done or n done some?+2 ,?y consci5ce kn[e? t ?\ ha/ (t5 spok5 evil ( o!rs 7,eccles4 #g3bc71 & accord+ to ?is1 consci5ce is said to witness4 ,9 ano!r way1 s f> z ?r\gh ! consci5ce we judge t some?+ %\ld be done or n done2 & 9 ?is s5se1 consci5ce is said to incite or to b9d4 ,9 ! ?ird way1 s f> z by consci5ce we judge t some?+ done is well done or ill done1 & 9 ?is s5se consci5ce is said to excuse1 accuse1 or torm5t4 ,n[1 x is cle> t all ^! ?+s foll[ ! actual application ( k to :at we d4 ,:]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 consci5ce d5om9ates an act4 ,b s9ce habit is a pr9ciple ( act1 sometimes ! "n consci5ce is giv5 to ! fir/ natural habit--namely1 synd]esis3 ?us ,j]ome calls synd]esis consci5ce 7,gloss4 ,eze*4 #a3f72 ,basil 99,hom4 9 pr9c4 ,prov]b41 ! natural p[] ( judgm5t1 & ,damasc5e 99,de ,fide ,or?4 iv4 #bb says t x is ! law ( our intellect4 ,= x is cu/om>y = causes & effects to be call$ aft] "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,consci5ce is call$ a _s1 s f> z _s is ! same z m9d2 because consci5ce is a c]ta9 pron\ncem5t ( ! m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! consci5ce is said to be defil$1 n z a subject1 b z ! ?+ kn[n is 9 k2 s f> z someone kn[s he is defil$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh an act does n always rema9 9 itself1 yet x always rema9s 9 its cause1 :i* is p[] & habit4 ,n[ all ! habits by :i* consci5ce is =m$1 al?\gh _m1 nev]!less h _! efficacy f "o fir/ habit1 ! habit ( fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* is call$ synd]esis4 ,& = ?is special reason1 ?is habit is sometimes call$ consci5ce1 z we h said above4 ,,"q #hj ,,( ,,! ,,appetitive ,,p[]s ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,next we consid] ! appetitive p[]s1 conc]n+ :i* !re are f\r heads ( consid]ation3 fir/1 ! appetitive p[]s 9 g5]al2 second1 s5suality2 ?ird1 ! w2 f\r?1 ! free-w4 ,"u ! fir/ !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! appetite %\ld be consid]$ a special p[] ( ! s\l8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! appetite %\ld be divid$ into intellectual & s5sitive z di/9ct p[]s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,appetite ,is a ,special ,p[] ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! appetite is n a special p[] ( ! s\l4 ,= no p[] ( ! s\l is to be assign$ = ^? ?+s :i* are common to animate & to inanimate ?+s4 ,b appetite is common to animate & inanimate ?+s3 s9ce all desire good1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #a74 ,!re=e ! appetite is n a special p[] ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 p[]s are diff]5tiat$ by _! objects4 ,b :at we desire is ! same z :at we "k4 ,!re=e ! appetitive p[] is n di/9ct f ! appreh5sive p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! common is n divid$ f ! prop]4 ,b ea* p[] ( ! s\l desires "s p>ticul> desirable ?+--namely its own suitable object4 ,!re=e1 ) reg>d to ?is object :i* is ! desirable 9 g5]al1 we %\ld n assign "s p>ticul> p[] di/9ct f ! o!rs1 call$ ! appetitive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] di/+ui%es 7,de ,anima ii1 #c7 ! appetitive f ! o!r p[]s4 ,damasc5e also 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 di/+ui%es ! appetitive f ! cognitive p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is necess>y to assign an appetitive p[] to ! s\l4 ,to make ?is evid5t1 we mu/ obs]ve t "s incl9ation foll[s e =m3 = example1 fire1 by its =m1 is incl9$ to rise1 & to g5]ate its l4 ,n[1 ! =m is f\nd to h a m p]fect exi/5ce 9 ^? ?+s :i* p>ticipate k ?an 9 ^? :i* lack k4 ,= 9 ^? :i* lack k1 ! =m is f\nd to det]m9e ea* ?+ only to its own be+--t is1 to its nature4 ,!re=e ?is natural =m is foll[$ by a natural incl9ation1 :i* is call$ ! natural appetite4 ,b 9 ^? ?+s :i* h k1 ea* "o is det]m9$ to its own natural be+ by its natural =m1 9 su* a mann] t x is nev]!less receptive ( ! species ( o!r ?+s3 = example1 s5se receives ! species ( all ?+s s5sible1 & ! intellect1 ( all ?+s intelligible1 s t ! s\l ( man is1 9 a way1 all ?+s by s5se & intellect3 & !reby1 ^? ?+s t h k1 9 a way1 approa* to a lik5ess to ,god1 9 ,:om all ?+s pre-exi/1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v74 ,!re=e1 z =ms exi/ 9 ^? ?+s t h k 9 a high] mann] & above ! mann] ( natural =ms2 s mu/ !re be 9 !m an incl9ation surpass+ ! natural incl9ation1 :i* is call$ ! natural appetite4 ,& ?is sup]ior incl9ation belongs to ! appetitive p[] ( ! s\l1 ?r\gh :i* ! animal is able to desire :at x appreh5ds1 & n only t to :i* x is incl9$ by its natural =m4 ,& s x is necess>y to assign an appetitive p[] to ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,appetite is f\nd 9 ?+s :i* h k1 above ! common mann] 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 all ?+s1 z we h said above4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to assign to ! s\l a p>ticul> p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:at is appreh5d$ & :at is desir$ are ! same 9 reality1 b diff] 9 aspect3 = a ?+ is appreh5d$ z some?+ s5sible or intelligible1 :]eas x is desir$ z suitable or good4 ,n[1 x is div]sity ( aspect 9 ! objects1 & n mat]ial div]sity1 :i* dem&s a div]sity ( p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ea* p[] ( ! s\l is a =m or nature1 & has a natural incl9ation to some?+4 ,:]e=e ea* p[] desires by ! natural appetite t object :i* is suitable to itself4 ,above :i* natural appetite is ! animal appetite1 :i* foll[s ! appreh5sion1 & by :i* some?+ is desir$ n z suitable to ?is or t p[]1 su* z sight = see+1 or s\nd = he>+2 b simply z suitable to ! animal4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,s5sitive & ,intellectual ,appetites ,are ,di/9ct ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s5sitive & intellectual appetites are n di/9ct p[]s4 ,= p[]s are n diff]5tiat$ by accid5tal diff]5ces1 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #c74 ,b x is accid5tal to ! appetible object :e!r x be appreh5d$ by ! s5se or by ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive & intellectual appetites are n di/9ct p[]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 intellectual k is ( univ]sals2 & s x is di/9ct f s5sitive k1 :i* is ( individual ?+s4 ,b !re is no place = ?is di/9ction 9 ! appetitive "p3 = s9ce ! appetite is a movem5t ( ! s\l to individual ?+s1 seem+ly e act ( ! appetite reg>ds an individual ?+4 ,!re=e ! intellectual appetite is n di/+ui%$ f ! s5sitive4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z "u ! appreh5sive p[]1 ! appetitive is subord9ate z a l[] p[]1 s also is ! motive p[]4 ,b ! motive p[] :i* 9 man foll[s ! intellect is n di/9ct f ! motive p[] :i* 9 animals foll[s s5se4 ,!re=e1 = a l reason1 nei!r is !re di/9ction 9 ! appetitive "p4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #i7 di/+ui%es a d\ble appetite1 & says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aa7 t ! high] appetite moves ! l[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ ne$s say t ! intellectual appetite is a di/9ct p[] f ! s5sitive appetite4 ,= ! appetitive p[] is a passive p[]1 :i* is naturally mov$ by ! ?+ appreh5d$3 :]e=e ! appreh5d$ appetible is a mov] :i* is n mov$1 :ile ! appetite is a mov] mov$1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #aj & ,metaph4 xii 7,did4 xi1 #g74 ,n[ ?+s passive & movable are diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! di/9ction ( ! correspond+ active & motive pr9ciples2 because ! motive mu/ be proportionate to ! movable1 & ! active to ! passive3 inde$1 ! passive p[] itself has its v nature f its relation to its active pr9ciple4 ,!re=e1 s9ce :at is appreh5d$ by ! intellect & :at is appreh5d$ by s5se are g5]ically diff]5t2 consequ5tly1 ! intellectual appetite is di/9ct f ! s5sitive4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n accid5tal to ! ?+ desir$ to be appreh5d$ by ! s5se or ! intellect2 on ! contr>y1 ?is belongs to x by its nature2 = ! appetible does n move ! appetite except z x is appreh5d$4 ,:]e=e diff]5ces 9 ! ?+ appreh5d$ are ( !mselves diff]5ces ( ! appetible4 ,& s ! appetitive p[]s are di/9ct accord+ to ! di/9ction ( ! ?+s appreh5d$1 z _! prop] objects4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellectual appetite1 ?\gh x t5ds to individual ?+s :i* exi/ outside ! s\l1 yet t5ds to !m z /&+ "u ! univ]sal2 z :5 x desires some?+ because x is good4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhetoric4 ii1 #d7 t hatr$ c reg>d a univ]sal1 z :5 we hate e k9d ( ?ief4 ,9 ! same way by ! intellectual appetite we may desire ! immat]ial good1 :i* is n appreh5d$ by s5se1 su* z k1 virtue1 & su*like4 ,,"q #ha ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,s5suality 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,next we h to consid] ! p[] ( s5suality1 conc]n+ :i* !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r s5suality is only an appetitive p[]8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is divid$ into irascible & concupiscible z di/9ct p[]s8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s obey reason8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,s5suality ,is ,only ,appetitive8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s5suality is n only appetitive1 b also cognitive4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 t ! s5sual movem5t ( ! s\l :i* is direct$ to ! bodily s5ses is common to u & bea/s4 ,b ! bodily s5ses belong to ! appreh5sive p[]s4 ,!re=e s5suality is a cognitive p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* come "u "o division seem to be ( "o g5us4 ,b ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 divides s5suality aga9/ ! high] & l[] reason1 :i* belong to k4 ,!re=e s5suality also is appreh5sive4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 man's temptations s5suality /&s 9 ! place ( ! s]p5t4 ,b 9 ! temptation ( our fir/ p>5ts1 ! s]p5t pres5t$ himself z "o giv+ in=mation & propos+ s91 :i* belong to ! cognitive p[]4 ,!re=e s5suality is a cognitive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s5suality is def9$ z ! appetite ( ?+s belong+ to ! body4 ,i answ] t1 ,! "n s5suality seems to be tak5 f ! s5sual movem5t1 ( :i* ,augu/9e speaks 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab1 #ac71 j z ! "n ( a p[] is tak5 f its act2 = in/ance1 sight f see+4 ,n[ ! s5sual movem5t is an appetite foll[+ s5sitive appreh5sion4 ,= ! act ( ! appreh5sive p[] is n s prop]ly call$ a movem5t z ! act ( ! appetite3 s9ce ! op]ation ( ! appreh5sive p[] is complet$ 9 ! v fact t ! ?+ appreh5d$ is 9 ! "o t appreh5ds3 :ile ! op]ation ( ! appetitive p[] is complet$ 9 ! fact t he :o desires is borne t[>ds ! ?+ desirable4 ,!re=e ! op]ation ( ! appreh5sive p[] is lik5$ to re/3 :]eas ! op]ation ( ! appetitive p[] is r lik5$ to movem5t4 ,:]e=e by s5sual movem5t we und]/& ! op]ation ( ! appetitive p[]3 s t s5suality is ! "n ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by say+ t ! s5sual movem5t ( ! s\l is direct$ to ! bodily s5ses1 ,augu/9e does n give u to und]/& t ! bodily s5ses are includ$ 9 s5suality1 b r t ! movem5t ( s5suality is a c]ta9 incl9ation to ! bodily s5ses1 s9ce we desire ?+s :i* are appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! bodily s5ses4 ,& ?us ! bodily s5ses app]ta9 to s5suality z a preamble4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s5suality is divid$ aga9/ high] & l[] reason1 z hav+ 9 common ) !m ! act ( movem5t3 = ! appreh5sive p[]1 to :i* belong ! high] & l[] reason1 is a motive p[]2 z is appetite1 to :i* app]ta9s s5suality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s]p5t n only %[$ & propos$ s91 b also incit$ to ! commission ( s94 ,& 9 ?is1 s5suality is signifi$ by ! s]p5t4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,s5sitive ,appetite ,is ,divid$ into ! ,irascible & ,concupiscible ,z ,di/9ct ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s5sitive appetite is n divid$ into ! irascible & concupiscible z di/9ct p[]s4 ,= ! same p[] ( ! s\l reg>ds bo? sides ( a contr>iety1 z sight reg>ds bo? black & :ite1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #aa74 ,b suitable & h>mful are contr>ies4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! concupiscible p[] reg>ds :at is suitable1 :ile ! irascible is conc]n$ ) :at is h>mful1 x seems t irascible & concupiscible are ! same p[] 9 ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s5sitive appetite reg>ds only :at is suitable accord+ to ! s5ses4 ,b su* is ! object ( ! concupiscible p[]4 ,!re=e !re is no s5sitive appetite diff]+ f ! concupiscible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hatr$ is 9 ! irascible "p3 = ,j]ome says on ,matt4 #ac3cc3 ,we ought to h ! hatr$ ( vice 9 ! irascible p[]4 ,b hatr$ is contr>y to love1 & is 9 ! concupiscible "p4 ,!re=e ! concupiscible & irascible are ! same p[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,nemesius1 ,de ,natura ,hom9is7 & ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 assign two p>ts to ! s5sitive appetite1 ! irascible & ! concupiscible4 ,i answ] t1 ,! s5sitive appetite is "o g5]ic p[]1 & is call$ s5suality2 b x is divid$ into two p[]s1 :i* are species ( ! s5sitive appetite--! irascible & ! concupiscible4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t 9 natural corruptible ?+s !re is ne$$ an incl9ation n only to ! acquisition ( :at is suitable & to ! avoid+ ( :at is h>mful1 b also to resi/ance aga9/ corruptive & contr>y ag5cies :i* are a h9drance to ! acquisition ( :at is suitable1 & are productive ( h>m4 ,= example1 fire has a natural incl9ation1 n only to rise f a l[] position1 :i* is unsuitable to x1 t[>ds a high] position :i* is suitable1 b also to resi/ :atev] de/roys or h9d]s its action4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! s5sitive appetite is an incl9ation foll[+ s5sitive appreh5sion1 z natural appetite is an incl9ation foll[+ ! natural =m1 !re mu/ ne$s be 9 ! s5sitive "p two appetitive p[]s--"o ?r\gh :i* ! s\l is simply incl9$ to seek :at is suitable1 accord+ to ! s5ses1 & to fly f :at is hurtful1 & ?is is call$ ! concupiscible3 & ano!r1 :]eby an animal resi/s ^! attacks t h9d] :at is suitable1 & inflict h>m1 & ?is is call$ ! irascible4 ,:5ce we say t its object is some?+ ardu\s1 because its t5d5cy is to ov]come & rise above ob/acles4 ,n[ ^! two are n to be r$uc$ to "o pr9ciple3 = sometimes ! s\l busies itself ) unpleasant ?+s1 aga9/ ! incl9ation ( ! concupiscible appetite1 9 ord] t1 foll[+ ! impulse ( ! irascible appetite1 x may fight aga9/ ob/acles4 ,:]e=e also ! passions ( ! irascible appetite c\nt]act ! passions ( ! concupiscible appetite3 s9ce ! concupisc5ce1 on be+ ar\s$1 dim9i%es ang]2 & ang] be+ r\s$1 dim9i%es concupisc5ce 9 _m cases4 ,?is is cle> also f ! fact t ! irascible is1 z x 71 ! *ampion & def5d] ( ! concupiscible :5 x rises up aga9/ :at h9d]s ! acquisition ( ! suitable ?+s :i* ! concupiscible desires1 or aga9/ :at inflicts h>m1 f :i* ! concupiscible flies4 ,& = ?is reason all ! passions ( ! irascible appetite rise f ! passions ( ! concupiscible appetite & t]m9ate 9 !m2 = in/ance1 ang] rises f sadness1 & hav+ wr\ght v5geance1 t]m9ates 9 joy4 ,= ?is reason also ! qu>rels ( animals are ab\t ?+s concupiscible--namely1 food & sex1 z ! ,philosoph] says 99,de ,animal4 ,hi/or4 viii44 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! concupiscible p[] reg>ds bo? :at is suitable & :at is unsuitable4 ,b ! object ( ! irascible p[] is to resi/ ! onslaught ( ! unsuitable4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z 9 ! appreh5sive p[]s ( ! s5sitive "p !re is an e/imative p[]1 :i* p]ceives ^? ?+s :i* d n impress ! s5ses1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #b72 s also 9 ! s5sitive appetite !re is a c]ta9 appetitive p[] :i* reg>ds some?+ z suitable1 n because x pleases ! s5ses1 b because x is useful to ! animal = self-def5se3 & ?is is ! irascible p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hatr$ belongs simply to ! concupiscible appetite3 b by reason ( ! /rife :i* arises f hatr$1 x may belong to ! irascible appetite4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! irascible & concupiscible appetites obey reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! irascible & concupiscible appetites d n obey reason4 ,= irascible & concupiscible are p>ts ( s5suality4 ,b s5suality does n obey reason1 :]e=e x is signifi$ by ! s]p5t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab1ac74 ,!re=e ! irascible & concupiscible appetites d n obey reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at obeys a c]ta9 ?+ does n resi/ x4 ,b ! irascible & concupiscible appetites resi/ reason3 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #g3bc73 ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s fight+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d4 ,!re=e ! irascible & concupiscible appetites d n obey reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! appetitive p[] is inf]ior to ! rational "p ( ! s\l1 s also is ! s5sitive p[]4 ,b ! s5sitive "p ( ! s\l does n obey reason3 = we nei!r he> nor see j :5 we wi%4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 nei!r d ! p[]s ( ! s5sitive appetite1 ! irascible & concupiscible1 obey reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 t ! "p ( ! s\l :i* is ob$i5t & am5able to reason is divid$ into concupisc5ce & ang]4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 two ways ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s obey ! high] "p1 9 :i* are ! intellect or reason1 & ! w2 fir/1 z to reason1 secondly z to ! w4 ,!y obey ! reason 9 _! own acts1 because 9 o!r animals ! s5sitive appetite is naturally mov$ by ! e/imative p[]2 = in/ance1 a %eep1 e/eem+ ! wolf z an enemy1 is afraid4 ,9 man ! e/imative p[]1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d71 is replac$ by ! cogitative p[]1 :i* is call$ by "s ! p>ticul> reason1 because x comp>es individual int5tions4 ,:]e=e 9 man ! s5sitive appetite is naturally mov$ by ?is p>ticul> reason4 ,b ?is same p>ticul> reason is naturally guid$ & mov$ accord+ to ! univ]sal reason3 :]e=e 9 syllogi/ic matt]s p>ticul> conclusions are drawn f univ]sal propositions4 ,!re=e x is cle> t ! univ]sal reason directs ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is divid$ into concupiscible & irascible2 & ?is appetite obeys x4 ,b because to draw p>ticul> conclusions f univ]sal pr9ciples is n ! "w ( ! intellect1 z su*1 b ( ! reason3 h5ce x is t ! irascible & concupiscible are said to obey ! reason r ?an to obey ! intellect4 ,anyone c exp]i5ce ?is 9 himself3 = by apply+ c]ta9 univ]sal consid]ations1 ang] or fe> or ! l may be modifi$ or excit$4 ,to ! w also is ! s5sitive appetite subject 9 execution1 :i* is accompli%$ by ! motive p[]4 ,= 9 o!r animals movem5t foll[s at once ! concupiscible & irascible appetites3 = in/ance1 ! %eep1 fe>+ ! wolf1 flees at once1 because x has no sup]ior c\nt]act+ appetite4 ,on ! contr>y1 man is n mov$ at once1 accord+ to ! irascible & concupiscible appetites3 b he awaits ! comm& ( ! w1 :i* is ! sup]ior appetite4 ,= :]ev] !re is ord] among a numb] ( motive p[]s1 ! second only moves by virtue ( ! fir/3 :]e=e ! l[] appetite is n suffici5t to cause movem5t1 unless ! high] appetite cons5ts4 ,& ?is is :at ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aa71 t ! high] appetite moves ! l[] appetite1 z ! high] sph]e moves ! l[]4 ,9 ?is way1 !re=e1 ! irascible & concupiscible are subject to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s5suality is signifi$ by ! s]p5t1 9 :at is prop] to x z a s5sitive p[]4 ,b ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s d5om9ate ! s5sitive appetite r on ! "p ( ! act1 to :i* !y are l$ by ! reason1 z we h said4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #b73 ,we obs]ve 9 an animal a despotic & a politic pr9ciple3 = ! s\l dom9ates ! body by a despotic p[]2 b ! intellect dom9ates ! appetite by a politic & royal p[]4 ,= a p[] is call$ despotic :]eby a man rules 8 slaves1 :o h n ! "r to resi/ 9 any way ! ord]s ( ! "o t comm&s !m1 s9ce !y h no?+ ( _! own4 ,b t p[] is call$ politic & royal by :i* a man rules ov] free subjects1 :o1 ?\gh subject to ! gov]nm5t ( ! rul]1 h nev]!less some?+ ( _! own1 by reason ( :i* !y c resi/ ! ord]s ( him :o comm&s4 ,& s1 ! s\l is said to rule ! body by a despotic p[]1 because ! memb]s ( ! body _c 9 any way resi/ ! sway ( ! s\l1 b at ! s\l's comm& bo? h& & foot1 & :atev] memb] is naturally mov$ by volunt>y movem5t1 are mov$ at once4 ,b ! intellect or reason is said to rule ! irascible & concupiscible by a politic p[]3 because ! s5sitive appetite has some?+ ( its own1 by virtue :]e( x c resi/ ! comm&s ( reason4 ,= ! s5sitive appetite is naturally mov$1 n only by ! e/imative p[] 9 o!r animals1 & 9 man by ! cogitative p[] :i* ! univ]sal reason guides1 b also by ! imag9ation & s5se4 ,:5ce x is t we exp]i5ce t ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s d resi/ reason1 inasmu* z we s5se or imag9e some?+ pleasant1 :i* reason =bids1 or unpleasant1 :i* reason comm&s4 ,& s f ! fact t ! irascible & concupiscible resi/ reason 9 some?+1 we mu/ n conclude t !y d n obey4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ext]ior s5ses require = action ext]ior s5sible ?+s1 :]eby !y are affect$1 & ! pres5ce ( :i* is n rul$ by reason4 ,b ! int]ior p[]s1 bo? appetitive & appreh5sive1 d n require ext]ior ?+s4 ,!re=e !y are subject to ! comm& ( reason1 :i* c n only incite or modify ! affections ( ! appetitive p[]1 b c also =m ! phantasms ( ! imag9ation4 ,,"q #hb ,,( ,,! ,,w 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! w4 ,"u ?is head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! w desires some?+ ( necessity8 7#b7 ,:e!r x desires ev]y?+ ( necessity8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a high] p[] ?an ! intellect8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! w moves ! intellect8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! w is divid$ into irascible & concupiscible8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,w ,desires ,some?+ ( ,necessity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w desires no?+ ( necessity4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #aj7 t x any?+ is necess>y1 x is n volunt>y4 ,b :atev] ! w desires is volunt>y4 ,!re=e no?+ t ! w desires is desir$ ( necessity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! rational p[]s1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 viii1 #b71 ext5d to opposite ?+s4 ,b ! w is a rational p[]1 because1 z he says 7,de ,anima iii1 #i71 ! w is 9 ! reason4 ,!re=e ! w ext5ds to opposite ?+s1 & !re=e x is det]m9$ to no?+ ( necessity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by ! w we are ma/]s ( our own actions4 ,b we are n ma/]s ( t :i* is ( necessity4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! w _c be necessitat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #d7 t all desire happ9ess ) "o w4 ,n[ if ?is 7 n necess>y1 b cont+5t1 !re w\ld at lea/ be a few exceptions4 ,!re=e ! w desires some?+ ( necessity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w necessity is employ$ 9 _m ways4 ,= t :i* mu/ be is necess>y4 ,n[ t a ?+ mu/ be may belong to x by an intr9sic pr9ciple--ei!r mat]ial1 z :5 we say t ev]y?+ compos$ ( contr>ies is ( necessity corruptible--or =mal1 z :5 we say t x is necess>y = ! ?ree angles ( a triangle to be equal to two "r angles4 ,& ?is is natural & absolute necessity4 ,9 ano!r way1 t a ?+ mu/ be1 belongs to x by reason ( some?+ extr9sic1 :i* is ei!r ! end or ! ag5t4 ,on ! "p ( ! end1 z :5 )\t x ! end is n to be atta9$ or s well atta9$3 = in/ance1 food is said to be necess>y = life1 & a horse is necess>y = a j\rney4 ,?is is call$ necessity ( end1 & sometimes also utility4 ,on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 a ?+ mu/ be1 :5 someone is =c$ by "s ag5t1 s t he is n able to d ! contr>y4 ,?is is call$ necessity ( co]cion4 ,n[ ?is necessity ( co]cion is altoge!r repugnant to ! w4 ,= we call t viol5t :i* is aga9/ ! incl9ation ( a ?+4 ,b ! v movem5t ( ! w is an incl9ation to some?+4 ,!re=e1 z a ?+ is call$ natural because x is accord+ to ! incl9ation ( nature1 s a ?+ is call$ volunt>y because x is accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! w4 ,!re=e1 j z x is impossible = a ?+ to be at ! same "t viol5t & natural1 s x is impossible = a ?+ to be absolutely co]c$ or viol5t1 & volunt>y4 ,b necessity ( end is n repugnant to ! w1 :5 ! end _c be atta9$ except 9 "o way3 ?us f ! w to cross ! sea1 arises 9 ! w ! necessity to wi% = a %ip4 ,9 l mann] nei!r is natural necessity repugnant to ! w4 ,inde$1 m ?an ?is1 = z ! intellect ( necessity adh]es to ! fir/ pr9ciples1 ! w mu/ ( necessity adh]e to ! la/ end1 :i* is happ9ess3 s9ce ! end is 9 practical matt]s :at ! pr9ciple is 9 speculative matt]s4 ,= :at befits a ?+ naturally & immovably mu/ be ! root & pr9ciple ( all else app]ta9+ !reto1 s9ce ! nature ( a ?+ is ! fir/ 9 ev]y?+1 & e movem5t arises f some?+ immovable4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words ( ,augu/9e are to be und]/ood ( ! necessity ( co]cion4 ,b natural necessity does n take away ! lib]ty ( ! w1 z he says himself 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #aj74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w1 s f> z x desires a ?+ naturally1 corresponds r to ! intellect z reg>ds natural pr9ciples ?an to ! reason1 :i* ext5ds to opposite ?+s4 ,:]e=e 9 ?is respect x is r an intellectual ?an a rational p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we are ma/]s ( our own actions by reason ( our be+ able to *oose ?is or t4 ,b *oice reg>ds n ! end1 b ! means to ! end1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #i74 ,:]e=e ! desire ( ! ultimate end does n reg>d ^? actions ( :i* we are ma/]s4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,w ,desires ( ,necessity1 ,:atev] ,x ,desires8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w desires all ?+s ( necessity1 :atev] x desires4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil is outside ! scope ( ! w4 ,!re=e ! w t5ds ( necessity to ! good :i* is propos$ to x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( ! w is comp>$ to ! w z ! mov] to ! ?+ movable4 ,b ! movem5t ( ! movable necess>ily foll[s ! mov]4 ,!re=e x seems t ! w's object moves x ( necessity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! ?+ appreh5d$ by s5se is ! object ( ! s5sitive appetite1 s ! ?+ appreh5d$ by ! intellect is ! object ( ! intellectual appetite1 :i* is call$ ! w4 ,b :at is appreh5d$ by ! s5se moves ! s5sitive appetite ( necessity3 = ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ix1 #ad7 t animals are mov$ by ?+s se54 ,!re=e x seems t :atev] is appreh5d$ by ! intellect moves ! w ( necessity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #i7 t x is ! w by :i* we s9 & live well1 & s ! w ext5ds to opposite ?+s4 ,!re=e x does n desire ( necessity all ?+s :atsoev] x desires4 ,i answ] t1 ,! w does n desire ( necessity :atsoev] x desires4 ,9 ord] to make ?is evid5t we mu/ obs]ve t z ! intellect naturally & ( necessity adh]es to ! fir/ pr9ciples1 s ! w adh]es to ! la/ end1 z we h said already 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ !re are "s ?+s intelligible :i* h n a necess>y connection ) ! fir/ pr9ciples2 su* z cont+5t propositions1 ! d5ial ( :i* does n involve a d5ial ( ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,& to su* ! intellect does n ass5t ( necessity4 ,b !re are "s propositions :i* h a necess>y connection ) ! fir/ pr9ciples3 su* z demon/rable conclusions1 a d5ial ( :i* involves a d5ial ( ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,& to ^! ! intellect ass5ts ( necessity1 :5 once x is aw>e ( ! necess>y connection ( ^! conclusions ) ! pr9ciples2 b x does n ass5t ( necessity until ?r\gh ! demon/ration x recognizes ! necessity ( su* connection4 ,x is ! same ) ! w4 ,= !re are c]ta9 individual goods :i* h n a necess>y connection ) happ9ess1 because )\t !m a man c be happy3 & to su* ! w does n adh]e ( necessity4 ,b !re are "s ?+s :i* h a necess>y connection ) happ9ess1 by means ( :i* ?+s man adh]es to ,god1 9 ,:om alone true happ9ess consi/s4 ,nev]!less1 until ?r\gh ! c]titude ( ! ,div9e ,vision ! necessity ( su* connection be %[n1 ! w does n adh]e to ,god ( necessity1 nor to ^? ?+s :i* are ( ,god4 ,b ! w ( ! man :o sees ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce ( necessity adh]es to ,god1 j z n[ we desire ( necessity to be happy4 ,x is !re=e cle> t ! w does n desire ( necessity :atev] x desires4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w c t5d to no?+ except "u ! aspect ( good4 ,b because good is ( _m k9ds1 = ?is reason ! w is n ( necessity det]m9$ to "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! mov]1 !n1 ( necessity causes movem5t 9 ! ?+ movable1 :5 ! p[] ( ! mov] exce$s ! ?+ movable1 s t its entire capacity is subject to ! mov]4 ,b z ! capacity ( ! w reg>ds ! univ]sal & p]fect good1 its capacity is n subject$ to any individual good4 ,& !re=e x is n ( necessity mov$ by x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s5sitive p[] does n comp>e diff]5t ?+s ) ea* o!r1 z reason does3 b x simply appreh5ds "s "o ?+4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to t "o ?+1 x moves ! s5sitive appetite 9 a det]m9ate way4 ,b ! reason is a p[] t comp>es sev]al ?+s toge!r3 !re=e f sev]al ?+s ! intellectual appetite--t is1 ! w--may be mov$2 b n ( necessity f "o ?+4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,w ,is a ,high] ,p[] ,?an ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is a high] p[] ?an ! intellect4 ,= ! object ( ! w is good & ! end4 ,b ! end is ! fir/ & highe/ cause4 ,!re=e ! w is ! fir/ & highe/ p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ord] ( natural ?+s we obs]ve a progress f imp]fect ?+s to p]fect4 ,& ?is also appe>s 9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l3 = s5se prec$es ! intellect1 :i* is m noble4 ,n[ ! act ( ! w1 9 ! natural ord]1 foll[s ! act ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! w is a m noble & p]fect p[] ?an ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 habits are proportion$ to _! p[]s1 z p]fections to :at !y make p]fect4 ,b ! habit :i* p]fects ! w--namely1 *>ity--is m noble ?an ! habits :i* p]fect ! intellect3 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3b73 ,if ,i %\ld "k all my/]ies1 & if ,i %\ld h all fai?1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+4 ,!re=e ! w is a high] p[] ?an ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] holds ! intellect to be ! high] p[] ?an ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,! sup]iority ( "o ?+ ov] ano!r c be consid]$ 9 two ways3 absolutely & relatively4 ,n[ a ?+ is consid]$ to be su* absolutely :i* is consid]$ su* 9 itself3 b relatively z x is su* ) reg>d to some?+ else4 ,if !re=e ! intellect & w be consid]$ ) reg>d to !mselves1 !n ! intellect is ! high] p[]4 ,& ?is is cle> if we comp>e _! respective objects to "o ano!r4 ,= ! object ( ! intellect is m simple & m absolute ?an ! object ( ! w2 s9ce ! object ( ! intellect is ! v idea ( appetible good2 & ! appetible good1 ! idea ( :i* is 9 ! intellect1 is ! object ( ! w4 ,n[ ! m simple & ! m ab/ract a ?+ is1 ! nobl] & high] x is 9 itself2 & !re=e ! object ( ! intellect is high] ?an ! object ( ! w4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! prop] nature ( a p[] is 9 its ord] to its object1 x foll[s t ! intellect 9 itself & absolutely is high] & nobl] ?an ! w4 ,b relatively & by comp>ison ) some?+ else1 we f9d t ! w is sometimes high] ?an ! intellect1 f ! fact t ! object ( ! w occurs 9 some?+ high] ?an t 9 :i* occurs ! object ( ! intellect4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,i might say t he>+ is relatively nobl] ?an sight1 inasmu* z some?+ 9 :i* !re is s\nd is nobl] ?an some?+ 9 :i* !re is color1 ?\gh color is nobl] & simpl] ?an s\nd4 ,= z we h said above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d71 ! action ( ! intellect consi/s 9 ?is--t ! idea ( ! ?+ und]/ood is 9 ! "o :o und]/&s2 :ile ! act ( ! w consi/s 9 ?is--t ! w is incl9$ to ! ?+ itself z exi/+ 9 itself4 ,& !re=e ! ,philosoph] says 9 ,metaph4 vi 7,did4 v1 #b7 t good & evil1 :i* are objects ( ! w1 are 9 ?+s1 b tru? & error1 :i* are objects ( ! intellect1 are 9 ! m9d4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ?+ 9 :i* !re is good is nobl] ?an ! s\l itself1 9 :i* is ! idea und]/ood2 by comp>ison ) su* a ?+1 ! w is high] ?an ! intellect4 ,b :5 ! ?+ :i* is good is less noble ?an ! s\l1 !n ev5 9 comp>ison ) t ?+ ! intellect is high] ?an ! w4 ,:]e=e ! love ( ,god is bett] ?an ! k ( ,god2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! k ( corporeal ?+s is bett] ?an ! love !re(4 ,absolutely1 h[ev]1 ! intellect is nobl] ?an ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! aspect ( causality is p]ceiv$ by comp>+ "o ?+ to ano!r1 & 9 su* a comp>ison ! idea ( good is f\nd to be nobl]3 b tru? signifies some?+ m absolute1 & ext5ds to ! idea ( good itself3 :]e=e ev5 good is some?+ true4 ,b1 aga91 tru? is some?+ good3 =asmu* z ! intellect is a ?+1 & tru? its end4 ,& among o!r ends ?is is ! mo/ excell5t3 z also is ! intellect among ! o!r p[]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:at prec$es 9 ord] ( g5]ation & "t is less p]fect3 = 9 "o & 9 ! same ?+ pot5tiality prec$es act1 & imp]fection prec$es p]fection4 ,b :at prec$es absolutely & 9 ! ord] ( nature is m p]fect3 = ?us act prec$es pot5tiality4 ,& 9 ?is way ! intellect prec$es ! w1 z ! motive p[] prec$es ! ?+ movable1 & z ! active prec$es ! passive2 = good :i* is und]/ood moves ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is reason is v]ifi$ ( ! w z comp>$ ) :at is above ! s\l4 ,= *>ity is ! virtue by :i* we love ,god4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,w ,moves ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w does n move ! intellect4 ,= :at moves excels & prec$es :at is mov$1 because :at moves is an ag5t1 & ! ag5t is nobl] ?an ! pati5t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #af71 & ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #e74 ,b ! intellect excels & prec$es ! w1 z we h said above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! w does n move ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at moves is n mov$ by :at is mov$1 except p]haps accid5tally4 ,b ! intellect moves ! w1 because ! good appreh5d$ by ! intellect moves )\t be+ mov$2 :]eas ! appetite moves & is mov$4 ,!re=e ! intellect is n mov$ by ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we c w no?+ b :at we und]/&4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ord] to und]/&1 ! w moves by will+ to und]/&1 t act ( ! w mu/ be prec$$ by ano!r act ( ! intellect1 & ?is act ( ! intellect by ano!r act ( ! w1 & s on indef9itely1 :i* is impossible4 ,!re=e ! w does n move ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bf73 ,x is 9 our p[] to le>n an art or n1 z we li/4 ,b a ?+ is 9 our p[] by ! w1 & we le>n art by ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! w moves ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to move 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 z an end2 = in/ance1 :5 we say t ! end moves ! ag5t4 ,9 ?is way ! intellect moves ! w1 because ! good und]/ood is ! object ( ! w1 & moves x z an end4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to move z an ag5t1 z :at alt]s moves :at is alt]$1 & :at impels moves :at is impell$4 ,9 ?is way ! w moves ! intellect & all ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 z ,anselm says 7,eadm]1 ,de ,similitud9ibus74 ,! reason is1 because :]ev] we h ord] among a numb] ( active p[]s1 t p[] :i* reg>ds ! univ]sal end moves ! p[]s :i* reg>d p>ticul> ends4 ,& we may obs]ve ?is bo? 9 nature & 9 ?+s politic4 ,= ! heav51 :i* aims at ! univ]sal pres]vation ( ?+s subject to g5]ation & corruption1 moves all inf]ior bodies1 ea* ( :i* aims at ! pres]vation ( its own species or ( ! individual4 ,! k+ also1 :o aims at ! common good ( ! :ole k+dom1 by 8 rule moves all ! gov]nors ( cities1 ea* ( :om rules ov] 8 own p>ticul> city4 ,n[ ! object ( ! w is good & ! end 9 g5]al1 & ea* p[] is direct$ to "s suitable good prop] to x1 z sight is direct$ to ! p]ception ( color1 & ! intellect to ! k ( tru?4 ,!re=e ! w z ag5t moves all ! p[]s ( ! s\l to _! respective acts1 except ! natural p[]s ( ! vegetative "p1 :i* are n subject to our w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intellect may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 z appreh5sive ( univ]sal be+ & tru?1 & z a ?+ & a p>ticul> p[] hav+ a det]m9ate act4 ,9 l mann] also ! w may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 accord+ to ! common nature ( its object--t is to say1 z appetitive ( univ]sal good--& z a det]m9ate p[] ( ! s\l hav+ a det]m9ate act4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! intellect & ! w be comp>$ ) "o ano!r accord+ to ! univ]sality ( _! respective objects1 !n1 z we h said above 7,a4 #c71 ! intellect is simply high] & nobl] ?an ! w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take ! intellect z reg>ds ! common nature ( its object & ! w z a det]m9ate p[]1 !n aga9 ! intellect is high] & nobl] ?an ! w1 because "u ! notion ( be+ & tru? is conta9$ bo? ! w itself1 & its act1 & its object4 ,:]e=e ! intellect und]/&s ! w1 & its act1 & its object1 j z x und]/&s o!r species ( ?+s1 z /one or wood1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! common notion ( be+ & tru?4 ,b if we consid] ! w z reg>ds ! common nature ( its object1 :i* is good1 & ! intellect z a ?+ & a special p[]2 !n ! intellect itself1 & its act1 & its object1 :i* is tru?1 ea* ( :i* is "s species ( good1 are conta9$ "u ! common notion ( good4 ,& 9 ?is way ! w is high] ?an ! intellect1 & c move x4 ,f ?is we c easily und]/& :y ^! p[]s include "o ano!r 9 _! acts1 because ! intellect und]/&s t ! w wills1 & ! w wills ! intellect to und]/&4 ,9 ! same way good is conta9$ 9 tru?1 inasmu* z x is an und]/ood tru?1 & tru? 9 good1 inasmu* z x is a desir$ good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellect moves ! w 9 "o s5se1 & ! w moves ! intellect 9 ano!r1 z we h said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is no ne$ to g on indef9itely1 b we mu/ /op at ! intellect z prec$+ all ! re/4 ,= e movem5t ( ! w mu/ be prec$$ by appreh5sion1 :]eas e appreh5sion is n prec$$ by an act ( ! w2 b ! pr9ciple ( c\nsell+ & und]/&+ is an intellectual pr9ciple high] ?an our intellect--namely1 ,god--z also ,ari/otle says 7,e?4 ,eudemic4 vii1 #ad71 & 9 ?is way he expla9s t !re is no ne$ to proce$ indef9itely4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,we ,%\ld ,di/+ui% ,irascible & ,concupiscible ,p>ts 9 ! ,sup]ior ,appetite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought to di/+ui% irascible & concupiscible p>ts 9 ! sup]ior appetite1 :i* is ! w4 ,= ! concupiscible p[] is s call$ f concupisc]e 7to desire71 & ! irascible "p f irasci 7to be angry74 ,b !re is a concupisc5ce :i* _c belong to ! s5sitive appetite1 b only to ! intellectual1 :i* is ! w2 z ! concupisc5ce ( wisdom1 ( :i* x is said 7,wis4 #f3ba73 ,! concupisc5ce ( wisdom br+e? to ! et]nal k+dom4 ,!re is also a c]ta9 ang] :i* _c belong to ! s5sitive appetite1 b only to ! intellectual2 z :5 our ang] is direct$ aga9/ vice4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ac3cc w>ns u to h ! hatr$ ( vice 9 ! irascible "p4 ,!re=e we %\ld di/+ui% irascible & concupiscible p>ts ( ! intellectual s\l z well z 9 ! s5sitive4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z is commonly said1 *>ity is 9 ! concupiscible1 & hope 9 ! irascible "p4 ,b !y _c be 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 because _! objects are n s5sible1 b intellectual4 ,!re=e we mu/ assign an irascible & concupiscible p[] to ! intellectual "p4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is said 7,de ,spiritu et ,anima7 t ! s\l has ^! p[]s--namely1 ! irascible1 concupiscible1 & rational--be=e x is unit$ to ! body4 ,b no p[] ( ! s5sitive "p belongs to ! s\l alone1 b to ! s\l & body unit$1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gh1 ,,aa4 #e1 #h74 ,!re=e ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s are 9 ! w1 :i* is ! intellectual appetite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom47 says t ! irrational "p ( ! s\l is divid$ into ! desid]ative & irascible1 & ,damasc5e says ! same 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab74 ,& ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #i7 t ! w is 9 reason1 :ile 9 ! irrational "p ( ! s\l are concupisc5ce & ang]1 or desire & animus4 ,i answ] t1 ,! irascible & concupiscible are n p>ts ( ! intellectual appetite1 :i* is call$ ! w4 ,because1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #g71 a p[] :i* is direct$ to an object accord+ to "s common notion is n diff]5tiat$ by special diff]5ces :i* are conta9$ "u t common notion4 ,= in/ance1 because sight reg>ds ! visible ?+ "u ! common notion ( some?+ color$1 ! visual p[] is n multipli$ accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( color3 b if !re 7 a p[] reg>d+ :ite z :ite1 & n z some?+ color$1 x w\ld be di/9ct f a p[] reg>d+ black z black4 ,n[ ! s5sitive appetite does n consid] ! common notion ( good1 because nei!r d ! s5ses appreh5d ! univ]sal4 ,& !re=e ! p>ts ( ! s5sitive appetite are diff]5tiat$ by ! diff]5t notions ( p>ticul> good3 = ! concupiscible reg>ds z prop] to x ! notion ( good1 z some?+ pleasant to ! s5ses & suitable to nature3 :]eas ! irascible reg>ds ! notion ( good z some?+ t w>ds (f & repels :at is hurtful4 ,b ! w reg>ds good accord+ to ! common notion ( good1 & !re=e 9 ! w1 :i* is ! intellectual appetite1 !re is no diff]5tiation ( appetitive p[]s1 s t !re be 9 ! intellectual appetite an irascible p[] di/9ct f a concupiscible p[]3 j z nei!r on ! "p ( ! intellect are ! appreh5sive p[]s multipli$1 al?\gh !y are on ! "p ( ! s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,love1 concupisc5ce1 & ! l c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,sometimes !y are tak5 z passions--aris+1 t is1 ) a c]ta9 commotion ( ! s\l4 ,& ?us !y are commonly und]/ood1 & 9 ?is s5se !y are only 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be tak5 9 ano!r way1 z f> z !y are simple affections )\t passion or commotion ( ! s\l1 & ?us !y are acts ( ! w4 ,& 9 ?is s5se1 too1 !y are attribut$ to ! angels & to ,god4 ,b if tak5 9 ?is s5se1 !y d n belong to diff]5t p[]s1 b only to "o p[]1 :i* is call$ ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w itself may be said to be irascible1 z f> z x wills to repel evil1 n f any sudd5 movem5t ( a passion1 b f a judgm5t ( ! reason4 ,& 9 ! same way ! w may be said to be concupiscible on acc\nt ( its desire = good4 ,& ?us 9 ! irascible & concupiscible are *>ity & hope--t is1 9 ! w z ord]$ to su* acts4 ,& 9 ?is way1 too1 we may und]/& ! words quot$ 7,de ,spiritu et ,anima72 t ! irascible & concupiscible p[]s are 9 ! s\l be=e x is unit$ to ! body 7z long z we und]/& priority ( nature1 & n ( "t71 al?\gh !re is no ne$ to h fai? 9 :at t book says4 ,:5ce ! answ] to ! ?ird objection is cle>4 ,,"q #hc ,,( ,,free-,,w 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ inquire conc]n+ free-w4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r man has free-w8 7#b7 ,:at is free-w--a p[]1 an act1 or a habit8 7#c7 ,if x is a p[]1 is x appetitive or cognitive8 7#d7 ,if x is appetitive1 is x ! same p[] z ! w1 or di/9ct8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,man ,has ,free-,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man has n free-w4 ,= :oev] has free-w does :at he wills4 ,b man does n :at he wills2 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #g3ai73 ,= ! good :i* ,i w ,i d n1 b ! evil :i* ,i w n1 t ,i d4 ,!re=e man has n free-w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] has free-w has 9 8 p[] to w or n to w1 to d or n to d4 ,b ?is is n 9 man's p[]3 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #i3af73 ,x is n ( him t wille?--namely1 to w--nor ( him t runne?--namely1 to run4 ,!re=e man has n free-w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is free is cause ( itself1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 i1 #b74 ,!re=e :at is mov$ by ano!r is n free4 ,b ,god moves ! w1 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #ba3a73 ,! he>t ( ! k+ is 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l2 :i!rsoev] ,he w ,he %all turn x & 7,phil4 #b3ac73 ,x is ,god ,:o worke? 9 y bo? to w & to accompli%4 ,!re=e man has n free-w4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :oev] has free-w is ma/] ( 8 own actions4 ,b man is n ma/] ( 8 own actions3 = x is writt5 7,j]4 #aj3bc73 ,! way ( a man is n 83 nei!r is x 9 a man to walk4 ,!re=e man has n free-w4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e73 ,accord+ z ea* "o is1 su* does ! end seem to him4 ,b x is n 9 our p[] to be ( "o quality or ano!r2 = ?is comes to u f nature4 ,!re=e x is natural to u to foll[ "s p>ticul> end1 & !re=e we are n free 9 s do+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ae3ad73 ,god made man f ! beg9n+1 & left him 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel2 & ! gloss adds3 ,t is ( 8 free-w4 ,i answ] t1 ,man has free-w3 o!rwise c\nsels1 exhortations1 comm&s1 prohibitions1 rew>ds1 & puni%m5ts w\ld be 9 va94 ,9 ord] to make ?is evid5t1 we mu/ obs]ve t "s ?+s act )\t judgm5t2 z a /one moves d[nw>ds2 & 9 l mann] all ?+s :i* lack k4 ,& "s act f judgm5t1 b n a free judgm5t2 z brute animals4 ,= ! %eep1 see+ ! wolf1 judges x a ?+ to be %unn$1 f a natural & n a free judgm5t1 because x judges1 n f reason1 b f natural in/9ct4 ,& ! same ?+ is to be said ( any judgm5t ( brute animals4 ,b man acts f judgm5t1 because by 8 appreh5sive p[] he judges t some?+ %\ld be avoid$ or s\ght4 ,b because ?is judgm5t1 9 ! case ( "s p>ticul> act1 is n f a natural in/9ct1 b f "s act ( comp>ison 9 ! reason1 !re=e he acts f free judgm5t & reta9s ! p[] ( be+ incl9$ to v>i\s ?+s4 ,= reason 9 cont+5t matt]s may foll[ opposite c\rses1 z we see 9 dialectic syllogisms & rhetorical argum5ts4 ,n[ p>ticul> op]ations are cont+5t1 & !re=e 9 su* matt]s ! judgm5t ( reason may foll[ opposite c\rses1 & is n det]m9ate to "o4 ,& =asmu* z man is rational is x necess>y t man h a free-w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 ! s5sitive appetite1 ?\gh x obeys ! reason1 yet 9 a giv5 case c resi/ by desir+ :at ! reason =bids4 ,?is is !re=e ! good :i* man does n :5 he wi%es--namely1 n to desire aga9/ reason1 z ,augu/9e says4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? words ( ! ,apo/le are n to be tak5 z ?\gh man does n wi% or does n run ( 8 free-w1 b because ! free-w is n suffici5t !reto unless x be mov$ & help$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,free-w is ! cause ( its own movem5t1 because by 8 free-w man moves himself to act4 ,b x does n ( necessity belong to lib]ty t :at is free %\ld be ! fir/ cause ( itself1 z nei!r = "o ?+ to be cause ( ano!r ne$ x be ! fir/ cause4 ,god1 !re=e1 is ! fir/ cause1 ,:o moves causes bo? natural & volunt>y4 ,& j z by mov+ natural causes ,he does n prev5t _! acts be+ natural1 s by mov+ volunt>y causes ,he does n deprive _! actions ( be+ volunt>y3 b r is ,he ! cause ( ?is v ?+ 9 !m2 = ,he op]ates 9 ea* ?+ accord+ to its own nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,man's way is said n to be 8 9 ! execution ( 8 *oice1 :]e9 he may be imp$$1 :e!r he w or n4 ,! *oice itself1 h[ev]1 is 9 u1 b presupposes ! help ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,quality 9 man is ( two k9ds3 natural & adv5titi\s4 ,n[ ! natural quality may be 9 ! intellectual "p1 or 9 ! body & its p[]s4 ,f ! v fact1 !re=e1 t man is su* by virtue ( a natural quality :i* is 9 ! intellectual "p1 he naturally desires 8 la/ end1 :i* is happ9ess4 ,:i* desire1 inde$1 is a natural desire1 & is n subject to free-w1 z is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #hb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b on ! "p ( ! body & its p[]s man may be su* by virtue ( a natural quality1 inasmu* z he is ( su* a temp]am5t or disposition due to any impression :atev] produc$ by corporeal causes1 :i* _c affect ! intellectual "p1 s9ce x is n ! act ( a corporeal organ4 ,& su* z a man is by virtue ( a corporeal quality1 su* also does 8 end seem to him1 because f su* a disposition a man is incl9$ to *oose or reject some?+4 ,b ^! incl9ations are subject to ! judgm5t ( reason1 :i* ! l[] appetite obeys1 z we h said 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e ?is is 9 no way prejudicial to free-w4 ,! adv5titi\s qualities are habits & passions1 by virtue ( :i* a man is incl9$ to "o ?+ r ?an to ano!r4 ,& yet ev5 ^! incl9ations are subject to ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,su* qualities1 too1 are subject to reason1 z x is 9 our p[] ei!r to acquire !m1 :e!r by caus+ !m or dispos+ ourselves to !m1 or to reject !m4 ,& s !re is no?+ 9 ?is t is repugnant to free-w4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,free-,w ,is a ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t free-w is n a p[]4 ,= free-w is no?+ b a free judgm5t4 ,b judgm5t d5om9ates an act1 n a p[]4 ,!re=e free-w is n a p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 free-w is def9$ z ! faculty ( ! w & reason4 ,b faculty d5om9ates a facility ( p[]1 :i* is due to a habit4 ,!re=e free-w is a habit4 ,moreov] ,b]n>d says 7,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arb4 #a1b7 t free-w is ! s\l's habit ( dispos+ ( itself4 ,!re=e x is n a p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no natural p[] is =feit$ ?r\gh s94 ,b free-w is =feit$ ?r\gh s92 = ,augu/9e says t man1 by abus+ free-w1 loses bo? x & himself4 ,!re=e free-w is n a p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ b a p[]1 seem+ly1 is ! subject ( a habit4 ,b free-w is ! subject ( grace1 by ! help ( :i* x *ooses :at is good4 ,!re=e free-w is a p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,al?\gh free-w 99,lib]um arbitrium--i4e4 free judgm5t 9 its /rict s5se d5otes an act1 9 ! common mann] ( speak+ we call free-w1 t :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! act by :i* man judges freely4 ,n[ 9 u ! pr9ciple ( an act is bo? p[] & habit2 = we say t we "k some?+ bo? by k & by ! intellectual p[]4 ,!re=e free-w mu/ be ei!r a p[] or a habit1 or a p[] ) a habit4 ,t x is nei!r a habit nor a p[] toge!r ) a habit1 c be cle>ly prov$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ( all1 because1 if x is a habit1 x mu/ be a natural habit2 = x is natural to man to h a free-w4 ,b !re is n natural habit 9 u ) respect to ^? ?+s :i* come "u free-w3 = we are naturally incl9$ to ^? ?+s ( :i* we h natural habits--= in/ance1 to ass5t to fir/ pr9ciples3 :ile ^? ?+s to :i* we are naturally incl9$ are n subject to free-w1 z we h said ( ! desire ( happ9ess 7,q4 #hb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,:]e=e x is aga9/ ! v notion ( free-w t x %\ld be a natural habit4 ,& t x %\ld be a non-natural habit is aga9/ its nature4 ,!re=e 9 no s5se is x a habit4 ,secondly1 ?is is cle> because habits are def9$ z t by reason ( :i* we are well or ill dispos$ ) reg>d to actions & passions 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e72 = by temp]ance we are well-dispos$ z reg>ds concupisc5ces1 & by intemp]ance ill-dispos$3 & by k we are well-dispos$ to ! act ( ! intellect :5 we "k ! tru?1 & by ! contr>y ill-dispos$4 ,b ! free-w is indiff]5t to good & evil *oice3 :]e=e x is impossible = free-w to be a habit4 ,!re=e x is a p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n unusual = a p[] to be nam$ f its act4 ,& s f ?is act1 :i* is a free judgm5t1 is nam$ ! p[] :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ?is act4 ,o!rwise1 if free-w d5om9at$ an act1 x w\ld n always rema9 9 man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,faculty sometimes d5om9ates a p[] ready = op]ation1 & 9 ?is s5se faculty is us$ 9 ! def9ition ( free-w4 ,b ,b]n>d takes habit1 n z divid$ aga9/ p[]1 b z signify+ a c]ta9 aptitude by :i* a man has "s sort ( relation to an act4 ,& ?is may be bo? by a p[] & by a habit3 = by a p[] man is1 z x 71 emp[]$ to d ! action1 & by ! habit he is apt to act well or ill4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is said to h lo/ free-w by fall+ into s91 n z to natural lib]ty1 :i* is fre$om f co]cion1 b z reg>ds fre$om f fault & unhapp9ess4 ,( ?is we %all treat lat] 9 ! treatise on ,morals 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 seqq42 ,q4 #aji74 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,free-w ,is an ,appetitive ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t free-w is n an appetitive1 b a cognitive p[]4 ,= ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bg7 says t free-w /raightway accompanies ! rational nature4 ,b reason is a cognitive p[]4 ,!re=e free-w is a cognitive p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 free-w is s call$ z ?\gh x 7 a free judgm5t4 ,b to judge is an act ( a cognitive p[]4 ,!re=e free-w is a cognitive p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! pr9cipal function ( free-w is to *oose4 ,b *oice seems to belong to k1 because x implies a c]ta9 comp>ison ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 :i* belongs to ! cognitive p[]4 ,!re=e free-w is a cognitive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c7 t *oice is ! desire ( ^? ?+s :i* are 9 u4 ,b desire is an act ( ! appetitive p[]3 !re=e *oice is also4 ,b free-w is t by :i* we *oose4 ,!re=e free-w is an appetitive p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,! prop] act ( free-w is *oice3 = we say t we h a free-w because we c take "o ?+ :ile refus+ ano!r2 & ?is is to *oose4 ,!re=e we mu/ consid] ! nature ( free-w1 by consid]+ ! nature ( *oice4 ,n[ two ?+s concur 9 *oice3 "o on ! "p ( ! cognitive p[]1 ! o!r on ! "p ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,on ! "p ( ! cognitive p[]1 c\nsel is requir$1 by :i* we judge "o ?+ to be pref]r$ to ano!r3 & on ! "p ( ! appetitive p[]1 x is requir$ t ! appetite %\ld accept ! judgm5t ( c\nsel4 ,!re=e ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b7 leaves x 9 d\bt :e!r *oice belongs pr9cipally to ! appetitive or ! cognitive p[]3 s9ce he says t *oice is ei!r an appetitive intellect or an intellectual appetite4 ,b 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c7 he incl9es to its be+ an intellectual appetite :5 he describes *oice z a desire proce$+ f c\nsel4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is because ! prop] object ( *oice is ! means to ! end3 & ?is1 z su*1 is 9 ! nature ( t good :i* is call$ useful3 :]e=e s9ce good1 z su*1 is ! object ( ! appetite1 x foll[s t *oice is pr9cipally an act ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,& ?us free-w is an appetitive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! appetitive p[]s accompany ! appreh5sive1 & 9 ?is s5se ,damasc5e says t free-w /raightway accompanies ! rational p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,judgm5t1 z x 71 concludes & t]m9ates c\nsel4 ,n[ c\nsel is t]m9at$1 fir/1 by ! judgm5t ( reason2 secondly1 by ! acceptation ( ! appetite3 :5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c7 says t1 hav+ =m$ a judgm5t by c\nsel1 we desire 9 accordance ) t c\nsel4 ,& 9 ?is s5se *oice itself is a judgm5t f :i* free-w takes its "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is comp>ison :i* is impli$ 9 ! *oice belongs to ! prec$+ c\nsel1 :i* is an act ( reason4 ,= ?\gh ! appetite does n make comp>isons1 yet =asmu* z x is mov$ by ! appreh5sive p[] :i* does comp>e1 x has "s lik5ess ( comp>ison by *oos+ "o 9 pref]5ce to ano!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,free-w ,is a ,p[] ,di/9ct f ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t free-w is a p[] di/9ct f ! w4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #bb7 t !lesis is "o ?+ & b\lesis ano!r4 ,b !lesis is ! w1 :ile b\lesis seems to be ! free-w1 because b\lesis1 accord+ to him1 is w z conc]n+ an object by way ( comp>ison betwe5 two ?+s4 ,!re=e x seems t free-w is a di/9ct p[] f ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 p[]s are kn[n by _! acts4 ,b *oice1 :i* is ! act ( free-w1 is di/9ct f ! act ( will+1 because ! act ( ! w reg>ds ! end1 :]eas *oice reg>ds ! means to ! end 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b74 ,!re=e free-w is a di/9ct p[] f ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! w is ! intellectual appetite4 ,b 9 ! intellect !re are two p[]s--! active & ! passive4 ,!re=e1 also on ! "p ( ! intellectual appetite1 !re mu/ be ano!r p[] besides ! w4 ,& ?is1 seem+ly1 c only be free-w4 ,!re=e free-w is a di/9ct p[] f ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #ad7 free-w is no?+ else ?an ! w4 ,i answ] t1 ,! appetitive p[]s mu/ be proportionate to ! appreh5sive p[]s1 z we h said above 7,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[1 z on ! "p ( ! intellectual appreh5sion we h intellect & reason1 s on ! "p ( ! intellectual appetite we h w1 & free-w :i* is no?+ else b ! p[] ( *oice4 ,& ?is is cle> f _! relations to _! respective objects & acts4 ,= ! act ( und]/&+ implies ! simple acceptation ( some?+2 :5ce we say t we und]/& fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* are kn[n ( !mselves )\t any comp>ison4 ,b to reason1 prop]ly speak+1 is to come f "o ?+ to ! k ( ano!r3 :]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 we reason ab\t conclusions1 :i* are kn[n f ! pr9ciples4 ,9 l mann] on ! "p ( ! appetite to w implies ! simple appetite = some?+3 :]e=e ! w is said to reg>d ! end1 :i* is desir$ = itself4 ,b to *oose is to desire some?+ = ! sake ( obta9+ some?+ else3 :]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 x reg>ds ! means to ! end4 ,n[1 9 matt]s ( k1 ! pr9ciples are relat$ to ! conclusion to :i* we ass5t on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples3 j z1 9 appetitive matt]s1 ! end is relat$ to ! means1 :i* is desir$ on acc\nt ( ! end4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t z ! intellect is to reason1 s is ! w to ! p[] ( *oice1 :i* is free-w4 ,b x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #h7 t x belongs to ! same p[] bo? to und]/& & to reason1 ev5 z x belongs to ! same p[] to be at re/ & to be 9 movem5t4 ,:]e=e x belongs also to ! same p[] to w & to *oose3 & on ?is acc\nt ! w & ! free-w are n two p[]s1 b "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,b\lesis is di/9ct f !lesis on acc\nt ( a di/9ction1 n ( p[]s1 b ( acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*oice & w--t is1 ! act ( will+--are diff]5t acts3 yet !y belong to ! same p[]1 z also to und]/& & to reason1 z we h said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellect is comp>$ to ! w z mov+ ! w4 ,& !re=e !re is no ne$ to di/+ui% 9 ! w an active & a passive w4 ,,"q #hd ,,h[ ,,! ,,s\l ,,:ile ,,unit$ ,,to ,,! ,,body ,,und]/&s ,,corporeal ,,?+s ,,b5ea? ,,x 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we n[ h to consid] ! acts ( ! s\l 9 reg>d to ! intellectual & ! appetitive p[]s3 = ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l d n come directly "u ! consid]ation ( ! !ologian4 ,fur!rmore1 ! acts ( ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l come "u ! consid]ation ( ! sci5ce ( morals2 :]e=e we %all treat ( !m 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w1 to :i* ! consid]ation ( moral matt]s belongs4 ,b ( ! acts ( ! intellectual "p we %all treat n[4 ,9 treat+ ( ^! acts we %all proce$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,fir/1 we %all inquire h[ ! s\l und]/&s :5 unit$ to ! body2 secondly1 h[ x und]/&s :5 sep>at$ !refrom4 ,! =m] ( ^! inquiries w be ?reefold3 7#a7 ,h[ ! s\l und]/&s bodies :i* are b5ea? x2 7#b7 ,h[ x und]/&s itself & ?+s conta9$ 9 itself2 7#c7 ,h[ x und]/&s immat]ial sub/ances1 :i* are above x4 ,9 treat+ ( ! k ( corporeal ?+s !re are ?ree po9ts to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,?r\gh :at does ! s\l "k !m8 7#b7 ,h[ & 9 :at ord] does x "k !m8 7#c7 ,:at does x "k 9 !m8 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! s\l kn[s bodies ?r\gh ! intellect8 7#b7 ,:e!r x und]/&s !m ?r\gh its ess5ce1 or ?r\gh any species8 7#c7 ,if ?r\gh "s species1 :e!r ! species ( all ?+s intelligible are naturally innate 9 ! s\l8 7#d7 ,:e!r ^! species are d]iv$ by ! s\l f c]ta9 sep>ate immat]ial =ms8 7#e7 ,:e!r our s\l sees 9 ! et]nal ideas all t x und]/&s8 7#f7 ,:e!r x acquires intellectual k f ! s5ses8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! intellect c1 ?r\gh ! species ( :i* x is possess$1 actually und]/&1 )\t turn+ to ! phantasms8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! judgm5t ( ! intellect is h9d]$ by an ob/acle 9 ! s5sitive p[]s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,kn[s ,bodies ,?r\gh ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l does n "k bodies ?r\gh ! intellect4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 ii1 #d7 t bodies _c be und]/ood by ! intellect2 nor inde$ any?+ corporeal unless x c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,he says also 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bd7 t intellectual vision is ( ^? ?+s t are 9 ! s\l by _! ess5ce4 ,b su* are n bodies4 ,!re=e ! s\l _c "k bodies ?r\gh ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z s5se is to ! intelligible1 s is ! intellect to ! s5sible4 ,b ! s\l c by no means1 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 und]/& spiritual ?+s1 :i* are intelligible4 ,!re=e by no means c x1 ?r\gh ! intellect1 "k bodies1 :i* are s5sible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect is conc]n$ ) ?+s t are necess>y & un*angeable4 ,b all bodies are mobile & *angeable4 ,!re=e ! s\l _c "k bodies ?r\gh ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,sci5ce is 9 ! intellect4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! intellect does n "k bodies1 x foll[s t !re is no sci5ce ( bodies2 & ?us p]i%es natural sci5ce1 :i* treats ( mobile bodies4 ,i answ] t1 ,x %\ld be said 9 ord] to elucidate ?is "q1 t ! e>ly philosoph]s1 :o inquir$ into ! natures ( ?+s1 ?\ght !re 0 no?+ 9 ! _w save bodies4 ,& because !y obs]v$ t all bodies are mobile1 & consid]$ !m to be ev] 9 a /ate ( flux1 !y 7 ( op9ion t we c h no c]ta9 k ( ! true nature ( ?+s4 ,= :at is 9 a cont9ual /ate ( flux1 _c be grasp$ ) any degree ( c]titude1 = x passes away ere ! m9d c =m a judgm5t !reon3 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,h]aclitus1 t x is n possible twice to t\* a drop ( wat] 9 a pass+ torr5t1 z ! ,philosoph] relates 7,metaph4 iv1 ,did4 iii1 #e74 ,aft] ^! came ,plato1 :o1 wi%+ to save ! c]titude ( our k ( tru? ?r\gh ! intellect1 ma9ta9$ t1 besides ^! ?+s corporeal1 !re is ano!r g5us ( be+s1 sep>ate f matt] & movem5t1 :i* be+s he call$ species or ideas1 by p>ticipation ( :i* ea* "o ( ^! s+ul> & s5sible ?+s is said to be ei!r a man1 or a horse1 or ! l4 ,:]e=e he said t sci5ces & def9itions1 & :atev] app]ta9s to ! act ( ! intellect1 are n ref]r$ to ^! s5sible bodies1 b to ^? be+s immat]ial & sep>ate3 s t accord+ to ?is ! s\l does n und]/& ^! corporeal ?+s1 b ! sep>ate species !re(4 ,n[ ?is may be %[n to be false = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because1 s9ce ^? species are immat]ial & immovable1 k ( movem5t & matt] w\ld be exclud$ f sci5ce 7:i* k is prop] to natural sci5ce71 & likewise all demon/ration ?r\gh mov+ & mat]ial causes4 ,secondly1 because x seems ridicul\s1 :5 we seek = k ( ?+s :i* are to u manife/1 to introduce o!r be+s1 :i* _c be ! sub/ance ( ^? o!rs1 s9ce !y diff] f !m ess5tially3 s t grant$ t we h a k ( ^? sep>ate sub/ances1 we _c = t reason claim to =m a judgm5t conc]n+ ^! s5sible ?+s4 ,n[ x seems t ,plato /ray$ f ! tru? because1 hav+ obs]v$ t all k takes place ?r\gh "s k9d ( similitude1 he ?\ght t ! =m ( ! ?+ kn[n mu/ ( necessity be 9 ! kn[] 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ?+ kn[n4 ,!n he obs]v$ t ! =m ( ! ?+ und]/ood is 9 ! intellect "u conditions ( univ]sality1 immat]iality1 & immobility3 :i* is app>5t f ! v op]ation ( ! intellect1 ^: act ( und]/&+ has a univ]sal ext5sion1 & is subject to a c]ta9 am\nt ( necessity3 = ! mode ( action corresponds to ! mode ( ! ag5t's =m4 ,:]e=e he conclud$ t ! ?+s :i* we und]/& mu/ h 9 !mselves an exi/5ce "u ! same conditions ( immat]iality & immobility4 ,b !re is no necessity = ?is4 ,= ev5 9 s5sible ?+s x is to be obs]v$ t ! =m is o!rwise 9 "o s5sible ?an 9 ano!r3 = in/ance1 :it5ess may be ( great int5sity 9 "o1 & ( a less int5sity 9 ano!r3 9 "o we f9d :it5ess ) sweetness1 9 ano!r )\t sweetness4 ,9 ! same way ! s5sible =m is condition$ diff]5tly 9 ! ?+ :i* is ext]nal to ! s\l1 & 9 ! s5ses :i* receive ! =ms ( s5sible ?+s )\t receiv+ matt]1 su* z ! color ( gold )\t receiv+ gold4 ,s also ! intellect1 accord+ to its own mode1 receives "u conditions ( immat]iality & immobility1 ! species ( mat]ial & mobile bodies3 = ! receiv$ is 9 ! receiv] accord+ to ! mode ( ! receiv]4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !re=e1 t ?r\gh ! intellect ! s\l kn[s bodies by a k :i* is immat]ial1 univ]sal1 & necess>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ,augu/9e are to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! m$ium ( intellectual k1 & n to its object4 ,= ! intellect kn[s bodies by und]/&+ !m1 n inde$ ?r\gh bodies1 nor ?r\gh mat]ial & corporeal species2 b ?r\gh immat]ial & intelligible species1 :i* c be 9 ! s\l by _! own ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxii1 #bi71 x is n correct to say t z ! s5se kn[s only bodies s ! intellect kn[s only spiritual ?+s2 = x foll[s t ,god & ! angels w\ld n "k corporeal ?+s4 ,! reason ( ?is div]sity is t ! l[] p[] does n ext5d to ^? ?+s t belong to ! high] p[]2 :]eas ! high] p[] op]ates 9 a m excell5t mann] ^? ?+s :i* belong to ! l[] p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e movem5t presupposes some?+ immovable3 = :5 a *ange ( quality occurs1 ! sub/ance rema9s unmov$2 & :5 !re is a *ange ( sub/antial =m1 matt] rema9s unmov$4 ,moreov] ! v>i\s conditions ( mutable ?+s are !mselves immovable2 = in/ance1 ?\gh ,socrates be n always sitt+1 yet x is an immovable tru? t :5ev] he does sit he rema9s 9 "o place4 ,= ?is reason !re is no?+ to h9d] our hav+ an immovable sci5ce ( movable ?+s4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,und]/&s ,corporeal ,?+s ,?r\gh ,its ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l und]/&s corporeal ?+s ?r\gh its ess5ce4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #e7 t ! s\l collects & lays hold ( ! images ( bodies :i* are =m$ 9 ! s\l & ( ! s\l3 = 9 =m+ !m x gives !m some?+ ( its own sub/ance4 ,b ! s\l und]/&s bodies by images ( bodies4 ,!re=e ! s\l kn[s bodies ?r\gh its ess5ce1 :i* x employs = ! =mation ( su* images1 & f :i* x =ms !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #h7 t ! s\l1 aft] a fa%ion1 is ev]y?+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 l is kn[n by l1 x seems t ! s\l kn[s corporeal ?+s ?r\gh itself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is sup]ior to corporeal creatures4 ,n[ l[] ?+s are 9 high] ?+s 9 a m em95t way ?an 9 !mselves1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xii74 ,!re=e all corporeal creatures exi/ 9 a m excell5t way 9 ! s\l ?an 9 !mselves4 ,!re=e ! s\l c "k corporeal creatures ?r\gh its ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #c7 t ! m9d ga!rs k ( corporeal ?+s ?r\gh ! bodily s5ses4 ,b ! s\l itself _c be kn[n ?r\gh ! bodily s5ses4 ,!re=e x does n "k corporeal ?+s ?r\gh itself4 ,i answ] t1 ,! anci5t philosoph]s held t ! s\l kn[s bodies ?r\gh its ess5ce4 ,= x 0 univ]sally admitt$ t l is kn[n by l4 ,b !y ?\ght t ! =m ( ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[] 9 ! same mode z 9 ! ?+ kn[n4 ,! ,platoni/s h[ev] 7 ( a contr>y op9ion4 ,= ,plato1 hav+ obs]v$ t ! intellectual s\l has an immat]ial nature1 & an immat]ial mode ( k1 held t ! =ms ( ?+s kn[n subsi/ immat]ially4 ,:ile ! e>li] natural philosoph]s1 obs]v+ t ?+s kn[n are corporeal & mat]ial1 held t ?+s kn[n mu/ exi/ mat]ially ev5 9 ! s\l t kn[s !m4 ,& !re=e1 9 ord] to ascribe to ! s\l a k ( all ?+s1 !y held t x has ! same nature 9 common ) all4 ,& because ! nature ( a result is det]m9$ by its pr9ciples1 !y ascrib$ to ! s\l ! nature ( a pr9ciple2 s t ^? :o ?\ght fire to be ! pr9ciple ( all1 held t ! s\l _h ! nature ( fire2 & 9 l mann] z to air & wat]4 ,la/ly1 ,emp$ocles1 :o held ! exi/5ce ( our f\r mat]ial elem5ts & two pr9ciples ( movem5t1 said t ! s\l 0 compos$ ( ^!4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce !y held t ?+s exi/ 9 ! s\l mat]ially1 !y ma9ta9$ t all ! s\l's k is mat]ial1 ?us fail+ to disc]n intellect f s5se4 ,b ?is op9ion w n hold4 ,fir/1 because 9 ! mat]ial pr9ciple ( :i* !y spoke1 ! v>i\s results d n exi/ save 9 pot5tiality4 ,b a ?+ is n kn[n accord+ z x is 9 pot5tiality1 b only accord+ z x is 9 act1 z is %[n ,metaph4 ix 7,did4 viii1 #i73 :]e=e nei!r is a p[] kn[n except ?r\gh its act4 ,x is !re=e insuffici5t to ascribe to ! s\l ! nature ( ! pr9ciples 9 ord] to expla9 ! fact t x kn[s all1 unless we fur!r admit 9 ! s\l natures & =ms ( ea* individual result1 = in/ance1 ( bone1 fle%1 & ! l2 ?us does ,ari/otle argue aga9/ ,emp$ocles 7,de ,anima i1 #e74 ,secondly1 because if x 7 necess>y = ! ?+ kn[n to exi/ mat]ially 9 ! kn[]1 !re w\ld be no reason :y ?+s :i* h a mat]ial exi/5ce outside ! s\l %\ld be devoid ( k2 :y1 = in/ance1 if by fire ! s\l kn[s fire1 t fire also :i* is outside ! s\l %\ld n h k ( fire4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !re=e1 t mat]ial ?+s kn[n mu/ ne$s exi/ 9 ! kn[]1 n mat]ially1 b immat]ially4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 because ! act ( k ext5ds to ?+s outside ! kn[]3 = we "k ?+s ev5 t are ext]nal to u4 ,n[ by matt] ! =m ( a ?+ is det]m9$ to "s "o ?+4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t k is 9 inv]se ratio ( mat]iality4 ,& consequ5tly ?+s t are n receptive ( =ms save mat]ially1 h no p[] ( k :atev]--su* z plants1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #ab74 ,b ! m immat]ially a ?+ receives ! =m ( ! ?+ kn[n1 ! m p]fect is its k4 ,!re=e ! intellect :i* ab/racts ! species n only f matt]1 b also f ! individuat+ conditions ( matt]1 has m p]fect k ?an ! s5ses1 :i* receive ! =m ( ! ?+ kn[n1 )\t matt] inde$1 b subject to mat]ial conditions4 ,moreov]1 among ! s5ses1 sight has ! mo/ p]fect k1 because x is ! lea/ mat]ial1 z we h rem>k$ above 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #c73 :ile among intellects ! m p]fect is ! m immat]ial4 ,x is !re=e cle> f ! =ego+1 t if !re be an intellect :i* kn[s all ?+s by its ess5ce1 !n its ess5ce mu/ ne$s h all ?+s 9 itself immat]ially2 ?us ! e>ly philosoph]s held t ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 t x may "k all ?+s1 mu/ be actually compos$ ( ! pr9ciples ( all mat]ial ?+s4 ,n[ ?is is prop] to ,god1 t ,8 ,ess5ce comprise all ?+s immat]ially z effects pre-exi/ virtually 9 _! cause4 ,god alone1 !re=e1 und]/&s all ?+s ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce3 b nei!r ! human s\l nor ! angels c d s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e 9 t passage is speak+ ( an imag9>y vision1 :i* takes place ?r\gh ! image ( bodies4 ,to ! =mation ( su* images ! s\l gives "p ( its sub/ance1 j z a subject is giv5 9 ord] to be in=m$ by "s =m4 ,9 ?is way ! s\l makes su* images f itself2 n t ! s\l or "s "p ( ! s\l be turn$ into ?is or t image2 b j z we say t a body is made into some?+ color$ because ( its be+ in=m$ ) color4 ,t ?is is ! s5se1 is cle> f :at foll[s4 ,= he says t ! s\l keeps some?+--namely1 n in=m$ ) su* image--:i* is able freely to judge ( ! species ( ^! images3 & t ?is is ! m9d or intellect4 ,& he says t ! "p :i* is in=m$ ) ^! images--namely1 ! imag9ation--is common to u & bea/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ari/otle did n hold t ! s\l is actually compos$ ( all ?+s1 z did ! e>li] philosoph]s2 he said t ! s\l is all ?+s1 aft] a fa%ion1 =asmu* z x is 9 pot5tiality to all--?r\gh ! s5ses1 to all ?+s s5sible--?r\gh ! intellect1 to all ?+s intelligible4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e creature has a f9ite & det]m9ate ess5ce4 ,:]e=e al?\gh ! ess5ce ( ! high] creature has a c]ta9 lik5ess to ! l[] creature1 =asmu* z !y h some?+ 9 common g5]ically1 yet x has n a complete lik5ess !re(1 because x is det]m9$ to a c]ta9 species o!r ?an ! species ( ! l[] creature4 ,b ! ,div9e ,ess5ce is a p]fect lik5ess ( all1 :atsoev] may be f\nd to exi/ 9 ?+s creat$1 be+ ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( all4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,und]/&s ,all ,?+s ,?r\gh ,innate ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l und]/&s all ?+s ?r\gh innate species4 ,= ,gregory says1 9 a homily = ! ,asc5sion 7xxix 9 ,ev471 t man has und]/&+ 9 common ) ! angels4 ,b angels und]/& all ?+s ?r\gh innate species3 :]e=e 9 ! book ,de ,causis x is said t e intellig5ce is full ( =ms4 ,!re=e ! s\l also has innate species ( ?+s1 by means ( :i* x und]/&s corporeal ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! intellectual s\l is m excell5t ?an corporeal prim>y matt]4 ,b prim>y matt] 0 creat$ by ,god "u ! =ms to :i* x has pot5tiality4 ,!re=e mu* m is ! intellectual s\l creat$ by ,god "u intelligible species4 ,& s ! s\l und]/&s corporeal ?+s ?r\gh innate species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o c answ] ! tru? except conc]n+ :at he kn[s4 ,b ev5 a p]son untaught & devoid ( acquir$ k1 answ]s ! tru? to e "q if put to him 9 ord]ly fa%ion1 z we f9d relat$ 9 ! ,m5o 7xv seqq47 ( ,plato1 conc]n+ a c]ta9 individual4 ,!re=e we h "s k ( ?+s ev5 be=e we acquire k2 :i* w\ld n be ! case unless we _h innate species4 ,!re=e ! s\l und]/&s corporeal ?+s ?r\gh innate species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph]1 speak+ ( ! intellect1 says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t x is l a tablet on :i* no?+ is writt54 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce =m is ! pr9ciple ( action1 a ?+ mu/ be relat$ to ! =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( an action1 z x is to t action3 = in/ance1 if upw>d motion is f lightness1 !n t :i* only pot5tially moves upw>ds mu/ ne$s be only pot5tially light1 b t :i* actually moves upw>ds mu/ ne$s be actually light4 ,n[ we obs]ve t man sometimes is only a pot5tial kn[]1 bo? z to s5se & z to intellect4 ,& he is r$uc$ f su* pot5tiality to act--?r\gh ! action ( s5sible objects on 8 s5ses1 to ! act ( s5sation--by in/ruction or discov]y1 to ! act ( und]/&+4 ,:]e=e we mu/ say t ! cognitive s\l is 9 pot5tiality bo? to ! images :i* are ! pr9ciples ( s5s+1 & to ^? :i* are ! pr9ciples ( und]/&+4 ,= ?is reason ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 held t ! intellect by :i* ! s\l und]/&s has no innate species1 b is at fir/ 9 pot5tiality to all su* species4 ,b s9ce t :i* has a =m actually1 is sometimes unable to act accord+ to t =m on acc\nt ( "s h9drance1 z a light ?+ may be h9d]$ f mov+ upw>ds2 = ?is reason did ,plato hold t naturally man's intellect is fill$ ) all intelligible species1 b t1 by be+ unit$ to ! body1 x is h9d]$ f ! realization ( its act4 ,b ?is seems to be unreasonable4 ,fir/1 because1 if ! s\l has a natural k ( all ?+s1 x seems impossible = ! s\l s f> to =get ! exi/5ce ( su* k z n to "k itself to be possess$ !re(3 = no man =gets :at he kn[s naturally2 t1 = in/ance1 ! :ole is l>g] ?an ! "p1 & su* l4 ,& especially unreasonable does ?is seem if we suppose t x is natural to ! s\l to be unit$ to ! body1 z we h e/abli%$ above 7,q4 #gf 1 ,a4 #a73 = x is unreasonable t ! natural op]ation ( a ?+ be totally h9d]$ by t :i* belongs to x naturally4 ,secondly1 ! fals5ess ( ?is op9ion is cle>ly prov$ f ! fact t if a s5se be want+1 ! k ( :at is appreh5d$ ?r\gh t s5se is want+ also3 = in/ance1 a man :o is born bl9d c h no k ( colors4 ,?is w\ld n be ! case if ! s\l _h innate images ( all intelligible ?+s4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! s\l does n "k corporeal ?+s ?r\gh innate species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man inde$ has intellig5ce 9 common ) ! angels1 b n 9 ! same degree ( p]fection3 j z ! l[] grades ( bodies1 :i* m]ely exi/1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,homily on ,asc5sion1 xxix ,9 ,ev471 h n ! same degree ( p]fection z ! high] bodies4 ,= ! matt] ( ! l[] bodies is n totally complet$ by its =m1 b is 9 pot5tiality to =ms :i* x has n3 :]eas ! matt] ( heav5ly bodies is totally complet$ by its =m1 s t x is n 9 pot5tiality to any o!r =m1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #b74 ,9 ! same way ! angelic intellect is p]fect$ by intelligible species1 9 accordance ) its nature2 :]eas ! human intellect is 9 pot5tiality to su* species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prim>y matt] has sub/antial be+ ?r\gh its =m1 consequ5tly x _h ne$ to be creat$ "u "s =m3 else x w\ld n be 9 act4 ,b :5 once x exi/s "u "o =m x is 9 pot5tiality to o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! intellect does n receive sub/antial be+ ?r\gh ! intelligible species2 & !re=e !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if que/ions be put 9 an ord]ly fa%ion !y proce$ f univ]sal self-evid5t pr9ciples to :at is p>ticul>4 ,n[ by su* a process k is produc$ 9 ! m9d ( ! le>n]4 ,:]e=e :5 he answ]s ! tru? to a subsequ5t "q1 ?is is n because he _h k previ\sly1 b because he ?us le>ns = ! fir/ "t4 ,= x matt]s n :e!r ! tea*] proce$ f univ]sal pr9ciples to conclusions by que/ion+ or by ass]t+2 = 9 ei!r case ! m9d ( ! li/5] is assur$ ( :at foll[s by t :i* prec$$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,intelligible ,species ,are ,d]iv$ by ! ,s\l f ,c]ta9 ,sep>ate ,=ms8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intelligible species are d]iv$ by ! s\l f "s sep>ate =ms4 ,= :atev] is su* by p>ticipation is caus$ by :at is su* ess5tially2 = in/ance1 t :i* is on fire is r$uc$ to fire z ! cause !re(4 ,b ! intellectual s\l =asmu* z x is actually und]/&+1 p>ticipates ! ?+ und]/ood3 =1 9 a way1 ! intellect 9 act is ! ?+ und]/ood 9 act4 ,!re=e :at 9 itself & 9 its ess5ce is und]/ood 9 act1 is ! cause t ! intellectual s\l actually und]/&s4 ,n[ t :i* 9 its ess5ce is actually und]/ood is a =m exi/+ )\t matt]4 ,!re=e ! intelligible species1 by :i* ! s\l und]/&s1 are caus$ by "s sep>ate =ms4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! intelligible is to ! intellect1 z ! s5sible is to ! s5se4 ,b ! s5sible species :i* are 9 ! s5ses1 & by :i* we s5se1 are caus$ by ! s5sible object :i* exi/s actually outside ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! intelligible species1 by :i* our intellect und]/&s1 are caus$ by "s ?+s actually intelligible1 exi/+ outside ! s\l4 ,b ^! c be no?+ else ?an =ms sep>ate f matt]4 ,!re=e ! intelligible =ms ( our intellect are d]iv$ f "s sep>ate sub/ances4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is 9 pot5tiality is r$uc$ to act by some?+ actual4 ,if1 !re=e1 our intellect1 previ\sly 9 pot5tiality1 aft]w>ds actually und]/&s1 ?is mu/ ne$s be caus$ by "s intellect :i* is always 9 act4 ,b ?is is a sep>ate intellect4 ,!re=e ! intelligible species1 by :i* we actually und]/&1 are caus$ by "s sep>ate sub/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if ?is 7 true we %\ld n ne$ ! s5ses 9 ord] to und]/&4 ,& ?is is prov$ to be false especially f ! fact t if a man be want+ 9 a s5se1 he _c h any k ( ! s5sibles correspond+ to t s5se4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h held t ! intelligible species ( our intellect are d]iv$ f c]ta9 sep>ate =ms or sub/ances4 ,& ?is 9 two ways4 ,= ,plato1 z we h said 7,a4 #a71 held t ! =ms ( s5sible ?+s subsi/ by !mselves )\t matt]2 = in/ance1 ! =m ( a man :i* he call$ p] se man1 & ! =m or idea ( a horse :i* is call$ p] se horse1 & s =?4 ,he said !re=e t ^! =ms are p>ticipat$ bo? by our s\l & by corporeal matt]2 by our s\l1 to ! effect ( k !re(1 & by corporeal matt] to ! effect ( exi/5ce3 s t1 j z corporeal matt] by p>ticipat+ ! idea ( a /one1 becomes an individuat+ /one1 s our intellect1 by p>ticipat+ ! idea ( a /one1 is made to und]/& a /one4 ,n[ p>ticipation ( an idea takes place by "s image ( ! idea 9 ! p>ticipator1 j z a model is p>ticipat$ by a copy4 ,s j z he held t ! s5sible =ms1 :i* are 9 corporeal matt]1 are d]iv$ f ! ideas z c]ta9 images !re(3 s he held t ! intelligible species ( our intellect are images ( ! ideas1 d]iv$ !refrom4 ,& = ?is reason1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a71 he ref]r$ sci5ces & def9itions to ^? ideas4 ,b s9ce x is contr>y to ! nature ( s5sible ?+s t _! =ms %\ld subsi/ )\t matt]1 z ,ari/otle proves 9 _m ways 7,metaph4 vi71 ,avic5na 7,de ,anima v7 sett+ ?is op9ion aside1 held t ! intelligible species ( all s5sible ?+s1 in/ead ( subsi/+ 9 !mselves )\t matt]1 pre-exi/ immat]ially 9 ! sep>ate intellects3 f ! fir/ ( :i*1 said he1 su* species are d]iv$ by a second1 & s on to ! la/ sep>ate intellect :i* he call$ ! active intellig5ce1 f :i*1 accord+ to him1 intelligible species fl[ into our s\ls1 & s5sible species into corporeal matt]4 ,& s ,avic5na agrees ) ,plato 9 ?is1 t ! intelligible species ( our intellect are d]iv$ f c]ta9 sep>ate =ms2 b ^! ,plato held to subsi/ ( !mselves1 :ile ,avic5na plac$ !m 9 ! active intellig5ce4 ,!y diff]1 too1 9 ?is respect1 t ,avic5na held t ! intelligible species d n rema9 9 our intellect aft] x has ceas$ actually to und]/&1 & t x ne$s to turn 7to ! active intellect7 9 ord] to receive !m anew4 ,consequ5tly he does n hold t ! s\l has innate k1 z ,plato1 :o held t ! p>ticipat$ ideas rema9 immovably 9 ! s\l4 ,b 9 ?is op9ion no suffici5t reason c be assign$ = ! s\l be+ unit$ to ! body4 ,= x _c be said t ! intellectual s\l is unit$ to ! body = ! sake ( ! body3 = nei!r is =m = ! sake ( matt]1 nor is ! mov] = ! sake ( ! mov$1 b r ! rev]se4 ,especially does ! body seem necess>y to ! intellectual s\l1 = ! latt]'s prop] op]ation :i* is to und]/&3 s9ce z to its be+ ! s\l does n dep5d on ! body4 ,b if ! s\l by its v nature _h an inborn aptitude = receiv+ intelligible species ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( only c]ta9 sep>ate pr9ciples1 & 7 n to receive !m f ! s5ses1 x w\ld n ne$ ! body 9 ord] to und]/&3 :]e=e to no purpose w\ld x be unit$ to ! body4 ,b if x be said t our s\l ne$s ! s5ses 9 ord] to und]/&1 ?r\gh be+ 9 "s way awak5$ by !m to ! consid]ation ( ^? ?+s1 ! intelligible species ( :i* x receives f ! sep>ate pr9ciples3 ev5 ?is seems an insuffici5t explanation4 ,= ?is awak5+ does n seem necess>y to ! s\l1 except 9 z f> z x is ov]come by sluggi%ness1 z ! ,platoni/s express$ x1 & by =getfulness1 ?r\gh its union ) ! body3 & ?us ! s5ses w\ld be ( no use to ! intellectual s\l except = ! purpose ( remov+ ! ob/acle :i* ! s\l enc\nt]s ?r\gh its union ) ! body4 ,consequ5tly ! reason ( ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body /ill rema9s to be s\ght4 ,& if x be said ) ,avic5na1 t ! s5ses are necess>y to ! s\l1 because by !m x is ar\s$ to turn to ! active intellig5ce f :i* x receives ! species3 nei!r is ?is a suffici5t explanation4 ,because if x is natural = ! s\l to und]/& ?r\gh species d]iv$ f ! active intellig5ce1 x foll[s t at times ! s\l ( an individual want+ 9 "o ( ! s5ses c turn to ! active intellig5ce1 ei!r f ! incl9ation ( its v nature1 or ?r\gh be+ r\s$ by ano!r s5se1 to ! effect ( receiv+ ! intelligible species ( :i* ! correspond+ s5sible species are want+4 ,& ?us a man born bl9d c\ld h k ( colors2 :i* is cle>ly untrue4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! intelligible species1 by :i* our s\l und]/&s1 are n d]iv$ f sep>ate =ms4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intelligible species :i* are p>ticipat$ by our intellect are r$uc$1 z to _! fir/ cause1 to a fir/ pr9ciple :i* is by its ess5ce intelligible--namely1 ,god4 ,b !y proce$ f t pr9ciple by means ( ! s5sible =ms & mat]ial ?+s1 f :i* we ga!r k1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,mat]ial ?+s1 z to ! be+ :i* !y h outside ! s\l1 may be actually s5sible1 b n actually intelligible4 ,:]e=e !re is no comp>ison betwe5 s5se & intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,our passive intellect is r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act by "s be+ 9 act1 t is1 by ! active intellect1 :i* is a p[] ( ! s\l1 z we h said 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #d72 & n by a sep>ate intellig5ce1 z proximate cause1 al?\gh p]*ance z remote cause4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,s\l ,kn[s ,mat]ial ,?+s 9 ! ,et]nal ,types8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual s\l does n "k mat]ial ?+s 9 ! et]nal types4 ,= t 9 :i* any?+ is kn[n mu/ itself be kn[n m & previ\sly4 ,b ! intellectual s\l ( man1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 does n "k ! et]nal types3 = x does n "k ,god 9 ,:om ! et]nal types exi/1 b is unit$ to ,god z to ! unkn[n1 z ,dionysius says 7,my/4 ,!olog4 i74 ,!re=e ! s\l does n "k all 9 ! et]nal types4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,rom4 #a3bj7 t ! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se5 4 4 4 by ! ?+s t are made4 ,b among ! invisible ?+s ( ,god are ! et]nal types4 ,!re=e ! et]nal types are kn[n ?r\gh creatures & n ! conv]se4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! et]nal types are no?+ else b ideas1 = ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #df7 t ideas are p]man5t types exi/+ 9 ! ,div9e m9d4 ,if !re=e we say t ! intellectual s\l kn[s all ?+s 9 ! et]nal types1 we come back to ! op9ion ( ,plato :o said t all k is d]iv$ f !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 xii1 #be73 ,if we bo? see t :at y say is true1 & if we bo? see t :at ,i say is true1 :]e d we see ?is1 ,i pray8 ,nei!r d ,i see x 9 y1 nor d y see x 9 me3 b we bo? see x 9 ! un*angeable tru? :i* is above our m9ds4 ,n[ ! un*angeable tru? is conta9$ 9 ! et]nal types4 ,!re=e ! intellectual s\l kn[s all true ?+s 9 ! et]nal types4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #aa73 ,if ^? :o are call$ philosoph]s said by *ance any?+ t 0 true & consi/5t ) our fai?1 we mu/ claim x f !m z f unju/ possessors4 ,= "s ( ! doctr9es ( ! hea!ns are spuri\s imitations or sup]/iti\s inv5tions1 :i* we mu/ be c>eful to avoid :5 we r5\nce ! society ( ! hea!ns4 ,consequ5tly :5ev] ,augu/9e1 :o 0 imbu$ ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,platoni/s1 f\nd 9 _! tea*+ any?+ consi/5t ) fai?1 he adopt$ x3 & ^? ?+ :i* he f\nd contr>y to fai? he am5d$4 ,n[ ,plato held1 z we h said above 7,a4 #d71 t ! =ms ( ?+s subsi/ ( !mselves ap>t f matt]2 & ^! he call$ ideas1 by p>ticipation ( :i* he said t our intellect kn[s all ?+s3 s t j z corporeal matt] by p>ticipat+ ! idea ( a /one becomes a /one1 s our intellect1 by p>ticipat+ ! same idea1 has k ( a /one4 ,b s9ce x seems contr>y to fai? t =ms ( ?+s !mselves1 outside ! ?+s !mselves & ap>t f matt]1 z ! ,platoni/s held1 ass]t+ t p] se life or p] se wisdom are creative sub/ances1 z ,dionysius relates 7,div4 ,nom4 xi72 !re=e ,augu/9e 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #df71 = ! ideas def5d$ by ,plato1 sub/itut$ ! types ( all creatures exi/+ 9 ! ,div9e m9d1 accord+ to :i* types all ?+s are made 9 !mselves1 & are kn[n to ! human s\l4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! "q is ask$3 ,does ! human s\l "k all ?+s 9 ! et]nal types8 we mu/ reply t "o ?+ is said to be kn[n 9 ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z 9 an object itself kn[n2 z "o may see 9 a mirror ! images ( ?+s reflect$ !re94 ,9 ?is way ! s\l1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 _c see all ?+s 9 ! et]nal types2 b ! bless$ :o see ,god1 & all ?+s 9 ,him1 ?us "k all ?+s 9 ! et]nal types4 ,secondly1 "o ?+ is said to be kn[n 9 ano!r z 9 a pr9ciple ( k3 ?us we might say t we see 9 ! sun :at we see by ! sun4 ,& ?us we mu/ ne$s say t ! human s\l kn[s all ?+s 9 ! et]nal types1 s9ce by p>ticipation ( ^! types we "k all ?+s4 ,= ! intellectual light itself :i* is 9 u1 is no?+ else ?an a p>ticipat$ lik5ess ( ! uncreat$ light1 9 :i* are conta9$ ! et]nal types4 ,:5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #d3f1 #g71 ,_m say3 ,:o %[e? u good ?+s8 :i* "q ! ,psalmi/ answ]s1 ,! light ( ,?y c\nt5ance1 ,o ,"l1 is sign$ ^u u1 z ?\gh he 7 to say3 ,by ! seal ( ! ,div9e light 9 u1 all ?+s are made kn[n to u4 ,b s9ce besides ! intellectual light :i* is 9 u1 intelligible species1 :i* are d]iv$ f ?+s1 are requir$ 9 ord] = u to h k ( mat]ial ?+s2 !re=e ?is same k is n due m]ely to a p>ticipation ( ! et]nal types1 z ! ,platoni/s held1 ma9ta9+ t ! m]e p>ticipation ( ideas suffic$ = k4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #af73 ,al?\gh ! philosoph]s prove by conv9c+ argum5ts t all ?+s occur 9 "t accord+ to ! et]nal types1 7 !y able to see 9 ! et]nal types1 or to f9d out f !m h[ _m k9ds ( animals !re are & ! orig9 ( ea*8 ,did !y n seek = ?is in=mation f ! /ory ( times & places8 ,b t ,augu/9e did n und]/& all ?+s to be kn[n 9 _! et]nal types or 9 ! un*angeable tru?1 z ?\gh ! et]nal types !mselves 7 se51 is cle> f :at he says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #df7--viz4 t n ea* & e rational s\l c be said to be wor?y ( t vision1 namely1 ( ! et]nal types1 b only ^? t are holy & pure1 su* z ! s\ls ( ! bless$4 ,f :at has be5 said ! objections are easily solv$4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,intellectual ,k ,is ,d]iv$ f ,s5sible ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t intellectual k is n d]iv$ f s5sible ?+s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #i7 t we _c expect to le>n ! fulness ( tru? f ! s5ses ( ! body4 ,?is he proves 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because :atev] ! bodily s5ses rea*1 is cont9ually be+ *ang$2 & :at is nev] ! same _c be p]ceiv$4 ,secondly1 because1 :atev] we p]ceive by ! body1 ev5 :5 n pres5t to ! s5ses1 may be pres5t to ! imag9ation1 z :5 we are asleep or angry3 yet we _c disc]n by ! s5ses1 :e!r :at we p]ceive be ! s5sible object or ! deceptive image !re(4 ,n[ no?+ c be p]ceiv$ :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f its c\nt]feit4 ,& s he concludes t we _c expect to le>n ! tru? f ! s5ses4 ,b intellectual k appreh5ds ! tru?4 ,!re=e intellectual k _c be convey$ by ! s5ses4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #af73 ,we mu/ n ?9k t ! body c make any impression on ! _s1 z ?\gh ! _s 7 to supply ! place ( matt] 9 reg>d to ! body's action2 = t :i* acts is 9 e way m excell5t ?an t :i* x acts on4 ,:5ce he concludes t ! body does n cause its image 9 ! _s1 b ! _s causes x 9 itself4 ,!re=e intellectual k is n d]iv$ f s5sible ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an effect does n surpass ! p[] ( its cause4 ,b intellectual k ext5ds beyond s5sible ?+s3 = we und]/& "s ?+s :i* _c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,!re=e intellectual k is n d]iv$ f s5sible ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 i1 #a2 ,po/]4 ii1 #ae7 t ! pr9ciple ( k is 9 ! s5ses4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is po9t ! philosoph]s held ?ree op9ions4 ,= ,democritus held t all k is caus$ by images issu+ f ! bodies we ?9k ( & ent]+ into our s\ls1 z ,augu/9e says 9 8 lett] to ,dioscorus 7cxviii1 #d74 ,& ,ari/otle says 7,de ,somn4 et ,vigil47 t ,democritus held t k is caus$ by a dis*>ge ( images4 ,& ! reason = ?is op9ion 0 t bo? ,democritus & ! o!r e>ly philosoph]s did n di/+ui% betwe5 intellect & s5se1 z ,ari/otle relates 7,de ,anima iii1 #c74 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! s5se is affect$ by ! s5sible1 !y ?\ght t all our k is affect$ by ?is m]e impression br\ght ab\t by s5sible ?+s4 ,:i* impression ,democritus held to be caus$ by a dis*>ge ( images4 ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 held t ! intellect is di/9ct f ! s5ses3 & t x is an immat]ial p[] n mak+ use ( a corporeal organ = its action4 ,& s9ce ! incorporeal _c be affect$ by ! corporeal1 he held t intellectual k is n br\ght ab\t by s5sible ?+s affect+ ! intellect1 b by sep>ate intelligible =ms be+ p>ticipat$ by ! intellect1 z we h said above 7,,aa4 #d 1#e74 ,moreov] he held t s5se is a p[] op]at+ ( itself4 ,consequ5tly nei!r is s5se1 s9ce x is a spiritual p[]1 affect$ by ! s5sible3 b ! s5sible organs are affect$ by ! s5sible1 ! result be+ t ! s\l is 9 a way r\s$ to =m )9 itself ! species ( ! s5sible4 ,augu/9e seems to t\* on ?is op9ion 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bd7 :]e he says t ! body feels n1 b ! s\l ?r\gh ! body1 :i* x makes use ( z a k9d ( mess5g]1 = reproduc+ )9 itself :at is ann\nc$ f )\t4 ,?us accord+ to ,plato1 nei!r does intellectual k proce$ f s5sible k1 nor s5sible k exclusively f s5sible ?+s2 b ^! r\se ! s5sible s\l to ! s5ti5t act1 :ile ! s5ses r\se ! intellect to ! act ( und]/&+4 ,ari/otle *ose a middle c\rse4 ,= ) ,plato he agre$ t intellect & s5se are diff]5t4 ,b he held t ! s5se has n its prop] op]ation )\t ! coop]ation ( ! body2 s t to feel is n an act ( ! s\l alone1 b ( ! composite4 ,& he held ! same 9 reg>d to all ! op]ations ( ! s5sitive "p4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 x is n unreasonable t ! s5sible objects :i* are outside ! s\l %\ld produce "s effect 9 ! composite1 ,ari/otle agre$ ) ,democritus 9 ?is1 t ! op]ations ( ! s5sitive "p are caus$ by ! impression ( ! s5sible on ! s5se3 n by a dis*>ge1 z ,democritus said1 b by "s k9d ( op]ation4 ,= ,democritus ma9ta9$ t e op]ation is by way ( a dis*>ge ( atoms1 z we ga!r f ,de ,g5]4 i1 #h4 ,b ,ari/otle held t ! intellect has an op]ation :i* is indep5d5t ( ! body's coop]ation4 ,n[ no?+ corporeal c make an impression on ! incorporeal4 ,& !re=e 9 ord] to cause ! intellectual op]ation accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! impression caus$ by ! s5sible does n suffice1 b some?+ m noble is requir$1 = ! ag5t is m noble ?an ! pati5t1 z he says 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #e74 ,n1 inde$1 9 ! s5se t ! intellectual op]ation is effect$ 9 u by ! m]e impression ( "s sup]ior be+s1 z ,plato held2 b t ! high] & m noble ag5t :i* he calls ! active intellect1 ( :i* we h spok5 above 7,q4 #gi1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d7 causes ! phantasms receiv$ f ! s5ses to be actually intelligible1 by a process ( ab/raction4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 !n1 on ! "p ( ! phantasms1 intellectual k is caus$ by ! s5ses4 ,b s9ce ! phantasms _c ( !mselves affect ! passive intellect1 & require to be made actually intelligible by ! active intellect1 x _c be said t s5sible k is ! total & p]fect cause ( intellectual k1 b r t x is 9 a way ! mat]ial cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? words ( ,augu/9e mean t we mu/ n expect ! entire tru? f ! s5ses4 ,= ! light ( ! active intellect is ne$$1 ?r\gh :i* we a*ieve ! un*angeable tru? ( *angeable ?+s1 & disc]n ?+s !mselves f _! lik5ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?is passage ,augu/9e speaks n ( intellectual b ( imag9>y k4 ,& s9ce1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,plato1 ! imag9ation has an op]ation :i* belongs to ! s\l only1 ,augu/9e1 9 ord] to %[ t corporeal images are impress$ on ! imag9ation1 n by bodies b by ! s\l1 uses ! same argum5t z ,ari/otle does 9 prov+ t ! active intellect mu/ be sep>ate1 namely1 because ! ag5t is m noble ?an ! pati5t4 ,& )\t d\bt1 accord+ to ! above op9ion1 9 ! imag9ation !re mu/ ne$s be n only a passive b also an active p[]4 ,b if we hold1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 t ! action ( ! imag9ation is an action ( ! composite1 !re is no difficulty2 because ! s5sible body is m noble ?an ! organ ( ! animal1 9 s f> z x is comp>$ to x z a be+ 9 act to a be+ 9 pot5tiality2 ev5 z ! object actually color$ is comp>$ to ! pupil :i* is pot5tially color$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said1 al?\gh ! fir/ impression ( ! imag9ation is ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! s5sible1 s9ce fancy is movem5t produc$ 9 accordance ) s5sation 7,de ,anima iii1 #c71 t nev]!less !re is 9 man an op]ation :i* by syn!sis & analysis =ms images ( v>i\s ?+s1 ev5 ( ?+s n p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,& ,augu/9e's words may be tak5 9 ?is s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s5sitive k is n ! entire cause ( intellectual k4 ,& !re=e x is n /range t intellectual k %\ld ext5d fur!r ?an s5sitive k4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,intellect ,c ,actually ,und]/& ,?r\gh ! ,intelligible ,species ( ,:i* ,x ,is ,possess$1 ,)\t ,turn+ to ! ,phantasms8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect c actually und]/& ?r\gh ! intelligible species ( :i* x is possess$1 )\t turn+ to ! phantasms4 ,= ! intellect is made actual by ! intelligible species by :i* x is in=m$4 ,b if ! intellect is 9 act1 x und]/&s4 ,!re=e ! intelligible species suffices = ! intellect to und]/& actually1 )\t turn+ to ! phantasms4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! imag9ation is m dep5d5t on ! s5ses ?an ! intellect on ! imag9ation4 ,b ! imag9ation c actually imag9e 9 ! abs5ce ( ! s5sible4 ,!re=e mu* m c ! intellect und]/& )\t turn+ to ! phantasms4 ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are no phantasms ( incorporeal ?+s3 = ! imag9ation does n transc5d "t & space4 ,if1 !re=e1 our intellect _c und]/& any?+ actually )\t turn+ to ! phantasms1 x foll[s t x _c und]/& any?+ incorporeal4 ,:i* is cle>ly false3 = we und]/& tru?1 & ,god1 & ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #g7 t ! s\l und]/&s no?+ )\t a phantasm4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( life 9 :i* ! s\l is unit$ to a passible body1 x is impossible = our intellect to und]/& any?+ actually1 except by turn+ to ! phantasms4 ,fir/ ( all because ! intellect1 be+ a p[] t does n make use ( a corporeal organ1 w\ld 9 no way be h9d]$ 9 its act ?r\gh ! lesion ( a corporeal organ1 if = its act !re 7 n requir$ ! act ( "s p[] t does make use ( a corporeal organ4 ,n[ s5se1 imag9ation & ! o!r p[]s belong+ to ! s5sitive "p1 make use ( a corporeal organ4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t = ! intellect to und]/& actually1 n only :5 x acquires fre% k1 b also :5 x applies k already acquir$1 !re is ne$ = ! act ( ! imag9ation & ( ! o!r p[]s4 ,= :5 ! act ( ! imag9ation is h9d]$ by a lesion ( ! corporeal organ1 = in/ance 9 a case ( fr5zy2 or :5 ! act ( ! memory is h9d]$1 z 9 ! case ( le?>gy1 we see t a man is h9d]$ f actually und]/&+ ?+s ( :i* he _h a previ\s k4 ,secondly1 anyone c exp]i5ce ?is ( himself1 t :5 he tries to und]/& some?+1 he =ms c]ta9 phantasms to s]ve him by way ( examples1 9 :i* z x 7 he exam9es :at he is desir\s ( und]/&+4 ,= ?is reason x is t :5 we wi% to help someone to und]/& some?+1 we lay examples be=e him1 f :i* he =ms phantasms = ! purpose ( und]/&+4 ,n[ ! reason ( ?is is t ! p[] ( k is proportion$ to ! ?+ kn[n4 ,:]e=e ! prop] object ( ! angelic intellect1 :i* is entirely sep>ate f a body1 is an intelligible sub/ance sep>ate f a body4 ,:]eas ! prop] object ( ! human intellect1 :i* is unit$ to a body1 is a quiddity or nature exi/+ 9 corporeal matt]2 & ?r\gh su* natures ( visible ?+s x rises to a c]ta9 k ( ?+s invisible4 ,n[ x belongs to su* a nature to exi/ 9 an individual1 & ?is _c be ap>t f corporeal matt]3 = in/ance1 x belongs to ! nature ( a /one to be 9 an individual /one1 & to ! nature ( a horse to be 9 an individual horse1 & s =?4 ,:]e=e ! nature ( a /one or any mat]ial ?+ _c be kn[n completely & truly1 except 9 z mu* z x is kn[n z exi/+ 9 ! individual4 ,n[ we appreh5d ! individual ?r\gh ! s5ses & ! imag9ation4 ,&1 !re=e1 = ! intellect to und]/& actually its prop] object1 x mu/ ( necessity turn to ! phantasms 9 ord] to p]ceive ! univ]sal nature exi/+ 9 ! individual4 ,b if ! prop] object ( our intellect 7 a sep>ate =m2 or if1 z ! ,platoni/s say1 ! natures ( s5sible ?+s subsi/$ ap>t f ! individual2 !re w\ld be no ne$ = ! intellect to turn to ! phantasms :5ev] x und]/&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! species pres]v$ 9 ! passive intellect exi/ !re habitually :5 x does n und]/& !m actually1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #f74 ,:]e=e = u to und]/& actually1 ! fact t ! species are pres]v$ does n suffice2 we ne$ fur!r to make use ( !m 9 a mann] befitt+ ! ?+s ( :i* !y are ! species1 :i* ?+s are natures exi/+ 9 individuals4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 ! phantasm is ! lik5ess ( an individual ?+2 :]e=e ! imag9ation does n ne$ any fur!r lik5ess ( ! individual1 :]eas ! intellect does4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,incorporeal ?+s1 ( :i* !re are no phantasms1 are kn[n to u by comp>ison ) s5sible bodies ( :i* !re are phantasms4 ,?us we und]/& tru? by consid]+ a ?+ ( :i* we possess ! tru?2 & ,god1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i71 we "k z cause1 by way ( excess & by way ( remotion4 ,o!r incorporeal sub/ances we "k1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 only by way ( remotion or by "s comp>ison to corporeal ?+s4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 we und]/& some?+ ab\t ^! ?+s1 we ne$ to turn to phantasms ( bodies1 al?\gh !re are no phantasms ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,judgm5t ( ! ,intellect ,is ,h9d]$ ,?r\gh ,susp5sion ( ! ,s5sitive ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! judgm5t ( ! intellect is n h9d]$ by susp5sion ( ! s5sitive p[]s4 ,= ! sup]ior does n dep5d on ! inf]ior4 ,b ! judgm5t ( ! intellect is high] ?an ! s5ses4 ,!re=e ! judgm5t ( ! intellect is n h9d]$ ?r\gh susp5sion ( ! s5ses4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to syllogize is an act ( ! intellect4 ,b dur+ sleep ! s5ses are susp5d$1 z is said 9 ,de ,somn4 et ,vigil4 i & yet x sometimes happ5s to u to syllogize :ile asleep4 ,!re=e ! judgm5t ( ! intellect is n h9d]$ ?r\gh susp5sion ( ! s5ses4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at a man does :ile asleep1 aga9/ ! moral law1 is n imput$ to him z a s92 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ae74 ,b ?is w\ld n be ! case if man1 :ile asleep1 _h free use ( 8 reason & intellect4 ,!re=e ! judgm5t ( ! intellect is h9d]$ by susp5sion ( ! s5ses4 ,i answ] t1 ,z we h said above 7,a4 #g71 our intellect's prop] & proportionate object is ! nature ( a s5sible ?+4 ,n[ a p]fect judgm5t conc]n+ any?+ _c be =m$1 unless all t p]ta9s to t ?+'s nature be kn[n2 especially if t be ignor$ :i* is ! t]m & end ( judgm5t4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,coel4 iii71 t z ! end ( a practical sci5ce is action1 s ! end ( natural sci5ce is t :i* is p]ceiv$ pr9cipally ?r\gh ! s5ses2 = ! smi? does n seek k ( a knife except = ! purpose ( action1 9 ord] t he may produce a c]ta9 individual knife2 & 9 l mann] ! natural philosoph] does n seek to "k ! nature ( a /one & ( a horse1 save = ! purpose ( kn[+ ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ^? ?+s :i* he p]ceives ) 8 s5ses4 ,n[ x is cle> t a smi? _c judge p]fectly ( a knife unless he kn[s ! action ( ! knife3 & 9 l mann] ! natural philosoph] _c judge p]fectly ( natural ?+s1 unless he kn[s s5sible ?+s4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life :atev] we und]/&1 we "k by comp>ison to natural s5sible ?+s4 ,consequ5tly x is n possible = our intellect to =m a p]fect judgm5t1 :ile ! s5ses are susp5d$1 ?r\gh :i* s5sible ?+s are kn[n to u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! intellect is sup]ior to ! s5ses1 nev]!less 9 a mann] x receives f ! s5ses1 & its fir/ & pr9cipal objects are f\nd$ 9 s5sible ?+s4 ,& !re=e susp5sion ( ! s5ses necess>ily involves a h9drance to ! judgm5t ( ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! s5ses are susp5d$ 9 ! sleep] ?r\gh c]ta9 evaporations & ! escape ( c]ta9 exhalations1 z we read 9 ,de ,somn4 et ,vigil4 iii4 ,&1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( su* evaporation1 ! s5ses are m or less susp5d$4 ,= :5 ! am\nt is consid]able1 n only are ! s5ses susp5d$1 b also ! imag9ation1 s t !re are no phantasms2 ?us does x happ51 especially :5 a man falls asleep aft] eat+ & dr9k+ copi\sly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! evaporation be some:at less1 phantasms appe>1 b di/ort$ & )\t sequ5ce2 ?us x happ5s 9 a case ( fev]4 ,& if ! evaporation be /ill m att5uat$1 ! phantasms w h a c]ta9 sequ5ce3 ?us especially does x happ5 t[>ds ! end ( sleep 9 sob] m5 & ^? :o are gift$ ) a /rong imag9ation4 ,if ! evaporation be v slight1 n only does ! imag9ation reta9 its fre$om1 b also ! common s5se is p>tly fre$2 s t sometimes :ile asleep a man may judge t :at he sees is a dream1 disc]n+1 z x 71 betwe5 ?+s1 & _! images4 ,nev]!less1 ! common s5se rema9s p>tly susp5d$2 & !re=e1 al?\gh x discrim9ates "s images f ! reality1 yet is x always deceiv$ 9 "s p>ticul>4 ,!re=e1 :ile man is asleep1 accord+ z s5se & imag9ation are free1 s is ! judgm5t ( 8 intellect unfett]$1 ?\gh n entirely4 ,consequ5tly1 if a man syllogizes :ile asleep1 :5 he wakes up he inv>iably recognizes a flaw 9 "s respect4 ,,"q #he ,,( ,,! ,,mode ,,& ,,ord] ,,( ,,und]/&+ 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we come n[ to consid] ! mode & ord] ( und]/&+4 ,"u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r our intellect und]/&s by ab/ract+ ! species f ! phantasms8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! intelligible species ab/ract$ f ! phantasms are :at our intellect und]/&s1 or t :]eby x und]/&s8 7#c7 ,:e!r our intellect naturally fir/ und]/&s ! m univ]sal8 7#d7 ,:e!r our intellect c "k _m ?+s at ! same "t8 7#e7 ,:e!r our intellect und]/&s by ! process ( composition & division8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! intellect c err8 7#g7 ,:e!r "o intellect c und]/& bett] ?an ano!r8 7#h7 ,:e!r our intellect und]/&s ! indivisible be=e ! divisible8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,und]/&s ,corporeal & ,mat]ial ,?+s by ,ab/raction f ,phantasms8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect does n und]/& corporeal & mat]ial ?+s by ab/raction f ! phantasms4 ,= ! intellect is false if x und]/&s an object o!rwise ?an z x really is4 ,n[ ! =ms ( mat]ial ?+s d n exi/ z ab/ract$ f ! p>ticul> ?+s repres5t$ by ! phantasms4 ,!re=e1 if we und]/& mat]ial ?+s by ab/raction ( ! species f ! phantasm1 !re w be error 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mat]ial ?+s are ^? natural ?+s :i* include matt] 9 _! def9ition4 ,b no?+ c be und]/ood ap>t f t :i* ent]s into its def9ition4 ,!re=e mat]ial ?+s _c be und]/ood ap>t f matt]4 ,n[ matt] is ! pr9ciple ( individualization4 ,!re=e mat]ial ?+s _c be und]/ood by ab/raction ( ! univ]sal f ! p>ticul>1 :i* is ! process :]eby ! intelligible species is ab/ract$ f ! phantasm4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #g7 t ! phantasm is to ! intellectual s\l :at color is to ! sight4 ,b see+ is n caus$ by ab/raction ( species f color1 b by color impress+ itself on ! sight4 ,!re=e nei!r does ! act ( und]/&+ take place by ab/raction ( some?+ f ! phantasm1 b by ! phantasm impress+ itself on ! intellect4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #e7 !re are two ?+s 9 ! intellectual s\l--! passive intellect & ! active intellect4 ,b x does n belong to ! passive intellect to ab/ract ! intelligible species f ! phantasm1 b to receive !m :5 ab/ract$4 ,nei!r does x seem to be ! function ( ! active intellect1 :i* is relat$ to ! phantasm1 z light is to color2 s9ce light does n ab/ract any?+ f color1 b r /reams on to x4 ,!re=e 9 no way d we und]/& by ab/raction f phantasms4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #g7 says t ! intellect und]/&s ! species 9 ! phantasm2 & n1 !re=e1 by ab/raction4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t ?+s are intelligible 9 proportion z !y are sep>ate f matt]4 ,!re=e mat]ial ?+s mu/ ne$s be und]/ood accord+ z !y are ab/ract$ f matt] & f mat]ial images1 namely1 phantasms4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g71 ! object ( k is proportionate to ! p[] ( k4 ,n[ !re are ?ree grades ( ! cognitive p[]s4 ,= "o cognitive p[]1 namely1 ! s5se1 is ! act ( a corporeal organ4 ,& !re=e ! object ( e s5sitive p[] is a =m z exi/+ 9 corporeal matt]4 ,& s9ce su* matt] is ! pr9ciple ( individuality1 !re=e e p[] ( ! s5sitive "p c only h k ( ! individual4 ,!re is ano!r grade ( cognitive p[] :i* is nei!r ! act ( a corporeal organ1 nor 9 any way connect$ ) corporeal matt]2 su* is ! angelic intellect1 ! object ( ^: cognitive p[] is !re=e a =m exi/+ ap>t f matt]3 = ?\gh angels "k mat]ial ?+s1 yet !y d n "k !m save 9 some?+ immat]ial1 namely1 ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 ,god4 ,b ! human intellect holds a middle place3 = x is n ! act ( an organ2 yet x is a p[] ( ! s\l :i* is ! =m ( ! body1 z is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a74 ,& !re=e x is prop] to x to "k a =m exi/+ individually 9 corporeal matt]1 b n z exi/+ 9 ?is individual matt]4 ,b to "k :at is 9 individual matt]1 n z exi/+ 9 su* matt]1 is to ab/ract ! =m f individual matt] :i* is repres5t$ by ! phantasms4 ,!re=e we mu/ ne$s say t our intellect und]/&s mat]ial ?+s by ab/ract+ f ! phantasms2 & ?r\gh mat]ial ?+s ?us consid]$ we acquire "s k ( immat]ial ?+s1 j z1 on ! contr>y1 angels "k mat]ial ?+s ?r\gh ! immat]ial4 ,b ,plato1 consid]+ only ! immat]iality ( ! human intellect1 & n its be+ 9 a way unit$ to ! body1 held t ! objects ( ! intellect are sep>ate ideas2 & t we und]/& n by ab/raction1 b by p>ticipat+ ?+s ab/ract1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ab/raction may occur 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 by way ( composition & division2 ?us we may und]/& t "o ?+ does n exi/ 9 "s o!r1 or t x is sep>ate !refrom4 ,secondly1 by way ( simple & absolute consid]ation2 ?us we und]/& "o ?+ )\t consid]+ ! o!r4 ,?us = ! intellect to ab/ract "o f ano!r ?+s :i* are n really ab/ract f "o ano!r1 does1 9 ! fir/ mode ( ab/raction1 imply falsehood4 ,b1 9 ! second mode ( ab/raction1 = ! intellect to ab/ract ?+s :i* are n really ab/ract f "o ano!r1 does n involve falsehood1 z cle>ly appe>s 9 ! case ( ! s5ses4 ,= if we und]/ood or said t color is n 9 a color$ body1 or t x is sep>ate f x1 !re w\ld be error 9 ?is op9ion or ass]tion4 ,b if we consid] color & its prop]ties1 )\t ref]5ce to ! apple :i* is color$2 or if we express 9 ^w :at we ?us und]/&1 !re is no error 9 su* an op9ion or ass]tion1 because an apple is n ess5tial to color1 & !re=e color c be und]/ood indep5d5tly ( ! apple4 ,likewise1 ! ?+s :i* belong to ! species ( a mat]ial ?+1 su* z a /one1 or a man1 or a horse1 c be ?\ght ( ap>t f ! individualiz+ pr9ciples :i* d n belong to ! notion ( ! species4 ,?is is :at we mean by ab/ract+ ! univ]sal f ! p>ticul>1 or ! intelligible species f ! phantasm2 t is1 by consid]+ ! nature ( ! species ap>t f its individual qualities repres5t$ by ! phantasms4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! intellect is said to be false :5 x und]/&s a ?+ o!rwise ?an z x is1 t is s1 if ! ^w o!rwise ref]s to ! ?+ und]/ood2 = ! intellect is false :5 x und]/&s a ?+ o!rwise ?an z x is2 & s ! intellect w\ld be false if x ab/ract$ ! species ( a /one f its matt] 9 su* a way z to reg>d ! species z n exi/+ 9 matt]1 z ,plato held4 ,b x is n s1 if ! ^w o!rwise be tak5 z ref]r+ to ! "o :o und]/&s4 ,= x is q true t ! mode ( und]/&+1 9 "o :o und]/&s1 is n ! same z ! mode ( a ?+ 9 exi/+3 s9ce ! ?+ und]/ood is immat]ially 9 ! "o :o und]/&s1 accord+ to ! mode ( ! intellect1 & n mat]ially1 accord+ to ! mode ( a mat]ial ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s h ?\ght t ! species ( a natural ?+ is a =m only1 & t matt] is n "p ( ! species4 ,if t 7 s1 matt] w\ld n ent] into ! def9ition ( natural ?+s4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said o!rwise1 t matt] is tw(old1 common1 & signate or individual2 common1 su* z fle% & bone2 & individual1 z ?is fle% & ^! bones4 ,! intellect !re=e ab/racts ! species ( a natural ?+ f ! individual s5sible matt]1 b n f ! common s5sible matt]2 = example1 x ab/racts ! species ( man f ?is fle% & ^! bones1 :i* d n belong to ! species z su*1 b to ! individual 7,metaph4 vii1 ,did4 vi1 #aj71 & ne$ n be consid]$ 9 ! species3 :]eas ! species ( man _c be ab/ract$ by ! intellect f fle% & bones4 ,ma!matical species1 h[ev]1 c be ab/ract$ by ! intellect f s5sible matt]1 n only f individual1 b also f common matt]2 n f common intelligible matt]1 b only f individual matt]4 ,= s5sible matt] is corporeal matt] z subject to s5sible qualities1 su* z be+ cold or hot1 h>d or s(t1 & ! l3 :ile intelligible matt] is sub/ance z subject to quantity4 ,n[ x is manife/ t quantity is 9 sub/ance be=e o!r s5sible qualities are4 ,h5ce quantities1 su* z numb]1 dim5sion1 & figures1 :i* are ! t]m9ations ( quantity1 c be consid]$ ap>t f s5sible qualities2 & ?is is to ab/ract !m f s5sible matt]2 b !y _c be consid]$ )\t und]/&+ ! sub/ance :i* is subject to ! quantity2 = t w\ld be to ab/ract !m f common intelligible matt]4 ,yet !y c be consid]$ ap>t f ?is or t sub/ance2 = t is to ab/ract !m f individual intelligible matt]4 ,b "s ?+s c be ab/ract$ ev5 f common intelligible matt]1 su* z be+1 unity1 p[]1 act1 & ! l2 all ^! c exi/ )\t matt]1 z is pla9 reg>d+ immat]ial ?+s4 ,because ,plato fail$ to consid] ! tw(old k9d ( ab/raction1 z above expla9$ 7ad #a71 he held t all ^? ?+s :i* we h /at$ to be ab/ract$ by ! intellect1 are ab/ract 9 reality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,colors1 z be+ 9 individual corporeal matt]1 h ! same mode ( exi/5ce z ! p[] ( sight3 !re=e !y c impress _! own image on ! eye4 ,b phantasms1 s9ce !y are images ( individuals1 & exi/ 9 corporeal organs1 h n ! same mode ( exi/5ce z ! human intellect1 & !re=e h n ! p[] ( !mselves to make an impression on ! passive intellect4 ,?is is done by ! p[] ( ! active intellect :i* by turn+ t[>ds ! phantasm produces 9 ! passive intellect a c]ta9 lik5ess :i* repres5ts1 z to its specific conditions only1 ! ?+ reflect$ 9 ! phantasm4 ,x is ?us t ! intelligible species is said to be ab/ract$ f ! phantasm2 n t ! id5tical =m :i* previ\sly 0 9 ! phantasm is subsequ5tly 9 ! passive intellect1 z a body transf]r$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,n only does ! active intellect ?r[ light on ! phantasm3 x does m2 by its own p[] x ab/racts ! intelligible species f ! phantasm4 ,x ?r[s light on ! phantasm1 because1 j z ! s5sitive "p acquires a great] p[] by its conjunction ) ! intellectual "p1 s by ! p[] ( ! active intellect ! phantasms are made m fit = ! ab/raction !refrom ( intelligible int5tions4 ,fur!rmore1 ! active intellect ab/racts ! intelligible species f ! phantasm1 =asmu* z by ! p[] ( ! active intellect we are able to disreg>d ! conditions ( individuality1 & to take into our consid]ation ! specific nature1 ! image ( :i* in=ms ! passive intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,our intellect bo? ab/racts ! intelligible species f ! phantasms1 inasmu* z x consid]s ! natures ( ?+s 9 univ]sal1 &1 nev]!less1 und]/&s ^! natures 9 ! phantasms s9ce x _c und]/& ev5 ! ?+s ( :i* x ab/racts ! species1 )\t turn+ to ! phantasms1 z we h said above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,intelligible ,species ,ab/ract$ f ! ,phantasm ,is ,relat$ to ,our ,intellect ,z ,t ,:i* ,is ,und]/ood8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intelligible species ab/ract$ f ! phantasm is relat$ to our intellect z t :i* is und]/ood4 ,= ! und]/ood 9 act is 9 ! "o :o und]/&s3 s9ce ! und]/ood 9 act is ! intellect itself 9 act4 ,b no?+ ( :at is und]/ood is 9 ! intellect actually und]/&+1 save ! ab/ract$ intelligible species4 ,!re=e ?is species is :at is actually und]/ood4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is actually und]/ood mu/ be 9 some?+2 else x w\ld be no?+4 ,b x is n 9 some?+ outside ! s\l3 =1 s9ce :at is outside ! s\l is mat]ial1 no?+ !re9 c be actually und]/ood4 ,!re=e :at is actually und]/ood is 9 ! intellect4 ,consequ5tly x c be no?+ else ?an ! a=esaid intelligible species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7#a ,p]i ,h]m4 i7 t words are signs ( ! passions 9 ! s\l4 ,b words signify ! ?+s und]/ood1 = we express by ^w :at we und]/&4 ,!re=e ^! passions ( ! s\l--viz4 ! intelligible species1 are :at is actually und]/ood4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! intelligible species is to ! intellect :at ! s5sible image is to ! s5se4 ,b ! s5sible image is n :at is p]ceiv$1 b r t by :i* s5se p]ceives4 ,!re=e ! intelligible species is n :at is actually und]/ood1 b t by :i* ! intellect und]/&s4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h ass]t$ t our intellectual faculties "k only ! impression made on !m2 z1 = example1 t s5se is cognizant only ( ! impression made on its own organ4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! intellect und]/&s only its own impression1 namely1 ! intelligible species :i* x has receiv$1 s t ?is species is :at is und]/ood4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 manife/ly false = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! ?+s we und]/& are ! objects ( sci5ce2 !re=e if :at we und]/& is m]ely ! intelligible species 9 ! s\l1 x w\ld foll[ t e sci5ce w\ld n be conc]n$ ) objects outside ! s\l1 b only ) ! intelligible species )9 ! s\l2 ?us1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,platoni/s all sci5ce is ab\t ideas1 :i* !y held to be actually und]/ood 99,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #a4 ,secondly1 x is untrue1 because x w\ld lead to ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts :o ma9ta9$ t :atev] seems1 is true 99,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 iii4 #e1 & t consequ5tly contradictories are true simultane\sly4 ,= if ! faculty kn[s its own impression only1 x c judge ( t only4 ,n[ a ?+ seems accord+ to ! impression made on ! cognitive faculty4 ,consequ5tly ! cognitive faculty w always judge ( its own impression z su*2 & s e judgm5t w be true3 = in/ance1 if ta/e p]ceiv$ only its own impression1 :5 anyone ) a heal?y ta/e p]ceives t honey is sweet1 he w\ld judge truly2 & if anyone ) a corrupt ta/e p]ceives t honey is bitt]1 ?is w\ld be equally true2 = ea* w\ld judge accord+ to ! impression on 8 ta/e4 ,?us e op9ion w\ld be equally true2 9 fact1 e sort ( appreh5sion4 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t ! intelligible species is relat$ to ! intellect z t by :i* x und]/&s3 :i* is prov$ ?us4 ,!re is a tw(old action 7,metaph4 ix1 ,did4 viii1 #h71 "o :i* rema9s 9 ! ag5t2 = in/ance1 to see & to und]/&2 & ano!r :i* passes into an ext]nal object2 = in/ance1 to heat & to cut2 & ea* ( ^! actions proce$s 9 virtue ( "s =m4 ,& z ! =m f :i* proce$s an act t5d+ to some?+ ext]nal is ! lik5ess ( ! object ( ! action1 z heat 9 ! heat] is a lik5ess ( ! ?+ heat$2 s ! =m f :i* proce$s an action rema9+ 9 ! ag5t is ! lik5ess ( ! object4 ,h5ce t by :i* ! sight sees is ! lik5ess ( ! visible ?+2 & ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood1 t is1 ! intelligible species1 is ! =m by :i* ! intellect und]/&s4 ,b s9ce ! intellect reflects ^u itself1 by su* reflection x und]/&s bo? its own act ( intellig5ce1 & ! species by :i* x und]/&s4 ,?us ! intelligible species is t :i* is und]/ood second>ily2 b t :i* is prim>ily und]/ood is ! object1 ( :i* ! species is ! lik5ess4 ,?is also appe>s f ! op9ion ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 :o said t l is kn[n by l4 ,= !y said t ! s\l kn[s ! e>? outside itself1 by ! e>? )9 itself2 & s ( ! re/4 ,if1 !re=e1 we take ! species ( ! e>? in/ead ( ! e>?1 accord+ to ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii1 #h71 :o says t a /one is n 9 ! s\l1 b only ! lik5ess ( ! /one2 x foll[s t ! s\l kn[s ext]nal ?+s by means ( its intelligible species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ?+ und]/ood is 9 ! intellect by its own lik5ess2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t we say t ! ?+ actually und]/ood is ! intellect 9 act1 because ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood is ! =m ( ! intellect1 z ! lik5ess ( a s5sible ?+ is ! =m ( ! s5se 9 act4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t ! intelligible species ab/ract$ is :at is actually und]/ood2 b r t x is ! lik5ess !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ^! words ! ?+ actually und]/ood !re is a d\ble implication--! ?+ :i* is und]/ood1 & ! fact t x is und]/ood4 ,9 l mann] ! words ab/ract univ]sal imply two ?+s1 ! nature ( a ?+ & its ab/raction or univ]sality4 ,!re=e ! nature itself to :i* x occurs to be und]/ood1 ab/ract$ or consid]$ z univ]sal is only 9 individuals2 b t x is und]/ood1 ab/ract$ or consid]$ z univ]sal is 9 ! intellect4 ,we see some?+ simil> to ?is is 9 ! s5ses4 ,= ! sight sees ! color ( ! apple ap>t f its smell4 ,if !re=e x be ask$ :]e is ! color :i* is se5 ap>t f ! smell1 x is q cle> t ! color :i* is se5 is only 9 ! apple3 b t x be p]ceiv$ ap>t f ! smell1 ?is is ow+ to ! sight1 =asmu* z ! faculty ( sight receives ! lik5ess ( color & n ( smell4 ,9 l mann] humanity und]/ood is only 9 ?is or t man2 b t humanity be appreh5d$ )\t conditions ( individuality1 t is1 t x be ab/ract$ & consequ5tly consid]$ z univ]sal1 occurs to humanity inasmu* z x is br\ght "u ! consid]ation ( ! intellect1 9 :i* !re is a lik5ess ( ! specific nature1 b n ( ! pr9ciples ( individuality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are two op]ations 9 ! s5sitive "p4 ,"o1 9 reg>d ( impression only1 & ?us ! op]ation ( ! s5ses takes place by ! s5ses be+ impress$ by ! s5sible4 ,! o!r is =mation1 inasmu* z ! imag9ation =ms = itself an image ( an abs5t ?+1 or ev5 ( some?+ nev] se54 ,bo? ( ^! op]ations are f\nd 9 ! intellect4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place !re is ! passion ( ! passive intellect z in=m$ by ! intelligible species2 & !n ! passive intellect ?us in=m$ =ms a def9ition1 or a division1 or a composition1 express$ by a ^w4 ,:]e=e ! concept convey$ by a ^w is its def9ition2 & a proposition conveys ! intellect's division or composition4 ,words d n !re=e signify ! intelligible species !mselves2 b t :i* ! intellect =ms = itself = ! purpose ( judg+ ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,m ,univ]sal ,is ,fir/ 9 ,our ,intellectual ,cognition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! m univ]sal is n fir/ 9 our intellectual cognition4 ,= :at is fir/ & m kn[n 9 its own nature1 is second>ily & less kn[n 9 relation to ourselves4 ,b univ]sals come fir/ z reg>ds _! nature1 because t is fir/ :i* does n involve ! exi/5ce ( its correlative 7,categor4 ix74 ,!re=e ! univ]sals are second>ily kn[n z reg>ds our intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! composition prec$es ! simple 9 relation to u4 ,b univ]sals are ! m simple4 ,!re=e !y are kn[n second>ily by u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 i1 #a71 t ! object def9$ comes 9 our k be=e ! p>ts ( its def9ition4 ,b ! m univ]sal is "p ( ! def9ition ( ! less univ]sal1 z animal is "p ( ! def9ition ( man4 ,!re=e ! univ]sals are second>ily kn[n by u4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 we "k causes & pr9ciples by _! effects4 ,b univ]sals are pr9ciples4 ,!re=e univ]sals are second>ily kn[n by u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we mu/ proce$ f ! univ]sal to ! s+ul> & individual 7,phys4 i1 #a7 ,i answ] t1 ,9 our k !re are two ?+s to be consid]$4 ,fir/1 t intellectual k 9 "s degree arises f s5sible k3 &1 because s5se has s+ul> & individual ?+s = its object1 & intellect has ! univ]sal = its object1 x foll[s t our k ( ! =m] comes be=e our k ( ! latt]4 ,secondly1 we mu/ consid] t our intellect proce$s f a /ate ( pot5tiality to a /ate ( actuality2 & e p[] ?us proce$+ f pot5tiality to actuality comes fir/ to an incomplete act1 :i* is ! m$ium betwe5 pot5tiality & actuality1 be=e accompli%+ ! p]fect act4 ,! p]fect act ( ! intellect is complete k1 :5 ! object is di/9ctly & det]m9ately kn[n2 :]eas ! incomplete act is imp]fect k1 :5 ! object is kn[n indi/9ctly1 & z x 7 confus$ly4 ,a ?+ ?us imp]fectly kn[n1 is kn[n p>tly 9 act & p>tly 9 pot5tiality1 & h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 i1 #a71 t :at is manife/ & c]ta9 is kn[n to u at fir/ confus$ly2 aft]w>ds we "k x by di/+ui%+ its pr9ciples & elem5ts4 ,n[ x is evid5t t to "k an object t comprises _m ?+s1 )\t prop] k ( ea* ?+ conta9$ 9 x1 is to "k t ?+ confus$ly4 ,9 ?is way we c h k n only ( ! univ]sal :ole1 :i* conta9s p>ts pot5tially1 b also ( ! integral :ole2 = ea* :ole c be kn[n confus$ly1 )\t its p>ts be+ kn[n4 ,b to "k di/9ctly :at is conta9$ 9 ! univ]sal :ole is to "k ! less common1 z to animal indi/9ctly is to "k x z animal2 :]eas to "k animal di/9ctly is "k x z rational or irrational animal1 t is1 to "k a man or a lion3 !re=e our intellect kn[s animal be=e x kn[s man2 & ! same reason holds 9 comp>+ any m univ]sal idea ) ! less univ]sal4 ,moreov]1 z s5se1 l ! intellect1 proce$s f pot5tiality to act1 ! same ord] ( k appe>s 9 ! s5ses4 ,= by s5se we judge ( ! m common be=e ! less common1 9 ref]5ce bo? to place & "t2 9 ref]5ce to place1 :5 a ?+ is se5 af> (f x is se5 to be a body be=e x is se5 to be an animal2 & to be an animal be=e x is se5 to be a man1 & to be a man be=e x se5 to be ,socrates or ,plato2 & ! same is true z reg>ds "t1 = a *ild c di/+ui% man f n man be=e he di/+ui%es ?is man f t1 & !re=e *ildr5 at fir/ call m5 fa!rs1 & lat] on di/+ui% ea* "o f ! o!rs 7,phys4 i1 #a74 ,! reason ( ?is is cle>3 because he :o kn[s a ?+ indi/9ctly is 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality z reg>ds its pr9ciple ( di/9ction2 z he :o kn[s g5us is 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality z reg>ds diff]5ce4 ,?us x is evid5t t indi/9ct k is midway betwe5 pot5tiality & act4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t k ( ! s+ul> & individual is prior1 z reg>ds u1 to ! k ( ! univ]sal2 z s5sible k is prior to intellectual k4 ,b 9 bo? s5se & intellect ! k ( ! m common prec$es ! k ( ! less common4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! univ]sal c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ! univ]sal nature may be consid]$ toge!r ) ! int5tion ( univ]sality4 ,& s9ce ! int5tion ( univ]sality--viz4 ! relation ( "o & ! same to _m--is due to intellectual ab/raction1 ! univ]sal ?us consid]$ is a second>y consid]ation4 ,h5ce x is said 7,de ,anima i1 #a7 t ! univ]sal animal is ei!r no?+ or some?+ second>y4 ,b accord+ to ,plato1 :o held t univ]sals are subsi/5t1 ! univ]sal consid]$ ?us w\ld be prior to ! p>ticul>1 = ! latt]1 accord+ to him1 are m]e p>ticipations ( ! subsi/5t univ]sals :i* he call$ ideas4 ,secondly1 ! univ]sal c be consid]$ 9 ! nature itself--= in/ance1 animality or humanity z exi/+ 9 ! individual4 ,& ?us we mu/ di/+ui% two ord]s ( nature3 "o1 by way ( g5]ation & "t2 & ?us ! imp]fect & ! pot5tial come fir/4 ,9 ?is way ! m common comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( nature2 z appe>s cle>ly 9 ! g5]ation ( man & animal2 = ! animal is g5]at$ be=e man1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal ii1 #c74 ,! o!r ord] is ! ord] ( p]fection or ( ! int5tion ( nature3 = in/ance1 act consid]$ absolutely is naturally prior to pot5tiality1 & ! p]fect to ! imp]fect3 ?us ! less common comes naturally be=e ! m common2 z man comes be=e animal4 ,= ! int5tion ( nature does n /op at ! g5]ation ( animal b goes on to ! g5]ation ( man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! m common univ]sal may be comp>$ to ! less common1 z ! :ole1 & z ! "p4 ,z ! :ole1 consid]+ t 9 ! m univ]sal is pot5tially conta9$ n only ! less univ]sal1 b also o!r ?+s1 z 9 animal is conta9$ n only man b also horse4 ,z "p1 consid]+ t ! less common conta9s 9 its idea n only ! m common1 b also m2 z man conta9s n only animal b also rational4 ,!re=e animal 9 itself comes into our k be=e man2 b man comes be=e animal consid]$ z "p ( ! same idea4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a "p c be kn[n 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 absolutely consid]$ 9 itself2 & ?us no?+ prev5ts ! p>ts be+ kn[n be=e ! :ole1 z /ones are kn[n be=e a h\se is kn[n4 ,secondly z belong+ to a c]ta9 :ole2 & ?us we mu/ ne$s "k ! :ole be=e its p>ts4 ,= we "k a h\se vaguely be=e we "k its diff]5t p>ts4 ,s likewise pr9ciples ( def9ition are kn[n be=e ! ?+ def9$ is kn[n2 o!rwise ! ?+ def9$ w\ld n be kn[n at all4 ,b z p>ts ( ! def9ition !y are kn[n aft]4 ,= we "k man vaguely z man be=e we "k h[ to di/+ui% all t belongs to human nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! univ]sal1 z und]/ood ) ! int5tion ( univ]sality1 is1 inde$1 9 a way1 a pr9ciple ( k1 9 s f> z ! int5tion ( univ]sality results f ! mode ( und]/&+ by way ( ab/raction4 ,b :at is a pr9ciple ( k is n ( necessity a pr9ciple ( exi/5ce1 z ,plato ?\ght3 s9ce at times we "k a cause ?r\gh its effect1 & sub/ance ?r\gh accid5ts4 ,:]e=e ! univ]sal ?us consid]$1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 is nei!r a pr9ciple ( exi/5ce1 nor a sub/ance1 z he makes cle> 7,metaph4 vii1 ,did4 vi1 #ac74 ,b if we consid] ! g5]ic or specific nature itself z exi/+ 9 ! s+ul>1 ?us 9 a way x is 9 ! nature ( a =mal pr9ciple 9 reg>d to ! s+ul>s3 = ! s+ul> is ! result ( matt]1 :ile ! idea ( species is f ! =m4 ,b ! g5]ic nature is comp>$ to ! specific nature r aft] ! fa%ion ( a mat]ial pr9ciple1 because ! g5]ic nature is tak5 f t :i* is mat]ial 9 a ?+1 :ile ! idea ( species is tak5 f t :i* is =mal3 ?us ! notion ( animal is tak5 f ! s5sitive "p1 :]eas ! notion ( man is tak5 f ! intellectual "p4 ,?us x is t ! ultimate int5tion ( nature is to ! species & n to ! individual1 or ! g5us3 because ! =m is ! end ( g5]ation1 :ile matt] is = ! sake ( ! =m4 ,nei!r is x necess>y t1 z reg>ds u1 k ( any cause or pr9ciple %\ld be second>y3 s9ce at times ?r\gh s5sible causes we become acqua9t$ ) unkn[n effects1 & sometimes conv]sely4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,we ,c ,und]/& ,_m ,?+s at ! ,same ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we c und]/& _m ?+s at ! same "t4 ,= intellect is above "t1 :]eas ! succession ( be=e & aft] belongs to "t4 ,!re=e ! intellect does n und]/& diff]5t ?+s 9 succession1 b at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no?+ to prev5t diff]5t =ms n oppos$ to ea* o!r f actually be+ 9 ! same subject1 z1 = in/ance1 color & smell are 9 ! apple4 ,b intelligible species are n oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,!re=e !re is no?+ to prev5t ! same intellect be+ 9 act z reg>ds diff]5t intelligible species1 & ?us x c und]/& _m ?+s at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect und]/&s a :ole at ! same "t1 su* z a man or a h\se4 ,b a :ole conta9s _m p>ts4 ,!re=e ! intellect und]/&s _m ?+s at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 we _c "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 two ?+s unless we "k bo? at ! same "t 7,de ,anima iii1 #b71 & ! same is to be said ( any o!r comp>ison4 ,b our intellect kn[s ! diff]5ce & comp>ison betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r4 ,!re=e x kn[s _m ?+s at ! same "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,topic4 ii1 #aj7 t und]/&+ is ( "o ?+ only1 k is ( _m4 ,i answ] t1 ,! intellect c1 inde$1 und]/& _m ?+s z "o1 b n z _m3 t is to say by "o b n by _m intelligible species4 ,= ! mode ( e action foll[s ! =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( t action4 ,!re=e :atev] ?+s ! intellect c und]/& "u "o species1 x c und]/& at ! same "t3 h5ce x is t ,god sees all ?+s at ! same "t1 because ,he sees all 9 "o1 t is1 9 ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,b :atev] ?+s ! intellect und]/&s "u diff]5t species1 x does n und]/& at ! same "t4 ,! reason ( ?is is t x is impossible = "o & ! same subject to be p]fect$ at ! same "t by _m =ms ( "o g5us & div]se species1 j z x is impossible = "o & ! same body at ! same "t to h diff]5t colors or diff]5t %apes4 ,n[ all intelligible species belong to "o g5us1 because !y are ! p]fections ( "o intellectual faculty3 al?\gh ! ?+s :i* ! species repres5t belong to diff]5t g5]a4 ,!re=e x is impossible = "o & ! same intellect to be p]fect$ at ! same "t by diff]5t intelligible species s z actually to und]/& diff]5t ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intellect is above t "t1 :i* is ! measure ( ! movem5t ( corporeal ?+s4 ,b ! multitude itself ( intelligible species causes a c]ta9 vicissitude ( intelligible op]ations1 accord+ z "o op]ation succe$s ano!r4 ,& ?is vicissitude is call$ "t by ,augu/9e1 :o says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #bj1 #bb71 t ,god moves ! spiritual creature ?r\gh "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n only is x impossible = opposite =ms to exi/ at ! same "t 9 ! same subject1 b nei!r c any =ms belong+ to ! same g5us1 al?\gh !y be n oppos$ to "o ano!r1 z is cle> f ! examples ( colors & %apes4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,p>ts c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 a confus$ way1 z exi/+ 9 ! :ole1 & ?us !y are kn[n ?r\gh ! "o =m ( ! :ole1 & s are kn[n toge!r4 ,9 ano!r way !y are kn[n di/9ctly3 ?us ea* is kn[n by its species2 & s !y are n und]/ood at ! same "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,if ! intellect sees ! diff]5ce or comp>ison betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r1 x kn[s bo? 9 relation to _! diff]5ce or comp>ison2 j1 z we h said above 7ad #c71 z x kn[s ! p>ts 9 ! :ole4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,und]/&s by ,composition & ,division8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect does n und]/& by composition & division4 ,= composition & division are only ( _m2 :]eas ! intellect _c und]/& _m ?+s at ! same "t4 ,!re=e x _c und]/& by composition & division4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e composition & division implies pa/1 pres5t1 or future "t4 ,b ! intellect ab/racts f "t1 z also f o!r individual conditions4 ,!re=e ! intellect does n und]/& by composition & division4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect und]/&s ?+s by a process ( assimilation to !m4 ,b composition & division are n 9 ?+s1 = no?+ is 9 ?+s b :at is signifi$ by ! pr$icate & ! subject1 & :i* is "o & ! same1 provid$ t ! composition be true1 = man is truly :at animal is4 ,!re=e ! intellect does n act by composition & division4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,words signify ! conceptions ( ! intellect1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,p]i ,h]m4 i74 ,b 9 words we f9d composition & division1 z appe>s 9 affirmative & negative propositions4 ,!re=e ! intellect acts by composition & division4 ,i answ] t1 ,! human intellect mu/ ( necessity und]/& by composition & division4 ,= s9ce ! intellect passes f pot5tiality to act1 x has a lik5ess to ?+s :i* are g5]at$1 :i* d n atta9 to p]fection all at once b acquire x by degrees3 s likewise ! human intellect does n acquire p]fect k by ! fir/ act ( appreh5sion2 b x fir/ appreh5ds some?+ ab\t its object1 su* z its quiddity1 & ?is is its fir/ & prop] object2 & !n x und]/&s ! prop]ties1 accid5ts1 & ! v>i\s relations ( ! ess5ce4 ,?us x necess>ily comp>es "o ?+ ) ano!r by composition or division2 & f "o composition & division x proce$s to ano!r1 :i* is ! process ( reason+4 ,b ! angelic & ! ,div9e intellect1 l all incorruptible ?+s1 h _! p]fection at once f ! beg9n+4 ,h5ce ! angelic & ! ,div9e intellect h ! entire k ( a ?+ at once & p]fectly2 & h5ce also 9 kn[+ ! quiddity ( a ?+ !y "k at once :atev] we c "k by composition1 division1 & reason+4 ,!re=e ! human intellect kn[s by composition1 division & reason+4 ,b ! ,div9e intellect & ! angelic intellect "k1 inde$1 composition1 division1 & reason+1 n by ! process itself1 b by und]/&+ ! simple ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,composition & division ( ! intellect are made by diff]5tiat+ & comp>+4 ,h5ce ! intellect kn[s _m ?+s by composition & division1 z by kn[+ ! diff]5ce & comp>ison ( ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! intellect ab/racts f ! phantasms1 x does n und]/& actually )\t turn+ to ! phantasms1 z we h said 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,& =asmu* z x turns to ! phantasms1 composition & division ( ! intellect involve "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! lik5ess ( a ?+ is receiv$ into ! intellect accord+ to ! mode ( ! intellect1 n accord+ to ! mode ( ! ?+4 ,:]e=e some?+ on ! "p ( ! ?+ corresponds to ! composition & division ( ! intellect2 b x does n exi/ 9 ! same way 9 ! intellect & 9 ! ?+4 ,= ! prop] object ( ! human intellect is ! quiddity ( a mat]ial ?+1 :i* comes "u ! action ( ! s5ses & ! imag9ation4 ,n[ 9 a mat]ial ?+ !re is a tw(old composition4 ,fir/1 !re is ! composition ( =m ) matt]2 & to ?is corresponds t composition ( ! intellect :]eby ! univ]sal :ole is pr$icat$ ( its "p3 = ! g5us is d]iv$ f common matt]1 :ile ! diff]5ce t completes ! species is d]iv$ f ! =m1 & ! p>ticul> f individual matt]4 ,! second comp>ison is ( accid5t ) subject3 & to ?is real composition corresponds t composition ( ! intellect1 :]eby accid5t is pr$icat$ ( subject1 z :5 we say ! man is :ite4 ,nev]!less composition ( ! intellect diff]s f composition ( ?+s2 = 9 ! latt] ! ?+s are div]se1 :]eas composition ( ! intellect is a sign ( ! id5tity ( ! compon5ts4 ,= ! above composition ( ! intellect does n imply t man & :it5ess are id5tical1 b ! ass]tion1 ! man is :ite1 means t ! man is some?+ hav+ :it5ess3 & ! subject1 :i* is a man1 is id5tifi$ ) a subject hav+ :it5ess4 ,x is ! same ) ! composition ( =m & matt]3 = animal signifies t :i* has a s5sitive nature2 rational1 t :i* has an intellectual nature2 man1 t :i* has bo?2 & ,socrates t :i* has all ^! ?+s toge!r ) individual matt]2 & accord+ to ?is k9d ( id5tity our intellect pr$icates ! composition ( "o ?+ ) ano!r4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,intellect ,c ,be ,false8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect c be false2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 vi1 ,did4 v1 #d7 t tru? & falsehood are 9 ! m9d4 ,b ! m9d & intellect are ! same1 z is %[n above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e falsehood may be 9 ! m9d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 op9ion & reason+ belong to ! intellect4 ,b falsehood exi/s 9 bo?4 ,!re=e falsehood c be 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 is 9 ! intellectual faculty4 ,b s9 involves falsehood3 = ^? err t "w evil 7,prov4 #ad3bb74 ,!re=e falsehood c be 9 ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cb71 t ev]yone :o is deceiv$1 does n rightly und]/& t :]e9 he is deceiv$4 ,& ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj71 t ! intellect is always true4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #f7 comp>es intellect ) s5se on ?is po9t4 ,= s5se is n deceiv$ 9 its prop] object1 z sight 9 reg>d to color2 unless accid5tally ?r\gh "s h9drance occurr+ to ! s5sile organ--= example1 ! ta/e ( a fev]-/rick5 p]son judges a sweet ?+ to be bitt]1 ?r\gh 8 tongue be+ vitiat$ by ill humors4 ,s5se1 h[ev]1 may be deceiv$ z reg>ds common s5sible objects1 z size or figure2 :51 = example1 x judges ! sun to be only a foot 9 diamet]1 :]eas 9 reality x exce$s ! e>? 9 size4 ,mu* m is s5se deceiv$ conc]n+ accid5tal s5sible objects1 z :5 x judges t v9eg> is honey by reason ( ! color be+ ! same4 ,! reason ( ?is is evid5t2 = e faculty1 z su*1 is p] se direct$ to its prop] object2 & ?+s ( ?is k9d are always ! same4 ,h5ce1 z long z ! faculty exi/s1 its judgm5t conc]n+ its own prop] object does n fail4 ,n[ ! prop] object ( ! intellect is ! quiddity ( a mat]ial ?+2 & h5ce1 prop]ly speak+1 ! intellect is n at fault conc]n+ ?is quiddity2 :]eas x may g a/ray z reg>ds ! surr\nd+s ( ! ?+ 9 its ess5ce or quiddity1 9 ref]r+ "o ?+ to ano!r1 z reg>ds composition or division1 or also 9 ! process ( reason+4 ,!re=e1 also 9 reg>d to ^? propositions1 :i* are und]/ood1 ! intellect _c err1 z 9 ! case ( fir/ pr9ciples f :i* arises infallible tru? 9 ! c]titude ( sci5tific conclusions4 ,! intellect1 h[ev]1 may be accid5tally deceiv$ 9 ! quiddity ( composite ?+s1 n by ! defect ( its organ1 = ! intellect is a faculty t is indep5d5t ( an organ2 b on ! "p ( ! composition affect+ ! def9ition1 :51 = in/ance1 ! def9ition ( a ?+ is false 9 relation to some?+ else1 z ! def9ition ( a circle appli$ to a triangle2 or :5 a def9ition is false 9 itself z involv+ ! composition ( ?+s incompatible2 z1 = in/ance1 to describe any?+ z a rational w+$ animal4 ,h5ce z reg>ds simple objects n subject to composite def9itions we _c be deceiv$ unless1 inde$1 we und]/& no?+ :atev] ab\t !m1 z is said ,metaph4 ix1 ,did4 viii1 #aj4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] says t falsehood is 9 ! intellect 9 reg>d to composition & division4 ,! same answ] applies to ! ,second ,objection conc]n+ op9ion & reason+1 & to ! ,?ird ,objection1 conc]n+ ! error ( ! s9n]1 :o errs 9 ! practical judgm5t ( ! appetible object4 ,b 9 ! absolute consid]ation ( ! quiddity ( a ?+1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* are kn[n !reby1 ! intellect is nev] deceiv$4 ,9 ?is s5se are to be und]/ood ! au?orities quot$ 9 pro( ( ! opposite conclusion4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,"o ,p]son ,c ,und]/& ,"o & ! ,same ,?+ ,bett] ,?an ,ano!r ,c8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o p]son _c und]/& "o & ! same ?+ bett] ?an ano!r c4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cb71 ,:oev] und]/&s a ?+ o!rwise ?an z x is1 does n und]/& x at all4 ,h5ce x is cle> t !re is a p]fect und]/&+1 ?an :i* none o!r is m p]fect3 & !re=e !re are n inf9ite degrees ( und]/&+ a ?+3 nor c "o p]son und]/& a ?+ bett] ?an ano!r c4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect is true 9 its act ( und]/&+4 ,b tru?1 be+ a c]ta9 equality betwe5 ?\ght & ?+1 is n subject to m or less2 = a ?+ _c be said to be m or less equal4 ,!re=e a ?+ _c be m or less und]/ood4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect is ! mo/ =mal ( all t is 9 man4 ,b diff]5t =ms cause diff]5t species4 ,!re=e if "o man und]/&s bett] ?an ano!r1 x w\ld seem t !y d n belong to ! same species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,exp]i5ce %[s t "s und]/& m pr(\ndly ?an d o!rs2 z "o :o c>ries a conclusion to its fir/ pr9ciples & ultimate causes und]/&s x bett] ?an ! "o :o r$uces x only to its proximate causes4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ be+ und]/ood m by "o ?an by ano!r may be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,fir/1 s t ! ^w m be tak5 z det]m9+ ! act ( und]/&+ z reg>ds ! ?+ und]/ood2 & ?us1 "o _c und]/& ! same ?+ m ?an ano!r1 because to und]/& x o!rwise ?an z x is1 ei!r bett] or worse1 w\ld entail be+ deceiv$1 & su* a "o w\ld n und]/& x1 z ,augu/9e argues 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cb74 ,9 ano!r s5se ! ^w m c be tak5 z det]m9+ ! act ( und]/&+ on ! "p ( him :o und]/&s2 & s "o may und]/& ! same ?+ bett] ?an someone else1 ?r\gh hav+ a great] p[] ( und]/&+3 j z a man may see a ?+ bett] ) 8 bodily sight1 ^: p[] is great]1 & ^: sight is m p]fect4 ,! same applies to ! intellect 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! intellect itself1 :i* is m p]fect4 ,= x is pla9 t ! bett] ! disposition ( a body1 ! bett] ! s\l allott$ to x2 :i* cle>ly appe>s 9 ?+s ( diff]5t species3 & ! reason !re( is t act & =m are receiv$ into matt] accord+ to matt]'s capacity3 ?us because "s m5 h bodies ( bett] disposition1 _! s\ls h a great] p[] ( und]/&+1 :]e=e x is said 7,de ,anima ii1 #i71 t x is to be obs]v$ t ^? :o h s(t fle% are ( apt m9d4 ,secondly1 ?is occurs 9 reg>d to ! l[] p[]s ( :i* ! intellect has ne$ 9 its op]ation3 = ^? 9 :om ! imag9ative1 cogitative1 & memorative p[]s are ( bett] disposition1 are bett] dispos$ to und]/&4 ,! reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is cle> f ! above2 likewise ! reply to ! ,second1 = ! tru? ( ! intellect consi/s 9 ! intellect und]/&+ a ?+ z x is4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! diff]5ce ( =m :i* is due only to ! diff]5t disposition ( matt]1 causes n a specific b only a num]ical diff]5ce3 = diff]5t individuals h diff]5t =ms1 div]sifi$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( matt]4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,intellect ,und]/&s ! ,indivisible ,be=e ! ,divisible8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect und]/&s ! indivisible be=e ! divisible4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 i1 #a7 t we und]/& & "k f ! k ( pr9ciples & elem5ts4 ,b pr9ciples are indivisible1 & elem5ts are ( divisible ?+s4 ,!re=e ! indivisible is kn[n to u be=e ! divisible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! def9ition ( a ?+ conta9s :at is kn[n previ\sly1 = a def9ition proce$s f ! fir/ & m kn[n1 z is said ,topic4 vi1 #d4 ,b ! indivisible is "p ( ! def9ition ( ! divisible2 z a po9t comes into ! def9ition ( a l9e2 = z ,euclid says1 a l9e is l5g? )\t bread?1 ! extremities ( :i* are po9ts2 also unity comes into ! def9ition ( numb]1 = numb] is multitude measur$ by "o1 z is said ,metaph4 x1 ,did4 ix1 #f4 ,!re=e our intellect und]/&s ! indivisible be=e ! divisible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,l is kn[n by l4 ,b ! indivisible is m l to ! intellect ?an is ! divisible2 because ! intellect is simple 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,!re=e our intellect fir/ kn[s ! indivisible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,de ,anima iii1 #f7 t ! indivisible is express$ z a privation4 ,b privation is kn[n second>ily4 ,!re=e likewise is ! indivisible4 ,i answ] t1 ,! object ( our intellect 9 its pres5t /ate is ! quiddity ( a mat]ial ?+1 :i* x ab/racts f ! phantasms1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,& s9ce t :i* is kn[n fir/ & ( itself by our cognitive p[] is its prop] object1 we mu/ consid] its relation%ip to t quiddity 9 ord] to discov] 9 :at ord] ! indivisible is kn[n4 ,n[ ! indivisible is ?reefold1 z is said ,de ,anima iii1 #f4 ,fir/1 ! cont9u\s is indivisible1 s9ce actually x is undivid$1 al?\gh pot5tially divisible3 & ?is indivisible is kn[n to u be=e its division1 :i* is a division into p>ts3 because confus$ k is prior to di/9ct k1 z we h said above 7,a4 #c74 ,secondly1 ! indivisible is s call$ 9 relation to species1 z man's reason is some?+ indivisible4 ,?is way1 also1 ! indivisible is und]/ood be=e its division into logical p>ts1 z we h said above 7,de ,anima iii1 #f72 & aga9 be=e ! intellect disposes & divides by affirmation & negation4 ,! reason ( ?is is t bo? ^! k9ds ( indivisible are und]/ood by ! intellect ( itself1 z be+ its prop] object4 ,! ?ird k9d ( indivisible is :at is altoge!r indivisible1 z a po9t & unity1 :i* _c be divid$ ei!r actually or pot5tially4 ,& ?is indivisible is kn[n second>ily1 ?r\gh ! privation ( divisibility4 ,:]e=e a po9t is def9$ by way ( privation z t :i* has no p>ts2 & 9 l mann] ! notion ( "o is t is indivisible1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x1 ,did4 ix1 #a4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t ?is indivisible has a c]ta9 opposition to a corporeal be+1 ! quiddity ( :i* is ! prim>y & prop] object ( ! intellect4 ,b if our intellect und]/ood by p>ticipation ( c]ta9 sep>ate indivisible 7=ms71 z ! ,platoni/s ma9ta9$1 x w\ld foll[ t a l indivisible is und]/ood prim>ily2 = accord+ to ! ,platoni/s :at is fir/ is fir/ p>ticipat$ by ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! acquisition ( k1 pr9ciples & elem5ts are n always 7kn[n7 fir/3 = sometimes f s5sible effects we arrive at ! k ( pr9ciples & intelligible causes4 ,b 9 p]fect k1 ! k ( effects always dep5ds on ! k ( pr9ciples & elem5ts3 = z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! same passage3 ,!n d we consid] t we "k1 :5 we c resolve pr9ciples into _! causes4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a po9t is n includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( a l9e 9 g5]al3 = x is manife/ t 9 a l9e ( indef9ite l5g?1 & 9 a circul> l9e1 !re is no po9t1 save pot5tially4 ,euclid def9es a f9ite /raight l9e3 & !re=e he m5tions a po9t 9 ! def9ition1 z ! limit 9 ! def9ition ( t :i* is limit$4 ,unity is ! measure ( numb]3 :]e=e x is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( a measur$ numb]4 ,b x is n includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! divisible1 b r conv]sely4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! lik5ess ?r\gh :i* we und]/& is ! species ( ! kn[n 9 ! kn[]2 !re=e a ?+ is kn[n fir/1 n on acc\nt ( its natural lik5ess to ! cognitive p[]1 b on acc\nt ( ! p[]'s aptitude = ! object3 o!rwise sight w\ld p]ceive he>+ r ?an color4 ,,"q #hf ,,:at ,,our ,,intellect ,,kn[s ,,9 ,,mat]ial ,,?+s 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ h to consid] :at our intellect kn[s 9 mat]ial ?+s4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x kn[s s+ul>s8 7#b7 ,:e!r x kn[s ! inf9ite8 7#c7 ,:e!r x kn[s cont+5t ?+s8 7#d7 ,:e!r x kn[s future ?+s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,kn[s ,s+ul>s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect kn[s s+ul>s4 ,= :oev] kn[s composition1 kn[s ! t]ms ( composition4 ,b our intellect kn[s ?is composition2 ,socrates is a man3 = x belongs to ! intellect to =m a proposition4 ,!re=e our intellect kn[s ?is s+ul>1 ,socrates4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! practical intellect directs to action4 ,b action has relation to s+ul> ?+s4 ,!re=e ! intellect kn[s ! s+ul>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 our intellect und]/&s itself4 ,b 9 itself x is a s+ul>1 o!rwise x w\ld h no action ( its own2 = actions belong to s+ul>s4 ,!re=e our intellect kn[s s+ul>s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a sup]ior p[] c d :atev] is done by an inf]ior p[]4 ,b s5se kn[s ! s+ul>4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c ! intellect "k x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 i1 #e71 t ! univ]sal is kn[n by reason2 & ! s+ul> is kn[n by s5se4 ,i answ] t1 ,our intellect _c "k ! s+ul> 9 mat]ial ?+s directly & prim>ily4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! pr9ciple ( s+ul>ity 9 mat]ial ?+s is individual matt]1 :]eas our intellect1 z h said above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #a71 und]/&s by ab/ract+ ! intelligible species f su* matt]4 ,n[ :at is ab/ract$ f individual matt] is ! univ]sal4 ,h5ce our intellect kn[s directly ! univ]sal only4 ,b indirectly1 & z x 7 by a k9d ( reflection1 x c "k ! s+ul>1 because1 z we h said above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #g71 ev5 aft] ab/ract+ ! intelligible species1 ! intellect1 9 ord] to und]/&1 ne$s to turn to ! phantasms 9 :i* x und]/&s ! species1 z is said ,de ,anima iii1 #g4 ,!re=e x und]/&s ! univ]sal directly ?r\gh ! intelligible species1 & indirectly ! s+ul> repres5t$ by ! phantasm4 ,& ?us x =ms ! proposition ,socrates is a man4 ,:]e=e ! reply to ! fir/ objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! *oice ( a p>ticul> ?+ to be done is z ! conclusion ( a syllogism =m$ by ! practical intellect1 z is said ,e?ic4 vii1 #c4 ,b a s+ul> proposition _c be directly conclud$ f a univ]sal proposition1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a s+ul> proposition4 ,!re=e ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ! practical intellect does n move save ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p>ticul> appreh5sion ( ! s5sitive "p1 z is said ,de ,anima iii1 #aa4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,intelligibility is incompatible ) ! s+ul> n z su*1 b z mat]ial1 = no?+ c be und]/ood o!rwise ?an immat]ially4 ,!re=e if !re be an immat]ial s+ul> su* z ! intellect1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be intelligible4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! high] p[] c d :at ! l[] p[] c1 b 9 a m em95t way4 ,:]e=e :at ! s5se kn[s mat]ially & concretely1 :i* is to "k ! s+ul> directly1 ! intellect kn[s immat]ially & 9 ! ab/ract1 :i* is to "k ! univ]sal4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,c ,"k ! ,inf9ite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect c "k ! inf9ite4 ,= ,god excels all inf9ite ?+s4 ,b our intellect c "k ,god1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #a74 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c our intellect "k all o!r inf9ite ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 our intellect c naturally "k g5]a & species4 ,b !re is an inf9ity ( species 9 "s g5]a1 z 9 numb]1 proportion1 & figure4 ,!re=e our intellect c "k ! inf9ite4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if "o body c coexi/ ) ano!r 9 ! same place1 !re is no?+ to prev5t an inf9ite numb] ( bodies be+ 9 "o place4 ,b "o intelligible species c exi/ ) ano!r 9 ! same intellect1 = _m ?+s c be habitually kn[n at ! same "t4 ,!re=e our intellect c h an habitual k ( an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z ! intellect is n a corporeal faculty1 z we h said 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a71 x appe>s to be an inf9ite p[]4 ,b an inf9ite p[] has a capacity = an inf9ite object4 ,!re=e our intellect c "k ! inf9ite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,phys4 i1 #d7 t ! inf9ite1 consid]$ z su*1 is unkn[n4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce a faculty & its object are proportional to ea* o!r1 ! intellect mu/ be relat$ to ! inf9ite1 z is its object1 :i* is ! quiddity ( a mat]ial ?+4 ,n[ 9 mat]ial ?+s ! inf9ite does n exi/ actually1 b only pot5tially1 9 ! s5se ( "o succe$+ ano!r1 z is said ,phys4 iii1 #f4 ,!re=e inf9ity is pot5tially 9 our m9d ?r\gh its consid]+ successively "o ?+ aft] ano!r3 because nev] does our intellect und]/& s _m ?+s1 t x _c und]/& m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our intellect _c und]/& ! inf9ite ei!r actually or habitually4 ,n actually1 = our intellect _c "k actually at ! same "t1 except :at x kn[s ?r\gh "o species4 ,b ! inf9ite is n repres5t$ by "o species1 = if x 7 x w\ld be some?+ :ole & complete4 ,consequ5tly x _c be und]/ood except by a successive consid]ation ( "o "p aft] ano!r1 z is cle> f its def9ition 7,phys4 iii1 #f73 = ! inf9ite is t f :i*1 h[ev] mu* we may take1 !re always rema9s some?+ to be tak54 ,?us ! inf9ite c\ld n be kn[n actually1 unless all its p>ts 7 c\nt$3 :i* is impossible4 ,= ! same reason we _c h habitual k ( ! inf9ite3 because 9 u habitual k results f actual consid]ation3 s9ce by und]/&+ we acquire k1 z is said ,e?ic4 ii1 #a4 ,:]e=e x w\ld n be possible = u to h a habit ( an inf9ity ( ?+s di/9ctly kn[n1 unless we _h already consid]$ ! entire inf9ity !re(1 c\nt+ !m accord+ to ! succession ( our k3 :i* is impossible4 ,& !re=e nei!r actually nor habitually c our intellect "k ! inf9ite1 b only pot5tially z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #g1 ,a4 #a71 ,god is call$ inf9ite1 because ,he is a =m unlimit$ by matt]2 :]eas 9 mat]ial ?+s1 ! t]m inf9ite is appli$ to t :i* is depriv$ ( any =mal t]m4 ,& =m be+ kn[n 9 itself1 :]eas matt] _c be kn[n )\t =m1 x foll[s t ! mat]ial inf9ite is 9 itself unkn[able4 ,b ! =mal inf9ite1 ,god1 is ( ,himself kn[n2 b ,he is unkn[n to u by reason ( our feeble intellect1 :i* 9 its pres5t /ate has a natural aptitude = mat]ial objects only4 ,!re=e we _c "k ,god 9 our pres5t life except ?r\gh mat]ial effects4 ,9 ! future life ?is defect ( intellect w be remov$ by ! /ate ( glory1 :5 we %all be able to see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,himself1 b )\t be+ able to compreh5d ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! nature ( our m9d is to "k species ab/ract$ f phantasms2 !re=e x _c "k actually or habitually species ( numb]s or figures t are n 9 ! imag9ation1 except 9 a g5]al way & 9 _! univ]sal pr9ciples2 & ?is is to "k !m pot5tially & confus$ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if two or m bodies 7 9 ! same place1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = !m to occupy ! place successively1 9 ord] = ! ?+s plac$ to be c\nt$ accord+ to ?is succession ( occupation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! intelligible species ent] into our intellect successively2 s9ce _m ?+s _c be actually und]/ood at ! same "t3 & !re=e !re mu/ be a def9ite & n an inf9ite numb] ( species 9 our intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z our intellect is inf9ite 9 p[]1 s does x "k ! inf9ite4 ,= its p[] is inde$ inf9ite inasmu* z x is n t]m9at$ by corporeal matt]4 ,moreov] x c "k ! univ]sal1 :i* is ab/ract$ f individual matt]1 & :i* consequ5tly is n limit$ to "o individual1 b1 consid]$ 9 itself1 ext5ds to an inf9ite numb] ( individuals4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,c ,"k ,cont+5t ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect _c "k cont+5t ?+s3 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #f71 ! objects ( und]/&+1 wisdom & k are n cont+5t1 b necess>y ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 iv1 #ab1 :at sometimes is & sometimes is n1 is measur$ by "t4 ,n[ ! intellect ab/racts f "t1 & f o!r mat]ial conditions4 ,!re=e1 z x is prop] to a cont+5t ?+ sometime to be & sometime n to be1 x seems t cont+5t ?+s are n kn[n by ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all k is 9 ! intellect4 ,b "s sci5ces are ( ! cont+5t ?+s1 z ! moral sci5ces1 ! objects ( :i* are human actions subject to free-w2 & aga91 ! natural sci5ces 9 z f> z !y relate to ?+s g5]at$ & corruptible4 ,!re=e ! intellect kn[s cont+5t ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,cont+5t ?+s c be consid]$ 9 two ways2 ei!r z cont+5t1 or z conta9+ "s elem5t ( necessity1 s9ce e cont+5t ?+ has 9 x some?+ necess>y3 = example1 t ,socrates runs1 is 9 itself cont+5t2 b ! relation ( runn+ to motion is necess>y1 = x is necess>y t ,socrates move if he runs4 ,n[ cont+5cy arises f matt]1 = cont+5cy is a pot5tiality to be or n to be1 & pot5tiality belongs to matt]2 :]eas necessity results f =m1 because :atev] is consequ5t on =m is ( necessity 9 ! subject4 ,b matt] is ! individualiz+ pr9ciple3 :]eas ! univ]sal comes f ! ab/raction ( ! =m f ! p>ticul> matt]4 ,moreov] x 0 laid d[n above 7,a4 #a7 t ! intellect ( itself & directly has ! univ]sal = its object2 :ile ! object ( s5se is ! s+ul>1 :i* 9 a c]ta9 way is ! indirect object ( ! intellect1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! cont+5t1 consid]$ z su*1 is kn[n directly by s5se & indirectly by ! intellect2 :ile ! univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples ( cont+5t ?+s are kn[n only by ! intellect4 ,h5ce if we consid] ! objects ( sci5ce 9 _! univ]sal pr9ciples1 !n all sci5ce is ( necess>y ?+s4 ,b if we consid] ! ?+s !mselves1 ?us "s sci5ces are ( necess>y ?+s1 "s ( cont+5t ?+s4 ,f :i* ! replies to ! objections are cle>4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,c ,"k ! ,future8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect kn[s ! future4 ,= our intellect kn[s by means ( intelligible species ab/ract$ f ! "h & n[1 & relat$ indiff]5tly to all "t4 ,b x c "k ! pres5t4 ,!re=e x c "k ! future4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man1 :ile 8 s5ses are 9 susp5se1 c "k "s future ?+s1 z 9 sleep1 & 9 fr5zy4 ,b ! intellect is fre] & m vigor\s :5 remov$ f s5se4 ,!re=e ! intellect ( its own nature c "k ! future4 ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellectual k ( man is sup]ior to any k ( brutes4 ,b "s animals "k ! future2 ?us cr[s by _! frequ5t caw+ =etell ra94 ,!re=e mu* m c ! intellect "k ! future4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #h3f1 #g71 ,!re is a great affliction = man1 because he is ignorant ( ?+s pa/2 & ?+s to come he _c "k by any mess5g]4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ apply ! same di/9ction to future ?+s1 z we appli$ above 7,a4 #c7 to cont+5t ?+s4 ,= future ?+s consid]$ z subject to "t are s+ul>1 & ! human intellect kn[s !m by reflection only1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b ! pr9ciples ( future ?+s may be univ]sal2 & ?us !y may ent] ! doma9 ( ! intellect & become ! objects ( sci5ce4 ,speak+1 h[ev]1 ( ! k ( ! future 9 a g5]al way1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! future may be kn[n 9 two ways3 ei!r 9 itself1 or 9 its cause4 ,! future _c be kn[n 9 itself save by ,god alone2 to ,:om ev5 t is pres5t :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts is future1 =asmu* z f et]nity ,8 glance embraces ! :ole c\rse ( "t1 z we h said above :5 treat+ ( ,god's k 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac74 ,b =asmu* z x exi/s 9 its cause1 ! future c be kn[n by u also4 ,& if1 inde$1 ! cause be su* z to h a necess>y connection ) its future result1 !n ! future is kn[n ) sci5tific c]titude1 j z ! a/ronom] =esees ! future eclipse4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cause be su* z to produce a c]ta9 result m frequ5tly ?an n1 !n c ! future be kn[n m or less conjecturally1 accord+ z its cause is m or less incl9$ to produce ! effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s t k :i* is drawn f univ]sal causal pr9ciples2 f ^! ! future may be kn[n1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ! effects to ! cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 xii 99,g54 ad lit4 xii4 #ac71 ! s\l has a c]ta9 p[] ( =eca/+1 s t by its v nature x c "k ! future2 h5ce :5 )drawn f corporeal s5se1 &1 z x 71 conc5trat$ on itself1 x %>es 9 ! k ( ! future4 ,su* an op9ion w\ld be reasonable if we 7 to admit t ! s\l receives k by p>ticipat+ ! ideas z ! ,platoni/s ma9ta9$1 because 9 t case ! s\l by its nature w\ld "k ! univ]sal causes ( all effects1 & w\ld only be imp$$ 9 its k by ! body1 & h5ce :5 )drawn f ! corporeal s5ses x w\ld "k ! future4 ,b s9ce x is connatural to our intellect to "k ?+s1 n ?us1 b by receiv+ its k f ! s5ses2 x is n natural = ! s\l to "k ! future :5 )drawn f ! s5ses3 r does x "k ! future by ! impression ( sup]ior spiritual & corporeal causes2 ( spiritual causes1 :5 by ,div9e p[] ! human intellect is enlight5$ ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( angels1 & ! phantasms are direct$ to ! k ( future ev5ts2 or1 by ! influ5ce ( demons1 :5 ! imag9ation is mov$ reg>d+ ! future kn[n to ! demons1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #c74 ,! s\l is naturally m incl9$ to receive ^! impressions ( spiritual causes :5 x is )drawn f ! s5ses1 z x is !n ne>] to ! spiritual _w1 & fre] f ext]nal di/ractions4 ,! same may also come f sup]ior corporeal causes4 ,= x is cle> t sup]ior bodies influ5ce inf]ior bodies4 ,h5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! s5sitive faculties be+ acts ( corporeal organs1 ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies causes ! imag9ation to be affect$1 & s1 z ! heav5ly bodies cause _m future ev5ts1 ! imag9ation receives c]ta9 images ( "s su* ev5ts4 ,^! images are p]ceiv$ m at night & :ile we sleep ?an 9 ! daytime & :ile we are awake1 because1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,somn4 et ,vigil4 ii 99,de ,div9at4 p] somn4 ii1 impressions made by day are evanesc5t4 ,! night air is calm]1 :5 sil5ce reigns1 h5ce bodily impressions are made 9 sleep1 :5 slight int]nal movem5ts are felt m ?an 9 wakefulness1 & su* movem5ts produce 9 ! imag9ation images f :i* ! future may be =ese54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,brute animals h no p[] above ! imag9ation :]e) to regulate x1 z man has 8 reason1 & !re=e _! imag9ation foll[s entirely ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?us f su* animals' movem5ts "s future ?+s1 su* z ra9 & ! l1 may be kn[n r ?an f human movem5ts direct$ by reason4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,somn4 et ,vig471 t "s :o are mo/ imprud5t are mo/ f>-see+2 = _! intellig5ce is n burd5$ ) c>es1 b is z x 7 b>r5 & b>e ( all anxiety mov+ at ! caprice ( :atev] is br\ght to be> on x4 ,,"q #hg ,,h[ ,,! ,,intellectual ,,s\l ,,kn[s ,,itself ,,& ,,all ,,)9 ,,itself 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] h[ ! intellectual s\l kn[s itself & all )9 itself4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! s\l kn[s itself by its own ess5ce8 7#b7 ,:e!r x kn[s its own habits8 7#c7 ,h[ does ! intellect "k its own act8 7#d7 ,h[ does x "k ! act ( ! w8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,s\l ,kn[s ,itself by ,its ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual s\l kn[s itself by its own ess5ce4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #c71 t ! m9d kn[s itself1 because x is incorporeal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 bo? angels & human s\ls belong to ! g5us ( intellectual sub/ance4 ,b an angel und]/&s itself by its own ess5ce4 ,!re=e likewise does ! human s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ?+s void ( matt]1 ! intellect & t :i* is und]/ood are ! same 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,b ! human m9d is void ( matt]1 n be+ ! act ( a body z /at$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! intellect & its object are ! same 9 ! human m9d2 & !re=e ! human m9d und]/&s itself by its own ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t ! intellect und]/&s itself 9 ! same way z x und]/&s o!r ?+s4 ,b x und]/&s o!r ?+s1 n by _! ess5ce1 b by _! similitudes4 ,!re=e x does n und]/& itself by its own ess5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,ev]y?+ is kn[able s f> z x is 9 act1 & n1 s f> z x is 9 pot5tiality 7,metaph4 ix1 ,did4 viii1 #i73 = a ?+ is a be+1 & is true1 & !re=e kn[able1 accord+ z x is actual4 ,?is is q cle> z reg>ds s5sible ?+s1 = ! eye does n see :at is pot5tially1 b :at is actually color$4 ,9 l mann] x is cle> t ! intellect1 s f> z x kn[s mat]ial ?+s1 does n "k save :at is 9 act3 & h5ce x does n "k prim>y matt] except z proportionate to =m1 z is /at$ ,phys4 i1 #g4 ,consequ5tly immat]ial sub/ances are intelligible by _! own ess5ce accord+ z ea* "o is actual by its own ess5ce4 ,!re=e x is t ! ,ess5ce ( ,god1 ! pure & p]fect act1 is simply & p]fectly 9 itself intelligible2 & h5ce ,god by ,8 own ,ess5ce kn[s ,himself1 & all o!r ?+s also4 ,! angelic ess5ce belongs1 inde$1 to ! g5us ( intelligible ?+s z act1 b n z a pure act1 nor z a complete act1 & h5ce ! angel's act ( intellig5ce is n complet$ by 8 ess5ce4 ,= al?\gh an angel und]/&s himself by 8 own ess5ce1 /ill he _c und]/& all o!r ?+s by 8 own ess5ce2 = he kn[s ?+s o!r ?an himself by _! lik5esses4 ,n[ ! human intellect is only a pot5tiality 9 ! g5us ( intelligible be+s1 j z prim>y matt] is a pot5tiality z reg>ds s5sible be+s2 & h5ce x is call$ possible 99,possibilis--else:]e 9 ?is translation r5d]$ passive--,ed44 ,!re=e 9 its ess5ce ! human m9d is pot5tially und]/&+4 ,h5ce x has 9 itself ! p[] to und]/&1 b n to be und]/ood1 except z x is made actual4 ,= ev5 ! ,platoni/s ass]t$ t an ord] ( intelligible be+s exi/$ above ! ord] ( intellects1 =asmu* z ! intellect und]/&s only by p>ticipation ( ! intelligible2 = !y said t ! p>ticipator is bel[ :at x p>ticipates4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! human intellect1 z ! ,platoni/s held1 became actual by p>ticipat+ sep>ate intelligible =ms1 x w\ld und]/& itself by su* p>ticipation ( incorporeal be+s4 ,b z 9 ?is life our intellect has mat]ial & s5sible ?+s = its prop] natural object1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g71 x und]/&s itself accord+ z x is made actual by ! species ab/ract$ f s5sible ?+s1 ?r\gh ! light ( ! active intellect1 :i* n only actuates ! intelligible ?+s !mselves1 b also1 by _! in/rum5tality1 actuates ! passive intellect4 ,!re=e ! intellect kn[s itself n by its ess5ce1 b by its act4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s+ul>ly1 z :5 ,socrates or ,plato p]ceives t he has an intellectual s\l because he p]ceives t he und]/&s4 ,9 ! second place1 univ]sally1 z :5 we consid] ! nature ( ! human m9d f k ( ! intellectual act4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! judgm5t & =ce ( ?is k1 :]eby we "k ! nature ( ! s\l1 comes to u accord+ to ! d]ivation ( our intellectual light f ! ,div9e ,tru? :i* conta9s ! types ( all ?+s z above /at$ 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #e74 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #f73 ,we gaze on ! inviolable tru? :5ce we c z p]fectly z possible def9e1 n :at ea* man's m9d is1 b :at x ought to be 9 ! light ( ! et]nal types4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( k1 & x consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! m]e pres5ce ( ! m9d suffices = ! fir/2 ! m9d itself be+ ! pr9ciple ( action :]eby x p]ceives itself1 & h5ce x is said to "k itself by its own pres5ce4 ,b z reg>ds ! second k9d ( k1 ! m]e pres5ce ( ! m9d does n suffice1 & !re is fur!r requir$ a c>eful & subtle inquiry4 ,h5ce _m are ignorant ( ! s\l's nature1 & _m h err$ ab\t x4 ,s ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #i71 conc]n+ su* m5tal inquiry3 ,let ! m9d /rive n to see itself z if x 7 abs5t1 b to disc]n itself z pres5t--i4e4 to "k h[ x diff]s f o!r ?+s2 :i* is to "k its ess5ce & nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! m9d kn[s itself by means ( itself1 because at l5g? x acquires k ( itself1 ?\gh l$ !reto by its own act3 because x is itself t x kn[s1 s9ce x loves itself1 z he says 9 ! same passage4 ,= a ?+ c be call$ self-evid5t 9 two ways1 ei!r because we c "k x by no?+ else except itself1 z fir/ pr9ciples are call$ self-evid5t2 or because x is n accid5tally kn[able1 z color is visible ( itself1 :]eas sub/ance is visible by its accid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ess5ce ( an angel is an act 9 ! g5us ( intelligible ?+s1 & !re=e x is bo? intellect & ! ?+ und]/ood4 ,h5ce an angel appreh5ds 8 own ess5ce ?r\gh itself3 n s ! human m9d1 :i* is ei!r altoge!r 9 pot5tiality to intelligible ?+s--z is ! passive intellect--or is ! act ( intelligible ?+s ab/ract$ f ! phantasms--z is ! active intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is say+ ( ! ,philosoph] is univ]sally true 9 e k9d ( intellect4 ,= z s5se 9 act is ! s5sible 9 act1 by reason ( ! s5sible lik5ess :i* is ! =m ( s5se 9 act1 s likewise ! intellect 9 act is ! object und]/ood 9 act1 by reason ( ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood1 :i* is ! =m ( ! intellect 9 act4 ,s ! human intellect1 :i* becomes actual by ! species ( ! object und]/ood1 is itself und]/ood by ! same species z by its own =m4 ,n[ to say t 9 ?+s )\t matt] ! intellect & :at is und]/ood are ! same1 is equal to say+ t z reg>ds ?+s actually und]/ood ! intellect & :at is und]/ood are ! same4 ,= a ?+ is actually und]/ood 9 t x is immat]ial4 ,b a di/9ction mu/ be drawn3 s9ce ! ess5ces ( "s ?+s are immat]ial--z ! sep>ate sub/ances call$ angels1 ea* ( :i* is und]/ood & und]/&s1 :]eas !re are o!r ?+s ^: ess5ces are n :olly immat]ial1 b only ! ab/ract lik5esses !re(4 ,h5ce ! ,comm5tator says 7,de ,anima iii7 t ! proposition quot$ is true only ( sep>ate sub/ances2 because 9 a s5se x is v]ifi$ 9 _! reg>d1 & n 9 reg>d ( o!r sub/ances1 z already /at$ 7,reply ,obj4 #b74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,kn[s ! ,habits ( ! ,s\l by ,_! ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect kn[s ! habits ( ! s\l by _! ess5ce4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #a73 ,fai? is n se5 9 ! he>t :]e9 x abides1 z ! s\l ( a man may be se5 by ano!r f ! movem5t ( ! body2 b we "k mo/ c]ta9ly t x is !re1 & consci5ce proclaims its exi/5ce2 & ! same pr9ciple applies to ! o!r habits ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! habits ( ! s\l are n kn[n by _! acts1 b by !mselves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mat]ial ?+s outside ! s\l are kn[n by _! lik5ess be+ pres5t 9 ! s\l1 & are said !re=e to be kn[n by _! lik5esses4 ,b ! s\l's habits are pres5t by _! ess5ce 9 ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! habits ( ! s\l are kn[n by _! ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is ! cause ( a ?+ be+ su* is /ill m s4 ,b habits & intelligible species cause ?+s to be kn[n by ! s\l4 ,!re=e !y are /ill m kn[n by ! s\l 9 !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,habits l p[]s are ! pr9ciples ( acts4 ,b z is said 7,de ,anima ii1 #d71 acts & op]ations are logically prior to p[]s4 ,!re=e 9 ! same way !y are prior to habits2 & ?us habits1 l ! p[]s1 are kn[n by _! acts4 ,i answ] t1 ,a habit is a k9d ( m$ium betwe5 m]e p[] & m]e act4 ,n[1 x has be5 said 7,a4 #a7 t no?+ is kn[n b z x is actual3 !re=e s f> z a habit fails 9 be+ a p]fect act1 x falls %ort 9 be+ ( itself kn[able1 & c be kn[n only by its act2 ?us1 = example1 anyone kn[s he has a habit f ! fact t he c produce ! act prop] to t habit2 or he may inquire into ! nature & idea ( ! habit by consid]+ ! act4 ,! fir/ k9d ( k ( ! habit arises f its be+ pres5t1 = ! v fact ( its pres5ce causes ! act :]eby x is kn[n4 ,! second k9d ( k ( ! habit arises f a c>eful inquiry1 z is expla9$ above ( ! m9d 7,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh fai? is n kn[n by ext]nal movem5t ( ! body1 x is p]ceiv$ by ! subject :]e9 x resides1 by ! int]ior act ( ! he>t4 ,= no "o kn[s t he has fai? unless he kn[s t he believes4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,habits are pres5t 9 our intellect1 n z its object s9ce1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 our intellect's object is ! nature ( a mat]ial ?+ z /at$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g71 b z t by :i* x und]/&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! axiom1 :atev] is ! cause ( a ?+ be+ su*1 is /ill m s1 is true ( ?+s t are ( ! same ord]1 = in/ance1 ( ! same k9d ( cause2 = example1 we may say t heal? is desirable on acc\nt ( life1 & !re=e life is m desirable /ill4 ,b if we take ?+s ( diff]5t ord]s ! axiom is n true3 = we may say t heal? is caus$ by m$ic9e1 b x does n foll[ t m$ic9e is m desirable ?an heal?1 = heal? belongs to ! ord] ( f9al causes1 :]eas m$ic9e belongs to ! ord] ( effici5t causes4 ,s ( two ?+s belong+ ess5tially to ! ord] ( ! objects ( k1 ! "o :i* is ! cause ( ! o!r be+ kn[n1 is ! m kn[n1 z pr9ciples are m kn[n ?an conclusions4 ,b habit z su* does n belong to ! ord] ( objects ( k2 nor are ?+s kn[n on acc\nt ( ! habit1 z on acc\nt ( an object kn[n1 b z on acc\nt ( a disposition or =m :]eby ! subject kn[s3 & !re=e ! argum5t does n prove4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,kn[s ,its ,own ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect does n "k its own act4 ,= :at is kn[n is ! object ( ! kn[+ faculty4 ,b ! act diff]s f ! object4 ,!re=e ! intellect does n "k its own act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is kn[n is kn[n by "s act4 ,if1 !n1 ! intellect kn[s its own act1 x kn[s x by "s act1 & aga9 x kn[s t act by "s o!r act2 ?is is to proce$ indef9itely1 :i* seems impossible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect has ! same relation to its act z s5se has to its act4 ,b ! prop] s5se does n feel its own act1 = ?is belongs to ! common s5se1 z /at$ ,de ,anima iii1 #b4 ,!re=e nei!r does ! intellect und]/& its own act4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa71 ,i und]/& t ,i und]/&4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b7 a ?+ is intelligible accord+ z x is 9 act4 ,n[ ! ultimate p]fection ( ! intellect consi/s 9 its own op]ation3 = ?is is n an act t5d+ to some?+ else 9 :i* lies ! p]fection ( ! "w accompli%$1 z build+ is ! p]fection ( ! ?+ built2 b x rema9s 9 ! ag5t z its p]fection & act1 z is said ,metaph4 ix1 ,did4 viii1 #h4 ,!re=e ! fir/ ?+ und]/ood ( ! intellect is its own act ( und]/&+4 ,?is occurs 9 diff]5t ways ) diff]5t intellects4 ,= !re is an intellect1 namely1 ! ,div9e1 :i* is ,its own act ( intellig5ce1 s t 9 ,god ! und]/&+ ( ,8 intellig5ce1 & ! und]/&+ ( ,8 ,ess5ce1 are "o & ! same act1 because ,8 ,ess5ce is ,8 act ( und]/&+4 ,b !re is ano!r intellect1 ! angelic1 :i* is n its own act ( und]/&+1 z we h said above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #a71 & yet ! fir/ object ( t act is ! angelic ess5ce4 ,:]e=e al?\gh !re is a logical di/9ction betwe5 ! act :]eby he und]/&s t he und]/&s1 & t :]eby he und]/&s 8 ess5ce1 yet he und]/&s bo? by "o & ! same act2 because to und]/& 8 own ess5ce is ! prop] p]fection ( 8 ess5ce1 & by "o & ! same act is a ?+1 toge!r ) its p]fection1 und]/ood4 ,& !re is yet ano!r1 namely1 ! human intellect1 :i* nei!r is its own act ( und]/&+1 nor is its own ess5ce ! fir/ object ( its act ( und]/&+1 = ?is object is ! nature ( a mat]ial ?+4 ,& !re=e t :i* is fir/ kn[n by ! human intellect is an object ( ?is k9d1 & t :i* is kn[n second>ily is ! act by :i* t object is kn[n2 & ?r\gh ! act ! intellect itself is kn[n1 ! p]fection ( :i* is ?is act ( und]/&+4 ,= ?is reason did ! ,philosoph] ass]t t objects are kn[n be=e acts1 & acts be=e p[]s 7,de ,anima ii1 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! object ( ! intellect is some?+ univ]sal1 namely1 be+ & ! true1 9 :i* ! act also ( und]/&+ is compris$4 ,:]e=e ! intellect c und]/& its own act4 ,b n prim>ily1 s9ce ! fir/ object ( our intellect1 9 ?is /ate ( life1 is n e be+ & ev]y?+ true1 b be+ & true1 z consid]$ 9 mat]ial ?+s1 z we h said above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g71 f :i* x acquires k ( all o!r ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellig5t act ( ! human intellect is n ! act & p]fection ( ! mat]ial nature und]/ood1 z if ! nature ( ! mat]ial ?+ & intellig5t act c\ld be und]/ood by "o act2 j z a ?+ & its p]fection are und]/ood by "o act4 ,h5ce ! act :]eby ! intellect und]/&s a /one is di/9ct f ! act :]eby x und]/&s t x und]/&s a /one2 & s on4 ,nor is !re any difficulty 9 ! intellect be+ ?us pot5tially inf9ite1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prop] s5se feels by reason ( ! immutation 9 ! mat]ial organ caus$ by ! ext]nal s5sible4 ,a mat]ial object1 h[ev]1 _c immute itself2 b "o is immut$ by ano!r1 & !re=e ! act ( ! prop] s5se is p]ceiv$ by ! common s5se4 ,! intellect1 on ! contr>y1 does n p]=m ! act ( und]/&+ by ! mat]ial immutation ( an organ2 & s !re is no comp>ison4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,intellect ,und]/&s ! ,act ( ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellect does n und]/& ! act ( ! w4 ,= no?+ is kn[n by ! intellect1 unless x be 9 "s way pres5t 9 ! intellect4 ,b ! act ( ! w is n 9 ! intellect2 s9ce ! w & ! intellect are di/9ct4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! w is n kn[n by ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! act is specifi$ by ! object4 ,b ! object ( ! w is n ! same z ! object ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! w is specifically di/9ct f ! object ( ! intellect1 & !re=e ! act ( ! w is n kn[n by ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e 7,confess4 x1 #ag7 says ( ! s\l's affections t !y are kn[n nei!r by images z bodies are kn[n2 nor by _! pres5ce1 l ! arts2 b by c]ta9 notions4 ,n[ x does n seem t !re c be 9 ! s\l any o!r notions ( ?+s b ei!r ! ess5ces ( ?+s kn[n or ! lik5esses !re(4 ,!re=e x seems impossible = ! intellect to kn[n su* affections ( ! s\l z ! acts ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa71 ,i und]/& t ,i w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #a71 ! act ( ! w is no?+ b an incl9ation consequ5t on ! =m und]/ood2 j z ! natural appetite is an incl9ation consequ5t on ! natural =m4 ,n[ ! incl9ation ( a ?+ resides 9 x accord+ to its mode ( exi/5ce2 & h5ce ! natural incl9ation resides 9 a natural ?+ naturally1 & ! incl9ation call$ ! s5sible appetite is 9 ! s5sible ?+ s5sibly2 & likewise ! intelligible incl9ation1 :i* is ! act ( ! w1 is 9 ! intellig5t subject intelligibly z 9 its pr9ciple & prop] subject4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] expresses himself ?us 7,de ,anima iii1 #i7--t ! w is 9 ! reason4 ,n[ :atev] is intelligibly 9 an intellig5t subject1 is und]/ood by t subject4 ,!re=e ! act ( ! w is und]/ood by ! intellect1 bo? inasmu* z "o kn[s t "o wills2 & inasmu* z "o kn[s ! nature ( ?is act1 & consequ5tly1 ! nature ( its pr9ciple :i* is ! habit or p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t w\ld hold good if ! w & ! intellect 7 9 diff]5t subjects1 z !y are di/9ct p[]s2 = !n :atev] 0 9 ! w w\ld n be 9 ! intellect4 ,b z bo? are root$ 9 ! same sub/ance ( ! s\l1 & s9ce "o is 9 a c]ta9 way ! pr9ciple ( ! o!r1 consequ5tly :at is 9 ! w is1 9 a c]ta9 way1 also 9 ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good & ! true :i* are ! objects ( ! w & ( ! intellect1 diff] logically1 b "o is conta9$ 9 ! o!r1 z we h said above 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a2 ,q4 #af1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a72 = ! true is good & ! good is true4 ,!re=e ! objects ( ! w fall "u ! intellect1 & ^? ( ! intellect c fall "u ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! affections ( ! s\l are 9 ! intellect n by similitude only1 l bodies2 nor by be+ pres5t 9 _! subject1 z ! arts2 b z ! ?+ caus$ is 9 its pr9ciple1 :i* conta9s "s notion ( ! ?+ caus$4 ,& s ,augu/9e says t ! s\l's affections are 9 ! memory by c]ta9 notions4 ,,"q #hh ,,h[ ,,! ,,human ,,s\l ,,kn[s ,,:at ,,is ,,above ,,itself 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] h[ ! human s\l kn[s :at is above itself1 viz4 immat]ial sub/ances4 ,"u ?is head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! human s\l 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life c und]/& ! immat]ial sub/ances call$ angels1 9 !mselves8 7#b7 ,:e!r x c arrive at ! k !re( by ! k ( mat]ial ?+s8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god is ! fir/ object ( our k8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,human ,s\l 9 ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,life ,c ,und]/& ,immat]ial ,sub/ances 9 ,!mselves8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! human s\l 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life c und]/& immat]ial sub/ances 9 !mselves4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #c7 says3 ,z ! m9d itself acquires ! k ( corporeal ?+s by means ( ! corporeal s5ses1 s x ga9s f itself ! k ( incorporeal ?+s4 ,b ^! are ! immat]ial sub/ances4 ,!re=e ! human m9d und]/&s immat]ial sub/ances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 l is kn[n by l4 ,b ! human m9d is m ak9 to immat]ial ?an to mat]ial ?+s2 s9ce its own nature is immat]ial1 z is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a74 ,s9ce !n our m9d und]/&s mat]ial ?+s1 mu* m is x able to und]/& immat]ial ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fact t objects :i* are 9 !mselves mo/ s5sible are n mo/ felt by u1 comes f s5se be+ corrupt$ by _! v excell5ce4 ,b ! intellect is n subject to su* a corrupt+ influ5ce f its object1 z is /at$ ,de ,anima iii1 #d4 ,!re=e ?+s :i* are 9 !mselves 9 ! highe/ degree ( intelligibility1 are likewise to u mo/ intelligible4 ,z mat]ial ?+s1 h[ev]1 are intelligible only s f> z we make !m actually s by ab/ract+ !m f mat]ial conditions1 x is cle> t ^? sub/ances are m intelligible 9 !mselves ^: nature is immat]ial4 ,!re=e !y are mu* m kn[n to u ?an are mat]ial ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,comm5tator says 7,metaph4 ii7 t nature w\ld be fru/rat$ 9 its end 7 we unable to und]/& ab/ract sub/ances1 because x w\ld h made :at 9 itself is naturally intelligible n to be und]/ood at all4 ,b 9 nature no?+ is idle or purposeless4 ,!re=e immat]ial sub/ances c be und]/ood by u4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 z s5se is to ! s5sible1 s is intellect to ! intelligible4 ,b our sight c see all ?+s corporeal1 :e!r sup]ior & incorruptible2 or l[] & corruptible4 ,!re=e our intellect c und]/& all intelligible sub/ances1 ev5 ! sup]ior & immat]ial4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #i3af73 ,! ?+s t are 9 heav51 :o %all se>* out8 ,b ^! sub/ances are said to be 9 heav51 accord+ to ,matt4 #ah3aj1 ,_! angels 9 heav51 etc4 ,!re=e immat]ial sub/ances _c be kn[n by human inve/igation4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,plato1 immat]ial sub/ances are n only und]/ood by u1 b are ! objects we und]/& fir/ ( all4 ,= ,plato taught t immat]ial subsi/+ =ms1 :i* he call$ ,ideas1 are ! prop] objects ( our intellect1 & ?us fir/ & p] se und]/ood by u2 &1 fur!r1 t mat]ial objects are kn[n by ! s\l inasmu* z phantasy & s5se are mix$ up ) ! m9d4 ,h5ce ! pur] ! intellect is1 s mu* ! m cle>ly does x p]ceive ! intelligible tru? ( immat]ial ?+s4 ,b 9 ,ari/otle's op9ion1 :i* exp]i5ce corroborates1 our intellect 9 its pres5t /ate ( life has a natural relation%ip to ! natures ( mat]ial ?+s2 & !re=e x c only und]/& by turn+ to ! phantasms1 z we h said above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,?us x cle>ly appe>s t immat]ial sub/ances :i* d n fall "u s5se & imag9ation1 _c fir/ & p] se be kn[n by u1 accord+ to ! mode ( k :i* exp]i5ce proves u to h4 ,nev]!less ,av]roes 7,comm5t4 ,de ,anima iii7 tea*es t 9 ?is pres5t life man c 9 ! end arrive at ! k ( sep>ate sub/ances by be+ c\pl$ or unit$ to "s sep>ate sub/ance1 :i* he calls ! active intellect1 & :i*1 be+ a sep>ate sub/ance itself1 c naturally und]/& sep>ate sub/ances4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is p]fectly unit$ to u s t by its means we are able to und]/& p]fectly1 we also %all be able to und]/& sep>ate sub/ances1 z 9 ! pres5t life ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! passive intellect unit$ to u1 we c und]/& mat]ial ?+s4 ,n[ he said t ! active intellect is unit$ to u1 ?us4 ,= s9ce we und]/& by means ( bo? ! active intellect & intelligible objects1 z1 = in/ance1 we und]/& conclusions by pr9ciples und]/ood2 x is cle> t ! active intellect mu/ be comp>$ to ! objects und]/ood1 ei!r z ! pr9cipal ag5t is to ! in/rum5t1 or z =m to matt]4 ,= an action is ascrib$ to two pr9ciples 9 "o ( ^! two ways2 to a pr9cipal ag5t & to an in/rum5t1 z cutt+ to ! workman & ! saw2 to a =m & its subject1 z heat+ to heat & fire4 ,9 bo? ^! ways ! active intellect c be comp>$ to ! intelligible object z p]fection is to ! p]fectible1 & z act is to pot5tiality4 ,n[ a subject is made p]fect & receives its p]fection at "o & ! same "t1 z ! reception ( :at is actually visible syn*ronizes ) ! reception ( light 9 ! eye4 ,!re=e ! passive intellect receives ! intelligible object & ! active intellect toge!r2 & ! m num]\s ! intelligible objects receiv$1 s mu* ! ne>] d we come to ! po9t ( p]fect union betwe5 ourselves & ! active intellect2 s mu* s t :5 we und]/& all ! intelligible objects1 ! active intellect becomes "o ) u1 & by its in/rum5tality we c und]/& all ?+s mat]ial & immat]ial4 ,9 ?is he makes ! ultimate happ9ess ( man to consi/4 ,nor1 z reg>ds ! pres5t inquiry1 does x matt] :e!r ! passive intellect 9 t /ate ( happ9ess und]/&s sep>ate sub/ances by ! in/rum5tality ( ! active intellect1 z he himself ma9ta9s1 or :e!r 7z he says ,alex&] holds7 ! passive intellect c nev] und]/& sep>ate sub/ances 7because accord+ to him x is corruptible71 b man und]/&s sep>ate sub/ances by means ( ! active intellect4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 is untrue4 ,fir/1 because1 suppos+ ! active intellect to be a sep>ate sub/ance1 we c\ld n =mally und]/& by its in/rum5tality1 = ! m$ium ( an ag5t's =mal action consi/s 9 its =m & act1 s9ce e ag5t acts accord+ to its actuality1 z 0 said ( ! passive intellect 7,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #a74 ,secondly1 ?is op9ion is untrue1 because 9 ! above explanation1 ! active intellect1 suppos+ x to be a sep>ate sub/ance1 w\ld n be jo9$ to u 9 its sub/ance1 b only 9 its light1 z p>ticipat$ 9 ?+s und]/ood2 & w\ld n ext5d to ! o!r acts ( ! active intellect s z to enable u to und]/& immat]ial sub/ances2 j z :5 we see colors set (f by ! sun1 we are n unit$ to ! sub/ance ( ! sun s z to act l ! sun1 b its light only is unit$ to u1 t we may see ! colors4 ,?irdly1 ?is op9ion is untrue1 because grant$ t1 z above expla9$1 ! active intellect 7 unit$ to u 9 sub/ance1 /ill x is n said t x is :olly s unit$ 9 reg>d to "o intelligible object1 or two2 b r 9 reg>d to all intelligible objects4 ,b all su* objects toge!r d n equal ! =ce ( ! active intellect1 z x is a mu* great] ?+ to und]/& sep>ate sub/ances ?an to und]/& all mat]ial ?+s4 ,h5ce x cle>ly foll[s t ! k ( all mat]ial ?+s w\ld n make ! active intellect to be s unit$ to u z to enable u by its in/rum5tality to und]/& sep>ate sub/ances4 ,f\r?ly1 ?is op9ion is untrue1 because x is h>dly possible = anyone 9 ?is _w to und]/& all mat]ial ?+s3 & ?us no "o1 or v few1 c\ld rea* to p]fect felicity2 :i* is aga9/ :at ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #i71 t happ9ess is a k9d ( common good1 communicable to all capable ( virtue4 ,fur!r1 x is unreasonable t only ! few ( any species atta9 to ! end ( ! species4 ,fif?ly1 ! ,philosoph] expressly says 7,e?ic4 i1 #aj71 t happ9ess is an op]ation accord+ to p]fect virtue2 & aft] enum]at+ _m virtues 9 ! t5? book1 he concludes 7,e?ic4 i1 #g7 t ultimate happ9ess consi/+ 9 ! k ( ! highe/ ?+s intelligible is atta9$ ?r\gh ! virtue ( wisdom1 :i* 9 ! six? *apt] he _h nam$ z ! *ief ( speculative sci5ces4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle cle>ly places ! ultimate felicity ( man 9 ! k ( sep>ate sub/ances1 obta9able by speculative sci5ce2 & n by be+ unit$ to ! active intellect z "s imag9$4 ,six?ly1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #d71 ! active intellect is n a sep>ate sub/ance2 b a faculty ( ! s\l1 ext5d+ itself actively to ! same objects to :i* ! passive intellect ext5ds receptively2 because1 z is /at$ 7,de ,anima iii1 #e71 ! passive intellect is all ?+s pot5tially1 & ! active intellect is all ?+s 9 act4 ,!re=e bo? intellects1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( life1 ext5d to mat]ial ?+s only1 :i* are made actually intelligible by ! active intellect1 & are receiv$ 9 ! passive intellect4 ,h5ce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life we _c und]/& sep>ate immat]ial sub/ances 9 !mselves1 ei!r by ! passive or by ! active intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e may be tak5 to mean t ! k ( incorporeal ?+s 9 ! m9d c be ga9$ by ! m9d itself4 ,?is is s true t philosoph]s also say t ! k conc]n+ ! s\l is a pr9ciple = ! k ( sep>ate sub/ances4 ,= by kn[+ itself1 x atta9s to "s k ( incorporeal sub/ances1 su* z is )9 its compass2 n t ! k ( itself gives x a p]fect & absolute k ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! lik5ess ( nature is n a suffici5t cause ( k2 o!rwise :at ,emp$ocles said w\ld be true--t ! s\l ne$s to h ! nature ( all 9 ord] to "k all4 ,b k requires t ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ kn[n be 9 ! kn[]1 z a k9d ( =m !re(4 ,n[ our passive intellect1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 is su* t x c be in=m$ ) similitudes ab/ract$ f phantasms3 & !re=e x kn[s mat]ial ?+s r ?an immat]ial sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re mu/ ne$s be "s proportion betwe5 ! object & ! faculty ( k2 su* z ( ! active to ! passive1 & ( p]fection to ! p]fectible4 ,h5ce t s5sible objects ( great p[] are n grasp$ by ! s5ses1 is due n m]ely to ! fact t !y corrupt ! organ1 b also to _! be+ improportionate to ! s5sitive p[]4 ,& ?us x is t immat]ial sub/ances are improportionate to our intellect1 9 our pres5t /ate ( life1 s t x _c und]/& !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is argum5t ( ! ,comm5tator fails 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 because if sep>ate sub/ances are n und]/ood by u1 x does n foll[ t !y are n und]/ood by any intellect2 = !y are und]/ood by !mselves1 & by "o ano!r4 ,secondly1 to be und]/ood by u is n ! end ( sep>ate sub/ances3 :ile only t is va9 & purposeless1 :i* fails to atta9 its end4 ,x does n foll[1 !re=e1 t immat]ial sub/ances are purposeless1 ev5 if !y are n und]/ood by u at all4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,s5se kn[s bodies1 :e!r sup]ior or inf]ior1 9 ! same way1 t is1 by ! s5sible act+ on ! organ4 ,b we d n und]/& mat]ial & immat]ial sub/ances 9 ! same way4 ,! =m] we und]/& by a process ( ab/raction1 :i* is impossible 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 = !re are no phantasms ( :at is immat]ial4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,our ,intellect ,c ,und]/& ,immat]ial ,sub/ances ,?r\gh ,its ,k ( ,mat]ial ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t our intellect c "k immat]ial sub/ances ?r\gh ! k ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i7 t ! human m9d _c be rais$ up to immat]ial contemplation ( ! heav5ly hi]>*ies1 unless x is l$ !reto by mat]ial guidance accord+ to its own nature4 ,!re=e we c be l$ by mat]ial ?+s to "k immat]ial sub/ances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sci5ce resides 9 ! intellect4 ,b !re are sci5ces & def9itions ( immat]ial sub/ances2 = ,damasc5e def9es an angel 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #c72 & we f9d angels treat$ ( bo? 9 !ology & philosophy4 ,!re=e immat]ial sub/ances c be und]/ood by u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! human s\l belongs to ! g5us ( immat]ial sub/ances4 ,b x c be und]/ood by u ?r\gh its act by :i* x und]/&s mat]ial ?+s4 ,!re=e also o!r mat]ial sub/ances c be und]/ood by u1 ?r\gh _! mat]ial effects4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! only cause :i* _c be compreh5d$ ?r\gh its effects is t :i* is inf9itely di/ant f !m1 & ?is belongs to ,god alone4 ,!re=e o!r creat$ immat]ial sub/ances c be und]/ood by u ?r\gh mat]ial ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i7 t intelligible ?+s _c be und]/ood ?r\gh s5sible ?+s1 nor composite ?+s ?r\gh simple1 nor incorporeal ?r\gh corporeal4 ,i answ] t1 ,av]roes says 7,de ,anima iii7 t a philosoph] nam$ ,avempace 99,ibn-,badja1 ,arabian ,philosoph]2 ob4 #aahc taught t by ! und]/&+ ( natural sub/ances we c be l$1 accord+ to true philosophical pr9ciples1 to ! k ( immat]ial sub/ances4 ,= s9ce ! nature ( our intellect is to ab/ract ! quiddity ( mat]ial ?+s f matt]1 any?+ mat]ial resid+ 9 t ab/ract$ quiddity c aga9 be made subject to ab/raction2 & z ! process ( ab/raction _c g on =ev]1 x mu/ arrive at l5g? at "s immat]ial quiddity1 absolutely )\t matt]2 & ?is w\ld be ! und]/&+ ( immat]ial sub/ance4 ,n[ ?is op9ion w\ld be true1 7 immat]ial sub/ances ! =ms & species ( ^! mat]ial ?+s2 z ! ,platoni/s suppos$4 ,b suppos+1 on ! contr>y1 t immat]ial sub/ances diff] altoge!r f ! quiddity ( mat]ial ?+s1 x foll[s t h[ev] mu* our intellect ab/ract ! quiddity ( mat]ial ?+s f matt]1 x c\ld nev] arrive at any?+ ak9 to immat]ial sub/ance4 ,!re=e we are n able p]fectly to und]/& immat]ial sub/ances ?r\gh mat]ial sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,f mat]ial ?+s we c rise to "s k9d ( k ( immat]ial ?+s1 b n to ! p]fect k !re(2 = !re is no prop] & adequate proportion betwe5 mat]ial & immat]ial ?+s1 & ! lik5esses drawn f mat]ial ?+s = ! und]/&+ ( immat]ial ?+s are v dissimil> !refrom1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ii74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sci5ce treats ( high] ?+s pr9cipally by way ( negation4 ,?us ,ari/otle 7,de ,coel4 i1 #c7 expla9s ! heav5ly bodies by d5y+ to !m inf]ior corporeal prop]ties4 ,h5ce x foll[s t mu* less c immat]ial sub/ances be kn[n by u 9 su* a way z to make u "k _! quiddity2 b we may h a sci5tific k ( !m by way ( negation & by _! relation to mat]ial ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! human s\l und]/&s itself ?r\gh its own act ( und]/&+1 :i* is prop] to x1 %[+ p]fectly its p[] & nature4 ,b ! p[] & nature ( immat]ial sub/ances _c be p]fectly kn[n ?r\gh su* act1 nor ?r\gh any o!r mat]ial ?+1 because !re is no proportion betwe5 ! latt] & ! p[] ( ! =m]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,creat$ immat]ial sub/ances are n 9 ! same natural g5us z mat]ial sub/ances1 = !y d n agree 9 p[] or 9 matt]2 b !y belong to ! same logical g5us1 because ev5 immat]ial sub/ances are 9 ! pr$icam5t ( sub/ance1 z _! ess5ce is di/9ct f _! exi/5ce4 ,b ,god has no connection ) mat]ial ?+s1 z reg>ds ei!r natural g5us or logical g5us2 because ,god is 9 no g5us1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #e74 ,h5ce ?r\gh ! lik5ess d]iv$ f mat]ial ?+s we c "k some?+ positive conc]n+ ! angels1 accord+ to "s common notion1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! specific nature2 :]eas we _c acquire any su* k at all ab\t ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,is ! ,fir/ ,object ,kn[n by ! ,human ,m9d8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god is ! fir/ object kn[n by ! human m9d4 ,= t object 9 :i* all o!rs are kn[n1 & by :i* we judge o!rs1 is ! fir/ ?+ kn[n to u2 z light is to ! eye1 & fir/ pr9ciples to ! intellect4 ,b we "k all ?+s 9 ! light ( ! fir/ tru?1 & !reby judge ( all ?+s1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #b2 ,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxi72 99,confess4 xii1 #be4 ,!re=e ,god is ! fir/ object kn[n to u4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] causes a ?+ to be su* is m s4 ,b ,god is ! cause ( all our k2 = ,he is ! true light :i* enlight5e? e man t come? into ?is _w 7,john #a3i74 ,!re=e ,god is our fir/ & mo/ kn[n object4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is fir/ kn[n 9 ! image is ! exempl> to :i* x is made4 ,b 9 our m9d is ! image ( ,god1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #d1g74 ,!re=e ,god is ! fir/ object kn[n to our m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t 7,john #a3ah74 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! human intellect 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life _c und]/& ev5 immat]ial creat$ sub/ances 7,a4 #a71 mu* less c x und]/& ! ess5ce ( ! uncreat$ sub/ance4 ,h5ce x mu/ be said simply t ,god is n ! fir/ object ( our k4 ,r d we "k ,god ?r\gh creatures1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #a3bj71 ! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made3 :ile ! fir/ object ( our k 9 ?is life is ! quiddity ( a mat]ial ?+1 :i* is ! prop] object ( our intellect1 z appe>s above 9 _m passages 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b7 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we see & judge ( all ?+s 9 ! light ( ! fir/ tru?1 =asmu* z ! light itself ( our m9d1 :e!r natural or gratuit\s1 is no?+ else ?an ! impression ( ! fir/ tru? ^u x1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #b74 ,h5ce1 z ! light itself ( our intellect is n ! object x und]/&s1 mu* less c x be said t ,god is ! fir/ object kn[n by our intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! axiom1 ,:atev] causes a ?+ to be su* is m s1 mu/ be und]/ood ( ?+s belong+ to "o & ! same ord]1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,o!r ?+s ?an ,god are kn[n because ( ,god2 n z if ,he 7 ! fir/ kn[n object1 b because ,he is ! fir/ cause ( our faculty ( k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if !re exi/$ 9 our s\ls a p]fect image ( ,god1 z ! ,son is ! p]fect image ( ! ,fa!r1 our m9d w\ld "k ,god at once4 ,b ! image 9 our m9d is imp]fect2 h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,,"q #hi ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,sep>at$ ,,s\l 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! k ( ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,"u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body c und]/&8 7#b7 ,:e!r x und]/&s sep>ate sub/ances8 7#c7 ,:e!r x und]/&s all natural ?+s8 7#d7 ,:e!r x und]/&s individuals & s+ul>s8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! habits ( k acquir$ 9 ?is life rema98 7#f7 ,:e!r ! s\l c use ! habit ( k "h acquir$8 7#g7 ,:e!r local di/ance imp$es ! sep>at$ s\l's k8 7#h7 ,:e!r s\ls sep>at$ f ! body "k :at happ5s "h8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l ,c ,und]/& ,any?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body c und]/& no?+ at all4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 #d7 t ! und]/&+ is corrupt$ toge!r ) its int]ior pr9ciple4 ,b by dea? all human int]ior pr9ciples are corrupt$4 ,!re=e also ! intellect itself is corrupt$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! human s\l is h9d]$ f und]/&+ :5 ! s5ses are ti$1 & by a di/ract$ imag9ation1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #g1h74 ,b dea? de/roys ! s5ses & imag9ation1 z we h %[n above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e aft] dea? ! s\l und]/&s no?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! sep>at$ s\l c und]/&1 ?is mu/ be by means ( "s species4 ,b x does n und]/& by means ( innate species1 because x has none su*2 be+ at fir/ l a tablet on :i* no?+ is writt53 nor does x und]/& by species ab/ract$ f ?+s1 = x does n !n possess organs ( s5se & imag9ation :i* are necess>y = ! ab/raction ( species3 nor does x und]/& by means ( species1 =m]ly ab/ract$ & reta9$ 9 ! s\l2 = if t 7 s1 a *ild's s\l w\ld h no means ( und]/&+ at all3 nor does x und]/& by means ( intelligible species div9ely infus$1 = su* k w\ld n be natural1 su* z we treat ( n[1 b ! effect ( grace4 ,!re=e ! s\l ap>t f ! body und]/&s no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 #a71 ,if ! s\l _h no prop] op]ation1 x c\ld n be sep>at$ f ! body4 ,b ! s\l is sep>at$ f ! body2 !re=e x has a prop] op]ation & above all1 t :i* consi/s 9 intellig5ce4 ,!re=e ! s\l c und]/& :5 x is ap>t f ! body4 ,i answ] t1 ,! difficulty 9 solv+ ?is "q arises f ! fact t ! s\l unit$ to ! body c und]/& only by turn+ to ! phantasms1 z exp]i5ce %[s4 ,did ?is n proce$ f ! s\l's v nature1 b accid5tally ?r\gh its be+ b\nd up ) ! body1 z ! ,platoni/s said1 ! difficulty w\ld vani%2 = 9 t case :5 ! body 0 once remov$1 ! s\l w\ld at once return to its own nature1 & w\ld und]/& intelligible ?+s simply1 )\t turn+ to ! phantasms1 z is exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( o!r sep>ate sub/ances4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ! union ( s\l & body w\ld n be = ! s\l's good1 = evid5tly x w\ld und]/& worse 9 ! body ?an out ( x2 b = ! good ( ! body1 :i* w\ld be unreasonable1 s9ce matt] exi/s on acc\nt ( ! =m1 & n ! =m = ! sake ( matt]4 ,b if we admit t ! nature ( ! s\l requires x to und]/& by turn+ to ! phantasms1 x w seem1 s9ce dea? does n *ange its nature1 t x c !n naturally und]/& no?+2 z ! phantasms are want+ to :i* x may turn4 ,to solve ?is difficulty we mu/ consid] t z no?+ acts except s f> z x is actual1 ! mode ( action 9 e ag5t foll[s f its mode ( exi/5ce4 ,n[ ! s\l has "o mode ( be+ :5 9 ! body1 & ano!r :5 ap>t f x1 its nature rema9+ always ! same2 b ?is does n mean t its union ) ! body is an accid5tal ?+1 =1 on ! contr>y1 su* union belongs to its v nature1 j z ! nature ( a light object is n *ang$1 :5 x is 9 its prop] place1 :i* is natural to x1 & outside its prop] place1 :i* is beside its nature4 ,! s\l1 !re=e1 :5 unit$ to ! body1 consi/5tly ) t mode ( exi/5ce1 has a mode ( und]/&+1 by turn+ to corporeal phantasms1 :i* are 9 corporeal organs2 b :5 x is sep>at$ f ! body1 x has a mode ( und]/&+1 by turn+ to simply intelligible objects1 z is prop] to o!r sep>ate sub/ances4 ,h5ce x is z natural = ! s\l to und]/& by turn+ to ! phantasms z x is = x to be jo9$ to ! body2 b to be sep>at$ f ! body is n 9 accordance ) its nature1 & likewise to und]/& )\t turn+ to ! phantasms is n natural to x2 & h5ce x is unit$ to ! body 9 ord] t x may h an exi/5ce & an op]ation suitable to its nature4 ,b "h aga9 a difficulty arises4 ,= s9ce nature is always ord]$ to :at is be/1 & s9ce x is bett] to und]/& by turn+ to simply intelligible objects ?an by turn+ to ! phantasms2 ,god %\ld h ord]$ ! s\l's nature s t ! nobl] way ( und]/&+ w\ld h be5 natural to x1 & x w\ld n h ne$$ ! body = t purpose4 ,9 ord] to resolve ?is difficulty we mu/ consid] t :ile x is true t x is nobl] 9 itself to und]/& by turn+ to some?+ high] ?an to und]/& by turn+ to phantasms1 nev]!less su* a mode ( und]/&+ 0 n s p]fect z reg>ds :at 0 possible to ! s\l4 ,?is w appe> if we consid] t e intellectual sub/ance possesses intellective p[] by ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e light1 :i* is "o & simple 9 its fir/ pr9ciple1 & ! f>!r (f intellectual creatures are f ! fir/ pr9ciple s mu* ! m is ! light divid$ & div]sifi$1 z is ! case ) l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre ( a circle4 ,h5ce x is t ,god by ,8 "o ,ess5ce und]/&s all ?+s2 :ile ! sup]ior intellectual sub/ances und]/& by means ( a numb] ( species1 :i* nev]!less are few] & m univ]sal & be/[ a deep] compreh5sion ( ?+s1 because ( ! efficaci\sness ( ! intellectual p[] ( su* natures3 :]eas ! inf]ior intellectual natures possess a great] numb] ( species1 :i* are less univ]sal1 & be/[ a l[] degree ( compreh5sion1 9 proportion z !y rec$e f ! intellectual p[] ( ! high] natures4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! inf]ior sub/ances receiv$ species 9 ! same degree ( univ]sality z ! sup]ior sub/ances1 s9ce !y are n s /rong 9 und]/&+1 ! k :i* !y w\ld d]ive ?r\gh !m w\ld be imp]fect1 & ( a g5]al & confus$ nature4 ,we c see ?is to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 man1 = ^? :o are ( weak] intellect fail to acquire p]fect k ?r\gh ! univ]sal conceptions ( ^? :o h a bett] und]/&+1 unless ?+s are expla9$ to !m s+ly & 9 detail4 ,n[ x is cle> t 9 ! natural ord] human s\ls hold ! l[e/ place among intellectual sub/ances4 ,b ! p]fection ( ! univ]se requir$ v>i\s grades ( be+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,god _h will$ s\ls to und]/& 9 ! same way z sep>ate sub/ances1 x w\ld foll[ t human k1 s f> f be+ p]fect1 w\ld be confus$ & g5]al4 ,!re=e to make x possible = human s\ls to possess p]fect & prop] k1 !y 7 s made t _! nature requir$ !m to be jo9$ to bodies1 & ?us to receive ! prop] & adequate k ( s5sible ?+s f ! s5sible ?+s !mselves2 ?us we see 9 ! case ( un$ucat$ m5 t !y h to be taught by s5sible examples4 ,x is cle> !n t x 0 = ! s\l's good t x 0 unit$ to a body1 & t x und]/&s by turn+ to ! phantasms4 ,nev]!less x is possible = x to exi/ ap>t f ! body1 & also to und]/& 9 ano!r way4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph]'s words c>efully exam9$ w %[ t he said ?is on ! previ\s supposition t und]/&+ is a movem5t ( body & s\l z unit$1 j z s5sation is1 = he _h n z yet expla9$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 intellect & s5se4 ,we may also say t he is ref]r+ to ! way ( und]/&+ by turn+ to phantasms4 ,?is is also ! mean+ ( ! second objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! sep>at$ s\l does n und]/& by way ( innate species1 nor by species ab/ract$ !n1 nor only by species reta9$1 & ?is ! objection proves2 b ! s\l 9 t /ate und]/&s by means ( p>ticipat$ species aris+ f ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e light1 %>$ by ! s\l z by o!r sep>ate sub/ances2 ?\gh 9 a less] degree4 ,h5ce z soon z x ceases to act by turn+ to corporeal 7phantasms71 ! s\l turns at once to ! sup]ior ?+s2 nor is ?is way ( k unnatural1 = ,god is ! au?or ( ! influx ( bo? ( ! light ( grace & ( ! light ( nature4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l ,und]/&s ,sep>ate ,sub/ances8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sep>at$ s\l does n und]/& sep>ate sub/ances4 ,= ! s\l is m p]fect :5 jo9$ to ! body ?an :5 exi/+ ap>t f x1 be+ an ess5tial "p ( human nature2 & e "p ( a :ole is m p]fect :5 x exi/s 9 t :ole4 ,b ! s\l 9 ! body does n und]/& sep>ate sub/ances z %[n above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e mu* less is x able to d s :5 ap>t f ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is kn[n is kn[n ei!r by its pres5ce or by its species4 ,b sep>ate sub/ances _c be kn[n to ! s\l by _! pres5ce1 = ,god alone c ent] into ! s\l2 nor by means ( species ab/ract$ by ! s\l f an angel1 = an angel is m simple ?an a s\l4 ,!re=e ! sep>at$ s\l _c at all und]/& sep>ate sub/ances4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s philosoph]s said t ! ultimate happ9ess ( man consi/s 9 ! k ( sep>ate sub/ances4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! sep>at$ s\l c und]/& sep>ate sub/ances1 its happ9ess w\ld be secur$ by its sep>ation alone2 :i* _c be reasonably be said4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s\ls ap>t f ! body "k o!r sep>at$ s\ls2 z we see 9 ! case ( ! ri* man 9 hell1 :o saw ,laz>us & ,abraham 7,luke #af3bc74 ,!re=e sep>at$ s\ls see ! devils & ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #c71 our m9d acquires ! k ( incorporeal ?+s by itself--i4e4 by kn[+ itself 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,!re=e f ! k :i* ! sep>at$ s\l has ( itself1 we c judge h[ x kn[s o!r sep>ate ?+s4 ,n[ x 0 said above 7,a4 #a71 t z long z x is unit$ to ! body ! s\l und]/&s by turn+ to phantasms1 & !re=e x does n und]/& itself save ?r\gh becom+ actually intellig5t by means ( ideas ab/ract$ f phantasms2 = ?us x und]/&s itself ?r\gh its own act1 z %[n above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #a74 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is sep>at$ f ! body1 x und]/&s no long] by turn+ to phantasms1 b by turn+ to simply intelligible objects2 h5ce 9 t /ate x und]/&s itself ?r\gh itself4 ,n[1 e sep>ate sub/ance und]/&s :at is above itself & :at is bel[ itself1 accord+ to ! mode ( its sub/ance 7,de ,causis viii73 = a ?+ is und]/ood accord+ z x is 9 ! "o :o und]/&s2 :ile "o ?+ is 9 ano!r accord+ to ! nature ( t 9 :i* x is4 ,& ! mode ( exi/5ce ( a sep>at$ s\l is inf]ior to t ( an angel1 b is ! same z t ( o!r sep>at$ s\ls4 ,!re=e ! s\l ap>t f ! body has p]fect k ( o!r sep>at$ s\ls1 b x has an imp]fect & defective k ( ! angels s f> z its natural k is conc]n$4 ,b ! k ( glory is o!rwise4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! sep>at$ s\l is1 inde$1 less p]fect consid]+ its nature 9 :i* x communicates ) ! nature ( ! body3 b x has a great] fre$om ( intellig5ce1 s9ce ! weight & c>e ( ! body is a clog ^u ! cle>ness ( its intellig5ce 9 ! pres5t life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! sep>at$ s\l und]/&s ! angels by means ( div9ely impress$ ideas2 :i*1 h[ev]1 fail to give p]fect k ( !m1 =asmu* z ! nature ( ! s\l is inf]ior to t ( an angel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man's ultimate happ9ess consi/s n 9 ! k ( any sep>ate sub/ances2 b 9 ! k ( ,god1 ,:o is se5 only by grace4 ,! k ( o!r sep>ate sub/ances if p]fectly und]/ood gives great happ9ess--n f9al & ultimate happ9ess4 ,b ! sep>at$ s\l does n und]/& !m p]fectly1 z 0 %[n above 9 ?is article4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l ,kn[s ,all ,natural ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sep>at$ s\l kn[s all natural ?+s4 ,= ! types ( all natural ?+s exi/ 9 sep>ate sub/ances4 ,!re=e1 z sep>at$ s\ls "k sep>ate sub/ances1 !y also "k all natural ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] und]/&s ! great] intelligible1 w be able mu* m to und]/& ! less] intelligible4 ,b ! sep>at$ s\l und]/&s immat]ial sub/ances1 :i* are 9 ! highe/ degree ( intelligibility4 ,!re=e mu* m c x und]/& all natural ?+s :i* are 9 a l[] degree ( intelligibility4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! devils h great] natural k ?an ! sep>at$ s\l2 yet !y d n "k all natural ?+s1 b h to le>n _m ?+s by long exp]i5ce1 z ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono i74 ,!re=e nei!r c ! sep>at$ s\l "k all natural ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! sep>at$ s\l1 l ! angels1 und]/&s by means ( species1 receiv$ f ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e light4 ,nev]!less1 z ! s\l by nature is inf]ior to an angel1 to :om ?is k9d ( k is natural1 ! s\l ap>t f ! body ?r\gh su* species does n receive p]fect k1 b only a g5]al & confus$ k9d ( k4 ,sep>at$ s\ls1 !re=e1 h ! same relation ?r\gh su* species to imp]fect & confus$ k ( natural ?+s z ! angels h to ! p]fect k !re(4 ,n[ angels ?r\gh su* species "k all natural ?+s p]fectly2 because all t ,god has produc$ 9 ! respective natures ( natural ?+s has be5 produc$ by ,him 9 ! angelic intellig5ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #h74 ,h5ce x foll[s t sep>at$ s\ls "k all natural ?+s n ) a c]ta9 & prop] k1 b 9 a g5]al & confus$ mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 an angel does n und]/& all natural ?+s ?r\gh 8 sub/ance1 b ?r\gh c]ta9 species1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #a74 ,s x does n foll[ t ! s\l kn[s all natural ?+s because x kn[s sep>ate sub/ances aft] a fa%ion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body does n p]fectly und]/& sep>ate sub/ances1 s nei!r does x "k all natural ?+s p]fectly2 b x kn[s !m confus$ly1 z above expla9$ 9 ?is article4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,isidore speaks ( ! k ( ! future :i* nei!r angels1 nor demons1 nor sep>at$ s\ls1 "k except s f> z future ?+s pre-exi/ 9 _! causes or are kn[n by ,div9e revelation4 ,b we are "h treat+ ( ! k ( natural ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,k acquir$ "h by /udy is prop] & p]fect2 ! k ( :i* we speak is confus$4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t to /udy 9 ord] to le>n is useless4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l ,kn[s ,s+ul>s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sep>at$ s\l does n "k s+ul>s4 ,= no cognitive p[] besides ! intellect rema9s 9 ! sep>at$ s\l1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #h74 ,b ! intellect _c "k s+ul>s1 z we h %[n 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! sep>at$ s\l _c "k s+ul>s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! k ( ! s+ul> is m det]m9ate ?an k ( ! univ]sal4 ,b ! sep>at$ s\l has no det]m9ate k ( ! species ( natural ?+s1 !re=e mu* less c x "k s+ul>s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x knew ! s+ul>s1 yet n by s5se1 = ! same reason x w\ld "k all s+ul>s4 ,b x does n "k all s+ul>s4 ,!re=e x kn[s none4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ri* man 9 hell said3 ,i h five bre?r5 7,luke #af3bh74 ,i answ] t1 ,sep>at$ s\ls "k "s s+ul>s1 b n all1 n ev5 all pres5t s+ul>s4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ consid] t !re is a tw(old way ( kn[+ ?+s1 "o by means ( ab/raction f phantasms1 & 9 ?is way s+ul>s _c be directly kn[n by ! intellect1 b only indirectly1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #a74 ,! o!r way ( und]/&+ is by ! infusion ( species by ,god1 & 9 t way x is possible = ! intellect to "k s+ul>s4 ,= z ,god kn[s all ?+s1 univ]sal & s+ul>1 by ,8 ,ess5ce1 z ! cause ( univ]sal & individual pr9ciples 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b71 s likewise sep>ate sub/ances c "k s+ul>s by species :i* are a k9d ( p>ticipat$ similitude ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 angels & sep>at$ s\ls 9 ! fact t ?r\gh ^! species ! angels h a p]fect & prop] k ( ?+s2 :]eas sep>at$ s\ls h only a confus$ k4 ,h5ce ! angels1 by reason ( _! p]fect intellect1 ?r\gh ^! species1 "k n only ! specific natures ( ?+s1 b also ! s+ul>s conta9$ 9 ^? species2 :]eas sep>at$ s\ls by ^! species "k only ^? s+ul>s to :i* !y are det]m9$ by =m] k 9 ?is life1 or by "s affection1 or by natural aptitude1 or by ! disposition ( ! ,div9e ord]2 because :atev] is receiv$ into any?+ is condition$ accord+ to ! mode ( ! recipi5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intellect does n "k ! s+ul> by way ( ab/raction2 nei!r does ! sep>at$ s\l "k x ?us2 b z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! k ( ! sep>at$ s\l is conf9$ to ^? species or individuals to :i* ! s\l has "s k9d ( det]m9ate relation1 z we h said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! sep>at$ s\l has n ! same relation to all s+ul>s1 b "o relation to "s1 & ano!r to o!rs4 ,!re=e !re is n ! same reason :y x %\ld "k all s+ul>s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,habit ( ,k ,"h ,acquir$ ,rema9s 9 ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! habit ( k acquir$ 9 ?is life does n rema9 9 ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body3 = ! ,apo/le says3 ,k %all be de/roy$ 7#a ,cor4 #ac3h74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s 9 ?is _w :o are less good enjoy k d5i$ to o!rs :o are bett]4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! habit ( k rema9$ 9 ! s\l aft] dea?1 x w\ld foll[ t "s :o are less good w\ld1 ev5 9 ! future life1 excel "s :o are bett]2 :i* seems unreasonable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sep>at$ s\ls w possess k by influ5ce ( ! ,div9e light4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 t k "h acquir$ rema9$ 9 ! sep>at$ s\l1 x w\ld foll[ t two =ms ( ! same species w\ld co-exi/ 9 ! same subject :i* _c be4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,pra$ic4 vi1 #d1 #e71 t a habit is a quality h>d to remove3 yet sometimes k is de/roy$ by sickness or ! l4 ,b 9 ?is life !re is no *ange s ?or\gh z dea?4 ,!re=e x seems t ! habit ( k is de/roy$ by dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome says 7,ep4 liii1 ad ,paul9um71 ,let u le>n on e>? t k9d ( k :i* w rema9 ) u 9 heav54 ,i answ] t1 ,"s say t ! habit ( k resides n 9 ! intellect itself1 b 9 ! s5sitive p[]s1 namely1 ! imag9ative1 cogitative1 & memorative1 & t ! intelligible species are n kept 9 ! passive intellect4 ,if ?is 7 true1 x w\ld foll[ t :5 ! body is de/roy$ by dea?1 k "h acquir$ w\ld also be entirely de/roy$4 ,b1 s9ce k resides 9 ! intellect1 :i* is ! abode ( species1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d71 ! habit ( k "h acquir$ mu/ be p>tly 9 ! a=esaid s5sitive p[]s & p>tly 9 ! intellect4 ,?is c be se5 by consid]+ ! v actions f :i* k arises4 ,= habits are l ! actions :]eby !y are acquir$ 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a74 ,n[ ! actions ( ! intellect1 by :i* k is "h acquir$1 are p]=m$ by ! m9d turn+ to ! phantasms 9 ! a=esaid s5sitive p[]s4 ,h5ce ?r\gh su* acts ! passive intellect acquires a c]ta9 facility 9 consid]+ ! species receiv$3 & ! a=esaid s5sitive p[]s acquire a c]ta9 aptitude 9 second+ ! action ( ! intellect :5 x turns to !m to consid] ! intelligible object4 ,b z ! intellectual act resides *iefly & =mally 9 ! intellect itself1 :il/ x resides mat]ially & dispositively 9 ! inf]ior p[]s1 ! same di/9ction is to be appli$ to habit4 ,k1 !re=e1 acquir$ 9 ! pres5t life does n rema9 9 ! sep>at$ s\l1 z reg>ds :at belongs to ! s5sitive p[]s2 b z reg>ds :at belongs to ! intellect itself1 x mu/ rema92 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,long4 et ,brev4 ,vitae ii71 a =m may be corrupt$ 9 two ways2 fir/1 directly1 :5 corrupt$ by its contr>y1 z heat1 by cold2 & secondly1 indirectly1 :5 its subject is corrupt$4 ,n[ x is evid5t t human k is n corrupt$ ?r\gh corruption ( ! subject1 = ! intellect is an incorruptible faculty1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,nei!r c ! intelligible species 9 ! passive intellect be corrupt$ by _! contr>y2 = !re is no contr>y to intelligible int5tions1 above all z reg>ds simple intellig5ce ( :at a ?+ is4 ,b contr>iety may exi/ 9 ! intellect z reg>ds m5tal composition & division1 or also reason+2 s f> z :at is false 9 /atem5t or argum5t is contr>y to tru?4 ,& ?us k may be corrupt$ by its contr>y :5 a false argum5t s$uces anyone f ! k ( tru?4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] 9 ! above "w m5tions two ways 9 :i* k is corrupt$ directly3 namely1 =getfulness on ! "p ( ! memorative p[]1 & deception on ! "p ( a false argum5t4 ,b ^! h no place 9 ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,!re=e we mu/ conclude t ! habit ( k1 s f> z x is 9 ! intellect1 rema9s 9 ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le is n speak+ ( k z a habit1 b z to ! act ( kn[+2 & h5ce he says1 9 pro( ( ! ass]tion quot$1 ,n[1 ,i "k 9 "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z a less good man may exce$ a bett] man 9 bodily /ature1 s ! same k9d ( man may h a habit ( k 9 ! future life :i* a bett] man may n h4 ,su* k1 h[ev]1 _c be comp>$ ) ! o!r pr]ogatives enjoy$ by ! bett] man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! two k9ds ( k are n ( ! same species1 s !re is no impossibility4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is objection consid]s ! corruption ( k on ! "p ( ! s5sitive p[]s4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,act ( ,k ,acquir$ ,"h ,rema9s 9 ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! act ( k "h acquir$ does n rema9 9 ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 #d71 t :5 ! body is corrupt$1 ! s\l nei!r rememb]s nor loves4 ,b to consid] :at is previ\sly kn[n is an act ( memory4 ,!re=e ! sep>at$ s\l _c reta9 an act ( k "h acquir$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 intelligible species _c h great] p[] 9 ! sep>at$ s\l ?an !y h 9 ! s\l unit$ to ! body4 ,b 9 ?is life we _c und]/& by intelligible species )\t turn+ to phantasms1 z %[n above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e ! sep>at$ s\l _c d s1 & ?us x _c und]/& at all by intelligible species acquir$ 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a71 t habits produce acts simil> to ^? :]eby !y are acquir$4 ,b ! habit ( k is acquir$ "h by acts ( ! intellect turn+ to phantasms3 !re=e x _c produce any o!r acts4 ,^! acts1 h[ev]1 are n adapt$ to ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,!re=e ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( sep>ation _c produce any act ( k acquir$ 9 ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x 0 said to ,dives 9 hell 7,luke #af3be73 ,rememb] ?\ did/ receive good ?+s 9 ?y lifetime4 ,i answ] t1 ,action (f]s two ?+s = our consid]ation--its species & its mode4 ,its species comes f ! object1 :]eto ! faculty ( k is direct$ by ! 7intelligible7 species1 :i* is ! object's similitude2 :]eas ! mode is ga!r$ f ! p[] ( ! ag5t4 ,?us t a p]son see a /one is due to ! species ( ! /one 9 8 eye2 b t he see x cle>ly1 is due to ! eye's visual p[]4 ,!re=e z ! intelligible species rema9 9 ! sep>at$ s\l1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 & s9ce ! /ate ( ! sep>at$ s\l is n ! same z x is 9 ?is life1 x foll[s t ?r\gh ! intelligible species acquir$ 9 ?is life ! s\l ap>t f ! body c und]/& :at x und]/ood =m]ly1 b 9 a diff]5t way2 n by turn+ to phantasms1 b by a mode suit$ to a s\l exi/+ ap>t f ! body4 ,?us ! act ( k "h acquir$ rema9s 9 ! sep>at$ s\l1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] speaks ( remembrance1 accord+ z memory belongs to ! s5sitive "p1 b n z belong+ 9 a way to ! intellect1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! diff]5t mode ( intellig5ce is produc$ by ! diff]5t /ate ( ! intellig5t s\l2 n by div]sity ( species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! acts :i* produce a habit are l ! acts caus$ by t habit1 9 species1 b n 9 mode4 ,= example1 to d j ?+s1 b n ju/ly1 t is1 pleasurably1 causes ! habit ( political ju/ice1 :]eby we act pleasurably4 7,cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ic4 v1 #h3 ,magn4 ,moral4 i1 #cd74 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,local ,di/ance ,imp$es ! ,k 9 ! ,sep>at$ ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t local di/ance imp$es ! sep>at$ s\l's k4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,cura pro ,mort4 xiii71 t ! s\ls ( ! dead are :]e !y _c "k :at is done "h4 ,b !y "k :at is done among !mselves4 ,!re=e local di/ance imp$es ! k 9 ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,div94 ,daemon4 iii71 t ! demons' rapidity ( movem5t enables !m to tell ?+s unkn[n to u4 ,b agility ( movem5t w\ld be useless 9 t respect unless _! k 0 imp$$ by local di/ance2 :i*1 !re=e1 is a mu* great] h9drance to ! k ( ! sep>at$ s\l1 ^: nature is inf]ior to ! demon's4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z !re is di/ance ( place1 s is !re di/ance ( "t4 ,b di/ance ( "t imp$es k 9 ! sep>at$ s\l1 = ! s\l is ignorant ( ! future4 ,!re=e x seems t di/ance ( place also imp$es its k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,luke #af3bc71 t ,dives1 lift+ up 8 eyes :5 he 0 9 torm5t1 saw ,abraham af> (f4 ,!re=e local di/ance does n imp$e k 9 ! sep>at$ s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h held t ! sep>at$ s\l kn[s ! s+ul> by ab/raction f ! s5sible4 ,if t 7 s1 x might be t local di/ance w\ld imp$e its k2 = ei!r ! s5sible w\ld ne$ to act ^u ! s\l1 or ! s\l ^u ! s5sible1 & 9 ei!r case a det]m9ate di/ance w\ld be necess>y4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 impossible because ab/raction ( ! species f ! s5sible is done ?r\gh ! s5ses & o!r s5sible faculties :i* d n rema9 actually 9 ! s\l ap>t f ! body4 ,b ! s\l :5 sep>at$ und]/&s s+ul>s by species d]iv$ f ! ,div9e light1 :i* is indiff]5t to :at is ne> or di/ant4 ,h5ce k 9 ! sep>at$ s\l is n h9d]$ by local di/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e says t ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ _c see :at is done "h1 n because !y are !re1 z if imp$$ by local di/ance2 b = "s o!r cause1 z we %all expla9 7,a4 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e speaks !re 9 accordance ) ! op9ion t demons h bodies naturally unit$ to !m1 & s h s5sitive p[]s1 :i* require local di/ance4 ,9 ! same book he expressly sets d[n ?is op9ion1 ?\gh app>5tly r by way ( n>ration ?an ( ass]tion1 z we may ga!r f ,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #aj4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! future1 :i* is di/ant 9 "t1 does n actually exi/1 & !re=e is n kn[able 9 itself1 because s f> z a ?+ falls %ort ( be+1 s f> does x fall %ort ( be+ kn[able4 ,b :at is locally di/ant exi/s actually1 & is kn[able 9 itself4 ,h5ce we _c argue f di/ance ( "t to di/ance ( place4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,sep>at$ ,s\ls ,"k ,:at ,takes ,place on ,e>?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sep>at$ s\ls "k :at takes place on e>?2 = o!rwise !y w\ld h no c>e = x1 z !y h1 accord+ to :at ,dives said 7,luke #af3bg1 #bh71 ,i h five bre?r5 4 4 4 he may te/ify unto !m1 le/ !y also come into ! place ( torm5ts4 ,!re=e sep>at$ s\ls "k :at passes on e>?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! dead (t5 appe> to ! liv+1 asleep or awake1 & tell !m ( :at takes place !re2 z ,samuel appe>$ to ,saul 7#a ,k+s #bh3aa74 ,b ?is c\ld n be unless !y knew :at takes place "h4 ,!re=e !y "k :at takes place on e>?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sep>at$ s\ls "k :at happ5s among !mselves4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y d n "k :at takes place among u1 x mu/ be by reason ( local di/ance2 :i* has be5 %[n to be false 7,a4 #g74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,job #ad3ba73 ,he w n und]/& :e!r 8 *ildr5 come to honor or di%onor4 ,i answ] t1 ,by natural k1 ( :i* we are treat+ n[1 ! s\ls ( ! dead d n "k :at passes on e>?4 ,?is foll[s f :at has be5 laid d[n 7,a4 #d71 s9ce ! sep>at$ s\l has k ( s+ul>s1 by be+ 9 a way det]m9$ to !m1 ei!r by "s ve/ige ( previ\s k or affection1 or by ! ,div9e ord]4 ,n[ ! s\ls dep>t$ are 9 a /ate ( sep>ation f ! liv+1 bo? by ,div9e ord] & by _! mode ( exi/5ce1 :il/ !y are jo9$ to ! _w ( incorporeal spiritual sub/ances2 & h5ce !y are ignorant ( :at goes on among u4 ,:]e( ,gregory gives ! reason ?us3 ,! dead d n "k h[ ! liv+ act1 = ! life ( ! _s is f> f ! life ( ! fle%2 & s1 z corporeal ?+s diff] f incorporeal 9 g5us1 s !y are di/9ct 9 k 7,moral4 xii74 ,augu/9e seems to say ! same 7,de ,cura pro ,mort4 xiii71 :5 he ass]ts t1 ! s\ls ( ! dead h no conc]n 9 ! affairs ( ! liv+4 ,gregory & ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1 seem to be divid$ 9 op9ion z reg>ds ! s\ls ( ! bless$ 9 heav51 = ,gregory cont9ues ! passage above quot$3 ,! case ( ! holy s\ls is diff]5t1 = s9ce !y see ! light ( ,almighty ,god1 we _c believe t ext]nal ?+s are unkn[n to !m4 ,b ,augu/9e 7,de ,cura pro ,mort4 xiii7 expressly says3 ,! dead1 ev5 ! sa9ts d n "k :at is done by ! liv+ or by _! own *ildr51 z a gloss quotes on ! text1 ,abraham ha? n kn[n u 7,isa4 #fc3af74 ,he confirms ?is op9ion by say+ t he 0 n visit$1 nor consol$ 9 sorr[ by 8 "m1 z :5 %e 0 alive2 & he c\ld n ?9k x possible t %e 0 less k9d :5 9 a happi] /ate2 & aga9 by ! fact t ! ,"l promis$ to k+ ,josias t he %\ld die1 le/ he %\ld see 8 p's afflictions 7#d ,k+s #bb3bj74 ,yet ,augu/9e says ?is 9 d\bt2 & premises1 ,let e "o take1 z he pleases1 :at ,i say4 ,gregory1 on ! o!r h&1 is positive1 s9ce he says1 ,we _c believe4 ,8 op9ion1 inde$1 seems to be ! m probable "o--t ! s\ls ( ! bless$ :o see ,god d "k all t passes "h4 ,= !y are equal to ! angels1 ( :om ,augu/9e says t !y "k :at happ5s among ^? liv+ on e>?4 ,b z ! s\ls ( ! bless$ are mo/ p]fectly unit$ to ,div9e ju/ice1 !y d n suff] f sorr[1 nor d !y int]f]e 9 mundane affairs1 except 9 accordance ) ,div9e ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ may c>e = ! liv+1 ev5 if ignorant ( _! /ate2 j z we c>e = ! dead by p\r+ =? pray] on _! behalf1 ?\gh we are ignorant ( _! /ate4 ,moreov]1 ! affairs ( ! liv+ c be made kn[n to !m n imm$iately1 b ! s\ls :o pass h5ce ?i!r1 or by angels & demons1 or ev5 by ! revelation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ,augu/9e says 9 ! same book4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t ! dead appe> to ! liv+ 9 any way :atev] is ei!r by ! special disp5sation ( ,god2 9 ord] t ! s\ls ( ! dead may int]f]e 9 affairs ( ! liv+--& ?is is to be acc\nt$ z miracul\s4 ,or else su* app>itions occur ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( bad or good angels1 )\t ! k ( ! dep>t$2 z may likewise happ5 :5 ! liv+ appe>1 )\t _! own k1 to o!rs liv+1 z ,augu/9e says 9 ! same book4 ,& s x may be said ( ,samuel t he appe>$ ?r\gh ,div9e revelation2 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #df3bc1 he slept1 & told ! k+ ! end ( 8 life4 ,or1 aga91 ?is app>ition 0 procur$ by ! demons2 unless1 inde$1 ! au?ority ( ,ecclesia/icus be set aside ?r\gh n be+ receiv$ by ! ,jews z canonical ,scripture4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is k9d ( ignorance does n proce$ f ! ob/acle ( local di/ance1 b f ! cause m5tion$ above4 ,,"q #ij ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,production ,,( ,,man',s ,,s\l 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] ! =ego+ we mu/ consid] ! fir/ production ( man1 conc]n+ :i* !re are f\r subjects ( treatm5t3 7#a7 ! production ( man himself2 7#b7 ! end ( ?is production2 7#c7 ! /ate & condition ( ! fir/ man2 7#d7 ! place ( 8 abode4 ,conc]n+ ! production ( man1 !re are ?ree ?+s to be consid]$3 7#a7 ! production ( man's s\l2 7#b7 ! production ( man's body2 7#c7 ! production ( ! woman4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r man's s\l 0 some?+ made1 or 0 ( ! ,div9e sub/ance8 7#b7 ,:e!r1 if made1 x 0 creat$8 7#c7 ,:e!r x 0 made by angelic in/rum5tality8 7#d7 ,:e!r x 0 made be=e ! body8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,0 ,made or ,0 ( ,god's ,sub/ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l 0 n made1 b 0 ,god's sub/ance4 ,= x is writt5 7,g54 #b3g73 ,god =m$ man ( ! slime ( ! e>?1 & brea!d into 8 face ! brea? ( life1 & man 0 made a liv+ s\l4 ,b he :o brea!s s5ds =? some?+ ( himself4 ,!re=e ! s\l1 :]eby man lives1 is ( ! ,div9e sub/ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #e71 ! s\l is a simple =m4 ,b a =m is an act4 ,!re=e ! s\l is a pure act2 :i* applies to ,god alone4 ,!re=e ! s\l is ( ,god's sub/ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t exi/ & d n diff] are ! same4 ,b ,god & ! m9d exi/1 & 9 no way diff]1 = !y c\ld only be diff]5tiat$ by c]ta9 diff]5ces1 & ?us w\ld be composite4 ,!re=e ,god & ! human m9d are ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,orig4 ,animae iii1 #ae7 m5tions c]ta9 op9ions :i* he calls exce$+ly & evid5tly p]v]se1 & contr>y to ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 among :i* ! fir/ is ! op9ion t ,god made ! s\l n out ( no?+1 b f ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,to say t ! s\l is ( ! ,div9e sub/ance involves a manife/ improbability4 ,=1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #f71 ! human s\l is sometimes 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality to ! act ( intellig5ce --acquires its k someh[ f ?+s--& ?us has v>i\s p[]s2 all ( :i* are incompatible ) ! ,div9e ,nature1 ,:i* is a pure act--receives no?+ f any o!r--& admits ( no v>iety 9 itself1 z we h prov$ 7,q4 #c1 ,,aa4 #a1 #g2 ,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,?is error seems to h orig9at$ f two /atem5ts ( ! anci5ts4 ,= ^? :o fir/ began to obs]ve ! nature ( ?+s1 be+ unable to rise above _! imag9ation1 suppos$ t no?+ b bodies exi/$4 ,!re=e !y said t ,god 0 a body1 :i* !y consid]$ to be ! pr9ciple ( o!r bodies4 ,& s9ce !y held t ! s\l 0 ( ! same nature z t body :i* !y reg>d$ z ! fir/ pr9ciple1 z is /at$ ,de ,anima i1 #b1 x foll[$ t ! s\l 0 ( ! nature ( ,god ,himself4 ,accord+ to ?is supposition1 also1 ! ,mani*aeans1 ?9k+ t ,god 0 corporeal light1 held t ! s\l 0 "p ( t light b\nd up ) ! body4 ,!n a fur!r /ep 9 advance 0 made1 & "s surmis$ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ incorporeal1 n ap>t f ! body1 b ! =m ( a body2 s t ,v>ro said1 ,god is a s\l gov]n+ ! _w by movem5t & reason1 z ,augu/9e relates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vii1 #f 99,! words z quot$ are to be f\nd iv4 #ca474 ,s "s suppos$ man's s\l to be "p ( t "o s\l1 z man is a "p ( ! :ole _w2 = !y 7 unable to g s f> z to und]/& ! diff]5t degrees ( spiritual sub/ance1 except accord+ to ! di/9ction ( bodies4 ,b1 all ^! !ories are impossible1 z prov$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,,aa4 #a1 #h2 & ,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #a71 :]e=e x is evid5tly false t ! s\l is ( ! sub/ance ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! t]m brea! is n to be tak5 9 ! mat]ial s5se2 b z reg>ds ! act ( ,god1 to brea! 7spir>e71 is ! same z to make a _s4 ,moreov]1 9 ! mat]ial s5se1 man by brea?+ does n s5d =? any?+ ( 8 own sub/ance1 b an extrane\s ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! s\l is a simple =m 9 its ess5ce1 yet x is n its own exi/5ce1 b is a be+ by p>ticipation1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d74 ,!re=e x is n a pure act l ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* diff]s1 prop]ly speak+1 diff]s 9 some?+2 :]e=e we seek = diff]5ce :]e we f9d also resemblance4 ,= ?is reason ?+s :i* diff] mu/ 9 "s way be comp\nd2 s9ce !y diff] 9 some?+1 & 9 some?+ resemble ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is s5se1 al?\gh all t diff] are div]se1 yet all ?+s t are div]se d n diff]4 ,= simple ?+s are div]se2 yet d n diff] f "o ano!r by diff]5ces :i* ent] into _! composition4 ,= in/ance1 a man & a horse diff] by ! diff]5ce ( rational & irrational2 b we _c say t ^! aga9 diff] by "s fur!r diff]5ce4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,s\l ,0 ,produc$ by ,creation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l 0 n produc$ by creation4 ,= t :i* has 9 itself some?+ mat]ial is produc$ f matt]4 ,b ! s\l is 9 "p mat]ial1 s9ce x is n a pure act4 ,!re=e ! s\l 0 made ( matt]2 & h5ce x 0 n creat$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e actuality ( matt] is educ$ f ! pot5tiality ( t matt]2 = s9ce matt] is 9 pot5tiality to act1 any act pre-exi/s 9 matt] pot5tially4 ,b ! s\l is ! act ( corporeal matt]1 z is cle> f its def9ition4 ,!re=e ! s\l is educ$ f ! pot5tiality ( matt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is a =m4 ,!re=e1 if ! s\l is creat$1 all o!r =ms also are creat$4 ,?us no =ms w\ld come into exi/5ce by g5]ation2 :i* is n true4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bg73 ,god creat$ man to ,8 own image4 ,b man is l to ,god 9 8 s\l4 ,!re=e ! s\l 0 creat$4 ,i answ] t1 ,! rational s\l c be made only by creation2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n true ( o!r =ms4 ,! reason is because1 s9ce to be made is ! way to exi/5ce1 a ?+ mu/ be made 9 su* a way z is suitable to its mode ( exi/5ce4 ,n[ t prop]ly exi/s :i* itself has exi/5ce2 z x 71 subsi/+ 9 its own exi/5ce4 ,:]e=e only sub/ances are prop]ly & truly call$ be+s2 :]eas an accid5t has n exi/5ce1 b some?+ is 7modifi$7 by x1 & s f> is x call$ a be+2 = in/ance1 :it5ess is call$ a be+1 because by x some?+ is :ite4 ,h5ce x is said ,metaph4 vii1 ,did4 vi1 #a t an accid5t %\ld be describ$ z ( some?+ r ?an z some?+4 ,! same is to be said ( all non-subsi/5t =ms4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 x does n belong to any non-exi/+ =m to be made2 b su* are said to be made ?r\gh ! composite sub/ances be+ made4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rational s\l is a subsi/5t =m1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b74 ,:]e=e x is compet5t to be & to be made4 ,& s9ce x _c be made ( pre-exi/+ matt]--:e!r corporeal1 :i* w\ld r5d] x a corporeal be+--or spiritual1 :i* w\ld involve ! transmutation ( "o spiritual sub/ance into ano!r1 we mu/ conclude t x _c exi/ except by creation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s\l's simple ess5ce is z ! mat]ial elem5t1 :ile its p>ticipat$ exi/5ce is its =mal elem5t2 :i* p>ticipat$ exi/5ce necess>ily co-exi/s ) ! s\l's ess5ce1 because exi/5ce naturally foll[s ! =m4 ,! same reason holds if ! s\l is suppos$ to be compos$ ( "s spiritual matt]1 z "s ma9ta92 because ! said matt] is n 9 pot5tiality to ano!r =m1 z nei!r is ! matt] ( a cele/ial body2 o!rwise ! s\l w\ld be corruptible4 ,:]e=e ! s\l _c 9 any way be made ( pre-exi/5t matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! production ( act f ! pot5tiality ( matt] is no?+ else b some?+ becom+ actually t previ\sly 0 9 pot5tiality4 ,b s9ce ! rational s\l does n dep5d 9 its exi/5ce on corporeal matt]1 & is subsi/5t1 & exce$s ! capacity ( corporeal matt]1 z we h se5 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b71 x is n educ$ f ! pot5tiality ( matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z we h said1 !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! rational s\l & o!r =ms4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,rational ,s\l ,is ,produc$ by ,god ,imm$iately8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! rational s\l is n imm$iately made by ,god1 b by ! in/rum5tality ( ! angels4 ,= spiritual ?+s h m ord] ?an corporeal ?+s4 ,b inf]ior bodies are produc$ by means ( ! sup]ior1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e also ! inf]ior spirits1 :o are ! rational s\ls1 are produc$ by means ( ! sup]ior spirits1 ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! end corresponds to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s2 = ,god is ! beg9n+ & end ( all4 ,!re=e ! issue ( ?+s f _! beg9n+ corresponds to ! =w>d+ ( !m to _! end4 ,b inf]ior ?+s are =w>d$ by ! high]1 z ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v72 !re=e also ! inf]ior are produc$ into exi/5ce by ! high]1 & s\ls by angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 p]fect is t :i* c produce its l1 z is /at$ ,metaph4 v4 ,b spiritual sub/ances are mu* m p]fect ?an corporeal4 ,!re=e1 s9ce bodies produce _! l 9 _! own species1 mu* m are angels able to produce some?+ specifically inf]ior to !mselves2 & su* is ! rational s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3g7 t ,god ,himself brea!d into ! face ( man ! brea? ( life4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h held t angels1 act+ by ! p[] ( ,god1 produce rational s\ls4 ,b ?is is q impossible1 & is aga9/ fai?4 ,= x has be5 prov$ t ! rational s\l _c be produc$ except by creation4 ,n[1 ,god alone c create2 = ! fir/ ag5t alone c act )\t presuppos+ ! exi/5ce ( any?+2 :ile ! second cause always presupposes some?+ d]iv$ f ! fir/ cause1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #c73 & e ag5t1 t presupposes some?+ to its act1 acts by mak+ a *ange !re94 ,!re=e ev]y?+ else acts by produc+ a *ange1 :]eas ,god alone acts by creation4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! rational s\l _c be produc$ by a *ange 9 matt]1 x _c be produc$1 save imm$iately by ,god4 ,?us ! replies to ! objections are cle>4 ,= t bodies produce _! l or some?+ inf]ior to !mselves1 & t ! high] ?+s lead =w>d ! inf]ior--all ^! ?+s are effect$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 transmutation4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,human ,s\l ,0 ,produc$ ,be=e ! ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! human s\l 0 made be=e ! body4 ,= ! "w ( creation prec$$ ! "w ( di/9ction & adornm5t1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #a74 ,b ! s\l 0 made by creation2 :]eas ! body 0 made at ! end ( ! "w ( adornm5t4 ,!re=e ! s\l ( man 0 made be=e ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! rational s\l has m 9 common ) ! angels ?an ) ! brute animals4 ,b angels 7 creat$ be=e bodies1 or at lea/1 at ! beg9n+ ) corporeal matt]2 :]eas ! body ( man 0 =m$ on ! six? day1 :5 also ! animals 7 made4 ,!re=e ! s\l ( man 0 creat$ be=e ! body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! end is proportionate to ! beg9n+4 ,b 9 ! end ! s\l outla/s ! body4 ,!re=e 9 ! beg9n+ x 0 creat$ be=e ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! prop] act is produc$ 9 its prop] pot5tiality4 ,!re=e s9ce ! s\l is ! prop] act ( ! body1 ! s\l 0 produc$ 9 ! body4 ,i answ] t1 ,orig5 7,p]i ,ar*on i1 #g1h7 held t n only ! s\l ( ! fir/ man1 b also ! s\ls ( all m5 7 creat$ at ! same "t z ! angels1 be=e _! bodies3 because he ?\ght t all spiritual sub/ances1 :e!r s\ls or angels1 are equal 9 _! natural condition1 & diff] only by m]it2 s t "s ( !m--namely1 ! s\ls ( m5 or ( heav5ly bodies--are unit$ to bodies :ile o!rs rema9 9 _! diff]5t ord]s entirely free f matt]4 ,( ?is op9ion we h already spok5 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b72 & s we ne$ say no?+ ab\t x "h4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev] 7,g54 ad lit4 vii1 #bd71 says t ! s\l ( ! fir/ man 0 creat$ at ! same "t z ! angels1 be=e ! body1 = ano!r reason2 because he supposes t ! body ( man1 dur+ ! "w ( ! six days1 0 produc$1 n actually1 b only z to "s causal virtues2 :i* _c be said ( ! s\l1 because nei!r 0 x made ( any pre-exi/+ corporeal or spiritual matt]1 nor c\ld x be produc$ f any creat$ virtue4 ,!re=e x seems t ! s\l itself1 dur+ ! "w ( ! six days1 :5 all ?+s 7 made1 0 creat$1 toge!r ) ! angels2 & t aft]w>ds1 by its own w1 0 jo9$ to ! s]vice ( ! body4 ,b he does n say ?is by way ( ass]tion2 z 8 words prove4 ,= he says 7,g54 ad lit4 vii1 #bi73 ,we may believe1 if nei!r ,scripture nor reason =bid1 t man 0 made on ! six? day1 9 ! s5se t 8 body 0 creat$ z to its causal virtue 9 ! elem5ts ( ! _w1 b t ! s\l 0 already creat$4 ,n[ ?is c\ld be upheld by ^? :o hold t ! s\l has ( itself a complete species & nature1 & t x is n unit$ to ! body z its =m1 b z its adm9i/rator4 ,b if ! s\l is unit$ to ! body z its =m1 & is naturally a "p ( human nature1 ! above supposition is q impossible4 ,= x is cle> t ,god made ! fir/ ?+s 9 _! p]fect natural /ate1 z _! species requir$4 ,n[ ! s\l1 z a "p ( human nature1 has its natural p]fection only z unit$ to ! body4 ,!re=e x w\ld h be5 unfitt+ = ! s\l to be creat$ )\t ! body4 ,!re=e1 if we admit ! op9ion ( ,augu/9e ab\t ! "w ( ! six days 7,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #b71 we may say t ! human s\l prec$$ 9 ! "w ( ! six days by a c]ta9 g5]ic similitude1 s f> z x has intellectual nature 9 common ) ! angels2 b 0 itself creat$ at ! same "t z ! body4 ,accord+ to ! o!r sa9ts1 bo? ! body & s\l ( ! fir/ man 7 produc$ 9 ! "w ( ! six days4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if ! s\l by its nature 7 a complete species1 s t x might be creat$ z to itself1 ?is reason w\ld prove t ! s\l 0 creat$ by itself 9 ! beg9n+4 ,b z ! s\l is naturally ! =m ( ! body1 x 0 necess>ily creat$1 n sep>ately1 b 9 ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same obs]vation applies to ! second objection4 ,= if ! s\l _h a species ( itself x w\ld h some?+ /ill m 9 common ) ! angels4 ,b1 z ! =m ( ! body1 x belongs to ! animal g5us1 z a =mal pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t ! s\l rema9s aft] ! body1 is due to a defect ( ! body1 namely1 dea?4 ,:i* defect 0 n due :5 ! s\l 0 fir/ creat$4 ,,"q #ia ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man',s ,,body 7,,f\r ,,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! production ( ! fir/ man's body4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! matt] f :i* x 0 produc$2 7#b7 ,! au?or by :om x 0 produc$2 7#c7 ,! disposition x receiv$ 9 its production2 7#d7 ,! mode & ord] ( its production4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,body ( ! ,fir/ ,man ,0 ,made ( ! ,slime ( ! ,e>?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! body ( ! fir/ man 0 n made ( ! slime ( ! e>?4 ,= x is an act ( great] p[] to make some?+ out ( no?+ ?an out ( some?+2 because n be+ is f>!r (f f actual exi/5ce ?an be+ 9 pot5tiality4 ,b s9ce man is ! mo/ honorable ( ,god's l[] creatures1 x 0 fitt+ t 9 ! production ( man's body1 ! p[] ( ,god %\ld be mo/ cle>ly %[n4 ,!re=e x %\ld n h be5 made ( ! slime ( ! e>?1 b out ( no?+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! heav5ly bodies are nobl] ?an e>?ly bodies4 ,b ! human body has ! greate/ nobility2 s9ce x is p]fect$ by ! noble/ =m1 :i* is ! rational s\l4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be made ( an e>?ly body1 b ( a heav5ly body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fire & air are nobl] ?an e>? & wat]1 z is cle> f _! subtlety4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! human body is mo/ noble1 x %\ld r h be5 made ( fire & air ?an ( ! slime ( ! e>?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! human body is compos$ ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,!re=e x 0 n made ( ! slime ( ! e>?1 b ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3g73 ,god made man ( ! slime ( ! e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,god is p]fect 9 ,8 works1 ,he be/[$ p]fection on all ( !m accord+ to _! capacity3 ,god's works are p]fect 7,deut4 #cb3d74 ,he ,himself is simply p]fect by ! fact t all ?+s are pre-conta9$ 9 ,him1 n z compon5t p>ts1 b z unit$ 9 "o simple :ole1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 v72 9 ! same way z v>i\s effects pre-exi/ 9 _! cause1 accord+ to its "o virtue4 ,?is p]fection is be/[$ on ! angels1 inasmu* z all ?+s :i* are produc$ by ,god 9 nature ?r\gh v>i\s =ms come "u _! k4 ,b on man ?is p]fection is be/[$ 9 an inf]ior way4 ,= he does n possess a natural k ( all natural ?+s1 b is 9 a mann] compos$ ( all ?+s1 s9ce he has 9 himself a rational s\l ( ! g5us ( spiritual sub/ances1 & 9 lik5ess to ! heav5ly bodies he is remov$ f contr>ies by an equable temp]am5t4 ,z to ! elem5ts1 he has !m 9 _! v sub/ance1 yet 9 su* a way t ! high] elem5ts1 fire & air1 pr$om9ate 9 him by _! p[]2 = life is mo/ly f\nd :]e !re is heat1 :i* is f fire2 & :]e !re is humor1 :i* is ( ! air4 ,b ! inf]ior elem5ts ab\nd 9 man by _! sub/ance2 o!rwise ! m+l+ ( elem5ts w\ld n be ev5ly balanc$1 unless ! inf]ior elem5ts1 :i* h ! less p[]1 pr$om9at$ 9 quantity4 ,!re=e ! body ( man is said to h be5 =m$ f ! slime ( ! e>?2 because e>? & wat] m+l$ are call$ slime1 & = ?is reason man is call$ a little _w1 because all creatures ( ! _w are 9 a way to be f\nd 9 him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p[] ( ! ,div9e ,creator 0 manife/$ 9 man's body :5 its matt] 0 produc$ by creation4 ,b x 0 fitt+ t ! human body %\ld be made ( ! f\r elem5ts1 t man might h some?+ 9 common ) ! inf]ior bodies1 z be+ some?+ betwe5 spiritual & corporeal sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ! heav5ly body is 9 itself nobl] ?an ! e>?ly body1 yet = ! acts ( ! rational s\l ! heav5ly body is less adapt$4 ,= ! rational s\l receives ! k ( tru? 9 a c]ta9 way ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ! organs ( :i* _c be =m$ ( a heav5ly body :i* is impassible4 ,nor is x true t some?+ ( ! fif? ess5ce ent]s mat]ially into ! composition ( ! human body1 z "s say1 :o suppose t ! s\l is unit$ to ! body by means ( light4 ,=1 fir/ ( all1 :at !y say is false--t light is a body4 ,secondly1 x is impossible = some?+ to be tak5 f ! fif? ess5ce1 or f a heav5ly body1 & to be m+l$ ) ! elem5ts1 s9ce a heav5ly body is impassible2 :]e=e x does n ent] into ! composition ( mix$ bodies1 except z 9 ! effects ( its p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if fire & air1 ^: action is ( great] p[]1 pr$om9at$ also 9 quantity 9 ! human body1 !y w\ld entirely draw ! re/ into !mselves1 & !re w\ld be no equality 9 ! m+l+1 su* z is requir$ 9 ! composition ( man1 = ! s5se ( t\*1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,= ! organ ( any p>ticul> s5se mu/ n actually h ! contr>ies ( :i* t s5se has ! p]ception1 b only pot5tially2 ei!r 9 su* a way t x is entirely void ( ! :ole g5us ( su* contr>ies--?us1 = in/ance1 ! pupil ( ! eye is )\t color1 s z to be 9 pot5tiality z reg>ds all colors2 :i* is n possible 9 ! organ ( t\*1 s9ce x is compos$ ( ! v elem5ts1 ! qualities ( :i* are p]ceiv$ by t s5se--or s t ! organ is a m$ium betwe5 two contr>ies1 z mu* ne$s be ! case ) reg>d to t\*2 = ! m$ium is 9 pot5tiality to ! extremes4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! slime ( ! e>? are e>?1 & wat] b9d+ ! e>? toge!r4 ,( ! o!r elem5ts1 ,scripture makes no m5tion1 because !y are less 9 quantity 9 ! human body1 z we h said2 & because also 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation no m5tion is made ( fire & air1 :i* are n p]ceiv$ by s5ses ( uncultur$ m5 su* z ^? to :om ! ,scripture 0 imm$iately address$4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,human ,body ,0 ,imm$iately ,produc$ by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! human body 0 n produc$ by ,god imm$iately4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d71 t corporeal ?+s are dispos$ by ,god ?r\gh ! angels4 ,b ! human body 0 made ( corporeal matt]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x 0 produc$ by ! in/rum5tality ( ! angels1 & n imm$iately by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] c be made by a creat$ p[]1 is n necess>ily produc$ imm$iately by ,god4 ,b ! human body c be produc$ by ! creat$ p[] ( a heav5ly body2 = ev5 c]ta9 animals are produc$ f putrefaction by ! active p[] ( a heav5ly body2 & ,albumaz> says t man is n g5]at$ :]e heat & cold are extreme1 b only 9 temp]ate regions4 ,!re=e ! human body 0 n necess>ily produc$ imm$iately by ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is made ( corporeal matt] except by "s mat]ial *ange4 ,b all corporeal *ange is caus$ by a movem5t ( a heav5ly body1 :i* is ! fir/ movem5t4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! human body 0 produc$ f corporeal matt]1 x seems t a heav5ly body _h "p 9 its production4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 vii1 #bd7 t man's body 0 made dur+ ! "w ( ! six days1 accord+ to ! causal virtues :i* ,god ins]t$ 9 corporeal creatures2 & t aft]w>ds x 0 actually produc$4 ,b :at pre-exi/s 9 ! corporeal creature by reason ( causal virtues c be produc$ by "s corporeal body4 ,!re=e ! human body 0 produc$ by "s creat$ p[]1 & n imm$iately by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ag3a73 ,god creat$ man out ( ! e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,! fir/ =mation ( ! human body c\ld n be by ! in/rum5tality ( any creat$ p[]1 b 0 imm$iately f ,god4 ,"s1 inde$1 suppos$ t ! =ms :i* are 9 corporeal matt] are d]iv$ f "s immat]ial =ms2 b ! ,philosoph] refutes ?is op9ion 7,metaph4 vii71 = ! reason t =ms _c be made 9 !mselves1 b only 9 ! composite1 z we h expla9$ 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #d72 & because ! ag5t mu/ be l its effect1 x is n fitt+ t a pure =m1 n exi/+ 9 matt]1 %\ld produce a =m :i* is 9 matt]1 & :i* =m is only made by ! fact t ! composite is made4 ,s a =m :i* is 9 matt] c only be ! cause ( ano!r =m t is 9 matt]1 accord+ z composite is made by composite4 ,n[ ,god1 ?\gh ,he is absolutely immat]ial1 c alone by ,8 own p[] produce matt] by creation3 :]e=e ,he alone c produce a =m 9 matt]1 )\t ! aid ( any prec$+ mat]ial =m4 ,= ?is reason ! angels _c trans=m a body except by mak+ use ( some?+ 9 ! nature ( a se$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #ai74 ,!re=e z no pre-exi/+ body has be5 =m$ :]eby ano!r body ( ! same species c\ld be g5]at$1 ! fir/ human body 0 ( necessity made imm$iately by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! angels are ! m9i/]s ( ,god1 z reg>ds :at ,he does 9 bodies1 yet ,god does some?+ 9 bodies beyond ! angels' p[]1 z1 = in/ance1 rais+ ! dead1 or giv+ sight to ! bl9d3 & by ?is p[] ,he =m$ ! body ( ! fir/ man f ! slime ( ! e>?4 ,nev]!less ! angels c\ld act z m9i/]s 9 ! =mation ( ! body ( ! fir/ man1 9 ! same way z !y w d at ! la/ resurrection by collect+ ! du/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]fect animals1 produc$ f se$1 _c be made by ! sole p[] ( a heav5ly body1 z ,avic5na imag9$2 al?\gh ! p[] ( a heav5ly body may assi/ by co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( natural g5]ation1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #bf71 man & ! sun beget man f matt]4 ,= ?is reason1 a place ( mod]ate temp]ature is requir$ = ! production ( man & o!r animals4 ,b ! p[] ( heav5ly bodies suffices = ! production ( "s imp]fect animals f prop]ly dispos$ matt]3 = x is cle> t m conditions are requir$ to produce a p]fect ?an an imp]fect ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! movem5t ( ! heav5s causes natural *anges2 b n *anges t surpass ! ord] ( nature1 & are caus$ by ! ,div9e ,p[] alone1 z = ! dead to be rais$ to life1 or ! bl9d to see3 l to :i* also is ! mak+ ( man f ! slime ( ! e>?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,an effect may be said to pre-exi/ 9 ! causal virtues ( creatures1 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 bo? 9 active & 9 passive pot5tiality1 s t n only c x be produc$ out ( pre-exi/+ matt]1 b also t "s pre-exi/+ creature c produce x4 ,secondly1 9 passive pot5tiality only2 t is1 t out ( pre-exi/+ matt] x c be produc$ by ,god4 ,9 ?is s5se1 accord+ to ,augu/9e1 ! human body pre-exi/$ 9 ! previ\s "w 9 _! causal virtues4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,body ( ,man ,0 ,giv5 an ,apt ,disposition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! body ( man 0 n giv5 an apt disposition4 ,= s9ce man is ! noble/ ( animals1 8 body ought to be ! be/ dispos$ 9 :at is prop] to an animal1 t is1 9 s5se & movem5t4 ,b "s animals h %>p] s5ses & quick] movem5t ?an man2 ?us dogs h a ke5] smell1 & birds a swift] flight4 ,!re=e man's body 0 n aptly dispos$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 p]fect is :at lacks no?+4 ,b ! human body lacks m ?an ! body ( o!r animals1 = ^! are provid$ ) cov]+ & natural arms ( def5se1 9 :i* man is lack+4 ,!re=e ! human body is v imp]fectly dispos$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man is m di/ant f plants ?an he is f ! brutes4 ,b plants are erect 9 /ature1 :ile brutes are prone 9 /ature4 ,!re=e man %\ld n be ( erect /ature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #g3cj73 ,god made man "r4 ,i answ] t1 ,all natural ?+s 7 produc$ by ! ,div9e art1 & s may be call$ ,god's works ( art4 ,n[ e arti/ int5ds to give to 8 "w ! be/ disposition2 n absolutely ! be/1 b ! be/ z reg>ds ! propos$ end2 & ev5 if ?is entails "s defect1 ! arti/ c>es n3 ?us1 = in/ance1 :5 man makes himself a saw = ! purpose ( cutt+1 he makes x ( iron1 :i* is suitable = ! object 9 view2 & he does n pref] to make x ( glass1 ?\gh ?is be a m beautiful mat]ial1 because ?is v beauty w\ld be an ob/acle to ! end he has 9 view4 ,!re=e ,god gave to ea* natural be+ ! be/ disposition2 n absolutely s1 b 9 ! view ( its prop] end4 ,?is is :at ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #g73 ,& because x is bett] s1 n absolutely1 b = ea* "o's sub/ance4 ,n[ ! proximate end ( ! human body is ! rational s\l & its op]ations2 s9ce matt] is = ! sake ( ! =m1 & in/rum5ts are = ! action ( ! ag5t4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t ,god fa%ion$ ! human body 9 t disposition :i* 0 be/1 z mo/ suit$ to su* a =m & to su* op]ations4 ,if defect exi/s 9 ! disposition ( ! human body1 x is well to obs]ve t su* defect arises z a necess>y result ( ! matt]1 f ! conditions requir$ 9 ! body1 9 ord] to make x suitably proportion$ to ! s\l & its op]ations4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s5se ( t\*1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! o!r s5ses1 is m p]fect 9 man ?an 9 any o!r animal2 & = ?is reason man mu/ h ! mo/ equable temp]am5t ( all animals4 ,moreov] man excels all o!r animals 9 ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s1 z is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d74 ,b by a k9d ( necessity1 man falls %ort ( ! o!r animals 9 "s ( ! ext]ior s5ses2 ?us ( all animals he has ! lea/ s5se ( smell4 ,= man ne$s ! l>ge/ bra9 z comp>$ to ! body2 bo? = 8 great] fre$om ( action 9 ! int]ior p[]s requir$ = ! intellectual op]ations1 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g72 & 9 ord] t ! l[ temp]ature ( ! bra9 may modify ! heat ( ! he>t1 :i* has to be consid]able 9 man = him to be able to /& erect4 ,s t size ( ! bra91 by reason ( its humidity1 is an imp$im5t to ! smell1 :i* requires dryness4 ,9 ! same way1 we may sugge/ a reason :y "s animals h a ke5] sight1 & a m acute he>+ ?an man2 namely1 on acc\nt ( a h9drance to 8 s5ses aris+ necess>ily f ! p]fect equability ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,! same reason suffices to expla9 :y "s animals are m rapid 9 movem5t ?an man1 s9ce ?is excell5ce ( spe$ is inconsi/5t ) ! equability ( ! human temp]am5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,horns & claws1 :i* are ! weapons ( "s animals1 & t\ghness ( hide & quantity ( hair or fea!rs1 :i* are ! clo?+ ( animals1 are signs ( an abundance ( ! e>?ly elem5t2 :i* does n agree ) ! equability & s(tness ( ! human temp]am5t4 ,!re=e su* ?+s d n suit ! nature ( man4 ,in/ead ( ^!1 he has reason & h&s :]eby he c make himself arms & clo!s1 & o!r necess>ies ( life1 ( inf9ite v>iety4 ,:]e=e ! h& is call$ by ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima iii1 #h71 ! organ ( organs4 ,moreov] ?is 0 m becom+ to ! rational nature1 :i* is capable ( conceiv+ an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s1 s z to make = itself an inf9ite numb] ( in/rum5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an upright /ature 0 becom+ to man = f\r reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! s5ses are giv5 to man1 n only = ! purpose ( procur+ ! necess>ies ( life1 :i* !y are be/[$ on o!r animals1 b also = ! purpose ( k4 ,h5ce1 :]eas ! o!r animals take delight 9 ! objects ( ! s5ses only z ord]$ to food & sex1 man alone takes pleasure 9 ! beauty ( s5sible objects = its own sake4 ,!re=e1 z ! s5ses are situat$ *iefly 9 ! face1 o!r animals h ! face turn$ to ! gr\nd1 z x 7 = ! purpose ( seek+ food & procur+ a livelihood2 :]eas man has 8 face erect1 9 ord] t by ! s5ses1 & *iefly by sight1 :i* is m subtle & p5etrates fur!r into ! diff]5ces ( ?+s1 he may freely survey ! s5sible objects ar\nd him1 bo? heav5ly & e>?ly1 s z to ga!r intelligible tru? f all ?+s4 ,secondly1 = ! great] fre$om ( ! acts ( ! int]ior p[]s2 ! bra91 :]e9 ^! actions are1 9 a way1 p]=m$1 n be+ l[ d[n1 b lift$ up above o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,?irdly1 because if man's /ature 7 prone to ! gr\nd he w\ld ne$ to use 8 h&s z =e-feet2 & ?us _! utility = o!r purposes w\ld cease4 ,f\r?ly1 because if man's /ature 7 prone to ! gr\nd1 & he us$ 8 h&s z =e-feet1 he w\ld be oblig$ to take hold ( 8 food ) 8 m\?4 ,?us he w\ld h a protrud+ m\?1 ) ?ick & h>d lips1 & also a h>d tongue1 s z to keep x f be+ hurt by ext]ior ?+s2 z we see 9 o!r animals4 ,moreov]1 su* an attitude w\ld q h9d] spee*1 :i* is reason's prop] op]ation4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ( erect /ature1 man is f> above plants4 ,= man's sup]ior "p1 8 head1 is turn$ t[>ds ! sup]ior "p ( ! _w1 & 8 inf]ior "p is turn$ t[>ds ! inf]ior _w2 & !re=e he is p]fectly dispos$ z to ! g5]al situation ( 8 body4 ,plants h ! sup]ior "p turn$ t[>ds ! l[] _w1 s9ce _! roots correspond to ! m\?2 & _! inf]ior "p t[>ds ! upp] _w4 ,b brute animals h a middle disposition1 = ! sup]ior "p ( ! animal is t by :i* x takes food1 & ! inf]ior "p t by :i* x rids itself ( ! surplus4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,production ( ! ,human ,body ,is ,fitt+ly ,describ$ 9 ,scripture8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! production ( ! human body is n fitt+ly describ$ 9 ,scripture4 ,=1 z ! human body 0 made by ,god1 s also 7 ! o!r works ( ! six days4 ,b 9 ! o!r works x is writt51 ,god said2 ,let x be made1 & x 0 made4 ,!re=e ! same %\ld h be5 said ( man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! human body 0 made by ,god imm$iately1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x 0 n fitt+ly said1 ,let u make man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! =m ( ! human body is ! s\l itself :i* is ! brea? ( life4 ,!re=e1 hav+ said1 ,god made man ( ! slime ( ! e>?1 he %\ld n h add$3 ,& ,he brea!d into him ! brea? ( life4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l1 :i* is ! brea? ( life1 is 9 ! :ole body1 & *iefly 9 ! he>t4 ,!re=e x 0 n fitt+ly said3 ,he brea!d into 8 face ! brea? ( life4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! male & female sex belong to ! body1 :ile ! image ( ,god belongs to ! s\l4 ,b ! s\l1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 vii1 #bd71 0 made be=e ! body4 ,!re=e hav+ said3 ,to ,8 image ,he made !m1 he %\ld n h add$1 male & female ,he creat$ !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,is ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,g54 ad lit4 vi1 #ab71 man surpasses o!r ?+s1 n 9 ! fact t ,god ,himself made man1 z ?\gh ,he did n make o!r ?+s2 s9ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #aja3bf71 ,! "w ( ,?y h&s is ! heav51 & else:]e 7,ps4 #id3e71 ,8 h&s laid d[n ! dry l&2 b 9 ?is1 t man is made to ,god's image4 ,yet 9 describ+ man's production1 ,scripture uses a special way ( speak+1 to %[ t o!r ?+s 7 made = man's sake4 ,= we are accu/om$ to d ) m delib]ation & c>e :at we h *iefly 9 m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we mu/ n imag9e t :5 ,god said ,let u make man1 ,he spoke to ! angels1 z "s 7 p]v]se en\gh to ?9k4 ,b by ^! words is signifi$ ! plurality ( ! ,div9e ,p]son1 ,^: image is m cle>ly express$ 9 man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s h ?\ght t man's body 0 =m$ fir/ 9 priority ( "t1 & t aft]w>ds ! s\l 0 infus$ into ! =m$ body4 ,b x is inconsi/5t ) ! p]fection ( ! production ( ?+s1 t ,god %\ld h made ei!r ! body )\t ! s\l1 or ! s\l )\t ! body1 s9ce ea* is a "p ( human nature4 ,?is is especially unfitt+ z reg>ds ! body1 = ! body dep5ds on ! s\l1 & n ! s\l on ! body4 ,to remove ! difficulty "s h said t ! words1 ,god made man1 mu/ be und]/ood ( ! production ( ! body ) ! s\l2 & t ! subsequ5t words1 & ,he brea!d into 8 face ! brea? ( life1 %\ld be und]/ood ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 z ! ,"l brea!d on ,8 ,apo/les1 say+1 ,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,john #bj3bb74 ,b ?is explanation1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiii1 #bd71 is exclud$ by ! v words ( ,scripture4 ,= we read f>!r on1 ,& man 0 made a liv+ s\l2 :i* words ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ae3de7 ref]s n to spiritual life1 b to animal life4 ,!re=e1 by brea? ( life we mu/ und]/& ! s\l1 s t ! words1 ,he brea!d into 8 face ! brea? ( life1 are a sort ( exposition ( :at goes be=e2 = ! s\l is ! =m ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce vital op]ations are m cle>ly se5 9 man's face1 on acc\nt ( ! s5ses :i* are !re express$2 !re=e ,scripture says t ! brea? ( life 0 brea!d into man's face4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #cd71 ! works ( ! six days 7 done all at "o "t2 :]e=e accord+ to him man's s\l1 :i* he holds to h be5 made ) ! angels1 0 n made be=e ! six? day2 b on ! six? day bo? ! s\l ( ! fir/ man 0 made actually1 & 8 body 9 its causal elem5ts4 ,b o!r doctors hold t on ! six? day bo? body & s\l ( man 7 actually made4 ,,"q #ib ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,woman 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! production ( ! woman4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! woman %\ld h be5 made 9 t fir/ production ( ?+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! woman %\ld h be5 made f man8 7#c7 ,:e!r ( man's rib8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! woman 0 made imm$iately by ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,woman ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,made 9 ! ,fir/ ,production ( ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! woman %\ld n h be5 made 9 ! fir/ production ( ?+s4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ii1 #c71 t ! female is a misbegott5 male4 ,b no?+ misbegott5 or defective %\ld h be5 9 ! fir/ production ( ?+s4 ,!re=e woman %\ld n h be5 made at t fir/ production4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 subjection & limitation 7 a result ( s91 = to ! woman 0 x said aft] s9 7,g54 #c3af73 ,?\ %alt be "u ! man's p[]2 & ,gregory says t1 ,:]e !re is no s91 !re is no inequality4 ,b woman is naturally ( less /r5g? & dignity ?an man2 = ! ag5t is always m honorable ?an ! pati5t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #af74 ,!re=e woman %\ld n h be5 made 9 ! fir/ production ( ?+s be=e s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 occasions ( s9 %\ld be cut (f4 ,b ,god =esaw t ! woman w\ld be an occasion ( s9 to man4 ,!re=e ,he %\ld n h made woman4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3ah73 ,x is n good = man to be alone2 let u make him a help] l to himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,x 0 necess>y = woman to be made1 z ! ,scripture says1 z a help] to man2 n1 inde$1 z a helpmate 9 o!r works1 z "s say1 s9ce man c be m effici5tly help$ by ano!r man 9 o!r works2 b z a help] 9 ! "w ( g5]ation4 ,?is c be made cle> if we obs]ve ! mode ( g5]ation c>ri$ out 9 v>i\s liv+ ?+s4 ,"s liv+ ?+s d n possess 9 !mselves ! p[] ( g5]ation1 b are g5]at$ by "s o!r specific ag5t1 su* z "s plants & animals by ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies1 f "s fitt+ matt] & n f se$3 o!rs possess ! active & passive g5]ative p[] toge!r2 z we see 9 plants :i* are g5]at$ f se$2 = ! noble/ vital function 9 plants is g5]ation4 ,:]e=e we obs]ve t 9 ^! ! active p[] ( g5]ation inv>iably accompanies ! passive p[]4 ,among p]fect animals ! active p[] ( g5]ation belongs to ! male sex1 & ! passive p[] to ! female4 ,& z among animals !re is a vital op]ation nobl] ?an g5]ation1 to :i* _! life is pr9cipally direct$2 !re=e ! male sex is n f\nd 9 cont9ual union ) ! female 9 p]fect animals1 b only at ! "t ( coition2 s t we may consid] t by ?is means ! male & female are "o1 z 9 plants !y are always unit$2 al?\gh 9 "s cases "o ( !m prepond]ates1 & 9 "s ! o!r4 ,b man is yet fur!r ord]$ to a /ill nobl] vital action1 & t is intellectual op]ation4 ,!re=e !re 0 great] reason = ! di/9ction ( ^! two =ces 9 man2 s t ! female %\ld be produc$ sep>ately f ! male2 al?\gh !y are c>nally unit$ = g5]ation4 ,!re=e directly aft] ! =mation ( woman1 x 0 said3 ,& !y %all be two 9 "o fle% 7,g54 #b3bd74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z reg>ds ! individual nature1 woman is defective & misbegott51 = ! active =ce 9 ! male se$ t5ds to ! production ( a p]fect lik5ess 9 ! mascul9e sex2 :ile ! production ( woman comes f defect 9 ! active =ce or f "s mat]ial indisposition1 or ev5 f "s ext]nal influ5ce2 su* z t ( a s\? w9d1 :i* is moi/1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 iv1 #b74 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds human nature 9 g5]al1 woman is n misbegott51 b is includ$ 9 nature's int5tion z direct$ to ! "w ( g5]ation4 ,n[ ! g5]al int5tion ( nature dep5ds on ,god1 ,:o is ! univ]sal ,au?or ( nature4 ,!re=e1 9 produc+ nature1 ,god =m$ n only ! male b also ! female4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,subjection is tw(old4 ,"o is s]vile1 by virtue ( :i* a sup]ior makes use ( a subject = 8 own b5efit2 & ?is k9d ( subjection began aft] s94 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( subjection :i* is call$ economic or civil1 :]eby ! sup]ior makes use ( 8 subjects = _! own b5efit & good2 & ?is k9d ( subjection exi/$ ev5 be=e s94 ,= good ord] w\ld h be5 want+ 9 ! human family if "s 7 n gov]n$ by o!rs wis] ?an !mselves4 ,s by su* a k9d ( subjection woman is naturally subject to man1 because 9 man ! discretion ( reason pr$om9ates4 ,nor is inequality among m5 exclud$ by ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 z we %all prove 7,q4 #if1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ,god _h depriv$ ! _w ( all ^? ?+s :i* prov$ an occasion ( s91 ! univ]se w\ld h be5 imp]fect4 ,nor 0 x fitt+ = ! common good to be de/roy$ 9 ord] t individual evil might be avoid$2 especially z ,god is s p[]ful t ,he c direct any evil to a good end4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,woman ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,made f ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t woman %\ld n h be5 made f man4 ,= sex belongs bo? to man & animals4 ,b 9 ! o!r animals ! female 0 n made f ! male4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld x h be5 s ) man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s ( ! same species are ( ! same matt]4 ,b male & female are ( ! same species4 ,!re=e1 z man 0 made ( ! slime ( ! e>?1 s woman %\ld h be5 made ( ! same1 & n f man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 woman 0 made to be a helpmate to man 9 ! "w ( g5]ation4 ,b close relation%ip makes a p]son unfit = t (fice2 h5ce ne> relations are deb>r$ f int]m>riage1 z is writt5 7,lev4 #ah3f74 ,!re=e woman %\ld n h be5 made f man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ag3e73 ,he creat$ ( him1 t is1 out ( man1 a helpmate l to himself1 t is1 woman4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 all ?+s 7 fir/ =m$1 x 0 m suitable = ! woman to be made f man ?an 7= ! female to be f ! male7 9 o!r animals4 ,fir/1 9 ord] ?us to give ! fir/ man a c]ta9 dignity consi/+ 9 ?is1 t z ,god is ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole univ]se1 s ! fir/ man1 9 lik5ess to ,god1 0 ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole human race4 ,:]e=e ,paul says t ,god made ! :ole human race f "o 7,acts #ag3bf74 ,secondly1 t man might love woman all ! m1 & cleave to h] m closely1 kn[+ h] to be fa%ion$ f himself4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,g54 #b3bc1 #bd73 ,%e 0 tak5 out ( man1 :]e=e a man %all leave fa!r & "m1 & %all cleave to 8 wife4 ,?is 0 mo/ necess>y z reg>ds ! human race1 9 :i* ! male & female live toge!r = life2 :i* is n ! case ) o!r animals4 ,?irdly1 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ab71 ! human male & female are unit$1 n only = g5]ation1 z ) o!r animals1 b also = ! purpose ( dome/ic life1 9 :i* ea* has 8 or h] p>ticul> duty1 & 9 :i* ! man is ! head ( ! woman4 ,:]e=e x 0 suitable = ! woman to be made out ( man1 z out ( h] pr9ciple4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is a sacram5tal reason = ?is4 ,= by ?is is signifi$ t ! ,*ur* takes h] orig9 f ,*ri/4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3cb73 ,?is is a great sacram5t2 b ,i speak 9 ,*ri/ & 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a is cle> f ! =ego+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,matt] is t f :i* some?+ is made4 ,n[ creat$ nature has a det]m9ate pr9ciple2 & s9ce x is det]m9$ to "o ?+1 x has also a det]m9ate mode ( proce$+4 ,:]e=e f det]m9ate matt] x produces some?+ 9 a det]m9ate species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,div9e ,p[]1 be+ inf9ite1 c produce ?+s ( ! same species out ( any matt]1 su* z a man f ! slime ( ! e>?1 & a woman f out ( man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a c]ta9 aff9ity arises f natural g5]ation1 & ?is is an imp$im5t to matrimony4 ,woman1 h[ev]1 0 n produc$ f man by natural g5]ation1 b by ! ,div9e ,p[] alone4 ,:]e=e ,eve is n call$ ! daught] ( ,adam2 & s ?is argum5t does n prove4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,woman ,0 ,fitt+ly ,made f ! ,rib ( ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! woman %\ld n h be5 =m$ f ! rib ( man4 ,= ! rib 0 mu* small] ?an ! woman's body4 ,n[ f a small] ?+ a l>g] ?+ c be made only--ei!r by addition 7& !n ! woman ought to h be5 describ$ z made out ( t :i* 0 add$1 r ?an out ( ! rib itself7--or by r>efaction1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 x73 ,a body _c increase 9 bulk except by r>efaction4 ,b ! woman's body is n m r>efi$ ?an man's--at lea/1 n 9 ! proportion ( a rib to ,eve's body4 ,!re=e ,eve 0 n =m$ f a rib ( ,adam4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ^? ?+s :i* 7 fir/ creat$ !re 0 no?+ sup]flu\s4 ,!re=e a rib ( ,adam belong$ to ! integrity ( 8 body4 ,s1 if a rib 0 remov$1 8 body rema9$ imp]fect2 :i* is unreasonable to suppose4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a rib _c be remov$ f man )\t pa94 ,b !re 0 no pa9 be=e s94 ,!re=e x 0 n "r = a rib to be tak5 f ! man1 t ,eve might be made f x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3bb73 ,god built ! rib1 :i* ,he took f ,adam1 into a woman4 ,i answ] t1 ,x 0 "r = ! woman to be made f a rib ( man4 ,fir/1 to signify ! social union ( man & woman1 = ! woman %\ld nei!r use au?ority ov] man1 & s %e 0 n made f 8 head2 nor 0 x "r = h] to be subject to man's contempt z 8 slave1 & s %e 0 n made f 8 feet4 ,secondly1 = ! sacram5tal signification2 = f ! side ( ,*ri/ sleep+ on ! ,cross ! ,sacram5ts fl[$--namely1 blood & wat]--on :i* ! ,*ur* 0 e/abli%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s say t ! woman's body 0 =m$ by a mat]ial increase1 )\t any?+ be+ add$2 9 ! same way z our ,"l multipli$ ! five loaves4 ,b ?is is q impossible4 ,= su* an increase ( matt] w\ld ei!r be by a *ange ( ! v sub/ance ( ! matt] itself1 or by a *ange ( its dim5sions4 ,n by *ange ( ! sub/ance ( ! matt]1 bo? because matt]1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is q un*angeable1 s9ce x has a pot5tial exi/5ce1 & has no?+ b ! nature ( a subject1 & because quantity & size are extrane\s to ! ess5ce ( matt] itself4 ,:]e=e multiplication ( matt] is q un9telligible1 z long z ! matt] itself rema9s ! same )\t any?+ add$ to x2 unless x receives great] dim5sions4 ,?is implies r>efaction1 :i* is = ! same matt] to receive great] dim5sions1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 iv74 ,to say1 !re=e1 t ! same matt] is enl>g$1 )\t be+ r>efi$1 is to comb9e contradictories--viz4 ! def9ition ) ! abs5ce ( ! ?+ def9$4 ,:]e=e1 z no r>efaction is app>5t 9 su* multiplication ( matt]1 we mu/ admit an addition ( matt]3 ei!r by creation1 or :i* is m probable1 by conv]sion4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxiv 9 ,joan47 t ,*ri/ fill$ five ?\s& m5 ) five loaves1 9 ! same way z f a few se$s ,he produces ! h>ve/ ( corn--t is1 by trans=mation ( ! n\ri%m5t4 ,nev]!less1 we say t ! cr[ds 7 f$ ) five loaves1 or t woman 0 made f ! rib1 because an addition 0 made to ! already exi/+ matt] ( ! loaves & ( ! rib4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! rib belong$ to ! integral p]fection ( ,adam1 n z an individual1 b z ! pr9ciple ( ! human race2 j z ! sem5 belongs to ! p]fection ( ! begett]1 & is releas$ by a natural & pleasurable op]ation4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 0 x possible t by ! ,div9e p[] ! body ( ! woman %\ld be produc$ f ! man's rib4 ,f ?is x is cle> h[ to answ] ! ?ird objection4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,woman ,0 ,=m$ ,imm$iately by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! woman 0 n =m$ imm$iately by ,god4 ,= no individual is produc$ imm$iately by ,god f ano!r individual alike 9 species4 ,b ! woman 0 made f a man :o is ( ! same species4 ,!re=e %e 0 n made imm$iately by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d7 says t corporeal ?+s are gov]n$ by ,god ?r\gh ! angels4 ,b ! woman's body 0 =m$ f corporeal matt]4 ,!re=e x 0 made ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! angels1 & n imm$iately by ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* pre-exi/ 9 creatures z to _! causal virtues are produc$ by ! p[] ( "s creature1 & n imm$iately by ,god4 ,b ! woman's body 0 produc$ 9 its causal virtues among ! fir/ creat$ works1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ix1 #ae74 ,!re=e x 0 n produc$ imm$iately by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says1 9 ! same "w3 ,god alone1 to ,:om all nature owes its exi/5ce1 c\ld =m or build up ! woman f ! man's rib4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b71 ! natural g5]ation ( e species is f "s det]m9ate matt]4 ,n[ ! matt] :5ce man is naturally begott5 is ! human sem5 ( man or woman4 ,:]e=e f any o!r matt] an individual ( ! human species _c naturally be g5]at$4 ,n[ ,god alone1 ! ,au?or ( nature1 c produce an effect into exi/5ce outside ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,!re=e ,god alone c\ld produce ei!r a man f ! slime ( ! e>?1 or a woman f ! rib ( man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is v]ifi$ :5 an individual is begott51 by natural g5]ation1 f t :i* is l x 9 ! same species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ix1 #ae71 we d n "k :e!r ! angels 7 employ$ by ,god 9 ! =mation ( ! woman2 b x is c]ta9 t1 z ! body ( man 0 n =m$ by ! angels f ! slime ( ! e>?1 s nei!r 0 ! body ( ! woman =m$ by !m f ! man's rib4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ix1 #ah73 ,! fir/ creation ( ?+s did n dem& t woman %\ld be made ?us2 x made x possible = h] to be ?us made4 ,!re=e ! body ( ! woman did inde$ pre-exi/ 9 ^! causal virtues1 9 ! ?+s fir/ creat$2 n z reg>ds active pot5tiality1 b z reg>ds a pot5tiality passive 9 relation to ! active pot5tiality ( ! ,creator4 ,,"q #ic ,,! ,,end ,,or ,,t]m ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,man 7,9 ,n9e ,articles7 ,we n[ treat ( ! end or t]m ( man's production1 inasmu* z he is said to be made to ! image & lik5ess ( ,god4 ,!re are "u ?is head n9e po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 man8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 irrational creatures8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 ! angels m ?an 9 man8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 e man8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 man by comp>ison ) ! ,ess5ce1 or ) all ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 or ) "o ( !m8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 man1 z to 8 m9d only8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 man's p[] or 9 8 habits & acts8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! image ( ,god is 9 man by comp>ison ) e object8 7#i7 ,( ! diff]5ce betwe5 image & lik5ess4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,image ( ,god ,is 9 ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! image ( ,god is n 9 man4 ,= x is writt5 7,isa4 #dj3ah73 ,to :om h y lik5$ ,god8 or :at image w y make = ,him8 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to be ! image ( ,god is ! prop]ty ( ! ,fir/-,begott51 ( ,:om ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #a3ae73 ,:o is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! ,fir/-,born ( e creature4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god is n to be f\nd 9 man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,synod 99,sup] i c4 ,synod4 ,ancyr47 t an image is ( ! same species z t :i* x repres5ts2 & he also says t an image is ! undivid$ & unit$ lik5ess ( "o ?+ adequately repres5t+ ano!r4 ,b !re is no species common to bo? ,god & man2 nor c !re be a comp>ison ( equality betwe5 ,god & man4 ,!re=e !re c be no image ( ,god 9 man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bf73 ,let ,u make man to ,our own image & lik5ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #gd73 ,:]e an image exi/s1 !re =?) is lik5ess2 b :]e !re is lik5ess1 !re is n necess>ily an image4 ,h5ce x is cle> t lik5ess is ess5tial to an image2 & t an image adds some?+ to lik5ess--namely1 t x is copi$ f some?+ else4 ,= an image is s call$ because x is produc$ z an imitation ( some?+ else2 :]e=e1 = in/ance1 an egg1 h[ev] mu* l & equal to ano!r egg1 is n call$ an image ( ! o!r egg1 because x is n copi$ f x4 ,b equality does n belong to ! ess5ce ( an image2 = z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #gd73 ,:]e !re is an image !re is n necess>ily equality1 z we see 9 a p]son's image reflect$ 9 a glass4 ,yet ?is is ( ! ess5ce ( a p]fect image2 = 9 a p]fect image no?+ is want+ t is to be f\nd 9 t ( :i* x is a copy4 ,n[ x is manife/ t 9 man !re is "s lik5ess to ,god1 copi$ f ,god z f an exempl>2 yet ?is lik5ess is n "o ( equality1 = su* an exempl> inf9itely excels its copy4 ,!re=e !re is 9 man a lik5ess to ,god2 n1 inde$1 a p]fect lik5ess1 b imp]fect4 ,& ,scripture implies ! same :5 x says t man 0 made to ,god's lik5ess2 = ! preposition to signifies a c]ta9 approa*1 z ( some?+ at a di/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,prophet speaks ( bodily images made by man4 ,!re=e he says po9t$ly3 ,:at image w y make = ,him8 ,b ,god made a spiritual image to ,himself 9 man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,fir/-,born ( creatures is ! p]fect ,image ( ,god1 reflect+ p]fectly t ( :i* ,he is ! ,image1 & s ,he is said to be ! ,image1 & nev] to ! image4 ,b man is said to be bo? image by reason ( ! lik5ess2 & to ! image by reason ( ! imp]fect lik5ess4 ,& s9ce ! p]fect lik5ess to ,god _c be except 9 an id5tical nature1 ! ,image ( ,god exi/s 9 ,8 fir/-born ,son2 z ! image ( ! k+ is 9 8 son1 :o is ( ! same nature z himself3 :]eas x exi/s 9 man z 9 an ali5 nature1 z ! image ( ! k+ is 9 a silv] co91 z ,augu/9e says expla9s 9 ,de decem ,*ordis 7,s]m4 ix1 al1 xcvi1 ,de ,tempore74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z unity means abs5ce ( division1 a species is said to be ! same z f> z x is "o4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be "o n only num]ically1 specifically1 or g5]ically1 b also accord+ to a c]ta9 analogy or proportion4 ,9 ?is s5se a creature is "o ) ,god1 or l to ,him2 b :5 ,hil>y says ( a ?+ :i* adequately repres5ts ano!r1 ?is is to be und]/ood ( a p]fect image4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,image ( ,god ,is to ,be ,f\nd 9 ,irrational ,creatures8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! image ( ,god is to be f\nd 9 irrational creatures4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii73 ,effects are cont+5t images ( _! causes4 ,b ,god is ! cause n only ( rational1 b also ( irrational creatures4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god is to be f\nd 9 irrational creatures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m di/9ct a lik5ess is1 ! ne>] x approa*es to ! nature ( an image4 ,b ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! sol> ray has a v great similitude to ! ,div9e goodness4 ,!re=e x is made to ! image ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m p]fect any?+ is 9 goodness1 ! m x is l ,god4 ,b ! :ole univ]se is m p]fect 9 goodness ?an man2 = ?\gh ea* individual ?+ is good1 all ?+s toge!r are call$ v good 7,g54 #a3ca74 ,!re=e ! :ole univ]se is to ! image ( ,god1 & n only man4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 iii7 says ( ,god3 ,hold+ ! _w 9 ,8 m9d1 & =m+ x into ,8 image4 ,!re=e ! :ole _w is to ! image ( ,god1 & n only ! rational creature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 vi1 #ab73 ,man's excell5ce consi/s 9 ! fact t ,god made him to ,8 own image by giv+ him an intellectual s\l1 :i* raises him above ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,!re=e ?+s )\t intellect are n made to ,god's image4 ,i answ] t1 ,n e lik5ess1 n ev5 :at is copi$ f some?+ else1 is suffici5t to make an image2 = if ! lik5ess be only g5]ic1 or exi/+ by virtue ( "s common accid5t1 ?is does n suffice = "o ?+ to be ! image ( ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 a worm1 ?\gh f man x may orig9ate1 _c be call$ man's image1 m]ely because ( ! g5]ic lik5ess4 ,nor1 if any?+ is made :ite l some?+ else1 c we say t x is ! image ( t ?+2 = :it5ess is an accid5t belong+ to _m species4 ,b ! nature ( an image requires lik5ess 9 species2 ?us ! image ( ! k+ exi/s 9 8 son3 or1 at lea/1 9 "s specific accid5t1 & *iefly 9 ! %ape2 ?us1 we speak ( a man's image 9 copp]4 ,:5ce ,hil>y says po9t$ly t an image is ( ! same species4 ,n[ x is manife/ t specific lik5ess foll[s ! ultimate diff]5ce4 ,b "s ?+s are l to ,god fir/ & mo/ commonly because !y exi/2 secondly1 because !y live2 & ?irdly because !y "k or und]/&2 & ^! la/1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ea7 approa* s ne> to ,god 9 lik5ess1 t among all creatures no?+ comes ne>] to ,him4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t intellectual creatures alone1 prop]ly speak+1 are made to ,god's image4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev]y?+ imp]fect is a p>ticipation ( :at is p]fect4 ,!re=e ev5 :at falls %ort ( ! nature ( an image1 s f> z x possesses any sort ( lik5ess to ,god1 p>ticipates 9 "s degree ! nature ( an image4 ,s ,dionysius says t effects are cont+5t images ( _! causes2 t is1 z mu* z !y happ5 7cont+it7 to be s1 b n absolutely4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,dionysius comp>es ! sol> ray to ,div9e goodness1 z reg>ds its causality2 n z reg>ds its natural dignity :i* is involv$ 9 ! idea ( an image4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! univ]se is m p]fect 9 goodness ?an ! intellectual creature z reg>ds ext5sion & diffusion2 b int5sively & collectively ! lik5ess to ! ,div9e goodness is f\nd r 9 ! intellectual creature1 :i* has a capacity = ! highe/ good4 ,or else we may say t a "p is n rightly divid$ aga9/ ! :ole1 b only aga9/ ano!r "p4 ,:]e=e1 :5 we say t ! intellectual nature alone is to ! image ( ,god1 we d n mean t ! univ]se 9 any "p is n to ,god's image1 b t ! o!r p>ts are exclud$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,boe?ius "h uses ! ^w image to express ! lik5ess :i* ! product ( an art be>s to ! arti/ic species 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,?us e creature is an image ( ! exempl> type !re( 9 ! ,div9e m9d4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 us+ ! ^w image 9 ?is s5se2 b z x implies a lik5ess 9 nature1 t is1 inasmu* z all ?+s1 z be+1 are l to ! ,fir/ ,be+2 z liv+1 l to ! ,fir/ ,life2 & z intellig5t1 l to ! ,supreme ,wisdom4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,angels ,are ,m to ! ,image ( ,god ,?an ,man ,is8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels are n m to ! image ( ,god ?an man is4 ,= ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon de ,imag9e xliii 7de v]bis ,apo/4 xxvii7 t ,god grant$ to no o!r creature besides man to be to ,8 image4 ,!re=e x is n true to say t ! angels are m ?an man to ! image ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ea71 man is s mu* to ,god's image t ,god did n make any creature to be betwe5 ,him & man3 & !re=e no?+ is m ak9 to ,him4 ,b a creature is call$ ,god's image s f> z x is ak9 to ,god4 ,!re=e ! angels are n m to ! image ( ,god ?an man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a creature is said to be to ,god's image s f> z x is ( an intellectual nature4 ,b ! intellectual nature does n admit ( int5sity or remissness2 = x is n an accid5tal ?+1 s9ce x is a sub/ance4 ,!re=e ! angels are n m to ! image ( ,god ?an man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 9 ,evang4 xxxiv73 ,! angel is call$ a seal ( resemblance 7,eze*4 #bh3ab7 because 9 him ! resemblance ( ! ,div9e image is wr\ght ) great] expression4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ( ,god's image 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 we may consid] 9 x t 9 :i* ! image *iefly consi/s1 t is1 ! intellectual nature4 ,?us ! image ( ,god is m p]fect 9 ! angels ?an 9 man1 because _! intellectual nature is m p]fect1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #h74 ,secondly1 we may consid] ! image ( ,god 9 man z reg>ds its accid5tal qualities1 s f> z to obs]ve 9 man a c]ta9 imitation ( ,god1 consi/+ 9 ! fact t man proce$s f man1 z ,god f ,god2 & also 9 ! fact t ! :ole human s\l is 9 ! :ole body1 & aga91 9 e "p1 z ,god is 9 reg>d to ! :ole _w4 ,9 ^! & ! l ?+s ! image ( ,god is m p]fect 9 man ?an x is 9 ! angels4 ,b ^! d n ( !mselves belong to ! nature ( ! ,div9e image 9 man1 unless we presuppose ! fir/ lik5ess1 :i* is 9 ! intellectual nature2 o!rwise ev5 brute animals w\ld be to ,god's image4 ,!re=e1 z 9 _! intellectual nature1 ! angels are m to ! image ( ,god ?an man is1 we mu/ grant t1 absolutely speak+1 ! angels are m to ! image ( ,god ?an man is1 b t 9 "s respects man is m l to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e excludes ! inf]ior creatures b]eft ( reason f ! image ( ,god2 b n ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z fire is said to be specifically ! mo/ subtle ( bodies1 :ile1 nev]!less1 "o k9d ( fire is m subtle ?an ano!r2 s we say t no?+ is m l to ,god ?an ! human s\l 9 its g5]ic & intellectual nature1 because z ,augu/9e _h said previ\sly1 ?+s :i* h k1 are s ne> to ,him 9 lik5ess t ( all creatures none are ne>]4 ,:]e=e ?is does n mean t ! angels are n m to ,god's image4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 we say t sub/ance does n admit ( m or less1 we d n mean t "o species ( sub/ance is n m p]fect ?an ano!r2 b t "o & ! same individual does n p>ticipate 9 its specific nature at "o "t m ?an at ano!r2 nor d we mean t a species ( sub/ance is %>$ among diff]5t individuals 9 a great] or less] degree4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,image ( ,god ,is ,f\nd 9 ,e ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! image ( ,god is n f\nd 9 e man4 ,= ! ,apo/le says t man is ! image ( ,god1 b woman is ! image ,vulg4 glory ( man 7#a ,cor4 #aa3g74 ,!re=e1 z woman is an individual ( ! human species1 x is cle> t e individual is n an image ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3bi73 ,:om ,god =eknew1 ,he also pr$e/9$ to be made con=mable to ! image ( ,8 ,son4 ,b all m5 are n pr$e/9$4 ,!re=e all m5 h n ! con=mity ( image4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 lik5ess belongs to ! nature ( ! image1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #a74 ,b by s9 man becomes unlike ,god4 ,!re=e he loses ! image ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ch3g73 ,surely man passe? z an image4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce man is said to be ! image ( ,god by reason ( 8 intellectual nature1 he is ! mo/ p]fectly l ,god accord+ to t 9 :i* he c be/ imitate ,god 9 8 intellectual nature4 ,n[ ! intellectual nature imitates ,god *iefly 9 ?is1 t ,god und]/&s & loves ,himself4 ,:]e=e we see t ! image ( ,god is 9 man 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 inasmu* z man possesses a natural aptitude = und]/&+ & lov+ ,god2 & ?is aptitude consi/s 9 ! v nature ( ! m9d1 :i* is common to all m54 ,secondly1 inasmu* z man actually & habitually kn[s & loves ,god1 ?\gh imp]fectly2 & ?is image consi/s 9 ! con=mity ( grace4 ,?irdly1 inasmu* z man kn[s & loves ,god p]fectly2 & ?is image consi/s 9 ! lik5ess ( glory4 ,:]e=e on ! words1 ,! light ( ,?y c\nt5ance1 ,o ,"l1 is sign$ ^u u 7,ps4 #d3g71 ! gloss di/+ui%es a ?reefold image ( creation1 ( re-creation1 & ( lik5ess4 ,! fir/ is f\nd 9 all m51 ! second only 9 ! j1 ! ?ird only 9 ! bless$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! image ( ,god1 9 its pr9cipal signification1 namely ! intellectual nature1 is f\nd bo? 9 man & 9 woman4 ,h5ce aft] ! words1 ,to ! image ( ,god ,he creat$ him1 x is add$1 ,male & female ,he creat$ !m 7,g54 #a3bg74 ,moreov] x is said !m 9 ! plural1 z ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 iii1 #bb7 rem>ks1 le/ x %\ld be ?\ght t bo? sexes 7 unit$ 9 "o individual4 ,b 9 a second>y s5se ! image ( ,god is f\nd 9 man1 & n 9 woman3 = man is ! beg9n+ & end ( woman2 z ,god is ! beg9n+ & end ( e creature4 ,s :5 ! ,apo/le _h said t man is ! image & glory ( ,god1 b woman is ! glory ( man1 he adds 8 reason = say+ ?is3 ,= man is n ( woman1 b woman ( man2 & man 0 n creat$ = woman1 b woman = man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b & #c3 ,^! reasons ref] to ! image consi/+ 9 ! con=mity ( grace & glory4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,image ( ,god ,is 9 ,man ,accord+ to ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! image ( ,god does n exi/ 9 man z to ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,fulg5tius ,de ,fide ad ,petrum i73 ,"o 9 ess5ce is ! ,godhead ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity2 & "o is ! image to :i* man 0 made4 ,& ,hil>y 7,de ,tr94 v7 says3 ,man is made to ! image ( t :i* is common 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god 9 man is ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 & n ( ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is said 7,de ,eccl4 ,dogmat47 t ! image ( ,god 9 man is to be ref]r$ to et]nity4 ,damasc5e also says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 t ! image ( ,god 9 man belongs to him z an intellig5t be+ end[$ ) free-w & self-movem5t4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,de ,hom94 ,opificio xvi7 also ass]ts t1 :5 ,scripture says t man 0 made to ! image ( ,god1 x means t human nature 0 made a p>ticipator ( all good3 = ! ,godhead is ! fulness ( goodness4 ,n[ all ^! ?+s belong m to ! unity ( ! ,ess5ce ?an to ! di/9ction ( ! ,p]sons4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god 9 man reg>ds1 n ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons1 b ! unity ( ! ,ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an image leads to ! k ( t ( :i* x is ! image4 ,!re=e1 if !re is 9 man ! image ( ,god z to ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons2 s9ce man c "k himself by 8 natural reason1 x foll[s t by 8 natural k man c\ld "k ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons2 :i* is untrue1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a74 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! "n ( ,image is n applicable to any ( ! ,?ree ,p]sons1 b only to ! ,son2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #b7 t ! ,son alone is ! image ( ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e1 if 9 man !re 7 an image ( ,god z reg>ds ! ,p]son1 ?is w\ld n be an image ( ! ,tr9ity1 b only ( ! ,son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hil>y says 7,de ,tr94 iv73 ,! plurality ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons is prov$ f ! fact t man is said to h be5 made to ! image ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 z we h se5 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #b71 ! di/9ction ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons is only accord+ to orig91 or1 r1 relations ( orig94 ,n[ ! mode ( orig9 is n ! same 9 all ?+s1 b 9 ea* ?+ is adapt$ to ! nature !re(2 animat$ ?+s be+ produc$ 9 "o way1 & inanimate 9 ano!r2 animals 9 "o way1 & plants 9 ano!r4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t ! di/9ction ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons is suitable to ! ,div9e ,nature2 & !re=e to be to ! image ( ,god by imitation ( ! ,div9e ,nature does n exclude be+ to ! same image by ! repres5tation ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons3 b r "o foll[s f ! o!r4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 say t 9 man !re exi/s ! image ( ,god1 bo? z reg>ds ! ,div9e ,nature & z reg>ds ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons2 = also 9 ,god ,himself !re is "o ,nature 9 ,?ree ,p]sons4 ,?us x is cle> h[ to solve ! fir/ two objections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t w\ld avail if ! image ( ,god 9 man repres5t$ ,god 9 a p]fect mann]4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #f71 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! tr9ity )9 ourselves & ! ,div9e ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e1 z he !re says3 ,we see1 r ?an believe1 ! tr9ity :i* is 9 ourselves2 :]eas we believe r ?an see t ,god is ,tr9ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"s h said t 9 man !re is an image ( ! ,son only4 ,augu/9e rejects ?is op9ion 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #e1f74 ,fir/1 because z ! ,son is l to ! ,fa!r by a lik5ess ( ess5ce1 x w\ld foll[ ( necessity if man 7 made 9 lik5ess to ! ,son1 t he is made to ! lik5ess ( ! ,fa!r4 ,secondly1 because if man 7 made only to ! image ( ! ,son1 ! ,fa!r w\ld n h said1 ,let ,u make man to ,our own image & lik5ess2 b to ,?y image4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is writt51 ,he made him to ! image ( ,god1 ! s5se is n t ! ,fa!r made man to ! image ( ! ,son only1 ,:o is ,god1 z "s expla9$ x1 b t ! ,div9e ,tr9ity made man to ,its image1 t is1 ( ! :ole ,tr9ity4 ,:5 x is said t ,god made man to ,8 image1 ?is c be und]/ood 9 two ways3 fir/1 s t ?is preposition to po9ts to ! t]m ( ! mak+1 & !n ! s5se is1 ,let ,u make man 9 su* a way t ,our image may be 9 him4 ,secondly1 ?is preposition 'to' may po9t to ! exempl> cause1 z :5 we say1 ,?is book is made 7l7 to t "o4 ,?us ! image ( ,god is ! v ,ess5ce ( ,god1 ,:i* is incorrectly call$ an image =asmu* z image is put = ! exempl>4 ,or1 z "s say1 ! ,div9e ,ess5ce is call$ an image because !reby "o ,p]son imitates ano!r4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,image ( ,god ,is 9 ,man ,z ,reg>ds ! ,m9d ,only8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! image ( ,god is n only 9 man's m9d4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aa3g7 t ! man is ! image 4 4 4 ( ,god4 ,b man is n only m9d4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god is to be obs]v$ n only 9 8 m9d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bg73 ,god creat$ man to ,8 own image2 to ! image ( ,god ,he creat$ him2 male & female ,he creat$ !m4 ,b ! di/9ction ( male & female is 9 ! body4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god is also 9 ! body1 & n only 9 ! m9d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an image seems to apply pr9cipally to ! %ape ( a ?+4 ,b %ape belongs to ! body4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god is to be se5 9 man's body also1 & n 9 8 m9d4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #g1bd7 !re is a ?reefold vision 9 u1 corporeal1 spiritual1 or imag9>y1 & intellectual4 ,!re=e1 if 9 ! intellectual vision t belongs to ! m9d !re exi/s 9 u a tr9ity by reason ( :i* we are made to ! image ( ,god1 = ! l reason !re mu/ be ano!r tr9ity 9 ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #d3bc1bd73 ,be r5ew$ 9 ! _s ( y\r m9d1 & put on ! new man4 ,:5ce we are giv5 to und]/& t our r5ewal :i* consi/s 9 putt+ on ! new man1 belongs to ! m9d4 ,n[1 he says 7,col4 #c3aj73 ,putt+ on ! new man2 him :o is r5ew$ unto k ( ,god1 accord+ to ! image ( ,him t creat$ him1 :]e ! r5ewal :i* consi/s 9 putt+ on ! new man is ascrib$ to ! image ( ,god4 ,!re=e to be to ! image ( ,god belongs to ! m9d only4 ,i answ] t1 ,:ile 9 all creatures !re is "s k9d ( lik5ess to ,god1 9 ! rational creature alone we f9d a lik5ess ( image z we h expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #a1b72 :]eas 9 o!r creatures we f9d a lik5ess by way ( a trace4 ,n[ ! intellect or m9d is t :]eby ! rational creature excels o!r creatures2 :]e=e ?is image ( ,god is n f\nd ev5 9 ! rational creature except 9 ! m9d2 :ile 9 ! o!r p>ts1 :i* ! rational creature may happ5 to possess1 we f9d ! lik5ess ( a trace1 z 9 o!r creatures to :i*1 9 ref]5ce to su* p>ts1 ! rational creature c be lik5$4 ,we may easily und]/& ! reason ( ?is if we consid] ! way 9 :i* a trace1 & ! way 9 :i* an image1 repres5ts any?+4 ,an image repres5ts some?+ by lik5ess 9 species1 z we h said2 :ile a trace repres5ts some?+ by way ( an effect1 :i* repres5ts ! cause 9 su* a way z n to atta9 to ! lik5ess ( species4 ,= impr9ts :i* are left by ! movem5ts ( animals are call$ traces3 s also a%es are a trace ( fire1 & desolation ( ! l& a trace ( a ho/ile army4 ,!re=e we may obs]ve ?is diff]5ce betwe5 rational creatures & o!rs1 bo? z to ! repres5tation ( ! lik5ess ( ! ,div9e ,nature 9 creatures1 & z to ! repres5tation 9 !m ( ! uncreat$ ,tr9ity4 ,= z to ! lik5ess ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 rational creatures seem to atta91 aft] a fa%ion1 to ! repres5tation ( ! species1 inasmu* z !y imitate ,god1 n only 9 be+ & life1 b also 9 intellig5ce1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #b72 :]eas o!r creatures d n und]/&1 al?\gh we obs]ve 9 !m a c]ta9 trace ( ! ,intellect t creat$ !m1 if we consid] _! disposition4 ,likewise z ! uncreat$ ,tr9ity is di/+ui%$ by ! procession ( ! ,^w f ! ,speak]1 & ( ,love f bo? ( ^!1 z we h se5 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #c72 s we may say t 9 rational creatures :]e9 we f9d a procession ( ! ^w 9 ! intellect1 & a procession ( ! love 9 ! w1 !re exi/s an image ( ! uncreat$ ,tr9ity1 by a c]ta9 repres5tation ( ! species4 ,9 o!r creatures1 h[ev]1 we d n f9d ! pr9ciple ( ! ^w1 & ! ^w & love2 b we d see 9 !m a c]ta9 trace ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! 9 ! ,cause t produc$ !m4 ,= 9 ! fact t a creature has a modifi$ & f9ite nature1 proves t x proce$s f a pr9ciple2 :ile its species po9ts to ! 7m5tal7 ^w ( ! mak]1 j z ! %ape ( a h\se po9ts to ! idea ( ! ar*itect2 & ord] po9ts to ! mak]'s love by reason ( :i* he directs ! effect to a good end2 z also ! use ( ! h\se po9ts to ! w ( ! ar*itect4 ,s we f9d 9 man a lik5ess to ,god by way ( an image 9 8 m9d2 b 9 ! o!r p>ts ( 8 be+ by way ( a trace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man is call$ to ! image ( ,god2 n t he is ess5tially an image2 b t ! image ( ,god is impress$ on 8 m9d2 z a co9 is an image ( ! k+1 z hav+ ! image ( ! k+4 ,:]e=e !re is no ne$ to consid] ! image ( ,god z exi/+ 9 e "p ( man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #e71 "s h ?\ght t ! image ( ,god 0 n 9 man individually1 b sev]ally4 ,!y held t ! man repres5ts ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r2 ^? born ( man d5ote ! p]son ( ! ,son2 & t ! woman is a ?ird p]son 9 lik5ess to ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce %e s proce$$ f man z n to be 8 son or daught]4 ,all ( ?is is manife/ly absurd2 fir/1 because x w\ld foll[ t ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,son1 z ! woman is ! pr9ciple ( ! man's (fspr+2 secondly1 because "o man w\ld be only ! image ( "o ,p]son2 ?irdly1 because 9 t case ,scripture %\ld n h m5tion$ ! image ( ,god 9 man until aft] ! bir? ( ! (fspr+4 ,!re=e we mu/ und]/& t :5 ,scripture _h said1 to ! image ( ,god ,he creat$ him1 x add$1 male & female ,he creat$ !m1 n to imply t ! image ( ,god came ?r\gh ! di/9ction ( sex1 b t ! image ( ,god belongs to bo? sexes1 s9ce x is 9 ! m9d1 :]e9 !re is no sexual di/9ction4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le 7,col4 #c3aj71 aft] say+1 ,accord+ to ! image ( ,him t creat$ him1 add$1 ,:]e !re is nei!r male nor female 99^! words are 9 reality f ,gal4 #c3bh 7,vulg4 nei!r ,g5tile nor ,jew74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! image ( ,god 9 man is n to be f\nd 9 8 bodily %ape1 yet because ! body ( man alone among t]re/rial animals is n incl9$ prone to ! gr\nd1 b is adapt$ to look upw>d to heav51 = ?is reason we may rightly say t x is made to ,god's image & lik5ess1 r ?an ! bodies ( o!r animals1 z ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ea74 ,b ?is is n to be und]/ood z ?\gh ! image ( ,god 7 9 man's body2 b 9 ! s5se t ! v %ape ( ! human body repres5ts ! image ( ,god 9 ! s\l by way ( a trace4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,bo? 9 ! corporeal & 9 ! imag9>y vision we may f9d a tr9ity1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xi1 #b74 ,= 9 corporeal vision !re is fir/ ! species ( ! ext]ior body2 secondly1 ! act ( vision1 :i* occurs by ! impression on ! sight ( a c]ta9 lik5ess ( ! said species2 ?irdly1 ! int5tion ( ! w apply+ ! sight to see1 & to re/ on :at is se54 ,likewise1 9 ! imag9>y vision we f9d fir/ ! species kept 9 ! memory2 secondly1 ! vision itself1 :i* is caus$ by ! p5etrative p[] ( ! s\l1 t is1 ! faculty ( imag9ation1 in=m$ by ! species2 & ?irdly1 we f9d ! int5tion ( ! w jo9+ bo? toge!r4 ,b ea* ( ^! tr9ities falls %ort ( ! ,div9e image4 ,= ! species ( ! ext]nal body is extr9sic to ! ess5ce ( ! s\l2 :ile ! species 9 ! memory1 ?\gh n extr9sic to ! s\l1 is adv5titi\s to x2 & ?us 9 bo? cases ! species falls %ort ( repres5t+ ! connaturality & co-et]nity ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons4 ,! corporeal vision1 too1 does n proce$ only f ! species ( ! ext]nal body1 b f ?is1 & at ! same "t f ! s5se ( ! se]2 9 l mann] imag9>y vision is n f ! species only :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! memory1 b also f ! imag9ation4 ,= ^! reasons ! procession ( ! ,son f ! ,fa!r alone is n suitably repres5t$4 ,la/ly ! int5tion ( ! w jo9+ ! two toge!r1 does n proce$ f !m ei!r 9 corporeal or spiritual vision4 ,:]e=e ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/ f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son is n ?us prop]ly repres5t$4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,image ( ,god ,is to ,be ,f\nd 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! image ( ,god is n f\nd 9 ! acts ( ! s\l4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #bf71 t man 0 made to ,god's image1 inasmu* z we exi/ & "k t we exi/1 & love ?is exi/5ce & k4 ,b to exi/ does n signify an act4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god is n to be f\nd 9 ! s\l's acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #d7 assigns ,god's image 9 ! s\l to ^! ?ree ?+s--m9d1 k1 & love4 ,b m9d does n signify an act1 b r ! p[] or ! ess5ce ( ! intellectual s\l4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god does n ext5d to ! acts ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 x1 #aa7 assigns ! image ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ! s\l to memory1 und]/&+1 & w4 ,b ^! ?ree are natural p[]s ( ! s\l1 z ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces says 7#a ,s5t4 ,d iii74 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god is 9 ! p[]s1 & does n ext5d to ! acts ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! image ( ! ,tr9ity always rema9s 9 ! s\l4 ,b an act does n always rema94 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god does n ext5d to ! acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xi1 #b seqq47 assigns ! tr9ity 9 ! l[] "p ( ! s\l1 9 relation to ! actual vision1 :e!r s5sible or imag9ative4 ,!re=e1 also1 ! tr9ity 9 ! m9d1 by reason ( :i* man is l to ,god's image1 mu/ be ref]r$ to actual vision4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above expla9$ 7,a4 #b71 a c]ta9 repres5tation ( ! species belongs to ! nature ( an image4 ,h5ce1 if ! image ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity is to be f\nd 9 ! s\l1 we mu/ look = x :]e ! s\l approa*es ! ne>e/ to a repres5tation ( ! species ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons4 ,n[ ! ,div9e ,p]sons are di/9ct f ea* o!r by reason ( ! procession ( ! ,^w f ! ,speak]1 & ! procession ( ,love connect+ ,bo?4 ,b 9 our s\l ^w _c exi/ )\t actual ?\ght1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #g74 ,!re=e1 fir/ & *iefly1 ! image ( ! ,tr9ity is to be f\nd 9 ! acts ( ! s\l1 t is1 inasmu* z f ! k :i* we possess1 by actual ?\ght we =m an int]nal ^w2 & !nce break =? into love4 ,b1 s9ce ! pr9ciples ( acts are ! habits & p[]s1 & ev]y?+ exi/s virtually 9 its pr9ciple1 !re=e1 second>ily & consequ5tly1 ! image ( ! ,tr9ity may be consid]$ z exi/+ 9 ! p[]s1 & /ill m 9 ! habits1 =asmu* z ! acts virtually exi/ !re94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our be+ be>s ! image ( ,god s f> z x is prop] to u1 & excels t ( ! o!r animals1 t is to say1 9 s f> z we are end[$ ) a m9d4 ,!re=e1 ?is tr9ity is ! same z t :i* ,augu/9e m5tions 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #d71 & :i* consi/s 9 m9d1 k1 & love4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e obs]v$ ?is tr9ity1 fir/1 z exi/+ 9 ! m9d4 ,b because ! m9d1 ?\gh x kn[s itself entirely 9 a c]ta9 degree1 yet also 9 a way does n "k itself--namely1 z be+ di/9ct f o!rs 7& ?us also x se>*es itself1 z ,augu/9e subsequ5tly proves--,de ,tr94 x1 #c1d72 !re=e1 z ?\gh k 7 n 9 equal proportion to m9d1 he takes ?ree ?+s 9 ! s\l :i* are prop] to ! m9d1 namely1 memory1 und]/&+1 & w2 :i* ev]yone is consci\s ( possess+2 & assigns ! image ( ! ,tr9ity pre-em95tly to ^! ?ree1 z ?\gh ! fir/ assignation 7 9 "p defici5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #g71 we may be said to und]/&1 w1 & to love c]ta9 ?+s1 bo? :5 we actually consid] !m1 & :5 we d n ?9k ( !m4 ,:5 !y are n "u our actual consid]ation1 !y are objects ( our memory only1 :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 is no?+ else ?an habitual ret5tion ( k & love 99,cf4 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #g1 ad #a4 ,b s9ce1 z he says1 a ^w _c be !re )\t actual ?\ght 7= we ?9k ev]y?+ t we say1 ev5 if we speak ) t int]ior ^w belong+ to no nation's tongue71 ?is image *iefly consi/s 9 ^! ?ree ?+s1 memory1 und]/&+1 & w4 ,& by und]/&+ ,i mean "h t :]eby we und]/& ) actual ?\ght2 & by w1 love1 or dilection ,i mean t :i* unites ?is *ild ) its p>5t4 ,f :i* x is cle> t he places ! image ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity m 9 actual und]/&+ & w1 ?an 9 ^! z exi/+ 9 ! habitual ret5tion ( ! memory2 al?\gh ev5 ?us ! image ( ! ,tr9ity exi/s 9 ! s\l 9 a c]ta9 degree1 z he says 9 ! same place4 ,?us x is cle> t memory1 und]/&+1 & w are n ?ree p[]s z /at$ 9 ! ,s5t5ces4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,someone might answ] by ref]r+ to ,augu/9e's /atem5t 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #f71 t ! m9d ev] rememb]s itself1 ev] und]/&s itself1 ev] loves itself2 :i* "s take to mean t ! s\l ev] actually und]/&s1 & loves itself4 ,b he excludes ?is int]pretation by add+ t x does n always ?9k ( itself z actually di/9ct f o!r ?+s4 ,?us x is cle> t ! s\l always und]/&s & loves itself1 n actually b habitually2 ?\gh we might say t by p]ceiv+ its own act1 x und]/&s itself :5ev] x und]/&s any?+4 ,b s9ce x is n always actually und]/&+1 z 9 ! case ( sleep1 we mu/ say t ^! acts1 al?\gh n always actually exi/+1 yet ev] exi/ 9 _! pr9ciples1 ! habits & p[]s4 ,:]e=e1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #d73 ,if ! rational s\l is made to ! image ( ,god 9 ! s5se t x c make use ( reason & intellect to und]/& & consid] ,god1 !n ! image ( ,god 0 9 ! s\l f ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,image ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity ,is 9 ! ,s\l ,only by ,comp>ison ) ,god ,z ,its ,object8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! image ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity is 9 ! s\l n only by comp>ison ) ,god z its object4 ,= ! image ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity is to be f\nd 9 ! s\l1 z %[n above 7,a4 #g71 accord+ z ! ^w 9 u proce$s f ! speak]2 & love f bo?4 ,b ?is is to be f\nd 9 u z reg>ds any object4 ,!re=e ! image ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity is 9 our m9d z reg>ds any object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #d7 t :5 we seek tr9ity 9 ! s\l1 we seek x 9 ! :ole ( ! s\l1 )\t sep>at+ ! process ( reason+ 9 temporal matt]s f ! consid]ation ( ?+s et]nal4 ,!re=e ! image ( ! ,tr9ity is to be f\nd 9 ! s\l1 ev5 z reg>ds temporal objects4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is by grace t we c "k & love ,god4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! image ( ! ,tr9ity is f\nd 9 ! s\l by reason ( ! memory1 und]/&+1 & w or love ( ,god1 ?is image is n 9 man by nature b by grace1 & ?us is n common to all4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! sa9ts 9 heav5 are mo/ p]fectly con=m$ to ! image ( ,god by ! beatific vision2 :]e=e x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #c3ah73 ,we 4 4 4 are trans=m$ into ! same image f glory to glory4 ,b temporal ?+s are kn[n by ! beatific vision4 ,!re=e ! image ( ,god exi/s 9 u ev5 accord+ to temporal ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #ab73 ,! image ( ,god exi/s 9 ! m9d1 n because x has a remembrance ( itself1 loves itself1 & und]/&s itself2 b because x c also rememb]1 und]/&1 & love ,god by ,:om x 0 made4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 is ! image ( ,god 9 ! s\l1 9 respect ( o!r objects4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above expla9$ 7,,aa4 #b1 #g71 image means a lik5ess :i* 9 "s degree1 h[ev] small1 atta9s to a repres5tation ( ! species4 ,:]e=e we ne$ to seek 9 ! image ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity 9 ! s\l "s k9d ( repres5tation ( species ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 s f> z ?is is possible to a creature4 ,n[ ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 z above /at$ 7,,aa4 #f1 #g71 are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r accord+ to ! procession ( ! ^w f ! speak]1 & ! procession ( love f bo?4 ,moreov] ! ,^w ( ,god is born ( ,god by ! k ( ,himself2 & ,love proce$s f ,god accord+ z ,he loves ,himself4 ,b x is cle> t div]sity ( objects div]sifies ! species ( ^w & love2 = 9 ! human m9d ! species ( a /one is specifically diff]5t f t ( a horse1 :i* also ! love reg>d+ ea* ( !m is specifically diff]5t4 ,h5ce we ref] ! ,div9e image 9 man to ! v]bal concept born ( ! k ( ,god1 & to ! love d]iv$ !refrom4 ,?us ! image ( ,god is f\nd 9 ! s\l accord+ z ! s\l turns to ,god1 or possesses a nature t enables x to turn to ,god4 ,n[ ! m9d may turn t[>ds an object 9 two ways3 directly & imm$iately1 or indirectly & m$iately2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 anyone sees a man reflect$ 9 a look+-glass he may be said to be turn$ t[>ds t man4 ,s ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #h71 t ! m9d rememb]s itself1 und]/&s itself1 & loves itself4 ,if we p]ceive ?is1 we p]ceive a tr9ity1 n1 inde$1 ,god1 b1 nev]!less1 rightly call$ ! image ( ,god4 ,b ?is is due to ! fact1 n t ! m9d reflects on itself absolutely1 b t !reby x c fur!rmore turn to ,god1 z appe>s f ! au?ority quot$ above 7,arg4 ,on ! contr>y74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,= ! notion ( an image x is n en\gh t some?+ proce$ f ano!r1 b x is also necess>y to obs]ve :at proce$s & :5ce x proce$s2 namely1 t :at is ,^w ( ,god proce$s f k ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 all ! s\l we may see a k9d ( tr9ity1 n1 h[ev]1 z ?\gh besides ! action ( temporal ?+s & ! contemplation ( et]nal ?+s1 any ?ird ?+ %\ld be requir$ to make up ! tr9ity1 z he adds 9 ! same passage4 ,b 9 t "p ( ! reason :i* is conc]n$ ) temporal ?+s1 al?\gh a tr9ity may be f\nd2 yet ! image ( ,god is n to be se5 !re1 z he says f>!r on2 =asmu* z ?is k ( temporal ?+s is adv5titi\s to ! s\l4 ,moreov] ev5 ! habits :]eby temporal ?+s are kn[n are n always pres5t2 b sometimes !y are actually pres5t1 & sometimes pres5t only 9 memory ev5 aft] !y beg9 to exi/ 9 ! s\l4 ,su* is cle>ly ! case ) fai?1 :i* comes to u temporally = ?is pres5t life2 :ile 9 ! future life fai? w no long] exi/1 b only ! remembrance ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! m]itori\s k & love ( ,god c be 9 u only by grace4 ,yet !re is a c]ta9 natural k & love z se5 above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e74 ,?is1 too1 is natural t ! m9d1 9 ord] to und]/& ,god1 c make use ( reason1 9 :i* s5se we h already said t ! image ( ,god abides ev] 9 ! s\l2 :e!r ?is image ( ,god be s obsolete1 z x 7 cl\d$1 z almo/ to am\nt to no?+1 z 9 ^? :o h n ! use ( reason2 or obscur$ & disfigur$1 z 9 s9n]s2 or cle> & beautiful1 z 9 ! j2 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,by ! vision ( glory temporal ?+s w be se5 9 ,god ,himself2 & su* a vision ( ?+s temporal w belong to ! image ( ,god4 ,?is is :at ,augu/9e means 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #f71 :5 he says t 9 t nature to :i* ! m9d w blissfully adh]e1 :atev] x sees x w see z un*angeable2 = 9 ! ,uncreat$ ,^w are ! types ( all creatures4 ,,n9? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,lik5ess ,is ,prop]ly ,di/+ui%$ f ,image8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t lik5ess is n prop]ly di/+ui%$ f image4 ,= g5us is n prop]ly di/+ui%$ f species4 ,n[1 lik5ess is to image z g5us to species3 because1 :]e !re is image1 =?) !re is lik5ess1 b n conv]sely z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #gd74 ,!re=e lik5ess is n prop]ly to be di/+ui%$ f image4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! nature ( ! image consi/s n only 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 b also 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 to :i* repres5tation belong immortality & indivisibility4 ,s x is n true to say t ! lik5ess is 9 ! ess5ce because x is immortal & indivisible2 :]eas ! image is 9 o!r ?+s 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 xvi74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! image ( ,god 9 man is ?reefold--! image ( nature1 ( grace1 & ( glory1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #d74 ,b innoc5ce & righte\sness belong to grace4 ,!re=e x is incorrectly said 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 xvi7 t ! image is tak5 f ! memory1 ! und]/&+ & ! w1 :ile ! lik5ess is f innoc5ce & righte\sness4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 k ( tru? belongs to ! intellect1 & love ( virtue to ! w2 :i* two ?+s are p>ts ( ! image4 ,!re=e x is incorrect to say 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 xvi7 t ! image consi/s 9 ! k ( tru?1 & ! lik5ess 9 ! love ( virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ea73 ,"s consid] t ^! two 7 m5tion$ n )\t reason1 namely image & lik5ess1 s9ce1 if !y meant ! same1 "o w\ld h suffic$4 ,i answ] t1 ,lik5ess is a k9d ( unity1 = on5ess 9 quality causes lik5ess1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 ,did4 iv1 #ae74 ,n[1 s9ce "o is a transc5d5tal1 x is bo? common to all1 & adapt$ to ea* s+le ?+1 j z ! good & ! true4 ,:]e=e1 z ! good c be comp>$ to ea* individual ?+ bo? z its preamble1 & z subsequ5t to x1 z signify+ "s p]fection 9 x1 s also 9 ! same way !re exi/s a k9d ( comp>ison betwe5 lik5ess & image4 ,= ! good is a preamble to man1 inasmu* z man is an individual good2 &1 aga91 ! good is subsequ5t to man1 inasmu* z we may say ( a c]ta9 man t he is good1 by reason ( 8 p]fect virtue4 ,9 l mann]1 lik5ess may be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a preamble to image1 inasmu* z x is some?+ m g5]al ?an image1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a73 &1 aga91 x may be consid]$ z subsequ5t to image1 inasmu* z x signifies a c]ta9 p]fection ( image4 ,= we say t an image is l or unlike :at x repres5ts1 accord+ z ! repres5tation is p]fect or imp]fect4 ,?us lik5ess may be di/+ui%$ f image 9 two ways3 fir/ z its preamble & exi/+ 9 m ?+s1 & 9 ?is s5se lik5ess reg>ds ?+s :i* are m common ?an ! intellectual prop]ties1 :]e9 ! image is prop]ly to be se54 ,9 ?is s5se x is /at$ 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ea7 t ! _s 7namely1 ! m9d7 )\t d\bt 0 made to ! image ( ,god4 ,b ! o!r p>ts ( man1 belong+ to ! s\l's inf]ior faculties1 or ev5 to ! body1 are 9 ! op9ion ( "s made to ,god's lik5ess4 ,9 ?is s5se he says 7,de ,quant4 ,animae ii7 t ! lik5ess ( ,god is f\nd 9 ! s\l's incorruptibility2 = corruptible & incorruptible are diff]5ces ( univ]sal be+s4 ,b lik5ess may be consid]$ 9 ano!r way1 z signify+ ! expression & p]fection ( ! image4 ,9 ?is s5se ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ab7 t ! image implies an intellig5t be+1 end[$ ) free-w & self-movem5t1 :]eas lik5ess implies a lik5ess ( p[]1 z f> z ?is may be possible 9 man4 ,9 ! same s5se lik5ess is said to belong to ! love ( virtue3 = !re is no virtue )\t love ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,lik5ess is n di/9ct f image 9 ! g5]al notion ( lik5ess 7= ?us x is includ$ 9 image72 b s f> z any lik5ess falls %ort ( image1 or aga91 z x p]fects ! idea ( image4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! s\l's ess5ce belongs to ! image1 z repres5t+ ! ,div9e ,ess5ce 9 ^? ?+s :i* belong to ! intellectual nature2 b n 9 ^? conditions subsequ5t to g5]al notions ( be+1 su* z simplicity & indissolubility4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 c]ta9 virtues are natural to ! s\l1 at lea/1 9 _! se$s1 by reason ( :i* we may say t a natural lik5ess exi/s 9 ! s\l4 ,nor x is unfitt+ to u ! t]m image f "o po9t ( view & f ano!r ! t]m lik5ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,love ( ! ^w1 :i* is k lov$1 belongs to ! nature ( image2 b love ( virtue belongs to lik5ess1 z virtue itself belongs to lik5ess4 ,,"q #id ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,8 ,,intellect 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! /ate or condition ( ! fir/ man2 fir/1 z reg>ds 8 s\l2 secondly1 z reg>ds 8 body4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ !re are two ?+s to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,! condition ( man z to 8 intellect2 7#b7 ! condition ( man z to 8 w4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! fir/ man saw ! ,ess5ce ( ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r he c\ld see ! sep>ate sub/ances1 t is1 ! angels8 7#c7 ,:e!r he possess$ all k8 7#d7 ,:e!r he c\ld err or be deceiv$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,man ,saw ,god ,?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ man saw ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,= man's happ9ess consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,b ! fir/ man1 :ile e/abli%$ 9 p>adise1 l$ a life ( happ9ess 9 ! enjoym5t ( all ?+s1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #aa74 ,& ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aj73 ,if man 0 gift$ ) ! same ta/es z n[1 h[ happy mu/ he h be5 9 p>adise1 t place ( ineffable happ9ess6 ,!re=e ! fir/ man 9 p>adise saw ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 loc4 cit47 t ! fir/ man lack$ no?+ :i* 8 good-w might obta94 ,b our good-w c obta9 no?+ bett] ?an ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,!re=e man saw ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! vision ( ,god 9 ,8 ,ess5ce is :]eby ,god is se5 )\t a m$ium or enigma4 ,b man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce saw ,god imm$iately1 z ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces ass]ts 7,s5t4 iv1 ,d1 i74 ,he also saw )\t an enigma1 = an enigma implies obscurity1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #i74 ,n[1 obscurity result$ f s94 ,!re=e man 9 ! primitive /ate saw ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ae3df73 ,t 0 n fir/ :i* is spiritual1 b t :i* is natural4 ,b to see ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce is mo/ spiritual4 ,!re=e ! fir/ man 9 ! primitive /ate ( 8 natural life did n see ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,! fir/ man did n see ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce if we consid] ! ord9>y /ate ( t life2 unless1 p]haps1 x be said t he saw ,god 9 a vision1 :5 ,god ca/ a deep sleep ^u ,adam 7,g54 #b3ba74 ,! reason is because1 s9ce 9 ! ,div9e ,ess5ce is beatitude itself1 ! intellect ( a man :o sees ! ,div9e ,ess5ce has ! same relation to ,god z a man has to beatitude4 ,n[ x is cle> t man _c will+ly be turn$ away f beatitude1 s9ce naturally & necess>ily he desires x1 & %uns unhapp9ess4 ,:]e=e no "o :o sees ! ,ess5ce ( ,god c will+ly turn away f ,god1 :i* means to s94 ,h5ce all :o see ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce are s firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! love ( ,god1 t = et]nity !y c nev] s94 ,!re=e1 z ,adam did s91 x is cle> t he did n see ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,nev]!less he knew ,god ) a m p]fect k ?an we d n[4 ,?us 9 a s5se 8 k 0 midway betwe5 our k 9 ! pres5t /ate1 & ! k we %all h 9 heav51 :5 we see ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ consid] t ! vision ( ,god ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce is contradi/+ui%$ f ! vision ( ,god ?r\gh ,8 creatures4 ,n[ ! high] ! creature is1 & ! m l x is to ,god1 ! m cle>ly is ,god se5 9 x2 = in/ance1 a man is se5 m cle>ly ?r\gh a mirror 9 :i* 8 image is ! m cle>ly express$4 ,?us ,god is se5 9 a mu* m p]fect mann] ?r\gh ,8 intelligible effects ?an ?r\gh ^? :i* are only s5sible or corporeal4 ,b 9 8 pres5t /ate man is imp$$ z reg>ds ! full & cle> consid]ation ( intelligible creatures1 because he is di/ract$ by & occupi$ ) s5sible ?+s4 ,n[1 x is writt5 7,eccles4 #g3cj73 ,god made man "r4 ,& man 0 made "r by ,god 9 ?is s5se1 t 9 him ! l[] p[]s 7 subject$ to ! high]1 & ! high] nature 0 made s z n to be imp$$ by ! l[]4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ man 0 n imp$$ by ext]ior ?+s f a cle> & /eady contemplation ( ! intelligible effects :i* he p]ceiv$ by ! radiation ( ! fir/ tru?1 :e!r by a natural or by a gratuit\s k4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #cc7 t1 p]haps ,god us$ to speak to ! fir/ man z ,he speaks to ! angels2 by %$d+ on 8 m9d a ray ( ! un*angeable tru?1 yet )\t be/[+ on him ! exp]i5ce ( :i* ! angels are capable 9 ! p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,!re=e1 ?r\gh ^! intelligible effects ( ,god1 man knew ,god !n m cle>ly ?an we "k ,him n[4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man 0 happy 9 p>adise1 b n ) t p]fect happ9ess to :i* he 0 de/9$1 :i* consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 end[$ ) a life ( happ9ess 9 a c]ta9 measure1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #ah71 s f> z he 0 gift$ ) natural integrity & p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a good w is a well-ord]$ w2 b ! w ( ! fir/ man w\ld h be5 ill-ord]$ _h he wi%$ to h1 :ile 9 ! /ate ( m]it1 :at _h be5 promis$ to him z a rew>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a m$ium 7( k7 is tw(old2 "o ?r\gh :i*1 &1 at ! same "t1 9 :i*1 some?+ is se51 z1 = example1 a man is se5 ?r\gh a mirror1 & is se5 ) ! mirror3 ano!r k9d ( m$ium is t :]eby we atta9 to ! k ( some?+ unkn[n2 su* z ! m$ium 9 a demon/ration4 ,god 0 se5 )\t ?is second k9d ( m$ium1 b n )\t ! fir/ k9d4 ,= !re 0 no ne$ = ! fir/ man to atta9 to ! k ( ,god by demon/ration drawn f an effect1 su* z we ne$2 s9ce he knew ,god simultane\sly 9 ,8 effects1 especially 9 ! intelligible effects1 accord+ to ,8 capacity4 ,aga91 we mu/ rem>k t ! obscurity :i* is impli$ 9 ! ^w enigma may be ( two k9ds3 fir/1 s f> z e creature is some?+ obscure :5 comp>$ ) ! imm5sity ( ! ,div9e light2 & ?us ,adam saw ,god 9 an enigma1 because he saw ,him 9 a creat$ effect3 secondly1 we may take obscurity z an effect ( s91 s f> z man is imp$$ 9 ! consid]ation ( intelligible ?+s by be+ preoccupi$ ) s5sible ?+s2 9 :i* s5se ,adam did n see ,god 9 an enigma4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,adam 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,saw ! ,angels ,?r\gh ,_! ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,adam1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 saw ! angels ?r\gh _! ess5ce4 ,= ,gregory says 7,dialog4 iv1 #a73 ,9 p>adise man 0 accu/om$ to enjoy ! words ( ,god2 & by purity ( he>t & l(t9ess ( vision to h ! company ( ! good angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l 9 ! pres5t /ate is imp$$ f ! k ( sep>ate sub/ances by union ) a corruptible body :i* is a load ^u ! s\l1 z is writt5 ,wis4 #i3ae4 ,:]e=e ! sep>ate s\l c see sep>ate sub/ances1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! body ( ! fir/ man 0 n a load ^u 8 s\l2 = ! latt] 0 n corruptible4 ,!re=e he 0 able to see sep>ate sub/ances4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o sep>ate sub/ance kn[s ano!r sep>ate sub/ance1 by kn[+ itself 7,de ,causis xiii74 ,b ! s\l ( ! fir/ man knew itself4 ,!re=e x knew sep>ate sub/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! s\l ( ,adam 0 ( ! same nature z ours4 ,b our s\ls _c n[ und]/& sep>ate sub/ances4 ,!re=e nei!r c\ld ,adam's s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,! /ate ( ! human s\l may be di/+ui%$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f a div]sity ( mode 9 its natural exi/5ce2 & 9 ?is po9t ! /ate ( ! sep>ate s\l is di/+ui%$ f ! /ate ( ! s\l jo9$ to ! body4 ,secondly1 ! /ate ( ! s\l is di/+ui%$ 9 relation to integrity & corruption1 ! /ate ( natural exi/5ce rema9+ ! same3 & ?us ! /ate ( innoc5ce is di/9ct f ! /ate ( man aft] s94 ,= man's s\l1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 0 adapt$ to p]fect & gov]n ! body2 :]e=e ! fir/ man is said to h be5 made into a liv+ s\l2 t is1 a s\l giv+ life to ! body--namely animal life4 ,b he 0 end[$ ) integrity z to ?is life1 9 t ! body 0 entirely subject to ! s\l1 h9d]+ x 9 no way1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ x is cle> f :at has be5 already said 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #a7 t s9ce ! s\l is adapt$ to p]fect & gov]n ! body1 z reg>ds animal life1 x is fitt+ t x %\ld h t mode ( und]/&+ :i* is by turn+ to phantasms4 ,:]e=e ?is mode ( und]/&+ 0 becom+ to ! s\l ( ! fir/ man also4 ,n[1 9 virtue ( ?is mode ( und]/&+1 !re are ?ree degrees ( movem5t 9 ! s\l1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,! fir/ is by ! s\l pass+ f ext]ior ?+s to conc5trate its p[]s on itself2 ! second is by ! s\l asc5d+ s z to be associat$ ) ! unit$ sup]ior p[]s1 namely ! angels2 ! ?ird is :5 ! s\l is l$ on yet fur!r to ! supreme good1 t is1 to ,god4 ,9 virtue ( ! fir/ movem5t ( ! s\l f ext]ior ?+s to itself1 ! s\l's k is p]fect$4 ,?is is because ! intellectual op]ation ( ! s\l has a natural ord] to ext]nal ?+s1 z we h said above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #c73 & s by ! k !re(1 our intellectual op]ation c be kn[n p]fectly1 z an act ?r\gh its object4 ,& ?r\gh ! intellectual op]ation itself1 ! human intellect c be kn[n p]fectly1 z a p[] ?r\gh its prop] act4 ,b 9 ! second movem5t we d n f9d p]fect k4 ,because1 s9ce ! angel does n und]/& by turn+ to phantasms1 b by a f> m excell5t process1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b72 ! above-m5tion$ mode ( k1 by :i* ! s\l kn[s itself1 is n suffici5t to lead x to ! k ( an angel4 ,mu* less does ! ?ird movem5t lead to p]fect k3 = ev5 ! angels !mselves1 by ! fact t !y "k !mselves1 are n able to arrive at ! k ( ! ,div9e ,sub/ance1 by reason ( its surpass+ excell5ce4 ,!re=e ! s\l ( ! fir/ man c\ld n see ! angels 9 _! ess5ce4 ,nev]!less he _h a m excell5t mode ( k reg>d+ ! angels ?an we possess1 because 8 k ( intelligible ?+s )9 him 0 m c]ta9 & fix$ ?an our k4 ,& x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is excell5ce ( k t ,gregory says t he enjoy$ ! company ( ! angelic spirits4 ,?is makes cle> ! reply to ! fir/ objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t ! s\l ( ! fir/ man fell %ort ( ! k reg>d+ sep>ate sub/ances1 0 n ow+ to ! fact t ! body 0 a load ^u x2 b to ! fact t its connatural object fell %ort ( ! excell5ce ( sep>ate sub/ances4 ,we1 9 our pres5t /ate1 fall %ort on acc\nt ( bo? ^! reasons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s\l ( ! fir/ man 0 n able to arrive at k ( sep>ate sub/ances by means ( its self-k1 z we h %[n above2 = ev5 ea* sep>ate sub/ance kn[s o!rs 9 its own measure4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,man ,knew ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ man did n "k all ?+s4 ,= if he _h su* k x w\ld be ei!r by acquir$ species1 or by connatural species1 or by infus$ species4 ,n1 h[ev]1 by acquir$ species2 = ?is k9d ( k is acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 i1 #a2 & ! fir/ man _h n !n ga9$ exp]i5ce ( all ?+s4 ,nor ?r\gh connatural species1 because he 0 ( ! same nature z we are2 & our s\l1 z ,ari/otle says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d71 is l a clean tablet on :i* no?+ is writt54 ,& if 8 k came by infus$ species1 x w\ld h be5 ( a diff]5t k9d f ours1 :i* we acquire f ?+s !mselves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 individuals ( ! same species h ! same way ( arriv+ at p]fection4 ,n[ o!r m5 h n1 f ! beg9n+1 k ( all ?+s1 b !y acquire x 9 ! c\rse ( "t accord+ to _! capacity4 ,!re=e nei!r did ,adam "k all ?+s :5 he 0 fir/ creat$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! pres5t /ate ( life is giv5 to man 9 ord] t 8 s\l may advance 9 k & m]it2 inde$1 ! s\l seems to be unit$ to ! body = t purpose4 ,n[ man w\ld h advanc$ 9 m]it 9 t /ate ( life2 !re=e also 9 k4 ,!re=e he 0 n end[$ ) k ( all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man nam$ ! animals 7,g54 #b3bj74 ,b names %\ld be adapt$ to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,!re=e ,adam knew ! animals' natures2 & 9 l mann] he 0 possess$ ( ! k ( all o!r ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! natural ord]1 p]fection comes be=e imp]fection1 z act prec$es pot5tiality2 = :atev] is 9 pot5tiality is made actual only by some?+ actual4 ,& s9ce ,god creat$ ?+s n only = _! own exi/5ce1 b also t !y might be ! pr9ciples ( o!r ?+s2 s creatures 7 produc$ 9 _! p]fect /ate to be ! pr9ciples z reg>ds o!rs4 ,n[ man c be ! pr9ciple ( ano!r man1 n only by g5]ation ( ! body1 b also by in/ruction & gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce1 z ! fir/ man 0 produc$ 9 8 p]fect /ate1 z reg>ds 8 body1 = ! "w ( g5]ation1 s also 0 8 s\l e/abli%$ 9 a p]fect /ate to in/ruct & gov]n o!rs4 ,n[ no "o c in/ruct o!rs unless he has k1 & s ! fir/ man 0 e/abli%$ by ,god 9 su* a mann] z to h k ( all ^? ?+s = :i* man has a natural aptitude4 ,& su* are :atev] are virtually conta9$ 9 ! fir/ self-evid5t pr9ciples1 t is1 :atev] tru?s man is naturally able to "k4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to direct 8 own life & t ( o!rs1 man ne$s to "k n only ^? ?+s :i* c be naturally kn[n1 b also ?+s surpass+ natural k2 because ! life ( man is direct$ to a sup]natural end3 j z x is necess>y = u to "k ! tru?s ( fai? 9 ord] to direct our own lives4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ man 0 end[$ ) su* a k ( ^! sup]natural tru?s z 0 necess>y = ! direction ( human life 9 t /ate4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* _c be kn[n by m]ely human ef=t1 & :i* are n necess>y = ! direction ( human life1 7 n kn[n by ! fir/ man2 su* z ! ?\ghts ( m51 future cont+5t ev5ts1 & "s individual facts1 z = in/ance ! numb] ( pebbles 9 a /ream2 & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! fir/ man _h k ( all ?+s by div9ely infus$ species4 ,yet 8 k 0 n diff]5t f ours2 z ! eyes :i* ,*ri/ gave to ! man born bl9d 7 n diff]5t f ^? giv5 by nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to ,adam1 z be+ ! fir/ man1 0 due a degree ( p]fection :i* 0 n due to o!r m51 z is cle> f :at is above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,adam w\ld h advanc$ 9 natural k1 n 9 ! numb] ( ?+s kn[n1 b 9 ! mann] ( kn[+2 because :at he knew speculatively he w\ld subsequ5tly h kn[n by exp]i5ce4 ,b z reg>ds sup]natural k1 he w\ld also h advanc$ z reg>ds ! numb] ( ?+s kn[n1 by fur!r revelation2 z ! angels advance by fur!r enlight5m5t4 ,moreov] !re is no comp>ison betwe5 advance 9 k & advance 9 m]it2 s9ce "o man _c be a pr9ciple ( m]it to ano!r1 al?\gh he c be to ano!r a pr9ciple ( k4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,man 9 ,8 ,fir/ ,/ate ,c\ld ,be ,deceiv$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man 9 8 primitive /ate c\ld h be5 deceiv$4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #b3ad7 t ! woman be+ s$uc$ 0 9 ! transgression4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 xxi7 t1 ! woman 0 n fright5$ at ! s]p5t speak+1 because %e ?\ght t he _h receiv$ ! faculty ( spee* f ,god4 ,b ?is 0 untrue4 ,!re=e be=e s9 ! woman 0 deceiv$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is natural t ! f>!r (f any?+ is f u1 ! small] x seems to be4 ,n[1 ! nature ( ! eyes is n *ang$ by s94 ,!re=e ?is w\ld h be5 ! case 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,:]e=e man w\ld h be5 deceiv$ 9 ! size ( :at he saw1 j z he is deceiv$ n[4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #b7 t1 9 sleep ! s\l adh]es to ! images ( ?+s z if !y 7 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld h eat5 & consequ5tly h slept & dream$4 ,!re=e he w\ld h be5 deceiv$1 adh]+ to images z to realities4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ man w\ld h be5 ignorant ( o!r m5's ?\ghts1 & ( future cont+5t ev5ts1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,s if anyone _h told him :at 0 false ab\t ^! ?+s1 he w\ld h be5 deceiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah73 ,to reg>d :at is true z false1 is n natural to man z creat$2 b is a puni%m5t ( man condemn$4 ,i answ] t1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 deception may mean two ?+s2 namely1 any slight surmise1 9 :i* "o adh]es to :at is false1 z ?\gh x 7 true1 b )\t ! ass5t ( belief--or x may mean a firm belief4 ,?us be=e s9 ,adam c\ld n be deceiv$ 9 ei!r ( ^! ways z reg>ds ^? ?+s to :i* 8 k ext5d$2 b z reg>ds ?+s to :i* 8 k did n ext5d1 he might h be5 deceiv$1 if we take deception 9 ! wide s5se ( ! t]m = any surmise )\t ass5t ( belief4 ,?is op9ion 0 held ) ! idea t x is n d]ogatory to man to ent]ta9 a false op9ion 9 su* matt]s1 & t provid$ he does n ass5t ra%ly1 he is n to be blam$4 ,su* an op9ion1 h[ev]1 is n fitt+ z reg>ds ! integrity ( ! primitive /ate ( life2 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aj71 9 t /ate ( life s9 0 avoid$ )\t /ruggle1 & :ile x rema9$ s1 no evil c\ld exi/4 ,n[ x is cle> t z tru? is ! good ( ! intellect1 s falsehood is its evil1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b74 ,s t1 z long z ! /ate ( innoc5ce cont9u$1 x 0 impossible = ! human intellect to ass5t to falsehood z if x 7 tru?4 ,= z "s p]fections1 su* z cl>ity1 7 lack+ 9 ! bodily memb]s ( ! fir/ man1 ?\gh no evil c\ld be !re92 s !re c\ld be 9 8 intellect ! abs5ce ( "s k1 b no false op9ion4 ,?is is cle> also f ! v rectitude ( ! primitive /ate1 by virtue ( :i*1 :ile ! s\l rema9$ subject to ,god1 ! l[] faculties 9 man 7 subject to ! high]1 & 7 no imp$im5t to _! action4 ,& f :at has prec$$ 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #f71 x is cle> t z reg>ds its prop] object ! intellect is ev] true2 & h5ce x is nev] deceiv$ ( itself2 b :atev] deception occurs mu/ be ascrib$ to "s l[] faculty1 su* z ! imag9ation or ! l4 ,h5ce we see t :5 ! natural p[] ( judgm5t is free we are n deceiv$ by su* images1 b only :5 x is n free1 z is ! case 9 sleep4 ,!re=e x is cle> t ! rectitude ( ! primitive /ate 0 incompatible ) deception ( ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?\gh ! woman 0 deceiv$ be=e %e s9n$ 9 de$1 /ill x 0 n till %e _h already s9n$ by int]ior pride4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #cj7 t ! woman c\ld n h believ$ ! words ( ! s]p5t1 _h %e n already acquiesc$ 9 ! love ( h] own p[]1 & 9 a presumption ( self-conceit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! woman ?\ght t ! s]p5t _h receiv$ ?is faculty1 n z act+ 9 accordance ) nature1 b by virtue ( "s sup]natural op]ation4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 foll[ ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces 9 ?is po9t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,7 any?+ pres5t$ to ! imag9ation or s5se ( ! fir/ man1 n 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s1 he w\ld n h be5 deceiv$1 = 8 reason w\ld h enabl$ him to judge ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a man is n acc\ntable = :at occurs dur+ sleep2 z he has n !n ! use ( 8 reason1 :]e9 consi/s man's prop] action4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,if anyone _h said some?+ untrue z reg>ds future cont+5cies1 or z reg>ds secret ?\ghts1 man 9 ! primitive /ate w\ld n h believ$ x 0 s3 b he might h believ$ t su* a ?+ 0 possible2 :i* w\ld n h be5 to ent]ta9 a false op9ion4 ,x might also be said t he w\ld h be5 div9ely guid$ f above1 s z n to be deceiv$ 9 a matt] to :i* 8 k did n ext5d4 ,if any object1 z "s d1 t he 0 n guid$1 :5 tempt$1 ?\gh he 0 !n mo/ 9 ne$ ( guidance1 we reply t man _h already s9n$ 9 8 he>t1 & t he fail$ to h rec\rse to ! ,div9e aid4 ,,"q #ie ,,( ,,?+s ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man',s ,,w--,,namely1 ,,grace ,,& ,,righte\sness 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] :at belongs to ! w ( ! fir/ man2 conc]n+ :i* !re are two po9ts ( treatm5t3 7#a7 ! grace & righte\sness ( ! fir/ man2 7#b7 ! use ( righte\sness z reg>ds 8 dom9ion ov] o!r ?+s4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! fir/ man 0 creat$ 9 grace8 7#b7 ,:e!r 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce he _h passions ( ! s\l8 7#c7 ,:e!r he _h all virtues8 7#d7 ,:e!r :at he did w\ld h be5 z m]itori\s z n[8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,man ,0 ,creat$ 9 ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ man 0 n creat$ 9 grace4 ,= ! ,apo/le1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,adam & ,*ri/1 says 7#a ,cor4 #ae3de73 ,! fir/ ,adam 0 made into a liv+ s\l2 ! la/ ,adam into a quick5+ _s4 ,b ! _s is quick5$ by grace4 ,!re=e ,*ri/ alone 0 made 9 grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,te/41 qu4 #abc7 99,"w ( an anonym\s au?or1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e t ,adam did n possess ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b :oev] possesses grace has ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ,adam 0 n creat$ 9 grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,correp4 et ,grat4 x7 t ,god s ord]$ ! life ( ! angels & m51 z to %[ fir/ :at !y c\ld d by free-w1 !n :at !y c\ld d by ,8 grace1 & by ! disc]nm5t ( righte\sness4 ,god ?us fir/ creat$ m5 & angels 9 ! /ate ( natural free-w only2 & aft]w>ds be/[$ grace on !m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 xxiv73 ,:5 man 0 creat$ he 0 giv5 suffici5t help to /&1 b n suffici5t to advance4 ,b :oev] has grace c advance by m]it4 ,!re=e ! fir/ man 0 n creat$ 9 grace4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! reception ( grace requires ! cons5t ( ! recipi5t1 s9ce !reby a k9d ( spiritual m>riage takes place betwe5 ,god & ! s\l4 ,b cons5t presupposes exi/5ce4 ,!re=e man did n receive grace 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 creation4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 nature is m di/ant f grace ?an grace is f glory1 :i* is b grace consummat$4 ,b 9 man grace prec$es glory4 ,!re=e mu* m did nature prec$e grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man & angel are bo? orda9$ to grace4 ,b ! angels 7 creat$ 9 grace1 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii1 #i73 ,god at ! same "t fa%ion$ _! nature & end[$ !m ) grace4 ,!re=e man also 0 creat$ 9 grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s say t man 0 n creat$ 9 grace2 b t x 0 be/[$ on him subsequ5tly be=e s93 & _m au?orities ( ! ,sa9ts decl>e t man possess$ grace 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,b ! v rectitude ( ! primitive /ate1 :]e) man 0 end[$ by ,god1 seems to require t1 z o!rs say1 he 0 creat$ 9 grace1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #g3cj1 ,god made man "r4 ,= ?is rectitude consi/$ 9 8 reason be+ subject to ,god1 ! l[] p[]s to reason1 & ! body to ! s\l3 & ! fir/ subjection 0 ! cause ( bo? ! second & ! ?ird2 s9ce :ile reason 0 subject to ,god1 ! l[] p[]s rema9$ subject to reason1 z ,augu/9e says 99,cf4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xiii1 #ac2 ,de ,pecc4 ,m]it4 et ,remiss4 i1 #af4 ,n[ x is cle> t su* a subjection ( ! body to ! s\l & ( ! l[] p[]s to reason1 0 n f nature2 o!rwise x w\ld h rema9$ aft] s92 s9ce ev5 9 ! demons ! natural gifts rema9$ aft] s91 z ,dionysius decl>$ 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,h5ce x is cle> t also ! primitive subjection by virtue ( :i* reason 0 subject to ,god1 0 n a m]ely natural gift1 b a sup]natural end[m5t ( grace2 = x is n possible t ! effect %\ld be ( great] effici5cy ?an ! cause4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiii1 #ac7 t1 z soon z !y disobey$ ! ,div9e comm&1 & =feit$ ,div9e grace1 !y 7 a%am$ ( _! nak$ness1 = !y felt ! impulse ( disob$i5ce 9 ! fle%1 z ?\gh x 7 a puni%m5t correspond+ to _! own disob$i5ce4 ,h5ce if ! loss ( grace dissolv$ ! ob$i5ce ( ! fle% to ! s\l1 we may ga!r t ! inf]ior p[]s 7 subject$ to ! s\l ?r\gh grace exi/+ !re94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le 9 ^! words means to %[ t !re is a spiritual body1 if !re is an animal body1 inasmu* z ! spiritual life ( ! body began 9 ,*ri/1 :o is ! fir/born ( ! dead1 z ! body's animal life began 9 ,adam4 ,f ! ,apo/le's words1 !re=e1 we _c ga!r t ,adam _h no spiritual life 9 8 s\l2 b t he _h n spiritual life z reg>ds ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 9 ! same passage1 x is n disput$ t ,adam1 l o!r j s\ls1 0 9 "s degree gift$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/2 b he did n possess ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ! fai?ful possess ,him n[1 :o are admitt$ to et]nal happ9ess directly aft] dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is passage f ,augu/9e does n ass]t t angels or m5 7 creat$ ) natural free-w be=e !y possess$ grace2 b t ,god %[s fir/ :at _! free-w c\ld d be=e be+ confirm$ 9 grace1 & :at !y acquir$ aft]w>ds by be+ s confirm$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! ,ma/] "h speaks accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o held t man 0 n creat$ 9 grace1 b only 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,we may also say t1 ?\gh man 0 creat$ 9 grace1 yet x 0 n by virtue ( ! nature :]e9 he 0 creat$ t he c\ld advance by m]it1 b by virtue ( ! grace :i* 0 add$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,z ! motion ( ! w is n cont9u\s !re is no?+ aga9/ ! fir/ man hav+ cons5t$ to grace ev5 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,we m]it glory by an act ( grace2 b we d n m]it grace by an act ( nature2 h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,passions ,exi/$ 9 ! ,s\l ( ! ,fir/ ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ man's s\l _h no passions4 ,= by ! passions ( ! s\l ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s 7,gal4 #e3g74 ,b ?is did n happ5 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,!re=e 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re 7 no passions ( ! s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,adam's s\l 0 nobl] ?an 8 body4 ,b 8 body 0 impassible4 ,!re=e no passions 7 9 8 s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! passions ( ! s\l are re/ra9$ by ! moral virtues4 ,b 9 ,adam ! moral virtues 7 p]fect4 ,!re=e ! passions 7 entirely exclud$ f him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aj7 t 9 our fir/ p>5ts !re 0 undi/urb$ love ( ,god1 & o!r passions ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,! passions ( ! s\l are 9 ! s5sual appetite1 ! object ( :i* is good & evil4 ,:]e=e "s passions ( ! s\l are direct$ to :at is good1 z love & joy2 o!rs to :at is evil1 z fe> & sorr[4 ,& s9ce 9 ! primitive /ate1 evil 0 nei!r pres5t nor imm95t1 nor 0 any good want+ :i* a good-w c\ld desire to h !n1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aj71 !re=e ,adam _h no passion ) evil z its object2 su* z fe>1 sorr[1 & ! l2 nei!r _h he passions 9 respect ( good n possess$1 b to be possess$ !n1 z burn+ concupisc5ce4 ,b ^? passions :i* reg>d pres5t good1 z joy & love2 or :i* reg>d future good to be _h at ! prop] "t1 z desire & hope t ca/e? n d[n1 exi/$ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce2 o!rwise1 h[ev]1 ?an z !y exi/ 9 ourselves4 ,= our s5sual appetite1 :]e9 ! passions reside1 is n entirely subject to reason2 h5ce at times our passions =e/all & h9d] reason's judgm5t2 at o!r times !y foll[ reason's judgm5t1 accord+ly z ! s5sual appetite obeys reason to "s ext5t4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce ! inf]ior appetite 0 :olly subject to reason3 s t 9 t /ate ! passions ( ! s\l exi/$ only z consequ5t ^u ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! fle% lu/s aga9/ ! _s by ! rebellion ( ! passions aga9/ reason2 :i* c\ld n occur 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! human body 0 impassible 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce z reg>ds ! passions :i* alt] ! disposition ( nature1 z w be expla9$ lat] on 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #b72 likewise ! s\l 0 impassible z reg>ds ! passions :i* imp$e ! free use ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,p]fection ( moral virtue does n :olly take away ! passions1 b regulates !m2 = ! temp]ate man desires z he ought to desire1 & :at he ought to desire1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #aa4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,adam ,_h ,all ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,adam _h n all ! virtues4 ,= "s virtues are direct$ to curb passions3 ?us immod]ate concupisc5ce is re/ra9$ by temp]ance1 & immod]ate fe> by =titude4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce no immod]ation exi/$ 9 ! passions4 ,!re=e nei!r did ^! virtues !n exi/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s virtues are conc]n$ ) ! passions :i* h evil z _! object2 z meekness ) ang]2 =titude ) fe>4 ,b ^! passions did n exi/ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e nei!r did ^? virtues exi/ !n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 p5ance is a virtue t reg>ds s9 committ$4 ,m]cy1 too1 is a virtue conc]n$ ) unhapp9ess4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce nei!r s9 nor unhapp9ess exi/$4 ,!re=e nei!r did ^? virtues exi/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 p]sev]ance is a virtue4 ,b ,adam possess$ x n2 z prov$ by 8 subsequ5t s94 ,!re=e he possess$ n e virtue4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 fai? is a virtue4 ,b x did n exi/ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce2 = x implies an obscurity ( k :i* seems to be incompatible ) ! p]fection ( ! primitive /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says1 9 a homily 7,s]m4 contra ,judaeos73 ,! pr9ce ( s9 ov]came ,adam :o 0 made f ! slime ( ! e>? to ! image ( ,god1 adorn$ ) mode/y1 re/ra9$ by temp]ance1 refulg5t ) brightness4 ,i answ] t1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man 9 a c]ta9 s5se possess$ all ! virtues2 & ?is c be prov$ f :at prec$es4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a7 t su* 0 ! rectitude ( ! primitive /ate1 t reason 0 subject to ,god1 & ! l[] p[]s to reason4 ,n[ ! virtues are no?+ b ^? p]fections :]eby reason is direct$ to ,god1 & ! inf]ior p[]s regulat$ accord+ to ! dictate ( reason1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! ,treatise on ! ,virtues 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #b74 ,:]e=e ! rectitude ( ! primitive /ate requir$ t man %\ld 9 a s5se possess e virtue4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$ t "s virtues ( _! v nature d n involve imp]fection1 su* z *>ity & ju/ice2 & ^! virtues did exi/ 9 ! primitive /ate absolutely1 bo? 9 habit & 9 act4 ,b o!r virtues are ( su* a nature z to imply imp]fection ei!r 9 _! act1 or on ! "p ( ! matt]4 ,if su* imp]fection be consi/5t ) ! p]fection ( ! primitive /ate1 su* virtues necess>ily exi/$ 9 t /ate2 z fai?1 :i* is ( ?+s n se51 & hope :i* is ( ?+s n yet possess$4 ,= ! p]fection ( t /ate did n ext5d to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 & ! possession ( ,god ) ! enjoym5t ( f9al beatitude4 ,h5ce fai? & hope c\ld exi/ 9 ! primitive /ate1 bo? z to habit & z to act4 ,b any virtue :i* implies imp]fection incompatible ) ! p]fection ( ! primitive /ate1 c\ld exi/ 9 t /ate z a habit1 b n z to ! act2 = in/ance1 p5ance1 :i* is sorr[ = s9 committ$2 & m]cy1 :i* is sorr[ = o!rs' unhapp9ess2 because sorr[1 guilt1 & unhapp9ess are incompatible ) ! p]fection ( ! primitive /ate4 ,:]e=e su* virtues exi/$ z habits 9 ! fir/ man1 b n z to _! acts2 = he 0 s dispos$ t he w\ld rep5t1 if !re _h be5 a s9 to rep5t =2 & _h he se5 unhapp9ess 9 8 neighbor1 he w\ld h done 8 be/ to rem$y x4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) :at ! ,philosoph] says1 ,%ame1 :i* reg>ds :at is ill done1 may be f\nd 9 a virtu\s man1 b only conditionally2 z be+ s dispos$ t he w\ld be a%am$ if he did wrong 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is accid5tal to temp]ance & =titude to subdue sup]abundant passion1 9 s f> z !y are 9 a subject :i* happ5s to h sup]abundant passions1 & yet ^? virtues are p] se compet5t to mod]ate ! passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,passions :i* h evil = _! object 7 incompatible ) ! p]fection ( ! primitive /ate1 if t evil be 9 ! "o affect$ by ! passion2 su* z fe> & sorr[4 ,b passions :i* relate to evil 9 ano!r are n incompatible ) ! p]fection ( ! primitive /ate2 = 9 t /ate man c\ld hate ! demons' malice1 z he c\ld love ,god's goodness4 ,?us ! virtues :i* relate to su* passions c\ld exi/ 9 ! primitive /ate1 9 habit & 9 act4 ,virtues1 h[ev]1 relat+ to passions :i* reg>d evil 9 ! same subject1 if relat+ to su* passions only1 c\ld n exi/ 9 ! primitive /ate 9 act1 b only 9 habit1 z we h said above ( p5ance & ( m]cy4 ,b o!r virtues !re are :i* h relation n to su* passions only1 b to o!rs2 su* z temp]ance1 :i* relates n only to sorr[1 b also to joy2 & =titude1 :i* relates n only to fe>1 b also to d>+ & hope4 ,?us ! act ( temp]ance c\ld exi/ 9 ! primitive /ate1 s f> z x mod]ates pleasure2 & 9 l mann]1 =titude1 z mod]at+ d>+ & hope1 b n z mod]at+ sorr[ & fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 appe>s f :at has be5 said above4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,p]sev]ance may be tak5 9 two ways3 9 "o s5se z a p>ticul> virtue1 signify+ a habit :]eby a man makes a *oice ( p]sev]+ 9 good2 9 t s5se ,adam possess$ p]sev]ance4 ,9 ano!r s5se x is tak5 z a circum/ance ( virtue2 signify+ a c]ta9 un9t]rupt$ cont9uation ( virtue2 9 :i* s5se ,adam did n possess p]sev]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 appe>s f :at has be5 said above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,actions ( ! ,fir/ ,man ,7 ,less ,m]itori\s ,?an ,ours ,are8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! actions ( ! fir/ man 7 less m]itori\s ?an ours are4 ,= grace is giv5 to u ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ,god1 ,:o succors mo/ ^? :o are mo/ 9 ne$4 ,n[ we are m 9 ne$ ( grace ?an 0 man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,!re=e grace is m copi\sly p\r$ out ^u u2 & s9ce grace is ! s\rce ( m]it1 our actions are m m]itori\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 /ruggle & difficulty are requir$ = m]it2 = x is writt5 7#b ,tim4 #b3e73 ,he 4 4 4 is n cr[n$ except he /rive lawfully & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c73 ,! object ( virtue is ! difficult & ! good4 ,b !re is m /rife & difficulty n[4 ,!re=e !re is great] efficacy = m]it4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 ii41 ,d1 xxiv7 t man w\ld n h m]it$ 9 resi/+ temptation2 :]eas he does m]it n[1 :5 he resi/s4 ,!re=e our actions are m m]itori\s ?an 9 ! primitive /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 if su* 7 ! case1 man w\ld be bett] (f aft] s9n+4 ,i answ] t1 ,m]it z reg>ds degree may be gaug$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 its root1 :i* is grace & *>ity4 ,m]it ?us measur$ corresponds 9 degree to ! ess5tial rew>d1 :i* consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god2 = ! great] ! *>ity :5ce our actions proce$1 ! m p]fectly %all we enjoy ,god4 ,secondly1 ! degree ( m]it is measur$ by ! degree ( ! action itself4 ,?is degree is ( two k9ds1 absolute & proportional4 ,! wid[ :o put two mites into ! treasury p]=m$ a de$ ( absolutely less degree ?an ! o!rs :o put great sums !re94 ,b 9 proportionate degree ! wid[ gave m1 z ,our ,"l said2 because %e gave m 9 proportion to h] means4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! degree ( m]it corresponds to ! accid5tal rew>d1 :i* consi/s 9 rejoic+ = creat$ good4 ,we conclude !re=e t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man's works 7 m m]itori\s ?an aft] s9 0 committ$1 if we consid] ! degree ( m]it on ! "p ( grace1 :i* w\ld h be5 m copi\s z meet+ ) no ob/acle 9 human nature3 & 9 l mann]1 if we consid] ! absolute degree ( ! "w done2 because1 z man w\ld h _h great] virtue1 he w\ld h p]=m$ great] works4 ,b if we consid] ! proportionate degree1 a great] reason = m]it exi/s aft] s91 on acc\nt ( man's weakness2 because a small de$ is m beyond ! capacity ( "o :o works ) difficulty ?an a great de$ is beyond "o :o p]=ms x easily4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,aft] s9 man requires grace = m ?+s ?an be=e s92 b he does n ne$ grace m2 =asmu* z man ev5 be=e s9 requir$ grace to obta9 et]nal life1 :i* is ! *ief reason = ! ne$ ( grace4 ,b aft] s9 man requir$ grace also = ! remission ( s91 & = ! support ( 8 weakness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,difficulty & /ruggle belong to ! degree ( m]it accord+ to ! proportionate degree ( ! "w done1 z above expla9$4 ,x is also a sign ( ! w's promptitude /riv+ aft] :at is difficult to itself3 & ! promptitude ( ! w is caus$ by ! int5sity ( *>ity4 ,yet x may happ5 t a p]son p]=ms an easy de$ ) z prompt a w z ano!r p]=ms an ardu\s de$2 because he is ready to d ev5 :at may be difficult to him4 ,b ! actual difficulty1 by its p5al "*1 enables ! de$ to satisfy = s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fir/ man w\ld n h ga9$ m]it 9 resi/+ temptation1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o say t he did n possess grace2 ev5 z n[ !re is no m]it to ^? :o h n grace4 ,b 9 ?is po9t !re is a diff]5ce1 inasmu* z 9 ! primitive /ate !re 0 no int]ior impulse to evil1 z 9 our pres5t /ate4 ,h5ce man 0 m able !n ?an n[ to resi/ temptation ev5 )\t grace4 ,,"q #if ,,( ,,! ,,ma/]%ip ,,belong+ ,,to ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,innoc5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! ma/]%ip :i* belong$ to man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce 0 ma/] ov] ! animals8 7#b7 ,:e!r he 0 ma/] ov] all creatures8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce all m5 7 equal8 7#d7 ,:e!r 9 t /ate man w\ld h be5 ma/] ov] m58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,adam 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,_h ,ma/]%ip ,ov] ! ,animals8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce ,adam _h no ma/]%ip ov] ! animals4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ix1 #ad71 t ! animals 7 br\ght to ,adam1 "u ! direction ( ! angels1 to receive _! names f him4 ,b ! angels ne$ n h int]v5$ ?us1 if man himself 7 ma/] ov] ! animals4 ,!re=e 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man _h no ma/]%ip ( ! animals4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is unfitt+ t elem5ts ho/ile to "o ano!r %\ld be br\ght "u ! ma/]%ip ( "o4 ,b _m animals are ho/ile to "o ano!r1 z ! %eep & ! wolf4 ,!re=e all animals 7 n br\ght "u ! ma/]%ip ( man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 99,! words quot$ are n 9 ,/4 ,j]ome's works4 ,/4 ,?omas may h _h 9 m9d ,b$e1 ,hexaem41 z quot$ 9 ! ,glossa ord9>ia on ,g54 #a3bf3 ,god gave man ma/]%ip ov] ! animals1 al?\gh be=e s9 he _h no ne$ ( !m3 = ,god =esaw t aft] s9 animals w\ld become useful to man4 ,!re=e1 at lea/ be=e s91 x 0 unfitt+ = man to make use ( 8 ma/]%ip4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is prop] to a ma/] to comm&4 ,b a comm& is n giv5 rightly save to a rational be+4 ,!re=e man _h no ma/]%ip ov] ! irrational animals4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bf73 ,let him h dom9ion ov] ! fi%es ( ! sea1 & ! birds ( ! air1 & ! bea/s ( ! e>? ,vulg4& ! :ole e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above /at$ 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #a7 = 8 disob$i5ce to ,god1 man 0 puni%$ by ! disob$i5ce ( ^? creatures :i* %\ld be subject to him4 ,!re=e 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 be=e man _h disobey$1 no?+ disobey$ him t 0 naturally subject to him4 ,n[ all animals are naturally subject to man4 ,?is c be prov$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 f ! ord] obs]v$ by nature2 = j z 9 ! g5]ation ( ?+s we p]ceive a c]ta9 ord] ( procession ( ! p]fect f ! imp]fect 7?us matt] is = ! sake ( =m2 & ! imp]fect =m1 = ! sake ( ! p]fect71 s also is !re ord] 9 ! use ( natural ?+s2 ?us ! imp]fect are = ! use ( ! p]fect2 z ! plants make use ( ! e>? = _! n\ri%m5t1 & animals make use ( plants1 & man makes use ( bo? plants & animals4 ,!re=e x is 9 keep+ ) ! ord] ( nature1 t man %\ld be ma/] ov] animals4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #e7 t ! hunt+ ( wild animals is j & natural1 because man !reby ex]cises a natural "r4 ,secondly1 ?is is prov$ by ! ord] ( ,div9e ,provid5ce :i* always gov]ns inf]ior ?+s by ! sup]ior4 ,:]e=e1 z man1 be+ made to ! image ( ,god1 is above o!r animals1 ^! are rightly subject to 8 gov]nm5t4 ,?irdly1 ?is is prov$ f a prop]ty ( man & ( o!r animals4 ,= we see 9 ! latt] a c]ta9 p>ticipat$ prud5ce ( natural in/9ct1 9 reg>d to c]ta9 p>ticul> acts2 :]eas man possesses a univ]sal prud5ce z reg>ds all practical matt]s4 ,n[ :atev] is p>ticipat$ is subject to :at is ess5tial & univ]sal4 ,!re=e ! subjection ( o!r animals to man is prov$ to be natural4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a high] p[] c d _m ?+s t an inf]ior p[] _c d to ^? :i* are subject to !m4 ,n[ an angel is naturally high] ?an man4 ,!re=e c]ta9 ?+s 9 reg>d to animals c\ld be done by angels1 :i* c\ld n be done by man2 = in/ance1 ! rapid ga!r+ toge!r ( all ! animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ^? animals :i* n[ are fi]ce & kill o!rs1 w\ld1 9 t /ate1 h be5 tame1 n only 9 reg>d to man1 b also 9 reg>d to o!r animals4 ,b ?is is q unreasonable4 ,= ! nature ( animals 0 n *ang$ by man's s91 z if ^? ^: nature n[ x is to dev\r ! fle% ( o!rs1 w\ld !n h liv$ on h]bs1 z ! lion & falcon4 ,nor does ,b$e's gloss on ,g54 #a3cj1 say t trees & h]bs 7 giv5 z food to all animals & birds1 b to "s4 ,?us !re w\ld h be5 a natural antipa?y betwe5 "s animals4 ,!y w\ld n1 h[ev]1 on ?is acc\nt h be5 except$ f ! ma/]%ip ( man3 z nei!r at pres5t are !y = t reason except$ f ! ma/]%ip ( ,god1 ,^: ,provid5ce has orda9$ all ?is4 ,( ?is ,provid5ce man w\ld h be5 ! executor1 z appe>s ev5 n[ 9 reg>d to dome/ic animals1 s9ce f[ls are giv5 by m5 z food to ! tra9$ falcon4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld n h _h any bodily ne$ ( animals--nei!r = clo?+1 s9ce !n !y 7 nak$ & n a%am$1 !re be+ no inord9ate motions ( concupisc5ce--nor = food1 s9ce !y f$ on ! trees ( p>adise--nor to c>ry him ab\t1 8 body be+ /rong en\gh = t purpose4 ,b man ne$$ animals 9 ord] to h exp]im5tal k ( _! natures4 ,?is is signifi$ by ! fact t ,god l$ ! animals to man1 t he might give !m names expressive ( _! respective natures4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all animals by _! natural in/9ct h a c]ta9 p>ticipation ( prud5ce & reason3 :i* acc\nts = ! fact t cranes foll[ _! lead]1 & bees obey _! que54 ,s all animals w\ld h obey$ man ( _! own accord1 z 9 ! pres5t /ate "s dome/ic animals obey him4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,man ,_h ,ma/]%ip ,ov] ,all ,o!r ,creatures8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld n h _h ma/]%ip ov] all o!r creatures4 ,= an angel naturally has a great] p[] ?an man4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h71 corporeal matt] w\ld n h obey$ ev5 ! holy angels4 ,mu* less !re=e w\ld x h obey$ man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! only p[]s ( ! s\l exi/+ 9 plants are nutritive1 augm5tative1 & g5]ative4 ,n[ ^! d n naturally obey reason2 z we c see 9 ! case ( any "o man4 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is by 8 reason t man is compet5t to h ma/]%ip1 x seems t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man _h no dom9ion ov] plants4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :osoev] is ma/] ( a ?+1 c *ange x4 ,b man c\ld n h *ang$ ! c\rse ( ! heav5ly bodies2 = ?is belongs to ,god alone1 z ,dionysius says 7,ep4 ad ,polyc>p4 vii74 ,!re=e man _h no dom9ion ov] !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bf73 ,t he may h dom9ion ov] 4 4 4 e creature4 ,i answ] t1 ,man 9 a c]ta9 s5se conta9s all ?+s2 & s accord+ z he is ma/] ( :at is )9 himself1 9 ! same way he c h ma/]%ip ov] o!r ?+s4 ,n[ we may consid] f\r ?+s 9 man3 8 reason1 :i* makes him l to ! angels2 8 s5sitive p[]s1 :]eby he is l ! animals2 8 natural =ces1 :i* lik5 him to ! plants2 & ! body itself1 :]e9 he is l to inanimate ?+s4 ,n[ 9 man reason has ! position ( a ma/] & n ( a subject4 ,:]e=e man _h no ma/]%ip ov] ! angels 9 ! primitive /ate2 s :5 we read all creatures1 we mu/ und]/& ! creatures :i* are n made to ,god's image4 ,ov] ! s5sitive p[]s1 z ! irascible & concupiscible1 :i* obey reason 9 "s degree1 ! s\l has ma/]%ip by comm&+4 ,s 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man _h ma/]%ip ov] ! animals by comm&+ !m4 ,b ( ! natural p[]s & ! body itself man is ma/] n by comm&+1 b by us+ !m4 ,?us also 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man's ma/]%ip ov] plants & inanimate ?+s consi/$ n 9 comm&+ or 9 *ang+ !m1 b 9 mak+ use ( !m )\t h9drance4 ,! answ]s to ! objections appe> f ! above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,m5 ,7 ,equal 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce all w\ld h be5 equal4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxi73 ,:]e !re is no s91 !re is no inequality4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re 0 no s94 ,!re=e all 7 equal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 lik5ess & equality are ! basis ( mutual love1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ac3ai1 ,e bea/ love? its l2 s also e man him t is ne>e/ to himself4 ,n[ 9 t /ate !re 0 among m5 an abundance ( love1 :i* is ! bond ( peace4 ,!re=e all 7 equal 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! cause ceas+1 ! effect also ceases4 ,b ! cause ( pres5t inequality among m5 seems to arise1 on ! "p ( ,god1 f ! fact t ,he rew>ds "s & puni%es o!rs2 & on ! "p ( nature1 f ! fact t "s1 ?r\gh a defect ( nature1 are born weak & defici5t1 o!rs /rong & p]fect1 :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case 9 ! primitive /ate4 ,!re=e1 etc4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #ac3a73 ,! ?+s :i* are ( ,god1 are well ord]$ ,vulg4,^? t are1 are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,b ord] *iefly consi/s 9 inequality2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ac73 ,ord] disposes ?+s equal & unequal 9 _! prop] place4 ,!re=e 9 ! primitive /ate1 :i* 0 mo/ prop] & ord]ly1 inequality w\ld h exi/$4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ ne$s admit t 9 ! primitive /ate !re w\ld h be5 "s inequality1 at lea/ z reg>ds sex1 because g5]ation dep5ds ^u div]sity ( sex3 & likewise z reg>ds age2 = "s w\ld h be5 born ( o!rs2 nor w\ld sexual union h be5 /]ile4 ,moreov]1 z reg>ds ! s\l1 !re w\ld h be5 inequality z to righte\sness & k4 ,= man work$ n ( necessity1 b ( 8 own free-w1 by virtue ( :i* man c apply himself1 m or less1 to action1 desire1 or k2 h5ce "s w\ld h made a great] advance 9 virtue & k ?an o!rs4 ,!re might also h be5 bodily disp>ity4 ,= ! human body 0 n entirely exempt f ! laws ( nature1 s z n to receive f ext]ior s\rces m or less advantage & help3 s9ce inde$ x 0 dep5d5t on food :]e) to su/a9 life4 ,s we may say t1 accord+ to ! climate1 or ! movem5t ( ! />s1 "s w\ld h be5 born m robu/ 9 body ?an o!rs1 & also great]1 & m beautiful1 & all ways bett] dispos$2 s t1 h[ev]1 9 ^? :o 7 ?us surpass$1 !re w\ld h be5 no defect or fault ei!r 9 s\l or body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ^? words ,gregory means to exclude su* inequality z exi/s betwe5 virtue & vice2 ! result ( :i* is t "s are plac$ 9 subjection to o!rs z a p5alty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,equality is ! cause ( equality 9 mutual love4 ,yet betwe5 ^? :o are unequal !re c be a great] love ?an betwe5 equals2 al?\gh !re be n an equal response3 = a fa!r naturally loves 8 son m ?an a bro!r loves 8 bro!r2 al?\gh ! son does n love 8 fa!r z mu* z he is lov$ by him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! cause ( inequality c\ld be on ! "p ( ,god2 n inde$ t ,he w\ld puni% "s & rew>d o!rs1 b t ,he w\ld exalt "s above o!rs2 s t ! beauty ( ord] w\ld ! m %9e =? among m54 ,inequality might also arise on ! "p ( nature z above describ$1 )\t any defect ( nature4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,man ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,ma/] ,ov] ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld n h be5 ma/] ov] man4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ae73 ,god will$ t man1 :o 0 end[$ ) reason & made to ,8 image1 %\ld rule ov] none b irrational creatures2 n ov] m51 b ov] cattle4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at came into ! _w z a p5alty = s9 w\ld n h exi/$ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,b man 0 made subject to man z a p5alty2 = aft] s9 x 0 said to ! woman 7,g54 #c3af73 ,?\ %alt be "u ?y husb&'s p[]4 ,!re=e 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld n h be5 subject to man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 subjection is oppos$ to lib]ty4 ,b lib]ty is "o ( ! *ief bless+s1 & w\ld n h be5 lack+ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 :]e no?+ 0 want+ t man's good-w c\ld desire1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aj74 ,!re=e man w\ld n h be5 ma/] ov] man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! condition ( man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce 0 n m exalt$ ?an ! condition ( ! angels4 ,b among ! angels "s rule ov] o!rs2 & s "o ord] is call$ t ( ,dom9ations4 ,!re=e x 0 n b5ea? ! dignity ( ! /ate ( innoc5ce t "o man %\ld be subject to ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,ma/]%ip has a tw(old mean+4 ,fir/1 z oppos$ to slav]y1 9 :i* s5se a ma/] means "o to :om ano!r is subject z a slave4 ,9 ano!r s5se ma/]%ip is ref]r$ 9 a g5]al s5se to any k9d ( subject2 & 9 ?is s5se ev5 he :o has ! (fice ( gov]n+ & direct+ free m51 c be call$ a ma/]4 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man c\ld h be5 a ma/] ( m51 n 9 ! =m] b 9 ! latt] s5se4 ,?is di/9ction is f\nd$ on ! reason t a slave diff]s f a free man 9 t ! latt] has ! disposal ( himself1 z is /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,metaphysics1 :]eas a slave is ord]$ to ano!r4 ,s t "o man is ma/] ( ano!r z 8 slave :5 he ref]s ! "o ^: ma/] he is1 to 8 own--namely ! ma/]'s use4 ,& s9ce e man's prop] good is desirable to himself1 & consequ5tly x is a griev\s matt] to anyone to yield to ano!r :at ought to be "o's own1 !re=e su* dom9ion implies ( necessity a pa9 inflict$ on ! subject2 & consequ5tly 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce su* a ma/]%ip c\ld n h exi/$ betwe5 man & man4 ,b a man is ! ma/] ( a free subject1 by direct+ him ei!r t[>ds 8 prop] welf>e1 or to ! common good4 ,su* a k9d ( ma/]%ip w\ld h exi/$ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce betwe5 man & man1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because man is naturally a social be+1 & s 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce he w\ld h l$ a social life4 ,n[ a social life _c exi/ among a numb] ( p unless "u ! presid5cy ( "o to look aft] ! common good2 = _m1 z su*1 seek _m ?+s1 :]eas "o att5ds only to "o4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,politics1 t :]ev] _m ?+s are direct$ to "o1 we %all always f9d "o at ! head direct+ !m4 ,secondly1 if "o man surpass$ ano!r 9 k & virtue1 ?is w\ld n h be5 fitt+ unless ^! gifts conduc$ to ! b5efit ( o!rs1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 #d3aj1 ,z e man ha? receiv$ grace1 m9i/]+ ! same "o to ano!r4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ad73 ,j m5 comm& n by ! love ( dom9e]+1 b by ! s]vice ( c\nsel3 & 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ae73 ,! natural ord] ( ?+s requires ?is2 & ?us did ,god make man4 ,f ?is appe> ! replies to ! objections :i* are f\nd$ on ! fir/-m5tion$ mode ( ma/]%ip4 ,,"q #ig ,,( ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,9 ,,! ,,primitive ,,/ate 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] :at belongs to ! bodily /ate ( ! fir/ man3 fir/1 z reg>ds ! pres]vation ( ! individual2 secondly1 z reg>ds ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce 0 immortal8 7#b7 ,:e!r he 0 impassible8 7#c7 ,:e!r he /ood 9 ne$ ( food8 7#d7 ,:e!r he w\ld h obta9$ immortality by ! tree ( life8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,man ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,immortal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man 0 n immortal4 ,= ! t]m mortal belongs to ! def9ition ( man4 ,b if y take away ! def9ition1 y take away ! ?+ def9$4 ,!re=e z long z man 0 man he c\ld n be immortal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 corruptible & incorruptible are g5]ically di/9ct1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 x1 ,did4 ix1 #aj74 ,b !re c be no pass+ f "o g5us to ano!r4 ,!re=e if ! fir/ man 0 incorruptible1 man c\ld n be corruptible 9 ! pres5t /ate4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if man 7 immortal 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 ?is w\ld h be5 due ei!r to nature or to grace4 ,n to nature1 = s9ce nature does n *ange )9 ! same species1 he w\ld also h be5 immortal n[4 ,likewise nei!r w\ld ?is be ow+ to grace2 = ! fir/ man recov]$ grace by rep5tance1 accord+ to ,wis4 #aj3b3 ,he br\ght him out ( 8 s9s4 ,h5ce he w\ld h rega9$ 8 immortality2 :i* is cle>ly n ! case4 ,!re=e man 0 n immortal 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 immortality is promis$ to man z a rew>d1 accord+ to ,apoc4 #ba3d3 ,dea? %all be no m4 ,b man 0 n creat$ 9 ! /ate ( rew>d1 b t he might des]ve ! rew>d4 ,!re=e man 0 n immortal 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #e3ab73 ,by s9 dea? came into ! _w4 ,!re=e man 0 immortal be=e s94 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be incorruptible 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( matt]--t is to say1 ei!r because x possesses no matt]1 l an angel2 or because x possesses matt] t is 9 pot5tiality to "o =m only1 l ! heav5ly bodies4 ,su* ?+s z ^! are incorruptible by _! v nature4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is incorruptible 9 its =m1 inasmu* z be+ by nature corruptible1 yet x has an inh]5t disposition :i* pres]ves x :olly f corruption2 & ?is is call$ incorruptibility ( glory2 because z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,dioscor473 ,god made man's s\l ( su* a p[]ful nature1 t f its fulness ( beatitude1 !re r$\nds to ! body a fulness ( heal?1 ) ! vigor ( incorruption4 ,?irdly1 a ?+ may be incorruptible on ! "p ( its effici5t cause2 9 ?is s5se man 0 incorruptible & immortal 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,=1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,te/4 qu4 #ai 99,"w ( an anonym\s au?or1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e73 ,god made man immortal z long z he did n s92 s t he might a*ieve = himself life or dea?4 ,= man's body 0 indissoluble n by reason ( any intr9sic vigor ( immortality1 b by reason ( a sup]natural =ce giv5 by ,god to ! s\l1 :]eby x 0 enabl$ to pres]ve ! body f all corruption s long z x rema9$ itself subject to ,god4 ,?is entirely agrees ) reason2 = s9ce ! rational s\l surpasses ! capacity ( corporeal matt]1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #a71 x 0 mo/ prop]ly end[$ at ! beg9n+ ) ! p[] ( pres]v+ ! body 9 a mann] surpass+ ! capacity ( corporeal matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a & #b3 ,^! objections are f\nd$ on natural incorruptibility & immortality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is p[] ( pres]v+ ! body 0 n natural to ! s\l1 b 0 ! gift ( grace4 ,& ?\gh man recov]$ grace z reg>ds remission ( guilt & ! m]it ( glory2 yet he did n recov] immortality1 ! loss ( :i* 0 an effect ( s92 = ?is 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ to accompli%1 by ,:om ! defect ( nature 0 to be re/or$ into some?+ bett]1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,,iii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! promis$ rew>d ( ! immortality ( glory diff]s f ! immortality :i* 0 be/[$ on man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,man ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,passible8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man 0 passible4 ,= s5sation is a k9d ( passion4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld h be5 s5sitive4 ,!re=e he w\ld h be5 passible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sleep is a k9d ( passion4 ,n[1 man slept 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 accord+ to ,g54 #b3ba1 ,god ca/ a deep sleep ^u ,adam4 ,!re=e he w\ld h be5 passible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same passage goes on to say t ,he took a rib out ( ,adam4 ,!re=e he 0 passible ev5 to ! degree ( ! cutt+ out ( "p ( 8 body4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 man's body 0 s(t4 ,b a s(t body is naturally passible z reg>ds a h>d body2 !re=e if a h>d body _h come 9 contact ) ! s(t body ( ! fir/ man1 ! latt] w\ld h suff]$ f ! impact4 ,!re=e ! fir/ man 0 passible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,_h man be5 passible1 he w\ld h be5 also corruptible1 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,top4 vi1 #c73 ,excessive suff]+ wa/es ! v sub/ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,passion may be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,fir/1 9 its prop] s5se1 & ?us a ?+ is said to suff] :5 *ang$ f its natural disposition4 ,= passion is ! effect ( action2 & 9 nature contr>ies are mutually active or passive1 accord+ z "o ?+ *anges ano!r f its natural disposition4 ,secondly1 passion c be tak5 9 a g5]al s5se = any k9d ( *ange1 ev5 if belong+ to ! p]fect+ process ( nature4 ,?us und]/&+ & s5sation are said to be passions4 ,9 ?is second s5se1 man 0 passible 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 & 0 passive bo? 9 s\l & body4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 man 0 impassible1 bo? 9 s\l & body1 z he 0 likewise immortal2 = he c\ld curb 8 passion1 z he c\ld avoid dea?1 s long z he refra9$ f s94 ,?us x is cle> h[ to reply to ! fir/ two objections2 s9ce s5sation & sleep d n remove f man 8 natural disposition1 b are ord]$ to 8 natural welf>e4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z already expla9$ 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 ! rib 0 9 ,adam z ! pr9ciple ( ! human race1 z ! sem5 9 man1 :o is a pr9ciple ?r\gh g5]ation4 ,h5ce z man does n suff] any natural det]ioration by sem9al issue2 s nei!r did he ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( ! rib4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,man's body 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce c\ld be pres]v$ f suff]+ injury f a h>d body2 p>tly by ! use ( 8 reason1 :]eby he c\ld avoid :at 0 h>mful2 & p>tly also by ,div9e ,provid5ce1 s pres]v+ him1 t no?+ ( a h>mful nature c\ld come ^u him unaw>es4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,man ,_h ,ne$ ( ,food8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man did n require food4 ,= food is necess>y = man to re/ore :at he has lo/4 ,b ,adam's body suff]$ no loss1 z be+ incorruptible4 ,!re=e he _h no ne$ ( food4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 food is ne$$ = n\ri%m5t4 ,b n\ri%m5t involves passibility4 ,s9ce1 !n1 man's body 0 impassible2 x does n appe> h[ food c\ld be ne$ful to him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we ne$ food = ! pres]vation ( life4 ,b ,adam c\ld pres]ve 8 life o!rwise2 = _h he n s9n$1 he w\ld n h di$4 ,!re=e he did n require food4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! consumption ( food involves void+ ( ! surplus1 :i* seems unsuitable to ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,!re=e x seems t man did n take food 9 ! primitive /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3af73 ,( e tree 9 p>adise ye %all ,vulg4 '?\ %alt' eat4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man _h an animal life requir+ food2 b aft] ! resurrection he w h a spiritual life ne$+ no food4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! rational s\l is bo? s\l & _s4 ,x is call$ a s\l by reason ( :at x possesses 9 common ) o!r s\ls--t is1 z giv+ life to ! body2 :5ce x is writt5 7,g54 #b3g73 ,man 0 made into a liv+ s\l2 t is1 a s\l giv+ life to ! body4 ,b ! s\l is call$ a _s accord+ to :at prop]ly belongs to itself1 & n to o!r s\ls1 z possess+ an intellectual immat]ial p[]4 ,?us 9 ! primitive /ate1 ! rational s\l communicat$ to ! body :at belong$ to itself z a s\l2 & s ! body 0 call$ animal 99,f 'anima'1 a s\l2 ,cf4 #a ,cor4 #ae3dd seqq41 ?r\gh hav+ its life f ! s\l4 ,n[ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( life 9 ^! inf]ior creatures z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d7 is ! vegetative s\l3 ! op]ations ( :i* are ! use ( food1 g5]ation1 & gr[?4 ,:]e=e su* op]ations befitt$ man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,b 9 ! f9al /ate1 aft] ! resurrection1 ! s\l w1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 communicate to ! body :at prop]ly belongs to itself z a _s2 immortality to ev]yone1 impassibility1 glory1 & p[] to ! good1 ^: bodies w be call$ spiritual4 ,s1 aft] ! resurrection1 man w n require food2 :]eas he requir$ x 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,te/4 qu4 #ai 99,works ( an anonym\s au?or1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e73 ,h[ c\ld man h an immortal body1 :i* 0 su/a9$ by food8 ,s9ce an immortal be+ ne$s nei!r food nor dr9k4 ,= we h expla9$ 7,a4 #a7 t ! immortality ( ! primitive /ate 0 bas$ on a sup]natural =ce 9 ! s\l1 & n on any intr9sic disposition ( ! body3 s t by ! action ( heat1 ! body might lose "p ( its humid qualities2 & to prev5t ! entire consumption ( ! humor1 man 0 oblig$ to take food4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a c]ta9 passion & alt]ation att5ds nutrim5t1 on ! "p ( ! food *ang$ into ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ n\ri%$4 ,s we _c !nce conclude t man's body 0 passible1 b t ! food tak5 0 passible2 al?\gh ?is k9d ( passion conduc$ to ! p]fection ( ! nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if man _h n tak5 food he w\ld h s9n$2 z he also s9n$ by tak+ ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,= he 0 told at ! same "t1 to ab/a9 f ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 & to eat ( e o!r tree ( ,p>adise4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"s say t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld n h tak5 m ?an necess>y food1 s t !re w\ld h be5 no?+ sup]flu\s2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is unreasonable to suppose1 z imply+ t !re w\ld h be5 no faecal matt]4 ,:]e=e !re 0 ne$ = void+ ! surplus1 yet s dispos$ by ,god z to be decor\s & suitable to ! /ate4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,man ,w\ld ,h ,acquir$ ,immortality by ! ,tree ( ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! tree ( life c\ld n be ! cause ( immortality4 ,= no?+ c act beyond its own species2 z an effect does n exce$ its cause4 ,b ! tree ( life 0 corruptible1 o!rwise x c\ld n be tak5 z food2 s9ce food is *ang$ into ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ n\ri%$4 ,!re=e ! tree ( life c\ld n give incorruptibility or immortality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 effects caus$ by ! =ces ( plants & o!r natural ag5cies are natural4 ,if !re=e ! tree ( life caus$ immortality1 ?is w\ld h be5 natural immortality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?is w\ld seem to be r$uc$ to ! anci5t fable1 t ! gods1 by eat+ a c]ta9 food1 became immortal2 :i* ! ,philosoph] ridicules 7,metaph4 iii1 ,did4 ii1 #d74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #c3bb73 ,le/ p]haps he put =? 8 h&1 & take ( ! tree ( life1 & eat1 & live = ev]4 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,te/4 qu4 #ai 99,"w ( an anonym\s au?or1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e73 ,a ta/e ( ! tree ( life w>d$ (f corruption ( ! body2 & ev5 aft] s9 man w\ld h rema9$ immortal1 _h he be5 all[$ to eat ( ! tree ( life4 ,i answ] t1 ,! tree ( life 9 a c]ta9 degree 0 ! cause ( immortality1 b n absolutely4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ obs]ve t 9 ! primitive /ate man possess$1 = ! pres]vation ( life1 two rem$ies1 aga9/ two defects4 ,"o ( ^! defects 0 ! lo/ ( humidity by ! action ( natural heat1 :i* acts z ! s\l's in/rum5t3 z a rem$y aga9/ su* loss man 0 provid$ ) food1 tak5 f ! o!r trees ( p>adise1 z n[ we are provid$ ) ! food1 :i* we take = ! same purpose4 ,! second defect1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #e71 arises f ! fact t ! humor :i* is caus$ f extrane\s s\rces1 be+ add$ to ! humor already exi/+1 less5s ! specific active p[]3 z wat] add$ to w9e takes at fir/ ! ta/e ( w9e1 !n1 z m wat] is add$1 ! /r5g? ( ! w9e is dim9i%$1 till ! w9e becomes wat]y4 ,9 l mann]1 we may obs]ve t at fir/ ! active =ce ( ! species is s /rong t x is able to trans=m s mu* ( ! food z is requir$ to replace ! lo/ tissue1 z well z :at suffices = gr[?2 lat] on1 h[ev]1 ! assimilat$ food does n suffice = gr[?1 b only replaces :at is lo/4 ,la/ ( all1 9 old age1 x does n suffice ev5 = ?is purpose2 :]eupon ! body decl9es1 & f9ally dies f natural causes4 ,aga9/ ?is defect man 0 provid$ ) a rem$y 9 ! tree ( life2 = its effect 0 to /r5g!n ! =ce ( ! species aga9/ ! weakness result+ f ! admixture ( extrane\s nutrim5t4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bf73 ,man _h food to appease 8 hung]1 dr9k to slake 8 ?ir/2 & ! tree ( life to bani% ! break+ up ( old age2 & 7,,qq4 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,te/4 qu4 #ai 99,"w ( an anonym\s au?or1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e7 ,! tree ( life1 l a drug1 w>d$ (f all bodily corruption4 ,yet x did n absolutely cause immortality2 = nei!r 0 ! s\l's intr9sic p[] ( pres]v+ ! body due to ! tree ( life1 nor 0 x ( su* effici5cy z to give ! body a disposition to immortality1 :]eby x might become indissoluble2 :i* is cle> f ! fact t e bodily p[] is f9ite2 s ! p[] ( ! tree ( life c\ld n g s f> z to give ! body ! pr]ogative ( liv+ = an inf9ite "t1 b only = a def9ite "t4 ,= x is manife/ t ! great] a =ce is1 ! m durable is its effect2 !re=e1 s9ce ! p[] ( ! tree ( life 0 f9ite1 man's life 0 to be pres]v$ = a def9ite "t by p>tak+ ( x once2 & :5 t "t _h elaps$1 man 0 to be ei!r transf]r$ to a spiritual life1 or _h ne$ to eat once m ( ! tree ( life4 ,f ?is ! replies to ! objections cle>ly appe>4 ,= ! fir/ proves t ! tree ( life did n absolutely cause immortality2 :ile ! o!rs %[ t x caus$ incorruption by w>d+ (f corruption1 accord+ to ! explanation above giv54 ,,"q #ih ,,( ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,species 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we next consid] :at belongs to ! pres]vation ( ! species2 &1 fir/1 ( g5]ation2 secondly1 ( ! /ate ( ! (fspr+4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re w\ld h be5 g5]ation8 7#b7 ,:e!r g5]ation w\ld h be5 ?r\gh coition8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,g5]ation ,exi/$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem !re w\ld h be5 no g5]ation 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,=1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 v1 #e1 corruption is contr>y to g5]ation4 ,b contr>ies affect ! same subject3 also !re w\ld h be5 no corruption 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,!re=e nei!r w\ld !re h be5 g5]ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( g5]ation is ! pres]vation 9 ! species ( t :i* is corruptible 9 ! individual4 ,:]e=e !re is no g5]ation 9 ^? individual ?+s :i* la/ = ev]4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld h liv$ = ev]4 ,!re=e 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re w\ld h be5 no g5]ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by g5]ation man is multipli$4 ,b ! multiplication ( ma/]s requires ! division ( prop]ty1 to avoid confusion ( ma/]%ip4 ,!re=e1 s9ce man 0 made ma/] ( ! animals1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to make a division ( rights :5 ! human race increas$ by g5]ation4 ,?is is aga9/ ! natural law1 accord+ to :i* all ?+s are 9 common1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #d74 ,!re=e !re w\ld h be5 no g5]ation 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bh73 ,increase & multiply1 & fill ! e>?4 ,b ?is increase c\ld n come ab\t save by g5]ation1 s9ce ! orig9al numb] ( mank9d 0 two only4 ,!re=e !re w\ld h be5 g5]ation 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re w\ld h be5 g5]ation ( (fspr+ = ! multiplication ( ! human race2 o!rwise man's s9 w\ld h be5 v necess>y1 = su* a great bless+ to be its result4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 obs]ve t man1 by 8 nature1 is e/abli%$1 z x 71 midway betwe5 corruptible & incorruptible creatures1 8 s\l be+ naturally incorruptible1 :ile 8 body is naturally corruptible4 ,we mu/ also obs]ve t nature's purpose appe>s to be diff]5t z reg>ds corruptible & incorruptible ?+s4 ,= t seems to be ! direct purpose ( nature1 :i* is inv>iable & p]petual2 :ile :at is only = a "t is seem+ly n ! *ief purpose ( nature1 b z x 71 subord9ate to some?+ else2 o!rwise1 :5 x ceas$ to exi/1 nature's purpose w\ld become void4 ,!re=e1 s9ce 9 ?+s corruptible none is ev]la/+ & p]man5t except ! species1 x foll[s t ! *ief purpose ( nature is ! good ( ! species2 = ! pres]vation ( :i* natural g5]ation is orda9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 incorruptible sub/ances survive1 n only 9 ! species1 b also 9 ! individual2 :]e=e ev5 ! individuals are includ$ 9 ! *ief purpose ( nature4 ,h5ce x belongs to man to beget (fspr+1 on ! "p ( ! naturally corruptible body4 ,b on ! "p ( ! s\l1 :i* is incorruptible1 x is fitt+ t ! multitude ( individuals %\ld be ! direct purpose ( nature1 or r ( ! ,au?or ( nature1 ,:o alone is ! ,creator ( ! human s\l4 ,:]e=e1 to provide = ! multiplication ( ! human race1 ,he e/abli%$ ! begett+ ( (fspr+ ev5 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce ! human body 0 9 itself corruptible1 b x c\ld be pres]v$ f corruption by ! s\l4 ,!re=e1 s9ce g5]ation belongs to ?+s corruptible1 man 0 n to be depriv$ !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh g5]ation 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce might n h be5 requir$ = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 yet x w\ld h be5 requir$ = ! multiplication ( ! individual4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 our pres5t /ate a division ( possessions is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! multiplicity ( ma/]s1 inasmu* z community ( possession is a s\rce ( /rife1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,politic4 ii1 #e74 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 h[ev]1 ! w ( m5 w\ld h be5 s ord]$ t )\t any dang] ( /rife !y w\ld h us$ 9 common1 accord+ to ea* "o's ne$1 ^? ?+s ( :i* !y 7 ma/]s--a /ate ( ?+s to be obs]v$ ev5 n[ among _m good m54 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,!re ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,g5]ation by ,coition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t g5]ation by coition w\ld n h exi/$ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,=1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #aa2 iv1 #be71 ! fir/ man 9 ! t]re/rial ,p>adise 0 l an angel4 ,b 9 ! future /ate ( ! resurrection1 :5 m5 w be l ! angels1 !y %all nei!r m>ry nor be m>ri$1 z is writt5 ,matt4 #bb3cj4 ,!re=e nei!r 9 p>adise w\ld !re h be5 g5]ation by coition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 our fir/ p>5ts 7 creat$ at ! age ( p]fect developm5t4 ,!re=e1 if g5]ation by coition _h exi/$ be=e s91 !y w\ld h _h int]c\rse :ile /ill 9 p>adise3 :i* 0 n ! case accord+ to ,scripture 7,g54 #d3a74 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 c>nal int]c\rse1 m ?an at any o!r "t1 man becomes l ! bea/s1 on acc\nt ( ! vehem5t delight :i* he takes !re92 :5ce cont+5cy is praisewor?y1 :]eby man refra9s f su* pleasures4 ,b man is comp>$ to bea/s by reason ( s91 accord+ to ,ps4 #dh3ac3 ,man1 :5 he 0 9 honor1 did n und]/&2 he is comp>$ to s5seless bea/s1 & is become l to !m4 ,!re=e1 be=e s91 !re w\ld h be5 no su* int]c\rse ( man & woman4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re w\ld h be5 no corruption4 ,b virg9al integrity is corrupt$ by int]c\rse4 ,!re=e !re w\ld h be5 no su* ?+ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,god made man & woman be=e s9 7,g54 #a1 #b74 ,b no?+ is void 9 ,god's works4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if man _h n s9n$1 !re w\ld h be5 su* int]c\rse1 to :i* ! di/9ction ( sex is orda9$4 ,moreov]1 we are told t woman 0 made to be a help to man 7,g54 #b3ah1 #bj74 ,b %e is n fitt$ to help man except 9 g5]ation1 because ano!r man w\ld h prov$ a m effective help 9 any?+ else4 ,!re=e !re w\ld h be5 su* g5]ation also 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s ( ! e>li] doctors1 consid]+ ! nature ( concupisc5ce z reg>ds g5]ation 9 our pres5t /ate1 conclud$ t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce g5]ation w\ld n h be5 effect$ 9 ! same way4 ,?us ,gregory ( ,nyssa says 7,de ,hom4 ,opif4 xvii7 t 9 p>adise ! human race w\ld h be5 multipli$ by "s o!r means1 z ! angels 7 multipli$ )\t coition by ! op]ation ( ! ,div9e ,p[]4 ,he adds t ,god made man male & female be=e s91 because ,he =eknew ! mode ( g5]ation :i* w\ld take place aft] s91 :i* ,he =esaw4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,= :at is natural to man 0 nei!r acquir$ nor =feit$ by s94 ,n[ x is cle> t g5]ation by coition is natural to man by reason ( 8 animal life1 :i* he possess$ ev5 be=e s91 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #c71 j z x is natural to o!r p]fect animals1 z ! corporeal memb]s make x cle>4 ,s we _c all[ t ^! memb]s w\ld n h _h a natural use1 z o!r memb]s _h1 be=e s94 ,?us1 z reg>ds g5]ation by coition1 !re are1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life1 two ?+s to be consid]$4 ,"o1 :i* comes f nature1 is ! union ( man & woman2 = 9 e act ( g5]ation !re is an active & a passive pr9ciple4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce :]ev] !re is di/9ction ( sex1 ! active pr9ciple is male & ! passive is female2 ! ord] ( nature dem&s t = ! purpose ( g5]ation !re %\ld be concurr5ce ( male & female4 ,! second ?+ to be obs]v$ is a c]ta9 de=mity ( excessive concupisc5ce1 :i* 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce w\ld n h exi/$1 :5 ! l[] p[]s 7 entirely subject to reason4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bf73 ,we mu/ be f> f suppos+ t (fspr+ c\ld n be begott5 )\t concupisc5ce4 ,all ! bodily memb]s w\ld h be5 equally mov$ by ! w1 )\t ard5t or wanton inc5tive1 ) calmness ( s\l & body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 p>adise man w\ld h be5 l an angel 9 8 spirituality ( m9d1 yet ) an animal life 9 8 body4 ,aft] ! resurrection man w be l an angel1 spiritualiz$ 9 s\l & body4 ,:]e=e !re is no p>allel4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ix1 #d71 our fir/ p>5ts did n come toge!r 9 p>adise1 because on acc\nt ( s9 !y 7 eject$ f p>adise %ortly aft] ! creation ( ! woman2 or because1 hav+ receiv$ ! g5]al ,div9e comm& relative to g5]ation1 !y await$ ! special comm& relative to "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bea/s are )\t reason4 ,9 ?is way man becomes1 z x 71 l !m 9 coition1 because he _c mod]ate concupisc5ce4 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce no?+ ( ?is k9d w\ld h happ5$ t 0 n regulat$ by reason1 n because delight ( s5se 0 less1 z "s say 7r inde$ w\ld s5sible delight h be5 ! great] 9 proportion to ! great] purity ( nature & ! great] s5sibility ( ! body71 b because ! =ce ( concupisc5ce w\ld n h s inord9ately ?r[n itself into su* pleasure1 be+ curb$ by reason1 ^: place x is n to less5 s5sual pleasure1 b to prev5t ! =ce ( concupisc5ce f cleav+ to x immod]ately4 ,by immod]ately ,i mean go+ beyond ! b\nds ( reason1 z a sob] p]son does n take less pleasure 9 food tak5 9 mod]ation ?an ! glutton1 b 8 concupisc5ce l+]s less 9 su* pleasures4 ,?is is :at ,augu/9e means by ! words quot$1 :i* d n exclude int5sity ( pleasure f ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 b ardor ( desire & re/lessness ( ! m9d4 ,!re=e cont95ce w\ld n h be5 praisewor?y 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 :]eas x is praisewor?y 9 our pres5t /ate1 n because x removes fecundity1 b because x excludes inord9ate desire4 ,9 t /ate fecundity w\ld h be5 )\t lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bf73 ,9 t /ate int]c\rse w\ld h be5 )\t prejudice to virg9al integrity2 ?is w\ld h rema9$ intact1 z x does 9 ! m5ses4 ,& j z 9 giv+ bir? ! "m 0 !n reliev$1 n by groans ( pa91 b by ! in/igations ( maturity2 s 9 conceiv+1 ! union 0 "o1 n ( lu/ful desire1 b ( delib]ate action4 ,,"q #ii ,,( ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,(fspr+ ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,body 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! condition ( ! (fspr+--fir/1 z reg>ds ! body2 secondly1 z reg>ds virtue2 ?irdly1 9 k4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ildr5 w\ld h _h full p[]s ( ! body imm$iately aft] bir?8 7#b7 ,:e!r all infants w\ld h be5 ( ! male sex8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,*ildr5 ,w\ld ,h ,_h ,p]fect ,/r5g? ( ,body ,z to ! ,use ( ,its ,memb]s ,imm$iately ,aft] ,bir?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ildr5 w\ld h _h p]fect /r5g? ( ! body1 z to ! use ( its memb]s1 imm$iately aft] bir?4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pecc4 ,m]it4 et ,remiss4 i1 #ch73 ,?is weakness ( ! body befits _! weakness ( m9d4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re w\ld h be5 no weakness ( m9d4 ,!re=e nei!r w\ld !re h be5 weakness ( body 9 infants4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s animals at bir? h suffici5t /r5g? to use _! memb]s4 ,b man is nobl] ?an o!r animals4 ,!re=e mu* m is x natural to man to h /r5g? to use 8 memb]s at bir?2 & ?us x appe>s to be a puni%m5t ( s9 t he has n t /r5g?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 inability to secure a pr(f]$ pleasure causes affliction4 ,b if *ildr5 _h n full /r5g? 9 ! use ( _! limbs1 !y w\ld (t5 h be5 unable to procure some?+ pleasurable (f]$ to !m2 & s !y w\ld h be5 afflict$1 :i* 0 n possible be=e s94 ,!re=e1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 *ildr5 w\ld n h be5 depriv$ ( ! use ( _! limbs4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! weakness ( old age seems to correspond to t ( infancy4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re w\ld h be5 no weakness ( old age4 ,!re=e nei!r w\ld !re h be5 su* weakness 9 infancy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ev]y?+ g5]at$ is fir/ imp]fect4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ildr5 w\ld h be5 begott5 by g5]ation4 ,!re=e f ! fir/ !y w\ld h be5 imp]fect 9 bodily size & p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,by fai? alone d we hold tru?s :i* are above nature1 & :at we believe re/s on au?ority4 ,:]e=e1 9 mak+ any ass]tion1 we mu/ be guid$ by ! nature ( ?+s1 except 9 ^? ?+s :i* are above nature1 & are made kn[n to u by ,div9e au?ority4 ,n[ x is cle> t x is z natural z x is befitt+ to ! pr9ciples ( human nature t *ildr5 %\ld n h suffici5t /r5g? = ! use ( _! limbs imm$iately aft] bir?4 ,because 9 proportion to o!r animals man has naturally a l>g] bra94 ,:]e=e x is natural1 on acc\nt ( ! consid]able humidity ( ! bra9 9 *ildr51 t ! n]ves :i* are in/rum5ts ( movem5t1 %\ld n be apt = mov+ ! limbs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no ,ca?olic d\bts x possible = a *ild to h1 by ,div9e p[]1 ! use ( its limbs imm$iately aft] bir?4 ,n[ we h x on ! au?ority ( ,scripture t ,god made man "r 7,eccles4 #g3cj71 :i* rightness1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aa71 consi/s 9 ! p]fect subjection ( ! body to ! s\l4 ,z1 !re=e1 9 ! primitive /ate x 0 impossible to f9d 9 ! human limbs any?+ repugnant to man's well-ord]$ w1 s 0 x impossible = ^? limbs to fail 9 execut+ ! w's comm&s4 ,n[ ! human w is well ord]$ :5 x t5ds to acts :i* are befitt+ to man4 ,b ! same acts are n befitt+ to man at e season ( life4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 conclude t *ildr5 w\ld n h _h suffici5t /r5g? = ! use ( _! limbs = ! purpose ( p]=m+ e k9d ( act2 b only = ! acts befitt+ ! /ate ( infancy1 su* z suckl+1 & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( ! weakness :i* we obs]ve 9 *ildr5 ev5 z reg>ds ^? acts :i* befit ! /ate ( infancy2 z is cle> f 8 prec$+ rem>k t ev5 :5 close to ! brea/1 & long+ = x1 !y are m apt to cry ?an to suckle4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fact t "s animals h ! use ( _! limbs imm$iately aft] bir?1 is due1 n to _! sup]iority1 s9ce m p]fect animals are n s end[$2 b to ! dryness ( ! bra91 & to ! op]ations prop] to su* animals be+ imp]fect1 s t a small am\nt ( /r5g? suffices !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c is cle> f :at we h said above4 ,we may add t !y w\ld h desir$ no?+ except ) an ord9ate w2 & only :at 0 befitt+ to _! /ate ( life4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man w\ld h be5 born1 yet n subject to corruption4 ,!re=e 9 t /ate !re c\ld h be5 c]ta9 infantile defects :i* result f bir?2 b n s5ile defects lead+ to corruption4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r1 9 ! ,primitive ,/ate1 ,wom5 ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,born8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! primitive /ate woman w\ld n h be5 born4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 ii1 #c7 t woman is a misbegott5 male1 z ?\gh %e 7 a product outside ! purpose ( nature4 ,b 9 t /ate no?+ w\ld h be5 unnatural 9 human g5]ation4 ,!re=e 9 t /ate wom5 w\ld n h be5 born4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e ag5t produces its l1 unless prev5t$ by insuffici5t p[] or ineptness ( matt]3 ?us a small fire _c burn gre5 wood4 ,b 9 g5]ation ! active =ce is 9 ! male4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man's active =ce 0 n subject to defect1 nor 0 !re inept matt] on ! "p ( ! woman1 x seems t males w\ld always h be5 born4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce g5]ation is ord]$ to ! multiplication ( ! human race4 ,b ! race w\ld h be5 suffici5tly multipli$ by ! fir/ man & woman1 f ! fact t !y w\ld h liv$ = ev]4 ,!re=e1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 !re 0 no ne$ = wom5 to be born4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,nature's process 9 g5]ation w\ld h be5 9 h>mony ) ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 e/abli%$ by ,god4 ,b ,god e/abli%$ male & female 9 human nature1 z x is writt5 7,g54 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e also 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce male & female w\ld h be5 born4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ belong+ to ! complet5ess ( human nature w\ld h be5 lack+ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,& z diff]5t grades belong to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 s also div]sity ( sex belongs to ! p]fection ( human nature4 ,!re=e 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 bo? sexes w\ld h be5 begott54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,woman is said to be a misbegott5 male1 z be+ a product outside ! purpose ( nature consid]$ 9 ! individual case3 b n aga9/ ! purpose ( univ]sal nature1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! g5]ation ( woman is n occasion$ ei!r by a defect ( ! active =ce or by inept matt]1 z ! objection proposes2 b sometimes by an extr9sic accid5tal cause2 ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,animal4 ,hi/or4 vi1 #ai73 ,! nor!rn w9d favors ! g5]ation ( males1 & ! s\!rn w9d t ( females3 sometimes also by "s impression 9 ! s\l 7( ! p>5ts71 :i* may easily h "s effect on ! body 7( ! *ild74 ,especially 0 ?is ! case 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 :5 ! body 0 m subject to ! s\l2 s t by ! m]e w ( ! p>5t ! sex ( ! (fspr+ might be div]sifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! (fspr+ w\ld h be5 begott5 to an animal life1 z to ! use ( food & g5]ation4 ,h5ce x 0 fitt+ t all %\ld g5]ate1 & n only ! fir/ p>5ts4 ,f ?is x seems to foll[ t males & females w\ld h be5 9 equal numb]4 ,,"q #ajj ,,( ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,(fspr+ ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,righte\sness 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we n[ h to consid] ! condition ( ! (fspr+ z to righte\sness4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r m5 w\ld h be5 born 9 a /ate ( righte\sness8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y w\ld h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,m5 ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,born 9 a ,/ate ( ,righte\sness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce m5 w\ld n h be5 born 9 a /ate ( righte\sness4 ,= ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor says 7,de ,sacram4 i73 ,be=e s9 ! fir/ man w\ld h begott5 *ildr5 s9less2 b n heirs to _! fa!r's righte\sness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 righte\sness is effect$ by grace1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3af1 #ba74 ,n[ grace is n transfus$ f "o to ano!r1 = ?us x w\ld be natural2 b is infus$ by ,god alone4 ,!re=e *ildr5 w\ld n h be5 born righte\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 righte\sness is 9 ! s\l4 ,b ! s\l is n transmitt$ f ! p>5t4 ,!re=e nei!r w\ld righte\sness h be5 transmitt$ f p>5ts1 to ! *ildr54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,anselm says 7,de ,concep4 ,virg4 x73 ,z long z man did n s91 he w\ld h begott5 *ildr5 end[$ ) righte\sness toge!r ) ! rational s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,man naturally begets a specific lik5ess to himself4 ,h5ce :atev] accid5tal qualities result f ! nature ( ! species1 mu/ be alike 9 p>5t & *ild1 unless nature fails 9 its op]ation1 :i* w\ld n h occurr$ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,b individual accid5ts d n necess>ily exi/ alike 9 p>5t & *ild4 ,n[ orig9al righte\sness1 9 :i* ! fir/ man 0 creat$1 0 an accid5t p]ta9+ to ! nature ( ! species1 n z caus$ by ! pr9ciples ( ! species1 b z a gift conf]r$ by ,god on ! entire human nature4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t opposites are ( ! same g5us2 & orig9al s91 :i* is oppos$ to orig9al righte\sness1 is call$ ! s9 ( nature1 :]e=e x is transmitt$ f ! p>5t to ! (fspr+2 & = ?is reason also1 ! *ildr5 w\ld h be5 assimilat$ to _! p>5ts z reg>ds orig9al righte\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ,hugh are to be und]/ood z ref]r+1 n to ! habit ( righte\sness1 b to ! execution ( ! act !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s say t *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born1 n ) ! righte\sness ( grace1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( m]it1 b ) orig9al righte\sness4 ,b s9ce ! root ( orig9al righte\sness1 :i* conf]r$ righte\sness on ! fir/ man :5 he 0 made1 consi/s 9 ! sup]natural subjection ( ! reason to ,god1 :i* subjection results f sanctify+ grace1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #a71 we mu/ conclude t if *ildr5 7 born 9 orig9al righte\sness1 !y w\ld also h be5 born 9 grace2 ?us we h said above t ! fir/ man 0 creat$ 9 grace 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #a74 ,?is grace1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h be5 natural1 = x w\ld n h be5 transfus$ by virtue ( ! sem52 b w\ld h be5 conf]r$ on man imm$iately on 8 receiv+ a rational s\l4 ,9 ! same way ! rational s\l1 :i* is n transmitt$ by ! p>5t1 is infus$ by ,god z soon z ! human body is apt to receive x4 ,f ?is ! reply to ! ?ird objection is cle>4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,*ildr5 ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,born ,confirm$ 9 ,righte\sness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 iv7 on ! words ( ,job #c3ac3 ,= n[ ,i %\ld h be5 asleep1 etc43 ,if no s9ful corruption _h infect$ our fir/ p>5t1 he w\ld n h begott5 '*ildr5 ( hell'2 no *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born ( him b su* z 7 de/9$ to be sav$ by ! ,r$eem]4 ,!re=e all w\ld h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,anselm says 7,cur ,deus ,homo i1 #ah73 ,if our fir/ p>5ts _h liv$ s z n to yield to temptation1 !y w\ld h be5 confirm$ 9 grace1 s t ) _! (fspr+ !y w\ld h be5 unable to s9 any m4 ,!re=e ! *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 good is /rong] ?an evil4 ,b by ! s9 ( ! fir/ man !re result$1 9 ^? born ( him1 ! necessity ( s94 ,!re=e1 if ! fir/ man _h p]sev]$ 9 righte\sness1 8 desc5dants w\ld h d]iv$ f him ! necessity ( pres]v+ righte\sness4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! angels :o rema9$ fai?ful to ,god1 :ile ! o!rs s9n$1 7 at once confirm$ 9 grace1 s z to be unable h5ce=? to s94 ,9 l mann]1 !re=e1 man w\ld h be5 confirm$ 9 grace if he _h p]sev]$4 ,b he w\ld h begott5 *ildr5 l himself4 ,!re=e !y also w\ld h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aj73 ,happy w\ld h be5 ! :ole human race if nei!r !y--t is our fir/ p>5ts--_h committ$ any evil to be transmitt$ to _! desc5dants1 nor any ( _! race _h committ$ any s9 = :i* !y w\ld h be5 condemn$4 ,f :i* words we ga!r t ev5 if our fir/ p>5ts _h n s9n$1 any ( _! desc5dants might h done evil2 & !re=e !y w\ld n h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,i answ] t1 ,x does n seem possible t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,= x is cle> t at _! bir? !y w\ld n h _h great] p]fection ?an _! p>5ts at ! "t ( begett+4 ,n[ ! p>5ts1 z long z !y begot *ildr51 w\ld n h be5 confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,= ! rational creature is confirm$ 9 righte\sness ?r\gh ! beatitude giv5 by ! cle> vision ( ,god2 & :5 once x has se5 ,god1 x _c b cleave to ,him ,:o is ! ess5ce ( goodness1 :]efrom no "o c turn away1 s9ce no?+ is desir$ or lov$ b "u ! aspect ( good4 ,i say ?is accord+ to ! g5]al law2 = x may be o!rwise 9 ! case ( special privilege1 su* z we believe 0 grant$ to ! ,virg9 ,"m ( ,god4 ,& z soon z ,adam _h atta9$ to t happy /ate ( see+ ,god 9 ,8 ,ess5ce1 he w\ld h become spiritual 9 s\l & body2 & 8 animal life w\ld h ceas$1 :]e9 alone !re is g5]ation4 ,h5ce x is cle> t *ildr5 w\ld n h be5 born confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if ,adam _h n s9n$1 he w\ld n h begott5 *ildr5 ( hell 9 ! s5se t !y w\ld contract f him s9 :i* is ! cause ( hell3 yet by s9n+ ( _! own free-w !y c\ld h become *ildr5 ( hell4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y did n become *ildr5 ( hell by fall+ into s91 ?is w\ld n h be5 ow+ to _! be+ confirm$ 9 righte\sness1 b to ,div9e ,provid5ce pres]v+ !m free f s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,anselm does n say ?is by way ( ass]tion1 b only z an op9ion1 :i* is cle> f 8 mode ( expression z foll[s3 ,x seems t if !y _h liv$1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t is n conclusive1 ?\gh ,anselm seems to h be5 influ5c$ by x1 z appe>s f 8 words above quot$4 ,= ! necessity ( s9 incurr$ by ! desc5dants w\ld n h be5 su* t !y c\ld n return to righte\sness1 :i* is ! case only ) ! damn$4 ,:]e=e nei!r w\ld ! p>5ts h transmitt$ to _! desc5dants ! necessity ( n s9n+1 :i* is only 9 ! bless$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,!re is no comp>ison betwe5 man & ! angels2 = man's free-w is *angeable1 bo? be=e & aft] *oice2 :]eas ! angel's is n *angeable1 z we h said above 9 treat+ ( ! angels 7,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #b74 ,,"q #aja ,,( ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,(fspr+ ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,k 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! condition ( ! (fspr+ z to k4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born ) p]fect k8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y w\ld h _h p]fect use ( reason at ! mom5t ( bir?8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r 9 ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce ,*ildr5 ,w\ld ,h ,be5 ,born ) ,p]fect ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born ) p]fect k4 ,= ,adam w\ld h begott5 *ildr5 l himself4 ,b ,adam 0 gift$ ) p]fect k 7,q4 #id1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born ( him ) p]fect k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ignorance is a result ( s91 z ,b$e says 7,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #c74 ,b ignorance is privation ( k4 ,!re=e be=e s9 *ildr5 w\ld h _h p]fect k z soon z !y 7 born4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *ildr5 w\ld h be5 gift$ ) righte\sness f bir?4 ,b k is requir$ = righte\sness1 s9ce x directs our actions4 ,!re=e !y w\ld also h be5 gift$ ) k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! human s\l is naturally l a blank tablet on :i* no?+ is writt51 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,b ! nature ( ! s\l is ! same n[ z x w\ld h be5 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,!re=e ! s\ls ( *ildr5 w\ld h be5 )\t k at bir?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above /at$ 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #a71 z reg>ds belief 9 matt]s :i* are above nature1 we rely on au?ority alone2 & s1 :5 au?ority is want+1 we mu/ be guid$ by ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,n[ x is natural = man to acquire k ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #f72 & = ?is reason is ! s\l unit$ to ! body1 t x ne$s x = its prop] op]ation2 & ?is w\ld n be s if ! s\l 7 end[$ at bir? ) k n acquir$ ?r\gh ! s5sitive p[]s4 ,we mu/ conclude !n1 t1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 *ildr5 w\ld n h be5 born ) p]fect k2 b 9 c\rse ( "t !y w\ld h acquir$ k )\t difficulty by discov]y or le>n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p]fection ( k 0 an individual accid5t ( our fir/ p>5t1 s f> z he 0 e/abli%$ z ! fa!r & in/ructor ( ! :ole human race4 ,!re=e he begot *ildr5 l himself1 n 9 t respect1 b only 9 ^? accid5ts :i* 7 natural or conf]r$ gratuit\sly on ! :ole nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ignorance is privation ( k due at "s p>ticul> "t2 & ?is w\ld n h be5 9 *ildr5 f _! bir?1 = !y w\ld h possess$ ! k due to !m at t "t4 ,h5ce1 no ignorance w\ld h be5 9 !m1 b only nesci5ce 9 reg>d to c]ta9 matt]s4 ,su* nesci5ce 0 ev5 9 ! holy angels1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*ildr5 w\ld h _h suffici5t k to direct !m to de$s ( righte\sness1 9 :i* m5 are guid$ by univ]sal pr9ciples ( "r2 & ?is k ( !irs w\ld h be5 mu* m complete ?an :at we h n[ by nature1 z likewise _! k ( o!r univ]sal pr9ciples4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,*ildr5 ,w\ld ,h ,_h ,p]fect ,use ( ,reason at ,bir?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *ildr5 w\ld h _h p]fect use ( reason at bir?4 ,= t *ildr5 h n p]fect use ( reason 9 our pres5t /ate1 is due to ! s\l be+ weigh$ d[n by ! body2 :i* 0 n ! case 9 p>adise1 because1 z x is writt51 ,! corruptible body is a load ^u ! s\l 7,wis4 #i3ae74 ,!re=e1 be=e s9 & ! corruption :i* result$ !refrom1 *ildr5 w\ld h _h ! p]fect use ( reason at bir?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s animals at bir? h ! use ( _! natural p[]s1 z ! lamb at once flees f ! wolf4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 w\ld m5 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce h _h p]fect use ( reason at bir?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 all ?+s produc$ by g5]ation nature proce$s f ! imp]fect to ! p]fect4 ,!re=e *ildr5 w\ld n h _h ! p]fect use ( reason f ! v outset4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above /at$ 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g71 ! use ( reason dep5ds 9 a c]ta9 mann] on ! use ( ! s5sitive p[]s2 :]e=e1 :ile ! s5ses are tir$ & ! int]ior s5sitive p[]s hamp]$1 man has n ! p]fect use ( reason1 z we see 9 ^? :o are asleep or deliri\s4 ,n[ ! s5sitive p[]s are situate 9 corporeal organs2 & !re=e1 s long z ! latt] are h9d]$1 ! action ( ! =m] is ( necessity h9d]$ also2 & likewise1 consequ5tly1 ! use ( reason4 ,n[ *ildr5 are h9d]$ 9 ! use ( ^! p[]s on acc\nt ( ! humidity ( ! bra92 :]e=e !y h p]fect use nei!r ( ^! p[]s nor ( reason4 ,!re=e1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 *ildr5 w\ld n h _h ! p]fect use ( reason1 :i* !y w\ld h enjoy$ lat] on 9 life4 ,yet !y w\ld h _h a m p]fect use ?an !y h n[1 z to matt]s reg>d+ t p>ticul> /ate1 z expla9$ above reg>d+ ! use ( _! limbs 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! corruptible body is a load ^u ! s\l1 because x h9d]s ! use ( reason ev5 9 ^? matt]s :i* belong to man at all ages4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 o!r animals h n at bir? su* a p]fect use ( _! natural p[]s z !y h lat] on4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t birds tea* _! "y to fly2 & ! l may be obs]v$ 9 o!r animals4 ,moreov] a special imp$im5t exi/s 9 man f ! humidity ( ! bra91 z we h said above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #a74 ,,"q #ajb ,,( ,,man',s ,,abode1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,p>adise 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] man's abode1 :i* is p>adise4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r p>adise is a corporeal place8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a place apt = human habitation8 7#c7 ,= :at purpose 0 man plac$ 9 p>adise8 7#d7 ,:e!r he %\ld h be5 creat$ 9 p>adise8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,p>adise ,is a ,corporeal ,place8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t p>adise is n a corporeal place4 ,= ,b$e 99,/rabus1 ,gloss on ,g54 #b3h says t p>adise rea*es to ! lun> circle4 ,b no e>?ly place answ]s t description1 bo? because x is contr>y to ! nature ( ! e>? to be rais$ up s high1 & because b5ea? ! moon is ! region ( fire1 :i* w\ld consume ! e>?4 ,!re=e p>adise is n a corporeal place4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,scripture m5tions f\r riv]s z ris+ 9 p>adise 7,g54 #b3aj74 ,b ! riv]s !re m5tion$ h visible s\rces else:]e1 z is cle> f ! ,philosoph] 7,meteor4 i74 ,!re=e p>adise is n a corporeal place4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 al?\gh m5 h explor$ ! entire habitable _w1 yet none h made m5tion ( ! place ( p>adise4 ,!re=e app>5tly x is n a corporeal place4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! tree ( life is describ$ z gr[+ 9 p>adise4 ,b ! tree ( life is a spiritual ?+1 = x is writt5 ( ,wisdom t ,%e is a tree ( life to !m t lay hold on h] 7,prov4 #c3ah74 ,!re=e p>adise also is n a corporeal1 b a spiritual place4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if p>adise be a corporeal place1 ! trees also ( p>adise mu/ be corporeal4 ,b x seems !y 7 n2 = corporeal trees 7 produc$ on ! ?ird day1 :ile ! plant+ ( ! trees ( p>adise is record$ aft] ! "w ( ! six days4 ,!re=e p>adise 0 n a corporeal place4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #a73 ,?ree g5]al op9ions prevail ab\t p>adise4 ,"s und]/& a place m]ely corporeal2 o!rs a place entirely spiritual2 :ile o!rs1 ^: op9ion1 ,i confess1 pleases me1 hold t p>adise 0 bo? corporeal & spiritual4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiii1 #ba73 ,no?+ prev5ts u f hold+1 )9 prop] limits1 a spiritual p>adise2 s long z we believe 9 ! tru? ( ! ev5ts n>rat$ z hav+ !re occurr$4 ,= :atev] ,scripture tells u ab\t p>adise is set d[n z matt] ( hi/ory2 & :]ev] ,scripture makes use ( ?is me?od1 we mu/ hold to ! hi/orical tru? ( ! n>rative z a f\ndation ( :atev] spiritual explanation we may (f]4 ,& s p>adise1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 xiv1 #c71 is a place situat$ 9 ! ea/1 its "n be+ ! ,greek = g>d54 ,x 0 fitt+ t x %\ld be 9 ! ea/2 = x is to be believ$ t x 0 situat$ 9 ! mo/ excell5t "p ( ! e>?4 ,n[ ! ea/ is ! "r h& on ! heav5s1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,de ,coel4 ii1 #b72 & ! "r h& is nobl] ?an ! left3 h5ce x 0 fitt+ t ,god %\ld place ! e>?ly p>adise 9 ! ea/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,b$e's ass]tion is untrue1 if tak5 9 its obvi\s s5se4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be expla9$ to mean t p>adise rea*es to ! moon1 n lit]ally1 b figuratively2 because1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 xiv1 #c71 ! atmosph]e !re is a cont9ually ev5 temp]ature2 & 9 ?is respect x is l ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* are devoid ( oppos+ elem5ts4 ,m5tion1 h[ev]1 is made ( ! moon r ?an ( o!r bodies1 because1 ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 ! moon is ne>e/ to u1 & is1 moreov]1 ! mo/ ak9 to ! e>?2 h5ce x is obs]v$ to be ov]%ad[$ by cl\ds s z to be almo/ obscur$4 ,o!rs say t p>adise rea*$ to ! moon--t is1 to ! middle space ( ! air1 :]e ra91 & w9d1 & ! l arise2 because ! moon is said to h influ5ce on su* *anges4 ,b 9 ?is s5se x w\ld n be a fit place = human dwell+1 ?r\gh be+ unev5 9 temp]ature1 & n attun$ to ! human temp]am5t1 z is ! l[] atmosph]e 9 ! neighborhood ( ! e>?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #g73 ,x is probable t man has no idea :]e p>adise 01 & t ! riv]s1 ^: s\rces are said to be kn[n1 fl[$ = "s di/ance und]gr\nd1 & !n sprang up else:]e4 ,= :o is n aw>e t su* is ! case ) "s o!r /reams8 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! situation ( p>adise is %ut (f f ! habitable _w by m\nta9s1 or seas1 or "s torrid region1 :i* _c be cross$2 & s p :o h writt5 ab\t topography make no m5tion ( x4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! tree ( life is a mat]ial tree1 & s call$ because its fruit 0 end[$ ) a life-pres]v+ p[] z above /at$ 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #d74 ,yet x _h a spiritual signification2 z ! rock 9 ! des]t 0 ( a mat]ial nature1 & yet signifi$ ,*ri/4 ,9 l mann] ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil 0 a mat]ial tree1 s call$ 9 view ( future ev5ts2 because1 aft] eat+ ( x1 man 0 to le>n1 by exp]i5ce ( ! consequ5t puni%m5t1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! good ( ob$i5ce & ! evil ( rebellion4 ,x may also be said to signify spiritually ! free-w z "s say4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #e1 viii1 #c71 ! plants 7 n actually produc$ on ! ?ird day1 b 9 _! sem9al virtues2 :]eas1 aft] ! "w ( ! six days1 ! plants1 bo? ( p>adise & o!rs1 7 actually produc$4 ,accord+ to o!r holy writ]s1 we ought to say t all ! plants 7 actually produc$ on ! ?ird day1 includ+ ! trees ( p>adise2 & :at is said ( ! trees ( p>adise be+ plant$ aft] ! "w ( ! six days is to be und]/ood1 !y say1 by way ( recapitulation4 ,:5ce our text reads3 ,! ,"l ,god _h plant$ a p>adise ( pleasure f ! beg9n+ 7,g54 #b3h74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,p>adise ,0 a ,place ,adapt$ to ,be ! ,abode ( ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t p>adise 0 n a place adapt$ to be ! abode ( man4 ,= man & angels are simil>ly ord]$ to beatitude4 ,b ! angels f ! v beg9n+ ( _! exi/5ce 7 made to dwell 9 ! abode ( ! bless$--t is1 ! empyrean heav54 ,!re=e ! place ( man's habitation %\ld h be5 !re also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if "s def9ite place 7 requir$ = man's abode1 ?is w\ld be requir$ on ! "p ei!r ( ! s\l or ( ! body4 ,if on ! "p ( ! s\l1 ! place w\ld be 9 heav51 :i* is adapt$ to ! nature ( ! s\l2 s9ce ! desire ( heav5 is implant$ 9 all4 ,on ! "p ( ! body1 !re 0 no ne$ = any o!r place ?an ! "o provid$ = o!r animals4 ,!re=e p>adise 0 n at all adapt$ to be ! abode ( man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a place :i* conta9s no?+ is useless4 ,b aft] s91 p>adise 0 n occupi$ by man4 ,!re=e if x 7 adapt$ z a dwell+-place = man1 x seems t ,god made p>adise to no purpose4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 s9ce man is ( an ev5 temp]am5t1 a fitt+ place = him %\ld be ( ev5 temp]ature4 ,b p>adise 0 n ( an ev5 temp]ature2 = x is said to h be5 on ! equator--a situation ( extreme heat1 s9ce twice 9 ! ye> ! sun passes v]tically ov] ! heads ( its inhabitants4 ,!re=e p>adise 0 n a fit dwell+-place = man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #aa73 ,p>adise 0 a div9ely ord]$ region1 & wor?y ( him :o 0 made to ,god's image4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above /at$ 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #a71 ,man 0 incorruptible & immortal1 n because 8 body _h a disposition to incorruptibility1 b because 9 8 s\l !re 0 a p[] pres]v+ ! body f corruption4 ,n[ ! human body may be corrupt$ f )9 or f )\t4 ,f )91 ! body is corrupt$ by ! consumption ( ! humors1 & by old age1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #d71 & man 0 able to w>d (f su* corruption by food4 ,among ^? ?+s :i* corrupt ! body f )\t1 ! *ief seems to be an atmosph]e ( unequal temp]ature2 & to su* corruption a rem$y is f\nd 9 an atmosph]e ( equable nature4 ,9 p>adise bo? conditions 7 f\nd2 because1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #aa73 ,p>adise 0 p]meat$ ) ! all p]vad+ brightness ( a temp]ate1 pure1 & exquisite atmosph]e1 & deck$ ) ev]-fl[]+ plants4 ,:5ce x is cle> t p>adise 0 mo/ fit to be a dwell+-place = man1 & 9 keep+ ) 8 orig9al /ate ( immortality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! empyrean heav5 is ! highe/ ( corporeal places1 & is outside ! region ( *ange4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! two conditions1 x is a fitt+ abode = ! angelic nature3 =1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ii71 ,god rules corporeal creatures ?r\gh spiritual creatures4 ,h5ce x is fitt+ t ! spiritual nature %\ld be e/abli%$ above ! entire corporeal nature1 z presid+ ov] x4 ,by ! second condition1 x is a fitt+ abode = ! /ate ( beatitude1 :i* is end[$ ) ! highe/ degree ( /ability4 ,?us ! abode ( beatitude 0 suit$ to ! v nature ( ! angel2 !re=e he 0 creat$ !re4 ,b x is n suit$ to man's nature1 s9ce man is n set z a rul] ov] ! entire corporeal creation3 x is a fitt+ abode = man 9 reg>d only to 8 beatitude4 ,:]e=e he 0 n plac$ f ! beg9n+ 9 ! empyrean heav51 b 0 de/9$ to be transf]r$ ?i!r 9 ! /ate ( 8 f9al beatitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ridicul\s to ass]t t any p>ticul> place is natural to ! s\l or to any spiritual sub/ances1 ?\gh "s p>ticul> place may h a c]ta9 fitness 9 reg>d to spiritual sub/ances4 ,= ! e>?ly p>adise 0 a place adapt$ to man1 z reg>ds bo? 8 body & 8 s\l--t is1 inasmu* z 9 8 s\l 0 ! =ce :i* pres]v$ ! human body f corruption4 ,?is c\ld n be said ( ! o!r animals4 ,!re=e1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #aa73 ,no irrational animal inhabit$ p>adise2 al?\gh1 by a c]ta9 disp5sation1 ! animals 7 br\ght ?i!r by ,god to ,adam2 & ! s]p5t 0 able to trespass !re9 by ! complicity ( ! devil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,p>adise did n become useless ?r\gh be+ unoccupi$ by man aft] s91 j z immortality 0 n conf]r$ on man 9 va91 ?\gh he 0 to lose x4 ,= !reby we le>n ,god's k9dness to man1 & :at man lo/ by s94 ,moreov]1 "s say t ,eno* & ,elias /ill dwell 9 t p>adise4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? :o say t p>adise 0 on ! equ9octial l9e are ( op9ion t su* a situation is mo/ temp]ate1 on acc\nt ( ! unv>y+ equality ( day & night2 t x is nev] too cold !re1 because ! sun is nev] too f> (f2 & nev] too hot1 because1 al?\gh ! sun passes ov] ! heads ( ! inhabitants1 x does n rema9 long 9 t position4 ,h[ev]1 ,ari/otle di/9ctly says 7,meteor4 ii1 #e7 t su* a region is un9habitable on acc\nt ( ! heat4 ,?is seems to be m probable2 because1 ev5 ^? regions :]e ! sun does n pass v]tically ov]head1 are extremely hot on acc\nt ( ! m]e proximity ( ! sun4 ,b :atev] be ! tru? ( ! matt]1 we mu/ hold t p>adise 0 situat$ 9 a mo/ temp]ate situation1 :e!r on ! equator or else:]e4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,man ,0 ,plac$ 9 ,p>adise to ,dress ,x & ,keep ,x8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man 0 n plac$ 9 p>adise to dress & keep x4 ,= :at 0 br\ght on him z a puni%m5t ( s9 w\ld n h exi/$ 9 p>adise 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,b ! cultivation ( ! soil 0 a puni%m5t ( s9 7,g54 #c3ag74 ,!re=e man 0 n plac$ 9 p>adise to dress & keep x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no ne$ ( a keep] :5 !re is no fe> ( trespass ) viol5ce4 ,b 9 p>adise !re 0 no fe> ( trespass ) viol5ce4 ,!re=e !re 0 no ne$ = man to keep p>adise4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if man 0 plac$ 9 p>adise to dress & keep x1 man w\ld app>5tly h be5 made = ! sake ( p>adise1 & n contr>iwise2 :i* seems to be false4 ,!re=e man 0 n place 9 p>adise to dress & keep x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3 #ae73 ,! ,"l ,god took man & plac$ 9 ! p>adise ( pleasure1 to dress & keep x4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #aj71 ^! words 9 ,g5esis may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 ! s5se t ,god plac$ man 9 p>adise t ,he might ,himself "w 9 man & keep him1 by sanctify+ him 7= if ?is "w cease1 man at once relapses into d>kness1 z ! air gr[s d>k :5 ! light ceases to %9e72 & by keep+ man f all corruption & evil4 ,secondly1 t man might dress & keep p>adise1 :i* dress+ w\ld n h involv$ labor1 z x did aft] s92 b w\ld h be5 pleasant on acc\nt ( man's practical k ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,nor w\ld man h kept p>adise aga9/ a trespass]2 b he w\ld h /riv5 to keep p>adise = himself le/ he %\ld lose x by s94 ,all ( :i* 0 = man's good2 :]e=e p>adise 0 ord]$ to man's b5efit1 & n conv]sely4 ,:5ce ! ,replies to ! ,objections are made cle>4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,man ,0 ,creat$ 9 ,p>adise8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man 0 creat$ 9 p>adise4 ,= ! angel 0 creat$ 9 8 dwell+-place--namely1 ! empyrean heav54 ,b be=e s9 p>adise 0 a fitt+ abode = man4 ,!re=e x seems t man 0 creat$ 9 p>adise4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 o!r animals rema9 9 ! place :]e !y are produc$1 z ! fi% 9 ! wat]1 & walk+ animals on ! e>? f :i* !y 7 made4 ,n[ man w\ld h rema9$ 9 p>adise aft] he 0 creat$ 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e he 0 creat$ 9 p>adise4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 woman 0 made 9 p>adise4 ,b man is great] ?an woman4 ,!re=e mu* m %\ld man h be5 made 9 p>adise4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3ae73 ,god took man & plac$ him 9 p>adise4 ,i answ] t1 ,p>adise 0 a fitt+ abode = man z reg>ds ! incorruptibility ( ! primitive /ate4 ,n[ ?is incorruptibility 0 man's1 n by nature1 b by a sup]natural gift ( ,god4 ,!re=e t ?is might be attribut$ to ,god1 & n to human nature1 ,god made man outside ( p>adise1 & aft]w>ds plac$ him !re to live !re dur+ ! :ole ( 8 animal life2 &1 hav+ atta9$ to ! spiritual life1 to be transf]r$ !nce to heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! empyrean heav5 0 a fitt+ abode = ! angels z reg>ds _! nature1 & !re=e !y 7 creat$ !re4 ,9 ! same way ,i reply to ! second objection1 = ^? places befit ^? animals 9 _! nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,woman 0 made 9 p>adise1 n by reason ( h] own dignity1 b on acc\nt ( ! dignity ( ! pr9ciple f :i* h] body 0 =m$4 ,= ! same reason ! *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born 9 p>adise1 :]e _! p>5ts 7 already4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,& ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,creatures 7,,qq4 #ajc-aai7 ,,"q #ajc ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,?+s ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,hav+ consid]$ ! creation ( ?+s & _! di/9ction1 we n[ consid] 9 ! ?ird place ! gov]nm5t !re(1 & 7#a7 ! gov]nm5t ( ?+s 9 g5]al2 7#b7 9 p>ticul>1 ! effects ( ?is gov]nm5t4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! _w is gov]n$ by someone8 7#b7 ,:at is ! end ( ?is gov]nm5t8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! _w is gov]n$ by "o8 7#d7 ,( ! effects ( ?is gov]nm5t8 7#e7 ,:e!r all ?+s are subject to ,div9e gov]nm5t8 7#f7 ,:e!r all ?+s are imm$iately gov]n$ by ,god8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! ,div9e gov]nm5t is fru/rat$ 9 any?+8 7#h7 ,:e!r any?+ is contr>y to ! ,div9e ,provid5ce8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,_w ,is ,gov]n$ by ,anyone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! _w is n gov]n$ by anyone4 ,= x belongs to ^? ?+s to be gov]n$1 :i* move or "w = an end4 ,b natural ?+s :i* make up ! great] "p ( ! _w d n move1 or "w = an end2 = !y h no k ( _! end4 ,!re=e ! _w is n gov]n$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s are gov]n$ :i* are mov$ t[>ds an object4 ,b ! _w does n appe> to be s direct$1 b has /ability 9 itself4 ,!re=e x is n gov]n$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is necess>ily det]m9$ by its own nature to "o p>ticul> ?+1 does n require any ext]nal pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! _w are by a c]ta9 necessity det]m9$ to some?+ p>ticul> 9 _! actions & movem5ts4 ,!re=e ! _w does n require to be gov]n$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #ad3c73 ,b ,?\1 ,o ,fa!r1 gov]ne/ all ?+s by ,?y ,provid5ce4 ,& ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii73 ,?\ ,:o gov]ne/ ?is univ]se by m&ate et]nal4 ,i answ] t1 ,c]ta9 anci5t philosoph]s d5i$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 say+ t all ?+s happ5$ by *ance4 ,b su* an op9ion c be refut$ z impossible 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by obs]vation ( ?+s !mselves3 = we obs]ve t 9 nature ?+s happ5 always or ne>ly always = ! be/2 :i* w\ld n be ! case unless "s sort ( provid5ce direct$ nature t[>ds good z an end2 :i* is to gov]n4 ,:]e=e ! unfail+ ord] we obs]ve 9 ?+s is a sign ( _! be+ gov]n$2 = in/ance1 if we ent] a well-ord]$ h\se we ga!r !refrom ! int5tion ( him t put x 9 ord]1 z ,tullius says 7,de ,nat4 ,deorum ii71 quot+ ,ari/otle 99,clean!s4 ,secondly1 ?is is cle> f a consid]ation ( ,div9e goodness1 :i*1 z we h said above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #b71 0 ! cause ( ! production ( ?+s 9 exi/5ce4 ,= z x belongs to ! be/ to produce ! be/1 x is n fitt+ t ! supreme goodness ( ,god %\ld produce ?+s )\t giv+ !m _! p]fection4 ,n[ a ?+'s ultimate p]fection consi/s 9 ! atta9m5t ( its end4 ,!re=e x belongs to ! ,div9e goodness1 z x br\ght ?+s into exi/5ce1 s to lead !m to _! end3 & ?is is to gov]n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ moves or op]ates = an end 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 mov+ itself to ! end1 z man & o!r rational creatures2 & su* ?+s h k ( _! end1 & ( ! means to ! end4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to move or op]ate = an end1 z ?\gh mov$ or direct$ by ano!r !reto1 z an arr[ direct$ to ! t>get by ! ar*]1 :o kn[s ! end unkn[n to ! arr[4 ,:]e=e1 z ! movem5t ( ! arr[ t[>ds a def9ite end %[s cle>ly t x is direct$ by someone ) k1 s ! unv>y+ c\rse ( natural ?+s :i* are )\t k1 %[s cle>ly t ! _w is gov]n$ by "s reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 all creat$ ?+s !re is a /able elem5t1 at lea/ prim>y matt]2 & some?+ belong+ to movem5t1 if "u movem5t we include op]ation4 ,& ?+s ne$ gov]n+ z to bo?3 because ev5 t :i* is /able1 s9ce x is creat$ f no?+1 w\ld return to no?+ness 7 x n su/a9$ by a gov]n+ h&1 z w be expla9$ lat] 7,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! natural necessity inh]5t 9 ^? be+s :i* are det]m9$ to a p>ticul> ?+1 is a k9d ( impression f ,god1 direct+ !m to _! end2 z ! necessity :]eby an arr[ is mov$ s z to fly t[>ds a c]ta9 po9t is an impression f ! ar*]1 & n f ! arr[4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce1 inasmu* z t :i* creatures receive f ,god is _! nature1 :ile t :i* natural ?+s receive f man 9 addition to _! nature is some:at viol5t4 ,:]e=e1 z ! viol5t necessity 9 ! movem5t ( ! arr[ %[s ! action ( ! ar*]1 s ! natural necessity ( ?+s %[s ! gov]nm5t ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,end ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w ,is ,some?+ ,outside ! ,_w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w is n some?+ exi/+ outside ! _w4 ,= ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( a ?+ is t :]eto ! ?+ gov]n$ is br\ght4 ,b t :]eto a ?+ is br\ght is "s good 9 ! ?+ itself2 ?us a sick man is br\ght back to heal?1 :i* is some?+ good 9 him4 ,!re=e ! end ( gov]nm5t ( ?+s is "s good n outside1 b )9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #a73 ,"s ends are an op]ation2 "s are a "w--i4e4 produc$ by an op]ation4 ,b no?+ c be produc$ by ! :ole univ]se outside itself2 & op]ation exi/s 9 ! ag5t4 ,!re=e no?+ extr9sic c be ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! good ( ! multitude seems to consi/ 9 ord]1 & peace :i* is ! tranquillity ( ord]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ac74 ,b ! _w is compos$ ( a multitude ( ?+s4 ,!re=e ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w is ! peaceful ord] 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,!re=e ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w is n an extr9sic good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #af3d73 ,! ,"l ha? made all ?+s = ,himself4 ,b ,god is outside ! entire ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,!re=e ! end ( all ?+s is some?+ extr9sic to !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! end ( a ?+ corresponds to its beg9n+1 x is n possible to be ignorant ( ! end ( ?+s if we "k _! beg9n+4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s is some?+ outside ! univ]se1 namely1 ,god1 x is cle> f :at has be5 exp\nd$ above 7,q4 #dd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 t we mu/ conclude t ! end ( all ?+s is "s extr9sic good4 ,?is c be prov$ by reason4 ,= x is cle> t good has ! nature ( an end2 :]e=e1 a p>ticul> end ( any?+ consi/s 9 "s p>ticul> good2 :ile ! univ]sal end ( all ?+s is ! ,univ]sal ,good2 ,:i* is good ( ,itself by virtue ( ,its ,ess5ce1 ,:i* is ! v ess5ce ( goodness2 :]eas a p>ticul> good is good by p>ticipation4 ,n[ x is manife/ t 9 ! :ole creat$ univ]se !re is n a good :i* is n su* by p>ticipation4 ,:]e=e t good :i* is ! end ( ! :ole univ]se mu/ be a good outside ! univ]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we may acquire "s good 9 _m ways3 fir/1 z a =m exi/+ 9 u1 su* z heal? or k2 secondly1 z some?+ done by u1 z a build] atta9s 8 end by build+ a h\se2 ?irdly1 z some?+ good possess$ or acquir$ by u1 z ! buy] ( a field atta9s 8 end :5 he ent]s into possession4 ,:]e=e no?+ prev5ts some?+ outside ! univ]se be+ ! good to :i* x is direct$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ( ! ends ( v>i\s arts2 = ! end ( "s arts consi/s 9 ! op]ation itself1 z ! end ( a h>pi/ is to play ! h>p2 :]eas ! end ( o!r arts consi/s 9 some?+ produc$1 z ! end ( a build] is n ! act ( build+1 b ! h\se he builds4 ,n[ x may happ5 t some?+ extr9sic is ! end n only z made1 b also z possess$ or acquir$ or ev5 z repres5t$1 z if we 7 to say t ,h]cules is ! end ( ! /atue made to repres5t him4 ,!re=e we may say t "s good outside ! :ole univ]se is ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 z some?+ possess$ & repres5t$2 = ea* ?+ t5ds to a p>ticipation !re(1 & to an assimilation !reto1 z f> z is possible4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a good exi/+ 9 ! univ]se1 namely1 ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 is an end !re(2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n its ultimate end1 b is ord]$ to ! extr9sic good z to ! end3 ?us ! ord] 9 an army is ord]$ to ! g5]al1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 xii1 ,did4 xi1 #aj4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,_w ,is ,gov]n$ by ,"o8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! _w is n gov]n$ by "o4 ,= we judge ! cause by ! effect4 ,n[1 we see 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se t ?+s are n mov$ & d n op]ate uni=mly1 b "s cont+5tly & "s ( necessity 9 v>i\sly diff]5t ways4 ,!re=e ! _w is n gov]n$ by "o4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* are gov]n$ by "o d n act aga9/ ea* o!r1 except by ! incapacity or unskillfulness ( ! rul]2 :i* _c apply to ,god4 ,b creat$ ?+s agree n toge!r1 & act aga9/ ea* o!r2 z is evid5t 9 ! case ( contr>ies4 ,!re=e ! _w is n gov]n$ by "o4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 nature we always f9d :at is ! bett]4 ,b x is bett] t two %\ld be toge!r ?an "o 7,eccles4 #d3i74 ,!re=e ! _w is n gov]n$ by "o1 b by _m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we confess our belief 9 "o ,god & "o ,"l1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #h3f73 ,to u !re is b "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r 4 4 4 & "o ,"l3 & bo? ( ^! p]ta9 to gov]nm5t4 ,= to ! ,"l belongs dom9ion ov] subjects2 & ! "n ( ,god is tak5 f ,provid5ce z /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e ! _w is gov]n$ by "o4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ ( necessity say t ! _w is gov]n$ by "o4 ,= s9ce ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w is t :i* is ess5tially good1 :i* is ! greate/ good2 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w mu/ be ! be/ k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,n[ ! be/ gov]nm5t is ! gov]nm5t by "o4 ,! reason ( ?is is t gov]nm5t is no?+ b ! direct+ ( ! ?+s gov]n$ to ! end2 :i* consi/s 9 "s good4 ,b unity belongs to ! idea ( goodness1 z ,boe?ius proves 7,de ,consol4 iii1 #aa7 f ?is1 t1 z all ?+s desire good1 s d !y desire unity2 )\t :i* !y w\ld cease to exi/4 ,= a ?+ s f> exi/s z x is "o4 ,:5ce we obs]ve t ?+s resi/ division1 z f> z !y c2 & ! dissolution ( a ?+ arises f defect !re94 ,!re=e ! int5tion ( a rul] ov] a multitude is unity1 or peace4 ,n[ ! prop] cause ( unity is "o4 ,= x is cle> t sev]al _c be ! cause ( unity or concord1 except s f> z !y are unit$4 ,fur!rmore1 :at is "o 9 itself is a m apt & a bett] cause ( unity ?an sev]al ?+s unit$4 ,!re=e a multitude is bett] gov]n$ by "o ?an by sev]al4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 be+ ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 mu/ be by "o4 ,?is is express$ by ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 xii1 ,did4 xi1 #aj73 ,?+s refuse to be ill gov]n$2 & multiplicity ( au?orities is a bad ?+1 !re=e !re %\ld be "o rul]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,movem5t is ! act ( a ?+ mov$1 caus$ by ! mov]4 ,:]e=e dissimil>ity ( movem5ts is caus$ by div]sity ( ?+s mov$1 :i* div]sity is ess5tial to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se 7,q4 #dg1 ,,aa4 #a1b2 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #b71 & n by a div]sity ( gov]nors4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh contr>ies d n agree ) ea* o!r 9 _! proximate ends1 nev]!less !y agree 9 ! ultimate end1 s f> z !y are includ$ 9 ! "o ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if we consid] individual goods1 !n two are bett] ?an "o4 ,b if we consid] ! ess5tial good1 !n no addition is possible4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,effect ( ,gov]nm5t ,is ,"o or ,_m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is b "o effect ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w & n _m4 ,= ! effect ( gov]nm5t is t :i* is caus$ 9 ! ?+s gov]n$4 ,?is is "o1 namely1 ! good :i* consi/s 9 ord]2 z may be se5 9 ! example ( an army4 ,!re=e ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w has b "o effect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 f "o !re naturally proce$s b "o4 ,b ! _w is gov]n$ by "o z we h prov$ 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e also ! effect ( ?is gov]nm5t is b "o4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! effect ( gov]nm5t is n "o by reason ( ! unity ( ! ,gov]nor1 x mu/ be _m by reason ( ! _m ?+s gov]n$4 ,b ^! are too num]\s to be c\nt$4 ,!re=e we _c assign any def9ite numb] to ! effects ( gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 xii73 ,god conta9s all & fills all by ,8 provid5ce & p]fect goodness4 ,b gov]nm5t belongs to provid5ce4 ,!re=e !re are c]ta9 def9ite effects ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,! effect ( any action may be judg$ f its end2 because x is by action t ! atta9m5t ( ! end is effect$4 ,n[ ! end ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w is ! ess5tial good1 to ! p>ticipation & simil>ity ( :i* all ?+s t5d4 ,consequ5tly ! effect ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w may be tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! end itself2 & 9 ?is way !re is b "o effect1 t is1 assimilation to ! supreme good4 ,secondly1 ! effect ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w may be consid]$ on ! "p ( ^? ?+s by means ( :i* ! creature is made l to ,god4 ,?us !re are1 9 g5]al1 two effects ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,= ! creature is assimilat$ to ,god 9 two ?+s2 fir/1 ) reg>d to ?is1 t ,god is good2 & s ! creature becomes l ,him by be+ good2 & secondly1 ) reg>d to ?is1 t ,god is ! cause ( goodness 9 o!rs2 & s ! creature becomes l ,god by mov+ o!rs to be good4 ,:]e=e !re are two effects ( gov]nm5t1 ! pres]vation ( ?+s 9 _! goodness1 & ! mov+ ( ?+s to good4 ,?irdly1 we may consid] 9 ! individual ! effects ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 & 9 ?is way !y are )\t numb]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ord] ( ! univ]se includes bo? ! pres]vation ( ?+s creat$ by ,god & _! movem5t4 ,z reg>ds ^! two ?+s we f9d ord] among !m1 inasmu* z "o is bett] ?an ano!r2 & "o is mov$ by ano!r4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 we c ga!r ! replies to ! o!r two objections4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,all ,?+s ,are ,subject to ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all ?+s are subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,= x is writt5 7,eccles4 #i3aa73 ,i saw t "u ! sun ! race is n to ! swift1 nor ! battle to ! /rong1 nor bread to ! wise1 nor ri*es to ! le>n$1 nor favor to ! skillful1 b "t & *ance 9 all4 ,b ?+s subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t are n rul$ by *ance4 ,!re=e ^? ?+s :i* are "u ! sun are n subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #i3i73 ,god ha? no c>e = ox54 ,b he t gov]ns has c>e = ! ?+s he gov]ns4 ,!re=e all ?+s are n subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at c gov]n itself ne$s n to be gov]n$ by ano!r4 ,b ! rational creature c gov]n itself2 s9ce x is ma/] ( its own act1 & acts ( itself2 & is n made to act by ano!r1 :i* seems prop] to ?+s :i* are gov]n$4 ,!re=e all ?+s are n subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #aa73 ,n only heav5 & e>?1 n only man & angel1 ev5 ! b[els ( ! l[e/ animal1 ev5 ! w+ ( ! bird1 ! fl[] ( ! plant1 ! leaf ( ! tree1 ha? ,god end[$ ) e fitt+ detail ( _! nature4 ,!re=e all ?+s are subject to ,8 gov]nm5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,= ! same reason is ,god ! rul] ( ?+s z ,he is _! cause1 because ! same gives exi/5ce z gives p]fection2 & ?is belongs to gov]nm5t4 ,n[ ,god is ! cause n inde$ only ( "s p>ticul> k9d ( be+1 b ( ! :ole univ]sal be+1 z prov$ above 7,q4 #dd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,:]e=e1 z !re c be no?+ :i* is n creat$ by ,god1 s !re c be no?+ :i* is n subject to ,8 gov]nm5t4 ,?is c also be prov$ f ! nature ( ! end ( gov]nm5t4 ,= a man's gov]nm5t ext5ds ov] all ^? ?+s :i* come "u ! end ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,n[ ! end ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t is ! ,div9e goodness2 z we h %[n 7,a4 #b74 ,:]e=e1 z !re c be no?+ t is n ord]$ to ! ,div9e goodness z its end1 z is cle> f :at we h said above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #b71 s x is impossible = any?+ to escape f ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,fooli% !re=e 0 ! op9ion ( ^? :o said t ! corruptible l[] _w1 or individual ?+s1 or t ev5 human affairs1 7 n subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,^! are repres5t$ z say+1 ,god ha? ab&on$ ! e>? 7,eze*4 #i3i74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! ?+s are said to be "u ! sun :i* are g5]at$ & corrupt$ accord+ to ! sun's movem5t4 ,9 all su* ?+s we f9d *ance3 n t ev]y?+ is casual :i* occurs 9 su* ?+s2 b t 9 ea* "o !re is an elem5t ( *ance4 ,& ! v fact t an elem5t ( *ance is f\nd 9 ^? ?+s proves t !y are subject to gov]nm5t ( "s k9d4 ,= unless corruptible ?+s 7 gov]n$ by a high] be+1 !y w\ld t5d to no?+ def9ite1 especially ^? :i* possess no k9d ( k4 ,s no?+ w\ld happ5 un9t5tionally2 :i* con/itutes ! nature ( *ance4 ,:]e=e to %[ h[ ?+s happ5 by *ance & yet accord+ to ! ord]+ ( a high] cause1 he does n say absolutely t he obs]ves *ance 9 all ?+s1 b "t & *ance1 t is to say1 t defects may be f\nd 9 ^! ?+s accord+ to "s ord] ( "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gov]nm5t implies a c]ta9 *ange effect$ by ! gov]nor 9 ! ?+s gov]n$4 ,n[ e movem5t is ! act ( a movable ?+1 caus$ by ! mov+ pr9ciple1 z is laid d[n ,phys4 iii1 #c4 ,& e act is proportionate to t ( :i* x is an act4 ,consequ5tly1 v>i\s movable ?+s mu/ be mov$ v>i\sly1 ev5 z reg>ds movem5t by "o & ! same mov]4 ,?us by ! "o art ( ! ,div9e gov]nor1 v>i\s ?+s are v>i\sly gov]n$ accord+ to _! v>iety4 ,"s1 accord+ to _! nature1 act ( !mselves1 hav+ dom9ion ov] _! actions2 & ^! are gov]n$ by ,god1 n only 9 ?is1 t !y are mov$ by ,god ,himself1 ,:o works 9 !m int]iorly2 b also 9 ?is1 t !y are induc$ by ,him to d good & to fly f evil1 by precepts & prohibitions1 rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,b irrational creatures :i* d n act b are act$ ^u1 are n ?us gov]n$ by ,god4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ,apo/le says t ,god ha? no c>e = ox51 he does n :olly )draw !m f ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 b only z reg>ds ! way 9 :i* rational creatures are gov]n$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! rational creature gov]ns itself by its intellect & w1 bo? ( :i* require to be gov]n$ & p]fect$ by ! ,div9e intellect & w4 ,!re=e above ! gov]nm5t :]eby ! rational creature gov]ns itself z ma/] ( its own act1 x requires to be gov]n$ by ,god4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r all ?+s are imm$iately gov]n$ by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ?+s are gov]n$ by ,god imm$iately4 ,= ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom47 reproves ! op9ion ( ,plato :o divides provid5ce into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ he ascribes to ! supreme god1 :o wat*es ov] heav5ly ?+s & all univ]sals2 ! second provid5ce he attributes to ! second>y deities1 :o g ! r\nd ( ! heav5s to wat* ov] g5]ation & corruption2 :ile he ascribes a ?ird provid5ce to c]ta9 spirits :o are gu>dians on e>? ( human actions4 ,!re=e x seems t all ?+s are imm$iately gov]n$ by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is bett] t a ?+ be done by "o1 if possible1 ?an by _m1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 viii1 #f74 ,b ,god c by ,himself gov]n all ?+s )\t any int]m$i>y cause4 ,!re=e x seems t ,he gov]ns all ?+s imm$iately4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ,god no?+ is defective or imp]fect4 ,b x seems to be imp]fect 9 a rul] to gov]n by means ( o!rs2 ?us an e>?ly k+1 by reason ( 8 n be+ able to d ev]y?+ himself1 & because he _c be ev]y:]e at ! same "t1 requires to gov]n by means ( m9i/]s4 ,!re=e ,god gov]ns all ?+s imm$iately4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d73 ,z ! l[] & gross] bodies are rul$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]ly way by bodies ( great] subtlety & p[]2 s all bodies are rul$ by ! rational _s ( life2 & ! s9ful & unfai?ful _s is rul$ by ! good & j _s ( life2 & ?is _s by ,god ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 gov]nm5t !re are two ?+s to be consid]$2 ! design ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is provid5ce itself2 & ! execution ( ! design4 ,z to ! design ( gov]nm5t1 ,god gov]ns all ?+s imm$iately2 :]eas 9 its execution1 ,he gov]ns "s ?+s by means ( o!rs4 ,! reason ( ?is is t z ,god is ! v ess5ce ( goodness1 s ev]y?+ mu/ be attribut$ to ,god 9 its highe/ degree ( goodness4 ,n[ ! highe/ degree ( goodness 9 any practical ord]1 design or k 7& su* is ! design ( gov]nm5t7 consi/s 9 kn[+ ! individuals act$ ^u2 z ! be/ physician is n ! "o :o c only give 8 att5tion to g5]al pr9ciples1 b :o c consid] ! lea/ details2 & s on 9 o!r ?+s4 ,!re=e we mu/ say t ,god has ! design ( ! gov]nm5t ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( ! v lea/4 ,b s9ce ?+s :i* are gov]n$ %\ld be br\ght to p]fection by gov]nm5t1 ?is gov]nm5t w be s mu* ! bett] 9 ! degree ! ?+s gov]n$ are br\ght to p]fection4 ,n[ x is a great] p]fection = a ?+ to be good 9 itself & also ! cause ( goodness 9 o!rs1 ?an only to be good 9 itself4 ,!re=e ,god s gov]ns ?+s t ,he makes "s ( !m to be causes ( o!rs 9 gov]nm5t2 z a ma/]1 :o n only imp>ts k to 8 pupils1 b gives also ! faculty ( tea*+ o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,plato's op9ion is to be reject$1 because he held t ,god did n gov]n all ?+s imm$iately1 ev5 9 ! design ( gov]nm5t2 ?is is cle> f ! fact t he divid$ provid5ce1 :i* is ! design ( gov]nm5t1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ,god gov]n$ alone1 ?+s w\ld be depriv$ ( ! p]fection ( causality4 ,:]e=e all t is effect$ by _m w\ld n be accompli%$ by "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t an e>?ly k+ %\ld h m9i/]s to execute 8 laws is a sign n only ( 8 be+ imp]fect1 b also ( 8 dignity2 because by ! ord]+ ( m9i/]s ! k+ly p[] is br\ght into great] evid5ce4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,any?+ ,c ,happ5 ,outside ! ,ord] ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem possible t some?+ may occur outside ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii7 t ,god disposes all = good4 ,!re=e1 if no?+ happ5s outside ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 x w\ld foll[ t no evil exi/s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ t is 9 accordance ) ! pre-ord9ation ( a rul] occurs by *ance4 ,!re=e1 if no?+ occurs outside ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 x foll[s t !re is no?+ =tuit\s & casual4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ord] ( ,div9e ,provid5ce is c]ta9 & un*angeable2 because x is 9 accordance ) ! et]nal design4 ,!re=e1 if no?+ happ5s outside ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 x foll[s t all ?+s happ5 by necessity1 & no?+ is cont+5t2 :i* is false4 ,!re=e x is possible = some?+ to occur outside ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,e/h] #ac3i73 ,o ,"l1 ,"l1 almighty ,k+1 all ?+s are 9 ,?y p[]1 & !re is none t c resi/ ,?y w4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is possible = an effect to result outside ! ord] ( "s p>ticul> cause2 b n outside ! ord] ( ! univ]sal cause4 ,! reason ( ?is is t no effect results outside ! ord] ( a p>ticul> cause1 except ?r\gh "s o!r imp$+ cause2 :i* o!r cause mu/ itself be r$uc$ to ! fir/ univ]sal cause2 z indige/ion may occur outside ! ord] ( ! nutritive p[] by "s su* imp$im5t z ! co>s5ess ( ! food1 :i* aga9 is to be ascrib$ to "s o!r cause1 & s on till we come to ! fir/ univ]sal cause4 ,!re=e z ,god is ! fir/ univ]sal cause1 n ( "o g5us only1 b ( all be+ 9 g5]al1 x is impossible = any?+ to occur outside ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t2 b f ! v fact t f "o po9t ( view some?+ seems to evade ! ord] ( ,div9e provid5ce consid]$ 9 reg>d to "o p>ticul> cause1 x mu/ necess>ily come back to t ord] z reg>ds "s o!r cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no?+ :olly evil 9 ! _w1 = evil is ev] f\nd$ on good1 z %[n above 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e some?+ is said to be evil ?r\gh its escap+ f ! ord] ( "s p>ticul> good4 ,if x :olly escap$ f ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 x w\ld :olly cease to exi/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?+s are said to be =tuit\s z reg>ds "s p>ticul> cause f ! ord] ( :i* !y escape4 ,b z to ! ord] ( ,div9e provid5ce1 no?+ 9 ! _w happ5s by *ance1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #bd74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c]ta9 effects are said to be cont+5t z comp>$ to _! proximate causes1 :i* may fail 9 _! effects2 & n z ?\gh any?+ c\ld happ5 entirely outside ! ord] ( ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,! v fact t some?+ occurs outside ! ord] ( "s proximate cause1 is ow+ to "s o!r cause1 itself subject to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r any?+ c resi/ ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem possible t "s resi/ance c be made to ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,= x is writt5 7,isa4 #c3h73 ,_! tongue & _! devices are aga9/ ! ,"l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a k+ does n ju/ly puni% ^? :o d n rebel aga9/ 8 comm&s4 ,!re=e if no "o rebell$ aga9/ ,god's comm&s1 no "o w\ld be ju/ly puni%$ by ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ is subject to ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,b "s ?+s oppose o!rs4 ,!re=e "s ?+s rebel aga9/ ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii73 ,!re is no?+ t c desire or is able to resi/ ?is sov]eign good4 ,x is ?is sov]eign good !re=e t rule? all mightily & ord]e? all sweetly1 z is said 7,wis4 #h7 ( ,div9e wisdom4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may consid] ! ord] ( ,div9e provid5ce 9 two ways3 9 g5]al1 inasmu* z x proce$s f ! gov]n+ cause ( all2 & 9 p>ticul>1 inasmu* z x proce$s f "s p>ticul> cause :i* executes ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,consid]$ 9 ! fir/ way1 no?+ c resi/ ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,?is c be prov$ 9 two ways3 fir/ly f ! fact t ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t is :olly direct$ to good1 & ev]y?+ by its own op]ation & ef=t t5ds to good only1 = no "o acts int5d+ evil1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 secondly f ! fact t1 z we h said above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,a4 #e1 ad #b71 e incl9ation ( any?+1 :e!r natural or volunt>y1 is no?+ b a k9d ( impression f ! fir/ mov]2 z ! incl9ation ( ! arr[ t[>ds a fix$ po9t is no?+ b an impulse receiv$ f ! ar*]4 ,:]e=e e ag5t1 :e!r natural or free1 atta9s to its div9ely appo9t$ end1 z ?\gh ( its own accord4 ,= ?is reason ,god is said to ord] all ?+s sweetly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s are said to ?9k or speak1 or act aga9/ ,god3 n t !y entirely resi/ ! ord] ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t2 = ev5 ! s9n] int5ds ! atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 good3 b because !y resi/ "s p>ticul> good1 :i* belongs to _! nature or /ate4 ,!re=e !y are ju/ly puni%$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b is cle> f ! above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,f ! fact t "o ?+ opposes ano!r1 x foll[s t "s "o ?+ c resi/ ! ord] ( a p>ticul> cause2 b n t ord] :i* dep5ds on ! univ]sal cause ( all ?+s4 ,,"q #ajd ,,! ,,special ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,gov]nm5t 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! effects ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t 9 p>ticul>2 conc]n+ :i* f\r po9ts ( inquiry arise3 7#a7 ,:e!r creatures ne$ to be kept 9 exi/5ce by ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r !y are imm$iately pres]v$ by ,god8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god c r$uce any?+ to no?+ness8 7#d7 ,:e!r any?+ is r$uc$ to no?+ness8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,creatures ,ne$ to ,be ,kept 9 ,be+ by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t creatures d n ne$ to be kept 9 be+ by ,god4 ,= :at _c n-be1 does n ne$ to be kept 9 be+2 j z t :i* _c dep>t1 does n ne$ to be kept f dep>t+4 ,b "s creatures by _! v nature _c n-be4 ,!re=e n all creatures ne$ to be kept 9 be+ by ,god4 ,! middle proposition is prov$ ?us4 ,t :i* is includ$ 9 ! nature ( a ?+ is necess>ily 9 t ?+1 & its contr>y _c be 9 x2 ?us a multiple ( two mu/ necess>ily be ev51 & _c possibly be an odd numb]4 ,n[ =m br+s be+ ) itself1 because ev]y?+ is actually 9 be+1 s f> z x has =m4 ,b "s creatures are subsi/5t =ms1 z we h said ( ! angels 7,q4 #ej1 ,,aa4 #b1 #e73 & ?us to be is 9 !m ( !mselves4 ,! same reason+ applies to ^? creatures ^: matt] is 9 pot5tiality to "o =m only1 z above expla9$ ( heav5ly bodies 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e su* creatures z ^! h 9 _! nature to be necess>ily1 & _c n-be2 = !re c be no pot5tiality to n-be+1 ei!r 9 ! =m :i* has be+ ( itself1 or 9 matt] exi/+ "u a =m :i* x _c lose1 s9ce x is n 9 pot5tiality to any o!r =m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god is m p[]ful ?an any creat$ ag5t4 ,b a creat$ ag5t1 ev5 aft] ceas+ to act1 c cause its effect to be pres]v$ 9 be+2 ?us ! h\se cont9ues to /& aft] ! build] has ceas$ to build2 & wat] rema9s hot = "s "t aft] ! fire has ceas$ to heat4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c ,god cause ,8 creature to be kept 9 be+1 aft] ,he has ceas$ to create x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ viol5t c occur1 except !re be "s active cause !re(4 ,b t5d5cy to n-be+ is unnatural & viol5t to any creature1 s9ce all creatures naturally desire to be4 ,!re=e no creature c t5d to n-be+1 except ?r\gh "s active cause ( corruption4 ,n[ !re are creatures ( su* a nature t no?+ c cause !m to corrupt2 su* are spiritual sub/ances & heav5ly bodies4 ,!re=e su* creatures _c t5d to n-be+1 ev5 if ,god 7 to )draw ,8 action4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ,god keeps creatures 9 be+1 ?is is done by "s action4 ,n[ e action ( an ag5t1 if t action be efficaci\s1 produces some?+ 9 ! effect4 ,!re=e ! pres]v+ p[] ( ,god mu/ produce some?+ 9 ! creature4 ,b ?is is n s2 because ?is action does n give be+ to ! creature1 s9ce be+ is n giv5 to t :i* already is3 nor does x add any?+ new to ! creature2 because ei!r ,god w\ld n keep ! creature 9 be+ cont9ually1 or ,he w\ld be cont9ually add+ some?+ new to ! creature2 ei!r ( :i* is unreasonable4 ,!re=e creatures are n kept 9 be+ by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,heb4 #a3c73 ,uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,bo? reason & fai? b9d u to say t creatures are kept 9 be+ by ,god4 ,to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ consid] t a ?+ is pres]v$ by ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 indirectly1 & accid5tally2 ?us a p]son is said to pres]ve any?+ by remov+ ! cause ( its corruption1 z a man may be said to pres]ve a *ild1 :om he gu>ds f fall+ into ! fire4 ,9 ?is way ,god pres]ves "s ?+s1 b n all1 = !re are "s ?+s ( su* a nature t no?+ c corrupt !m1 s t x is n necess>y to keep !m f corruption4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to pres]ve ano!r p] se & directly1 namely1 :5 :at is pres]v$ dep5ds on ! pres]v] 9 su* a way t x _c exi/ )\t x4 ,9 ?is mann] all creatures ne$ to be pres]v$ by ,god4 ,= ! be+ ( e creature dep5ds on ,god1 s t n = a mom5t c\ld x subsi/1 b w\ld fall into no?+ness 7 x n kept 9 be+ by ! op]ation ( ! ,div9e p[]1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xvi74 ,?is is made cle> z foll[s3 ,e effect dep5ds on its cause1 s f> z x is its cause4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve t an ag5t may be ! cause ( ! becom+ ( its effect1 b n directly ( its be+4 ,?is may be se5 bo? 9 artificial & 9 natural be+s3 = ! build] causes ! h\se 9 its becom+1 b he is n ! direct cause ( its be+4 ,= x is cle> t ! be+ ( ! h\se is a result ( its =m1 :i* consi/s 9 ! putt+ toge!r & arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials1 & results f ! natural qualities ( c]ta9 ?+s4 ,?us a cook dresses ! food by apply+ ! natural activity ( fire2 ?us a build] con/ructs a h\se1 by mak+ use ( cem5t1 /ones1 & wood :i* are able to be put toge!r 9 a c]ta9 ord] & to pres]ve x4 ,!re=e ! be+ ( a h\se dep5ds on ! nature ( ^! mat]ials1 j z its becom+ dep5ds on ! action ( ! build]4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to natural ?+s4 ,= if an ag5t is n ! cause ( a =m z su*1 nei!r w x be directly ! cause ( be+ :i* results f t =m2 b x w be ! cause ( ! effect1 9 its becom+ only4 ,n[ x is cle> t ( two ?+s 9 ! same species "o _c directly cause ! o!r's =m z su*1 s9ce x w\ld !n be ! cause ( its own =m1 :i* is ess5tially ! same z ! =m ( ! o!r2 b x c be ! cause ( ?is =m = z mu* z x is 9 matt]--9 o!r words1 x may be ! cause t ?is matt] receives ?is =m4 ,& ?is is to be ! cause ( becom+1 z :5 man begets man1 & fire causes fire4 ,?us :5ev] a natural effect is su* t x has an aptitude to receive f its active cause an impression specifically ! same z 9 t active cause1 !n ! becom+ ( ! effect1 b n its be+1 dep5ds on ! ag5t4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! effect has n ?is aptitude to receive ! impression ( its cause1 9 ! same way z x exi/s 9 ! ag5t3 z may be se5 cle>ly 9 all ag5ts :i* d n produce an effect ( ! same species z !mselves3 ?us ! heav5ly bodies cause ! g5]ation ( inf]ior bodies :i* diff] f !m 9 species4 ,su* an ag5t c be ! cause ( a =m z su*1 & n m]ely z exi/+ 9 ?is matt]1 consequ5tly x is n m]ely ! cause ( becom+ b also ! cause ( be+4 ,!re=e z ! becom+ ( a ?+ _c cont9ue :5 t action ( ! ag5t ceases :i* causes ! becom+ ( ! effect3 s nei!r c ! be+ ( a ?+ cont9ue aft] t action ( ! ag5t has ceas$1 :i* is ! cause ( ! effect n only 9 becom+ b also 9 be+4 ,?is is :y hot wat] reta9s heat aft] ! cessation ( ! fire's action2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! air does n cont9ue to be lit up1 ev5 = a mom5t1 :5 ! sun ceases to act ^u x1 because wat] is a matt] susceptive ( ! fire's heat 9 ! same way z x exi/s 9 ! fire4 ,:]e=e if x 7 to be r$uc$ to ! p]fect =m ( fire1 x w\ld reta9 t =m always2 :]eas if x has ! =m ( fire imp]fectly & in*oately1 ! heat w rema9 = a "t only1 by reason ( ! imp]fect p>ticipation ( ! pr9ciple ( heat4 ,on ! o!r h&1 air is n ( su* a nature z to receive light 9 ! same way z x exi/s 9 ! sun1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( light4 ,!re=e1 s9ce x has n root 9 ! air1 ! light ceases ) ! action ( ! sun4 ,n[ e creature may be comp>$ to ,god1 z ! air is to ! sun :i* enlight5s x4 ,= z ! sun possesses light by its nature1 & z ! air is enlight5$ by %>+ ! sun's nature2 s ,god alone is ,be+ 9 virtue ( ,8 own ,ess5ce1 s9ce ,8 ,ess5ce is ,8 exi/5ce2 :]eas e creature has be+ by p>ticipation1 s t its ess5ce is n its exi/5ce4 ,!re=e1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #ab73 ,if ! rul+ p[] ( ,god 7 )drawn f ,8 creatures1 _! nature w\ld at once cease1 & all nature w\ld collapse4 ,9 ! same "w 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #ab7 he says3 ,z ! air becomes light by ! pres5ce ( ! sun1 s is man enlight5$ by ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & 9 ,8 abs5ce returns at once to d>kness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,be+ naturally results f ! =m ( a creature1 giv5 ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e action2 j z light results f ! diaphan\s nature ( ! air1 giv5 ! action ( ! sun4 ,:]e=e ! pot5tiality to n-be+ 9 spiritual creatures & heav5ly bodies is r some?+ 9 ,god1 ,:o c )draw ,8 influ5ce1 ?an 9 ! =m or matt] ( ^? creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god _c grant to a creature to be pres]v$ 9 be+ aft] ! cessation ( ! ,div9e influ5ce3 z nei!r c ,he make x n to h receiv$ its be+ f ,himself4 ,= ! creature ne$s to be pres]v$ by ,god 9 s f> z ! be+ ( an effect dep5ds on ! cause ( its be+4 ,s t !re is no comp>ison ) an ag5t t is n ! cause ( be+ b only ( becom+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t holds 9 reg>d to t pres]vation :i* consi/s 9 ! removal ( corruption3 b all creatures d n ne$ to be pres]v$ ?us1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! pres]vation ( ?+s by ,god is a cont9uation ( t action :]eby ,he gives exi/5ce1 :i* action is )\t ei!r motion or "t2 s also ! pres]vation ( light 9 ! air is by ! cont9ual influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,pres]ves ,e ,creature ,imm$iately8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god pres]ves e creature imm$iately4 ,= ,god creates & pres]ves ?+s by ! same action1 z above /at$ 7,a4 #a1 ad #d74 ,b ,god creat$ all ?+s imm$iately4 ,!re=e ,he pres]ves all ?+s imm$iately4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is ne>] to itself ?an to ano!r4 ,b x _c be giv5 to a creature to pres]ve itself2 mu* less !re=e c x be giv5 to a creature to pres]ve ano!r4 ,!re=e ,god pres]ves all ?+s )\t any int]m$iate cause pres]v+ !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an effect is kept 9 be+ by ! cause1 n only ( its becom+1 b also ( its be+4 ,b all creat$ causes d n seem to cause _! effects except 9 _! becom+1 = !y cause only by mov+1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e !y d n cause s z to keep _! effects 9 be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a ?+ is kept 9 be+ by t :i* gives x be+4 ,b ,god gives be+ by means ( c]ta9 int]m$iate causes4 ,!re=e ,he also keeps ?+s 9 be+ by means ( c]ta9 causes4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 a ?+ keeps ano!r 9 be+ 9 two ways2 fir/1 indirectly & accid5tally1 by remov+ or h9d]+ ! action ( a corrupt+ cause2 secondly1 directly & p] se1 by ! fact t t on x dep5ds ! o!r's be+1 z ! be+ ( ! effect dep5ds on ! cause4 ,& 9 bo? ways a creat$ ?+ keeps ano!r 9 be+4 ,= x is cle> t ev5 9 corporeal ?+s !re are _m causes :i* h9d] ! action ( corrupt+ ag5ts1 & = t reason are call$ pres]vatives2 j z salt pres]ves meat f putrefaction2 & 9 l mann] ) _m o!r ?+s4 ,x happ5s also t an effect dep5ds on a creature z to its be+4 ,= :5 we h a s]ies ( causes dep5d+ on "o ano!r1 x necess>ily foll[s t1 :ile ! effect dep5ds fir/ & pr9cipally on ! fir/ cause1 x also dep5ds 9 a second>y way on all ! middle causes4 ,!re=e ! fir/ cause is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! pres]vation ( ! effect :i* is to be ref]r$ to ! middle causes 9 a second>y way2 & all ! m s1 z ! middle cause is high] & ne>] to ! fir/ cause4 ,= ?is reason1 ev5 9 ?+s corporeal1 ! pres]vation & cont9uation ( ?+s is ascrib$ to ! high] causes3 ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 xii1 ,did4 xi1 #f71 t ! fir/1 namely ! diurnal movem5t is ! cause ( ! cont9uation ( ?+s g5]at$2 :]eas ! second movem5t1 :i* is f ! zodiac1 is ! cause ( div]sity ow+ to g5]ation & corruption4 ,9 l mann] a/rolog]s ascribe to ,saturn1 ! highe/ ( ! planets1 ^? ?+s :i* are p]man5t & fix$4 ,s we conclude t ,god keeps c]ta9 ?+s 9 be+1 by means ( c]ta9 causes4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god creat$ all ?+s imm$iately1 b 9 ! creation itself ,he e/abli%$ an ord] among ?+s1 s t "s dep5d on o!rs1 by :i* !y are pres]v$ 9 be+1 ?\gh ,he rema9s ! pr9cipal cause ( _! pres]vation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce an effect is pres]v$ by its prop] cause on :i* x dep5ds2 j z no effect c be its own cause1 b c only produce ano!r effect1 s no effect c be end[$ ) ! p[] ( self-pres]vation1 b only ) ! p[] ( pres]v+ ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no creat$ nature c be ! cause ( ano!r1 z reg>ds ! latt] acquir+ a new =m1 or disposition1 except by virtue ( "s *ange2 = ! creat$ nature acts always on some?+ presuppos$4 ,b aft] caus+ ! =m or disposition 9 ! effect1 )\t any fre% *ange 9 ! effect1 ! cause pres]ves t =m or disposition2 z 9 ! air1 :5 x is lit up anew1 we mu/ all[ "s *ange to h tak5 place1 :ile ! pres]vation ( ! light is )\t any fur!r *ange 9 ! air due to ! pres5ce ( ! s\rce ( light4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,c ,annihilate ,any?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c annihilate any?+4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ba7 t ,god is n ! cause ( any?+ t5d+ to non-exi/5ce4 ,b ,he w\ld be su* a cause if ,he 7 to annihilate any?+4 ,!re=e ,he _c annihilate any?+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by ,8 goodness ,god is ! cause :y ?+s exi/1 s9ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cb73 ,because ,god is good1 we exi/4 ,b ,god _c cease to be good4 ,!re=e ,he _c cause ?+s to cease to exi/2 :i* w\ld be ! case 7 ,he to annihilate any?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ,god 7 to annihilate any?+ x w\ld be by ,8 action4 ,b ?is _c be2 because ! t]m ( e action is exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ev5 ! action ( a corrupt+ cause has its t]m 9 some?+ g5]at$2 = :5 "o ?+ is g5]at$ ano!r und]goes corruption4 ,!re=e ,god _c annihilate any?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #aj3bd73 ,correct me1 ,o ,"l1 b yet ) judgm5t2 & n 9 ,?y fury1 le/ ,?\ br+ me to no?+4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h held t ,god1 9 giv+ exi/5ce to creatures1 act$ f natural necessity4 ,7 ?is true1 ,god c\ld n annihilate any?+1 s9ce ,8 nature _c *ange4 ,b1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #d71 su* an op9ion is entirely false1 & absolutely contr>y to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :i* confesses t ,god creat$ ?+s ( ,8 own free-w1 accord+ to ,ps4 #acd3f3 ,:atsoev] ! ,"l pleas$1 ,he ha? done4 ,!re=e t ,god gives exi/5ce to a creature dep5ds on ,8 w2 nor does ,he pres]ve ?+s 9 exi/5ce o!rwise ?an by cont9ually p\r+ out exi/5ce into !m1 z we h said4 ,!re=e1 j z be=e ?+s exi/$1 ,god 0 free n to give !m exi/5ce1 & n to make !m2 s aft] !y are made1 ,he is free n to cont9ue _! exi/5ce2 & ?us !y w\ld cease to exi/2 & ?is w\ld be to annihilate !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,non-exi/5ce has no direct cause2 = no?+ is a cause except inasmu* z x has exi/5ce1 & a be+ ess5tially z su* is a cause ( some?+ exi/+4 ,!re=e ,god _c cause a ?+ to t5d to non-exi/5ce1 :]eas a creature has ?is t5d5cy ( itself1 s9ce x is produc$ f no?+4 ,b indirectly ,god c be ! cause ( ?+s be+ r$uc$ to non-exi/5ce1 by )draw+ ,8 action !refrom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god's goodness is ! cause ( ?+s1 n z ?\gh by natural necessity1 because ! ,div9e goodness does n dep5d on creatures2 b by ,8 free-w4 ,:]e=e1 z )\t prejudice to ,8 goodness1 ,he might n h produc$ ?+s into exi/5ce1 s1 )\t prejudice to ,8 goodness1 ,he might n pres]ve ?+s 9 exi/5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ,god 7 to annihilate any?+1 ?is w\ld n imply an action on ,god's "p2 b a m]e cessation ( ,8 action4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,any?+ ,is ,annihilat$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t some?+ is annihilat$4 ,= ! end corresponds to ! beg9n+4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 no?+ b ,god4 ,!re=e all ?+s mu/ t5d to ?is end1 t !re %all be no?+ b ,god4 ,!re=e creatures w be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e creature has a f9ite p[]4 ,b no f9ite p[] ext5ds to ! inf9ite4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #aj7 t1 a f9ite p[] _c move 9 inf9ite "t4 ,!re=e a creature _c la/ = an inf9ite duration2 & s at "s "t x w be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 =ms & accid5ts h no matt] z "p ( !mselves4 ,b at "s "t !y cease to exi/4 ,!re=e !y are r$uc$ to no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #c3ad73 ,i h le>n$ t all ! works t ,god ha? made cont9ue = ev]4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s ( ^? ?+s :i* ,god does 9 creatures occur 9 accordance ) ! natural c\rse ( ?+s2 o!rs happ5 miracul\sly1 & n 9 accordance ) ! natural ord]1 z w be expla9$ 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ :atev] ,god wills to d accord+ to ! natural ord] ( ?+s may be obs]v$ f _! nature2 b ^? ?+s :i* occur miracul\sly1 are ord]$ = ! manife/ation ( grace1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le1 ,to ea* "o is giv5 ! manife/ation ( ! ,_s1 unto pr(it 7#a ,cor4 #ab3g72 & subsequ5tly he m5tions1 among o!rs1 ! work+ ( miracles4 ,n[ ! nature ( creatures %[s t none ( !m is annihilat$4 ,=1 ei!r !y are immat]ial1 & !re=e h no pot5tiality to non-exi/5ce2 or !y are mat]ial1 & !n !y cont9ue to exi/1 at lea/ 9 matt]1 :i* is incorruptible1 s9ce x is ! subject ( g5]ation & corruption4 ,moreov]1 ! annihilation ( ?+s does n p]ta9 to ! manife/ation ( grace2 s9ce r ! p[] & goodness ( ,god are manife/$ by ! pres]vation ( ?+s 9 exi/5ce4 ,:]e=e we mu/ conclude by d5y+ absolutely t any?+ at all w be annihilat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t ?+s are br\ght into exi/5ce f a /ate ( non-exi/5ce1 cle>ly %[s ! p[] ( ,him ,:o made !m2 b t !y %\ld be r$uc$ to no?+ w\ld h9d] t manife/ation1 s9ce ! p[] ( ,god is conspicu\sly %[n 9 ,8 pres]v+ all ?+s 9 exi/5ce1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le3 ,uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[] 7,heb4 #a3c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a creature's pot5tiality to exi/5ce is m]ely receptive2 ! active p[] belongs to ,god ,himself1 f ,:om exi/5ce is d]iv$4 ,:]e=e ! inf9ite duration ( ?+s is a consequ5ce ( ! inf9ity ( ! ,div9e p[]4 ,to "s ?+s1 h[ev]1 is giv5 a det]m9ate p[] ( duration = a c]ta9 "t1 s f> z !y may be h9d]$ by "s contr>y ag5t f receiv+ ! influx ( exi/5ce :i* comes f ,him ,:om f9ite p[] _c resi/1 = an inf9ite1 b only = a fix$ "t4 ,s ?+s :i* h no contr>y1 al?\gh !y h a f9ite p[]1 cont9ue to exi/ = ev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,=ms & accid5ts are n complete be+s1 s9ce !y d n subsi/3 b ea* "o ( !m is some?+ ( a be+2 = x is call$ a be+1 because some?+ is by x4 ,yet s f> z _! mode ( exi/5ce is conc]n$1 !y are n entirely r$uc$ to no?+ness2 n t any "p ( !m survives1 b t !y rema9 9 ! pot5tiality ( ! matt]1 or ( ! subject4 ,,"q #aje ,,( ,,! ,,*ange ,,( ,,creatures ,,by ,,god 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! second effect ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 i4e4 ! *ange ( creatures2 & fir/1 ! *ange ( creatures by ,god2 secondly1 ! *ange ( "o creature by ano!r4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god c move imm$iately ! matt] to ! =m8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,he c imm$iately move a body8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,he c move ! intellect8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,he c move ! w8 7#e7 ,:e!r ,god works 9 e work]8 7#f7 ,:e!r ,he c d any?+ outside ! ord] impos$ on ?+s8 7#g7 ,:e!r all t ,god does is miracul\s8 7#h7 ,( ! div]sity ( miracles4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,c ,move ! ,matt] ,imm$iately to ! ,=m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c move ! matt] imm$iately to receive ! =m4 ,= z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,metaph4 vii1 ,did4 vi1 #h71 no?+ c br+ a =m into any p>ticul> matt]1 except t =m :i* is 9 matt]2 because1 l begets l4 ,b ,god is n a =m 9 matt]4 ,!re=e ,he _c cause a =m 9 matt]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 any ag5t incl9$ to sev]al effects w produce none ( !m1 unless x is det]m9$ to a p>ticul> "o by "s o!r cause2 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aa71 a g5]al ass]tion does n move ! m9d1 except by means ( "s p>ticul> appreh5sion4 ,b ! ,div9e p[] is ! univ]sal cause ( all ?+s4 ,!re=e x _c produce any p>ticul> =m1 except by means ( a p>ticul> ag5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,z univ]sal be+ dep5ds on ! fir/ univ]sal cause1 s det]m9ate be+ dep5ds on det]m9ate p>ticul> causes2 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #b74 ,b ! det]m9ate be+ ( a p>ticul> ?+ is f its own =m4 ,!re=e ! =ms ( ?+s are produc$ by ,god1 only by means ( p>ticul> causes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #b3g73 ,god =m$ man ( ! slime ( ! e>?4 ,i answ] t1 ,god c move matt] imm$iately to =m2 because :atev] is 9 passive pot5tiality c be r$uc$ to act by ! active p[] :i* ext5ds ov] t pot5tiality4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ,div9e p[] ext5ds ov] matt]1 z produc$ by ,god1 x c be r$uc$ to act by ! ,div9e p[]3 & ?is is :at is meant by matt] be+ mov$ to a =m2 = a =m is no?+ else b ! act ( matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an effect is assimilat$ to ! active cause 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ! same species2 z man is g5]at$ by man1 & fire by fire4 ,secondly1 by be+ virtually conta9$ 9 ! cause2 z ! =m ( ! effect is virtually conta9$ 9 its cause3 ?us animals produc$ by putrefaction1 & plants1 & m9]als are l ! sun & />s1 by ^: p[] !y are produc$4 ,9 ?is way ! effect is l its active cause z reg>ds all t ov] :i* ! p[] ( t cause ext5ds4 ,n[ ! p[] ( ,god ext5ds to bo? matt] & =m2 z we h said above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b72 :]e=e if a composite ?+ be produc$1 x is lik5$ to ,god by way ( a virtual inclusion2 or x is lik5$ to ! composite g5]ator by a lik5ess ( species4 ,!re=e j z ! composite g5]ator c move matt] to a =m by g5]at+ a composite ?+ l itself2 s also c ,god4 ,b no o!r =m n exi/+ 9 matt] c d ?is2 because ! p[] ( no o!r sep>ate sub/ance ext5ds ov] matt]4 ,h5ce angels & demons op]ate on visible matt]2 n by impr9t+ =ms 9 matt]1 b by mak+ use ( corporeal se$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t w\ld hold if ,god 7 to act ( natural necessity4 ,b s9ce ,he acts by ,8 w & intellect1 :i* kn[s ! p>ticul> & n only ! univ]sal natures ( all =ms1 x foll[s t ,he c det]m9ately impr9t ?is or t =m on matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact t second>y causes are ord]$ to det]m9ate effects is due to ,god2 :]e=e s9ce ,god orda9s o!r causes to c]ta9 effects ,he c also produce c]ta9 effects by ,himself )\t any o!r cause4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,c ,move a ,body ,imm$iately8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c move a body imm$iately4 ,= z ! mov] & ! mov$ mu/ exi/ simultane\sly1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vii1 #b71 x foll[s t !re mu/ be "s contact betwe5 ! mov] & mov$4 ,b !re c be no contact betwe5 ,god & a body2 = ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 #a73 ,!re is no contact ) ,god4 ,!re=e ,god _c move a body imm$iately4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god is ! mov] unmov$4 ,b su* also is ! desirable object :5 appreh5d$4 ,!re=e ,god moves z ! object ( desire & appreh5sion4 ,b ,he _c be appreh5d$ except by ! intellect1 :i* is nei!r a body nor a corporeal p[]4 ,!re=e ,god _c move a body imm$iately4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #aj7 t an inf9ite p[] moves in/antane\sly4 ,b x is impossible = a body to be mov$ 9 "o in/ant2 = s9ce e movem5t is betwe5 opposites1 x foll[s t two opposites w\ld exi/ at once 9 ! same subject1 :i* is impossible4 ,!re=e a body _c be mov$ imm$iately by an inf9ite p[]4 ,b ,god's p[] is inf9ite1 z we h expla9$ 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ,god _c move a body imm$iately4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,god produc$ ! works ( ! six days imm$iately among :i* is includ$ ! movem5ts ( bodies1 z is cle> f ,g54 #a3i ,let ! wat]s be ga!r$ toge!r into "o place4 ,!re=e ,god alone c move a body imm$iately4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is errone\s to say t ,god _c ,himself produce all ! det]m9ate effects :i* are produc$ by any creat$ cause4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce bodies are mov$ imm$iately by creat$ causes1 we _c possibly d\bt t ,god c move imm$iately any bodies :atev]4 ,?is inde$ foll[s f :at is above /at$ 7,a4 #a74 ,= e movem5t ( any body :atev]1 ei!r results f a =m1 z ! movem5ts ( ?+s heavy & light result f ! =m :i* !y h f _! g5]at+ cause1 = :i* reason ! g5]ator is call$ ! mov]2 or else t5ds to a =m1 z heat+ t5ds to ! =m ( heat4 ,n[ x belongs to ! same cause1 to impr9t a =m1 to dispose to t =m1 & to give ! movem5t :i* results f t =m2 = fire n only g5]ates fire1 b x also heats & moves ?+s upw>ds4 ,!re=e1 z ,god c impr9t =m imm$iately 9 matt]1 x foll[s t ,he c move any body :atev] 9 respect ( any movem5t :atev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re are two k9ds ( contact2 corporeal contact1 :5 two bodies t\* ea* o!r2 & virtual contact1 z ! cause ( sadness is said to t\* ! "o made sad4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ k9d ( contact1 ,god1 z be+ incorporeal1 nei!r t\*es1 nor is t\*$2 b accord+ to virtual contact ,he t\*es creatures by mov+ !m2 b ,he is n t\*$1 because ! natural p[] ( no creature c rea* up to ,him4 ,?us did ,dionysius und]/& ! words1 ,!re is no contact ) ,god2 t is1 s t ,god ,himself be t\*$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god moves z ! object ( desire & appreh5sion2 b x does n foll[ t ,he always moves z be+ desir$ & appreh5d$ by t :i* is mov$2 b z be+ desir$ & kn[n by ,himself2 = ,he does all ?+s = ,8 own goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 viii1 #aj7 int5ds to prove t ! p[] ( ! fir/ mov] is n a p[] ( ! fir/ mov] ( bulk1 by ! foll[+ argum5t4 ,! p[] ( ! fir/ mov] is inf9ite 7:i* he proves f ! fact t ! fir/ mov] c move 9 inf9ite "t74 ,n[ an inf9ite p[]1 if x 7 a p[] ( bulk1 w\ld move )\t "t1 :i* is impossible2 !re=e ! inf9ite p[] ( ! fir/ mov] mu/ be 9 some?+ :i* is n measur$ by its bulk4 ,:5ce x is cle> t = a body to be mov$ )\t "t c only be ! result ( an inf9ite p[]4 ,! reason is t e p[] ( bulk moves 9 its entirety2 s9ce x moves by ! necessity ( its nature4 ,b an inf9ite p[] surpasses out ( all proportion any f9ite p[]4 ,n[ ! great] ! p[] ( ! mov]1 ! great] is ! velocity ( ! movem5t4 ,!re=e1 s9ce a f9ite p[] moves 9 a det]m9ate "t1 x foll[s t an inf9ite p[] does n move 9 any "t2 = betwe5 "o "t & any o!r "t !re is "s proportion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a p[] :i* is n 9 bulk is ! p[] ( an intellig5t be+1 :i* op]ates 9 its effects accord+ to :at is fitt+ to !m2 & !re=e1 s9ce x _c be fitt+ = a body to be mov$ )\t "t1 x does n foll[ t x moves )\t "t4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,god ,moves ! ,creat$ ,intellect ,imm$iately8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god does n imm$iately move ! creat$ intellect4 ,= ! action ( ! intellect is gov]n$ by its own subject2 s9ce x does n pass into ext]nal matt]2 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ix1 ,did4 viii1 #h4 ,b ! action ( :at is mov$ by ano!r does n proce$ f t :]e9 x is2 b f ! mov]4 ,!re=e ! intellect is n mov$ by ano!r2 & s app>5tly ,god _c move ! creat$ intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 any?+ :i* 9 itself is a suffici5t pr9ciple ( movem5t1 is n mov$ by ano!r4 ,b ! movem5t ( ! intellect is its act ( und]/&+2 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we say t to und]/& or to feel is a k9d ( movem5t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #g74 ,b ! intellectual light :i* is natural to ! s\l1 is a suffici5t pr9ciple ( und]/&+4 ,!re=e x is n mov$ by ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! s5ses are mov$ by ! s5sible1 s ! intellect is mov$ by ! intelligible4 ,b ,god is n intelligible to u1 & exce$s ! capacity ( our intellect4 ,!re=e ,god _c move our intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! tea*] moves ! intellect ( ! "o taught4 ,b x is writt5 7,ps4 #ic3aj7 t ,god tea*es man k4 ,!re=e ,god moves ! human intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 9 corporeal movem5t t is call$ ! mov] :i* gives ! =m t is ! pr9ciple ( movem5t1 s t is said to move ! intellect1 :i* is ! cause ( ! =m t is ! pr9ciple ( ! intellectual op]ation1 call$ ! movem5t ( ! intellect4 ,n[ !re is a tw(old pr9ciple ( intellectual op]ation 9 ! intellig5t be+2 "o :i* is ! intellectual p[] itself1 :i* pr9ciple exi/s 9 ! "o :o und]/&s 9 pot5tiality2 :ile ! o!r is ! pr9ciple ( actual und]/&+1 namely1 ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood 9 ! "o :o und]/&s4 ,s a ?+ is said to move ! intellect1 :e!r x gives to him :o und]/&s ! p[] ( und]/&+2 or impresses on him ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood4 ,n[ ,god moves ! creat$ intellect 9 bo? ways4 ,= ,he is ! ,fir/ immat]ial ,be+2 & z intellectuality is a result ( immat]iality1 x foll[s t ,he is ! ,fir/ intellig5t ,be+4 ,!re=e s9ce 9 ea* ord] ! fir/ is ! cause ( all t foll[s1 we mu/ conclude t f ,him proce$s all intellectual p[]4 ,9 l mann]1 s9ce ,he is ! ,fir/ ,be+1 & all o!r be+s pre-exi/ 9 ,him z 9 _! ,fir/ ,cause1 x foll[s t !y exi/ intelligibly 9 ,him1 aft] ! mode ( ,8 own ,nature4 ,= z ! intelligible types ( ev]y?+ exi/ fir/ ( all 9 ,god1 & are d]iv$ f ,him by o!r intellects 9 ord] t ^! may actually und]/&2 s also are !y d]iv$ by creatures t !y may subsi/4 ,!re=e ,god s moves ! creat$ intellect1 inasmu* z ,he gives x ! intellectual p[]1 :e!r natural1 or sup]add$2 & impresses on ! creat$ intellect ! intelligible species1 & ma9ta9s & pres]ves bo? p[] & species 9 exi/5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! intellectual op]ation is p]=m$ by ! intellect 9 :i* x exi/s1 z by a second>y cause2 b x proce$s f ,god z f its fir/ cause4 ,= by ,him ! p[] to und]/& is giv5 to ! "o :o und]/&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellectual light toge!r ) ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood is a suffici5t pr9ciple ( und]/&+2 b x is a second>y pr9ciple1 & dep5ds ^u ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intelligible object moves our human intellect1 s f> z1 9 a way1 x impresses on x its own lik5ess1 by means ( :i* ! intellect is able to und]/& x4 ,b ! lik5esses :i* ,god impresses on ! creat$ intellect are n suffici5t to enable ! creat$ intellect to und]/& ,him ?r\gh ,8 ,ess5ce1 z we h se5 above 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ,he moves ! creat$ intellect1 & yet ,he _c be intelligible to x1 z we h expla9$ 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #d74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,god ,c ,move ! ,creat$ ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c move ! creat$ w4 ,= :atev] is mov$ f )\t1 is =c$4 ,b ! w _c be =c$4 ,!re=e x is n mov$ f )\t2 & !re=e _c be mov$ by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god _c make two contradictories to be true at ! same "t4 ,b ?is w\ld foll[ if ,he mov$ ! w2 = to be volunt>ily mov$ means to be mov$ f )91 & n by ano!r4 ,!re=e ,god _c move ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 movem5t is attribut$ to ! mov] r ?an to ! "o mov$2 :]e=e homicide is n ascrib$ to ! /one1 b to ! ?r[]4 ,!re=e1 if ,god moves ! w1 x foll[s t volunt>y actions are n imput$ to man = rew>d or blame4 ,b ?is is false4 ,!re=e ,god does n move ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,phil4 #b3ac73 ,x is ,god :o worke? 9 u ,vulgate--'y' bo? to w & to accompli%4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! intellect is mov$ by ! object & by ! ,giv] ( ! p[] ( intellig5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 s is ! w mov$ by its object1 :i* is good1 & by ,him :o creates ! p[] ( will+4 ,n[ ! w c be mov$ by good z its object1 b by ,god alone suffici5tly & efficaci\sly4 ,= no?+ c move a movable ?+ suffici5tly unless ! active p[] ( ! mov] surpasses or at lea/ equals ! pot5tiality ( ! ?+ movable4 ,n[ ! pot5tiality ( ! w ext5ds to ! univ]sal good2 = its object is ! univ]sal good2 j z ! object ( ! intellect is ! univ]sal be+4 ,b e creat$ good is "s p>ticul> good2 ,god alone is ! univ]sal good4 ,:]eas ,he alone fills ! capacity ( ! w1 & moves x suffici5tly z its object4 ,9 l mann] ! p[] ( will+ is caus$ by ,god alone4 ,= to w is no?+ b to be incl9$ t[>ds ! object ( ! w1 :i* is univ]sal good4 ,b to incl9e t[>ds ! univ]sal good belongs to ! ,fir/ ,mov]1 to ,:om ! ultimate end is proportionate2 j z 9 human affairs to him t presides ov] ! community belongs ! direct+ ( 8 subjects to ! common weal4 ,:]e=e 9 bo? ways x belongs to ,god to move ! w2 b especially 9 ! second way by an int]ior incl9ation ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ mov$ by ano!r is =c$ if mov$ aga9/ its natural incl9ation2 b if x is mov$ by ano!r giv+ to x ! prop] natural incl9ation1 x is n =c$2 z :5 a heavy body is made to move d[nw>ds by t :i* produc$ x1 !n x is n =c$4 ,9 l mann] ,god1 :ile mov+ ! w1 does n =ce x1 because ,he gives ! w its own natural incl9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to be mov$ volunt>ily1 is to be mov$ f )91 t is1 by an int]ior pr9ciple3 yet ?is int]ior pr9ciple may be caus$ by an ext]ior pr9ciple2 & s to be mov$ f )9 is n repugnant to be+ mov$ by ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! w 7 s mov$ by ano!r z 9 no way to be mov$ f )9 itself1 ! act ( ! w w\ld n be imput$ = rew>d or blame4 ,b s9ce its be+ mov$ by ano!r does n prev5t its be+ mov$ f )9 itself1 z we h /at$ 7ad #b71 x does n !reby =feit ! motive = m]it or dem]it4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,god ,works 9 ,e ,ag5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god does n "w 9 e ag5t4 ,= we mu/ n attribute any insuffici5cy to ,god4 ,if !re=e ,god works 9 e ag5t1 ,he works suffici5tly 9 ea* "o4 ,h5ce x w\ld be sup]flu\s = ! creat$ ag5t to "w at all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! same "w _c proce$ at ! same "t f two s\rces2 z nei!r c "o & ! same movem5t belong to two movable ?+s4 ,!re=e if ! creature's op]ation is f ,god op]at+ 9 ! creature1 x _c at ! same "t proce$ f ! creature2 & s no creature works at all4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! mak] is ! cause ( ! op]ation ( ! ?+ made1 z giv+ x ! =m :]eby x op]ates4 ,!re=e1 if ,god is ! cause ( ! op]ation ( ?+s made by ,him1 ?is w\ld be inasmu* z ,he gives !m ! p[] ( op]at+4 ,b ?is is 9 ! beg9n+1 :5 ,he makes !m4 ,?us x seems t ,god does n op]ate any fur!r 9 ! op]at+ creature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #bf3ab73 ,"l1 ,?\ ha/ wr\ght all our works 9 ,vulg43 '=' u4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h und]/ood ,god to "w 9 e ag5t 9 su* a way t no creat$ p[] has any effect 9 ?+s1 b t ,god alone is ! ultimate cause ( ev]y?+ wr\ght2 = in/ance1 t x is n fire t gives heat1 b ,god 9 ! fire1 & s =?4 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,fir/1 because ! ord] ( cause & effect w\ld be tak5 away f creat$ ?+s3 & ?is w\ld imply lack ( p[] 9 ! ,creator3 = x is due to ! p[] ( ! cause1 t x be/[s active p[] on its effect4 ,secondly1 because ! active p[]s :i* are se5 to exi/ 9 ?+s1 w\ld be be/[$ on ?+s to no purpose1 if ^! wr\ght no?+ ?r\gh !m4 ,inde$1 all ?+s creat$ w\ld seem1 9 a way1 to be purposeless1 if !y lack$ an op]ation prop] to !m2 s9ce ! purpose ( ev]y?+ is its op]ation4 ,= ! less p]fect is always = ! sake ( ! m p]fect3 & consequ5tly z ! matt] is = ! sake ( ! =m1 s ! =m :i* is ! fir/ act1 is = ! sake ( its op]ation1 :i* is ! second act2 & ?us op]ation is ! end ( ! creature4 ,we mu/ !re=e und]/& t ,god works 9 ?+s 9 su* a mann] t ?+s h _! prop] op]ation4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t z !re are few k9ds ( causes2 matt] is n a pr9ciple ( action1 b is ! subject t receives ! effect ( action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! end1 ! ag5t1 & ! =m are pr9ciples ( action1 b 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,= ! fir/ pr9ciple ( action is ! end :i* moves ! ag5t2 ! second is ! ag5t2 ! ?ird is ! =m ( t :i* ! ag5t applies to action 7al?\gh ! ag5t also acts ?r\gh its own =m72 z may be cle>ly se5 9 ?+s made by art4 ,= ! craftsman is mov$ to action by ! end1 :i* is ! ?+ wr\ght1 = in/ance a *e/ or a b$2 & applies to action ! axe :i* cuts ?r\gh its be+ %>p4 ,?us !n does ,god "w 9 e work]1 accord+ to ^! ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/ z an end4 ,= s9ce e op]ation is = ! sake ( "s good1 real or app>5t2 & no?+ is good ei!r really or app>5tly1 except 9 z f> z x p>ticipates 9 a lik5ess to ! ,supreme ,good1 :i* is ,god2 x foll[s t ,god ,himself is ! cause ( e op]ation z its end4 ,aga9 x is to be obs]v$ t :]e !re are sev]al ag5ts 9 ord]1 ! second always acts 9 virtue ( ! fir/2 = ! fir/ ag5t moves ! second to act4 ,& ?us all ag5ts act 9 virtue ( ,god ,himself3 & !re=e ,he is ! cause ( action 9 e ag5t4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ obs]ve t ,god n only moves ?+s to op]ate1 z x 7 apply+ _! =ms & p[]s to op]ation1 j z ! workman applies ! axe to cut1 :o nev]!less at times does n give ! axe its =m2 b ,he also gives creat$ ag5ts _! =ms & pres]ves !m 9 be+4 ,!re=e ,he is ! cause ( action n only by giv+ ! =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( action1 z ! g5]ator is said to be ! cause ( movem5t 9 ?+s heavy & light2 b also z pres]v+ ! =ms & p[]s ( ?+s2 j z ! sun is said to be ! cause ( ! manife/ation ( colors1 inasmu* z x gives & pres]ves ! light by :i* colors are made manife/4 ,& s9ce ! =m ( a ?+ is )9 ! ?+1 & all ! m1 z x approa*es ne>] to ! ,fir/ & ,univ]sal ,cause2 & because 9 all ?+s ,god ,himself is prop]ly ! cause ( univ]sal be+ :i* is inn]mo/ 9 all ?+s2 x foll[s t 9 all ?+s ,god works intimately4 ,= ?is reason 9 ,holy ,scripture ! op]ations ( nature are attribut$ to ,god z op]at+ 9 nature1 accord+ to ,job #aj3aa3 ,?\ ha/ clo!d me ) sk9 & fle%3 ,?\ ha/ put me toge!r ) bones & s9ews4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god works suffici5tly 9 ?+s z ,fir/ ,ag5t1 b x does n foll[ f ?is t ! op]ation ( second>y ag5ts is sup]flu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o action does n proce$ f two ag5ts ( ! same ord]4 ,b no?+ h9d]s ! same action f proce$+ f a prim>y & a second>y ag5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god n only gives ?+s _! =m1 b ,he also pres]ves !m 9 exi/5ce1 & applies !m to act1 & is moreov] ! end ( e action1 z above expla9$4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,god ,c ,d ,any?+ ,outside ! ,e/abli%$ ,ord] ( ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c d any?+ outside ! e/abli%$ ord] ( nature4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxvi1 #c7 says3 ,god ! ,mak] & ,creator ( ea* nature1 does no?+ aga9/ nature4 ,b t :i* is outside ! natural ord] seems to be aga9/ nature4 ,!re=e ,god c d no?+ outside ! natural ord]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! ord] ( ju/ice is f ,god1 s is ! ord] ( nature4 ,b ,god _c d any?+ outside ! ord] ( ju/ice2 = !n ,he w\ld d some?+ unju/4 ,!re=e ,he _c d any?+ outside ! ord] ( nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god e/abli%$ ! ord] ( nature4 ,!re=e x ,god does any?+ outside ! ord] ( nature1 x w\ld seem t ,he is *angeable2 :i* _c be said4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxvi1 #c73 ,god sometimes does ?+s :i* are contr>y to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,f ea* cause !re results a c]ta9 ord] to its effects1 s9ce e cause is a pr9ciple2 & s1 accord+ to ! multiplicity ( causes1 !re results a multiplicity ( ord]s1 subject$ "o to ! o!r1 z cause is subject$ to cause4 ,:]e=e a high] cause is n subject$ to a cause ( a l[] ord]2 b conv]sely4 ,an example ( ?is may be se5 9 human affairs4 ,on ! fa!r ( a family dep5ds ! ord] ( ! h\sehold2 :i* ord] is conta9$ 9 ! ord] ( ! city2 :i* ord] aga9 dep5ds on ! rul] ( ! city2 :ile ?is la/ ord] dep5ds on t ( ! k+1 by :om ! :ole k+dom is ord]$4 ,if !re=e we consid] ! ord] ( ?+s dep5d+ on ! fir/ cause1 ,god _c d any?+ aga9/ ?is ord]2 =1 if ,he did s1 ,he w\ld act aga9/ ,8 =ekn[l$ge1 or ,8 w1 or ,8 goodness4 ,b if we consid] ! ord] ( ?+s dep5d+ on any second>y cause1 ?us ,god c d some?+ outside su* ord]2 = ,he is n subject to ! ord] ( second>y causes2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ?is ord] is subject to ,him1 z proce$+ f ,him1 n by a natural necessity1 b by ! *oice ( ,8 own w2 = ,he c\ld h creat$ ano!r ord] ( ?+s4 ,:]e=e ,god c d some?+ outside ?is ord] creat$ by ,him1 :5 ,he *ooses1 = in/ance by produc+ ! effects ( second>y causes )\t !m1 or by produc+ c]ta9 effects to :i* second>y causes d n ext5d4 ,s ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxvi1 #c73 ,god acts aga9/ ! wont$ c\rse ( nature1 b by no means does ,he act aga9/ ! supreme law2 because ,he does n act aga9/ ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 natural ?+s some?+ may happ5 outside ?is natural ord]1 9 two ways4 ,x may happ5 by ! action ( an ag5t :i* did n give !m _! natural incl9ation2 z1 = example1 :5 a man moves a heavy body upw>ds1 :i* does n owe to him its natural incl9ation to move d[nw>ds2 & t w\ld be aga9/ nature4 ,x may also happ5 by ! action ( ! ag5t on :om ! natural incl9ation dep5ds2 & ?is is n aga9/ nature1 z is cle> 9 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 :i* is n aga9/ nature2 al?\gh x is aga9/ ! natural movem5t ( wat] 9 a d[nw>d direction2 = x is ow+ to ! influ5ce ( a heav5ly body1 on :i* ! natural incl9ation ( l[] bodies dep5ds4 ,!re=e s9ce ! ord] ( nature is giv5 to ?+s by ,god2 if ,he does any?+ outside ?is ord]1 x is n aga9/ nature4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxvi1 #c73 ,t is natural to ea* ?+ :i* is caus$ by ,him f ,:om is all mode1 numb]1 & ord] 9 nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ord] ( ju/ice arises by relation to ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ,:o is ! rule ( all ju/ice2 & !re=e ,god c d no?+ aga9/ su* ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god fix$ a c]ta9 ord] 9 ?+s 9 su* a way t at ! same "t ,he res]v$ to ,himself :atev] he int5d$ to d o!rwise ?an by a p>ticul> cause4 ,s :5 ,he acts outside ?is ord]1 ,he does n *ange4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,:atev] ,god ,does ,outside ! ,natural ,ord] ,is ,miracul\s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n ev]y?+ :i* ,god does outside ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 is miracul\s4 ,= ! creation ( ! _w1 & ( s\ls1 & ! ju/ification ( ! unrighte\s1 are done by ,god outside ! natural ord]2 z n be+ accompli%$ by ! action ( any natural cause4 ,yet ^! ?+s are n call$ miracles4 ,!re=e n ev]y?+ t ,god does outside ! natural ord] is a miracle4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a miracle is some?+ difficult1 :i* seldom occurs1 surpass+ ! faculty ( nature1 & go+ s f> beyond our hopes z to compel our a/oni%m5t 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de utilitate cr$5di xvi44 ,b "s ?+s outside ! ord] ( nature are n ardu\s2 = !y occur 9 small ?+s1 su* z ! recov]y & heal+ ( ! sick4 ,nor are !y ( r>e occurr5ce1 s9ce !y happ5 frequ5tly2 z :5 ! sick 7 plac$ 9 ! /reets1 to be heal$ by ! %ad[ ( ,pet] 7,acts #e3ae74 ,nor d !y surpass ! faculty ( nature2 z :5 p are cur$ ( a fev]4 ,nor are !y beyond our hopes1 s9ce we all hope = ! resurrection ( ! dead1 :i* nev]!less w be outside ! c\rse ( nature4 ,!re=e n all ?+s are outside ! c\rse ( nature are miracul\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w miracle is d]iv$ f admiration4 ,n[ admiration conc]ns ?+s manife/ to ! s5ses4 ,b sometimes ?+s happ5 outside ! ord] ( nature1 :i* are n manife/ to ! s5ses2 z :5 ! ,apo/les 7 end[$ ) k )\t /udy+ or be+ taught4 ,!re=e n ev]y?+ t occurs outside ! ord] ( nature is miracul\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxvi1 #c73 ,:]e ,god does any?+ aga9/ t ord] ( nature :i* we "k & are accu/om$ to obs]ve1 we call x a miracle4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w miracle is d]iv$ f admiration1 :i* arises :5 an effect is manife/1 :]eas its cause is hidd52 z :5 a man sees an eclipse )\t kn[+ its cause1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,metaphysics4 ,n[ ! cause ( a manife/ effect may be kn[n to "o1 b unkn[n to o!rs4 ,:]e=e a ?+ is wond]ful to "o man1 & n at all to o!rs3 z an eclipse is to a ru/ic1 b n to an a/ronom]4 ,n[ a miracle is s call$ z be+ full ( wond]2 z hav+ a cause absolutely hidd5 f all3 & ?is cause is ,god4 ,:]e=e ^? ?+s :i* ,god does outside ^? causes :i* we "k1 are call$ miracles4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,creation1 & ! ju/ification ( ! unrighte\s1 ?\gh done by ,god alone1 are n1 prop]ly speak+1 miracles1 because !y are n ( a nature to proce$ f any o!r cause2 s !y d n occur outside ! ord] ( nature1 s9ce !y d n belong to t ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an ardu\s ?+ is call$ a miracle1 n on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( ! ?+ :]e9 x is done1 b because x surpasses ! faculty ( nature3 likewise a ?+ is call$ unusual1 n because x does n (t5 happ51 b because x is outside ! usual natural c\rse ( ?+s4 ,fur!rmore1 a ?+ is said to be above ! faculty ( nature1 n only by reason ( ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ done1 b also on acc\nt ( ! mann] & ord] 9 :i* x is done4 ,aga91 a miracle is said to g beyond ! hope ( nature1 n above ! hope ( grace1 :i* hope comes f fai?1 :]eby we believe 9 ! future resurrection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! k ( ! ,apo/les1 al?\gh n manife/ 9 itself1 yet 0 made manife/ 9 its effect1 f :i* x 0 %[n to be wond]ful4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,"o ,miracle ,is ,great] ,?an ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o miracle is n great] ?an ano!r4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,epi/4 ad ,volusian4 cxxxvii73 ,9 miracul\s de$s1 ! :ole measure ( ! de$ is ! p[] ( ! do]4 ,b by ! same p[] ( ,god all miracles are done4 ,!re=e "o miracle is n great] ?an ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p[] ( ,god is inf9ite4 ,b ! inf9ite exce$s ! f9ite beyond all proportion2 & !re=e no m reason exi/s to wond] at "o effect !re( ?an at ano!r4 ,!re=e "o miracle is n great] ?an ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,"l says1 speak+ ( miracul\s works 7,john #ad3ab73 ,! works t ,i d1 he also %all d1 & great] ?an ^! %all he d4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ is call$ a miracle by comp>ison ) ! ,div9e ,p[]2 because no action is ( any acc\nt comp>$ ) ! p[] ( ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #dj3ae3 ,behold ! ,g5tiles are z a drop f a bucket1 & are c\nt$ z ! smalle/ gra9 ( a balance4 ,b a ?+ is call$ a miracle by comp>ison ) ! p[] ( nature :i* x surpasses4 ,s ! m ! p[] ( nature is surpass$1 ! great] ! miracle4 ,n[ ! p[] ( nature is surpass$ 9 ?ree ways3 fir/ly1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! de$1 = in/ance1 if two bodies occupy ! same place1 or if ! sun goes backw>ds2 or if a human body is glorifi$3 su* ?+s nature is absolutely unable to d2 & ^! hold ! highe/ rank among miracles4 ,secondly1 a ?+ surpasses ! p[] ( nature1 n 9 ! de$1 b 9 t :]e9 x is done2 z ! rais+ ( ! dead1 & giv+ sight to ! bl9d1 & ! l2 = nature c give life1 b n to ! dead2 & su* hold ! second rank 9 miracles4 ,?irdly1 a ?+ surpasses nature's p[] 9 ! measure & ord] 9 :i* x is done2 z :5 a man is cur$ ( a fev] sudd5ly1 )\t treatm5t or ! usual process ( nature2 or z :5 ! air is sudd5ly cond5s$ into ra91 by ,div9e p[] )\t a natural cause1 z occurr$ at ! pray]s ( ,samuel & ,elias2 & ^! hold ! l[e/ place 9 miracles4 ,moreov]1 ea* ( ^! k9ds has v>i\s degrees1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! p[] ( nature is surpass$4 ,f ?is is cle> h[ to reply to ! objections1 argu+ z !y d f ! ,div9e p[]4 ,,"q #ajf ,,h[ ,,"o ,,creature ,,moves ,,ano!r 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] h[ "o creature moves ano!r4 ,?is consid]ation w be ?reefold3 7#a7 ,h[ ! angels move1 :o are purely spiritual creatures2 7#b7 ,h[ bodies move2 7#c7 ,h[ man moves1 :o is compos$ ( a spiritual & a corporeal nature4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ po9t1 !re are ?ree ?+s to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,h[ an angel acts on an angel2 7#b7 ,h[ an angel acts on a corporeal nature2 7#c7 ,h[ an angel acts on man4 ,! fir/ ( ^! raises ! "q ( ! enlight5m5t & spee* ( ! angels2 & ( _! mutual coord9ation1 bo? ( ! good & ( ! bad angels4 ,conc]n+ _! enlight5m5t !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "o angel moves ! intellect ( ano!r by enlight5m5t8 7#b7 ,:e!r "o angel moves ! w ( ano!r8 7#c7 ,:e!r an inf]ior angel c enlight5 a sup]ior angel8 7#d7 ,:e!r a sup]ior angel enlight5s an inf]ior angel 9 all t he kn[s himself8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"o ,angel ,enlight5s ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o angel does n enlight5 ano!r4 ,= ! angels possess n[ ! same beatitude :i* we hope to obta94 ,b "o man w n !n enlight5 ano!r1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ca3cd3 ,!y %all tea* no m e man 8 neighbor1 & e man 8 bro!r4 ,!re=e nei!r does an angel enlight5 ano!r n[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 light 9 ! angels is ?reefold2 ( nature1 ( grace1 & ( glory4 ,b an angel is enlight5$ 9 ! light ( nature by ! ,creator2 9 ! light ( grace by ! ,ju/ifi]2 9 ! light ( glory by ! ,beatifi]2 all ( :i* comes f ,god4 ,!re=e "o angel does n enlight5 ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 light is a =m 9 ! m9d4 ,b ! rational m9d is in=m$ by ,god alone1 )\t creat$ int]v5tion1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #ea74 ,!re=e "o angel does n enlight5 ! m9d ( ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 viii7 t ! angels ( ! second hi]>*y are cleans$1 enlight5$ & p]fect$ by ! angels ( ! fir/ hi]>*y4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o angel enlight5s ano!r4 ,to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t intellectual light is no?+ else ?an a manife/ation ( tru?1 accord+ to ,eph4 #e3ac3 ,all t is made manife/ is light4 ,h5ce to enlight5 means no?+ else b to communicate to o!rs ! manife/ation ( ! kn[n tru?2 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #c3h73 ,to me ! lea/ ( all ! sa9ts is giv5 ?is grace 4 4 4 to enlight5 all m51 t !y may see :at is ! disp5sation ( ! my/]y :i* ha? be5 hidd5 f et]nity 9 ,god4 ,!re=e "o angel is said to enlight5 ano!r by manife/+ ! tru? :i* he kn[s himself4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii73 ,!ologians pla9ly %[ t ! ord]s ( ! heav5ly be+s are taught ,div9e sci5ce by ! high] m9ds4 ,n[ s9ce two ?+s concur 9 ! intellectual op]ation1 z we h said 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #c71 namely1 ! intellectual p[]1 & ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood2 9 bo? ( ^! "o angel c notify ! kn[n tru? to ano!r4 ,fir/1 by /r5g!n+ 8 intellectual p[]2 = j z ! p[] ( an imp]fect body is /r5g!n$ by ! neighborhood ( a m p]fect body--= in/ance1 ! less hot is made hott] by ! pres5ce ( :at is hott]2 s ! intellectual p[] ( an inf]ior angel is /r5g!n$ by ! sup]ior angel turn+ to him3 s9ce 9 spiritual ?+s1 = "o ?+ to turn to ano!r1 corresponds to neighborhood 9 corporeal ?+s4 ,secondly1 "o angel manife/s ! tru? to ano!r z reg>ds ! lik5ess ( ! ?+ und]/ood4 ,= ! sup]ior angel receives ! k ( tru? by a k9d ( univ]sal conception1 to receive :i* ! inf]ior angel's intellect is n suffici5tly p[]ful1 = x is natural to him to receive tru? 9 a m p>ticul> mann]4 ,!re=e ! sup]ior angel di/+ui%es1 9 a way1 ! tru? :i* he conceives univ]sally1 s t x c be grasp$ by ! inf]ior angel2 & ?us he proposes x to 8 k4 ,?us x is ) u t ! tea*]1 9 ord] to adapt himself to o!rs1 divides into _m po9ts ! k :i* he possesses 9 ! univ]sal4 ,?is is ?us express$ by ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xv73 ,e intellectual sub/ance ) provid5t p[] divides & multiplies ! uni=m k be/[$ on x by "o ne>] to ,god1 s z to lead its inf]iors upw>ds by analogy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! angels1 bo? inf]ior & sup]ior1 see ! ,ess5ce ( ,god imm$iately1 & 9 ?is respect "o does n tea* ano!r4 ,x is ( ?is tru? t ! prophet speaks2 :]e=e he adds3 ,!y %all tea* no m e man 8 bro!r1 say+3 ',"k ! ,"l'3 = all %all "k ,me1 f ! lea/ ( !m ev5 to ! greate/4 ,b all ! types ( ! ,div9e works1 :i* are kn[n 9 ,god z 9 _! cause1 ,god kn[s 9 ,himself1 because ,he compreh5ds ,himself2 b ( o!rs :o see ,god1 ea* "o kn[s ! m types1 ! m p]fectly he sees ,god4 ,h5ce a sup]ior angel kn[s m ab\t ! types ( ! ,div9e works ?an an inf]ior angel1 & conc]n+ ^! ! =m] enlight5s ! latt]2 & z to ?is ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! angels are enlight5$ by ! types ( exi/+ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an angel does n enlight5 ano!r by giv+ him ! light ( nature1 grace1 or glory2 b by /r5g!n+ 8 natural light1 & by manife/+ to him ! tru? conc]n+ ! /ate ( nature1 ( grace1 & ( glory1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! rational m9d is =m$ imm$iately by ,god1 ei!r z ! image f ! exempl>1 =asmu* z x is made to ! image ( ,god alone2 or z ! subject by ! ultimate p]fect+ =m3 = ! creat$ m9d is always consid]$ to be un=m$1 except x adh]e to ! fir/ tru?2 :ile ! o!r k9ds ( enlight5m5t t proce$ f man or angel1 are1 z x 71 dispositions to ?is ultimate =m4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r "o angel moves ano!r angel's w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o angel c move ano!r angel's w4 ,because1 accord+ to ,dionysius quot$ above 7,a4 #a71 z "o angel enlight5s ano!r1 s does he cleanse & p]fect ano!r4 ,b cleans+ & p]fect+ seem to belong to ! w3 = ! =m] seems to po9t to ! /a9 ( s9 :i* app]ta9s to w2 :ile to be p]fect$ is to obta9 an end1 :i* is ! object ( ! w4 ,!re=e an angel c move ano!r angel's w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii73 ,! names ( ! angels designate _! prop]ties4 ,n[ ! ,s]aphim are s call$ because !y k9dle or give heat3 & ?is is by love :i* belongs to ! w4 ,!re=e "o angel moves ano!r angel's w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #aa7 t ! high] appetite moves ! l[]4 ,b z ! intellect ( ! sup]ior angel is high]1 s also is 8 w4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! sup]ior angel c *ange ! w ( ano!r angel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to him x belongs to *ange ! w1 to :om x belongs to be/[ righte\sness3 = righte\sness is ! rightness ( ! w4 ,b ,god alone be/[s righte\sness4 ,!re=e "o angel _c *ange ano!r angel's w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #d71 ! w is *ang$ 9 two ways2 on ! "p ( ! object1 & on ! "p ( ! p[]4 ,on ! "p ( ! object1 bo? ! good itself :i* is ! object ( ! w1 moves ! w1 z ! appetible moves ! appetite2 & he :o po9ts out ! object1 z1 = in/ance1 "o :o proves some?+ to be good4 ,b z we h said above 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #d71 o!r goods 9 a measure incl9e ! w1 yet no?+ suffici5tly moves ! w save ! univ]sal good1 & t is ,god4 ,& ?is good ,he alone %[s1 t x may be se5 by ! bless$1 ,:o1 :5 ,moses ask$3 ,%[ me ,?y glory1 answ]$3 ,i w %[ !e all good 7,ex4 #cc3ah1 #ai74 ,!re=e an angel does n move ! w suffici5tly1 ei!r z ! object or z %[+ ! object4 ,b he incl9es ! w z some?+ lovable1 & z manife/+ "s creat$ good ord]$ to ,god's goodness4 ,& ?us he c incl9e ! w to ! love ( ! creature or ( ,god1 by way ( p]suasion4 ,b on ! "p ( ! p[] ! w _c be mov$ at all save by ,god4 ,= ! op]ation ( ! w is a c]ta9 incl9ation ( ! will] to ! ?+ will$4 ,& ,he alone c *ange ?is incl9ation1 ,:o be/[$ on ! creature ! p[] to w3 j z t ag5t alone c *ange ! natural incl9ation1 :i* c give ! p[] to :i* foll[s t natural incl9ation4 ,n[ ,god alone gave to ! creature ! p[] to w1 because ,he alone is ! au?or ( ! intellectual nature4 ,!re=e an angel _c move ano!r angel's w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cleans+ & p]fect+ are to be und]/ood accord+ to ! mode ( enlight5m5t4 ,& s9ce ,god enlight5s by *ang+ ! intellect & w1 ,he cleanses by remov+ defects ( intellect & w1 & p]fects unto ! end ( ! intellect & w4 ,b ! enlight5m5t caus$ by an angel conc]ns ! intellect1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #a72 !re=e an angel is to be und]/ood z cleans+ f ! defect ( nesci5ce 9 ! intellect2 & z p]fect+ unto ! consummate end ( ! intellect1 & ?is is ! k ( tru?4 ,?us ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi73 t 9 ! heav5ly hi]>*y ! *a/5+ ( ! inf]ior ess5ce is an enlight5+ ( ?+s unkn[n1 t leads !m to m p]fect k4 ,= in/ance1 we might say t corporeal sight is cleans$ by ! removal ( d>kness2 enlight5$ by ! diffusion ( light2 & p]fect$ by be+ br\ght to ! p]ception ( ! color$ object4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o angel c induce ano!r to love ,god by p]suasion z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] speaks ( ! l[] s5sitive appetite :i* c be mov$ by ! sup]ior intellectual appetite1 because x belongs to ! same nature ( ! s\l1 & because ! inf]ior appetite is a p[] 9 a corporeal organ4 ,b ?is does n apply to ! angels4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,inf]ior ,angel ,c ,enlight5 a ,sup]ior ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an inf]ior angel c enlight5 a sup]ior angel4 ,= ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y is d]iv$ f1 & repres5ts ! heav5ly hi]>*y2 & h5ce ! heav5ly ,j]usalem is call$ our "m 7,gal4 #d3bf74 ,b 9 ! ,*ur* ev5 sup]iors are enlight5$ & taught by _! inf]iors1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ad3ca73 ,y may all prophesy "o by "o1 t all may le>n & all may be exhort$4 ,!re=e1 likewise 9 ! heav5ly hi]>*y1 ! sup]iors c be enlight5$ by inf]iors4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! ord] ( corporeal sub/ances dep5ds on ! w ( ,god1 s also does ! ord] ( spiritual sub/ances4 ,b1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #f71 ,god sometimes acts outside ! ord] ( corporeal sub/ances4 ,!re=e ,he also sometimes acts outside ! ord] ( spiritual sub/ances1 by enlight5+ inf]ior o!rwise ?an ?r\gh _! sup]iors4 ,!re=e 9 t way ! inf]iors enlight5$ by ,god c enlight5 sup]iors4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o angel enlight5s ! o!r to :om he turns1 z 0 above expla9$ 7,a4 #a74 ,b s9ce ?is turn+ to ano!r is volunt>y1 ! highe/ angel c turn to ! l[e/ pass+ ov] ! o!rs4 ,!re=e he c enlight5 him imm$iately2 & ?us ! latt] c enlight5 8 sup]iors4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says t ?is is ! ,div9e unalt]able law1 t inf]ior ?+s are l$ to ,god by ! sup]ior 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv2 ,eccl4 ,hi]4 v74 ,i answ] t1 ,! inf]ior angels nev] enlight5 ! sup]ior1 b are always enlight5$ by !m4 ,! reason is1 because1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #f71 "o ord] is "u ano!r1 z cause is "u cause2 & h5ce z cause is ord]$ to cause1 s is ord] to ord]4 ,!re=e !re is no incongruity if sometimes any?+ is done outside ! ord] ( ! inf]ior cause1 to be ord]$ to ! sup]ior cause1 z 9 human affairs ! comm& ( ! presid5t is pass$ ov] f ob$i5ce to ! pr9ce4 ,s x happ5s t ,god works miracul\sly outside ! ord] ( corporeal nature1 t m5 may be ord]$ to ! k ( ,him4 ,b ! pass+ ov] ( ! ord] t belongs to spiritual sub/ances 9 no way belongs to ! ord]+ ( m5 to ,god2 s9ce ! angelic op]ations are n made kn[n to u2 z are ! op]ations ( s5sible bodies4 ,?us ! ord] :i* belongs to spiritual sub/ances is nev] pass$ ov] by ,god2 s t ! inf]iors are always mov$ by ! sup]ior1 & n conv]sely4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y imitates ! heav5ly 9 "s degree1 b n by a p]fect lik5ess4 ,= 9 ! heav5ly hi]>*y ! p]fection ( ! ord] is 9 proportion to its ne>ness to ,god2 s t ^? :o are ! ne>] to ,god are ! m sublime 9 grade1 & m cle> 9 k2 & on t acc\nt ! sup]iors are nev] enlight5$ by ! inf]iors1 :]eas 9 ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1 sometimes ^? :o are ! ne>] to ,god 9 sanctity1 are 9 ! l[e/ grade1 & are n conspicu\s = sci5ce2 & "s also are em95t 9 "o k9d ( sci5ce1 & fail 9 ano!r2 & on t acc\nt sup]iors may be taught by inf]iors4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z above expla9$1 !re is no simil>ity betwe5 :at ,god does outside ! ord] ( corporeal nature1 & t ( spiritual nature4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n hold4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an angel turns volunt>ily to enlight5 ano!r angel1 b ! angel's w is ev] regulat$ by ! ,div9e law :i* made ! ord] 9 ! angels4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,sup]ior ,angel ,enlight5s ! ,inf]ior ,z ,reg>ds ,all ,he ,himself ,kn[s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sup]ior angel does n enlight5 ! inf]ior conc]n+ all he himself kn[s4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xii7 t ! sup]ior angels h a m univ]sal k2 & ! inf]ior a m p>ticul> & individual k4 ,b m is conta9$ "u a univ]sal k ?an "u a p>ticul> k4 ,!re=e n all t ! sup]ior angels "k1 is kn[n by ! inf]ior1 ?r\gh ^! be+ enlight5$ by ! =m]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces 7ii1 ,d1 #aa7 says t ! sup]ior angels _h long kn[n ! ,my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation1 :]eas ! inf]ior angels did n "k x until x 0 accompli%$4 ,?us we f9d t on "s ( ! angels inquir+1 z x 71 9 ignorance3 ,:o is ?is ,k+ ( glory8 o!r angels1 :o knew1 answ]$3 ,! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 ,he is ! ,k+ ( glory1 z ,dionysius exp\nds 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii74 ,b ?is w\ld n apply if ! sup]ior angels enlight5$ ! inf]ior conc]n+ all !y "k !mselves4 ,!re=e !y d n d s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! sup]ior angels enlight5 ! inf]ior ab\t all !y "k1 no?+ t ! sup]ior angels "k w\ld be unkn[n to ! inf]ior angels4 ,!re=e ! sup]ior angels c\ld communicate no?+ m to ! inf]ior2 :i* appe>s op5 to objection4 ,!re=e ! sup]ior angels enlight5 ! inf]ior 9 all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 99,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 ix2 ,cf4 ,gregory1 ,hom4 xxxiv1 9 ,ev4 says3 ,9 t heav5ly c\ntry1 ?\gh !re are "s excell5t gifts1 yet no?+ is held individually4 ,& ,dionysius says3 ,ea* heav5ly ess5ce communicates to ! inf]ior ! gift d]iv$ f ! sup]ior 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xv71 z quot$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,i answ] t1 ,e creature p>ticipates 9 ! ,div9e goodness1 s z to diffuse ! good x possesses to o!rs2 = x is ( ! nature ( good to communicate itself to o!rs4 ,h5ce also corporeal ag5ts give _! lik5ess to o!rs s f> z !y c4 ,s ! m an ag5t is e/abli%$ 9 ! %>e ( ! ,div9e goodness1 s mu* ! m does x /rive to transmit its p]fections to o!rs z f> z possible4 ,h5ce ! ,bless$ ,pet] admoni%es ^? :o by grace %>e 9 ! ,div9e goodness2 say+3 ,z e man ha? receiv$ grace1 m9i/]+ ! same "o to ano!r2 z good /ew>ds ( ! manifold grace ( ,god 7#a ,pet4 #d3aj74 ,mu* m !re=e d ! holy angels1 :o enjoy ! pl5itude ( p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e goodness1 imp>t ! same to ^? bel[ !m4 ,nev]!less ?is gift is n receiv$ s excell5tly by ! inf]ior z by ! sup]ior angels2 & !re=e ! sup]ior ev] rema9 9 a high] ord]1 & h a m p]fect k2 z ! ma/] und]/&s ! same ?+ bett] ?an ! pupil :o le>ns f him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! k ( ! sup]ior angels is said to be m univ]sal z reg>ds ! m em95t mode ( k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,ma/]'s words are n to be und]/ood z if ! inf]ior angels 7 entirely ignorant ( ! ,my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation b t !y did n "k x z fully z ! sup]ior angels2 & t !y progress$ 9 ! k ( x aft]w>ds :5 ! ,my/]y 0 accompli%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,till ! ,judgm5t ,day "s new ?+s are always be+ reveal$ by ,god to ! highe/ angels1 conc]n+ ! c\rse ( ! _w1 & especially ! salvation ( ! elect4 ,h5ce !re is always some?+ = ! sup]ior angels to make kn[n to ! inf]ior4 ,,"q #ajg ,,! ,,spee* ,,( ,,! ,,angels 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! spee* ( ! angels4 ,"h !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "o angel speaks to ano!r8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! inf]ior speaks to ! sup]ior8 7#c7 ,:e!r an angel speaks to ,god8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! angelic spee* is subject to local di/ance8 7#e7 ,:e!r all ! spee* ( "o angel to ano!r is kn[n to all8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"o ,angel ,speaks to ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o angel does n speak to ano!r4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xviii7 t1 9 ! /ate ( ! resurrection ea* "o's body w n hide 8 m9d f 8 fell[s4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 is "o angel's m9d hidd5 f ano!r4 ,b spee* manife/s to ano!r :at lies hidd5 9 ! m9d4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y t "o angel %\ld speak to ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 spee* is tw(old2 int]ior1 :]eby "o speaks to oneself2 & ext]ior1 :]eby "o speaks to ano!r4 ,b ext]ior spee* takes place by "s s5sible sign1 z by voice1 or ge/ure1 or "s bodily memb]1 z ! tongue1 or ! f+]s1 & ?is _c apply to ! angels4 ,!re=e "o angel does n speak to ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! speak] incites ! he>] to li/5 to :at he says4 ,b x does n appe> t "o angel incites ano!r to li/52 = ?is happ5s among u by "s s5sible sign4 ,!re=e "o angel does n speak to ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3a73 ,if ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angels speak 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,b1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii73 ,x is fitt+ t our m9d1 ris+ above ! prop]ties ( bodily spee*1 %\ld be lift$ to ! sublime & unkn[n me?ods ( int]ior spee*4 ,to und]/& h[ "o angel speaks to ano!r1 we mu/ consid] t1 z we expla9$ above 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #d71 :5 treat+ ( ! actions & p[]s ( ! s\l1 ! w moves ! intellect to its op]ation4 ,n[ an intelligible object is pres5t to ! intellect 9 ?ree ways2 fir/1 habitually1 or 9 ! memory1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #f1 #g72 secondly1 z actually consid]$ or conceiv$2 ?irdly1 z relat$ to some?+ else4 ,& x is cle> t ! intelligible object passes f ! fir/ to ! second /age by ! comm& ( ! w1 & h5ce 9 ! def9ition ( habit ^! words occur1 :i* anyone uses :5 he wills4 ,s likewise ! intelligible object passes f ! second to ! ?ird /age by ! w2 = by ! w ! concept ( ! m9d is ord]$ to some?+ else1 z1 = in/ance1 ei!r to ! p]=m+ ( an action1 or to be+ made kn[n to ano!r4 ,n[ :5 ! m9d turns itself to ! actual consid]ation ( any habitual k1 !n a p]son speaks to himself2 = ! concept ( ! m9d is call$ ! int]ior ^w4 ,& by ! fact t ! concept ( ! angelic m9d is ord]$ to be made kn[n to ano!r by ! w ( ! angel himself1 ! concept ( "o angel is made kn[n to ano!r2 & 9 ?is way "o angel speaks to ano!r2 = to speak to ano!r only means to make kn[n ! m5tal concept to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our m5tal concept is hidd5 by a tw(old ob/acle4 ,! fir/ is 9 ! w1 :i* c reta9 ! m5tal concept )91 or c direct x ext]nally4 ,9 ?is way ,god alone c see ! m9d ( ano!r1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #b3aa3 ,:at man kn[e? ! ?+s ( a man1 b ! _s ( a man t is 9 him8 ,! o!r ob/acle :]eby ! m5tal concept is exclud$ f ano!r "o's k1 comes f ! body2 & s x happ5s t ev5 :5 ! w directs ! concept ( ! m9d to make itself kn[n1 x is n at once make kn[n to ano!r2 b "s s5sible sign mu/ be us$4 ,gregory alludes to ?is fact :5 he says 7,moral4 ii73 ,to o!r eyes we seem to /& alo( z x 7 beh9d ! wall ( ! body2 & :5 we wi% to make ourselves kn[n1 we g out z x 7 by ! door ( ! tongue to %[ :at we really are4 ,b an angel is "u no su* ob/acle1 & s he c make 8 concept kn[n to ano!r at once4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ext]nal spee*1 made by ! voice1 is a necessity = u on acc\nt ( ! ob/acle ( ! body4 ,h5ce x does n befit an angel2 b only int]ior spee* belongs to him1 & ?is includes n only ! int]ior spee* by m5tal concept1 b also its be+ ord]$ to ano!r's k by ! w4 ,s ! tongue ( an angel is call$ metaphorically ! angel's p[]1 :]eby he manife/s 8 m5tal concept4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is no ne$ to draw ! att5tion ( ! good angels1 inasmu* z !y always see ea* o!r 9 ! ,^w2 = z "o ev] sees ! o!r1 s he ev] sees :at is ord]$ to himself4 ,b because by _! v nature !y c speak to ea* o!r1 & ev5 n[ ! bad angels speak to ea* o!r1 we mu/ say t ! intellect is mov$ by ! intelligible object j z s5se is affect$ by ! s5sible object4 ,!re=e1 z s5se is ar\s$ by ! s5sible object1 s ! m9d ( an angel c be ar\s$ to att5tion by "s intelligible p[]4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,inf]ior ,angel ,speaks to ! ,sup]ior8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! inf]ior angel does n speak to ! sup]ior4 ,= on ! text 7#a ,cor4 #ac3a71 ,if ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels1 a gloss rem>ks t ! spee* ( ! angels is an enlight5m5t :]eby ! sup]ior enlight5s ! inf]ior4 ,b ! inf]ior nev] enlight5s ! sup]ior1 z 0 above expla9$ 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e nei!r d ! inf]ior speak to ! sup]ior4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z 0 said above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a71 to enlight5 means m]ely to acqua9t "o man ( :at is kn[n to ano!r2 & ?is is to speak4 ,!re=e to speak & to enlight5 are ! same2 s ! same conclusion foll[s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii73 ,god speaks to ! angels by ! v fact t ,he %[s to _! he>ts ,8 hidd5 & invisible ?+s4 ,b ?is is to enlight5 !m4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] ,god speaks1 ,he enlight5s4 ,9 ! same way e angelic spee* is an enlight5+4 ,!re=e an inf]ior angel c 9 no way speak to a sup]ior angel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! exposition ( ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 ! inf]ior angels said to ! sup]ior3 ,:o is ?is ,k+ ( ,glory8 ,i answ] t1 ,! inf]ior angels c speak to ! sup]ior4 ,to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ consid] t e angelic enlight5+ is an angelic spee*2 b on ! o!r h&1 n e spee* is an enlight5+2 because1 z we h said 7,a4 #a71 = "o angel to speak to ano!r angel means no?+ else1 b t by 8 own w he directs 8 m5tal concept 9 su* a way1 t x becomes kn[n to ! o!r4 ,n[ :at ! m9d conceives may be r$uc$ to a tw(old pr9ciple2 to ,god ,himself1 ,:o is ! primal tru?2 & to ! w ( ! "o :o und]/&s1 :]eby we actually consid] any?+4 ,b because tru? is ! light ( ! intellect1 & ,god ,himself is ! rule ( all tru?2 ! manife/ation ( :at is conceiv$ by ! m9d1 z dep5d+ on ! prim>y tru?1 is bo? spee* & enlight5m5t2 = example1 :5 "o man says to ano!r3 ,heav5 0 creat$ by ,god2 or1 ,man is an animal4 ,! manife/ation1 h[ev]1 ( :at dep5ds on ! w ( ! "o :o und]/&s1 _c be call$ an enlight5m5t1 b is only a spee*2 = in/ance1 :5 "o says to ano!r3 ,i wi% to le>n ?is2 ,i wi% to d ?is or t4 ,! reason is t ! creat$ w is n a light1 nor a rule ( tru?2 b p>ticipates ( light4 ,h5ce to communicate :at comes f ! creat$ w is n1 z su*1 an enlight5+4 ,= to "k :at y may w1 or :at y may und]/& does n belong to ! p]fection ( my intellect2 b only to "k ! tru? 9 reality4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! angels are call$ sup]ior or inf]ior by comp>ison ) ?is pr9ciple1 ,god2 & !re=e enlight5m5t1 :i* dep5ds on ! pr9ciple :i* is ,god1 is convey$ only by ! sup]ior angels to ! inf]ior4 ,b z reg>ds ! w z ! pr9ciple1 he :o wills is fir/ & supreme2 & !re=e ! manife/ation ( :at belongs to ! w1 is convey$ to o!rs by ! "o :o wills4 ,9 t mann] bo? ! sup]ior angels speak to ! inf]ior1 & ! inf]ior speak to ! sup]ior4 ,f ?is cle>ly appe> ! replies to ! fir/ & second objections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e spee* ( ,god to ! angels is an enlight5+2 because s9ce ! w ( ,god is ! rule ( tru?1 x belongs to ! p]fection & enlight5m5t ( ! creat$ m9d to "k ev5 :at ,god wills4 ,b ! same does n apply to ! w ( ! angels1 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,angel ,speaks to ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel does n speak to ,god4 ,= spee* makes kn[n some?+ to ano!r4 ,b an angel _c make kn[n any?+ to ,god1 ,:o kn[s all ?+s4 ,!re=e an angel does n speak to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to speak is to ord] ! m5tal concept 9 ref]5ce to ano!r1 z 0 %[n above 7,a4 #a74 ,b an angel ev] ord]s 8 m5tal concept to ,god4 ,s if an angel speaks to ,god1 he ev] speaks to ,god2 :i* 9 "s ways appe>s to be unreasonable1 s9ce an angel sometimes speaks to ano!r angel4 ,!re=e x seems t an angel nev] speaks to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ze*4 #a3ab73 ,! angel ( ! ,"l answ]$ & said3 ,o ,"l ( ho/s1 h[ long wilt ,?\ n h m]cy on ,j]usalem4 ,!re=e an angel speaks to ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z 0 said above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! angel speaks by ord]+ 8 m5tal concept to some?+ else4 ,n[ "o ?+ is ord]$ to ano!r 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,9 "o way = ! purpose ( giv+ "o ?+ to ano!r1 z 9 natural ?+s ! ag5t is ord]$ to ! pati5t1 & 9 human spee* ! tea*] is ord]$ to ! le>n]2 & 9 ?is s5se an angel 9 no way speaks to ,god ei!r ( :at conc]ns ! tru?1 or ( :atev] dep5ds on ! creat$ w2 because ,god is ! pr9ciple & s\rce ( all tru? & ( all w4 ,9 ano!r way "o ?+ is ord]$ to ano!r to receive some?+1 z 9 natural ?+s ! passive is ord]$ to ! ag5t1 & 9 human spee* ! disciple to ! ma/]2 & 9 ?is way an angel speaks to ,god1 ei!r by consult+ ! ,div9e w ( :at ought to be done1 or by admir+ ! ,div9e excell5ce :i* he c nev] compreh5d2 ?us ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii7 t ! angels speak to ,god1 :5 by contemplat+ :at is above !mselves !y rise to emotions ( admiration4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,spee* is n always = ! purpose ( mak+ some?+ kn[n to ano!r2 b is sometimes f9ally ord]$ to ! purpose ( manife/+ some?+ to ! speak] himself2 z :5 ! disciples ask in/ruction f ! ma/]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! angels are ev] speak+ to ,god 9 ! s5se ( prais+ & admir+ ,him & ,8 works2 b !y speak to ,him by consult+ ,him ab\t :at ought to be done :5ev] !y h to p]=m any new "w1 conc]n+ :i* !y desire enlight5m5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,local ,di/ance ,influ5ces ! ,angelic ,spee*8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t local di/ance affects ! angelic spee*4 ,= z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #ac73 ,an angel works :]e he is4 ,b spee* is an angelic op]ation4 ,!re=e1 z an angel is 9 a det]m9ate place1 x seems t an angel's spee* is limit$ by ! b\nds ( t place4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a speak] cries out on acc\nt ( ! di/ance ( ! he>]4 ,b x is said ( ! ,s]aphim t !y cri$ "o to ano!r 7,isa4 #f3c74 ,!re=e 9 ! angelic spee* local di/ance has "s effect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said t ! ri* man 9 hell spoke to ,abraham1 not)/&+ ! local di/ance 7,luke #af3bd74 ,mu* less !re=e does local di/ance imp$e ! spee* ( "o angel to ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angelic spee* consi/s 9 an intellectual op]ation1 z expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,& ! intellectual op]ation ( an angel ab/racts f ! "h & n[4 ,= ev5 our own intellectual op]ation takes place by ab/raction f ! "h & n[1 except accid5tally on ! "p ( ! phantasms1 :i* d n exi/ at all 9 an angel4 ,b z reg>ds :atev] is ab/ract$ f "h & n[1 nei!r diff]5ce ( "t nor local di/ance has any influ5ce :atev]4 ,h5ce 9 ! angelic spee* local di/ance is no imp$im5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! angelic spee*1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #a1 ad #b71 is int]ior2 p]ceiv$1 nev]!less1 by ano!r2 & !re=e x exi/s 9 ! angel :o speaks1 & consequ5tly :]e ! angel is :o speaks4 ,b z local di/ance does n prev5t "o angel see+ ano!r1 s nei!r does x prev5t an angel p]ceiv+ :at is ord]$ to him on ! "p ( ano!r2 & ?is is to p]ceive 8 spee*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! cry m5tion$ is n a bodily voice rais$ by reason ( ! local di/ance2 b is tak5 to signify ! magnitude ( :at is said1 or ! int5sity ( ! affection1 accord+ to :at ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii73 ,! less "o desires1 ! less "o cries out4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,all ! ,angels ,"k ,:at ,"o ,speaks to ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! angels "k :at "o speaks to ano!r4 ,= unequal local di/ance is ! reason :y all m5 d n "k :at "o man says to ano!r4 ,b 9 ! angelic spee* local di/ance has no effect1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e all ! angels "k :at "o speaks to ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ! angels h ! intellectual p[] 9 common4 ,s if ! m5tal concept ( "o ord]$ to ano!r is kn[n by "o1 x is = ! same reason kn[n by all4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 enlight5m5t is a k9d ( spee*4 ,b ! enlight5m5t ( "o angel by ano!r ext5ds to all ! angels1 because1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xv73 ,ea* "o ( ! heav5ly be+s communicates :at he le>ns to ! o!rs4 ,!re=e ! spee* ( "o angel to ano!r ext5ds to all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,"o man c speak to ano!r alone2 mu* m c ?is be ! case among ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above expla9$ 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! m5tal concept ( "o angel c be p]ceiv$ by ano!r :5 ! angel :o possesses ! concept ref]s x by 8 w to ano!r4 ,n[ a ?+ c be ord]$ ?r\gh "s cause to "o ?+ & n to ano!r2 consequ5tly ! concept ( "o 7angel7 may be kn[n by "o & n by ano!r2 & !re=e an angel c p]ceive ! spee* ( "o angel to ano!r2 :]eas o!rs d n1 n ?r\gh ! ob/acle ( local di/ance1 b on acc\nt ( ! w s ord]+1 z expla9$ above4 ,f ?is appe> ! replies to ! fir/ & second objections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,enlight5m5t is ( ^? tru?s t emanate f ! fir/ rule ( tru?1 :i* is ! pr9ciple common to all ! angels2 & 9 t way all enlight5m5ts are common to all4 ,b spee* may be ( some?+ ord]$ to ! pr9ciple ( ! creat$ w1 :i* is prop] to ea* angel2 & 9 ?is way x is n necess>y t ^! spee*es %\ld be common to all4 ,,"q #ajh ,,( ,,! ,,angelic ,,degrees ,,( ,,hi]>*ies ,,& ,,ord]s 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! degrees ( ! angels 9 _! hi]>*ies & ord]s2 = x 0 said above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #c71 t ! sup]ior angels enlight5 ! inf]ior angels2 & n conv]sely4 ,"u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r all ! angels belong to "o hi]>*y8 7#b7 ,:e!r 9 "o hi]>*y !re is only "o ord]8 7#c7 ,:e!r 9 "o ord] !re are _m angels8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! di/9ction ( hi]>*ies & ord]s is natural8 7#e7 ,( ! names & prop]ties ( ea* ord]4 7#f7 ,( ! comp>ison ( ! ord]s to "o ano!r4 7#g7 ,:e!r ! ord]s w outla/ ! ,day ( ,judgm5t8 7#h7 ,:e!r m5 are tak5 up into ! angelic ord]s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,all ! ,angels ,are ( ,"o ,hi]>*y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! angels belong to "o hi]>*y4 ,= s9ce ! angels are supreme among creatures1 x is evid5t t !y are ord]$ = ! be/4 ,b ! be/ ord]+ ( a multitude is = x to be gov]n$ by "o au?ority1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,metaph4 xii1 ,did4 xi1 #aj2 ,polit4 iii1 #d74 ,!re=e z a hi]>*y is no?+ b a sacr$ pr9cipality1 x seems t all ! angels belong to "o hi]>*y4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iii7 t hi]>*y is ord]1 k1 & action4 ,b all ! angels agree 9 "o ord] t[>ds ,god1 ,:om !y "k1 & by ,:om 9 _! actions !y are rul$4 ,!re=e all ! angels belong to "o hi]>*y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! sacr$ pr9cipality call$ hi]>*y is to be f\nd among m5 & angels4 ,b all m5 are ( "o hi]>*y4 ,!re=e likewise all ! angels are ( "o hi]>*y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vi7 di/+ui%es ?ree hi]>*ies ( angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,hi]>*y means a sacr$ pr9cipality1 z above expla9$4 ,n[ pr9cipality includes two ?+s3 ! pr9ce himself & ! multitude ord]$ "u ! pr9ce4 ,!re=e because !re is "o ,god1 ! ,pr9ce n only ( all ! angels b also ( m5 & all creatures2 s !re is "o hi]>*y1 n only ( all ! angels1 b also ( all rational creatures1 :o c be p>ticipators ( sacr$ ?+s2 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii1 #a73 ,!re are two cities1 t is1 two societies1 "o ( ! good angels & m51 ! o!r ( ! wick$4 ,b if we consid] ! pr9cipality on ! "p ( ! multitude ord]$ "u ! pr9ce1 !n pr9cipality is said to be "o accord+ly z ! multitude c be subject 9 "o way to ! gov]nm5t ( ! pr9ce4 ,& ^? t _c be gov]n$ 9 ! same way by a pr9ce belong to diff]5t pr9cipalities3 ?us1 "u "o k+ !re are diff]5t cities1 :i* are gov]n$ by diff]5t laws & adm9i/rators4 ,n[ x is evid5t t m5 d n receive ! ,div9e enlight5m5ts 9 ! same way z d ! angels2 = ! angels receive !m 9 _! intelligible purity1 :]eas m5 receive !m "u s5sible signs1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i74 ,!re=e !re mu/ ne$s be a di/9ction betwe5 ! human & ! angelic hi]>*y4 ,9 ! same mann] we di/+ui% ?ree angelic hi]>*ies4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c71 9 treat+ ( ! angelic k1 t ! sup]ior angels h a m univ]sal k ( ! tru? ?an ! inf]ior angels4 ,?is univ]sal k has ?ree grades among ! angels4 ,= ! types ( ?+s1 conc]n+ :i* ! angels are enlight5$1 c be consid]$ 9 a ?reefold mann]4 ,fir/ z prec$+ f ,god z ! fir/ univ]sal pr9ciple1 :i* mode ( k belongs to ! fir/ hi]>*y1 connect$ imm$iately ) ,god1 &1 z x 71 plac$ 9 ! ve/ibule ( ,god1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii74 ,secondly1 =asmu* z ^! types dep5d on ! univ]sal creat$ causes :i* 9 "s way are already multipli$2 :i* mode belongs to ! second hi]>*y4 ,?irdly1 =asmu* z ^! types are appli$ to p>ticul> ?+s z dep5d+ on _! causes2 :i* mode belongs to ! l[e/ hi]>*y4 ,all ?is w appe> m cle>ly :5 we treat ( ea* ( ! ord]s 7,a4 #f74 ,9 ?is way are ! hi]>*ies di/+ui%$ on ! "p ( ! multitude ( subjects4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ^? err & speak aga9/ ! op9ion ( ,dionysius :o place a hi]>*y 9 ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 & call x ! sup]cele/ial hi]>*y4 ,= 9 ! ,div9e ,p]sons !re exi/s1 inde$1 a natural ord]1 b !re is no hi]>*ical ord]1 = z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iii73 ,! hi]>*ical ord] is s direct$ t "s be cleans$1 enlight5$1 & p]fect$2 & t o!rs cleanse1 enlight51 & p]fect2 :i* f> be x f u to apply to ! ,div9e ,p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection consid]s pr9cipality on ! "p ( ! rul]1 inasmu* z a multitude is be/ rul$ by "o rul]1 z ! ,philosoph] ass]ts 9 ^? passages4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z reg>ds kn[+ ,god ,himself1 ,:om all see 9 "o way--t is1 9 ,8 ess5ce--!re is no hi]>*ical di/9ction among ! angels2 b !re is su* a di/9ction z reg>ds ! types ( creat$ ?+s1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all m5 are ( "o species1 & h "o connatural mode ( und]/&+2 :i* is n ! case 9 ! angels3 & h5ce ! same argum5t does n apply to bo?4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,sev]al ,ord]s 9 ,"o ,hi]>*y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! "o hi]>*y !re are n sev]al ord]s4 ,= :5 a def9ition is multipli$1 ! ?+ def9$ is also multipli$4 ,b hi]>*y is ord]1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iii74 ,!re=e1 if !re are _m ord]s1 !re is n "o hi]>*y only1 b _m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t ord]s are diff]5t grades1 & grades among spirits are con/itut$ by diff]5t spiritual gifts4 ,b among ! angels all ! spiritual gifts are common to all1 = no?+ is possess$ individually 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 ix74 ,!re=e !re are n diff]5t ord]s ( angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y ! ord]s are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! actions ( cleans+1 enlight5+1 & p]fect+4 ,= ! ord] ( deacons is cleans+1 ! ord] ( prie/s1 is enlight5+1 & ( bi%ops p]fect+1 z ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v74 ,b ea* ( ! angels cleanses1 enlight5s1 & p]fects4 ,!re=e !re is no di/9ction ( ord]s among ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #a3bj1ba7 t ,god has set ! ,man ,*ri/ above all pr9cipality & p[]1 & virtue1 & dom9ion3 :i* are ! v>i\s ord]s ( ! angels1 & "s ( !m belong to "o hi]>*y1 z w be expla9$ 7,a4 #f74 ,i answ] t1 ,z expla9$ above1 "o hi]>*y is "o pr9cipality--t is1 "o multitude ord]$ 9 "o way "u ! rule ( a pr9ce4 ,n[ su* a multitude w\ld n be ord]$1 b confus$1 if !re 7 n 9 x diff]5t ord]s4 ,s ! nature ( a hi]>*y requires div]sity ( ord]s4 ,?is div]sity ( ord] arises f ! div]sity ( (fices & actions1 z appe>s 9 "o city :]e !re are diff]5t ord]s accord+ to ! diff]5t actions2 = !re is "o ord] ( ^? :o judge1 & ano!r ( ^? :o fight1 & ano!r ( ^? :o labor 9 ! fields1 & s =?4 ,b al?\gh "o city ?us comprises sev]al ord]s1 all may be r$uc$ to ?ree1 :5 we consid] t e multitude has a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,s 9 e city1 a ?reefold ord] ( m5 is to be se51 "s ( :om are supreme1 z ! nobles2 o!rs are ! la/1 z ! common p1 :ile o!rs hold a place betwe5 ^!1 z ! middle-class populus honorabilis4 ,9 ! same way we f9d 9 ea* angelic hi]>*y ! ord]s di/+ui%$ accord+ to _! actions & (fices1 & all ?is div]sity is r$uc$ to ?ree--namely1 to ! summit1 ! middle1 & ! base2 & s 9 e hi]>*y ,dionysius places ?ree ord]s 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vi74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ord] is tw(old4 ,9 "o way x is tak5 z ! ord] compreh5d+ 9 itself diff]5t grades2 & 9 t way a hi]>*y is call$ an ord]4 ,9 ano!r way "o grade is call$ an ord]2 & 9 t s5se ! sev]al ord]s ( "o hi]>*y are s call$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ?+s are possess$ 9 common by ! angelic society1 "s ?+s1 h[ev]1 be+ held m excell5tly by "s ?an by o!rs4 ,ea* gift is m p]fectly possess$ by ! "o :o c communicate x1 ?an by ! "o :o _c communicate x2 z ! hot ?+ :i* c communicate heat is m p]fect t :at is unable to give heat4 ,& ! m p]fectly anyone c communicate a gift1 ! high] grade he occupies1 z he is 9 ! m p]fect grade ( ma/]%ip :o c tea* a high] sci5ce4 ,by ?is similitude we c reckon ! div]sity ( grades or ord]s among ! angels1 accord+ to _! diff]5t (fices & actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! inf]ior angel is sup]ior to ! highe/ man ( our hi]>*y1 accord+ to ! words1 ,he t is ! less] 9 ! k+dom ( heav51 is great] ?an he--namely1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ?an :om !re ha? n ris5 a great] among !m t are born ( wom5 7,matt4 #aa3aa74 ,h5ce ! less] angel ( ! heav5ly hi]>*y c n only cleanse1 b also enlight5 & p]fect1 & 9 a high] way ?an c ! ord]s ( our hi]>*y4 ,?us ! heav5ly ord]s are n di/+ui%$ by reason ( ^!1 b by reason ( o!r diff]5t acts4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,_m ,angels 9 ,"o ,ord]8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re are n _m angels 9 "o ord]4 ,= x 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #d71 t all ! angels are unequal4 ,b equals belong to "o ord]4 ,!re=e !re are n _m angels 9 "o ord]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is sup]flu\s = a ?+ to be done by _m1 :i* c be done suffici5tly by "o4 ,b t :i* belongs to "o angelic (fice c be done suffici5tly by "o angel2 s mu* m suffici5tly ?an ! "o sun does :at belongs to ! (fice ( ! sun1 z ! angel is m p]fect ?an a heav5ly body4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ord]s are di/+ui%$ by _! (fices1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 sev]al angels 9 "o ord] w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x 0 said above 7,obj4 #a7 t all ! angels are unequal4 ,!re=e1 if sev]al angels 7= in/ance1 ?ree or f\r71 are ( "o ord]1 ! l[e/ "o ( ! sup]ior ord] w be m ak9 to ! highe/ ( ! inf]ior ord] ?an ) ! highe/ ( 8 own ord]2 & ?us he does n seem to be m ( "o ord] ) ! latt] ?an ) ! =m]4 ,!re=e !re are n _m angels ( "o ord]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt53 ,! ,s]aphim cri$ to "o ano!r 7,isa4 #f3c74 ,!re=e !re are _m angels 9 ! "o ord] ( ! ,s]aphim4 ,i answ] t1 ,:oev] kn[s any?+ p]fectly1 is able to di/+ui% its acts1 p[]s1 & nature1 d[n to ! m9ute/ details1 :]eas he :o kn[s a ?+ 9 an imp]fect mann] c only di/+ui% x 9 a g5]al way1 & only z reg>ds a few po9ts4 ,?us1 "o :o kn[s natural ?+s imp]fectly1 c di/+ui% _! ord]s 9 a g5]al way1 plac+ ! heav5ly bodies 9 "o ord]1 inanimate inf]ior bodies 9 ano!r1 plants 9 ano!r1 & animals 9 ano!r2 :il/ he :o kn[s natural ?+s p]fectly1 is able to di/+ui% diff]5t ord]s 9 ! heav5ly bodies !mselves1 & 9 ea* ( ! o!r ord]s4 ,n[ our k ( ! angels is imp]fect1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vi74 ,h5ce we c only di/+ui% ! angelic (fices & ord]s 9 a g5]al way1 s z to place _m angels 9 "o ord]4 ,b if we knew ! (fices & di/9ctions ( ! angels p]fectly1 we %\ld "k p]fectly t ea* angel has 8 own (fice & 8 own ord] among ?+s1 & mu* m s ?an any />1 ?\gh ?is be hidd5 f u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! angels ( "o ord] are 9 "s way equal 9 a common similitude1 :]eby !y are plac$ 9 t ord]2 b absolutely speak+ !y are n equal4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 x7 t 9 "o & ! same ord] ( angels !re are ^? :o are fir/1 middle1 & la/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t special di/9ction ( ord]s & (fices :]e9 ea* angel has 8 own (fice & ord]1 is hidd5 f u4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z 9 a surface :i* is p>tly :ite & p>tly black1 ! two p>ts on ! bord]s ( :ite & black are m ak9 z reg>ds _! position ?an any o!r two :ite p>ts1 b are less ak9 9 quality2 s two angels :o are on ! b\nd>y ( two ord]s are m ak9 9 prop9quity ( nature ?an "o ( !m is ak9 to ! o!rs ( its own ord]1 b less ak9 9 _! fitness = simil> (fices1 :i* fitness1 inde$1 ext5ds to a def9ite limit4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,di/9ction ( ,hi]>*ies & ,ord]s ,comes f ! ,angelic ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! di/9ction ( hi]>*ies & ( ord]s is n f ! nature ( ! angels4 ,= hi]>*y is a sacr$ pr9cipality1 & ,dionysius places 9 its def9ition t x approa*es a resemblance to ,god1 z f> z may be 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iii74 ,b sanctity & resemblance to ,god is 9 ! angels by grace1 & n by nature4 ,!re=e ! di/9ction ( hi]>*ies & ord]s 9 ! angels is by grace1 & n by nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,s]aphim are call$ burn+ or k9dl+1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii74 ,?is belongs to *>ity :i* comes n f nature b f grace2 = x is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o is giv5 to u 7,rom4 #e3e73 :i* is said n only ( holy m51 b also ( ! holy angels1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii74 ,!re=e ! angelic ord]s are n f nature1 b f grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y is copi$ f ! heav5ly4 ,b ! ord]s among m5 are n f nature1 b by ! gift ( grace2 = x is n a natural gift = "o to be a bi%op1 & ano!r a prie/1 & ano!r a deacon4 ,!re=e nei!r 9 ! angels are ! ord]s f nature1 b f grace only4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,ma/] says 7ii1 ,d4 #i7 t an angelic ord] is a multitude ( heav5ly spirits1 :o are lik5$ to ea* o!r by "s gift ( grace1 j z !y agree also 9 ! p>ticipation ( natural gifts4 ,!re=e ! di/9ction ( ord]s among ! angels is n only by gifts ( grace1 b also by gifts ( nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ord] ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is ! ord] ( a multitude "u au?ority1 is d]iv$ f its end4 ,n[ ! end ( ! angels may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ! faculty ( nature1 s t !y may "k & love ,god by natural k & love2 & accord+ to _! relation to ?is end ! ord]s ( ! angels are di/+ui%$ by natural gifts4 ,secondly1 ! end ( ! angelic multitude c be tak5 f :at is above _! natural p[]s1 :i* consi/s 9 ! vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 & 9 ! un*angeable fruition ( ,8 goodness2 to :i* end !y c rea* only by grace2 & h5ce z reg>ds ?is end1 ! ord]s 9 ! angels are adequately di/+ui%$ by ! gifts ( grace1 b dispositively by natural gifts1 =asmu* z to ! angels are giv5 gratuit\s gifts accord+ to ! capacity ( _! natural gifts2 :i* is n ! case ) m51 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #f74 ,h5ce among m5 ! ord]s are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! gratuit\s gifts only1 & n accord+ to natural gifts4 ,f ! above ! replies to ! objections are evid5t4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,ord]s ( ! ,angels ,are ,prop]ly ,nam$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ord]s ( ! angels are n prop]ly nam$4 ,= all ! heav5ly spirits are call$ angels & heav5ly virtues4 ,b common names %\ld n be appropriat$ to individuals4 ,!re=e ! ord]s ( ! angels & virtues are ineptly nam$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ,god alone to be ,"l1 accord+ to ! words1 ,"k ye t ! ,"l ,he is ,god 7,ps4 #ii3c74 ,!re=e "o ord] ( ! heav5ly spirits is n prop]ly call$ ,dom9ations4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! "n ,dom9ation seems to imply gov]nm5t & likewise ! names ,pr9cipalities & ,p[]s4 ,!re=e ^! ?ree names d n seem to be prop]ly appli$ to ?ree ord]s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ar*angels are z x 7 angel pr9ces4 ,!re=e ?is "n ought n to be giv5 to any o!r ord] ?an to ! ,pr9cipalities4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! "n ,s]aphim is d]iv$ f ardor1 :i* p]ta9s to *>ity2 & ! "n ,*]ubim f k4 ,b *>ity & k are gifts common to all ! angels4 ,!re=e !y ought n to be names ( any p>ticul> ord]s4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,?rones are seats4 ,b f ! fact t ,god kn[s & loves ! rational creature ,he is said to sit )9 x4 ,!re=e !re ought n to be any ord] ( ,?rones besides ! ,*]ubim & ,s]aphim4 ,!re=e x appe>s t ! ord]s ( angels are n prop]ly /yl$4 ,on ! contr>y is ! au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture :]e9 !y are s nam$4 ,= ! "n ,s]aphim is f\nd 9 ,isa4 #f3b2 ! "n ,*]ubim 9 ,eze*4 #a 7,cf4 #aj3ae1bj72 ,?rones 9 ,col4 #a3af2 ,dom9ations1 ,virtues1 ,p[]s1 & ,pr9cipalities are m5tion$ 9 ,eph4 #a3ba2 ! "n ,ar*angels 9 ! canonical epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude 7#i71 & ! "n ,angels is f\nd 9 _m places ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 9 ! names ( ! angelic ord]s x is necess>y to obs]ve t ! prop] "n ( ea* ord] expresses its prop]ty4 ,n[ to see :at is ! prop]ty ( ea* ord]1 we mu/ consid] t 9 coord9at$ ?+s1 some?+ may be f\nd 9 a ?reefold mann]3 by way ( prop]ty1 by way ( excess1 & by way ( p>ticipation4 ,a ?+ is said to be 9 ano!r by way ( prop]ty1 if x is adequate & proportionate to its nature3 by excess :5 an attribute is less ?an t to :i* x is attribut$1 b is possess$ !reby 9 an em95t mann]1 z we h /at$ 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #b7 conc]n+ all ! names :i* are attribut$ to ,god3 by p>ticipation1 :5 an attribute is possess$ by some?+ n fully b p>tially2 ?us holy m5 are call$ gods by p>ticipation4 ,!re=e1 if any?+ is to be call$ by a "n designat+ its prop]ty1 x ought n to be nam$ f :at x p>ticipates imp]fectly1 nor f t :i* x possesses 9 excess1 b f t :i* is adequate !reto2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we wi% prop]ly to "n a man1 we %\ld call him a rational sub/ance1 b n an intellectual sub/ance1 :i* latt] is ! prop] "n ( an angel2 because simple intellig5ce belongs to an angel z a prop]ty1 & to man by p>ticipation2 nor d we call him a s5sible sub/ance1 :i* is ! prop] "n ( a brute2 because s5se is less ?an ! prop]ty ( a man1 & belongs to man 9 a m excell5t way ?an to o!r animals4 ,s we mu/ consid] t 9 ! angelic ord]s all spiritual p]fections are common to all ! angels1 & t !y are all m excell5tly 9 ! sup]ior ?an 9 ! inf]ior angels4 ,fur!r1 z 9 ^! p]fections !re are grades1 ! sup]ior p]fection belongs to ! sup]ior ord] z its prop]ty1 :]eas x belongs to ! inf]ior by p>ticipation2 & conv]sely ! inf]ior p]fection belongs to ! inf]ior ord] z its prop]ty1 & to ! sup]ior by way ( excess2 & ?us ! sup]ior ord] is d5om9at$ f ! sup]ior p]fection4 ,s 9 ?is way ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 expla9s ! names ( ! ord]s accord+ly z !y befit ! spiritual p]fections !y signify4 ,gregory1 on ! o!r h&1 9 exp\nd+ ^! names 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang47 seems to reg>d m ! ext]ior m9i/rations2 = he says t angels are s call$ z ann\nc+ ! lea/ ?+s2 & ! ar*angels 9 ! greate/2 by ! virtues miracles are wr\ght2 by ! p[]s ho/ile p[]s are repuls$2 & ! pr9cipalities preside ov] ! good spirits !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,angel means mess5g]4 ,s all ! heav5ly spirits1 s f> z !y make kn[n ,div9e ?+s1 are call$ angels4 ,b ! sup]ior angels enjoy a c]ta9 excell5ce1 z reg>ds ?is manife/ation1 f :i* ! sup]ior ord]s are d5om9at$4 ,! l[e/ ord] ( angels possess no excell5ce above ! common manife/ation2 & !re=e x is d5om9at$ f manife/ation only2 & ?us ! common "n rema9s z x 7 prop] to ! l[e/ ord]1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 v74 ,or we may say t ! l[e/ ord] c be specially call$ ! ord] ( angels1 =asmu* z !y ann\nce ?+s to u imm$iately4 ,virtue c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 commonly1 consid]$ z ! m$ium betwe5 ! ess5ce & ! op]ation1 & 9 t s5se all ! heav5ly spirits are call$ heav5ly virtues1 z also heav5ly ess5ces4 ,secondly1 z mean+ a c]ta9 excell5ce ( /r5g?2 & ?us x is ! prop] "n ( an angelic ord]4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 viii7 t ! "n 'virtues' signifies a c]ta9 virile & immovable /r5g?2 fir/1 9 reg>d ( ^? ,div9e op]ations :i* befit !m2 secondly1 9 reg>d to receiv+ ,div9e gifts4 ,?us x signifies t !y und]take fe>lessly ! ,div9e behe/s appo9t$ to !m2 & ?is seems to imply /r5g? ( m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 xii73 ,dom9ion is attribut$ to ,god 9 a special mann]1 by way ( excess3 b ! ,div9e ^w gives ! m illu/ri\s heav5ly pr9ces ! "n ( ,"l by p>ticipation1 ?r\gh :om ! inf]ior angels receive ! ,div9e gifts4 ,h5ce ,dionysius also /ates 7,coel4 ,hi]4 viii7 t ! "n ,dom9ation means fir/ a c]ta9 lib]ty1 free f s]vile condition & common subjection1 su* z t ( plebeians1 & f tyrannical oppression1 endur$ sometimes ev5 by ! great4 ,secondly1 x signifies a c]ta9 rigid & inflexible supremacy :i* does n b5d to any s]vile act1 or to ! act ( ^? :o are subject to or oppress$ by tyrants4 ,?irdly1 x signifies ! desire & p>ticipation ( ! true dom9ion :i* belongs to ,god4 ,likewise ! "n ( ea* ord] signifies ! p>ticipation ( :at belongs to ,god2 z ! "n ,virtues signifies ! p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e virtue2 & ! same pr9ciple applies to ! re/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! names ,dom9ation1 ,p[]1 & ,pr9cipality belong to gov]nm5t 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! place ( a "l is only to prescribe :at is to be done4 ,s ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxiv 9 ,evang471 t "s companies ( ! angels1 because o!rs are subject to ob$i5ce to !m1 are call$ dom9ations4 ,! "n ,p[] po9ts out a k9d ( ord]1 accord+ to :at ! ,apo/le says1 ,he t resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ation ( ,god 7,rom4 #ac3b74 ,& s ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 viii7 t ! "n ,p[] signifies a k9d ( ord9ation bo? z reg>ds ! reception ( ,div9e ?+s1 & z reg>ds ! ,div9e actions p]=m$ by sup]iors t[>ds inf]iors by lead+ !m to ?+s above4 ,!re=e1 to ! ord] ( ,p[]s x belongs to regulate :at is to be done by ^? :o are subject to !m4 ,to preside pr9cip>i z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxiv 9 ,ev47 is to be fir/ among o!rs1 z be+ fir/ 9 c>ry+ out :at is ord]$ to be done4 ,& s ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ix7 t ! "n ( ,pr9cipalities signifies "o :o leads 9 a sacr$ ord]4 ,= ^? :o lead o!rs1 be+ fir/ among !m1 are prop]ly call$ pr9ces1 accord+ to ! words1 ,pr9ces w5t be=e jo9$ ) s+]s 7,ps4 #fg3bf74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! ,ar*angels1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ix71 are betwe5 ! ,pr9cipalities & ! ,angels4 ,a m$ium comp>$ to "o extreme seems l ! o!r1 z p>ticipat+ 9 ! nature ( bo? extremes2 ?us tepid seems cold comp>$ to hot1 & hot comp>$ to cold4 ,s ! ,ar*angels are call$ ! angel pr9ces2 =asmu* z !y are pr9ces z reg>ds ! ,angels1 & angels z reg>ds ! ,pr9cipalities4 ,b accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxiv 9 ,ev47 !y are call$ ,ar*angels1 because !y preside ov] ! "o ord] ( ! ,angels2 z x 71 ann\nc+ great] ?+s3 & ! ,pr9cipalities are s call$ z presid+ ov] all ! heav5ly ,virtues :o fulfil ! ,div9e comm&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! "n ,s]aphim does n come f *>ity only1 b f ! excess ( *>ity1 express$ by ! ^w ardor or fire4 ,h5ce ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 exp\nds ! "n ,s]aphim accord+ to ! prop]ties ( fire1 conta9+ an excess ( heat4 ,n[ 9 fire we may consid] ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/1 ! movem5t :i* is upw>ds & cont9u\s4 ,?is signifies t !y are borne inflexibly t[>ds ,god4 ,secondly1 ! active =ce :i* is heat1 :i* is n f\nd 9 fire simply1 b exi/s ) a c]ta9 %>pness1 z be+ ( mo/ p5etrat+ action1 & rea*+ ev5 to ! smalle/ ?+s1 & z x 71 ) sup]abundant f]vor2 :]eby is signifi$ ! action ( ^! angels1 ex]cis$ p[]fully ^u ^? :o are subject to !m1 r\s+ !m to a l f]vor1 & cleans+ !m :olly by _! heat4 ,?irdly we consid] 9 fire ! quality ( cl>ity1 or brightness2 :i* signifies t ^! angels h 9 !mselves an inext+ui%able light1 & t !y also p]fectly enlight5 o!rs4 ,9 ! same way ! "n ,*]ubim comes f a c]ta9 excess ( k2 h5ce x is int]pret$ fulness ( k1 :i* ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 exp\nds 9 reg>d to f\r ?+s3 ! p]fect vision ( ,god2 ! full reception ( ! ,div9e ,light2 _! contemplation 9 ,god ( ! beauty ( ! ,div9e ord]2 & 9 reg>d to ! fact t possess+ ?is k fully1 !y p\r x =? copi\sly ^u o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! ord] ( ! ,?rones excels ! inf]ior ord]s z hav+ an imm$iate k ( ! types ( ! ,div9e works2 :]eas ! ,*]ubim h ! excell5ce ( k & ! ,s]aphim ! excell5ce ( ardor4 ,& al?\gh ^! two excell5t attributes include ! ?ird1 yet ! gift belong+ to ! ,?rones does n include ! o!r two2 & s ! ord] ( ! ,?rones is di/+ui%$ f ! ord]s ( ! ,*]ubim & ! ,s]aphim4 ,= x is a common rule 9 all ?+s t ! excell5ce ( ! inf]ior is conta9$ 9 ! sup]ior1 b n conv]sely4 ,b ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii7 expla9s ! "n ,?rones by its relation to mat]ial seats1 9 :i* we may consid] f\r ?+s4 ,fir/1 ! site2 because seats are rais$ above ! e>?1 & to ! angels :o are call$ ,?rones are rais$ up to ! imm$iate k ( ! types ( ?+s 9 ,god4 ,secondly1 because 9 mat]ial seats is display$ /r5g?1 =asmu* z a p]son sits firmly on !m4 ,b "h ! rev]se is ! case2 = ! angels !mselves are made firm by ,god4 ,?irdly1 because ! seat receives him :o sits !reon1 & he c be c>ri$ !reupon2 & s ! angels receive ,god 9 !mselves1 & 9 a c]ta9 way be> ,him to ! inf]ior creatures4 ,f\r?ly1 because 9 its %ape1 a seat is op5 on "o side to receive ! sitt]2 & ?us are ! angels promptly op5 to receive ,god & to s]ve ,him4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,grades ( ! ,ord]s ,are ,prop]ly ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! grades ( ! ord]s are n prop]ly assign$4 ,= ! ord] ( prelates is ! highe/4 ,b ! names ( ,dom9ations1 ,pr9cipalities1 & ,p[]s ( !mselves imply prelacy4 ,!re=e ^! ord]s ought n to be supreme4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ne>] an ord] is to ,god1 ! high] x is4 ,b ! ord] ( ,?rones is ! ne>e/ to ,god2 = no?+ is ne>] to ! sitt] ?an ! seat4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( ! ,?rones is ! highe/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 k comes be=e love1 & intellect is high] ?an w4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( ,*]ubim seems to be high] ?an ! ,s]aphim4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory 7,hom4 xxiv 9 ,evang47 places ! ,pr9cipalities above ! ,p[]s4 ,^! !re=e are n plac$ imm$iately above ! ,ar*angels1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ix74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 places 9 ! highe/ hi]>*y ! ,s]aphim z ! fir/1 ! ,*]ubim z ! middle1 ! ,?rones z ! la/2 9 ! middle hi]>*y he places ! ,dom9ations1 z ! fir/1 ! ,virtues 9 ! middle1 ! ,p[]s la/2 9 ! l[e/ hi]>*y ! ,pr9cipalities fir/1 !n ! ,ar*angels1 & la/ly ! ,angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,! grades ( ! angelic ord]s are assign$ by ,gregory 7,hom4 xxiv 9 ,ev47 & ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 :o agree z reg>ds all except ! ,pr9cipalities & ,virtues4 ,= ,dionysius places ! ,virtues b5ea? ! ,dom9ations1 & above ! ,p[]s2 ! ,pr9cipalities b5ea? ! ,p[]s & above ! ,ar*angels4 ,gregory1 h[ev]1 places ! ,pr9cipalities betwe5 ! ,dom9ations & ! ,p[]s2 & ! ,virtues betwe5 ! ,p[]s & ! ,ar*angels4 ,ea* ( ^! plac+s may claim au?ority f ! words ( ! ,apo/le1 :o 7,eph4 #a3bj1ba7 enum]ates ! middle ord]s1 beg9n+ f ! l[e/ say+ t ,god set ,him1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 on ,8 "r h& 9 ! heav5ly places above all ,pr9cipality & ,p[]1 & ,virtue1 & ,dom9ion4 ,"h he places ,virtues betwe5 ,p[]s & ,dom9ations1 accord+ to ! plac+ ( ,dionysius4 ,writ+ h[ev] to ! ,colossians 7#a3af71 numb]+ ! same ord]s f ! highe/1 he says3 ,:e!r ,?rones1 or ,dom9ations1 or ,pr9cipalities1 or ,p[]s1 all ?+s 7 creat$ by ,him & 9 ,him4 ,"h he places ! ,pr9cipalities betwe5 ,dom9ations & ,p[]s1 z does also ,gregory4 ,let u !n fir/ exam9e ! reason = ! ord]+ ( ,dionysius1 9 :i* we see1 t1 z said above 7,a4 #a71 ! highe/ hi]>*y contemplates ! ideas ( ?+s 9 ,god ,himself2 ! second 9 ! univ]sal causes2 & ?ird 9 _! application to p>ticul> effects4 ,& because ,god is ! end n only ( ! angelic m9i/rations1 b also ( ! :ole creation1 x belongs to ! fir/ hi]>*y to consid] ! end2 to ! middle "o belongs ! univ]sal disposition ( :at is to be done2 & to ! la/ belongs ! application ( ?is disposition to ! effect1 :i* is ! c>ry+ out ( ! "w2 = x is cle> t ^! ?ree ?+s exi/ 9 e k9d ( op]ation4 ,s ,dionysius1 consid]+ ! prop]ties ( ! ord]s z d]iv$ f _! names1 places 9 ! fir/ hi]>*y ^? ord]s ! names ( :i* are tak5 f _! relation to ,god1 ! ,s]aphim1 ,*]ubim1 & ,?rones2 & he places 9 ! middle hi]>*y ^? ord]s ^: names d5ote a c]ta9 k9d ( common gov]nm5t or disposition--! ,dom9ations1 ,virtues1 & ,p[]s2 & he places 9 ! ?ird hi]>*y ! ord]s ^: names d5ote ! execution ( ! "w1 ! ,pr9cipalities1 ,angels1 & ,ar*angels4 ,z reg>ds ! end1 ?ree ?+s may be consid]$4 ,= fir/ly we consid] ! end2 !n we acquire p]fect k ( ! end2 ?irdly1 we fix our int5tion on ! end2 ( :i* ! second is an addition to ! fir/1 & ! ?ird an addition to bo?4 ,& because ,god is ! end ( creatures1 z ! lead] is ! end ( an army1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 xii1 ,did4 xi1 #aj72 s a some:at simil> ord] may be se5 9 human affairs4 ,= !re are "s :o enjoy ! dignity ( be+ able ) famili>ity to approa* ! k+ or lead]2 o!rs 9 addition are privileg$ to "k 8 secrets2 & o!rs above ^! ev] abide ) him1 9 a close union4 ,accord+ to ?is similitude1 we c und]/& ! disposition 9 ! ord]s ( ! fir/ hi]>*y2 = ! ,?rones are rais$ up s z to be ! famili> recipi5ts ( ,god 9 !mselves1 9 ! s5se ( kn[+ imm$iately ! types ( ?+s 9 ,himself2 & ?is is prop] to ! :ole ( ! fir/ hi]>*y4 ,! ,*]ubim "k ! ,div9e secrets sup]em95tly2 & ! ,s]aphim excel 9 :at is ! supreme excell5ce ( all1 9 be+ unit$ to ,god ,himself2 & all ?is 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole ( ?is hi]>*y c be call$ ! ,?rones2 z1 f :at is common to all ! heav5ly spirits toge!r1 !y are all call$ ,angels4 ,z reg>ds gov]nm5t1 ?ree ?+s are compris$ !re91 ! fir/ ( :i* is to appo9t ^? ?+s :i* are to be done1 & ?is belongs to ! ,dom9ations2 ! second is to give ! p[] ( c>ry+ out :at is to be done1 :i* belongs to ! ,virtues2 ! ?ird is to ord] h[ :at has be5 comm&$ or decid$ to be done c be c>ri$ out by o!rs1 :i* belongs to ! ,p[]s4 ,! execution ( ! angelic m9i/rations consi/s 9 ann\nc+ ,div9e ?+s4 ,n[ 9 ! execution ( any action !re are beg9n]s & lead]s2 z 9 s++1 ! prec5tors2 & 9 w>1 g5]als & (fic]s2 ?is belongs to ! ,pr9cipalities4 ,!re are o!rs :o simply execute :at is to be done2 & ^! are ! ,angels4 ,o!rs hold a middle place2 & ^! are ! ,ar*angels1 z above expla9$4 ,?is explanation ( ! ord]s is q a reasonable "o4 ,= ! highe/ 9 an inf]ior ord] always has aff9ity to ! l[e/ 9 ! high] ord]2 z ! l[e/ animals are ne> to ! plants4 ,n[ ! fir/ ord] is t ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ,love proce$+1 ) ,:om ! highe/ ord] ( ! fir/ hi]>*y has aff9ity1 d5om9at$ z x is f ! fire ( love4 ,! l[e/ ord] ( ! fir/ hi]>*y is t ( ! ,?rones1 :o 9 _! own ord] are ak9 to ! ,dom9ations2 = ! ,?rones1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxiv 9 ,ev471 are s call$ because ?r\gh !m ,god accompli%es ,8 judgm5ts1 s9ce !y are enlight5$ by ,him 9 a mann] adapt$ to ! imm$iate enlight5+ ( ! second hi]>*y1 to :i* belongs ! disposition ( ! ,div9e m9i/rations4 ,! ord] ( ! ,p[]s is ak9 to ! ord] ( ! ,pr9cipalities2 = z x belongs to ! ,p[]s to impose ord] on ^? subject to !m1 ?is ord]+ is pla9ly %[n at once 9 ! "n ( ,pr9cipalities1 :o1 z presid+ ov] ! gov]nm5t ( peoples & k+doms 7:i* occupies ! fir/ & pr9cipal place 9 ! ,div9e m9i/rations71 are ! fir/ 9 ! execution !re(2 = ! good ( a nation is m div9e ?an ! good ( "o man 7,e?ic4 i1 #b72 & h5ce x is writt51 ,! pr9ce ( ! k+dom ( ! ,p]sians resi/$ me 7,dan4 #aj3ac74 ,! disposition ( ! ord]s :i* is m5tion$ by ,gregory is also reasonable4 ,= s9ce ! ,dom9ations appo9t & ord] :at belongs to ! ,div9e m9i/rations1 ! ord]s subject to !m are arrang$ accord+ to ! disposition ( ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! ,div9e m9i/rations are effect$4 ,/ill1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii71 bodies are rul$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]2 ! inf]ior by ! sup]ior2 & all ( !m by ! spiritual creature1 & ! bad _s by ! good _s4 ,s ! fir/ ord] aft] ! ,dom9ations is call$ t ( ,pr9cipalities1 :o rule ev5 ov] good spirits2 !n ! ,p[]s1 :o co]ce ! evil spirits2 ev5 z evil-do]s are co]c$ by e>?ly p[]s1 z x is writt5 7,rom4 #ac3c1d74 ,aft] ^! come ! ,virtues1 :i* h p[] ov] corporeal nature 9 ! work+ ( miracles2 aft] ^! are ! ,angels & ! ,ar*angels1 :o ann\nce to m5 ei!r great ?+s above reason1 or small ?+s )9 ! purview ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! angels' subjection to ,god is great] ?an _! presid+ ov] inf]ior ?+s2 & ! latt] is d]iv$ f ! =m]4 ,?us ! ord]s :i* d]ive _! "n f presid+ are n ! fir/ & highe/2 b r ! ord]s d]iv+ _! "n f _! ne>ness & relation to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ne>ness to ,god designat$ by ! "n ( ! ,?rones1 belongs also to ! ,*]ubim & ,s]aphim1 & 9 a m excell5t way1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z above expla9$ 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #c71 k takes place accord+ly z ! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[]2 b love z ! lov] is unit$ to ! object lov$4 ,n[ high] ?+s are 9 a nobl] way 9 !mselves ?an 9 l[] ?+s2 :]eas l[] ?+s are 9 high] ?+s 9 a nobl] way ?an !y are 9 !mselves4 ,!re=e to "k l[] ?+s is bett] ?an to love !m2 & to love ! high] ?+s1 ,god above all1 is bett] ?an to "k !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a c>eful comp>ison w %[ t little or no diff]5ce exi/s 9 reality betwe5 ! dispositions ( ! ord]s accord+ to ,dionysius & ,gregory4 ,= ,gregory exp\nds ! "n ,pr9cipalities f _! presid+ ov] good spirits1 :i* also agrees ) ! ,virtues accord+ly z ?is "n express$ a c]ta9 /r5g?1 giv+ efficacy to ! inf]ior spirits 9 ! execution ( ! ,div9e m9i/rations4 ,aga91 accord+ to ,gregory1 ! ,virtues seem to be ! same z ,pr9cipalities ( ,dionysius4 ,= to "w miracles holds ! fir/ place 9 ! ,div9e m9i/rations2 s9ce !reby ! way is prep>$ = ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! ,ar*angels & ! ,angels4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,ord]s ,w ,outla/ ! ,day ( ,judgm5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ord]s ( angels w n outla/ ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ae3bd71 t ,*ri/ w br+ to naught all pr9cipality & p[]1 :5 ,he %all h deliv]$ up ! k+dom to ,god & ! ,fa!r1 & ?is w be 9 ! f9al consummation4 ,!re=e = ! same reason all o!rs w be aboli%$ 9 t /ate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to ! (fice ( ! angelic ord]s x belongs to cleanse1 enlight51 & p]fect4 ,b aft] ! ,day ( ,judgm5t "o angel w n cleanse1 enlight51 or p]fect ano!r1 because !y w n advance any m 9 k4 ,!re=e ! angelic ord]s w\ld rema9 = no purpose4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says ( ! angels 7,heb4 #a3ad71 t !y are all m9i/]+ spirits1 s5t to m9i/] to !m :o %all receive ! inh]itance ( salvation2 :5ce x appe>s t ! angelic (fices are ord]$ = ! purpose ( lead+ m5 to salvation4 ,b all ! elect are 9 pursuit ( salvation until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,!re=e ! angelic (fices & ord]s w n outla/ ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,judges #e3bj73 ,/>s rema9+ 9 _! ord] & c\rses1 :i* is appli$ to ! angels4 ,!re=e ! angels w ev] rema9 9 _! ord]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! angelic ord]s we may consid] two ?+s2 ! di/9ction ( grades1 & ! execution ( _! (fices4 ,! di/9ction ( grades among ! angels takes place accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( grace & nature1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #d72 & ^! diff]5ces w ev] rema9 9 ! angels2 = ^! diff]5ces ( natures _c be tak5 f !m unless !y !mselves be corrupt$4 ,! diff]5ce ( glory w also ev] rema9 9 !m accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( prec$+ m]it4 ,z to ! execution ( ! angelic (fices1 x w to a c]ta9 degree rema9 aft] ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 & to a c]ta9 degree w cease4 ,x w cease accord+ly z _! (fices are direct$ t[>ds lead+ o!rs to _! end2 b x w rema91 accord+ly z x agrees ) ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,?us also ! v>i\s ranks ( soldi]s h diff]5t duties to p]=m 9 battle & 9 triumph4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! pr9cipalities & p[]s w come to an end 9 t f9al consummation z reg>ds _! (fice ( lead+ o!rs to _! end2 because :5 ! end is atta9$1 x is no long] necess>y to t5d t[>ds ! end4 ,?is is cle> f ! words ( ! ,apo/le1 ,:5 ,he %all h deliv]$ up ! k+dom ( ,god & ! ,fa!r1 i4e4 :5 ,he %all h l$ ! fai?ful to ! enjoym5t ( ,god ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! actions ( angels ov] ! o!r angels are to be consid]$ accord+ to a lik5ess to our own intellectual actions4 ,9 ourselves we f9d _m intellectual actions :i* are ord]$ accord+ to ! ord] ( cause & effect2 z :5 we gradually arrive at "o conclusion by _m middle t]ms4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! k ( a conclusion dep5ds on all ! prec$+ middle t]ms n only 9 ! new acquisition ( k1 b also z reg>ds ! keep+ ( ! k acquir$4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t :5 anyone =gets any ( ! prec$+ middle t]ms he c h op9ion or belief ab\t ! conclusion1 b n k2 z he is ignorant ( ! ord] ( ! causes4 ,s1 s9ce ! inf]ior angels "k ! types ( ! ,div9e works by ! light ( ! sup]ior angels1 _! k dep5ds on ! light ( ! sup]ior angels n only z reg>ds ! acquisition ( k1 b also z reg>ds ! pres]v+ ( ! k possess$4 ,s1 al?\gh aft] ! ,judgm5t ! inf]ior angels w n progress 9 ! k ( "s ?+s1 /ill ?is w n prev5t _! be+ enlight5$ by ! sup]ior angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh aft] ! ,day ( ,judgm5t m5 w n be l$ any m to salvation by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels1 /ill ^? :o are already sav$ w be enlight5$ ?r\gh ! angelic m9i/ry4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,tak5 ,up into ! ,angelic ,ord]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 are n tak5 up into ! ord]s ( ! angels4 ,= ! human hi]>*y is /ation$ b5ea? ! l[e/ heav5ly hi]>*y1 z ! l[e/ "u ! middle hi]>*y & ! middle b5ea? ! fir/4 ,b ! angels ( ! l[e/ hi]>*y are nev] transf]r$ into ! middle1 or ! fir/4 ,!re=e nei!r are m5 transf]r$ to ! angelic ord]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c]ta9 (fices belong to ! ord]s ( ! angels1 z to gu>d1 to "w miracles1 to co]ce ! demons1 & ! l2 :i* d n appe> to belong to ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts4 ,!re=e !y are n transf]r$ to ! angelic ord]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! good angels lead on to good1 s d ! demons to :at is evil4 ,b x is errone\s to say t ! s\ls ( bad m5 are *ang$ into demons2 = ,*ryso/om rejects ?is 7,hom4 xxviii 9 ,matt474 ,!re=e x does n seem t ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts w be transf]r$ to ! ord]s ( angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,"l says ( ! sa9ts t1 !y w be z ! angels ( ,god 7,matt4 #bb3cj74 ,i answ] t1 ,z above expla9$ 7,,aa4 #d1g71 ! ord]s ( ! angels are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! conditions ( nature & accord+ to ! gifts ( grace4 ,consid]$ only z reg>ds ! grade ( nature1 m5 c 9 no way be assum$ into ! angelic ord]s2 = ! natural di/9ction w always rema94 ,9 view ( ?is di/9ction1 "s ass]t$ t m5 c 9 no way be transf]r$ to an equality ) ! angels2 b ?is is errone\s1 contradict+ z x does ! promise ( ,*ri/ say+ t ! *ildr5 ( ! resurrection w be equal to ! angels 9 heav5 7,luke #bj3cf74 ,= :atev] belongs to nature is ! mat]ial "p ( an ord]2 :il/ t :i* p]fects is f grace :i* dep5ds on ! lib]ality ( ,god1 & n on ! ord] ( nature4 ,!re=e by ! gift ( grace m5 c m]it glory 9 su* a degree z to be equal to ! angels1 9 ea* ( ! angelic grades2 & ?is implies t m5 are tak5 up into ! ord]s ( ! angels4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 say t n all :o are sav$ are assum$ into ! angelic ord]s1 b only virg9s or ! p]fect2 & t ! o!r w con/itute _! own ord]1 z x 71 correspond+ to ! :ole society ( ! angels4 ,b ?is is aga9/ :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xii1 #i71 t !re w n be two societies ( m5 & angels1 b only "o2 because ! beatitude ( all is to cleave to ,god alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,grace is giv5 to ! angels 9 proportion to _! natural gifts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n apply to m51 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #d2 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #f74 ,s1 z ! inf]ior angels _c be transf]r$ to ! natural grade ( ! sup]ior1 nei!r c !y be transf]r$ to ! sup]ior grade ( grace2 :]eas m5 c asc5d to ! grade ( grace1 b n ( nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! angels accord+ to ! ord] ( nature are betwe5 u & ,god2 & !re=e accord+ to ! common law n only human affairs are adm9i/]$ by !m1 b also all corporeal matt]s4 ,b holy m5 ev5 aft] ?is life are ( ! same nature ) ourselves2 & h5ce accord+ to ! common law !y d n adm9i/] human affairs1 nor d !y int]f]e 9 ! ?+s ( ! liv+1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de cura pro mortuis xiii1 xvi74 ,/ill1 by a c]ta9 special disp5sation x is sometimes grant$ to "s ( ! sa9ts to ex]cise ^! (fices2 by work+ miracles1 by co]c+ ! demons1 or by do+ some?+ ( t k9d1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de cura pro mortuis xvi74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is n errone\s to say t m5 are transf]r$ to ! p5alty ( demons2 b "s errone\sly /at$ t ! demons are no?+ b s\ls ( ! dead2 & x is ?is t ,*ryso/om rejects4 ,,"q #aji ,,! ,,ord]+ ,,( ,,! ,,bad ,,angels 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! ord]+ ( ! bad angels2 conc]n+ :i* !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re are ord]s among ! demons8 7#b7 ,:e!r among !m !re is prec$5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r "o enlight5s ano!r8 7#d7 ,:e!r !y are subject to ! prec$5ce ( ! good angels8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,ord]s ,among ! ,demons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are no ord]s among ! demons4 ,= ord] belongs to good1 z also mode1 & species1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 ,boni iii72 & on ! contr>y1 disord] belongs to evil4 ,b !re is no?+ disord]ly 9 ! good angels4 ,!re=e 9 ! bad angels !re are no ord]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angelic ord]s are conta9$ "u a hi]>*y4 ,b ! demons are n 9 a hi]>*y1 :i* is def9$ z a holy pr9cipality2 = !y are void ( all hol9ess4 ,!re=e among ! demons !re are no ord]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! demons fell f e "o ( ! angelic ord]s2 z is commonly suppos$4 ,!re=e1 if "s demons are said to belong to an ord]1 z fall+ f t ord]1 x w\ld seem necess>y to give !m ! names ( ea* ( ^? ord]s4 ,b we nev] f9d t !y are call$ ,s]aphim1 or ,?rones1 or ,dom9ations4 ,!re=e on ! same gr\nd !y are n to be plac$ 9 any o!r ord]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #f3ab73 ,our wre/l+ 4 4 4 is aga9/ pr9cipalities & p[]s1 aga9/ ! rul]s ( ! _w ( ?is d>kness4 ,i answ] t1 ,z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ajh1 ,,aa4 #d1 #g1 #h71 ord] 9 ! angels is consid]$ bo? accord+ to ! grade ( nature2 & accord+ to t ( grace4 ,n[ grace has a tw(old /ate1 ! imp]fect1 :i* is t ( m]it2 & ! p]fect1 :i* is t ( consummate glory4 ,if !re=e we consid] ! angelic ord]s 9 ! light ( ! p]fection ( glory1 !n ! demons are n 9 ! angelic ord]s1 & nev] 74 ,b if we consid] !m 9 relation to imp]fect grace1 9 t view ! demons 7 at ! "t 9 ! ord]s ( angels1 b fell away f !m1 accord+ to :at 0 said above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c71 t all ! angels 7 creat$ 9 grace4 ,b if we consid] !m 9 ! light ( nature1 9 t view !y are /ill 9 ^? ord]s2 because !y h n lo/ _! natural gifts2 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,good c exi/ )\t evil2 :]eas evil _c exi/ )\t good 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #c72 s !re is ord] 9 ! demons1 z possess+ a good nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if we consid] ! ord]+ ( ! demons on ! "p ( ,god ,:o ord]s !m1 x is sacr$2 = ,he uses ! demons = ,himself2 b on ! "p ( ! demons' w x is n a sacr$ ?+1 because !y abuse _! nature = evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! "n ,s]aphim is giv5 f ! ardor ( *>ity2 & ! "n ,?rones f ! ,div9e indwell+2 & ! "n ,dom9ations imports a c]ta9 lib]ty2 all ( :i* are oppos$ to s92 & !re=e ^! names are n giv5 to ! angels :o s9n$4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r among ! demons !re is prec$5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no prec$5ce among ! demons4 ,= e prec$5ce is accord+ to "s ord] ( ju/ice4 ,b ! demons are :olly fall5 f ju/ice4 ,!re=e !re is no prec$5ce among !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no prec$5ce :]e ob$i5ce & subjection d n exi/4 ,b ^! _c be )\t concord2 :i* is n to be f\nd among ! demons1 accord+ to ! text1 ,among ! pr\d !re are always cont5tions 7,prov4 #ac3aj74 ,!re=e !re is no prec$5ce among ! demons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,if !re be prec$5ce among !m x is ei!r accord+ to nature1 or accord+ to _! s9 or puni%m5t4 ,b x is n accord+ to _! nature1 = subjection & s]vice d n come f nature b f subsequ5t s92 nei!r is x accord+ to s9 or puni%m5t1 because 9 t case ! sup]ior demons :o h s9n$ ! mo/ griev\sly1 w\ld be subject to ! inf]ior4 ,!re=e !re is no prec$5ce among ! demons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,on #a ,cor4 #ae3bd ! gloss says3 ,:ile ! _w la/s1 angels w preside ov] angels1 m5 ov] m51 & demons ov] demons4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce action foll[s ! nature ( a ?+1 :]e natures are subord9ate1 actions also mu/ be subord9ate to ea* o!r4 ,?us x is 9 corporeal ?+s1 = z ! inf]ior bodies by natural ord] are bel[ ! heav5ly bodies1 _! actions & movem5ts are subject to ! actions & movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,n[ x is pla9 f :at we h said 7,a4 #a71 t ! demons are by natural ord] subject to o!rs2 & h5ce _! actions are subject to ! action ( ^? above !m1 & ?is is :at we mean by prec$5ce--t ! action ( ! subject %\ld be "u ! action ( ! prelate4 ,s ! v natural disposition ( ! demons requires t !re %\ld be au?ority among !m4 ,?is agrees too ) ,div9e wisdom1 :i* leaves no?+ inord9ate1 :i* rea*e? f end to end mightily1 & ord]e? all ?+s sweetly 7,wis4 #h3a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! au?ority ( ! demons is n f\nd$ on _! ju/ice1 b on ! ju/ice ( ,god ord]+ all ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! concord ( ! demons1 :]eby "s obey o!rs1 does n arise f mutual fri5d%ips1 b f _! common wick$ness :]eby !y hate m51 & fight aga9/ ,god's ju/ice4 ,= x belongs to wick$ m5 to be jo9$ to & subject to ^? :om !y see to be /rong]1 9 ord] to c>ry out _! own wick$ness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! demons are n equal 9 nature2 & s among !m !re exi/s a natural prec$5ce2 :i* is n ! case ) m51 :o are naturally equal4 ,t ! inf]ior are subject to ! sup]ior1 is n = ! b5efit ( ! sup]ior1 b r to _! detrim5t2 because s9ce to d evil belongs 9 a pre-em95t degree to unhapp9ess1 x foll[s t to preside 9 evil is to be m unhappy4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,enlight5m5t 9 ! ,demons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t enlight5m5t is 9 ! demons4 ,= enlight5m5t means ! manife/ation ( ! tru?4 ,b "o demon c manife/ tru? to ano!r1 because ! sup]ior excel 9 natural k4 ,!re=e ! sup]ior demons c enlight5 ! inf]ior4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a body ab\nd+ 9 light c enlight5 a body defici5t 9 light1 z ! sun enlight5s ! moon4 ,b ! sup]ior demons ab\nd 9 ! p>ticipation ( natural light4 ,!re=e x seems t ! sup]ior demons c enlight5 ! inf]ior4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,enlight5m5t is n )\t cleans+ & p]fect+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a74 ,b to cleanse does n befit ! demons1 accord+ to ! words3 ,:at c be made clean by ! unclean8 7,ecclus4 #cd3d74 ,!re=e nei!r c !y enlight54 ,i answ] t1 ,!re c be no enlight5m5t prop]ly speak+ among ! demons4 ,=1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ajg1 ,a4 #b71 enlight5m5t prop]ly speak+ is ! manife/ation ( ! tru? 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 ,:o enlight5s e intellect4 ,ano!r k9d ( manife/ation ( ! tru? is spee*1 z :5 "o angel manife/s 8 concept to ano!r4 ,n[ ! demon's p]v]sity does n lead "o to ord] ano!r to ,god1 b r to lead away f ! ,div9e ord]2 & s "o demon does n enlight5 ano!r2 b "o c make kn[n 8 m5tal concept to ano!r by way ( spee*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e k9d ( manife/ation ( ! tru? is enlight5m5t1 b only t :i* is above describ$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to :at belongs to natural k1 !re is no necess>y manife/ation ( ! tru? ei!r 9 ! angels1 or 9 ! demons1 because1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #b71 !y "k f ! fir/ all t belongs to _! natural k4 ,s ! great] fulness ( natural light 9 ! sup]ior demons does n prove t !y c enlight5 o!rs4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,good ,angels ,h ,prec$5ce ,ov] ! ,bad ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! good angels h no prec$5ce ov] ! bad angels4 ,= ! angels' prec$5ce is especially connect$ ) enlight5m5t4 ,b ! bad angels1 be+ d>kness1 are n enlight5$ by ! good angels4 ,!re=e ! good angels d n rule ov] ! bad4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sup]iors are responsible z reg>ds neglig5ce = ! evil de$s ( _! subjects4 ,b ! demons d mu* evil4 ,!re=e if !y are subject to ! good angels1 x seems t neglig5ce is to be *>g$ to ! good angels2 :i* _c be admitt$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! angels' prec$5ce foll[s ^u ! ord] ( nature1 z above expla9$ 7,a4 #b74 ,b if ! demons fell f e ord]1 z is commonly said1 _m ( ! demons are sup]ior to _m good angels 9 ! natural ord]4 ,!re=e ! good angels h no prec$5ce ov] all ! bad angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii71 t ! trea*]\s & s9ful _s ( life is rul$ by ! rational1 pi\s1 & j _s ( life2 & ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxxiv7 t ! ,p[]s are ! angels to ^: *>ge are subject$ ! ho/ile p[]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! :ole ord] ( prec$5ce is fir/ & orig9ally 9 ,god2 & x is %>$ by creatures accord+ly z !y are ! ne>] to ,god4 ,= ^? creatures1 :i* are m p]fect & ne>] to ,god1 h ! p[] to act on o!rs4 ,n[ ! greate/ p]fection & t :i* br+s !m ne>e/ to ,god belongs to ! creatures :o enjoy ,god1 z ! holy angels2 ( :i* p]fection ! demons are depriv$2 & !re=e ! good angels h prec$5ce ov] ! bad1 & ^! are rul$ by !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,_m ?+s conc]n+ ,div9e my/]ies are made kn[n by ! holy angels to ! bad angels1 :5ev] ! ,div9e ju/ice requires ! demons to d any?+ = ! puni%m5t ( ! evil2 or = ! trial ( ! good2 z 9 human affairs ! judge's assessors make kn[n 8 s5t5ce to ! execution]s4 ,?is revelation1 if comp>$ to ! angelic reveal]s1 c be call$ an enlight5m5t1 =asmu* z !y direct x to ,god2 b x is n an enlight5m5t on ! "p ( ! demons1 = ^! d n direct x to ,god2 b to ! fulfilm5t ( _! own wick$ness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! holy angels are ! m9i/]s ( ! ,div9e wisdom4 ,h5ce z ! ,div9e wisdom p]mits "s evil to be done by bad angels or m51 = ! sake ( ! good t foll[s2 s also ! good angels d n entirely re/ra9 ! bad f inflict+ h>m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an angel :o is inf]ior 9 ! natural ord] presides ov] demons1 al?\gh ^! may be naturally sup]ior2 because ! p[] ( ,div9e ju/ice to :i* ! good angels cleave1 is /rong] ?an ! natural p[] ( ! angels4 ,h5ce likewise among m51 ! spiritual man judge? all ?+s 7#a ,cor4 #b3ae71 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #d2 x1 #e7 t ! virtu\s man is ! rule & measure ( all human acts4 ,,"q #aaj ,,h[ ,,angels ,,act ,,on ,,bodies 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] h[ ! angels preside ov] ! corporeal creatures4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! corporeal creature is gov]n$ by ! angels8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! corporeal creature obeys ! m]e w ( ! angels8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! angels by _! own p[] c imm$iately move bodies locally8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! good or bad angels c "w miracles8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,corporeal ,creature ,is ,gov]n$ by ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! corporeal creature is n gov]n$ by angels4 ,= :atev] possesses a det]m9ate mode ( action1 ne$s n to be gov]n$ by any sup]ior p[]2 = we require to be gov]n$ le/ we d :at we ought n4 ,b corporeal ?+s h _! actions det]m9$ by ! nature div9ely be/[$ ^u !m4 ,!re=e !y d n ne$ ! gov]nm5t ( angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! l[e/ ?+s are rul$ by ! sup]ior4 ,b "s corporeal ?+s are inf]ior1 & o!rs are sup]ior4 ,!re=e !y ne$ n be gov]n$ by ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! diff]5t ord]s ( ! angels are di/+ui%$ by diff]5t (fices4 ,b if corporeal creatures 7 rul$ by ! angels1 !re w\ld be z _m angelic (fices z !re are species ( ?+s4 ,s also !re w\ld be z _m ord]s ( angels z !re are species ( ?+s2 :i* is aga9/ :at is laid d[n above 7,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ! corporeal creature is n gov]n$ by angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d7 t all bodies are rul$ by ! rational _s ( life2 & ,gregory says 7,dial4 iv1 #f71 t 9 ?is visible _w no?+ takes place )\t ! ag5cy ( ! invisible creature4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is g5]ally f\nd bo? 9 human affairs & 9 natural ?+s t e p>ticul> p[] is gov]n$ & rul$ by ! univ]sal p[]2 z1 = example1 ! bailiff's p[] is gov]n$ by ! p[] ( ! k+4 ,among ! angels also1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #a71 ! sup]ior angels :o preside ov] ! inf]ior possess a m univ]sal k4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! p[] ( any individual body is m p>ticul> ?an ! p[] ( any spiritual sub/ance2 = e corporeal =m is a =m individualiz$ by matt]1 & det]m9$ to ! "h & n[2 :]eas immat]ial =ms are absolute & intelligible4 ,!re=e1 z ! inf]ior angels :o h ! less univ]sal =ms1 are rul$ by ! sup]ior2 s are all corporeal ?+s rul$ by ! angels4 ,?is is n only laid d[n by ! holy doctors1 b also by all philosoph]s :o admit ! exi/5ce ( incorporeal sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,corporeal ?+s h det]m9ate actions2 b !y ex]cise su* actions only accord+ z !y are mov$2 because x belongs to a body n to act unless mov$4 ,h5ce a corporeal creature mu/ be mov$ by a spiritual creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason alleg$ is accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle :o laid d[n 7,metaph4 xi1 #h7 t ! heav5ly bodies are mov$ by spiritual sub/ances2 ! numb] ( :i* he endeavor$ to assign accord+ to ! numb] ( motions app>5t 9 ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b he did n say t !re 7 any spiritual sub/ances ) imm$iate rule ov] ! inf]ior bodies1 except p]haps human s\ls2 & ?is 0 because he did n consid] t any op]ations 7 ex]cis$ 9 ! inf]ior bodies except ! natural ones = :i* ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies suffic$4 ,b because we ass]t t _m ?+s are done 9 ! inf]ior bodies besides ! natural corporeal actions1 = :i* ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies are n suffici5t2 !re=e 9 our op9ion we mu/ ass]t t ! angels possess an imm$iate presid5cy n only ov] ! heav5ly bodies1 b also ov] ! inf]ior bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,philosoph]s h held diff]5t op9ions ab\t immat]ial sub/ances4 ,= ,plato laid d[n t immat]ial sub/ances 7 types & species ( s5sible bodies2 & t "s 7 m univ]sal ?an o!rs2 & s he held t immat]ial sub/ances preside imm$iately ov] all s5sible bodies1 & diff]5t ones ov] diff]5t bodies4 ,b ,ari/otle held t immat]ial sub/ances are n ! species ( s5sible bodies1 b some?+ high] & m univ]sal2 & s he did n attribute to !m any imm$iate presid+ ov] s+le bodies1 b only ov] ! univ]sal ag5ts1 ! heav5ly bodies4 ,avic5na foll[$ a middle c\rse4 ,= he agre$ ) ,plato 9 suppos+ "s spiritual sub/ance to preside imm$iately 9 ! sph]e ( active & passive elem5ts2 because1 z ,plato also said1 he held t ! =ms ( ^! s5sible ?+s are d]iv$ f immat]ial sub/ances4 ,b he diff]$ f ,plato because he suppos$ only "o immat]ial sub/ance to preside ov] all inf]ior bodies1 :i* he call$ ! active intellig5ce4 ,! holy doctors held ) ! ,platoni/s t diff]5t spiritual sub/ances 7 plac$ ov] corporeal ?+s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #gi73 ,e visible ?+ 9 ?is _w has an angelic p[] plac$ ov] x2 & ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d73 ,! devil 0 "o ( ! angelic p[]s :o presid$ ov] ! t]re/rial ord]2 & ,orig5 says on ! text1 ,:5 ! ass saw ! angel 7,num4 #bb3bc71 t ! _w has ne$ ( angels :o preside ov] bea/s1 & ov] ! bir? ( animals1 & trees1 & plants1 & ov] ! increase ( all o!r ?+s 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,num474 ,! reason ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is n t an angel is m fitt$ by 8 nature to preside ov] animals ?an ov] plants2 because ea* angel1 ev5 ! lea/1 has a high] & m univ]sal p[] ?an any k9d ( corporeal ?+s3 ! reason is to be s\ght 9 ! ord] ( ,div9e wisdom1 ,:o places diff]5t rul]s ov] diff]5t ?+s4 ,nor does x foll[ t !re are m ?an n9e ord]s ( angels1 because1 z above exp\nd$ 7,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #b71 ! ord]s are di/+ui%$ by _! g5]al (fices4 ,h5ce z accord+ to ,gregory all ! angels ^: prop] (fice x is to preside ov] ! demons are ( ! ord] ( ! p[]s2 s to ! ord] ( ! virtues d ^? angels seem to belong :o preside ov] purely corporeal creatures2 = by _! m9i/ration miracles are sometimes p]=m$4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,corporeal ,matt] ,obeys ! ,m]e ,w ( an ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t corporeal matt] obeys ! m]e w ( an angel4 ,= ! p[] ( an angel excels ! p[] ( ! s\l4 ,b corporeal matt] obeys a conception ( ! s\l2 = ! body ( man is *ang$ by a conception ( ! s\l z reg>ds heat & cold1 & sometimes ev5 z reg>ds heal? & sickness4 ,!re=e mu* m is corporeal matt] *ang$ by a conception ( an angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] c be done by an inf]ior p[]1 c be done by a sup]ior p[]4 ,n[ ! p[] ( an angel is sup]ior to corporeal p[]4 ,b a body by its p[] is able to trans=m corporeal matt]2 z appe>s :5 fire begets fire4 ,!re=e mu* m efficaci\sly c an angel by 8 p[] trans=m corporeal matt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all corporeal nature is "u angelic adm9i/ration1 z appe>s above 7,a4 #a71 & ?us x appe>s t bodies are z in/rum5ts to ! angels1 = an in/rum5t is ess5tially a mov] mov$4 ,n[ 9 effects !re is some?+ t is due to ! p[] ( _! pr9cipal ag5ts1 & :i* _c be due to ! p[] ( ! in/rum5t2 & ?is x is t takes ! pr9cipal place 9 ! effect4 ,= example1 dige/ion is due to ! =ce ( natural heat1 :i* is ! in/rum5t ( ! nutritive s\l3 b t liv+ fle% is ?us g5]at$ is due to ! p[] ( ! s\l4 ,aga9 ! cutt+ ( ! wood is f ! saw2 b t x assumes ! l5g? ! =m ( a b$ is f ! design ( ! jo9]'s art4 ,!re=e ! sub/antial =m :i* takes ! pr9cipal place 9 ! corporeal effects1 is due to ! angelic p[]4 ,!re=e matt] obeys ! angels 9 receiv+ its =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says ,x is n to be ?\ght1 t ?is visible matt] obeys ^! rebel angels2 = x obeys ,god alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,platoni/s 99,pha$o4 xlix3 ,tim4 7,did47 vol4 ii1 p4 #bah ass]t$ t ! =ms :i* are 9 matt] are caus$ by immat]ial =ms1 because !y said t ! mat]ial =ms are p>ticipations ( immat]ial =ms4 ,avic5na foll[$ !m 9 ?is op9ion to "s ext5t1 = he said t all =ms :i* are 9 matt] proce$ f ! concept ( ! intellect2 & t corporeal ag5ts only dispose matt] = ! =ms4 ,!y seem to h be5 deceiv$ on ?is po9t1 ?r\gh suppos+ a =m to be some?+ made p] se1 s t x w\ld be ! effect ( a =mal pr9ciple4 ,b1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,metaph4 vii1 ,did4 vi1 #h71 :at is made1 prop]ly speak+1 is ! composite3 = ?is prop]ly speak+1 is1 z x 71 :at subsi/s4 ,:]eas ! =m is call$ a be+1 n z t :i* is1 b z t by :i* some?+ is2 & consequ5tly nei!r is a =m1 prop]ly speak+1 made2 = t is made :i* is2 s9ce to be is no?+ b ! way to exi/5ce4 ,n[ x is manife/ t :at is made is l to ! mak]1 =asmu* z e ag5t makes its l4 ,s :atev] makes natural ?+s1 has a lik5ess to ! composite2 ei!r because x is composite itself1 z :5 fire begets fire1 or because ! :ole composite z to bo? matt] & =m is )9 its p[]2 & ?is belongs to ,god alone4 ,!re=e e in=m+ ( matt] is ei!r imm$iately f ,god1 or =m "s corporeal ag5t2 b n imm$iately f an angel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our s\l is unit$ to ! body z ! =m2 & s x is n surpris+ = ! body to be =mally *ang$ by ! s\l's concept2 especially z ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is accompani$ ) a c]ta9 bodily *ange1 is subject to ! comm& ( reason4 ,an angel1 h[ev]1 has n ! same connection ) natural bodies2 & h5ce ! argum5t does n hold4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:atev] an inf]ior p[] c d1 t a sup]ior p[] c d1 n 9 ! same way1 b 9 a m excell5t way2 = example1 ! intellect kn[s s5sible ?+s 9 a m excell5t way ?an s5se kn[s !m4 ,s an angel c *ange corporeal matt] 9 a m excell5t way ?an c corporeal ag5ts1 t is by mov+ ! corporeal ag5ts !mselves1 z be+ ! sup]ior cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t "s natural effect tak+ place by angelic p[]1 = :i* ! p[] ( corporeal ag5ts w\ld n suffice4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n to obey an angel's w 7z nei!r does matt] obey ! m]e w ( a cook1 :5 by regulat+ ! fire accord+ to ! prescription ( 8 art he produces a di% t ! fire c\ld n h produc$ by itself72 s9ce to r$uce matt] to ! act ( ! sub/antial =m does n exce$ ! p[] ( a corporeal ag5t2 = x is natural = l to make l4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,bodies ,obey ! ,angels ,z ,reg>ds ,local ,motion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t bodies d n obey ! angels 9 local motion4 ,= ! local motion ( natural bodies foll[s on _! =ms4 ,b ! angels d n cause ! =ms ( natural bodies1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e nei!r c !y cause 9 !m local motion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 viii1 #g7 proves t local motion is ! fir/ ( all movem5ts4 ,b ! angels _c cause o!r movem5ts by a =mal *ange ( ! matt]4 ,!re=e nei!r c !y cause local motion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! corporeal memb]s obey ! concept ( ! s\l z reg>ds local movem5t1 z hav+ 9 !mselves "s pr9ciple ( life4 ,9 natural bodies1 h[ev]1 !re is no vital pr9ciple4 ,!re=e !y d n obey ! angels 9 local motion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h1i7 t ! angels use corporeal se$ to produce c]ta9 effects4 ,b !y _c d ?is )\t caus+ local movem5t4 ,!re=e bodies obey !m 9 local motion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii73 ,div9e wisdom has jo9$ ! ends ( ! fir/ to ! pr9ciples ( ! second4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! inf]ior nature at its highe/ po9t is 9 conjunction ) sup]ior nature4 ,n[ corporeal nature is bel[ ! spiritual nature4 ,b among all corporeal movem5ts ! mo/ p]fect is local motion1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #g74 ,! reason ( ?is is t :at is mov$ locally is n z su* 9 pot5tiality to any?+ intr9sic1 b only to some?+ extr9sic--t is1 to place4 ,!re=e ! corporeal nature has a natural aptitude to be mov$ imm$iately by ! spiritual nature z reg>ds place4 ,h5ce also ! philosoph]s ass]t$ t ! supreme bodies are mov$ locally by ! spiritual sub/ances2 :5ce we see t ! s\l moves ! body fir/ & *iefly by a local motion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re are 9 bodies o!r local movem5ts besides ^? :i* result f ! =ms2 = in/ance1 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! sea does n foll[ f ! sub/antial =m ( ! wat]1 b f ! influ5ce ( ! moon2 & mu* m c local movem5ts result f ! p[] ( spiritual sub/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! angels1 by caus+ local motion1 z ! fir/ motion1 c !reby cause o!r movem5ts2 t is1 by employ+ corporeal ag5ts to produce ^! effects1 z a workman employs fire to s(t5 iron4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p[] ( an angel is n s limit$ z is ! p[] ( ! s\l4 ,h5ce ! motive p[] ( ! s\l is limit$ to ! body unit$ to x1 :i* is vivifi$ by x1 & by :i* x c move o!r ?+s4 ,b an angel's p[] is n limit$ to any body2 h5ce x c move locally bodies n jo9$ to x4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,angels ,c ,"w ,miracles8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels c "w miracles4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang473 ,^? spirits are call$ virtues by :om signs & miracles are usually done4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #gi7 t magicians "w miracles by private contracts2 good ,*ri/ians by public ju/ice1 bad ,*ri/ians by ! signs ( public ju/ice4 ,b magicians "w miracles because !y are he>d by ! demons1 z he says else:]e 9 ! same "w 99,cf4 ,lib] xxi1 ,s5t5t41 s5t4 #d3 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,!re=e ! demons c "w miracles4 ,!re=e mu* m c ! good angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 9 ! same "w 99,cf4 ,lib] xxi1 ,s5t5t41 s5t4 #d3 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e t x is n absurd to believe t all ! ?+s we see happ5 may be br\ght ab\t by ! l[] p[]s t dwell 9 our atmosph]e4 ,b :5 an effect ( natural causes is produc$ outside ! ord] ( ! natural cause1 we call x a miracle1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 anyone is cur$ ( a fev] )\t ! op]ation ( nature4 ,!re=e ! angels & demons c "w miracles4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 sup]ior p[] is n subject to ! ord] ( an inf]ior cause4 ,b corporeal nature is inf]ior to an angel4 ,!re=e an angel c "w outside ! ord] ( corporeal ag5ts2 :i* is to "w miracles4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 ( ,god 7,ps4 #ace3d73 ,:o alone do? great wond]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,a miracle prop]ly s call$ is :5 some?+ is done outside ! ord] ( nature4 ,b x is n en\gh = a miracle if some?+ is done outside ! ord] ( any p>ticul> nature2 = o!rwise anyone w\ld p]=m a miracle by ?r[+ a /one upw>ds1 z su* a ?+ is outside ! ord] ( ! /one's nature4 ,s = a miracle is requir$ t x be aga9/ ! ord] ( ! :ole creat$ nature4 ,b ,god alone c d ?is1 because1 :atev] an angel or any o!r creature does by its own p[]1 is accord+ to ! ord] ( creat$ nature2 & ?us x is n a miracle4 ,h5ce ,god alone c "w miracles4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s angels are said to "w miracles2 ei!r because ,god works miracles at _! reque/1 9 ! same way z holy m5 are said to "w miracles2 or because !y ex]cise a k9d ( m9i/ry 9 ! miracles :i* take place2 z 9 collect+ ! du/ 9 ! g5]al resurrection1 or by do+ some?+ ( t k9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prop]ly speak+1 z said above1 miracles are ^? ?+s :i* are done outside ! ord] ( ! :ole creat$ nature4 ,b z we d n "k all ! p[] ( creat$ nature1 x foll[s t :5 any?+ is done outside ! ord] ( creat$ nature by a p[] unkn[n to u1 x is call$ a miracle z reg>ds ourselves4 ,s :5 ! demons d any?+ ( _! own natural p[]1 ^! ?+s are call$ miracles n 9 an absolute s5se1 b 9 ref]5ce to ourselves4 ,9 ?is way ! magicians "w miracles ?r\gh ! demons2 & ^! are said to be done by private contracts1 =asmu* z e p[] ( ! creature1 9 ! univ]se1 may be comp>$ to ! p[] ( a private p]son 9 a city4 ,h5ce :5 a magician does any?+ by compact ) ! devil1 ?is is done z x 7 by private contract4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,div9e ju/ice is 9 ! :ole univ]se z ! public law is 9 ! city4 ,!re=e good ,*ri/ians1 s f> z !y "w miracles by ,div9e ju/ice1 are said to "w miracles by public ju/ice3 b bad ,*ri/ians by ! signs ( public ju/ice1 z by invok+ ! "n ( ,*ri/1 or by mak+ use ( o!r sacr$ signs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,spiritual p[]s are able to effect :atev] happ5s 9 ?is visible _w1 by employ+ corporeal se$s by local movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ! angels c d some?+ :i* is outside ! ord] ( corporeal nature1 yet !y _c d any?+ outside ! :ole creat$ ord]1 :i* is ess5tial to a miracle1 z above expla9$4 ,,"q #aaa ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,on ,,man 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! action ( ! angels on man1 & inquire3 7#a7 ,h[ f> !y c *ange !m by _! own natural p[]2 7#b7 ,h[ !y are s5t by ,god to ! m9i/ry ( m52 7#c7 ,h[ !y gu>d & protect m54 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r an angel c enlight5 ! human intellect8 7#b7 ,:e!r he c *ange man's w8 7#c7 ,:e!r he c *ange man's imag9ation8 7#d7 ,:e!r he c *ange man's s5ses8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r an ,angel ,c ,enlight5 ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel _c enlight5 man4 ,= man is enlight5$ by fai?2 h5ce ,dionysius 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 iii7 attributes enlight5m5t to baptism1 z ! sacram5t ( fai?4 ,b fai? is imm$iately f ,god1 accord+ to ,eph4 #b3h3 ,by grace y are sav$ ?r\gh fai?1 & t n ( y\rselves1 = x is ! gift ( ,god4 ,!re=e man is n enlight5$ by an angel2 b imm$iately by ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 on ! words1 ,god ha? manife/$ x to !m 7,rom4 #a3ai71 ! gloss obs]ves t n only natural reason avail$ = ! manife/ation ( ,div9e tru?s to m51 b ,god also reveal$ !m by ,8 "w1 t is1 by ,8 creature4 ,b bo? are imm$iately f ,god--t is1 natural reason & ! creature4 ,!re=e ,god enlight5s man imm$iately4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] is enlight5$ is consci\s ( be+ enlight5$4 ,b man is n consci\s ( be+ enlight5$ by angels4 ,!re=e he is n enlight5$ by !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv7 t ! revelation ( ,div9e ?+s rea*es m5 ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! angels4 ,b su* revelation is an enlight5m5t z we h /at$ 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ajg1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e m5 are enlight5$ by ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce ! ord] ( ,div9e ,provid5ce disposes t l[] ?+s be subject to ! actions ( high]1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b72 z ! inf]ior angels are enlight5$ by ! sup]ior1 s m51 :o are inf]ior to ! angels1 are enlight5$ by !m4 ,! modes ( ea* ( ^! k9ds ( enlight5m5t are 9 "o way alike & 9 ano!r way unlike4 ,=1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a71 ! enlight5m5t :i* consi/s 9 mak+ kn[n ,div9e tru? has two functions2 namely1 accord+ z ! inf]ior intellect is /r5g!n$ by ! action ( ! sup]ior intellect1 & accord+ z ! intelligible species :i* are 9 ! sup]ior intellect are propos$ to ! inf]ior s z to be grasp$ !reby4 ,?is takes place 9 ! angels :5 ! sup]ior angel divides 8 univ]sal concept ( ! tru? accord+ to ! capacity ( ! inf]ior angel1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a74 ,! human intellect1 h[ev]1 _c grasp ! univ]sal tru? itself unveil$2 because its nature requires x to und]/& by turn+ to ! phantasms1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,s ! angels propose ! intelligible tru? to m5 "u ! similitudes ( s5sible ?+s1 accord+ to :at ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i71 t1 ,x is impossible = ! div9e ray to %9e on u1 o!rwise ?an %r\d$ by ! v>iety ( ! sacr$ veils4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! human intellect z ! inf]ior1 is /r5g!n$ by ! action ( ! angelic intellect4 ,& 9 ^! two ways man is enlight5$ by an angel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,two dispositions concur 9 ! virtue ( fai?2 fir/1 ! habit ( ! intellect :]eby x is dispos$ to obey ! w t5d+ to ,div9e tru?4 ,= ! intellect ass5ts to ! tru? ( fai?1 n z conv9c$ by ! reason1 b z comm&$ by ! w2 h5ce ,augu/9e says1 ,no "o believes except will+ly4 ,9 ?is respect fai? comes f ,god alone4 ,secondly1 fai? requires t :at is to be believ$ be propos$ to ! believ]2 :i* is accompli%$ by man1 accord+ to ,rom4 #aj3ag1 ,fai? come? by he>+2 pr9cipally1 h[ev]1 by ! angels1 by :om ,div9e ?+s are reveal$ to m54 ,h5ce ! angels h "s "p 9 ! enlight5m5t ( fai?4 ,moreov]1 m5 are enlight5$ by ! angels n only conc]n+ :at is to be believ$2 b also z reg>ds :at is to be done4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,natural reason1 :i* is imm$iately f ,god1 c be /r5g!n$ by an angel1 z we h said above4 ,aga91 ! m ! human intellect is /r5g!n$1 s mu* high] an intelligible tru? c be elicit$ f ! species d]iv$ f creatures4 ,?us man is assi/$ by an angel s t he may obta9 f creatures a m p]fect k ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,intellectual op]ation & enlight5m5t c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! object und]/ood2 ?us :oev] und]/&s or is enlight5$1 kn[s t he und]/&s or is enlight5$1 because he kn[s t ! object is made kn[n to him4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! pr9ciple2 & ?us x does n foll[ t :oev] und]/&s a tru?1 kn[s :at ! intellect is1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! intellectual op]ation4 ,9 l mann] n ev]yone :o is enlight5$ by an angel1 kn[s t he is enlight5$ by him4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,angels ,c ,*ange ! ,w ( ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels c *ange ! w ( man4 ,=1 ^u ! text1 ,:o make? ,8 angels spirits & ,8 m9i/]s a flame ( fire 7,heb4 #a3g71 ! gloss notes t !y are fire1 z be+ spiritually f]v5t1 & z burn+ away our vices4 ,?is c\ld n be1 h[ev]1 unless !y *ang$ ! w4 ,!re=e ! angels c *ange ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,b$e says 7,sup] ,mat?4 xv1 #aa71 t1 ! devil does n s5d wick$ ?\ghts1 b k9dles !m4 ,damasc5e1 h[ev]1 says t he also s5ds !m2 = he rem>ks t e malici\s act & unclean passion is contriv$ by ! demons & put into m5 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d72 9 l mann] also ! good angels introduce & k9dle good ?\ghts4 ,b ?is c\ld only be if !y *ang$ ! w4 ,!re=e ! w is *ang$ by !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! angel1 z above expla9$1 enlight5s ! human intellect by means ( ! phantasms4 ,b z ! imag9ation :i* s]ves ! intellect c be *ang$ by an angel1 s c ! s5sitive appetite :i* s]ves ! w1 because x also is a faculty us+ a corporeal organ4 ,!re=e z ! angel enlight5s ! m9d1 s c he *ange ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to *ange ! w belongs to ,god alone1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ba3a3 ,! he>t ( ! k+ is 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l1 :i!rsoev] ,he w ,he %all turn x4 ,i answ] t1 ,! w c be *ang$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f )92 9 :i* way1 s9ce ! movem5t ( ! w is no?+ b ! incl9ation ( ! w to ! ?+ will$1 ,god alone c ?us *ange ! w1 because ,he gives ! p[] ( su* an incl9ation to ! intellectual nature4 ,= z ! natural incl9ation is f ,god alone ,:o gives ! nature1 s ! incl9ation ( ! w is f ,god alone1 ,:o causes ! w4 ,secondly1 ! w is mov$ f )\t4 ,z reg>ds an angel1 ?is c be only 9 "o way--by ! good appreh5d$ by ! intellect4 ,h5ce 9 z f> z anyone may be ! cause :y any?+ be appreh5d$ z an appetible good1 s f> does he move ! w4 ,9 ?is way also ,god alone c move ! w efficaci\sly2 b an angel & man move ! w by way ( p]suasion1 z above expla9$ 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #b74 ,9 addition to ?is mode ! human w c be mov$ f )\t 9 ano!r way2 namely1 by ! passion resid+ 9 ! s5sitive appetite3 ?us by concupisc5ce or ang] ! w is incl9$ to w some?+4 ,9 ?is mann] ! angels1 z be+ able to r\se ^! passions1 c move ! w1 n h[ev] by necessity1 = ! w ev] rema9s free to cons5t to1 or to resi/1 ! passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? :o act z ,god's m9i/]s1 ei!r m5 or angels1 are said to burn away vices1 & to incite to virtue by way ( p]suasion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! demon _c put ?\ghts 9 our m9ds by caus+ !m f )91 s9ce ! act ( ! cogitative faculty is subject to ! w2 nev]!less ! devil is call$ ! k9dl] ( ?\ghts1 inasmu* z he incites to ?\ght1 by ! desire ( ! ?+s ?\ght (1 by way ( p]suasion1 or by r\s+ ! passions4 ,damasc5e calls ?is k9dl+ a putt+ 9 because su* a "w is accompli%$ )94 ,b good ?\ghts are attribut$ to a high] pr9ciple1 namely1 ,god1 ?\gh !y may be procur$ by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! human intellect 9 its pres5t /ate c und]/& only by turn+ to ! phantasms2 b ! human w c w some?+ foll[+ ! judgm5t ( reason r ?an ! passion ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison does n hold4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,angel ,c ,*ange ,man's ,imag9ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel _c *ange man's imag9ation4 ,= ! phantasy1 z is said ,de ,anima iii1 is a motion caus$ by ! s5se 9 act4 ,b if ?is motion 7 caus$ by an angel1 x w\ld n be caus$ by ! s5se 9 act4 ,!re=e x is contr>y to ! nature ( ! phantasy1 :i* is ! act ( ! imag9ative faculty1 to be *ang$ by an angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! =ms 9 ! imag9ation are spiritual1 !y are nobl] ?an ! =ms exi/+ 9 s5sible matt]4 ,b an angel _c impress =ms ^u s5sible matt] 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e he _c impress =ms on ! imag9ation1 & s he _c *ange x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ab73 ,"o _s by int]m+l+ ) ano!r c communicate 8 k to ! o!r _s by ^! images1 s t ! latt] ei!r und]/&s x himself1 or accepts x z und]/ood by ! o!r4 ,b x does n seem t an angel c be m+l$ ) ! human imag9ation1 nor t ! imag9ation c receive ! k ( an angel4 ,!re=e x seems t an angel _c *ange ! imag9ation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ! imag9ative vision man cleaves to ! similitudes ( ! ?+s z to ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b 9 ?is !re is deception4 ,s z a good angel _c be ! cause ( deception1 x seems t he _c cause ! imag9ative vision1 by *ang+ ! imag9ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^? ?+s :i* are se5 9 dreams are se5 by imag9ative vision4 ,b ! angels reveal ?+s 9 dreams1 z appe>s f ,matt4 #a3bj2 #b3ac1 #ai 9 reg>d to ! angel :o appe>$ to ,joseph 9 dreams4 ,!re=e an angel c move ! imag9ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,bo? a good & a bad angel by _! own natural p[] c move ! human imag9ation4 ,?is may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,= x 0 said above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #c71 t corporeal nature obeys ! angel z reg>ds local movem5t1 s t :atev] c be caus$ by ! local movem5t ( bodies is subject to ! natural p[] ( ! angels4 ,n[ x is manife/ t imag9ative app>itions are sometimes caus$ 9 u by ! local movem5t ( animal spirits & humors4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle says 7,de ,somn4 et ,vigil47 99,de ,insomniis iii1 :5 assign+ ! cause ( visions 9 dreams1 t :5 an animal sleeps1 ! blood desc5ds 9 abundance to ! s5sitive pr9ciple1 & movem5ts desc5d ) x1 t is1 ! impressions left f ! movem5ts are pres]v$ 9 ! animal spirits1 & move ! s5sitive pr9ciple2 s t a c]ta9 appe>ance ensues1 z if ! s5sitive pr9ciple 7 be+ !n *ang$ by ! ext]nal objects !mselves4 ,inde$1 ! commotion ( ! spirits & humors may be s great t su* appe>ances may ev5 occur to ^? :o are awake1 z is se5 9 mad p1 & ! l4 ,s1 z ?is happ5s by a natural di/urbance ( ! humors1 & sometimes also by ! w ( man :o volunt>ily imag9es :at he previ\sly exp]i5c$1 s also ! same may be done by ! p[] ( a good or a bad angel1 sometimes ) ali5ation f ! bodily s5ses1 sometimes )\t su* ali5ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! imag9ation is f ! s5se 9 act4 ,= we _c imag9e :at we h nev] p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 ei!r :olly or p>tly2 z a man born bl9d _c imag9e color4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! imag9ation is in=m$ 9 su* a way t ! act ( ! imag9ative movem5t arises f ! impressions pres]v$ )94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an angel *anges ! imag9ation1 n inde$ by ! impression ( an imag9ative =m 9 no way previ\sly receiv$ f ! s5ses 7= he _c make a man born bl9d imag9e color71 b by local movem5t ( ! spirits & humors1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! comm+l+ ( ! angelic _s ) ! human imag9ation is n a m+l+ ( ess5ces1 b by reason ( an effect :i* he produces 9 ! imag9ation 9 ! way above /at$2 s t he %[s man :at he ! angel kn[s1 b n 9 ! way he kn[s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,an angel caus+ an imag9ative vision1 sometimes enlight5s ! intellect at ! same "t1 s t x kn[s :at ^! images signify2 & !n !re is no deception4 ,b sometimes by ! angelic op]ation ! similitudes ( ?+s only appe> 9 ! imag9ation2 b nei!r !n is deception caus$ by ! angel1 b by ! defect 9 ! intellect to :om su* ?+s appe>4 ,?us nei!r 0 ,*ri/ a cause ( deception :5 ,he spoke _m ?+s to ! p 9 p>ables1 :i* ,he did n expla9 to !m4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,angel ,c ,*ange ! ,human ,s5ses8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t an angel _c *ange ! human s5ses4 ,= ! s5sitive op]ation is a vital op]ation4 ,b su* an op]ation does n come f an extr9sic pr9ciple4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive op]ation _c be caus$ by an angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s5sitive op]ation is nobl] ?an ! nutritive4 ,b ! angel _c *ange ! nutritive p[]1 nor o!r natural =ms4 ,!re=e nei!r c he *ange ! s5sitive p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s5ses are naturally mov$ by ! s5sible objects4 ,b an angel _c *ange ! ord] ( nature 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e an angel _c *ange ! s5ses2 b ^! are *ang$ always by ! s5sible object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! angels :o ov]turn$ ,sodom1 /ruck ! p ( ,sodom ) bl9dness or aorasia1 s t !y c\ld n f9d ! door 7,g54 #ai3aa74 99,x is wor? not+ t ^! are ! only two passages 9 ! ,greek v]sion :]e ! ^w aorasia appe>s4 ,x expresses1 9 fact1 ! effect produc$ on ! p ( ,sodom--namely1 dazzl+ 7,fr5* v]sion1 ebl\issem5t71 :i* ! ,lat9 caecitas 7bl9dness7 does n necess>ily imply4 ,! same is record$ ( ! ,syrians :om ,eliseus l$ into ,sam>ia 7#d ,k+s #f3ah74 ,i answ] t1 ,! s5ses may be *ang$ 9 a tw(old mann]2 f )\t1 z :5 affect$ by ! s5sible object3 & f )91 = we see t ! s5ses are *ang$ :5 ! spirits & humors are di/urb$2 z = example1 a sick man's tongue1 *>g$ ) *ol]ic humor1 ta/es ev]y?+ z bitt]1 & ! l ) ! o!r s5ses4 ,n[ an angel1 by 8 natural p[]1 c "w a *ange 9 ! s5ses bo? ways4 ,= an angel c (f] ! s5ses a s5sible object f )\t1 =m$ by nature or by ! angel himself1 z :5 he assumes a body1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #b74 ,likewise he c move ! spirits & humors f )91 z above rem>k$1 :]eby ! s5ses are *ang$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! pr9ciple ( ! s5sitive op]ation _c be )\t ! int]ior pr9ciple :i* is ! s5sitive p[]2 b ?is int]ior pr9ciple c be mov$ 9 _m ways by ! ext]ior pr9ciple1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by ! int]ior movem5t ( ! spirits & humors an angel c d some?+ t[>ds *ang+ ! act ( ! nutritive p[]1 & also ( ! appetitive & s5sitive p[]1 & ( any o!r p[] us+ a corporeal organ4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an angel c d no?+ outside ! entire ord] ( creatures2 b he c outside "s p>ticul> ord] ( nature1 s9ce he is n subject to t ord]2 ?us 9 "s special way an angel c "w a *ange 9 ! s5ses outside ! common mode ( nature4 ,,"q #aab ,,! ,,mission ,,( ,,! ,,angels 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! mission ( ! angels4 ,"u ?is head arise f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r any angels are s5t on works ( m9i/ry8 7#b7 ,:e!r all are s5t8 7#c7 ,:e!r ^? :o are s5t1 assi/8 7#d7 ,f :at ord]s !y are s5t4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,angels ,are ,s5t on ,works ( ,m9i/ry8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels are n s5t on works ( m9i/ry4 ,= e mission is to "s det]m9ate place4 ,b intellectual actions d n det]m9e a place1 = intellect ab/racts f ! "h & n[4 ,s9ce !re=e ! angelic actions are intellectual1 x appe>s t ! angels are n s5t to p]=m _! own actions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! empyrean heav5 is ! place t beseems ! angelic dignity4 ,!re=e if !y are s5t to u 9 m9i/ry1 x seems t some?+ ( _! dignity w\ld be lo/2 :i* is unseemly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ext]nal occupation h9d]s ! contemplation ( wisdom2 h5ce x is said3 ,he t is less 9 action1 %all receive wisdom 7,ecclus4 #ch3be74 ,s if "s angels are s5t on ext]nal m9i/rations1 !y w\ld seem+ly be h9d]$ f contemplation4 ,b ! :ole ( _! beatitude consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,s if !y 7 s5t1 _! beatitude w\ld be less5$2 :i* is unfitt+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 to m9i/] is ! "p ( an inf]ior2 h5ce x is writt5 7,luke #bb3bg73 ,:i* is ! great]1 he t sitte? at table1 or he t s]ve?8 is n he t sitte? at table8 ,b ! angels are naturally great] ?an we are4 ,!re=e !y are n s5t to adm9i/] to u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bc3bj73 ,behold ,i w s5d ,my angels :o %all g be=e !e4 ,i answ] t1 ,f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #f71 x may be %[n t "s angels are s5t 9 m9i/ry by ,god4 ,=1 z we h already /at$ 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #a71 9 treat+ ( ! mission ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 he is said to be s5t :o 9 any way proce$s f ano!r s z to beg9 to be :]e he 0 n1 or to be 9 ano!r way1 :]e he already 04 ,?us ! ,son1 or ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be s5t z proce$+ f ! ,fa!r by orig92 & beg9s to be 9 a new way1 by grace or by ! nature assum$1 :]e ,he 0 be=e by ! pres5ce ( ,8 ,godhead2 = x belongs to ,god to be pres5t ev]y:]e1 because1 s9ce ,he is ! univ]sal ag5t1 ,8 p[] rea*es to all be+1 & h5ce ,he exi/s 9 all ?+s 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #a74 ,an angel's p[]1 h[ev]1 z a p>ticul> ag5t1 does n rea* to ! :ole univ]se1 b rea*es to "o ?+ 9 su* a way z n to rea* ano!r2 & s he is "h 9 su* a mann] z n to be !re4 ,b x is cle> f :at 0 above /at$ 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a71 t ! corporeal creature is gov]n$ by ! angels4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] an angel has to p]=m any "w conc]n+ a corporeal creature1 ! angel applies himself anew to t body by 8 p[]2 & 9 t way beg9s to be !re afre%4 ,n[ all ?is takes place by ,div9e comm&4 ,h5ce x foll[s t an angel is s5t by ,god4 ,yet ! action p]=m$ by ! angel :o is s5t1 proce$s f ,god z f its fir/ pr9ciple1 at ,^: nod & by ,^: au?ority ! angels "w2 & is r$uc$ to ,god z to its la/ end4 ,n[ ?is is :at is meant by a m9i/]3 = a m9i/] is an intellig5t in/rum5t2 :ile an in/rum5t is mov$ by ano!r1 & its action is ord]$ to ano!r4 ,h5ce angels' actions are call$ m9i/ries2 & = ?is reason !y are said to be s5t 9 m9i/ry4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an op]ation c be intellectual 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 z dwell+ 9 ! intellect itself1 z contemplation2 su* an op]ation does n dem& to occupy a place2 inde$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iv1 #bj73 ,ev5 we ourselves z m5tally ta/+ some?+ et]nal1 are n 9 ?is _w4 ,9 ano!r s5se an action is said to be intellectual because x is regulat$ & comm&$ by "s intellect2 9 t s5se ! intellectual op]ations evid5tly h sometimes a det]m9ate place4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! empyrean heav5 belongs to ! angelic dignity by way ( congruity2 =asmu* z x is congru\s t ! high] body %\ld be attribut$ to t nature :i* occupies a rank above bodies4 ,yet an angel does n d]ive 8 dignity f ! empyrean heav52 s :5 he is n actually 9 ! empyrean heav51 no?+ ( 8 dignity is lo/1 z nei!r does a k+ less5 8 dignity :5 n actually sitt+ on 8 regal ?rone1 :i* suits 8 dignity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ourselves ! purity ( contemplation is obscur$ by ext]ior occupation2 because we give ourselves to action ?r\gh ! s5sitive faculties1 ! action ( :i* :5 int5se imp$es ! action ( ! intellectual p[]s4 ,an angel1 on ! contr>y1 regulates 8 ext]ior actions by intellectual op]ation alone4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 8 ext]nal occupations 9 no respect imp$e 8 contemplation2 because giv5 two actions1 "o ( :i* is ! rule & ! reason ( ! o!r1 "o does n h9d] b helps ! o!r4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii7 t ! angels d n g abroad 9 su* a mann] z to lose ! delights ( inw>d contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 _! ext]nal actions ! angels *iefly m9i/] to ,god1 & second>ily to u2 n because we are sup]ior to !m1 absolutely speak+1 b because1 s9ce e man or angel by cleav+ to ,god is made "o _s ) ,god1 he is !reby sup]ior to e creature4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #b3c73 ,e/eem+ o!rs bett] ?an !mselves4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,all ! ,angels ,are ,s5t 9 ,m9i/ry8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! angels are s5t 9 m9i/ry4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #a3ad73 ,all are m9i/]+ spirits1 s5t to m9i/] ,vulg4 ',are !y n all 4 4 4 8'4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 among ! ord]s1 ! highe/ is t ( ! ,s]aphim1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #f74 ,b a ,s]aph 0 s5t to purify ! lips ( ! prophet 7,isa4 #f3f1 #g74 ,!re=e mu* m are ! inf]ior ord]s s5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e ,p]sons inf9itely excel all ! angelic ord]s4 ,b ! ,div9e ,p]sons are s5t4 ,!re=e mu* m are ev5 ! highe/ angels s5t4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! sup]ior angels are n s5t to ! ext]nal m9i/ries1 ?is c only be because ! sup]ior angels execute ! ,div9e m9i/ries by means ( ! inf]ior angels4 ,b z all ! angels are unequal1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #d71 ea* angel has an angel inf]ior to himself except ! la/ "o4 ,!re=e only ! la/ angel w\ld be s5t 9 m9i/ry2 :i* contradicts ! words1 ,?\s&s ( ?\s&s m9i/]$ to ,him 7,dan4 #g3aj74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang471 quot+ ! /atem5t ( ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xiii71 t ! high] ranks fulfil no ext]ior s]vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a71 ! ord] ( ,div9e ,provid5ce has s dispos$ n only among ! angels1 b also 9 ! :ole univ]se1 t inf]ior ?+s are adm9i/]$ by ! sup]ior4 ,b ! ,div9e disp5sation1 h[ev]1 ?is ord] is sometimes dep>t$ f z reg>ds corporeal ?+s1 = ! sake ( a high] ord]1 t is1 accord+ z x is suitable = ! manife/ation ( grace4 ,t ! man born bl9d 0 enlight5$1 t ,laz>us 0 rais$ f ! dead1 0 accompli%$ imm$iately by ,god )\t ! action ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,moreov] bo? good & bad angels c "w "s effect 9 ^! bodies indep5d5tly ( ! heav5ly bodies1 by ! cond5sation ( ! cl\ds to ra91 & by produc+ "s su* effects4 ,nor c anyone d\bt t ,god c imm$iately reveal ?+s to m5 )\t ! help ( ! angels1 & ! sup]ior angels )\t ! inf]ior4 ,f ?is /&po9t "s h said t accord+ to ! g5]al law ! sup]ior angels are n s5t1 b only ! inf]ior2 yet t sometimes1 by ,div9e disp5sation1 ! sup]ior angels also are s5t4 ,x may also be said t ! ,apo/le wi%es to prove t ,*ri/ is great] ?an ! angels :o 7 *os5 z ! mess5g]s ( ! law2 9 ord] t ,he might %[ ! excell5ce ( ! new ov] ! old law4 ,h5ce !re is no ne$ to apply ?is to any o!r angels besides ^? :o 7 s5t to give ! law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xiii71 ! angel :o 0 s5t to purify ! prophet's lips 0 "o ( ! inf]ior ord]2 b 0 call$ a ,s]aph1 t is1 k9dl+ 9 an equivocal s5se1 because he came to k9dle ! lips ( ! prophet4 ,x may also be said t ! sup]ior angels communicate _! own prop] gifts :]eby !y are d5om9at$1 ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! inf]ior angels4 ,?us "o ( ! ,s]aphim is describ$ z purify+ by fire ! prophet's lips1 n z if he did s imm$iately1 b because an inf]ior angel did s by 8 p[]2 z ! ,pope is said to absolve a man :5 he gives absolution by means ( someone else4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,div9e ,p]sons are n s5t 9 m9i/ry1 b are said to be s5t 9 an equivocal s5se1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a manifold grade exi/s 9 ! ,div9e m9i/ries4 ,h5ce !re is no?+ to prev5t angels ?\gh unequal f be+ s5t imm$iately 9 m9i/ry1 9 su* a mann] h[ev] t ! sup]ior are s5t to ! high] m9i/ries1 & ! l[] to ! inf]ior m9i/ries4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,all ! ,angels ,:o ,are ,s5t1 ,assi/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angels :o are s5t also assi/4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang473 ,s ! angels are s5t1 & assi/2 =1 ?\gh ! angelic _s is limit$1 yet ! supreme ,_s1 ,god1 is n limit$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! angel 0 s5t to adm9i/] to ,tobias4 ,yet he said1 ,i am ! angel ,raphael1 "o ( ! sev5 :o /& be=e ! ,"l 7,tob4 #ab3ae74 ,!re=e ! angels :o are s5t1 assi/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e holy angel is ne>] to ,god ?an ,satan is4 ,yet ,satan assi/$ ,god1 accord+ to ,job #a3f3 ,:5 ! sons ( ,god came to /& be=e ! ,"l1 ,satan also 0 pres5t among !m4 ,!re=e mu* m d ! angels1 :o are s5t to m9i/]1 assi/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! inf]ior angels d n assi/1 ! reason is because !y receive ! ,div9e enlight5m5t1 n imm$iately1 b ?r\gh ! sup]ior angels4 ,b e angel receives ! ,div9e enlight5m5t f a sup]ior1 except ! "o :o is highe/ ( all4 ,!re=e only ! highe/ angel w\ld assi/2 :i* is contr>y to ! text ( ,dan4 #g3aj3 ,t5 ?\s& times a hundr$ ?\s& /ood be=e ,him4 ,!re=e ! angels :o are s5t also assi/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says1 on ,job #be3c3 ,is !re any numb]+ ( ,8 soldi]s8 7,moral4 xvii73 ,^? p[]s assi/1 :o d n g =? z mess5g]s to m54 ,!re=e ^? :o are s5t 9 m9i/ry d n assi/4 ,i answ] t1 ,! angels are spok5 ( z assi/+ & adm9i/]+1 aft] ! lik5ess ( ^? :o att5d ^u a k+2 "s ( :om ev] wait ^u him1 & he> 8 comm&s imm$iately2 :ile o!rs !re are to :om ! royal comm&s are convey$ by ^? :o are 9 att5dance--= in/ance1 ^? :o are plac$ at ! head ( ! adm9i/ration ( v>i\s cities2 ^! are said to adm9i/]1 n to assi/4 ,we mu/ !re=e obs]ve t all ! angels gaze ^u ! ,div9e ,ess5ce imm$iately2 9 reg>d to :i* all1 ev5 ^? :o m9i/]1 are said to assi/4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii7 t ^? :o are s5t on ! ext]nal m9i/ry ( our salvation c always assi/ & see ! face ( ! ,fa!r4 ,yet n all ! angels c p]ceive ! secrets ( ! ,div9e my/]ies 9 ! cle>ness itself ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce2 b only ! sup]ior angels :o ann\nce !m to ! inf]ior3 & 9 t respect only ! sup]ior angels belong+ to ! highe/ hi]>*y are said to assi/1 ^: special pr]ogative x is to be enlight5$ imm$iately by ,god4 ,f ?is may be d$uc$ ! reply to ! fir/ & second objections1 :i* are bas$ on ! fir/ mode ( assi/+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,satan is n describ$ z hav+ assi/$1 b z pres5t among ! assi/ants2 =1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii71 ?\gh he has lo/ beatitude1 /ill he has reta9$ a nature l to ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all ! assi/ants see "s ?+s imm$iately 9 ! glory ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce2 & s x may be said t x is ! pr]ogative ( ! :ole ( ! highe/ hi]>*y to be imm$iately enlight5$ by ,god2 :ile ! high] ones among !m see m ?an is se5 by ! inf]ior2 "s ( :om enlight5 o!rs3 z also among ^? :o assi/ ! k+1 "o kn[s m ( ! k+'s secrets ?an ano!r4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ! ,angels ( ! ,second ,hi]>*y ,are ,s5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ! angels ( ! second hi]>*y are s5t4 ,= all ! angels ei!r assi/1 or m9i/]1 accord+ to ,dan4 #g3aj4 ,b ! angels ( ! second hi]>*y d n assi/2 = !y are enlight5$ by ! angels ( ! fir/ hi]>*y1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 viii74 ,!re=e all ! angels ( ! second hi]>*y are s5t 9 m9i/ry4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xvii7 t !re are m :o m9i/] ?an :o assi/4 ,?is w\ld n be ! case if ! angels ( ! second hi]>*y 7 n s5t 9 m9i/ry4 ,!re=e all ! angels ( ! second hi]>*y are s5t to m9i/]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 viii7 t ! ,dom9ations are above all subjection4 ,b to be s5t implies subjection4 ,!re=e ! dom9ations are n s5t to m9i/]4 ,i answ] t1 ,z above /at$ 7,a4 #a71 to be s5t to ext]nal m9i/ry prop]ly belongs to an angel accord+ z he acts by ,div9e comm& 9 respect ( any corporeal creature2 :i* is "p ( ! execution ( ! ,div9e m9i/ry4 ,n[ ! angelic prop]ties are manife/$ by _! names1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii72 & !re=e ! angels ( ^? ord]s are s5t to ext]nal m9i/ry ^: names signify "s k9d ( adm9i/ration4 ,b ! "n dom9ations does n signify any su* adm9i/ration1 b only disposition & comm& 9 adm9i/]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! names ( ! inf]ior ord]s imply adm9i/ration1 = ! ,angels & ,ar*angels are s call$ f ann\nc+2 ! ,virtues & ,p[]s are s call$ 9 respect ( "s act2 & x is "r t ! ,pr9ce1 accord+ to :at ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang471 be fir/ among ! work]s4 ,h5ce x belongs to ^! five ord]s to be s5t to ext]nal m9i/ry2 n to ! f\r sup]ior ord]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,dom9ations are reckon$ among ! m9i/]+ angels1 n z ex]cis+ b z dispos+ & comm&+ :at is to be done by o!rs2 ?us an ar*itect does n put 8 h&s to ! production ( 8 art1 b only disposes & ord]s :at o!rs are to d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a tw(old reason may be giv5 9 assign+ ! numb] ( ! assi/+ & m9i/]+ angels4 ,= ,gregory says t ^? :o m9i/] are m num]\s ?an ^? :o assi/2 because he takes ! words 7,dan4 #g3aj7 ?\s&s ( ?\s&s m9i/]$ to ,him1 n 9 a multiple b 9 a p>titive s5se1 to mean ?\s&s out ( ?\s&s2 ?us ! numb] ( ^? :o m9i/] is indef9ite1 & signifies excess2 :ile ! numb] ( assi/ants is f9ite z 9 ! words add$1 & t5 ?\s& times a hundr$ ?\s& assi/$ ,him4 ,?is explanation re/s on ! op9ion ( ! ,platoni/s1 :o said t ! ne>] ?+s are to ! "o fir/ pr9ciple1 ! small] !y are 9 numb]2 z ! ne>] a numb] is to unity1 ! less] x is ?an multitude4 ,?is op9ion is v]ifi$ z reg>ds ! numb] ( ord]s1 z six adm9i/] & ?ree assi/4 ,dionysius1 h[ev]1 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xiv7 decl>es t ! multitude ( angels surpasses all ! multitude ( mat]ial ?+s2 s t1 z ! sup]ior bodies exce$ ! inf]ior 9 magnitude to an immeasurable degree1 s ! sup]ior incorporeal natures surpass all corporeal natures 9 multitude2 because :atev] is bett] is m int5d$ & m multipli$ by ,god4 ,h5ce1 z ! assi/ants are sup]ior to ! m9i/]s !re w be m assi/ants ?an m9i/]s4 ,9 ?is way1 ! words ?\s&s ( ?\s&s are tak5 by way ( multiplication1 to signify a ?\s& times a ?\s&4 ,& because t5 times a hundr$ is a ?\s&1 if x 7 said t5 times a hundr$ ?\s& x w\ld mean t !re are z _m assi/ants z m9i/]s3 b s9ce x is writt5 t5 ?\s& times a hundr$ ?\s&1 we are giv5 to und]/& t ! assi/ants are mu* m num]\s ?an ! m9i/]s4 ,nor is ?is said to signify t ?is is ! precise numb] ( angels1 b r t x is mu* great]1 9 t x exce$s all mat]ial multitude4 ,?is is signifi$ by ! multiplication toge!r ( all ! greate/ numb]s1 namely t51 a hundr$1 & a ?\s&1 z ,dionysius rem>ks 9 ! same passage4 ,,"q #aac ,,( ,,! ,,gu>dian%ip ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,angels 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! gu>dian%ip ex]cis$ by ! good angels2 & _! w>f>e aga9/ ! bad angels4 ,"u ! fir/ head eight po9ts ( inquiry arise3 7#a7 ,:e!r m5 are gu>d$ by ! angels8 7#b7 ,:e!r to ea* man is assign$ a s+le gu>dian angel8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! gu>dian%ip belongs only to ! l[e/ ord] ( angels8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is fitt+ = ea* man to h an angel gu>dian8 7#e7 ,:5 does an angel's gu>dian%ip ( a man beg98 7#f7 ,:e!r ! angel gu>dians always wat* ov] m58 7#g7 ,:e!r ! angel grieves ov] ! loss ( ! "o gu>d$8 7#h7 ,:e!r rivalry exi/s among ! angels z reg>ds _! gu>dian%ip8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,gu>d$ by ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 are n gu>d$ by ! angels4 ,= gu>dians are deput$ to "s because !y ei!r "k n h[1 or are n able1 to gu>d !mselves1 z *ildr5 & ! sick4 ,b man is able to gu>d himself by 8 free-w2 & kn[s h[ by 8 natural k ( natural law4 ,!re=e man is n gu>d$ by an angel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a /rong gu>d makes a weak] "o sup]flu\s4 ,b m5 are gu>d$ by ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #abj3d3 ,he %all nei!r slumb] nor sleep1 t keepe? ,israel4 ,!re=e man does n ne$ to be gu>d$ by an angel4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! loss ( ! gu>d$ r$\nds to ! neglig5ce ( ! gu>dian2 h5ce x 0 said to a c]ta9 "o3 ,keep ?is man2 & if he %all slip away1 ?y life %all be = 8 life 7#c ,k+s #bj3ci74 ,n[ _m p]i% daily ?r\gh fall+ into s92 :om ! angels c\ld help by visible appe>ance1 or by miracles1 or 9 "s su*-l way4 ,! angels w\ld !re=e be neglig5t if m5 are giv5 to _! gu>dian%ip4 ,b t is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e ! angels are n ! gu>dians ( m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ij3aa73 ,he ha? giv5 ,8 angels *>ge ov] !e1 to keep !e 9 all ?y ways4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! plan ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 we f9d t 9 all ?+s ! movable & v>iable are mov$ & regulat$ by ! immovable & inv>iable2 z all corporeal ?+s by immovable spiritual sub/ances1 & ! inf]ior bodies by ! sup]ior :i* are inv>iable 9 sub/ance4 ,we ourselves also are regulat$ z reg>ds conclusions1 ab\t :i* we may h v>i\s op9ions1 by ! pr9ciples :i* we hold 9 an inv>iable mann]4 ,x is moreov] manife/ t z reg>ds ?+s to be done human k & affection c v>y & fail f good 9 _m ways2 & s x 0 necess>y t angels %\ld be deput$ = ! gu>dian%ip ( m51 9 ord] to regulate !m & move !m to good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by free-w man c avoid evil to a c]ta9 degree1 b n 9 any suffici5t degree2 =asmu* z he is weak 9 affection t[>ds good on acc\nt ( ! manifold passions ( ! s\l4 ,likewise univ]sal natural k ( ! law1 :i* by nature belongs to man1 to a c]ta9 degree directs man to good1 b n 9 a suffici5t degree2 because 9 ! application ( ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( law to p>ticul> actions man happ5s to be defici5t 9 _m ways4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #i3ad73 ,! ?\ghts ( mortal m5 are fe>ful1 & our c\nsels unc]ta94 ,?us man ne$s to be gu>d$ by ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,two ?+s are requir$ = a good action2 fir/1 t ! affection be incl9$ to good1 :i* is effect$ 9 u by ! habit ( mortal virtue4 ,secondly1 t reason %\ld discov] ! prop] me?ods to make p]fect ! good ( virtue2 ?is ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi7 attributes to prud5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 ,god gu>ds man imm$iately by infus+ into him grace & virtues2 z reg>ds ! second1 ,god gu>ds man z 8 univ]sal in/ructor1 ,^: precepts rea* man by ! m$ium ( ! angels1 z above /at$ 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z m5 dep>t f ! natural in/9ct ( good by reason ( a s9ful passion1 s also d !y dep>t f ! in/igation ( ! good angels1 :i* takes place invisibly :5 !y enlight5 man t he may d :at is "r4 ,h5ce t m5 p]i% is n to be imput$ to ! neglig5ce ( ! angels b to ! malice ( m54 ,t !y sometimes appe> to m5 visibly outside ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature comes f a special grace ( ,god1 z likewise t miracles occur outside ! ord] ( nature4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ea* ,man ,is ,gu>d$ by an ,angel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ea* man is n gu>d$ by an angel4 ,= an angel is /rong] ?an a man4 ,b "o man suffices to gu>d _m m54 ,!re=e mu* m c "o angel gu>d _m m54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! l[] ?+s are br\ght to ,god ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! high]1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv1 xiii74 ,b z all ! angels are unequal 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #d71 !re is only "o angel betwe5 :om & m5 !re is no m$ium4 ,!re=e !re is only "o angel :o imm$iately keeps m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! great] angels are deput$ to ! great] (fices4 ,b x is n a great] (fice to keep "o man m ?an ano!r2 s9ce all m5 are naturally equal4 ,s9ce !re=e ( all ! angels "o is great] ?an ano!r1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 x71 x seems t diff]5t m5 are n gu>d$ by diff]5t angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,on ! text1 ,_! angels 9 heav51 etc4 7,matt4 #h3aj71 ,j]ome says3 ,great is ! dignity ( s\ls1 = ea* "o to h an angel deput$ to gu>d x f its bir?4 ,i answ] t1 ,ea* man has an angel gu>dian appo9t$ to him4 ,?is re/s ^u ! fact t ! gu>dian%ip ( angels belongs to ! execution ( ,div9e provid5ce conc]n+ m54 ,b ,god's provid5ce acts diff]5tly z reg>ds m5 & z reg>ds o!r corruptible creatures1 = !y are relat$ diff]5tly to incorruptibility4 ,= m5 are n only incorruptible 9 ! common species1 b also 9 ! prop] =ms ( ea* individual1 :i* are ! rational s\ls1 :i* _c be said ( o!r incorruptible ?+s4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! provid5ce ( ,god is *iefly ex]cis$ t[>ds :at rema9s = ev]2 :]eas z reg>ds ?+s :i* pass away1 ! provid5ce ( ,god acts s z to ord] _! exi/5ce to ! ?+s :i* are p]petual4 ,?us ! provid5ce ( ,god is relat$ to ea* man z x is to e g5us or species ( ?+s corruptible4 ,b1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang471 ! diff]5t ord]s are deput$ to ! diff]5t g5]a ( ?+s1 = in/ance1 ! ,p[]s to co]ce ! demons1 ! ,virtues to "w miracles 9 ?+s corporeal2 :ile x is probable t ! diff]5t species are presid$ ov] by diff]5t angels ( ! same ord]4 ,h5ce x is also reasonable to suppose t diff]5t angels are appo9t$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( diff]5t m54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a gu>dian may be assign$ to a man = two reasons3 fir/1 inasmu* z a man is an individual1 & ?us to "o man "o gu>dian is due2 & sometimes sev]al are appo9t$ to gu>d "o4 ,secondly1 inasmu* z a man is "p ( a community1 & ?us "o man is appo9t$ z gu>dian ( a :ole community2 to :om x belongs to provide :at conc]ns "o man 9 8 relation to ! :ole community1 su* z ext]nal works1 :i* are s\rces ( /r5g? or weakness to o!rs4 ,b angel gu>dians are giv5 to m5 also z reg>ds invisible & occult ?+s1 conc]n+ ! salvation ( ea* "o 9 8 own reg>d4 ,h5ce individual angels are appo9t$ to gu>d individual m54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z above /at$ 7,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #c1 ad #d71 all ! angels ( ! fir/ hi]>*y are1 z to "s ?+s1 enlight5$ by ,god directly2 b z to o!r ?+s1 only ! sup]ior are directly enlight5$ by ,god1 & ^! reveal !m to ! inf]ior4 ,& ! same also applies to ! inf]ior ord]s3 = a l[] angel is enlight5$ 9 "s respects by "o ( ! highe/1 & 9 o!r respects by ! "o imm$iately above him4 ,?us x is possible t "s "o angel enlight5s a man imm$iately1 & yet has o!r angels b5ea? him :om he enlight5s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh m5 are equal 9 nature1 /ill inequality exi/s among !m1 accord+ z ,div9e ,provid5ce ord]s "s to ! great]1 & o!rs to ! less] ?+s1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #cc3aa1 #ab3 ,) mu* k ! ,"l ha? divid$ !m1 & div]sifi$ _! ways3 "s ( !m ha? ,he bless$ & exalt$1 & "s ( !m ha? ,he curs$ & br\ght l[4 ,?us x is a great] (fice to gu>d "o man ?an ano!r4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r to ,gu>d ,m5 ,belongs ,only to ! ,l[e/ ,ord] ( ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gu>dian%ip ( m5 does n belong only to ! l[e/ ord] ( ! angels4 ,= ,*ryso/om says t ! text 7,matt4 #ah3aj71 ,_! angels 9 heav51 etc4 is to be und]/ood n ( any angels b ( ! highe/4 ,!re=e ! sup]ior angels gu>d m54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says t angels are s5t to m9i/] = !m :o %all receive ! inh]itance ( salvation 7,heb4 #a3ad72 & ?us x seems t ! mission ( ! angels is direct$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( m54 ,b five ord]s are s5t 9 ext]nal m9i/ry 7,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e all ! angels ( ! five ord]s are deput$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 = ! gu>dian%ip ( m5 x seems especially necess>y to co]ce ! demons1 :i* belongs mo/ ( all to ! ,p[]s1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang472 & to "w miracles1 :i* belongs to ! ,virtues4 ,!re=e ^! ord]s are also deput$ to ! "w ( gu>dian%ip1 & n only ! l[e/ ord]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,psalm 7#ij7 ! gu>dian%ip ( m5 is attribut$ to ! angels2 :o belong to ! l[e/ ord]1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 v1 ix74 ,i answ] t1 ,z above /at$ 7,a4 #b71 man is gu>d$ 9 two ways2 9 "o way by p>ticul> gu>dian%ip1 accord+ z to ea* man an angel is appo9t$ to gu>d him2 & su* gu>dian%ip belongs to ! l[e/ ord] ( ! angels1 ^: place x is1 accord+ to ,gregory1 to ann\nce ! less] ?+s2 = x seems to be ! lea/ ( ! angelic (fices to procure :at conc]ns ! salvation ( only "o man4 ,! o!r k9d ( gu>dian%ip is univ]sal1 multipli$ accord+ to ! diff]5t ord]s4 ,= ! m univ]sal an ag5t is1 ! high] x is4 ,?us ! gu>dian%ip ( ! human race belongs to ! ord] ( ,pr9cipalities1 or p]haps to ! ,ar*angels1 :om we call ! angel pr9ces4 ,h5ce1 ,mi*ael1 :om we call an ar*angel1 is also /yl$ "o ( ! pr9ces 7,dan4 #aj3ac74 ,moreov] all corporeal creatures are gu>d$ by ! ,virtues2 & likewise ! demons by ! ,p[]s1 & ! good spirits by ! ,pr9cipalities1 accord+ to ,gregory's op9ion 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,ev474 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*ryso/om c be tak5 to mean ! highe/ 9 ! l[e/ ord] ( angels2 =1 z ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 x7 9 ea* ord] !re are fir/1 middle1 & la/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ! great] angels are deput$ to keep ^? *os5 by ,god = ! high] degree ( glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n all ! angels :o are s5t h gu>dian%ip ( individual m52 b "s ord]s h a univ]sal gu>dian%ip1 great] or less1 z above expla9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 inf]ior angels ex]cise ! (fice ( ! sup]ior1 z !y %>e 9 _! gifts1 & !y are executors ( ! sup]iors' p[]2 & 9 ?is way all ! angels ( ! l[e/ ord] c co]ce ! demons1 & "w miracles4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,angels ,are ,appo9t$ to ! ,gu>dian%ip ( ,all ,m58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t angels are n appo9t$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( all m54 ,= x is writt5 ( ,*ri/ 7,phil4 #b3g7 t ,he 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( m51 & 9 habit f\nd z a man4 ,if !re=e angels are appo9t$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( all m51 ,*ri/ also w\ld h _h an angel gu>dian4 ,b ?is is unseemly1 = ,*ri/ is great] ?an all ! angels4 ,!re=e angels are n appo9t$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( all m54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,adam 0 ! fir/ ( all m54 ,b x 0 n fitt+ t he %\ld h an angel gu>dian1 at lea/ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce3 = !n he 0 n beset by any dang]s4 ,!re=e angels are n appo9t$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( all m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 angels are appo9t$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( m51 t !y may take !m by ! h& & guide !m to et]nal life1 enc\rage !m to good works1 & protect !m aga9/ ! assaults ( ! demons4 ,b m5 :o are =ekn[n to damnation1 nev] atta9 to et]nal life4 ,infidels1 also1 ?\gh at times !y p]=m good works1 d n p]=m !m well1 = !y h n a "r int5tion3 = fai? directs ! int5tion z ,augu/9e says 7,en>r4 ii 9 ,ps4 #ca74 ,moreov]1 ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/ w be accord+ to ! work+ ( ,satan1 z x is writt5 7#b ,!ss4 #b3i74 ,!re=e angels are n deput$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( all m54 ,on ! contr>y1 is ! au?ority ( ,j]ome quot$ above 7,a4 #b71 = he says t ea* s\l has an angel appo9t$ to gu>d x4 ,i answ] t1 ,man :ile 9 ?is /ate ( life1 is1 z x 71 on a road by :i* he %\ld j\rney t[>ds heav54 ,on ?is road man is ?reat5$ by _m dang]s bo? f )9 & f )\t1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aei3d3 ,9 ?is way :]e9 ,i walk$1 !y h hidd5 a sn>e = me4 ,& !re=e z gu>dians are appo9t$ = m5 :o h to pass by an unsafe road1 s an angel gu>dian is assign$ to ea* man z long z he is a wayf>]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he arrives at ! end ( life he no long] has a gu>dian angel2 b 9 ! k+dom he w h an angel to reign ) him1 9 hell a demon to puni% him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*ri/ z man 0 guid$ imm$iately by ! ,^w ( ,god3 :]e=e ,he ne$$ n be gu>d$ by an angel4 ,aga9 z reg>ds ,8 s\l1 ,he 0 a compreh5sor1 al?\gh 9 reg>d to ,8 passible body1 ,he 0 a wayf>]4 ,9 ?is latt] respect x 0 "r t ,he %\ld h n a gu>dian angel z sup]ior to ,him1 b a m9i/]+ angel z inf]ior to ,him4 ,:5ce x is writt5 7,matt4 #d3aa7 t angels came & m9i/]$ to ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce man 0 n ?reat5$ by any p]il f )93 because )9 him all 0 well ord]$1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ie1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,b p]il ?reat5$ f )\t on acc\nt ( ! sn>es ( ! demons2 z 0 prov$ by ! ev5t4 ,= ?is reason he ne$$ a gu>dian angel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ! =ekn[n1 ! infidels1 & ev5 ,anti*ri/1 are n depriv$ ( ! int]ior help ( natural reason2 s nei!r are !y depriv$ ( t ext]ior help grant$ by ,god to ! :ole human race--namely ! gu>dian%ip ( ! angels4 ,& al?\gh ! help :i* !y receive !refrom does n result 9 _! des]v+ et]nal life by good works1 x does nev]!less conduce to _! be+ protect$ f c]ta9 evils :i* w\ld hurt bo? !mselves & o!rs4 ,= ev5 ! demons are held (f by ! good angels1 le/ !y hurt z mu* z !y w\ld4 ,9 l mann] ,anti*ri/ w n d z mu* h>m z he w\ld wi%4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r an ,angel ,is ,appo9t$ to ,gu>d a ,man f ,8 ,bir?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an angel is n appo9t$ to gu>d a man f 8 bir?4 ,= angels are s5t to m9i/] = !m :o %all receive ! inh]itance ( salvation1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #a3ad74 ,b m5 beg9 to receive ! inh]itance ( salvation1 :5 !y are baptiz$4 ,!re=e an angel is appo9t$ to gu>d a man f ! "t ( 8 baptism1 n ( 8 bir?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 m5 are gu>d$ by angels 9 z f> z angels enlight5 & in/ruct !m4 ,b *ildr5 are n capable ( in/ruction z soon z !y are born1 = !y h n ! use ( reason4 ,!re=e angels are n appo9t$ to gu>d *ildr5 z soon z !y are born4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a *ild has a rational s\l = "s "t be=e bir?1 j z well z aft]4 ,b x does n appe> t an angel is appo9t$ to gu>d a *ild be=e its bir?1 = !y are n !n admitt$ to ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e angels are n appo9t$ to gu>d m5 f ! mom5t ( _! bir?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome says 7vide ,a4 #d7 t ea* s\l has an angel appo9t$ to gu>d x f its bir?4 ,i answ] t1 z ,orig5 obs]ves 7,tract4 v1 sup] ,matt47 !re are two op9ions on ?is matt]4 ,= "s h held t ! angel gu>dian is appo9t$ at ! "t ( baptism1 o!rs1 t he is appo9t$ at ! "t ( bir?4 ,! latt] op9ion ,j]ome approves 7loc4 cit471 & ) reason4 ,= ^? b5efits :i* are conf]r$ by ,god on man z a ,*ri/ian1 beg9 ) 8 baptism2 su* z receiv+ ! ,eu*>i/1 & ! l4 ,b ^? :i* are conf]r$ by ,god on man z a rational be+1 are be/[$ on him at 8 bir?1 = !n x is t he receives t nature4 ,among ! latt] b5efits we mu/ c\nt ! gu>dian%ip ( angels1 z we h said above 7,,aa4 #a1 #d74 ,:]e=e f ! v mom5t ( 8 bir? man has an angel gu>dian appo9t$ to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,angels are s5t to m9i/]1 & t efficaci\sly inde$1 = ^? :o %all receive ! inh]itance ( salvation1 if we consid] ! ultimate effect ( _! gu>dian%ip1 :i* is ! realiz+ ( t inh]itance4 ,b = all t1 ! angelic m9i/rations are n )drawn = o!rs al?\gh !y are n s efficaci\s z to br+ !m to salvation3 efficaci\s1 nev]!less1 !y are1 inasmu* z !y w>d (f _m evils4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gu>dian%ip is orda9$ to enlight5m5t by in/ruction1 z to its ultimate & pr9cipal effect4 ,nev]!less x has _m o!r effects consi/5t ) *ildhood2 = in/ance to w>d (f ! demons1 & to prev5t bo? bodily & spiritual h>m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z long z ! *ild is 9 ! "m's womb x is n entirely sep>ate1 b by reason ( a c]ta9 intimate tie1 is /ill "p ( h]3 j z ! fruit :ile hang+ on ! tree is "p ( ! tree4 ,& !re=e x c be said ) "s degree ( probability1 t ! angel :o gu>ds ! "m gu>ds ! *ild :ile 9 ! womb4 ,b at its bir?1 :5 x becomes sep>ate f ! "m1 an angel gu>dian is appo9t$ to x2 z ,j]ome1 above quot$1 says4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,angel ,gu>dian ,ev] ,=sakes a ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! angel gu>dian sometimes =sakes ! man :om he is appo9t$ to gu>d4 ,= x is said 7,j]4 #ea3i7 9 ! p]son ( ! angels3 ,we w\ld h cur$ ,babylon1 b %e is n heal$3 let u =sake h]4 ,& 7,isa4 #e3e7 x is writt53 ,i w take away ! h$ge--t is1 ! gu>dian%ip ( ! angels gloss--& x %all be wa/$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god's gu>dian%ip excels t ( ! angels4 ,b ,god =sakes man at times1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ba3b3 ,o ,god1 my ,god1 look ^u me3 :y ha/ ,?\ =sak5 me8 ,mu* r !re=e does an angel gu>dian =sake man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #c71 ,:5 ! angels are "h ) u1 !y are n 9 heav54 ,b sometimes !y are 9 heav54 ,!re=e sometimes !y =sake u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! demons are ev] assail+ u1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 #e3h3 ,y\r adv]s>y ! devil1 z a ro>+ lion1 goe? ab\t1 seek+ :om he may dev\r4 ,mu* m !re=e d ! good angels ev] gu>d u4 ,i answ] t1 ,z appe>s above 7,a4 #b71 ! gu>dian%ip ( ! angels is an effect ( ,div9e provid5ce 9 reg>d to man4 ,n[ x is evid5t t nei!r man1 nor any?+ at all1 is entirely )drawn f ! provid5ce ( ,god3 = 9 z f> z a ?+ p>ticipates be+1 s f> is x subject to ! provid5ce t ext5ds ov] all be+4 ,god inde$ is said to =sake man1 accord+ to ! ord]+ ( ,8 provid5ce1 b only 9 s f> z ,he all[s man to suff] "s defect ( puni%m5t or ( fault4 ,9 l mann] x mu/ be said t ! angel gu>dian nev] =sakes a man entirely1 b sometimes he leaves him 9 "s p>ticul>1 = in/ance by n prev5t+ him f be+ subject to "s tr\ble1 or ev5 f fall+ into s91 accord+ to ! ord]+ ( ,div9e judgm5ts4 ,9 ?is s5se ,babylon & ! ,h\se ( ,israel are said to h be5 =sak5 by ! angels1 because _! angel gu>dians did n prev5t !m f be+ subject to tribulation4 ,f ?is ! answ]s are cle> to ! fir/ & second objections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh an angel may =sake a man sometimes locally1 he does n = t reason =sake him z to ! effect ( 8 gu>dian%ip3 = ev5 :5 he is 9 heav5 he kn[s :at is happ5+ to man2 nor does he ne$ "t = 8 local motion1 = he c be ) man 9 an in/ant4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,angels ,grieve = ! ,ills ( ,^? ,:om ,!y ,gu>d8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t angels grieve = ! ills ( ^? :om !y gu>d4 ,= x is writt5 7,isa4 #cc3g73 ,! angels ( peace %all weep bitt]ly4 ,b weep+ is a sign ( grief & sorr[4 ,!re=e angels grieve = ! ills ( ^? :om !y gu>d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ae71 sorr[ is = ^? ?+s t happ5 aga9/ our w4 ,b ! loss ( ! man :om he has gu>d$ is aga9/ ! gu>dian angel's w4 ,!re=e angels grieve = ! loss ( m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z sorr[ is contr>y to joy1 s p5ance is contr>y to s94 ,b angels rejoice ab\t "o s9n] do+ p5ance1 z we are told1 ,luke #ae3g4 ,!re=e !y grieve = ! j man :o falls into s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 on ,numb]s #ah3ab3 ,:atsoev] fir/-fruits !y (f]1 etc4 ! gloss ( ,orig5 says3 ,! angels are br\ght to judgm5t z to :e!r m5 h fall5 ?r\gh _! neglig5ce or ?r\gh _! own fault4 ,b x is reasonable = anyone to grieve = ! ills :i* h br\ght him to judgm5t4 ,!re=e angels grieve = m5's s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:]e !re is grief & sorr[1 !re is n p]fect happ9ess3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,apoc4 #ba3d73 ,dea? %all be no m1 nor m\rn+1 nor cry+1 nor sorr[4 ,b ! angels are p]fectly happy4 ,!re=e !y h no cause = grief4 ,i answ] t1 ,angels d n grieve1 ei!r = s9s or = ! pa9s inflict$ on m54 ,= grief & sorr[1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ae7 are = ^? ?+s :i* occur aga9/ our w4 ,b no?+ happ5s 9 ! _w contr>y to ! w ( ! angels & ! o!r bless$1 because _! w cleaves entirely to ! ord]+ ( ,div9e ju/ice2 :ile no?+ happ5s 9 ! _w save :at is effect$ or p]mitt$ by ,div9e ju/ice4 ,!re=e simply speak+1 no?+ occurs 9 ! _w aga9/ ! w ( ! bless$4 ,= z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 t is call$ simply volunt>y1 :i* a man wills 9 a p>ticul> case1 & at a p>ticul> "t1 hav+ consid]$ all ! circum/ances2 al?\gh univ]sally speak+1 su* a ?+ w\ld n be volunt>y3 ?us ! sailor does n w ! ca/+ ( 8 c>go into ! sea1 consid]$ univ]sally & absolutely1 b on acc\nt ( ! ?reat5$ dang] ( 8 life1 he wills x4 ,:]e=e ?is is volunt>y r ?an involunt>y1 z /at$ 9 ! same passage4 ,!re=e univ]sally & absolutely speak+ ! angels d n w s9 & ! pa9s inflict$ on its acc\nt3 b !y d w ! fulfilm5t ( ! ord]+ ( ,div9e ju/ice 9 ?is matt]1 9 respect ( :i* "s are subject$ to pa9s & are all[$ to fall into s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ,isaias may be und]/ood ( ! angels1 i4e4 ! mess5g]s1 ( ,eze*ias1 :o wept on acc\nt ( ! words ( ,rabsaces1 z relat$ ,isa4 #cg3b seqq43 ?is w\ld be ! lit]al s5se4 ,accord+ to ! allegorical s5se ! angels ( peace are ! apo/les & prea*]s :o weep = m5's s9s4 ,if accord+ to ! anagogical s5se ?is passage be exp\nd$ ( ! bless$ angels1 !n ! expression is metaphorical1 & signifies t univ]sally speak+ ! angels w ! salvation ( mank9d3 = 9 ?is s5se we attribute passions to ,god & ! angels4 ,! reply to ! second objection appe>s f :at has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bo? 9 man's rep5tance & 9 man's s9 !re is "o reason = ! angel's joy1 namely ! fulfilm5t ( ! ord]+ ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! angels are br\ght into judgm5t = ! s9s ( m51 n z guilty1 b z witnesses to convict man ( weakness4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,/rife or ,discord ,among ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be no /rife or discord among ! angels4 ,= x is writt5 7,job #be3b73 ,:o make? peace 9 ,8 high places4 ,b /rife is oppos$ to peace4 ,!re=e among ! high angels !re is no /rife4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]e !re is p]fect *>ity & j au?ority !re c be no /rife4 ,b all ?is exi/s among ! angels4 ,!re=e !re is no /rife among ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if we say t angels /rive = ^? :om !y gu>d1 "o angel mu/ ne$s take "o side1 & ano!r angel ! opposite side4 ,b if "o side is 9 ! "r ! o!r side is 9 ! wrong4 ,x w foll[ !re=e1 t a good angel is a comp\nd] ( wrong2 :i* is unseemly4 ,!re=e !re is no /rife among good angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,dan4 #aj3ac73 ,! pr9ce ( ! k+dom ( ! ,p]sians resi/$ me "o & tw5ty days4 ,b ?is pr9ce ( ! ,p]sians 0 ! angel deput$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( ! k+dom ( ! ,p]sians4 ,!re=e "o good angel resi/s ! o!rs2 & ?us !re is /rife among !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,! rais+ ( ?is "q is occasion$ by ?is passage ( ,daniel4 ,j]ome expla9s x by say+ t ! pr9ce ( ! k+dom ( ! ,p]sians is ! angel :o oppos$ ! sett+ free ( ! p ( ,israel1 = :om ,daniel 0 pray+1 8 pray]s be+ (f]$ to ,god by ,gabriel4 ,& ?is resi/ance ( 8 may h be5 caus$ by "s pr9ce ( ! demons hav+ l$ ! ,jewi% captives 9 ,p]sia into s92 :i* s9 0 an imp$im5t to ! efficacy ( ! pray] :i* ,daniel put up = t same p4 ,b accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xvii71 ! pr9ce ( ! k+dom ( ,p]sia 0 a good angel appo9t$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( t k+dom4 ,to see !re=e h[ "o angel c be said to resi/ ano!r1 we mu/ note t ! ,div9e judgm5ts 9 reg>d to v>i\s k+doms & v>i\s m5 are execut$ by ! angels4 ,n[ 9 _! actions1 ! angels are rul$ by ! ,div9e decree4 ,b x happ5s at times 9 v>i\s k+doms or v>i\s m5 !re are contr>y m]its or dem]its1 s t "o ( !m is subject to or plac$ ov] ano!r4 ,z to :at is ! ord]+ ( ,div9e wisdom on su* matt]s1 ! angels _c "k x unless ,god reveal x to !m3 & s !y ne$ to consult ,div9e wisdom !reupon4 ,:]e=e =asmu* z !y consult ! ,div9e w conc]n+ v>i\s contr>y & oppos+ m]its1 !y are said to resi/ "o ano!r3 n t _! wills are 9 opposition1 s9ce !y are all ( "o m9d z to ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,div9e decree2 b t ! ?+s ab\t :i* !y seek k are 9 opposition4 ,f ?is ! answ]s to ! objections are cle>4 ,,"q #aad ,,( ,,! ,,assaults ,,( ,,! ,,demons 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! assaults ( ! demons4 ,"u ?is head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r m5 are assail$ by ! demons8 7#b7 ,:e!r to tempt is prop] to ! devil8 7#c7 ,:e!r all ! s9s ( m5 are to be set d[n to ! assaults or temptations ( ! demons8 7#d7 ,:e!r !y c "w real miracles = ! purpose ( lead+ m5 a/ray8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! demons :o are ov]come by m51 are h9d]$ f mak+ fur!r assaults8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,assail$ by ! ,demons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 are n assail$ by ! demons4 ,= angels are s5t by ,god to gu>d man4 ,b demons are n s5t by ,god3 = ! demons' int5tion is ! loss ( s\ls2 :]eas ,god's is ! salvation ( s\ls4 ,!re=e demons are n deput$ to assail man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is n a fair fight1 = ! weak to be set aga9/ ! /rong1 & ! ignorant aga9/ ! a/ute4 ,b m5 are weak & ignorant1 :]eas ! demons are /rong & a/ute4 ,x is n !re=e to be p]mitt$ by ,god1 ! au?or ( all ju/ice1 t m5 %\ld be assail$ by demons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! assaults ( ! fle% & ! _w are en\gh = man's ex]cise4 ,b ,god p]mits ,8 elect to be assail$ t !y may be ex]cis$4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = !m to be assail$ by ! demons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #f3ab73 ,our wre/l+ is n aga9/ fle% & blood2 b aga9/ ,pr9cipalities & ,p[]s1 aga9/ ! rul]s ( ! _w ( ?is d>kness1 aga9/ ! spirits ( wick$ness 9 ! high places4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 ! assault ( ! demons--! assault itself1 & ! ord]+ !re(4 ,! assault itself is due to ! malice ( ! demons1 :o ?r\gh envy endeavor to h9d] man's progress2 & ?r\gh pride usurp a semblance ( ,div9e p[]1 by deput+ c]ta9 m9i/]s to assail man1 z ! angels ( ,god 9 _! v>i\s (fices m9i/] to man's salvation4 ,b ! ord]+ ( ! assault is f ,god1 ,:o kn[s h[ to make ord]ly use ( evil by ord]+ x to good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 reg>d to ! angels1 bo? _! gu>dian%ip & ! ord]+ !re( are to be ref]r$ to ,god z _! fir/ au?or4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! wick$ angels assail m5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly by in/igat+ !m to s92 & ?us !y are n s5t by ,god to assail u1 b are sometimes p]mitt$ to d s accord+ to ,god's j judgm5ts4 ,b sometimes _! assault is a puni%m5t to man3 & ?us !y are s5t by ,god2 z ! ly+ _s 0 s5t to puni% ,a*ab1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 z is relat$ 9 #c ,k+s #bb3bj4 ,= puni%m5t is ref]r$ to ,god z its fir/ au?or4 ,nev]!less ! demons :o are s5t to puni%1 d s ) an int5tion o!r ?an t = :i* !y are s5t2 = !y puni% f hatr$ or envy2 :]eas !y are s5t by ,god on acc\nt ( ,8 ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ord] t ! conditions ( ! fight be n unequal1 !re is z reg>ds man ! promis$ recomp5se1 to be ga9$ pr9cipally ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god1 second>ily ?r\gh ! gu>dian%ip ( ! angels4 ,:]e=e 7#d ,k+s #f3af71 ,eliseus said to 8 s]vant3 ,fe> n1 = !re are m ) u ?an ) !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! assault ( ! fle% & ! _w w\ld suffice = ! ex]cise ( human weakness3 b x does n suffice = ! demon's malice1 :i* makes use ( bo? ! above 9 assail+ m54 ,b by ! ,div9e ord9ance ?is t5ds to ! glory ( ! elect4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r to ,tempt ,is ,prop] to ! ,devil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to tempt is n prop] to ! devil4 ,= ,god is said to tempt1 accord+ to ,g54 #bb3a1 ,god tempt$ ,abraham4 ,moreov] man is tempt$ by ! fle% & ! _w4 ,aga91 man is said to tempt ,god1 & to tempt man4 ,!re=e x is n prop] to ! devil to tempt4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to tempt is a sign ( ignorance4 ,b ! demons "k :at happ5s among m54 ,!re=e ! demons d n tempt4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 temptation is ! road to s94 ,n[ s9 dwells 9 ! w4 ,s9ce !re=e ! demons _c *ange man's w1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #b71 x seems t x is n 9 _! prov9ce to tempt4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,!ss4 #c3e73 ,le/ p]haps he t tempte? %\ld h tempt$ y3 to :i* ! gloss adds1 t is1 ! devil1 ^: (fice x is to tempt4 ,i answ] t1 ,to tempt is1 prop]ly speak+1 to make trial ( some?+4 ,n[ we make trial ( some?+ 9 ord] to "k some?+ ab\t x3 h5ce ! imm$iate end ( e tempt] is k4 ,b sometimes ano!r end1 ei!r good or bad1 is s\ght to be acquir$ ?r\gh t k2 a good end1 :51 = in/ance1 "o desires to "k ( someone1 :at sort ( a man he is z to k1 or virtue1 ) a view to 8 promotion2 a bad end1 :5 t k is s\ght ) ! purpose ( deceiv+ or ru9+ him4 ,f ?is we c ga!r h[ v>i\s be+s are said to tempt 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= man is said to tempt1 sometimes inde$ m]ely = ! sake ( kn[+ some?+2 & = ?is reason x is a s9 to tempt ,god2 = man1 be+ unc]ta9 z x 71 presumes to make an exp]im5t ( ,god's p[]4 ,sometimes too he tempts 9 ord] to help1 sometimes 9 ord] to hurt4 ,! devil1 h[ev]1 always tempts 9 ord] to hurt by urg+ man into s94 ,9 ?is s5se x is said to be 8 prop] (fice to tempt3 = ?\ght at times man tempts ?us1 he does ?is z m9i/] ( ! devil4 ,god is said to tempt t ,he may "k1 9 ! same s5se z t is said to "k :i* makes o!rs to "k4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #ac3c73 ,! ,"l y\r ,god trie? y1 t x may appe> :e!r y love him4 ,! fle% & ! _w are said to tempt z ! in/rum5ts or matt] ( temptations2 inasmu* z "o c "k :at sort ( man someone is1 accord+ z he foll[s or resi/s ! desires ( ! fle%1 & accord+ z he despises worldly advantages & adv]sity3 ( :i* ?+s ! devil also makes use 9 tempt+4 ,?us ! reply to ! fir/ objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! demons "k :at happ5s outw>dly among m52 b ! inw>d disposition ( man ,god alone kn[s1 ,:o is ! weigh] ( spirits 7,prov4 #af3b74 ,x is ?is disposition t makes man m prone to "o vice ?an to ano!r3 h5ce ! devil tempts1 9 ord] to explore ?is inw>d disposition ( man1 s t he may tempt him to t vice to :i* he is mo/ prone4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh a demon _c *ange ! w1 yet1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #c71 he c *ange ! inf]ior p[]s ( man1 9 a c]ta9 degree3 by :i* p[]s1 ?\gh ! w _c be =c$1 x c nev]!less be incl9$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,all ,s9s ,are ,due to ! ,temptation ( ! ,devil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all s9s are due to ! temptation ( ! devil4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! multitude ( demons is ! cause ( all evils1 bo? to !mselves & to o!rs4 ,& ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d7 t all malice & all uncleanness h be5 devis$ by ! devil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ( e s9n] c be said :at ! ,"l said ( ! ,jews 7,john #h3dd73 ,y are ( y\r fa!r ! devil4 ,b ?is 0 9 z f> z !y s9n$ ?r\gh ! devil's in/igation4 ,!re=e e s9 is due to ! devil's in/igation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z angels are deput$ to gu>d m51 s demons are deput$ to assail m54 ,b e good ?+ we d is due to ! sugge/ion ( ! good angels3 because ! ,div9e gifts are borne to u by ! angels4 ,!re=e all ! evil we d1 is due to ! in/igation ( ! devil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,de ,eccl4 ,dogmat4 xlix73 ,n all our evil ?\ghts are /irr$ up by ! devil1 b sometimes !y arise f ! movem5t ( our free-w4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o ?+ c be ! cause ( ano!r 9 two ways2 directly & indirectly4 ,indirectly z :5 an ag5t is ! cause ( a disposition to a c]ta9 effect1 x is said to be ! occasional & indirect cause ( t effect3 = in/ance1 we might say t he :o dries ! wood is ! cause ( ! wood burn+4 ,9 ?is way we mu/ admit t ! devil is ! cause ( all our s9s2 because he x 0 :o in/igat$ ! fir/ man to s91 f ^: s9 !re result$ a pron5ess to s9 9 ! :ole human race3 & 9 ?is s5se we mu/ take ! words ( ,damasc5e & ,dionysius4 ,b a ?+ is said to be ! direct cause ( some?+1 :5 its action t5ds directly !reunto4 ,& 9 ?is way ! devil is n ! cause ( e s93 = all s9s are n committ$ at ! devil's in/igation1 b "s are due to ! free-w & ! corruption ( ! fle%4 ,=1 z ,orig5 says 7,p]i ,ar*on iii71 ev5 if !re 7 no devil1 m5 w\ld h ! desire = food & love & su* l pleasures2 ) reg>d to :i* _m disord]s may arise unless ^? desires are curb$ by reason1 especially if we presuppose ! corruption ( our natures4 ,n[ x is 9 ! p[] ( ! free-w to curb ?is appetite & keep x 9 ord]4 ,consequ5tly !re is no ne$ = all s9s to be due to ! in/igation ( ! devil4 ,b ^? s9s :i* are due !reto man p]petrates ?r\gh be+ deceiv$ by ! same bl&i%m5ts z 7 our fir/ p>5ts1 z ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono ii74 ,?us ! answ] to ! fir/ objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 man commits s9 )\t be+ !reto in/igat$ by ! devil1 he nev]!less becomes a *ild ( ! devil !reby1 9 s f> z he imitates him :o 0 ! fir/ to s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man c ( 8 own accord fall into s93 b he _c advance 9 m]it )\t ! ,div9e assi/ance1 :i* is borne to man by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels4 ,= ?is reason ! angels take "p 9 all our good works3 :]eas all our s9s are n due to ! demons' in/igation4 ,nev]!less !re is no k9d ( s9 :i* is n sometimes due to ! demons' sugge/ion4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,demons ,c ,lead ,m5 ,a/ray by ,means ( ,real ,miracles8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! demons _c lead m5 a/ray by means ( real miracles4 ,= ! activity ( ! demons w %[ itself especially 9 ! works ( ,anti*ri/4 ,b z ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,!ss4 #b3i71 8 com+ is accord+ to ! work+ ( ,satan1 9 all p[]1 & signs1 & ly+ wond]s4 ,mu* m !re=e at o!r times d ! demons p]=m ly+ wond]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 true miracles are wr\ght by "s corporeal *ange4 ,b demons are unable to *ange ! nature ( a body2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xviii1 #ah73 ,i _c believe t ! human body c receive ! limbs ( a bea/ by means ( a demon's art or p[]4 ,!re=e ! demons _c "w real miracles4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an argum5t is useless :i* may prove bo? ways4 ,if !re=e real miracles c be wr\ght by demons1 to p]suade "o ( :at is false1 !y w be useless to confirm ! tea*+ ( ! fai?4 ,?is is unfitt+2 = x is writt5 7,mk4 #af3bj73 ,! ,"l work+ )al1 & confirm+ ! ^w ) signs t foll[$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,q4 #hc7 99,lib4 xxi1 ,s5t4 s5t #d1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e3 ,(t5 by means ( ! magic art miracles are wr\ght l ^? :i* are wr\ght by ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #d71 if we take a miracle 9 ! /rict s5se1 ! demons _c "w miracles1 nor c any creature1 b ,god alone3 s9ce 9 ! /rict s5se a miracle is some?+ done outside ! ord] ( ! entire creat$ nature1 "u :i* ord] e p[] ( a creature is conta9$4 ,b sometimes miracle may be tak5 9 a wide s5se1 = :atev] exce$s ! human p[] & exp]i5ce4 ,& ?us demons c "w miracles1 t is1 ?+s :i* r\se man's a/oni%m5t1 by reason ( _! be+ beyond 8 p[] & outside 8 sph]e ( k4 ,= ev5 a man by do+ :at is beyond ! p[] & k ( ano!r1 leads him to m>vel at :at he has done1 s t 9 a way he seems to t man to h work$ a miracle4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ^! works ( demons :i* appe> m>vel\s to u are n real miracles1 !y are sometimes nev]!less some?+ real4 ,?us ! magicians ( ,ph>aoh by ! demons' p[] produc$ real s]p5ts & frogs4 ,& :5 fire came d[n f heav5 & at "o bl[ consum$ ,job's s]vants & %eep2 :5 ! /orm /ruck d[n 8 h\se & ) x 8 *ildr5--^! 7 ! "w ( ,satan1 n phantoms2 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xx1 #ai74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 9 ! same place1 ! works ( ,anti*ri/ may be call$ ly+ wond]s1 ei!r because he w deceive m5's s5ses by means ( phantoms1 s t he w n really d :at he w seem to d2 or because1 if he "w real prodigies1 !y w lead ^? into falsehood :o believe 9 him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b71 corporeal matt] does n obey ei!r good or bad angels at _! w1 s t demons be able by _! p[] to transmute matt] f "o =m to ano!r2 b !y c employ c]ta9 se$s t exi/ 9 ! elem5ts ( ! _w1 9 ord] to produce ^! effects1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h1 #i74 ,!re=e x mu/ be admitt$ t all ! trans=mation ( corporeal ?+s :i* c be produc$ by c]ta9 natural p[]s1 to :i* we mu/ assign ! se$s above m5tion$1 c alike be produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! demons1 by ! employm5t ( ^! se$s2 su* z ! trans=mation ( c]ta9 ?+s into s]p5ts or frogs1 :i* c be produc$ by putrefaction4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? trans=mations :i* _c be produc$ by ! p[] ( nature1 _c 9 reality be effect$ by ! op]ation ( ! demons2 = in/ance1 t ! human body be *ang$ into ! body ( a bea/1 or t ! body ( a dead man return to life4 ,& if at times some?+ ( ?is sort seems to be effect$ by ! op]ation ( demons1 x is n real b a m]e semblance ( reality4 ,n[ ?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 f )92 9 ?is way a demon c "w on man's imag9ation & ev5 on 8 corporeal s5ses1 s t some?+ seems o!rwise t x is1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #aaa1 ,,aa4 #c1d74 ,x is said inde$ t ?is c be done sometimes by ! p[] ( c]ta9 bodies4 ,secondly1 f )\t3 = j z he c f ! air =m a body ( any =m & %ape1 & assume x s z to appe> 9 x visibly3 s1 9 ! same way he c clo! any corporeal ?+ ) any corporeal =m1 s z to appe> !re94 ,?is is :at ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xviii1 #ah73 ,man's imag9ation1 :i* :e!r ?9k+ or dream+1 takes ! =ms ( an innum]able numb] ( ?+s1 appe>s to o!r m5's s5ses1 z x 7 embodi$ 9 ! semblance ( "s animal4 ,?is n to be und]/ood z ?\gh ! imag9ation itself or ! images =m$ !re9 7 id5tifi$ ) t :i* appe>s embodi$ to ! s5ses ( ano!r man3 b t ! demon1 :o =ms an image 9 a man's imag9ation1 c (f] ! same picture to ano!r man's s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #gi73 ,:5 magicians d :at holy m5 d1 !y d x = a diff]5t end & by a diff]5t "r4 ,! =m] d x = _! own glory2 ! latt]1 = ! glory ( ,god3 ! =m]1 by c]ta9 private compacts2 ! latt] by ! evid5t assi/ance & comm& ( ,god1 to ,:om e creature is subject4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,demon ,:o ,is ,ov]come by ,man1 ,is = ,?is ,reason ,h9d]$ f ,mak+ ,fur!r ,assaults8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a demon :o is ov]come by a man1 is n = t reason h9d]$ f any fur!r assault4 ,= ,*ri/ ov]came ! tempt] mo/ effectively4 ,yet aft]w>ds ! demon assail$ ,him by in/igat+ ! ,jews to kill ,him4 ,!re=e x is n true t ! devil :5 conqu]$ ceases 8 assaults4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to inflict puni%m5t on "o :o has be5 wor/$ 9 a fight1 is to incite him to a %>p] attack4 ,b ?is is n befitt+ ,god's m]cy4 ,!re=e ! conqu]$ demons are n prev5t$ f fur!r assaults4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #d3aa73 ,!n ! devil left ,him1 i4e4 ,*ri/ ,:o ov]came4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s say t :5 once a demon has be5 ov]come he c no m tempt any man at all1 nei!r to ! same nor to any o!r s94 ,& o!rs say t he c tempt o!rs1 b n ! same man4 ,?is seems m probable z long z we und]/& x to be s = a c]ta9 def9ite "t3 :]e=e 7,luke #d3ac7 x is writt53 ,all temptation be+ end$1 ! devil dep>t$ f ,him = a "t4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is4 ,"o is on ! "p ( ,god's clem5cy2 = z ,*ryso/om says 7,sup] ,matt4 ,hom4 v7 99,9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 among 8 supposititi\s works1 ! devil does n tempt man = j z long z he likes1 b = z long z ,god all[s2 = al?\gh ,he all[s him to tempt = a %ort "t1 ,he ord]s him (f on acc\nt ( our weakness4 ,! o!r reason is tak5 f ! a/ut5ess ( ! devil4 ,z to ?is1 ,ambrose says on ,luke #d3ac3 ,! devil is afraid ( p]si/+1 because he %r9ks f frequ5t defeat4 ,t ! devil does nev]!less sometimes return to ! assault1 is app>5t f ,matt4 #ab3dd3 ,i w return into my h\se f :5ce ,i came out4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ! objections c easily be solv$4 ,,"q #aae ,,( ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,corporeal ,,creature 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! action ( ! corporeal creature2 & fate1 :i* is ascrib$ to c]ta9 bodies4 ,conc]n+ corporeal actions !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a body c be active8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re exi/ 9 bodies c]ta9 sem9al virtues8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! heav5ly bodies are ! causes ( :at is done "h by ! inf]ior bodies8 7#d7 ,:e!r !y are ! cause ( human acts8 7#e7 ,:e!r demons are subject to _! influ5ce8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! heav5ly bodies impose necessity on ^? ?+s :i* are subject to _! influ5ce8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,body ,c ,be ,active8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no bodies are active4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #i73 ,!re are ?+s t are act$ ^u1 b d n act2 su* are bodies3 !re is "o ,:o acts b is n act$ ^u2 ?is is ,god3 !re are ?+s t bo? act & are act$ ^u2 ^! are ! spiritual sub/ances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e ag5t except ! fir/ ag5t requires 9 its "w a subject susceptible ( its action4 ,b !re is n sub/ance bel[ ! corporeal sub/ance :i* c be susceptible ( ! latt]'s action2 s9ce x belongs to ! l[e/ degree ( be+s4 ,!re=e corporeal sub/ance is n active4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e corporeal sub/ance is limit$ by quantity4 ,b quantity h9d]s sub/ance f movem5t & action1 because x surr\nds x & p5etrates x3 j z a cl\d h9d]s ! air f receiv+ light4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t ! m a body increases 9 quantity1 ! heavi] x is & ! m difficult to move4 ,!re=e no corporeal sub/ance is active4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! p[] ( action 9 e ag5t is accord+ to its prop9quity to ! fir/ active cause4 ,b bodies1 be+ mo/ composite1 are mo/ remote f ! fir/ active cause1 :i* is mo/ simple4 ,!re=e no bodies are active4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if a body is an ag5t1 ! t]m ( its action is ei!r a sub/antial1 or an accid5tal =m4 ,b x is n a sub/antial =m2 = x is n possible to f9d 9 a body any pr9ciple ( action1 save an active quality1 :i* is an accid5t2 & an accid5t _c be ! cause ( a sub/antial =m1 s9ce ! cause is always m excell5t ?an ! effect4 ,likewise1 nei!r is x an accid5tal =m1 = an accid5t does n ext5d beyond its subject1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #d74 ,!re=e no bodies are active4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xv7 t among o!r qualities ( corporeal fire1 x %[s its greatness 9 its action & p[] on t ( :i* x lays hold4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is app>5t to ! s5ses t "s bodies are active4 ,b conc]n+ ! action ( bodies !re h be5 ?ree errors4 ,= "s d5i$ all action to bodies4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,avicebron 9 8 book on ,! ,f\nt ( ,life1 :]e1 by ! argum5ts m5tion$ above1 he endeavors to prove t no bodies act1 b t all ! actions :i* seem to be ! actions ( bodies1 are ! actions ( "s spiritual p[] t p5etrates all bodies3 s t1 accord+ to him1 x is n fire t heats1 b a spiritual p[] :i* p5etrates1 by means ( ! fire4 ,& ?is op9ion seems to be d]iv$ f t ( ,plato4 ,= ,plato held t all =ms exi/+ 9 corporeal matt] are p>ticipat$ !reby1 & det]m9$ & limit$ !reto2 & t sep>ate =ms are absolute & z x 7 univ]sal2 :]e=e he said t ^! sep>ate =ms are ! causes ( =ms t exi/ 9 matt]4 ,!re=e inasmu* z ! =m :i* is 9 corporeal matt] is det]m9$ to ?is matt] individualiz$ by quantity1 ,avicebron held t ! corporeal =m is held back & imprison$ by quantity1 z ! pr9ciple ( individuality1 s z to be unable by action to ext5d to any o!r matt]3 & t ! spiritual & immat]ial =m alone1 :i* is n h$g$ 9 by quantity1 c issue =? by act+ on some?+ else4 ,b ?is does n prove t ! corporeal =m is n an ag5t1 b t x is n a univ]sal ag5t4 ,= 9 proportion z a ?+ is p>ticipat$1 s1 ( necessity1 mu/ t be p>ticipat$ :i* is prop] !reto2 ?us 9 proportion to ! p>ticipation ( light is ! p>ticipation ( visibility4 ,b to act1 :i* is no?+ else ?an to make some?+ to be 9 act1 is ess5tially prop] to an act z su*2 :]e=e e ag5t produces its l4 ,s !re=e to ! fact ( its be+ a =m n det]m9$ by matt] subject to quantity1 a ?+ owes its be+ an ag5t indet]m9ate & univ]sal3 b to ! fact t x is det]m9$ to ?is matt]1 x owes its be+ an ag5t limit$ & p>ticul>4 ,:]e=e if ! =m ( fire 7 sep>ate1 z ! ,platoni/s suppos$1 x w\ld be1 9 a fa%ion1 ! cause ( e ignition4 ,b ?is =m ( fire :i* is 9 ?is corporeal matt]1 is ! cause ( ?is ignition :i* passes f ?is body to t4 ,h5ce su* an action is effect$ by ! contact ( two bodies4 ,b ?is op9ion ( ,avicebron goes fur!r ?an t ( ,plato4 ,= ,plato held only sub/antial =ms to be sep>ate2 :ile he ref]r$ accid5ts to ! mat]ial pr9ciples :i* are ! great & ! small1 :i* he consid]$ to be ! fir/ contr>ies1 by o!rs consid]$ to ! ! r>e & ! d5se4 ,consequ5tly bo? ,plato & ,avic5na1 :o foll[s him to a c]ta9 ext5t1 held t corporeal ag5ts act ?r\gh _! accid5tal =ms1 by dispos+ matt] = ! sub/antial =m2 b t ! ultimate p]fection atta9$ by ! introduction ( ! sub/antial =m is due to an immat]ial pr9ciple4 ,& ?is is ! second op9ion conc]n+ ! action ( bodies2 ( :i* we h spok5 above :5 treat+ ( ! creation 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #h74 ,! ?ird op9ion is t ( ,democritus1 :o held t action takes place ?r\gh ! issue ( atoms f ! corporeal ag5t1 :ile passion consi/s 9 ! reception ( ! atoms 9 ! pores ( ! passive body4 ,?is op9ion is disprov$ by ,ari/otle 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #h1 #i74 ,= x w\ld foll[ t a body w\ld n be passive z a :ole1 & ! quantity ( ! active body w\ld be dim9i%$ ?r\gh its action2 :i* ?+s are manife/ly untrue4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t a body acts =asmu* z x is 9 act1 on a body =asmu* z x is 9 pot5tiality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is passage ( ,augu/9e is to be und]/ood ( ! :ole corporeal nature consid]$ z a :ole1 :i* ?us has no nature inf]ior to x1 on :i* x c act2 z ! spiritual nature acts on ! corporeal1 & ! uncreat$ nature on ! creat$4 ,nev]!less "o body is inf]ior to ano!r1 =asmu* z x is 9 pot5tiality to t :i* ! o!r has 9 act4 ,f ?is foll[s ! solution ( ! second objection4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 :5 ,avicebron argues ?us1 ,!re is a mov] :o is n mov$1 to wit1 ! fir/ mak] ( all2 !re=e1 on ! o!r h&1 !re exi/s some?+ mov$ :i* is purely passive1 t ?is is to be conc$$4 ,b ?is latt] is prim>y matt]1 :i* is a pure pot5tiality1 j z ,god is pure act4 ,n[ a body is compos$ ( pot5tiality & act2 & !re=e x is bo? active & passive4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,quantity does n entirely h9d] ! corporeal =m f action1 z /at$ above2 b f be+ a univ]sal ag5t1 =asmu* z a =m is individualiz$ ?r\gh be+ 9 matt] subject to quantity4 ,! pro( tak5 f ! weight ( bodies is n to ! purpose4 ,fir/1 because addition ( quantity does n cause weight2 z is prov$ 7,de ,coelo et ,mundo iv1 #b74 ,secondly1 x is false t weight ret>ds movem5t2 on ! contr>y1 ! heavi] a ?+1 ! great] its movem5t1 if we consid] ! movem5t prop] !reto4 ,?irdly1 because action is n effect$ by local movem5t1 z ,democritus held3 b by some?+ be+ r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a body is n t :i* is mo/ di/ant f ,god2 = x p>ticipates some?+ ( a lik5ess to ! ,div9e ,be+1 =asmu* z x has a =m4 ,t :i* is mo/ di/ant f ,god is prim>y matt]2 :i* is 9 no way active1 s9ce x is a pure pot5tiality4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! t]m ( a body's action is bo? an accid5tal =m & a sub/antial =m4 ,= ! active quality1 su* z heat1 al?\gh itself an accid5t1 acts nev]!less by virtue ( ! sub/antial =m1 z its in/rum5t3 :]e=e its action c t]m9ate 9 a sub/antial =m2 ?us natural heat1 z ! in/rum5t ( ! s\l1 has an action t]m9at+ 9 ! g5]ation ( fle%4 ,b by its own virtue x produces an accid5t4 ,nor is x aga9/ ! nature ( an accid5t to surpass its subject 9 act+1 b x is to surpass x 9 be+2 unless inde$ "o 7 to imag9e t an accid5t transf]s its id5tical self f ! ag5t to ! pati5t2 ?us ,democritus expla9$ action by an issue ( atoms4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,any ,sem9al ,virtues 9 ,corporeal ,matt]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are no sem9al virtues 9 corporeal matt]4 ,= virtue 7ratio7 implies some?+ ( a spiritual ord]4 ,b 9 corporeal matt] no?+ exi/s spiritually1 b only mat]ially1 t is1 accord+ to ! mode ( t 9 :i* x is4 ,!re=e !re are no sem9al virtues 9 corporeal matt]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h1 #i7 says t demons produce c]ta9 results by employ+ ) a hidd5 movem5t c]ta9 se$s1 :i* !y "k to exi/ 9 matt]4 ,b bodies1 n virtues1 c be employ$ ) local movem5t4 ,!re=e x is unreasonable to say t !re are sem9al virtues 9 corporeal matt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 se$s are active pr9ciples4 ,b !re are no active pr9ciples 9 corporeal matt]2 s9ce1 z we h said above1 matt] is n compet5t to act 7,a4 #a1 ad #b1 #d74 ,!re=e !re are no sem9al virtues 9 corporeal matt]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 !re are said to be c]ta9 causal virtues 7,augu/9e1 ,de ,g54 ad lit4 v1 #d7 :i* seem to suffice = ! production ( ?+s4 ,b sem9al virtues are n causal virtues3 = miracles are outside ! scope ( sem9al virtues1 b n ( causal virtues4 ,!re=e x is unreasonable to say t !re are sem9al virtues 9 corporeal matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h73 ,( all ! ?+s :i* are g5]at$ 9 a corporeal & visible fa%ion1 c]ta9 se$s lie hidd5 9 ! corporeal ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is cu/om>y to "n ?+s aft] :at is m p]fect1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d74 ,n[ 9 ! :ole corporeal nature1 liv+ bodies are ! mo/ p]fect3 :]e=e ! ^w nature has be5 transf]r$ f liv+ ?+s to all natural ?+s4 ,= ! ^w itself1 nature1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 ,did4 iv1 #d71 0 fir/ appli$ to signify ! g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* is call$ nativity3 & because liv+ ?+s are g5]at$ f a pr9ciple unit$ to !m1 z fruit f a tree1 & ! (fspr+ f ! "m1 to :om x is unit$1 consequ5tly ! ^w nature has be5 appli$ to e pr9ciple ( movem5t exi/+ 9 t :i* is mov$4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! active & passive pr9ciples ( ! g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s are ! se$s f :i* liv+ ?+s are g5]at$4 ,!re=e ,augu/9e fitt+ly gave ! "n ( sem9al virtues sem9ales rationes to all ^? active & passive virtues :i* are ! pr9ciples ( natural g5]ation & movem5t4 ,^! active & passive virtues may be consid]$ 9 sev]al ord]s4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 vi1 #aj71 !y are pr9cipally & orig9ally 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 z typal ideas4 ,secondly1 !y are 9 ! elem5ts ( ! _w1 :]e !y 7 produc$ altoge!r at ! beg9n+1 z 9 univ]sal causes4 ,?irdly1 !y are 9 ^? ?+s :i*1 9 ! succession ( "t1 are produc$ by univ]sal causes1 = in/ance 9 ?is plant1 & 9 t animal1 z 9 p>ticul> causes4 ,f\r?ly1 !y are 9 ! se$s produc$ f animals & plants4 ,& ^! aga9 are comp>$ to fur!r p>ticul> effects1 z ! primordial univ]sal causes to ! fir/ effects produc$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! active & passive virtues ( natural ?+s1 ?\gh n call$ virtues 7rationes7 by reason ( _! be+ 9 corporeal matt]1 c nev]!less be s call$ 9 respect ( _! orig91 =asmu* z !y are ! effect ( ! typal ideas rationes ideales4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! active & passive virtues are 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( corporeal ?+s3 & :5 !y are employ$ ) local movem5t = ! production ( c]ta9 results1 we speak ( ! demons z employ+ se$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! se$ ( ! male is ! active pr9ciple 9 ! g5]ation ( an animal4 ,b t c be call$ se$ also :i* ! female contributes z ! passive pr9ciple4 ,& ?us ! ^w se$ cov]s bo? active & passive pr9ciples4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,f ! words ( ,augu/9e :5 speak+ ( ^! sem9al virtues1 x is easy to ga!r t !y are also causal virtues1 j z se$ is a k9d ( cause3 = he says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #i7 t1 z a "m is pregnant ) ! unborn (fspr+1 s is ! _w itself pregnant ) ! causes ( unborn ?+s4 ,nev]!less1 ! typal ideas c be call$ causal virtues1 b n1 /rictly speak+1 sem9al virtues1 because se$ is n a sep>ate pr9ciple2 & because miracles are n wr\ght outside ! scope ( causal virtues4 ,likewise nei!r are miracles wr\ght outside ! scope ( ! passive virtues s implant$ 9 ! creature1 t ! latt] c be us$ to any purpose t ,god comm&s4 ,b miracles are said to be wr\ght outside ! scope ( ! natural active virtues1 & ! passive pot5tialities :i* are ord]$ to su* active virtues1 & ?is is :at is meant :5 we say t !y are wr\ght outside ! scope ( sem9al virtues4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,heav5ly ,bodies ,are ! ,cause ( ,:at ,is ,produc$ 9 ,bodies ,"h ,bel[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! heav5ly bodies are n ! cause ( :at is produc$ 9 bodies "h bel[4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #g73 ,we say t !y--namely1 ! heav5ly bodies--are n ! cause ( g5]ation or corruption3 !y are r signs ( /orms & atmosph]ic *anges4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 = ! production ( any?+1 an ag5t & matt] suffice4 ,b 9 ?+s "h bel[ !re is passive matt]2 & !re are contr>y ag5ts--heat & cold1 & ! l4 ,!re=e = ! production ( ?+s "h bel[1 !re is no ne$ to ascribe causality to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ag5t produces its l4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t ev]y?+ :i* is produc$ "h bel[ is produc$ ?r\gh ! action ( heat & cold1 moi/ure & dryness1 & o!r su* qualities1 :i* d n exi/ 9 heav5ly bodies4 ,!re=e ! heav5ly bodies are n ! cause ( :at is produc$ "h bel[4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #f73 ,no?+ is m corporeal ?an sex4 ,b sex is n caus$ by ! heav5ly bodies3 a sign ( ?is is t ( tw9s born "u ! same con/ellation1 "o may be male1 ! o!r female4 ,!re=e ! heav5ly bodies are n ! cause ( ?+s produc$ 9 bodies "h bel[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d73 ,bodies ( a gross] & inf]ior nature are rul$ 9 a c]ta9 ord] by ^? ( a m subtle & p[]ful nature4 ,& ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 says t ! light ( ! sun conduces to ! g5]ation ( s5sible bodies1 moves !m to life1 gives !m n\ri%m5t1 gr[?1 & p]fection4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce e multitude proce$s f unity2 & s9ce :at is immovable is always 9 ! same way ( be+1 :]eas :at is mov$ has _m ways ( be+3 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nature1 all movem5t proce$s f ! immovable4 ,!re=e ! m immovable c]ta9 ?+s are1 ! m are !y ! cause ( ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ movable4 ,n[ ! heav5ly bodies are ( all bodies ! mo/ immovable1 = !y are n mov$ save locally4 ,!re=e ! movem5ts ( bodies "h bel[1 :i* are v>i\s & multi=m1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z to _! cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words ( ,damasc5e are to be und]/ood z d5y+ t ! heav5ly bodies are ! fir/ cause ( g5]ation & corruption "h bel[2 = ?is 0 affirm$ by ^? :o held t ! heav5ly bodies are gods4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! active pr9ciples ( bodies "h bel[ are only ! active qualities ( ! elem5ts1 su* z hot & cold & ! l4 ,if !re=e ! sub/antial =ms ( inf]ior bodies 7 n div]sifi$ save accord+ to accid5ts ( t k9d1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* ! e>ly natural philosoph]s held to be ! r>e & ! d5se2 !re w\ld be no ne$ to suppose "s pr9ciple above ^! inf]ior bodies1 = !y w\ld be ( !mselves suffici5t to act4 ,b to anyone :o consid]s ! matt] aright1 x is cle> t ^? accid5ts are m]ely mat]ial dispositions 9 reg>d to ! sub/antial =ms ( natural bodies4 ,n[ matt] is n ( itself suffici5t to act4 ,& !re=e x is necess>y to suppose "s active pr9ciple above ^! mat]ial dispositions4 ,?is is :y ! ,platoni/s ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( sep>ate species1 by p>ticipation ( :i* ! inf]ior bodies receive _! sub/antial =ms4 ,b ?is does n seem en\gh4 ,= ! sep>ate species1 s9ce !y are suppos$ to be immovable1 w\ld always h ! same mode ( be+3 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be no v>iety 9 ! g5]ation & corruption ( inf]ior bodies3 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e x is necess>y1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ii1 #aj71 to suppose a movable pr9ciple1 :i* by reason ( its pres5ce or abs5ce causes v>iety 9 ! g5]ation & corruption ( inf]ior bodies4 ,su* are ! heav5ly bodies4 ,consequ5tly :atev] g5]ates "h bel[1 moves to ! production ( ! species1 z ! in/rum5t ( a heav5ly body3 ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #b7 t man & ! sun g5]ate man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! heav5ly bodies h n a specific lik5ess to ! bodies "h bel[4 ,_! lik5ess consi/s 9 ?is1 t by reason ( _! univ]sal p[]1 :atev] is g5]at$ 9 inf]ior bodies1 is conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 ?is way also we say t all ?+s are l ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! actions ( heav5ly bodies are v>i\sly receiv$ 9 inf]ior bodies1 accord+ to ! v>i\s dispositions ( matt]4 ,n[ x happ5s at times t ! matt] 9 ! human conception is n :olly dispos$ to ! male sex2 :]e=e x is =m$ sometimes into a male1 sometimes into a female4 ,augu/9e quotes ?is z an argum5t aga9/ div9ation by />s3 because ! effects ( ! />s are v>i$ ev5 9 corporeal ?+s1 accord+ to ! v>i\s dispositions ( matt]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,heav5ly ,bodies ,are ! ,cause ( ,human ,actions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! heav5ly bodies are ! cause ( human actions4 ,= s9ce ! heav5ly bodies are mov$ by spiritual sub/ances1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #c71 !y act by virtue !re( z _! in/rum5ts4 ,b ^? spiritual sub/ances are sup]ior to our s\ls4 ,!re=e x seems t !y c cause impressions on our s\ls1 & !reby cause human actions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e multi=m is r$ucible to a uni=m pr9ciple4 ,b human actions are v>i\s & multi=m4 ,!re=e x seems t !y are r$ucible to ! uni=m movem5ts ( heav5ly bodies1 z to _! pr9ciples4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a/rolog]s (t5 =etell ! tru? conc]n+ ! outcome ( w>s1 & o!r human actions1 ( :i* ! intellect & w are ! pr9ciples4 ,b !y c\ld n d ?is by means ( ! heav5ly bodies1 unless ^! 7 ! cause ( human actions4 ,!re=e ! heav5ly bodies are ! cause ( human actions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #g7 t ! heav5ly bodies are by no means ! cause ( human actions4 ,i answ] t1 ,! heav5ly bodies c directly & ( !mselves act on bodies1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!y c act directly inde$ on ^? p[]s ( ! s\l :i* are ! acts ( corporeal organs1 b accid5tally3 because ! acts ( su* p[]s mu/ ne$s be h9d]$ by ob/acles 9 ! organs2 ?us an eye :5 di/urb$ _c see well4 ,:]e=e if ! intellect & w 7 p[]s affix$ to corporeal organs1 z "s ma9ta9$1 hold+ t intellect does n diff] f s5se2 x w\ld foll[ ( necessity t ! heav5ly bodies are ! cause ( human *oice & action4 ,x w\ld also foll[ t man is l$ by natural in/9ct to 8 actions1 j z o!r animals1 9 :i* !re are p[]s o!r ?an ^? :i* are affix$ to corporeal organs3 = :atev] is done "h bel[ 9 virtue ( ! action ( heav5ly bodies1 is done naturally4 ,x w\ld !re=e foll[ t man has no free-w1 & t he w\ld h det]m9ate actions1 l o!r natural ?+s4 ,all ( :i* is manife/ly false1 & contr>y to human habit4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t indirectly & accid5tally1 ! impressions ( heav5ly bodies c rea* ! intellect & w1 =asmu*1 namely1 z bo? intellect & w receive some?+ f ! inf]ior p[]s :i* are affix$ to corporeal organs4 ,b 9 ?is ! intellect & w are diff]5tly situat$4 ,= ! intellect1 ( necessity1 receives f ! inf]ior appreh5sive p[]s3 :]e=e if ! imag9ative1 cogitative1 or memorative p[]s be di/urb$1 ! action ( ! intellect is1 ( necessity1 di/urb$ also4 ,! w1 on ! contr>y1 does n1 ( necessity1 foll[ ! incl9ation ( ! inf]ior appetite2 = al?\gh ! passions 9 ! irascible & concupiscible h a c]ta9 =ce 9 incl9+ ! w2 nev]!less ! w reta9s ! p[] ( foll[+ ! passions or repress+ !m4 ,!re=e ! impressions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 by virtue ( :i* ! inf]ior p[]s c be *ang$1 has less influ5ce on ! w1 :i* is ! proximate cause ( human actions1 ?an on ! intellect4 ,to ma9ta9 !re=e t heav5ly bodies are ! cause ( human actions is prop] to ^? :o hold t intellect does n diff] f s5se4 ,:]e=e "s ( ^! said t su* is ! w ( m51 z is ! day :i* ! fa!r ( m5 & ( gods br+s on 7,odyssey xviii #ace74 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 x is manife/ t intellect & w are n acts ( corporeal organs1 x is impossible t heav5ly bodies be ! cause ( human actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! spiritual sub/ances1 t move ! heav5ly bodies1 d inde$ act on corporeal ?+s by means ( ! heav5ly bodies2 b !y act imm$iately on ! human intellect by enlight5+ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y _c compel ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ! multi=mity ( corporeal movem5ts is r$ucible to ! uni=mity ( ! heav5ly movem5t z to its cause3 s ! multi=mity ( actions proce$+ f ! intellect & ! w is r$uc$ to a uni=m pr9ciple :i* is ! ,div9e intellect & w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! majority ( m5 foll[ _! passions1 :i* are movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 9 :i* movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies c coop]ate3 b few are wise en\gh to resi/ ^! passions4 ,consequ5tly a/rolog]s are able to =etell ! tru? 9 ! majority ( cases1 especially 9 a g5]al way4 ,b n 9 p>ticul> cases2 = no?+ prev5ts man resi/+ 8 passions by 8 free-w4 ,:]e=e ! a/rolog]s !mselves are wont to say t ! wise man is /rong] ?an ! />s 99,ptolemy1 ,c5tiloquium1 prop4 #e1 =asmu* z1 to wit1 he conqu]s 8 passions4 ,,fif? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,heav5ly ,bodies ,c ,act on ! ,demons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t heav5ly bodies c act on ! demons4 ,= ! demons1 accord+ to c]ta9 phases ( ! moon1 c h>ass m51 :o on t acc\nt are call$ lunatics1 z appe>s f ,matt4 #d3bd & #ag3ad4 ,b ?is w\ld n be if !y 7 n subject to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re=e ! demons are subject to !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 necromanc]s obs]ve c]ta9 con/ellations 9 ord] to invoke ! demons4 ,b ^! w\ld n be invok$ ?r\gh ! heav5ly bodies unless !y 7 subject to !m4 ,!re=e !y are subject to !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 heav5ly bodies are m p[]ful ?an inf]ior bodies4 ,b ! demons are conf9$ to c]ta9 inf]ior bodies1 namely1 h]bs1 /ones1 animals1 & to c]ta9 s\nds & words1 =ms & figures1 z ,porphyry says1 quot$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #aa74 ,mu* m !re=e are ! demons subject to ! action ( heav5ly bodies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! demons are sup]ior 9 ! ord] ( nature1 to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b ! ag5t is sup]ior to ! pati5t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #af74 ,!re=e ! demons are n subject to ! action ( heav5ly bodies4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re h be5 ?ree op9ions ab\t ! demons4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,p]ipatetics d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( demons2 & held t :at is ascrib$ to ! demons1 accord+ to ! necromantic art1 is effect$ by ! p[] ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?is is :at ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #aa7 relates z hav+ be5 held by ,porphyry1 namely1 t on e>? m5 fabricate c]ta9 p[]s useful 9 produc+ c]ta9 effects ( ! />s4 ,b ?is op9ion is manife/ly false4 ,= we "k by exp]i5ce t _m ?+s are done by demons1 = :i* ! p[] ( heav5ly bodies w\ld 9 no way suffice3 = in/ance1 t a man 9 a /ate ( delirium %\ld speak an unkn[n tongue1 recite poetry & au?ors ( :om he has no previ\s k2 t necromanc]s make /atues to speak & move1 & o!r l ?+s4 ,= ?is reason ! ,platoni/s 7 l$ to hold t demons are animals ) an a]ial body & a passive s\l1 z ,apuleius says1 quot$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei viii1 #af74 ,& ?is is ! second ( ! op9ions m5tion$ above3 accord+ to :i* x c\ld be said t demons are subject to heav5ly bodies 9 ! same way z we h said man is subject !reto 7,a4 #d74 ,b ?is op9ion is prov$ to be false f :at we h said above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #a73 = we hold t demons are spiritual sub/ances n unit$ to bodies4 ,h5ce x is cle> t !y are subject to ! action ( heav5ly bodies nei!r ess5tially nor accid5tally1 nei!r directly nor indirectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t demons h>ass m51 accord+ to c]ta9 phases ( ! moon1 happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 !y d s 9 ord] to defame ,god's creature1 namely1 ! moon2 z ,j]ome 7,9 ,matt4 iv1 #bd7 & ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 lvii 9 ,matt47 say4 ,secondly1 because z !y are unable to effect any?+ save by means ( ! natural =ces1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b7 !y take into acc\nt ! aptitude ( bodies = ! int5d$ result4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! bra9 is ! mo/ moi/ ( all ! p>ts ( ! body1 z ,ari/otle says 99,de ,"p4 ,animal4 ii1 #g3 ,de ,s5s4 et ,s5sato ii3 ,de ,somn4 et ,vigil4 iii3 :]e=e x is ! mo/ subject to ! action ( ! moon1 ! prop]ty ( :i* is to move :at is moi/4 ,& x is precisely 9 ! bra9 t animal =ces culm9ate3 :]e=e ! demons1 accord+ to c]ta9 phases ( ! moon1 di/urb man's imag9ation1 :5 !y obs]ve t ! bra9 is !reto dispos$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,demons :5 summon$ ?r\gh c]ta9 con/ellations1 come = two reasons4 ,fir/ly1 9 ord] to lead man into ! error ( believ+ t !re is "s ,div9e p[] 9 ! />s4 ,secondly1 because !y consid] t "u c]ta9 con/ellations corporeal matt] is bett] dispos$ = ! result = :i* !y are summon$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #f71 ! demons are entic$ ?r\gh v>i\s k9ds ( /ones1 h]bs1 trees1 animals1 songs1 rites1 n z an animal is entic$ by food1 b z a _s by signs2 t is to say1 =asmu* z ^! ?+s are (f]$ to !m 9 tok5 ( ! honor due to ,god1 ( :i* !y are covet\s4 ,,six? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,heav5ly ,bodies ,impose ,necessity on ,?+s ,subject to ,_! ,action8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t heav5ly bodies impose necessity on ?+s subject to _! action4 ,= giv5 a suffici5t cause1 ! effect foll[s ( necessity4 ,b heav5ly bodies are a suffici5t cause ( _! effects4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 heav5ly bodies1 ) _! movem5ts & dispositions1 are necess>y be+s2 x seems t _! effects foll[ ( necessity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an ag5t's effect results ( necessity 9 matt]1 :5 ! p[] ( ! ag5t is su* t x c subject ! matt] to itself entirely4 ,b ! entire matt] ( inf]ior bodies is subject to ! p[] ( heav5ly bodies1 s9ce ?is is a high] p[] ?an !irs4 ,!re=e ! effect ( ! heav5ly bodies is ( necessity receiv$ 9 corporeal matt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! effect ( ! heav5ly body does n foll[ ( necessity1 ?is is due to "s h9d]+ cause4 ,b any corporeal cause1 t might possibly h9d] ! effect ( a heav5ly body1 mu/ ( necessity be r$ucible to "s heav5ly pr9ciple3 s9ce ! heav5ly bodies are ! causes ( all t takes place "h bel[4 ,!re=e1 s9ce also t heav5ly pr9ciple is necess>y1 x foll[s t ! effect ( ! heav5ly body is necess>ily h9d]$4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld foll[ t all t takes place "h bel[ happ5s ( necessity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,somn4 et ,vigil4 99,de ,div94 p] ,somn4 ii73 ,x is n incongru\s t _m ( ! signs obs]v$ 9 bodies1 ( occurr5ces 9 ! heav5s1 su* z ra9 & w9d1 %\ld n be fulfill$4 ,!re=e n all ! effects ( heav5ly bodies take place ( necessity4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is "q is p>tly solv$ by :at 0 said above 7,a4 #d72 & 9 "p pres5ts "s difficulty4 ,= x 0 %[n t al?\gh ! action ( heav5ly bodies produces c]ta9 incl9ations 9 corporeal nature1 ! w nev]!less does n ( necessity foll[ ^! incl9ations4 ,!re=e !re is no?+ to prev5t ! effect ( heav5ly bodies be+ h9d]$ by ! action ( ! w1 n only 9 man himself1 b also 9 o!r ?+s to :i* human action ext5ds4 ,b 9 natural ?+s !re is no su* pr9ciple1 end[$ ) fre$om to foll[ or n to foll[ ! impressions produc$ by heav5ly ag5ts4 ,:]e=e x seems t 9 su* ?+s at lea/1 ev]y?+ happ5s ( necessity2 accord+ to ! reason+ ( "s ( ! anci5ts :o suppos+ t ev]y?+ t is1 has a cause2 & t1 giv5 ! cause1 ! effect foll[s ( necessity2 conclud$ t all ?+s happ5 ( necessity4 ,?is op9ion is refut$ by ,ari/otle 7,metaph4 vi1 ,did4 v1 #c7 z to ?is d\ble supposition4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place x is n true t1 giv5 any cause :atev]1 ! effect mu/ foll[ ( necessity4 ,= "s causes are s ord]$ to _! effects1 z to produce !m1 n ( necessity1 b 9 ! majority ( cases1 & 9 ! m9ority to fail 9 produc+ !m4 ,b t su* causes d fail 9 ! m9ority ( cases is due to "s h9d]+ cause2 consequ5tly ! above-m5tion$ difficulty seems n to be avoid$1 s9ce ! cause 9 "q is h9d]$ ( necessity4 ,!re=e we mu/ say1 9 ! second place1 t ev]y?+ t is a be+ p] se1 has a cause2 b :at is accid5tally1 has n a cause1 because x is n truly a be+1 s9ce x is n truly "o4 ,= 7t a ?+ is7 :ite has a cause1 likewise 7t a man is7 musical has n a cause1 b 7t a be+ is7 :ite-musical has n a cause1 because x is n truly a be+1 nor truly "o4 ,n[ x is manife/ t a cause :i* h9d]s ! action ( a cause s ord]$ to its effect z to produce x 9 ! majority ( cases1 cla%es sometimes ) ?is cause by accid5t3 & ! cla%+ ( ^! two causes1 inasmu* z x is accid5tal1 has no cause4 ,consequ5tly :at results f ?is cla%+ ( causes is n to be r$uc$ to a fur!r pre-exi/+ cause1 f :i* x foll[s ( necessity4 ,= in/ance1 t "s t]re/rial body take fire 9 ! high] regions ( ! air & fall to ! e>?1 is caus$ by "s heav5ly p[]3 aga91 t !re be on ! surface ( ! e>? "s combu/ible matt]1 is r$ucible to "s heav5ly pr9ciple4 ,b t ! burn+ body %\ld alight on ?is matt] & set fire to x1 is n caus$ by a heav5ly body1 b is accid5tal4 ,consequ5tly n all ! effects ( heav5ly bodies result ( necessity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! heav5ly bodies are causes ( effects t take place "h bel[1 ?r\gh ! means ( p>ticul> inf]ior causes1 :i* c fail 9 _! effects 9 ! m9ority ( cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p[] ( a heav5ly body is n inf9ite4 ,:]e=e x requires a det]m9ate disposition 9 matt]1 bo? z to local di/ance & z to o!r conditions1 9 ord] to produce its effect4 ,!re=e z local di/ance h9d]s ! effect ( a heav5ly body 7= ! sun has n ! same effect 9 heat 9 ,dacia z 9 ,e?iopia72 s ! grossness ( matt]1 its l[ or high temp]ature or o!r su* disposition1 c h9d] ! effect ( a heav5ly body4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! cause t h9d]s ! effect ( ano!r cause c be r$uc$ to a heav5ly body z its cause2 nev]!less ! cla%+ ( two causes1 be+ accid5tal1 is n r$uc$ to ! causality ( a heav5ly body1 z /at$ above4 ,,on ,,fate 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we come n[ to ! consid]ation ( fate4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,is !re su* a ?+ z fate8 7#b7 ,:]e is x8 7#c7 ,is x un*angeable8 7#d7 ,are all ?+s subject to fate8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,be ,su* a ,?+ ,z ,fate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fate is no?+4 ,= ,gregory says 9 a homily = ! ,epiphany 7,hom4 x 9 ,evang473 ,f> be x f ! he>ts ( ! fai?ful to ?9k t fate is any?+ real4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at happ5s by fate is n un=ese51 = z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #d71 fate is und]/ood to be d]iv$ f ! v]b 'f>i' :i* means to speak2 z ?\gh ?+s 7 said to happ5 by fate1 :i* are =e-spok5 by "o :o decrees !m to happ54 ,n[ :at is =ese5 is nei!r lucky nor *ance-l4 ,if !re=e ?+s happ5 by fate1 !re w be nei!r luck nor *ance 9 ! _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:at does n exi/ _c be def9$4 ,b ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 iv7 def9es fate ?us3 ,fate is a disposition inh]5t to *angeable ?+s1 by :i* ,provid5ce connects ea* "o ) its prop] ord]4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ?is _w "s ?+s seem to happ5 by luck or *ance4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t some?+ is lucky or *ance-l z comp>$ to inf]ior causes1 :i*1 if comp>$ to "s high] cause1 is directly int5d$4 ,= in/ance1 if two s]vants are s5t by _! ma/] to ! same place2 ! meet+ ( ! two s]vants 9 reg>d to !mselves is by *ance2 b z comp>$ to ! ma/]1 :o _h ord]$ x1 x is directly int5d$4 ,s !re 7 "s :o refus$ to ref] to a high] cause su* ev5ts :i* by luck or *ance take place "h bel[4 ,^! d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( fate & ,provid5ce1 z ,augu/9e relates ( ,tully 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #i74 ,& ?is is contr>y to :at we h said above ab\t ,provid5ce 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b74 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s h consid]$ t ev]y?+ t takes place "h bel[ by luck or by *ance1 :e!r 9 natural ?+s or 9 human affairs1 is to be r$uc$ to a sup]ior cause1 namely1 ! heav5ly bodies4 ,accord+ to ^! fate is no?+ else ?an a disposition ( ! />s "u :i* ea* "o is begott5 or born 99,cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e 1 loc4 cit41 v1 #a1 #h1 #i4 ,b ?is w n hold4 ,fir/1 z to human affairs3 because we h prov$ above 7,q4 #aae1 ,a4 #d7 t human actions are n subject to ! action ( heav5ly bodies1 save accid5tally & indirectly4 ,n[ ! cause ( fate1 s9ce x has ! ord]+ ( ?+s t happ5 by fate1 mu/ ( necessity be directly & ( itself ! cause ( :at takes place4 ,secondly1 z to all ?+s t happ5 accid5tally3 = x has be5 said 7,q4 #aae1 ,a4 #f7 t :at is accid5tal1 is prop]ly speak+ nei!r a be+1 nor a unity4 ,b e action ( nature t]m9ates 9 "s "o ?+4 ,:]e=e x is impossible = t :i* is accid5tal to be ! prop] effect ( an active natural pr9ciple4 ,no natural cause c !re=e h = its prop] effect t a man int5d+ to dig a grave f9ds a treasure4 ,n[ x is manife/ t a acts aft] ! mann] ( a natural pr9ciple3 :]e=e its effects 9 ?is _w are natural4 ,x is !re=e impossible t any active p[] ( a heav5ly body be ! cause ( :at happ5s by accid5t "h bel[1 :e!r by luck or by *ance4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t :at happ5s "h by accid5t1 bo? 9 natural ?+s & 9 human affairs1 is r$uc$ to a preorda9+ cause1 :i* is ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,= no?+ h9d]s t :i* happ5s by accid5t be+ consid]$ z "o by an intellect3 o!rwise ! intellect c\ld n =m ?is proposition3 ,! digg] ( a grave f\nd a treasure4 ,& j z an intellect c appreh5d ?is s c x effect x2 = in/ance1 someone :o kn[s a place :]e a treasure is hidd51 might in/igate a ru/ic1 ignorant ( ?is1 to dig a grave !re4 ,consequ5tly1 no?+ h9d]s :at happ5s "h by accid5t1 by luck or by *ance1 be+ r$uc$ to "s ord]+ cause :i* acts by ! intellect1 especially ! ,div9e intellect4 ,= ,god alone c *ange ! w1 z %[n above 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly ! ord]+ ( human actions1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is ! w1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ,god alone4 ,s !re=e inasmu* z all t happ5s "h bel[ is subject to ,div9e ,provid5ce1 z be+ pre-orda9$1 & z x 7 =e-spok51 we c admit ! exi/5ce ( fate3 al?\gh ! holy doctors avoid$ ! use ( ?is ^w1 on acc\nt ( ^? :o twi/$ its application to a c]ta9 =ce 9 ! position ( ! />s4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #a73 ,if anyone ascribes human affairs to fate1 mean+ !reby ! w or p[] ( ,god1 let him keep to 8 op9ion1 b hold 8 tongue4 ,= ?is reason ,gregory d5ies ! exi/5ce ( fate3 :]e=e ! fir/ objection's solution is manife/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ h9d]s c]ta9 ?+s happ5+ by luck or by *ance1 if comp>$ to _! proximate causes3 b n if comp>$ to ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :]eby no?+ happ5s at r&om 9 ! _w1 z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #bd74 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fate ,is 9 ,creat$ ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fate is n 9 creat$ ?+s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #a7 t ! ,div9e w or p[] is call$ fate4 ,b ! ,div9e w or p[] is n 9 creatures1 b 9 ,god4 ,!re=e fate is n 9 creatures b 9 ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fate is comp>$ to ?+s t happ5 by fate1 z _! cause2 z ! v use ( ! ^w proves4 ,b ! univ]sal cause t ( itself effects :at takes place by accid5t "h bel[1 is ,god alone1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e fate is 9 ,god1 & n 9 creatures4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if fate is 9 creatures1 x is ei!r a sub/ance or an accid5t3 & :i*ev] x is x mu/ be multipli$ accord+ to ! numb] ( creatures4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 fate seems to be "o ?+ only1 x seems t fate is n 9 creatures1 b 9 ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv73 ,fate is a disposition inh]5t to *angeable ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z is cle> f :at has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #f71 ,div9e ,provid5ce produces effects ?r\gh m$iate causes4 ,we c !re=e consid] ! ord]+ ( ! effects 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 z be+ 9 ,god ,himself3 & ?us ! ord]+ ( ! effects is call$ ,provid5ce4 ,b if we consid] ?is ord]+ z be+ 9 ! m$iate causes ord]$ by ,god to ! production ( c]ta9 effects1 ?us x has ! nature ( fate4 ,?is is :at ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv73 ,fate is work$ out :5 ,div9e ,provid5ce is s]v$ by c]ta9 spirits2 :e!r by ! s\l1 or by all nature itself :i* obeys ,him1 :e!r by ! heav5ly movem5ts ( ! />s1 :e!r by ! angelic p[]1 or by ! +5uity ( ! demons1 :e!r by "s ( ^!1 or by all1 ! *a9 ( fate is =g$4 ,( ea* ( ^! ?+s we h spok5 above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aac2 ,q4 #aad74 ,x is !re=e manife/ t fate is 9 ! creat$ causes !mselves1 z ord]$ by ,god to ! production ( _! effects4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ord]+ itself ( second causes1 :i* ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #h7 calls ! s]ies ( causes1 has n ! nature ( fate1 except z dep5d5t on ,god4 ,:]e=e ! ,div9e p[] or w c be call$ fate1 z be+ ! cause ( fate4 ,b ess5tially fate is ! v disposition or s]ies1 i4e4 ord]1 ( second causes4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fate has ! nature ( a cause1 j z mu* z ! second causes !mselves1 ! ord]+ ( :i* is call$ fate4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fate is call$ a disposition1 n t disposition :i* is a species ( quality1 b 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x signifies ord]1 :i* is n a sub/ance1 b a relation4 ,& if ?is ord] be consid]$ 9 relation to its pr9ciple1 x is "o2 & ?us fate is "o4 ,b if x be consid]$ 9 relation to its effects1 or to ! m$iate causes1 ?is fate is multiple4 ,9 ?is s5se ! poet wrote3 ,?y fate draws !e4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,fate ,is ,un*angeable8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fate is n un*angeable4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv73 ,z reason+ is to ! intellect1 z ! begott5 is to t :i* is1 z "t to et]nity1 z ! circle to its c5tre2 s is ! fickle *a9 ( fate to ! unwav]+ simplicity ( ,provid5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 ii1 #g73 ,if we be mov$1 :at is 9 u is mov$4 ,b fate is a disposition inh]5t to *angeable ?+s1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv74 ,!re=e fate is *angeable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if fate is un*angeable1 :at is subject to fate happ5s un*angeably & ( necessity4 ,b ?+s ascrib$ to fate seem pr9cipally to be cont+5cies4 ,!re=e !re w\ld be no cont+5cies 9 ! _w1 b all ?+s w\ld happ5 ( necessity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv7 t fate is an un*angeable disposition4 ,i answ] t1 ,! disposition ( second causes :i* we call fate1 c be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/ly1 9 reg>d to ! second causes1 :i* are ?us dispos$ or ord]$2 secondly1 9 reg>d to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 namely1 ,god1 by ,:om !y are ord]$4 ,"s1 !re=e1 h held t ! s]ies itself of dispositions ( causes is 9 itself necess>y1 s t all ?+s w\ld happ5 ( necessity2 = ?is reason t ea* effect has a cause1 & giv5 a cause ! effect mu/ foll[ ( necessity4 ,b ?is is false1 z prov$ above 7,q4 #aae1 ,a4 #f74 ,o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 held t fate is *angeable1 ev5 z dep5d5t on ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,:]e=e ! ,egyptians said t fate c\ld be *ang$ by c]ta9 sacrifices1 z ,gregory ( ,nyssa says 7,nemesius1 ,de ,hom9e74 ,?is too has be5 disprov$ above = ! reason t x is repugnant to ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e say t fate1 consid]$ 9 reg>d to second causes1 is *angeable2 b z subject to ,div9e ,provid5ce1 x d]ives a c]ta9 un*angeabl5ess1 n ( absolute b ( conditional necessity4 ,9 ?is s5se we say t ?is conditional is true & necess>y3 ,if ,god =eknew t ?is w\ld happ51 x w happ54 ,:]e=e ,boe?ius1 hav+ said t ! *a9 ( fate is fickle1 %ortly aft]w>ds adds--:i*1 s9ce x is d]iv$ f an un*angeable ,provid5ce mu/ also itself be un*angeable4 ,f ?is ! answ]s to ! objections are cle>4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aaf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ,?+s ,are ,subject to ,fate8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t all ?+s are subject to fate4 ,= ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv73 ,! *a9 ( fate moves ! heav5 & ! />s1 temp]s ! elem5ts to "o ano!r1 & models !m by a reciprocal trans=mation4 ,by fate all ?+s t are born into ! _w & p]i% are r5ew$ 9 a uni=m progression ( (fspr+ & se$4 ,no?+ !re=e seems to be exclud$ f ! doma9 ( fate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #a7 t fate is some?+ real1 z ref]r$ to ! ,div9e w & p[]4 ,b ! ,div9e w is cause ( all ?+s t happ51 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #a seqq474 ,!re=e all ?+s are subject to fate4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv7 t fate is a disposition inh]5t to *angeable ?+s4 ,b all creatures are *angeable1 & ,god alone is truly un*angeable1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e fate is 9 all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv7 t "s ?+s subject to ,provid5ce are above ! ord]+ ( fate4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 fate is ! ord]+ ( second causes to effects =ese5 by ,god4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 is subject to second causes1 is subject also to fate4 ,b :atev] is done imm$iately by ,god1 s9ce x is n subject to second causes1 nei!r is x subject to fate2 su* are creation1 ! glorification ( spiritual sub/ances1 & ! l4 ,& ?is is :at ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iv73 viz4 t ^? ?+s :i* are nigh to ,god h a /ate ( immobility1 & exce$ ! *angeable ord] ( fate4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! fur!r a ?+ is f ! ,fir/ ,m9d1 ! m x is involv$ 9 ! *a9 ( fate2 s9ce s mu* ! m x is b\nd up ) second causes4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ! ?+s m5tion$ 9 ?is passage are done by ,god by means ( second causes2 = ?is reason !y are conta9$ 9 ! ord] ( fate4 ,b x is n ! same ) ev]y?+ else1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fate is to be ref]r$ to ! ,div9e w & p[]1 z to its fir/ pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t :atev] is subject to ! ,div9e w or p[]1 is subject also to fate1 z already /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh all creatures are 9 "s way *angeable1 yet "s ( !m d n proce$ f *angeable creat$ causes4 ,& ^!1 !re=e1 are n subject to fate1 z /at$ above4 ,,"q #aag ,,( ,,?+s ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,man 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we h next to consid] ^? ?+s :i* p]ta9 to ! action ( man1 :o is compos$ ( a creat$ corporeal & spiritual nature4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all consid] t action 79 g5]al7 & secondly 9 reg>d to ! propagation ( man f man4 ,z to ! fir/1 !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "o man c tea* ano!r1 z be+ ! cause ( 8 k8 7#b7 ,:e!r man c tea* an angel8 7#c7 ,:e!r by ! p[] ( 8 s\l man c *ange corporeal matt]8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! sep>ate s\l ( man c move bodies by local movem5t8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"o ,man ,c ,tea* ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o man _c tea* ano!r4 ,= ! ,"l says 7,matt4 #bb3h73 ,be n y call$ ,rabbi3 on :i* ! gloss ( ,j]ome says1 ,le/ y give to m5 ! honor due to ,god4 ,!re=e to be a ma/] is prop]ly an honor due to ,god4 ,b x belongs to a ma/] to tea*4 ,!re=e man _c tea*1 & ?is is prop] to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if "o man tea*es ano!r ?is is only inasmu* z he acts ?r\gh 8 own k1 s z to cause k 9 ! o!r4 ,b a quality ?r\gh :i* anyone acts s z to produce 8 l1 is an active quality4 ,!re=e x foll[s t k is an active quality j z heat is4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 = k we require intellectual light1 & ! species ( ! ?+ und]/ood4 ,b a man _c cause ei!r ( ^! 9 ano!r man4 ,!re=e a man _c by tea*+ cause k 9 ano!r man4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! tea*] does no?+ 9 reg>d to a disciple save to propose to him c]ta9 signs1 s z to signify some?+ by words or ge/ures4 ,b x is n possible to tea* anyone s z to cause k 9 him1 by putt+ signs be=e him4 ,= ^! are signs ei!r ( ?+s t he kn[s1 or ( ?+s he does n "k4 ,if ( ?+s t he kn[s1 he to :om ^! signs are propos$ is already 9 ! possession ( k1 & does n acquire x f ! ma/]4 ,if !y are signs ( ?+s t he does n "k1 he c le>n no?+ !refrom3 = in/ance1 if "o 7 to speak ,greek to a man :o only kn[s ,lat91 he w\ld le>n no?+ !reby4 ,!re=e 9 no way c a man cause k 9 ano!r by tea*+ him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #b3g73 ,:]eunto ,i am appo9t$ a prea*] & an apo/le 4 4 4 a doctor ( ! ,g5tiles 9 fai? & tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,on ?is "q !re h be5 v>i\s op9ions4 ,= ,av]roes1 comm5t+ on ,de ,anima iii1 ma9ta9s t all m5 h "o passive intellect 9 common1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #b74 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! same intelligible species belong to all m54 ,consequ5tly he held t "o man does n cause ano!r to h a k di/9ct f t :i* he has himself2 b t he communicates ! id5tical k :i* he has himself1 by mov+ him to ord] rightly ! phantasms 9 8 s\l1 s t !y be rightly dispos$ = intelligible appreh5sion4 ,?is op9ion is true s f> z k is ! same 9 disciple & ma/]1 if we consid] ! id5tity ( ! ?+ kn[n3 = ! same objective tru? is kn[n by bo? ( !m4 ,b s f> z he ma9ta9s t all m5 h b "o passive intellect1 & ! same intelligible species1 diff]+ only z to v>i\s phantasms1 8 op9ion is false1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #b74 ,besides ?is1 !re is ! op9ion ( ! ,platoni/s1 :o held t our s\ls are possess$ ( k f ! v beg9n+1 ?r\gh ! p>ticipation ( sep>ate =ms1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d72 b t ! s\l is h9d]$1 ?r\gh its union ) ! body1 f ! free consid]ation ( ^? ?+s :i* x kn[s4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! disciple does n acquire fre% k f 8 ma/]1 b is r\s$ by him to consid] :at he kn[s2 s t to le>n w\ld be no?+ else ?an to rememb]4 ,9 ! same way !y held t natural ag5ts only dispose 7matt]7 to receive =ms1 :i* matt] acquires by a p>ticipation ( sep>ate sub/ances4 ,b aga9/ ?is we h prov$ above 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #c7 t ! passive intellect ( ! human s\l is 9 pure pot5tiality to intelligible 7species71 z ,ari/otle says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,we mu/ !re=e decide ! "q diff]5tly1 by say+ t ! tea*] causes k 9 ! le>n]1 by r$uc+ him f pot5tiality to act1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 viii1 #d74 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t ( effects proce$+ f an ext]ior pr9ciple1 "s proce$ f ! ext]ior pr9ciple alone2 z ! =m ( a h\se is caus$ to be 9 matt] by art alone3 :]eas o!r effects proce$ sometimes f an ext]ior pr9ciple1 sometimes f an int]ior pr9ciple3 ?us heal? is caus$ 9 a sick man1 sometimes by an ext]ior pr9ciple1 namely by ! m$ical art1 sometimes by an int]ior pr9ciple z :5 a man is heal$ by ! =ce ( nature4 ,9 ^! latt] effects two ?+s mu/ be notic$4 ,fir/1 t art 9 its "w imitates nature = j z nature heals a man by alt]ation1 dige/ion1 rejection ( ! matt] t caus$ ! sickness1 s does art4 ,secondly1 we mu/ rem>k t ! ext]ior pr9ciple1 art1 acts1 n z pr9cipal ag5t1 b z help+ ! pr9cipal ag5t1 b z help+ ! pr9cipal ag5t1 :i* is ! int]ior pr9ciple1 by /r5g!n+ x1 & by furni%+ x ) in/rum5ts & assi/ance1 ( :i* ! int]ior pr9ciple makes use 9 produc+ ! effect4 ,?us ! physician /r5g!ns nature1 & employs food & m$ic9e1 ( :i* nature makes use = ! int5d$ end4 ,n[ k is acquir$ 9 man1 bo? f an int]ior pr9ciple1 z is cle> 9 "o :o procures k by 8 own rese>*2 & f an ext]ior pr9ciple1 z is cle> 9 "o :o le>ns 7by in/ruction74 ,= 9 e man !re is a c]ta9 pr9ciple ( k1 namely ! light ( ! active intellect1 ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 univ]sal pr9ciples ( all ! sci5ces are naturally und]/ood z soon z propos$ to ! intellect4 ,n[ :5 anyone applies ^! univ]sal pr9ciples to c]ta9 p>ticul> ?+s1 ! memory or exp]i5ce ( :i* he acquires ?r\gh ! s5ses2 !n by 8 own rese>* advanc+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 he obta9s k ( :at he knew n be=e4 ,:]e=e anyone :o tea*es1 leads ! disciple f ?+s kn[n by ! latt]1 to ! k ( ?+s previ\sly unkn[n to him2 accord+ to :at ! ,philosoph] says 7,po/]4 i1 #a73 ,all tea*+ & all le>n+ proce$ f previ\s k4 ,n[ ! ma/] leads ! disciple f ?+s kn[n to k ( ! unkn[n1 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,fir/ly1 by propos+ to him c]ta9 helps or means ( in/ruction1 :i* 8 intellect c use = ! acquisition ( sci5ce3 = in/ance1 he may put be=e him c]ta9 less univ]sal propositions1 ( :i* nev]!less ! disciple is able to judge f previ\s k3 or he may propose to him "s s5sible examples1 ei!r by way ( lik5ess or ( opposition1 or some?+ ( ! sort1 f :i* ! intellect ( ! le>n] is l$ to ! k ( tru? previ\sly unkn[n4 ,secondly1 by /r5g!n+ ! intellect ( ! le>n]2 n1 inde$1 by "s active p[] z ( a high] nature1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #a7 ( ! angelic enlight5m5t1 because all human intellects are ( "o grade 9 ! natural ord]2 b inasmu* z he proposes to ! disciple ! ord] ( pr9ciples to conclusions1 by reason ( 8 n hav+ suffici5t collat+ p[] to be able to draw ! conclusions f ! pr9ciples4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,po/]4 i1 #b7 t a demon/ration is a syllogism t causes k4 ,9 ?is way a demon/rator causes 8 he>] to "k4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above1 ! tea*] only br+s ext]ior help z ! physician :o heals3 b j z ! int]ior nature is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! heal+1 s ! int]ior light ( ! intellect is ! pr9cipal cause ( k4 ,b bo? ( ^! are f ,god4 ,!re=e z ( ,god is x writt53 ,:o heale? all ?y diseases 7,ps4 #ajb3c72 s ( ,him is x writt53 ,he t tea*e? man k 7,ps4 #ic3aj71 inasmu* z ! light ( ,8 c\nt5ance is sign$ ^u u 7,ps4 #d3g71 ?r\gh :i* light all ?+s are %[n to u4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,av]roes argues1 ! tea*] does n cause k 9 ! disciple aft] ! mann] ( a natural active cause4 ,:]e=e k ne$ n be an active quality3 b is ! pr9ciple by :i* "o is direct$ 9 tea*+1 j z art is ! pr9ciple by :i* "o is direct$ 9 work+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ma/] does n cause ! intellectual light 9 ! disciple1 nor does he cause ! intelligible species directly3 b he moves ! disciple by tea*+1 s t ! latt]1 by ! p[] ( 8 intellect1 =ms intelligible concepts1 ! signs ( :i* are propos$ to him f )\t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! signs propos$ by ! ma/] to ! disciple are ( ?+s kn[n 9 a g5]al & confus$ mann]2 b n kn[n 9 detail & di/9ctly4 ,!re=e :5 anyone acquires k by himself1 he _c be call$ self-taught1 or be said to h 8 own ma/] because p]fect k did n prec$e 9 him1 su* z is requir$ 9 a ma/]4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,man ,c ,tea* ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 tea* angels4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #c3aj73 ,t ! manifold wisdom ( ,god may be made kn[n to ! pr9cipalities & p[]s 9 ! heav5ly places ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! ,*ur* is ! union ( all ! fai?ful4 ,!re=e "s ?+s are made kn[n to angels ?r\gh m54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! sup]ior angels1 :o are enlight5$ imm$iately conc]n+ ,div9e ?+s by ,god1 c in/ruct ! inf]ior angels1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #c74 ,b "s m5 are in/ruct$ imm$iately conc]n+ ,div9e ?+s by ! ,^w ( ,god2 z appe>s pr9cipally ( ! apo/les f ,heb4 #a3a1 #b3 ,la/ ( all1 9 ^! days 7,god7 ha? spok5 to u by ,8 ,son4 ,!re=e "s m5 h be5 able to tea* ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! inf]ior angels are in/ruct$ by ! sup]ior4 ,b "s m5 are high] ?an "s angels2 s9ce "s m5 are tak5 up to ! highe/ angelic ord]s1 z ,gregory says 9 a homily 7,hom4 xxxiv 9 ,evang474 ,!re=e "s ( ! inf]ior angels c be in/ruct$ by m5 conc]n+ ,div9e ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t e ,div9e enlight5m5t is borne to m5 by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels4 ,!re=e angels are n in/ruct$ by m5 conc]n+ ,div9e ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajg1 ,a4 #b71 ! inf]ior angels c inde$ speak to ! sup]ior angels1 by mak+ _! ?\ghts kn[n to !m2 b conc]n+ ,div9e ?+s sup]ior angels are nev] enlight5$ by inf]ior angels4 ,n[ x is manife/ t 9 ! same way z inf]ior angels are subject to ! sup]ior1 ! highe/ m5 are subject ev5 to ! l[e/ angels4 ,?is is cle> f ,our ,"l's words 7,matt4 #aa3aa73 ,!re ha? n ris5 among !m t are born ( woman a great] ?an ,john ! ,bapti/2 yet he t is less] 9 ! k+dom ( heav5 is great] ?an he4 ,!re=e angels are nev] enlight5$ by m5 conc]n+ ,div9e ?+s4 ,b m5 c by means ( spee* make kn[n to angels ! ?\ghts ( _! he>ts3 because x belongs to ,god alone to "k ! he>t's secrets4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #ai7 ?us expla9s ?is passage ( ! ,apo/le1 :o 9 ! prec$+ v]ses says3 ,to me1 ! lea/ ( all ! sa9ts1 is giv5 ?is grace 4 4 4 to enlight5 all m51 t !y may see :at is ! disp5sation ( ! my/]y :i* ha? be5 hidd5 f et]nity 9 ,god4 ,hidd51 yet s t ! multi=m wisdom ( ,god 0 made kn[n to ! pr9cipalities & p[]s 9 ! heav5ly places--t is1 ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4 ,z ?\gh he 7 to say3 ,?is my/]y 0 hidd5 f m51 b n f ! ,*ur* 9 heav51 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! pr9cipalities & p[]s :o knew x f all ages1 b n be=e all ages3 because ! ,*ur* 0 at fir/ !re1 :]e aft] ! resurrection ?is ,*ur* compos$ ( m5 w be ga!r$ toge!r4 ,x c also be expla9$ o!rwise t :at is hidd51 is kn[n by ! angels1 n only 9 ,god1 b also "h :]e :5 x takes place & is made public1 z ,augu/9e says fur!r on 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #ai74 ,?us :5 ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur* 7 fulfill$ by ! apo/les1 "s ?+s conc]n+ ^! my/]ies became app>5t to ! angels1 :i* 7 hidd5 f !m be=e4 ,9 ?is way we c und]/& :at ,j]ome says 7,comm5t4 9 ,ep4 ad ,eph47--t f ! prea*+ ( ! apo/les ! angels le>n$ c]ta9 my/]ies2 t is to say1 ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( ! apo/les1 ! my/]ies 7 realiz$ 9 ! ?+s !mselves3 ?us by ! prea*+ ( ,paul ! ,g5tiles 7 conv]t$1 ( :i* my/]y ! ,apo/le is speak+ 9 ! passage quot$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! apo/les 7 in/ruct$ imm$iately by ! ,^w ( ,god1 n accord+ to ,8 ,div9ity1 b accord+ z ,he spoke 9 ,8 human nature4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c]ta9 m5 9 ?is /ate ( life are great] ?an c]ta9 angels1 n actually1 b virtually2 =asmu* z !y h su* great *>ity t !y c m]it a high] degree ( beatitude ?an t possess$ by c]ta9 angels4 ,9 ! same way we might say t ! se$ ( a great tree is virtually great] ?an a small tree1 ?\gh actually x is mu* small]4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,man by ! ,p[] ( ,8 ,s\l ,c ,*ange ,corporeal ,matt]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man by ! p[] ( 8 s\l c *ange corporeal matt]4 ,= ,gregory says 7,dialog4 ii1 #cj73 ,sa9ts "w miracles sometimes by pray]1 sometimes by _! p[]3 ?us ,pet]1 by pray]1 rais$ ! dead ,tabi?a to life1 & by 8 repro( deliv]$ to dea? ! ly+ ,ananias & ,saphira4 ,b 9 ! work+ ( miracles a *ange is wr\ght 9 corporeal matt]4 ,!re=e m51 by ! p[] ( ! s\l1 c *ange corporeal matt]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 on ^! words 7,gal4 #c3a73 ,:o ha? bewit*$ y1 t y %\ld n obey ! tru?8 ! gloss says t "s h blaz+ eyes1 :o by a s+le look bewit* o!rs1 especially *ildr54 ,b ?is w\ld n be unless ! p[] ( ! s\l c\ld *ange corporeal matt]4 ,!re=e man c *ange corporeal matt] by ! p[] ( 8 s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! human body is nobl] ?an o!r inf]ior bodies4 ,b by ! appreh5sion ( ! human s\l ! human body is *ang$ to heat & cold1 z appe>s :5 a man is angry or afraid3 inde$ ?is *ange sometimes goes s f> z to br+ on sickness & dea?4 ,mu* m1 !n1 c ! human s\l by its p[] *ange corporeal matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h73 ,corporeal matt] obeys ,god alone at w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b71 corporeal matt] is n *ang$ to 7! reception (7 a =m save ei!r by "s ag5t compos$ ( matt] & =m1 or by ,god ,himself1 9 :om bo? matt] & =m pre-exi/ virtually1 z 9 ! primordial cause ( bo?4 ,:]e=e ( ! angels also we h /at$ 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b7 t !y _c *ange corporeal matt] by _! natural p[]1 except by employ+ corporeal ag5ts = ! production ( c]ta9 effects4 ,mu* less !re=e c ! s\l1 by its natural p[]1 *ange corporeal matt]1 except by means ( bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! sa9ts are said to "w miracles by ! p[] ( grace1 n ( nature4 ,?is is cle> f :at ,gregory says 9 ! same place3 ,^? :o are sons ( ,god1 9 p[]1 z ,john says--:at wond] is !re t !y %\ld "w miracles by t p[]8 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,avic5na assigns ! cause ( bewit*m5t to ! fact t corporeal matt] has a natural t5d5cy to obey spiritual sub/ance r ?an natural contr>y ag5ts4 ,!re=e :5 ! s\l is ( /rong imag9ation1 x c *ange corporeal matt]4 ,?is he says is ! cause ( ! evil eye4 ,b x has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b7 t corporeal matt] does n obey spiritual sub/ances at w1 b ! ,creator alone4 ,!re=e x is bett] to say1 t by a /rong imag9ation ! 7corporeal7 spirits ( ! body unit$ to t s\l are *ang$1 :i* *ange 9 ! spirits takes place especially 9 ! eyes1 to :i* ! m subtle spirits c rea*4 ,& ! eyes infect ! air :i* is 9 contact ) !m to a c]ta9 di/ance3 9 ! same way z a new & cle> mirror contracts a t>ni% f ! look ( a m5/ruata1 z ,ari/otle says 7,de ,somn4 et ,vigil42 99,de ,insomniis ii74 ,h5ce !n :5 a s\l is vehem5tly mov$ to wick$ness1 z occurs mo/ly 9 little old wom51 accord+ to ! above explanation1 ! c\nt5ance becomes v5om\s & hurtful1 especially to *ildr51 :o h a t5d] & mo/ impressionable body4 ,x is also possible t by ,god's p]mission1 or f "s hidd5 de$1 ! spiteful demons co-op]ate 9 ?is1 z ! wit*es may h "s compact ) !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s\l is unit$ to ! body z its =m2 & ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* obeys ! reason 9 a c]ta9 way1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #c71 x is ! act ( a corporeal organ4 ,!re=e at ! appreh5sion ( ! human s\l1 ! s5sitive appetite mu/ ne$s be mov$ ) an accompany+ corporeal op]ation4 ,b ! appreh5sion ( ! human s\l does n suffice to "w a *ange 9 ext]ior bodies1 except by means ( a *ange 9 ! body unit$ to x1 z /at$ above 7ad #b74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,sep>ate ,human ,s\l ,c ,move ,bodies at ,lea/ ,locally8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! sep>ate human s\l c move bodies at lea/ locally4 ,= a body naturally obeys a spiritual sub/ance z to local motion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #e74 ,b ! sep>ate s\l is a spiritual sub/ance4 ,!re=e x c move ext]ior bodies by its comm&4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,it9]>y ( ,clem5t x is said 9 ! n>rative ( ,nicetas to ,pet]1 t ,simon ,magus1 by sorc]y reta9$ p[] ov] ! s\l ( a *ild t he _h sla91 & t ?r\gh ?is s\l he work$ magical wond]s4 ,b ?is c\ld n h be5 )\t "s corporeal *ange at lea/ z to place4 ,!re=e1 ! sep>ate s\l has ! p[] to move bodies locally4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima i1 #c7 t ! s\l _c move any o!r body :atsoev] b its own4 ,i answ] t1 ,! sep>ate s\l _c by its natural p[] move a body4 ,= x is manife/ t1 ev5 :ile ! s\l is unit$ to ! body1 x does n move ! body except z end[$ ) life3 s t if "o ( ! memb]s become lifeless1 x does n obey ! s\l z to local motion4 ,n[ x is also manife/ t no body is quick5$ by ! sep>ate s\l4 ,!re=e )9 ! limits ( its natural p[] ! sep>ate s\l _c comm& ! ob$i5ce ( a body2 ?\gh1 by ! p[] ( ,god1 x c exce$ ^? limits4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re are c]ta9 spiritual sub/ances ^: p[]s are n det]m9ate to c]ta9 bodies2 su* are ! angels :o are naturally unfett]$ by a body2 consequ5tly v>i\s bodies may obey !m z to movem5t4 ,b if ! motive p[] ( a sep>ate sub/ance is naturally det]m9ate to move a c]ta9 body1 t sub/ance w n be able to move a body ( high] degree1 b only "o ( l[] degree3 ?us accord+ to philosoph]s ! mov] ( ! l[] heav5 _c move ! high] heav54 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ! s\l is by its nature det]m9ate to move ! body ( :i* x is ! =m1 x _c by its natural p[] move any o!r body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #aa7 & ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xxviii 9 ,matt47 say1 ! demons (t5 pret5d to be ! s\ls ( ! dead1 9 ord] to confirm ! error ( hea!n sup]/ition4 ,x is !re=e cr$ible t ,simon ,magus 0 deceiv$ by "s demon :o pret5d$ to be ! s\l ( ! *ild :om ! magician _h sla94 ,,"q #aah ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,man ,,f ,,man ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,s\l 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we next consid] ! production ( man f man3 fir/1 z to ! s\l2 secondly1 z to ! body4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! s5sitive s\l is transmitt$ ) ! sem58 7#b7 ,:e!r ! intellectual s\l is ?us transmitt$8 7#c7 ,:e!r all s\ls 7 creat$ at ! same "t8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,s5sitive ,s\l ,is ,transmitt$ ) ! ,sem58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s5sitive s\l is n transmitt$ ) ! sem51 b creat$ by ,god4 ,= e p]fect sub/ance1 n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 t beg9s to exi/1 acquires exi/5ce n by g5]ation1 b by creation3 = no?+ is g5]at$ save f matt]4 ,b ! s5sitive s\l is a p]fect sub/ance1 o!rwise x c\ld n move ! body2 & s9ce x is ! =m ( a body1 x is n compos$ ( matt] & =m4 ,!re=e x beg9s to exi/ n by g5]ation b by creation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 liv+ ?+s ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation is ! g5]at+ p[]2 :i*1 s9ce x is "o ( ! p[]s ( ! vegetative s\l1 is ( a l[] ord] ?an ! s5sitive s\l4 ,n[ no?+ acts beyond its species4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive s\l _c be caus$ by ! animal's g5]at+ p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! g5]ator begets its l3 s t ! =m ( ! g5]ator mu/ be actually 9 ! cause ( g5]ation4 ,b nei!r ! s5sitive s\l itself nor any "p !re( is actually 9 ! sem51 = no "p ( ! s5sitive s\l is else:]e ?an 9 "s "p ( ! body2 :ile 9 ! sem5 !re is n ev5 a p>ticle ( ! body1 because !re is n a p>ticle ( ! body :i* is n made f ! sem5 & by ! p[] !re(4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive s\l is n produc$ ?r\gh ! sem54 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if !re be 9 ! sem5 any pr9ciple productive ( ! s5sitive s\l1 ?is pr9ciple ei!r rema9s aft] ! animal is begott51 or x does n rema94 ,n[ x _c rema94 ,= ei!r x w\ld be id5tifi$ ) ! s5sitive s\l ( ! begott5 animal2 :i* is impossible1 = ?us !re w\ld be id5tity betwe5 begett] & begott51 mak] & made3 or x w\ld be di/9ct !refrom2 & aga9 ?is is impossible1 = x has be5 prov$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #d7 t 9 "o animal !re is b "o =mal pr9ciple1 :i* is ! s\l4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! a=esaid pr9ciple does n rema91 ?is aga9 seems to be impossible3 = ?us an ag5t w\ld act to its own de/ruction1 :i* _c be4 ,!re=e ! s5sitive s\l _c be g5]at$ f ! sem54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! p[] 9 ! sem5 is to ! animal sem9ally g5]at$1 z ! p[] 9 ! elem5ts ( ! _w is to animals produc$ f ^! elem5ts--= in/ance by putrefaction4 ,b 9 ! latt] animals ! s\l is produc$ by ! elem5tal p[]1 accord+ to ,g54 #a3bj3 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? ! creep+ creatures hav+ life4 ,!re=e also ! s\ls ( animals sem9ally g5]at$ are produc$ by ! sem9al p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h held t ! s5sitive s\ls ( animals are creat$ by ,god 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #d74 ,?is op9ion w\ld hold if ! s5sitive s\l 7 subsi/5t1 hav+ be+ & op]ation ( itself4 ,= ?us1 z hav+ be+ & op]ation ( itself1 to be made w\ld ne$s be prop] to x4 ,& s9ce a simple & subsi/5t ?+ _c be made except by creation1 x w\ld foll[ t ! s5sitive s\l w\ld arrive at exi/5ce by creation4 ,b ?is pr9ciple is false--namely1 t be+ & op]ation are prop] to ! s5sitive s\l1 z has be5 made cle> above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #c73 = x w\ld n cease to exi/ :5 ! body p]i%es4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 x is n a subsi/5t =m1 its relation to exi/5ce is t ( ! corporeal =ms1 to :i* exi/5ce does n belong z prop] to !m1 b :i* are said to exi/ =asmu* z ! subsi/5t composites exi/ ?r\gh !m4 ,:]e=e to be made is prop] to composites4 ,& s9ce ! g5]ator is l ! g5]at$1 x foll[s ( necessity t bo? ! s5sitive s\l1 & all o!r l =ms are naturally br\ght into exi/5ce by c]ta9 corporeal ag5ts t r$uce ! matt] f pot5tiality to act1 ?r\gh "s corporeal p[] ( :i* !y are possess$4 ,n[ ! m p[]ful an ag5t1 ! great] scope its action has3 = in/ance1 ! hott] a body1 ! great] ! di/ance to :i* its heat c>ries4 ,!re=e bodies n end[$ ) life1 :i* are ! l[e/ 9 ! ord] ( nature1 g5]ate _! l1 n ?r\gh "s m$ium1 b by !mselves2 ?us fire by itself g5]ates fire4 ,b liv+ bodies1 z be+ m p[]ful1 act s z to g5]ate _! l1 bo? )\t & ) a m$ium4 ,)\t a m$ium--9 ! "w ( nutrition1 9 :i* fle% g5]ates fle%3 ) a m$ium--9 ! act ( g5]ation1 because ! sem5 ( ! animal or plant d]ives a c]ta9 active =ce f ! s\l ( ! g5]ator1 j z ! in/rum5t d]ives a c]ta9 motive p[] f ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,& z x matt]s n :e!r we say t some?+ is mov$ by ! in/rum5t or by ! pr9cipal ag5t1 s nei!r does x matt] :e!r we say t ! s\l ( ! g5]at$ is caus$ by ! s\l ( ! g5]ator1 or by "s sem9al p[] d]iv$ !refrom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s5sitive s\l is n a p]fect self-subsi/5t sub/ance4 ,we h said en\gh 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #c7 on ?is po9t1 nor ne$ we repeat x "h4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! g5]at+ p[] begets n only by its own virtue b by t ( ! :ole s\l1 ( :i* x is a p[]4 ,!re=e ! g5]at+ p[] ( a plant g5]ates a plant1 & t ( an animal begets an animal4 ,= ! m p]fect ! s\l is1 to s mu* a m p]fect effect is its g5]at+ p[] orda9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is active =ce :i* is 9 ! sem51 & :i* is d]iv$ f ! s\l ( ! g5]ator1 is1 z x 71 a c]ta9 movem5t ( ?is s\l itself3 nor is x ! s\l or a "p ( ! s\l1 save virtually2 ?us ! =m ( a b$ is n 9 ! saw or ! axe1 b a c]ta9 movem5t t[>ds t =m4 ,consequ5tly !re is no ne$ = ?is active =ce to h an actual organ2 b x is bas$ on ! 7vital7 _s 9 ! sem5 :i* is fro?y1 z is atte/$ by its :it5ess4 ,9 :i* _s1 moreov]1 !re is a c]ta9 heat d]iv$ f ! p[] ( ! heav5ly bodies1 by virtue ( :i* ! inf]ior bodies also act t[>ds ! production ( ! species z /at$ above 7,q4 #aae1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,& s9ce 9 ?is 7vital7 _s ! p[] ( ! s\l is concurr5t ) ! p[] ( a heav5ly body1 x has be5 said t man & ! sun g5]ate man4 ,moreov]1 elem5tal heat is employ$ in/rum5tally by ! s\l's p[]1 z also by ! nutritive p[]1 z /at$ 7,de ,anima ii1 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 p]fect animals1 g5]at$ by coition1 ! active =ce is 9 ! sem5 ( ! male1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 ii1 #c72 b ! foetal matt] is provid$ by ! female4 ,9 ?is matt]1 ! vegetative s\l exi/s f ! v beg9n+1 n z to ! second act1 b z to ! fir/ act1 z ! s5sitive s\l is 9 "o :o sleeps4 ,b z soon z x beg9s to attract n\ri%m5t1 !n x already op]ates 9 act4 ,?is matt] !re=e is transmut$ by ! p[] :i* is 9 ! sem5 ( ! male1 until x is actually in=m$ by ! s5sitive s\l2 n z ?\gh ! =ce itself :i* 0 9 ! sem5 becomes ! s5sitive s\l2 = ?us1 inde$1 ! g5]ator & g5]at$ w\ld be id5tical2 moreov]1 ?is w\ld be m l n\ri%m5t & gr[? ?an g5]ation1 z ! ,philosoph] says4 ,& aft] ! s5sitive s\l1 by ! p[] ( ! active pr9ciple 9 ! sem51 has be5 produc$ 9 "o ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! ?+ g5]at$1 !n x is t ! s5sitive s\l ( ! (fspr+ beg9s to "w t[>ds ! p]fection ( its own body1 by n\ri%m5t & gr[?4 ,z to ! active p[] :i* 0 9 ! sem51 x ceases to exi/1 :5 ! sem5 is dissolv$ & ! 7vital7 _s !re( vani%es4 ,nor is !re any?+ unreasonable 9 ?is1 because ?is =ce is n ! pr9cipal b ! in/rum5tal ag5t2 & ! movem5t ( an in/rum5t ceases :5 once ! effect has be5 produc$4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,intellectual ,s\l ,is ,produc$ f ! ,sem58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! intellectual s\l is produc$ f ! sem54 ,= x is writt5 7,g54 #df3bf73 ,all ! s\ls t came out ( ,jacob's ?igh1 sixty-six4 ,b no?+ is produc$ f ! ?igh ( a man1 except f ! sem54 ,!re=e ! intellectual s\l is produc$ f ! sem54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z %[n above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #c71 ! intellectual1 s5sitive1 & nutritive s\ls are1 9 sub/ance1 "o s\l 9 man4 ,b ! s5sitive s\l 9 man is g5]at$ f ! sem51 z 9 o!r animals2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 ii1 #c7 t ! animal & ! man are n made at ! same "t1 b fir/ ( all ! animal is made hav+ a s5sitive s\l4 ,!re=e also ! intellectual s\l is produc$ f ! sem54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is "o & ! same ag5t ^: action is direct$ to ! matt] & to ! =m3 else f ! matt] & ! =m !re w\ld n result some?+ simply "o4 ,b ! intellectual s\l is ! =m ( ! human body1 :i* is produc$ by ! p[] ( ! sem54 ,!re=e ! intellectual s\l also is produc$ by ! p[] ( ! sem54 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 man begets 8 l 9 species4 ,b ! human species is con/itut$ by ! rational s\l4 ,!re=e ! rational s\l is f ! begett]4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x _c be said t ,god concurs 9 s94 ,b if ! rational s\l be creat$ by ,god1 sometimes ,god concurs 9 ! s9 ( adult]y1 s9ce sometimes (fspr+ is begott5 ( illicit int]c\rse4 ,!re=e ! rational s\l is n creat$ by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 9 ,de ,eccl4 ,dogmat4 xiv t ! rational s\l is n eng5d]$ by coition4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible = an active p[] exi/+ 9 matt] to ext5d its action to ! production ( an immat]ial effect4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! intellectual pr9ciple 9 man transc5ds matt]2 = x has an op]ation 9 :i* ! body takes no "p :atev]4 ,x is !re=e impossible = ! sem9al p[] to produce ! intellectual pr9ciple4 ,aga91 ! sem9al p[] acts by virtue ( ! s\l ( ! begett] accord+ z ! s\l ( ! begett] is ! act ( ! body1 mak+ use ( ! body 9 its op]ation4 ,n[ ! body has no?+ :atev] to d 9 ! op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! p[] ( ! intellectual pr9ciple1 z intellectual1 _c rea* ! sem54 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 ii1 #c73 ,x foll[s t ! intellect alone comes f )\t4 ,aga91 s9ce ! intellectual s\l has an op]ation indep5d5t ( ! body1 x is subsi/5t1 z prov$ above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #b73 !re=e to be & to be made are prop] to x4 ,moreov]1 s9ce x is an immat]ial sub/ance x _c be caus$ ?r\gh g5]ation1 b only ?r\gh creation by ,god4 ,!re=e to hold t ! intellectual s\l is caus$ by ! begett]1 is no?+ else ?an to hold ! s\l to be non-subsi/5t & consequ5tly to p]i% ) ! body4 ,x is !re=e h]etical to say t ! intellectual s\l is transmitt$ ) ! sem54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! passage quot$1 ! "p is put in/ead ( ! :ole1 ! s\l = ! :ole man1 by ! figure ( synecdo*e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s say t ! vital functions obs]v$ 9 ! embryo are n f its s\l1 b f ! s\l ( ! "m2 or f ! =mative p[] ( ! sem54 ,bo? ( ^! explanations are false2 = vital functions su* z feel+1 n\ri%m5t1 & gr[? _c be f an extr9sic pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly x mu/ be said t ! s\l is 9 ! embryo2 ! nutritive s\l f ! beg9n+1 !n ! s5sitive1 la/ly ! intellectual s\l4 ,!re=e "s say t 9 addition to ! vegetative s\l :i* exi/$ fir/1 ano!r1 namely ! s5sitive1 s\l sup]v5es2 & 9 addition to ?is1 aga9 ano!r1 namely ! intellectual s\l4 ,?us !re w\ld be 9 man ?ree s\ls ( :i* "o w\ld be 9 pot5tiality to ano!r4 ,?is has be5 disprov$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e o!rs say t ! same s\l :i* 0 at fir/ m]ely vegetative1 aft]w>ds ?r\gh ! action ( ! sem9al p[]1 becomes a s5sitive s\l2 & f9ally ?is same s\l becomes intellectual1 n inde$ ?r\gh ! active sem9al p[]1 b by ! p[] ( a high] ag5t1 namely ,god enlight5+ 7! s\l7 f )\t4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says t ! intellect comes f )\t4 ,b ?is w n hold4 ,fir/1 because no sub/antial =m is susceptible ( m or less2 b addition ( great] p]fection con/itutes ano!r species1 j z ! addition ( unity con/itutes ano!r species ( numb]4 ,n[ x is n possible = ! same id5tical =m to belong to diff]5t species4 ,secondly1 because x w\ld foll[ t ! g5]ation ( an animal w\ld be a cont9u\s movem5t1 proce$+ gradually f ! imp]fect to ! p]fect1 z happ5s 9 alt]ation4 ,?irdly1 because x w\ld foll[ t ! g5]ation ( a man or an animal is n g5]ation simply1 because ! subject !re( w\ld be a be+ 9 act4 ,= if ! vegetative s\l is f ! beg9n+ 9 ! matt] ( (fspr+1 & is subsequ5tly gradually br\ght to p]fection2 ?is w imply addition ( fur!r p]fection )\t corruption ( ! prec$+ p]fection4 ,& ?is is contr>y to ! nature ( g5]ation prop]ly s call$4 ,f\r?ly1 because ei!r t :i* is caus$ by ! action ( ,god is some?+ subsi/5t3 & ?us x mu/ ne$s be ess5tially di/9ct f ! pre-exi/+ =m1 :i* 0 non-subsi/5t2 & we %all !n come back to ! op9ion ( ^? :o held ! exi/5ce ( sev]al s\ls 9 ! body--or else x is n subsi/5t1 b a p]fection ( ! pre-exi/+ s\l3 & f ?is x foll[s ( necessity t ! intellectual s\l p]i%es ) ! body1 :i* _c be admitt$4 ,!re is aga9 ano!r explanation1 accord+ to ^? :o held t all m5 h b "o intellect 9 common3 b ?is has be5 disprov$ above 7,q4 #gf1 ,a4 #b74 ,we mu/ !re=e say t s9ce ! g5]ation ( "o ?+ is ! corruption ( ano!r1 x foll[s ( necessity t bo? 9 m5 & 9 o!r animals1 :5 a m p]fect =m sup]v5es ! previ\s =m is corrupt$3 yet s t ! sup]v5+ =m conta9s ! p]fection ( ! previ\s =m1 & some?+ 9 addition4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ?r\gh _m g5]ations & corruptions we arrive at ! ultimate sub/antial =m1 bo? 9 man & o!r animals4 ,?is inde$ is app>5t to ! s5ses 9 animals g5]at$ f putrefaction4 ,we conclude !re=e t ! intellectual s\l is creat$ by ,god at ! end ( human g5]ation1 & ?is s\l is at ! same "t s5sitive & nutritive1 ! pre-exi/+ =ms be+ corrupt$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t holds 9 ! case ( div]se ag5ts n ord]$ to "o ano!r4 ,b :]e !re are _m ag5ts ord]$ to "o ano!r1 no?+ h9d]s ! p[] ( ! high] ag5t f rea*+ to ! ultimate =m2 :ile ! p[]s ( ! inf]ior ag5ts ext5d only to "s disposition ( matt]3 ?us 9 ! g5]ation ( an animal1 ! sem9al p[] disposes ! matt]1 b ! p[] ( ! s\l gives ! =m4 ,n[ x is manife/ f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a7 t ! :ole ( corporeal nature acts z ! in/rum5t ( a spiritual p[]1 especially ( ,god4 ,!re=e no?+ h9d]s ! =mation ( ! body f be+ due to a corporeal p[]1 :ile ! intellectual s\l is f ,god alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,man begets 8 l1 =asmu* z by 8 sem9al p[] ! matt] is dispos$ = ! reception ( a c]ta9 species ( =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,9 ! action ( ! adult]]1 :at is ( nature is good2 9 ?is ,god concurs4 ,b :at !re is ( inord9ate lu/ is evil2 9 ?is ,god does n concur4 ,,?ird ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,human ,s\ls ,7 ,creat$ ,toge!r at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,_w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t human s\ls 7 creat$ toge!r at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,= x is writt5 7,g54 #b3b73 ,god re/$ ,him f all ,8 "w :i* ,he _h done4 ,?is w\ld n be true if ,he creat$ new s\ls e day4 ,!re=e all s\ls 7 creat$ at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 spiritual sub/ances be=e all o!rs belong to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se4 ,if !re=e s\ls 7 creat$ ) ! bodies1 e day innum]able spiritual sub/ances w\ld be add$ to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se3 consequ5tly at ! beg9n+ ! univ]se w\ld h be5 imp]fect4 ,?is is contr>y to ,g54 #b3b1 :]e x is said t ,god end$ all ,8 "w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! end ( a ?+ corresponds to its beg9n+4 ,b ! intellectual s\l rema9s1 :5 ! body p]i%es4 ,!re=e x began to exi/ be=e ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7,de ,eccl4 ,dogmat4 xiv1 xviii7 t ! s\l is creat$ toge!r ) ! body4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t x is accid5tal to ! intellectual s\l to be unit$ to ! body1 ass]t+ t ! s\l is ( ! same nature z ^? spiritual sub/ances :i* are n unit$ to a body4 ,^!1 !re=e1 /at$ t ! s\ls ( m5 7 creat$ toge!r ) ! angels at ! beg9n+4 ,b ?is /atem5t is false4 ,fir/ly1 9 ! v pr9ciple on :i* x is bas$4 ,= if x 7 accid5tal to ! s\l to be unit$ to ! body1 x w\ld foll[ t man :o results f ?is union is a be+ by accid5t2 or t ! s\l is a man1 :i* is false1 z prov$ above 7,q4 #ge1 ,a4 #d74 ,moreov]1 t ! human s\l is n ( ! same nature z ! angels1 is prov$ f ! diff]5t mode ( und]/&+1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #a73 = man und]/&s ?r\gh receiv+ f ! s5ses1 & turn+ to phantasms1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #a74 ,= ?is reason ! s\l ne$s to be unit$ to ! body1 :i* is necess>y to x = ! op]ation ( ! s5sitive "p3 :]eas ?is _c be said ( an angel4 ,secondly1 ?is /atem5t c be prov$ to be false 9 itself4 ,= if x is natural to ! s\l to be unit$ to ! body1 x is unnatural to x to be )\t a body1 & z long z x is )\t a body x is depriv$ ( its natural p]fection4 ,n[ x 0 n fitt+ t ,god %\ld beg9 ,8 "w ) ?+s imp]fect & unnatural1 = ,he did n make man )\t a h& or a foot1 :i* are natural p>ts ( a man4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 did ,he make ! s\l )\t a body4 ,b if someone say t x is n natural to ! s\l to be unit$ to ! body1 he mu/ give ! reason :y x is unit$ to a body4 ,& ! reason mu/ be ei!r because ! s\l s will$1 or = "s o!r reason4 ,if because ! s\l will$ x--?is seems incongru\s4 ,fir/1 because x w\ld be unreasonable ( ! s\l to wi% to be unit$ to ! body1 if x did n ne$ ! body3 = if x did ne$ x1 x w\ld be natural = x to be unit$ to x1 s9ce nature does n fail 9 :at is necess>y4 ,secondly1 because !re w\ld be no reason :y1 hav+ be5 creat$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 ! s\l %\ld1 aft] su* a long "t1 come to wi% to be unit$ to ! body4 ,= a spiritual sub/ance is above "t1 & sup]ior to ! heav5ly revolutions4 ,?irdly1 because x w\ld seem t ?is body 0 unit$ to ?is s\l by *ance3 s9ce = ?is union to take place two wills w\ld h to concur--to wit1 t ( ! incom+ s\l1 & t ( ! begett]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is union be nei!r volunt>y nor natural on ! "p ( ! s\l1 !n x mu/ be ! result ( "s viol5t cause1 & to ! s\l w\ld h some?+ ( a p5al & afflict+ nature4 ,?is is 9 keep+ ) ! op9ion ( ,orig51 :o held t s\ls 7 embodi$ 9 puni%m5t ( s94 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 all ^! op9ions are unreasonable1 we mu/ simply confess t s\ls 7 n creat$ be=e bodies1 b are creat$ at ! same "t z !y are infus$ into !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is said to h re/$ on ! sev5? day1 n f all "w1 s9ce we read 7,john #e3ag73 ,my ,fa!r worke? until n[2 b f ! creation ( any new g5]a & species1 :i* may n h already exi/$ 9 ! fir/ works4 ,= 9 ?is s5se1 ! s\ls :i* are creat$ n[1 exi/$ already1 z to ! lik5ess ( ! species1 9 ! fir/ works1 :i* includ$ ! creation ( ,adam's s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,some?+ c be add$ e day to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 z to ! numb] ( individuals1 b n z to ! numb] ( species4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t ! s\l rema9s )\t ! body is due to ! corruption ( ! body1 :i* 0 a result ( s94 ,consequ5tly x 0 n fitt+ t ,god %\ld make ! s\l )\t ! body f ! beg9n+3 = z x is writt5 7,wis4 #a3ac1 #af73 ,god made n dea? 4 4 4 b ! wick$ ) works & words h call$ x to !m4 ,,"q #aai ,,( ,,! ,,propagation ,,( ,,man ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,body 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we n[ consid] ! propagation ( man1 z to ! body4 ,conc]n+ ?is !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r any "p ( ! food is *ang$ into true human nature8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! sem51 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( human g5]ation1 is produc$ f ! surplus food8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aai1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"s ,"p ( ! ,food ,is ,*ang$ into ,true ,human ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t none ( ! food is *ang$ into true human nature4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #ae3ag73 ,:atsoev] ent]e? into ! m\?1 goe? into ! belly1 & is ca/ out into ! privy4 ,b :at is ca/ out is n *ang$ into ! reality ( human nature4 ,!re=e none ( ! food is *ang$ into true human nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #e7 di/+ui%es fle% belong+ to ! species f fle% belong+ to matt]2 & says t ! latt] comes & goes4 ,n[ :at is =m$ f food comes & goes4 ,!re=e :at is produc$ f food is fle% belong+ to matt]1 n to ! species4 ,b :at belongs to true human nature belongs to ! species4 ,!re=e ! food is n *ang$ into true human nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! radical humor seems to belong to ! reality ( human nature2 & if x be lo/1 x _c be recov]$1 accord+ to physicians4 ,b x c\ld be recov]$ if ! food 7 *ang$ into ! humor4 ,!re=e food is n *ang$ into true human nature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! food 7 *ang$ into true human nature1 :atev] is lo/ 9 man c\ld be re/or$4 ,b man's dea? is due only to ! loss ( some?+4 ,!re=e man w\ld be able by tak+ food to insure himself aga9/ dea? 9 p]petuity4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ! food is *ang$ into true human nature1 !re is no?+ 9 man :i* may n rec$e or be repair$3 = :at is g5]at$ 9 a man f 8 food c bo? rec$e & be repair$4 ,if !re=e a man liv$ long en\gh1 x w\ld foll[ t 9 ! end no?+ w\ld be left 9 him ( :at belong$ to him at ! beg9n+4 ,consequ5tly he w\ld n be num]ically ! same man ?r\gh\t 8 life2 s9ce = ! ?+ to be num]ically ! same1 id5tity ( matt] is necess>y4 ,b ?is is incongru\s4 ,!re=e ! food is n *ang$ into true human nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xi73 ,! bodily food :5 corrupt$1 t is1 hav+ lo/ its =m1 is *ang$ into ! texture ( ! memb]s4 ,b ! texture ( ! memb]s belongs to true human nature4 ,!re=e ! food is *ang$ into ! reality ( human nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 ii71 ,! relation ( a ?+ to tru? is ! same z its relation to be+4 ,!re=e t belongs to ! true nature ( any ?+ :i* ent]s into ! con/itution ( t nature4 ,b nature c be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/ly1 9 g5]al accord+ to ! species2 secondly1 z 9 ! individual4 ,& :]eas ! =m & ! common matt] belong to a ?+'s true nature consid]$ 9 g5]al2 individual signate matt]1 & ! =m individualiz$ by t matt] belong to ! true nature consid]$ 9 ?is p>ticul> individual4 ,?us a s\l & body belong to ! true human nature 9 g5]al1 b to ! true human nature ( ,pet] & ,m>t9 belong ?is s\l & ?is body4 ,n[ !re are c]ta9 ?+s ^: =m _c exi/ b 9 "o individual matt]3 ?us ! =m ( ! sun _c exi/ save 9 ! matt] 9 :i* x actually is4 ,& 9 ?is s5se "s h said t ! human =m _c exi/ b 9 a c]ta9 individual matt]1 :i*1 !y said1 0 giv5 t =m at ! v beg9n+ 9 ! fir/ man4 ,s t :atev] may h be5 add$ to t :i* 0 d]iv$ by po/]ity f ! fir/ p>5t1 does n belong to ! tru? ( human nature1 z n receiv+ 9 tru? ! =m ( human nature4 ,b1 said !y1 t matt] :i*1 9 ! fir/ man1 0 ! subject ( ! human =m1 0 multipli$ 9 itself3 & 9 ?is way ! multitude ( human bodies is d]iv$ f ! body ( ! fir/ man4 ,accord+ to ^!1 ! food is n *ang$ into true human nature2 we take food1 !y /at$1 9 ord] to help nature to resi/ ! action ( natural heat1 & prev5t ! consumption ( ! radical humor2 j z lead or t9 is mix$ ) silv] to prev5t its be+ consum$ by fire4 ,b ?is is unreasonable 9 _m ways4 ,fir/ly1 because x comes to ! same t a =m c be produc$ 9 ano!r matt]1 or t x c cease to be 9 its prop] matt]2 :]e=e all ?+s t c be g5]at$ are corruptible1 & conv]sely4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! human =m c cease to exi/ 9 ?is 7p>ticul>7 matt] :i* is its subject3 else ! human body w\ld n be corruptible4 ,consequ5tly x c beg9 to exi/ 9 ano!r matt]1 s t some?+ else be *ang$ into true human nature4 ,secondly1 because 9 all be+s ^: entire matt] is conta9$ 9 "o individual !re is only "o individual 9 ! species3 z is cle>ly ! case ) ! sun1 moon & su* l4 ,?us !re w\ld only be "o individual ( ! human species4 ,?irdly1 because multiplication ( matt] _c be und]/ood o!rwise ?an ei!r 9 respect ( quantity only1 z 9 ?+s :i* are r>efi$1 s t _! matt] increases 9 dim5sions2 or 9 respect ( ! sub/ance itself ( ! matt]4 ,b z long z ! sub/ance alone ( matt] rema9s1 x _c be said to be multipli$2 = multitude _c consi/ 9 ! addition ( a ?+ to itself1 s9ce ( necessity x c only result f division4 ,!re=e "s o!r sub/ance mu/ be add$ to matt]1 ei!r by creation1 or by some?+ else be+ *ang$ into x4 ,consequ5tly no matt] c be multipli$ save ei!r by r>efaction z :5 air is made f wat]2 or by ! *ange ( "s o!r ?+s1 z fire is multipli$ by ! addition ( wood2 or la/ly by creation4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! multiplication ( matt] 9 ! human body does n occur by r>efaction3 = ?us ! body ( a man ( p]fect age w\ld be m imp]fect ?an ! body ( a *ild4 ,nor does x occur by creation ( fre% matt]3 =1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxii73 ,all ?+s 7 creat$ toge!r z to ! sub/ance ( matt]1 b n z to ! specific =m4 ,consequ5tly ! multiplication ( ! human body c only be ! result ( ! food be+ *ang$ into ! true human nature4 ,f\r?ly1 because1 s9ce man does n diff] f animals & plants 9 reg>d to ! vegetative s\l1 x w\ld foll[ t ! bodies ( animals & plants d n increase ?r\gh a *ange ( n\ri%m5t into ! body s n\ri%$1 b ?r\gh "s k9d ( multiplication4 ,:i* multiplication _c be natural3 s9ce ! matt] _c naturally ext5d beyond a c]ta9 fix$ quantity2 nor aga9 does any?+ increase naturally1 save ei!r by r>efaction or ! *ange ( some?+ else into x4 ,consequ5tly ! :ole process ( g5]ation & n\ri%m5t1 :i* are call$ natural =ces1 w\ld be miracul\s4 ,:i* is altoge!r inadmissible4 ,:]e=e o!rs h said t ! human =m c inde$ beg9 to exi/ 9 "s o!r matt]1 if we consid] ! human nature 9 g5]al3 b n if we consid] x z 9 ?is individual4 ,= 9 ! individual ! =m rema9s conf9$ to a c]ta9 det]m9ate matt]1 on :i* x is fir/ impr9t$ at ! g5]ation ( t individual1 s t x nev] leaves t matt] until ! ultimate dissolution ( ! individual4 ,& ?is matt]1 say !y1 pr9cipally belongs to ! true human nature4 ,b s9ce ?is matt] does n suffice = ! requisite quantity1 "s o!r matt] mu/ be add$1 ?r\gh ! *ange ( food into ! sub/ance ( ! individual p>tak+ !re(1 9 su* a quantity z suffices = ! increase requir$4 ,& ?is matt]1 !y /ate1 belongs second>ily to ! true human nature3 because x is n requir$ = ! prim>y exi/5ce ( ! individual1 b = ! quantity due to him4 ,& if any?+ fur!r is produc$ f ! food1 ?is does n belong to true human nature1 prop]ly speak+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is also is inadmissible4 ,fir/1 because ?is op9ion judges ( liv+ bodies z ( inanimate bodies2 9 :i*1 al?\gh !re be a p[] ( g5]at+ _! l 9 species1 !re is n ! p[] ( g5]at+ _! l 9 ! individual2 :i* p[] 9 liv+ bodies is ! nutritive p[]4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 w\ld be add$ to liv+ bodies by _! nutritive p[]1 if _! food 7 n *ang$ into _! true nature4 ,secondly1 because ! active sem9al p[] is a c]ta9 impression d]iv$ f ! s\l ( ! begett]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x _c h a great] p[] 9 act+1 ?an ! s\l f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,if1 !re=e1 by ! sem9al p[] a c]ta9 matt] truly assumes ! =m ( human nature1 mu* m c ! s\l1 by ! nutritive p[]1 impr9t ! true =m ( human nature on ! food :i* is assimilat$4 ,?irdly1 because food is ne$$ n only = gr[?1 else at ! t]m ( gr[?1 food w\ld be ne$ful no long]2 b also to r5ew t :i* is lo/ by ! action ( natural heat4 ,b !re w\ld be no r5ewal1 unless :at is =m$ f ! food1 took ! place ( :at is lo/4 ,:]e=e j z t :i* 0 !re previ\sly belong$ to true human nature1 s also does t :i* is =m$ f ! food4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to o!rs1 x mu/ be said t ! food is really *ang$ into ! true human nature by reason ( its assum+ ! specific =m ( fle%1 bones & su* l p>ts4 ,?is is :at ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d73 ,food n\ri%es inasmu* z x is pot5tially fle%4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l does n say t ! :ole ( :at ent]s into ! m\?1 b all--because some?+ f e k9d ( food is ca/ out into ! privy4 ,x may also be said t :atev] is g5]at$ f food1 c be dissolv$ by natural heat1 & be ca/ aside ?r\gh ! pores1 z ,j]ome exp\nds ! passage4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by fle% belong+ to ! species1 "s h und]/ood t :i* fir/ receives ! human species1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! begett]3 ?is1 !y say1 la/s z long z ! individual does4 ,by fle% belong+ to ! matt] ^! und]/& :at is g5]at$ f food3 & ?is1 !y say1 does n always rema91 b z x comes s x goes4 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! m9d ( ,ari/otle4 ,= he says !re1 t j z 9 ?+s :i* h _! species 9 matt]--= in/ance1 wood or /one--s 9 fle%1 !re is some?+ belong+ to ! species1 & some?+ belong+ to matt]4 ,n[ x is cle> t ?is di/9ction has no place 9 inanimate ?+s1 :i* are n g5]at$ sem9ally1 or n\ri%$4 ,aga91 s9ce :at is g5]at$ f food is unit$ to1 by mix+ )1 ! body s n\ri%$1 j z wat] is mix$ ) w9e1 z ! ,philosoph] says !re by way ( example3 t :i* is add$1 & t to :i* x is add$1 _c be diff]5t natures1 s9ce !y are already made "o by be+ mix$ toge!r4 ,!re=e !re is no reason = say+ t "o is de/roy$ by natural heat1 :ile ! o!r rema9s4 ,x mu/ !re=e be said t ?is di/9ction ( ! ,philosoph] is n ( diff]5t k9ds ( fle%1 b ( ! same fle% consid]$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,= if we consid] ! fle% accord+ to ! species1 t is1 accord+ to t :i* is =m$ !re91 ?us x rema9s always3 because ! nature ( fle% always rema9s toge!r ) its natural disposition4 ,b if we consid] fle% accord+ to matt]1 !n x does n rema91 b is gradually de/roy$ & r5ew$3 ?us 9 ! fire ( a furnace1 ! =m ( fire rema9s1 b ! matt] is gradually consum$1 & o!r matt] is sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! radical humor is said to comprise :atev] ! virtue ( ! species is f\nd$ on4 ,if ?is be tak5 away x _c be r5ew$2 z :5 a man's h& or foot is amputat$4 ,b ! nutritive humor is t :i* has n yet receiv$ p]fectly ! specific nature1 b is on ! way !reto2 su* is ! blood1 & ! l4 ,:]e=e if su* be tak5 away1 ! virtue ( ! species rema9s 9 its root1 :i* is n de/roy$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,e virtue ( a passible body is weak5$ by cont9u\s action1 because su* ag5ts are also pati5t4 ,!re=e ! trans=m+ virtue is /rong at fir/ s z to be able to trans=m n only en\gh = ! r5ewal ( :at is lo/1 b also = gr[?4 ,lat] on x c only trans=m en\gh = ! r5ewal ( :at is lo/1 & !n gr[? ceases4 ,at la/ x _c ev5 d ?is2 & !n beg9s decl9e4 ,9 f9e1 :5 ?is virtue fails altoge!r1 ! animal dies4 ,?us ! virtue ( w9e t trans=ms ! wat] add$ to x1 is weak5$ by fur!r additions ( wat]1 s z to become at l5g? wat]y1 z ! ,philosoph] says by way ( example 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #e71 :5 a c]ta9 matt] is directly trans=m$ into fire1 !n fire is said to be g5]at$ anew3 b :5 matt] is trans=m$ into a fire already exi/+1 !n fire is said to be f$4 ,:]e=e if ! entire matt] toge!r loses ! =m ( fire1 & ano!r matt] trans=m$ into fire1 !re w be ano!r di/9ct fire4 ,b if1 :ile "o piece ( wood is burn+1 o!r wood is laid on1 & s on until ! fir/ piece is entirely consum$1 ! same id5tical fire w rema9 all ! "t3 because t :i* is add$ passes into :at pre-exi/$4 ,x is ! same ) liv+ bodies1 9 :i* by means ( n\ri%m5t t is r5ew$ :i* 0 consum$ by natural heat4 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #aai1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,sem5 ,is ,produc$ f ,surplus ,food8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sem5 is n produc$ f ! surplus food1 b f ! sub/ance ( ! begett]4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 i1 #h7 t g5]ation is a "w ( nature1 produc+1 f ! sub/ance ( ! begett]1 t :i* is begott54 ,b t :i* is g5]at$ is produc$ f ! sem54 ,!re=e ! sem5 is produc$ f ! sub/ance ( ! begett]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! son is l 8 fa!r1 9 respect ( t :i* he receives f him4 ,b if ! sem5 f :i* some?+ is g5]at$1 is produc$ f ! surplus food1 a man w\ld receive no?+ f 8 gr&fa!r & 8 ance/ors 9 :om ! food nev] exi/$4 ,!re=e a man w\ld n be m l to 8 gr&fa!r or ance/ors1 ?an to any o!r m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! food ( ! g5]ator is sometimes ! fle% ( c[s1 pigs & su*like4 ,if !re=e1 ! sem5 7 produc$ f surplus food1 ! man begott5 ( su* sem5 w\ld be m ak9 to ! c[ & ! pig1 ?an to 8 fa!r or o!r relations4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 x1 #bj7 t we 7 9 ,adam n only by sem9al virtue1 b also 9 ! v sub/ance ( ! body4 ,b ?is w\ld n be1 if ! sem5 7 produc$ f surplus food4 ,!re=e ! sem5 is n produc$ !refrom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] proves 9 _m ways 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 i1 #ah7 t ! sem5 is surplus food4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is "q dep5ds 9 "s way on :at has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #a74 ,= if human nature has a virtue = ! communication ( its =m to ali5 matt] n only 9 ano!r1 b also 9 its own subject2 x is cle> t ! food :i* at fir/ is dissimil>1 becomes at l5g? simil> ?r\gh ! =m communicat$ to x4 ,n[ x belongs to ! natural ord] t a ?+ %\ld be r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act gradually3 h5ce 9 ?+s g5]at$ we obs]ve t at fir/ ea* is imp]fect & is aft]w>ds p]fect$4 ,b x is cle> t ! common is to ! prop] & det]m9ate1 z imp]fect is to p]fect3 !re=e we see t 9 ! g5]ation ( an animal1 ! animal is g5]at$ fir/1 !n ! man or ! horse4 ,s !re=e food fir/ ( all receives a c]ta9 common virtue 9 reg>d to all ! p>ts ( ! body1 :i* virtue is subsequ5tly det]m9ate to ?is or t "p4 ,n[ x is n possible t ! sem5 be a k9d ( solution f :at is already trans=m$ into ! sub/ance ( ! memb]s4 ,= ?is solution1 if x does n reta9 ! nature ( ! memb] x is tak5 f1 x w\ld no long] be ( ! nature ( ! begett]1 & w\ld be due to a process ( corruption2 & consequ5tly x w\ld n h ! p[] ( trans=m+ some?+ else into ! lik5ess ( t nature4 ,b if x reta9$ ! nature ( ! memb] x is tak5 f1 !n1 s9ce x is limit$ to a c]ta9 "p ( ! body1 x w\ld n h ! p[] ( mov+ t[>ds 7! production (7 ! :ole nature1 b only ! nature ( t "p4 ,unless "o 7 to say t ! solution is tak5 f all ! p>ts ( ! body1 & t x reta9s ! nature ( ea* "p4 ,?us ! sem5 w\ld be a small animal 9 act2 & g5]ation ( animal f animal w\ld be a m]e division1 z mud is g5]at$ f mud1 & z animals :i* cont9ue to live aft] be+ cut 9 two3 :i* is inadmissible4 ,x rema9s to be said1 !re=e1 t ! sem5 is n some?+ sep>at$ f :at 0 be=e ! actual :ole2 r is x ! :ole1 ?\gh pot5tially1 hav+ ! p[]1 d]iv$ f ! s\l ( ! begett]1 to produce ! :ole body1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ t :i* is 9 pot5tiality to ! :ole1 is t :i* is g5]at$ f ! food1 be=e x is trans=m$ into ! sub/ance ( ! memb]s4 ,!re=e ! sem5 is tak5 f ?is4 ,9 ?is s5se ! nutritive p[] is said to s]ve ! g5]ative p[]3 because :at is trans=m$ by ! nutritive p[] is employ$ z sem5 by ! g5]ative p[]4 ,a sign ( ?is1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph]1 is t animals ( great size1 :i* require mu* food1 h little sem5 9 proportion to ! size ( _! bodies1 & g5]ate seldom2 9 l mann] fat m51 & = ! same reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,g5]ation is f ! sub/ance ( ! begett] 9 animals & plants1 inasmu* z ! sem5 owes its virtue to ! =m ( ! begett]1 & inasmu* z x is 9 pot5tiality to ! sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! lik5ess ( ! begett] to ! begott5 is on acc\nt n ( ! matt]1 b ( ! =m ( ! ag5t t g5]ates its l4 ,:]e=e 9 ord] = a man to be l 8 gr&fa!r1 !re is no ne$ t ! corporeal sem9al matt] %\ld h be5 9 ! gr&fa!r2 b t !re be 9 ! sem5 a virtue d]iv$ f ! s\l ( ! gr&fa!r ?r\gh ! fa!r4 ,9 l mann] ! ?ird objection is answ]$4 ,= k9%ip is n 9 relation to matt]1 b r to ! d]ivation ( ! =ms4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^! words ( ,augu/9e are n to be und]/ood z ?\gh ! imm$iate sem9al virtue1 or ! corporeal sub/ance f :i* ?is individual 0 =m$ 7 actually 9 ,adam3 b s t bo? 7 9 ,adam z 9 pr9ciple4 ,= ev5 ! corporeal matt]1 :i* is suppli$ by ! "m1 & :i* he calls ! corporeal sub/ance1 is orig9ally d]iv$ f ,adam3 & likewise ! active sem9al p[] ( ! fa!r1 :i* is ! imm$iate sem9al virtue 79 ! production7 ( ?is man4 ,b ,*ri/ is said to h be5 9 ,adam accord+ to ! corporeal sub/ance1 n accord+ to ! sem9al virtue4 ,because ! matt] f :i* ,8 ,body 0 =m$1 & :i* 0 suppli$ by ! ,virg9 ,"m1 0 d]iv$ f ,adam2 :]eas ! active virtue 0 n d]iv$ f ,adam1 because ,8 ,body 0 n =m$ by ! sem9al virtue ( a man1 b by ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= su* a bir? 0 becom+ to ,him1 99,hymn = ,vesp]s at ,*ri/mas2 ,brevi>y1 ,o4 ,p41 ,,:o ,,is ,,above ,,all ,,god ,,= ,,ev] ,,bless$4 ,am54