file :i* includes ! num]\s orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #agefi-;h4htm or #agefi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/g_ /e_/f_/agefi_/agefi-;h_/#agefi-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/g_ /e_/f_/agefi_/agefi-;h4zip7 ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,subway ,its ,con/ruction & ,equipm5t ,illu/ration3 ,,op]at+ ,,room ,,( ,,p[] ,,h\se ,illu/ration3 7,i4,r4,t4 symbol7 ,new ,york ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company ,,anno4 ,,domi4 ,,mcmiv ,copyright1 #aijd1 by ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,co4 ,new ,york ,plann$ & ,execut$ by ,! ,mc,graw ,publi%+ ,co4 ,illu/ration3 7,mc,graw ,publi%+ ,company ,new ,york logo7 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,no4 ,,introduction1 #ac ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,r\te ,,( ,,! ,,road--,,pass5g] ,,/ations ,,& ,,tracks1 #bc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,types ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,con/ruction1 #cg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,p[] ,,h\se ,,build+1 #fg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,p[] ,,plant ,,f ,,coal ,,pile ,,to ,,%afts ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,turb9es1 #gg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,electrical ,,supply1 #ia ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,electrical ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,c>s1 #aag ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,light+ ,,sy/em ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,/ations ,,& ,,tunnel1 #aba ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,roll+ ,,/ock--,,c>s1 ,,trucks1 ,,etc41 #abe ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,signal ,,sy/em1 #ace ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,subway ,,dra9age1 #ade ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,repair ,,& ,,inspection ,,%$1 #adg ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,sub-,,contractors1 #aea ,,int]bor\gh ,,rapid ,,transit ,,company ,directors ,augu/ ,belmont ,e4 ,p4 ,bryan ,&rew ,fre$man ,james ,j\rdan ,g>d9] ,m4 ,lane ,john ,b4 ,mc,donald ,walt] ,g4 ,oakman ,john ,peirce ,morton ,f4 ,plant ,william ,a4 ,read ,alfr$ ,skitt ,cornelius ,v&]bilt ,george ,w4 ,"y ,executive ,committee ,augu/ ,belmont ,&rew ,fre$man ,james ,j\rdan ,walt] ,g4 ,oakman ,william ,a4 ,read ,cornelius ,v&]bilt ,(fic]s ,augu/ ,belmont1 ,presid5t ,e4 ,p4 ,bryan1 ,vice-presid5t ,h4 ,m4 ,fi%]1 ,secret>y ,d4 ,w4 ,mc,williams1 ,treasur] ,e4 ,f4 ,j4 ,gaynor1 ,auditor ,frank ,h$ley1 ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ,s4 ,l4 ,f4 ,deyo1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ,george ,w4 ,wick]%am1 ,g5]al ,c\nsel ,*as4 ,a4 ,g>d9]1 ,g5]al ,attorney ,de,lancey ,nicoll1 ,associate ,c\nsel ,alfr$ ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,associate ,c\nsel ,eng9e]+ ,/aff ,s4 ,l4 ,f4 ,deyo1 ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,electrical ,equipm5t ,l4 ,b4 ,/illwell1 ,electrical ,director4 ,h4 ,n4 ,latey1 ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant4 ,fr$]ick ,r4 ,slat]1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,?ird ,rail ,con/ruction4 ,alb]t ,f4 ,p>ks1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,light+4 ,george ,g4 ,raymond1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,conduits & ,cables4 ,william ,b4 ,flynn1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,draught+ ,room4 ,me*anical & ,ar*itectural ,j4 ,van ,vleck1 ,me*anical & ,con/ruction ,eng9e]4 ,william ,c4 ,phelps1 ,assi/ant ,con/ruction ,eng9e]4 ,william ,n4 ,/ev5s1 ,ass't ,me*anical ,eng9e]4 ,paul ,c4 ,hunt]1 ,ar*itectural ,assi/ant4 ,geo4 ,e4 ,?omas1 ,sup]vis+ ,eng9e] 9 ,field4 ,c>s & ,signal ,sy/em ,george ,gibbs1 ,consult+ ,eng9e]4 ,watson ,t4 ,?ompson1 ,ma/] ,me*anic4 ,j4 ,n4 ,waldron1 ,signal ,eng9e]4 ,,rapid ,,transit ,,subway ,,con/ruction ,,company ,directors ,augu/ ,belmont ,e4 ,p4 ,bryan ,&rew ,fre$man ,james ,j\rdan ,g>d9] ,m4 ,lane ,wal!r ,luttg5 ,john ,b4 ,mc,donald ,walt] ,g4 ,oakman ,john ,peirce ,morton ,f4 ,plant ,william ,a4 ,read ,cornelius ,v&]bilt ,george ,w4 ,"y ,executive ,committee ,augu/ ,belmont ,&rew ,fre$man ,james ,j\rdan ,walt] ,g4 ,oakman ,william ,a4 ,read ,cornelius ,v&]bilt ,(fic]s ,augu/ ,belmont1 presid5t ,walt] ,g4 ,oakman1 vice-presid5t ,john ,b4 ,mc,donald1 contractor ,h4 ,m4 ,fi%]1 secret>y ,john ,f4 ,buck1 treasur] ,e4 ,f4 ,j4 ,gaynor1 auditor ,s4 ,l4 ,f4 ,deyo1 *ief eng9e] ,george ,w4 ,wick]%am1 g5]al c\nsel ,alfr$ ,a4 ,g>dn]1 attorney ,eng9e]+ ,/aff ,s4 ,l4 ,f4 ,deyo1 ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,h4 ,t4 ,d\glas1 ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant ,eng9e]4 ,a4 ,edw>d ,olm/$1 ,division ,eng9e]1 ,manhattan-,bronx ,l9es4 ,h5ry ,b4 ,re$1 ,division ,eng9e]1 ,brooklyn ,ext5sion4 ,!odore ,pas*ke1 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 ,fir/ ,division1 ,city ,hall to #cc;d ,/reet1 also ,brooklyn ,ext5sion1 ,city ,hall to ,b[l+ ,gre52 & ,rob]t ,s4 ,f[l]1 ,assi/ant4 ,erne/ ,c4 ,moore1 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 ,second ,division1 #cc;d ,/reet to #ajd? ,/reet2 & ,/anley ,raymond1 ,assi/ant4 ,william ,c4 ,m]ryman1 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 ,?ird ,division1 ,und]gr\nd ,"w1 #ajd? ,/reet to ,=t ,george ,we/ ,side & ,we/*e/] ,av5ue ,ea/ ,side2 & ,william ,b4 ,leon>d1 ,w4 ,a4 ,morton1 & ,william ,e4 ,morris1 ,jr41 ,assi/ants4 ,allan ,a4 ,robb9s & ,ju/9 ,burns1 ,resid5t ,eng9e]s1 ,f\r? ,division1 ,viaducts2 & ,george ,i4 ,oakley1 ,assi/ant4 ,frank ,d4 ,leff+well1 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 ,ea/ ,riv] ,tunnel ,division1 ,brooklyn ,ext5sion2 & ,c4 ,d4 ,drew1 ,assi/ant4 ,p]cy ,lit*field1 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 ,fif? ,division1 ,brooklyn ,ext5sion1 ,bor\gh ,hall to ,prospect ,p>k2 & ,edw>d ,r4 ,ei*n]1 ,assi/ant4 ,m4 ,c4 ,hamilton1 ,eng9e]1 ,ma9t5ance ( ,way2 & ,rob]t ,e4 ,br&eis1 ,assi/ant4 ,d4 ,l4 ,turn]1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,/ations4 ,a4 ,samuel ,b]qui/1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,/eel ,erection4 ,william ,j4 ,b\*]1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,draught+ ,rooms4 ,illu/ration3 7,,int]bor\gh ,,rapid ,,transit7 ,,introduction ,! completion ( ! rapid transit railroad 9 ! bor\ghs ( ,manhattan & ,! ,bronx1 :i* is popul>ly kn[n z ! ,subway1 has demon/rat$ t und]gr\nd railroads c be built b5ea? ! conge/$ /reets ( ! city1 & has made possible 9 ! ne> future a compreh5sive sy/em ( subsurface transportation ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! wide t]ritory ( ,great] ,new ,york4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aijj1 :5 ! ,mayor ) appropriate c]emonies broke gr\nd at ! ,bor\gh ,hall1 9 ,manhattan1 = ! new road1 !re 7 _m well-in=m$ p1 includ+ prom95t f9anci]s & exp]i5c$ eng9e]s1 :o freely prophesi$ failure = ! ent]prise1 al?\gh ! contract _h be5 tak5 by a mo/ capable contractor1 & "o ( ! be/ kn[n bank+ h\ses 9 ,am]ica _h committ$ itself to f9ance ! und]tak+4 ,9 look+ at ! f9i%$ road z a complet$ "w1 "o is apt to wond] :y x ev] seem$ impossible & to =get ! difficulties :i* confront$ ! build]s at ! />t4 ,! railway 0 to be own$ by ! city1 & built & op]at$ "u legislation unique 9 ! hi/ory ( municipal gov]nm5ts1 complicat$1 & m9ute 9 provisions = ! occupation ( ! city /reets1 paym5t ( moneys by ! city1 & city sup]vision ov] con/ruction & op]ation4 ,que/ions z to ! int]pretation ( ^! provisions might h to be pass$ ^u by ! c\rts1 ) delays1 h[ s]i\s none c\ld =etell1 especially 9 ,new ,york :]e ! cr[d$ cal5d>s ret>d spe$y decisions4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! elevat$ railroad corporations 9 build+ _! l9es _h %[n ! unc]ta9ty ( dep5d+ ^u legal prec$5ts4 ,x 0 n1 at t "t1 suppos$ t ! abutt+ prop]ty own]s w\ld h any legal gr\nd = compla9t aga9/ ! elevat$ /ructures1 b ! c\rts f\nd new laws = new conditions & spell$ out new prop]ty rights ( light1 air1 & access1 :i* 7 made ! basis = a volume ( litigation unprec$5t$ 9 ! c\rts ( any c\ntry4 ,an und]gr\nd railroad 0 a new condition4 ,none c\ld say t ! abutt+ prop]ty own]s might n f9d rights sub/antial en\gh1 at lea/1 to entitle !m to _! day 9 c\rt1 a day :i*1 9 ?is ,/ate1 might /ret* into _m mon?s1 or ev5 sev]al ye>s4 ,ow+ to ! magnitude ( ! "w1 delay might easily result 9 failure4 ,an em95t judge ( ! ,new ,york ,supreme ,c\rt _h emphasiz$ ! unc]ta9ties ( ! situation 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,j :at are ! rights ( ! own]s ( prop]ty abutt+ ^u a /reet or av5ue1 ! fee 9 & to ! soil und]nea? ! surface ( :i* has be5 acquir$ by ! city ( ,new ,york1 s f> z ! same is n requir$ = ! ord9>y city uses ( gas or wat] pipes1 or o!rs ( a l "*1 has nev] be5 f9ally det]m9$4 ,we h n[ ! example ( ! elevat$ railroad1 con/ruct$ & op]at$ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york "u legislative & municipal au?ority = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 :i* has be5 compell$ to pay _m millions ( doll>s to abutt+ prop]ty own]s = ! easem5t 9 ! public /reets appropriat$ by ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( ! road1 & /ill ! am\nt t ! road w h to pay is n asc]ta9$4 ,:at liabilities w be impos$ ^u ! city "u ?is contract2 :at injury ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ?is road w cause to abutt+ prop]ty1 & :at easem5ts & rights w h to be acquir$ be=e ! road c be legally con/ruct$ & op]at$1 x is impossible n[ to asc]ta94 ,x is true1 t ! city und]took to secure to ! contractor ! "r to con/ruct & op]ate1 free f all rights1 claims1 or o!r int]f]5ce1 :e!r by injunction1 suit = damages1 or o!rwise on ! "p ( any abutt+ own] or o!r p]son4 ,b ano!r em95t judge ( ! same c\rt _h *>act]iz$ ?is z a condition absolutely impossible ( fulfillm5t1 & _h said3 ,h[ is ! city to prev5t int]f]5ce ) ! "w by injunction8 ,t "q lies ) ! c\rts2 & n ) ! c\rts ( ?is ,/ate alone1 = !re are cases )\t d\bt 9 :i* ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h jurisdiction to act1 & :5 su* jurisdiction exi/s !y h n hi!rto %[n mu* reluctance 9 act+4444 ,t legal proce$+s w be und]tak5 :i* w1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 int]f]e ) ! progress ( ?is "w seems to be inevitable4444 ,ano!r difficulty 0 t ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york limit$ ! debt-incurr+ p[] ( ! city4 ,! capacity ( ! city to und]take ! "w _h be5 mu* discuss$ 9 ! c\rts1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,/ate _h dispos$ ( t phase ( ! situation by sugge/+ t x did n make mu* diff]5ce to ! municipality :e!r or n ! debt limit p]mitt$ a contract = ! "w1 because if ! limit %\ld be exce$$1 no liability c\ld possibly be impos$ ^u ! city1 a view :i* might com=t ! timid taxpay]s b c\ld h>dly be expect$ to give confid5ce to ! capitali/s :o might und]take ! execution ( ! contract4 ,v>i\s corporations1 organiz$ dur+ ! ?irty odd ye>s ( unsuccessful attempts by ! city to secure und]gr\nd rapid transit1 claim$ t _! fran*ises gave !m ve/$ rights 9 ! /reets to ! exclusion ( ! new ent]prise1 & !y 7 prep>$ to ass]t _! rights 9 ! c\rts4 7,! ,und]gr\nd ,railroad ,company ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york s\ght to enjo9 ! build+ ( ! road & c>ri$ _! conte/ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* did n f9ally decide ! que/ions rais$ until ,m>*1 #aijd1 :5 ! subway 0 practically complete47 ,rival transportation companies /ood ready to ob/ruct ! "w & enc\rage :omev] might f9d objection to ! build+ ( ! road4 ,new ,york has bi5nial elections4 ,! road c\ld n be complet$ 9 two ye>s1 & ! attitude ( "o adm9i/ration might n be ! attitude ( its successors4 ,! eng9e]+ difficulties 7 well-nigh appall+4 ,t[]+ build+s along ! /reets _h to be consid]$1 & ! /reets !mselves 7 already occupi$ ) a complicat$ network ( subsurface /ructures1 su* z sew]s1 wat] & gas ma9s1 electric cable conduits1 electric surface railway conduits1 telegraph & p[] conduits1 & _m vaults ext5d+ out "u ! /reets1 occupi$ by ! abutt+ prop]ty own]s4 ,on ! surface 7 /reet railway l9es c>ry+ a v heavy traffic night & day1 & all ! ?or\ghf>es 9 ! l[] "p ( ! city 7 conge/$ ) vehicul> traffic4 ,f9ally1 ! city 0 unwill+ to take any risk1 & dem&$ millions ( doll>s ( security to insure ! completion ( ! road accord+ to ! contract1 ! t]ms ( :i* 7 mo/ exact+ d[n to ! smalle/ detail4 ,! build]s ( ! road did n und]e/imate ! magnitude ( ! task be=e !m4 ,!y reta9$ ! mo/ exp]i5c$ exp]ts = e "p ( ! "w &1 p]fect+ an organization 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t1 proce$$ to surm\nt & sweep aside difficulties4 ,! result is "o ( :i* e citiz5 ( ,new ,york may feel pr\d4 ,^u ! completion ( ! road ! city w own ! be/ con/ruct$ & be/ equipp$ intraurban rapid transit railroad 9 ! _w4 ,! ef=ts ( ! build]s h n be5 limit$ by ! /rict t]ms ( ! contract4 ,!y h /riv51 n to equal ! be/ devices1 b to improve ^u ! be/ devices us$ 9 mod]n electrical railroad+1 to secure = ! travel+ public safety1 com=t1 & spe$y transportation4 ,! road is (f ! surface & escapes ! delays incid5t to conge/$ city /reets1 b ne> ! surface & accessible1 light1 dry1 clean1 & well v5tilat$4 ,! /ations & approa*es are commodi\s1 & ! /ations !mselves furni% conv5i5ces to pass5g]s h]et(ore n he>d ( on intraurban l9es4 ,!re is a sep>ate express s]vice1 ) its own tracks1 & ! /ations are s arrang$ t pass5g]s may pass f local tra9s to express tra9s1 & vice v]sa1 )\t delay & )\t paym5t ( additional f>e4 ,special precautions h be5 tak5 & devices adopt$ to prev5t a failure ( ! electric p[] & ! consequ5t delays ( traffic4 ,an electro pneumatic block signal sy/em has be5 devis$1 :i* excels any sy/em h]et(ore us$ & is unique 9 its me*anism4 ,! ?ird rail = convey+ ! electric curr5t is cov]$1 s z to prev5t injury to pass5g]s & employees f contact4 ,special em]g5cy & fire al>m signal sy/ems are in/all$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! road4 ,at a few /ations1 :]e ! road is n ne> ! surface1 improv$ escalators & elevators are provid$4 ,! c>s h be5 design$ to prev5t dang] f fire1 & improv$ types ( motors h be5 adopt$1 capable ( supply+ great spe$ comb9$ ) complete control4 ,/r5g?1 utility1 & conv5i5ce h n alone be5 consid]$1 b all p>ts ( ! railroad /ructures & equipm5t1 /ations1 p[] h\se1 & electrical sub-/ations h be5 design$ & con/ruct$ ) a view to ! beauty ( _! appe>ance1 z well z to _! effici5cy4 ,! completion ( ! subway m>ks ! solution ( a problem :i* = ov] ?irty ye>s baffl$ ! p ( ,new ,york ,city1 9 spite ( ! be/ ef=ts ( _m ( its =emo/ citiz5s4 ,an ext5d$ acc\nt ( ,rapid ,transit ,legislation w\ld be out ( place "h1 b a brief glance at ! hi/ory ( ! ,act "u ! au?ority ( :i* ! subway has be5 built is necess>y to a cle> und]/&+ ( ! "w :i* has be5 accompli%$4 ,f #ahej to #ahfe ! /reet surface horse railways 7 suffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! travel+ public4 ,z ! city grew rapidly1 ! conge/ion spread+ nor?w>d1 to & beyond ! ,h>lem ,riv]1 ! s]vice ( surface roads became entirely inadequate4 ,z e>ly z #ahfh1 =ty-two well kn[n bus9ess m5 ( ! city became1 by special legislative ,act1 incorporators ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,c5tral ,und]gr\nd ,railway ,company1 to build a l9e f ! ,city ,hall to ! ,h>lem ,riv]4 ,! names ( ! incorporators evid5c$ ! s]i\sness ( ! attempt1 b no?+ came ( x4 ,9 #ahgb1 also by special ,act1 ,cornelius ,v&]bilt & o!rs 7 incorporat$ z ,! ,new ,york ,city ,rapid ,transit ,company1 to build an und]gr\nd road f ! ,city ,hall to connect ) ! ,new ,york ,h>lem ,road at #ei? ,/reet1 ) a bran* to ! tracks ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,road4 ,! ent]prise 0 soon ab&on$4 ,num]\s companies 7 incorporat$ 9 ! succe$+ ye>s "u ! g5]al railroad laws1 to build und]gr\nd roads1 b )\t results2 among !m ! ,c5tral ,tunnel ,railway ,company 9 #ahha1 ,! ,new ,york ,new ,j]sey ,tunnel ,railway ,company 9 #ahhc1 ,! ,t]m9al ,und]gr\nd ,railway ,company 9 #ahhf1 ,! ,und]gr\nd ,railroad ,company ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york 7a consolidation ( ! la/ two companies7 9 #ahif1 & ,! ,rapid ,transit ,und]gr\nd ,railroad ,company 9 #ahig4 ,all attempts to build a road "u ! e>ly special *>t] & lat] "u ! g5]al laws hav+ fail$1 ! city secur$ 9 #ahia ! passage ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,act "u :i*1 z am5d$1 ! subway has be5 built4 ,z orig9ally pass$ x did n provide = municipal own]%ip4 ,x provid$ t a bo>d ( five rapid transit railroad commission]s might adopt r\tes & g5]al plans = a railroad1 obta9 ! cons5ts ( ! local au?orities & abutt+ prop]ty own]s1 or 9 lieu ( ! cons5ts ( ! prop]ty own]s ! approval ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt2 & !n1 hav+ adopt$ detail plans = ! con/ruction & op]ation1 might sell at public sale ! "r to build & op]ate ! road to a corporation1 ^: p[]s & duties 7 def9$ 9 ! ,act1 = su* p]iod ( "t & on su* t]ms z !y c\ld4 ,! ,commission]s prep>$ plans & obta9$ ! cons5ts ( ! local au?orities4 ,! prop]ty own]s refus$ _! cons5t2 ! ,supreme ,c\rt gave its approval 9 lieu !re(1 b ^u invit+ bids ! ,bo>d ( ,rapid ,transit ,railroad ,commission]s f\nd no responsible bidd]4 ,! late ,hon4 ,abram ,s4 ,hewitt1 z e>ly z #ahhd1 :5 legislation = und]gr\nd roads 0 "u discussion1 _h urg$ municipal own]%ip4 ,speak+ 9 #aija1 he said ( 8 ef=ts 9 #ahhd3 ,x 0 evid5t to me t und]gr\nd rapid transit c\ld n be secur$ by ! inve/m5t ( private capital1 b 9 "s way or o!r its con/ruction 0 dep5d5t ^u ! use ( ! cr$it ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,x 0 also app>5t to me t if su* cr$it 7 us$1 ! prop]ty mu/ belong to ! city4 ,inasmu* z x w\ld n be safe = ! city to und]take ! con/ruction itself1 ! int]v5tion ( a contract+ company appe>$ indisp5sable4 ,to secure ! city aga9/ loss1 ?is company mu/ necess>ily be requir$ to give a suffici5t bond = ! completion ( ! "w & be will+ to ent] into a contract = its cont9u$ op]ation "u a r5tal :i* w\ld pay ! int]e/ ^u ! bonds issu$ by ! city = ! con/ruction1 & provide a s9k+ fund suffici5t = ! paym5t ( ! bonds at or be=e maturity4 ,x also seem$ to be indisp5sable t ! leas+ company %\ld inve/ 9 ! roll+ /ock & 9 ! real e/ate requir$ = its p[] h\ses & o!r build+s an am\nt ( money suffici5tly l>ge to indemnify ! city aga9/ loss 9 case ! lessees %\ld fail 9 _! und]tak+ to build & op]ate ! railroad4 ,mr4 ,hewitt became ,mayor ( ! city 9 #ahhg1 & 8 views 7 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a ,bill to ! ,legislature 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! measure f\nd practically no support4 ,six ye>s lat]1 aft] ! ,rapid ,transit ,commission]s _h fail$ "u ! ,act ( #ahia1 z orig9ally drawn1 to obta9 bidd]s = ! fran*ise1 ! ,new ,york ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce und]took to solve ! problem by rev]t+ to ,mr4 ,hewitt's idea ( municipal own]%ip4 ,:e!r or n municipal own]%ip w\ld meet ! approval ( ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york c\ld n be det]m9$2 !re=e1 z a prelim9>y /ep1 x 0 decid$ to submit ! "q to a popul> vote4 ,an am5dm5t to ! ,act ( #ahia 0 drawn 7,*apt] #geb ( ! ,laws ( #ahid7 :i* provid$ t ! qualifi$ electors ( ! city 7 to decide at an annual election1 by ballot1 :e!r ! rapid transit railway or railways %\ld be con/ruct$ by ! city & at ! public's exp5se1 & be op]at$ "u lease f ! city1 or %\ld be con/ruct$ by a private corporation "u a fran*ise to be sold 9 ! mann] attempt$ unsuccessfully1 "u ! ,act ( #ahia1 z orig9ally pass$4 ,at ! fall election ( #ahid1 ! electors ( ! city1 by a v l>ge vote1 decl>$ aga9/ ! sale ( a fran*ise to a private corporation & 9 favor ( own]%ip by ! city4 ,sev]al o!r am5dm5ts1 ! necessity = :i* develop$ z plans = ! railway 7 work$ out1 7 made up to & includ+ ! session ( ! ,legislature ( #aijj1 b ! g5]al s*eme = rapid transit may be said to h become fix$ :5 ! electors decl>$ 9 favor ( municipal own]%ip4 ,! ma9 provisions ( ! legislation :i* /ood ^u ! /atute books z ! ,rapid ,transit ,act1 :5 ! contract 0 f9ally execut$1 ,febru>y #ba1 #aijj1 may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,! ,act 0 g5]al 9 t]ms1 apply+ to all cities 9 ! ,/ate hav+ a population ( ov] "o million2 x 0 special 9 effect because ,new ,york 0 ! only city hav+ su* a population4 ,x did n limit ! ,rapid ,transit ,commission]s to ! build+ ( a s+le road1 b au?oriz$ ! lay+ out ( successive roads or ext5sions4 7b7 ,a ,bo>d 0 creat$ consi/+ ( ! ,mayor1 ,comptroll]1 or o!r *ief f9ancial (fic] ( ! city2 ! presid5t ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 by virtue ( 8 (fice1 & five memb]s nam$ 9 ! ,act3 ,william ,/e9way1 ,se? ,l[1 ,john ,clafl91 ,alex&] ,e4 ,orr1 & ,john ,h4 ,/>91 m5 di/+ui%$ = _! bus9ess exp]i5ce1 high integrity1 & civic pride4 ,vacancies 9 ! ,bo>d 7 to be fill$ by ! ,bo>d itself1 a gu>anty ( a cont9u$ uni=m policy4 7c7 ,! ,bo>d 0 to prep>e g5]al r\tes & plans & submit ! "q ( municipal own]%ip to ! electors ( ! city4 7d7 ,! city 0 au?oriz$1 9 ! ev5t t ! electors decid$ = city own]%ip1 to issue bonds n to exce$ #ej1jjj1jjj = ! con/ruction ( ! road or roads & #e1jjj1jjj additional1 if necess>y1 = acquir+ prop]ty rights = ! r\te4 ,! int]e/ on ! bonds 0 n to exce$ #c-a_/b p] c5t4 7e7 ,! ,commission]s 7 giv5 ! broad p[] to ent] into a contract 79 ! case ( m ?an "o road1 successive contracts7 on behalf ( ! city = ! con/ruction ( ! road ) ! p]son1 firm1 or corporation :i* 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,bo>d %\ld be be/ qualifi$ to c>ry out ! contract1 & to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ! bond to be giv5 by ! contractor to secure its p]=mance4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! contract 71 h[ev]1 prescrib$ by ! ,act4 ,! contractor 9 & by ! contract = build+ ! road 0 to agree to fully equip x at 8 own exp5se1 & ! equipm5t 0 to include all p[] h\ses4 ,he 0 also to op]ate ! road1 z lessee ( ! city1 = a t]m n to exce$ fifty ye>s1 ^u t]ms to be includ$ 9 ! contract = con/ruction1 :i* might include provision = r5ewals ( ! lease ^u su* t]ms z ! ,bo>d %\ld f "t to "t det]m9e4 ,! r5tal 0 to be at lea/ equal to ! am\nt ( int]e/ on ! bonds :i* ! city might issue = con/ruction & "o p] c5t4 additional4 ,! "o p] c5t4 additional might1 9 ! discretion ( ! ,bo>d1 be made cont+5t 9 "p = ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! lease ^u ! e>n+s ( ! road4 ,! r5tal 0 to be appli$ by ! city to ! int]e/ on ! bonds & ! balance 0 to be paid into ! city's g5]al s9k+ fund = paym5t ( ! city's debt or into a s9k+ fund = ! r$emption at maturity ( ! bonds issu$ = ! con/ruction ( ! rapid transit road1 or roads4 ,9 addition to ! security :i* might be requir$ by ! ,bo>d ( ! contractor = con/ruction & op]ation1 ! ,act provid$ t ! city %\ld h a fir/ li5 ^u ! equipm5t ( ! road to be furni%$ by ! contractor1 & at ! t]m9ation ( ! lease ! city _h ! privilege ( pur*as+ su* equipm5t f ! contractor4 7f7 ,! city 0 to furni% ! "r ( way to ! contractor free f all claims ( abutt+ prop]ty own]s4 ,! road 0 to be ! absolute prop]ty ( ! city & to be deem$ a "p ( ! public /reets & highways4 ,! equipm5t ( ! road 0 to be exempt f taxation4 7g7 ,! ,bo>d 0 au?oriz$ to include 9 ! contract = con/ruction provisions 9 detail = ! sup]vision ( ! city1 ?r\gh ! ,bo>d1 ov] ! op]ation ( ! road "u ! lease4 ,"o ( ! mo/ attractive--&1 9 fact1 indisp5sable features ( ! s*eme--0 t ! "w ( con/ruction1 in/ead ( be+ subject to ! conflict+ control ( v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! ,city ,gov]nm5t1 ) _! frequ5t *anges 9 p]sonnel1 0 "u ! exclusive sup]vision & control ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,bo>d1 a cons]vative & cont9u\s body compos$ ( ! two pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! ,city ,gov]nm5t1 & five m]*ants ( ! v highe/ /&+ 9 ! community4 ,provid$ capitali/s c\ld be f\nd to und]take su* an ext5sive "w "u ! exact+ provisions1 ! s*eme 0 an admirable "o f ! taxpay]s' po9t ( view4 ,! road w\ld co/ ! city practically no?+ & ! obligation ( ! contractor to equip & op]ate be+ comb9$ ) ! agreem5t to con/ruct furni%$ a safegu>d aga9/ wa/e ( ! public funds & insur$ ! prompt completion ( ! road4 ,! int]e/ ( ! contractor 9 ! successful op]ation1 aft] con/ruction1 furni%$ a /rong inc5tive to see t z ! con/ruction progress$ ! details 7 consi/5t ) successful op]ation & to sugge/ & cons5t to su* modifications ( ! contract plans z might appe> necess>y f an op]at+ po9t ( view1 f "t to "t4 ,! r5tal be+ bas$ ^u ! co/ enc\rag$ l[ bids1 & ! li5 ( ! city ^u ! equipm5t secur$ ! city aga9/ all risk1 once ! road 0 9 op]ation4 ,imm$iately aft] ! vote ( ! electors ^u ! "q ( municipal own]%ip1 ! ,rapid ,transit ,commission]s adopt$ r\tes & plans :i* !y _h be5 /udy+ & p]fect+ s9ce ! failure to f9d bidd]s = ! fran*ise "u ! orig9al ,act ( #ahia4 ,! local au?orities approv$ !m1 & aga9 ! prop]ty own]s refus$ _! cons5t1 mak+ an application to ! ,supreme ,c\rt necess>y4 ,! ,c\rt refus$ its approval ^u ! gr\nd t ! city1 ow+ to a provision ( ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate limit+ ! city's p[] to incur debt1 w\ld be unable to raise ! necess>y money4 ,?is decision appe>$ to nullify all ! ef=ts ( ! public spirit$ citiz5s compos+ ! ,bo>d ( ,rapid ,transit ,commission]s & to practically prohibit fur!r attempts on _! "p4 ,!y p]sev]$1 h[ev]1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #ahig1 adopt$ new g5]al r\tes & plans4 ,! consolidation ( a l>ge t]ritory into ! ,great] ,new ,york1 & increas$ l& values1 w>rant$ ! hope t ! city's debt limit w\ld no long] be an objection1 especially z ! new r\te *ang$ ! l9e s z to r$uce ! e/imat$ co/4 ,! dem&s = rapid transit _h become m & m imp]ative z ! ye>s w5t by1 & x 0 fair to assume t nei!r ! c\rts nor ! municipal au?orities w\ld be ov]zeal\s to f9d a n>r[ con/ruction ( ! laws4 ,incid5tally1 ! con/itutionality ( ! rapid transit legislation1 9 its fundam5tal features1 _h be5 upheld 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 a decision :i* 0 affirm$ by ! highe/ c\rt ( ! ,/ate a few weeks aft] ! ,bo>d _h adopt$ its new plans4 ,! local au?orities gave _! cons5t to ! new r\te2 ! prop]ty own]s1 z on ! two previ\s occasions1 refus$ _! cons5t2 ! ,supreme ,c\rt gave its approval 9 lieu !re(2 & ! ,bo>d 0 prep>$ to und]take ! prelim9>ies = lett+ a contract4 ,^! successive /eps & ! prep>ation ( ! t]ms ( ! contract all took "t2 b1 f9ally1 on ,novemb] #ae1 #ahii1 a =m ( contract 0 adopt$ & an invitation issu$ by ! ,bo>d to contractors to bid = ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! railroad4 ,!re 7 two bidd]s1 "o ( :om 0 ,john ,b4 ,mc,donald1 ^: t]ms submitt$ "u ! invitation 7 accept$ on ,janu>y #ae1 #aijj2 &1 = ! fir/ "t1 x seem$ z if a beg9n+ might be made 9 ! actual con/ruction ( ! rapid transit road4 ,! lett] ( invitation to contractors requir$ t e proposal %\ld be accompani$ by a c]tifi$ *eck ^u a ,national or ,/ate ,bank1 payable to ! ord] ( ! ,comptroll]1 = #aej1jjj1 & t )9 t5 days aft] acceptance1 or )9 su* fur!r p]iod z might be prescrib$ by ! ,bo>d1 ! contract %\ld be duly execut$ & deliv]$4 ,! am\nt to be paid by ! city = ! con/ruction 0 #ce1jjj1jjj & an additional sum n to exce$ #b1gej1jjj = t]m9als1 /ation sites1 & o!r purposes4 ,! con/ruction 0 to be complet$ 9 f\r ye>s & a half1 & ! t]m ( ! lease f ! city to ! contractor 0 fix$ at fifty ye>s1 ) a r5ewal1 at ! option ( ! contractor1 = tw5ty-five ye>s at a r5tal to be agre$ ^u by ! city1 n less ?an ! av]age r5tal = ! !n prec$+ t5 ye>s4 ,! r5tal = ! fifty-ye> t]m 0 fix$ at an am\nt equal to ! annual int]e/ ^u ! bonds issu$ by ! city = con/ruction & #a p] c5t4 additional1 su* #a p] c5t4 dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s to be cont+5t 9 "p ^u ! e>n+s ( ! road4 ,to secure ! p]=mance ( ! contract by ,mr4 ,mc,donald ! city requir$ him to deposit #a1jjj1jjj 9 ca% z security = con/ruction1 to furni% a bond ) surety = #e1jjj1jjj z security = con/ruction & equipm5t1 & to furni% ano!r bond ( #a1jjj1jjj z cont9u+ security = ! p]=mance ( ! contract4 ,! city 9 addition to ?is security _h1 "u ! provisions ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,act1 a fir/ li5 on ! equipm5t1 & x %\ld be m5tion$ t at ! expiration ( ! lease & r5ewals 7if any7 ! equipm5t is to be turn$ ov] to ! city1 p5d+ an agreem5t or arbitration ^u ! "q ( ! price to be paid = x by ! city4 ,! contract 7:i* cov]$ ab\t #bjj pr9t$ pages7 0 m9ute 9 detail z to ! "w to be done1 & sweep+ p[]s ( sup]vision 7 giv5 ! city ?r\gh ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,bo>d1 :o by ! contract 0 made arbit] ( all que/ions t might arise z to ! int]pretation ( ! plans & specifications4 ,! city _h be5 =tunate 9 secur+ = ! prep>ation ( plans ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,william ,b>clay ,p>sons1 "o ( ! =emo/ eng9e]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,= ye>s z ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,bo>d he _h /udi$ & develop$ ! v>i\s plans & x 0 he :o 0 to sup]9t5d on behalf ( ! city ! completion ( ! "w4 ,dur+ ! ?irty-two ye>s ( rapid transit discussion betwe5 #ahfh1 :5 ! ,new ,york ,city ,c5tral ,und]gr\nd ,company 0 incorporat$1 up to #aijj1 :5 ! invitations = bids 7 issu$ by ! city1 e s*eme = rapid transit _h fail$ because responsible capitali/s c\ld n be f\nd will+ to und]take ! task ( build+ a road4 ,ea* ye> _h increas$ ! difficulties att5d+ su* an ent]prise & ! s*eme f9ally evolv$ _h put all ( ! risk ^u ! capitali/s :o might attempt to f9ance ! "w1 & left none ^u ! city4 ,)\t detract+ f ! cr$it due ! public-spirit$ citiz5s :o _h evolv$ ! plan ( municipal own]%ip1 x may be safely ass]t$ t ! success ( ! und]tak+ dep5d$ almo/ entirely ^u ! f9ancial back+ ( ! contractor4 ,:5 ! bid 0 accept$ by ! city no arrangem5ts _h be5 made = ! capital necess>y to c>ry out ! contract4 ,aft] its acceptance1 ,mr4 ,mc,donald n only f\nd little enc\ragem5t 9 8 ef=ts to secure ! capital1 b discov]$ t ! surety companies 7 unwill+ to furni% ! security requir$ ( him1 except on t]ms impossible = him to fulfill4 ,! crucial po9t 9 ! :ole problem ( rapid transit ) :i* ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york _h /ruggl$ = s _m ye>s _h be5 rea*$1 & failure seem$ inevitable4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,act 7 rigid & =bade any solution ( ! problem :i* committ$ ! city to %>e 9 ! risks ( ! und]tak+4 ,eng9e]s might make r\tes & plans1 lawy]s might draw legislative acts1 ! city might prep>e contracts1 ! "q 0 & always _h be51 ,c anybody build ! road :o w agree to d x & hold ! city safe f loss8 ,x 0 obvi\s :5 ! surety companies decl9$ ! issue t ! :ole rapid transit problem 0 ?r[n op51 or r t x always _h be5 op54 ,! f9al analysis _h n be5 made4 ,aft] all1 ! attitude ( ! surety companies 0 only a reflection ( ! g5]al feel+ ( practical bus9ess & railroad m5 t[>ds ! :ole v5ture4 ,to ! companies ! proposition _h come z a concrete bus9ess pr(f] & !y _h reject$ x4 ,at ?is critical po9t1 ,mr4 ,mc,donald s\ght ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,augu/ ,belmont4 ,x 0 left to ,mr4 ,belmont to make ! f9al analysis1 & av]t ! failure :i* imp5d$4 ,!re 0 no "t = indecision or delay4 ,:atev] 0 to be done mu/ be done imm$iately4 ,! necess>y capital mu/ be procur$1 ! requir$ security mu/ be giv51 & an organization = build+ & op]at+ ! road mu/ be anticipat$4 ,mr4 ,belmont look+ ?r\gh & beyond ! intricacies ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,act1 & ! complications ( ! contract1 saw t he :o und]took to surm\nt ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! attitude ( ! surety companies mu/ solve ! :ole problem4 ,x 0 n ! ord9>y "q ( f9anc+ a railroad contract4 ,he saw t ! responsibility = ! entire rapid transit und]tak+ mu/ be c5t]$1 & t a compact & effective organization mu/ be plann$ :i* c\ld deal ) e phase ( ! situation4 ,mr4 ,belmont )\t delay took ! matt] up directly ) ! ,bo>d ( ,rapid ,transit ,railroad ,commission]s1 & pres5t$ a plan = ! incorporation ( a company to procure ! security requir$ = ! p]=mance ( ! contract1 to furni% ! capital necess>y to c>ry on ! "w1 & to assume sup]vision ov] ! :ole und]tak+4 ,application 0 to be made to ! ,supreme ,c\rt to modify ! requirem5ts ) respect to ! sureties by /rik+ out a provision requir+ ! ju/ification ( ! sureties 9 d\ble ! am\nt ( liabilities assum$ by ea* & r$uc+ ! m9imum am\nt p]mitt$ to be tak5 by ea* surety f #ejj1jjj to #bej1jjj4 ,! new corporation 0 to execute z surety a bond = #d1jjj1jjj1 ! additional am\nt ( #a1jjj1jjj to be furni%$ by o!r sureties4 ,a b5eficial int]e/ 9 ! bonds requir$ f ! sub-contractors 0 to be assign$ to ! city &1 f9ally1 ! additional am\nt ( #a1jjj1jjj1 9 ca% or securities1 0 to be deposit$ ) ! city z fur!r security = ! p]=mance ( ! contract4 ,! plan 0 approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,rapid ,transit ,railroad ,commission]s1 & pursuant to ! plan1 ! ,rapid ,transit ,subway ,con/ruction ,company 0 organiz$4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt grant$ ! application to modify ! requirem5ts z to ! ju/ification ( sureties & ! contract 0 execut$ ,febru>y #ba1 #aijj4 ,z presid5t & active executive head ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,subway ,con/ruction ,company1 ,mr4 ,belmont p]fect$ its organization1 collect$ ! /aff ( eng9e]s "u ^: direction ! "w ( build+ ! road 0 to be done1 sup]vis$ ! lett+ ( sub-contracts1 & complet$ ! f9ancial arrangem5ts = c>ry+ on ! "w4 ,! equipm5t ( ! road includ$1 "u ! t]ms ( ! contract1 ! roll+ /ock1 all ma*9]y & me*anisms = g5]at+ electricity = motive p[]1 light+1 & signal+1 & also ! p[] h\se1 sub-/ations1 & ! real e/ate ^u :i* !y 7 to be erect$4 ,! magnitude ( ! task ( provid+ ! equipm5t 0 n g5]ally appreciat$ until ,mr4 ,belmont took ! rapid transit problem 9 h&4 ,he =esaw f ! beg9n+ ! importance ( t bran* ( ! "w1 & e>ly 9 #aijj1 imm$iately aft] ! sign+ ( ! contract1 turn$ 8 att5tion to select+ ! be/ eng9e]s & op]at+ exp]ts1 & plann$ ! organization ( an op]at+ company4 ,z e>ly z ,may1 #aijj1 he secur$ ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,bryan1 :o came to ,new ,york f ,/4 ,l\is1 resign+ z vice-presid5t & g5]al manag] ( ! ,t]m9al ,railroad ,association1 & began a /udy ( ! con/ruction "w & plans = equipm5t1 to ! end t ! problems ( op]ation might be anticipat$ z ! build+ & equipm5t ( ! road progress$4 ,^u ! incorporation ( ! op]at+ company1 ,mr4 ,bryan became vice-presid5t4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijb1 ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company1 ! op]at+ railroad corporation 0 =m$ by ! int]e/s repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,belmont1 he becom+ presid5t & active executive head ( ?is company also1 & soon !reaft] ,mr4 ,mc,donald assign$ to x ! lease or op]at+ "p ( 8 contract ) ! city1 t company !reby becom+ directly responsible to ! city = ! equipm5t & op]ation ( ! road1 ,mr4 ,mc,donald rema9+ z contractor = its con/ruction4 ,9 ! summ] ( ! same ye>1 ! ,bo>d ( ,rapid ,transit ,railroad ,commission]s hav+ adopt$ a r\te & plans = an ext5sion ( ! subway "u ! ,ea/ ,riv] to ! ,bor\gh ( ,brooklyn1 ! ,rapid ,transit ,subway ,con/ruction ,company ent]$ into a contract ) ! city1 simil> 9 =m to ,mr4 ,mc,donald's contract1 to build1 equip1 & op]ate ! ext5sion4 ,mr4 ,mc,donald1 z contractor ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,subway ,con/ruction ,company1 assum$ ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! ,brooklyn ext5sion2 & ! con/ruction "w ( bo? ! orig9al subway & ! ext5sion has be5 c>ri$ on "u 8 direction4 ,! "w ( con/ruction has be5 greatly facilitat$ by ! broad m9d$ & lib]al policy ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,bo>d & its ,*ief ,eng9e] & ,c\nsel1 & by ! cop]ation ( all ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! ,city ,gov]nm5t1 & also by ! g5]\s attitude ( ! ,metropolitan ,/reet ,railway ,company & its lessee1 ! ,new ,york ,city ,railroad ,company1 9 ext5d+ privileges :i* h be5 ( great assi/ance 9 ! prosecution ( ! "w4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aijc1 ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company acquir$ ! elevat$ railway sy/em by lease = #iii ye>s f ! ,manhattan ,railway ,company1 ?us assur+ h>moni\s op]ation ( ! elevat$ roads & ! subway sy/em1 includ+ ! ,brooklyn ext5sion4 ,! incorporators ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company 7 ,william ,h4 ,baldw91 ,jr41 ,*>les ,t4 ,b>ney1 ,augu/ ,belmont1 ,e4 ,p4 ,bryan1 ,&rew ,fre$man1 ,james ,j\rdan1 ,g>d9] ,m4 ,lane1 ,john ,b4 ,mc,donald1 ,de,lancey ,nicoll1 ,walt] ,g4 ,oakman1 ,john ,peirce1 ,wm4 ,a4 ,read1 ,cornelius ,v&]bilt1 ,george ,w4 ,wick]%am1 & ,george ,w4 ,"y4 ,! incorporators ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,subway ,con/ruction ,company 7 ,*>les ,t4 ,b>ney1 ,augu/ ,belmont1 ,john ,b4 ,mc,donald1 ,walt] ,g4 ,oakman1 & ,william ,a4 ,read4 ,illu/ration3 7w+s7 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,p[] ,,h\se ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,r\te ,,( ,,! ,,road--,,pass5g] ,,/ations ,,& ,,tracks ,! selection ( r\te = ! ,subway 0 gov]n$ l>gely by ! am\nt :i* ! city 0 au?oriz$ by ! ,rapid ,transit ,act to sp5d4 ,! ma9 object ( ! road 0 to c>ry to & f _! homes 9 ! upp] portions ( ,manhattan ,isl& ! great army ( work]s :o sp5d ! bus9ess day 9 ! (fices1 %ops1 & w>eh\ses ( ! l[] portions1 & x 0 !re=e obvi\s t ! g5]al direction ( ! r\tes mu/ be nor? & s\?1 & t ! l9e mu/ ext5d z ne>ly z possible f "o end ( ! isl& to ! o!r4 ,! r\tes propos$ by ! ,rapid ,transit ,bo>d 9 #ahie1 aft] municipal own]%ip _h be5 approv$ by ! vot]s at ! fall election ( #ahid1 contemplat$ ! occupation ( ,broadway bel[ #cd? ,/reet to ! ,batt]y1 & ext5d$ only to #ahe? ,/reet on ! we/ side & #adf? ,/reet on ! ea/ side ( ! city4 ,z has be5 told 9 ! introductory *apt]1 ?is plan 0 reject$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt because ( ! probable co/ ( go+ "u ,broadway4 ,x 0 also intimat$ by ! ,c\rt1 9 reject+ ! r\tes1 t ! road %\ld ext5d fur!r nor?4 ,x _h be5 cle> f ! beg9n+ t no r\tes c\ld be laid out to :i* abutt+ prop]ty own]s w\ld cons5t1 & t ! cons5t ( ! ,c\rt z an alt]native w\ld be necess>y to any r\tes *os54 ,to con=m z ne>ly z possible to ! views ( ! ,c\rt1 ! ,commission propos$1 9 #ahig1 ! s call$ ,elm ,/reet r\te1 ! plan f9ally adopt$1 :i* rea*$ f ! t]ritory ne> ! ,g5]al ,po/-(fice1 ! ,city ,hall1 & ,brooklyn ,bridge ,t]m9al to ,k+sbridge & ! /ation ( ! ,new ,york ,putnam ,railroad on ! upp] we/ side1 & to ,bronx ,p>k on ! upp] ea/ side ( ! city1 t\*+ ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,depot at #db;d ,/reet4 ,subsequ5tly1 by ! adoption ( ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion1 ! l9e 0 ext5d$ d[n ,broadway to ! s\!rn extremity ( ,manhattan ,isl&1 !nce "u ! ,ea/ ,riv] to ,brooklyn4 ,! r\tes 9 detail are z foll[s3 ,sid5ote3 ,manhattan-,bronx ,r\te ,beg9n+ ne> ! int]section ( ,broadway & ,p>k ,r[1 "o ( ! r\tes ( ! railroad ext5ds "u ,p>k ,r[1 ,c5t] ,/reet1 ,new ,elm ,/reet1 ,elm ,/reet1 ,lafayette ,place1 ,f\r? ,av5ue 7beg9n+ at ,a/or ,place71 ,p>k ,av5ue1 #db;d ,/reet1 & ,broadway to #abe? ,/reet1 :]e x passes ov] ,broadway by viaduct to #acc;d ,/reet1 !nce "u ,broadway aga9 to & "u ,elev5? ,av5ue to ,=t ,george1 :]e x comes to ! surface aga9 at ,dyckman ,/reet & cont9ues by viaduct ov] ,naegle ,av5ue1 ,am/]dam ,av5ue1 & ,broadway to ,bailey ,av5ue1 at ! ,k+sbridge /ation ( ! ,new ,york ,putnam ,railroad1 cross+ ! ,h>lem ,%ip ,canal on a d\ble-deck drawbridge4 ,! l5g? ( ?is r\te is #ac4ej miles1 ( :i* ab\t #b miles are on viaduct4 ,ano!r r\te beg9s at ,broadway ne> #ajc;d ,/reet & ext5ds "u #ajd? ,/reet & ! upp] "p ( ,c5tral ,p>k to & "u ,l5ox ,av5ue to #adb;d ,/reet1 !nce curv+ to ! ea/ to & "u ! ,h>lem ,riv] at ab\t #ade? ,/reet1 !nce f ! riv] to & "u ,ea/ #adi? ,/reet to a po9t ne> ,?ird ,av5ue1 !nce by viaduct beg9n+ at ,brook ,av5ue ov] ,we/*e/] ,av5ue1 ! ,s\!rn ,b\lev>d & ! ,bo/on ,road to ,bronx ,p>k4 ,! l5g? ( ?is r\te is ab\t #f4ig miles1 ( :i* ab\t #c miles are on viaduct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,int]bor\gh ,,rapid ,,transit ,,co4 #aijd ,at ! ,city ,hall !re is a loop "u ! ,p>k4 ,f #adb;d ,/reet !re is a spur nor? "u ,l5ox ,av5ue to #adh? ,/reet4 ,!re is a spur at ,we/*e/] & ,?ird ,av5ues connect+ by viaduct ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railway ,division ( ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company ) ! viaduct ( ! subway at or ne> ,/4 ,ann's ,av5ue4 ,sid5ote3 ,brooklyn ,r\te ,! r\te ( ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion connects ne> ,broadway & ,p>k ,r[ ) ! ,manhattan ,bronx ,r\te & ext5ds "u ,broadway1 ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,/ate ,/reet1 ,batt]y ,p>k1 ,:itehall ,/reet1 & ,s\? ,/reet to & "u ! ,ea/ ,riv] to ,brooklyn at ! foot ( ,joralemon ,/reet1 !nce "u ,joralemon ,/reet1 ,fulton ,/reet1 & ,flatbu% ,av5ue to ,atlantic ,av5ue1 connect+ ) ! ,brooklyn tunnel ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad at t po9t4 ,!re is a loop "u ,batt]y ,p>k beg9n+ at ,bridge ,/reet4 ,! l5g? ( ?is r\te is ab\t #c miles4 ,! r\tes 9 ,manhattan & ,! ,bronx may !re=e be said to r\ghly resemble ! lett] ,y ) ! base at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,manhattan ,isl&1 ! =k at #ajc;d ,/reet & ,broadway1 ! t]m9us ( ! we/]ly or ,=t ,george bran* ( ! =k j beyond ,spuyt5 ,duyvil ,creek1 ! t]m9us ( ! ea/]ly or ,bronx ,p>k bran* at ,bronx ,p>k4 ,sid5ote3 ,location ( ,/ations ,! /ations beg9n+ at ! base ( ! ,y & foll[+ ! r\te up to ! =k are locat$ at ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,s\? ,f]ry1 ,b[l+ ,gre5 & ,batt]y ,place1 ,rector ,/reet & ,broadway1 ,fulton ,/reet & ,broadway1 ,city ,hall1 ,manhattan2 ,brooklyn ,bridge ,entrance1 ,manhattan2 ,wor? & ,elm ,/reets1 ,canal & ,elm ,/reets1 ,spr+ & ,elm ,/reets1 ,bleeck] & ,elm ,/reets1 ,a/or ,place & ,f\r? ,av5ue1 #ad? ,/reet & ,f\r? ,av5ue1 #ah? ,/reet & ,f\r? ,av5ue1 #bc;d ,/reet & ,f\r? ,av5ue1 #bh? ,/reet & ,f\r? ,av5ue1 #cc;d ,/reet & ,f\r? ,av5ue1 #db;d ,/reet & ,madison ,av5ue 7,gr& ,c5tral ,/ation71 #db;d ,/reet & ,broadway1 #ej? ,/reet & ,broadway1 #fj? ,/reet & ,broadway 7,columbus ,circle71 #ff? ,/reet & ,broadway1 #gb;d ,/reet & ,broadway1 #gi? ,/reet & ,broadway1 #hf? ,/reet & ,broadway1 #ia/ ,/reet & ,broadway1 #if? ,/reet & ,broadway4 ,illu/ration3 #cd,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,p>k ,,av5ue1 ,,look+ ,,s\? ,! /ations ( ! ,=t ,george or we/]ly bran* are locat$ at ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,"o ,hundr$ & ,?ird ,/reet & ,broadway1 #aaj? ,/reet & ,broadway 7,ca!dral ,p>kway71 #aaf? ,/reet & ,broadway 7,columbia ,univ]sity71 ,manhattan ,/reet 7ne> #abh? ,/reet7 & ,broadway1 #acg? ,/reet & ,broadway1 #ade? ,/reet & ,broadway1 #aeg? ,/reet & ,broadway1 ! int]section ( #afh? ,/reet1 ,/4 ,ni*olas ,av5ue & ,broadway1 #aha/ ,/reet & ,elev5? ,av5ue1 ,dyckman ,/reet & ,naegle ,av5ue 7beyond ,=t ,george71 #bjg? ,/reet & ,am/]dam ,av5ue1 #bae? ,/reet & ,am/]dam ,av5ue1 ,muscoota ,/reet & ,broadway1 ,bailey ,av5ue1 at ,k+sbridge ne> ! ,new ,york ,putnam ,railroad /ation4 ,! /ations on ! ,bronx ,p>k or ea/]ly bran* are locat$ at ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,"o ,hundr$ & ,t5? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue1 #aaf? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue1 #abe? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue1 #ace? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue1 #ade? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue 7spur71 ,mott ,av5ue & #adi? ,/reet1 ! int]section ( #adi? ,/reet1 ,melrose & ,?ird ,av5ues1 ,jackson & ,we/*e/] ,av5ues1 ,prospect & ,we/*e/] ,av5ues1 ,we/*e/] ,av5ue ne> ,s\!rn ,b\lev>d 7,fox ,/reet71 ,freeman ,/reet & ! ,s\!rn ,b\lev>d1 int]section ( #agd? ,/reet1 ,s\!rn ,b\lev>d & ,bo/on ,road1 #agg? ,/reet & ,bo/on ,road 7ne> ,bronx ,p>k74 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(ile ,,( ,,rapid ,,transit ,,railroad ,,manhattan ,,& ,,bronx ,,l9es4 ,! /ations 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,brooklyn on ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion are locat$ z foll[s3 ,joralemon ,/reet ne> ,c\rt 7,brooklyn ,bor\gh ,hall71 int]section ( ,fulton1 ,bridge1 & ,hoyt ,/reets2 ,flatbu% ,av5ue ne> ,nev9s ,/reet1 ,atlantic ,av5ue & ,flatbu% ,av5ue 7,brooklyn t]m9al ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad74 ,f ! ,bor\gh ,hall1 ,manhattan1 to ! #if? ,/reet /ation1 ! l9e is f\r-track4 ,on ! ,=t ,george bran* 7includ+ #ajc;d ,/reet /ation7 !re are ?ree tracks to #ade? ,/reet & !n two tracks to ,dyckman ,/reet1 !n ?ree tracks aga9 to ! t]m9us at ,bailey ,av5ue4 ,on ! ,bronx ,p>k bran* !re are two tracks to ,brook ,av5ue & f t po9t to ,bronx ,p>k !re are ?ree tracks4 ,on ! ,l5ox ,av5ue spur to #adh? ,/reet !re are two tracks1 on ! ,city ,hall loop "o track1 on ! ,batt]y ,p>k loop two tracks4 ,! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion is a two-track l9e4 ,!re is a /orage y>d "u ,broadway betwe5 #acg? ,/reet & #ade? ,/reet on ! ,=t ,george bran*1 ano!r on ! surface at ! end ( ! ,l5ox ,av5ue spur1 ,l5ox ,av5ue & #adh? ,/reet1 & a ?ird on an elevat$ /ructure at ! ,bo/on ,road & #agh? ,/reet4 ,!re is a repair %op & inspection %$ on ! surface adjo9+ ! ,l5ox ,av5ue spur at ! ,h>lem ,riv] & #adh-aej? ,/reets1 & an inspection %$ at ! /orage y>d at ,bo/on ,road & #agh? ,/reet4 ,sid5ote3 ,l5g? ( ,l9e4 ,! total l5g? ( ! l9e f ! ,city ,hall to ! ,k+sbridge t]m9al is #ac4ej miles1 ) #dg4aa miles ( s+le track & sid+s4 ,! ea/]n or ,bronx ,p>k bran* is #f4ig miles long1 ) #ag4ej miles ( s+le track4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(ile ,,( ,,brooklyn ,,ext5sion4 ,sid5ote3 ,grades & ,curves4 ,! total l5g? ( ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion is #c4a miles1 ) ab\t #h miles ( s+le track4 ,! grades & curvature along ! ma9 l9e may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! total curvature is equal 9 l5g? to #bc p] c5t4 ( ! /raight l9e1 & ! lea/ radius ( curvature is #adg feet4 ,! greate/ grade is #c p] c5t41 & occurs on ei!r side ( ! tunnel "u ! ,h>lem ,riv]4 ,at ea* /ation !re is a d[n grade ( #b4a p] c5t41 to assi/ 9 ! accel]ation ( ! c>s :5 !y />t4 ,9 ord] to make "t on roads runn+ tra9s at frequ5t int]vals1 x is necess>y to br+ ! tra9s to _! full spe$ v soon aft] />t+4 ,! electrical equipm5t ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,railroad w enable ?is to be done 9 a bett] mann] ?an is possible ) /eam locomotives1 :ile ^! %ort accel]ation grades at ea* /ation1 on bo? up & d[n tracks1 w be ( mat]ial assi/ance 9 mak+ ! />ts smoo?4 ,photograph on page #bf %[s an int]e/+ feature at a local /ation1 :]e1 9 ord] to obta9 ! quick accel]ation 9 grade = local tra9s1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9 a level grade = ! express s]vice1 ! tracks are con/ruct$ at a diff]5t level4 ,?is occurs at _m local /ations4 ,on ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion ! maximum grade is #c4a p] c5t4 desc5d+ f ! ends to ! c5t] ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] tunnel4 ,! m9imum radius ( curve is #a1bjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&>d ,,/eel ,,con/ruction ,,9 ,,tunnel--,,?ird ,,rail ,,protection ,,n ,,%[n ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,brooklyn ,,bridge ,,/ation ,,& ,,city ,,hall ,,loop ,sid5ote3 ,track ,! track is ( ! usual /&>d con/ruction ) brok5 /one balla/1 timb] cross ties1 & #ajj-p\nd rails ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s' section4 ,! cross ties are select$ h>d p9e4 ,all ties are fitt$ ) tie plates4 ,all curves are suppli$ ) /eel inside gu>d rails4 ,! frogs & swit*es are ( ! be/ design & quality to be _h1 & a special design has be5 us$ on all curves4 ,at ! ,batt]y loop1 at ,we/*e/] ,av5ue1 at #if? ,/reet1 & at ,city ,hall loop1 :]e x has be5 necess>y = ! regul> pass5g] tracks to cross1 grade cross+s h be5 avoid$2 "o track or set ( tracks pass+ "u ! o!r at ! int]sect+ po9ts4 7,see plan on ?is page47 ,! contract = ! build+ ( ! road conta9s ! foll[+ some:at unusual provision3 ,! railway & its equipm5t z contemplat$ by ! contract con/itute a great public "w4 ,all p>ts ( ! /ructure :]e expos$ to public sight %all !re=e be design$1 con/ruct$1 & ma9ta9$ ) a view to ! beauty ( _! appe>ance1 z well z to _! effici5cy4 ,x may be said ) exact tru?fulness t ! build]s h sp>$ no ef=t or exp5se to live up to ! _s ( ?is provision1 & t all p>ts ( ! road & equipm5t display dignifi$ & consi/5t arti/ic effects ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,^! are noticeable 9 ! p[] h\se & ! electrical sub-/ations & p>ticul>ly 9 ! pass5g] /ations4 ,x might readily h be5 suppos$ t ! limit$ space & comp>ative uni=mity ( ! und]gr\nd /ations w\ld af=d b little opportunity = ar*itectural & decorative effects4 ,! result has %[n ! fallacy ( su* a supposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( #bh,,? ,,/4 #d,,? ,,av5ue ,,/ation4 ,( ! =ty-eight /ations1 ?irty-?ree are und]gr\nd1 elev5 are on ! viaduct portions ( ! road1 & ?ree are p>tly on ! surface & p>tly und]gr\nd1 & "o is p>tly on ! surface & p>tly on ! viaduct4 ,sid5ote3 ,space ,occupi$ ,! und]gr\nd /ations are at ! /reet int]sections1 &1 except 9 a few in/ances1 occupy space "u ! cross /reets4 ,! /ation plans are necess>ily v>i$ to suit ! conditions ( ! diff]5t locations1 ! mo/ important factor 9 plann+ !m hav+ be5 ! am\nt ( available space4 ,! plat=ms are f #bjj to #cej feet 9 l5g?1 & ab\t #af feet 9 wid?1 n>r[+ at ! ends1 :ile ! c5t] space is l>g] or small]1 accord+ to local conditions4 ,z a rule ! body ( ! /ation ext5ds back ab\t #ej feet f ! edge ( ! plat=m4 ,at all local /ations 7except at #aaj? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue7 ! plat=ms are outside ( ! tracks4 7,plan & photograph on pages #cj & #ca47 ,at ,l5ox ,av5ue & #aaj? ,/reet !re is a s+le isl& plat=m = upt[n & d[nt[n pass5g]s4 ,illu/ration3 #bh,,? ,,/reet ,,/ation ,sid5ote3 ,isl& ,plat=ms ,at express /ations !re are two isl& plat=ms betwe5 ! express & local tracks1 "o = upt[n & "o = d[nt[n traffic4 ,9 addition1 !re are ! usual local plat=ms at ,brooklyn ,bridge1 #ad? ,/reet 7photograph on page #cd7 & #if? ,/reet4 ,at ! rema9+ express /ations1 #db;d ,/reet & ,madison ,av5ue & #gb;d ,/reet1 !re are no local plat=ms outside ( ! tracks1 local & ?r\gh traffic us+ ! isl& plat=ms4 ,! isl& plat=ms at ,brooklyn ,bridge1 #ad? ,/reet1 & #db;d ,/reet & ,madison ,av5ue are rea*$ by mezzan9e footways f ! local plat=ms1 x hav+ be5 impossible to place entrances 9 ! /reets imm$iately ov] ! plat=ms4 ,at #if? ,/reet !re is an und]gr\nd passage connect+ ! local & isl& plat=ms1 & at #gb;d ,/reet !re are entrances to ! isl& plat=ms directly f ! /reet because !re is a p>k area 9 ! middle ( ! /reet4 ,local pass5g]s c transf] f express tra9s & express pass5g]s f local tra9s )\t paym5t ( additional f>e by /epp+ across ! isl& plat=ms4 ,at #gb;d ,/reet1 at #ajc;d ,/reet1 & at #aaf? ,/reet & ,broadway ! /ation plat=ms are bel[ ! surface1 b ! ticket boo?s & toilet rooms are on ! surface2 ?is arrangem5t be+ possible also because ( ! p>k area available 9 ! /reets4 ,at ,manhattan ,/reet ! plat=ms are on ! viaduct1 b ! ticket boo?s & toilet rooms are on ! surface4 ,! viaduct at ?is po9t is ab\t #fh feet above ! surface1 & escalators are provid$4 ,at _m ( ! /ations entrances h be5 arrang$ f ! adjac5t build+s1 9 addition to ! entrances orig9ally plann$ f ! /reet4 ,sid5ote3 ,kiosks ,! entrances to ! und]gr\nd /ations are enclos$ at ! /reet by kiosks ( ca/ iron & wire glass 7photograph on page #cc71 & v>y 9 numb] f two to eight at a /ation4 ,! /airways are ( concrete1 re9=c$ by twi/$ /eel rods4 ,at #afh? ,/reet1 at #aha/ ,/reet1 & at ,mott ,av5ue1 :]e ! plat=ms are f #ij to #ajj feet bel[ ! surface1 elevators are provid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,side ,,( #bc;,d ,,/reet ,,/ation ,at tw5ty ( ! und]gr\nd /ations x has be5 possible to use vault lights to su* an ext5t t v little artificial light is ne$$4 7,photograph on page #ce47 ,su* artificial light z is requir$ is suppli$ by inc&esc5t lamps sunk 9 ! ceil+s4 ,provision has be5 made = us+ ! track circuit = light+ 9 em]g5cy if ! regul> light+ circuit %\ld tempor>ily fail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiosks ,,at ,,columbus ,,circle ,! /ation floors are ( concrete1 m>k$ (f 9 squ>es4 ,at ! junction ( ! floors & side walls a cem5t sanit>y cove is plac$4 ,! floors dra9 to cat*-bas9s1 & hose bibs are provid$ = wa%+ ! floors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brooklyn ,,bridge ,,/ation ,two types ( ceil+ are us$1 "o flat1 :i* cov]s ! /eel & concrete ( ! ro(1 & ! o!r ar*$ betwe5 ! ro( beams & gird]s1 ! l[] flanges ( :i* are expos$4 ,bo? types h an air space betwe5 ceil+ & ro(1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! air space beh9d ! inn] side walls1 p]mits air to circulate & m9imizes cond5sation on ! surface ( ! ceil+ & walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plaque ,,%[+ ,,beav] ,,at ,,a/or ,,place ,,/ation ,! ceil+s are sep>at$ into panels by wide ornam5tal m\ld+s1 & ! panels are decorat$ ) n>r[] m\ld+s & rosettes4 ,! bases ( ! walls are buff ,norman brick4 ,above ?is is glass tile or glaz$ tile1 & above ! tile is a fai5ce or t]ra-cotta cornice4 ,c]amic mosaic is us$ = decorative panels1 friezes1 pila/]s1 & "n-tablets4 ,a diff]5t decorative treatm5t is us$ at ea* /ation1 includ+ a di/9ctive color s*eme4 ,at "s /ations ! numb] ( ! int]sect+ /reet or initial lett] ( ! /reet "n is %[n on conspicu\s plaques1 at o!r /ations ! numb] or lett] is 9 ! panel4 ,at "s /ations arti/ic emblems h be5 us$ 9 ! s*eme ( decoration1 z at ,a/or ,place1 ! beav] 7see photograph on ?is page72 at ,columbus ,circle1 ! great navigator's ,c>avel2 at #aaf? ,/reet1 ! seal ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,! walls above ! cornice & ! ceil+s are f9i%$ 9 :ite ,ke5e cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,express ,,/ation ,,at #ad,,? ,,/reet1 ,,%[+ ,,isl& ,,& ,,mezzan9e ,,plat=ms ,,& ,,/airs ,,connect+ ,,!m ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,side ,,( ,,columbus ,,circle ,,/ation 7#fj,,? ,,/reet7--,,illum9at$ ,,by ,,daylight ,,com+ ,,?r\gh ,,vault ,,lights ,illu/ration3 ,,c>avel ,,& ,,wall ,,decoration ,! ticket boo?s are ( oak ) bronze w9d[ grills & fitt+s4 ,!re are toilet rooms 9 e /ation1 except at ! ,city ,hall loop4 ,ea* toilet room has a free closet or closets1 & a pay closet :i* is furni%$ ) a bas91 mirror1 soap di%1 & t[el rack4 ,! fixtures are porcela91 f9i%$ 9 dull nickel4 ,! soil1 v5t & wat] pipes are run 9 wall spaces1 s z to be accessible4 ,! rooms are v5tilat$ ?r\gh ! holl[ columns ( ! kiosks1 & ea* is provid$ ) an electric fan4 ,!y are heat$ by electric heat]s4 ,! woodwork ( ! rooms is oak2 ! walls are r$ slate wa9scot & ,ke5e cem5t4 ,pass5g]s may ent] ! body ( ! /ation )\t pay+ f>e4 ,! tra9 plat=ms are sep>at$ f ! body ( ! /ation by rail+s4 ,at ! m important /ations1 sep>ate sets ( entrances are provid$ = incom+ & outgo+ pass5g]s1 ! /airs at ! back ( ! /ation be+ us$ = entrances & ^? ne>] ! track be+ us$ = exits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,city ,,hall ,,/ation ,an example ( ! c>e us$ to obta9 arti/ic effects c be se5 at ! ,city ,hall /ation4 ,! road at ?is po9t is ?r\gh an ar*$ tunnel4 ,9 ord] to secure consi/5cy 9 treatm5t ! ro( ( ! /ation is cont9u$ by a l>g] ar* ( special design4 7,see photograph on ?is page47 ,at #afh? ,/reet1 & at #aha/ ,/reet1 & at ,mott ,av5ue /ations1 :]e ! road is f> b5ea? ! surface1 x has be5 possible to build massive ar*es ov] ! /ations & tracks1 ) spans ( #ej feet4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,types ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,con/ruction ,five types ( con/ruction h be5 employ$ 9 build+ ! road3 7#a7 ! typical subway ne> ! surface ) flat ro( & ,i beams = ! ro( & sides1 support$ betwe5 tracks ) /eel bulb-angle columns us$ on ab\t #aj4f miles or #eb4b p] c5t4 ( ! road2 7#b7 flat ro( typical subway ( ren=c$ concrete con/ruction support$ betwe5 ! tracks by /eel bulb-angle columns1 us$ = a %ort di/ance on ,l5ox ,av5ue & on ! ,brooklyn portion ( ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion1 also on ! ,batt]y ,p>k loop2 7#c7 concrete l9$ tunnel us$ on ab\t #d4f miles or #bc p] c5t4 ( ! road1 ( :i* #d4b p] c5t4 0 concrete l9$ op5 cut "w1 & ! rema9d] 0 rock tunnel "w2 7#d7 elevat$ road on /eel viaduct us$ on ab\t #e miles or #bd4f p] c5t4 ( ! road2 7#e7 ca/-iron tubes us$ "u ! ,h>lem & ,ea/ ,riv]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,typical ,subway ,! g5]al "* ( ! flat ro( ,i beam con/ruction is %[n 9 photograph on page #bh & draw+ on ?is page4 ,! bottom is ( concrete4 ,! side walls h ,i beam columns five feet ap>t1 betwe5 :i* are v]tical concrete ar*es1 ! /eel act+ z a support = ! masonry & all[+ ! ?ickness ( ! walls to be mat]ially r$uc$ f t necess>y 7 no?+ b concrete us$4 ,! tops ( ! wall columns are connect$ by ro( beams :i* are support$ by r[s ( /eel columns betwe5 ! tracks1 built on concrete & cut /one bases =m+ "p ( ! floor sy/em4 ,concrete ar*es betwe5 ! ro( beams complete ! top ( ! subway4 ,su* a /ructure is n imp]vi\s1 & h5ce1 !re has be5 laid beh9d ! side walls1 "u ! floor & ov] ! ro( a c\rse ( two to eight ?icknesses ( felt1 ea* wa%$ ) hot asphalt z laid4 ,9 addition to ?is precaution aga9/ dampness1 9 ?ree sections ( ! subway 7viz43 on ,elm ,/reet betwe5 ,pe>l & ,gr& ,/reets1 & on ! approa*es to ! ,h>lem ,riv] tunnel1 & on ! ,batt]y ,p>k ,loop7 ! felt wat]pro(+ has be5 made m effective by "o or two c\rses ( h>d-burn$ brick laid 9 hot asphalt1 aft] ! mann] sometimes employ$ 9 con/ruct+ ! l9+s ( res]voirs ( wat]works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,section ,,( ,,f\r ,,track ,,subway ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r-,,track ,,subway--,,%[+ ,,cross-,,ov] ,,s\? ,,( #ah,,? ,,/reet ,,/ation ,9 front ( ! wat]pro(+1 imm$iately beh9d ! /eel columns1 are ! sy/ems ( t]ra-cotta ducts 9 :i* ! electric cables are plac$4 ,! cables c be rea*$ by means ( manholes e #bjj to #dej feet1 :i* op5 into ! subway & also into ! /reet4 ,! numb] ( ^! ducts ranges f #abh d[n to #cb1 & !y are connect$ ) ! ma9 p[] /ation at #eh? & #ei? ,/reets & ! ,hudson ,riv] by a #abh-;duct subway "u ! =m] /reet4 ,sid5ote3 ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,con/ruction ,! re9=c$ concrete con/ruction sub/itutes = ! /eel ro( beams1 /eel rods1 approximat+ #a-a_/d in*es squ>e1 laid 9 v>y+ di/ances accord+ to ! diff]5t ro( loads1 f six to t5 in*es ap>t4 ,rods #a-a_/h in*es 9 diamet] tie ! side walls1 pass+ ?r\gh angle columns 9 ! walls & ! bulb-angle columns 9 ! c5t]4 ,lay]s ( concrete are laid ov] ! ro( rods to a ?ickness ( f eighte5 to ?irty in*es1 & c>ri$ two in*es bel[ ! rods1 imb$d+ !m4 ,= ! sides simil> squ>e rods & concrete are us$ & angle columns five feet ap>t4 ,! concrete ( ! side walls is f fifte5 to eighte5 in*es ?ick4 ,?is type is %[n by photographs on page #da4 ,! rods us$ are ( bo? squ>e & twi/$ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay+ ,,%eet ,,wat]pro(+ ,,9 ,,bottom ,illu/ration3 ,,special ,,brick ,,& ,,asphalt ,,wat]pro(+ ,sid5ote3 ,me?ods ( ,con/ruction ,typical ,subway ,! con/ruction ( ! typical subway has be5 c>ri$ on by a great v>iety ( me?ods1 p>tly adopt$ on acc\nt ( ! conditions "u :i* ! "w _h to be prosecut$ & p>tly due to ! p]sonal views ( ! diff]5t sub-contractors4 ,! "w 0 all done by op5 excavation1 ! s-call$ cut & cov] sy/em1 b ! conditions v>i$ widely along diff]5t p>ts ( ! l9e1 & diff]5t means 7 adopt$ to ov]come local difficulties4 ,! di/ance ( ! rock surface bel[ ! /reet level _h a m>k$ influ5ce on ! mann] 9 :i* ! excavation ( ! op5 tr5*es c\ld be made4 ,9 "s places ?is rock rose ne>ly to ! pavem5t1 z betwe5 #ad? & #ah? ,/reets4 ,at o!r places ! subway is locat$ 9 wat]-be>+ loam & s&1 z 9 ! /ret* betwe5 ,pe>l & ,gr& ,/reets1 :]e x 0 necess>y to employ a special design = ! bottom1 :i* is illu/rat$ by draw+ on page #db4 ,?is "p ( ! r\te includes ! =m] site ( ! anci5t ,collect ,pond1 famili> 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 & ! excavation 0 ?r\gh made gr\nd1 ! pond hav+ be5 fill$ 9 = build+ purposes aft] x 0 ab&on$ = supply+ wat] to ! city4 ,! excavations ?r\gh ,canal ,/reet1 adjac5t1 7 also ?r\gh made gr\nd1 t /reet hav+ be5 at "o "t1 z its "n implies1 a canal4 ,f ! ,city ,hall to #i? ,/reet 0 s&1 pres5t+ no p>ticul> difficulties except ?r\gh ! t]ritory j describ$4 ,at ,union ,squ>e rock 0 enc\nt]$ on ! we/ side ( ,f\r? ,av5ue f ! surface d[n4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! /reet1 h[ev]1 at ! surface 0 s&1 :i* ext5d$ #ae feet d[n to a slop+ rock surface4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! s& to a slide (f into ! rock excavation requir$ great c>e4 ,! "w 0 done1 h[ev]1 )\t int]f]5ce ) ! /reet traffic1 :i* is p>ticul>ly heavy at t po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ducts ,,9 ,,side ,,walls--,,eight ,,only ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5 ,,lay]s ,,are ,,%[n ,illu/ration3 ,,re9=c$ ,,concrete ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,,ro( ,,%[+ ,,concrete-,,/eel ,,con/ruction--,,l5ox ,,av5ue ,,& #adj,,?-#ada,,/ ,,/reets ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,subway ,,at ,,pe>l ,,/reet ,?is con/ruction 0 made necess>y by enc\nt]+ a lay] ( ,peat re/+ on ,clay ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,railway ,,tracks ,,support$ ,,ov] ,,excavation ,,on ,,upp] ,,broadway ,illu/ration3 ,,subdivision ,,( #cf ,,& #cj ,,gas ,,ma9s ,,ov] ,,ro( ,,( ,,subway--#ff,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,broadway ,! natural difficulties ( ! r\te 7 increas$ by ! network ( sew]s1 wat] & gas ma9s1 /eam pipes1 pneumatic tubes1 electric conduits & _! accessories1 :i* fill$ ! /reets2 & by ! surface railways & _! conduits4 ,9 "s places ! columns ( ! elevat$ railway _h to be %or$ up tempor>ily1 & 9 o!r places ! subway passes close to ! f\ndations ( l(ty build+s1 :]e ! con/ruction ne$$ to insure ! safety ( bo? subway & build+s 0 q intricate4 ,z ! subway is close to ! surface along a consid]able "p ( its r\te1 its con/ruction involv$ ! recon/ruction ( all ! und]gr\nd pipes & ducts 9 _m places1 z well z ! removal ( project+ vaults & build+s1 &1 9 "s cases1 ! und]p9n+ ( _! walls4 ,a description 9 detail ( ! me?ods ( con/ruction foll[$ all along ! l9e w\ld make an int]e/+ book ( itself4 ,space w only p]mit1 h[ev]1 an acc\nt ( h[ "s ( ! m s]i\s difficulties 7 ov]come4 ,on ,f\r? ,av5ue1 nor? ( ,union ,squ>e to #cc;d ,/reet1 !re 7 two electric conduit railway tracks 9 ! c5t] ( ! roadway & a horse c> track ne> ea* curb "p ( ! di/ance4 ,! two electric c> tracks 7 us$ = traffic :i* c\ld n be int]rupt$1 al?\gh ! horse c> tracks c\ld be remov$ )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,^! conditions r5d]$ x impracticable to di/urb ! c5t] ( ! roadway1 :ile p]mitt+ excavation ne> ! curb4 ,well-timb]$ %afts ab\t #h x #aj feet1 9 plan1 7 sunk along "o curb l9e & tunnels driv5 f !m t[>d ! o!r side ( ! /reet1 /opp+ ab\t #c-a_/b feet beyond its c5t] l9e4 ,a b$ ( concrete 0 laid on ! bottom ( ea* tunnel1 &1 :5 x _h set1 a heavy v]tical tre/le 0 built on x4 ,9 ?is way tre/les 7 built half across ! /reet1 /rong en\gh to c>ry all ! /reet c>s & traffic on t half ( ! roadway4 ,cableways to h&le ! dirt 7 erect$ ne> ! curb l9e1 spann+ a numb] ( ^! tre/les1 & !n ! e>? betwe5 !m 0 excavat$ f ! curb to )9 a few feet ( ! ne>e/ electric c> track4 ,! horse c> tracks 7 remov$4 ,betwe5 ! electric tracks a tr5* 0 dug until its bottom 0 level ) ! tops ( ! tre/les1 ab\t ?ree feet bel[ ! surface z a rule4 ,a pair ( heavy /eel beams 0 !n laid 9 ?is tr5* on ! tre/les4 ,betwe5 ^! beams & ! curb l9e a second pair ( beams 7 plac$4 ,9 ?is way ! equival5t ( a bridge 0 put up1 ! tre/les act+ z pi]s & ! beams z gird]s4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! roadway 0 !n und]m9$ & support$ by timb]+ susp5d$ f ! /eel beams4 ,! v>i\s gas & wat] pipes 7 hung f timb]s at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,ab\t f\r sections1 or #aej feet1 ( ! subway 7 built at a "t 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 ! "w 0 complet$ along "o side ( ! /reet x 0 repeat$ 9 ! same mann] on ! o!r side4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction 0 subsequ5tly modifi$ s z to p]mit "w on bo? sides ( ! /reet simultane\sly4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! c5tral "p ( ! roadway 0 support$ rema9$ ! same & all ( ! traffic 0 div]t$ to ?is /rip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,support ,,( ,,elevat$ ,,railway ,,/ation ,,at #db;,d ,,/reet ,,& ,,six? ,,av5ue ,betwe5 #ad? & #ag? ,/reets1 because ( ! proximity ( ! rock to ! surface1 x 0 necess>y to move ! tracks ( ! electric surface railway f ! c5t] ( ! /reet "s tw5ty feet to ! ea/ curb1 )\t int]rupt+ traffic1 :i* 0 v heavy at all times1 ! l9e be+ "o ( ! ma9 art]ies ( ! ,metropolitan sy/em4 ,f\r #ab x #ab-;in* timb]s 7 laid ^u ! surface4 ,/&>d ca/-iron yokes 7 plac$ ^u ! timb]s at ! usual di/ance ap>t4 ,^u ?is /ructure ! regul> track & slot rails 7 plac$4 ,! space betwe5 ! rails 0 floor$ ov]4 ,wood5 boxes 7 tempor>ily laid = ! electric cables4 ,! usual h& holes & o!r accessories 7 built & ! road op]at$ on ?is timb] roadb$4 ,! removal ( ! tracks 0 made necess>y because ! rock b5ea? !m & ! concrete ar\nd ! yokes 0 s closely unit$ z to be practically monoli?ic1 preclud+ ! use ( explosives4 ,attempts to remove ! rock f "u ! track demon/rat$ t x c\ld n be done )\t de/roy+ ! yokes ( ! surface railway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,support+ ,,elevat$ ,,railroad ,,by ,,ext5sion ,,gird]--#fd,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,broadway ,! me?od ( und]m9+ ! tracks on ,broadway f #fj? to #ajd? ,/reets 0 entirely diff]5t1 = ! conditions 7 n ! same4 ,! /reet is a wide "o ) a #bb-;foot p>kway 9 ! c5t]1 an electric conduit railway on ei!r side1 & outside ea* track a wide roadway4 ,! subway excavation ext5d$ ab\t #aj feet outside ea* track1 leav+ betwe5 x & ! curb ample room = vehicles4 ,! con/ruction problem1 !re=e1 0 to c>e = ! c> tracks ) a m9imum int]f]5ce ) ! excavation4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by tempor>y bridges = ea* track1 ea* bridge consi/+ ( a pair ( timb] trusses ab\t #ee feet long1 brac$ toge!r ov]head high en\gh to let a c> pass bel[ ! brac+4 ,^! trusses 7 set up on crib-"w supports at ea* end1 & ! track hung f ! l[] *ords4 7,see photograph on page #db47 ,! excavation !n proce$$ until ! tr5* 0 f9i%$ & po/s c\ld be put into place betwe5 its bottom & ! track4 ,:5 ! track 0 securely support$ 9 ?is way1 ! trusses 7 lift$ on flat c>s & mov$ ahead #ej feet4 ,at #ff? ,/reet /ation ! subway ro( 0 ab\t #b feet f ! electric railway yokes & /ructures ( ! /reet surface l9e4 ,9 ord] to build at ?is po9t x 0 necess>y to remove two l>ge gas ma9s1 "o #cj in*es & ! o!r #cf in*es 9 diamet]1 & sub/itute = !m1 9 tr\ghs built betwe5 ! ro( beams ( ! subway1 five small] gas ma9s1 ea* #bd in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is 0 done )\t int]rupt+ ! use ( ! ma9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mov+ ,,brick ,,& ,,concrete ,,reta9+ ,,wall ,,to ,,make ,,room ,,= ,,?ird ,,track--,,broadway ,,& #acd,,? ,,/reet ,at ! /ation on #db;d ,/reet1 betwe5 ,p>k & ,madison ,av5ues1 :]e !re are five subway tracks1 & along #db;d ,/reet to ,broadway1 a special me?od ( con/ruction 0 employ$ :i* 0 n foll[$ else:]e4 ,! excavation "h 0 ab\t #ce feet deep & ext5d$ #aj to #ae feet into rock4 ,a tr5* #cj feet wide 0 fir/ sunk on ! s\? side ( ! /reet & ! subway built 9 x = a wid? ( two tracks4 ,!n1 at int]vals ( #ej feet1 tunnels 7 driv5 t[>d ! nor? side ( ! /reet4 ,_! tops 7 ab\t #d feet above ! ro( ( ! subway & _! bottoms 7 on ! ro(4 ,:5 !y _h be5 driv5 j beyond ! l9e ( ! f\r? track1 _! ends 7 connect$ by a tunnel p>allel ) ! axis ( ! subway4 ,! rock 9 ! bottom ( all ^! tunnels 0 !n excavat$ to its f9al dep?4 ,9 ! small tunnel p>allel ) ! subway axis1 a b$ ( concrete 0 plac$ & ! ?ird r[ ( /eel columns 0 erect$ ready to c>ry ! /eel & concrete ro(4 ,:5 ?is "w 0 complet$1 ! e>? betwe5 ! trav]se tunnels 0 excavat$1 ! mat]ial above be+ support$ on pol+ bo>ds & /ruts4 ,! ro( ( ! subway 0 !n ext5d$ sidewise ov] ! rock bel[ f ! second to ! ?ird r[ ( columns1 & x 0 n until ! ro( 0 f9i%$ t ! rock b5ea? 0 excavat$4 ,9 ?is way ! subway 0 f9i%$ = a wid? ( f\r tracks4 ,= ! fif? track ! e>? 0 remov$ by tunnel+ to ! limits ( ! subway1 & !n ! rock bel[ 0 bla/$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mov+ ,,we/ ,,side ,,wall ,,to ,,wid5 ,,subway ,,= ,,?ird ,,track--#ace,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,broadway ,illu/ration3 ,,subway ,,?r\gh ,,new ,,times ,,build+1 ,,%[+ ,,indep5d5t ,,con/ruction--,,! ,,workm5 ,,/& ,,on ,,floor ,,gird]s ,,( ,,subway ,illu/ration3 ,,columns ,,( ,,hotel ,,belmont1 ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,subway ,,at #db;,d ,,/reet ,,& ,,p>k ,,av5ue ,9 a numb] ( places x 0 necess>y to und]p9 ! columns ( ! elevat$ railways1 & a v>iety ( me?ods 7 adopt$ = ! "w4 ,a typical example ( ! difficulties involv$ 0 af=d$ at ! ,manhattan ,railway ,elevat$ ,/ation at ,six? ,av5ue & #db;d ,/reet4 ,! /airways ( ?is /ation 7 directly ov] ! op5 excavation = ! subway 9 ! latt] ?or\ghf>e & 7 us$ by a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,! "w 0 done 9 ! same mann] at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s4 ,two n>r[ pits ab\t #dj feet ap>t1 7 fir/ sunk & _! bottoms cov]$ ) concrete at ! elevation ( ! floor ( ! subway4 ,a tre/le 0 built 9 ea* pit1 & on ^! 7 plac$ a pair ( #c-;foot plate gird]s1 "o on ea* side ( ! elevat$ column1 :i* 0 midway betwe5 ! tre/les4 ,! column 0 !n rivet$ to ! gird]s & 0 ?us held indep5d5t ( its orig9al f\ndations4 ,o!r pits 7 !n sunk "u ! /airway & tre/les built 9 !m to support x4 ,:5 ?is "w 0 complet$ x 0 possible to c>ry out ! rema9+ excavation )\t int]f]+ ) ! elevat$ railway traffic4 ,at #fd? ,/reet & ,broadway1 also1 ! :ole elevat$ railway _h to be support$ dur+ con/ruction4 ,a tempor>y wood5 b5t 0 us$ to c>ry ! elevat$ /ructure4 ,! elevat$ columns 7 remov$ until ! subway /ructure 0 complet$ at t po9t4 7,see photograph on page #de47 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,wat] ,,ma9s ,,betwe5 ,,/reet ,,surface ,,& ,,subway ,,ro(1 ,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,"o ,,l>ge ,,ma9--#abe,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,l5ox ,,ave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,special ,,con/ruction ,,( #f-a_/b-;,,foot ,,sew]1 ,,"u ,,*a?am ,,squ>e ,a feature ( ! con/ruction :i* attract$ consid]able public att5tion :ile x 0 9 progress1 0 ! und]p9n+ ( a "p ( ! ,columbus ,monum5t ne> ! s\?we/ entrance to ,c5tral ,p>k4 ,?is h&some memorial column has a /one %aft ris+ ab\t #ge feet above ! /reet level & weighs ab\t #gjj tons4 ,! rubble masonry f\ndation is #de feet squ>e & re/s on a #b-;foot c\rse ( concrete4 ,! subway passes "u its ea/ side )9 #c feet ( its c5t]1 ?us cutt+ out ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( ! orig9al support4 ,at ?is place ! foot+ 0 on dry s& ( consid]able dep?1 b on ! o!r side ( ! monum5t rock rose )9 #c feet ( ! surface4 ,! /eep slope ( ! rock surface t[>d ! subway necessitat$ p>ticul> c>e 9 und]p9n+ ! foot+s4 ,! "w 0 done by fir/ driv+ a tunnel #f feet wide & #g feet high "u ! monum5t j outside ! wall l9e ( ! subway4 ,! tunnel 0 giv5 a #b-;foot bottom ( concrete z a support = a r[ ( wood po/s a foot squ>e1 :i* 7 put 9 e #e feet to c>ry ! foot+ above4 ,:5 ^! po/s 7 securely w$g$ 9 place ! tunnel 0 fill$ ) rubble masonry4 ,?is wall 0 /rong en\gh to c>ry ! weight ( ! portion ( ! monum5t ov] ! subway1 b ! monum5t _h to be support$ to prev5t its break+ (f :5 und]m9$4 ,to support x ?us a small tunnel 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! rubble masonry f\ndation j bel[ ! /reet level & a pair ( plate gird]s run ?r\gh x4 ,a tre/le b5t 0 !n built "u ea* end ( ! gird]s 9 ! f9i%$ excavation = ! subway4 ,! gird]s 7 w$g$ up aga9/ ! top ( ! tunnel 9 ! masonry & ! excavation 0 c>ri$ out "u ! monum5t )\t any injury to t /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,pipes ,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,l>ge ,,brick ,,sew] ,,at #aaj,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,l5ox ,,av5ue ,illu/ration3 ,,sew] ,,siphon ,,at #adi,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,railroad ,,av5ue ,illu/ration3 ,,concrete ,,sew] ,,back ,,( ,,electric ,,duct ,,manhole--,,broadway ,,& #eh,,? ,,/reet ,at #acd? ,/reet & ,broadway a two-track /ructure ( ! /eel beam type ab\t #bjj feet long 0 complet$4 ,approa*+ x f ! s\?1 lead+ f ,manhattan ,valley ,viaduct1 0 an op5 cut ) reta9+ walls #cjj feet long & f #c to #ac feet 9 height4 ,aft] all ?is "w 0 f9i%$ 7& x happ5$ to be ! fir/ f9i%$ on ! subway71 x 0 decid$ to wid5 ! road to ?ree tracks1 & a unique piece ( "w 0 successfully accompli%$4 ,! reta9+ walls 7 mov$ bodily on slides1 by means ( jacks1 to a l9e #f-a_/d feet on ea* side1 wid5+ ! roadb$ #ab-a_/b feet1 )\t a break 9 ei!r wall4 ,! me?od ( wid5+ ! /eel-beam typical subway portion 0 equally novel4 ,! we/ wall 0 mov$ bodily by jacks ! necess>y di/ance to br+ x 9 l9e ) ! new position ( ! we/ reta9+ wall4 ,! rema9d] ( ! /ructure 0 !n mov$ bodily1 also by jacks1 #f-a_/d feet to ! ea/4 ,! new ro( ( ! usual type 0 !n add$ ov] #ab-a_/b feet ( additional op5+4 7,see photographs on pages #df & #dg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,concrete ,,sew] ,,back ,,( ,,side ,,wall1 ,,broadway ,,& #ef,,? ,,/reet ,illu/ration3 ,,l>ge ,,gas ,,& ,,wat] ,,pipes1 ,,relaid ,,beh9d ,,ea* ,,side ,,wall ,,on ,,elm ,,/reet ,provision _h to be made1 n only = build+s along ! r\te t t[]$ f> above ! /reet surface1 b also = "s :i* burr[$ f> bel[ ! subway4 ,photograph on page #dg %[s an int]e/+ example at #db;d ,/reet & ,broadway1 :]e ! pressroom ( ! new build+ ( ! ,new ,york ,times is b5ea? ! subway1 ! fir/ floor is above x1 & ! fir/ basem5t is alongside ( x4 ,incid5tally x %\ld be not$ t ! /eel /ructure ( ! build+ & ! subway are indep5d5t1 ! columns ( ! build+ pass+ ?r\gh ! subway /ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,difficult ,,pipe ,,"w--,,broadway ,,& #gj,,? ,,/reet ,at #db;d ,/reet & ,p>k ,av5ue ! road passes "u ! ,hotel ,belmont1 :i* necessitat$ ! use ( extra heavy /eel gird]s & f\ndations = ! support ( ! hotel & re9=c$ subway /ation4 7,see photograph on page #dh47 ,along ! ea/ side ( ,p>k ,r[ ! asc5d+ l9e ( ! loop 0 built ?r\gh ! pressroom ( ! ,new ,york ,times 7! old] d[nt[n build+71 & z ! excavation 0 consid]ably bel[ ! bottom ( ! f\ndation ( ! build+1 great c>e 0 necess>y to avoid any settlem5t4 ,in/ead ( wood %ea?+1 /eel *annels 7 driv5 & ?or\ghly brac$1 & con/ruction proce$$ )\t di/urbance ( ! build+1 :i* is v tall4 ,at #abe? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ network ( subsurface /ructures 0 enc\nt]$4 ,/reet surface electric l9es ) _! conduits int]sect4 ,on ! s\? side ( #abe? ,/reet 7 a #dh-;in* wat] ma9 & a #f-;in* wat] ma91 a #ab-;in* & two #aj-;in* gas pipes & a bank ( electric light & p[] ducts4 ,on ! nor? side 7 a #bj-;in* wat] ma91 "o #f-;in*1 "o #aj-;in*1 & "o #ab-;in* gas pipe & two banks ( electric ducts4 ,! headroom betwe5 ! subway ro( & ! surface ( ! /reet 0 #d4ge feet4 ,x 0 necess>y to relocate ! yokes ( ! /reet railway tracks on ,l5ox ,av5ue s z to br+ !m directly ov] ! tunnel ro(-beams4 ,betwe5 ! l[] flanges ( ! ro(-beams1 = f\r b5ts1 7 laid heavy /eel plates well /iff5$1 & 9 ^! tr\ghs 7 laid f\r #bj-;in* pipes1 :i* c>ri$ ! wat] ( ! #dh-;in* ma94 7,see photograph on page #di47 ,special ca/+s 7 necess>y to make ! connections at ea* end4 ,! small] pipes & ducts 7 re>rang$ & c>ri$ ov] ! ro( or laid 9 tr\ghs compos$ ( #c-;in* ,i-beams laid on ! l[] flanges ( ! ro(-beams4 ,9 addition to all ! transv]se pipes1 !re 7 num]\s pipes & duct l9es to be relaid & rebuilt p>allel to ! subway & ar\nd ! /ation4 ,! *ange 0 accompli%$ )\t /opp+ or delay+ ! /reet c>s4 ,! wat] ma9s 7 %ut (f = only a few h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,special ,,rivet$ ,,rectangul> ,,wat] ,,pipe1 ,,ov] ,,ro( ,,( ,,subway ,,at #abf,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,l5ox ,,av5ue ,z has be5 said1 ! typical subway ne> ! surface 0 us$ = ab\t "o-half ( ! road4 ,s9ce ! sew]s 7 at su* a dep? z to int]f]e ) ! con/ruction ( ! subway1 x meant t ! sew]s along t half _h to be recon/ruct$4 ,?is indicates b v p>tially ! magnitude ( ! sew] "w1 h[ev]1 because ne>ly z _m ma9 sew]s _h to be recon/ruct$ (f ! r\te ( ! subway z on ! r\te2 #g4ba miles ( ma9 sew]s along ! r\te 7 recon/ruct$ & #e4ac miles ( ma9 sew]s (f ! r\te4 ,! reason :y s _m ma9 sew]s on /reets away f ! subway _h to be rebuilt1 0 t1 f #db;d ,/reet1 s\?1 !re is a natural ridge1 & be=e ! con/ruction ( ! subway sew]s dra9$ to ! ,ea/ ,riv] & to ! ,nor? ,riv] f ! ridge4 ,! r\te ( ! subway 0 s ne> to ! divid+ l9e t ! only way to c>e = ! sew]s 01 9 _m in/ances1 to build entirely new outfall sew]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree-,,track ,,concrete ,,ar*--#aag,,? ,,/reet ,,& ,,broadway ,a notable example ( sew] div]sion 0 at ,canal ,/reet1 :]e ! fl[ ( ! sew] 0 c>ri$ into ! ,ea/ ,riv] in/ead ( into ! ,hudson ,riv]1 p]mitt+ ! sew] to be bulkhead$ on ! we/ side & cont9u$ 9 use4 ,on ! ea/ side a new ma9 sew] 0 con/ruct$ to empty into ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,! new ea/-side sew] 0 built (f ! r\te ( ! subway = ov] a mile4 ,an int]e/+ feature 9 ! con/ruction 0 ! "w at ,*a?am ,squ>e1 :]e a #f-a_/b-;foot circul> brick conduit 0 built4 ,! conjunction at ?is po9t ( num]\s electric surface c> l9es1 elevat$ railroad pill>s1 & enorm\s vehicul> /reet traffic1 made x imp]ative t ! surface ( ! /reet %\ld n be di/urb$1 & ! sew] 0 built by tunnel+4 ,?is tunnel+ 0 ?r\gh v f9e runn+ s& & ! section to be excavat$ 0 small4 ,to meet ^! conditions a novel me?od ( con/ruction 0 us$4 ,int]lock$ pol+ bo>ds 7 employ$ to support ! ro( & 7 driv5 by lev] jacks1 some:at z a %ield is driv5 9 ! %ield sy/em ( tunnel+4 ,! =w>d ends ( ! pol+ bo>ds 7 support$ by a cantilev] beam4 ,! sides & front ( ! excavation 7 support$ by lagg+ bo>ds laid flat aga9/ & ov] /rips ( canvas1 :i* 7 roll$ d[n z ! excavation progress$4 ,! sew] 0 complet$ & l9$ 9 l5g?s ( f #a foot to #d-a_/b feet1 & at ! maximum rate ( "w ab\t #ab feet ( sew] 7 f9i%$ p] week4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,=t ,,george ,,tunnel ,at #aaj? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue a #f-a_/b-;foot circul> brick sew] int]sect$ ! l9e ( ! subway at a level :i* necessitat$ its removal or subdivision4 ,! latt] exp$i5t 0 adopt$1 & ?ree #db-;in* ca/-iron pipes 7 pass$ "u ! subway4 7,see photograph on page #ej47 ,at #adi? ,/reet & ,railroad ,av5ue a sew] _h to be l[]$ bel[ tide level 9 ord] to cross "u ! subway4 ,to d ?is two p]man5t inv]t$ siphons 7 built ( #dh-;in* ca/-iron pipe4 ,two 7 built 9 ord] t "o might be us$1 :ile ! o!r c\ld be %ut (f = clean+1 & !y h prov$ v satisfactory4 ,?is 0 ! only in/ance :]e siphons 7 us$4 ,9 ?is connection x is wor?y ( note t ! g5]al *anges ref]r$ to gave to ! city mu* bett] sew]s z sub/itutes = ! old ones4 ,a numb] ( int]e/+ me?ods ( provid+ = subsurface /ructures are %[n 9 photographs pages #ea to #ed4 ,f ! ,g5]al ,po/-(fice at ,p>k ,r[ to #bh? ,/reet1 j bel[ ! surface1 !re is a sy/em ( pneumatic mail tubes = po/al deliv]y4 ,( c\rse1 absolutely no *ange 9 alignm5t c\ld be p]mitt$ :ile ^! tubes 7 9 use c>ry+ mail4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to support !m v c>efully4 ,! slighte/ deviation 9 alignm5t w\ld h /opp$ ! s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,column ,,b5t ,,viaduct ,illu/ration3 ,,travel] ,,= ,,erect+ ,,=ms1 ,,c5tral ,,p>k ,,tunnel--7,,9 ,,?is ,,tunnel ,,ducts ,,are ,,built ,,9 ,,! ,,sidewalls7 ,sid5ote3 ,concrete-l9$ ,tunnel ,betwe5 #cc;d ,/reet & #db;d ,/reet "u ,p>k ,av5ue1 betwe5 #aaf? ,/reet & #abj? ,/reet "u ,broadway1 betwe5 #aeg? ,/reet & ,=t ,george "u ,broadway & ,elev5? ,av5ue 7! second longe/ d\ble-track rock tunnel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,hoosac tunnel be+ ! only "o ( great] l5g?71 & betwe5 #ajd? ,/reet & ,broadway "u ,c5tral ,p>k to ,l5ox ,av5ue1 ! road is 9 rock tunnel l9$ ) concrete4 ,f #aaf? ,/reet to #abj? ,/reet ! tunnel is #cg-a_/b feet wide1 "o ( ! wide/ concrete ar*es 9 ! _w4 ,on ! section f ,broadway & #ajc;d ,/reet to ,l5ox ,av5ue & #aaj? ,/reet "u ,c5tral ,p>k1 a two-track subway 0 driv5 ?r\gh micace\s rock by tak+ out top head+s & !n two full-wid? b5*es4 ,! "w 0 done f two %afts & "o portal4 ,all drill+ = ! head+s 0 done by an eight-h\r night %ift1 us+ p]cussion drills4 ,! bla/+ 0 done e>ly 9 ! morn+ & ! day gang remov$ ! spoil1 :i* 0 haul$ to ! %afts & ! portal 9 c>s drawn by mules4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! rock 0 cru%$ = concrete4 ,! concrete floor 0 ! fir/ "p ( ! l9+ to be put 9 place4 ,rails 7 laid on x = a travel] hav+ m\lds atta*$ to its sides1 aga9/ :i* ! walls 7 built4 ,a simil> travel] foll[$ ) ! c5t]+ = ! ar* ro(1 a l5g? ( ab\t #ej feet be+ complet$ at "o op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r ,,column 7,,t[]7 ,,viaduct ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,,manhattan ,,valley ,,viaduct1 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,illu/ration3 ,,erection ,,( ,,ar*1 ,,manhattan ,,valley ,,viaduct ,on ! ,p>k ,av5ue section f #cd? ,/reet to #da/ ,/reet two sep>ate d\ble-track tunnels 7 driv5 bel[ a d\ble-track electric railway tunnel1 "o on ea* side4 ,! "w 0 done f f\r %afts1 "o at ea* end ( ea* tunnel4 ,at fir/1 top head+s 7 employ$ at ! nor? ends ( bo? tunnels & at ! s\? end ( ! we/ tunnel2 at ! s\? end ( ! ea/ tunnel a bottom head+ 0 us$4 ,lat]1 a bottom head+ 0 also us$ at ! s\? end ( ! we/ tunnel4 ,! rock 0 v irregul> & trea*]\s 9 "*1 & ! /rata incl9$ s z to make ! dang] ( slips a s]i\s "o4 ,! two head+s ( ! we/ tunnel met 9 ,febru>y & ^? ( ! ea/ tunnel 9 ,m>*1 #aijb1 & ! wid5+ ( ! tunnels to ! full section 0 imm$iately begun4 ,despite ! adoption ( e precaution sugge/$ by exp]i5ce 9 su* "w1 "s di/urbance ( ! surface above ! ea/ tunnel result$1 & sev]al h\se fronts 7 damag$4 ,! portion ( ! tunnel affect$ 0 bulkhead$ at ea* end1 pack$ ) rubble & gr\t$ ) ,portl& cem5t mort> inject$ "u pressure ?r\gh pipes sunk f ! /reet surface above4 ,:5 ! int]ior 0 firm1 ! tunnel 0 r$riv51 us+ mu* ! same me?ods t are employ$ = tunnels ?r\gh e>? :5 ! ar* l9+ is built be=e ! c5tral core1 or dumpl+ ( e>?1 is remov$4 ,! "w _h to be done v sl[ly to prev5t any fur!r settlem5t ( ! gr\nd1 & ! completion ( ! wid5+ ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! tunnels also proce$$ v sl[ly1 because z soon z ! slip occurr$ a l>ge am\nt ( timb]+ 0 introduc$1 :i* int]f]$ s]i\sly ) ! op]ations4 ,aft] ! l9+ 0 complet$1 ,portl& cem5t gr\t 0 aga9 inject$ "u pressure1 ?r\gh holes left 9 ! ro(1 until fur!r movem5t ( ! fill ov]head 0 absolutely prev5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,complet$ ,,ar* ,,at ,,manhattan ,,/reet ,z has be5 said1 ! tunnel betwe5 #aeg? ,/reet & ,=t ,george is ! second longe/ two-track tunnel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 built 9 a rem>kably %ort "t1 consid]+ ! fact t ! "w 0 prosecut$ f two portal head+s & f two %afts4 ,"o %aft 0 at #afh? ,/reet & ! o!r at #aha/ ,/reet1 ! "w proce$+ bo? nor? & s\? f ea* %aft4 ,! me?od employ$ = ! "w 7,photograph on page #ef7 0 simil> to t us$ "u ,c5tral ,p>k4 ,! %afts at #afh? ,/reet & at #aha/ ,/reet 7 locat$ at ^? po9ts s t !y might be us$ = ! p]man5t elevator equipm5t = ! /ations at ^! /reets4 ,^! /ations ea* h an ar* span ( ab\t #ej feet1 l9$ ) brick4 ,sid5ote3 ,/eel ,viaduct ,! elevat$ viaduct con/ruction ext5ds f #abe? ,/reet to #acc;d ,/reet & f ,dyckman ,/reet to ,bailey ,av5ue on ! we/]n bran*1 & f ,brook & ,we/*e/] ,av5ues to ,bronx ,p>k on ! ea/]n1 a total di/ance ( ab\t #e miles4 ,! ?ree-track viaducts are c>ri$ on two column b5ts :]e ! rail is n m ?an #bi feet above ! gr\nd level1 & on f\r-column t[]s = high] /ructures4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! po/s ( a t[] are #bi feet ap>t transv]sely & #bj or #be feet longitud9ally1 z a rule1 & ! t[]s are f #gj to #ij feet ap>t on c5t]s4 ,! tops ( ! t[]s h ,x-brac+ & ! connect+ spans h two panels ( int]m$iate v]tical sway brac+ betwe5 ! ?ree pairs ( longitud9al gird]s4 ,9 ! l[ viaducts1 :]e !re are no t[]s1 e f\r? panel has zigzag lat]al brac+ 9 ! two panels betwe5 ! pairs ( longitud9al gird]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(ile ,,( ,,h>lem ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,,& ,,approa*es ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,h>lem ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,,dur+ ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,,assembl+ ,,iron ,,"w ,,on ,,pontoon--,,h>lem ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,! t[]s h columns consi/+ z a rule ( a #af x #g_/af-;in* web plate & f\r #f x #d x #e_/h-;in* bulb angles4 ,! horizontal /ruts 9 _! cross-brac+ are made ( f\r #d x #c-;in* angles1 lattic$ to =m an ,i-%ap$ cross-section4 ,! ,x-brac+ consi/s ( s+le #e x #c-a_/b-;in* angles4 ,! tops ( ! columns h horizontal cap angles on :i* are rivet$ ! l[] flanges ( ! transv]se gird]s2 ! end angles ( ! gird] & ! top ( ! column are also connect$ by a rivet$ splice plate4 ,! six longitud9al gird]s are web-rivet$ to ! transv]se gird]s4 ,! outside longitud9al gird] on ea* side ( ! viaduct has ! same dep? across ! t[] z 9 ! connect+ span1 b ! f\r int]m$iate l9es are n s deep across ! t[]s4 ,9 ! s+le tre/le b5ts ! columns are ! same z ^? j describ$1 b ! diagonal brac+ is replac$ by plate knee-braces4 ,! ,manhattan ,valley ,viaduct on ! ,we/ ,side l9e1 has a total l5g? ( #b1agd feet4 ,its mo/ important feature is a two-h+$ ar* ( #afh-a_/b feet span1 :i* c>ries plat=ms %ad$ by canopies1 b no /ation build+s4 ,! /ation is on ! gr\nd betwe5 ! surface railway tracks4 ,access to ! plat=ms is obta9$ by means ( escalators4 ,x has ?ree lattice-gird] two-h+e ribs #bd-a_/b feet ap>t on c5t]s1 ! c5t] l9e ( ea* rib be+ a p>abola4 ,ea* half rib supports six sp&rel po/s c>ry+ ! roadway1 ! po/s be+ seat$ directly ov] v]tical web memb]s ( ! rib4 ,! *ords ( ! ribs are #f feet ap>t & ( an ,h-section1 hav+ f\r #f x #f-;in* angles & six #ae-;in* flange & web plates = ! c5t] rib & light] sections = ! outside ribs4 ,! ar* 0 erect$ )\t false "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%[+ ,,concrete ,,ov] ,,iron ,,"w--,,h>lem ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,! viaduct spans ( ei!r approa* to ! ar* are #df to #gb feet long4 ,all transv]se gird]s are #ca feet #d in*es long1 & h a #gj x #c_/h-;in* web plate & f\r #f x #d-;in* angles4 ,! two outside longitud9al gird]s ( deck spans are #gb in*es deep & ! o!r #cf in*es4 ,all are #c_/h-;in* ?ick & _! f\r flange angles v>y 9 size f #e x #c-a_/b to #f x #f in*es1 & on ! longe/ spans !re are flange plates4 ,at ea* end ( ! viaduct !re is a ?r\gh span ) #ij-;in* web longitud9al gird]s4 ,ea* track 0 proportion$ = a dead load ( #ccj p\nds p] l9eal foot & a live load ( #be1jjj p\nds p] axle4 ,! axle spac+ 9 ! truck 0 #e feet & ! pairs ( axles 7 alt]nately #bg & #i feet ap>t4 ,! traction load 0 tak5 at #bj p] c5t4 ( ! live load1 & a w9d pressure ( #ejj p\nds p] l9eal foot 0 assum$ ov] ! :ole /ructure4 ,sid5ote3 ,tubes "u ,h>lem ,riv] ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sections ( ! "w is t :i* approa*es & passes "u ! ,h>lem ,riv]1 c>ry+ ! two tracks ( ! ,ea/ ,side l9e4 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t requir$ a m9imum dep? ( #bj feet 9 ! riv] at l[ tide1 :i* fix$ ! elevation ( ! ro( ( ! subm]g$ "p ( ! tunnel4 ,?is "p ( ! l9e1 #fda feet long1 consi/s ( tw9 s+le-track ca/-iron cyl9d]s #af feet 9 diamet] envelop$ 9 a l>ge mass ( concrete & l9$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,! approa* on ei!r side is a d\ble-track concrete ar*$ /ructure4 ,! total l5g? ( ! section is #a1ejj feet4 ,! me?ods ( con/ruction employ$ 7 novel 9 subaque\s tunnel+ & are p>tly %[n on photographs on pages #fb & #fc4 ,! b$ ( ! ,h>lem ,riv] at ! po9t ( tunnel+ consi/s ( mud1 silt1 & s&1 mu* ( :i* 0 s ne>ly 9 a fluid condition t x 0 remov$ by means ( a jet4 ,! maximum dep? ( excavation 0 ab\t #ej feet4 ,in/ead ( employ+ ! usual me?od ( a %ield & compress$ air at high pressure1 a mu* spe$i] device 0 contriv$4 ,! riv] cross+ has be5 built 9 two sections4 ,! we/ section 0 fir/ built1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t hav+ =bidd5 ! clos+ ( m ?an half ! riv] at "o "t4 ,a tr5* 0 dr$g$ ov] ! l9e ( ! tunnel ab\t #ej feet wide & #ci feet bel[ l[ wat]4 ,?is dep? 0 ab\t #aj feet above ! sub-grade ( ! tunnel4 ,?ree r[s ( piles 7 next driv5 on ea* side ( ! tr5* f ! we/ bank to ! middle ( ! riv] & on !m work+ plat=ms 7 built1 =m+ two :>ves #ch feet ap>t 9 ! cle>4 ,piles 7 !n driv5 ov] ! area to be cov]$ by ! subway1 #f feet #d in*es ap>t lat]ally & #h feet longitud9ally4 ,!y 7 cut (f ab\t #aa feet above ! c5t] l9e ( ea* tube & capp$ ) timb]s #ab in*es squ>e4 ,a ?or\ghly-truss$ framework 0 !n float$ ov] ! piles & sunk on !m4 ,! trusses 7 spac$ s z to come betwe5 ea* transv]se r[ ( piles & 7 connect$ by eight longitud9al /icks or /r+]s1 two at ! top & two at ! bottom on ea* side4 ,! f\r at ea* side 7 j f> en\gh ap>t to all[ a special tongue & groov$ #ab-;in* %eet pil+ to be driv5 betwe5 !m4 ,?is %ea?+ 0 driv5 to a dep? ( #aj to #ae feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! f9i%$ tunnel4 ,a well-calk$ ro( ( ?ree c\rses ( #ab-;in* timb]s1 sep>at$ by #b-;in* plank1 0 !n float$ ov] ! piles & sunk4 ,x _h ?ree timb] %afts #g x #ag feet 9 plan1 & :5 x 0 9 place & cov]$ ) e>? x =m$ ! top ( a caisson ) ! %eet pil+ on ! sides & ends1 ! latt] be+ driv5 aft] ! ro( 0 9 place4 ,! excavation bel[ ?is caisson 0 made "u air pressure1 "p ( ! mat]ial be+ bl[n out by wat] jets & ! rema9d] remov$ ?r\gh ! airlocks 9 ! %afts4 ,:5 ! excavation 0 complet$1 ! piles 7 tempor>ily brac$ & ! concrete & ca/-iron l9+ put 9 place1 ! piles be+ cut (f z ! concrete b$ 0 laid up to !m4 ,! second or ea/]n section ( ?is cross+ 0 c>ri$ on by a modification ( ! plan j m5tion$4 ,in/ead ( us+ a tempor>y timb] ro( on ! side walls1 ! p]man5t iron & concrete upp] half ( ! tunnels 0 employ$ z a ro( = ! caisson4 ,! tr5* 0 dr$g$ ne>ly to sub-grade & its sides provid$ ) :>ves z be=e1 runn+ out to ! complet$ half ( ! "w4 ,! p]man5t f\ndation piles 7 !n driv5 & a timb] frame sunk ov] !m to s]ve z a guide = ! #ab-;in* %eet pil+ ar\nd ! site4 ,/eel pilot piles ) wat] jets 7 driv5 9 advance ( ! wood-%eet piles1 & if !y /ruck any b\ld]s ! latt] 7 drill$ & bla/$4 ,! /eel piles 7 )drawn by a six-"p tackle & hoi/+ eng9e1 & !n ! wood5 piles driv5 9 _! place4 ,:5 ! pil+ 0 f9i%$1 a pontoon #ce feet wide1 #ajf feet long1 & #ab feet deep 0 built betwe5 ! :>ves1 & ^u a sep>ate plat=m or deck on x ! upp] half ( ! ca/-iron %ells 7 assembl$1 _! ends clos$ by /eel-plate diaphragms & ! :ole cov]$ ) concrete4 ,! pontoon 0 !n subm]g$ sev]al feet1 p>t$ at its c5t]1 & ea* half drawn out endwise f b5ea? ! float+ top ( ! tunnel4 ,! latt] 0 !n load$ & c>efully sunk into place1 ! connection ) ! %ore section be+ made by a div]1 :o ent]$ ! ro( ?r\gh a special op5+4 ,:5 x 0 f9ally 9 place1 m5 ent]$ ?r\gh ! %ore section & cut away ! wood bottom1 ?us complet+ ! caisson s t "w c\ld proce$ bel[ x z be=e4 ,?ree ( ^! caissons 7 requir$ to complete ! ea/ end ( ! cross+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,up ,,broadway ,,f ,,tr9ity ,,*ur*--,,%[+ ,,work+ ,,plat=m ,,& ,,gas ,,ma9s ,,tempor>ily ,,support$ ,,ov]head ,! con/ruction ( ! approa*es to ! tunnel 0 c>ri$ out betwe5 heavy %eet pil+4 ,! excavation 0 ov] #dj feet deep 9 places & v wet1 & ! success ( ! "w 0 l>gely due to ! c>e tak5 9 driv+ ! #ab-;in* %eet pil+4 ,sid5ote3 ,me?ods ( ,con/ruction ,brooklyn ,ext5sion ,a numb] ( int]e/+ features %\ld be not$ 9 ! me?ods ( con/ruction adopt$ on ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion4 ,! types ( con/ruction on ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion h already be5 spok5 (4 ,!y are 7#a7 typical flat-ro( /eel beam subway f ! ,po/-(fice1 ,manhattan1 to ,b[l+ ,gre52 7#b7 re9=c$ concrete typical subway 9 ,batt]y ,p>k1 ,manhattan1 & f ,cl9ton ,/reet to ! t]m9us1 9 ,brooklyn2 7#c7 two s+le track ca/-iron-l9$ tubul> tunnels f ,batt]y ,p>k1 "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 & "u ,joralemon ,/reet to ,cl9ton ,/reet1 ,brooklyn4 ,"u ,broadway1 ,manhattan1 ! "w is ?r\gh s&1 ! vehicul> & electric /reet c> traffic1 ! network ( subsurface /ructures1 & ! high build+s mak+ ?is "o ( ! mo/ difficult portions ( ! road to build4 ,! /reet traffic is s great t x 0 decid$ t dur+ ! daytime ! surface ( ! /reet %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 a condition suitable = ord9>y traffic4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by mak+ op5+s 9 ! sidewalk ne> ! curb1 at two po9ts1 & erect+ tempor>y work+ plat=ms ov] ! /reet #af feet f ! surface4 ,! excavations are made by ! ord9>y drift & tunnel me?od4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial is hoi/$ f ! op5+s to ! plat=ms & pass$ ?r\gh *utes to wagons4 ,on ! /reet surface1 ov] & 9 advance ( ! excavations1 tempor>y plank decks are plac$ & ma9ta9$ dur+ ! drift+ & tunnel+ op]ations1 & aft] ! p]man5t subway /ructure has be5 erect$ up to ! "t :5 ! /reet surface is p]man5tly re/or$4 ,! ro( ( ! subway is ab\t #e feet f ! surface ( ! /reet1 :i* has made x necess>y to c>e = ! gas & wat] ma9s4 ,?is has be5 done by c>ry+ ! ma9s on tempor>y tre/le /ructures ov] ! sidewalks4 ,! ma9s w be re/or$ to _! =m] position :5 ! subway /ructure is complete4 ,f ,b[l+ ,gre51 s\? along ,broadway1 ,/ate ,/reet & 9 ,batt]y ,p>k1 :]e ! subway is ( re9=c$ concrete con/ruction1 ! op5 cut & cov] me?od is employ$1 ! elevat$ & surface railroad /ructures be+ tempor>ily support$ by wood5 & /eel trusses & f9ally support$ by p]man5t f\ndations re/+ on ! subway ro(4 ,f ,batt]y ,place1 s\? along ! loop "w1 ! great] portion ( ! excavation is made bel[ mean high-wat] level1 & necessitates ! use ( heavy tongue & groov$ %eet+ & ! op]ation ( two c5trifugal pumps1 day & night4 ,! tubes "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 includ+ ! approa*es1 are ea* #f1edd feet 9 l5g?4 ,! tunnel consi/s ( two ca/-iron tubes #ae-a_/b feet diamet] inside1 ! l9+ be+ con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron plates1 circul> 9 %ape1 bolt$ toge!r & re9=c$ by gr\t+ outside ( ! plates & beton fill+ on ! inside to ! dep? ( ! flanges4 ,! tubes are be+ con/ruct$ "u air pressure ?r\gh solid rock f ! ,manhattan side to ! middle ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] by ! ord9>y rock tunnel drift me?od1 & on ! ,brooklyn side ?r\gh s& & silt by ! use ( hydraulic %ields4 ,f\r %ields h be5 in/all$1 weigh+ #ea tons ea*4 ,!y are driv5 by hydraulic pressure ( ab\t #b1jjj tons4 ,! two %ields drift+ to ! c5t] ( ! riv] f ,g>d5 ,place are 9 wat]-be>+ s& & are op]at$ "u air pressure4 ,! riv] tubes are on a #c4a p] c5t4 grade & 9 ! c5t] ( ! riv] w rea* ! deepe/ po9t1 ab\t #id feet bel[ mean high-wat] level4 ,! typical subway ( re9=c$ concrete f ,cl9ton ,/reet to ! ,flatbu% ,av5ue t]m9us is be+ con/ruct$ by ! me?od commonly us$ on ! ,manhattan-,bronx r\te4 ,f ,bor\gh ,hall to ! t]m9us ! r\te ( ! subway is directly bel[ an elevat$ railway /ructure1 :i* is tempor>ily support$ by timb] brac+1 hav+ its be>+ on ! /reet surface & ! tunnel timb]s4 ,! p]man5t support w be masonry pi]s built ^u ! ro( ( ! subway /ructure4 ,along ?is portion ( ! r\te are /reet surface electric roads1 b !y are op]at$ by ov]head trolley & ! tracks are laid on ord9>y ties4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 mu* less difficult to c>e = !m dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! subway4 ,"w is be+ prosecut$ on ! ,brooklyn ,ext5sion day & night1 & 9 ,brooklyn ! excavation is made mu* m rapidly by employ+ ! /reet surface trolley roads to remove ! excavat$ mat]ial4 ,spur tracks h be5 built & flat c>s are us$1 mu* ( ! removal be+ done at night4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p[] ,,h\se ,,build+ ,! p[] h\se is situat$ adjac5t to ! ,nor? ,riv] on ! block b\nd$ by ,we/ #eh? ,/reet1 ,we/ #ei? ,/reet1 ,elev5? ,av5ue1 & ,twelf? ,av5ue4 ,! plans 7 adopt$ aft] a ?or\gh /udy by ! eng9e]s ( ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company ( all ! l>ge p[] h\ses already complet$ & ( ! designs ( ! l>ge p[] h\ses 9 process ( con/ruction 9 ,am]ica & abroad4 ,! build+ is l>ge1 & :5 fully equipp$ x w be capable ( produc+ m p[] ?an any electrical plant ev] built1 & ! /udy ( ! designs ( o!r p[] h\ses ?r\gh\t ! _w 0 pursu$ ) ! pr9cipal object ( r$uc+ to a m9imum ! possibility ( int]ruption ( s]vice 9 a plant produc+ ! great p[] requir$4 ,! type ( p[] h\se adopt$ provides = a s+le r[ ( l>ge eng9es & electric g5]ators1 conta9$ )9 an op]at+ room plac$ beside a boil] h\se1 ) a capacity ( produc+1 approximately1 n less ?an #ajj1jjj horse p[] :5 ! ma*9]y is be+ op]at$ at normal rat+4 ,sid5ote3 ,location & ,g5]al ,plan ( ,p[] ,h\se ,! "w ( prep>+ ! detail$ plans ( ! p[] h\se /ructure 01 9 ! ma91 complet$ e>ly 9 #aijb1 & result$ 9 ! pres5t plan1 :i* may briefly be describ$ z foll[s3 ,! /ructure is divid$ into two ma9 p>ts--an op]at+ room & a boil] h\se1 ) a p>tition wall betwe5 ! two sections4 ,! face ( ! /ructure on ,elev5? ,av5ue is #bjj feet wide1 ( :i* wid? ! boil] h\se takes #hc feet & ! op]at+ section #aag feet4 ,! op]at+ room occupies ! nor!rly side ( ! /ructure & ! boil] h\se ! s\!rly side4 ,! design]s 7 enabl$ to employ a cont\r ( ro( & wall section = ! nor!rly side t 0 id5tical ) ! ro( & wall cont\r ( ! s\!rly side1 s t ! build+1 :5 view$ f ei!r end1 pres5ts a symmetrical appe>ance ) bo? sides ( ! build+ alike 9 =m & design4 ,! op]at+ room section is practically symmetrical 9 its /ructure1 ) respect to its c5t]2 x consi/s ( a c5tral area1 ) a truss ro( ov] same along ) gall]ies at bo? sides4 ,! gall]ies along ! nor!rly side are prim>ily = ! electrical app>atus1 :ile ^? along ! s\!rly side are giv5 up *iefly to ! /eam-pipe equipm5t4 ,! boil] room section is also practically symmetrical ) respect to its c5t]4 ,a sectional s*eme ( ! p[] h\se arrangem5t 0 det]m9$ on1 by :i* ! /ructure 0 to consi/ ( five g5]at+ sections1 ea* simil> to ! o!rs 9 all its me*anical details2 b1 at a lat] date1 a six? section 0 add$1 ) space on ! lot = a sev5? section4 ,ea* section embraces "o *imney along ) ! foll[+ g5]at+ equipm5t3--twelve boil]s1 two eng9es1 ea* direct connect$ to a #e1jjj kil[att alt]nator2 two cond5s+ equipm5ts1 two boil]-fe$ pumps1 two smoke-flue sy/ems1 & detail app>atus necess>y to make ea* section complete 9 itself4 ,! only v>iation is ! turb9e plant h]eaft] ref]r$ to4 ,9 addition to ! space occupi$ by ! sections1 an area 0 set aside1 at ! ,elev5? ,av5ue end ( ! /ructure1 = ! passage ( ! railway spur f ! ,new ,york ,c5tral tracks4 ,! total l5g? ( ! orig9al five-section p[] h\se 0 #ehe feet #i-a_/b in*es1 b ! additional section aft]w>ds add$ makes ! ov] all l5g? ( ! /ructure #fic feet #i-c_/d in*es4 ,9 ! f\r? section x 0 decid$ to omit a regul> eng9e ) its #e1jjj kil[att g5]ator1 & 9 its place sub/itute a #e1jjj kil[att light+ & excit] outfit4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made1 h[ev]1 s t ?is outfit c aft]w>d be replac$ by a regul> #e1jjj kil[att traction g5]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,p[] ,,h\se ,,9 ,,p]spective ,! plan ( ! p[] /ation includ$ a me?od ( support+ ! *imneys on /eel columns1 in/ead ( erect+ !m ?r\gh ! build+1 :i* modification all[$ = ! disposal ( boil]s 9 spaces :i* w\ld o!rwise be occupi$ by ! *imney bases4 ,by ?is arrangem5t x 0 possible to place all ! boil]s on "o floor level4 ,! economiz]s 7 plac$ above ! boil]s1 in/ead ( beh9d !m1 :i* made a mat]ial sav+ 9 ! wid? ( ! boil] room4 ,?is sav+ p]mitt$ ! sett+ aside ( ! a=em5tion$ gall]y at ! side ( ! op]at+ room1 clos$ (f f bo? boil] & eng9e rooms1 = ! reception ( ! ma9-pipe sy/ems & = a pump+ equipm5t bel[ x4 ,! advantages ( ! plan c be enum]at$ briefly z foll[s3 ,! ma9 eng9es1 comb9$ ) _! alt]nators1 lie 9 a s+le r[ along ! c5t] l9e ( ! op]at+ room ) ! /eam or op]at+ end ( ea* eng9e fac+ ! boil] h\se & ! opposite end t[>d ! electrical swit*+ & controll+ app>atus arrang$ along ! outside wall4 ,)9 ! area betwe5 ! boil] h\se & op]at+ room !re is plac$1 = ea* eng9e1 its respective complem5t ( pump+ app>atus1 all controll$ by & "u ! op]at+ jurisdiction ( ! eng9e] = t eng9e4 ,ea* eng9e] has ?us full control ( ! pump+ ma*9]y requir$ = 8 unit4 ,symmetrically arrang$ ) respect to ! c5t] l9e ( ea* eng9e are ! six boil]s 9 ! boil] room1 & ! pip+ f ^! six boil]s =ms a %ort connection betwe5 ! nozzles on ! boil]s & ! ?rottles on ! eng9e4 ,! arrangem5t ( pip+ is alike = ea* eng9e1 :i* results 9 a pip+ sy/em ( maximum simplicity t c be controll$1 9 ! ev5t ( difficulty1 ) a degree ( c]ta9ty n possible ) a m complicat$ sy/em4 ,! ma9 p>ts ( ! /eam-pipe sy/em c be controll$ f outside ?is area4 ,! s+le ti] ( boil]s makes x possible to secure a high & well v5tilat$ boil] room ) v5tilation into a /ory con/ruct$ above x1 aside f t af=d$ by ! w9d[s !mselves4 ,! boil] room w !re=e be cool 9 w>m wea!r & light1 & all difficulties f escap+ /eam w be m9imiz$4 ,9 ?is respect ! boil] room w be sup]ior to correspond+ rooms 9 plants ( old] con/ruction1 :]e !y are l[1 d>k1 & (t5 v hot dur+ ! summ] season4 ,! plac+ ( ! economiz]s1 ) _! auxili>y smoke flue connections1 9 ! economiz] room1 all symmetrically arrang$ ) respect to ea* *imney1 removes f ! boil] room an elem5t ( di/urbance & makes x possible to pass directly f ! boil] h\se to ! op]at+ room at conv5i5t po9ts along ! l5g? ( ! p[] h\se /ructure4 ,! location ( ea* *imney 9 ! c5t] ( ! boil] h\se betwe5 sets ( six boil]s divides ! coal bunk] con/ruction into sep>ate pockets by :i* tr\ble f spontane\s combu/ion c be localiz$1 &1 z describ$ lat]1 ! divid$ coal bunk]s c provide = ! /orage ( diff]5t grades ( coal4 ,! unit basis on :i* ! economiz] & flue sy/em is con/ruct$ w all[ mak+ repairs to any "o section )\t %utt+ (f ! portions n connect$ directly to ! section ne$+ repair4 ,! floor ( ! p[] h\se betwe5 ! column bases is a cont9u\s mass ( concrete n[h]e less ?an two feet ?ick4 ,! massive concrete f\ndations = ! reciprocat+ eng9es conta9 ea* #a1djj y>ds ( concrete above mean high wat] level1 & 9 "s cases h twice z mu* bel[ t po9t4 ,! total am\nt ( concrete 9 ! f\ndations ( ! f9i%$ p[] h\se is ab\t #hj1jjj y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,p[] ,,h\se ,wat] = cond5s+ purposes is drawn f ! riv] & dis*>g$ into x ?r\gh two monoli?ic concrete tunnels p>allel to ! axis ( ! build+4 ,! intake conduit has an oval int]ior1 #aj x #h-a_/b feet 9 size1 & a rectangul> ext]ior cross-section2 ! outfl[ tunnel has a horse%oe-%ape cross-section & is built on top ( ! intake tunnel4 ,^! tunnels 7 built ?r\gh\t 9 op5 tr5*1 :i*1 at ! %ore end1 0 excavat$ 9 solid rock4 ,at ! riv] end ! excavation 01 at "s places1 almo/ entirely ?r\gh ! fill & mud & 0 made 9 a c(f]dam compos$ *iefly ( %eet piles4 ,z x 0 impossible to drive ^! piles across ! old timb] crib :i* =m$ ! old dock front1 ! latt] 0 cut ?r\gh by a pneumatic caisson ( wood5-/ave con/ruction1 :i* =m$ "p ( "o side ( ! c(f]dam4 ,at ! riv] end ( ! c(f]dam ! rock 0 s deep t ! concrete c\ld n be c>ri$ d[n to its surface1 & ! tunnel section 0 built on a f\ndation ( piles driv5 to ! rock & cut (f by a /eam saw #ai-a_/b feet bel[ mean hightide4 ,?is section ( ! tunnel 0 built 9 a #fe x #dh-;foot float+ caisson #bd feet deep4 ,! concrete 0 ramm$ 9 x ar\nd ! m\lds & ! sides 7 brac$ z x sunk4 ,aft] ! tunnel sections 7 complet$1 ! caisson 0 sunk1 by wat] balla/1 to a be>+ on ! pile f\ndation4 ,adjac5t to ! cond5s+ wat] conduits is ! #aj x #ae-;foot rectangul> concrete tunnel1 ?r\gh :i* ! und]gr\nd coal conveyor is in/all$ betwe5 ! %ore end ( ! pi] & ! p[] h\se4 ,sid5ote3 ,/eel ,"w ,! /eel /ructure ( ! p[] h\se is indep5d5t ( ! walls1 ! latt] be+ self-support+ & us$ z be>+ walls only = a few ( ! beams 9 ! fir/ floor4 ,al?\gh /ructurally a s+le build+1 9 arrangem5t x is ess5tially two1 ly+ side by side & sep>at$ by a brick division wall4 ,!re are #eh transv]se & #i longitud9al r[s ( ma9 columns1 ! longitud9al spac+ be+ #ah feet & #cf feet = diff]5t r[s1 ) special brac+ 9 ! boil] h\se to accommodate ! arrangem5t ( boil]s4 ,! columns are ma9ly ( box section1 made up ( roll$ or built *annels & cov] plates4 ,!y are support$ by ca/-iron bases1 re/+ on ! granite cap/ones ( ! concrete f\ndation pi]s4 ,bo? ! boil] h\se & ! eng9e h\se h five ti]s ( floor fram+ bel[ ! flat portion ( ! ro(1 ! ?ree upp] ti]s ( ! eng9e h\se =m+ gall]ies on ea* side ( ! op]at+ room1 :i* is cle> = ! full height ( ! build+4 ,! boil] h\se floors are1 9 g5]al1 fram$ ) transv]se plate gird]s & longitud9al roll$ beams1 arrang$ to suit ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( ! impos$ loads ( ! boil]s1 economiz]s1 coal1 etc41 :ile ! eng9e-room floors & pipe & swit*bo>d gall]ies are 9 g5]al fram$ ) longitud9al plate gird]s & transv]se beams4 ,!re are sev5 coal bunk]s 9 ! boil] h\se1 ( :i* five are #gg feet & two #da feet 9 l5g? by #fj feet 9 wid? at ! top1 ! comb9$ maximum capacity be+ #ah1jjj tons4 ,! bunk]s are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! six *imneys spac$ along ! c5t] l9e ( ! boil] h\se4 ,! bottom ( ! bunk]s are at ! fif? floor1 at an elevation ( ab\t #ff feet above ! basem5t4 ,! bunk]s are con/ruct$ ) d\ble1 transv]se1 plate gird] frames at ea* l9e ( columns1 comb9$ ) /ruts & ties1 :i* balance ! outw>d ?ru/ ( ! coal aga9/ ! sides4 ,! frames =m ! outl9e ( ! bunk]s ) slides slop+ at #de degrees1 & c>ry longitud9al ,i-beams1 betwe5 :i* are built concrete ar*es1 re9=c$ ) exp&$ metal1 ! :ole surface be+ fill$ ) concrete ov] ! tops ( ! beams & giv5 a two-in* granoli?ic f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 #eh,,? ,,/4 ,,p[] ,,h\se--,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,coal ,,bunk]s ,,& ,,economiz]s4 ,illu/ration3 #eh,,? ,,/4 ,,p[] ,,h\se--,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,ma9 ,,op]at+ ,,floor4 ,! six *imneys1 spac$ #ajh feet ap>t1 & occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! ends ( ! adjac5t coal bunk]s1 are support$ on plate-gird] plat=ms 9 ! fif? floor1 leav+ ! space bel[ cle> = a symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! boil]s & economiz]s f end to end ( ! build+4 ,! plat=ms are fram$ ( s+le-web gird]s #h feet deep1 ?or\ghly brac$ & c>ry+ on _! top flanges a grillage ( #bj-;in* ,i-beam4 ,a sy/em ( brac+ = bo? ! *imney plat=ms & coal bunk]s is c>ri$ d[n to ! f\ndations 9 trav]se planes ab\t #cj feet ap>t4 ,! six? ti] ( beams con/itute a flat ro( ov] a portion ( ! build+ at ! c5t] & sides4 ,9 ! eng9e room1 at ?is level1 :i* is #fd feet above ! eng9e-room floor1 are provid$ ! two longitud9al l9es ( crane runway gird]s ^u :i* are op]at$ ! eng9e-room cranes4 ,runways = #aj-ton h& cranes are also provid$ = ! full l5g? ( ! boil] room1 & = ne>ly ! full l5g? ( ! nor? panel 9 ! eng9e room4 ,"s ( ! loads c>ri$ by ! /eel /ructure are z foll[s3 ,9 ! eng9e h\se1 op]at+ on ! longitud9al runways z m5tion$1 are "o #fj-ton & "o #be-ton electric travel+ crane ( #ge feet span4 ,! impos$ loads ( ! /eam-pipe gall]ies on ! s\? side & ! swit*bo>d gall]ies on ! nor? side are some:at irregul>ly di/ribut$1 b are equival5t to uni=m loads ( #bej to #djj p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,9 ! boil] h\se ! weight ( coal c>ri$ is ab\t #de tons p] longitud9al foot ( ! build+2 ! weight ( ! brick *imneys is #a1bjj tons ea*2 economiz]s1 ) brick sett+1 ab\t #d-a_/b tons p] longitud9al foot2 susp5d$ weight ( ! boil]s #if tons ea*1 & ! weight ( ! boil] sett+1 c>ri$ on ! fir/ floor fram+1 #afj tons ea*4 ,! weight ( /ructural /eel us$ 9 ! complet$ build+ is ab\t #aa1jjj tons4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[] ,h\se ,sup]/ructure ,! design ( ! facework ( ! p[] h\se receiv$ ! p]sonal att5tion ( ! directors ( ! company1 & its "* & ! class ( mat]ials to be employ$ 7 c>efully consid]$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! design on ! future value ( ! prop]ty & ! condition ( ! environm5t 9 g5]al 7 /udi$1 toge!r ) ! factors relat+ to ! future own]%ip ( ! plant by ! city4 ,sev]al plans 7 tak5 up look+ to ! con/ruction ( a p[] h\se ( massive & simple design1 b x 0 f9ally decid$ to adopt an ornate /yle ( treatm5t by :i* ! /ructure w\ld be r5d]$ ar*itecturally attractive & 9 h>mony ) ! rec5t t5d5cies ( municipal & city improvem5ts f an ar*itectural /&po9t4 ,at ! initial /age ( ! p[] h\se design ,mr4 ,/an=d ,:ite1 ( ! firm ( ,mc,kim1 ,mead ,:ite1 ( ,new ,york1 volunte]$ 8 s]vices to ! company z an advis] on ! matt] ( ! design ( ! facework1 &1 z 8 (f] 0 accept$1 8 connection ) ! "w has result$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! pres5t ext]ior design & ! selection ( ! mat]ials us$4 ,! ,elev5? ,av5ue faade is ! mo/ elaborately treat$1 b ! s*eme ( ! ma9 faade is c>ri$ along bo? ! #eh? & #ei? ,/reet fronts4 ,! we/]ly end ( ! /ructure1 fac+ ! riv]1 may ultimately be remov$ 9 case ! p[] h\se is ext5d$ to ! ,twelf? ,av5ue build+ l9e = ! reception ( f\rte5 g5]at+ equipm5ts2 & = ?is reason ?is wall is design$ pla9ly ( less co/ly mat]ial4 ,! g5]al /yle ( ! facework is :at may be call$ ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 & ! color s*eme has1 !re=e1 be5 made r light 9 "*4 ,! base ( ! ext]ior walls has be5 f9i%$ ) cut granite up to ! wat] table1 above :i* !y h be5 laid up ) a light color$ buff press$ brick4 ,?is brick has be5 enri*$ by ! use ( simil>ly color$ t]ra-cotta1 :i* appe>s 9 ! pila/]s1 ab\t ! w9d[s1 9 ! sev]al entablatures1 & 9 ! cornice & p>apet "w4 ,! ,elev5? ,av5ue faade is fur!r enri*$ by m>ble m$allions1 fram$ ) t]ra-cotta1 & by a title panel directly ov] ! front ( ! /ructure4 ,! ma9 entrance to ! /ructure is situat$ at its nor!a/ corn]1 &1 z ! railroad track passes along j inside ! build+1 ! entrance prop] is ! doorway imm$iately beyond ! track1 & op5s into ! entrance lobby4 ,! doorway is trimm$ ) cut granite & ! lobby is f9i%$ ) a m>ble wa9scot+4 ,! int]ior ( ! op]at+ room is fac$ ) a light1 cream-color$ press$ brick ) an enamel$ brick wa9scot+1 eight feet high1 ext5d+ ar\nd ! entire op]at+ area2 ! wa9scot+ is :ite except = a br[n bord] & base4 ,! (fices1 ! toilets & lock] rooms are f9i%$ & fitt$ ) mat]ials 9 h>mony ) ! high-class "* ( ! build+4 ,! masonry-floor con/ruction consi/s ( concrete re9=c$ ) exp&$ metal1 & except :]e iron or o!r floor plates are us$1 or :]e tile or special floor+ is laid1 ! floor is cov]$ ) a h>d cem5t granoli?ic f9i%4 ,9 ! design ( ! int]ior arrangem5ts1 ! value ( a g5]\s supply ( /airways 0 appreciat$1 9 ord] t all p>ts ( ! /ructure might be made readily accessible1 especially 9 ! boil] h\se section4 ,9 ! boil] h\se & ma*9]y portion ( ! plant ! /airways1 rail+s1 & accessories are pla9ly b /rongly con/ruct$4 ,! ma9 /airways are1 h[ev]1 ( some:at ornate design1 ) m>ble & o!r trim "w1 & ! rail+s ( ! ma9 gall]y con/ruction are likewise ( ornate treatm5t4 ,all ext]ior doors & trim are ( metal & all int]ior c>p5t] "w is done ) ,kalome9 iron protection1 s t ! build+1 9 its /ricte/ s5se1 w conta9 no combu/ible mat]ial4 ,sid5ote3 ,*imneys ,! complete #ab-unit p[] h\se w h six *imneys1 spac$ #ajh feet ap>t on ! longitud9al c5t] l9e ( ! boil] room1 ea* *imney be+ #ae feet 9 inside diamet] at ! top1 :i* is #bbe feet above ! grate b>s4 ,ea* w s]ve ! twelve boil]s includ$ 9 ! section ( :i* x is ! c5t]1 ^! boil]s hav+ an aggregate ( #gb1jjj squ>e feet ( heat+ surface4 ,by ^! dim5sions ea* *imney has a fair surplus capacity1 & x is calculat$ t1 ) economiz]s 9 ! pa? ( ! furnace gases1 !re w be suffici5t draft to meet a dem& slightly above ! normal rat+ ( ! boil]s4 ,to provide = ov]load capacity1 z may be dem&$ by future conditions1 a =c$ draft sy/em w be suppli$1 z describ$ lat]4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! *imneys are all support$ ^u ! /eel /ructure ( ! build+ at an elevation ( #gf feet above ! basem5t floor & #fc feet above ! grates4 ,! support+ plat=ms are1 9 ea* case1 c>ri$ on six ( ! build+ columns 7! ?ree front columns ( two gr\ps ( boil]s on opposite sides ( ! c5t] aisle ( ! boil] room71 & ea* plat=m is compos$ ( s+le-web plate gird]s1 well brac$ & surm\nt$ by a grillage ( #bj-;in* ,i-beams4 ,! grillage is fill$ solidly ) concrete & flu%$ smoo? on top to receive ! brickwork ( ! *imney4 ,ea* *imney is #afb feet 9 total height ( brickwork above ! top ( ! support+ plat=m1 & ea* *imney is #bc feet squ>e 9 ! outside dim5sion at ! base1 *ang+ to an octagonal =m at a po9t #ad feet #c in*es above ! base4 ,?is octagonal =m is c>ri$ to a height ( #cb feet #f in*es above ! base1 at :i* po9t ! circul> section ( radial brick beg9s4 ,! octagonal base ( ! *imney is ( h>d-burn$ r$ brick ?ree feet 9 ?ickness betwe5 ! side ( ! octagon & ! int]ior circul> section4 ,! brick "w is />t$ f ! top ( ! grillage plat=m ) a /eel *annel curb1 ?ree feet 9 dep?1 ?r\gh :i* two l9es ( /eel rods are run 9 ea* direction1 ?us b9d+ toge!r ! fir/ ?ree feet ( brickwork1 & design$ to prev5t any flak+ at ! outside4 ,at a level ( ?ree feet above ! bottom ( ! brickwork1 a lay] ( wat]-pro(+ is plac$ ov] ! int]ior area & cov]$ ) two c\rses ( brick1 ^u :i* are built diagonal brick walls1 #d in*es ?ick1 #ab in*es ap>t1 & ab\t #ah in*es 9 height4 ,^! walls are !mselves p]=at$ at int]vals1 & ! :ole is cov]$ ) h&-burn$ t]ra-cotta blocks1 ?us =m+ a cellul> air space1 :i* communicates ) ! ext]ior air & s]ves z an insulation aga9/ heat = ! /eelwork b5ea?4 ,a s+le lay] ( firebrick completes ! floor+ ( ! int]ior area1 :i* is also flu% ) ! bottom ( ! flue op5+s4 ,!re are two flue op5+s1 diametrically opposite1 & #f feet wide by #ag feet high to ! cr[n ( ! ar*$ top4 ,!y are l9$ ) fire brick1 :i* jo9s ! fire-brick l9+ ( ! int]ior ( ! %aft1 ?is latt] be+ bond$ to ! r$-brick walls to a po9t #f feet bel[ ! top ( ! octagon1 & ext5d$ above = a height ( #ad feet )9 ! circul> %aft1 z an inn] %ell4 ,! usual baffle wall is provid$ ( fire brick1 #ac in*es ?ick1 ext5d+ diagonally across ! *imney1 & #d feet above ! tops ( ! flue op5+s4 ,:]e ! *imney passes ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! boil] h\se1 a /eel plate & angle curb1 :i* cle>s ! *imney by #f in*es at all po9ts1 is provid$ 9 connection ) ! ro( fram+4 ,?is is cov]$ by a hood fla%$ into ! brickwork1 s t ! ro( has no connection ) or be>+ ^u ! *imney4 ,at a po9t #d feet #f in*es bel[ ! cap ( ! *imney ! brickwork is corbel$ out = sev]al c\rses1 =m+ a l$ge1 ar\nd ! outside ( :i* is plac$ a wr\ght-iron rail+1 ?us =m+ a walkway ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! *imney top4 ,! cap is ( ca/ iron1 surm\nt$ by eight #c x #a-;in* wr\ght-iron ribs1 b5t ov] ! outlet & ) po9t$ ends ga!r$ toge!r at ! c5t]4 ,! lightn+ conductors are c>ri$ d[n ! outside ( ! %aft to ! ro( & !nce to ! gr\nd outside ( ! build+4 ,galvaniz$ iron ladd] rungs 7 built 9 ! brickwork1 = ladd]s bo? inside & outside ! %aft4 ,! *imneys1 except = ! octagonal r$-brick base1 are con/ruct$ ( ! radial p]=at$ bricks4 ,! lightn+ rods are tipp$ ) po9t$ plat9um po9ts ab\t #ah in*es long4 ,sid5ote3 ,nor? ,riv] ,pi] ,exceptional facilities h be5 provid$ = ! unload+ ( coal f vessels1 or b>ges1 :i* c be br\ght to ! nor!rly side ( ! rec5tly con/ruct$ pi] at ! foot ( ,we/ #eh? ,/reet4 ,! pi] 0 specially built by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,docks & ,f]ries & is #gjj feet long & #fj feet wide4 ,! pi] con/ruction includes a special riv] wall across #eh? ,/reet at ! bulkhead l9e ?r\gh :i* ! cond5s+ wat] w be tak5 f & return$ to ! riv]4 ,imm$iately outside ! riv] wall & b5ea? ! deck ( ! pi]1 !re is a sy/em ( scre5s ?r\gh :i* ! intake wat] is pass$4 ,on ea* side :]e ! wat] ent]s ! scre5 *amb]1 is a heavy /eel grillage2 inside ?is is a sy/em ( f9e scre5s arrang$ s t ! sev]al scre5s c be rais$1 by a special ma*9e1 = ! purpose ( clean+4 ,! advantages ( a well-design$ scre5+ outfit has be5 appreciat$1 & consid]able c>e has be5 ex]cis$ to make x z reliable & effective z possible4 ,at ea* side ( ! c5t] ( ! pi]1 j bel[ ! deck1 !re are two dis*>ge wat] conduits con/ruct$ ( heavy timb]1 to conduct ! w>m wat] f ! cond5s]s away f ! cold wat] intakes at ! scre5s4 ,two wat] conduits are employ$1 9 ord] t "o may be repair$ or r5ew$ :ile us+ ! o!r2 9 fact1 ! entire pi] is con/ruct$ ) ! view ( r5ewal )\t int]f]5ce 9 ! op]ation = :i* x 0 provid$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,p[] ,,plant ,,f ,,coal ,,pile ,,to ,,%afts ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,turb9es ,f ! m9ute & specific description 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 a cle> idea w h be5 obta9$ ( ! p[] h\se build+ & its adjuncts1 z well z ( ! features :i* n only g to make x an ar*itectural l&m>k1 b :i* adapt x specifically = ! vital function t x is call$ ^u to p]=m4 ,we n[ come to a review & detail$ description ( ! p[] plant equipm5t 9 its g5]al relation to ! build+1 & foll[ ! p[] ?r\gh f ! coal pile to ! %afts ( ! eng9es or /eam turb9es atta*$ to ! dynamos :i* g5]ate curr5t = p[] & = light4 ,sid5ote3 ,coal & ,a% ,h&l+ ,equipm5t ,! elem5ts ( ! coal h&l+ equipm5t comprise a movable electric hoi/+ t[] ) cru%+ & weigh+ app>atus--a sy/em ( horizontal belt conveyors1 ) #cj-;in* belts1 to c>ry ! cru%$ & weigh$ coal along ! dock & !nce by tunnel und]gr\nd to ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! p[] h\se2 a sy/em ( #cj-;in* belt conveyors to elevate ! coal a di/ance ( #aaj feet to ! top ( ! boil] h\se1 at ! rate ( #bej tons p] h\r or m1 if s desir$1 & a sy/em ( #bj-;in* belt conveyors to di/ribute x horizontally ov] ! coal bunk]s4 ,^! conveyors h automatic self rev]s+ tripp]s1 :i* di/ribute ! coal ev5ly 9 ! bunk]s4 ,= h&l+ diff]5t grades ( coal1 di/ribut+ conveyors are arrang$ und]nea? ! bunk]s = deliv]+ ! coal f a p>ticul> bunk] ?r\gh gates to ! d[ntake hopp]s 9 front ( ! boil]s1 z h]eaft] describ$4 ,! equipm5t = remov+ a%es f ! boil] room basem5t & = /or+ & deliv]+ ! a%es to b>ges1 comprises ! foll[+ elem5ts3 ,a sy/em ( tracks1 #bd in*es gauge1 ext5d+ "u ! a%-hopp] gates 9 ! boil]-h\se cell> & ext5d+ to an elevat$ /orage bunk] at ! wat] front4 ,! roll+ /ock consi/s ( #bd /eel c>s ( #b tons capacity1 hav+ gable bottoms & side dump+ doors4 ,ea* c> has two f\r-:eel pivot$ trucks ) spr+s4 ,motive p[] is suppli$ by an electric /orage batt]y locomotive4 ,! c>s deliv] ! a%es to an elevat+ belt conveyor1 :i* fills ! a% bunk]4 ,?is w conta9 #a1jjj tons1 & is built ( /eel ) a susp5sion bottom l9$ ) concrete4 ,= deliv]+ /or$ a%es to b>ges1 a collect+ belt ext5ds longitud9ally "u ! pocket1 be+ f$ by eight gates4 ,x deliv]s a%es to a load+ belt conveyor1 ! outbo>d end ( :i* is h+$ s z to v>y ! height ( deliv]y & to fold up inside ! :>f l9e :5 n 9 use4 ,! coal h&l+ sy/em 9 "q 0 adopt$ because any s]i\s int]ruption ( s]vice w\ld be ( %ort duration1 z any belt1 or "p ( ! belt me*anism1 c\ld quickly be repair$ or replac$4 ,! sy/em also possess$ advantages ) respect to ! automatic ev5 di/ribution ( coal 9 ! bunk]s1 by means ( ! self rev]s+ tripp]s4 ,^! d]ive _! p[] f ! convey+ belts4 ,ea* conveyor has a rot>y clean+ bru% to cleanse ! belt be=e x rea*es ! driv+ pulley & !y are all driv5 by induction motors4 ,! t[] frame & boom are /eel4 ,! t[] rolls on two rails along ! dock & is self-propell+4 ,! lift is unusually %ort2 = ! reason t ! weigh+ app>atus is remov$ horizontally to "o side 9 a sep>ate h\se1 in/ead ( ly+ v]tically bel[ ! cru%]4 ,?is arrangem5t r$uces by #dj p] c5t4 ! lift ( ! bucket1 :i* is ( ! clam-%ell type ( =ty-f\r cubic feet capacity4 ,! motive p[] = op]at+ ! bucket is p]haps ! mo/ massive & p[]ful ev] in/all$ = su* s]vice4 ,! ma9 hoi/ is directly connect$ to a #bjj horse-p[] motor ) a special sy/em ( control4 ,! trolley eng9e = haul+ ! bucket along ! boom is also direct c\pl$ to a multipol> motor4 ,! receiv+ hopp] has a l>ge ?roat1 & a /eel grizzly 9 x :i* sorts out coal small en\gh = ! /ok]s & bypasses x ar\nd ! cru%]4 ,! cru%] is ( ! two-roll type1 ) reliev+ spr+s1 & is op]at$ by a motor1 :i* is also us$ = propell+ ! t[]4 ,! coal is weigh$ 9 duplex two-ton hopp]s4 ,special att5tion has be5 giv5 to provid+ = ! com=t & safety ( ! op]ators4 ,! cabs h bayw9d[ fronts1 to enable ! m5 to h an unob/ruct$ view ( ! bucket at all times )\t pe]+ ?r\gh slots 9 ! floor4 ,walks & h& l9es are provid$ on bo? sides ( ! boom = safe inspection4 ,! runn+ ropes pass ?r\gh h>dwood slides1 :i* cov] ! slots 9 ! eng9e h\se ro( to exclude ra9 & sn[4 ,?is type ( motive p[] 0 select$ 9 pref]5ce to trolley locomotives = mov+ ! a% c>s1 ow+ to ! rapid de/ruction ( ov]head l9es & rail bonds by ! action ( a%es & wat]4 ,! locomotive consi/s ( two units1 ea* ( :i* has f\r driv+ :eels1 & c>ries its own motor & batt]y4 ,! use ( two units all[s ! locomotive to r\nd curves ) v small ov]hangs1 z comp>$ ) a s+le-body locomotive4 ,curves ( #ab feet radius c be turn$ ) ease4 ,! gross weight ( ! locomotive is ab\t five tons1 all ( :i* is available = traction4 ,sid5ote3 ,coal ,d[ntakes ,! coal f ! coal bunk]s is all[$ to fl[ d[n into ! boil] room ?r\gh two r[s ( d[ntakes1 "o on ea* side ( ! c5tral gangway or fir+ place4 ,ea* bunk] has eight ca/-iron outlets1 f\r on ea* side1 & to ^! outlets are bolt$ gate valves = %utt+ (f ! coal f ! correspond+ d[ntakes4 ,f ^! gates ! d[ntakes lead to hopp]s :i* are on ! economiz] floor1 & f ^! hopp]s ! l[] sets ( d[ntakes ext5d d[n to ! boil]s4 ,j above ! hopp]s on ! economiz] floor ! coal d[ntakes are provid$ ) valves & *utes to fe$ ! coal1 ei!r into ! hopp] or into ! di/ribut+ flight conveyor alongside ( x4 ,^! di/ribut+ conveyors1 "o correspond+ ) ea* r[ ( d[ntakes1 p]mits ! fe$+ ( coal f any bunk] or bunk]s to all ! boil]s :5 desir$4 ,!y are ! ord9>y type ( flight conveyor1 capable ( runn+ 9 ei!r direction & provid$ ) gates 9 ! bottom ( ! tr\gh = fe$+ into ! sev]al above m5tion$ hopp]s4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate ! /resses t w\ld develop 9 a conveyor ( ! full l5g? ( ! build+1 ! conveyors are ( half ! entire l5g?1 ) electric driv+ eng9es 9 ! c5t] ( ea* cont9u\s l9e4 ,! in/allation ( ?is conveyor sy/em1 9 connection ) ! coal d[ntakes1 makes x possible to c>ry a high-grade coal 9 "s ( ! bunk]s = use dur+ p]iods ( heavy load & a *eap] grade 9 o!r bunk]s = ! p]iods ( light load4 ,to provide means = %utt+ (f ! coal supply to ea* boil]1 a small hopp] is plac$ j ov] ea* boil]1 & ! d[ntake fe$+ into x is provid$ ) a gate at its l[] end4 ,two v]tical d[ntakes ext5d d[n f ! boil] hopp] to ! boil] room floor or to ! /ok]s1 z ! case may be1 & !y are h+$ j bel[ ! boil] hopp] to all[ _! be+ drawn up out ( ! way :5 necess>y to inspect ! boil] tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,end ,,p[] ,,h\se ,,9 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,erection ,:]ev] ! direction ( fl[ ( ! coal is *ang$1 poke holes are provid$ 9 ! d[ntakes to enable ! firem5 to break any ar*+ t5d5cy ( ! coal 9 ! d[ntakes4 ,all p>ts ( ! d[ntakes are ( ca/ iron1 except ! v]tical p>ts 9 front ( ! boil]s1 :i* are ( wr\ght-iron pipe4 ,^! v]tical d[ntakes are #aj in*es 9 inside diamet]1 :ile all o!rs are #ad in*es 9 inside diamet]4 ,sid5ote3 ,ma9 ,boil] ,room ,! ma9 boil] room is design$ to receive ultimately sev5ty-two safety wat] tube ?ree drum boil]s1 ea* hav+ #f1jjh squ>e feet ( effective heat+ surface1 by :i* ! aggregate heat+ surface ( ! boil] room w be #dcb1egf squ>e feet4 ,!re are fifty-two boil]s erect$ 9 pairs1 or batt]ies1 & betwe5 ea* batt]y is a passageway five feet wide4 ,! boil]s are design$ = a work+ /eam pressure ( #bbe p\nds p] squ>e in* & = a hydraulic te/ pressure ( #cjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,ea* boil] is provid$ ) tw5ty-"o v]tical wat] tube sections1 & ea* section is f\rte5 tubes high4 ,! tubes are ( lap weld$1 *>coal iron1 #d in*es 9 diamet] & #ah feet long4 ,! drums are #db in*es 9 diamet] & #bc feet & #aj in*es long4 ,all p>ts are ( op5-he>? /eel2 ! %ell plates are #i_/af ( an in* ?ick & ! drum head plates #aa_/af in*1 & 9 ?is respect ! ?ickness ( mat]ial employ$ is slightly 9 excess ( /&>d practice4 ,ano!r advance on /&>d practice is 9 ! rivet+ ( ! circul> seams1 ^! be+ lap-jo9t$ & d\ble rivet$4 ,all longitud9al seams are butt-/rapp$1 inside & outside1 & secur$ by six r[s ( rivets4 ,manholes are only provid$ = ! front heads1 & ea* front head is provid$ ) a special heavy bronze pad1 = mak+ connection to ! /op & *eck fe$ wat] valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op]at+ ,,room ,,%[+ ,,cond5s]s--,,p[] ,,h\se ,! sett+ ( ! boil] embodies sev]al special features :i* are new 9 boil] erection4 ,! boil]s are set high] up f ! floor ?an 9 /&>d practice1 ! c5t] ( ! drums be+ #ai feet above ! floor l9e4 ,?is feature provides a high] combu/ion *amb]1 = ei!r h&-fir$ grates or automatic /ok]s2 & = incl9$ grate /ok]s ! fire is c>ri$ well up above ! support+ gird]s "u ! side walls1 s t ^! gird]s w n be heat$ by proximity to ! fire4 ,z reg>ds ! masonry sett+1 practically ! entire inside surface expos$ to ! hot gases is l9$ ) a high grade ( fire brick4 ,! back ( ! sett+1 :]e ! re> clean+ is done1 is provid$ ) a slid+ floor plate1 :i* is us$ :5 ! upp] tubes are be+ clean$4 ,!re is also a door at ! floor l9e & ano!r at a high] level = light & v5tilation :5 clean+4 ,ov] ! tubes arrangem5ts h be5 made = ! reception ( sup]heat+ app>atus )\t *ang+ ! brickwork4 ,:]e ! brick walls are con/ruct$1 at ea* side ( ! build+ columns at ! front1 ca/-iron plates are erect$ to a height ( #h feet on ea* side ( ! column4 ,an air space is provid$ betwe5 ea* ca/-iron plate & ! column1 :i* is accessible = clean+ f ! boil] front2 ! object ( ! plates & air space be+ to prev5t ! transmission ( heat to ! /eel columns4 ,an additional feature ( ! boil] sett+ consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( a soot hopp]1 back ( ea* bridge wall1 by :i* ! soot c be dis*>g$ into a% c>s 9 ! basem5t4 ,! ma9 a% hopp]s are con/ruct$ ( #a_/b-;in* /eel plate1 ! design be+ a d\ble inv]t$ pyramid ) an a% gate at ea* inv]t$ apex4 ,! hopp]s are well provid$ ) /iff5+ angles & tees1 & ! capacity ( ea* is ab\t #hj cubic feet4 ,9 front ( all ! boil]s is a cont9u\s plat=m ( op5-"w ca/-iron plates1 laid on /eel beams1 ! level ( ! plat=m be+ #h feet above ! ma9 floor4 ,! plat=m connects across ! fir+ area1 opposite ! walk betwe5 ! batt]ies1 & at ^! po9ts ?is plat=m is c>ri$ betwe5 ! boil] sett+s4 ,at ! re> ( ! nor!rly r[ ( boil]s ! plat=m runs along ! p>tition wall1 betwe5 ! boil] h\se & op]at+ room & at int]vals doorways are provid$ :i* op5 into ! pump area4 ,! level ( ! plat=m is ev5 ) t ( ! ma9 op]at+ room floor1 s t x may be freely us$ by ! wat] t5d]s & by ! op]at+ eng9e]s )\t be+ ob/ruct$ by ! firem5 or _! tools4 ,! plat=m 9 front ( ! boil]s w also be us$ = clean+ purposes1 &1 9 ?is respect1 x w d away ) ! unsightly & objectionable scaffolds usually employ$ = ?is "w4 ,! wat] t5d]s w also be br\ght ne>] to ! wat] columns ?an :5 op]at+ on ! ma9 floor4 ,! fe$-wat] valves w be regulat$ f ! plat=m1 z well z ! spe$ ( ! boil]-fe$ pumps4 ,foll[+ ,european practice1 ea* boil] is provid$ ) two wat] columns1 "o on ea* outside drum1 & ea* boil] w h "o /eam gauge above ! plat=m = ! wat] t5d]s & "o bel[ ! plat=m = ! firem54 ,! /op & *eck valves on ea* boil] drum h be5 made specially heavy = ! requirem5ts ( ?is p[] h\se1 & ?is special increase ( weight has be5 appli$ to all ! sev]al m9or boil] fitt+s4 ,h&-fir$ grates ( ! %ak+ patt]n h be5 furni%$ = ?irty-six boil]s1 & = ea* ( ^! grates a special l[] front has be5 con/ruct$4 ,^! fronts are ( %eet /eel1 & ! coal passes d[n to ! floor ?r\gh two /eel buck/ays :i* h be5 enl>g$ = ! purpose4 ,!re are ?ree fir+ doors & ! sill ( ea* door is #cf in*es above ! floor4 ,! gate area ( ! h&-fir$ grates is #ajj squ>e feet1 be+ #h feet deep by #ab feet #f in*es wide4 ,! twelve boil]s1 :i* w receive coal f ! coal bunk] locat$ betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? *imneys1 h be5 furni%$ ) automatic /ok]s4 ,x is propos$ to employ sup]heat]s to ! entire boil] plant4 ,! boil]-room ceil+ has be5 made especially high1 & 9 ?is respect ! room diff]s f mo/ p[] h\ses ( simil> con/ruction4 ,! di/ance f ! floor to ! ceil+ is #ce feet1 & f ! floor plates ov] ! boil]s to ! ceil+ is #ac feet4 ,ov] ea* boil] is an op5+ to ! economiz] floor above1 cov]$ ) an iron grat+4 ,! height ( ! room1 z well z ! feature ( ^! op5+s1 & ! /airway wells & ) ! l>ge ext5t ( w9d[ op5+ 9 ! s\? wall1 w make ! room light & especially well v5tilat$4 ,"u ^! conditions ! int5se heat usually enc\nt]$ ov] boil]s w l>gely be obviat$4 ,9 addition to mak+ provisions = ! air to escape f ! upp] "p ( ! boil] room1 arrangem5ts h be5 provid$ = all[+ ! air to ent] at ! bottom4 ,?is infl[ ( air w take place ?r\gh ! s\!rly r[ ( basem5t w9d[s1 :i* ext5d above ! boil] room floor1 & ?r\gh ! wr\ght-iron op5-"w floor con/ruction ext5d+ along 9 ! re> ( ! nor!rly r[ ( boil]s4 ,a notewor?y feature ( ! boil] room is ! #aj-ton h&-p[] crane1 :i* travels along 9 ! c5tral aisle ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ! /ructure4 ,?is crane is us$ = erection & = heavy repair1 & its use has greatly assi/$ ! spe$y assembl+ ( ! boil] plant4 ,sid5ote3 ,bl[]s & ,air ,ducts ,9 ord] to burn ! f9] grades ( an?racite coal 9 suffici5t quantities to obta9 boil] rat+ ) ! h&-fir$ grates1 & 9 ord] to secure a l>ge excess ov] boil] rat+ ) o!r coals1 a sy/em ( bl[]s & air ducts has be5 provid$ 9 ! basem5t "u ! boil]s4 ,"o bl[] is select$ = e ?ree boil]s1 ) arrangem5ts = supply+ all six boil]s f "o bl[]4 ,! bl[]s are #aa feet high above ! floor & #e feet #f in*es wide at ! floor l9e4 ,ea* bl[] is direct-connect$ to a two crank #g-a_/b x #ac x #f-a_/b-;in* upright1 automatic1 comp\nd1 /eam eng9e ( ! self-enclos$ type1 & is to provide a suffici5t am\nt ( air to burn #aj1jjj p\nds ( combu/ible p] h\r ) #b in*es ( wat] pressure 9 ! a% pits4 ,sid5ote3 ,smoke ,flues & ,economiz]s ,! smoke flue & economiz] con/ruction ?r\gh\t ! build+ is ( uni=m design1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! smoke flue & economiz] sy/em = "o *imney is id5tical ) t = e o!r *imney4 ,9 ea* case1 ! sy/em is symmetrically arrang$ ab\t its respective *imney1 z c be se5 by ref]5ce to ! plans4 ,! twelve boil]s = ea* *imney are ea* provid$ ) two r\nd smoke uptakes1 :i* c>ry ! products ( combu/ion upw>d to ! ma9 smoke flue sy/em on ! economiz] floor4 ,a ma9 smoke flue is provid$ = ea* gr\p ( ?ree boil]s1 & ea* pair ( ma9 smoke flues jo9 toge!r on ! c5t] l9e ( ! *imney1 :]e 9 ea* case "o common flue c>ries ! gases into ! side ( ! *imney4 ,! two common flues la/ m5tion$ ent] at opposite sides ( ! *imney4 ,! ma9 flues are arrang$ & fitt$ ) damp]s1 s t ! gases c pass directly to ! *imney1 or else !y c be div]t$ ?r\gh ! economiz]s & !nce rea* ! *imney4 ,! uptakes f ea* boil] are con/ruct$ ( #c_/h-;in* plate & ea* is l9$ ) radial holl[ brick #d in*es ?ick4 ,ea* is provid$ ) a damp] :i* op]ates on a %aft turn+ 9 roll] be>+s4 ,! uptakes re/ on iron beams at ! bottom1 & at ! top1 :]e !y jo9 ! ma9 flue1 means are provid$ to take up expansion & contraction4 ,! ma9 flue1 :i* re/s on ! economiz] floor1 is :at might be call$ a /eel box1 con/ruct$ ( #c_/h-;in* plate1 #f feet #d in*es wide & #ac feet high4 ,! bottom is l9$ ) brick laid flat & ! sides ) brick walls #h in*es ?ick1 & ! top is =m$ ( brick ar*es sprung betwe54 ,sid5ote3 ,/eam ,pip+ ,! sectional plan adopt$ = ! p[] h\se has made a uni=m & simple arrangem5t ( /eam pip+ possible1 ) ! pip+ = ea* section1 except t ( ! turb9e bay1 id5tical ) t = e o!r section4 ,/>t+ ) ! six boil]s = "o ma9 eng9e1 ! /eam pip+ may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,a cross-ov] pipe is erect$ on ea* boil]1 by means ( :i* & a comb9ation ( valves & fitt+s ! /eam may be pass$ ?r\gh ! sup]heat]4 ,9 ! deliv]y f ea* boil] !re is a quick-clos+ #i-;in* valve1 :i* c be clos$ f ! boil] room floor by h& or f a di/ant po9t individually or 9 gr\ps ( six4 ,ris]s ) #i-;in* wr\ght-iron goose necks connect ea* boil] to ! /eam ma91 :]e #i-;in* angle valves are ins]t$ 9 ea* boil] connection4 ,^! valves c be clos$ f ! plat=m ov] ! boil]s1 & are gr\p$ ?ree ov] "o set ( ?ree boil]s & ?ree ov] ! opposite set4 ,! ma9 f ! six boil]s is c>ri$ directly across ! boil] h\se 9 a /raight l9e to a po9t 9 ! pipe area :]e x rises to connect to ! two #ad-;in* /eam d[ntakes to ! eng9e ?rottles4 ,at ?is po9t ! /eam c also be l$ d[nw>d to a manifold to :i* ! comp5sat+ tie l9es are connect$4 ,^! comp5sat+ l9es are run l5g?wise ?r\gh ! p[] h\se = ! purpose ( jo9+ ! sy/ems toge!r1 z desir$4 ,! two d[ntakes to ! eng9e ?rottles drop to ! basem5t1 :]e ea*1 ?r\gh a goose neck1 deliv]s into a receiv] & sep>at+ tank & f ! tank ?r\gh a second goose neck into ! correspond+ ?rottle4 ,a quick-clos+ valve appe>s at ! po9t :]e ! #ag-;in* pipe divides into ! two #ad-;in* d[ntakes & a simil> valve is provid$ at ! po9t :]e ! ma9 connects to ! manifold4 ,! fir/ valve w close ! /eam to ! eng9e & ! second w control ! fl[ ( /eam to & f ! manifold4 ,^! valves c be op]at$ by h& f a plat=m locat$ on ! wall inside ! eng9e room1 or !y c be clos$ f a di/ant po9t by hydraulic app>atus4 ,9 ! ev5t ( accid5t ! pip+ to any eng9e c be quickly cut out or t sy/em ( pip+ c quickly be disconnect$ f ! comp5sat+ sy/em4 ,! pipe area conta9+1 z m5tion$1 ! v>i\s valves describ$1 toge!r ) ! manifolds & comp5sat+ pipes1 is divid$ by means ( cross-walls into sections correspond+ to ea* pair ( ma9 eng9es4 ,ea* section is ?us sep>at$ f ^? adjo9+1 s t any escape ( /eam 9 "o section c be localiz$ &1 by means ( ! quick-clos+ valves1 ! pip+ = ! correspond+ pair ( ma9 eng9es c be disconnect$ f ! re/ ( ! p[] h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,f ,,top ,,( ,,*imney ,,%[+ ,,wat] ,,frontage--,,p[] ,,h\se ,all ca/ iron us$ 9 ! fitt+s is call$ air-furnace iron1 :i* is a semi-/eel & t\gh] ?an ord9>y iron4 ,all l9e & b5t pipe is ( wr\ght iron1 & ! flanges are loose & made ( wr\ght /eel4 ,! %ell ( ! pipe is b5t ov] ! face ( ! flange4 ,all ! jo9ts 9 ! ma9 /eam l9e1 above #b-a_/b in*es 9 size1 are gr\nd jo9ts1 metal to metal1 no gaskets be+ us$4 ,unlike ! flanges ord9>ily us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 special extra /rong proportions h be5 adopt$1 & x may be said t all flanges & bolts us$ are #ej p] c5t4 heavi] ?an ! s-call$ extra heavy proportions us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat] ,pip+ ,! fe$ wat] w ent] ! build+ at ?ree po9ts1 ! l>ge/ wat] s]vice be+ #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* ent]s ! /ructure at its s\!a/ corn]4 ,! wat] fir/ passes ?r\gh fi% traps & !nce ?r\gh met]s1 & f !m to ! ma9 res]voir tanks1 arrang$ along ! c5t] ( ! boil] h\se basem5t4 ,! wat] is all[$ to fl[ into ea* tank by means ( an automatic float valve4 ,! wat] w be p>tly heat$ 9 ^! res]voir tanks by means ( hot wat] dis*>g$ f high-pressure /eam traps4 ,9 ?is way ! heat conta9$ 9 ! dra9age f ! high-pressure /eam is1 = ! mo/ "p1 return$ to ! boil]s4 ,f ! res]voir tanks ! wat] is conduct$ to ! fe$-wat] pumps1 by :i* x is dis*>g$ ?r\gh fe$-wat] heat]s :]e x is fur!r heat$ by ! exhau/ /eam f ! cond5s+ & fe$-wat] pumps4 ,f ! fe$-wat] heat]s ! wat] w be c>ri$ direct to ! boil]s2 or ?r\gh ! economiz] sy/em to be fur!r heat$ by ! wa/e gases f ! boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portion ,,( ,,ma9 ,,/eam ,,pip+ ,,9 ,,pipe ,,area ,l ! /eam-pipe sy/em1 ! fe$-wat] pip+ is laid out on ! sectional plan1 ! pip+ = ! sev]al sections be+ id5tical1 except = ! connections f ! /reet s]vice to ! res]voir tanks4 ,! fe$-wat] pip+ is con/ruct$ :olly ( ca/ iron1 except ! pip+ above ! floor l9e to ! boil]s1 :i* is ( extra heavy semi-anneal$ brass ) extra heavy ca/-iron fitt+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,eng9e & ,turb9e ,equipm5t ,! eng9e & turb9e equipm5t "u contract embraces n9e #h1jjj to #aa1jjj horse p[] ma9 eng9es1 direct-connect$ to #e1jjj kil[att g5]ators1 ?ree /eam turb9es1 direct-connect$ to #a1hge kil[att light+ g5]ators & two #djj horse p[] eng9es1 direct-connect$ to #bej kil[att excit] g5]ators4 ,sid5ote3 ,ma9 ,eng9es ,! ma9 eng9es are simil> 9 type to ^? in/all$ 9 ! #gd? ,/reet p[] h\se ( ! ,manhattan ,division ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company1 i4 e41 ea* consi/s ( two compon5t comp\nd eng9es1 bo? connect$ to a common %aft1 ) ! g5]ator plac$ betwe5 ! two compon5t eng9es4 ,! type ( eng9e is n[ well kn[n & w n be describ$ 9 detail1 b z a comp>ison ( v>i\s dim5sions & features ( ! ,manhattan & ,rapid ,transit eng9es may be ( int]e/1 ! accompany+ tabulation is submitt$3 ,manhattan4 ,rapid ,transit4 ,diamet] ( high-pressure cyl9d]s1 in*es1 #dd #db ,diamet] ( l[-pressure cyl9d]s1 in*es1 #hh #hf ,/roke1 in*es1 #fj #fj ,spe$1 revolutions p] m9ute1 #ge #ge ,/eam pressure at ?rottle1 p\nds1 #aej #age ,indicat$ horse p[] at be/ effici5cy1 #g1ejj #g1ejj ,diamet] ( l[-pressure pi/on rods1 in*es1 #h #aj ,diamet] ( high-pressure pi/on rods1 in*es1 #h #aj ,diamet] ( crank p91 in*es1 #ah #bj ,l5g? ( crank p91 in*es1 #ah #ah ,d\ble ,port$ ,s+le ,port$ ,type ( ,l[-,pressure ,valves4 ,corliss ,corliss ,type ( ,high-,pressure ,valves4 ,corliss ,poppet ,type ,diamet] ( %aft 9 j\rnals1 in*es1 #cd #cd ,l5g? ( j\rnals1 in*es1 #fj #fj ,diamet] ( %aft 9 hub ( revolv+ elem5t1 in*es #cg-a_/af #cg-a_/af ,! gu>antees "u :i* ! ma9 eng9es are be+ furni%$1 & :i* w gov]n _! acceptance by ! pur*as]1 are 9 sub/ance z foll[s3 ,fir/4 ,! eng9e w be capable ( op]at+ cont9u\sly :5 indicat+ #aa1jjj horse p[] ) #age lbs4 ( /eam pressure1 a spe$ ( #ge revolutions & a #bf-;in* vacuum )\t normal we>1 j>1 noise1 or o!r objectionable results4 ,second4 ,x w be suitably proportion$ to )/& 9 a s]viceable mann] all sudd5 fluctuations ( load z are usual & incid5tal to ! g5]ation ( electrical en]gy = railway purposes4 ,?ird4 ,x w be capable ( op]at+ ) an atmosph]ic exhau/ ) two p\nds back pressure at ! l[ pressure cyl9d]s1 & :5 s op]at+1 w fulfill all ! op]at+ requirem5ts1 except z to economy & capacity4 ,f\r?4 ,x w be proportion$ s t :5 occasion %all require x c be op]at$ ) a /eam pressure at ! ?rottles ( #bjj p\nds above atmosph]ic pressure "u ! be=e m5tion$ conditions ( ! spe$ & vacuum4 ,fif?4 ,x w be proportion$ s t x c be op]at$ ) /eam pressure at ! ?rottle ( #bjj p\nds above atmosph]ic pressure "u ! be=e m5tion$ condition z to spe$ :5 exhau/+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,six?4 ,! eng9e w op]ate successfully ) a /eam pressure at ! ?rottle ( #age p\nds above atmosph]e1 %\ld ! temp]ature ( ! /eam be ma9ta9$ at ! ?rottle at f #dej to #ejj degrees ,fahr4 ,sev5?4 ,x w n require m ?an #ab-a_/d p\nds ( dry /eam p] indicat$ horse p[] p] h\r1 :5 indicat+ #g1ejj horse p[] at #ge revolutions p] m9ute1 :5 ! vacuum ( #bf in*es at ! l[ pressure cyl9d]s1 ) a /eam pressure at ! ?rottle ( #age p\nds & ) saturat$ /eam at ! normal temp]ature due to its pressure4 ,! gu>antee includes all ( ! /eam us$ by ! eng9e or by ! jackets or reheat]4 ,! new features conta9$ )9 ! eng9e con/ruction are pr9cipally3 ,fir/1 ! novel con/ruction ( ! high-pressure cyl9d]s1 by :i* only a small /ra9 is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! valve *amb] betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! slide-surface ca/+4 ,?is is accompli%$ by employ+ heavy bolts1 :i* bolt ! %ell ( ! cyl9d] ca/+ to ! slide-surface ca/+1 said bolts be+ c>ri$ pa/ & outside ! valve *amb]4 ,second1 ! use ( poppet valves1 :i* are op]at$ 9 a v simple mann] f a wri/ plate on ! side ( ! cyl9d]1 ! connections f ! valves to ! wri/ plate & ! connections f ! wri/ plate to ! ecc5tric be+ simil> to ! p>ts usually employ$ = ! op]ation ( ,corliss valves4 ,unlike ! ,manhattan eng9es1 ! ma9 /eam pipes are c>ri$ to ! high-pressure cyl9d]s "u ! floor & n above x4 ,ano!r modification consi/s 9 ! use ( an adju/able /rap = ! crank-p9 boxes in/ead ( ! m>9e /yle ( con/ruction at ! crank-p9 end ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! weight ( ! revolv+ field is ab\t #cce1jjj p\nds1 :i* gives a fly:eel effect ( ab\t #cej1jjj p\nds at a radius ( gyration ( #aa feet1 & ) ?is fly:eel in]tia ! eng9e is design$ s t any po9t on ! revolv+ elem5t %all n1 9 op]ation1 lag beh9d nor =ge ahead ( ! position t x w\ld h if ! spe$ 7 absolutely uni=m1 by an am\nt great] ?an "o-eigh? ( a natural degree4 ,sid5ote3 ,turbo-,g5]ators ,arrangem5ts h be5 made = ! erection ( f\r turbo g5]ators1 b only ?ree h be5 ord]$4 ,!y are ( ! multiple expansion p>allel fl[ type1 consi/+ ( two turb9es arrang$ t&em comp\nd4 ,:5 op]at+ at full load ea* ( ! two turb9es1 compris+ "o unit1 w develop approximately equal p[] = direct connection to an alt]nator giv+ #g1bjj alt]nations p] m9ute at #aa1jjj volts & at a spe$ ( #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,ea* unit w h a normal output ( #a1gjj electrical horse p[] ) a /eam pressure ( #age p\nds at ! ?rottle & a vacuum 9 ! exhau/ pipe ( #bg in*es1 measur$ by a m]cury column & ref]r$ to a b>ometric pressure ( #cj in*es4 ,! turb9e is gu>ante$ to op]ate satisfactorily ) /eam sup]heat$ to #dej degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! economy gu>ante$ "u ! =ego+ conditions z to initial & t]m9al pressure & spe$ is z foll[s3 ,full load ( #a1bej kil[atts1 #ae4g p\nds ( /eam p] electrical horse-p[] h\r2 ?ree-qu>t] load1 #icg-a_/b kil[atts1 #af4f p\nds p] electrical horse-p[] h\r2 "o-half load1 #fbe kil[atts1 #ah4c p\nds2 & "o-qu>t] load1 #cab-a_/b kil[atts1 #bc4b p\nds4 ,:5 op]at+ "u ! conditions ( spe$ & /eam pressure m5tion$1 b ) a pressure 9 ! exhau/ pipe ( #bg in*es vacuum by m]cury column 7ref]r$ to #cj in*es b>omet]71 & ) /eam at ! ?rottle sup]heat$ #ge degrees ,fahr5heit above ! temp]ature ( saturat$ /eam at t pressure1 ! gu>ante$ /eam consumption is z foll[s3 ,full load1 #a1bej kil[atts1 #ac4h p\nds p] electrical horse-p[] h\r2 ?ree-qu>t] load1 #icg-a_/b kil[atts1 #ad4f p\nds2 "o-half load1 #fbe kil[atts1 #af4b p\nds2 & "o-qu>t] load1 #cab-a_/b kil[atts1 #bj4h p\nds4 ,sid5ote3 ,excit] ,eng9es ,! two excit] eng9es are ea* direct connect$ to a #bej kil[att direct curr5t g5]ator4 ,ea* eng9e is a v]tical qu>t]-crank comp\nd eng9e ) a #ag-;in* high pressure cyl9d] & a #bg-;in* l[-pressure cyl9d] ) a common #bd-;in* /roke4 ,! eng9es w be non-cond5s+1 = ! reason t extreme reliability is desir$ at ! exp5se ( "s economy4 ,!y w op]ate at be/ effici5cy :5 indicat+ #djj horse p[] at a spe$ ( #aej revolutions p] m9ute ) a /eam pressure ( #age p\nds at ! ?rottle4 ,ea* eng9e w h a maximum ( #fjj indicat$ horse p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,cond5s+ ,equipm5t ,ea* eng9e unit is suppli$ ) its own cond5s] equipm5t1 consi/+ ( two b>ometric cond5s+ *amb]s1 ea* atta*$ z closely z possible to its respective l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,= ea* eng9e also is provid$ a v]tical circulat+ pump along ) a vacuum pump &1 = ! sake ( flexibility1 ! pumps are cross connect$ ) ^? ( o!r eng9es & c be us$ int]*angeably4 ,! circulat+ pumps are v]tical1 cross comp\nd pump+ eng9es ) outside pack$ plung]s4 ,_! f\ndations are ^u ! basem5t floor level & ! /eam cyl9d]s ext5d above ! eng9e-room floor2 ! />t+ valves & control ( spe$ is !re=e entirely "u ! sup]vision ( ! eng9e]4 ,ea* pump has a normal capacity ( #aj1jjj1jjj gallons ( wat] p] day1 s t ! total pump+ capacity ( all ! pumps is #abj1jjj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,:ile ! head aga9/ :i* ^! pumps w be requir$ to "w1 :5 assi/$ by ! vacuum 9 ! cond5s]1 is mu* less ?an ! total lift f l[ tide wat] to ! entrance into ! cond5s+ *amb]s1 !y are s design$ z to be ready to deliv] ! full quantity ! full height1 if = any reason ! assi/ance ( ! vacuum %\ld be lo/ or n available at times ( />t+ up4 ,a tempor>y ov]load c b r$uce ! vacuum only = a %ort "t & ! fluctuations ( ! tide1 or ev5 a complete loss ( vacuum _c int]f]e ) ! con/ant supply ( wat]1 ! gov]nor simply admitt+ to ! cyl9d]s ! prop] am\nt ( /eam to d ! "w4 ,! high-pressure /eam cyl9d] is #aj in*es 9 diamet] & ! l[-pressure is #bj in*es2 ! two d\ble-act+ wat] plung]s are ea* #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! /roke is #cj in*es = all4 ,! wat] ends are composition fitt$ = salt wat] & h valve decks & plung]s entirely ( t mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coal ,,unload+ ,,t[] ,,on ,,we/ #eh,,? ,,/reet ,,pi] ,! dry vacuum pumps are ( ! v]tical =m1 & ea* is locat$ alongside ( ! correspond+ circulat+ pump4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s also project above ! eng9e-room floor4 ,! vacuum cyl9d] is imm$iately bel[ ! /eam cyl9d] & has a valve t is me*anically op]at$ by an ecc5tric on ! %aft4 ,^! pumps are ( ! close-cle>ance type1 &1 :ile controll$ by a gov]nor1 c be *ang$ 9 spe$ :ile runn+ to any det]m9$ rate4 ,sid5ote3 ,exhau/ ,pip+ ,f ea* atmosph]ic exhau/ valve1 :i* is direct-connect$ to ! cond5s+ *amb] at ea* l[-pressure cyl9d]1 is run d[nw>d a #cj-;in* rivet$-/eel exhau/ pipe4 ,at a po9t j "u ! eng9e-room floor ! exhau/ pipe is c>ri$ horizontally ar\nd ! eng9e f\ndations1 ! two f ea* pair ( eng9es unit+ 9 a #dj-;in* ris] to ! ro(4 ,?is ris] is betwe5 ! pair ( eng9es & back ( ! high-pressure cyl9d]1 ?us pass+ ?r\gh ! s-call$ pipe area1 :]e x also receives exhau/ /eam f ! pump auxili>ies4 ,at ! ro( ! #dj-;in* ris] is run into a #dh-;in* /& pipe4 ,?is is capp$ ) an exhau/ head1 ! top ( :i* is #ce feet above ! ro(4 ,all ! exhau/ pip+ #cj in*es 9 diamet] & ov] is longitud9ally rivet$ /eel ) ca/-iron flanges rivet$ on to x4 ,expansion jo9ts are provid$ :]e necess>y to relieve ! pip+ f ! /ra9s due to expansion & contraction1 & :]e ! jo9ts are locat$ ne> ! eng9e & g5]ator !y are ( corrugat$ copp]4 ,! expansion jo9ts 9 ! #dj-;in* ris]s above ! pipe area are ord9>ily pack$ slip jo9ts4 ,! exhau/ pip+ f ! auxili>ies is c>ri$ directly up into ! pipe area1 :]e x is connect$ ) a fe$-wat] heat]1 ) means = by-pass+ ! latt]4 ,beyond ! heat] x jo9s ! #dj-;in* ris] to ! ro(4 ,! fe$-wat] heat]s are ?ree-pass1 v]tical1 wat]-tube heat]s1 design$ = a work+ wat] pressure ( #bbe p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! design ( ! atmosph]ic relief valve receiv$ special consid]ation4 ,a lev] is provid$ to assi/ ! valve to close1 :ile a da% pot prev5ts a too quick action 9 ei!r direction4 ,sid5ote3 ,compress$ ,air ,! p[] h\se w be provid$ ) a sy/em = supply+ compress$ air to v>i\s po9ts ab\t ! /ructure = clean+ electrical ma*9]y & = su* o!r purposes z may arise4 ,x w also be us$ = op]at+ :i/les employ$ = signal+4 ,! air is suppli$ to res]voir tanks by two v]tical1 two-/age1 electric-driv5 air compressors4 ,sid5ote3 ,oil ,sy/em ,= ! lubrication ( ! eng9es an ext5sive oil di/ribut+ & filt]+ sy/em is provid$4 ,filt]$ oil w be suppli$ "u pressure f elevat$ /orage tanks1 ) a pip+ sy/em lead+ to all ! v>i\s j\rnals4 ,! pip+ to ! eng9es is con/ruct$ on a duplicate1 or crib1 sy/em1 by :i* ! supply ( oil _c be int]rupt$ by a break 9 any "o pipe4 ,! oil on leav+ ! eng9es is conduct$ to ! filt]+ tanks4 ,a pump+ equipm5t !n r$eliv]s ! oil to ! elevat$ /orage tanks4 ,all pip+ c>ry+ filt]$ oil is ( brass & fitt+s are ins]t$ at prop] pipes to facilitate clean+4 ,! imm$iate in/allation includes two oil filt]+ tanks at ! ea/]ly end ( ! p[] h\se1 b ! complet$ plant contemplates ! addition ( two extra filt]+ tanks at ! we/]ly end ( ! /ructure4 ,sid5ote3 ,cranes1 ,%ops1 ,etc4 ,! p[] h\se is provid$ ) ! foll[+ travel+ cranes3 ,= ! op]at+ room3 ,"o #fj-ton electric travel+ crane & "o #be-ton electric travel+ crane4 ,= ! area ov] ! oil swit*es3 "o #aj-ton h&-op]at$ crane4 ,= ! c5t] aisle ( ! boil] room3 "o #aj-ton h&-op]at$ crane4 ,! span ( bo? ( ! electric cranes is #gd feet #d in*es & bo? cranes op]ate ov] ! entire l5g? ( ! /ructure4 ,! #fj-ton crane has two trolleys1 ea* ) a lift+ capacity1 = regul> load1 ( #ej tons4 ,ea* trolley is also provid$ ) an auxili>y hoi/ ( #aj tons capacity4 ,:5 load$1 ! crane c op]ate at ! foll[+ spe$s3 ,bridge1 #bjj feet p] m9ute2 trolley1 #ajj feet p] m9ute2 ma9 hoi/1 #aj feet p] m9ute2 & auxili>y hoi/1 #cj feet p] m9ute4 ,! #be-ton crane is provid$ ) "o trolley1 hav+ a lift+ capacity1 = regul> load1 ( #be tons1 toge!r ) auxili>y hoi/ ( #e tons4 ,:5 load$1 ! crane c op]ate at ! foll[+ spe$s3 bridge1 #bej feet p] m9ute2 trolley1 #ajj feet p] m9ute2 ma9 hoi/1 #ab feet p] m9ute2 & auxili>y hoi/1 #bh feet p] m9ute4 ,! p[] h\se is provid$ ) an ext5sive tool equipm5t = a repair & ma*9e %op1 :i* is locat$ on ! ma9 gall]y at ! nor!rly side ( ! op]at+ room4 ,illu/ration3 #e1jjj ,k4 ,w4 ,,alt]nator--,,ma9 ,,p[] ,,h\se ,,*apt] ,v ,,sy/em ,,( ,,electrical ,,supply ,sid5ote3 ,en]gy f ,eng9e ,%aft to ,?ird ,rail ,! sy/em ( electrical supply *os5 = ! subway comprises alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ation & di/ribution1 & direct curr5t op]ation ( c> motors4 ,f\r ye>s ago1 :5 ! eng9e]+ plans 7 "u consid]ation1 ! s+le-phase alt]nat+ curr5t railway motor 0 n ev5 9 an embryonic /ate1 & not)/&+ ! m>k$ progress rec5tly made 9 its developm5t1 x c sc>cely yet be consid]$ to h rea*$ a /age t w\ld w>rant any modifications 9 ! plans adopt$1 ev5 7 su* modifications easily possible at ! pres5t "t4 ,! comp>atively limit$ headroom available 9 ! subway prohibit$ ! use ( an ov]head sy/em ( conductors1 & ?is limitation1 9 conjunction ) ! obvi\s desirability ( provid+ a sy/em p]mitt+ int]*angeable op]ation ) ! l9es ( ! ,manhattan ,railway sy/em practically exclud$ tri-phase traction sy/ems & l$ directly to ! adoption ( ! ?ird-rail direct curr5t sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,& ,,end ,,elevations ,,( ,,alt]nator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,elevation ,,& ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,alt]nator ,,) ,,"p ,,cut ,,away ,,to ,,%[ ,,con/ruction4 ,x be+ consid]$ impracticable to pr$ict ) entire c]ta9ty ! ultimate traffic conditions to be met1 ! g5]ator plant has be5 design$ to take c>e ( all probable traffic dem&s expect$ to arise )9 a ye> or two ( ! beg9n+ ( op]ation ( ! sy/em1 :ile ! plans p]mit conv5i5t & symmetrical increase to meet ! requirem5ts ( additional dem& :i* may develop4 ,ea* express tra9 w comprise five motor c>s & ?ree trail c>s1 & ea* local tra9 w comprise ?ree motor c>s & two trail c>s4 ,! weight ( ea* motor c> ) maximum live load is #hh1jjj p\nds1 & ! weight ( ea* trail] c> #ff1jjj p\nds4 ,! plans adopt$ provide electric equipm5t at ! out/>t capable ( op]at+ express tra9s at an av]age spe$ approximat+ tw5ty-five miles p] h\r1 :ile ! control sy/em & motor units h be5 s *os5 t high] spe$s up to a limit ( ab\t ?irty miles p] h\r c be atta9$ by increas+ ! numb] ( motor c>s provid+ exp]i5ce 9 op]ation demon/rates t su* high] spe$s c be obta9$ ) safety4 ,! spe$ ( local tra9s betwe5 ,city ,hall & #if? ,/reet w av]age ab\t #ae miles an h\r1 :ile nor? ( #if? ,/reet on bo? ! ,we/ side & ,ea/ side bran*es _! spe$ w av]age ab\t #ah miles an h\r1 ow+ to ! great] av]age di/ance betwe5 local /ations4 ,z ! result ( c>eful consid]ation ( v>i\s plans1 ! company's eng9e]s recomm5d$ t all ! p[] requir$ = ! op]ation ( ! sy/em be g5]at$ 9 a s+le p[] h\se 9 ! =m ( ?ree-phase alt]nat+ curr5t at #aa1jjj volts1 ?is curr5t to be g5]at$ at a frequ5cy ( #be cycles p] second1 & to be deliv]$ ?r\gh ?ree-conductor cables to trans=m]s & conv]t]s 9 sub-/ations suitably locat$ ) ref]5ce to ! track sy/em1 ! curr5t !re to be trans=m$ & conv]t$ to direct curr5t = deliv]y to ! ?ird-rail conductor at a pot5tial ( #fbe volts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op]at+ ,,gall]y ,,9 ,,sub-,,/ation ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,diagram ,,( #aa1jjj ,,volt ,,circuits ,,9 ,,ma9 ,,p[] ,,/ation ,calculations bas$ ^u contemplat$ s*$ules require = traction purposes & = heat+ & light+ c>s1 a maximum deliv]y ( ab\t #de1jjj kil[atts at ! ?ird rail4 ,all[+ = losses 9 ! di/ribut+ cables1 9 trans=m]s & conv]t]s1 ?is implies a total g5]at+ capacity ( approximately #ej1jjj kil[atts1 & hav+ 9 view ! possibility ( future ext5sions ( ! sy/em x 0 decid$ to design & con/ruct ! p[] h\se build+ = ! ultimate reception ( elev5 #e1jjj-kil[att units = traction curr5t 9 addition to ! light+ sets4 ,ea* #e1jjj-kil[att unit is capable ( deliv]+ dur+ ru% h\rs an output ( #g1ejj kil[atts or approximately #aj1jjj electrical horse p[] &1 sett+ aside "o unit z a res]ve1 ! contemplat$ ultimate maximum output ( ! p[] plant1 !re=e1 is #ge1jjj kil[atts1 or approximately #ajj1jjj electrical horse p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[] ,h\se ,! p[] h\se is fully describ$ else:]e 9 ?is publication1 b x is n inappropriate to ref] briefly 9 ?is place to c]ta9 consid]ations gov]n+ ! selection ( ! g5]at+ unit1 & ! use ( eng9es r ?an /eam turb9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil ,,swit*es--,,ma9 ,,p[] ,,/ation ,! #e1jjj-kil[att g5]at+ unit 0 *os5 because x is practically z l>ge a unit ( ! direct-connect$ type z c be con/ruct$ by ! eng9e build]s unless m ?an two be>+s be us$--an alt]native deem$ inadvisable by ! eng9e]s ( ! company4 ,! adoption ( a small] unit w\ld be less economical ( floor space & w\ld t5d to produce extreme complication 9 s l>ge an in/allation1 &1 9 view ( ! rapid *anges 9 load :i* 9 urban railway s]vice ( ?is "* occur 9 ! morn+ & aga9 late 9 ! aft]noon1 w\ld be extremely difficult to op]ate4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,manhattan plant has %[n1 z 0 anticipat$ 9 ! in/allation ( less output ?an ?is1 ! alt]nators mu/ be put 9 s]vice at int]vals ( tw5ty m9utes to meet ! load ^u ! /ation :ile x is ris+ to ! maximum atta9$ dur+ ru% h\rs4 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation ( ! possible use ( /eam turb9es z prime-mov]s to drive ! alt]nators1 ! company's eng9e]s decid$ 9 favor ( reciprocat+ eng9es4 ,?is decision 0 made ?ree ye>s ago &1 :ile ! /eam turb9e s9ce t "t has made mat]ial progress1 ^? responsible = ! decision are confirm$ 9 _! op9ion t x 0 wise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,bus ,,b> ,,comp>tm5ts--,,ma9 ,,p[] ,,/ation ,sid5ote3 ,alt]nators ,! alt]nators closely resemble ^? in/all$ by ! ,manhattan ,railway ,company 7n[ ! ,manhattan division ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company7 9 its plant on ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 betwe5 #gd? ,/reet & #ge? ,/reet4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 9 hav+ ! /ation>y armature divid$ into sev5 ca/+s in/ead ( six1 & 9 respect to details ( ! armature w9d+4 ,!y are ?ree-phase ma*9es1 deliv]+ tw5ty-five cycle alt]nat+ curr5ts at an effective pot5tial ( #aa1jjj volts4 ,!y are #db feet 9 height1 ! diamet] ( ! revolv+ "p is #cb feet1 its weight1 #ccb1jjj p\nds1 & ! aggregate weight ( ! ma*9e1 #hhi1jjj p\nds4 ,! design ( ! eng9e dynamo unit elim9ates ! auxili>y fly :eel g5]ally us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( l>ge direct-connect$ units prior to ! erection ( ! ,manhattan plant1 ! weight & dim5sions ( ! revolv+ alt]nator field be+ su* ) ref]5ce to ! turn+ mom5t ( ! eng9e z to secure close uni=mity ( rotation1 :ile at ! same "t ?is con/ruction results 9 n>r[+ ! eng9e & r$uc+ ! eng9e %afts betwe5 be>+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re> ,,view ,,( ,,bus ,,b> ,,comp>tm5ts--,,ma9 ,,p[] ,,/ation ,illu/ration3 ,,duct ,,l9e ,,across #eh,,? ,,/reet #cb ,,ducts ,con/ruction ( ! revolv+ p>ts ( ! alt]nators is su* z to secure v great /r5g? & consequ5t ability to resi/ ! t5d5cy to bur/ & fly ap>t 9 case ( tempor>y abnormal spe$ ?r\gh accid5t ( any k9d4 ,! hub ( ! revolv+ field is ( ca/ /eel1 & ! rim is c>ri$ n by ! usual spokes b by two w$ges ( roll$ /eel4 ,! con/ruction ( ! revolv+ field is illu/rat$ on pages #ia & #ib4 ,! angul> velocity ( ! revolv+ field is rem>kably uni=m4 ,?is result is due prim>ily to ! fact t ! turn+ movem5t ( ! f\r-cyl9d] eng9e is f> m uni=m ?an is ! case1 = example1 ) an ord9>y two-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,! l>ge fly-:eel capacity ( ! rotat+ elem5t ( ! ma*9e also contributes mat]ially to secure uni=mity ( rotation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma9 ,,controll+ ,,bo>d ,,9 ,,p[] ,,/ation ,illu/ration3 ,,control ,,& ,,in/rum5t ,,bo>d--,,ma9 ,,p[] ,,/ation ,! alt]nators h =ty field poles & op]ates at sev5ty-five revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! field magnets con/itute ! p]iph]y ( ! revolv+ field1 ! poles & rim ( ! field be+ built up by /eel plates :i* are dovetail$ to ! driv+ spid]4 ,! heavy /eel end plates are bolt$ toge!r1 ! lam9ations break+ jo9ts 9 ! middle ( ! pole4 ,! field coils are secur$ by copp] w$ges1 :i* are subject$ to %e>+ /ra9s only4 ,9 ! body ( ! poles1 at int]vals ( approximately ?ree in*es1 v5tilat+ spaces are provid$1 ^! spaces regi/]+ ) correspond+ air ducts 9 ! ext]nal armature4 ,! field w9d+ consi/s ( copp] /rap on edge1 "o lay] deep1 ) fibr\s mat]ial cem5t$ 9 place betwe5 turns1 ! edges ( ! /rap be+ expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ducts ,,"u ,,pass5g] ,,/ation ,,plat=m #fd ,,ducts ,! armature is /ation>y & ext]ior to ! field4 ,x consi/s ( a lam9at$ r+ ) slots on its inn] surface & support$ by a massive ext]nal ca/-iron frame4 ,! armature1 z has be5 not$1 comprises sev5 segm5ts1 ! topmo/ segm5t be+ 9 ! =m ( a small key/one4 ,?is may be remov$ readily1 af=d+ access to any field coil1 :i* 9 ?is way may be easily remov$ & replac$4 ,! armature w9d+ consi/s ( ,u-%ap$ copp] b>s 9 p>tially clos$ slots4 ,!re are f\r b>s p] slot & ?ree slots p] phase p] pole4 ,! b>s 9 any slot may be remov$ f ! armature )\t remov+ ! frame4 ,! alt]nators1 ( c\rse1 are sep>ately excit$1 ! pot5tial ( ! excit+ curr5t us$ be+ #bej volts4 ,z reg>ds regulation1 ! manufactur]'s gu>antee is t at #ajj p] c5t4 p[] factor if full rat$ load be ?r[n (f ! e4 m4 f4 w rise #f p] c5t4 ) con/ant spe$ & con/ant excitation4 ,! gu>antee z to effici5cy is z foll[s3 ,on non-inductive load1 ! alt]nators w h an effici5cy ( n less ?an #ij4e p] c5t4 at "o-qu>t] load2 #id4ge p] c5t4 at "o-half load2 #if4be p] c5t4 at ?ree-qu>t]s load2 #ig p] c5t4 at full load1 & #ig4be p] c5t4 at "o & "o-qu>t] load4 ,^! figures ref]1 ( c\rse1 to electrical effici5cy1 & d n include w9dage & be>+ friction4 ,! ma*9es are design$ to op]ate "u _! rat$ full load ) rise ( temp]ature n exce$+ #ce degrees ,c4 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree-,,conductor ,,no4 #jjj ,,cable ,,= #aa1jjj ,,volt ,,di/ribution ,sid5ote3 ,excit]s ,to supply excit+ curr5t = ! fields ( ! alt]nators & to op]ate motors driv+ auxili>y app>atus1 five #bej-kil[att direct curr5t dynamos are provid$4 ,^! deliv] _! curr5t at a pot5tial ( #bej volts4 ,two ( !m are driv5 by #djj horse-p[] eng9es ( ! m>9e type1 to :i* !y are direct-connect$1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree units are direct-connect$ to #cfe horse-p[] tri-phase induction motors op]at+ at #djj volts4 ,a /orage batt]y capable ( furni%+ #c1jjj amp]es = "o h\r is us$ 9 co-op]ation ) ! dynamos provid$ to excite ! alt]nators4 ,! five direct-curr5t dynamos are connect$ to ! organization ( swit*+ app>atus 9 su* a way t ea* unit may be connect$ at w ei!r to ! excit+ circuits or to ! circuits ?r\gh :i* auxili>y motors are suppli$4 ,! alt]nators = :i* ! new ,int]bor\gh ,p[] ,h\se are design$ w deliv] to ! bus b>s #ajj1jjj electrical horse p[]4 ,! curr5t deliv]$ by ^! alt]nators rev]ses its direction fifty times p] second & 9 connect+ dynamos j com+ into s]vice ) ^? already 9 op]ation ! all[able diff]5ce 9 phase relation at ! in/ant ! circuit is complet$ is1 ( c\rse1 b a fraction ( ! fiftie? ( a second4 ,:]e ! p[] to be controll$ is s great1 ! pot5tial s high1 & ! spe$ requirem5ts 9 respect to syn*ron\s op]ation s exact+1 x is obvi\s t ! p]fection ( control atta9$ 9 "s ( our mod]n plants is n _! lea/ *>act]i/ic4 ,sid5ote3 ,swit*+ ,app>atus ,! swit* us$ = ! #aa1jjj volt circuits is s con/ruct$ t ! circuits are made & brok5 "u oil1 ! swit* be+ electrically op]at$4 ,two complete & indep5d5t sets ( bus b>s are us$1 & ! connections are su* t ea* alt]nator & ea* fe$] may be connect$ to ei!r ( ^! sets ( bus b>s at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,f alt]nators to bus b>s ! curr5t passes1 fir/1 ?r\gh ! alt]nator swit*1 & !n alt]natively ?r\gh "o or ! o!r ( two selector swit*es :i* are connect$1 respectively1 to ! two sets ( bus b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inside ,,wall ,,( ,,tunnel ,,%[+ #fd ,,ducts ,provision is made = an ultimate total ( twelve sub-/ations1 to ea* ( :i* z _m z eight fe$]s may be in/all$ if ! developm5t ( ! company's bus9ess %\ld require t numb]4 ,b eight sub-/ations are requir$ at pres5t1 & to "s ( ^! n m ?an ?ree fe$]s ea* are necess>y4 ,! aggregate numb] ( fe$]s in/all$ = ! initial op]ation ( ! subway sy/em is ?irty-f\r4 ,ea* fe$] circuit is provid$ ) a type ,h-oil swit* arrang$ to be op5 & clos$ at w by ! op]ator1 & also to op5 automatically 9 ! case ( abnormal fl[ ( curr5t ?r\gh ! fe$]4 ,! fe$]s are arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ea* gr\p be+ suppli$ f a set ( auxili>y bus b>s1 :i* 9 turn receives its supply f "o or ! o!r ( ! two sets ( ma9 bus b>s2 means = selection be+ provid$ z 9 ! case ( ! alt]nator circuits by a pair ( selector swit*es1 9 ?is case designat$ z gr\p swit*es4 ,! diagram on page #ic illu/rates ! ess5tial features ( ! organization & connections ( ! #aa1jjj volt circuits 9 ! p[] h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manholes ,,9 ,,side ,,wall ,,( ,,subway ,any & e swit* c be op5$ or clos$ at w by ! op]ator /&+ at ! control bo>d describ$4 ,! alt]nator swit*es are provid$ also ) automatic ov]load & rev]s$ curr5t relays1 & ! fe$] swit*es1 z above m5tion$1 are provid$ ) automatic ov]load relays4 ,^! ov]load relays h a "t atta*m5t :i* c be set to op5 ! swit* at ! expiration ( a pr$et]m9$ "t rang+ f 4#c ( a second to #e seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conv]t] ,,floor ,,plan ,,sub-,,/ation ,,no4 #ad ,! type ,h-oil swit* is op]at$ by an electric motor ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a me*anism compris+ p[]ful spr+s :i* op5 & close ! swit* ) great spe$4 ,?is swit* :5 op5$ introduces 9 ea* ( ! ?ree sides ( ! circuit two breaks :i* are 9 s]ies ) ea* o!r4 ,ea* side ( ! circuit is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by its location 9 an enclos$ comp>tm5t1 ! walls ( :i* are brick & soap/one4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( ! swit* is illu/rat$ by ! photograph on page #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,sub-,,/ation ,,no4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,sub-,,/ation ,,no4 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,sub-,,/ation ,,no4 #ad ,l all curr5t-c>ry+ p>ts ( ! swit*es1 ! bus b>s are enclos$ 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts4 ,^! are con/ruct$ ( brick1 small doors = inspection & ma9t5ance be+ provid$ opposite all po9ts :]e ! bus b>s are support$ ^u insulators4 ,! photographs on pages #ie & #if are views ( a "p ( ! bus b> & swit* comp>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,trans=m]s ,! oil swit*es & gr\p bus b>s are locat$ ^u ! ma9 floor & ext5d along ! #ei? ,/reet wall ( ! eng9e room a di/ance ( ab\t #fjj feet4 ,! ma9 bus b>s are arrang$ 9 two l9es ( brick comp>tm5ts1 :i* are plac$ bel[ ! eng9e-room floor4 ,^! bus b>s are arrang$ v]tically & are plac$ directly b5ea? ! r[s ( oil swit*es locat$ ^u ! ma9 floor ( ! p[] h\se4 ,above ^! r[s ( oil swit*es & ! gr\p bus b>s1 gall]ies are con/ruct$ :i* ext5d ! entire l5g? ( ! p[] h\se1 & ^u ! fir/ ( ^! gall]ies at a po9t opposite ! middle ( ! p[] h\se are locat$ ! control bo>d & in/rum5t bo>d1 by means ( :i* ! op]ator 9 *>ge regulates & directs ! entire output ( ! plant1 ma9ta9+ a supply ( p[] at all times adequate to ! dem&s ( ! transportation s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,motor-,,g5]ators ,,& ,,batt]y ,,bo>d ,,= ,,control ,,circuits--,,sub-,,/ation ,illu/ration3 #a1ejj ,k4 ,w4 ,,rot>y ,,conv]t] ,sid5ote3 ,! ,control ,bo>d ,! control bo>d is %[n 9 ! photograph on page #ig4 ,e alt]nator swit*1 e selector swit*1 e gr\p swit*1 & e fe$] swit* ^u ! ma9 floor is "h repres5t$ by a small swit*4 ,! small swit* is connect$ into a control circuit :i* receives its supply ( en]gy at #aaj volts f a small motor g5]ator set & /orage batt]y4 ,! motors :i* actuate ! l>ge oil swit*es ^u ! ma9 floor are driv5 by ?is #aaj volt control curr5t1 & ?us 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator ! control swit*es make or break ! relatively feeble control curr5ts1 :i*1 9 turn1 close or op5 ! swit*es 9 ! ma9 p[] circuits4 ,! control swit*es are sy/ematically assembl$ ^u ! control b5* bo>d 9 conjunction ) dummy bus b>s & o!r app>5t 7b n real7 metallic connections1 ! :ole con/itut+ at all times a correct diagram ( ! exi/+ connections ( ! ma9 p[] circuits4 ,e "t ! op]ator *anges a connection by op5+ or clos+ "o ( ! ma9 swit*es1 he necess>ily *anges 8 diagram s t x repres5ts ! new conditions e/abli%$ by op5+ or clos+ ! ma9 swit*4 ,9 connection ) ea* control swit* two small bull's-eye lamps are us$1 "o r$1 to indicate t ! correspond+ ma9 swit* is clos$1 ! o!r gre51 to indicate t x is op54 ,^! lamps are light$ :5 ! mov+ "p ( ! ma9 swit* rea*es approximately ! end ( its travel4 ,if = any reason1 !re=e1 ! movem5t ( ! control swit* %\ld fail to actuate ! ma9 swit*1 ! indicator lamp w n be light$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,motor-,,g5]ator ,,set ,,supply+ ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,= ,,block ,,signals ,,& ,,motor-,,g5]ator ,,/>t+ ,,set ,! control bo>d is divid$ into two p>ts--"o = ! connections ( ! alt]nators to ! bus b>s & ! o!r = ! connection ( fe$]s to bus b>s4 ,! draw+ on page #ig %[s 9 pla9 view ! ess5tial features ( ! control bo>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,in/rum5t ,bo>d ,a front view ( ! ,in/rum5t ,bo>d is %[n on page #ig4 ,?is bo>d conta9s all indicat+ in/rum5ts = alt]nators & fe$]s4 ,x also c>ries /&>diz+ in/rum5ts & a clock4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! alt]nator panels are %[n at ! left & ! fe$] panels at ! "r4 ,= ! alt]nator panels1 in/rum5ts ( ! v]tical edgewise type are us$4 ,ea* v]tical r[ comprises ! measur+ in/rum5ts = an alt]nator4 ,beg9n+ at ! top & enum]at+ !m 9 ord] ^! in/rum5ts are3 ,?ree ammet]s1 "o = ea* phase1 a volumet]1 an indicat+ wattmet]1 a p[] factor indicator & a field ammet]4 ,! r\nd dial in/rum5t %[n at ! bottom ( ea* r[ ( in/rum5ts is a ?ree-phase record+ wattmet]4 ,a panel locat$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! bo>d betwe5 alt]nator panels & fe$] panels c>ries /&>d in/rum5ts us$ = conv5i5t calibration ( ! alt]nator & fe$] in/rum5ts4 ,provision is made on ! back ( ! bo>d = conv5i5t connection ( ! /&>d in/rum5ts 9 s]ies ) ! in/rum5ts to be comp>$4 ,! panel :i* c>ries ! /&>d in/rum5ts also c>ries ammet]s us$ to measure curr5t to auxili>y circuits 9 ! p[] h\se4 ,= ! fe$] bo>d1 in/rum5ts ( ! r\nd dial patt]n are us$1 & = ea* fe$] a s+le in/rum5t is provid$1 viz41 an ammet]4 ,ea* v]tical r[ comprises ! ammet]s belong+ to ! fe$]s :i* supply a giv5 sub-/ation1 & f left to "r ^! are 9 ord] sub-/ations ,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 & #ah2 blank spaces are left = f\r additional sub-/ations4 ,ea* horizontal r[ comprises ! ammet] belong+ to fe$]s :i* are suppli$ ?r\gh a giv5 gr\p swit*4 ,?is arrangem5t 9 v]tical & horizontal l9es1 indicat+ respectively fe$]s to giv5 sub-/ations & fe$]s connect$ to ! sev]al gr\p swit*es1 is int5d$ to facilitate ! "w ( ! op]ator4 ,a glance d[n a v]tical r[ )\t /opp+ to rea* ! scales ( ! in/rum5ts w tell him :e!r ! fe$]s are divid+ ) approximate equality ! load to a giv5 sub-/ation4 ,fe$]s to diff]5t sub-/ations usually c>ry diff]5t loads &1 g5]ally speak+1 a glance along a horizontal r[ w convey no in=mation ( especial importance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 = any reason ! op]ator %\ld desire to "k ! approximate aggregate load ^u a gr\p ( fe$]s ?is sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! in/rum5ts is ( use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,swit*bo>d ,,= ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,block ,,signal ,,circuits--,,9 ,,sub-,,/ation ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,( ,,sub-,,/ation ,,no4 #ah ,sid5ote3 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,di/ribution to ,sub-,/ations ,p[] ,h\se ,ducts & ,cables ,f alt]nators to alt]nator swit*es ! #aa1jjj volt alt]nat+ curr5ts are convey$ ?r\gh s+le conductor cables1 insulat$ by oil cambric1 ! ?ickness ( ! wall be+ #ab_/cb ( an in*4 ,^! conductors are in/all$ 9 vitrifi$ clay ducts4 ,f dynamo swit*es to bus b>s & f bus b>s to gr\p & fe$] swit*es1 vulcaniz$ rubb] insulation conta9+ #cj p] c5t4 pure ,p>a rubb] is employ$4 ,! ?ickness ( insulat+ wall is #i_/cb ( an in* & ! conductors are support$ ^u porcela9 insulators4 ,sid5ote3 ,conduit ,sy/em = ,di/ribution ,f ! p[] h\se to ! subway at #eh? ,/reet & ,broadway two l9es ( conduit1 ea* compris+ ?irty-two ducts1 h be5 con/ruct$4 ,^! conduits are locat$ on opposite sides ( ! /reet4 ,! arrangem5t ( ducts is #h x #d1 z %[n 9 ! section on page #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,( ,,sub-,,/ation ,,no4 #aa ,! location & arrangem5t ( ducts along ! l9e ( ! subway are illu/rat$ 9 photographs on pages #ih & #ii1 :i* %[ respectively a section ( ducts on "o side ( ! subway1 betwe5 pass5g] /ations1 & a section ( ducts & "o side ( ! subway1 b5ea? ! plat=m ( a pass5g] /ation4 ,f ,city ,hall to #if? ,/reet 7except ?r\gh ! ,p>k ,av5ue ,tunnel7 sixty-f\r ducts are provid$ on ea* side ( ! subway4 ,nor? ( #if? ,/reet sixty-f\r ducts are provid$ = ! ,we/-side l9es & an equal numb] = ! ,ea/-side l9es4 ,betwe5 pass5g] /ations ^! ducts help to =m ! side walls ( ! subway1 & are arrang$ ?irty-two ducts high & two ducts wide4 ,b5ea? ! plat=m ( pass5g] /ations ! arrangem5t is some:at v>i$ because ( local ob/ructions1 su* z pipes1 sew]s1 etc41 ( :i* x 0 necess>y to take acc\nt 9 ! con/ruction ( ! /ations4 ,! plan %[n on page #ih1 h[ev]1 is typical4 ,! necessity ( pass+ ! cables f ! #cb x #b arrangem5t ( ducts along ! side ( ! tunnel to #h x #h & #af x #d arrangem5ts ( ducts b5ea? ! pass5g] plat=ms involves s]i\s difficulties 9 ! prop] support & protection ( cables 9 manholes at ! ends ( ! /ation plat=ms4 ,9 ord] to m9imize ! risk ( int]ruption ( s]vice due to possible damage to a consid]able numb] ( cables 9 "o ( ^! manholes1 result+ f %ort circuit 9 a s+le cable1 all cables except at ! jo9ts are cov]$ ) two lay]s ( asbe/os aggregat+ a full #a_/d-;in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is asbe/os is specially prep>$ & is appli$ by wrapp+ ! cable ) two /rips ea* #c in*es 9 wid?1 ! out] /rip cov]+ ! l9e ( junction betwe5 adjac5t spirals ( ! inn] /rip1 ! :ole :5 9 place be+ impregnat$ ) a solution ( silicate ( soda4 ,! jo9ts !mselves are cov]$ ) two lay]s ( asbe/os held 9 place by /eel tape appli$ spirally4 ,to di/ribute ! /ra9s ^u ! cables 9 manholes1 radical supports ( v>i\s curvatures1 & made ( malleable ca/ iron1 are us$4 ,! photograph on page #ajj illu/rates ! arrangem5t ( cables 9 "o ( ^! manholes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op]at+ ,,bo>d--,,sub-,,/ation ,,no4 #aa ,9 ord] to fur!r dim9i% ! risk ( int]ruption ( ! s]vice due to failure ( p[] supply1 ea* sub-/ation s\? ( #if? ,/reet receives its alt]nat+ curr5t f ! p[] h\se ?r\gh cables c>ri$ on opposite sides ( ! subway4 ,to protect ! lead %ea?s ( ! cables aga9/ damage by electrolysis1 rubb] insulat+ pieces #a_/f ( an in* 9 ?ickness are plac$ betwe5 ! %ea?s & ! iron bracket supports 9 ! manholes4 ,sid5ote3 ,cable ,convey+ ,en]gy f ,p[] ,h\se to ,sub-,/ations ,! cables us$ = convey+ en]gy f ! p[] h\se to ! sev]al sub-/ations aggregate approximately #aej miles 9 l5g?4 ,! cable us$ = ?is purpose comprises ?ree /r&$ copp] conductors ea* ( :i* conta9s n9ete5 wires1 & ! diamet] ( ! /r&$ conductor ?us =m$ is #b_/e ( an in*4 ,pap] insulation is employ$ & ! triple cable is enclos$ 9 a lead %ea? #i_/fd ( an in* ?ick4 ,ea* conductor is sep>at$ f its neighbors & f ! lead %ea? by insulation ( treat$ pap] #g_/af ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! outside diamet] ( ! cables is #b-e_/h in*es1 & ! weight #h-a_/b p\nds p] l9eal foot4 ,9 ! factories ! cable z manufactur$ 0 cut into l5g?s correspond+ to ! di/ance betwe5 manholes1 & ea* l5g? subject$ to sev]e te/s includ+ application to ! insulation ( an alt]nat+ curr5t pot5tial ( #cj1jjj volts = a p]iod ( ?irty m9utes4 ,^! cables 7 in/all$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,company's eng9e]s1 & aft] jo9t+1 ea* complete cable f p[] h\se to sub-/ation 0 te/$ by apply+ an alt]nat+ pot5tial ( #cj1jjj volts = ?irty m9utes betwe5 ea* conductor & its neighbors1 & betwe5 ea* conductor & ! lead %ea?4 ,! photographs on page #ih illu/rates ! con/ruction ( ?is cable4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub-,/ation ,! tri-phase alt]nat+ curr5t g5]at$ at ! p[] h\se is convey$ ?r\gh ! high pot5tial cable sy/em to eight sub-/ations conta9+ ! necess>y trans=m+ & conv]t+ ma*9]y4 ,^! sub-/ations are design$ & locat$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagrams ,,( ,,direct ,,curr5t ,,fe$] ,,& ,,return ,,circuits ,sub-/ation ,no4 #aa--bi-cc ,city ,hall ,place4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ab--ajh-aaj ,ea/ #ai? ,/reet4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ac--bbe-bbg ,we/ #ec;d ,/reet4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ad--bfd-bff ,we/ #if? ,/reet4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ae--fjf-fjh ,we/ #adc;d ,/reet4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #af--gc-gg ,we/ #acb;d ,/reet4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ag--;,hillside ,av5ue1 #cja feet ,we/ ( ,elev5? ,av5ue4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ah--,s\? side ( ,fox ,/reet 7,simpson ,/reet71 #fj feet nor? ( ,we/*e/] ,av5ue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,swit* ,,connect+ ,,fe$] ,,to ,,contact ,,rail ,illu/ration3 ,,contact ,,rail ,,jo9t ,,) ,,fi% ,,plate ,! conv]t] unit select$ to receive ! alt]nat+ curr5t & deliv] direct curr5t to ! track1 etc41 has an output ( #a1ejj kil[atts ) ability to c>ry #ej p] c5t4 ov]load = ?ree h\rs4 ,! av]age area ( a city lot is #be x #ajj feet1 & a sub-/ation site compris+ two adjac5t lots ( ?is approximate size p]mits ! in/allation ( a maximum ( eight #a1ejj kil[atts conv]t]s ) necess>y trans=m]s1 swit*bo>d & o!r auxili>y app>atus4 ,9 design+ ! sub-/ations1 a type ( build+ ) a c5tral air-well 0 select$4 ,! typical organization ( app>atus is illu/rat$ 9 ! gr\nd plan & v]tical section on pages #aja1 #ajb & #ajc & provides1 z %[n1 = two l9es ( conv]t]s1 ! ?ree trans=m]s :i* supply ea* conv]t] be+ locat$ betwe5 x & ! adjac5t side wall4 ,! swit*bo>d is locat$ at ! re> ( ! /ation4 ,! c5tral %aft af=ds excell5t light & v5tilation = ! op]at+ room4 ,! /eel "w ( ! sub-/ations is design$ ) a view to ! addition ( two /orage batt]y floors1 %\ld x be decid$ at "s future "t t ! addition ( su* an auxili>y is advisable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,contact ,,rail ,,b&s ,! necess>y equipm5t ( ! sub-/ations implies sites approximately #ej x #ajj feet 9 dim5sions2 & sub-/ations ,nos4 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 & #ah are practically all ?is size4 ,sub-/ations ,nos4 #aa & #af are #ajj feet 9 l5g?1 b ! lots acquir$ 9 ^! in/ances be+ ( unusual wid?1 ^! sub-/ations are approximately #fj feet wide4 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ab1 on acc\nt ( limit$ gr\nd space1 is b #dh feet wide & #ib feet long4 ,9 ea* ( ! sub-/ations1 except ,no4 #ac1 f\ndations are provid$ = eight conv]t]s2 sub-/ation ,no4 #ac conta9s f\ndations = ! ultimate in/allation ( t5 conv]t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,direct ,,curr5t ,,fe$]s ,,f ,,manhole ,,to ,,contact ,,rail ,! function ( ! electrical app>atus 9 sub-/ations1 z has be5 /at$1 is ! conv]sion ( ! high pot5tial alt]nat+ curr5t en]gy deliv]$ f ! p[] h\se ?r\gh ! tri-phase cables into direct curr5t adapt$ to op]ate ! motors ) :i* ! roll+ /ock is equipp$4 ,?is app>atus comprises trans=m]s1 conv]t]s1 & c]ta9 m9or auxili>ies4 ,! trans=m]s1 :i* are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 receive ! tri-phase alt]nat+ curr5t at a pot5tial approximat+ #aj1ejj volts1 & deliv] equival5t en]gy 7less ! loss ( ab\t #b p] c5t4 9 ! trans=mation7 to ! conv]t]s at a pot5tial ( ab\t #cij volts4 ,! conv]t]s receiv+ ?is en]gy f _! respective gr\ps ( trans=m]s 9 turn deliv] x 7less a loss approximat+ #d p] c5t4 at full load7 9 ! =m ( direct curr5t at a pot5tial ( #fbe volts to ! bus b>s ( ! direct curr5t swit*bo>ds1 f :i* x is convey$ by insulat$ cables to ! contact rails4 ,! photograph on page #ajb is a g5]al view ( ! int]ior ( "o ( ! sub-/ations4 ,! ext]ior ( sub-/ations ,nos4 #aa & #ah are %[n on page #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,contact ,,rails1 ,,%[+ ,,end ,,incl9es ,! illu/ration on page #ajh is f a photograph tak5 on "o ( ! swit*bo>d gall]ies4 ,9 ! sub-/ations1 z 9 ! p[] h\se1 ! high pot5tial alt]nat+ curr5t circuits are op5$ & clos$ by oil swit*es1 :i* are electrically op]at$ by motors1 ^! 9 turn be+ controll$ by #aaj volt direct curr5t circuits4 ,diagramatic b5* bo>ds are us$1 z at ! p[] h\se1 b 9 ! sub-/ations !y are ( c\rse relatively small & free f complication4 ,! in/rum5t bo>d is support$ by iron columns & is c>ri$ at a suffici5t height above ! b5* bo>d to enable ! op]ator1 :ile fac+ ! b5* bo>d & ! in/rum5ts1 to look out ov] ! floor ( ! sub-/ation )\t turn+ 8 head4 ,! swit*es ( ! direct curr5t circuits are h&-op]at$ & are locat$ ^u bo>ds at ! "r & left ( ! control bo>d4 ,a novel & important feature introduc$ 7x is believ$ = ! fir/ "t7 9 ^! sub-/ations1 is ! location 9 sep>ate brick comp>tm5ts ( ! automatic circuit break]s 9 ! direct curr5t fe$] circuits4 ,^! circuit break] comp>tm5ts are %[n 9 ! photograph on page #ic1 & are 9 a l9e fac+ ! bo>ds :i* c>ry ! direct fe$] swit*es1 ea* circuit break] be+ locat$ 9 a comp>tm5t directly opposite ! panel :i* c>ries ! swit* belong+ to ! correspond+ circuit4 ,?is plan w effectually prev5t damage to o!r p>ts ( ! swit*bo>d equipm5t :5 circuit-break]s op5 automatically "u conditions ( %ort-circuit4 ,x also t5ds to elim9ate risk to ! op]ator1 &1 !re=e1 to increase 8 confid5ce & accuracy 9 manipulat+ ! h&-op]at$ swit*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assembly ,,( ,,contact ,,rail ,,& ,,protection ,! ?ree conductor cables :i* convey tri-phase curr5ts f ! p[] h\se are c>ri$ ?r\gh tile ducts f ! manholes locat$ 9 ! /reet directly 9 front ( ea* sub-/ation to ! back ( ! /ation :]e ! end ( ! cable is connect$ directly b5ea? its oil swit*4 ,! ?ree conductors1 n[ well sep>at$1 ext5d v]tically to ! fix$ t]m9als ( ! swit*4 ,9 ea* sub-/ation b "o set ( high-pot5tial alt]nat+ curr5t bus b>s is in/all$ & betwe5 ea* incom+ cable & ^! bus b>s is connect$ an oil swit*4 ,9 l mann]1 betwe5 ea* conv]t] unit & ! bus b>s an oil swit* is connect$ into ! high pot5tial circuit4 ,! bus b>s are s arrang$ t !y may be divid$ into any numb] ( sections n exce$+ ! numb] ( conv]t] units1 by means ( movable l9ks :i*1 9 _! normal condition1 con/itute a "p ( ! bus b>s4 ,ea* ( ! oil swit*es betwe5 incom+ circuits & bus b>s is arrang$ = automatic op]ation & is equipp$ ) a rev]s$ curr5t relay1 :i*1 9 ! case ( a %ort-circuit 9 its alt]nat+ curr5t fe$] cable op5s ! swit* & s disconnects ! cable f ! sub-/ation )\t int]f]5ce ) ! op]ation ( ! o!r cables or ! conv]t+ ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,contact ,,rail ,,insulator ,sid5ote3 ,direct ,curr5t ,di/ribution f ,sub-,/ations ,! organization ( electrical conductors provid$ to convey direct curr5t f ! sub-/ations to ! mov+ tra9s c be describ$ mo/ conv5i5tly by beg9n+ ) ! contact1 or s-call$ ?ird rail4 ,s\? ( #if? ,/reet ! av]age di/ance betwe5 sub-/ations approximates #ab1jjj feet1 & nor? ( #if? ,/reet ! av]age di/ance is ab\t #ae1jjj feet4 ,ea* track1 ( c\rse1 is provid$ ) a contact rail4 ,!re are f\r tracks & consequ5tly f\r contact rails f ,city ,hall to #if? ,/reet1 ?ree f #if? ,/reet to #ade? ,/reet on ! ,we/ ,side1 two f #ade? ,/reet to ,dyckman ,/reet1 & ?ree f ,dyckman ,/reet to ! nor!rn t]m9al ( ! ,we/ ,side ext5sion ( ! sy/em4 ,f #if? ,/reet1 ! ,ea/ ,side has two tracks & two contact rails to ,mott ,av5ue1 & f t po9t to ! t]m9al at #ahb;d ,/reet ?ree tracks & ?ree contact rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,contact ,,%oe ,,& ,,fuse ,contact rails s\? ( ,reade ,/reet are suppli$ f sub-/ation ,no4 #aa2 f ,reade ,/reet to #ai? ,/reet !y are suppli$ f sub-/ations ,nos4 #aa & #ab2 f #ai? ,/reet !y are suppli$ f sub-/ations ,nos4 #ab & #ac2 f ! po9t la/ nam$ to #if? ,/reet !y are suppli$ f sub-/ations ,nos4 #ac & #ad2 f #if? ,/reet to #adc;d ,/reet1 on ! ,we/ ,side1 !y are suppli$ f sub-/ations ,nos4 #ad & #ae2 f #adc;d ,/reet to ,dyckman ,/reet !y are suppli$ f sub-/ations ,nos4 #ae & #ag2 & f t po9t to ! t]m9al !y are suppli$ f sub-/ation ,no4 #ag4 ,on ! ,ea/ ,side bran* contact rails f #if? ,/reet to #acb;d ,/reet are suppli$ f sub-/ations ,nos4 #ad & #af2 f #acb;d to #afe? ,/reet !y are suppli$ f sub-/ations ,nos4 #af & #ah2 & f #afe? ,/reet to #ahb;d ,/reet !y are suppli$ f sub-/ation ,no4 #ah4 ,ea* contact rail is insulat$ f all contact rails belong+ to adjac5t tracks4 ,?is is done 9 ord] t 9 case ( d]ailm5t or o!r accid5t necessitat+ int]ruption ( s]vice on a giv5 track1 tra9s may be op]at$ ^u ! o!r tracks hav+ _! sep>ate & indep5d5t *annels ( electrical supply4 ,to make ?is cle>1 we may consid] t section ( ! subway :i* lies betwe5 ,reade ,/reet & #ai? ,/reet4 ,?is section is equipp$ ) f\r tracks1 & ! contact rail = ea* track1 toge!r ) ! direct curr5t fe$]s :i* supply x f sub-/ations ,nos4 #aa & #ab1 are electrically insulat$ f all o!r circuits4 ,( ea* pair ( track rails "o is us$ = ! automatic block signal+ sy/em1 &1 !re=e1 is n us$ z a "p ( ! negative or return side ( ! direct curr5t sy/em4 ,! o!r f\r track rails1 h[ev]1 are bond$1 & toge!r ) ! negative fe$]s con/itute ! track return or negative side ( ! direct curr5t sy/em4 ,! diagram on page #aji illu/rates ! connections ( ! contact rails1 track rails & ! positive & negative fe$]s4 ,all negative z well z positive fe$]s are cables ( #b1jjj1jjj c4 m4 section & lead %ea!d4 ,9 em]g5cy1 z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! de/ruction ( a numb] ( ! cables 9 a manhole1 !y are1 !re=e1 int]*angeable4 ,! connections are su* z to m9imize track drop1 z w be evid5t ^u exam9ation ( ! diagram4 ,! electrical sep>ation ( ! sev]al contact rails & ! positive fe$]s connect$ !reto secures a fur!r important advantage 9 p]mitt+ ! use at sub-/ations ( direct-curr5t circuit-break]s ( mod]ate size & capacity1 :i* c be set to op5 automatically at mu* l[] curr5ts ?an w\ld be practicable 7 all contact rails electrically connect$1 ?us r$uc+ ! limit+ curr5t & consequ5tly ! int5sity ( ! arcs :i* might occur 9 ! subway 9 case ( %ort-circuit betwe5 contact rail & e>?4 ,! contact rail itself is ( special s(t /eel1 to secure high conductivity4 ,its composition1 z %[n by te/s1 is z foll[s3 ,c>bon1 4#jh to 4#ae2 silicon1 4#je2 phosphorus1 4#aj2 manganese1 4#ej to 4#gj2 & sulphur1 4#je4 ,its resi/ance is n m ?an eight times ! resi/ance ( pure copp] ( equal cross-section4 ,! section *os5 weighs #ge p\nds p] y>d4 ,! l5g? us$ 9 g5]al is #fj feet1 b 9 "s cases #dj feet l5g?s are sub/itut$4 ,! contact rails are b\nd$ by f\r bonds1 aggregat+ #a1bjj1jjj c4 m4 section4 ,! bonds are ( flexible copp] & _! t]m9als are rivet$ to ! /eel by hydraulic presses1 produc+ a pressure ( #ce tons4 ,! bonds :5 9 use are cov]$ by special malleable iron fi%-plates :i* insure alignm5t ( rail4 ,ea* l5g? ( rail is an*or$ at its middle po9t & a small cle>ance is all[$ betwe5 ends ( adjac5t rails = expansion & contraction1 :i* 9 ! subway1 ow+ to ! relatively small *ange ( temp]ature1 w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! photographs on pages #aaj & #aaa illu/rate ! me?od ( bond+ ! rail1 & %[ ! bond$ jo9t complet$ by ! addition ( ! fi%-plates4 ,! contact rail is c>ri$ ^u block insulators support$ ^u malleable iron ca/+s4 ,ca/+s ( ! same mat]ial are us$ to secure ! contact rail 9 position ^u ! insulators4 ,a photograph ( ! insulator ) its ca/+s is %[n on page #aac4 ,sid5ote3 ,track ,bond+ ,! track rails are #cc feet long1 ( ,/&>d ,am]ican ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s' section1 weigh+ #ajj p\nds a y>d4 ,z has be5 /at$1 "o rail 9 ea* track is us$ = signal purposes & ! o!r is utiliz$ z a "p ( ! negative return ( ! p[] sy/em4 ,adjac5t rails to be us$ = ! latt] purpose are bond$ ) two copp] bonds hav+ an aggregate section ( #djj1jjj c4 m4 ,^! bonds are firmly rivet$ into ! web ( ! rail by screw bond+ presses4 ,!y are cov]$ by splice b>s1 design$ to leave suffici5t cle>ance = ! bond4 ,! return rails are cross-section$ at frequ5t int]vals = ! purpose ( equaliz+ curr5ts :i* trav]se !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,contact ,rail ,gu>d & ,collector ,%oe ,! ,int]bor\gh ,company has provid$ a gu>d 9 ! =m ( a plank #h-a_/b in*es wide & #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 :i* is support$ 9 a horizontal position directly above ! rail1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #aac4 ,?is gu>d is c>ri$ by ! contact rail to :i* x is secur$ by supports1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is suffici5tly %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?is type ( gu>d has be5 9 successful use ^u ! ,wilkesb>re & ,hazleton ,railway = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,x practically elim9ates ! dang] f ! ?ird rail1 ev5 %\ld pass5g]s leave ! tra9s & walk ?r\gh a section ( ! tunnel :ile ! rails are *>g$4 ,its adoption necessitates ! use ( a collect+ %oe diff]+ radically f t us$ ^u ! ,manhattan division & ^u ! elevat$ railways employ+ ! ?ird rail sy/em 9 ,*icago1 ,bo/on1 ,brooklyn1 & else:]e4 ,! %oe is %[n 9 ! photograph on page #aad4 ,! %oe is held 9 contact ) ! ?ird rail by gravity re9=c$ by pressure f two spiral spr+s4 ,! support = ! %oe includes provision = v]tical adju/m5t to comp5sate = we> ( c> :eels1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,electrical ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,c>s ,9 det]m9+ ! electrical equipm5t ( ! tra9s1 ! company has aim$ to secure an organization ( motors & control app>atus easily adequate to op]ate tra9s 9 bo? local & express s]vice at ! highe/ spe$s compatible ) safety to ! travel+ public4 ,= ea* ( ! two classes ( s]vice ! limit+ safe spe$ is fix$ by ! di/ance betwe5 /ations at :i* ! tra9s /op1 by curves1 & by grades4 ,except 9 a few places1 = example :]e ! ,ea/ ,side bran* passes "u ! ,h>lem ,riv]1 ! tracks are s ne>ly level t ! consid]ation ( grade does n mat]ially affect det]m9ation ( ! limit+ spe$4 ,:ile ! majority ( ! curves are ( l>ge radius1 ! safe limit+ spe$1 p>ticul>ly = ! express s]vice1 is necess>ily consid]ably less ?an x w\ld be on /raight tracks4 ,! av]age spe$ ( express tra9s betwe5 ,city ,hall & #ade? ,/reet on ! ,we/ ,side w approximate #be miles an h\r1 includ+ /ops4 ,! maximum spe$ ( tra9s w be #de miles p] h\r4 ,! av]age spe$ ( local & express tra9s w exce$ ! spe$ made by ! tra9s on any elevat$ railroad4 ,to atta9 ^! spe$s )\t exce$+ maximum safe limit+ spe$s betwe5 /ops1 ! equipm5t provid$ w accel]ate tra9s c>ry+ maximum load at a rate ( #a4be miles p] h\r p] second 9 />t+ f /ations on level track4 ,to obta9 ! same accel]ation by locomotives1 a draw-b> pull ( #dd1jjj p\nds w\ld be necess>y--a pull equival5t to ! maximum effect ( six /eam locomotives su* z 7 us$ rec5tly ^u ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railway 9 ,new ,york1 & equival5t to ! pull :i* c be ex]t$ by two pass5g] locomotives ( ! late/ ,p5nsylvania ,railroad type4 ,two ( ^! latt] w\ld weigh ab\t #bej net tons4 ,by ! use ( ! multiple unit sy/em ( electrical control1 equival5t results 9 respect to rate ( accel]ation & spe$ are atta9$1 ! total addition to tra9 weight aggregat+ b #ee net tons4 ,if ! locomotive pr9ciple ( tra9 op]ation 7 adopt$1 !re=e1 x is obvi\s t x w\ld be necess>y to employ a l[] rate ( accel]ation = express tra9s4 ,?is c\ld be atta9$ )\t v mat]ial sacrifice ( av]age spe$1 s9ce ! av]age di/ance betwe5 express /ations is ne>ly two miles4 ,9 ! case ( local tra9s1 h[ev]1 :i* av]age ne>ly ?ree /ops p] mile1 no consid]able r$uction 9 ! accel]ation is possible )\t a mat]ial r$uction 9 av]age spe$4 ,! weight ( a local tra9 exce$s ! weight ( five trail c>s1 simil>ly load$1 by #cc net tons1 & equival5t adhesion & accel]ation w\ld require locomotives hav+ n less ?an #hj net tons effective ^u driv]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,swit*+ ,! multiple unit sy/em adopt$ possesses mat]ial advantages ov] a locomotive sy/em 9 respect to swit*+ at t]m9als4 ,"s ( ! express tra9s 9 ru% h\rs w comprise eight c>s1 b at c]ta9 times dur+ ! day & night :5 ! numb] ( p requir+ transportation is less ?an dur+ ! morn+ & ev5+1 & 7 locomotives us$ an enorm\s am\nt ( swit*+1 c\pl+ & unc\pl+ w\ld be involv$ by ! comp>ative frequ5t *anges ( tra9 l5g?s4 ,9 an eight-c> multiple-unit express tra91 ! fir/1 ?ird1 fif?1 six?1 & eigh? c>s w be motor c>s1 :ile ! second1 f\r?1 & sev5? w be trail c>s4 ,an eight-c> tra9 c be r$uc$1 !re=e1 to a six-c> tra9 by unc\pl+ two c>s f ei!r end1 to a five-c> tra9 by unc\pl+ ?ree c>s f ! re> end1 or to a ?ree-c> tra9 by unc\pl+ five c>s f ei!r end4 ,9 ea* case a motor c> w rema9 at ea* end ( ! r$uc$ tra94 ,9 l mann]1 a five-c> local tra9 may be r$uc$ to ?ree c>s1 /ill leav+ a motor c> at ea* end by unc\pl+ two c>s f ei!r end1 s9ce 9 ! normal five-c> local tra9 ! fir/1 ?ird1 & fif? c>s w be motor c>s4 ,illu/ration3 #bjj ,h4 ,p4 ,,railway ,,motor ,sid5ote3 ,motors ,! motors are ( ! direct curr5t s]ies type & are rat$ #bjj horse p[] ea*4 ,!y h be5 especially design$ = ! subway s]vice 9 l9e ) specifications prep>$ by eng9e]s ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,company1 & w op]ate at an av]age effective pot5tial ( #egj volts4 ,!y are suppli$ by two manufactur]s & diff] 9 respect to important features ( design & con/ruction1 b bo? are believ$ to be ?or\ghly adequate = ! int5d$ s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 #bjj ,h4 ,p4 ,,railway ,,motor ,! photographs on ?is page illu/rate motors ( ea* make4 ,! weight ( "o make complete1 ) ge> & ge> case1 is #e1ijj p\nds4 ,! correspond+ weight ( ! o!r is #e1gej p\nds4 ,! ratio ( ge> r$uction us$ ) "o motor is #ai to #fc1 & ) ! o!r motor #bj to #fc4 ,illu/ration3 #bjj ,h4 ,p4 ,,railway ,,motor ,sid5ote3 ,motor ,control ,by ! sy/em ( motor control adopt$ = ! tra9s1 ! p[] deliv]$ to ! v>i\s motors ?r\gh\t ! tra9 is simultane\sly controll$ & regulat$ by ! motorman at ! head ( ! tra94 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( a sy/em ( electric circuits compris+ ess5tially a small drum controll] & an organization ( actuat+ circuits convey+ small curr5ts :i* en]gize electric magnets plac$ b5ea? ! c>s1 & s op5 & close ! ma9 p[] circuits :i* supply en]gy to ! motors4 ,a controll] is m\nt$ ^u ! plat=m at ea* end ( ea* motor c>1 & ! entire tra9 may be op]at$ f any "o ( ! po9ts1 ! motorman normally tak+ 8 po/ on ! front plat=m ( ! fir/ c>4 ,! swit*es :i* op5 & close ! p[] circuits ?r\gh motors & rheo/ats are call$ contactors1 ea* compris+ a magnetic bl[-out swit* & ! electro magnet :i* controls ! movem5ts ( ! swit*4 ,by ^! contactors ! usual s]ies-multiple control ( direct-curr5t motors is effect$4 ,! prim>y or control circuits regulate ! movem5t1 n only ( ! contactors b also ( ! rev]s]1 by means ( :i* ! direction ( ! curr5t suppli$ to motors may be rev]s$ at ! w ( ! motorman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,"u ,,composite ,,motor ,,c> ,! photograph on ?is page %[s ! complete control wir+ & motor equipm5t ( a motor c> z se5 b5ea? ! c>4 ,9 wir+ ! c>s unusual precautions h be5 adopt$ to gu>d aga9/ risk ( fire4 ,z else:]e describ$ 9 ?is publication1 ! floors ( all motor c>s are protect$ by %eet /eel & a mat]ial compos$ ( asbe/os & silicate ( soda1 :i* possesses great heat-resi/+ prop]ties4 ,9 addition to ?is1 all ( ! important p[] wires b5ea? ! c> are plac$ 9 conduits ( firepro( mat]ial1 ( :i* asbe/os is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! vulcaniz$ rubb] insulation ( ! wires !mselves is cov]$ ) a special braid ( asbe/os1 & 9 ord] to dim9i% ! am\nt ( combu/ible insulat+ mat]ial1 ! highe/ grade ( vulcaniz$ rubb] has be5 us$1 & ! ?ickness ( ! insulation correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,x is confid5tly believ$ t ! woodwork ( ! c> body prop] _c be s]i\sly endang]$ by an accid5t to ! electric app>atus b5ea? ! c>4 ,insulation is necess>ily combu/ible1 & 9 burn+ evolves mu* smoke2 occasional accid5ts to ! app>atus1 not)/&+ e possible precaution1 w sometimes happ52 & 9 ! subway ! fla% ev5 ( an absolutely insignificant fuse may be cle>ly visible & cause al>m4 ,! public travel+ 9 ! subway %\ld rememb] t ev5 v sev]e %ort-circuits & extremely bright fla%es b5ea? ! c> involve absolutely no dang] to pass5g]s :o rema9 inside ! c>4 ,! photograph on page #abj illu/rates ! control wir+ ( ! new /eel motorc>s4 ,! me?od ( assembl+ ! app>atus diff]s mat]ially f t adopt$ 9 wir+ ! outfit ( c>s fir/ ord]$1 &1 z ! result ( great] compactness :i* has be5 atta9$1 ! aggregate l5g? ( ! wir+ has be5 r$uc$ "o-?ird4 ,! quality & ?ickness ( ! insulation is ! same z 9 ! case ( ! e>li] c>s1 b ! use ( asbe/os conduits is ab&on$ & iron pipe sub/itut$4 ,9 e respect x is believ$ t ! design & workman%ip employ$ 9 m\nt+ & wir+ ! motors & control equipm5ts "u ^! /eel c>s is unequal$ else:]e 9 simil> "w up to ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,"u ,,/eel ,,motor ,,c> ,! motors & c> wir+ are protect$ by a c>efully plann$ sy/em ( fuses1 ! function ( :i* is to melt & op5 ! circuits1 s cutt+ (f p[] 9 case ( failure ( insulation4 ,express tra9s & local tra9s alike are provid$ ) a bus l9e1 :i* int]connects ! electrical supply to all c>s & prev5ts int]ruption ( ! deliv]y ( curr5t to motors 9 case ! collector %oes atta*$ to any giv5 c> %\ld mom5t>ily fail to make contact ) ! ?ird rail4 ,at c]ta9 cross-ov]s ?is op]ates to prev5t ext+ui%+ ! lamps 9 successive c>s z ! tra9 passes f "o track to ano!r4 ,! controll] is s con/ruct$ t :5 ! tra9 is 9 motion ! motorman is compell$ to keep 8 h& ^u x1 o!rwise ! p[] is automatically cut (f & ! brakes are appli$4 ,?is important safety device1 :i*1 9 case a motorman be sudd5ly incapacitat$ at 8 po/1 w promptly /op ! tra91 is a rec5t inv5tion & is fir/ introduc$ 9 practical s]vice ^u tra9s ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,company4 ,sid5ote3 ,heat+ & ,light+ ,all c>s are heat$ & light$ by electricity4 ,! heat]s are plac$ b5ea? ! seats1 & special precautions h be5 tak5 to insure uni=m di/ribution ( ! heat4 ,! wir+ = heat]s & lights has be5 practically safe-gu>d$ to avoid1 s f> z possible1 all risk ( %ort-circuit or fire1 ! wire us$ = ! heat] circuits be+ c>ri$ ^u porcela9 insulators f all woodwork by l>ge cle>ances1 :ile ! wir+ = lights is c>ri$ 9 metallic conduit4 ,all lamp sockets are specially design$ to prev5t possibility ( fire & are sep>at$ f ! woodwork ( ! c> by air spaces & by asbe/os4 ,illu/ration3 7,,fire ,,al>m7 ,! int]ior ( ea* c> is light$ by tw5ty-six #aj-;c&le p[] lamps1 9 addition to f\r lamps provid$ = plat=ms & m>k]s4 ,! lamps = light+ ! int]ior are c>efully locat$1 ) a view to secur+ uni=m & effective illum9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,light+ ,,sy/em ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,/ations ,,& ,,tunnel ,9 ! initial prep>ation ( plans1 & m ?an a ye> be=e ! accid5t :i* occurr$ 9 ! subway sy/em ( ,p>is 9 ,augu/1 #aijc1 ! eng9e]s ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,company realiz$ ! importance ( ma9ta9+ lights 9 ! subway indep5d5t ( any tempor>y int]ruption ( ! p[] us$ = light+ ! c>s1 &1 9 prep>+ _! plans1 !y provid$ = light+ ! subway ?r\gh\t its l5g? f a s\rce indep5d5t ( ! ma9 p[] supply4 ,= ?is purpose ?ree #a1bej-kil[att alt]nators direct-driv5 by /eam turb9es are in/all$ 9 ! p[] h\se1 f :i* po9t a sy/em ( prim>y cables1 trans=m]s & second>y conductors convey curr5t to ! inc&esc5t lamps us$ solely to light ! subway4 ,! alt]nators are ( ! ?ree-phase type1 mak+ #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute & deliv]+ curr5t at a frequ5cy ( #fj cycles p] second at a pot5tial ( #aa1jjj volts4 ,9 ! boil] plant & sy/em ( /eam pip+ in/all$ 9 connection ) ^! turb9e-driv5 units1 provision is made = sep>ation ( ! /eam supply f ! g5]al supply = ! #e1jjj kil[att units & = furni%+ ! /eam = ! turb9e units ?r\gh ei!r ( two alt]native l9es ( pipe4 ,! #aa1jjj-volt prim>y curr5t is convey$ ?r\gh pap] insulat$ lead-%ea!d cables to trans=m]s1 locat$ 9 firepro( comp>tm5ts adjac5t to ! plat=ms ( ! pass5g] /ations4 ,^! trans=m]s deliv] curr5t to two sep>ate sy/ems ( second>y wir+1 "o ( :i* is suppli$ at a pot5tial ( #abj volts & ! o!r at #fjj volts4 ,! g5]al light+ ( ! pass5g] /ation plat=ms is effect$ by inc&esc5t lamps suppli$ f ! #abj-volt second>y wir+ circuits1 :ile ! light+ ( ! subway sections betwe5 adjac5t /ations is accompli%$ by inc&esc5t lamps connect$ 9 s]ies gr\ps ( five ea* & connect$ to ! #fjj-volt light+ circuits4 ,recogniz+ ! fact t 9 view ( ! precautions tak5 x is probable t int]ruptions ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t light+ s]vice w be infrequ5t1 ! possibility ( su* int]ruption is nev]!less provid$ = by in/all+ ^u ! /airways lead+ to pass5g] /ation plat=ms1 at ! ticket boo?s & ov] ! tracks 9 front ( ! plat=ms1 a numb] ( lamps :i* are connect$ to ! contact rail circuit4 ,?is w provide light suffici5t to enable pass5g]s to see /airways & ! edges ( ! /ation plat=ms 9 case ( tempor>y failure ( ! g5]al light+ sy/em4 ,! g5]al illum9ation ( ! pass5g] /ations is effect$ by means ( #cb c4 p4 inc&esc5t lamps1 plac$ 9 recess$ domes 9 ! ceil+4 ,^! are re9=c$ by #ad c4 p4 & #cb c4 p4 lamps1 c>ri$ by brackets ( ornate design :]e ! con/ruction ( ! /ation does n conv5i5tly p]mit ! use ( ceil+ lights4 ,! lamps are enclos$ 9 s&-bla/$ glass globes1 & excell5t di/ribution is secur$ by ! use ( reflectors4 ,! illu/ration on page #abb is produc$ f a photograph ( ! int]ior ( "o ( ! trans=m] cupbo>ds & %[s ! trans=m] 9 place ) ! end bell ( ! high pot5tial cable & ! prim>y swit*bo>d conta9+ swit*es & enclos$ fuses4 ,! illu/ration on page #abc %[s "o ( ! second>y di/ribut+ swit*bo>ds :i* are locat$ imm$iately beh9d ! ticket boo?s1 :]e !y are "u ! control ( ! ticket sell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trans=m] ,,comp>tm5t ,,9 ,,pass5g] ,,/ation ,9 light+ ! subway betwe5 pass5g] /ations1 x is desirable1 on ! "o h&1 to provide suffici5t light = track inspection & to p]mit employees pass+ along ! subway to see _! way cle>ly & avoid ob/ructions2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! light+ mu/ n be s brilliant z to int]f]e ) easy sight & recognition ( ! r$1 yell[1 & gre5 signal lamps ( ! block signal sy/em4 ,x is necess>y also t ! lights = g5]al illum9ation be s plac$ t _! rays %all n fall directly ^u ! eyes ( approa*+ motorm5 at ! head ( tra9s nor annoy pass5g]s :o may be read+ _! pap]s inside ! c>s4 ,! conditions impos$ by ^! consid]ations are met 9 ! f\r-track sections ( ! subway by plac+ a r[ ( inc&esc5t lamps betwe5 ! nor?-b\nd local & express tracks & a simil> r[ betwe5 ! s\?b\nd local & express tracks4 ,! lamps are c>ri$ ^u brackets support$ ^u ! iron columns ( ! subway /ructure1 successive lamps 9 ea* r[ be+ #fj feet ap>t4 ,!y are locat$ a few in*es above ! tops ( ! c> w9d[s & ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( approa*+ tra9s ! lamps 9 ea* r[ are c>ri$ ^u ! f> side ( ! iron columns1 by :i* exp$i5t ! eyes ( ! approa*+ motorm5 are suffici5tly protect$ aga9/ _! direct rays4 ,sid5ote3 ,light+ ( ! ,p[] ,h\se ,= ! g5]al illum9ation ( ! eng9e room1 clu/]s ( ,n]n/ lamps are support$ f ! ro( trusses & a r[ ( s+le lamps ( ! same type is c>ri$ on ! l[] gall]y ab\t #be feet f ! floor4 ,?is is ! fir/ p[] h\se 9 ,am]ica to be illum9at$ by ^! lamps4 ,! quality ( ! light is unsurpass$ & ! g5]al effect ( ! illum9ation mo/ satisfactory & agreeable to ! eye4 ,9 addition to ! ,n]n/ lamps1 #af c4 p4 inc&esc5t lamps are plac$ ^u ! eng9es & along ! gall]ies 9 places n conv5i5tly rea*$ by ! g5]al illum9ation4 ,! basem5t also is light$ by inc&esc5t lamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,second>y ,,di/ribut+ ,,swit*bo>d ,,at ,,pass5g] ,,/ation ,= ! boil] room1 a r[ ( ,n]n/ lamps 9 front ( ! batt]ies ( boil]s is provid$1 &1 9 addition to ^!1 inc&esc5t lamps are us$ 9 ! passageways ar\nd ! boil]s1 at gauges & at wat] columns4 ,! basem5t ( ! boil] room1 ! pump room1 ! economiz] floor1 coal bunk]s1 & coal convey]s are light$ by inc&esc5t lamps1 :ile arc lamps are us$ ar\nd ! coal t[] & dock4 ,! lights on ! eng9es & ^? at gauge glasses & wat] columns & at ! pumps are suppli$ by direct curr5t f ! #bej-volt circuits4 ,all o!r inc&esc5t lamps & ! ,n]n/ lamps are suppli$ ?r\gh trans=m]s f ! #fj-;cycle light+ sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,em]g5cy ,signal ,sy/em & ,provision = ,cutt+ ,(f ,p[] f ,contact ,rail ,9 ! boo? ( ea* ticket sell] & at e manhole along ! we/ side ( ! subway & its bran*es is plac$ a glass-cov]$ box ( ! k9d g5]ally us$ 9 l>ge ,am]ican cities = fire al>m purposes4 ,9 case ( accid5t 9 ! subway :i* may r5d] x desirable to cut (f p[] f ! contact rails1 ?is result c be accompli%$ by break+ ! glass front ( ! em]g5cy box & pull+ ! hook provid$4 ,special em]g5cy circuits are s arrang$ t pull+ ! hook w in/antly op5 all ! circuit-break]s at adjac5t sub-/ations ?r\gh :i* ! contact rails 9 ! section affect$ receive _! supply ( p[]4 ,x w also in/antly report ! location ( ! tr\ble1 annunciator gongs be+ locat$ 9 ! sub-/ations f :i* p[] is suppli$ to ! section1 9 ! tra9 dispat*]s' (fices & 9 ! (fice ( ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t1 in/antly intimat+ ! numb] ( ! box :i* has be5 pull$4 ,automatic record+ devices 9 tra9 dispat*]s' (fices & 9 ! (fice ( ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t also note ! numb] ( ! box pull$4 ,! photograph on page #abj %[s a typical fire al>m box4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,roll+ ,,/ock--,,c>s1 ,,trucks1 ,,etc4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! build]s ( ! road to improve ^u ! be/ devices kn[n 9 electrical railroad+ & to provide an equipm5t unequal$ on any int]urban l9e is n[h]e bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! c>eful /udy giv5 to ! types ( c>s & trucks us$ on o!r l9es be=e a selection 0 made ( ^? to be employ$ on ! subway4 ,all ( ! exi/+ rapid transit railways 9 ?is c\ntry1 & _m ( ^? abroad1 7 visit$ & ! diff]5t patt]ns ( c>s 9 use 7 consid]$ 9 ?is inve/igation1 :i* includ$ a /udy ( ! relative advantages ( long & %ort c>s1 s+le & multiple side entrance c>s & end entrance c>s1 & all ( ! o!r v>ieties :i* h be5 adopt$ = rapid transit s]vice abroad & at home4 ,! s]vice requirem5t ( ! ,new ,york subway introduces a numb] ( unprec$5t$ conditions1 & requir$ a complete r$esign ( all ! exi/+ models4 ,! g5]al consid]ations to be met includ$ ! foll[+3 ,high s*$ule spe$s ) frequ5t /ops4 ,maximum c>ry+ capacity = ! subway1 especially at times ( ru% h\rs1 morn+ & ev5+4 ,maximum /r5g? comb9$ ) smalle/ p]missible weight4 ,adoption ( all precautions calculat$ to r$uce possibility ( damage f ei!r ! electric circuit or f collisions4 ,! cle>ance & l5g? ( ! local /ation plat=ms limit$ ! l5g? ( tra9s1 & tunnel cle>ances ! l5g? & wid? & height ( ! c>s4 ,! spe$s call$ = by ! contract ) ! city introduc$ motive p[] requirem5ts :i* 7 unprec$5t$ 9 any exi/+ railway s]vice1 ei!r /eam or electric1 & dem&$ a m9imum weight consi/5t ) safety4 ,z an example1 x may be /at$ t an express tra9 ( eight c>s 9 ! subway to con=m to ! s*$ule spe$ adopt$ w require a nom9al p[] ( motors on ! tra9 ( #b1jjj horse p[]1 ) an av]age accel]at+ curr5t at #fjj volts 9 />t+ f a /ation /op ( #cbe amp]es4 ,?is rate ( en]gy absorption :i* corresponds to #b1ejj horse p[] is n f> f d\ble t tak5 by ! heavie/ tra9s on trunk l9e railroads :5 />t+ f /ations at ! maximum rate ( accel]ation possible ) ! mo/ p[]ful mod]n /eam locomotives4 ,su* exact+ s*$ule conditions z ^? m5tion$ necessitat$ ! design ( c>s1 trucks1 etc41 ( equival5t /r5g? to t f\nd 9 /eam railroad c> & locomotive con/ruction1 s t :ile x 0 ess5tial to keep d[n ! weight ( ! tra9 & individual c>s to a m9imum1 ow+ to ! frequ5t /ops1 x 0 equally z ess5tial to provide ! /ronge/ & mo/ sub/antial type ( c> con/ruction ?r\gh\t4 ,ow+ to ^! two ess5tials :i* 7 embodi$ 9 _! con/ruction x c safely be ass]t$ t ! c>s us$ 9 ! subway repres5t ! acme ( c> build+ art z x exi/s to-day1 & t all available appliances = secur+ /r5g? & durability 9 ! c>s & immunity f accid5ts h be5 introduc$4 ,aft] hav+ asc]ta9$ ! g5]al type ( c>s :i* w\ld be be/ adapt$ to ! subway s]vice1 & be=e plac+ ! ord] = c> equipm5ts1 x 0 decid$ to build sample c>s embody+ ! approv$ pr9ciples ( design4 ,f ^! ! managem5t believ$ t ! details ( con/ruction c\ld be m p]fectly det]m9$ ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aijb1 two sample c>s 7 built & equipp$ ) a v>iety ( appliances & furni%+s s t ! f9al type c\ld be intellig5tly select$4 ,f ! te/s conduct$ on ^! c>s ! adopt$ type ( c> :i* is describ$ 9 detail bel[ 0 evolv$4 ,aft] ! design _h be5 work$ out a great deal ( difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 secur+ satisfactory contracts = prop] deliv]ies1 on acc\nt ( ! conge/$ condition ( ! c> build+ works 9 ! c\ntry4 ,contracts 7 f9ally clos$1 h[ev]1 9 ,decemb]1 #aijb1 = #ejj c>s1 & ord]s 7 di/ribut$ betwe5 f\r c>-build+ firms4 ,( ^! c>s1 "s #bjj1 z fa/ z deliv]$1 7 plac$ 9 op]ation on ! ,second ,av5ue l9e ( ! ,elevat$ ,railway1 9 ord] t !y might be ?or\ghly te/$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijc-d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,end ,,view ,,( ,,/eel ,,pass5g] ,,c> ,9 view ( ! peculi> traffic conditions exi/+ 9 ,new ,york ,city & ! re/rict$ sid+ & y>d room available 9 ! subway1 x 0 decid$ t "o /&>d type ( c> = all classes ( s]vice w\ld introduce ! mo/ flexible op]at+ conditions1 & = ?is reason w\ld be/ suit ! public dem&s at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> & h\rs ( ! day4 ,9 ord] fur!r to provide c>s1 ea* ( :i* w\ld be z safe z ! o!rs1 x 0 ess5tial t !re %\ld be no diff]5ce 9 con/ructional /r5g? betwe5 ! motor c>s & ! trail c>s4 ,all c>s 7 !re=e made ( "o type & c be us$ int]*angeably = ei!r motor or trail-c> s]vice4 ,! motor c>s c>ry bo? motors on ! same truck2 t is1 !y h a motor truck at "o end c>ry+ two motors1 "o ge>$ to ea* axle2 ! truck at ! o!r end ( ! c> is a trail] & c>ries no motive p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,/eel ,,pass5g] ,,c> ,"s lead+ di/9ctive features ( ! c>s may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 7#a47 ,! l5g? is #ea feet & provides seat+ capacity = #eb pass5g]s4 ,?is l5g? is ab\t #d feet m ?an ^? ( ! exi/+ ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railroad c>s4 7#b47 ,! enclos$ ve/ibule plat=ms ) slid+ doors in/ead ( ! usual gates4 ,! enclos$ plat=ms w contribute greatly to ! com=t & safety ( pass5g]s "u subway conditions4 7#c47 ,! anti-telescop+ c> bulkheads & plat=m po/s4 ,?is con/ruction is simil> to t 9 use on ,pullman c>s1 & has be5 demon/rat$ 9 /eam railroad s]vice to be an important safety appliance4 7#d47 ,! /eel und]fram+ ( ! c>1 :i* provides a rigid & durable b$ /ructure = transmitt+ ! heavy motive p[] /resses4 7#e47 ,! num]\s protective devices aga9/ defects 9 ! electrical app>atus4 7#f47 ,w9d[ arrangem5t1 p]mitt+ circulation )\t draughts4 7#g47 ,em]g5cy brake valve on truck op]at$ by track trip4 7#h47 ,em]g5cy brake valve 9 connection ) ma/]-controll]4 ,! table on page #acc %[s ! ma9 dim5sions ( ! c>1 & also ! correspond+ dim5sions ( ! /&>d c> 9 use on ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railway4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! floor fram+ is well %[n 9 ! photograph on page #acb4 ,! side sills are ( #f-;in* *annels1 :i* are re9=c$ inside & out by :ite oak timb]s4 ,! c5t] sills are #e-;in* ,i-beams1 fac$ on bo? sides ) ,s\!rn p9e4 ,! end sills are also ( /eel %apes1 securely atta*$ to ! side sills by /eel ca/+s & =g+s4 ,! c> body end-sill *annel is fac$ ) a :ite-oak fill]1 mortis$ to receive ! c> body end-po/s & brac$ at ea* end by gusset plates4 ,! body bol/] is made up ( two roll$ /eel plates bolt$ toge!r at _! ends & support$ by a /eel draw ca/+1 ! ends ( :i* =m a support = ! c5t] sills4 ,! cross-bridg+ & ne$le-beams ( #e-;in* ,i-beams are unusually sub/antial4 ,! floor+ inside ! c> is d\ble & ( maple1 ) asbe/os fire-felt betwe5 ! lay]s1 & is protect$ bel[ by /eel plates & transite 7asbe/os bo>d74 ,! side fram+ ( ! c> is ( :ite a%1 d\bly brac$ & heavily truss$4 ,!re are sev5 composite wr\ght-iron c>l9es =g$ 9 %ape = ! ro(1 ea* s&wi*$ betwe5 two :ite a% c>l9es1 & ) :ite a% int]m$iate c>l9es4 ,! plat=m po/s are ( comp\nd con/ruction ) anti-telescop+ po/s ( /eel b> s&wi*$ betwe5 :ite a% po/s at corn]s & c5t]s ( ve/ibul$ plat=ms4 ,^! po/s are securely bolt$ to ! /eel longitud9al sills1 ! /eel anti-telescop+ plate bel[ ! floor1 & to ! hood ( ! b[ :i* s]ves to re9=ce x4 ,?is b[ is a heavy /eel angle 9 "o piece1 rea*+ f plate to plate & ext5d+ back into ! c> #f feet on ea* side4 ,by ?is con/ruction x is believ$ t ! c> fram+ is practically inde/ructible4 ,9 case ( accid5t1 if "o plat=m %\ld ride ov] ano!r1 eight squ>e in*es ( metal w\ld h to be %e>$ (f ! po/s be=e ! ma9 body ( ! c> w\ld be rea*$1 :i* w\ld af=d an effective means ( protection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view--,,/eel ,,c> ,,fram+ ,! floor is completely cov]$ on ! und]side ) #a_/d-;in* asbe/os transite bo>d1 :ile all p>ts ( ! c> fram+1 floor+1 & %ea?+ are cov]$ ) fire-pro(+ comp\nd4 ,9 addition1 all spaces above ! motor truck 9 ! floor fram+1 betwe5 sills & bridg+1 are protect$ by plates ( ,no4 #h /eel & #a_/d-;in* roll fire-felt ext5d+ f ! plat=m end sill to ! bol/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,c> ,wir+ ,! precautions to secure safety f fire consi/s g5]ally 9 ! p]fect$ arrangem5t & in/allation ( ! electrical app>atus & ! wir+4 ,= ! light+ circuits a flexible /eel conduit is us$1 & a special junction box4 ,on ! side & upp] ro(s1 ov] ^! conduits = ! light+ circuits1 a /rip ( %eet iron is securely nail$ to ! ro( bo>ds be=e ! canvas is appli$4 ,! wires "u ! floor are c>ri$ 9 ducts m\ld$ into suitable =ms ( asbe/os comp\nd4 ,special precautions h be5 tak5 ) ! insulation ( ! wires1 ! specifications call+ =1 fir/1 a lay] ( pap]1 next1 a lay] ( rubb]1 & !n a lay] ( cotton saturat$ ) a wea!r-pro( comp\nd1 & outside ( ?is a lay] ( asbe/os4 ,! hang]s support+ ! rheo/ats "u ! c> body are insulat$ ) wood5 blocks1 treat$ by a special process1 be+ dri$ out 9 an ov5 & !n soak$ 9 an insulat+ comp\nd1 & cov]$ ) #a_/d-;in* transite bo>d4 ,! rheo/at boxes !mselves are also insulat$ f ! angle iron support+ !m4 ,:]e ! wires pass ?r\gh ! floor+ !y are h]metically seal$ to prev5t ! admission ( du/ & dirt4 ,at ! =w>d end ( :at is kn[n z ! ,no4 #a end ( ! c> all ! wires are c>ri$ to a slate swit*bo>d 9 ! motorman's cab4 ,?is bo>d is #dd x #bg in*es1 & is m\nt$ directly back ( ! motorman4 ,! w9d[ space occupi$ by ?is bo>d is ceil$ up & ! space back ( ! panels is box$ 9 & provid$ ) a door ( /eel plate1 =m+ a box1 ! cov]1 top1 bottom1 & sides ( :i* are l9$ ) electrobe/os #a_/b-;in* ?ick4 ,all ( ! swit*es & fuses1 except ! ma9 trolley fuse & bus-l9e fuse1 :i* are encas$ & plac$ "u ! c>1 are c>ri$ on ?is swit*bo>d4 ,:]e ! wires are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! floor or any p>tition1 a /eel *ute1 l9$ ) electrobe/os1 is us$ to protect ! wires aga9/ me*anical injury4 ,x w be not$ f ! above t no p[] wir+1 swit*es1 or fuses are plac$ 9 ! c> itself1 all su* devices be+ outside 9 a special /eel insulat$ comp>tm5t4 ,a novel feature 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! c>s is ! motorman's comp>tm5t & ve/ibule1 :i* diff]s ess5tially f t us$ h]et(ore1 & ! pat5ts are own$ by ! ,int]bor\gh ,company4 ,! cab is locat$ on ! plat=m1 s t no space )9 ! c> is requir$2 at ! same "t ! entire plat=m space is available = +ress & egress except t on ! front plat=m ( ! fir/ c>1 on :i* ! pass5g]s w\ld n be all[$ 9 any case4 ,! side ( ! cab is =m$ by a door :i* c be plac$ 9 ?ree positions4 ,:5 9 its mid-position x encloses a "p ( ! plat=m1 s z to furni% a cab = ! motorman1 b :5 swung p>allel to ! end sills x encloses ! end ( ! plat=m1 & ?is w\ld be its position on ! re> plat=m ( ! re> c>4 ,! ?ird position is :5 x is swung ar\nd to an arc ( #ahj degrees1 :5 x c be lock$ 9 position aga9/ ! corn] ve/ibule po/ enclos+ ! ma/] controll]4 ,?is w\ld be its position on all plat=ms except on ! front ( ! front c> or ! re> ( ! re> c> ( ! tra94 ,! plat=ms !mselves are n equipp$ ) side gates1 b ) doors arrang$ to slide into pockets 9 ! side fram+1 !reby giv+ up ! entire plat=m to ! pass5g]s4 ,^! doors are clos$ by an ov]head lev] sy/em4 ,! slid+ door on ! front plat=m ( ! fir/ c> may be p>tly op5$ & secur$ 9 ?is position by a b>1 & ?us s]ve z an arm-re/ = ! motorman4 ,! doors close aga9/ an air-cu%ion /op1 mak+ x impossible to clut* ! clo?+ or limbs ( pass5g]s 9 clos+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view--,,skeleton ,,fram+ ,,( ,,/eel ,,c> ,pantagraph safety gates = c\pl+ betwe5 c>s are provid$4 ,!y are con/ruct$ s z to adju/ !mselves to suit ! v>i\s positions ( adjo9+ c>s :ile pass+ 91 ar\nd1 & out ( curves ( #ij feet radius4 ,on ! door lead+ f ! ve/ibule to ! body ( ! c> is a curta9 t c be automatically rais$ & l[]$ z ! door is op5$ or clos$ to %ut ! light away f ! motorman4 ,ano!r atta*m5t is ! peculi> h&le on ! slid+ door4 ,?is door is made to lat* s t x _c slide op5 ) ! sway+ ( ! c>1 b ! h&le is s con/ruct$ t :5 pressure is appli$ ^u x to op5 ! door1 ! same movem5t w unlat* x4 ,ent]+ ! c>1 ! obs]v] is at once impress$ by ! am\nt ( room available = pass5g]s4 ,! seat+ arrangem5ts are simil> to ! elevat$ c>s1 b ! subway coa*es are long] & wid] ?an ! ,manhattan1 & !re are two additional seats on ea* end4 ,! seats are all f9i%$ 9 rattan4 ,/ation>y crosswise seats are provid$ aft] ! ,manhattan patt]n1 at ! c5t] ( ! c>4 ,! longitud9al seats are #ag-c_/d in*es deep4 ,! space betwe5 ! longitud9al seats is #d feet #e in*es4 ,! w9d[s h two sa%es1 ! l[] "o be+ /ation>y1 :ile ! upp] "o is a drop sa%4 ,?is arrangem5t rev]ses ! ord9>y practice1 & is desirable 9 subway op]ation & to insure safety & com=t to ! pass5g]s4 ,! side w9d[s 9 ! body ( ! c>1 also ! end w9d[s & end doors1 are provid$ ) roll %ades ) p9*-h&le fixtures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,protect$ ,,wood5 ,,c> ,! floors are cov]$ ) h>d maple /rips1 securely fa/5$ to ! floor ) ovalhead brass screws1 ?us provid+ a clean1 dry floor = all conditions ( wea!r4 ,six s+le inc&esc5t lamps are plac$ on ! upp] deck ceil+1 & a r[ ( t5 on ea* side deck ceil+ is provid$4 ,!re are two lamps plac$ 9 a :ite porcela9 dome ov] ea* plat=m1 & ! pressure gauge is also provid$ ) a m9iature lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view--,,protect$ ,,wood5 ,,c>1 ,,%[+ ,,copp] ,,sides ,! head l9+s are ( composite bo>d4 ,! int]ior f9i% is ( mahogany ( light color4 ,a mahogany h&rail ext5ds ! full l5g? ( ! cl]e/ory on ea* side ( ! c>1 support$ 9 brass sockets at ! ends & by heavy brass brackets on ea* side4 ,! h&rail on ea* side ( ! c> c>ries ?irty-eight lea!r /raps4 ,ea* v5tilator sa% is secur$ on ! inside to a brass op]at+ arm1 manipulat$ by means ( rods runn+ along ea* side ( ! cl]e/ory1 & ea* rod is op]at$ by means ( a brass lev]1 hav+ a fulcrum secur$ to ! inside ( ! cl]e/ory4 ,all h>dw>e is ( bronze1 ( be/ quality & heavy patt]n1 includ+ locks1 pulls1 h&les1 sa% fitt+s1 w9d[ gu>ds1 rail+ brackets & sockets1 bell cord ?imbles1 *af+ /rips1 h+es1 & all o!r trimm+s4 ,! upright panels betwe5 ! w9d[s & ! corn] ( ! c> are ( pla9 mahogany1 z are also ! s+le po/ pila/]s1 all ( :i* are decorat$ ) m>quetry inlaid4 ,! end f9i% is ( mahogany1 =m+ a cas+ = ! end door4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fram+ ,,( ,,protect$ ,,wood5 ,,c> ,sid5ote3 ,/eel ,c>s ,at ! "t ( plac+ ! fir/ contract = ! roll+ /ock ( ! subway1 ! "q ( us+ an all-/eel c> 0 c>efully consid]$ by ! managem5t4 ,su* a type ( c>1 9 _m respects1 pres5t$ desirable features = subway "w z repres5t+ ! ultimate ( absolute incombu/ibility4 ,c]ta9 practical reasons1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ ! adoption ( an all-/eel c> 9 ! spr+ ( #aijb :5 x became necess>y to place ! ord]s m5tion$ above = ! fir/ #ejj c>s4 ,pr9cipal among ^! reasons 0 ! fact t no c>s ( ?is k9d _h ev] be5 con/ruct$1 & z ! c> build+ works ( ! c\ntry 7 9 a v conge/$ condition all ( ! l>g] companies decl9$ to consid] any /&>d specifications ev5 = a %ort-"t deliv]y1 :ile = c>s involv+ ! ext5sive use ( metal ! "q 0 impossible ( imm$iate solution4 ,aga91 !re 7 a numb] ( v s]i\s me*anical difficulties to be /udi$ & ov]come 9 ! con/ruction ( su* a c>1 su* z avoidance ( excessive weight1 a s]i\s elem5t 9 a rapid transit s]vice1 insulation f ! extremes ( heat & cold1 & ! prev5tion ( undue noise 9 op]ation4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 to b5d all en]gies to ! production ( a wood5 c> ) suffici5t metal = /r5g? & protection f accid5t1 i4 e41 a /rong]1 saf]1 & bett] con/ruct$ c> ?an _h h]et(ore be5 put 9 use on any electric railway 9 ! _w4 ,^! prop]ties x is believ$ are embodi$ 9 ! c> :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metal ,,und]frame ,,( ,,protect$ ,,wood5 ,,c> ,! plan ( an all-metal c>1 h[ev]1 0 n ab&on$1 & al?\gh none 0 9 use 9 pass5g] s]vice any:]e1 /eps 7 imm$iately tak5 to design a c> ( ?is type & conduct ! necess>y te/s to det]m9e :e!r x w\ld be suitable = railway s]vice4 ,none ( ! c>-build+ companies 0 will+ to und]take ! "w1 b ! c\rte\s cop]ation ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company 0 secur$ 9 plac+ its manufactur+ facilities at ,altoona at ! disposal ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,railway ,company4 ,plans 7 prep>$ = an all-metal c>1 & aft] ab\t f\rte5 mon?s ( "w a sample type 0 complet$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aijc1 :i* 0 9 e way cr$itable z a fir/ attempt4 ,! sample c> naturally embodi$ "s faults :i* only exp]i5ce c\ld correct1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ t ! c> 0 n only too heavy = use on ! elevat$ l9es ( ! company1 b atta9$ an undesirable weight = subway op]ation4 ,f ?is orig9al design1 h[ev]1 a second design involv+ v orig9al features has be5 work$ out1 & a contract has be5 giv5 by ! ,int]bor\gh ,company = #bjj all-/eel c>s1 :i* are n[ be+ con/ruct$4 ,:ile ! exp5se ( produc+ ?is new type ( c> has obvi\sly be5 great1 ?is consid]ation has n influ5c$ ! managem5t ( ! company 9 develop+ an equipm5t :i* promis$ ! maximum ( op]at+ safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,end ,,view ,,( ,,motor ,,truck ,sid5ote3 ,! ,g5]al ,arrangem5ts ,! g5]al dim5sions ( ! all-/eel c> diff] only slightly f ^? ( ! wood5 c>4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! dim5sions ( ! two c>s1 & also t ( ! ,manhattan ,railway c>s3 ,wood5 ,all-,/eel ,manhattan ,c>s4 ,c>s4 ,c>s4 ,l5g? ov] body corn] po/s1 #db' #g #da' #a_/b #ci' #aj ,l5g? ov] buff]s1 #ea' #b #ea' #b #dg' #a ,l5g? ov] draw-b>s1 #ea' #e #ea' #e #dg' #d ,wid? ov] side sills1 #h' #h-c_/h #h' #f-c_/d #h' #f ,wid? ov] %ea?+1 #h' #aj #h' #g #h' #g ,wid? ov] w9d[ sills1 #h' #aa-g_/h #i' #a_/b #h' #i ,wid? ov] batt5s1 #h' #aj-c_/d #h' #g-a_/d #h' #g-g_/h ,wid? ov] eaves1 #h' #h #h' #h #h' #i-a_/b ,height f "u side ( sill to top ( plate1 #g' #c-a_/h #g' #a #g' #c ,height ( body f "u side ( c5t] sill to top ( ro(1 #h' #i-g_/h #h' #i-g_/h #i' #e-g_/h ,height ( truck f rail to top ( truck c5t] plate 7c> light71 #b' #h #b' #h #b' #e-c_/d ,height f top ( rail to und]side ( side sill at truck c5t] 7c> light71 #c' #a-a_/h #c' #b-a_/h #c' #c-a_/d ,height f top ( rail to top ( ro( n to exce$ 7c> light71 #ab' #c_/d #ab' #j #ab' #aj-a_/b ,! g5]al frame plan ( ! all-/eel c> is cle>ly %[n by ! photograph on page #abh4 ,z w be se51 ! floor fram+ is made up ( two c5t] longitud9al #f-;in* ,i-beams & two longitud9al #e x #c-;in* /eel side angles1 ext5d+ 9 "o piece f plat=m-end sill to plat=m-end sill4 ,! end sills are angles & are secur$ to ! side & c5t] sills by ca/-/eel brackets1 & 9 addition by /eel anti-telescop+ plates1 :i* are plac$ on ! "u side ( ! sills & rivet$ !reto4 ,! floor+ is ( galvaniz$1 corrugat$ %eet iron1 laid across ! longitud9al sills & secur$ to longitud9al angles by rivets4 ,?is corrugat$ %eet holds ! firepro( cem5t floor+ call$ monoli?4 ,on top ( ?is latt] are atta*$ longitud9al floor /rips = a we>+ surface4 ,! plat=m floor+ is ( /eel plate cov]$ ) rubb] matt+ cem5t$ to ! same4 ,! side & end frame is compos$ ( s+le & comp\nd po/s made ( /eel angles or ,t's & ! ro( fram+ ( wr\ght-iron c>l9es & purl9es4 ,! sides ( ! c>s are d\ble & compos$ ( /eel plates on ! outside1 rivet$ to ! side po/s & belt rails1 & l9$ ) electrobe/os4 ,! outside ro( is ( firepro( composite bo>d1 cov]$ ) canvas4 ,! headl9+s are ( firepro( composite1 fac$ ) alum9um %eets4 ,! m\ld+s ?r\gh\t are ( alum9um4 ,! wa9scot+ is ( transite bo>d & alum9um1 & ! end f9i% & w9d[ panels are ( alum9um1 l9$ ) asbe/os felt4 ,! seat frames are ( /eel ?r\gh\t1 z are also ! cu%ion frames4 ,! sa% is d\ble1 ! l[] "p be+ /ation>y & ! upp] "p movable4 ,! doors are ( mahogany1 & are ( ! slid+ type & are op]at$ by ! door op]at+ device already describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,motor ,,truck ,sid5ote3 ,trucks ,two types ( trucks are be+ built1 "o = ! motor end1 ! o!r = ! trail] end ( ! c>4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! trucks3 ,motor ,truck4 ,trail] ,truck4 ,gauge ( track144444444444444444444444444444 #d' #h-a_/b #d' #h-a_/b ,di/ance betwe5 backs ( :eel flanges14444 #d' #e-c_/h #d' #e-c_/h ,height ( truck c5t] plate above rail1 c> body load$ ) #ae1jjj p\nds14444444 #cj #cj ,height ( truck side be>+s above rail1 c> body load$144444444444444444444444444 #cd #cd ,:eel base ( truck1444444444444444444444444 #f' #h #e' #f ,weight on c5t] plate ) c> body load$1 ab\t44444444444444444444444444444 #bg1jjj lbs4 ,side frames1 wr\ght-iron =g$144444444444 #b-a_/b x #d #a-a_/b x #c ,p$e/als1 wr\ght-iron =g$14444444444444444444444444 ,c5t] transom1 /eel *annel144444444444444444444444444 ,truck bol/]1444444444444444444444444444444 ca/ /eel4 wood & iron4 ,equaliz+ b>s1 wr\ght iron144444444444444444444444444 ,c5t] plate1 ca/ /eel14444444444444444444444444444444 ,spr+ plank1 wr\ght iron144444444444444444 #a x #c :ite oak4 ,bol/] spr+s1 elliptic1 l5g?1 444444444 #cj #cb ,equaliz+ spr+s1 d\ble coil1 outside dim5sions14444444444444444444 #d-g_/h x #g-a_/b #c-e_/h x #f ,:eels1 ca/ /eel spoke c5t]1 /eel tir$1 diamet]144444444444444444444 #cc-c_/d #cj ,tires1 tread ,m4 ,c4 ,b4 ,/&>d1444444444 #b-e_/h x #e-a_/d #b-e_/h x #e-a_/d ,axles1 diamet] at c5t]1444444444444444444 #f-a_/b #d-c_/d ,axles1 diamet] at ge> seat1444444444444444 #g-ac_/af ,axles1 diamet] at :eel seat144444444444444 #g-c_/d #e-c_/d ,j\rnals14444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #e x #i #d-a_/d x #h ,j\rnal boxes1 malleable iron1 ,m4 ,c4 ,b4 ,/&>d14444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,bo? ! motor & ! trail] trucks h be5 design$ ) ! greate/ c>e = sev]e s]vice1 & _! details are ! outcome ( ye>s ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,signal ,,sy/em ,e>ly 9 ! developm5t ( ! plans = ! subway sy/em 9 ,new ,york ,city1 x 0 =ese5 t ! effici5cy ( op]ation ( a road ) s heavy a traffic z is be+ provid$ = w\ld dep5d l>gely ^u ! complet5ess ( ! block signal+ & int]lock+ sy/ems adopt$ = spac+ & direct+ tra9s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ?is consid]ation1 n only = safety ( pass5g]s1 b also = conduct+ op]ation "u exact+ s*$ules1 x 0 decid$ to in/all ! mo/ complete & effective signal+ sy/em procurable4 ,! problem involv$ ! prime consid]ation (3 ,safety & reliability4 ,greate/ capacity ( ! l9es consi/5t ) ! above4 ,facility ( op]ation "u necess>ily re/rict$ y>d & track conditions4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! above desid]ata x 0 decid$ to in/all a complete automatic block signal sy/em = ! high-spe$ r\tes1 block protection = all obscure po9ts on ! l[-spe$ r\tes1 & to op]ate all swit*es bo? = l9e movem5ts & 9 y>ds by p[] f c5tral po9ts4 ,?is necess>ily involv$ ! int]connection ( ! block & swit* movem5ts at _m locations & made ! adoption ( ! mo/ flexible & compact appliances ess5tial4 ,( ! v>i\s signal sy/ems 9 use x 0 f\nd t ! "o promis+ entirely satisfactory results 0 ! electro-pneumatic block & int]lock+ sy/em1 by :i* p[] 9 any quantity c\ld be readily conduct$ 9 small pipes any di/ance & utiliz$ 9 compact app>atus 9 ! mo/ re/rict$ spaces4 ,! movem5ts c\ld be made ) ! greate/ promptness & c]ta9ty & int]connect$ = ! mo/ complicat$ situations = safety4 ,moreov]1 all ess5tial details ( ! sy/em _h be5 work$ out 9 ye>s ( practical op]ation on important trunk l9es ( railway1 s t its reliability & effici5cy 7 beyond "q4 ,! application ( su* a sy/em to ! ,new ,york subway involv$ an elaboration ( detail n be=e attempt$ ^u a railway l9e ( simil> l5g?1 & ! contract = its in/allation is believ$ to be ! l>ge/ s+le ord] ev] giv5 to a signal manufactur+ company4 ,9 ! application ( an automatic block sy/em to an electric railway :]e ! rails are us$ = ! return circuit ( ! propulsion curr5t1 x is necess>y to modify ! sy/em z usually appli$ to a /eam railway & introduce a track circuit control t w n be injuri\sly influ5c$ by ! propulsion curr5t4 ,?is _h be5 successfully accompli%$ = mod]ately heavy electric railway traffic 9 ! ,bo/on elevat$ in/allation1 :i* 0 ! fir/ electric railway to adopt a complete automatic block signal sy/em ) track circuit control4 ,! ,new ,york subway op]ation1 h[ev]1 contemplat$ traffic ( unprec$5t$ d5sity & consequ5t magnitude ( ! electric curr5ts employ$1 & exp]i5ce ) exi/+ track circuit control sy/ems l$ to ! conclusion t "s modification 9 app>atus 0 ess5tial to prev5t occasional traffic delays4 ,! propos$ op]ation contemplates a possible maximum ( two tracks load$ ) local tra9s at "o m9ute int]vals1 & two tracks ) eight c> express tra9s at two m9ute int]vals1 ! latt] class ( tra9s requir+ at times z mu* z #b1jjj horse p[] = ea* tra9 9 motion4 ,x is readily se51 !n1 t comb9ations ( tra9s 9 motion may at c]ta9 times occur :i* w ?r[ enorm\s dem&s = p[] ^u a giv5 section ( ! road4 ,! electricity convey+ ?is p[] fl[s back ?r\gh ! track rails to ! p[] /ation & 9 s do+ is subject to a drop or loss 9 ! rails :i* v>ies 9 am\nt accord+ to ! p[] dem&s4 ,?is causes di/urbances 9 ! signal-track circuit 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( drop1 & x 0 believ$ t "u ! extreme condition above m5tion$ ! ord9>y =m ( track circuit might prove unreliable & cause delay to traffic4 ,a solution ( ! difficulty 0 sugge/$1 consi/+ 9 ! employm5t ( a curr5t 9 ! signal track circuit :i* w\ld h su* *>act]i/ic diff]5ces f t us$ to propel ! tra9s z w\ld op]ate selectively ^u an app>atus :i* w\ld 9 turn control ! signal4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t suppli$ ?is want on acc\nt ( its inductive prop]ties1 & 0 adopt$1 aft] a demon/ration ( its practicability "u simil> conditions else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,block ,,signal ,,po/1 ,,%[+ ,,lights1 ,,indicators ,,& ,,track ,,/op ,aft] a decision 0 rea*$ z to ! sy/em to be employ$1 ! arrangem5t ( ! block sections 0 consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( maximum safety & maximum traffic capacity1 z x 0 realiz$ t ! rapidly increas+ traffic ( ,great] ,new ,york w\ld almo/ at once tax ! capacity ( ! l9e to its utmo/4 ,! usual me?od ( in/all+ automatic block signals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to provide home & di/ant signals ) ! block sections ext5d+ f home signal to home signal2 t is1 ! block sections end at ! home signals & d n ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,?is is also ! arrangem5t ( block sections :]e ! telegraph block or controll$ manual sy/ems are 9 use4 ,! ,engli% block sy/ems1 h[ev]1 all employ ov]laps4 ,)\t ! ov]lap1 a tra9 9 pass+ f "o block section to ! o!r w cle> ! home signals = ! section 9 ! re>1 z soon z ! re> ( ! tra9 has pass$ ! home signal ( ! block 9 :i* x is mov+4 ,x is ?us possible = a tra9 to /op )9 ! block & )9 a few feet ( ?is home signal4 ,if1 !n1 a foll[+ tra9 %\ld = any reason ov]run ?is home signal1 a collision w\ld result4 ,) ! ov]lap sy/em1 h[ev]1 a tra9 may /op at any po9t 9 a block section & /ill h ! home signal at a safe /opp+ di/ance 9 ! re> ( ! tra94 ,cons]vative signal+ is all 9 favor ( ! ov]lap1 on acc\nt ( ! safety factor1 9 case ! signal is accid5tally ov]run4 ,ano!r consid]ation 0 ! use ( automatic tra9 /ops4 ,^! /ops are plac$ at ! home signals1 & x is ?us ess5tial t a /opp+ di/ance %\ld be af=d$ 9 advance ( ! home signal to provide = /opp+ ! tra9 to :i* ! brake _h be5 appli$ by ! automatic /op4 ,ord9>ily1 ! arrangem5t ( ov]lap sections increases ! l5g? ( block sections by ! l5g? ( ! ov]lap1 & z ! l5g? ( ! section fix$ ! m9imum spac+ ( tra9s1 x 0 imp]ative to make ! blocks z %ort z consi/5t ) safety1 9 ord] n to cut d[n ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! railway4 ,?is l$ to a /udy ( ! special problem pres5t$ by subway signal+ & a developm5t ( a block+ sy/em ^u l9es :i* x is believ$ are di/9ctly 9 advance ( any?+ h]et(ore done 9 ?is direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re> ,,view ,,( ,,block ,,signal ,,po/1 ,,%[+ ,,trans=m] ,,& ,,in/rum5t ,,cases ,,) ,,doors ,,op5 ,block section l5g?s are gov]n$ by spe$ & int]val betwe5 tra9s4 ,ov]lap l5g?s are det]m9$ by ! di/ance 9 :i* a tra9 c be /opp$ at a maximum spe$4 ,usually ! block section l5g? is ! di/ance betwe5 signals1 plus ! ov]lap2 b :]e maximum traffic capacity is desir$ ! block section l5g? c be r$uc$ to ! l5g? ( two ov]laps1 & ?is 0 ! sy/em adopt$ = ! ,int]bor\gh4 ,! ?ree sy/ems ( block+ tra9s1 ) & )\t ov]laps1 is %[n diagramatically on page #adc1 :]e two successive tra9s are %[n at ! m9imum di/ances ap>t = cle> runn+ = an assum$ /opp+ di/ance ( #hjj feet4 ,! sy/em adopt$ = ! subway is %[n 9 l9e ,c1 giv+ ! lea/ headway ( ! ?ree me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pneumatic ,,track ,,/op1 ,,%[+ ,,/op ,,trigg] ,,9 ,,upright ,,position ,! l5g? ( ! ov]lap 0 giv5 v c>eful consid]ation by ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company1 :o in/itut$ a s]ies ( te/s ( brak+ p[] ( tra9s2 f ^! & o!rs made by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 curves 7 comput$ s z to det]m9e ! di/ance 9 :i* tra9s c\ld be /opp$ at v>i\s rates ( spe$ on a level track1 ) corrections = ris+ & fall+ to grades up to #b p] c5t4 ,spe$ curves 7 !n plott$ = ! tra9s on ! entire l9e1 %[+ at ea* po9t ! maximum possible spe$1 ) ! ge> ratio ( ! motors adopt$4 ,a jo9t consid]ation ( ! spe$s1 brak+ ef=ts1 & pr(ile ( ! road 7 !n us$ to det]m9e at ea* & e po9t on ! l9e ! m9imum all[able di/ance betwe5 tra9s1 s t ! tra9 9 ! re> c\ld be /opp$ by ! automatic application ( ! brakes be=e rea*+ a tra9 :i* might be /&+ at a signal 9 advance2 9 o!r words1 ! l5g? ( ! ov]lap section 0 det]m9$ by ! local conditions at ea* po9t4 ,9 ord] to provide = adv]se conditions ! actual brak+ di/ances 0 increas$ by #ej p] c5t42 = example1 ! brak+ di/ance ( a tra9 mov+ #ce miles an h\r is #dfe feet1 ?is w\ld be increas$ #ej p] c5t4 & ! ov]lap made n less ?an #fig feet4 ,) ?is l5g? ( ov]lap ! home signals c\ld be locat$ #fig feet ap>t1 & ! block section l5g? w\ld be d\ble ?is or #acid feet4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ov]laps1 z laid out1 is ab\t #hjj feet1 & ! l5g? ( block sections d\ble ?is1 or #a1fjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,"u ,,c>1 ,,%[+ ,,trigg] ,,on ,,truck ,,9 ,,position ,,to ,,engage ,,) ,,track ,,/op ,! protection provid$ by ?is unique arrangem5t ( signals is illu/rat$ on page #adc4 ,?ree positions ( tra9 are %[n3 ,a4 ,,m9imum di/ance betwe5 tra9s3 ,! fir/ tra9 has j pass$ ! home signal1 ! second tra9 is /opp$ by ! home signal 9 ! re>2 if ?is tra9 _h fail$ to /op at ?is po9t1 ! automatic /op w\ld h appli$ ! air brake & ! tra9 w\ld h _h ! ov]lap di/ance 9 :i* to /op be=e x c\ld rea* ! re> ( ! tra9 9 advance2 !re=e1 "u ! wor/ conditions1 no tra9 c get clos] to ! tra9 9 advance ?an ! l5g? ( ! ov]lap1 & ?is is always a safe /opp+ di/ance4 ,b4 ,,caution di/ance betwe5 tra93 ,! fir/ tra9 9 same position z 9 ,a1 ! second tra9 at ! ?ird home signal 9 ! re>2 ?is signal c be pass$ "u caution1 & ?is di/ance betwe5 tra9s is ! caution di/ance1 & is always equal to ! l5g? ( ! block section1 or two ov]laps4 ,c4 ,,cle> di/ance betwe5 tra9s3 ,fir/ tra9 9 same position z 9 ,a1 second tra9 at ! f\r? home signal 9 ! re>2 at ?is po9t bo? ! home & di/ant signals are cle>1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! tra9s is n[ ! cle> runn+ di/ance2 t is1 :5 ! tra9s are "o block section plus an ov]lap ap>t !y c move "u cle> signal1 & ?is di/ance is us$ 9 det]m9+ ! runn+ s*$ule4 ,x w be not$ 9 ,c t ! fir/ tra9 has ! foll[+ protection3 ,home signals #a & #b 9 /op position1 toge!r ) ! automatic /op at signal #b 9 position to /op a tra91 di/ant signal #a1 #b1 & #c all at caution1 or1 9 o!r words1 a tra9 t has /opp$ is always protect$ by two home signals 9 its re>1 & by ?ree caution signals1 9 addition to ?is an automatic /op plac$ at a safe /opp+ di/ance 9 ! re> ( ! tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,electro-,,pneumatic ,,int]lock+ ,,ma*9e ,,on ,,/ation ,,plat=m ,illu/ration3 ,,special ,,int]lock+ ,,signal ,,cab9 ,,s\? ,,( ,,brooklyn ,,bridge ,,/ation ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,block ,signal+ ,sy/em ,! block signal+ sy/em z in/all$ consi/s ( automatic ov]lapp+ sy/em above describ$ appli$ to ! two express tracks betwe5 ,city ,hall & #if? ,/reet1 a di/ance ( six & "o-half miles1 or ?irte5 miles ( track2 & to ! ?ird track betwe5 #if? & #ade? ,/reets on ! ,we/ ,side bran*1 a di/ance ( two & "o-half miles4 ,?is ?ird track is plac$ betwe5 ! two local tracks1 & w be us$ = express traffic 9 bo? directions1 tra9s mov+ t[>d ! ,city ,hall 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! opposite direction at night2 also ! two tracks f #ade? ,/reet to ,dyckman ,/reet1 a di/ance ( two & "o-half miles1 or five miles ( track4 ,! total l5g? ( track protect$ by signals is tw5ty-f\r & "o-half miles4 ,! small am\nt ( available space 9 ! subway made x necess>y to design a special =m ( ! signal itself4 ,cle>ances w\ld n p]mit ( a position signal indication1 &1 fur!r1 a position signal purely 0 n suitable = ! light+ conditions ( ! subway4 ,a color signal 0 !re=e adopt$ con=m+ to ! adopt$ rules ( ! ,am]ican ,railway ,association4 ,x consi/s ( an iron case fitt$ ) two :ite l5ses1 ! upp] be+ ! home signal & ! l[] ! di/ant4 ,suitable color$ glasses are m\nt$ 9 slides :i* are op]at$ by pneumatic cyl9d]s plac$ 9 ! base ( ! case4 ,home & dw>f signals %[ a r$ light = ! dang] or /op indication4 ,di/ant signals %[ a yell[ light = ! caution indication4 ,all signals %[ a gre5 light = ! proce$ or cle> position4 ,signals 9 ! subway are con/antly light$ by two electric lights plac$ back ( ea* :ite l5s1 s t ! light+ w be at all times reliable4 ,on ! elevat$ /ructure1 semaphore signals ( ! usual type are us$4 ,! signal light+ is suppli$ by a special alt]nat+ curr5t circuit indep5d5t ( ! p[] & g5]al light+ circuits4 ,a tra9 /op or automatic /op ( ! ,k9sman sy/em is us$ at all block signals1 & at _m int]lock+ signals4 ,?is is a device = automatically apply+ ! air brakes to ! tra9 if x %\ld pass a signal 9 ! /op position4 ,?is is an additional safegu>d only to be br\ght into action :5 ! dang] indication has = any reason be5 disreg>d$1 & insures ! ma9t5ance ( ! m9imum di/ance betwe5 tra9s z provid$ by ! ov]laps e/abli%$4 ,great c>e has be5 giv5 to ! design1 con/ruction1 & in/allation ( ! signal app>atus1 s z to insure reliability ( op]ation "u ! mo/ adv]se conditions1 & to provide = accessibility to all ! p>ts = conv5i5ce 9 ma9t5ance4 ,! sy/em = furni%+ p[] to op]ate & control ! signals consi/s ( ! foll[+3 ,two #ejj-volt alt]nat+ curr5t fe$ ma9s run ! entire l5g? ( ! signal sy/em4 ,^! ma9s are f$ by sev5 direct-curr5t motor-driv5 g5]ators op]at$ 9 multiple locat$ 9 ! v>i\s sub-p[] /ations4 ,any f\r ( ^! ma*9es are suffici5t to supply ! necess>y curr5t = op]at+ ! sy/em4 ,across ^! alt]nat+ ma9s are connect$ ! prim>y coils ( track trans=m]s locat$ at ea* signal1 ! second>ies ( :i* supply curr5t ( ab\t #aj volts to ! rails ( ! track sections4 ,across ! rails at ! opposite end ( ! section is connect$ ! track relay1 ! mov+ elem5t ( :i* op]ates a contact4 ,?is contact controls a local direct-curr5t circuit op]at+1 by compress$ air1 ! signal & automatic tra9 /op4 ,direct curr5t is furni%$ by two ma9s ext5d+ ! l5g? ( ! sy/em1 :i* are f$ by eight sets ( #af-volt /orage batt]ies 9 duplicate4 ,^! batt]ies are locat$ 9 ! subway at ! v>i\s int]lock+ t[]s1 & are *>g$ by motor g5]ators1 "o ( :i* is plac$ at ea* set ( batt]ies4 ,^! motor g5]ators are driv5 by direct curr5t f ! ?ird rail & deliv] direct curr5t ( #be volts4 ,! compress$ air is suppli$ by six air compressors1 "o locat$ at ea* ( ! foll[+ sub-/ations3 ,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 & #ag4 ,?ree ( ^! are res]ve compressors4 ,!y are motor-driv5 by direct-curr5t motors1 tak+ curr5t f ! direct-curr5t buss b>s at sub-/ations at f #djj to #gjj volts4 ,! capacity ( ea* compressor is #bcj cubic feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma9 ,,l9e1 ,,pip+ ,,& ,,wir+ ,,= ,,block ,,& ,,int]lock+ ,,sy/em1 ,,%[+ ,,junction ,,box ,,on ,,column ,! motor-driv5 air compressors are controll$ by a gov]nor :i* responds to a v>iation ( air pressure ( five p\nds or less4 ,:5 ! pressure has rea*$ a pr$et]m9$ po9t ! ma*9e is /opp$ & ! supply ( cool+ wat] %ut (f4 ,:5 ! pressure has fall5 a giv5 am\nt1 ! ma*9e is />t$ light1 & :5 at full spe$ ! load is ?r[n on & ! cool+ wat] circulation re/abli%$4 ,oil+ ( cyl9d]s & be>+s is automatic1 be+ suppli$ only :ile ! ma*9es are runn+4 ,two novel safety devices hav+ to d especially ) ! signal+ may be "h describ$4 ,! fir/ is an em]g5cy tra9 /op4 ,x is design$ to place 9 ! h&s ( /ation att5dants1 or o!rs1 ! em]g5cy control ( signals4 ,! protection af=d$ is simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! em]g5cy brake h&le f\nd 9 all pass5g] c>s1 b op]ates to w>n all tra9s ( an extrane\s dang] condition4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 electric railroad+ t an accid5t to app>atus1 p]haps ( slight mom5t1 may cause an unreason+ panic1 on acc\nt ( :i* pass5g]s may w&] on adjo9+ tracks 9 face ( approa*+ tra9s4 ,to provide z p]fectly z practicable = su* conditions1 x has be5 arrang$ to loop ! control ( signals into an em]g5cy box set 9 a conspicu\s position 9 ea* /ation plat=m4 ,! pu%+ ( a button on ?is box1 simil> to t ( ! fire-al>m signal1 w set all signals imm$iately adjac5t to /ations 9 ! face ( tra9s approa*+1 s t all traffic may be /opp$ until ! dang] condition is remov$4 ,! second safety appliance is ! section break protection4 ,?is consi/s ( a special em]g5cy signal plac$ 9 advance ( ea* sep>ate section ( ! ?ird rail2 t is1 at po9ts :]e tra9s move f a section f$ by "o sub-/ation to t f$ by ano!r4 ,"u su* conditions ! contact %oes ( ! tra9 tempor>ily span ! break 9 ! ?ird rail4 ,9 case ( a s]i\s ov]load or gr\nd on "o section1 ! tra9-wir+ w\ld mom5t>ily act z a fe$] = ! section1 & ?us possibly bl[ ! tra9 fuses & cause delay4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to prev5t tra9s pass+ into a dang]\sly ov]load$ section1 an ov]load relay has be5 in/all$ at ea* section break to set a /op signal 9 ! face ( an approa*+ tra91 :i* holds ! tra9 until ! abnormal condition is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,me?ods ,,( ,,block ,,signal+ ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,ov]lapp+ ,,block ,,signal ,,sy/em ,,illu/rat+ ,,possible ,,positions ,,( ,,tra9s ,,runn+ ,,"u ,,same ,sid5ote3 ,int]lock+ ,sy/em ,! to-&-fro movem5t ( a d5se traffic on a f\r-track railway requires a l>ge am\nt ( swit*+1 especially :5 ea* movem5t is complicat$ by junctions ( two or m l9es4 ,practically e problem ( trunk l9e tra9 movem5t1 includ+ two1 ?ree1 & f\r-track op]ation1 _h to be provid$ = 9 ! swit*+ plants ( ! subway4 ,fur!r1 ! problem 0 complicat$ by ! re/rict$ cle>ances & vision att5dant ^u tunnel con/ruction4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t ! utmo/ flexibility ( op]ation %\ld be provid$ =1 & also t e movem5t be c]ta91 quick1 & safe4 ,all ( ! above1 :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ! briefe/ t]ms only1 dem&$ t all swit*+ movem5ts %\ld be made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p[]-op]at$ int]lock+ plants4 ,^! plants 9 ! subway portions ( ! l9e are 9 all cases electro-pneumatic1 :ile 9 ! elevat$ portions ( ! l9e me*anical int]lock+ has be51 9 "s cases1 provid$4 ,a li/ ( ! sep>ate plants in/all$ w be int]e/+1 & is giv5 bel[3 ,location4 ,int]lock+ ,work+ ,ma*9es4 ,lev]s4 ,,ma9 ,,l9e4 ,city ,hall1 #c #cb ,spr+ ,/reet1 #b #aj #ad? ,/reet1 #b #af #ah? ,/reet1 #a #d #db;d ,/reet1 #b #ae #gb;d ,/reet #b #ae #if? ,/reet #b #ai ,,we/ ,,side ,,bran*4 #ajj? ,/reet1 #a #f #ajc;d ,/reet1 #a #f #aaj? ,/reet1 #b #ab #aaf? ,/reet1 #b #ab ,manhattan ,viaduct1 #a #ab #acg? ,/reet1 #b #ag #ade? ,/reet1 #b #ai ,dyckman ,/reet1 #a #ab #baf? ,/reet1 #a #ad ,,ea/ ,,side ,,bran*4 #ace? ,/reet1 #b #f ,l5ox ,junction1 #a #g #ade? ,/reet1 #a #i ,l5ox ,av5ue ,y>d1 #a #ce ,?ird & ,we/*e/] ,av5ue ,junction1 #a #ac ,/4 ,anna ,av5ue1 #a #bd ,freeman ,/reet1 #a #ab #agf? ,/reet1 #b #ff ---- ---- ,total1 #cg #cic ,! total numb] ( signals1 bo? block & int]lock+1 is z foll[s3 ,home signals1 #ced ,dw>f signals1 #aej ,di/ant signals1 #ahg ---- ,total1 #fia ,total numb] ( swit*es1 #bbd ,x w be not$ t 9 ! case ( ! ,city ,hall ,/ation ?ree sep>ate plants are requir$1 all ( consid]able size1 & int5d$ = con/ant use = a multiplicity ( movem5ts4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to /ate t all ! me*anism ( ^! important int]lock+ plants is ( ! mo/ sub/antial "* & provid$ ) all ! necess>y safety appliances & means = rapidly sett+ up ! v>i\s comb9ations4 ,! int]lock+ ma*9es are h\s$ 9 /eel concrete t[]s1 s t ! op]ators may be prop]ly protect$ & isolat$ 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,subway ,,dra9age ,! employm5t ( wat]-pro(+ to ! ext]ior surfaces ( ! masonry %ell ( ! tunnel1 :i* is appli$ to ! masonry1 almo/ )\t a break along ! entire subway con/ruction1 has made x unnecess>y to provide an ext5sive sy/em ( dra9s1 or sump pits1 ( any magnitude1 = ! collection & removal ( wat] f ! int]ior ( ! tunnel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 at ea* depression or po9t :]e wat] c\ld collect f any cause1 su* z by leakage ?r\gh a cable manhole cov] or by ! break+ ( an adjac5t wat] pipe1 or ! l1 a sump pit or dra9 has be5 provid$ = c>ry+ ! wat] away f ! int]ior ( ! tunnel4 ,= all locations1 :]e su* dra9s1 or sump pits1 are locat$ above ! l9e ( ! adjac5t sew]1 ! c>ry+ ( ! wat] away has be5 easy to accompli% by employ+ a dra9 pipe 9 connection ) suitable traps & valves4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 :]e x is necess>y to elevate ! wat]1 ! problem has be5 ( a diff]5t "*4 ,9 su* cases1 :]e possible1 at ea* depression :]e wat] is liable to collect1 a well1 or sump pit1 has be5 con/ruct$ j outside ! %ell ( ! tunnel4 ,! bottom ( ! well has be5 plac$ l[] ?an ! floor ( ! tunnel1 s t ! wat] c fl[ into ! well ?r\gh a dra9 connect+ to ! tunnel4 ,ea* well is !n provid$ ) a pump+ outfit2 b 9 ! case ( ^! wells & 9 o!r locations :]e x is necess>y to ma9ta9 pump+ devices1 x has n be5 possible to employ a uni=m design ( pump+ equipm5t1 z ! v>i\s locations (f] diff]5t conditions1 ea* employ+ app>atus be/ suit$ to ! requirem5ts4 ,9 no case1 except two1 is an electric pump employ$1 z ! employm5t ( compress$ air 0 consid]$ m reliable4 ,! sev]al depressions at :i* x is necess>y to ma9ta9 a pump+ plant are enum]at$ z foll[s3 ,no4 #a--,sump at ! l[e/ po9t on ,city ,hall ,loop4 ,no4 #b--,sump at int]section ( ,elm & ,:ite ,/reets4 ,no4 #c--,sump at #ch? ,/reet 9 ! ,murray ,hill ,tunnel4 ,no4 #d--,sump at int]section ( #df? ,/reet & ,broadway4 ,no4 #e--,sump at int]section ( #aaf? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue4 ,no4 #f--,sump at int]section ( #adb;d ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue4 ,no4 #g--,sump at int]section ( #adg? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue4 ,no4 #h--,sump at ab\t #add? ,/reet 9 ,h>lem ,riv] approa*4 ,no4 #i--,sump at ! c5t] ( ! ,h>lem ,riv] ,tunnel4 ,no4 #aj--,sump at int]section ( ,g]>d ,av5ue & #adi? ,/reet4 ,9 addition to ! above m5tion$ sumps1 :]e pump+ plants are ma9ta9$1 x is necess>y to ma9ta9 pump+ plants at ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,location ,no4 #a--;,at ! cable tunnel con/ruct$ "u ! ,subway at #bc;d ,/reet & ,f\r? ,av5ue4 ,location ,no4 #b--;,at ! sub-subway at #db;d ,/reet & ,broadway4 ,location ,no4 #c--;,at ! portal ( ! ,l5ox ,av5ue ext5sion at #adh? ,/reet4 ,location ,no4 #d--;,at ! s\!rly end ( ! ,h>lem ,riv] tube4 ,location ,no4 #e--;,at ! nor!rly end ( ! ,h>lem ,riv] tube4 ,location ,no4 #f--;,at ! portal at ,b]g5 ,av5ue & #adi? ,/reet4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,no4 #a sump a direct-connect$ electric triple-plung] pump is employ$1 situat$ 9 a pump room ab\t #dj feet di/ant f ! sump pit4 ,9 ! case ( ,nos4 #b1 #d1 & #g sumps1 automatic air lifts are employ$4 ,?is app>atus is plac$ 9 ^? sump wells :i* are n easily accessible1 & ! air lift 0 select$ = ! reason t no mov+ p>ts are convey$ 9 ! air-lift con/ruction o!r ?an ! movable ball float & valve :i* control ! device4 ,! air lift consi/s ( conc5tric pip+ ext5d+ sev]al feet into ! gr\nd bel[ ! bottom ( ! well1 & ! wat] is elevat$ by ! air produc+ a ris+ column ( wat] ( less specific weight ?an ! desc5d+ column ( wat] :i* is 9 ! pipe ext5d+ bel[ ! bottom ( ! sump well4 ,9 ! case ( ,nos4 #c & #e sumps1 & = ,location ,no4 #a1 automatic air-op]at$ ejectors h be5 employ$1 = ! reason t ! conditions did n w>rant ! employm5t ( air lifts or electric or air-op]at$ pumps4 ,9 ! case ( ,nos4 #f1 #h1 #i1 & #aj sumps & = ,locations ,nos4 #b1 #d1 & #e1 air-op]at$ reciprocat+ pumps w be employ$4 ,^! pumps w be plac$ 9 readily accessible locations1 :]e air lifts c\ld n be us$1 & ?is type ( pump 0 select$ z be+ ! mo/ reliable device to employ4 ,9 ! case ( ,location ,no4 #c1 :]e provision has to be made to prev5t a l>ge am\nt ( y>d dra9age1 dur+ a /orm1 f ent]+ ! tunnel :]e x desc5ds f ! portal1 x 0 consid]$ be/ to employ l>ge subm]g$ c5trifugal pumps1 op]at$ by reciprocat+ air eng9es4 ,also = ! portal1 at ,location ,no4 #f1 simil> c5trifugal pumps w be employ$1 b z compress$ air is n available at ?is po9t1 ^! pumps w be op]at$ by electric motors4 ,! air supply to ! air-op]at+ pump+ devices w be indep5d5t f ! compress$ air l9e :i* supplies air to ! swit* & signal sy/em1 b break-d[n connections w be made betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 s t ei!r sy/em c help ! o!r out 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,a special air-compressor plant is locat$ at ! #adh? ,/reet repair %op1 & ano!r plant )9 ! subway at #da/ ,/reet1 = supply+ air to ! pumps1 )9 ! imm$iate locality ( ea* compressor plant4 ,= ! m remote pumps1 air w be suppli$ by small] air compressors locat$ )9 pass5g] /ations4 ,9 "o case1 = ! ,no4 #b sump1 air w be tak5 f ! swit* & signal air-compressor plant locat$ at ! ,no4 #aa sub-/ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,repair ,,& ,,inspection ,,%$ ,:ile popul>ly & n inaccurately kn[n z ! ,subway ,sy/em1 ! l9es ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,company comprise also a l>ge am\nt ( trackage 9 ! op5 air1 & h5ce ! roll+ /ock :i* has already be5 describ$ is devis$ ) ! view to satisfy+ all ! peculi> & special conditions ?us involv$4 ,a necess>y coroll>y is ! requirem5t ( adequate inspection & repair %ops1 s t all ! roll+ /ock may at all times be 9 ! highe/ /ate ( effici5cy2 & 9 ?is respect ! provision made by ! company has be5 lavi% & lib]al to a degree4 ,! repair & inspection %op ( ! ,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company adjo9s ! c> y>ds ( ! company & occupies ! entire block betwe5 ,sev5? ,av5ue on ! we/1 ,l5ox ,av5ue & ! ,h>lem ,riv] on ! ea/1 #adh? ,/reet on ! s\?1 & #adi? ,/reet on ! nor?4 ,! electric subway tra9s w ent] ! %ops & c> y>d by means ( ! ,l5ox ,av5ue ext5sion1 :i* runs directly nor? f ! junction at #adb;d ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue ( ! ,ea/ ,side ma9 l9e4 ,! bran* leaves ! ma9 l9e at #adb;d ,/reet1 gradually approa*es ! surface1 & em]ges at ab\t #adg? ,/reet4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al ,arrangem5t ,! inspection %$ is at ! s\!rn end ( ! prop]ty & occupies an area ( approximately #ccf feet by #bdj feet4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree bays1 ( :i* ! nor? bay is equipp$ ) f\r tracks runn+ its entire l5g?1 & ! middle bay ) five tracks4 ,! s\? bay conta9s ! ma*9e-tool equipm5t1 & consi/s ( eighte5 electrically driv5 ma*9es1 lock] & wa% rooms1 heat+ boil]s1 etc41 & has only "o track ext5d+ ?r\gh x4 ,sid5ote3 ,con/ruction ,! con/ruction ( ! inspection %ops is t :i* is ord9>ily kn[n z re9=c$ concrete1 & no wood is employ$ 9 ! walls or ro(4 ,! build+ is a /eel /ructure made up ( f\r r[s ( c5t] columns1 :i* consi/ ( tw5ty-"o bays ( #af feet ea*1 support+ ! ro( trusses4 ,! f\ndations = ^! c5t] columns are concrete pi]s m\nt$ on piles4 ,aft] ! erection ( ! /eel skeleton1 ! sides ( ! build+ & ! int]ior walls are con/ruct$ by ! use ( #c_/d-;in* furr+ *annels1 locat$ #af in*es ap>t1 on :i* are fa/5$ a s]ies ( exp&$ metal la?s4 ,! concrete is !n appli$ to ^! la?s 9 six coats1 ?ree on ea* side1 & t]m$ respectively ! scrat* coat1 ! r\gh coat1 & ! f9+ coat4 ,9 ! lat]1 ! concrete is made ) :ite s&1 to give a f9i%$ appe>ance to ! build+4 ,! ro( is compos$ ( concrete slabs1 re9=c$ ) exp&$ metal la?s & f9i%$ ) cem5t & mort>4 ,x is !n wat]-pro($ ) vulcanite wat]-pro(+ & gravel4 ,9 ?is connection x might be said t1 al?\gh ?is sy/em ( con/ruction has be5 employ$ be=e1 ! build+ "u consid]ation is ! l>ge/ example ( ?is k9d ( "w yet done 9 ! neighborhood ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,x 0 adopt$ in/ead ( corrugat$ iron1 z x is mu* m sub/antial1 & x 0 consid]$ pref]able to brick1 z ! lat] w\ld h requir$ mu* m ext5sive f\ndations4 ,! doors at ea* ( ! bays ( ! build+ are ( roll+ /eel %utt] type1 & are compos$ ( roll$-/eel /rips :i* int]loop ) ea* o!r1 s t :ile ! entire door is ( /eel1 x c easily be rais$ & l[]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,capacity & ,pit ,room ,all ( ! tracks 9 ! nor? & middle bays are suppli$ ) pits = inspect+ purposes1 & z ea* track has a l5g? suffici5t to hold six c>s1 ! capacity ( ^! two bays is fifty-f\r c>s4 ,! inspection pits are heat$ by /eam & light$ by electric light1 = :i* latt] purpose frequ5t sockets are provid$1 & are also equipp$ ) gas pipes1 s t gas tor*es c be us$ in/ead ( gasol9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,trolley ,connection ,z usual 9 %ops ( ?is k9d1 ! ?ird rail is n c>ri$ into ! %ops1 b ! c>s w be mov$ ab\t by means ( a special trolley4 ,9 ! middle bay ?is trolley consi/s ( a f\r-:eel$ light-frame c>riage1 :i* w run on a conductor locat$ 9 ! pit4 ,! c>riage has atta*$ to x a flexible wire :i* c be connect$ to ! %oe-hang] ( ! truck or to ! end plug ( ! c>1 s t ! c>s c be mov$ ar\nd 9 ! %ops by means ( _! own motors4 ,9 ! nor? bay1 :]e ! pits are v %all[1 ! conductor is c>ri$ ov]head & consi/s ( an #h-p\nd ,t-rail support$ f ! ro( gird]s4 ,! middle bay is provid$ ) a #ej-ton electric crane1 :i* spans all ( ! tracks 9 ?is %op & is s arrang$ t x c s]ve any "o ( ! ?irty c>s on ! five tracks1 & c deliv] ! trucks1 :eels1 motors1 & o!r repair p>ts at ei!r end ( ! %ops1 :]e !y c be transf]r$ to ! telph]age hoi/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,telph]age ,sy/em ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! %ops is ! electric telph]age sy/em4 ,?is sy/em runs ! entire l5g? ( ! nor? & s\? bays cross+ ! middle bay or erection %op at ea* end1 s t ! telph]age hoi/ c pick up 9 ! ma9 room any :eels1 trucks1 or o!r app>atus :i* may be requir$1 & c take !m ei!r into ! nor? bay = pa9t+1 or into ! s\? bay or ma*9e %op = ma*9e-tool "w4 ,! telph]age sy/em ext5ds across ! transf] table pit at ! we/ end ( ! %ops & into ! /oreh\se & blacksmi? %op at ! ,sev5? ,av5ue end ( ! gr\nds4 ,! travel+ telph]age hoi/ has a capacity ( #f1jjj p\nds4 ,! gird]s ^u :i* x runs consi/ ( #ab-;in* ,i-beams1 :i* are hung f ! ro( trusses4 ,! c> has a weight ( "o ton & is support$ by & runs on ! ,i-beam gird]s by means ( f\r #i-;in* diamet] :eels1 "o on ea* side4 ,! hoi/ is equipp$ ) two motors4 ,! driv+ motor ( two horse p[] is ge>$ by d\ble r$uction ge>+ to ! driv+ :eels at "o end ( ! hoi/4 ,! hoi/ motor is ( eight horse p[]1 & is connect$ by worm ge>+ & !n by triple r$uction ge>+ to ! hoi/ drum4 ,! motors are controll$ by rheo/atic controll]s1 "o = ea* motor4 ,! hoi/ motor is also fitt$ ) an electric brake by :i*1 :5 ! p[] is cut (f1 a b& brake is appli$ to ! hoi/+ drum4 ,!re is also an automatic cut-out1 consi/+ ( a lev] op]at$ by a nut1 :i* travels on ! ?read$ ext5sion ( ! hoi/+ drum %aft1 & by :i* ! curr5t on ! motor is cut (f & ! brake appli$ if ! *a9 hook is w\nd up too close to ! hoi/4 ,sid5ote3 ,heat+ & ,light+ ,! build+s are heat$ ?r\gh\t ) /eam1 ) vacuum sy/em ( return4 ,! /eam is suppli$ by two #ajj horse p[] return tubul> boil]s1 locat$ at ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ! build+ & provid$ ) a #bh-;in* /ack #fj feet high4 ,! heat is di/ribut$ at #ae p\nds pressure ?r\gh\t ! ?ree bays by means ( coil radiators1 :i* are plac$ v]tically aga9/ ! side walls ( ! %op & /or]oom4 ,9 addition1 heat+ pipes are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pits z already describ$4 ,! %ops are well light$ by l>ge w9d[s & skylights1 & at night by enclos$ arc lights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( #adh,,? ,,/reet ,,repair ,,%ops ,sid5ote3 ,fire ,protection ,! %ops & y>ds are equipp$ ?r\gh\t ) fire hydrants & fire plugs1 hose & fire ext+ui%]s4 ,! wat] supply taps ! city ma9 at ! corn] ( ,fif? ,av5ue & #adh? ,/reet1 & pipes are c>ri$ along ! side ( ! nor? & s\? %ops1 ) ?ree reel connections on ea* l9e4 ,a fire l9e is also c>ri$ ?r\gh ! y>ds1 :]e !re are f\r hydrants1 also into ! g5]al /or]oom4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al ,/ore ,room ,! g5]al /or]oom1 oil room1 & blacksmi? %op occupy a build+ #aii feet by #bb feet 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! prop]ty4 ,?is build+ is ( ! same g5]al con/ruction z t ( ! inspection %ops4 ,! g5]al /or]oom1 :i* is t front+ on #adh? ,/reet1 is bel[ ! /reet grade1 s t supplies c be load$ directly onto ! telph]age hoi/ at ! "t ( _! receipt1 & c be c>ri$ to any "p ( ! works1 or transf]r$ to ! prop] comp>tm5ts 9 ! /or]oom4 ,adjo9+ ! g5]al room is ! oil & pa9t /or]oom1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! build+ by fire walls4 ,?is room is fitt$ ) a set ( eight tanks1 ea* ) a capacity ( #bjj gallons4 ,z ! b>rels fill$ ) oil & o!r combu/ible mat]ial are br\ght into ?is room by ! telph]age sy/em !y are deposit$ on elevat$ plat=ms1 f :i* _! cont5ts c be tapp$ directly into ! tank4 ,sid5ote3 ,blacksmi? ,%op ,! f9al division ( ! we/ %ops is t 9 ! nor!a/]n corn]1 :i* is devot$ to a blacksmi? %op4 ,?is %op conta9s six d[n-draught =ges & "o drop-hamm]1 & is also s]v$ by ! telph]age sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,transf] ,table ,connect+ ! ma9 %ops ) ! /or]oom & blacksmi? or we/ %ops is a rot>y transf] table #df feet #af-ac_/af in*es long & ) a run ( #bai feet4 ,! transf] table is driv5 by a l>ge electric motor ! curr5t be+ suppli$ ?r\gh a conductor rail & slid+ contact %oe4 ,! transf] table runs on two tracks & is m\nt$ on #cc-;in* /&>d c> :eels4 ,sid5ote3 ,employees ,! s\? side ( ! %op is fitt$ ) (fices = ! ,ma/] ,me*anic & 8 dep>tm5t4 ,! work+ =ce w comprise ab\t #bej 9 ! %ops1 & _! lock]s1 lavatories1 etc41 are locat$ 9 ! s\? bay4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,sub-,,contractors ,! scope ( ?is book does n p]mit an enum]ation ( all ! sub-contractors :o h done "w on ! ,rapid ,transit ,railroad4 ,! foll[+ li/1 h[ev]1 includes ! sub-contractors = all ! m important p>ts ( ! con/ruction & equipm5t ( ! road4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g5]al ,con/ruction1 ,sub-section ,contracts1 ,track & ,track ,mat]ial1 ,/ation ,f9i%1 & ,miscellane\s ,contracts ,s4 ,l4 ,f4 ,deyo1 ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,sub-sections ,= con/ruction purposes ! road 0 divid$ into sub-sections1 & sub-contracts 7 let :i* includ$ excavation1 con/ruction & re-con/ruction ( sub-surface /ructures1 support ( surface railway tracks & abutt+ build+s1 erection ( /eel 7und]gr\nd & viaduct71 masonry "w & tunnel "w "u ! riv]s2 also ! pla/]+ & pa9t+ ( ! inside ( tunnel walls & re/oration ( /reet surface4 ,bradley1 ,william1 ,sub-sections #f;,a & #f;,b1 #fj? ,/reet to #ajd? ,/reet4 ,degnon-,mc,lean ,contract+ ,company 7,degnon ,contract+ ,company71 ,sub-section #a1 #b & #e;,a1 ,po/-(fice to ,great ,jones ,/reet & #da/ ,/reet & ,p>k ,av5ue to #dg? ,/reet & ,broadway4 ,f>rell1 ,e4 ,j41 ,sub-section1 ,l5ox ,av5ue ,ext5sion1 #adb;d ,/reet to #adh? ,/reet4 ,f>rell ,hopp] 7,f>rell1 ,hopp] ,company71 ,sub-sections #g & #h1 #ajc;d ,/reet & ,broadway to #ace? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue4 ,holbrook1 ,cabot ,daly 7,holbrook1 ,cabot ,daly ,contract+ ,company71 ,sub-section #c1 ,great ,jones ,/reet to #cc;d ,/reet4 ,mc,cabe ,bro!r1 ,l4 ,b4 7,r4 ,c4 ,hunt1 ,sup]9t5d5t71 ,sub-sections #ac & #ad1 #acc;d ,/reet to ,hillside ,av5ue4 ,mc,mullen ,mc,bean1 ,sub-section #i;,a1 #ace? ,/reet & ,l5ox ,av5ue to ,g]>d ,av5ue & #adi? ,/reet4 ,naughton ,company 7,naughton ,company71 ,sub-section #e;,b1 #dg? ,/reet to #fj? ,/reet4 ,rob]ts1 ,e4 ,p41 ,sub-sections #aj1 #ab1 & #ae1 ,f\ndations 7,viaducts71 ,brook ,av5ue to ,bronx ,p>k1 #abe? ,/reet to #acc;d ,/reet1 & ,hillside ,av5ue to ,bailey ,av5ue4 ,rodg]s1 ,john ,c41 ,sub-section #i;,b1 ,g]>d ,av5ue to ,brook ,av5ue4 ,%al]1 ,ira ,a4 7,e/ate ( ,ira ,a4 ,%al]71 ,sub-section #d1 #cc;d ,/reet to #da/ ,/reet4 ,%ields1 ,john1 ,sub-section #aa1 #ajd? ,/reet to #abe? ,/reet4 ,t]ry ,t5* ,con/ruction ,company 7,t]ry ,t5* ,company71 ,sub-sections #aj1 #ab1 & #ae1 ,/eel ,erection 7,viaducts71 ,brook ,av5ue to ,bronx ,p>k1 #abe? ,/reet to #acc;d ,/reet1 & ,hillside ,av5ue to ,bailey ,av5ue4 ,,brooklyn ,,ext5sion4 ,cran=d ,mc,namee1 ,sub-section #c1 ,cl9ton ,/reet to ,flatbu% & ,atlantic ,av5ues1 ,brooklyn4 ,degnon-,mc,lean ,contract+ ,company 7,degnon ,contract+ ,company71 ,sub-section #a1 ,p>k ,r[ to ,bridge ,/reet1 ,manhattan4 ,ond]donk1 ,&rew 7,new ,york ,tunnel ,company71 ,sub-sections #b & #b;,a1 ,bridge ,/reet1 ,manhattan1 to ,cl9ton & ,joralemon ,/reets1 ,brooklyn4 ,,track ,,& ,,track ,,mat]ial ,am]ican ,iron ,/eel ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,track ,bolts4 ,baxt] ,company1 ,g4 ,s41 ,ties4 ,connecticut ,trap ,rock ,qu>ries1 ,balla/4 ,dilwor?1 ,port] ,company1 ,spikes4 ,holbrook1 ,cabot ,roll9s 7,holbrook1 ,cabot ,roll9s ,corporation71 ,track ,lay+1 ,city ,hall to ,broadway & #db;d ,/reet4 ,long ,clove ,trap ,rock ,company1 ,balla/4 ,malleable ,iron ,fitt+s ,company1 ,cup ,wa%]s4 ,naughton ,company1 ,track ,lay+1 ,und]gr\nd ,portion ( ,road nor? ( #db;d ,/reet & ,broadway4 ,p5nsylvania ,/eel ,company1 ,runn+ ,rails1 ,angle ,b>s1 ,tie ,plates & ,gu>d ,rails4 ,ramapo ,iron ,works1 ,frogs & ,swit*es1 ,fill] ,blocks & ,wa%]s4 ,siz] ,company1 ,rob]t ,r41 ,ties4 ,t]ry ,t5* ,con/ruction ,company 7,t]ry ,t5* ,company71 ,timb] ,decks = ,viaduct ,portions1 & ,lay+ & ,surfac+ ,track on ,viaduct ,portions4 ,web] ,railway ,jo9t ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,web] ,rail ,jo9ts4 ,,/ation ,,f9i% ,am]ican ,mason ,safety ,tread ,company1 ,safety ,treads4 ,atlantic ,t]ra ,cotta ,company1 ,t]ra ,cotta4 ,boote ,company1 ,alfr$1 ,glaz$ ,tile & ,art ,c]amic ,tile4 ,byrne ,murphy1 ,plumb+1 #hf? ,/reet ,/ation4 ,d[d ,masl51 ,brick ,"w = ,city ,hall & o!r ,/ations & ,sup]/ructures = #gb;d ,/reet1 #ajc;d ,/reet & ,columbia ,univ]sity ,/ations4 ,empire ,city ,m>ble ,company1 ,m>ble4 ,grueby ,fai5ce ,company1 ,fai5ce4 ,gua/av9o ,company1 ,gua/av9o ,ar*1 ,city ,hall ,/ation4 ,hecla ,iron ,works1 ,kiosks & ,eight ,/ations on ,elevat$ ,/ructure4 ,h]r+-,hall-,m>v9 ,safe ,company1 ,safes4 ,holbrook1 ,cabot ,roll9s ,corporation1 ,pa9t+ ,/ations4 ,h[d5 ,tile ,company1 ,glaz$ ,tile & ,art ,c]amic ,tile4 ,lah5y ,company1 ,j4 ,e41 ,pa9t+ ,kiosks4 ,manhattan ,glass ,tile ,company1 ,glass ,tile1 & ,art ,c]amic ,tile4 ,p>ry1 ,john ,h41 ,glass ,tile & ,art ,c]amic ,tile4 ,pulsif] ,l>son ,company1 ,illum9at$ ,/ation ,signs4 ,rookwood ,pott]y ,company1 ,fai5ce ,russell ,irw9 ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,h>dw>e ,simmons ,company1 ,john1 ,rail+s & ,gates4 ,tracy ,plumb+ ,company1 ,plumb+4 ,tuck] ,v9ton1 ,/rap ,an*ors = ,kiosks4 ,turn] ,con/ruction ,company1 ,/airways1 ,plat=ms1 & ,plat=m ,ov]hangs4 ,vulcanite ,pav+ ,company1 ,granoli?ic ,floors4 ,,miscellane\s ,am]ican ,bridge ,company1 ,/ructural ,/eel4 ,am]ican ,vitrifi$ ,conduit ,company1 ,ducts4 ,blan*ite ,process ,pa9t ,company1 ,pla/] ,"w & ,blan*ite ,enamel ,f9i% on ,tunnel ,side ,walls4 ,br[n ,hoi/+ ,ma*9]y ,company1 ,signal ,h\ses at ,f\r ,/ations4 ,camp ,company1 ,h4 ,b41 ,ducts4 ,cunn+ham ,ke>ns1 ,sew] ,con/ruction1 ,mulb]ry ,/reet1 ,ea/ #aj? ,/reet1 & ,ea/ #bb;d ,/reet ,sew]s4 ,fox ,company1 ,john1 ,ca/ ,iron4 ,mc,roy ,clay ,works1 ,ducts4 ,norton ,dalton1 ,sew] ,con/ruction1 #adb;d ,/reet ,sew]4 ,onondaga ,vitrifi$ ,brick ,company1 ,ducts4 ,pilk+ton1 ,james1 ,sew] ,con/ruction1 ,canal ,/reet & ,bleeck] ,/reet ,sew]s4 ,simmons ,company1 ,john1 ,iron ,rail+s1 ,viaduct ,sections4 ,sicilian ,asphalt ,pav+ ,company1 ,wat]pro(+4 ,tuck] ,v9ton1 ,vault ,lights4 ,unit$ ,build+ ,mat]ial ,company1 ,cem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,electrical ,dep>tm5t ,l4 ,b4 ,/illwell1 ,electrical ,director4 ,electric plant = g5]ation1 transmission1 conv]sion1 & di/ribution ( p[]1 ?ird rail con/ruction1 electrical c> equipm5t1 light+ sy/em1 fire & em]g5cy al>m sy/ems3 ,am]ican ,/eel ,wire ,company1 ,cable4 ,bajohr1 ,c>l1 ,lightn+ ,rods4 ,brod]ick ,company1 ,contact ,%oes4 ,cambria ,/eel ,company1 ,contact ,rail4 ,columbia ,ma*9e ,works ,malleable ,iron ,company1 ,contact ,%oes4 ,consolidat$ ,c> ,heat+ ,company1 ,c> ,heat]s4 ,d4 ,w4 ,fuse ,company1 ,fuse ,boxes & ,fuses4 ,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,company1 ,/orage ,batt]y ,plant4 ,gamewell ,fire ,al>m ,telegraph ,company1 ,fire & ,em]g5cy ,al>m ,sy/ems4 ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 ,motors1 ,p[] ,h\se & ,sub-/ation ,swit*bo>ds1 ,control ,app>atus1 ,cable4 ,g5]al ,inc&esc5t ,arc ,light ,company1 ,pass5g] ,/ation ,swit*bo>ds4 ,india ,rubb] ,gutta ,p]*a ,insulat+ ,company1 ,cables4 ,keasby ,mattison ,company1 ,asbe/os4 ,malleable ,iron ,fitt+s ,company1 ,?ird ,rail & o!r ,ca/+s4 ,may] ,englund ,company1 ,rail ,bonds4 ,mit*ell ,vance ,company1 ,pass5g] ,/ation ,electric ,light ,fixtures4 ,national ,conduit ,cable ,company1 ,cables4 ,national ,electric ,company1 ,air ,compressors4 ,n]n/ ,lamp ,company1 ,p[] ,/ation ,light+4 ,okonite ,company1 ,cables4 ,prome!us ,electric ,company1 ,pass5g] ,/ation ,heat]s4 ,roebl+'s ,sons ,company1 ,j4 ,a41 ,cables4 ,recon/ruct$ ,granite ,company1 ,?ird ,rail ,insulators4 ,/&>d ,und]gr\nd ,cable ,company1 ,cables4 ,tuck] ,electrical ,con/ruction ,company1 ,wir+ = ,tunnel & ,pass5g] ,/ation ,lights4 ,we/+h\se ,electric ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,alt]nators1 ,excit]s1 ,trans=m]s1 ,motors1 ,conv]t]s1 ,bl[] ,outfits4 ,we/+h\se ,ma*9e ,company1 ,turbo ,alt]nators4 99 99 99 99 99 ,me*anical & ,ar*itectural ,dep>tm5t ,john ,van ,vleck1 ,me*anical & ,con/ruction ,eng9e]4 ,p[] h\se & sub-/ation1 /eam plant1 repair %op1 tunnel dra9age1 elevators4 ,,p[] ,,h\se ,alb]g] ,cond5s] ,company1 ,cond5s+ ,equipm5t4 ,allis-,*alm]s ,company1 ,n9e #h1jjj-aa1jjj ,h4 ,p4 ,eng9es4 ,alphons ,cu/odis ,*imney ,con/ruction ,company1 ,*imneys4 ,am]ican ,bridge ,company1 ,/ructural ,/eel4 ,babcock ,wilcox ,company1 ,fifty-two #fjj ,h4 ,p4 ,boil]s & ,six ,sup]heat]s4 ,burhorn1 ,edw91 ,ca/+s4 ,gibson ,iron ,works1 ,?irty-six ,h&-fir$ ,grates4 ,mann+1 ,maxwell ,moore1 ,electric ,travel+ ,cranes & ,ma*9e ,tools4 ,millik5 ,bro!rs1 ,ornam5tal ,*imney ,caps4 ,otis ,elevator ,company1 ,freight ,elevator4 ,peirce1 ,john1 ,p[] ,h\se ,sup]/ructure4 ,p[] ,specialty ,company1 ,f\r ,sup]heat]s4 ,ryan ,p>k]1 ,f\ndation ,"w & ,cond5s+ ,wat] ,tunnels1 etc4 ,rob9s ,convey+ ,belt ,company1 ,coal & ,a% ,h&l+ ,app>atus4 ,reese1 ,jr41 ,company1 ,?omas1 ,coal ,d[ntake ,app>atus1 ,oil ,tanks1 etc4 ,rit]-,conley ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,smoke ,flue ,sy/em4 ,/urtevant ,company1 ,b4 ,f41 ,bl[] ,sets4 ,tuck] ,v9ton1 ,concrete ,hot ,wells4 ,treadwell ,company1 ,m4 ,h41 ,furnace ,ca/+s1 etc4 ,walwor? ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,/eam1 ,wat]1 & ,drip ,pip+4 ,we/+h\se1 ,*ur*1 ,k]r ,company1 ,?ree ,turbo ,g5]ator ,sets & ,two ,excit] ,eng9es4 ,we/+h\se ,ma*9e ,company1 ,/ok]s4 ,:eel] ,cond5s] ,company1 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]s4 ,wor?+ton1 ,h5ry ,r41 ,boil] ,fe$ ,pumps4 ,,sub-,,/ations ,am]ican ,bridge ,company1 ,/ructural ,/eel4 ,c>l9 ,company1 ,p4 ,j41 ,f\ndation & ,sup]/ructure1 ,sub-/ation ,no4 #ae 7#adc;d ,/reet74 ,clevel& ,crane ,c> ,company1 ,h& ,p[] ,travel+ ,cranes4 ,cr[1 ,w4 ,l41 ,f\ndation & ,sup]/ructure ,sub-/ations ,nos4 #ag & #ah 7,fox ,/reet1 ,hillside ,av5ue74 ,p>k] ,company1 ,john ,h41 ,f\ndation & ,sup]/ructure ,sub-/ations ,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 & #af 7,city ,hall ,place1 ,e4 #ai? ,/reet1 ,w4 #ec;d ,/reet1 ,w4 #if? ,/reet1 ,w4 #acb;d ,/reet74 ,,inspection ,,%$ ,am]ican ,bridge ,company1 ,/ructural ,/eel4 ,beggs ,company1 ,james1 ,heat+ ,boil]s4 ,elektron ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,freight ,elevator4 ,f>rell1 ,e4 ,j41 ,dra9age ,sy/em4 ,hiscox ,company1 ,w4 ,t41 ,/eam ,heat+ ,sy/em4 ,le>y ,curtis1 ,trans=m] ,h\se4 ,millik5 ,bro!rs1 ,/ructural ,/eel & ,iron = ,/oreh\se4 ,nor!rn ,eng9e]+ ,works1 ,electric ,telph]age ,sy/em4 ,o',r\rke1 ,john ,f41 ,f\ndation ,"w4 ,tuck] ,v9ton1 ,sup]/ructure ( ,re9=c$ ,concrete4 ,tracy ,plumb+ ,company1 ,plumb+4 ,web]1 ,hugh ,l41 ,sup]/ructure ( ,/oreh\se1 etc4 ,,signal ,,t[]s ,tuck] ,v9ton1 ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,walls = ,eight ,signal ,t[]s4 ,,pass5g] ,,elevators ,otis ,elevator ,company1 ,electric ,pass5g] ,elevators = #afg? ,/reet1 #aha/ ,/reet1 & ,mott ,av5ue ,/ations1 & ,escalator = ,manhattan ,/reet ,/ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,roll+ ,/ock & ,signal ,dep>tm5t ,george ,gibbs1 ,consult+ ,eng9e]4 ,c>s1 ,automatic ,signal ,sy/em4 ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,company1 ,/eel ,c> ,bodies & ,trail] ,trucks4 ,buffalo ,=ge ,company1 ,blacksmi? ,%op ,equipm5t4 ,burnham1 ,williams ,company 7,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works71 ,motor ,trucks4 ,cambria ,/eel ,company1 ,trail] ,truck ,axles4 ,*ri/5s5 ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ,compressors1 ,gov]nors1 & ,pump ,cages on ,c>s4 ,curta9 ,supply ,company1 ,c> ,w9d[ & ,door ,curta9s4 ,dressel ,railway ,lamp ,works1 ,signal ,lamps4 ,hale ,kilburn ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,c> ,seats & ,backs4 ,jewett ,c> ,company1 ,wood5 ,c> ,bodies4 ,mann+1 ,maxwell ,moore1 ,ma*9]y & ,ma*9e ,tools = ,inspection ,%$4 ,metal ,plat$ ,c> ,lumb] ,company1 ,copp] ,%ea?+ = ,c>s4 ,pitt ,c> ,gate ,company1 ,ve/ibule ,door ,op]at+ ,device = ,c>s4 ,pneumatic ,signal ,company1 ,?ree ,me*anical ,int]lock+ ,plants4 ,/&>d ,/eel ,works1 ,axles & ,driv+ ,:eels = ,motor & ,trail] ,trucks4 ,/4 ,l\is ,c> ,company1 ,wood5 ,c> ,bodies & ,trail] ,trucks4 ,/eph5son ,company1 ,john1 ,wood5 ,c> ,bodies4 ,taylor ,iron ,/eel ,company1 ,trail] ,truck ,:eels4 ,union ,swit* ,signal ,company1 ,block ,signal ,sy/em & ,int]lock+ ,swit* & ,signal ,plants4 ,van ,dorn ,company1 ,w4 ,t41 ,c> ,c\pl+s4 ,wason ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,wood5 ,c> ,bodies & ,trail] ,trucks4 ,we/+h\se ,air ,brake ,company1 ,air ,brakes4 ,we/+h\se ,traction ,brake ,company1 ,air ,brakes4