,f images g5]\sly made available by     
,gallica 7,biblio?que ,nationale de     
,france7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr4    
,,practical ,,essays4  by  ,,alex&]     
,,ba91 ,,ll4,d41  ,,em]itus ,,pr(essor  
,,( ,,logic ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(     
,,ab]de54   ,,london3  #ahhd4           
,,preface4   ,! pres5t volume is 9 great
 "p a repr9t ( articles contribut$ to   
,reviews4 ,! pr9cipal bond ( union among
 !m is _! practical "*4 ,beyond t1 !re  
is little to connect !m ap>t f !        
individuality ( ! au?or & ! range ( 8   
/udies4  ,t !re is a c]ta9 am\nt (      
novelty 9 ! v>i\s sugge/ions "h embodi$1
 w be admitt$ on ! mo/ cursory p]usal4  
,! f>!r "q ( _! wor? is necess>ily left 
op54  ,! fir/ two essays are            
applications ( ! laws ( m9d to "s       
prevail+ ,errors4  ,! next two h an     
educational be>+3 ! "o is on ! subjects 
prop] = ,competitive ,exam9ations2 !    
o!r1 on ! pres5t position ( ! mu* vex$  
,classical controv]sy4  ,! fif? consid]s
 ! range ( ,philosophical or            

,metaphysical ,/udy1 & ! mode ( conduct+
 ?is /udy 9 ,debat+ ,societies4  ,! six?
 conta9s a retrospect ( ! gr[? ( !      
,univ]sities1 ) m especial ref]5ce to ^?
 ( ,scotl&2 & also a discussion ( !     
,univ]sity ,ideal1 z some?+ m ?an       
pr(essional tea*+4  ,! sev5? is a *apt] 
omitt$ f ! au?or's ,sci5ce ( ,education2
 x is ma9ly devot$ to ! me?ods (        
self-education by means ( books4 ,!     
situation ?us assum$ has peculi>ities t 
admit ( be+ h&l$ ap>t f ! g5]al !ory (  
,education4  ,! eigh? cont5ds = !       
ext5sion ( lib]ty ( ?\ght1 z reg>ds     
,sect>ian ,cre$s & ,subscription to     
,articles4 ,! total emancipation ( !    
cl]ical body f ! ?raldom ( subscription1
 is "h advocat$ )\t res]vation4  ,!     
conclud+ essay discusses ! ,proc$ure (  
,delib]ative ,bodies4 ,its novelty lies 
*iefly 9 propos+ to c>ry out1 m ?or\ghly
 ?an has yet be5 done1 a few devices    
already famili>4 ,b = an extraord9>y    
reluctance 9 all qu>t]s to adapt simple 
& obvi\s rem$ies to a gr[+ evil1 !      

article ne$ nev] h appe>$4 ,x s happ5s1 
t ! case pr9cipally be=e ! public m9d at
 pres5t1 is ! deadlock 9 ! ,h\se (      
,commons2 yet1 _h t /ood alone1 ! au?or 
w\ld n h v5tur$ to m$dle ) ! subject4 ,!
 difficulty1 h[ev]1 is widely felt3 & ! 
pr9ciples "h put =w>d are p]fectly      
g5]al2 be+ applicable :]ev] delib]ative 
bodies are num]\sly con/itut$ & heavily 
lad5 ) bus9ess4  ,,ab]de51 ,m>*1 #ahhd4 
,,cont5ts4   ,i4  ,,common ,,errors ,,on
 ,,! ,,m9d4   ,error reg>d+ ,m9d z a    
:ole--t ,m9d c be ex]t$ )\t bodily      
exp5diture4   ,errors ) reg>d to !      
,,feel+s4  ,i4 ,advice to take on       
*e]fulness4  ,au?orities = ?is          
prescription4  ,presumptions aga9/ our  
ability to comply ) x4  ,concurr5ce ( ! 
*e]ful temp]am5t ) y\? & heal?4  ,)     
special corporeal vig\r4 ,) abs5ce ( c>e
 & anxiety4  ,limitation ( ,=ce applies 
to ! m9d4  ,! only means ( rescu+ f     
dulness--to increase ! supports & dim9i%
 ! burd5s ( life4  ,difficulties ,9 !   
*oice ( amusem5ts  ,,ii4 ,prescrib+     

c]ta9 ta/es1 or pursuits1 to p]sons     
indiscrim9ately4  ,ta/es mu/ repose z   
natural end[m5t1 or else 9 prolong$     
education4  ,,iii4 ,inv]t$ relation%ip (
 ,feel+s & ,imag9ation4  ,imag9ation    
does n det]m9e ,feel+1 b ! rev]se4      
,examples3--,bacon1 ,%elley1 ,byron1    
,burke1 ,*alm]s1 ! ,ori5tals1 ! ,*9ese1 
! ,celt1 & ! ,saxon4  ,,iv4             
,fallaci\sness ( ! view1 t happ9ess is  
be/ ga9$ by n be+ aim$ at4  ,seem+ly a  
self-contradiction4  ,butl]'s view ( !  
dis9t]e/$ness ( ,appetite4  ,ap>t f     
pleasure & pa91 ,appetite w\ld n move u4
  ,p>allel f o!r ends ( pursuit--,heal?4
  ,life has two aims--,happ9ess &       
,virtue--ea* to be s\ght directly on its
 own acc\nt4   ,errors connect$ ) ! ,,w4
  ,i4 ,co/ ( en]gy1 ( ,w4 ,ne$ ( a      
suitable physical confirmation4         
,c\rage1 ,prud5ce1 ,belief4  ,,ii4      
,free-w a c5tre ( v>i\s fallacies4      
,doctr9es repudiat$ f ! (f5ce giv5 to   
p]sonal dignity4 ,op]ation ( ?is on !   
hi/ory ( ,free-w4  ,,iii4 ,dep>t+ f !   

usual r5d]+ ( a fact1 treat$ z d5y+ !   
fact4  ,metaphysical & ,e?ical examples4
  ,alliance ( ,m9d & ,matt]4  ,p]ception
 ( a ,mat]ial ,_w4  ,,iv4 ,! t]ms       
,fre$om & ,necessity miss ! real po9t ( 
! human w4  ,v4 ,moral ,ability &       
,inability4--,fallacy ( seiz+ a "q by ! 
wrong end4  ,prop] signification (      
,moral ,inability--insuffici5cy ( !     
ord9>y motives1 b n ( all motives4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,ii4  ,,errors ,,( ,,suppress$         
,,correlatives4   ,mean+s (             
,relativity--intellectual & emotional4  
,all impressions greate/ at fir/4 ,law (
 ,accommodation & habit4  ,! pleasure ( 
re/ presupposes toil4  ,k has its *>m f 
previ\s ignorance4  ,sil5ce is ( value1 
aft] excess ( spee*4  ,previ\s pa9 n1 9 
all cases1 necess>y to pleasure4        
,simplicity ( ,/yle praisewor?y only "u 
prevail+ artificiality4 ,to extol ,k is 
to reprobate ,ignorance4  ,au?ority     
appeal$ to1 :5 9 our fav\r1 repudiat$ :5
 aga9/ u4  ,fallacy ( decl>+ all lab\r  

hon\rable alike4  ,! happ9ess ( ,ju/ice 
supposes reciprocity4  ,love &          
,b5evol5ce ne$ to be reciprocat$4  ,!   
moral nature ( ,god--a fallacy (        
suppress$ correlative  ,a p]petual      
miracle--a self-contradiction4  ,fallacy
 t1 9 ! _w1 ev]y?+ is my/]i\s4  ,prop]  
mean+ ( ,my/]y4  ,locke & ,newton on !  
true nature ( ,explanation  ,! ,und]/&+ 
_c transc5d its own exp]i5ce4--,"t &    
,space1 _! ,inf9ity4  ,we c assimilate  
facts1 & g5]alise ! _m into "o4 ,?is    
alone con/itutes ,explanation4  ,example
 f ,gravity3 n n[ my/]i\s4  ,body &     
,m9d4 ,9 :at ways ! my/]i\sness ( _!    
union might be done away )4          99 
99       99       99       99  ,,iii4   
,,! ,,civil ,,s]vice ,,exam9ations4     
,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket*4  ,fir/ (ficial 
recomm5dation ( ,competitive            
,exam9ations4  ,successive /eps t[>ds _!
 adoption4  ,fir/ absolutely op5        
,competition--9 ! ,india ,s]vice4       
,macaulay's ,report on ! subjects =     
exam9ation & _! values4  ,table (       

,subjects4 ,innovations ( ,"l           
,salisbury4  ,an am5d$ ,table4   ,,ii4  
,,! ,,sci5ce ,,consid]$4  ,d\bts        
express$ z to ! exp$i5cy ( ! competitive
 sy/em4  ,criticism ( ! pres5t          
prescription = ! high] ,s]vices4  ,!    
,commission]s' ,s*eme ( ,ma!matics &    
,natural ,sci5ce objectionable4         
,classification ( ! ,sci5ces into       
,ab/ract or fundam5tal1 & ,concrete or  
d]ivative4  ,^? ( ! fir/ class h a fix$ 
ord]1 ! ord] ( dep5d5ce4  ,! o!r class  
is repres5t$ by ! ,natural ,hi/ory      
,sci5ces1 :i* br+ into play ! ,logic (  
,classification4  ,ea* ( ^! is alli$ to 
"o or o!r memb]s ( ! prim>y ,sci5ces4   
,! ,commission]s' ,table mis/ates !     
relation%ips ( ! v>i\s ,sci5ces4  ,!    
,london ,univ]sity ,s*eme a bett] model4
  ,! *oice all[$ by ! ,commission]s n   
f\nd$ on a prop] pr9ciple4  ,! high]    
,ma!matics enc\rag$ to excess4  ,am5d$  
s*eme ( comp>ative values4  ,position ( 
,languages 9 ! exam9ations4  ,! place 9 
education ( ,language g5]ally4          

,purposes ( ,language acquisition4      
,alt]$ position ( ! ,classical1         
languages4  ,alleg$ b5efits ( ^!        
languages1 aft] ceas+ to be valuable 9  
_! orig9al use4  ,! tea*+ ( ! languages 
does n correspond to ^! second>y values4
  ,languages are n a prop] subject =    
competition ) a view to appo9tm5ts4  ,= 
=eign s]vice1 !re %\ld be a pass        
exam9ation 9 ! languages ne$ful4  ,!    
tra9+ p[]s attribut$ to languages %\ld  
be te/$ 9 its own "*4  ,in/ead ( !      
,languages ( ,greece1 ,rome1 c41        
sub/itute ! ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature4       
,allocation ( m>ks "u ?is view4         
,objections answ]$4  ,c]ta9 subjects    
%\ld be obligatory4          99       99
       99       99       99  ,,iv4  ,,! 
,,classical ,,controv]sy4  ,,its        
,,pres5t ,,aspect4   ,attack on         
,classics by ,combe1 fifty ye>s ago4    
,alt]native proposals at ! pres5t day3--
  #a4 ,! exi/+ sy/em ,attempts at ext5d+
 ! ,sci5ce c\rse "u ?is sy/em4  #b4     
,remitt+ ,greek 9 fav\r ( a mod]n       

language4 ,a defective arrangem5t4  #c4 
,remitt+ bo? ,lat9 & ,greek 9 fav\r (   
,fr5* & ,g]man4  #d4 ,complete          
bifurcation ( ! ,classical & ! ,mod]n   
sides4  ,! ,univ]sities mu/ be prep>$ to
 admit a ?or\gh mod]n alt]native c\rse4 
,lat9 %\ld n be compulsory 9 ! mod]n    
side4  ,def5ces ( ,classics4  ,! argum5t
 f ! ,greeks kn[+ only _! own           
language--nev] answ]$4  ,admission t !  
tea*+ ( classics ne$s improvem5t4       
,alleg$ results ( contact ) ! great     
au?ors ( ,greece & ,rome--unsupport$ by 
facts4  ,am\nt ( b5efit atta9able )\t k 
( orig9als4  ,! elem5t ( tra9+ may be   
obta9$ f mod]n languages4  ,! classics  
said to keep ! m9d free f p>ty bias4    
,canon ,liddon's argum5t 9 fav\r (      
,greek z a /udy4          99       99   
99       99       99  ,v4  ,,metaphysics
 ,,& ,,debat+ ,,societies4  ,metaphysics
 "h tak5 z compris+ ,psy*ology1 ,logic1 
& _! dep5d5t sci5ces4  ,importance ( !  
two fundam5tal dep>tm5ts4  ,! great     
problems1 su* z ,free-w & ,ext]nal      

,p]ception %\ld be run up into sy/ematic
 ,psy*ology4  ,logic also requires to be
 foll[$ out sy/ematically4  ,sl5d]      
connection ( ,logic & ,psy*ology4       
,d]ivative ,sci5ces3--,education4       
,ae/hetics--a corn] ( ! l>g] field (    
,human ,happ9ess  ,! treatm5t (         
,happ9ess %\ld be dissev]$ f ,e?ics     
,adam ,smi?'s loose r5d]+ ( ! conditions
 ( happ9ess  ,sociology--treat$1 p>tly 9
 its own field1 & p>tly z a d]ivative ( 
,psy*ology4  ,?r\gh x lies ! way to     
,e?ics4  ,! sociological & ! e?ical ends
 comp>$4  ,factiti\s applications (     
,metaphysical /udy4  ,be>+s on ,!ology1 
z reg>ds bo? attack & def5ce4           
,incapable ( supply+ ! place ( ,!ology4 
,polemical h&l+ ( ,metaphysics4         
,me?odis$ ,debate 9 ! ,greek ,s*ools4   
,mu* mu/ always be done by ! solit>y    
?9k]4  ,be/ op5+s = ,polemic3--,settl+' 
! mean+s ( t]ms4  ,discuss+ ! broad]    
g5]alities4  ,! ,debate a light = ma/]y1
 & ill-suit$ = nice adju/m5ts4  ,!      
,essay %\ld be a c5tre ( amicable       

co-op]ation1 :i* w\ld h special         
advantages4  ,avoidance ( su* debates z 
are f _! v nature int]m9able4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,vi4  ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,ideal--,,pa/   
,,& ,,pres5t4   ,! ,high] ,tea*+ 9      
,greece4  ,! ,middle ,age & ,bo?ius4    
,eve ( ! ,univ]sity4  ,sep>ation (      
,philosophy f ,!ology4  ,! ,univ]sities 
( ,scotl& f\nd$--_! hi/ory4  ,fir/      
,p]iod4--,! ,tea*+ ,body4  ,! ,subjects 
taught & mann] ( tea*+4  ,second        
,p]iod4--,! ,re=mation4  ,modifi$       
,curriculum--,&rew ,melville4  ,attempt$
 re=ms 9 tea*+4  ,sy/em ( ,disputation4 
,improvem5ts con/itut+ ! transition to !
 ,?ird ,p]iod4  ,! ,univ]sities & !     
political revolutions4  ,h[ f> !        
,univ]sities are ess5tial to pr(essional
 tea*+3 p]5nial alt]native (            
,appr5tice%ip4  ,! ,ideal ,graduate4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,vii4  ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,/udy4   ,/udy m 
imm$iately supposes le>n+ f ,books4  ,! 
,greeks did n f\nd an ,art ( ,/udy1 b   

af=d$ examples3 ,demo/h5es4             
,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes a l&m>k4        
,bacon's ,essay on ,/udies4 ,hobbes4    
,milton's ,tractate on ,education4      
,locke's ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ v        
specific z to rules ( ,/udy4  ,watts's  
"w entitl$ ,! ,improvem5t ( ! ,m9d4     
,:at an ,art ( ,/udy %\ld attempt4      
,mode ( approa*+ x4   ,i4 ,fir/         
,maxim--,select a ,text-book-9-*ief4    
,violations ( ! maxim3 ,milton's sy/em4 
,=m or ,me?od to be look$ to1 9 ! *ief  
text-book4  ,! ,sci5ces4 ,hi/ory4       
,non-me?odical subjects4  ,repudiation (
 plans ( /udy by "s4  ,m]its to be s\ght
 9 a pr9cipal ,text-book4  ,"q z betwe5 
old writ]s & new4  ,p>adoxical          
extreme--"o book & no m4  ,s+le         
all-suffic+ books d n exi/4             
,illu/ration f ,locke's treatm5t ( !    
,bible4   ,,ii4 ,:at con/itutes ! /udy (
 a book8  #a4 ,copy+ lit]ally3--,defects
 ( ?is plan4  #b4 ,committ+ to memory ^w
 = ^w4  ,pr(itable only = brief portions
 ( a book4  ,memory 9 ext5sion &        

int5sion4  #c4 ,mak+ ,ab/racts4  ,v>iety
 ( modes ( ab/ract+4  #d4 ,locke's plan 
( read+4  ,a s5se ( ,=m mu/ concur )    
ab/ract+4  ,example f ! ,practice (     
,m$ic9e4  ,example f ! ,oratorical ,art 
,*oice ( a s]ies ( ,spee*es to beg9 ^u4 
,an oratorical s*eme ess5tial4          
,exempl>y ,spee*es4  ,illu/ration f !   
oratorical quality ( negative tact4     
,macaulay's ,spee*es on ,re=m4  ,/udy = 
improvem5t 9 ,/yle4   ,,iii4 ,di/ribut+ 
! ,att5tion 9 ,read+4   ,,iv4 ,desultory
 ,read+4   ,v4 ,proportion ( book-read+ 
to ,obs]vation at fir/ h&4   ,,vi4      
,adjuncts ( ,read+4--,conv]sation4      
,orig9al ,composition4          99      
99       99       99       99  ,,viii4  
,,religi\s ,,te/s ,,& ,,subscriptions4  
,pursuit ( ,tru? has ?ree               
dep>tm5ts3--ord] ( nature1 ends (       
practice1 & ! sup]natural4  ,gr[? (     
,intol]ance4 ,h[ innovations became     
possible4  ,9 e>ly society1 religion a  
"p ( ! civil gov]nm5t4  ,beg9n+s (      
tol]ation--diss5ti5ts f ! ,/ate ,*ur*4  

,evils att5dant on ,subscription3--!    
practice inh]5tly fallaci\s4  ,en=cem5t 
( cre$s nugatory = ! end 9 view4        
,dogmatic uni=mity only a "p ( !        
religi\s "*3 elem5t ( ,feel+4  ,recital 
( ! g5]al argum5t = religi\s lib]ty4    
,beg9n+s ( prosecution = h]esy 9        
,greece3--,anaxagoras1 ,socrates1       
,plato1 ,ari/otle4  ,=c$ retic5ce 9     
rec5t times3--,c>lyle1 ,macaulay1       
,lyell4  ,evil ( disfran*is+ ! ,cl]ical 
class4  ,outspok5ness a virtue to be    
enc\rag$4  ,special necessities ( !     
pres5t "t3 conflict ( advanc+ k ) !     
receiv$ or?odoxy4  ,objections          
answ]$3--,! ,*ur* has engag$ itself to !
 ,/ate to tea* giv5 t5ets4  ,possible   
abuse ( fre$om by ! cl]gy4  ,! hi/ory ( 
! ,engli% ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* exemplifies
 ! abs5ce ( ,subscription4  ,v>i\s modes
 ( transition f ! prevail+ practice4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,ix4  ,,proc$ure ,,( ,,delib]ative     
,,bodies4  ,gr[+ evil ( ! intol]able    
l5g? ( ,debates4  ,hurri$ decisions     

might be obviat$ by all[+ an int]val    
previ\s to ! vote4  ,! oral debate      
review$4--,assumptions und]ly+ x1 fully 
exam9$4  ,evid5ce t1 9 ,p>liam5t1 x is n
 ! ma9 eng9e ( p]suasion4  ,its real    
s]vice is to supply ! newspap] reports4 
,pr9t+1 )\t speak+1 w\ld s]ve ! end 9   
view4  ,proposal to pr9t & di/ribute    
be=eh& ! reasons = ea* ,motion4         
,illu/ration f decisions on ,reports (  
,committees4  ,mov]s ( ,am5dm5ts to     
foll[ ! same c\rse4  ,fur!r proposal to 
give to ea* memb] ! lib]ty ( circulat+ a
 spee* 9 pr9t1 in/ead ( deliv]+ x4  ,!  
dramatic elem5t 9 legislation mu* ?\ght 
(4  ,comp>ison ( ! advantages ( read+ & 
( li/5+4  ,! numb]s ( back]s to a motion
 %\ld be proportion$ to ! size ( !      
assembly4  ,absurdity ( giv+ s mu* p[]  
to individuals4  ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons  
tw5ty back]s to ea* bill n too _m4  ,!  
advantages ( pr9t$ spee*es4 ,objections4
  ,unworkability ( ! plan 9 ,committees4
 ,h[ rem$i$4  ,9 putt+ que/ions to      
,m9i/]s1 !re %\ld be at lea/ t5 back]s4 

,h[ to comp5sate = ! suppression (      
oratory 9 ! ,h\se3--,sectional          
discussions4  ,! divisions occasion$ at 
"o sitt+ to be tak5 at ! beg9n+ ( !     
next4  ,e delib]ative body mu/ be free  
to det]m9e :at am\nt ( speak+ x         
requires4  ,! ,engli% ,p>liam5t>y sy/em 
consid]$ z a model4  ,"l ,d]by & ,"l    
,%]brooke on ! ext5sion ( pr9t+4        
,defects ( ! pres5t sy/em becom+ m      
app>5t4          99       99       99   
99       99  ,notes & ,ref]5ces 9       
connection ) ,essay ,,viii4 on          
,subscription  ,fir/ imposition ( ,te/s 
aft] ! ,engli% ,re=mation4  ,dean       
,milman's spee* 9 fav\r ( total         
abolition ( ,te/s4  ,te/s 9 ,scotl&3    
,mr4 ,taylor ,innes on ! ,law ( ,cre$s4 
,resumption ( ,subscription 9 ! ,engli% 
,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4  ,o!r ,engli%       
,diss5t+ ,*ur*es4  ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,fr5* ,prote/ant      
,*ur*--its two divisions4               
,switz]l&3--,canton ( ,valid4           
,indep5d5t ,evangelical ,*ur* (         

,neu*atel4  ,national ,prote/ant ,*ur* (
 ,g5eva4  ,free ,*ur* ( ,g5eva4 ,g]manic
 ,switz]l&4  ,hung>ian ,re=m$ ,*ur*4    
,g]many3--,rec5t prosecutions = h]esy4  
,holl&3--,calv9i/s & ,mod]n ,s*ool4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,i4  ,,common ,,errors ,,on ,,! ,,m9d4#a
   ,on ! prevail+ errors on ! m9d1      
propos$ to be consid]$ 9 ?is pap]1 "s   
relate to ! ,feel+s1 o!rs to ! ,w4  ,9  
reg>d to ,m9d z a :ole1 !re are /ill to 
be f\nd among u "s remnants ( a mi/ake1 
once univ]sally preval5t & deeply root$1
 namely1 ! op9ion t m9d is n only a     
diff]5t fact f body--:i* is true1 & a   
vital & fundam5tal tru?--b is to a      
great] or less ext5t indep5d5t ( ! body4
 ,9 =m] times1 ! rem>k seldom occurr$ to
 any "o1 unless obtrud$ by "s extreme   
in/ance1 t to "w ! m9d is also to "w a  
numb] ( bodily organs2 t n a feel+ c    
arise1 n a ?\ght c pass1 )\t a set (    
concurr+ bodily processes4 ,at ! pres5t 
day1 h[ev]1 ?is doctr9e is v g5]ally    
prea*$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! improv$       

treatm5t ( ! insane has be5 "o          
consequ5ce ( its reception4 ,! husb&+ ( 
m5tal p[]1 ?r\gh a bodily rgime1 is a no
 less important application4 ,in/ead (  
suppos+ t m9d is some?+ indef9ite1      
ela/ic1 inexhau/ible1--a sort ( p]petual
 motion1 or magician's bottle1 all      
exp5diture1 & no supply1--we n[ f9d t e 
s+le ?rob ( pleasure1 e sm>t ( pa91 e   
purpose1 ?\ght1 argum5t1 imag9ation1 mu/
 h its fix$ quota ( oxyg51 c>bon1 & o!r 
mat]ials1 comb9$ & trans=m$ 9 c]ta9     
physical organs4 ,&1 z ! possible ext5t 
( physical trans=mation 9 ea* p]son's   
framework is limit$ 9 am\nt1 ! =ces     
result+ _c be direct$ to "o purpose )\t 
be+ lo/ = o!r purposes4 ,if an extra %>e
 passes to ! muscles1 !re is less = !   
n]ves2 if ! c]ebral functions are pu%$  
to excess1 o!r functions h to be        
correspond+ly abat$4 ,9 sev]al ( !      
prevail+ op9ions ab\t to be criticis$1  
failure to recognise ?is c>d9al tru? is 
! prime s\rce ( mi/ake4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,to beg9 

) ! ,,feel+s4  ,i4 ,we %all fir/ consid]
 an advice or prescription repeat$ly put
 =?1 n m]ely by ! un?9k+ mass1 b by m5 (
 high repute3 x is1 t ) a view to       
happ9ess1 to virtue1 & to ! accompli%m5t
 ( great designs1 we %\ld all be *e]ful1
 light-he>t$1 gay4  ,i quote a passage f
 ! writ+s ( "o ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 !  
,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 z giv5 9 ,dr4          
,donaldson's ab/ract3--  ,comm& t5?     
affirms t sadness is ! si/] ( d\bt1     
mi/ru/1 & wra?2 t x is worse ?an all o!r
 spirits1 & grieves ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is  
!re=e to be completely driv5 away1 &1   
in/ead ( x1 we are to put on *e]fulness1
 :i* is pleas+ to ,god4 ',e *e]ful man  
works well1 & always ?9ks ^? ?+s :i* are
 good1 & despises sadness4 ,! sad man1  
on ! o!r h&1 is always bad4'#b          
,,fallacy ,,( ,,prescrib+ ,,*e]fulness4 
,dugald ,/ew>t inculcates ,good-hum\r z 
a means ( happ9ess & virtue2 8 language 
imply+ t ! quality is "o )9 our p[] to  
appropriate4  ,9 ,mr4 ,smiles's "w      
entitl$ ,self-,help1 we f9d an analog\s 

/ra9 ( rem>ks3--  ,to wait pati5tly1    
h[ev]1 man mu/ "w *e]fully4 ,*e]fulness 
is an excell5t work+ quality1 imp>t+    
great ela/icity to ! "*4 ,z a ,bi%op has
 said1 ',temp] is n9e-t5?s (            
,*ri/ianity1' s are *e]fulness &        
dilig5ce a consid]able make-weight      
n9e-t5?s ( practical wisdom4  ,sir      
,ar?ur ,helps1 9 ^? essays ( 81 comb9+  
pr(\nd obs]vation ) /rong g5ial         
sympa?ies & ! highe/ *>ms ( /yle1       
repeat$ly adv]ts to ! dulness1 ! want ( 
sunny light-he>t$ enjoym5t ( ! ,engli%  
temp]am5t1 &1 on "o occasion1 piquantly 
quotes ! rem>k ( ,froiss>t on our ,saxon
 prog5itors3 ,!y took _! pleasures      
sadly1 z 0 _! fa%ion2 ils se div]tir5t  
m\lt tri/em5t  la mode de leur pays     
,!re is no dispute z to ! value or !    
desirabl5ess ( ?is accompli%m5t4 ,hume1 
9 8 ,life1 says ( himself1 he 0 ev]     
dispos$ to see ! fav\rable m ?an !      
unfav\rable side ( ?+s2 a turn ( m9d :i*
 x is m happy to possess ?an to be born 
to an e/ate ( t5 ?\s& a ye>4 ,?is       

sangu9e1 happy temp]1 is m]ely ano!r =m 
( ! *e]fulness recomm5d$ to g5]al       
adoption4  ,i cont5d1 nev]!less1 t to   
bid a man be habitually *e]ful1 he n be+
 s already1 is l bidd+ him treble 8     
=tune1 or add a cubit to 8 /ature4 ,!   
quality ( a *e]ful1 buoyant temp]am5t   
p>tly belongs to ! orig9al ca/ ( !      
con/itution--l ! bone1 ! muscle1 ! p[] (
 memory1 ! aptitude = sci5ce or = music2
 & is p>tly ! outcome ( ! :ole mann] (  
life4 ,9 ord] to su/a9 ! quality1 !     
physical 7z ! support ( ! m5tal7 =ces ( 
! sy/em mu/ run l>gely 9 "o p>ticul>    
*annel2 &1 ( c\rse1 z ! same =ces are n 
available else:]e1 s notable a feature (
 /r5g? w be accompani$ ) c\nt]p>t       
weaknesses or defici5cies4 ,let u       
briefly review ! facts be>+ ^u ! po9t4  
,! fir/ presumption 9 fav\r ( ! position
 is gr\nd$ 9 ! concomitance ( ! *e]ful  
temp]am5t ) y\?1 heal?1 abundant        
n\ri%m5t4 ,x appe>s conspicu\sly along )
 :atev] promotes physical vig\r4 ,! /ate
 is p>tially atta9$ dur+ holidays1 9    

salubri\s climates1 & heal?-br++        
avocations2 x is lo/1 9 ! mid/ ( toils1 
9 privation ( com=ts1 & 9 physical      
pro/ration4 ,! seem+ exception ( elat$  
spirits 9 bodily decay1 9 fa/+1 & 9     
ascetic practices1 is no dispro( ( !    
g5]al pr9ciple1 b m]ely ! introduction (
 ano!r pr9ciple1 namely1 t we c fe$ "o  
"p ( ! sy/em at ! exp5se ( degrad+ &    
prematurely wa/+ o!rs4                  
,,light-,,he>t$ness ,,n ,,9 ,,our ,,own 
,,p[]4  ,a second presumption is furni%$
 also f our famili> exp]i5ce4 ,!        
high-pit*$1 hil>i\s temp]am5t &         
disposition commonly appe> 9 company )  
"s well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( corporeal    
vig\r4 ,su* p]sons are usually ( a robu/
 m\ld2 (t5 l>ge & full 9 p]son1 vigor\s 
9 circulation & 9 dige/ion2 able =      
fatigue1 endurance1 & exhau/+ pleasures4
 ,an em95t example ( ?is con/itution 0  
se5 9 ,*>les ,james ,fox1 ^:            
sociability1 *e]fulness1 gaiety1 & p[] (
 dissipation 7 ! m>vel ( 8 age4 ,ano!r  
example might be quot$ 9 ! admirable    

physical frame ( ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,x is no
 m possible = an ord9>ily con/itut$     
p]son to emulate ! fl[ & ! animation (  
^! m51 ?an x is to dige/ ) ano!r p]son's
 /oma*1 or to p]=m ! twelve lab\rs (    
,h]cules4  ,a ?ird fact1 less on !      
surface1 b no less c]ta91 is1 t ! m5 (  
*e]ful & buoyant temp]am5t1 z a rule1   
sit easy to ! c>es & obligations ( life4
 ,!y are n mu* giv5 to c>e & anxiety z  
reg>ds _! own affairs1 & x is n to be   
expect$ t !y %\ld be m anxi\s ab\t o!r  
p's4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ?is is !           
con/itution ( some:at easy virtue3 x is 
n di/+ui%$ by a sev]e1 rigid att5tion to
 ! obligations & ! punctualities ( life4
 ,we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 call+ su*      
p]sons selfi%2 /ill less %\ld we call !m
 cold-he>t$3 _! exub]ance ov]fl[s ^u    
o!rs 9 ! =m ( he>t9ess1 g5iality1       
joviality1 & ev5 lavi% g5]osity4 ,/ill1 
!y c seldom be got to look f> be=e !m2  
!y d n (t5 assume ! pa9fully circumspect
 attitude requir$ 9 ! m ardu\s          
ent]prises4 ,!y are n consci5ti\s 9     

trifles4 ,!y ca/ (f readily ! burd5some 
p>ts ( life4 ,all :i* is 9 keep+ ) our  
pr9ciple4 ,to take on burd5s & c>es is  
to draw ^u ! vital =ces--to leave s mu* 
! less to *e]fulness & buoyant spirits4 
,! same corporeal framework _c af=d a   
lavi% exp5diture 9 sev]al diff]5t ways  
at "o "t4 ,fox _h no long-sight$ness1 no
 t5d5cy to =eca/ evils1 or to burd5     
himself ) possible mis=tunes4 ,x is v   
d\btful if ,palm]/on c\ld h borne ! "p (
 ,well+ton 9 ! ,p59sula2 8 easy-go+     
temp]am5t w\ld n h submitt$ itself to   
all ! anxieties & precautions ( t va/   
ent]prise4 ,b ,palm]/on 0 hale &        
buoyant1 & ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl& at  
eighty3 ,well+ton began to be infirm at 
sixty4  ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal   
,,=ces4  ,to ^! ?ree exp]im5tal pro(s we
 may add ! confirmation d]iv$ f ! gr&   
doctr9e nam$ ! ,correlation1            
,cons]vation1 ,p]si/5ce1 or ,limitation 
( ,=ce1 z appli$ to ! human body & !    
human m9d4 ,we _c create =ce any:]e2 we 
m]ely appropriate exi/+ =ce4 ,! heat (  

our fires has be5 d]iv$ f ! sol> fire4  
,we _c lift a weight 9 ! h& )\t !       
combu/ion ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( food2 we _c 
?9k a ?\ght )\t a simil> dem&2 & ! =ce t
 goes 9 "o way is unavailable 9 any o!r 
way4 ,:ile we are exp5d+ ourselves      
l>gely 9 any s+le function--9 muscul>   
ex]cise1 9 dige/ion1 9 ?\ght & feel+1 ! 
rema9+ functions mu/ cont9ue = ! "t 9   
comp>ative abeyance4 ,n[1 ! ma9t5ance ( 
a high /ra9 ( elat$ feel+1 unque/ionably
 co/s a great deal to ! =ces ( ! sy/em4 
,all ! facts confirm ?is high e/imate4  
,an unusually copi\s supply ( art]ial   
blood to ! bra9 is an indisp5sable      
requisite1 ev5 al?\gh o!r organs %\ld be
 p>tially />v$1 & consequ5tly be left 9 
a weak condition1 or else det]iorate    
be=e _! "t4 ,to support ! excessive dem&
 ( p[] = "o object1 less mu/ be exact$ f
 o!r functions4 ,h>d bodily lab\r &     
sev]e m5tal application sap ! v         
f\ndations ( buoyancy2 !y may n entail  
mu* positive suff]+1 b !y are sc>cely   
compatible ) exub]ant spirits4 ,!re may 

be exceptional individuals ^: total (   
p[] is a v l>ge figure1 :o c be> m "w1  
endure m privation1 & yet display m     
buoyancy1 )\t %ort5$ life1 ?an ! av]age 
human be+4 ,h>dly any man c atta9 comm&+
 greatness )\t be+ con/itut$ l>g] ?an 8 
fell[s 9 ! sum ( human vitality4 ,b     
until ?is is prov$ to be ! fact 9 any   
giv5 in/ance1 we are safe 9 presum+ t   
extraord9>y end[m5t 9 "o ?+ implies     
defici5cy 9 o!r ?+s4 ,m especially mu/  
we conclude1 provisionally at lea/1 t a 
buoyant1 hopeful1 elat$ temp]am5t lacks 
"s o!r virtues1 aptitudes1 or p[]s1 su* 
z are se5 fl\ri%+ 9 ! m5 ^: temp]am5t is
 sombre1 incl9+ to despond5cy4 ,mo/     
commonly ! contradictory dem& is        
reconcil$ by ! prov]bial %ort life &    
m]ry4  ,adv]t+ n[ to ! object t ,helps  
_h s e>ne/ly at he>t--namely1 to r\se & 
rescue ! ,engli% population f _!        
comp>ative dulness to a m lively &      
*e]ful fl[ ( exi/5ce--let u reflect h[1 
^u ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 ?is is to be done4
 ,n c]ta9ly by an eloqu5t appeal to !   

nation to get up & be amus$4 ,! process 
w turn out to be a m circuit\s "o4  ,!  
m5tal con=mation ( ! ,engli% p1 :i* we  
may admit to be less lively & less      
easily amus$ ?an ! temp]am5t ( ,iri%m51 
,fr5*m51 ,spani>ds1 ,italians1 or ev5 ! 
,g]man bran* ( our own ,teutonic race1  
is :at x is f natural causes1 :e!r      
remote desc5t1 or t c\pl$ ) ! op]ation (
 climate & o!r local peculi>ities4 ,h[  
long w\ld x take1 & :at w\ld be ! way to
 e/abli% 9 u a second nature on ! po9t (
 *e]fulness8  ,aga91 ) ! national       
temp]am5t su* z x is1 !re may be great  
individual diff]5ces2 & x may be        
possible by =ce ( circum/ances1 to      
improve ! hil>ity & ! buoyancy ( any    
giv5 p]son4 ,_m ( our c\ntrym5 are z    
joy\s !mselves1 & z mu* ! cause ( joy 9 
o!rs1 z ! mo/ light-he>t$ ,iri%man1 or !
 gaye/ ,fr5*man or ,italian4 ,h[ %all we
 increase ! numb] ( su*1 s z to make !m 
! rule r ?an ! exception8  ,,sole       
,,means ,,( ,,atta9+ ,,*e]fullness4  ,! 
only answ] n at v>iance ) ! laws ( !    

human con/itution is--,increase !       
supports & dim9i% ! burd5s ( life4  ,=  
example1 if by any means y c raise !    
/&>d ( heal? & longevity1 y w at once   
effect a /ride 9 ! direction s\ght4 ,b  
:at an und]tak+ is ?is6 ,x is n m]ely   
sett+ up :at we call sanit>y            
arrangem5ts1 to :i*1 9 our cr[d$        
populations1 !re mu/ soon be a limit    
rea*$ 7= h[ c y secure to ! mass ( m5   
ev5 ! "o condition ( suffici5t          
brea?+-space871 x is t heal? _c be      
atta9$1 9 any high g5]al /&>d1 )\t      
worldly means f> above ! av]age at !    
disposal ( ! exi/+ population2 :ile !   
mo/ abundant res\rces are (t5 neutralis$
 by in]adicable h]$it>y ta9t4 ,to :i* x 
is to be add$1 t mank9d c h>dly z yet be
 said to be 9 e>ne/ 9 ! matt] ( heal?4  
,f>!r3 x is especially necess>y to      
*e]fulness1 t a man %\ld n be ov]work$1 
z _m ( u are1 :e!r f *oice or f         
necessity4 ,mu*1 ,i believe1 turns ^u   
?is circum/ance4 ,sev]e toil consumes ! 
=ces ( ! con/itution1 )\t leav+ !       

rema9d] requisite = hil>ity ( tone4 ,!  
,iri%man f$ ^u ?ree meals ( potatoes a  
day1 ! lazy ,highl&]1 ! ,laz>oni (      
,naples liv+ ^u sixp5ce a week1 are v   
poorly support$2 b !n _! vitality is s  
little drawn ^u by "w1 t !y may exce$ 9 
buoyancy ( spirits ! well-f$ b h>d-work$
 lab\r]4 ,we1 ! ,engli% p1 w\ld n *ange 
places ) !m1 not)/&+3 our ideal is      
indu/ry ) abundance2 b !n our indu/ry   
sob]s our temp]am5t1 & incl9es u to !   
dulness t ,helps regrets4 ,possibly1 we 
may "o day hit a happi] mean2 b to !    
human m9d extremes h g5]ally be5 f\nd   
easie/4  ,once m3 ! light-he>t$ races   
tr\ble !mselves little ab\t _! political
 con/itution1 ab\t despotism or lib]ty2 
!y enjoy ! pass+ mom5ts ( a despot's    
smiles1 & if he turns r\nd & cru%es !m1 
!y quietly submit4 ,we live 9 dread (   
tyranny4 ,our lib]ty is a s]i\s object2 
x weighs ^u our m9ds4 ,n[ any weight ^u 
! m9d is s mu* tak5 f our happ9ess2     
hil>ity may att5d on pov]ty1 b n s well 
on a s]i\s1 =eca/+ disposition4 ,our    

reg>d to ! future makes u bo? p]sonally 
indu/ri\s & politically anxi\s2 a temp] 
n to be amus$ ) ! relaxations ( !       
,p>isian 9 8 caf on ! b\lev>ds1 or ) !  
,sunday m]ry-g-r\nd ( ! light-he>t$     
,dane4 ,our v pleasures h /ill a sadness
 9 !m4  ,!n1 aga91 :at are to be our    
amusem5ts8 ,by :at recreative /imulants 
%all we irradiate ! gloom ( our idle    
h\rs & vacation p]iods8 ,d\btless !re h 
be5 _m amusem5ts inv5t$ by ! b5efactors 
( our species--society1 games1 music1   
public ent]ta9m5ts1 books2 & 9 a        
well-*os5 r\nd ( ^!1 _m contrive to pass
 _! "t 9 a tol]able fl[ ( satisfaction4 
,b !y all co/ some?+2 !y all co/ money1 
ei!r directly1 to procure !m1 or        
indirectly1 to be educat$ = !m4 ,!re are
 few v *eap pleasures4 ,books are n s   
difficult to obta91 b ! enjoy+ ( !m 9   
any high degree implies an am\nt (      
cultivation t _c be _h *eaply4          
,moreov]1 look at ! difficulties t beset
 ! pursuit ( amusem5ts4 ,h[ fatigu+ are 
!y v (t56 ,h[ h>d to di/ribute ! "t & ! 

/r5g? betwe5 !m & our "w or our duties6 
,x ne$s "s art to /e] "o's way 9 ! mid/ 
( v>iety ( pleasures4 ,h5ce !re w always
 be1 9 a cauti\s-m9d$ p1 a disposition  
to rema9 satisfi$ ) few & safe delights2
 to assume a sobriety ( aims t ,helps   
might call dulness1 b t _m ( u call !   
middle pa?4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,,fallacy ,,(       
,,prescrib+ ,,ta/es4  ,,ii4 ,a second   
error aga9/ ! limits ( ! human p[]s is !
 prescrib+ to p]sons indiscrim9ately1   
c]ta9 ta/es1 pursuits1 & subjects (     
int]e/1 on ! gr\nd t :at is a spr+ (    
enjoym5t to "o or a few may be tak5 up1 
z a matt] ( c\rse1 by o!rs ) ! same     
reli%4 ,x is1 inde$1 a "p ( happ9ess to 
h "s ta/e1 occupation1 or pursuit1      
adequate to *>m & engross u--a rul+     
passion1 a fav\rite /udy4 ,accord+ly1 ! 
victims ( dulness & ennui are (t5 advis$
 to betake !mselves to some?+ ( ?is     
pot5t "*4 ,k+sley1 9 8 little book on ! 
,wond]s ( ! ,%ore1 endeav\r$ to conv]t  
mank9d at l>ge into m>9e naturali/s2 &1 

"s "t ago1 !re appe>$ 9 ! newspap]s a   
lett] f ,c>lyle1 regrett+ t he himself  
_h n be5 indoctr9at$ into ! zoology (   
our waysides4 ,i h he>d a man out (     
heal?1 hypo*ondriac1 & idle1 recomm5d$  
to beg9 botany1 geology1 or *emi/ry1 z a
 div]sion ( 8 mis]y4 ,! idea is         
plausible & sup]ficial4 ,an ov]p[]+ ta/e
 = any subject--botany1 zoology1        
antiquities1 music--is prop]ly affirm$  
to be born ) a man4 ,! =ces ( ! bra9 mu/
 f ! fir/ incl9e l>gely to t "o species 
( impressions1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ye>s (
 engross+ pursuit4 ,we may gaze ) envy  
at ! f]v\r ( a botani/ ov] 8 dri$       
plants1 & may wi% to take up s fasc9at+ 
a pursuit3 we may j z easily wi% to be  
,ar*im$es :5 he leap$ out ( ! ba?2 a man
 _c re-ca/ 8 bra9 nor re-live 8 life4 ,a
 ta/e ( a high ord]1 f\nd$ on natural   
end[m5t1 =m$ by education1 & /r5g!n$ by 
active devotion1 is also paid = by !    
atrophy ( o!r ta/es1 pursuits1 & p[]s4  
,c>lyle might h contract$ an int]e/ 9   
frogs1 & spid]s1 & bees1 & ! o!r d5iz5s 

( ! wayside1 b x w\ld h be5 ) ! surr5d] 
( "s o!r int]e/1 ! div]sion ( 8 g5ius   
out ( its pres5t *annels4 ,! /rong      
emotions ( ! m9d are n to be turn$ (f & 
on1 to ?is subject & to t4 ,if y beg9   
e>ly ) a human be+1 y may impress a     
p>ticul> direction ^u ! feel+s1 y may   
ev5 cross a natural t5d5cy1 & "w up a   
ta/e on a small basis ( pr$isposition4  
,place any y\? 9 ! mid/ ( arti/s1 & y   
may induce a ta/e = art t %all at l5g?  
be decid$ & /rong4 ,b if y 7 to take !  
same p]son 9 middle life & immure him 9 
a laboratory1 t he might become an      
en?usia/ic *emi/1 ! limits ( human      
nature w\ld probably =bid y\r success4  
,su* v /rong ta/es z imp>t a high &     
p]5nial ze/ to "o's life are m]ely !    
special direction ( a natural exub]ance 
( feel+ or emotion4 ,a sp>e & ?9        
emotional temp]am5t w und\bt$ly h       
pref]5ces1 lik+s & dislik+s1 b x c nev] 
supply ! mat]ial = f]v\r or en?usiasm 9 
any?+4  ,! e>ly det]m9+ ( natural ta/es 
is a subject ( high practical int]e/4   

,we %all only rem>k at pres5t t a v>i$ &
 broad gr\ndwork ( e>ly education is !  
be/ kn[n device = ?is end4         99   
99       99       99       99           
,,relation ,,( ,,feel+s ,,to            
,,imag9ation4  ,,iii4 ,a ?ird error1    
des]v+ ( brief comm5t1 is a s+ul>       
inv]sion ( ! relation%ip ( ! ,feel+s to 
! ,imag9ation4 ,x is frequ5tly affirm$1 
bo? 9 criticism & 9 philosophy1 t !     
,feel+s dep5d ^u1 or h _! basis 91 !    
,imag9ation4  ,an able & poli%$ writ]1  
discuss+ ! "* ( ,edmund ,burke1 rem>ks3 
,! passions ( ,burke 7 /rong2 ?is is    
attributable 9 great measure to !       
int5sity ( ! imag9ative faculty4 ,aga91 
,dugald ,/ew>t1 obs]v+ ^u ! influ5ce ( !
 ,imag9ation on ,happ9ess1 says3 ,all t 
"p ( our happ9ess or mis]y :i* arises f 
our hopes or our fe>s d]ives its exi/5ce
 entirely f ! p[] ( imag9ation4 ,he ev5 
goes ! l5g? ( affirm+ t c[>dice is      
entirely a disease ( ! imag9ation4      
,ano!r writ] acc\nts = ! int5sity ( !   
amatory s5tim5ts 9 ,rob]t ,burns by !   

/r5g? ( 8 imag9ation4  ,,imag9ation     
,,gr\nd$ ,,9 ,,feel+4  ,n[1 ,i v5ture to
 affirm t ?is view v ne>ly rev]ses !    
fact4 ,! ,imag9ation is det]m9$ by !    
,feel+s1 & n ! ,feel+s by ! ,imag9ation4
 ,int5sity ( feel+1 emotion1 or passion1
 is ! e>li] fact3 ! intellect sway$ &   
controll$ by feel+1 %ap+ =ms to         
correspond ) an exi/+ emotional tone1 is
 ,imag9ation4 ,x 0 n ! imag9ative       
faculty t gave ,wordswor?1 ,byron1      
,%elley1 & ! poets g5]ally1 _! great    
enjoym5t ( nature2 b ! love ( nature1   
pre-exi/+1 turn$ ! att5tion & ! ?\ghts  
^u nature1 fill+ ! m9d z a consequ5ce ) 
! impressions1 images1 recollections (  
nature2 out ( :i* grew ! poetic imag9+s4
 ,imag9ation is a comp\nd ( intellectual
 p[] & feel+4 ,! intellectual p[] may be
 great1 b if x is n accompani$ ) feel+1 
x w n m9i/] to feel+2 or x w m9i/] to _m
 feel+s by turns1 & to none 9 p>ticul>4 
,z f> z ! intellectual p[] ( a poet     
goes1 few m5 h excell$ ,bacon4 ,he _h a 
m9d /or$ ) imag]y1 able to produce v>i\s

 & vivid illu/rations ( :atev] ?\ght    
came be=e him2 b ^! illu/rations t\*$ no
 deep feel+2 !y 7 fre%1 orig9al1 racy1  
fanciful1 picturesque1 a play ( ! head t
 nev] t\*$ ! he>t4 ,! man 0 by nature   
cold2 he _h n ! emotional dep? or       
compass ( an av]age ,engli%man4 ,p]haps 
8 /ronge/ feel+ ( an enl>g$ or g5]\s    
description 0 = human progress1 b x did 
n rise to passion2 !re 0 no f]v\r1 no   
fury 9 x4 ,comp>e him ) ,%elley on !    
same subject1 & y w see ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 meagr5ess & int5sity ( feel+4    
,:at intellect c be1 )\t /rong feel+1 we
 h 9 ,bacon2 :at intellect is1 ) /rong  
feel+1 we h 9 ,%elley4 ,! feel+ gives ! 
tone to ! ?\ghts2 sets ! intellect at "w
 to f9d language hav+ its own int5sity1 
to pile up l(ty & impressive            
circum/ances2 & !n we h ! poet1 !       
orator1 ! ?\ghts t brea!1 & ! words t   
burn4 ,bacon wrote on _m impressive     
!mes--on ,tru?1 on ,love1 on ,religion1 
on ,dea?1 & on ! ,virtues 9 detail2 he 0
 always orig9al1 illu/rative1 fanciful2 

if intellectual means & res\rces c\ld   
make a man feel 9 ^! ?+s1 he w\ld h felt
 deeply2 yet he nev] did4 ,! mat]ial (  
feel+ is n conta9$ 9 ! intellect2 x has 
a seat & a s\rce ap>t4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 m]e
 intellectual gifts to make ,byron a    
misan?rope3 b1 giv5 t /ate ( ! feel+s1 !
 intellect w\ld be deta9$ & engross$ by 
x2 w\ld m9i/] to1 exp&1 & illu/rate x2 &
 intellect s employ$ is ,imag9ation4    
,burke _h indisputably a p[]ful         
imag9ation4 ,he _h bo? elem5ts3--!      
intellectual p[]1 or ! ri*ly /or$ &     
highly productive m9d2 & ! emotional    
p[]1 or ! /r5g? ( passion t gives ! lead
 to intellect4 ,8 intellectual /r5g? 0  
(t5 put =? 9 ! ,baconian mann] (        
illu/ration1 9 light & sportive fancies4
 ,!re 7 _m occasions :]e 8 feel+s 7 n   
mu* r\s$4 ,he _h topics to urge1 views  
to express1 & he p\r$ out argum5ts1 &   
enliv5$ !m ) illu/rations4 ,he 01 on ^? 
occasions1 an able exp\nd]1 & no m4 ,b  
:5 8 passions 7 /irr$ to ! dep?s by !   
,fr5* ,revolution1 8 intellectual p[]1  

tak+ a new flight1 suppli$ him ) figures
 ( extraord9>y int5sity2 x 0 no long] ! 
play ( a cool man1 b ! ?und]s ( an ar\s$
 man2 we h !n ! ho(s ( ! sw9i%          
multitude1--! t5 ?\s& swords leap+ f _! 
scabb>ds4 ,su* feel+s 7 n produc$ by !  
speak]'s imag9ation3 !y 7 produc$ by    
!mselves2 !y _h _! indep5d5t s\rce 9 !  
region ( feel+3 c\pl$ ) adequate p[]s ( 
intellect1 !y bur/ out into /rong       
imag]y4#c  ,! ,ori5tals1 z a rule1 are  
di/+ui%$ = imag9ative flights4 ,?is is  
app>5t 9 _! religion1 _! morality1 _!   
poetry1 & _! sci5ce4 ,! explanation is  
to be s\ght 9 ! /r5g? ( _! feel+s1 c\pl$
 ) a c]ta9 intellectual =ce4 ,! same    
intellect1 )\t ! feel+s1 w\ld h issu$   
diff]5tly4 ,! ,*9ese are ! exception4   
,!y want ! feel+s1 & !y want !          
imag9ation4 ,!y are bel[ ,europeans 9   
?is respect4 ,:5 we br+ be=e !m our own 
imag9ative !mes1 our own ca/ ( religion1
 accommodat$ z x is to our own peculi>  
temp]am5t1 we fail 9 ! desir$ effect4   
,our augu/ my/]ies are respond$ to1 n ) 

rev]5tial reg>d1 b )1 cold analysis4  ,!
 ,celt & ! ,saxon are (t5 contra/$ on ! 
po9t ( imag9ation2 ! prior fact is !    
comp>ative end[m5t = emotion4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,h[ ,,happ9ess ,,%\ld ,,be ,,aim$ ,,at4
  ,,iv4 ,!re is a fallaci\s mode (      
pres5t+ ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess2 namely1 t
 happ9ess is be/ secur$ by n be+ aim$   
at4 ,we %\ld be aim+ always at some?+   
else4  ,:5 exam9$ closely1 ! doctr9e    
resolves itself into a k9d ( p>adox4    
,all sorts ( puzzles come up :5 we      
attempt to foll[ x to its consequ5ces4  
,we might ask1 fir/1 :e!r !re is any o!r
 object ( pursuit 9 ! same              
pr$icam5t--weal?1 heal?1 k1 fame1 p[]4  
,^! are1 e "o1 a means or in/rum5t (    
happ9ess1 if n happ9ess itself4 ,mu/ we1
 !n1 9 ! case ( ea*1 avoid aim+ /raight 
at ! goal8 mu/ we look askance 9 "s o!r 
direction8  ,next1 9 ! case ( happ9ess  
prop]1 are we to aim at no?+ at all1 to 
drift at r&om2 or may we aim at a       
def9ite object1 provid$ x is n happ9ess2

 or1 la/ly1 is !re "o side aim 9        
p>ticul> t we mu/ take8 ,! answ] "h w\ld
 probably be--,aim at duty 9 g5]al1 & at
 ! good ( o!rs 9 p>ticul>4 ,^! ends are 
n ! same z happ9ess1 yet by keep+ !m    
/eadily 9 ! view1 & n ?9k+ ( self at    
all1 we %all ev5tually realise our      
greate/ happ9ess4  ,)\t1 at pres5t1     
rais+ any "q z to ! fact alleg$1 we mu/ 
aga9 rem>k t ! prescription seems to    
contradict itself4 ,morali/s ( ! au/]e  
type w nev] all[ u to pursue happ9ess at
 all2 we mu/ nev] m5tion ! ?+ to        
ourselves3 duty or virtue is ! "o s+le  
aim & end ( be+4 ,su* tea*]s may be "r  
or !y may be wrong1 b !y d n contradict 
!mselves4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we are told t by  
aim+ at virtue1 we are on ! be/ possible
 road to happ9ess1 ?is is b ano!r way ( 
lett+ u into ! secret ( happ9ess1 (     
putt+ u on ! "r1 in/ead ( on ! wrong1   
track1 to atta9 x4 ,our tea*] assumes t 
we are 9 se>* ( happ9ess1 & he tells u  
h[ we are to proce$2 n by keep+ x       
/raight 9 ! view1 b by keep+ virtue     

/raight 9 ! view4 ,in/ead ( po9t+ u to !
 vulg> happ9ess-seek] :o w\ld take !    
goal 9 a l9e1 he corrects ! c\rse1 & %[s
 u ! deviation t is necess>y 9 ord] to  
arrive at x2 l ! sailor mak+ all[ance = 
! deviation ( ! magnetic pole1 9 /e]+4  
,happ9ess is n ga9$ by a po9t-blank aim2
 we mu/ take a boom]ang flight 9 "s o!r 
l9e1 & come back ^u ! t>get by an       
oblique or reflect$ movem5t4 ,x is !    
idea ( ,"y on ! ,love ( ,praise 7,satire
 ,i41 #e47--      ,! love ( ,praise     
h[e'er conceal$ by art1     ,reigns m or
 less & gl[s 9 e he>t1     ,! pr\d to   
ga9 x1 toils on toils endure1     ,!    
mode/ %un x b to make x sure4  ,"u ?is  
correct$ me?od1 we are happ9ess seek]s  
all ! same2 only our aims are bett]     
direct$1 & our fruition m assur$4  ,^!  
rem>ks are int5d$ to %[ t ! doctr9e (   
mak+ m5 aim at virtue1 9 ord] to        
happ9ess1 has no fur!r effect ?an to    
tea* u to include ! int]e/s ( o!rs ) our
 own2 by %[+ t our own int]e/s d n !reby
 suff]1 b ! contr>y4 ,! doctr9e does n  

sub/itute a virtu\s motive = a selfi%   
"o2 x is a ref9$ artifice = squ>+ ! two4
 ,! _w is no d\bt a ga9] by ! *ange (   
view1 al?\gh ! individual is n made     
really m m]itori\s4  ,we mu/ next       
consid] :e!r1 9 fact1 ! oblique aim at  
happ9ess is really ! mo/ effectual4  ,a 
few words1 fir/1 z to ! orig9al s\rce ( 
! doctr9e ( a devi\s c\rse4 ,bi%op      
,butl] is r5[n$ = 8 di/9ction betwe5    
,self-,love & ,appetite2 he cont5ds t 9 
,appetite ! object ( pursuit is n !     
pleasure ( eat+1 b ! food3 consequ5tly1 
eat+ is n prop]ly a self-seek+ act1 x is
 an indiff]5t or dis9t]e/$ act1 to :i*  
!re is an incid5tal accompanim5t (      
pleasure4 ,we %\ld1 "u ! /imulus (      
,hung]1 seek ! food1 :e!r x gave u      
pleasure or n4  ,n[1 any tru? t !re is 9
 ,butl]'s view am\nts to ?is3--,9 our   
,appetites we are n ?9k+ e in/ant (     
subdu+ pa9 & atta9+ pleasure2 we are    
ultimately mov$ by ^! feel+s2 b1 hav+   
once se5 t ! m$ium ( _! gratification is
 a c]ta9 mat]ial object 7food71 we      

direct our :ole aim to procur+ t4 ,!    
hungry wolf ceases to ?9k ( 8 pa9s (    
hung] :5 he is 9 sight ( a %eep2 b = ^! 
pa9s he w\ld h paid no he$ to ! %eep2   
yet :5 ! %eep has to be caught1 ! hung] 
is subm]g$ = ! "t2 ! only relevant      
c\rse1 ev5 on its acc\nt1 is to give !  
:ole m9d & body to ! *ase ( ! %eep4     
,butl] calls ?is indiff]5t or dis9t]e/$ 
pursuit2 & z mu* z says1 t ! wolf is n  
self-seek+1 b %eep-seek+1 9 its *ase4   
,n[1 x is q true t if ! wolf c\ld give  
no place 9 its m9d = any?+ b its hungry 
pa9s1 x w\ld be 9 a bad way4 ,x is wis] 
?an t2 x kn[s ! rem$y2 x is prep>$ to   
dismiss ! pa9s f its ?\ghts1 9 fav\r ( a
 conc5trat$ att5tion ^u ! di/ant flock4 
,?is proves no?+ z to its unselfi%ness2 
nor does x prove t ,appetite is a       
diff]5t ?+ f self-seek+ or self-love4   
,,appetite ,,decl>$ ,,unselfi%4  ,!re   
may be dis9t]e/$ motives 9 our          
con/itution2 b ,appetite is n 9 any s5se
 "o ( ^!4 ,we may h in/9cts answ]+ to ! 
traditional phrase us$ 9 def9+ in/9ct1 a

 bl9d prop5sity to act1 )\t aim+ at     
any?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & )\t any expectation 
( pleasure or b5efit4 ,su* in/9cts w\ld 
con=m to ,butl]'s notion ( appetite3 !y 
w\ld be entirely out ( ! c\rse (        
self-love or self-seek+ ( any sort4     
,:e!r ! ne/-build+ activity ( birds1 & !
 con/ructiv5ess ( ants1 bees1 & beav]s1 
comply ) ?is condition1 ,i d n und]take 
to say4 ,!re is "o process bett] kn[n to
 ourselves1 n exactly an in/9ct1 b      
probably a mixture ( in/9ct &           
acquirem5t--,i mean ! process (         
,imitation--:i* works v mu* ^u ?is      
model4 ,al?\gh com+ "u ! control ( ! ,w1
 yet 9 its own prop] "* x op]ates       
bl9dly1 or )\t purpose2 nei!r c\rt+     
pleasure1 nor *as+ pa94 ,9 l mann]1     
,sympa?y1 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic =m1      
proce$s )\t any di/9ct aim ( pleasure to
 ourselves4  ,no?+ ( ?is c be affirm$ ( 
! ,appetites4 ,9 !m1 nature places u1 z 
,b5?am says1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( two        
sov]eign ma/]s1 pa9 & pleasure4 ,an     
appetite w\ld cease to move u1 if its   

pa9ful & pleasurable accompanim5ts 7    
done away )4 ,x matt]s n t we remit our 
att5tion1 at times1 to ! pa9 or !       
pleasure2 ^! are always 9 ! backgr\nd2 &
 ! /r5g? ( ! appetite is _! /r5g?4  ,s  
f> z conc]ns ,butl]'s example ( !       
,appetites1 !re is no case = ! view t to
 obta9 happ9ess we mu/ avoid aim+ at x  
directly4 ,if we d n aim at ! pleasure 9
 its own subjective "*1 we aim at ! ?+ t
 imm$iately br+s ! pleasure2 :i* is1 =  
all practical purposes1 to aim at !     
pleasure4  ,! prescription to look away 
f ! f9al end1 ,happ9ess1 9 ord] to      
secure t end1 may be te/$ on ! example (
 "o ( our int]m$iate pursuits1 z ,heal?4
 ,x is n a good ?+ to be always dwell+  
on ! /ate ( our heal?3 by do+ s1 we get 
into a morbid condition (               
self-consci\sness1 :i* is 9 itself      
p]nici\s4 ,x does n foll[ t we are to   
live at r&om1 )\t ev] giv+ a ?\ght to   
our heal?4 ,!re is a pla9 middle c\rse4 
,guid$ by our own exp]i5ce1 & by !      
exp]i5ce ( ^? t h gone be=e u1 we       

arrange our plan ( life s z to pres]ve  
heal?2 & our actions consi/ 9 adh]+ to t
 plan 9 ! detail4 ,s long z our s*eme   
answ]s expectation1 we ?9k ( no?+ b (   
putt+ x 9 =ce1 z occasion arises2 we d n
 dwell ^u our /ates ( good heal? at all4
 ,x is "s int]ruption t makes u         
self-consci\s2 & !n x is t we h to      
ex]cise ourselves ab\t a rem$ial c\rse4 
,?is1 :5 f\nd1 is likewise objectively  
pursu$2 our only subjectiv5ess lies 9   
be+ aw>e ( gradual recov]y2 & we are    
glad to get back to ! /ate ( pay+ no    
att5tion to ! work+s ( our visc]a4 ,we d
 n1 !re=e1 remit our pursuit2 only1 x is
 en\gh to obs]ve ! r\t9e ( outw>d       
actions1 ^: sole motive is to keep u 9  
heal?4  ,! pursuit ( ! /ill wid] end1   
,happ9ess1 has mu* 9 common ) ! n>r[]   
pursuit4 ,:5 we h discov]$ :at ?+s      
promote1 & :at ?+s imp$e our happ9ess1  
we transf] our att5tion to ^!1 z ! mo/  
direct mode ( compass+ ! end4 ,if we are
 satisfi$ t work+ = o!r p br+s u        
happ9ess1 we "w accord+ly2 ?is is no    

side aim1 x is z direct z any aim c be4 
,x may involve imm$iate sacrifice1 b t  
does n alt] ! case2 we c get no         
consid]able happ9ess f any s\rce )\t    
tempor>y sacrifice4  ,,happ9ess ,,&     
,,virtue ,,di/9ct ,,aims4  ,if x be said
 t ! be/ mode ( atta9+ happ9ess is to   
put ourselves entirely out ( acc\nt1 &  
to "w = o!rs exclusively1 ?is1 z already
 not$1 is a self-contradiction4 ,x is to
 tell p n to ?9k ( _! own happ9ess1 &   
yet to "k t !y are secur+ t 9 ! mo/     
effectual way4 ,x is also v que/ionable1
 inde$ absolutely errone\s1 9 fact4 ,!  
mo/ app>5t way to secure happ9ess is to 
ply all ! kn[n means ( happ9ess1 j z f> 
z1 & no f>!r ?an1 !y are discov]$ to    
produce ! effect4 ,we mu/ keep a *eck ^u
 ! me?ods t we employ1 & ab&on ^? t d n 
answ]4 ,s long z we f9d happ9ess 9 s]v+ 
o!rs1 s long we cont9ue 9 t c\rse4 ,& x 
is a melan*oly fact t ,pope's bold      
ass]tion--,virtue alone is happ9ess     
bel[1--_c be upheld aga9/ ! /]n         
realities ( life4 ,life ne$s to be made 

up ( two aims--! "o1 ,happ9ess1 ! o!r   
,virtue1 ea* on its own acc\nt4 ,!re is 
a c]ta9 mutual connection ( ! two1 b all
 attempts at mak+ out _! id5tity are    
failures4  ,x is ( v great importance to
 tea* m5 ! be>+s ( virtue on happ9ess1 s
 f> z ^! are kn[n4 ,!re w1 h[ev]1 always
 rema9 a portion ( duty t detracts f    
happ9ess1 & mu/ be done z duty1         
nev]!less4 ,m5 are entitl$ to pursue    
happ9ess z directly z ev] !y please2    
only1 !y mu/ c\ple ) ! pursuit _! r\nd (
 duties to o!rs2 9 :i* !y may or may n  
reap a %>e ( ! covet$ good = self4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,let u1 next1 consid] "s ( !            
difficulties & mi/akes atta*+ to ! ,,w4 
,"h !re are ! que/ions ( _w-r5[n1       
que/ions kn[n ev5 9 ,p&emonium--,free-w1
 ,responsibility1 ,moral ,ability1 &    
,inability4 ,x is n[ suspect$1 on good  
gr\nds1 t1 on ^! que/ions1 we h someh[  
got into a wrong groove--t we are lo/ 9 
a maze ( our own con/ruct+4  ,a ,,/rong 
,,w ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,nature4  ,i4 ,we   

%all fir/ notice a misconception ak9 to 
"s ( ! =ego+ mi/akes respect+ ! feel+s4 
,9 address+ m5 ) a view to spur _!      
activity1 !re is usually a too l[       
e/imate ( :at is impli$ 9 great &       
en]getic ef=ts ( w4 ,"h1 exactly z 9 !  
*e]ful temp]am5t1 we f9d a c]ta9        
con/itutional end[m5t1 a c]ta9 natural  
=ce ( "*1 hav+ its physical supports (  
bra91 muscle1 & o!r tissue2 & nei!r     
p]suasion1 nor ev5 education1 c g v f>  
to alt] t "*4 ,if !re be any?+ at all 9 
! obs]vations ( phr5ology1 x is !       
connection ( en]getic det]m9ation ) size
 ( bra94 ,lay y\r h& fir/ on ! head ( an
 en]getic man1 & !n on ! head ( a feeble
 man1 & y w f9d a diff]5ce t is n to be 
expla9$ away4 ,n[ x passes all ! p[]s ( 
p]suasion & education comb9$ to make up 
= a great cranial inequality4 ,some?+   
always comes ( assidu\s discipl9e2 b to 
set up a ,k+ ,alfr$1 or a ,lu!r1 z a    
model to be imitat$ by an ord9>y man1 on
 ! po9ts ( en]gy1 p]sev]ance1 endurance1
 c\rage1 is to pass ! b\nds ( ! human   

con/itution4 ,p]si/5t en]gy ( a high    
ord]1 l ! temp]am5t = happ9ess1 co/s a  
great deal to ! human sy/em4 ,a l>ge %>e
 ( ! total =ces ( ! con/itution g to    
support x2 & ! div]sion ( p[] (t5 leaves
 great defects 9 o!r p>ts ( ! "*1 z =   
example1 a l[ ord] ( ! s5sibilities1 & a
 n>r[ range ( sympa?ies4 ,! m5 (        
extraord9>y vig\r & activity--our ,roman
 emp]ors & conqu]+ h]oes--are (t5 brutal
 & co>se4 ,nature does n supply p[]     
pr(usely on all sides2 & delicate       
sympa?ies1 ( !mselves1 use up a v l>ge  
fraction ( ! =ces ( ! organisation4 ,ev5
 intellectually e/imat$1 ! p[] (        
sympa?is+ ) _m v>i\s m9ds & conditions  
w\ld occupy z mu* room 9 ! bra9 z a     
language1 or an accompli%m5t4 ,a man bo?
 en]getic & sympa!tic--a ,p]icles1 a ,k+
 ,alfr$1 an ,oliv] ,cromwell--is "o (   
nature's giants1 sev]al m5 9 "o4  ,!re  
is no m notable phase ( our active      
nature ?an ,c\rage4 ,great en]gy g5]ally
 implies great c\rage1 & c\rage--at lea/
 9 n9e-t5?s ( its am\nt--comes by       

nature4 ,to exhort any "o to be c\rage\s
 is wa/e ( words4 ,we may animate1 = !  
"t1 a naturally timid p]son1 by expla9+ 
away ! signs ( dang]1 & by assum+ a     
confid5t attitude ourselves2 b !        
absolute =ce ( c\rage is :at nei!r we   
nor ! man himself c add to4 ,a long &   
c>eful education might effect a slight  
increase 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r aspects ( en]gy 
( "*3 we c h>dly say h[ mu*1 because x  
is a matt] t is sc>cely ev] subject$ to 
! trial2 ! v conditions ( ! exp]im5t h n
 be5 ?\ght (4  ,! moral qualities       
express$ by ,prud5ce1 ,=e?\ght1         
,circumspection1 are talk$ ( ) a l      
insuffici5t e/imate ( :at !y co/4 ,great
 are ! rew>ds ( prud5ce1 b great also is
 ! exp5diture ( ! prud5t man4 ,to reta9 
an abid+ s5se ( all ! possible evils1   
risks & cont+5cies ( an ord9>y man's    
position--pr(essional1 family1 &        
p]sonal--is to g ab\t "u a con/ant      
burd52 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ?or\gh-go+ & 
an easy-go+ circumspection is a l>ge    
additional dem& ^u ! =ces ( ! bra94 ,!  

be+ on ! al]t to duck ! head at e bullet
 is a *>ge to ! vital p[]s2 s mu* s1 t  
!re comes a po9t :5 x is bett] to run   
risks ?an to pile up co/ly precautions &
 be> worry+ anxieties4  ,la/ly1 !       
attribute ( our active nature call$     
,belief1 ,confid5ce1 ,conviction1 is    
subject to ! same l9e ( rem>k4 ,?is     
great quality--! opposite ( di/ru/ &    
timidity1 ! ally ( c\rage1 ! adjunct ( a
 buoyant temp]am5t--is n f$ ^u airy     
no?+s4 ,x is1 inde$1 a true m5tal       
quality1 an (f%oot ( our m5tal nature2  
yet1 al?\gh n mat]ial1 x is bas$ ^u     
c]ta9 =ces ( ! physical con/itution2 x  
gr[s :5 ^! gr[1 & is n\ri%$ :5 !y are   
n\ri%$4 ,p possess$ ( great confid5ce h 
x z a gift all ?r\gh life1 l a broad *e/
 or a good dige/ion4 ,prea*+ & education
 h _! fractional efficacy1 & des]ve to  
be pli$1 provid$ ! op]ator is aw>e (    
nature's impassable b>ri]s1 & does n    
suppose t he is work+ by *>m4 ,x is said
 ( ,hannibal t he dissolv$ ob/ructions 9
 ! ,alps by v9eg>2 9 ! moral _w1 b>ri]s 

are n to be remov$ ei!r by acetic acid  
or by honey4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,prejudices ,,due
 ,,to ,,p]sonal ,,dignity4  ,,ii4 ,! "q 
( ,free-w might be a text = disc\rs+ on 
"s ( ! mo/ invet]ate errone\s t5d5cies (
 ! m9d4  ,= "o ?+1 x gives occasion to  
rem>k on ! influ5ce ex]t$ ov] our       
op9ions by ! feel+ ( ,p]sonal ,dignity4 
,( s\rces ( bias1 prejudices1 ,idola1   
fallacies a priori ?is may be all[$     
prec$5ce4 ,= example1 ! maxim has be5   
enunciat$ by "s philosoph]s1 t1 ( two   
diff]+ op9ions1 pref]5ce is to be giv5  
7n to :at is true1 b7 to :at ennobles & 
dignifies human nature4 ,"o ( !         
objections s]i\sly ent]ta9$ aga9/       
,d>w9's !ory is t x humbles our ance/ral
 pride4 ,s1 to ascribe to our m5tal p[]s
 a mat]ial f\ndation is held to be      
degrad+ to our nobl] "p4 ,aga91 a       
philosoph] ( our own day--,sir ,w4      
,hamilton--has plac$ on ! title-page ( 8
 pr9cipal "w ?is piece ( rhetoric3 ,on  
e>?1 !re is no?+ great b man2 9 man1 !re

 is no?+ great b m9d4 ,n[ "o w\ld       
suppose t !re are on e>? _m ?+s besides 
man des]v+ ! appellation ( great2 & t ! 
me*anism ( ! body is1 9 any view1 q z   
rem>kable a piece ( "w z ! me*anism ( ! 
m9d4 ,!re 0 "o /ep m t ,hamilton1 z an  
,ari/otelian1 %\ld h made3 ,9 m9d1 !re  
is no?+ great b intellect4 ,d\btless1 we
 ought n to dissect an epigram2 b       
epigrams br\ght into a p]v]t+ contact ) 
sci5ce are n h>mless4 ,su* gross p&]+ to
 human vanity mu/ be held z disfigur+ a 
"w on philosophy4  ,! s5tim5t ( dignity 
has mu* to answ] = 9 ! doctr9e (        
,free-w4 ,9 ,ari/otle1 ! "q _h n assum$ 
its mod]n p]plexity2 b ! vici\s elem5t (
 factiti\s p]sonal importance _h already
 peep$ out1 x be+ "o ( ! few po9ts :]e9 
! bias ( ! feel+s op]at$ decid$ly 9 8   
well-balanc$ m9d4 ,9 ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e t
 vice is volunt>y1 he argues1 t if      
virtue is volunt>y1 vice 7its opposite7 
mu/ also be volunt>y2 n[ to ass]t virtue
 n to be volunt>y w\ld be to ca/ an     
indignity ^u x4 ,?is is ! e>lie/        

association ( ! feel+ ( p]sonal dignity 
) ! ex]cise ( ! human w4  ,,false       
,,pride ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,free-,,w4
  ,! ,/oics are commonly said to h />t$ 
! free-w difficulty4 ,?is ne$s an       
explanation4 ,a lead+ t5et ( !irs 0 !   
di/9ction betwe5 ?+s 9 our p[] & ?+s n 9
 our p[]2 & !y greatly ov]/ra9$ ! limits
 ( :at is 9 our p[]4 ,look+ at ! s5tim5t
 ab\t dea?1 :]e ! idea is ev]y?+1 & at  
_m ( our desires & av]sions1 also purely
 s5tim5tal1 t is1 made & unmade by our  
education 7z1 = example1 pride ( bir?71 
!y consid]$ t pa9s 9 g5]al1 ev5 physical
 pa9s & grief = ! loss ( fri5ds1 c\ld be
 got ov] by a m5tal discipl9e1 by       
intellectually hold+ !m n to be pa9s4   
,!y extoll$ & magnifi$ ! p[] ( ! w t    
c\ld comm& su* a transc5d5t discipl9e1 &
 infus$ an emotion ( pride into !       
consci\sness ( ?is greatness ( w4 ,9    
subsequ5t ages1 poets1 morali/s1 &      
!ologians foll[$ up ! !me2 & ! appeal to
 ! pride ( w may be said to be a /&+    
eng9e ( moral suasion4 ,?is orig9at+ ( a

 po9t ( hon\r or dignity 9 connection ) 
our ,w has be5 ! ma9 lure 9 br++ u into 
! jungle ( ,free-w & ,necessity4  ,x is 
9 ! ,alex&rian s*ool t we f9d ! next    
move 9 ! "q4 ,9 ,philo ,judaeus1 ! good 
man is spok5 ( z free1 ! wick$ man z a  
slave4 ,except z ! m$ium ( a complim5t  
to virtue1 ! ^w fre$om is n v apposite1 
see+ t1 to ! highe/ goodness1 !re       
atta*es submission or re/ra9t1 r ?an    
lib]ty4  ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs        
7notably ,augu/9e7 advanc$ ! "q to !    
,!ological /age1 by connect+ x ) ! great
 doctr9es ( ,orig9al ,s9 & ,pr$e/9ation2
 9 :i* /age x %>$ all ! speculative     
difficulties atta*+ to ^! doctr9es4 ,!  
,!ological _w1 h[ev]1 has always be5    
divid$ betwe5 ,free-w & ,necessity2 &   
probably ! weightie/ names are to be    
f\nd among ! ,necessit>ians4 ,no man ev]
 br\ght great] acum5 into !ological     
controv]sy ?an did ,jona?an ,edw>ds2 &  
he took ! side ( ,necessity4  ,latt]ly1 
h[ev]1 s9ce ! "q has become "o ( pure   
metaphysics1 ,free-w has be5 ! fav\rite 

dogma1 z be+ mo/ consonant to ! dignity 
( man1 :i* appe>s to be its *ief        
recomm5dation1 & its only argum5t4 ,!   
weight ( reason+ is1 ,i believe1 9 fav\r
 ( necessity2 b ! ^w c>ries ) x a seem+ 
affront1 & h>dly any am\nt ( argum5t w  
reconcile m5 to indignity4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,,iii4   
,ano!r weakness ( ! human m9d receives  
illu/ration f ! free-w controv]sy1 &    
des]ves to be notic$1 z help+ to acc\nt 
= ! prolong$ exi/5ce ( ! dispute3 ,i    
mean ! disposition to reg>d any dep>ture
 f ! accu/om$ r5d]+ ( a fact z d5y+ !   
fact itself4 ,! rose "u ano!r "n is n   
m]ely less sweet1 x is n a rose at all4 
,"s ( ! greate/ que/ions h suff]$ by ?is
 weakness4  ,,analysis ,,does ,,n       
,,de/roy ,,! ,,fact4  ,! physical !ory (
 matt] t resolves x into po9ts ( =ce w  
seem to _m z do+ away ) matt] no less   
effectually ?an ! ,b]keleyan ,idealism4 
,a univ]se ( inane ma!matical po9ts1    
attract+ & repell+ ea* o!r1 mu/ appe> to
 ! ord9>y m9d a sorry sub/itute = !     

firm-set e>?1 & ! maje/ically-frett$    
vault ( heav51 ) its planets1 />s1 &    
galaxies4 ,x takes a special education  
to reconcile any "o to ?is !ory4 ,ev5 if
 x 7 ev]y?+ t a sci5tific hypo!sis %\ld 
be1 ! previ\sly e/abli%$ modes ( spee*  
w\ld be a p]man5t ob/ruction to its be+ 
receiv$ z ! popul> doctr9e4  ,b ! be/   
illu/rations occur 9 ! ,e?ical &        
,metaphysical dep>tm5ts4 ,= example1 "s 
e?ical !ori/s endeav\r to %[ t          
,consci5ce is n a primitive & di/9ct p[]
 ( ! m9d1 l ! s5se ( col\r1 or ! feel+ (
 resi/ance1 b a gr[? & a comp\nd1 be+   
made up ( v>i\s primitive impulses1     
toge!r ) a process ( education4 ,aga9 & 
aga9 has ?is view be5 repres5t$ z d5y+  
consci5ce altoge!r4 ,exactly p>allel has
 be5 ! h&l+ ( ! s5tim5t ( ,b5evol5ce4   
,"s h attempt$ to resolve x into simpl] 
elem5ts ( ! m9d1 & h be5 attack$ z d5y+ 
! exi/5ce ( ! s5tim5t4 ,hobbes1 9       
p>ticul>1 has be5 subject$ to ?is       
treatm5t4 ,because he held pity to be a 
=m ( self-love1 8 oppon5ts *>g$ him )   

decl>+ t !re is no su* ?+ z pity or     
sympa?y 9 ! human con/itution4  ,a m    
notable example is ! doctr9e ( !        
alliance ( ,m9d ) ,matt]4 ,x is         
impossible t any mode ( view+ ?is       
alliance c erase ! di/9ction betwe5 !   
two modes ( exi/5ce--! mat]ial & !      
m5tal2 betwe5 ext5d$ in]t bodies1 on !  
"o h&1 & pleasures & pa9s1 ?\ghts &     
volitions1 on ! o!r4 ,yet1 aft] ! _w has
 be5 made famili> ) ! ,c>tesian doctr9e 
( two di/9ct sub/ances--! "o = ! inh]5ce
 ( mat]ial facts1 & ! o!r = m5tal       
facts--any ?9k] ma9ta9+ ! sep>ate m5tal 
sub/ance to be unprov$1 & unnecess>y1 is
 d5\nc$ z try+ to blot out our m5tal    
exi/5ce1 & to resolve u into wat*es1    
/eam-eng9es1 or speak+ & calculat+      
ma*9es4 ,! uphold] ( ! s+le sub/ance has
 to sp5d himself 9 prote/ations t he is 
n d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! fact1 or ! ph5om5a 
call$ m9d1 b is m]ely *all5g+ an        
arbitr>y & unf\nd$ hypo!sis = repres5t+ 
t fact4  ,,p]ception ,,( ,a ,,mat]ial   
,,_w4  ,! /ill great] controv]sy--di/9ct

 f ! =ego+1 al?\gh (t5 conf\nd$ )       
x--relat+ to ! ,p]ception ( a ,mat]ial  
,_w1 is ! cr[n+ in/ance ( ! weakness we 
are consid]+4 ,b]keley has be5 unceas+ly
 /igmatis$ z hold+ t !re is no mat]ial  
_w1 m]ely because he expos$ a           
self-contradiction 9 ! mode ( view+ x1  
common to ! vulg> & to philosoph]s1 &   
sugge/$ a mode ( escap+ ! contradiction 
by an alt]$ r5d]+ ( ! facts4 ,! case is 
v peculi>4 ,! receiv$ &                 
self-contradictory view is exce$+ly     
simple & intelligible 9 its /atem5t2 x  
is well adapt$1 n m]ely = all ! common] 
purposes ( life1 b ev5 = mo/ sci5tific  
purposes4 ,! supposition ( an indep5d5t 
mat]ial _w1 & an indep5d5t m5tal _w1    
creat$ ap>t1 & com+ into mutual         
contact--! "o ! objects p]ceiv$1 & ! o!r
 ! m9d p]ceiv+--expresses 7or           
ov]-expresses7 ! division ( ! sci5ces   
into sci5ces ( matt] & sci5ces ( m9d2 & 
! highe/ laws ( ! mat]ial _w at lea/ are
 9 no respect falsifi$ by x4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 any attempt to /ate ! facts ( ! out]

 _w on ,b]keley's plan1 or on any plan t
 avoids ! self-contradiction1 is mo/    
cumbr\s & unmanageable4 ,a small]1 b    
exactly p>allel in/ance ( ! situation is
 famili> to u4 ,! daily circuit ( ! sun 
ar\nd ! e>?1 suppos$ to be fix$1 s      
exactly answ]s all ! common uses t1 9   
spite ( its be+ false1 we adh]e to x 9 !
 language ( e-day life4 ,x is a conv5i5t
 misrepres5tation1 & deceives nobody4 ,&
 su* w1 9 all likelihood1 be ! usage    
reg>d+ ! ext]nal _w1 aft] !             
contradiction is admitt$1 & rectifi$ by 
a metaphysical circumlocution4          
,speculators are /ill only try+ _! h& at
 an unobjectionable circumlocution2 b we
 may almo/ be sure t no?+ w ev] sup]s$e1
 = practical uses1 ! notion ( ! di/9ct  
worlds ( ,m9d & ,matt]4 ,if1 aft] !     
,cop]nican demon/ration ( ! true        
position ( ! sun1 we /ill f9d x         
requisite to keep up ! fiction ( 8 daily
 c\rse2 mu* m1 aft] ! f9al accompli%m5t 
( ! ,b]keleyan revolution 7to my m9d    
inevitable71 %all we reta9 ! fiction (  

an indep5d5t ext]nal _w3 only1 we %all  
!n "k h[ to fall back ^u "s mode ( /at+ 
! case1 )\t incurr+ ! contradiction4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,iv4 ,to return to ! ,w4 ,! fact t we h
 to save1 & to repres5t 9 adequate      
language1 is ?is3--,a volunt>y action is
 a sequ5ce di/9ct & sui g5]is2 a human  
be+ avoid+ ! cold1 se>*+ = food1 & cl++ 
to o!r be+s1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) a    
pure mat]ial sequ5ce1 z ! fall ( ra91 or
 ! explosion ( gunp[d]4 ,! ph5om5a1 9   
bo? k9ds1 are ph5om5a ( sequ5ce1 & (    
regul> or uni=m sequ5ce2 b ! ?+s t make 
up ! sequ5ce are widely diff]5t3 9 ! "o1
 a feel+ ( ! m9d1 or a concurr5ce (     
feel+s1 is foll[$ by a consci\s muscul> 
ex]tion2 9 ! o!r1 bo? /eps are made up (
 purely mat]ial circum/ances4 ,x is !   
diff]5ce betwe5 a m5tal or psy*ological1
 & a mat]ial or physical sequ5ce--9     
%ort1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 m9d & matt]2 !  
greate/ contra/ )9 ! :ole compass (     
nature1 )9 ! univ]se ( be+4 ,n[ language
 mu/ be f\nd to give ample explicitness 

to ?is diametrical anti!sis2 /ill1 ,i am
 satisfi$ t r>ely 9 ! usages ( human    
spee* has a m un=tunate *oice be5 made  
?an to employ1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 !    
anti!tic c\ple--,fre$om & ,necessity4 ,x
 misses ! real po9t1 & introduces mean+s
 ali5 to ! case4 ,x conv]ts ! glory ( ! 
human "* into a reproa* 7al?\gh its     
lead+ motive ?r\gh\t has be5 to pay u a 
complim5t74 ,! con/ancy ( man's         
emotional nature 7b = :i* our life w\ld 
be a *aos1 an impossibility7 has to be  
expla9$ away1 = no o!r reason ?an t1 at 
"o "t1 a blund]+ epi!t 0 appli$ to      
designate ! m5tal sequ5ces4 ,great is ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]2 b ! t]ms 
,fre$om & ,necessity repres5t ! po9t (  
agreem5t z ! po9t ( diff]5ce2 & ?is be+ 
made famili>1 ?r\gh it]ation1 z ! mode (
 express+ ! contra/1 ! rectification is 
suppos$ to unsettle ev]y?+1 & to        
oblit]ate ! wide di/9ction ( ! two      
natures4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,,seiz+ ,a ,,"q ,,by ,,!   
,,wrong ,,end4  ,v4 ,:at is call$ ,moral

 ,ability & ,inability is ano!r         
artificial p]plexity 9 reg>d to ! w1 &  
might also be ! text = a s]mon on       
prevail+ errors4 ,m especially1 x       
exemplifies :at may be t]m$ seiz+ a "q  
by ! wrong end4  ,! vot>y1 we %all say1 
( alcoholic liquor is f\nd fault )1 &   
makes ! excuse1 he _c help x--he _c     
resi/ ! temptation4 ,s f>1 ! language   
may pass4 ,b :at %all we say to ! n     
uncommon reply1--,y c\ld help x if y    
w\ld4 ,surely !re is "s my/ification "h2
 x is n "o ( ^? pla9 /atem5ts t we      
desire 9 practical affairs4 ,:e!r we are
 deal+ ) matt] or ) m9d1 we ought to    
po9t out "s cle> & practicable me?od (  
atta9+ an end 9 view4 ,to get a good    
crop1 we till & enri* ! soil2 to make a 
y\? kn[+ 9 ma!matics1 we s5d him to a   
good ma/]1 & /imulate 8 att5tion by     
comb9$ rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,!re are also  
intelligible c\rses ( re=m+ ! vici\s3   
)draw !m f temptation till _! habits are
 remodell$2 entice !m to o!r c\rses1 by 
pres5t+ objects ( sup]ior attraction2   

or1 at l[e/1 keep ! fact ( puni%m5t be=e
 _! eyes4 ,by ^! me?ods _m are kept f   
vices1 & n a few reclaim$ aft] hav+     
fall54 ,b to say1 ,y c be virtu\s if y  
w1 is ei!r unmean+1 or x disguises a    
real mean+4 ,if x h any =ce at all--& x 
w\ld n be us$ unless1 "s efficacy _h be5
 f\nd atta*+ to x1--! =ce mu/ be 9 !    
indirect circum/ances or accompanim5ts4 
,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ t is s unhappily   
express$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a       
vehicle = convey+ ! /rong wi% &         
det]m9ation ( ! speak]2 x is a clumsy   
sub/itute =--,i d wi% y w\ld am5d y\r   
conduct2 an expression conta9+ a real   
efficacy1 great] or less accord+ to !   
e/imate =m$ ( ! speak] by ! p]son spok5 
to4 ,9 ! next place1 x pres5ts to ! m9d 
( ! del9qu5t ! ideal ( improvem5t1 :i*  
might also be done 9 unexceptionable    
phrase2 z "o might say--,reflect ^u y\r 
own /ate1 & comp>e y\rself ) ! correct &
 virtu\s liv]4 ,!n1 !re is a t\* ( !    
/oical dignity & pride ( w4 ,la/ly1 !re 
may be a h9t or sugge/ion to ! m9d (    

good & evil consequ5ces1 :i* is ! mo/   
p[]ful motive ( all4 ,9 giv+ rise to ^! 
v>i\s consid]ations1 ev5 ! objectionable
 expression may h a g5u9e efficacy2 b t 
does n ju/ify ! =m itself1 :i* by no    
int]pretation c be con/ru$ into s5se or 
intelligibility4  ,,mean+ ,,( ,,moral   
,,inability4  ,moral ,inability means t 
ord9>y motives are insuffici5t1 b n all 
motives4 ,! confirm$ drunk>d or ?ief has
 got into ! /age ( moral inability2 !   
common motives t keep mank9d sob] &     
hone/ h fail$4 ,yet !re are motives t   
w\ld succe$1 if we c\ld comm& !m4 ,m5   
may be sometimes cur$ ( intemp]ance :5 !
 con/itution is s susceptible t pa9     
foll[s at once on indulg5ce4 ,& s long z
 pleasure & pa91 9 fact & 9 prospect1   
op]ate ^u ! w1 s long z ! individual is 
9 a /ate :]e9 motives op]ate1 !re may be
 moral weakness1 b !re is no?+ m4 ,9 su*
 cases1 puni%m5t may be prop]ly employ$ 
z a corrective1 & is likely to answ] its
 end4 ,?is is ! /ate t]m$ acc\ntability1
 or1 ) m correctness1 ,,puni%ability1 = 

be+ acc\ntable is m]ely an incid5t b\nd 
up ) liability to puni%m5t4 ,moral      
weakness is a matt] ( a degree1 & 9 its 
l[e/ grades %ades into insanity1 ! /ate 
:]e9 motives h lo/ _! usual p[]--:5     
pleasure & pa9 cease to be appreh5d$ by 
! m9d 9 _! prop] "*4 ,at ?is po9t1      
puni%m5t is unavail+2 ! moral inability 
has pass$ into some?+ l physical        
inability2 ! loss ( self-control is z   
complete z if ! muscles 7 p>alys$4  ,9 !
 plea ( insanity1 ent]$ on behalf ( any 
"o *>g$ ) crime1 ! bus9ess ( ! jury is  
to asc]ta9 :e!r ! accus$ is "u !        
op]ation ( ! usual motives--:e!r pa9 9  
prospect has a det]r+ effect on !       
conduct4 ,if a man is z ready to jump   
out ( ! w9d[ z to walk d[n/airs1 ( c\rse
 he is n a moral ag5t2 b s long z he    
obs]ves1 ( 8 own accord1 ! usual        
precautions aga9/ h>m to himself1 he is 
to be puni%$ = 8 misde$s4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,^! v>i\s
 que/ions respect+ ! ,w1 if /ripp$ (    
unsuitable phraseology1 are n v         

difficult que/ions4 ,!y are ab\t z easy 
to compreh5d z ! air-pump1 ! law (      
refraction ( light1 or ! atomic !ory (  
*emi/ry4 ,di/ort !m by inapposite       
metaphors1 view !m 9 p]plex+ attitudes1 
& y may make !m m ab/ruse ?an ! h>de/   
proposition ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,:at is f>   
worse1 by involv+ a simple fact 9       
inextricable contradictions1 !y h l$ p  
gravely to recognise self-contradiction 
z ! natural & ! prop] condition ( a     
c]ta9 class ( que/ions4 ,consi/5cy is v 
well s f>1 & = ! humbl] matt]s ( e-day  
life1 b !re is a high] & a sacr$ region 
:]e x does n hold2 :]e ! pr9ciples are  
to be receiv$ all ! m readily t !y l& u 
9 contradictions4 ,9 ord9>y matt]s1     
inconsi/5cy is ! te/ ( falsehood2 9     
transc5d5tal subjects1 x is acc\nt$ !   
badge ( tru?4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote 
#a3 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,augu/1 #ahfh4  
,footnote #b3 ,donaldson's ,hi/ory (    
,*ri/ian ,lit]ature & ,doctr9e1 ,vol4   
,i41 p4 #bgg4  ,footnote #c3 ,int5sity (
 passion /&s confess$ 9 !               

self-del9eations ( m5 ( imag9ative      
g5ius4 ,we =be> to quote ! famili>      
in/ances ( ,wordswor?1 ,%elley1 or      
,burns1 b may ref] to a rem>kable *apt] 
9 ! life ( ! fam\s ,scot* prea*]1 ,dr4  
,?omas ,*alm]s4 ,! m]e title ( ! *apt]  
is en\gh = our purpose4 ,x relat$ to 8  
e>ly y\?1 & ran ?us1 9 8 own words3--,a 
ye> ( m5tal elysium4 ,x is :ile liv+ at 
a :ite-heat t all ! ?\ghts & conceptions
 take a l(ty1 hyp]bolical "*2 & !       
outp\r+ ( ^! at ! "t1 or aft]w>ds1 is ! 
imag9ation ( ! orator or ! poet4  ,!    
spread ( ! misconception t we h be5     
combat+ is p]haps acc\nt$ = by !        
circum/ance t imag9ation 9 "o man is !  
cause ( feel+ 9 o!rs4 ,wordswor?1 by 8  
imag9ative col\r+1 has excit$ a w>m]    
s5tim5t = nature 9 _m spectators ( !    
lake c\ntry4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is a diff]5t ?+4
 ,we may also all[ t ! poet int5sifies 8
 own feel+s by 8 creative embodim5ts (  
!m4           99       99       99      
99       99   ,,ii4  ,,errors ,,(       
,,suppress$ ,,correlatives4#d   ,by     

,relativity is "h meant ! all-p]vad+    
fact ( our nature t we are n impress$1  
made consci\s1 or m5tally alive1 )\t "s 
*ange ( /ate or impression4 ,an unv>y+  
action on any ( our s5ses is ! same z no
 action at all4 ,an ev5 temp]ature1 su* 
z t enjoy$ by ! fi%es 9 ! tropical seas1
 leaves ! m9d an entire blank z reg>ds  
heat & cold4 ,we c nei!r feel nor "k )\t
 recognis+ two di/9ct /ates4 ,h5ce all k
 is d\ble1 or is ! k ( contra/s or      
opposites3 heavy is relative to light2  
up supposes d[n2 be+ awake implies !    
/ate ( sleep4  ,! applications ( ! law 9
 ! sph]e ( emotion are *iefly           
contemplat$ 9 :at foll[s4 ,pleasure &   
pa9 are nev] absolute /ates2 !y h       
ref]5ce always to ! previ\s condition4  
,until we "k :at t has be5 9 any case1  
we _c pron\nce ^u ! efficacy ( a pres5t 
/imulation4 ,we see a p]son repos+1     
app>5tly 9 luxuri\s ease2 if ! /ate has 
be5 imm$iately consequ5t ^u a protract$ 
& sev]e ex]tion1 we are "r 9 call+ x    
highly pleasurable4 ,"u o!r             

circum/ances1 x might be q ! rev]se4    
,!re is an (f%oot or modification ( !   
pr9ciple1 aris+ out ( ! op]ation (      
habit4 ,impressions made ^u u are       
greate/ :5 !y are absolutely new3 aft]  
repetition !y all lose some?+ ( _! p[]2 
al?\gh1 by remission & alt]native1 !    
causes ( pleasure & pa9 h /ill a v      
consid]able efficacy4 ,_m ( !           
consequ5ces ( ?is great fact are        
suffici5tly ackn[l$g$1 or1 if !y are n1 
x is f o!r causes ?an our ignorance4 ,! 
weakness is moral1 r ?an intellectual1 t
 makes u expect t ! fir/ flu% ( a great 
pleasure1 a newly-atta9$ joy or success1
 w cont9ue unabat$4 ,! poor man1        
probably1 does n ov]rate ! gratification
 ( newly-atta9$ weal?2 :at he fails to  
all[ = is ! dead5+ effect ( an unbrok5  
exp]i5ce ( ease & pl5ty4 ,! au?or (     
,romola says ( ! h]o & ! h]o9e1 9 ! e>ly
 mom5ts ( _! affection1 t !y c\ld n look
 =w>d to a "t :5 _! kisses %\ld be      
common ?+s4 ,s x is ) ! atta9m5t ( all  
great objects ( pursuit3 ! fir/ access (

 good =tune may n disappo9t u2 b z we   
are m & m remov$ f ! /ate ( privation1 z
 ! memory ( ! prior exp]i5ce fades away1
 s does ! vividness ( ! pres5t enjoym5t4
 ,x is ! same ) *anges = ! worse3 !     
agony ( a great loss is at fir/ ov]p[]+2
 gradually1 h[ev]1 ! sy/em accommodates 
itself to ! new condition1 & ! sev]ity  
dies away4 ,:at is call$ on ^! occasions
 ! =ce ( cu/om is ! application ( ! law 
( ,accommodation1 or ,relativity modifi$
 by habit4  ,,relativity ,,9            
,,pleasures4  ,x is a famili> exp]i5ce (
 mank9d1 yet h>d to realise ^u m]e      
te/imony1 t ! pleasures ( re/1 repose1  
retirem5t1 are :olly relative to =egone 
lab\r & toil2 aft] ! fir/ %ock (        
transition1 !y are less & less felt1 & c
 be r5ew$ only aft] a r5ewal ( !        
contra/+ exp]i5ce4 ,! description1 9    
,p>adise ,lo/1 ( ! delici\s repose (    
,adam & ,eve 9 ,ed5 is fallaci\s2 ! poet
 cr$its !m ) an int5sity ( pleasure     
atta9able only by ! br[-sweat+ lab\r] "u
 ! curse4  ,! delights ( ,k are relative

 to previ\s ,ignorance2 =1 al?\gh !     
possession ( k is 9 _m ways a la/+ good1
 yet ! full int5sity ( ! *>m is felt    
only at ! mom5t ( pass+ f my/]y to      
explanation1 f blankness ( impression to
 intellectual atta9m5t4 ,?is =m ( !     
pleasure is su/a9$ only by new          
acquisitions & new discov]ies4 ,moreov]1
 9 ! m9or =ms ( ! gratification due to  
k1 we nev] escape ! law ( relativity2 ! 
p[] delights u by relation to our       
previ\s impot5ce4 ,plato suppos$ t1 9 k1
 we h an example ( a pure pleasure1     
mean+ "o t _h no ref]5ce to =egone      
privation or pa92 b su* purity w\ld be a
 b>r5 fact1 n unlike ! pure air ( a     
bladeless & wat]less des]t4 ,a /ate (   
un9t]rupt$ good heal?1 al?\gh a prime   
condition ( enjoym5t1 is ( itself a /ate
 ( neutrality or indiff]5ce4 ,! man t   
has nev] be5 ill _c s+ ! joys ( heal?2 !
 exultation ( t /ra9 is atta9able only  
by ! valetud9>ian4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,^! examples h be5
 rem>k$ ^u 9 e age4 ,x is ! moral       

weakness ( be+ c>ri$ away by a pres5t   
/rong feel+1 z if ! /ate w\ld la/ = ev]1
 t bl9ds ea* ( u 9 turn to ! /]n reality
 ( ! fact4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 num]\s      
in/ances1 com+ "u ,relativity1 :]e9 !   
indisp5sable correlative is m or less   
dropp$ out ( sight & disav[$4 ,^! are ! 
prop] errors or fallacies ( ,relativity1
 a bran* ( ! compreh5sive class t]m$    
,fallacies ( ,confusion4 ,! object ( !  
pres5t essay is to exhibit a few ( ^!   
errors z !y occur 9 que/ions ( practical
 mom5t4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,:5 x is said1 z by ,c>lyle
 & o!rs1 spee* is silv]n1 sil5ce is     
gold51 !re is impli$ a condition ( ?+s  
:]e spee* has be5 9 excess2 & b = ?is   
excess1 ! ass]tion is untrue4 ,"o might 
z well talk ( ! delights ( hung]1 or (  
cold1 or ( solit>y conf9em5t1 on ! gr\nd
 ( !re be+ times :5 food1 w>m?1 or      
society may be 9 excess1 & :5 ! oppos+  
/ates w\ld be a joyful *ange4  ,!       
,relativity ( ,pleasures1 al?\gh admitt$
 9 _m individual cases1 has (t5 be5     

misconceiv$4 ,! view is sometimes       
express$1 t !re c be no pleasure )\t a  
previ\s pa92 b ?is goes beyond !        
exig5cies ( ! pr9ciple4 ,we _c g on =   
ev] ) any delight2 b m]e remission1 )\t 
any c\nt]p>t pa91 is en\gh = our ent]+ )
 ze/ on _m ( our pleasures4 ,a heal?y   
man enjoys 8 meals )\t any s5sible      
previ\s pa9 ( hung]4 ,we d n ne$ to h   
be5 mis]able = "s "t z a prep>ation = ! 
read+ ( a new poem4 ,x is true t if !   
s5se ( privation has be5 acute1 !       
pleasure is proportionally increas$2 & t
 few pleasures ( any great int5sity gr[ 
up f indiff]5ce3 /ill1 remission &      
alt]nation may give a ze/ = enjoym5t )\t
 any consci\sness ( pa94  ,! pr9ciple ( 
,comp>ison is caprici\sly made use ( by 
,paley1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! elem5ts (        
,happ9ess4 ,he applies x =cibly &       
felicit\sly to depreciate c]ta9         
pleasures--z greatness1 rank1 &         
/ation--& )holds its application f !    
pleasures t he m p>ticul>ly             
c\nt5ances1--namely1 ! social           

affections1 ! ex]cise ( ! faculties1 &  
heal?4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,,simplicity ,,( ,,/yle ,a 
,,relative ,,m]it4  ,! great praise (t5 
accord$ to ,simplicity ( ,/yle1 9       
lit]ature1 is an example ( ! suppression
 ( ! correlative 9 a case ( mutual      
relation%ip4 ,simplicity is n an        
absolute m]it2 x is frequ5tly a m]it by 
correlation4 ,?us1 if a c]ta9 subject   
has nev] be5 treat$ except 9 ab/ruse &  
difficult t]m9ology1 a man ( surpass+   
lit]>y p[]s1 sett+ x =? 9 homely &      
intelligible language1 produces a "w ^: 
highe/ praise is express$ by            
,simplicity4 ,aga91 aft] ! la/ c5tury   
p]iod ( artificial1 complex1 &          
highly-wr\ght composition1 ! reaction ( 
,c[p] & ,wordswor? 9 fav\r ( simplicity 
0 an agreeable & refre%+ *ange1 & 0 9   
great "p acceptable because ( ! *ange4  
,x does n appe> t ,wordswor? compreh5d$ 
?is obvi\s fact2 to him1 a simplicity t 
co/ no?+ to ! compos]1 & br\ght no      
novelty to ! read]1 _h /ill a transc5d5t

 m]it4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,x has be5 a frequ5t       
practice ( late ye>s to celebrate !     
praises ( ,k4 ,_m eloqu5t speak]s h     
dilat$ on ! happ9ess & ! sup]iority ( ! 
enlight5$ & ! cultivat$ man4 ,n[1 !     
correlative or obv]se mu/ be equally    
true3 !re mu/ be a correspond+          
degradation & disqualification atta*+ to
 ignorance & ! want ( in/ruction4 ,?is  
correlative & equally cog5t /atem5t is  
suppress$ on c]ta9 occasions1 & by      
p]sons t w\ld n demur to ! praises ( k3 
z1 :5 we are told ( ! native good s5se1 
! untaught sagacity1 ! admirable in/9cts
 ( ! p1--t is1 ( ! ignorant or !        
un$ucat$4 ,h5ce ! great value ( !       
expository device ( foll[+ up e pr9ciple
 ) its1 c\nt]-/atem5t1 ! matt] d5i$ :5 !
 pr9ciple is affirm$4 ,if k is a ?+     
sup]latively good1 ignorance--! opposite
 ( k--is a ?+ sup]latively bad4 ,!re is 
no middle /&+ gr\nd4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,9 ! way t 
p use ! argum5t f ,au?ority1 !re is (t5 

an unfelt contradiction f n adv]t+ to ! 
correlative implication4 ,if ,i lay     
/ress ^u "s "o's au?ority z l5d+ weight 
to my op9ion1 ,i ought to be equally    
mov$ 9 ! opposite direction :5 ! same   
au?ority is aga9/ me4 ,! common case1   
h[ev]1 is to make a great fl\ri% :5 !   
au?ority is "o way1 & to ignore x :5 x  
is ! o!r way4 ,?is is especially !      
fa%ion 9 deal+ ) ! anci5t philosoph]s4  
,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle are quot$
 ) mu* complac5cy :5 !y *ime 9 ) a mod]n
 view2 b1 9 po9ts :]e !y contradict our 
*]i%$ s5tim5ts1 we treat !m ) a k9d (   
pity z half-in=m$ pagans4 ,x is n se5 t 
m5 liable to su* gross errors z !y are  
alleg$ to h committ$--say on ,e?ics--are
 by t fact depriv$ ( all weight 9 alli$ 
subjects1 z1 = example1 ,politics--9 :i*
 ,ari/otle is /ill quot$ z an au?ority4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,dignity ,,( ,,all ,,lab\r ,,absurd4   
,_m ( ! s9s aga9/ ,relativity c be trac$
 to rhetorical exagg]ation4 ,"s         
rem>kable in/ances ( ?is c be cit$4  ,:5

 a sy/em ( ranks & dignities has once   
be5 e/abli%$1 !re are associations (    
dignity & ( indignity ) diff]5t         
conditions & occupations4 ,x is m       
dignifi$ to s]ve 9 ! army ?an to engage 
9 trade2 to be a surgeon is m hon\rable 
?an to be a wat*mak]4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s 
a f]vid rhetorician1 eag] to r$ress !   
inequalities ( mank9d1 />ts =? to prea* 
! dignity ( all lab\r4 ,! device is a   
self-contradiction4 ,make all lab\r     
alike dignifi$1 & no?+ is dignifi$2 y   
simply aboli% dignity by depriv+ x ( !  
contra/ t x subsi/s ^u4  ,pope's l9es-- 
,hon\r & %ame f no condition rise2      
,act well y\r "p2 !re all ! hon\r lies--
  _c be exempt$ f ! fallacy (           
self-contradiction4 ,diff]5ces (        
condition are made by diff]5ces 9 !     
degree ( hon\r !reto atta*$4 ,if e man t
 did 8 "w well 7 put on a level1 9 po9t 
( hon\r1 ) e o!r man t did ! same2 if ! 
gatekeep] ( a mansion1 by be+ unfail+ly 
punctual 9 op5+ ! gate1 7 to be equally 
hon\r$ ) a great lead] ( ! ,h\se (      

,commons1 !n1 inde$1 equality ( pay w\ld
 be ! only ?+ want$ to aboli% all       
diff]5ces ( condition4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1
 9 society1 a quantity ( misplac$ hon\r2
 b s long z !re are employm5ts          
exceptionally ardu\s1 & virtues signally
 b5efic5t 9 _! op]ation1 hon\r is a     
legitimate spur & rew>d1 & %\ld be      
graduat$ accord+ to ! des]t 9 ea* case4 
,9 spurr+ ! ard\r ( y\? to /udi\s       
ex]tion1 x is common to repeat ! ,hom]ic
 maxim1 to supplant e "o else1 & /& out 
fir/4 ,! /imulat+ effect is und\bt$2 x  
is /rong rhetorical br&y4 ,yet only "o  
man c be fir/1 & ! exhortation is giv5  
simultane\sly to a ?\s&4#e  ,,ju/ice    
,,admirable ,,only ,,if ,,reciprocat$4  
,9 ! discussion & inculcation ( ! moral 
duties & virtues1 !re has be51 9 all    
ages1 a t5d5cy to suppress correlative  
facts1 & to affirm unconditionally :at  
is true only ) a condition4 ,?us1 !     
admirable nature ( ,ju/ice1 & ! happ9ess
 ( ! ,j man1 are a prop] !me to be      
extoll$ ) all ! p[] ( eloqu5ce4 ,x has  

be5 s ) e civiliz$ p1 pagan z well z    
,*ri/ian4 ,9 ! dialogues ( ,plato1      
ju/ice is a prom95t subject1 & is adorn$
 ) ! full spl5d\r ( 8 g5ius4 ,ari/otle1 
9 "o ( ! few mom5ts :5 he rises to      
poetry1 pron\nces ju/ice great] ?an !   
ev5+-/> or ! morn+-/>4 ,n[ all ?is      
panegyric is admissible only on !       
supposition ( reciprocal ju/ice4 ,plato1
 inde$1 _h ! h>dihood to say t ! j man  
is happy 9 himself1 & by reason ( 8     
ju/ice1 ev5 al?\gh o!rs are unju/ to    
him2 b ! position is unt5able4 ,a man is
 happy 9 8 ju/ice if x procure = him    
ju/ice 9 return2 z a citiz5 is happy 9 8
 civil ob$i5ce1 if x ga9 him protection 
9 return4 ,!re are two p>ties 9 ! case1 
& ! morali/ %\ld obta9 access to bo?2 he
 %\ld induce ! "o to fulfil 8 %>e be=e  
promis+ to ! o!r ! happ9ess ( ju/ice &  
ob$i5ce4 ,x may be rhetorical1 b x is n 
true1 t ju/ice w make a man happy 9 a   
society :]e x is n reciprocat$4 ,ju/ice1
 9 ^! circum/ances1 is highly noble1    
praisewor?y1 virtu\s2 b ! apply+ ( ^!   

l(ty complim5ts is ! pro( t x does n br+
 happ9ess1 & is an attempt to comp5sate 
! defici5cy4 ,!re is a c]ta9 t5d5cy1 n v
 great z human nature is con/itut$1 =   
ju/ice to beget ju/ice 9 return--=      
social virtue on "o side to procure x on
 ! o!r side4 ,?is is a c]ta9 enc\ragem5t
 to ea* man to p]=m 8 own "p1 9 hope t !
 o!r p>ty conc]n$ may d ! same4 ,/ill1 !
 reciprocity occasionally fails1 & ) t !
 b5efits to ! j ag5t4 ,x is necess>y to 
urge /rongly ^u individuals1 to impress 
^u ! "y1 ! necessity ( p]=m+ _! duty to 
society2 x is equally impli$1 & equally 
indisp5sable1 t society %\ld p]=m its "p
 to !m4 ,! suppress+ ( ! correlative    
obligation ( ! ,/ate to ! individual    
leaves a "o-sid$ doctr9e2 ! motive ( !  
suppression1 d\btless1 is t society does
 n (t5 fail ( its duties to !           
individual1 :]eas individuals frequ5tly 
fail ( _! duties to society4 ,?is may be
 ! fact g5]ally1 b n always4 ,x is n !  
fact :]e !re are bad laws & corrupt     
adm9i/ration4 ,x is n ! fact :]e !      

re/ra9ts on lib]ty are great] ?an !     
exig5cies ( ! ,/ate dem&4 ,x is n !     
fact1 s long z !re is a s+le ve/ige (   
p]secution = op9ions4 ,to be ?or\ghly   
v]aci\s1 = example1 9 a society t       
re/ra9s ! discussion & expression (     
op9ions1 is m ?an su* a society is      
entitl$ to4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,,pleasures ,,(     
,,b5evol5ce ,,conditional4  ,! same     
fallacy occurs 9 an alli$ !me1--! joys (
 ,love & ,b5evol5ce4 ,t love & b5evol5ce
 are productive ( great happ9ess is     
beyond "q2 b !n ! feel+ mu/ be mutual1 x
 mu/ be reciprocat$4 ,"o-sid$ love or   
b5evol5ce is a virtue1 :i* is z mu* z to
 say x is n a pleasure4 ,! delights (   
b5evol5ce are ! delights ( reciprocat$  
b5evol5ce2 until reciprocat$1 9 "s =m1 !
 b5evol5t man has1 /rictly speak+1 !    
sacrifice & no?+ m4 ,!re is a great     
reluctance to enc\nt] ?is simple nak$   
tru?2 to /ate x 9 !ory1 at lea/1 = x is 
fully admitt$ 9 practice4 ,we f5ce x (f 
by ! assumption t b5evol5ce w always h  

its rew>d someh[2 t if ! objects ( x are
 ungrateful1 o!rs w make good ! defect  
at la/4 ,n[ ^! qualifications are v     
p]t95t1 v suitable to be urg$ aft] all[+
 ! pla9 tru?1 t b5evol5ce is            
intr9sically a sacrifice1 a pa9ful act2 
& t ?is act is r$eem$1 & f> m ?an       
r$eem$1 by a fair reciprocity (         
b5evol5ce4 ,only su* an admission c keep
 u out ( a me% ( contradictions4 ,l     
ju/ice 9 itself1 ,b5evol5ce 9 itself is 
pa9ful2 any virtue is pa9 9 ! fir/      
in/ance1 al?\gh1 :5 equally respond$ to1
 x br+s a surplus ( pleasure4 ,!re may  
be acts ( a b5efic5t t5d5cy t co/ !     
p]=m] no?+1 or t ev5 may *ance to be    
agreeable2 b ^! examples mu/ n be giv5 z
 ! rule1 or ! type4 ,x is ! ess5ce (    
virtu\s acts1 ! prevail+ "* ( ! class1  
to tax ! ag5t1 to deprive him ( "s      
satisfaction to himself2 ?is is :at we  
mu/ />t f2 we are !n 9 a position to    
expla9 h[ & :51 & "u :at circum/ances1 &
 ) :at limitations1 ! virtu\s man1 :e!r 
8 virtue be ju/ice or b5evol5ce1 is f t 

cause a happy man4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,x is a fallacy ( 
! suppress$ relative to describe virtue 
z det]m9$ by ! moral nature ( ,god1 z   
oppos$ to 8 arbitr>y w4 ,! ess5ce (     
,morality is ob$i5ce to a sup]ior1 to a 
,law2 :]e !re is no sup]ior !re is no?+ 
ei!r moral or immoral4 ,! supreme p[] is
 incapable ( an immoral act4 ,p>liam5t  
may d :at is injuri\s1 x _c d :at is    
illegal4 ,s ! ,deity may be b5efic5t or 
malefic5t1 he _c be moral or immoral4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,among ! v>i\s ways1 propos$ 9 !        
sev5te5? c5tury1 ( solv+ ! difficulty ( 
! mutual action ( ! het]og5e\s          
ag5cies--matt] & m9d--"o 0 a mode (     
,div9e int]f]5ce1 call$ ! ,!ory (       
,occasional ,causes4 ,accord+ to ?is    
view1 ! ,deity ex]t$ himself by a       
p]petual miracle to br+ ab\t ! m5tal    
*anges correspond+ to ! physical ag5ts  
op]at+ on our s5ses--light1 s\nd1 c4 ,n[
 9 ! mode ( action sugge/$ !re is no?+  
self-contradictory2 b 9 ! use ( ! ^w    

miracle !re is a mi/ake ( relativity4 ,!
 mean+ ( a miracle is an exceptional    
int]f]5ce2 x supposes an habitual /ate (
 ?+s1 f :i* x is a deviation4 ,! v idea 
( miracle is aboli%$ if e act is to be  
alike miracul\s4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,,my/]y           
,,correlates ,,) ,,! ,,intelligible4    
,we %all devote ! rema9d] ( ?is         
exposition to a /ill m notable class (  
mi/akes due to ! suppression ( a        
correlative memb] 9 a relative          
c\ple--^?1 namely1 connect$ ) !         
designation1 ,my/]y1 a t]m greatly      
abus$1 9 v>i\s ways1 & especially by    
disreg>d+ its relative "*4 ,my/]y       
supposes c]ta9 ?+s t are pla91          
intelligible1 kn[able1 reveal$2 &1 by   
contra/ to ^!1 ref]s to c]ta9 o!r ?+s t 
are obscure1 un9telligible1 unkn[able1  
unreveal$4 ,:5 a man's conduct is       
entirely pla91 /raight=w>d1 or acc\nt$  
=1 we call t an intelligible case2 :5 we
 are p]plex$ by ! tortuosities ( a      
crafty1 d\ble-deal+ p]son1 we say x is  

all v my/]i\s4 ,s1 9 nature1 we consid] 
t we und]/& c]ta9 ph5om5a3 su* z        
gravity1 & all its consequ5ces1 9 ! fall
 ( bodies1 ! fl[ ( riv]s1 ! motions ( ! 
planets1 ! tides4 ,on ! o!r h&1         
e>?quakes & volcanoes are v my/]i\s2 we 
d n "k :at !y dep5d ^u1 h[ or 9 :at     
circum/ances !y are produc$4 ,"s ( !    
op]ations ( liv+ bodies are und]/ood1--z
 ! he>t's action 9 ! me*anical          
propulsion ( ! blood2 o!rs1 & ! great]  
numb]1 are my/]i\s1 z ! :ole process (  
g]m9ation & gr[?4 ,n[ ! exi/5ce ( !     
contra/ betwe5 ?+s pla9ly und]/ood1 &   
?+s n und]/ood1 gives "o di/9ct mean+ to
 ! t]m ,my/]y4 ,9 "s cases1 a my/]y is  
=m$ by an app>5t contradiction1 z 9 !   
,!ological my/]y ( ,free-w & ,div9e     
,=ekn[l$ge2 "h1 too1 !re is a contra/ ) 
! great mass ( consi/5t & reconcilable  
?+s4 ,b n[1 :5 we are told by s5sational
 writ]s1 t ev]y?+ is my/]i\s2 t !       
simple/ ph5om5on 9 nature--! fall ( a   
/one1 ! sw+ ( a p5dulum1 ! cont9uance ( 
a ball %ot 9 ! air--are wond]ful1       

m>vell\s1 miracul\s1 our und]/&+ is     
conf\nd$2 !re be+ !n no?+ pla9 at all1  
!re is no?+ my/]i\s4 ,! wond]ful rises f
 ! common2 z ! l(ty is l(ty by relation 
to some?+ l[]3 if !re is no?+ common1 !n
 !re is no?+ wond]ful2 if all ph5om5a   
are my/]i\s1 no?+ is my/]i\s2 if we are 
to /& agha/ 9 amazem5t because ?ree     
times f\r is twelve1 :at ph5om5on c we  
take z ! type ( ! pla9 & ! intelligible8
 ,y mu/ always keep up a /&>d ( !       
common1 ! easy1 ! compreh5sible1 if y   
are to reg>d o!r ?+s z wond]ful1        
difficult1 inexplicable4  ,,locke ,,on  
,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4  ,! real
 "* ( a ,,my/]y1 & :at con/itutes !     
,explanation ( a fact1 h be5 greatly    
misconceiv$4 ,! *anges ( view on ^!     
po9ts make up a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( !    
education ( ! human m9d4 ,p]haps ! mo/  
decisive turn+ po9t 0 ! publication (   
,locke's ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1
 ! motive ( :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! homely &    
=cible language ( ! preface1 0 to       
asc]ta9 :at our und]/&+s c d1 :at       

subjects !y are fit to deal )1 & :]e !y 
%\ld /op4 ,i quote a few s5t5ces3--  ,if
 by ?is inquiry into ! nature ( !       
,und]/&+1 ,i c discov] ! p[]s !re(2 h[  
f> !y rea*2 to :at ?+s !y are 9 any     
degree proportionate2 & :]e !y fail u3  
,i suppose x may be ( use1 to prevail ) 
! busy m9d ( man to be m cauti\s 9 m$dl+
 ) ?+s exce$+ its compreh5sion2 to /op  
:5 x is at ! utmo/ ext5t ( its te!r2 &  
to sit d[n 9 a quiet ignorance ( ^? ?+s 
:i*1 ^u exam9ation1 are prov$ to be     
beyond ! rea* ( our capacities4 ,! c&le 
t is set up 9 u1 %9es bright en\gh = all
 our purposes4 ,! discov]ies we c make )
 ?is ought to satisfy u4 ,& we %all !n  
use our ,und]/&+s aright1 :5 we ent]ta9 
all objects 9 t way & proportion t !y   
are suit$ to our faculties1 & ^u ^?     
gr\nds !y are capable ( be+ propos$ to  
u4 ,x is ( great use = ! sailor to "k ! 
l5g? ( 8 l9e1 ?\gh he _c fa?om ) x all !
 dep?s ( ! ocean4  ,! c\rse ( physical  
sci5ce 0 prep>+ ! same salut>y lesson4  
,locke's great contempor>y & fri5d1     

,isaac ,newton1 0 8 fell[-work] 9 ?is   
tutorial und]tak+2 nor %\ld ,bacon be   
=gott51 al?\gh !re is dispute z to !    
ext5t & "* ( 8 influ5ce4 ,! comb9$      
op]ation ( ^! great lead]s ( ?\ght 0    
app>5t 9 ! alt]$ views ( sci5tific      
inquir]s z to :at is compet5t 9         
rese>*--:at is ! prop] aim ( inquiry4   
,!re arose a disposition to ab&on !     
pursuit ( my/]i\s ess5ces & gr& p]vad+  
unities1 & asc]ta9 ) precision ! facts &
 ! laws ( natural ph5om5a4 ,! /udy (    
a/ronomy 0 inaugurat$ 9 ,gre5wi*        
,obs]vatory4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,prie/ley & 
( ,frankl9 f>!r exemplifi$ !            
eighte5?-c5tury key to ! secrets ( !    
univ]se4  ,! lesson imp>t$ by ,newton & 
,locke & _! successors /ill rema9s to be
 c>ri$ out & embodi$ 9 ! subtl]         
inquiries4 ,! be>+ ^u :at con/itutes a  
,my/]y1 & :at con/itutes ,explanation1  
or ! acc\nt+ = appe>ances1 may be       
express$ ?us3--  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !     
,und]/&+ c nev] pass out ( its own      
exp]i5ce--its acquir$ k1 :e!r ( body or 

( m9d4 ,:at we obta9 by our v>i\s       
s5sibilities to ! _w ab\t u1 & by our   
self-consci\sness1 are ! f\ndation1 !   
,,abc ( ev]y?+ t we are capable ( kn[+4 
,we "k col\rs1 & we "k s\nd2 we "k      
pleasure & pa91 & ! v>i\s emotions (    
wond]1 fe>1 love1 ang]4 ,if !re be any  
be+ end[$ ) s5ses diff]5t f ours1 ) t   
be+ we c h no communion4 ,if !re be any 
ph5om5a t escape our limit$             
s5sibilities1 !y transc5d ! possibility 
( our k4  ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to take
 acc\nt ( ! comb9+ or con/ructive       
aptitudes ( ! m9d4 ,we c g a c]ta9 l5g? 
9 putt+ toge!r our alphabet ( s5sation &
 exp]i5ce into _m v>i\s comp\nds4 ,we c 
imag9e a p>adise or a p&emonium2 b only 
z made up ( our own k ( ?+s good & evil4
 ,! limits ( ?is con/ructive p[] are    
soon rea*$4 ,we are baffl$ to ent] into 
! feel+s ( our own k9dr$1 :5 !y are f>  
remov$ 9 "* & circum/ances f ourselves4 
,! y\? at tw5ty _c approximate to !     
feel+s ( m5 ( middle age4 ,! heal?y are 
unable to compreh5d ! life ( ! invalid4 

,,"t ,,& ,,space ,,relative ,,to ,,our  
,,faculties4  ,to come to ! practical   
applications4 ,! great lead+ notions    
call$ ,"t & ,space are kn[n to u only "u
 ! conditions ( our own s5sibility4 ,"t 
is made kn[n by all our actions1 all our
 s5ses1 all our feel+s1 & by !          
succession ( our ?\ghts2 x is exp]i5c$ z
 a cont9uance & a repetition ( movem5t1 
sight1 s\nd1 fe>1 or any o!r /ate (     
feel+1 or ( ?9k+4 ,"o motion or s5sation
 is cont9u$ long] ?an ano!r2 or x is m  
frequ5tly repeat$ aft] int]mission1 giv+
 ! num]ical e/imate ( "t1 z 9 ! beats ( 
! p5dulum4 ,9 ^! ways we =m e/imates (  
seconds1 m9utes1 h\rs1 days4 ,& our     
con/ructive faculty c be br\ght into    
play to conceive ! l>g] tracts (        
duration--a c5tury1 or a hundr$         
c5turies4 ,nay1 by our ari?metical p[]s 
we c put d[n 9 ciph]1 or conceive       
symbolically 7:i* is ! meagre/ ( all    
conceptions7 millions ( millions (      
c5turies2 ^! be+ aft] all b comp\nds (  
our alphabet ( endur+ or repeat$        

s5sations & ?\ghts4 ,we c suppose ?is   
ari?metical process to op]ate ^u pa/    
duration or ^u future duration1 & !re is
 no limit to ! numb]s t we c write d[n4 
,b !re is "o ?+ t we _c d2 we _c fix ^u 
a po9t :5 ,"t or succession began1 or ^u
 a po9t :5 x w cease4 ,t is an op]ation 
n 9 keep+ ) our faculties2 ! v          
supposition is impracticable4 ,we _c    
ent]ta9 ! notion ( a /ate ( ?+s :]e9 !  
fact ( cont9uance _h no place2 ! ef=t   
belies itself4 ,"t is insep>able f our  
m5tal nature2 :atev] we imag9e1 we mu/  
imag9e z endur+4 ,"s philosoph]s h      
suppos$ t we mu/ be end[$ by nature ) ! 
conception ( ,"t1 be=e we beg9 to       
ex]cise our s5ses2 b ! difficulty w\ld  
be to deprive u ( t adjunct )\t ext+ui%+
 our m5tal nature4 ,give u s5sibility1 &
 y _c )hold ! elem5t ( ,"t4 ,!          
supposition ( ,kant & o!rs1 t x is      
implant$ 9 u z an empty =m1 be=e we beg9
 to employ our s5ses ^u ?+s1 is ne$less2
 = z soon z we move1 see1 he>1 ?9k1 are 
pleas$ or pa9$1 we create "t4 ,& our    

notion ( ,"t 9 g5]al is exactly :at ^!  
s5sibilities make x1 only enl>g$ by our 
con/ructive p[] already spok5 (4        
,,matt] ,,& ,,void ,,supplem5t>y4  ,:ile
 all our s5ses & feel+s give u "t1 x is 
our exp]i5ce ( ,motion & ,resi/ance1--! 
en]getic or active side ( our nature    
alone1--t gives u ,space4 ,! simple/    
feature ( ,space is ! alt]nation (      
,resi/ance & ,non-,resi/ance1 ( ob/ruct$
 motion & fre$om to move4 ,! h& presses 
dead ^u an ob/acle2 ! ob/acle gives way 
& all[s free motion2 ^! two contra/+    
exp]i5ces are ! elem5ts ( ! two contra/+
 facts--,matt] & ,space4 ,by none ( !   
five s5ses1 9 _! pure & prop] "* z      
s5ses1 c we obta9 ^! exp]i5ces2 & h5ce  
at an e>li] /age ( inquiry into ! m9d1  
:5 our k-giv+ s5sibilities 7 ref]r$ to !
 five s5ses1 !re 0 no adequate acc\nt ( 
! notion ( ,space or ,ext5sion4 ,space  
includes m ?an ?is simple contra/ ( !   
resi/+ & ! non-resi/+2 x includes :at we
 call ! ,co-exi/+ or ,contemporane\s1 ! 
great aggregate ( ! outspread _w1 z     

exi/+ at any mom5t1 a some:at complicat$
 atta9m5t1 :i* ,i am n n[ specially     
conc]n$ )4 ,x suffici5tly illu/rates !  
limitation ( our k by our s5sibilities1 
f ! nature ( space1 to fa/5 att5tion on 
! d\ble & mutually supplem5t+ exp]i5ce (
 ,matt] & ,void2 ! "o resi/+ movem5t1 & 
giv+ ! consci\sness ( resi/ance1 or dead
 /ra91 ! o!r p]mitt+ movem5t1 & giv+ !  
consci\sness ( ! unob/ruct$ sweep ( !   
limbs or memb]s4 ,:atev] else may be 9  
space1 ?is fre$om to move1 to so>1 to   
expatiate 79 contra/ to be+ hemm$ 91    
ob/ruct$1 held fa/71 is an ess5tial "p (
 ! conception1 & is =m$ out ( our active
 or mov+ s5sibilities4 ,n[1 z f> z      
movem5t is conc]n$1 we mu/ be 9 "o ( two
 /ates2--we mu/ be putt+ =? en]gy )\t   
effect+ movem5t1 be+ met by ob/acles    
call$ matt]2 or we mu/ be putt+ =? en]gy
 unresi/$ & effect+ movem5t1 :i* is :at 
we mean by empty space4 ,!re is no ?ird 
position 9 ! matt] ( putt+ =? our active
 en]gy4 ,:]e resi/ance ends & fre$om    
beg9s1 !re is space2 :]e fre$om ends1 & 

ob/ruction beg9s1 !re is matt]4 ,we f9d 
our s5ti5t life to be made up1 z reg>ds 
movem5t1 ( a c]ta9 numb] & range ( ^!   
two alt]nations2 9 o!r words1 free      
spaces & resi/+ b>ri]s4 ,& we c1 by !   
con/ructive p[] already m5tion$1 imag9e 
o!r proportions ( ! two exp]i5ces2 we c 
imag9e ! scope = movem5t1 ! abs5ce (    
ob/ruction1 to be enl>g$ m & m1 to be   
c\nt$ by ?\s&s & millions ( miles2 b !  
only t]m9us or b\nd>y t we c imag9e is  
resi/ance1 a dead ob/acle4 ,we are able 
to conceive ! />ry spaces wid5$ &       
prolong$ f galaxy to galaxy ?r\gh       
enorm\s /rides ( increas+ amplitude1 b  
:5 we try to ?9k an end to ?is c>e]1 we 
c ?9k only ( a dead wall4 ,!re is no o!r
 end ( space )9 ! grasp ( our faculties2
 & t t]m9ation is n an end ( ext5sion2 =
 we "k t solid matt]1 view$ 9 o!r ways  
?an z ob/ruct+ movem5t1 has ! same      
prop]ty ( ! ext5d$ belong+ to ! empty   
void4 ,! inf]5ce is1 t ! limitation (   
our means ( k r5d]s altoge!r incompet5t 
! imag9ation ( an end to ei!r ,"t or    

,space4 ,! greate/ ef=ts ( our comb9+   
faculty _c exce$ ! elem5ts pres5t$ to x1
 & ^! elem5ts conta9 no?+ t w\ld set =? 
! situation ( space end+1 & ob/ruction n
 beg9n+4  ,,are ,,"t ,,& ,,space        
,,inf9ite8  ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is an
 irrevelant enquiry1 to ask1 ,are ,"t & 
,space f9ite or inf9ite8 ,_m philosoph]s
 h put ! "q1 & ev5 answ]$ x4 ,!y say ,"t
 has no beg9n+ & no end1 & ,space has no
 b\nd>ies2 or1 z o!rwise express$1--,"t 
& ,space are ,inf9ite3 an answ] ( su*   
vagu5ess z to mean any?+1 f a h>mless & 
prop] ass]tion ( ! limits ( our         
faculties1 up to ! v]ge ( extravagance &
 self-contradiction4  ,:51 9 fact1 p    
talk ( ! ,inf9ite 9 ,"t & ,space1 !y c  
po9t to "o intelligible signification2 z
 to ! re/1 ?is ^w is n a subject =      
sci5tific propositions1 & ! attempt at  
su* c lead only to contradictions4 ,!   
,inf9ite is a phrase mo/ v>i\s 9 its    
purport3 x is = ! mo/ "p an emotional   
^w1 express+ human desire & aspiration2 
a ^w ( poetry1 imag9ation1 & prea*+1 n a

 ^w to be discuss$ "u sci5ce2 no        
intellectual def9ition w\ld exhibit its 
emotional =ce4  ,! second prop]ty ( our 
intellig5ce is1 t we c g5]alise _m facts
 into "o4 ,trac+ agreem5t among !       
multif>i\s appe>ances ( ?+s1 we c       
compreh5d 9 "o /atem5t a va/ numb] (    
details4 ,! s+le law ( gravity expresses
 ! fall ( a /one1 ! fl[ ( riv]s1 !      
ret5tion ( ! moon 9 h] circuit r\nd !   
e>?4 ,n[1 ?is g5]alis+ sweep is a real  
advance 9 our k1 an asc5t 9 ! matt] (   
intellig5ce1 a /ep t[>ds c5tralis+ !    
empire ( sci5ce4 ,:at is m1 ?is is !    
only real mean+ ( ,,explanation4 ,a     
difficulty is solv$1 a my/]y unriddl$2  
:5 x c be %[n to resemble some?+ else2  
to be an example ( a fact already kn[n4 
,my/]y is isolation1 exception1 or1 x   
may be1 app>5t contradiction2 !         
resolution ( ! my/]y is f\nd 9          
assimilation1 id5tity1 frat]nity4 ,:5   
all ?+s are assimilat$1 s f> z          
assimilation c g1 s f> z lik5ess holds1 
!re is an end to explanation2 !re is an 

end to :at ! m9d c d1 or c intellig5tly 
desire4  ,,gravity ,,n ,a ,,my/]y4      
,?us1 :5 ,gravity 0 g5]alis$1 by        
assimilat+ ! t]re/rial attraction se5 9 
fall+ bodies ) ! cele/ial attraction ( !
 sun & planets2 & :51 by fair           
presumption1 ! same p[] 0 ext5d$ to !   
remote />s2 :51 also1 ! law 0 asc]ta9$1 
s t ! movem5ts ( ! v>i\s bodies c\ld be 
comput$ & pr$ict$1 !re 0 no?+ fur!r to  
be done2 explanation 0 exhau/$4 ,unless 
we c f9d "s o!r =ce to frat]nise )      
gravity1 s t ! two might become a /ill m
 compreh5sive unity1 we mu/ re/ 9       
gravity z ! ultimatum ( our faculties4  
,!re is no conceivable modification1 or 
sub/itute1 t w\ld bett] our position4   
,be=e ,newton1 x 0 a my/]y :at kept !   
moon & ! planets 9 _! places2 !         
assimilation ) fall+ bodies 0 !         
solution4 ,b1 say _m p]sons1 is n       
gravity itself a my/]y8 ,we say ,no2    
gravity has pass$ ?r\gh all ! /ages (   
legitimate & possible explanation2 x is 
! mo/ highly g5]alis$ ( all physical    

facts1 & by no assignable trans=mation  
c\ld x be made m intelligible ?an x is4 
,x is s+ul>ly easy ( compreh5sion2 its  
law is exactly kn[n2 &1 except+ !       
details ( calculation1 9 its m complex  
work+s1 !re is no?+ to compla9 (1 no?+  
to rectify1 no?+ to pret5d ignorance    
ab\t2 x is ! v patt]n1 ! model1 !       
consummation ( k4 ,! pa? ( sci5ce1 z    
exhibit$ 9 mod]n times1 is t[>ds        
g5]ality1 wid] & wid]1 until we rea* !  
highe/1 ! wide/ laws ( e dep>tm5t ( ?+s2
 !re explanation is f9i%$1 my/]y ends1  
p]fect vision is ga9$4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,:at is  
always reckon$ ! my/]y by pre-em95ce is 
! union ( ,,body & ,,m9d4 ,h[1 !n1 %\ld 
we treat ?is ,my/]y accord+ to ! _s (   
mod]n ?\ght1 accord+ to ! mod]n laws (  
explanation8 ,! c\rse is to conceive !  
elem5ts accord+ to ! only possible plan1
 our own s5sibility or consci\sness2 :i*
 gives u matt] z "o class (             
facts--ext5sion1 in]tness1 weight1 & s  
on2 & m9d z ano!r class (               

facts--pleasures1 pa9s1 volitions1      
ideas4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two is     
total1 diametrical1 complete2 !re is    
really no?+ common to ! exp]i5ce (      
pleasure & ! exp]i5ce ( a tree2 diff]5ce
 has "h rea*$ its acme2 agreem5t is     
elim9at$2 !re is no high] g5us to       
include ^! two 9 "o2 z ! ultimate1 !    
highe/ elem5ts ( k1 !y admit ( #aaj     
fusion1 no resolution1 no unity4 ,our   
utmo/ flight ( g5]ality leaves u 9      
possession ( a d\ble1 a c\ple (         
absolutely het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,matt] _c
 be resolv$ into m9d2 m9d _c be resolv$ 
into matt]2 ea* has its own def9ition2  
ea* negatives ! o!r4  ,?is be+ ! fact1  
we accept x1 & acquiesce4 ,!re is surely
 no?+ to be dissatisfi$ )1 to compla9 (1
 9 ! circum/ance t ! elem5ts ( our      
exp]i5ce are1 9 ! la/ resort1 two1 & n  
"o4 ,if we _h be5 provid$ ) fifty       
ultimate exp]i5ces1 none ( !m hav+ a    
s+le prop]ty 9 common ) any o!r2 & if we
 _h only our pres5t limit$ intellects1  
we might be entitl$ to compla9 ( ! _w's 

my/]i\sness 9 ! "o prop] acceptation (  
my/]y--namely1 z ov]p[]+ our means (    
compreh5sion1 z load+ u ) unassimilable 
facts4 ,z x is1 matt]1 9 its common]    
aspects & prop]ties1 is p]fectly        
intelligible2 9 ! great numb] & v>iety (
 its end[m5ts or prop]ties1 x is reveal$
 to u sl[ly & ) mu* difficulty1 & ^!    
subtle prop]ties--! deep aff9ities &    
molecul> arrangem5ts--- are ! my/]ies   
rightly s call$4 ,m9d 9 itself is also  
intelligible2 a pleasure is z           
intelligible z w\ld be any transmutation
 ( x into ! inscrutable ess5ce t p (t5  
desid]ate4 ,x is "o ( ! facts ( our     
s5sibility1 & has a great _m facts ( its
 own k9dr$1 :i* makes x all ! m         
intelligible4  ,! v>ieties ( pleasure1  
pa91 & emotion are v num]\s2 & to "k1   
rememb]1 & classify !m1 is a "w ( lab\r1
 a legitimate my/]y4 ,! subtle l9ks (   
?\ght are also v v>i\s1 al?\gh probably 
all r$ucible to a small numb]2 & !      
asc]ta9+ & foll[+ out ( ^! has be5 a "w 
( lab\r & "t2 !y h1 !re=e1 be5 my/]i\s2 

my/]y & intellectual toil be+ ! real    
correlatives4 ,! complications ( matt] &
 ! complications ( m9d are g5u9e        
my/]ies2 ! r$uc+ or simplify+ ( ^!      
complications1 by ! ex]tions ( ?9k+ m51 
is ! way1 & ! only way out ( ! d>kness  
into light4  ,,union ,,( ,,m9d ,,&      
,,body4  ,b :at n[ ( ! my/]i\s union ( !
 two great ultimate facts ( human       
exp]i5ce8 ,:at %\ld ! foll[]s ( ,newton 
& ,locke say to ?is cr[n+ in/ance ( deep
 & awful my/]y8 ,only "o answ] c be     
giv54 ,accept ! union1 & g5]alise x4    
,f9d out ! fewe/ numb] ( simple laws1   
su* z w express all ! ph5om5a ( ?is     
conjo9t life4 ,resolve into ! highe/    
possible g5]alities ! connections (     
pleasure & pa91 ) all ! physical        
/imulants ( ! s5ses--food1 ta/es1 od\rs1
 s\nds1 lights--) all ! play ( feature &
 ( ge/ure1 & all ! result+ movem5ts &   
bodily *anges2 & :5 y h done t1 y h s f>
 truly1 fully1 f9ally expla9$ ! union ( 
body & m9d4 ,ext5d y\r g5]alities to !  
c\rse ( ! ?\ghts2 det]m9e :at physical  

*anges accompany ! memory1 ! reason1 !  
imag9ation1 & express ^? *anges 9 ! mo/ 
g5]al1 compreh5sive laws1 & y h expla9$ 
! h[ & ! :y bra9 causes ?\ght1 & ?\ght  
works 9 bra94 ,!re is no o!r explanation
 ne$ful1 no o!r compet5t1 no o!r t w\ld 
be explanation4 ,in/ead ( our be+       
un=tunate1 z is sometimes said1 9 n be+ 
able to "k ! ess5ce ( ei!r matt] or     
m9d--9 n compreh5d+ _! union2 our       
mis=tune w\ld be to h to "k any?+       
diff]5t f :at we d or may "k4 ,if !re be
 /ill mu* my/]y atta*+ to ?is l9k+ ( !  
two extreme facts ( our exp]i5ce1 x is  
simply ?is3 t we h made s little way 9  
asc]ta9+ :at 9 "o goes ) :at 9 ! o!r4   
,we "k a good deal ab\t ! feel+s & _!   
alliances1 "s ( :i* are op5 & palpable  
to all mank9d2 & we h obta9$ "s         
important g5]alities 9 ^! alliances4 ,( 
! connections ( ?\ght ) physical *anges 
we "k v little3 ^! connections1 !re=e1  
are truly & prop]ly my/]i\s2 b !y are n 
intr9sically or hopelessly s4 ,! advanc+
 /udy ( ! physical organs1 on ! "o h&1 &

 ( ! m5tal functions1 on ! o!r1 may     
gradually abate ?is my/]y4 ,& if a day  
arrive :5 ! l9ks t unite our            
intellectual work+s ) ! work+s ( ! n]v\s
 sy/em & ! o!r bodily organs %all be    
fully asc]ta9$ & adequately g5]alis$1 no
 "o ?or\ghly educat$ 9 ! sci5tific _s ( 
! la/ two c5turies w call ! union ( m9d 
& body any long] inscrutable or my/]i\s4
  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #d3 ,=tnightly
 ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahfh4  ,footnote #e3
 ,we may "h recall an incid5t highly    
*>act]i/ic ( ! late ,e>l ( ,c>lisle4    
,be+ elect$ on "o occasion to ! (fice ( 
,"l ,rector ( ,m>is*al ,college1        
,ab]de51 he _h to deliv] an address to !
 /ud5ts on ! usual topics ( dilig5ce &  
hopefulness 9 _! /udi\s c>e]4 ,ref]r+ = 
a model to ! addresses ( =m] rectors1 he
 f\nd1 9 t ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessor1 ,"l 
,egl9ton1 ! ,hom]ic s5tim5t above allud$
 to4 ,x grat$ h>%ly on 8 m9d1 & he av[$ 
! fact to ! /ud5ts1 he c\ld n reconcile 
himself to ! elevat+ ( "o man ^u !      
humiliation ( all ! re/4 ,9 a /ra9 m    

befitt+ a civiliz$ age1 he urg$ ^u 8    
he>]s ! pursuit ( excell5ce z su*1 )\t  
involv+ z a necess>y accompanim5t !     
supplant+ or ?r[+ d[n ( o!r m54 ,he     
probably did n suffici5tly gu>d himself 
aga9/ a fallacy ( ,relativity2 =        
excell5ce is purely comp>ative2 x       
subsi/s ^u inf]ior grades ( atta9m5t3   
/ill1 !re are _m modes ( x %>$ 9 by a   
great numb]1 & n conf9$ to "o or a few4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,iii4  ,,! ,,civil ,,s]vice            
,,exam9ations#f   #a4 ,,hi/orical       
,,sket*4   ,up to ! ye> #ahec1 ! appo9t+
 ( ,civil ,s]vants lay :olly 9 ! h&s (  
patrons4 ,9 #ahec1 patronage 0 sev]ely  
condemn$ & competitive exam9ation       
(ficially recomm5d$1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 a   
,report by ,sir ,/af=d ,nor?cote & ,sir 
,*>les ,trevelyan2 b1 :ile !            
recomm5dation 0 tak5 up 9 ! foll[+ ye> &
 imm$iately act$ ^u 9 ! ,indian ,civil  
,s]vice1 x 0 n till v mu* lat] t x 0    
fully adopt$ 9 ! ,home ,s]vice4 ,!      
hi/ory1 inde$1 ( ?is la/ is some:at     

peculi>4 ,aft] ! ,report already ref]r$ 
to1 came an ,ord] ( ,c\ncil1 ( date ,may
 #ba1 #ahee1 9 :i* we f9d x ord]$ t all 
su* "y m5 z may be propos$ to be appo9t$
 to any junior situation 9 any dep>tm5t 
( ! ,civil ,s]vice %all1 be=e !y are    
admitt$ to probation1 be exam9$ by or "u
 ! ,directors ( ! said ,commission]s1 & 
%all receive f !m a ,c]tificate (       
,qualification = su* situation4 ,?is    
ord] 0 rigor\sly c>ri$ out by !         
,commission]s1 &1 al?\gh its absolute   
requirem5t 0 simply t ! nom9ees %\ld    
pass a c]ta9 exam9ation1 x1 nev]!less1  
all[$ ! heads ( dep>tm5ts to in/itute   
competition if !y c>$4 ,accord+ly1 we   
f9d t competition--b limit$--0          
imm$iately set on foot 9 sev]al ( !     
(fices1 & ! result l$ to ! foll[+ rem>k 
9 ! ,report ( #ahef3--  ,we d n ?9k x )9
 our prov9ce to discuss ! exp$i5cy (    
adopt+ ! pr9ciple ( op5 competition z   
contra-di/+ui%$ f exam9ation2 b we mu/  
rem>k t1 bo? 9 ! competitive exam9ation 
= cl]k%ips 9 our own & 9 o!r (fices1 ^? 

:o h succe$$ 9 atta9+ ! appo9tm5ts h    
appe>$ to u to possess consid]ably high]
 atta9m5ts ?an ^? :o h come 9 ^u simple 
nom9ation2 &1 we may add1 t we _c d\bt t
 if x be adopt$ z a usual c\rse to      
nom9ate sev]al c&idates to compete = ea*
 vacancy1 ! expectation ( ?is ordeal w  
act mo/ b5eficially on ! education &    
indu/ry ( ^? "y p]sons :o are look+ =w>d
 to public employm5t4  ,9 #aheg1 a ne>  
approa* 0 made to op5 competition1 9 !  
case ( f\r cl]k%ips aw>d$ by ! compet+  
exam9ation 9 ! ,commission]s' own       
e/abli%m5t4 ,! fact ( ! competition 0 n 
made public1 b 0 communicat$ to "o or   
two heads ( s*ools & colleges1 & m5tion$
 casually to o!r p]sons at v>i\s times4 
,! numb] ( competitors :o pres5t$       
!mselves 0 =ty-six1 ( :i* numb]1 =ty-f\r
 7 actually exam9$4  ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,op5 
,,competition4  ,x 0 res]v$ = #aheh to  
see ! fir/ absolutely op5 competition1 9
 ! case ( eight writ]%ips 9 ! ,(fice ( !
 ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india2 & 9 t ye>1 
too1 a /ep 9 advance 0 made :5 !        

,commission]s 9 _! ,report po9t$ out !  
advantage :i* w\ld result f enl>g+ !    
field ( competition by sub/itut+1 = !   
plan ( nom9at+ ?ree p]sons only to      
compete = ea* vacant situation1 ! sy/em 
( nom9at+ a proportionate numb] (       
c&idates to compete = sev]al appo9tm5ts 
at "o exam9ation4  ,! ye> #ahfj s\nd$ ! 
dea?-knell ( simple pass exam9ation4 ,x 
0 !n recomm5d$ by a ,select ,committee (
 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & ! recomm5dation 0
 adopt$1 t ! competitive me?od1 9 its   
limit$ =m1 %\ld be h5ce=? univ]sally    
appli$ to junior situations4 ,?is       
recomm5dation 0 at once act$ ^u 9 ! case
 ( cl]k%ips "u ! control ( ! ,lords     
,commission]s ( ! ,treasury1 & o!rs by &
 by foll[$2 b1 z matt] ( fact1 x 0 nev] 
/rictly c>ri$ out 9 all its scope &     
rig\r2 & z late z #ahfh ! ,commission]s 
9 _! ,report /at$ t ! numb] ( situations
 fill$ on ! competitive me?od has be5   
comp>atively small4 ,mean:ile1          
competitive exam9ation 0 mak+ way 9 o!r 
qu>t]s4  ,f #aheg1 ! ,commission]s _h   

be5 9 ! habit ( exam9+ competitively1 at
 ! reque/ ( ! ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&1  
su* c&idates z might be nom9at$ =       
cadet%ips 9 ! ,royal ,iri% ,con/abul>y2 
&1 9 #ahfa1 ! ,lords ,commission]s ( !  
,admiralty ?rew op5 to public           
competition appo9tm5ts z appr5tices 9   
,h] ,maje/y's docky>ds1 & appo9tm5ts z  
eng9e] /ud5ts 9 ! /eam factories        
connect$ !re)4  ,9 #ahgj1 ! end s long  
aim$ at 0 atta9$1 & by an ,ord] 9       
,c\ncil ( ,june #d1 op5 competition 0   
made ! only door ( entry to ! g5]al     
,civil ,s]vice4  ,9 entire contra/ )    
?is1 z has be5 already said1 0 ! action 
9 ! case ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice4 ,"h
 ! pr9ciple ( op5 competition 0 adopt$ f
 ! fir/1 & ! exam9ation took a v elevat$
 />t1 compris+ ! highe/ bran*es ( a     
le>n$ education4 ,^! bran*es 7 duly     
specifi$ 9 a ,report drawn up 9         
,novemb]1 #ahed1 by a ,committee1 ( :i* 
,"l ,macaulay 0 *airman2 &1 ) !         
exception ( ,sanskrit & ,arabic1 !y     
includ$ simply 7z might h be5 expect$7 !

 lit]>y & sci5tific subjects ord9>ily   
taught at ! pr9cipal seats ( g5]al      
education 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,^! 73--  ,engli% 
,language & ,lit]ature 7,composition1   
,hi/ory1 & ,g5]al ,lit]ature1--to ea* ( 
:i* #ejj m>ks 7 assign$1 mak+ a total ( 
#a1ejj72 ,greek & ,lat9 7ea* ) #gej     
m>ks72 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,italian 7valu$ 
at #cge m>ks1 respectively72 ,ma!matics1
 pure & mix$ 7m>ks #a1jjj72 ,natural &  
,moral ,sci5ces 7ea* #ejj72 ,sanscrit & 
,arabic 7#cge ea*74  ,,pr9ciple ,,(     
,,selection ,,( ,,subjects4  ,! pr9ciple
 ( selection "h is cle> & obvi\s4 ,x did
 n re/ ^u any doctr9e reg>d+ ! utility  
or value ( subjects = m5tal tra9+1 b    
simply ^u ?is1 t ^? subjects already 9 !
 field mu/ be accept$1 & t 7z ,mr4      
,j[ett1 9 8 lett] to ,sir ,*>les        
,trevelyan1 ( ,janu>y1 #ahed1 put x7 x w
 n d to frame our exam9ation on any m]e 
!ory ( education4 ,we mu/ te/ a "y man's
 ability by :at he kn[s1 n by :at we wi%
 him to "k4 ,inde$1 ?is is explicitly   
av[$ 9 ! ,report by ! au?or ( ! ,s*eme  

himself4 ,! ,natural ,sci5ces are       
includ$1 because 7x is confess$7 ( late 
ye>s !y h be5 introduc$ z a "p ( g5]al  
education into sev]al ( our univ]sities 
& colleges3 &1 z = ! ,moral ,sci5ces1 ^?
 ,sci5ces are1 x is well kn[n1 mu* /udi$
 bo? at ,ox=d & at ! ,scotti%           
,univ]sities4  ,into ! details (        
,macaulay's int]e/+ ,report1 ,i ne$ n "h
 ent]4 ,room1 h[ev]1 mu/ be f\nd = "o   
quotation4 ,x deals ) ! di/ribution (   
m>ks1 & is bo? *>act]i/ic & puts ! matt]
 9 small compass4 ,x w be necess>y1 says
 ! writ]1 t a c]ta9 numb] ( m>ks %\ld be
 assign$ to ea* subject1 & t ! place ( a
 c&idate %\ld be det]m9$ by ! sum total 
( ! m>ks :i* he has ga9$4 ,! m>ks ought1
 we conceive1 to be di/ribut$ among !   
subjects ( exam9ation 9 su* a mann] t no
 "p ( ! k+dom1 & no class ( s*ools1 %all
 exclusively furni% s]vants to ! ,ea/   
,india ,company4 ,x w\ld be grossly     
unju/1 = example1 to ! great academical 
in/itutions ( ,engl&1 n to all[ skill 9 
,greek & ,lat9 v]sification to h a      

consid]able %>e 9 det]m9+ ! issue ( !   
competition4 ,skill 9 ,greek & ,lat9    
v]sification has1 inde$1 no direct      
t5d5cy to =m a judge1 a f9anci]1 or a   
diplomati/4 ,b ! y\? :o does be/ :at all
 ! able/ & mo/ ambiti\s y\?s ab\t him   
are try+ to d well w g5]ally prove a    
sup]ior man2 nor c we d\bt t an         
accompli%m5t by :i* ,fox & ,cann+1      
,gr5ville & ,wellesley1 ,mansfield &    
,t5t]d5 fir/ di/+ui%$ !mselves above _! 
fell[s1 indicates p[]s ( m9d1 :i*1      
prop]ly tra9$ & direct$1 may d great    
s]vice to ! ,/ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ 
rememb] t 9 ! nor? ( ?is isl& ! art (   
metrical composition 9 ! anci5t         
languages is v little cultivat$1 & t m5 
s em95t z ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,horn]1       
,jeffrey1 & ,mack9to%1 w\ld probably h  
be5 q unable to write a good copy (     
,lat9 alcaics1 or to translate t5 l9es (
 ,%akspe>e into ,greek iambics4 ,we wi% 
to see su* a sy/em ( exam9ation e/abli%$
 z %all n exclude f ! s]vice ( ! ,ea/   
,india ,company ei!r a ,mack9to% or a   

,t5t]d51 ei!r a ,cann+ or a ,horn]4     
,,orig9al ,,s*eme ,,= ,,! ,,india       
,,s]vice4  ,n[1 rev]t+ to ,macaulay's   
,table ( ,subjects z above exhibit$1 ,i 
may obs]ve t1 till q rec5tly1 no v s]i\s
 alt]ations 7 ev] made ^u x4 ,! scale ( 
m>ks1 inde$1 0 alt]$ m ?an once1 &      
sometimes ,sanskrit & ,arabic 7 /ruck   
(f1 & ,jurisprud5ce & ,political        
,economy put 9 _! /ead2 b1 if we except 
! exclusion ( ,political ,philosophy 9  
#aheh1 at ! desire ( ! pres5t ,"l ,d]by1
 f ! ,moral ,sci5ce bran*1 ! li/ rema9$1
 till ,"l ,salisbury's late innovation1 
to all int5ts & purposes :at x 0 at !   
beg9n+4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is !            
prescription = #ahge3--                 
,,makes     ,engli% ,composition        
#ejj     ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 includ+ t ( !
 laws       & con/itution               
#ejj     ,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature 
#ejj     ,language1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory 
( ,greece                 #gej          
,rome                   #gej            
,france                 #cge            

,g]many                #cge             
,italy                  #cge            
,ma!matics1 pure & mix$                 
#a1bej     ,natural ,sci5ces1 t is1 7#a7
 *emi/ry1 includ+       heat2 7#b7      
electricity & magnetism2 7#c7 geology   
& m9]alogy2 7#d7 zoology2 7#e7 botany   
#a1jjj      999999 ,! total 7#a1jjj7    
m>ks may be obta9$ by     adequate      
pr(ici5cy 9 any two or m ( ! five       
bran*es ( sci5ce includ$ "u ?is head4   
,moral ,sci5ces1 t is1 logic1 m5tal &   
moral philosophy                        
#ejj     ,sanskrit1 language & lit]ature
                           #ejj         
,arabic1 language & lit]ature           
#ejj  ,b ,"l ,salisbury's *anges h be5  
great & sweep+4 ,!y are probably 9 keep+
 ) ! re/riction ( ! competitor's age to 
ov] #ag "u #ai2 b1 if s1 !y s]ve only to
 %ew all ! m conclusively t ! re/riction
 is a mi/ake4 ,a s*eme t di/ributes m>ks
 on any?+ b a rational & intellig5t     
sy/em2 a s*eme t excludes ! ,natural    
,hi/ory ,sci5ces1 m9]alogy & ,geology1 z

 well z ,psy*ology & ,moral ,philosophy 
f its scope altoge!r2 a s*eme t         
prescribes only ,elem5ts & ,outl9es (   
su* important subjects z ,natural       
,sci5ce 7,*emi/ry1 ,electricity &       
,magnetism1 c47 & ,political            
,economy--/&s self-condemn$4 ,b1 to d x 
ju/ice1 let u produce ! ,table 9        
ext5so3--                               
,,makes4      ,engli% ,composition      
#cjj     ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 includ+ a    
p]iod select$       by ! c&idate        
#cjj     ,engli% ,lit]ature includ+     
books select$ by       ! c&idate        
#cjj     ,greek                         
#fjj     ,lat9                          
#hjj     ,fr5*                          
#ejj     ,g]man                         
#ejj     ,italian                       
#djj     ,ma!matics1 pure & mix$        
#a1jjj     ,natural ,sci5ce1 t is1 !    
,elem5ts ( any       two ( ! foll[+     
,sci5ces viz43--     ,*emi/ry1 #ejj2    
,electricity & ,magnetism1       #cjj2  
,exp]im5tal ,laws ( ,heat & ,light1     

#cjj2 ,me*anical ,philosophy1 ) ,outl9es
       ( ,a/ronomy1 #cjj4     ,logic    
#cjj     ,elem5ts ( ,political ,economy 
#cjj     ,sanskrit                      
#ejj     ,arabic                        
#ejj      ,fur!r rem>ks are res]v$ = !  
sequel4 ,mean:ile1     ,i give ! s*eme  
advocat$ by myself 9 !     pres5t       
,essay3--      ,,g5]al ,,sci5ces3--     
,ma!matics                              
#ejj     ,natural ,philosophy           
#ejj     ,*emi/ry                       
#ejj     ,biology1 z physiology         
#ejj     ,m5tal ,sci5ce                 
#ejj      ,,special ,,or ,,concrete     
,,sci5ces3--     ,m9]alogy              
,botany                                 
ea* #bej     ,zoology                   
or   #cjj     ,geology                  
,z a sub/itute = language1 lit]ature1 & 
philosophy     ( ,greece1 ,rome1        
,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy3--           
,greece--,in/itutions & ,hi/ory         
#ejj             ,lit]ature             
#bej     ,rome--,in/itutions & ,hi/ory  

#ejj           ,lit]ature               
#bej     ,france--,lit]ature            
#bej     ,g]many--,lit]ature            
#bej     ,italy--,lit]ature             
#bej     ,mod]n ,hi/ory                 
#a1jjj         99       99       99     
99       99  ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*eme          
,,consid]$4  ,! sy/em ( competitive     
exam9ations = ! public s]vice1 ( :i* ,i 
h laid be=e ! ,section a brief hi/ory   
compil$ f ! ,reports1 is "o ( ^? radical
 innovations t may ultimately lead to   
great consequ5ces4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 x
 leads to _m debates4 ,n m]ely does !   
work+ out ( ! s*eme involve conflict+   
views1 b !re is /ill1 9 _m qu>t]s1 great
 hesitation z to :e!r ! innovation is to
 be productive ( good or ( evil4 ,!     
,report ( ! ,playfair ,commission1 & ! m
 rec5t ,report relative to ! *anges 9 ! 
,india ,civil ,s]vice ,regulations1     
indicate pretty broadly ! d\bts t /ill  
cleave to _m m9ds on ! :ole "q4 ,x is   
en\gh to ref] to ! views ( ,sir ,ar?ur  
,helps1 ,w4,r4 ,greg1 & ,dr4 ,f>r1      

express$ to ! ,playfair ,commission1 z  
decid$ly adv]se to ! competitive sy/em4 
,! au?orities cit$ 9 ! ,report on !     
,india ,exam9ations sc>cely g ! l5g? (  
total condemnation2 b _m acquiesce only 
because !re is no hope ( a rev]sal4  ,! 
"q ( ! exp$i5cy ( ! sy/em z a :ole is n 
well suit$ to a sectional discussion4   
,we %all be mu* bett] employ$ 9 adv]t+  
to "s ( ^? details 9 ! conduct ( !      
exam9ations t h a be>+ on ! g5]al       
education ( ! c\ntry1 z well z on !     
,civil ,s]vice itself4 ,x 0 v well = !  
,commission]s1 at fir/ />t+1 to be      
guid$1 9 _! *oice ( subjects & 9 _!     
assign+ ( values to ^? subjects1 by !   
receiv$ bran*es ( education 9 ! s*ools &
 colleges4 ,b1 soon] or lat]1 ^!        
subjects mu/ be discuss$ on _! intr9sic 
m]its = ! ends 9 view4 ,inde$1 ! s*eme (
 ,"l ,salisbury has already made !      
v5ture t ,macaulay decl9$ to make2 x has
 absolutely exclud$ "s ( ! be/ recognis$
 subjects ( our s*ool & college tea*+1  
in/ead ( leav+ !m to ! option ( !       

c&idates4  ,i w occupy ! pres5t pap] ) !
 consid]ation ( two dep>tm5ts 9 !       
exam9ation programme--! "o relat+ to !  
,,physical or ,,natural ,,sci5ces1 ! o!r
 relat+ to ,,languages4         99      
99       99       99       99           
,,commission]' ,,s*eme ,,( ,,sci5ce4  ,!
 ,commission]s' s*eme ( ,ma!matics &    
,natural ,sci5ce is n1 9 my op9ion1     
accordant ei!r ) ! be/ views ( !        
relations ( ! sci5ces1 or ) ! be/ tea*+ 
usages4  ,9 ! classification ( !        
,sci5ces1 ! fir/ & mo/ important        
di/9ction is betwe5 ! fundam5tal        
sci5ces1 sometimes call$ ! ,ab/ract     
sci5ces1 & ! d]ivative or ,concrete     
bran*es4 ,my purpose does n require any 
nice cle>+ ( ! mean+s ( ^? te*nical     
t]ms4 ,x is suffici5t to say t !        
fundam5tal sci5ces are ^? t embrace     
di/9ct dep>tm5ts ( ! natural =ces or    
ph5om5a2 & ! d]ivative or concrete      
dep>tm5ts assume all ! laws laid d[n 9 !
 o!rs1 & apply !m 9 c]ta9 sph]es (      
natural objects4 ,= example1 ,*emi/ry is

 a prim>y1 fundam5tal1 or ab/ract       
sci5ce2 & ,m9]alogy is a d]ivative &    
concrete sci5ce4 ,9 ,*emi/ry ! /ress    
lies 9 expla9+ a peculi> k9d ( =ce1     
call$ *emical =ce2 9 ,m9]alogy ! /ress  
is laid on ! description &              
classification ( a select gr\p ( natural
 objects4  ,! fundam5tal1 or dep>tm5tal 
sci5ces1 z mo/ commonly accept$1 are    
^!3--#a4 ,ma!matics2 #b4 ,natural       
,philosophy1 or ,physics2 #c4 ,*emi/ry2 
#d4 ,biology2 #e4 ,psy*ology4 ,!y may   
be1 !re=e1 express$ z ,=mal1 ,inanimate1
 ,animate1 & ,m5tal4 ,9 ^! sci5ces1 !   
idea is to view exhau/ively "s dep>tm5t 
( natural ph5om5a1 & to assume ! ord]   
be/ suit$ = ! elucidation ( ! ph5om5a4  
,ma!matics1 ! ,=mal ,sci5ce1 exhau/s !  
relations ( ,quantity & ,numb]2 measure 
be+ a univ]sal prop]ty ( ?+s4 ,natural  
,philosophy1 9 its two divisions 7mol> &
 molecul>71 deals ) "o k9d ( =ce2       
,*emi/ry ) ano!r3 & ! two toge!r        
conspire to exhau/ ! ph5om5a ( inanimate
 nature2 be+ indisp5sably aid$ by ! laws

 & =mulae ( quantity1 z giv5 9          
,ma!matics4 ,biology turns ov] a new    
leaf2 x takes up ! ph5om5on--,life1 or !
 animat$ _w4 ,f9ally1 ,psy*ology makes  
ano!r /ride1 & embraces ! sph]e ( m9d4  
,n[1 !re is no fact or ph5om5on ( ! _w t
 is n compris$ "u ! doctr9es exp\nd$ 9  
"s "o or o!r ( ^! sci5ces4 ,we may h    
fifty ologies besides1 b !y w m]ely     
repeat = special ends1 or 9 special     
connections1 ! pr9ciples already        
compris$ 9 ^! five fundam5tal subjects4 
,! regul>1 sy/ematic1 exhau/ive acc\nt (
 ! laws ( nature is to be f\nd )9 _!    
compass4  ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,fundam5tal   
,,sci5ces4  ,aga91 ^! sci5ces h a fix$  
ord] or sequ5ce1 ! ord] ( dep5d5ce4     
,ma!matics prec$es !m all1 z be+ n      
dep5d5t ^u any1 :ile all are m or less  
dep5d5t ^u x4 ,! physical =ces h to be  
view$ prior to ! *emical2 & bo? physical
 & *emical =ces are prep>atory to vital4
 ,s !re are reasons = plac+ ,m5tal      
,sci5ce la/ ( all4 ,h5ce a /ud5t _c     
compreh5d *emi/ry )\t natural           

philosophy1 nor biology )\t bo?4 ,y _c  
/& a ?or\gh exam9ation 9 *emi/ry )\t    
indirectly %[+ y\r k ( physics2 & a te/+
 exam9ation 9 biology w\ld gu>antee1 )  
"s slight qualifications1 bo? physics & 
*emi/ry4  ,let u n[ turn to ! o!r       
sci5ces--^? t are n fundam5tal1 b       
d]ivative4 ,! *ief examples are ! ?ree  
commonly call$ ,natural ,hi/ory         
sci5ces--,m9]alogy1 ,botany1 ,zoology4  
,9 ^! sci5ces no law or pr9ciple is at  
"w t has n be5 already br\ght =w>d 9 !  
prim>y sci5ces4 ,! prop]ties ( a ,m9]al 
are ma!matical1 physical1 & *emical3 !  
te/+ ( m9]als is by measurem5t1 by      
physical te/s1 by *emical te/s4 ,! aim (
 ?is sci5ce is n to tea* =ces unkn[n to 
! /ud5t ( physics & *emi/ry2 x is to    
embrace1 "u ! be/ classification1 all ! 
bodies call$ m9]als1 & to describe !    
species 9 detail "u ma!matical1         
physical1 & *emical *>act]s4 ,x is !    
fir/ 9 ord] ( ! classificatory sci5ces4 
,its purpose 9 ! economy ( education is 
di/9ct & peculi>2 x imp>ts k1 n respect+

 laws1 =ces1 or pr9ciples ( op]at+1 b   
respect+ ! concrete con/itu5ts ( ! _w4  
,x gives u a comm&+ view ( "o :ole      
dep>tm5t ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 supply+   
in=mation useful 9 practice1 & int]e/+  
to ! feel+s4 ,x also br+s into ex]cise !
 great logical process1 want$ on _m     
occasions1 ! process ( ,,classification4
  ,,classificatory ,,sci5ces4  ,s mu* = 
an in/ance f ! ,inorganic _w1 z %[+ !   
di/9ction betwe5 ! two k9ds ( sci5ces4  
,ano!r example may be cit$ f ! field (  
,biology2 x is a little m p]plex+4 ,=   
biology is sometimes giv5 z ! "n = ! two
 concrete classificatory sci5ces--botany
 & zoology4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 !re  
is a sci5ce t prec$es ^? two bran*es1   
al?\gh bl5d+ ) !m2 ! sci5ce commonly    
express$ by ! old] t]m1 ',physiology1'  
:i* is n a classificatory & a dep5d5t   
sci5ce1 b a "m sci5ce1 l *emi/ry4 ,x    
exp\nds ! peculi>ities ( liv+ bodies1 z 
su*1 & ! laws ( liv+ processes--su*     
processes z assimilation1 nutrition1    
respiration1 inn]vation1 reproduction1 &

 s on4 ,"o division is ,vegetable       
,physiology1 :i* is g5]ally fus$ ) !    
classificatory sci5ce ( botany4 ,animal 
,physiology is alli$ ) zoology1 b m     
commonly /&s alone4 ,la/ly1 !           
,physiology ( ! ,human animal has be5 f 
"t immemorial a di/9ct bran* ( k1 & is1 
( c\rse1 ! *ief ( !m all4 ,man be+ ! mo/
 complicat$ ( all organis$ be+s1 n only 
are ! laws ( 8 vitality ! mo/ num]\s1 & 
! mo/ practically int]e/+1 b !y g f> to 
include all t is to be said ( ! work+s (
 animal life 9 g5]al4 ,?us1 !n1 ! "m    
sci5ce ( ,biology1 z a g5]al or         
fundam5tal sci5ce1 comprises ,vegetable1
 ,animal1 & ,human physiology4 ,!       
classificatory adjunct sci5ces are      
,botany & ,zoology4 ,x is 9 ! v>i\s     
aspects ( ! "m sci5ce t we look = !     
acc\nt ( all vital ph5om5a1 & all       
practical applications to ! pres]vation 
( life4 ,ev5 if we /op at ^!1 we %all h 
a full comm& ( ! laws ( ! animate _w4 ,b
 we may g f>!r1 & embrace ! sci5ces t   
arrange1 classify1 & describe !         

innum]able ho/ ( liv+ be+s4 ,^! h _! own
 indep5d5t int]e/ & value1 b !y are n ! 
sci5ces t ( !mselves tea* u ! liv+      
processes4  ,?us1 !n1 a prop] s*eme (   
sci5tific in/ruction />ts f ! ess5tial1 
fundam5tal1 & law-giv+                  
sci5ces--,ma!matics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1
 ,biology1 & ,m9d4 ,x !n proce$s to !   
adjunct bran*es --su* z ,m9]alogy1      
,botany1 ,zoology3 & ,i might add o!rs1 
z ,geology1 ,meteorology1 ,geography1 no
 "o ( :i* is prim>y2 = !y all repeat 9  
new connections1 & = special purposes1 !
 laws sy/ematically set =? 9 ! prim>y   
sci5ces4  ,9 ! =ego+ rem>ks1 ,i d n     
advance any new or debatable views4 ,i  
believe ! sci5tific _w to be            
sub/antially 9 accord ^u all t ,i h "h  
/at$2 any diff]5ces t !re are 9 ! mann] 
( express+ ! po9ts d n affect my pres5t 
purpose--namely1 to discuss ! s*eme ( ! 
ma!matical & physical sci5ces z set =? 9
 ! ,civil ,s]vice ,exam9ations4  ,,bad  
,,gr\p+s ,,( ,,sci5ces4  ,"u ,ma!matics 
7pure & mix$7 ! ,commission]s 79 _!     

,s*eme ( #ahge71 include ma!matics1     
prop]ly s call$1 & ^? dep>tm5ts (       
natural philosophy t are ma!matically   
h&l$--/atics1 dynamics1 & optics4 ,b !  
next bran*1 entitl$ ,natural ,sci5ce1 is
 :at ,i am *iefly to rem>k ^u4 ,"u x !re
 is a fivefold enum]ation3 --7#a7       
,*emi/ry1 includ+ ,heat2 7#b7           
,electricity & ,magnetism2 7#c7 ,geology
 & ,m9]alogy2 7#d7 ,zoology2 7#e7       
,botany4 ,i _c pret5d to say :]e !      
,commission]s obta9$ ?is arrangem5t (   
natural k4 ,x is n support$ by any      
au?ority t ,i am acqua9t$ )4 ,if ! s*eme
 j set =? is ! correct "o1 x has ?ree   
defects4 ,fir/1 x does n embrace 9 "o   
gr\p ! rema9+ p>ts ( natural philosophy1
 ! exp]im5tal bran*es :i*1 ) !          
ma!matical treatm5t1 complete !         
dep>tm5t2 "o ( ^!1 ,heat1 is atta*$ to  
*emi/ry1 to :i* und\bt$ly x has         
important relations1 b n su* z to )draw 
x f physics & embody x 9 *emi/ry4 ,!n1  
aga91 ! physical bran*es1 ,electricity &
 ,magnetism1 are c\pl$ 9 a dep>tm5t &   

made ( co-equal value ) *emi/ry toge!r )
 heat4 ,i ne$ n say t ! unit$           
c\ple--electricity & magnetism--is 9    
po9t ( ext5t ( /udy n a half or a ?ird (
 :at is includ$ 9 ! o!r c\pl+4 ,la/ly1 !
 ?ree rema9+ memb]s ( ! enum]ation are  
?ree natural hi/ory sci5ces2 geology be+
 c\pl$ ) m9]alogy--:i* is a second>y    
consid]ation4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x is q "r t ^! 
?ree sci5ces %\ld h a place 9 !         
competition4 ,:at is objectionable is1 t
 ,biology is repres5t$ solely by its two
 classificatory compon5ts or adjuncts1  
botany & zoology2 !re is no "m sci5ce ( 
,physiology3 & consequ5tly ! k ( ! va/  
region ( ! ,laws ( ,life goes = no?+4   
,nor c x be said t physiology is giv5 ) 
! o!rs4 ,! subject ( vegetable          
physiology c\ld easily en\gh be tak5 )  
,botany3 ,i w\ld n make a qu>rel ^u ?is 
"p4 ,x is zoology & animal physiology t 
_c be s c\pl$4 ,if we look to ! que/ions
 actually set "u zoology1 we %all see t 
!re is no pret5ce to take 9 physiology4 
,i cont5d1 !re=e1 t !re is a radical    

omission 9 ! s*eme ( natural sci5ce2 an 
omission t seems )\t any ju/ification4  
,i am n "h to s+ ! praises (            
,physiology3 its place is fix$ & det]m9$
 by ! concurr5ce ( all compet5t judges3 
,i m]ely po9t out t ,zoology does n     
include x1 b presupposes x4  ,! ,sci5ce 
s*eme ( ! ,london ,univ]sity1 to :i* !  
fir/ ,civil ,s]vice ,commission]s1 ,sir 
,edw>d ,ryan & ,sir ,john ,lefevre1 7   
p>ties1 is v ne>ly :at ,i cont5d =4 ,x  
gives ! ord]--,ma!matics1 ,natural      
,philosophy1 ,*emi/ry1 ,biology1 ,m5tal 
,sci5ce 7includ+ ,logic74 ,9 ! work+ ( t
 s*eme1 h[ev]1 ,biology is made to      
compreh5d bo? ! "m sci5ce1 ,physiology1 
& ! two classificatory sci5ces1 ,botany 
& ,zoology4 ,( c\rse ! pres5ce ( two su*
 enorm\s adjuncts cramps & conf9es !    
purely physiological exam9ation1 :i* 9  
my op9ion %\ld h full ju/ice done to x 9
 ! fir/ in/ance3 /ill1 ! physiology is n
 suppress$ nor r$uc$ to a m]e =mality4  
,n[1 9 any sci5ce s*eme1 ,i w\ld provide
 = ! g5]al sci5ces fir/1 & take ! o!rs1 

s f> z exp$i5t1 9 a new gr\p+1 :]e ^? ( 
a k9d %all appe> toge!r1 & /& 9 _! prop]
 "*1 n z law-giv+1 b z arrang+ &        
describ+ sci5ces4 ,!re is no m reason = 
c\pl+ ,zoology ) ,physiology1 ?an =     
tack+ on ,m9]alogy to ,*emi/ry4 ,9 po9t 
( outw>d =m1 ,m9]alogy & ,zoology are   
k9dr$ subjects4  ,:5 ! subjects are     
plac$ 9 ! ord] t ,i h sugge/$1 !re is an
 end ( t promiscu\s & r&om *oos+ t !    
arrangem5t ( ! ,commission]s sugge/s &  
enc\rages4 ,to ! specification ( ! five 
heads ( natural sci5ce1 x is add$1 t !  
:ole ( ! #a1jjj m>ks may be ga9$ by high
 em95ce 9 any two2 z if ! *oice 7 a     
matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,n[1 ,i _c ?9k t ?is
 sugge/ion is 9 con=mity ) a j view ( ! 
cont9uity ( sci5ce4 ,:5 ! sci5ces are   
rightly arrang$1 !re is b "o ord] 9 ! "m
 sci5ces2 if we are to *oose a s+le     
sci5ce1 x mu/ be 7) "s qualifications7 !
 fir/2 if two1 ! fir/ & second1 & s on4 
,to *oose "o ( ! high] sci5ces1 ,*emi/ry
 or ,physiology1 )\t ! o!rs t prec$e1 is
 irrational4 ,inde$1 x w\ld sc>cely ev] 

be done1 & = ?is reason4 ,a man _c h    
ma/]$ ,physiology )\t hav+ gone ?r\gh   
,physics & ,*emi/ry2 &1 al?\gh x is n   
necess>y t he %\ld reta9 a hold ( ev]y?+
 9 ^! previ\s sci5ces1 yet he is sure to
 h done en\gh 9 bo? "o & ! o!r to make x
 wor? 8 :ile to take ^! up 9 !          
exam9ation4 ,s a good *emi/ mu/ h s mu* 
famili>ity ) ,physics1 z to make x bad  
economy on 8 "p n to give 9 ,physics z  
well4 ,! only case :]e an e>li] sci5ce  
might be dropp$ is ,ma!matics2 = al?\gh 
t f9ds its application ext5sively 9     
,physics & indirectly 9 ,*emi/ry1 yet   
!re is a v l>ge body ( physical &       
*emical doctr9e t is n dep5d5t ^u any ( 
! m difficult bran*es1 s t ^! may admit 
( be+ p>tially neglect$4 ,b1 z an       
exam9ation 9 ,physics ought to include  
7z 9 ! ,london ,univ]sity7 all !        
ma!matical applications1 %ort ( ! high] 
calculus1 x is n likely t ,ma!matics    
w\ld be (t5 dropp$4 ,s t1 z reg>ds ! "m 
sci5ces1 ! v>iation ( *oice w\ld be     
r$uc$ to ! diff]5t l5g?s t ! c&idate    

w\ld g 9 ! ord] z laid d[n4 ,z reg>ds ! 
o!r sci5ces--^? ( classification &      
description--! selection might c]ta9ly  
be arbitr>y to ?is ext5t1 t ,m9]alogy1  
,botany1 & ,zoology might ea* be        
prescrib$ alone4 ,b !n1 :oev] pres5t$ "o
 ( ^! w\ld also pres5t ! relat$ "m      
sci5ce4 ,he t took up ,m9]alogy1 w\ld   
infallibly also take up ! ?ree fir/ z f>
 z ,*emi/ry4 ,he t gave 9 ,botany w\ld  
probably take up ,physiology1 al?\gh n s
 necess>ily1 because ! area ( plant     
,physiology is v limit$1 & has little   
be>+ on descriptive ,botany1 s t any?+ l
 a famili>ity ) ,physiology might be    
evad$4 ,b he t took up ,zoology1 w\ld to
 a c]ta9ty take up ,physiology2 & v     
probably also ! antec$5t memb]s ( !     
fundam5tal gr\p4 ,z to ,geology1 x is   
usually c\pl$ ) ,m9]alogy1 al?\gh       
involv+ also a slight k ( ,botany &     
,zoology4 ,a compet5t m9]alogi/ w\ld be 
pretty sure to add ,geology to 8        
pr(essional subjects4  ,be=e consid]+ ! 
re-arrangem5t ( m>ks entail$ by !       

propos$ di/ribution ( ! sci5ces1 ,i mu/ 
adv]t to ! position ( ,ma!matics 9 !    
,commission]s' s*eme4 ,?is position 0   
fir/ assign$ 9 ! orig9al draft ( #ahed1 
& on ! motives !re9 set =? ) su*        
o/5tati\s c&\r2 namely1 ! wi% to rew>d !
 exi/+ subjects ( tea*+1 :atev] !y might
 be4 ,n[1 ,i cont5d t x is :olly beside 
! ends ei!r ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 
or ( ! ,home ,s]vice1 ) kn[n exceptions1
 to /imulate ! v high ma!matical k t has
 hi!rto ent]$ into ! exam9ation s*eme4  
,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,ma!matics1 ! am\nt    
requir$ 9 a pass exam9ation 9 ! ,london 
,univ]sity1 is ess5tial z a basis (     
rational culture2 b1 = a good g5]al     
education1 all beyond t is misdirect$   
en]gy4 ,aft] receiv+ ! modicum requir$1 
! /ud5t %\ld pass on to ! o!r sci5ces1 &
 employ 8 /r5g? 9 add+ ,exp]im5tal      
,physics & ,*emi/ry to 8 /ock4 ,:e!r a  
c&idate succe$s or fails 9 !            
competitions1 ?is is 8 be/ policy4      
,,prop] ,,sci5ce ,,values4  ,)\t argu+ !
 po9t f>!r1 ,i w n[ come to ! am5d$     

s*eme ( sci5ce m>k+s4 ,x w\ld be        
ov]-ref9+1 & w\ld n br+ conviction to ! 
g5]al public1 to make out a case =      
inequality 9 ! five fundam5tal bran*es4 
,x may be said t ,physiology is ( m     
value ?an ,*emi/ry1 because x is f>!r   
on1 & takes ,*emi/ry ) x2 ! answ] is1   
let ! ,physiology c&idate g 9 & take    
m>ks 9 ,*emi/ry also1 :i* he is sure to 
d4 ,i h purposely avoid$ all discussion 
ab\t ,m5tal ,sci5ce2 ,i m]ely assume x z
 a bran* coord9ate ) ! prior sci5ces    
plac$ be=e x 9 ! g5]al li/4 ,i w\ld !n  
simply1 9 conclusion1 give ! prim>y     
sci5ces1 ,ma!matics1 ,natural           
,philosophy1 ,*emi/ry1 ,biology 7z      
expla9$71 ,m5tal ,philosophy1 ea* #ejj  
m>ks4 ,! o!r sci5ces1 ,m9]alogy1        
,botany1 ,zoology1 ,geology1 ,i w\ld    
make equal z betwe5 !mselves1 b some:at 
l[] ?an ! prim>ies4 ,! reasons are      
already app>5t3 ! c&idate = !m w\ld     
always h "s ( ! o!rs to pres5t2 & _!    
importance is1 on ! :ole1 less ?an !    
importance ( ! law-giv+ sci5ces4 ,i %\ld

 conceive t #bej or #cjj m>ks apiece    
w\ld be a prop] am\nt ( consid]ation    
%ewn t[>ds !m4 ,) t figure1 ,i believe  
_m sci5ce /ud5ts c\ld take up "o or o!r 
9 addition to ! g5]al sci5ces4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,! o!r topic t ,i am to br+ =w>d is "o (
 v s]i\s import4 ,x conc]ns ! ,civil    
,s]vice competitions only z a "p ( our  
:ole s*eme ( ,education4 ,i mean !      
position ( ,,languages 9 our            
exam9ations4 ,:ile ! va/ field (        
,natural ,sci5ce is compris$ 9 "o head+1
 ) a total ( #a1jjj m>ks 7rais$ f9ally  
to #a1djj71 our ,civil ,s]vice s*eme    
pres5ts a r[ ( five languages besides   
our own--two anci5t1 & ?ree mod]n--) an 
aggregate value ( #b1fbe m>ks1 or       
#b1hjj1 z f9ally adju/$4 ,! ,india s*eme
 has1 9 addition1 ,sanskrit & ,arabic1  
at #ejj m>ks ea*2 ! reasons = ?is       
prescription be+1 h[ev]1 n ! same z = ! 
=ego+4  ,! place ( ,language 9 education
 is n conf9$ to ! "q z betwe5 ! anci5t &
 ! mod]n languages4 ,!re is a wid]      

enquiry z to ! place ( languages z a    
:ole4 ,9 pursu+ ?is enquiry1 we may beg9
 ) c]ta9 ?+s t are obvi\s &             
inconte/able4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is    
app>5t t if a man is s5t to hold        
int]c\rse ) ! p ( a =eign nation1 he mu/
 be able to und]/& & to speak ! language
 ( t nation4 ,our ,india civil s]vants  
are on t gr\nd requir$ to ma/] ! ,h9doo 
spok5 dialects4  ,,place ,,( ,,language 
,,9 ,,education4  ,9 ! next place1 if a 
c]ta9 range ( in=mation t y f9d         
indisp5sable is lock$ up 9 a =eign      
language1 y are oblig$ to le>n !        
language4 ,if1 9 c\rse ( "t1 all ?is    
in=mation is transf]r$ to our native    
tongue1 ! necessity app>5tly ceases4 ,^!
 two extreme suppositions w be all[$ at 
once4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be an indef9ite  
numb] ( int]m$iate /ages4 ,! in=mation  
may be p>tially translat$2 & x w !n be a
 "q :e!r ! tr\ble ( le>n+ ! language    
%\ld be incurr$ = ! sake ( ! untranslat$
 "p4 ,or1 x may be :olly translat$3 b1  
consci\s ( ! necess>y defects ev5 ( good

 translations1 if ! subject-matt] be    
supremely important1 "s p w ?9k x wor?  
:ile to le>n ! language 9 ord] to obta9 
! k 9 its greate/ purity & precision4   
,?is is a situation t admits ( no c]ta9 
rule4 ,our cl]gy are expect$ to "k !    
orig9al languages ( ! ,bible1 not)/&+ ! 
abundance ( translations2 _m ( :i* mu/  
be f> sup]ior 9 wor? & au?ority to !    
judgm5t ( a m]ely ord9>y pr(ici5t 9     
,hebrew & 9 ,greek4  ,x is n[ g5]ally   
conc$$ t ! classical languages are no   
long] ! exclusive depository ( any k9d (
 valuable in=mation1 z !y 7 two or ?ree 
c5turies ago4 ,yet !y are /ill cont9u$ 9
 ! s*ools z if !y possess$ _! orig9al   
function unabat$4 ,we d n speak 9 !m1   
nor li/5 to !m spok51 nor write 9 !m1   
nor read 9 !m1 = obta9+ in=mation4 ,:y  
!n are !y kept up8 ,_m reasons are giv51
 z we "k4 ,!re is an endeav\r to %[ t   
ev5 9 _! orig9al function1 !y are n q   
effete4 ,c]ta9 pr(essions are said to   
rely ^u !m = "s po9ts ( in=mation n     
fully communicat$ by ! m$ium ( ,engli%4 

,su* is ! r indirect example ( ! cl]gy )
 ,greek4 ,s1 x is said t ,law is n      
?or\ghly und]/ood )\t ,lat91 because !  
great s\rce ( law1 ! ,roman code1 is    
writt5 9 ,lat91 & is 9 _m po9ts         
untranslatable4 ,fur!r1 x is cont5d$ t  
,greek philosophy _c be fully ma/]$ )\t 
a k ( ! language ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4  
,b an argum5t t is r$uc$ to ^! examples 
mu/ be ne> its vani%+ po9t4 ,n "o ( !   
cases /&s a rigor\s scrut9y2 & !y are n 
reli$ ^u z ! ma9 ju/ification ( !       
cont9uance ( classics4 ,a new l9e (     
def5ce is op5$ up :i* 0 n at all pres5t 
to ! m9ds ( sixte5? c5tury s*ol>s4 ,we  
are told ( num]\s indirect & second>y   
advantages ( cultivat+ language 9 g5]al 
& ! classic languages 9 p>ticul>1 :i*   
make ! acquisition a rew>d+ lab\r1 ev5  
)\t "o p>ticle ( ! prim>y use4 ,b = ^!  
second>y advantages1 languages c\ld h no
 claim to appe>1 ) su* enorm\s values1 9
 ! ,civil ,s]vice s*eme4  ,,language    
,,may ,,h ,,second>y ,,uses4  ,my       
purpose requires me to adv]t 9 ^! alleg$

 second>y uses ( language1 n1 h[ev]1 = !
 view ( c\nt]-argu+ !m1 b r 9 ord] to   
indicate :at seems to me ! true mode (  
br++ !m to ! pro(4  ,! mo/ usual        
phraseology = describ+ ! indirect b5efit
 ( languages is1 t !y supply a tra9+ to 
! p[]s ( ! m9d2 t1 if n in=mation1 !y   
are culture2 t !y re-act ^u our ma/]y ( 
our own language1 & s on4 ,x is q       
necess>y1 h[ev]1 to f9d phrases m       
def9ite & tangible ?an ! slipp]y words  
culture & tra9+3 we mu/ "k precisely :at
 p>ticul> p[]s or aptitudes are increas$
 by ! /udy ( a =eign language4          
,nev]!less1 ! conclusions set =? 9 ?is  
pap] d n require me to "w out an        
exhau/ive review ( ^! advantages4 ,x is 
en\gh to give z _m z w s]ve = examples4 
,n[1 x mu/ be freely admitt$ z a        
possible case1 t a practice introduc$ 9 
! fir/ in/ance = a p>ticul> purpose1 may
 be f\nd applicable to _m o!r purposes2 
s mu* s1 t1 ceas+ to be employ$ = !     
orig9al use1 ! practice may be kept up =
 ! sake ( ! aft] uses4 ,= example1 clo?+

 0 no d\bt prim>ily contriv$ = w>m?2 b x
 is n n[ conf9$ to t3 decoration or     
ornam5t1 di/9ction ( sexes1 ranks &     
(fices1 mode/y--are also atta9$ by means
 ( clo!s4 ,?is example is a sugge/ive   
"o4 ,we h only to suppose ourselves     
migrat+ to "s ,african climate1 :]e     
clo?+ = w>m? is absolutely disp5s$ )4   
,we %\ld n on t acc\nt adopt lit]al     
nudity--we %\ld /ill desire to ma9ta9 ^?
 o!r advantages4 ,! arti/ic decoration (
 ! p]son w\ld cont9ue to be ?\ght (2 &1 
z no am\nt ( pa9t+ & tattoo+1 ) /r+s (  
beads sup]add$1 w\ld answ] to our ideal 
( p]sonal elegance1 we %\ld h rec\rse to
 "s light filmy textures1 su* z w\ld    
all[ ! v>ieties ( drap]y1 col\rs1 &     
design1 & %[ (f ! poetry ( motion2 we   
%\ld also indicate ! p]sonal diff]5ces t
 we 7 accu/om$ to %[ by ve/ure4 ,b n[   
comes ! po9t ( ! moral2 we %\ld n ma9ta9
 our close heavy fabrics1 our           
great-coats1 %awls & cloaks4 ,^! w\ld   
cease ) ! ne$ = !m4 ,p]haps ! fir/      
emigrants w\ld keep up ! prejudice = _! 

w>m ?+s1 b n s _! successors4  ,well1   
!n1 suppose ! extreme case ( a =eign    
language t is entirely & av[$ly sup]s$$ 
z reg>ds communication & int]pretation (
 ?\ghts1 b /ill furni%+ s _m valuable   
aids to m5tal improvem5t1 t we keep x up
 = ! sake ( ^!4 ,z we are n to he>1     
speak1 or read ! language1 we d n ne$   
absolutely to "k ! mean+ ( e ^w3 we may1
 p]haps1 disp5se ) mu* ( ! te*nicality (
 its gramm>4 ,! vocables & ! gramm> w\ld
 be kept up exactly s f> z to s]ve ! o!r
 purposes1 & no f>!r4 ,! tea*] w\ld h 9 
view ! second>y uses alone4 ,suppos+ !  
language relat$ to our own by d]ivation 
( words1 & t ?is 0 :at we put /ress ^u2 
!n ! d]ivation w\ld always be upp]mo/ 9 
! tea*]'s ?\ghts4 ,if x 7 to illu/rate  
,univ]sal ,gramm> & ,philology1 ?is w\ld
 be br\ght out to ! neglect (           
translation4  ,,classical ,,tea*]',s    
,,ideal4  ,i h made an imag9>y          
supposition to prep>e ! way = ! real    
case4 ,! classical or language tea*]1 is
 assum$ to be fully consci\s ( ! fact t 

! prim>y use ( ! languages is z good z  
defunct2 & t he is cont9u$ 9 (fice      
because ( c]ta9 cle>ly assign$ second>y 
uses1 b = :i* he w\ld be sup]s$$        
entirely4 ,"s ( ! second>y uses pres5t  
to 8 m9d1 at all ev5ts "o ( ^? t are put
 =w>d 9 argum5t1 is t a =eign language1 
& especially ,lat91 conduces to good    
composition 9 our own language4 ,& z we 
d compose 9 our own language1 & nev]    
compose 9 ,lat91 ! tea*] is b\nd to ?9k 
ma9ly ( ! ,engli% "p ( ! task--to see t 
! pupils succe$ 9 ! ,engli% translation1
 :e!r !y succe$ 9 ! o!r or n4 ,!y may be
 left 9 a /ate ( consid]able ignorance (
 good ,lat9 =ms 7ignorance w nev] expose
 !m72 b any defects 9 _! ,engli%        
expression w be sure to be disclos$4    
,aga91 x is said t ,univ]sal ,gramm> or 
,philology is taught ^u ! basis ( a     
=eign language4 ,is ?is object1 9 po9t (
 fact1 pres5t to ! m9d ( e tea*]1 &     
br\ght =w>d1 ev5 to ! sacrifice ( ! p[] 
( read+ & writ+1 :i*1 by ! supposition1 
is nev] to be want$8 ,fur!r1 ! ,lat9    

,gramm> is said to be a logical         
discipl9e4 ,is ?is1 too1 kept 9 view z a
 pr$om9at+ end8 ,once m1 x is decl>$ t1 
?r\gh ! classics1 we atta9 ! highe/     
cultivation ( ,ta/e1 by see+ models (   
unp>allel$ lit]>y =m4 ,be x s3 is ?is   
habitually att5d$ to 9 ! tea*+ ( ^!     
languages8  ,i believe ,i am safe 9 say+
 t1 :il/ ^! v>i\s second>y advantages   
are put =w>d 9 ! polemic z to ! value ( 
languages1 ! tea*+ practice is by no    
means 9 h>mony !re)4 ,ev5 :5 9 ^w !     
support]s ( classics put =w>d ! second>y
 uses1 9 de$ !y belie !mselves4         
,excell5ce 9 tea*+ is held by !m to     
consi/1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 ! p[] (     
accurate int]pretation1--z if t obsolete
 use 7 /ill ! use4 ,if a tea*] does ?is 
well1 he is reckon$ a good tea*]1 al?\gh
 he does little or no?+ = ! o!r ends1   
:i* 9 argum5t are treat$ z ! reason ( 8 
exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! k9d ( tea*+ t 
is alone to be expect$ f ! ord9>y tea*]2
 all ! o!r ends are m difficult ?an     
simple ^w tea*+4 ,ev5 :5 ,engli%        

,composition1 ,logic & ,ta/e are taught 
9 ! mo/ direct way1 !y are m ab/ruse ?an
 ! simple tea*+ ( a =eign language =    
purposes ( int]pretation2 b :5 tack$ on 
z accessories to in/ruction 9 a         
language1 !y are /ill m tr\blesome to   
imp>t4 ,a tea*] ( r>e excell5ce may help
 8 pupils 9 ,engli% /yle1 9 philology1 9
 logic1 & 9 ta/e2 b ! mass ( tea*]s c d 
v little 9 any ( ^? directions4 ,!y are 
nev] f\nd fault ) m]ely because _! tea*+
 does n rise to ! height ( ! great      
argum5ts t ju/ify _! vocation2 !y w\ld  
be f\nd fault )1 if _! pupils 7 suppos$ 
to h made little way 9 t fir/ function (
 language :i* is nev] to be call$ into  
ex]cise4  ,i d n re/ satisfi$ ) quot+ ! 
palpable inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! practice (
 ! tea*] & ! polemic ( ! def5d] (       
languages4 ,i believe1 fur!r1 t x is n  
exp$i5t to c>ry on s _m diff]5t         
acquisitions toge!r4 ,if y want to tea* 
?or\gh ,engli%1 y ne$ to arrange a c\rse
 ( ,engli%1 allot a def9ite "t to x1 &  
foll[ x ) undivid$ att5tion dur+ t "t4  

,if y wi% to tea* ,philology y mu/      
provide a sy/ematic s*eme1 or else a    
text-book ( ,philology1 & br+ toge!r all
 ! mo/ select illu/rations f languages  
g5]ally4 ,s = ,logic & = ,ta/e4 ,^!     
subjects are f> too s]i\s to be imp>t$ 9
 pass+ allusions :ile ! pupil is engag$ 
9 /ruggl+ ) l+ui/ic difficulties4 ,!y   
ne$ a place 9 ! programme to !mselves2  
&1 :5 s provid$ =1 ! small dropp+       
contributions ( ! language tea*] may    
easily be disp5s$ )4  ,,second>y ,,ends 
,,( ,,language ,,n ,,press$4  ,! argum5t
 = ,languages may1 no d\bt1 take a bold]
 flight1 & g s f> z to ma9ta9 t ! tea*] 
does n ne$ to turn aside f 8 pla9 pa? to
 secure ^! second>y ends--n[ ! only     
valuable ends4 ,! cont5tion may be t 9 !
 close & rigor\s att5tion to m]e        
int]pretation1 j z if int]pretation 7   
/ill ! liv+ use1 ^! o!r purposes are    
inevitably secur$--good ,engli%1        
univ]sal gramm>1 logic1 ta/e1 c4 ,i ?9k1
 h[ev]1 t ?is is too f> f ! fact to be v
 confid5tly ma9ta9$4 ,( c\rse1 7 x      

correct1 ! tea*] %\ld nev] h dep>t$ f x1
 z ! be/ tea*]s cont9ually d1 & glory 9 
do+4  ,on ! face ( ! ?+1 x mu/ seem an  
unworkable position to surr5d] ! value (
 a language1 z a language1 & keep x up =
 some?+ else4 ,! tea*+ mu/ always be    
guid$ by ! orig9al1 al?\gh defunct1 use2
 ?is is ! natural1 ! easy1 c\rse to     
foll[2 = ! mass ( tea*]s at all times x 
is ! broad way4 ,:atev] ! necessities ( 
argum5t may drive a man to say1 yet 9 8 
tea*+ he _c help po/ulat+ to himself1 z 
an indisp5sable fiction1 t 8 pupils are 
"s day or o!r to he>1 to read1 to speak1
 or to write ! language4  ,! int5se     
cons]vatism 9 ! matt] ( ,languages--!   
alacrity to prescribe languages on all  
sides1 )\t inquir+ :e!r !y are likely to
 be turn$ to acc\nt--may be ref]r$ to   
v>i\s causes4 ,= "o ?+--al?\gh ! rem>k  
may seem ungraci\s & invidi\s--_m m9ds1 
n always ( ! highe/ =ce1 are absorb$ &  
intoxicat$ by languages4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 
languages are1 by comp>ison1 easy to    
tea*1 & easy to exam9e ^u4 ,n[1 if !re  

is any motive 9 education m p[]ful ?an  
ano!r1 x is ease 9 ! "w itself4 ,we are 
all1 z tea*]s1 copyi/s ( t ,iri%        
celebrity :o1 :5 he came to a good bit (
 road1 pac$ x to & fro a numb] ( times  
be=e go+ =w>d to 8 de/9ation on ! r\gh] 
foot+4  ,s f> ,i may seem to be argu+   
aga9/ ! tea*+ ( language at all1 or1 at 
any rate1 ! languages expressively call$
 dead4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 press+ ?is po9t  
f>!r ?an z an illu/ration4 ,i d n ask   
anyone to give an op9ion aga9/ ,classics
 z a subject ( in/ruction2 al?\gh1      
und\bt$ly1 if ?is op9ion 7 preval5t1 my 
pr9cipal task w\ld be v mu* light5$4 ,i 
h m]ely analys$ ! utilities ascrib$ to !
 anci5t & ! mod]n languages1 ) a view to
 settl+ _! place 9 competitive          
exam9ations4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,languages ,,n   
,,prop] ,,= ,,! ,,competition4  ,my     
!sis1 !n1 is1 t languages are n a prop] 
subject = competition ) a view to       
pr(essional appo9tm5ts4 ,! explanation  
falls "u two heads4  ,9 ! fir/ place1   

!re are c]ta9 avocations :]e a =eign    
language mu/ be kn[n1 because x has to  
be us$ 9 actual bus9ess4 ,su* are !     
,indian spok5 languages4 ,n[1 x is cle> 
t 9 ^! cases ! k ( ! language1 z be+ a  
s9e qu non1 mu/ be made imp]ative4 ,?is1
 h[ev]1 z ,i ?9k1 is n a case =         
competition1 b = a suffici5t pass4 ,!re 
is a c]ta9 pit* ( atta9m5t t is         
desirable ev5 at fir/ ent]+ ! s]vice2 no
 "o %\ld fall bel[ ?is1 & to rise mu*   
above x _c matt] a great deal4 ,at all  
ev5ts1 ,i ?9k ! measure %\ld be absolute
 & n relative4 ,i w\ld n give a man m]it
 9 a competition because ano!r man      
happ5s to be worse ?an himself 9 a matt]
 t all mu/ "k2 bo? ! m5 may be          
absolutely bad4  ,x may be ! case t     
c]ta9 languages are s admirably         
con/ruct$ & s full ( beauties t to /udy 
!m is a lib]al education 9 itself4 ,b   
?is does n necess>ily hold ( e language 
t an (ficial ( ! ,briti% ,empire may    
happ5 to ne$4 ,x does n apply to !      
,indian tongues1 nor to ,*9ese1 nor1 ,i 

%\ld suppose1 to ! ,fiji dialects4 ,!   
only human faculty t is te/$ & br\ght   
into play 9 ^! acquisitions is !        
commone/ k9d ( memory ex]cis$ = a c]ta9 
"t4 ,! value to ! ,s]vice ( ! man t c   
excel 9 spok5 languages does n lie 9 8  
sup]ior adm9i/rative ability1 b 9 8 be+ 
soon] fitt$ = actual duty4 ,und\bt$ly1  
if two m5 g out to ,calcutta s unequal 9
 _! k ( native languages1 or 9 !        
prep>ation = t k1 t "o c beg9 "w 9 six  
mon?s1 :ile ! o!r takes n9e1 !re is an  
important diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,b :at is 
! obvi\s mode ( rew>d+ ! diff]5ce8 ,n1  
,i %\ld ?9k1 by pron\nc+ "o a high] man 
9 ! scale ( ! competition1 b by giv+ him
 "s money prize 9 proportion to !       
r$emption ( 8 "t = (ficial "w4  ,n[1 z  
reg>ds ! second k9d ( languages--^? t   
are suppos$ to c>ry ) !m all ! valuable 
indirect consequ5ces t we h j review$4  
,!re are 9 ! ,civil ,s]vice ,s*eme five 
su* languages--two anci5t1 & ?ree mod]n4
 ,!y are kept !re1 n because !y are ev] 
to be read or spok5 9 ! ,s]vice1 b      

because !y ex]cise "s magical efficacy 9
 elevat+ ! :ole tone ( ! human          
intellect4  ,if ,i 7 discuss+ ! ,indian 
,civil ,s]vice 9 its own specialities1  
,i w\ld deprecate ! introduction (      
extrane\s languages into ! competition1 
= ?is reason1 t ! ,s]vice itself taxes !
 v]bal p[]s m ?an any o!r s]vice4 ,i d n
 ?9k t ,"l ,macaulay & 8 colleagues _h  
?is circum/ance fully 9 view4 ,macaulay 
0 himself a glutton = language2 &1 :ile 
9 ,india1 read a great quantity ( ,lat9 
& ,greek4 ,b he 0 exempt$ f ! ord9>y lot
 ( ! ,indian civil s]vant2 he _h no     
native languages to acquire & to use4   
,if a man bo? speaks & writes 9 good    
,engli%1 & conv]ses famili>ly 9 sev]al  
,ori5tal dialects1 8 language memory is 
suffici5tly well tax$1 & if he c>ries ) 
him "o ,european language besides1 x is 
z mu* z belongs to ! fitness ( ?+s 9 t  
dep>tm5t4  ,,second>y ,,uses ,,(        
,,language ,,directly ,,te/$4  ,my      
proposal1 !n1 goes ! l5g? ( exclud+ all 
^! five cultivat$ languages f !         

competition1 not)/&+ ! influ5ce t !y may
 be suppos$ to h z g5]al culture4 ,9    
support+ x1 ,i %all assume t ev]y?+ t c 
be said 9 _! fav\r is true to ! lett]3 t
 !y assi/ u 9 our own language1 t !y    
cultivate logic & ta/e1 t !y exemplify  
univ]sal gramm>1 & s on4 ,all t my      
purpose requires is to affirm t ! same  
good ends may be atta9$ 9 o!r ways3 t   
,lat91 ,greek1 c1 are b "o ( sev]al     
in/rum5ts = in/ruct+ u 9 ,engli%        
composition1 reason+1 or ta/e4 ,my      
cont5tion1 !n1 is t ! ends !mselves are 
to be look$ to1 & n ! means or          
in/rum5ts1 s9ce ^! are v v>i\s4 ,engli% 
composition is1 ( c\rse1 a valuable end1
 :e!r got ?r\gh ! /udy ( ,lat91 or ?r\gh
 ! /udy ( ,engli% au?ors !mselves1 or   
?r\gh ! inspiration ( natural g5ius4    
,:atev] am\nt ( skill & atta9m5t a      
c&idate c %[ 9 ?is dep>tm5t %\ld be     
valu$ ! exam9ation = ,engli%2 & all !   
good t ,lat9 has done = him w\ld ?us be 
ent]$ to 8 cr$it4 ,if1 !n1 ! /udy (     
,lat9 is f\nd ! be/ means ( secur+ good 

m>ks 9 ,engli%1 x w be pursu$ on t      
acc\nt2 if ! c&idate is able to discov] 
o!r less labori\s ways ( atta9+ ! end1  
he w pref] ^! ways4  ,! same applies to 
all ! o!r second>y ends ( language4 ,let
 !m be valu$ 9 _! own dep>tm5ts4 ,let ! 
improvem5t ( ! reason+ faculty be c\nt$ 
:]ev] t is %[n 9 ! exam9ation4 ,good    
reason+ p[]s w ev9ce !mselves 9 _m      
places1 & w h _!1 rew>d4  ,! pr9ciple is
 a pla9 & obvi\s "o4 ,x is t ( paym5t = 
results1 )\t inquir+ into ! means4 ,!re 
are c]ta9 extreme cases :]e ! means are 
n improp]ly c\pl$ ) ! results 9 ! f9al  
exam9ation2 & ^! are illu/rations ( !   
pr9ciple4 ,?us1 9 pass+ a c&idate = !   
m$ical pr(ession1 ! f9al end is 8 or h] 
k ( diseases & _! rem$ies4 ,z x is      
admitt$1 h[ev]1 t !re are c]ta9         
indisp5sable prep>atory /udies--anatomy1
 physiology1 & mat]ia m$ica--su* /udies 
are made "p ( ! exam9ation1 because !y  
contribute to ! te/+ = ! f9al end4      
,,hi/ory ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,deta*able ,,f
 ,,language4  ,! argum5t is n complete  

until we survey ano!r bran* ( ! subject 
( exam9ation 9 languages4 ,x w be obs]v$
 9 ! word+ ( ! programme t ea* sep>ate  
language is c\pl$ ) 'lit]ature & hi/ory 
7or1 z latt]ly express$1                
'lit]ature--includ+ books select$ by !  
c&idate'7'4 ,x is ! ,language1          
,lit]ature1 & ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,greece1 
c4 ,& ! exam9ation que/ions %[ ! exact  
scope ( ^! adjuncts1 & also ! values    
atta*$ to !m1 z comp>$ ) ! language by  
itself4  ,let u consid] ?is matt] a     
little4 ,take ,hi/ory fir/1 z be+ ! lea/
 p]plex$4 ,greece & ,rome h bo? a c]ta9 
la/+ importance atta*+ to _! hi/ory &   
in/itutions2 & ^! accord+ly are a useful
 /udy4 ,( c\rse1 ! extant writ+s are !  
*ief gr\ndwork ( our k ( ^!1 & mu/ be   
read4 ,b1 at ! pres5t day1 all t c be   
extract$ f ! orig9als is pres5t$ to !   
/ud5t 9 ,engli% books2 & to ^! he is    
exclusively ref]r$ = ?is "p ( 8 k4 ,9 ! 
small portion ( orig9al texts t a pupil 
at s*ool or college toils ?r\gh1 he     
necess>ily gets a few ( ! hi/orical     

facts at fir/ h&2 b he c\ld mu* m easily
 get ^! few :]e he gets ! re/--9 !      
,engli% compilations4 ,admitt+1 !n1 t ! 
hi/ory & in/itutions ( ,greece & ,rome  
con/itute a valuable education1 x is 9  
our p[] to secure x indep5d5tly ( !     
orig9al tongues4  ,! o!r                
bran*--,lit]ature--is n s easily dispos$
 (4 ,9 fact1 ! sep>at+ ( ! lit]ature f !
 language1 y w say1 is a self-evid5t    
absurdity4 ,t1 h[ev]1 only %[s t y h n  
look$ c>efully into exam9ation pap]s4 ,i
 am n conc]n$ ) :at !  priori imag9ation
 may suppose to be ,lit]ature1 b ) !    
actual que/ions put by exam9]s "u t "n4 
,i f9d t su* que/ions are1 g5]ally      
speak+1 v few1 p]haps "o or two 9 a long
 pap]1 & ne>ly all p]ta9 to ! outworks (
 lit]ature1 s to speak4 ,"h is ! ,lat9  
lit]ature ( "o pap]3--,9 :at special    
bran* ( lit]ature 7 ! ,romans indep5d5t 
( ! ,greeks8 ,m5tion ! pr9cipal writ]s 9
 x1 ) ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ea*4 ,:o 0
 ! fir/ to employ ! hexamet] 9 ,lat9    
poetry1 & 9 :at poem8 ,to :at language  

is ,lat9 mo/ ne>ly relat$2 & :at is !   
cause ( _! great resemblance8 ,! ,greek 
lit]ature ( ! same exam9ation involves  
^! po9ts3--,! ,ari/ophanic e/imate (    
,euripides1 ) criticisms on its ta/e &  
ju/ice 7= :i*1 h[ev]1 a hi/orical       
subject is giv5 z an alt]native72 !     
,greek *orus1 & *oric metres4 ,n[ su* an
 exam9ation is1 9 ! fir/ place1 a mo/   
meagre view ( lit]ature3 x does n       
necess>ily ex]cise ! faculty ( critical 
disc]nm5t4 ,9 ! next place1 x is *iefly 
a matt] ( compilation f ,engli% s\rces2 
! actual read+s ( ! c&idate 9 ,greek &  
,lat9 w\ld be ( little acc\nt 9 ! matt]4
 ,( c\rse1 ! *oric metres c\ld n be     
describ$ )\t "s k ( ,greek1 b ! matt] is
 ( v trifl+ importance 9 an educational 
po9t ( view4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! que/ions
 9 lit]ature1 :i* 9 numb] be> no        
proportion to hi/orical que/ions1 are   
su* z might be includ$ "u hi/ory1 z !   
dep>tm5t ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature4      
,,languages ,,exam9ation ,,pap]s        
,,review$4  ,! di/ribution ( ! #gej m>ks

 allott$ respectively to ,lat9 & to     
,greek1 9 ! s*eme ( #ahge1 is ?is4 ,!re 
are ?ree pap]s3 two are occupi$         
exclusively ) translation4 ,! ?ird is   
language1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory3 !        
language means purely grammatical       
que/ions2 s t possibly #ehc m>ks are = !
 language prop]4 ,! rema9+ numb]1 #afg1 
%\ld be allott$ equally betwe5 lit]ature
 & hi/ory1 b hi/ory has always ! lion's 
%>e1 & is 9 fact ! only "p ( ! :ole     
exam9ation t has1 to my m9d1 any real   
wor?4 ,x is g5]ally a v se>*+ view (    
important in/itutions & ev5ts1 toge!r ) 
:at may be call$ _! philosophy4 ,n[1 !  
re=m t seems to me to be want$ is to    
/rike out ev]y?+ else f ! exam9ation4   
,at ! same "t1 ,i %\ld l to see !       
exp]im5t ( a real lit]>y exam9ation1 su*
 z did n necess>ily imply a k ( !       
orig9als4  ,x is int]e/+ to turn to !   
exam9ation 9 mod]n languages1 :]e !     
anci5t s*eme is copi$1 by app5d+        
lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,"h ! ,lit]ature is 
decid$ly m prom95t & ?or\gh4 ,!re is    

also a fair pap] ( ,hi/ory que/ions4    
,:at /rikes u1 h[ev]1 9 ?is1 is a slavi%
 adh]5ce to ! =m1 )\t ! reality1 ( !    
anci5t situation4 ,we h indep5d5t       
hi/ories ( ,greece & ,rome1 b sc>cely ( 
,g]many1 ,france1 & ,italy4 ,in/ead (   
p>tition+ ,mod]n ,european hi/ory among 
! language-exam9]s = ,engli%1 ,fr5*1    
,g]man1 ,italian1 x w\ld be bett] to    
relieve !m ( hi/ory altoge!r1 & place ! 
subject z a :ole 9 ! h&s ( a di/9ct     
exam9]4 ,i w\ld /ill all[ m]it = a      
lit]>y exam9ation 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 &    
,italian1 b w\ld /rike (f ! languages1 &
 let ! c&idate get up ! lit]ature z he  
*ose4 ,! basis ( a c&idate's lit]>y k1 &
 8 fir/ introduction to lit]ature1 ought
 to be 8 own language3 b he may ext5d 8 
discrim9ation & 8 p[] by o!r lit]atures1
 ei!r 9 translations or 9 orig9als1 z he
 pleases2 /ill ! exam9ation1 z be=e1    
%\ld te/ ! discrim9ation & ! p[]1 & n ! 
vocabul>y ( ! languages !mselves4  ,9   
ord] to d full ju/ice to classical      
antiquity1 ,i w\ld all[ m>k+s at ! rate 

( #ejj = ,political ,in/itutions &      
,hi/ory1 & #bej = ,lit]ature4 ,"s day   
?is w be ?\ght too mu*2 b political     
philosophy or sociology may become m    
sy/ematic ?an at pres5t1 & hi/ory       
que/ions w !n take a diff]5t =m4  ,9 l  
mann]1 ,i w\ld aboli% !                 
language-exam9ation 9 mod]n languages1 &
 give #bej m>ks = ! lit]ature ( ea* ( ! 
?ree mod]n languages--,fr5*1 ,g]man1    
,italian4 ,! hi/ory w\ld be tak5 z      
,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ) an adequate total     
value4  ,! objections to ?is proposal w 
ma9ly resolve !mselves into its         
revolution>y "*4 ,! rem>k w at once be  
made t ! classical languages w\ld cease 
to be taught1 & ev5 ! mod]n languages   
disc\rag$4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ,i take to be1
 t1 if su* tea*+ is judg$ solely by its 
fruits1 x mu/ necess>ily be condemn$4   
,! only way to f5ce ?is unpalatable     
conclusion1 is to ma9ta9 t ! results    
c\ld n be fully te/$ 9 an exam9ation z  
sugge/$4 ,"s ( ^! are s f9e1 impalpable1
 & spiritual 9 _! texture1 t !y _c be   

seiz$ by any que/ions t c be put2 & w\ld
 be dropp$ out if ! pres5t sy/em 7      
*ang$4 ,b results s untraceable _c be   
prov$ to exi/ at all4  ,,language       
,,que/ions ,,take ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,!   
,,subject4  ,s f> f ! results be+ miss$ 
by disus+ ! ex]cises ( translation1 "o  
might cont5d t !y w\ld only beg9 to be  
appreciat$ fairly :5 ! :ole /ress ( !   
exam9ation is put ^u !m4 ,if an exam9]  
sets a pap] 9 ,roman ,law1 conta9+ long 
,lat9 extracts to be translat$1 he is   
/>v+ ! exam9ation 9 ,law by sub/itut+ = 
x an exam9ation 9 ,lat94 ,:atev] k (    
,lat9 t]m9ology is necess>y to ! k (    
,law %\ld be requir$1 & no m4 ,s1 x is n
 an exam9ation 9 ,ari/otle to require   
long translations f ! ,greek2 only by   
disp5s+ ) all ?is1 does ! ma9 subject   
receive prop] att5tion4  ,if ! prop]ly  
lit]>y "p ( ! pres5t exam9ations 7 mu* (
 a reality1 !re w\ld be a nice          
discussion z to ! am\nt ( lit]>y tact t 
c\ld be imp>t$ 9 connection ) a =eign   
language1 z translat$ or translatable4  

,b ,i h made an ample concession1 :5 ,i 
propose t ! trial %\ld be made ( exam9+ 
9 lit]ature 9 ?is fa%ion2 & ,i d n see  
any difficulty beyond ! initial         
repugnance ( ! pr(essors ( languages to 
be employ$ 9 ?is task1 & ! fe>1 on ! "p 
( c&idates1 t1 undue /ress might be     
plac$ on po9ts t ne$ a k ( orig9als4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,i w conclude ) a rem>k on ! app>5t     
t5d5cy ( ! wide options 9 !             
,commission]s' s*eme4 ,no "o subject is 
obligatory2 & ! *oice is s wide t by a v
 n>r[ range ( acquirem5ts a man may     
sometimes succe$4 ,no d\bt1 z a rule1 x 
requires a consid]able mixture (        
subjects3 bo? sci5ces & lit]ature h to  
be includ$4 ,b ,i f9d ! case ( a man    
ent]+ ! ,indian ,s]vice by =ce (        
,languages alone1 :i* ,i _c b ?9k a     
misc>riage4 ,!n ! v high m>ks assign$ to
 ,ma!matics all[ a man to w9 ) no o!r   
sci5ce1 & no o!r culture1 b a middl+    
exam9ation 9 ,engli%4 ,to ^? t ?9k s    
highly ( =eign languages1 ?is mu/ seem a

 mu* great] anomaly ?an x does to me4 ,i
 w\ld pref]1 h[ev]1 t su* a c&idate _h  
trav]s$ a wid] field ( sci5ce1 in/ead ( 
excell+ 9 high ma!matics alone4  ,!re   
are1 ,i %\ld say1 ?ree great regions (  
/udy t %\ld be fairly repres5t$ by e    
successful c&idate4 ,! fir/ is !        
,sci5ces z a :ole1 9 ! =m & ord] t ,i h 
sugge/$4 ,! second is ,engli%           
,composition1 9 :i* successful m5 9 !   
,indian competition sometimes %[ a      
ciph]4 ,! ?ird is :at ,i may call       
loosely ! ,humanities1 mean+ ! dep>tm5t 
( in/itutions & hi/ory1 ) p]haps        
lit]ature3 to be comput$ 9 any or all ( 
! regions ( anci5t & mod]n hi/ory4 ,9 e 
"o ( ^! ?ree dep>tm5ts1 ,i w\ld fix a   
m9imum1 bel[ :i* ! c&idate mu/ n fall4  
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #f3 ,! ,civil   
,s]vice ,exam9ation ,s*eme1 consid]$ )  
ref]5ce 7#a7 to ,sci5ces1 & 7#b7 to     
,languages4 ,a pap] read be=e !         
,educational ,section ( ! ,social       
,sci5ce ,association1 at ! meet+ 9      
,ab]de54 #ahgg3 ) additions relevant to 

,"l ,salisbury's ,s*eme4          99    
99       99       99       99   ,,iv4   
,,! ,,classical ,,controv]sy4  ,,its    
,,pres5t ,,aspect4#g   ,9 ! pres5t /ate 
( ! controv]sy on classical /udies1 !   
publication ( ,george ,combe's          
contributions to ,education is highly   
opportune4 ,combe took ! lead 9 ! attack
 on ^! /udies fifty ye>s ago1 & ,mr4    
,jolly1 ! editor ( ! volume1 gives a    
connect$ view ( ! /ruggle t foll[$4 ,!  
results 71 on ! :ole1 n v great4 ,a     
small portion ( natural sci5ce 0        
introduc$ into ! second>y s*ools2 b z ! 
classical tea*+ 0 kept up z be=e1 !     
pupils 7 simply subject$ to a great]    
cru% ( subjects2 !y c\ld d]ive v little 
b5efit f sci5ce introduc$ on su* t]ms4  
,! effect on ! ,univ]sities 0 nil2 !y 7 
true to ,dugald ,/ew>t's celebrat$      
deliv]ance on _! cons]vatism4#h ,! g5]al
 public1 h[ev]1 7 n unmov$2 dur+ a numb]
 ( ye>s !re 0 a mo/ mat]ial r$uction 9 !
 numb]s att5d+ all ! ,scot*             
,univ]sities1 & ! anti-classical        

agitation 0 reput$ to be ! cause4  ,!   
reason+s ( ,combe w /ill repay p]usal4  
,he puts ) great felicity & cle>ness !  
/&+ objections to ! classical sy/em2    
:ile he is exce$+ly lib]al 9 8          
concessions1 & mod]ate 9 8 dem&s4 ,i d n
 d5\nce ! anci5t languages & classical  
lit]ature on _! own acc\nt1 or desire to
 see !m ca/ into utt] oblivion4 ,i admit
 !m to be ref9$ /udies1 & ?9k t !re are 
individuals :o1 hav+ a natural turn =   
!m1 le>n !m easily & enjoy !m mu*4 ,!y  
ought1 !re=e1 to be cultivat$ by all su*
 p]sons4 ,my objection is solely to !   
practice ( r5d]+ !m ! ma9 sub/ance ( !  
education be/[$ on "y m5 :o h no ta/e or
 tal5t = !m1 & ^: pursuits 9 life w n   
r5d] !m a valuable acquisition4  ,be=e  
allud+ to ! m rec5t utt]ances 9 def5ce (
 classical tea*+1 ,i wi% to lay out z   
di/9ctly z ,i c ! v>i\s alt]natives t   
are app>5tly n[ be=e u z respects !     
high] education--t is to say1 !         
education begun 9 ! second>y or gramm>  
s*ools1 & complet$ & /amp$ 9 !          

,univ]sities4  ,,! ,,exi/+ ,,classical  
,,tea*+4  #a4 ,! exi/+ sy/em ( requir+  
pr(ici5cy 9 bo? classical languages4    
,except 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 ?is   
requirem5t is /ill imp]ative4 ,! o!r    
,univ]sities agree 9 exact+ ,lat9 &     
,greek z ! condition ( an ,arts'        
,degree1 & 9 v little else4 ,! def5d]s (
 classics say ) "s tru? t ^! languages  
are ! pr9cipal basis ( uni=mity 9 our   
degrees2 if !y 7 /ruck out1 ! public    
w\ld n "k :at a degree meant4  ,h[      
exclusive 0 ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek 9 ! 
s*ools 9 ,engl&1 until lately1 is too   
well kn[n to ne$ any detail$ /atem5t4 ,a
 rec5t utt]ance ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 h[ev]1
 has felicit\sly suppli$ ! cr[n+        
illu/ration4 ,at ,eton1 9 8 "t1 !       
engrossm5t ) classics 0 su* z to keep   
out religi\s in/ruction6  ,z n _m cont5d
 t ,lat9 & ,greek make an education 9   
!mselves1 we may n improp]ly call to m9d
 :at o!r ?+s x has be5 f\nd possible to 
include ) !m 9 ! scope ( ! ,arts'       
,degree4 ,! ,scot* ,univ]sities 7 always

 di/+ui%$ f ! ,engli% 9 ! bread? ( _!   
requirem5ts3 !y h compris$1 = _m ages1  
?ree o!r subjects2 ma!matics1 natural   
philosophy1 & m5tal philosophy 7includ+ 
logic & e?ics74 ,9 exceptional in/ances1
 ano!r sci5ce is add$2 9 "o case1       
natural hi/ory1 9 ano!r1 *emi/ry4       
,accord+ to ! notions ( sci5tific ord] &
 complet5ess 9 ! pres5t day1 a full     
c\rse ( ! prim>y sci5ces w\ld comprise  
ma!matics1 natural philosophy1 *emi/ry1 
physiology or biology1 & m5tal          
philosophy4 ,! natural hi/ory bran*es   
are n look$ ^u z prim>y sci5ces2 !y give
 no laws1 b repeat ! laws ( ! prim>y    
sci5ces :ile classify+ ! k+doms (       
,nature4 7,see p>agraph t beg9s )3 ,9 ! 
classification ( ! sci5ces 44474  ,9    
,john ,/u>t ,mill's celebrat$ ,address  
at ,/4 ,&rews1 he /ood up = ! cont9uance
 ( ! ,classics 9 all _! integrity1 &    
sudd5ly became a great au?ority ) numb]s
 ( p]sons :o probably _h nev] treat$ him
 z an au?ority be=e4 ,b 8 advocacy ( !  
classics 0 c\pl$ ) an equally /r5u\s    

advocacy = ! ext5sion ( ! sci5tific     
c\rse to ! full circle ( ! prim>y       
sci5ces2 t is to say1 he urg$ ! addition
 ( *emi/ry & physiology to ! receiv$    
sci5ces4 ,^? t h s indu/ri\sly br&i%$ 8 
au?ority = reta9+ classics1 are         
discreetly sil5t ^u ?is o!r             
recomm5dation4 ,he 0 too little         
conv]sant ) ! work+ ( ,univ]sities to be
 aw>e t ! addition ( two sci5ces to !   
exi/+ c\rse 0 impracticable2 & he 0 nev]
 ask$ :i* alt]native he w\ld pref]4 ,i  
am incl9$ to believe t he w\ld h        
sacrific$ ! classics to sci5tific       
complet5ess2 he w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) ! 
quantum ( ^! already ga9$ at s*ool4 ,b  
:ile we h no positive assurance on ?is  
po9t1 ,i consid] t 8 op9ion %\ld be     
:olly disc\nt$ z n be>+ on ! actual     
case4  ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london         
,,curriculum4  ,! f\nd]s ( ! ,univ]sity 
( ,london attempt$ to realise ,mill's   
conception to ! full4 ,!y reta9$        
,classics2 !y add$ ,engli% & a mod]n    
language1 & complet$ ! c\rse ( ! prim>y 

sci5ces by includ+ bo? ,*emi/ry &       
,physiology4 ,?is 0 a noble exp]im5t1 & 
we c n[ report on its success4 ,!       
classical languages1 ,engli% & ,fr5* or 
,g]man1 ma!matics & natural philosophy1 
& 7aft] a "t7 logic & moral philosophy1 
7 all kept at a good /&>d2 ?us exce$+ ! 
requirem5ts ( ! ,scot* ,univ]sities at !
 "t by ,engli% & a mod]n language4 ,!   
am\nt ( atta9m5t 9 *emi/ry 0 v small1 & 
0 dispos$ ( 9 ! ,matriculation          
exam9ation4 ,physiology 0 res]v$ = !    
f9al ,b4,a4 exam9ation1 & 0 ! lea/      
satisfactory ( all4 ,hav+ myself sat at 
! ,exam9+ ,bo>d :ile ,dr4 ,%>pey 0      
,exam9] 9 ,physiology1 ,i _h occasion to
 "k t he consid]$ x prud5t to be cont5t 
) a m]e %[ ( /udy+ ! subject4 ,?us1 ?\gh
 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 z 
well z ( ! ,scot* ,univ]sities1 proves t
 ! classical languages are compatible ) 
a v tol]able sci5tific education1 yet ^!
 w ne$ to be curtail$ if e "o ( !       
fundam5tal sci5ces1 z ,mill urg$1 is to 
be repres5t$ at a passable figure4  ,9 !

 v>i\s new proposals = ext5d+ ! sph]e ( 
sci5tific k1 a mu* small] am\nt (       
classics is to be requir$1 b nei!r ( !  
two languages is :olly disp5s$ )4 ,if n 
taught at college1 !y mu/ be tak5 up at 
s*ool z a prep>ation = ent]+ on ! ,arts'
 curriculum 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,?is c h>dly
 be a p]man5t /ate ( ?+s1 b x is likely 
to be 9 op]ation = "s "t4  #b4 ,!       
remitt+ ( ,greek 9 fav\r ( a mod]n      
language is ! alt]native mo/ prom95tly  
be=e ! public at pres5t4 ,x accepts !   
mix$ =m ( ! old curriculum1 & replaces  
"o ( ! dead languages by "o ( ! liv+4   
,resi/$ by ne>ly ! :ole might ( !       
classical p>ty1 ?is proposal f9ds fav\r 
) ! lay pr(essions z giv+ "o language t 
w actually be useful to ! pupils z a    
language4 ,x is ! v smalle/ *ange t w\ld
 be a real relief4 ,t x w spe$ily be    
c>ri$ we d n d\bt4  ,except z a         
relaxation ( ! grip ( classicism1 ?is   
*ange is n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,t !re
 mu/ be two languages 7besides ,engli%7 
9 ord] to an ,arts' ,degree is f> f     

obvi\s4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh x is v         
desirable t e pupil %\ld h facilities at
 s*ool or at college = comm5c+ mod]n    
languages1 ^! d n rank z indisp5sable & 
univ]sal culture1 l ! k ( sci5ces & (   
lit]ature g5]ally4 ,!y w\ld h to be     
taught along ) _! respective lit]atures 
to correspond to ! classics4  ,ano!r    
objection to replac+ classics by mod]n  
languages is ! necessity ( import+      
=eign]s z tea*]s4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re are   
pl5ty ( ,fr5*m5 & ,g]mans t c tea* z    
well z any ,engli%man1 x is a pa9ful    
fact t =eign]s d (t5] misc>ry1 bo? 9    
tea*+ & 9 discipl9e1 ) ,engli% pupils1  
?an our own c\ntrym54 ,=eign ma/]s are  
well en\gh = ^? t g to !m volunt>ily ) !
 desire ( be+ taught2 x is z tea*]s 9 a 
compulsory curriculum t _! inf]iority   
becomes app>5t4  ,! retort is sometimes 
made to ?is proposal--,:y omit ,greek r 
?an ,lat98 ,%\ld y n reta9 ! great] ( ! 
two languages8 ,?is may be pron\nc$ z   
ma9ly a piece ( tactics2 = e "o mu/ "k t
 ! ord] ( tea*+ ,lat9 & ,greek at !     

s*ools w nev] be topsyturvi$ to suit !  
fancy ( an individual "h & !re1 ev5     
al?\gh ,john ,/u>t ,mill himself 0      
educat$ 9 t ord]4 ,on ! s*eme ( )draw+  
all =eign languages f ! imp]ative       
curriculum1 & provid+ = !m z volunt>y   
adjuncts1 su* fre$om ( selection w\ld be
 easy4#i  ,,alt]native ,,( ,,mod]n      
,,languages4  #c4 ,ano!r alt]native is  
to remit bo? ,lat9 & ,greek 9 fav\r (   
,fr5* & ,g]man4 ,/range to say1 ?is     
advance ^u ! previ\s alt]native 0       
actually conta9$ 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's     
ill-fat$ ,iri% ,univ]sity ,bill4 ,_h t  
,bill succe$$1 ! ,iri% w\ld h be5 =     
f\rte5 ye>s 9 ! enjoym5t ( a full option
 = bo? ! languages4#aj ,f a c>eful      
p]usal ( ! debates1 ,i c\ld n discov] t 
! opposition ev] fa/5$ ^u ?is bold      
surr5d] ( ! classical exclusiv5ess4  ,! 
proposal 0 facilitat$ by ! exi/5ce (    
pr(essors ( ,fr5* & ,g]man 9 ! ,que5's  
,colleges1 ,9 ! ,engli% & ,scot*        
,colleges end[m5ts are n z yet provid$ =
 ^! languages2 al?\gh x w\ld be easy    

en\gh to make provision = !m 9 ,ox=d &  
,cambridge4  ,9 fav\r ( ?is alt]native1 
x is urg$ t ! classics1 if ent]$ on at  
all1 %\ld be ent]$ on ?or\ghly &        
entirely4 ,! two languages & lit]atures 
=m a coh]5t :ole1 a homog5e\s discipl9e2
 & ^? t d n mean to foll[ ?is out %\ld n
 beg9 x4 ,"s ( ! uphold]s ( classics    
take ?is view4  #d4 ,m ?or\gh-go+ /ill  
is ! s*eme ( complete bifurcation ( !   
classical & ! mod]n sides4 ,9 our great 
s*ools !re has be5 in/itut$ :at is call$
 ! mod]n side1 made up ( sci5ces & mod]n
 languages1 toge!r ) ,lat94 ,! und]/&+  
hi!rto has be51 t ! vot>ies ( ! anci5t &
 classical side %\ld alone proce$ to !  
,univ]sities2 ! mod]n side be+ !        
introduction to comm]cial life1 & to    
pr(essions t disp5se ) a ,univ]sity     
degree4 ,"h1 z f> z ! s*ools are        
conc]n$1 a fair scope is giv5 to mod]n  
/udies4  ,z 0 to be expect$1 ! mod]n    
side is n[ dem&+ admission to !         
,univ]sities on its own t]ms2 t is1 to  
cont9ue ! same l9e ( /udies !re1 & to be

 cr[n$ ) ! same di/9ctions z ! classical
 side4 ,?is attempt to r5d] s*ool &     
college homog5e\s ?r\gh\t1 to treat     
anci5t /udies & mod]n /udies z ( equal  
value 9 ! eye ( ! law1 w ( c\rse be     
resi/$ to ! utmo/4 ,yet x seems ! only  
solution likely to br+ ab\t a settlem5t 
t w la/4  ,! def5d]s ( ! classical sy/em
 9 its extreme exclusiv5ess are fond (  
adduc+ examples ( v illu/ri\s m5 :o at  
college %[$ an utt] incapacity = sci5ce 
9 its simple/ elem5ts4 ,!y say t1 by    
classics alone1 ^! m5 are :at !y are1 & 
if _! way _h be5 /opp$ by s]i\s         
sci5tific requirem5ts1 !y w\ld h nev]   
come be=e ! _w at all4 ,! allegation is 
some:at /rongly put2 yet we %all assume 
x to be correct1 on condition ( be+     
all[$ to draw an inf]5ce4 ,if "s m9ds   
are s con/itut$ = languages1 & =        
classics 9 p>ticul>1 may n !re be o!r   
m9ds equally con/itut$ = sci5ce1 &      
equally incapable ( tak+ up two         
classical languages8 ,%\ld ?is be       
grant$1 ! next "q is--,ought ^! two     

classes ( m9ds to be treat$ z equal 9   
rights & privileges8 ,! uphold]s ( !    
pres5t sy/em say1 ,no4 ,! ,language m9d 
is ! true ari/ocrat2 ! ,sci5ce m9d is an
 inf]ior creation4 ,degrees & privileges
 are = ! man t c score languages1 ) nev]
 s little sci5ce2 out] d>kness is       
assign$ to ! man ^: =te is sci5ce alone4
 ,b a w> ( ca/e 9 education is an       
unseemly ?+2 &1 aft] all ! levell+      
op]ations t we h pass$ ?r\gh1 x is n    
likely t ?is di/9ction w be long        
pres]v$4  ,,claims ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n      
,,side4  ,! mod]n side1 z at pres5t     
con/itut$1 /ill reta9s ,lat94 ,!re is a 
consid]able /r5g? ( feel+ 9 fav\r ( t   
language = all k9ds ( p2 x is ?\ght to  
be a prop] app5dage ( ! lay pr(essions2 
& !re is a wide-spread op9ion 9 fav\r ( 
its utility = ,engli%4 ,s mu* is ?is !  
case1 t ! mod]n-sid]s are at pres5t q   
will+ to come "u a pl$ge to keep up     
,lat91 & to pass 9 x ) a view to !      
,univ]sity4 ,9 fact1 ! s*ools f9d ?is = 
! pres5t ! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,x  

is easi] to supply tea*+ 9 ,lat9 ?an 9 a
 mod]n language1 or 9 mo/ o!r ?+s2 &    
:ile ,lat9 cont9ues to be held 9        
respect1 x w rema9 unt\*$4 ,yet !       
quantity ( "t occupi$ by x1 ) s little  
result1 mu/ ultimately =ce a dep>ture f 
! pres5t curriculum4 ,! real de/9ation (
 ! mod]n side is to be mod]n ?r\gh\t4 ,x
 %\ld n be rigor\sly ti$ d[n ev5 to a   
c]ta9 numb] ( mod]n languages4 ,engli% &
 "o o!r language ought to be q en\gh2 & 
! *oice %\ld be free4 ,on ?is foot+1 !  
mod]n side ought to h its place 9 !     
s*ools z ! co-equal ( classics2 x w\ld  
be ! natural precursor ( ! mod]nis$     
alt]natives 9 ! ,univ]sities2 ^? :]e k  
subjects pr$om9ate4  ,! proposal to give
 an inf]ior degree to a curriculum t    
excludes ,greek %\ld1 9 my judgm5t1 be  
simply decl9$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a matt] (  
op9ion :e!r1 9 po9t ( tactics1 ! mod]n  
p>ty did n d well to accept ?is z an    
in/alm5t 9 ! meantime4 ,! ,ox=d (f]1 z  
,i und]/& x1 0 s f> lib]al1 t ! new     
degree 0 to rank equal 9 privileges ) ! 

old1 al?\gh inf]ior 9 pre/ige4 ,9       
,scotl&1 ! decree conc$$ by ! classical 
p>ty to a ,greekless education 0        
wor?less1 & 0 (f]$ = t v reason4#aa     
,,surr5d] ,,( ,,claims ,,= ,,"s4  ,among
 ! adh]5ts ( classics1 ,pr(essor        
,blackie is di/+ui%$ = surr5d]+ ! /udy (
 !m 9 ! case ( ^? t _c pr(it by !m4 ,he 
believes t ) a free alt]native1 su* z ! 
?or\gh bifurcation into two sides w\ld  
give1 !y w\ld /ill hold _! gr\nd1 & be> 
all _! pres5t fruits4 ,8 classical      
bre?r51 h[ev]1 d n 9 g5]al %>e ?is      
conviction4 ,!y seem to ?9k t if !y c no
 long] compel e ,univ]sity graduate to  
pass b5ea? ! d\ble yoke ( ,rome &       
,greece1 ^! two illu/ri\s nationalities 
w be 9 dang] ( pass+ out ( ! popul> m9d 
altoge!r4 ,= my own "p1 ,i d n %>e _!   
fe>s1 nor d ,i ?9k t1 ev5 on ! volunt>y 
foot+1 ! /udy ( ! two languages w decl9e
 ) any great rapidity4 ,z ,i h said1 !  
belief 9 ,lat9 is wide & deep4 ,:atev]  
may be urg$ z to ! extraord9>y /r+5cy ( 
! intellectual discipl9e n[ said to be  

giv5 by means ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 ,i am   
satisfi$ t ! feel+ ) bo? tea*]s & s*ol>s
 is1 t ! process ( acquisition is n     
toilsome to ei!r p>ty2 less s p]haps ?an
 any?+ t w\ld come 9 _! place4 ,( !     
hundr$s ( h\rs sp5t ov] !m1 a v l>ge    
numb] are associat$ ) li/less idl5ess4  
,c>lyle describes ,scott's novels z a   
beatific lubb] l&2 ) ! exception ( !    
beatific1 we might say ne>ly ! same (   
classics4 ,to all :i* mu/ be add$ !     
imm5se end[m5ts ( classical tea*+2 n    
only ( old date b ( rec5t acquisition4  
,x w be a v long "t be=e ^! end[m5ts c  
be div]t$1 ev5 al?\gh ! /udy decl9e     
/eadily 9 e/imation4  ,! ?+ t /&s to    
reason is to place ! mod]n & ! anci5t   
/udies on exactly ! same foot+2 to      
accord a fair field & no fav\r4 ,!      
public w decide = !mselves 9 ! long run4
 ,if ! classical advocates are afraid ( 
?is te/1 !y h no fai? 9 ! m]its ( _! own
 case4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,! argum5ts pro & con on ! 
"q h be5 almo/ exhau/$4 ,no?+ is left   

except to v>y ! expression &            
illu/ration4 ,/ill1 s long z ! monopoly 
exi/s1 x w be argu$ & c\nt]-argu$2 &1 if
 !re are no new reasons1 ! old w h to be
 it]at$4  ,,example ,,f ,,! ,,greeks    
,,!mselves  ,p]haps ! mo/ hackney$ ( all
 ! answ]s to ! case = ! classics is ! "o
 t has be5 mo/ r>ely repli$ to4 ,i mean 
! fact t ! ,greeks 7 n acqua9t$ ) any   
language b _! own4 ,i h nev] kn[n an    
attempt to p>ry ?is ?ru/4 ,yet1 besides 
! fact itself1 !re are /rong            
presumptions 9 fav\r ( ! position t to  
"k a language well1 y %\ld devote y\r "t
 & /r5g? to x alone1 & n attempt to le>n
 ?ree or f\r4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,greeks 7 9   
possession ( ! mo/ p]fect language1 & 7 
n likely to be ga9]s by /udy+ !         
languages ( _! contempor>ies4 ,s1 we too
 are 9 possession ( a v admirable       
language1 al?\gh put toge!r 9 a         
nondescript fa%ion2 & x is n impossible 
t if ,plato _h 8 ,dialogues to compose  
among u1 he w\ld give 8 :ole /r5g? to   
work+ up our own res\rces1 & n tr\ble   

himself ) ,greek4 ,! popul>             
dictum--multum non multa1 do+ "o ?+     
well--may be plausibly adduc$ 9 behalf (
 p>simony 9 ! /udy ( languages4  ,!     
rec5t agitation 9 ,cambridge1 9 ,ox=d1 &
 inde$1 all ov] ! c\ntry1 = remitt+ !   
/udy ( ,greek z an ess5tial ( ! ,arts'  
,degree1 has l$ to a reproduction ( !   
usual def5ces ( ?+s z !y are4 ,!        
articles 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ! ,contempor>y
 ,review1 #ahgi1 by ,pr(essors ,blackie 
& ,bonamy ,price1 may claim to be !     
d]ni]s mots4  ,pr(essor ,blackie's      
article is a w>n+ to ! tea*]s (         
classics1 to ! effect t !y mu/ *ange _! 
front2 t1 :]eas ! value ( ! classics z a
 key to ?\ght has dim9i%$1 & is dim9i%+1
 !y mu/ by all means 9 ! fir/ place     
improve _! drill4 ,9 fact1 unless some?+
 c be done to less5 ! lab\r ( !         
acquisition by bett] tea*+1 & to secure 
! mu*-vaunt$ intellectual discipl9e ( ! 
languages1 ! battle w soon be lo/4      
,accord+ly1 ! pr(essor goes m9utely into
 :at he conceives ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+4 

,x is n my purpose to foll[ him 9 ?is   
suffici5tly int]e/+ discussion4 ,i      
simply rem>k t he is /ak+ ! case1 = !   
cont9uance ( ,lat9 & ,greek 9 ! s*ools1 
on ! possibility ( some?+ l an entire   
revolution 9 ! tea*+ art4 ,revolution is
 n too /rong a ^w = :at is propos$4 ,!  
weak "p ( ! new position is t ! value ( 
! languages z languages has decl9$1 &   
has to be made up by ! incid5t ( _!     
value z drill4 ,?is is1 to say ! lea/1 a
 p>adoxical position = a language tea*]4
 ,if x is m]e drill t is want$1 a v     
small corn] ( "o language w\ld suffice4 
,! tea*] & ! pupil alike are plac$      
betwe5 ! two /ools--int]pretation &     
drill4 ,a new g5]ation ( tea*]s mu/     
arise to atta9 ! dext]ity requisite = ! 
task4  ,pr(essor ,blackie's concession  
is ( no small importance 9 ! actual     
situation4 ,no "o is to receive a full  
degree )\t %[+ a fair pr(ici5cy 9 two   
=eign languages1 "o anci5t & "o mod]n1 )
 free option4 ,?is w\ld almo/ satisfy ! 
pres5t dem& ev]y:]e1 & = "s "t to come4 

,,argum5t ,,f ,,results4  ,! article (  
,pr(essor ,bonamy ,price is conceiv$ 9  
ev5 a high] /ra9 ?an ! o!r4 ,!re is s f>
 a me?od ( argum5tation 9 x t ! case is 
laid out "u f\r di/9ct heads1 b !re is  
no decisive sep>ation ( reasons2 _m ( ! 
?+s said "u "o head might easily be     
transf]r$ )\t ! s5se ( dislocation to   
any o!r head4 ,! writ] indulges 9       
high-fl[n rhetorical ass]tions r ?an 9  
specific facts & argum5ts4 ,! fir/ m]it 
( classics is t !y are languages2 n     
p>ticul> sci5ces1 nor def9ite bran*es ( 
k1 b lit]atures4 ,"u ?is head we h su*  
gl[+ s5t5ces z ^!3 ,?9k ( ! _m elem5ts (
 ?\ght a boy comes 9 contact ) :5 he    
reads ,caes> & ,tacitus 9 succession1   
,h]odotus & ,hom]1 ,?ucydides &         
,ari/otle4 ,see :at is impli$ 9 hav+    
read ,hom] intellig5tly ?r\gh1 or       
,?ucydides or ,demo/h5es2 :at light w h 
be5 %$ on ! ess5ce & laws ( human       
exi/5ce1 on political society1 on !     
relations ( man to man1 on human nature 
itself4 ,!re are v>i\s conceivable ways 

( c\nt]-argu+ ^! ass]tions1 b ! %orte/  
is to call = ! facts--! results ^u ! _m 
?\s&s t h pass$ ?r\gh _! t5 ye>s (      
classical drill4 ,pr(essor ,campbell (  
,/4 ,&rews1 once rem>k$1 ) ref]5ce to ! 
value ( ,greek 9 p>ticul>1 t ! "q w\ld h
 to be ultimately decid$ by ! inn]      
consci\sness ( ^? t h und]gone ! /udy4  
,to ?is we are entitl$ to add1 _! p[]s z
 manife/$ to ! _w1 ( :i* p[]s spectators
 c be ! judges4 ,:51 ) a few brilliant  
exceptions1 we discov] no?+ at all      
rem>kable 9 ! m5 t h be5 subject$ to !  
classical tra9+1 we may consid] x z     
almo/ a wa/e ( "t to analyse !          
gr&iloqu5t ass]tions ( ,mr4 ,bonamy     
,price4 ,b if we 7 to analyse !m1 we    
%\ld f9d t boys nev] read ,caes> &      
,tacitus ?r\gh 9 succession2 /ill less  
,?ucydides ,demo/h5es1 & ,ari/otle2 t v 
few m5 read & und]/& ^! writ]s2 t !     
%orte/ way to come into contact )       
,ari/otle is to avoid 8 ,greek altoge!r1
 & take 8 expositors & translators 9 !  
mod]n languages4  ,! pr(essor is n      

ins5sible to ! reproa* t ! vaunt$       
classical education has be5 a failure1 z
 comp>$ ) ^! spl5did promises4 ,he says1
 h[ev]1 t ?\gh _m h fail$ to become     
classical s*ol>s 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 x
 does n foll[ t !y h ga9$ no?+ f _! /udy
 ( ,greek & ,lat92 j ! contr>y is !     
tru?4 ,! contr>y mu/ mean t !y h ga9$   
some?+2 :i* some?+ is /at$ to be ! ext5t
 to :i* ! faculties ( ! boy h be5       
develop$1 ! quantity ( impalpable b n   
less real atta9m5ts he has a*iev$1 & 8  
g5]al read9ess = life1 & = action z a   
man4 ,b x is becom+ m & m difficult to  
induce p to sp5d a long c\rse ( y\?ful  
ye>s ^u a confess$ly impalpable result4 
,we might give up a few mon?s to a      
speculative & d\btful good1 b we ne$    
palpable consequ5ces to %[ = our ye>s   
sp5t on classics4 ,next comes !         
admission t ! tea*+ is (t5 bad4 ,b :y   
%\ld ! tea*+ be s bad1 & :at is ! hope (
 mak+ x bett]8 ,!n we are told t sci5ce 
by itself leaves ! l>ge/ & mo/ important
 portion ( ! y\?s' nature absolutely    

undevelop$4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is n  
propos$ to r$uce ! s*ool & college      
curriculum to sci5ce alone2 &1 9 ! next 
place1 :o c say :at are ! impalpable    
results ( sci5ce8  ,,wor? ,,( ,,!       
,,classical ,,writ]s4  ,! second bran* (
 ! argum5t relates to ! greatness ( !   
classical writ]s4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,greek & 
,roman worlds produc$ "s v great writ]s1
 & a good _m n great4 ,b ! greatness (  
,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,demo/h5es1      
,plato1 & ,ari/otle c be exhibit$ 9 a   
mod]n r5d]+2 :ile no small portion ( !  
poetical excell5ce ( ,hom] & !          
,dramati/s c be made app>5t )\t toil+ at
 ! orig9al tongues4 ,! value ( !        
languages !n resolves itself1 z has be5 
(t5 rem>k$1 into a residuum4 ,some?+    
also is to be said = ! greatness ( !    
writ]s t h writt5 9 mod]n times4 ,sir   
,john ,h]s*el rem>k$ long ago t ! human 
intellect _c h deg5]at$1 s long z we are
 able to quote ,newton1 ,lagrange &     
,laplace1 aga9/ ,ari/otle & ,ar*im$es4  
,i w\ld n und]take to say t any mod]n   

m9d has equall$ ,ari/otle 9 ! range ( 8 
intellectual p[]s2 b 9 po9t ( int5sity (
 grasp 9 any "o subject1 he has _m      
rivals2 s t to obta9 8 equal1 we h only 
to take two or ?ree fir/-rate mod]ns4   
,if a few fanatics are to g on laud+ to 
! skies ! exclusive & transc5d5t        
greatness ( ! classical writ]s1 we %all 
probably be tempt$ to scrut9ize _! m]its
 m sev]ely ?an is usual4 ,_m ?+s c\ld be
 said aga9/ _! suffici5cy z in/ructors 9
 matt]s ( ?\ght2 & _m m aga9/ ! l[ &    
b>b>\s tone ( _! morale--! inhumanity & 
brutality ( bo? _! pr9ciples & _!       
practice4 ,all ?is might no d\bt be v   
easily ov]done1 & w\ld c]ta9ly be s1 if 
und]tak5 9 ! /yle ( ,pr(essor ,price's  
panegyric4  ,! pr(essor's ?ird bran* ( !
 argum5t comes to ! real po9t2 namely1  
:at is !re 9 ,greek & ,lat9 t !re is n 9
 ! mod]n tongues8 ,= "o ?+1 says !      
pr(essor1 !y are dead2 :i* ( c\rse we   
all[4 ,!n1 be+ dead1 !y mu/ be le>nt by 
book & by rule2 !y _c be le>nt by e>4   
,"h1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,blackie w\ld     

diss5t1 & w\ld say t ! great improvem5t 
( tea*+1 on :i* ! salvation ( classical 
/udy n[ hangs1 is to make x a tea*+ by !
 e>4 ,b1 says ,pr(essor ,price3 ,a      
,greek or ,lat9 s5t5ce is a nut ) a     
/rong %ell conceal+ ! k]nel--a puzzle1  
dem&+ reflection1 adaptation ( means to 
end1 & lab\r = its solution1 & !        
educational value resides 9 ! %ell & 9 !
 puzzle4 ,z ?is /ra9 ( rem>k is n new1  
!re is no?+ new to be said 9 answ] to x4
 ,su* puzzl+ ef=ts are c]ta9ly n ! rule 
9 le>n+ ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,moreov]1 ! v   
same t]ms w\ld describe :at may happ5   
equally (t5 9 read+ difficult au?ors 9  
,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or ,italian4 ,w\ld n !   
pupil f9d puzzles & difficulties 9      
,dante1 or 9 ,goe!8 ,& are !re n _m     
puzzl+ ex]cises 9 deciph]+ ,engli%      
au?ors8 ,besides1 :at is ! great        
objection to sci5ce1 b t x is too puzzl+
 = m9ds t are q compet5t = ! puzzles (  
,greek & ,lat98 ,once m1 ! tea*+ ( any  
language mu/ be v imp]fect1 if x br+s   
ab\t habitually su* situations (        

difficulty z are "h describ$4           
,,argum5ts ,,= ,,classics4  ,! pr(essor 
relapses into a cool] & correct] /ra9 :5
 he rem>ks t ! pupil's m9d is necess>ily
 m delay$ ov] ! expression ( a ?\ght 9 a
 =eign language 7:e!r dead or alive     
matt]s n71 & !re=e rememb]s ! mean+     
bett]4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! desid]at$ re=m (   
tea*+ might come into play4 ,grant$ t ! 
boy left to himself w\ld g m rapidly    
?r\gh ,burke ?an ?r\gh ,?ucydides1 might
 n 8 pace be ret>d$ by a well-direct$   
cross-exam9ation2 ) ?is advantage1 t !  
l5g? ( att5tion might be graduat$       
accord+ to ! importance ( ! subject1 & n
 accord+ to ! accid5tal difficulty ( !  
language8  ,! pr(essor boldly grapples )
 ! alleg$ wa/e ( "t 9 classics1 & urges 
t ! ga9 may be measur$ by ! "t exp5d$1  
:i* is v l begg+ ! "q4  ,"o advantage   
adduc$ "u ?is head des]ves notice4 ,!   
languages be+ dead1 z well z all !      
societies & int]e/s t !y repres5t1 !y d 
n excite ! prejudices & passions ( mod]n
 life4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may ne$ "s          

qualification4 ,grote wrote 8 hi/ory (  
,greece to c\nt]work ! p>ty bias (      
,mit=d4 ,! battles ( despotism1 olig>*y1
 & democracy are to ?is h\r f\ght ov] ! 
dead bodies ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,if !    
pr(essor meant to ins9uate1 t ^? t h    
gone ?r\gh ! classical tra9+ are less   
viol5t z p>tisans1 m dispassionate 9    
political judgm5ts1 ?an ! re/ ( mank9d1 
we c only say t we %\ld n h kn[n ?is f  
our actual exp]i5ce4 ,! discov]y ( "s   
sweet1 oblivi\s1 antidote to p>ty feel+ 
seems1 z f> z we c judge1 to be /ill 9 !
 future4 ,if we want /udies t w1 :ile !y
 la/1 ?or\ghly div]t ! m9d f !          
prejudices ( p>ty1 sci5ce is ev5 bett]  
?an anci5t hi/ory2 !re are no p>ty cries
 connect$ ) ! ,b9omial ,!orem4  ,!      
pr(essor's la/ bran* ( argum5t1 ,i am   
oblig$1 ) all def]5ce1 to say1 conta9s  
no argum5t at all4 ,x is t1 9 classical 
education1 a close contact is e/abli%$  
betwe5 ! m9d ( ! boy & ! m9d ( ! ma/]4  
,he does n ev5 attempt to %[ h[ ! effect
 is peculi> to classical tea*+4 ,! :ole 

( ?is "p ( ! pap] is1 9 fact1 address$1 
by way ( remon/rance1 to ! writ]'s own  
fri5ds1 ! classical tea*]s4 ,he         
reproa*es !m = _! ineffici5cy1 = _! n   
be+ ,arnolds4 ,x is n my bus9ess to     
int]f]e betwe5 him & !m 9 ?is matt]4 ,s 
mu* /ress does he lay ^u ! tea*]'s "p 9 
! "w1 t ,i almo/ expect$ ! admission--t 
a good tea*] 9 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 natural 
hi/ory1 political economy1 might ev5 be 
pref]able to a bad tea*] ( ,lat9 &      
,greek4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,,canon ,,liddon',s        
,,argum5t4  ,! rec5t ,ox=d conte/ has   
br\ght out ! em95t oratorical p[]s (    
,canon ,liddon2 & we h "s curiosity 9   
not+ 8 contributions to ! classical     
side4 ,i ref] to 8 lett]s 9 ! ,times4 ,!
 gi/ ( 8 advocacy ( ,greek is conta9$ 9 
! foll[+ allegations4 ,fir/1 ! pres5t   
sy/em enables a man to recur ) pr(it &  
advantage to ,greek lit]ature4 ,to ?is1 
x has be5 (t5 repli$1 t by f> ! great]  
numb] are too little famili>iz$ ) !     
classical languages1 & especially       

,greek1 to make ! lit]ature easy read+4 
,b f>!r1 ! recurr+ to ! /udy ( anci5t   
au?ors by busy pr(essional m5 9 ! pres5t
 day1 is an ev5t ( su* extreme r>ity t x
 _c be tak5 into acc\nt 9 any "q (      
public policy4 ,! second rem>k is1 t !  
half-k ( ! ord9>y graduate is a l9k     
betwe5 ! total blank ( ! out] _w1 & !   
?or\gh k ( ! accompli%$ classic4 ,i am n
 mu* /ruck by ! =ce ( ?is argum5t4 ,i   
?9k t ! classical s*ol>1 might1 by      
expositions1 comm5t>ies1 & translations1
 address ! out] _w equally well1 )\t !  
int]v5+ mass ( imp]fect s*ol>s4 ,la/ly1 
! ,canon puts 9 a claim = 8 own clo?4 ,!
 k ( ,greek paves ! way = s]i\s m5 to   
ent] ! m9i/ry 9 middle life4 ,argum5t   
w\ld be ?r[n away ^u any "o t c\ld = a  
mom5t ent]ta9 ?is z a suffici5t reason =
 compell+ e graduate 9 ,arts to /udy    
,greek4 ,! obs]vation t ,i w\ld make ^u 
x has a wid] be>+4 ,middle life is n too
 late = le>n+ any language t we sudd5ly 
discov] to be a want2 ! /imulus (       
necessity or ( /rong int]e/1 & ! wid]   

compass ( g5]al k1 comp5sate = !        
dim9ution ( v]bal memory4  ,,footnotes3 
,footnote #g3 ,,contempor>y ,,review1   
,augu/1 #ahgi4 ,a few mon?s previ\sly1  
!re 7 pr9t$1 9 ! ,review1 pap]s on !    
,classical "q1 by ,pr(essors ,blackie & 
,bonamy ,price2 bo? ( :i* are "h allud$ 
to & quot$1 s f> z ei!r is controv]t$ or
 concurr$ )4  ,footnote #h3 ,!          
academical e/abli%m5ts ( "s p>ts (      
,europe are n )\t _! use to ! hi/orian (
 ! human m9d4 ,immovably moor$ to ! same
 /ation by ! /r5g? ( _! cables & !      
weight ( _! an*ors1 !y enable him to    
measure ! rapidity ( ! curr5t by :i* !  
re/ ( ! _w is borne along4  ,footnote   
#i3 ,if ! two ,lit]atures 7 /udi$1 z !y 
might be1 by means ( expositions &      
translations1 ! ,greek w\ld be fir/ z a 
til+ ( c\rse4 ,hi/orians ( ! ,lat9      
au?ors are oblig$ to trace _! subject1 9
 e dep>tm5t1 to ! correspond+ au?ors 9  
,greece4  ,footnote #aj3 ,no d\bt !     
classical languages w\ld h be5 requir$1 
to "s ext5t1 9 matriculat+ to ent]      

college4 ,?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 z      
reg>d$ ! /ud5ts t *ose ! mod]n          
languages1 w\ld h be5 f\nd too burd5some
 by our ,iri% fri5ds1 &1 on _! express+ 
!mselves to t effect1 w\ld h be5 soon   
disp5s$ )4  ,footnote #aa3 ,"o possible 
consequ5ce ( a ,natural ,sci5ce ,degree 
might h be51 t ! public w\ld h turn$ to 
x ) fav\r1 :ile ! old "o sank into      
discr$it4          99       99       99 
99       99   ,v4  ,,metaphysics ,,&    
,,debat+ ,,societies4#ab   ,by          
,metaphysical ,/udy1 or ,metaphysics1 ,i
 "h mean--:at seems int5d$ by !         
designation 9 its curr5t employm5t at   
pres5t--! circle ( ! m5tal or subjective
 sci5ces4 ,! c5tral dep>tm5t ( ! field  
is ,,psy*ology1 & ! adjunct to psy*ology
 is ,,logic1 :i* has its f\ndations     
p>tly 9 psy*ology1 b /ill m 9 ! sci5ces 
altoge!r1 ^: proc$ure x ga!rs up &      
=mulates4 ,! outly+ & dep5d5t bran*es   
are3 ! n>r[] metaphysics or ,ontology1  
,e?ics1 ,sociology1 toge!r ) ,art or    
,ae/hetics4 ,!re are o!r appli$ sci5ces 

( ! dep>tm5t1 z ,education & ,philology4
  ,! bran*es mo/ usually look$ ^u z !   
cognate or alli$ /udies ( ! subjective  
dep>tm5t ( human k are1 ,psy*ology1     
,logic1 ,ontology1 ,e?ics4 ,! debates 9 
a society l ! pres5t w g5]ally be f\nd  
to revolve 9 ! orbit ?us *alk$ out4 ,x  
is ! sph]e ( ! mo/ animat$ controv]sies1
 & ! wide/ discordance ( view4 ,!       
additional bran* mo/ ne>ly connect$ ) ! 
gr\p is ,sociology1 :i* "u t "n1 & "u ! 
old] title1 ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 has
 op5$ up a new s]ies ( problems1 ( ! k9d
 to divide op9ions & provoke debate4 ,a 
quiet] int]e/ atta*es to ,ae/hetics1    
al?\gh ! subject is a n unfruitful      
application & te/ ( psy*ological laws4  
,my rem>ks w embrace1 fir/1 ! aims1 real
 & factiti\s1 9 ! /udy ( ?is gr\p (     
sci5ces2 & next1 ! polemic conduct ( su*
 /udy1 or ! utility & managem5t ( debat+
 societies1 in/itut$ 9 connection !re)4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,psy*ology ,,& ,,logic ,,fundam5tal4   
,! two sci5ces--,,psy*ology &           

,,logic--,i consid] ! fundam5tal &      
k-giv+ dep>tm5ts4 ,! o!rs are !         
applications ( ^! to ! m /irr+ que/ions 
( human life4 ,n[1 ! successful         
cultivation ( ! field requires y to give
 at lea/ z mu* att5tion to ! root       
sci5ces z y give to ! bran* sci5ces4 ,t 
is to say1 psy*ology1 9 its pure & prop]
 "*1 & logic1 9 its sy/ematic array1    
%\ld be kept be=e ! view1 concurr5tly ) 
ontology1 e?ics1 & sociology4 ,essays & 
debates t5d+ to cle> up & exp\nd        
sy/ematic psy*ology & sy/ematic logic   
%\ld make a full half ( ! society's "w4 
,does any "o feel a d\bt ^u ! po9t1 z s 
/at$8 ,if s1 x w be ^u him to %[ t      
,psy*ology1 9 its me?odical pursuit1 is 
a ne$less & sup]flu\s employm5t ( /r5g?2
 t ! problems ( e?ics1 ontology1 c41 c  
be solv$ )\t x--a h>d task inde$1 s long
 z !y are unsolv$ 9 any way4 ,i h no    
space = indulg+ 9 a diss]tation on !    
value ( me?odical /udy & arrangem5t 9 ! 
ext5sion ( our k1 z oppos$ to !         
promiscu\s m+l+ ( diff]5t k9ds ( facts1 

:i* is (t5 requir$ 9 practice1 b        
repugnant to ! increase ( k4 ,if y want 
to improve our acqua9tance ) ! s5se (   
t\*1 y accumulate & me?odize all !      
exp]i5ces relat+ to t\*2 y comp>e !m1   
see :e!r !y are consi/5t or inconsi/5t1 
select ! good1 reject ! bad1 improve !  
/atem5t ( "o by light borr[$ f ! o!rs2 y
 m>k desid]ata1 exp]im5ts to be tri$1 or
 obs]vations to be s\ght4 ,all t "t1 y  
refra9 f w&]+ into o!r sph]es ( m5tal   
ph5om5a4 ,y make use ( comp>ison ) ! re/
 ( ! s5ses1 x may be1 b y keep /rictly  
to ! po9ts ( analogy1 :]e mutual lights 
are to be _h4 ,?is is ! culture ( k z   
su*1 & is ! be/1 ! ess5tial1 prep>ation 
= practical que/ions involv+ ! p>ticul> 
subject along ) o!rs4  ,to take an      
example f ! "q ( ! ,w4 ,i d n object3 to
 ! deta*+ & isolat+ ( ! problem (       
free-w1 z a matt] = discussion & debate2
 b ,i ?9k t x c be h&l$ to equal1 if n  
great] advantage1 9 ! sy/ematic         
psy*ology ( volunt>y p[]4 ,^? t h nev]  
tri$ x 9 ?is la/ =m h n obta9$ ! be/    

vantage-gr\nd = ov]com+ ! inevitable    
subtleties t inve/ x4  ,! great problem 
( ,ext]nal ,p]ception has a psy*ological
 place1 :]e its difficulties are v mu*  
att5uat$1 to say ! lea/ ( x2 &1 h[ev]   
conv5i5t x may be to treat x z a deta*$ 
problem1 we %\ld c>ry ) u into !        
discussion all ! lights t we obta9 :ile 
reg>d+ x z x /&s among ! intellectual   
p[]s4  ,x is 9 sy/ematic ,psy*ology t we
 are mo/ free to att5d to ! def9+ ( t]ms
 7)\t :i* a pr(ess$ sci5ce is m]e       
moon%9e71 to ! =mulat+ ( axioms &       
g5]alities1 to ! concat5at+ & tak+ /ock 
( all ! exi/+ k1 & to ! apprais+ ( x at 
its real value4 ,if ^! ?+s are neglect$1
 !re is no?+ t ,i see to con/itute a    
psy*ology at all4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,,discussions ,,9 
,,logic ,,prop]4  ,z to ! o!r fundam5tal
 sci5ce1 ,,logic1 ! same rem>ks may be  
repeat$4 ,( debat$ que/ions1 a c]ta9    
numb] p]ta9 prop]ly to logic2 yet mo/ ( 
^! relate to logic at its po9ts (       
contact ) psy*ology4 ,s9ce we h got out 

( ! n>r[ r\nd ( ! ,ari/otelian          
syllogism1 we h agre$ to call logic ars 
artium1 or1 bett] /ill1 sci5tia         
sci5ti>um1 ! sci5ce t deals ) ! sci5ces 
altoge!r--bo? object sci5ces & subject  
sci5ces4 ,n[ ?is ,i take to be a /udy q 
ap>t f psy*ology 9 p>ticul>1 al?\gh1 z  
,i h said1 t\*+ x at sev]al po9ts4 ,x   
reviews all sci5ce & all k1 z to its    
/ructure1 me?od1 arrangem5t1            
classification1 probation1 enl>gem5t4 ,x
 deals 9 g5]alities ! mo/ g5]al ( any4  
,by tak+ up :at belongs to all k1 x     
seems to rise above ! matt] ( k to !    
region ( pure =m2 x dem&s1 !re=e1 a     
peculi> subtlety ( h&l+1 & may easily l&
 u1 z we are all aw>e1 9 knotty que/ions
 & quagmires4  ,n[ :at ,i h to repeat 9 
?is connection is1 t y %\ld1 9 y\r      
debates1 ov]haul portions or *apt]s (   
sy/ematic logic1 ) a view to pres5t !   
difficulties 9 _! natural position 9 !  
subject4 ,y might1 = example1 take up ! 
"q z to ! ,prov9ce ( logic1 ) its       
divisions1 p>ts1 & ord]--all :i* admit (

 _m v>i\s views--& br+ =w>d ! vex$      
controv]sies "u lights fav\rable to _!  
resolution4 ,reg>d+ logic z an aid to ! 
faculties 9 tackl+ :atev] is ab/ruse1 y 
%\ld endeav\r to cultivate & enhance its
 p[]s1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 by detail$       
exposition & criticism ( all its canons 
& prescriptions4 ,! dep>tm5t (          
,classification is a good in/ance2 a    
region full ( delicate subtleties z well
 z bread-&-butt] applications4  ,x is 9 
?is la/ view ( logic t we c canvass     
philosophical sy/ems ^u ! gr\nd ( _!    
me?od or proc$ure alone4 ,look+ at !    
abs5ce1 9 any giv5 sy/em1 ( ! arts &    
precautions t are indisp5sable to !     
e/abli%m5t ( tru? 9 ! special case1 we  
may pron\nce aga9/ x1  priori2 we "k t  
su* a sy/em c be true only by accid5t1  
or else by miracle4 ,we may reasonably  
dem& ( a sy/em-build]--,is he 9 ! n>r[  
way t leade? to tru?1 or 9 ! broad way t
 leade? some:]e else8  ,i h said t ,i   
consid] ! connection betwe5 ,logic &    
,psy*ology to be b sl5d]1 al?\gh n      

unimportant4 ,! am\nt & nature ( ?is    
connection w\ld rew>d a c>eful          
consid]ation4 ,!re w\ld be consid]able  
difficulty 9 see+ any connection at all 
betwe5 ! ,ari/otelian ,syllogism &      
psy*ology1 b = ! high-s\nd+ designations
 app5d$ to ! notion & !                 
proposition--simple appreh5sion &       
judgm5t--( :i* ,i fail to discov] !     
propriety or relevance4 ,i "k t ,grote  
gave a v pr(\nd turn to ! employm5t ( ! 
t]m judgm5t by ,ari/otle1 z be+ a       
recognition ( ! relativity ( k to !     
affirm+ m9d4 ,i am n to say1 absolutely1
 ,ice is cold2 ,i am to say t1 to ! be/ 
( my judgm5t or belief1 or 9 s f> z ,i  
am conc]n$1 ice is cold4 ,?is1 h[ev]1   
has little to d ) ! logic ( ! syllogism1
 & n mu* ) any logic4 ,s1 :5 we speak ( 
a notion1 we mu/ und]/& x z appreh5d$ by
 "s m9d2 b = ne>ly all purposes1 ?is is 
assum$ tacitly2 x ne$ n appe> 9 a =mal  
designation1 :i*1 n be+ want$1 is       
calculat$ to mislead4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,,appli$ 

,,or ,,d]ivative ,,sci5ces4  ,) ^!      
rem>ks on ! two fundam5tal sci5ces ( our
 gr\p1 ,i n[ turn to ! appli$ or        
d]ivative sci5ces1 :]e9 ! great         
controv]sies /& out mo/ conspicu\s1 :i*1
 9 fact1 exi/ = ! purpose (             
cont5tion--,ontology & ,e?ics4 ,^!      
bran*es 7 9 reque/ long be=e ! "m       
sci5ces--psy*ology & logic--came into   
be+ at all4 ,!y _h occupi$ _! *ief      
positions )\t consult+ ! o!rs1 p>tly    
because ^! 7 n !re to consult1 & p>tly  
because !y 7 n incl9$ to consult any    
extrane\s au?ority4 ,by ,ontology we may
 designate ! /&+ controv]sies ( !       
intellectual p[]s--p]ception1 innate    
ideas1 nom9alism v]sus realism1 & n\m5on
 v]sus ph5om5on4 ,i am n go+ to pron\nce
 ^u ^! que/ions2 ,i h already recomm5d$ 
! alt]native mode ( approa*+ !m "u      
sy/ematic psy*ology & logic2 & ,i w n[  
reg>d !m z con/itu5ts ( ! f\rfold       
enum]ation ( ! metaphysical sci5ces4  ,!
 ,g]mans may be cr$it$ = tea*+ u1 or    
try+ to tea* u1 to di/+ui% bread & butt]

 f :at passes beyond1 transc5ds bread & 
butt]4 ,) !m ! di/9ction is ?or\ghly    
+ra9$1 & comes to h& at a mom5t's       
notice4 ,if ,i am to review 9 detail :at
 may be consid]$ ! practical or appli$  
dep>tm5ts ( logic & psy*ology1 ,i am 9  
dang] ( tr5*+ on _! bread-&-butt]       
region4 ,be=e desc5d+1 !re=e1 into !    
l>d]1 let u fir/ sp5d a few seconds 9   
consid]+ psy*ology z ! pursuit ( tru? 9 
all t relates to our m5tal con/itution4 
,if difficulty be a /imulus to ! human  
ex]tions1 x may be f\nd "h4 ,to asc]ta91
 fix1 & embody ! precise tru? 9 reg>d to
 ! facts ( ! m9d is ab\t z h>d an       
und]tak+ z c\ld be prescrib$ to a man4  
,b ?is is ano!r way ( say+ t psy*ology  
is n a v advanc$ sci5ce2 is n well /or$ 
) cle> & c]ta9 doctr9es2 & is unable1   
!re=e1 to conf] any v great precision on
 its dep5d5t bran*es1 :e!r purely       
speculative or practical4 ,9 a ^w1 !    
greate/ mode/y or humility is !         
deportm5t mo/ becom+ to all t engage 9  
?is field ( lab\r1 ev5 :5 do+ _! be/2   

:ile ! same virtues 9 ev5 great] measure
 are due f ^? engag+ 9 x )\t do+ _! be/4
  ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! highe/  
evid5ce & safegu>d ( tru? is            
application4 ,9 e o!r sci5ce1 ! utility 
te/ is f9al4 ,! great p>5t              
sci5ces--ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1   
physiology--h ea* a ho/ ( filial        
dep5d5ts1 9 close contact ) ! supply (  
human wants2 & ! success ( !            
applications is ! te/imony to ! tru? ( !
 sci5ces appli$4 ,?us1 al?\gh we may n  
n>r[ ! sph]e ( tru? to bread & butt]1   
yet we h no sur] te/ ( ! tru? itself4   
,our trade requires navigation1 &       
navigation v]ifies a/ronomy2 &1 b =     
navigation1 we may be pretty confid5t t 
a/ronomy w\ld n[ h v little accuracy to 
boa/ (4  ,to come !n to ! practical     
be>+s or outgo+s ( psy*ology1 assi/$ by 
logic4 ,my cont5tion is t ! p>5t sci5ces
 & ! filial sci5ces %\ld be c>ri$ on    
toge!r2 t !ses %\ld be extract$ by turns
 f all2 t ! lights ?us obta9$ w\ld be   
mutual4 ,i w support ! position by a    

review ( ! subjects ?us drawn into !    
metaphysical field4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,,problems ,,(    
,,education4  ,=emo/ among ^! appli$    
sci5ces ,i w\ld place ,,education1 !    
subject ( ! day4 ,! priority ( m5tion is
 due n s mu* to its special or pre-em95t
 importance1 z to its be+ ! mo/ feasible
 & hopeful ( ! practical applications ( 
conjo9$ psy*ology & logic4 ,i say ?is1  
h[ev]1 ) a m express eye to intellectual
 education4 ,i deem x q possible to     
frame a practical1 sci5ce applicable to 
! tra9+ ( ! intellect t %all be precise 
& def9ite 9 a v consid]able measure4 ,! 
elem5ts t make up our intellectual      
furniture c be /at$ ) cle>ness2 ! laws (
 intellectual gr[? or acquisition are   
almo/ ! be/ asc]ta9$ g5]alities ( !     
human m9d2 ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ /udies c
 be analyz$ into _! compon5ts1 p>tly by 
psy*ology & p>tly by ! high] logic4 ,9 a
 ^w1 if we _c make a sci5ce ( education1
 z f> z ,intellect is conc]n$1 we may   
ab&on metaphysical /udy altoge!r4  ,i d 

n speak ) ! same confid5ce z to moral   
education4 ,!re has long be5 9 exi/5ce a
 respectable rule-(-?umb practice 9 ?is 
region1 ! result ( a suffici5tly wide   
exp]i5ce4 ,!re are c]ta9 psy*ological   
laws1 especially ^? relat+ to ! =mation 
( moral habits1 t h a consid]able value2
 b to frame a !ory ( moral education1 on
 a level 9 a po9t ( def9it5ess ) !      
possible !ory ( intellectual education1 
is a task t ,i %\ld n l to h impos$ ^u  
me4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 two problems are    
jo9$ 9 "o1 to ! confusion ( bo?4 ,!re is
 fir/ ! va/ "q ( moral control1 :i*     
/ret*es f> & wide ov] _m fields1 & w\ld 
h to be track$ ) imm5se lab\r3 x belongs
 to ! arts ( gov]nm5t2 x comes "u moral 
suasion1 z ex]cis$ by ! prea*] & orator2
 x ev5 implicates ! tact ( diplomacy4 ,i
 d n reg>d ?is z a prop]ly educational  
"q 7al?\gh x ref]s to an art t e tea*]  
mu/ try to ma/]72 t is to say1 its      
solution is n connect$ ) education      
processes /rictly s call$4 ,! second    
problem ( moral education is ! "o really

 )9 ! scope ( ! subject--! problem (    
fix+ moral b5ts or habits1 :5 ! "r      
conduct is once initiat$4 ,on ?is head1 
"s sci5tific insight is atta9able2 &    
sugge/ions ( solid value may 9 "t       
accrue1 al?\gh !re nev] c be ! precision
 atta9able 9 ! intellectual region4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,i w next adv]t to ! appli$ sci5ce (    
,art or ,ae/hetics1 long a b>r5 gr\nd1 s
 f> z sci5tific h&l+ 0 conc]n$1 b n[ a  
l& ( promise4 ,! old !sis1 ,:at is      
,beauty8 a good debat+ society topic1   
is1 ,i hope1 pa/ cont5d+ ab\t4 ,! num]\s
 influ5ces t concur 9 works ( art1 or 9 
natural beauty1 pres5t a f9e op5+ =     
delicate analysis2 at ! same "t1 !y     
implicate ! vague/ & lea/ advanc$       
portion ( psy*ology--! ,emotions4 ,!    
,g]man philosoph]s h usually rank$      
ae/hetics z "o ( ! subjective sci5ces2  
b1 x is only ( late t ! dep>tm5t has    
tak5 %ape 9 _! c\ntry4 ,less+ gave a    
great impulse to lit]>y art1 & orig9at$ 
a numb] ( pregnant sugge/ions2 & !      

,g]man love ( music has necess>ily l$ to
 !ories z well z to compositions4 ,we   
are n[ 9 ! way to t consummation (      
ae/hetics :i* may be describ$ z conta9+ 
7#a7 a ref]5ce to psy*ology z ! "m      
sci5ce1 7#b7 a classification1          
comp>ison1 & contra/ ( ! f9e arts       
!mselves1 & 7#c7 an induction ( !       
pr9ciples ( art composition f ! be/     
examples4 ,any?+ l a ?or\gh sift+ (     
f9e-art que/ions w\ld /ra9 psy*ology at 
e po9t--s5ses1 emotions1 intellect2 &1  
if criticism is to g deep1 x mu/ gr\nd  
^u psy*ological reasons4 ,n[ ! m]e arti/
 c nev] be a psy*ologi/2 ! art critic   
may1 b seldom w2 h5ce1 z !y w n come ov]
 to u1 "s ( u mu/ g ov] to !m4 ,! ,art  
discussion ( ! greate/ f\nta9s ( human  
feel+--love & ang]--w\ld react )        
advantage ^u ! v difficult psy*ology (  
^! emotions1 s long ! sport (           
sup]ficiality4  ,,ae/hetics3 ,,h$onics4 
,b ,i hold t ae/hetics is b a corn] ( a 
l>g] field t is seldom ev5 nam$ among ! 
sci5ces ( m9d2 ,i mean human happ9ess z 

a :ole1 eudaemonics1 or h$onics1 or     
:atev] y please to call x4 ,t ! subject 
is neglect$1 ,i d n affirm2 b x is n    
cultivat$ 9 ! prop] place1 or 9 ! prop] 
light-giv+ connection--t is to say1 "u !
 psy*ology ( ! human feel+s4 ,x %\ld h  
at once a close ref]5ce to psy*ology1 & 
an indep5d5t con/ruction2 :ile ei!r 9   
compreh5d+ ae/hetics1 or 9 ly+ side by  
side ) t1 x w\ld give & receive         
illum9ation4 ,! rese>*es n[ mak+ into ! 
laws & limits ( human s5sibility1 if !y 
h any value1 ought to lead to ! economy 
( pleasure & ! abatem5t ( pa94 ,!       
analysis ( s5sation & ( emotion po9ts to
 ?is end4 ,:oev] raises any "q z to     
human happ9ess %\ld ref] x1 9 ! fir/    
in/ance1 to psy*ology2 9 ! next1 to "s  
g5]al s*eme t w\ld answ] = a sci5ce (   
happ9ess2 &1 ?irdly1 to an induction ( !
 facts ( human exp]i5ce2 ! ?ree di/9ct  
appeals correct+ "o ano!r4 ,if psy*ology
 c contribute no?+ to ! po9t1 x         
confesses to a desid]atum = future      
inquir]s4  ,,h$onics ,,sep>ate ,,f      

,,e?ics4  ,i am n at all satisfi$ ) !   
c\pl+ ( happ9ess ) e?ics1 z is usually  
done4 ,e?ics is ! sph]e ( duty2 happ9ess
 is m5tion$ only to be repress$ &       
disc\rag$4 ,?is is n ! situation =      
unfold+ all ! blossoms ( human delight1 
nor = /udy+ to allay e ris+ uneas9ess4  
,he w\ld be a r>e e?ical philosoph] t   
w\ld p]mit full scope to su* an op]ation
 )9 8 gr\nds2 nei!r ,epicurus nor ,b5?am
 c\ld come up to ?is m>k4 ,b ev5 if ! ?+
 7 p]mitt$1 ! lights are n !re2 x is    
only by comb9+ ! p>5t psy*ology & !     
h$onic d]ivative1 t ! "w c be done4 ,x  
is nei!r disrespect nor disadvantage to 
duty1 t x is n m5tion$ 9 ! dep>tm5t     
until ! v end4 ,to cultivate happ9ess is
 n selfi%ness or vice1 unless y conf9e x
 to self2 & ! m]e act ( inquir+ does n s
 conf9e x4 ,if y are 9 o!r respects a   
selfi% man1 y w apply y\r k = y\r own   
sole beho(2 if y are n selfi%1 y w apply
 x = ! good ( y\r fell[s also1 :i* is   
ano!r "n = virtue4  ,b ! ob/acles to a  
sci5ce ( happ9ess are n solely clue to !

 gaps & defici5cies 9 our psy*ological  
k2 !y are equally ow+ to ! prevail+     
t]rorism 9 fav\r ( self-d5ial at all    
h&s4 ,_m ( ! maxims z to happ9ess w\ld n
 /& exam9ation if p felt !mselves free  
to discuss !m4 ,y mu/ "w y\rselves into 
a f]v\r ( revolt & defiance1 be=e y call
 9 "q ,paley's decl>ation t happ9ess is 
equally di/ribut$ among all ord]s ( !   
community4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i %\ld wond] 
mo/ at ! *e]ful temp]am5t or ! complac5t
 optimism ( ,adam ,smi?1 :5 he asks1    
,:at c be add$ to ! happ9ess ( ! man :o 
is 9 heal?1 :o is out ( debt1 & has a   
cle> consci5ce8#ac ,:5 ! greate/        
philosoph]s talk ?us1 :at is to be      
expect$ f ! unphilosophic mob8 ,!       
dep5d5ce ( heal? on activity is always  
kept v loose1 x may be = ! conv5i5ce (  
%utt+ our m\?s aga9/ compla9ts ( be+    
ov]work$4 ,to r5d] ?is dep5d5ce precise 
is a matt] ( pure psy*ology4         99 
99       99       99       99           
,,sociology4  ,be=e com+ to ,e?ics ,i   
mu/1 z a prep>ation1 view ano!r         

d]ivative bran* ( psy*ology1 ! old      
subject ( politics & society1 "u its new
 "n1 ,,sociology4 ,x is obvi\s t all    
t]ms us$ 9 describ+ social facts & _!   
g5]alities are t]ms ( m9d3 comm& &      
ob$i5ce1 law & "r1 ord] & progress1 are 
notions made up ( human feel+s1         
purposes1 & ?\ghts4  ,sociology is      
usually /udi$ 9 its own special field1 &
 n[h]e else2 t is to say1 ! sociologi/  
employs himself 9 obs]v+ & comp>+ !     
op]ations ( societies "u all v>ieties ( 
circum/ances1 & 9 all hi/oric ages4 ,!  
field is ess5tially human nature1 & !   
laws arriv$ at are laws ( human nature4 
,a consummate sociologi/ is n (t5 to be 
f\nd2 ! really great !ori/s 9 society   
c\ld be c\nt$ on "o's f+]s4 ,"s ( !m h  
be5 psy*ologi/s z well2 ,i ne$ m5tion   
only ,ari/otle1 ,hobbes1 ,locke1 ,hume1 
! ,mills4 ,o!rs z ,vico1 ,montesquieu1  
,mill>1 ,condorcet1 ,augu/e ,comte1 ,de 
,tocqueville1 h n indep5d5tly /udi$ !   
m9d on ! broad psy*ological basis4 ,n[ !
 be>+s on sociology ( a pure            

psy*ological prep>ation c be conv9c+ly  
%[n4 ,! laws ( society1 if n ! m]e/     
empiricisms1 are d]ivative laws ( ! m9d2
 h5ce a !ori/ _c be tru/$ ) ! h&l+ ( a  
d]ivative law1 unless he kn[s1 z well z 
c be kn[n1 ! simple or con/itu5t laws4  
,all ! elem5ts ( human "* crop up 9 m5's
 social relations2 9 ! =egr\nd are _!   
self-int]e/ or s5se ( self-pres]vation1 
toge!r ) _! social & anti-social        
prompt+s2 a little f>!r back are _!     
active en]gy1 _! intellig5ce1 _! arti/ic
 feel+s1 & _! religi\s susceptibilities4
 ,n[ all ^! %\ld be broadly exam9$ z    
elem5ts ( ! m9d1 )\t an imm$iate ref]5ce
 to ! political ma*9e4 ,( c\rse1 !      
social feel+s ne$ a social situation1 & 
_c be /udi$ )\t t2 b !re are _m social  
situations t give scope = exam9+ !m1    
besides :at is contemplat$ 9 political  
society2 & ! psy*ologi/ prop] ought to  
avail himself ( all ! opportunities (   
r5d]+ ! /atem5t ( ^! v>i\s elem5ts      
precise4 ,= ?is purpose1 8 *ief aim is !
 ultimate analysis ( ! v>i\s faculties &

 feel+s4 ,?is analysis nobody b himself 
c>es to in/itute2 & yet a k ( ! ultimate
 con/itution ( an emotional t5d5cy is "o
 ( ! be/ aids 9 appreciat+ its mode (   
work+4 ,)\t a good prelim9>y analysis ( 
! social & anti-social emotions1 =      
example1 y are almo/ sure to be c\nt+ ! 
same ?+ twice ov]1 or else conf\nd+ two 
diff]5t facts "u "o designation4 ,on !  
"o h&1 ! precise relation%ip ( ! /ates  
nam$ love1 sympa?y1 dis9t]e/$ness2 &1 on
 ! o!r h&1 ! common basis ( dom9ation1  
res5tm5t1 pride1 egotism1--%\ld be      
di/9ctly cle>$ up1 z is possible only 9 
psy*ological /udy /rictly s call$4 ,!   
work+s ( ! religi\s s5tim5t _c be %[n   
sociologically1 )\t a previ\s analysis (
 ! con/itu5t emotions4  ,,sociological  
,,f\ndations ,,( ,,e?ics4  ,an allusion 
s v sl5d] to s va/ a subject z sociology
 w\ld be a wa/e ( words1 b = !          
conviction1 t ?r\gh sociology is ! way  
to ! great field ( ,e?ics4 ,?is is to   
rev]se ! traditional arrangem5t--e?ics1 
politics1 or gov]nm5t--foll[$ ev5 by    

,b5?am4 ,! lights ( e?ics are1 9 ! fir/ 
in/ance1 psy*ological2 its discussions  
presuppose a numb] ( def9itions &       
di/9ctions t are pure psy*ology4 ,b be=e
 ^! h to be adduc$1 ! subject has to be 
set =? z a problem ( sociology4 ,h[ is !
 ,k+'s gov]nm5t to be c>ri$ on8 ,h[ is  
society to be held toge!r8 is ! fir/    
consid]ation2 & ! sociologi/--z         
con/itution-build]1 adm9i/rator1        
judge--is ! p]son to grapple ) !        
problem4 ,x is ) him t law1 obligation1 
"r1 comm&1 ob$i5ce1 sanction1 h _! orig9
 & _! explanation4 ,e?ics is an         
important supplem5t to social or        
political law4 ,b x is /ill a dep>tm5t (
 law4 ,9 any o!r view x is a maze1 a    
my/]y1 a hopeless embroilm5t4  ,t e?ics 
is involv$ 9 society is ( c\rse admitt$2
 :at is n admitt$ is1 t e?ical t]ms %\ld
 be settl$ "u ! social sci5ce 9 ! fir/  
place4 ,i may ref] to ! lead+ t]m law1  
^: mean+ 9 sociology is rem>kably cle>2 
9 e?ics rem>kably ! rev]se4 ,! confusion
 deep5s :5 ! moral faculty is br\ght    

=w>d4 ,9 ! eye ( ! sociologi/1 no?+ c\ld
 be simpl] ?an ! conception ( t "p ( our
 nature t is appeal$ to = secur+        
ob$i5ce4 ,he assumes a c]ta9 ef=t ( !   
intellig5ce = und]/&+ ! signification ( 
a comm& or a law2 &1 = ! motive "p1 he  
c\nts ^u no?+ b volition 9 its mo/      
ord9>y =m--! avoidance ( a pa94         
,intellig5ce & ,w1 9 _! usual &         
recognis$ work+s1 are all t are requir$ 
= social ob$i5ce2 law is conceiv$ &     
fram$ exactly to suit ! e-day & e-h\r   
manife/ations ( ^! p[]s4 ,! lawgiv] does
 n speak ( an ob$i5ce-faculty1 nor ev5 (
 a social-faculty4 ,if !re 7 9 ! m9d a  
p[] unique & ap>t1 hav+ no?+ 9 common ) 
our usual intellig5ce1 & no?+ 9 common )
 our usual w or volition1 t p[] ought to
 be express$ 9 t]ms t exclude ! smalle/ 
p>ticipation ( bo? k & w2 x ought to h a
 =m special to itself1 & n ! =m3--,d    
?is1 & ye %all be made to suff]4  ,i am 
q aw>e t !re are elem5ts 9 e?ics n      
includ$ 9 ! problem ( social ob$i5ce2   
:at ,i cont5d = is1 t ! gr\nd %\ld be   

cle>$ by m>k+ out ! two prov9ces1 z is  
actually done by a v small numb] (      
!ori/s1 ( :om ,john ,au/9 is ab\t ! be/ 
example4  ,! e?ical philosoph]1 f n     
build+ on a =egone sociology1 is oblig$ 
to extemporize1 9 a p>agraph1 ! social  
sy/em2 j z ! physical philosoph] w\ld1  
if he _h no regul>ly con/ruct$ ma!matics
 to fall back ^u1 b _h to /op e n[ & !n 
to enunciate a ma!matical !orem4  ,! "q 
( ! e?ical end %\ld fir/ appe> z ! "q ( 
! sociological end4 ,= :at purpose or   
purposes is society ma9ta9$8 ,all !     
e?ical difficulties are "h met by       
anticipation1 & 9 a =m mu* bett] adapt$ 
to _! solution4 ,x is f ! po9t ( view ( 
! social rul]1 t y le>n res]ve1         
mod]ation1 & sobriety 9 y\r aims2 y le>n
 to ?9k t some?+ mu* less ?an !         
,utopias--univ]sal happ9ess & univ]sal  
virtue--%\ld be prop\nd$2 y f9d t a     
def9ite & limit$ prov9ce c be assign$1  
sep>at+ :at ! social p[] is able to d1  
mu/ d1 & c advantage\sly d1 f :at x is  
unable to d1 ne$ n d1 & _c ) advantage  

d2 & ?is or a simil> dem>cation is      
reproducible 9 e?ics4  ,,precepts ,,(   
,,e?ics ,,ma9ly ,,social4  ,! precepts (
 e?ics are ma9ly ! precepts ( social    
au?ority2 at all ev5ts ! social precepts
 & _! sanctions h ! priority 9 sci5tific
 me?od4 ,"s ( ! highe/ virtues are      
sociological2 patriotic self-sacrifice  
is "o ( ! conditions ( social           
pres]vation4 ,! inculcation ( ?is & ( _m
 o!r virtues w\ld n appe> 9 e?ics at    
all1 or only 9 a supplem5t>y treatm5t1  
if social sci5ce took its prop] sph]e1 &
 fully occupi$ t sph]e4  ,once m4 ,!    
great problem ( moral control1 :i* ,i   
w\ld remove entirely f a sci5ce (       
education1 w\ld be fir/ dealt ) 9       
,sociology4 ,x !re appe>s 9 ! =m ( !    
*oice & gradation ( puni%m5ts1 9 prison 
discipl9e1 & 9 ! re=mation (            
crim9als1--all :i* h be5 made ! subject 
( enlight5$1 n to say sci5tific1        
treatm5t4 ,x is 9 ! be/ exp]i5ce 9 ^?   
subjects t ,i w\ld beg9 to seek = lights
 on ! compreh5sive "q4 ,i w\ld next g to

 diplomacy = ! arts ( delicate address 9
 reconcil+ oppos+ int]e/s2 aft] :i* ,i  
w\ld look to ! managem5t ( p>ties &     
conflict+ int]e/s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,i w\ld    
f>!r inquire h[ armies are discipl9$1 & 
subord9ation comb9$ ) ! en?usiasm t     
leads to noble de$s4  ,!re is an        
abundant field = ! application ( pure   
psy*ology to e?ics1 :5 x takes its own  
prop] gr\nd4 ,! exact psy*ological "* ( 
dis9t]e/$ impulse ne$s to be assign$2 &1
 if t impulse c be fully ref]r$ to !    
sympa!tic or social in/9cts & habits1 ! 
suppos$ moral faculty is f9ally         
evisc]at$ ( its cont5ts = all e?ical    
purposes4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,s f> ,i h exemplifi$ :at  
seems to me real or g5u9e aims &        
applications ( metaphysical /udy4 ,i n[ 
proce$ to ! objects t are m or less     
factiti\s4 ,we are "h on delicate gr\nd1
 & run ! risk ( discr$it+ our pursuit1 z
 reg>ds ! v ?+s t 9 ! eyes ( _m p make  
its value4  ,fir/1 !n1 z psy*ology      
involves all our s5sibilities1          

pleasures1 affections1 aspirations1     
capacities1 x is ?\ght on t gr\nd to h a
 special nobility & greatness1 & a      
special p[] ( evok+ 9 ! /ud5t ! feel+s  
!mselves4 ,! ma!matician1 deal+ ) conic 
sections1 spirals1 & diff]5tial         
equations1 is 9 dang] ( be+ ultimately  
resolv$ into a function or a            
co-effici5t2 ! metaphysician1 by        
inve/igat+ consci5ce1 mu/ become        
consci5ti\s2 driv+ fat ox5 is ! way to  
gr[ fat4  ,,man',s ,,relations ,,to ,,! 
,,inf9ite4  ,b to pass to a f> grav]    
application4 ,x has usually be5 suppos$ 
t metaphysical !ory is m especially ak9 
to ! speculation t m\nts to !           
sup]natural & ! transc5d5tal _w4 ,man's 
relations to ! inf9ite is a frequ5t     
phrase 9 ! m\? ( ! metaphysician4       
,metaphysics is suppos$ to be philosophy
 by way ( em95ce2 & philosophy 9 ! l>ge 
s5se has n m]ely to satisfy ! curiosity 
( ! human m9d1 x has to provide scope = 
its emotions & aspirations2 9 fact1 to  
play ! "p ( !ology4 ,9 times :5 !       

prevail+ or?odox beliefs are %ak51 "s   
s*eme ( philosophy is br\ght =w>d to    
take _! place4 ,if ,i und]/& aright !   
drift ( ! ,g]man metaphysical sy/ems = a
 c5tury back1 !y all m or less propose  
to !mselves to supply ! same spiritual  
wants z religion supplies4 ,9 our own   
c\ntry1 su* ( u z are n "u ,g]man       
influ5ce put ! matt] diff]5tly2 b we    
/ill consid] t we h some?+ to say on !  
highe/ que/ions4 ,we are apt to believe 
t on u m ?an on any o!r class ( ?9k]s1  
does x dep5d :e!r ! prevail+ !ology %all
 be upheld1 impugn$1 or trans=m$4 ,!    
*ief weapons ( ! def5d]s ( ! fai? are   
=g$ 9 ! s*ools ( metaphysics4 ,locke &  
,butl]1 ,reid1 ,/ew>t & ,br[n are       
!ological au?orities4 ,& :5 !ology is   
attack$1 its metaphysical buttresses h  
to be assail$ z ! v fir/ ?+4 ,if ^! are 
decl>$ uns\nd1 ei!r x mu/ fall1 or x mu/
 *ange its front4 ,x is ,natural        
,!ology1 m p>ticul>ly1 t is ?us alli$ to
 metaphysics2 yet1 n exclusively2 = !   
def5ce ( ,revelation by miracles        

involves at ! outset a po9t ( logic4    
,n[ ,i d n mean to say1 t ?is is a      
purely factiti\s & ill-gr\nd$ employm5t 
( ! metaphysical sci5ces4 ,i fully admit
 t ! lat] def5ces ( !ology1 z well z !  
attacks1 h be5 furni%$ f psy*ology1     
logic1 e?ics1 & ontology4 ,! e>lie/     
beliefs 9 religion1 ! greate/ & /ronge/ 
convictions1 _h little to d ) any ( ^!  
dep>tm5ts ( speculation4 ,b :5 simple   
tradition>y fai? gave place to !        
que/ion+s ( ! reason1 ! basis ( religion
 0 transf]r$ to ! reason-built sci5ces2 
& metaphysics came 9 = a l>ge %>e 9 !   
decision4  ,,metaphysics ,,& ,,!ology4  
,:at ,i ma9ta9 is1 t !re is some?+      
factiti\s 9 ! degree ( prom95ce giv5 to 
metaphysics 9 ?is great ent]prise2 t its
 pret5tions are excessive1 its          
importance ov]-/at$2 & :5 mo/ employ$ = 
su* a purpose1 x is lea/ to be tru/$4   
,!ological polemic is only 9 "p conduct$
 ?r\gh sci5ce2 & physical sci5ce %>es   
equally ) moral4 ,! mo/ s]i\s %ocks to !
 traditional or?odoxy h come f !        

physical sci5ces4 ,! argum5t f ,design  
has no d\bt a metaphysical or logical   
elem5t--! e/imate ( ! degree ( analogy  
betwe5 ! univ]se & a piece ( human      
workman%ip2 b ! argum5t itself ne$s a   
sci5tific survey ( ! entire ph5om5a (   
nature1 bo? matt] & m9d4 ,our           
,bridgewat] ,treatises proce$$ ^u ?is   
view2 !y embrac$ ! consid]ation ( ! :ole
 circle ( ! sci5ces1 z be>+ on !        
!ological argum5t4 ,! s*eme 0 s f> j &  
to ! purpose2 ! obvi\s drawback to !    
value ( ! ,treatises lay 9 _! be+       
special plead+s1 back$ by a fee ( a ?\s&
 p\nds to ea* writ] = ma9ta9+ "o side4  
,if a simil> fee _h be5 giv5 to n9e     
equally able writ]s to repres5t ! o!r   
side1 ! argum5t f design w\ld h be5 f> m
 satisfactorily sift$ ?an by !          
exclusively metaphysical criticism (    
,kant4  ,:5 !ology is support$          
exclusively by su* doctr9es z--an       
indep5d5t & immat]ial s\l1 a special    
moral faculty1 & :at is call$ free-w1--!
 metaphysician is a p]son ( importance 9

 ! conte/2 he is p[]ful ei!r to uphold  
or to subv]t ! fabric4 ,b1 if ^! 7 ev]  
to con/itute ! *ief /ronghold ( ! fai?1 
its t5ure w\ld n be v secure4 ,x is only
 a metaphysician1 h[ev]1 t believes or  
disbelieves 9 metaphysical gr\nds alone2
 su* a man z ,c\s91 no d\bt1 re/s 8 :ole
 spiritual philosophy on ?is f\ndation4 
,b ! great mass w ei!r adh]e to religion
 9 spite ( metaphysical difficulties1 or
 else ab&on x not)/&+ its metaphysical  
evid5ces4 ,an em95t man n[ dep>t$ said 9
 my he>+1 t he 0 a believ] 9 ,*ri/ianity
 until he became acqua9t$ ) geology1 :51
 f9d+ ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis at v>iance 
) geological doctr9es1 he appli$ to !   
,bible ! rule falsus 9 uno1 falsus 9    
omnibus1 & !nce=? ab&on$ 8 old belief4  
,i nev] he>d ( any "o t 0 s work$ ^u by 
a purely metaphysical argum5t4  ,!      
aspect ( !ological doctr9e t has come   
mo/ to ! front ( late is ! "q ( ! ,div9e
 goodness1 z %[n 9 ! plan ( ! univ]se4  
,speculations are divid$ betwe5 optimism
 & pessimism4 ,h[ %all we decide betwe5 

^! extremes1 or1 if repudiat+ bo?1 h[   
%all we fix ! mean8 ,is a metaphysician 
m especially qualifi$ to f9d out ! tru?8
 ,i h>dly ?9k s4 ,i believe he c\ld     
contribute1 ) o!rs1 to su* a solution z 
may be possible4 ,he has1 we %all       
suppose1 survey$ closely ! compass ( !  
human s5sibilities1 & is able to assign1
 ) m ?an common precision1 :at ?+s      
op]ate on !m fav\rably or unfav\rably4  
,s f> good4 ,!n1 z a logician1 he is m  
exp]t at detect+ bad inf]5ces 9 reg>d to
 ! =m ( reason+2 b :e!r c]ta9           
allegations ( fact are well or ill      
f\nd$1 he may n be able to say1 at lea/ 
out ( 8 own dep>tm5t4 ,if a mix$        
commission ( t5 7 nom9at$ to adjudicate 
^u ?is va/ problem1 metaphysics might   
claim to be repres5t$ by two4  ,,fill+  
,,! ,,!ological ,,void4  ,lea/ ( all1 d 
,i und]/& ! claims made 9 behalf ( ?is  
dep>tm5t to supply ! spiritual void 9   
case ! old !ology is no long] accr$it$4 
,:5 "o looks closely at ! /ream & t5d5cy
 ( ?\ght1 "o sees a gr[+ alliance &     

k9%ip betwe5 religion & poetry or art4  
,!re is1 z we "k1 a dogmatic1 precise1  
sev]e1 logical side ( !ology1 by :i*    
cre$s are con/ruct$1 religi\s te/s      
impos$1 & belief made a matt] ( legal   
compulsion4 ,!re is also a s5tim5tal1   
ideal1 imag9ative side t resi/s         
def9ition1 t refuses dogmatic           
prescription1 & seeks only to satisfy   
spiritual ne$s & emotions4 ,metaphysics 
may no d\bt take a "p 9 ! dogmatic or   
doctr9al treatm5t1 b x mu/ qualify      
itself by biblical /udy1 & become       
altoge!r !ology4 ,9 ! o!r aspect1       
metaphysics1 z ,i conceive x1 is        
unavail+2 ! poet is ! prop] m$ium =     
keep+ up ! emotional side1 "u all       
trans=mations ( doctr9al belief4 ,b z   
conceiv$ by o!rs1 metaphysics is        
philosophy & poetry 9 "o1 to :i* ,i c   
nev] agree4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two1 z    
hi!rto exhibit$1 has be5 made at !      
exp5se ( bo?4 ,! lead+ t]ms (           
philosophy--reason1 _s1 s\l1 ! ideal1 ! 
inf9ite1 ! absolute1 ph5om5al tru?1 be+1

 consci\sness--are lubricat$ ) emotion1 
& ?r[n toge!r 9 ways t defy ! und]/&+4  
,! un9telligible1 :i* ought to be ! %ame
 ( philosophy1 is made its glory4  ,^!  
rem>ks prep>e = ! conclusion t ,i arrive
 at z to ! scope ( metaphysics ) ref]5ce
 to ! high] que/ions4 ,t x has be>+s ^u 
^! que/ions ,i all[2 & ^? be>+s are     
legitimately )9 ! range ( metaphysical  
debates4 ,b ,i make a wide di/9ction    
betwe5 metaphysical discussion &        
!ological discussion2 & d n consid] t !y
 c be comb9$ to advantage4 ,9 ! great   
latitude ( free inquiry 9 ! pres5t day1 
!ology is freely canvass$1 & societies  
might be prop]ly devot$ to t express    
object2 b ,i _c see any b5efit t w\ld   
arise by a philosophical society        
und]tak+1 9 addition to its own prov9ce1
 to raise ! que/ions belong+ to !ology4 
,i am well aw>e t !re is "o society ( v 
di/+ui%$ p]sons 9 ! metropolis1 call+   
itself metaphysical1 t freely v5tures ^u
 ! p]il\s seas ( !ological debate4#ad   
,no d\bt good comes f any ex]cise ( !   

lib]ty ( discussion1 s long re/ra9$ 9   
?is region2 yet1 ,i c h>dly suppose t   
purely metaphysical1 /udies c ?rive 9   
su* a connection4 ,_m ( ! memb]s mu/ ?9k
 f> m ( ! !ological issues ?an ( !      
cultivation ( m5tal & logical sci5ce2 & 
a purely metaphysical debate c seldom be
 pursu$ ) pr(it "u ^! conditions4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,polemics ,,9 ,,greece4  ,i n[ pass to 
! ,,polemical h&l+ ( ! metaphysical     
subjects4 ,we owe to ! ,greeks ! /udy ( 
philosophy ?r\gh me?odis$ debate2 & !   
/ate ( sci5tific k 9 ! age ( ! e>ly     
,a!nian s*ools 0 fav\rable to t mode (  
treatm5t4 ,! conv]sations ( ,socrates1 !
 ,dialogues ( ,plato1 & ! ,topics (     
,ari/otle1 are ! monum5ts ( ,greek      
cont5ti\sness1 turn$ to acc\nt z a great
 ref9em5t 9 social int]c\rse1 z a       
/imulus to individual ?\ght1 & a means (
 advanc+ at lea/ ! speculative dep>tm5ts
 ( k4 ,grote1 bo? 9 8 ,plato1 & 9 8     
,ari/otle1 :ile copi\sly illu/rat+ all  
^! consequ5ces1 has laid extraord9>y    

/ress on /ill ano!r aspect ( ! polemic (
 ,socrates & ,plato1 ! aspect (         
free-?\ght1 z aga9/ v5]at$ tradition & !
 receiv$ commonplaces ( society4 ,!     
ass]tion ( ! "r ( private judgm5t 9     
matt]s ( doctr9e & belief1 01 accord+ to
 ,grote1 ! greate/ ( all ! fruits ( !   
sy/ematis$ negation begun by ,z5o1 &    
c>ri$ out 9 ! ,se>* ,dialogues ( ,plato4
 ,9 ! ,exposition ,dialogues x is want+2
 & 9 ! ,topica1 :]e ,eri/ic is r$uc$ to 
me?od & sy/em by "o ( ,ari/otle's       
greate/ logical a*ievem5ts1 ! free?9k]'s
 w+s are v mu* clipt2 ! execution (     
,socrates probably _h to answ] = t4 ,x  
is to ! ,platonic dialogues t we look = 
! full gr&eur ( ,grecian debate 9 all   
its phases4 ,! ,plato ( ,grote is !     
apo!osis ( ,negation2 x is n a          
philosophy s mu* z an epic2 ! !me--,!   
,noble ,wra? ( ! ,greek ,diss5t]4  ,at  
all times1 !re is mu* t has to be a*iev$
 by solit>y ?9k+4 ,"s def9ite %ape mu/  
be giv5 to our ?\ghts be=e we c submit  
!m to ! op]ation ( o!r m9ds2 ! great] ! 

orig9ality1 ! long] mu/ be ! process (  
solit>y elaboration4 ,! ,pr9cipia 0     
compos$ f fir/ to la/ by recluse        
m$itation2 probably ! attempt to discuss
 or debate any p>ts ( x w\ld h only     
frett$ & p>alys$ ! au?or's inv5tion4    
,inde$1 aft] an enorm\s /ra9 ( !        
con/ructive intellect1 a man may be 9 no
 hum\r to h 8 "w c>p$ at1 ev5 to improve
 x4 ,9 ! region ( fact1 9 obs]vation &  
exp]im5t1 !re mu/ be a mass ( individual
 & unassi/$ ex]tion4 ,! use ( allies 9  
?is region is to *eck & confirm !       
accuracy ( ! fir/ obs]v]4  ,aga91 an    
inquir]1 by d9t ( prolong$ famili>ity ) 
a subject1 may be 8 own be/ critic2 he  
may be bett] able to detect flaws ?an   
any "o he c\ld call 94 ,?is is ano!r way
 ( /at+ ! sup]iority ( a p>ticul>       
individual ov] all o!rs 9 ! same walk4  
,su* a mon>*ical position z removes a   
man alike f ! rivalry & f ! sympa?y ( 8 
fell[s1 is ! exception2 mutual criticism
 & mutual enc\ragem5t are ! rule4 ,!    
social /imulants are ( avail 9 k & 9    

tru? z well z ev]y?+ else4  ,a comp>ison
 ( ! /ate ( speculation 9 ! gold5 age ( 
debate1 ) ! /ate ( ! sci5ces 9 ! pres5t 
day1 bo? metaphysical & physical1 %[s u 
cle>ly en\gh1 :at are ! fields :]e      
polemic is mo/ pr(itable4 ,i set aside !
 /ruggles ( politics & !ology1 & look to
 ! sci5tific =m ( k1 :i* is1 aft] all1 !
 type ( our highe/ c]ta9ty ev]y:]e4 ,n[1
 und\bt$ly1 x is 9 classify+1 g5]alis+1 
def9+1 & 9 ! s-call$ logical            
processes--induction & d$uction--t a man
 c be lea/ left to himself4 ,until _m m5
 h gone ov] ! same field ( facts1 a     
classification1 a def9ition1 or an      
induction1 _c be held z safe & s\nd4 ,9 
mod]n sci5ce1 !re are num]\s matt]s t h 
pass$ ?r\gh ! fi]y furnace ( it]at$     
criticism1 sev5 times purifi$2 b !re    
are1 atta*+ to e sci5ce1 a numb] ( ?+s  
/ill 9 ! furnace4 ,mo/ ( all does ?is   
apply to ! metaphysical or subject      
sci5ces1 :]e1 accord+ to ! popul>       
belief1 no?+ has yet pass$ f9ally out ( 
! fi]y trial4 ,9 psy*ology1 9 logic1 9  

eudaemonics1 9 sociology1 9 e?ics1 !    
facts are ne>ly all ar\nd our feet2 ! "q
 is h[ to classify1 def9e1 g5]alise1    
express !m4 ,?is 0 ! situation ( ,z5o1  
,socrates1 & ,plato1 = :i* !y invok$ !  
militant ard\r ( ! m9d4 ,man1 !y saw1 is
 a fight+ be+2 if fight+ w d a ?+1 he w 
d x well4  ,,mo/ ,,useful ,,classes ,,( 
,,debates4  ,9 con=mity ) ?is view1 !   
=emo/ class ( debates1 & c]ta9ly n !    
lea/ pr(itable1 are su* z discuss !     
mean+s ( important t]ms4 ,! g5ius (     
,socrates p]ceiv$ t ?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( all
 valid k1 &1 9 see+ ?is1 laid !         
f\ndation ( reason$ tru?4 ,i ne$ n      
repeat ! lead+ t]ms ( metaphysical      
philosophy2 b y c at once und]/& ! =m ( 
proce$+ by su* an in/ance z             
consci\sness1 debat$ s z to br+ out ! "q
 :e!r1 z ,hamilton suppos$1 x is        
necess>ily gr\nd$ on k4  ,next to !     
lead+ t]ms are ! broad] & m fundam5tal  
g5]alities3 = example1 ! law (          
relativity2 ! laws ( memory & its       
conditions1 su* z ! int5sity ( ! pres5t 

consci\sness2 ,hamilton's inv]se        
relation%ip ( s5sation & p]ception4 ,^! 
are a few psy*ological in/ances4 ,!     
value ( a debate on any ( ^! que/ions   
dep5ds entirely ^u its resolv+ itself   
into an inductive survey ( ! facts1 &   
su* surveys are nev] )\t fruit4  ,a     
debat+ society t includes logic 9 its   
sph]e %\ld cultivate ! me?ods ( debate2 
sett+ an example to o!r societies & to  
mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,! ,topica ( ,ari/otle  
%[s an imm5sity ( p[] exp5d$ on ?is     
object1 d\btless )\t correspond+        
results4 ,nev]!less ! attempt1 if resum$
 at ! pres5t day1 ) our cle>] & wid]    
views ( logical me?od1 w\ld n be b>r54  
,?is is too little ?\ght ( by u2 & we   
may say t polemic1 z an art1 is /ill    
immature4 ,! be/ examples ( proc$ure are
 to be f\nd 9 ! ,law ,c\rts1 "s ( ^:    
me?ods might be borr[$ 9 o!r debates4 ,=
 "o ?+1 ,i ?9k t ea* ( ! two lead]s %\ld
 provide ! memb]s be=eh& ) a synopsis ( 
! lead+ argum5ts or positions to be set 
=? 9 ! debate4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 %\ld be

 insi/$ on ev]y:]e1 n ev5 except+ !     
debates ( ,p>liam5t4  ,x is ! cu/om (   
debat+ societies to alt]nate ! ,debate &
 ! ,essay3 a v important di/9ction1 z x 
seems to me2 & ,i w endeav\r to indicate
 h[ x %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,frequ5tly !re is
 no sub/antial di/9ction obs]v$2 an     
essay is simply ! op5+ ( a debate1 & a  
debate ! criticism ( an essay4 ,i %\ld l
 to see ! two c>ri$ out ea* on its own  
pr9ciple1 z ,i %all n[ endeav\r to      
expla94  ,,! ,,debate3 ,a ,,fight ,,=   
,,ma/]y4  ,! ,debate is ! fight = ma/]y 
z betwe5 two sides4 ,! combatants /ra9  
_! p[]s to say ev]y?+ t c be said s z to
 %ake ! case ( _! oppon5ts4 ,! debate is
 a field-day1 a *all5ge to a trial (    
/r5g?4 ,n[1 :ile ,i admit t !           
intellectual p[]s may be quick5$ to     
unusual p]spicacity "u ! s\nd ( !       
trumpet & ! %ock ( arms1 ,i also see 9 !
 op]ation _m p]ils & %ortcom+s1 :5 !    
subject ( conte/ is tru?4 ,9 a heat$    
controv]sy1 only ! m gl>+ & prom95t     
facts1 consid]ations1 doctr9es1         

di/9ctions1 c obta9 a foot+4 ,n[ tru? is
 ! /ill small voice2 x subsi/s (t5 ^u   
delicate diff]5ces1 unobtrusive         
in/ances1 f9e calculations4 ,:e!r or n  
man is a :olly selfi% be+1 may be       
submitt$ to a cont5ti\s debate1 because 
! facts & appe>ances on bo? sides are   
broad & palpable2 b :e!r all our actions
 are1 9 ! la/ resort or f9al analysis1  
self-reg>d+1 is almo/ too delicate =    
debate4 ,*alm]s upholds1 z a !sis1 !    
intr9sic mis]y ( ! vici\s affections3   
!re c\ld n be a f9] topic ( pure debate4
  ,my conception ( ! ,essay1 on ! o!r   
h&1 is t x %\ld repres5t amicable       
co-op]ation1 ) an eye to ! tru?4 ,by x y
 %\ld rise f ! l[] or competitive1 to ! 
high] or communi/ic attitude4 ,!re may  
be a loss ( en]gy1 b !re is a ga9 9 !   
mann] ( apply+ x4 ,! essayi/ %\ld set   
himself to asc]ta9 ! tru? ^u a subject2 
he %\ld n be anxi\s to make a case4 ,!  
li/5]s1 9 ! same _s1 %\ld welcome all 8 
sugge/ions1 help him out :]e he is 9    
difficulties1 be indulg5t to 8 fail+s1  

endeav\r to see good 9 ev]y?+4 ,if !re  
be a real occasion = debate1 x %\ld be  
purposely =borne & res]v$4 ,9 prop\nd+  
subjects1 ! respective fitness = !      
debate & = ! essay might be tak5 into   
acc\nt4  ,,co-,,op]ative ,,discussion   
,,9 ,,! ,,essay4  ,:5 que/ions h be5 (t5
 debat$ )\t com+ ne>] to a conclusion1 x
 %\ld be reg>d$ z a sign t !y are too   
delicate & subtle = debate4 ,a trial    
%\ld !n be made ( ! amicable or         
co-op]ative treatm5t repres5t$ by !     
,essay4 ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,w might1 ,i ?9k1
 be adju/$ by fri5dly accommodation1 b n
 by =ce ( cont5tion4 ,ext]nal ,p]ception
 is beyond ! prov9ce ( debate4 ,x is    
fair & legitimate to try all problems by
 debate1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 because !    
excitem5t quick5s ! intellig5ce1 & leads
 to new sugge/ions2 b if ! "q involves  
an adju/m5t ( v>i\s consid]ations &     
m9ute diff]5ces1 ! cont5d+ sides w be   
cont5ti\s /ill4  ,a society t really    
aims at ! fur!rance ( k1 might te/ its  
op]ations by n[ & !n prep>+ a report (  

progress2 sett+ =? :at problems _h be5  
debat$1 :at !mes elucidat$1 & ) :at     
results4 ,x w\ld be v refre%+ to see a  
c&id av[al t aft] sev]al attempts--bo?  
debate & essay--"s lead+ topic ( !      
dep>tm5t rema9$ exactly :]e x /ood at ! 
outset4 ,aft] su* a confession1 !       
,society might well resolve itself into 
a ,committee ( ! ,:ole ,h\se1 to consid]
 its ways1 & inde$ its entire position1 
) a view to a new />t on "s m hopeful   
track4  ,my clos+ rem>k is1 z to avoid+ 
debates t are 9 _! v nature int]m9able4 
,x is easy to fix ^u a few sali5t       
features t make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a 
hopeful & a hopeless controv]sy4 ,= "o  
?+1 !re is a c]ta9 int5sity ( emotion1  
int]e/1 bias1 or prejudice if y w1 t c  
nei!r reason nor be reason$ )4 ,on !    
purely intellectual side1 ! disqualify+ 
circum/ances are complexity & vagu5ess4 
,if a topic necess>ily hauls 9 num]\s   
o!r topics ( difficulty1 ! essay may d  
some?+ = x1 b n ! debate4 ,wor/ ( all is
 ! pres5ce ( sev]al l>ge1 ill-def9$1 or 

unsettl$ t]ms1 ( :i* !re are /ill pl5ty 
9 our dep>tm5t4 ,a n unfrequ5t case is a
 comb9ation ( ! sev]al defects ea*      
p]haps 9 a small degree4 ,a t+e (       
pr$ilection or p>ty1 a d\ble or triple  
complication ( doctr9es1 & "o or two    
hazy t]ms1 w make a debate t is pretty  
sure to end z x began4 ,?us x is t a "q1
 plausible to appe>ance1 may conta9 )9 x
 capacities ( misund]/&+1               
cross-purposes1 & po9tless issues1      
suffici5t to occupy ! long night (      
,p&emonium1 or beguile ! j\rney to !    
ne>e/ fix$ />4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote 
#ab3 ,an ,address1 deliv]$ on ! #bh? (  
,m>*1 #ahgg1 to ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity  
,philosophical ,society4 ,,contempor>y  
,,review1 ,april1 #ahgg4  ,footnote #ac3
 ,?is v plausible utt]ance begs e "q4   
,!re w\ld be "s difficulty 9 cond5s+ an 
equal am\nt ( fallacy1 confusion (      
?\ght1 9 s few words4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 
x assumes t ! ?ree requisites--heal?1   
fre$om f debt1 & a good consci5ce--are  
matt]s ( easy & g5]al atta9m5t2 t !y    

are1 9 fact1 ! rule among human be+s4   
,is ?is really s8  ,take ,heal?1 a ^w ( 
v wide import4 ,!re is a c]ta9 small    
am\nt1 su* z is m>k$ by be+ out ( !     
physician's h&s1 b imply+ v little ( !  
en]gy ne$$ = ! lab\rs & ! enjoym5t (    
life4 ,!re is a high & respl5d5t degree 
t r5d]s toil easy1 & responds to !      
commone/ /imulants1 s t enjoym5t _c be  
qua%$ )\t unusually unfav\rable         
circum/ances4 ,! fir/ k9d is widely     
diffus$2 ! second is v r>e1 except 9 !  
e>li] portion ( life4 ,mo/ m5 & wom51 z 
!y pass middle age1 lose ! ela/icity    
requir$ = easy & spontane\s enjoym5t1 &1
 ev5 if !y keep ! appe>ance ( heal?1 h  
too little animal spirits = enjoym5t "u 
*eap & ord9>y excitem5ts4  ,b !re is m  
to be said4 ,9 ord] to obta91 & to      
reta91 heal?1 fre$om f debt1 & a good   
consci5ce1 !re are pre-suppos$ v        
consid]able advantages4 ,we _c cont9ue  
heal?y & out ( debt1 unless we h a fair 
/>t 9 life1 t is1 unless we h a tol]able
 provision to beg9 )2 a circum/ance t ! 

maxim keeps out ( sight4  ,yet f>!r4 ,! 
conditions nam$ are ( !mselves m]e      
negatives2 !y imply simply ! abs5ce (   
c]ta9 decid$ causes (                   
unhapp9ess--ill-heal?1 pov]ty1 & bad    
conduct4 ,!re is a f>!r /eal?y          
assumption1 namely1 t ! individual is   
plac$ 9 a situation o!rwise conducive to
 happ9ess4 ,heal?1 abs5ce ( debt1 & a   
good consci5ce w n make happ9ess1 "u    
sev]e or ung5ial toil1 irritation1      
ill-usage1 affliction1 sorr[1--- ev5 if 
!y c\ld be long ma9ta9$ "u su*          
circum/ances4 ,nor ev51 9 ! case (      
exemption f ! wor/ ills ( life1 c we be 
happy )\t "s positive                   
agreeables--family1 g5]al society1      
amusem5ts1 & gratifications4 ,!re is a  
c]ta9 degree ( lonel9ess1 seclusion1    
dulness1 t de/roys happ9ess )\t sapp+   
heal?1 or mim+ u into debt & vice4  ,!  
maxim1 z express$1 pr(esses to aim at   
happ9ess1 b x m prop]ly belongs to duty4
 ,if we fail 9 ! conditions m5tion$1 we 
run ! risk r ( neglect+ our duties ?an (

 miss+ our pleasures4 ,x is n e =m (    
ill-heal? t makes u mis]able2 & we may  
become se>$ to debt & ill-conduct1 s z  
to suff] only ! incid5tal mis]y ( be+   
dunn$1 :i* _m c take ) great composure4 
,! def9ition ( happ9ess by ,paley is    
vague & incomplete2 b x does n omit !   
positive conditions4 ,aft] heal?1 ,paley
 enum]ates ! ex]cise ( ! affections & "s
 engag+ occupation or pursuit2 bo? :i*  
are highly relevant to ! atta9m5t (     
happ9ess4 ,inde$ ) an exemption f c>es1 
& a consid]able %>e ( ! positive        
gratifications1 we c enjoy life on a v  
sl5d] /ock ( heal?2 o!rwise1 :]e %\ld we
 be 9 ! inevitable decl9e t age br+s )  
x8  ,footnote #ad3 ,?is ,society has    
s9ce be5 dissolv$4          99       99 
99       99       99   ,,vi4  ,,!       
,,univ]sity ,,ideal--,,pa/ ,,&          
,,pres5t4#ae   ,,g5tlem51  ,by y\r      
flatt]+ e/imate ( my s]vices1 ,i h be5  
unexpect$ly summon$ f retirem5t1 to     
assume ! hon\rs & ! duties ( ! purple1 &
 to occupy ! mo/ hi/orically important  

(fice 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,europe4  ,!   
pres5t dem&s ^u ! ,rector%ip some:at    
resemble :at we are told ( ! ,hom]ic    
*ief1 :o1 9 company ) 8 ,c\ncil or      
,s5ate1 ! ,b\l1 & ! ,popul> ,assembly1  
or ,agora1 made up ! political          
con/itution ( ! tribe4 ,! functions ( ! 
*ief1 x is said1 7 to supply wise c\nsel
 to ! ,b\l 7z we might call our ,c\rt71 
& unctu\s eloqu5ce to ! ,agora4 ,!      
second ( ^! requirem5ts is :at weighs ^u
 me at ! pres5t mom5t4  ,:atev] may h   
be5 ! practice ( my pr$ecessors1 g5]ally
 /rang]s to y1 x w\ld be altoge!r       
unbecom+ 9 me to travel out ( our       
,univ]sity life1 = ! mat]ials ( an      
,address4 ,my rem>ks !n w pr9cipally be>
 on ! ,,univ]sity ,,ideal4  ,,! ,,high] 
,,tea*+ ,,9 ,,greece4  ,to ! ,greeks we 
are indebt$ = ! e>lie/ g]m ( !          
,univ]sity4 ,x 0 ) !m *iefly t education
 took t great leap1 ! greate/ ev] made1 
f ! traditional tea*+ ( ! home1 ! %op1 !
 social surr\nd+s1 to s*oolma/] tea*+   
prop]ly s call$4 ,n[adays1 we1          

s*oolma/]s1 ?9k s mu* ( ourselves1 t we 
d n make full all[ance = t o!r tea*+1   
:i* 01 = unkn[n ages1 ! only tea*+ (    
mank9d4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! fir/ to          
introduce1 n p]haps ! prim>y s*oolma/]1 
= ! ,r's1 b c]ta9ly ! second>y or high] 
s*oolma/]1 kn[n z ,rhetorician or       
,sophi/1 :o taught ! high] pr(essions2  
:ile _! ,philosoph]s or wise m51        
introduc$ a k9d ( k t gave scope to !   
intellectual faculties1 ) or )\t        
pr(essional applications2 ! v idea ( our
 ,faculty ( ,arts4  ,s self-ass]t+ 7 ^! 
new-born tea*]s ( ! ,sophi/ class1 t    
,plato ?\ght x necess>y to recall       
att5tion to ! good old p]5nial s\rce (  
in/ruction1 ! home1 ! trade1 & !        
society4 ,he po9t$ out t ! pret5d]s to  
tea* virtue by moral lectur+1 7 z yet   
completely outrivall$ by ! influ5ce ( ! 
family & ! social pressure ( !          
community4 ,9 l mann]1 ! arts ( life 7  
all orig9ally h&$ d[n by appr5tice%ip & 
imitation4 ,! greate/ /atesm5 & g5]als (
 e>ly times _h simply ! education ( !   

actual "w4 ,philip ( ,mac$on c\ld h _h  
no o!r tea*+2 8 great] son 0 ! fir/ ( ! 
l9e to receive :at we may call a lib]al1
 or a g5]al education1 "u ! educator (  
all ,europe4  ,,logic ,,9 ,,! ,,middle  
,,ages4  ,,! ,,middle ,,age ,,&         
,,bo,,?ius4  ,i mu/ skip eight c5turies1
 to introduce ! man t l9k$ ! anci5t & ! 
mod]n _w1 & 0 almo/ ! sole lum9>y 9 !   
we/ dur+ ! d>k ages1 namely1 ,bo?ius1   
m9i/] ( ! ,go?ic ,emp]or ,!odoric4 ,z   
mu* ( ,ari/otle z 0 kn[n betwe5 ! #f? & 
! #aa? c5turies 0 h&$ d[n by him4 ,dur+ 
t "t1 only ! logical treatises exi/$    
among ! ,lat9s2 & ( ^! ! be/ p>ts 7     
neglect$4 ,hi/orical importance atta*es 
to a small circle ( !m kn[n z ! ,old    
,logic 7vectus logica71 :i* 7 ! pabulum 
( ab/ract ?\ght = five dre>y c5turies4  
,^! consi/$ ( ! two treatises or *apt]s 
( ,ari/otle call$ ! ,categories1 & ! ,de
 ,int]pretatione1 or ! ,!ory (          
,propositions2 & ( a book ( ,porphyry ! 
,neo-,platoni/1 entitl$ ',introduction' 
7,isagoge71 & treat+ ( ! s-call$ ,five  

,pr$icables4 ,a hundr$ av]age pages w\ld
 include !m all2 & ?ree weeks w\ld      
suffice to ma/] !m4  ,bo?ius1 h[ev]1 did
 mu* m ?an h& on ^! works to ! m$iaeval 
/ud5ts2 he translat$ ! :ole (           
,ari/otle's logical writ+s 7! ,organon71
 b ! o!rs 7 seldom tak5 up4 ,x 0 he too 
t h&l$ ! "q ( ,univ]sals 9 8 fir/       
,dialogue on ,porphyry1 & s[$ ! se$ t 0 
n to g]m9ate till f\r c5turies aft]w>ds1
 b :i*1 :5 ! "t came1 0 to be> fruit 9  
no measur$ am\nt4 ,& ,bo?ius is ! "n    
associat$ ) ! s*eme ( high] education t 
prec$$ ! ,univ]sity tea*+1 call$ !      
quadrivium1 or quadruple gr\p (         
subjects1 namely1 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1
 ,music & ,a/ronomy4 ,?is1 toge!r ) !   
trivium1 or prep>atory gr\p ( ?ree      
subjects--,gramm>1 ,rhetoric1 &         
,logic--con/itut$ :at 0 kn[n z ! sev5   
lib]al arts2 b1 9 ! d>ke/ ages1 !       
quadrivium 0 almo/ lo/ sight (1 & few   
w5t beyond ! trivium4   ,,eve ,,( ,,!   
,,univ]sity4  ,9 ! #g? c5tury1 ! era (  
deepe/ intellectual gloom1 philosophy 0 

at an entire /&-/ill4 ,light arises ) ! 
#h?1 :5 we are introduc$ to ! ,ca!dral &
 ,cloi/] ,s*ools ( ,*>lemagne2 & ! #i?  
saw ^! s*ools fully e/abli%$1 & an      
educational re=m complet$ t 0 to be     
productive ( la/+ good results4 ,b !    
range ( in/ruction 0 /ill n>r[1 sc>cely 
proce$+ beyond ! ,old ,logic1 & ! tea*]s
 71 z =m]ly1 ! ,monks4 ,! #aa? c5tury is
 really ! p]iod ( dawn4 ,! ,ea/ 0 n[    
op5$ up ?r\gh ! ,crusades1 & !re 0      
frequ5t int]c\rse ) ! le>n$ ,s>ac5s (   
,spa92 & ?us !re 7 br\ght into ! ,we/ ! 
:ole ( ,ari/otle's works1 ) ,arabic     
comm5t>ies1 *iefly 9 ,lat9 translations4
 ,! eff]vesc5ce 0 prodigi\s & al>m+4 ,! 
s*ools 7 re9=c$ by a high] class (      
tea*]s1 ,lay z well z ,cl]ical2 a m>k$  
advance 0 made 9 ,logic & ,dialectic2 & 
! great controv]sy ( ,realism v]sus     
,nom9alism1 :i* _h f\nd its bir? 9 !    
previ\s c5tury1 rag$ ) extraord9>y      
vig\r4 ,we are n[ on ! eve ( ! f\nd+ ( !
 ,univ]sities2 ,bologna1 inde$1 be+     
already 9 exi/5ce4  ,,two ,,classes ,,( 

,,m$ieval ,,*ur*m54  ,,sep>ation ,,(    
,,philosophy ,,f ,,!ology4  ,!          
,univ]sity prop]1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be dat$
 e>li] ?an ! #ab? c5tury2 & ! important 
p>ticul>s 9 its fir/ con/itution are    
^!3--,fir/1 ! sep>ation ( ,philosophy f 
,!ology4 ,to exp\nd ?is1 w\ld be to give
 a *apt] ( m$iaeval hi/ory4 ,suffice x  
to say t ,ari/otle & ! awak5+ intellect 
( ! #aa? c5tury 7 ! ma9 causes ( x4 ,two
 classes ( m9ds at ?is "t divid$ !      
,*ur*--! pi\s1 dev\t believ]s 7su* z ,/4
 ,b]n>d71 :o ne$$ no reasons = _! fai?1 
& ! polemic speculative div9es 7su* z   
,abael>d71 :o wi%$ to make ,!ology      
rational4 ,x 0 an age1 too1 ( /irr+     
political ev5ts2 ! crusad+ _s 0 abroad1 
& f\nd a c]ta9 gratification ev5 9 ! w> 
( words4 ,! nature ( ,univ]sals 0 eag]ly
 debat$2 b :5 ?is controv]sy came into  
collision ) su* lead+ !ological doctr9es
 z ! ,tr9ity & ,pr$e/9ation1 x 0 no     
long] possible = ,philosophy & ,!ology  
to rema9 conjo9$4  ,a sep>ation 0       
effect$1 & det]m9$ ! lead+ feature ( !  

,univ]sity sy/em4 ,! f\ndation 0        
,philosophy1 & ! fundam5tal ,faculty !  
,faculty ( ,arts4 ,bologna1 inde$1 0    
em95t = ,law or ,jurisprud5ce1 & ?is    
celebrity x reta9$ = ages2 b !          
,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :i* is ! prototype (
 our ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 z ( s _m    
o!rs1 taught no?+ b ,philosophy--9 o!r  
words1 _h no ,faculty b ,arts--= _m     
ye>s4 ,nei!r ,!ology1 ,m$ic9e1 nor ,law 
_h exi/5ce !re till ! #ac? c5tury4      
,second1 ! sy/em ( conf]r+ ,degrees1    
aft] appropriate trials4 ,^! 7 at fir/  
simply a lic5ce to tea*4 ,!y acquir$ _! 
comm&+ importance ?r\gh ! action ( ,pope
 ,ni*olas ,i1 :o gave to ! graduates ( !
 ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ! p[] ( tea*+      
ev]y:]e1 a p[] t our own c\ntrym5 7 !   
=emo/ to turn to acc\nt4   ,,! ,,(fice  
,,( ,,rector4  ,?ird1 ! ,organisation ( 
! primitive ,univ]sity4 ,europe 0       
unsettl$2 ev5 9 ! capitals1 ! civil p[] 
0 (t5 unh+$4 ,:]ev] multitudes came     
toge!r1 !re 0 manife/$ a _s ( turbul5ce4
 ,! ,univ]sities (t5 exemplifi$ ?is     

fact2 & x 0 f\nd necess>y to e/abli% a  
gov]nm5t )9 !mselves4 ,! basis 0 popul>2
 b1 :ile1 9 ,p>is1 only ! tea*+ body 0  
incorporat$1 9 ,bologna1 ! /ud5ts _h a  
voice4 ,!y elect$ ! ,rector1 & 8        
jurisdiction 0 v great inde$1 & mu* m   
important ?an spee*ify+ to 8 con/itu5ts4
 ,8 ,c\rt _h ! p[] ( int]nal regulation1
 ) bo? a civil & crim9al jurisdiction4  
,! ,scot* ,univ]sities1 on ?is po9t1    
foll[$ ,bologna2 & t fact is ! remote   
cause ( ?is day's meet+4  ,,scot*m5     
,,abroad4  ,,! ,,univ]sities ,,(        
,,scotl& ,,f\nd$4  ,s />t$ ! ,univ]sity4
 ,! idea took2 & 9 ?ree c5turies1 _m ( !
 lead+ t[ns 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ! ,g]man 
,empire1 _h _! ,univ]sities2 9 ,engl&   
arose ,ox=d & ,cambridge2 ! model 0     
,p>is or ,bologna4  ,scotl& did n at    
fir/ ent] ! race ( ,univ]sity-f\nd+1 b  
work$ on ! plan ( ! cuckoo1 by lay+ its 
eggs 9 ! ne/s ( o!rs4 ,= two c5turies1  
,scot*m5 7 almo/ %ut out ( ,engl&2 & s  
c\ld n make = !mselves a c>e] 9 ,ox=d & 
,cambridge1 z 9 lat] times4 ,!y _h1     

h[ev]1 at home1 good gramm> s*ools1 :]e 
!y 7 gr\nd$ 9 ,lat94 ,!y p]ambulat$     
,europe1 & 7 famili> figures 9 ! great  
,univ]sity t[ns1 & especially ,p>is4 ,f 
_! disputati\s & metaphysical aptitude1 
!y work$ _! upw>d way--      ,& gladly  
w\ld !y le>n & gladly tea*4  ,at l5g?1 !
 nation did take up ! "w 9 good e>ne/4  
,9 #adaa1 0 f\nd$ ! fir/ ( ! ,/4 ,&rews'
 ,colleges2 #adea is ! date ( ,glasg[2  
#adid1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de54 ,^! are 
! pre-,re=mation colleges2 b = !        
,re=mation1 we might n h _h any o!r4 ,_!
 f\nd]s 7 ecclesia/ics2 _! con/itution &
 c]emonial 7 ecclesia/ical4 ,!y 7       
int5d$1 no d\bt1 to keep ! ,scot* /ud5ts
 at home4 ,!y 7 also expect$ to s]ve z  
bulw>ks to ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! ris+ h]etics 
( ! times4 ,9 ?is !y 7 a disappo9tm5t2 !
 fir/-begott5 ( !m became ! cradle ( !  
,re=mation4  ,9 ^! our ?ree elde/       
f\ndations1 we are to seek ! primitive  
con/itution & ! tea*+ sy/em ( our       
,univ]sities4 ,9 ess5tials1 !y 7 ! same2
 only betwe5 ! dates ( ,glasg[ & ,old   

,ab]de5 occurr$ two great ev5ts4 ,"o 0 !
 tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople1 :i* spread !     
,greek s*ol>s ) _! treasures ov]        
,europe4 ,! o!r 0 ! progress ( pr9t+4 ,9
 #adea1 :5 ,glasg[ comm5c$1 !re 0 no    
pr9t$ text-book4 ,9 #adid1 :5 ,k+'s     
,college began1 ! anci5t classics _h be5
 l>gely pr9t$2 ! e>ly editions (        
,ari/otle 9 our ,libr>y1 %[ ! date (    
#adhf4   ,,fir/ ,,p]iod--,,! ,,tea*+    
,,body4  ,our ,univ]sities h ?ree       
well-m>k$ p]iods2 ! fir/ ant]ior to !   
,re=mation2 ! second f ! ,re=mation to !
 beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury2 ! ?ird1 ! la/ &   
pres5t c5turies4 ,conf9+ ourselves /ill 
to ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 ! features ( !   
,pre-,re=mation ,univ]sity 7 ^!3--      
,fir/1 z reg>ds ! tea*+ ,body4 ,!       
quadri5nial ,arts' c\rse 0 conduct$ by  
s-call$ ,reg5ts1 :o ea* c>ri$ ! same    
/ud5ts ?r\gh all ! f\r ye>s1 ?us tak+ ^u
 himself ! burd5 ( all ! sci5ces--a     
walk+ ,encyclopa$ia4 ,! sy/em 0 9 full  
=ce1 9 spite ( attempts to *ange x1 dur+
 bo? ! fir/ & ! second p]iods4 ,y1 !    

/ud5ts ( ,arts1 at ! pres5t day1        
enc\nt]+ 9 y\r f\r ye>s1 sev5 faces1    
sev5 voices1 sev5 repositories ( k1 ne$ 
an ef=t to und]/& h[ y\r pr$ecessors    
c\ld be *e]ful & happy1 conf9$ all ?r\gh
 to "o p]sonality2 sometimes juv5ile1   
sometimes s5ile1 (t5 feeble at 8 be/4   
,,ari/otle ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,tea*+4 
,,! ,,subjects ,,taught4  ,next1 z      
reg>ds ! ,subjects taught4 ,to "k ^! y h
 simply to "k :at are ! writ+s (        
,ari/otle4 ,! little "w on him by ,sir  
,alex&] ,grant supplies ! ne$ful        
in=mation4 ,! records ( ! ,glasg[       
,univ]sity furni% ! curriculum ( ,arts  
soon aft] its f\ndation4 ,! subjects are
 laid out 9 two heads--,logic &         
,philosophy4 ,! ,logic compris$ fir/ !  
?ree ,treatises ( ! ,old ,logic2 to ^! 7
 n[ add$ ! :ole ( ! works mak+ up       
,ari/otle's ,organon4 ,?is br\ght 9 !   
,syllogism1 & alli$ matt]s4 ,!re 0 also 
a selection f ! "w kn[n z ! ,topics1 n  
n[ includ$ 9 ,logical tea*+1 yet "o ( ! 
mo/ rem>kable & di/9ctive ( ,ari/otle's 

writ+s4 ,x is a highly lab\r$ acc\nt ( !
 :ole art ( ,disputation1 laid out "u 8 
s*eme ( ! ,pr$icables4 ,! selection fell
 *iefly on two books--! second1 compris+
 :at ,ari/otle _h to say on ,induction1 
& ! six?1 on ,def9ition2 toge!r ) !     
,logical ,captions or ,fallacies4       
,disputation 0 "o ( ! products ( !      
,greek m9d2 & ,ari/otle 0 its prophet4  
,n[ = ,philosophy4 ,?is compris$ ne>ly !
 :ole ( ,ari/otle's ,physical           
treatises--8 v wor/ side--toge!r ) 8    
,metaphysics1 "s p>ts ( :i* are h>dly   
di/+ui%able f ! ,physics4 ,next 0 ! v   
difficult treatise--,de ,anima1 on !    
m9d1 or ,s\l--& "s alli$ ,psy*ological  
treatises1 z t on ,memory4 ,su* 0 !     
ord9>y & suffic+ curriculum4 ,x 0 all[$ 
to be v>i$ ) a "p ( ! ,e?ics2 b 9 ?is   
age we d n f9d ! ,politics2 & !         
,rhetoric is nev] m5tion$4 ,s also1 !   
really valuable ,biological works (     
,ari/otle1 includ+ 8 book on ,animals1  
appe> to h be5 neglect$4  ,c]ta9        
portions ( ,ma!matics always f\nd a     

place 9 ! curriculum4 ,likewise1 "s "w  
on ,a/ronomy1 :i* 0 "o ( ! quadrivium   
subjects4  ,all ?is 0 giv5 9 ,lat94     
,greek 0 n !n kn[n 7x 0 introduc$ into  
,scotl&1 9 #aecd74 ,no classical ,lat9  
au?or is giv52 ! education 9 ,lat9 0    
f9i%$ at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool4  ,,tea*+     
,,exclusively ,,9 ,,texts4  ,,mann] ,,( 
,,tea*+4  ,su* 0 ! ,arts' ,faculty ( !  
#ae? c5tury2 a dre>y1 s+le-mann$1       
,ari/otelian quadri5nium4 ,! position is
 n completely be=e u1 till we und]/&    
f>!r ! mann] ( work+4  ,! pupils c\ld n1
 z a rule1 possess ! text ( ,ari/otle4  
,! tea*] read & exp\nd$ ! text = !m2 b a
 v l>ge portion ( ! "t 0 always occupi$ 
9 dictat+1 or dit+1 notes1 :i* ! pupils 
7 exam9$ ^u1 viv voce2 _! be/ plan      
usually be+ to get !m by he>t1 z any "o 
might ask !m to repeat passages         
lit]ally2 :ile p]haps few c\ld exam9e   
well ^u ! mean+4 ,! notes w\ld be       
selections & abridgm5ts f ,ari/otle1 ) !
 comm5ts ( mod]n writ]s4 ,! dit+ sy/em 0
 (t5 compla9$ ( z wa/e ( "t1 b 0 n      

discont9u$ till ! ?ird1 or pres5t1      
,univ]sity dyna/y1 & n entirely !n1 z _m
 ( u "k4  ,! tea*+ 0 ?us exclusively    
,text tea*+4 ,! tea*] _h little or no?+ 
to say = himself 7at lea/ 9 ! e>lie/    
p]iod74 ,he 0 ev5 re/rict$ 9 ! rem>ks he
 might make by way ( comm5t>y4 ,he 0 z  
ne>ly z possible a ma*9e4  ,b la/ly1 to 
complete ! view ( ! fir/ p]iod1 we mu/  
add ! practice ( ,disputation1 ( :i* we 
%all h a bett] idea f ! records ( ! next
 p]iod4 ,?is practice 0 co-eval ) !     
,univ]sities2 x 0 ! s+le mode ( /imulat+
 ! ?\ght ( ! individual /ud5t2 ! *ief   
antidote to ! me*anical tea*+ by        
,text-books & dictation4  ,!            
pre-,re=mation p]iod ( ,ab]de5          
,univ]sity 0 little m ?an sixty ye>s4 ,=
 a portion ( ^? ye>s x atta9$ celebrity4
 ,9 #aeda1 ! t[n 0 hon\r$ by a visit f  
,james ,v41 & ! ,univ]sity contribut$ to
 8 ent]ta9m5t4 ,! some:at p5ny-a-l9+    
acc\nt is1 t !re 7 ex]cises &           
disputations 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 & o!r     
languages6 ,! (ficial records1 h[ev]1 %[

 t ! ,college at t v "t _h sunk into a  
conv5t & conv5tual s*ool4   ,,second    
,,p]iod--,,! ,,re=mation4  ,! ,re=mation
 introduc$ ! second p]iod1 & made       
important *anges4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 ! great
 convulsion ( ,european ?\ght1 !        
asc5dancy ( ,ari/otle 0 %ak54 ,x is     
en\gh to m5tion two incid5ts 9 ! d[nfall
 ( ! mighty ,/agyrite4 ,"o 0 ! attack on
 him by ! r5[n$ ,pet] ,ra9us1 9 !       
,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,our c\ntryman1     
,&rew ,melville1 att5d$ ,ramus's        
,lectures1 & became ! means ( introduc+ 
8 sy/em into ,scotl&4 ,! o!r incid5t is 
/ill m notable4 ,! ,re=m]s _h to consid]
 _! attitude t[>ds ,ari/otle4 ,at fir/  
_! op9ion 0 condemnatory4 ,lu!r reg>d$  
him z a v devil2 he 0 a godless bulw>k (
 ! ,papi/s4 ,melanc?on 0 also ho/ile2 b 
he soon p]ceiv$ t ,!ology w\ld crumble  
into fanatical dissolution )\t !        
co-op]ation ( "s philosophy4 ,z yet !re 
0 no?+ to fall back ^u except ! pagan   
sy/ems4 ,( ^!1 ,melanc?on 0 oblig$ to   
confess t ,ari/otle 0 ! lea/            

objectionable1 & 01 moreov]1 9          
possession4 ,! plan1 !re=e1 0 to accept 
him z a basis1 & f5ce him r\nd ) or?odox
 em5dations4 ,?is done1 ,ari/otle1 no   
long] despotic1 b z a limit$            
con/itutional mon>*1 _h 8 reign prolong$
 a c5tury & a half4  ,,new ,,subjects   
,,introduc$ ,,by ,,melville4  ,,!       
,,modifi$ ,,curriculum--,,&rew          
,,melville4  ,! fir/ ?+1 aft] !         
,re=mation 9 ,scotl&1 0 to purge !      
,univ]sities ( ! inflexible adh]5ts ( ! 
old fai?4 ,!n came ! "q ( am5d+ !       
,curriculum1 n simply ) a view to       
,prote/antism1 b = ! sake ( an enlight5$
 tea*+4 ,! "r man appe>$ at ! "r mom5t4 
,9 #aegd1 ,&rew ,melville1 !n 9 ,g5eva1 
receiv$ press+ invitations to come home 
& take "p 9 ! ne$$ re=ms4 ,he 0         
imm$iately made ,pr9cipal ( ,glasg[     
,univ]sity1 at t "t 9 a /ate ( utt]     
collapse & ru94 ,he _h matur$ 8 plans1  
aft] consultation ) ,george ,bu*anan1 & 
!y 7 wor?y ( a great re=m]4 ,he sket*$ a
 curriculum1 sub/antially ! curriculum (

 ! second ,univ]sity p]iod4 ,!          
modifications ^u ! almo/ exclusive      
,ari/otelianism ( ! fir/ p]iod1 7       
significant4 ,! ,greek language 0       
introduc$1 & ,greek classical au?ors    
read4 ,! read+ 9 ! ,roman classics 0    
ext5d$4 ,a text-book on ,rhetoric       
accompani$ ! classical read+s4 ,!       
dialectics ( ,ramus made ! prelude to   
,logic1 in/ead ( ! ?ree treatises ( !   
old ,logic4 ,! ,ma!matics includ$       
,euclid4 ,geography & ,cosmography 7    
tak5 up4 ,!n came a c\rse ( ,moral      
,philosophy on an enl>g$ basis4 ,) !    
,e?ics & ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 7 comb9$
 ,cic]o's ,e?ical works & c]ta9         
,dialogues ( ,plato4 ,f9ally1 9 !       
,physics1 ,melville /ill us$ ,ari/otle1 
b along ) a m mod]n treatise4 ,he also  
gave a view ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory &       
,*ronology4  ,?is curriculum1 :i*       
,melville took ^u himself to tea*1 9    
ord] to tra9 future tea*]s1 0 ! po9t (  
dep>ture ( ! c\rses 9 all ! ,univ]sities
 dur+ ! second p]iod4 ,) v>iations ( "t 

& place1 ! ,arts' c\rse may be describ$ 
z made up ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 classics1 )
 ,rhetoric1 ,logic1 & ,dialectics1      
,moral ,philosophy1 or ,e?ics1          
,ma!matics1 ,physics1 & ,a/ronomy4 ,!   
little text-book ( ,rhetoric1 by ,talon 
or ,talaeus1 0 made up ( notes f !      
,lectures ( ,pet] ,ramus1 & us$ 9 all   
our ,colleges till sup]s$$ by ! bett]   
compilation ( ! ,dut* s*ol>1 ,g]>d ,john
 ,voss4  ,melville _h to cont5d ) _m    
oppon5ts1 among !m ! /ickl]s = !        
infallibility ( ! ,/agyrite4 ,l ! ,g]man
 ,re=m]s1 he _h accept$ ,ari/otelianism 
z a basis1 ) a simil> process (         
reconciliation4 ,s x 0 t ,ari/otle &    
,calv9 7 br\ght to kiss ea* o!r4        
,,melville ,,defeat$ ,,on ,,! ,,reg5t+4 
,,attempt ,,to ,,aboli% ,,reg5t+4       
,melville's next proposal 0 all too     
revolution>y4 ,x consi/$ 9 re/rict+ !   
,reg5ts ea* to a special gr\p (         
subjects2 9 fact1 anticipat+ our mod]n  
pr(essoriate4 ,he actually set up ?is   
plan 9 ,glasg[3 "o ,reg5t took ,greek & 

,lat92 ano!r1 8 nephew1 ,james          
,melville1 took ,ma!matics1 ,logic1 &   
,moral ,philosophy2 a ?ird1 ,physics &  
,a/ronomy4 ,! sy/em w5t on1 9 appe>ance 
at lea/1 = fifty ye>s2 x is only 9      
#afdb1 t we f9d ! ,reg5ts giv5 )\t a    
specific designation4 ,:y x %\ld h gone 
on s long1 & be5 !n dropt1 we are n     
in=m$4 ,melville's influ5ce />t$ x 9 !  
o!r ,univ]sities1 b x 0 defeat$ 9 e "o f
 ! v outset4 ,aft] six ye>s at ,glasg[1 
he w5t to ,/4 ,&rew's z ,pr9cipal &     
,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 & tri$ !re ! same 
re=ms1 b ! resi/ance 0 too great4 ,9    
spite ( a public enactm5t1 ! division ( 
lab\r among ! ,reg5ts 0 nev] c>ri$ out4 
,yet su* 0 ,melville's au?ority1 t !    
same enactm5t 0 ext5d$ to ,k+'s         
,college1 9 a s*eme hav+ a rem>kable    
hi/ory--! s-call$ ,new ,f\ndation (     
,ab]de5 ,univ]sity1 promulgat$ 9 a      
,royal ,*>t] ( ab\t ! ye> #aeha4 ,! ,e>l
 ,m>is*al 0 a *ief promot] ( ! plan (   
re=m compris$ 9 ?is *>t]4 ,! division ( 
lab\r among ! ,reg5ts 0 mo/ expressly   

enjo9$4 ,! plan fell ?r\gh2 & !re 0 a   
legal dispute fifty ye>s aft]w>ds z to  
:e!r x _h ev] any legal validity4 ,*>les
 ,i4 0 made to express indignation at ! 
idea ( r$uc+ ! ,univ]sity to a s*ool6   
,we n[ approa* ! f\ndation ( ,m>is*al   
,college4 ,! ,e>l ,m>is*al may h be5    
actuat$ by ! failure ( 8 attempt to re=m
 ,k+'s ,college4 ,at all ev5ts1 8 m9d 0 
made up to foll[ ,melville 9 assign+    
sep>ate subjects to 8 ,reg5ts4 ,! ,*>t] 
is explicit on ?is head4 ,yet 9 spite ( 
! ,*>t] & 9 spite ( 8 own pres5ce1 !    
int5tion 0 ?w>t$2 ! old ,reg5t+ la/$    
#afj ye>s4   ,,ari/otelian ,,physics    
,,too ,,long ,,ma9ta9$4  ,/ill !        
,curriculum re=m 0 ga9$4 ,!re 01 inde$1 
"o great miss4 ,! ye> be=e ,m>is*al     
,college 0 f\nd$1 ,galileo _h publi%$ 8 
"w on ,me*anics1 :i*1 tak5 ) :at _h be5 
accompli%$ by ,ar*im$es & o!rs1 laid !  
f\ndations ( our mod]n ,physics4        
,cop]nicus _h already publi%$ 8 "w on ! 
,heav5s4 ,x 0 n[ "t t ! ,ari/otelian    
,physics %\ld be clean swept away4 ,9   

?is :ole dep>tm5t1 ,ari/otle _h made a  
reign ( confusion2 he _h ?r[n ! subject 
back1 be+ himself (f ! rails f fir/ to  
la/4 ,_h !re be5 9 ,scotl& an advis] 9  
?is dep>tm5t1 l ,melville 9 g5]al       
lit]ature1 or l ,napi] ( ,m]*i/on 9 pure
 ma!matics1 "o f\r? ( ! college tea*+   
might h be5 reclaim$ f utt] wa/e1 & a   
heal?y tone ( ?9k+ diffus$ ?r\gh !      
rema9d]4  ,a curi\s fasc9ation always   
atta*$ to ! /udy ( ,a/ronomy1 ev5 :5 !re
 0 n mu* to be said1 ap>t f !           
unsatisfactory disquisitions (          
,ari/otle4 ,a little book1 entitl$      
,sacrobosco on ! ,sph]e1 conta9+ little 
m ?an :at we %\ld n[ tea* to boys &     
girls1 along ) ! ,globes1 0 a ,univ]sity
 text-book ?r\gh\t ,europe = c5turies4  
,i 0 in=m$ by a late ,k+'s ,college     
pr(essor t ! ,use ( ! ,globes 01 )9 8   
memory1 taught 9 ! ,magi/r& ,class4 ,?is
 w\ld be simply :at is t]m$ a survival4 
,,graduation ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,disputes
 ,,on ,,!sis4  ,,sy/em ,,(              
,,disputation4  ,n[ z to ! mode (       

in/ruction4 ,!re 7 viv voce exam9ations 
^u ! notes1 su* z we c imag9e4 ,b !     
/ress 0 laid on ,disputations &         
,declamations 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,besides     
disput+ & declaim+ on ! regul> class "w 
be=e ! ,reg5t1 we f9d t1 9 ,ed9burgh1 & 
,i suppose else:]e1 ! classes 7 divid$  
into companies1 :o met ap>t1 & conf]r$ &
 debat$ among !mselves daily4 ,! /ud5ts 
7 occupi$1 altoge!r1 six h\rs a day4 ,!n
 ! high] classes 7 frequ5tly pit*$ aga9/
 ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 a fav\rite occupation  
on ,saturdays4 ,! doctr9es esp\s$ by !  
lead+ /ud5ts became _! nicknames4 ,!    
pass = ,graduation consi/$ 9 ! propugn+ 
or impugn+ ( que/ions by ea* c&idate 9  
turn4 ,an elaborate ,!sis 0 drawn up by 
! ,reg5t1 giv+ ! heads ( 8 philosophy   
c\rse2 ?is 0 accept$ by ! c&idates1     
sign$ by !m1 & pr9t$ at _! exp5se4 ,!n  
on ! day ( trial1 at a long sitt+1 ea*  
c&idate /ood up & propung$ or impung$ a 
portion ( ! ,!sis2 all 7 he>d 9 turn2 & 
on ! result ! ,degree 0 conf]r$4 ,a good
 _m ( ^! ,!ses are pres]v$ 9 our        

,libr>y2 "s ( !m are v long--a hundr$   
pages ( close type2 !y are our be/ clue 
to ! tea*+ ( ! p]iod4 ,we c see h[ f>   
,ari/otle 0 qualifi$ by mod]n views4    
,,reg5t+ ,,doom$4  ,i said !re might h  
be5 times :5 ! /ud5ts nev] _h ! relief (
 a second face all ! f\r ye>s4 ,!       
exceptions are ( importance4 ,fir/1 z   
reg>ds ,m>is*al ,college4 ,)9 a few ye>s
 ( ! f\ndation1 ,dr4 ,duncan ,liddell   
f\nd$ ! ,ma!matical ,*air1 & ?us )drew f
 ! ,reg5ts ! subject t mo/ ( all ne$$ a 
speciali/2 a succession ( v able        
ma!maticians sat 9 ?is *air4 ,k+'s      
,college _h n ! same good =tune4 ,f its 
f\ndation x possess$ a sep>ate          
function>y1 ! ,humani/ or ,gramm>ian2 b 
he _h also1 till #agec1 to act z ,rector
 ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,ed9burgh obta9$ f 
an e>ly date a ,ma!matical *air1 occupi$
 by m5 ( celebrity4 ,!re 0 no o!r       
innovation till ne> ! end ( ! #ag?      
c5tury1 :5 ,greek 0 isolat$ bo? 9       
,ed9burgh & 9 ,m>is*al ,college2 b ! end
 ( ,reg5t+ 0 !n ne>4  ,! old sy/em1     

h[ev]1 _h "s curi\s wri?+s4 ,dur+ !     
tr\bl$ #ag? c5tury1 ,univ]sity re=m c\ld
 n comm& p]si/5t att5tion4 ,b aft] !    
#afhh-,revolution1 op9ions 7 /rongly    
express$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,melville sy/em4 ,!
 obvi\s argum5t 0 urg$1 t1 by division (
 lab\r ea* man w\ld be able to ma/] a   
special subject1 & d x ju/ice 9 tea*+4  
,yet1 x 0 repli$1 t1 by ! cont9u$       
int]c\rse1 ! ma/] knew bett] ! hum\rs1  
incl9ations1 & tal5ts ( _! s*ol>s4 ,to  
:i* ! answ] 0--! hum\rs & incl9ations ( 
s*ol>s are n s deeply hid b t 9 a few   
weeks !y appe>4 ,moreov]1 x 0 said1 !   
/ud5ts are m respectful to a ,ma/] :ile 
he is new to !m4  ,! f9al division (    
subjects took place 9 ,ed9burgh1 9      
#agjh2 9 ,glasg[1 9 #agbg2 9 ,/4 ,&rews1
 9 #agdg4 ,9 ,m>is*al ,college1 ! *ange 
0 made by a m9ute ( #aa? ,jan41 #agec2  
b1 :e!r f ignorance1 or f want ( grace1 
! ,s5atus did n record its satisfaction 
at hav+1 aft] a lapse ( five g5]ations1 
fulfill$ ! wi%es ( ! pi\s f\nd]4 ,9     
,k+'s ,college1 ! old sy/em la/$ till   

#agih4  ,?is closes ! second age ( !    
,univ]sities1 & introduces ! ?ird age1 !
 age ( ! ,pr(essoriate1 ( ,lectur+      
in/ead ( ,text-books1 ! end (           
,disputation1 & ! use ( ! ,engli%       
,language4 ,x 0 n[1 & n till n[1 t !    
,scotti% ,univ]sities /ood =?1 9 sev]al 
lead+ dep>tm5ts ( k1 z ! tea*]s ( ! _w4 
,,age ,,( ,,! ,,pr(essoriate4  ,,!      
,,univ]sities ,,& ,,! ,,political       
,,revolutions4  ,! second age ( !       
,univ]sities 0 ,scotl&'s mo/ try+ "t4 ,9
 a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 ! c\ntry _h     
pass$ ?r\gh f\r revolutions &           
c\nt]-revolutions2 e "o ( :i* told ^u ! 
,univ]sities4 ,! victori\s p>ty impos$  
its te/ ^u ! ,univ]sity tea*]1 & drove  
out recusants4 ,y mu/ all "k some?+ ( ! 
purg+ ( ! ,univ]sity & ! ,m9i/ry (      
,ab]de5 by ! ,cov5ant+ ,g5]al ,assembly 
( #afdj4 ,^! depos$ ,ab]de5 doctors may 
h _h too /rong lean+s to episcopacy 9 ! 
,*ur* & to absolutism 9 ! ,/ate1 b !y 7 
n ,vic>s ( ,bray4 ,! fir/ half ( !      
c5tury 0 adorn$ by a b& ( s*ol>s1 :o h  

ga9$ r5[n by _! cultivation ( ,lat9     
poetry2 a little oasis 9 ! des]t (      
,ari/otelian ,dialectics4 ,x w\ld be    
ne$less & ungraci\s to enquire :e!r ?is 
0 ! be/ ?+ t c\ld h be5 done = !        
g5]ation ( ,bi%op ,patrick ,=bes4  ,y\r 
read+ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,scotl& w ?us br+ y 
face to face ) ! great p[]s t cont5d$ = 
! ma/]y f #aefj3 ! ,mon>*y1 always /riv+
 to be absolute2 ! ,*ur*1 ^: position   
made x ! advocate ( popul> fre$om2 !    
,univ]sities1 fluctuat+ z reg>ds        
political lib]ty1 b /&+ up =            
intellectual lib]ty4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury ! 
,*ur* rul$ ! ,univ]sities2 9 ! #ah?1 x  
may be said1 t ! ,univ]sities return$ ! 
complim5t4  ,,pr(essional ,,tea*+ ,,by  
,,appr5tice%ip  ,,univ]sities ,,n       
,,ess5tial ,,= ,,pr(essions4  ,en\gh = !
 pa/4 ,a ^w or two on ! pres5t4 ,:at is 
n[ ! ne$ = a ,univ]sity sy/em1 & :at mu/
 ! sy/em be to answ] t ne$8 ,_m ?+s are 
alt]$ s9ce ! #ab? c5tury4  ,fir/1 !n1   
,univ]sities1 z ,i und]/& !m1 are n     
absolutely ess5tial to ! tea*+ (        

pr(essions4 ,let me make an extreme     
supposition4 ,a great naval comm&]1 l   
,nelson1 is s5t on bo>d %ip1 at elev5 or
 twelve2 8 previ\s k1 or g5]al tra9+1 is
 :at y may suppose = t age4 ,x is 9 !   
c\rse ( actual s]vice1 & 9 no o!r way1 t
 he acquires 8 pr(essional fitness =    
comm&+ fleets4 ,is ?is "r or is x wrong8
 ,p]haps x is wrong1 b x has gone on s =
 a long "t4 ,well1 :y may n a prea*] be 
=m$ on ! same plan8 ,john ,wesley 0 n a 
great] man 9 prea*+1 ?an ,nelson 9      
seaman%ip4 ,take1 !n1 a y\? ( ?irte5 f !
 s*ool4 ,appr5tice him to ! m9i/] ( a   
p>i%4 ,let him make at once prep>ations 
= cl]ical "w4 ,let him /ore 8 memory )  
s]mons1 let him make ab/racts ( ,div9ity
 sy/ems2 ma/] ! be/ exegetical          
comm5tators4 ,!n1 9 a ye> or two1 he    
w\ld beg9 to cate*ise ! "y1 to give     
addresses 9 ! way ( exposition1         
exhortation1 enc\ragem5t1 & rebuke4     
,practice w\ld br+ facility4 ,might n1  
,i say2 sev5 ye>s ( ! actual "w1 9 !    
susceptible p]iod ( life1 make a prea*] 

( no mean p[]1 )\t ! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 )\t
 ! ,arts' ,classes1 )\t ! ,div9ity      
,hall8  ,:at !n d we ga9 by tak+ su* a  
r\ndab\t approa* to our pr(essional "w8 
,! answ] is tw(old4  ,fir/1 z reg>ds !  
pr(ession itself4 ,ne>ly e skill$       
occupation1 9 our "t1 involves pr9ciples
 & facts t h be5 inve/igat$1 & are      
taught1 outside ! pr(ession2 to ! m$ical
 man are giv5 c\rses ( ,*emi/ry1        
,physiology1 & s on4 ,h5ce to be        
completely equipp$ = y\r pr(essional "w1
 y mu/ repair to ! tea*]s ( ^? tribut>y 
dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,! requirem5t1 h[ev]1 is 
n absolute2 x admits ( be+ evad$4 ,y\r  
pr(essional tea*]s ought to ma/] ^!     
outside subjects1 & give y j z mu* ( !m 
z y ne$1 & no m2 :i* w\ld be an obvi\s  
economy ( y\r valuable "t4  ,?us1 ,i    
appreh5d1 ! /rictly pr(essional uses (  
g5]al k fail to ju/ify ! ,gramm> ,s*ool 
& ! ,arts' curriculum4 ,some?+1 inde$1  
may /ill be said = ! high] grades (     
pr(essional excell5ce1 & = introduc+    
improv$ me?ods into ! practice ( !      

sev]al crafts2 = :i* wid] outside /udies
 l5d _! aid4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh2   
inv5tors are ! exception4 ,9 fact1 !    
gr\nd mu/ be wid5$1 & include1 secondly1
 ! life beyond ! pr(ession4 ,we are     
citiz5s ( a self-gov]n$ c\ntry2 memb]s (
 v>i\s small] societies2 heads1 or      
memb]s ( families4 ,we h1 moreov]1 to   
c>ve out recreation & enjoym5t z !      
alt]native & ! rew>d ( our pr(essional  
toil4 ,n[ ! entire tone & "* ( ?is life 
outside ! pr(ession1 is pr(\ndly dep5d5t
 on ! compass ( our e>ly /udies4 ,he t  
leaves ! s*ool = ! %op at ?irte51 is on 
"o plat=m4 ,he t sp5ds ! ye>s f ?irte5  
to tw5ty 9 acquir+ g5]al k1 is on a     
totally diff]5t plat=m2 he is1 9 ! be/  
s5se1 an ari/ocrat4 ,^? t beg9 "w at    
?irte51 & ^? t are born n to "w at all1 
are alike 8 inf]iors4 ,he %\ld be able  
to spread light all ar\nd4 ,he x is t   
may /& =? be=e ! _w z ! model man4  ,,! 
,,graduate ,,z ,,su*4  ,,! ,,ideal      
,,graduate4  ,all ?is supposes t y      
realise ! position2 t y fill up !       

measure ( ! opportunities2 t y keep 9   
view at once ! ,pr(essional life1 !     
,citiz5 life1 & ! life ( ,intellectual  
ta/es4 ,! m]e pr(essional man1 h[ev]    
prosp]\s1 _c be a p[] 9 society1 z !    
,arts' graduate may become4 ,8 leisure  
occupations are all ( a l[] /amp4 ,he   
does n p>ticipate 9 ! m>* ( k4 ,he mu/  
be aw>e ( 8 incompet5ce to judge =      
himself 9 ! great] que/ions ( our de/9y2
 8 "p is to be a foll[]1 & n a lead]4   
,x is n1 !n1 ! "n ( graduate t w d all  
?is4 ,x is n a scrape pass2 x is n dec5t
 m$iocrity ) a languid int]e/4 ,x is a  
fair & ev5 att5tion ?r\gh\t1 supplem5t$ 
by auxili>ies to ! class "w4 ,x is su* a
 hold ( ! lead+ subjects1 su* a ma/]y ( 
! v>i\s alphabets1 z w make future      
ref]5ces intelligible1 & a cont9uation (
 ! /udy possible4  ,our curriculum is "o
 ( ! complete/ 9 ! c\ntry1 or p]haps    
any:]e4 ,by ! happy ?\ght ( ! ,s5atus ( 
,m>is*al ,college1 9 #agec1 y h a       
fundam5tal class 7,natural ,hi/ory7 n   
exi/+ 9 ! o!r colleges4 ,y h a fair     

repres5tation ( ! ?ree great l9es (     
sci5ce--! ,ab/ract1 ! ,exp]im5tal1 & !  
,classify+4 ,:5 x is a g5]al education t
 y are ?9k+ (1 e s*eme ( option is      
imp]fect t does n provide = su*         
?ree-sid$ cultivation ( our reason+     
p[]s4 ,a l>g] quantity ( "o w no m s]ve 
= ! abs5ce ( ! re/ ?an a d\ble cov]+ (  
"o "p ( ! body1 w enable ano!r "p to be 
left b>e4   ,,volunt>y ,,ext5sion ,,(   
,,! ,,basis4  ,y\r "t 9 ! ,arts'        
curriculum is n entirely us$ up by !    
classes4 ,y c make up = defici5ces 9 !  
c\rse1 :5 once y h =m$ y\r ideal (      
complet5ess4 ,= a ye>1 or two aft]      
graduat+1 :ile /ill rejoic+ 9 y\?ful    
fre%ness1 y c be wid5+ y\r f\ndations4  
,! ?+ !n is1 to possess a good s*eme &  
to abide by x4 ,n[1 mak+ e all[ance = ! 
v>iation ( ta/es & ( circum/ances1 &    
look+ solely to :at is desirable = a    
citiz5 & a man1 x is impossible to      
refuse ! claims ( ! dep>tm5t (          
,hi/orical & ,social /udy4 ,"o or two   
good repres5tative hi/orical p]iods     

might be ?or\ghly ma/]$ 9 conjunction ) 
! be/ !oretical comp5ds ( ,social       
,philosophy4  ,,! ,,well-,,in/ruct$     
,,man4  ,f>!r1 ! ideal graduate1 :o is  
to guide & n foll[ op9ion1 %\ld be well 
v]s$ 9 all ! be>+s ( ! ,spiritual       
,philosophy ( ! "t4 ,! subject bran*es  
out into wide regions1 b n wid] ?an y   
%\ld be capable ( foll[+ x4 ,?is is n a 
pr(essional /udy m]ely2 x is ! /udy ( a 
well-in/ruct$ man4  ,once m4 ,a %>e (   
att5tion %\ld be be/[$ e>ly on ! high]  
,lit]ature ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,z1 9 aft]  
life1 poetry & elegant composition are  
to be c\nt$ on z a pleasure & solace1 !y
 %\ld be tak5 up at fir/ z a /udy4 ,!   
critical exam9ation ( /yles1 & ( au?ors1
 :i* =ms an admirable basis ( a /ud5t's 
society1 %\ld be a "w ( /udy & rese>*4  
,! advantages w be _m & la/+4 ,to       
conceive ! exact scope & functions ( !  
,imag9ation 9 art1 9 sci5ce1 9 religion1
 & ev]y:]e1 w repay ! tr\ble4   ,,!     
,,arts' ,,graduate ,,9 ,,lit]ature4     
,ev] s9ce ,i rememb]1 ,i h be5 accu/om$ 

to he> ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,arts'        
graduate1 9 v>i\s crafts1 m especially z
 a tea*]4 ,_m ( y 9 ^! days pass into   
ano!r vocation--,lett]s1 or ! ,press4   
,"h too1 almo/ ev]y?+ y le>n w pay y    
pr(essionally4 ,/ill1 ,i am c>eful n to 
re/ ! case = g5]al education on         
pr(essional gr\nds alone4 ,i might %[ y 
t ! highe/ "w ( all--orig9al            
enquiry--ne$s a broad basis ( lib]al    
/udy2 or at all ev5ts is va/ly aid$ by  
t4 ,g5ius w "w on ev5 a n>r[ basis1 b   
imp]fect prep>atory /udy leaves m>ks (  
imp]fection 9 ! product4  ,! same       
consid]ations t det]m9e y\r volunt>y    
/udies1 det]m9e also ! ,univ]sity       
,ideal4 ,a ,univ]sity1 9 my view1 /&s or
 falls ) its ,arts' ,faculty4 ,)\t      
debat+ ! details1 we may say t ?is      
,faculty %\ld always be repres5tative ( 
! ne$s ( our intellig5ce1 bo? = !       
pr(essional & = ! extra-pr(essional     
life2 x %\ld n be ( ! %op1 %oppy4 ,!    
,univ]sity exi/s because ! pr(essions   
w\ld /agnate )\t x2 & /ill m1 because x 

may be a means ( enl>g+ k at all po9ts4 
,its wat*word is ,progress4 ,we h1 at   
la/1 ! division ( lab\r 9 tea*+2 outside
 ! ,univ]sity1 tea*]s too mu* resemble !
 ,reg5t ( old--hav+ too _m subjects1 &  
too mu* "t sp5t 9 gr9d+4 ,our tea*]s are
 exactly ! rev]se4  ,yet1 !re _c be     
progress )\t a s9c]e & s+le eye to !    
tru?4 ,! fatal /]ility ( ! middle ages1 
& ( our fir/ & second ,univ]sity p]iods1
 _h to d ) ! mi/ake ( gagg+ m5's m\?s1 &
 dictat+ all _! conclusions4 ,?+s came  
to be s arrang$ t contradictory views   
ran side by side1 l oppos+ electric     
curr5ts2 ! ?ick wrappage ( +5i\s        
phraseology arre/+ ! de/ructive dis*>ge4
 ,!re 01 inde$1 an elaborate & pret5ti\s
 ,logic1 suppli$ by ,ari/otle1 & am5d$  
by ,bacon2 :at 0 /ill want$ 0 a ta/e ( !
 ,logic ( ,fre$om4  ,,footnotes3        
,footnote #ae3 ,,rectorial ,,address1 to
 ! ,/ud5ts ( ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity1 #ae?   
,novemb]1 #ahhb4          99       99   
99       99       99   ,,vii4  ,,! ,,art
 ,,( ,,/udy4   ,( hackney$ subjects1 a  

=emo/ place may be assign$ to ! ,art (  
,/udy4 ,alli$ to ! !ory & practice (    
,education g5]ally1 x has /ill a field (
 its own1 al?\gh n v precisely m>k$ out4
 ,x relates m to self-education ?an to  
in/ruction "u ma/]s2 x supposes !       
volunt>y *oice ( ! individual r ?an !   
con/ra9t ( an outw>d discipl9e4         
,consequ5tly1 ! "t = its application is 
:5 ! pupil is emancipat$ f !            
prescription & control ( ! s*ola/ic     
curriculum4  ,!re is ano!r idea closely 
associat$ ) our notion ( /udy--namely1  
le>n+ f books4 ,we may /ret* ! ^w1 )\t  
culpable lic5ce1 to comprise !          
obs]vation ( facts ( all k9ds1 b x m    
naturally sugge/s ! resort to book lore 
= ! k t we are 9 que/ (4 ,!re is a      
consid]able propriety 9 re/rict+ x to   
?is mean+2 or1 at all ev5ts1 9 treat+ ! 
art ( becom+ wise ?r\gh read+1 z diff]5t
 f ! arts ( obs]v+ facts at fir/ h&4 ,9 
%ort1 /udy %\ld n be made co-ext5sive ) 
k gett+1 b ) book le>n+4 ,9 ?us n>r[+ ! 
field1 we h ! obvi\s advantage (        

cultivat+ x m c>efully1 & ! unobvi\s1 b 
v real1 advantage ( deal+ ) "o homog5e\s
 subject4  ,9 ! curr5t phrase1 /udy+ "u 
"s "o1 !re is a m express ref]5ce to be+
 taught by a ma/]1 z 9 li/5+ to         
lectures4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! implication 
t ! le>n] is apply+ 8 own m9d to !      
special field1 &1 at ! same "t1 is n    
neglect+ ! o!r s\rces ( k1 su* z books4 
,! ma/] is look$ ^u r z a guide to      
enquiry1 ?an z ! sole f\nta9 ( !        
in=mation s\ght4  ,?us1 !n1 ! m5tal     
ex]cise t we n[ call /udy began :5 books
 began2 :5 k 0 r$uc$ to language & laid 
out sy/ematically 9 v]bal compositions4 
,a c]ta9 =m ( x exi/$ 9 ! days :5       
language 0 z yet oral m]ely2 :5 !re     
might be long compositions exi/+ only 9 
! memory ( exp]ts1 & communicable by    
spee* alone4 ,b /udy !n 0 a v simple    
affair3 x w\ld consi/ ma9ly 9 att5tive  
li/5+ to recitation1 s z to /ore up 9 ! 
memory :at 0 ?us communicat$4 ,! art1 if
 any1 w\ld atta* equally to ! recit] &  
to ! li/5]2 ! duty ( ! "o w\ld be to    

accommodate 8 lessons 9 "t1 quantity1 & 
mode ( deliv]y to ! ret5tive capacity ( 
! o!r2 :o1 9 8 turn1 w\ld be requir$ to 
con & recapitulate :at he _h be5 told1  
until he made x 8 own1 :atev] x might be
 wor?4  ,,book ,,/udy ,,among ,,!       
,,anci5ts  ,ev5 :5 books came into      
exi/5ce1 an art ( /udy w\ld be at fir/ v
 simple4 ,! :ole ext5t ( book lit]ature 
among ! ,jews be=e ,*ri/ w\ld be soon   
read2 &1 :5 once read1 !re 0 no?+ left b
 to re-read x 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ) a view (
 committal to memory1 :e!r = m$itative  
reflection1 or = awak5+ ! emotions4 ,we 
see1 9 ! ,psalms ( ,david1 ! emphasis   
atta*$ to m5tal dwell+ on ! p>ticul>s ( 
! ,mosaic ,law1 z ! n\ri%m5t ( ! feel+s 
( devotion4  ,! ,greek ,lit]ature ab\t  
#cej ,b4,c41 :5 ,ari/otle & ,demo/h5es  
_h rea*$ manhood 7be+ !n #cd71 _h atta9$
 a consid]able mass2 z "o may see at a  
glance f ,jebb's *ronology atta*$ to 8  
,prim]4 ,!re 0 a spl5did poetical       
libr>y1 includ+ all ! great trag$ians1 )
 ! old] & ! middle ,com$y4 ,!re 7 ! ?ree

 great hi/orians--,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1
 & ,x5ophon2 & ! orators--- ,lysias1    
,isocrates1 & ,isaeus2 !re 7 !          
precursors ( ,socrates 9 ,philosophy2 &1
 f9ally1 ! ,platonic ,dialogues4 ,to    
ov]take all ^! w\ld employ sev]al ye>s (
 le>n$ leisure2 & to imbibe _! sub/ance 
w\ld be a ri* & v>i$ culture1 especially
 ( ! poetic & rhetorical k9d4 ,to make !
 mo/ ( ! field1 a judici\s proc$ure w\ld
 be v helpful2 !re 0 evid5t scope = an  
art ( /udy4 ,! f]tile intellect ( !     
,greeks produc$ ! fir/ sy/ematic guides 
to high culture2 ! ,rhetorical art =    
,oratory & ,poetry1 ! ,logical art =    
,reason+1 & ! ,eri/ic art =             
,disputation4 ,!re 0 no?+ precisely     
correspond+ to an ,art ( ,/udy1 b !re 7 
examples ( ! self-culture ( celebrat$   
m54 ,! mo/ notori\s ( ^! is ,demo/h5es2 
( :om we "k t1 :ile he took special     
lessons 9 ! art ( oratory1 he also be/[$
 extraord9>y pa9s ^u ! g5]al cultivation
 ( 8 intellectual p[]s4 ,8 application  
to ,?ucydides 9 p>ticul> is rec\nt$ 9   

t]ms ( obvi\s my?ical exagg]ation2 %[+1 
nev]!less1 8 idea ( fix+ ^u a special   
book ) a view to extract+ f x e p>ticle 
( intellectual n\ri%m5t t x c\ld yield3 
9 :i* we h an example ( ! art ( /udy z  
,i h def9$ x4 ,!n1 x is said t1 9 8     
anxiety to ma/] 8 au?or1 he copi$ !     
entire "w eight times1 ) 8 own h&1 & _h 
x by he>t v]batim1 s z to be able to    
re-write x :5 ! manuscripts 7           
accid5tally de/roy$4 ,bo? po9ts ent]    
into ! art ( /udy1 & w come "u review 9 
! sequel4  ,we d n possess f ! g5ius (  
,ari/otle--! orig9ator or improv] ( s _m
 practical dep>tm5ts--an ,art ( ,/udy4  
,! omission 0 n suppli$ by any o!r      
,greek writ] kn[n to u4 ,! oratorical   
art 0 a prom95t "p ( education bo? 9    
,greece & 9 ,rome2 & 0 discuss$ by _m   
au?ors--notably by ,cic]o himself2 b !  
exhau/ive treatm5t is f\nd 9 ,qu9tilian4
 ,! v wide scope ( ! ,in/itutes (       
,oratory comprises a *apt] ^u ! orator's
 read+1 9 :i* ! au?or reviews ! pr9cipal
 ,greek & ,roman classics f ,hom] to    

,s5eca1 ) rem>ks ^u ! value ( ea* = !   
m5tal cultivation ( ! oratorical pupil4 
,some?+ ( ?is sort might be legitimately
 includ$ 9 ! art ( /udy1 b might also be
 )held1 z be+ provid$ 9 ! critical      
e/imates already =m$ respect+ all writ]s
 ( note4  ,,mod]n ,,guides ,,to ,,/udy4 
,aft] ,ou9tilian1 x is little use to    
se>* = an art ( /udy1 ei!r among ! lat] 
,lat9 classics1 or among ! m$iaeval     
au?ors g5]ally4 ,i proce$ at once to    
rem>k ^u ! well-kn[n essay ( ,bacon1 :i*
 %[s 8 *>act]i/ic subtlety1             
judici\sness1 & weight2 yet is too %ort 
= practical guidance4 ,he hits ! po9t1 z
 ,i conceive x1 :5 he id5tifies /udy )  
read+1 & br+s 91 b only by way ( contra/
 & complem5t1 conf]5ce or conv]sation & 
composition4 ,he endeav\rs to indicate !
 wor? ( book le>n+1 z an ess5tial       
addition to ! actual practice ( bus9ess1
 & ! exp]i5ce1 ( life4 ,he m>ks a       
diff]5ce betwe5 books t we are m]ely to 
dip into 7books to be ta/$7 & su* z are 
to be ma/]$2 )\t1 h[ev]1 /at+ examples4 

,he v5tures also to settle ! respective 
k9ds ( culture assignable to diff]5t    
dep>tm5ts ( k--hi/ory1 poetry1          
ma!matics1 natural philosophy1 moral    
philosophy1 logic & rhetoric2 a v useful
 attempt 9 its own way1 & "o t may well 
en\gh ent] into a compreh5sive art (    
/udy1 if n provid$ = 9 ! /ill wid] !ory 
( ,education at l>ge4  ,bacon's         
illu/ri\s fri5d1 ,hobbes1 did n write on
 /udies1 b made a notable rem>k be>+ on 
"o topic connect$ ) ! art1--namely1 t if
 he _h read z mu* z o!r m51 he %\ld h   
rema9$ /ill z ignorant z o!r m54 ,?is   
mu/ n be int]pret$ too lit]ally4 ,hobbes
 0 really a great read] ( ! anci5ts1 &  
mu/ h /udi$ ) c>e "s ( ! philosoph]s    
imm$iately prec$+ himself4 ,/ill1 x     
indicates an important po9t = discussion
 9 ! art ( /udy1 9 :i* great m5 h gone  
to opposite extremes--,i mean 9 ref]5ce 
to ! am\nt ( att5tion to be giv5 to     
previ\s writ]s1 9 tak+ up new gr\nd4    
,to come d[n to ano!r great "n1 we h    
,milton's ideal ( ,education1 giv5 9 8  

%ort ,tractate4 ,"h1 ) _m prote/ations (
 kn[+ ?+s1 r ?an words1 we f9d an       
enorm\s prescription ( book read+1      
includ+1 9 fact1 e kn[n au?or on e "o ( 
a wide circle ( subjects4 ,?is 0        
*>act]i/ic ( ! man3 he 0 a voraci\s     
read] himself1 & an example to %[1 9    
opposition to ,hobbes1 t orig9al g5ius  
is n necess>ily qu5*$ by great or ev5   
excessive erudition4 ,z be>+ on ! art ( 
/udy1 especially = /ripl+s "u tw5ty1    
,milton's s*eme is op5 to two           
criticisms3 fir/1 t ! am\nt ( read+ on !
 :ole is too great2 second1 t 9 subjects
 h&l$ by sev]al au?ors ( repute1 "o %\ld
 h be5 select$ z ! lead+ text-book & got
 up ?or\ghly2 ! o!rs be+ tak5 9 due "t z
 enl>g+ or correct+ ! k ?us laid 94 ,?9k
 ( a boy le>n+ ,rhetoric ^u six au?ors  
tak5 toge!r6  ,,locke',s ,,conduct ,,(  
,,! ,,und]/&+4  ,! transition f ,milton 
to ,locke is ! inv]se ( t f ,hobbes to  
,milton4 ,locke 0 also a man ( few      
books4 ,if he _h be5 s5t to s*ool "u    
,milton1 z he might h be51#af he w\ld h 

v soon ?r[n up ! le>n$ drudg]y prescrib$
 = him1 & w\ld h bolt$4  ,! practical   
outcome ( ,locke's enquiries respect+ ! 
human faculties is to be f\nd 9 ! little
 treatise nam$--,! ,conduct ( !         
,und]/&+4 ,x is an e>ne/ appeal 9 fav\r 
( devotion to ! atta9m5t ( tru?1 & an   
exposure ( all ! v>i\s s\rces ( error1  
moral & intellectual2 m especially      
prejudices & bias4 ,!re are n1 h[ev]1 _m
 ref]5ces to book /udy2 & su* z we f9d  
are *iefly direct$ to ! "o aim ( pa9ful 
& labori\s exam9ation1 fir/1 ( an       
au?or's mean+1 & next ( ! goodness ( 8  
argum5ts4 ,two or ?ree s5t5ces w give ! 
clue4 ,^? :o h read ( ev]y?+1 are ?\ght 
to und]/& ev]y?+ too2 b x is n always s4
 ,read+ furni%es ! m9d only ) mat]ials (
 k2 x is ?9k+ makes :at we read ours4   
,we are ( ! rum9at+ k9d1 & x is n en\gh 
to cram ourselves ) a great deal (      
collections1 unless we *ew !m ov] aga91 
!y w n give u /r5g? & n\ri%m5t4 ,f>!r3  
,books & read+ are look$ ^u to be !     
great helps ( ! und]/&+1 & in/rum5ts (  

k1 z x mu/ be all[$ t !y are2 & yet ,i  
beg leave to "q :e!r ^! d n prove a     
h9drance to _m1 & keep sev]al booki% m5 
f atta9+ to solid & true k4 ,"h1 aga91  
is 8 /]n way ( deal+ ) any au?or3--,to  
fix 9 ! m9d ! cle> & di/9ct idea ( ! "q 
/ripp$ ( words2 & s likewise1 9 ! tra9 (
 argum5tation1 to take up ! au?or's     
ideas1 neglect+ 8 words1 obs]v+ h[ !y   
connect or sep>ate ^? 9 ! "q4 ,( ?is    
la/1 m aft]w>ds4  ,,watt',s ,,improvem5t
 ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4  ,a disciple ( ,locke1 &
 a man ( consid]able & v>i\s p[]s1 !    
non-con=mi/ div9e ,isaac ,watts1 produc$
 p]haps ! fir/ consid]able didactic     
treatise on ,/udy4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to 
8 well-kn[n "w entitl$ ,! ,improvem5t ( 
! ,m9d2 on :i*1 he tells u1 he 0 occupi$
 at int]vals = tw5ty ye>s4 ,x has two   
,p>ts3 "o on ! acquisition ( k2 ! o!r on
 ,communication or lea*+4 ,! s*eme is a 
v wide "o4 ,obs]vation1 ,read+1 att5d+  
,lectures1 ,conv]sation1--are all       
includ$4 ,to ! ^w ,/udy1 ,watts atta*es 
a special mean+1 namely ,m$itation &    

,reflection1 toge!r ) ! control or      
regulation ( all ! ex]cises ( ! m9d4 ,i 
d\bt if ?is mean+ is well support$ by   
usage4 ,at all ev5ts x is n !           
signification t ,i propose to atta* to !
 t]m4 ,obs]vation is an art 9 itself3 s 
is ,conv]sation1 :e!r amicable or       
cont5ti\s4 ,! proportions t ^! ex]cises 
%\ld be> to read+1 w\ld fairly claim a  
place 9 ! complete ,art ( ,/udy4  ,watts
 has two %ort *apt]s on ,books & ,read+1
 conta9+ s5sible rem>ks4 ,he urges !    
importance ( ?or\gh ma/]y ( select      
au?ors2 b assumes a p[] ( discrim9at+   
good & bad beyond ! rea* ( a le>n]1 &   
does n %[ h[ x is to be atta9$4 ,he is v
 mu* conc]n$ all ?r\gh z to ! moral tone
 & religi\s or?odoxy ( ! books read1 he 
also reproves ha/y & ill-natur$ judgm5ts
 ^u ! au?ors4  ,watts's ,essay is s     
pi?ily writt51 & s full ( s5se &        
propriety1 t x long ma9ta9$ a high      
position 9 our lit]ature2 he tells u1 t 
x _h become a text-book 9 ! ,univ]sity4 
,i d n "k ( any bett] "w on ! same plan4

 ,a ,/ud5t's ,guide1 by an ,am]ican nam$
 ,todd1 0 9 vogue ) u1 "s "t ago2 b     
anyone look+ at its cont5ts1 w n be     
sorry t x is n[ =gott54 ,x w\ld n1      
h[ev]1 be correct to say t ! subject has
 di$ out4 ,if !re h n be5 _m express    
didactic treatises ( late1 !re has be5  
an innum]able ho/ ( small diss]tations1 
9 ! =m ( addresses1 spee*es1 incid5tal  
discussions1 lead+ articles1 s]mons--all
 int5d$ to guide bo? "y & old 9 ! pa? ( 
useful /udy4 ,:at to read1 :5 to read1 &
 h[ to read1--h be5 !mes ( _m an essay1 
texts ( _m a disc\rse4 ,accord+ z       
,education at l>ge has be5 m & m        
discuss$1 ! p>ticul> prov9ce (          
self-education1 z "h m>k$ out1 has _h an
 ample %>e ( att5tion f m or less       
qualifi$ advis]s4  ,:at we h got be=e u1
 !n1 is1 fir/1 to def9e our gr\nd1 & !n 
to appropriate & value ! accumulat$     
fruits ( ! lab\r exp5d$ on x4 ,i h      
already indicat$ h[ ,i w\ld n>r[ !      
subject ( ,/udy1 s z to occupy a field  
ap>t1 & n jumble toge!r matt]s t foll[  

di/9ct laws4 ,! !ory ( ,education 9     
g5]al is ! !ory ( good ,tea*+3 t is a   
field by itself1 al?\gh _m ?+s 9 x are  
applicable also to self-education4 ,to  
e/imate ! values ( diff]5t              
acquisitions--,sci5ce1 ,language1 & !   
re/1 is good = all modes ( culture4 ,!  
laws ( ! und]/&+ 9 g5]al1 & ( ! memory 9
 p>ticul>1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt "u e 
mode ( acquir+ k4 ,yet ! alt]ation (    
circum/ances1 :5 a pupil is c>v+ out 8  
own c\rse1 & work+ "u 8 own free-w1     
leads to new & di/9ct rules ( proc$ure4 
,also1 t "p ( self-education consi/+ 9 !
 application to books is di/9ct f ! o!r 
=ms ( m5tal cultivation1 namely1        
conv]s+1 disput+1 orig9al composition1 &
 tutorial aid4 ,ea* ( ^! has its own    
rules or me?ods1 :i* ,i d n mean to     
notice except by brief allusion4  ,9    
connection ) ! ,plan ( /udy1 x is       
mat]ial to ask :at ! individual is /udy+
 =4 ,ea* pr(ession1 ea* accompli%m5t1   
has its own c\rse ( education4 ,if book 
read+ is an ess5tial "p1 !n ! *oice (   

books mu/ foll[ ! l9e ( ! special       
pursuit4 ,?is is obvi\s2 b does n d away
 ) ! consid]ation ( ! be/ modes ( /udy+ 
:atev] books are suitable = ! end4 ,"o  
man has to read 9 ,*emi/ry1 ano!r 9     
,law1 ano!r 9 ,div9ity1 & s on4 ,= ea* &
 all ( ^!1 !re is a pr(itable & an      
unpr(itable mode ( work+1 & ! speciality
 ( ! matt] is uness5tial4  ,,diff]5t    
,,ends ,,( ,,/udy4  ,! m important      
diff]5ces ( subject1 involv+ diff]5ces (
 me?od1 are se5 9 su* contra/$ dep>tm5ts
 z ,sci5ce & ,language1 ,?\ght & ,/yle1 
,reality & ,poetry1 ,g5]ality &         
,p>ticul>ity4 ,9 apply+ ! m9d to ^!     
v>i\s bran*es1 & 9 us+ books z ! m$ium (
 acquisition1 !re are consid]able       
diff]5ces 9 ! mode ( proc$ure4 ,! /udy (
 a book ( ,sci5ce is n on ! same plan z 
! /udy ( a ,hi/ory or a ,poem4 ,yet ev5 
9 ^! la/1 !re are _m circum/ances 9     
common1 aris+ out ( ! con/itution ( our 
faculties & ! nature ( a v]bal m$ium (  
communication ( ?\ght4  ,an art ( ,/udy 
9 g5]al %\ld n presume to foll[ out 9   

m9ute detail ! education ( ! sev]al     
pr(essions4 ,!re %\ld /ill be1 =        
example1 a di/9ct view ( ! tra9+ special
 9 an ,orator1 on :i* ! anci5ts be/[$ s 
mu* pa9s2 !re be+ no correspond+ c\rse  
hi!rto *alk$ out = a ,philosoph] z su*1 
or ev5 = a ,poet4  ,next1 !re is an     
important di/9ction betwe5 /udies = a   
pr(essional walk1 & ! /udies ( a man's  
leisure1 ) a view to gratify+ a special 
ta/e1 or = ! high] object ( indep5d5t   
?9k+ on all ! high] que/ions belong+ to 
a citiz5 & a man4 ,bo? positions has its
 peculi>ities2 & an art ( /udy %\ld be  
ca?olic en\gh to embrace !m4 ,to h ! be/
 "p ( ! day = /udy1 & ! re/ = recreation
 & refre%m5t1 is "o ?+3 & to /udy 9     
by-h\rs1 9 snat*es ( "t1 & 9 holidays is
 q ano!r ?+4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! *oice ( 
subjects1 & ! ext5t ( !m1 mu/ be        
consid]ably diff]5t2 :ile ! consid]ation
 ( ! be/ modes ( economiz+ "t & /r5g?1 &
 ( h>moniz+ "o's life z a :ole1 is m    
press+ & m ardu\s4 ,b1 :5 ! c\rse is    
*alk$ out1 ! details ( /udy mu/ con=m to

 ! g5]al conditions ( all acquirem5ts 9 
k ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( books4  ,"o1 &
 only "o1 m prelim9>y cle>+4 ,:5 an     
in/ructor proce$s1 z ,milton 9 8 s*ool1 
or z ,james ,mill ) 8 son1 by prescrib+ 
to ea* pupil a mass ( books to be read1 
) m or less ( exam9ation z to _!        
cont5ts2 9 su* a case1 education f )\t  
has pass$ into /udy 9 our n>r[ s5se2 & !
 proc$ure = "o situation is applicable  
to bo?4 ,! two cases are equally 9      
contra/ to educat+ by ! direct          
in/ruction ( ! tea*]4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z 
any tea*] requires book /udy to         
co-op]ate ) 8 own addresses1 to t ext5t 
d ! me?ods laid d[n = private /udy come 
into play4  ,"u e view1 x is a mom5t\s  
fact1 t ! man ( mod]n times has become a
 book-read+ animal4 ,! acquisition ( k &
 ! cultivation ( ! intellectual p[]s ( !
 m9d1 =m only a small "p ( ! use (      
books2 al?\gh ! "p m prop]ly nam$ ,/udy4
 ,! moral t5d5cies are controll$2 !     
emotions regulat$2 sympa?y ) mank9d1 or 
! opposite1 g5]at$2 pleasurable         

excitem5t af=d$4 ,^! o!r uses may be    
provid$ ap>t1 z 9 our lit]ature (       
amusem5t1 or !y may be giv5 9 comb9ation
 ) ! elem5t ( k1 9 :i* case !y are apt  
to be a di/urb+ =ce1 r5d]+ unc]ta9 our  
calculations z to ! efficacy ( p>ticul> 
modes ( /udy4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,! practical      
problem ( ,/udy is n to be approa*$ by  
any high priori road2 9 o!r words1 by   
sett+ out f ab/ract pr9ciples z to !    
nature ( ! m9d's receptivity & !        
op]ation ( book-read+ ^u t receptivity4 
,a humbl] l9e ( approa* w be m likely to
 succe$4  ,!re exi/ a numb] ( receiv$   
maxims on /udy1 ! result ( _m m5's      
exp]i5ce & wisdom4 ,our endeav\r w be to
 collect ^!1 arrange !m 9 a me?odical   
plan1 s t !y may give mutual aid1 &     
supply ea* o!r's defects4 ,we %all g a  
little f>!r1 & criticise !m accord+ to !
 be/ available lights2 &1 :5 too vague  
or sweep+1 supply ne$ful qualifications4
  ,! ,*oice ( ,books1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 
dep5ds on ! m]its attribut$ to !m       

sev]ally by p]sons mo/ conv]sant ) !    
special dep>tm5t4 ,9 "s degree1 too1 ?is
 *oice is controll$ by ! consid]ation ( 
! be/ modes ( /udy1 z w soon be app>5t4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,text-,,book-,,9-,,*ief4  #a4 ,our  
fir/ maxim is--,select a                
,text-book-9-*ief4 ,! mean+ is1 t :5 a  
l>ge subject is to be ov]tak5 by book   
/udy alone1 "s "o "w %\ld be *os5 to    
apply to1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :i* "w %\ld 
be conn$ & ma/]$ be=e any o!r is tak5   
up4 ,!re be+1 9 mo/ subjects1 a v>iety (
 good books1 ! ?or\gh /ud5t w n be      
satisfi$ 9 ! long run )\t consult+      
sev]al1 & p]haps mak+ a /udy ( !m all2  
yet1 x is unwise to di/ract ! att5tion )
 m ?an "o1 :ile ! elem5ts are to be     
le>nt4 ,9 ,geometry1 ! pupil beg9s ^u   
,euclid1 or "s o!r comp5dium1 & is n    
all[$ to deviate f ! s+le l9e ( 8 au?or4
 ,if he is once ?or\ghly at home on !   
ma9 ideas & ! lead+ propositions (      
,geometry1 he is safe 9 dipp+ into o!r  
manuals1 9 comp>+ ! diff]5ces (         

treatm5t1 & 9 wid5+ 8 k by additional   
!orems1 & by v>i\s modes ( demon/ration4
  ,9 pr9ciple1 ! maxim is g5]ally all[$4
 ,nev]!less1 x is (t5 dep>t$ f 9        
practice4 ,?is happ5s 9 sev]al ways4    
,,milton',s ,,plan ,,) ,,8 ,,pupils4    
,,keep+ ,,to ,a ,,s+le ,,l9e ,,(        
,,?\ght4  ,"o way is exemplifi$ 9       
,milton's ,tractate1 already ref]r$ to4 
,8 me?od ( tea*+ any subject w\ld appe> 
to h be5 to take1 ! receiv$ au?ors1 & to
 read !m "o aft] ano!r1 probably accord+
 to date2 ! read+ pace1 & degree (      
conc5tration1 be+ app>5tly equal all    
?r\gh4 ,8 six au?ors on ,rhetoric       
7--,plato 7select ,dialogues1 ( c\rse71 
,ari/otle1 ,phal]eus1 ,cic]o1 ,h]mog5es1
 ,long9us4 ,to read _! sev]al treatises 
?r\gh 9 ! ord] nam$1 ) equal att5tion1  
w\ld und\bt$ly leave 9 ! m9d a good _m  
?\ghts on ,rhetoric1 b 9 a some:at      
*aotic /ate4 ,mu* bett] w\ld x h be5 to 
h adopt$ a ,text-book-9-*ief1 ! *oice   
ly+ betwe5 ,ari/otle & ,ou9tilian 7:o   
comes 9 at a prior /age ( ! ,miltonic   

curriculum74 ,! book s *os5 w\ld be     
read1 & re-read2 or r ea* *apt] w\ld be 
gone ov] sev]al times1 ) appropriate    
te/+ ex]cises & exam9ations4 ,! o!r     
works might !n be ov]tak5 & comp>$ ) !  
pr9cipal text-book2 ! judgm5t ( ! pupil 
be+ s f> matur$1 z to see :at 9 !m 0    
already sup]s$$1 & :at might be adopt$ z
 additions to 8 already acquir$ /ock (  
ideas4 ,milton's views ( education      
embrac$ ! useful to a rem>kable degree2 
he 0 no pamp]] ( imag9ation & !         
ornam5tal4 ,8 li/ ( subjects might be   
said to be utility run wild3--compris+ !
 *ief p>ts ( ,ma!matics1 toge!r )       
,eng9e]+1 ,navigation1 ,ar*itecture1 &  
,=tification2 ,natural ,philosophy2     
,natural ,hi/ory2 ,anatomy1 & ,practice 
( ,physic2 ,e?ics1 ,politics1           
,economics1 ,jurisprud5ce1 ,!ology2 a   
full c\rse ( ! ,orators & ,poets2       
,logic1 ,rhetoric1 & ,poetics4 ,he      
tumbles out a :ole libr>y ( read+3 b    
only 9 ,e?ics1 does he indicate a lead+ 
or pref]5tial "w2 ! half-doz5 (         

classical books on ! subject are to be  
p]us$1 "u ! det]m9ate s5t5ce ( !        
scripture au?orities4 ,) all ?is        
voracity = ! useful1 ,milton _h no      
conception ( sci5tific =m1 or me?od2 &  
inde$1 few ( ! subjects _h z yet pass$ !
 /age ( desultory treatm5t2 s t ! idea (
 ca/+ ! k into "s "o =m1 "u ! guidance (
 a *os5 au?or1 w\ld nev] occur to him4  
,bett] ?+s might h be5 expect$ ( ,james 
,mill1 9 conduct+ ! education ( 8 son4  
,yet we f9d 8 plan to h be5 to require  
an ev5 & exhau/ive p]usal ( ne>ly e book
 on ne>ly e subject1 )\t s+l+ out any "o
 to imp>t ! be/ kn[n =m 9 ea* case4 ,!  
disadvantage ( ! process w\ld be t1 at  
fir/1 all ! writ]s 7 reg>d$ z pr(itable 
alike4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! special subjects 
t he knew himself1 he gave 8 own        
in/ructions z ! lead+ text1 & 8 pupil's 
k took =m accord+ to ^!4 ,9 "s cases1   
accid5t gave a text-9-*ief1 z :5 "y     
,mill at t5 ye>s ( age1 /udi$ ,?omson's 
,*emi/ry1 )\t ! di/raction ( any o!r "w4
 ,if !re _h be5 half-a-doz5 ,*emical    

manuals 9 exi/5ce1 he w\ld probably h   
read !m all1 & f>$ mu* worse4 ,x happ5s1
 h[ev]1 t1 9 ! m exact sci5ces1 !re is a
 great] sam5ess 9 ! lead+ ideas1 ?an 9  
,politics1 ,morals1 or ! ,human ,m9d2 & 
! evil ( di/raction is s mu* small]4    
,und\bt$ly1 ! be/ ( all ways ( le>n+    
any?+ is to h a compet5t ma/] to dole   
out a fix$ quantity e day1 j suffici5t  
to be tak5 91 & no m2 ! pupils to apply 
!mselves to ! matt] s imp>t$1 & to d    
no?+ else4 ,! s+l5ess ( aim is fav\rable
 to ! greate/ rapidity ( acquirem5t2 &  
any defects are to be left out ( acc\nt1
 until "o ?read ( ideas is firmly set 9 
! m9d4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 & n       
improp]ly1 ! tea*] has a text-book 9 aid
 ( 8 oral in/ructions4 ,to make ?is a   
help1 & n a h9drance1 dem&s ! greate/   
delicacy2 ! sole consid]ation be+ t !   
pupil mu/ be kept 9 "o s+le l9e ( ?\ght1
 & nev] be requir$ to compreh5d1 on !   
same po9t1 conflict+ or v>y+ /atem5ts4  
,ev5 ! foot-notes to a "w may h to be   
disreg>d$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,!y may act

 l a second au?or1 & keep up an irritat+
 friction4 ,!re is1 d\btless1 a         
consummate p[] ( annotation t           
anticipates difficulties1 & cle>s away  
haze1 )\t di/ract+ ! m9d4 ,!re is also  
an art ( br++ out relief by an          
accompanim5t1 l ! two images ( !        
/]eoscope4 ,?is is mo/ likely to arise  
?r\gh a liv+ tea*] or comm5tator1 :o1 by
 8 tones & emphasis1 z well z by 8 v    
gu>d$ & res]v$ additions1 c make ! mean+
 ( ! au?or take %ape & fulness4  ,z !   
*ief text-book is *os51 among o!r       
reasons1 = its me?od & sy/em1 any       
defects on ?is head may be v suitably   
suppli$1 dur+ ! read]'s progress1 by    
notes or o!rwise4 ,:5 ! end is cle>ly   
kept 9 view1 we %all n g wrong z to !   
means3 ! _s w rem$y an undue bias to !  
lett]4  ,! subjects t dep5d = _! full   
compreh5sion ^u a c]ta9 me?od & ord] (  
details1 are num]\s1 & include ! mo/    
important bran*es ( human culture4 ,!   
,sci5ces1 9 mass1 are av[$ly ( ?is "*3  
ev5 su* dep>tm5ts z ,!ology1 ,e?ics1    

,rhetoric1 & ,criticism h _! def9ite =m2
 &1 until ! m9d ( ! /ud5t is fully      
impress$ ) ?is1 all ! p>ticul>s are     
vague & *aotic1 & comp>atively useless =
 practical application4 ,s1 any subject 
ca/ 9 a polemic =m mu/ be receiv$ & held
 9 ! connection !reby giv5 to x4 ,if !  
argum5ts pro & con fall out ( _! places 
9 ! m9d ( ! read]1 _! =ce is miss$ or   
misconceiv$4  ,hi/ory is pre-em95tly a  
subject = me?od1 &1 !re=e1 involves "s  
su* plan z is "h recomm5d$4 ,e n>rative 
read o!rwise ?an = m]e amusem5t1 z we   
read a novel1 %\ld leave 9 ! m9d--7#a7 !
 ,*ronological sequ5ce 7m or less       
detail$72 & 7#b7 ! ,causal sequ5ce1 t   
is1 ! influ5ces at "w 9 br++ ab\t !     
ev5ts4 ,^! are be/ ga9$ by application  
to a s+le "w 9 ! fir/ place2 o!r works  
be+ resort$ to 9 due "t4  ,( !          
non-me?odical subjects1 =m+ an          
illu/rative contra/1 m5tion may be made 
( purely didactic treatises1 :]e !      
precepts are ea* valuable = itself1 & by
 itself3 su* z1 until v rec5tly1 ! works

 on ,agriculture1 & ev5 on ,m$ic9e4 ,a  
book ( ,dome/ic ,receipts1 consult$ by  
index1 is n a "w = /udy4  ,poems &      
fictiti\s n>rations w naturally be      
reg>d$ z ( ! un-me?odical class4 ,if !re
 are exceptions1 !y consi/ ( long       
poems--,epics & ,dramas--^: plan is     
highly arti/ic1 & mu/ be felt 9 ord] to 
! full effect4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ?is is 
! m]it t ! g5]ality ( read]s are cont5t 
to miss1 especially if great] /ra9 (    
att5tion is ne$$ to discov] x4 ,read]s  
b5t on enjoym5t dwell on ! pass+ page1 &
 are n incl9$ to c>ry ) !m :at has gone 
be=e1 9 ord] to und]/& :at is to foll[4 
,,repudiation ,,( ,,me?od ,,by ,,m5 ,,( 
,,repute4  ,v intellig5t & sup]ior m5 h 
:olly repudiat$ ! notion ( /udy by      
me?od4 ,we mu/ n lay too mu* /ress ^u ^!
 disclaim]s1 see+ t !y are usually cit$ 
f ^? 9 advanc$ ye>s1 or m5 ^: day (     
me?odical education is pass$4 ,:5       
,johnson said--,a man ought to read j z 
incl9ation leads him1 he 0 n ?9k+ (     
beg9n]s1 = :om he w\ld probably h       

dictat$ a diff]5t c\rse4 ,/ill1 x is a  
prevail+ t5d5cy ( _m m9ds1 to read all  
books equally1 provid$ ! int]e/ or      
enjoym5t ( !m is equal4 ,macaulay1 ,sir 
,william ,hamilton1 ,de ,qu9cey1 z well 
z ,johnson1 & a num]\s ho/ besides1 7   
book-gluttons1 books 9 bree*es2 !y      
imbib$ in=mation copi\sly1 & also reta9$
 x1 b z a matt] ( *ance4 ,! enjoym5t (  
_! life 0 to read2 :]eas1 to ma/]       
?or\ghly a consid]able field ( k1 c nev]
 be all enjoym5t4 ,gibbon 0 a book      
dev\r]1 b he _h a plan2 he 0 organiz+ a 
va/ "w ( composition4 ,macaulay1 also1  
%[$ himself capable ( realiz+ a s*eme ( 
composition2 bo? 8 ,hi/ory & 8 ,spee*es 
h ! /amp ( me?od1 ev5 to ! pit* ( be+   
valuable z models4 ,hamilton & ,de      
,qu9cey1 ea* 9 8 way1 c\ld =m high      
ideals ( "w1 & 9 "p execute !m2 b _!    
productiv5ess suff]$ f too mu* booki%   
intoxication4 ,:ile read]s g5]ally mix !
 motive ( in/ruction ) /imulation1 !    
class t seek in/ruction solely is b     
small2 ! o!r extreme is frequ5t en\gh4  

,,difficulty ,,9 ,,*oos+ ,a ,,fir/      
,,text-,,book4  ,9 _m subjects1 !       
difficulties ( fix+ ^u ! prop]          
,text-book are n inconsid]able4 ,! m]e  
reputation ( a book may be great1 &     
well-f\nd$2 & yet ! m]its may n be ( !  
k9d t fits x = ! comm5c+ /ud5t4 ,su*    
conditions z ! foll[+ mu/ be tak5 into  
acc\nt4 ,! ,=m or ,me?od %\ld be ( a    
high ord]3 ?is we %all h occasion to    
illu/rate "u ! next head4 ,x %\ld be    
abrea/3 ( ! "t1 on its own subject4 ,x  
%\ld be mod]ately full1 )\t be+         
necess>ily exhau/ive 9 detail4 ,x is on 
?is po9t t ! *eap prim]s ( ! pres5t day 
are ma9ly defective4 ,!y /ate g5]al     
ideas1 & lay d[n outl9es2 b !y d n      
provide suffici5tly exp&$ illu/ration to
 /amp ^! on ! m9d ( ! le>n]4 ,a %ill+   
prim] is really a m advanc$ book ?an "o 
on a triple scale1 t %\ld embrace ! same
 compass ( lead+ ideas4 ,z a f>!r       
condition1 ! "w *os5 %\ld n h s mu* (   
individuality z to fail 9 ! "* (        
repres5t+ ! prevail+ views4 ,! greate/  

au?ors (t5 err on ?is po9t2 &1 :ile a "w
 ( g5ius is n to be neglect$1 x may1 =  
?is reason1 h to take ! second place 9 !
 ord] ( /udy4 ,newton's ,pr9cipia c\ld  
nev] be a "w suit$ = an e>ly /age (     
ma!matical /udy4 ,lyell's ,geology has  
be5 a l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject2 b x 
is n ca/ 9 ! =m = a beg9n] 9 ,geology4  
,x is1 9 its :ole plan1 argum5tative2   
sett+ up & def5d+ a special !sis 9      
,geology2 ! facts be+ array$ ) t view4  
,_m o!r great works h assum$ a l =m2 su*
 are ,mal?us on ,population1 ,grove's   
,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces1 ,d>w9's 
,orig9 ( ,species4 ,ev5 expressly       
didactic works are (t5 compos$ m to br+ 
=w>d a peculi> view1 ?an f ! desire to  
develop a subject 9 its due proportions4
 ,locke's ,essay on ! ,und]/&+ does n   
propose to give a me?odical & exhau/ive 
h&l+ ( ! ,p[]s ( ! ,m9d1 or ev5 ( !     
,intellect4 ,t 0 res]v$ = ,reid4  ,! "q 
z betwe5 old writ]s & new1 w\ld receive 
an easy solution ^u su* gr\nds z !      
=ego+1 7 x n = ! s5tim5t ( v5]ation = ! 

old1 because !y are old4 ,if an anci5t  
writ] reta9s a place by virtue (        
surpass+ m]its1 z aga9/ all subsequ5t   
writ]s1 8 case is q cle>4 ,9 ! nature ( 
?+s1 ?is mu/ be r>e3 if !re be an       
example1 x is ,euclid2 yet 8 position is
 held only ?r\gh ! mutual jeal\sy ( 8   
mod]n rivals4  ,! only motive = comm5c+ 
a /udy ^u a v old writ] is a desire to  
"w out a subject hi/orically2 :i*1 9 "s 
in/ances may be all[$1 b n v (t54 ,9    
,politics1 ,e?ics1 & ,rhetoric1 ! plan  
might h its advantages2 b1 ) ?is        
imp]ative condition1 t we %all foll[ out
 ! developm5t 9 ! mod]n works4 ,9       
proportion z a subject assumes a        
sci5tific %ape1 x mu/ c>efully def9e its
 t]ms1 m>%al its propositions 9 prop]   
dep5d5ce1 & (f] /rict pro( ( all matt]s 
( fact2 n[1 9 ^! respects1 e kn[n bran* 
( k has improv$ ) ! lapse ( ages2 s t ! 
m rec5t works are necess>ily ! be/ =    
ent]+ ^u ! /udy4 ,a hi/orical sequ5ce   
may be prop] to be obs]v$2 b t %\ld be  
backw>d & n =w>d4 ,! e>li] /ages ( "s   

subjects are absolutely wor?less2 z1 =  
example1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 & mo/ (    
,biology1 9 o!r subjects1 z ,politics & 
,e?ics1 ! t5tatives ( su* m5 z ,plato & 
,ari/otle h an undy+ value2 nev]!less1 !
 /ud5t %\ld n beg91 b end1 ) !m4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,!re is an extreme =m ( putt+ our pres5t
 doctr9e t runs x into p>adox3 namely1 !
 "o-book-&-no-m maxim4 ,sc>cely any book
 9 exi/5ce is s all-suffici5t = its     
purpose t a /ud5t is bett] occupi$ 9    
re-read+ x = ! t5? "t1 ?an 9 read+ "s   
o!rs once4 ,ev5 ! m]its ( ! "o book are 
n fully kn[n unless we comp>e x ) o!rs2 
nor h we grasp$ any subject unless we   
are able to see x /at$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 )\t 
be+ di/ract$ or confus$4 ,x is n a high 
k ( horseman%ip t c be ga9$ by ! mo/    
?or\gh acqua9tance ) "o horse4  ,,no    
,,"w ,,entirely ,,self-,,suffici5t4     
,any tru? t !re is 9 ! p>adox ( exclud+ 
all books b "o f p]usal1 belongs to x z 
a =m ( ! maxim we h n[ be5 consid]+4    
,!re is n 9 exi/5ce a "w correspond+ to 

! notion ( absolute self-suffici5cy4    
,suppose we 7 to g ov] ! *ef-d'oeuvres (
 human g5ius1 we %\ld n f9d "o 9 !      
position ( entire indep5d5ce ( all o!rs4
 ,take1 = example1 ! poems ( ,hom]2 !   
,republic & a few o!r ( ,plato's        
pre-em95t ,dialogues2 ! great spee*es ( 
,demo/h5es2 ! ,e?ics & ,politics (      
,ari/otle2 ! poems ( ,dante2 ,%akespe>e1
 z a :ole2 ,bacon's ,novum ,organum2    
,newton's ,pr9cipia2 ,locke on !        
,und]/&+2 ! ,m*anique ,cle/e ( ,laplace4
 ,no "o ( all ^! c\ld produce its effect
 on ! m9d )\t ref]r+ to o!r works1      
previ\s1 contempor>y1 or foll[+4 ,!     
rem>k is n conf9$ to works ( elucidation
 & comm5t m]ely--z ! contempor>y hi/ory 
( ,greece1 or ! spee*es ( ,demo/h5es--b 
ext5ds to o!r compositions1 ( ! v same  
t5or1 by diff]5t1 al?\gh inf]ior1       
writ]s4 ,%akespe>e himself is made mu* m
 pr(itable by a p]usal ( ! o!r          
,elizabe?ans1 & by a comp>ison )        
dramatic models be=e & aft] him4  ,!    
ne>e/ approa* to a p]fectly all-suffic+ 

book is se5 9 sci5tific compilations by 
a conjunction ( highly accompli%$       
editors4 ,a new edition ( ,qua9's       
,anatomy1 revis$ & br\ght up to date by 
! be/ anatomi/s1 w\ld1 = ! mom5t1       
probably be fully adequate to ! wants ( 
! /ud5t1 & disp5se ) all o!r ref]5ces   
:atsoev]4 ,n t ev5 !n1 x w\ld be        
desirable to ab/a9 f ev] op5+ a diff]5t 
comp5dium2 al?\gh und\bt$ly !re w\ld be 
! v m9imum ( necessity = do+ s4         
,nev]!less1 lit]ature pres5ts few       
analog\s in/ances4 ,"o ( ! great works (
 an orig9al g5ius1 l ,ari/otle1 might1  
by pr(use annotation1 be made ne>ly     
suffic+2 b ?is is ano!r way ( read+ by  
quotation a plurality ( writ]s2 & x w\ld
 be bett] /ill to p]use "s ( ^! 9 full1 
!re be+ no ne$ = /udy+ !m ) ! degree (  
int5sity be/[$ on a ma9 "w4  ,,locke',s 
,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,bible4  ,! example1
 by pre-em95ce1 ( "o self-suffic+ "w is 
! ,bible4 ,be+ ! sole & ultimate        
au?ority ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 x holds a  
position entirely ap>t2 &1 among        

,prote/ants at lea/1 !re is a becom+    
jeal\sy ( all[+ any extrane\s writ+ to  
ov]be> its cont5ts4 ,yet we are n to    
inf]1 z _m h done practically1 t no o!r 
"w ne$s to be read 9 company ) x4       
,grant+ t its g5u9e doctr9es h be5      
ov]laid by subsequ5t accretions1 ! way  
to get cle> ( ^! is n to neglect !      
entire body ( fa!rs1 comm5tators1 &     
!ologians1 & to give ! :ole att5tion to 
! scriptural text4 ,locke himself set an
 example ( ?is attempt4 ,he propos$1 9 8
 ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 to       
asc]ta9 ! exact mean+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1
 by ca/+ aside all ! glosses (          
comm5tators & div9es1 & apply+ 8 own    
unassi/$ judgm5t to spell out its       
tea*+s4 ,he did n disda9 to use ! lights
 ( extrane\s hi/ory1 & ! traditions ( ! 
hea!n _w2 he only refus$ to be b\nd by  
any ( ! artificial cre$s & sy/ems devis$
 9 lat] ages to embody ! doctr9es       
suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,!       
fallacy ( 8 position obvi\sly 01 t he   
c\ld n /rip himself ( 8 education &     

acquir$ notions1 ! result ( ! tea*+ ( ! 
or?odox *ur*4 ,he seem$ unconsci\s ( !  
necessity ( try+ to make all[ance = 8   
unavoidable prepossessions4 ,9          
consequ5ce1 he simply fell into an old  
groove ( receiv$ doctr9es2 & ^! he h&l$ 
"u ! set purpose ( simplify+ !          
fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ianity to ! utmo/4   
,su* purpose 0 n ! result ( 8 ,bible    
/udy1 b ( 8 wi% to ov]come ! political  
difficulties ( ! "t4 ,he f\nd1 by keep+ 
close to ! ,gospels & by mak+ prop]     
selections f ! ,epi/les1 t ! belief 9   
,*ri/ z ! ,messiah c\ld be %[n to be !  
c5tral fact ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 t ! o!r  
ma9 doctr9es foll[$ out ( ?is by a      
process ( reason+2 & t1 z all m9ds might
 n p]=m ! process alike1 ^! doctr9es    
c\ld n be ess5tial to ! acceptance (    
,*ri/ianity4 ,he got out ( ! difficulty 
( fram+ a cre$1 z _m o!rs h done1 by    
simply us+ ,scripture language1 )\t     
subject+ x to any v /rict def9ition2    
c]ta9ly )\t ! op]ation ( /ripp+ ! mean+ 
( its words1 to see :at x am\nt$ to4 ,t 

8 %ort & easy me?od 0 n v successful1 ! 
hi/ory ( ! ,dei/ical controv]sy         
suffici5tly proves4 ,! end 9 view w\ld1 
9 our "t1 be s\ght by an opposite c\rse4
 ,in/ead ( disreg>d+ comm5tators1 & !   
successions ( cre$ embodim5ts1 a s*ol> (
 ! pres5t day w\ld asc5d ?r\gh ^! to !  
orig9al1 & f9d out its mean+1 aft] mak+ 
all[ance = all ! t5d5cies t op]at$ to   
give a bias to t mean+4 ,z to putt+ u 9 
! position ( li/5+ to ! ,bible au?ors at
 fir/ h&1 we %\ld tru/ m to ! erudition 
( a ,pusey or an ,ewald1 ?an to !       
unassi/$ judgm5t ( a ,locke4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,,ii4    
,:at con/itutes ! /udy ( a book8 ,m]e   
p]usal at ! av]age read+ pace is n ! way
 to imbibe ! cont5ts ( any "w (         
importance1 especially if ! subject is  
new & difficult4  ,!re are v>i\s me?ods 
9 use among au?oritative guides4 ,to    
rev]t to ! ,demo/h5ic traditions3 we f9d
 two modes indicat$--namely1 repeat$    
copy+1 & committ+ to memory v]batim4 ,a 
?ird is1 mak+ ab/racts 9 writ+4 ,a f\r? 

may be designat$ ! ,lockian me?od4 ,let 
u consid] ! respective m]its ( ! f\r4   
,,/udy ,,by ,,lit]al ,,copy+4  #a4 ,(   
copy+ a book lit]ally ?r\gh1 !re is ?is 
to be said1 t x engages ! att5tion ^u e 
^w1 until ! act ( writ+ s]ves to impress
 ! memory4 ,b !re are v important       
qualifications to be assign$ 9 judg+ ( !
 wor? ( ! ex]cise4 ,obs]ve :at is ! ma9 
design ( ! copyi/4 ,x is to produce a   
replica ( an orig9al ^u pap]4 ,he _c d  
?is )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( att5tion to !   
orig9al2 en\gh at lea/ to enable him to 
put d[n ! exact words 9 ! copy2 &1 by   
su* att5tion1 he is s f> impress$ ) !   
matt]1 t a c]ta9 portion may rema9 9 !  
memory4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( ! pap]1 he 
c\ld write directly on ! bra91 he w\ld  
be aim+ /raight at 8 object4 ,n[1       
exp]i5ce %[s t ! mak+ ( a copy ( any    
docum5t is compatible ) a v small am\nt 
( att5tion to ! purport4 ,! extreme case
 is ! copy+ cl]k4 ,he c lit]ally        
reproduce an orig9al1 ) entire          
=getfulness ( :at x is ab\t4 ,if 8 eye  

takes a fai?ful note ( ! sequ5ce (      
words1 he may entirely neglect ! mean+4 
,9 po9t ( fact1 he con/antly does s4 ,he
 rememb]s nobody's secrets2 & he _c be  
c\nt$ on to *eck blund]s t make nons5se 
( 8 text4 ,probably no "o c\ld g on     
copy+ = eight h\rs a day unless ! /ra9 (
 att5tion to ! orig9als 7 at a m9imum4  
,i conceive1 !re=e1 t copy+ habits aris+
 f a c]ta9 am\nt ( exp]i5ce at !        
vocation1 w\ld be utt]ly fatal to !     
employm5t ( ! ex]cise z a means ( /udy4 
,x may be valuable to su* z h seldom us$
 _! p5 except 9 orig9al composition4 ,v 
probably1 9 s*ool lessons1 to write an  
ex]cise two or ?ree times may be a help 
to ! usual r\t9e ( say+ (f ! book4 ,i h 
he>d exp]i5c$ tea*]s te/ify to ! good   
effects ( ! practice4 ,yet v little w\ld
 turn ! att5tion ! wrong way4 ,ev5 !    
requirem5t ( neatness on ! "p ( ! ma/]1 
or ! pupil's own lik+ = x1 w\ld abate ! 
desir$ impression4 ,! multipli$ copy+   
set z puni%m5t might /amp a ?+ on !     
memory ?r\gh disgu/2 x might also eng5d]

 ! me*anical r\t9e ( ! copyi/4 ,9 %ort1 
to sit d[n & copy a long "w is ab\t !   
la/ ?+ t ,i %\ld dream (1 z a means (   
/udy4 ,to copy ,?ucydides eight times1 z
 ! tradition respect+ ,demo/h5es goes1  
w\ld be ab\t ! same z copy+ ,gibbon ?ree
 times3 & :o w\ld und]take t8           
,,committ+ ,,to ,,memory ,,^w ,,= ,,^w4 
#b4 ,committ+ to memory v]batim1 or     
ne>ly s4 ,?is too belongs to ! same     
tradition reg>d+ ,demo/h5es1 & is       
probably z inaccurate z ! o!r4 ,c]ta9ly 
! eight copy+s w\ld n suffice = hav+ !  
:ole by he>t4 ,except+ a pr(essional    
rhapsodi/1 or "s "o gift$ ) extraord9>y 
p[]s ( memory t w\ld h>dly be compatible
 ) a great und]/&+1 nobody w\ld ?9k (   
committ+ ,?ucydides to memory4 ,t       
,demo/h5es %\ld be a p]fect ma/] bo? ( !
 n>rat$ facts1 & ( ! sagaci\s !oris+s ( 
,?ucydides 9 ^? facts1 we may take =    
grant$4 ,&1 f>!r1 ! orations deliv]$ by 
oppos+ speak]s 9 ! great critical       
debates1 might v well h be5 committ$    
v]batim by a "y orator2 _m ( !m are     

ma/]pieces ( oratory 9 e po9t ( view4 ,b
 ! reason = gett+ !m by he>t does n     
apply to ! g5]al n>rative4 ,ev5 to      
imbibe ! be/ qualities ( ! /yle (       
,?ucydides w\ld n require :ole pages to 
be le>nt v]batim2 a mu* bett] way w\ld  
readily occur to any intellig5t man4  ,9
 fact1 !re is no case :]e x is pr(itable
 to load ! memory ) a :ole book1 or )   
l>ge portions ( a book4 ,!re are _m     
small portions ( e lead+ "w t might be  
committ$ ) advantage4 ,pr9cipal         
propositions ought to be reta9$ to !    
lett]4 ,passages1 "h & !re1 rem>kable = 
compact =ce1 = argum5tative p[]1 or     
elegant diction1 might be read & re-read
 till !y clung to ! memory2 b ?is %\ld  
be ! consummation ( a ?or\gh & critical 
e/imate ( _! m]its4 ,to commit to memory
 )\t ?9k+ ( ! mean+ is a s5seless act2 &
 c\ld n be ascrib$ to ,demo/h5es4 ,at ! 
/age :5 ! "y /ud5t is =m+ a /yle1 he is 
assi/$ by lay+ up memorit] a numb] (    
passages ( great au?ors2 b x is nev]    
necess>y to g beyond select p>agraphs4  

,deta*$ s5t5ces are valuable1 & /ra9 !  
memory lea/4 ,entire p>agraphs h a f>!r 
value 9 impress+ good p>agraph          
connection2 b1 to /r+ a numb] (         
p>agraphs toge!r1 or to le>n :ole *apt]s
 by memory1 has no?+ to recomm5d x 9 !  
way ( m5tal culture4  ,!re is a memory 9
 ext5sion t holds a long /r+ ( words &  
ideas toge!r4 ,its value is to get      
readily at any?+ occurr+ 9 a c]ta9 tra91
 z 9 a giv5 book4 ,x is ! memory ( easy 
ref]5ce4 ,!re is also a memory (        
int5sion1 t takes a /rong grasp ( brief 
expressions & ?\ghts1 & br+s !m out =   
use1 on ! slighte/ relevancy4 ,! two    
modes int]f]e ) ea* o!r's developm5t2 we
 _c be great 9 bo?2 :ile1 = orig9al =ce1
 ! second is wor? ! mo/3 x extracts &   
resets gems to tesselate our future     
/ructures2 x con/itutes dep? z aga9/    
flu5cy4  ,to commit poetical passages to
 memory is a valuable contribution to   
our /ock ( mat]ial = emotional          
resuscitation 9 aft] ye>s4 ,x also aids 
9 adorn+ our /yle1 ev5 al?\gh we may n  

aspire to compose 9 poetry4 ,b ! burd5 (
 hold+ ! connection ( a long poem %\ld  
be es*ew$4 ,*ildr5 c readily le>n a %ort
 psalm or hymn1 & c reta9 x 9 p]man5ce2 
b to repeat ! #aai? psalm f ! beg9n+ is 
! m]e t\r-de-=ce ( a /rong natural      
memory1 & a wa/e ( p[]2 j z mu* z       
committ+ an entire book ( ! ,a5eid or ( 
,p>adise ,lo/4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,,mak+ ,,ab/racts4
  #c4 ,mak+ ,ab/racts4--,?is is ! plan (
 /udy+ t mo/ advances our intellig5t    
compreh5sion ( any "w ( difficulty1 &   
also impresses x on ! memory 9 ! be/ =m4
 ,b !re are _m ways ( do+ x2 & beg9n]s1 
f ! v fact t !y are beg9n]s1 are n      
compet5t to *oose ! be/4 ,if a book has 
an obvi\s & me?odical plan 9 itself1 !  
read] c foll[ t plan1 tak+ d[n ! lead+  
positions1 select+ "s ( ! *ief examples 
or illu/rations1 giv+ %ort head+s (     
*apt]s & p>agraphs1 & ?us mak+ a        
synopsis1 or full table ( cont5ts4 ,all 
?is is useful4 ,! memory is mu* bett]   
impress$ ?r\gh ! ex]tion ( pick+1 *oos+1

 & cond5s+1 ?an by copy+ v]batim2 & !   
plan or evolution ( ! :ole is m fully   
compreh5d$4 ,b1 if a "w does n easily   
l5d itself to a me?odical ab/ract1 !    
task ( ! beg9n] is mu* h>d]4 ,to ab/ract
 ! treatises ( ,ari/otle 0 fitt+        
employm5t = ,hobbes4 ,! ,weal? (        
,nations is n easy to ab/ract2 b1 at !  
pres5t day1 x w\ld n be *os5 z !        
,text-book-9-*ief = ,political ,economy3
 z a ?ird or f\r? "w to be p]us$ at a   
read+ pace1 x w\ld h its prop] effect4  
,! be/ /udi\s ex]cise ^u x w\ld be to   
m>k ! agreem5ts & disagreem5ts ) ! new] 
au?ority1 ! weak & /rong po9ts ( !      
exposition1 & ! p]5nial =ce ( a c]ta9   
numb] ( ! propositions & examples4 ,_m  
p>ts c\ld be skipp$ entirely z n ev5    
repay+ hi/orical /udy4 ,yet1 z ! "w ( a 
great & orig9al m9d1 its int]e/ is      
p]5nial4  ,to g back once m to ! example
 ( ,?ucydides4 ,sett+ aside1 f intr9sic 
improbability1 bo? ! traditions--!      
copy+s1 & ! committal to memory         
v]batim1--we c easily see :at ,demo/h5es

 c\ld f9d 9 ! "w1 & h[ he c\ld make !   
mo/ ( x4 ,! n>rative or /ory c\ld be    
indelibly fix$ 9 8 memory by a few      
p]usals1 &1 if ne$ be1 by a full        
*ronology drawn up by 8 own h&4 ,!      
spee*es c\ld be committ$ 9 :ole or 9 "p1
 = _! argum5ts & language2 & a m9ute    
/udy c\ld be made ( ! turns (           
expression1 z !y seem$ to be ei!r       
m]itori\s or defective4 ,! "y orator _h 
already /udi$ ! m f9i%$ /yles (         
,isocrates1 ,lysias1 ,isanis1 & ,plato1 
& c\ld make comp>isons betwe5 _! =ms & !
 peculi>ities ( ,?ucydides1 :i* belong$ 
to an e>li] age4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 a       
discipl9e altoge!r ap>t1 & _h no?+ to d 
) copy+1 committ+1 or ab/ract+4 ,x      
involv$ "o ex]cise m or less alli$ to ! 
la/1 namely1 mak+ *anges ^u an au?or1   
accord+ to ones be/ ideal at ! "t3      
*anges1 if possible1 = ! bett]1 b p]haps
 n2 /ill requir+1 h[ev]1 an ef=t ( m9d1 
& s f> fav\rable to culture4  ,,v>i\s   
,,modes ,,( ,,ab/ract+4  ,e "o's fir/   
attempts at ab/ract+ mu/ be v bad4 ,!re 

is no m opportune occasion = ! assi/ance
 ( a tutor or intellig5t monitor1 ?an to
 revise an ab/ract4 ,! weaknesses ( a   
beg9n] are app>5t at a glance2 ev5 bett]
 ?an by a viva voce int]rogation4       
,useful ab/ract+ comes at a late /age ( 
/udy1 :5 "o or two subjects h be5 pretty
 well ma/]$4 ,x is !n t ! pupil c be/   
ov]take m advanc$ works on ! subjects   
already comm5c$1 or c ent] ^u an        
entirely new dep>tm5t1 9 ! light (      
previ\s acquisitions4  ,any "w t des]ves
 ?or\gh /udy des]ves ! lab\r ( mak+ an  
ab/ract2 )\t :i*1 inde$1 ! /udy is n    
?or\gh4 ,x is q possible to read s z to 
compreh5d ! drift ( a book1 & yet =get x
 entirely4 ,! po9t = u to consid]       
is--,are we likely to want any portion (
 x aft]w>ds8 ,if we c fix ^u ! p>ts mo/ 
likely to be useful1 we ei!r copy or    
ab/ract ^!1 or pres]ve a ref]5ce s z to 
turn !m up :5 want$4 ,9 ! case ( a "w1  
conta9+ a mass ( new & valuable         
mat]ials1 su* z we wi% to incorporate ) 
our intellectual /ructure1 we mu/ act ! 

"p ( ! beg9n] 9 a new field1 & make an  
ab/ract on ! mo/ approv$ plan3 t is1 by 
su* *anges z %all at once pres]ve !     
au?or's ideas1 & int]sp]se !m ) our own4
 ,!re is an ideal balance ( two oppos+  
t5d5cies3 "o to take d[n ! writ] too    
lit]ally1 :i* fails to impress ! mean+2 
! o!r to accommodate him too mu* to our 
own language & ?9k+1 9 :i* case1 we %all
 rememb] m1 b x w be rememb]+ ourselves 
& n him4 ,he t c hit ! j mean betwe5 ^! 
extremes is ! p]fect /ud5t4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,!re are 
easi] modes ( ab/ract+1 su* z s]ve _m   
useful purposes1 al?\gh n suffici5t = ! 
ma/]y ( a lead+ ,text-book1 or ev5 ( a  
second or ?ird 9 a new subject4 ,we may 
p5cil on ! m>g91 or und]score1 all !    
lead+ propositions1 & ! typical         
examples4 ,9 a well-compos$ sci5tific   
manual1 ! proce$+ is too obvi\s to be   
impressive4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! ma9 po9ts  
are n giv5 9 ! mo/ me?odical way1 b h to
 be se>*$ out by c>efully scann+ ea*    
p>agraph4 ,?is is an ex]cise t bo?      

in/ructs & impresses u2 x is ! k9d (    
*ange t calls our faculties into play1 &
 gives u a bett] hold ( an au?or1 )\t   
sup]s$+ him4  ,a ,table ( ,cont5ts      
c>efully exam9$ is fav\rable to a       
compreh5sive view ( ! :ole2 &1 ?is      
atta9$1 ! details are rememb]$ 9 ! be/  
possible way1 t is1 by tak+ _! place 9 !
 s*eme4 ,any o!r =m ( recollection is ( 
! desultory k9d4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,,locke',s        
,,recomm5dations4  #d4 ,let u next      
glance at ,locke's me?od ( read+1 :i* is
 unique & orig9al1 l ! man himself4 ,x  
is giv5 ) mu* it]ation 9 8 ,conduct ( ! 
,und]/&+1 b comes 9 sub/ance to ?is3--  
,we are to fix 9 ! m9d ! au?or's ideas1 
/ripp$ ( 8 words2 to di/+ui% betwe5 su* 
ideas z are p]t95t to ! subject1 & su* z
 are n2 to keep ! precise "q /eadily    
be=e our m9ds2 to appreciate ! be>+ ( ! 
argum5ts2 &1 f9ally1 to see :at ! "q    
bottoms ^u1 or :at are ! fundam5tal     
v]ities or assumptions und]nea?4  ,all  
?is is v ?or\gh 9 its way2 b1 9 ! fir/  

place1 x applies *iefly to argum5tative 
works1 &1 9 ! second place1 x is        
entirely beyond ! p[]s ( ord9>y /ud5ts4 
,su* an exam9ation ( an au?or z ,locke  
contemplates is n se5 _m times 9 a      
g5]ation4 ,8 own controv]sies give b    
indiff]5t examples ( x2 sev]al (        
,b5?am's works & a few ( ,john ,mill's  
polemical articles also give an idea (  
?or\gh h&l+2 b x is n s prop]ly a /udi\s
 ef=t1 z ! consummat$ product ( a highly
 logical discipl9e1 & is )9 ! rea* (    
only a small elect numb]4  ,locke w\ld h
 be5 m intelligible1 if1 in/ead ( tell+ 
u to /rip an au?or's mean+ ( ! words1 he
 _h impress$ /rongly ! necessity ( def9+
 all lead+ t]ms2 & ( mak+ sure t ea* 0  
always us$ 9 ! same mean+4 ,:ile1 9 ord]
 to v]aci\s conclusions1 x is necess>y t
 e matt] ( fact %\ld be truly giv51 x is
 equally necess>y t ! language %\ld be  
free f ambiguity4 ,if an au?or uses ! ^w
 law1 at "o "t z an enactm5t3 by "s     
au?ority1 & at ano!r "t1 z a sequ5ce 9 !
 ord] ( nature1 he is sure to l& u 9    

fallacy & confusion1 z ,butl] did 9     
expla9+ ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,! rem$y is1 
n to p]=m ! op]ation ( sep>at+ ! mean+  
entirely f ! language1 b to v>y !       
language1 s z to sub/itute t]ms t h no  
ambiguity4 ,law is equivocal2 social    
enactm5t1 & ord] ( nature1 are bo?      
unequivocal2 & :5 "o is *os51 & adh]$   
to1 ! confusion is at an end4  ,! m]e   
art ( /udy is no prep>ation = su* a     
task4 ,x dem&s a v advanc$ condition ( k
 on ! p>ticul> subject1 z well z a      
logical habit ( m9d1 h[ev] acquir$2 & to
 include x 9 a practical essay on !     
,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ is to ov]/ep !    
limits ( ! subject4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,z our pres5t head
 repres5ts ! v pi? & m>r[ ( ! art (     
/udy1 we may dwell a little long] on !  
process ( *ang+ ! =m ( an au?or1 :e!r by
 cond5s+1 exp&+1 v>y+ ! expression1     
alt]+ ! ord]1 select+1 & reject+1--or by
 any o!r kn[n device4 ,wor/ ( all is    
*ange = ! m]e sake ( *ange2 x is simply 
bett] ?an lit]al copy+4 ,b1 to rise     

above x1 ne$s a s5se ( ,,=m already     
atta9$4 ,accord+ z ?is s5se is develop$1
 ! ex]cise ( alt]+ or am5d+ is m & m    
pr(itable4 ,consequ5tly1 !re %\ld be an 
express application ( ! m9d to !        
atta9m5t ( =m2 & p>ticul> works         
pre-em95t = t quality %\ld be s\ght out 
& read4 ,=m is d\btless a wide ^w1 &    
comprises bo? ! logical or p]vad+ me?od 
( a "w1 & ! expression or dress ?r\gh\t4
 ,me?od by itself c be soone/ acquir$   
because x turns on a small numb] (      
po9ts2 language is a multif>i\s         
acquirem5t1 & c h>dly be =c$1 al?\gh x w
 come ev5tually by due application4     
,,example ,,f ,,practice ,,( ,,m$ic9e4  
,to %[ :at is meant by le>n+ ,=m1 ) a   
view to ! m effectual /udy (            
subject-matt]1 ,i w take ! example ( a  
"w on ! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e2 9 :i* !    
idea is to describe ,diseases s]iatim1 )
 _! treatm5t or cures4 ,at ! pres5t day1
 ?is subject possesses me?od or =m3 !re 
is a sy/ematic classification ( diseas$ 
processes & diseases2 also1 a regul>    

plan ( sett+ =? ! specific m>ks ( ea*   
disease1 its diagnosis1 &1 f9ally1 its  
rem$ies4 ,!re are m & less p]fect models
 ( ! me?odical elem5t2 :ile !re are     
diff]5ces among au?ors 9 ! fulness ( !  
detail$ in=mation4 ,!re is1 besides1 a  
,logic ( ,m$ic9e1 repres5t+ ! absolute  
=m1 9 a k9d ( logical synopsis1 by :i* x
 is m easily compreh5d$ 9 ! fir/        
in/ance3 n to m5tion ! g5]al body ( !   
,logic ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ( :i*   
m$ic9e is "o4 ,n[1 und\bt$ly1 ! be/ "w  
to beg9 )--! ,text-book-9-*ief--w\ld be 
"o :]e ,=m is 9 its highe/ p]fection2 ! 
am\nt ( matt] be+ ( less consequ5ce4 ,9 
a subject ( great complication1 & va/   
detail1 ! /ud5t _c too soon get         
possession ( ! be/ me?od or =m (        
arrangem5t4 ,:5 a "w ( ?is "* is be=e   
him1 he is to read & re-read x1 till !  
=m becomes /rongly app>5t2 he is to     
comp>e "o "p ) ano!r1 to see h[ ! au?or 
adh]es to 8 own p]vad+ me?od2 he %\ld1  
if possible1 make a synopsis ( ! plan 9 
itself1 dis5tangl+ x f ! applications1 =

 great] cle>ness4 ,! s*eme ( a m$ical   
"w1 = example1 comprises !              
,classification ( ,diseases1 ! p>t+ (f (
 ,diseas$ ,processes---,fev]1           
,inflammation1 c4--f ,diseases prop]ly s
 call$2 ! modes ( def9+ ,disease2 !     
sep>ation ( def9+ m>ks1 f pr$ications1 &
 s on3 all involv$ 9 a /rict ,logic (   
,disease4 ,arm$ ) ^! logical or         
me?odical prelim9>ies1 ! /ud5t next     
attacks "o ( ! ext5d$ treatises on !    
,practice ( ,m$ic9e4 ,he is n[ prep>$ to
 "w ! process ( ab/ract+ to ! utmo/     
advantage1 bo? = cle>ness ( und]/&+1 & =
 impress+ ! memory4 ,z 9 su* a va/      
subject1 no "o au?or is deem$ adequate  
to a full exposition1 & z1 moreov]1 a   
great portion ( ! in=mation occurs1 ap>t
 f sy/ems1 9 deta*$ memoirs or          
monographs1--! only mode ( unify+ &     
hold+ toge!r ! aggregate1 is to r$uce   
all ! /atem5ts to a common =m & ord]1 by
 help ( ! pre-acquir$ plan4 ,! progress 
( /udy may am5d ! plan1 z well z add to 
! p>ticul> in=mation2 b absolute        

p]fection 9 ! s*eme is n s ess5tial z   
/rict adh]5ce to x ?r\gh all ! details4 
,to "w )\t a plan at all1 is n m]ely to 
tax ! memory beyond its p[]s1 b probably
 also to misconceive & jumble ! facts4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,to enhance ! illu/ration ( ! two ma9   
heads ( ! ,art ( ,/udy1 ,i w s f>       
deviate f ! idea ( ! essay1 z to take up
 a special bran* ( education1 :i*1 m ?an
 any o!r1 has be5 r$uc$ to =m & rule1 ,i
 mean ! great accompli%m5t ( ,oratory1  
or ! ,art ( ,p]suasion4 ,! practical    
,sci5ce ( ,rhetoric1 cultivat$ bo? by   
anci5ts & by mod]ns1 has especially     
occupi$ itself ) directions = acquir+   
?is great eng9e ( influ5c+ mank9d4  ,x 0
 emphatically av]r$ by ! anci5t tea*]s (
 ! ,oratorical art1 t x mu/ be gr\nd$ on
 a wide basis ( g5]al in=mation4 ,i d n 
"h discuss ! exact scope ( ?is          
prep>atory /udy1 z my purpose is to n>r[
 ! illu/ration to :at is special to !   
faculty ( p]suasion4 ,i mu/ ev5 omit all
 ^? po9ts relat+ to deliv]y or          

elocution1 on :i* s mu* dep5ds2 & also !
 consid]ation ( h[ to atta9 read9ess or 
flu5cy 9 spok5 address1 except 9 s f> z 
t foll[s f abundant oratorical res\rces4
 ,we ?us s9k ! diff]5ce betwe5 spok5    
oratory1 & p]suasion ?r\gh ! press4     
,ev5 z ?us limit$1 oratory is /ill too  
wide = a po9t$ illu/ration3 &1 s1 ,i    
propose f>!r to conf9e my ref]5ces to ! 
dep>tm5t ( ,political ,oratory2 c\pl+ ) 
t1 h[ev]1 ! ,=5sic bran*--:i* has mu* 9 
common ) ! o!r1 & has giv5 bir? to "s ( 
our mo/ spl5did examples ( ! art (      
p]suasion4  ,:ile decl9+ to ent] on !   
wide field ( ! g5]al education ( !      
orator1 ,i may n improp]ly adv]t to ! m 
imm$iate prep>ation = ! political       
orator1 by a famili> acqua9tance )      
,hi/ory & ,political ,philosophy1       
h[soev] obta9$4 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 !     
c\rse "h to be *alk$ out assumes a      
consid]able pr(ici5cy 9 language or     
expression4 ,! special education w      
incid5tally improve bo? ^!              
accompli%m5ts1 b mu/ n be reli$ on =    

creat+ !m1 or = caus+ a m>k$ advance 9  
ei!r4 ,! effect to be look$ = is r to   
give !m direction = ! special end4      
,,example ,,f ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,oratory4  
,^! ?+s premis$1 ! l9e ( proce$+        
manife/ly is to /udy ! *oice/ examples (
 ! oratorical art1 accord+ to ! me?ods  
already laid d[n1 ) due adaptation to ! 
peculi>ities ( ! case4  ,n[1 we h n1 z 9
 a ,sci5ce1 two or ?ree sy/ematic works1
 "o ( :i* is to be *os5 z a *ief1 to be 
foll[$ by a ref]5ce m or less to ! o!rs4
 ,our mat]ial is a long s]ies ( deta*$  
orations2 f ^! we mu/ make a selection  
at />t+1 & su* selection1 :i* may       
comprise t5 or tw5ty or m1 w h to be    
treat$ ) ! int5se s+le-m9d$ devotion t  
we hi!rto limit$ to a s+le "w4 ,repeat$ 
p]usal1 ) a process ( ab/ract+ to be    
describ$ pres5tly1 mu/ be be/[$ ^u !    
*os5 examples1 be=e emb>k+1 z w be      
necess>y1 ^u ! wide field ( miscellane\s
 oratory4  ,no d\bt1 an oratorical      
education c\ld be gr\nd$ 9 a g5]al &    
equal /udy ( ! orators at l>ge1 tak+ !  

anci5ts ei!r fir/ or la/1 accord+ to    
fancy4 ,probably ! great] numb] ( /ud5ts
 h fall5 into ?is app>5tly obvi\s c\rse4
 ,our pres5t cont5tion is1 t x is bett] 
to make a ?or\gh /udy ( a prop]         
selection ( ! greate/ spee*es1 toge!r ) 
! mo/ p]suasive unspok5 compositions4   
,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all4 ,we are foll[+ ! 
wisdom ( ! anci5ts1 9 insi/+ on ! f>!r  
exp$i5t ( proce$+ to ! /udy ( ! great   
examples by ! aid ( an oratorical s*eme4
 ,at a v e>ly /age ( ,oratory 9 ,greece1
 its me?ods began to be /udi$1 &1 9 !   
education ( ! orator1 ^! me?ods 7 made  
to accompany ! /udy ( exempl>y spee*es4 
,! pr9ciples ( ,rhetoric at l>ge1 & ( ! 
,p]suasive art 9 p>ticul>1 h be5        
elaborat$ by successive /ages1 & are n[ 
9 a tol]able /ate ( advancem5t4 ,! le>n]
 w *oose ! s*eme t is judg$ be/1 & w    
endeav\r to ma/] x provisionally1 be=e  
ent]+ on ! oratorical models2 hold+ x   
op5 to am5dm5t f "t to "t1 z 8 education
 goes on4 ,! s*eme & ! examples mutually
 act & re-act3 ! bett] ! s*eme1 ! m     

rapidly w ! examples fructify2 & ! s*eme
 w1 9 its turn1 pr(it by ! ma/]y ( !    
details4  ,,necessity ,,( ,,an          
,,oratorical ,,analysis4  ,"o great use 
( an oratorical analysis1 z suppli$ by !
 tea*]s ( ,rhetoric1 is to "p (f !      
diff]5t m]its ( a p]fect oration2 & to  
%[ :i* are to be extract$ f ! v>i\s     
exempl>y orators4 ,"o man excels 9      
=cible argum5ts1 ano!r 9 ! lucid array (
 facts2 "o is impressive & impassion$1  
ano!r is quiet b circumspect4 ,n[1 !    
b5efit ( /udy+ on pr9ciple1 in/ead (    
work+ at r&om1 is1 t we conc5trate      
att5tion on ea* "o's /rong po9ts1 &     
disreg>d ! re/4 ,b x ne$s a prep>atory  
analysis1 9 ord] to make !              
discrim9ation4 ,all t ! un9/ruct$ read] 
or he>] ( a great oration kn[s is1 t !  
oration is great3 ?is may be en\gh = !  
p]sons to be mov$2 x is insuffici5t = an
 oratorical disciple4  ,9 ! haz>d\s task
 ( pursu+ ! illu/ration by nam+ !       
examples ( oratory mo/ suitable to      
comm5ce )1 ,i %all pass ov] liv+ m51 &  

*oose f ! pa/ orators ( our own c\ntry4 
,)\t discuss+ m9utely ! respective m]its
 ( individuals1 ,i am safe 9 select+1 z 
9 e way suitable = our purpose1 ,burke1 
,fox1 ,ersk9e1 ,cann+1 ,br\gham1 &      
,macaulay4 ,burke's ,spee*es on ,am]ica2
 ,fox on ! ,we/m9/] ,scrut9y2 ,ersk9e on
 ,/ockdale1 & on ,h>dy1 ,tooke1 c42     
,cann+ on ! ,slave ,trade2 ,br\gham1    
,lyndhur/1 & ,d5man 9 ! ,que5's ,trial2 
,macaulay on ! ,re=m ,bill1--w\ld       
comprise1 9 a mod]ate compass1 a        
consid]able range ( oratorical          
excell5ce4 ,i d\bt if any memb] ( ! li/ 
w\ld be m suitable = a beg9n+ ?an       
,macaulay's ,re=m ,spee*es4 ,^! are no  
m]e displays ( a brilliant imag9ation3  
!y are kn[n to h influ5c$ ?\s&s ( m9ds  
o!rwise av]se to political *ange4 ,!    
read] f9ds 9 !m an imm5se repository (  
hi/orical facts z well z ( doctr9es2 b  
facts & doctr9es1 by !mselves1 d n make 
oratory4 ,x is ! use made ( ^!1 t gives 
u ! in/ruction we are n[ 9 que/ (4 ,9 a 
fir/ or second read+1 h[ev]1 matt] & =m 

equally captivate ! m9d4 ,x w\ld be     
impossible1 at t e>ly /age1 to make an  
ab/ract su* z w\ld sep>ate ! oratorical 
f ! non-oratorical m]its4 ,only :51 by  
help ( our s*eme1 we h made a critical  
di/9ction betwe5 ! two k9ds ( excell5ce1
 are we able to arrive at an approa* to 
a pure oratorical lesson2 &1 = a long   
"t1 we %all fail to make ! desir$       
isolation4 ,we h to le>n n to expect too
 mu* f any "o spee*3 to pass ov] 9      
,macaulay1 :at is m conspicu\sly %[n1   
say 9 ,fox1 or 9 ,ersk9e4 ,if our       
political & hi/orical education has made
 "s progress1 ! m]e ?\ghts & facts d n  
deta9 u2 _! employm5t = ! end (         
p]suasion is :at we h to take acc\nt (4 
,,compreh5sive ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,oratory4
  ,x is impossible "h to indicate1      
except 9 a v g5]al way1 ! successive    
/eps ( ! op]ation4 ,! "o summ>y         
consid]ation 9 ! ,rhetoric ( ,oratory1 f
 :i* fl[s ! entire array ( details1 is !
 reg>d to ! dispositions & /ate ( m9d ( 
! audi5ce2 ! pres5t+ ( topics &         

consid]ations t *ime 9 ) ^!             
dispositions1 & ! avoid+ ( ev]y?+ t w\ld
 conflict ) !m4 ,to grasp ?is           
compreh5sive view1 & to foll[ x out 9 "s
 ( ! *ief circum/antials ( p]suasive    
address--! lead+ =ms ( argum5t1 & !     
appeals to ! m prom95t feel+s1--w\ld    
soon provide a t\*/one to a great       
oration1 & lead u to di/+ui% ! mat]ials 
( oratory f ! use made ( !m4  ,take !   
circum/ance ( negative tact2 by :i* is  
meant ! c>eful avoidance ( :atev] might 
grate on ! m9ds ( ^? address$4 ,=5sic   
oratory 9 g5]al1 & ! oratory (          
,p>liam5t>y lead]s 9 p>ticul>1 w %[ ?is 
9 p]fection2 &1 = a fir/ /udy ( x1 !re  
is probably no?+ to surpass ! ,ersk9e   
,spee*es above cit$4 ,x c\ld1 h[ev]1 be 
f\nd 9 ,macaulay2 al?\gh 9 a diff]5t    
proportion to ! o!r m]its4  ,! ,macaulay
 ,spee*es h ! abundance ( matt]1 & !    
p[]s ( /yle1 t m9i/] to oratory1 al?\gh 
n con/itut+ its di/9ctive feature4 ,9 ^!
 spee*es1 we may note h[ he guages !    
m9ds ( ! m5 ( rank & prop]ty1 9 & out ( 

,p>liam5t1 :o con/itut$ ! opposition to 
,re=m2 h[ t5d]ly he deals ) _!          
prejudices & class int]e/s2 h[ he %apes 
& adduces 8 argum5ts s z to ga9 ^? v    
feel+s to ! side he advocates2 h[ he    
br+s 8 accumulat$ /ore ( hi/orical      
illu/rations to 8 aid1 "u ! guidance (  
bo? ! positive & ! negative tact ( !    
orator2 say+ ev]y?+ to ga91 & no?+ to   
ali5ate ! dispositions t he has c>efully
 measur$4  ,aft] ,ersk9e & ,macaulay h  
yield$ _! fir/ contribution to !        
oratorical /ud5t1 he c\ld turn ) pr(it  
to ,burke1 :o has ! mat]ials ( oratory 9
 ! same high ord] z ,macaulay1 b :o 9 ! 
employm5t ( !m s (t5                    
misc>ries--sometimes p>tially1 at o!r   
times :olly4 ,x !n becomes an ex]cise to
 di/+ui% 8 successes f 8 failures2 to   
resolve ^! into _! elem5t>y m]its &     
defects1 accord+ to ! oratorical s*eme4 
,! close /udy ( "o or two orations is   
/ill ! pref]able c\rse2 & ! mo/         
pr(itable transition f ! ,burke sample  
is to ! select$ spee* or spee*es ( "s   

o!r orator z ,cann+ or ,br\gham4 ,all ! 
"t1 ! pupil mu/ be enl>g+ & improv+ 8   
analytic s*eme1 :i* is ! means ( keep+ 8
 m9d to ! po9t 9 h&1 amid ! di/raction (
 ! orator's gorge\s mat]ial4  ,!        
subsequ5t /ages ( oratorical /udy are   
mu* pla9] ?an ! comm5cem5t4 ,a "t comes 
:5 ! pupil w roam freely ov] ! great    
field ( oratory1 mod]n & anci5t1 kn[+ m 
& m exactly :at to appropriate & :at to 
neglect4 ,he w be q aw>e ( ! necessity (
 rivall+ ! great ma/]s 9 res\rces ( k on
 ! "o h&1 & ( /yle on ! o!r2 b he w look
 = ^! else:]e1 z well z 9 ! pr(ess$     
orators4  ,,examples ,,( ,,p]suasive    
,,art4  ,moreov]1 z ! p]suasive art is  
exemplifi$ 9 m5 t h nev] be5 public     
speak]s1 ! oratorical pupil w make a    
selection f ! mo/ influ5tial ( ?is      
class4 ,he w f9d1 = example1 9 !        
argum5tative treatises ( ,johnson1 9 !  
,lett]s ( ,junius1 9 ! writ+s ( ,godw91 
9 ,sydney ,smi?1 9 ,b5?am1 9 ,cobbett1 9
 ,rob]t ,hall1 9 ,fonblanque1 9 ,j4,s4  
,mill1 9 ,:ately1 & a ho/ besides1 !    

exemplification ( oratorical m]its1     
toge!r ) mat]ials t are ( value4 ,x is  
und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! se>* = mat]ials & !
 acquisition ( oratorical =m1 are n made
 to advantage on ! same l9es1 &1 = ?is &
 o!r reasons1 %\ld n g toge!r4  ,!      
extreme te/ ( ! pr9ciple ( conc5tration 
z aga9/ equal application1 is !         
acquirem5t ( ,/yle1 or ! ext5d+ ( our   
res\rces ( diction & expression 9 all   
its p>ticul>s4 ,be+ a matt] ( endless   
m9ute details1 we may feel ourselves at 
a loss to compass x by ! int5sive /udy (
 a n>r[ & select example4 ,/ill1 ) due  
all[ance = ! speciality ( ! case1 !     
pr9ciple w /ill be f\nd applicable4 ,we 
%\ld1 h[ev]1 c>ry along ) u1 ! maxim    
exemplifi$ "u oratory1 ( sep>at+ 9 our  
/udy1 z f> z may be1 ! /yle f ! matt]4  
,we beg9 by *oos+ a treatise ( "s great 
ma/]4 ,we may !n op]ate ei!r 7#a7 by    
simple read+ & re-read+1 or 7#b7 by     
committ+ portions to memory v]batim1 or 
7#c71 be/ ( all1 by mak+ "s *anges      
accord+ to an already acquir$ ideal (   

good composition4 ,?is too %[s ! great  
importance ( atta9+ z e>ly z possible "s
 regulat+ pr9ciples ( goodness ( /yle3 !
 action & reaction ( ^!1 on ! mo/       
exempl>y au?ors1 con/itute our progress 
9 ! art1 &1 9 ! quicke/ way1 /ore !     
memory ) ! res\rces ( good expression4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,economics ,,( ,,book ,,read+4  ,,iii4 
,! head j n[ f9i%$ includes really by f>
 ! greate/ portion ( ! economy ( /udy4  
,!re are v>i\s o!r devices ( importance 
9 _! way1 b mu* less liable to error 9  
practice4 ,( ^!1 a lead+ place may be   
assign$ to ! be/ modes ( ,di/ribut+ !   
,att5tion 9 read+4 ,su* que/ions z !    
foll[+ pres5t !mselves = consid]ation to
 ! e>ne/ /ud5t4 ,h[ _m di/9ct /udies c  
be c>ri$ on toge!r8 ,:at int]val %\ld be
 all[$ 9 pass+ f "o to ano!r8 ,h[ mu* "t
 %\ld be giv5 to ! art ( read+1 & h[ mu*
 to subsequ5t m$itat+ or rum9at+ on :at 
has be5 read8 ,^! po9ts are all         
susceptible ( be+ det]m9$1 )9 mod]ate   
limits ( error4 ,z to ! fir/1 ! rem>k 0 

made by ,qu9tilian1 t1 9 y\?1 we c mo/  
easily pass f "o /udy to ano!r4 ,!      
reason ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is1 t y\? does n   
take v s]i\sly to any /udy4 ,:5 a       
special /udy becomes engross+1 !        
alt]natives mu/ r be recreative ?an     
acquisitive2 n mu* progress be+ made 9  
:at is slight$1 or left ov] to !        
exhau/ion caus$ by att5tion to !        
fav\rite topic4 ,a m precise answ] c be 
made to ! second & ?ird qu]ies1 namely1 
z to an int]val = recall & m$itation1   
aft] putt+ d[n a book1 & be=e turn+ !   
att5tion into o!r *annels4 ,!re is a v  
cle> pr9ciple ( economy "h4 ,we %\ld    
save z f> z possible ! fatigue ( ! read+
 process1 or make a giv5 am\nt (        
att5tion to ! pr9t$ page yield ! greate/
 impression on ! memory4 ,?is is done by
 ! ex]cise ( recall+ )\t ! book2 an     
advantage t we d n possess 9 li/5+ to a 
lecture1 until ! :ole is f9i%$1 :5 we h 
too mu* to recall4 ,to hurry f book to  
book is to ga9 /imulation at ! co/ (    
acquisition4  ,i h allud$ to ! case ( an

 engross+ subject1 :i* />ves all        
accompany+ /udies4 ,!re are b two ways (
 obviat+ ! evil1 if x be an evil2 :i* x 
inde$ becomes1 :5 ! alt]native dem&s    
also are legitimate4 ,! "o is           
p]emptorily to limit ! "t giv5 to x     
daily1 s z to rescue "s portion ( !     
/r5g? = o!r topics4 ,! o!r is to int]mit
 x :olly = a c]ta9 p]iod1 & let o!r     
subjects h _! sw+4 ,9 advanc+ life1 & :5
 our /udi\s leisure is only :at is left 
f pr(essional occupation1 two diff]5t   
/udies c h>dly g on toge!r4 ,!          
alt]native ( a s+le /udy ne$s to be     
purely recreative4  ,"o o!r po9t may be 
not$ "u ?is head4 ,9 ! application to a 
book ( importance & difficulty1 !re are 
two ways ( go+ to "w3 to move on sl[ly1 
& ma/] z we g2 or to move on quickly to 
! end1 & beg9 aga94 ,!re is mo/ to be   
said = ! fir/ me?od1 al?\gh di/+ui%$ m5 
h work$ ^u ! o!r4 ,! fre%ness ( ! matt] 
is tak5 (f by a s+le read+2 ! re-read+  
is s mu* flatt] 9 po9t ( int]e/4        
,moreov]1 !re is a great satisfaction 9 

mak+ our foot+ sure at ea* /ep1 z well z
 9 f9i%+ ! task :5 ! fir/ p]usal is     
complet$4 ,we _c well disp5se )         
re-read+1 b x ne$ n ext5d to ! :ole2    
m>k$ passages %\ld %[ :]e ! compreh5sion
 & ma/]y are /ill lagg+4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,desultory ,,read+4  ,,iv4 ,ano!r topic
 is ,desultory ,read+4 ,?is is ! :ole ( 
! read+ ( ! un/udi\s mass2 x is b a "p (
 ! read+ ( ! true /ud5t4 ,x may mean1 = 
"o ?+1 jump+ f book to book1 p]haps     
read+ no "o ?r\gh1 except = pure        
amusem5t4 ,x may also include ! read+ ( 
p]iodicals1 :]e no "o subject is treat$ 
at any l5g?4 ,z a g5]al rule1 su* read+ 
does n give u new f\ndations1 or        
con/itute ! po9t ( dep>ture ( a fre%    
dep>tm5t ( k2 yet ! am\nt ( lab\r &     
?\ght be/[$ ^u articles 9 p]iodicals1   
may r5d] !m efficaci\s 9 add+ to a      
previ\s /ock ( mat]ials1 or 9 correct+  
imp]fect views4 ,! tru? is1 t to !      
/udi\s man1 ! desultory is n desultory4 
,! only diff]5ce ) him is t he has two  

attitudes t he may assume--! sev]e & !  
easy-go+2 ! "o is mo/ associat$ )       
sy/ematic works on lead+ subjects2 ! o!r
 ) %ort essays1 p]iodicals1 newspap]s1 &
 conv]sation4 ,9 ?is la/ attitude1 :i*  
is res]v$ = h\rs ( relaxation1 he skips 
matt]s ( difficulty1 & absorbs scatt]$ &
 int]e/+ p>ticul>s )\t expressly aim+ at
 ! solution ( problems or ! discussion (
 ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,!re is no reason :y
 an essay 9 a p]iodical1 a pamphlet1 or 
a spee* 9 ,p>liam5t1 may n take a fir/  
place 9 anyone's education4 ,all ! lab\r
 & res\rce t g to =m a "w ( magnitude   
may be conc5trat$ 9 any "o ( ^!4 ,/ill1 
!y are pres5t$ 9 ! =m t we are accu/om$ 
to associate ) our desultory "w1 & our  
times ( relaxation2 & s1 !y seldom      
produce 9 ! m9ds ( read]s ! effect t !y 
are capable ( produc+4 ,! ?or\gh /ud5t w
 n fail to extract mat]ials f "o & all (
 !m1 b ev5 he w sc>cely *oose f su*     
s\rces ! text = ! comm5cem5t ( a new    
/udy4  ,! desultory is n a bad way (    
increas+ our res\rces ( expression4     

,al?\gh !re be a sy/ematic & a be/ mode 
( acquir+ language1 !re is also an      
inf]ior1 yet n ineffective mode2 namely1
 read+ copi\sly :atev] au?ors h at once 
a good /yle & a su/a9+ int]e/4 ,h5ce1 = 
?is purpose1 %ift+ f book to book1 tak+ 
up %ort & light compositions1 may be (  
consid]able value2 any?+ is bett] ?an n 
read+ at all1 or ?an read+ compositions 
inf]ior 9 po9t ( /yle4 ,! desultory man 
w n be )\t a c]ta9 fl[ ( language z well
 z a comm& ( ideas2 not)/&+ :i*1 he w   
nev] be conf\nd$ ) ! /udi\s man4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,v4 ,a fif? po9t is ! proportion (      
book-read+ to ,obs]vation ( ! facts at  
fir/ h&4 ,f want ( opportunity1 or f    
dis9cl9ation1 _m p]sons h all _!        
in=mation on c]ta9 subjects ca/ 9 !     
booki% m\ld1 & d n fully conceive !     
p>ticul> facts z ^! /rike ! m9d 9 _! own
 "*4 ,a read] ( ,hi/ory1 ) no exp]i5ce (
 affairs1 is likely to h imp]fect booki%
 notions2 j z a man ( affairs1 n a      
read]1 is subject to n>r[ness ( ano!r   

k9d4 ,x 0 rem>k$ by ,sir ,g4 ,cornewall 
,lewis1 t ! ,g]man hi/orians ( ! ,a!nian
 ,democracy write l m5 t nev] _h any    
actual exp]i5ce ( popul> assemblies4 ,a 
lawy] mu/ be equally v]s$ 9 pr9ciples & 
9 cases z he>d 9 c\rt3 ?is is a type ( k
 g5]ally4 ,9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory         
,sci5ces1 obs]vation & read+ g h& 9 h& f
 ! fir/4 ,9 ! sci5ce ( ! ,human ,m9d1   
!re are g5]al doctr9es1 contriv$ to     
embrace ! _w ( m5tal ph5om5a3 ! /ud5t   
may h to beg9 ) ^!1 & "w ^u !m          
exclusively = a "t1 b 9 ! end1 ph5om5a  
mu/ be indep5d5tly view$ by him 9 _!    
nak$ "*1 z exhibit$ directly 9 8 own    
m9d1 & inf]5tially 9 ! m9ds ( ^? t fall 
"u 8 obs]vation4 ,book k ( ,disease has 
to be c\pl$ ) b$-side k2 nei!r w take ! 
place ( ! o!r4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,,vi4 ,i began by 
limit+ ! mean+ ( /udy to ! read+ (      
books1 & h review$ ! v>i\s po9ts 9 !    
economy ( ?is process4 ,! o!r means (   
atta9+1 enl>g+1 deep5+ our k1 namely1   
,obs]vation ( facts1 ,conv]sation1      

,disputation1 ,composition1 h ea* an art
 ( its own--especially ,disputation1 :i*
 has long be5 r$uc$ to rule4 ,obs]vation
 also admits ( specific directions1 b1 9
 /at+ ! necessity ( comb9+ obs]vation ) 
book !ories & descriptions1 ,i h assum$ 
! k ( h[ to obs]ve4  ,,aids ,,(         
,,conv]sation ,,& ,,composition4  ,( all
 ! adjuncts ( /udy1 none is s famili>1 s
 available1 &1 on ! :ole1 s helpful1 z  
,conv]sation4 ,! au?ors ( ,guides to    
,/ud5ts1 z ,isaac ,watts1 give elaborate
 rules = c>ry+ on conv]sation1 a good _m
 ( !m be+ m moral ?an intellectual2 b an
 art ( conv]sation w\ld be v difficult  
to =mulate2 x w\ld take q z long an     
essay z ,i h devot$ to /udy1 & ev5 !n   
w\ld n foll[ half ( ! w9d+s ( ! subject4
 ,! only notice ( x t my plan requires1 
is su* z ,i h already be/[$ ^u          
,obs]vation3 namely1 to po9t out !      
advantage ( comb9+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( read+
 )1 conv]sation2 a ?+ t almo/ ev]ybody  
does accord+ to _! opportunities4 ,to   
rehe>se :at we h read to "s will+ &     

sympa?iz+ li/5]1 is ! be/ way ( impress+
 ! memory & ( cle>+ up difficulties to !
 und]/&+4 ,x br+s 9 ! social /imulus1   
:i* ranks s high among human motives4 ,x
 is a :olesome *ange ( attitude2 reliev+
 ! fatigue ( book-/udy1 :ile add+ to its
 fruitfulness4 ,ev5 beg9n]s 9 /udy are  
mutually helpful1 by ex*ang+ ! results (
 _! sev]al book acquirem5ts2 :ile x is  
possible to raise conv]sation to ! rank 
( a high art1 bo? = intellectual        
improvem5t & = mutual delectation4 ,i _c
 say t ! ideal is (t5 realiz$2 s9ce two 
or m mu/ comb9e to conv]sation1 & x is n
 (t5 t ! mutual action & re-action is   
p]fectly adju/$ = ! highe/ effect4  ,!  
la/ great adjunct ( /udy is orig9al     
,composition1 :i* also w\ld ne$ to be   
=mulat$ di/9ct f ! !ory ( book-/udy4    
,view$ 9 ! same way z we h view$ ! o!r  
collat]al ex]cises1 "o c pron\nce x too 
an invaluable adjunct to book-read+1 z  
well z an end 9 itself2 x is a v>iation 
( ef=t t div]ts ! m5tal /ra91 & re-acts 
p[]fully ^u ! extraction ( nutrim5t f   

books4 ,besides ! pride ( a*ievem5t1 x  
evokes ! social /imulus ) ! highe/      
effect2 our compositions be+ usually    
int5d$ = "s li/5]s4 ,b1 :5 to beg9 ! "w 
( orig9al composition1 z di/9ct f !     
writt5 ex]cises ^u books1 9 ! way (     
ab/ract+1 am5d+1 & ! re/2 :at =ms x %\ld
 assume at ! outset1 & by :at /eps x    
%\ld gradually asc5d to ! culm9at+      
effects ( ! art1--w\ld all admit (      
expansion & discussion z an altoge!r    
sep>ate !me4 ,en\gh to rem>k "h1 t a    
c\rse ( book-read+ )\t attempts at      
orig9al composition is z faulty an      
extreme1 z to beg9 & c>ry on writ+ ^u a 
/9t$ basis ( read+4 ,! ?or\gh /ud5t1 z  
conc]n$ 9 my pres5t essay1 c>ry+ on     
book-/udy 9 ! mann] ,i h sket*$1 w almo/
 infallibly end1 at ! prop] "t1 9 a     
self-?9k]1 & a self-orig9ator4 ,an      
adequate famili>ity ) ! great writ]s ( !
 pa/ bo? *ecks presumptu\s or ha/y ef=ts
 ( reproduction1 & enc\rages mode/      
attempts ( our own z we feel ourselves  
becom+ gradually invigorat$ ?r\gh !     

comb9$ influ5ce ( all ! v>i\s modes (   
well-direct$ /udy4  ,,footnotes3        
,footnote #af3 ,milton _h *>ge ( pupils 
9 #afdd1 :5 ,locke 0 twelve4          99
       99       99       99       99    
,,viii4  ,,religi\s ,,te/s ,,&          
,,subscriptions4   ,e man has an int]e/ 
9 arriv+ at tru? = himself4 ,h[ev]      
useful x may be to mislead o!r p1 h[ev] 
sweet to look d[n f a height on ! err+  
?rong b5ea?1 x is nei!r useful nor sweet
 to be ourselves at sea )\t a compass4  
,we may n c>e to walk by ! light we h1 b
 we d n *oose to ex*ange x = d>kness4   
,?is reflection is mo/ obvi\s ) ref]5ce 
to ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,our life dep5ds on
 adapt+ means to ends2 :i* supposes t we
 "k cause & effect 9 ! _w ar\nd u4 ,a   
long /ory is cut %ort by ! adage1 ,k is 
p[]2 o!rwise r5d]$1 ,tru? is bliss4  ,! 
be>+ ( tru? is free f all d\bt :5 !     
problem is1 h[ to ga9 c]ta9 ends--h[ to 
be f$1 h[ to get f "o place to ano!r1 h[
 to cure disease4 ,a new case is pres5t$
 by ! *oice ( ends4 ,! tyrannical ,fr5* 

m9i/]1 :5 appeal$ to by a />v+ peasantry
 9 ! t]ms1 ,we mu/ live1 repli$1 ,i d n 
see ! necessity4 ,!re 0 "h no "q ( true 
& false1 no problem = sci5ce to solve4  
,x 0 a "q ( ends1 & c\ld n be re>gu$4 ,!
 only possible retort 0 to ask1 ,:at    
does y\r ,excell5cy consid] a necessity8
 ,if ! reply 71 ,t ,i & my ,k+ may rule 
,france & be happy1 !n might ! />v+     
wret*es f9d "s aid f a political sci5ti/
 :o c\ld %[ t1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 rul] &
 p mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 ,s1 x is no "q
 ( true or false 9 ! ord] ( nature1 :e!r
 ,i %all adopt1 z ! end ( life1 my own  
gratification purely1 ! good ( o!rs     
purely1 or "p ( bo?4 ,9 l mann] !       
,b5?amite1 :o prop\nds happ9ess z !     
g5]al end ( human society1 _c prove ?is1
 z ,newton c\ld prove t gravity foll[s !
 inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance2 nor c 8      
position be impugn$ 9 ! way t ,newton   
impugn$ ! vortices ( ,desc>tes1 by %[+ t
 !y 7 at v>iance ) fact4  ,!re is a ?ird
 case4 ,ass]tions are made out ( ! sph]e
 ( ! s5sible _w1 & beyond ! rea* (      

v]ification by ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,!re  
is a region ( ! sup]s5sible or          
sup]natural1 :]e cause & effect may be  
affirm$ & human int]e/s involv$1 b :]e  
we _c supply ! same evid5ce or ! same   
confutation z 9 sublun>y k4 ,t all human
 be+s %all h an exi/5ce aft] dea? is    
matt] ( tru? or falsehood1 b ! evid5ce  
is ( a k9d t w\ld n be adduc$ = prov+ t 
a cat]pill> becomes a butt]fly or t a   
se$ turns to a plant4 ,! reason+        
employ$1 no d\bt1 makes ref]5ces to     
facts ( ! ord] ( nature2 b x is         
circuit\s & analogical1 & is admitt$    
m]ely because bett] _c be _h4  ,,?ree   
,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,( ,,ass]tions4  ,!
 peculi>ity ( ?is la/ class (           
affirmations is t !y give great room = !
 indulg5ce ( our lik+s4 ,s little be+   
fix$ ) any precision1 we c %ape our     
beliefs to please ourselves4 ,ev5 z     
reg>ds ! s5sible _w1 we c sometimes     
accommodate our views to :at we wi%1 z  
:5 we assume t our fav\rite foods &     
/imulants are :olesome2 b su* lic5se    

soon meets ) *ecks 9 ! physical sph]e1  
:ile !re are no su* *ecks 9 ! realms ( !
 sup]physical4  ,n[1 9 all ^! ?ree      
dep>tm5ts ( op9ion1 ! int]e/ ( mank9d   
lies 9 obta9+ ! be/ views t c possibly  
be obta9$4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ & ?ird--- ! 
region ( true & false1 "o 9 ! s5sible1 !
 o!r 9 ! sup]s5sible _w--we are cle>ly  
int]e/$ 9 gett+ ! tru?4 ,z reg>ds !     
second--! region ( ends--if !re be "o   
class ( ends pref]able to ano!r1 we %\ld
 f9d out t class4  ,! only d\bt t c     
arise any:]e is1 :e!r 9 ! ?ird case--!  
case ( ! sup]natural1--tru? is ( ! same 
consequ5ce to u4 ,su* a d\bt1 h[ev]1    
begs ! :ole "q at issue4 ,if ! tru? be (
 no consequ5ce "h1 x is because we %all 
nev] be l&$ 9 any reality correspond+ to
 :at is decl>$3 t ! nature ( ! future   
life is purely imag9>y & n to be conv]t$
 into fact2 9 o!r words1 t !re is no    
future life2 t !re is m]ely a l& (      
dreams & fiction1 :i* c nev] be prov$   
true & nev] prov$ false4 ,x w\ld !n be a
 projection ( ?\ght f ! pres5t life1 &  

w\ld cease ) t life4 ,all t p c\ld claim
 9 ! matt] w\ld be ! lib]ty (           
imag9ation2 & ?is be+ s1 we are n to be 
committ$ to any "o =m4 ,9 %ort1 we are  
to picture :at we please 9 a _w t _c be 
made out to exi/4 ,! po9t is n1 to be   
true or false2 x is1 to be well or ill  
imag9$4  ,:at1 !n1 is to be ! crit]ion (
 prop] or improp] imag9ation8 ,on :at   
gr\nds are we to make our pref]5ce      
betwe5 ! diff]5t s*emes ( ! sup]s5sible 
_w8 ,is ea* "o ( u to be free to imag9e 
= ourselves1 or are we to submit to !   
dictation ( o!rs8 ,^! que/ions lead up  
to ano!r4 ,h[ f> are ! int]e/s ( !      
pres5t life conc]n$ 9 ! =m giv5 to our  
conceptions ( a future life8  ,x w\ld   
seem to be an unansw]able assumption t1 
9 all ! ?ree situations above suppos$1  
we %\ld d ! v be/ t ! case admits (4 ,9 
! ord] ( nature we %\ld get1 z f> z     
possible1 ! tru? & ! :ole tru?2 9 !     
*oice ( ends = ?is life we %\ld embrace 
! be/ ends2 9 ! %ap+ ( ano!r life we    
%\ld be free to foll[ out :atev] may be 

! c\rse suitable to ! op]ation4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,e>ly ,,s\rces ,,( ,,intol]ance4  ,!   
means = arriv+ at tru? 9 ! ord] ( nature
 is an active se>* accord+ to c]ta9     
well-kn[n me?ods4 ,x f>!r involves !    
negative condition ( p]fect fre$om to   
canvass1 to controv]t1 or to refute1 e  
receiv$ doctr9e or op9ion4 ,!re is no   
use 9 go+ aft] new facts1 or 9 ris+ to  
new g5]alities1 if we are n to be all[$ 
to displace errors4 ,?is is n[ conc$$1  
except at ! po9ts ( contact ( ! natural 
& ! sup]natural4 ,9 spite ( ! wide      
sep>ation ( ! two worlds--! _w ( fact & 
! _w ( imag9ation1--we _c conceive !    
second except 9 t]ms ( ! fir/2 & if !   
%ap+ ( ! sup]natural acquires fixity &  
consecration1 ! natural facts made use (
 9 ! fabric acquire a correspond+       
fixity1 ev5 al?\gh ! r5d]+ is f\nd to be
 inaccurate4 ,! prevail+ conception ( a 
future life ne$s a view ( ! sep>ate &   
indep5d5t subsi/5ce ( ! m5tal p[]s (    
man1 v difficult to reconcile ) pres5t  

k4         99       99       99       99
       99  ,! gr[? ( intol]ance is q    
explicable1 b ! explanation is n        
necess>ily a ju/ification4 ,al?\gh e    
division ( ! human family mu/ h pass$   
?r\gh _m social phases1 & mu/ !re=e h   
exp]i5c$ revolution>y %ocks1 yet ! rule 
( man's exi/5ce has be5 a rigor\s fixity
 ( in/itutions1 ) a hatr$ ( *ange4      
,innovations1 :5 n ! effect ( conque/1  
w\ld be made "u ! pressure ( "s great   
crisis1 or "s trem5d\s difficulty t c\ld
 n o!rwise be met4 ,! idea ( individuals
 be+ all[$1 9 quiet times1 to propose   
alt]ations 9 gov]nm5t1 9 religion1 9    
morals1 or ev5 9 ! common arts ( life1 0
 ?\ght ( only to be /amp$ out4 ,!re 0 a 
/ep 9 advance ( ! anci5t & habitual ord]
 ( ?+s1 :5 an innovat+ citiz5 0 p]mitt$ 
to make 8 proposal to ! assembl$ tribe1 
) a rope ab\t 8 neck1 to be drawn tight 
if he fail$ to conv9ce 8 audi5ce4 ,?is  
might make m5 ?9k twice be=e advanc+ new
 views1 b x 0 n an entire suppression ( 
!m4  ,! fir/ introduction ( ! great     

religions ( ! _w w\ld 9 ea* case af=d an
 int]e/+ /udy ( ! difficulties ( *ange &
 ( ! modes ( surm\nt+ ^! difficulties4  
,!re mu/ always h concurr$ at lea/ two  
?+s1--g5]al uneas9ess or discont5t f "s 
cause or o!r2 & ! moral or intellectual 
asc5d5cy ( "s "o man1 ^: views1 al?\gh  
orig9al1 7 yet ( a k9d to be f9ally     
accept$ by ! p4 ,^! conditions are      
equally %[n 9 political *anges1 & are   
hi/orically illu/rat$ 9 _m notable      
in/ances4 ,x is en\gh to cite ! ,greek  
legislation ( ,lycurgus & ( ,solon4     
,su* *anges are ! exceptions 9 human    
affairs2 !y occur only at great         
int]vals4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( societies1
 ! gov]n+ p[]s n m]ely adh]e to :at is  
e/abli%$1 b =bid "u sev]e p5alties ! v  
sugge/ion ( *ange4 ,! *ronic mis]y ( !  
race is compatible ) unreason+          
acquiesc5ce 9 a /ate ( ?+s once         
e/abli%$2 incipi5t re=m]s are at once   
immolat$ p\r enc\rag] les autres4 ,x is 
! aim ( gov]nm5ts to make !mselves      
sup]flu\sly /rong2 !y take precautions  

aga9/ unfav\rable ideas no less ?an     
aga9/ op5 revolt4 ,9 ?is1 !y are second$
 by ! g5]al community1 :i* w\ld make ?+s
 too hot ev5 = a re=m+ k+4  ,,sep>ation 
,,( ,,religion ,,f ,,politics4  ,x is   
said by ! evolution or hi/orical s*ool (
 politicians1 t ?is 0 all z x %\ld be4  
,! free p]mission to "q ! exi/+         
in/itutions1 political & religi\s1 w\ld 
h be5 incompatible ) /ability4 ,9 e>ly  
society m especially1 religion &        
morality 7 a "p ( civil gov]nm5t2 a     
diss5t] 9 religion 0 ! same ?+ z a rebel
 9 politics2 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! civil 
& ! religi\s c\ld n yet be drawn4  ,)\t 
say+ :e!r ?is 0 ! case or n--= ,i %\ld n
 l to commit myself to ! position1      
,:atev] 01 0 "r at ! "t--,i tru/ we are 
n[ f> on ! way to be+ agre$ t ! civil & 
! religi\s are no long] to be id5tifi$2 
t ! ,/ate1 z a /ate1 is n conc]n$ to    
uphold any "o =m ( religi\s belief4     
,mod]n civiliz$ communities are believ$ 
capable ( exi/+ )\t an (ficial religion2
 ! citiz5s be+ free to =m !mselves into 

self-gov]n$ religi\s bodies1 z v>i\s z !
 prevail+ modes ( religi\s belief4 ,x   
may be long ere ?is goal be fully rea*$2
 b ev5 ! uphold]s ( ! pres5t /ate       
religions admit t1 suppos+ ^! 7 n 9     
exi/5ce1 nobody w\ld n[ propose to      
in/itute !m4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,! =ego+ rem>ks   
may appe> some:at desultory1 z well z   
too brief = ! ext5t ( ! !me4 ,!y mu/ be 
accept$1 h[ev]1 z an introduction to a m
 limit$ topic1 :i* presupposes 9 "s     
measure ! g5]al pr9ciple ( tol]ation by 
! /ate ( all =ms ( religi\s op9ion4     
,:e!r ) or )\t e/abli%$ religions1      
p]fect fre$om ( diss5t is n[ dem&$1 &1 )
 "s hank]+ res]vations1 pretty g5]ally  
conc$$4 ,individuals are all[$ to       
congregate into religi\s societies1 on !
 mo/ v>i\s & opposite cre$s4  ,s f>     
good4 ,yet !re rema9s a difficulty4     
,long be=e ! age ( tol]ation1 :5 ea*    
/ate _h an e/abli%$ religion1 ! p 9     
g5]al =m$ _! habits ( religi\s obs]vance
 9 connection ) ! ,/ate ,*ur*--its      

doctr9es1 its ritual1 its build+s1 & its
 sacr$ places4 ,:5 disruption took      
place1 ! sep>ati/s =m$ !mselves into    
societies on ! orig9al model1 m]ely     
dropp+ ! matt]s ( disagreem5t4 ,fixity (
 cre$ & ( ritual 0 /ill enact$2 ! only  
rem$y = dissatisfaction on ei!r subject 
0 to sw>m afre%1 & set up a new v>iety (
 doctr9e or ( ritual1 to :i* a rigid    
adh]5ce 0 /ill expect$ z a condition (  
memb]%ip4  ,by ?is co/ly & tr\blesome   
process1 ,*ur*es h be5 multipli$ accord+
 to ! *anges ( view among sections ( !  
community4 ,a c]ta9 en]gy ( conviction  
has always be5 necess>y to su* a result4
 ,equally great *anges ( op9ion occur   
among memb]s ( ! old] ,*ur* communities1
 )\t induc+ !m to break ) ^!2 s t nom9al
 memb]%ip ceases to be a m>k ( real     
adhesion to ! articles ( belief4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,evils ,,( ,,p5al ,,re/ra9t ,,on       
,,discussion4  ,^! few commonplaces are 
meant to introduce ! enquiry--n[ a      
press+ "o--:e!r1 & h[ f>1 fix$ cre$s are

 desirable or exp$i5t 9 religi\s bodies 
g5]ally2 no diff]5ce be+ made betwe5    
/ate ,*ur*es & volunt>y ,*ur*es4 ,?is is
 ! "q ( ,subscription to ,articles by ! 
cl]gy4  ,let u n[ review ! evils        
att5dant on subscription1 & next consid]
 ! objections to its removal4  ,9 ! fir/
 place1 ! process ( re/ra9+ discussion  
by p5al te/s is inh]5tly unt5able1      
absurd1 & fallaci\s4  ,9 support ( ?is  
/rong ass]tion1 we h only to repeat1 t e
 man has an int]e/ 9 gett+ at ! tru?1 & 
consequ5tly 9 :atev] promotes t end4 ,we
 live by ! tru?2 error is dea?4 ,to /&  
betwe5 a man & ! atta9m5t ( tru?1 is to 
inflict an injury ( incalculable am\nt4 
,! circum/ances :]e9 ! prohibition (    
tru? is desirable1 mu/ be extraord9>y & 
altoge!r exceptional4 ,! few may h a    
self-int]e/ 9 )hold+ tru? f ! _m2 nei!r 
! few nor ! _m h an int]e/ 9 its be+    
)held f !mselves4 ,ea* "o ( u has ! mo/ 
direct conc]n 9 kn[+ on :at plan ?is    
univ]se is con/itut$1 :at are its exact 
arrangem5ts & laws4 ,:e!r = ! pres5t    

life1 or = any o!r life1 we mu/ /e] our 
c\rse by our k1 & t k ne$s to be true4  
,ob/ruction to ! tru? recoils ^u !      
ob/ructors4 ,to flee to ! refuge ( lies 
is n ! greate/ happ9ess ( anybody4  ,x  
has be5 ma9ta9$ t !re are illusions s   
b5eficial z to be pref]able to tru?4    
,occasionally1 9 private life1 we       
practise little deceptions ^u           
individuals :5 ! tru? w\ld cause "s     
great tempor>y mis*ief4 ,?is case ne$ n 
be discuss$4 ,! important in/ance is 9  
ref]5ce to religi\s belief4 ,a b5evol5t 
,deity & a future life are s *e]+ &     
consol+1 x is said1 t !y %\ld be secur$ 
aga9/ *all5ge or criticism2 !y ought n  
to be weak5$ by discussion4 ,?is1 (     
c\rse1 assumes t ^! doctr9es are unable 
to ma9ta9 !mselves aga9/ oppon5ts1 t1 ) 
all _! intr9sic *>m 7:i* nobody c be    
indiff]5t to71 !y w\ld give way "u a    
free h&l+4 ,su* a confession is fatal4  
,m5 w g on *]i%+ pleas+ illusions1 b n  
su* z ne$ to be protect$ 9 ord] to exi/4
 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! belief 9 !       

goodness ( ! ,deity 0 ( s great         
importance t x 0 to be ma9ta9$ by /ate  
p5alties--ab\t ! wor/ way ( mak+ !      
belief efficaci\s = its end4 ,:at %\ld  
we ?9k ( an ,act pass$ to imprison :oev]
 disput$ ! goodness ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 ! ,man
 ( ,ross1 or ,h[>d8  ,grant+ t c]ta9    
illusions are highly b5eficial1 x does n
 foll[ t !y are to be exempt$ f         
criticism4 ,_! effect dep5ds on !       
pre/ige ( _! tru?4 ,t is1 !y mu/ h      
reasons on _! side4 ,b a doctr9e is n   
support$ by reasons1 unless ! objections
 are /at$ & answ]$2 n %am objections1 b 
! real difficulties ( an enquir+ m9d4   
,if ! /atem5t ( su* difficulties is     
=cibly suppress$1 ! rational f\ndations 
w soon] or lat] be sapp$4  ,,fre$om     
,,ess5tial ,,to ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,tru?4  
,if illusions are !mselves good1 fre$om 
( ?\ght w give u ! be/4 ,:y %\ld we     
protect inf]ior illusions aga9/ !       
discov]y ( ! sup]ior8 ,! unfett]$ m>* ( 
! intellect may improve ! quality ( our 
illusions z illusions1 :ile also /r5g!n+

 _! f\ndations4 ,if religion be a good  
?+1 ! be/ religion is ! be/ ?+2 & we _c 
be sure ( hav+ ! be/1 if m5 are =bidd5  
to make a se>*4  ,suppos+1 !n1 tru? is  
desirable1 ! means to ! end are         
desirable4 ,n[ "o ( ! means is p]fect   
lib]ty to call 9 "q e op9ion :atsoev]4  
,?is is n all t is necess>y2 x is n ev5 
! pr9cipal condition ( ! discov]y ( new 
tru?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an indisp5sable     
adjunct1 a negative condition4 ,:ile    
labori\s se>* = facts1 c>e 9 comp>+ !m1 
g5ius 9 detect+ deep id5tities1 are !   
highways to k1--! p]mission to          
promulgate new doctr9es & to c\nt]-argue
 ! old is equally ess5tial4 ,m5 _c be   
expect$ to g ?r\gh ! toil ( mak+        
discov]ies at ! haz>d ( p]secution4 ,if 
a few h done s1 x is _! glory & ev]ybody
 else's %ame4  ,t ! tor* ( tru? %\ld be 
%ak5 till x %9e1 is g5]ally admitt$4    
,/ill1 exceptions are made2 o!rwise !   
pres5t argum5t w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,on   
c]ta9 subjects !re is a dem& =          
protection aga9/ innovat+ views4 ,!     

implication is t1 9 ^! subjects1 tru? is
 bett] arriv$ at by delegat+ ! se>* to a
 few1 & treat+ _! judgm5t z f9al4 ,i ne$
 n ask :]e we %\ld h be51 if ?is mode ( 
arriv+ at tru? _h be5 foll[$ univ]sally4
 ,! monopoly ( enquiry claim$ = ! high] 
subjects1 if set up 9 ! l[]1 w\ld be    
treat$ z ! empire ( d>kness4  ,second4  
,! subscription to articles1 & !        
en=cem5t ( a cre$ by p5alties1 are      
nugatory = _! own purpose2 !y fail to   
secure uni=mity ( belief4  ,?is is %[n 9
 v>i\s ways4 ,= in/ance1 to inculcate   
adhesion to a set ( articles1 is m]ely  
to ensure t none %all use words t =mally
 d5y "o or o!r ( ! doctr9es prescrib$4  
,x does n say1 t ! subscrib] %all tea* !
 :ole r\nd ( doctr9es1 9 _! due ord] &  
proportion4 ,a prea*] may at pleasure   
omit f 8 pulpit disc\rses any s+le      
doctr9e2 s t1 9 s f> z 8 m9i/rations are
 conc]n$1 to ! he>]s su* doctr9e is     
non-exi/5t2 )\t be+ d5i$1 x is ignor$4  
,aga9/ omission1 a prosecution = h]esy  
w\ld n hold4 ,9 ?is way1 ! cl]gy h      

always _h a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty1 & h   
freely us$ x4 ,9 s do+1 !y h alt]$ !    
:ole "* ( ! prescrib$ cre$1 )\t be+     
te*nically het]odox4 ,ev]yone ( u has   
li/5$ to prea*]s ( ?is description4 ,"s 
ignore ! ,tr9ity1 "s ! ,atonem5t2 _m    
n[adays1 )\t d5y+ future puni%m5t1 nev] 
m5tion hell to e>s polite4 ,if ! rigor\s
 exclusion ( a lead+ doctr9e %\ld excite
 misgiv+s1 a v slight1 =mal1 & pass+    
admission may be made1 :ile ! /ress (   
exhortation is ?r[n ^u q diff]5t po9ts4 
,,subscription ,,fails ,,to ,,atta9     
,,its ,,end4  ,to atta9 a conviction =  
h]esy1 involv+ deprivation ( (fice1 !   
=ms ( ju/ice mu/ be respect$4 ,x is only
 "u peculi> circum/ances1 t !           
ecclesia/ical au?ority c be cont5t )    
say+1 ,i d n l !e1 ,dr4 ,fell1 or ,dr4  
,smi?1 & ,i depose !e accord+ly4 ,a     
regul> trial1 ) pro( ( specific         
contradiction ( specific articles1 all[+
 ! accus$ ! full b5efit ( 8             
explanations1 mu/ be ! rule 9 e         
corporation t respects ju/ice4 ,9 !     

,*ur* ( ,engl&1 a man _c be depriv$     
unless he contradict ! articles cle>ly &
 consi/5tly2 ! smalle/ incoh]5ce on 8   
"p1 ! slighte/ vacillation 9 ! rig\r ( 8
 d5ial1 is en\gh to save him4 ,we may   
easily imag9e1 !re=e1 h[ widely a       
cl]gyman may /ray f ! fair1 ord9>y1     
curr5t r5d]+ ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 )\t
 dang]4 ,! :ole ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity may
 be p]v]t$ "u a few cunn+ precautions & 
by obs]v+ a few v]bal =malities4  ,x has
 be5 po9t$ out1 _m times ov]1 t !       
legally impos$ cre$s 7 ! creatures (    
accid5t & circum/ances at ! "t ( _!     
enactm5t1 & are :olly unsuitable to !   
cons]vation ( ! m p]man5t & ess5tial    
articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! am\nt (  
h]esy1 z aga9/ ! m truly repres5tative  
doctr9es1 t may pass ?r\gh _! me%es is v
 great4  ,?is weakness is aggravat$ by  
ano!r--! want ( any provision = am5d+ ! 
cre$ f "t to "t4 ,if x 7 desirable to   
adopt measures = ma9ta9+ uni=mity (     
op9ions among ! cl]gy1 ! cre$ %\ld be   
excis$1 or add$ to1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( 

e age4 ,t ?is is n done1 %[s t ! ma*9]y 
( te/s is altoge!r abnormal2 x is n )9 !
 type ( regul> legislation4 ,t any giv5 
cre$ %\ld be reg>d$ z out ( keep+1 z bo?
 r$undant & defective1 & yet t !        
ecclesia/ical au?ority %\ld %r9k f      
apply+ a rem$y to its mo/ obvi\s        
defects1 proves t ! sy/em itself is bad4
 ,all heal?y legislation l5ds itself to 
p]petual improvem5t2 t ! enactm5ts (    
articles ( belief _c be reconsid]$1 is a
 sign ( rott5ness4  ,a ?ird objection to
 te/s is1 t m]e dogmatic uni=mity1 if x 
7 m complete ?an any te/s c make x1 is  
at be/ b a "p ( ! religi\s "*4 ,x does  
no?+ to secure or promote f]v\r1 feel+1 
! emotional elem5t 9 religion4 ,x is by 
moral heat1 f> m ?an by its m\ld (      
doctr9e1 t religion influ5ces mank9d4   
,!re is no means ( c5sur+ prea*]s =     
coldness or languid indiff]5ce2 or r1   
!re is ano!r & m legitimate means ?an   
p5al prosecutions1 namely1 express$     
dissatisfaction & ! pref]5ce ( ^? t     
excel 9 ! quality4 ,a w>m1 gl[+ mann]1  

an unctu\s deliv]y1 comm&s he>]s &      
conducts to popul>ity & importance4 ,!  
m5 ( cold & unfeel+ natures may get into
 (fice1 b !y are lightly e/eem$4 ,!y are
 n _h up to a public trial & depos$1 b  
!y are treat$1 & spok5 (1 9 su* a way z 
to disc\rage m5 ( _! type f becom+      
prea*]s1 & to enc\rage ! o!r sort4 ,!re 
are _m qualifications t g to =m+ a good 
prea*]2 ! hold+ ( ! cre$ ( ! body is    
only "o4 ,yet1 ) ! exception ( gross    
immorality or ab&onm5t ( duty1          
correctness ( cre$ is ! only "o t is    
subject$ to ! extreme p5alty ( loss (   
(fice2 ! o!rs are secur$ by diff]5t     
means4 ,is x too mu* to inf] t1 )\t !   
extreme p5alty1 a reasonable con=mity to
 ! prevail+ cre$ might also be secur$8  
,,elem5t ,,( ,,feel+ ,,n ,,secur$4  ,!  
importance ( ! elem5t ( feel+ has be5   
mo/ p]ceiv$ 9 times :5 ! religi\s curr5t
 0 /ronge/4 ,at ^! times1 its expression
 w\ld n be hemm$ 9 by rigor\s =mulas4 ,!
 fir/ communication ( religi\s doctr9es 
has always p>tak5 ( a broad & free      

r5d]+2 app>5t discrepancies 7 disreg>d$4
 ,to r$uce all ! utt]ances ( ! prophets 
& ! apo/les to def9ite =ms & rigid      
dogmas1 0 to misconceive ! situation4   
,we may well suppose t ! ,new ,te/am5t  
writ]s w\ld h refus$ to subscribe !     
,a?anasian ,cre$ or ! ,we/m9/]          
,confession2 n because ^! 7 9 flat      
contradiction to ,scripture1 b because !
 way ( embody+ ! religi\s v]ities 9 ^!  
docum5ts w\ld be repugnant to _! ideas (
 =m 9 su* matt]s4 ,! cre$-build]s may h 
be5 nev] s anxi\s to give exact         
equival5ts ( ! orig9al au?orities2 yet  
_! f9e di/9ctions & subtle logic w\ld h1
 9 all probability1 be5 rank$ by ,paul &
 ,pet] among ! latt]-day p]v]sions ( !  
fai?4 ,! v composition ( a cre$ w\ld h  
be5 z di/a/eful to ! fir/ c5tury1 z x is
 incongru\s to ! n9ete5?4  ,! evil      
op]ation ( religi\s te/s1 & ( !         
accompany+ intol]ance ( ! public m9d z  
%[n t[>ds any =m ( diss5t f ! /]eotyp$  
or?odoxy1 admits ( a v wide h&l+4 ,x is 
( c\rse ! problem ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,"s

 p>ts ( ! argum5t ne$ to be reproduc$   
"h1 to help u 9 reply+ to ! objections  
aga9/ an unconditional abolition (      
compulsory cre$s4  ,9 conv]s+1 _m ye>s  
ago1 ) ! late ,jules ,mohl1 ! great     
,ori5tal s*ol>1 pr(essor ( ,p]sian 9 !  
,college de ,france1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) 8 
acc\nt ( ! nature ( 8 duties z an       
exp\nd] ( ! mod]n ,p]sian au?ors4 ,^!   
au?ors1 = example ! poet ,sadi1 7 9 cre$
 adh]5ts ( ! anci5t ,p]sian fire-wor%ip1
 not)/&+ ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( _!      
c\ntry4 ,!y 71 ( c\rse1 =bidd5 to av[ t 
cre$ directly2 & 9 consequ5ce1 !y _h    
rec\rse to a =m ( composition by d\bles 
ent5dres1 veil+ ! anci5t cre$ "u        
,mohamm$an =ms4 ,mohl's bus9ess1 z _!   
exp\nd]1 0 to /rip (f ! disguise & %[ ! 
true be>+s ( ! writ]s1 "u _! %[ (       
con=mity to ! e/abli%$ op9ions4  ,?is is
 a typical illu/ration ( :at has happ5$ 
9 ,europe = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! fir/
 record$ m>tyr to free speculation 9    
philosophy 0 ,anaxagoras 9 ,greece4     
,mulet$ 9 ! sum ( five tal5ts1 & expell$

 f ,a!ns1 he 0 consid]$ =tunate 9 be+   
all[$ to retire to ,lampsacus & end 8   
days !re4 ,8 fate1 h[ev]1 0 soon eclips$
 by ! execution ( ,socrates1--an ev5t   
:]eby ! ,a!nian burgh]s 7 enabl$ to bias
 ! expression ( free op9ions f t "t to  
?is4 ,! fir/ p]son to feel ! %ock 0     
,plato4 ,t he 0 affect$ by x1 to ! ext5t
 ( suppress+ 8 views on ! high]         
que/ions1 we c inf] ) ! greate/         
probability4  ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,!     
,,execution ,,( ,,socrates4  ,ari/otle 0
 equally c[$4 ,a little be=e 8 dea?1 !  
*ief prie/ ( ,eleusis1 foll[+ !         
,socratic prec$5t1 ent]$ an indictm5t   
aga9/ him = impiety4 ,?is indictm5t 0   
support$ by citations ( c]ta9 h]etical  
doctr9es f 8 publi%$ writ+s2 on :i*     
,grote makes ! significant rem>k1 t 8   
paean 9 hon\r ( 8 fri5d ,h]meias w\ld be
 m (f5sive to ! feel+s ( an ord9>y      
,a!nian citiz5 ?an any philosophical    
dogma extract$ f ! cauti\s prose        
compositions ( ,ari/otle4 ,t is to say1 
! execution ( ,socrates 0 always be=e 8 

eyes2 he _h to p>e 8 expressions s z n  
to give (f5ce to ,a!nian or?odoxy4 ,we c
 nev] "k ! full be>+s ( su* a di/urb+   
=ce4 ,! editors ( ,ari/otle compla9 ( ! 
corruptness ( 8 text2 a f> worse        
corruptness lies beh9d4 ,9 ,greece1     
,socrates alone _h ! c\rage ( 8 op9ions4
 ,:ile 8 views z to a future life1 =    
example1 are pla9 & frank1 ! real op9ion
 ( ,ari/otle on ! "q is an insoluble    
problem4 ,n[1 consid]+ ! enorm\s sway ( 
,ari/otle 9 mod]n ,europe1--h[ desirable
 0 x t 8 real s5tim5ts _h rea*$ u       
unp]v]t$ by ! ,a!nian burgh] & !        
hemlock6  ,x w\ld be too adv5tur\s to   
cont9ue ! illu/ration 9 detail ?r\gh !  
,*ri/ian ages4 ,x is well kn[n t ! lat] 
s*oolm5 /rove to repres5t reason z aga9/
 au?ority1 b wrote "u ! curb ( ! ,papal 
p[]2 h5ce _! aims c only be div9$4 ,a   
mod]n in/ance or two w be /ill m        
effective4  ,x c at la/ be cle>ly se5   
:at 0 ! motive ( ,c>lyle's p]plex+ /yle 
( composition4 ,we n[ "k :at 8 op9ions  
71 :5 he began to write1 & t to express 

!m !n w\ld h be5 fatal to 8 success2 yet
 he 0 n a man to indulge 9 rank         
hypocrisy4 ,he1 accord+ly1 adopt$ a     
/udi$ & ambigu\s phraseology1 :i* = long
 impos$ ^u ! religi\s public1 :o put _! 
own int]pretation ^u 8 my/ical          
utt]ances1 & gave him ! b5efit ( any    
d\bts4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,/]l+ he ?rew (f !  
mask1 b /ill 0 n tak5 at 8 ^w4 ,_h !re  
be5 a p]fect tol]ance ( all op9ions he  
w\ld h begun z he end$2 & 8 /ra9 (      
composition1 :ile /ill my/ical &        
high-fl[n1 w\ld nev] h be5 id5tifi$ )   
our national or?odoxy4  ,i h grave d\bts
 z to :e!r we possess ,macaulay's real  
op9ions on religion4 ,8 way ( deal+ ) ! 
subject is s l ! h$g+ ( an unbeliev] t1 
)\t "s good assurance to ! contr>y1 ,i  
mu/ include him also among ! imitators (
 ,ari/otle's caution4 ,"s future critic 
w devote himself1 l ,pr(essor ,mohl1 to 
exp\nd+ 8 ambigu\s utt]ances4  ,,evil   
,,( ,,disfran*is+ ,,! ,,cl]gy4  ,:5 ,sir
 ,*>les ,lyell br\ght out 8 ,antiquity (
 ,man he too 0 cauti\s4 ,kn[+ ! dang]s (

 8 foot+1 he ab/a9$ f giv+ an e/imate ( 
! ext5sion ( "t requir$ by 8 evid5ces ( 
human rema9s4 ,society 9 ,london1 h[ev]1
 w\ld n put up ) t retic5ce1 & he _h to 
disclose at d9n] p>ties :at he _h )held 
f ! public--namely1 t1 9 8 op9ion1 !    
duration ( man c\ld n be less ?an fifty 
?\s& ye>s4  ,^! few in/ances mu/ suffice
 to repres5t a long hi/ory ( compell$   
retic5ce on ! "p ( ! m5 be/ qualifi$ to 
in/ruct mank9d4 ,! "q n[ is--,:at has   
be5 ga9$ by x8 ,:at did ! condemnation (
 ,socrates d = ! ,a!nian public8 ,:at   
did ! *ief prie/ ( ,eleusis hope to     
atta9 by indict+ ,ari/otle8 ,unless we c
 %[1 z is no d\bt attempt$1 t ! set (   
op9ions t happ5 to be consecrat$ at any 
"o "t1 :e!r "r or wrong1 7 ess5tial to !
 exi/5ce ( society1--!n ! attempt to    
improve ^u !m 0 truly m]itori\s1 in/ead 
( be+ c5surable4 ,if ! good ( society z 
a :ole is n pla9ly implicat$1 !re rema9s
 only ! int]e/ ( ! place-hold]s "u !    
exi/+ sy/em1 z oppos$ to ! int]e/ ( !   
mass ( ! p1 :o are1 "o & all1 conc]n$ 9 

kn[+ ! tru?4  ,aga9 contract+ !         
discussion to ! n>r[ limits ( ! title ( 
! essay1 ,i mu/ urge ! special injury   
done to mank9d by disfran*is+ ! :ole    
cl]ical class2 t is to say1 by depriv+  
_! au?ority ( its prop] weight 9 matt]s 
( fai?4 ,x is an incontrov]tible rule ( 
evid5ce1 t ! au?ority ( an int]e/$ p>ty 
is devoid ( wor?4 ,reasons are good 9   
!mselves1 :oev] utt]s !m2 b 9 tru/+ to  
au?ority1 ap>t f reason1 we ne$ a       
dis9t]e/$ au?ority4 ,?is ! cl]gy at     
pres5t are n1 except on ! po9ts left    
undecid$ by ! articles4 ,if a man has   
five ?\s& a ye>1 conditional on 8 hold+ 
c]ta9 views1 8 hold+ ^? views says no?+ 
9 _! fav\r4 ,= a mu* less bribe1 pl5ty (
 m5 c be 'got to ma9ta9 any op9ions     
:atsoev]4 ,:5 to ?is is add$ t1 = c]ta9 
o!r views1 ! hold]s are subject$ to     
loss--x may be to f9e1 imprisonm5t1 or  
dea?1--! value ( m5's adhesion to !     
fav\r$ cre$1 z m]e au?ority1 is simply  
nil4  ,tru?1 hone/y1 outspok5ness1 are n
 s well e/abli%$ z virtues1 t we c af=d 

to subject !m to disc\ragem5t4 ,!       
contr>y c\rse w\ld be m = ! g5]al good 9
 e way4 ,:5 ! law is intol]ant 9        
pr9ciple1 m5 w be hypocrites f policy4  
,y _c tra9 *ildr5 to speak ! tru? if1 f 
:atev] cause1 !y h an int]e/ 9          
deception4 ,a repressive discipl9e      
induces a co>se outw>d submission1 b _c 
rea* ! inw>d p>ts3 x only eng5d]s hatr$1
 & sub/itutes = op5 revolt an insidi\s  
secret retaliation4 ,^? only t come "u !
 g5]\s nurture ( fre$om c be c\nt$ on = 
he>ty & will+ devotion4 ,if we w\ld reap
 ! high] virtues1 we mu/ s[ on ! soil ( 
lib]ty4 ,enc\rage a man to say :atev] he
 ?9ks1 & y make ! mo/ ( him2 = difficult
 que/ions1 :]e ! m9d ne$s all its p[]s1 
!re %\ld be no burd5some 'caution' 9    
giv+ out ! results4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,,relaxation ,,n[ 
,,press+4  ,! impos+ ( subscription has 
its def5d]s1 & ^! h to be fairly met4   
,fir/1 h[ev]1 let u adv]t to ! reasons  
:y relaxation is m press+ n[ ?an =m]ly4 
,x is kn[n t1 among diss5ti5ts f ! lead+

 dogmas ( ! prevail+ cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom1  
are to be includ$ "s ( ! mo/            
au?oritative names ( ! la/ ?ree         
c5turies2 our pres5t =mulas w\ld n h be5
 subscrib$ by ,bacon1 ,newton1 ,locke1  
,kant2 unless f m]e pliancy & = ! sake (
 quiet1 l ,hobbes4 ,if !y _h be5 9      
cl]ical ord]s1 & _h freely av[$ _!      
op9ions z we "k !m1 !y w\ld h be5 liable
 to deposition4 ,yet ! difficulties t ^!
 m5 might feel 7 f> less ?an ^? t n[    
beset ! pr(ession ( our prevail+ cre$s4 
,! advances ( k on all ! subjects t come
 into contact ) ! v>i\s articles1 z     
receiv$ by ! or?odox ,*ur*es1 may n1    
inde$1 compel ! rel9qui%m5t ( ^?        
articles1 b w =ce ! hold]s to *ange     
front1 to re-%ape !m 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,to 
su* necess>y modification1 ! cre$s are a
 fatal ob/acle4 ,on a few po9ts1 su* z !
 ,creation 9 six days1 ^! h be5 f\nd    
ela/ic4 ,! doctr9e t dea? came by ! fall
 has be5 expla9$ away z spiritual dea?4 
,?is process _c g mu* fur!r1 )\t too mu*
 palt]+ ) obvi\s mean+s4 ,!             

rec5tly-proclaim$ doctr9e ( ! ,antiquity
 ( ,man comes into app>5t conflict )    
man's creation & fall1 z set =? 9       
,g5esis1 on :i* are susp5d$ ! mo/ vital 
doctr9es ( our cre$4 ,a reconciliation  
may be possible1 b n )\t a v ext5sive   
modification ( ! s*eme ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,x
 is n necess>y to press ,d>w9's doctr9e 
( ,evolution2 ! defici5cy ( positive    
pro( = t hypo!sis may always be plead$1 
z aga9/ ! havoc x w\ld make ) ! m       
di/9ctive po9ts ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,b !
 exi/5ce ( man on ! e>?1 at ! v l[e/    
/atem5t1 mu/ be c>ri$ back tw5ty ?\s&   
ye>s2 ?is is n hypo!sis1 b fact4 ,!     
record ( ! creation & ! fall ( man w    
probably h to be subject$ to a process (
 allegoris+1 b ) inevitable loss4 ,n[1  
:oev] refuses a matt] ( fact c\nts on   
be+ sev]ely h&l$2 x is a diff]5t ?+ to  
refuse an allegory4  ,! mod]n doctr9e   
nam$ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ! old       
difficulty1 kn[n z ! orig9 ( evil1      
pres5t$ 9 a new %ape4 ,x is r5d]$ m     
=midable1 z a /umbl+-block to !         

b5evol5ce ( ! ,au?or ( nature1 by mak+  
:at 0 consid]$ exceptional ! rule4 ,x   
ga!rs up into "o compreh5sive /atem5t ! 
scatt]$ occasions ( mis]y1 & reveals a  
sy/em :]eby ! few ?rive at ! exp5se ( ! 
_m4 ,! apologi/ = ,div9e goodness has   
?us an aggravation ( 8 load1 & ne$s to  
be fre$ f all unnecess>y trammels 9 !   
%ap+ ( 8 cre$4  ,,oppos+ ,,dogmas ,,to  
,,! ,,reconcil$4  ,x has n escap$       
att5tion1 t ! hon\rs paid to ! illu/ri\s
 ,d>w91 are an admission t our receiv$  
,*ri/ianity is op5 to revision4 ,9      
consequ5ce ( a few conciliatory phrases1
 ,d>w9 has be5 cr$it$ ) !ism2 nev]!less 
he has ridd5 r\gh-%od ov] all t is      
*>act]i/ic 9 our e/abli%$ cre$s4 ,c !   
cre$s come sca?less out ( ! ordeal8  ,x 
is pass+ f ! great] to ! less1 to dwell 
^u ! increas+ difficulties connect$ ) ! 
,inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,!             
,*ur*-(-,engl&] luckily escapes mak+    
%ipwreck "h2 ! legal int]pretation ( !  
=mul>ies saves him4 ,yet to mank9d1     
g5]ally1 x seems necess>y t a sup]ior   

weight %\ld atta* to a reveal$ book2 & !
 o!r ,*ur*es cl+ to "s =m ( inspiration1
 not)/&+ ! gr[+ difficulties att5d+ x4  
,"h too !re mu/ be m fre$om giv5 to ! m5
 t w\ld extricate ! situation4 ,at all  
ev5ts1 ! doctr9e %\ld be made an op5 "q4
 ,ev5 ,c>d9al ,newman sugge/s d\bts z to
 its be+ an imp]ative portion ( ! cre$4 
,! attacks made on all sides aga9/ !    
,miracul\s elem5t 9 religion w =ce on a 
*ange ( front4 ,:5 an em95t popul> writ]
 & s9c]e fri5d ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&       
surr5d]s miracles )\t ! slighte/        
compunction1 x ne$s n ! elaborate       
argum5tation ( ,sup]natural ,religion to
 %[ t "s new treatm5t ( ! "q is call$ =4
 ,b may x n be impossible to put ! new  
w9e into ! sworn bottles8  ,l mo/ great 
innovations1 ! proposal to lib]ate !    
cl]gy f all re/ra9t z to ! op9ions t !y 
may promulgate1 necess>ily enc\nt]s     
opposition4 ,we are1 !re=e1 b\nd to     
consid] ! reasons on ! o!r side4  ,^!   
reasons may be quot$ 9 mass4 ,z reg>ds  
,e/abli%$ ,*ur*es 9 p>ticul>1 x is said 

!re is a ,/ate compact or und]/&+ ) !   
cl]gy t !y %\ld tea* c]ta9 doctr9es & no
 o!r2 t if te/s 7 aboli%$1 !re w\ld be  
no security aga9/ ! mo/ extreme op9ions2
 m5 eat+ ! bread ( a ,re=m$ ,*ur* might 
inculcate ,romanism in/ead (            
,prote/antism2 ! pulpits might give =?  
,deism or ,agno/icism4 ,no sect c\ld    
hope to ma9ta9 its pr9ciples1 if ! cl]gy
 might prea* any doctr9e t pleas$       
!mselves4 ,m especially w\ld x be       
mon/r\s & unju/1 to all[ ! ri* b5efices 
( our highly end[$ ,*ur* ( ,engl& to be 
enjoy$ by m5 ^: he>ts are 9 "s q diff]5t
 =m ( religion1 or no religion1 & :o    
w\ld occupy !mselves 9 draw+ m5 away f !
 fai?4  ,on c]ta9 assumptions1 ^!       
argum5ts h great =ce4 ,cle>ly a man     
ought n to take pay = do+ "o ?+ & d     
some?+ q diff]5t4 ,:5 a body (          
religioni/s come toge!r ^u c]ta9 t5ets1 
x w\ld be a r$uctio ad absurdum = any ( 
its m9i/]s to be occupi$ 9 d5y+ &       
controv]t+ ^! t5ets4  ,all ?is supposes1
 h[ev]1 t m5 w n be made to con=m by any

 means %ort ( prosecution & deprivation2
 t ! susp5d+ ( a sev]e p5alty ov] m5's  
heads is 9 itself a h>mless device2 & t 
religi\s sy/ems are n[ /]eotyp$ to our  
satisfaction1 s t to deviate f !m is m]e
 wantonness & love ( s+ul>ity4 ,su* are 
! assumptions t we feel call$ ^u to     
*all5ge4  ,! plea t ! ,*ur* has engag$  
itself to ! ,/ate to tea* c]ta9 t5ets1 9
 return = its emolum5ts & privileges1   
has lo/ its po9t 9 our "t4 ',l'tat1 c'e/
 moi4' ,! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate are compos$ ( 
! same p]sons4 ,gibbon's fam\s mot has  
collaps$4 ',! religions ( ! ,roman _w1' 
he says1 '7 all consid]$ by ! p z       
equally true1 by ! philosoph] z equally 
false1 & by ! magi/rate z equally       
useful' ,! p are n[ _! own magi/rates1 &
 ! true & ! useful mu/ contrive to unite
 ^u ! same ?+4 ,if ! ,*ur* feels        
subscription & fixity ( cre$ a burd51 x 
has only to turn its memb]s to acc\nt 9 
_! capacity ( citiz5s ( ! ,/ate to      
relieve itself4 ,if x sil5tly ignores ! 
cre$1 x is /ill responsible ma9ly to    

itself4  ,,possible ,,abuses ,,(        
,,cl]ical ,,fre$om4  ,! m s]i\s         
objection is ! possible abuse ( ! fre$om
 ( ! cl]gy to utt] op9ions at v>iance ) 
! prevail+ cre$4 ,?is position ne$s a   
c>eful scrut9y4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !     
argum5t3 supposes a condition ( ?+s t   
has n[ ceas$4 ,:5 cre$s 7 accept$ 9 _!  
lit]ality by ! bodies pr(ess+ !m1 :5 !  
/ate ( g5]al op9ion conta9$ no?+ ho/ile1
 & sugge/$ no difficulties1--= any "o   
memb] ( a body to turn traitor may h    
well seem$ m]e p]v]sity1 temp]1 love (  
s+ul>ity1 or any?+ b a wi% to get at    
tru?4 ,! (f5ce assum$ ! "* ( a moral    
obliquity1 & discipl9e c nev] be relax$ 
= immorality prop]4  ,all ! circum/ances
 are n[ *ang$4 ,! m9i/]s & memb]s (     
religi\s communities no long] *]i% !    
same set ( doctr9es ) only immat]ial    
v>ieties2 !y no long] accept _! articles
 9 ! s5se ( ! orig9al fram]s4 ,! body at
 l>ge has contract$ ! immoral ta9t2 !   
:ole head is sick2 any rema9+ s\ndness  
is n ) ! acquiesc5t mass1 b ) !         

out-spok5 individuals4 ,9 su* a /ate (  
?+s1 ord9>y rules are inapplicable4 ,!re
 is a sort ( p>alysis ( au?ority1 an    
unc]ta9ty :e!r to puni% or to w9k at    
flagrant h]esy4 ,to say 9 su* a case t !
 relaxation ( ! cre$ is n a ?+ to be    
propos$1 is to confess1 l ,livy on !    
condition ( ,rome1 t we c endure nei!r  
our vices nor _! rem$ies4  ,too mu* has 
at all times be5 made ( individual      
div]g5ces f ! e/abli%$ cre$4 ,! influ5ce
 ( a solit>y prea*] smitt5 ) ! love (   
h]etical peculi>ity has be5 grossly     
ov]rat$4 ,! assumption is1 t 8 own flock
 w1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 foll[ _! %eph]d2 
t is to say1 ! adhesion ( individual    
congregations to ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur* dep5ds
 ^u its be+ fai?fully reproduc$ by _!   
regul> m9i/]4 ,su* is n by any means !  
fact2 ! cre$ ( ! memb]s ( a ,*ur* is n  
at ! m]cy ( any pass+ influ5ce4 ,x has  
be5 engra9$ by a plurality ( influ5ces2 
"o man did n make x1 & "o man _c unmake 
x4 ,moreov]1 all[ance %\ld be made = !  
_s ( opposition f\nd 9 ,*ur* memb]s1 z  

well z 9 o!r p4  ,,individual           
,,div]g5ces ,,unimportant4  ,x may be   
said t p]sons ought n to be subject$ to 
! annoyance ( he>+ attacks ^u _! h]$it>y
 t5ets1 9 :i* !y expect to be m & m     
confirm$ by _! spiritual tea*]4 ,?is is 
( c\rse1 9 itself1 an evil4 ,we are n to
 expect ord9>y m5 to recognise !        
necessity ( li/5+ to ! argum5ts aga9/ _!
 views1 9 ord] to hold ^! all ! /rong]4 
,if ?is height 7 g5]ally rea*$1 e ,*ur* 
w\ld invite1 z a "p ( its con/itut$     
ma*9]y1 a repres5tative ( all ! h]esies 
afloat2 a c]ta9 numb] ( its m9i/]s %\ld 
be ! av[$ *ampions ( ! views mo/ oppos$ 
to its own--advocati diaboli1 s to      
speak4 ,!re w\ld !n be no?+ irregul> 9 !
 ret5tion ( conv]ts f its own numb] to  
^! o!r doctr9es4 ,x w\ld be1 h[ev]1     
altoge!r improp] to f\nd any argum5t on 
! supposition ( su* a /ate ( matt]s4  ,x
 is an incid5t ( e in/itution made up ( 
a l>ge collection ( (ficials1 t "s "o or
 m are always bel[ ! /&>d ( effici5cy1  
:5ce ^? t dep5d on _! s]vices mu/ suff] 

inconv5i5ce4 ,a great am\nt ( dulness 9 
prea*+ has always to be tol]at$2 s also 
might an occasional deviation f         
or?odoxy2 ! m s1 t ! sev]ity ( !        
discipl9e = h]esy has a good deal to d )
 ! dulness4  ,if h]etical t5d5cies h %[n
 !mselves 9 a ,*ur* communion1 ei!r !y  
are absurd1 unmean+1 irrelevant--p]haps 
a rev]sion to "s defunct op9ion1--or !y 
are ! sugge/ion ( new k 9 !ology1 or    
outside ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !y w die a 
natural dea?1 unless prosecution gives  
!m importance2 9 ! o!r case1 !y are to  
be c&idly exam9$1 to be met by argum5t r
 ?an by deposition4 ,an individual      
h]etic c always be neglect$2 if he is   
en?usia/ic & able1 he may h a tempor>y  
foll[+1 especially :5 ! community has   
sunk into torpor4 ,if two or ?ree 9 a   
hundr$ adopt errone\s op9ions1 x is     
no?+2 if ?irty or =ty 9 a hundr$ h be5  
l$ a/ray1 ! matt] hangs dubi\s1 &       
discretion is advisable4 ,:5 a majority 
is ga9$1 ! fulness ( ! "t has arriv$2 ! 
h]esy has triumph$4         99       99 

99       99       99  ,h[ev] /rong may  
be ! !oretical reasons = ! abolition ( !
 p5al sanctions to or?odoxy1 !y d n     
disp5se ) ! confirmation ( exp]i5ce2 &  
,i mu/ next ref] to ! m prom95t examples
 ( ,*ur*es con/itut$ on ! pr9ciple (    
fre$om to ! cl]gy4  ,,! ,,engli%        
,,presbyt]ian ,,*ur* ,,exempl>y4  ,! mo/
 rem>kable & tell+ in/ance is t furni%$ 
by ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 ) its  
coadjutor 9 ,irel&4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is     
,*ur* is n unfamili> to u2 ! great      
lawsuit relat+ to ,lady ,hewley's *>ity 
gave notoriety to ! *anges ( op9ion t _h
 come ov] x 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury4 ,b    
:oev] is e>ne/ on ! "q z to ! exp$i5cy (
 te/s %\ld /udy ! hi/ory ?or\ghly1 z be+
 9 e way mo/ in/ructive4 ,! lead+ facts1
 z conc]ns ! pres5t argum5t1 are ma9ly  
^!3--  ,fir/1 ! great decision at !     
,salt]s' ,hall conf]5ce1 on ! #aj? (    
,m>*1 #agai1 :51 by a majority ( #gc to 
#fi1 x 0 resolv$ to exact no te/ f !    
cl]gy z a condition ( _! be+ orda9$     
m9i/]s ( ! body4 ,! po9t m imm$iately at

 issue 0 ! ,tr9ity1 on :i* op9ions _h   
be5 already divid$2 b ! decision 0      
g5]al4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! "r ( private     
judgm5t admitt$ ( no exceptions4        
,second4 ,long be=e ?is decision1 ! m9ds
 ( ! m9i/]s _h be5 rip5+ to !           
conviction1 t cre$s & subscriptions c\ld
 d no good1 & (t5 did h>m1 inde$1 ! t]ms
 employ$ by "s ( !m are ev]y?+ t we n[  
desire4 ,= example1 ,joseph ,hunt]1 on !
 eve ( ! decision1 wrote ?us3 ,we h     
always ?\ght t su* human decl>ations (  
fai? 7 f> f be+ eligible on _! own      
acc\nt1 s9ce !y t5d to n>r[ ! f\ndations
 ( ,*ri/ianity & to re/ra9 t latitude ( 
expression 9 :i* our great ,legislator  
has se5 fit to deliv] ,8 ,w to u4       
,?ird4 ,mo/ rem>kable is x to witness ! 
consequ5ces ( ?is great act (           
emancipation4 ,a hundr$ & sixty-five    
ye>s h elaps$--a suffici5t "t = judg+ ( 
! exp]im5t4 ,! ,presbyt]ian body at ! "t
 7 made up p>tly ( ,arians1 p>tly (     
,tr9it>ians1 :o held ea* o!r 9 mutual   
tol]ance2 ! m9i/]s freely ex*ang+       

pulpits4 ,no bad consequ5ce foll[$4 ,we 
d n he> ( individual m9i/]s go+ to      
extravagant l5g?s 9 ei!r direction4 ,a  
l>ge body gravitat$1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 to 
! mod]n ,unit>ian position2 b1 consid]+ 
! />t1 ! /ride 0 n great4 ,9 su* a      
c5tury z ! eighte5?1 !re might well h   
be5 great] modifications ( ! cre$s ?an  
actually occurr$4 ,evid5tly1 9 ! abs5ce 
( any compulsory adh]5ce to settl$      
articles1 !re 0 an abundant t5d5cy to   
cons]vatism4 ,comm5c+ ) ,baxt]1 ,h[e1 & 
,calamy1 we f9d1 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury1  
su* names z ,l>dn]1 ,price1 ,prie/ley1  
,bel%am1 ,kippis1 ,james ,l9dsay1 ,lant 
,c>p5t]--m5 ( lib]al & enlight5$ views  
on all political que/ions1 & e>ne/ 9 _! 
good works4 ,^! m5's te/imony to :at is 
tru? 9 religion1 is ( m value to u ?an !
 op9ions ( ! cre$-b\nd cl]gy4 ,reason is
 /ill reason1 b ! weight ( au?ority is )
 ! free enquir]s4  ,f\r?4 ,! hi/ory ( ! 
,presbyt]ians answ]s a "q t may be      
prop]ly ask$ ( ! cre$-abolitioni/2      
namely1 ,:at bond is left to hold a     

religi\s community toge!r8 ,! bond1 9 _!
 case1 simply 0 volunt>y adhesion &     
cu/om4 ,a religi\s community may hold   
toge!r1 l a political p>ty1 ) only a    
vague tacit und]/&+4 ,:5 a body is once 
=m$1 x has an outw>d cohesion1 :i* is q 
en\gh = ma9ta9+ x 9 ! abs5ce ( explosive
 mat]ials4 ,! e/abli%$ ,*ur*es c\ld     
reta9 _! hi/orical cont9uity "u any     
modification ( ! articles4 ,by ! pres5t 
sy/em1 !y h be5 habituat$ to take _!    
cre$ z _! legal def9ition2 = t !y c\ld  
sub/itute _! hi/ory & framework4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,modes ,,( ,,transition ,,f ,,!        
,,pres5t ,,sy/em4  ,v>i\s modes h be5   
sugge/$ = mak+ ! transition f ! pres5t  
sy/em4  ,"o way is1 to fall back ^u !   
,bible z a te/4 ,?is is ! same z no te/ 
at all4 ,a man c\ld n call himself a    
,*ri/ian m9i/]1 if he did n accept !    
,bible 9 "s s5se2 & x w\ld be obvi\sly  
impracticable to frame a libel1 &       
conduct a process = h]esy1 on an appeal 
to ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts at l>ge4 ,!  

,bible may be ! fir/ s\rce ( ! ,*ri/ian 
fai?1 b o!r conflu5t /reams h ent]$ into
 its developm5t2 & we mu/ accept !      
consequ5ces ( a fact t we _c d5y4 ,h[ev]
 mu* religion may h to be broad5$ &     
lib]alis$1 ! op]ation _c consi/ 9 rev]t+
 to ! lit]al phraseology ( ! ,bible4  ,a
 second me?od is1 to prune away !       
portions ( ! cre$ t are no long] t5able4
 ,x c\ld n h be5 int5d$ by ! orig9al    
fram]s ( ! cre$s1 t !y %\ld rema9 unt\*$
 = c5turies4 ,) _m ,*ur*es1 !re 0 a cle>
 und]/&+ t ! =mulas %\ld be revis$ at   
brief int]vals4 ,! non-e/abli%$ ,*ur*es 
%[ a disposition to resume ?is p[]4 ,!  
,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,scotl& has 
_h ! c\rage to make a beg9n+2 /ill1     
relief w n 9 ?is way be giv5 to         
m9orities1 & small *anges d n correspond
 to ! dem&s ( new situations4  ,a m     
effectual mode is to disc\rage & susp5d 
prosecutions = h]esy4 ,! practice (     
h]esy-hunt+ might be all[$ to fall into 
disuse4 ,in/ead ( depos+ h]etics1 !     
or?odox *ampions %\ld simply refute !m4 

,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 9 p>ticul>1 a *ange
 ( ! law may be necess>y to give !      
desir$ relaxation4 ,! judges be=e :om   
h]etics are tri$ are v exact+ 9 ! matt] 
( evid5ce1 b !y _c /op a prosecution    
made 9 regul> =m4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& has
 m latitude 9 ?is respect1 & has already
 giv5 indications ( ent]+ on ! pa? lead+
 to desuetude4#ag  ,,footnotes3         
,footnote #ag3 ,see1 at ! end1 ,notes & 
,ref]5ces on ! hi/ory & practice (      
,subscription & ,p5al ,te/s4          99
       99       99       99       99    
,,ix4  ,,! ,,proc$ure ,,( ,,delib]ative 
,,bodies4#ah   ,t great in/itution (    
political lib]ty1 ! ,delib]ative        
,assembly1 seems to be on ! eve ( break+
 d[n4 ,i d n speak m]ely ( ! highe/     
assembly 9 ! c\ntry1 b ( ! num]\s small]
 bodies z well1 f _m ( :i* a cry (      
di/ress may be he>d4 ,! "o evil 9 all is
 ! intol]able l5g? ( ! debates4 ,bus9ess
 has increas$1 local repres5tative      
bodies h a l>g] memb]%ip ?an =m]ly1 &1  
not)/&+ ! assi/ance r5d]$ by committees1

 ! meet+s are protract$ beyond b\nds4   
,9 ?is difficulty1 att5tion naturally   
fa/5s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! fact t !  
l>g] "p ( ! speak+ is entirely useless2 
nei!r in=m+ nor conv9c+ any ( ! he>]s1 &
 yet occupy+ ! "t allott$ = ! despat* ( 
bus9ess4 ,h[ to elim9ate & suppress ?is 
ineffectual oratory w\ld appe> to be !  
po9t to consid]4 ,b z ,inspiration      
itself did n reveal a mode ( sep>at+ 9  
advance ! t>es f ! :eat1 s !re is n n[  
any pat5t process = insur+ t1 9 !       
debates ( corporate bodies1 ! good      
speak+1 & only ! good speak+1 %all be   
all[$4  ,p>tial solutions ( ! difficulty
 are n want+4 ,! inv5tors ( corporate   
gov]nm5t--! ,greeks1 7 necess>ily !     
inv5tors ( ! =ms ( debate1 & !y         
introduc$ ! tim+ ( ! speak]s4 ,to ?is is
 add$1 occasionally1 ! selection ( !    
speak]s1 a practice t c\ld be           
sy/ematically work$1 if no?+ else w\ld  
d4 ,bo? me?ods h _! obvi\s              
disadvantages4 ,! arbitr>y selection (  
speak]s1 ev5 by ! mo/ imp>tial          

,committee ( ,selection1 w\ld1 accord+  
to our pres5t notions1 seem to infr+e ^u
 a natural "r1 ! "r ( ea* memb] ( a body
 to deliv] an op9ion1 & give ! reasons =
 x4 ,x w\ld seem l reviv+ ! c5sor%ip ( !
 press1 to all[ only a select numb] to  
be he>d on all occasions4  ,may n some?+
 be done to circumv5t ?is va/ problem8  
,may !re n be a great] ext5sion giv5 to 
maxims & =ms ( proc$ure already 9       
exi/5ce8         99       99       99   
99       99  ,,obviat+ ,,hurri$         
,,decisions4  ,fir/1 !n1 we recognize 9 
v>i\s ways ! propriety ( obviat+ hurri$ 
& unprem$itat$ decisions4 ,giv+ previ\s 
notice ( motions has t end 9 view2      
al?\gh1 p]haps1 ?is is m commonly reg>d$
 simply z a protection to abs5tees4     
,advantage is necess>ily tak5 ( !       
=ekn[l$ge ( ! bus9ess to prep>e = !     
debates4 ,x is a f>!r help1 t ! subject 
has be5 already discuss$ some:]e or o!r 
by a committee ( ! body1 or by ! ag5cy (
 ! public press4 ,v (t5 an assembly is  
m]ely call$ ^u to decide ^u ! adoption (

 a proposal t has be5 long canvass$ out 
( doors4 ,! task ( ! speak]s is !n      
easy--we might almo/ say no speak+ %\ld 
be requir$3 b ?is is to anticipate4  ,9 
legislation by ,p>liam5t1 ! =ms all[    
repetition ( ! debates at lea/ ?ree     
times 9 bo? ,h\ses4 ,?is is r a cumbr\s 
& co/ly rem$y = ! disadvantage1 9       
debate1 ( hav+ to reply to a speak] :o  
has j sat d[n4 ,9 pr9ciple1 no "o ought 
to be call$ to answ] an argum5tative    
spee* on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,! g5]ality (
 speak]s are utt]ly unfit = ! task1 &   
accord+ly d x ill4 ,a few m51 by long   
tra9+1 acquire ! p[] ( ca/+ _! ?\ghts   
into speak+ tra91 s z to make a good    
appe>ance 9 extempore reply2 yet ev5 ^! 
w\ld d /ill bett] if !y _h a little "t4 
,! adj\rnm5t ( a debate1 & ! reop5+ ( a 
"q at successive /ages1 furni% ! real   
opportunities = effective reply4 ,9 a   
debate begun & end$ at "o sitt+1 !      
speak+ takes v little ( ! =m ( an       
exhau/ive review1 by ea* speak]1 ( !    
spee*es t w5t be=e4  ,x is always       

reckon$ a ?+ ( c\rse to take ! vote z   
soon z ! debate is clos$4 ,!re are "s   
hi/orical occasions :5 a spee* on "o    
side has be5 s extraord9>ily impressive 
t an adj\rnm5t has be5 mov$ to let !    
f]v\r subside2 b x is usually n ?\ght   
desirable to let a day elapse betwe5 !  
f9al reply & ! division4 ,?is is a matt]
 ( necessity 9 ! case ( ! small]        
corporations1 :i* h to dispose ( all    
curr5t bus9ess at "o sitt+2 b :5 a body 
meets = a succession ( days1 x w\ld seem
 to be 9 accordance ) s\nd pr9ciple n to
 take ! vote on ! same day z ! debate4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,assumptions ,,at ,,! ,,basis ,,(      
,,oral ,,debate4  ,^! few rem>ks ^u "o  
important elem5t ( proc$ure are meant to
 cle> ! way = a some:at se>*+ exam9ation
 ( ! pr9ciples t gov]n !1 entire sy/em (
 oral debate4 ,x is ?is practice t ,i   
propose to put ^u its trial4 ,! gr\nds (
 ! practice ,i take to be ! foll[+3--   
#a4 ,t ea* memb] ( a delib]ative body   
%all be provid$ ) a complete /atem5t ( !

 facts & reasons 9 fav\r ( a propos$    
measure1 & also an equally complete     
acc\nt ( :atev] c be said aga9/ x4 ,&   
?is is a requirem5t ,i w\ld conc$e to ! 
fulle/ ext5t4 ,no decision %\ld be ask$ 
^u a "q until ! reason+s pro & con are  
br\ght fairly )9 ! rea* ( e "o2 to :i*  
,i w\ld add--9 circum/ances t give due  
"t = consid]ation ( ! :ole case4  #b4 ,!
 second gr\nd is t ?is ample provision (
 argum5ts1 = & aga9/1 %\ld be made by   
oral deliv]y4 ,:atev] opportunities     
memb]s may h previ\sly enjoy$ = ma/]+ a 
"q1 ^! are all disc\nt$ :5 ! assembly is
 call$ to pron\nce its decision4 ,!     
propos] ( ! resolution inv>iably        
summ>izes1 if he is able1 all t is to be
 said = 8 proposal2 8 argum5ts are en=c$
 & supplem5t$ by o!r speak]s on 8 side2 
:ile ! opposition endeav\rs to be       
equally exhau/ive4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh "o 7 to
 come to ! meet+ ) a m9d entirely blank1
 yet su* a "o1 hav+ ord9>y faculties (  
judg+1 w\ld 9 ! end be completely in=m$1
 & prep>$ = an intellig5t vote4  ,n[1 ,i

 am fully dispos$ to acquiesce 9 ?is    
second assumption likewise1 b ) a       
qualification t is ( consid]able mom5t1 
z we %all see pres5tly4  #c4 ,! ?ird &  
la/ assumption is z foll[s3--,n only is 
! "q 9 all its be>+s suppos$ to be      
adequately set =? 9 ! spee*es con/itut+ 
! debate1 b1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! mass ( !  
memb]s1 or a v important section or     
proportion ( !m1 rely ^u ?is s\rce1 make
 full use ( x1 & are equipp$ = _!       
decision by means ( x2 s mu* s1 t if x 7
 )drawn none ( ! o!r me?ods z at pres5t 
pli$1 or z !y might be pli$1 w\ld give !
 due prep>ation = an intellig5t vote2   
:5ce mu/ ensue a degradation 9 ! quality
 ( ! decisions4  ,x is ?is assumption t 
,i am n[ to *all5ge1 9 ! greate/ in/ance
 ( all1 z completely beli$ by ! facts4  
,b1 inde$1 ! case is s notori\sly !     
opposite1 t ! /atem5t ( x w be          
unavoidably made up ( ! /ale/           
commonplaces2 & ! novelty w lie :olly 9 
! inf]5ce4  ,! ord9>y att5dance 9 !     
,h\se ( ,commons c\ld be be/ describ$ by

 a memb] or a regul> (ficial4 ,an       
outsid] c repres5t x only by ! curr5t   
reports4 ,my purpose does n require     
great accuracy2 x is en\gh1 t only a v  
small fraction ( ! body makes up !      
av]age audi5ce4 ,if an (ficial 7 po/$ to
 record ! fluctuat+ numb]s at int]vals (
 five m9utes1 ! att5dance might be      
record$ & pres5t$ 9 a curve l !         
fluctuations ( ! b>omet]2 b ?is w\ld be 
mislead+ z to ! proportion ( effective  
li/5]s--^? t sat out entire debates1 or 
at all ev5ts ! lead+ spee*es ( !        
debates1 or ^: intellig5ce 0 ma9ly f$ f 
! speak+ 9 ea* in/ance4 ,! numb] ( ?is  
class is next to impossible to get at2 b
 x w be all[$ on all h&s to be v small4 
,p]haps1 9 su* an inquiry1 mo/ c be made
 ( indirect evid5ces4 ,if memb]s are to 
be qualifi$ = an intellig5t decision 9  
*ief "p by li/5+ to ! spee*es1 :y is n !
 ,h\se made l>ge en\gh to accommodate !m
 all at once8 ,x w\ld appe> /range1 on !
 spok5-debate !ory ( enlight5m5t1 t m   
?an "o-?ird %\ld be p]man5tly exclud$ by

 want ( space4 ,"o might naturally      
suppose t1 9 ?is fact1 !re 0 a brea* (  
privilege ( ! mo/ port5t\s k9d4 ,t x is 
s r>ely allud$ to z a grievance1 ev5    
al?\gh am\nt+ to ! exclusion ( a l>ge   
numb] ( ! memb]s f "s ( ! gr&e/ displays
 ( eloqu5ce & ! mo/ excit+ ,/ate        
communications1 is a pro( t att5dance 9 
! ,h\se is n look$ ^u z a high          
privilege1 or z ! s9e qu non ( political
 s*ool+4  ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,inutility 
,,( ,,! ,,m]e ,,speak+4  ,if x 7        
necess>y to li/5 to ! debates 9 ord] to 
"k h[ to vote1 ! messages ( ! :ips w\ld 
take a diff]5t =m4 ,! memb]s on ea* side
 w\ld be w>n$ ( ! "t ( comm5cem5t ( ea* 
debate1 t !y might he> ! compreh5sive   
/atem5t ( ! op5]1 & rema9 at lea/ ?r\gh 
! *ief spee* 9 reply4 ,!y might n att5d 
all ?r\gh ! inf]ior & desultory speak+1 
b !y w\ld be ready to pop 9 :5 an able  
debat] 0 on 8 legs1 & !y w\ld he> !     
lead]s w9d up at ! close4 ,su*1 h[ev]1  
is n ! !ory act$ on by ! :ips4 ,!y are  
satisfi$ if !y c procure att5dance at ! 

division1 & look ^u ! _m h\rs sp5t 9 !  
debate z an insignificant accessory1 :i*
 c\ld be disreg>d$ at pleasure4 ,x w\ld 
take ! g5ius ( a satiri/ to treat !     
:ipp+-up ma*9]y z x might well des]ve to
 be treat$4 ,we are "h conc]n$ ) a grav]
 view ( x--namely1 to inquire :e!r !    
in/itution ( oral debate may n be       
trans=m$ & contract$ 9 dim5sions1 to !  
great relief ( our legislative ma*9]y4  
,( c\rse1 no "o is ignorant ( ! fact t !
 great body ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t refra9 
altoge!r f weigh+ individually ! oppos+ 
argum5ts 9 ! sev]al que/ions1 & tru/    
implicitly to _! lead]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is
 m]ely ano!r nail 9 ! c(f9 ( ! debat+   
sy/em4 ,! !ory ( indep5d5t & intellig5t 
consid]ation1 by ea* memb]1 ( e measure 
t comes up1 is ! "o mo/ fav\rable to !  
pres5t plan1 :ile1 ev5 on t !ory1 its   
effici5cy breaks d[n "u a critical h&l+4
  ,x is "t n[ to turn to :at w h come   
into ! m9d ( e read] ( ! la/ few        
p>agraphs--! report+ ( ! spee*es4 ,"h1  
,i admit1 !re is a real & indisp5sable  

s]vice to legislation4 ,my cont5tion is1
 t 9 x we possess :at is alone valuable2
 &1 if we c\ld secure ?is1 9 its pres5t 
effici5cy1 ) only a v small m9imum (    
oral deliv]y1 we %\ld be z well (f z we 
are n[4 ,! app>5t self-contradiction ( !
 proposal to report spee*es )\t speak+1 
is n h>d to resolve4  ,to come at once1 
!n1 to ! mode ( arriv+ at ! pr9t$       
debates1 ,i %all proce$ by a succession 
( /eps1 ea* "o effici5t 9 itself1 )\t   
necessitat+ a f>!r4 ,! fir/ & easie/    
device1 & "o t w\ld be felt ( advantage 
9 all bodies :atsoev]1 w\ld be = ! mov] 
( a resolution to give 91 along ) ! t]ms
 ( 8 resolution1 8 reasons--9 fact1 :at 
he int5ds z 8 spee*1 to be pr9t$ &      
di/ribut$ to ea* memb] previ\s to !     
meet+4 ,two important ends are at once  
ga9$--! "t ( a spee* is sav$1 & ! memb]s
 are 9 possession be=eh& ( ! precise    
argum5ts to be us$4 ,! debate is 9 ?is  
way advanc$ an important /ep )\t any    
speak+2 oppon5ts c prep>e =1 in/ead (   
hav+ to improvise _! reply1 & e "o is at

 ! outset a good way t[>ds a f9al       
judgm5t4  ,,debates ,,introduc$ ,,by    
,,pr9t$ ,,/atem5ts4  ,z ?is s+le device 
c\ld be adopt$ alone1 ,i w try & meet ! 
objections to x1 if ,i am only =tunate  
en\gh to light on any4 ,my exp]i5ce (   
public bodies sugge/s b v few2 & ,i ?9k 
! /ronge/ is ! reluctance to take !     
requisite tr\ble4 ,mo/ m5 ?9k be=eh& :at
 !y are to say 9 introduc+ a resolution 
to a public body1 b d n consid] x       
necess>y to write d[n _! spee* at full4 
,!n1 aga91 !re is a peculi> satisfaction
 9 hold+ ! att5tion ( a meet+ = a c]ta9 
"t1 great 9 proportion to ! success ( ! 
ef=t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 _m p]sons d write
 _! spee*es1 & _m are n s mu* at ease 9 
speak+ b t !y w\ld disp5se ) x will+ly4 
,! conclusive answ] on ! :ole is--!     
great] good ( ! commonweal?4 ,su*       
objections z ^! are n ( a k9d to weigh  
d[n ! manife/ advantages1 at all ev5ts1 
9 ! case ( corporations full ( bus9ess &
 press$ = "t4  ,i believe t a debate s  
introduc$ w\ld be %ort5$ by m ?an ! "t  

ga9$ by cutt+ (f ! spee* ( ! mov]4 ,!   
great] prep>ation ( ev]yone's m9d at !  
comm5cem5t w\ld make p satisfi$ ) a less
 am\nt ( speak+1 & :at !re 0 w\ld be m  
to ! purpose4  ,we c be/ und]/& !       
effects ( su* an innovation by ref]r+ to
 ! famili> exp]i5ce ( hav+ to decide on 
! ,report ( ,committee1 :i* has be5     
previ\sly circulat$ among ! memb]s4 ,?is
 is usually ! mo/ summ>y act ( a        
delib]ative body2 p>tly ow+1 no d\bt1 to
 ! fact t ! concurr5ce ( a c]ta9        
proportion is already ga9$2 :ile ! pros 
& cons h be5 sift$ by a regul> conf]5ce 
& debate4 ,yet we all feel t we are 9 a 
mu* bett] position by hav+ _h be=e u 9  
pr9t1 = "s "t previ\s1 ! mat]ials       
necess>y to a conclusion4 ,at a lat]    
/age1 ,i w consid] ! modes ( rais+ !    
quality & /atus ( ! introductory spee*  
to some?+ ( ! nature ( a ,committee's   
,report4#ai  ,! second /ep is to impose 
^u ! mov] ( e am5dm5t ! same obligation 
to h& 9 8 spee*1 9 writ+1 along ) ! t]ms
 ( ! am5dm5t4 ,_m public bodies d n     

require notice ( am5dm5ts4 ,x w\ld be 9 
all cases a great improvem5t to insi/ ^u
 su* notice1 & ( c\rse a /ill great]    
improvem5t to require ! reasons to be   
giv5 9 also1 t !y might be circulat$ z  
above4 ,! debate is n[ two /eps 9       
advance )\t a mom5t's loss ( "t to !    
con/itut$ meet+2 :ile :at rema9s is     
likely to be mu* m rapidly gone ?r\gh4  
,! mov]s ( resolutions & ( am5dm5ts     
%\ld1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 h ! "r ( reply2
 a portion ( ! oral sy/em t w\ld1 ,i    
presume1 survive all ! advances t[>ds   
pr9t+ direct4  ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 "o   
f>!r move1 9 itself z def5sible1 & z mu*
 fraught ) advantage z ! two o!rs4 ,!   
resolution & ! am5dm5ts be+ 9 ! h&s ( ! 
memb]s ( a body1 toge!r ) ! spee*es 9   
support ( ea*1 any memb] might be at    
lib]ty to s5d 91 also = circulation 9   
pr9t1 :atev] rem>ks w\ld con/itute 8    
spee* 9 ! debate1 !reby mak+ a /ill     
great] sav+ ( ! "t ( ! body4 ,?is w\ld1 
no d\bt1 be felt z ! greate/ innovation 
( all1 be+ tantam\nt to ! ext9ction (   

oral debate2 !re be+ !n no?+ left b !   
replies ( ! mov]s4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 g !
 l5g? ( compulsion2 :ile a c]ta9 numb]  
w\ld *oose to pr9t at once1 ! o!rs c\ld 
/ill1 if !y *ose1 abide by ! old plan ( 
oral address4 ,"o c easily surmise t ^! 
la/ w\ld ne$ to ju/ify _! *oice by      
conspicu\s m]it2 an assembly1 hav+ 9    
pr9t s _m spee*es already1 w\ld n be 9 a
 mood to li/5 to o!rs ( indiff]5t       
quality4  ,,! ,,magic ,,( ,,oratory ,,n 
,,done ,,away ,,)4  ,su* a :olesale     
transf] ( liv+ spee* to ! sil5t p]usal (
 ! pr9t$ page1 if s]i\sly propos$ 9 any 
assembly1 w\ld lead to a vehem5t def5ce 
( ! p[] ( spok5 oratory4 ,we %\ld be    
told ( ! miracul\s sway ( ! human voice1
 ( ! way t ,:itfield entranc$ ,hume &   
empti$ ,frankl9's purse2 :ile1 mo/      
c]ta9ly1 nei!r ( ^! two w\ld ev] h p]us$
 "o ( 8 pr9t$ s]mons4 ,&1 if ! reply 7 t
 ,:itfield 0 n a legislator1 we %\ld be 
met by ! spee*es ( ,wilb]=ce & ,cann+ & 
,br\gham ^u slav]y1 :]e ! ?rill ( ! liv+
 voice accel]at$ ! conviction ( !       

audi5ce4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,hom]ic          
,assembly1 ,mr4 ,glad/one rem>ks1 9     
answ] to ,grote's argum5t to prove x a  
political nullity1 t ! speak]s 7        
repeat$ly *e]$1 & t ! *e]+ ( an audi5ce 
contributes to ! decision4  ,n[1 ,i am n
 ins5sible to ! p[] ( spee*1 nor to !   
multitud9\s waves ( human feel+ ar\s$ 9 
! enc\nt]s ( oratory be=e a l>ge        
assembly4 ,ap>t f ?is excitem5t1 x w\ld 
(t5 be difficult to get p to g ?r\gh !  
drudg]y ( public meet+s4 ,any plan t    
w\ld aboli% entirely ! dramatic elem5t (
 legislation w\ld h small *ance ( be+   
adopt$4 ,x is only :5 ! pa9ful side (   
debate comes into pr$om9ance1 t we      
will+ly =ego "s ( its pleasures3 !      
intol]able we>9ess1 ! close air1 ! late 
nights1 mu/ be c\nt$ along ) !          
occasional ?rills ( deliri\s excitem5t4 
,b z f> z reg>ds our great legislative  
bodies1 x w be easy to %[ t !re w\ld    
/ill exi/1 9 o!r =ms1 an ample scope =  
liv+ oratory to make up = ! deadness t  
w\ld fall ^u ! *ief assembly4  ,a fri5d 

( m9e once w5t to ,roebuck to ask 8     
att5tion to "s po9t com+ up 9 ! ,h\se ( 
,commons1 & (f]$ him a pap] to read4    
,roebuck said1 ,i w n read1 b ,i w he>4 
,?is well illu/rates "o ( ! fav\rable   
aspects ( spee*4 ,p ) "t on _! h&s pref]
 be+ in/ruct$ by ! liv+ voice2 ! ex]tion
 is less1 & ! enliv5+ tones ( a speak]  
imp>t an extrane\s int]e/1 to :i* we h  
to add ! sympa?y ( ! surr\nd+ multitude4
 ,! e>ly /ages ( in/ruction mu/ be      
conduct$ viv voce2 x is a late          
acquirem5t to be able to extract        
in=mation f a pr9t$ page4 ,yet          
circum/ances arise :5 ! advantage ( !   
pr9t$ page pr$om9ates4 ,! m frequ5t     
exp]i5ce 9 approa*+ public m5 is to be  
told1 t !y w n li/5 b w read4 ,an h\r's 
address c be read 9 t5 m9utes3 x is n   
impossible1 !re=e1 to ma/] a ,p>liam5t>y
 debate 9 "o-t5? ( ! "t occupi$ 9 !     
deliv]y4  ,a pass+ rem>k is en\gh to    
po9t out ! revolution t w\ld take place 
9 ,p>liam5t>y report+1 & 9 ! diffusion (
 political in/ruction ?r\gh ! press1 by 

! sy/em ( pr9t+ ! spee*es direct4 ,!    
full importance ( ?is result w be m     
app>5t 9 a little4 ,!re has be5 mu* talk
 ( late ab\t ! desirability ( a m p]fect
 sy/em ( report+1 ) a view to !         
pres]vation ( ! debates4 ,yet x may be v
 mu* d\bt$1 :e!r ! ,h\se ( ,commons w\ld
 ev] incur ! exp5se ( mak+ up = !       
defects ( newspap] report+1 by provid+  
%ort-h& writ]s to take d[n e ^w1 ) a    
view to pr9t+ 9 full4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,,second+
 ,,ext5d$ ,,to ,a ,,plurality ,,(       
,,back]s4  ,,proportion+ ,,( ,,back]s4  
,be=e complet+ ! survey ( possible      
improvem5ts 9 delib]ative proc$ure1 ,i  
propose to ext5d ! employm5t ( ano!r    
device already 9 use1 b sc>cely m ?an a 
=m2 ,i mean ! requir+ ( a second] be=e a
 proposal c be debat$4 ,! signification 
( ?is mu/ be1 t 9 ord] to obta9 !       
judgm5t ( an assembly on any proposal1 !
 mov] mu/ h ! concurr5ce ( "o o!r memb]2
 a mo/ reasonable condition surely4 ,:at
 ,i w\ld urge f>!r 9 ! same direction is

 t1 in/ead ( dem&+ "o p]son 9 addition  
to ! mov]1 z necess>y 9 all cases1 !re  
%\ld be a v>y+ numb] accord+ to ! numb] 
( ! assembly4 ,9 a cop>tn]y ( ?ree or   
f\r1 to dem& a second] to a motion w\ld 
be absurd2 9 a body ( six or eight x is 
sc>cely admissible4 ,i h kn[n bodies (  
t5 & twelve1 :]e motions c\ld be        
discuss$ )\t a second]2 b ev5 ) ^!1 !re 
w\ld be a manife/ propriety 9 compell+ a
 memb] to conv9ce at lea/ "o o!r p]son  
privately be=e putt+ ! body to ! tr\ble 
( a discussion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we %\ld beg9
 ! practice ( second+ ) t51 is "o       
second] en\gh = tw5ty1 fifty1 a hundr$1 
or six hundr$8 ,ought !re n to be a     
scale ( /eady increase 9 ! numb]s ^:    
op9ions h be5 ga9$ be=eh&8 ,let u say   
?ree or f\r = an assembly (             
five-&-tw5ty1 six = fifty1 t5 or fifte5 
= a hundr$1 =ty = six hundr$4 ,x is     
p]missible1 no d\bt1 to br+ be=e a      
public body resolutions t !re is no     
imm$iate *ance ( c>ry+2 :at is t]m$     
v5tilat+ an op9ion is a recogniz$ usage1

 & is n to be prohibit$4 ,b :5 bus9ess  
multiplies1 & "t is preci\s1 a c]ta9    
*eck %\ld be put ^u ! v5tilat+ ( views t
 h z yet n got beyond "o or two         
individuals2 ! process ( conv]sion by   
out-(-door ag5cy %\ld h made "s progress
 9 ord] to ju/ify an appeal to ! body 9 
! regul> c\rse ( bus9ess4 ,t ! ,h\se (  
,commons %\ld ev] be occupi$ by a       
debate1 :]e ! mov]s c\ld n comm& m ?an  
f\r or five votes1 is app>5tly out ( all
 reason4 ,! p[] ( ! individual is unduly
 exalt$ at ! exp5se ( ! collective body4
 ,!re are pl5ty ( o!r opportunities (   
ga9+ adh]5ts to any proposal t has      
some?+ to be said = x2 & ^! %\ld be pli$
 up to ! po9t ( secur+ a c]ta9 m9imum ( 
concurr5ce1 be=e ! e> ( ! ,h\se c be    
comm&$4 ,) a body ( six hundr$ & fifty1 
! numb] ( previ\sly obta9$ adh]5ts w\ld 
n be extravagantly high1 if x 7 fix$ at 
=ty4 ,yet consid]+ t ! curr5t bus9ess1 9
 l>ge assemblies1 is c>ri$ on by p]haps 
"o-?ird or "o-f\r? ( ! :ole1 & t !      
quorum 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons is su* z to 

make x possible = tw5ty-"o votes to c>ry
 a decision ( ! ,h\se1 !re w\ld be an   
inconsi/5cy 9 requir+ m ?an tw5ty names 
to back e bill & e resolution & am5dm5t 
t *urn$ to be discuss$4 ,n[ ,i c h>dly  
imag9e re/riction ^u ! lib]ty (         
individual memb]s m def5sible ?an ?is4  
,if x 7 impossible to f9d any o!r access
 to ! m9ds ( individual memb]s ?an by   
spee*es 9 ! ,h\se1 or if all o!r modes (
 conv]sion to new views 7 difficult &   
ineffici5t 9 comp>ison1 !n we %\ld say t
 ! "t ( ! ,h\se mu/ be tax$ = ! v5tilat+
 process4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d1 h[ev]1 c be    
ma9ta9$4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! ,h\se may be
 oblig$ to li/5 to a spee* = a proposal 
t has m]ely half a doz5 ( kn[n          
support]s1 yet1 :5ev] ?is is und]/ood to
 be ! case1 sc>cely any "o w be at !    
tr\ble ( c\nt]-argu+ x1 & ! "q really   
makes no way2 ! mov] is look$ ^u z a    
bore1 & ! ,h\se is impati5t = ! ext+ui%]
 ( a division4 ,! secur+ ( tw5ty names  
w\ld co/ no?+ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 or to any 
( ! p>ties or sections t make up !      

,h\se3 an individual /&+ alone %\ld be  
made to "w privately1 until he has      
secur$ 8 back+ ( n9ete5 m names1 & !    
ex]cise w\ld be mo/ :olesome z a        
prep>ation = conv9c+ a majority ( !     
,h\se4  ,if ,i might be all[$ to assume 
su* an ext5sion ( ! device ( second+    
motions1 ,i c\ld make a mu* /rong] case 
= ! b5eficial consequ5ces ( ! op]ation (
 pr9t+ spee*es )\t deliv]y4 ,! ,h\se    
w\ld nev] be mov$ by an individual /&+  
alone2 e proposal w\ld be f ! fir/ a    
collective judgm5t1 & ! reasons giv5 9  
along ) x1 al?\gh compos$ by "o1 w\ld be
 revis$ & consid]$ by ! support]s       
collectively4 ,memb]s w\ld put =? _!    
/r5g? 9 "o weighty /atem5t to />t )2 no 
pa9s w\ld be sp>$ to make ! argum5t ( ! 
nom9al mov] exhau/ive & =cible4 ,s ) !  
am5dm5t2 !re w\ld be m put into ! *ief  
/atem5t1 & less left to ! succe$+       
speak]s1 ?an at pres5t4 ,&1 al?\gh !    
mov] ( ! resolution & ! mov] ( ! am5dm5t
 w\ld ea* h a reply1 little w\ld be left
 to deta9 ! ,h\se1 unless :5 "s great   

int]e/s 7 at /ake4  ,( c\rse !          
prep>ation ( ! case 9 fav\r ( ea*       
measure w\ld be entru/$ to ! be/ h&s2 9 
,gov]nm5t bus9ess1 x w\ld be to "s      
(ficial 9 ! dep>tm5t1 or "s "o engag$ by
 ! *ief 9 %ap+ ! measure itself4 ,!     
/atem5t s prep>$ w\ld h ! value ( a     
c>efully drawn-up report1 & no?+ %ort ( 
?is %\ld ev] be submitt$ to ,p>liam5t 9 
! procur+ ( new enactm5ts4 ,9 l mann]1 !
 oppon5ts & critics c\ld employ any "o  
!y pleas$ to assi/ !m 9 _! compositions1
 ,a memb]'s spee* ne$ n be 9 any s5se 8 
own2 if he borr[s1 or uses ano!r h&1 x  
is likely to be "s "o wis] ?an himself1 
& ! public gets ! b5efit ( ! diff]5ce4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,objections ,,to ,,direct ,,pr9t+ ,,(  
,,spee*es4  ,i may n[ g back = a little 
^u ! details ( ! s*eme ( direct pr9t+1 )
 ! view ( press+ "s ( its advantages a  
little f>!r1 z well z ( consid]+        
objections4 ,i mu/ rem>k m p>ticul>ly ^u
 ! p]mission1 accord$ to ! memb]s       
g5]ally1 to s5d 9 _! spee*es to be      

circulat$ ) ! proce$+s4 ,?is ,i reg>d z 
n ! lea/ ess5tial /ep 9 an effective    
re=m ( ! debat+ sy/em4 ,x is ! only     
possible plan ( giv+ free scope to      
individuals1 )\t wa/+ ! "t ( ! assembly4
 ,!re ne$ be no limit to ! pr9t+ (      
spee*es2 ! numb] may be unnecess>ily    
great1 & ! l5g? sometimes excessive1 b !
 abuse may be left to ! corrective (    
neglect4 ,! only mat]ial disadvantage   
att5d+ ! plan ( s5d+ 9 spee*es 9 writ+1 
)\t deliv]y1 is t ! speak]s w\ld h be=e 
!m only ! /atem5ts-9-*ief ( ! mov]s (   
motion & am5dm5t4 ,!y c\ld n comm5t ^u  
"o ano!r1 z 9 ! oral debate4 ,n b ?is   
might n3 be practicable1 by keep+ ! "q  
op5 = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 & circulat+ e  
morn+ ! spee*es giv5 9 ! day previ\sly2 
b ! cumbr\sness ( su* an op]ation w\ld n
 h en\gh to recomm5d x4 ,! *ief speak]s 
might be expect$ to pres5t a suffici5tly
 broad po9t = criticism2 :ile ! great]  
numb] are well cont5t1 if all[$ to give 
_! own views & argum5ts )\t ref]5ce to  
^? ( o!rs4 ,& n to m5tion t1 9          

,p>liam5t1 all que/ions ( pr9ciple may  
be debat$ sev]al times ov]1 x is r>e t  
any measure comes up )\t su* an am\nt ( 
previ\s discussion out ( doors z fully  
to br+ out ! po9ts = attack & def5ce4   
,moreov]1 ! oral debate1 z usually      
conduct$1 conta9s little ( ! reality (  
effective rejo9d] by ea* successive     
speak] to ! "o prec$+4  ,! comb9$ plan (
 pr9t+ spee*es1 & ( requir+ tw5ty back]s
 to e proposal1 :ile tol]able p]haps 9 !
 introduction ( bills1 & 9 resolutions (
 great mom5t1 w seem to /& self-condemn$
 9 pass+ ! bills ?r\gh ,committee1      
clause by clause4 ,t e am5dm5t1 h[ev]   
trivial1 %\ld h to g ?r\gh su* a        
r\ndab\t c\rse1 may well appe> ridicul\s
 9 ! extreme4 ,to ?is ,i w\ld say1 9 !  
fir/ place1 t ! expos+ ( e clause ( e   
measure ( importance to ! criticism ( a 
l>ge assembly1 has long be5 reg>d$ z !  
weak po9t ( ! ,p>liam5t>y sy/em4 ,x is  
?irty ye>s s9ce ,i he>d ! rem>k t a     
,code w\ld nev] get ?r\gh ! ,h\se (     
,commons2 s _m p ?9k+ !mselves qualifi$ 

to cavil at its details4 ,9 ,mill's     
,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 !re is a      
sugge/ion to ! effect1 t ,p>liam5t %\ld 
be assi/$ 9 pass+ great measures by     
consultative commissions1 :o w\ld h !   
prep>ation ( ! details2 & t ! ,h\se %\ld
 n make alt]ations 9 ! clauses1 b       
recommit ! :ole ) "s expression (       
disapproval t w\ld guide ! commission 9 
reca/+ ! measure4  ,,difficulties ,,(   
,,pr9t+ ,,9 ,,committees4  ,x mu/ be    
self-evid5t t only a small body c "w    
advantage\sly 9 adju/+ ! details ( a    
measure1 includ+ ! v]bal expressions4   
,if ?is "w is set be=e an assembly ( two
 hundr$1 x is only by ! retic5ce ( "o   
hundr$ & n9ety t progress c be made4    
,am5dm5ts to ! clauses ( a bill may come
 "u two heads3 ^? ( pr9ciple1 :]e ! =ce 
( p>ties exp5ds itself2 & ^? ( word+ or 
expression1 = cle>+ away ambiguities or 
miscon/ruction4 ,= ! "o class1 all !    
ma*9]y t ,i h describ$ is fully         
applicable4 ,to mature & pres5t an      
am5dm5t ( pr9ciple1 !re %\ld be a       

concurr5ce ( ! same numb] z is ne$$ to  
move or oppose a second read+2 !re %\ld 
be ! same giv+ 9 ( reasons1 & ! same    
unre/rict$ spee* 79 pr9t7 ( individual  
memb]s1 culm9at+ 9 replies by ! mov]s4  
,if ?is _h to be done on all occasions1 
!re w\ld be mu* great] conc5tration (   
=ce ^u special po9ts1 & ! "w (          
,committee w\ld get on fa/]4 ,z to !    
second class ( am5dm5ts1 ,i d n ?9k t ^!
 are suitable = an op5 discussion4 ,!y  
%\ld r be giv5 z sugge/ions privately to
 ! promot] ( ! measure4 ,b1 be ! matt]  
small or great1 ,i cont5d t no?+ %\ld   
br+ ab\t a vote 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t  
has n already acquir$ a prop] m9imum (  
support4  ,i am v f> f presum+ to       
remodel ! entire proc$ure ( ! ,h\se (   
,commons4 ,:at ,i h said applies only to
 ! "o bran*1 n ! lea/ important1 ( !    
pass+ ( bills4 ,!re are o!r dep>tm5ts t 
might1 or might n1 be subject$ to !     
pr9t+ sy/em1 c\pl$ ) ! tw5tyfold back+2 
= example1 ! v l>ge subject ( ,supply1  
on :i* !re is a va/ exp5diture ( debat+4

 ,! dem& = tw5ty names to e am5dm5t w\ld
 ext+ui% a v consid]able am\nt ( ^!     
discussions4  ,!re is a dep>tm5t ( !    
bus9ess ( ! ,h\se t has lately assum$   
al>m+ proportions--! putt+ ( que/ions to
 ,m9i/]s ^u e conceivable topic4 ,i w\ld
 "h apply1 )\t hesitation1 ! pr9t+      
direct & ! plural back+1 & sweep away ! 
practice entirely f ! public proce$+s ( 
! ,h\se4 ,no s+le memb] unsupport$ %\ld 
h ! p[] ( trott+ out a ,m9i/] at w4 ,i d
 n say t s l>ge a numb] ( back]s %\ld be
 requir$ 9 ?is case1 b ,i w\ld humbly   
sugge/ t ! concurr5ce ( t5 memb]s %\ld  
be requir$ ev5 to put a public "q4 ,!   
lead] ( ! ,opposition1 9 himself a ho/1 
w\ld n be encumb]$ ) su* a =mality1 b   
ev]yone else w\ld h to procure t5       
signatures to an int]rogative3 ! "q w\ld
 be s5t 91 & answ]$2 :ile "q & answ]    
w\ld simply appe> 9 ! pr9t$ proce$+s ( !
 ,h\se1 & n occupy a s+le mom5t ( !     
legislative "t4 ,?is is a provision t   
w\ld /& to be argu$ on its own m]its1   
ev]y?+ else rema9+ z x is4 ,! loss w\ld 

be purely 9 ! dramatic int]e/ atta*+ to 
! delib]ations4  ,,alt]native ,,scope   
,,= ,,oratory4  ,! all b total ext9ction
 ( oral debate by ! revolution>y sweep (
 two simple devices1 w\ld be f> f       
de/roy+ ! p[] ( spee* 9 o!r ways4 ,!    
influ5ce ex]t$ by conv]sation on ! small
 scale1 & by oratory on ! great1 w\ld   
/ill be ex]cis$4 ,:ile ! conf]5ces 9    
private society1 & ! addresses at public
 meet+s1 w\ld cont9ue1 & p]haps be      
increas$ 9 importance1 !re w\ld be a mu*
 great] activity ( sectional discussion1
 ?an at pres5t2 9 fact1 ! sectional     
delib]ations1 prep>atory to motions 9 ! 
,h\se1 w\ld become an organiz$          
in/itution4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( rooms w\ld 
be set aside = ! use ( ! diff]5t        
sections2 & ! meet+s w\ld rise into     
public importance1 & h _! record 9 !    
public press4 ,! speak+ t n[ protracts !
 sitt+s ( ! ,h\se w\ld be transf]r$ to  
^!2 ev5 ! highe/ oratory w\ld n disda9  
to %9e :]e ! rew>d ( publicity w\ld /ill
 be reap$4 ,z no man w\ld be all[$ to   

engage ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se )\t a       
foll[+1 x w\ld be 9 ! sections1 9       
addition to private society & ! press1 t
 new op9ions w\ld h to be v5tilat$1 & ! 
fir/ conv]ts ga9$4  ,among ! innovations
 t are ju/ifi$ by ! pr9ciple ( avoid+ at
 all po9ts hurri$ decisions1 !re is no?+
 t w\ld appe> m def5sible ?an to give an
 int]val betwe5 ! close ( a debate & !  
tak+ ( ! vote4 ,i appreh5d t ! *ief &   
only reason :y ?is has nev] be5 ?\ght ( 
is1 t mo/ bodies h to f9i% a mass (     
curr5t bus9ess at "o sitt+4 ,9          
assemblies t meet day aft] day1 ! votes 
on all conclud$ debates c\ld be po/pon$ 
till next day2 giv+ a delib]ate int]val 
9 private t might improve1 & c\ld n3    
det]iorate1 ! *ances ( a good decision4 
,let u imag9e t1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 =
 example1 ! fir/ h\r at ea* meet+ %\ld  
be occupi$ ) ! divisions gr[+ out ( !   
previ\s day's debates4 ,! consequ5ces   
w\ld be enorm\s1 b w\ld any ( !m be bad8
 ,! holl[ness ( ! oral debate z a means 
( p]suasion w\ld d\btless receive a     

bla/+ exposure2 _m w\ld come up to vote1
 few w\ld rema9 to li/5 to spee*es4 ,!  
great] numb] ( ^? t c>$ to "k :at 0     
said1 w\ld re/ satisfi$ ) ! reports 9 ! 
morn+ pap]s4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,we ne$ to take   
acc\nt ( ! fact t ev5 great] mod]ation 9
 ! l5g? ( spee*es w\ld n entirely       
ov]come ! real difficulty--! quantity ( 
bus9ess ?r[n ^u our legislative bodies4 
,d\btless1 if !re 7 less talk ^u burn+  
que/ions !re w\ld be m att5tion giv5 to 
unobtrusive matt]s at pres5t neglect$4  
,! m]e quantity ( "w is too great = an  
assembly to d well4 ,if ?is am\nt _c be 
less5$--& ,i d n see h[ x c be--!re are 
/ill ! six compet+ vehicles at old      
,temple ,b>4 ,! s+le legislative rail is
 cr[d$1 & ! only device equal to !      
occasion is to remove "s ( ! traffic to 
o!r rails4 ,let a l>ge "p ( ! speak+ be 
got rid (1 or else be transf]r$ to "s   
diff]5t ar5a4  ,,e ,,body ,,entitl$ ,,to
 ,,control ,,spee*-,,mak+4  ,i reg>d z  
unassailable ,"l ,%]brooke's position t 

e delib]ative body mu/ possess ! entire 
control ( its own proc$ure1 ev5 to !    
po9t ( say+ h[ mu* speak+ x w all[ on   
ea* topic4 ,! r\gh-&-ready me?od ( c\gh+
 d[n a sup]flu\s speak] is p]fectly     
con/itutional1 because absolutely       
necess>y4 ,if a m ref9$ me?od ( curtail+
 debates c\ld be devis$1 )\t br++ 9 o!r 
evils1 x %\ld be welcom$4 ,! =cible     
%utt+ ( anyone's m\? w always t5d to    
irritate1 & x is impossible by any plan 
to prev5t a m9ority f clogg+ ! :eels (  
bus9ess4 ,! fre$om ( pr9t seems to me "o
 good safety-valve = incont95t          
spee*-mak]s2 x all[s !m an equal        
privilege ) _! fell[s1 & yet does n wa/e
 legislative "t4  ,i rememb] he>+1 "s "t
 ago1 t our ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] 0   
induc$1 on ! sugge/ion ( ! ,times1 to   
put into pr9t & circulate to ! ,h\se    
be=eh& ! figures & tables connect$ ) 8  
f9ancial /atem5t4 ,i c\ld n help rem>k+1
 :y might ! ,*ancellor n circulate1 9 ! 
same fa%ion1 ! :ole /atem5t1 d[n to !   
po9t ( ! decl>ation ( ! new taxes8 ,x   

w\ld save ! ,h\se at lea/ an h\r & a    
half1 :ile n a ?ird ( t "t w\ld be      
requir$ to read ! pr9t$ /atem5t4 ,i     
believe ! fir/ ?+ t w\ld occur to anyone
 he>+ ?is sugge/ion w\ld be--s !        
,*ancellor might1 b ! same reason w\ld  
apply to ! mov]s ( bills1 & to all o!r  
bus9ess z well 4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,our ,engli%      
,p>liam5t>y sy/em hav+ be5 matur$ by    
c5turies ( exp]i5ce1 has become a model 
= o!r c\ntries j ent]+ ^u repres5tative 
gov]nm5t4 ,b ! imitation1 if too lit]al1
 w n be f\nd to "w4 ,our sy/em supposes 
a l>ge g5try1 /ay+ half ! ye> 9 ,london 
= pure pleasure1 to :i* we may add ! ri*
 m5 ( bus9ess resid5t !re4 ,a suffici5t 
numb] ( ^! classes c at any "t be got to
 make up ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 &1 !       
majority be+ compos$ ( su*1 ! ways ( !  
,h\se are regulat$ accord+ly4 ,daily    
con/ant att5dance1 :5 necess>y1 &       
read9ess to respond to ! :ip at %ort    
notice1 are assum$ z co/+ no?+4 ,b 9 o!r
 c\ntries1 ! case is n ! same4 ,9 !     

,italian ,*amb] ,i f\nd pr(essors ( !   
,univ]sity ( ,tur91 :o /ill kept up _!  
class-"w1 & made j\rneys to ,rome at    
int]vals ( a week or two1 on ! em]g5ce (
 important bus9ess4 ,ev5 ! paym5t (     
memb]s is n en\gh to br+ p away f _!    
homes1 & break up _! avocations1 =      
sev]al mon?s e ye>4 ,! =ms ( proc$ure1 z
 famili> to u1 d n fit "u su*           
circum/ances4 ,! sy/em ( pr9t$ spee*es1 
) division days at two or ?ree weeks'   
int]val1 might be f\nd s]viceable4 ,b1  
at all ev5ts1 ! entire arrangem5ts (    
public delib]ation ne$ to be revis$ on  
mu* broad] gr\nds ?an we h be5 accu/om$ 
to2 & x is 9 ?is view1 m ?an ) any hope 
( br++ ab\t imm$iate *anges1 t ,i h     
v5tur$ to prop\nd ! =ego+ sugge/ions4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,op9ions ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,pr9t+4     
,s9ce ! =ego+ pap] 0 writt51 op9ions h  
be5 express$ fav\rable to ! use ( pr9t+ 
z a means ( %ort5+ ! debates 9 ! ,h\se (
 ,commons4 ,among ! mo/ notable ( !     
au?orities t h decl>$ _! views1 we may  

c\nt ,"l ,d]by & ,"l ,%]brooke4 ,bo?    
advocate ! pr9t+ ( ! answ]s by m9i/]s to
 ! daily /r+ ( que/ions address$ to !m4 
,"l ,d]by goes a /ep f>!r4 ,he w\ld h   
ev]yone introduc+ a bill to prep>e a    
/atem5t ( 8 reasons1 to be circulat$    
among memb]s at ! public exp5se4 ,ev5   
?is small beg9n+ w\ld be fruitful (     
important consequ5ces2 ! greate/ be+ !  
inevitable ext5sion ( ! sy/em4  ,i am n 
aw>e t my sugge/ion z to requir+ a      
plurality ( memb]s to back e bill & e   
proposal1 has ga9$ any degree ( support4
 ,x 0 urg$ t1 if ! p[] 7 tak5 away f    
s+le memb]s to move 9 any case :atev]1 !
 few t are accu/om$ to f9d !mselves     
alone1 w\ld =m into a gr\p to back ea*  
o!r4 ,i d n hesitate to say t !         
supposition is contr>y to all exp]i5ce4 
,crot*ete]s h ?is 9 common ) ! insane1 t
 !y c seldom agree 9 any conjo9$ action4
 ,ev5 9 ! v l>ge body con/itut+ our     
,h\se ( ,commons1 x is n infrequ5t =    
motions to be made )\t obta9+ a second]4
 ,! requirem5t ( ev5 five concurr+      

memb]s w\ld put an ext+ui%] ^u a numb] (
 propositions t h at pres5t to be       
ent]ta9$4  ,! la/ session 7#ahhc7 has   
op5$ ! eyes ( _m to ! absurdity ( all[+ 
a s+le memb] to block a bill4 ,:5 x is  
consid]$ t1 9 an assembly ( six hundr$1 
!re is probably at lea/ "o man1 l ,f]gus
 ,o',conn]1 v]g+ on insanity1 & out ( ! 
rea* ( all ! common motives1--we may    
well wond] t a delib]ative body %\ld s  
put itself at ! m]cy ( individuals4     
,surely ! rule1 = /opp+ bills at        
half-pa/ twelve1 might h be5 accompani$ 
) ! requirem5t ( a second]1 :i* w\ld h  
sav$ _m 9 ! c\rse ( ! rec5t sessions4 ,x
 is ! gross abuse ( ?is p[] t is =c+ ^u 
reluctant m9ds ! fir/ advance to plural 
back+1 & !re is n[ a dem& = five or six 
to unite 9 plac+ a block aga9/ a        
measure4  ,x occurr$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one1 
dur+ ! autumn session ( #ahhb1 to take  
d[n ! /ati/ics ( att5dance 9 ! ,h\se =  
sev]al days runn+4 ,8 figures 7 detail$ 
to ! ,h\se1 9 "o ( 8 spee*es1 & 7       
exactly :at we 7 prep>$ =4 ,!y          

completely p\nd$ & pulv]is$ ! notion1 t 
li/5+ to ! debates is ! way t memb]s h  
_! m9ds made up = giv+ _! votes4        
,,extra-,,p>liam5t>y ,,discussion       
,,increas+4  ,! rec5t p>liam5t>y recess 
has witness$ an unusual developm5t 9 !  
out-(-door discussion ( burn+ que/ions4 
,9 addition to a full all[ance (        
vacation oratory1 & ! unremitt$ curr5t (
 ! newspap] press1 ! mon?lies h giv5 =? 
a numb] ( reason$ articles by cab9et    
m9i/]s & by m5 ( m9i/]ial rank 9 !      
opposition4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( our "t is1 
to sup]s$e p>liam5t>y discussion by m   
direct appeals to ! m9d ( ! public4  ,to
 /op entirely ! oral discussion (       
bus9ess 9 ,p>liam5t w\ld h "s           
inconv5i5ces2 b ! want ( adequate       
consid]ation ( su* measures z possess$ !
 smalle/ int]e/ ) any class1 w\ld n be  
"o ( !m4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ah3  
,contempor>y ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahhj4  
,footnote #ai3 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t1 !      
practice ( circulat+1 ) a motion1 !     
propos]'s reasons1 w\ld1 on _m          

occasions1 be wor?y ( be+ volunt>ily    
adopt$4          99       99       99   
99       99   ,notes & ,ref]5ces 9      
connection ) ,essay ,,viii41 on         
,subscription4   ,x may be useful "h to 
supply a few memor&a z to ! hi/ory &    
pres5t practice ( ,subscription to      
,articles4  ,9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 
#aag1 ! foll[+ obs]vations are made     
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! ,engli% ,re=mation3--  ,be=e !        
,re=mation no subscription 0 requir$ f !
 body ( ! cl]gy1 z none 0 necess>y4 ,!  
bi%ops at _! consecration took an oa? ( 
ob$i5ce to ! ,k+1 9 :i*1 besides promis+
 subjection 9 matt]s temporal1 !y       
'utt]ly r5\nc$ & cle>ly =sook all su*   
clauses1 words1 s5t5ces1 & grants1 :i*  
!y _h or %\ld h ( ! ,pope's ,hol9ess1 t 
9 any wise 7 hurtful or prejudicial to  
,8 ,highness or ,8 ,e/ate ,royal'2 :il/ 
to ! ,pope !y b\nd !mselves by oa? to   
keep ! rules ( ! ,holy ,fa!rs1 !        
decrees1 ord9ances1 s5t5ces1            
dispositions1 res]vations1 provisions1 &

 comm&m5ts ,apo/olic1 &1 to _! p[]s1 to 
cause !m to be kept by o!rs4 ,&1 z _!   
comm& ov] _! cl]gy 0 complete1 & !y c\ld
 at once remove any :o violat$ !        
e/abli%$ rule ( op9ion1 no additional   
obligation or engagem5t f m5 "u su*     
/rict discipl9e 0 requisite4 ,! /atem5t1
 !re=e 7by ,dean ,/anley71 t '! ,roman  
,ca?olic cl]gy1 & ! cl]gy ( ! ,ea/]n    
,*ur*1 nei!r =m]ly1 nor n[1 7 b\nd by   
any def9ite =ms ( subscription2 & t !   
unity ( ! ,*ur* is pres]v$ !re z ! unity
 ( ! ,/ate is pres]v$ ev]y:]e1 n by     
prelim9>y promises or oa?s1 b by ! g5]al
 laws ( discipl9e & ord]'2 ?\gh true to 
! lett]1 is really :olly untrue 9 its   
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subscriptions4 ,= x is to ! total abs5ce
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laws ( discipl9e & ord]1' & n to a      
lib]ty great] ?an our own1 t ?is abs5ce 
( subscription is due4  ,9 po9t ( fact1 
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coeval ) ! upgr[? ( lib]ty ( op9ion3    
:ile ! circum/ances ( ! ,engli%         

,re=mation ( religion made x ess5tial to
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bo? ( ! cl]gy & laity ( ! l&1 !re c\ld  
be no o!r gu>antee ( its ma9t5ance ?an !
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prev5tion ( cov]t ,pop]y1 a dang] to :i*
 ! ,re=m+ laity felt t !y 7 expos$ by ! 
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 by ! undissembl$ bias ( _m ( ! p>o*ial 
cl]gy2 & by ! secret bias ( "s ev5 ( !  
bi-hops2 :il/ ! dim9ution ( _! absolute 
control ov] ! cl]gy less5$ ! p[] ( en=c+
 ! new op9ions :5 ! bi%op 0 s9c]ely     
atta*$ to !m4  ,! entire article is (   
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,hi/ory ( ,religion 9 ,engl&1 = !       
incid5ts 9 great] detail4  ,p]haps ! mo/
 rem>kable def5ce ( ,lib]ty1 z aga9/ !  
prevail+ view 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 is     
,dean ,milman's spee* be=e ! ,cl]ical   
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( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review article1 already   
quot$4  ,! ,dean's ,resolution submitt$ 
to ! ,commission 0 z foll[s3--          
,con=mity to ! ,liturgy ( ! ,*ur* (     
,engl& be+ ! be/ & ! sure/ atta9able    
security = '! decl>$ agreem5t ( ! ,cl]gy
 ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*'2 ) _m ! daily1 
) all ! weekly public read+ ( ! s]vices 
( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7conta9+1 z !y d1 !  
anci5t cre$s ( ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic71 & !   
con/ant use ( ! ,sacram5tal (fices & o!r

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be+ a solemn & reit]at$ pl$ge ( _!      
belief 9 ^? doctr9es1 ! ,subscription to
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,su* ,subscription adds no fur!r        
gu>antee = ! cl]gyman's fai?fulness to !
 doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*2 :ile ! peculi> =m &
 controv]sial tone 9 :i* ! ,articles 7  
compil$ is ! cause ( mu* p]plexity1     
emb>rassm5t1 & difficulty1 especially to
 ! y\ng] cl]gy & to ^? ab\t to ent] into
 ,holy ,ord]s4  ,mu* d\bt 0 ent]ta9$1   
:e!r ?is motion came )9 ! t]ms ( !      
,commission4 ,x 0 n press$ by ! ,dean4  
,i give ! foll[+ quotation f ! spee*3-- 
444 ,& if ,i v5ture to "q ! exp$i5cy1 ! 
wisdom1 ,i w say ! righte\sness ( reta9+
 subscription to ! ?irty-n9e ,articles z
 obligatory on all cl]gym51 ,i d s1 n f 
any difficulty 9 reconcil+ ) my own     
consci5ce :at1 dur+ my life1 ,i h done m
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conviction t su* subscription is        
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 m safely & fully protect$ by o!r means4
 ,x nev] has be51 is n1 & nev] w be a   
solid security = its pr(ess$ object1 !  
reconcil+ or remov+ religi\s diff]5ces1 
:i* x t5ds r to create & keep alive2 is 
emb>rass+ to _m m5 :o might be ( ! mo/  
valuable s]vice 9 ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur*2 is
 objectionable z conc5trat+ & en=c+ !   
att5tion ( ! y\nge/ cl]gy on que/ions1  
"s ab/ruse1 "s antiquat$1 & 9 !mselves  
at once s m9ute & compreh5sive z to     
h>ass less in/ruct$ & pr(\nd ?9k]s1 to  
p]plex & tax ! sagacity ( ! mo/ able    
lawy]s & ! mo/ le>n$ div9es4444  ,"o (  
my *ief objections to subscription to ! 
?irty-n9e ,articles z a p]petual te/ (  
,engli% ,*ur*man%ip is t !y are ?r\gh\t 
controv]sial1 & speak1 z ( necessity !y 
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day2 !y _c1 !re=e1 9 my op9ion1 be      
fully1 cle>ly1 & di/9ctly und]/ood )\t a
 c>eful /udy & a v wide k ( ! disputes &
 op9ions ( ^? times1 a calm yet deep    
exam9ation ( _! mean+1 objects1         
limitations1 :i* _c be expect$ f "y     

!ological /ud5ts1 f m5 fre% f _!        
academical pursuits4 ,i v5ture to add1  
inde$ to argue1 t _! true be>+ &        
int]pretation seems to me to h escap$ "s
 ( our mo/ em95t judges f want ( t full 
/udy & p]fect k2 & ,i mu/ say t1 9 ^!   
labori\s & practical day1 x may be      
que/ion$ :e!r ?is /udy ( controv]sies1  
_m ( !m bygone1 w be s useful1 s        
pr(itable1 z entire devotion to ! pla9] 
& simpl] duties ( ! cl]gyman4  ,_!      
imm5se range1 too1 ! inf9ite que/ions   
into :i* !y bran* out 7x has be5 said1  
,i "k n h[ truly1 t five hundr$ que/ions
 may be rais$ ^u !m71 is a fur!r        
objection to _! ma9t5ance z a prelim9>y 
& indisp5sable requirem5t be=e ! "y man 
is admitt$ to ,holy ,ord]s4 ,on ! :ole  
,i /&1 )\t hesitation1 to my            
proposition1 t ! doctr9es ( ! ,engli%   
,*ur* are n only m simply1 b m fully1   
assur$ly1 m w9n+ly1 taught 9 our        
,liturgy & our ,=mul>ies ?an 9 our      
,articles4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,! v elaborate "w ( ,mr4   

,taylor ,innes1 entitl$ ! ,law ( ,cre$s1
 is exhau/ive = ,scotl&2 includ+ bo? !  
,e/abli%$ ,*ur* & ! v>i\s sects (       
,prote/ant ,diss5t]s4 ,x also           
incid5tally takes notice ( "s ( ! m     
critical decisions on h]esy cases 9 !   
,engli% ,*ur*4 ,mr4 ,innes prop]ly po9ts
 out1 t ! abolition ( ,subscription is  
compatible ) compulsory adh]5ce to      
,articles4 ,! relaxation ( ! =ms (      
,subscription 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 by !   
,act ( #ahfe1 gave a c]ta9 am\nt (      
relief to ! consci5ces ( ! cl]gy1 b left
 !m z mu* expos$ z ev] to suits = h]esy4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,report ( ,presbyt]ian ,alliance4   
,= ! usages ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*es1 on !    
,cont95t1 & 9 ,am]ica1 a mass ( valuable
 in=mation has be5 furni%$ 9 ! ,report (
 ! ,second ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( !           
,presbyt]ian ,alliance1 conv5$ at       
,philadelphia1 ,septemb]1 #ahhj4 ,at !  
previ\s meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil1 held at      
,ed9burgh1 ,july1 #ahgg1 a ,committee 0 
appo9t$ to ,report on ! ,cre$s &        

,subscriptions 9 use among ! v>i\s      
bodies =m+ ! ,alliance4 ,x is unnecess>y
 to ref] to ! answ]s giv5 9 to !        
,committee's ,qu]ies1 f ,great ,brita9 &
 ,irel&1 except to complete ! hi/ory ( !
 ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 s long    
di/+ui%$ = ! abeyance ( cl]ical         
subscription4  ,x 0 9 #agee1 t !        
,presbyt]y ( ,newca/le made a movem5t   
t[>ds disclaim+ ! ,arian1 ,soc9ian & o!r
 h]esies1 b )\t propos+ a ,confession4  
,9 #aghd1 ! same ,presbyt]y adopt$ a    
,=mula accept+ ! ,we/m9/] ,confession2 9
 #ahjb1 h[ev]1 subscription to ! ,=mula 
0 resc9d$4 ,?r\gh ,scotti% influ5ce1 !  
return to ! ,we/m9/] ,confession 0      
gradually br\ght ab\t 9 ! e>ly "p ( !   
c5tury4 ,t ,confession 0 =mally adopt$  
by ! ,presbyt]y ( ,newca/le 9 #ahbd2 &  
s9ce #ahcf1 all ! m9i/]s ( ! body h be5 
requir$ to accept x 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$  
mann]4  ,! ,calv9i/ic ,me?odi/s ( ,wales
 drew up1 9 #ahbc1 a ,confession consi/+
 ( =ty-f\r articles1 agree+ sub/antially
 ) ! ,we/m9/] ,confession4 ,subscription

 is n requir$3 b ! cl]gy1 prior to      
ord9ation1 make a /atem5t ( _! doctr9al 
views1 :i* am\nts to ne>ly ! same ?+4 ,l
 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,me?odi/s   
dep5d ^u discipl9e r ?an ^u             
,subscription4  ,! ,congregational      
,*ur*es take up almo/ ! same attitude   
t[>ds _! cl]gy4 ,!re is no subscription2
 b any great deviation f ! prevail+     
views ( ! body leads to =feiture ( !    
position ( bro!rhood1 & possibly also to
 sev]ance f ! *>ge ( a congregation4    
,/ill1 ! abs5ce ( a b9d+ & p5al te/ is  
fav\rable to fre$om1 f ! pres5t t5d5cy (
 m5's m9ds 9 t direction4  ,z reg>ds !  
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  
,am]ica1 we f9d t ! fir/ ,presbyt]y 0   
con/itut$ 9 #agje4 ,no =mal /atem5t (   
doctr9e 0 consid]$ necess>y till ! lapse
 ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 :5 ! spread 
( ,arianism 9 ,engl& urg$ ! ,synod (    
,philadelphia to pass :at 0 call$ !     
,adopt+ ,act 9 #agbi1 by :i* !y hop$ to 
exclude f ,am]ican *ur*es ,briti% m9i/]s
 ta9t$ ) ,arian views4 ,!y agre$ t all !

 m9i/]s ( ?is ,synod1 or t %all h]eaft] 
be admitt$ into ?is ,synod1 %all decl>e 
_! agreem5t 9 & approbation ( !         
,confession ( ,fai?1 ) ! ,l>g] & ,%ort] 
,cate*isms ( ! ,assembly ( ,div9es at   
,we/m9/]1 z be+1 9 all ! ess5tial &     
necess>y articles1 good =ms ( s\nd words
 & sy/ems ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & we d    
also adopt ! said confession & !        
cate*isms z ! ,confession ( our fai? 4  
,! =mula subscrib$ by m9i/]s at _!      
ord9ation is1 h[ev]1 less /r+5t ?an t 9 
use 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,scotl&4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,fr5*    
,prote/ant ,*ur*es4  ,turn+ next to !   
,cont95t we may ref]1 fir/1 to ! ,fr5*  
,prote/ant ,*ur*1 n[ consi/+ ( two      
divisions--7#a7 ,! ,re=m$ ,*ur* unit$ to
 ! ,/ate1 & 7#b7 ,! ,union ( !          
,evangelical ,*ur*es4  ,! ,gallic       
,confession1 /yl$ ,la ,ro*elle1 ! jo9t  
"w ( ,calv9 & ,*audi51 0 adopt$ z !     
doctr9al /&>d ( ! ,re=m$ ,fr5* ,*ur*es 9
 _! fir/ national synod1 :i* met at     
,p>is 9 ,may1 #aeei1 & 0 revis$ &       

confirm$ by ! sev5? synod1 :i* assembl$ 
at ,la ,ro*elle "u ! presid5cy ( ,!odore
 ,beza 9 #aega4 ,x is compos$ ( =ty     
articles1 :i* reproduce fai?fully !     
,calv9i/ic doctr9e4 ,b x is n accept$ z 
infallible2 ! f9al au?ority1 9 ! light (
 :i* successive synods may re=m x1 is ! 
,bible4  ,! re=m$ doctr9e1 z sanction$  
by ! ,confession ( ,la ,ro*elle1 01 9   
its ess5tial features1 recognis$ &      
pr(ess$ by all ,prote/ant ,france2 &1   
not)/&+ its suff]+s & int]nal           
diss5sions1 ! ,*ur* dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( 
! #ag? c5tury held its own c\rse &      
rema9$ fai?ful to itself4 ,a consi/ory1 
t ( ,ca51 _h1 ev5 z late z #ahdj1 re/or$
 9 ! *ur*es ( its jurisdiction !        
,confession ( ,la ,ro*elle 9 its full   
vig\r4 ,little by little1 h[ev]1 "u !   
influ5ce ( ! naturali/ic philosophy ( ! 
#ah? c5tury1 ! negative criticism (     
,g]many1 & above all ! religi\s         
indiff]5ce :i* foll[$ ! repose :i* !    
,*ur* 0 enjoy+ aft] two c5turies (      
p]secution1 ! ,confession ( ,fai? z well

 z ! discipl9e fell into disuse4 ,x 0   
nev] really abrogat$4444 ,h[ev]1 x is a 
practical fact t ! p>tisans ( "o ( ! two
 sections :i* to-day divide ! ,re=m$    
,*ur* ( ,france1 n only d n consid]     
!mselves b\nd by ! ,confession ( ,la    
,ro*elle1 b1 t5d+ m & m t[>ds           
,rationalism1 & see+ 9 ,prote/antism    
only ! religion ( free ?\ght1 h come to 
reject ! great miracles ( ! gospel1 & to
 dem& = _! pa/ors1 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*1 
unlimit$ fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,:ile on ! "o  
h& ! sov]eignty ( ! ,holy ,scriptures is
 claim$1 on ! o!r is held ! rule (      
individual consci5ce4  ,! majority ( !  
(ficial synod :i* met at ,p>is 9        
,septemb]1 #ahdh1 refus$ to put an end  
to ! doctr9al disord] 9 ! ,*ur* by      
e/abli%+ 9 ! ,*ur* a cle> & positive law
 ( fai?4 ,! m9ority1 reg>d+ ! adv]se    
vote z an (ficial suff]ance ( indiff]5ce
 on doctr9al matt]s1 sep>at$ !mselves f 
_! bre?r51 & f\nd$ ! ,union ( !         
,evangelical ,*ur*es ( ,france4  ,g5]al 
,synod ( ,p>is 9 #ahgb4  ,9 #ahgb1 9 !  

face ( attacks directly aim$1 9 ! bosom 
( ! ,*ur*1 at ! unity ( h] doctr9e1 !   
?irtie? g5]al synod1 assembl$ at ,p>is1 
drew up1 n a complete ,confession (     
,fai?1 b a decl>ation det]m9+ ! doctr9al
 limits ( ! ,*ur*1 & proclaim+ !        
sov]eign au?ority ( ! ,holy ,scriptures 
) reg>d to belief1 & salvation ?r\gh    
fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! only begott5 ,son
 ( ,god1 :o di$ = our s9s & rose aga9 = 
our ju/ification4#bj  ,d[n to #ahbd1 new
 pa/ors indicat$ _! adh]5ce to !        
,confession ( ,fai? by signature4 ,9    
#ahbd1 h[ev]1 signature 0 replac$ by a  
solemn promise4 ,s9ce t "t diff]5t      
=mulas h be5 us$ at ! w ( ! pa/ors p]=m+
 ! ord9ation1 )\t any "o ( !m hav+ !    
sanction ( a synod1 & )\t ! mann] (     
adh]5ce hav+ be5 expressly /ipulat$4    
,s9ce ! ,synod ( #ahgb1 9 ord9ations ov]
 :i* pa/ors atta*$ to ! ,synodal ,*ur* h
 presid$1 c&idates are requir$ to con=m 
=mally1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! congregation1 to
 ! decl>ation ( fai? adopt$ by ! ,synod4
 ,article #b1 ( ! complete law1 decl>es3

 ',e c&idate = holy ord]s mu/1 be=e     
receiv+ ord9ation1 affirm t he adh]es to
 ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* z /at$ by ! g5]al     
synod'4  ,!ological pr(essors 7         
sometimes appo9t$ )\t conditions4 ,/ill 
!y 7 n p]mitt$ to tea* doctr9es 9 gl>+  
contradiction to ! g5]al belief ( !     
,*ur*es4 ,= example1 9 #ahab1 ,m4 ,gasc1
 pr(essor ( !ology at ,montauban1       
attack$ 9 8 lectures ! doctr9e ( !      
,tr9ity1 :]eupon sev]al consi/ories     
requir$ him ei!r to retract 8 op9ions or
 to resign 8 po/4 ,m4 ,gasc retract$ 8  
op9ions4  ,! ,evangelical ,*ur*es (     
,france1 compos$ ( memb]s :o h made an  
explicit & individual pr(ession ( fai?1 
& :o recognise 9 religi\s matt]s no o!r 
au?ority ?an t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! only & 
sov]eign head ( ! ,*ur*1 accept ! ,old &
 ,new ,te/am5ts z directly inspir$ by   
,god & s con/itut+ ! only & infallible  
rule ( fai? & life4  ,*ur*es (          
,switz]l&4  ,! ,*ur*es ( ,switz]l& h !  
pre-em95ce 9 ! relaxation or disuse (   
,te/s4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( _!       

practice3--  ,! ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ! ,canton
 ( ,vaud4  ,accord+ to ! ecclesia/ical  
law ( ,may #ai1 #ahfc 7slightly modifi$ 
by a decree ( ,decemb] #b1 #ahgd71 !    
,national ,*ur* ( ! ,canton ( ,vaud     
desires *iefly t its memb]s %\ld lead a 
,*ri/ian life1 & admits no o!r rule (   
in/ruction ?an ! ,^w ( ,god conta9$ 9 ! 
,holy ,scriptures4 ,e c&idate = ! m9i/ry
 is requir$ by ! ecclesia/ical law (    
,decemb] #ad1 #ahci1 to swe> t he w     
dis*>ge consci5ti\sly ! duties :i* !    
,national ,re=m$ ,evangelical ,*ur*     
imposes ^u its m9i/]s1 & t he w prea* ! 
,^w ( ,god 9 its purity & integrity z x 
is conta9$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,:5   
accusation is br\ght aga9/ any m9i/] on 
! gr\nd ( doctr9e1 ! proce$+s are       
di/9ctly m>k$2 b 9 reality x is simply  
requir$ t '! jurym5 give a consci5ti\s  
v]dict'4  ,! ,free ,evangelical ,*ur* ( 
! ,canton ( ,vaud requires t c&idates = 
! m9i/ry be exam9$ z to _! religi\s     
life1 _! call+ to ! m9i/ry1 _! doctr9e &
 _! ecclesia/ical pr9ciples by a        

committee ( ! synodical commission1 )   
pa/ors & eld]s4 ,aft] exam9ation !      
c&idate mu/ decl>e 8 cordial adhesion to
 ! doctr9es & in/itutions ( ! ,free     
,*ur*4 ,?is pl$ge is v]bal4   ,indep5d5t
 ,evangelical ,*ur* ( ,neu*atel4  ,!    
anci5t ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ,neu*atel nev] put
 =? any special ,confession ( ,fai?4 ,! 
assembly ( ,pa/ors1 ! gov]n+ body ( !   
,*ur*1 d[n to #ahdh1 accept$ ! ,holy    
,scriptures1 ! =ms us$ 9 baptism & !    
communion1 & ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ z fully  
adequate to express ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!
 ,synod1 :o took ov] ! gov]nm5t ( !     
,*ur* 9 #ahdh1 ma9ta9$ ! same position1 
refus+ 9 #aheg to sanction an abridg$   
,confession4  ,on ,may #bj1 #ahgc1 !    
,gr& ,c\ncil ( ! ,republic & ,canton (  
,neu*atel pass$ a new law regulat+ !    
relation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,article #ab  
says3 ,lib]ty ( consci5ce 9 matt]s (    
religion is inviolable2 x may nei!r be  
fett]$ by regulations1 v[s1 or promises1
 by discipl9>y p5alties1 by =mulas or a 
cre$1 nor by any measures :atsoev]4     

,h5ce result$ ! sep>ation ( ^? t =m$ !  
,indep5d5t ,evangelical ,*ur* (         
,neu*atel1 :i*1 9 #ahgd1 adopt$ a       
,confession ackn[l$g+ z ! only s\rce &  
rule ( its fai? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1
 & proclaim+ ! great tru?s ( salvation  
conta9$ 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,! m9i/]s1 
on ord9ation1 take an oa? to advance !  
hon\r & glory ( ,god above all ?+s2 to  
ma9ta9 8 ^w at ! risk ( life1 body1 &   
prop]ty2 to be 9 unity ) ! bre?r5 9 !   
doctr9es ( religion & 9 ! holy m9i/ry2 &
 to avoid all sect>ianism & s*ism 9 !   
,*ur*4   ,national ,prote/ant ,*ur* (   
,g5eva4  ,hi/orical ,*anges 9 ! ,*ur* ( 
,g5eva4  ,dur+ ! #af? c5tury1 f #aecf   
onw>ds1 ! ,national ,prote/ant ,*ur* (  
,g5eva 0 9 con/ant turmoil ?r\gh !      
insi/5ce on1 & ! opposition to1 !       
doctr9es laid d[n by ,calv9 9 8         
,confession ( ,fai? & ,sy/em (          
,ecclesia/ical ,ord9ances4 ,! #ag?      
c5tury is m>k$ by ! conflicts (         
,calv9ism & ,arm9ianism4 ,aft] num]\s   
v>iations1 ! oa? ( consecration 01 9    

,june #agbe1 *ang$ hack to ! =m provid$ 
by ! ,ecclesia/ical ,ord9ance ( #aegf3  
,y swe> to hold ! doctr9e ( ! holy      
prophets & apo/les1 z x is conta9$ 9 !  
books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ( :i*  
doctr9e our ,cate*ism is a summ>y 4 ,?is
 oa? rema9$ 9 =ce = ne>ly a c5tury1 till
 #ahjf4 ,x 0 ass]t$ 9 ! discussion 79 ! 
,assembly7 t no "o %\ld be =c$ to foll[ 
entirely ,calv9's ,cate*ism4 ,x is fur!r
 expect$ t ! c&idates = ! m9i/ry %\ld be
 reque/$ n to discuss 9 ! pulpit any    
/rik+ or useless matt] :i* might t5d to 
di/urb ! peace4 ,at ?is "t1 !           
,confession ( ,fai? ( ! #ag? c5tury 0   
aboli%$ to return to t ( ! #af? c5tury1 
int]pret+ ! latt] ) mu* fre$om4 ,! ,l[] 
,c\ncil ratifi$ ?is decision1 b ord]$ ! 
,assembly to keep ! mo/ absolute sil5ce 
^u ?is subject1 especially 9 ! pres5ce (
 /rang]s4 ,9 #aghh1 ! ,assembly adopt$ a
 new ,cate*ism1 conta9+ num]\s po9ts (  
div]g5ce f ! or?odox ,cate*ism ( ,calv91
 :i* x sup]s$$ ) ! sanction ( ! ,l[]    
,c\ncil4 ,9 #ahjf1 ! new =mula (        

consecration ?rew out ! ,cate*ism2 x ran
 ?us--,y promise to tea* div9e tru? z x 
is conta9$ 9 ! books ( ! ,old & ,new    
,te/am5ts1 ( :i* we h an abridgm5t 9 !  
,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,9 #ahaj1 aft] long    
delib]ation1 !re 0 publi%$ a revision 9 
! latitud9>ian & utilit>ian s5se ( !    
,l>g] ,cate*ism4 ,9 ! same ye>1 !       
,apo/les' ,cre$ 0 ?r[n out ( ! pl$ge ( !
 m9i/]s1 :i* n[ read ?us3 ,y promise 444
 to prea*1 9 its purity1 ! gospel ( our 
,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 to recognise z ! only 
infallible rule ( fai? & conduct ! ^w ( 
,god1 z x is conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( !
 ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,pres5tly1      
h[ev]1 9 #ahac1 a religi\s revival l$ to
 dang]\s discussions1 & ! m9i/]s 7 b\nd 
to ab/a9 f all sect>ian _s1 to avoid all
 t w\ld create any s*ism & break ! union
 ( ! ,*ur*--an addition suppress$ t[>ds 
#ahej2 & 9 #ahag1 !y 7 requir$ to pl$ge 
!mselves to ab/a9 f discuss+ f\r po9ts 9
 p>ticul>--! mann] ( ! union ( ! div9e &
 human nature 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 
orig9al s92 ! mann] 9 :i* grace op]ates1

 or sav+ grace2 & pr$e/9ation2 &1 if l$ 
to utt] _! ?\ghts on any "o ( ^!        
subjects1 !y 7 to d s )\t too mu*       
positiv5ess1 to avoid expressions =eign 
to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & to use1 z mu* 
z possible1 ! t]ms :i* !y employ4 ,9    
#ahdg1 ! organisation ( ! ,prote/ant    
wor%ip 0 set =? 9 a special law1 & 9    
#ahdi1 ! ,consi/ory call$ 9 accordance )
 ?is1 adopt$ an organic rule = ! ,*ur*4 
,accord+ to ,article #gd1 ! function>ies
 ( ! ,*ur* may be subject$ to discipl9e 
9 case ( tea*+1 prea*+1 or publicly     
pr(ess+ any doctr9e t may br+ sc&al ^u !
 ,*ur*4 ,v>i\s modifications foll[$4 ,9 
#ahgd 7,april #bf71 ,article #abc 0 made
 to decl>e t ea* pa/or tea*es & prea*es 
freely on 8 own responsibility1 & no    
re/ra9t c be put ^u ?is lib]ty ei!r by !
 ,confession ( ,fai? or by ! liturgic   
=mulas4 ,9 ! end ( ! same ye>1 h[ev]    
7,oct4 #c71 ! ,/ate ,c\ncil promulgat$ a
 new organic law1 9 virtue ( :i* a pa/or
 c ei!r be susp5d$ or dismiss$ by !     
,consi/ory or by ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate =    

dogmatic motives4 ,9 #ahge1 ! pa/or     
obta9$ ! "r to use 9 8 religi\s tea*+   
any cate*etical manual he pref]r$1      
provid$ he in=m$ ! ,consi/ory ( 8 *oice4
 ,! use ( ! liturgical pray]s1 publi%$  
by ! ,consi/ory1 became optional4 ,!    
pa/ors 7 n[ requir$ m]ely to decl>e be=e
 ,god t !y w tea* & prea* consci5ti\sly1
 accord+ to _! lights & fai? ! ,*ri/ian 
tru? conta9$ 9 our holy hooks4 ,!       
liturgical collection1 publi%$ by !     
,consi/ory 9 #ahge1 conta9s two s]ies ( 
=mulas1 express$ 9 a dogmatic s5se on ! 
"o h&1 & 9 a lib]al s5se on ! o!r4 ,!   
,apo/les' ,cre$ is optional4   ,free    
,evangelical ,*ur* ( ,g5eva4  ,! ,free  
,evangelical ,*ur* ( ,g5eva dem&s only a
 =mal adh]5ce to its ,pr(ession ( ,fai? 
f ! eld]s 7includ+ ! m9i/]s7 & !        
deacons4 ,"s ( ^! (fic]s h ev5 be5      
p]mitt$ to hold c]ta9 res]ves on su* or 
su* article4   ,g]manic ,switz]l&4      
,pa/or ,b]n>d ( ,b]ne1 hav+ enum]at$ !  
symbolical writ+s ( ,g]manic ,switz]l&1 
says3 ,= c5turies ! pa/ors 7 oblig$ to  

sign !m1 al?\gh x is true t ! ,second   
,confession ( ,helvetic ,fai? 0 alone   
recognis$ z ! g5]al rule impos$ ^u      
pa/ors4 ,! sign+ ( ! ,=mula ,cons5sus 0 
exact$ only tempor>ily 7be+ disc>d$ ab\t
 #agbj74 ,x has be5 only f ! beg9n+ (   
?is c5tury t1 "u ! influ5ce (           
rationalism1 pa/ors h be5 requir$ to    
prea* ! ,gospel m]ely accord+ to !      
pr9ciples ( ! ,helvetic ,confession4    
,to-day we f9d all confession ( fai?    
aboli%$ 9 our ,g]manic ,swiss ,*ur*es4  
,pa/ors prea* :at pleases !m4 ,*os5 by !
 p>i%es1 !y owe to !m solely an av[al ( 
_! doctr9es4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,! ,hung>ian      
,re=m$ ,*ur* has a s+ul> hi/ory1 9      
respect ( ,cre$s4 ,! ,report ( ! ,c\ncil
 goes v m9utely into ! detail ( elev5   
confessions held successively by t *ur*4
 ,( ^!1 !re survive two--! ,helvetic    
,confession & ! ,cate*ism ( ,heidelb]g1 
by :i* m9i/]s & (fice--be>]s are /ill   
b\nd4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,g]man ,*ur*es4  ,next z to

 ,g]many4 ,z ! sev]al /ates h _! sep>ate
 ecclesia/ical usages1 ! same rule does 
n apply ev]y:]e4 ,= an extreme case (   
abs5ce ( tol]ation1 we may ref] to !    
,gr& ,du*y ( ,meckl5burg4 ,lu!ranism is 
! e/abli%$ religion2 & ! ,du*y is !     
/ronghold ( m$iaeval cons]vatism bo? 9  
politics & 9 religion4 ,!1 removal (    
,baumg>t5 f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro/ock is an
 example 9 po9t2 & ! decree is s        
*>act]i/ic1 & illu/rative t x des]ves to
 be giv5 at l5g?4  ,we h to our s9c]e   
regret be5 giv5 to und]/& t1 9 y\r      
writ+s publi%$ 9 & s9ce ! ye> #ahed1 y h
 advanc$ doctr9es & pr9ciples t are 9 ! 
mo/ important po9ts at v>iance ) !      
doctr9es & pr9ciples ( ! symbolic books 
( our ,evangelical-,lu!ran ,*ur* & ( our
 rules ( ,*ur* ,discipl9e1 to su* an    
ext5t z to am\nt to an attempt to %ake  
to ! v f\ndation ! basis :]eon ^!       
doctr9es & pr9ciples & our *ur* re/4 ,9 
ord] to rea* m exact c]ta9ty on ^! ?+s1 
we h assembl$ our ,consi/ory to consid] 
?is matt]1 & f !m we h receiv$ ! annex$ 

op9ion1 by :i* ! above-m5tion$ view has 
be5 fully confirm$4  ,:]eas1 !n1 x is   
requir$ by our ,*ur* ,ord9ances ( #aeeb 
& #afjb 7#afej7 t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e    
%all be taught 'pure & un*ang$1' z x is 
conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 ! g5]al symbols (
 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 9 ,dr4 ,lu!r's       
,cate*ism & ,confession1 & 9 ! ,augsburg
 ,confession ( #aecj1 & t1 if an        
academical tea*] fall away f ^!1 he %all
 be proce$$ aga9/2 :]eas1 fur!r1 9      
,articles ,,ii4 to ,,iv4 ( ! ,rev]sals (
 #afba1 ! sov]eigns gave ! ,/ates !     
assurance t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro/ock !re
 %\ld be nei!r appo9t$ nor tol]at$ any  
o!r tea*]s b su* z %\ld be atta*$ to !  
,augsburg ,confession & ! ,lu!ran       
religion3 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( 
,ro/ock on ! pure doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian  
symbols & ( ! ,augsburg ,confession has 
be5 repeat$ 9  #d ( ! ,regulations ^u ! 
relations ( ! t[n ( ,ro/ock to ! ,/ate  
,univ]sity ( #ahbg1 & once aga9 9  #a ( 
! ,/atutes ( ! ,univ]sity ( #ahcg2 no   
less d ! /atutes ( ! ,!ological ,faculty

 ( ,ro/ock ( #aefd1 & ! lat] ,regulation
 z to ?is ,faculty ( #agia1 b9d ! memb]s
 ( ! ,faculty to exp\nd ! writ+s ( !    
,prophets & ! ,apo/les 9 ! s5se laid d[n
 9 ! g5]al ,*ri/ian symbols1 9 !        
,augsburg ,confession1 ! ,smalkald      
,articles1 & ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,lu!r2 y\r 
appo9tm5t ( #ca/ ,augu/1 #ahej1 ref]r$ y
 to ! ,/atutes ( ! ,univ]sity & ( !     
,!ological ,faculty1 & also direct$ y to
 comport y\rself 9 accordance ) ! rule &
 l9e ( ! reveal$ ^w ( ,god1 ! un*ang$   
,augsburg ,confession1 ! =mula          
concordia1 & all ! o!r symbolic books   
receiv$ 9 our 7l&s7 c\ntry1 z well z ) !
 ,meckl5burg ,*ur* ,ord9ances relat+ to 
^!1 )\t any innovation2 y also on y\r   
induction on ! #ai? ( ,oct41 #ahej1 b\nd
 y\rself by oa? to ! duties conta9$ 9   
y\r appo9tm5t & to ! ,/atutes ( !       
,univ]sity & ( ! ,!ological ,faculty4   
,removal ( ,baumg>t5 f ,ro/ock4  ,we c !
 %ort] "t entru/ y ) ! vocation ( an    
academic tea*] ( ! ,evangelical-,lu!ran 
,!ology z y h unit$ ) y\r backslid+s 9  

!ological doctr9e at ! same "t political
 doctr9es ( ! mo/ delicate k9d1 d$uc$   
relatively f ^?2 & we w1 !re=e--aft]    
he>+ ( our ,high ,consi/ory1 & aft] !   
=ego+ resolution ( our m9i/ry accord+ to
  #aj1 ,lit4 ,h4 ( ! ,ord9ance ( #d?    
,april1 #ahec1 relat+ to ! organisation 
( ! ,m9i/]s--h]eby remove y f ! (fice1  
hi!rto fill$ by y1 ( an ord9>y ,pr(essor
 ( ,!ology 9 our ,/ate ,univ]sity (     
,ro/ock4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,9 ,prussia1 ! ,cl]gy1 &   
especially ! ,univ]sity ,pr(essors (    
,!ology1 enjoy m lib]ty ?an 9           
,meckl5burg2 b !y are n :olly secure f !
 attempts ( ! ,*ur* ,c\rts to en=ce     
discipl9e aga9/ h]etical tea*+4 ,!      
foll[+ are rec5t cases4  #a4 ,! ,/4     
,jacobi ,geme9de 7p>i%7 9 ,b]l91        
belong+1 z is ! rule 9 ,prussia1 to !   
,unirte ,kir*e--a fusion ( ! ,lu!ran & !
 ,re=m$ ,*ur*es--9 #ahgg1 *ose1 z its   
pa/or1 ,lic4 ,horzba*4 ,! ,consi/ory (  
,br&5burg1 )9 ^: jurisdiction ,b]l9     
lies1 refus$ to admit him on acc\nt ( 8 

het]odox views4 ,by ! ecclesia/ical law1
 a pa/or translat$ f "o consi/ory to    
ano!r1 has to be approv$ ( by ! "o he   
ent]s2 :i* gives an opportunity (       
ex]cis+ a discipl9>y p[]1 n beyond :at  
is possess$ by ! consi/ory :]e he has   
once be5 admitt$1 b m opportunely &     
conv5i5tly br\ght into play4 ,/4 ,jacobi
 p>i%1 hav+ app>5tly a ta/e = advanc$   
views1 next *ose a ,dr4 ,s*ramm2 b he   
too 0 reject$ on ! same gr\nds4 ,! ?ird 
selection fell on ,pa/or ,w]n] 7,gub572 
?is 0 confirm$ by ! ,consi/ory1 b 0     
qua%$ by ! ,ob]kir*5ra?1 or supreme     
ecclesia/ical au?ority ( ! c\ntry1      
locat$ 9 ,b]l94 ,! p>i% 0 n[ consid]$ to
 h =feit$ its "r ( election2 & a pa/or 0
 *os5 = x by ! ,ob]kir*5ra?4 ,happily 8 
views 7 n too /rict = ! congregation1 & 
peace 0 re/or$4 ,9 all ! ?ree in/ances1 
! rejection took place on ! compla9t ( a
 small or?odox m9ority 9 ! p>i%4  #b4   
,rev4 ,lhr1 pa/or at ,eck5=da1 9 !      
,prussian ,prov9ce ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 
0 accus$ ( h]esy1 & depriv$ by !        

,prov9cial ,consi/ory ( ,kiel 9         
,decemb]1 #ahha4 ,pa/or ,lhr appeal$ to 
! ,b]l9 ,ob]kir*5ra?1 :o rev]s$ !       
s5t5ce1 & let him (f ) a repro( = ! use 
( incauti\s language4  ,!re h be5 two   
/ill m notori\s h]esy hunts3 "o1 ! case 
( ,dr4 ,syd[ 9 ,b]l92 ! o!r1 ,pa/or     
,kalzh(f1 :o 0 ultimately depos$1 & is  
n[ m9i/] ( an indep5d5t congregation 9  
,b]l94  ,bo? ! c5tral ecclesia/ical     
au?ority & ! prov9cial consi/ories1 be+ 
nom9at$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 reflect !       
religi\s t5d5cies ( ! ,emp]or & 8       
,m9i/]s = ! "t be+4 ,at pres5t1 ^! are  
probably beh9d ! c\ntry at l>ge 9 po9t (
 lib]ality4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,next to ,switz]l&1 
,holl& is mo/ di/+ui%$ = advanc$ views z
 to ! remission ( ,te/s1 & ! lib]ty ( ! 
cl]gy4 ,a v complete acc\nt ( ! hi/ory &
 pres5t position ( ! ,dut* sects is giv5
 9 a pamphlet1 entitl$ ,! ,ecclesia/ical
 ,in/itutions ( ,holl&1 by ,philip ,h4  
,wick/e$1 ,m4,a4 7,williams  ,norgate74 
,subscription 9 ! ,dut* ,*ur*4  ,x is   

pretty well kn[n t 9 doctr9al views !   
majority 9 ! ,dut* ,*ur* is ,calv9i/2   
:ile a m9ority =ms ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 a   
s*ool p>tak+ ( ! rationalism ( our      
c5tury 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,! battle ( !   
,confessions began 9 #ahdb1 & is n yet  
f9i%$4 ,9 ?is ye> an attempt 0 made to  
revive ! b9d+ au?ority ( ! old          
confessions4 ,! ,g5]al ,synod 9 t & !   
foll[+ ye>s successfully resi/$ !       
movem5t4 ,9 #ahed1 a new =mula (        
subscription applicable to c&idates = ! 
m9i/ry 0 introduc$1 less /r+5t & m      
lib]al ?an ! old "o4 ,! or?odoxy p>ty   
endeav\r$ to make x m /r+5t1 ! lib]als  
propos$ to make x /ill less s4 ,9 #ahgd1
 a majority ( ! ,g5]al ,synod pass$ !   
foll[+ decl>ation3--  ,! doctr9e conta9$
 9 ! ,ne!rl& ,confession1 ! ,heidelb]g  
,cate*ism1 & ! ,canons ( ! ,synod (     
,dort1 =ms ! hi/orical f\ndation ( !    
,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ! ,ne!rl&s4  ,inasmu* z  
?is doctr9e is n confess$ ) suffici5t   
unanimity by ! community1 !re c1 "u !   
exi/+ circum/ances1 be no possibility ( 

'ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e' 9 ! ecclesia/ical   
s5se4 ,! community1 build+ on !         
pr9ciples ( ! ,*ur*1 z manife/$ 9 h]    
orig9 & developm5t1 cont9ues to confess 
h] ,*ri/ian fai?1 & !reby to =m !       
expression :i* may 9 c\rse ( "t once m  
become ! adequate & unanim\s ,confession
 ( ! ,*ur*4  ,meantime1 c>e = ! int]e/s 
( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 g5]al & ! ,re=m$ 9 
p>ticul>1 quick5+ ( ,*ri/ian religion & 
morality1 increase ( religi\s k1        
pres]vation ( ord] & unity1 & fur!rance 
( love = ,k+ & ,fa!rl&--are ev] ! ma9   
object ( all to :om any ecclesia/ical   
(fice is entru/$1 & no "o c be reject$ z
 a memb] or a tea*] :o1 comply+ ) all   
o!r requirem5ts1 decl>es himself to be  
conv9c$ 9 8 own consci5ce t 9 compliance
 ) ! above-nam$ pr9ciples1 he may belong
 to ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ! ,ne!rl&s4#ba     
,?is decl>ation1 h[ev]1 did n pass !    
,prov9cial ,*ur* ,c\rts1 :i* possess !  
"r ( veto2 & ! law !re=e rema9$ z x 04  
,b1 9 #ahha1 a new proposal = alt]+ !   
=mula ( subscription pass$ ! ,g5]al     

,synod4 ,next ye>1 x 0 def9itely        
approv$1 & is n[ ! law ( ! *ur*4        
,accord+ to x1 lic5tiates to ! ,m9i/ry1 
on be+ admitt$ by ! ,prov9cial ,*ur*    
,c\rts1 are made to promise t !y w lab\r
 9 ! ,m9i/ry accord+ to _! vocation )   
zeal & fai?fulness2 t !y w fur!r ) all  
_! p[] ! int]e/s ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 &1 s 
f> z consi/5t !re)1 ! int]e/s ( ! ,dut* 
,re=m$ ,*ur*1 & give ob$i5ce to !       
regulations ( t ,*ur*4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 
bo? 9 or?odox & 9 semi-or?odox circles1 
a wide-spread dissatisfaction ) ?is     
am\nt ( latitude1 & fe>s are ent]ta9$ = 
its cont9uance4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote
 #bj3 ,! debates 9 ?is ,synod 7 conduct$
 ) ! highe/ ability on bo? sides4       
,guizot took a "p on ! side ( or?odoxy4 
,! publi%$ report w be f\nd ab/ract$ 9 !
 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 ,,cxiv4         
,footnote #ba3 ,mr4 ,wick/e$ makes !    
foll[+ curi\s rem>k3--,i am (t5 ask$    
:e!r ! ',mod]ns' are ,unit>ians4 ,! "q  
is r />tl+4 ,x is z if "o 7 ask$ :e!r ! 
majority ( ,engli% a/ronom]s _h ceas$ to

 uphold ! ,ptolemaic sy/em yet4 ,! be/  
answ] ,i c give is a ref]5ce to ! *apt] 
on ',god' 9 a popul> "w by ,dr4 ,mat!s  
:i* has run ?r\gh f\r editions4 ,9 ?is  
*apt] !re is n a ^w ab\t ! ,tr9ity1 b at
 ! close occurs ?is footnote3 ,on !     
antiquat$ doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 see !    
f\rte5? note at ! end ( ! book1--:]e1   
accord+ly1 ! doctr9e is exp\nd$ & its   
confusions po9t$ out r ) ! calm int]e/ (
 ! antiqu>ian ?an ! eag]ness ( !        
controv]siali/4'         99       99    
99       99       99   ,,works ,,by     
,,pr(essor ,,ba94   ,a ,,fir/ ,,engli%  
,,gramm>1 #ij? ,?\s&4  ,a ,,key1 )      
additional ,ex]cises4  ,a ,,high]       
,,engli% ,,gramm>1 #hj? ,?\s& (  ,revis$
 ,edition4  ,a ,,companion ,,to ,,!     
,,high] ,,gramm>4  ,,engli%             
,,composition ,,& ,,rhetoric4  ,,logic1 
9 ,two ,p>ts--  ,,d$uction4             
,,induction4  ,,m5tal ,,& ,,moral       
,,sci5ce4  ,! same1 9 ,two ,p>ts1       
,,m5tal ,,sci5ce--,,psy*ology ,,&       
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4  ,,moral     

,,sci5ce--,,e?ical ,,philosophy ,,&     
,,e?ical ,,sy/ems4  ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,! 
,,intellect1 #crd ,edition4  ,,!        
,,emotions ,,& ,,! ,,w1 #crd ,edition4  
,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill1 a ,criticism3 )   
,p]sonal ,recollections4  ,,james       
,,mill1 a ,biography4