file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #agege-;h4htm or #agege-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ g_/e_/g_/agege_/agege-;h_/#agege-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ g_/e_/g_/agege_/agege-;h4zip7 ,hints for ,camping and ,walking4 ,,how ,,to ,,camp ,,out4 by ,,john ,m4 ,,gould1 ,author of ,history of ,first-,tenth-,twenty-,ninth ,maine ,regiment4 ,first published in #ahgg ,,contents4 ,,chapter4 ,i4 ,,getting ,,ready #i ,,ii4 ,,small ,,parties ,,travelling ,,afoot ,,and ,,camping #ad ,,iii4 ,,large ,,parties ,,afoot ,,with ,,baggage-,,wagon #be ,,iv4 ,,clothing #ce ,v4 ,,stoves ,,and ,,cooking-,,utensils #ci ,,vi4 ,,cooking #dd ,,vii4 ,,marching #ej ,,viii4 ,,the ,,camp #fj ,,ix4 ,,tents1 ,,tent ,,poles ,,and ,,pins #gb ,x4 ,,miscellaneous4--,,general ,,advice #ij ,,xi4 ,,diary #ajg ,,xii4 ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,it1 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,edward ,,everett ,,hale1 ,c4 #aac ,,xiii4 ,,hygienic ,,notes1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,elliott ,,coues1 ,u4,s4,a4 #aag ,,preface4 ,in these few pages ,i have tried to prepare something about camping and walking1 such as ,i should have enjoyed reading when ,i was a boy2 and1 with this thought in my mind1 ,i some years ago began to collect the subject-matter for a book of this kind1 by jotting down all questions about camping1 c41 that my young friends asked me4 ,i have also taken pains1 when ,i have been off on a walk1 or have been camping1 to notice the parties of campers and trampers that ,i have chanced to meet1 and have made a note of their failures or success4 ,the experiences of the pleasant days when1 in my teens1 ,i climbed the mountains of ,oxford ,county1 or sailed through ,casco ,bay1 have added largely to the stock of notes2 and finally the diaries of the war1 and the recollections of the field1 have contributed generously2 so that1 with quotations1 and some help from other sources1 a sizable volume is ready4 ,although it is prepared for young men1--for students more especially1--it contains much1 ,i trust1 that will prove valuable to campers-out in general4 ,i am under obligations to ,dr4 ,elliott ,coues1 of the ,united ,states ,army1 for the valuable advice contained in ,chapter ,,xiii42 and ,i esteem it a piece of good fortune that his excellent work 7,field ,ornithology7 should have been published before this effort of mine1 for ,i hardly know where else ,i could have found the information with authority so unquestionable4 ,prof4 ,edward ,s4 ,morse has increased the debt of gratitude ,i already owe him1 by taking his precious time to draw my illustrations1 and prepare them for the engraver4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,edward ,fickett of ,portland1 a sailmaker1 and formerly of the navy1 has assisted in the chapter upon tents2 and there are numbers of my young friends who will recognize the results of their experience1 as they read these pages1 and will please to receive my thanks for making them known to me4 ,,portland1 ,,me41 ,january1 #ahgg4 ,,how ,,to ,,camp ,,out4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,getting ,,ready4 ,the hope of camping out that comes over one in early spring1 the laying of plans and arranging of details1 is1 ,i sometimes think1 even more enjoyable than reality itself4 ,as there is pleasure in this1 let me advise you to give a practical turn to your anticipations4 ,think over and decide whether you will walk1 go horseback1 sail1 camp out in one place1 or what you will do2 then learn what you can of the route you propose to go over1 or the ground where you intend to camp for the season4 ,if you think of moving through or camping in places unknown to you1 it is important to learn whether you can buy provisions and get lodgings along your route4 ,see some one1 if you can1 who has been where you think of going1 and put down in a note-book all he tells you that is important4 ,have your clothes made or mended as soon as you decide what you will need3 the earlier you begin1 the less you will be hurried at the last4 ,you will find it is a good plan1 as fast as you think of a thing that you want to take1 to note it on your memorandum2 and1 in order to avoid delay or haste1 to cast your eyes over the list occasionally to see that the work of preparation is going on properly4 ,it is a good plan to collect all of your baggage into one place as fast as it is ready2 for if it is scattered you are apt to lose sight of some of it1 and start without it4 ,as fast as you get your things ready1 mark your name on them3 mark every thing4 ,you can easily cut a stencil-plate out of an old postal card1 and mark with a common shoe-blacking brush such articles as tents1 poles1 boxes1 firkins1 barrels1 coverings1 and bags4 ,some railroads will not check barrels1 bags1 or bundles1 nor take them on passenger trains4 ,inquire beforehand1 and send your baggage ahead if the road will not take it on your train4 ,estimate the expenses of your trip1 and take more money than your estimate4 ,carry also an abundance of small change4 ,do not be in a hurry to spend money on new inventions4 ,every year there is put upon the market some patent knapsack1 folding stove1 cooking-utensil1 or camp trunk and cot combined2 and there are always for sale patent knives1 forks1 and spoons all in one1 drinking-cups1 folding portfolios1 and marvels of tools4 ,let them all alone3 carry your pocket-knife1 and if you can take more let it be a sheath or butcher knife and a common case-knife4 ,take iron or cheap metal spoons4 ,do not attempt to carry crockery or glassware upon a march4 ,a common tin cup is as good as any thing you can take to drink from2 and you will find it best to carry it so that it can be used easily4#a ,take nothing nice into camp1 expecting to keep it so3 it is almost impossible to keep things out of the dirt1 dew1 rain1 dust1 or sweat1 and from being broken or bruised4 ,many young men1 before starting on their summer vacation1 think that the barber must give their hair a fighting-cut2 but it is not best to shave the head so closely1 as it is then too much exposed to the sun1 flies1 and mosquitoes4 ,a moderately short cut to the hair1 however1 is advisable for comfort and cleanliness4 ,if you are going to travel where you have never been before1 begin early to study your map4 ,it is of great importance1 you will find1 to learn all you can of the neighborhood where you are going1 and to fix it in your mind4 ,so many things must be done at the last moment1 that it is best to do what you can beforehand2 but try to do nothing that may have to be undone4 ,wear what you please if it be comfortable and durable3 do not mind what people say4 ,when you are camping you have a right to be independent4 ,if you are going on a walking-party1 one of the best things you can do is to train a week or more before starting1 by taking long walks in the open air4 ,finally1 leave your business in such shape that it will not call you back2 and do not carry off keys1 c41 which others must have2 nor neglect to see the dentist about the tooth that usually aches when you most want it to keep quiet4 ,for convenience the following list is inserted here4 ,it is condensed from a number of notes made for trips of all sorts1 except boating and horseback-riding4 ,it is by no means exhaustive1 yet there are very many more things named than you can possibly use to advantage upon any one tour4 ,be careful not to be led astray by it into overloading yourself1 or filling your camp with useless luggage4 ,be sure to remember this4 ,ammon'd opodeldoc4 ,axe 7in cover74 ,axle-grease4 ,bacon4 ,barometer 7pocket74 ,bean-pot4 ,beans 7in bag74 ,beef 7dried74 ,beeswax4 ,bible4 ,blacking and brush4 ,blankets4 ,boxes4 ,bread for lunch4 ,brogans 7oiled74 ,broom4 ,butter-dish and cover4 ,canned goods4 ,chalk4 ,cheese4 ,clothes-brush4 ,cod-line4 ,coffee and pot4 ,comb4 ,compass4 ,condensed milk4 ,cups4 ,currycomb4 ,dates4 ,dippers4 ,dishes4 ,dish-towels4 ,drawers4 ,dried fruits4 ,dutch oven4 ,envelopes4 ,figs4 ,firkin 7see p4 #dh74 ,fishing-tackle4 ,flour 7prepared74 ,frying-pan4 ,guide-book4 ,half-barrel4 ,halter4 ,hammer4 ,hard-bread4 ,harness 7examine674 ,hatchet4 ,haversack4 ,ink 7portable bottle74 ,knives 7sheath1 table1 pocket and butcher47 ,lemons4 ,liniment4 ,lunch for day or two4 ,maps4 ,matches and safe4 ,marline4 ,meal 7in bag74 ,meal-bag 7see p4 #cb74 ,medicines4 ,milk-can4 ,molasses4 ,money 7change74 ,monkey-wrench4 ,mosquito-bar4 ,mustard and pot4 ,nails4 ,neat's-foot oil4 ,night-shirt4 ,oatmeal4 ,oil-can4 ,opera-glass4 ,overcoat4 ,padlock and key4 ,pails4 ,paper4 collars4 ,pens4 ,pepper4 ,pickles4 ,pins4 ,portfolio4 ,postage stamps4 ,postal cards4 ,rope4 ,rubber blanket4 coat4 boots4 ,sail-needle4 ,salt4 fish4 pork4 ,salve4 ,saw4 ,shingles 7for plates74 ,shirts4 ,shoes and strings4 ,slippers4 ,soap4 ,song-book4 ,spade4 ,spoons4 ,stove 7utensils in bags74 ,sugar4 ,tea4 ,tents4 poles4 pins4 ,tooth-brush4 ,towels4 ,twine4 ,vinegar4 ,watch and key4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,if your haversack-flap has a strap which buckles down upon the front1 you can run the strap through the cup-handle before buckling2 or you can buy a rein-hitch at the saddlery-hardware shop1 and fasten it wherever most convenient to carry the cup4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,small ,,parties ,,travelling ,,afoot ,,and ,,camping4 ,we will consider separately the many ways in which a party can spend a summer vacation2 and first we will start into wild and uninhabited regions1 afoot1 carrying on our backs blankets1 a tent1 frying-pan1 food1 and even a shot-gun and fishing-tackle4 ,this is very hard work for a young man to follow daily for any length of time2 and1 although it sounds romantic1 yet let no party of young people think they can find pleasure in it many days2 for if they meet with a reverse1 have much rainy weather1 or lose their way1 some one will almost surely be taken sick1 and all sport will end4 ,if you have a mountain to climb1 or a short trip of only a day or two1 ,i would not discourage you from going in this way2 but for any extended tour it is too severe a strain upon the physical powers of one not accustomed to similar hard work4 ,,afoot4--,,camping ,,out4 ,a second and more rational way1 especially for small parties1 is that of travelling afoot in the roads of a settled country1 carrying a blanket1 tent1 food1 and cooking-utensils2 cooking your meals1 and doing all the work yourselves4 ,if you do not care to travel fast1 to go far1 or to spend much money1 this is a fine way4 ,but let me caution you first of all about overloading1 for this is the most natural thing to do4 ,it is the tendency of human nature to accumulate1 and you will continually pick up things on your route that you will wish to take along2 and it will require your best judgment to start with the least amount of luggage1 and to keep from adding to it4 ,you have probably read that a soldier carries a musket1 cartridges1 blanket1 overcoat1 rations1 and other things1 weighing forty or fifty pounds4 ,you will therefore say to yourself1 ,i can carry twenty4 ,take twenty pounds1 then1 and carry it around for an hour1 and see how you like it4 ,very few young men who read this book will find it possible to enjoy themselves1 and carry more than twenty pounds a greater distance than ten miles a day1 for a week4 ,to carry even the twenty pounds ten miles a day is hard work to many1 although every summer there are parties who do their fifteen1 twenty1 and more miles daily1 with big knapsacks on their backs2 but it is neither wise1 pleasant1 nor healthful1 to the average young man1 to do this4 ,let us cut down our burden to the minimum1 and see how much it will be4 ,first of all1 you must take a rubber blanket or a light rubber coat1--something that will surely shed water1 and keep out the dampness of the earth when slept on4 ,you must have something of this sort1 whether afoot1 horseback1 with a wagon1 or in permanent camp4#b ,for carrying your baggage you will perhaps prefer a knapsack1 though many old soldiers are not partial to that article4 ,there are also for sale broad straps and other devices as substitutes for the knapsack4 ,whatever you take1 be sure it has broad straps to go over your shoulders3 otherwise you will be constantly annoyed from their cutting and chafing you4 ,you can dispense with the knapsack altogether in the same way that soldiers do1--by rolling up in your blanket whatever you have to carry4 ,you will need to take some pains in this1 and perhaps call a comrade to assist you4 ,lay out the blanket flat1 and roll it as tightly as possible without folding it1 enclosing the other baggage#c as you roll2 then tie it in a number of places to prevent unrolling1 and the shifting about of things inside2 and finally tie or strap together the two ends1 and throw the ring thus made over the shoulder1 and wear it as you do the strap of the haversack1--diagonally across the body4 ,illustration ,the advantages of the roll over the knapsack are important4 ,you save the two and a half pounds weight2 the roll is very much easier to the shoulder1 and is easier shifted from one shoulder to the other1 or taken off2 and you can ease the burden a little with your hands4 ,it feels bulky at first1 but you soon become used to it4 ,on the whole1 you will probably prefer the roll to the knapsack2 but if you carry much weight you will very soon condemn whatever way you carry it1 and wish for a change4 ,a haversack is almost indispensable in all pedestrian tours4 ,even if you have your baggage in a wagon1 it is best to wear one1 or some sort of a small bag furnished with shoulder straps1 so that you can carry a lunch1 writing materials1 guide-book1 and such other small articles as you constantly need4 ,you can buy a haversack at the stores where sportsmen's outfits are sold2 or you can make one of enamel-cloth or rubber drilling1 say eleven inches deep by nine wide1 with a strap of the same material neatly doubled and sewed together1 forty to forty-five inches long1 and one and three-quarters inches wide4 ,cut the back piece about nineteen inches long1 so as to allow for a flap eight inches long to fold over the top and down the front4 ,sew the strap on the upper corners of the back piece1 having first sewed a facing inside1 to prevent its tearing out the back4 ,,woollen ,,blanket4 ,next in the order of necessities is a woollen blanket1--a good stout one1 rather than the light or flimsy one that you may think of taking4 ,in almost all of the ,northern ,states the summer nights are apt to be chilly2 while in the mountainous regions1 and at the seaside1 they are often fairly cold4 ,a lining of cotton drilling will perhaps make a thin blanket serviceable4 ,this lining does not need to be quite as long nor as wide as the blanket1 since the ends and edges of the blanket are used to tuck under the sleeper4 ,one side of the lining should be sewed to the blanket1 and the other side and the ends buttoned2 or you may leave off the end buttons4 ,you can thus dry it1 when wet1 better than if it were sewed all around4 ,you can lay what spare clothing you have1 and your day-clothes1 between the lining and blanket1 when the night is very cold4 ,in almost any event1 you will want to carry a spare shirt2 and in cold weather you can put this on1 when you will find that a pound of shirt is as warm as two pounds of overcoat4 ,if you take all ,i advise1 you will not absolutely need an overcoat1 and can thus save carrying a number of pounds4 ,the tent question we will discuss elsewhere2 but you can hardly do with less than a piece of shelter-tent4 ,if you have a larger kind1 the man who carries it must have some one to assist him in carrying his own stuff1 so that the burden may be equalized4 ,if you take tent-poles1 they will vex you sorely1 and tempt you to throw them away3 if you do not carry them1 you will wonder when night comes why you did not take them4 ,if your tent is not large1 so that you can use light ash poles1 ,i would at least start with them1 unless the tent is a shelter1 as poles for this can be easily cut4 ,you will have to carry a hatchet2 and the kind known as the axe-pattern hatchet is better than the shingling-hatchet for driving tent-pins4 ,i may as well caution you here not to try to drive tent-pins with the flat side of the axe or hatchet1 for it generally ends in breaking the handle1--quite an accident when away from home4 ,for cooking-utensils on a trip like that we are now proposing1 you will do well to content yourself with a frying-pan1 coffee-pot1 and perhaps a tin pail2 you can do wonders at cooking with these4 ,we will consider the matter of cooking and food elsewhere2 but the main thing now is to know beforehand where you are going1 and to learn if there are houses and shops on the route4 ,of course you must have food2 but1 if you have to carry three or four days' rations in your haversack1 ,i fear that many of my young friends will fail to see the pleasure of their trip4 ,yet carry them if you must3 do not risk starvation1 whatever you do4 ,also remember to always have something in your haversack1 no matter how easy it is to buy what you want4 ,i have now enumerated the principal articles of weight that a party must take on a walking-tour when they camp out1 and cook as they go4 ,if the trip is made early or late in the season1 you must take more clothing4 ,if you are gunning1 your gun1 c41 add still more weight4 ,every one will carry towel1 soap1 comb1 and toothbrush4 ,then there is a match-safe 7which should be air-tight1 or the matches will soon spoil71 a box of salve1 the knives1 fork1 spoon1 dipper1 portfolio1 paper1 ,testament1 c4 ,every man also has something in particular that he wouldn't be without for any thing4#d ,there should also be in every party a clothes brush1 mosquito-netting1 strings1 compass1 song-book1 guide-book1 and maps1 which should be company property4 ,i have supposed every one to be dressed about as usual1 and have made allowance only for extra weight2 viz41-- ,rubber blanket #b-a_/b pounds4 ,stout woollen blanket and lining #d-a_/b ,knapsack1 haversack1 and canteen #d ,drawers1 spare shirt1 socks1 and collars #b ,half a shelter-tent1 and ropes #b ,toilet articles1 stationery1 and small wares #b ,food for one day #c ---- ,total #bj pounds4 ,you may be able to reduce the weight here given by taking a lighter blanket1 and no knapsack or canteen2 but most likely the food that you actually put in your haversack will weigh more than three pounds4 ,you must also carry your share of the following things3-- ,frying-pan1 coffee-pot1 and pail #c pounds4 ,hatchet1 sheath-knife1 case1 and belt #c ,company property named on last page #c ,then if you carry a heavier kind of tent than the shelter1 or carry tent-poles1 you must add still more4 ,allow also nearly three pounds a day per man for food1 if you carry more than enough for one day2 and remember1 that when tents1 blankets1 and clothes get wet1 it adds about a quarter to their weight4 ,you see1 therefore1 that you have the prospect of hard work4 ,i do not wish to discourage you from going in this way3 on the contrary1 there is a great deal of pleasure to be had by doing so4 ,but the majority of men under twenty years of age will find no pleasure in carrying so much weight more than ten miles a day2 and if a party of them succeed in doing so1 and in attending to all of the necessary work1 without being worse for it1 they will be fortunate4 ,in conclusion1 then1 if you walk1 and carry all your stuff1 camping1 and doing all your work1 and cooking as you go1 you should travel but few miles a day1 or1 better still1 should have many days when you do not move your camp at all4 ,,other ,,ways ,,of ,,going ,,afoot4 ,it is not necessary to say much about the other ways of going afoot4 ,if you can safely dispense with cooking and carrying food1 much will be gained for travel and observation4 ,the expenses1 however1 will be largely increased4 ,if you can also dispense with camping1 you ought then to be able to walk fifteen or twenty miles daily1 and do a good deal of sight-seeing besides4 ,you should be in practice1 however1 to do this4 ,you must know beforehand about your route1 and whether the country is settled where you are going4 ,keep in mind1 when you are making plans1 that it is easier for one or two to get accommodation at the farmhouses than for a larger party4 ,i heard once of two fellows1 who1 to avoid buying and carrying a tent1 slept on hay-mows1 usually without permission4 ,it looks to me as if those young men were candidates for the penitentiary4 ,if you cannot travel honorably1 and without begging1 ,i should advise you to stay at home4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,a ,german officer tells me that his comrades in the ,franco-,prussian war of #ahgj-a had no rubber blankets2 nor had they any shelter-tents such as our ,union soldiers used in #ahfa-e as a make-shift when their rubbers were lost4 ,but this is nothing to you3 ,german discipline compelled the soldiers to carry a big cloak which sheds water quite well1 and is useful to a soldier for other purposes3 but the weight and bulk condemn it for pleasure-seekers4 #c ,in general it is better to put the shelter-tent in the roll1 and to keep out the rubber blanket1 for you may need the last before you camp4 ,you can roll the rubber blanket tightly around the other roll 7the cloth side out1 as the rubber side is too slippery71 and thus be able to take it off readily without disturbing the other things4 ,you can also roll the rubber blanket separately1 and link it to the large roll after the manner of two links of a chain4 #d ,i knew an officer in the army1 who carried a rubber air-pillow through thick and thin1 esteeming it1 after his life and his rations1 the greatest necessity of his existence4 ,another officer1 when transportation was cut down1 held to his camp-chair4 ,almost every one has his whim4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,large ,,party ,,travelling ,,afoot ,,with ,,baggage-,,wagon4 ,with a horse and wagon to haul your baggage you can of course carry more4 ,first of all take another blanket or two1 a light overcoat1 more spare clothing1 an axe1 and try to have a larger tent than the shelter4 ,if the body of the wagon has high sides1 it will not be a very difficult task to make a cloth cover that will shed water1 and you will then have what is almost as good as a tent3 you can also put things under the wagon4 ,you must have a cover of some sort for your wagon-load while on the march1 to prevent injury from showers that overtake you1 and to keep out dust and mud4 ,a tent-fly will answer for this purpose4 ,you want also to carry a few carriage-bolts1 some nails1 tacks1 straps1 a hand-saw1 and axle-wrench or monkey-wrench4 ,i have always found use for a sail-needle and twine2 and ,i carry them now1 even when ,i go for a few days1 and carry all on my person4 ,the first drawback that appears1 when you begin to plan for a horse and wagon1 is the expense4 ,you can overcome this in part by adding members to your company2 but then you meet what is perhaps a still more serious difficulty1--the management of a large party4 ,another inconvenience of large numbers is that each member must limit his baggage4 ,you are apt to accumulate too great bulk for the wagon1 rather than too great weight for the horse4 ,where there are many there must be a captain1--some one that the others are responsible to1 and who commands their respect4 ,it is necessary that those who join such a party should understand that they ought to yield to him1 whether they like it or not4 ,the captain should always consult the wishes of the others1 and should never let selfish considerations influence him4 ,every day his decisions as to what the party shall do will tend to make some one dissatisfied2 and although it is the duty of the dissatisfied ones to yield1 yet1 since submission to another's will is so hard1 the captain must try to prevent any feeling1 and above all to avoid even the appearance of tyranny4 ,system and order become quite essential as our numbers increase1 and it is well to have the members take daily turns at the several duties2 and during that day the captain must hold each man to a strict performance of his special trust1 and allow no shirking4 ,after a few days some of the party will show a willingness to accept particular burdens all of the time2 and1 if these burdens are the more disagreeable ones1 the captain will do well to make the detail permanent4 ,nothing tends to make ill feeling more than having to do another's work2 and1 where there are many in a party1 each one is apt to leave something for others to do4 ,the captain must be on the watch for these things1 and try to prevent them4 ,it is well for him1 and for all1 to know that he who has been a good fellow and genial companion at home may prove quite otherwise during a tour of camping4 ,besides this1 it is hardly possible for a dozen young men to be gone a fortnight on a trip of this kind without some quarrelling2 and1 as this mars the sport so much1 all should be careful not to give or take offence4 ,if you are starting out on your first tour1 keep this fact constantly in mind4 ,perhaps ,i can illustrate this division of labor4 ,we will suppose a party of twelve with one horse and an open wagon1 four tents1 a stove1 and other baggage4 ,first1 number the party1 and assign to each the duties for the first day4 #a4 ,captain4 ,care of horse and wagon2 loading and unloading wagon4 #b4 ,jack4 ,loading and unloading wagon4 #c4 ,joe4 ,captain's assistant and errand-boy2 currying horse4 #d4 ,mr4 ,smith4 ,cooking and purchasing4 #e4 ,sam4 ,wood1 water1 fire1 setting of table4 #f4 ,tom4 #g4 ,mr4 ,jones4 #h4 ,henry4 #i4 ,bob4 #aj4 ,senior4 #aa4 ,william4 #ab4 ,jake4 ,the party is thus arranged in four squads of three men each1 the oldest at the heads4 ,one half of the party is actively engaged for to-day1 while the other half has little to do of a general nature1 except that all must take turns in leading the horse1 and marching behind the wagon4 ,it is essential that this be done1 and it is best that only the stronger members lead the horse4 ,to-morrow ,no4 #g takes ,no4 #a's place1 ,no4 #h takes ,no4 #b's1 and so on2 and the first six have their semi-holiday4 ,in a few days each man will have shown a special willingness for some duty1 which by common consent and the captain's approval he is permitted to take4 ,the party then is re-organized as follows3-- #a4 ,captain4 ,general oversight2 provider of food and provender4 #b4 ,jack4 ,washing and the care of dishes4 #c4 ,joe4 7,worthless47 #d4 ,mr4 ,smith4 ,getting breakfast daily1 and doing all of the cooking on ,sunday4 #e4 ,sam4 7,gone home1 sick of camping47 #f4 ,tom4 ,wood1 water1 fire1 setting and clearing table4 #g4 ,mr4 ,jones4 ,getting supper all alone4 #h4 ,henry4 ,jack's partner4 ,care of food4 #i4 ,bob4 ,currying horse1 oiling axles1 care of harness and wagon4 #aj4 ,senior4 ,packing wagon4 ,marching behind4 #aa4 ,william4 #ab4 ,jake4 ,running errands4 ,the daily detail for leading the horse will have to be made1 as before1 from the stronger members of the party2 and if any special duty arises it must still be done by volunteering1 or by the captain's suggestion4 ,in this arrangement there is nothing to prevent one member from aiding another2 in fact1 where all are employed1 a better feeling prevails1 and1 the work being done more quickly1 there is more time for rest and enjoyment4 ,to get a horse will perhaps tax your judgment and capability as much as any thing in all your preparation2 and on this point1 where you need so much good advice1 ,i can only give you that of a general nature4 ,the time for camping out is when horses are in greatest demand for farming purposes2 and you will find it difficult to hire of any one except livery-stable men1 whose charges are so high that you cannot afford to deal with them4 ,you will have to hunt a long time1 and in many places1 before you will find your animal4 ,it is not prudent to take a valuable horse1 and ,i advise you not to do so unless the owner or a man thoroughly acquainted with horses is in the party4 ,you may perhaps be able to hire horse1 wagon1 and driver2 but a hired man is an objectionable feature1 for1 besides the expense1 such a man is usually disagreeable company4 ,my own experience is1 that it is cheaper to buy a horse outright1 and to hire a harness and wagon2 and1 since ,i am not a judge of horse-flesh1 ,i get some friend who is1 to go with me and advise4 ,i find that ,i can almost always buy a horse1 even when ,i cannot hire4 ,twenty to fifty dollars will bring as good an animal as ,i need4 ,he may be old1 broken down1 spavined1 wind-broken1 or lame2 but if he is not sickly1 or if his lameness is not from recent injury1 it is not hard for him to haul a fair load ten or fifteen miles a day1 when he is helped over the hard places4 ,so now1 if you pay fifty dollars for a horse1 you can expect to sell him for about twenty or twenty-five dollars1 unless you were greatly cheated1 or have abused your brute while on the trip1 both of which errors you must be careful to avoid4 ,it is a simple matter of arithmetic to calculate what is best for you to do2 but ,i hope on this horse question you may have the benefit of advice from some one who has had experience with the ways of the world4 ,you will need it very much4 ,,wagons4 ,if you have the choice of wagons1 take one that is made for carrying light1 bulky goods1 for your baggage will be of that order4 ,one with a large body and high sides1 or a covered wagon1 will answer4 ,in districts where the roads are mountainous1 rough1 and rocky1 wagons hung on thoroughbraces appear to suit the people the best2 but you will have no serious difficulty with good steel springs if you put in rubber bumpers1 and also strap the body to the axles1 thus preventing the violent shutting and opening of the springs2 for you must bear in mind that the main leaf of a steel spring is apt to break by the sudden pitching upward of the wagon-body4 ,it has been my fortune twice to have to carry large loads in small low-sided wagons2 and it proved very convenient to have two or three half-barrels to keep food and small articles in1 and to roll the bedding in rolls three or four feet wide1 which were packed in the wagon upon their ends4 ,the private baggage was carried in meal-bags1 and the tents in bags made expressly to hold them2 we could thus load the wagon securely with but little tying4 ,for wagons with small and low bodies1 it would be well to put a light rail fourteen to eighteen inches above the sides1 and hold it there by six or eight posts resting on the floor1 and confined to the sides of the body4 ,drive carefully and slowly over bad places4 ,it makes a great deal of difference whether a wheel strikes a rock with the horse going at a trot1 or at a walk4 ,,harness4 ,if your load is heavy1 and the roads very hard1 or the daily distance long1 you had better have a collar for the horse3 otherwise a breastplate-harness will do4 ,in your kit of tools it is well to have a few straps1 an awl1 and waxed ends1 against the time that something breaks4 ,oil the harness before you start1 and carry about a pint of neat's-foot oil1 which you can also use upon the men's boots4 ,at night look out that the harness and all of your baggage are sheltered from dew and rain1 rats and mice4 ,,advantages ,,and ,,disadvantages ,,of ,,this ,,mode ,,of ,,travel4 ,this way of travelling is peculiarly adapted to a party of different ages1 rather than for one exclusively of young men4 ,it is especially suitable where there are ladies who wish to walk and camp1 or for an entire family1 or for a school with its teachers4 ,the necessity of a head to a party will hardly be recognized by young men2 and1 even if it is1 they are still unwilling1 as a general rule1 to submit to unaccustomed restraint4 ,the way out of this difficulty is for one man to invite his comrades to join his party1 and to make all the others understand1 from first to last1 that they are indebted to him for the privilege of going4 ,it is then somewhat natural for the invited guests to look to their leader1 and to be content with his decisions4 ,the best of men get into foolish dissensions when off on a jaunt1 unless there is one1 whose voice has authority in it1 to direct the movements4 ,i knew a party of twenty or more that travelled in this way1 and were directed by a trio composed of two gentlemen and one lady4 ,this arrangement proved satisfactory to all concerned4#e ,it has been assumed in all cases that some one will lead the horse1--not ride in the loaded wagon1--and that two others will go behind and not far off1 to help the horse over the very difficult places1 as well as to have an eye on the load1 that none of it is lost off1 or scrapes against the wheels4 ,whoever leads must be careful not to fall under the horse or wagon1 nor to fall under the horse's feet1 should he stumble4 ,these are daily and hourly risks3 hence no small boy should take this duty4#f ,,footnotes3 #e ,i never heard of a party exclusively of young men going on a tour of this kind1 and consequently ,i cannot write their experiences2 but ,i can easily imagine their troubles1 quarrels1 and separation into cliques4 ,i once went as captain of a party of ten1 composed of ladies1 gentlemen1 and schoolboys4 ,we walked around the ,white ,mountains from ,north ,conway to ,jefferson and back1 by way of ,jackson4 ,it cost each of us a dollar and thirty-two cents a day for sixteen days1 including railroad fares to and from ,portland1 but excluding the cost of clothes1 tents1 and cooking-utensils4 ,another time a similar party of twelve walked from ,centre ,harbor1 ,n4,h41 to ,bethel1 ,me41 in seventeen days1 at a daily cost of a dollar and two cents1 reckoning as before4 ,in both cases1 my right there was none to dispute2 and by borrowing a horse the first time1 and selling at a loss of only five dollars the second1 our expenses for the horse were small4 #f ,in one of my tours around the mountains1 a lad of sixteen1 in attempting to hold up the horse's head as they were running down hill1 was hit by the horse's fore-leg1 knocked down1 and run over by both wheels4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,clothing4 ,if your means allow it1 have a suit especially for the summer tour1 and sufficiently in fashion to indicate that you are a traveller or camper4 ,,shirts4 ,loose woollen shirts1 of dark colors and with flowing collars1 will probably always be the proper thing4 ,avoid gaudiness and too much trimming4 ,large pockets1 one over each breast1 are handy2 but they spoil the fit of the shirt1 and are always wet from perspiration4 ,i advise you to have the collar-binding of silesia1 and fitted the same as on a cotton shirt1 only looser2 then have a number of woollen collars 7of different styles if you choose71 to button on in the same manner as a linen collar4 ,you can thus keep your neck cool or warm1 and can wash the collars1 which soil so easily1 without washing the whole shirt4 ,the shirt should reach nearly to the knees1 to prevent disorders in the stomach and bowels4 ,there are many who will prefer cotton-and-wool goods to all-wool for shirts4 ,the former do not shrink as much1 nor are they as expensive1 as the latter4 ,,drawers4 ,if you wear drawers1 better turn them inside out1 so that the seams may not chafe you4 ,they must be loose4 ,,shoes4 ,you need to exercise more care in the selection of shoes than of any other article of your outfit4 ,tight boots put an end to all pleasure1 if worn on the march2 heavy boots or shoes1 with enormously thick soles1 will weary you2 thin boots will not protect the feet sufficiently1 and are liable to burst or wear out2 ,congress boots are apt to bind the cords of the leg1 and thus make one lame2 short-toed boots or shoes hurt the toes2 loose ones do the same by allowing the foot to slide into the toe of the boot or shoe2 low-cut shoes continually fill with dust1 sand1 or mud4 ,for summer travel1 ,i think you can find nothing better than brogans reaching above the ankles1 and fastening by laces or buttons as you prefer1 but not so tight as to bind the cords of the foot4 ,see that they bind nowhere except upon the instep4 ,the soles should be wide1 and the heels wide and low 7about two and three-quarter inches wide by one inch high72 have soles and heels well filled with iron nails4 ,be particular not to have steel nails1 which slip so badly on the rocks4 ,common brogans1 such as are sold in every country-store1 are the next best things to walk in2 but it is hard to find a pair that will fit a difficult foot1 and they readily let in dust and earth4 ,whatever you wear1 break them in well1 and oil the tops thoroughly with neat's-foot oil before you start2 and see that there are no nails1 either in sight or partly covered1 to cut your feet4 ,false soles are a good thing to have if your shoes will admit them3 they help in keeping the feet dry1 and in drying the shoes when they are wet4 ,woollen or merino stockings are usually preferable to cotton1 though for some feet cotton ones are by far the best4 ,any darning should be done smoothly1 since a bunch in the stocking is apt to bruise the skin4 ,,pantaloons4 ,be sure to have the trousers loose1 and made of rather heavier cloth than is usually worn at home in summer4 ,they should be cut high in the waist to cover the stomach well1 and thus prevent sickness4 ,the question of wearing hip-pants1 or using suspenders1 is worth some attention4 ,the yachting-shirt by custom is worn with hip-pantaloons1 and often with a belt around the waist2 and this tightening appears to do no mischief to the majority of people4 ,some1 however1 find it very uncomfortable1 and others are speedily attacked by pains and indigestion in consequence of having a tight waist4 ,if you are in the habit of wearing suspenders1 do not change now4 ,if you do not like to wear them over the shirt1 you can wear them over a light under-shirt1 and have the suspender straps come through small holes in the dress-shirt4 ,in that case cut the holes low enough so that the dress-shirt will fold over the top of the trousers1 and give the appearance of hip-pantaloons4 ,if you undertake to wear the suspenders next to the skin1 they will gall you4 ,a fortnight's tramping and camping will about ruin a pair of trousers3 therefore it is not well to have them made of any thing very expensive4 ,camping offers a fine opportunity to wear out old clothes1 and to throw them away when you have done with them4 ,you can send home by mail or express your soiled underclothes that are too good to lose or to be washed by your unskilled hands4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,stoves ,,and ,,cooking-,,utensils4 ,if you have a permanent camp1 or if moving you have wagon-room enough1 you will find a stove to be most valuable property4 ,if your party is large it is almost a necessity4 ,for a permanent camp you can generally get something second-hand at a stove-dealer's or the junk-shop4 ,for the march you will need a stove of sheet iron4 ,about the simplest1 smallest1 and cheapest thing is a round-cornered box made of sheet iron1 eighteen to twenty-four inches long and nine to twelve inches high4 ,it needs no bottom3 the ground will answer for that4 ,the top1 which is fixed1 is a flat piece of sheet iron1 with a hole near one end large enough for a pot or pan1 and a hole 7collar7 for the funnel near the other end4 ,it is well also to have a small hole1 with a slide to open and close it with1 in the end of the box near the bottom1 so as to put in wood1 and regulate the draught2 but you can dispense with the slide by raising the stove from the ground when you want to admit fuel or air4 ,illustration ,i have used a more elaborate article than this4 ,it is an old sheet-iron stove that came home from the army1 and has since been taken down the coast and around the mountains with parties of ten to twenty4 ,it was almost an indispensable article with such large companies4 ,it is a round-cornered box1 twenty-one inches long by twenty wide1 and thirteen inches high1 with a slide in the front end to admit air and fuel4 ,the bottom is fixed to the body2 the top removes1 and is fitted loosely to the body after the style of a firkin-cover1 i4e41 the flange1 which is deep and strong1 goes outside the stove4 ,there are two holes on the top #e-a_/b inches in diameter1 and two #g-a_/b inches1 besides the collar for the funnel2 and these holes have covers neatly fitted4 ,all of the cooking-utensils and the funnel can be packed inside the stove2 and1 if you fear it may upset on the march1 you can tie the handles of the stove to those of the top piece4 ,a stove like this will cost about ten dollars2 but it is a treasure for a large party or one where there are ladies1 or those who object to having their eyes filled with smoke4 ,the coffee-pot and tea-pot for this stove have sunk bottoms1 and hence will boil quicker by presenting more surface to the fire4 ,you should cover the bottom of the stove with four inches or more of earth before making a fire in it4 ,to prevent the pots and kettles from smutting every thing they touch1 each has a separate bag in which it is packed and carried4 ,the funnel was in five joints1 each eighteen inches long1 and made upon the telescope principle1 which is objectionable on account of the smut and the jams the funnel is sure to receive4 ,in practice we have found three lengths sufficient1 but have had two elbows made2 and with these we can use the stove in an old house1 shed1 or tent1 and secure good draught4 ,if you have ladies in your party1 or those to whom the rough side of camping-out offers few attractions1 it is well to consider this stove question4 ,either of these here described must be handled and transported with care4 ,a more substantial article is the ,dutch oven1 now almost unknown in many of the ,states4 ,it is simply a deep1 bailed frying-pan with a heavy cast-iron cover that fits on and overhangs the top4 ,by putting the oven on the coals1 and making a fire on the cover1 you can bake in it very well4 ,thousands of these were used by the army during the war1 and they are still very extensively used in the ,south4 ,if their weight is no objection to your plans1 ,i should advise you to have a ,dutch oven4 ,they are not expensive if you can find one to buy4 ,if you cannot find one for sale1 see if you cannot improvise one in some way by getting a heavy cover for a deep frying-pan4 ,it would be well to try such an improvisation at home before starting1 and learn if it will bake or burn1 before taking it with you4 ,another substitute for a stove is one much used nowadays by camping-parties1 and is suited for permanent camps4 ,it is the top of an old cooking-stove1 with a length or two of funnel4 ,if you build a good tight fireplace underneath1 it answers pretty well4 ,the objection to it is the difficulty of making and keeping the fireplace tight1 and it smokes badly when the wind is not favorable for draught4 ,i have seen a great many of these in use1 but never knew but one that did well in all weathers1 and this had a fireplace nicely built of brick and mortar1 and a tight iron door4 ,still another article that can be used in permanent camps1 or if you have a wagon1 is the old-fashioned ,yankee baker1 now almost unknown4 ,you can easily find a tinman who has seen and can make one4 ,there is not1 however1 very often an occasion for baking in camp1 or at least most people prefer to fry1 boil1 or broil4 ,camp-stoves are now a regular article of trade2 many of them are good1 and many are worthless4 ,i cannot undertake to state here the merits or demerits of any particular kind2 but before putting money into any ,i should try to get the advice of some practical man1 and not buy any thing with hinged joints or complicated mechanism4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,cooking1 ,,and ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,food4 ,when living in the open air the appetite is so good1 and the pleasure of getting your own meals is so great1 that1 whatever may be cooked1 it is excellent4 ,illustration ,you will need a frying-pan and a coffee-pot1 even if you are carrying all your baggage upon your back4 ,you can do a great deal of good cooking with these two utensils1 after having had experience2 and it is experience1 rather than recipes and instructions1 that you need4 ,soldiers in the field used to unsolder their tin canteens1 and make two frying-pans of them2 and ,i have seen a deep pressed-tin plate used by having two loops riveted on the edges opposite each other to run a handle through4 ,food fried in such plates needs careful attention and a low fire2 and1 as the plates themselves are somewhat delicate1 they cannot be used roughly4 ,illustration ,it is far better to carry a real frying-pan1 especially if there are three or more in your party4 ,if you have transportation1 or are going into a permanent camp1 do not think of the tin article4 ,a coffee-pot with a bail and handle is better than one with a handle only1 and a lip is better than a spout2 since handles and spouts are apt to unsolder4 ,young people are apt to put their pot or frying-pan on the burning wood1 and it soon tips over4 ,also they let the pot boil over1 and presently it unsolders for want of water4 ,few think to keep the handle so that it can be touched without burning or smutting2 and hardly any young person knows that pitchy wood will give a bad flavor to any thing cooked over it on an open fire4 ,live coals are rather better1 therefore1 than the blaze of a new fire4 ,if your frying-pan catches fire inside1 do not get frightened1 but take it off instantly1 and blow out the fire1 or smother it with the cover or a board if you cannot blow it out4 ,you will do well to consult a cook-book if you wish for variety in your cooking2 but some things not found in cook-books ,i will give you here4 ,stale bread1 pilot-bread1 dried corn-cakes1 and crumbs1 soaked a few minutes in water1 or better still in milk1 and fried1 are all quite palatable4 ,in frying bread1 or any thing else1 have the fat boiling hot before you put in the food3 this prevents it from soaking fat4 ,,baked ,,beans1 ,,beef1 ,,and ,,fish4 ,lumbermen bake beans deliciously in an iron pot that has a cover with a projecting rim to prevent the ashes from getting in the pot4 ,the beans are first parboiled in one or two waters until the outside skin begins to crack4 ,they are then put into the baking-pot1 and salt pork at the rate of a pound to a quart and a half of dry beans is placed just under the surface of the beans4 ,the rind of the pork should be gashed so that it will cut easily after baking4 ,two or three tablespoonfuls of molasses are put in1 and a little salt1 unless the pork is considerably lean4 ,water enough is added to cover the beans4 ,a hole three feet or more deep is dug in the ground1 and heated for an hour by a good hot fire4 ,the coals are then shovelled out1 and the pot put in the hole1 and immediately buried by throwing back the coals1 and covering all with dry earth4 ,in this condition they are left to bake all night4 ,on the same principle very tough beef was cooked in the army1 and made tender and juicy4 ,alternate layers of beef1 salt pork1 and hard bread were put in the pot1 covered with water1 and baked all night in a hole full of coals4 ,fish may also be cooked in the same way4 ,it is not advisable1 however1 for parties less than six in number to trouble themselves to cook in this manner4 ,,care ,,of ,,food4 ,you had better carry butter in a tight tin or wooden box4 ,in permanent camp you can sink it in strong brine1 and it will keep some weeks4 ,ordinary butter will not keep sweet a long time in hot weather unless in a cool place or in brine4 ,hence it is better to replenish your stock often1 if it is possible for you to do so4 ,you perhaps do not need to be told that when camping or marching it is more difficult to prevent loss of food from accidents1 and from want of care1 than when at home4 ,it is almost daily in danger from rain1 fog1 or dew1 cats and dogs1 and from flies or insects4 ,if it is necessary for you to take a large quantity of any thing1 instead of supplying yourself frequently1 you must pay particular attention to packing1 so that it shall neither be spoiled1 nor spoil any thing else4 ,you cannot keep meats and fish fresh for many hours on a summer day2 but you may preserve either over night1 if you will sprinkle a little salt upon it1 and place it in a wet bag of thin cloth which flies cannot go through2 hang the bag in a current of air1 and out of the reach of animals4 ,in permanent camp it is well to sink a barrel in the earth in some dry1 shaded place2 it will answer for a cellar in which to keep your food cool4 ,look out that your cellar is not flooded in a heavy shower1 and that ants and other insects do not get into your food4 ,the lumbermen's way of carrying salt pork is good4 ,they take a clean butter-tub with four or five gimlet-holes bored in the bottom near the chimbs4 ,then they pack the pork in1 and cover it with coarse salt2 the holes let out what little brine makes1 and thus they have a dry tub4 ,upon the pork they place a neatly fitting follower1 with a cleat or knob for a handle1 and then put in such other eatables as they choose4 ,pork can be kept sweet for a few weeks in this way1 even in the warmest weather2 and by it you avoid the continual risk of upsetting and losing the brine4 ,before you start1 see that the cover of the firkin is neither too tight nor too loose1 so that wet or dry weather may not affect it too much4 ,i beg you to clean and wash your dishes as soon as you have done using them1 instead of leaving them till the next meal4 ,remember to take dishcloths and towels1 unless your all is a frying-pan and coffee-pot that you are carrying upon your back1 when leaves and grass must be made to do dishcloth duty4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,marching4#g ,it is generally advised by medical men to avoid violent exercise immediately after eating4 ,they are right2 but ,i cannot advise you to rest long1 or at all1 after breakfast1 but rather to finish what you could not do before the meal1 and get off at once while it is early and cool4 ,do not hurry or work hard at first if you can avoid it4 ,on the march1 rest often whether you feel tired or not2 and1 when resting1 see that you do rest4 ,the most successful marching that ,i witnessed in the army was done by marching an hour1 and resting ten minutes4 ,you need not adhere strictly to this rule3 still ,i would advise you to halt frequently for sight-seeing1 but not to lie perfectly still more than five or ten minutes1 as a reaction is apt to set in1 and you will feel fatigued upon rising4 ,experience has shown that a man travelling with a light load1 or none1 will walk about three miles an hour2 but you must not expect from this that you can easily walk twelve miles in four heats of three miles each with ten minutes rest between1 doing it all in four and a half hours4 ,although it is by no means difficult1 my advice is for you not to expect to walk at that rate1 even through a country that you do not care to see4 ,you may get so used to walking after a while that these long and rapid walks will not weary you2 but in general you require more time1 and should take it4 ,do not be afraid to drink good water as often as you feel thirsty2 but avoid large draughts of cold water when you are heated or are perspiring1 and never drink enough to make yourself logy4 ,you are apt to break these rules on the first day in the open air1 and after eating highly salted food4 ,you can often satisfy your thirst with simply rinsing the mouth4 ,you may have read quite different advice#h from this1 which applies to those who travel far from home1 and whose daily changes bring them to water materially different from that of the day before4 ,it is well to have a lemon in the haversack or pocket3 a drop or two of lemon-juice is a great help at times2 but there is really nothing which will quench the thirst that comes the first few days of living in the open air4 ,until you become accustomed to the change1 and the fever has gone down1 you should try to avoid drinking in a way that may prove injurious4 ,base-ball players stir a little oatmeal in the water they drink while playing1 and it is said they receive a healthy stimulus thereby4 ,bathing is not recommended while upon the march1 if one is fatigued or has much farther to go4 ,this seems to be good counsel1 but ,i do advise a good scrubbing near the close of the day2 and most people will get relief by frequently washing the face1 hands1 neck1 arms1 and breast1 when dusty or heated1 although this is one of the things we used to hear cried down in the army as hurtful4 ,it probably is so to some people3 if it hurts you1 quit it4 ,,foot-,,soreness ,,and ,,chafing4 ,after you have marched one day in the sun1 your face1 neck1 and hands will be sunburnt1 your feet sore1 perhaps blistered1 your limbs may be chafed2 and when you wake up on the morning of the second day1 after an almost sleepless night1 you will feel as if you had been dragged through seven cities4 ,i am not aware that there is any preventive of sunburn for skins that are tender4 ,a hat is better to wear than a cap1 but you will burn under either4 ,oil or salve on the exposed parts1 applied before marching1 will prevent some of the fire2 and in a few days1 if you keep in the open air all the time1 it will cease to be annoying4 ,to prevent foot-soreness1 which is really the greatest bodily trouble you will have to contend with1 you must have good shoes as already advised4 ,you must wash your feet at least once a day1 and oftener if they feel the need of it4 ,the great preventive of foot-soreness is to have the feet1 toes1 and ankles covered with oil1 or1 better still1 salve or mutton-tallow2 these seem to act as lubricators4 ,soap is better than nothing4 ,you ask if these do not soil the stockings4 ,most certainly they do4 ,hence wash your stockings often1 or the insides of the shoes will become foul4 ,whenever you discover the slightest tendency of the feet to grow sore or to heat1 put on oil1 salve1 or soap1 immediately4 ,people differ as to these things4 ,to some a salve acts as an irritant3 to others soap acts in the same way4 ,you must know before starting--your mother can tell you if you don't know yourself--how oil1 glycerine1 salve1 and soap will affect your skin4 ,remember1 the main thing is to keep the feet clean and lubricated4 ,wet feet chafe and blister more quickly than dry4 ,the same rule applies to chafing upon any part of the body4 ,wash and anoint as tenderly as possible4 ,if you have chafed in any part on previous marches1 anoint it before you begin this4 ,when the soldiers found their pantaloons were chafing them1 they would tie their handkerchiefs around their pantaloons1 over the place affected1 thus preventing friction1 and stopping the evil2 but this is not advisable for a permanent preventive4 ,a bandage of cotton or linen over the injured part will serve the purpose better4 ,another habit of the soldiers was that of tucking the bottom of the pantaloons into their stocking-legs when it was dusty or muddy1 or when they were cold4 ,this is something worth remembering4 ,you will hardly walk a week without having occasion to try it4 ,leather leggins1 such as we read about in connection with ,alpine travel1 are recommended by those who have used them as good for all sorts of pedestrianism4 ,they have not come into use much as yet in ,america4 ,the second day is usually the most fatiguing4 ,as before stated1 you suffer from loss of sleep 7for few people can sleep much the first night in camp71 you ache from unaccustomed work1 smart from sunburn1 and perhaps your stomach has gotten out of order4 ,for these reasons1 when one can choose his time1 it is well to start on ,friday1 and so have ,sunday come as a day of rest and healing2 but this is not at all a necessity4 ,if you do not try to do too much the first few days1 it is likely that you will feel better on the third night than at any previous time4 ,i have just said that your stomach is liable to become disordered4 ,you will be apt to have a great thirst and not much appetite the first and second days1 followed by costiveness1 lame stomach1 and a feeling of weakness or exhaustion4 ,as a preventive1 eat laxative foods on those days1--figs are especially good1--and try not to work too hard4 ,you should lay your plans so as not to have much to do nor far to go at first4 ,do not dose with medicines1 nor take alcoholic stimulants4 ,physic and alcohol may give a temporary relief1 but they will leave you in bad condition4 ,and here let me say that there is little or no need of spirits in your party4 ,you will find coffee or tea far better than alcohol4 ,avoid all nonsensical waste of strength1 and gymnastic feats1 before and during the march2 play no jokes upon your comrades1 that will make their day's work more burdensome4 ,young people are very apt to forget these things4 ,let each comrade finish his morning nap4 ,a man cannot dispense with sleep1 and it is cruel to rob a friend of what is almost his life and health4 ,but1 if any one of your party requires more sleep than the others1 he ought to contrive to turn in earlier1 and so rise with the company4 ,you have already been advised to take all the rest you can at the halts4 ,unsling the knapsack1 or take off your pack 7unless you lie down upon it71 and make yourself as comfortable as you can4 ,avoid sitting in a draught of air1 or wherever it chills you4 ,if you feel on the second morning as if you could never reach your journey's end1 start off easily1 and you will limber up after a while4 ,the great trouble with young people is1 that they are ashamed to own their fatigue1 and will not do any thing that looks like a confession4 ,but these rules about resting1 and taking it easy1 are the same in principle as those by which a horse is driven on a long journey2 and it seems reasonable that young men should be favored as much as horses4 ,try to be civil and gentlemanly to every one4 ,you will find many who wish to make money out of you1 especially around the summer hotels and boarding-houses4 ,avoid them if you can4 ,make your prices1 where possible1 before you engage4 ,do not be saucy to the farmers1 nor treat them as country greenhorns4 ,there is not a class of people in the country of more importance to you in your travels2 and you are in honor bound to be respectful to them4 ,avoid stealing their apples1 or disturbing any thing2 and when you wish to camp near a house1 or on cultivated land1 obtain permission from the owner1 and do not make any unreasonable request1 such as asking to camp in a man's front-yard1 or to make a fire in dry grass or within a hundred yards of his buildings4 ,do not ask him to wait on you without offering to pay him4 ,most farmers object to having people sleep on their hay-mows2 and all who permit it will insist upon the rule1 ,no smoking allowed here4 ,when you break camp in the morning1 be sure to put out the fires wherever you are2 and1 if you have camped on cleared land1 see that the fences and gates are as you found them1 and do not leave a mass of rubbish behind for the farmer to clear up4 ,,mountain ,,climbing4 ,when you climb a mountain1 make up your mind for hard work1 unless there is a carriage-road1 or the mountain is low and of gentle ascent4 ,if possible1 make your plans so that you will not have to carry much up and down the steep parts4 ,it is best to camp at the foot of the mountain1 or a part way up1 and1 leaving the most of your baggage there1 to take an early start next morning so as to go up and down the same day4 ,this is not a necessity1 however2 but if you camp on the mountain-top you run more risk from cold1 fog1 7clouds71 and showers1 and you need a warmer camp and more clothing than down below4 ,often there is no water near the top3 therefore1 to be on the safe side1 it is best to carry a canteen4 ,after wet weather1 and early in the summer1 you can often squeeze a little water from the moss that grows on mountain-tops4 ,it is so apt to be chilly1 cloudy1 or showery at the summit1 that you should take a rubber blanket and some other article of clothing to put on if needed4 ,although a man may sometimes ascend a mountain1 and stay on the top for hours1 in his shirt-sleeves1 it is never advisable to go so thinly clad2 oftener there is need of an overcoat1 while the air in the valley is uncomfortably warm4 ,do not wear the extra clothing in ascending1 but keep it to put on when you need it4 ,this rule is general for all extra clothing3 you will find it much better to carry than to wear it4 ,remember that mountain-climbing is excessively fatiguing3 hence go slowly1 make short rests very often1 eat nothing between meals1 and drink sparingly4 ,there are few mountains that it is advisable for ladies to try to climb4 ,where there is a road1 or the way is open and not too steep1 they may attempt it2 but to climb over loose rocks and through scrub-spruce for miles1 is too difficult for them4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,some of the questions which properly belong under this heading are discussed elsewhere1 and can be found by referring to the index4 #h ,this advice also differs from that generally given to soldiers2 the army rule is as follows3 ,drink well in the morning before starting1 and nothing till the halt2 keep the mouth shut2 chew a straw or leaf1 or keep the mouth covered with a cloth3 all these prevent suffering from extreme thirst4 ,tying a handkerchief well wetted with salt water around the neck1 allays thirst for a considerable time4--,,craghill',s ,pocket ,companion3 ,van ,nostrand1 ,n4,y4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,camp4 ,it pays well to take some time to find a good spot for a camp4 ,if you are only to stop one night1 it matters not so much2 but even then you should camp on a dry spot near wood and water1 and where your horse1 if you have one1 can be well cared for4 ,look out for rotten trees that may fall2 see that a sudden rain will not drown you out2 and do not put your tent near the road1 as it frightens horses4 ,for a permanent camp a good prospect is very desirable2 yet ,i would not sacrifice all other things to this4 ,if you have to carry your baggage any distance by hand1 you will find it convenient to use two poles 7tent-poles will serve7 as a hand-barrow upon which to pile and carry your stuff4 ,a floor to the tent is a luxury in which some indulge when in permanent camp4 ,it is not a necessity1 of course2 but1 in a tent occupied by ladies or children1 it adds much to their comfort to have a few boards1 an old door1 or something of that sort1 to step on when dressing4 ,boards or stepping-stones at the door of the tent partly prevent your bringing mud inside4 ,if you are on a hillside1 pitch your tent so that when you sleep1 if you are to sleep on the ground1 your feet will be lower than your head3 you will roll all night1 and perhaps roll out of the tent if you lie across the line running down hill4 ,as soon as you have pitched your tent1 stretch a stout line from the front pole to the back one1 near the top1 upon which to hang your clothes4 ,you can tighten this line by pulling inwards the foot of one pole before tying the line1 and then lifting it back4 ,do not put your clothes and bedding upon the bare ground3 they grow damp very quickly4 ,see1 too1 that the food is where ants will not get at it4 ,do not forget to take two or three candles1 and replenish your stock if you burn them3 they sometimes are a prime necessity4 ,also do not pack them where you cannot easily find them in the dark4 ,in a permanent camp you may be tempted to use a lantern with oil1 and perhaps you will like it better than candles2 but1 when moving about1 the lantern-lamp and oil-can will give you trouble4 ,if you have no candlestick handy1 you can use your pocket-knife1 putting one blade in the bottom or side of the candle1 and another blade into the ground or tent-pole4 ,you can quickly cut a candlestick out of a potato1 or can drive four nails in a block of wood4 ,if your candles get crushed1 or if you have no candles1 but have grease without salt in it1 you can easily make a slut by putting the grease in a small shallow pan or saucer with a piece of wicking or cotton rag1 one end of which shall be in the grease1 and the other1 which you light1 held out of it4 ,this is a poor substitute for daylight1 and ,i advise you to rise and retire early 7or turn in and turn out if you prefer73 you will then have more daylight than you need4 ,,beds4 ,time used in making a bed is well spent4 ,never let yourself be persuaded that humps and hollows are good enough for a tired man4 ,if you cut boughs1 do not let large sticks go into the bed3 only put in the smaller twigs and leaves4 ,try your bed before you turn in1 and see if it is comfortable4 ,in a permanent camp you ought to take time enough to keep the bed soft2 and ,i like best for this purpose to carry a mattress when ,i can1 or to take a sack and fill it with straw1 shavings1 boughs1 or what not4 ,this makes a much better bed1 and can be taken out daily to the air and sun4 ,by this ,i avoid the clutter there always is inside a tent filled with boughs2 and1 more than all1 the ground or floor does not mould in damp weather1 from the accumulation of rubbish on it4 ,it is better to sleep off the ground if you can1 especially if you are rheumatic4 ,for this purpose build some sort of a platform ten inches or more high1 that will do for a seat in daytime4 ,you can make a sort of spring bottom affair if you can find the poles for it1 and have a little ingenuity and patience2 or you can more quickly drive four large stakes1 and nail a framework to them1 to which you can nail boards or barrel-staves4#i ,all this kind of work must be strong1 or you can have no rough-and-tumble sport on it4 ,we used to see in the army sometimes1 a mattress with a bottom of rubber cloth1 and a top of heavy drilling1 with rather more cotton quilted#aj between them than is put into a thick comforter4 ,such a mattress is a fine thing to carry in a wagon when you are on the march2 but you can make a softer bed than this if you are in a permanent camp4 ,,sleeping4 ,turn in early1 so as to be up with the sun4 ,you may be tempted to sleep in your clothes2 but if you wish to know what luxury is1 take them off as you do at home1 and sleep in a sheet1 having first taken a bath1 or at least washed the feet and limbs4 ,not many care to do this1 particularly if the evening air is chilly2 but it is a comfort of no mean order4 ,if you are short of bedclothes1 as when on the march1 you can place over you the clothes you take off 7see p4 #ai72 but in that case it is still more necessary to have a good bed underneath4 ,you will always do well to cover the clothes you have taken off1 or they will be quite damp in the morning4 ,see that you have plenty of air to breathe4 ,it is not best to have a draught of air sweeping through the tent1 but let a plenty of it come in at the feet of the sleeper or top of the tent4 ,a hammock is a good thing to have in a permanent camp1 but do not try to swing it between two tent-poles3 it needs a firmer support4 ,stretch a clothes-line somewhere on your camp-ground1 where neither you nor your visitors will run into it in the dark4 ,if your camp is where many visitors will come by carriage1 you will find that it will pay you for your trouble to provide a hitching-post where the horses can stand safely4 ,fastening to guy-lines and tent-poles is dangerous4 ,,sinks4 ,in a permanent camp you must be careful to deposit all refuse from the kitchen and table in a hole in the ground3 otherwise your camp will be infested with flies1 and the air will become polluted4 ,these sink-holes may be small1 and dug every day2 or large1 and partly filled every day or oftener by throwing earth over the deposits4 ,if you wish for health and comfort1 do not suffer a place to exist in your camp that will toll flies to it4 ,the sinks should be some distance from your tents1 and a dry spot of land is better than a wet one4 ,observe the same rule in regard to all excrementitious and urinary matter4 ,on the march you can hardly do better than follow the ,mosaic law 7see ,deuteronomy xxiii4 #ab1 #ac74 ,in permanent camp1 or if you propose to stay anywhere more than three days1 the crumbs from the table and the kitchen refuse should be carefully looked after3 to this end it is well to avoid eating in the tents where you live4 ,swarms of flies will be attracted by a very little food4 ,a spade is better1 all things considered1 than a shovel1 either in permanent camp or on the march4 ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,warm4 ,when a cold and wet spell of weather overtakes you1 you will inquire1 ,how can we keep warm8 ,if you are where wood is very abundant1 you can build a big fire ten or fifteen feet from the tent1 and the heat will strike through the cloth4 ,this is the poorest way1 and if you have only shelter-tents your case is still more forlorn4 ,but keep the fire a-going3 you can make green wood burn through a pelting storm1 but you must have a quantity of it--say six or eight large logs on at one time4 ,you must look out for storms1 and have some wood cut beforehand4 ,if you have a stove with you1 a little ingenuity will enable you to set it up inside a tent1 and run the funnel through the door4 ,but1 unless your funnel is quite long1 you will have to improvise one to carry the smoke away1 for the eddies around the tent will make the stove smoke occasionally beyond all endurance4 ,since you will need but little fire to keep you warm1 you can use a funnel made of boards1 barrel-staves1 old spout1 and the like4 ,old tin cans1 boot-legs1 birch-bark1 and stout paper can be made to do service as elbows1 with the assistance of turf1 grass-ropes1 and large leaves4 ,but ,i forewarn you there is not much fun1 either in rigging your stove and funnel1 or in sitting by it and waiting for the storm to blow it down4 ,still it is best to be busy4 ,another way to keep warm is to dig a trench twelve to eighteen inches wide1 and about two feet deep1 running from inside to the outside of the tent4 ,the inside end of the trench should be larger and deeper2 here you build your fire4 ,you cover the trench with flat rocks1 and fill up the chinks with stones and turf2 boards can be used after you have gone a few feet from the fireplace4 ,over the outer end1 build some kind of a chimney of stones1 boxes1 boards1 or barrels4 ,the fireplace should not be near enough to the side of the tent to endanger it2 and1 the taller the chimney is1 the better it will draw if you have made the trench of good width and air-tight4 ,if you can find a sheet-iron covering for the fireplace1 you will be fortunate2 for the main difficulty in this heating-arrangement is to give it draught enough without letting out smoke1 and this you cannot easily arrange with rocks4 ,in digging your trench and fireplace1 make them so that the rain shall not flood them4 ,,fireplace4 ,if flat rocks and mud are plenty1 you can perhaps build a fireplace at the door of your tent 7outside1 of course71 and you will then have something both substantial and valuable4 ,fold one flap of the door as far back as you can1 and build one side of the fireplace against the pole1#aa and the other side against1 or nearly over to1 the corner of the tent4 ,use large rocks for the lower tiers1 and try to have all three walls perpendicular and smooth inside4 ,when up about three feet1 or as high as the flap of the tent will allow without its being scorched1 put on a large log of green wood for a mantle1 or use an iron bar if you have one1 and go on building the chimney4 ,do not narrow it much3 the chimney should be as high as the top of the tent1 or eddies of wind will blow down occasionally1 and smoke you out4 ,barrels or boxes will do for the top1 or you can make a cob-work of split sticks well daubed with mud4 ,all the work of the fireplace and chimney must be made air-tight by filling the chinks with stones or chips and mud4 ,when done1 fold and confine the flap of the tent against the stonework and the mantle2 better tie than nail1 as iron rusts the cloth4 ,do not cut the tent either for this or any other purpose3 you will regret it if you do4 ,keep water handy if there is much woodwork2 and do not leave your tent for a long time1 nor go to sleep with a big fire blazing4 ,if you have to bring much water into camp1 remember that two pails carry about as easily as a single one1 provided you have a hoop between to keep them away from your legs4 ,to prevent the water from splashing1 put something inside the pail1 that will float1 nearly as large as the top of the pail4 ,,hunters' ,,camp4 ,illustration ,it is not worth while to say much about those hunters' camps which are built in the woods of stout poles1 and covered with brush or the bark of trees3 they are exceedingly simple in theory1 and difficult in practice unless you are accustomed to using the axe4 ,if you go into the woods without an axeman1 you had better rely upon your tents1 and not try to build a camp2 for when done1 unless there is much labor put in it1 it is not so good as a shelter-tent4 ,you can1 however1 cut a few poles for rafters1 and throw the shelter-tent instead of the bark or brush over the poles4 ,you have a much larger shelter by this arrangement of the tent than when it is pitched in the regular way1 and there is the additional advantage of having a large front exposed to the fire which you will probably build2 at the same time also the under side of the roof catches and reflects the heat downward4 ,when you put up your tent in this way1 however1 you must look out not to scorch it1 and to take especial care to prevent sparks from burning small holes in it4 ,in fact1 whenever you have a roaring fire you must guard against mischief from it4 ,illustration ,do not leave your clothes or blanket hanging near a brisk fire to dry1 without confining them so that sudden gusts of wind shall not take them into the flame4 ,illustration ,you may some time have occasion to make a shelter on a ledge or floor where you cannot drive a pin or nail4 ,if you can get rails1 poles1 joists1 or boards1 you can make a frame in some one of the ways figured here1 and throw your tents over it4 ,these frames will be found useful for other purposes1 and it is well to remember how to make them4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,barrel-staves will not do for a double bed4 #aj ,it will roll up easier if the quilting runs from side to side only4 #aa ,this applies1 as will be seen1 only to tents having two uprights1 as the wall1 ,a1 and shelter4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,tents4--,,army ,,shelter-,,tent 7tente d'abri74 ,the shelter-tent used by the ,union soldiers during the ,rebellion was made of light duck#ab about #ca-a_/b inches wide4 ,a tent was made in two pieces both precisely alike1 and each of them five feet long and five feet and two inches wide2 i4e41 two widths of duck4 ,one of these pieces or half-tents was given to every soldier4 ,that edge of the piece which was the bottom of the tent was faced at the corners with a piece of stouter duck three or four inches square4 ,the seam in the middle of the piece was also faced at the bottom1 and eyelets were worked at these three places1 through which stout cords or ropes could be run to tie this side of the tent down to the tent-pin1 or to fasten it to whatever else was handy4 ,along the other three edges of each piece of tent1 at intervals of about eight inches1 were button-holes and buttons2 the holes an inch1 and the buttons four inches1 from the selvage or hem4#ac ,two men could button their pieces at the tops1 and thus make a tent entirely open at both ends1 five feet and two inches long1 by six to seven feet wide according to the angle of the roof4 ,a third man could button his piece across one of the open ends so as to close it1 although it did not make a very neat fit1 and half of the cloth was not used2 four men could unite their two tents by buttoning the ends together1 thus doubling the length of the tent2 and a fifth man could put in an end-piece4 ,light poles made in two pieces1 and fastened together with ferrules so as to resemble a piece of fishing-rod1 were given to some of the troops when the tents were first introduced into the army2 but1 nice as they were at the end of the march1 few soldiers would carry them1 nor will you many days4 ,the tents were also pitched by throwing them over a tightened rope2 but it was easier to cut a stiff pole than to carry either the pole or rope4 ,you need not confine yourself exactly to the dimensions of the army shelter-tent1 but for a pedestrian something of the sort is necessary if he will camp out4 ,i have never seen a shelter made of three breadths of drilling 7seven feet three inches long71 but ,i should think it would be a good thing for four or five men to take4#ad ,and ,i should recommend that they make three-sided end-pieces instead of taking additional half-tents complete1 for in the latter case one-half of the cloth is useless4 ,five feet is long enough for a tent made on the shelter principle2 when pitched with the roof at a right angle it is #c-a_/b feet high1 and nearly seven feet wide on the ground4 ,although a shelter-tent is a poor substitute for a house1 it is as good a protection as you can well carry if you propose to walk any distance4 ,it should be pitched neatly1 or it will leak4 ,in heavy1 pelting rains a fine spray will come through on the windward side4 ,the sides should set at right angles to each other1 or at a sharper angle if rain is expected4 ,there are rubber blankets made with eyelets along the edges so that two can be tied together to make a tent2 but they are heavier1 more expensive1 and not much if any better2 and you will need other rubber blankets to lie upon4 ,if you wish for a larger and more substantial covering than a shelter1 and propose to do the work yourself1 you will do well to have a sailmaker or a tent-maker cut the cloth1 and show you how the work is to be done4 ,if you cannot have their help1 you must at least have the assistance of one used to planning and cutting needle-work1 to whom the following hints may not be lost4 ,we will suppose heavy drilling #bi-a_/b inches wide to be used in all instances4 ,,the ,a-,,tent4 ,to make an ,a-tent1#ae draw upon the floor a straight line seven feet long1 to represent the upright pole or height of the tent2 then draw a line at right angles to and across the end of the first one1 to represent the ground or bottom of the tent4 ,complete the plan by finding where the corners will be on the ground line1 and drawing the two sides 7roof7 from the corners#af to the top of the pole-line4 ,this triangle is a trifle larger than the front and back of the tent will be4 ,the cloth should be cut so that the twilled side shall be the outside of the tent1 as it sheds the rain better4 ,place the cloth on the floor against the ground-line1 and tack it 7to hold it fast7 to the pole-line1 which it should overlap #c_/h of an inch2 then cut by the roof-line4 ,turn the cloth over1 and cut another piece exactly like the first2 this second piece will go on the back of the tent4 ,now place the cloth against the ground-line as before1 but upon the other side of the pole1 and tack it to the floor after you have overlapped the selvage of the piece first cut #c_/d of an inch4 ,cut by the roof-line1 and turn and cut again for the back of the tent4 ,in cutting the four small gores for the corners1 you can get all the cloth from one piece1 and thus save waste1 by turning and tearing it in two2 these gore-pieces also overlap the longer breadths #c_/d of an inch4 ,the three breadths that make the sides or roof are cut all alike2 their length is found by measuring the plan from corner to corner over the top2 in the plan now under consideration1 the distance will be nearly sixteen feet4 ,when you sew them1 overlap the breadths #c_/d of an inch the same as you do the end-breadths4 ,in sewing you can do no better than to run1 with a machine1 a row of stitching as near each selvage as possible2 you will thus have two rows to each seam1 which makes it strong enough4 ,use the coarsest cotton1 ,no4 #aj or #ab4 ,the sides and two ends are made separately2 when you sew them together care must be taken1 for the edges of the ends are cut cross-grained1 and will stretch very much more than the cloth of the sides 7roof74 ,about as good a seam as you can make1 in sewing together the sides and ends1 is to place the two edges together1 and fold them outwards 7or what will be downwards when the tent is pitched7 twice1 a quarter of an inch each time1 and put two rows of stitching through if done on a machine1 or one if with sail-needle and twine4 ,this folding the cloth six-ply1 besides making a good seam1 strengthens the tent where the greatest strain comes4 ,it is also advisable to put facings in the two ends of the top of the tent1 to prevent the poles from pushing through and chafing4 ,the bottom of the tent is completed next by folding upwards and inwards two inches of cloth to make what is called a tabling1 and again folding in the raw edge about a quarter of an inch1 as is usual to make a neat job4 ,some makers enclose a marline or other small tarred rope to strengthen the foot of the tent1 and it is well to do so4 ,one edge of what is called the sod-cloth is folded in with the raw edge1 and stitched at the same time4 ,this cloth1 which is six to eight inches wide1 runs entirely around the bottom of the tent1 excepting the door-flap1 and prevents a current of air from sweeping under the tent1 and saves the bottom from rotting2 the sod-cloth1 however1 will rot or wear out instead1 but you can replace it much more easily than you can repair the bottom of the tent2 consequently it is best to put one on4 ,one door is enough in an ,a-tent2 but1 if you prefer two1 be sure that one at least is nicely fitted and well provided with tapes or buttons1 or both3 otherwise you will have a cheerless tent in windy and rainy weather4 ,the door-flap is usually made of a strip of cloth six to nine inches wide1 sewed to the selvage of the breadth that laps inside2 the top of it is sewed across the inside of the other breadth1 and reaches to the corner seam4 ,tent-makers usually determine the height of the door by having the top of the flap reach from selvage to seam as just described2 the narrower the flap is1 the higher the door will be4 ,some make the door-flap considerably wider at the bottom than at the top1 and thus provide against the many annoyances that arise from one too narrow4 ,the loops 7or beckets as they are called7 that fasten to the tent-pins are put in one at each side of the door and at every seam4 ,some makers work an eyelet or put a grommet in the seam2 but1 in the army-tents which are made of duck1 there are two eyelets worked1 one on each side of the seam1 and a six-thread manilla rope is run through and held in by knotting the ends4 ,the door is tied together by two double rows of stout tapes#ag sewed on at intervals of about eighteen inches2 one inside the tent ties the door-flap to the opposite breadth1 and a second set outside pulls together the two selvages of the centre breadths4 ,do not slight this work3 a half-closed door1 short tapes1 and a door-flap that is slapping all the time1 are things that will annoy you beyond endurance4 ,the upright poles of a tent such as has been described should be an inch or two more than seven feet1 for the cloth will stretch4 ,if you have a sod-cloth1 the poles should be longer still4#ah ,,the ,,wall-,,tent4 ,the wall-tent is shaped like a house3 the walls or sides1 which are perpendicular1 are four feet high4 ,a continuous piece of cloth runs from the ground to the eaves1 thence on toward the ridgepole1 and down the other side to the ground4 ,the tent is made on the same general principles as the one last described4 ,it is four breadths square1 but the width is usually diminished about one foot by cutting six inches from each corner breadth4 ,if the cloth is drilling or light duck1 you can overlap the centre breadths a foot1 and thus have the doors ready-made4 ,draw a plan upon the floor as in the other case2 the pole nine feet and two inches high1 the corners four breadths apart less the overlappings and the narrowing2 draw the wall 7in the plan only7 four feet and two inches high4 ,the roof-line runs of course from the top of the pole to the top of the wall4 ,cut the cloth1 as before1 so as to have the twilled side out4 ,add six inches to the distance measured on the plan1 for the length of the walls and roof1 so as to get cloth for the eaves4 ,the wall is to be four feet high2 consequently1 when you have sewed together the four breadths that make the roof and walls1 measure four feet #c-a_/b inches from the ends 7bottoms71 double the cloth1 and sew two rows of stitching by hand across from side to side1 #a-a_/b inches from the doubling2 this makes the tabling for the eaves1 and you have two inches left for the bottom tabling4 ,use stout twine for these seams at the eaves1 and take only three to four stitches to the inch4 ,take the same care as before in sewing together the ends and sides2 the larger the tent1 the more this difficulty increases4 ,the sod-cloth becomes more of a necessity as we increase the size of the tent1 and add to the difficulty of making it fit snugly to the ground4 ,facings should be put in where the ends of the poles bear1 as before explained2 and also in the four upper corners of the wall1 to prevent the strain of the corner guy-lines from ripping apart the eaves and wall4 ,beckets must be put in the bottom of each seam and the door1 the same as in the ,a-tent1 and strong tapes sewed to the door4 ,guy-lines made of six-thread manilla rope are put in at the four corners of the eaves1 and at every seam along that tabling1 making five upon each side4 ,work an eyelet1 or put a grommet1 in the doubled cloth of the seam2 knot the end of the guy-line to prevent its pulling through3 tying the rope makes too bungling a job1 and splicing it is too much work4 ,the six guy-lines in the body of the tent should be about nine feet long1 the four corner ones about a foot longer4 ,the fiddles#ai should be made of some firm wood3 pine and spruce will not last long enough to pay for the trouble of making them4 ,the poles should be nine feet and four or five inches long4 ,if they are too long at first1 sink the ends in the ground1 and do not cut them off until the tent has stretched all that it will4 ,in permanent camp a fly over the tent is almost indispensable for protection from the heat and pelting rains4 ,it should be as long as the roof of the tent1 and project at least a foot beyond the eaves4 ,the guy-lines should be a foot or more longer than those of the tent1 so that the pins for the fly may be driven some distance outside those of the tent1 and thus lift the fly well off the roof4 ,,cloth ,,for ,,tents4 ,for convenience we have supposed all of the tents to be made of heavy drilling4 ,many tent-makers consider this material sufficiently strong1 and some even use it to make tents larger than the ,united ,states army wall-tent4 ,my own experience leads me to recommend for a wall-tent a heavier cloth1 known to the trade as eight-ounce ,raven's duck1#bj because drilling becomes so thin after it has been used two or three seasons that a high wind is apt to tear it4 ,the cost of the cloth is about the same as the value of the labor of making the tent2 but the difference between the cost of drilling and eight-ounce duck for a wall-tent of four breadths with a fly is only three to four dollars1 and the duck tent will last nearly twice as long as the one of drilling4 ,for these reasons it seems best not to put your labor into the inferior cloth4 ,before you use the tent1 or expose to the weather any thing made of cotton cloth1 you should wash it thoroughly in strong soap-suds1 and then soak it in strong brine2 this takes the sizing and oil out of the cloth1 and if repeated from year to year will prevent mildew1 which soon spoils the cloth4 ,there are mixtures that are said to be better still1 but a tent-maker assures me that the yearly washing is better than any thing applied only once4 ,some fishermen preserve their sails by soaking them in a solution of lime and water considerably thinner than whitewash4 ,others soak them in a tanner's vat2 but the leather-like color imparted is not pleasing to the eye4 ,weak lime-water they say does not injure cotton2 but it ruins rope and leather1 and some complain that it rots the thread4 ,it will save strain upon any tent1 to stay it in windy weather with ropes running from the iron pins of the upright poles 7which should project through the ridgepole and top of the tent7 to the ground in front and rear of the tent4 ,a still better way is to run four ropes from the top--two from each pole-pin--down to the ground near the tent-pins of the four corner guy-lines4 ,the two stays from the rear pole should run toward the front of the tent2 and the two front stays toward the rear1 crossing the other two4 ,the tent is then stayed against a wind from any quarter1 and the stays and guy-lines are all together on the sides of the tent4 ,loosen the stays and guy-lines a little at night or when rain is approaching1 so as to prevent them from straining the tent by shrinking4 ,around the bottom of any tent you should dig a small trench to catch and convey away the water when it rains2 and ,i caution you against the error which even old campers sometimes make1--do not try to have the water run up hill4 ,,how ,,to ,,pitch ,a ,,wall-,,tent ,,quickly4 ,after you have once pitched the tent1 and have put the poles and pins in their exact places1 note the distance from one of the upright poles to the pin holding one of the nearest corner guy-lines1 and then mark one of the poles in such a way that you can tell by it what that distance is4 ,when you next wish to pitch the tent1 drive two small pins in the ground where the two upright poles are to rest1--the ridgepole will tell you how far apart they must be1--then1 by measuring with your marked pole1 you can drive the four pins for the corner guys in their proper places4 ,next spread the tent on the ground1 and put the ridgepole in its place in the top of the tent1 and the two upright poles in their places4 ,then raise the tent4 ,it will take two persons1 or1 if the tent is large1 four or more1 having first moved it bodily1 to bring the feet of the upright poles to touch the two small pins that you drove at the beginning4 ,you can now catch and tighten the corner guy-lines on the four pins previously driven4 ,in driving the other pins1 it looks well to have them on a line1 if possible2 also try to have the wall of the tent set square3 to do this you must tie the door just right before you tighten a guy-line4 ,you will find this way of pitching a tent convenient when a wind is blowing1 or when your assistant is not a strong person4 ,if the wind is very high1 spread your tent to windward1 and catch the windward guy-lines before raising the tent4 ,you will thus avoid having it blown over4 ,,tent-,,poles4 ,as tent-poles are not expensive1 you may find it convenient to have two sets for each tent2 one stout set for common use1 and a lighter set to take when transportation is limited4 ,sound spruce1 free from large knots and tolerably straight-grained1 makes good poles2 pine answers as well1 but is more expensive4 ,the upright poles of a stout set for a wall-tent of the ,united ,states ,army pattern should be round or eight-sided1 and about two inches in diameter4#ba ,if you prefer to have them square1 round off the edges1 or they will be badly bruised upon handling4 ,drive a stout iron pin#bb seven or eight inches long into the centre of the top until it projects only about three and a half or four inches1 or enough to go through the ridgepole and an inch beyond4 ,it will be necessary to bore a hole in the pole before driving in the pin1 to prevent splitting4 ,a ferrule is also serviceable on this end of the pole4 ,the ridgepole should be well rounded on the edges1 and be about two and a half inches wide and two inches thick4 ,if made of stuff thinner than an inch and a half1 it should be wider in the middle than above stated1 or the pole will sag4 ,bore the holes to receive the pins of the uprights with an auger a size larger than the pins1 so that they may go in and out easily3 these holes should be an inch and a half from the ends4 ,ferrules or broad bands are desirable on the ends of the ridgepole2 but if you cannot afford these you may perhaps be able to put a rivet or two through the pole between the ends and the holes1 or1 if not rivets1 then screws1 which are better than nothing to prevent the pin of the upright from splitting the ridgepole4 ,,tent-,,pins4 ,tent-pins should be made of sound hard wood2 old wheel-spokes are excellent4 ,make them pointed at the bottom1 so that they will drive easily2 and notch them about two inches from the top1 so that they will hold the rope4 ,cut away the wood from just above the notch towards the back of the head2 this will prevent the notch of the pin from splitting off when it is driven4 ,it is well to have pins differ in length and size3 those for the corners and the stays should be the largest1 say fifteen to eighteen inches long2 and those for the wall and door may be eight or ten inches4 ,but pins of these sizes are apt to pull out in a heavy storm2 and so when you are to camp in one spot for some time1 or when you see a storm brewing1 it is well to make pins very stout1 and two feet or more long1 for the stays and four corner guy-lines1 out of such stuff as you find at hand4 ,illustration ,loosen the pins by striking them on all four sides before you try to pull them up4 ,a spade is a fine thing to use to pry out a pin that is deep in the ground1 and a wooden mallet is better than an axe or hatchet to drive them in with2 but1 unless you have a large number of pins to drive1 it will hardly pay you to get a mallet especially for this business4 ,make a stout canvas bag to hold the tent-pins2 and do not fold them loose with the tent1 as it soils and wears out the cloth4 ,,best ,,size ,,of ,,tents4 ,the majority of people who go into permanent camp prefer tents considerably larger than the army wall-tent2 but1 unless your camp is well sheltered from the wind1 you will have constant and serious troubles during every gale and thunder-storm1 if you are in a large or high tent4 ,a large tent is certainly more comfortable in fine weather2 but you can make a small one sufficiently cheerful1 and have a sense of security in it that you cannot feel in one larger4 ,but1 if you will have a large tent1 make it of something heavier than drilling4 ,if you have two tents of the same height1 you can connect the tops with a pole1 and throw a fly1 blanket1 or sheet over it on pleasant days4 ,do not pack away a tent when it is damp if you can possibly avoid it1 as it will mildew and decay in a few days of warm weather4 ,if you are compelled to pack it when very damp1 you can prevent decay by salting it liberally inside and out4 ,before you put away your tent for the season be sure that it is perfectly dry1 and that the dead flies and grasshoppers are swept out of the inside4 ,you should have a stout bag to keep it in1 and to prevent its being chafed and soiled when it is handled and carried4 ,you will find a hundred good uses for the bag in camp4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,you cannot find this sort of duck in the market now1 but heavy drilling #bi-a_/b inches wide is nearly as strong1 and will make a good tent4 #ac ,tents made of heavy drilling were also furnished to the troops1 the dimensions of which varied a trifle from those here given3 they had the disadvantage of two seams instead of one4 #ad ,if the party is of four1 or even five1 a shelter-tent made of three breadths of heavy drilling will accommodate all4 ,sew one end-piece to each half-tent1 since sewing is better than buttoning1 and the last is not necessary when your party will always camp together4 ,along the loose border of the end-piece work the button-holes1 and sew the corresponding buttons upon the main tent an inch or more from the edge of the border4 ,sew on facings at the corners and seams as in the army shelter1 and also on the middle of the bottom of the end-pieces2 and put loops of small rope or a foot or two of stout cord through all of these facings1 for the tent-pins4 ,you will then have a tent with the least amount of labor and material in it4 ,the top edges1 like those of the army shelter1 are to have buttons and button-holes2 the tent can then be taken apart into two pieces1 each of which will weigh about two pounds and a quarter4 ,nearly all of the work can be done on a sewing-machine2 run two rows of stitching at each seam as near the selvage as you can4 #ae ,called also wedge-tent4 #af ,to find the distance of the corners1 multiply the width of the cloth 7#bi-a_/b inches7 by #c 7three breadths71 and subtract #b-a_/d inches 7or three overlappings of #c_/d inch each1 as will be explained74 #ag ,what is known by shoemakers as webbing is good for this purpose1 or you can double together and sew strips of sheeting or drilling4 ,cod-lines and small ropes are objectionable1 as they are not easily untied when in hard knots4 #ah ,the poles for army ,a-tents are seven feet six inches4 #ai ,this name is given to the piece of wood that tightens the guy-line4 ,the ,united ,states army tent has a fiddle #e-a_/d inches long1 #a-c_/d wide1 and #a inch thick2 the holes are #c-a_/b inches apart from centre to centre4 ,if you make a fiddle shorter1 or of thinner stock1 it does not hold its grip so well4 ,one hole should be just large enough to admit the rope1 and the other a size larger so that the rope may slide through easily4 #bj ,seven-ounce duck is made1 but it is not much heavier than drilling1 and since it is little used it is not easily found for sale4 ,united ,states army wall-tents are made from a superior quality of ten-ounce duck1 but they are much stouter than is necessary for summer camping4 ,there are also sail-ducks1 known as ,no4 #h1 ,no4 #i1 c41 which are very much too heavy for tents4 #ba ,the length of tent-poles1 as has been previously stated1 depends upon the size of the tent4 #bb ,what are known as bolt-ends can be bought at the hardware stores for this purpose4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,miscellaneous4--,,general ,,advice4 ,if you travel horseback1 singly or in parties1 a previous experience in riding and in the care of your animal are necessary for pleasure4 ,what is said about overloading applies here3 you must go light2 let your saddlebags be small1 and packed so as not to chafe the horse4 ,if you have the choice of a saddle1 take a ,mc,clellan or a similar one1 so that you can easily strap on your blankets and bags4 ,if you have time before starting1 try to teach your horse1 what so few horses in the ,northern ,states know1 to be guided by the pressure of reins against the neck instead of a pull at the bit4 ,,boating4 ,i do not propose to say much about boating1 as the subject can hardly have justice done to it in a book of this sort4 ,parties of young men spend their summer vacation every year in camping and boating4 ,it is a most delightful way1--superior in many respects to any other1--but it requires both experience and caution1 neither of which is usually found in young men4 ,so ,i hope that1 if you will go in a boat1 you may be an exception to the general rule1 and will1 for your parents' and friends' sake1 take a small boat without ballast rather than a large one ballasted so heavily that it will sink when it fills4 ,when you belay the sheets of your sail1 make a knot that can be untied by a single pull at the loose end3 any boatman will show you how to do this4 ,never make fast the sheets in any other way4 ,hold the sheets in your hands if the wind is at all squally or strong4 ,do not venture out in a heavy wind4 ,stow your baggage snugly before you start3 tubs made by sawing a flour-barrel in two are excellent to throw loose stuff into4 ,remember to be careful2 keep your eyes open1 and know what you are going to do before you try it4 ,the saying of an old sea-captain comes to me here3 ,i would rather sail a ship around the world1 than to go down the bay in a boat sailed by a boy4 ,,reckoning ,,lost4 ,it often happens in travelling1 that the sun rises in what appears the north1 west1 or south1 and we seem to be moving in the wrong direction1 so that when we return home our remembrance of the journey is confused4 ,perhaps a few hints on this subject may help the reader4 ,supposing your day's journey ends at ,blanktown1 where you find your compass-points apparently reversed4 ,it then becomes natural for you to make matters worse by trying to lay out in your mind a new map1 with ,blanktown for the hub1 and east in the west1 and so on4 ,you can often prevent these mishaps1 and can always make them less annoying1 by studying your map well both before and during your journey2 and by keeping in your mind continually1 with all the vividness you can1 what you are really doing4 ,as far as ,blanktown is concerned1 you will have two impressions1 just as we all have two impressions with regard to the revolution of the earth on its axis3 apparently the sun rises1 goes over and down2 but in our minds we can see the sun standing still1 and the earth turning from west to east4 ,upon leaving ,blanktown you are likely to carry the error along with you1 and to find yourself moving in what appears to be the wrong way4 ,keep in mind with all the vividness possible1 the picture of what you are really doing1 and keep out of mind as much as you can the ugly appearance of going the wrong way4 ,every important change you make1 be sure to see it in the mind's eye1 and let the natural eye be blind to all that is deceiving4 ,after a while things will grow real1 and you must try to keep them so4 ,the more perfectly you know the route and all its details1 the less you will be troubled in this way4 ,if you are travelling in the cars1 and if you have a strong power of imagination1 you can very easily right errors of this kind by learning from the map exactly what you are doing1 and then by sitting next to the window1 shut your eyes as you go around a curve that tends to aggravate the difficulty1 and hold fast what you get on curves that help you4 ,if you sit on the left side of the car1 and look ahead1 the cars seem to sweep continually a little to the right1 and vice versa1 when really moving straight ahead1--provided your imagination is good4 ,when you are travelling on an unknown road1 you should always inquire all about it1 to avoid taking the wrong one1 which you are likely to do1 even if you have a good map with you4 ,,ladies ,,as ,,pedestrians4 ,i have once or twice alluded to ladies walking and camping4 ,it is thoroughly practicable for them to do so4 ,they must have a wagon1 and do none of the heavy work2 their gowns must not reach quite to the ground1 and all of their clothing must be loose and easy4#bc ,of course there must be gentlemen in the party2 and it may save annoyance to have at least one of the ladies well-nigh middle-aged4 ,ladies must be cared for more tenderly than men4 ,if they are not well1 the wagon should go back for them at the end of the day's march2 shelter-tents are not to be recommended for them1 nor are two blankets sufficient bedclothing4 ,they ought not to be compelled to go any definite distance1 but after having made their day's walk let the tents be pitched4 ,rainy weather is particularly unpleasant to ladies in tents2 deserted houses1 schoolhouses1 saw-mills1 or barns should be sought for them when a storm is brewing4 ,,ladies ,,and ,,children ,,in ,,camp4 ,in a permanent camp1 however1 ladies1 and children as well1 can make themselves thoroughly at home4#bd ,they ought not to rough it so much as young men expect to3 consequently they should be better protected from the wet and cold4 ,i have seen a man with his wife and two children enjoy themselves through a week of rainy weather in an ,a-tent2 but there are not many such happy families1 and it is not advisable to camp with such limited accommodations4 ,almost all women will find it trying to their backs to be kept all day in an ,a-tent4 ,if you have no other kind1 you should build some sort of a wall1 and pitch the tent on top of it4 ,it is not a difficult or expensive task to put guy-lines and a wall of drilling on an ,a-tent1 and make new poles1 or pitch the old ones upon posts4 ,in either case you should stay the tent with lines running from the top to the ground4 ,it has already been advised that women should have a stove2 in general1 they ought not to depart so far from home ways as men do4 ,rubber boots are almost a necessity for women and children during rainy weather and while the dew is upon the grass4 ,,summer-,,houses1 ,,sheds1 ,,and ,,brush ,,screens4 ,there is little to be said of the summer-houses built at the seaside near our large cities1 since that is rather a matter of carpentry2 nor of portable houses2 nor of lattice-work with painted paper2 nor even of a schbang such as ,i have often built of old doors1 shutters1 outer windows1 and tarred paper3 any one who is ingenious can knock together all the shelter his needs require or means allow4 ,but1 where you are camping for a week or more1 it pays you well to use all you have in making yourself comfortable4 ,a bush house1 a canopy under which to eat1 and something better than plain out-of-doors to cook in1 are among the first things to attend to4 ,if you wish to plant firmly a tree that you have cut down1 you may perhaps be able to drive a stake larger than the trunk of the tree2 then loosen the stake by hitting it on the sides1 and pull it out4 ,you can do this when you have no shovel1 or when the soil is too hard to dig4 ,small stakes wedged down the hole after putting in the tree will make it firm4 ,,etiquette4 ,some things considered essential at the home table have fallen into disuse in camp4 ,it is pardonable1 and perhaps best1 to bring on whatever you have cooked in the dish that it is cooked in1 so as to prevent its cooling off4 ,you will also be allowed to help yourself first to whatever is nearest you1 before passing it to another2 for passing things around in camp is risky1 and should be avoided as much as possible for that reason4 ,eat with your hats on1 as it is more comfortable1 and the wind is not so apt to blow your stray hairs into the next man's dish4 ,if you have no fork1 do not mind eating with your knife and fingers4 ,but1 however much liberty you take1 do not be rude1 coarse1 or uncivil3 these bad habits grow rapidly in camp if you encourage them1 and are broken off with difficulty on return4 ,if there is no separate knife for the butter1 cheese1 and meat1 nor spoon for the gravy and soup1 you can use your own by first wiping the knife or spoon upon a piece of bread4 ,be social and agreeable to all fellow-travellers you meet4 ,it is a received rule now1 ,i believe1 that you are under no obligations to consider travelling-acquaintances as permanent3 so you are in duty bound to be friendly to all thrown in your way4 ,however1 it is not fair to thrust your company upon others1 nor compel a courtesy from any one4 ,try to remember too1 that it is nothing wonderful to camp out or walk2 and do not expect any one to think it is4 ,we frequently meet parties of young folks walking through the mountains1 who do great things with their tongues1 but not much with their feet4 ,if you will refrain from bragging1 you can speak of your short marches without exciting contempt4 ,avoid as much as possible asking another member of the party to do your work1 or to wait upon you3 it is surprising how easily you can make yourself disliked by asking a few trifling favors of one who is tired and hungry4 ,,mosquitoes1 ,,black ,,flies1 ,,and ,,midge4 ,these pests will annoy you exceedingly almost everywhere in the summer4 ,in the daytime motion and perspiration keep them off to some extent4 ,at night1 or when lying down1 you can do no better than to cover yourself so that they cannot reach your body1 and have a mosquito-bar of some sort over your head4 ,the simplest thing is a square yard of mosquito-netting thrown over the head1 and tucked in well4 ,you will need to have your hat first thrown over the head1 and your shirt-collar turned up1 to prevent the mosquitoes reaching through the mesh to your face and neck4 ,a better way than this is to make a box-shaped mosquito-bar1 large enough to stretch across the head of the bed1 and cover the heads and shoulders of all that sleep in the tent4 ,it should be six or eight feet long1 twenty to twenty-six inches wide1 and one yard or more high4 ,it will be more durable1 but not quite so well ventilated1 if the top is made of light cloth instead of netting4 ,the seams should be bound with stout tape1 and the sides and ends gathered considerably in sewing them to the top4 ,even then the side that falls over the shoulders of the sleepers may not be loose enough to fill the hollows between them2 the netting will then have to be tucked under the blanket1 or have something thrown over its lower edge4 ,sew loops or strings on the four upper corners1 and corresponding loops or strings on the tent1 so that you can tie up the bar4 ,bobbinet lace is better than the common netting for all of these purposes4 ,it comes in pieces twelve to fourteen yards long1 and two yards wide4 ,you cannot often find it for sale2 but the large shops in the principal cities that do a great business by correspondence can send it to you4 ,oil of cedar and oil of pennyroyal are recommended as serviceable in driving off mosquitoes1 and there are patented compounds whose labels pretend great things3 you will try them only once1 ,i think4 ,ammoniated opodeldoc rubbed upon the bites will in a great measure stop the itching1 and hasten the cure4 ,they say that a little gunpowder flashed in the tent will drive out flies and mosquitoes4 ,i saw a man try it once1 but noticed that he himself went out in a great hurry1 while the flies1 if they went at all1 were back again before he was4 ,a better thing1 really the best1 is a smudge made by building a small fire to the windward of your tent1 and nearly smothering it with chips1 moss1 bark1 or rotten wood4 ,if you make the smudge in an old pan or pot1 you can move it about as often as the wind changes4 ,,how ,,to ,,skin ,,fish4 ,when you camp by the seaside1 you will catch cunners and other fish that need skinning4 ,let no one persuade you to slash the back fins out with a single stroke1 as you would whittle a stick2 but take a sharp knife1 cut on both sides of the fin1 and then pull out the whole of it from head to tail1 and thus save the trouble that a hundred little bones will make if left in4 ,after cutting the skin on the under side from head to tail1 and taking out the entrails and small fins1 start the skin where the head joins the body1 and pull it off one side at a time4 ,some men stick an awl through a cunner's head1 or catch it fast in a stout iron hook1 to hold it while skinning4 ,cunners and lobsters are sometimes caught off bold rocks in a net4 ,you can make one easily out of a hogshead-hoop1 and twine stretched across so as to make a three-inch mesh4#be ,tie a lot of bait securely in the middle1 sink it for a few minutes1 and draw up rapidly4 ,the rush of water through the net prevents the fish from escaping4 ,,expenses4 ,the expenses of camping or walking vary greatly1 of course1 according to the route1 manner of going1 and other things4 ,the principal items are railroad-tickets1 horse and wagon hire1 trucking1 land-rent 7if you camp where rent is charged71 and the cost of the outfit4 ,you ought to be able to reckon very nearly what you will have to pay on account of these before you spend a cent4 ,after this will come the calculation whether to travel at all by rail1 supposing you wish to go a hundred miles to reach the seaside where you propose to camp1 or the mountains you want to climb4 ,if you have a horse and wagon1 or are going horseback1 it will doubtless be cheaper to march than to ride and pay freight4 ,if time is plenty and money is scarce1 you may perhaps be able to walk the distance cheaper than to go by rail2 but1 if you lodge at hotels1 you will find it considerably more expensive4 ,the question then is apt to turn on whether the hundred miles is worth seeing1 and whether it is so thickly settled as to prevent your camping4 ,to walk a hundred miles1 carrying your kit all the way1 will take from one to two weeks1 according to your age1 strength1 and the weather4 ,we have already stated that there is little pleasure in walking more than sixty miles a week4 ,but if you wish to go as fast as you can1 and have taken pains to practise walking before starting1 and can buy your food in small quantities daily1 and can otherwise reduce your baggage1 you can make the hundred miles in a week without difficulty1 and more if it is necessary1 unless there is much bad weather4 ,the expense for food will also vary according to one's will2 but it need not be heavy if you can content yourself with simple fare4 ,you can hardly live at a cheaper rate than the following3-- ,,one ,,week',s ,,supply ,,for ,,two ,,men4 ,ten pounds of pilot-bread2 eight pounds of salt pork2 one pound of coffee 7roasted and ground72 one to two pounds of sugar 7granulated72 thirty pounds of potatoes 7half a bushel74#bf ,a little beef and butter1 and a few ginger-snaps1 will be good investments4 ,supposing you and ,i were to start from home in the morning after breakfast2 when noon comes1 we eat the lunch we have taken with us1 and press on4 ,as the end of the day's march approaches1 we look out to buy two quarts of potatoes at a farmhouse or store2 and we boil or fry1 or boil and mash in milk1 enough of these for our supper4 ,the breakfast next morning is much the same4 ,we cook potatoes in every way we know1 and eat the whole of our stock remaining1 thus saving so much weight to carry4 ,we also soak some pilot-bread1 and fry that for a dessert1 eating a little sugar on it if we can spare it4 ,when dinner-time approaches1 we keep a lookout for a chance to buy ten or twelve cents' worth of bread or biscuits4 ,these are more palatable than the pilot-bread or crackers in our haversack4 ,if we have a potato left from breakfast1 we cook and eat it now4 ,we cut off a slice of the corned beef1 and take a nibble at the ginger-snaps4 ,if we think we can afford three or four cents more1 we buy a pint of milk1 and make a little dip-toast4 ,and so we go2 sometimes we catch a fish1 or pass an orchard whose owner gives us all the windfalls we want4 ,we pick berries too2 and keep a sharp lookout that we supply ourselves in season when our pilot-bread1 sugar1 pork1 and butter run low4 ,some days we overtake farmers driving ox-carts or wagons2 we throw our kits aboard1 and walk slowly along1 willing to lose a little time to save our aching shoulders4 ,and in due time1 if no accident befalls1 nor rainy weather detains us1 we arrive at our seashore or mountain4 ,you may like to know that this is almost an exact history1 at least as far as eating is concerned1 of a twelve days' tramp ,i once went on in company with two other boys4 ,there was about five dollars in the party1 and nearly two dollars of this was spent in paying toll on a boat that we took through a canal a part of the way4 ,we carried coffee1 sugar1 pork1 and beef from home1 and ate potatoes three times a day4 ,we had a delightful time1 and came home fattened up somewhat2 but ,i will admit that ,i did not call for potatoes when ,i got back to my father's table1 for some days4 ,in general1 however1 it will be noticed that those who camp out for the season1 or go on walking-tours1 do so at a moderate expense because they start with the determination to make it cheap4 ,for this purpose they content themselves with old clothes1 which they fit over or repair1 take cooking-utensils from their own kitchen1 and1 excepting in the matter of canned foods1 do not live very differently from what they do at home4 ,nearly all the parties of boys that ,i have questioned spend all the money they have1 be it little or much4 ,generally those ,i have met walking or camping seem to be impressed with the magnitude of their operations1 and to be carrying constantly with them the determination to spend their funds sparingly enough to reach home without begging4 ,it is not bad practice for a young man4 ,here ,i wish to say a word to parents--having been a boy myself1 and being now a father4 ,let your boys go when summer comes2 put them to their wits2 do not let them be extravagant1 nor have money to pay other men for working for them4 ,it is far better for them to move about than to remain in one place all the time4 ,the last1 especially if the camp is near some place of public resort1 tends to encourage idleness and dissipation4 ,when you return home again from a tour of camping1 and go back to a sedentary life1 remember that you do not need to eat all that your appetite calls for4 ,you may make yourself sick if you go on eating such meals as you have been digesting in camp4 ,you are apt also upon your return to feel as you did on the first and second days of your tour2 this is especially liable to be the case if you have overworked yourself1 or have not had enough sleep4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,a flannel dress1 the skirt coming to the top of the boots1 and having a blouse waist1 will be found most comfortable4 #bd ,it is no novelty for women and children to camp out3 we see them every summer at the seaside and on the blueberry-plains4 ,a great many families besides live in rude cabins1 which are preferable on many accounts1 but are expensive4 ,sickness sometimes results1 but usually all are much benefited4 ,i know a family that numbered with its guests nine ladies1 five children 7one at the breast71 and the paterfamilias1 which camped several weeks through some of the best and some of the worst of weather4 ,the whooping-cough broke out the second or third day2 shortly after1 the tent of the mother and children blew down in the night1 and turned them all out into the pelting rain in their night-clothes4 ,excepting the misery of that night and day1 nothing serious came of it2 and in the fall all returned home better every way for having spent their summer in camp4 #be ,the mesh of a net is measured by pulling it diagonally as far as possible1 and finding the distance from knot to knot2 consequently a three-inch mesh will open so as to make a square of about an inch and a half4 #bf ,the field allowance in the ,united ,states army is nearly #a-a_/h pounds of coffee and #b-a_/h pounds of sugar 7damp brown7 for two men seven days2 the bread and pork ration is also larger than that above given2 but the allowance of potatoes is almost nothing4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,diary4 ,by all means keep a diary3 the act of writing will help you to remember these good times1 and the diary will prove the pleasantest of reading in after-years4 ,it is not an easy thing to write in camp or on the march1 but if it costs you an effort you will prize it all the more4 ,i beg you to persevere1 and1 if you fail1 to try1 try again4 ,i cannot overcome the desire to tell you the results of my experience in diary-writing2 for ,i have tried it long1 and under many different circumstances4 ,they are as follows3-- ,first1 ,any thing written at the time is far better than no record at all2 so1 if you can only write a pocket diary with lead pencil1 do that4 ,second1 ,all such small diaries1 scraps1 letters1 and every thing written illegibly or with lead pencil1 are difficult to preserve or to read1 and are very unhandy for reference4 ,third1 ,it is great folly to persuade yourself that after taking notes for a week or two1 or writing a hurried sketch1 you can extend or copy and illuminate at your leisure4 ,consequently1 write what you can1 and let it stand with all its blots1 errors1 and nonsense4 ,and be careful1 when you are five years older1 not to go through the diary with eraser and scissors2 for1 if you live still another five years1 nothing will interest you more than this diary with all its defects4 ,i find after having written many diaries of many forms1 that ,i have now to regret ,i did not at first choose some particular size1 say letter-size1 and so have had all my diaries uniform4 ,i will never again use onion-skin1 which is too thin1 nor any odd-shaped1 figured1 cheap1 or colored paper4 ,i do not like those large printed diaries which give you just a page or half-page a day1 nor a paper whose ruling shows conspicuously4 ,i like best when at home to write in a blank book2 and when ,i go off on a summer vacation ,i leave that diary safely at home1 and take a portfolio with some sheets of blank paper upon which to write the diary1 and mail them as fast as written4 ,these answer for letters to the friends at home1 and save writing any more to them4 ,they also1 when bound1 form a diary exclusively of travels4 ,when ,i return ,i write an epitome in the home-diary1 and thus prevent a break of dates in that book4 ,the paper for the diary of travels is strong1 but rather thin and white4 ,i buy enough of it at once to make a volume1 and thus have the diary sheets uniform4 ,i am quite sure that you will do well to write a diary of your summer vacation1 upon the plan just named1 whether you keep one at home or not4 ,try to do it well1 but do not undertake too much4 ,write facts such as what you saw1 heard1 did1 and failed to do2 but do not try to write poetry or fine writing of any kind4 ,mention what kind of weather2 but do not attempt a meteorological record unless you have a special liking for that science4 ,if you camp in ,jacob ,sawyer's pasture1 and he gives you a quart of milk1 say so1 instead of a good old man showed us a favor2 for in after-years the memory of it will be sweeter than the milk was1 and it will puzzle you to recall the good old man's name and what the favor was4 ,if you have time1 try to draw3 never mind if it is a poor picture4 ,i have some of the strangest-looking portraits and most surprising perspectives in my diaries written when fifteen to twenty years old2 but ,i would not exchange them now for one of the old masters4 ,do not neglect the narrative1 however1 for sake of drawing4 ,i have noticed that when my paper is down in the bottom of a valise1 and the pen in a wallet1 and the penholder in a coat-pocket1 and portfolio somewhere else1 it is not so easy to find time to write as when ,i have penholder1 pen1 and paper in the portfolio1 and the portfolio and ink in my haversack4 ,under these favorable conditions it is easy to snatch a few moments from any halt2 and a diary written on the spur of the moment is a diary that will be worth reading in after-life4 ,if it is impossible1 however1 as it so often is1 to write oftener than once a day1 you will do well to make a note of events as fast as they happen1 so that you shall not forget them1 nor have to stop to recall them when your time is precious4 ,i have heard of diaries with side-notes on each page1 and even an index at the end of the book2 but not many men1 and but few boys1 can do all this2 and my advice to the average boy is1 not to undertake it1 nor any thing else that will use the time1 patience1 and perseverance1 needed to write the narrative4 ,you will find it convenient for reference if you make a paragraph of every subject4 ,date every day distinctly1 with a much bolder handwriting than the body of the diary2 and write the date on the right margin of the right page1 and left margin of the left page1 with the year at the top of the page only4 ,skip a line or two instead of ruling between the days4 ,thus3-- #ahgf4 ,,january #a1 ,,saturday4 ,pleasant and mild4 ,vacation ends to-day4 ,jo4 ,harding is full of going on a walk to the ,white ,mountains next summer1 and he wants me to go too4 ,made ,new-,year calls on ,susie ,smith1 ,mary ,lyman1 ,ellen ,jenkins1 ,christie ,jameson1 and ,martha ,buzzell4 ,,january #b1 ,,sunday4 ,warm again and misty4 ,went to church4 ,mr4 ,simpson's pup followed him in2 and it took ,simpson1 ,jenks the sexton1 and two small boys1 to put him out4 ,accompanied ,susie ,smith to the ,baptist's this evening1 and went home by way of ,centre ,street to avoid the crowd4 ,crowds are not so bad sometimes4 ,,january #c1 ,,monday4 ,still mild and pleasant1 but cooler4 ,went to school1 and failed in algebra4 ,this ,x business is too much for me4 ,abel's shoe-factory1 next to our schoolhouse1 caught fire this afternoon while we were at recess1 and ,mr4 ,nason dismissed the school4 ,we all hurrahed for ,nason1 and went to the fire4 ,steamer ,no4 #a put it out in less than ten minutes after she got there4 ,home all the evening1 studying4 ,if you are like me1 you will be glad by and by if you note in your diary of the summer vacation a few dry statistics1 such as distances walked1 names of people you meet1 steamers you take passage on1 and1 in general1 every thing that interested you at the time1 even to the songs you sing2 for usually some few songs run in your head all through the tour1 and it is pleasant to recall them in after-years4 ,do not write so near the margins of the paper that the binder will cut off the writing when he comes to trim them4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,it4 ,the following advice by ,rev4 ,edward ,everett ,hale is so good that ,i have appropriated it4 ,you will find more good advice in the same book4#bg ,first1 never walk before breakfast4 ,if you like you may make two breakfasts1 and take a mile or two between2 but be sure to eat something before you are on the road4 ,second1 do not walk much in the middle of the day4 ,it is dusty and hot then2 and the landscape has lost its special glory4 ,by ten o'clock you ought to have found some camping-ground for the day1--a nice brook running through a grove2 a place to draw1 or paint1 or tell stories1 or read them or write them2 a place to make waterfalls and dams1 to sail chips1 or build boats2 a place to make a fire and a cup of tea for the oldsters4 ,stay here till four in the afternoon1 and then push on in the two or three hours which are left to the sleeping-place agreed upon4 ,four or five hours on the road is all you want in each day4 ,even resolute idlers1 as it is to be hoped you all are on such occasions1 can get eight miles a day out of that2 and that is enough for a true walking-party4 ,remember all along that you are not running a race with the railway-train4 ,if you were1 you would be beaten certainly2 and the less you think you are1 the better4 ,you are travelling in a method of which the merit is that it is not fast1 and that you see every separate detail of the glory of the world4 ,what a fool you are1 then1 if you tire yourself to death1 merely that you may say that you did in ten hours what the locomotive would gladly have finished in one1 if by that effort you have lost exactly the enjoyment of nature and society that you started for6 ,the advice to rest in the heat of the day is good for very hot weather2 young people1 however1 are too impatient to follow it unless there is an apparent necessity4 ,the feeling at twelve o'clock that you have yet to walk as far as you have come is not so pleasant as that of knowing you have all the afternoon for rest4 ,for this reason nearly every one will finish the walk as soon as possible2 still ,mr4 ,hale's plan is a good one--the best for very hot weather4 ,,still ,,another ,,way ,,to ,,travel4 ,mr4 ,hale also tells an amusing story of his desire when young to sail down the ,connecticut ,river2 but he was dissuaded from doing so when the chance finally came1 by people who thought the road was the only place to travel in4 ,and now he is sorry he did not sail4 ,the reading of his story brings to mind a similar experience that ,i had when young1 and it is now one of the keen regrets of my manhood1 that ,i likewise was laughed out of a boyish plan that would have given me untold pleasure and profit had it been carried out4 ,i loved to walk1 and ,i wanted to see the towns within a circuit of twenty or thirty miles of home2 but ,i could not afford to pay hotel-bills1 and ,i was not strong enough to carry a camping-outfit4 ,but ,i had an old cart1 strong and large enough to hold all ,i should need4 ,i could load it with the same food that ,i should eat if ,i staid at home2 could wear my old clothes1 take my oilcloth overcoat1 an axe1 frying-pan1 pail1 and a borrowed tent and poles2 and ,i would learn the county by heart before vacation was over1 and not cost my father a cent more than if ,i staid at home4 ,oh1 why didn't ,i go6 ,simply because ,i was laughed out of it4 ,i was told that people did not travel in that way2 ,i should be arrested2 the boys would hoot at and stone me2 the men would set their dogs on me2 ,i should be driven out of my camping-place2 thieves would steal my seventy-five cent cart2 dogs would eat up my stock of food2 and the first man who overtook me would tell the people that a crazy boy from ,portland was coming along the road dragging a baby-wagon1 whereupon every woman would leave her kitchen1 and every man his field1 to see and laugh at me4 ,but1 above all1 the thing would be known in our neighborhood1 and the boys and girls would join in their abuse of the county explorer4 ,that was the end of it2 the being made sport of by my own friends1 and hearing the small boys in our street sing out ,how's your cart8 and to be known all through life perhaps as one-horse ,john--the punishment would be too severe4 ,but1 my young friends1 ,i made a great mistake2 and ,i want to caution you not to surrender to any such nonsense as ,i did4 ,if you wish to go to sea in a skiff1 it is well to give in to a fisherman's advice to stay at home1 for he can assure you that winds and waves will be the death of you2 but if you have a good hand-wagon1 and are willing to stand a few taunts1 by all means go on your walk1 and pull your wagon after you4 ,you will learn a lesson in independence that will be of value to you1 if you learn nothing else4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,how to ,do ,it4 ,published by ,roberts ,brothers1 ,boston4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,hygienic ,,notes4 ,this chapter is taken in full from a work on ornithology1 written by ,dr4 ,coues of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,it is the advice of an accomplished naturalist and sportsman to his fellow-naturalists1 but is equally adapted to the young camper4 ,hardly any one can write more understandingly on the subjects here presented than the doctor1 who has had long experience with the army1 both in the field and garrison1 and is an enthusiastic student of natural history besides4 ,the remarks upon alcoholic stimulants are especially recommended to the reader1 coming as they do from an army officer1 and not a temperance reformer4 ,those who wish to become familiar with the details of bird-collecting will find a treasure in the doctor's book1 ,field ,ornithology1 comprising a ,manual of ,instruction for procuring1 preparing1 and preserving ,birds2 and a check list of ,north ,american ,birds4 ,by ,dr4 ,elliott ,coues1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,salem3 ,naturalists' ,agency4 ,,accidents4 ,the secret of safe climbing is never to relax one hold until another is secured2 it is in spirit equally applicable to scrambling over rocks1 a particularly difficult thing to do safely with a loaded gun4 ,test rotten1 slippery1 or otherwise suspicious holds1 before trusting them4 ,in lifting the body up anywhere1 keep the mouth shut1 breathe through the nostrils1 and go slowly4 ,in swimming waste no strength unnecessarily in trying to stem a current2 yield partly1 and land obliquely lower down2 if exhausted1 float3 the slightest motion of the hands will ordinarily keep the face above water2 in any event keep your wits collected4 ,in fording deeply1 a heavy stone in the hands1 above water will strengthen your position4 ,never sail a boat experimentally3 if you are no sailor1 take one with you1 or stay on land4 ,in crossing a high narrow foot-path1 never look lower than your feet2 the muscles will work true if not confused with faltering instructions from a giddy brain4 ,on soft ground see what1 if any thing1 has preceded you2 large hoof-marks generally mean that the way is safe3 if none are found1 inquire for yourself before going on4 ,quicksand is the most treacherous because far more dangerous than it looks2 but ,i have seen a mule's ears finally disappear in genuine mud4 ,cattle-paths1 however erratic1 commonly prove the surest way out of a difficult place1 whether of uncertain footing or dense undergrowth4 ,,taking ,,cold4 ,this vague household word indicates one or more of a long varied train of unpleasant affections nearly always traceable to one or the other of only two causes1--sudden change of temperature1 and unequal distribution of temperature4 ,no extremes of heat or cold can alone affect this result3 persons frozen to death do not take cold during the process4 ,but if a part of the body be rapidly cooled1 as by evaporation from a wet article of clothing1 or by sitting in a draught of air1 the rest of the body remaining at an ordinary temperature2 or if the temperature of the whole be suddenly changed by going out into the cold1 or especially by coming into a warm room1--there is much liability of trouble4 ,there is an old saying1-- ,when the air comes through a hole1 ,say your prayers to save your soul4 ,and ,i should think almost any one could get a cold with a spoonful of water on the wrist held to a key-hole4 ,singular as it may seem1 sudden warming when cold is more dangerous than the reverse3 every one has noticed how soon the handkerchief is required on entering a heated room on a cold day4 ,frost-bite is an extreme illustration of this4 ,as the ,irishman said on picking himself up1 it was not the fall1 but stopping so quickly1 that hurt him3 it is not the lowering of the temperature to freezing point1 but its subsequent elevation1 that devitalizes the tissue4 ,this is why rubbing with snow1 or bathing in cold water1 is required to restore safely a frozen part3 the arrested circulation must be very gradually re-established1 or inflammation1 perhaps mortification1 ensues4 ,general precautions against taking cold are almost self-evident in this light4 ,there is ordinarily little if any danger to be apprehended from wet clothes1 so long as exercise is kept up2 for the glow about compensates for the extra cooling by evaporation4 ,nor is a complete drenching more likely to be injurious than wetting of one part4 ,but never sit still wet1 and in changing rub the body dry4 ,there is a general tendency1 springing from fatigue1 indolence1 or indifference1 to neglect damp feet1--that is to say1 to dry them by the fire2 but this process is tedious and uncertain4 ,i would say especially1 ,off with muddy boots and sodden socks at once3 dry stockings and slippers after a hunt may make just the difference of your being able to go out again1 or never4 ,take care never to check perspiration3 during this process the body is in a somewhat critical condition1 and the sudden arrest of the function may result disastrously1 even fatally4 ,one part of the business of perspiration is to equalize bodily temperature1 and it must not be interfered with4 ,the secret of much that is said about bathing when heated lies here4 ,a person overheated1 panting it may be1 with throbbing temples and a dry skin1 is in danger partly because the natural cooling by evaporation from the skin is denied2 and this condition is sometimes not far from a sunstroke4 ,under these circumstances1 a person of fairly good constitution may plunge into the water with impunity1 even with benefit4 ,but1 if the body be already cooling by sweating1 rapid abstraction of heat from the surface may cause internal congestion1 never unattended with danger4 ,drinking ice-water offers a somewhat parallel case2 even on stopping to drink at the brook1 when flushed with heat1 it is well to bathe the face and hands first1 and to taste the water before a full draught4 ,it is a well-known excellent rule1 not to bathe immediately after a full meal2 because during digestion the organs concerned are comparatively engorged and any sudden disturbance of the circulation may be disastrous4 ,the imperative necessity of resisting drowsiness under extreme cold requires no comment4 ,in walking under a hot sun1 the head may be sensibly protected by green leaves or grass in the hat2 they may be advantageously moistened1 but not enough to drip about the ears4 ,under such circumstances the slightest giddiness1 dimness of sight1 or confusion of ideas1 should be taken as a warning of possible sunstroke1 instantly demanding rest1 and shelter if practicable4 ,,hunger ,,and ,,fatigue are more closely related than they might seem to be3 one is a sign that the fuel is out1 and the other asks for it4 ,extreme fatigue1 indeed1 destroys appetite3 this simply means temporary incapacity for digestion4 ,but1 even far short of this1 food is more easily digested and better relished after a little preparation of the furnace4 ,on coming home tired it is much better to make a leisurely and reasonably nice toilet1 than to eat at once1 or to lie still thinking how tired you are2 after a change and a wash you feel like a new man1 and go to the table in capital state4 ,whatever dietetic irregularities a high state of civilization may demand or render practicable1 a normally healthy person is inconvenienced almost as soon as his regular mealtime passes without food2 and few can work comfortably or profitably fasting over six or eight hours4 ,eat before starting2 if for a day's tramp1 take a lunch2 the most frugal meal will appease if it do not satisfy hunger1 and so postpone its urgency4 ,as a small scrap of practical wisdom1 ,i would add1 ,keep the remnants of the lunch if there be any2 for you cannot always be sure of getting in to supper4 ,,stimulation4 ,when cold1 fatigued1 depressed in mind1 and on other occasions1 you may feel inclined to resort to artificial stimulus4 ,respecting this many-sided theme ,i have a few words to offer--of direct bearing on the collector's case4 ,it should be clearly understood1 in the first place1 that a stimulant confers no strength whatever3 it simply calls the powers that be into increased action1 at their own expense4 ,seeking real strength in stimulus is as wise as an attempt to lift yourself up by your boot-straps4 ,you may gather yourself to leap the ditch1 and you clear it2 but no such muscular energy can be sustained3 exhaustion speedily renders further expenditure impossible4 ,but now suppose a very powerful mental impression be made1 say the circumstance of a succession of ditches in front1 and a mad dog behind3 if the stimulus of terror be sufficiently strong1 you may leap on till you drop senseless4 ,alcoholic stimulus is a parallel case1 and is not seldom pushed to the same extreme4 ,under its influence you never can tell when you are tired2 the expenditure goes on1 indeed1 with unnatural rapidity1 only it is not felt at the time2 but the upshot is1 you have all the original fatigue to endure and to recover from1 plus the fatigue resulting from over-excitation of the system4 ,taken as a fortification against cold1 alcohol is as unsatisfactory as a remedy for fatigue4 ,insensibility to cold does not imply protection4 ,the fact is1 the exposure is greater than before2 the circulation and respiration being hurried1 the waste is greater2 and1 as sound fuel cannot be immediately supplied1 the temperature of the body is soon lowered4 ,the transient warmth and glow over the system has both cold and depression to endure4 ,there is no use in borrowing from yourself1 and fancying you are richer4 ,secondly1 the value of any stimulus 7except in a few exigencies of disease or injury7 is in proportion1 not to the intensity1 but to the equableness and durability1 of its effect4 ,this is one reason why tea1 coffee1 and articles of corresponding qualities1 are preferable to alcoholic drinks3 they work so smoothly that their effect is often unnoticed1 and they stay by well4 ,the friction of alcohol is tremendous in comparison4 ,a glass of grog may help a veteran over the fence2 but no one1 young or old1 can shoot all day on whiskey4 ,i have had so much experience in the use of tobacco as a mild stimulant1 that ,i am probably no impartial judge of its merits4 ,i will simply say1 ,i do not use it in the field1 because it indisposes to muscular activity1 and favors reflection when observation is required2 and because temporary abstinence provokes the morbid appetite1 and renders the weed more grateful afterwards4 ,thirdly1 undue excitation of any physical function is followed by a corresponding depression1 on the simple principle that action and reaction are equal2 and the balance of health turns too easily to be wilfully disturbed4 ,stimulation is a draft upon vital capital1 when interest alone should suffice3 it may be needed at times to bridge a chasm2 but habitual living beyond vital income infallibly entails bankruptcy in health4 ,the use of alcohol in health seems practically restricted to purposes of sensuous gratification on the part of those prepared to pay a round price for this luxury4 ,the three golden rules here are1--,never drink before breakfast2 never drink alone2 and never drink bad liquor4 ,their observance may make even the abuse of alcohol tolerable4 ,serious objections1 for a naturalist at least1 are that science1 viewed through a glass1 seems distant and uncertain1 while the joys of rum are immediate and unquestionable2 and that intemperance1 being an attempt to defy certain physical laws1 is therefore eminently unscientific4 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides the above good advice by ,dr4 ,coues1 the following may prove useful to the camper3-- ,diarrhoea may result from overwork and gluttony combined1 and from eating indigestible or uncooked food1 and from imperfect protection of the stomach4 ,remove the cause1 and the effect will cease4 ,a flannel bandage six to twelve inches wide1 worn around the stomach1 is good as a preventive and cure4 ,the same causes may produce cholera morbus2 symptoms1 violent vomiting and purging1 faintness1 and spasms in the arms and limbs4 ,unless accompanied with cramp 7which is not usual71 nature will work its own cure4 ,give warm drinks if you have them4 ,do not get frightened1 but keep the patient warm1 and well protected from a draught of air4 ,the liability to costiveness1 and the remedies therefor1 are noted on p4 #ee of this book4 ,a very rare occurrence1 but a constant dread with some people1 is an insect crawling into the ear4 ,if you have oil1 spirits of turpentine1 or alcoholic liquor at hand1 fill the ear at once4 ,if you have not these1 use coffee1 tea1 warm water 7not too hot71 or almost any liquid which is not hurtful to the skin4 ,,marshall ,,hall',s ,,ready ,,method ,,in ,,suffocation1 ,,drowning1 ,,etc4 #ast1 ,treat the patient instantly on the spot1 in the open air1 freely exposing the face1 neck1 and chest to the breeze1 except in severe weather4 #b;d1 ,in order to clear the throat1 place the patient gently on the face1 with one wrist under the forehead1 that all fluid1 and the tongue itself1 may fall forward1 and leave the entrance into the windpipe free4 #c;d1 ,to excite respiration1 turn the patient slightly on his side1 and apply some irritating or stimulating agent to the nostrils1 as veratrine1 dilute ammonia1 c4 #dth1 ,make the face warm by brisk friction2 then dash cold water upon it4 #eth1 ,if not successful1 lose no time2 but1 to imitate respiration1 place the patient on his face1 and turn the body gently but completely on the side and a little beyond1 then again on the face1 and so on alternately4 ,repeat these movements deliberately and perseveringly1 fifteen times only in a minute4 7,when the patient lies on the thorax1 this cavity is compressed by the weight of the body1 and expiration takes place4 ,when he is turned on the side1 this pressure is removed1 and inspiration occurs47 #fth1 ,when the prone position is resumed1 make a uniform and efficient pressure along the spine1 removing the pressure immediately1 before rotation on the side4 7,the pressure augments the expiration1 the rotation commences inspiration47 ,continue these measures4 #gth1 ,rub the limbs upward1 with firm pressure and with energy4 7,the object being to aid the return of venous blood to the heart47 #hth1 ,substitute for the patient's wet clothing1 if possible1 such other covering as can be instantly procured1 each bystander supplying a coat or cloak1 c4 ,meantime1 and from time to time1 to excite inspiration1 let the surface of the body be slapped briskly with the hand4 #ith1 ,rub the body briskly till it is dry and warm1 then dash cold water upon it1 and repeat the rubbing4 ,avoid the immediate removal of the patient1 as it involves a dangerous loss of time2 also the use of bellows or any forcing instrument2 also the warm bath and all rough treatment4 ,,poisons4 ,in all cases of poisoning1 the first step is to evacuate the stomach4 ,this should be effected by an emetic which is quickly obtained1 and most powerful and speedy in its operation4 ,such are1 powdered mustard 7a large tablespoonful in a tumblerful of warm water71 powdered alum 7in half-ounce doses71 sulphate of zinc 7ten to thirty grains71 tartar emetic 7one to two grains7 combined with powdered ipecacuanha 7twenty grains71 and sulphate of copper 7two to five grains74 ,when vomiting has already taken place1 copious draughts of warm water or warm mucilaginous drinks should be given1 to keep up the effect till the poisoning substance has been thoroughly evacuated4 ,,parting ,,advice4 ,be independent1 but not impudent4 ,see all you can1 and make the most of your time2 time is money2 and1 when you grow older1 you may find it even more difficult to command time than money4 ,illustration ,,index4 ,accidents1 boy run over1 #cd4 how to avoid1 #aag4 ,advice to parents1 #aje4 ,afoot1 ways to travel1 #i-bd4 ,alcoholic stimulants1 #ee1 #abc4 ,ammoniated opodeldoc for bites1 #ii4 ,appetite1 none first days1 #ee4 on return home1 #aje4 ,a-tents1 #ge-gi1 #ie4 too small for ladies1 #ie4 ,babies in camp1 #id4 ,baggage3-- ,barrel1 #cb4 ,blanket1 #af-ai4 ,candles and lamps1 #fa4 ,clothing1 #ce-ch4 ,cooking utensils1 #db-df4 ,cover for wagon1 #be4 ,food1 #bj1 #dg-di4 ,haversack1 #ah4 ,knapsack1 #af4 ,ladies' outfits1 #id4 ,mattress1 #fc4 ,overcoat1 #ai1 #eh4 ,overloading1 #ae1 #ij4 ,packing a wagon1 #bf1 #cb4 ,poles1 #fj1 #gc4 ,pork1 how carried1 #dh4 ,shirts1 #ai4 ,stove1 #ci-da4 ,tents1 #gb-hj4 ,tub1 #ia4 ,wagon1 #ca-cc4 ,baked beans1 beef1 and fish1 #df4 ,baker1 ,yankee1 #dc4 ,barrel1 on march for baggage1 #cb4 sunk for cellar1 #dh4 cut in two for tubs1 #ia4 ,bathing1 #eb1 #ec1 #fd1 #abj4 ,beans and pork1 how baked1 #df4 ,beckets for tents1 #gi1 #ha4 ,beds1 #fb-fd4 ,black flies1 protection from1 #ih4 ,blanket1 woollen1 #ai1 #bb1 #be1 #id4 instead of knapsack1 #af4 lining1 #ai4 rubber1 #af1 #bb1 #ge4 ,board floor for tent1 #fj4 ,boat1 don't sail experimentally1 #aah4 ,boating1 general advice1 #ij4 ,bobbinet lace mosquito-bar1 #ii4 ,boots and brogans1 #cf1 #cg4 ,brush or bush houses1 #fi1 #if4 ,bug in ear1 #abf4 ,bumpers for wagon-springs1 #ca4 ,butter1 how to keep1 #dg4 ,camp1 #fj-ga4 ,beds1 #fb-fd4 ,brush-houses1 #fi1 #if4 ,candles and sluts1 #fb4 ,care of food1 #dg-di4 ,cellar1 #dh4 ,children1 #id4 ,clothes-line1 #fa1 #fd4 ,cold weather1 #ff4 ,cooking1 #dd1 #dg4 ,etiquette1 #if4 ,expenses1 #hc1 #aja4 ,fire1 #df1 #ff-fi4 ,flies and mosquitoes1 #ih4 ,hammock1 #fd4 ,hitching-post1 #fd1 #if4 ,independence1 #ab1 #ig4 ,ladies1 #da1 #ic-ie4 ,lamp and lantern1 #fa4 ,mattress1 #fc4 ,mosquito-bar1 #ih4 ,outfit1 #aj-ac1 #bj-bb4 ,shelters1 #fi-ga1 #if4 ,sleeping1 #ee1 #fb4 ,stoves1 #ci-dc4 ,tents1 #gb-hi4 ,camp-stoves1 #ci-dc4 ,candles and candlesticks1 #fa4 ,captain for large party1 #be-cd4 ,care of food1 #dg-di4 ,cart1 pulling a1 #aae4 ,catching fish in nets1 #aja4 ,cattle-paths the safest1 #aah4 ,cellar1 sunk barrel1 #dh4 ,chafing the skin1 #af1 #eb-ed4 ,cheap living1 #ajb4 ,children in camp1 #id4 ,chimneys1 #fg1 #fh4 ,cholera morbus1 #abf4 ,cloth for tent1 #hb4 how to preserve1 #hc4 ,clothes-line in tent1 #fa4 on camp-ground1 #fd4 ,clothing1 #ce-ch4 made early1 #aj4 for mountain climbing1 #eh4 at night1 #ai1 #fd4 ,climbing mountains1 #ad1 #eg4 with safety1 #aag4 ,coffee better than alcohol1 #ee1 #abd4 pot1 #da1 #de4 ,cold weather1 what to do in1 #ff4 taking cold1 #aah4 ,collars to shirts1 #ce4 ,compass points not known1 #ia4 ,cooking1 #dd-dg4 utensils1 #bj1 #db-df4 stoves1 #ci-da4 ,costiveness1 #ee4 ,cover for wagon1 #be4 ,cunners1 how skinned1 #ajj4 how caught in net1 #aja4 ,daily tour of duty1 #bf-bi4 ,diary1 how to keep1 #ajg-aab4 ,diarrhoea1 #abf4 ,dishes1 #aa4 to be brought on table1 #ig4 ,dish-cloths1 #di4 ,drawers1 #cf4 ,drawing sketches advised1 #aji4 ,drinking water1 #ea1 #aba4 coffee and tea1 #ee1 #abd4 oatmeal1 #eb4 liquors1 #ee1 #abc4 ,driving a wagon1 #cb1 #cd4 a stake into ground1 #if4 ,drowning1 to revive from1 #abf-abh4 ,dutch oven1 #db4 ,eat sparingly on return home1 #aje4 before walking1 #aac4 ,etiquette of camp1 #if4 ,exercise not good after meals1 #ej4 ,expenses1 #aj1 #ae1 #bc1 #bf1 #hc4 of trips to ,white ,mts41 #cd4 of a supposed trip1 #aja-aje4 ,farmers1 how to treat1 #ef4 ,fatigue1 #ed1 #ef1 #abb4 ,fiddles of a tent1 #hb4 ,fighting cut to hair1 #aa4 ,fire1 danger from1 #fh-gj4 kind of to cook upon1 #df4 for cold weather1 #ff1 #fi4 ,first day's march1 #ea1 #eb1 #ee4 ,fish1 how preserved1 #dh4 how to skin1 #ajj4 how to catch in nets1 #aja4 ,fishermen's treatment of cloth1 #hd4 ,flies and mosquitoes1 #ih4 short hair no protection1 #ab4 mosquito-bars1 #ii4 ,fly for tent1 #hb4 ,floor for tent1 #fj4 ,food1 #bj4 care of1 #dg-di4 expense of1 #ajb4 ,foot-soreness1 #eb-ed4 7see shoes71 #cf4 ,frying1 #dd-df4 ,frying-pan1 tin plate1 or canteen1 #dd4 bring it on the table1 #ig4 ,getting ready1 #i-ac4 ,glycerine for sunburn1 c41 #ec4 ,guy-lines of tent1 #ha4 ,hair1 how cut1 #aa4 ,hammock1 #fd4 ,hand-barrow1 #fj4 ,harness1 #cj1 #cb4 ,hatchet1 #bj4 ,haversack1 how made1 #ah4 ,hip-pantaloons1 #cg4 ,hitching-post1 #fd1 #if4 ,horse and wagon for baggage1 #be-cd4 ,horseback tour1 #ij4 ,hotels to be avoided1 #ef1 #aje4 ,how to do it1 #aac-aaf4 ,hunger1 none first day1 #ee4 and fatigue1 #abb4 ,hunter's camp1 #fi4 ,hygienic notes1 #aag-abi4 ,independence in camp1 #ab1 #ig4 in modes of travel1 #aae4 ,insect in ear1 #abf4 ,knapsack1 #aa1 #af4 the roll a substitute1 #af-ag4 ,ladies need a stove1 #da4 climbing mountains1 #eh4 as pedestrians1 #ic4 outfits for1 #id1 #ie4 and children in camp1 #id4 ,lamp and lantern1 #fa4 ,leggings for foot-travellers1 #ed4 ,lime-water on tent-cloth1 #hd4 ,liquors not needed1 #ee1 #abc4 ,lobsters caught in net1 #aja4 ,lost1 whereabouts1 and direction1 #ia4 ,lumbermen's way to carry pork1 #dh4 ,lumbermen's way to cook beans1 #df4 ,map1 study 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risk1 #ba4 ,stays to tent1 #hd4 ,stencil-plate of postal card1 #aa4 ,stimulation1 nature and effects1 #abc4 ,stockings1 best kind on march1 #cg4 pantaloons tucked into1 #ed4 take off when wet1 #abj4 ,stoves1 c41 #aa1 #ci-dc4 portable1 #ci-da4 inside tent when cold1 #ff4 top1 #db4 ,summer-houses1 screens1 c41 #if4 ,sunburn1 #ec4 ,sunstroke1 #aba4 ,suspenders1 #ch4 ,supplies for camping enumerated1 #ac4 ,swimming1 #aah4 ,table manners in camp1 #if4 ,taking cold1 #aah4 ,tanning tent-cloth1 #hd4 ,tea better than alcohol1 #ee1 #abd4 ,tents1 #gb-hi4 best kind to use1 #ai1 #hh4 made in wagon1 #be4 how to make shelter1 #gb4 how to make ,a1 #ge4 how to make wall1 #hj4 how to pitch wall1 #he4 cloth for1 #hb4 cloth1 how preserved1 #hc1 #hi4 fly1 #hb4 ,tent-poles1 whether to carry1 #bj4 how made1 #gc1 #gi1 #hf4 hand-barrow1 #fj4 ,tent-pins1 #bj1 #hg4 ,thirst1 #ea1 #eb1 #aba4 ,tobacco1 when to use1 #abd4 ,tools1 #be4 ,training before journey1 #ab1 #ajb4 ,travelling acquaintances1 #ig4 ,travelling afoot1 #ab1 #ad-cd4 horseback1 #ij4 boating1 #ij1 #aah4 expenses1 #ae1 #bc1 #bf1 #cd1 #ajb4 how fast1 #bc1 #ej1 #ajb1 #aad4 with hand-cart1 #aae4 ,trench for offal1 #fe4 around tent1 #hd4 for fireplace1 #fg4 ,trousers1 #cg-ch4 ,tub in boat1 #ia4 ,ventilation1 #fd4 ,wagon1 general advice1 #be1 #ca-cc4 made into tent1 #be4 man to walk behind1 #cd4 ,walking1 #ej-ei4 how fast1 #bc1 #ej1 #ajb1 #aad4 at noon1 #aad4 parties in ,white ,mts41 #cd4 one hundred miles1 #ajb4 eat before1 #aac4 ,wall-tent1 how made1 c41 #hj4 to pitch quickly1 #he4 ,warm1 how to keep1 #ff-gj4 ,water for drinking1 #ea4 how to carry in pails1 #fh4 none on mountains1 #eh4 ,weekly supply for two men1 #ajb4 ,weight of outfit1 #ae1 #ba-bc4 ,wet and taking cold1 #abj4 clothes1 weight1 #bb4 ,whims of soldiers1 #ba4 ,woodman's camp1 #fi4 ,woollen blanket1 #ai1 #bc4 shirt1 #ai4 ,yankee baker1 #dc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,punctuation normalized4 ,hyphenation changed to conform to majority of text4 ,capitalization corrected4 ,page #ac1 usuually changed to usually 7tooth that usually7 ,page #ij1 gripe changed to grip 7hold its grip so7 ,page #aba1 comparativey changed to comparatively 7comparatively engorged7 ,page #aca1 opoldeldoc changed to opodeldoc to conform to rest of text 7ammoniate opodeldoc7 ,page #acb1 added word how to conform to rest of text 7how to catch in nets7