,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,9 ?is book1 z well z us+ to indicate ! italic font1 ! symbol has be5 us$ to %[ text pr9t$ 9 small] capital lett]s 9 ! orig9al pr9t$ v]sion4 ,please see ! ,,html v]sion = a m accurate reproduction4 ,bracket$ words1 su* z !81 7 pres5t 9 ! orig9al text4 ,!y 7 n add$ by ! transcrib]4 ,obvi\s pr9t+ errors 7 repair$2 ^! *anges are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,9 ambigu\s cases1 ! text has be5 left z x appe>s 9 ! orig9al book4 ,9 p>ticul>1 _m mismat*$ quotation m>ks h n be5 *ang$4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,language1 ,,z ,,p>ticul>ly ,,connect$ ,,) ,,engli% ,,gramm>4 ,,design$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,& ,,advanc$ ,,le>n]s4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,s4 ,,bal*4 ,sil5ce is bett] ?an unmean+ words4--,py?agoras4 ,,provid5ce3 ,b4 ,,cran/on ,,co4 #ahch4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahch1 ,,by ,b4 ,,cran/on ,,co4 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,rhode-,isl&4 ,,provid5ce1 ,feb4 #bd1 #ahch4 ,,to ,,wm4 ,s4 ,,bal*1 ,,sir--,! und]sign$1 9 behalf ( ! ,"y ,p's ,in/itute1 ha/5 to pres5t to y ! foll[+ ,resolutions1 toge!r ) _! p]sonal ?anks1 = ! ,lectures y h deliv]$ be=e !m1 on ! ,philosophy ( ,language4 ,! uncommon degree ( int]e/1 pleasure & pr(it1 ) :i* y h be5 li/5$ to1 is conclusive evid5ce1 t :oev] possesses ta/e & tal5ts to compreh5d & appreciate ! philosophy ( language1 :i* y h s successfully cultivat$1 _c fail to atta9 a p[]ful influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( 8 audi5ce4 ,! ,committee respectfully reque/ y to favor !m ) a copy ( y\r ,lectures = ! ,press4 ,v respectfully1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vants1 ,c4 ,t4 ,,james1 ,e4 ,f4 ,,mill]1 ,h4 ,l4 ,,web/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,resolv$1 ,t we h be5 highly ent]ta9$ & greatly in/ruct$ by ! ,lectures ( our ,presid5t1 on ! subject ( ,language2 t we consid] ! pr9ciples he has advocat$1 immutably true1 exce$+ly important1 & capable ( an easy adoption 9 ! /udy ( t important bran* ( human k4 ,resolv$1 ,t we h long regrett$ ! want ( a sy/em to expla9 ! gramm> ( our v]nacul> tongue1 on pla91 rational1 & consi/5t pr9ciples1 9 accordance ) philosophy & tru?1 & 9 a way to be und]/ood & practis$ by *ildr5 & adults4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 our op9ion1 ! manifold attempts :i* h be5 made1 ?\gh d\btless und]tak5 ) ! pure/ int5tions1 to simplify & make easy exi/+ sy/ems1 h fail$ entirely ( _! object1 & t5d$ only to p]plex1 r ?an enlight5 le>n]s4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 our belief1 ! publication ( ^! ,lectures w\ld meet ! wants ( ! community1 & ?r[ a flood ( light ^u ?is hi!rto d>k1 & intricate1 & yet exce$+ly int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( a common education1 & ?us prove ( imm5se s]vice to ! pres5t & future g5]ations4 ,resolv$1 ,t ,messrs4 ,*>les ,t4 ,james1 ,edw>d ,f4 ,mill]1 & ,h5ry ,l4 ,web/]1 be a ,committee to wait on ,rev4 ,william ,s4 ,bal*1 & reque/ ! publication ( 8 v int]e/+ ,c\rse ( ,lectures be=e ?is ,in/itute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,provid5ce1 ,feb4 #be1 #ahch4 ,,messrs4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,james1 ,e4 ,f4 ,,mill]1 ,,& ,h4 ,l4 ,,web/]3 ,,g5tlem5--,y\r lett]1 toge!r ) ! ,resolutions accompany+ x1 0 duly & gratefully receiv$4 ,x gives me no ord9>y degree ( pleasure to "k t s deep an int]e/ has be51 & /ill is1 felt by ! memb]s ( our ,in/itute1 z well z ! public g5]ally1 on ?is important subject2 = x is "o :i* conc]ns ! happ9ess & welf>e ( our :ole community2 b especially ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,! only recomm5dation ( ^! ,lectures is ! subject ( :i* !y treat4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 ! space ( a few weeks1 & 9 ! mid/ ( an accumulation ( engagem5ts :i* almo/ =bade ! attempt4 ,b presum+ y w make all due all[ances = :atev] errors y may discov] 9 ! /yle ( composition1 & reg>d ! matt] m ?an ! mann]1 ,i cons5t to _! publication1 hop+ !y w be ( "s s]vice 9 ! great cause ( human improvem5t4 ,i am1 g5tlem51 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,,wm4 ,s4 ,,bal*4 ,,preface4 ,!re is no subject s deeply int]e/+ & important to rational be+s z ! k ( language1 or "o :i* pres5ts a m direct & p[]ful claim ^u all classes 9 ! community2 = !re is no o!r s closely int]wov5 ) all ! affairs ( human life1 social1 moral1 political & religi\s4 ,x =ms a basis on :i* dep5ds a va/ portion ( ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 & des]ves ! fir/ att5tion ( e philan?ropi/4 ,great difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! common me?od ( expla9+ language1 & gramm> has long be5 consid]$ a dry1 un9t]e/+1 & t$i\s /udy1 by ne>ly all ! tea*]s & s*ol>s 9 ! l&4 ,b x is to be presum$ t ! fault 9 ?is case1 if !re is any1 is to be s\ght = 9 ! mann] ( tea*+1 r ?an 9 ! sci5ce itself2 = x w\ld be unreasonable to suppose t a subject :i* occupies ! e>lie/ att5tion ( ! p>5t1 :i* is acquir$ at great exp5se ( money1 "t1 & ?\ght1 & is employ$ f ! cradle to ! grave1 9 all our wak+ h\rs1 c possibly be dull or unimportant1 if rightly expla9$4 ,*ildr5 h be5 requir$ to le>n v]bal =ms & *anges1 to look at ! m]e signs ( ideas1 in/ead ( ! ?+s repres5t$ by !m4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t ! :ole subject has become un9t]e/+ to all :o d n possess a ret5tive v]bal memory4 ,! philosophy ( language1 ! sublime pr9ciples on :i* x dep5ds = its exi/5ce & use1 h n be5 suffici5tly reg>d$ to r5d] x delightful & pr(itable4 ,! humble attempt "h made is design$ to op5 ! way = an exposition ( language on truly philosophical pr9ciples1 :i*1 :5 correctly expla9$1 are abundantly simple & ext5sively useful4 ,) :at success ?is po9t has be5 labor$ ! read] w det]m9e4 ,! au?or claims n ! honor ( entire orig9ality4 ,! pr9ciples "h advanc$ h be5 advocat$1 believ$1 & successfully practis$4 ,william ,s4 ,c>dell1 ,esq41 a bright /> 9 ! firmam5t ( ,am]ican lit]ature1 r$uc$ ^! pr9ciples to a sy/em1 :i* 0 taught ) triumphant success by ,daniel ,h4 ,b>nes1 =m]ly ( ! ,new-,york ,high ,s*ool1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ tea*]s :o ev] (ficiat$ 9 t high & responsible capacity 9 our c\ntry4 ,bo? ( ^! g5tlem51 s em95tly calculat$ to elevate ! /&>d ( education1 7 summon$ f ! c>e] ( ! mo/ active usefulness1 f ! sc5es !y _h labor$ to bright5 & beautify by ! aid ( _! transc5dant intellects1 to unse5 realities 9 ! _w ( spirits2 :]e m9d communes ) m9d1 & s\l m+les ) s\l1 dis5?ral$ f error1 & embosom$ 9 ! light & love ( ! ,great ,p>5t ,intellect4 ,! au?or does n pret5d to give a sy/em ( exposition 9 ?is "w suit$ to ! capacities ( small *ildr54 ,x is design$ = advanc$ s*ol>s1 & is introductory to a sy/em ( gramm> :i* he has 9 prep>ation1 :i* x is humbly hop$ w be ( "s s]vice 9 r5d]+ easy & correct ! /udy ( our v]nacul> language4 ,b ?is book1 x is ?\ght1 may be successfully employ$ 9 ! in/ruction ( ! high] classes 9 our s*ools1 & w be f\nd an effici5t aid to tea*]s 9 inculcat+ ! sublime pr9ciples ( :i* x treats4 ,^! ,lectures1 z n[ pres5t$ to ! public1 x is believ$1 w be f\nd to conta9 "s important in=mation by :i* all may pr(it4 ,! read] w be> 9 m9d t !y 7 writt5 =1 & deliv]$ be=e a popul> audi5ce1 & publi%$ ) v little "t = modification4 ,?is w be a suffici5t apology = ! mi/akes :i* may occur1 & = :atev] may h ! appe>ance ( sev]ity1 irony1 or pleasantry1 9 ! composition4 ,on ! subject ( ,contractions mu* m might be said4 ,b v]bal criticisms are r un9t]e/+ to a common audi5ce2 & h5ce ! consid]ation ( t matt] 0 made m brief ?an 0 at fir/ int5d$4 ,x w h[ev] be resum$ & c>ri$ out at l5g? 9 ano!r "w4 ,! h9ts giv5 w enable ! /ud5t to =m a tol]able correct op9ion ( ! use ( mo/ ( ^? words & phrases1 :i* h long be5 pass$ ov] ) little k ( _! mean+ or importance4 ,! au?or is aw>e t ! pr9ciples he has advocat$ are new & oppos$ to e/abli%$ sy/ems & ! common me?od ( inculcation4 ,b ! difficulties ackn[l$g$ on all h&s to exi/1 is a suffici5t ju/ification ( ?is humble attempt4 ,he w n be condemn$ = 8 good int5tions4 ,all he asks is a pati5t & c&id exam9ation1 a frank & hone/ approval ( :at is true1 & z hone/ a rejection ( :at is false4 ,b he hopes ! read] w avoid a ra% & precipitate conclusion1 ei!r = or aga9/1 le/ he is compell$ to d z ! au?or himself once did1 approve :at he _h previ\sly condemn$4 ,) ^! rem>ks he ent]s ! ar5a1 & b>es himself to receive ! s5t5ce ( ! public voice4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,language4 ,/udy ( ,language long consid]$ difficult4--,its importance4--,errors 9 tea*+4--,n und]/ood by ,tea*]s4--,atta*m5t to old sy/ems4--,improvem5t pref]able4--,! subject important4--,its advantages4--,pr9ciples laid d[n4--,or?ography4--,etymology4--,syntax 4-- ,prosody4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,language4 ,g5]al pr9ciples ( ,language4--,bus9ess ( ,gramm>4--,*ildr5 are ,philosoph]s4--,?+s1 ideas1 & words4--,actions4--,qualities ( ?+s4--,words )\t ideas4--,grammatical t]ms inappropriate4-- ,pr9ciples ( ,language p]man5t4--,errors 9 m5tal sci5ce4--,facts admit ( no *ange4--,complex ideas4--,ideas ( qualities4--,an example4--,new ideas4--,unkn[n words4--,signs )\t ?+s signifi$4--,fix$ laws regulate matt] & m9d4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,writt5 ,,& ,,spok5 ,,language4 ,pr9ciples nev] alt]4--,!y %\ld be kn[n4--,gramm> a mo/ important bran* ( sci5ce4--,spok5 & writt5 ,language4--,idea ( a ?+4--,h[ express$4--,an example4--,picture writ+4--,an anecdote4--,ideas express$ by actions4--,pr9ciples ( spok5 & writt5 ,language4--,apply univ]sally4--,two examples4--,engli% language4--,=eign words4--,words 9 sci5ce4--,new words4--,h[ =m$4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,on ,,n\ns4 ,n\ns def9$4--,?+s4--,qualities ( matt]4--,m9d4--,spiritual be+s4--,qualities ( m9d4--,h[ le>n$4--,imag9>y ?+s4--,negation4 --,names ( actions4--,prop] n\ns4--,*>act]i/ic names4--,prop] n\ns may become common4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,on ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4 ,n\ns 9 respect to p]sons4--,numb]4--,s+ul>4--,plural4--,h[ =m$4--,=eign plurals4--,prop] names admit ( plurals4--,g5d]4--,no neut]4--,9 figurative language4--,errors4--,position or case4--,ag5ts4-- ,objects4--,possessive case consid]$4--,a def9itive ^w4--,pron\ns4-- ,"o k9d4--,orig9ally n\ns4--,specifically appli$4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,on ,,adjectives4 ,def9ition ( adjectives4--,g5]al "*4--,d]ivation4--,h[ und]/ood4--,def9+ & describ+4--,mean+ *anges to suit ! n\n4--,too num]\s4--,d]iv$ f n\ns4--,n\ns & v]bs made f adjectives4--,=eign adjectives4--,a g5]al li/4--,difficult to be und]/ood4--,an example4--,(t5 sup]flu\s4--,d]iv$ f v]bs4--,p>ticiples4--,"s prepositions4--,mean+ unkn[n4--,)4-- ,94--,out4--,(4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,on ,,adjectives4 ,adjectives4--,h[ =m$4--,! syllable ly4--,=m$ f prop] n\ns4 --,! apo/rophe & lett] s4--,d]iv$ f pron\ns4--,articles4--,a comes f an4--,9def9ite4--,!4--,mean+ ( a & !4-- ,murray's example4--,t4--,:at4--,pron\n adjectives4--,mon1 ma4--,degrees ( comp>ison4--,second>y adjectives4--,prepositions admit ( comp>ison4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,unpleasant to expose error4--,v]bs def9$4--,e ?+ acts4--,actor & object4--,laws4--,man4--,animals4--,vege tables4--,m9]als4--,neutrality degrad+4--,nobody c expla9 a neut] v]b4--,"o k9d ( v]bs4--,y mu/ decide4--,importance ( tea*+ *ildr5 ! tru?4--,active v]bs4--,transitive v]bs false4--,samples4--,neut] v]bs exam9$4--,sit4--,sleep4--,/&4--,lie4--,o p9ion ( ,mrs4 ,w4--,anecdote4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,neut] & intransitive4--,ag5ts4--,objects4--,no actions z su* c be kn[n di/9ct f ! ag5t4--,imag9>y actions4--,actions kn[n by _! effects4--,examples4--,signs %\ld guide to ?+s signifi$4-- ,pr9ciples ( action4--,p[]4--,animals4--,vegetables4- -,m9]als4--,all ?+s act4--,magnetic ne$le4--,cause4--,expla9$4--,fir/ ,cause4--,means4--,illu/rat$4--,sir ,i4 ,newton's example4--,^! pr9ciples mu/ be kn[n4--,relative action4--,anecdote ( ,gallileo4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,a philosophical axiom4--,mann] ( express+ action4--,?+s tak5 = grant$4--,simple facts mu/ be kn[n4--,mu/ nev] deviate f ! tru?4--,e cause w h an effect4--,an example ( an intransitive v]b4--,objects express$ or impli$4--,all language eliptical4--,intransitive v]bs exam9$4--,i run4--,i walk4--,to /ep4-- ,birds fly4--,x ra9s4--,! fire burns4--,! sun %9es4--,to smile4--,eat & dr9k4--,miscellane\s examples4--,evils ( false tea*+4--,a *ange is dem&$4--,^! pr9ciples apply univ]sally4--,_! importance4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,! v]b to be4--,comp\nd$ ( diff]5t radical words4--,am4 --,def9$4--,! "n ( ,deity4--,ei4--,is4--,are4--,71 04--,be4--,a dialogue4--,examples4--,passive ,v]bs exam9$4--,_c be 9 ! pres5t t5se4--,! pa/ p>ticiple is an adjective4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,mood4--,indicative4--,imp]ative4--,inf9 itive4--,=m] di/9ctions4-- ,subjunctive mood4--,"t4--,pa/4--,pres5t4--,future4-- ,! future expla9$4--,h[ =m$4--,mr4 ,murray's di/9ction ( "t4--,imp]fect4-- ,plup]fect4--,second future4--,h[ _m t5ses4--,auxili>y ,v]bs4--,w4 --,%all4--,may4--,mu/4--,c4--,d4--,h4 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,p]son & numb] 9 ! ag5t1 n 9 ! action4--,simil>ity ( ag5ts1 actions1 & objects4--,v]bs made f n\ns4--,irregul> v]bs4--,"s examples4--,regul> ,v]bs4--,ed4--,+4--,conjugation ( v]bs4--,to love4--,to h4--,to be4--,! indicative mood v>i$4--,a :ole s5t5ce may be ag5t or object4--,imp]ative mood4--,inf9itive mood4--,is always future4 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,,on ,,contractions4 ,a tempor>y exp$i5t4--,words n und]/ood4--,all words mu/ h a mean+4--,_! =mation4--,*anges ( mean+ & =m4--,%\ld be obs]v$4--,adv]bs4--,end+ 9 ly4--,examples4--,ago4--,a/ray4--,awake4 --,asleep4--,!n1 :54--,!re1 :]e1 "h4--,:ile1 till4--,:e!r1 toge!r4--,ev]1 nev]1 :5ev]1 etc4--,(t4--,h5ce4--,p]haps4--,n4 --,or4--,nor4--,?an4--,z4--,s4--,conjunc tions4--,rule #ah4--;,if4--,b4--,?o4 --,yet4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,language4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,language4 ,/udy ( ,language long consid]$ difficult4--,its importance4--,errors 9 tea*+4--,n und]/ood by ,tea*]s4--,atta*m5t to old sy/ems4--,improvem5t pref]able4--,! subject important4--,its advantages4--,pr9ciples laid d[n4--,or?ography4--,etymology4-- ,syntax4--,prosody4 ,,ladies ,,& ,,g5tlem51 ,x is propos$ to comm5ce1 ?is ev5+1 a c\rse ( ,lectures on ! ,gramm> ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,i am aw>e ( ! difficulties att5d+ ?is subject1 occasion$ n s mu* by any fault 9 itself1 z by ! ?\s& & "o me?ods adopt$ to tea* x1 ! multiplicity ( books pret5d+ to simplify x1 & ! va/ contr>iety ( op9ion ent]ta9$ by ^? :o pr(ess to be its ma/]s4 ,by _m x has be5 consid]$ a ne$less affair1 an unnecess>y app5dage to a common education2 by o!rs1 altoge!r beyond ! rea* ( common capacities2 & by all1 cold1 lifeless1 & un9t]e/+1 full ( d\bts & p]plexities1 :]e ! wise/ h diff]$1 & ! firme/ (t5 *ang$ op9ions4 ,all ?is difficulty orig9ates1 ,i appreh5d1 9 ! wrong view t is tak5 ( ! subject4 ,! mo/ beautiful l&scape may appe> at great disadvantage1 if view$ f an unfavorable position4 ,i w\ld be sl[ to believe t ! means on :i* dep5ds ! :ole bus9ess ( ! community1 ! /udy ( ! sci5ces1 all improvem5t ^u ! pa/1 ! hi/ory ( all nations 9 all ages ( ! _w1 social int]c\rse1 oral or writt51 &1 9 a great measure1 ! k ( ,god1 & ! hopes ( immortality1 c be ei!r unwor?y ( /udy1 or1 if rightly expla9$1 un9t]e/+ 9 ! acquisition4 ,9 fact1 on ! pr9ciples ,i am ab\t to advocate1 ,i h se5 ! deepe/ int]e/ manife/$1 f ! small *ild to ! grey-head$ sire1 f ! m]e novice to ! /atesman & philosoph]1 & all alike seem$ to be edifi$ & improv$ by ! att5tion be/[$ ^u ! subject4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t ) ! m5tion ( gramm>1 an association ( ideas are call$ up by no means agreeable4 ,! m9d involunt>ily rev]ts to ! days ( *ildhood1 :5 we 7 compell$1 at ! risk ( our bodily safety1 to commit to memory a set ( arbitr>y rules1 :i* we c\ld nei!r und]/& nor apply 9 ! correct use ( language4 ,=m]ly x 0 nev] dream$ t gramm> dep5d$ on any high] au?ority ?an ! books put into our h&s4 ,& le>n]s 7 n only dissuad$1 b /rictly =bidd5 to g beyond ! limits set !m 9 ! etymological & syntactical rules ( ! au?ors to :om !y 7 ref]r$4 ,if a qu]y ev] arose 9 _! m9ds1 & !y mode/ly propos$ a pla9 "q z to ! :y & :]e=e ?+s 7 ?us1 in/ead ( giv+ an answ] accord+ to common s5se1 9 a way to be und]/ood1 ! au?orities 7 pond]$ ov]1 till "s rule or rem>k c\ld be f\nd :i* w\ld apply1 & ?is settl$ ! matt] ) pro( z /rong z holy writ4 ,9 ?is way an end may be put to ! inquiry2 b ! ?9k+ m9d w h>dly be satisfi$ ) ! m]e op9ion ( ano!r1 :o has no evid5ce to af=d1 save ! undisput$ dignity ( 8 /ation1 or ! au?ority ( books4 ,?is c\rse is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,r ?an expose 8 own ignorance1 ! tea*] quotes ! pr9t$ ignorance ( o!rs1 ?9k+1 no d\bt1 t folly & nons5se w appe> bett] second-h&$1 ?an fre% f 8 own responsibility4 ,or else on ! m common score1 t mis]y loves company4 ,tea*]s h n unfrequ5tly f\nd !mselves plac$ 9 an un5viable position by ! hone/ inquiries ( "s ?9k+ ur*91 :o has dem&$ :y "o n\n gov]ns ano!r 9 ! possessive case1 z ma/]'s slave2 :y !re are m t5ses ?an ?ree2 :at is meant by a neut] v]b1 :i* signifies nei!r action nor passion2 or an intransitive v]b1 :i* expresses ! highe/ possible action1 b t]m9ates on no object2 a cause )\t an effect2 :y t is sometimes a pron\n1 sometimes an adjective1 & n unfrequ5tly a conjunction1 c4 c4 ,!y may h succe$$1 by d9t ( (ficial au?ority1 9 sil5c+ su* inquiries1 b !y h fail$ to give a satisfactory answ] to ! que/ions propos$4 ,long receiv$ op9ions may1 9 "s cases1 become law1 plead+ no o!r reason ?an antiquity4 ,b ?is is an age ( inve/igation1 :i* dem&s ! mo/ lucid & unequivocal pro( ( ! po9t assum$4 ,! dogmatism ( ! s*oolm5 w no long] satisfy4 ,! d>k ages ( m5tal s]vility are pass+ away4 ,! day light ( sci5ce has long s9ce dawn$ ^u ! _w1 & ! noon day ( tru?1 reason1 & virtue1 w ere long be e/abli%$ on a firm & immutable basis4 ,! human m9d1 left free to inve/igate1 w gradually advance onw>d 9 ! c\rse ( k & goodness m>k$ out by ! ,creator1 till x atta9s to t p]fection :i* %all con/itute its highe/ glory1 its true/ bliss4 ,y w p]ceive1 at once1 t our inquiries ?ro out ^! lectures w n be b\nd$ by :at has be5 said or writt5 on ! subject4 ,we take a wid] range4 ,we adopt no s5tim5t because x is anci5t or popul>4 ,we ref] to no au?ority b :at proves itself to be correct4 ,& we ask no "o to adopt our op9ions any f>!r ?an !y agree ) ! fix$ laws ( nature 9 ! regulation ( matt] & ?\ght1 & apply 9 common practice among m54 ,h we n a "r to expect1 9 return1 t y w be equally hone/ to y\rselves & ! subject be=e u8 ,s f> z ! errors ( exi/+ sy/ems %all be expos$1 w y n reject !m1 & adopt :atev] appe>s conclusively true & practically useful8 ,w y1 c y1 be satisfi$ to adopt = y\rselves & tea* to o!rs1 sy/ems ( gramm>1 = no o!r reason ?an because !y are old1 & claim ! support ( ! le>n$ & honorable8 ,su* a c\rse1 g5]ally adopt$1 w\ld give ! ev]-la/+ quietus to all improvem5t4 ,x w\ld be a practical adoption ( ! philosophy ( ! ,dut*man1 :o 0 cont5t to c>ry 8 gri/ 9 "o end ( ! sack & a /one to balance x 9 ! o!r1 assign+ = a reason1 t 8 honor$ fa!r _h always done s be=e him4 ,:o w\ld be cont5t to adopt ! a/rology ( ! anci5ts1 9 pref]ance to a/ronomy z n[ taught1 because ! latt] is m mod]n8 ,:o w\ld sp5d ?ree ye>s 9 transcrib+ a copy ( ! ,bible1 :5 a bett] c\ld be obta9$ = "o doll>1 because manuscripts 7 ?us procur$ 9 =m] times8 ,:at lady w\ld pref] to take h] c>ds1 :eel1 & loom1 & sp5d a mon? or two 9 manufactur+ = h]self a dress1 :5 a bett] c\ld be e>n$ 9 half ! "t1 m]ely because h] respect$ gr&mo!r did s be=e h]8 ,:o w\ld g back a ?\s& ye>s to f9d a model = society1 reject+ all improvem5ts 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 because !y are innovations1 encroa*m5ts ^u ! op9ions & practices ( le>n$ & honorable m58 ,i c n believe !re is a p]son 9 ?is respect$ audi5ce ^: m9d is 9 su* volunt>y slav]y z to induce ! adoption ( su* a c\rse4 ,i see be=e me m9ds :i* sp>kle 9 e look1 & ?\ghts :i* are ev] active1 to acquire :at is true1 & adopt :at is useful4 ,& ,i flatt] myself t ! "t sp5t 9 ! inve/igation ( ! sci5ce ( language w n be unpleasant or unpr(itable4 ,i feel ! great] confid5ce f ! consid]ation t y\r m9ds are yet untrammel$2 n b :at _m1 probably mo/ ( y1 h already /udi$ ! popul> sy/ems ( gramm>1 & und]/ood !m2 if su* a ?+ is possible2 b because y h %[n a disposition to le>n1 by becom+ memb]s ( ?is ,in/itute1 ! object ( :i* is ! improvem5t ( its memb]s4 ,let u !re=e make an humble attempt1 ) all due c&or & discretion1 to ent] ^u ! inquiry be=e u ) an unfl9*+ det]m9ation to pu% our inve/igations beyond all reasonable d\bt1 & nev] re/ satisfi$ till we h conqu]$ all conqu]able ob/acles1 & come into ! possession ( ! light & lib]ty ( tru?4 ,! attempt "h made w n be consid]$ unimportant1 by ^? :o h kn[n ! difficulties att5d+ ! /udy ( language4 ,if any c\rse c be m>k$ out to %ort5 ! "t t$i\sly sp5t 9 ! acquisition ( :at is r>ely atta9$--a ?oro k ( language--a great b5efit w result to ! community2 *ildr5 w save mon?s & ye>s to engage 9 o!r useful atta9m5ts1 & ! high aspirations ( ! m9d = tru? & k w n be curb$ 9 its fir/ ef=ts to improve by a set ( te*nical & arbitr>y rules4 ,!y w acquire a habit ( ?9k+1 ( deep reflection2 & nev] adopt1 = fact1 :at appe>s unreasonable or inconsi/5t1 m]ely because great or good m5 h said x is s4 ,!y w feel an indep5d5ce ( _! own1 & adopt a c\rse ( inve/igation :i* _c fail ( ! mo/ important consequ5ces4 ,x is n ! sav+ ( "t1 h[ev]1 = :i* we propose a *ange 9 ! sy/em ( tea*+ language4 ,9 ?is respect1 x is ! /udy ( "o's life4 ,new facts are con/antly develop+ !mselves1 new comb9ations ( ideas & words are discov]$1 & new beauties pres5t$ at e advanc+ /ep4 ,x is to acquire a k ( correct pr9ciples1 to induce a habit ( correct ?9k+1 a fre$om ( inve/igation1 & at t age :5 ! "* & language ( life are =m+4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 to exhibit be=e y tru? ( ! greate/ practical importance1 n only to y1 b to g5]ations yet unborn1 9 ! mo/ ess5tial affairs ( human life1 t ,i h broa*$ ! hat$ subject ( gramm>1 & und]tak5 to reflect light ^u ?is hi!rto d>k & disagreeable subject4 ,) a brief sket* ( ! outl9es ( language1 z bas$ on ! fix$ laws ( nature1 & ! agreem5t ( ^? :o employ x1 ,i %all conclude ! pres5t lecture4 ,we %all consid] all language z gov]n$ by ! inv>iable laws ( nature1 & z dep5d+ on ! conv5tional regulations ( m54 ,words are ! signs ( ideas4 ,ideas are ! impressions ( ?+s4 ,h5ce1 9 all our attempts to inve/igate ! important pr9ciples ( language1 we %all employ ! sign z ! means ( com+ at ! ?+ signifi$4 ,language has usually be5 consid]$ "u f\r divisions1 viz43 ,or?ography1 ,etymology1 ,syntax1 & ,prosody4 ,or?ography is "r spell+2 ! comb9ation ( c]ta9 lett]s into words 9 su* a mann] z to agree ) ! spok5 words us$ to d5ote an idea4 ,we %all n labor ?is po9t1 al?o we conceive a great improvem5t might be effect$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( le>n+4 ,my only wi% is to select f all ! =ms ( spell+1 ! mo/ simple & consi/5t4 ,con/ant *anges are tak+ place 9 ! me?od ( mak+ words1 & we w\ld n refuse to ca/ 9 our mite to make ! /&>d m correct & easy4 ,we w\ld prune (f by degrees all unnecess>y app5dages1 z uns\nd$ or italic lett]s1 & write out words s z to be capable ( a di/9ct pronunciation4 ,b ?is *ange mu/ be gradually effect$4 ,f ! spell+ adopt$ two c5turies ago1 a wond]ful improvem5t has tak5 place4 ,& we h n yet gone beyond ! possibility ( improvem5t4 ,let u n be too s5sitive on ?is po9t1 nor too t5aci\s ( old =ms4 ,mo/ ( our diction>ies diff] 9 _m respects 9 reg>d to ! true sy/em ( or?ography1 & our true c\rse is to adopt e improvem5t :i* is (f]$4 ,?ro out ?is "w we %all spell "s words diff]5t f :at is cu/om>y1 b int5d n1 !reby1 to incur ! ignom9y ( bad spell]s4 ,let small improvem5ts be adopt$1 & our language may soon be r$eem$ f ! difficulties :i* h p]plex$ beg9n]s 9 _! fir/ attempts to convey ideas by writt5 words4#a ,9 t dep>tm5t ( language d5om9at$ ,etymology1 we %all cont5d t all words are r$ucible to two g5]al classes1 n\ns & v]bs2 or1 ?+s & actions4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 admit ( subdivisions1 & treat ( pron\ns1 adjectives1 & contractions4 ,we %all cont5d = only two cases ( n\ns1 "o k9d ( pron\ns1 "o k9d ( v]bs1 t all are active2 ?ree modes1 & z _m t5ses2 t articles1 adv]bs1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 & int]jections1 h no di/9ctive "*1 no exi/5ce1 9 fact1 to w>rant a local habitation or a "n4 ,9 ! composition ( s5t5ces1 a few g5]al rules ( ,syntax may be giv52 b ! pr9cipal object to be obta9$1 is ! possession ( correct ideas d]iv$ f a k ( ?+s1 & ! mo/ approv$ words to express !m2 ! comb9ation ( words 9 a s5t5ce w readily en\gh foll[4 ,prosody relates to ! quantity ( syllables1 rules ( acc5t & pronunciation1 & ! arrangem5t ( syllables & words s z to produce h>mony4 ,x applies specially to v]sification4 ,z our object is n to make poets1 :o1 x is said1 are born1 & n made1 b to tea* ! true pr9ciples ( language1 we %all give no att5tion to ?is f9i%+ /roke ( composition4 ,9 our next we %all lay be=e y ! pr9ciples ^u :i* all language dep5ds1 & ! process by :i* its use is to be acquir$4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,language4 ,g5]al pr9ciples ( ,language4--,bus9ess ( ,gramm>4--,*ildr5 are ,philosoph]s4--,?+s1 ideas1 & words4--,actions4--,qualities ( ?+s4--,words )\t ideas4--,grammatical t]ms inappropriate4-- ,pr9ciples ( ,language p]man5t4--,errors 9 m5tal sci5ce4--,facts admit ( no *ange4--,complex ideas4--,ideas ( qualities4--,an example4--,new ideas4--,unkn[n words4--,signs )\t ?+s signifi$4--,fix$ laws regulate matt] & m9d4 ,all language dep5ds on two g5]al pr9ciples4 ,fir/4 ,! fix$ & unv>y+ laws ( nature :i* regulate matt] & m9d4 ,second4 ,! agreem5t ( ^? :o use x4 ,9 accordance ) ^! pr9ciples all language mu/ be expla9$4 ,x is n only ne$less b impossible = u to deviate f !m4 ,!y rema9 ! same 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries4 ,x %\ld be ! object ( ! gramm>ian1 & ( all :o employ language 9 ! expression ( ideas1 to become intimately acqua9t$ ) _! use4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( gramm> to expla91 n only v]bal language1 b also ! sublime pr9ciples ^u :i* all writt5 or spok5 language dep5ds4 ,x =ms an important "p ( physical & m5tal sci5ce1 :i*1 correctly expla9$1 is abundantly simple & ext5sively useful 9 its application to ! affairs ( human life & ! promotion ( human enjoym5t4 ,x w n be cont5d$ t we are assum+ a position beyond ! capacities ( le>n]s1 t ! c\rse "h adopt$ is too philosophic4 ,su* is n ! fact4 ,*ildr5 are philosoph]s by nature4 ,all _! ideas are d]iv$ f ?+s z pres5t$ to _! obs]vations4 ,no "m le>ns h] *ild to lisp ! "n ( a ?+ :i* has no be+1 b %e *ooses objects ) :i* x is mo/ famili>1 & :i* are mo/ con/antly be=e x2 su* z fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 si/]4 ,%e con/antly po9ts to ! object nam$1 t a di/9ct impression may be made ^u its m9d1 & ! ?+ signifi$1 ! idea ( ! ?+1 & ! "n :i* repres5ts x1 are all insep>ably associat$ toge!r4 ,if ! fa!r is abs5t1 ! *ild may ?9k ( him f ! idea or impression :i* 8 p]son & affection has produc$ 9 ! m9d4 ,if ! "m pron\nces 8 "n ) :i* x has become famili>1 ! *ild w />t1 look ab\t = ! object1 or ?+ signifi$ by ! "n1 fa!r1 & n be+ able to discov] him1 w settle d[n cont5t$ ) ! idea ( him deeply impress$ on ! m9d1 & z di/9ctly und]/ood z if ! fa!r 0 pres5t 9 p]son4 ,s ) e ?+ else4 ,aga91 aft] ! *ild has become famili> ) ! "n ( ! be+ call$ fa!r2 ! "n1 idea & object itself be+ intimately associat$ ! "m w next beg9 to tea* x ano!r lesson2 foll[+ mo/ undeviat+ly ! c\rse :i* nature & true philosophy m>k out4 ,! fa!r comes & goes1 is pres5t or abs5t4 ,%e says on 8 return1 fa!r come1 & ! little "o looks r\nd to see ! ?+ signifi$ by ! ^w fa!r1 ! idea ( :i* is di/9ctly impress$ on ! m9d1 & :i* x n[ sees pres5t be=e x4 ,b ?is lov$ object has n always be5 "h4 ,x _h look$ r\nd & call$ = ! fa!r4 ,b ! "m _h told x he 0 gone4 ,fa!r gone1 fa!r come1 is h] language1 & "h ! *ild beg9s to le>n ideas ( actions4 ,( ?is x _h1 at fir/1 no notion :atev]1 & nev] ?\ght ( ! fa!r except :5 8 p]son 0 pres5t be=e x1 = no impressions _h be5 di/9ctly made ^u ! m9d :i* c\ld be call$ up by a s\nd ( :i* x c\ld h no conceptions :atev]4 ,n[ t x has advanc$ s f>1 ! idea ( ! fa!r is reta9$1 ev5 ?o he is himself abs5t1 & ! *ild beg9s to associate ! notion ( com+ & go+ ) 8 pres5ce or abs5ce4 ,foll[+ out ?is c\rse ! m9d becomes acqua9t$ ) ?+s & actions1 or ! *anges :i* ?+s und]go4 ,next1 ! "m beg9s to le>n h] (fspr+ ! di/9ction & qualities ( ?+s4 ,:5 ! little si/] comes to x 9 innoc5t playfulness ! "m says1 good si/]1 & ) ! descriptive ^w good x soon beg9s to associate ! quality express$ by ! affectionate reg>d1 ( its si/]4 ,b :5 t si/] /rikes ! *ild1 or pe/]s x 9 any way1 ! "m says naughty si/]1 bad si/]4 ,x soon compreh5ds ! descriptive words1 good & bad1 & along ) !m c>ries ! association ( ideas :i* su* conduct produces4 ,9 ! same way x le>ns to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 great & small1 cold & hot1 h>d & s(t4 ,9 ?is mann] ! *ild becomes acqua9t$ ) ! use ( language4 ,x fir/ becomes acqua9t$ ) ?+s1 ! idea ( :i* is left ^u ! m9d1 or1 m prop]ly1 ! impression ( :i*1 left on ! m9d1 con/itutes ! idea2 & a vocabul>y ( words are le>n$1 :i* repres5t ^! ideas1 f :i* x may select ^? be/ calculat$ to express its mean+ :5ev] a conv]sation is _h ) ano!r4 ,y w readily p]ceive ! correctness ( our fir/ proposition1 t all language dep5ds on ! fix$ & un]r+ laws ( nature4 ,?+s exi/4 ,a k ( !m produces ideas 9 ! m9d1 & s\nds or signs are adopt$ z vehicles to convey ^! ideas f "o to ano!r4 ,x w\ld be absurd & ridicul\s to suppose t any p]son1 h[ev] great1 or le>n$1 or wise1 c\ld employ language correctly )\t a k ( ! ?+s express$ by t language4 ,no matt] h[ *a/e 8 words1 h[ l(ty 8 phrases1 h[ sweet ! intonations1 or mell[ ! acc5ts4 ,x w\ld avail him no?+ if ideas 7 n repres5t$ !reby4 ,x w\ld all be an unkn[n tongue to ! he>] or read]4 ,x w\ld n be l ! l\d roll+ ?und]1 = t tells ! wondr\s p[] ( ,god4 ,x w\ld n be l ! s(t zephyrs ( ev5+1 ! radiance ( ! sun1 ! tw9kl+ ( ! />s2 = !y speak ! intelligible language ( sublimity itself1 & tell ( ! k9dness & protection ( our ,fa!r :o is 9 heav54 ,x w\ld n be l ! sweet notes ( ! *oral song/]s ( ! grove1 = !y w>ble hymns ( gratitude to ,god2 n l ! bod+ ( ! di/ant owl1 = t tells ! pr(\nd solemnity ( night2 n l ! hungry lion ro>+ = 8 prey1 = t tells ( dea? & plund]2 n l ! di/ant notes ( ! cl>ion1 = t tells ( blood & c>nage1 ( te>s & angui%1 ( wid[hood & orphanage4 ,x c be comp>$ to no?+ b a ,babel ( confusion 9 :i* _! own folly is worse conf\nd$4 ,& yet1 ,i am sorry to say x1 ! languages ( all ages & nations h be5 too frequ5tly p]v]t$1 & compil$ into a het]og5e\s mass ( ab/ruse1 metaphysical volumes1 ^: only recomm5dation is ! elegant b9d+s 9 :i* !y are enclos$4 ,& gramm>s !mselves1 ^: pret5d$ object is to tea* ! rules ( speak+ & writ+ correctly1 =m b a mis]able exception to ?is sweep+ rem>k4 ,i defy any gramm>ian1 au?or1 or tea*] ( ! numb]less sy/ems1 :i* come1 l ! frogs ( ,egypt1 all ( "o g5us1 to cov] ! l&1 to give a reasonable explanation ( ev5 ! t]ms !y employ to def9e _! mean+1 if inde$1 mean+ !y h4 ,:at is meant by an 9-def9ite article1 a dis-junctive con-junction1 an ad-v]b :i* qualifies an adjective1 & sometimes ano!r ad-v]b8 ,su* p>ts ( spee* h no exi/5ce 9 fact1 & _! adoption 9 rules ( gramm>1 h be5 f\nd exce$+ly mis*iev\s & p]plex+4 ,adv]bs & conjunctions1 & adv]bial phrases1 & conjunctive expressions1 may s]ve z common sew]s = a l>ge & mo/ useful class ( words1 :i* ! tea*]s ( gramm> & lexicograph]s h be5 unable to expla92 b le>n]s w ga9 little in=mation by be+ told t su* is an adv]bial phrase1 & su*1 a conjunctive expression4 ,?is is an easy me?od1 ,i confess1 a sort ( :olesale traffic1 9 p>s+ 7pass+7 language1 & may s]ve to cloak ! ignorance ( ! tea*]s & mak]s ( gramm>s4 ,b x w reflect little light on ! pr9ciples ( language1 or prove v effici5t helps to speak or write ) propriety4 ,^? :o ?9k1 w dem& ! mean+ ( ^! words1 & ! reason ( _! use4 ,:5 t is asc]ta9$1 little difficulty w be f\nd 9 giv+ !m a place 9 ! company ( respectable words4 ,b ,i am digress+4 ,m %all be said ^u ?is po9t 9 a future lecture1 & 9 its prop] place4 ,i 0 endeavor+ to e/abli% ! position t all language dep5ds ^u p]man5t pr9ciples2 t words are ! signs ( ideas1 & ideas are ! impressions ( ?+s communicat$ to ! m9d ?ro ! m$ium ( "s "o ( ! five s5ses4 ,i ?9k ,i h succe$$ s f> z simple mat]ial ?+s are conc]n$1 to ! satisfaction ( all :o h he>d me4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be m difficult = me to expla9 ! words employ$ to express complex ideas1 & ?+s ( immat]iality1 su* z m9d1 & its attributes4 ,b ! rules previ\sly adopt$ w1 ,i appreh5d1 apply ) equal ease & correctness 9 ?is case2 & we %all h cause to admire ! simple yet sublime f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole sup]/ructure ( language is bas$4 ,9 pursu+ ?is inve/igation ,i %all endeavor to avoid all ab/ruse & metaphysical reason+1 pres5t no wild conjectures1 or va9 hypo!ses2 b conf9e myself to pla91 common place matt] ( fact4 ,we h reason to rejoice t a wond]ful improvem5t 9 ! sci5ce & cultivation ( ! m9d has tak5 place 9 ^! la/ days2 t we are no long] puzzl$ ) ! /range phantoms1 ! wild speculations :i* occupi$ ! giant m9ds ( a ,desc>tes1 a ,malebran*1 a ,locke1 a ,reid1 a ,/ew>t1 & ho/s ( o!rs1 ^: %9+ tal5ts w\ld h qualifi$ !m = ! brighte/ ornam5ts ( lit]ature1 real b5efactors ( mank9d1 _h n _! education lead !m into d>k & metaphysical reason+s1 a cont9u$ tissue ( ! wilde/ vag>ies1 9 :i* !y became entangl$1 till1 at l5g?1 !y 7 entirely lo/ 9 ! labyr9? ( _! own conjectures4 ,! occasion ( all _! difficulty orig9at$ 9 an attempt to inve/igate ! faculties ( ! m9d )\t any means ( gett+ at x4 ,!y did n cont5t !mselves ) an adoption ( ! pr9ciples :i* lay at ! f\ndation ( all true philosophy1 viz41 t ! facts to be acc\nt$ =1 d exi/2 t tru? is et]nal1 & we are to become acqua9t$ ) x by ! means employ$ = its developm5t4 ,!y quitt$ ! _w ( mat]iality !y inhabit$1 refus$ to exam9e ! developm5t ( m9d z ! effect ( an exi/+ cause2 & at "o bold pu%1 ent]$ ! _w ( ?\ght1 & made ! unhall[$ attempt to reason1 a priori1 conc]n+ ?+s :i* c only be kn[n by _! manife/ations4 ,b !y soon f\nd !mselves 9 a /range l&1 confus$ ) sights & s\nds unkn[n1 9 ! explanation ( :i* !y1 ( c\rse1 *oose t]ms z un9telligible to _! read]s1 z ! ideal realities 7 to !m4 ,?is c\rse1 adopt$ by ,ari/otle1 has be5 too closely foll[$ by ^? :o h come aft] him4#b ,b a new era has dawn$ ^u ! philosophy ( ! m9d1 & a correspond+ *ange 9 ! me?od ( inculcat+ ! pr9ciples ( language mu/ foll[4#c ,9 all our inve/igations we mu/ take ?+s z we f9d !m1 & acc\nt = !m z f> z we c4 ,x w\ld be a ?ankless task to attempt a *ange ( pr9ciples 9 any ?+4 ,t w\ld be an encroa*m5t ( ! ,creator's rights4 ,x belongs to mortals to use ! ?+s !y h z n abus+ !m2 & to ,deity to regulate ! laws by :i* ^? ?+s are gov]n$4 ,& t man is ! wise/1 ! true/ philosoph]1 & brighte/ ,*ri/ian1 :o acqua9ts himself ) ^? laws z !y d exi/ 9 ! regulation ( matt] & m9d1 9 ! promotion ( physical & moral enjoym5t1 & endeavors to con=m to !m 9 all 8 ?\ghts & actions4 ,f ?is app>5t digression y w at once discov] our object4 ,we mu/ n endeavor to *ange ! pr9ciples ( language1 b to und]/& & expla9 !m2 to asc]ta91 z f> z possible1 ! actions ( ! m9d 9 obta9+ ideas1 & ! use ( language 9 express+ !m4 ,we may n be able to make our s5tim5ts und]/ood2 b if !y are n1 ! fault w orig9ate 9 no obscurity 9 ! facts !mselves1 b 9 our inability ei!r to und]/& !m or ! words employ$ 9 _! expression4 ,hav+ be5 9 ! habit ( us+ words ) ei!r no mean+ or a wrong "o1 x may be difficult to compreh5d ! subject ( :i* !y treat4 ,a man may h a quantity ( sulphur1 *>coal1 & nitre1 b x is n until he le>ns _! prop]ties & comb9ations t he c make gunp[d]4 ,let u !n adopt a c>eful & indep5d5t c\rse ( reason+1 resolv$ to m$dle ) no?+ we d n und]/&1 & to use no words until we "k _! mean+4 ,a complex idea is a comb9ation ( sev]al simple ones1 z a tree is made up ( roots1 a trunk1 bran*es1 twigs1 & leaves4 ,& ^! aga9 may be divid$ into ! wood1 ! b>k1 ! sap1 c4 ,or we may employ ! botanical t]ms1 & enum]ate its ext]nal & int]nal p>ts & qualities2 ! :ole anatomy & physiology1 z well z v>iety & hi/ory ( trees ( t species1 & %[ its *>act]i/ic di/9ctions2 = ! m9d receives a diff]5t impression on look+ at a maple1 a bir*1 a popl>1 a tam>isk1 a sycamore1 or hemlock4 ,9 ?is way complex ideas are =m$1 di/9ct 9 _! p>ts1 b bl5d$ 9 a common :ole2 &1 9 con=mity ) ! law regulat+ language1 words1 s\nds or signs1 are employ$ to express ! complex :ole1 or ea* di/9ctive "p4 ,! same may be said ( all ?+s ( l "*4 ,b ?is idea ,i w illu/rate m at l>ge be=e ! close ( ?is lecture4 ,fir/ impressions are produc$ by a view ( mat]ial ?+s1 z we h already se52 & ! notion ( action is obta9$ f a k ( ! *anges ^! ?+s und]go4 ,! idea ( quality & def9ition is produc$ by contra/ & comp>ison4 ,*ildr5 soon le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 a sweet apple & a s\r "o1 a :ite rose & a r$ "o1 a h>d seat & a s(t "o1 h>moni\s s\nds & ^? t are discordant1 a pleasant smell & "o t is disagreeable4 ,z ! m9d advances1 ! application is v>i$1 & !y speak ( a sweet rose1 *ang+ f ta/e & sight to smell1 ( a sweet song1 ( a h>d apple1 c4 ,accord+ to ! qualities ?us le>n$1 y may talk to !m intelligibly ( ! sweetness ( an apple1 ! color ( a rose1 ! h>dness ( iron1 ! h>mony ( s\nds1 ! smell or sc5t ( ?+s :i* possess t quality4 ,z ^! agree or disagree ) _! com=t1 !y w call !m good or bad1 & speak ( ! qualities ( goodness & badness1 z if possess$ by ! ?+ itself4 ,9 ?is app>5tly indiscrim9ate use ( words1 ! ideas rema9 di/9ct2 & ea* sign or object calls !m up sep>ately & associates !m toge!r1 till1 at l5g?1 9 ! s+le object is associat$ all ! ideas ent]ta9$ ( its size1 qualities1 relations1 & aff9ities4 ,9 ?is mann]1 aft] long1 p]sev]+ toil1 pr9ciples ( ?\ght are fix$1 & a f\ndation laid = ! :ole c\rse ( future ?9k+ & speak+4 ,! ideas become less simple & di/9ct4 ,j z fa/ z ! m9d advances 9 ! k ( ?+s1 language keeps pace ) ! ideas1 & ev5 goes beyond !m1 s t 9 process ( "t a s+le t]m w n unfrequ5tly repres5t a complexity ( ideas1 "o ( :i* w signify a :ole comb9ation ( ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m in/ances :]e ! s+le decl>ation ( a fact may convey to ! untutor$ m9d1 a s+le ?\ght or ne>ly s1 :5 ! bett] cultivat$ w take into ! acc\nt ! :ole process by :i* x is effect$4 ,to illu/rate3 a man kill$ a de]4 ,"h ! boy w\ld see & imag9e m ?an he is yet fully able to compreh5d4 ,he w see ! obvi\s fact t ! man levels 8 musket1 ! gun goes (f ) a l\d report1 & ! de] falls & dies4 ,h[ ?is is all produc$ he does n und]/&1 b kn[+ ! fact he ass]ts ! s+le tru?--! man kill$ ! de]4 ,z ! *ild advances1 he w le>n t ! s5t5ce conveys to ! m9d m ?an he at fir/ p]ceiv$4 ,he n[ und]/&s h[ x 0 accompli%$4 ,! man _h a gun4 ,!n he mu/ g back to ! gunsmi? & see h[ x 0 made1 !nce back to ! iron tak5 f its b$1 & wr\ght into b>s2 all ! processes by :i* x is br\ght into ! %ape ( a gun1 ! tools & ma*9]y employ$2 ! wood = ! /ock1 its quality & production2 ! size1 =m & color ( ! lock1 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x moves2 ! fl9t1 ! effect produc$ by a collision ) ! /eel1 or a p]cussion cap1 & its composition2 till he f9ds a s+le gun 9 ! h&s ( a man4 ,! man is pres5t ) ?is gun4 ,! motives :i* br\ght him "h2 ! movem5ts ( 8 limbs1 regulat$ by ! det]m9ations ( ! m9d1 & a ?\s& o!r su* ?\ghts1 might be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,!n ! de]1 8 size1 =m1 color1 mann] ( liv+1 next may claim a pass+ ?\ght4 ,b ,i ne$ n enl>ge4 ,"h !y bo? /&4 ,! man has j se5 ! de]4 ,z quick z ?\ght 8 eye passes ov] ! gr\nd1 sees ! prey is )9 prop] di/ance1 takes aim1 pulls ! trigg]1 t loos5s a spr+1 :i* =ces ! fl9t aga9/ ! /eel2 ?is produces a sp>k1 :i* ignites ! *>coal1 & ! sulphur & nitre comb9$1 explode & =ce ! wad1 :i* =ces ! ball f ! gun1 & is borne ?ro ! air till x rea*es ! de]1 ent]s 8 body by displac+ ! sk9 & fle%1 d]anges ! animal functions1 & dea? ensues4 ,! :ole & mu* m is express$ 9 ! s+le phrase1 a man kill$ a de]4 ,x w\ld be ne$less = me to /op "h1 & exam9e all ! op]ations ( ! m9d 9 com+ at ?is /ate ( k4 ,t is n ! object ( ! pres5t "w4 ,su* a duty belongs to ano!r treatise1 :i* may "s day be und]tak51 on logic & ! sci5ce ( ! m9d4 ,! h9t "h giv5 w enable y to p]ceive h[ ! m9d exp&s1 & h[ language keeps pace ) e advanc+ /ep1 &1 also1 h[ comb9ations are made f simple ?+s1 z a h\se is made ( timb]1 bo>ds1 %+les1 nails1 & pa9ts2 or ( bricks1 /one1 & mort>2 z ! case may be1 & :5 complet$1 a s+le t]m may express ! idea1 & y speak ( a wood1 or a brick h\se4 ,foll[+ ?is sugge/ion1 by trac+ ! op]ations ( ! m9d 9 ! "y *ild1 or y\r own1 v m9utely1 9 ! acquisition ( any k be=e :olly unkn[n to y1 z a new language1 or a new sci5ce2 botany1 m9]alogy1 *emi/ry1 or phr5ology2 y w readily discov] h[ ! m9d receives new impressions ( ?+s1 & a new vocabul>y is adopt$ to express ! ideas =m$ ( plants1 m9]als1 *emical prop]ties1 & ! developm5t ( ! capacities ( ! m9d z dep5d+ on mat]ial organs2 h[ ^! ?+s are *ang$ & comb9$2 & h[ _! exi/5ce & qualities1 *anges & comb9ations1 are express$ by words1 to be reta9$1 or convey$ to o!r m9ds4 ,b suppose y talk to a p]son :olly unacqua9t$ ) ^! ?+s1 w he und]/& y8 ,talk to him ( /am5s1 pi/ils1 calyxes2 ( mon&ria1 di&ria1 tri&ria2 ( gypsum1 talc1 calc>e\s sp>1 qu>tz1 topaz1 mica1 g>net1 pyrites1 hornbl5de1 augite1 actynolite2 ( hexah$ral1 prismatic1 rhomboidal1 dodecah$ral2 ( acids & alkalies2 ( oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog5 & c>bon2 ( ! configuration ( ! bra91 & its relative p[]s2 d all ?is1 & :at w he "k ( y\r mean+8 ,s ( all sci5ce4 ,words are to be und]/ood f ! ?+s !y are employ$ to repres5t4 ,y may z well talk to a man 9 ! hebrew1 *9ese1 or *octaw languages1 z 9 our own1 if he does n "k :at is signifi$ by ! words select$ z ! m$ium ( ?\ght4 ,y\r language may be mo/ pure1 p]fect1 full ( mean+1 b y _c make y\rself und]/ood till y\r he>]s c look ?ro y\r signs to ! ?+s signifi$4 ,y may z well pres5t be=e !m a picture ( no?+4 ,! great fault 9 ! popul> sy/em ( education is easily acc\nt$ =1 p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to language4 ,*ildr5 are taught to /udy signs )\t look+ at ! ?+ signifi$4 ,9 ?is way !y are m]e copyi/s1 & ! m9d c nev] exp& s z to make !m indep5d5t1 orig9al ?9k]s4 ,9 fact1 !y c1 9 ?is way1 nev] le>n to reason well or employ language correctly2 no m ?an a pa9t] c be successful 9 8 art1 by m]ely look+ at ! pictures ( o!rs )\t hav+ ev] se5 ! orig9als4 ,a good arti/ is a close obs]v] ( nature4 ,s *ildr5 %\ld be left free to exam9e & reflect1 & ! signs w !n s]ve _! prop] use--! means ( acquir+ ! k ( ?+s4 ,9 va9 y may give a s*ol> a k ( ! ,hebrew1 ,greek1 or ,lat91 le>n him to translate ) rapidity or speak our own language flu5tly4 ,if he has n !reby le>n$ ! k ( ?+s signifi$ by su* language1 he is1 9 pr9ciple1 advanc$ no f>!r ?an ! p>rot :i* says pretty poll1 pretty poll4 ,i am happy1 h[ev]1 9 ! consid]ation t a valuable *ange is tak+ place 9 ?is respect4 ,geography is no long] taught on ! old sy/ems1 b maps are giv5 to repres5t m vividly l& & wat]1 riv]s1 isl&s1 & m\nta9s4 ,! /udy ( ari?metic1 *emi/ry1 & ne>ly all ! sci5ces h be5 mat]ially improv$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,gramm> alone rema9s 9 quiet possession ( its unque/ion$ au?ority4 ,its n9e p>ts ( spee*1 its ?ree g5d]s1 its ?ree cases1 its half doz5 k9ds ( pron\ns1 & z _m moods & t5ses1 h r>ely be5 disquiet$4 ,a ho/ ( book mak]s h fondl$ ar\nd !m1 b few h d>$ mole/ !m1 f9d+ !m s snugly ensconc$ "u ! sanctity ( age1 & ! v5]at$ op9ions ( le>n$ & good m54 ,( ! numb]less attempts to simplify gramm>1 :at has be5 ! success8 ,:]e9 d mod]n simplifi]s diff] f ,murray8 & he 0 only a compil]6 ,!y h all discov]$ 8 errors4 ,b :o has correct$ !m8 ,!y h all deviat$ some:at f 8 mann]4 ,b :at is t b say+1 t ) all 8 grammatical k1 he c\ld n expla9 8 own mean+8 ,all ! tr\ble orig9ates 9 ?is2 ! rules ( gramm> h n be5 s\ght = :]e !y are only to be f\nd1 9 ! laws t gov]n matt] & ?\ght4 ,arbitr>y rules h be5 adopt$ :i* w nev] apply 9 practice1 except 9 special cases1 & ! attempt to b9d language d[n to !m is z absurd z to und]take to *a9 ?\ght1 or /op ! wat]s ( ,niag>a ) a /raw4 ,language w g on1 & keep pace ) ! m9d1 & gramm> %\ld expla9 x s z to be correctly und]/ood4 ,i wi% y to keep ^! pr9ciples di/9ctly 9 view all ?ro my rem>ks1 t y may *all5ge e position ,i assume till prov$ to be correct--till y di/9ctly und]/& x & def9ite impressions are made ^u y\r m9ds4 ,9 ?is way y w discov] a beauty & p]fection 9 language be=e unkn[n2 its rules w be f\nd few & simple1 hold+ ) mo/ unyield+ t5acity to ! sublime pr9ciples ^u :i* !y dep5d2 & y w h reason to admire ! works & adore ! "* ( ! great ,p>5t ,intellect1 ^: pres5ce & protection p]vade all 8 works & regulate ! laws ( matt] & m9d4 ,y w feel y\rselves involunt>ily fill$ ) s5tim5ts ( gratitude = ! gift ( m9d1 its affections1 p[]s1 & means ( op]ation & communication1 & resolv$ m ?an ev] to employ ^! faculties 9 human improvem5t & ! advancem5t ( g5]al happ9ess4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,writt5 ,,& ,,spok5 ,,language4 ,pr9ciples nev] alt]4--,!y %\ld be kn[n4--,gramm> a mo/ important bran* ( sci5ce4--,spok5 & writt5 ,language4--,idea ( a ?+4--,h[ express$4--,an example4--,picture writ+4--,an anecdote4--,ideas express$ by actions4--,pr9ciples ( spok5 & writt5 ,language4--,apply univ]sally4--,two examples4--,engli% language4--,=eign words4--,words 9 sci5ce4--,new words4--,h[ =m$4 ,we n[ come to take a ne>] view ( language z g5]ally und]/ood by gramm>4 ,b we %all h no occasion to dep>t f ! pr9ciples already advanc$1 = !re is exi/+ 9 practice no?+ :i* may n be acc\nt$ = 9 !ory2 z !re c be no effect )\t an effici5t cause to produce x4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 long rema9 ignorant ( ! true explanation ( ! pr9ciples involv$2 b ! fault is ours1 & n 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,! e>? mov$ ) z mu* gr&eur & precision ar\nd its axis & 9 its orbit be=e ! days ( ,gallileo ,gallilei1 :5 philosoph]s believ$ x flat & /ation>y1 z x has done s9ce4 ,s ! great pr9ciples on :i* dep5ds ! exi/5ce & use ( all language are p]man5t1 & may be correctly employ$ by ^? :o h nev] exam9$ !m2 b ?is does n prove t to be ignorant is bett] ?an to be wise4 ,we may h tak5 food all our days )\t kn[+ mu* ( ! process by :i* x is conv]t$ into n\ri%m5t & incorporat$ into our bodies1 )\t ev] hav+ he>d ( delutition *ymification1 *ylification1 or ev5 dige/ion1 z a :ole2 b ?is is f> f conv9c+ me t ! k ( ^! ?+s is unimportant1 or t ignorance ( !m is n ! cause ( mu* disease & suff]+ among mank9d4 ,& x is1 or %\ld be1 ! bus9ess ( ! physiologi/ to expla9 ^! ?+s1 & %[ ! great practical b5efit result+ f a g5]al k ( !m4 ,s ! gramm>ian %\ld act z a sort ( physiologi/ ( language4 ,he %\ld analyze all its p>ts & %[ h[ x is fram$ toge!r to con/itute a p]fect :ole4 ,in/ead ( exact+ ( y a bl9d submission to a set ( te*nical expressions1 & arbitr>y rules1 ,i mo/ urg5tly exhort y to cont9ue1 ) unremitt+ assiduity1 y\r inquiries into ! reason & propriety ( ! positions :i* may be tak54 ,x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy1 n to m$dle ) ?+s to direct h[ !y %\ld be1 b to acc\nt = !m & _! prop]ties & relations z !y are4 ,s x is ! bus9ess ( gramm> to expla9 language z x exi/s 9 use1 & exhibit ! reason :y x is us$ ?us1 & :at pr9ciples mu/ be obs]v$ to employ x correctly 9 speak+ & writ+4 ,?is me?od is adopt$ to c>ry out ! pr9ciples already e/abli%$1 & %[ _! adaptation to ! wants ( ! community1 & h[ !y may be correctly & successfully employ$4 ,gramm> consid]$ 9 ?is light =ms a dep>tm5t 9 ! sci5ce ( ! m9d by no means unimportant4 ,& x c n fail to be deeply int]e/+ to all :o w\ld employ x 9 ! bus9ess1 social1 lit]>y1 moral1 or religi\s conc]ns ( life4 ,^? :o h ?\ghts to communicate1 or desire an acqua9tance ) ! m9ds ( o!rs1 c n be indiff]5t to ! means on :i* su* int]c\rse dep5ds4 ,i am conv9c$1 !re=e1 t y w give me y\r mo/ pr(\nd att5tion z ,i pursue ! subject ( ! pres5t lecture some:at 9 detail4 ,& ,i hope y w n consid] me t$i\s or unnecess>ily prolix 9 my rem>ks4 ,i w n be p>ticul> 9 my rem>ks ^u ! *anges ( spok5 & writt5 language1 al?o t topic ( itself1 9 ! diff]5t s\nds & signs employ$ 9 diff]5t ages & by diff]5t nations to express ! same idea1 w\ld =m a mo/ int]e/+ !me = sev]al lectures4 ,b t "w mu/ be res]v$ = a future occasion4 ,y are all acqua9t$ ) ! signs1 writt5 & spok51 :i* are employ$ 9 our language z vehicles 7"s ( !m l omnibusses7 ( ?\ght to c>ry ideas f "o m9d to ano!r4 ,"s ( y d\btless are acqua9t$ ) ! application ( ?is fact 9 o!r languages4 ,9 o!r words1 y "k h[ to s\nd ! "n ( a ?+1 h[ to describe its prop]ties z f> z y und]/& !m1 & its attitudes or *anges4 ,?is y c d by vocal s\nds1 or writt51 or pr9t$ signs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y c receive a simil> impression by he>+ ! description ( ano!r1 or by see+ x writt5 or pr9t$4 ,b "h y w be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! ^w1 spok5 or writt51 is b ! sign ( ! idea d]iv$ f ! ?+ signifi$4 ,= example3 ,"h is an apple4 ,i d n n[ speak ( its composition1 ! sk91 ! pulp1 c42 nor ( its qualities1 :e!r s\r1 or sweet1 or bitt]1 good or bad1 great or small1 long or %ort1 r\nd or flat1 r$1 or :ite1 or yell[4 ,i speak ( a s+le ?+--an apple4 ,"h x is1 pres5t be=e y4 ,look at x4 ,x is n[ remov$4 ,y d n see x4 ,y\r m9ds are occupi$ ) some?+ else1 9 look+ at t organ1 or ?is repres5tation ( ,solomon's temple1 or1 p]haps1 l+]+ 9 melan*oly review ( y\r old sy/ems ( gramm> ?ro :i* y plodd$ at a t$i\s rate1 goad$ on by ! /imulus ( ! f]ule1 or ! fe> ( be+ call$ ignorant4 ,f t unhappy rev]ie ,i recal y\r m9ds1 by say+ apple4 ,an apple8 :]e8 ,!re is none 9 sight4 ,no2 b y h di/9ct recollections ( a s+le object ,i j n[ held be=e y4 ,y see x1 m5tally1 & 7 y pa9t]s y might pa9t its lik5ess4 ,:at has br\ght ?is object s vividly be=e y8 ,! s+le s\nd apple4 ,?is s\nd has call$ up ! idea produc$ 9 y\r m9d on look+ at ?is object :i* ,i n[ aga9 pres5t be=e y4 ,"h is ! ?+ repres5t$--! apple4 ,aga9 ,i lay x aside1 & comm5ce a conv]sation ) y on ! v>ieties ( apples1 ! =m1 color1 flavor1 mann] ( production1 _! diff]5ce f o!r fruit1 :]e f\nd1 :51 & by :om4 ,"h6 look aga94 ,:at d y see8 ,a-,p-,p-,l-,e--,apple4 ,:at is t8 ,! repres5tation ( ! idea produc$ 9 ! m9d by a c]ta9 object y saw a little :ile ago4 ,"h !n y h ! spok5 & writt5 signs ( ?is s+le object ,i n[ aga9 pres5t to y\r vision4 ,?is idea may also be call$ up by ! s5se ( feel+1 smell+1 or ta/+1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,"h y w\ld be no m liable to be mi/ak5 ?an by see+4 ,we c inde$ imag9e ?+s :i* w\ld feel1 & smell1 & ta/e1 & look "s l an apple1 b x falls to ! lot ( m ab/ruse reason]s to make _! suppositions1 & !n acc\nt = !m--to imag9e ?+s1 & !n treat ( !m z realities4 ,we are cont5t ) ! k ( ?+s z !y d exi/1 & ?9k !re is little dang] ( mi/ak+ a potato = an apple1 or a squa% = a pe>4 ,?o 9 ! d>k we may lay hold ( ! ,fr5*man's pomme de t]re--apple ( ! e>?1 ! fir/ bite w satisfy u ( our mi/ake if we are n too metaphysical4 ,! same idea may be call$ up 9 y\r m9ds by a picture ( ! apple pres5t$ to y\r sight4 ,on ?is gr\nd ! picture writ+ ( ! anci5ts may be acc\nt$ =2 & aft] t1 ! hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt & o!r c\ntries1 :i* 0 b a /ep f picture writ+ t[>ds ! use ( ! alphabet4 ,b ^! signs or vehicles = ! conveyance or transmission ( _! ?\ghts1 comp>$ ) ! pres5t p]fect /ate ( language1 7 z aukw>d & uncomly z ! c>riages employ$ = ! conveyance ( _! bodies 7 comp>$ ) ^? n[ 9 use4 ,!y 7 l ox c>ts drawn by mules1 comp>$ ) ! mo/ spl5did b>\*es drawn by elegant dapple-greys4 ,a simil> mode w\ld be adopt$ n[ by ^? unacqua9t$ ) alphabetical writ+4 ,x 0 s ) ! m]*ant :o c\ld n write4 ,he sold 8 neighbor a gr9d/one1 on tru/4 ,le/ he %\ld =get x--le/ ! idea ( x %\ld be oblit]at$ f ! m9d--he1 9 ! abs5ce ( 8 cl]k1 took 8 book & a p5 & drew out a r\nd picture to repres5t x4 ,"s mon?s aft]1 he dunn$ 8 neighbor = 8 pay = a *eese4 ,i h b\ght no *eese ( y1 0 ! reply4 ,yes1 y h1 = ,i h x *>g$4 ,y mu/ be mi/ak51 = ,i nev] b\ght a *eese4 ,we always make our own4 ,h[ !n %\ld ,i h "o *>g$ to y8 ,i _c tell4 ,i h nev] _h any ?+ "h on cr$it except a gr9d/one4 ,ah6 t's x1 t's x1 only ,i =got to make a hole ?r\gh x6 ,ideas may also be ex*ang$ by actions4 ,?is is ! fir/ & /ronge/ language ( nature4 ,x may be employ$1 :5 words h fail$1 9 ! mo/ effectual mann]4 ,! angry man1 *ok$ ) rage1 unable to speak1 tells ! viol5t passions1 burn+ 9 8 bosom1 9 a language :i* c n be mi/ak54 ,! actions ( a fri5d are a sur] te/ ( fri5d%ip ?an all ! honi$ words he may utt]4 ,actions speak l\d] ?an words4 ,! fir/ impressions ( mat]nal affection are produc$ 9 ! infant m9d by ! soo?+ att5tions ( ! "m4 ,9 ! same way we may und]/& ! language ( ! deaf & dumb4 ,c]ta9 motions express c]ta9 ideas4 ,^! be+ duly arrang$ & con=m$ to our alphabetic signs1 & well und]/ood1 ! pupil may become acqua9t$ ) book k z well z we4 ,!y g by sight & n by s\nd4 ,a diff]5t me?od is adopt$ ) ! bl9d4 ,lett]s ) !m are s arrang$ t !y c feel !m4 ,! signs ?us felt correspond ) ! s\nds !y he>4 ,"h !y mu/ /op4 ,!y _c see to describe4 ,^? :o are s un=tunate z to be bl9d & deaf1 c h b a fa9t k ( language1 or ! ideas ( o!rs4 ,on simil> pr9ciples we may expla9 ! pantomime plays sometimes p]=m$1 :]e ! mo/ ent]ta9+ sc5es ( love & murd] are repres5t$1 b n a ^w spok54 ,?ree ?+s are always to be born 9 m9d 9 ! use & /udy ( all language3 #a/1 ! ?+ signifi$2 #b;d1 ! idea ( ! ?+2 & #c;d1 ! ^w or sign *os5 to repres5t x4 ,?+s exi/4 ,?9k+ be+s conceive ideas ( ?+s4 ,^? :o employ language adopt s\nds or signs to convey ^? ideas to o!rs4 ,on ^! obvi\s pr9ciples re/ ! :ole sup]/ructure ( all language1 spok5 or writt54 ,objects are pres5t$ to ! m9d1 impressions are !re made1 :i*1 reta9$1 con/itute ! idea1 &1 by agreem5t1 c]ta9 words are employ$ z ! future signs or repres5tations ( ^? ideas4 ,if we saw an object 9 e>ly life & knew its "n1 ! m5tion ( t "n w recal afre% ! idea :i* _h long la9 dormant 9 ! memory1 7if ,i may s speak17 & we c conv]se ab\t x z correctly z :5 we fir/ saw x4 ,^! pr9ciples1 ,i h said1 hold good 9 all languages4 ,pro( ( ?is may n improp]ly be (f]$ "h1 provid$ x be n too prolix4 ,i w endeavor to be brief4 ,9 an op5 area ( suffici5t dim5sions is congregat$ a delegation f e language "u heav54 ,all are s arrang$ z to face a common c5t]4 ,a :ite horse is l$ into t spot & all look at ! liv+ animal :i* /&s be=e !m4 ,! same impression mu/ be made on all m9ds s f> z a s+le animal is conc]n$4 ,b z ! :ole is made up ( p>ts1 s _! m9ds w soon div]ge f a s+le idea1 & "o w ?9k ( 8 size1 comp>$ ) o!r horses2 ano!r ( 8 =m2 ano!r ( 8 color4 ,"s w ?9k ( 8 noble appe>ance1 o!rs ( 8 ability to travel1 or 79 jockey phrase7 8 spe$4 ,! f>ri] w look = 8 blemi%es1 to see if he is s\nd1 & ! jockey at 8 tee?1 to guess at 8 age4 ,! anatomi/ w1 9 ?\ght1 dissect him into p>ts & see e bone1 s9ew1 c>tilage1 blood vessel1 8 /oma*1 lungs1 liv]1 he>t1 entrails2 e "p w be laid op52 & :ile ! ?\ghtless ur*9 sees a s+le object--a :ite horse--o!rs w1 at a s+le glance1 read volumes ( in/ruction4 ,oh6 ! importance ( k6 h[ little is x reg>d$6 ,:at funds ( in/ruction might be ga!r$ f ! lessons e :]e pres5t$ to ! m9d6 ,"o impression w\ld be made on all m9ds 9 ref]5ce to ! s+le tangible object be=e !m2 no matt] h[ le>n$ or ignorant4 ,!re /&s an animal obvi\s to all4 ,let him be remov$ out ( sight1 & a v exact picture ( him susp5d$ 9 8 place4 ,all aga9 agree4 ,"h !n is ! pro( ( our fir/ g5]al pr9ciple1 viz4 all language dep5ds on ! fix$ & unv>y+ laws ( nature4 ,let ! picture be remov$ & a man /ep =? & pron\nce ! ^w1 ippos4 ,! ,greek />ts up & says1 ,yes1 x is s4 ,! re/ d n compreh5d him4 ,he !n writes out di/9ctly1 ,greek3 ,,ippos4 ,!y are 9 ! d>k z to ! mean+4 ,!y "k n :e!r a horse1 a man1 or a goose is nam$4 ,all ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 und]/& ! mean+ ! same z :5 ! horse or picture 0 be=e !m1 = !y _h agre$ t ippos %\ld repres5t ! idea ( t animal4 ,=? /eps ano!r1 & pron\nces ! ^w *eval4 ,e ,fr5*man is ar\s$3 ,oui1 monsieur8 ,yes1 sir4 ,compr5ez v\s8 ,d y und]/&8 he says to ! re/4 ,b !y are dumb4 ,he !n writes ,c-,h-,e-,v-,a-,l4 ,all are z ignorant z be=e1 save ! ,fr5*m5 :o _h agre$ t *eval %\ld be ! "n = horse4 ,next g y\rself1 ?9k+ all w und]/& y1 & say1 horse2 b1 lo6 none unacqua9t$ ) y\r language are ! wis] = ! s\nd y utt]1 or ! sign y susp5d$ be=e !m2 save1 p]haps1 a little old ,saxon1 :o1 at fir/ looks deceiv$ by ! simil>ity ( s\nd1 b1 see+ ! sign1 is z demure z ev]1 = he omits ! e1 & pron\nces x %ort] ?an we d1 m l a york%ire man4 ,b :y are y n und]/ood8 ,because o!rs h n ent]$ into an agreem5t ) y t h-o-r-s-e1 spok5 or writt51 %all repres5t t animal4 ,take ano!r example4 ,place ! liv+ animal call$ man be=e !m4 ,less tr\ble w be f\nd 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! =m]1 = !re is a ne>] agreem5t ?an be=e 9 reg>d to ! signs :i* %all be employ$ to express ! idea4 ,?is ^w occurs ) v little v>iation 9 ! mod]n languages1 d]iv$ und\bt$ly f ! ,teutonic1 ) a little *ange 9 ! spell+1 z ,saxon mann or mon1 ,go?ic manna1 ,g]man1 ,dani%1 ,dut*1 ,sw$i% & ,icel&ic l ours4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 h[ev]1 ?is ^w v>ies z well z o!rs4 ,our language is d]iv$ m directly f ! old ,saxon ?an f any o!r1 b has a great simil>ity to ! ,fr5* & ,lat91 & a k9d ( c\s9-g]man to all ! languages ( ,europe1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,ours1 inde$1 is a comp\nd f mo/ o!r languages1 reta9+ "s ( _! beauties & _m ( _! defects4 ,we c boa/ little di/9ctive "* ( our own4 ,z ,engl& 0 possess$ by diff]5t nations at diff]5t p]iods1 s diff]5t dialects 7 introduc$1 & we c trace our language to z _m s\rces1 ,g]man1 ,dani%1 ,saxon1 ,fr5*1 & ,roman1 :i* 7 ! diff]5t nations amalgamat$ into ! ,briti% empire4 ,we reta9 little ( ! real old engli%--few words :i* may n be trac$ to a =eign extraction4 ,diff]5t p settl+ 9 a c\ntry w\ld ( c\rse c>ry _! ideas & mann] ( express+ !m2 & f ! :ole comp\nd a g5]al agreem5t w\ld1 9 process ( "t1 take place1 & a uni=m language be e/abli%$4 ,su* is ! orig9 & condition ( our language1 z well z e o!r mod]n tongue ( :i* we h any k4 ,!re is "o practice ( :i* our savans are guilty1 at :i* ,i d mo/ s]i\sly demur--! extravagant introduction ( exotic words into our vocabul>y1 app>5tly = no o!r object ?an to swell ! size ( a diction>y1 & boa/ ( hav+ f\nd out & def9$ ?\s&s ( words m ?an any body else4 ,a mania seems to h seiz$ our lexicograph]s1 s t !y h =sak5 ! good old /yle ( pla9ness ( spee*1 & are fl\ri%+ & br&i%+ ab\t 9 a cl\d ( v]biage z ?\gh ! :ole end ( in/ruction 0 to tea* loquacity4 ,& "s ( our popul> writ]s & speak]s h caught ! infection1 & fl\ri% 9 borr[$ g>m5ts1 priz+ !mselves mo/ highly :5 !y use words & phrases :i* no body c und]/&4 ,i w n cont5d t 9 ! advancem5t ( ! arts & sci5ces x may n be prop] to introduce =eign t]ms z ! mean ( convey+ a k ( ^? improvem5ts to o!rs4 ,x is bett] ?an to co9 new words1 inasmu* z !y are g5]ally adopt$ by all mod]n nations4 ,9 ?is way all languages are approximat+ toge!r2 & :5 ! light ( tru?1 sci5ce1 & religion1 has fully %one on all ! nations1 we may hope "o language w be spok51 & ! promise be fulfill$1 t ,god has turn$ unto ! p a pure language1 t !y may call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l1 to s]ve him ) "o cons5t4 ,new ideas are =m$ l new inv5tions4 ,e/abli%$ pr9ciples are employ$ 9 a new comb9ation1 s z to produce a new manife/ation4 ,words are *os5 z ne>ly alli$ to =m] ideas z possible1 to express or repres5t ?is new comb9ation4 ,?us1 ,fulton appli$ /eam p[] to navigation4 ,a new idea 0 produc$4 ,a boat 0 se5 pass+ along ! wat]s )\t ! aid ( w9d or tide4 ,in/ead ( co9+ a new ^w to express ! :ole1 a ^w :i* nobody w\ld und]/&1 two old ones 7 comb9$1 & /eamboat became ! sign to repres5t ! idea ( ! ?+ beheld4 ,s ) rail-road1 cotton-mill1 & gun-p[d]4 ,9 ! same way we may acc\nt = mo/ words employ$ 9 sci5ce1 al?\gh 9 t case we are m dep5dant on =eign languages1 9 z mu* z a l>ge portion ( our k is d]iv$ f !m4 ,b we may acc\nt = !m on ! same pr9ciple z above4 ,phr5ology is a comp\nd ( two greek words1 & means ! sci5ce or k ( ! m9d4 ,s ( geology1 m9]alogy1 c4 ,b :5 improvem5ts are made by ^? :o speak ! engli%1 words 9 our own language are employ$ & us$ n only by ourselves1 b also by ^? nations :o pr(it by our inve/igations4 ,i tru/ ,i h n[ said en\gh on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( language z appli$ to ?+s4 ,9 ! next lecture ,i w come d[n to a sort ( bird's eye view ( gramm>4 ,b my s\l abhors arbitr>y rules s dev\tly1 ,i c make no promises h[ long ,i w cont9ue 9 close communion ) set =ms ( spee*4 ,i love to w&] too well to rema9 conf9$ to "o spot1 n>r[$ up 9 ! limits fix$ by o!rs4 ,fre$om is ! empire ( ! m9d2 x abjures all fett]s1 all slav]y4 ,x kneels at ! alt> ( virtue & wor%ips at ! %r9e ( tru?4 ,no ob/acles %\ld be ?r[n 9 ! way ( its progress4 ,no limits %\ld be set to x b ^? ( ! ,almighty4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,on ,,n\ns4 ,n\ns def9$4--,?+s4--,qualities ( matt]4--,m9d4--,spiritual be+s4--,qualities ( m9d4--,h[ le>n$4--,imag9>y ?+s4-- ,negation4--,names ( actions4--,prop] n\ns4--,*>act]i/ic names4--,prop] n\ns may become common4 ,y\r att5tion is1 ?is ev5+1 invit$ to ! fir/ divisions ( words1 call$ ,n\ns4 ,?is is a mo/ important class1 & z su* des]ves our p>ticul> notice4 ,n\ns are ! names ( ?+s4 ,! ^w n\n is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 nom51 ,fr5* nom4 ,x means "n4 ,h5ce ! def9ition above giv54 ,9 gramm> x is employ$ to di/+ui% t class ( words :i* "n ?+s1 or /& z signs or repres5tatives ( ?+s4 ,we use ! ^w ?+ 9 its broade/ s5se1 includ+ e possible entity2 e be+1 or ?+1 animate or inanimate1 mat]ial or immat]ial1 real or imag9>y1 physical1 moral1 or intellectual4 ,x is ! n\n ( ! ,saxon ?9can or ?+ian1 to ?9k2 & is us$ to express e conceivable object ( ?\ght1 9 :atev] =m or mann] pres5t$ to ! human m9d4 ,e ^w employ$ to designate ?+s1 or "n !m1 is to be rank$ 9 ! class call$ n\ns1 or names4 ,y h only to det]m9e :e!r a ^w is us$ ?us1 to le>n :e!r x belongs to ?is or "s o!r class ( words4 ,"h let me repeat3 #a4 ,?+s exi/4 #b4 ,we conceive ideas ( ?+s4 #c4 ,we use s\nds or signs to communicate ^! ideas to o!rs4 #d4 ,we d5om9ate ! class ( words ?us us$1 n\ns4 ,p]haps ,i ought to /op "h1 or pass to ano!r topic4 ,b z ^! lectures are int5d$ to be s pla9 t all c und]/& my mean+1 ,i mu/ indulge 9 a few m rem>ks be=e advanc+ f>!r4 ,9 addition to individual1 tangible objects1 we conceive ideas ( ! qualities ( ?+s1 & give names to su* qualities1 :i* become n\ns4 ,?us1 ! h>dness ( iron1 ! heat ( fire1 ! color ( a rose1 ! bitt]ness ( gall1 ! error ( gramm>s4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve to make my views m pla94 ,take two tumbl]s1 ! "o half fill$ ) wat]1 ! o!r ) milk2 mix !m toge!r4 ,y c n[ talk ( ! milk 9 ! wat]1 or ! wat] 9 ! milk4 ,y\r ideas are di/9ct1 ?o ! objects are s intimately bl5d$1 t !y c n be sep>at$4 ,s ) ! qualities ( ?+s4 ,we also speak ( m9d1 intellect1 s\l2 b to !m we c give no =m1 & ( !m pa9t no lik5ess4 ,yet we h ideas ( !m1 & employ words to express !m1 :i* become n\ns4 ,?is acc\nts = ! reason :y ! great ,p>5t ,intellect has /rictly =bidd51 9 ! decalogue1 t a lik5ess ( him %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,8 be+ & attributes are discov]able only ?ro ! m$ium ( 8 works & ^w4 ,no man c see him & live4 ,x w\ld be ! height ( folly--x w\ld be m--x w\ld be blasphemy--to attempt to pa9t ! lik5ess ( him ^: pres5ce fills imm5sity--^: c5t] is e :]e1 & ^: circumf]5ce is no :]e4 ,! "n ( ?is ,_s or ,be+ 0 held 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd rev]5ce by ! ,jews1 z we %all h occasion to m5tion :5 we come to treat ( ! v]b to be4 ,we talk ( angels1 & h se5 ! unhall[$ attempt to describe _! lik5ess 9 ! =m ( pictures1 :i* display ! fancy ( ! arti/ v f9ely1 b give a mis]able idea ( ^? pure spirits :o m9i/] at ! alt> ( ,god1 & *ant 8 praises 9 notes ( ! mo/ unspeakable delight4 ,we h also se5 dea? & ! pale horse1 ! firy dragon1 ! my/]y ( ,babylon1 & su* l ?+s1 repres5t$ on canvass2 b !y betok5 m ( human tal5t to depict ! m>vell\s1 ?an a /rict reg>d = tru?4 ,beelzebub1 imps1 & all ,p&emonium1 may be vividly imag9$ & f9ely arrang$ 9 fiction1 & we c "n !m4 ,wizz>ds1 wit*es1 & fairies1 may play _! sportive tricks 9 ! human bra91 & receive names z ?o !y 7 real4 ,we also ?9k & speak ( ! qualities & affections ( ! m9d z well z matt]1 z wisdom1 k1 virtue1 vice1 love1 hatr$1 ang]4 ,our conceptions 9 ?is case may be less di/9ct1 b we h ideas1 & use words to express !m4 ,!re is1 we confess1 a great] liability to mi/ake & misund]/& :5 treat+ ( m9d & its qualities1 ?an ( matt]4 ,! reason is evid5t1 p "k less ( x4 ,its op]ations are less di/9ct & m v>y+4 ,! *ild fir/ sees mat]ial objects4 ,x is taught to "n !m4 ,x next le>ns ! qualities ( ?+s2 z ! sweetness ( sug>1 ! d>kness ( night1 ! beauty ( fl[]s4 ,f ?is x asc5ds by gradation to ! high] atta9m5ts ( k z reveal$ 9 ! empire ( m9d1 z well z matt]4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ?is advancem5t be easy1 natural1 & ?oro4 ,x %\ld be con/antly impress$ ) ! importance ( obta9+ cle> & def9ite ideas ( ?+s1 & nev] employ words till x has ideas to express2 nev] "n a ?+ ( :i* x has no k4 ,?is is ignorance4 ,x w\ld be well1 p]haps1 to ext5d ?is rem>k to ^? old] ?an *ildr51 9 ye>s1 b less 9 real practical k4 ,! rem>k is ( su* g5]al application1 t no specification ne$ be made1 except to ! case be=e u2 to ^? affect$ pr(ici5ts 9 gramm>1 ^: only k is ! memory ( words1 :i* to !m h no mean+s1 if1 inde$1 ! writ]s !mselves _h any to express by !m2 a fact we reg>d z que/ionable1 at be/4 ,!re is h>dly a tea*] ( gramm>1 ^: self-e/eem is n enorm\s1 :o w n confess himself ignorant on _m ( ! important pr9ciples ( language2 t he has nev] und]/ood1 & c\ld nev] expla9 !m4 ,he f9ds no difficulty 9 repeat+ :at ! books say1 b if call$ ^u to express an op9ion ( 8 own1 he has none to give4 ,he has le>n$ & us$ words )\t kn[+ _! mean+4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught language z !y are taught music4 ,!y %\ld le>n ! simple tones on :i* ! :ole sci5ce dep5ds4 ,di/9ct impressions ( s\nds %\ld be made on _! m9ds1 & ! *>act]s :i* repres5t !m %\ld be insep>ably associat$ ) !m4 ,!y w !n le>n tunes f ! compositions ( ^? s\nds1 z repres5t$ by notes4 ,by d9t ( application1 !y w soon become famili> ) ^! pr9ciples1 if possess$ ( a tal5t = song1 & may soon pass ! acme ) ease1 accuracy1 & rapidity4 ,b !re are ^? :o may s+ v prettily1 & tol]ably correct1 :o h nev] /udi$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( music4 ,b su* c nev] become adepts 9 ! sci5ce4 ,s !re are ^? :o use language correctly1 :o nev] saw ! inside ( a gramm> book1 & :o nev] exam9$ ! pr9ciples on :i* x dep5ds4 ,b ?is1 by no means1 proves t x is bett] to s+ by rote1 ?an ) ! und]/&+4 ,^! rudim5ts1 h[ev]1 %\ld =m ! bus9ess ( ! nurs]y1 r ?an ! gramm> s*ool4 ,e "m %\ld labor to give di/9ct & =cible impressions ( su* ?+s z %e le>ns h] *ildr5 to "n4 ,%e %\ld c>efully prev5t !m f employ+ words :i* h no mean+1 & /ill m /rictly %\ld %e gu>d !m aga9/ atta*+ a wrong mean+ to ^? !y d use4 ,9 ?is way1 ! f\ndation = future k & em95ce1 w\ld be laid broad & deep4 ,b ,i w&]4 ,we atta* names to imag9>y ?+s2 z gho/s1 g5ii1 imps4 ,to ?is class belong ! ?irty ?\s& gods ( ! anci5ts1 :o 7 frequ5tly repres5t$ by emblems significant ( ! *>act]s atta*$ to !m4 ,we employ words to "n ^! imag9>y ?+s1 s t we read & conv]se ab\t !m und]/&+ly1 ?o our ideas may be exce$+ly v>i\s4 ,n\ns are also us$ to express negation1 ( :i* no idea c be =m$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! m9d re/s on :at exi/s1 & employs a ^w to express :at does n4 ,we speak ( a hole 9 ! pap]4 ,b we c =m no idea ( a hole1 sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ sub/ances4 ,remove ! p>ts ( ! pap] till no?+ is left1 & !n y may look 9 va9 = ! hole4 ,x is n !re4 ,x nev] 04 ,9 ! same way we use ! words no?+1 nobody1 non5tity1 vacuum1 abs5ce1 space1 blank1 annihilation1 & oblivion4 ,^! are relative t]ms1 to be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to ?+s :i* are kn[n to exi/4 ,we mu/ "k ( "s?+ be=e we c talk ( no?+1 ( an entity be=e we c ?9k ( non5tity4 ,9 a simil> way we employ words to "n actions1 :i* are produc$ by ! *anges ( objects4 ,we speak ( a race1 ( a flight1 ( a sitt+ or session1 ( a j\rney1 ( a ride1 ( a walk1 ( a resid5ce1 etc4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! m9d is fix$ on ! p]sons :o p]=m$ ^! ?+s4 ,take = example1 a race4 ,( t1 we c conceive no idea sep>ate f ! ag5t or object :i* ran ! race4 ,)\t "s o!r ^w to in=m u we c\ld n decide :e!r a horse race1 a foot race1 a boat race1 ! race ( a mill1 or "s o!r race1 0 ! object ( rem>k4 ,! same may be said ( flight1 = we read ( ! flight ( birds1 ! flight ( ,mahomm$1 ! flight ( armies1 & ! flight ( intellect4 ,we also give names to actions z ?o !y 7 tak+ place 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,! read+ ( ! report 0 def]r$2 /eamboat rac+ is dang]\s to public safety2 /eal+ is a crime2 false tea*+ des]ves ! reprobation ( all4 ,! h9ts ,i h giv5 w assi/ y 9 acquir+ a k ( n\ns z us$ to express ideas 9 vocal or writt5 language4 ,?is subject might be pursu$ fur!r ) pr(it1 if "t w\ld p]mit4 ,z ! "t allott$ to ?is lecture is ne>ly exhau/$1 ,i =be>4 ,i %all h]eaft] h occasion to %[ h[ a :ole phrase may be us$ to "n an idea1 & z su* /& z ! ag5t or object ( a v]b4 ,"s n\ns are specifically us$ to designate c]ta9 objects1 & di/+ui% !m f ! class to :i* !y usually belong4 ,9 ?is way !y assume a di/9ctive "*1 & are usually d5om9at$ prop] n\ns4 ,!y apply to p]sons1 places & ?+s2 z1 ,john ,smi?1 ,bo/on1 ,hylax4 ,boy is appli$ 9 common to all "y males ( ! human species1 & z su* is a common n\n or "n4 ,john ,smi? designates a p>ticul> boy f ! re/4 ,prop] names may be also appli$ to animals & ?+s4 ,! /able keep] & /ageman has a "n = e horse he owns1 to di/+ui% x f o!r horses2 ! dairyman = 8 c[s1 ! boy = 8 dog1 & ! girl = h] doll4 ,any ^w1 9 fact1 may become a prop] "n by be+ specifically us$2 z ! %ip ,fair ,trad]1 ! brig ,success1 sloop ,delight 9 ,peace1 ! race horse ,eclipse1 ,black ,hawk1 ,r\nd ,nose1 & ,r$ ,jacket4 ,prop] names 7 =m]ly us$ 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 traits ( "* or circum/ances connect$ ) ! place or ?+4 ,abram 0 *ang$ to ,abraham1 ! =m] signify+ an elevat$ fa!r1 ! latt]1 ! fa!r ( a multitude4 ,isaac signifi$ laught]1 & 0 giv5 because 8 "m laugh$ at ! message ( ! angel4 ,jacob signifi$ a supplant]1 because he 0 to obta9 ! bir?right ( 8 eld] bro!r4 ,a ridicul\s rage obta9$ ) our puritan fa!rs to express scripture s5tim5ts 9 ! names ( _! *ildr51 z may be se5 by consult+ ! records ( ! ,plym\? & ,massa*usetts colonies4 ,?is practice has n :olly gone out ( use 9 our day1 = we he> ( ! names ( ,hope1 ,m]cy1 ,pati5ce1 ,com=t1 ,exp]i5ce1 ,temp]ance1 ,fai?1 ,deliv]ance1 ,return1 & su* l1 appli$ usually to females1 7be+ m 9 "* probably17 & sometimes to males4 ,we h also ! names ( ,:ite1 ,black1 ,gre51 ,r$1 ,gray1 ,br[n1 ,olive1 ,:itefield1 ,blackwood1 ,r$field1 ,woodh\se1 ,/oneh\se1 ,wat]h\se1 ,woodbridge1 ,swiftwat]1 ,l[at]1 ,dr9kwat]1 ,spr+1 ,brooks1 ,riv]s1 ,pond1 ,lake1 ,fairwea!r1 ,m]rywea!r1 ,wea!rhead1 ,rice1 ,:eat1 ,/raw1 ,greatrakes1 ,bird1 ,f[le1 ,cr[1 ,hawks1 ,eagle1 ,p>tridge1 ,wr51 ,gosl+s1 ,fox1 ,camel1 ,zebra1 ,be>1 ,wolf1 ,hogg1 ,ra91 ,sn[1 ,haile1 ,fro/1 ,fogg1 ,mudd1 ,clay1 ,s&s1 ,hills1 ,valley1 ,field1 ,/one1 ,fl9t1 ,silv]1 ,g\ld1 & ,diamond4 ,prop] n\ns may also become common :5 us$ z words ( g5]al import2 z1 dunces1 corrupt$ f ,duns ,scotus1 a di/+ui%$ !ologian1 born at ,dun/ane1 ,nor?umb]l&1 an oppos] ( ! doctr9es ( ,?omas ,aqu9us4 ,he is a real solomon1 jack t>s1 judases1 anti*ri/1 & s on4 ,n\ns may also be consid]$ 9 respect to p]son1 numb]1 g5d]1 & positive1 or case4 ,!re are ?ree p]sons1 two numb]s1 two g5d]s1 & two cases4 ,b ! fur!r consid]ation ( ^! ?+s w be def]r$1 :i*1 toge!r ) ,pron\ns1 w =m ! subject ( our next lecture4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,on ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4 ,n\ns 9 respect to p]sons4--,numb]4--,s+ul>4--,plural4--,h[ =m$4--,=eign plurals4--,prop] names admit ( plurals4--,g5d]4 --,no neut]4--,9 figurative language4--,errors4--,position or case4-- ,ag5ts4--,objects4--,possessive case consid]$4--,a def9itive ^w4--,pron\ns4--,"o k9d4--,orig9ally n\ns4--,specifically appli$4 ,we resume ! consid]ation ( n\ns ?is ev5+1 9 relation to p]son1 numb]1 g5d]1 & position or case4 ,9 ! use ( language !re is a speak]1 p]son spok5 to1 & ?+s spok5 (4 ,^? :o speak are ! fir/ p]sons1 ^? :o he> ! second1 & ^? :o are ! subject ( conv]sation ! ?ird4 ,! fir/ & second p]sons are g5]ally us$ 9 ref]5ce to human be+s capable ( spee* & und]/&+4 ,b we sometimes condes5d to hold conv]se ) animals & inanimate matt]4 ,! bird tra9] talks to 8 p>rots1 ! coa*man to 8 horses1 ! sailor to ! w9ds1 & ! poet to 8 l&scapes1 t[]s1 & wild imag9+s1 to :i* he gives a local habitation & a "n4 ,by metaphor1 language is put into ! m\?s ( animals1 p>ticul>ly 9 fables4 ,by a /ill fur!r lic5se1 places & ?+s1 fl[]s1 trees1 =e/s1 brooks1 lakes1 m\nta9s1 t[]s1 ca/les1 />s1 c4 are made to speak ! mo/ eloqu5t language1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 9 addresses ! mo/ pa!tic4 ,! propriety ( su* a use ( words ,i w n /op to "q1 b simply rem>k t su* figures %\ld nev] be employ$ 9 ! in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,z ! m9d exp&s1 no long] cont5t to grovel amid/ mundane ?+s1 we m\nt ! pegasus ( imag9ation & so> ?ro ! blissful or t]rific sc5es ( fancy & fiction1 & /udy a language be=e unkn[n4 ,b x w\ld be an unrighte\s dem& ^u o!rs1 to require !m to und]/& u2 & q z unp>donable to br& !m ) ignorance because !y d n4 ,mo/ n\ns are 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,m ?+s are talk$ ab\t ?an talk !mselves1 or are talk$ to by o!rs4 ,h5ce !re is little necessity = tea*+ *ildr5 to specify except 9 ! fir/ or second p]son1 :i* is v easily done4 ,9 ,engli% !re are two numb]s1 s+ul> & plural4 ,! s+ul> is conf9$ to "o1 ! plural is ext5d$ to any indef9ite numb]4 ,! ,greeks1 adopt$ a dual numb] :i* !y us$ to express two objects unit$ 9 pairs1 or c\ples2 z1 a span ( horses1 a yoke ( ox51 a brace ( pi/ols1 a pair ( %oes4 ,we express ! same idea ) m words1 us+ ! s+ul> to repres5t ! union ( ! two4 ,we also ext5d ?is use ( words & employ :at are call$ n\ns ( multitude2 z1 a p1 an army1 a ho/1 a nation4 ,^! & simil> words are us$ 9 ! s+ul> ref]r+ to _m comb9$ 9 a unit$ :ole1 or 9 ! plural compreh5d+ a div]sity2 z1 ! armies met1 ! nations are at peace4 ,p admits no *ange on acc\nt ( numb]4 ,we say _m p are collect$ toge!r & =m a num]\s p4 ,! plural is n always to be und]/ood z express+ an increase ( numb]1 b ( qualities or sorts ( ?+s1 z ! m]*ant has a v>iety ( sug>s1 w9es1 teas1 drugs1 m$ic9es1 pa9ts & dye-woods4 ,we also speak ( hopes1 fe>s1 loves1 anxieties4 ,"s n\ns admit ( no plural1 9 fact1 or 9 use2 z1 *aos1 univ]se1 fitness1 immortality1 imm5sity1 et]nity4 ,o!rs admit ( no s+ul>2 z1 scissors1 tongs1 vitals1 molasses4 ,^! words probably once _h s+ul>s1 b hav+ no use = !m !y became obsolete4 ,we h long be5 accu/om$ to associate ! two halves ( %e>s toge!r1 s t 9 speak+ ( "o :ole1 we say %e>s1 & ( ap>t1 half ( a %e>s4 ,b ( "s words orig9ally1 & 9 fact plural1 we h =m$ a s+ul>2 z1 "o tw9 di$1 &1 ?o ! o!r "o surviv$ its dang]\s illness1 ! "m wept bitt]ly = h] tw9s4 ,tw9 is compos$ ( two & "o4 ,x is f\nd 9 old books1 spell$ twane1 two-"o1 or tw94 ,?us1 ! twi-light is =m$ by ! m+l+ ( two lights1 or ! division ( ! rays ( light by ! approa*+ or rec$+ d>kness4 ,!y twa9 %all be "o fle%4 ,%eep & de] are s+ul> or plural4 ,mo/ plurals are =m$ by add+ s to ! s+ul>1 or1 :5 euphony requires x1 es2 z1 tree1 trees2 sun1 suns2 di%1 di%es2 box1 boxes4 ,"s reta9 ! old plural =m2 z1 ox1 ox52 *ild1 *ildr52 *ick1 *ick52 kit1 kitt54 ,b habit has bur/ ! b>ri] ( old rules1 & we n[ talk ( *icks & *ick5s1 kits & kitt5s4 ,ox5 alone /&s z a monum5t rais$ to ! memory ( unalt]$ saxon plurals4 ,"s n\ns =m irregul> plurals4 ,^? end+ 9 f *ange t lett] to v & !n add es2 z1 half1 halves2 leaf1 leaves2 wolf1 wolves4 ,^? end+ 9 y *ange t to i & add ! es2 z1 *]ry1 *]ries2 b]ry1 b]ries2 except :5 ! y is prec$$ by a v[el1 9 :i* case x only adds ! s2 z1 day1 days2 money1 moneys 7n ies72 attorney1 attorneys4 ,all ?is is to make ! s\nd m easy & h>moni\s4 ,f & v 7 =m]ly us$ indiscrim9ately1 9 s+ul>s z well z plurals1 &1 9 fact1 9 ! composition ( all words :]e !y occurr$4 ,! same may be said ( i & y4 ,! ,fad] 7,fa!r7 ,almy*ty ( ! hev5 abuf 7above7 ,9 ! m5e tyme1 unto ,juno 8 luf 7love7 ,?us spak2 & sayd4 ,d\glas1 booke #ab1 pag4 #dda4 ,!y lyu$ 9 ioye & 9 felycite ,= e*e ( hem _h o!r lefe & d]e4 ,*auc]1 ,monks ,tale1 fol4 #ha1 p4 #a4 ,:5 /raite twane beefes he tooke ,& an ! ault> layde4 ,! reason :y y is *ang$ into i 9 ! =mation ( plurals1 & 9 c]ta9 o!r cases1 is1 ,i appreh5d1 acc\nt$ = f ! fact t words :i* n[ end 9 y =m]ly end$ 9 ie1 z may be se5 9 all old books4 ,! regul> plural 0 !n =m$ by add+ s4 ,& ^u ^? memb]s ( ! bodie1 :i* wee ?9ke mo/ unhone/1 put wee m hone/ie on4 ,x rejoyce? n 9 iniquitie--div]sitie ( gifts--all ?+es edifie n4 ,see old bible1 #a ,cor41 *ap4 #ac & #ad4 ,o!r words =m _! plurals /ill m diff]5tly1 = :i* no o!r rule ?an habit c be giv52 z1 man1 m52 foot1 feet2 too?1 tee?2 die1 dice2 m\se1 mice2 p5ny1 p5ce1 & sometimes p5nies1 :5 appli$ to di/9ct pieces ( money1 & n to value4 ,_m =eign n\ns reta9 ! plural =m z us$ by ! nations f :om we h borr[$ !m2 z1 *]ub1 *]ubim2 s]aph1 s]aphim2 radius1 radii2 memor&um1 memor&a2 datum1 data1 c4 ,we %\ld be pleas$ to h su* words c>ri$ home1 or1 if !y are ours by virtue ( possession1 let !m be adopt$ into our family1 & put on ! g>m5ts ( naturaliz$ citiz5s1 & no long] appe> z lonely /rang]s among u4 ,!re is great aukw>dness 9 add+ ! engli% to ! hebrew plural ( *]ub1 z ! translators ( ! common v]sion ( ! bible h done4 ,!y use *]ub 9 ! s+ul> & *]ubims 9 ! plural4 ,! s %\ld be omitt$ & ! ,hebrew plural reta9$1 or ! pref]able c\rse adopt$1 & ! f9al s be add$1 mak+ *]ubs1 s]aphs1 c4 ,! same might be said ( all =eign n\ns4 ,x w\ld add mu* to ! regul>ity1 dignity1 & beauty1 ( our v]nacul> tongue4 ,prop] n\ns admit ( ! plural numb]2 z1 !re are sixty-f\r ,john ,smi?s 9 ,new-,york1 tw5ty ,arnolds 9 ,provid5ce1 & fifte5 ,davises 9 ,bo/on4 ,z we are n accu/om$ to =m ! plurals ( prop] names !re is n t ease & h>mony 9 ! fir/ use ( !m t we h f\nd 9 ^? ) :i* we are m famili>2 especially ^? we h r>ely he>d pron\nc$4 ,habit surm\nts ! greate/ ob/acles & makes ?+s ! mo/ h>% & unpleasant appe> s(t & agreeable4 ,g5d] is appli$ to ! di/9ction ( ! sexes4 ,!re are two--mascul9e & fem99e4 ,! =m] is appli$ to males1 ! latt] to females4 ,^? words :i* belong to nei!r g5d]1 h be5 call$ neut]1 t is1 no g5d]4 ,b x is h>dly necess>y to p]plex ! m9ds ( le>n]s ) negatives4 ,let !m di/+ui% betwe5 mascul9e & fem99e g5d]s1 & little ne$ be said to !m ab\t a neut]4 ,!re are "s n\ns ( bo? g5d]s1 z /ud5t1 writ]1 pupil1 p]son1 citiz51 resid5t4 ,poet1 au?or1 editor1 & "s o!r words1 h ( late be5 appli$ to females1 in/ead ( poetess1 au?oress1 editress4 ,fa%ion w soon preclude ! necessity ( ?is =m] di/9ction4 ,"s languages det]m9e _! g5d]s by ! =m ( ! end+s ( _! n\ns1 & :at is ?us made mascul9e 9 ,rome1 may be fem99e 9 ,france4 ,x is ow+1 no d\bt1 to ?is practice1 9 o!r nations1 t we h atta*$ ! idea ( g5d] to inanimate ?+s2 z1 ! sun1 he %9es maje/ically2 :ile ( ! moon1 x is said1 %e %$s a mild] radiance4 ,b we c n co9cide ) ! reason assign$ by ,mr4 ,murray1 = ?is di/9ction4 ,8 notion is n valid4 ,x does n correspond ) facts4 ,:ile 9 ! s\? ( ,europe ! sun is call$ mascul9e & ! moon fem99e1 ! nor!rn nations inv>iably rev]se ! di/9ction1 p>ticul>ly ! dialects ( ! ,sc&9avian4 ,x 0 s 9 our own language 9 ! "t ( ,%akspe>e4 ,he calls ! sun a fair w5*4 ,by figures ( rhetoric1 g5d]s may be atta*$ to inanimate matt]4 ,:]e ?+s are p]sonifi$1 we usually speak ( !m z mascul9e & fem99e2 b ?is practice dep5ds on fancy1 & n on any fix$ rules4 ,!re is1 9 tru?1 b two g5d]s1 & ^? conf9$ to animals4 ,:5 we break ^! rules1 & foll[ ! undirect$ w&]+s ( fancy1 we c =m no rules to regulate our words4 ,we may h z _m fanciful ones z we please1 b !y w n apply 9 common practice4 ,= example3 poets & arti/s h usually atta*$ female lovel9ess to angels1 & plac$ !m 9 ! fem99e g5d]4 ,b !y are inv>iably us$ 9 ! mascul9e ?ro out ! scriptures4 ,!re is an app>5t absurdity 9 say+ ( ! %ip ,g5]al ,williams1 %e is beautiful2 or1 ( ! /eamboat ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 %e is out ( date4 ,x 7 f> bett] to use no g5d] 9 su* cases4 ,b if p w cont9ue ! practice ( mak+ di/9ctions :]e !re are none1 !y mu/ d x f habit & :im1 & n f any reason or propriety4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* we usually di/+ui% ! =ms ( words 9 ref]5ce to g5d]4 #a/4 ,by words :i* are diff]5t2 z boy1 girl2 uncle1 aunt2 fa!r1 "m4 #b;d4 ,by a diff]5t t]m9ation ( ! same ^w2 z in/ructor1 in/ructress2 lion1 lioness2 poet1 poetess4 ,ess is a contraction f ! hebrew essa1 a female4 #c;d4 ,by prefix+ ano!r ^w2 z1 a male *ild1 a female *ild2 a man s]vant1 a maid s]vant2 a he-goat1 a %e-goat4 ,! la/ consid]ation t atta*es to n\ns1 is ! position !y occupy 9 writt5 or spok5 language1 9 relation to o!r words1 z be+ ag5ts1 or objects ( action4 ,?is is t]m$ position4 ,!re are two positions 9 :i* n\ns /& 9 ref]5ce to _! mean+ & use4 ,fir/1 z ag5ts ( action1 z ,david kill$ ,golia?4 ,second1 z objects on :i* action t]m9ates2 z1 ,ri*>d conqu]$ ,h5ry4 ,^! two di/9ctions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( all n\ns4 ,b ! propriety ( ?is division w be m evid5t :5 we come to treat ( v]bs1 _! ag5ts & objects4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t we h ab&on$ ! use ( ! possessive case1 a di/9ction :i* has be5 insi/$ on 9 our gramm>s2 & also *ang$ ! names ( ! o!r two4 ,z we w\ld adopt no?+ t is new )\t fir/ be+ conv9c$ t some?+ is ne$$ :i* ! ?+ propos$ w supply2 s we w\ld reject no?+ t is old1 till we h f\nd x useless & cumb]some4 ,x w be admitt$ on all h&s t ! few] & simpl] ! rules ( gramm>1 ! m readily w !y be und]/ood1 & ! m correctly appli$4 ,we %\ld gu>d1 on ! "o h&1 aga9/ hav+ s _m z to p]plex1 & on ! o!r1 reta9 en\gh to apply 9 ! correct use ( language4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t we h propos$ an improvem5t 9 ! names & numb] ( cases1 or positions4 ,! ^w n\n signifies "n1 & nom9ative is ! adjective d]iv$ f n\n1 & p>takes ( ! same mean+4 ,h5ce ! nom9ative or nam+ case may apply z correctly to ! object z ! ag5t4 ,john /rikes ,?omas1 & ,?omas /rikes ,john4 ,john & ,?omas "n ! boys :o /rike1 b 9 ! fir/ case ,john is ! actor or ag5t & ,?omas ! object4 ,9 ! latt] x is *ang$4 ,to use a nom9ative "n is a r$undancy :i* %\ld be avoid$4 ,y w und]/& my mean+ & see ! propriety ( ! *ange propos$1 z ! m9d ( ! le>n] %\ld n be bur!n$ ) ne$less or irrelevant phrases4 ,b our ma9 objection lies aga9/ ! possessive case4 ,we reg>d x z a false & unnecess>y di/9ction4 ,:at is ! possessive case8 ,murray def9es x z express+ ! relation ( prop]ty or possession2 z1 my fa!r's h\se4 ,8 rule ( syntax is1 "o sub/antive gov]ns ano!r1 signify+ a diff]5t ?+1 9 ! possessive or g5itive case2 z1 my fa!r's h\se4 ,i desire y to und]/& ! def9ition & use z "h giv54 ,read x ov] aga91 & be c>eful t y "k ! mean+ ( prop]ty1 possession1 & gov]nm5t4 ,n[ let a s*ol> p>se correctly ! example giv54 ,fa!r's is a common n\n1 ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 mascul9e g5d]1 & gov]n$ by h\se3 ,rule1 ,"o n\n gov]ns ano!r1 c4 ,!n my fa!r does n gov]n 8 own h\se1 b 8 h\se him6 ,:at mu/ be ! conduct & condition ( ! family1 if !y h usurp$ ! gov]nm5t ( _! head8 ,john ,jones1 hatt]1 keeps con/antly = sale all k9ds ( boy's hats4 ,p>se boy's4 ,x is a n\n1 possessive case1 gov]n$ by hats4 ,:at is ! possessive case8 ,x signifies ! relation ( prop]ty or possession4 ,d ! hats belong to ! boys8 ,oh no4 ,are !y ! prop]ty or 9 ! possession ( ! boys8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n :at relation is !re ( prop]ty or possession8 ,none at all4 ,!y belong to ,john ,jones1 7 made by him1 are 8 prop]ty1 & by him are adv]tis$ = sale4 ,he has us$ ! ^w boy's to di/+ui% _! size1 quality1 & fitness = boy's use4 ,! ma/]'s slave4 ,ma/]'s is 9 ! possessive case1 & gov]n$ by slave6 ,if gramm>s are true !re c be no ne$ ( abolition societies1 unless x is to look aft] ! ma/] & see t he is n abus$4 ,! rid]'s horse2 ! capta9's %ip2 ! g5]al's army2 ! gov]nor's cat2 ! k+'s subject4 ,h[ false x w\ld be to tea* s*ol>s ! idea ( prop]ty & gov]nm5t 9 su* cases4 ,! tea*]'s s*ol>s %\ld nev] le>n t by virtue ( _! gramm>s1 or ! apo/rophe & lett] s1 !y h a "r to gov]n _! tea*]s2 nor ! "m's son1 to gov]n 8 "m4 ,our m]*ants w\ld dislike exce$+ly to h ! ladies und]/& !m to signify by _! adv]tisem5ts t ! ladies' m]9o %awls1 ! ladies's bonnets & lace wr\ght veils1 ! ladies' gloves & elegant ,?ibet1 silk & *alla dresses1 7 ! prop]ty ( ! ladies2 = 9 t case !y might claim or possess !mselves ( _! prop]ty1 & no long] tr\ble ! m]*ant ) ! c>e ( x4 ,pet]'s wife's "m lay sick ( a fev]4 ,8 physician said t 8 disease w\ld require 8 utmo/ skill to defeat its progress 9 8 limbs4 ,phrases l ^! are con/antly occurr+1 :i* c n be expla9$ intelligibly by ! exi/+ gramm>s4 ,9 fact1 ! words said to be n\ns 9 ! possessive case1 h *ang$ _! "*1 by use1 f n\ns to adjectives1 or def9itive words1 & %\ld ?us be class$4 ,russia iron1 ,holl& g91 ,*9a w>e1 ,am]ican p1 ! ,wa%+ton tav]n1 ,lafayette h\se1 ,a/or h\se1 ,hudson riv]1 7=m]ly ,hudson's17 ,baff9's bay1 ,van ,dieman's l&1 ,john /reet1 ,h>p]'s f]ry1 ,hill's bridge1 a pap] book1 a b\nd book1 a r$ book1 ,john's book--"o :i* ,john is kn[n to use1 x may be a borr[$ "o1 b g5]ally kn[n z "s way connect$ ) him1--,rev4 ,mr4 ,smi?'s *ur*1 ,/4 ,john's *ur*1 ,grace *ur*1 ,murray's gramm>2 n ! prop]ty nor 9 ! possession ( ,l9dley ,murray1 nei!r does x gov]n him2 = he has gone to speak a pur] language ?an he taught on e>?4 ,x is m9e4 ,i b\ght x1 h possess$ x ^! t5 ye>s2 b1 ?ank =tune1 am little gov]n$ by x4 ,b m on ?is po9t :5 we come to ! prop] place4 ,:at ,i h said1 w s]ve z a h9t1 :i* w enable y to see ! impropriety ( adopt+ ! possessive case4 ,x may be said t m cases are employ$ 9 o!r languages4 ,t is a poor reason :y we %\ld break ! b>ri]s ( natural language4 ,beside1 ,i "k n h[ we %\ld decide by t rule1 = none ( !m h a case t w comp>e ) ! ,engli% possessive4 ,! g5itive ( ! ,fr5*1 ,lat91 or ,greek1 w apply 9 only a few respects4 ,! =m] has ?ree1 ! latt] five1 & ! ,lat9 six cases1 nei!r ( :i* correspond ) ! possessive1 z expla9$ by ,murray & 8 satellites4 ,we %\ld be sl[ to adopt into our language an idiom :i* does n belong to x1 & compel le>n]s to make di/9ctions :]e none exi/4 ,x is an easy matt] to tell *ildr5 t ! apo/rophe & lett] s m>ks ! possessive case2 b :5 !y ask ! diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ betwe5 ! use ( ! n\n & ^? :i* all admit are adjectives1 x w be no indiff]5t task to satisfy !m4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( language or ! s5se convey$1 betwe5 ,hudson's riv]1 & ,hudson riv]8 ,davis's /raits1 or ,bass /raits8 ,/4 ,john's *ur*1 or ,episcopal *ur*8 ! sun's beams1 or sun %9e8 ,9 all cases ^! words are us$ to def9e ! succe$+ n\n4 ,!y reg>d prop]ty or possession1 only :5 att5d+ circum/ances1 altoge!r =eign f any quality 9 ! =m or mean+ ( ! ^w itself1 are s comb9$ z to give x t import4 ,& 9 su* cases1 we reta9 ^! words z adjectives1 long aft] ! prop]ty has pass$ f ! h&s ( ! p]sons :o gave x a "n4 ,field's po9t1 ,full]'s rocks1 ,fi%]'s isl&1 ,fulton's inv5tion1 w long be reta9$ aft] ^? ^: names 7 giv5 to di/+ui% ^! ?+s1 h slept ) _! fa!rs & be5 =gott54 ,blann]hassett's ,isl&1 long s9ce ceas$ to be 8 prop]ty or tranquil possession1 by confiscation2 b x w reta9 its specific "n1 till ! inundations ( ! ,ohio's wat]s %all h wa%$ x away & left n a wreck beh9d4 ,! di/9ctions ,i h made 9 ! positions ( n\ns1 w be cle>ly und]/ood :5 we come to ! v]bs4 ,a few rem>ks ^u pron\ns w close ! pres5t lecture4 ,,pron\ns4 ,pron\ns are su* z ! ^w indicates4 ,pro is ! lat9 ^w =2 pro-nom51 = n\ns4 ,!y are words1 orig9ally n\ns1 us$ specifically = o!r n\ns1 to avoid ! too frequ5t repetition ( ! same words2 z1 ,wa%+ton 0 ! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry2 he 0 a valiant (fic]4 ,we ought to respect him4 ,! ^w we1 /&s = ! speak] & all pres5t1 & saves ! tr\ble ( nam+ !m2 he & him1 /& = ,wa%+ton1 to avoid ! monotony :i* w\ld be produc$ by a recurr5ce ( 8 "n4 ,pron\ns are all ( "o k9d1 & few 9 numb]4 ,i w give y a li/ ( !m 9 _! respective positions4 ,ag5ts4 ,objects4 #a/ p]son1 ,i1 me1 #b;d ?\1 !e1 ,s+ul> #c;d mas4 he1 him1 fem4 %e1 h]1 x1 x4 #a/ p]son1 we1 u1 ,plural #b;d ye1 or y1 y1 #c;d !y1 !m1 :o1 :om4 ,! two la/ may be us$ 9 ei!r p]son1 numb]1 or g5d]4 ,! frequ5t use ( ^! words r5d] !m v important1 9 ! elegant & rapid use ( language4 ,!y are s %ort1 & _! s\nd s s(t & easy1 t ! frequ5cy ( _! recurr5ce does n m> ! beauty ( a s5t5ce1 b saves u f ! r$undancy ( o!r words4 ,!y are sub/itut$ only :5 !re is little dang] ( mi/ak+ ! n\ns = :i* !y /&4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 sometimes us$ 9 a v broad s5se2 z1 !y say x is s2 mean+ no p>ticul> p]sons1 b ! g5]al s5tim5t4 ,x frequ5tly takes ! lead ( a s5t5ce1 & ! ?+ repres5t$ by x comes aft]2 z1 ,x is curr5tly report$1 t ?+s 7 ?us & s4 ,"h x repres5ts ! s+le idea :i* is aft]w>d /at$ at l5g?4 ,x is s4 ,x may be t ! nations w be de/roy$ by w>s1 e>?quakes1 & fam9es4 ,b m ( ?is :5 we come to speak ( ! composition ( s5t5ces4 ,! words n[ class$ z pron\ns 7 orig9ally names ( ?+s1 b 9 ?is "* !y h long be5 obsolete4 ,!y are n[ us$ only 9 _! second>y "* z ! repres5tatives ( o!r words4 ,! ^w he1 = in/ance1 signifi$ orig9ally to brea!4 ,x 0 appli$ to ! liv+ be+s :o inhal$ air4 ,x occurs ) little *ange 9 ! v>i\s languages ( ,europe1 anci5t & mod]n1 till at l5g? x is appli$ to ! male ag5t :i* lives & acts4 ,! ^w h] means light1 b is specifically appli$ to females :i* are ! objects ( action4 ,0 x 9 accordance ) ! design ( ^! lectures1 x w\ld give me pleasure to g into a m9ute exam9ation ( ! orig91 *anges & mean+ ( ^! words till !y came to be appli$ z specific words ( exce$+ limit$ "*4 ,mo/ ( !m might be trac$ ?ro all ! languages ( ,europe2 ! ,arabic1 ,p]sic1 ,arm9ian1 ,*aldean1 ,hebrew1 &1 = ought ,i "k1 all ! languages ( ,asia4 ,b z !y are n[ admitt$ a peculi> position 9 ! expression ( ?\ght f :i* !y nev] v>y2 & z we are cont5d+ ab\t philosophic pr9ciples r ?an v]bal criticisms1 ,i %all =be> a fur!r consid]ation ( ^! words4 ,9 ! prop] place ,i %all consid] ^? words =m]ly call$ ,adjective ,pron\ns1 ,pron\n ,adjectives1 or ,pronom9al ,adjectives1 to suit ! v>y+ :ims ( ^? gramm> mak]s1 :o desir$ to %[ (f a speck ( improvem5t 9 _! simplify+ works )\t ev] hav+ a new idea to express4 ,x is a qu]y 9 "s m9ds :e!r ! sev5ty-two simplifi]s & improv]s ( ,murray's gramm> ev] _h any di/9ct notions 9 _! heads :i* !y did n obta9 f ! v man1 :o1 x w\ld seem by _! conduct1 0 unable to expla9 8 own mean+4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,on ,,adjectives4 ,def9ition ( adjectives4--,g5]al "*4--,d]ivation4--,h[ und]/ood4--,def9+ & describ+4--,mean+ *anges to suit ! n\n4--,too num]\s4--,d]iv$ f n\ns4--,n\ns & v]bs made f adjectives4--,=eign adjectives4--,a g5]al li/4--,difficult to be und]/ood4--,an example4--,(t5 sup]flu\s4--,d]iv$ f v]bs4--,p>ticiples4--,"s prepositions4--,mean+ unkn[n4--,)4-- ,94--,out4--,(4 ,! mo/ important sub-division ( words is ! class call$ ,adjectives1 :i* we propose to notice ?is ev5+4 ,adjective signifies add$ or jo9$ to4 ,we employ ! t]m 9 gramm> to designate t class ( words :i* are add$ to n\ns to def9e or describe !m4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we /rictly adh]e to ! pr9ciples we h already advanc$1 & d n deviate f ! laws ( nature1 z develop$ 9 ! regulation ( spee*4 ,9 speak+ ( ?+s1 we _h occasion to obs]ve t ! m9d n only conceiv$ ideas ( ?+s1 b ( _! prop]ties2 z1 ! h>dness ( fl9t2 ! heat ( fire2 & t we spoke ( "o ?+ 9 ref]5ce to ano!r4 ,we come n[ to consid] ?is subject m at l>ge4 ,9 ! use ( language ! m9d fir/ re/s on ! ?+ :i* is pres5t be=e x1 or ! ^w :i* repres5ts ! idea ( t ?+4 ,next x obs]ves ! *anges & attitudes ( ^! ?+s4 ,?irdly1 x conceives ideas ( _! qualities & relations to o!r ?+s4 ,! fir/ use ( ^! words is to "n ?+s4 ,?is we call n\ns4 ,! second is to express _! actions4 ,?is we call v]bs4 ,! la/ is to def9e or describe ?+s4 ,?is we call adjectives4 ,!re is a great simil>ity betwe5 ! words us$ to "n ?+s & to express _! actions2 z1 build]s build build+s2 s+]s s+ songs2 writ]s write writ+s2 pa9t]s pa9t pa9t+s4 ,9 ! popul> use ( language we v>y ^! words to avoid ! monotony & give pleasantness & v>iety4 ,we say build]s erect h\ses1 b>ns1 & o!r build+s2 s+]s p]=m pieces ( music2 musicians play tunes2 ! *oir s+ psalm tunes2 arti/s pa9t pictures4 ,f ^! two classes a ?ird is d]iv$ :i* p>takes some:at ( ! nature ( bo?1 & yet f its second>y use1 x has obta9$ a di/9ctive "*1 & z su* is all[$ a sep>ate position among ! classes ( words4 ,x might p]haps appe> m 9 ord] to pass ! consid]ation ( adjectives till we h notic$ ! "* & use ( v]bs1 f :i* an important portion ( !m is d]iv$4 ,b z !y are us$ 9 connexion ) n\ns1 & z ! "* !y borr[ f ! v]b w be readily und]/ood1 ,i h pref]r$ to reta9 ! old arrangem5t1 & consid] !m 9 ?is place4 ,adjectives are words add$ to n\ns to def9e or describe !m4 ,!y are d]iv$ ei!r1 #a/1 f n\ns2 z1 w9d[ glass1 glass w9d[1 a /one h\se1 build+ /one1 maple sug>1 sug> cane2 or1 #b;d1 f v]bs2 z1 a writt5 pap]1 a pr9t$ book1 a pa9t$ h\se1 a writ+ desk4 ,9 ! fir/ case we employ "o n\n1 or ! "n ( "o ?+1 to def9e ano!r1 ?us giv+ x a second>y use4 ,a glass w9d[ is "o made ( glass1 & n ( any ?+ else4 ,x is nei!r a bo>d w9d[1 nor a pap] w9d[4 ,maple sug> is n cane sug>1 nor beet sug>1 nor molasses sug>2 b x may be br[n sug>1 if x has be5 br[n$1 or :ite if x has be5 :ited or :iten$4 ,9 ?is case1 y at once p]ceive ! correctness ( our second proposition1 9 ! d]ivation ( adjectives f v]bs1 by :i* we describe a ?+ 9 ref]5ce to its condition1 9 "s way affect$ by ! op]ation ( a prior action4 ,a pr9t$ book is "o on :i* ! action ( pr9t+ has be5 p]=m$4 ,a writt5 book diff]s f ! =m]1 9 z mu* z its appe>ance 0 produc$ by writ+ & n by pr9t+4 ,9 ! def9ition or description ( ?+s1 :atev] is be/ und]/ood is employ$ z a def9itive or descriptive t]m1 & is atta*$ to ! object to make kn[n its prop]ties & relations4 ,speak+ ( nations1 if we desire to di/+ui% "s f o!rs1 we *oose ! words suppos$ to be be/ kn[n1 & talk ( ,european1 ,african1 ,am]ican1 or ,indian nations2 nor!rn1 s\!rn1 ea/]n1 or we/]n nations4 ,^! la/ words are us$ 9 ref]5ce to _! relative position1 & may be v>i\sly und]/ood2 = we speak ( ! nor!rn1 ea/]n1 we/]n1 & s\!rn nations ( ,europe1 ( ,africa1 & ! _w4 ,aga91 we read ( civilized1 half-civiliz$1 & b>b>\s nations2 le>n$1 unle>n$1 ignorant1 & enlight5$2 ri*1 p[]ful1 ent]pris+1 respect$1 anci5t or mod]n1 *ri/ian1 mahom$an or pagan4 ,9 ^!1 & a ?\s& simil> cases1 we decide ! mean+1 n alone f ! ^w employ$ z an adjective1 b f ! subject ( rem>k2 =1 7 we to atta* ! same mean+ to ! same ^w1 :]ev] us$1 we c\ld n receive correct or def9ite impressions f ! language ( o!rs--our inf]5ces w\ld be ! mo/ mon/r\s4 ,a great m\nta9 & a great p91 a great cont95t & a great f>m1 a great ocean & a great pond1 a great gramm> & a great s*ol>1 ref] to ?+s ( v diff]5t dim5sions & "*2 or1 z ,mr4 ,murray w\ld say1 qualities4 ,a m\nta9 is great by comp>ison ) o!r m\nta9s2 & a p91 comp>$ ) o!r p9s1 may be v l>ge--exce$+ great--& yet fall v f> %ort ( ! size ( a v small m\nta94 ,a small man may be a great s*ol>1 & a ri* neighbor a poor fri5d4 ,a sweet fl[] is (t5 v bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,a good horse w\ld make a bad d9n]1 b false gramm> c nev] make true philologi/s4 ,all words are to be und]/ood accord+ to _! use4 ,_! mean+ c be det]m9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,_m words *ange _! =ms to express _! relations1 b few] 9 our language ?an 9 mo/ o!rs1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,o!r words rema9 ! same1 or ne>ly s1 9 e position2 n\n1 adjective1 or v]b1 ag5t or object1 pa/ or pres5t4 ,to det]m9e :e!r a ^w is an adjective1 fir/ asc]ta9 :e!r x names a ?+1 def9es or describes x1 or expresses its action1 & y w nev] be at a loss to "k to :at class x belongs4 ,! bus9ess ( adjectives is tw(old1 & !y may be di/+ui%$ by ! appellations ( def9+ or describ+ adjectives4 ,?is di/9ction is 9 _m cases unimportant2 9 o!rs x is q ess5tial4 ,! same ^w 9 "o case may def9e1 9 o!rs describe ! object1 & occasionally d bo?1 = we (t5 specify ?+s by _! descriptions4 ,! le>n] has only to asc]ta9 ! mean+ & use ( ! adjective to decide :e!r x def9es or describes ! subject ( rem>k4 ,if x is employ$ to di/+ui% "o ?+ f ! g5]al mass1 or "o class f o!r classes1 x has ! =m] "*2 b aft] su* ?+ is po9t$ out1 if x is us$ to give a description ( its "* or prop]ties1 its "* is diff]5t1 & %\ld be s und]/ood & expla9$4 ,def9+ adjectives are us$ to po9t out1 specify or di/+ui% c]ta9 ?+s f o!rs ( _! k9d1 or "o sort f o!r sorts1 & answ] to ! que/ions :i*1 :at1 h[ _m1 or h[ mu*4 ,describ+ adjectives express ! "* & qualities ( ?+s1 & give a m full & di/9ct k ?an 0 be=e possess$4 ,9 a case be=e m5tion$1 we spoke ( ! ,indian nations4 ,! ^w ,indian 0 *os5 to specify or def9e :at nations 7 allud$ to4 ,b all may n decide alike 9 ?is case4 ,"s may ?9k we meant ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica2 o!rs1 t ! s\!rn nations ( ,asia 7 ref]r$ to4 ,?is difficulty orig9ates 9 a misappreh5sion ( ! def9itive ^w *os54 ,india 0 e>ly kn[n z ! "n ( ! s\? "p ( ,asia1 & ! p !re1 7 call$ ,indians4 ,:5 ,columbus discov]$ ! new _w1 suppos+ he _h rea*$ ! c\ntry ( ,india1 :i* _h long be5 s\ght by a voyage r\nd ! coa/ ( ,africa1 he nam$ x ,india1 & ! p ,indians4 ,b :5 ! mi/ake 0 discov]$1 & ! tru? fully kn[n1 in/ead ( effect+ a *ange 9 ! "n already v g5]ally und]/ood1 & 9 common use1 ano!r ^w 0 *os5 to di/+ui% betwe5 c\ntries s opposite & ,we/ ,india became ! ^w to di/+ui% ! newly discov]$ isl&s2 & z ,india 0 little bett] kn[n 9 ,europe at t "t1 in/ead ( reta9+ _! old "n unalt]$1 ano!r ^w 0 prefix$1 & !y call$ x ,ea/ ,india4 ,:51 !re=e1 we desire to be def9ite1 we reta9 ^! words1 & say1 ,ea/ ,indians & ,we/ ,indians4 ,)\t ?is di/9ction1 we %\ld und]/& ! native p ( our own c\ntry2 b 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 !y w\ld ?9k we allud$ to ^? 9 ,asia4 ,s ) all o!r adjectives :i* are n und]/ood4 ,indian1 z an adjective1 may also be employ$ to describe ! "* & condition ( ! aborig9es4 ,we talk ( an indian temp]1 indian looks1 indian blankets1 furs1 c4 ,9 writ+ & conv]sation we %\ld employ words to expla91 to def9e & describe1 :i* are bett] und]/ood ?an ^? ?+s ( :i* we speak4 ,! p$antry ( "s mod]n writ]s 9 ?is respect is ridicul\s4 ,n satisfi$ to use pla9 t]ms :i* e body c und]/&1 !y hunt ! diction>ies f alpha to omega1 & n unfrequ5tly ov]leap ! k+'s engli%1 & ransack o!r languages to f9d an unhe>d ( ^w1 or a li/ ( adjectives nev] be=e arrang$ toge!r1 9 s nice a mann]1 s t _! ideas are lo/ to ! common read]1 if n to !mselves4 ,?is fault may be alleg$ aga9/ too _m ( our public speak]s1 z well z ! affect$ g5try ( ! l&4 ,!y are l ,%akspe>e's ,gratiano1 :o speaks an inf9ite deal ( no?+1 m ?an any man 9 all ,v5ice2 8 reasons are z two gra9s ( :eat hid 9 two bu%els ( *aff3 y %all seek all day ere y f9d !m2 &1 :5 y h f\nd !m1 !y are n wor? ! se>*4 ,su* s5t5ces rem9d u ( ! pa9t+ ( ! "y arti/ :o drew ! =m ( an animal1 b appreh5sive t "s might mi/ake x1 wrote "u x1 ,?is is a horse4 ,9 =m+ our notions ( :at is signifi$ by an adjective1 ! m9d %\ld pause to det]m9e ! mean+ ( su* ^w :5 us$ z a di/9ct "n = "s object1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! import ( x 9 ?is new capacity4 ,a tall[ c&le is "o made ( a sub/ance call$ tall[1 & is employ$ to di/+ui% x f wax or sp]maceti c&les4 ,! adjective 9 ?is case1 names ! article ( :i* ! c&le is made1 & is ?us a n\n1 b1 z we are n speak+ ( tall[1 b ( c&les1 we place x 9 a new relation1 & give x a new grammatical "*4 ,b y w p]ceive ! correctness ( a =m] ass]tion1 t all words may be r$uc$ to two classes1 & t adjectives are d]iv$ f n\ns or v]bs4 ,b y may inquire if !re are n "s adjectives 9 use :i* h no correspond+ v]b or n\n f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,!re are _m words 9 our language :i* 9 c]ta9 uses h become obsolete1 b are reta9$ 9 o!rs4 ,we n[ use "s words z v]bs :i* orig9ally 7 kn[n only z n\ns1 & o!rs z n\ns :i* are unkn[n z v]bs4 ,we also put a new con/ruction ^u words & make n\ns1 v]bs & adjectives promiscu\sly & ) little reg>d to rule or propriety4 ,words at "o "t unkn[n become famili> by use1 & o!rs are laid aside = ^? m new or fa%ionable4 ,^! facts are s obvi\s t ,i %all be excus$ f ext5d+ my rem>ks to any great l5g?4 ,b ,i w give an example :i* w s]ve z a clew to ! :ole4 ,take ! ^w happy1 long kn[n only z an adjective4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ?is ^w back to its primitive use & d]iv+ x directly f its n\n1 or z a pa/ p>ticiple1 su* z x is 9 tru?1 we h gone =w>d & made f x ! n\n happ9ess1 &1 9 m mod]n days1 are us+ ! v]b happify1 a ^w1 by ! way1 9 common use1 b :i* has n yet be5 honor$ ) a place 9 our diction>ies2 al?o ,mr4 ,web/] has giv5 u1 z he says1 ! unau?oris$ 7un-au?or-is$7 ^w happify+4 ,p]haps he _h nev] he>d or read "s ( our greate/ savans1 :o1 if n ! au?ors1 employ ! ^w happify v frequ5tly 9 ! pulpit & halls ( legislation1 & at ! b>1 z well z 9 common p>lance4 ,happy is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b to hap1 or1 z aft]w>ds us$1 ) a nice %ade ( *ange 9 ! mean+1 to happ54 ,x means happi$1 or made happy by ^? favorable circum/ances :i* h happ5$ to u4 ,:oev] w read our old writ]s no fur!r back ?an ,%akspe>e1 w at once see ! use & *anges ( ?is ^w4 ,!y w f9d x 9 all its =ms1 simple & comp\nd1 z a v]b1 n\n1 & adjective4 ,x may hap t he w come4 ,x happ5$ z ,i 0 go+ t ,i f\nd my lo/ *ild1 & 0 !reby made q happy4 ,! man desir$ to happify himself & family )\t mu* labor1 s he engag$ 9 speculation2 & happily he 0 n s hapless 9 8 pursuit ( happ9ess z (t5 happ5s to su* hap-haz>d fell[s1 = he soon became v happy ) a mod]ate =tune4 ,b to ! "q4 ,!re are _m adjectives 9 our language :i* are borr[$ f =eign words4 ,in/ead ( adjectiv+ our own n\ns we g to our neighbors & adjective & anglicise engli%-ise _! words1 & adopt ! pamp]$ ur*9s into our own family & call !m our favorites4 ,x is no wond] t !y (t5 appe> aukw>d & unfamili>1 & t our *ildr5 are sl[ 9 =m+ an intimate acqua9tance ) !m4 ,y are "h favor$ ) a %ort li/ ( ^! words :i* w s]ve z examples1 & enable y to compreh5d my mean+ & apply x 9 future use4 ,"s ( !m are regul>ly us$ z adjectives1 ) or )\t *ange2 o!rs are n4 ,,engli% ,,n\ns4 ,,=eign ,,adjectives4 ,alone ,sole1 solit>y ,alms ,eleemosyn>y ,age ,primeval ,belief ,cr$ul\s ,blame ,culpable ,brea/ ,pectoral ,be+ ,ess5tial ,bosom ,gram9al1 s9u\s ,boy1 boyi% ,pu]ile ,blood1 bloody ,sangu9>y1 sangu9e ,burd5 ,on]\s ,beg9n+ ,initial ,b\nd>y ,cont]m9\s ,bro!r ,frat]nal ,b[els ,visc]al ,body ,corporeal ,bir? ,natal1 native ,calf ,vitul9e ,c>cass ,cadav]\s ,cat ,fel9e ,c[ ,vacc9e ,c\ntry ,rural1 ru/ic ,*ur* ,ecclesia/ical ,dea? ,mortal ,dog ,can9e ,day ,diurnal1 m]idian1 ephem]al ,disease ,morbid ,ea/ ,ori5tal ,egg ,oval ,e> ,auricul> ,eye ,ocul> ,fle% ,c>nal1 c>nivor\s ,fa!r ,pat]nal ,field ,agr>ian ,flock ,greg>i\s ,foe ,ho/ile ,fe> ,timor\s1 timid ,f+] ,digital ,flatt]y ,adulatory ,fire ,igne\s ,fai? ,fiducial ,foot ,p$al ,gro9 ,+u9al ,gu>dian ,tutel> ,glass ,vitre\s ,grape ,uve\s ,grief ,dolor\s ,ga9 ,lucrative ,help ,auxili>y ,he>t ,cordial1 c>diac ,hire ,/ip5di>y ,hurt ,noxi\s ,hatr$ ,odi\s ,heal? ,salut>y1 salubri\s ,head ,capital1 *ief ,ice ,glacial ,isl& ,insul> ,k+ ,regal1 royal ,kit*5 ,cul9>y ,life ,vital1 vivid1 viv>i\s ,lungs ,pulmon>y ,lip ,labial ,leg ,crural1 isosceles ,light ,lucid1 lum9\s ,love ,amor\s ,lu/ ,libid9\s ,law ,legal1 loyal ,"m ,mat]nal ,money ,pecuni>y ,mixture ,promiscu\s1 miscellane\s ,moon ,lun>1 sublun>y ,m\? ,oral ,m>r[ ,m$ul>y ,m9d ,m5tal ,man ,virile1 male1 human1 mascul9e ,milk ,lacteal ,meal ,f]9ace\s ,nose ,nasal ,navel ,umbilical ,night ,nocturnal1 equ9octial ,noise ,ob/rep]\s ,"o ,fir/ ,p>i% ,p>o*ial ,p ,popul>1 popul\s1 public1 epidemical1 endemical ,po9t ,punctual ,pride ,sup]b1 haughty ,pl5ty ,copi\s ,pit* ,bitum9\s ,prie/ ,sac]dotal ,rival ,emul\s ,root ,radical ,r+ ,annul> ,reason ,rational ,rev5ge ,v9dictive ,rule ,regul> ,spee* ,loquaci\s1 g>rul\s1 eloqu5t ,smell ,olfactory ,sight ,visual1 optic1 p]spicu\s1 conspicu\s ,side ,lat]al1 collat]al ,sk9 ,cutane\s ,spittle ,salivial ,%\ld] ,hum]al ,%eph]d ,pa/oral ,sea ,m>9e1 m>itime ,%>e ,lit]al ,sun ,sol> ,/> ,a/ral1 sid]al1 /ell> ,sunday ,dom9ical ,spr+ ,v]nal ,summ] ,e/ival ,se$ ,sem9al ,%ip ,naval1 nautical ,%ell ,te/ace\s ,sleep ,soporif]\s ,/r5g? ,robu/ ,sweat ,sudorific ,/ep ,gradual ,sole ,v5al ,two ,second ,treaty ,f$]al ,trifle ,nugatory ,tax ,fiscal ,"t ,temporal1 *ronical ,t[n ,oppidan ,?anks ,gratuit\s ,!ft ,furtive ,?reat ,m9atory ,trea*]y ,insidi\s ,?+ ,real ,?roat ,jugul>1 gutt]al ,ta/e ,insipid ,?\ght ,p5sive ,?igh ,femoral ,too? ,d5tal ,te> ,la*rymal ,vessel ,vascul> ,_w ,mundane ,wood ,sylvan1 savage ,way ,devi\s1 obvi\s1 imp]vi\s1 trivial ,worm ,v]micul> ,:ale ,cutace\s ,wife ,uxori\s ,^w ,v]bal1 v]bose ,weak ,hebdomadal ,wall ,mural ,w ,volunt>y1 spontane\s ,w9t] ,brumal ,w\nd ,vuln]>y ,we/ ,occid5tal ,w> ,m>tial ,wom5 ,fem99e1 female1 effem9ate ,ye> ,annual1 anniv]s>y1 p]5nial1 tri5nial ,su* are "s ( ! adjectives introduc$ into our language f o!r nations4 ,! li/ w enable y to discov] t :5 we h no adjective ( our own to correspond ) ! n\n1 we borr[ f our neighbors an adjective d]iv$ f "o ( _! n\ns1 to :i* we give an engli% t]m9ation4 ,= example3 ,engli% ,n\n4 ,lat9 ,n\n4 ,adjective4 ,boy ,pu] ,pu]ile ,grief ,dolor ,dolor\s ,?\ght ,p5sa ,p5sive ,wife ,uxor ,uxori\s ,^w ,v]bum ,v]bal1 v]bose ,ye> ,annum ,annual ,body ,corpus ,corporeal ,head ,caput ,capital ,*ur* ,ekklesia 7,greek7 ,ecclesia/ical ,k+ ,roi 7,fr5*7 ,royal ,law ,loi ,loyal ,x is exce$+ly difficult to und]/& ! adjectives ( _m n\ns ) :i* we are famili>1 f ! fact above /at$1 t !y are d]iv$ f o!r languages1 & n our own4 ,! mo/ ?oro s*ol>s h f\nd ?is task no easy affair4 ,mo/ gramm>ians h let x pass unobs]v$2 b e p]son has se5 ! necessity ( "s explanation ^u ?is po9t1 to af=d a means ( asc]ta9+ ! etymological d]ivation & mean+ ( ^! words4 ,i w\ld "h ent] f>!r into ?is subject1 b ,i am rem9d$ t ,i am surpass+ ! limits set me = ?is c\rse ( lectures4 ,! att5tion ,i h be/[$ on ?is "p ( ! pres5t subject1 w n be con/ru$ into a m]e v]bal criticism4 ,x has be5 adopt$ to %[ y h[1 9 ! def9ition or description ( ?+s1 ! m9d cl+s to "o ?+ to ga9 "s in=mation conc]n+ ano!r4 ,:5 we f9d a ?+ unlike any ?+ else we h ev] kn[n1 9 =m1 9 size1 9 color1 9 e ?+2 we %\ld f9d x a difficult task1 if n an impossibility1 to describe x to ano!r 9 a way to give any correct idea ( x4 ,hav+ nev] se5 its l be=e1 we c say little ( its "*4 ,we may give x a "n1 b t w\ld n be und]/ood4 ,we c\ld say x 0 z l>ge z--no1 x _h no size2 t x 0 l--b no1 x _h no lik5ess2 t x resembl$--no1 x _h no resemblance4 ,h[ c\ld we describe x8 ,:at c\ld we say ( x8 ,no?+ at all4 ,:at idea c\ld ! ,pa*a ( ,egypt =m ( ice1 hav+ nev] se5 any till ! fr5* *emi/s succe$$ 9 freez+ wat] 9 8 pres5ce8 ,!y told him ( ice2 t x 0 cold2 t x w\ld freeze2 t :ole /reams 7 (t5 froz5 ov]1 s t m5 & teams c\ld walk ov] !m4 ,he believ$ no su* ?+--x 0 a *ri/ian lie4 ,?is idea 0 confirm$ on ! fir/ trial ( ! *emi/s1 :i* fail$ ( success4 ,b :51 on ! second attempt1 !y succe$$1 he 0 all 9 raptures4 ,a new field 0 op5 be=e him4 ,new ideas 7 produc$ 9 8 m9d4 ,new qualities 7 le>n$2 & he c\ld n[ =m "s idea ( ! ice b]gs ( ! nor?2 ( froz5 regions1 :i* he _h nev] se52 ( icy he>ts1 & /orms ( froz5 ra94 ,we (t5 he> x said1 su* a man is v /oical2 ano!r is an epicurean2 & ano!r is a bac*anal1 or bac*analian4 ,b :at idea %\ld we =m ( su* p]sons1 if we _h nev] read ( ! ,/oics & _! philosophy2 ( ,epicurus & 8 notions ( happ9ess & duty2 or ( ,bac*us1 ! god ( w9e & revelry1 ^: annual fea/s1 or ,dionysia1 7 celebrat$ ) ! mo/ extravagant lic5ti\sness ?ro out ,greece & ,rome1 till put d[n by ! ,s5ate ( ! latt]4 ,y c n fail to see ! importance ( ! k on :i* we "h insi/4 ,! mean+ y atta* to words is exce$+ly div]se2 & h5ce y are n always able to ?9k alike1 or und]/& ea* o!r1 nor d]ive ! same s5tim5t f ! same language4 ,! contradictory op9ions :i* exi/ 9 ! _w may be acc\nt$ =1 9 a great measure1 9 ?is way4 ,our k ( _m ?+s ( :i* we speak1 is limit$1 ei!r f lack ( means1 or disposition to employ !m4 ,p always diff] & cont5d mo/ ab\t ?+s ( :i* !y "k ! lea/4 ,did we all atta* ! same mean+ to ! same words1 our op9ions w\ld all be ! same1 z true z ! =ty-fif? problem ( ,euclid4 ,h[ important1 !n1 t *ildr5 %\ld always be taught ! same mean+ ( words1 & le>n to use !m correctly4 ,etymology1 view$ 9 ?is light1 is a mo/ important bran* ( sci5ce4 ,:5ev] a ^w is suffici5tly und]/ood1 no adjective %\ld be connect$ ) x4 ,!re is a ridicul\s practice among _m p1 ( app5d+ to e n\n "o or m adjectives1 :i* h no o!r effect ?an to expose _! own folly4 ,"s writ]s are s 9 ! habit ( annex+ adjectives to all n\ns1 t !y d>e n use "o )\t4 ,y w n unfrequ5tly see adjectives diff]5t 9 =m1 add$ to a n\n ( v simil> mean+2 z1 sad melan*oly1 an om9\s sign1 ?is mundane e>?1 p5sive ?\ghts4 ,:5 words c be obta9$1 :i* n only "n ! object1 b also describe its prop]ties1 x %\ld be pref]r$ to a n\n ) an adjective2 z pirate1 = sea robb]2 savan1 = a le>n$ or wise man4#d ,9 relation to t class ( adjectives d]iv$ f v]bs1 we w be brief4 ,!y include :at h be5 t]m$ p>ticiples1 n a di/9ct "p ( spee*1 b by "s includ$ 9 ! v]bs4 ,we use !m z adjectives to describe ?+s z /&+ 9 "s relation to o!r ?+s on ! acc\nt ( ! action express$ by ! v]b f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! man is respect$4 ,respect$1 9 ?is case1 describes ! man 9 su* a relation to ^? :o h become acqua9t$ ) 8 good qualities1 t he n[ receives _! respect4 ,he is respectable1 7able to comm&1 or wor?y ( respect17 & ( c\rse1 respect$ = 8 respectability4 ,to avoid repetition1 we select diff]5t words to assi/ 9 ! expression ( a complex idea4 ,b ,i indulge 9 phrases l ! above1 to %[ ! nice %ades ( mean+ 9 ! common use ( words1 endeavor+ to analyze1 z f> z possible1 our words & ?\ghts1 & %[ _! mutual connexion & dep5d5cies4 ,:at has be5 t]m$ ! pres5t p>ticiple is also an adjective1 describ+ ?+s 9 _! pres5t condition 9 ref]5ce to actions4 ,! man is writ+4 ,"h1 writ+ describes ! man 9 8 pres5t employm5t4 ,b ! consid]ation ( ?is matt] m prop]ly belongs to ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is ano!r class or v>iety ( words prop]ly belong+ to ?is division ( gramm>1 :i* may z well be notic$ 9 ?is place z any o!r4 ,i allude to ^? words g5]ally call$ ,prepositions4 ,we h n "t n[ to consid] !m at l>ge1 b w give y a brief view ( our op9ion ( !m1 & res]ve ! rema9d] ( our rem>ks till we come to ano!r "p ( ^! lectures4 ,mo/ ( ! words call$ prepositions1 9 books ( gramm>1 are p>ticiples1 d]iv$ f v]bs1 _m ( :i* are /ill 9 use1 b "s are obsolete4 ,!y are us$ 9 ! true "* ( adjectives1 describ+ "o ?+ by its relation to ano!r4 ,b _! mean+ has n be5 g5]ally und]/ood4 ,our diction>ies h af=d$ no means by :i* we c trace _! etymology4 ,!y h be5 reg>d$ z a k9d ( cem5t to /ick o!r words toge!r1 hav+ no mean+ or importance 9 !mselves4#e ,until _! mean+ is kn[n1 we c n reasonably expect to draw !m f _! hid+ places1 & give !m a respectable /&+ 9 ! transmission ( ?\ght4 ,_m words1 f ! frequ5cy ( _! use1 fail to attract our att5tion z mu* z ^? less employ$2 n because !y are less important1 b because !y are s famili>ly kn[n t ! op]ations ( ?\ght are n obs]v$ 9 ! *oice made ( !m to express ideas4 ,if we use words ( :i* little is kn[n1 we pond] well be=e we adopt !m1 to det]m9e :e!r ! s5se usually atta*$ to !m accords exactly ) ! notions we desire to convey by !m4 ,! same c n be said ( small words :i* make up a l>ge proportion ( our language1 & are1 9 fact1 m necess>y ?an ! o!rs1 9 z mu* z _! mean+ is m g5]ally kn[n4 ,^? :o employ c>riages to convey _! bodies1 obs]ve little ( _! con/ruction1 unless !re is some?+ s+ul> or f9e 9 _! appe>ance4 ,! common p>ts are unobs]v$1 yet z important z ! small words us$ 9 ! common con/ruction ( language1 ! vehicle ( ?\ght4 ,z ! apo/le says ( ! body politic1 ^? memb]s ( ! body1 :i* seem to be m feeble1 are necess>y2 s ! words lea/ und]/ood by gramm>ians are mo/ necess>y 9 ! correct =mation ( language4 ,x is an easy matt] to get along ) ! words call$ prepositions1 aft] !y are all le>n$ by rote2 b :5 _! mean+ & use are inquir$ into1 ! be/ gramm>ians h little to say ( !m4 ,a li/ ( prepositions1 alphabetically arrang$1 is f\nd 9 ne>ly e gramm>1 :i* s*ol>s are requir$ to commit to memory1 )\t kn[+ any ?+ ( _! mean+ or use1 only t !y are prepositions :5 an objective ^w comes aft] !m1 because ! books say s2 b occasionally ! same words occur z adv]bs & adjectives4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no tr\ble 9 p>s+ !m1 unless ! li/ is =gott54 ,9 t case1 y w see ! pupil1 in/ead ( inquir+ aft] ! mean+ & duty ( ! ^w1 g to ! book & se>* = x 9 ! li/s ( prepositions or conjunctions2 or to ! diction>y1 to see if !re is a prep4 app5d$ to x4 ,:at w *ildr5 ev] le>n ( language 9 ?is way8 ,( :at avail is all su* gramm> tea*+8 ,z soon z !y leave s*ool x is all =gott52 & y w he> !m say1 at ! v "t !y %\ld be reap+ ! h>ve/ ( =m] toil1 t !y once und]/ood gramm>1 b x is all gone f !m4 ,poor s\ls6 _! memory is v trea*]\s1 else !y h nev] le>n$ language z !y ought4 ,!re is a fault some:]e4 ,to u x is n difficult to det]m9e :]e x is4 ,t c]ta9 words are prepositions1 !re c be no d\bt1 because ! books say !y are2 b :y !y are s1 is q ano!r matt]4 ,all we desire is to h _! mean+ und]/ood4 ,little difficulty w !n be f\nd 9 det]m9+ _! use4 ,i h said !y are d]iv$ f v]bs1 _m ( :i* are obsolete4 ,"s are /ill 9 use1 bo? z v]bs & n\ns4 ,take = example ! ^w )4 ,?is ^w signifies jo9$ or unit$4 ,x is us$ to %[ t two ?+s are "s h[ jo9$ toge!r s t !y are spoke ( 9 connexion4 ,x frequ5tly occurs 9 common conv]sation1 z a v]b & n\n1 b n z frequ5tly 9 ! books z =m]ly4 ,! f>m] says to 8 hir$ man1 ,g & get a )e & come & )e up ! f5ce2 t is1 get "s pliant twigs ( t\gh wood1 twi/ !m toge!r1 & )e or b9d !m r\nd ^! po/s1 s t "o may /& firm )1 or )$ to1 ! o!r4 ,a book ) a cov]1 is "o t has a cov] jo9$1 b\nd1 or atta*$ to x4 ,a fa!r ) a son1 a man ) an e/ate1 a nation ) a con/itution4 ,9 all su* cases ) expresses ! relation betwe5 ! two ?+s m5tion$1 produc$ by a union or connexion ) ea* o!r4#f ,9 is us$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is /ill reta9$ z a n\n & is susp5d$ on ! signs ( _m public h\ses4 ,! travell]'s inn1 is a h\se :]e travell]s 9 !mselves1 or g 91 = ent]ta9m5t4 ,x occurs frequ5tly 9 ,%akspe>e & 9 m mod]n writ]s1 z a v]b1 & is /ill us$ 9 common conv]sation z an imp]ative4 ,g1 9 ! crops ( gra94 ,9 ) y4 ,9 ) x4 ,9 describes "o ?+ by its relation to ano!r1 :i* is ! bus9ess ( adjectives4 ,x admits ( ! regul> degrees ( comp>ison2 z1 91 inn]1 inn]mo/ or inmo/4 ,x also has its comp\nds4 ,9/ep1 ! inn] "p ( ! foot1 9let1 9ve/m5t1 9h]itance4 ,9 ?is capacity x is ext5sively us$ "u its diff]5t %ades ( mean+ :i* ,i _c /op to notice4 ,( signifies divid$1 sep>at$1 or p>t$4 ,! %ip is (f ! coa/4 ,i am b\nd (f1 & y are b\nd out4 ,a "p ( a p5cil1 is t "p :i* is sep>at$ f ! re/1 imply+ t ! act ( sep>at+1 or (f+1 has tak5 place4 ,a bran* ( ! tree4 ,!re is ! tree2 ?is bran* is f x4 ,our communication 0 brok5 (f sev]al ye>s ago4 ,sailors record _! (f+s1 & p>5ts love _! (fspr+1 or ^? *ildr5 :i* sprung f !m4#g ,we also are 8 (fspr+2 t is1 sprung f ,god4#h ,9 all ^!1 & e o!r case1 y w p]ceive ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 & its (fice w soon appe> ess5tial 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,_h all ! _w be5 a compact :ole1 no?+ ev] sep>at$ f x1 we c\ld nev] speak ( a "p ( x1 = we c\ld nev] h su* an idea4 ,b we look at ?+s1 z sep>at$1 divid$1 p>t$2 & speak ( "o ?+ z sep>at$ f ! o!rs4 ,h5ce1 :5 we speak ( ! "p ( ! e>? we inhabit1 we1 9 imag9ation1 sep>ate x f "s o!r "p1 or ! g5]al :ole4 ,we c n use ?is ^w 9 ref]5ce to a ?+ :i* is indivisible1 because we c conceive no idea ( a "p ( an indivisible ?+4 ,we d n say1 a portion ( our m9d tak5 z a :ole1 b z capable ( division4 ,a %>e ( our reg>ds1 supposes t ! rema9d] is res]v$ = some?+ else4 ,out1 outer or utt]1 out]mo/ or utmo/1 admits ( ! same rem>k z 94 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is mann]1 we might expla9 a long li/ ( words1 call$ adv]bs1 conjunctions1 & prepositions4 ,b ,i =be>1 = ! pres5t1 ! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is subject1 & leave x = ano!r lecture4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,on ,,adjectives4 ,adjectives4--,h[ =m$4--,! syllable ly4--,=m$ f prop] n\ns4--,! apo/rophe & lett] s4--,d]iv$ f pron\ns4-- ,articles4--,a comes f an4--,9def9ite4--,!4--,mean+ ( a & !4--,murray's example4--,t4--,:at4--,pron\n adjectives4--,mon1 ma4--,degrees ( comp>ison4--,second>y adjectives4--,prepositions admit ( comp>ison4 ,we resume ! consid]ation ( ,adjectives4 ,! importance ( ?is class ( words 9 ! expression ( our ?\ghts1 is my excuse = be/[+ ^u x s mu* labor4 ,_h words always be5 us$ accord+ to _! primitive mean+1 !re w\ld be little dang] ( be+ misund]/ood4 ,b ! fact long kn[n1 ,v]ba mutant]--words *ange--has be5 ! prolific s\rce ( mu* ( ! div]sity ( op9ion1 asp]ity ( feel+1 & app>5t miscon/ruction ( o!r's s5tim5ts1 :i* has di/urb$ society1 & disgrac$ mank9d4 ,i h1 9 a =m] lecture1 allud$ to ?is po9t1 & call x up 9 ?is place to prep>e y\r m9ds to und]/& :at is to be said on ! second>y use ( words 9 ! "* ( adjectives4 ,i h already spok5 ( adjectives 9 g5]al1 z d]iv$ f n\ns & v]bs1 & 0 some:at p>ticul> ^u ! class sometimes call$ prepositions1 :i* describe "o ?+ by its relation to ano!r1 produc$ by "s action :i* has plac$ !m 9 su* relation4 ,we w n[ pass to exam9e a little m m9utely into ! "* & use ( c]ta9 adjectives1 & ! mann] ( _! d]ivation4 ,we comm5ce ) ^? d]iv$ f n\ns1 bo? common & prop]1 :i* are some:at peculi> 9 _! "*4 ,i wi% y di/9ctly to be> 9 m9d ! use ( adjectives4 ,!y are words add$ to n\ns to def9e or describe !m4 ,_m words :i* "n ?+s1 are us$ z adjectives1 ) out *ange2 z1 ox beef1 beef cattle1 pap] books1 /raw hats1 bonnet pap]4 ,o!rs admit ( *ange1 or addition2 z1 national "*1 a m]ciful 7m]cy-ful7 man1 a gloomy prospect1 a famous horse1 a golden ball4 ,! syllables :i* are add$1 are p>ts ( words1 :i* are at fir/ comp\nd$ ) !m1 till1 by frequ5cy ( use1 !y are incorporat$ into ! same ^w4 ,a m]ciful man is "o :o is full ( m]cy4 ,a golden ball is "o made ( gold4 ,?is ^w is sometimes us$ )\t *ange2 z1 a gold r+4 ,a num]\s portion ( ^! words take ! syllable ly1 contract$ f l1 :i* is /ill reta9$ 9 _m words2 z1 ,judas-l1 lady-l1 g5tleman-l4 ,^! two la/ words1 are ( late1 occasionally us$ z o!r words1 ladyly1 g5tlemanly2 b ! la/ m frequ5tly ?an ! =m]4 ,%e behav$ v ladily1 or ladyl2 & 8 appe>ance 0 q g5tlemanly4 ,b to say ladily appe>ance1 does n yet s\nd q s(t en\gh2 b x is incorrect only because x is uncommon4 ,godly & godl are bo? 9 use1 & equally correct1 ) a nice %ade ( diff]5ce 9 mean+4 ,all gramm>ians h f\nd a difficulty 9 ! ^w l1 :i* !y 7 unable to unravel4 ,!y c\ld nev] acc\nt = its use 9 express+ a relation betwe5 two objectives4 ,!y =got t to be l1 "o ?+ mu/ be lik5$ to ano!r1 & t x 0 ! v mean+ ( ?is ^w to express su* lness4 ,john looks l 8 bro!r4 ,! looks1 ! c\nt5ance1 or appe>ance ( ,john1 are lik5$ to 8 bro!r's looks or appe>ance4 ,?is ma*9e is m l ! patt]n ?an any ,i h se54 ,"h ! adjective l takes ! comp>ative degree1 z x is call$1 to %[ a ne>] resemblance ?an has be5 be=e obs]v$ betwe5 ! ?+s comp>$4 ,he has a /atesman-l appe>ance4 ,i l ?is apple1 because x agrees ) my ta/e2 x has qualities l my notion ( :at is palateable4 ,9 e situation ! ^w is us$ to express lik5ess betwe5 two ?+s4 ,x describes "o ?+ by its lik5ess to ano!r4 ,_m adjectives are =m$ f prop] n\ns by add+ an apo/rophe & ! lett] s1 except :5 ! ^w ends 9 s1 9 :i* case ! f9al s is usually omitt$ = ! sake ( euphony4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n g5]ally adopt$ by old writ]s4 ,x is n obs]v$ 9 ! e>lie/ translations ( ! ,bible into ! engli% language4 ,x is n[ 9 common practice4 ,?us1 ,montgom]y's monum5t 9 front ( ,/4 ,paul's *ur*2 ,wa%+ton's fun]al2 ,%ay's rebelion2 ,engl&'s bitt]e/ foes2 ,hamlet's fa!r's gho/2 ,pet]'s wife's "m2 ,todd's1 ,walk]'s1 ,johnson's diction>y2 ,w9*ell's ,watts' hymns2 ,pond's ,murray's gramm>4 ,no body w\ld suppose t ! relation ( prop]ty or possession 0 express$ 9 ^! cases1 z our gramm> books tell u1 b t ! t]ms employ$ are us$ to def9e c]ta9 objects1 ab\t :i* we are speak+4 ,!y possess ! true "* & use ( adjectives1 & z su* let !m be reg>d$4 ,x mu/ be z false z frivol\s to say t ,montgom]y1 :o nobly fell at ! siege ( ,quebec1 owns ! monum5t erect$ ov] 8 rema9s1 :i* 7 convey$ to ,new-,york _m ye>s aft] 8 dea?2 or t ,/4 ,paul owns or possesses ! *ur* b5ea? :i* !y 7 deposit$2 t ,hamlet own$ 8 fa!r1 & 8 fa!r 8 gho/2 t ,todd owns ,walk]1 & ,walk] owns ,johnson1 & ,johnson 8 diction>y :i* may h _h a hundr$ own]s1 & nev] be5 ! prop]ty ( its au?or1 b pr9t$ fifty ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,^! words1 ,i repeat1 are m]ely def9itive t]ms1 & l o!rs s]ve to po9t out or specify p>ticul> objects :i* may ?us be bett] kn[n4 ,words1 h[ev]1 9 common use =m adjectives ! same z o!r words2 z1 ,russia iron1 ,*9a %ips1 ,india silks1 ,v]mont *eese1 ,orange c\nty butt]1 ,new-,york fl\r1 ,c>ol9a potatoes4 ,morocco lea!r 0 fir/ manufactur$ 9 a city ( ,africa call$ by t "n1 b x is n[ made 9 almo/ e t[n 9 our c\ntry4 ,! same may be said ( ,leghorn hats1 ,russia b9d+1 ,fr5* %oes1 & ,*9a w>e4 ,al?\gh made 9 our own c\ntry we /ill reta9 ! words1 morocco1 leghorn1 russia1 fr5*1 & *9a1 to def9e ! fa%ion1 k9d1 or quality ( articles to :i* we allude4 ,mu* *9a w>e is made 9 ,liv]pool1 :i*1 to di/+ui% x f ! real1 is call$ liv]pool *9a4 ,_m fr5* %oes are made 9 ,lynn1 & _m ,roxbury russets1 ,newton pipp9s1 & ,rhode-,isl& gre5+s1 gr[ 9 ,v]mont4 ,x may n be improp] "h to notice ! adjectives d]iv$ f pron\ns1 :i* reta9 s mu* ( _! "* z relates to ! p]sons :o employ !m4 ,^! are my1 ?y1 81 h]1 its1 our1 y\r1 _!1 ^:4 ,?is is my book1 t is y\r p51 ?is is 8 knife1 & t is h] lett]4 ,"s ( ^!1 l o!r words1 v>y _! end+ :5 /&+ alone2 z1 two apples are y\rs1 ?ree h]s1 six _!s1 five ours1 & ! re/ m9e4 ,8 does n alt] 9 popul> use4 ,h5ce ! reason :y y he> x s (t51 9 common conv]sation1 :5 /&+ )\t ! n\n express$1 pron\nc$ z if writt5 his54 ,! ^w o!r1 & "s o!rs1 come "u ! same rem>k4 ,:5 ! n\ns specifi$ are express$1 !y take ! regul> t]m9ation2 z1 give me ^! ,baldw9 apples1 & a few o!rs--a few o!r apples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a class ( small words :i* f ! frequ5cy ( _! use h1 l pron\ns1 lo/ _! primitive "*1 & are n[ pres]v$ only z adjectives4 ,let u exam9e a few ( !m by endeavor+ to f]ret out _! true mean+ & application 9 ! expression ( ideas4 ,we w beg9 ) ! old articles1 a1 an1 & !1 by te/+ ! tru? & propriety ( ! duty commonly assign$ to !m 9 our gramm>s4 ,! /&>d gramm> ass]ts t an article is a ^w prefix$ to sub/antives1 to po9t !m out1 & to %[ h[ f> _! signification ext5ds2 z1 a g>d51 an eagle1 ! woman4 ,skepticism 9 gramm> is no crime1 s we w n hesitate to call 9 "q ! correctness ( ?is be/ ( all gramm>s beyond all comp>ison4 ,let u consid] ! v examples giv54 ,!y 7 d\btless ! be/ t c\ld be f\nd4 ,does a po9t out ! g>d51 or %[ h[ f> its signification ext5ds8 ,x does nei!r ( ^! ?+s4 ,x may "n any g>d51 & x c]ta9ly does n def9e :e!r x is a great or a small "o4 ,x simply det]m9es t "o g>d5 is ! subject ( rem>k4 ,all else is to be det]m9$ by ! ^w g>d54 ,we are told !re are two articles1 ! "o 9def9ite1 ! o!r def9ite--a is ! =m]1 & ! ! latt]4 ,i %all leave x ) y to reconcile ! app>5t contradiction ( an indef9ite article :i* is us$ 9 a vague s5se1 to po9t out ! signification ( ano!r ^w4 ,b ,i *all5ge tea*]s to make _! pupils compreh5d su* a j>gon1 if !y c d x !mselves4 ,b x is z good s5se z we f9d 9 _m ( ! popul> gramm>s ( ! day4 ,aga91 ,murray says a becomes an be=e a v[el or sil5t h2 & s say all 8 simplify+ satellites aft] him4 ,is su* ! fact8 ,is he "r8 ,he is1 ,i mo/ unqualifi$ly admit1 ) ?is little correction1 ! addition ( a s+le ^w--he is "r wrong6 ,in/ead ( a becom+ an1 ! rev]se is ! fact4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ directly f ! same ^w :i* /ill /&s z our fir/ num]al4 ,x 0 a %ort "t s9ce writt5 ane1 z any "o may see by consult+ all old books4 ,by & by x dropp$ ! e1 & aft]w>ds1 = ! sake ( euphony1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! n1 s t n[ x /&s a s+le lett]4 ,y all h liv$ long en\gh to h notic$ ! *anges 9 ! ^w4 ,=m]ly we said an union1 an holiday1 an univ]sali/1 an unit>ian1 c41 expressions :i* are n[ r>ely he>d4 ,we n[ say a union1 c4 ,?is s+le in/ance proves t arbitr>y rules ( gramm> h little to d 9 ! regulation ( language4 ,its b>ri]s are ( s&1 soon remov$4 ,x w n be said t ?is is an unimportant mi/ake1 =1 if an error1 x is p]nici\s1 & if a gramm>ian kn[s en\gh to say t a becomes an1 he ought to "k t he tells a falsehood1 & t an becomes a "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,mr4 ,murray gives ! foll[+ example to illu/rate ! use ( a4 ,give me a book2 t is1 any book4 ,h[ c ! le>n] und]/& su* a rule8 ,h[ w x apply8 ,let u try x4 ,a man has a wife2 t is1 any man has any wife4 ,i h a hat2 t is1 any hat4 ,a f>m] has a f>m--any f>m] has any f>m4 ,a m]*ant 9 ,bo/on has a beautiful piece ( broadclo?--any m]*ant 9 ,bo/on has any beautiful piece ( broadclo?4 ,a c]ta9 k+ ( ,europe decre$ a prote/ant to be burn$--any k+ ( ,europe decre$ any prote/ant to be burn$4 ,h[ ridicul\s are ! rules we h le>n$ & taught to o!rs1 to enable !m to speak & write ) propriety4 ,no wond] we nev] und]/ood gramm>1 if s at v>iance ) tru? & e day's exp]i5ce4 ,! rules ( gramm> z usually taught c nev] be obs]v$ 9 practice4 ,h5ce x is call$ a dry /udy4 ,9 e ?+ else we le>n some?+ t we c und]/&1 :i* w answ] "s good purpose 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,b ?is bran* ( sci5ce is among ! ?+s :i* h be5 t$i\sly le>n$ to no purpose4 ,no good acc\nt c be giv5 ( its advantages4 ,!1 we are told1 is call$ ! def9ite article1 because x asc]ta9s :at p>ticul> ?+ or ?+s are meant4 ,a mo/ un=tunate def9ition1 & q z errone\s z ! =m]4 ,let u try x4 ,! />s %9e1 ! lion ro>s1 ! camel is a bea/ ( burd51 ! de] is good = food1 ! w9d bl[s1 ! cl\ds appe>1 ! ,indians are abus$4 ,:at is !re 9 ^! examples1 :i* asc]ta9 :at p>ticul> ?+ or ?+s are meant8 ,!y are expressions z 9def9ite z we c imag9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %\ld ,i say a /> %9es1 a lion ro>s1 an ,indian is abus$1 a w9d bl[s1 a cl\d appe>s1 y w\ld und]/& me to allude v def9itely to "o p>ticul> object1 z sep>ate & di/+ui%$ f o!rs ( its k9d4 ,b :at is ! wond]ful peculi>ity 9 ! mean+ & use ( ^! two little words t makes !m s unlike e ?+ else1 z to dem& a sep>ate "p ( spee*8 ,y may be surpris$ :5 ,i tell y t !re are o!r words 9 our language d]iv$ f ! same s\rce & possess$ ( ! same mean+2 b su* is ! fact1 z w soon appe>4 ,let u ask = ! etymology ( ^! important words4 ,a signifies "o1 nev] m1 nev] less4 ,9 ?is respect x is always def9ite4 ,x is sometimes appli$ to a s+le ?+1 sometimes to a :ole class ( ?+s1 to a "o man1 or to a "o hundr$ m54 ,x may be trac$ ?ro o!r languages1 anci5t & mod]n1 ) little modification 9 spell+2 ,greek eis1 e92 ,lat9 unus2 ,armoric unan2 ,spani% & ,italian uno2 ,portuguese hum2 ,fr5* un2 ,g]man e92 ,dani% e51 en2 ,dut* e52 ,sw$i% en2 ,saxon1 an1 a51 "o--f :i* ours is directly d]iv$--old ,engli% ane2 & m mod]nly "o1 an1 a4 ,9 all languages x def9es a ?+ to be "o1 a unit$ or congregat$ :ole1 & ! ^w "o may always be sub/itut$ )\t affect+ ! s5se4 ,f x is d]iv$ our ^w once1 :i* signifies on$1 unit$1 jo9$1 z we %all see :5 we come to speak ( contractions4 ,9 "s languages a is /yl$ an article1 9 o!rs x is n4 ,! ,lat91 = in/ance1 has no article1 & ! ,greek has no indef9ite4 ,b all languages h words :i* are l ours1 pure adjectives1 employ$ to specify c]ta9 ?+s4 ,! argum5t drawn f ! fact t "s o!r languages h articles1 & !re=e ours %\ld1 is fallaci\s4 ,! ,lat91 :i* 0 surpass$ = beauty ( /yle or p[] 9 deliv]ance by few1 if any o!rs1 nev] suff]$ f ! lack ( articles4 ,nor is !re any reason :y we %\ld honor two small adjectives ) t high rank to ! exclusion ( o!rs q z wor?y4 ,! is always us$ z a def9itive ^w1 ?o x is ! lea/ def9ite ( ! def9+ adjectives4 ,9 fact :5 we desire to asc]ta9 p>ticul>ly :at ?+ is meant1 we select "s m def9ite ^w4 ,give me ! books4 ,:i*8 ,^? ) r$ cov]s1 t 9 calf1 & ?is 9 ,russia b9d+4 ,! nations are at peace4 ,:at nations8 ,^? :i* 7 at w>4 ,y p]ceive h[ we employ words :i* are m def9ite1 t is1 bett] und]/ood1 to po9t out ! object ( conv]sation1 especially :5 !re is any d\bt 9 ! case4 ,:at occasion1 !n1 is !re to give ^! !8 words a sep>ate "p ( spee*1 s9ce 9 "* !y d n diff] f o!rs 9 ! language8 ,we w notice ano!r frivol\s di/9ction made by ,mr4 ,murray1 m]ely to %[ h[ le>n$ m5 may be mi/ak51 & ! folly ( tru/+ to special rules 9 ! g5]al application ( words4 ,he says1 ,?\ art a man1 is a v g5]al & h>mless expression2 b1 ?\ art ! man1 7z ,na?an said to ,david17 is an ass]tion capable ( /rik+ t]ror & remorse into ! he>t4 ,! di/9ction 9 mean+ "h1 on :i* he insi/s1 atta*es to ! articles a & !4 ,x is a suffici5t refutation ( ?is def9ition to make a c\nt] /atem5t4 ,suppose we say1 ,murray is ! be/ gramm>ian 9 ! _w2 or1 he is a fool1 a knave1 & a li>4 ,:i*1 ?9k y1 w\ld be consid]$ ! mo/ h>mless expression8 ,suppose x _h be5 said to ,a>on ,burr1 ?\ art a traitor1 or to ,g5]al ,william ,hull1 ?\ art a c[>d1 w\ld !y reg>d ! phrase z h>mless6 ,on ! o!r h&1 suppose a beautiful1 accompli%$1 & tal5t$ "y lady1 %\ld obs]ve to "o ( h] suitors1 ,i h receiv$ (f]s ( m>riage f sev]al g5tlem5 besides y\rself1 b ?\ art ! man ( my *oice2 w\ld x1 ?9k y1 /rike t]ror & remorse into 8 he>t8 ,i %\ld pity ! "y /ud5t ( ,murray ^: feel+s _h become s /oical f ! false tea*+ ( 8 au?or z to be fill$ ) t]ror & remorse "u su* favorable circum/ances1 :ile fair prospects ( future happ9ess 7 ?us rapidly bright5+ be=e him4 ,i speak z to ! wise1 judge ye :at ,i say4 ,! adjective t has obta9$ a v ext5sive application 9 language4 ,h[ev]1 x may seem to v>y 9 its diff]5t positions1 x /ill reta9s its primitive mean+4 ,x is compris$ ( ! & x1 ?ait1 !at1 ?aet 7,saxon17 ?ata 7,go?ic17 dat 7,dut*47 ,x is ! mo/ decid$ def9itive 9 our language4 ,x is by use appli$ to ?+s 9 ! s+ul>1 or to a multitude ( ?+s reg>d$ z a :ole4 ,by use1 x applies to a collection ( ideas express$ 9 a s5t5ce2 z1 x 0 resolv$1 t4 ,:at8 ,!n foll[s t fact :i* 0 resolv$4 ,provid$ t1 9 case he does s & s4 ,x 0 agre$ t1 t fact 0 agre$ to :i* is ab\t to be made kn[n4 ,i wi% y to und]/&1 all ?ro ^! lectures1 t ,i %all hone/ly endeavor to expose error & e/abli% tru?4 ,wi% y to und]/& :at8 t fact1 aft]w>ds /at$1 ,i %all endeavor1 c4 ,y c n mi/ake my mean+3 t w\ld be impossible4 ,:at w\ld be impossible8 ,:y1 to mi/ake my mean+4 ,y c n fail to obs]ve ! true "* ( ?is ^w call$ by our gramm>ians adjective pron\n1 relative pron\n1 & conjunction4 ,!y did n ?9k to look = its mean+4 ,_h t 7duty7 be5 done1 x w\ld h /ood =? 9 its true "*1 an important def9+ ^w4 ,! only difficulty 9 ! explanation ( ?is ^w1 orig9ates 9 ! fact1 t x 0 =m]ly appli$ to ! plural z well z s+ul> numb]4 ,x is n[ appli$ to ! s+ul> only :5 ref]r+ directly to an object2 z1 t man4 ,& x nev] %\ld be us$ o!rwise4 ,b we (t5 see phrases l ?is2 ,^! are ! m5 t rebel$4 ,x %\ld be1 ^! are ! m5 :o rebel$4 ,?is difficulty c n be ov]come 9 exi/+ gramm>s on any o!r gr\nd4 ,9 mod]n writ+s1 su* in/ances are r>e4 ,?is & t are appli$ to ! s+ul>2 ^! & ^? to ! plural4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is a comp\nd ( two orig9al words1 & (t5 reta9s ! mean+ ( bo?1 :5 employ$ z a comp\nd relative1 hav+ 9 itself bo? ! antec$5t & ! relative1 z our au?ors tell u4 ,b :5 x is dissect$1 x w readily en\gh be und]/ood to be an adjective1 def9+ ?+s "u p>ticul> relations4 ,b ,i %all we>y y\r pati5ce1 ,i fe>1 if ,i /ay long] 9 ?is place to exam9e ! etymology ( small words4 ,i int5d$ to h %[n ! mean+ & use ( _m words includ$ 9 ! li/ ( conjunctions1 :i* are truly adjectives1 su* z bo?1 z1 s1 nei!r1 &1 etc42 b ,i let !m pass = ! pres5t1 to be resum$ "u ! head ( contractions4 ,f ! view we h giv5 ( ?is class ( words1 we are sav$ ! t$i\sness ( /udy+ ! grammatical di/9ctions made 9 ! books1 :]e no real di/9ctions exi/4 ,9 "* ^! words are l adjectives2 _! mean+1 l ! mean+ ( all o!r words1 is peculi> to !mselves4 ,let t be kn[n1 & !re w be little difficulty 9 class+ !m4 ,we ne$ n confuse ! le>n] ) adjective pron\ns1 possessive adjective pron\ns1 di/ributive adjective pron\ns1 demon/rative adjective pron\ns1 indef9ite adjective pron\ns1 nor any o!r adjective pron\ns1 :i* c nev] be und]/ood nor expla9$4 ,*ildr5 w be sl[ to appreh5d ! propriety ( a union ( adjectives & pron\ns1 :5 told t ! =m] is always us$ ) a n\n1 & nev] = "o2 & ! latt] always = a n\n1 b nev] ) "o2 & yet1 t !re is su* a /range comb9ation z a di/ributive or indef9ite adjective pron\n1--confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,9 ! fr5* language1 ! g5d] ( adjectives is v>i$ s z to agree ) ! n\ns to :i* !y belong4 ,possessive pron\ns1 z !y are call$1 come "u ! same rule1 :i* proves !m to be 9 "*1 & =mation1 adjectives2 else ! p]son us+ !m mu/ *ange g5d]4 ,! fa!r says1 ma 7fem99e7 fille1 my daught]2 & ! "m1 mon 7mascul9e7 fils1 my son2 ! same z !y w\ld say1 bon p]e1 good fa!r2 bonne m]e1 good "m2 or1 9 ,lat91 bonus pat]1 or bona mat]2 or1 9 ,spani%1 bu5o padre1 bu5a madre4 ,9 ! two la/ languages1 z well z all o!rs1 :]e ! adjectives v>y ! t]m9ation s z to agree ) ! n\n1 ! same fact may be obs]v$ 9 ref]5ce to _! pron\ns4 ,if x is a fact t ^! words are pron\ns1 t is1 /& = o!r n\ns1 !n ! fa!r is fem99e1 & ! "m is mascul9e2 & :oev] uses !m 9 ref]5ce to ! opposite sex mu/ *ange g5d] to d s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,describ+ adjectives admit ( v>iation to express diff]5t degrees ( comp>ison4 ,! regul> degrees h be5 reckon$ ?ree2 positive1 comp>ative1 & sup]lative4 ,^! are usually m>k$ by *ang+ ! t]m9ation4 ,! positive is det]m9$ by a comp>ison ) o!r ?+s2 z1 a great h\se1 a small book1 comp>$ ) o!rs ( _! k9d4 ,?is is truly a comp>ative degree4 ,! comp>ative adds er2 z1 a greater h\se1 a smaller book4 ,! sup]lative1 e/2 z1 ! greate/ h\se1 ! smalle/ book4 ,sev]al adjectives express a comp>ison less ?an ! positive1 o!rs increase or dim9i% ! regul> degrees2 z1 :iti% :ite1 v :ite1 pure :ite2 :iter1 consid]able :it]1 mu* :it]2 :ite/1 ! v :ite/1 mu* ! :ite/ beyond all comp>ison1 s t !re c be none :it]1 nor s :ite4 ,we make an aukw>d use ( ! words great & good1 9 ! comp>ison ( ?+s2 z1 a good deal1 or great deal :it]2 a good _m m51 or a great _m m54 ,z we nev] he> ( a small deal1 or a bad deal :it]1 nor ( a bad _m1 nor little _m1 x w\ld be well to avoid su* phrases4 ,! words :i* are add$ to o!r adjectives1 to increase or dim9i% ! comp>ison1 or assi/ 9 _! def9ition1 may prop]ly be call$ second>y adjectives1 = su* is _! "*4 ,!y d n ref] to ! ?+ to be def9$ or describ$1 b to ! adjective :i* is affect$1 9 "s way1 by !m4 ,!y are easily di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by notic+ ?is fact4 ,take = example3 ,a v d>k r$ raw silk lady's dress h&k]*ief4 ,! resolution ( ?is s5t5ce w\ld /& ?us3 ,a 7 7 h&k]*ief4 ,a 7 7 r$ 7 7 h&k]*ief4 ,a 7 7 d>k r$ 7 7 h&k]*ief4 ,a v d>k r$ 7 7 h&k]*ief4 ,a v d>k r$ 7 7 silk 7 7 h&k]*ief4 ,a v d>k r$ raw silk 7 7 h&k]*ief4 ,a v d>k r$ raw silk 7 7 dress h&k]*ief4 ,a v d>k r$ raw silk lady's dress h&k]*ief4 ,we might also obs]ve t h& is an adjective1 comp\nd$ by use ) k]*ief4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! fr5* ^w c\vrir1 to cov]1 & *ef1 ! head4 ,x means a head dress1 a clo? to cov]1 a neck clo?1 a napk94 ,by habit we apply x to a s+le article1 & speak ( neck h&k]*ief4 ,! nice %ade ( mean+1 & ! appropriate use ( adjectives1 is m di/9ctly m>k$ 9 di/+ui%+ colors ?an 9 any ?+ else1 = ! simple reason1 t !re is no?+ 9 nature s closely obs]v$4 ,= in/ance1 take ! ^w gre51 d]iv$ f gra91 because x is gra9 color1 or ! color ( ! fair c>pet ( nature 9 spr+ & summ]4 ,b ?is hue *anges f ! deep grass gre51 to ! light olive1 & words are *os5 to express ! ?\s& v>y+ t9ts produc$ by z _m diff]5t objects4 ,9 ! adaptation ( language to ! expression ( ideas1 we d n sep>ate ^! %ades ( color f ! ?+s 9 :i* su* colors are suppos$ to reside4 ,h5ce we talk ( grass1 pea1 olive1 leek1 v]digris1 em]ald1 sea1 & bottle gre52 also1 ( light1 d>k1 m$ium2 v light1 or d>k grass1 pea1 olive1 or invisible gre54 ,r$1 z a ^w1 means ray$4 ,x describes ! appe>ance or sub/ance produc$ :5 ray$1 r$d5$1 or radiat$ by ! morn+ beams ( ! sun1 or any o!r radiat+ cause4 ,: is us$ = qu1 9 :ite1 :i* means q1 quit$1 quitt$1 cle>$1 cleans$ ( all color1 spot1 or /a94 ,blue is ano!r spell+ = blew4 ,appli$ to color1 x describes some?+ 9 appe>ance to ! sky1 :5 ! cl\ds & mi/s are bl[n away1 & ! cle> blue e!r appe>s4 ,y w be pleas$ ) ! foll[+ extract f an eloqu5t writ] ( ! la/ c5tury1#i :o1 ?o some:at extravagant 9 "s ( 8 speculations1 01 nev]!less1 a close obs]v] ( nature1 :i* he /udi$ z x is1 )\t ! aid ( human !ories4 ,! beauty ( ! /yle1 & ! correctness ( ! s5tim5t1 w be a suffici5t apology = its l5g?4 ,we %all employ a me?od1 n q s le>n$1 to convey an idea ( ! g5]ation ( colors1 & ! decomposition ( ! sol> ray4 ,in/ead ( exam9+ !m 9 a prism ( glass1 we %all consid] !m 9 ! heav5s1 & !re we %all behold ! five primordial col\rs unfold !mselves 9 ! ord] :i* we h indicat$4 ,9 a f9e summ]'s night1 :5 ! sky is load$ only ) "s light vap\rs1 suffici5t to /op & to refract ! rays ( ! sun1 walk out into an op5 pla91 :]e ! fir/ fires ( ,aurora may be p]ceptible4 ,y w fir/ obs]ve ! horizon :it5 at ! spot :]e %e is to make h] appe>ance2 & ?is radiance1 f its col\r1 has procur$ = x1 9 ! ,fr5* language1 ! "n ( aube1 7! dawn17 f ! ,lat9 ^w alba1 :ite4 ,?is :it5ess ins5sibly asc5ds 9 ! heav5s1 assum+ a t9t ( yell[ "s degrees above ! horizon2 ! yell[ z x rises passes into orange2 & ?is %ade ( orange rises upw>d into ! lively v]milion1 :i* ext5ds z f> z ! z5i?4 ,f t po9t y w p]ceive 9 ! heav5s beh9d y ! violet succe$+ ! v]milion1 !n ! azure1 aft] x ! deep blue or indigo col\r1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! black1 q to ! we/w>d4 ,?\gh ?is display ( col\rs pres5ts a multitude ( int]m$iate %ades1 :i* rapidly succe$ ea* o!r1 yet at ! mom5t ! sun is go+ to exhibit 8 disk1 ! dazzl+ :ite is visible 9 ! horizon1 ! pure yell[ at an elevation ( =ty-five degrees2 ! fire color 9 ! z5i?2 ! pure blue =ty-five degrees "u x1 t[>d ! we/2 & 9 ! v we/ ! d>k veil ( night /ill l+]+ on ! horizon4 ,i ?9k ,i h rem>k$ ?is progression betwe5 ! tropics1 :]e !re is sc>cely any horizontal refraction to make ! light prematurely encroa* on ! d>kness1 z 9 our climates4 ,sometimes ! trade-w9ds1 f ! nor?-ea/ or s\?-ea/1 bl[ !re1 c>d ! cl\ds ?r\gh ea* o!r1 !n sweep !m to ! we/1 cross+ & recross+ !m ov] "o ano!r1 l ! osi]s int]wov5 9 a transp>5t basket4 ,!y ?r[ ov] ! sides ( ?is *equ]$ "w ! cl\ds :i* are n employ$ 9 ! contexture1 roll !m up into enorm\s masses1 z :ite z sn[1 draw !m out along _! extremities 9 ! =m ( a crupp]1 & pile !m ^u ea* o!r1 m\ld+ !m into ! %ape ( m\nta9s1 cav]ns1 & rocks2 aft]w>ds1 z ev5+ approa*es1 !y gr[ some:at calm1 z if afraid ( d]ang+ _! own workman%ip4 ,:5 ! sun sets beh9d ?is magnific5t nett+1 a multitude ( lum9\s rays are transmitt$ ?r\gh ! int]/ices1 :i* produce su* an effect1 t ! two sides ( ! loz5ge illum9at$ by !m h ! appe>ance ( be+ girt ) gold1 & ! o!r two 9 ! %ade seem t+$ ) ruddy orange4 ,f\r or five div]g5t /reams ( light1 emanat$ f ! sett+ sun up to ! z5i?1 clo! ) fr+es ( gold ! undet]m9ate summits ( ?is cele/ial b>ri]1 & /rike ) ! reflexes ( _! fires ! pyramids ( ! collat]al a]ial m\nta9s1 :i* !n appe> to consi/ ( silv] & v]milion4 ,at ?is mom5t ( ! ev5+ are p]ceptible1 amid/ _! r$\bl$ ridges1 a multitude ( valleys ext5d+ into inf9ity1 & di/+ui%+ !mselves at _! op5+ by "s %ade ( fle% or ( rose col\r4 ,^! cele/ial valleys pres5t 9 _! diff]5t cont\rs inimitable t9ts ( :ite1 melt+ away into :ite1 or %ades l5g!n+ !mselves out )\t mix+ ov] o!r %ades4 ,y see1 "h & !re1 issu+ f ! cav]n\s sides ( ^? m\nta9s1 tides ( light precipitat+ !mselves1 9 +ots ( gold & silv]1 ov] rocks ( coral4 ,"h x is a gloomy rock1 pi]c$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 disclos+1 beyond ! ap]ture1 ! pure azure ( ! firmam5t2 !re x is an ext5sive /r&1 cov]$ ) s&s ( gold1 /ret*+ ov] ! ri* gr\nd ( heav52 poppy-col\r$1 sc>let1 & gre5 z ! em]ald4 ,! rev]b]ation ( ^? we/]n col\rs diffuses itself ov] ! sea1 ^: azure bill[s x glazes ) saffron & purple4 ,! m>9]s1 lean+ ov] ! gunwale ( ! %ip1 admire 9 sil5ce ^? a]ial l&scapes4 ,sometimes ?is sublime spectacle pres5ts itself to !m at ! h\r ( pray]1 & seems to invite !m to lift up _! he>ts ) _! voices to ! heav5s4 ,x *anges e in/ant into =ms z v>iable z ! %ades1 pres5t+ cele/ial colors & =ms :i* no p5cil c pret5d to imitate1 & no language c describe4 ,travell]s :o h1 at v>i\s seasons1 asc5d$ to ! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s on ! globe1 nev] c\ld p]ceive1 9 ! cl\ds bel[ !m1 any ?+ b a gray & lead-color$ surface1 simil> to t ( a lake4 ,! sun1 not)/&+1 illum9at$ !m ) 8 :ole light2 & 8 rays might !re comb9e all ! laws ( refraction to :i* our sy/ems ( physics h subject$ !m4 ,h5ce n a s+le %ade ( color is employ$ 9 va91 ?r\gh ! univ]se2 ^? cele/ial decorations be+ made = ! level ( ! e>?1 _! magnific5t po9t ( view tak5 f ! habitation ( man4 ,^! admirable conc]ts ( lights & =ms1 manife/ only 9 ! l[] region ( ! cl\ds ! lea/ illum9at$ by ! sun1 are produc$ by laws ) :i* ,i am totally unacqua9t$4 ,b ! :ole are r$ucible to five colors3 yell[1 a g5]ation f :ite2 r$1 a deep] %ade ( yell[2 blue1 a /rong t9t ( r$2 & black1 ! extreme t9t ( blue4 ,?is progression _c be d\bt$1 on obs]v+ 9 ! morn+ ! expansion ( ! light 9 ! heav5s4 ,y !re see ^? five colors1 ) _! int]m$iate %ades1 g5]at+ ea* o!r ne>ly 9 ?is ord]3 :ite1 sulphur yell[1 lemon yell[1 yolk ( egg yell[1 orange1 aurora color1 poppy r$1 full r$1 c>m9e r$1 purple1 violet1 azure1 indigo1 & black4 ,ea* color seems to be only a /rong t9t ( t :i* prec$es x1 & a fa9t t9t ( t :i* foll[s2 ?us ! :ole toge!r appe> to be only modulations ( a progression1 ( :i* :ite is ! fir/ t]m1 & black ! la/4 ,inde$ trade _c be c>ri$ on to any advantage1 ) ! ,negroes1 ,t>t>s1 ,am]icans1 & ,ea/-,indians1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( r$ clo?s4 ,! te/imonies ( travell]s are unanim\s respect+ ! pref]5ce univ]sally giv5 to ?is color4 ,i h indicat$ ! univ]sality ( ?is ta/e1 m]ely to demon/rate ! falsehood ( ! philosophic axiom1 t ta/es are arbitr>y1 or t !re are 9 ,nature no laws = beauty1 & t our ta/es are ! effects ( prejudice4 ,! direct contr>y ( ?is is ! tru?2 prejudice corrupts our natural ta/es1 o!rwise ! same ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,) r$ ,nature height5s ! brilliant p>ts ( ! mo/ beautiful fl[]s4 ,%e has giv5 a complete clo?+ ( x to ! rose1 ! que5 ( ! g>d53 & be/[$ ?is t9t on ! blood1 ! pr9ciple ( life 9 animals3 %e inve/s mo/ ( ! fea!r$ race1 9 ,india1 ) a plumage ( ?is color1 especially 9 ! season ( love2 & !re are few birds )\t "s %ades1 at lea/1 ( ?is ri* hue4 ,"s pres]ve entirely ! gray or br[n gr\nd ( _! plumage1 b glaz$ ov] ) r$1 z if !y _h be5 roll$ 9 c>m9e2 o!rs are bespr9kl$ ) r$1 z if y _h bl[n a sc>let p[d] ov] !m4 ,! r$ 7or ray$7 color1 9 ! mid/ ( ! five primordial colors1 is ! h>monic expression ( !m by way ( excell5ce2 & ! result ( ! union ( two contr>ies1 light & d>kness4 ,!re are1 besides1 agreeable t9ts1 comp\nd$ ( ! oppositions ( extremes4 ,= example1 ( ! second & f\r? color1 t is1 ( yell[ & blue1 is =m$ gre51 :i* con/itutes a v beautiful h>mony1 & ought1 p]haps1 to possess ! second rank 9 beauty1 among colors1 z x possesses ! second 9 _! g5]ation4 ,nay1 gre5 appe>s to _m1 if n ! mo/ beautiful t9t1 at lea/ ! mo/ lovely1 because x is less dazzl+ ?an r$1 & m cong5ial to ! eye4 ,_m words come "u ! example previ\sly giv5 to illu/rate ! second>y "* ( adjectives1 :i* %\ld be c>efully notic$ by ! le>n]1 to di/+ui% :e!r !y def9e or describe ?+s1 or are add$ to increase ! di/9ction made by ! adjectives !mselves1 = bo? def9+ & describ+ adjectives admit ( ?is addition2 z1 old ,engli% co91 ,new ,engl& rebelion2 a m\nt$ :ip1 & a gold m\nt$ sword--n a gold sword2 a v f9e ,lat9 s*ol>4 ,second>y adjectives1 also1 admit ( comp>ison 9 v>i\s ways2 z1 de>ly belov$1 a m belov$1 ! be/ belov$1 ! v be/ belov$ bro!r4 ,words =m]ly call$ prepositions1 admit ( comp>ison1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$4 ,b5hadad fl$ into an inn] *amb]4 ,! 9n] temple4 ,! 9mo/ recesses ( ! he>t4 ,! out fit ( a squadron4 ,! outer coat+ ( a vessel1 or h\se4 ,! utmo/ rea* ( gramm>4 ,! up & d[n hill side ( a field4 ,! upp] end ( ! lot4 ,! upp]mo/ seats4 ,a "p ( ! book4 ,take x f>!r (f4 ,! (f ca/4 ,india beyond ! ,ganges4 ,f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! nation4 ,i %all g to ! city4 ,i am ne> to ! t[n4 ,ne> does n qualify ! v]b1 = x has no?+ to d ) x4 ,i c exi/ 9 "o place z well z ano!r4 ,x is bel[ ! surface2 v f> bel[ x4 ,x is above ! e>?--high above all height4 ,su* expressions frequ5tly occur 9 ! expression ( ideas1 & are correctly und]/ood2 z difficult z x may h be5 to describe !m ) ! !ories le>n$ 9 ! books--sometimes call+ !m "o ?+1 sometimes ano!r--:5 _! "* & mean+ 0 un*ang$1 or1 accord+ to old sy/ems1 _h no mean+ at all ( _! own6 ,b ,i fe> ,i h gone f> beyond y\r pati5ce1 &1 p]haps1 ent]$ deep] into ?is subject ?an 0 necess>y1 to enable y to discov] my mean+4 ,i desir$ to make ! subject z di/9ct z possible1 t all might see ! important improvem5t sugge/$4 ,i am appreh5sive ev5 n[1 t "s w be compell$ to ?9k _m pr(\nd ?\ghts be=e !y w see ! end ( ! obscurity "u :i* !y h long be5 %r\d$1 9 ref]5ce to ! false rules :i* !y h be5 taught4 ,b we h "o consolation--^? :o are n bewild]$ by ! gramm>s !y h tri$ 9 va9 to und]/&1 w n be v likely to make a wrong use ( adjectives1 especially if !y h ideas to express2 = !re is no m dang] ( mi/ak+ an adjective = a n\n1 or v]b1 ?an !re is ( mi/ak+ a horse *e/nut = a *e/nut horse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 our next we %all comm5ce ! consid]ation ( ,v]bs1 ! mo/ important dep>tm5t 9 ! sci5ce ( language1 & p>ticul>ly s 9 ! sy/em we are def5d+4 ,i hope y h n be5 un9t]e/$ ?us f> 9 ! prosecution ( ! subject ( language1 & ,i am confid5t y w n be 9 :at rema9s to be said ^u x4 ,! sci5ce1 s long reg>d$ dry & un9t]e/+1 becomes delightful & easy2 new & valuable tru?s bur/ ^u u at ea* advanc+ /ep1 & we feel to bless ,god = ! ample means af=d$ u = obta9+ k f1 & communicat+ x to o!rs1 on ! mo/ important affairs ( "t & et]nity4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,unpleasant to expose error4--,v]bs def9$4--,e ?+ acts4-- ,actor & object4--,laws4--,man4--,animals4--,vege tables4--,m9]als4-- ,neutrality degrad+4--,nobody c expla9 a neut] v]b4--,"o k9d ( v]bs4--,y mu/ decide4--,importance ( tea*+ *ildr5 ! tru?4--,active v]bs4--,transitive v]bs false4--,samples4--,neut] v]bs exam9$4--,sit4--,sleep4--,/&4--,lie4--,o p9ion ( ,mrs4 ,w4--,anecdote4 ,we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( t class ( words :i* 9 ! =mation ( language are call$ ,v]bs4 ,y w all[ me to bespeak y\r favorable att5tion1 & to insi/ mo/ /r5u\sly on ! propriety ( a free & ?oro exam9ation into ! nature & use ( ^! words4 ,i %all be "u ! necessity ( p]=m+ ! ?ankless task ( expos+ ! errors ( hone/1 wise1 & good m51 9 ord] to remove difficulties :i* h long exi/$ 9 works on language1 & cle> ! way = a m easy & consi/5t explanation ( ?is int]e/+ & ess5tial dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 ,i regret ! necessity = su* labors2 b no p]son :o wi%es ! improvem5t ( mank9d1 or is will+ to aid ! gr[? ( ! human intellect1 9 its high aspirations aft] tru?1 k1 & goodness1 %\ld %r9k f a frank exposition ( :at he deems to be error1 nor refuse 8 assi/ance1 feeble ?o x may be1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( correct pr9ciples4 ,9 =m] lectures we h conf9$ our rem>ks to ?+s & a description ( _! *>act]s & relations1 s t e entity ( :i* we c conceive a ?\ght1 or conc]n+ :i* we c =m an expression1 has be5 def9$ & describ$ 9 ! use ( n\ns & adjectives4 ,e ?+ 9 creation1 ( :i* we ?9k1 mat]ial or immat]ial1 real or imag9>y1 & to :i* we give a "n1 to repres5t ! idea ( x1 comes "u ! class ( words call$ n\ns4 ,! words :i* specify or di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r1 or describe its prop]ties1 "*1 or relations1 are designat$ z adjectives4 ,!re is only "o o!r employm5t left = words1 & t is ! expression ( ! actions1 *anges1 or inh]5t t5d5cies ( ?+s4 ,?is important dep>tm5t ( k is1 9 gramm>1 class$ "u ! head ( ,v]bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v]b is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 v]bum1 :i* signifies a ^w4 ,by specific application x is appli$ to ^? words only :i* express action1 correctly und]/ood2 ! same z ,bible1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek biblos means lit]ally ! book1 b1 by way ( em95ce1 is appli$ to ! sacr$ scriptures only4 ,?is int]e/+ class ( words does n deviate f ! correct pr9ciples :i* we h hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ^! lectures4 ,x dep5ds on e/abli%$ laws1 ex]t$ 9 ! regulation ( matt] & ?\ght2 & :oev] w\ld le>n its sublime use mu/ be a close obs]v] ( ?+s1 & ! mode ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! important "* x su/a9s 9 ! production ( ideas ( ! *anges & t5d5cies ( ?+s & 9 ! transmission ( ?\ght1 w be f\nd simple1 & obvi\s to all4 ,?+s exi/2 ,n\ns "n !m4 ,?+s diff]2 ,adjectives def9e or describe !m4 ,?+s act2 ,v]bs express _! actions4 ,all ,v]bs d5ote action4 ,by action1 we mean n only p]ceivable motion1 b an inh]5t t5d5cy to *ange1 or resi/ action4 ,x matt]s n :e!r we speak ( animals possess$ ( ! p[] ( locomotion2 ( vegetables1 :i* s5d =? _! bran*es1 leaves1 blossoms1 & fruits2 or ( m9]als1 :i* reta9 _! =ms1 positions1 & prop]ties4 ,! same pr9ciples are conc]n$1 ! same laws exi/1 & %\ld be obs]v$ 9 all our attempts to und]/& _! op]ations1 or employ !m 9 ! promotion ( human good4 ,e ?+ acts accord+ to ! ability x possesses2 f ! small p>ticle ( s&1 :i* occupies its place ^u ! sea %ore1 up ?ro ! v>i\s gradation ( be+1 to ! tall ar*angel1 :o b[s & wor%ips be=e ! ?rone ( ! uncreat$ ,cause ( all ?+s & actions :i* exi/ ?ro out 8 va/ dom9ions4 ,z all actions presuppose an actor1 s e action mu/ result on "s object4 ,no effect c exi/ )\t an effici5t cause to produce x2 & no cause c exi/ )\t a correspond+ effect result+ f x4 ,^! mutual relations1 helps1 & dep5d5cies1 are manife/ 9 all creation4 ,philosophy1 religion1 ! arts1 & all sci5ce1 s]ve only to develope ^! prim>y laws ( nature1 :i* unite & /r5g!n1 comb9e & regulate1 pres]ve & guide ! :ole4 ,f ! ,et]nal ,i ,,am1 ! uncreat$1 self-exi/5t1 self-su/a9+ ,cause ( all ?+s1 d[n to ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( du/1 evid5ces may be trac$ ( ! exi/5ce & influ5ce ( ^! laws1 9 !mselves irresi/ible1 exceptionless1 & immutable4 ,e ?+ has a place & a duty assign$ x2 & h>mony1 peace1 & p]fection are ! results ( a c>eful & judici\s obs]vance ( ! laws giv5 = its regulation4 ,any infr+em5t ( ^! laws w produce disord]1 confusion1 & di/raction4 ,man is made a little l[] ?an ! angels1 possess$ ( a m9d capable ( reason1 improvem5t1 & happ9ess2 an intellectual s\l inhabit+ a mortal body1 ! connect+ l9k betwe5 e>? & heav5--! mat]ial & spiritual _w4 ,z a physical be+1 he is subject1 9 common ) o!r ?+s1 to ! laws :i* regulate matt]3 z an intellectual be+1 he is gov]n$ by ! laws :i* regulate m9d3 z possess$ ( bo? a body & m9d1 a code ( moral laws dem& 8 obs]vance 9 all ! social relations & duties ( life4 ,ob$i5ce to ^! laws is ! c]ta9 s\rce ( heal? ( body1 & peace ( m9d4 ,an infr+em5t ( !m w z c]ta9ly be att5d$ ) disease & suff]+ to ! "o1 & sorr[ & angui% to ! o!r4 ,l[] grades ( animals p>take ( _m qualities 9 common ) man4 ,9 "s !y are defici5t2 9 o!rs !y are sup]ior4 ,"s animals are possess$ ( all b reason1 & ev5 9 t1 ! highe/ ( !m come v little %ort ( ! l[e/ ( ! human species4 ,if !y h n reason1 !y possess an in/9ct :i* ne>ly approa*es x4 ,^! qualities dw9dle d[n gradually ?ro ! v>i\s ord]s & v>ieties ( animat$ nature1 to ! l[e/ grade ( animalculae1 a multitude ( :i* may inhabit a s+le drop ( wat]2 or to ! zoophytes & ly?ophytes1 :i* =m ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+dom2 z ! />-fi%1 ! polypus1 & spunges4 ,!n /rike (f into ano!r k+dom1 & obs]ve ! laws vegetable life4 ,m>k ! tall p9e :i* has gr[n f a small se$ :i* s5t =? its root d[nw>ds & its trunk upw>ds1 draw+ n\ri%m5t f e>?1 air1 & wat]1 till x n[ waves its top to ! pass+ breeze1 a hundr$ feet above ?is dirty e>?3 or ! oak or olive1 :i* h ma9ta9$ _! respective positions a doz5 c5turies despite ! op]ations ( w9d & wea!r1 & h %$ _! foliage & _! se$s to propagate _! species & ext5d _! k9ds to diff]5t places4 ,:ile a hundr$ g5]ations h liv$ & di$1 & ! c\ntry (t5 *ang$ ma/]s1 !y resi/ oppression1 scorn misrule1 & reta9 rights & privileges :i* are sl[ly encroa*$ ^u by ! inroads ( "t1 :i* w "o day triumph ov] !m1 & !y fall helpless to ! e>?1 to submit to ! *emical op]ations :i* %all dissolve _! v be+ & cause !m to m+le ) ! common du/1 yield+ _! /r5g? to give life & p[] to o!r vegetables :i* %all occupy _! places4#aj ,or m>k ! liv+ pr9ciple 9 ! s5sitive plant1 :i* )]s at e t\*1 & suff]s long ere x rega9s its =m] vigor4 ,desc5d f !nce1 d[n ?ro ! v>i\s gradations ( vegetable life1 till y pass ! n>r[ bord] & ent] ! m9]al _w4 ,"h y w see display$ ! same sublime pr9ciple1 ?o 9 a modifi$ degree4 ,m9]als assume diff]5t %apes1 hues & relations2 !y increase & dim9i%1 atta* & divide "u v>i\s circum/ances1 all ! :ile reta9+ _! id5tity & prop]ties1 & ex]t+ _! abilities accord+ to ! means !y possess1 till compell$ to yield to a sup]ior p[]1 & le>n to submit to ! laws :i* op]ate 9 e dep>tm5t ( ?is mutable _w4 ,e ?+ acts accord+ to ! ability ,god has be/[$ ^u x2 & man c d no m4 ,he has au?ority ov] all ?+s on e>?1 & yet he is made to dep5d ^u all4 ,8 au?ority ext5ds no f>!r ?an a privilege1 "u :olesome re/rictions1 ( mak+ ! :ole subs]vi5t to 8 real good4 ,:5 he goes beyond ?is1 he usurps a p[] :i* belongs n to him1 & ! de/ruction ( 8 happ9ess pays ! =feit ( 8 imprud5ce4 ,! injur$ p[] rises triumphant ov] ! aggressor1 & ! glory ( ,god's gov]nm5t1 9 ! righte\s & imm$iate execution ( 8 laws1 is cle>ly reveal$4 ,s long z man obeys ! laws :i* regulate heal?1 obs]ves temp]ance 9 all ?+s1 uses ! ?+s ( ?is _w z n abus+ !m1 he is at re/1 he is bless$1 he is happy3 b no soon] has he violat$ heav5's law ?an he becomes ! slave1 & ! s]vant assumes ! ma/]4 ,b ,i am digress+4 ,i w\ld gladly foll[ ?is subject fur!r1 b ,i %all g beyond my limits1 &1 x may be1 y\r pati5ce4 ,i w\ld insi/1 h[ev]1 on ! facts to :i* y\r att5tion has be5 giv51 = x is impossible1 z ,i h be=e cont5d$1 to use language correctly )\t a k ( ! ?+s & ideas x is employ$ to repres5t4 ,grovell+1 inde$1 mu/ be ! m9d :i* w n trace ! sublime exhibitions ( ,div9e p[] & skill 9 all ! op]ations ( nature2 & false mu/ be t !ory :i* tea*es ! "y m9d to ?9k & speak ( neutrality z atta*$ to ?+s :i* d exi/4 ,z l[ & debas+ z ! speculations ( ! s*oolm5 71 !y gave to ?+s :i* !y conceiv$ to be incapable ( action1 a pr9ciple :i* !y call$ vis in]tiae1 or1 p[] to lie /ill4 ,%all our sy/ems ( in/ruction desc5d bel[ !m1 ?r[ an insurm\ntable b>ri] 9 ! way ( human improvem5t1 & tea* ! false pr9ciples t actions c exi/ )\t an effect1 or t !re is a class ( words :i* express nei!r action or passion4 ,su* a !ory is at w> ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( philosophy1 & d5ies t l causes produce l effects4 ,! able/ m9ds h nev] be5 able to expla9 ! f\ndation ( a neut] v]b1 or to f9d a s+le ^w1 ) a solit>y exception1 :i* does n1 9 c]ta9 conditions1 express a positive action1 & t]m9ate on a def9ite object2 & t exception we %all see ref]s to a v]b :i* expresses ! highe/ degree ( conceivable action4 ,/ill !y h insi/$ on ?ree & "s on f\r k9ds ( v]bs1 "o express+ action1 ano!r passion or suff]+1 & ! ?ird neutrality4 ,we propose to (f] a brief review ( ^! di/9ctions1 :i* h s long p]plex$1 n only le>n]s1 b tea*]s !mselves1 & be5 ! fruitful s\rce ( mu* diss5tion among gramm>ians4 ,x is to be hop$ y w come up to ?is "w ) z great c&or z y h h]et(ore manife/$1 & z fully resolv$ to take no?+ = grant$1 because x has be5 said by good or great m51 & to reject no?+ because x appe>s new or s+ul>4 ,let tru? be our object & reason our guide to direct u to x4 ,we c n fail ( arriv+ at safe & correct conclusions4 ,mr4 ,murray tells u t v]bs are ( ?ree k9ds1 active1 passive1 & neut]4 ,9 a note he admits ( active transitive & intransitive v]bs1 z a subdivision ( 8 fir/ k9d4 ,mo/ ( 8 improv]s h adopt$ ?is di/9ction1 & reg>d x z ( ess5tial importance4 ,we %all cont5d1 z be=e express$1 t all v]bs are ( "o k9d1 t !y express action1 = ! simple yet sublime reason1 t e ?+ acts1 at all times1 & "u e possible condition2 accord+ to ! true def9ition ( action z und]/ood & employ$ by all writ]s on gramm>1 & natural & moral sci5ce4 ,"h we are at issue4 ,bo?1 cont5d+ = pr9ciples s opposite1 c n be correct4 ,"o or ! o!r1 h[ev] pure ! motives1 mu/ be atta*$ to a sy/em wrong 9 !ory1 & ( c\rse p]nici\s 9 practice4 ,y are to be ! umpires 9 ! case1 &1 if y are fai?ful to y\r tru/1 y w n be brib$ or influ5c$ 9 ! lea/ by ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,if dive/$ ( all =m] atta*m5ts1 if free f all prejudice1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! safety & correctness ( y\r conclusions4 ,b ,i am appreh5sive ,i expect too mu*1 if ,i place ! new sy/em ( gramm> on a foot+ equally favorable 9 y\r m9ds ) ^? y h be5 taught to respect1 z ! only true expositions ( language1 f y\r *ildhood up1 & :i* are recomm5d$ to y on ! au?ority ( ! le>n$ & good ( _m g5]ations4 ,i h to combat e>ly prejudices1 & sy/ems long consid]$ z almo/ sacr$4 ,b ,i h 9 my favor ! common s5se ( ! _w1 & a feel+ ( opposition to exi/+ sy/ems1 :i* has be5 produc$1 n s mu* by a detection ( _! errors1 z by a lack ( capacity1 z ! le>n] v]ily ?\ght1 to und]/& _! pr(\nd my/]ies4 ,i am1 !re=e1 will+ to risk ! f9al decision ) y1 if y w decide4 ,b ,i am n will+ to h y made ! tools ( ! opposite p>ty1 det]m9$1 :e!r conv9c$ or n1 to hold to y\r old neut] v]b sy/ems1 "r or wrong1 m]ely because o!rs are do+ s4 ,all ,i ask is y\r adoption ( :at is prov$ to be und5iably true1 & rejection ( :atev] is f\nd to be false4 ,"h is :]e ! matt] mu/ re/1 = x w n be pret5d$ t x is bett] to tea* falsehood because x is anci5t & popul>1 ?an tru? because x is novel4 ,tea*]s1 9 ?is respect1 /& 9 a mo/ responsible relation to _! pupils4 ,!y %\ld always insi/ ) an unyield+ p]t9acity1 on ! importance ( tru?1 & ! evils ( error4 ,e trifl+ incid5t1 9 ! c\rse ( education1 :i* w s]ve to %[ ! contra/1 %\ld be p>ticul>ly obs]v$4 ,if an error c be detect$ 9 _! books1 !y %\ld be s taught z to be able to correct x2 & !y %\ld be s incl9$ z to be will+ to d x4 ,!y %\ld n be skeptics1 h[ev]1 b close obs]v]s1 orig9al ?9k]s1 & correct reason]s4 ,x is degrad+ to ! true dignity & indep5d5ce ( man1 to submit bl9dly to any proposition4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght is ! prov9ce ( all4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be made to brea! ! free air ( hone/ inquiry1 & to inhale ! sweet _s ( tru? & *>ity4 ,!y %\ld n /udy _! books z ! end ( le>n+1 b z a means ( kn[+4 ,books %\ld be reg>d$ z lamps1 :i* are set by ! way side1 n z ! objects to be look$ at1 b ! aids by :i* we may f9d ! object ( our se>*4 ,k & usefulness con/itute ! lead+ motives 9 all /udy1 & no occasion %\ld be lo/1 no means neglect$1 :i* w lead ! "y m9d to _! possession4 ,y\r att5tion is n[ invit$ to "s critical rem>ks on ! di/9ctions usually obs]v$ 9 ! use ( v]bs4 ,let u c>efully exam9e ! mean+ ( ^! ?ree k9ds & see if !re is any occasion = su* a division2 if !y h any f\ndation 9 tru?1 or application 9 ! correct use ( language4 ,we w foll[ ! arrangem5ts adopt$ by ! mo/ popul> gramm>s4 ,a v]b active expresses an action1 & necess>ily implies an ag5t1 & an object act$ ^u2 z1 to love1 ,i love ,p5elope4 ,a v excell5t def9ition1 inde$6 ,_h gramm>ians /opp$ "h1 _! works w\ld h be5 und]/ood1 & prov$ ( "s s]vice 9 ! /udy ( language4 ,b :5 !y div]ge f ?is bright spot 9 ! consid]ation ( v]bs--?is oasis 9 ! mid/ ( a des]t--!y soon become lo/ 9 ! surr\nd+ d>kness ( conjecture1 & foll[ ea* _! own dim light1 to hit on a r&om track1 :i* to foll[ 9 ! pursuit ( _! object4 ,we give our mo/ he>ty ass5t to ! above def9ition ( a v]b4 ,x expresses action1 :i* necess>ily implies an actor1 & an object influ5c$ by ! action4 ,9 our e/imation x matt]s n :e!r ! object on :i* ! action t]m9ates is express$ or und]/ood4 ,if ,i love1 ,i mu/ love "s object2 ei!r my neighbor1 my enemy1 my family1 myself1 or some?+ else4 ,9 ei!r case ! action is ! same1 ?o ! objects may be diff]5t2 & x is reg>d$1 on all h&s1 z an active v]b4 ,h5ce :5 ! object on :i* ! action t]m9ates is n express$1 x is necess>ily und]/ood4 ,all language is1 9 ?is respect1 m or less eliptical1 :i* adds mu* to its ri*ness & brevity4 ,active v]bs1 we are told1 are divid$ into transitive & intransitive4 ,mr4 ,murray does n exactly approve ( ?is di/9ction1 b pref]s to class ! intransitive & neut] toge!r4 ,o!rs1 aw>e ( ! fallacy ( attempt+ to make *ildr5 conceive any ?+ l neutrality 9 ! v]bs1 run1 fly1 walk1 live1 c41 h pref]r$ to m>k ! di/9ction & call !m 9transitive2 because1 say !y1 !y d n t]m9ate on any object express$4 ,a transitive v]b expresses an action :i* passes f ! ag5t to ! object2 z1 ,caes> conqu]$ ,pompey4 ,to ?is def9ition we c n cons5t4 ,x attempts a di/9ction :]e !re is none4 ,x is n true 9 pr9ciple1 & c n be adopt$ 9 practice4 ,caes> conqu]$ ,pompey4 ,did ! act ( conqu]+ pass transitively ov] f ,caes> to ,pompey8 ,!y might n h se5 ea* o!r dur+ ! :ole battle1 nor be5 )9 _m miles ( ea* o!r4 ,!y1 ea* ( !m1 /ood at ! head ( _! armies1 & alike gave ord]s to _! subord9ate (fic]s1 & !y aga9 to _! inf]iors1 & s d[n1 ea* man cont5d+ valiantly = victory1 till1 at la/1 ! fate ( ! day seal$ ! d[nfall ( ,pompey1 & plac$ ! cr[n ( triumph on ! head ( ,caes>4 ,! expression is a correct "o1 b ! action express$ by ! v]b conqu]$1 is n transitive1 z t t]m is und]/ood4 ,a :ole tra9 ( causes 0 put 9 op]ation :i* f9ally t]m9at$ 9 ! defeat ( "o1 & ! conque/ ( ! o!r4 ,bonap>te lo/ ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,:at did he d to lose ! battle8 ,he ex]t$ 8 utmo/ skill to ga9 ! battle & escape defeat4 ,he did n d a s+le act1 he ent]ta9$ n a s+le ?\ght1 :i* lead to su* a result2 b /rove aga9/ x ) all 8 p[]4 ,if ! fault 0 81 x 0 because he fail$ to act1 & n because he labor$ to lose ! battle4 ,he _h too mu* at /ake to adopt su* a c\rse1 & no man b a tea*] ( gramm>1 w\ld ev] accuse him ( act+ to lose ! battle4 ,a man 0 sick2 he desir$ to recov] 78 heal?74 ,he took1 = m$ic9e1 opium by mi/ake1 & lo/ 8 life by x4 ,0 he guilty ( suicide8 ,c]ta9ly1 if our gramm>s are true4 ,b he lo/ 8 life 9 try+ to get well4 ,a man 9 ,am]ica possesses prop]ty 9 ,europe1 & 8 *ildr5 inh]it x aft] 8 dea?4 ,:at d ! *ildr5 d to inh]it ?is prop]ty1 ( :i* !y "k no?+8 ,! geese1 by _! gabbl+1 sav$ ,rome f de/ruction4 ,h[ did ! geese save ! city8 ,!y made a noise1 :i* wak$ ! s5t9els1 :o r\s$ ! soldi]s to arms2 !y f\ght1 slew _m ,gauls1 & deliv]$ ! city4 ,a man 9 ,new-,york transacts bus9ess 9 ,canton4 ,h[ does he d x8 ,he has an ag5t !re to :om he s5ds 8 ord]s1 & he transacts ! bus9ess4 ,b h[ does he get 8 lett]s8 ,! cl]k writes !m1 ! po/man c>ries !m on bo>d ! %ip1 ! capta9 comm&s ! sailors1 :o "w ! ropes :i* unfurl ! sails1 ! w9d bl[s1 ! vessel is manag$ by ! pilot1 & aft] a we>y voyage ( sev]al mon?s1 ! lett]s are deliv]$ to ! ag5t1 :o does ! bus9ess t is requir$ ( him4 ,! mis] d5ies himself e com=t1 & sp5ds 8 :ole life 9 ho>d+ up ri*es2 & yet he dies & leaves 8 gold to be ! possession ( o!rs4 ,*ri/ians suff] insults almo/ e day f ! ,turks4 ,w9d[s admit light & exclude cold4 ,:o c discov] any ?+ l transitive action--a pass+ f ! ag5t to ! object--9 ^! cases8 ,:at transitive action d ! w9d[s p]=m to admit ! light2 or ! *ri/ians1 to suff] insults2 or ! mis]1 to leave 8 money8 ,if !re is neutrality any :]e1 we w\ld look = x "h4 ,! fact is1 ^! words express relative action1 z we %all expla9 :5 we come to ! exam9ation ( ! true "* ( ! v]b4 ,neutrality signifies 7transitive v]b67 no action1 & neut] v]bs express a /ate ( be+6 ,a class ( words :i* c n act1 :i* apply to ?+s 9 a quiesc5t /ate1 p]=m ! transitive action ( express+ a /ate ( be+6 ,:o does n p]ceive ! inconsi/5cy & folly ( su* di/9ctions8 ,& :o has n f\nd himself p]plex$1 if n completely bewild]$ 9 ! d>k & intricate labyr9?s into :i* he has be5 l$ by ! false gramm> books6 ,e attempt he has made to extricate himself1 by ! dim light ( ! simplifi]s1 has only t5d$ to bewild] him /ill m1 till he is utt]ly conf\nd$1 or else ab&ons ! /udy altoge!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an intransitive v]b d5otes action :i* is conf9$ to ! actor1 & does n pass ov] to ano!r object2 z1 ,i sit1 he lives1 !y sleep4 ,a v]b neut] expresses nei!r action nor passion1 b be+1 or a /ate ( be+2 z1 ,i am1 ,i sleep1 ,i sit4 ,^! v]bs are ne>ly alli$ 9 "*2 b we w exam9e !m sep>ately & fairly4 ,! examples are ! same1 ) exception ( ! v]b to be1 :i* we w notice by itself1 & some:at at l>ge1 9 ano!r place4 ,our fir/ object w be to asc]ta9 ! mean+ & use ( ! words :i* h be5 giv5 z samples ( neutrality4 ,x is un=tunate = ! neut] sy/ems t !y c n def9e a neut] v]b )\t mak+ x express an action :i* t]m9ates on "s object4 99 99 99 ,! man sits 9 8 *air4 ,sits1 we are told1 is a neut] v]b4 ,:at does x mean8 ,! man places himself 9 a sitt+ po/ure 9 8 seat4 ,he keeps himself 9 8 *air by muscul> en]gy1 assi/$ by gravitation4 ,! *air upholds him 9 t condition4 ,br+ a small *ild & sit x 7active v]b17 9 a *air beside him4 ,c x sit8 ,no2 x falls ^u ! floor & is injur$4 ,:y did x fall8 ,x 0 n able to keep itself f fall+4 ,! lady fa9t$ & fell f h] seat4 ,if !re is no action 9 sitt+1 :y did %e n rema9 z %e 08 ,a company ( ladies & g5tlem5 f ! bo>d+ s*ool & college1 ent]$ ! p>lor ( a tea*] ( neut] v]bs2 & he ask$ !m to sit d[n1 or be seat$4 ,!y 7 neutral4 ,he call$ !m impolite4 ,b !y repli$1 t sit expresses nei!r action nor passion1 & h5ce he c\ld n expect !m to occupy 8 seats4 ,sit or set x away2 sit ne> me2 sit f>!r along2 sit /ill2 are expressions us$ by e tea*] 9 address+ 8 s*ol>s4 ,on ! sy/em we are exam9+1 :at w\ld !y und]/& by su* inactive expressions8 ,w\ld he n correct !m = disobey+ 8 ord]s8 ,b :at did he ord] !m to d8 ,no?+ at all1 if sit d5otes no action4 ,i sat me d[n & wept4 ,he sat him d[n by a pill>'s base1 ,& drew 8 h& a?w>t 8 face4 ,byron4 ,!n1 hav+ %[n 8 w\nds1 he'd sit him d[n1 ,&1 all ! live long day1 disc\rse ( w>4 ,trag$y ( ,d\glass4 ,b :]e=e sits he !re8 ,dea? on my /ate6 ,?is act conv9ces me ,t ?is retir$ness ( ! duke & h]1 ,is pla9 contempt4 ,k+ ,le>4 ,sitt+1 ! act ( re/+ on a seat4 ,session1 ! act ( sitt+4 ,johnson's ,diction>y4 99 99 99 ,i sleep4 ,is sleep a neut] v]b8 ,s we are gravely told by our au?ors4 ,c gramm>ians foll[ _! own rules8 ,if s1 !y may sp5d ! live long night & its wak+ h\rs1 )\t resort+ to tir$ nature's sweet re/or]1 balmy sleep2 = !re is no process "u heav5 :]eby !y c procure sleep1 unless !y sleep x4 ,= "o1 ,i c nev] sleep )\t sleep+ sleep--sometimes only a %ort nap4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! object is express$ or n4 ,! action rema9s ! same4 ,! true object is necess>ily und]/ood1 & x w\ld be sup]flu\s to "n x4 ,cases1 h[ev]1 (t5 occur :]e1 bo? 9 speak+ & writ+1 x becomes indisp5sable to m5tion ! object4 ,! /\t he>t$ h slept _! sleep4 ,!y %all sleep ! sleep ( dea?4 ,!y %all sleep ! p]petual sleep1 & %all n awake4 ,sleep on n[ & take y\r re/4 ,! *ild 0 tr\blesome & ! "m sung x to sleep1 & x slept itself quiet4 ,a lady took opium & slept h]self to dea?4 ,_m p]sons sleep !mselves into a k9d ( unnatural /upidity4 ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 slept away a l>ge portion ( a common life4 ,sleep1 sleep to-day1 torm5t+ c>es4 ,& sleep dull c>es away4 ,0 y\r sleep refre%+ la/ night8 ,h[ did y procure x8 ,let a p]son :o /ill adh]es to 8 neut] v]bs1 t sleep expresses no action1 & has no object on :i* x t]m9ates1 put 8 !ory 9 practice2 he may z well sleep ) 8 eyes op51 sitt+ up1 z to lie himself ^u 8 b$4 ,a man lodg$ 9 an op5 *amb]1 & :ile he 0 sleep+ 7do+ no?+7 he caught a sev]e cold 7active transitive v]b7 & _h a long run ( ! fev]4 ,:o does n see1 n only ! bad1 b also ! false philosophy ( su* attempt$ di/9ctions8 ,h[ c y make a *ild discov] any diff]5ce 9 ! act ( sleep+1 :e!r !re is an object aft] x1 or n8 ,is x n ! same8 ,& is n ! object necess>ily impli$1 :e!r express$ or n8 ,c a p]son sleep1 )\t procur+ sleep8 99 99 99 ,i /&4 ,! man /&s firm 9 8 integrity4 ,ano!r /&s 9 a v prec>i\s condition1 & be+ unable to reta9 8 hold1 falls d[n ! precipice & is kill$4 ,:o is kill$8 ,! man1 surely4 ,:y did he fall8 ,because he c\ld n /&4 ,b !re is no action 9 /&+1 say ! books4 ,/& by ?yself1 come n ne> me8 ,/& fa/ 9 ! lib]ty :]e) ,*ri/ ha? made y free1 & be n aga9 entangl$ 9 ! yoke ( bondage4 ,let him t ?9ke? he /&e?1 take he$ le/ he fall4 ,if x requires no act to /&1 !re c be no dang] ( fall+4 ,two pill>s /ood toge!r2 ! re/ _h fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,! "o on ! "r 0 q p]fect 9 all its p>ts4 ,! o!r resembl$ x v mu*1 except x _h lo/ its capital1 & suff]$ "s o!r injuries4 ,h[ c\ld ! latt] column1 :ile p]=m+ no action 9 /&+1 act transitively1 accord+ to our gramm>s1 & d some?+ to resemble ! o!r8 or1 :at did x d to lose its capital1 & suff] o!r injury8 99 99 99 ,to lie1 or lay4 ,x has be5 admitt$ t ! v]bs be=e consid]$ are (t5 us$ z active v]bs1 & t !re is1 9 tru?1 action express$ by !m4 ,b :5 ! man has fall5 f 8 seat & lies ^u ! floor1 x is cont5d$ t he no long] acts1 & t lie expresses no action4 ,he has ceas$ f physical1 muscul> action regulat$ by 8 w1 & is n[ subject to ! common laws :i* gov]n matt]4 ,let u take a /rong example4 ,! book lies or lays on ! desk4 ,n[ y ask1 does t book p]=m any action 9 lay+ on ! desk8 ,i answ]1 yes2 & ,i w prove x on ! pr9ciples ( ! s\nde/ philosophy1 to ! satisfaction ( e "o pres5t4 ,nor w ,i deviate f exi/+ gramm>s to d x1 s f> z real action is conc]n$4 ,! book lies on ! desk4 ,! desk supports ! book4 ,w y p>se supports8 ,x is1 accord+ to e sy/em1 an active transitive v]b4 ,x has an objective case aft] x on :i* ! action t]m9ates4 ,b :at does ! desk d to support ! book8 ,x b>ely resi/s ! action :i* ! book p]=ms 9 ly+ on x4 ,! action ( ! desk & book is reciprocal4 ,b if ! book does n act1 nei!r c ! desk act1 = t only repels ! =ce ( ! book 9 press+ ^u x 9 its t5d5cy t[>ds ! e>?1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( gravitation4 ,& yet our au?ors h told u t ! desk is active 9 resi/+ no action ( ! book6 ,no wond] p are unable to und]/& gramm>4 ,x violates ! fir/ pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce1 & frames to itself a code ( laws1 unequal1 false1 & exceptionable1 :i* be> no aff9ity to ! re/ ( ! _w1 & w n apply 9 ! expression ( ideas4 ,i 0 once lectur+ on ?is subject 9 "o ( ! cities ( ,new-,york4 ,mrs4 ,w41 ! di/+ui%$ tea*] ( "o ( ! mo/ popul> ,female ,sem9>ies 9 our c\ntry1 att5d$4 ,at ! close ( "o lecture %e rem>k$ t ! greate/ fault %e _h discov]$ 9 ! new sy/em1 0 ! want ( a class ( words to express neutrality4 ,*ildr51 %e said1 conceiv$ ideas ( ?+s 9 a quiesc5t /ate1 & words %\ld be taught !m by :i* to communicate su* ideas4 ,i ask$ h] = an example4 ,%e gave ! rock 9 ! side ( ! m\nta94 ,x _h nev] mov$4 ,x c\ld nev] act4 ,!re x _h be5 f ! f\ndation ( ! e>?1 & !re x w\ld rema9 unalt]$ & un*ang$ till "t %\ld be no long]4 ,i rem>k$1 t ,i w\ld take ano!r small /one & lay x on ! great "o :i* c\ld nev] act1 & n[ we say ! great rock upholds1 su/a9s or supports ! small "o--all active transitive v]bs ) an object express$4 ,%e repli$1 %e w\ld give x up1 = x _h satisfi$ h] ( a new pr9ciple :i* mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! exposition ( all language1 :i* accords ) facts z develop$ 9 physical & m5tal sci5ce4 ,i cont9u$1 n only does t rock act 9 resi/+ ! =ce ( ! small "o :i* lays ^u x1 b1 by ! attraction ( gravitation x is able to ma9ta9 its position 9 ! side ( ! m\nta92 by cohesion x reta9s its di/9ct id5tity & solidity1 & repels all =eign bodies4 ,x is also subject to ! laws :i* gov]n ! e>? 9 its diurnal & annual revolutions1 & moves 9 common ) o!r matt] at ! a/oni%+ rate ( a ?\s& miles 9 an h\r6 ,:o %all tea* *ildr51 9 ^! days ( light & improvem5t1 ! grovell+ doctr9e ( neutrality1 ?is relic ( ! p]ipatetic philosophy8 ,w p>5ts s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool to le>n falsehood8 ,& c tea*]s be satisfi$ to rema9 9 ignorance1 foll[+ ) bl9d rev]5ce ! books !y h /udi$1 & refuse to exam9e new pr9ciples1 fe>+ !y %all be compell$ to ackn[l$ge =m] errors & /udy new pr9ciples8 ,!y %\ld rememb] x is wis] & m honorable to confess a fault & correct x1 ?an x is to rema9 p]man5t 9 error4 ,let u take ano!r example ( ! v]b to lie4 ,a c\ntry p$agogue :o has foll[$ 8 au?orities mo/ devot$ly1 & taught 8 pupils t lie is a neut] v]b1 express+ nei!r action nor passion1 b simply be+1 or a /ate ( be+1 goes out1 dur+ ! int]mission1 into a grove ne> by1 to ex]cise himself4 ,9 attempt+ to roll a log up ! hill1 he makes a mis-/ep1 & falls 7intransitive v]b1 no?+ falls67 to ! gr\nd1 & ! log rolls 7no?+7 on to him1 & lies across 8 legs4 ,9 ?is condition he is obs]v$ by 8 s*ol>s to :om he cries 7no?+7 = help4 ,d 7no?+7 come 7intransitive7 & help me4 ,!y obey him & rema9 neut]1 or at lea/ act intransitively1 & produce no effects4 ,he cries aga9 = help & 8 cries are reg>d$4 ,!y pres5t !mselves be=e him4 ,d roll ?is log (f2 x w break my legs4 ,oh no1 ma/]2 h[ c t be8 ,! log lies on y1 does x n8 ,yes1 & x w press me to dea?4 ,no1 no2 t c nev] be4 ,! log c n act4 ,lies is a neut] v]b1 signify+ nei!r action nor passion1 b simply be+ or a /ate ( be+4 ,y h a /ate ( be+1 & ! log has a /ate ( be+4 ,x c n h>m y4 ,y mu/ h =gott5 ! practical application ( ! tru?s y h be5 tea*+ u4 ,x w\ld be difficult to expla9 neut] v]bs 9 su* a pr$icam5t4 ,n[ ,i lay me d[n to sleep4 ,%e di$ & !y laid h] beside h] lov] "u ! spread+ bran*es ( ! will[4 ,!y laid x away s secure t !y c\ld nev] f9d x4 ,!y laid d[n to re/ !mselves aft] ! fatigue ( a :ole day's j\rney4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! model v]bs ( ! neut] k9d1 ) ! exception ( ! v]b to be1 :i* is left = a di/9ct consid]ation1 be+ ! mo/ active ( all v]bs4 ,x is unnecess>y to sp5d mu* "t on ?is po9t4 ,! errors ,i h exam9$ h all be5 discov]$ by tea*]s ( language1 long ago1 b few h v5tur$ to correct !m4 ,an alleviation ( ! difficulty has be5 s\ght 9 ! adoption ( ! intransitive v]b1 :i* expresses an action t is conf9$ to ! actor or ag5t4 ,! rem>ks :i* h be5 giv5 9 ! pres5t lecture w s]ve z a h9t to ! c\rse we %all adopt 9 treat+ ( !m1 b ! m p>ticul> exam9ation ( _! "* & uses1 toge!r ) "s g5]al obs]vation on ! ag5ts & objects ( v]bs1 w be def]r$ to our next lecture4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,neut] & intransitive4--,ag5ts4--,objects4--,no actions z su* c be kn[n di/9ct f ! ag5t4--,imag9>y actions4--,actions kn[n by _! effects4--,examples4--,signs %\ld guide to ?+s signifi$4--,pr9ciples ( action4--,p[]4--,animals4--,vegetables4 --,m9]als4--,all ?+s act4--,magnetic ne$le4--,cause4--,expla9$4 --,fir/ ,cause4--,means4--,illu/rat$4--,sir ,i4 ,newton's example4-- ,^! pr9ciples mu/ be kn[n4--,relative action4--,anecdote ( ,gallileo4 ,we resume ! consid]ation ( v]bs4 ,we clos$ our la/ lecture ) ! exam9ation ( neut] v]bs1 z !y h be5 call$4 ,x appe>s to u t evid5ce /rong en\gh to conv9ce ! mo/ skeptical 0 adduc$ to prove t sit1 sleep1 /& & lie1 /& 9 ! same relation to language z o!r v]bs1 t !y d n1 9 any case1 express neutrality1 b frequ5tly admit an objective ^w aft] !m4 ,^! are reg>d$ z ! mo/ neutral ( all ! v]bs except to be1 :i*1 by ! way1 expresses ! highe/ degree ( action1 z we %all see :5 we come to inquire into its mean+4 ,gramm>ians h long ago discov]$ ! falsity ( ! books 9 ! use ( a l>ge portion ( v]bs :i* h be5 call$ neut]4 ,to obviate ! difficulty1 "s ( !m h adopt$ ! di/9ction ( ,intransitive v]bs1 :i* express action1 b t]m9ate on no object2 o!rs /ill use ! t]m neut]1 b tea* _! s*ol>s t :5 ! object is express$1 x is active4 ,?is di/9ction has only t5d$ to p]plex le>n]s1 :ile x af=d$ only a tempor>y exp$i5t to tea*]s1 by :i* to dodge ! "q at issue4 ,s f> z ! action is conc]n$1 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! v]b to express1 :at is ! diff]5ce :e!r ,i run1 or run myself8 ,a man />t$ 9 ha/e4 ,he ran s fa/ t he ran himself to dea?4 ,i /rike ,?omas1 ,?omas /rikes ,david1 ,?omas /rikes himself4 ,:]e is ! diff]5ce 9 ! action8 ,:at matt]s x :e!r ! action passes ov] to ano!r object1 or is conf9$ )9 itself8 ,b1 says ! objector1 y mi/ake4 ,an intransitive v]b is "o :]e ! 'effect is conf9$ )9 ! subject1 & does n pass ov] to any object4' ,v well1 ,i ?9k ,i und]/& ! objection4 ,:5 ,?omas /rikes ,david ! effects ( ! bl[ passes ov] to him4 ,& :5 he /rikes himself1 x is conf9$ )9 ! subject1 & h5ce ! latt] is an intransitive v]b4 ,no1 no2 !re is an object on :i* ! action t]m9ates1 9 t case1 & s we mu/ call x a transitive v]b4 ,w y give me an example ( an intransitive v]b8 ,i run1 he walks1 birds fly1 x ra9s1 ! fire burns4 ,no objects are express$ aft] ^! words1 s ! action is conf9$ )9 !mselves4 ,i n[ get y\r mean+4 ,:5 ! object is express$ ! v]b is transitive1 :5 x is n x is intransitive4 ,?is di/9ction is g5]ally obs]v$ 9 tea*+1 h[ev] widely x may diff] f ! int5tion ( ! mak]s ( gramm>s4 ,& h5ce *ildr5 acquire ! habit ( limit+ _! inquiries to :at !y see plac$ be=e !m by o!rs1 & d n ?9k = !mselves4 ,:5 ! v]b has an objective ^w aft] x express$1 !y are taught to atta* action to x2 b ?o ! action may be ev5 great]1 if ! object is n express$1 !y consid] ! action z widely diff]5t 9 its "*1 & adopt ! false philosophy t a cause c exi/ )\t an effect result+ f x4 ,we assume ?is gr\nd1 & we %all labor to ma9ta9 x1 t e v]b necess>ily presupposes an ag5t or actor1 an action1 & an object act$ ^u1 or affect$ by ! action4 ,no action1 z su*1 c be kn[n to exi/ sep>ate f ! ?+ t acts4 ,we c conceive no idea ( action1 only by keep+ our m9ds fix$ on ! act+ sub/ance1 m>k+ its *anges1 movem5ts1 & t5d5cies4 ,! book moves4 ,9 ?is case ! eye re/s on ! book1 & obs]ves its positions & attitudes1 alt]nat+ "o way & ! o!r4 ,y c sep>ate no action f ! book1 nor conceive any idea ( x1 z a sep>ate entity4 ,let ! book be tak5 away4 ,:]e n[ is ! action8 ,:at c y ?9k or say ( x8 ,!re is ! same space j n[ occupi$ by ! book1 b no action is p]ceivable4 ,! boy rolls 8 m>ble ^u ! floor4 ,all 8 ideas ( ! action p]=m$ by x are d]iv$ f an obs]vation ( ! m>ble4 ,8 eye foll[s x z x moves along ! floor4 ,he sees x 9 t act+ condition4 ,:5 he speaks ( ! action z a :ole1 he ?9ks :]e x />t$ & :]e x /opp$4 ,x is ( no importance1 s f> z ! v]b is conc]n$1 :e!r ! m>ble receiv$ an impulse f 8 h&1 or :e!r ! floor 0 suffici5tly incl9$ to all[ x to roll by its own inh]5t t5d5cy4 ,! action is1 9 ?is case1 ! obvi\s *ange ( ! m>ble4 ,our :ole k ( action dep5ds on an obs]vance ( ?+s 9 a /ate ( motion1 or *ange1 or ex]t+ a t5d5cy to *ange1 or to c\nt]act an oppos+ sub/ance4 ,?is w be admitt$ s f> z mat]ial ?+s are conc]n$4 ,! same pr9ciple holds good 9 ref]5ce to e ?+ ( :i* we =m ideas1 or conc]n+ :i* we use language4 ,9 our def9ition ( n\ns we spoke ( immat]ial & imag9>y ?+s to :i* we gave names & :i* we consid] z ag5cies capable ( ex]t+ an influ5ce 9 ! production ( effects1 or 9 resi/+ actions4 ,x is !re=e unimportant :e!r ! action be real or imag9>y4 ,x is /ill insep>ably connect$ ) ! ?+ t acts2 & we employ x ?us 9 ! con/ruction ( language to express our ?\ghts4 ,?us1 lions ro>2 birds s+2 m9ds reflect2 fairies dance2 k increases2 fancies err2 imag9ation w&]s4 ,?is fact %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 all our attempts to und]/& or expla9 language4 ,! m9d %\ld rema9 fix$ to ! act+ sub/ance1 to obs]ve its *anges & relations at diff]5t p]iods1 & 9 diff]5t circum/ances4 ,!re is no o!r process by :i* any k c be ga9$ ( actions4 ,! m9d contemplates ! act+ ?+ 9 a condition ( *ange & det]m9es ! precise action by ! alt]$ condition ( ! ?+1 & ?us le>ns to judge ( actions by _! effects4 ,! only me?od by :i* we c "k :e!r a vegetable gr[s or n is by comp>+ its =m to-day ) :at x 0 "s days ago4 ,we c n decide on ! improvem5t ( our *ildr5 only by obs]v+ ! same rule4 ,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m1 w apply 9 physics z well z 9 morals2 = we judge ( causes only by _! effects4 ,fir/ pr9ciples c nev] be kn[n4 ,we obs]ve ?+s z !y are1 & rememb] h[ !y h be52 & f h5ce d$uce our conclusions 9 ref]5ce to ! cause ( ?+s we d n fully und]/&1 or ^? consequ5ces :i* w foll[ a condition ( ?+s z n[ exi/+4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to m>k ^! effects1 & trace !m back to ! causes :i* produc$ !m1 by obs]v+ all ! int]m$iate *anges1 =ms1 attitudes1 & conditions1 9 :i* su* ?+s h1 at diff]5t times1 be5 plac$4 ,we say1 trees gr[4 ,b suppose no *ange _h ev] be5 obs]v$ 9 trees1 t !y _h always be5 z !y n[ are2 9 /ature z l(ty1 9 foliage z gre5 & beautiful1 9 location unalt]$4 ,:o w\ld !n say1 trees gr[8 ,9 ?is s+le expression a :ole tra9 ( facts are tak5 into ! acc\nt1 ?o n p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,z a s+le expression we imply t trees increase _! /ature4 ,b ?is we all "k c\ld nev] be effect$ )\t ! influ5ce ( o!r causes4 ,! soil :]e x /&s mu/ conta9 prop]ties suit$ to ! gr[? ( ! tree4 ,a due portion ( moi/ure & heat are also requisite4 ,^! facts all exi/1 & are indisp5sable to make good ! expression t ! tree gr[s4 ,we might also trace ! capabilities ( ! tree itself1 its roots1 b>k1 ve9s or pores1 fibres or gra9s1 its succul5t & absorb5t p[]s4 ,b1 z 9 ! case ( ! man t kill$ ! de]1 notic$ 9 a =m] lecture1 ! m9d "h conceives a s+le idea ( a complete :ole1 :i* is signifi$ by ! s+le expression1 trees gr[4 ,let ! foll[+ example s]ve 9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is po9t4 ,take two bricks1 ! "o heat$ to a high temp]ature1 ! o!r cold4 ,put !m toge!r1 & 9 a %ort "t y w f9d !m ( equal temp]ature4 ,"o has gr[n w>m1 ! o!r cool4 ,"o has imp>t$ heat & receiv$ cold1 ! o!r has receiv$ heat & imp>t$ cold4 ,yet all ?is w\ld rema9 =ev] unkn[n1 b = ! effects :i* mu/ appe> obvi\s to all4 ,f ^! effects ! causes are to be le>n$4 ,x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 appe> pla9 to all :o are will+ to see1 t action1 z su*1 c nev] exi/ di/9ct f ! ?+ t acts2 t all our notions ( action are d]iv$ f an obs]vance ( ?+s 9 an act+ condition2 & h5ce t no words c be fram$ to express our ideas ( action on any o!r pr9ciple4 ,i hope y w be> ^! pr9ciples 9 m9d4 ,!y are va/ly important 9 ! con/ruction ( language1 z w appe> :5 we come to speak ( ! ag5ts & objects ( action4 ,we /ill adh]e to ! fact1 t no rules ( language c be successfully employ$1 :i* deviate f ! p]man5t laws :i* op]ate 9 ! regulation ( matt] & m9d2 a fact :i* c n be too deeply impress$ on y\r m9ds4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( actions z express$ by v]bs1 we mu/ obs]ve t p[]1 cause1 means1 ag5cy1 & effects1 are indisp5sable to _! exi/5ce4 ,su* pr9ciples exi/ 9 fact1 & mu/ be obs]v$ 9 obta9+ a complete k ( language2 = words1 we h already se51 are ! expression ( ideas1 & ideas are ! impression ( ?+s4 ,9 our attempts at improvem5t1 we %\ld /rip away ! cov]+1 & come at ! reality4 ,words %\ld be measurably =gott51 :ile we se>* dilig5tly = ! ?+s express$ by !m4 ,signs %\ld always conduct to ! ?+s signifi$4 ,! we>y travell]1 hungry & fa9t1 w\ld h>dly satisfy himself ) an exam9ation ( ! sign be=e ! inn1 m>k+ its =m1 ! picture ^u x1 ! nice %ades ( color+ 9 ! pa9t+4 ,he w\ld g 91 & se>* = ! ?+ signifi$4 ,x has be5 ! fault 9 tea*+ language1 t le>n]s h be5 limit$ to ! m]e =ms ( words1 :ile ! important duty ( tea*+ !m to look at ! ?+ signifi$1 has be5 entirely disreg>d$4 ,h5ce !y h only obta9$ book k4 ,!y "k :at ! gramm>s say2 b h[ to apply :at !y say1 or :at is 9 reality meant by x1 !y h yet to le>n4 ,?is expla9s ! reason :y almo/ e man :o has /udi$ gramm> w tell y t he us$ to und]/& x1 b x has all gone f him1 = he has n look$ into a book ^! _m ye>s4 ,has he lo/ a k ( language8 ,oh1 no1 he le>n$ t be=e he saw a gramm>1 & w pres]ve x to ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,:at good did 8 two or ?ree ye>s /udy ( gramm> d him8 ,none at all2 he has =gott5 all t he ev] knew ( x1 & t is n mu*1 = he only le>n$ :at "s au?or said1 & a few arbitr>y rules & te*nical expressions :i* he c\ld nev] und]/& nor apply 9 practice1 except 9 special cases4 ,b ,i w&]4 ,i ?r[ 9 ?is rem>k to %[ y ! necessity ( br++ y\r m9ds to a close obs]vance ( ?+s z !y d 9 tru? exi/2 & f !m y c draw ! pr9ciples ( spee*1 & be able to use language correctly4 ,= we /ill insi/ on our =m] op9ion1 t all language dep5ds on ! p]man5t laws ( nature1 z ex]t$ 9 ! regulation ( matt] & m9d4 99 99 99 ,to return4 ,i h said t all action d5otes p[]1 cause1 means1 ag5cy1 & effects4 99 99 99 ,p[] dep5ds on physical en]gy1 or m5tal skill4 ,i h h9t$ at ?is fact be=e4 ,?+s act accord+ to ! p[] or en]gy !y possess4 ,animals walk1 birds fly1 fi%es swim1 m9]als s9k1 poisons kill4 ,or1 accord+ to ! adopt$ !ories ( naturali/s3 ,m9]als gr[4 ,vegetables gr[ & live4 ,animals gr[1 & live1 & feel4 ,e ?+ acts accord+ to ! ability x possesses4 ,man1 possess$ ( reason1 devises means & produces ends4 ,bea/s *ange locations1 dev\r vegetables1 & sometimes o!r bea/s4 ,! l[e/ grade ( animals nev] *ange location1 b yet eat & live4 ,vegetables live & gr[1 b d n *ange location4 ,!y h ! p[] to reproduce _! species1 & "s ( !m to kill (f surr\nd+ objects4 ,! c>raguata ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 cl+s r\nd1 says ,goldsmi?1 :atev] tree x happ5s to approa*2 !re x quickly ga9s ! asc5dant1 &1 load+ ! tree ) a v]dure n its own1 keeps away t n\ri%m5t design$ to fe$ ! trunk1 & at la/ entirely de/roys its support]4 ,9 our c\ntry1 _m g>d5s & fields pres5t conv9c+ pro( ( ! ability ( we$s to kill out ! vegetables design$ to gr[ !re94 ,y all h he>d ( ! ,upas1 :i* has a p[] suffici5t to de/roy ! lives ( animals & vegetables = a l>ge di/ance ar\nd4 ,its v exhalations are dea? to :atev] approa*es x4 ,x s]ves 9 metaphor to illu/rate ! noxi\s effects ( all vice1 ( sl&] & deceit1 ! effects ( :i* are to ! moral con/itution1 :at ! tree itself is to natural objects1 blight & mildew ^u :atev] comes )9 its rea*4 ,m9]als are possess$ ( p[] no less a/oni%+1 :i* may be obs]v$ :5ev] an opportunity is (f]$ to call x =?4 ,active poisons1 able to slay ! mo/ p[]ful m5 & bea/s1 lie hid )9 _! bosoms4 ,!y h /rong attractive & repell+ p[]s4 ,f ! iron is made ! /rong cable :i* holds ! vessel fa/ 9 h] moor+s1 enabl+ x to outride ! collect$ =ce ( ! w9ds & waves :i* ?reat5 its de/ruction4 ,f x also are manufactur$ ! manacles :i* b9d ! /rong man1 or fa/5 ! lion 9 8 cage4 ,gold possesses a p[] :i* *>ms ne>ly all m5 to sacrifice _! ease1 & too _m _! moral pr9ciples1 to pay _! bl9d devotions at its %r9e4 ,:o w cont5d t ! p[] ( action is conf9$ to ! animal creation alone1 & t inanimate matt] c n act8 ,t !re is a sup]ior p[] possess$ by man1 end[$ ) an immat]ial _s 9 a corporeal body1 none w d5y4 ,by ! ag5cy ( ! m9d he c accompli% wond]s1 :i* m]e physical p[] )\t ! aid ( su* m5tal skill1 c\ld nev] p]=m4 ,b ) all 8 boa/$ sup]iority1 he is (t5 made ! slave ( inanimate ?+s4 ,8 l(ty p[]s ( body & s\l b5d b5ea? ! weight ( accumulat$ sorr[s1 produc$ by ! secret op]ations ( contagi\s disease1 :i* slays 8 wife1 *ildr51 & fri5ds1 :o fall l ! rip5$ h>ve/ be=e ! ga!r]s scy!4 ,nay1 he (t5 submits to ! controll+ p[] ( ! v9e1 alcohol1 or tobacco1 :i* ga9 a secret influ5ce ov] 8 nobl] p[]s1 & fix on him ! /amp ( disgrace1 & ?r[ ar\nd him fett]s f :i* he f9ds x no easy matt] to extricate himself4 ,by ! illusions ( error & vice he is (t5 betray$1 & long endures d>kness & suff]+1 till he rega9s 8 native en]gies1 & f9ds deliv]ance 9 ! enjoym5t ( tru? & virtue4 ,:at is t secret p[] :i* lies conceal$ beyond ! rea* ( human k51 & is transport$ f l& to l& unkn[n1 till expos$ 9 conditions suit$ to its op]ation1 w %[ its active & resi/less =ce 9 ! de/ruction ( life1 & ! deva/ation ( :ole cities or nations8 ,y may call x plague1 or *ol]a1 or small pox1 miasma1 contagion1 p>ticles ( matt] float+ 9 ! air sur*>g$ ) disease1 or any ?+ else4 ,x matt]s n :at y call x4 ,x is suffici5t to our pres5t purpose to "k t x has ! ability to put =? a prodigi\s p[] 9 ! production ( consequ5ces1 :i* ! highe/ skill ( man is yet unable to prev5t4 ,i might pursue ?is po9t to an indef9ite l5g?1 & trace ! secret p[]s possess$ by all creat$ ?+s1 z exhibit$ 9 ! influ5ce !y ex]t 9 v>i\s ways1 bo? z reg>ds !mselves & surr\nd+ objects4 ,b y w at once p]ceive my object1 & ! tru? ( ! positions ,i assume4 ,a common p[] p]vades all creation1 op]at+ by pure & p]fect laws1 regulat$ by ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,mov+ ,pr9ciple1 :i* guides1 gov]ns1 & controls ! :ole4#aa ,degrad+ inde$ mu/ be ^? s5tim5ts :i* limit all action to ! animal frame z an organiz$ body1 mov$ by a liv+ pr9ciple4 ,ours is a sublim] duty2 to trace ! op]ations ( ! ,div9e ,wisdom :i* acts ?ro out all creation1 9 ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( du/ :i* keeps its position secure1 till mov$ by "s sup]ior p[]2 or 9 ! ne$le :i* po9ts ) un]r+ skill to its fix$ po9t1 & guides ! vessel1 freight$ ) a hundr$ lives1 safe ?ro ! midnight /orm1 to its de/9$ hav52 ?o rock$ by ! waves & driv5 by ! w9ds1 x rema9s un9flu5c$1 & trembl+ly alive to ! important duties entru/$ to its *>ge1 cont9ues its fai?ful s]vice1 & is wat*$ ) ! mo/ implicit confid5ce by all on bo>d1 z ! only guide to safety4 ,! same ,wisdom is display$ ?ro out all creation2 9 ! beauty1 ord]1 & h>mony ( ! univ]se2 9 ! planets :i* float 9 ! azure vault ( heav52 9 ! gl[ worm t glitt]s 9 ! du/2 9 ! fi% :i* cuts ! liquid elem5t2 9 ! pe>l :i* sp>kles 9 ! bottom ( ! ocean2 9 e ?+ t lives1 moves1 or has a be+2 b m di/9ctly 9 man1 creat$ 9 ! moral image ( 8 ,mak]1 possess$ ( a he>t to feel1 & a m9d to und]/&--! ?ird 9 ! rank ( intellig5t be+s4 ,i _c refuse to favor y ) a quotation f t inimitable poem1 ,pope's ,essay on ,man4 ,x is rife ) s5tim5t ( ! pure/ & mo/ exalt$ "*4 ,x is direct to our purpose4 ,y may h he>d x a ?\s& times2 b ,i am confid5t y w be pleas$ to he> x aga94 ,ask = :at end ! heav5ly bodies %9e1 ,e>? = ^: use8 ,pride answ]s1 ',tis = m9e3 ,= me k9d nature wakes h] g5ial p['r1 ,suckles ea* h]b1 & spreads out e fl['r2 ,annual = me1 ! grape1 ! rose r5ew ,! juice nect>e\s1 & ! balmy dew2 ,= me1 ! m9e a ?\s& treasures br+s2 ,= me heal? gu%es f a ?\s& spr+s2 ,seas roll to waft me1 suns to light me rise2 ,my foot/ool e>?1 my canopy ! skies4 ,b errs n nature f ?is graci\s end1 ,f burn+ suns :5 livid dea?s desc5d1 ,:5 e>?quakes swall[1 or :5 tempe/s sweep ,t[ns to "o grave1 :ole nations to ! deep8 ,no1 7'tis repli$17 ! fir/ ,almighty ,cause ,acts n by p>tial1 b by g5]al laws2 ,?' exceptions few2 "s *ange s9ce all began3 ,& :at creat$ p]fect8 ,:y !n man8 ,if ! great end be human happ9ess1 ,!n nature deviates--& c man d less8 ,z mu* t end a con/ant c\rse requires ,( %['rs & sun%9e1 z ( man's desires2 ,z mu* et]nal spr+s & cl\dless skies1 ,z man =ev] temp'rate1 calm1 & wise4 ,if plagues or e>?quakes break n heav5's design4 ,:y !n a ,borgia1 or a ,catal9e8 ,:o kn[s b ,he ^: h& ! lightn+ =ms1 ,:o heaves old ocean1 & :o w+s ! /orms2 ,p\rs fi]ce ambition 9 a ,caes>'s m9d2 ,or turns "y ,ammon loose to sc\rge mank9d8 ,f pride1 f pride our v reas'n+ spr+s2 ,acc\nt = moral z = nat'ral ?+s3 ,:y *>ge we heav5 9 ^?1 9 ^! acquit8 ,9 bo?1 to reason "r1 is to submit4 ,bett] = u1 p]haps1 x might appe>1 ,7 !re all h>mony1 all virtue "h2 ,t nev] air or ocean felt ! w9d2 ,t nev] passion discompos$ ! m9d4 ,b all subsi/s by elem5tal /rife2 ,& passions are ! elem5ts ( life4 ,! g5]al ord]1 s9ce ! :ole began1 ,is kept 9 nature1 & is kept 9 man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,look r\nd our _w1 behold ! *a9 ( love4 ,comb9+ all bel[ & all above2 ,see pla/ic nature work+ to ?is end1 ,! s+le atoms ea* to o!r t5d2 ,attract1 attract$ to1 ! next 9 place ,=m$ & impell$ its neighbor to embrace1 ,see matt] next1 ) v>i\s life endu$1 ,press to "o c5t] /ill ! g5'ral good4 ,see dy+ vegetables life su/a91 ,see life dissolv+1 vegetate aga92 ,all =ms t p]i%1 o!r =ms supply1 7,by turns we cat* ! vital brea?1 & die7 ,l bubbles on ! sea ( matt] borne1 ,!y rise1 !y break1 & to t sea return1 ,no?+ is =eign--p>ts relate to :ole2 ,"o all-ext5d+1 all-pres]v+ s\l ,connects ea* be+ greate/ ) ! lea/2 ,made bea/ 9 aid ( man1 & man ( bea/2 ,all s]v$1 all s]v+2 no?+ /&s alone2 ,! *a9 holds on1 & :]e x ends1 unkn[n4 ,b p[] alone is n suffici5t to produce action4 ,!re mu/ be a cause to call x =?1 to set 9 op]ation & exhibit its lat5t en]gies4 ,x w rema9 hid 9 its secret *amb]s till effici5t causes h set 9 op]ation ! means by :i* its exi/5ce is to be discov]$ 9 ! production ( *ange1 effects1 or results4 ,!re is1 x is said1 9 e creat$ ?+ a p[] suffici5t to produce its own de/ruction1 z well z to pres]ve its be+4 ,9 ! human body1 = in/ance1 !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to decay1 to wa/e2 :i* a c\nt]act+ p[] resi/s1 &1 ) prop] assi/ance1 keeps alive4 ,! same may be said ( vegetables :i* are con/antly ?r[+ (f1 or exhal+ ! wa/e1 (f5sive1 or useless matt]1 & yet a re/or+ p[]1 assi/$ by heat1 moi/ure1 & ! n\ri%m5t ( ! e>?1 resi/s ! t5d5cy to decay & pres]ves x alive & gr[+4 ,! air1 ! e>?1 nay1 ! ocean itself1 philosoph]s assure u1 conta9 p[]s suffici5t to self-de/ruction4 ,b ,i w n enl>ge "h4 ,let ! necess>y cause be ex]t$ :i* w give v5t to ?is hidd5 p[] & actions ! mo/ a/oni%+ & de/ructive w\ld be ! effect4 ,^! are (t5 witness$ 9 ! trem5d\s e>?quakes :i* deva/ate :ole cities1 /ates1 & empires2 9 ! tornados :i* pass1 l ! g5ius ( evil1 ov] ! l&1 levell+ :atev] is f\nd 9 its c\rse2 or 9 ! wat]sp\ts & mael/roms :i* prove ! grave ( all t comes )9 _! grasp4 ,9 ! attempt$ de/ruction ( ! royal family & p>liam5t ( ,engl&1 by :at is usually call$ ! gunp[d] plot1 ! arrangem5ts 7 all made2 two hog%eads & ?irty-six b>rels ( p[d]1 suffici5t to bl[ up ! h\se ( lords & ! surr\nd+ build+s1 7 secret$ 9 a vault b5ea? x1 /r[n ov] ) faggots4 ,guy ,fawkes1 a spani% (fic]1 employ$ = ! purpose1 lay at ! door1 on ! #e? ( ,novemb]1 #afje1 ) ! mat*es1 or means1 9 8 pocket1 :i* %\ld set 9 op]ation ! prodigi\s dormant p[]1 :i* w\ld hurl to de/ruction ,james ,i41 ! royal family1 & ! prote/ant p>liam5t1 give ! asc5dancy to ! ,ca?olics1 & *ange ! :ole political condition ( ! nation4 ,! project 0 discov]$1 ! means 7 remov$1 ! cause tak5 away1 & ! ?reat5$ effects 7 prev5t$4 ,! cause ( action is ! imm$iate subject :i* prec$es or t5ds to produce ! action1 )\t :i* x w\ld n take place4 ,x may result f volition1 inh]5t t5d5cy1 or communicat$ impulse2 & is kn[n to exi/ f ! effects produc$ by x1 9 ! alt]$ or new condition ( ! ?+ on :i* x op]ates2 :i* *ange w\ld n h be5 effect$ )\t x4 ,causes are to be s\ght = by trac+ back ?ro ! effects :i* are produc$ by !m4 ,! factory is put 9 op]ation1 & ! clo? is manufactur$4 ,! c>eless obs]v] w\ld ent] ! build+ & see ! sp9dles1 looms1 & :eels op]at$ by ! h&s1 & g away satisfi$ t he has se5 en\gh1 se5 all4 ,b ! m c>eful w look f>!r4 ,he w trace ea* b& & :eel1 ea* cog & %aft1 d[n by ! balance p[]1 to ! wat] race & floom2 or ?ro ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( ! /eam eng9e to ! pi/on1 cond5s]1 wat]1 wood1 & fire2 m>k+ a new1 m secret1 & yet m effici5t cause at ea* advanc+ /ep4 ,b all ?is curi\sly wr\ght ma*9]y is n ! product ( *ance1 op]at$ )\t c>e4 ,a sup]ior cause mu/ be s\ght 9 human skill1 9 ! deep & active +5uity ( man4 ,e contrivance presupposes a contriv]4 ,h5ce !re mu/ h be5 a p[] & means suffici5t to comb9e & regulate ! p[] ( ! wat]1 or g5]ate & direct ! /eam4 ,t p[] is ve/$ 9 man2 & h5ce1 man /&s z ! cause1 9 relation to ! :ole process op]at$ by :eels1 b&s1 sp9dles1 & looms4 ,yet we may say1 ) propriety1 t ! wat]1 or ! /eam2 ! wat]-:eel1 or ! pi/on2 ! %afts1 b&s1 cogs1 pullies1 sp9dles1 spr+s1 tr$dles1 h>nesses1 re$s1 %uttles1 an almo/ endless concat5ation ( in/rum5ts1 are alike ! causes1 :i* t5d to produce ! f9al result2 = let "o ( ^! int]m$iate causes be remov$1 & ! :ole p[] w be div]t$1 & all w g wrong--! effect w n be produc$4 ,!re mu/ be a fir/ cause to set 9 op]ation all inf]ior ones 9 ! production ( action2 & to t fir/ cause all action1 nay1 ! exi/5ce ( all o!r causes1 may be trac$1 directly1 or m di/ant4 ,! int]v5+ causes1 9 ! consecutive ord] ( ?+s1 may be z div]sifi$ z ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( v>iant be+s4 ,yet all ^! causes are mov$ by ! all-suffici5t & ev] pres5t ag5cy ( ! ,almighty ,fa!r1 ! ,uncaus$ ,cause ( all ?+s & be+s2 :o spoke into exi/5ce ! univ]se ) all its v>i\s & complicat$ p>ts & ord]s2 :o set ! sun1 moon1 & />s 9 ! firmam5t1 gave ! e>? a place1 & fix$ ! sea a b$2 ?r[+ ar\nd !m b>ri]s ov] :i* !y c nev] pass4 ,f ! height ( 8 et]nal ?rone1 8 eye p]vades all 8 works2 f ! tall ar*angel1 t adores & burns1 d[n to ! v hairs ( our heads1 :i* are all numb]$1 8 wise1 b5evol5t1 & p[]ful sup]vision may be trac$ 9 legible l9es1 :i* may be se5 & read ( all m54 ,& f effects1 ! mo/ dim9utive 9 "*1 may be trac$ back1 f cause to cause1 upw>d 9 ! asc5d+ scale ( be+1 to ! same unrivall$ ,s\rce ( all p[]1 spl5dor1 & p]fection1 ! pres5ce ( ,him1 :o spake1 & x 0 done2 :o comm&$1 & x /ood /ill2 or1 z ! poet has x3 ,look ?ro nature up to nature's ,god4 ,! means ( action are ^? aids :i* are display$ z ! m$ium ?ro :i* exi/+ causes are to exhibit _! hidd5 p[]s 9 produc+ *anges or effects4 ,! mat*es 9 ! pocket ( ,guy ,fawkes 7 ! direct means by :i* he int5d$ to set 9 op]ation a tra9 ( causes :i* %\ld t]m9ate 9 ! de/ruction ( ! h\se ( lords & all its inmates4 ,^? mat*es1 set on fire1 w\ld convey a sp>k to ! faggots1 & !nce to ! p[d]1 & means aft] means1 & cause aft] cause1 9 ! rapid succession ( ev5ts1 w\ld ensue1 t5d+ to a f9al1 inevitable1 & melan*oly result4 ,a ball %ot f a cannon1 receives its fir/ impulse f ! p[d]2 b x is borne ?ro ! air by ! aid ( a pr9ciple inh]5t 9 itself1 :i* p[] is f9ally ov]come by ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e :i* imp$es its progress1 & ! law ( gravitation f9ally attracts x to ! e>?4 ,^! cont5d+ pr9ciples may be kn[n by obs]v+ ! curv$ l9e 9 :i* ! ball moves f ! cannon's m\? to ! spot :]e x re/s4 ,b if !re is no p[] 9 ! ball1 :y does n ! ball ( cork dis*>g$ f ! same gun ) ! same mom5tum1 travel to ! same di/ance1 at ! same rate8 ,! action comm5ces 9 bo? cases ) ! same projectile =ce1 ! same ext]ior means are employ$1 b ! results are widely diff]5t4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! comp>ative p[] ( ea* sub/ance to cont9ue its own movem5ts4 ,e boy :o has play$ at ball has obs]v$ ^! pr9ciples4 ,he ?r[s 8 ball1 :i*1 if n c\nt]act$1 w cont9ue 9 a /raight l9e1 ad inf9itum--)\t end4 ,b ! air imp$es its progress1 & gravitation br+s x to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 he ?r[s x aga9/ a h>d sub/ance1 its velocity is n only ov]come1 b x is s5t back ) great =ce4 ,b if he takes a ball ( wax1 ( sn[1 or any /rong adhesive sub/ance1 x w n b\nd4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt to him = ?is diff]5ce8 ,he did ! same ) bo? balls4 ,! impetus giv5 ! "o 0 z great z ! o!r1 & ! resi/ance ( ! int]v5+ sub/ance 0 z great 9 "o case z ! o!r2 & yet1 "o b\nds & reb\nds1 :ile ! o!r /icks fa/ z a fri5d1 to ! fir/ object x meets4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce is to be s\ght = 9 ! diff]5t capabilities ( ! respective balls4 ,"o possesses a /rong ela/ic & repell+ p[]2 9 ! o!r1 ! attraction ( cohesion is pr$om9ant4 ,take ano!r example4 ,let two sub/ances ( equal size & =m1 ! "o made ( lead1 ! o!r ( cork1 be put ^u ! surface ( a ci/]n ( wat]4 ,! ext]nal circum/ances are ! same1 b ! effects are widely diff]5t--"o s9ks1 ! o!r floats4 ,we mu/ look = ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce1 n 9 ! opposite qualities ( surr\nd+ matt]1 b 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,if y add to ! cork ano!r quality possess$ by ! lead1 & give x ! same =m1 size1 & weight1 x w z readily s9k to ! bottom4 ,b ?is la/ prop]ty is possess$ 9 diff]5t degrees by ! two bodies1 & h5ce1 :ile ! "o floats ^u ! wat]1 ! o!r displaces its p>ticles & s9ks to ! bottom4 ,y may take ano!r sub/ance2 say ! m\nta9 ebony1 :i* is heavi] ?an wat]1 b light] ?an lead1 & imm]se x 9 ! wat]2 x w n s9k ) ! rapidity ( lead1 because its inh]5t p[] is n s /rong4 ,take /ill ano!r case4 ,let two balls1 susp5d$ on /r+s1 be equally1 or1 to use ! te*nical t]m1 positively electrifi$4 ,br+ !m )9 a c]ta9 di/ance1 & !y w repel ea* o!r4 ,let ! electric fluid be extract$ f "o1 & ! o!r w attract x4 ,be=e1 !y 7 z enemies2 n[ !y embrace z fri5ds4 ,! magnet furni%es ! mo/ /rik+ pro( 9 favor ( ! !ory we are labor+ to e/abli%4 ,let "o ( suffici5t p[] be let d[n )9 ! prop] di/ance1 x w ov]come ! p[] ( gravitation1 & attract ! heavy /eel to itself4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is wond]ful fact8 ,:o c acc\nt = x8 ,:o c trace out ! hidd5 cause2 ! primum mobile ( ! ,ptolmaic philosophy--! secret spr+ ( motion8 ,b :o w d>e d5y t su* effects d exi/1 & t !y are produc$ by an effici5t cause8 ,or :o w desc5d into ! /ill m d>k & p]plex+ mazes ( neut] v]b gramm>s1 & d5y t matt] has su* a p[] to act8 ,^! in/ances w suffice to %[ y :at we mean :5 we say1 e ?+ acts accord+ to ! ability ,god has giv5 x to act4 ,i might g into a m m9ute exam9ation ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 aff9ity1 h>dness1 weight1 size1 color1 =m1 mobility1 c41 :i* ev5 old gramm>s w all[ x to possess2 b ,i %all leave t "w = y to p]=m at y\r leisure4 ,:oev] has any d\bts rema9+ 9 ref]5ce to ! abilities ( all ?+s to produce1 cont9ue1 or prev5t motion1 w d well to consult ! pr9ce ( philosoph]s1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o1 aft] ,gallileo1 has treat$ l>gely ^u ! laws ( motion4 ,he ass]ts z a fact1 full 9 illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples ,i am labor+ to e/abli%1 t 9 asc5d+ a hill1 ! trace rope pulls ! horse back z mu* z he draws t =w>d1 only ! horse ov]comes ! resi/ance ( ! load1 & moves x up ! hill4 ,on ! old sy/ems1 no p[] w\ld be requisite to move ! load1 = x c\ld oppose no resi/ance to ! horse2 & ! small *ild c\ld move x ) z mu* ease z ! /rong team4 ,:o has n an acqua9tance suffici5tly ext5sive to "k ^! ?+s8 ,i c n believe !re is a p]son pres5t1 :o does n fully compreh5d my mean+1 & discov] ! correctness ( ! gr\nd ,i h assum$4 ,& x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t no collection or arrangem5t ( words c be compos$ into a s5t5ce1 :i* d n obta9 _! mean+ f a connection ( ?+s z !y exi/ & op]ate 9 ! mat]ial & intellectual _w1 & t x is n 9 ! p[] ( man to frame a s5t5ce1 to ?9k or speak1 b 9 con=mity ) ^! g5]al & exceptionless laws4 ,?is important consid]ation meets u at e advanc+ /ep1 z if to admoni% u to ab&on ! va9 project ( seek+ a k ( language )\t an acqua9tance ) ! great pr9ciples on :i* x dep5ds4 ,to look = ! lead+ rules ( spee* 9 set =ms ( expression1 or 9 ! caprici\s cu/oms ( any nation1 h[ev] le>n$1 is z futile z to attempt to ga9 a k ( ! _w by %utt+ ourselves up 9 a room1 & look+ at pa9t+s & draw+s :i* may be furni%$ by ^? :o "k z little ( x z we d4 ,h[ fallaci\s w\ld be ! attempt1 h[ mu* worse ?an "t ?r[n away1 = ! p>5t to %ut up 8 *ild 9 a lonely room1 & und]take to impress ^u its m9d a k ( man1 bea/s1 birds1 fi%1 insects1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 fields1 fl[]s1 h\ses1 cities1 c41 ) no o!r aid ?an a few mis]able pictures1 unlike ! reality1 & 9 _m respects contradictory to ea* o!r4 ,& yet t w\ld be adopt+ a c\rse v simil> to ! "o long employ$ z ! only means ( acquir+ a k ( language2 limit$ to a set ( arbitr>y1 false1 & contradictory rules1 :i* ! brighte/ g5iuses c\ld nev] und]/&1 nor ! mo/ erudite employ 9 ! expression ( ideas4 ,! gramm>s1 x 0 ?\ght1 mu/ be /udi$ to acquire ! use ( language1 & yet !y 7 =gott5 be=e su* k 0 put 9 practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a simple rem>k on ! pr9ciples ( relative action1 & we w pass to ! consid]ation ( ag5ts & objects1 or ! m imm$iate causes & effects ( action4 ,we g =? at ! ev5+ h\r & look ^u ! sun s9k+ b5ea? ! horizon2 we m>k ! v>y+ hues ( light z !y appe>1 & *ange1 & fade away4 ,we see ! %ades ( night approa*+1 ) a gradual pace1 till ! beautiful l&scape on :i* we _h be5 gaz+1 ! hills & ! mead[s2 ! f>m h\se & ! cultivat$ fields1 ! grove1 ! or*>d1 & ! g>d52 ! tranquil lake & ! babbl+ brook2 ! dairy return+ home1 & ! lambk9s gamboll+ beside _! dams2 all rec$e f our view1 & appe> to u no long]4 ,all ?is is relative action4 ,b s f> z language & ideas are conc]n$1 x matt]s n :e!r ! sun actually s9ks beh9d ! hills1 or ! hills int]pose betwe5 x & u2 :e!r ! l&scape rec$es f our view1 or ! %ades ( night int]cept s z to obscure our vision4 ,! habit ( ?\ght is ! same1 & ! =m ( expression mu/ agree ) x4 ,we say ! sun rises & sets1 9 ref]5ce to ! obvi\s fact1 )\t /opp+ to inquire :e!r x really moves or n4 ,nor is su* an inquiry at all necess>y1 z to matt] ( fact1 = all we mean by su* expressions1 is1 t by "s process1 immat]ial to ! case 9 h&1 ! sun /&s 9 a new relation to ! e>?1 its altitude is elevat$ or depress$1 & h5ce ! action is /rictly relative4 ,= we %\ld rememb] t ris+ & sett+1 up & d[n1 above & bel[1 9 ref]5ce to ! e>?1 are only relative t]ms4 ,we speak & read ( ! *anges ( ! moon1 & we correctly und]/& ea* o!r4 ,b 9 tru? ! moon *anges no m at "o "t ?an at ano!r4 ,! action is purely relative4 ,"o day we obs]ve x be=e ! sun1 & ! next beh9d x1 z we und]/& ^! t]ms4 ,! precise "t ( ! *ange1 :5 x w appe> to u 9 a diff]5t relation to ! sun1 is comput$ by a/ronom]s1 & set d[n 9 our almanacs2 b x *anges no m at t "t ?an at any o!r1 = l e ?+ else1 x is always *ang+4 ,9 a case we m5tion$ 9 a =m] lecture1 ,john looks l or resembles 8 bro!r1 we h an example ( relative action4 ,s 9 ! case ( two m5 travell+ ! same way1 />t+ toge!r1 b advanc+ at diff]5t rates2 "o1 we say1 falls beh9d ! o!r4 ,9 ?is mann] ( expression1 we foll[ exactly ! pr9ciples on :i* we />t$1 & suit our language to our ideas & habits ( ?9k+4 ,by ! law ( optics ?+s are reflect$ ^u ! ret9a ( ! eye inv]sely1 t is1 upside d[n2 b !y are always se5 9 a prop] relation to ea* o!r1 & if !re is any ?+ wrong 9 ! case1 x is ov]come by e>ly habit2 & s our language accords ) ?+s z !y are manife/$ to our und]/&+s4 ,^! examples w s]ve to illu/rate :at we mean by relative action1 :5 appli$ to natural philosophy or ! con/ruction ( language4 ,i _h int5d$ 9 ?is lecture to h treat$ ( ! ag5ts & objects ( v]bs1 to prove1 9 accordance ) ! fir/ & close/ pr9ciples ( philosophy1 t e cause mu/ h an effect1 or1 9 o!r words1 t e action mu/ t]m9ate on "s object1 ei!r express$ or necess>ily und]/ood2 b ,i am admoni%$ t ,i h occupi$ m ?an my usual quota ( "t 9 ?is lecture already1 & h5ce ,i %all leave ?is "w = our next4 ,i w conclude by ! relation ( an anecdote or two f ! life ( t wond]ful man1 ,gallileo ,gallilei1 :o 0 _m ye>s pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,padua4 ,possess$ ( a /rong1 reflect+ m9d1 he _h e>ly giv5 8 att5tion to ! obs]vation ( ?+s1 _! motions1 t5d5cies1 & p[] ( resi/ance1 f :i* he asc5d$1 /ep by /ep1 to ! sublime sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,be+ ( an hone/ & frank1 z well z b5evol5t disposition1 he %unn$ n to /ate & def5d !ories at w> ) ! !n receiv$ op9ions4 ,all le>n+ 01 at t "t1 9 ! h&s or "u ! sup]vision ( ! ecclesia/ics1 :o 7 cont5t to foll[ bl9dly ! ari/otelian philosophy1 :i*1 9 _m respects1 0 n unlike t /ill embrac$ 9 our neut] v]b sy/ems ( gramm>4 ,!re 0 a sworn ho/ility aga9/ all improvem5t1 or innovation z x 0 call$1 9 sci5ce z well z 9 !ology4 ,! cop]nican sy/em1 to :i* ,gallileo 0 incl9$1 if x _h n be5 =mally condemn$1 _h be5 virtually d5\nc$ z false1 & its advocates h]etical4 ,h5ce ,gallileo nev] d>$ op5ly to def5d x1 b1 piece by piece1 "u diff]5t names1 he br\ght x =?1 :i*1 c>ri$ out1 w\ld e/abli% ! h]etical sy/em4 ,dwell+ z a light 9 ! mid/ ( surr\nd+ d>kness1 he cauti\sly discov]$ ! preci\s tru?s reveal$ to 8 m9d1 le/ ! flood ( light %\ld di/ract & de/roy ! m5tal vision1 break up ! elem5ts ( society1 let loose ! resi/less p[]s ( ignorance1 prejudice & bigotry1 & envelope himself & fri5ds 9 a common ru94 ,at l5g? hav+ prep>$ 9 a v gu>d$ mann] 8 fam\s ,dialogues on ! ,ptolmaic & ,cop]nican ,sy/ems1 he obta9$ p]mission1 & v5tur$ to publi% x to ! _w1 al?o an edict _h be5 promulgat$ enjo9+ sil5ce on ! subject1 & he _h be5 p]sonally in/ruct$ n to believe or tea* ! motion ( ! e>? 9 any mann]4 ,by ! false repres5tation ( 8 enemies1 suspicions 7 ar\s$ & busily circulat$ prejudicial to ,gallileo4 ,pope ,urban himself1 8 =m] fri5d1 became exasp]at$ t[>ds him1 & a s5t5ce aga9/ him & 8 books 0 fulm9at$ by ! ,c>d9als1 prohibit+ ! sale & v5d+ ( ! latt]1 & condemn+ him to ! =mal prison ( ! ,holy ,(fice = a p]iod det]m9$ at _! pleasure4 ,! s5t5ce ( ! ,inquisition 0 9 "p c\*$ 9 ^! words--,we pron\nce1 judge1 & decl>e1 t y1 ! said ,gallileo1 by reason ( ^! ?+s1 :i* h be5 detail$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation1 & :i*1 z above1 y h confess$1 h r5d]$ y\rself vehem5tly suspect$ by ?is ,holy ,(fice1 ( h]esy2 t is to say1 t y believe & hold ! false doctr9e1 & contr>y to ! ,holy & ,div9e ,scriptures1 namely1 t ! sun is ! c5t] ( ! _w1 & t x does n move f ea/ to we/1 & t ! e>? does move1 & is n ! c5t] ( ! _w2 also1 t an op9ion c be held & support$ z probable1 aft] x has be5 decl>$1 & f9ally decre$ contr>y to ! ,holy ,scriptures--by ! ,holy ,see66 ,f :i*1 !y cont9ue1 x is our pleasure t y be absolv$1 provid$ t1 fir/1 ) a s9c]e he>t1 & unfeign$ fai?1 9 our pres5ce1 y abjure1 curse1 & dete/ ! said errors & h]esies1 & e o!r error & h]esy contr>y to ! ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,*ur* ( ,rome1 9 ! =m n[ %[n to y4 ,aft] suff]+ "u ?is ana!ma "s "t1 ,gallileo1 by ! advice ( 8 fri5ds1 cons5t$ to make a public abjuration ( 8 =m] h]esies on ! laws ( motion4 ,kneel+ be=e ! ,mo/ ,em95t & ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,lords ,c>d9als1 ,g5]al ,inquisitors ( ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian republic1 aga9/ h]etical depravity1 hav+ be=e 8 eyes ! ,holy ,gospels1 he swe>s t he always believ$1 & n[ believes1 & ) ! help ( ,god1 w 9 future believe1 e article :i* ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,rome holds1 tea*es1 & prea*es--t he does altoge!r ab&on ! false op9ion :i* ma9ta9s t ! 'sun is ! c5t] ( ! _w1 & t ! e>? is n ! c5t] & movable1' t ) a s9c]e he>t & unfeign$ fai?1 he abjures1 curses1 & dete/s ! said errors & h]esies1 & e o!r error & sect contr>y to ! said ,holy ,*ur*1 & t he w nev] m 9 future1 say or ass]t any ?+ v]bally1 or 9 writ+1 :i* may give rise to simil> suspicion4 ,z he arose f 8 knees1 x is said1 he :isp]$ to a fri5d /&+ ne> him1 ,e pur si muove--x does move1 ?o4 ,9 our times we are n fat$ to live "u ! t]rors ( ! ,inquisition2 b prejudice1 if n z /rong 9 p[] to execute1 has ! ability to bl9d z truly z 9 o!r ages1 & keep u f ! k & adoption ( practical improvem5ts4 ,& x is ! same philosophy n[1 :i* asks if inanimate matt] c act1 :i* dem&$ ( ,gallileo if ?is pond]\s globe c\ld fly a ?\s& miles 9 a m9ute1 & no body feel ! motion2 & ) ,deacon ,homespun1 9 ! dialogue1 :y1 if ?is _w turn$ upside d[n1 ! wat] did n spill f ! mill ponds1 & all ! p fall headlong to ! bottomless pit8 ,if !re are any su* p]ipatetics 9 ^! days ( light & sci5ce1 :o /ill cl+ to ! false & degrad+ sy/ems ( neutrality1 because !y are honorable = age1 or su/a9$ by le>n$ & good m51 & :o w oppose all improvem5t1 reject )\t exam9ation1 or1 :at is /ill worse1 refuse to adopt1 aft] be+ conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( x1 any sy/em1 because x is novel1 an innovation ^u e/abli%$ =ms1 ,i c only say ( !m1 9 ! language ( ,micanzio1 ! ,v5etian fri5d ( ,gallileo--,! ef=ts ( su* enemies to get ^! pr9ciples prohibit$1 w occasion no loss ei!r to y\r reputation1 or to ! intellig5t "p ( ! _w4 ,z to po/]ity1 ?is is j "o ( ! sure/ ways to h& !m d[n to !m4 ,b :at a wret*$ set ?is mu/ be1 to :om e good ?+1 & all t is f\nd 9 nature1 necess>ily appe>s ho/ile & odi\s4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,a philosophical axiom4--,mann] ( express+ action4--,?+s tak5 = grant$4--,simple facts mu/ be kn[n4--,mu/ nev] deviate f ! tru?4--,e cause w h an effect4--,an example ( an intransitive v]b4--,objects express$ or impli$4--,all language eliptical4--,intransitive v]bs exam9$4--,i run4--,i walk4--,to /ep4--,birds fly4--,x ra9s4--,! fire burns4--,! sun %9es4--,to smile4--,eat & dr9k4--,miscellane\s examples4--,evils ( false tea*+4--,a *ange is dem&$4--,^! pr9ciples apply univ]sally4--,_! importance4 ,we h made "s g5]al rem>ks on ! p[]1 cause1 & means1 necess>y 9 ! production ( action4 ,we n[ approa* ne>] to ! application ( ^! pr9ciples z obs]v$ 9 ! imm$iate ag5cy & effects :i* prec$e & foll[ action1 & z connect$ ) ! v]b4 ,x is an axiom 9 philosophy :i* _c be controv]t$1 t e effect is ! product ( a prior cause1 & t e cause w necess>ily produce a correspond+ effect4 ,?is fact has always exi/$ & w =ev] rema9 un*ang$4 ,x applies univ]sally 9 physical1 m5tal1 & moral sci5ce2 to ,god or man2 to angels or to atoms2 9 "t or ?ro et]nity4 ,no language c be con/ruct$ :i* does n accord ) x1 = no ideas c be ga9$ b by an obs]vance ( its manife/ations 9 ! mat]ial or spiritual univ]se4 ,! mann] ( express+ ?is cause & effect may diff] 9 diff]5t nations or by p ( ! same nation1 b ! fact rema9s unalt]$1 & s f> z und]/ood ! idea is ! same4 ,9 ! case ( ! horse m5tion$ 9 a =m] lecture1#ab ! idea 0 ! same1 b ! mann] ( express+ x diff]5t4 ,let t horse walk1 lay d[n1 roll ov]1 rise up1 %ake himself1 re>1 or /& /ill1 all pres5t w obs]ve ! same attitude ( ! horse1 & w =m ! same ideas ( 8 positions4 ,"s w d\btless inquire m m9utely into ! cause & means by :i* ^! v>i\s actions are produc$1 :at muscles are employ$1 :at supports are r5d]$ by ! bones2 & ! :ole regulat$ by ! w ( ! horse1 & _! conclusions may be q opposite4 ,b ?is has no?+ to d ) ! obvi\s fact express$ by ! words above2 or1 m prop]ly1 x is n necess>y to ent] into a m9ute detail ( ^! m9or consid]ations1 ^! secret spr+s ( motion1 9 ord] to relate ! actions ( ! horse4 ,= 7 we to d ?is we %\ld be requir$ to g back1 /ep by /ep1 & f9d ! causes /ill m num]\s1 lat5t1 & p]plex+4 ,! pursuit ( causes w\ld lead u beyond ! m]e organization ( ! horse1 8 muscul> en]gy1 & volunt>y action2 = gravitation has no small s]vice to p]=m 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ^! results2 z well z o!r pr9ciples4 ,let gravitation be remov$1 & h[ c\ld ! horse lay d[n8 ,he c\ld roll ov] z well 9 ! air z ^u ! gr\nd4 ,b ! p>ticul> notice ( ^! ?+s is unnecess>y 9 ! con/ruction ( language to express ! actions ( ! horse2 = he /&s z ! obvi\s ag5t ( ! :ole1 & ! effects are se5 to foll[--! horse is laid d[n1 8 body is roll$ ov]1 ! =e "p ( x is re>$ up1 himself is %ak51 & ! :ole feat is produc$ by ! direction ( 8 ma/]4 ,all[ me to recal an idea we consid]$ 9 a =m] lecture4 ,i said no action z su* c\ld be kn[n di/9ct f ! ?+ :i* acts2 t action z su* is n p]ceptible1 & t all ?+s act1 accord+ to ! ability !y possess4 ,to illu/rate ?is idea3 ,take a magnet & l[] x d[n ov] a piece ( iron1 till x attracts x to itself & holds x susp5d$ !re4 ,if y are n 9 possession ( a magnet y c make "o at y\r pleasure1 by ! foll[+ process4 ,lay y\r knife blade on a flat iron1 or any h>d1 smoo? surface2 let ano!r take ! old tongs or o!r iron :i* h /ood erect = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 & draw x ^u ! blade = a m9ute or m4 ,a magnetic p[] w be convey$ f ! tongs to ! blade suffici5t to take up a common ne$le4 ,! tongs !mselves may be manufactur$ into a mo/ p]fect magnet4 ,n[ z ! knife holds ! ne$le susp5d$ b5ea? x y p]ceive !re mu/ be an action1 a p[]1 & cause ex]t$ beyond our compreh5sion4 ,let ! magnetic p[] be extract$ f ! blade1 & ! ne$le w drop to ! floor4 ,a common unmagnetiz$ blade w n raise & hold a ne$le z ?is does4 ,h[ ^? tongs come 9 possession ( su* a/oni%+ p[]2 by :at process x is !re reta9$2 ! p[] & means ( transmission ( a "p ( x to ! knife blade1 & ! reason ( ! ph5om5a y n[ behold--an inanimate blade draw+ to itself & !re hold+ ?is ne$le susp5d$--w probably long rema9 unkn[n to mortals4 ,b t su* are ! facts1 inconte/ibly true1 none w d5y1 = ! evid5ce is be=e u4 ,n[ fix y\r att5tion on t ne$le4 ,!re is an active & act+ pr9ciple 9 t z well z 9 ! magnetiz$ blade2 = ! blade w n attract a spl9t] ( wood1 ( :alebone1 or piece ( glass1 ?o equal 9 size & weight4 ,x w h no op]ation on !m4 ,!n x is by a sort ( mutual aff9ity1 a reciprocity ( atta*m5t1 betwe5 ! blade & ne$le1 t ?is ph5om5a is produc$4 ,to apply ?is illu/ration y h only to rev]se ! case--turn ! knife & ne$le ov]--& see all ?+s attract$ to ! e>? by ! law ( gravitation1 a pr9ciple abid+ 9 all matt]4 ,all t r5d]s ! exhibition ( ! magnet curi\s or wond]ful is t x is an uncommon condition ( ?+s1 an app>5t c\nt]action ( ! regul> laws ( nature4 ,b we %\ld "k t ! same sublime pr9ciple is con/antly op]at+ ?ro out univ]sal nature4 ,let t be susp5d$1 cease its active op]ations = a mom5t1 & our own e>? w be decompos$ into p>ticles2 ! sun1 moon & />s w dissolve & m+le ) ! common du/2 all creation w crumble into atoms1 & "o va/ ocean ( d>kness & *aos w fill ! imm5sity ( space4 ,are y !n prep>$ to d5y ! pr9ciples = :i* we are cont5d+8 ,i ?9k y w n2 b acc$e ! gr\nd1 t su* be+ ! fact1 true 9 nature1 language1 correctly expla9$1 is only ! m$ium by :i* ! ideas ( ^! great tru?s1 may be convey$ f "o m9d to ano!r1 & mu/ correspond !re)4 ,if language is ! sign ( ideas1 & ideas are ! impressions ( ?+s1 x foll[s ( necessity1 t no language c be employ$ unless x corresponds ) ^! natural laws1 or fir/ pr9ciples4 ,! untutor$ *ild _c talk ( ^! ?+s1 nor compreh5d our mean+ till cle>ly expla9$ to x4 ,b "s p act z ?o !y ?\ght *ildr5 mu/ fir/ acquire a k ( words1 & !n beg9 to le>n :at su* words mean4 ,?is is putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,mu*1 9 ?is _w1 is to be tak5 = grant$4 ,we c n ent] into ! m9utiae ( all we w\ld express1 or h und]/ood4 ,we g ^u ! gr\nd t o!r p "k some?+ z well z we1 & t !y w ex]cise t k :ile li/5+ to our relation ( "s new & important facts4 ,h5ce x is said t brevity is ! s\l ( wit4 ,b suppose y %\ld talk ( surds1 simple & quadratic equations1 diophant9e problems1 & log>i?ms1 to a p]son :o kn[s no?+ ( proportion or relation1 addition or subtraction4 ,:at w\ld !y "k ab\t y\r words8 ,y might z well give !m a description 9 ,arabic or ,esquimaux4 ,!y mu/ fir/ le>n ! simple rules on :i* ! :ole sci5ce ( ma!matics dep5ds1 be=e !y c compreh5d a diss]tation on ! m ab/ruse pr9ciples or di/ant results4 ,s *ildr5 mu/ le>n to obs]ve ?+s z !y are1 9 _! simple/ manife/ations1 9 ord] to und]/& ! m secret & sublime op]ations ( nature4 ,& our language %\ld always be adapt$ to _! capacities2 t is1 x %\ld agree ) _! advancem5t4 ,y may talk to a zealot 9 politics ( religion1 ! qualities ( =be>ance1 c&or1 & v]acity2 to ! en?usia/ ( sci5ce & philosophy2 to ! bigot ( lib]ality & improvem5t2 to ! mis] ( b5evol5ce & suff]+2 to ! pr(ligate ( indu/ry & frugality2 to ! misan?rope ( philan?ropy & patriotism2 to ! degrad$ s9n] ( virtue1 tru?1 & heav52 b :at d !y "k ( y\r mean+8 ,h[ are !y ! wis] = y\r in/ruction8 ,y h t\*$ a cord :i* does n vibrate ?ro _! he>ts1 or1 phr5ologically1 address$ an organ !y d n possess1 except 9 a v mod]ate degree1 at lea/4 ,food mu/ be season$ to ! palates ( ^? :o use x4 ,milk is = babes & /rong meat = m54 ,our in/ruction mu/ be suit$ to ! capacities ( ^? we w\ld b5efit1 always elevat$ j f> en\gh above !m to attract !m along ! upw>d c\rse ( improvem5t4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t evils w only result f a deviation f tru?1 & t we c nev] be ju/ifi$ 9 do+ wrong because o!rs h1 or = ! sake ( meet+ !m half way4 ,& yet ?is v c\rse is adopt$ 9 tea*+1 & *ildr5 are le>n$ to adopt c]ta9 te*nical rules 9 gramm>1 n because !y are true1 b because !y are conv5i5t6 ,9 fact1 x is said by "s1 t language is an arbitr>y affair altoge!r1 & is only to be taught & le>n$ me*anically6 ,b :o w\ld tea* *ildr5 t sev5 times sev5 are fifty1 & n9e times n9e a hundr$1 & assign z a reason = s do+1 t fifty & a hundr$ are m easily rememb]$ ?an =ty-n9e & eighty-"o8 ,yet !re w\ld be z mu* propriety 9 adopt+ su* a pr9ciple 9 ma!matics1 z 9 tea*+ = a rule ( gramm> t :5 an objective case comes aft] a v]b1 x is active2 b :5 !re is none express$1 x is intransitive or neut]4 ,! great fault is1 gramm>ians d n all[ !mselves to ?9k on ! subject ( language1 or if !y d1 !y only ?9k intransitively1 t is1 produce no ?\ghts by _! cogitations4 ,?is br+s u to a m direct consid]ation ( ! subject be=e u4 ,all admit ! correctness ( ! axiom t e effect mu/ h a cause1 & t e cause w h an effect4 ,x is equally true t l causes w produce l effects1 a rule f :i* nature itself1 & ?\ght1 & language1 c nev] deviate4 ,x is z pla9 z t two ?+s mutually equal to ea* o!r1 are equal to a ?ird4 ,on ?is immutable pr9ciple we base our !ory ( ! activity ( all v]bs1 & cont5d t !y mu/ h an object aft] !m1 ei!r express$ or necess>ily und]/ood4 ,we c n yield ?is position till x is prov$ t causes c op]ate )\t produc+ effects1 :i* c nev] be till ! ord] ( creation is rev]s$6 ,!re nev] 01 to our k1 su* a ?+ z an intransitive action1 ) ! solit>y exception ( ! burn+ bu%4#ac ,9 t case ! laws ( nature 7 susp5d$1 & no effects 7 produc$2 = ! bu% burn$1 b !re 0 no?+ burnt2 no consequ5ces foll[$ to ! bu%2 x 0 n consum$4 ,! records ( ! pa/ pres5t no in/ance ( l "*1 :]e effects h fail$ to foll[1 direct or m di/antly1 e cause :i* has be5 set 9 op]ation4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! object ( ! action is express$ or n4 ,x is ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,b :]e x is n necess>ily impli$ f ! nature & fitness ( ?+s1 x mu/ be express$1 & b = su* object or effect ! action c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,= example1 ,i run2 b if !re is no effect produc$1 no?+ run1 h[ c x be kn[n :e!r ,i run or n4 ,if ,i write1 x is necess>ily und]/ood t ,i write some?+--a lett]1 a book1 a piece ( poetry1 a communication1 or "s o!r writ+4 ,:5 su* object is n liable to be mi/ak51 x w\ld be sup]flu\s to express x--x w\ld be a r$undancy :i* %\ld be avoid$ by all good writ]s & speak]s4 ,all languages are1 9 ?is respect1 m or less eliptical1 :i* con/itutes no small %>e ( _! beauty1 p[]1 & elegance4 ,?is elipsis may be obs]v$ n only 9 reg>d to ! objects ( v]bs1 b 9 ! omission ( _m n\ns aft] adjectives1 :i* ?us assume ! "* ( n\ns2 z1 ! ,almighty1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,allwise1 appli$ to ,god1 und]/ood4 ,s we say ! wise1 ! le>n$1 ! good1 ! fai?ful1 ! wick$1 ! vile1 ! base1 to :i*1 if n\ns1 x w\ld s\nd r h>% to apply plurals4 ,s we say1 take y\r hat (f 7 72 put y\r gloves on 7 72 lay y\r coat (f 7 72 & pull y\r boots on 7 72 presum+ ! p]son s address$ kn[s en\gh to fill ! elipsis1 & n take 8 hat (f 8 back1 pull 8 gloves on 8 feet1 or 8 boots on 8 head4 ,9 pursu+ ?is subject f>!r1 let u exam9e ! sample words :i* are call$ intransitive v]bs1 because frequ5tly us$ )\t ! object express$ aft] !m2 su* z run1 walk1 /ep1 fly1 ra91 sn[1 burn1 roll1 %9e1 smiles1 c4 ,i run4 ,t "h is an action ( ! fir/ k9d1 none w d5y4 ,b x is cont5d$ by ! old sy/ems t !re is no object on :i* ! action t]m9ates4 ,if t be true !n !re is no?+ run1 no effect produc$1 & ! fir/ law ( nature is outrag$1 9 ! v onset2 = !re is a cause1 b no effect2 an action1 b no object4 ,h[ is ! fact8 ,h y run no?+8 convey$ no?+1 mov$ no?+ f "o place to ano!r8 no *ange1 no effect1 no?+ mov$8 ,look at x & decide4 ,x is said t a neut] or intransitive v]b may be kn[n f ! fact t x takes aft] x a preposition4 ,try x by ?is rule4 ,a man run aga9/ a po/ 9 a d>k night1 & broke 8 neck2 t is1 he run no?+ aga9/ a po/--no object to run--& yet he broke 8 neck4 ,un=tunate man6 ,! fact 9 relation to ?is v]b is briefly ?is3 ,x is us$ to express ! action :i* m usually t]m9ates on ! actor1 ?an on any o!r object4 ,?is circum/ance be+ g5]ally kn[n1 x w\ld be sup]flu\s to m5tion ! object1 except 9 cases :]e su* is n ! fact4 ,b :5ev] we desire to be def9ite1 or :5 !re is ! lea/ liability to mi/ake ! object1 x is inv>iably express$4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are num]\s4 ,!y ran ! boat a%ore4 ,! capta9 ran 8 m5 to rescue !m f ! enemy4 ,!y ran ! gauntlet4 ,!y run a /age to ,bo/on4 ,he ran himself into discr$it4 ,"o bank runs ano!r4 ,! man _h a h>d run ( x4 ,run ! acc\nt ov]1 & see if x is "r4 ,!y run =ty looms & two ?\s& sp9dles4 ,he runs 8 mill ev5+s4 ,su* expressions are common & correct1 because !y convey ideas1 & are und]/ood4 ,two m5 7 engag$ 9 argum5t4 ,! believ] 9 intransitive v]bs set out to run 8 oppon5t into an evid5t absurdity1 &1 contr>y to 8 expectation1 he ran himself into "o4 ,leave out ! objects ( ?is v]b1 run1 & ! s5se is totally *ang$4 ,he set out to run into an evid5t absurdity1 & he ran into "o2 t is1 he did ! v absurd ?+ :i* he int5d$ to d4#ad ,i walk4 ,! action express$ by ?is v]b is v simil> 9 "* to ! =m]1 b r sl[] 9 p]=mance4 ,writ]s on heal? tell u t to walk is a v heal?y ex]cise1 & t x w\ld be well = m5 ( s$5t>y habits to walk sev]al miles e day4 ,b if !re is no action 9 walk1 or if x has no object necess>ily walk$1 x w\ld be difficult to und]/& :at good c\ld result f x4 ,did y h a pleasant walk ?is morn+8 says a tea*] to 8 gramm> class4 ,we did h a v pleasant "o4 ,! fl[]s 7 bloom+ on ea* side ( ! walk1 & s5t =? _! sweete/ aroma1 p]fum+ ! s(t breezes ( ! morn+4 ,birds 7 flitt+ f spray to spray1 c>oll+ _! hymns ( praise to ,deity4 ,! tranquil wat]s ( ! lake lay slumb]+ 9 sil5ce1 & reflect$ ! bright rays ( ! sun1 giv+ a sweet b solemn aspect to ! :ole sc5e4 ,to g ?ro ! grove1 d[n by ! lake1 & up ?ro ! mead[1 is ! mo/ delightful walk a p]son c take4 ,h[ did y get y\r walk8 ,we walk$ x1 to be sure2 h[ did y ?9k we got x8 ,oh1 ,i did n "k4 ,walk1 y\r books tell y1 is an intransitive v]b1 t]m9at+ on no object2 s ,i suppos$1 if y foll[$ !m1 y obta9$ x "s o!r way2 by rid+1 runn+1 sail+1 or1 may be1 b\ght x1 z y c\ld n h walk$ x6 ,7 y tir$ on y\r return8 ,we 7 exce$+ly fatigu$1 = y "k x is a v long walk1 & we walk$ x 9 an h\r4 ,b :at tir$ y8 ,if !re are no effects produc$ by walk+1 ,i c n conceive :y y %\ld be fatigu$ by su* ex]cise4 ,:o does n p]ceive :at flagrant violations ( gramm> rules are committ$ e day1 & e h\r1 & 9 almo/ e s5t5ce t is fram$ to express our k ( facts4 ,to /ep4 ,?is v]b is ! same 9 "* ) ! two j notic$4 ,x expresses ! act ( rais+ ea* foot alt]nately1 & usually implies t ! body is1 by t means1 convey$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,b z p /ep _! feet & n _! h&s1 or any ?+ else1 x is entirely useless to m5tion ! object2 = g5]ally1 t c n be mi/ak5 any m ?an 9 ! case ( ! gloves1 boots1 & hat4 ,b x w\ld be bad philosophy to tea* *ildr5 t !re is no objective ^w aft] x1 because x is n writt5 out & plac$ be=e _! eyes4 ,!y w f9d su* tea*+ contradict$ at e /ep !y take4 ,let a believ] 9 intransitive v]bs /ep on a r$ hot iron2 he w soon f9d to 8 sorr[1 t he 0 mi/ak5 :5 he ?\ght t he c\ld /ep )\t /epp+ any ?+4 ,x w\ld be well = gramm>1 z well z _m o!r ?+s1 to h m practice & less !ory4 ,! ?ief 0 detect$ by 8 /eps4 ,/ep s(tly2 put y\r feet d[n c>efully4 ,birds fly4 ,we le>n$ f our prim]s1 t ,! eagle's flight ,is out ( sight1 ,h[ did ! eagle succe$ 9 produc+ a flight8 ,i suppose he flew x4 ,& if birds ev] fly1 !y mu/ produce a flight4 ,su* be+ ! fact1 x is ne$less to supply ! object4 ,b ! action does n t]m9ate solely on ! flight produc$1 = t is only ! "n giv5 to ! action itself4 ,! expression conveys to ! m9d ! obvi\s fact1 t1 by /rong muscul> en]gy1 by ! aid ( fea!rs1 & ! atmosph]e1 ! bird c>ries itself ?ro ! air1 & *anges its be+ f "o place to ano!r4 ,z birds r>ely fly a race1 or any ?+ b !mselves & a flight1 x is n necess>y to suffix ! object4 ,x ra9s4 ,?is v]b is insi/$ on z ! /ronge/ pro( ( intransitive action2 ) :at propriety1 we w n[ inquire4 ,x w s]ve z a cle> elucidation ( ! :ole !ory ( intransitive v]bs4 ,:at does ! expression signify8 ,x simply decl>es ! fact1 t wat] is %$ d[n f ! cl\ds4 ,b is !re no object aft] ra9s8 ,!re is none express$4 ,is !re no?+ ra9$8 no effect produc$8 ,if n1 !re c be no wat] fall51 & our ci/]ns w\ld be z empty1 our /reams z l[1 & fields z p>*$1 aft] a ra9 z be=e x6 ,b :o t has common s5se1 & has nev] be5 bl9d$ by ! false rules ( gramm>1 does n "k t :5 x ra9s1 x nev] fails to ra9 ra91 wat]1 or ra9-wat]1 unless y h "o ( ! paddy's dry ra9s8 ,:5 x hails1 x hails hail1 hail-/ones1 or froz5 ra94 ,:5 x sn[s1 x sn[s sn[1 sometimes two feet ( x1 sometimes less4 ,i %\ld ?9k tea*]s 9 our nor!rn c\ntries w\ld f9d x exce$+ difficult to conv9ce _! read]s t sn[ is an intransitive v]b--t x sn[s no?+4 ,& yet s x is2 p w rema9 w$d$ to _! old sy/ems1 & refuse to op5 _! eyes & behold ! evid5ces e :]e ar\nd !m4 ,tea*]s !mselves1 ! guides ( ! "y--& ,i blu% to say x1 = ,i 0 long among ! numb]--h1 ) _! s*ol>s1 labor$ all ! morn+1 break+ roads1 %ovell+ sn[1 & cle>+ pa?s1 to get to ! s*ool-h\se1 & !n set d[n & taught !m t to sn[ is an 9transitive v]b4 ,:at nons5se2 nay1 worse1 :at falsehoods h be5 in/ill$ into ! y\?ful m9d 9 ! "n ( gramm>6 ,c we be surpris$ t p h n und]/ood gramm>8 t x is a dry1 cold1 & lifeless bus9ess8 ,i once lectur$ 9 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 a conv]sation ) ,miss ,b41 a di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 :o _h taught a popul> female s*ool = tw5ty ye>s2 0 rem>k+ ^u ! subject ( intransitive v]bs1 & ! app>5t inconsi/5cy ( ! new sy/em1 t all v]bs mu/ h an object aft] !m1 express$ or und]/ood2 %e said1 !re 0 ! v]b ra91 7x happ5$ to be a ra9y day17 ! :ole action is conf9$ to ! ag5t2 x does n pass on to ano!r object2 x is purely intransitive4 ,h] ag$ "m1 :o _h nev] look$ into a gramm> book1 he>d ! conv]sation1 & v bluntly rem>k$1 ,:y1 y fool y1 ,i want to "k if y h /udi$ gramm> ^! ?irty ye>s1 & taught x m ?an tw5ty1 & h nev] l>n$ t :5 x ra9s x always ra9s ra98 ,if x didn't1 d y s'pose y'd ne$ an umbrella to g out n[ into ! /orm8 ,i %\ld ?9k y'd "k bett]4 ,i always told y ^! plaguy gramm>s 7 good = no?+1 ,i didn't b'lieve4 ,am51 said ,i1 to ! good s5se ( ! old lady1 y are "r1 & h reason to be ?ankful t y h nev] be5 initiat$ into ! intricate w9d+s1 nor be5 p]plex$ ) ! false & contradictory rules1 :i* h bla/$ _m bright g5iuses 9 _! e>lie/ attempts to ga9 a true k ( ! sublime pr9ciples ( language1 on :i* dep5ds s mu* ( ! happ9ess ( human life4 ,! good matron's rem>k 0 a pos] to ! daught]1 b x s]v$ z a means ( h] entire deliv]ance f ! ?raldom ( neut] v]bs1 & ! adoption ( ! new pr9ciples ( ! exposition ( language4 ,! anecdote %[s u h[ ! unsophi/icat$ m9d w obs]ve facts1 & employ words z correctly1 if n m s1 ?an ^? s*ool$ 9 ! high pret5sions ( sci5ce1 falsely taught4 ,:o does n "k f ! commone/ exp]i5ce1 t ! direct object ( ra9+ mu/ foll[ z ! necess>y sequ5ce8 t x c nev] fail8 ,& yet our philologi/s tell u t su* is n always ! case2 & t ! exception is to be m>k$ on ! s+ul> gr\nd1 :e!r ! ^w is writt5 out or omitt$6 ,:at a n>r[ view ( ! sublime laws ( motion6 ,:at a limit$ k ( ?+s6 or else1 :at a mi/ake6 ,!n ! ,"l said unto ,moses1 behold1 ,i w ra9 bread = y f heav54 ,!n ! ,"l ra9$ d[n1 ^u ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 brim/one & fire1 f ! ,"l out ( heav54--,bible4 ,! fire burns4 ,! fire burns ! wood1 ! coal1 or ! peat4 ,! great fire 9 ,new-,york burn$ ! build+s :i* cov]$ fifty-two acres ( gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,exp]im5t burns coal 9 pref]5ce to wood4 ,8 new grate burns x v f9ely4 ,r$ a% coal burns ! be/2 x makes ! fewe/ a%es1 & h5ce is ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! cook burns too mu* fuel4 ,! h\se took fire & burn$ up4 ,burn$ :at up8 ,burn is an intransitive v]b4 ,x w\ld n tr\ble ! un=tunate t5ant to "k t !re mu/ be an object burn$1 or :at x 04 ,he w\ld f9d x f> m difficult to rebuild 8 h\se4 ,d y suppose fires nev] burn any ?+ belong+ to neut] v]b folks8 ,!n !y nev] ne$ pay away insurance money4 ,) ! solit>y exception ,i h m5tion$--! burn+ bu%--?is v]b c n be intransitive4 ,! sun %9es4 ,?is is an intransitive v]b if !re ev] 0 "o1 because ! object is n (t5 express$ aft] x4 ,b if ! sun emits no rays ( light1 h[ %all x be kn[n :e!r x %9es or n8 ,! radiance ( ! sun's bright beam+ is produc$ by ! exhibition ( itself1 :5 x bright5s ! objects expos$ to its rays or radiance4 ,we talk ( sun %9e & moon %9e1 b if ^! bodies nev] produce effects h[ %all x be kn[n :e!r su* ?+s are real8 ,sun %9e is ! direct effect ( ! sun's %9+4 ,b cl\ds sometimes int]v5e & prev5t ! rays f ext5d+ to ! e>?2 b !n we d n say ! sun %9es4 ,y see at once1 t all we "k or c "k ( ! fact we /ate z tru?1 is d]iv$ f a k ( ! v effects :i* our gramm>s tell u d n exi/4 ,/range logic inde$6 ,x is a m>k ( a wis] man1 & a bett] s*ol>1 n to "k ! popul> gramm>s1 ?an x is to pr(ess any degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 !m6 ,to smile4 ,! smiles ( ! morn+1 ! smiles ( affection1 a smile ( k9dness1 are only produc$ by ! appe>ance ( some?+ t smiles ^u u4 ,smiles are ! direct consequ5ce ( smil+4 ,if a p]son %\ld smile ev] s sweetly & yet pres5t no smiles1 !y might1 = aught we c\ld "k to ! contr>y1 be s\r z v9eg>4 ,b ?is v]b frequ5tly has ano!r object aft] x2 z1 to smile ! wr9kles f ! br[ ( age1 or smile dull c>es away4 ,a s5sible wife w\ld soon reason & smile him into good nature4 ,b ,i ne$ n multiply examples4 ,:5 su* m5 z ,johnson1 ,walk]1 ,web/]1 ,murray1 ,l[!1 & a ho/ ( o!r wise & r5[n$ m51 gravely tell u t eat & dr9k1 :i* !y def9e1 to take food2 to fe$2 to take a meal2 to g to meals2 to be ma9ta9$ 9 food2 to swall[ liquors2 to qu5* ?ir/2 to take any liquid2 are intransitive or neut] v]bs1 hav+ no objects aft] !m1 we mu/ ?9k !m ins9c]e1 egregi\sly mi/ak51 or else possess$ ( a means ( subsi/5ce diff]5t f p g5]ally6 ,did !y eat & dr9k1 take food & swall[ liquors1 9transitively2 t is1 )\t eat+ or dr9k+ any ?+8 ,is x possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s8 ,:o does n see ! absurdity8 ,& yet !y 7 great m51 & nobody has a "r to "q su* high au?ority4 ,& ! simplifi]s :o h come aft]1 mak+ books & tea*+ gramm> to e>n _! bread1 h foll[$ close 9 _! foot/eps1 &1 ,i suppose1 eat5 no?+1 & ?r[n _! bread away6 ,0 ,i a believ] 9 neut] v]bs & desir$ to get money1 my fir/ /ep w\ld be to set up a bo>d+ h\se = all believ]s 91 & practis]s (1 intransitive v]bs4 ,i w\ld bo>d *eap & give good f>e4 ,i c\ld af=d x1 = no provisions w\ld be consum$4 ,"s ov] cauti\s m9ds1 :o are always second1 if n la/1 9 a good cause1 ask u :y ^! pr9ciples1 if s true & cle>1 7 n f\nd out be=e8 ,:y h n ! le>n$ :o h /udi$ = _m c5turies1 nev] se5 & adopt$ !m8 ,x is a suffici5t answ] to su* a "q1 to ask :y ! cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy 0 n soon] adopt$1 :y ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 ! p[] & application ( /eam1 nay1 :y all improvem5t 0 n kn[n be=e4 ,:5 gramm> & diction>y mak]s1 ^? wise exp\nd]s ( ! pr9ciples ( spee*1 h s f> =gott5 facts z to tea* t eat & dr9k1 express nei!r action nor passion1 or are conf9$ to ! ag5ts2 t :5 a man eats1 he eats no?+1 or :5 he dr9ks1 he dr9ks no?+1 we ne$ n /op long to decide :y ^! ?+s 7 unkn[n be=e4 ,! wise/ may sometimes mi/ake2 & ! pr\d aspirant = success1 frequ5tly passes ov]1 unobs]v$1 ! humble means on :i* all true success dep5ds4 ,all[ me to quote "s miscellane\s examples :i* w s]ve to %[ m cle>ly ! importance ( supply+ ! elipses1 9 ord] to compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! writ]s1 or pr(it by _! rem>ks4 ,y w supply ! objects correctly f ! att5dant circum/ances :]e !y are n express$4 ,ask 7 7 & ye %all receive 7 72 seek 7 7 & ye %all f9d 7 72 knock 7 7 & x %all be op5$ unto y4 ,ask :at8 ,seek :at8 ,knock :at8 ,t x may be op5$8 ,our ,gramm>s ,made ,easy w\ld tea* u to ask & seek no?+6 no objectives aft] !m4 ,:at !n c\ld we reasonably expect to receive or f9d8 ,! ?+ we ask$ =1 ( c\rse1 & t 0 no?+6 ,well might ! language apply to su*1 ,ye ask 7 7 & receive n 7naught7 because ye ask 7 7 amiss4 ,false tea*+ is z p]nici\s to religion & morals z to sci5ce4 ,*>ge !m t are ri* 9 ?is _w--t !y d good1 t !y be ri* 9 good works1 ready to di/ribute 7 71 will+ to communicate 7 74--,paul to ,timo?y4 ,! he>] is to obs]ve t !re is no object aft] ^! words--no?+ di/ribut$1 or communicat$6 ,!re is too mu* su* *>ity 9 ! _w4 ,he spoke 7 71 & x 0 done2 he comm&$ 7 71 & x /ood fa/4 ,bless 7 71 & curse 7 7 n4--,bible4 ,/rike 7 7 :ile ! iron is hot4--,prov]b4 ,i came 7 71 ,i saw 7 71 ,i conqu]$ 7 74--,caes>'s ,lett]4 ,he lives 7 7 cont5t$ & happy4 ,! life t ,i n[ live1 9 ! fle%1 ,i live by ! fai? ( ! son ( ,god4--,paul4 ,let me die ! dea? ( ! righte\s1 & let my la/ end be l 84--,numb]s4 ,z bodily ex]cise p>ticul>ly /r5g!ns 7 71 z x invites 7 7 to sleep 7 71 & secures 7 7 aga9/ great disord]s1 x is to be g5]ally enc\rag$4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises may be e/abli%$ = all ages & = all classes4 ,! ,jews 7 ord]$ to take a walk out ( ! city on ! ,sabba? day2 & "h ri* & poor1 "y & old1 ma/] & slave1 met 7 7 & indulg$ 7 7 9 innoc5t mir? or 9 ! pleasures ( fri5dly int]c\rse4--,spurzheim on ,education4 ,m5 w wrangle 7 7 = religion2 write 7 7 = x2 fight 7 7 = x2 die 7 7 = x2 any ?+ b live 7 7 = x4--,lacon4 ,i h address$ ?is volume to ^? t ?9k 7 71 & "s may accuse me ( an o/5tati\s indep5d5ce1 9 presum+ 7 7 to inscribe a book to s small a m9ority4 ,b a volume address$ to ^? t ?9k 7 7 is 9 fact address$ to all ! _w2 = al?o ! proportion ( ^? :o d 7 7 ?9k 7 7 be extremely small1 yet e individual flatt]s himself t he is "o ( ! numb]4--,idem4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce :e!r a man ?9ks or n1 if he produces no ?\ghts8 ,he t ?9ks himself ! happie/ man1 really is s2 b he t ?9ks himself ! wise/1 is g5]ally ! greate/ fool4--,idem4 ,a man has _m workm5 employ$2 "s to pl\gh 7 7 & s[ 7 71 o!rs to *op 7 7 & split 7 72 "s to m[ 7 7 & reap 7 72 "o to score 7 7 & hew 7 72 two to frame 7 7 & raise 7 74 ,9 8 factory he has p]sons to c>d 7 71 sp9 7 71 reel 7 71 spool 7 71 w>p 7 71 & weave 7 71 & a cl]k to deliv] 7 7 & *>ge 7 71 to receive 7 7 & pay 7 74 ,!y eat 7 71 & dr9k 7 71 he>tily1 ?ree times a day2 & z !y "w 7 7 h>d1 & feel 7 7 tir$ at night1 !y lay 7 7 d[n1 sleep 7 7 s\ndly1 & dream 7 7 pleasantly2 !y rise 7 7 up e>ly to g 7 7 to "w 7 7 aga94 ,9 ! morn+ ! *ildr5 wa% 7 7 & dress 7 7 & prep>e 7 7 to g 7 7 to s*ool1 to le>n 7 7 to read 7 71 write 7 71 & ciph] 7 74 ,all neut] or intransitive v]bs66 ,! celebrat$ horse1 ,corydon1 w p]=m 7 7 on ,tuesday ev5+ 9 ! circus4 ,he w leap 7 7 ov] f\r b>s1 sep>ately1 9 imitation ( ! engli% hunt]4 ,he w lie 7 7 d[n1 & rise 7 7 up in/antly at ! ^w ( comm&4 ,he w move 7 7 backw>ds & sideways1 re> 7 7 & /& 7 7 on 8 h9d feet2 he w sit 7 7 d[n1 l a ,turk1 on a cu%ion4 ,to conclude 7 71 he w leap 7 71 9 a surpris+ mann]1 ov] two horses4--,c>dell's ,gramm>4 ,! gymna/ic is n a m\ntebank2 he palms (f no leg]dema9 ^u ! public4 ,he w /ret* a l9e across ! room1 sev]al feet f ! floor1 ov] :i* he w leap 7 7 ) surpris+ dext]ity4 ,he w /& 7 7 on 8 head1 balance1 7 7 on "o foot1 & sw+ 7 7 f side to side ( ! room2 lay 7 7 crosswise1 & sideways2 spr+ 7 7 ^u 8 feet2 b\nd 7 7 ^u ! floor2 dance 7 7 & keel 7 7 ov] ) out t\*+ 8 h&s4 ,he w s+ 7 71 play 7 71 & mimic 7 72 look 7 7 l a k+1 & act 7 7 l a fool4 ,he w laugh 7 7 & cry 7 71 z if real2 ro> 7 7 l a lion1 & *irp 7 7 l a bird4 ,to conclude 7 73 ,he w d all ?is to an audi5ce ( neut] gramm>ians1 )\t ei!r action or passion1 all ! :ile hav+ a /ate ( be+1 motionless1 9 ! c5t] ( ! room66 ,:at a lie6 say y4 ,a lie8 ,i hope y d n accuse me ( ly+4 ,if !re is any ?+ false 9 ?is matt] x all lies 9 ! quotation1 at ! conclusion1 f ! /&>d gramm>4 ,if t is false1 ^: fault is x8 ,n m9e1 c]ta9ly4 ,b :at if ,i %\ld lie 7 71 intransitively8 ,i %\ld tell no falsehoods4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,if !re is any ?+ irrational or inconsi/5t1 any ?+ false or ridicul\s1 9 ?is view ( ! subject1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t x has be5 long taught1 n only 9 common s*ools1 b 9 our academies & colleges1 z s]i\s1 practical tru?2 z ! only means ( acquir+ a correct k ( language1 or fitt+ ourselves = usefulness or respectability 9 society4 ,y smile at su* tra%1 & well y may2 b y mu/ be> 9 m9d t gramm> is n ! only ?+ 9 :i* we may turn r\nd & laugh 7 7 at pa/ follies4 ,b ,i am dispos$ to consid] ?is matt] ( m s]i\s consequ5ce ?an to des]ve our laught]4 ,:5 ,i see ! ris+ g5]ation sp5d mon?s & ye>s ( ! be/ & mo/ important "p ( _! lives1 :i* %\ld be devot$ to ! acquisition ( t :i* is true & useful1 /udy+ ! d>k & false !ory ( language z usually taught1 ,i am f> f feel+ any desire to laugh at ! folly :i* imposes su* a task ^u !m4 ,i rememb] too di/9ctly ! ye>s t h j gone by4 ,i h se5 too _m blight$ hopes1 too _m we>isome h\rs1 too _m sad c\nt5ances1 too _m brok5 resolutions2 to say no?+ ( corporeal *a/isem5ts2 to ?9k x a small matt] t *ildr5 are errone\sly taught ! rudim5ts ( language1 because sanction$ by age1 or great names4 ,a *ange1 an important *ange1 a radical *ange1 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( education1 is imp]i\sly dem&$1 & tea*]s mu/ obey ! call1 & effect ! *ange4 ,!re is a _s abroad 9 ! l& :i* w n b[ tamely & )\t compla9t1 to ! unw>rant$ dictation ( arbitr>y1 false1 & contradictory rules1 m]ely f respect to age4 ,x dem&s reason1 consi/5cy & pla9ness2 & yields ass5t only :]e !y are f\nd4 ,& tea*]s1 if !y w n lead 9 ! re=mation1 mu/ be satisfi$ to foll[ aft]2 = a re=mation is l\dly call$ =1 & w be _h4 ,none are satisfi$ ) exi/+ gramm>s1 :i*1 9 pr9ciple1 are ne>ly alike4 ,! sev5ty-?ree attempts to improve & simplify ,murray1 h only act$ intransitively1 & accompli%$ v little1 if any good1 save ! employm5t giv5 to pr9t]s1 pap] mak]s1 & booksell]s4 ,b ,i w n enl>ge4 ,we h little occasion to wond] at ! errors & mi/akes ( gramm> mak]s1 :5 our lexicograph]s tell u = sob] tru?1 t to act1 to be 9 action1 n to re/1 to be 9 motion1 to move1 is v4 n4 a v]b neut]1 signify+ no action66 or v4 i4 v]b intransitive1 produc+ no effects2 & t a neut] v]b expresses 7active transitive v]b7 a /ate ( be+66 ,!re are few m9ds capable ( adopt+ su* premises1 & draw+ !refrom conclusions :i* are rational or consi/5t4 ,tru? is r>ely elict$ f error1 beauty f de=mity1 or ord] f confusion4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we all[ ! neut] sy/ems to s9k into =getfulness1 z !y usually d z soon z we leave s*ool & %ut our books1 let u ?r[ ! mantle ( *>ity ov] ^? :o h ?\ghtlessly 7)\t ?9k+ ?\ghts7 & innoc5tly lead u _m mon?s 9 d>k & doleful w&]+s1 9 pa?s ( error & contradiction1 mi/ak5 = ! road to k & usefulness4 ,b let u resolve to save ourselves & future g5]ations f foll[+ ! same unpleasant & unpr(itable c\rse1 & endeavor to reflect ! light :i* may %9e ^u our m9ds1 to dispel ! surr\nd+ d>kness1 & secure ! light & k ( tru? to ^? :o %all come aft] u4 ,_m philologi/s h und]tak5 to expla9 our language by ! aid ( =eign tongues4 ,because !re are g5itive cases1 diff]5t k9ds ( v]bs1 six t5ses1 etc4 9 ! ,lat9 or ,greek1 ! same di/9ctions %\ld exi/ 9 our gramm>s4 ,b ?is argum5t w n apply1 admitt+ t o!r languages w n all[ ( ! plan ( exposition we h adopt$1 :i* we v s]i\sly "q1 ?o we h n "t to g into t inve/igation4 ,we believe t ! pr9ciples we h adopt$ are capable ( univ]sal application2 t :at is action 9 ,engl& w\ld be action 9 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,turkey1 & e :]e else2 t l causes w produce l effects all ! _w ov]4 ,x matt]s n by :om ! action is se51 x is ! same1 & all :o ga!r ideas !refrom w describe x z x appe>s to !m1 let !m speak :at language !y may4 ,b if !y h no ideas to express1 !y ne$ no language to speak4 ,monkeys1 = aught ,i "k to ! contr>y1 c speak z well z we2 b ! reason !y d n1 is because !y h no?+ to say4 ,let ,maelzael's automaton *ess-play] be exhibit$ to a promiscu\s multitude4 ,!y w\ld all attempt a description ( x1 s f> z !y 7 able to ga9 a k ( its con/ruction1 ea* 9 8 own language4 ,"s might be unable to trace ! cause1 ! mov+ p[]1 ?ro all ! curi\sly arrang$ means1 to ! ag5t :o act$ z prime mov] to ! :ole affair4 ,o!rs1 less cauti\s 9 _! conclusions1 might ?9k x a p]petual motion4 ,su* w\ld f9d a fir/ cause %ort ( ! ,creator1 ! great orig9al ( all ?+s & actions2 & ?us violate ! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,heav5 has nev] left a vacuum :]e a new & self su/a9+ p[] may be set 9 op]ation indep5d5t ( 8 ev]-pres5t sup]vision2 & h5ce ! long talk$ ( p]petual motion is ! va9e/ *im]a :i* ev] occupi$ ! human bra94 ,x may well appe> z ! opposite extreme ( neut] v]bs2 =1 :ile "o w\ld give no action to matt] accord+ to ! physical laws :i* regulate ! _w1 ! o!r w\ld make matt] act ( itself1 indep5d5t ( ! ,almighty4 ,be x ours to take a m rational & consi/5t /&2 to view all ?+s & be+s z occupy+ a place duly prescrib$ by ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 act+ accord+ to _! sev]al abilities1 & subject to ! regulation ( ! all-p]vad+ laws :i* guide1 pres]ve1 & h>monize ! :ole4 ,if !re is a subject :i* tea*es u beyond controv]sy ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,p[]1 a ,univ]sal ,fa!r1 an all-wise & ev]-pres5t ,god1 x is f\nd 9 ! ord] & h>mony ( all ?+s1 produc$ by ! regulation ( ,div9e laws2 & man's sup]iority to ! re/ ( ! _w is mo/ cle>ly prov$1 f ! possession ( a p[] to adapt language to ! communication ( ideas 9 free & social conv]se1 or 9 ! transmission ( ?\ght1 drawn f an obs]vation & k ( ?+s z pres5t$ to 8 und]/&+4 ,!re is no sci5ce s directly important to ! gr[? ( intellect & ! future happ9ess ( ! *ild1 z ! k ( language4 ,)\t x1 :at is life8 ,:]e9 w\ld man be elevat$ above ! brute8 ,& :at is language )\t ideas8 ,a s\nd )\t h>mony--a %ad[ )\t a sub/ance4 ,let language be taught on ! pr9ciples ( true philosophy1 z a sci5ce1 in/ead ( an arbitr>y1 me*anical bus9ess1 a m]e art1 & y w no long] he> ! compla9t ( a dry1 cold1 un9t]e/+ /udy4 ,its rules w be simple1 pla91 & easy2 & at e /ep ! *ild w increase 9 ! k ( m ?an words1 9 an acqua9tance ) pr9ciples ( natural & moral sci5ce4 ,& if !re is any ?+ t w c>ry ! m9d ( ! *ild above ! l[ & grovell+ ?+s ( e>?1 & fill ! s\l ) rev]5ce & devotion to ! ,holy ,be+ :o fills imm5sity ) 8 pres5ce1 x is :51 f obs]v+ ! laws :i* gov]n matt]1 he passes to obs]ve ! p[]s & capabilities ( ! m9d1 & !nce asc5ds to ! ,intellectual ,s\rce ( light1 life1 & be+1 & contemplates ! p]5nial & ec/atic joys :i* fl[ f ! pres5ce ( ,deity2 s\l m+l+ ) s\l1 love absorb$ 9 love1 & ,god all 9 all4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,! v]b to be4--,comp\nd$ ( diff]5t radical words4--,am4 --,def9$4--,! "n ( ,deity4--,ei4--,is4--,are4--,71 04--,be4--,a dialogue4--,examples4--,passive ,v]bs exam9$4-- ,_c be 9 ! pres5t t5se4--,! pa/ p>ticiple is an adjective4 ,we h gone ?r\gh ! exam9ation ( neut] & intransitive v]bs1 ) ! exception ( ! v]b to be1 :i* we propose to notice 9 ?is place4 ,mu* m might be said on ! subjects ,i h discuss$1 & _m m examples giv5 to illu/rate ! nature & op]ation ( actions z express$ by v]bs1 & also 9 ref]5ce to ! objects ( action2 b ,i tru/ ! h9ts ,i h giv5 w be satisfactory4 ,i am confid5t1 if y w all[ y\r m9ds to ?9k correct ?\ghts1 & n suff] !m to be misl$ by errone\s tea*+1 y w arrive at ! same conclusion t ,i h1 viz4 t all v]bs dep5d on a common pr9ciple = _! explanation2 t !y are alike active1 & necess>ily take an object aft] !m1 ei!r express$ or und]/ood1 9 accordance ) ! immutable law ( nature1 :i* tea*es t l causes w produce l effects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v]b to be1 z x is call$1 is conjugat$ by ! aid ( six diff]5t words1 9 its v>i\s modes & t5ses2 am1 is1 are1 01 71 be4 ,am is un*ang$1 always 9 ! indicative mood1 pres5t t5se1 agree+ ) ! fir/ p]son s+ul>4 ,is is also un*ang$1 9 ! same mood & t5se1 agree+ ) ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,art1 9 ! s+ul>1 is ! same z are 9 ! plural4 ,0 & wa/1 are ! same z 7 & w]t 9 mean+1 be+ d]iv$ f ! same etymon4 ,be1 be+1 & be51 are *anges ( ! same ^w4 ,be 0 =m]ly ext5sively us$ 9 ! indicative pres5t1 b 9 t condition x is ne>ly obsolete4 ,7 0 also us$ 9 ! s+ul> z well z plural1 especially :5 com+ be=e ! ag5t2 z1 7 ,i to g1 ,i w\ld d y\r bus9ess4 ,b x is n[ m common to h 0 correctly us$ 9 t case4 ,b1 z "o extreme (t5 foll[s ano!r1 p h laid 7 q too mu* aside1 & (t5 cr[d 0 into its place 9 common conv]sation2 z we 0 777 !re ye/]day4 ,!re 0 777 five or six m5 engag$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,?is error appe>s to be ga9+ gr\nd1 & %\ld be *eck$ be=e x goes f>!r4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! diff]5t words 0 produc$ by habit1 to avoid ! monotony :i* ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( "o ^w1 s necess>y 9 ! expression ( ?\ght1 w\ld occasion3 ! same z ! pa/ t5se ( g is made by ! sub/itution ( ano!r ^w radically diff]5t1 w5t1 ! pa/ t5se ( w5d or w9d4 ,o'er hills & dales !y w5d _! way4 ,! l[+ h]d w9d sl[ly o'er ! lea4 ,g & w5d convey to our m9ds ne>ly ! same ideas4 ,! latt] is a little m poetical1 because less us$4 ,b orig9ally _! signification 0 q diff]5t4 ,s ) ! p>ts ( ! v]b to be4 ,!y 7 consolidat$ z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 & n[ appe> 9 _! respective positions to express ! idea ( be+1 life1 or exi/5ce4 ,i h said ?is v]b expresses ! highe/ degree ( action4 ,i w n[ attempt to prove x4 ,i %\ld l to g into a labor$ & critical exam9ation ( ! words1 & trace _! *anges ?ro v>i\s languages1 0 x 9 accordance ) ! design ( ^! lectures4 ,b z x is n1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) g5]al obs]vations4 ,i am4 ,?is ^w is n def9$ 9 our diction>ies4 ,x is only said to be ! fir/ p]son ( to be4 ,we mu/ look = its mean+ "s :]e else4 ,x is a comp\nd ( two anci5t words1 ah1 brea?1 to brea!1 life1 to live1 light1 to light2 & ma1 ! h&1 or to h&4 ,x signifies to vivify1 su/a91 or support "o's self 9 be+ or exi/5ce4 ,9 process ( "t1 l o!r ?+s 9 ?is mutable _w1 its =m 0 *ang$1 b ! mean+ reta9$4 ,b z "o p]son c\ld n vivify or live ano!r1 inflate ano!r's lungs1 or brea! ano!r's brea?1 x became re/rict$ to ! fir/ p]son4 ,x means1 ,i brea! brea?1 vivify myself1 live life1 or ex]cise ! p[] ( be+ or liv+4 ,x conveys ?is fact 9 e in/ance1 = no p]son incapable ( brea?+ c say ,i am4 ,let any p]son pron\nce ! ^w ah-ma1 & !y w at once p]ceive ! appropriat5ess ( ! mean+ "h giv54 ,x is v simil> to ! lett] h1 & ! pron\n1 7orig9ally n\n17 he1 or ! r\gh brea?+ 9 ! ,greek language4 ,ma is comp\nd$ ) _m words :i* express action done by ! h&2 z1 manufacture1 manumit4 ,x d5ot$ any action or "w done by ! h& z ! in/rum5t2 b1 l o!r words1 x gradually *ang$ its import1 s z to express any effective op]ation4 ,h5ce ! union ( ! words 0 natural & easy1 & ahma d5ot$ brea?+1 to live or su/a9 life4 ,h is a prec>i\s lett] 9 all languages t use x1 z ! pronunciation ( x by _m :o speak ! ,engli% language1 w prove4 ,x 0 long ago dropt1 9 ?is ^w1 & aft] x ! la/ a1 s t we n[ h ! pla9 ^w am4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ z a n\n 9 our language1 & z su* may be f\nd 9 ,exodus #c3 #ac1 #ad4 ,& ,moses said unto ,god1 ,behold :5 ,i come unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel & %all say unto !m1 ,! ,god ( y\r fa!rs s5t me unto y2 & !y %all say to me1 ,:at is 8 "n8 :at %all ,i say unto !m8 ,& ,god said unto ,moses1 ,i am ! ,i ,,am2 & he said1 ,?us %alt ?\ say unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i ,,am ha? s5t me unto y4 ,*ap4 #f3 #c4--;,i appe>$ unto ,abraham1 unto ,isaac1 & unto ,jacob1 by ! "n ( ,god ,almighty2 b by my "n ,jehovah 7,i ,,am7 0 ,i n kn[n unto !m4 ,! ^w ,jehovah is ! same z am4 ,x is ! "n ( ! self-exi/5t1 self-su/a9+ ,be+1 :o has n only p[] to uphold all ?+s1 b to p]=m ! /ill m sublime action ( uphold+ or su/a9+ himself4 ,?is is ! highe/ possible degree ( action4 ,let ?is fail1 & all creation w be a wreck4 ,he is ! ev]-liv+1 uncontroll$1 unfail+1 unassi/$1 & nev]-*ang+ ,god1 ! ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 ,alpha & ,omega1 ! ,beg9n+ & ,end ( all ?+s4 ,he is ! ,fir/ ,cause ( all causes1 ! ,ag5t1 orig9al mov+ ,p[]1 & guid+ ,wisdom1 :i* set 9 motion ! :eels ( univ]sal nature1 & guides & gov]ns !m )\t v>iabl5ess or ! %ad[ ( turn+4 ,i ,,am ! fir/1 & ,i1 ! la/1 ,?ro endless ye>s ! same2 ,i ,,am is my memorial /ill1 ,& my et]nal "n4 ,watts' ,hymn4 ,ask ! ,jews ! mean+ ( ?is neut] v]b 9 _! language4 ,!y hold x 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd & sup]/iti\s rev]5ce4 ,aft] ! captivity ( _! nation !y nev] d>$ pron\nce ! "n except once a ye> :5 ! high prie/ w5t into ! ,holy ( ,holies1 & h5ce ! true pronunciation ( x 0 lo/4 ,unto ?is day !y d>e n attempt to utt] x4 ,9 all _! writ+s x rema9s 9 *>act]s untranslat$4 ,:5 _! ,messiah comes !y expect he w re/ore ! pronunciation1 & by x !y %all be able to accompli% all ?+s4#ae ,accord+ to ,plut>* ! ,greeks _h ! lett]s ,,ei1 ?\ art1 engrav5 on ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 :i* is ! second p]son ( ,eimi1 ,i am4#af ,?is motto 0 d\btless borr[$ f ! ,jews1 to :om x 0 giv5 z ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,jacob4 ,! same "n y may see engrav5 on monum5ts1 on pictures ( ! bible1 on masonic implem5ts1 & 9 v>i\s places1 untranslat$4 ,:o c suppose t ?is ^w expresses no action1 :5 ! v p]son incapable ( x c n utt] x1 & no "o else c speak x = him8 ,x d5otes ! highe/ conceivable action appli$ to ,deity or to man1 & x is que/ionable philosophy :i* d>es contradict ?is fact4 ,! action express$ by x1 is n *ang$1 because x does n t]m9ate on a =eign object4 ,x rema9s ! same4 ,x is self-action4 ,he is4 ,?is ^w is con/ruct$ f an old v]b signify+ to /& =?1 to appe>1 to %[ "o's self1 & may be trac$1 ,i ?9k1 to ! lat9 eo1 to g1 & exi/1 to exeo1 to g f2 t is1 our be+ or exi/5ce1 came or /ood =? f ,god4 ,x is c]ta9ly a contraction f ! old engli% to exi/4 ,i/ is ! spell+ /ill reta9$ 9 ! g]man & "s o!r languages4 ,x d5otes self-action4 ,"o man does n exi/ ano!r1 b himself4 ,he keeps himself 9 exi/5ce4 ,we are1 ?\ are-e/1 ar/1 or art4 ,be n surpris$ :5 ,i tell y ?is is ! same ^w z air1 = su* is ! fact4 ,x signifies to inhale air1 to air ourselves1 or brea! air4 ,god brea!d into man ! brea? ( life1 & man became a liv+ s\l4 ,! new born infant inhales air1 inflates its lungs ) air1 & beg9s to live4 ,we all "k h[ ess5tial air is to ! pres]vation ( life4 ,no animal c live an in/ant )\t x4 ,drop a squirrel into a receiv] f :i* all air has be5 extract$1 & x c n live4 ,ev5 vegetables w die :]e !re is no air4 ,light is also indisp5sable to life & heal?4 ,air is inhal$ & exhal$1 & f x life receives support4 ,! fact be+ common1 x is n s di/9ctly obs]v$ by ! c>eless1 z ?o x 0 m r>e4 ,b did y nev] see ! man dy+ ( a consumption1 :5 ! pulmon>y or brea?+ organs 7 ne>ly decay$8 ,h[ he labors = brea?6 ,he asks to h ! w9d[s ?r[n op54 ,at l5g? he suffocates & dies4 ,mo/ p]sons /ruggle h>d = brea? 9 ! h\r ( dissolv+ nature4 ,! heav+ bosom1 ! holl[ gasp = air1 tells u t ! lamp ( life is soon to be ext+ui%$1 t ! h\r ( _! dep>ture has come4 ,:5 a p]son fa9ts1 we c>ry !m into ! air1 or bl[ air ^u !m1 t nature may be re/or$ to its regul> c\rse4 ,9 c]ta9 cases physicians f9d x necess>y to =ce air into ! lungs ( infants2 !y c aft] t air1 !mselves1 imbibe or dr9k 9 air1 or inspirit !mselves ) air4 ,b ,i ne$ n enl>ge4 ,:oev] has be5 depriv$ ( air & labor$ h>d = brea? 9 a /ifl$ or un:olesome air1 c appreciate :at we mean4 ,we 72 he 04 ,i h said be=e t ^! words are ! same1 & are us$ 9 c]ta9 cases irrespective ( numb]4 ,i h good au?ority = ?is op9ion1 al?o "s etymologi/s give !m diff]5t d]ivations4 ,71 w]t2 wor?1 w]?2 ^w & w]de1 are d]iv$ f ! same etymon & reta9 a simil>ity ( mean+4 ,!y signify _s1 life1 en]gy4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ^w1 & ! ^w 0 ) ,god4 ,by ! ^w ( 8 grace4 ,!y 71 !y inspirit$ !mselves1 possess$ ! life1 vitality1 or _s1 ! ,creator gave !m1 & hav+ t _s1 life1 or en]gy1 "u prop] regulation1 9 due degree1 !y 7 wor?y ( ! e/eem1 reg>d1 sympa?y1 & good ^w ( o!rs4 ,to be4 ,?is is consid]$ ! root ( all ! words we h consid]$1 & to x all o!rs are ref]r$ = a def9ition4 ,diction>ies give no def9ition to am1 is1 are1 01 & 71 all ( !m z truly pr9cipal v]bs z be1 & possess$ ( z di/9ct a mean+4 ,x c h>dly be possible t !y %\ld =m s important a "p ( our language1 & yet be incapable ( def9ition4 ,b su* is ! fact1 ! mo/ significant words 9 our language1 & ^? mo/ frequ5tly us$1 are undef9$ 9 ! books4 ,mr4 ,web/] says to be signifies1 to exi/1 to h a real /ate or exi/5ce1 & s say ,walk] & ,johnson4 ,n[ if x is possible to h a /ate ( be+ )\t action or passion1 !n may ?is ^w express neutrality4 ,b ! v def9ition requires activity1 & an object express$4 ,x d5otes ! act ( be+1 or liv+2 to ex]cise ! p[]s ( life1 to ma9ta9 a position or rank 9 ! scale ( exi/5t ?+s4 ,! "n ( ! action is be+1 & applies to ! ,almighty ,,be+ :o exi/s un*ang$ z ! s\rce ( all inf]ior be+s & ?+s1 ^: "n is ,jehovah1 ,i ,,am1 ! ,be+ ( be+s1 ! ,f\nta9 ( light1 life1 & wisdom4 ,be is us$ 9 ! imp]ative & inf9itive moods correctly1 by e body :o employs language4 ,be "h 9 t5 m9utes4 ,be x f> f !e4 ,i w be 9 ,bo/on be=e noon4 ,if !re is any action 9 go+ f ,provid5ce to ,bo/on at rail-road spe$1 9 two h\rs1 or be=e noon1 x is all express$ by ! v]b be1 :i* we are told expresses no action4 ,! tea*] says to 8 s*ol>s :5 out at play1 ,i want y to be 9 y\r seats 9 five m9utes4 ,:at w\ld !y und]/& him to mean8 t !y %\ld /& /ill8 or t !y %\ld *ange _! /ate ( be+ f play 9 ! y>d1 to a /ate ( be+ 9 _! seats8 ,!re is no ^w to d5ote su* *ange1 except ! ^w to be4 ,be (f1 be gone1 be "h1 be !re1 are comm&s frequ5tly giv5 & correctly und]/ood4 ,! ma/] says to a bright little lad1 :o has well le>n$ 8 gramm>1 ,be "h 9 a m9ute4 ,yes1 sir1 ,i w be !re2 b he does n move4 ,be "h imm$iately4 ,yes1 yes1 ,i w be !re4 ,don't y und]/& me8 ,i say1 be "h in/antly4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i und]/& y & w obey4 ,! good man is enrag$4 ,y sc\ndrel1 says he1 d y mean to disobey my ord]s & insult me8 ,insult y & disobey y2 ,i h done nei!r1 replies ! hone/ boy4 ,yes y h1 & ,i w *a/ise y sev]ely = x4 ,no1 ma/]1 ,i h n2 ,i decl>e1 ,i h n4 ,i h obey$ y z well z ,i "k h[1 to ! v lett] & _s ( y\r comm&4 ,didn't ,i tell y to be "h 9 a m9ute1 & h n y rema9$ :]e y 78 & didn't y say y w\ld be "h8 ,yes1 sir2 & did n ,i d j :at y told me to8 ,:y1 no1 y blockhead2 ,i told y to be "h4 ,well1 ,i told y ,i w\ld be !re4 ,y 0 n "h4 ,nor did y expect ,i w\ld be1 if y h taught me to speak1 write1 & und]/& correctly4 ,:at d y mean1 y saucy boy8 ,i mean to m9d my ma/]1 & d :at he tells me to4 ,:y didn't y d s !n8 ,i did4 ,y didn't4 ,i did4 ,y lie1 y insult me1 y contradict me1 y saucy fell[4 ,y are n fit to be 9 s*ool4 ,i w puni% y sev]ely4 ,& 9 a passion he />ts = 8 f]rule1 takes ! boys h&1 & bruises him badly2 ! hone/ little fell[ all ! :ile plead+ innoc5ce ( any int5d$ wrong4 ,9 a %ort "t !y comm5ce p>s+ ?is s5t5ce3 ,x is necess>y to be v p>ticul> 9 asc]ta9+ ! mean+ ( words be=e we use !m4 ,! ma/] puts to be to ! same boy4 ,he says x is an active v]b1 inf9itive mood4 ,h[ is t8 an active v]b8 ,yes1 sir4 ,no1 x is n4 ,x is a neut] v]b4 ,begg+ y\r p>don1 ma/]1 x is n4 ,x is active4 ,h ,i got to puni% y aga9 s soon1 y impud5t fell[4 ,y are n fit to be 9 s*ool4 ,i w in=m y\r p>5ts ( y\r conduct4 ,:at h ,i done t is wrong8 ,y say to be is an active v]b1 :5 ,i tell y1 & ! gramm> & diction>y tell y1 x is neut]6 ,:at is a neut] v]b1 ma/]8 ,x expresses 'nei!r action nor passion1 b be+ or a /ate ( be+4' ,h y =gott5 x8 ,no1 sir1 ,i ?\ght t 0 ! case4 ,:at did y ask me = !n8 ,because ,i suppos$ y _h f\nd ano!r mean+ = x4 ,to :at d y allude1 y tr\blesome fell[1 y8 ,i'll n be> y\r insults mu* long]4 ,= :at did y puni% me s sev]ely j n[8 ,= disobey+ my ord]s4 ,:at did y ord] me to d8 ,to be "h 9 a m9ute4 ,well1 did n ,i d :at y told me8 ,no2 y kept y\r seat1 & did n come ne> me4 ,well1 ,i ?\ght & did j :at y n[ tell me2 t to be is a neut] v]b1 express+ no action1 b be+4 ,i _h a /ate ( be+1 & promis$ to keep x1 & did keep x1 & y puni%$ me = do+ ! v ?+ y told me to d66 ,! ma/] look$ d[n1 %ut up 8 book1 & began to say t gramm> is a dry1 cold1 & useless /udy1 h>dly wor? ! tr\ble ( le>n+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end+1 sai? ! ,"l1 :o is1 & :o 01 & :o is to come1 ! ,almighty4--,rev4 #a3 #h4 ,if !re is any action 9 ma9ta9+ et]nal exi/5ce1 by :i* all ?+s 7 creat$ & are upheld1 x is express$ 9 ! v]bs am1 is1 & 04 ,god said1 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light2 or m prop]ly r5d]$1 ,light be1 & light 04 ,0 !re no action 9 sett+ ! sun1 moon & />s 9 ! firmam5t1 & 9 caus+ !m to s5d =? ! rays ( light to dispel ! surr\nd+ d>kness8 ,if !re 01 be & 0 d5ote t action4 ,y are comm&$ to be & appe> be=e ! c\rt ( common pleas1 etc4 ,a heavy p5alty is impos$ ^u ^? :o fail to comply ) ?is citation--= neglect+ to d :at is express$ by ! neut] v]b to be4 ,su* cases might be multipli$ )\t numb]1 :]e ?is v]b is correctly us$ by all :o employ language1 & correctly und]/ood by all :o are capable ( kn[+ ! mean+ ( words4 ,b ,i ?9k y mu/ all be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( our proposition1 t all v]bs express action1 ei!r real or relative2 & 9 all cases h an object1 express$ or necess>ily impli$1 :i* /&s z ! effect1 & an ag5t1 z ! cause ( action3 & h5ce t language1 z a means = ! communication ( ?\ght1 does n deviate f ! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( philosophy1 b 9 all cases1 rightly expla9$1 s]ves to illu/rate !m1 9 ! pla9e/ mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few rem>ks on ! ,passive ,v]b1 & ,i w conclude ?is "p ( our subject1 :i* has already occupi$ mu* m ( our att5tion ?an ,i expect$ at ! outset4 ,a v]b passive expresses a passion or a suff]+1 or ! receiv+ ( an action2 & necess>ily implies an object act$ ^u1 & an ag5t by :i* x is act$ ^u2 z1 to be lov$2 ,p5elope is lov$ by me4 ,9 ! explanation ( ?is v]b1 gramm>ians fur!r tell u t a passive v]b is =m$ by add+ ! v]b to be1 :i* is ?us made auxili>y1 to a pa/ p>ticiple2 z1 ,portia 0 lov$4 ,pompey 0 conqu]$4 ,x is s+ul> h[ =getful our great m5 sometimes are ab\t obs]v+ _! own rules4 ,take an in/ance 9 ,mr4 ,walk]'s octavo diction>y4 ,look = ! ^w simet]1 a small sword4 ,y w f9d x spell$ scimit>4 ,!n turn ov]1 & y w f9d x simitar1 ) ! same def9ition1 & ! rem>k1 m prop]ly cimetar4 ,!n turn back1 & f9d ! correct ^w z he spells x1 & !re y w f9d x cimeter4 ,unsettl$ z to ! true spell+1 g to our own honor$ ,web/]4 ,look = scimit]4 ,he says1 see cimitar4 ,!n look = cimit>2 see cimeter4 ,!n hunt up ! true ^w1 be x ar or er1 & y w f9d x /ill ano!r way1 cimiter4 ,"h ! s*ol> has sev5 diff]5t ways to spell ?is ^w1 & nei!r ( 8 au?orities h foll[$ _! own examples4 ,i cite ?is z "o ( a ?\s& in/ances1 :]e our savans h laid d[n rules = o!rs1 & disreg>d$ !m !mselves4 ,portia is lov$ & happy4 ,%e is respectable1 virtu\s1 tal5t$1 & respect$ by all :o "k h]4 ,%e is seat$ by ! door4 ,does ! door seat h]8 ,:at ag5t1 !n1 causes h] passion or suff]+8 ,! book is pr9t$4 ,w y p>se is pr9t$8 ,x is a passive v]b1 indicative mood1 pres5t t5se4 ,:o is pr9t+ x8 caus+ x1 9 ! pres5t t5se1 to suff] or receive ! action8 ,! act ( pr9t+ 0 p]=m$ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,h[ c x be pres5t "t8 ,p5elope is lov$ by me4 ,! bl[ is receiv$ by me4 ,x is giv5 by me4 ,p5elope is seat$ by me4 ,! e>?quake is felt by h]4 ,! evils are suff]$ by h]4 ,! ?und] is he>d by h]4 ,does ?is mean t %e is ! ag5t1 & ! e>?quake1 evils1 & ?und]1 are ! objects :i* receive ! effects :i* %e produces8 ,t w\ld be s+ul> philosophy1 inde$4 ,b to feel1 to suff]1 & to he>1 are active1 & are con/ruct$ into passive v]bs4 ,:y is x n z correct to say %e is suff]+ by ano!r's wrongs1 is rag+ by ! op]ation ( passion1 or is travell+ by rail-road1 are passive v]bs8 ,! fact is1 our language c n be expla9$ by set rules or =ms ( spee*4 ,we mu/ reg>d ! s5se4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple1 z x is call$1 becomes an adjective by use1 & describes h] z "s way affect$ by a previ\s action4 ,%e is le>n$1 h&some1 mode/1 &1 ( c\rse1 belov$ by all :o "k h]4 ,to say %e is plac$ by ! wat]'s edge1 is a passive v]b1 & t ! wat]'s edge1 z ! ag5t1 causes h] passion1 suff]+1 or receiv+ ( ! action1 is false & ridicul\s1 = %e plac$ h]self !re4 ,we are seat$ on our seats by ! /ove4 ,:at p[] is n[ op]at+ on u to make u suff] or receive ! action ( be+ seat$ on our seats8 ,does ! /ove p]=m ?is action8 ,?is is a passive v]b1 pres5t t5se1 :i* requires an object act$ ^u1 & an ag5t by :i* x is act$ ^u4 ,b we came 9 & seat$ ourselves "h an h\r ago4 ,! man is acquitt$4 ,he /&s acquitt$ be=e ! public4 ,he is le>n$1 wise1 & happy1 v mu* improv$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,he is always active1 /udi\s1 & engag$ 9 8 own affairs4 ,he is r5[n$1 & valor\s4 ,%e is respect$4 ,%e lives respect$4 ,if !re is su* a ?+ z a passive v]b1 x c nev] be us$ 9 ! pres5t t5se1 = ! action express$ by ! pr9cipal v]b :i* is produc$ by ! ag5t op]at+ ^u ! object1 is always pa/ t5se1 & ! auxili>y1 or help+ v]b to be1 is always pres5t4 ,let ?is v]b be analyz$1 & ! true mean+ ( ea* ^w und]/ood1 little difficulty w be f\nd 9 giv+ x an explanation4 ,i w n sp5d m "t 9 expos+ ! futility ( ?is attempt$ di/9ction4 ,x dep5ds solely on a v]bal =m1 b c nev] be expla9$ s z to be und]/ood by any s*ol>4 ,mo/ gramm>ians h se5 ! fallacy ( attempt+ to give ! mean+ ( ?is v]b4 ,!y c %[ its =m1 b are frequ5tly compell$1 z 9 ! cases above1 to sort out ! pass$ p>ticiples f a ho/ ( adjectives1 & x w be f\nd exce$+ tr\blesome to make s*ol>s p]ceive any diff]5ce 9 ! use ( ! words1 or 9 ! con/ruction ( a s5t5ce4 ,b x may be !y h nev] ?\ght t duty belong$ to !m2 t !y h no?+ to d b to %[ !m :at ! book says4 ,suppose !y %\ld tea* ari?metic on ! same pr9ciples1 & le>n ! s*ol>s to set d[n #add z ! product ( #ab times #ab4 ,let !m look at ! =m ( ! figures1 obs]ve j h[ !y appe>1 & make "s m l !m1 & ?us g ?ro ! book4 ,:at w\ld ! *ild "k ( ari?metic8 ,j z mu* z !y d ( gramm>1 & no m4 ,!y w\ld und]/& no?+ ( ! sci5ce ( numb]s1 ( proportion1 or addition4 ,!y w\ld ex]cise ! p[] ( imitation1 & make "o figure look l ano!r4 ,beyond t1 all w\ld be a t]ra incognita1 a l& unkn[n4 ,s 9 ! sci5ce ( language2 *ildr5 may le>n t ! v]b to be1 jo9$ ) ! pa/ p>ticiple ( an active v]b1 makes a passive v]b2 b :at t passive v]b is :5 made1 or h[ to apply x1 especially 9 ! pres5t t5se1 !y h no means ( kn[+4 ,_! k is all tak5 on tru/1 & :5 ?r[n ^u _! own res\rces1 !y h none on :i* to rely4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,mood4--,indicative4--,imp]ative4--,inf9 itive4--,=m] di/9ctions4 --,subjunctive mood4--,"t4--,pa/4--,pres5t4--,future4-- ,! future expla9$4--,h[ =m$4--,mr4 ,murray's di/9ction ( "t4-- ,imp]fect4--,plup]fect4--,second future4--,h[ _m t5ses4-- ,auxili>y ,v]bs4--,w4--,%all4--,may4--,mu/4--,c4-- ,d4--,h4 ,we are n[ come to consid] ! diff]5t relations ( action 9 ref]5ce to mann] & "t4 ,we %all endeavor to be z brief z possible ^u ?is subject1 keep+ 9 view mean:ile t c&or & p]spicuity :i* are indisp5sable 9 all our attempts to expla9 new views4 ,mood signifies mann]4 ,appli$ to v]bs x expla9s h[1 9 :at mann]1 by :at means1 "u :at circum/ances1 actions are p]=m$4 ,!re are ?ree moods1 ! indicative or decl>ative1 ! imp]ative or comm&+1 & ! inf9itive or unlimit$4 ,! indicative mood decl>es an action to be done or do+1 n done1 or n do+4 ,x is always 9 ! pa/ or pres5t t5se2 z1 ,david kill$ ,golia?2 s*ol>s le>n k2 ,i spoke n a ^w2 !y s+ n4 ,! imp]ative mood d5otes a comm& giv5 f ! fir/ p]son to ! second1 to d or n d an action4 ,x expresses ! wi% or desire ( ! fir/ p]son to h a c]ta9 action p]=m$ :i* dep5ds on ! ag5cy ( ! second4 ,! comm& is pres5t1 b ! action signifi$ by ! ^w is future to ! giv+ ( ! comm&4 ,! second p]son _c comply ) ! w ( ! fir/ till su* w is made kn[n2 z1 br+ me a book2 g to ! door4 ,! inf9itive mood has no direct p]sonal ag5t1 b is produc$ z a necess>y consequ5ce1 gr[+ out ( a c]ta9 condition ( ?+s4 ,x is always future to su* condition2 t is1 "s prior arrangem5t mu/ be _h be=e su* consequ5ces w foll[4 ,x is always future2 z1 !y are collect+ a =ce to besiege ! city4 ,we /udy gramm> to acquire a k ( language4 ,w9d[s are made to admit light4 ,! act ( besieg+ ! city dep5ds on ! previ\s circum/ance1 ! collection ( a =ce to d x4 ,7 !re no w9d[s1 ! light w\ld n be admitt$ to ! room4 ,^! di/9ctions 9 reg>d to action mu/ be obvi\s to e he>]4 ,y all are aw>e ( ! fact t action necess>ily implies an actor1 z e effect mu/ h an effici5t cause2 & su* action cle>ly or di/9ctly indicat$1 mu/ h su* an ag5t to produce x4 #b;d4 ,y are acqua9t$ ) ! fact t "o p]son c express 8 w to ! second1 direct+ him to d or avoid "s ?+4 #c;d4 ,f an e/abli%$ condition ( ?+s1 x is easy to d$uce a consequ5ce :i* w foll[1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 z an unavoidable result ( su* a comb9ation ( p[]1 cause1 & means4 ,) ^! pr9ciples y are all famili>1 :e!r y h /udi$ gramm> or n4 ,!y are cle>ly m>k$1 abundantly simple1 & mu/ be obvi\s to all4 ,!y =m ! only necess>y1 because ! only real1 di/9ction1 9 ! =mation & use ( ! v]b to express action4 ,any m9or di/9ctions are only calculat$ to p]plex & emb>rass ! le>n]4 ,b "s gramm>ians h pass$ ^! natural b>ri]s1 & built to !mselves s*emes to accord ) _! own va9 fancies4 ,! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,murray ^u ?is po9t are v appropos4 ,he says3 ,"s writ]s h giv5 our moods a mu* great] ext5t ?an we h assign$ to !m4 ,!y ass]t t ! engli% language may be said1 )\t any great impropriety1 to h z _m moods z x has auxili>y v]bs2 & !y allege1 9 support ( _! op9ion1 t ! comp\nd expression :i* !y help to =m1 po9t out ^? v>i\s dispositions & actions1 :i*1 9 o!r languages1 are express$ by moods4 ,?is w\ld be to multiply ! moods )\t advantage4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 t ! conjugation or v>iation ( v]bs1 9 ! engli% language1 is effect$1 almo/ entirely1 by ! means ( auxili>ies4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 accommodate ourselves to ?is circum/ance2 & d t by _! assi/ance1 :i* has be5 done 9 ! le>n$ languages 7a few in/ances to ! contr>y except$7 9 ano!r mann]1 namely1 by v>y+ ! =m ( ! v]b itself4 ,at ! same "t1 x is necess>y to set prop] b\nds to ?is bus9ess1 s z n to occasion obscurity & p]plexity1 :5 we mean to be simple & p]spicu\s4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( mak+ a sep>ate mood = e auxili>y v]b1 & introduc+ moods int]rogative1 optative1 promissive1 hortative1 precative1 c41 we h exhibit$ su* only z are obvi\sly di/9ct2 & :i*1 :il/ !y are calculat$ to unfold & display ! subject intelligibly to ! le>n]1 seem to be suffici5t1 & n m ?an suffici5t1 to answ] all ! purposes = :i* moods 7 introduc$4 ,f gramm>ians :o =m _! ideas1 & make _! decisions1 respect+ ?is "p ( engli% gramm>1 on ! pr9ciples & con/ructions ( languages :i*1 9 ^! po9ts1 d n suit ! peculi> nature ( our own1 b diff] consid]ably f x1 we may naturally expect grammatical s*emes t are n v p]spicu\s nor p]fectly consi/5t1 & :i* w t5d m to p]plex ?an to in=m ! le>n]4 ,_h he foll[$ ?is rule1 he w\ld h sav$ weeks & mon?s to e /ud5t 9 gramm> 9 ! community4 ,b 8 rem>ks 7 aim$ at ,mr4 ,h>ris1 :o 0 by f> ! mo/ popul> writ] on language 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,he has adopt$ ! v rules ( ,mr4 ,murray1 & c>ri$ !m out4 ,by a c>eful obs]vance ( ! diff]5t =ms & *anges ( ! v]b & its auxili>ies1 he makes out q evid5tly to 8 own m9d1 f\rte5 moods1 :i* ,i =be> to "n4 ,mo/ gramm>ians cont5d = five moods1 two ( :i*1 ! pot5tial or p[]ful1 & ! subjunctive1 are pr$icat$ on ! same pr9ciples z ,mr4 ,h>ris' optative1 int]rogative1 etc41 :i* !y condemn4 ,x is impossible to expla9 ! "* ( ^! moods s z to be und]/ood4 ,if1 x is said1 is ! sign ( ! subjunctive1 & may & c ( ! pot5tial2 & yet !y are (t5 f\nd toge!r2 z1 ,i w g if ,i c4 ,no s*ol> c det]m9e 9 :at mood to put ?is la/ v]b4 ,x ( "r belongs to bo? ! pot5tial & subjunctive4 ,if ,i may be all[$ to speak my m9d1 ,i %\ld say t su* di/9ctions 7 false4 ,i w n g into an exposure ( ^! useless & false di/9ctions1 :i* are adopt$ to help c>ry out errone\s pr9ciples4 ,! only pret5ce = a subjunctive mood is f\nd$ on ! fact t be & 7 7 =m]ly us$ 9 a "* diff]5t f :at !y are at pres5t4 ,be 0 us$ 9 ! indicative mood1 pres5t t5se1 :5 d\bt or supposition 0 impli$2 z1 ,if ,i be !re2 if !y be wise4 ,be ,i a man1 & receive su* treatm5t8 ,7 0 also us$ in/ead ( 0 9 ! pa/ t5se2 z1 ,7 ,i an ,am]ican ,i w\ld fight = lib]ty4 ,if ,i 7 to admit ! fact4 ,9 ?is "* ^! words are rapidly becom+ obsolete4 ,we n[ say1 ,if ,i am !re2 am ,i a man1 & receive su* abuses8 0 ,i an ,am]ican2 if ,i 0 to admit1 etc4 ,all ! r\nd ab\t1 p]plex+1 & t$i\s affair ( conjugat+ v]bs ?ro ! diff]5t modes & t5ses w appe> 9 its true "*1 :5 we come to give y a few brief examples1 accord+ to tru? & pla9 s5se4 ,b be=e do+ t x w be necess>y to make "s rem>ks on "t4 ,t5se means "t4 ,we di/+ui% "t accord+ to c]ta9 ev5ts :i* are g5]ally obs]v$4 ,9 ! use ( ! v]b we express action 9 ref]5ce to p]iods ( "t :5 x is p]=m$4 ,!re are ?ree t5ses1 or divisions ( "t2 pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,pa/ t5se applies to actions :i* are accompli%$2 z1 ,i wrote a book2 he recit$ 8 lesson4 ,pres5t t5se d5otes actions comm5c$1 b n f9i%$1 & n[ 9 op]ation2 z1 he reads 8 book2 we sit on our seats & he> ! lecture4 ,future t5se ref]s to actions1 :i* are to take place h]eaft]2 z1 ,i am to g f ! ,in/itute2 we desire to le>n gramm> correctly4 ,e body c m>k ?ree pla9 di/9ctions ( "t1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,) ! pa/ we h be5 acqua9t$4 ,x has ceas$ to be4 ,its works are end$4 ,! pres5t is a m]e l9e--1 no?+ z x 7--:i* is con/antly pass+ un*eck$ f ! pa/ to ! future4 ,x is a m]e division ( ! pa/ & future4 ,! ,hebrew1 :i* is /rictly a philosophic language1 admits no pres5t2 only a pa/ & future4 ,we speak ( ! pres5t z d5ot+ an action begun & n f9i%$4 ,9 ! summ]1 we say ! trees gr[1 & be> fruit4 ,b :5 ! fruit is fall51 & ! leaves se>$ by ! fro/1 we *ange ! expression1 & say1 x grew & bore fruit4 ,( ! future we c "k no?+ def9itely4 ,heav5 has hung be=e all human eyes an imp5etrable veil :i* obscures all future ev5ts4 ,no man )\t prophetic vision be/[$ by ,him :o sees ! end f ! beg9n+1 c "k :at is to be1 & no expression c be made1 no words employ$ :i* w positively decl>e a future action4 ,we may see a pres5t condition ( ?+s1 & f x argue :at is to be1 or take place h]eaft]2 b all t k is drawn f ! pa/ & d$uc$ f a review ( ! pres5t relation & t5d5cies ( ?+s4 ,i hold ! pap] ne> ! fire & y say x w burn1 & y say truly1 = x has a w1 or :at is ! same1 an inh]5t t5d5cy to burn4 ,x is made ( combu/ible matt]1 l pap] :i* we h se5 burn1 & h5ce we argue ?is has ! same t5d5cy to be consum$4 ,b h[ does y\r m9d arrive at t fact8 ,if y _h nev] se5 a sub/ance l x burn1 :y %\ld y conclude ?is w8 ,does ! *ild "k x w burn8 ,no2 = x has n yet le>n$ ! quality ( ! pap]4 ,x is n till ! *ild has be5 burn$ t x dreads ! fire4 ,suppose ,i take "s asbe/us1 ( ! k9d call$ amian?us1 :i* is a m9]al1 & is =m$ ( sl5d] flexible fibres l flax2 & 9 ea/]n c\ntries1 especially 9 ,savoy & ,corsica1 is manufactur$ into clo?1 pap]1 & lamp wicks4 ,x 0 us$ 9 mak+ w9d+ %eets = ! dead1 9 :i* ! bodies 7 burn$1 & ! a%es1 reta9$ 9 ! incombu/ible %eet1 7 ga!r$ into an urn1 & rev]$ z ! manes ( ! dead4 ,suppose ,i take "s ( ?is incombu/ible pap] or clo?1 & pres5t to y4 ,y say x w burn4 ,:y d y say ?us8 ,because y h se5 o!r mat]ials :i* appe> l ?is1 consume to a%es4 ,let u put x into ! fire4 ,x w n burn4 ,x has no t5d5cy to burn2 no quality :i* w consume4 ,b ?is is a new idea to y & h5ce y\r mi/ake4 ,y did n "k x w\ld burn1 nor c\ld y indicate su* a fact4 ,y only told y\r op9ion d]iv$ f ! pres5t appe>ance ( ?+s1 & h5ce y made an ass]tion 9 ! indicative mood1 pres5t t5se1 & add$ to x an inf9itive mood1 9 ord] to d$uce ! consequ5ce ( ?is future action--x wills1 or has a t5d5cy to burn4 ,b y 7 mi/ak51 because ignorant ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,?is amian?us looks l flax1 & to a p]son unacqua9t$ ) x1 appe>s to be z truly combu/ible2 b ! m9]alogi/1 & all :o "k its prop]ties1 "k v well t x w n--wills no?+1 has no incl9ation1 or t5d5cy1 to burn4 ,take ano!r example4 ,"h is a /eel ne$le4 ,i hold x be=e y4 ,y say1 if ,i let g ( x1 x w fall1 & y say correctly1 = x has su* a t5d5cy4 ,b suppose a magnet1 z great z t :i* is said to h drawn ! iron c(f9 ( ,mohamm$ to ! ro( ( ! temple at ,mecca1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! room above u4 ,! ne$le1 in/ead ( fall+ to ! floor1 w\ld be drawn 9 ! ne>e/ direction to t magnet4 ,! w or t5d5cy ( ! ne$le1 z g5]ally und]/ood1 w\ld be ov]come1 ! natural law ( gravitation w\ld lose its influ5ce1 by ! c\nt]act+ p[] ( ! load/one4 ,i say1 ,i w g home 9 an h\r4 ,b does t expression indicate ! act ( go+8 ,x is plac$ 9 ! indicative mood 9 our gramm>s2 & g is ! pr9cipal1 & w ! auxili>y v]b4 ,may be ,i %all fall & die be=e ,i rea* my home4 ,b ! expression is correct2 w is pres5t1 g future4 ,i w1 ,i n[ resolve1 am n[ incl9$ to g home4 ,y see ! correctness ( our position1 t we c n positively ass]t a future active 9 ! indicative mood4 ,try & =m to y\rselves a phrase by :i* x c be done4 ,%\ld y succe$1 y w\ld violate a law ( nature4 ,y w\ld p5etrate ! d>k curta9 ( ! future1 & claim to y\rself :at y d n possess1 a p[] to decl>e future actions4 ,prophets1 by ! help ( ! ,almighty1 _h ?is p[] conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,b 9 ! revelation ( ! sublime tru?s !y 7 in/ruct$ to make kn[n1 !y 7 compell$ to adopt human language1 & make x agree ) our mann] ( spee*4 ,! only me?od by :i* we express a future ev5t1 is to make an ass]tion 9 ! indicative mood1 pres5t t5se1 & to t app5d ! natural consequ5ce 9 ! inf9itive or unlimit$2 z1 ,i am to g to ,bo/on4 ,he is prep>+ to visit ,new-,york4 ,! inf9itive mood is always future to ! circum/ance on :i* x dep5ds4 ,mr4 ,murray says1 t t5se1 be+ ! di/9ction ( "t1 might seem to admit ( only ! pres5t1 pa/1 & future2 b to m>k x m accurately1 x is made to consi/ ( six v>iations1 viz43 ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 p]fect1 plup]fect1 fir/ & second future t5ses4 ,?is m accurate m>k1 only s]ves to expose ! au?or's folly1 & di/ract ! le>n]'s m9d4 ,be=e1 all 0 pla94 ,! pa/1 pres5t1 & future are di/9ct1 natural divisions1 easily und]/ood by all4 ,b :at idea c a p]son =m ( an imp]fect t5se 9 action4 ,if !re 0 ev] su* an action 9 ! _w1 x 0 :5 gramm>ians made _! gramm>s1 :i* is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 accord+ to _! own au?ority1 9 ! im-p]fect t5se6 ,i wrote a lett]4 ,he read 8 piece well4 ,! s*ol> le>ned & recited 8 lesson p]fectly2 & yet le>n$1 ?o made p]fect by ! qualification ( an adv]b1 is an imp]fect action6 ,b ?is expla9s ! :ole my/]y 9 ! bus9ess ( gramm>4 ,we c "h discov] ! cause ( all ! tr\bles & difficulties we h enc\nt]$ 9 ! :ole affair4 ,:5 au?ors made _! books1 !y did x imp]fectly2 :5 tea*]s taught !m1 x 0 imp]fectly2 & :5 s*ol>s le>n$ !m1 x 0 imp]fectly66 ,s at la/1 we h f\nd ! orig9 ( ?is :ole difficulty1 9 ! gramm>s !mselves2 x 0 all imp]fectly done4 ,b "h1 aga91 mirabile dictu6 wond]ful to tell1 we are pres5t$ ) a plu-p]fect t5se2 t is1--plus means m1--a m ?an p]fect t5se6 ,:at mu/ t be8 ,if a ?+ is p]fect1 we c n easily conceive any ?+ beyond4 ,t is a ne plus ultra to all advancem5t--!re c be no m beyond4 ,if any *ange is introduc$1 x mu/ be by fall+ f p]fect back to imp]fect4 ,i h said1 _m ( ! di/9ctions 9 ! gramm> books h prov$ mis*iev\s2 t !y are z false z frivol\s2 & ?is is said p]fectly1 9 ! p]fect t5se4 ,if ,i %\ld say1 !y _h be5 ( "s b5efit1 t w\ld be m ?an p]fect--plu-p]fect4 ,b :5 ,i say1 !y exhibit$ great dep? ( rese>*1 & convey$ "s light on ! subject ( :i* !y treat$1 x w\ld all be im-p]fect4 ,next1 we are pres5t$ ) a second future t5se1 :i* attempts a division ( "t unb\nd$ & unkn[n4 ,9 ! greek1 !y h :at is call$ a paulo po/ future1 :i* 9 pla9 engli%1 means a little aft] ! future2 t is1 ,i suppose1 :5 futurity has come to an end1 ?is t5se w comm5ce6 ,at t "t we may expect to meet a praet] plus quam p]fectum--a m ?an p]fect t5se6 ,b till t p]iod %all arrive1 we see little ne$ ( mak+ su* false & unphilosophic di/9ctions4 ,a tea*] once told me t he expla9$ ! di/9ctions ( "t to 8 s*ol>s f ! clock dial :i* /ood 9 ! s*ool room4 ,suppose twelve o'clock repres5ts ! pres5t t5se2 n9e w\ld signify ! p]fect2 any ?+ betwe5 n9e & twelve w\ld be imp]fect2 any ?+ beyond1 plup]fect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any act1 =w>d ( twelve1 w\ld be future2 & at ?ree ! second future w\ld comm5ce4 ,i rem>k$ t ,i ?\ght ?is a wond]ful improvem5t1 especially to ^? :o 7 able to h clocks by :i* to tea* gramm>1 b t ,i c\ld n discov] :y he did n h ?ree future1 z well z ?ree pa/ t5ses4 ,:y1 he said1 !re 7 no su* t5ses m>k$ 9 ! books1 & h5ce !re 0 no occasion to expla9 !m4 ,i ask$ him :y he did n h a t5se = e h\r1 & s he c\ld di/+ui% ) ,mr4 ,web/]1 twelve t5ses1 )\t any tr\ble :atev]2 &1 by go+ ?ree times r\nd ! dial1 he c\ld easily prove ! correctness ( ,dr4 ,beattie's division2 = he says1 9 8 gramm>1 !re are ?irty-six t5ses1 & ?9ks !re c n be less )\t introduc+ confusion 9 ! grammatical art4 ,b he ?\ght su* a c\rse w\ld s]ve r to p]plex ?an enlight52 & s ?\ght ,i4 ,b he 0 ! tea*] ( a popul> s*ool 9 ! city ( ----1 & _h publi%$ a duodecimo gramm> ( ov] #cjj pages1 entitl$ ,murray's ,gramm>1 improv$1 by ----4 ,i w n give 8 "n2 x w\ld be libell\s6 ,mr4 ,murray ?9ks because c]ta9 ?+s :i* he ass]ts1 b does n prove1 are f\nd 9 greek & lat91 we may d\btless apply !m to ! engli% v]b2 & ext5d ! pr9ciple z f> z conv5i5ce1 & ! idiom ( our language require4 ,he f\nd x to 8 conv5i5ce to note six pr9cipal1 & z _m indef9ite t5ses4 ,mr4 ,web/] does ! same4 ,dr4 ,beattie f\nd x conv5i5t to h ?irty-six4 ,9 ! greek !y h n9e4 ,mr4 ,bauzee di/+ui%es 9 ! fr5* tw5ty t5ses2 & ! royal academy ( ,spa9 pres5t a v le>n$ & elaborate treatise on sev5 future t5ses 9 t language4 ,! clock dial ( my fri5d w\ld be f\nd q conv5i5t 9 aid+ ! conv5i5ce ( su* di/9ctions4 ,! fact is1 !re are only ?ree real divisions ( "t 9 any language1 because !re are only ?ree 9 nature1 & ! ideas ( all nations mu/ agree 9 ?is respect4 ,9 fram+ language x 0 f\nd impossible to m>k any o!r di/9ctions1 )\t introduc+ o!r words ?an ^? :i* express simple action4 ,^! words became comp\nd$ 9 process ( "t1 till !y are n[ us$ z *anges ( ! same v]b4 ,i w\ld "h ent] into an exam9ation ( ! =mation ( ! t5ses ( greek1 lat91 fr5*1 spani%1 & g]man v]bs1 did ,i conceive x necess>y1 & %[ y h[1 by comp\nd+ two words1 !y =m ! v>i\s t5ses f\nd 9 ! gramm>s4 ,b x w be m edify+ to y to conf9e my rem>ks to our own language4 ,"h x w be f\nd impossible to di/+ui% m ?an ?ree t5ses1 or f9d ! v]b 9 any diff]5t =m1 except by ! aid ( o!r words1 :olly =eign f ^? t express ! action "u consid]ation4 ,x is by ! aid ( auxili>y v]bs t ! p]fect1 plup]fect1 or future t5ses are =m$4 ,b :5 x is %[n y t ^! are pr9cipal v]bs1 & l _m o!r words1 are us$ be=e ! inf9itive mood )\t ! ^w to prefix$ to !m1 y w p]ceive ! consi/5cy ( ! plan we propose4 ,t su* is ! fact we h abundant evid5ce to %[1 & ) y\r cons5t we w introduce x 9 ?is place4 ,i repeat1 all ! words long consid]$ auxili>ies1 are pr9cipal v]bs1 decl>ative ( positive action1 & z su* are 9 ext5sive use 9 our language4 ,we c h>dly agree t ! words w1 %all1 may1 mu/1 c1 c\ld1 w\ld1 %\ld1 etc4 h no mean+1 z our gramm>s & diction>ies w\ld tea* u2 = y may look 9 va9 = a def9ition ( !m1 z pr9cipal v]bs1 ) a few exceptions4 ,! reason ^! words are n f\nd 9 ! same relation to o!r words1 ) a to aft] !m1 is because !y are s (t5 us$ t we are accu/om$ to drop t ^w4 ,! same may be said ( all small words 9 frequ5t use2 z1 bid1 d1 d>e1 feel1 he>1 h1 let1 make1 see1 & sometimes ne$s1 tell1 & a few o!rs4 ,bid him g4 ,i d>e say s4 ,i feel x move4 ,we he> him s+4 ,let u g4 ,make him d x4 ,he mu/ g ?ro ,sam>ia4 ,tell him d x imm$iately4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 b 9 keep+ ) neut] v]b sy/ems1 t all ! neut] v]bs z well z ! active1 take ^! auxili>y or help+ v]bs1 :i*1 accord+ to _! %[+ help !m d no?+--express nei!r action or passion4 ,a wond]ful help inde$6 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,?is v]b signifies to wi%1 to resolve1 to ex]cise volition1 9 ref]5ce to a c]ta9 ?+ or action4 ,i w g4 ,i n[ resolve to p]=m ! act ( go+4 ,:5 appli$ to inanimate ?+s incapable ( volition1 x signifies :at is analog\s to x1 inh]5t t5d5cy2 z1 pap] w burn2 iron w s9k2 wat] w run4 ,all ^! ?+s h an inh]5t or active t5d5cy to *ange4 ,wat] is compos$ ( m9ute p>ticles ( a r\nd =m1 pil$ toge!r4 ,:ile on a level !y d n move2 b let a desc5t be made1 & ^! p>ticles1 "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 w *ange position1 & roll "o ov] ano!r ) a rapidity equall$ to ! condition 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,! same may be obs]v$ 9 a quantity ( %ot op5$ at "o side :i* w run ?ro ! ap]ture2 b ! p>ticles be+ l>g]1 !y w n f9d a level l wat]4 ,gra91 s&1 & any ?+ compos$ ( small p>ticles1 w exhibit ! same t5d5cy4 ,iron1 lead1 or any m9]al1 9 a /ate ( igne\s solution1 w run1 has ! same incl9ation to run z wat]1 or any o!r liquid4 ,9 oil1 tall[1 & l>d1 :5 exp&$ by heat1 ! same t5d5cy is obs]v$2 b sev]ely *ill$ ) ! cold1 x congeals1 & w n1 has no su* t5d5cy1 to run4 ,y h d\btless obs]v$ a cask fill$ ) wat] & ne>ly tight1 7if x is possible1 make x q s17 & :5 an ap]ture is made 9 ! side1 x w run b a trifle be=e x w /op4 ,op5 a v5t ^u ! top ( ! cask & x w run freely4 ,?is w or t5d5cy 0 c\nt]act$ by o!r means :i* ,i w n /op "h to expla94 ,?is is a mo/ important ^w 9 sci5ce1 physical & moral1 & may be trac$ ?ro v>i\s languages :]e x ex]ts ! same influ5ce 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,to avoid multiply+ ( words1 ,i w\ld crave leave "h1 "u ! ^w action1 to compreh5d ! =be>ance too ( any action propos$2 sitt+ /ill1 or hold+ "o's peace1 :5 walk+ or speak+ are propos$1 ?o m]e =be>ances1 requir+ z mu* ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 & be+ z (t5 weighty 9 _! consequ5ces z ! contr>y actions1 may1 on t consid]ation1 well en\gh pass = actions too4 ,= he t %all turn 8 ?\ghts inw>ds ^u :at passes 9 8 m9d :5 he wills1 %all see t ! w or p[] ( volition is conv]sant ab\t no?+4--,locke's ,essay1 b4 ,,ii4 c4 #ba4 ,sec4 #cj4 ,x is correctly appli$ by writ]s to matt] z well z m9d1 z may be se5 by consult+ _! works4 ,mean:ile z nature wills1 night bids u re/4 ,milton4 ,! lupulis1 or common hop1 feels = "s elevat$ object :i* w assi/ x 9 its high aspirations1 & w climb x by w9d+ f left to "r1 & w n be oblig$ to g 9 an opposite direction2 :ile ! phaseolus1 or kidney bean1 takes ! opposite direction4 ,nei!r w be compell$ to *ange its c\rse4 ,!y w h _! own way1 & gr[ z !y please1 or !y w die 9 ! conte/ = lib]ty4 ,ars5ic has a t5d5cy 9 itself1 a lat5t p[]1 :i* only requires an opportunity suit$ to its objects1 :5 x w act 9 ! mo/ efficaci\s mann]4 ,x w de/roy ! life ( ! ,emp]or1 :o has volunt>ily sla9 8 ?\s& & t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,?is secret p[] does n reside 9 ! fl\r ( :eat1 = t w n1 has no t5d5cy1 to produce su* disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,?is ^w is appli$ 9 a simil> mann] to individuals & nations4 ,! man w fall1 n ( int5tion1 b ( accid5t4 ,he w kill himself4 ,! man w dr[n1 & ! boat w swim4 ,! wat] w hold up ! boat1 b x w all[ ! man to s9k4 ,! ,russians w conqu] ! ,turks4 ,if conque/ dep5d$ solely on ! w1 ! ,turks w\ld z soon conqu] z ! ,russians4 ,b ,i h n "t to pursue ?is topic f>!r4 ,y c foll[ out ^! h9ts at y\r leisure4 ,%all signifies to be b\nd1 obligat$1 or requir$1 f ext]nal necessity4 ,its etymology may be trac$ back ?ro v>i\s languages4 ,x is d]iv$ direct f ! saxon scaelan or scylan1 & is f\nd z a pr9cipal v]b 9 t language1 z well z 9 ours4 ,9 ! *ur* homily !y say1 ,to ,him alone we s*all u to devote ourselves2 we b9d or obligate ourselves4 ,*auc]1 an e>ly engli% poet1 says4 ,! fai? we %all to ,god4 ,great difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 %all & w1 & frequ5t essays h be5 writt51 to give arbitr>y rules = _! use4 ,if ! words 7 well und]/ood1 !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 employ+ !m correctly4 ,w signifies inh]5t t5d5cy1 aptitude1 or disposition1 & volition 9 be+s capable ( us+ x4 ,%all implies ext]nal necessity1 or =eign obligation4 ,! p>5t says1 ,y w suff] mis]y if y d evil1 = x is 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s = evil to produce mis]y4 ,y %all reg>d my wi%es1 = y are "u obligation1 f ! relation 9 :i* y /& to me1 to d s4 ,let ^! words be cle>ly expla9$1 & !re w be no difficulty 9 us+ !m correctly4 ,may1 pa/ t5se might4 ,?is v]b expresses p[]1 /r5g?1 or ability to p]=m an action4 ,x is a mi/ake t x means p]mission or lib]ty only4 ,x implies m ?an t1 ! delegation ( a p[] to p]=m ! contemplat$ action4 ,suppose ! s*ol> %\ld fa9t1 w\ld ! tea*] say to him y may g into ! op5 air8 ,he has no p[]1 might1 or /r5g?1 communicat$ by su* lib]ty1 & mu/ receive ! might or /r5g? ( o!rs to c>ry him out4 ,b to ! s*ol> 9 heal? he says y may g out1 !reby giv+ to him a p[] & lib]ty suffici5t to p]=m ! action4 ,?is is done on ! same pr9ciple t "o man gives ano!r a p[] ( attorney to transact 8 bus9ess2 & t p[] con/itutes 8 lib]ty ( action4 ,mu/ signifies to be conf9$1 limit$1 b\nd1 or re/ra9$4 ,i mu/1 or am b\nd1 to obey2 c]ta9 obligations require me to obey4 ,! adjective ( ?is ^w is 9 common use4 ,! air 9 ! cask is mu/y4 ,x has long be5 b\nd or conf9$ !re1 & prev5t$ f p>tak+ ( ! purify+ qualities ( ! atmosph]e1 & h5ce has become mu/y4 ,c4 ,?is ^w is f\nd z a pr9cipal v]b & z a n\n 9 our language1 especially 9 ! ,scot* dialect4 ,i k5 nae :]e he'd gone4 ,beyond ! k5 ( mortals4 ,f> f all human k54 ,x signifies to "k1 to p]ceive1 to und]/&4 ,i knew n :]e he _h gone4 ,beyond ! k ( mortals4 ,f> f all human rea*4 ,to con or cun is a diff]5t spell+ ( ! same ^w4 ,cunn+ is t quick p]ception ( ?+s1 :i* enables a p]son to use 8 k adroitly4 ,! *ild c read2 kn[s h[ to read4 ,x c walk4 ,"h x seems to imply p[]2 b p[]1 9 ?is case1 z 9 mo/ o!rs1 is ga9$ only by k1 = k is p[]4 ,_m *ildr5 h /r5g? suffici5t to walk1 long be=e !y d4 ,! reason :y !y c n walk1 is1 !y d n "k h[2 !y h n le>n$ to balance !mselves 9 an erect position1 s z to move =w>d )\t fall+4 ,a va/ proportion ( human ability is d]iv$ f k4 ,!re is n a be+ 9 creation s entirely incapable ( self-support1 z ! new-born infant2 & yet1 by ! help ( k1 he becomes ! "l ( ?is l[] _w4 ,bonap>te 0 once z helpless z any o!r *ild1 & yet by d9t ( c1 k51 cunn+1 or k1 he made all ,europe tremble4 ,b 8 k 0 limit$4 ,he became bl9d to dang]1 bewild]$ by success1 & he c\ld no long] foll[ ! prud5t c\rse ( wisdom1 b fell a sacrifice to 8 own unbridl$ ambition1 & bl9d$ folly4 ,an enlight5$ p c gov]n !mselves2 b p[] ( gov]nm5t is ga9$ by a k ( ! pr9ciples ( equality1 & mutual help & dep5d5cy2 & :5ev] ! p become ignorant ( t fact1 !y w fall1 ! degrad$ victims ( _! own folly1 & ! wily influ5ce ( "s m kn[+ aspirant = p[]4 ,?is is a mo/ important topic2 b ,i d>e n pursue x f>!r1 le/ ,i we>y y\r pati5ce4 ,a few examples mu/ suffice4 ,jason1 %e cri$1 = aught ,i see or c1 ,?is de$1 c4 ,*auc]4 ,a fam\s man1 ,( e witte some:at he c1 ,out take t him lacke? rule1 ,8 own e/ate to guide & rule4 ,g[]4 ,d has be5 call$ a help+ v]b2 b x ne$s little obs]vation to discov] t x is no m s ?an a hundr$ o!r words4 ,d ?y dilig5ce to come be=e w9t]4 ,d ! "w ( an evangeli/4--,paul to ,timo?y4 ,i d all 9 my p[] to expose ! error & wick$ness ( false tea*+4 ,d af=d relief4 ,d some?+ to af=d relief4 ,h has also be5 reckon$ z an auxili>y by ! help+ v]b gramm>s1 :i* has no o!r duty to p]=m ?an help conjugate o!r v]bs ?ro "s ( _! moods & t5ses4 ,x is a ^w 9 v common use1 & ( c\rse mu/ possess a v important "*1 :i* %\ld be c>efully exam9$ & di/9ctly kn[n by all :o desire a k ( ! con/ruction ( our language4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ! explanation ( ?is ^w1 is ! peculi> mean+ :i* "s h atta*$ to x4 ,x has be5 def9$ to d5ote possession m]ely4 ,b :5 we say1 a man has mu* prop]ty de/roy$ by fire1 we d n mean t he ga9s or possesses mu* prop]ty by ! fire2 nor c we make has auxili>y to de/roy$1 = 9 t case x w\ld /& ?us3 a man has de/roy$ mu* prop]ty by fire1 :i* w\ld be false1 = ! de/ruction 0 produc$ by an inc5di>y1 or "s o!r means :olly unkn[n to him4 ,y at once p]ceive t to possess is n ! only mean+ :i* atta*es to h4 ,x assumes a m important rank4 ,x c be trac$1 ) little *ange 9 =m1 back ?ro _m g5]ations4 ,x is ! same ^w z heave1 orig9ally1 & reta9s ne>ly ! same mean+4 ,saxon habban1 ,go?ic haban1 ,g]man hab51 ,lat9 habeo1 ,fr5* avoir1 are all ! same ^w1 v>i$ 9 spell+ m ?an 9 s\nd2 = b 9 _m languages is s\nd$ v mu* l v1 or bv4 ,x may mean to hold1 possess1 reta91 sway1 control1 dispose (1 ei!r z a direct or relative action2 = a man su/a9s relations to 8 actors1 duties1 family1 fri5ds1 enemies1 & all ! _w1 z well z to 8 possessions4 ,he has a h>d task to p]=m4 ,he has mu* pa9 to suff]4 ,he has suff]$ mu* unhapp9ess4 ,i h writt5 a lett]4 ,i h a writt5 lett]4 ,i h a lett] writt54 ,^! expressions diff] v little 9 mean+1 b ! v]b h is ! same 9 ea* case4 ,by ! fir/ expression1 ,i signify t ,i h caus$ ! lett] to be writt52 by ! second t ,i h a lett] on :i* su* action has be5 p]=m$2 & by ! ?ird1 t su* writt5 lett] /&s 9 su* relation to myself4 ,i h writt5 a lett] & s5t x away4 ,writt5 is ! pa/ p>ticiple f write2 z an adjective x describes ! lett] 9 ! condition ,i plac$ x2 s t x w be def9$1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 z my lett]2 t is1 "s way relat$ to me4 ,we c "h acc\nt = ! old p]fect t5se1 :i* is said1 n only to ref] to :at is pa/1 b also to convey an allusion to ! pres5t "t4 ,! v]b is 9 ! pres5t t5se1 ! p>ticiple is 9 ! pa/1 & h5ce ! reason ( ?is allusion4 ,i h no space all[$ me to g into a full inve/igation ( ?is ^w1 9 its application to ! expression ( ideas4 ,b x is necess>y to h x well und]/ood1 z x has an important s]vice entru/$ to x2 & ,i hope y w h cle> views pres5t$ to y\r m9ds1 /rong en\gh to h =m] errors eradicat$ !refrom4 ,if y h leisure grant$1 & pati5ce & disposition equal-ed to ! task1 y h my cons5t to g back & read ?is s5t5ce ov] aga94 ,y w f9d x has 9 x embodi$ mu* important in=mation 9 relation to ! use ( h & ! p]fect t5se4 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,v]bs4 ,p]son & numb] 9 ! ag5t1 n 9 ! action4--,simil>ity ( ag5ts1 actions1 & objects4--,v]bs made f n\ns4--,irregul> v]bs4--,"s examples4--,regul> ,v]bs4--,ed4--,+4--,conjugation ( v]bs4--,to love4--,to h4--,to be4--,! indicative mood v>i$4--,a :ole s5t5ce may be ag5t or object4--,imp]ative mood4--,inf9itive mood4--,is always future4 ,i h said be=e t action c nev] be kn[n sep>ate f ! actor2 t ! v]b applies to ! ag5t 9 an act+ condition1 z t t]m has be5 def9$ & %\ld be und]/ood4 ,h5ce ,p]son & ,numb] c nev] atta* to ! v]b1 b to ! ag5t ) :i*1 ( c\rse1 ! action mu/1 9 e respect1 agree2 z1 ,i write4 ,9 ?is case ! action corresponds ) myself4 ,b to say t write is 9 ! fir/ p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 w\ld be wrong1 = no su* numb] or p]son belongs to ! v]b1 b is conf9$ to myself z ! ag5t ( ! action4 ,! =m ( ! v]b is *ang$ :5 x agrees ) ! second or ?ird p]son s+ul>2 m on acc\nt ( habit1 ,i appreh5d1 ?an f any reason1 or propriety z to a *ange ( mean+ 9 ! ^w4 ,we say1 :5 us+ ! regul> second p]son s+ul>1 ?\ write/1 a =m r>ely obs]v$ except 9 addresses to ,deity1 or on solemn occasions4 ,9 ! ?ird p]son1 an s is add$ to ! regul> =m2 z1 he writes4 ,! old =m1 :i* 0 9 g5]al use at ! "t ! common v]sion ( ! ,bible 0 publi%$1 0 /ill diff]5t1 end+ 9 e?2 z1 he ?9ke?1 he write?4 ,?is /yle1 al?o consid]ably us$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 is ne>ly obsolete4 ,:5 ! v]b agrees ) ! plural numb] x is usually ! same z :5 x agrees ) ! fir/ p]son2 z1 ,we write1 y write1 !y write4 ,!re are few exceptions to ^! rules4 ,"s p h be5 v t5aci\s ab\t reta9+ ! old =ms ( words1 & our books 7 long pr9t$ )\t alt]ation2 b *ange w break ?ro e b>ri]1 & book-mak]s mu/ keep pace ) ! times1 & put on ! dress t is cat]$ = !m by ! public ta/e2 be>+ 9 m9d1 mean:ile1 t great & practical tru?s are m ess5tial ?an ! g>b 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,we %\ld be m c>eful ( our heal? ( body & purity ( morals ?an ( ! co/ume we put on4 ,_m g5teel coats wrap up corrupt he>ts1 & f9e hats cov] silly heads4 ,:at is ! *aff to ! :eat8 ,ev5 our good fri5ds1 ! quak]s1 :o h p>ticul>ly labor$ to reta9 old =ms--! pla9 language1--h fail$ 9 _! attempt1 & h sub/itut$ ! object =m ( ! pron\n = ! ag5t1 & say1 !e ?9ks1 = ?\ ?9ke/4 ,_! mi/ake is ev5 great] ?an ! sub/itution ( y = ?\4 ,s f> z language dep5ds on ! conv5tional regulation ( ^? :o use x1 x w be con/antly *ang+2 new words w be introduc$1 & ! spell+ ( old ones alt]$1 s z to agree ) mod]n pron\nciation4 ,we h all liv$ long en\gh to witness ! tru? ( ?is rem>k4 ,! only rule we c give 9 relation to ?is matt] is1 to foll[ our own judgm5ts1 aid$ by our be/ writ]s & speak]s4 ,! words :i* express action1 are 9 _m cases v simil> to ! ag5ts :i* produce !m2 & ! objects :i* are ! direct results produc$ by su* action1 d n diff] v mat]ially4 ,i w give y a few examples4 ,ag5t4 ,v]b4 ,object4 ,actors ,act ,actions ,brea!rs ,brea! ,brea? ,build]s ,build ,build+s ,co9]s ,co9 ,co9s ,ca/]s ,ca/ ,ca/s or ca/+s ,dr9k]s ,dr9k ,dr9k ,dream]s ,dream ,dreams ,e>n]s ,e>n ,e>n+s ,fi%]s ,fi% ,fi%es ,ga9]s ,ga9 ,ga9 ,hew]s ,hew ,hew+s ,innkeep]s ,keep ,inns ,light or light]s ,light or %$ ,lights ,m9]s ,m9e or dig ,m9es ,plead]s ,plead or make ,pleas ,produc]s ,produce ,products ,rais]s ,raise ,rais+s or h\ses ,runn]s or rac]s ,run ,runs or races ,suff]]s ,suff] ,suff]+s ,speak]s ,speak ,spee*es ,?9k]s ,?9k ,?\ghts ,writ]s ,write ,writ+s ,work]s ,"w ,works ,i give y ^! examples to %[ y ! ne> alliance betwe5 actors1 7 17 & actions2 or ag5ts1 actions1 & objects4 ,su* expressions z ! above are inelegant1 because !y are uncommon2 b = no o!r reason1 = we1 9 numb]less cases1 employ ! same ^w = ag5t & v]b2 z1 pa9t]s pa9t build+s1 & arti/s pa9t pa9t+s2 bookb9d]s b9d books2 pr9t]s pr9t books1 & o!r pr9ts4 ,a little obs]vation w enable y to c>ry out ^! h9ts1 & pr(it by !m4 ,y h obs]v$ ! disposition 9 *ildr51 & =eign]s1 :o are p>tially acqua9t$ ) our language1 to make v]bs out ( almo/ e n\n1 :i* appe>s to u v aukw>d2 b 0 x common1 x w\ld be j z correct z ! v]bs n[ us$4 ,!re are v few v]bs :i* h n a n\n to correspond ) !m1 = we make v]bs1 t is1 we use words to express action1 :i* are ne>ly alli$ to ! ag5t ) :i* su* action agrees4#ag ,f botany we h made botanize2 f ,mr4 ,mc,adam1 ! inv5tor ( a p>ticul> k9d ( road1 macadamize1 :i* means to make roads z he made !m4 ,words are =m$ 9 ?is way v frequ5tly4 ,! ^w *ur* is (t5 us$ z a n\n to express a build+ us$ = public wor%ip2 = ! s]vices p]=m$ 9 x2 = ! :ole congregation2 = a portion ( believ]s associat$ toge!r2 = ! ,episcopal ord]1 etc4 ,x is also us$ z a v]b4 ,mr4 ,web/] def9es x1 ,to p]=m ) any "o ! (fice ( return+ ?anks 9 ! *ur* aft] any signal deliv]ance4 ,b ! ^w has tak5 q a diff]5t turn ( late4 ,to *ur* a p]son1 in/ead ( receiv+ him into communion1 z t t]m w\ld seem to imply1 signifies to deal ) an (f5d+ memb]1 to excommunicate1 or turn him out4 ,b ,i w n pursue ?is po9t any f>!r4 ,! brief h9ts ,i h ?r[n out1 w enable y to discov] h[ ! mean+ & =ms ( words are *ang$ f _! orig9al application to suit ! notions & improvem5ts ( aft] ages4 ,a field is "h pres5t$ :i* ne$s cultivation4 ,! "y %\ld be taught to se>* = ! etymology ( words1 to trace _! *anges & mean+ z us$ at diff]5t times & by diff]5t p1 keep+ _! m9ds con/antly direct$ to ! object signifi$ by su* v]bal sign4 ,?is is ! bus9ess ( philosophy1 "u :atev] "n x may be taught2 = gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 & ! sci5ce ( ! m9d1 are intimately bl5d$1 & %\ld always be taught 9 connexion4 ,we h already se5 t words )\t mean+ are l %ad[s )\t realities4 ,& p]sons c n employ language correctly1 or ) propriety1 till !y h acqua9t$ !mselves ) ! import ( su* language--! ideas ( ?+s signifi$ by x4 ,let ?is c\rse be adopt$ 9 ! education ( *ildr51 & !y w n be requir$ to sp5d mon?s & ye>s 9 ! /udy ( an art :i* !y c n compreh5d1 = ! simple reason t !y c n apply x 9 practice4 ,gramm> has be5 taught z a m]e art1 dep5d+ on arbitr>y rules to be me*anically le>n$1 r ?an a sci5ce involv+ ! s\nde/ & pla9e/ pr9ciples ( philosophy1 :i* are to be kn[n only z develop$ 9 common practice among m51 & 9 accordance ) ! p]man5t laws :i* gov]n human ?\ght4 ,v]bs diff] 9 ! mann] ( =m+ _! pa/ t5ses1 & p>ticiples1 or adjectives4 ,^? end+ 9 ed are call$ regul>2 ^? :i* take any o!r t]m9ation are irregul>4 ,!re are ab\t two hundr$ ( ! latt] 9 our language1 :i* diff] 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s ( !m h ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple ! same2 z1 ,bid ,bid ,bid ,knit ,knit ,knit ,%ut ,%ut ,%ut ,let ,let ,let ,spread ,spread ,spread1 etc4 ,o!rs h ! pa/ t5se & p>ticiple alike1 b diff]5t f ! pres5t2 z1 ,l5d ,l5t ,l5t ,s5d ,s5t ,s5t ,b5d ,b5t ,b5t ,w5d ,w5t ,w5t ,build ,built or build$ ,built ,?9k ,?\ght ,?\ght1 etc4 ,"s h ! pres5t & pa/ t5se & p>ticiple diff]5t2 z1 ,bl[ ,blew ,bl[n ,gr[ ,grew ,gr[n ,beg9 ,began ,begun ,see ,saw ,se5 ,write ,wrote ,writt5 ,give ,gave ,giv5 ,speak ,spoke ,spok5 ,rise ,rose ,ris5 ,fall ,fell ,fall51 etc4 ,!re are a few :i* are made up ( diff]5t radicals1 :i* h be5 w$d$ toge!r by habit1 to avoid ! frequ5t & unpleasant recurr5ce ( ! same ^w2 z1 ,am ,0 ,be5 ,g 7w5d7 ,w5t ,gone1 etc4 ,"s :i* 7 =m]ly irregul>1 are n[ g5]ally us$ ) ! regul> t]m9ation1 9 ei!r ! pa/ t5se or p>ticiple1 or bo?2 z1 ,hang ,hung or hang$ ,hung or hang$ ,d>e ,d>$ or dur/ ,d>$ ,clo! ,clad or clo!d ,clad or clo!d ,"w ,work$ or wr\ght ,work$ ,%9e ,%9$ or %one ,%one or %9$ ,spill ,spill$ or spilt ,spilt or spill$1 etc4 ,! syllable ed is a contraction ( ! pa/ t5se ( d2 z1 ,i lov$1 love did1 did love1 or love-ed4 ,he le>ned1 le>n did1 did le>n1 or le>n$4 ,x signifies action1 did1 done1 or accompli%$4 ,y h all liv$ long en\gh to h notic$ ! *ange 9 ! pron\nciation ( ?is syllable4 ,old p s\nd x full & di/9ct2 & s d mo/ o!rs 9 read+ ! scriptures2 b n s g5]ally z 9 =m] times4 ,9 poetry x 0 usually abbreviat$ s z to avoid ! full s\nd2 & h5ce we may acc\nt = ! irregul> t]m9ation ( _m words1 su* z he>d1 = he>$2 pa/1 = pass$2 le>nt1 = le>n$2 built1 = build$4 ,9 mod]n poetry1 h[ev]1 ! e is reta9$1 ?o s\nd$ no m ?an =m]ly4 ,+ is d]iv$ f ! v]b to be1 & signifies be+1 exi/+2 &1 atta*$ to a v]b1 is us$ z a n\n1 or adjective1 reta9+ s mu* ( its =m] "* z to h an object aft] x :i* is affect$ by x2 z1 ,i am writ+ a lecture4 ,"h writ+1 ! pres5t p>ticiple ( write1 describes myself 9 my pres5t employm5t1 & yet reta9s its action z a v]b1 & t]m9ates on lecture z ! ?+ writt54 ,! man 0 tak5 9 ! act ( /eal+ "s money4 ,9 ?is case /eal+ names ! action :i* ! man 0 p]=m+ :5 detect$1 :i* action ?us nam$1 has money = ! object on :i* x t]m9ates4 ,i b>ely allude to ?is subject 9 ?is place to give y an idea ( ! me?od we adopt to expla9 ! mean+ & use ( p>ticiples4 ,x des]ves m att5tion1 p]haps1 to make x pla9 to y\r m9ds2 b z x is n an ess5tial feature 9 ! new sy/em1 ,i %all leave x = consid]ation 9 a future "w4 ,:oev] is acqua9t$ ) ! =mation ( ! pres5t p>ticiple 9 o!r languages1 c c>ry out ! sugge/ions ,i h made1 & fully compreh5d my mean+4 ,i w pres5t y ) an example ( ! conjugations ( a few v]bs :i* y are reque/$ to comp>e ) ! might c\ld w\ld %\ld h be5 lov$ sy/ems1 :i* y 7 requir$ to le>n 9 =m] times4 ,y w f9d ! v]b 9 e =m or position 9 :i* x ev] occurs 9 our language1 writt5 or spok54 ,conjugation ( ! regul> v]b to love4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul> ,plural ,i love ,we love ,pres5t t5se ,?\ love/ ,y love ,he1 %e1 or x loves ,!y love ,i lov$ ,we lov$ ,pa/ t5se ,?\ lov$/ ,y lov$ ,he1 %e1 or x lov$ ,!y lov$ ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,love4 ,,inf9itive ,,mood4 ,to love4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres5t1 ,lov+ ,pa/1 ,lov$ ,! irregul> v]b to h1 is ?us conjugat$4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,i h ,we h ,pres5t t5se ,?\ ha/ ,y h ,he has ,!y h ,i _h ,we _h ,pa/ t5se ,?\ had/ ,y _h ,he _h ,!y _h ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,h4 ,,inf9itive ,,mood4 ,to h4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres5t1 ,hav+ ,pa/1 ,_h ,! irregul> v]b to be1 /&s ?us3 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,i am ,we are ,pres5t t5se ,?\ art ,y are ,he is ,!y are ,i 0 ,we 7 ,pa/ t5se ,?\ wa/ ,y 7 ,he 0 ,!y 7 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,be4 ,,inf9itive ,,mood4 ,to be4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres5t1 ,be+ ,pa/1 ,be5 ,^! examples w suffice to give y an idea ( ! ease & simplicity ( ! con/ruction ( v]bs1 & by a comp>ison ) old sy/ems1 y c1 = y\rselves1 det]m9e ! sup]iority ( ! pr9ciples we advocate4 ,! above tabul> views pres5t e =m :i* ! v]b assumes1 & e position 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,9 use1 ^! words are frequ5tly comp\nd$ toge!r2#ah b ) a k ( ! above pr9ciples1 & ! mean+ ( ! words--a mo/ ess5tial consid]ation--y w always be able to analyze any s5t5ce1 & p>se x correctly4 ,i h n "t to enl>ge on ?is po9t1 to %[ h[ words are connect$ toge!r4 ,nor d ,i ?9k x necess>y to enable y to und]/& my views4 ,to *ildr5 su* a "w w\ld be indisp5sable1 & %all be att5d$ to if we are able to publi% a gramm> conta9+ ! simple pr9ciples ( language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! indicative mood is v>i$ f\r ways4 #a/1 affirmatively1 he writes2 #b;d1 negatively1 he writes n2 #c;d1 int]rogatively1 does he write8 or writes he8 #d?1 suppositively1 if he writes1 suppose he writes1 all[ he writes4 ,! fir/ is a simple affirmation ( a fact1 & is easily und]/ood4 ,! second is =m$ by annex+ a t]m to express negation4 ,n is a contraction f n\ght or naught1 :i* is a comp\nd ( ne1 negative1 & ought or aught1 ne-aught1 mean+ no-?+4 ,he writes n2 he writes no?+4 ,he does n write2 he does no?+ to write4 ,nei!r is a comp\nd ( ne & ei!r1 n ei!r4 ,he c n read2 he c1 k5s1 kn[s no?+1 has no ability to read4 ,! ?ird is con/ruct$ into a "q by plac+ ! v]b be=e ! ag5t1 or by prefix+ ano!r ^w be=e ! ag5t1 & !n plac+ ! =m] v]b z an inf9itive aft] x2 z1 ,does he write8 or writes he8 ,:5 ano!r v]b is prefix$1 "o is always *os5 :i* w be/ decide ! qu]y4 ,does he any ?+ to write8 ,does he make any motions or %[ any indications to write8 ,:5 ! w or disposition ( a p]son is conc]n$1 we *oose a ^w accord+ly4 ,w he write8 ,has he ! w or disposition to write8 ,c he write8 ,is he able--kn[s he h[ to write8 ,a little obs]vation w enable y to und]/& my mean+4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 a supposition is made 9 ! imp]ative mood1 9 accordance ) :i* ! action is p]=m$4 ,if ye love me1 keep my comm&m5ts4 ,give1 grant1 all[1 suppose ?is fact--y love me1 keep my comm&m5ts4 ,i w g if ,i c4 ,i resolve1 w1 or det]m9e to g2 if1 gif1 give1 grant1 all[ ?is fact1 ,i c1 k51 "k h[1 or am able to g4 ,b m on ?is po9t :5 we come to ! consid]ation ( contractions4 ,9 ?is mood ! v]b mu/ h an ag5t & object1 express$ or impli$2 z1 f>m]s cultivate ! soil4 ,b a :ole s5t5ce1 t is1 an idea writt5 out1 may p]=m ?is duty2 z1 ,! /udy ( gramm>1 on false pr9ciples1 is productive ( no good4 ,:at is productive ( no good8 ,:at is ! ag5t ( is8 ,! /udy1 our books & tea*]s tell u4 ,b does su* a con/ruction give ! true mean+ ( ! s5t5ce8 ,i ?9k n1 = /udy is indisp5sable to k & usefulness1 & ! /udy ( gramm>1 prop]ly direct$1 is a mo/ useful bran* ( lit]ature1 :i* %\ld nev] be disp5s$ )4 ,x is ! /udy ( gramm> on false pr9ciples1 :i* is productive ( no good4 ,y discov] my mean+1 & w n "q its correctness4 ,y mu/ also see h[ errone\s x w\ld be to tea* *ildr5 t to /udy is productive ( no good4 ,! =ce ( ! s5t5ce re/s on ! false pr9ciples taught4 ,h5ce ! :ole /atem5t is truly ! ag5t ( ! v]b4 ,! object on :i* ! action t]m9ates is frequ5tly express$ 9 a simil> mann]2 z1 ,he wrote to me1 t he w adopt ! new sy/em ( gramm>1 if he c procure "s books to give 8 s*ol>s to le>n4 ,w y p>se wrote8 ,mo/ gramm>ians w call x an intransitive v]b1 & make out t he wrote no?+ to me1 because !re is no regul> objective ^w aft] x4 ,w y p>se t8 ,x is a conjunction copulative4 ,:at does x connect8 ,he wrote to ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 accord+ to ,rule #ah ( ,mr4 ,murray2 conjunctions connect ! same moods & t5ses ( v]bs & cases ( n\ns & pron\ns4 ,unluckily y h two diff]5t t5ses connect$ 9 ?is case4 ,w y p>se if8 ,x is a copulative conjunction1 connect+ ! two memb]s ( ! s5t5ce--he w adopt if he c procure3 ,rule1 z above4 ,h[ exce$+ un=tunate6 ,y h two diff]5t moods1 & too diff]5t t5ses1 connect$ by a copulative conjunction :i* ! rule says connects ! same moods & t5ses6 ,:at nons5se6 ,:at a falsehood6 ,:at a f9e ?+ to be a gramm>ian6 ,& yet1 ,i v5ture ! op9ion1 & ,i judge f :at ,i h se5 9 myself & o!rs1 !re is n "o tea*] 9 a hundr$ :o w n le>n *ildr5 to p>se z above1 & apply ! same rule to x4 ,i w g if ,i c4 ,i d & w cont5d4 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 is n[1 & ev] %all be4 ,i am "h & mu/ rema94 ,he w d y\r bus9ess if he has "t4 ,i am resolv$ to expose ! errors ( gramm>1 & w d x ?oroly if ,i c4 ,9 ^! examples y h diff]5t moods & t5ses1 indiscrim9ately1 yet correctly c\pl$ toge!r1 despite ! rules ( syntax :i* tea* u to expla9 language ) propriety4 ,t1 9 ! s5t5ce be=e u1 is an adjective1 ref]r+ to ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 :i* is ! object ( wrote1 or is ! ?+ writt54 ,he wrote to me t fact1 s5tim5t1 op9ion1 det]m9ation1 or resolution1 t writ+1 lett]1 or ^w--he w adopt ! new sy/em ( gramm>1 if he c procure "s books4 ,?is subject prop]ly belongs to t dep>tm5t ( language call$ syntax2 b z ,i %all n be able to treat ( t 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures1 ,i ?r[ 9 "h ^! brief rem>ks to give y "s g5]al ideas ( ! arrangem5t ( words into s5t5ces1 accord+ to _! true mean+1 z obta9$ f a k ( _! etymology4 ,y _c fail to obs]ve ?is me?od ( con/ruct+ language if y w pay a little att5tion to x :5 read+2 keep+ all ! "t 9 view ! fact t words are only ! signs ( ideas1 d]iv$ f an obs]vation ( ?+s4 ,y all "k t x is n m]ely ! /eam t propels ! boat1 b t x is /eam appli$ to ma*9]y4 ,/eam is ! m lat5t cause2 & ! eng9e ) its complicat$ p>ts is ! direct means4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ei!r1 ! boat w\ld n be propell$4 ,9 ! =mation ( language1 ,i may say correctly1 ,solomon built ! temple2 = he /ood 9 t relation to ! matt] :i* supposes x w\ld n h be5 built )\t 8 direction & comm&4 ,to accompli% su* an action1 h[ev]1 he ne$ n raise a hamm] or a gavel1 or draw a l9e on ! tre/le bo>d4 ,8 comm& made kn[n to 8 m9i/]s 0 suffici5t to cause ! "w to be done4 ,h5ce ! :ole fact is indicat$ or decl>$ by ! s+le expression1 ,solomon built ! temple4 ,! ,imp]ative mood is un*ang$ 9 =m4 ,i c say to "o man1 g1 or to a ?\s&1 g4 ,! comm&] :5 drill+ "o soldi]1 says1 m>*2 & he bids ! :ole battalion1 m>*4 ,! ag5t :o is to p]=m ! action is und]/ood :5 n express$2 z1 g1 g ?\1 or g y4 ,! ag5t is g5]ally omitt$1 because ! address is giv5 direct to ! p]son :o is expect$ to obey ! in/ruction1 reque/1 or comm&4 ,?is v]b always agrees ) an ag5t 9 ! second p]son4 ,& yet our gramm>s made easy h giv5 u ?ree p]sons 9 ?is mood--,let me love2 love1 love ?\1 or d ?\ love2 let him love4 ,9 ! "n ( common s5se1 ,i ask1 :at c *ildr5 le>n by su* in/ruction8 ,let me love1 9 ! conjugation ( ! v]b to love6 ,to :om is ?is comm& giv58 ,to myself ( c\rse6 ,i comm& myself to let me love6 ,:at nons5se6 ,let him love4 ,i /& "h1 y set !re1 & ! ?ird p]son is 9 ,philadelphia4 ,i utt] ^! words1 ,let him love4 ,:at is my mean+8 ,:y1 our books tell u1 t ! v]b to love is ?ird p]son4 ,!n ,i comm& him to let himself love6 ,:at j>gon & falsehood6 ,y all "k t we c address ! second p]son only4 ,y w\ld call me insane if ,i %\ld employ language accord+ to ! rules ( gramm> z laid d[n 9 ! /&>d books4 ,9 my room alone1 no p]son ne> me1 ,i cry out1 let me be quiet--imp]ative mood1 fir/ p]son ( to be6 ,d ,i comm& myself to let myself be quiet8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 if be is ! pr9cipal v]b 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & let ! auxili>y4 ,! tea*] obs]ves "o ( 8 pupils take a p5cil f a classmate :o sets ne> him4 ,he says1 let him h x4 ,to :om is ! comm& giv58 ,x is ! imp]ative mood1 ?ird p]son ( ! v]b to h4 ,does he comm& ! ?ird p]son1 ! boy :o has n ! p5cil8 ,su* is ! resolution ( ! s5t5ce1 accord+ to ! au?ority ( /&>d gramm>s4 ,b :]e is !re a *ild five ye>s old :o does n "k bett]4 ,e body kn[s t he addresses ! second p]son1 ! boy :o has ! p5cil1 to let ! o!r h x4 ,tea*]s h le>n$ _! s*ol>s ! fir/ & ?ird p]sons ( ?is mood :5 committ+ ! conjugation ( v]bs2 b n "o 9 t5 ?\s& ev] adopt$ !m 9 p>s+4 ,let me love4 ,let1 all p>se1 ,mr4 ,murray n except$1 9 ! second p]son1 & love 9 ! inf9itive mood aft] x1 )\t ! sign to2 accord+ to ! rule1 t v]bs :i* foll[ bid1 d>e1 feel1 he>1 let1 ne$s1 speak1 etc4 are 9 ! inf9itive mood4 ,x is /range p w n eat _! own cook+4 ,!re c be no tr\ble 9 und]/&+ ?is mood1 z we h expla9$ x1 always 9 ! future t5se1 t is1 future to ! comm& or reque/1 agree+ ) ! second p]son1 & nev] v>i$ on acc\nt ( numb]4 ,! only v>iation 9 ! inf9itive mood is ! omission ( to 9 c]ta9 cases1 :i* is consid]$ z a "p ( ! v]b2 ?o 9 tru? x is no m s ?an :5 us$ 9 ! "* ( an old fa%ion$ preposition4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 x is n express$4 ,?is is :5 ! inf9itive v]b foll[s small words 9 frequ5t use2 z1 %all1 w1 let1 c1 mu/1 may1 bid1 d1 h1 make1 feel1 he>1 etc4 ,?is mood is always 9 ! future t5se2 t is1 x is future to ! circum/ances or condition ( ?+s ^u :i* x dep5ds2 z1 !y are mak+ prep>ations to raise ! build+4 ,"h to raise is future to ! prep>ations1 = if !y make no prep>ations1 ! build+s w n be rais$4 ,! boy /udies 8 book to le>n 8 lesson4 ,if he does n /udy1 he w n be likely to le>n 8 lesson4 ,! alli$ p[]s ( ,europe comb9$ _! =ces to defeat ,napoleon4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! :ole expression is 9 ! pa/ t5se2 nev]!less1 ! action express$ 9 ! inf9itive mood1 0 future to ! circum/ance on :i* x dep5d$2 t is1 ! defeat 0 future to ! comb9ation ( ! =ces4 ,abraham rais$ ! knife to slay 8 son4 ,n t he did slay him1 z t s5t5ce mu/ be expla9$ on ! common sy/ems1 :i* tea* u t to slay is 9 ! pres5t t5se2 b he rais$ ! fatal knife = t purpose1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* 0 future2 b ! angel /aid 8 h&1 & av]t$ ! bl[4 ,! patriots ( ,pol& made a noble attempt to ga9 _! lib]ty4 ,b !y did n ga9 x1 z our gramm>s w\ld tea* u4 ,to ga9 0 future to ! attempt1 & fail$ because ! circum/ances indicat$ by ! ev5t1 7 insuffici5t to produce s favorable a result4 ,no p]son ( common disc]nm5t c fail to obs]ve ! absolute falsehood ( exi/+ sy/ems 9 respect to ?is mood4 ,x is us$ by our au?ors ( gramm> 9 ! pres5t & pa/ t5ses1 b nev] 9 ! future4 ,let u give a mom5t to ! consid]ation ( ?is matt]4 ,take ! foll[+ example4 ,he w prep>e himself next week to g to ,europe4 ,let ! s*ool ma/] p>se w prep>e4 ,x is a v]b1 indicative mood1 fir/ future t5se4 ,next week is ! po9t 9 futurity :5 ! prep>ation w be made4 ,n[ p>se to g4 ,x is a v]b1 inf9itive mood1 pres5t t5se6 ,!n he is already on 8 way to ,europe1 :5 he is n to prep>e himself till next week6 ,an army is collect$ to fight ! enemy4 ,is ! fight already comm5c$8 ,to fight is pres5t t5se1 say ! books4 ,we %all /udy gramm> next ye>1 to obta9 a k ( ! pr9ciples & use ( language4 ,is to obta9 pres5t t5se8 ,if s !re is little ne$ ( sp5d+ "t & money to /udy = a k we already possess4 ,hope spr+s et]nal 9 ! human brea/2 ,man nev] is1 b always to be ble/4 ,pope4 ,:o 01 & :o is1 & :o is to come4--,bible4 ,x is n t a man ?9ks himself already 9 possession ( a suffici5cy1 b hopes to be qualifi$1 etc4 ,i am to g 9 an h\r4 ,he is to g to-morr[4 ,i am ready to he> y recite y\r lesson4 ,he has be5 wait+ a long "t to see if "s new pr9ciples w n be introduc$4 ,he is prep>$ to appe> be=e y :5ev] y %all direct4 ,we are resolv$ to employ neut] v]bs1 pot5tial & subjunctive moods1 im-p]fect1 plu-p]fect1 & second future t5ses1 no long]4 ,false gramm>s are only fit-t$ to be laid aside4 ,we are 9 duty b\nd to reg>d & adopt tru?1 & reject error2 & we are det]m9$ to d x 9 gramm>1 & e ?+ else4 ,we are n surpris$ t p _c compreh5d gramm>1 z usually taught1 = x is exce$+ly difficult to make error appe> l tru?1 or false tea*+ l s\nd s5tim5t4 ,b ,i w n /op to moralize4 ,! h9ts ,i h giv5 mu/ suffice4 ,mu* m might be said ^u ! "* & use ( v]bs2 b z ^! lectures are n design$ = a sy/em ( gramm> to be taught1 b to expose ! errors ( exi/+ sy/ems1 & prep>e ! way = a m rational & consi/5t exposition ( language1 ,i %all leave ?is dep>tm5t ( our subject1 presum+ y w be able to compreh5d our views1 & appreciate _! importance4 ,we h be5 some:at critical 9 a "p ( our rem>ks1 & m brief ?an we %\ld h be51 _h we n f\nd t we 7 claim+ too mu* ( ! "t ( ! ,in/itute1 :i* is design$ z a means ( improvem5t on g5]al subjects4 ,en\gh has be5 said1 ,i am sure1 to conv9ce y1 if y 7 n conv9c$ be=e1 :y ! /udy ( gramm> is s intricate & t$i\s1 t x is to be acc\nt$ = f ! fact t ! !ories by :i* x is taught are false 9 pr9ciple1 & c n be adopt$ 9 practice2 & t some?+ ought to be done to make ! /udy ( language easy1 int]e/+1 & practical4 ,su* a "w is "h attempt$2 b x rema9s ) ! public to say :e!r ^! pla9 philosophical pr9ciples %all be su/a9$1 matur$1 p]fect$1 & adopt$ 9 s*ools1 or ! old r\ndab\t c\rse ( useless & ineffectual tea*+ be /ill pres]v$4 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,,on ,,contractions4 ,a tempor>y exp$i5t4--,words n und]/ood4--,all words mu/ h a mean+4--,_! =mation4--,*anges ( mean+ & =m4--,%\ld be obs]v$4--,adv]bs4--,end+ 9 ly4--,examples4--,ago4--,a/ray4 --,awake4--,asleep4--,!n1 :54--,!re1 :]e1 "h4--,:ile1 till4--,:e!r1 toge!r4--,ev]1 nev]1 :5ev]1 etc4--,(t4--,h5ce4 --,p]haps4--,n4--,or4--,nor4--,?an4--,z4 --,s4--,di/9ctions false4--,rule #ah4--;,if4--,b4--,?o4--,yet4 ,we h conclud$ our rem>ks on ! necess>y divisions ( words4 ,?+s nam$1 def9$ & describ$1 & _! actions1 relations1 & t5d5cies1 h be5 consid]$ "u ! classes ( ,n\ns1 ,adjectives1 & ,v]bs4 ,to ^! classes all words belong :5 prop]ly expla9$2 a fact we desire y to be> con/antly 9 m9d 9 all y\r attempts to und]/& & employ language4 ,b !re are _m words 9 our language z well z mo/ o!rs1 :i* are s alt]$ & disguis$ t _! mean+ is n easily compreh5d$4 ,( c\rse !y are difficult ( explanation4 ,^! words we h class$ "u ! head ( ,contractions1 a t]m bett] calculat$ ?an any o!r we h se5 adopt$ to express _! "*4 ,we d n h[ev] lay any /ress on ! appropriat5ess ( ?is appellation1 b adopt x z a tempor>y exp$i5t1 till ^! words %all be bett] und]/ood4 ,!y w !n be rank$ 9 _! prop] places among ! classes already notic$4 ,"u ?is head may be consid]$ ! words usually kn[n z adv]bs1 conjunctions1 prepositions1 & int]jections4 ,t ! etymology & mean+ ( ^! words h n be5 g5]ally und]/ood w be conc$$1 ,i presume1 on all h&s4 ,9 our op9ion1 t is ! only reason :y !y h be5 consid]$ "u ^! diff]5t heads1 = 9 numb]less cases !re is no?+ 9 _! import to correspond ) su* di/9ctions4 ,:y an adv]b expresses "s quality or circum/ance respect+ a v]b1 adjective1 or o!r adv]b2 :y a conjunction is *iefly us$ to connect s5t5ces1 s z out ( two to make only "o s5t5ce2 or :y prepositions s]ve to connect words ) "o ano!r1 & %[ ! relation betwe5 !m1 has nev] be5 expla9$4 ,!y h be5 pass$ ov] ) little difficulty by tea*]s1 hav+ be5 furni%$ ) li/s ( words 9 ea* "p ( spee*1 :i* !y require _! pupils to commit to memory1 & = ev] aft] hold _! peace conc]n+ !m4 ,b t ^! words h be5 def9$ or expla9$ 9 a way to be und]/ood w n be pret5d$4 ,9 ju/ification ( su* ignorance1 x is cont5d$ t su* explanation is n ess5tial to _! prop] & elegant use4 ,if su* is ! fact1 we may easily acc\nt = ! incorrect use ( language1 & exon]ate *ildr5 f ! labor ( /udy+ etymology4 ,b ^! words h mean+1 & su/a9 a mo/ important rank 9 ! expression ( ideas4 ,!y are1 g5]ally1 abbreviat$1 comp\nd$1 & s disguis$ t _! orig9 & =mation are n g5]ally kn[n4 ,horne ,tooke calls !m ! :eels ( language1 ! w+s ( ,m]cury4 ,he says ?o we might be dragg$ along )\t !m1 x w\ld be ) mu* difficulty1 v heavily & t$i\sly4 ,b :5 he und]takes to %[ t !y 7 con/ruct$ = ?is object1 he mi/akes _! true "*2 = !y 7 n inv5t$ = t purpose1 b 7 orig9ally employ$ z n\ns or v]bs1 f :i* !y h be5 corrupt$ by use4 ,& he seems to admit ?is fact :5 he says1#ai abbreviation & corruption are always busie/ ) ! words :i* are mo/ frequ5tly 9 use4 ,lett]s1 l soldi]s1 be+ v apt to des]t & drop (f 9 a long m>*1 & especially if _! passage happ5s to lie ne> ! conf9es ( an enemy's c\ntry4 ,9 ! orig9al con/ruction ( language a set ( lit]>y m5 did n get toge!r & manufacture a lot ( words1 f9i%$ ?ro out & exactly adapt$ to ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,_h t be5 ! case1 language w\ld d\btless h appe>$ 9 a mu* m regul>1 /iff1 & =mal dress1 & be5 depriv$ ( _m ( its beautiful & l(ty figures1 its ri*e/ & bolde/ expressions4 ,necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,x 0 n until p _h ideas to communicate1 t !y s\ght a m$ium = ! transmission ( ?\ght f "o to ano!r2 & !n su* s\nds & signs 7 adopt$ z w\ld be/ answ] _! purpose4 ,b language 0 n !n fram$ l a cotton mill1 e "p complet$ be=e x 0 set 9 op]ation4 ,s+le expressions1 sign-ificant ( ?+s1 or ideas ( ?+s & actions1 7 fir/ employ$1 9 ! mo/ simple1 pla91 & easy mann]4#bj ,z ! human m9d advanc$ 9 k1 by obs]v+ ! "*1 relations1 & diff]5ces ( ?+s1 words 7 *ang$1 alt]$1 comp\nd$1 & contract$1 s z to keep pace ) su* advancem5t2 j z _m simple p>ts ( a ma*9e1 op]at+ on p]fect & di/9ct pr9ciples1 may be comb9$ toge!r & =m a mo/ complicat$1 curi\s1 & p[]ful eng9e1 ( a/oni%+ p[]1 & great utility4 ,9 ! adaptation ( /eam to locomotives1 ! pr9ciples on :i* /ation>y eng9es op]at$ 7 some:at modifi$4 ,"s :eels1 %afts1 b&s1 screws1 etc41 7 omitt$1 o!rs ( a diff]5t k9d 7 add$1 till ! :ole appe>$ 9 a new "*1 & ! eng9e1 be=e fix$ to a spot1 0 se5 trav]s+ ! road ) imm5se rapidity4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! =m] eng9e1 s f> f be+ uness5tial1 7 indisp5sable to ! con/ruction ( ! new "o1 & %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood by him :o w\ld build or use ! latt]4 ,s1 9 ! =mation ( language1 simple fir/ pr9ciples mu/ be obs]v$ & trac$ ?ro all _! ramifications1 by ^? :o w\ld obta9 a cle> & ?oro k ( x1 or read & write x ) propriety4 ,9 ma!matics1 ! f\r simple rules1 addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division1 =m ! basis on :i* t int]e/+ sci5ce dep5ds4 ,! modifications ( ^! rules1 accord+ to _! v>i\s capabilities1 w give a complete k ( all t c be kn[n ( numb]s1 relations1 & proportions1 an acme to :i* all may aspire1 ?o none h yet atta9$ x4 ,! pr9ciples ( language are equally simple1 &1 if correctly expla9$1 may be z well und]/ood4 ,b ! difficulty "u :i* we labor 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 is ! paucity ( means to trace back to _! orig9al =m & mean+ _m words & phrases 9 common use among u4 ,language has be5 employ$ z ! vehicle ( ?\ght1 = six ?\s& ye>s1 & 9 t long space has und]gone _m & /range modifications4 ,at ! disp]sion f ,babel1 & ! confusion ( tongues occasion$ !reby1 p 7 ?r[n ^u _! own res\rces1 & left to pick up by piecemeal su* %r$s z %\ld aft]w>ds be wove into a sy/em1 & adopt$ by _! respective nations4 ,w>s1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e1 z well z comm]ce1 ent]prize1 lit]ature1 & religion1 br\ght ! diff]5t nations into int]c\rse ) ea* o!r2 & *anges 7 ?us produc$ 9 ! languages ( su* p4 ,:oev] w take ! tr\ble to comp>e ! idioms ( spee* adopt$ by ^? nations ^: affairs1 civil1 political1 & religi\s1 are mo/ intimately alli$1 w be conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( ! s5tim5t n[ advanc$4 ,9 ! lapse ( ages1 words w\ld n only *ange _! =m1 b 9 a measure _! mean+1 s z to correspond ) ! ideas ( ^? :o use !m4 ,"s w\ld become obsolete1 & o!rs be adopt$ 9 _! /ead4 ,_m words are f\nd 9 ! ,bible :i* are n 9 common use2 & ! mann] ( spell+1 z well z "s entire words1 h be5 *ang$ 9 t book1 s9ce x 0 translat$ & fir/ publi%$ 9 #afaj4 ,) ^! examples y are famili>1 & ,i %all be sp>$ ! necessity ( quot+ !m4 ,i h already made "s extracts f old writ]s1 & may h occasion to d s aga9 be=e ,i close ?is lecture4 ,! words :i* we class "u ! head ( ,contractions1 are s alt]$ & disguis$ 9 _! appe>ance1 t _! etymology & connexion are n g5]ally und]/ood4 ,x may appe> l p$antry 9 me to attempt an inve/igation into _! orig9 & mean+4 ,b to avoid t *>ge1 ,i w frankly ackn[l$ge ! tru?1 & own my inability to d ju/ice to ?is subject1 by (f]+ a full explanation ( all ! words :i* belong to ?is class4 ,i w be c&id1 if ,i am n successful4 ,b ,i ?9k mo/ ( ! words long consid]$ difficult1 may be easily expla9$2 en\gh to conv9ce y ( ! feasibility ( ! gr\nd we h assum$1 & furni% a sample by :i* to pursue ! subject 9 all our future inquiries into ! etymology ( words4 ,b ev5 if ,i fail 9 ?is matt]1 ,i %all h "o com=t left1 t ,i am n alone 9 ! transgression2 = no philologi/1 ) few exceptions1 has done any ?+ l ju/ice to ?is subject4 ,our common gramm>s h n ev5 attempt$ an inquiry into ! mean+ ( ^! words1 b h treat$ !m z ?o !y _h none4 ,classes1 l p5s or res]voirs1 are made = !m1 into :i* !y are ?r[n1 & all[$ to re/1 only to be nam$1 )\t be+ di/urb$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are f\nd 9 "o enclosure1 sometimes 9 ano!r1 m by mi/ake1 ,i appreh5d1 ?an by int5tion2 = prepositions "u c]ta9 circum/ances are p>s$ z adv]bs1 & adv]bs z adjectives1 & conjunctions z ei!r adv]bs or prepositions2 & n unfrequ5tly ! :ole g (f toge!r1 l ! tail ( ! dragon1 draw+ o!r respectable words along ) !m1 "u ! sweep+ cognom5 ( adv]bial phrases1 or conjunctive expressions2 z1 ,c y write y\r lesson8 ,n yet q well en\gh4 ,b & if t evil s]vant1#ba etc4 ,mr4 ,murray says1 ! same ^w is occasionally us$ bo? z a conjunction & z an adv]b1 & sometimes z a preposition4 ,let ^! words be correctly def9$1 _! mean+ be f]ret$ out f ! rubbi% 9 :i* !y h be5 enclos$2 or h _! dismemb]$ p>ts re/or$ to !m1 !y w !n appe> 9 _! true "*1 & _! connexion ) o!r words w be f\nd regul> & easy4 ,until su* "w is accompli%$1 !y may z well be call$ contractions1 = su* !y mo/ly are1 z adv]bs or any ?+ else2 = t appellation we reg>d z m appropriate ?an any o!r4 ,9 ! attempts we are ab\t to make1 we %all endeavor to be guid$ by s\nd philosophic pr9ciples & ! light ( pati5t inve/igation2 & :atev] advances we may make %all be 9 /rict accordance ) ! true & practical use ( ^! words4 ,let u beg9 ) ,adv]bs4 ,i h n "t to g into a ?oro inve/igation ( ! mi/akes into :i* gramm>ians h fall5 9 _! attempts to expla9 ?is "p ( spee*4 ,mr4 ,murray says !y seem orig9ally to h be5 contriv$ to express comp5di\sly 9 "o ^w1 :at mu/ o!rwise h requir$ two or m2 z1 he act$ wisely4 ,!y c\ld h be5 contriv$ = no su* purpose1 = we h already se5 t !y are made up ( v>i\s words comb9$ toge!r1 :i* are us$ to express relation1 to def9e or describe o!r ?+s4 ,take ! v example ,mr4 ,m4 has giv54 ,wisely is made up ( two words2 wise & l4 ,he act$ wisely1 wise-l4 ,:at did he act8 ,wisely1 we are taught1 expresses ! mann] or quality ( ! v]b act4 ,b act1 9 ?is case1 is a neut] or intransitive v]b1 & wisely expresses ! mann] ( action :]e !re is none6 ,b he mu/ h act$ some?+ :i* 0 wise l some?+ else4 ,:at did he act8 ,if he produc$ no actions1 h[ c x be kn[n t he act$ wisely or unwisely8 ,action or acts is ! direct object ( to act4 ,h5ce ! s5t5ce fully /at$ w\ld /& ?us3 ,he act$ acts or actions l wise actions or acts4 ,b /at$ at l5g?1 x appe>s aukw>d & clumsy1 l old fa%ion$ vehicles4 ,we h modifi$1 improv$1 cut d[n1 & made eliptical1 all ( our expressions1 z we h previ\sly obs]v$1 to suit ! fa%ions & cu/oms ( ! age 9 :i* we live2 ! same z tailors cut our g>m5ts to correspond ) ! late/ fa%ions4 ,! bird s+s sweetly4 ,! bird s+s songs1 notes1 or tunes1 l sweet notes1 tunes1 or songs4 ,! comp>ison "h made1 is n 9 ref]5ce to ! ag5t or action1 b ! object ( ! action2 & ?is expla9s ! :ole !ory ( ^? adv]bs1 :i* are said to qualify mann] ( action4 ,we h already se5 t no action1 z su*1 c exi/1 or be conceiv$ to exi/1 sep>ate7-ed7 f ! ?+ or ag5t :i* acts2 & su* action c only be det]m9$ by ! *ang$ or alt]$ condition ( some?+ :i* is ! object ( su* action4 ,h[ !n1 c any ^w1 9 tru?1 or 9 ?\ght1 be kn[n to qualify ! action1 z di/9ct f ! object or ag5t8 ,& if x does n 9 fact1 h[ c we expla9 words to *ildr51 or to our own m9ds1 s z to und]/& :at is n true8 ,h5ce all words ( ?is "* are adjectives1 describ+ "o ?+ by its relation or lik5ess to ano!r1 & z su*1 admit ( comp>ison2 z1 a likely man1 a v likely man1 a likeli]1 & ! likelie/ man4 ,he is ! mo/ likely p$l> ,i ev] knew4 ,he is m liable to be deceiv$4 ,a lively little fell[4 ,he is wor?less4 ,he is wor? less1 less wor?y ( respect & confid5ce4 ,he writes v correctly4 ,he writes 8 lett]s & words l v correct lett]s4 ,b ,i ne$ n enl>ge4 ,y h only to be> 9 m9d ! fact1 t ly is a contraction ( l1 :i* is (t5 reta9$ 9 _m words2 z godl1 *ri/ianl1 etc41 & se>* = a def9ition accord+ly2 & y w f9d no tr\ble 9 dispos+ ( a l>ge portion ( ?is adv]b family4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 & %\ld be maturely consid]$ by all :o /ill adh]e to ! neut] v]b !ory1 t adv]bs qualify neut] z well z active v]bs1 & express ! quality or mann] ( action1 :]e !re is none6 ,adv]bs express mann] ( action 9 a neut] v]b6 ,:5 a p]son />ts wrong x is v difficult to g "r4 ,! safe/ c\rse is to return back & />t aga94 ,adv]bs h be5 divid$ into classes1 v>y+ f elev5 to sev5ty-two1 to suit ! fancies ( ^? :o h only obs]v$ ! nice %ades ( =m :i* ^! words h assum$4 ,b a bonnet is a bonnet1 let its %ape1 =m1 or fa%ion1 be :at x may4 ,y may put on z _m trimm+s1 fl[]s1 b[s1 & ribbons1 z y please2 x is a bonnet /ill2 & :5 we speak ( x we w call x a bonnet1 & talk ab\t its app5dages4 ,b :5 x is con/ruct$ into some?+ else1 !n we w give x a new "n4 ,adjectives1 we h said1 are d]iv$ f ei!r n\ns or v]bs1 & we n[ cont5d t ! words =m]ly reg>d$ z adv]bs are ei!r adjectives1 n\ns1 or v]bs4 ,9 def5ce ( ?is s5tim5t we w adduce a few words 9 ?is place = examples4 ,ago4 ,?ree ye>s ago1 we dwelt 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is ^w is a pa/ p>ticiple f ! v]b ago1 mean+ ! same z gone or agone1 & 0 s us$ a few c5turies ago--agone1 or gone by4 ,= eu] ! latt] ende ( ioye is wo1 ,god wotte1 worldly ioye is soone ago4 ,*auc]4 ,= if x er/ 0 well1 ?o 0 x bet ,a ?\s& folde1 ?is n$e? x n require ,ago 0 eu]y sor[e & eu]y f]e4 ,troylus1 boke #c1 p4 #b4 ,( su* examples z ,i f9de ,^u ?is po9t ( tyme agone ,i ?9ke = to tell5 "o4 ,g[]1 lib4 #e1 p4 #a4 ,:i* is no m ?an has be5 done ,by knights = ladies1 long agone4 ,hudibras4 ,tw5ty ye>s agone4 ,tillotson's s]mon4 ,are all ! g4 ,knick]bock]4 ,a/ray4 ,!y w5t a/ray4 ,a/ray$1 w&]$ or 7 scatt]$1 & ( c\rse soon became e/rang$ f ea* o!r4 ,f>m]s all "k :at x is = cattle to /ray f home2 & _m p>5ts h felt ! ke5 pangs ( sorr[ :5 _! sons /ray$ f ! pa?s ( virtue4 ,9 t condition !y are a/ray-ed4 ,?is pre/ 0 drank & go? a/ray$e4 ,a*ab to ! bottle w5t4 ,:5 ,b5$ad = all 8 %elde ,him sl\gh1 s t ^u ! felde ,8 p go? ab\te a/raie4 ,g[]4 ,awake4 ,he is awake4 ,samson awak$ out ( 8 sleep4 ,t ,i may awake him out ( sleep4 ,x is high "t to awake4 ,z a man t is wak5$ out ( sleep4 ,! ,iri% hold a wake--!y d n sleep ! night aft] ! loss ( fri5ds4 ,asleep4 ,:5 t pyte1 :i* longe on sleep do? t>y ,ha? set ! fyne ( al my heuynesse4 ,*auc]1 ,la belle dame1 p4 #a4 c4 #a4 ,ful s\nd on sleep did cau*t ?>e re/ be k9d4 ,d\glas1 b4 #i1 p4 #bhc4 ,9 ^! provynces ! fay? ( ,*ry/e 0 all qu5*yd & 9 sleepe4--,fabian4 ,a num]\s portion ( ^! contractions are n\ns1 :i*1 f _! frequ5t recurr5ce1 are us$ )\t _! usual connexion ) small words4 ,! lett] a is comp\nd$ ) _m ( ^! words1 :i* may h be5 jo9$ to !m by habit1 or z a preposition1 mean+ on1 to1 at1 91 z x is us$ 9 ! fr5* & "s o!r languages4 ,y (t5 he> expressions l ^!1 he is a-go+2 he is a-writ+2 he began a-new1 etc4 ,! old adv]bs :i* take ?is lett]1 y c easily analyze2 z1 ,! h\se is a-fire--on fire2 ,he fell a-sleep--he fell on sleep4 ,:5 deep sleep falle? on m54--,job4 ,he /ept a-side--on "o side4 ,he came a-bo>d--on bo>d4 ,!y put x a-foot--on foot4 ,he w5t a-way--a way1 foll[$ "s c\rse1 to a di/ance4 ,blue bonnets are all ! g n[ a-days1 etc4 ,! foll[+ extracts w give y an idea ( ! etymology ( ^! words3 ,turnus seyes ! ,troianis 9 grete yre1 ,& al ?>e s*yppis & navy set 9 fire4 ,d\glas1 b4 #i1 p4 #bgd4 ,n[ h& 9 h& ! dynt li*tis ) ane swak1 ,n[ b5dis he up 8 b\rdon ) ane mynt1 ,on side 7a-side7 he bradis = to es*ew ! dynt4 ,idem4 ,t ea/] fire & flame ab\te ,bo? at m\? & at nase ,s t !i sett5 all on blaze1 7ablaze47 ,g[]4 ,& tyl a wick$ de? him take ,him _h leu] asondre 7a-sund]7 %ake ,& let al 8 lymmes asondre ryue ,?ane leaue 8 ri*esse 9 8 lyue4 ,*auc]4 ,examples ( ?is k9d might be multipli$ to an indef9ite l5g?4 ,b ! above w suffice to give y an idea ( ! =m] use ( ^! words1 & also1 by comp>ison ) ! pres5t1 ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! me?od ( spell+ )9 a few c5turies4 ,a l>ge portion ( adv]bs relate to "t & place1 because _m ( our ideas1 & mu* ( our language1 are employ$ 9 ref]5ce to !m2 z1 !n1 :51 :]e1 !re1 "h1 h5ce1 :5ce1 !nce1 :ile1 till1 :e!r1 etc4 ,^! are comp\nd words consid]ably disguis$ 9 _! mean+ & =mation4 ,let u briefly notice "s ( !m4 ,p] annum is a lat9 phrase1 = ! ye>1 a ye>2 & ! annum is ! ye>1 r\nd or p]iod ( "t1 f :i* x 0 corrupt$ gradually into its pres5t %ape4 ,?anne1 ?a anne1 ?ane1 !nne1 !n1 ?an1 are diff]5t =ms ( ! same ^w4 ,we see n[e bi a mirror 9 d>cnesse3 ?anne =sa!1 face to face4 ,n[e ,i "k ( p>tye2 ?anne =sa! s*al "k z ,i am kn[54--#a4 ,cor4 #ac3 #ab4 ,translation 9 #acej4 ,i h a translation ( ! same passage 9 #aehf1 :i* /&s ?us3 ,= n[e we see ?r\gh a glasse d>kley3 b !ne face to face3 n[ ,i "k 9 "p3 b !n %al ,i "k ev5 z ,i am kn[54 ,"h sev]al words are spell$ diff]5tly 9 ! same v]se4 ,!n1 ! anne1 t "t4 ,:51 :a anne1 :a-i*t-anne1 :i*1 or :at anne1 p]iod ( "t4 ,area means an op5 space1 a plat ( gr\nd1 a spot or place4 ,ar5a is f ! same etymon1 alt]$ 9 application4 ,!re1 ! area1 ! place or spot4 ,if we g !re1 to t place4 ,:]e1 :i*1 or :at 7:a-i*t area7 place4 ,"h1 8 7lat9 ^w = ?is17 area1 ?is place4 ,^! words ref] to place1 /ate1 or condition4 ,:ile is ano!r spell+ = :eel4 ,to :ile away our "t1 is to pass1 sp5d1 or :eel x away4 ,:ile applies to ! p]iod1 or space ( "t1 9 :i* some?+ :eels1 :irls1 turns r\nd1 or transpires2 z1 ,y _h bett] rema9 "h :ile 7dur+ ! "t7 he exam9es :e!r x is prud5t = y to g4 ,till is to :ile1 to ! p]iod at :i* some?+ is expect$ to foll[4 ,if ,i w t he t>ry till 7to ! "t7 ,i come :at is t to !e8 ,! idea ( "t & place are (t5 bl5d$ toge!r4 ,x is n uncommon to he> lads & pr(ess$ s*ol>s1 9 "s p>ts ( our c\ntry say d[n till ! bottom1 ov] till ! woods4 etc4 ,al?o we d n reg>d su* expressions correct1 yet !y s]ve to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! only mi/ake is 9 apply+ x to place in/ead ( "t4 ,:e!r is :i* ei!r4 ,%ew :e!r ( ^! two ?\ ha/ *os54--,acts #a3 #bd4 ,x is m frequ5tly appli$ 9 mod]n times to circum/ance & ev5ts ?an to p]sons & ?+s4 ,i w let y "k :e!r ,i w or w n adopt x1 "o or ! o!r4 ,toge!r signifies two or m unit$4 ,ge!r$ is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ga!r4 ,z ,mailie1 an' h] lambs !gi!r1 ,7 ae day nibbl+ on ! te!r4 ,burns4 ,ev] means "t1 age1 p]iod4 ,x orig9ally & ess5tially signifi$ life4 ,= ev] is = ! age or p]iod4 ,= ev] & ev]1 to ! ages ( ages4 ,ev]-la/+ is age-la/+4 ,ev]-la/+ hills1 sn[s1 l&m>ks1 etc4 ,nev]1 ne-ev]1 n ev]1 at no "t1 age or p]iod4 ,:5-ev]4--,at :at po9t or space ( "t or age4 ,:at-ev]4--,:at ?+1 fact1 circum/ance1 or ev5t4 ,:]e-ev]4--,to1 at1 or 9 :at place1 p]iod1 age1 or "t4 ,:i!r-s-ev]1 :i*-way-s-ev]1 :]e-s-ev]1 nev]-!-less1 etc4 ne$ only be analyz$1 & _! mean+ w appe> obvi\s to all4 ,(t1 (t51 (t-times1 (t5-times1 c be und]/ood by all1 because ! n\n to :i* !y belong is (t-en reta9$ 9 practice4 ,once1 twice1 at "o "t1 two times4 ,h5ce1 !nce1 :5ce1 f ?is1 t1 or :at1 place1 spot1 circum/ance1 po/1 or />t+ place4 ,h5ce-=-w>d1 h5ce-=?1 9 "t to come1 aft] ?is p]iod4 ,"h-aft]1 aft] ?is era1 or pres5t "t4 ,hi!r1 to ?is spot or place4 ,?i!r1 to t place4 ,hi!r-to1 hi!r-w>d1 etc4 ! same z to y w>d1 or to ,god w>d1 /ill reta9$ 9 our bibles4 ,p]-haps1 x may hap4 ,p]*ance1 p]adv5ture1 by *ance1 by adv5ture4 ,! lat9 p] means by4 ,n1 no ought1 n any1 no?+4 ,x is a comp\nd ( ne & ought or aught4 ,or is a contraction f o!r1 & nor f ne-or1 no-or1 no o!r4 ,no-wise1 no ways4 ,i w g1 or1 o!r-wise1 9 ano!r way or mann]1 y mu/ g4 ,?an1 ! ane1 ! "o1 t "o1 allud+ to a p>ticul> object ) :i* a comp>ison is made2 z1 ,?is book is l>g] ?an t bible4 ,t "o bible1 ?is book is l>g]4 ,x is always us$ ) ! comp>ative degree1 to def9e p>ticul>ly ! object ) :i* ! comp>ison is made4 ,tal5t is bett] ?an flatt]y4 ,?an flatt]y1 (t5 be/[$ reg>dless ( m]it1 tal5t is bett]4 ,z is an adjective1 9 ext5sive use4 ,x means !1 ?is1 t1 ^!1 ! same1 etc4 ,x is a def9+ ^w ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,y practice z y h be5 taught--! same duties or pr9ciples und]/ood4 ,we use language z we h le>n$ x2 9 ! same way or mann]4 ,x is (t5 associat$ ) o!r words to p>ticul>ly specify ! way1 mann]1 or degree1 9 :i* some?+ is done or comp>$4 ,i c g z well z y4 ,9 ! same well1 easy1 conv5i5t way or mann] y c g1 ,i c g 9 ! same way4 ,he 0 z le>n$1 z pi\s1 z b5evol5t1 z brave1 z fai?ful1 z ard5t4 ,^! are purely adjectives1 us$ to d5ote ! degree ( ! lik5ess or simil>ity betwe5 ! ?+s comp>$4 ,second>y words are (t5 add$ to ?is1 to aid ! di/9ction or def9ition2 z1 7! same illu/rat$17 ,he is j z will+4 ,i am q z well pleas$ )\t x4 ,z1 l _m o!r adjectives1 (t5 occurs )\t a n\n express$1 9 :i* case x 0 =m]ly p>s$ by ,murray himself z 7l1 or ! same7 a relative pron\n2 z1 ,& inde$ x seldom at any p]iod ext5ds to ! tip1 z happ5s 9 acute diseases4--,dr4 ,sweet/]4 ,! gr\nd ,i h assum$ is t5able1 z w appe>4--,web/]4 ,bonap>te _h a special motive 9 decorat+ ,p>is1 = ',p>is is ,france1 z has (t5 be5 obs]v$4--,*ann+4 ,! words are su* z seem4--,murray's ,read]6 p4 #af1 intro4 ,s has ne>ly ! same signification z ! ^w la/ notic$1 & is frequ5tly us$ along ) x1 to def9e ! o!r memb] ( ! comp>ison4 ,z f> z ,i c und]/&1 s f> ,i approve4 ,z he direct$1 s ,i obey$4 ,x v (t5 occurs z a second>y adjective2 z1 ,9 pi\s & b5evol5t (fices s simple1 s m9ute1 s /eady1 s habitual1 t !y w c>ry1 etc4 ,he pursu$ a c\rse s unv>y+4--,*ann+4 ,^! words are ! mo/ important ( any small ones 9 our vocabul>y1 because 7= ?is cause1 be ?is ! cause1 ?is is ! cause7 !y are ! mo/ frequ5tly us$2 & yet !re are no words s little und]/ood1 or s mu* abus$ by gramm>ians1 z ^! are4 ,we h b>ely "t to notice ! rema9+ p>ts ( spee*4 ,conjunctions are def9$ to be a "p ( spee* void ( signification1 b s =m$ z to help signification1 by mak+ two or m significant s5t5ces to be "o significant s5t5ce4 ,mr4 ,h>ris gives ab\t =ty species4 ,murray admits ( only ! dis-junctive & copulative1 & r$uces ! :ole li/ ( words to tw5ty-f\r4 ,b :at is meant by a dis-junctive con-junctive ^w1 is left = y to det]m9e4 ,x mu/ be 9 keep+ ) 9def9ite def9+ articles1 & po/-positive pre-positions4 ,he says1 x jo9s words1 b disjo9s ! s5se4#bb ,& :at is a ^w ) out s5se1 pray tell u8 ,if words are ! signs ( ideas1 h[1 9 ! "n ( reason1 c y give ! sign & sep>ate ! s5se8 ,y c z well sep>ate ! %ad[ f ! sub/ance1 or a quality f matt]4 ,we h already notic$ ,rule #ah1 :i* tea*es ! use ( conjunctions4 ,"u t rule1 y may exam9e ^! examples4 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 is n[1 & ev] %all be4--,common ,pray]4 ,:at ,i d1 h done1 or may h]eaft] d1 has be51 & w always be matt] ( incl9ation1 ! gratify+ ( :i* pays itself3 & ,i h no m m]it 9 employ+ my "t & money 9 ! way ,i am kn[n to d1 ?an ano!r has 9 o!r occupations4--,h[>d4 ,! foll[+ examples mu/ suffice4 ,if4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f ! saxon gifan1 & 0 =m]ly writt5 giff1 gyff1 gif1 geve1 give1 yiff1 yef1 yeve4 ,x signifies give1 grant1 all[1 suppose1 admit1 & is always a v]b 9 ! imp]ative mood1 hav+ ! foll[+ s5t5ce or idea = its object4 ,if a p\nd ( sug> co/ t5 c5ts1 :at w t5 p\nds co/8 ,give1 grant1 all[1 suppose1 7! fact17 "o p\nd co/1 etc4 ,9 ?is case ! supposition :i* /&s z a pr$icate--"o p\nd ( sug> co/ t5 c5ts1 is ! object ( if--! ?+ to be all[$1 suppos$1 or grant$1 & f :i* ! conclusion z to ! co/ ( t5 p\nds is to be drawn4 ,he w assi/ u if he has ! means4 ,all[1 admit1 7! fact17 he has ! means1 he w assi/ u4 ,gif luf be v]tew1 ?an is x leful ?+2 ,gif x be vice1 x is y\r undo+4 ,d\glas p4 #ie4 ,ne ,i ne wol non reh]ce1 yef t ,i may4 ,*auc]4 ,%e 0 s *>itable & s pyt\s ,%e wolde wepe yf t %e sawe a m\s ,caught 9 a trappe1 if x 7 de$ or bl$de4 ,prioresse4 ,o ha/e & come to my ma/] de>4 ,g9 ye be ,b>b>a ,all54 ,burns4 ,b4 ,?is ^w has two opposite significations4 ,x is d]iv$ f two diff]5t radicals4 ,b1 f ! saxon be & utan1 out1 means be out1 leave out1 save1 except1 omit1 z1 all b "o are "h4 ,leave out1 except1 "o1 all are "h4 ,heav5 f all creation hides ! book ( fate ,all b 7save1 except7 ! page prescrib$ our pres5t /ate4 ,:5 n\ght b 7leave out7 ! torr5t is he>d on ! hill1 ,& n\ght b 7save7 ! night+ale's song 9 ! grove4 ,no?+ b fe> re/ra9s him4 ,9 ^! cases ! direct objects ( ! v]b1 ! ?+s to be omitt$ are express$4 ,b is also d]iv$ f botan1 :i* signifies to add1 sup]add1 jo9 or unite2 z1 9 ! old =m ( a de$1 x is butt$ & b\nd$ z foll[s4 ,two animals butt _! heads toge!r4 ,! butt ( a log is t end :i* 0 jo9$ to ! /ump4 ,a butt1 butm5t or a-butm5t is ! jo9$ end1 :]e !re is a connexion ) some?+ else4 ,a butt ( ridicule is an object to :i* ridicule is atta*$4 ,n only saw he all t 01 ,b 7add7 mu* t nev] came to pass4 ,m',f+al4 ,to button1 butt-on1 is d]iv$ f ! same ^w1 to jo9 "o side to ! o!r1 to fa/5 toge!r4 ,x 0 =m]ly spell$ botan1 boote1 bote1 bot1 butte1 bute1 b4 ,x is /ill spell$ boot 9 c]ta9 cases z a v]b2 z1 ,:at boots x !e to fly f pole to pole1 ,hang o'er ! e>?1 & ) ! planets roll8 ,:at boots 7 7 ?ro space's f>!re/ b\rns to roam1 ,if ?\1 ,o man1 a /rang] art at home8 ,gra+]4 ,if love _h boot$ c>e or co/4 ,a man ex*ang$ 8 h\se 9 ! city = a f>m1 & receiv$ fifty doll>s to boot2 to add to 8 prop]ty1 & make ! ex*ange equal4 ,let pres5ts ! same con/ruction 9 =m & mean+ z b1 = x is d]iv$ f two radicals ( opposite significations4 ,x means sometimes to p]mit or all[2 z1 let me g2 let me h x2 & to h9d] or prev5t2 z1 ,i propos$ to come unto y1 b 7add ?is fact7 ,i 0 let hi!rto4--,rom4 #a3 #ac4 ,he :o n[ lette?1 w let until he be tak5 out ( ! way4--#b ,!ss4 #b3 #g4 ,& is a pa/ p>ticiple signify+ add$1 "o-ed1 jo9$4 ,x 0 =m]ly plac$ aft] ! words2 z1 ,james1 ,john1 ,david1 &1 7unit$ to-ge!r-ed17 g to s*ool4 ,we n[ place x be=e ! la/ ^w4 ,?o1 al?o1 yet4 ,?o 7admit1 all[1 ! fact7 he slay me1 yet 7get1 h1 "k1 ! fact7 ,i w tru/ 9 him4 ,yes is f ! same ^w z yet4 ,x means get or h my cons5t to ! "q ask$4 ,nay is ! opposite ( yes1 ne-aye1 nay1 no4 ,! ayes & noes 7 call$ =4 ,i c pursue ?is matt] no f>!r4 ,! limits assign$ me h be5 ov]run already4 ,:at light may h be5 af=d$ y 9 relation to ^! words1 w enable y to discov] t !y h mean+ :i* mu/ be le>n$ be=e !y c be expla9$ correctly2 t done1 all difficulty is remov$4 ,int]jections des]ve no att5tion4 ,!y =m no "p ( language1 b may be us$ by bea/s & birds z well z by m54 ,!y are indi/9ct utt]ances ( emotions1 :i* come n )9 ! range ( human spee*4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,! ,r$ ,book1 by ,william ,be>cr(t1 revis$ by ,daniel ,h4 ,b>nes1 late ( ! ,new-,york ,high ,s*ool1 z a correct sy/em ( tea*+ practical or?ography4 #b ,gall1 ,spurzheim1 & ,combe1 h reflect$ a light ^u ! sci5ce ( ! m9d1 :i* _c fail ( b5eficial results4 ,?o ! doctr9es ( phr5ology1 z n[ taught1 may prove false--:i* is q d\btful--or receive ext5sive modifications1 yet ! consequ5ces to ! philosophy ( ! m9d w be va/ly useful4 ,! v t]ms employ$ to express ! faculties & affections ( ! m9d1 are s def9ite & cle>1 t phr5ology w long des]ve peculi> reg>d1 if = no o!r reason ?an = ! introduction ( a vocabul>y1 f :i* may be select$ words = ! communication ( ideas ^u intellectual subjects4 #c ,metaphysics orig9ally signifi$ ! sci5ce ( ! causes & pr9ciples ( all ?+s4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 conf9$ to ! philosophy ( ! m9d4 ,9 our times x has obta9$ /ill ano!r mean+4 ,metaphysicians became s ab/ruse1 bewild]$1 & lo/1 t nobody c\ld und]/& !m2 & h5ce1 metaphysical is n[ appli$ to :atev] is ab/ruse1 d\btful1 & un9telligible4 ,if a speak] is n und]/ood1 x is because he is too metaphysical4 ,h[ did y l ! s]mon1 ye/]day8 ,tol]ably well2 b he 0 too metaphysical = common he>]s4 ,!y c\ld n und]/& him4 #d ,9 ?is respect1 _m =eign languages possess a great advantage ov] ours4 ,!y c augm5t or dim9i% ! same ^w to increase or less5 ! mean+4 ,= in/ance2 9 ! ,spani%1 we c say ,hombre1 a man2 ,hombron1 a l>ge man2 ,hombrecito1 a "y man1 or y\?2 ,hombrecillo1 a mis]able little man2 ,pag>o1 a bird2 ,pag>ito1 a pretty little bird2 ,p]ro1 a dog2 ,p]rillo1 an ugly little dog2 ,p]razo1 a l>ge dog4 ,! ,indian languages admit ( dim9utives 9 a simil> way4 ,9 ! ,delaw>e dialect1 !y are =m$ by ! suffix tit1 9 ! class ( animate n\ns2 b by es1 to ! inanimate2 z1 ,s5no1 a man2 ,s5notit1 a little man2 ,wikwam1 a h\se2 ,wikwames1 a small h\se4--,enc4 ,am]4 ,art4 ,indian ,languages1 vol4 #f1 p4 #ehf4 #e ,mr4 ,h>ris1 9 8 ,h]mes1 says1 ,a preposition is a "p ( spee*1 devoid itself ( signification2 b s =m$ z to unite two words t are significant1 & t refuse to coalesce or unite !mselves4 ,mr4 ,murray says1 ,prepositions s]ve to connect words ) "o ano!r1 & %[ ! relation betwe5 !m4 #f ,me ?\ %alt use 9 :at ?\ wilt1 & doe t ) a sl5d] twi/1 t none c doe ) a t\gh )4 ,euphues & 8 ,engl&1 p4 #acf4 ,!y _h arms "u ! /raw 9 ! boats1 & _h cut ! )es t held ! o>s ( ! t[n boats1 to prev5t any pursuit4 ,ludl['s ,memoirs1 p4 #dce4 ,! only furniture belong+ to ! h\ses1 appe>s to be an oblong vessel made ( b>k1 by ty+ up ! ends ) a )e4 ,cooke's ,description ( ,botany ,bay4 #g ,see ,galatians1 *ap4 #a1 v]se #ae4 ,:5 x pleas$ ,god1 :o sep>at$ me1 c4 #h ,acts1 xvii1 #bh4 #i ,/4 ,pi]re's ,/udies ( ,nature4--,dr4 ,hunt]'s translation1 pp4 #agb-agf4 #aj ,x is report$ on v good au?ority t ! same olive trees are n[ /&+ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane "u :i* ! ,savi\r wept & ne> :i* he 0 betray$4 ,?is is r5d]$ m probable f ! fact1 t a tax is laid1 by ! ,ottoman ,porte1 on all olive trees plant$ s9ce ,pale/9e pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,turks1 & t sev]al trees /&+ 9 ,ge?semane d n pay su* tribute1 :ile all o!rs d4 #aa ,we d n ass5t to ! notions ( anci5t philosoph]s & poets1 :o believ$ ! doctr9e t ! _w is animat$ by a s\l1 l ! human body1 :i* is ! _s ( ,deity himself2 b t by ! op]ation ( wise & p]fect laws1 he ex]ts a sup]vision 9 ! creation & pres]vation ( all ?+s animate & inanimate4 ,virgil /at$ ! op9ions ( 8 times1 9 8 ,a,eneid1 ,b4 ,,vi4 l4 #gbd4 ,pr9cipio coelum1 ac t]ras1 camposque liqu5tes1 ,luc5temque globum1 ,lunae1 ,titaniaque a/ra ,spiritus intus alit1 totamque infusa p] artus ,m5s agitat molem1 et magno se corpore miscet4 ,"k1 fir/1 t heav51 & e>?'s compact$ frame1 ,& fl[+ wat]s1 & ! />ry flame1 ,& bo? ! radiant lights1 "o common s\l ,inspires & fe$s--& animates ! :ole4 ,?is active m9d1 infus$ ?ro all ! space1 ,unites & m+les ) ! mighty mass4 ,dryd51 b4 ,,vi4 l4 #ihj4 ,?is s5tim5t1 he probably borr[$ f ,py?agoras & ,plato1 :o argue ! same s5tim5t1 & divide ?is _s into intellectus1 intellig5tia1 et natura--intellectual1 intellig5t1 & natural4 ,:5ce1 ,ex hoc ,deo1 qui e/ mundi anima3 quasi dec]ptae p>ticulae sunt vitae hom9um et pecudum4 ,or1 ,omnia animalia ex quatuor elem5tis et div9o spiritu con/>e manife/um e/4 ,trahunt enim a t]ra c>nem1 ab aqua humorem1 ab a]e anhelitum1 ab igne f]vorem1 a div9o spiritu +5ium4--,timeus1 *ap4 #bd1 & ,virgil's ,geor4 b4 #d1 l4 #bbj1 ,dryd5's trans4 l4 #cbb4 ,pope alludes to ! same op9ion 9 ^! l9es3 ,all are b p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole4 ,^: body nature is1 & ,god ! s\l4 #ab ,page #da4 #ac ,exodus1 iii4 #b1 #c4 #ad ,c>dell's gramm>4 #ae ,! ,jews long pres]v$ ?is "n 9 ,sam>itan lett]s to keep x f be+ kn[n to /rang]s4 ,! mod]n ,jews affirm t by ?is my/]i\s "n1 engrav5 on 8 rod1 ,moses p]=m$ ! wond]s record$ ( him2 t ,jesus /ole ! "n f ! temple & put x into 8 ?igh betwe5 ! fle% & sk91 & by its p[] accompli%$ ! miracles attribut$ to him4 ,!y ?9k if !y c\ld pron\nce ! ^w correctly1 ! v heav5s & e>? w\ld tremble1 & angels be fill$ ) t]ror4 #af ,plut>* says1 ,?is title is n only prop] b peculi> to ,god1 because ,he alone is be+2 = mortals h no p>ticipation ( true be+1 because t :i* beg9s & ends1 & is con/antly *ang+1 is nev] "o nor ! same1 nor 9 ! same /ate4 ,! deity on ^: temple ?is ^w 0 inscrib$ 0 call$ ,apollo1 ,apollon1 f a negative & pollus1 _m1 because ,god is "o1 8 nature simple1 & uncomp\nd$4--,vide1 ,cl>k's ,com4 #ag ,! same fact may be obs]v$ 9 o!r languages1 = all p =m language alike1 9 a way to correspond ) _! ideas4 ,! foll[+ ha/y examples w illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,ag5t4 ,v]b4 ,object4 ,engli% ,s+]s ,s+ ,songs ,fr5* ,les *anteurs ,*ant5t ,les *ansons ,spani% ,los cantores ,cantan ,las cant9elas ,italian ,i cantori ,cantano ,i canti ,lat9 ,cantores ,canunt ,cantus ,engli% ,giv]s ,give ,gifts ,fr5* ,les donneurs ,donn5t ,les dons ,spani% ,los donadores ,dan o donan ,los dones ,italian ,i danatori ,dano o danano ,i doni ,lat9 ,datores ,donant ,dona ,engli% ,fi%]s ,fi% ,fi%es ,fr5* ,les pe*eurs ,pe*5t ,les poissons ,spani% ,los pescadores ,pescan ,los peces ,italian ,i pescatori ,pescan ,i pesci ,lat9 ,piscatores ,piscantur ,pisces ,engli% ,/ud5ts ,/udy ,/udies ,fr5* ,les etudi5s ,etudi5t ,les etudes ,spani% ,los e/udiantes ,e/udian ,los e/udios ,italian ,i /udi5ti ,/udiano ,i /udii ,lat9 ,/udiosi ,/ud5t ,/udia #ah ,mr4 ,murray says1 ,^! comp\nds1 h1 %all1 w1 may1 c1 mu/1 _h1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld1 :i* he uses z auxili>ies to help conjugate o!r v]bs1 are1 h[ev]1 to be consid]$ z diff]5t =ms ( ! same v]b4 ,i %\ld l to "k1 if ^! words h any ?+ to d ) ! pr9cipal v]bs2 if !y only alt] ! =m ( ! v]b :i* foll[s !m4 ,i may1 c1 mu/1 %all1 w1 or d love4 ,are ^! only diff]5t =ms ( love8 or r1 are !y n di/9ct1 important1 & orig9al v]bs1 pure & p]fect 9 & ( !mselves8 ,ask = _! etymons & mean+1 & !n decide4 #ai ,div]sions ( ,purley1 vol4 #a1 p4 #gg4 #bj ,dr4 ,edw>ds obs]ves1 9 a communication to ! ,connecticut ,society ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 f p]sonal k1 t ! ,mohegans 7,indians7 h no adjectives 9 all _! language4 ,al?o x may at fir/ seem n only s+ul> & curi\s1 b impossible1 t a language %\ld exi/ )\t adjectives1 yet x is an indubitable fact4 ,b x is prov$ t 9 lat] times ! ,indians employ adjectives1 d]iv$ f n\ns or v]bs1 z well z o!r nations4 ,al?o _m ( _! dialects are copi\s & h>moni\s1 yet !y suff]$ no inconv5i5ce f a want ( contract$ words & phrases4 ,!y add$ ! ideas ( def9ition & description to ! ?+s !mselves1 & express$ !m 9 ! same ^w1 9 a modifi$ =m4 #ba ,mat!w1 *ap4 #bd1 v4 #dh4 #bb ,examples ( a dis-junctive conjunction4 ,!y came ) h]1 b !y w5t )\t h]4--,murray4 ,murray is wrong1 & ,c>dell is "r4 ,! simplifi]s are wrong1 b _! /&>d is s likewise4 ,me he re/or$ to my (fice1 & him he hang$4--,ph>aoh's ,lett]4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,! foll[+ pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$ 9 ?is etext4 ,*anges are indicat$ 9 brackets4 ,cont5ts ,,on ,,n\ns ,,amd ,,& ,,pron\ns ,lecture ,i process ( "t z +le a s+le w n unfrequ5ly unfrequ5tly repres5t ,lecture ,,iii ,g]man1 ,dani%1 ,dut*1 ,swe$i% ,sw$i% ,lecture ,v ,david kill$ ,goliah ,golia? ,lecture ,,vi & cos9d] consid] !m 9 ?is place ,lecture ,,vii ,we are told !re are are are two articles ! "m is mascu4l9e mascul9e dress h&k]*ief4 ,! resolution ,lecture ,,viii object w be to asc]tion asc]ta9 ,b :]e=e sits he !re8 act transitively1 acord+ accord+ to ,lecture ,,ix ! pocket ( ,guy ,fawks ,fawkes ,= we %\ld remb] rememb] looks l or resembles 8 bro!r1 ,lecture ,x ,a philosophical axiom4--,mann] ,& our languge language %\ld ,i h address$ ?is volume ,lecture ,,xi ,be n surpriz$ surpris$ :5 ,i tell y ,lecture ,,xii ! qualifification qualification ( an adv]b1 --express nei!r actionn action or passion4 ,lecture ,,xiv trace back to _! orignal orig9al =m ,he /ept a-side ,z ,mailie1 an' h] lambs ,n only saw he all t 01 ,footnote #bb ,murray is wr\g wrong