,j4 ,,cree ,,fis*] ,,piano ,,tun+ ,a ,,simple ,,& ,,accurate ,,me?od ,,= ,,amateurs ,,dov] ,,publications1 ,,inc4 ,,new ,,york ,copyright #aijg by ,!o4 ,press]4 ,all rights res]v$ "u ,pan ,am]ican & ,int]national ,copyright ,conv5tions4 ,publi%$ 9 ,canada by ,g5]al ,publi%+ ,company1 ,ltd41 #cj ,lesmill ,road1 ,don ,mills1 ,toronto1 ,ont>io4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom by ,con/able & ,company1 ,ltd41 #aj ,orange ,/reet1 ,london ,,wc #b4 ,?is ,dov] edition1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aige1 is a republication ( ! "w orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #aijg4 ,! foll[+ sections h be5 omitt$ f ! pres5t edition because !y 7 out-(-date3 ,practical ,application ( ,piano ,tun+ z a ,pr(ession1 ,bus9ess ,h9ts1 ,ideas 9 ,adv]tis+1 & ,*>ges = ,s]vices4 ,?is edition is repr9t$ by special arrangem5t ) ,!odore ,press] ,company1 ,press] ,place1 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,p5nsylvania1 publi%] ( ! orig9al edition4 ,int]national ,/&>d ,book ,numb]3 #j-dhf-bcbfg-j ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #ge-adgei ,manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,dov] ,publications1 ,inc4 #ahj ,v>ick ,/reet ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 #ajjad ,,preface4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ a lack ( compet5t m5 9 ! pr(ession ( ,piano ,tun+ has be5 g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = z foll[s3 ,! imm5se popul>ity ( ! piano & ! assidu\s ef=ts ( factories & salesm5 h l$ to ! result t ne>ly e well-to-d h\sehold is furni%$ ) an in/rum5t4 ,to supply ?is dem& ! annual production & sale = ! ye> #aijf is e/imat$ at ?ree hundr$ ?\s& pianos 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! pianos mu/ be tun$ _m times 9 ! factory be=e !y are %ipp$ to ! salesroom2 !re !y mu/ be kept 9 tune until sold4 ,:51 f9ally1 !y take up _! p]man5t abode 9 ! homes ( ! pur*as]s1 !y %\ld be giv5 ! att5tion ( ! tun] at lea/ twice a ye>4 ,?is means "w = ! tun]4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,presum+ t ! av]age life ( ! piano is ab\t fifty ye>s1 x is evid5t t !re exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry an accumulation ( in/rum5ts v>i\sly e/imat$ at f f\r to five millions4 ,?is means m "w = tun]s4 ,:ile production & accumulation h be5 increas+1 !re has be5 little1 if any1 ef=t made to provide tun]s to look aft] ! ne$s ( ?is ev]-increas+ numb] ( in/rum5ts1 no provision = ! ?or\gh in/ruction ( ! le>n] ( ,piano ,tun+1 outside ! walls ( ! factories1 & ( ! few musical colleges :]e ! art is taught4 ,d\btless !re are _m p]sons :o are by nature well adapt$ to ?is agreeable & pr(itable occupation--p]sons :o w\ld make e>ne/ ef=t to acquire ! necess>y skill & its hone/ application if !y _h a favorable opportunity4 ,musical colleges 9 :i* tun+ is taught are few & f> betwe52 piano factories are built = ! purpose ( produc+ pianos & n tun]s1 = me*anics & labor]s & n = tea*]s & pupils2 fur!rmore1 v little f9e tun+ is done 9 ! factory2 r\gh tun+ is ! bulk ( ! "w !re1 & a long appr5tice%ip 9 ! factory1 ) its meag] advantages1 is r>ely suffici5t to meet ! dem&s ( ! w\ld-be-?or\gh tun]4 ,?is may acc\nt1 9 "p1 = ! fact t _m :o are incompet5t are foll[+ ?is pr(ession1 & t !re is an increas+ dem& = tun]s ( skill4 ,9 view ( ^! facts ! au?or came to ! op9ion t if a c\rse ( in/ruction 7 prep>$ :i* w\ld demon/rate cle>ly ! _m ab/ruse details ( ! art 9 an int]e/+ & compreh5sible way1 x w\ld be appreciat$ by ^? :o are desir\s to le>n4 ,act+ ^u ?is impulse1 he began ! prep>ation ( su* a c\rse4 ,! pres5t book is ! outgr[? ( a c\rse ( in/ruction1 us$ successfully ) pupils f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 conduct$ p>tly by correspond5ce2 p>tly at ! s*ool direct$ by ! au?or4 ,al?\gh x has be5 necess>y to revise ! c\rse some:at = publication 9 ! pres5t =m1 no ess5tial matt] has be5 omitt$ & mu* has be5 add$4 ,9 prep>+ ?is c\rse ( /udy ! utmo/ ef=t has be5 made to pres5t ! v>i\s topics 9 ! cle>e/1 mo/ compreh5sive mann]1 lit]>y excell5ce be+ a second>y consid]ation4 ,:ile ! book is design$ = self-in/ruction1 ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! text1 & ! review que/ions ) ea* lesson1 sugge/ its use z a text-book = s*ools & colleges :i* give p]sonal tra9+ 9 ! c>e ( ! piano4 ,to ! tal5t$ individual ( ei!r sex :o is ambiti\s to acquire a dignifi$ & pr(itable pr(ession1 to ! sci5tifically-incl9$ musician :o is eag] to le>n ! fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ all musical h>mony1 & f9ally to ! non-pr(essional :o loves to read because ( a fondness = sci5ce1 ! book is submitt$2 if x %\ld prove a boon to ! =m]1 a b5efit to ! second1 or a pleasure to ! latt]1 ,i %all feel rew>d$ = ! "w ( its prep>ation4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,cont5ts4 page ,,lesson ,i4 #g ,introduction4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 #aa ,g5]al con/ruction ( ! piano & some?+ ( its evolution & hi/ory1 ,,lesson ,,iii4 #bj ,te*nical ,names & ,uses ( ! ,p>ts ( ! ,upright ,action1 ,,lesson ,,iv4 #cb ,action ( ! ,squ>e ,piano4 ,action ( ! ,gr& ,piano4 ,in/ructions = ,remov+ ! ,squ>e & ,gr& ,piano ,actions1 ,,lesson ,v4 #dc ,regulat+ & ,repair+4 ,faults 9 ,pianos aside f ! ,action & _! ,rem$ies4 ,regulat+ & ,repair+ ! ,upright ,action1 ,,lesson ,,vi4 #ef ,regulat+ & ,repair+ ! ,squ>e ,action4 ,miscellane\s ,repairs1 ,,lesson ,,vii4 #ff ,! ,/udy & ,practice ( ,piano ,tun+1 ,,lesson ,,viii4 #gb ,! ,temp]am5t4 ,beats1 ,waves1 ,pulsations4 ,! ,new ,sy/em ( ,temp]am5t4 ,! ,octave4 ,! ,fif?4 ,pit*4 ,diagram ( ! ,fis*] ,sy/em ( ,temp]am5t1 ,,lesson ,,ix4 #he ,specific ,in/ructions 9 ,sett+ ,temp]am5t4 ,! ,cont9u\s ,mute1 ,,lesson ,x4 #ig ,!ory ( ! ,temp]am5t4 ,equal ,temp]am5t4 ,unequal ,temp]am5t1 ,,lesson ,,xi4 #aji ,te*nique or ,modus ,op]&i 9 ,piano ,tun+4 ,manipulation ( ! ,tun+ ,hamm]4 ,sett+ ! ,mutes or ,w$ges 9 ! ,upright ,piano4 ,sett+ ! ,mutes or ,w$ges 9 ! ,squ>e ,piano1 ,,lesson ,,xii4 #abf ,ma!matics ( ! ,temp]$ ,scale4 ,rationale ( ! ,temp]am5t4 ,proposition ,i1 ,,lesson ,,xiii4 #aci ,rationale ( ! ,temp]am5t1 ,conclud$4 ,proposition ,,ii4 ,proposition ,,iii4 ,num]ical ,comp>ison ( ! ,diatonic ) ! ,temp]$ ,scale4 ,v>i\s ,ma!matical ,tables & ,examples1 ,,lesson ,,xiv4 #aej ,miscellane\s ,topics ,p]ta9+ to ! ,practical ,"w ( ,tun+4 ,cause ( ! ,beats4 ,f9i%+ up ! ,temp]am5t4 ,tun+ ! ,treble4 ,tun+ ! ,bass4 ,false ,waves1 ,,lesson ,,xv4 #afc ,miscellane\s ,items ,p]ta9+ to ! ,practical ,"w ( ,tun+1 ,regulat+1 & ,repair+4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,diff]5t ,sy/ems ( ,temp]am5t4 ,sy/em ,a4 ,sy/em ,b4 ,sy/em ,c4 ,f9al ,inspection4 ,loose ,p9s4 ,split ,bridges4 ,/r++4 ,wire ,splic+1 ,,lesson ,,xvi4 #agh ,tun+ & ,repair+ ! ,re$ ,organ4 ,clean+4 ,/ops4 ,exam9ation4 ,/ick+ ,keys4 ,leaks4 ,p$al ,defects4 ,sympa!tic ,vibrations4 ,tun+1 ,,lesson ,,xvii4 #aic ,conclud+ ,pr(essional ,h9ts4 ,peculi> ,expressions ,us$ 9 ,designat+ ,qualities ( ,tone4 ,que/ions (t5 ,ask$ ! ,piano ,tun]4 ,seasons = ,tun+1 ,,index1 #aii ,,lesson ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,und\bt$ly e human be+ is fitt$ = "s sph]e ( usefulness--"s indu/ry by :i* he c b5efit mank9d & support himself 9 com=t4 ,j :at we are fitt$ = mu/1 almo/ inv>iably1 be decid$ by ourselves2 & ! soon] ! bett]1 else we may plod among ! ?\s&s ^: lives are mis]able failures = ! reason t !y h miss$ _! call+4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ,piano ,tun+ z a pr(ession1 "o %\ld fir/ det]m9e if he possesses ! necess>y qualifications1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are a musical e> & "s degree ( me*anical ability4 ,hav+ ^!1 all else may be acquir$ by /udy4 ,x is n necess>y to possess a musical education or to be a musician2 al?\gh a k ( music w be f\nd a great aid4 ,/ill1 an elem5t>y k ( ! pr9ciples ( music is a necessity to ! /ud5t ( ?is c\rse1 z x has be5 f\nd impossible to avoid ! use ( a few te*nical t]ms4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 !y are set =? 9 su* a way t !y w be readily appreh5d$ by anyone :o has ev5 a slight k ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( music4 ,9 tea*+ ,piano ,tun+1 x is ! cu/om ( ! ,c5tral ,s*ool ( ,piano ,tun+1 = :i* ^! lessons 7 orig9ally prep>$1 to h all /ud5ts prep>e two lessons 9 h>mony z a te/ ( _! acqua9tance ) ! int]vals & *ords us$ 9 tun+4 ,! lessons are n difficult1 & !y embody only ^? pr9ciples :i* are ess5tial to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! key-bo>d3 ! int]vals ( ! diatonic scale & ! major common *ord 9 ! twelve diff]5t keys1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,a1 ,b1 ,b-flat1 ,d-flat1 ,e-flat1 ,g-flat1 & ,a-flat4 ,9 connection ) ! h>mony lessons1 we use z a text-book ,cl>ke's ,h>mony1,a & ! /ud5t is requir$ to ma/] ! fir/ two *apt]s & prep>e manuscripts ^u ea* ( ! lessons4 ,bel[ is a numb] ( ! mo/ important que/ions select$ f ^? lessons ^u :i* manuscripts h be5 writt53 #a4 ,e :ite key on ! piano repres5ts an absolute pit*4 ,by :at names are ^! pit*es kn[n8 ,h[ are ! black keys nam$8 #b4 ,h[ _m tones con/itute ! diatonic scale8 ,give num]ical names4 #c4 ,int]vals are measur$ by /eps & half-/eps4 ,h[ _m /eps f #a to #c 9 ! diatonic scale8 #a to #d8 #a to #e8 #c to #e8 #e to #h8 #a to #h8 #d4 ,:y is !re no black key betwe5 ,e & ,f1 & betwe5 ,b & ,c8 #e4 ,f #a to #c is call$ an int]val ( a ?ird2 f #c to #e1 also a ?ird2 f #a to #e1 a fif?3 !y are s call$ because !y include1 respectively1 ?ree & five memb]s ( ! diatonic scale4 ,:at is ! int]val #c to #f8 #b to #e8 #e to #h8 #b to #f8 #a to #h8 #f4 ,?irds are ( two k9ds3 major 7l>g]7 ?irds embrace two :ole-/eps2 m9or 7small]7 ?irds embrace a /ep & a half4 ,:at k9d ( a ?ird is #a-c 9 ! diatonic scale8 #b-d8 #c-e8 #f-h8 #g4 ,:at d we mean by ! t]m1 ,fundam5tal ( a *ord8 ,:at is add$ to x to complete ! common *ord8 #h4 ,:at absolute pit*es comprise ! common *ord ( ,c8 ,:at k9d ( int]val betwe5 ! fir/ two memb]s8 ,:at betwe5 ! fir/ & la/8 ,:at betwe5 ! second & la/8 #i4 ,:at tones w\ld y use if told to /rike ! common *ord ( ,c 9 f\r-"p1 close h>mony1 us+ ! fundam5tal = ! highe/ tone8 #aj4 ,h[ _m keys 7:ite & black7 are !re betwe5 ! fundam5tal & ! ?ird8 ,h[ _m betwe5 ! ?ird & ! fif?8 ,h[ _m betwe5 ! fundam5tal & ! fif? :5 ! fif? is play$ above ! fundam5tal8 #aa4 ,h[ _m keys 7:ite & black7 are !re betwe5 two keys compris+ a p]fect f\r?8 #ab4 7,mo/ important ( all47 ,:at keys ( ! piano keybo>d comprise ! common *ord f\nd$ ^u ,g z ! fundam5tal8 ,^u ,f8 ,^u ,f8 ,^u ,g8 ,^u ,b8 ,^u ,d8 ,^u ,e8 ,^u ,d8 ,^u ,e8 ,^u ,a8 ,^u ,b8 ,if "o is able to answ] ^! que/ions correctly he is qualifi$ to beg9 ! /udy ( ,piano ,tun+4 ,a ,publi%$ by ,!odore ,press]1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,piano2 ,,some?+ ,,( ,,its ,,evolution ,,& ,,hi/ory4 ,! piano ( today is1 unque/ionably1 ! mo/ p]fect1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ popul> & belov$ ( all musical in/rum5ts4 ,t en*ant+ ,que5 ( ! home1 ,^: place 9 ! he>ts ( ! family ,is z de> z ?\gh x c\ld speak ,9 words ( joy & sorr[1 ,sadness or consolation2 ,soo?+1 animat+1 enraptur+1 ,*>m+ away ! s\l ,f its worldly weight ( c>es1 ,& waft+ x s(tly ,into ! realm ( cele/ial dreams4 ,! untir+ ef=ts ( g5ius = ov] a c5tury h succe$$ 9 produc+ a musical in/rum5t t falls little %ort ( p]fection4 ,yet o!r inv5tions & improvem5ts are sure to come1 = we are nev] cont5t ) good en\gh4 ,! /ud5t ( ^! lessons may1 9 8 practice1 discov] defective me*anical action & by 8 +5uity be able to improve x2 he may likewise see :]e an improvem5t c be made 9 ac\/ic con/ruction2 :]e a bett] scale c be drawn2 or :]e diff]5t & p]haps new mat]ials may be us$ = ! compon5t p>ts ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! possibilities are num]\s along ^! l9es1 & 9 addition to be/[+ a favor ^u ! g5]al public1 ! man :o has ! orig9ality to produce some?+ new1 places himself beyond want4 ,! inevitable inf]5ce is t ! piano is an evolution ( ! h>p pr9ciple4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 kn[n c5turies previ\s to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,f ! be/ hi/ory obta9able1 we le>n t ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! fir/ ef=t 0 made to int]pose a me*anical contrivance betwe5 ! p]=m] & ! /r+s :]eby x w\ld only be necess>y to /rike ! keys to produce tone f ! /r+s1 !reby decreas+ ! difficulty 9 f9d+ ! /r+s & pick+ !m ) ! f+]s1 & greatly increas+ ! possibilities 9 musical r5dition4 ,hi/ory gives cr$it to ,italy = ! fir/ productions ( ?is k9d1 ab\t #afjj ,a4,d41 :5 ! faculty ( music 0 beg9n+ to manife/ itself m boldly4 ,sci5ti/s saw t wond]ful developm5ts 7 possible1 & we h reason to believe t exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many & all civiliz$ c\ntries ab\t ?is "t1 = ! production ( ! in/rum5t :i* we call1 9 ?is day1 a ,pian(orte4 7,piano e =te3 s(t & l\d47 ,at ?is "t communication betwe5 ! diff]5t c\ntries 01 ( c\rse1 sl[ & unc]ta91 & exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d 7 probably unkn[n outside ( ! imm$iate neighborhood 9 :i* !y 7 tri$2 !re=e1 mu* valuable & int]e/+ hi/ory has n come to light4 ,h[ev]1 f ! specim5s :i* we h _h ! pleasure ( see+1 & "s ( :i* we h _h ! opportunity to "w on1 we inf] t ab\t ! same l9e ( difficulties pres5t$ !mselves to all ( ^! e>ly exp]im5t]s1 mo/ ( :i* 7 n effici5tly ov]come until 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ! mo/ important ( :i* x fell to ! lot ( ,am]ican inv5tors to ov]come4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly in/rum5ts 7 n ev5 provid$ ) damp]s = /opp+ ! tone :5 ! key 0 releas$2 consequ5tly1 :5 a numb] ( keys 7 /ruck 9 succession1 ! tone cont9u$ f all1 s long z ! /r+s w\ld vibrate4 ,! /r+s & s\nd-bo>d be+ v light1 ! su/a9+ qualities 7 meag] comp>$ to ^? ( ! mod]n piano2 consequ5tly ! damp]s 7 n s mu* miss$ z !y w\ld be if remov$ f a mod]n upright or gr&1 :i* w\ld surely r5d] !m unfit = use4 ,9 ! fir/ attempts at piano build+1 ! difficulties to be ov]come may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 ,! frames 7 n /rong en\gh to resi/ ! t5sion ( ! /r+s2 !y 7 made almo/ entirely ( wood :i* yields to ! pull ( ! /r+s & is subject to climatic *anges2 ! scale 0 v imp]fect1 t is1 ! l5g?1 t5sion & weight ( ! /r+s 7 n prop]ly proportion$1 ! result be+ a diff]5t quality ( tone f diff]5t portions ( ! keybo>d2 ! actions 7 ei!r heavy & imp]fect1 or too light to produce suffici5t vibration2 ! prop] po9t ^u ! /r+s = ! hamm]s to /rike & = ! damp]s to be> _h n yet be5 asc]ta9$2 ! prep>ation & season+ ( ! wood = ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! in/rum5t _h n receiv$ suffici5t att5tion4 ,"o _c conceive h[ difficult x is to produce some?+ t has nev] exi/$1 until he tries4 ,! requirem5ts necess>y to su* results z are obta9able f ! mod]n piano are num]\s & rigid & ! result ( _m co/ly exp]im5ts4 ,probably ! mo/ important ess5tial 9 piano build+ is ! production ( a frame ( su* /r5g? & /ability t ! enorm\s t5sion ( ! /r+s is completely resi/$ 9 all p>ts ( ! scale4 ,9 _m ( ! *eap] pianos ( ?is day1 ! lack ( ?is ess5tial manife/s itself 9 an annoy+ degree to ! piano tun]4 ,9 tun+1 ! workman br+s up 8 temp]am5t 9 ! middle ( ! in/rum5t2 9 mo/ cases ! temp]am5t /&s all "r4 ,he next tunes ! treble1 !n ! bass2 aft] do+ 8 "w p]fectly he w (t5 f9d t ! treble fell some:at :ile he 0 br++ up ! bass2 or1 9 a few cases1 he may f9d t ! treble %>p5$1 ?us %[+ t !re 0 yield+ ( ! frame4 ,( c\rse1 ?is defect might be ov]come by us+ an extremely heavy metal plate & wood5 frame2 b ! comm]cial side ( ! "q1 9 ?is day1 calls = lightness 9 ! in/rum5t z a *eck to ! exp5se ( production1 &1 consequ5tly1 pianos t are made to sell are (t5 mu* too light to fulfil ?is requirem5t4 ,9 ! upright piano1 ! back frame ( wood is fir/ made2 at ! top ( ?is is ! p9-block1 sometimes call$ ! wre/-plank4 ,?is is compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( wood firmly glu$ toge!r ) ! gra9 runn+ 9 diff]5t directions to prev5t splitt+ & w>p+4 ,into ?is plank ! tun+ p9s are driv54 ,! s\nd-bo>d is fitt$ firmly into ?is frame ( wood bel[ ! p9-block4 ,next1 ! /rong metal plate is secur$ to ! frame by l>ge bolts & screws4 ,op5+s are left 9 ! plate = ! bridges1 :i* project f ! s\nd-bo>d beyond ! metal plate2 also = ! tun+ p9s1 action bracket bolts1 etc4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! plate1 & j bel[ ! bridges1,b ! hit*p9s are driv5 firmly into holes drill$ to receive !m4 ,_! purpose is to support ! l[] ends ( ! /r+s4 ,! bass /r+s are sep>ate1 & ea* has a loop ) :i* to fa/5 x to ! hit*p94 ,9 ! treble1 "o piece ( wire =ms two /r+s2 ! two ends are secur$ to ! tun+ p9s above1 & ! /r+ is simply br\ght ar\nd ! hit*p94 ,! bridges communicat+ ) ! s\nd-bo>d are at ! l[] end ( ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,notice1 !re is a portion ( ! l5g? ( ea* /r+ betwe5 ! bridge & ! hit*p94 ,b ,!re are two sections ( ! l[] bridge1 "o = ! treble & "o = ! ov]/rung bass4 ,illu/ration ,at ! upp] end ( ! /r+s1 a be>+-b>1 situat$ betwe5 ! tun+ p9s & upp] bridge1 is atta*$ to ! p9-block by screws :i* draw x inw>d2 its function is to hold ! /r+s firmly 9 position4 ,y w notice t ! l5g?s ( ! /r+s1 above ! be>+-b>1 v>y consid]ably1 ev5 9 ! ?ree /r+s compris+ ! unison4 7,we w speak ( ! effect ( ?is 9 tun+1 f>!r on47 ,aft] t portion ( ! case is complet$ :i* =ms ! key-b$ or action frame1 we are ready to set 9 ! ,,action4 ,by ?is is meant ! keys & all ^? intricate p>ts :i* convey ! motion ( ! key to ! hamm]s :i* /rike ! /r+s1 & ! damp]s :i* mute !m4 ,! requisites ( ! action are z foll[s3 ,! keys mu/ desc5d quickly & easily at ! t\* ( ! p]=m]1 giv+ quick response4 ,! weight ( ! hamm] mu/ be prop]ly proportion$ to ! /r+s x causes to vibrate4 ,! hamm] mu/ reb\nd aft] /rik+ ! /r+4 7,:]e ! hamm] rema9s aga9/ ! /r+1 !reby prev5t+ vibration1 ! t]m block+ is us$ to designate ! fault47 ,! action mu/ be capable ( quick repetition2 t is1 :5 a key is /ruck a numb] ( times 9 quick succession1 x mu/ respond p]fectly e "t4 ,aft] /rik+ & reb\nd+ f ! /r+1 ! hamm] %\ld n fall to its l[e/ position :]e x re/s :5 n 9 use1 z ?is w\ld prev5t quick repetition4 ,= cat*+ ! hamm] at a %ort di/ance f ! /r+1 a felt$ piece ( wood susp5d$ on a wire1 call$ ! back *eck1 rises :5 ! key is depress$1 & returns :5 ! key is releas$1 all[+ ! hamm] to rega9 its re/+ position4 ,a damp]1 = /opp+ ! tone ( ! /r+ :5 a key is releas$1 mu/ leave ! /r+ j be=e ! hamm] /rikes1 & return ! in/ant ! key is releas$4 ,a means mu/ be provid$ = releas+ all ! damp]s f ! /r+s at ! w ( ! p]=m]4 ,! l\d p$al1 z x is call$1 b m prop]ly1 ! damp] p$al1 accompli%es ?is end by rais+ ! damp]s f ! /r+s4 ,9 ! squ>e & ! gr& piano1 ! action is "u ! s\nd-bo>d1 :ile ! /r+s are ov] x2 s ! hamm]s are made to /rike ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,9 ! upright1 ! /r+s are betwe5 ! action & ! s\nd-bo>d2 s no op5+ is necess>y 9 ! latt]4 ,! trap-action consi/s ( ! p$als & ! p>ts :i* convey motion to ! action prop]4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,ii4 #a4 ,:at h be5 "s ( ! sali5t ob/acles necess>y to ov]come 9 produc+ ! p]fect$ piano8 #b4 ,( :at use are ! damp]s8 ,expla9 _! me*anical action4 #c4 ,m5tion sev]al ( ! qualities necess>y to a good action4 #d4 ,describe ! build+ ( an upright piano4 #e4 ,contra/ ! musical capacity & peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! piano ) ^? ( ! organ1 :i* has ! same keybo>d4 ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,,te*nical ,,names ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,upright ,,piano ,,action4 ,9 ! practice ( piano tun+1 ! fir/ ?+ is to asc]ta9 if ! action is 9 fir/-class condition4 ,! tun] mu/ be able to detect1 locate & correct ! slighte/ defect 9 any portion ( ! in/rum5t4 ,any regulat+ or repair+ ( ! action %\ld be att5d$ to be=e tun+ ! in/rum5t2 ! latt] %\ld be ! f9al op]ation4 ,z a ?or\gh k ( regulat+ & repair+ is practically indisp5sable to ! pr(essional tun]1 ! au?or has sp>$ nei!r means1 labor nor rese>* to make ?is "p ( ! lessons v complete1 & feels sure t x w meet ) ! he>ty approval ( mo/1 if n all1 /ud5ts4 ,! piano tun] :o kn[s no?+ ( regulat+ & repair+ w miss _m an opportunity to e>n extra money4 ,! illu/ration accompany+ ?is lesson is f a ,wessell1 ,nickel & ,gross ,upright action4 ,?is firm1 ^: product is consid]$ ! acme ( p]fection1 makes no?+ b actions4 ,mo/ manufactur]s ( pianos1 ( ! pres5t day1 build ! wood5 frame1 ! s\nd-bo>d & ! case only2 ! action1 metal plate1 /r+s1 tun+-p9s1 etc41 be+ pur*as$ f diff]5t firms :o make a specialty ( ! manufacture ( ^! p>ts4 ,a few conc]ns1 h[ev]1 make e piece t ent]s into ! composition ( ! in/rum5ts be>+ _! names4 ,illu/ration ,ky1 is ! ,key 9 its re/+ position4 c1 :]ev] f\nd1 repres5ts a cu%ion ( felt or s(t lea!r ^u :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! action re/ or come 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,_! purpose1 z is readily se51 is t ( r5d]+ ! action noiseless & easy ( op]ation4 ,bnc ,r1 %[s ! end ( ! balance rail1 ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( ! keybo>d4 ,b ,p1 is ! balance p94 ,?is is a p]fectly r\nd p9 driv5 firmly 9 ! balance rail4 ,! bottom ( ! hole 9 ! key fits closely ar\nd ! balance p92 at ! top1 x is ! %ape ( a mortise1 p>allel ) ! key1 :i* all[s ! key to move only 9 ! direction int5d$4 ,! mortise 9 ! wood5 cap on top ( ! key at ?is po9t is l9$ ) bu%+ clo? :i* holds ! key 9 position lat]ally1 & prev5ts loos5ess & rattl+1 yet all[s ! key to move easily4 ,l1 is ! lead put 9 ?is portion ( ! key to balance x1 & to insure uni=mity ( t\*1 & quick & c]ta9 return ( key to its re/ position4 ,z !re is m or less diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( keys1 & also 9 ! weight ( ! hamm]s op]at$ by !m1 "s keys are lead$ mu* m heavily ?an o!rs4 ,9 "s cases ! lead is ins]t$ 9 ! extreme back end ( ! key2 9 o!rs x is put ne> ! balance rail accord+ to ! requirem5t4 ,9 "s actions ! lead is omitt$ entirely2 b 9 ! be/ actions x is almo/ inv>iably pres5t4 ,9 ! action ( ! gr& piano ! keys are lead$ 9 front ( ! balance rail in/ead ( back ( x4 ,?is is due to ! fact t 9 ! gr& piano ! hamm] re/s 9 a horizontal position & its :ole weight mu/ be actually lift$ & ! =ce ( gravity ov]come1 :ile 9 ! upright1 ! hamm] re/s 9 a v]tical position1 only requir+ to be ?r[n =w>d4 ,g ,p1 is ! guide p91 g5]ally ( oval %ape1 ) ! longe/ diamet] 9 l9e ) ! key4 ,! hole 9 ! l[] portion ( ! key1 9 :i* ! guide p9 works1 is bu%$ ) bu%+ clo? & is made to fit s closely t ! key w n move lat]ally1 yet n s tightly t ! key w n "w easily4 ,bm1 is a wood5 block call$ ! bottom2 sometimes call$ ! key-rock]4 ,x is held 9 position by ! two screws %[n 9 cut by :i* x c be adju/$ or regulat$4 ,e1 is ! ext5sion communicat+ ! motion ( ! key to ! upp] "p ( ! action4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! ext5sion is connect$ to ! bottom4 ,9 ?is action1 ! ext5sion is made r\nd at ! l[] end & fits snugly into a hole 9 ! bottom ^u a felt disc4 ,:5 ! action is tak5 out1 ! ext5sions simply lift out ( ! holes1 & :5 x is put back x is necess>y to ent] ea* "o 9 its place4 ,9 o!r actions1 ! upp] side ( ! bottom :]e ! ext5sion re/s has no hole b simply a felt cov]+ ^u :i* ! ext5sion re/s2 9 ?is case x is necess>y to provide :at is call$ an ext5sion guide :i* is h+$ to ! ext5sion guide rail %[n 9 ! cut at ! left ( ! ext5sion4 ,9 actions ( ?is k9d1 ! ext5sions rema9 9 place at all times & ! tr\ble ( plac+ !m prop]ly on ! bottom :5 replac+ ! action is obviat$4 ,o!r me?ods also are employ$ :i* are readily und]/ood ^u slight exam9ation1 b are ess5tially simil> to ! above4 ,in/ead ( ! bottom1 a cap/an screw is us$ 9 "s actions z foll[s3 ,cpn1 is a cap/an screw us$ 9 "s actions 9 place ( ! bottom4 ,x is turn$ by ins]t+ a po9t$ in/rum5t 9 "o ( ! f\r holes1 ?us rais+ or l[]+ ! cap/an 9 regulat+4 ,! l[] end ( ! ext5sion is felt$4 ,9 su* actions ! ext5sion is inv>iably provid$ ) ! ext5sion guide4 ,b1 is ! metal action bracket4 ,! bracket is "o solid piece ( metal4 ,!re are g5]ally f\r brackets 9 ! upright action4 ,! brackets re/ on supports 9 & at ! sides ( ! keyb$1 & are secur$ at ! top by l>ge bolts1 ,,bb1 :i* g ?r\gh ! metal plate & into ! wood5 frame or p9 block4 ,at ! top ( ea* bracket is an op5+ to receive ?is bolt & a ?umbscrew 7n %[n 9 ! cut1 be+ beh9d ! hamm]7 :i* fa/5s ! action securely 9 position4 ,m ,r1 is ! ma9 rail2 s call$ because ! ma9 con/itu5ts ( ! action are atta*$ to x4 7,ev]y?+ designat$ z rail 9 ! action runs ! entire l5g? ( ! action 9 "o solid piece47 ,w1 is ! wipp54 ,^? pieces ^u :i* or by :i* ! small lett] g is %[n are ! flanges4 ,! "o at ! left ( ! wipp5 is call$ ! wipp5 flange4 ,x is made fa/ to ! ma9 rail by a screw1 & ^u x ! wipp5 is h+$ by means ( a c5t]-p9 at ! l[] end4 ,! c5t]-p9 9 ! wipp5 is driv5 ?r\gh a hole 9 :i* x fits tightly & immovably 9 ! middle "p1 & x 7! c5t]-p97 is consequ5tly /ation>y 9 ! wipp54 ,! flange ext5ds d[n at ! sides ( ! wipp5 & ! holes 9 flange are made l>ge en\gh to receive bu%+ clo? 9 :i* ! c5t]-p9 works freely b n loosely4 ,all flange jo9ts are ( ?is nature2 "s1 h[ev]1 are provid$ ) a means = tight5+ ! c5t]-p9 9 ! middle portion ( ! jo9t4 j1 is ! jack4 ,! purpose ( ! jack is to communicate ! motion ( ! wipp5 to ! hamm]4 ,! precise adju/m5t ( ! jack & ! adjac5t p>ts ^u :i* x dep5ds = its exact movem5ts1 play an important "p 9 regulat+ ! t\* ( ! piano1 & w be fully ent]$ into 9 foll[+ lessons4 js1 jack spr+4 ,its purpose is to hold ! jack inw>d aga9/ ! nose or heel ( ! hamm] butt4 7,see ,bt1 hamm] butt47 ,rr1 regulat+ rail4 ,! regulat+ button is %[n atta*$ to ! rail by ! regulat+ screw :i* is turn$ by means ( its r+ on top ( ,rr4 ,! purpose ( ! regulat+ button is to ?r[ ! po9t ( ! jack out ( ! nose ( ! hamm] butt1 & all[ ! hamm] to reb\nd f ! /r+4 ,if ! button is too high1 x does n ?r[ or trip ! jack 9 "t to prev5t block+4 ,:5 ! button is too l[1 x dis5gages too soon1 & mu* ( ! =ce ( ! key is lo/ be=e x rea*es ! hamm]4 ,,br1 is ! block rail1 felt$ on ! side next to ! jack :i* /rikes aga9/ x :5 ?r[n f nose4 ,?is rail is abs5t 9 "s actions1 9 :i* case ! back ( ! jack is felt$ & /rikes aga9/ ! back cat*1 :i* is also felt$ on inn] side4 7,! back cat* has no m>k 9 ! cut1 b is expla9$ bel[ 9 connection ) ! back *eck47 ,,bc1 is ! back *eck :i* is simply a piece ( wood ) a ?ick piece ( felt glu$ to ! inn] face & susp5d$ on a wire4 ,,bcw1 back *eck wire support+ ! back *eck1 & screw$ to ! wipp54 ,! purpose ( ! back *eck is to *eck ! hamm] by com+ 9 contact ) ! back cat* 7! backw>d projection ( ! butt71 at a %ort di/ance f ! /r+ 9 its return1 & prev5t ! hamm] f fall+ entirely back to its re/ position1 !reby prev5t+ quick repetition4 ,bl1 bridle4 ,?is is a piece ( tape ab\t an eigh? ( an in* wide ) a piece ( lea!r glu$ to ! end & a hole ne> ! end = ! po9t ( ! /irrup or bridle wire4 ,! cut %[s :]e ! bridle is fa/5$ 9 ! hamm] butt by be+ put into ! hole 9 ! butt1 & ! back cat* /em cov]$ ) glue & driv5 9 by x :i* precludes all possibility ( its com+ loose4 ,! bridle passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! l[] "p ( ! back cat*4 ,its purpose is to assi/ ! hamm] to return quickly by hang+ to x ) ! weight ( ! wipp51 ext5sion1 jack1 etc41 :5 ! key is releas$4 ,?us ! bridle becomes ! ma9 factor 9 ! matt] ( quick repetition4 ,bl ,w1 bridle wire1 screw$ into wipp51 b5t 9 ! %ape ( a buckle at top to hold bridle4 ,bt1 butt2 or1 m specifically1 hamm] butt4 ,9 "s *eap actions ! butt is jo9$ to its flange g1 by ! means describ$ "u ! head ( wipp5 flange2 b 9 ?is action ! c5t]-p9 is held firmly 9 ! butt by a small /rip ( brass conta9+ a set screw2 some:at obscure 9 ! cut1 b disc]nible4 ,z expla9$ else:]e1 all c5t]-p9s turn 9 ! flange & n 9 ! middle "p4 ,,hs1 hamm] %ank 9 re/ position4 ,h1 hamm] %[+ wood body or head1 & cov]+ ( two lay]s ( felt4 ,h ,r1 hamm] rail1 re/+ on felt cu%ion1 c1 glu$ to rail or bracket4 ,! hamm] rail is held 9 position by ! rod1 %[n "u ! hamm] %ank1 :i* is h+$ to ! bracket at ! l[] end1 & :i* all[s x to be mov$ =w>d :5 ! s(t p$al is us$4 ,! s(t p$al communicates ) ?is rail by a rod :i* moves x =w>d & !reby %ort5s ! /roke ( ! hamm]s & produces a s(t] tone4 sr1 spr+ rail screw$ to ! brackets4 ,?is rail supports ! light wire spr+s :i* assi/ ! hamm]s 9 return+ to re/ position4 ,s1 /r+4 ,d1 is ! damp] head secur$ to ! damp] wire by a set screw4 ,,dl1 damp] lev]1 work+ 9 damp] flange g1 :i* is screw$ to ma9 rail4 s1 spoon2 s call$ f its %ape4 ,x is screw$ into ! wipp54 ,:5 ! key is /ruck1 ! motion on ! wipp5 ?r[s ! spoon =w>d1 pu%+ ! l[] end ( damp] lev] =w>d1 & releas+ ! damp] f its contact ) ! /r+4 ,! damp] is held aga9/ ! /r+ by ! wire spr+ :i* is se5 runn+ f ! damp] flange to ! top ( ! damp] lev]4 ,,dr1 damp] rod4 ,?is is a rod runn+ f ! left or bass end ( ! action to ! "r z f> z ! damp]s are cont9u$ 9 ! treble4 ,x is act$ ^u by ! l\d or damp] p$al1 :i* raises ! out] projection1 & by be+ h+$ to ! ma9 rail ab\t ! same height z ?is projection1 ! entire rod is ?r[n outw>d aga9/ ! l[] ends ( ! damp] lev]s1 releas+ all ! damp]s simultane\sly4 ,?is be+ ! only (fice ( ! "r p$al1 x is readily se5 t ?is p$al does n increase ! l\dness1 b simply su/a9s any numb] ( tones /ruck successively1 giv+ ! effect ( m volume4 ,! /ud5t %\ld famili>ize himself ) all te*nical t]ms us$ 9 ?is lesson1 z !y w be ref]r$ to frequ5tly 9 ! succe$+ lessons on repair+ & regulat+4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,)\t ref]5ce to any?+ b ! cut1 give te*nical names = p>ts ( action repres5t$ by ! foll[+ lett]s or abbreviations3 #a4 ,bnc ,r1 c1 ,g ,p1 ,,bp1 ,ky1 ,l4 #b4 ,bm1 ,cpn1 ,e1 ,w1 j1 js1 g1 & ,m ,r4 #c4 ,rr1 ,b ,c1 ,b ,r1 ,b ,c ,w1 ,bl1 & ,bl ,w4 #d4 ,bt1 ,h1 ,h ,s1 ,h ,r1 & sr4 #e4 ,s1 ,d1 ,d ,l1 ,d ,r1 s1 ,b1 & ,b ,b4 #f4 ,expla9 ! purpose & movem5ts ( ! jack4 #g4 ,describe a flange & ! jo9t ( same4 #h4 ,give names ( ! f\r flanges %[n 9 cut4 #i4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! back cat* & back *eck8 #aj4 ,expla9 ! me*anical action ( ! damp] p$al1 & its effect :5 us$2 also1 t ( ! s(t p$al4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,,action ,,( ,,squ>e ,,& ,,gr& ,,pianos4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,squ>e ,,piano4 ,up to ab\t ! ye> #ahgj1 ! squ>e 0 ! popul> piano4 ,! gr& has always be5 too exp5sive = ! great music-lov+ masses1 & previ\s to ?is "t ! upright _h n be5 develop$ suffici5tly to ass]t itself z a satisfactory in/rum5t4 ,! num]\s objections to ! squ>e piano =c$ its manufacture to be discont9u$ a few ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! improv$ new upright4 ,squ>e pianos t come1 at ! pres5t day1 "u ! h& ( ! tun]1 are usually at lea/ fifte5 ye>s old1 & m frequ5tly tw5ty or m4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s localities ! tun] w meet numb]s ( ^! pianos & he w f9d !m a great s\rce ( rev5ue1 z !y are almo/ inv>iably 9 ne$ ( repair4 ,comp>e ! ?ree cuts ( actions 9 ! /udy ( ?is lesson4 ,! ma9 con/itu5t p>ts ( ! squ>e action are simil> 9 appe>ance to ^? ( ! upright2 9 fact1 mo/ ( ! p>ts are ! same 9 "n & (fice4 ,h[ev]1 ! p>ts are necess>ily assembl$ v diff]5tly4 ,9 ! squ>e action1 ! hamm]s /rike 9 a v]tical direction1 :ile 9 ! upright !y /rike 9 a horizontal direction2 ! motion ( ! key be+ ! same 9 bo?4 ,( ! ?ree types1 ! squ>e is ! simple/ action1 z _m ( ! p>ts se5 9 ! upright & gr& are entirely abs5t 9 ! squ>e4 ,beg9n+ ) ! key1 x has its balance p91 guide p91 cu%ions1 etc41 practically ! same z 9 ! o!r types4 ,! bottom1 or key rock]1 is rev]s$ 9 ! squ>e2 ! end transmitt+ ! motion be+ ne>e/ ! p]=m]4 ,! ext5sion & wipp5 are abs5t 9 ! squ>e1 z ! jack is atta*$ directly to ! bottom or key-rock]4 ,! back *eck is screw$ to ! key1 & z ! hamm] head re/s aga9/ x aft] /rik+1 ! use ( ! contrivance call$ ! back cat* 9 ! upright is unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,squ>e ,,piano4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,squ>e ,,piano4 ,a4 ,action ,frame4 ,b's ,indicate ! ,cu%ions1 or ,bu%+1 ( felt1 clo? or lea!r4 ,c4 ,balance ,rail4 ,d4 ,balance ,p94 ,r\nd4 ,e4 ,mortis$ ,cap = ,balance ,p94 ,bu%$4 ,f4 ,key4 ,g4 ,lead4 ,h4 ,back ,*eck4 ,i4 ,bottom or ,key ,rock]4 ,j4 ,bottom ,screws2 us$ to regulate height ( ,jack4 ,k4 ,jack4 ,l4 ,jack ,spr+2 conceal$ "u ,bottom4 ,m4 ,c5t] ,p9 to ,jack4 ,n4 ,hamm] ,rail4 ,o4 ,regulat+ ,screw4 ,p4 ,regulat+ ,button4 ,q4 ,flange ,rail4 ,r4 ,flange4 ,split4 ,s4 ,flange ,rail ,screw4 ,t4 ,flange ,screw1 to regulate jaws ( flange4 ,u4 ,hamm] ,butt4 ,v4 ,c5t] ,p94 ,w4 ,hamm] ,/em or ,%ank4 ,x4 ,hamm] ,head4 ,y4 ,hamm] ,felt4 ,treble hamm]s sometimes capp$ ) bucksk9 9 old in/rum5ts4 ,,top ,,action ,,( ,,squ>e ,,piano4 #a4 ,damp] ,lift] ,wire4 #b4 ,damp] ,lift] ,buttons4 #c4 ,damp] ,felt4 #d4 ,damp] ,head4 #e4 ,damp] ,lev]4 #f4 ,damp] ,leads4 #g4 ,%ade1 support$ by wire /an*ions1 on top ( :i* are screw$ %ade buttons4 #h4 ,damp] ,rail4 ,tilt$ by ,l\d ,p$al ,rod :i* raises all ! damp]s simultane\sly4 #i4 ,damp] ,flange4 #aj4 ,flange ,screw4 #aa4 ,damp] ,lev] ,c5t] ,p94 ,,! ,,trap ,,action consi/s ( ,p$als1 ,p$al ,braces1 ,p$al ,feet1 ,p$al ,rods1 ,roll] ,bo>ds or ,elb[s1 ,/uds1 ,plugs1 ,trap ,spr+s1 ,wires & ,lift] ,rods4 ,! cut is f ! ,fr5* action4 ,ne>ly all squ>e pianos 9 use at ! pres5t "t are ( ?is type4 ,! hamm] rail 9 ! squ>e1 9 addition to s]v+ its purpose z a re/ = ! hamm]s1 also s]ves ! purpose ( ! regulat+ rail1 z y w see ! regulat+ screw1 ) its button1 atta*$ to x4 ,?is rail is /ation>y 9 ! squ>e1 n mov+ t[>d ! /r+s & %ort5+ ! /roke z x does 9 ! upright :5 ! s(t p$al is us$4 ,! s(t p$al 9 ! squ>e piano simply int]poses a piece ( felt betwe5 ea* hamm] & its correspond+ /r+ or /r+s4 ,?is felt be+ mu* s(t] ?an t ( ! hamm]s1 ! tone is greatly subdu$4 ,! me*anical arrangem5t ( ! damp]s is v diff]5t 9 ! squ>e f t 9 ! upright4 ,! damp]s are above ! /r+s4 ,in/ead ( spr+s to hold !m aga9/ ! /r+s1 !y simply re/ ^u !m ) _! weight4 ,9 _m old squ>es "s ( ! damp]s fall ^u nodal po9ts1 caus+ defective damp+ or h>monic aft]-tones4 ,! /ation>y p>ts ( ! squ>e action are3 action frame1 to :i* is secur$ ! balance rail1 balance p9s & guide p9s1 hamm] rail1 flange rail1 & damp] rail4 ,:5 ! key is /ruck1 ! p>ts t move upw>d are3 ! back end ( ! key1 bottom1 jack1 hamm]1 back *eck1 damp] wire & damp] lev]4 ,! hamm] falls back ^u ! back *eck imm$iately aft] /rik+1 & rema9s !re until ! key is releas$1 :5 all movable p>ts fall to re/ position4 ,! action ( ! jack is ! same 9 all types4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,piano4 ,aft] ?or\ghly go+ ov] ! details ( ! action ( ! squ>e & upright pianos1 !re rema9s v little to describe 9 ! action ( ! gr&4 ,! gr& action p>takes ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? ! upright & ! squ>e1 & is some:at m complicat$ ?an ei!r4 ,! bottom & ext5sion are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! upright2 ! ext5sion1 h[ev]1 is necess>ily v %ort4 ,! wipp5 is ( diff]5t con/ruction1 & some:at m complicat$ 9 ! gr&4 ,! flange rail 9 ! gr& is made also to s]ve ! purpose ( regulat+ rail1 z ! hamm] rail is made to d 9 ! squ>e4 ,! back *eck is id5tical ) t ( ! squ>e4 ,! damp]s are ! same 9 _! work+ pr9ciples z ^? ( ! squ>e1 b are g5]ally diff]5t 9 con/ruction2 yet1 "s squ>es h ! same arrangem5t ( damp]s z ^? %[n 9 ! cut ( ! gr& action4 ,! s(t p$al ( ! gr& %ifts ! entire action to ! "r s t ! hamm]s /rike only two & 9 "s cases only "o ( ! /r+s4 ,! /ud5t %\ld /udy ! ?ree types ( actions f ! actions !mselves1 if possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,piano4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,piano4 #a4 ,indicates ! felt1 clo? or lea!r1 ^u :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! action re/1 or fall noiselessly4 #b4 ,key4 #c4 ,bottom2 sometimes call$ ,key ,rock]4 #d4 ,ext5sion2 split at l[] end to receive c5t] p9 9 ,bottom4 #e4 ,wipp5 ,support4 #f4 ,jack4 #g4 ,jack ,spr+4 #h4 ,flange & ,regulat+ ,rail4 #i4 ,regulat+ ,screw1 ,button & ,cu%ion4 #aj4 ,escapem5t ,lev]4 #aa4 ,regulat+ ,screw 9 ,hamm] ,flange1 = ,escapem5t ,lev]4 #ab4 ,*eck ,wire1 = ,escapem5t ,lev]4 #ac4 ,screw to regulate fall ( ,escapem5t ,lev]4 #ad4 ,lev] ,flange1 screw$ to ,flange ,rail4 #ae4 ,hamm] ,%ank4 #af4 ,hamm]4 #ag4 ,back ,*eck4 #ah4 ,damp] ,lev]1 lead$4 #ai4 ,damp] ,wire1 screw$ into upright4 #bj4 ,damp] ,wire ,guide1 fa/5$ to ,s\nd-,bo>d4 #ba4 ,damp] ,head & ,felt4 #j4 ,c5t] ,p9s4 ,holes l9$ ) ,bu%+ ,clo?4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,remov+ ,,! ,,squ>e ,,& ,,gr& ,,actions4 ,fir/1 feel or look und]nea? ! keybo>d & see if !re are screws t g up into ! action4 ,9 mo/ ( ! bett] grade in/rum5ts ! action is fa/5$ 9 ?is way4 ,if ! screws h squ>e heads1 y\r tun+ hamm] w fit !m & br+ !m out2 if common screws1 a screw-driv] w suffice4 ,look ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! s\nd bo>d :]e ! hamm]s /rike & see t !y are all d[n be=e pull+ out ! action1 le/ !y break (f by cat*+ on ! "u side ( ! s\nd bo>d4 ,?is is almo/ sure to happ5 if actions are out ( ord]4 ,9 mo/ squ>e pianos1 ! n>r[ bo>d j bel[ ! keys c be remov$ by be+ rais$ /raight up1 z x simply sets ov] screw heads 9 ! key frame4 ,:5 ?is /rip is remov$1 a wire h&le w be f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! key frame by :i* to draw out ! action4 ,9 "s cases1 & especially 9 gr&s1 ?is /rip is secur$ by screws f\nd und]nea? ! piano4 ,9 o!r pianos1 ! action is held by screws 9 front ( ! key frame1 :i* w be reveal$ by ! removal ( ! front /rip1 above ref]r$ to4 ,be especially c>eful 9 plac+ ! action back into ! piano4 ,z a rule1 x is safe to keep ! "r 7long7 end ( ! squ>e action be>+ aga9/ ! "r side ( entrance1 be+ sure t "o end ( action does n get ahead1 :i* might cause "s ( ! hamm]s to /rike ! props = :i* ! op5+s are left 9 ! back extremities ( action4 ,:ile ! action is out1 /udy c>efully ! purpose ( e "p & its movem5ts1 ref]r+ to ?is & ! previ\s lesson until y h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! entire me*anism4 ,d n re/ until y c "n correctly ev]y?+ y see & "k its use s well t y c\ld expla9 x satisfactorily to an inquir]4 ,sometimes ! tun] is ask$ a great _m p]plex+ que/ions & is expect$ to respond intellig5tly4 ,we h dealt ) ! ?ree types ( actions t are mo/ commonly f\nd 9 ! ?ree types ( pianos4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are num]\s manufactur]s ( actions1 & t ea* has 8 peculi> me?od ( con/ruct+ 8 special action to br+ ab\t ! desir$ results1 :i* are practically ! same 9 all cases2 & consequ5tly1 :ile a v>iety ( con/ruction w confront ! beg9n] 9 piano regulat+ & repair+1 he w und]/& ! con/ruction & requirem5ts ( any action t may dem& 8 skill f ! =ego+ in/ruction1 if prop]ly ma/]$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r me*anical pr(essions1 "o's inv5tive g5ius mu/ (t5 be summon$ to assi/ 9 surm\nt+ ob/acles :i* are sure to arise unexpect$ly4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,iv4 #a4 ,f a philosophical po9t ( view1 :i* d y consid] ! easie/ & mo/ p]fect ( ! ?ree types ( actions8 ,also give reasons4 #b4 ,consid]+ ! wipp5 & its atta*m5ts z "o "p1 h[ _m p>ts move :5 a key is /ruck 9 ! upright piano8 ,h[ _m 9 ! squ>e8 #c4 ,"n ! p>ts f\nd 9 ! upright action t are abs5t 9 ! squ>e4 #d4 ,describe ! ?ree me?ods by :i* s(t tone is obta9$ f use ( s(t p$al 9 ! ?ree types ( actions4 #e4 ,:at rail s]ves two purposes 9 ! squ>e action1 & :at are !y8 ,:at rail s]ves two purposes 9 ! gr& action1 & :at are !y8 ,,lesson ,v4 ,,regulat+ ,,& ,,repair+4 ,,faults ,,9 ,,pianos1 ,,aside ,,f ,,! ,,action1 ,,& ,,_! ,,rem$ies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common1 &1 at ! same "t1 mo/ annoy+ conditions bo? to ! own] ( ! piano & ! tun]1 is ! sympa!tic rattle4 ,?is tr\ble is mo/ usual 9 ! squ>e & ! gr& pianos & is g5]ally due to "s loose sub/ance ly+ on ! s\nd bo>d4 ,! rattle w be app>5t only :5 c]ta9 keys are /ruck1 o!r tones be+ p]fectly free f x4 ,^! tones cause ! s\nd bo>d to vibrate 9 sympa?y1 s to speak1 ) ! weight ( ! intrud+ sub/ance at ! po9t :]e x lies1 & if x be mov$ ! di/ance ( six in*es x w sometimes cease to respond to ^! p>ticul> tones1 b may respond to o!rs1 or cease to cause any tr\ble4 ,! article may g5]ally be f\nd ne> ! front ( ! s\nd bo>d "u ! top piece ( ! case1 ?is be+ ! place :]e x w\ld mo/ likely fall4 ,no special in/rum5t is made = ! purpose ( se>*+ = su* objects1 b "o c be easily devis$ ) :i* ! tun] c feel all ov] ! s\nd bo>d1 & remove su* articles z well z du/ & dirt4 ,secure a piece ( rattan or good pliable hickory1 & draw x d[n to ! wid? ( half an in*1 ?9 en\gh to b5d easily1 & long en\gh to rea* any:]e "u ! /r++ or metal plate4 ,by putt+ a clo? ov] ?is /ick y c remove any?+ t comes 9 its way4 ,"s difficulty w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 gett+ "u ! plate 9 "s pianos4 ,9 case y _c procure a suitable piece ( wood1 a piece ( clock spr+ w be f\nd to answ] v well4 ,we h tak5 f pianos su* articles z p5cils1 pieces ( c&y1 dolls1 po9t]s us$ by music tea*]s1 tacks1 nails1 p5nies1 buttons1 pieces ( brok5 lamp *imneys1 etc41 etc41 any "o ( :i* is suffici5t to r5d] ! piano unfit = use4 ,! s\nd bo>d ( ! upright be+ v]tical prev5ts its be+ subject to ! above difficulty4 ,a split 9 ! s\nd bo>d1 9 any /yle ( piano1 sometimes causes tr\ble due to ! vibrat+ edges ( ! bo>d com+ 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,ins]t ! po9t ( y\r screwdriv] 9 ! crack1 hold+ x !re firmly2 if ! rattl+ /ops1 ! difficulty is discov]$1 & may be rem$i$ by plac+ a screw or w$ge 9 ! crack1 or a w$ge ( wood1 cork or rubb] betwe5 ! s\nd bo>d & iron plate or cas+1 if ! location ( ! tr\ble p]mits4 ,:ile ?is me?od seems a p]functory "o1 x is nev]!less ! be/ ! tun] is prep>$ to d1 = x is next to impossible to glue a crack 9 ! s\nd bo>d successfully outside ( a regul> factory or repair %op1 :]e ! in/rum5t may be tak5 all ap>t & a new s\nd bo>d put 9 or ! old "o prop]ly repair$4 ,sometimes ! s\nd bo>d gets loose or unglu$ at ! edges1 or ! bridges or ribs come loose4 ,any "p ( ! piano :]e !re is vibration or loose mat]ial may become ! s\rce ( ! sympa!tic rattle1 z ev5 p>ts ( ! case vibrate ) ! tones /ruck2 s y mu/ exam9e ! panels1 lock1 h+es1 s(t p$al b> 79 squ>e71 9 fact all p>ts ( ! case & woodwork = ! location ( ! tr\ble4 ,once f\nd1 ! rem$y w sugge/ itself4 ,! greate/ difficulty is to locate ! cause4 ,v frequ5tly ?is w be f\nd entirely outside ( ! piano2 a loose w9d[ glass1 picture glass1 lamp or o!r article ( furniture 9 ! room may respond to a p>ticul> tone or its octave4 ,we h nev] f\nd ! sympa!tic rattle 9 ! action2 x has rattles1 b n ( ?is "*4 ,any o!r defect :i* may be f\nd "u ?is head w only require ! ex]cise ( a little me*anical +5uity to sugge/ a rem$y4 ,,regulat+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,! ,,upright ,,action4 7,use cut ( upright action = ref]5ce 9 foll[+ /udy47 ,we w beg9 ) ! key & take up ea* "p ( ! action 9 ! succession 9 :i* motion is transmitt$4 #a4 ,key4--,keys /ick2 t is1 aft] be+ /ruck1 !y fail to come up quickly1 if at all4 ,fir/ asc]ta9 if ! tr\ble is really 9 ! key1 or 9 ! upp] "p ( ! action4 ,to d ?is1 lift ! ext5sion or wipp5 until ! upp] "p ( ! action is entirely free f ! key1 s t y may te/ ! key indep5d5tly4 ,"s keys are lead$ s t !y w fall 9 front ( ! balance rail1 o!rs s t !y w fall back ( x2 9 ei!r case1 lift ! l[ end & let g1 to see if x w fall by its own weight4 ,if x seems q free1 y may "k ! tr\ble is n 9 ! key2 y w also f9d t :5 y release ! ext5sion or wipp51 x w n fall readily1 %[+ t ! tr\ble lies 9 ! upp] "p4 ,if ! tr\ble is f\nd 9 ! key1 exam9e ! guide p94 ,see if x is plac$ 9 a direct l9e ) ! key4 ,if s1 & x /ill b9ds1 enl>ge ! hole by press+ ! wood back slightly ) "s w$ge-%ap$ in/rum5t1 if y h n a pair ( ! key pli]s :i* are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,see t ! clo?1 ) :i* ! hole is bu%$1 is n loose & wr9kl$4 ,d n oil or grease ! guide p9 unless su* treatm5t has be5 previ\sly resort$ to1 z ! poli%$ p9 w "w m freely 9 ! dry clo?4 ,d n p9* h>d on ! p9 ) r\gh pli]s & spoil ! poli%$ surface4 ,sometimes y w f9d "o key w>p$ s t x rubs on ! next1 9 :i* case1 plane (f a slight %av+ to free x4 ,sometimes *ang+ ! position ( ! guide p9 w /raight5 or level ! key & make x "w all "r4 ,! balance p9 is subject to "s ( ! same difficulties z ! guide p94 ,see t x sets prop]ly & is n b\nd by ! mortise4 ,sometimes a spl9t] w be f\nd on "o side ( a key :]e ! lead has be5 put 94 ,a piece ( any =eign mat]ial betwe5 two keys g5]ally causes bo? to /ick4 ,:]e ! action is too deep1 t is1 ! keys g d[n f>!r ?an !y ought1 place c>dbo>d wa%]s "u ! felt ones ar\nd ! guide p91 or raise ! felt /rip "u back end ( keys4 ,:]e ! action is too %all[1 place ?9 wa%]s "u ^? ar\nd ! balance p94 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! :ole action mu/ be regulat$ accord+ly1 z ?is alt]ation w make a *ange 9 ! work+ ( ! upp] "p ( ! action4 #b4 ,! ,bottom or ,cap/an4--,?is %\ld be s adju/$ t :5 ! key falls back to its re/ position1 ! po9t ( ! jack w j spr+ into its place 9 ! nose ( ! hamm] butt4 ,if held too high1 ! jack fails to cat* 9 ! nose1 & ! key may be /ruck )\t produc+ any effect on ! hamm]4 ,:5 ! bottom or cap/an is too l[1 ! po9t ( ! jack w be "s di/ance bel[ ! not*1 :i* w cause :at is kn[n z lo/ motion1 x be+ necess>y to depress ! key a portion ( its dep? be=e ! jack c act ^u ! hamm]4 ,depress ! key sl[ly1 wat*+ ! hamm]1 & ! fault w be discov]$4 ,aft] a piano has be5 us$ = "s "t1 ! keys t are /ruck mo/ frequ5tly 7^? 9 ! middle ( ! in/rum5t7 w be f\nd to h ?is fault4 ,! felts "u ! keys & ^? :i* are betwe5 ! work+ p>ts ( ! action become compress$ or worn s t ! jack w be f\nd to set s l[ t !re w be lo/ motion 9 ! key4 ,9 ?is case1 loos5 "o ( ! screws 9 ! bottom & turn ! o!r d[n s z to move ! jack upw>d until ne>ly all lo/ motion is tak5 up4 ,a little play is g5]ally necess>y1 b v little4 ,9 case ! action has a cap/an1 simply turn x upw>d4 #c4 ,back ,*eck4--,block+ is mo/ usually caus$ by ! back *eck be+ too ne> ! back cat*1 s t :5 ! key is /ruck1 ! back *eck holds ! hamm] aga9/ ! /r+4 ,?is %\ld be se5 aft] rais+ ! bottom or cap/an z above ref]r$ to4 ,x w be obs]v$ t :5 ?is is done on acc\nt ( ! we> ( ! felts1 ! back *eck w /& mu* ne>] ! back cat* ?an x did be=e1 & w ne$ b5d+ back s z to give ! hamm] pl5ty ( reb\nd4 ,a /eel in/rum5t ) prop]ly %ap$ not*es at ! po9t1 call$ a regulator1 is us$ = b5d+ wires 9 regulat+ ! action4 ,see t ! wires /& z ne>ly 9 l9e z is possible4 ,9 old actions t are consid]ably worn1 h[ev]1 y w be oblig$ to alt] "s m ?an o!rs4 #d4 ,bridle & ,bridle ,wire4--,9 putt+ 9 a new bridle1 x %\ld be d\bl$ ov] at ! end & secur$ to ! hamm] butt by a small tack4 ,be sure y get x exactly ! same l5g? z ! o!rs2 o!rwise x w be necess>y to b5d ! bridle wire out ( l9e4 ,"s tun]s glue ! bridle ar\nd ! back cat* /em1 b ! above me?od is pref]able4 ,! purpose ( ! bridle is to j]k ! hamm] back quickly & ! wire mu/ be set1 nei!r s f> back z to *eck ! /roke ( ! hamm]1 nor s f> =w>d t ! bridle is too slack to draw ^u ! hamm]4 #e4 ,jack4--,! jack itself seldom gets out ( ord]4 ,s long z its flange does n come unglu$ 9 ! wipp51 or its spr+ get out ( place or brok51 or get tight 9 its jo9t1 x w ne$ no?+4 ,its adju/m5t & action is controll$ by ! bottom or cap/an1 & ! regulat+ button4 #f4 ,regulat+ ,button4--,?is button det]m9es ! po9t 9 ! /roke ( ! hamm] :]e ! jack flies (f f ! nose ( ! butt4 ,if ! button is too high1 ! jack does n fly (f soon en\gh1 & ! result is1 t ! hamm] ei!r blocks aga9/ ! /r+ or b\nces f ! jack aft] ! /roke has be5 made1 /rik+ ! /r+ a second or ?ird "t f "o /roke ( ! key4 ,! felt pun*+ on ! l[] side ( ! button (t5 we>s until ?is tr\ble prevails4 ,l[] ! button by turn+ d[n ! screw on top ( ! regulator rail2 if l[]$ too f>1 h[ev]1 ! action is weak5$ by caus+ ! jack to fly (f too soon1 )\t giv+ ! hamm] a suffici5t impulse4 ,a regulat+ screwdriv] is us$ = ?is1 b 9 its abs5ce1 a wire hook1 simil> to a %oe button]1 w turn ! screw4 ,! block rail is prop]ly adju/$ at ! factory & requires no att5tion4 #g4 ,hamm] ,butt4--,! felts & lea!r on ! heel ( ! hamm] butt we> out & mu/ be replac$4 ,! felt cu%ion1 t is l[e/ & f>!/ to ! left 7see illu/ration71 is ! "o t we>s out fir/4 ,! jack1 9 return+ to ! not*1 /rikes ?is cu%ion1 & 9 "t we>s x away s t ! jack 9 return+ /rikes ! wood ( ! hamm] butt1 produc+ a %>p click1 :i* is v annoy+1 to say ! lea/4 ,?is click is he>d at ! in/ant ! key rises to its re/ position4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a simil> click is produc$ by ! top ( ! key /rik+ ! bo>d :i* is set ov] ! keys1 due to ! clo? be+ eat5 (f by mo?s1 or a p5cil or "s o!r article ly+ on ! keys back ( ?is bo>d4 ,! c5t] p9 9 ! butt ( "s *eap actions is n held 9 ! butt by metal clip & screw1 & if x gets loose s t x works out1 mu/ be replac$ by a l>g] p94 ,! size ( c5t] p9s g5]ally us$ 9 ! factory1 is 4#jej ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ! size = repair+ %\ld be 4#jec4 ,all ( ! be/ actions h ! set screw ) :i* to make ! p9 fa/ 9 ! butt4 ,hamm]s /ick :5 ! c5t] p9 is too tight 9 ! flange4 ,! bu%+ 9 ! flange (t5 exp&s4 ,"s tun]s oil at ! ends ( ! p9 ) k]os5e or wet x ) alcohol1 :i* is v good2 b a bett] plan is to %r9k ! bu%+ ) a drop ( wat] on ea* side s t x w p5etrate ! bu%+4 ,aft] ?is is done1 ! piano _c be us$ = a day or two1 z ! wat] fir/ swells ! bu%+1 mak+ all ! hamm]s /ick2 b :5 !y are dry aga91 !y w be f\nd free4 ,?is may seem a curi\s me?od1 b y ne$ n be afraid ( x2 x is ! mo/ effective4 ,be=e leav+ ! hamm] butt1 see t ! hamm] spr+ is 9 its place4 #h4 ,hamm] ,/em4--,^! sometimes w>p1 split1 crack1 or come unglu$ at ! butt or hamm]4 ,if twi/$ s f> t x does n /rike prop]ly on ! /r+s1 or t x b9ds aga9/ ! next hamm]1 ! be/ ?+ is to put 9 a new /em4 ,if m]ely split or unglu$1 x may be repair$4 ,sometimes a click is he>d & x w seem impossible to f9d ! cause1 ! hamm] & /em app>5tly p]fect1 b a close exam9ation w reveal a loos5ess 9 ! /em some:]e4 ,9 putt+ 9 a new %ank1 drill or *ip out ! old "o1 scrape ! holes out clean1 take y\r measure c>efully1 & d n make ! new %ank too tight1 b l>ge en\gh to fill ! hole snugly4 ,apply glue to ! ends ( ! %ank & also 9 ! holes4 ,c$> is us$ 9 "s makes1 b good maple is /rong]1 & is m g5]ally us$4 #i4 ,hamm]s4--,:5 too h>d1 s(t5 ) a felt pick4 ,d n raise ! felt up1 b /ick ! pick 9 ! felt j back ( ! po9t & ?is w loos5 x up & make x s(t] & m ela/ic4 ,:]e ! /r+s h worn deep grooves1 s&pap] !m d[n ne>ly ev5 & s(t5 ! felt z above4 ,9 reglu+ ! felt to ! head1 glue only ! back ends ( ! felt1 & clamp ) /rong rubb] b& till ! glue sets4 ,use tailor's *alk 7full]'s e>?7 to clean hamm] felts4 ,to h>d5 or draw felts back 9 %ape1 place a damp clo? ov] !m1 & !n pass a hot iron ov] x4 #aj4 ,damp]s4--,damp] felt (t5 gets h>d5$ s t :5 x comes aga9/ ! vibrat+ /r+1 x causes a sort ( buzz+ s\nd4 ,loos5 x up ) ! pick4 ,imp]fect damp+ c sometimes be correct$ 9 ! same way4 ,! damp] head sometimes turns r\nd on its wire1 leav+ "o or two /r+s undamp$4 ,tight5 ! set screw4 ,see t ! damp]s are 9 l9e2 & t !y w /op ! tone prop]ly :5 ! key is releas$4 ,damp] spr+s sometimes break4 ,x is necess>y to take out ! damp] lev] to put 9 a new "o4 ,see t ! spoons are 9 l9e & "w prop]ly4 ,press ! su/a9+ p$al d[n1 & see if all ! damp]s are 9 l9e2 if n1 b5d ! damp] wires ) ! regulator until !y l9e up p]fectly4 #aa4 ,damp] ,rod4--,:5 ! su/a9+ p$al squeaks1 look fir/ to ! p$al1 !n to ! wood5 rods lead+ up to ! damp] rod4 ,if ! tr\ble is f\nd 9 any ( ^!1 or ! spr+s1 use sp]m oil or vasel9e4 ,cat* hold ( ! damp] rod at ! left beh9d ! action & "w x4 ,if x squeaks1 y w h to take out ! action & oil ! sw+s :]e !y are h+$ to ! ma9 rail4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,v4 #a4 ,if y %\ld f9d a key /ick+1 h[ w\ld y det]m9e ! cause8 #b4 ,"n all ! defects to :i* ! key is subject4 #c4 ,describe ! prop] adju/m5t ( bottom or cap/an4 #d4 ,give two causes ( block+4 #e4 ,give ! purpose ( ! regulat+ button1 & its prop] adju/m5t4 ,,lesson ,,vi4 ,,regulat+ ,,& ,,repair+4--7,cont9u$47 ,,! ,,squ>e ,,action4 #a4 ,! key 9 ! squ>e piano is subject to ! same tr\bles z t ( ! upright1 & requires ! same treatm5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! keys be+ mu* long] are m liable to cause tr\ble by w>p+4 #b4 ,bottom or ,key ,rock]4--,unlike 9 ! upright action1 ! jack is atta*$ directly to ! bottom2 b1 l[]+ or rais+ ! bottom has ! same effect 9 bo? cases4 ,! screws regulat+ ! height ( ! jack c be gott5 at ) a prop] screwdriv]4 ,if y h to take out ! key 9 ord] to regulate ! bottom1 fir/ take p>ticul> notice ( ! conditions 9 respect to ! op]ation ( ! jack on ! hamm]4 ,"w ! key sl[ly1 to discov] if !re is lo/ motion4 ,decide :i* way ! bottom mu/ g & h[ f>1 s t y w n h to remove & replace ! key m ?an once or twice to adju/ x4 ,9 tak+ out ! key1 remove ! bo>d :i* is set edgewise ov] ! keys imm$iately back ( :]e ! f+]s /rike1 by tak+ out ! screw at ea* end4 ,lift ! hamm] ) ! f+] until ! jack falls out ( place2 !n by lift+ ! key (f ! balance p9 x c be drawn out4 ,! back *eck w sometimes rub s h>d aga9/ ! regulat+ button t x w be b5t some:at1 & mu/ be adju/$ aft] ! key is replac$4 ,! bottom is (t5 f\nd to h %runk52 x rattles at e /roke ( ! key4 ,?is c g5]ally be /opp$ by simply turn+ ! back screw d[n until tight1 :i* c be done )\t tak+ ! key out4 ,?is w r>ely be f\nd to alt] ! jack en\gh to cause x to fail to return to ! not* 9 ! butt4 ,aft] do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 x is well to exam9e = su* a condition4 ,a sluggi% motion ( ! jack is (t5 f\nd 9 old squ>e pianos caus$ by ! swell+ ( ! wood1 at ! po9t :]e ! jack is h+$ to ! bottom1 or by ! c5t] p9's becom+ f\l f oxide4 ,?is w cause ! jack to fail at times to op]ate on ! hamm]1 especially 9 quick repetition4 ,! key is /ruck ) no response4 ,take out ! bottom entirely1 & ) ! f+]s press ! sides ( ! bottom inw>d2 at ! same "t1 "w ! jack back & =?4 ,?is w g5]ally free x if ! jack-spr+ is all "r4 #c4 ,jack4--,z 9 ! upright1 ! behavior ( ! jack dep5ds entirely ^u ! surr\nd+ memb]s4 ,a v common occurr5ce 9 ! squ>e piano is a brok5 jack-spr+4 ,?is spr+ is conceal$ 9 a groove on ! "u side ( ! bottom1 ) a l95 ?read lead+ ar\nd ! end ( ! jack & held fa/ by a wood5 plug4 ,if ! spr+ is f\nd to be long en\gh1 drive out ! plug1 atta* a new ?read to ! spr+1 & fa/5 z be=e4 ,if a new spr+ is ne$$1 "o may be made by wrapp+ "s small wire r\nd a piece ( music wire ( ! "r size4 #d4 ,! back *eck1 hamm] /em & regulat+ button are subject to ! same faults z _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! upright1 :i* may be rem$i$ 9 ! same way4 ,bridles & hamm] spr+s are n ne$$ 9 ! squ>e1 z ! weight ( ! hamm]1 mov+ 9 a v]tical direction1 is suffici5t to br+ x to its re/ position4 #e4 ,hamm]s1 :5 made ( felt1 w ( c\rse require ! same treatm5t z ^? 9 ! upright4 ,9 _m old squ>es ! hamm]s are built up ( bucksk94 ,if ?is becomes beat5 d[n h>d1 x is well to cap ! hamm] ) a new s(t piece ( bucksk91 glu+ only at ! back ends4 #f4 ,butts & ,flanges4--,a click j z ! key comes up1 indicates t ! felt cu%ion1 aga9/ :i* ! jack re/s1 is worn out & mu/ be replac$4 ,9 all squ>e actions ! c5t] p91 9 ! butt1 is held by friction alone1 b r>ely gets loose2 if x %\ld be f\nd loose1 put 9 a l>g] p94 ,! flange1 %[n 9 ! cut1 is :at is call$ a split flange4 ,by ! set screw ,t1 ! jaws c be regulat$ s t !y nei!r clamp ! c5t] p9 s tightly z to make ! action sluggi% nor s loosely z to let ! hamm] wabble4 ,if ! bu%+ clo? is f\nd to be badly worn1 x is bett] to put 9 new1 :i* mu/ be done neatly1 or ! result w n be satisfactory4 ,hamm] flanges1 l all o!r wood5 p>ts1 %r9k away f ! screw heads & all[ ! hamm] to drift to "o side or rattle4 ,:ile ! action is 9 ! piano1 /rike ! keys to see if !re are any t /rike improp]ly4 ,m>k ! keys s z to indicate j :at ! tr\ble is1 s t y w "k h[ to rem$y x :5 ! action is out4 ,if ! hamm]s are set s close t !y rub aga9/ ea* o!r1 y may h to cut (f a slight %av+ ( felt1 b ?is is r>ely necess>y2 = if prop]ly plac$1 !re is g5]ally room = all2 yet sometimes ! expansion ( ! felt or w>p+ ( ! %ank makes cutt+ necess>y4 #g4 ,damp]s4--,! damp]s 9 ! squ>e action dep5d entirely ^u _! weight = _! effici5cy 9 damp+ ! /r+s & return+ aft] be+ rais$ by ! key4 ,(t51 aft] ! key is /ruck1 ! damp] w n return to its place & ! /r+ is undamp$4 ,?is is g5]ally f\nd to be caus$ by ! wire /ick+ 9 ! hole ?r\gh :i* x passes1 ! wire be+ ru/y or b5t or "s =eign sub/ance be+ 9 ! hole r\nd ! wire4 ,! bu%+ clo? 9 ! hole may be 9 su* condition z to ret>d ! free passage ( ! damp] wire1 9 :i* case ! wire may be heat$ ) a mat* & run up & d[n a few times ?r\gh ! hole1 :i* w free x4 ,! damp] may n fall readily on acc\nt ( a sluggi% jo9t 9 ! flange4 ,"w x back & =? z f> z x w g a few times2 if necess>y1 take x (f ! damp] rail & look = ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,damp] flanges get loose on ! damp] rail & "w to "o side1 caus+ defective damp+ & rattl+4 ,see t !y are all tight1 & 9 _! places4 ,damp] lift] buttons sometimes hold ! damp] (f ! /r+4 ,see t ! top button falls s l[ t ! damp] lev] does n t\* x :5 ! key is releas$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by alt]+ ! l[] button4 ,exam9e ! damp] felts to see if !y are mo?-eat51 or h become h>d5$ or 9 any way impair$4 ,notice ! adju/m5t ( ! %ade2 t x is n too l[ or too high4 ,! purpose ( ! %ade is to prev5t ! damp] lev]s f fly+ up2 b x %\ld be high en\gh s t ! lev]s d n t\* x :5 ! key is depress$ g5tly4 ,defective damp+ is "o ( ! mo/ annoy+ conditions1 & :5 "o is employ$ to regulate a piano ?or\ghly & put x 9 ord]1 he %\ld see t no key is left 9 :i* ?is occurs4 ,/rike ea* key & imm$iately let x up to see if x /ops ! s\nd quickly1 or1 9 o!r words1 damps p]fectly2 if x does n1 f9d ! cause & regulate until satisfactory4 #h4 ,! gr& action be+1 9 pr9ciple1 practically ! same z t ( ! squ>e & ! upright1 conta9+ ! same me*anism z is f\nd 9 ^? actions1 x is ne$less to give special in/ructions conc]n+ x2 z ! previ\s "w has giv5 ! pupil a ?or\gh k ( ! requirem5ts ( all actions1 _! common faults1 & prop] me?ods ( regulat+ to br+ ab\t satisfactory results4 ,let u m]ely rem>k3 ,/udy ?or\ghly ! behavior ( e compon5t "p ( ea* action t comes "u y\r obs]vation2 und]/& :at ea* "p is =1 :y x is !re1 & h[ x works or %\ld "w prop]ly to fill its (fice4 ,!n regulate & try = results4 ,if y h natural me*anical g5ius1 a little exp]i5ce w prep>e y to d all regulat+ & repair+ ) skill & quickness4 ,,miscellane\s ,,repairs4 ,a few miscellane\s difficulties1 common to all /yles ( actions1 are occasionally met ) & ne$ to be rectifi$4 #a4 ,brok5 ,hamm] ,%ank4--,glue ! ends1 lay a nicely fitt+ piece ( wood1 well coat$ ) glue1 on ea* side & wrap ) b9d+ wire4 ,if x is brok5 (f up s close to ! hamm] z n to p]mit ?is1 drill a hole ?r\gh ! hamm] head 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! %ank1 ) a small-siz$ screwdriv] su* z wat*mak]s use1 & run ! wire ?r\gh ?is & ar\nd ! %ank1 draw+ x firm2 glue z be=e2 :5 dry x w be z /rong z ev]4 ,:5 ! %ank is brok5 (f close to ! butt1 ! same treatm5t w sometimes answ]1 b ! /ra9 "h is s mu* great] t x is sometimes necess>y to put 9 a new %ank4 ,9 fact1 x is always bett] to d s4 #b4 ,flanges1 damp] heads1 & all small wood5 p>ts are liable to break or come unglu$4 ,! wat*mak]'s screwdriv]1 ! b9d+ wire & ! glue mu/ always be at h& = ^! em]g5cies4 ,^! breaks are g5]ally 9 places :]e wrapp+ is n p]missible1 & y are compell$ to drill4 ,keep ! screwdriv] well %>p5$ & ! drill+ is easy4 #c4 ,ivories4--,:5 unglu$1 scrape ! old glue (f1 apply glue to bo? surfaces & clamp ) an ivory clamp or rubb] b& until ! glue is firm4 ,apply ! same treatm5t to ebony %>ps4 #d4 ,leads 9 ! keys & ! damp]s ( ! squ>e piano get loose & rattle4 ,hamm] !m j en\gh to tight52 too mu* might split ! key4 #e4 ,friction4--,:]e diff]5t mat]ials1 su* z wood & felt1 w\ld rub toge!r !y are cov]$ ) black lead to lubricate !m4 ,! po9t ( ! jack :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! butt1 ! toe ( ! jack :i* /rikes ! regulat+ button1 & ! long wood5 cap/an :i* takes ! place ( ! ext5sion & works directly on ! "u side ( ! wipp51 :i* is cov]$ ) felt1 are black-lead$4 ,:5 a key squeaks & goes d[n reluctantly1 ! tr\ble c usually be trac$ to ^! places2 especially to ! wood5 cap/an1 ! black lead hav+ worn away4 ,use p[d]$ black lead on ^! p>ts4 ,!re are _m ?+s 9 ?is k9d ( "w t require only ! ex]cise ( common s5se4 ,^! we h omitt$ to m5tion1 treat+ only ( ^? ?+s ! /ud5t does n "k intuitively4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,vi4 #a4 ,:5 a key snaps or clicks at ! in/ant x is let up1 give two or m conditions t might cause x4 #b4 ,:5 a key simply rattles1 :at p>ts ( ! action w\ld y exam9e = ! tr\ble8 #c4 ,:5 a key is /ruck & !re is no response1 :at may be ! cause8 #d4 ,give two causes = defective damp+ 9 a squ>e piano4 #e4 ,give cause ( & rem$y = a squeak+ key4 ,,lesson ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,piano ,,tun+4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! sy/ematic /udy ( piano tun+1 we want to impress ! /ud5t ) a few important facts t und]lie ! great pr9ciples ( scale build+ & g5]al details ( ! art4 ,if y h foll[$ ! sugge/ions1 & ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! "w up to ?is po9t y %\ld n[ h "s idea ( ! natural & artificial ph5om5a ( musical tones2 y %\ld h a cle> k at lea/ ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( h>mony & ! te*nical t]ms by :i* we designate int]vals & _! relation to ea* o!r2 a k ( ! g5]al & specific con/ruction ( ! diff]5t types ( pianos & _! actions1 & ! me?ods employ$ to put !m 9 p]fect work+ condition me*anically4 ,?is admitt$1 we are ready to consid] ! art ( tun+--"o1 ! appreciation ( :i* is 9 direct proportion to ! und]/&+ ( x4 ,let u n[ view ?is art = a mom5t 9 its pa/1 pres5t & future phases4 ,y may be a little surpris$ at :at we are ab\t to tell y1 b x is a fact1 glean$ f long exp]i5ce 9 travel+ & obs]vation1 t _m1 v]ily1 ! majority ( pret5d+ tun]s h n s mu* practical k ( a piano z y %\ld n[ h4 ,we h no d\bt t y1 if y h a musical e>1 c\ld1 )\t fur!r in/ruction1 improve an in/rum5t t 0 extremely out ( tune4 ,y c\ld detect & improve a tone :i* y %\ld f9d extremely %>p or flat2 y c\ld detect & improve a unison t might be badly out1 & y might produce an entire scale 9 :i* none ( ! *ords w\ld be unbe>ably rasp+4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,y %\ld aspire to p]fection1 & n /op %ort ( x4 ,x may seem to u :o are musicians ) ?or\gh k ( ! simpl] laws ( music1 t a scale ( eight tones is a simple affair2 simply a natural consequ5ce2 ! inevitable arrangem5t2 b a hi/orical inve/igation w prove our mi/ake4 ,we w n g into ! complexities ( musical hi/ory2 suffice x to say t ! wise/ philosoph]s :o liv$ prior to ! f\rte5? c5tury _h no idea ( a scale l t we h at ! pres5t day4 ,9 piano tun+1 z 9 o!r arts1 _m !ories & conjectures h be5 advanc$ reg>d+ ! end to be s\ght & ! means by :i* to ga9 x4 ,!re mu/ be a plan--a sy/em by :i* to "w4 ,! "q is3 ,:at plan w insure ! mo/ p]fect results ) ! lea/ am\nt ( labor8 ,9 ,piano ,tun+1 ?is plan is call$ ! ,temp]am5t4 ,web/] def9es ! ^w ?us3 ,a sy/em ( compromises 9 ! tun+ ( pian(ortes1 organs1 etc4 ,lat] on we w discuss fully :at ^! compromises are1 & :y !y exi/2 = x is 9 !m t ! tun] demon/rates 8 greate/ skill1 & to !m t ! piano owes its surpass+ excell5ce z a musical in/rum5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 its imm5se popul>ity4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! t]m temp]am5t may be consid]$ z mean+ ! plan or patt]n f :i* ! tun] works4 ,no subject ( s great importance 9 ! :ole realm ( musical sci5ce has be5 s /rangely neglect$ z ! me?od ( sett+ a temp]am5t4 ,ev5 musicians ( high le>n+1 9 o!r respects1 give little att5tion to scale build+1 & h5ce !y diff] widely on ?is topic4 ,!re c be b "o be/ way ( do+ a ?+1 & t be/ way %\ld be kn[n & foll[$ by ! pr(ession2 b1 /range to say1 !re are a half doz5 sy/ems ( sett+ ! temp]am5t 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t4 ,! au?or has1 9 8 libr>y1 a book on ,temp]am5t :i*1 if foll[$1 w\ld result 9 ! production ( a scale 9 :i* e *ord w\ld be unbalanc$1 h>% & unbe>able4 ,?is is m5tion$ m]ely to call att5tion to ! fact t great diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/ among sci5tific m5 reg>d+ ?is important subject4 ,9 ! au?or's practice1 he 0 curi\s to try ! diff]5t me?ods1 & has tun$ by all ! sy/ems ( temp]am5t 9 vogue at ! pres5t1 or t h ev] be5 us$ ext5sively4 ,8 exp]i5ce has prov$ t all b "o is hamp]$ ) unc]ta9ty1 difficulty ( execution or imp]fection 9 "s respect4 ,a sy/em :i* w positively insure ! /ricte/ uni=mity ( diff]5ce 9 pit* ( any giv5 int]val 9 all ! keys1 & t makes use ( ! fewe/ int]vals 9 tun+ & ! easie/ ones--^? 9 :i* a discrepancy is mo/ readily p]ceiv$ by ! e>1 is ! be/ sy/em to adopt & foll[4 ,su* a sy/em is ! "o foll[$ by ! au?or = ye>s ) ! mo/ satisfy+ results4 ,he does n claim any high honor by ?is /atem5t1 b does claim t1 :ile 8 sy/em diff]s b slightly f "s ( ! o!rs1 x is m c]ta9 to produce ! be/ results1 is ! simple/ to und]/&1 is ! easie/ to foll[1 &1 consequ5tly1 is ! be/4 ,to become a piano tun] ( ! highe/ skill1 _m ?+s are necess>y2 b :at may be lack+ at ! outset may be acquir$ by /udy & practice4 ,m dep5ds ^u ! e> ?an ^u any?+ else2 b no p]son1 h[ev] tal5t$1 has a suffici5tly acute p]ception to tune p]fectly )\t "s culture4 ,"s practice 9 tun+ is necess>y to br+ ! e> to t acut5ess ( p]ception s indisp5sable 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x may also be said t no extraord9>y tal5t = music is absolutely necess>y1 s9ce _m ( ! be/ tun]s are n musicians 9 any s5se ( ! ^w4 ,pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 associat$ ) consci5ti\sness & an insatiable desire to excel1 are among ! =emo/ requirem5ts4 ,hav+ ^! x only rema9s to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( e detail ( ! "w2 a little practice w br+ skill & dext]ity4 ,f9ally1 we w\ld impress ! /ud5t ) ! /r5u\s importance ( ?or\ghly ma/]+ ! lessons :i* imm$iately foll[4 ,y %\ld be inspir$ ) ! utmo/ confid5ce1 bo? 9 y\rself & 9 ! possibilities ( ! pr(ession to ^? :o m]it a reputation4 ,&1 :ile ?is lesson conta9s little te*nical in/ruction1 if by its /udy ! pupil is impress$ ) ! maxims h]e9 pres5t$1 & is inspir$ to make e>ne/ ef=t 9 8 future "w1 bo? 9 acquir+ & 9 practic+ ! art ( ,piano ,tun+1 ! au?or w feel t its mission is1 by no means1 ! lea/ significant "o 9 ! c\rse4 ,,lesson ,,viii4 ,,! ,,temp]am5t4 ,"s tun]s favor ! t]m1 lay+ ! be>+s1 o!rs say sett+ ! temp]am5t4 ,! =m] is m commonplace1 z x m]ely sugge/s ! idea ( lay+ a numb] ( patt]ns by :i* all o!rs are to be measur$4 ,! latt] t]m is extremely compreh5sive4 ,a lucid def9ition ( ! ^w temp]am5t1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ "h1 w\ld require a disc\rse ( consid]able l5g?4 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts w elicit ! full mean+ ( ! t]m3 ,! untutor$ w\ld1 p]haps1 n ?9k ( sett+ a temp]am5t to tune by4 ,he w\ld likely beg9 at "s unfavorable po9t1 & tune by v>i\s int]vals1 rely+ :olly ^u 8 conception ( pit* = ! accuracy ( ! tones tun$1 ! same z a viol9i/ 9 tun+ 8 f\r /r+s4 ,to be sure1 pit* has to be reckon$ z a rude guide 9 sett+ ! tones2 b if pit* alone 7 ! guide we w\ld nev] atta9 to any degree ( p]fection 9 scale =m+4 ,we c\ld nev] adju/ our tones to t delicate f95ess s mu* appreciat$1 :i* gives to ! in/rum5t its surpass+ brilliancy4 ,beats1 ,waves1 ,pulsations4--,to obta9 absolute accuracy ! tun] is guid$ by beats1 waves or pulsations4 ,^! ?ree words ref] to "o & ! same ?+1 a ph5om5on t occurs 9 c]ta9 int]vals :5 two tones are s\nd$ toge!r t are n 9 exact tune4 ,^! t]ms mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! t]m s\nd wave or vibrations s (t5 us$ 9 discussions on ! !ory ( s\nd4 ,h[ev]1 we ?9k ! /ud5t is ?or\ghly famili> ) ^! t]ms4 ,! rate ( vibration ( two tones n 9 a favorable ratio1 may produce ! ph5om5on kn[n z beats1 waves1 or pulsations4 ,vibrations may exi/ ei!r ) or )\t pulsations4 ,^! pulsations are mo/ p]ceptible 9 ! unison1 ! octave & ! fif?4 ,!y are m easily p]ceiv$ 9 ! unison ?an 9 ! octave1 & m easily 9 ! octave ?an 9 ! fif?4 ,!y are also p]ceptible 9 ! p]fect f\r?1 ! major & m9or ?ird & "s o!r int]vals1 b on acc\nt ( _! obscurity1 & because ^! int]vals are unnecess>y 9 tun+ !y h long s9ce be5 ab&on$ 9 temp]am5t mak+ 7) ! exception ( ! p]fect f\r?7 by mo/ tun]s1 al?\gh a few /ill make use ( x4 ,we d n say t ! f\r? is unsafe to tune by1 b y w see lat] on :y x is n be/ to make use ( x4 ,! ,fis*] ,sy/em or me?od ( sett+ ! temp]am5t has ^! advantages3 ,x uses b two k9ds ( int]vals3 ! fif? & octave2 by employ+ two :ole octaves 9 place ( "o or "o & a half1 ne>ly all ( ! middle section ( /r+s is br\ght up 9 pit* :i* insures t ! temp]am5t w /& bett] :ile ! rema9+ /r+s are be+ tun$2 & ! alt]nate tun+ ( ! fif? & octave makes ! sy/em exce$+ly easy to le>n1 enabl+ ! tun] to "w ) less m5tal /ra94 ,also ! two-octave sy/em gives a great] compass = te/+1 ?us insur+ great] accuracy4 ,if y h access to a piano1 x w n[ be well = y to beg9 tra9+ ! e> to p]ceive ! pulsations4 ,if y _c use a piano1 y c tra9 v well by ! use ( a m&ol91 guit>1 viol91 zi!r1 or any /r+$ in/rum5t4 ,an in/rum5t ) metal /r+s1 h[ev]1 is bett]1 z ! vibrations are m p]fect4 ,y w1 ( c\rse1 "k t ! front top panel ( ! case has to be remov$ to give access to ! tun+ p9s1 & t y %\ld h a regul> tun+ hamm] & set ( mutes to beg9 )4 ,! panel is held 9 place 9 v>i\s ways3 sometimes ) buttons1 sometimes ) p9s set 9 slots1 & sometimes ) pat5t fa/5+s2 b a little exam9ation w reveal h[ x may be remov$4 ,to produce a tone ( a c]ta9 pit*1 ! /r+ mu/ be ( ! "r ?ickness & l5g?4 ,^! items are decid$ by ! scale draughtsman 9 ! factory2 if incorrect1 ! tun] c d no?+ to improve !m4 ,to produce ! correct pit*1 ! /r+ mu/ be ( ! "r t5sion1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by w9d+ "o end ( ! /r+ ar\nd ! tun+ p9 until ! prop] degree ( t5sion is rea*$4 ,?is mu/ be decid$ by ! e> ( ! tun]4 ,two /r+s ( equal ?ickness & equal l5g? produce ! same tone :5 br\ght to ! same t5sion2 ! result be+ kn[n z unison4 ,a defect 9 ! unison be+ ! easie/ way 9 :i* to detect ! beats1 we advise t ! /ud5t practice on x fir/4 ,aft] tak+ out ! panel1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to place y\r rubb] mute betwe5 two trios ( /r+s 7if ! piano is an upright :i* usually has ?ree /r+s to a note7 s t only two /r+s s\nd :5 ! key is /ruck4 ,select "s key ne> ! middle ( ! keybo>d4 ,/rike ! key /rongly & hold x d[n4 ,if ! two s\nd+ /r+s give =? a smoo?1 unwav]+ tone--a tone t s\nds z if x came f "o /r+1 ! unison is p]fect4 ,if y f9d x s1 remove ! mute & place x on ! o!r side ( ! trio ( /r+s4 ,if ! piano has be5 tun$ rec5tly by an exp]t1 y may h to cont9ue y\r se>* ov] sev]al keys be=e y f9d an imp]fect unison2 b y w r>ely f9d a piano 9 su* p]fect tune t x w n conta9 "s defective unisons4 ,h[ev]1 if y d n succe$ 9 f9d+ a defective unison1 select a key ne> ! middle ( ! key-bo>d1 place y\r mute s t b two /r+s s\nd1 & ) y\r tun+ hamm] loos5 "o ( ! /r+s v slightly4 ,n[ y w notice a ?robb+1 beat+ s\nd1 v unlike ! tone produc$ :5 ! /r+s 7 9 exact unison4 ,see if y c c\nt ! beats4 ,if y h l[]$ ! t5sion too mu*1 ! beats w be too rapid to p]mit c\nt+4 ,n[ ) a /eady & gradual pull1 ) ! heel ( ! h& aga9/ "s /ation>y "p1 br+ ! /r+ up sl[ly4 ,y w notice ^! waves become sl[] & sl[]4 ,:5 !y become q sl[1 /op & c\nt1 or wave ! h& 9 "t ) ! pulsations4 ,aft] practic+ ?is until y are sure y\r e> has become accu/om$ to ! beats & w recognize !m aga91 y may proce$ to p]fect ! unison4 ,br+ ! /r+ up gradually z be=e1 & :5 ! unison is rea*$ y w he> "o s+le1 simple1 musical tone1 z ?\gh x 7 f a s+le /r+4 ,nev] h m ?an two /r+s s\nd+ at once4 ,y might g ov] ! entire key-bo>d n[ & correct all ! unisons if ! scale is yet fairly good4 ,see :i* /r+ is1 9 y\r op9ion1 ! ne>e/ to correctness ) respect to ! scale1 & tune ! o!r "o1 or two1 z ! case may be1 to x4 ,if ! scale is badly out ( symmetry1 y w n get v good results )\t sett+ a temp]am5t2 b ! tones w s\nd bett] individually4 ,?is exp]im5t is m = practice ?an = improv+ ! piano4 ,! cause ( ! waves 9 a defective unison is ! alt]nate recurr+ ( ! p]iods :5 ! cond5sations & r>efactions correspond 9 ! two /r+s & !n antagonize4 ,?is is kn[n 9 physics z int]f]5ce ( s\nd-waves4 ,! ,octave4--,:5 p]fectly tun$1 ! upp] tone ( ! octave has exactly d\ble ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! l[]4 ,if ! l[] tone vibrates #ajjj p] second1 ! upp] w vibrate #bjjj4 ,( c\rse1 ! e> _c asc]ta9 9 any way ! numb] ( vibrations p] second2 we use ^! figures = sci5tific demon/ration only4 ,h[ev]1 !re is an in/rum5t call$ ! ,sir5 :i* is con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( vibrations p] second ( any giv5 tone1 & :i* is delicately accurate 9 its "w4 ,by its assi/ance we "k1 def9itely1 a great _m ?+s reg>d+ our musical scale ( :i* we w\ld o!rwise be ignorant4 ,b1 :ile we _c1 by ! e>1 asc]ta9 ^! numb]s1 we c1 by ! int]f]5ce ( s\nd-waves above ref]r$ to1 asc]ta91 to ! mo/ delicate po9t1 :5 ! relative vibration ( two /r+s is ma!matically exact1 if !y are tun$ to a unison1 octave1 fif?1 etc4 ,practice n[ on tun+ ! octave4 ,f9d an octave 9 :i* ! upp] tone is flat4 ,mute all b "o /r+ 9 ! l[] tone to make sure ( gett+ a pure tone1 !n select "o /r+ 7! middle "o if a piano has ?ree /r+s7 ( ! upp] octave & proce$ to pull x up gradually until all beats disappe>4 ,?is be+ done1 br+ up ! unisons4 ,! ,fif?4--,9 our sy/em1 :5 we speak ( a fif?1 we mean a fif? upw>d4 ,! fif? to ,c is ,g1 to ,g is ,d1 & s on4 ,! vibration ( ! fif? is "o & a half times t ( its fundam5tal4 ,if a c]ta9 ,f vibrates #ajj1 ! ,c1 a fif? above1 w vibrate #aej1 if tun$ s t no waves are he>d2 b = reasons :i* w be fully expla9$ lat]1 ! fif? _c be tun$ ) ma!matical precision4 ,on acc\nt ( c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 our temp]$ scale1 ! fif? mu/ always be left some:at flatt] ?an p]fect4 ,?is fact is always le>n$ ) "s a/oni%m5t by beg9n]s4 ,9 y\r practice on tun+ ! fif?1 fir/ tune x p]fectly1 s t no waves are p]ceptible2 !n flat x s t !re are v sl[ waves2 less ?an "o p] second4 ,"s au?orities say !re %\ld be ?ree beats 9 five seconds2 b ! tun] mu/ le>n to det]m9e ?is by 8 own judgm5t4 ,! temp]+ ( ! fif? w be treat$ exhau/ively 9 subsequ5t lessons4 ,we advise t y conf9e y\r practice to ! unison until y are sure y h a cle> conception ( its peculi>ities 9 all portions ( ! key-bo>d1 except ! extreme l[] & upp] octaves2 d n try ^! yet4 ,d n beg9 to practice on ! octave until y are v famili> ) ! beats 9 ! unison4 ,by gradual progress y w avoid confus+ ! e>1 ea* /ep be+ ?or\ghly ma/]$ be=e advanc+ to ! next4 ,rememb]1 !re is no?+ t is extremely difficult 9 le>n+ to tune if y b und]/& :at has to be done1 g ab\t x sy/ematically1 & h pl5ty ( pati5ce4 ,9 ?is lesson we give y our sy/em ( sett+ ! temp]am5t2 t is1 ! succession 9 :i* ! diff]5t tones ( ! temp]am5t are tun$4 ,we advise1 h[ev]1 t y d n attempt to set a temp]am5t until aft] /udy+ ,lesson ,,ix1 :i* ent]s into ! !ory ( temp]am5t1 te/+1 etc4 ,two octaves are us$ = ! temp]am5t3 an octave above1 & an octave bel[ middle ,c4 ,middle ,c c be told by its be+1 ! ,c ne>e/ ! "n ( ! piano on ! "n bo>d4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! fif? ,c f ! highe/ ,c1 & ! f\r? f ! l[e/ 9 ! mod]n piano1 :i* has sev5 & a ?ird octaves4 ,! diagram illu/rates ! two octaves ( ! key-bo>d1 & %[s h[ ea* key is designat$ 9 giv+ ! sy/em ( temp]am5t4 ,pit*4--,! ,piano ,manufactur]s' ,association has e/abli%$ :at is kn[n z int]national pit*4 ,tun+-=ks made to ?is pit* are m>k$ ,c-#eag4c1 mean+ t our #c;,c vibrates #eag4c p] second4 ,conc]t pit* is ne>ly a half /ep high] ?an ?is4 ,"s manufactur]s /ill tune _! in/rum5ts to ?is high] pit*4 ,if x is desir$ to tune a piano to a c]ta9 pit*1 say conc]t pit*1 tune ! ,c t is an octave above middle ,c by a conc]t pit* tun+-=k or pipe4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! piano is too mu* bel[ t1 x is n safe to br+ x up to x at "o tun+4 ,b1 say x w p]mit tun+ to conc]t pit*2 aft] ?is ,c 7#c;,c7 is well laid1 tune middle ,c 7#b;,c7 by x1 !n tune ! ,c octave bel[ middle ,c 7#a;,c7 to middle ,c4 ,hav+ #a;,c = a />t+ po9t1 proce$ by tun+ a fif? up1 !n its octave1 !n a fif?1 !n an octave1 always tun+ ! octave :i*ev] way is necess>y to keep )9 ! two octaves4 ,! simplicity ( ?is sy/em c be readily se52 yet = ! use ( beg9n]s1 we give on ! foll[+ page ! :ole succession ( int]vals z !y are tak5 9 sett+ ! temp]am5t4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,octaves ,,us$ ,,9 ,,temp]am5t1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,succession ,,9 ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,tun$4 ,c ,d ,f ,g ,a ,c ,d ,f ,g ,a ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b ,c 99 #a;,c1 #a;,d1 #a;,e1 etc4 #b;,c1 #b;,d1 #b;,e1 etc4 #c;,c -------------------- --------------------- ,middle ,c beg9s second octave2 kn[n by ! a/]isk 7997 "u x4 ,,! ,,fis*] ,,sy/em ,,( ,,sett+ ,,temp]am5t4 ,fir/1 tune #c;,c by tun+ pipe1 or z direct$4 ,by ?is1 tune #b;,c1 & by #b;,c tune #a;,c2 !n tune z foll[s3 ,by #a;,c tune #a;,g fif? above1 #a;,g #b;,g octave above1 #a;,g #b;,d fif? above1 #b;,d #a;,d octave bel[1 ,by #a;,d tune #a;,a fif? above1 #a;,a #b;,a octave above1 #a;,a #b;,e fif? above1 #b;,e #a;,e octave bel[1 #a;,e #a;,b fif? above1 #a;,b #b;,b octave above1 #a;,b #b;,f fif? above1 #b;,f #a;,f octave bel[1 #a;,f #b;,c fif? above1 #b;,c #a;,c octave bel[1 #a;,c #a;,g fif? above1 #a;,g #b;,g octave above1 #a;,g #b;,d fif? above1 #b;,d #a;,d octave bel[1 #a;,d #a;,a fif? above1 #a;,a #b;,a octave above1 #a;,a7,b7 #b;,f fif? above1 #b;,f #a;,f octave bel[1 #a;,f try #b;,c fif? above4 ,y w obs]ve ?is la/ fif? br+s y back to ! />t+-po9t 7,c74 ,x is call$ ! wolf1 f ! h[l+ ( its beats :5 ! tun] has be5 inaccurate or ! piano fails to /&4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,viii4 #a4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! beats or pulsations8 #b4 ,h y practic$ tun+ ! unison8 #c4 ,c y di/+ui% ! beats cle>ly8 #d4 ,h y practic$ tun+ ! octave8 #e4 ,d y ?or\ghly und]/& ! sy/em ( sett+ ! temp]am5t z set =? 9 ?is lesson8 ,,lesson ,,ix4 ,,specific ,,in/ructions ,,9 ,,temp]am5t ,,sett+4 ,pit*4--,x is a matt] ( importance 9 tun+ an in/rum5t t x be tun$ to a pit* t w adapt x to ! special use to :i* x may be subject$4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 !re are at pres5t two diff]5t pit*es 9 use1 int]national pit* & conc]t pit*1 ! latt] be+ ab\t a half-/ep high] ?an ! =m]4 ,! tun] %\ld c>ry ) him a tun+ pipe or =k tun$ to #c;,c 9 "o or ! o!r ( ^! pit*es4 ,! special uses to :i* pianos are subject$ are z foll[s3 #a/1 ,z a conc]t piano4--,9 ! op]a h\se1 music hall1 & occasionally 9 ! *ur*1 or ev5 9 a private dwell+1 ! piano is us$ along ) or*e/ral in/rum5ts4 ,all or*e/ral in/rum5ts are suppos$ to be tun$ to conc]t pit*4 ,! /r+$ in/rum5ts c1 ( c\rse1 be tun$ to any pit*2 b ! brass & wood-w9d in/rum5ts are n s adju/able4 ,! brass in/rum5ts are provid$ ) a tun+ slide & _! pit* c be l[]$ some:at1 b r>ely z mu* z a half-/ep1 :ile ! cl>9et %\ld n be v>i$ f its fix$ pit* if x c be avoid$4 ,x is desirable1 !n1 t all pianos us$ ) or*e/ra %\ld be tun$ to conc]t pit* if possible4 #b;d1 ,z an accompanim5t = s++4--,"s p]sons use _! pianos ma9ly = accompany+4 ,x may be t s+]s _c s+ high1 9 :i* case !y are bett] pleas$ if ! piano is tun$ to int]national pit*1 :ile o!rs1 especially conc]t s+]s1 h _! pianos at a high] pit*4 ,:]e a piano is us$ 9 ! home to practice by1 & ! s+] goes out to v>i\s places to s+ ) o!r in/rum5ts1 we h always advis$ to h ! piano tun$ z ne> conc]t pit* z x w\ld be>1 = ! reason t if "o practices ) an in/rum5t tun$ to conc]t pit* he may feel sure ( rea*+ ! pit* ( any in/rum5t he may be call$ ^u to s+ ) else:]e4 ,! great majority ( pianos are left entirely to ! tun]'s judgm5t 9 reg>d to pit*4 ,! tun] kn[s1 or %\ld "k1 to :at pit* to tune ! piano to insure ! be/ results4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions w be f\nd entirely safe to foll[ 9 decid+ ! "q ( ! pit* to :i* to tune3 ,asc]ta9 if ! piano is us$ ) or*e/ra1 & if cl>9ets & cornets are us$4 ,if s1 & ! piano is n too mu* bel[ conc]t pit*1 & bids fair to /& ! t5sion1 draw y\r #c;,c up to conc]t pit* & proce$ to lay y\r temp]am5t4 ,if ! piano is ne>ly z l[ z int]national pit*1 d n try to br+ x up at "o tun+ to conc]t unless ! own] dem&s x1 :5 y may expla9 t x w n /& 9 tune long4 ,! slighte/ alt]ation possible1 9 ! pit* ( an in/rum5t1 insures ! be/ results1 s f> z /&+ 9 tune is conc]n$4 ,if ev]y?+ be left to y\r judgm5t1 z x g5]ally is1 & ! in/rum5t is = g5]al1 r ?an special use1 set y\r temp]am5t at su* a pit* z w require ! lea/ possible alt]ation4 ,?is may be arriv$ at 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,asc]ta9 :i* portion ( ! in/rum5t has fall5 ! mo/4 ,! ov]/rung bass /r+s g5]ally /& bett] ?an any o!r1 & 9 mo/ cases y w f9d ! ,c :i* is two octaves bel[ middle ,c to be high] 7relatively7 ?an any o!r ,c 9 ! piano4 ,if s1 take x z a basis & tune by p]fect octaves up to #c;,c4 ,! supposition is1 t all /r+s 9 an in/rum5t gradually gr[ flatt]2 & 9 a well-balanc$ in/rum5t !y %\ld d s2 b ! fact is1 t 9 c]ta9 cases "s ( ! /r+s w gr[ %>p]4 ,! cause is ?is3 ,! t5sion ( ! /r+s on "o side ( a brace 9 ! metal plate or frame is great] ?an on ! o!r side2 & if !re is any yield+ ( ! /ructure1 ! result is t ! ov]p[]$ /r+s are drawn tight]4 ,?is condition1 h[ev]1 is r>e 9 ! bett] grade ( pianos4 ,"h is a rule :i* is safe1 & w prove satisfactory 9 n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ( y\r practice :]e no specific pit* is prescrib$3 ,take ! ?ree ,cs includ$ 9 ! temp]am5t & ! ,c t is an octave bel[ #a;,c1 & try ea* ( !m ) its octave until y asc]ta9 :i* is ! %>pe/ ) respect to ! o!rs2 !n1 br+ ! o!rs up to x4 ,y n[ h y\r pit* e/abli%$ 9 ! ,cs & c beg9 on #a;,c & proce$ to set ! temp]am5t4 ,be=e apply+ ?is rule1 x is well to try #c;,c ) tun+ pipe or =k to see if ! piano is bel[ int]national pit*4 ,we w\ld n advise tun+ any mod]n piano bel[ int]national pit*4 ,aim to keep )9 ! b\nds ( ! two prescrib$ pit*es2 nev] high] ?an conc]t1 nor l[] ?an int]national4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y %\ld be call$ on to tune an old in/rum5t t has become extremely l[1 ) v ru/y /r+s1 & p]haps ) "s ( !m brok51 t by all appe>ances w n /& ev5 int]national pit*1 y may be compell$ to leave x some:at bel[4 ,! ,cont9u\s ,mute4--,d n try to set a temp]am5t )\t a cont9u\s mute4 ,its purpose is to mute all outside 7#a/ & #c;d,c7 /r+s ( all ! trios includ$ 9 ! temp]am5t s t none b ! middle /r+s s\nd :5 /ruck by ! hamm]s4 ,! advantage ( ?is c be se5 at once4 ,! tun] tunes only ! middle /r+s 9 sett+ ! temp]am5t & !reby avoids ! confusion ( he>+ m ?an two /r+s at once4 ,! cont9u\s mute is !n remov$ & ! outside /r+s tun$ to ! middle4 ,)\t ! cont9u\s mute1 he w\ld be oblig$ to tune all ?ree ( ! /r+s ( ! unison be=e he c\ld tune ano!r int]val by x1 & x w\ld n be s safe to tune by z a s+le /r+1 z !re might be a slight discrepancy 9 ! unison giv+ rise to waves :i* w\ld confuse ! e>4 ,! tun] %\ld he> b two /r+s at once :ile sett+ a temp]am5t2 ! "o he is tun+ by & ! "o he is tun+4 ,a cont9u\s mute is a /rip ( mut+ felt ( ! prop] ?ickness to be pu%$ 9 betwe5 ! trios ( /r+s4 ,simply lay x across a portion ( ! /r+s & ) a screwdriv] pu% x 9 betwe5 ! trios j above :]e ! hamm]s /rike4 ,9 ! squ>e piano1 :i* has b two /r+s to a key1 ! cont9u\s mute _c be us$ & y w be oblig$ to tune bo? /r+s 9 unison be=e leav+ to tune ano!r int]val4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y ! squ>e piano does n1 z a rule1 admit ( z f9e tun+ z ! upright4 ,c ,! ?ree /r+s compos+ ! trio or unison are numb]$ #a/1 #b;d or middle1 & #c;d1 f left to "r4 ,x is presum$ t y are n[ famili> ) ! succession ( tones & int]vals us$ 9 sett+ ! temp]am5t4 ,fix ^! ?+s 9 y\r m9d & ! sy/em is easy to und]/& & rememb]4 ,keep )9 ! b\nds ( ! two octaves laid out 9 ,lesson ,x4 ,tune all fif?s upw>d2 t is1 tune all fif?s by _! fundam5tals4 ,= example1 />t+ on #a;,c1 use x z fundam5tal1 & by x1 tune its fif?1 :i* is ,g2 !n1 hav+ ,g tun$1 use x z fundam5tal1 & by x tune its fif?1 :i* is ,d1 & s on ?r\gh4 ,aft] tun+ a fif?1 always tune its octave ei!r above or bel[1 :i*ev] way x lies )9 ! b\nds ( ! two octaves4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh "o or two exp]im5ts 9 sett+ temp]am5t y w see ! simplicity ( ?is sy/em & w1 p]haps1 n be oblig$ to ref] to ! diagram any m4 ,= v>i\s reasons1 x is bett] to try y\r exp]im5ts on an upright piano1 & ! bett] ! piano1 ! m satisfactory w be ! result ( ! exp]im5t4 ,y %\ld h no hesitancy or timidity 9 tak+ hold ( a good piano1 z y _c damage x if y use good judgm5t1 foll[ in/ructions1 & "w c>efully4 ,! fir/ caution is1 be v c>eful t y draw a /r+ b slightly %>p] ?an x is to be left4 ,re/ ! heel ( ! h& aga9/ "s /ation>y "p ( ! piano & pull v sl[ly1 & 9 a direct "r angle ) ! tun+ p9 s z to avoid any t5d5cy to b5d or spr+ ! p94 ,we w\ld advise n[ t y f9d an upright piano t is badly out ( tune1 if y h none ( y\r own1 & proce$ to set a temp]am5t4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions w suffice = y\r fir/ exp]im5ts1 & by !m y may be able to get fairly good results2 h[ev]1 ! !ory ( temp]am5t1 :i* is m ?or\ghly ent]$ into 9 ,lesson ,,xii1 mu/ be /udi$ be=e y c h a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! causes & effects4 ,aft] decid+1 z p] in/ructions on pit* :i* ,c y w tune fir/1 place ! tun+ hamm] 7us+ ! /> head if p9s are squ>e7 on ! p9 ) ! h&le ext5d+ upw>ds or incl9$ slightly to ! "r4 7,! /> head1 :i* w fit ! p9 at eight diff]5t angles1 enables ! tun] to select ! mo/ favorable position47 ,to raise ! pit*1 y w1 ( c\rse1 pull ! hamm] to ! "r4 ,9 ord] to make a /r+ /& 9 tune1 x is well to draw x v slightly above ! pit* at :i* x is to rema91 & settle x back by /rik+ ! key repeat$ly & /rongly1 & at ! same "t be>+ g5tly to ! left on ! tun+ hamm]4 ,! exact am\nt ( ov]-t5sion mu/ be le>n$ by practice2 b x %\ld be s slight z to be b>ely p]ceptible4 ,aim to get ! /r+ tun$ ) ! lea/ possible turn+ ( ! hamm]4 ,! t5sion ( ! /r+ %\ld be ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] its entire l5g?2 t is1 ov] its vibrat+ middle & its dead ends beyond ! bridges4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to /rike ! key /rongly :ile tun+ s z to make ! /r+ draw ?r\gh ! bridges4 ,by practice1 y w ga9 control ( ! hamm] & become s exp]t t y c feel ! /r+s draw ?r\gh ! bridges & ! p9s turn 9 ! block4 ,hav+ n[ tun$ y\r ?ree ,cs1 y w take #a;,c z a />t+ po9t1 & by x1 tune #a;,g a p]fect fif? above4 ,tune x p]fect by draw+ x gradually up or d[n until all pulsations disappe>4 ,n[ aft] mak+ sure y h x p]fect1 flatt5 x until y c he> sl[1 almo/ imp]ceptible waves2 less rapid ?an "o p] second4 ,?is flatt5+ ( ! fif? is call$ temp]+1 & f x comes ! ^w temp]am5t4 ,! fact t ! fif? mu/ always be tun$ a little flatt] ?an p]fect1 is a matt] :i* always causes "s a/oni%m5t :5 fir/ le>n$4 ,x seems1 to ! un9itiat$1 t e int]val %\ld be made p]fect2 b x is impossible to make !m s1 & get a correct scale1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,n[ tune #b;,g by ! #a;,g j tun$1 to a p]fect octave4 ,rememb] t all octaves %\ld be left p]fect--all waves tun$ out4 ,n[ try #b;,g ) #b;,c4 ,if y\r octaves are p]fect1 ?is upp] fif? w beat a little fa/] ?an ! l[] "o1 b ! dissonance %\ld n be s great z to be disagreeable4 ,proce$ to y\r next fif?1 :i* is #b;,d1 !n its octave1 #a;,d1 !n its fif? & s on z p] directions on ! sy/em c>d4 ,y c make no *ord trials until y h tun$ ,e1 an int]val ( a major ?ird f ,c4 ,hav+ tun$ #b;,e1 y c n[ make y\r fir/ trial3 ! *ord ( ,c4 ,if y h temp]$ y\r fif?s correctly1 ?is *ord w come out 9 pleas+ h>mony1 & yet ! ,e w be some:at %>p] ?an a p]fect major ?ird to ,c4 ,n[1 j = exp]im5t1 l[] #b;,e until all waves disappe> :5 s\nd$ ) #b;,c4 ,y n[ h a p]fect major ?ird4 ,^u s\nd+ ! *ord1 y w f9d x m pleas+ ?an be=e2 b y _c leave y\r ?irds p]fect4 ,draw x up aga9 to its prop] temp]am5t ) ,a1 & y w notice x has v pron\nc$ beats :5 s\nd$ ) ,c4 ,proce$ ) ! next /ep1 :i* is t ( tun+ #a;,b1 fif? to #a;,e4 ,:5 tun$1 try x z a major ?ird 9 ! *ord ( ,g4 ,at ea* /ep f ?is on1 try ! note j tun$ z a major ?ird 9 its prop] *ord4 ,rememb]1 ! ?ird always s\nds bett] if l[] ?an y d>e to leave x2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be left s %>p z to be at all unpleasant :5 he>d 9 ! *ord4 ,z to ! position ( ! *ord = ^! trials1 ! second position1 t is1 ) ! ?ird ! highe/1 is ! mo/ favorable1 z 9 ?is position y c m easily disc]n excessive %>pness ( ! ?ird1 :i* is ! mo/ common occurr5ce4 ,:5 y h gone ?r\gh ! entire sy/em & arriv$ at ! la/ fif?1 #a;,f-#b;,c1 y %\ld f9d x ne>ly z p]fect z ! re/1 b y w h>dly be able to d s 9 y\r fir/ ef=ts4 ,ev5 old tun]s frequ5tly h to g ov] _! "w a second or ?ird "t be=e all fif?s are prop]ly temp]$4 ,by ?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 y _c g f> wrong if y te/ ea* /ep z direct$1 & y\r fir/ *ord comes up "r4 ,if ! fir/ te/1 ,g-,c-,e1 proves t !re is a false memb] 9 ! *ord1 d n proce$ ) ! sy/em1 b g ov] ! fir/ sev5 /eps until y f9d ! (f5d+ memb]s & rectify4 ,d n be disc\rag$ on acc\nt ( failures4 ,no "o ev] set a correct temp]am5t at ! fir/ attempt4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,ix4 #a4 ,def9e ! t]ms1 ,int]national ,pit*1 & ,conc]t ,pit*4 #b4 ,h[ w\ld y arrive at ! mo/ favorable pit* at :i* to tune a piano1 if ! own] did n sugge/ any c]ta9 pit*8 #c4 ,:at is ! advantage 9 us+ ! cont9u\s mute8 #d4 ,tell :at is necess>y 9 ! tun+ ( a /r+ to insure x to /& well8 #e4 ,:at w\ld result 9 ! major ?ird ,c-,e1 if all ! fif?s1 up to ,e1 7 tun$ p]fect8 ,,lesson ,x4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,temp]am5t4 ,! in/ructions giv5 9 ,lessons ,,viii & ,,ix cov] ! subject ( temp]am5t pretty ?or\ghly 9 a way1 & by !m alone1 ! /ud5t might le>n to set a temp]am5t satisfactorily2 b ! /ud5t :o is ambiti\s & en?usia/ic is n cont5t ) a m]e k ( h[ to d a ?+2 he wants to "k :y he does x2 :y c]ta9 causes produce c]ta9 effects2 :y ?is & t is necess>y1 etc4 ,9 ! foll[+ lessons we set =? a compreh5sive demon/ration ( ! !ory ( ,temp]am5t1 requirem5ts ( ! correct scale & ! ess5tials ( its ma!matics4 ,equal ,temp]am5t4--,equal temp]am5t is "o 9 :i* ! twelve fix$ tones ( ! *romatic scale,d are equidi/ant4 ,any *ord w be z h>moni\s 9 "o key z 9 ano!r4 ,d ,! *romatic scale is a succession ( all ! half /eps 9 ! compass ( "o octave4 ,c\nt+ ! octave tone1 x conta9s ?irte5 tones1 b we speak ( twelve1 z !re are only twelve :i* diff] 9 "n4 ,unequal ,temp]am5t4--,unequal temp]am5t 0 practic$ 9 old5 times :5 music did n w&] f> f a few keys :i* 7 favor$ 9 ! tun+4 ,y w see1 pres5tly1 h[ a temp]am5t c\ld be set 9 su* a way z to favor a c]ta9 key 7family ( tones7 & also ^? keys :i* are ne>ly relat$ to x2 b1 t 9 favor+ ^! keys1 our scale mu/ be con/ruct$ greatly to ! detrim5t ( ! remote keys4 ,:ile a *ord or progression ( *ords w\ld s\nd extremely h>moni\s 9 ! favor$ keys1 !y w\ld be s unbalanc$ 9 ! remote keys z to r5d] !m extremely unpleasant & almo/ unfit to be us$4 ,9 ?is day1 :5 piano & organ music is writt5 & play$ 9 all ! keys1 ! unequal temp]am5t is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 ,b1 /range to say1 x is only )9 ! la/ half c5tury t ! sy/em ( equal temp]am5t has be5 univ]sally adopt$1 & "s tun]s1 ev5 n[1 w try to favor ! flat keys because !y are us$ m by ! mass ( play]s :o play little b popul> music1 :i* is mo/ly writt5 9 keys hav+ flats 9 ! signature4 ,^u ! sy/em table y w notice t ! fir/ five tones tun$ 7n c\nt+ ! octaves7 are ,c1 ,g1 ,d1 ,a & ,e2 x be+ necess>y to g ov] ^! fif?s be=e we c make any te/s ( ! complete major *ord or ev5 ! major ?ird4 ,n[1 j = a pro( ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! necessity ( flatt5+ ! fif?s1 try tun+ all ^! fif?s p]fect4 ,tune !m s t !re are absolutely no waves 9 any ( !m & y w f9d t1 on try+ ! *ord ,g-,c-,e1 or ! major ?ird ,c-,e1 ! ,e w be v mu* too %>p4 ,n[1 let y\r ,e d[n until p]fect ) ,c1 all waves disappe>+4 ,y n[ h ! mo/ p]fect1 sweete/ h>mony 9 ! *ord ( ,c 7,g1 ,c1 ,e7 t c be produc$2 all its memb]s be+ absolutely p]fect2 n a wave to m> its s]5e purity4 ,b1 n[1 ^u s\nd+ ?is ,e ) ! ,a bel[ x1 y w f9d x s flat t ! dissonance is unbe>able4 ,try ! m9or *ord ( ,a 7,a-,c-,e7 & y w he> ! rasp+1 ?robb+ beats ( ! too greatly flatt5$ fif?4 ,s1 y see1 we are confront$ ) a difficulty4 ,if we tune our fif?s p]fect 79 :i* case our f\r?s w\ld also be p]fect71 our ?irds are s %>p t ! e> w n tol]ate !m2 &1 if we tune our ?irds l[ en\gh to bani% all beats1 our fif?s are intol]ably flat4 ,! exp]im5t above %[s u beautifully ! prom95t inconsi/5cy ( our scale4 ,we h demon/rat$1 t if we tune ! memb]s ( ! *ord ( ,c s z to get absolutely pure h>mony1 we c\ld n use ! *ord ( ,a on acc\nt ( ! flat fif? ,e1 :i* did duty s p]fectly z ?ird 9 ! *ord ( ,c4 ,!re is b "o solution to ?is problem3 ,s9ce we _c tune ei!r ! fif? or ! ?ird p]fect1 we mu/ compromise1 we mu/ /rike ! happy m$ium4 ,s we w proce$ by a me?od t w leave our fif?s flatt] ?an p]fect1 b n s mu* z to make !m at all displeas+1 & t w leave our ?irds %>p] ?an p]fect1 b n intol]ably s4 ,we h1 ?us f>1 spok5 only ( ! octave1 fif? & ?ird4 ,! inquisitive /ud5t may1 at ?is juncture1 want to "k some?+ ab\t ! v>i\s o!r int]vals1 su* z ! m9or ?ird1 ! major & m9or six?1 ! dim9i%$ sev5?1 etc4 ,b please be> 9 m9d t !re are _m peculi>ities 9 ! temp]$ scale1 & we are go+ to h y fully & explicitly in=m$ on e po9t1 if y w be cont5t to absorb z little at a "t z y are prep>$ to receive4 ,:ile x may seem to u t ! temp]$ scale is a v complex in/itution :5 view$ z a specific arrangem5t ( tones f :i* we are to d]ive all ! v>i\s k9ds ( h>mony1 yet1 :5 we consid] t ! *romatic scale is simply a s]ies ( twelve half-/eps--twelve p]fectly simil> int]vals--x seems v simple4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! two c>d9al po9ts ( ! sy/em ( tun+ are3 #a4 ,all octaves %all be tun$ p]fect4 #b4 ,all fif?s %all be tun$ a little flatt] ?an p]fect4 ,y h se5 f ,lesson ,,viii t by ?is sy/em we beg9 ^u a c]ta9 tone & by a circle ( twelve fif?s cov] e *romatic tone ( ! scale1 & t we are f9ally br\ght ar\nd to a fif?1 l&+ ^u ! tone ^u :i* we />t$4 ,s y see !re is v little to rememb]4 ,lat] on we w speak ( ! v>i\s o!r int]vals us$ 9 h>mony3 n t !y =m any prom95t "p 9 scale =m+1 = !y d n2 b = ! purpose ( giv+ ! le>n] a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( all t p]ta9s to ! e/abli%+ ( a correct equal temp]am5t4 ,if ! in/ruction ?us f> is und]/ood & c>ri$ out1 & ! /ud5t c prop]ly tune fif?s & octaves1 ! o!r int]vals w take c>e ( !mselves1 & w take _! places gracefully 9 any h>mony 9 :i* !y are call$ ^u to take "p2 b if !re is a s+le in/ance 9 :i* an octave or a fif? is all[$ to rema9 untrue or untemp]$1 "o or m *ords w %[ x up4 ,x may manife/ itself 9 "o *ord only4 ,a tone may be untrue to our temp]$ scale1 & yet s\nd beautifully 9 c]ta9 *ords1 b !re w always be at lea/ "o 9 :i* x w h[l4 ,= in/ance1 if 9 ! sev5? /ep ( our sy/em1 we tune ,e a little too flat1 x s\nds all ! bett] :5 us$ z ?ird 9 ! *ord ( ,c1 z we h %[n 9 ! exp]im5t m5tion$ on page #id ( ?is lesson4 ,b1 if ! rema9d] ( ! temp]am5t is accurate1 ?is ,e1 9 ! *ord 9 :i* ,e acts z tonic or fundam5tal1 w be f\nd to be too flat1 & its ?ird1 ,g %>p1 w demon/rate ! fact by s\nd+ too %>p4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions w s]ve y greatly 9 te/+3 ,:5 a ?ird s\nds disagreeably %>p1 "o or m fif?s h n be5 suffici5tly flatt5$4,e ,:ile x is true t ?irds are tun$ %>p1 !re is a limit beyond :i* we _c g1 & ?is excessive %>pness ( ! ?ird is ! ?+ t tun]s always li/5 =4 ,e ,9 mak+ ^! sugge/ions1 no calculation is made = ! liability ( ! tones tun$ to fall4 ,?is (t5 happ5s1 9 :i* case y\r fir/ te/ w display a %>p ?ird4 ,9 cases l ?is x is be/ to g on ?r\gh1 tak+ pa9s to temp] c>efully1 & g all ov] ! temp]am5t aga91 giv+ all ! /r+s an equal *ance to fall4 ,if ! piano is v bad1 y may h to br+ up ! unisons r\ghly1 inur+ ?is portion ( ! in/rum5t to ! increas$ t5sion1 :5 y may aga9 place y\r cont9u\s mute & set y\r temp]am5t ) m c]ta9ty4 ,! fundam5tal s\nds bett] to ! e> :5 too %>p4 ,! reason = ?is is ! same z has already be5 expla9$ above2 namely1 if ! fundam5tal is too %>p ! ?ird w be less %>p to x1 &1 !re=e1 ne>] p]fect4 ,aft] y h gone all ov] y\r temp]am5t1 te/ e memb] ( ! *romatic scale z a fundam5tal ( a *ord1 z a ?ird1 & z a fif?4 ,= in/ance3 try middle ,c z fundam5tal 9 ! *ord ( ,c 7,g-,c-,e or ,e-,g-,c or ,c-,e-,g74 ,!n try x z ?ird 9 ! *ord ,a flat 7,e flat-,a flat-,c or ,c-,e flat-,a flat or ,a flat-,c-,e flat74 ,!n try x z fif? 9 ! *ord ( ,f 7,c-,f-,a or ,a-,c-,f or ,f-,a-,c74 ,take ,g likewise & try x z fundam5tal 9 ! *ord ( ,g 9 its ?ree positions1 !n try x z a ?ird 9 ! *ord ( ,e flat1 !n z fif? 9 ! *ord ( ,c4 ,9 l mann] try e tone 9 ?is way1 & if !re is a falsely temp]$ int]val 9 ! scale y w be sure to f9d x4 ,y n[ und]/& t ! correctness ( y\r temp]am5t dep5ds entirely ^u y\r ability to judge ! degree ( flatness ( y\r fif?s2 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! /r+s /& z tun$4 ,we h told y some?+ ab\t ?is1 b y may n be able at once to judge ) suffici5t accuracy to insure a good temp]am5t4 ,n[1 we h said1 let ! fif?s beat a little m sl[ly ?an once a second2 b ! "q crops up1 ,h[ am ,i to judge ( a second ( "t8 ,! fact is t a second ( "t is quickly le>n$ & m easily e/imat$1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r int]val ( "t2 h[ev]1 we describe "h a little device :i* w accu/om "o to e/imate x v accurately 9 a %ort "t4 ,! p5dulum oscillates by an inv>iable law :i* says t a p5dulum ( a c]ta9 l5g? w vibrate always 9 a correspond+ p]iod ( "t1 :e!r x sw+s ?r\gh a %ort arc or a long "o4 ,a p5dulum ?irty-n9e & a half in*es long w vibrate seconds by a s+le sw+2 "o n9e & sev5-eigh?s in*es long w vibrate seconds at ! d\ble sw+1 or ! to-&-fro sw+4 ,y c easily make "o by ty+ any little heavy article to a /r+ ( ei!r ( ^! l5g?s4 ,measure f ! c5t] ( su* heavy article to ! po9t ( contact ( ! /r+ at ! top ) "s /ation>y object4 ,?is is a sure guide4 ,set ! p5dulum sw++ & c\nt ! vibrations & y w soon become q infallible4 ,hav+ acquir$ ! ability to judge a second ( "t y c g to "w ) m confid5ce4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 a scale :i* is equally temp]$1 no two fif?s beat exactly alike1 z ! l[] a fif?1 ! sl[] x %\ld beat1 & ?us ! fif?s 9 ! bass are h>dly p]ceptibly flat1 :ile ^? 9 ! treble beat m rapidly4 ,= example1 if a c]ta9 fif? beat once a second1 ! fif? an octave high] w beat twice a second1 & "o t is two octaves high] w beat f\r times a second1 & s on1 d\bl+ ! numb] ( beats ) ea* asc5d+ octave4 ,9 a subsequ5t lesson1 9 :i* we give ! ma!matics ( ! temp]am5t1 ^! v>i\s ratios w be f\nd accurately figur$ out2 b = ! pres5t let u notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual temp]$ scale & ! exact ma!matical scale 9 ! po9t ( ! flatt5+ ( ! fif?4 ,take = example #a;,c1 & = conv5i5ce ( figur+1 say x vibrates #abh p] second4 ,! relation ( a fundam5tal to its fif? is t ( #b to #c4 ,s if #abh is repres5t$ z #b1 we ?9k ( x z #b times #fd4 ,!n ) ano!r #fd add$1 we h #aib1 :i* repres5ts #c4 ,9 o!r words1 a fundam5tal has j two-?irds ( ! numb] ( vibrations p] second t its fif? has1 9 ! exact scale4 ,?is w\ld mean a fif? 9 :i* !re w\ld be no beats4 ,n[ 9 ! temp]$ scale we f9d t ,g vibrates #aia4gh in/ead ( #aib2 s we c easily see h[ mu* v>iation f ! ma!matical /&>d !re is 9 ?is portion ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is only ab\t a f\r? ( a vibration4 ,?is w\ld mean t1 9 ?is fif? we w\ld he> ! beats a little sl[] ?an "o p] second4 ,take ! same fif? an octave high] & take #b;,c z fundam5tal1 :i* has #bef = its vibration numb]4 ,! ,g1 fif? above1 %\ld vibrate #chd1 b 9 ! temp]$ scale x beats b #chc4eg1 almo/ half a vibration flat4 ,?is w\ld give ne>ly #b beats 9 #c seconds4 ,^! figures simply repres5t to ! eye ! ratios ( ^! s\nds1 & x is n suppos$ t a tun] is to atta9 to su* a degree ( accuracy1 b he %\ld /rive to arrive z ne> x z possible4 ,x is well = ! /ud5t to practice temp]am5t sett+ & regul> tun+ n[ if he c d s4 ,aft] gett+ a good temp]am5t1 proce$ to tune by octaves upw>d1 always te/+ ! tone tun$ z a fif? & ?ird until 8 e> becomes suffici5tly true on ! octave t te/+ o!rwise is unnecess>y4 ,tune ! ov]/rung bass la/ & y\r "w is f9i%$4 ,if y\r fir/ ef=ts are at all satisfactory y %\ld be greatly enc\rag$ & feel assur$ t accuracy w rew>d cont9u$ practice4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,x4 #a4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m equal temp]am5t8 #b4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m unequal temp]am5t8 #c4 ,web/] def9es ! t]m temp]am5t ?us3 ,a sy/em ( compromises 9 ! tun+ ( pian(ortes1 organs1 etc4 ,expla9 fully :at ^! compromises are4 #d4 ,9 te/+ *ords to asc]ta9 if temp]am5t is correct1 :at is ! ma9 ?+ to li/5 = z a guide8 #e4 ,9 :at ?ree *ords w\ld y try ! tone ,a1 9 te/+ y\r temp]am5t8 #f4 ,) :at results h y demon/rat$ ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is & ! previ\s lesson8 ,,lesson ,,xi4 ,,! ,,te*nique ,,or ,,modus ,,op]&i ,,( ,,piano ,,tun+4 ,at ?is juncture1 x is ?\ght prud5t to def] ! discussion ( scale build+ & detail "s ( ! requirem5ts connect$ ) ! te*nical op]ations ( tun+4 ,we d ?is "h because "s /ud5ts are1 at ?is /age1 beg9n+ to tune & unless in/ruct$ 9 ^! ?+s w take hold ( ! "w 9 an unfavorable way &1 p]haps1 =m habits t w be h>d to break4 ,especially is ?is s 9 ! matt] ( sett+ ! mutes or w$ges4 ,z to our discussion ( scale build+1 we %all take t up aga91 t y may be m ?or\ghly in=m$ on t subject4 ,"s me*anics d m "w 9 a giv5 "t ?an o!rs1 d x z well or bett]1 & ) less ex]tion4 ,?is is because !y h me?od or sy/em 9 _! "w s t !re are no movem5ts lo/4 ,e motion is made to c\nt = ! advancem5t ( ! cause4 ,o!rs g ab\t ?+s 9 a reckless way1 tak+ no ?\ght z to "t & labor-sav+ me?ods4 ,9 spite ( any in/ruction t c be giv51 ! beg9n] 9 piano tun+ w n be able to take hold ( 8 "w ) ! ease & ! grace ( ! vet]an1 nor w he ev] be able to "w ) great accuracy & exp$ition unless he has a sy/ematic me?od ( do+ ! v>i\s ?+s incid5t to 8 pr(ession4 ,9 ?is lesson1 z its subject implies1 we endeavor to tell y j h[ to beg9 & ! way to proce$1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh ! "w1 to obta9 ! be/ results 9 ! %orte/ "t1 ) ! greate/ ease & ! lea/ confusion4 ,,manipulation ,,( ,,! ,,tun+ ,,hamm]4 ,x may seem t ! tight5+ ( a /r+ by turn+ a p91 ar\nd :i* x is w\nd1 by ! aid ( an in/rum5t fitt+ its squ>e end1 is su* a simple op]ation t x %\ld require no skill4 ,simply tight5+ a /r+ 9 ?is mann] is1 to be sure1 a simple matt]2 b !re is a def9ite degree ( t5sion at :i* ! vibrat+ section ( ! /r+ mu/ be left1 & x %\ld be left 9 su* a condition t ! t5sion w rema9 inv>iable1 or z ne> s z is possible4 ,! only means giv5 ! tun] by :i* he is to br+ ab\t ?is condition are 8 tun+ hamm] & ! key ( ! piano1 ) its me*anism1 :]eby he may /rike ! /r+ he is tun+4 ,! purpose ( ! tun+ hamm] is t ( alt]+ ! t5sion4 ,! purpose ( /rik+ ! /r+ by means ( ! key is tw(old3 fir/1 to asc]ta9 ! pit* ( ! /r+1 & second1 to equalize ! t5sion ( ! /r+ ov] its entire l5g?4 ,consid] ! /r+ 9 its ?ree sections1 viz43 l[] dead end 7f hit* p9 to l[] bridge71 vibrat+ section 7section betwe5 ! bridges71 & upp] dead end 7f upp] bridge to tun+ p974 ,:5 plac+ ! hamm] on ! tun+ p9 & turn+ to ! "r1 x is evid5t t ! increas$ t5sion w be manife/ fir/ 9 ! upp] dead end4 ,9 pianos hav+ agraffes or upp] bridges ) a tightly screw$ be>+ b> :i* makes ! /r+s draw v h>d ?r\gh ! bridge1 "s consid]able t5sion may be produc$ 9 ! upp] dead end be=e ! /r+ w draw ?r\gh ! bridge & increase ! t5sion 9 ! vibrat+ middle4 ,9 o!r pianos ! /r+s r5d] v easily ov] ! upp] bridge1 & ! slighte/ turn ( ! hamm] manife/s an alt]ation ( pit* 9 ! vibrat+ section4 ,z a rule1 /r+s r5d] mu* m easily ?r\gh ! upp]1 ?an ! l[] bridge4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is3 ,"o is1 t ! con/ruction ( ! l[] bridge is su* z to cause a t5d5cy 9 ?is direction1 hav+ two bridge-p9s :i* /& out ( l9e ) ! /r+ & be> aga9/ x 9 opposite directions2 ! o!r is t ! l[] bridge is s mu* f>!r f ! po9t :]e ! hamm] /rikes ! /r+ t its vibration does n help x ?r\gh z x does at ! upp] bridge4 ,n[1 ! ?+ desir$ is to h ! t5sion equally di/ribut$ ov] ! entire l5g? ( ! /r+4 ,t5sion %\ld be ! same 9 ! ?ree diff]5t sections4 ,?is is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,if ?is condition does n obta91 ! piano w n /& 9 tune4 ,yet1 ?is is n ! only item ( importance4 ,! tun+ p9 mu/ be prop]ly set1 z tun]s t]m x4 ,by sett+ ! p9s1 we mean1 leav+ x s balanc$ ) respect to ! pull ( ! /r+ t x w nei!r yield to ! pull ( ! /r+ nor t5d to draw x tight]4 ,com+ n[ to ! exact manipulation ( ! tun+ hamm]1 !re are "s important items to consid]4,f ,n[1 if ! tun+ hamm] is plac$ ^u ! tun+ p9 ) ! h&le /raight upw>d1 & x is pull$ backw>d 7f ! tun]7 j a little1 be=e x is turn$ to ! "r1 ! t5sion w be increas$ some:at be=e ! p9 is turn$1 z ?is motion1 slight z x may seem1 pulls ! p9 upw>d en\gh to draw ! /r+ ?r\gh ! upp] bridge an inf9itesimally small di/ance1 b en\gh to be p]ceptible to ! e>4 ,n[ if ! hamm] 7 remov$1 ! t5d5cy ( ! p9 w\ld be to yield to ! pull ( ! /r+2 b if ! p9 is turn$ en\gh to take up su* am\nt ( /r+ z 0 pull$ ?r\gh ! bridge1 &1 z x is turn$1 is all[$ to yield d[nw>d t[>d ! pull ( ! /r+1 x w resume its balance & ! /r+ w /& at t pit*1 provid$ x has be5 r5d]$ prop]ly ov] ! bridges4 ,f ,be> 9 m9d1 ! =ego+ & foll[+ in/ructions are writt5 ) ref]5ce to ! upright piano4 ,! squ>e does n p]mit ! obs]vance ( ^! sugge/ions s favorably z ! upright4 ,we set =? ^! details t y may h a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( :at is meant by sett+ ! p9s1 & :ile x is n always advisable to foll[ ?is me?od 9 tun+1 !re are "s pianos t w /& m satisfactorily :5 treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is me?od is recomm5d$ :]e ! /r+ has become ru/y at ! upp] bridge1 z x is loos5$ at ! bridge be=e x is />t$ to w9d ar\nd ! p9 :i* prev5ts x break+ at t po9t4 ,we believe t n9ety p] c5t4 ( /r+s break "r :]e !y />t ar\nd tun+ p94 ,a v good way to draw a /r+ up is to give ! hamm] an alt]nate up & d[n motion1 pull+ ! h&le lightly to y1 !n f y1 z y draw x up2 n en\gh to b5d or break ! p9 or to cru% ! wood ar\nd ! p91 b j en\gh to make ! /r+ take on its increas$ t5sion equally4 ,9 reg>d to ! l[] bridge1 ! /r+s w r>ely r5d] ?r\gh !m prop]ly unless br\ght to a t5sion a little high] ?an x is desir$ !y %all be left4 ,if ?is is done1 a few %>p bl[s ( key w g5]ally make !m equalize all "r2 !n press ! hamm] g5tly to ! left1 n en\gh to turn ! p9 9 ! socket1 b to settle x back to a well-balanc$ position4 ,aft] a little practice ! tun] c g5]ally guess precisely h[ mu* ov]-t5sion to all[4 ,if ! p9 is left slightly sprung d[nw>d1 its t5d5cy w be to spr+ upw>d1 !reby %>p5+ ! /r+2 s be c>eful to leave ! p9s 9 p]fect balance1 or z tun]s say1 prop]ly set4 ,! =ego+1 :ile applicable to ! :ole scale1 is n s urg5t 9 ! ov]-/rung bass4 ,! /r+s are s heavy & ! t5sion is s great t !y w g5]ally r5d] q freely ov] ! bridges1 & x is only necess>y to br+ !m up to pit*1 h&l+ ! hamm] 9 su* a mann] z to leave ! p9s well balanc$2 b x is n necess>y to give !m ov]-t5sion & beat !m d[n aga92 9 fact x is n advisable1 z a rule4 ,at all times1 place ! hamm] on ! p9 z f> z x w g1 & /rike ! key :ile draw+ a /r+ up4 ,9 tun+ ! squ>e piano1 x is n possible to set ! hamm] ^u ! p9 ) ! h&le 9 l9e )1 & beyond ! /r+1 z is ! rule 9 ! upright4 ,:]e ! squ>e has ! squ>e p91 ! hamm] 7) /> head7 c always be set ) ! h&le to ! "r ( ! /r+ some:at1 b usually almo/ 9 l9e ) ! /r+ & almo/ directly ov] x1 & ! manipulation ( ! hamm] is mu* ! same1 ?\gh ! tun] is at a great] disadvantage1 ! p9s be+ f>!r f him & he has n su* a good re/ = 8 h&4 ,_m old squ>es h ! oblong p94 ,9 ?is case1 use ! d\ble hamm] head4 ,on ! "o side ! hole 9 ! head is made ) ! long] diamet] 9 l9e ) ! h&le1 & on ! o!r side ! hole is made ) ! long] diamet] at "r angles ) ! h&le2 s t if y _c get a favorable position ) "o end y c ) ! o!r4 ,we h said no?+ ab\t :i* h& to use 9 /rik+ ! keys & 9 wield+ ! hamm]1 b x is cu/om>y to h&le ! hamm] ) ! "r h& & x is always advisable = two v good reasons3 ,x gives ! tun] a mu* m favorable position at ! in/rum5t2 &1 z ! "r h& is m us$ 9 ord9>y e-day op]ations & is m tra9$ 9 apply+ degrees ( =ce & guid+ tools1 x is m easily tra9$ to manipulate ! hamm] prop]ly4 ,tra9+ ! h& 9 ! skilful use ( ! hamm] is ( ! utmo/ importance & comes only by cont9u$ practice1 b :5 x is tra9$1 "o c virtually feel ! tones ) ! hamm]4 ,at fir/1 ! "y tun] is almo/ inv>iably disc\rag$ by 8 sl[ progress4 ,he mu/ rememb] t1 h[ev] f9e 8 e> & h[ev] great 8 me*anical ability1 he has mu* to acquire by tra9+ 9 bo?1 & he mu/ expect to be two or ?ree times long] 9 f9i%+ (f a job ( tun+ at ! outset ?an w be necess>y aft] he has _h a few mon?s' practice4 ,y c be y\r own tra9] 9 ^! ?+s if y w d a little rational ?9k+ & be cont5t to ha/5 sl[ly4 ,& z to us+ ! left h&1 we w\ld n advise x 9 any ev5t4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,mutes ,,or ,,w$ges ,,9 ,,! ,,upright4 ,z /at$ 9 a previ\s lesson1 ! mutes %\ld be s plac$ t only two /r+s are he>d at "o "t3 ! "o ! tun] is tun+1 & ! "o he is tun+ by4 ,x is true t ?is is an easy matt]1 b x is also true t v few tun]s "k h[ to d x 9 a way to save "t & avoid plac+ ! mutes two or m times 9 ! same place4 ,by us+ a little inv5tive g5ius dur+ e>ly practice ! au?or succe$$ 9 =mulat+ a sy/em ( mut+ by :i* he accompli%$ ! ends z /at$ above1 & assures ! read] t a great deal ( "t c be sav$ by foll[+ x4 ,aft] remov+ ! muffl] or any o!r in/rum5tal atta*m5t :i* may be 9 ! piano 9 ! way ( plac+ ! mutes1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to place ! cont9u\s mute s t all ! outside /r+s ( ! trios are damp$4 ,! temp]am5t is !n set by tun+ ! middle /r+s1 ( ! tw5ty-five trios compris$ 9 ! two-octave temp]am5t z demon/rat$ 9 a previ\s lesson4 ,aft] satisfy+ y\rself by trials or te/ t ! temp]am5t is true1 y !n remove ! cont9u\s mute & proce$ to br+ ! outside /r+s 9 unison ) ! middle "o4 ,n[1 y\r #a;,c is sometimes f\nd to be ! fir/ pair 9 ! ov]-/rung bass1 :i* usually has two /r+s to a key1 :ile 9 o!r pianos1 #a;,c is ! fir/ trio 9 ! treble /r++1 & 9 _m cases x is ! second trio 9 ! treble4 ,= illu/ration1 we w say x is ! second 9 ! treble4 ,9 speak+ ( ! sep>ate /r+s ( a trio we w numb] !m #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d1 f left to "r1 z 9 foot-note1 page #hi1 ,lesson ,,ix4 ,sett+ ! mutes 9 br++ up ! unisons 9 ! temp]am5t is exce$+ly simple4 ,! foll[+ diagram w1 we ?9k1 demon/rate cle>ly ! me?od employ$3 ,upp] r[---- o o o o o o o o o o ,tim- ,middle r[--- o o o o o o o o o o + ,l[] r[---- o o o o o o o o o o ,p9s4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,bridge4 99 #a 99 #b 99 #c 99 #d 99 #e 99 #f 99 #g 99 #h 99 #i 99 c _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ ,treble /r++4 ,b ,c ,c ,d ,d ,e ,f ,f ,g ,g c ,! upp] r[ ( ,o's repres5ts ! upp] r[ ( tun+ p9s4 ,to ^! are atta*$ ! fir/ /r+ ( ea* unison4 ,to ! middle r[ are atta*$ ! second or middle /r+s1 & to ! l[] r[ are atta*$ ! ?ird /r+s4 ,! diagonal l9es repres5t ! ?ree /r+s ( ! unison 7trio74 ,! a/]isk on ! middle "o indicates t x has be5 tun$4 ,b "o mute is us$ 9 tun+ ^! unisons4 ,x is ins]t$ betwe5 ! trios 9 ! ord] indicat$ by ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,:5 ins]t$ 9 place #a1 betwe5 unisons ,b & ,c1 x w mute ! fir/ /r+ ( ,c2 s ! fir/ /r+ ( ! trio to tune is always ! ?ird4 ,!n place y\r mute 9 place #b & tune ! fir/ /r+ ( ,c4 ,!n1 )\t mov+ y\r mute1 br+ up ?ird /r+ ( ,c1 !n ?ird /r+ ( ,d & s on4 ,by ?is me?od1 y tune two /r+s e "t y reset y\r mute4 ,:5 ?r\gh ) ! temp]am5t1 ! next /ep is usually t ( tun+ ! bass2 b :ile we are 9 ! treble we w proce$ to give ! me?od ( sett+ ! mutes 9 ! upp] treble beyond ! temp]am5t4 ,all ?ree /r+s h yet to be tun$ "h1 & we h to use two mutes4 ,! unisons are tun$ 9 regul> succession upw>d ! same z 9 ! example above4 ,! mute t is kept f>!/ to ! left1 is indicat$ by ! lett] ,a1 & ! "o kept to ! "r1 by ! lett] ,b1 z 9 diagram bel[4 7,t e m p e r a m e n t 7 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g c4 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 ,a ,b _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ ,c ,d ,d ,e ,f ,f ,g c4 ,! mutes are fir/ plac$ 9 ! places indicat$ by ! figures #a & #b1 !reby mut+ fir/ & ?ird /r+s ( ! fir/ unison beyond ! temp]am5t1 :i* is #c;,c4 ,! middle /r+ ( ?is unison is n[ tun$ by its octave bel[4 7,if y h left imp]fect unisons 9 y\r temp]am5t1 r5d]+ x difficult to tune octaves by !m1 x w be well to replace y\r cont9u\s mute s z to tune f a s+le /r+47 ,hav+ tun$ ! middle /r+ ( ,c1 move mute ,b to place #c & tune ?ird /r+ ( ,c4 ,!n1 move mute ,a to place #b & tune fir/ /r+ ( ,c4 ,y\r mutes are n[ already set = tun+ ! middle /r+ ( ,d4 ,aft] ?is is done1 proce$ to move mute ,b fir/1 !n mute ,a2 tun+ middle /r+1 !n ?ird1 !n fir/1 mov+ /ep by /ep z indicat$ 9 example above until ! la/ unison is rea*$4 ,by ?is sy/em y tune ?ree /r+s e "t ! mutes are set twice4 ,! ov]-/rung bass usually has b two /r+s to a unison & only "o mute is ne$$4 ,9 ! extreme l[ or contra-bass1 pianos h b "o /r+1 9 tun+ :i* ! mute is disc>d$4 ,set ! mute z indicat$ by ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 9 ! diagram bel[1 always tun+ ! /r+ f>!/ to ! "r by its octave above2 !n move ! mute to its next place & tune ! left /r+ by ! "r4 ,"h1 aga91 y tune two /r+s e "t y reset y\r mute4 ,! ,i's repres5t bass /r+s4 #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #b #a ,i ,i ,i ,i ,i ,i ,i ,,ii ,,ii ,,ii ,,ii ,,ii ,,ii ,,ii ,,ii ,,ii ,c ,c ,d ,d ,e ,f ,f ,g ,g ,a ,a ,b ,c ,contra-,bass4 ,bass4 ,treble4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,mutes ,,9 ,,! ,,squ>e ,,piano4 ,9 sett+ ! temp]am5t 9 ! squ>e piano1 simply mute ! /r+ f>!/ to ! left & tune ! "o to ! "r until ! temp]am5t is f9i%$1 !n set ! mutes 9 ! bass ! same z 9 ! upright4 ,9 tun+ ! treble1 if ! piano has ?ree /r+s1 ! same sy/em is us$ z has be5 describ$ = ! upright4 ,:5 ! piano has b two /r+s to a unison1 z is usually ! case1 employ ! sy/em describ$ = ! bass ( ! upright1 b rev]s$1 z y are proce$+ to ! "r in/ead ( to ! left4 ,remove ! %ade be=e beg9n+ to tune a squ>e piano1 & if necess>y1 lay ! damp]s back & trace ! /r+s to _! p9s s z to m>k !m4 ,c]ta9 p9s are m>k$ to guide ! tun] 9 plac+ 8 hamm]4 ,! way we h always m>k$ !m is z foll[s3 ,m>k bo? p9s ( ea* pair ( ,c /r+s ) :ite crayon4 ,m>k only "o p9 ( ea* pair ( ,g's4 ,kn[+ ! int]vals ( ! o!r keys f ! m>k$ ones1 y c easily calculate correctly1 ^u :i* p9 to set y\r hamm] to tune any /r+ desir$4 ,= in/ance1 if y are /rik+ ,d1 next above middle ,c1 y calculate t1 z ,d is ! ?ird *romatic int]val f middle ,c1 y are to set ! hamm] on "o or ! o!r ( ! p9s belong+ to ! ?ird pair to ! "r ( ! pair m>k$ z middle ,c4 ,b w\ld be fir/ pair to ! left1 ,f w\ld be fir/ pair to ! left ( ! m>k$ ,g1 & s on4 ,x is usually necess>y to m>k only ^? pairs ne> ! middle ( ! piano1 b we advise ! beg9n] to m>k ?r\gh\t ! scale1 z by s do+ he may avoid break+ a /r+ occasionally by pull+ on "s o!r ?an ! "o he is s\nd+4 ,?is w occur 9 y\r e>ly practice if y d n use caution4 ,& = safety1 "s tun]s always m>k ?r\gh\t4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,xi4 #a4 ,by :at means is ! tun] enabl$ to make ! /r+s draw ?r\gh ! bridges & equalize ! t5sion ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g?8 #b4 ,/ate conditions t may result f a tun+ p9's n be+ prop]ly set4 #c4 ,9 ?is sy/em ( mut+1 /ate def9itely :i* /r+ is tun$ fir/ aft] ! cont9u\s mute is remov$4 ,:i* second8 ,:i* ?ird8 #d4 ,aft] ! unisons are f9i%$ 9 ! temp]am5t1 :i* /r+ is tun$ next1 if we g imm$iately f ! temp]am5t to ! ov]-/rung bass8 ,:i* second8 ,:i* ?ird8 #e4 ,^u beg9n+ to tune ! treble beyond ! temp]am5t1 :i* /r+ is tun$ fir/8 ,:i* second8 ,:i* ?ird8 #f4 7a7 ,h[ _m mutes are us$ 9 tun+ outside ! /r+s ( ! temp]am5t8 7b7 ,9 :at proportion is ! numb] ( times ! mute is *ang$ to ! numb] ( /r+s tun$8 #g4 7a7 ,h[ _m mutes are us$ 9 tun+ ! treble beyond ! temp]am5t8 7b7 ,9 :at proportion is ! numb] ( times ! mute is *ang$ to ! numb] ( /r+s tun$8 #h4 ,:i* pairs ( p9s are m>k$ 9 ! squ>e piano to guide ! tun] 9 plac+ 8 hamm]8 ,also1 h[ are !y m>k$8 #i4 ,hav+ m>k$ y\r p9s z in/ruct$1 h[ w\ld y f9d ! p9s belong+ to a pair ( /r+s /ruck by ,f on key-bo>d8 ,h[ ^? /ruck by ,g8 #aj4 ,tell :at y c ( ! requirem5ts necess>y to insure t a piano w /& 9 tune4 ,,lesson ,,xii4 ,,ma!matics ,,( ,,! ,,temp]$ ,,scale4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions t arises 9 ! m9d ( ! ?9k+ "y tun] is3 ,:y is x necess>y to temp] c]ta9 int]vals 9 tun+8 ,we _c answ] ?is "q 9 a few words2 b y h se51 if y h tri$ ! exp]im5ts laid d[n 9 previ\s lessons1 t su* deviation is inevitable4 ,y "k t practical scale mak+ w p]mit b two pure int]vals 7unison & octave71 b y h yet to le>n ! sci5tific reasons :y ?is is s4 ,to d ?is1 requires a little ma!matical reason+4 ,9 ?is lesson we %all demon/rate ! pr9ciples ( ?is complex subject 9 a cle> & compreh5sive way1 & if y w /udy x c>efully y may ma/] x ?or\ghly1 :i* w place y 9 possession ( a k ( ! art ( :i* few tun]s ( ! pres5t c boa/4 ,9 ! foll[+ demon/rations ( relative pit* numb]s1 we adopt a pit* 9 :i* middle ,c has #bef vibrations p] second4 ,?is is n a pit* :i* is us$ 9 actual practice1 z x is ev5 bel[ int]national 7middle ,c #beh4fe72 b is *os5 on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! v>i\s relative pit* numb]s "w out m favorably1 & h5ce1 x is call$ ! ,philosophical ,/&>d4 ,bel[ are ! actual vibration numb]s ( ! two pit*es 9 vogue2 s y c see t nei!r ( ^! pit*es w\ld be s favorable to deal ) ma!matically4 ,int]national--#c;,c--#eag4c4 ,conc]t--#c;,c--#edj4 7,let u /ate "h t ! diff]5ce 9 ^! pit*es is less ?an a half-/ep1 b is s ne> t x is g5]ally spok5 ( z be+ j a half-/ep47 ,temp]am5t d5otes ! arrangem5t ( a sy/em ( musical s\nds 9 :i* ea* "o w =m a s]viceable int]val ) any "o ( ! o!rs4 ,any giv5 tone mu/ d duty z ! initial or key-note ( a major or ( a m9or scale & also z any o!r memb]2 ?us3 ,c mu/ s]ve z #a1 9 ! key ( ,c major or ,c m9or4 #b1 ,b ,b #c1 ,a ,a #d1 ,g ,g #e1 ,f ,f #f1 ,e ,e #g1 ,d ,c ,likewise1 all o!r tones ( ! in/rum5t mu/ be s /ation$ t !y c s]ve z any memb] ( any scale1 major or m9or4 ,?is is r5d]$ necess>y on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s modulations employ$ 9 mod]n music1 9 :i* e possible h>mony 9 e key is us$4 ,,rationale ,,( ,,! ,,temp]am5t4 ,writ]s ^u ! ma!matics ( s\nd tell u1 exp]i5ce tea*es u1 & 9 previ\s lessons we h demon/rat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 t if we tune all fif?s p]fect up to ! sev5? /ep 7see diagram1 pages #hb1 #hc7 ! la/ ,e obta9$ w be too %>p to =m a major ?ird to ,c4 ,9 fact1 ! ?ird ?us obta9$ is s %>p z to r5d] x (f5sive to ! e>1 & !re=e unfit = use 9 h>mony1 :]e ?is int]val plays s conspicu\s a "p4 ,to rem$y ?is1 x becomes necess>y to tune ea* ( ! fif?s a v small degree flatt] ?an p]fect4 ,! ,e ?us obta9$ w n be s %>p z to be (f5sive to ! e>2 yet1 if ! fif? be prop]ly alt]$ or temp]$1 ! ?ird w /ill be %>p] ?an p]fect2 = if ! fif?s 7 flatt5$ en\gh to r5d] ! ?irds p]fect1 !y 7! fif?s7 w\ld become (f5sive4 ,n[1 x is a fact1 t ! ?ird w be> great] deviation f p]fect consonance ?an ! fif?2 s ! compromise is made some:at 9 favor ( ! fif?4 ,if we %\ld cont9ue ! s]ies ( p]fect fif?s1 we w f9d ! same defect 9 all ! major ?irds ?r\gh\t ! scale4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 flatt5 ea* fif? ( ! complete circle1 ,c-,g-,d-,a-,e-,b-,f-,c-,g or ,a-,e-,b-,f-,c1 successively 9 a v small degree2 ! depression1 :ile x w n mat]ially impair ! consonant quality ( ! fif?s1 w produce a s]ies ( some:at %>p1 ?\gh /ill agreeable & h>moni\s major ?irds4 ,we wi%1 n[1 to demon/rate ! cause ( ! =ego+ by ma!matical calculation1 :i*1 :ile x is some:at l5g?y & t$i\s1 is n difficult if foll[$ progressively4 ,fir/1 we w consid] tone relation%ip 9 connection ) relative /r+ l5g?4 ,/ud5ts :o h small /r+$ in/rum5ts1 guit>1 viol91 or m&ol91 may f9d pleasure 9 demon/rat+ "s ( ! foll[+ facts !reupon4 ,"o-half ( any /r+ w produce a tone exactly an octave above t yield$ by its entire l5g?4 ,h>monic tones on ! viol9 are made by t\*+ ! /r+ lightly ) ! f+] at su* po9ts z w cause ! /r+ to vibrate 9 segm5ts2 ?us if t\*$ exactly 9 ! middle x w produce a h>monic tone an octave above t ( ! :ole /r+4 ,two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( a /r+ :5 /opp$ produces a tone a fif? high] ?an t ( ! entire /r+2 "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( a /r+ on ! viol91 ei!r f ! nut or f ! bridge1 if t\*$ lightly ) ! f+] at t po9t1 produces a h>monic tone an octave high] ?an ! fif? to ! op5 tone ( t /r+1 because y divide ! /r+ into ?ree vibrat+ segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* is "o-?ird its entire l5g?4 ,reason x ?us3 ,if two-?irds ( a /r+ produce a fif?1 "o-?ird1 be+ j half ( two-?irds1 w produce a tone an octave high] ?an two-?irds4 ,= illu/ration1 if ! /r+ be tun$ to #a;,c1 ! h>monic tone produc$ z above w be #b;,g4 ,we might g on = pages conc]n+ h>monics1 b = our pres5t use x is only necess>y to %[ ! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,= our ne$s we w discuss ! relative l5g? ( /r+ necess>y to produce ! v>i\s tones ( ! diatonic scale1 %[+ ratios ( ! int]vals 9 ! same4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 #a repres5ts ! entire l5g? ( a /r+ s\nd+ ! tone ,c4 ,! o!r tones ( ! asc5d+ major scale require /r+s ( su* fractional l5g? z are indicat$ by ! fractions b5ea? !m4 ,by tak+ accurate measurem5ts y c demon/rate ^! figures ^u any small /r+$ in/rum5t4 ,funda- ,major ,major ,p]fect ,p]fect ,major ,major ,oc- m5tal ,second ,?ird ,f\r? ,fif? ,six? ,sev5? tave ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b ,c #a #h_/i #d_/e #c_/d #b_/c #c_/e #h_/ae #a_/b ,to illu/rate ?is pr9ciple fur!r & make x v cle>1 let u suppose t ! entire l5g? ( ! /r+ s\nd+ ! fundam5tal ,c is #cfj in*es2 !n ! segm5ts ( ?is /r+ necess>y to produce ! o!r tones ( ! asc5d+ major scale w be1 9 in*es1 z foll[s3 ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b ,c #cfj #cbj #bhh #bgj #bdj #baf #aib #ahj ,comp>+ n[ "o ) ano!r 7by means ( ! ratios express$ by _! correspond+ numb]s7 ! int]vals =m$ by ! tones ( ! above scale1 x w be f\nd t !y all pres]ve _! orig9al purity except ! m9or ?ird1 ,d-,f1 & ! fif?1 ,d-,a4 ,! ?ird1 ,d-,f1 pres5ts itself 9 ! ratio ( #cbj to #bgj in/ead ( #cbd to #bgj 7:i* latt] is equival5t to ! ratio ( #f to #e1 ! true ratio ( ! m9or ?ird74 ,! ?ird1 ,d-,f1 !re=e1 is to ! true m9or ?ird z #cbj to #cbd 7r$uc$ to _! l[e/ t]ms by divid+ bo? numb]s by #d1 gives ! ratio ( #hj to #ha74 ,aga91 ! fif?1 ,a-,f1 pres5ts itself 9 ! ratio ( #cbj to #baf1 or 7divid+ ea* t]m by #d7 #hj to #ed2 in/ead ( #c to #b 7#ha to #ed--multiply+ ea* t]m by #bg71 :i* is ! ratio ( ! true fif?4 ,cont9u+ ! scale an octave high]1 x w be f\nd t ! six?1 ,f-,d1 & ! f\r?1 ,a-,d1 w labor "u ! same imp]fections4 ,! comp>ison1 !n1 ( ^! ratios ( ! m9or ?ird1 ,d-,f1 & ! fif?1 ,d-,a1 ) ! p]fect ratios ( ^! int]vals1 %[s t ea* is too small by ! ratio express$ by ! figures #hj to #ha4 ,?is is call$1 by ma!maticians1 ! syntonic comma4 ,z exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! e> _c endure su* deviation z a :ole comma 9 any fif?1 x is easy to see t "s temp]+ mu/ take place ev5 9 su* a simple & limit$ numb] ( s\nds z ! above s]ies ( eight tones4 ,! necessity ( temp]am5t becomes /ill m app>5t :5 x is propos$ to comb9e e s\nd us$ 9 music into a connect$ sy/em1 su* t ea* individual s\nd %all n only =m practical int]vals ) all ! o!r s\nds1 b also t ea* s\nd may be employ$ z ! root ( its own major or m9or key2 & t all ! tones necess>y to =m its scale %all /& 9 su* relation to ea* o!r z to satisfy ! e>4 ,! *ief requisites ( any sy/em ( musical temp]am5t adapt$ to ! purposes ( mod]n music are3-- #a4 ,t all octaves mu/ rema9 p]fect1 ea* be+ divid$ into twelve semitones4 #b4 ,t ea* s\nd ( ! sy/em may be employ$ z ! root ( a major or m9or scale1 )\t increas+ ! numb] ( s\nds 9 ! sy/em4 #c4 ,t ea* consonant int]val1 accord+ to its degree ( consonance1 %all lose z little ( its orig9al purity z possible2 s t ! e> may /ill ackn[l$ge x z a p]fect or imp]fect consonance4 ,sev]al ways ( adju/+ su* a sy/em ( temp]am5t h be5 propos$1 all ( :i* may be class$ "u ei!r ! head ( equal or ( unequal temp]am5t4 ,! pr9ciples set =? 9 ! foll[+ propositions cle>ly demon/rate ! reasons = temp]+1 & ! :ole rationale ( ! sy/em ( equal temp]am5t1 :i* is t 9 g5]al use1 & :i* is inv>iably s\ght & practic$ by tun]s ( ! pres5t4 ,,proposition ,i4 ,if we divide an octave1 z f middle ,c to #c;,c1 into ?ree major ?irds1 ea* 9 ! p]fect ratio ( #e to #d1 z ,c-,e1 ,e-,g 7,a71 ,a-,c1 !n ! ,c obta9$ f ! la/ ?ird1 ,a-,c1 w be too flat to =m a p]fect octave by a small quantity1 call$ 9 ! !ory ( h>monics a diesis1 :i* is express$ by ! ratio #abh to #abe4 ,,explanation4--,! l5g? ( ! /r+ s\nd+ ! tone ,c is repres5t$ by unity or #a4 ,n[1 z we h %[n1 ! major ?ird to t ,c1 :i* is ,e1 is produc$ by #d_/e ( its l5g?4 ,9 l mann]1 ,g1 ! major ?ird to ,e1 w be produc$ by #d_/e ( t segm5t ( ! /r+ :i* s\nds ! tone ,e2 t is1 ,g w be produc$ by #d_/e ( #d_/e 7#d_/e multipli$ by #d_/e7 :i* equals #af_/be ( ! entire l5g? ( ! /r+ s\nd+ ! tone ,c4 ,we come1 n[1 to ! la/ ?ird1 ,g 7,a7 to ,c1 :i* completes ! int]val ( ! octave1 middle ,c to #c;,c4 ,?is la/ ,c1 be+ ! major ?ird f ! ,a1 w be produc$ z be=e1 by #d_/e ( t segm5t ( ! /r+ :i* s\nds ,a2 t is1 by #d_/e ( #af_/be1 :i* equals #fd_/abe ( ! entire l5g? ( ! /r+4 ,keep ?is la/ fraction1 #fd_/abe1 9 m9d1 & rememb] x z repres5t+ ! segm5t ( ! entire /r+1 :i* produces ! upp] ,c by ! succession ( ?ree p]fectly tun$ major ?irds4 ,n[1 let u ref] to ! law :i* says t a p]fect octave is obta9$ f ! exact half ( ! l5g? ( any /r+4 ,is #fd_/abe an exact half8 ,no2 us+ ! same num]ator1 an exact half w\ld be #fd_/abh4 ,h5ce1 x is cle> t ! octave obta9$ by ! succession ( p]fect major ?irds w diff] f ! true octave by ! ratio ( #abh to #abe4 ,! fraction1 #fd_/abe1 repres5t+ a long] segm5t ( ! /r+ ?an #fd_/abh 7#a_/b71 x w\ld produce a flatt] tone ?an ! exact half4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t all major ?irds mu/ be tun$ some:at %>p] ?an p]fect 9 a sy/em ( equal temp]am5t4 ,! ratio :i* expresses ! value ( ! diesis is t ( #abh to #abe4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! octaves are to rema9 p]fect1 :i* !y mu/ d1 ea* major ?ird mu/ be tun$ %>p] ?an p]fect by "o-?ird "p ( ! diesis4 ,! =ego+ demon/ration may be made /ill cle>] by ! foll[+ diagram :i* repres5ts ! l5g? ( /r+ necess>y to produce ^! tones4 7,?is diagram is exact 9 ! v>i\s proportional l5g?s1 be+ ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? ! actual l5g? repres5t$47 ,middle ,c 7#b;,c7 #fj in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,o ,o ,e 7#d_/e ( #fj7 #dh in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,o ,o ,g 7,a7 7#d_/e ( #dh7 #ch-b_/e in*es4 -------------------------------------- ,o ,o #c;,c 7#d_/e ( #ch-b_/e7 #cj-ah_/be in*es4 -------------------------------- ,o ,o ,?is diagram cle>ly demon/rates t ! la/ ,c obta9$ by ! succession ( ?irds cov]s a segm5t ( ! /r+ :i* is #ah_/be long] ?an an exact half2 ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* too long1 #cj in*es be+ ! exact half4 ,to make ?is proposition /ill bett] und]/ood1 we give ! comp>ison ( ! actual vibration numb]s z foll[s3-- ,p]fect ?irds 9 ratio #d_/e h ^! vibration numb]s3 #a/ ?ird #b;d ?ird #c;d ?ird 7,c #bef - ,e #cbj7 7,e #cbj - ,g #djj7 7,g #djj - ,c #ejj7 --------------- ----------------- ----------------- no beats no beats no beats ,temp]$ ?irds qualifi$ to produce true octave3 7,c #bef - ,e #cbb #e_/aj7 7,e #cbb #e_/aj - ,g #djf #d_/aj7 7,g #djf #d_/aj - ,c #eab7 -------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------- #aj beats #ac-a_/aj beats #af beats ,we ?9k ! =ego+ elucidation ( ,proposition ,i suffici5t to e/abli% a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! facts set =? !re91 if !y are /udi$ ov] c>efully a few times4 ,if ev]y?+ is n cle> at ! fir/ read+1 g ov] x sev]al times1 z ?is matt] is ( value to y4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,xii4 #a4 ,:y is ! pit*1 ,c-#bef1 adopt$ = sci5tific discussion1 & :at is ?is pit* call$8 #b4 ,! tone ,g =ms ! root 7#a7 9 ! key ( ,g4 ,:at does x =m 9 ! key ( ,c8 ,:at 9 ,f8 ,:at 9 ,d8 #c4 ,:at tone is produc$ by a #b_/c segm5t ( a /r+8 ,:at by a #a_/b segm5t8 ,:at by a #d_/e segm5t8 #d4 7a7 ,:at int]vals mu/ be tun$ absolutely p]fect8 7b7 ,9 ! two int]vals t mu/ be temp]$1 ! ?ird & ! fif?1 :i* w be> ! great] deviation8 #e4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if we %\ld tune f #b;,c to #c;,c by a succession ( p]fect ?irds8 #f4 ,d y und]/& ! facts set =? 9 ,proposition ,i1 9 ?is lesson8 ,,lesson ,,xiii4 ,,rationale ,,( ,,! ,,temp]am5t4 7,conclud$ f ,lesson ,,xii47 ,,proposition ,,ii4 ,t ! /ud5t ( sci5tific scale build+ may und]/& fully ! reasons :y ! temp]$ scale is at con/ant v>iance ) exact ma!matical ratios1 we cont9ue ?is discussion ?r\gh two m propositions1 ,no4 ,,ii1 foll[+1 demon/rat+ ! result ( divid+ ! octave into f\r m9or ?irds1 & ,proposition ,,iii1 demon/rat+ ! result ( twelve p]fect fif?s4 ,! matt] 9 ,lesson ,,xii1 if prop]ly ma/]$1 has giv5 a ?or\gh insight into ! pr9cipal features ( ! subject 9 "q2 s ! foll[+ demon/ration w be made z brief z possible1 consi/5t ) cle>ness4 ,let u figure ! result ( divid+ an octave into f\r m9or ?irds4 ,! ratio ( ! l5g? ( /r+ s\nd+ a fundam5tal1 to ! l5g? necess>y to s\nd its m9or ?ird1 is t ( #f to #e4 ,9 o!r words1 #e_/f ( any /r+ s\nds a tone :i* is an exact m9or ?ird above t ( ! :ole /r+4 ,n[1 suppose we select1 z be=e1 a /r+ s\nd+ middle ,c1 z ! fundam5tal tone4 ,we n[ asc5d by m9or ?irds until we rea* ! ,c1 octave above middle ,c1 :i* we call #c;,c1 z foll[s3 ,middle ,c-,e2 ,e-,f2 ,f-,a2 ,a-#c;,c4 ,demon/rate by figures z foll[s3--,let ! :ole l5g? ( /r+ s\nd+ middle ,c be repres5t$ by unity or #a4 ,e w be s\nd$ by #e_/f ( ! /r+ #e_/f ,f1 by #e_/f ( ! ,e segm5t2 t is1 by #e_/f ( #e_/f ( ! entire /r+1 :i* equals #be_/cf ,a1 by #e_/f ( #be_/cf ( entire /r+1 :i* equals #abe_/baf #c;,c1 by #e_/f ( #abe_/baf ( entire /r+1 :i* equals #fbe_/abif ,n[ be> 9 m9d1 ?is la/ fraction1 #fbe_/abif1 repres5ts ! segm5t ( ! entire /r+ :i* %\ld s\nd ! tone #c;,c1 an exact octave above middle ,c4 ,rememb]1 our law dem&s an exact half ( a /r+ by :i* to s\nd its octave4 ,h[ mu* does x v>y8 ,divide ! d5om9ator 7#abif7 by #b & place ! result ov] x = a num]ator1 & ?is gives #fdh_/abif1 :i* is an exact half4 ,notice ! comp>ison4 #c;,c obta9$ f a succession ( exact m9or ?irds1 #fbe_/abif #c;,c obta9$ f an exact half ( ! /r+ #fdh_/abif ,n[1 ! =m] fraction is small] ?an ! latt]2 h5ce1 ! segm5t ( /r+ :i* x repres5ts w be %ort] ?an ! exact half1 & w consequ5tly yield a %>p] tone4 ,! d5om9ators be+ ! same1 we h only to f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! num]ators to tell h[ mu* too %ort ! =m] segm5t is4 ,?is proves ! ,c obta9$ by ! succession ( m9or ?irds to be too %ort by #bc_/abif ( ! l5g? ( ! :ole /r+4 ,if1 !re=e1 all octaves are to rema9 p]fect1 x is evid5t t all m9or ?irds mu/ be tun$ flatt] ?an p]fect 9 ! sy/em ( equal temp]am5t4 ,! ratio1 !n1 ( #fdh to #fbe expresses ! excess by :i* ! true octave exce$s f\r exact m9or ?irds2 consequ5tly1 ea* m9or ?ird mu/ be flatt] ?an p]fect by "o-f\r? "p ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! fractions4 ,by ?is means ! dissonance is ev5ly di/ribut$ s t x is n noticeable 9 ! v>i\s *ords1 9 ! major & m9or keys1 :]e ?is int]val is almo/ inv>iably pres5t4 7,we f9d no record ( writ]s on ! ma!matics ( s\nd giv+ a "n to ! above ratio express+ v>iance1 z !y h to o!rs47 ,,proposition ,,iii4 ,proposition ,,iii deals ) ! p]fect fif?1 %[+ ! result f a s]ies ( twelve p]fect fif?s employ$ )9 ! space ( an octave4 ,,me?od4--,tak+ #a;,c z ! fundam5tal1 repres5t+ x by unity or #a1 ! ,g1 fif? above1 is s\nd$ by a #b_/c segm5t ( ! /r+ s\nd+ ,c4 ,! next fif?1 ,g-,d1 takes u beyond ! octave1 & we f9d t ! ,d w be s\nd$ by #d_/i 7#b_/c ( #b_/c equals #d_/i7 ( ! entire /r+1 :i* fraction is less ?an half2 s to keep )9 ! b\nds ( ! octave1 we mu/ d\ble ?is segm5t & make x s\nd ! tone ,d an octave l[]1 ?us3 #d_/i times #b equals #h_/i1 ! segm5t s\nd+ ! ,d )9 ! octave4 ,we may %ort5 ! op]ation z foll[s3 ,in/ead ( multiply+ #b_/c by #b_/c1 giv+ u #d_/i1 & !n multiply+ ?is answ] by #b1 let u d\ble ! fraction1 #b_/c1 :i* equals #d_/c1 & use x z a multipli] :5 x becomes necess>y to d\ble ! segm5t to keep )9 ! octave4 ,we may proce$ n[ ) ! twelve /eps z foll[s3-- ,/eps-- #a4 #a;,c to #a;,g segm5t #b_/c = #a;,g #b4 #a;,g #a;,d ,multiply #b_/c by #d_/c1 gives segm5t #h_/i #a;,d #c4 #a;,d #a;,a #h_/i #b_/c #af_/bg #a;,a #d4 #a;,a #a;,e #af_/bg #d_/c #fd_/ha #a;,e #e4 #a;,e #a;,b #fd_/ha #b_/c #abh_/bdc #a;,b #f4 #a;,b #a;,f #abh_/bdc #d_/c #eab_/gbi #a;,f #g4 #a;,f #a;,c #eab_/gbi #d_/c #bjdh_/bahg #a;,c #h4 #a;,c #a;,g #bjdh_/bahg #b_/c #djif_/fefa #a;,g #i4 #a;,g #a;,d #djif_/fefa #d_/c #afchd_/aifhc #a;,d #aj4 #a;,d #a;,a #afchd_/aifhc #b_/c #cbgfh_/eijdi #a;,a #aa4 #a;,a #a;,f #cbgfh_/eijdi #d_/c #acajgb_/aggadg #a;,f #ab4 #a;,f #b;,c #acajgb_/aggadg #b_/c #bfbadd_/ecadda #b;,c ,n[1 ?is la/ fraction %\ld be equival5t to #a_/b1 :5 r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms1 if x is de/9$ to produce a true octave2 b1 us+ ?is num]ator1 #bfbadd1 a half w\ld be express$ by #bfbadd_/ebdbhh1 ! segm5t produc+ ! true octave2 s ! fraction #bfbadd_/ecadda1 :i* repres5ts ! segm5t = #b;,c1 obta9$ by ! circle ( fif?s1 be+ evid5tly less ?an #a_/b1 ?is segm5t w yield a tone some:at %>p] ?an ! true octave4 ,! two d5om9ators are tak5 9 ?is case to %[ ! ratio ( ! v>iance2 s ! octave obta9$ f ! circle ( fif?s is %>p] ?an ! true octave 9 ! ratio express$ by #ecadda to #ebdbhh1 :i* ratio is call$ ! ditonic comma4 ,?is comma is equal to "o-fif? ( a half-/ep4 ,we are to conclude1 !n1 t if octaves are to rema9 p]fect1 & we desire to e/abli% an equal temp]am5t1 ! above-nam$ diff]5ce is be/ dispos$ ( by divid+ x into twelve equal p>ts & depress+ ea* ( ! fif?s "o-twelf? "p ( ! ditonic comma2 !reby disp]s+ ! dissonance s t x w all[ p]fect octaves1 & yet1 b slightly impair ! consonance ( ! fif?s4 ,we believe ! =ego+ propositions w demon/rate ! facts /at$ !re91 to ! /ud5t's satisfaction1 & t he %\ld n[ h a pretty ?or\gh k ( ! ma!matics ( ! temp]am5t4 ,t ! equal temp]am5t is ! only practical temp]am5t1 is confid5tly affirm$ by ,mr4 ,w4,s4,b4 ,woolh\se1 an em95t au?ority on musical ma!matics1 :o says3-- ,x is v mislead+ to suppose t ! necessity ( temp]am5t applies only to in/rum5ts :i* h fix$ tones4 ,s+]s & p]=m]s on p]fect in/rum5ts mu/ all temp] _! int]vals1 or !y c\ld n keep 9 tune ) ea* o!r1 or ev5 ) !mselves2 & on arriv+ at ! same notes by diff]5t r\tes1 w\ld be cont9ually f9d+ a want ( agreem5t4 ,! scale ( equal temp]am5t obviates all su* inconv5i5ces1 & cont9ues to be univ]sally accept$ ) unqualifi$ satisfaction by ! mo/ em95t vocali/s2 & equally s by ! mo/ r5[n$ & accompli%$ p]=m]s on /r+$ in/rum5ts1 al?\gh ^! in/rum5ts are capable ( an indef9ite v>iety ( intonation4 ,! high developm5t ( mod]n in/rum5tal music w\ld n h be5 possible1 & c\ld n h be5 acquir$1 )\t ! manifold advantages ( ! temp]$ intonation by equal semitones1 & x has1 9 consequ5ce1 long become ! e/abli%$ basis ( tun+4 ,,num]ical ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,diatonic ,,scale ,,) ,,! ,,temp]$ ,,scale4 ,! foll[+ table1 comp>+ vibration numb]s ( ! diatonic scale ) ^? ( ! temp]$1 %[s ! diff]5ce 9 ! two scales1 exi/+ betwe5 ! ?irds1 fif?s & o!r int]vals4 ,notice t ! diff]5ce is b slight 9 ! l[e/ octave us$ :i* is %[n on ! left2 b tak+ ! scale f\r octaves high]1 %[n on ! "r1 ! diff]5ce becomes m /rik+4 ,,diatonic4,,temp]$4 ,,diatonic4,,temp]$4 ,c#cb4 #cb4 ,c#eab4 #eab4 ,d#cf4 #ce4ib ,d#egf4 #egd4gj ,e#dj4 #dj4cb ,e#fdj4 #fde4jh ,f#db4ff #db4ga ,f#fhb4ff #fhc4dd ,g#dh4 #dg4ie ,g#gfh4 #gfg4ac ,a#ec4cc #ec4hb ,a#hec4cc #hfa4jh ,b#fj4 #fj4da ,b#ifj4 #iff4ec ,c#fd4 #fd4 ,c#ajbd4 #ajbd4 ,foll[+ ?is p>agraph we give a ref]5ce table 9 :i* ! numb]s are giv5 = f\r consecutive octaves1 calculat$ = ! sy/em ( equal temp]am5t4 ,ea* column repres5ts an octave4 ,! fir/ two columns cov] ! tones ( ! two octaves us$ 9 sett+ ! temp]am5t by our sy/em4 ,,table ,,( ,,vibrations ,,p] ,,second4 ,c #abh4 #bef4 #eab4 #ajbd4 ,c #ace4fa #bga4bb #edb4dd #ajhd4hi ,d #adc4fh #bhg4ce #egd4gj #aadi4dj ,d #aeb4bb #cjd4dd #fjh4hg #abag4ge ,e #afa4bg #cbb4ed #fde4jh #abij4af ,f #agj4hf #cda4gb #fhc4dd #acff4hg ,f #aha4jb #cfb4jd #gbd4jh #addh4ae ,g #aia4gh #chc4eg #gfg4ac #aecd4bg ,g #bjc4ai #djf4cg #hab4ge #afbe4ej ,a #bae4bg #dcj4ed #hfa4jh #agbb4af ,a #bbh4jg #def4ad #iab4bh #ahbd4ef ,b #bda4fc #dhc4bf #iff4ec #aicc4jf ,c #bef4 #eab4 #ajbd4 #bjdh4 ,mu* int]e/+ & valuable ex]cise may be d]iv$ f ! inve/igation ( ?is table by figur+ out :at c]ta9 int]vals w\ld be if exact1 & !n comp>+ !m ) ! figures %[n 9 ?is temp]$ scale4 ,to d ?is1 select two notes & asc]ta9 :at int]val ! high] =ms to ! l[]2 !n1 by ! fraction 9 ! table bel[ correspond+ to t int]val1 multiply ! vibration numb] ( ! l[] note4 ,,example4--,say we select ! fir/ ,c1 #abh1 & ! ,g 9 ! same column4 ,we "k ?is to be an int]val ( a p]fect fif?4 ,ref]r+ to ! table bel[1 we f9d t ! vibration ( ! fif? is #c_/b (1 or #c_/b times1 t ( its fundam5tal2 s we simply multiply ?is fraction by ! vibration numb] ( ,c1 :i* is #abh1 & ?is gives #aib z ! exact fif?4 ,n[1 on ref]r+ to ! above table ( equal temp]am5t1 we f9d ?is ,g quot$ a little less 7flatt]71 viz41 #aia4gh4 ,to f9d a f\r? f any note1 multiply its numb] by #d_/c1 a major ?ird1 by #e_/d1 & s on z p] table bel[4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,relative ,,vibration ,,( ,,int]vals ,,by ,,improp] ,,fractions4 ,! relation ( ! ,octave to a ,fundam5tal is express$ by #b_/a ,fif? to a #c_/b ,f\r? to a #d_/c ,major ,?ird to a #e_/d ,m9or ,?ird to a #f_/e ,major ,second to a #i_/h ,major ,six? to a #e_/c ,m9or ,six? to a #h_/e ,major ,sev5? to a #ae_/h ,m9or ,second to a #af_/ae ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,xiii4 #a4 ,/ate :at pr9ciple is demon/rat$ 9 ,proposition ,,ii4 #b4 ,/ate :at pr9ciple is demon/rat$ 9 ,proposition ,,iii4 #c4 ,:at w\ld be ! vibration p] second ( an exact 7n temp]$7 fif?1 f ,c-#eab8 #d4 ,give ! figures & ! process us$ 9 f9d+ ! vibration numb] ( ! exact major ?ird to ,c-#bef4 #e4 ,if we %\ld tune ! :ole circle ( twelve fif?s exactly z detail$ 9 ,proposition ,,iii1 h[ mu* too %>p w\ld ! la/ ,c be to ! fir/ ,c tun$8 ,,lesson ,,xiv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,topics ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,! ,,practical ,,"w ,,( ,,tun+4 ,beats4--,! ph5om5on kn[n z beats has be5 b briefly allud$ to 9 previ\s lessons1 & n analytically discuss$ z x %\ld be1 be+ s important a feature z x is1 9 ! practical op]ations ( tun+4 ,! av]age tun] he>s & consid]s ! beats ) a vague & indef9ite compreh5sion1 guess+ at causes & effects1 & arriv+ at unc]ta9 results4 ,hav+ n[ become famili> ) vibration numb]s & ratios1 ! /ud5t may1 at ?is juncture1 m readily und]/& ! ph5om5on1 ! m sci5tific discussion ( :i* x has be5 ?\ght prud5t to )hold until n[4 ,9 speak+ ( ! unison 9 ,lesson ,,viii1 we /at$ t ! cause ( ! waves 9 a defective unison is ! alt]nate recurr+ ( ! p]iods :5 ! cond5sations & ! r>efactions correspond 9 ! two /r+s1 & !n antagonize4 ,?is concise def9ition is complete2 b x may n z yet h be5 fully appreh5d$4 ,! unison be+ ! simple/ int]val1 we %all use x = consid]ation be=e tak+ ! m complex int]vals into acc\nt4 ,let u consid] ! nature ( a s+le musical tone3 t x consi/s ( a *a9 ( s\nd-waves2 t ea* s\nd-wave consi/s ( a cond5sation & a r>efaction1 :i* are directly oppos$ to ea* o!r2 & t s\nd-waves travel ?r\gh air at a specific rate p] second4 ,let u also rem>k1 "h1 t 9 ! =ego+ lessons1 :]e ref]5ce is made to vibrations1 ! t]m signifies s\nd-waves4 ,9 o!r words1 ! t]ms1 vibration & s\nd-wave1 are synonym\s4 ,if two /r+s1 tun$ to give =? ! same numb] ( vibrations p] second1 are /ruck at ! same "t1 ! tone produc$ w appe> to come f a s+le s\rce2 "o sweet1 cont9u\s1 smoo?1 musical tone4 ,! reason is ?is3 ,! cond5sations s5t =? f ea* ( ! two /r+s occur exactly toge!r2 ! r>efactions1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 alt]nate ) ! cond5sations1 are also simultane\s4 ,x necess>ily foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! cond5sations f ea* ( ! two /r+s travel ) ! same velocity4 ,n[1 :ile ?is condition prevails1 x is evid5t t ! two /r+s assi/ ea* o!r1 mak+ ! cond5sations m cond5s$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! r>efactions m r>efi$1 ! result ( :i* is1 ! two alli$ =ces comb9e to /r5g!n ! tone4 ,9 opposition to ! above1 if two /r+s1 tun$ to produce ! same tone1 c\ld be s /ruck t ! cond5sation ( "o w\ld occur at ! same in/ant ) ! r>efaction ( ! o!r1 x is readily se5 t ! two =ces w\ld oppose1 or c\nt]act ea* o!r1 :i*1 if equal1 w\ld result 9 absolute sil5ce4,g ,g ,:5 ! bu%+ ( ! c5t]-p9 ( ! hamm] butt becomes badly worn or ! hamm]-flange becomes loose1 or ! condition ( ! hamm] or flange becomes s impair$ t ! hamm] has too mu* play1 x may s /rike ! /r+s z to t5d to produce ! ph5om5on describ$ 9 ! above p>agraph4 ,:5 9 su* a condition1 "o side ( ! hamm] may /rike 9 advance ( ! o!r j en\gh to ?r[ ! vibrations 9 opposition4 ,once y may get a /rong tone1 & aga9 y /rike ) ! same =ce & he> b a fa9t1 almo/ inaudible s\nd4 ,= ?is reason1 z well z t ( prev5t+ excessive we>1 ! hamm] jo9t %\ld be kept firm & rigid4 ,if "o ( ! /r+s vibrates #ajj times 9 a second1 & ! o!r #aja1 !re w be a portion ( "t dur+ ea* second :5 ! vibrations w co9cide1 & likewise a portion ( "t :5 !y w antagonize ea* o!r4 ,! p]iods ( co9cid5ce & ( antagonism pass by progressive transition f "o to ! o!r1 & ! portion ( "t :5 exactitude is atta9$ is inf9itesimal2 s !re w be two opposite effects notic$ 9 e second ( "t3 ! "o1 a progressive augm5tation ( /r5g? & volume1 ! o!r1 a gradual dim9ution ( ! same2 ! =m] occurr+ :5 ! vibrations are com+ into co9cid5ce1 ! latt]1 :5 !y are approa*+ ! po9t ( antagonism4 ,!re=e1 :5 we speak ( "o beat p] second1 we mean t !re w be "o p]iod ( augm5tation & "o p]iod ( dim9ution 9 "o second4 ,"y tun]s sometimes get confus$ & accept "o beat z be+ two1 tak+ ! p]iod ( augm5tation = "o beat & likewise ! p]iod ( dim9ution4 ,?is is mo/ likely to occur 9 ! l[] fif?s ( ! temp]am5t :]e ! beats are v sl[4 ,two /r+s /ruck at ! same "t1 "o tun$ an octave high] ?an ! o!r1 w vibrate 9 ! ratio ( #b to #a4 ,if ^! two /r+s v>y f ?is ratio to ! am\nt ( "o vibration1 !y w produce two beats4 ,two /r+s s\nd+ an int]val ( ! fif? vibrate 9 ! ratio ( #c to #b4 ,if !y v>y f ?is ratio to ! am\nt ( "o vibration1 !re w occur ?ree beats p] second4 ,9 ! case ( ! major ?ird1 !re w occur f\r beats p] second to a v>iation ( "o vibration f ! true ratio ( #e to #d4 ,y %\ld be> ?is 9 m9d 9 consid]+ ! prop] numb] ( beats = an int]val1 ! vibration numb] be+ kn[n4 ,x w be se51 f ! above facts 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! table ( vibration numb]s 9 ,lesson ,,xiii1 t all fif?s d n beat alike4 ,! l[] ! vibration numb]1 ! sl[] ! beats4 ,if1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 a fif? beats once p] second1 ! fif? tak5 an octave high] w beat twice2 & ! int]v5+ fif?s w beat f a little m ?an once1 up to ne>ly twice p] second1 z !y approa* ! high] fif?4 ,vibrations p] second d\ble ) ea* octave1 & s d beats4 ,by ref]r+ to ! table 9 ,lesson ,,xiii1 above ref]r$ to1 ! exact beat+ ( any fif? may be asc]ta9$ z foll[s3-- ,asc]ta9 :at ! vibration numb] ( ! exact fif? w\ld be1 accord+ to ! in/ructions giv5 b5ea? ! table2 f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! temp]$ fif? giv5 9 ! table4 ,multiply ?is diff]5ce by #c1 & ! result w be ! numb] ( beats or fraction !re(1 ( ! temp]$ fif?4 ,! reason we multiply by #c is because1 z above /at$1 a v>iation ( "o vibration p] second 9 ! fif? causes ?ree beats p] second4 ,example4--,take ! fir/ fif? 9 ! table1 ,c-#abh to ,g-#aia4gh1 & by ! prop] calculation 7see example1 page #adg1 ,lesson ,,xiii7 we f9d ! exact fif? to ?is ,c w\ld be #aib4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 f\nd by subtract+ ! small] f ! great]1 is 4#bb 7#bb_/ajj74 ,multiply 4#bb by #c & ! result is 4#ff1 or ab\t two-?irds ( a beat p] second4 ,by ^! calculations we le>n t ! fif?1 ,c-#bef to ,g-#chc4eg1 %\ld h #a4bi beats3 ne>ly "o & a ?ird p] second1 & t ! highe/ fif? ( ! temp]am5t1 ,f-#cda4gb to ,c-#eab1 %\ld be #a4gd1 or ne>ly "o & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,by rememb]+ ^! figures1 & endeavor+ to temp] z ne>ly accord+ to !m z possible1 ! tun] w f9d t 8 temp]am5t w come up mo/ beautifully4 ,?is is "o ( ! features t is ov]look$ or entirely unkn[n to _m fairly good tun]s2 _! aim be+ to get all fif?s ! same4 ,f9i%+ up ! ,temp]am5t4--,if y\r la/ trial1 ,f-,c1 does n prove a correct fif?1 y mu/ consid] h[ be/ to rectify4 ,! foll[+ are ! causes :i* result 9 improp] temp]am5t3 #a4 ,fif?s too flat4 #b4 ,fif?s n flat en\gh4 #c4 ,"s fif?s correctly temp]$ & o!rs n4 #d4 ,"s fif?s %>p] in/ead ( flatt] ?an p]fect2 a condition t mu/ be wat*$ ) vigilance4 #e4 ,"s or all ( ! /r+s tun$ fall f ! pit* at :i* !y 7 left4 ,f a little reflection ^u ^! causes1 x is se5 t ! la/ trial may prove a correct fif? & yet ! temp]am5t be imp]fect4 ,if ?is is ! case1 x w be necess>y to g all ov] ! temp]am5t aga94 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 aft] y h _h a little exp]i5ce1 y w f9d ! tr\ble 9 "o ( ! fir/ two causes above1 unless x be a piano :]e91 ! /r+s fall z 9 ,cause #e4 ,?is latt] cause c be asc]ta9$ 9 cases only :]e y h />t$ f a tun+ pipe or =k4 ,sometimes y may f9d t ! temp]am5t may be correct$ by ! alt]ation ( b two or ?ree tones2 s x is always well to /op & exam9e c>efully be=e attempt+ ! correction4 ,a haphaz>d attempt might cause mu* extra "w4 ,9 temp]am5t sett+ by our sy/em1 if ! fif?s are prop]ly temp]$ & ! octaves are left p]fect1 ! o!r int]vals w ne$ no att5tion1 & w be f\nd beautifully correct :5 us$ 9 te/+4 ,! mi/un$ or temp]$ int]vals are z foll[s3-- ,,int]vals ,,flatt5$4 ,,int]vals ,,%>p5$4 ,! ,fif?1 slightly4 ,! ,f\r?1 slightly4 ,! ,m9or ,?ird1 ,! ,major ,?ird1 consid]ably4 greatly4 ,! ,m9or ,six?1 ,! ,major ,six?1 consid]ably4 greatly4 ,tun+ ! ,treble4--,9 tun+ ! treble1 :i* is always tun$ by exact octaves1 f _! correspond+ tones )9 ! temp]am5t1 ! e> w (t5 accept an octave z true be=e its pit* has be5 suffici5tly rais$4 ,especially is ?is true 9 ! upp] octaves4 ,aft] tun+ a /r+ 9 ! treble by its octave 9 ! temp]am5t1 te/ x z a fif?4 ,= in/ance1 aft] tun+ y\r fir/ /r+ beyond ! temp]am5t1 #c;,c1 te/ x z a fif? to #b;,f4 ,if y are yet unc]ta91 try x z a major ?ird 9 ! *ord ( ,a4 ,! beats w s]ve y z a guide 9 te/+ by fif?s1 up to ab\t an octave & a half above ! highe/ tone ( ! temp]am5t2 b beyond ?is po9t !y become s rapid z to be only disc]nible z degrees ( r\ghness4 ,! beats w s]ve z a guide 9 tun+ octaves high] 9 ! treble ?an ! po9t at :i* ! beats ( ! fif? become unavailable2 & 9 tun+ unisons1 ! beats are disc]nible almo/ to ! la/ tone4 ,! be/ me?od to foll[ 9 tun+ ! treble may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,tune ! fir/ octave ) ! beats z guides bo? 9 ! octave & 9 te/+ x by ! fif?4 ,if yet unc]ta91 te/ by *ords4 ,above ?is octave1 rely some:at ^u ! beats 9 ! octave1 /ill use ! fif? = te/+1 b li/5 = ! pit* 9 ! extreme upp] tones & n s mu* = ! beats except 9 br++ up unisons1 9 :i* ! beats are m prom95t4 ,9 ! extreme upp] tones1 ! musical e> ( ! tun] is tri$ to ! utmo/4 ,"h1 8 judgm5t ( correct h>monic relation is ! pr9cipal or only guide1 :ile 9 ! middle octaves ! beats s]ve him s fai?fully1 8 musical qualifications be+ br\ght into requisition only z a r\gh guide 9 det]m9+ pit* ( ! v>i\s int]vals4 ,to tune by ! beats requires a %>p e> & m5tal disc]nm5t2 to tune by pit* requires a f9e musical e> & k ( ! simpl] laws ( h>mony4 ,z /at$ above1 ! tun] w fail 9 _m cases to tune 8 high octaves %>p en\gh4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 w a tun] ) a good e> leave ! upp] tones too %>p4 ,n[1 !re is "o m fact :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 tun+ ! treble3 x is ! fact t ! extreme upp] octave & a half mu/ be tun$ slightly %>p] ?an p]fect2 if ! octaves are tun$ p]fect1 ! upp] tones ( ! in/rum5t w s\nd flat :5 us$ 9 scale & arpeggio passages cov]+ a l>ge portion ( ! key-bo>d4 ,beg9 to %>p5 y\r octaves slightly f ab\t ! sev5te5? key f ! la/2 c\nt+ bo? black & :ite4 ,9 o!r words1 beg9 to %>p5 f ! la/ ,a b "o1 9 ! /&>d scale ( sev5 & a ?ird octaves ( :i* ! la/ key is ,c4 ,%>p5 b slightly1 & increase ! degree ( %>p5+ b little z y proce$4 ,tun+ ! ,bass4--,9 tun+ ! bass1 li/5 = ! beats only1 9 br++ up ! octaves4 ,x is sometimes well to try ! /r+ tun$1 ) its fif?1 b ! octave 9 ! bass %\ld suffice1 z ! vibrations are s mu* sl[] "h t if y li/5 acutely ! octave beats w guide y4 ,x is n necess>y to pull ! /r+s high] ?an ! pit* at :i* !y are to /&4 ,le>n to pull !m up gradually & 9 a way t w r5d] ! /r+ ov] ! bridges1 :i* is an easy ?+ to d1 ! /r+s be+ s mu* heavi] "h ?an else:]e4 ,nev] leave a bass /r+ ! slighte/ am\nt too %>p4 ,z flatness is s obnoxi\s 9 ! treble1 j s is %>pness 9 ! bass1 s if !re mu/ be any v>iation 9 any bass tone let x be flat2 b aim at p]fect octaves ?r\gh\t ! bass4 ,false ,waves4--,we say false waves = want ( a bett] "n4 ,y w f9d a /r+ occasionally t w give =? waves or beats s simil> to ! real ones t x takes a practic$ e> to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce4 ,:]e a unison conta9s a /r+ ( ?is k9d1 select "s o!r /r+ by :i* to tune ! int]val1 & leave ! bad /r+ until ! la/2 y may !n f9d difficulty 9 be+ able to tell :5 y h x 9 unison4 ,! cause may be a twi/$ /r+1 a fault 9 ! /r+ by imp]fect draw+ ( ! wire1 or 9 ! con/ruction ( ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,9 ! l[ bass tones1 a k9d ( false waves are always pres5t1 & w annoy ! tun] long aft] he has be5 9 regul> practice4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( a diff]5t nature f ! true waves 9 t !y are ( a metallic timbre & ( mu* great] rapidity ?an ! latt]4 ,close att5tion w g5]ally enable ! tun] to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,!y are caus$ by :at is kn[n z h>monics or ov]-tones2 ! /r+ vibrat+ 9 fractional segm5ts4 ,false waves w occur 9 an annoy+ degree :5 ! tun] sets a mute on a nodal po9t 9 ! /r+2 x w cause ! mut$ /r+ to s\nd a real h>monic tone4 ,?is does n happ5 9 ! upright1 z ! mutes are set s ne> ! end ( ! /r+ z to preclude ?is possibility4 ,9 ! squ>e1 h[ev]1 x v frequ5tly happ5s1 z !re are s _m nodes betwe5 ! damp]s & ! bridge1 :]e ! tun] sets 8 mutes4 ,if1 = in/ance1 he is tun+ an octave & has 8 mute set precisely 9 ! middle ( ! vibrat+ segm5t1 9 place ( mut+ ! /r+ x s\nds its own octave1 :i* w di/urb ! e> 9 li/5+ = ! tone f ! "o free /r+4 ,move ! mute ei!r way until x is f\nd to mute ! /r+ entirely4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,xiv4 #a4 ,expla9 ! cause ( ! beats4 #b4 ,h[ _m beats p] second 9 a unison ( two /r+s1 "o tun$ to #ajj1 ! o!r to #aja vibrations p] second8 #c4 ,h[ _m beats p] second 9 an octave1 ! l[] tone ( :i* is tun$ to #ajj1 ! upp] to #bja vibrations p] second8 #d4 ,h[ _m beats p] second 9 a fif?1 ! fundam5tal ( :i* is tun$ to #ajj1 ! fif? to #aea8 #e4 ,! fif?1 #b;,f-#c;,c1 :5 prop]ly temp]$1 %\ld beat #a-c_/d times p] second4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld a fif?1 an octave high]1 beat8 ,,lesson ,,xv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,topics ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,! ,,practical ,,"w ,,( ,,tun+1 ,,regulat+1 ,,& ,,repair+4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,diff]5t ,sy/ems4--,up to ?is "t1 we h giv5 no acc\nt ( any sy/em ( tun+ except ! "o recomm5d$4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ ! /ud5t m ?or\ghly in=m$ we detail "h sev]al diff]5t sy/ems :i* h be5 devis$ & practic$ by o!r tun]s4 ,x is a matt] ( hi/ory t artisans 9 ?is pr(ession & lead]s 9 musical sci5ce h endeavor$ to devise a sy/em ( temp]am5t hav+ all ! desirable qualifications4 ,! aims ( _m h be5 to inv5t a sy/em :i* uses ! fewe/ numb] ( tones2 work+ "u ! impression t ! few] ! tones us$ 9 ! temp]am5t1 ! easi] ! tun]'s "w4 ,^! h r$uc$ ! compass ( ! temp]am5t to ! twelve semi-tones f middle ,c to ,b above2 or f ,f bel[1 to ,e above middle ,c4 ,?is sy/em requires ! tun] to make use ( bo? f\r?s & fif?s4 ,n only does he h to use ^! two k9ds ( int]vals 9 tun+1 b he has to tune by f\r?s up & f\r?s d[n1 &1 likewise1 by fif?s up & fif?s d[n4 ,:5 tun+ a fif? upw>d1 he flatt5s x2 & :5 tun+ a fif? d[nw>d he %>p5s ! l[] tone2 :5 tun+ a f\r? upw>d1 he %>p5s x2 :5 tun+ a f\r? d[nw>d1 he flatt5s ! l[] tone4 ,x is readily se5 t by a sy/em ( ?is k9d ! tun]'s m9d is con/antly on a /ra9 to "k h[ to temp] ! int]val he is tun+1 & h[ mu* to temp] x1 z f\r?s require a diff]5t degree ( temp]+ f ! fif?s2 & he is con/antly *ang+ f an int]val upw>d to "o d[nw>d2 s1 ?is sy/em mu/ be /amp$ z t$i\s & complicat$1 to say ! lea/4 ,yet ?is sy/em is mu* foll[$ 9 factories = r\gh tun+1 & also by _m old pr(essional tun]s4 ,! table on ! foll[+ page gives ! succession ( int]vals g5]ally tak5 by tun]s employ+ ?is sy/em us+ ! tones )9 ! ,f octave m5tion$ above4 ,middle ,c is obta9$ 9 ! usual way1 f ! tun+ =k4 ,,sy/em ,a4 ,by middle ,c tune ,f fif? bel[4 ,temp] %>p4 ,by ,f ,b 7,a7 f\r? above4 ,c ,g f\r? bel[4 flat ,g ,d fif? above4 ,d ,a f\r? bel[4 ,a ,e fif? above4 ,e ,b f\r? bel[4 ,b ,f f\r? bel[4 ,f ,c fif? above4 ,c ,g f\r? bel[4 ,g ,d fif? above4 ,!n try ,d ) ,a previ\sly tun$ = wolves4 ,we ?9k a little /udy & trial ( ?is sy/em w produce ! conviction t x is a v difficult & prec>i\s "o1 & t x has e disadvantage b "o1 namely1 t x uses ! smalle/ possible numb] ( tones1 :i* is really ( little value1 & does n comp5sate = ! difficulty enc\nt]$ & ! unc]ta9ty ( ! results4 ,ano!r sy/em :i* has _m advantages ov] ! above1 is "o :i* employs fif?s only & cov]s a compass ( an octave & a half4 ,?is sy/em is simil> to ours 9 t x employs fif?s 9 ! same succession z f> z ,g1 ! mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 be+ an octave high]4 ,f ?is ,g !re is a break 9 ! succession1 & ! tun] goes back to middle ,c f :i* he />t$ & tunes by fif?s d[nw>d until he rea*es ! ,g at :i* he left (f4 ,?is sy/em employs ! tones f ,f bel[ middle ,c to ,c1 octave above4 ,bel[ is ! succession1 />t+ ^u #c;,c1 ^: pit* is det]m9$ z usual4 ,,sy/em ,b4 ,by #c;,c tune #b;,c octave bel[4 #b;,c #b;,g fif? above4 #b;,g #a;,g octave bel[4 #a;,g #b;,d fif? above4 #b;,d #b;,a fif? above4 #b;,a #a;,a octave bel[4 #a;,a #b;,e fif? above4 #b;,e #b;,b fif? above4 #b;,b #a;,b octave bel[4 #a;,b #b;,f fif? above4 #b;,f #a;,f octave bel[4 #a;,f #b;,c fif? above4 #b;,c #b;,g fif? above4 #b;,g #a;,g octave bel[4 ,by #b;,c tune #a;,f fif? bel[4 ,temp] %>p4 #a;,f #b;,f octave above4 #b;,f #a;,b fif? bel[4 ,temp] %>p4 #a;,b #b;,b octave above4 #b;,b #b;,e fif? bel[4 ,temp] %>p4 ,n[ by #b;,e try #a;,a 7,g7 fif? bel[ = ! wolf4 ,note t ?is la/ trial br+s y back to ! la/ tone tun$ be=e ! break4 ,?is sy/em is us$ by a great numb] ( v successful tun]s1 & x has b "o appreciable disadvantage1 :i* is t involv$ 9 *ang+ f fif?s upw>d to fif?s d[nw>d4 ,?is difficulty is easily ov]come1 if x 7 all !re is to enc\nt]2 b 9 practice1 we f9d t aft] tun+ ! int]vals 9 ! above succession d[n to ! la/ /ep 9 ! fir/ s]ies1 middle ,c w (t5 h *ang$ pit* some:at1 & ! la/ five tones ) _! octaves tun$ f x w n be 9 true h>mony ) ! int]vals tun$ 9 ! fir/ s]ies4 ,= ?is reason x is bett] to g on ?r\gh1 z 9 our sy/em1 tun+ by fif?s upw>d1 & if !re is any *ange ( pit* 9 ! fir/ tones tun$1 !y may be m easily correct$ by go+ ov] !m 9 ! same way z at ! />t2 also1 ! am\nt ( difficulty 9 locat+ discrepancies is greatly less5$4 ,,sy/em ,c4 ,! foll[+ sy/em is "o t is foll[$ by _m good tun]s ( ! pres5t day & has _m advantages4 ,to use ?is sy/em successfully1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ be famili> ) ! numb] ( beats necess>y 9 ea* int]val us$4 ,take #a;,f z a /&>d4 ,by #a;,f1 tune #b;,c1 fif? above4 ,by #a;,f1 tune #a;,b1 f\r? above4 ,by #a;,f1 tune #a;,a1 major ?ird above4 ,by #a;,f1 tune #b;,d1 six? above4 ,by #a;,f1 tune #a;,a1 m9or ?ird above4 ,by #a;,f1 tune #b;,f1 octave above4 ,by #b;,c or #b;,d1 tune #a;,g1 f\r? or fif? bel[4 ,by #a;,g1 #a;,a or #b;,c1 tune #b;,e1 six?1 fif? or ?ird above4 ,by #a;,g or #b;,e1 tune #a;,b1 ?ird above or f\r? bel[4 ,by #a;,a or ,a1 tune #b;,c1 major or m9or ?ird above4 ,by #a;,a1 #a;,b or #a;,b1 tune #b;,e1 fif?1 f\r? or major ?ird above4 ,by #a;,b1 #a;,b1 #b;,c or #b;,e1 tune #a;,f1 major ?ird1 f\r?1 fif? or six? bel[4 ,z ea* /ep is tak5 9 ?is sy/em1 ! tone tun$ is te/$ ) any or all ( ! tones previ\sly tun$4 ,y w notice t six tones are tun$ by ! fir/ /&>d1 ,f4 ,!re=e1 if any error is left 9 any "o ( ! int]vals x exi/s 9 ?is only & is n transmitt$ to o!r tones1 if correct$ be=e su* o!r tones are us$ to tune by4 ,! num]\s te/s possible1 e>ly 9 ! sy/em1 & ! small compass us$1 "o octave1 may be said to be ! *ief advantages ( ! sy/em4 ,! int]vals us$ are ! m9or & major ?ird1 p]fect f\r? & fif?1 & major six?4 ,! ?irds & six?s beat f ab\t #g to ne>ly #ab p] second4 ,! exact numb] ( beats = ea* /ep 9 ! sy/em may be calculat$ f ! ,table ( ,vibration ,numb]s 9 ,lesson ,,xiii4 ,= in/ance1 take middle ,c 7#b;,c7 at #bef1 & its major ?ird1 #b;,e4 ,! exact ?ird1 det]m9$ by multiply+ #bef by #e_/d1 is f\nd to be #cbj4 ,by ref]5ce to ! table1 we f9d ! temp]$ ?ird vibrates #cbb4ed4 ,! diff]5ce !n is #b4ed vibrations p] second1 &1 kn[+ t a diff]5ce ( "o vibration f ! exact major ?ird produces #d beats1 we simply multiply #b4ed by #d & we h #aj4af1 ! numb] ( beats we %\ld he> p] second :5 ?is ?ird is temp]$ correctly4 ,o!r int]vals may be figur$ out 9 l mann] by ref]5ce to ! v>i\s tables giv54 ,x is v d\btful if a beg9n] c\ld succe$ ) ?is sy/em4 ,he %\ld tune by an easi] sy/em until he c he> ! beats v di/9ctly & judge q accurately ! rapidity ( !m4 ,hav+ acquir$ ?is ability1 he may try ?is sy/em & foll[ x 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,9 any sy/em us$ x is well to te/ y\r "w 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,beg9 ) y\r l[e/ major ?ird & /rike ea* ?ird 9 succession1 asc5d+ *romatically4 ,( c\rse1 ea* ?ird %\ld beat slightly fa/] ?an ! "o bel[ x4 ,= in/ance1 9 our sy/em ( two octaves1 take #a;,c-,e2 ?is ?ird %\ld beat ab\t #e p] second4 ,next1 take #a;,c-,f1 :i* %\ld beat ab\t #e-a_/b p] second4 ,! beats %\ld increase ea* te/ ne>ly a half beat1 or ! am\nt ( #e beats 9 ?is octave2 h5ce1 #b;,c-,e w beat ab\t #aj p] second2 or1 us+ ! exact figures1 #aj4af4 ,aft] arriv+ at ! la/-nam$ te/1 #b;,c-,e1 y may te/ ! rema9d] ( ! two octaves by t5?s1 beg9n+ ) #a;,c-#b;,e4 ,! t5? is simil> to ! ?ird ma!matically1 & its beats are ev5 m di/9ct4 ,we may rem>k "h t our sy/em may be r$uc$ to ! compass ( an octave & a half by simply n tun+ ! octaves upw>d :i* rea* beyond #b;,f2 & if any?+ 7 to be ga9$ & no?+ lo/ by %ort5+ ! compass ( ! temp]am5t1 we w\ld advise us+ only ! octave & a half4 ,b 9 _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 tun+ all imag9able types1 /yles & k9ds ( pianos1 & by all sy/ems1 we h f\nd good reasons = adopt+ ! two-octave temp]am5t z laid d[n 9 ,lesson ,,viii1 = univ]sal application4 ,its advantages may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,simplicity4--,b two k9ds ( int]vals are employ$3 ! fif? & ! octave4 ,! fif? is always tun$ to a fundam5tal bel[ & h5ce always flatt5$1 :i* relieves ! tun] ( any m5tal op]ation to det]m9e :i* way he is to temp]4 ,be+ a regul> succession ( fif?s & octaves1 )\t a break1 ! sy/em is easily le>n$1 & c be foll[$ ) little m5tal /ra94 ,uni=mity4--,aft] ! tun] has become well tra9$ 9 temp]+ 8 fif?s1 !re is little dang] ( an unev5 temp]am5t1 z ! v>i\s int]vals us$ 9 trials w prove a false memb] 9 "s *ord 9 "t to correct x be=e he has gott5 s f> f x z to make ! correction difficult4 ,:5 a correction is necess>y1 ! (f5d+ po9t is mo/ easily f\nd4 ,precision4--,9 our exp]i5ce1 we h nev] kn[n ano!r sy/em by :i* we c\ld atta9 ! absolute precision ga9$ by ?is4 ,/ability4--,/ability is ! feature :]e9 re/s ! p>am\nt reason = employ+ two octaves4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 previ\s lessons conc]n+ ! liability ( "s /r+s to flatt5 or %>p5 by reason ( alt]+ ! t5sion ( o!r /r+s1 ! /ud5t w readily see t ! temp]am5t %\ld cov] a suffici5t portion ( ! in/rum5t1 if possible1 to insure t x w /& :ile ! rema9+ portion is be+ tun$4 ,our two octaves cov] ne>ly all ! /r+s betwe5 ! ov]-/rung bass & ! brace 9 ! metal plate4 ,?is be+ ! case1 any reasonable alt]ation ( ! /r+s beyond1 or outside1 ! braces f ! temp]am5t1 w r>ely1 if ev]1 affect x noticeably4 ,f9al ,inspection4--,always te/ e key on ! piano1 or especially ^? ( ! middle five octaves1 = bad unisons4 ,^u f9d+ "o1 se>* = ! /r+ t has /ood 9 tune1 by te/+ ea* /r+ ( ! unison ) its octave4 ,?is be+ done1 simply br+ ! o!r to x4 ,g ov] ! :ole key-bo>d1 /rik+ octaves1 & correct any t might (f5d4 ,"o extremely bad tone or octave may disp>age y\r reputation1 :5 9 reality y\r "w m]its comm5dation4 ,loose ,p9s4--,y w occasionally f9d pianos 9 :i* ! tun+ p9s h become s loose t !y w n resi/ ! pull ( ! /r+s4 ,if _m ( !m are 9 ?is condition x is bett]1 be=e y beg9 to tune1 to take a hamm] ( consid]able weight & drive !m a little4 ,comm5ce at "o end ( ! r[ ( p9s & aim to /rike all ! p9s ) ! same =ce4 ,^? :i* are tight en\gh w n yield to ! bl[1 :ile ^? :i* are loose may require two or ?ree bl[s to tight5 !m suffici5tly4 ,?is defect is g5]ally f\nd 9 v old squ>es or *eap uprights :]e9 ! p9-block is ( poor mat]ial or defective 9 manufacture or 9 pianos :i* h be5 abus$4 ,split ,bridges4--,ev5 9 pianos ( ! highe/ grade1 we sometimes f9d a /r+ s\nd+ z if !re 0 a p9 or "s metallic sub/ance be>+ aga9/ x4 ,9 su* cases1 f9d ! /r+ & exam9e ! place :]e x crosses ! bridge4 ,y w (t5 f9d ! bridge split at t po9t or ! bridge-p91 hav+ yield$ to ! pressure ( ! /r+1 vibrates aga9/ ! next p91 giv+ rise to ! s++ effect4 ,y c d little if any?+ t[>d repair+ a split bridge4 ,y may1 h[ev]1 /op ! s++ by ins]t+ ! po9t ( y\r screw-driv] betwe5 ! close p9s & press+ !m ap>t4 ,?is w g5]ally /op ! difficulty = ! "t be+ at lea/4 ,/r+s cross+ ! bridge ne> a split w n /& 9 tune well1 & w1 p]haps1 h to be gone ov] two or ?ree times4 ,! same may be said ( a brok5 metal plate4 ,_m old squ>es h brok5 plates2 g5]ally f\nd ne> ! ov]/rung bass1 or )9 ! fir/ octave ( ! treble4 ,all ! tun] c d is to apprise ! own] ( ! defect & in=m h] t x w n /& well at ?is po9t1 z ! int5se /ra9 is ?r[n l>gely ^u ! wood5 frame1 :i* w h a t5d5cy to yield gradually to x4 ,/r++4--,/r+s break :ile ! tun] is draw+ !m up1 sometimes because he does n pull !m gradually1 gives !m an abrupt turn or draws !m too f> above ! pit* at :i* !y are int5d$ to /&4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 !y break f be+ ru/y at ! po9t :]e !y pass ov] ! bridge or ar\nd ! tun+ p94 ,! be/ in/ruction conc]n+ putt+ on new /r+s is1 foll[ appe>ances4 ,make ! /r+ y put on look j l ^? on ! in/rum5t4 ,9 mo/ mod]n pianos ! /r+ is w\nd ) ?ree coils ar\nd ! p94 ,y w1 ( c\rse1 h to take out ! action2 n ! key-bo>d1 h[ev]1 unless x be "o ( ^? r>e cases :]e ! key-bo>d & upp] action are built to come out toge!r4 ,9 ! squ>e x is only necess>y to remove ! %ade ov] ! damp]s1 & ! damp]s1 :i* are all remov$ easily by tak+ out ! screw at ! left4 ,?is all[s ! :ole set ( damp]s ) _! support to come out toge!r4 ,treble /r+s are ne>ly always pass$ ar\nd ! hit*-p91 "o wire ?us =m+ two /r+s4 ,take out ! old /r+1 notic+ h[ x passes ov] & "u ! felt at ! dead end4 ,aft] remov+ ! /r+ always give ! p9 ab\t ?ree turns backw>d to draw x out suffici5tly s t :5 a new /r+ is put on1 ! p9 w turn into ! block z f> z x did orig9ally4 ,run "o end ( ! /r+ b>ely ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! tun+ p9 & turn x ab\t twice ar\nd1 tak+ pa9s t ! coils lie closely2 !n unw9d en\gh wire 7( ! same size ( c\rse7 f y\r supply to rea* d[n to ! hit* p9 & back4 ,place ! /r+ on ! bridge p9s prop]ly1 draw x z tight z y c by h& & cut x (f ab\t ?ree f+]s' wid? beyond ! p9 ^u :i* x is to be w\nd4 ,?is w make ab\t ?ree coils ar\nd ! p94 ,place ! end 9 ! hole & turn up gradually1 wat*+ t ! /r+ is cle> d[n on hit* p9 & prop]ly laid on ! bridge4 ,new /r+s w require draw+ up two or ?ree times be=e !y w /& 9 tune1 & ev5 !n !y w run d[n 9 a %ort "t4 ,x is well on ?is acc\nt to leave !m slightly %>p1 call+ ! own]'s att5tion to ! fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,knot ,,= ,,splic+ ,,wire4 ,:5 a bass /r+ breaks at ! po9t :]e x />ts ar\nd ! tun+ p91 x c ne>ly always be splic$ & ! tr\ble ( s5d+ x away to h a new "o made be avoid$4 ,take a piece ( new wire z l>ge or l>g] ?an ! old /r+ & splice x to ! brok5 end by a good secure knot4 ,a knot call$ ! squ>e or ruft knot is ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,:5 a bass /r+ breaks too f> f ! p9 to p]mit ( a splice1 ! only resort w be to s5d ! brok5 /r+ to "s factory & h a new "o made f x4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,xv4 #a4 ,"n ! advantages & disadvantages ( sy/em ,a4 #b4 ,"n ! advantages & disadvantages ( sy/em ,b4 #c4 ,:at are ! important po9ts to be desir$ 9 any sy/em ( sett+ temp]am5t8 #d4 ,/ate ?ree or f\r items ( importance 9 ! op]ation ( putt+ on a new /r+4 #e4 ,:y d pianos get out ( tune8 ,,lesson ,,xvi4 ,,tun+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,! ,,re$ ,,organ4 ,an impression seems to be preval5t among "s musicians ( ! m advanc$ class1 t ! re$ organ has gone or is go+ out ( use2 9 c]ta9 communities !re appe>s to be suffici5t gr\nd = su* an impression2 9 o!r communities1 h[ev]1 we f9d ! numb] ( organs l>gely 9 excess ( ! numb] ( pianos4 ,n only is ?is ! case1 b /ati/ics ( ! v>i\s organ factories ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ t ! output is enorm\s1 :i* is a suffici5t assurance t ! re$ organ is n an obsolete in/rum5t by any means4 ,to be sure1 ! organ has be5 sup]s$$ 9 num]\s cases by ! piano1 :i* is1 9 _m respects1 a greatly sup]ior in/rum5t1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 is m popul>2 yet1 ! re$ organ has its special features ( tone quality & adaptation1 :i* r5d] x ev5 m desirable to _m ?an ! piano1 aside f ! fact ( its be+ less exp5sive4 ,! musical effects possible on ! organ & n on ! piano may be few2 b !y are ( no small value1 :5 c]ta9 k9ds ( musical compositions are to be r5d]$4 ,"o great po9t 9 favor ( ! organ is1 t x is capable ( cont9u+ any tone or *ord = any l5g? ( "t1 )\t dim9ution1 :ile 9 ! piano1 ! bass tones may be cont9u$ = consid]able "t1 ! middle tones a %ort] l5g? ( "t1 & ! extreme high tones ( ! treble h b ! slighte/ duration2 e tone 9 ! piano gradually gr[s weak] f ! in/ant ( its s\nd+ until x fades into sil5ce4 ,ano!r feature ( ! organ1 n possible 9 ! piano1 is its ability ( mak+ ! cresc5do 7a gradual increase ( /r5g? or volume7 9 s+le tones or *ords4 ,/ill ano!r po9t 9 favor ( ! organ 7n 9 ! tun]'s favor1 h[ev]7 is t x r>ely gets out ( tune & does n require be+ gone ov] by ! tun] at %ort int]vals 9 ord] to keep x 9 fit condition to be us$4 ,! idea ) :i* we desire to impress ! /ud5t by ! =ego+ rem>ks is1 t :ile ! piano is a sup]ior in/rum5t1 & ! art ( tun+ ! piano is a mu* deep] /udy f ! g5]al tun]'s /&po9t ?an t ( do+ ! v>i\s ?+s ! tun] is call$ to d on ! organ1 he %\ld n consid] ! re$ organ ( m9or importance1 or slight ! organ :5 call$ ^u to put x 9 ord]4 ,! fact is1 p]sons hav+ organs 9 _! homes *]i% !m z mu* z o!rs d _! pianos1 & !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n h z good s]vice4 ,x w be impossible to give any?+ m ?an g5]al in/ruction 9 organ "w1 z ! diff]5ce 9 con/ruction is s pron\nc$4 ,pianos are built practically on ! same plan1 & :5 ! con/ruction ( "o is le>n$1 ! tun] w f9d little difficulty 9 o!rs ( ! same type2 b x seems t e organ manufactur] has 8 own hobbies z to ! be/ means ( secur+ results2 h[ev]1 ! g5]al pr9ciples are ! same1 &1 l _m op]ations com+ "u ! h& ( ! tun]1 all t is necess>y is to exam9e1 reason1 & use good me*anical judgm5t4 ,,clean+4 ,organs ne$ clean+ ab\t once a ye>1 or (t5] if !y are kept & us$ 9 du/y places4 ,! bell[s are suction or exhau/ion bell[s1 & !y draw ! air 9 at ! top ( ! organ ?r\gh ! re$s & dis*>ge x bel[4 ,! effect ( ?is is t if any du/ is float+ 9 ! air x is drawn 9 ab\t ! action & re$s1 :]e x settles & clogs ! work+ p>ts1 /opp+ ! vibration ( ! re$s entirely4 ,! front bo>d or key /rip is usually held 9 place by a screw at ea* end1 b sometimes by slides ent]+ ! holes 9 ! side ( ! case1 :i* may be disconnect$ by wood5 buttons at ea* end1 :i* are pull$ t[>d ! c5t]4 ,! back ( all organs may be ent]$ by remov+ ! bo>d at ! back ( ! case1 held 9 place by screws or buttons4 ,close all ! /ops1 !n take y\r du/ bl[]1 if y h "o1 or a clo?1 & remove all ! dirt possible 9 ?is way4 ,lift ! muffl] bo>ds work$ by ! "r knee-swell1 take a bru% & clean ?or\ghly next to ! re$s :i* w be expos$ :5 ! muffl] bo>ds are rais$4 ,if any dirt is left "h x w be drawn into ! re$s ! in/ant ! organ is play$4 ,9 bad cases1 9 fact x is bett] 9 e case1 to draw e re$1 lett+ !m lie 9 a r[ on ! re$ bo>d & go+ ov] ea* "o sep>ately1 bru% ! du/ f x4 ,?is w improve ! tone1 or1 r1 ! tune ( ! in/rum5t4 ,dirt on ! tongue ( a re$ adds suffici5t weight to alt] ! pit*1 & if x is remov$1 ! in/rum5t w g5]ally be 9 z good tune z :5 x left ! factory4 ,simply clean+ an organ 9 ?is way is (t5 call$ tun+1 by inexp]i5c$ p]sons4 ,if x happ5s t !re are only a few re$s t d n speak1 & ! own] does n c>e to pay = a ?or\gh clean+1 y w f9d ! sil5t re$s by ! me?od giv5 "u ! head ,exam9ation1 &1 draw+ !m1 clean & replace4 ,,/ops4 ,ea* /op on ! organ 7if !re be no dummies7 affects ei!r ! tone quality or ! p[] ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! ,vox ,humana /op affects ! quality ( ! tone by op]at+ a fan 9 ! re> ( ! in/rum5t or a contrivance conta9$ 9 a small box1 :i* produces a tremolo effect4 ,all o!r /ops may be said to affect ! p[]4 ,/ops hav+ su* names z ,diapason1 ,melodia1 ,dulcet1 ,cele/e1 ,cremona1 ,e*o1 ,pr9cipal1 ,b\rdon1 ,sub ,bass1 ,piccolo1 ,flute1 ,dulciana1 etc41 etc41 op5 c]ta9 sets ( re$s suppos$ to give =? a tone quality simil> to ! in/rum5t ^: "n x be>s1 or ! tone ( ! pipes ( ! pipe organ be>+ su* names4 ,^! /ops op]ate on ! sets ( re$s by rais+ ! mutes :i*1 :5 clos$1 /op ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! re$s4 ,! octave c\pl] /op1 sometimes call$ ,h>monique1 controls an arrangem5t :]eby1 :5 a key is depress$1 its octave is made to s\nd also4 ,=te /ops lift ! muffl]s or swells1 & z ^! are controll$ by ! "r knee-swell1 ! ,=te /op may be consid]$ ( little value4 ,! left knee-swell1 call$ ! ,full ,organ swell1 z its "n implies1 op5s up ! full p[] ( all sets ( re$s & ?r[s on ! c\pl]s4 ,a m]e peep into any organ w disclose ! me*anical work+ ( /ops1 :i* is 9 su* great v>iety t we w n attempt to detail x "h4 ,,exam9ation4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce y w be able to make an exam9ation ( an organ & tell j :at x ne$s )\t s mu* z draw+ a screw4 ,! re$s are usually divid$ into treble sets & bass sets2 two octaves ( bass re$s1 & ?ree octaves ( treble re$s con/itute a set4 ,! ,diapason /op is ne>ly always pres5t1 & controls ! heavie/ re$s 9 ! bass except ! ,b\rdon or ,sub ,bass1 if ! organ %\ld h ei!r ( ^!4 ,9 exam9+ an organ1 close all /ops b ! ,diapason1 = in/ance1 !n successively press e key 9 ! two bass octaves4 ,n[ if1 = in/ance1 a key is f\nd sil5t1 t is1 j an octave f ! l[e/ tone1 by c\nt+ ! keys f ! l[e/ tone1 y w f9d ! sil5t key is numb] ?irte54 ,look into ! organ1 f9d ! mute t is up by reason ( ?is ,diapason /op's be+ pull$1 & c\nt ! re$s f ! l[e/ to ! ?irte5?2 pull ! re$ & y w f9d x ob/ruct$ or p]haps brok54 ,mo/ organs h a ,dulciana /op 9 ! treble :i* corresponds ) ! ,diapason 9 ! bass4 ,te/ ! re$s ( ?is set j z y did ^? ( ! ,diapason4 ,g ov] ea* set ( re$s 9 l mann]4 ,brok5 re$s %\ld be s5t to ! factory :]e ! organ 0 built4 ,! manufactur]s w s5d a new "o1 (t5 )\t co/4 ,/ops are sometimes f\nd disconnect$ f ! mutes1 :i* deprives ! play] ( ! use ( c]ta9 sets ( re$s1 & :ile x is a small matt] to connect !m1 x adds mu* to ! improvem5t imp>t$ to ! in/rum5t by ! tun]4 ,aft] disconnect+ ! /ops = any purpose1 always be sure y connect !m prop]ly be=e leav+ y\r "w4 ,,/ick+ ,,keys4 ,! key itself is subject to _m ( ! same faults z is t ( ! piano4 ,x may b9d 9 ! guide p9 or w>p s z to cause x to /ick1 or x may /ick f "s sub/ance betwe5 ! keys4 ,sometimes ! front bo>d is s ne> ! front ( ! keys t :5 ! latt] are depress$ !y /ick aga9/ x4 ,a screw is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! c5t]1 ! head ( :i* comes aga9/ ! front bo>d & holds x out4 ,if ! bo>d is too ne> give ! screw a turn or two back4 ,if !re is no screw1 place a piece ( c>d aga9/ ! bo>d & ! case at ! ends4 ,! end keys sometimes /ick aga9/ ! blocks at ! ends ( ! key-bo>d4 ,scrape ! block or key :]e x /icks4 ,a key may /ay d[n because ( ! c$> p91 sometimes call$ ! track] p9 or pitman1 /ick+ 9 ! hole4 ,take out ! key-bo>d :i* is held by a screw at ea* end1 sometimes by ano!r 9 ! middle2 9 :i* case a key or two mu/ be remov$ to get at x4 ,to remove a key1 take (f ! /rip at ! back ( ! keys1 held 9 place by small screws1 & ! key may be lift$ up4 ,n[1 f9d+ ! /ick+ p91 pull x out & s&pap] or rub x ) black lead until x is f\nd to "w q freely 9 ! guide hole ( ! guide bo>d & ! hole 9 ! re$ bo>d4 ,j "u ! re$ bo>d is a wood5 slip cov]$ ) s(t lea!r1 call$ ! valve or pallet1 :i* cov]s ! op5+s 9 ! re$ bo>d :i* admit air to pass d[n ?r\gh ! re$s4 ,! track] p91 pu%$ d[n by ! key1 op5s ! pallet :i* is held aga9/ ! re$ bo>d by a spr+ & kept 9 place by a guide p9 at ea* end4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a pallet w be pu%$ d[n s f> z to cat* on ! guide p9s & cause ! tone to s\nd cont9ually4 ,9 o!r cases a piece ( dirt w get 9 ! way ( ! pallet & prev5t x f clos+ ! op5+4 ,if ?is be ! case1 draw ! re$s t s\nd :5 ?is key is depress$ & also a re$ at ea* side ( x1 & pump ! bell[s briskly1 at ! same "t press+ ! ?ree keys4 ,?is w g5]ally create en\gh air to remove ! ob/acle4 ,if ! key /ill s\nds & _c be made to hu% up 9 ?is way1 y may be compell$ to take out ! entire action s t y c get to ! pallets1 :i* c be done by remov+ all ! screws t hold ! re$ bo>d 9 place4 ,at ! back1 ^! screws are on top ( ! bo>d & sometimes !y are on top 9 front2 b (t5 !y are "u ! air *amb] 9 front4 ,be sure ! screws are all out be=e try+ to pull ! bo>d loose1 z y might crack ! bo>d & !reby cause a leak4 ,a mom5t's notice w reveal ! cause ( ! tr\ble 9 ! pallet4 ,new pallet spr+s may be made ( piano wire1 us+ old spr+s = a patt]n4 ,,leaks4 ,if a leak is f\nd 9 ! air bo>ds1 su* z a crack or split1 x c be /opp$ p]man5tly by glu+ a piece ( bell[s clo? or any good rubb] clo? ov] ! split4 ,a leak 9 ! bell[s c be repair$ 9 ! same way1 b if x happ5s to be a hole at or ne> a "p ( ! clo? :i* is compell$ to b5d 9 ! work+ ( ! bell[s1 y w h to use "s k9d ( rubb] or lea!r cem5t1 pref]ably ! latt]4 ,?is c be made by dissolv+ gutta-p]*a 9 bisulphide ( c>bon1 b a good lea!r cem5t may be _h at almo/ any %oe /ore4 ,if ! bell[s are por\s1 x may be well to give !m a coat ( cem5t1 b nev] pa9t !m2 ! pa9t cracks & ! leaks are made worse4 ,,p$al ,,detects4 ,brok5 p$al /raps are ! mo/ frequ5t annoyance4 ,9 all mod]n organs !re is a panel above ! p$als :i* w come out & admit ! me*anic to ! bell[s1 /raps1 spr+s1 etc42 b 9 "s old in/rum5ts ! case is made solid1 9 :i* case ! workman mu/ d 8 "w f ! bottom1 turn+ ! organ d[n s z to get at x4 ,p$al /raps are easily put on2 g5]ally ) screws at ei!r end4 ,if ! p$al squeaks exam9e ! spr+s or oil & *ange _! position slightly4 ,exam9e ! pulleys ov] :i* ! /raps "w & oil or rub !m on ! outside ) soap4 ,brok5 p$al h+es may be duplicat$ by any blacksmi?2 ! ord9>y h+es1 su* z c be b\ght at h>dw>e /ores1 are sometimes sub/itut$1 b !y r>ely answ] ! purpose z well z ! regul> p$al h+e4 ,! lea!r flaps ov] ! holes 9 ! exhau/]s sometimes get too tight by %r9kage s t !y w n let ! air escape readily1 & consequ5tly ! p$als come up sl[ly1 (t5 mak+ x difficult to keep ! in/rum5t suffici5tly suppli$ ) p[]4 ,simply /ret* ! lea!r flaps1 be+ c>eful n to pull ! tacks loose or te> ! lea!r4 ,,sympa!tic ,,vibrations4 ,organs1 l pianos1 are subject to sympa!tic vibrations4 ,a re$ fitt+ loosely 9 ! re$ *amb] w sometimes buzz :5 s\nd$4 ,a bit ( pap] "u ! back end ( ! re$ w /op x4 ,any loose mat]ial ab\t ! in/rum5t may cause tr\ble ( ?is k9d4 ,trace up ! cause & ! rem$y w sugge/ itself4 ,a buzz+ s\nd may be caus$ by a re$'s be+ too tight 9 ! re$ *amb]1 caus+ ! tongue to vibrate aga9/ ! sides ( ! brass body4 ,9 "s r>e cases1 n be+ firmly rivet$1 ! tongue w move to "o side1 caus+ ! same tr\ble4 ,c>e & pa9s mu/ be tak5 9 work+ ) re$s1 b :5 9 ?is condition !y mu/ be repair$4 ,tap ! rivet lightly ) a hamm] & try x2 if x /ill does n s\nd cle>1 cat* ! butt ( ! re$ 7rivet$ end7 ) a pair ( p>allel pli]s1 & turn x t[>d ! c5t] until1 :5 vibrat+1 x cle>s ! jaws4 ,,tun+4 ,! me?od ( tun+ ! organ is v simple4 ,to flatt5 ! tone ( a re$1 scrape ! tongue ne> ! butt or rivet1 mak+ x ?9n] at t po9t1 :i* w cause x to vibrate at a sl[] rate4 ,to %>p5 ! tone1 scrape x at ! po9t1 !reby light5+ ! vibrat+ end1 :i* w cause a m rapid rate ( vibration4 ,:5 a re$ has be5 scrap$ or fil$ s ?9 at ! po9t t x w be> no m scrap+1 x c sometimes be %>p5$ by b5d+ x up & d[n a few times1 :i* has a t5d5cy to put temp] 9 ! metal4 ,"s re$s are curv$ at ! po9t purposely to secure a c]ta9 voice4 ,d n int]f]e ) ! prop] curvature :5 tun+4 ,9 tun+ organs1 ! same sy/em & g5]al in/ruction giv5 = piano tun+ w apply2 h[ev]1 x is r>ely1 if ev]1 necess>y to give an organ z ?or\gh tun+ z y w\ld a piano4 ,x is a v t$i\s job :]e y h to draw ea* re$1 apply ! prop] me?od1 ins]t x & try ! result1 ?us cutt+ & try+ ea* "o p]haps sev]al times be=e gett+ ! desir$ result4 ,9 factories devices are us$ :i* r5d] ! op]ation v mu* easi]4 ,"o ?+ y %\ld "k is1 t organs are n temp]$ z f9ely z pianos1 nor is !re ! pa9s tak5 to secure p]fect unisons4 ,9 fact1 y c h>dly f9d a p]fect unison 9 an organ ( mod]n make1 mu* less1 a correct temp]am5t4 ,f9d+ a tone t is s f> out z to be v disagreeable1 adju/ x betwe5 ! octave bel[ & ! octave above1 try x 9 ! prop] *ords & equalize x 9 ! be/ possible way2 b x is n (t5 y w be able to tune x to absolute precision ) its octaves4 ,x is ?\ght by _m t a slight deviation f correct unisons1 suffici5t to give a s]ies ( waves1 gives ! organ a m mell[ voice & consequ5tly a m musical 787 tone2 & :ile we d n agree ) any su* proposition1 x makes ! tun]'s "w less exact+4 ,we feel t an apology is 9 ord] = n giv+ illu/rations ( ! action ( ! organ1 b if ! /ud5t w /udy ?is lesson 9 connection ) ! in/rum5t itself1 we believe he w h no tr\ble 9 le>n+ all ab\t its me*anical action & its dem&s ^u ! tun]4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,lesson ,,xvi4 #a4 ,"n ! musical advantages possess$ by ! organ :i* are abs5t 9 ! piano4 #b4 ,"n ! musical advantages possess$ by ! piano :i* are abs5t 9 ! organ4 #c4 ,describe ! me*anical op]ations tak+ place 9 ! organ :5 a key is be+ s\nd$4 #d4 ,/ate :at y w\ld d to flatt5 ! tone ( a re$ & give reasons4 #e4 ,/ate :at y w\ld d to %>p5 ! tone ( a re$ & give reasons4 ,,lesson ,,xvii4 ,,conclud+ ,,pr(essional ,,h9ts4 ,peculi> incid5ts occur 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! piano tun]1 "s ( :i* h come "u ! obs]vation ( ! au?or s frequ5tly t he deems x advisable to m5tion !m "h2 !re are incid5ts also t happ5 once 9 a life-"t :i* mu/ be treat$ 9 _! "t ) tact & good judgm5t1 & :i* x is impossible to describe "h1 z ea* tun]1 9 8 special field1 w elicit new developm5ts4 ,occasion (t5 requires ! tun] to summon all 8 wits & tact 9 ord] to dispose ( que/ions put to him1 bo? by pianos & own]s4 ,among ! p]plex+ ?+s t come to ! tun] are ! t]ms us$ by musicians & piano own]s to express c]ta9 qualities ( tone & c]ta9 discrepancies ( ! in/rum5t4 ,we w def9e a numb] ( ^!4 ,brilliant4--,! s5se 9 :i* ?is t]m is us$ is a/oni%+ to "o :o is accu/om$ to us+ words accord+ to _! diction>y mean+s4 ,we h he>d p]sons say _! piano 0 too brilliant2 or1 t x 0 n brilliant en\gh4 ,!y mean ?is t]m to apply to :at we are pleas$ to call ! voice ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 ! hamm]s are h>d1 produc+ a %>p1 p5etrat+ tone1 !y call x brilliant2 :5 ! hamm]s are s(t & produce :at a tra9$ e> w\ld accept z a s(t1 sweet1 musical tone1 "s p]sons w say t ! in/rum5t lacks brilliancy4 ,p]sons ( a diff]5t ta/e1 &1 we w\ld say1 a m cultur$ e>1 call ! tone h>% :5 ! hamm]s are h>d1 & !y usually desire ! tun] to s(t5 ! tone1 :i* he does by s(t5+ ! hamm] ends z has be5 describ$ 9 ,lesson ,,vii4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* we call voic+1 is a v delicate piece ( "w1 & ! tun] %\ld ex]cise c>e & pa9s 9 do+ x2 s we w deviate f ! tr5d ( ! disc\rse & (f] a few directions "h1 z ! previ\s in/ructions are h>dly complete4 ,ins]t ! felt pick 7:i* %\ld conta9 only "o po9t1 & n ?ree or f\r1 z !y usually d7 9 ! po9t ( ! hamm] & give x a rot>y motion1 s to speak1 loos5+ up ! felt & giv+ x its orig9al ela/icity4 ,d n pick up ! felt at ! po9t4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is resort$ to by _m tun]s1 is injuri\s to ! hamm]s & really does no p]man5t good4 ,ano!r me?od :i* is v good1 & a v easy "o1 is to take y\r p>allel pli]s & squeeze ! felt slightly at ! po9t4 ,apply ! pli]s at "r angles ) ! hamm] 7if ! action ( ! upright1 y\r pli]s w be 9 an upright position7 & cat* ! hamm] at a dep? ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ?ickness ( ! felt4 ,if ! hamm]s are v h>d x may be well to use bo? ! pli]s & ! pick2 b c>e mu/ always be tak5 n to get ! hamm]s too s(t1 & extreme c>e mu/ be tak5 n to get "s s(t] ?an o!rs4 ,"s hamm]s are always us$ m ?an o!rs &1 ( c\rse1 ^! w ne$ m s(t5+4 ,usually ^? at ! extreme ends ( ! in/rum5t w ne$ no s(t5+ at all1 b sometimes ! bass w be> consid]able s(t5+4 ,aft] go+ ov] !m 9 ! above way1 try !m by play+ ! *romatic scale & y w inv>iably f9d "s t ne$ additional att5tion4 ,be sure t no h>d tone is left1 z su* a condition is a great annoyance to a delicate e>4 ,s++4--,:5 a damp] is out ( ord] & does n d its "w prop]ly1 !y (t5 say ! tone s+s4 ,!y say ! same ?+ ab\t ! re$ organ :5 a pallet /icks or a key /ays d[n4 ,sometimes ?is t]m is us$ to express ! grat+ vibration :i* has be5 treat$ "u ! head ( sympa!tic rattle4 ,t9-panny4--,?is t]m is (t5 us$ & g5]ally means t ! in/rum5t is out ( tune1 & especially t ! unisons are out4 ,sometimes x is us$ to express a holl[ quality ( tone2 b y w r>ely1 if ev]1 he> a piano spok5 ( 9 ?is way if x is 9 correct tune4 ,any piano out ( tune badly may be said to s\nd t9-panny4 ,bass-ey4--,?is t]m expresses a v h>% bass4 ,imp]fect octaves or unisons 9 ! bass ( a piano give rise to ! use ( ?is t]m4 ,if ! bass ( ! in/rum5t is decid$ly flat1 ! same t]m is sometimes us$ to express ! condition4 ,h>%4--,?is t]m1 :5 x does n apply to ! voice ( ! piano1 g5]ally reflects ^u ! "w ( ! tun] 7874 ,*ords are h>% :5 !y conta9 ov]-%>p ?irds1 bad fif?s1 octaves1 etc4 ,take c>e t y\r temp]am5t conta9s no bad *ords1 & aft] y are all ?r\gh1 see t all tones h /ood1 & t y h left no bad unisons or octaves4 ,"o or two c>elessly tun$ tones may disp>age y\r o!rwise cr$itable "w4 ,que/ions4--,que/ions are (t5 ask$ ! tun] conc]n+ ! c>e ( ! piano4 ,be prep>$ to answ] any reasonable "q t may come up1 :i* y\r k ( ! in/rum5t %\ld enable y to d4 ,9 reg>d to temp]ature1 moi/ure1 etc41 an extreme ei!r way is ! ?+ to avoid4 ,a v dry or hot atmosph]e w crack ! v>ni%1 w>p ! wood5 p>ts1 crack ! s\nd-bo>d1 cause p>ts to come unglu$1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 too mu* moi/ure w ru/ ! /eel p>ts1 /r+s1 etc42 s ! happy m$ium is ! condition to be desir$4 ,z to keep+ pianos clos$1 a "q y w (t5 be ask$1 we ?9k x is bett] to keep !m op5 at all times ?an to keep !m clos$ at all times2 because1 if !y are kept op5 !y are subject$ to ! *anges ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* w r>ely p]mit ! piano to become ei!r v damp or too dry4 ,9 a ^w1 a room t is heal?y = human be+s is all "r = ! piano4 ,seasons = ,tun+4--,! preval5t idea 9 reg>d to ?is matt] is t pianos %\ld be tun$ ei!r at ! beg9n+ ( cold or ( w>m wea!r4 ,9 our exp]i5ce1 we h f\nd t x makes no diff]5ce :5 ! piano is tun$ if x is kept 9 ! liv+ room4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a piano 7 tun$ ^u a w>m day 9 ! fall & !n all[$ to rema9 9 a room 9 :i* ! temp]ature sudd5ly fell to z]o1 we c\ld n expect x to /& 9 tune2 & mu* less1 if ! room is heat$ up occasionally & !n left = an int]val at ! m]cy ( ! wea!r4 ,p]sons :o treat _! pianos 9 ?is way %\ld h !m tun$ ab\t f\r times a ye>4 ,,index4 ,action1 #ag brackets1 #bd ( gr& piano1 #cg1 #ch1 #fb ( squ>e piano1 #cb1 #cd remov+1 squ>e & gr&1 #ch replac+1 squ>e & gr&1 #ci requisites (1 #ag1 #ah top1 ( squ>e piano1 #cd trap1 ( squ>e piano1 #ai1 #cd ,advantages ( two-octave temp]am5t1 #aga ,anci5t in/rum5ts1 #ac ,back *eck1 adju/m5t (1 #di & back cat*1 #ah1 #bg1 #bh1 #cc1 #cg wire1 #bg ,balance p91 #ba rail1 #ba ,be>+ b>1 #ag ,beats1 waves1 & pulsations1 #gc1 #aej ( unison1 octave1 & major ?ird1 #aed cause (1 #gg1 #aej ,black lead1 use (1 #fd ,block rail1 #bg1 #ea ,bottom or cap/an1 adju/m5t (1 #dh1 #ii or key rock]1 #bc1 #cc1 #dh1 #ef1 #eg ,bracket bolts1 #be ,bridle1 #bh putt+ 9 new1 #ej wire1 #bh1 #ej ,bridges1 #af1 #ag split1 #agc ,build+ ( upright piano1 #af ,butts1 #bh & flanges1 repair+ (1 #ei ,cap/an1 #bd1 #dh ,cause ( beats #bg1 #aej ,c5t]-p9s1 #be putt+ 9 new #eb ,clicks at release ( key1 #ea1 #eb ,compromises1 !1 #ii1 #ajj ,cont9u\s mute1 #hi ,damp] lev]1 #bi felt1 s(t5+1 #ed ,damp]1 ( gr& piano1 #cg ( squ>e piano1 #cf1 #fj rod1 #cj rod1 squeak+ (1 #ee spoon1 #bi spr+s brok51 #ed ,damp]s1 #ah1 #bi ,damp+1 defective1 #ed1 #fj1 #fa ,ditonic comma #add ,evolution ( ! piano1 #ab ,ext5sion1 #bc ,false waves1 #afj1 #afa ,fif?s1 beats (1 #gi n all temp]$ alike1 #aje1 #ajf temp]+ (1 #gi1 #ajd ,f9al inspection1 #agb ,fis*] ,sy/em ( temp]am5t1 diagram (1 #hb ,flanges1 #be repair+ (1 #ei ,guide p9s1 #bc ,hamm]1 butt1 refelt+1 #ea capp+ ) bucksk91 #ei felts1 clean+1 #cd glu+1 #ed h>d5+1 #ed s(t5+1 #ed trimm+1 #fj voic+1 #ed1 #ajd head #bi rail1 #bi1 #cc %ank or /em1 #bi1 #ec brok51 #fc r5ew+1 #ec spr+1 #eb /ick+1 #eb ,hit*-p9s1 #af1 #ag ,in/rum5tal atta*m5ts1 removal (1 #aah ,int]vals flatt5$1 #aeg %>p5$1 #aeg ,ivories1 reglu+1 #fd ,jack1 #bf repair+ (1 #ej1 #eh sluggi%1 #eg -spr+ brok51 #eh ,key1 defects 91 #dg1 #dh leads1 #bb organ1 /ick+1 #ahe1 #ahf remov+1 squ>e piano1 #ef squeak+1 #fd /ick+1 #df ,lead1 9 keys1 #bb black1 use (1 #fd loose 9 key1 #fd ,l5g?1 t5sion1 & weight ( /r+s1 #ge ,l\d p$al1 #ai1 #cj ,ma9 rail1 #be ,ma!matics ( temp]$ scale1 #abf ,metal plates1 #ae ,mute1 cont9u\s1 #hi1 #ij ,mutes1 sett+ 9 upright piano1 #aag-abj 9 bass1 #aba beyond temp]am5t1 #abj 9 squ>e piano1 #abb on nodal po9ts1 #afa ,octave1 divid+ into major ?irds1 #acd into m9or ?irds1 #adj p]fect fif?s1 #adb ,octaves1 relative vibration (1 #gh ,organ1 re$1 tun+ & repair+ !1 #agh bell[s1 leaks 91 #ahg capabilities (1 #agi clean+1 #ahj exam9ation1 #ahc keys /ick+1 #ahe1 #ahf pallets1 #ahf p$al defects1 #ahh re$s1 to f9d1 #ahd tun+1 #aij /ops1 #ahb disconnect$1 #ahd sympa!tic vibration1 #ahi ,ov]-t5sion1 #aad ,panel1 remov+ (1 #ge ,p>ts ( gr& action1 #ch ( squ>e action1 #cd ,p5dulum to aid 9 judgm5t ( a second ( "t1 #ajd ,piano frame1 #ae tun]1 requisites (1 #g1 #gj ,pianos1 special use (1 #he1 #hf ,pit*1 conc]t1 #abg int]national1 #ha1 #abg ,pit*1 left to tun]'s judgm5t1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi to det]m9e mo/ favorable1 #he ,pr(essional h9ts1 #aic ,que/ions ask$ by own]s1 #baa ,ratio ( int]vals1 #acb ,re$ organ4 ,see ,organ4 ,regulat+ button1 #bf1 #ea rail1 #bf1 #cf ,repair+ small wood5 p>ts1 #fc ,repetition ( /roke1 #ah1 #bg ,se>*+ = articles on s\nd bo>d1 #dd ,seasons = tun+1 #aih ,s(t p$al1 #bi1 #cf1 #ch ,s\nd bo>d1 #af split1 #dd unglu$1 #de waves1 int]f]5ce (1 #gh1 #aej ,splic+ piano wire1 #agf ,spr+ rail1 #bi ,/r++ ( upright1 #af1 #ag ,/r+s gr[+ %>p]1 #hh putt+ 9 new1 #agd1 #age r5d]+ ?r\gh bridges1 #aab1 #aad splic+1 #agf ,/udy & practice ( tun+1 #ff ,su/a9+ p$al1 #cj squeak+ (1 #ee ,sympa!tic rattle1 #dc ,syntonic comma1 #acb ,sy/ems ( temp]am5t1 v>i\s1 #afc ,sy/em ,a1 #afe ,b1 #aff ,c1 #afg1 #afh ,tables ( relative /r+ l5g?1 #aca1 #acf1 #adj1 #adc ,temp]am5t1 advantages ( ! two-octave1 #aga equal1 #ig1 #add ,fis*] sy/em1 #gd f9i%+ up1 #aef introductory rem>ks on1 #fh1 #gb rationale (1 #abh1 #aci requisites (1 #acc sett+1 specific in/ructions1 #he !ory (1 #ig unequal1 #ih v>i\s sy/ems1 #afc-afh ,t5sion1 equalization (1 #aaa1 #aab ,t]ms to express tone qualities1 #aic-aif ,te/+ by ?irds & t5?s1 #agj ,te/s1 *ords1 #id1 #ii1 #ajc ,?ird1 excessive %>pness (1 #ie1 #ajc ,?irds1 major1 #ace major1 %>p] ?an p]fect1 #ace m9or1 flatt] ?an p]fect1 #ada ,tones1 h>monic1 #abj1 #acj ,t\*1 alt]+ !1 #dh ,treble1 extreme1 %>p] ?an p]fect1 #aei ,tun+1 in/ructions = fir/ exp]im5ts 91 #ib-ie hamm]1 manipulation (1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aaf p9s1 m>k+ ( 9 squ>e1 #abb loose1 #agc sett+ (1 #aab-aad ! bass1 #afj ! treble1 #aeg1 #aei ,vibration numb]s1 comp>ison (1 #acg1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh ,wat*mak]'s screwdriv]1 use ( 9 piano repair+1 #fc ,wipp51 #be ,wire splic+1 #agf ,wood5 p>ts1 %r9k+1 rattl+1 #ei repair+ ( small1 #fc ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,bold text is enclos$ 9 tilde 77 *>act]s4 #b4 ,on page #aig1 'tones' has be5 misspelt 9 ! orig9al text z 'tonse'4