,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,an ,,illu/rat$ ,,treatise ,,by ,,*>les ,d4 ,,mag9nis ,f4,a4,i4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,fell[ ,,am4 ,,acad4 ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces ,,=m]ly ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,illu/ration1 ,,c[les ,,art ,,s*ool ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,p5 ,,draw+1 ,,bo/on ,,ar*itectural ,,club ,,sev5? ,,edition ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,to ,mr4 ,david ,a4 ,gregg & to ,mr4 ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue1 :o h g5]\sly made special draw+s = ?is little book1 & to ! ,publi%]s :o h c\rte\sly all[$ me to make use ( illu/rations own$ by !m1 my ?anks & my cordial ackn[l$gem5ts are due4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,figure #a4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,f ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e 7,! ,c5tury ,co3 ,new ,york7 #b4 ,,maxime ,,lalanne4 ,f ,la ,holl&e ,vol d',oiseau1 by ,h4 ,hav>d 7,a4 ,quant93 ,p>is7 #c4 ,,maxime ,,lalanne4 ,f ,la ,holl&e ,vol d',oiseau1 by ,h4 ,hav>d 7,a4 ,quant93 ,p>is7 #d4 ,,re/oration ,,h\se1 ,,ro*e/]1 ,,engl&4 ,draw+ f a ,photograph #e4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,f ,highways & ,byways 9 ,nor? ,wales 7,macmillan ,co3 ,london7 #f4 ,,b]tram ,g4 ,,goodhue4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #g4 ,,h]b]t ,,railton4 ,f ,coa*+ ,days & ,coa*+ ,ways1 by ,w4 ,outram ,tri/ram 7,macmillan ,co3 ,london7 #h4 ,,b]tram ,g4 ,,goodhue4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #i4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #aj4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #aa4 ,,m>t9 ,,rico4 ,f ,la ,ilu/racion ,espaola y ,am]icana #ab4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #ac4 ,,daniel ,,vi]ge4 ,f ,pablo de ,sgovie1 by ,francisco de ,quev$o 7,lon ,bonh\re3 ,p>is7 #ad4 ,,m>t9 ,,rico4 ,f ,la ,ilu/racion ,espaola y ,am]icana #ae4 ,,alfr$ ,,br5nan4 ,f ,/4 ,ni*olas 7,! ,c5tury ,co3 ,new ,york7 #af4 ,,leslie ,,willson4 ,f ,pick-,me-,up 7,london7 #ag4 ,,draw+ ,,f ,,photograph4 ,f ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e 7,h>p] ,bro!rs3 ,new ,york7 #ah4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,f ,! ,s"o3 ,a ,summ] ,voyage1 by ,philip ,gilb]t ,ham]ton 7,seeley ,co3 ,london7 #ai4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,f ,! ,s"o3 ,a ,summ] ,voyage1 by ,philip ,gilb]t ,ham]ton 7,seeley ,co3 ,london7 #bj4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,f ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e 7,h>p] ,bro!rs3 ,new ,york7 #ba4 ,e4 ,,dantan4 ,f ,l',art 7,p>is7 #bb4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,raffa,,lli4 ,f ,gazette des ,beaux-,arts 7,p>is7 #bc4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #bd4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg4 ,f ,ar*itectural ,r5d]+ 9 ,p5 & ,ink1 by ,d4 ,a4 ,gregg 7,ticknor ,co3 ,bo/on7 #be4 ,,daniel ,,vi]ge4 ,f ,pablo de ,sgovie1 by ,francisco de ,quev$o 7,lon ,bonh\re3 ,p>is7 #bf4 ,,daniel ,,vi]ge4 ,f ,pablo de ,sgovie1 by ,francisco de ,quev$o 7,lon ,bonh\re3 ,p>is7 #bg4 ,,h>ry ,,f5n4 ,f ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e 7,! ,c5tury ,co3 ,new ,york7 #bh4 ,,reg9ald ,,bir*4 ,f ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e 7,! ,c5tury ,co3 ,new ,york7 #bi4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,f ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e 7,! ,c5tury ,co3 ,new ,york7 #cj4 ,,b]tram ,g4 ,,goodhue4 ,f ,! ,ar*itectural ,review 7,bates ,guild ,co3 ,bo/on7 #ca4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,f ,*>+ ,cross to ,/4 ,paul's1 by ,ju/9 ,mc,carthy 7,seeley ,co3 ,london7 #cb4 ,,leon>d ,,rav5 ,,hill4 ,f ,pick-,me-,up 7,london7 #cc4 ,,daniel ,,vi]ge4 ,f ,pablo de ,sgovie1 by ,francisco de ,quev$o 7,lon ,bonh\re3 ,p>is7 #cd4 ,p4 ,g4 ,,jeanniot4 ,f ,la ,vie ,mod]ne 7,p>is7 #ce4 ,,por* ,,( ,,an ,,engli% ,,*ur*4 ,f a ,photograph #cf4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #cg4 ,,norm&y ,,moat-,,h\se4 ,f a ,photograph #ch4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #ci4 ,,/reet ,,9 ,,holl&4 ,f a ,photograph #dj4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #da4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #db4 ,,george ,f4 ,,newton4 ,f ,catalogue ( ! ,philadelphia ,bo/on ,face ,brick ,co4 7,bo/on7 #dc4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #dd4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #de4 ,,frank ,e4 ,,wallis4 ,f ,! ,eng9e]+ ,record #df4 ,,h>ry ,,allan ,,jacobs4 ,f ,! ,ar*itectural ,review 7,bates ,guild ,co3 ,bo/on7 #dg4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg4 ,f ,ar*itectural ,r5d]+ 9 ,p5 & ,ink1 by ,d4 ,a4 ,gregg 7,ticknor ,co3 ,bo/on7 #dh4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg4 ,f ,! ,brickbuild] 7,rog]s ,manson3 ,bo/on7 #di4 ,,h]b]t ,,railton4 ,f ,coa*+ ,days & ,coa*+ ,ways1 by ,w4 ,outram ,tri/ram 7,macmillan ,co3 ,london7 #ej4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg4 ,f ,! ,am]ican ,ar*itect 7,! ,am]ican ,ar*itect & ,build+ ,news ,co3 ,bo/on7 #ea4 ,,walt] ,m4,,campbell4 ,f ,! ,am]ican ,ar*itect 7,! ,am]ican ,ar*itect & ,build+ ,news ,co3 ,bo/on7 #eb4 ,,h]b]t ,,railton4 ,f ,coa*+ ,days & ,coa*+ ,ways1 by ,w4 ,outram ,tri/ram 7,macmillan ,co3 ,london7 #ec4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,jaccaci4 ,f ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e 7,! ,c5tury ,co3 ,new ,york7 #ed4 ,,claude ,,fayette ,,bragdon4 ,f ,! ,brickbuild] 7,rog]s ,manson3 ,bo/on7 #ee4 ,,h>vey ,,ellis4 ,f ,! ,inl& ,ar*itect 7,! ,inl& ,publi%+ ,co3 ,*icago7 #ef4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,mall[s4 ,f ,! ,briti% ,ar*itect 7,london7 #eg4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #eh4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #ei4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #fj4 ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,drawn = ,p5 ,draw+ #fa4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,fro/4 ,f ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e 7,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons3 ,new ,york7 #fb4 ,,alfr$ ,g4 ,,jones4 ,f a ,book ,plate #fc4 ,,walt] ,,appleton ,,cl>k4 ,f ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e 7,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons3 ,new ,york74 #fd4 ,a4 ,,campbell ,,cross4 ,f ,qu>ti] ,lat9 7,p>is7 #fe4 ,,mu*a4 ,f a ,po/] ,design #ff4 ,,h[>d ,,pyle4 ,f ,otto ( ! ,silv] ,h&1 by ,h[>d ,pyle 7,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons3 ,new ,york7 #fg4 ,,w ,h4 ,,bradley4 ,f a ,po/] ,design = ,! ,*ap-,book 7,h]b]t ,s4 ,/one ,co3 ,*icago7 #fh4 ,p4 ,j4 ,,bill+hur/4 ,f a ,book ,plate #fi4 ,,begg>/aff ,,bro!rs4 ,f a ,po/] ,design #gj4 ,,edw>d ,,p5field4 ,f a ,design = ! ,po/] ,cal5d> 7,r4 ,h4 ,russell ,son3 ,new ,york7 #ga4 ,,l\is ,j4 ,,rhead4 ,f a ,po/] ,design = ,lundborg's ,p]fumes #gb4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,simpson4 ,f a ,book ,plate ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4--,/yle 9 ,p5 ,draw+ ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,mat]ials ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,te*nique ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,values ,,*apt] ,v4--,practical ,problems ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,ar*itectural ,draw+ ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,decorative ,draw+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,/yle ,,9 ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,art1 ) its f9ite means1 _c hope to record ! inf9ite v>iety & complexity ( ,nature1 & s cont5ts itself ) a p>tial /atem5t1 address+ ?is to ! imag9ation = ! full & p]fect mean+4 ,?is inadequation1 & ! artificial adju/m5ts :i* x involves1 are tol]at$ by "r ( :at is kn[n z arti/ic conv5tion2 & z ea* art has its own p>ticul> limitations1 s ea* has its own p>ticul> conv5tions4 ,sculpture reproduces ! =ms ( ,nature1 b disc>ds ! color )\t any %ock to our ideas ( v]ity2 ,pa9t+ gives u ! color1 b n ! ?ird dim5sion1 & we are satisfi$2 & ,ar*itecture is purely conv5tional1 s9ce x does n ev5 aim at ! imitation ( natural =m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,conv5tions ( ,l9e ,draw+ ,( ! k9dr$ arts :i* gr\p !mselves "u ! head ( ,pa9t+1 none is bas$ on su* broad conv5tions z t ) :i* we are imm$iately conc]n$--! art ( ,p5 ,draw+4 ,9 ?is m$ium1 ,nature's v>iety ( color1 :5 n positively ignor$1 is sugge/$ by means ( %>p black l9es1 ( v>y+ ?ickness1 plac$ m or less closely toge!r ^u :ite pap]2 :ile natural =m dep5ds prim>ily = its repres5tation ^u arbitr>y b\nd>y l9es4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no au?ority 9 ,nature = a positive outl9e3 we see objects only by ! diff]5ce 9 color ( ! o!r objects beh9d & ar\nd !m4 ,! te*nical capacity ( ! p5 & ink m$ium1 h[ev]1 does n provide a value correspond+ to e natural "o1 s t a broad int]pretation has to be adopt$ :i* elim9ates ! less positive values2 &1 t =m may n likewise be sacrific$1 ! outl9e becomes necess>y1 t light objects may /& reliev$ aga9/ light4 ,?is outl9e is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 z x is ! mo/ indisp5sable1 ( ! conv5tions ( l9e draw+4 ,to seek to aboli% x only involves a resort to exp$i5ts no less artificial1 & ! results ( all su* attempts1 dep5d5t z !y necess>ily are ^u elaboration ( color1 & a g5]al indirectness ( me?od1 lack "s ( ! be/ *>act]i/ics ( p5 draw+4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 an elaborate color-s*eme is m]ely a /ra9+ at ! te*nical limitations ( ! p5 9 an ef=t to r5d] ! greate/ possible numb] ( values4 ,x may be wor? :ile to inquire :e!r excell5ce 9 p5 draw+ consi/s 9 ?us disp5s+ ) its recogniz$ conv5tions1 or 9 o!rwise tax+ ! te*nical res\rces ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?is involves ! "q ( ,/yle1--( :at *>act]i/ic p5 me?ods are1--a "q :i* we w briefly consid]4 ,side note3 ,:at ,con/itut$ ,/yle ,x is a recogniz$ pr9ciple t e m$ium ( art expression %\ld be treat$ ) due reg>d to its nature & prop]ties4 ,! sculptor v>ies 8 te*nique accord+ z he works 9 wood1 granite1 or m>ble2 ! pa9t] h&les 8 wat]-color 9 q ano!r mann] ?an t he w\ld employ on an oil-pa9t+ ( ! same subject2 & ! ar*itect1 ) ! subtle s5se ( ! craftsman1 c>ries ?is pr9ciple to su* a f9e issue z to imp>t an individual expression ev5 to p>ticul> woods4 ,he kn[s t :at may be an admirable design :5 execut$ 9 brass may be a v bad "o 9 wr\ght-iron & is sure to be an absurdity 9 wood4 ,an arti/ic motive = a silv] flagon1 too1 is likely to prove ugly = pott]y or cut-glass1 & s on4 ,!re is a g5ius1 born ( its p>ticul> prop]ties1 9 e m$ium1 :i* dem&s individual expression4 ,obs]ve1 !re=e1 t ,art is n satisfi$ ) m]e unrelat$ beauty ( =m or color4 ,x requires t ! result confess "s s5sible relation to ! means by :i* x has be5 obta9$2 & 9 proportion z x does ?is1 x may claim to possess t individual & di/9ctive *>m :i* we call ,/yle4 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t ! te*nical limitations ( p>ticul> m$iums impose :at might prop]ly be call$ natural conv5tions2 & :ile misguid$ ambition may set ^! conv5tions aside to hamm] out effects f an unwill+ m$ium1 ! triumph is only me*anical2 ,art does n lie t way4 ,side note3 ,! ,prov9ce ( ! ,p5 ,ought ! p51 !n1 to be p]suad$ into ! prov9ce ( ! bru%8 ,s9ce ! natures ( ! two means diff]1 x does n /ultify ! wat]-color t x _c run ! deep gamut ( oil4 ,ev5 if ! *ur*-organ be ! gr&e/ & mo/ compreh5sive ( musical in/rum5ts we may /ill be p]mitt$ to *]i% our piano4 ,ea* has its own sph]e1 its own reason = be+4 ,s ( ! p51--! piccolo flute ( ! arti/ic or*e/ra4 ,let x pipe its high treble z m]rily z x may1 b d n co]ce x into mimick+ ! bassoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,p5 draw+ is mo/ apt to lose its individuality :5 x beg9s to assume ! *>act]i/ics ( wa%-draw+1 su* z an elaborate mass+ ( grays1 small light areas1 & a g5]al indirectness ( me?od4 ,a pa9t] once told me t he 0 almo/ afraid to h&le ! p51--,x is s fe>fully direct1 he said4 ,he und]/ood ! in/rum5t1 c]ta9ly1 = if !re is "o *>act]i/ic m ?an ano!r :i* %\ld di/+ui% p5 me?ods x is ,directness4 ,! nature ( ! p5 seems to m>k z its peculi> function t ( pick+ out ! really vital features ( a subject4 ,p5 draw+ has be5 aptly t]m$ ! %or?& ( ,art2 ! g5ius ( ! p5-po9t is ess5tially epitome4 ,if we turn to ! bru%1 we f9d its capacity su* t a high light may be br\ght d[n to a m9ute fraction ( an in* ) a few swift /rokes ( x2 :]eas ! t$i\s labor1 n to speak ( ! actual te*nical difficulties1 enc\nt]$ 9 attempt+ su* an effect ( color ) p5 & ink1 indicates t we are =c+ ! m$ium4 ,moreov]1 x is te*nically impossible to reproduce ) ! p5 ! l[ values :i* may be obta9$ ) ! bru%2 & x is unwise to attempt x4 ,! way1 = example1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,joseph ,p5nell h&les 8 p5 z comp>$ ) t 9 :i* he h&les 8 bru% is mo/ in/ructive z illu/rat+ :at ,i h be5 ma9ta9+4 ,8 p5 draw+s are pit*$ 9 a high key1--brilliant blacks & l>ge light areas1 ) (t5 j en\gh half-tone to s(t5 ! effect4 ,8 wa%-draw+s1 on ! contr>y1 are s utt]ly diff]5t 9 mann] z to h no?+ 9 common ) ! o!rs1 di/+ui%$ z !y are by masses ( l[ tone & small light areas4 ,comp>e ,figs4 #a & #e4 ,obs]ve t !re is no /ra9+ at ! te*nical capacity ( ! p5 or ( ! bru%2 no attempt to obta9 an effect 9 "o m$ium :i* seems to be m naturally adapt$ to ! o!r4 ,individuality is imp>t$ to ea* by a frank concession to its peculi> g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,maxime ,,lalanne ,side note3 ,examples ( ,good ,/yle ,i h said t ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( p5 me?ods is ,directness4 ,i ?9k ,i may n[ say t ! *ief elem5t ( /yle is ,economy ( ,means4 ,! draw+ by ,m4 ,maxime ,lalanne %[n 9 ,fig4 #b is an excell5t example ( ?is economy c>ri$ to its extreme4 ,n a /roke c\ld be sp>$1 s direct & simple is x1 & yet x is s complete & homog5\s t no?+ c\ld be add$ to make x m s4 ,! ar*itecture is left )\t color1 & yet we are made to feel t x is n :ite--?is subtle sugge/ion ( l[ color be+ obta9$ by a c>eful avoidance ( any /rong black notes 9 ! r5d]+1 :i* w\ld h int5sifi$ ! :ites & light$ up ! picture4 ,fig4 #c1 by ! same arti/1 is ev5 m notable by reason ( ! ma/]ly bread? :i* *>act]izes ! treatm5t ( a mo/ complicat$ subject4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! ) a draw+ ( ! ,re/oration ,h\se1 at ,ro*e/]1 ,engl&1 ,fig4 #d1 is in/ructive4 ,9 ! latt] ! me?od is almo/ pa9fully elaborate2 no?+ ( ! effect is obta9$ by sugge/ion4 ,! te*nique is v>i$ & int]e/+1 b ! :ole draw+ lacks t individual some?+ :i* we call ,/yle4 ,9 ! ,lalanne draw+s we see foliage conv9c+ly repres5t$ by means ( ! m]e outl9es & a few subtle /rokes ( ! p54 ,!re is no attempt at ! lit]al r5d]+ ( natural objects 9 detail1 all is accompli%$ by sugge/ion3 & :ile ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z insi/+ ^u su* a sev]ely simple /yle1 mu* less ^u ! puri/ !ory t ! function ( ! p5 is conc]n$ ) =m alone1 ,i w\ld impress ^u ! /ud5t t ,lalanne's is incomp>ably ! f9] mann] ( ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,maxime ,,lalanne ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,side note3 ,a ,^w ( ,advice ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ( me?od !re is a wide latitude = individual *oice4 ,contra/ ) ! =ego+ ! accompany+ p5 draw+ by ,mr4 ,p5nell1 ,fig4 #e1 :i* gives a fair idea ( ! mann] ( ?is admirable /yli/4 ,comp>$ ) ! sket*es by ,lalanne x has m ri*ness ( color1 b !re is ! same f9e re/ra9t1 ! same nice reg>d = ! in/rum5t4 ,! /ud5t w f9d x mo/ pr(itable to /udy ! "w ( ?is ma/]ly p5man4 ,by way ( w>n+1 h[ev]1 let me rem9d him "h1 t 9 /udy+ ! "w ( any accompli%$ draughtsman he is select+ a /yle = ! /udy ( pr9ciples1 n t he may le>n to mimic somebody1 h[ev] excell5t ! somebody may be2 t he mu/1 !re=e1 d a little ?9k+ himself2 t he has an individuality ( 8 own :i* he does n confess if 8 "w looks l "s "o's else2 &1 f9ally1 t he has no m "r to consci\sly appropriate ! peculi>ities ( ano!r's /yle ?an he has to appropriate 8 m tangible prop]ty1 & no m reason to d s ?an he has to walk or talk l him4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,mat]ials ,e illu/rator has 8 special pr$ilections 9 ! matt] ( mat]ials1 j z he has 9 ! matt] ( me?ods4 ,! purpose ( ?is *apt] is1 !re=e1 r to assi/ ! *oice ( ! /ud5t by limit+ x ?an to *oose = him4 ,x w\ld be advisable = him to become acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s mat]ials t ,i may h occasion to m5tion 7all ( !m are m or less employ$ by ! prom95t p5m571 & a p>tiality = p>ticul> ones w soon develop itself4 ,he is rem9d$1 h[ev]1 t x is easily possible to exagg]ate ! intr9sic values ( p5s & pap]s2 9 fact ! beg9n] inv>iably expects too mu* f !m4 ,( c\rse1 he %\ld n use any b ! be/1--ev5 ,vi]ge c\ld n make a good draw+ ) a bad p51--b ! arti/ic virtues ( a p>ticul> in/rum5t are n likely to disclose !mselves 9 ! rude scrat*+s ( ! beg9n]4 ,he has to ma/] x1 to break x 91 ere he c discov] ( :at excell5t s]vice x is capable4 ,side note3 ,p5s ,! /ud5t w f9d t mo/ ( ! /eel p5s made = arti/s h b a %ort p]iod ( usefulness4 ,:5 new !y are ev5 m unresponsive ?an :5 !y are old4 ,at fir/ !y are dispos$ to give a h>d1 wiry l9e1 !n !y gr[ sympa!tic1 &1 f9ally1 lose _! temp]1 :5 !y mu/ be imm$iately ?r[n away4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! m delicate po9ts are bett] suit$ to ! smoo? surfaces1 :]e !y are n likely to get tripp$ up & %ak5 by ! r\ghness 9 ! pap]4 ,to beg9 ) ! small] po9ts1 ! ,gillott ,cr[-quill is an excell5t in/rum5t4 ,! normal ?ickness ( its l9e is extremely small1 b s beautifully is ! nib made t x w respond vigor\sly to a big sweep+ /roke4 ,i say a sweep+ /roke1 z its capacity is n to be tax$ = uni=mly big l9es4 ,an equally delicate po9t1 :i* surpasses ! cr[-quill 9 range1 is ,gillott's ,mapp+-p54 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ l>ge a l9e may be made ) ?is in/rum5t4 ,x responds mo/ nimbly to ! dem&s made ^u x1 & 9 "s respects rem9ds "o ( a bru%4 ,x has a %ort life1 b x may be a m]ry "o4 ,mr4 ,p5nell makes m5tion ( a p51 ,p]ry's ,auto-,/ylo1 :i* seems to possess an ev5 m wond]ful capacity1 b ( ?is ,i _c speak f exp]i5ce4 ,a co>s]1 b /ill a small po9t1 is ! ,gillott #aib--;a good p5 ) a fairly l>ge range2 &1 = any o!rs ?an ! smoo? pap]s1 a p5 small] ?an ?is w probably be f\nd undesirable = g5]al use4 ,a %ade bigg] ?an ?is is ! ,gillott #cjc1 a v good av]age size4 ,nei!r ( ^! two possesses ! s5sitiv5ess ( ^? previ\sly m5tion$1 b = "w dem&+ m or less uni=mity ( l9e !y w be f\nd m satisfactory4 ,! small] po9ts are liable to lead "o into ! quagmire ( f9icalness4 ,:5 we get beyond ! next 9 size1 ! ,gillott #djd1 !re is no?+ ab\t ! co>se /eel po9ts to especially comm5d !m = arti/ic use4 ,!y are usually /upid1 unreliable affairs1 ^: really valuable exi/5ce is ab\t fifte5 work+ m9utes4 ,= decorative draw+ ! ord9>y comm]cial /ub w be f\nd a v satisfactory in/rum5t4 ,( c\rse "o may use sev]al sizes ( p5s 9 ! same draw+1 & x is (t5 necess>y to d s4 ,be=e leav+ ! /eel p5s1 ! d\ble-l9e p5 may be m5tion$1 ?\gh x has only a limit$ sph]e4 ,x is a two-po9t$ arrangem5t1 practically two p5s 9 "o1 by means ( :i* p>allel l9es may be made ) "o /roke4 ,r int]e/+ effects c be obta9$ ) x1 b on ! :ole x is mo/ valuable z a curiosity4 ,?\gh some:at out ( fa%ion = g5]al use1 ! quill ( our fa!rs is favor$ by _m illu/rators4 ,x is spl5didly adapt$ = broad1 vigor\s r5d]+ ( =egr\nd effects1 & is almo/ dang]\sly easy to h&le4 ,re$ p5s1 :i* h some:at simil> virtues1 are n[ little employ$1 & _c be b\ght4 ,!y h to be cut f ! natural re$1 & us$ :ile fre%4 ,= _m uses 9 decorative draw+ "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory in/rum5ts is ! glass p51 :i* gives an absolutely uni=m l9e4 ,! po9t be+ really ! end ( a ?9 tube1 ! /roke may be made 9 any direction1 a mo/ unique *>act]i/ic 9 a p54 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ! disadvantages ( be+ friable & exp5sive2 &1 z x ne$s to be kept clean1 ! pat5t wat]-pro( ink %\ld n be us$ ) x unless absolutely necess>y4 ,a flat piece ( cork or rubb] %\ld be plac$ inside ! ink-bottle :5 ?is p5 is us$1 o!rwise x is liable to be sma%$ by /rik+ ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,! faculty possess$ by ! ,japanese bru% ( reta9+ its po9t r5d]s x also available = use z a p51 & x is (t5 s employ$4 ,side note3 ,inks ,9 draw+ = reproduction1 ! be/ ink is t :i* is blacke/ & lea/ %9y4 ,until a few ye>s ago x 0 ! cu/om ( p5m5 to gr9d _! ,india ink !mselves2 b1 besides ! difficulty ( always ensur+ ! prop] consi/5cy1 x 0 a cumb]some me?od1 & is n[ little resort$ to1 especially z num]\s excell5t prep>$ inks are ready to h&4 ,! bett] kn[n ( ^! prep>$ inks are1 ,higg9s' ,am]ican 7g5]al & wat]pro(71 ,b\rgeois' ,encre de ,*9e ,liquide1 ,c>t]'s1 ,w9sor ,newton's1 & ,r[ney's4 ,higg9s' & ,c>t]'s h ! extr9sic advantages ( be+ put up 9 bottles :i* d n tip ov] on ! slighte/ provocation1 & ( be+ furni%$ ) /opp]s :i* c be h&l$ )\t sme>+ ! f+]s4 ,o!rwise1 !y _c be said to possess sup]iority ov] ! o!rs1 c]ta9ly n ov] ! ,encre de ,*9e ,liquide4 ,%\ld ! /ud5t h occasion to draw ov] salt-pr9ts he w f9d x wise to use wat]pro( ink1 z ! blea*+ acid :i* is us$ to fade ! photographic image may o!rwise cause ! ink to run4 ,side note3 ,pap]s ,bri/ol-bo>d is probably ! mo/ popul> ( all surfaces = p5 draw+4 ,x is c]ta9ly t mo/ approv$ by ! process engrav]1 ^: po9t ( view 9 su* a matt]1 ?\gh a purely me*anical "o1 is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,x has a p]fectly smoo? surface1 some:at difficult to erase f ) rubb]1 & :i* _h bett] be scrat*$ ) a knife :5 any consid]able erasure is necess>y4 ,z ! *eap bo>ds are m]ely a padd+ v5e]$ on ei!r side ) a ?9 coat+ ( smoo? pap]1 little scrap+ is requir$ to develop a fuzzy surface ^u :i* x is impossible to "w4 ,only ! be/ bo>d1 su* z ,reynolds'1 !re=e1 %\ld be us$4 ,bri/ol-bo>d c be procur$ 9 %eets ( v>i\s ?icknesses z well z 9 blocks4 ,:atman's hot-press$ pap] af=ds ano!r excell5t surface & possesses "s advantages ov] ! ,bri/ol-bo>d4 ,x comes 9 %eets ( v>i\s sizes1 :i* may be ei!r tack$ d[n on a bo>d or else /ret*$4 ,tack+ w be satisfactory en\gh if ! draw+ is small & is to be complet$ 9 a few h\rs2 o!rwise ! pap] is sure to hump up1 especially if ! wea!r be damp4 ,! process ( /ret*+ is z foll[s3 ,fold up ! edges ( ! %eet all ar\nd1 =m+ a m>g9 ab\t an in* wide4 ,aft] moi/5+ ! pap] ?or\ghly ) a damp sponge1 cov] ! "u side ( ?is turn$-up m>g9 ) photographic pa/e or /rong mucilage4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! %eet w h s(t5$ & hump$ up1 & w admit ( /ret*+4 ,n[ turn d[n ! adhesive m>g9 & press x firmly ) ! f+]s1 /ret*+ ! pap] g5tly at ! same "t4 ,z ?is ess5tial "p ( ! process mu/ be p]=m$ quickly1 an assi/ant is requisite :5 ! %eet is l>ge4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pap] is n /ra9$ too mu*1 z x is !n likely to bur/ :5 x aga9 contracts4 ,al?\gh g5]ally employ$ = wat]color draw+1 ,:atman's cold-press$ pap] has "s advantages z a p5 surface4 ,slightly r\ghi% 9 texture1 x gives an int]e/+ brok5 l9e1 :i* is at times desirable4 ,a peculi> pap] :i* has consid]able vogue1 especially 9 ,france & ,engl&1 is :at is kn[n z clay-bo>d4 ,its surface is compos$ ( ,*9a clay1 gra9$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ! top ( ! gra9 be+ m>k$ ) f9e black l9es :i* give a gray tone to ! pap]1 d>k] or light] accord+ to ! "* ( ! patt]n4 ,?is tone provides ! middle-t9t = ! draw+4 ,by lightly scrap+ ) a %>p p5knife or scrat*]1 be=e or aft] ! p5 "w is done1 a m delicate gray tone may be obta9$1 :ile vigor\s scrap+ w produce an absolute :ite4 ,) ! p5 "w add$1 x w be se5 t a good _m values are possible2 &1 if ! draw+ be n r$uc$ m ?an "o-?ird1 x w pr9t excell5tly4 ,! gra91 runn+ z x does 9 /raight l9es1 (f]s a good deal ( ob/ruction to ! p51 h[ev]1 s t a really good l9e is impossible4 ,?9 lett]-pap] is sometimes recomm5d$ = p5 & ink "w1 *iefly on acc\nt ( its transp>5cy1 :i* obviates ! necessity ( re-draw+ aft] a prelim9>y sket* has be5 work$ up 9 p5cil4 ,ov] ! p5cil /udy a %eet ( ! lett]-pap] is plac$ on :i* ! f9al draw+ may be made ) mu* delib]ation4 ,bond pap]1 h[ev]1 possesses ! simil> advantage ( transp>5cy besides af=d+ a bett] texture = ! p54 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,te*nique ,side note3 ,! ,individual ,l9e ,! fir/ requirem5t ( a good p5 te*nique is a good ,individual ,l9e1 a l9e ( feel+ & quality4 ,x is usually a surprise to ! beg9n] to be made aw>e t ! individual l9e is a ?+ ( consequ5ce1--a surprise due1 )\t d\bt1 to ! app>5tly c>eless me?ods ( "s successful illu/rators4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t "s illu/rators are successful 9 spite ( _! te*nique r ?an because ( x2 & also t ! app>5tly free & easy mann] ( "s admirable te*nicians is 9 reality v mu* /udi$1 v delib]ate1 & n at all to be conf\nd$ ) ! unsophi/icat$ scribbl+ ( ! beg9n]4 ,! /ud5t is apt to f9d x j ab\t z easy to draw l ,mr4 ,p5nell z to write l ,mr4 ,kipl+4 ,! be/ way to acquire su* a sup]b fre$om is to be v1 v c>eful & pa9/ak+4 ,to appreciate h[ beautiful ! individual l9e may be "o has b to obs]ve ! ri*1 decorative /roke ( ,h[>d ,pyle1 ,fig4 #ff1 or t ( ,mu*a1 ,fig4 #fe1 ! t5d] outl9e ( ,b\tet de ,monvel1 ! tell+1 ma/]ly sweep ( ,gibson1 or ! %ort1 crisp l9e ( ,vi]ge or ,rico4 ,comp>$ ) any ( ^! ! l9e ( ! beg9n] w be ei!r feeble & t5tative1 or h>%1 wiry1 & co>se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,,h]b]t ,,railton ,side note3 ,v>iety ( ,l9e ,! second requisite is ,v>iety ( ,l9e1--n m]ely v>iety ( size & direction1 b1 s9ce ea* l9e ought to exhibit a feel+ = ! p>ticul> texture :i* x is contribut+ to express1 v>iety ( "*4 ,mr4 ,gibson's mann] ( plac+ v delicate gray l9es aga9/ a s]ies ( heavy black /rokes exemplifies "s ( ! possibilities ( su* v>iety4 ,obs]ve1 9 ,fig4 #f1 :at significance is imp>t$ to ! heavy l9es on ! ro( ( ! little =egr\nd build+ by ! foil ( delicate gray l9es 9 ! sky & surr\nd+ ro(s4 ,?is conjunction 0 employ$ e>ly by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,railton1 :o has made a beautiful use ( x 9 8 qua9t ar*itectural subjects4 ,mr4 ,railton's te*nique is rem>kable also = ! v>i$ direction ( l9e & its expression ( texture4 ,note ?is *>act]i/ic 9 8 draw+ ( buttresses1 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,side note3 ,economy ( ,me?od ,! ?ird elem5t ( good te*nique is ,economy & ,directness ( ,me?od4 ,a tone %\ld n be built up ( a lot ( mean+less /rokes4 ,ea* l9e ought1 s5sibly & directly1 to contribute to ! ultimate result4 ,! old me*anical process ( con/ruct+ tones by cross-hat*+ is n[ almo/ obsolete4 ,x is /ill employ$ by mod]n p5 draughtsm51 b x is only "o ( _m res\rces1 & is us$ ) nice discrim9ation4 ,at times a cross-hat* is v desirable & v effective1--z1 = example1 9 af=d+ a subdu$ backgr\nd = figures hav+ small1 high lights4 ,a v pretty use ( x is se5 9 ! t[] ( ,mr4 ,goodhue's draw+1 ,fig4 #h4 ,obs]ve "h h[ ! intimate treatm5t ( ! ro(s is enhanc$ & reliev$ by ! foil ( closely-knit hat* on ! t[]-wall1 & h[ effective is ! little area ( x at ! base ( ! spire4 ,! cross-hat* also af=ds a satisfactory me?od ( obta9+ deep1 quiet %ad[s4 ,see ! ar*way ,b 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t is advis$ to accu/om himself to a v sp>+ use ( ?is exp$i5t4 ,comp>e ! two effects 9 ,fig4 #i1 ,"s examples ( good & bad cross-hat*+ are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,^? m>k$ ,i & ,j may be set d[n z bad1 be+ too co>se4 ,! only satisfactory cross-hat* at a l>ge scale w\ld seem to be t %[n 9 ,n1 :]e l9es cross at a %>p angle2 & ?is v>iety is effectively employ$ by figure illu/rators4 ,p]haps no bett] argum5t aga9/ ! necessity = ?us build+ up tones c\ld be adduc$ ?an ! little draw+ by ,m>t9 ,rico1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,notice :at a beautiful texture he gives to ! %ad[ :]e x falls on ! /reet1 h[ x diff]s f t on ! walls1 h[ deep & closely knit x all is1 & yet t !re is absolutely no cross-hat*+4 ,rem>k1 also1 h[ ! textures ( ! walls & ro( & sky are obta9$4 ,! /ud5t w\ld d well to copy su* a draw+ z ?is1 or a portion ( x1 at lea/1 on a l>g] scale1 z mu* c be le>n$ f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,,m>t9 ,,rico ,size note3 ,me?ods ( ,tone-,mak+ ,i h %[n v>i\s me?ods ( mak+ a tone 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,rico's %ad[1 9 ,fig4 #aa1 is made up ( a comb9ation ( ,b & ,c1 except t he uses ,b horizontally1 & makes ! l9e heavy & dragg+4 ,! cle>1 crisp %ad[s ( ,vi]ge are also wor?y ( /udy = ! simplicity ( me?od4 ,?is is beautifully illu/rat$ 9 ! detail1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,x w\ld be impossible to sugge/ atmosph]e m vibrat+ ) sunlight2 a result due to ! transp>5cy ( ! %ad[s1 ! l9es ( :i* are %>p & clean1 ) nev] a sugge/ion ( cross-hat*4 ,notice h[ ! l9es ( ! ar*itectural %ad[s are /opp$ abruptly at times1 giv+ an emphasis :i* adds to ! brilliancy ( ! effect4 ,! draw+ ( ! build+s on ! canal1 by ,m>t9 ,rico1 ,fig4 #ad1 ought also to be c>efully /udi$ 9 ?is connection4 ,obs]ve h[ ! %ad[-l9es 9 ?is draw+1 z 9 t previ\sly m5tion$1 are made to sugge/ ! direction ( ! sunlight1 :i* is high 9 ! heav5s4 ,an example ( all t is ref9$ & excell5t 9 p5 te*nique is ! draw+ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,br5nan1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! /ud5t w\ld d well to /udy ?is c>efully = its m>vell\s beauty ( l9e4 ,!re is little hat*+1 & yet ! tones are deep & ri*4 ,! wall tone w be f\nd to be made up simil>ly to ,a & ,h 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! tone ,b 9 ! same ,figure is made up ( l9es :i* are ?9 at ! ends & big 9 ! middle1 fitt+ into ea* o!r irregul>ly1 & imp>t+ a texture some:at diff]5t f t obta9$ by ! abrupt end+ ( ! /rokes ( ,a4 ,?is me?od is also employ$ by ,br5nan1 & is a v effective "o4 ,a good example ( ! use ( ?is "* ( l9e 7unknitt$1 h[ev]7 is ! draw+ by ,mr4 ,leslie ,willson1 ,fig4 #af4 ,! irregul> l9e ,c has good possibilities = texture1 & ! wavy "* ( ,d is mo/ effective 9 ! r5d]+ ( %ad[s1 giv+ a c]ta9 vibration to ! atmosph]e4 ,e & ,f sugge/ a fre] me?od ( r5d]+ a tone2 :ile ,g %[s a scribbl+ l9e t is sometimes employ$ to advantage4 ,! v int]e/+ texture ( ! coat1 ,fig4 #ag1 is made ) a horizontal l9e hav+ a simil> return /roke1 z may be notic$ :]e ! r5d]+ ends4 ,!re are times :5 an irresponsible sort ( l9e is positively desirable1--say = r\gh =egr\nd sugge/ion or = free+ ! picture at ! edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,,daniel ,,vi]ge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,,m>t9 ,,rico ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,,alfr$ ,,br5nan ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,,leslie ,,willson ,size note3 ,outl9e ,i h inv>iably f\nd t :at pres5ts ! *ief difficulty to ! /ud5t ( p5 & ink is ! managem5t ( ! ,outl9e4 ,:5 x is realiz$ t1 by m]e outl9e1 "o may express ! texture ( a coat or a tree or a wall )\t any r5d]+ :atev]1 x w be se5 t no?+ 9 p5 draw+ is really ( s mu* importance4 ,notice1 = example1 ! wond]ful draw+ ( ! dog 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,aga91 if a connect$ l9e _h be5 us$ to def9e ! corn]s ( ,railton's buttresses 9 ,fig4 #g all ! texture1 w\ld h be5 de/roy$4 ,in/ead ( ?is he has us$ a brok5 outl9e1 sometimes omitt+ x altoge!r = a consid]able space4 ,on ! l$ges1 too1 ! l9es are brok54 ,9 ,rico's draw+1 ,fig4 #aa1 all ! outl9es may be obs]v$ to h a break "h & !re4 ,?is brok5 l9e is p>ticul>ly effective 9 out-door subjects1 z x helps to sugge/ sunlit atmosph]e z well z texture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,,draw+ ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,ar*itectural outl9es1 h[ev]1 are n p>ticul>ly subtle2 x is :5 we come to r5d] any?+ ) vague b\nd>ies1 su* z foliage or cl\ds = example1 t ! *ief difficulties are enc\nt]$4 ,foliage is an important elem5t ( l&scape draw+ & des]ves m ?an pass+ consid]ation4 ,to make a successful r5d]+ ( a tree 9 p5 & ink ! tree mu/ be fir/ well drawn 9 p5cil4 ,x is absolutely impossible to obta9 su* a *>m+ effect ( foliage z t %[n 9 ,mr4 ,p5nell's sket*1 ,fig4 #ah1 )\t ! mo/ pa9/ak+ prep>ation 9 p5cil4 ,! success ( ?is result is n attributable m]ely to ! diff]5ce 9 textures1 nor to ! direction or "* ( ! l9e2 x is fir/ ( all a matt] ( good draw+4 ,! outl9e %\ld be free & subtle s z to sugge/ ! edges ( leafage1 & ! holes ne> ! edges %\ld be acc5t$1 o!rwise !y w be lo/ & ! tree w look solid & *>act]less4 ,obs]ve1 9 ! same draw+1 h[ ,mr4 ,p5nell sugge/s ! /ructure ( ! leafage by ! irregul> outl9es :i* he gives to ! diff]5t s]ies ( l9es1 & :i* he emphasizes by br++ ! l9es to an abrupt /op4 ,obs]ve also h[ ! /rong] texture ( ! tree 9 ,fig4 #ai is obta9$ by mak+ ! l9es ) great] abruptness4 ,comp>e bo? ( ^! ,figures ) ! =egr\nd trees by ! same arti/ 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! la/ is a brilliant example ( foliage draw+ 9 p5 & ink4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,e4 ,,dantan ,side note3 ,textures ,! matt] ( ,textures is v important1 & ! /ud5t %\ld le>n to diff]5tiate !m z mu* z possible4 ,?is is done1 z ,i h already said1 by diff]5ces 9 ! size & "* ( ! l9e1 & 9 ! clos5ess or op5ness ( ! r5d]+4 ,obs]ve ! v>iety ( textures 9 ! draw+ ( ! sculptor by ,dantan1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! coat is r5d]$ by su* a cross-hat* z ,n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 made horizontally & ) heavy l9es4 ,9 ! tr\s]s ! l9es d n cross b fit 9 toge!r4 ,?is is an excell5t example = /udy1 z is also ! portrait by ,raffalli1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! textures 9 ! latt] draw+ are wond]fully well convev$1--! h>d1 bony face1 ! /ubby be>d1 & ! wool5 cap ) its tassel 9 silh\ette4 ,= ! expression ( texture ) ! lea/ ef=t ! draw+s ( ,vi]ge are incomp>able4 ,! ar*itectural draw+ by ,mr4 ,gregg 9 ,fig4 #ej is well wor? c>eful /udy 9 ?is connection1 z are all ( ,h]b]t ,railton's admirable draw+s ( old ,engli% h\ses4 7,i recomm5d ! /udy ( ,mr4 ,railton's "w ) a good deal ( res]vation1 h[ev]4 ,:ile x is admirable 9 respect ( textures & fasc9at+ 9 its color1 ! values are likely to be mo/ unreal1 & ! mann]isms are s pron\nc$ & s tiresome t ,i reg>d x z mu* inf]ior to t ( ,mr4 ,p5nell1 ^: ar*itecture always appe>s1 at lea/1 to h be5 hone/ly drawn on ! spot47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,j4 ,f4 ,,raffa,,lli ,! hats 9 ,fig4 #aj are m]ely sugge/ions to ! /ud5t 9 ! /udy ( elem5t>y comb9ations ( l9e 9 express+ textures4 ,side note3 ,draw+ = ,reproduction ,z ! me*anical processes ( ,reproduction h mu* to d ) det]m9+ p5 me?ods !y become important factors = consid]ation4 ,:ile _! wayw>dness & inflexibility are ! cause ( no little di/ress to ! illu/rator1 ! limitations ( processes _c be said1 on ! :ole1 to make = inf]ior /&>ds 9 draw+1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ rules :i* !y impose1 & = :i* a /rict reg>d w be f\nd mo/ advisable4 ,fir/3 ,make ea* l9e cle> & di/9ct4 ,d n pat* up a weak l9e or leave "o :i* has be5 brok5 or blurr$ by rubb+1 = h[ev] h>mless or ev5 int]e/+ x may seem 9 y\r orig9al x w almo/ c]ta9ly be nei!r 9 ! reproduction4 ,:5 y make mi/akes1 erase ! (f5sive "p completely1 or1 if y are work+ on ,bri/ol-bo>d & ! area ( unsatisfactor9ess be consid]able1 pa/e a fre% piece ( pap] ov] x & r$raw4 ,second3 ,keep y\r "w op54 ,aim = economy ( l9e4 ,if a %ad[ c be r5d]$ ) tw5ty /rokes d n cr[d 9 =ty1 z y w endang] its transp>5cy4 ,rememb] t 9 reproduction ! l9es t5d to ?ick5 & s to cr[d out ! light betwe5 !m4 ,?is is s di/ress+ly true ( newspap] reproduction t 9 draw+s = ?is purpose ! l9es h to be g5]ally v ?91 %>p1 & well ap>t4 ,! above rule %\ld be p>ticul>ly reg>d$ 9 all cases :]e ! draw+ is to be subject to mu* r$uction4 ,! degree ( r$uction ( :i* p5 draw+s are susceptible is n1 z is commonly suppos$1 subject to rule4 ,x all dep5ds on ! scale ( ! te*nique4 ,?ird3 ,h ! values few & positive4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! gray tones pretty di/9ct to prev5t ! relation ( values be+ injur$1 = :ile ! gray tones d>k5 9 proportion to ! degree ( r$uction1 ! blacks _c1 ( c\rse1 gr[ black]4 ,a gray tone :i* may be light & delicate 9 ! orig9al1 w1 especially if x be closely knit1 d>k5 & ?ick5 9 ! pr9t+4 ,^! rules are mo/ /rictly to be obs]v$ :5 draw+ = ! *eap] classes ( publications4 ,= book & magaz9e "w1 h[ev]1 :]e ! plates are t\*$ up by ! engrav]1 & ! values 9 a measure re/or$1 ! ?ird rule is n s arbitr>y4 ,nev]!less1 ! beg9n] :o has ambitions 9 ?is direction w d well n to put difficulties 9 8 own way by submitt+ "w n directly pr9table4 ,side note3 ,"s ,fanciful ,exp$i5ts ,!re are a numb] ( m or less fanciful exp$i5ts employ$ 9 mod]n p5 "w :i* may be not$ "h1 & :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! /ud5t is advis$1 h[ev]1 to resort to !m z little z possible1 n only because he is liable to make injudici\s use ( !m1 b because x is wis] = him to cultivate ! less m]etrici\s possibilities ( ! in/rum5t4 ,spatt] "w is a means ( obta9+ a delicate pr9table tone1 consi/+ ( innum]able little dots ( ink spatt]$ on ! pap]4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,c>efully cov] ) a %eet ( pap] all ! draw+ except ! portion :i* is to be spatt]$1 !n take a too?-bru%1 moi/5 ! ends ( ! bri/les consi/5tly ) ink1 hold ! bru%1 back d[nw>ds1 9 ! left h&1 & ) a wood5 mat* or too?-pick rub ! bri/les t[>d y s t ! ink w spray ov] ! pap]4 ,p>ticul>1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! bru% is n s load$ ) ink t x w spatt] 9 blots4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to try x fir/ on a r\gh %eet ( pap]1 to remove any sup]flu\s ink4 ,if ! spatt]+ is well done1 x gives a v delicate tone ( int]e/+ texture1 b if n clev]ly employ$1 & especially if !re be a l>ge area ( x1 x is v likely to look out ( "* ) ! l9e portions ( ! draw+4 ,a me?od sometimes employ$ to give a s(t black effect is to moi/5 ! lobe ( ! ?umb lightly ) ink & press x ^u ! pap]4 ,! s]ies ( l9es ( ! sk9 make an impression t c be reproduc$ by ! ord9>y l9e processes4 ,z 9 ! case ( spatt] "w1 sup]flu\s ink mu/ be look$ aft] be=e mak+ ! impression s z to avoid leav+ h>d edges4 ,?umb m>k+s l5d !mselves to ! r5d]+ ( d>k smoke1 & ! l1 :]e ! edges require to be s(t & vague1 & ! free direction ( ! l9es imp>t a feel+ ( movem5t4 ,int]e/+ effects ( texture are sometimes introduc$ into p5 draw+s by obta9+ ! impression ( a canvas gra94 ,to produce ?is1 x is necess>y t ! draw+ be made on fairly ?9 pap]4 ,! modus op]&i is z foll[s3 ,place ! draw+ ov] a piece ( m\nt$ canvas ( ! desir$ co>s5ess ( gra91 &1 hold+ x firmly1 rub a li?ographic crayon vigor\sly ov] ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,! gra9 ( ! canvas w be f\nd to be cle>ly reproduc$1 &1 z ! crayon is absolutely black1 ! effect is capable ( reproduction by ! ord9>y photographic processes4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,values ,side note3 ,! ,color ,s*eme ,aft] ! subject has be5 mapp$ out 9 p5cil1 & be=e beg9n+ ! p5 "w1 we h to consid] & det]m9e ! prop] disposition ( ! ,color4 ,by color is meant1 9 ?is connection1 ! gamut ( values f black to :ite1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! success or failure ( ! draw+ w l>gely dep5d ^u ! disposition ( ^! elem5ts1 ! quality ( ! te*nique be+ a matt] ( second>y conc]n4 ,beauty ( l9e & texture w n r$eem a draw+ 9 :i* ! values are badly dispos$1 = ^u !m we dep5d = ! effect ( unity1 or ! pictorial quality4 ,if ! values are scatt]$ or pat*y ! draw+ w n focus to any c5tral po9t ( int]e/1 & !re w be no unity 9 ! result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al laws by :i* color may be pleas+ly dispos$1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x ought to be dispos$ naturally z well4 ,by a natural s*eme ( color1 ,i mean "o :i* is consi/5t ) a natural effect ( light & %ade4 ,n[ ! gradation f black to :ite1 = example1 is a pleas+ s*eme1 z may be obs]v$ 9 ,fig4 #bd1 yet ! effect is unnatural1 s9ce ! sky is black4 ,9 a purely decorative illu/ration l ?is1 h[ev]1 su* logic ne$ n be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg ,side note3 ,pr9cipality 9 ! ,color-,s*eme ,s9ce1 z ,i said be=e1 color is ! factor :i* makes = ! unity ( ! result1 ! fir/ pr9ciple to be reg>d$ 9 its arrangem5t is t ( ,pr9cipality1--!re mu/ be "s dom9ant note 9 ! r5d]+4 ,!re %\ld n1 = in/ance1 be two pr9cipal d>k spots ( equal value 9 ! same draw+1 nor two equally prom95t areas ( :ite4 ,! ,vi]ge draw+1 ,fig4 #be1 & t by ,mr4 ,p5nell1 ,fig4 #e1 are no exceptions to ?is rule2 ! black figure ( ! old man c\nt+ z "o note 9 ! =m]1 z d ! d>k ar*es ( ! bridge 9 ! latt]4 ,! "w ( bo? ^! arti/s is em95tly wor?y ( /udy = ! kn[+ mann] 9 :i* !y dispose _! values4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,,daniel ,,vi]ge ,side note3 ,v>iety ,! next ?+ to be s\ght is ,v>iety4 ,too obvi\s or positive a s*eme1 :ile possibly n unsuitable = a conv5tional decorative draw+1 may n be well adapt$ to a p]spective subject4 ,! l>ge color areas %\ld be e*o$ by small] ones ?r\gh\t ! picture4 ,take1 = example1 ! ,vi]ge draw+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,obs]ve h[ ! mass ( %ad[ is reliev$ by ! two light holes se5 ?r\gh ! inn door4 ,)\t ?is repetition ( ! :ite ! draw+ w\ld lose mu* ( its "*4 ,9 ,rico's draw+1 ,fig4 #aa1 a t9y :ite spot 9 ! %ad[ ca/ ov] ! /reet w\ld1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 be helpful1 beautifully cle> z x is2 & ! black area at ! end ( ! wall seems a defect z x competes 9 value ) ! d>k figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,,daniel ,,vi]ge ,side note3 ,bread? ( ,effect ,la/ly1 ,bread? ( ,effect has to be consid]$4 ,x is requisite t1 h[ev] num]\s ! tones are 7& !y %\ld n be too num]\s71 ! g5]al effect %\ld be simple & homog5e\s4 ,! color mu/ c\nt toge!r broadly1 & n be cut up into pat*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,,h>ry ,,f5n ,x is important to rememb] t ! gamut f black to :ite is a %ort "o = ! p54 ,"o ne$ only try to fai?fully r5d] ! high lights ( an ord9>y table glass set aga9/ a gray backgr\nd1 to be assur$ ( its limitations 9 ?is respect4 ,to repres5t ev5 approximately ! subtle values w\ld require s mu* ink t no?+ %ort ( a positively black backgr\nd w\ld suffice to give a semblance ( ! delicate transp>5t effect ( ! glass z a :ole4 ,! gray backgr\nd w\ld1 !re=e1 be lo/1 & if a really black object 7 also "p ( ! picture x c\ld n be repres5t$ at all4 ,obs]ve1 9 ,fig4 #bg1 h[ j su* a problem has be5 work$ out by ,mr4 ,h>ry ,f5n4 ,x w be manife/ t ! /ud5t mu/ le>n to ?9k ( ?+s 9 _! broad relation4 ,to be specific1--9 ! example j consid]$1 9 ord] to introduce a black object ! s*eme ( color w\ld h ne$$ broad5+ s t ! gray backgr\nd c\ld be giv5 its prop] value1 ?us dem&+ t ! elaborate values ( ! glass be ignor$1 & j en\gh sugge/$ to give ! g5]al effect4 ,?is reason+ w\ld equally apply 7 ! light object1 in/ead ( a glass1 some?+ ( intricate design1 pres5t+ positive %ad[s4 ,j s mu* ( su* a design %\ld be r5d]$ z n to d>k5 ! object bel[ its prop] relative value z a :ole4 ,9 ?is faculty ( sugge/+ ?+s )\t lit]ally r5d]+ !m consi/s ! subtlety ( p5 draw+4 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t l>ge light areas result+ f ! necess>y elim9ation ( values are *>act]i/ic ( p5 draw+4 ,! degree ( su* elim9ation dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! "* ( ! subject1 ?is be+ entirely a matt] ( relation4 ,! m black !re is 9 a draw+ ! great] ! numb] ( values t c be repres5t$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ?ree or f\r are all t c be manag$1 & ! beg9n] _h bett] get along ) ?ree1--black1 half-tone1 & :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,,reg9ald ,,bir* ,side note3 ,v>i\s ,color-,s*emes ,:ile x is true t e subject is likely to conta9 "s motive or sugge/ion = its appropriate color-s*eme1 x /ill holds t1 _m times1 & especially 9 ^? cases :]e ! introduction ( =egr\nd features at consid]able scale is necess>y = ! int]e/ ( ! picture1 an artificial arrangem5t has to be devis$4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to be acqua9t$ ) ! possibilities ( c]ta9 color comb9ations4 ,! mo/ brilliant effect 9 black & :ite draw+ is t obta9$ by plac+ ! prom95t black aga9/ a :ite area surr\nd$ by gray4 ,! :ite %[s :it] because ( ! gray ar\nd x1 s t ! contra/ ( ! black aga9/ x is extremely vigor\s & tell+4 ,?is may be said to be ! illu/rator's t\r de =ce4 ,we h x illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,bir*'s draw+1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,obs]ve h[ ! contra/ ( black & :ite is fram$ 9 by ! gray made up ( ! sky1 ! left side ( ! build+1 ! horse1 & ! knight4 ,9 ! draw+ by ,mr4 ,p5nell1 ,fig4 #bi1 we h ! same s*eme ( color4 ,notice h[ ! trees are d>ke/ j :]e !y are requir$ to tell mo/ /rongly aga9/ ! :ite 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,an admirable illu/ration ( ! effectiv5ess ( ?is color-s*eme is %[n 9 ! ,becket po/] by ! ,begg>/aff ,bro!rs1 ,fig4 #fi4 ,ano!r s*eme is to h ! pr9cipal black 9 ! gray area1 z 9 ! ,vi]ge draw+1 ,fig4 #bf & 9 ,rico's sket*1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,/ill ano!r & a m re/ful s*eme is ! actual gradation ( color4 ,?is gradation1 f black to :ite1 :]e9 ! :ite occupies ! c5tre ( ! picture1 is to be not$ 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,obs]ve h[ ! d>k side ( ! =egr\nd tree tells aga9/ ! light side ( ! "o beyond1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is yet s /rongly %ad$ z to c\nt brilliantly aga9/ ! :ite build+4 ,/ill aga91 9 ,mr4 ,goodhue's draw+1 ,fig4 #cj1 note h[ ! transition f ! black tree on ! left to ! :ite build+ is pleas+ly s(t5$ by ! gray %ad[4 ,notice1 too1 h[ ! brilliancy ( ! draw+ is height5$ by ! gradual emphasis on ! %ad[s & ! op5+s z !y approa* ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,yet ano!r example ( ?is color-s*eme is ! draw+ by ,mr4 ,gregg1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! gradation "h is f ! top ( ! picture d[nw>ds4 ,! sket* ( ! co/] wom5 by ,mr4 ,p5nell1 ,fig4 #ca1 %[s ?is gradation rev]s$4 ,! draw+ ( ! hansom cab1 ,fig4 #cb1 by ,mr4 ,rav5 ,hill1 illu/rates a v /rong color-s*eme1--gray & :ite sep>at$ by black1 ! gray mod]at+ ! black on ! upp] side1 leav+ x to tell /rongly aga9/ ! :ite bel[4 ,notice h[ lum9\s is ?is same relation ( color :]e x occurs 9 ! ,v5etian subject by ,rico1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! %ad[ on ! wat] qualifies ! blackness ( ! gondola bel[1 p]mitt+ a brilliant contra/ ) ! :ite walls ( ! build+ above4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ,vi]ge & ,p5nell1 b *iefly ! =m]1 v (t5 dep5d = _! grays m]ely ^u ! delicate tone result+ f ! r5d]+ ( =m & ( direct %ad[1 )\t any local color4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! ,vi]ge draw+1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,obs]ve 9 ?is1 z a consequ5ce1 h[ brilliantly ! t9y black c\nts 9 ! little figure 9 ! c5tre4 ,notice1 too1 9 ! draw+ ( ! soldi]s by ,jeanniot1 ,fig4 #cd1 t !re is v little black2 & yet see h[ brilliant is ! effect1 ow+ l>gely to ! figures be+ p]mitt$ to /& out aga9/ a :ite gr\nd 9 :i* no?+ is indicat$ b ! sky-l9e ( ! l>ge build+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,l4 ,,rav5 ,,hill ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,,daniel ,,vi]ge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,p4 ,g4 ,,jeanniot ,,*apt] ,v ,,practical ,,problems ,i h ?\ght x advisable 9 ?is *apt] to select1 & to "w out 9 "s detail1 a few actual problems 9 illu/ration1 s z to famili>ize ! /ud5t ) ! practical application ( "s ( ! pr9ciples previ\sly laid d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg ,side note3 ,fir/ ,problem ,9 ! fir/ example ! photograph1 ,fig4 #ce1 %[s ! por* ( an old ,engli% c\ntry *ur*4 ,let u see h[ ?is subject has be5 int]pret$ 9 p5 & ink by ,mr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,gregg1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,9 respect to ! l9es1 ! orig9al composition pres5ts no?+ ess5tially unpleasant4 ,:]e ! /rong acc5t ( a picture occurs 9 ! c5tre1 h[ev]1 x is g5]ally desirable to avoid mu* emphasis at ! edges4 ,= ?is reason ! p5 draw+ has be5 vignett$1--t is to say1 p]mitt$ to fade away irregul>ly at ! edges4 ,reg>d+ ! values1 x w be se5 t !re is no absolute :ite 9 ! photograph4 ,a lit]al r5d]+ ( su* l[ color w\ld1 z we saw 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 be out ( ! "q2 & s ! ess5tial values :i* directly contribute to ! expression ( ! subject & :i* are indep5d5t ( local color or accid5tal effect h to be s\ght out4 ,we obs]ve1 !n1 t ! pr9cipal note ( ! photograph is made by ! d>k "p ( ! ro( "u ! por* reliev$ aga9/ ! light wall beyond4 ,?is is ! direct result ( light & %ade1 & is !re=e logically adopt$ z ! pr9cipal note ( ,mr4 ,gregg's sket* also4 ,! wall at ?is po9t is made p]fectly :ite to height5 ! contra/4 ,to /ill fur!r increase ! light area1 ! upp] "p ( ! por* has be5 left almo/ :ite1 ! m>k+s sugge/+ ! con/ruction ( ! wea!r-beat5 timb] s]v+ to give x a fa9t gray tone suffici5t to relieve x f ! :ite wall4 ,! l[ color ( ! grass1 7 x r5d]$ lit]ally1 w\ld make ! draw+ too heavy & un9t]e/+1 & ?is is !re=e only sugge/$ 9 ! sket*4 ,! ro( ( ! ma9 build+1 be+ equally objectionable on acc\nt ( its mass ( l[ tone1 is simil>ly treat$4 ,mr4 ,gregg's excell5t h&l+ ( ! old woodwork ( ! por* is well wor?y ( /udy4 ,side note3 ,second ,problem ,let u take ano!r example4 ,! photograph 9 ,fig4 #cg %[s a moat-h\se 9 ,norm&y2 &1 except t ! l[ tones ( ! foliage are exagg]at$ by ! cam]a1 ! conditions are practically ^? :i* we w\ld h to consid] 7 we mak+ a sket* on ! spot4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 does ! subject1 f ! po9t ( view at :i* ! photograph is tak51 compose well899 ,x _c be said t x does4 ,! v]tical l9es made by ! two t[]s are unpleasantly emphasiz$ by ! trees beh9d !m4 ,! tree on ! left 7 mu* bett] r$uc$ 9 height & plac$ some:at to ! "r1 s t ! top %\ld fill out ! awkw>d angles ( ! ro( =m$ by ! junction ( ! t[] & ! ma9 build+4 ,! trees on ! "r might be l[]$ also1 b o!rwise p]mitt$ to reta9 _! pres5t relation4 ,! gr[? ( ivy on ! t[] takes an ugly outl9e1 & might be made m int]e/+ly irregul> 9 =m4 ,footnote 993 ,! /ud5t is advis$ to consult ,composition1 by ,ar?ur ,w4 ,d[4 ,new ,york1 #ahih ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,! next consid]ation is ! disposition ( ! values4 ,9 ! photograph ! :ites are conf9$ to ! roadway ( ! bridge & ! bottom ( ! t[]4 ,?is is evid5tly due1 h[ev]1 to local color r ?an to ! direction ( ! light1 :i* /rikes ! ne>] t[] f ! "r1 ! re/ ( ! walls be+ 9 %ad[4 ,:ile ! black areas ( ! picture are l>ge en\gh to c>ry a mass ( gray )\t sacrific+ ! sunny look1 su* a s*eme w\ld be likely to produce a labor$ effect4 ,two alt]native s*emes readily sugge/ !mselves3 ,fir/1 to make ! ar*way ! pr9cipal d>k1 ! walls light1 ) a light half-tone = ! ro(1 & a d>k] effect = ! trees on ! "r4 ,or1 second1 to make ^! trees !mselves ! pr9cipal d>k1 z sugge/$ by ! photograph1 all[+ !m to c\nt aga9/ ! gray ( ! ro( & ! ivy ( ! t[]4 ,?is latt] s*eme is t :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ! sket*1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,x w be notic$ t ! trees are n ne>ly s d>k z 9 ! photograph4 ,if !y 71 !y w\ld be ov]p[]+ 9 s l>ge an area ( :ite4 ,x 0 ?\ght bett]1 also1 to *ange ! direction ( ! light1 s t ! d>k ivy1 in/ead ( act+ contradictorily to ! effect1 might l5d "* to ! %ad$ side4 ,! l[] portion ( ! ne>] t[] 0 ton$ 91 p>tly to qualify ! v]tical l9e ( ! t[]1 :i* w\ld h be5 unpleasant if ! %ad+ 7 uni=m1 & p>tly to c>ry ! gray ar\nd to ! entrance4 ,x 0 ?\ght advisable1 also1 to cut f ! =egr\nd1 rais+ ! upp] limit ( ! picture correspond+ly4 7,x is f> f my int5tion1 h[ev]1 to convey ! impression t any lib]ties may be tak5 ) a subject 9 ord] to p]suade x into a p>ticul> s*eme ( composition2 & 9 ?is v in/ance an arti/ic photograph] c\ld probably h discov]$ a position = 8 cam]a :i* w\ld h obviat$ ! necessity = any *ange :atev]2--a ne>] view ( ! build+1 = "o ?+1 w\ld h consid]ably l[]$ ! trees47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,side note3 ,?ird ,problem ,we w consid] /ill ano!r subject4 ,! photograph1 ,fig4 #ci1 %[s a /reet 9 ,holl&4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fir/ ?+ we h to det]m9e is :]e ! int]e/ ( ! subject c5tres4 ,9 su* a p]spective ! sali5t po9t ( ! picture (t5 lies 9 a =egr\nd build+2 or1 if ! /reet be m]ely a sett+ = ! repres5tation ( "s incid5t1 9 a gr\p ( =egr\nd figures4 ,9 ei!r case ! emphasis %\ld be plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! di/ant vani%+ l9es ( ! /reet be+ r5d]$ m or less vaguely4 ,9 ! pres5t subject1 h[ev]1 ! conv]g+ sky & /reet l9es are brok5 by ! qua9t clock-t[]4 ,?is & ! build+s und]nea? x appeal to u at once z ! mo/ important elem5ts ( ! picture4 ,! ne>] build+s pres5t no?+ intr9sically int]e/+1 & !re=e s]ve no bett] purpose ?an to lead ! eye to ! c5tre ( int]e/4 ,:atev] actual values ^! int]m$iate build+s h t w h9d] _! usefulness 9 ?is reg>d c1 !re=e1 be *ang$ or actually ignor$ )\t affect+ ! integrity ( ! sket* or caus+ any pangs ( consci5ce4 ,! build+ on ! extreme left %[s v /rong contra/s ( color 9 ! black %ad[ ( ! eaves & ( ! %op-front bel[4 ,^! contra/s1 com+ z !y d at ! edge ( ! picture1 are bad4 ,!y w\ld act l a %[y frame on a delicate draw+1 keep+ ! eye f ! real subject4 ,x may be object$1 h[ev]1 t x is natural t ! contra/s %\ld be /rong] 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,yes2 b 9 look+ /raight at ! clock-t[] "o does n see any su* d>k %ad[ at ! top ( ! v un9t]e/+ build+ 9 ! left =egr\nd4 ,! cam]a saw x1 because ! cam]a ) its hundr$ eyes sees ev]y?+1 & does n int]e/ itself ab\t any "o ?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,besides1 if ! keep] ( ! %op _h ! bad ta/e to pa9t x d>k we are n b\nd to make a record ( ! fact2 nor ne$ we assume t x 0 done out ( reg>d to ! pictorial possibilities ( ! /reet4 ,we decide1 !re=e1 to r5d]1 z fai?fully z we may1 ! values ( ! clock-t[] & its imm$iate surr\nd+s1 & to disreg>d ! discordant elem5ts2 & we h no hesitation 9 select+ = pr9cipal emphasis 9 our draw+1 ,fig4 #dj1 ! %ad[ "u ! project+ build+4 ,?is d>k acc5t w c\nt brilliantly aga9/ ! =egr\nd & ! walls ( ! build+s1 :i* we w treat broadly z if :ite1 ignor+ ! slight diff]5ces 9 value %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,we reta91 h[ev]1 ! lit]al values ( ! clock-t[] & ! build+s und]nea? x1 & express z ne>ly z we c _! int]e/+ v>iations ( texture4 ,! build+s on ! "r are too black 9 ! photograph1 & ^!1 z well z ! %ad[ ?r[n across ! /reet1 we w consid]ably light54 ,aft] "s exp]im5t1 we f9d t ! build+ on ! extreme left is a nuisance1 & we omit x4 ,ev5 !n1 ! "o ) ! balcony next to x requires to be ton$ d[n 9 its /rong values1 & s ! %ad[s "h are made mu* light]1 ! walls be+ kept :ite4 ,x w be f\nd t any?+ l a /rong emphasis ( ! project+ eaves ( ! build+ w\ld detract f ! effect ( ! t[]1 s t ! %ad[ "u ! eaves is1 !re=e1 made gray] ?an 9 ! photograph1 :ile t ( ! balcony bel[ is made /rong] ?an ! %ad[ ( ! eaves1 b is light5$ at ! edge ( ! draw+ to ?r[ ! emphasis t[>d ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,to add int]e/ to ! picture1 & m especially to give life to ! %ad[s1 sev]al figures are introduc$4 ,x w be notic$ t ! c>t is ins]t$ at ! focal po9t ( ! draw+ to bett] assi/ ! p]spective4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ar*itectural ,,draw+ ,x is b a few ye>s s9ce ar*itects' p]spectives 7 built up 7x w\ld be a mi/ake to say drawn7 by means ( a ,t-squ>e & ! rul+ p52 & if ar*itectural draw+ has n q kept pace ) t = g5]al illu/ration s9ce1 a backw>d glance ov] ! pr(essional magaz9es enc\rages a feel+ ( comp>ative complac5cy4 ,t s high a /&>d or s arti/ic a "* is n obs]vable 9 ar*itectural z 9 g5]al illu/ration is1 ,i ?9k1 n difficult to expla94 ,v few ( ! clev] ar*itectural draughtsm5 are illu/rators by pr(ession4 ,few1 ev5 ( ^? :o are g5]ally kn[n z illu/rators1 are any?+ m--,i %\ld p]haps say any?+ less--?an v]satile ar*itects2 & yet ,mr4 ,p5nell1 :o w\ld appe> to assume1 9 8 book on draw+1 t ! po9t ( view ( ! ar*itect is normally pictorial1 seems at a loss to expla9 :y ,mr4 ,rob]t ,blum1 = in/ance1 c illu/rate an ar*itectural subject m arti/ically ?an any ( ! draughtsm5 9 ! pr(ession4 ,)\t accept+ 8 premises1 x is rem>kably cr$itable to ar*itecture t x c\nts among its memb]s 9 ?is c\ntry su* m5 z ,mr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,goodhue & ,mr4 ,wilson ,eyre1 ,jr41 & 9 ,engl& su* ?or\gh arti/s z ,mr4 ,pr5tice & ,mr4 ,erne/ ,george--m5 kn[n ev5 to di/9ction = _! skill along l9es ( purely ar*itectural practice1 yet any "o ( :om w\ld1 ,i v5ture to say1 cause consid]able displacem5t did he invade ! ranks ( magaz9e illu/rators4 ,moreov] 7& ! sugge/ion is n unk9dly (f]$71 7 ! ar*itects & ! illu/rators to *ange places ar*itecture w\ld suff] mo/ by ! process4 ,side note3 ,! ,ar*itects' ,case ,t ! av]age ar*itect %\ld be incapable ( arti/ically illu/rat+ 8 own design1 ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be less an occasion = surprise ?an t few pa9t]s1 ^: po9t ( view is ess5tially pictorial1 c make ev5 a tol]able int]pretation 9 l9e ( _! own pa9t+s4 ,be x rememb]$ t ! pictures made by ! ar*itect are seldom ! records ( actualities4 ,! build+s !mselves are m]ely contemplat$1 & ! illu/rations are work$ up f geometrical elevations 9 ! (fice1 v1 v f> f ,nature4 ,moreov]1 ! subjects are n infrequ5tly su* z l5d !mselves ) an ill grace to picturesque illu/ration4 ,! /ructure to be depict$ may1 = in/ance1 be a heavy cubical mass ) a bald un9t]e/+ sky-l9e2 or x may be a tall (fice build+1 impossible to reconcile ) natural accessories ei!r 9 pictorial scale or 9 composition4 ,^! natural accessories1 too1 ! draughtsman mu/1 ) an occasional rec\rse to 8 photograph album1 evolve out ( 8 inn] consci\sness4 ,:5 x is fur!r consid]$ t su* /ructures1 ev5 :5 actualities1 are uncompromis+ly /iff & immaculate 9 _! newness1 pres5t+ absolutely none ( ^? int]e/+ accid5ts s de> to ! arti/1 & p]haps ) no?+ :atev] ab\t !m ( picturesque sugge/ion1 we h a problem pres5t$ :i* is some:at analog\s to t pres5t$ by ! sculpturesque possibilities ( fa%ionable tr\s]+4 ,t1 ) su* un9spir+ conditions1 ar*itectural illu/ration does n develop s int]e/+ a "* nor atta9 to s high a /&>d z di/+ui%es g5]al illu/ration is n to be wond]$ at4 ,x is r an occasion = surprise t x exhibits s little ( ! artificiality ( ! fa%ion-plate aft] all1 & t ! bett] "p ( x1 at lea/1 is n m unwor?y ?an figure illu/ration w\ld be 7 x d5i$ ! invaluable aid ( ! liv+ model4 ,s mu* by way ( apology4 ,side note3 ,! ,ar*itects' ,po9t ( ,view ,! ar*itectural p]spective1 h[ev]1 is n to be reg>d$ purely f ! pictorial po9t ( view4 ,x is an illu/ration fir/1 a picture aft]w>ds1 & almo/ inv>iably deals ) an individual build+1 :i* is ! ess5tial subject4 ,?is build+ _c1 !re=e1 be made a m]e foil = int]e/+ picturesqu]ies1 nor subord9at$ to any sc5ic effect ( l&scape or *i>oscuro4 ,natural accessories or int]e/+ bits ( /reet life may be add$ to give x an appropriate sett+2 b ! result mu/ cle>ly read ,build+1 ) l&scape1 n ,l&scape1 ) build+4 ,mu* sugge/ion = ! sympa!tic h&l+ ( p>ticul> subjects may be f\nd 9 ! "* ( ! ar*itecture itself4 ,! illu/rator ought to ent] into ! _s ( ! design]1 ought to feel j :at natural accessories l5d !mselves mo/ h>moni\sly to ?is or t p>ticul> type4 ,if ! ar*itecture be qua9t & picturesque x mu/ n h prosaic surr\nd+s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be =mal or monum5tal1 ! "* & scale ( ! accessories %\ld be accord+ly s]i\s & dignifi$4 ,! r5d]+ ought also to v>y ) ! subject1--a free picturesque mann] = ! "o1 a m /udi$ & responsible h&l+ = ! o!r4 ,te*nique is ! language ( art1 & a /iff pomp\s phraseology w accord ill ) a /ory ( qua9t humor or pa?os1 :ile ! homely diction t might answ] v well w\ld be sure to /ruggle at a disadvantage ) ! /ately mean+s & diplomatic subtleties ( a /ate docum5t4 ,side note3 ,r5d]+ ( ,detail ,x w\ld be well = ! /ud5t1 be=e v5tur+ ^u :ole subjects1 to le>n to r5d] details1 su* z w9d[s1 cornices1 etc4 ,w9d[s are a mo/ important feature ( ! ar*itectural draw+1 & ! beg9n] mu/ /udy !m c>efully1 exp]im5t+ = ! me?od :i* w be/ repres5t _! glassy surfaces4 ,no mat]ial gives su* play ( light & %ade z glass does4 ,"o w9d[ is nev] absolutely l ano!r2 s t :ile a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 _! value may be requir$ = bread? ( effect 9 ! draw+ ( a build+1 !re is pl5ty ( opportunity = incid5tal v>iety 9 _! treatm5t4 ,a few practical h9ts on ! r5d]+ ( w9d[s may prove s]viceable4 ,always emphasize ! sa%4 ,:]e !re is no recess1 z 9 wood5 build+s1 /r5g!n ! inn] l9e ( sa%1 z 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,9 masonry build+s ! frame & sa% c be giv5 _! prop] values1 ! area ( wood be+ treat$ broadly1 )\t reg>d to ! individual memb]s4 ,! wood may1 h[ev]1 be left :ite if requir$1 z w\ld be ! case 9 ,colonial designs4 ,9 ei!r case ! d>k %ad[ :i* ! sa% ca/s on ! glass %\ld be sugge/$1 if ! scale ( ! draw+ be su* z to p]mit ( x4 ,d n try to %[ too mu*4 ,"o is apt to make a fussy effect1 if1 = in/ance1 "o insi/s on always %ad+ ! s(fit ( ! masonry op5+1 especially if ! scale ( ! draw+ be small4 ,besides1 a :ite s(fit is n a false b m]ely a =c$ value1 z 9 /rong sunlight ! reflect$ light is consid]able4 ,if ! frame be left :ite1 h[ev]1 ! s(fit ought to be %ad$1 o!rwise x w be difficult to keep ! values di/9ct4 ,9 respect ( wood5 build+s !re is no ne$ to always complete ! m\ld+s ( ! ar*itrave4 ,notice 9 ,fig4 #da t1 9 ! w9d[ )\t ! munt9s1 ! m\ld+s h be5 c>ri$ r\nd ! top to give color1 b t 9 ! o!r !y are m]ely sugge/$ at ! corn]s s z to avoid confusion4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid me*anical r5d]+ ( ! munt9s4 ,= ! glass itself1 a uni=mly flat tone is to be avoid$4 ,! tones %\ld s(t5 vaguely4 ,x w be f\nd1 too1 t x is n advisable to h a /rong d>k effect at ! top ( ! w9d[ & ano!r at ! bottom2 "o %\ld pr$om9ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,! /ud5t aft] c>eful /udy ( ,fig4 #da %\ld make f x enl>g$ draw+s1 & aft]w>ds1 lay+ ! book aside1 proce$ to r5d] !m 9 8 own way4 ,:5 he has done s1 let him comp>e 8 "w ) ! orig9als4 ,?is process ought to be repeat$ sev]al times1 ! aim be+ always = simil>ity1 n = lit]alness ( effect4 ,if he c get equally good results ) ano!r me?od he ne$ n be disconc]t$ at ! lack ( any fur!r resemblance4 ,! cornice ) its %ad[ is ano!r sali5t feature4 ,9 %ort %ad[s1 su* z ^? ca/ by cornices1 x is well1 if a sunny effect be desir$1 to acc5t ! bottom edge ( ! %ad[4 ,! %ad[ l9es ought to be g5]ally p>allel1 b ) en\gh v>iation to obviate a me*anical effect4 ,!y ne$ n be v]tical l9es1--9 fact x is bett] t !y %\ld take ! same slant z ! light4 ,if !y are n absolutely p]p5dicul>1 h[ev]1 x is well to make !m di/9ctly oblique1 o!rwise ! effect w be unpleasant4 ,a clev] sket* ( a cornice by ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,newton is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,notice h[ well ! texture ( ! brick is express$ by ! loos5ess ( ! p5 "w4 ,"s ( ! detail1 too1 is dext]\sly h&l$1 notably ! bead & button m\ld+4 ,! /r5g? ( ! cornice %ad[ %\ld be det]m9$ by ! tone ( ! ro( above x4 ,to obta9 = ?is %ad[ ! v di/9ct value :i* x ought to h1 h[ev]1 does n require t ! ro( be kept always mu* light] ?an x4 ,9 ! gable ro( 9 ,fig4 #eg1 ! tone ( ! ro( is %ad$ light] z x approa*es ! eaves1 s t ! %ad[ may c\nt m emphatically4 ,?is ord] may be rev]s$1 z 9 ! case ( a build+ ) d>k ro( & light walls1 9 :i* case ! %ad[ may be gray] ?an ! l[] portion ( ! ro(1 z 9 ,b 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db ,,george ,f4 ,,newton ,b ! beg9n] %\ld n yet hurry on to :ole subjects4 ,a *ur* por*1 z 9 ,fig4 #ce1 or a dorm] ) its %ad[ ca/ on a ro(1 z 9 ,fig4 #dc1 w be j z b5eficial a /udy = him z an entire build+1 & w af=d q z good an opportunity = te/+ 8 k ( ! pr9ciples ( p5 draw+1 ) ! add$ advantage t ei!r ( ! subjects m5tion$ c be mapp$ out 9 a few m9utes1 & t a failure or two1 !re=e1 w n prove s disc\rag+ z if a m intricate subject _h to be re-drawn4 ,i h kn[n promis+ beg9n]s to give up p5 & ink draw+ 9 despair because !y f\nd !mselves unequal to subjects :i* w\ld h pres5t$ n a few difficulties to ! exp]i5c$ illu/rator4 ,:5 ! beg9n] gr[s fa9t-he>t$1 let him seek consolation & enc\ragem5t 9 ! ?\ght t 7 p5 draw+ some?+ to be ma/]$ 9 a week or a mon? !re w\ld be small m]it 9 ! accompli%m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,side note3 ,a ,g5]al ,sy/em ,x is a common fault ( /ud5ts to dive into ! picture un?9k+ly1 beg9n+ any:]e1 )\t ! vague/ plan ( a g5]al effect1 :]eas x is ( ! utmo/ importance t e /roke ( ! p5 be made ) intellig5t reg>d to ! ultimate result4 ,! foll[+ g5]al me?od w be f\nd valuable4 ,p5cil ! outl9e ( ! entire subject be=e beg9n+ ! p5 "w4 ,x w n d to />t on ! r5d]+ z soon z ! build+ alone is p5cill$ out1 leav+ ! accessories to be put 9 z "o goes along4 ,! adjac5t build+s1 ! foliage1 & ev5 ! figures mu/ be drawn--c>efully drawn--be=e ! p5 is tak5 up4 ,! :ole subject f ! v beg9n+ %\ld be "u control1 & to t end x becomes necess>y to h all ! elem5ts ( x pre-arrang$4 ,side note3 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,values ,next s*eme out ! values4 ,?is is ! "t to d ! ?9k+4 ,d n />t out ra%ly z soon z ev]y?+ is outl9$ 9 p5cil1 confid5t 9 ! belief t all w9d[s1 = in/ance1 are d>k1 & t y may z well make !m s at once & be done ) !m4 ,?is w be only to c\rt disa/]4 ,besides1 all w9d[s are n d>k2 !y may be v light inde$4 ,! color value ( no?+ is absolute4 ,a %ad[ may seem almo/ black till a figure passes into x1 :5 x may become q gray by comp>ison4 ,s a w9d[ ) ! sun %9+ full ^u x1 or ev5 "o 9 %ade1 on :i* a reflect$ light is ca/1 may be brilliantly light until ! next in/ant a cl\d %ad[ is reflect$ 9 x1 mak+ x d5sely black4 ,arrange ! values1 !re=e1 ) ref]5ce to "o g5]al effect1 decid+ fir/ ( all on ! direction ( ! light4 ,%\ld ?is be su* z to ?r[ l>ge areas ( %ad[1 ^! masses ( gray w be important elem5ts 9 ! color-s*eme4 ,an excell5t way to /udy values is to make a trac+-pap] copy ( ! l9e draw+ & to exp]im5t on ?is = ! color ) *>coal1 mak+ sev]al sket*es if necess>y4 ,aft] hav+ det]m9$ on a satisfactory s*eme1 put fixatif on ! r\gh sket* & keep x 9 sight4 ,o!rwise1 "o is liable1 especially if ! subject is an intricate "o1 to be l$ a/ray by little opportunities = int]e/+ effects "h & !re1 only to discov]1 :5 too late1 t ^! effects d n hang toge!r & t ! draw+ has lo/ its bread?4 ,! r\gh sket* is to ! draughts man :at manuscript notes are to ! lectur]4 ,side note3 ,treatm5t ( ,detail ,d n be ov]-consci\s ( detail4 ,x is a common weakness ( ! ar*itectural draughts man to be too sophi/icat$ 9 8 pictorial illu/ration4 ,he kn[s s mu* ab\t ! build+ t no matt] h[ _m ?\s& y>ds away f x he may /& he w see ?+s t w\ld n reveal !mselves to ano!r ) ! assi/ance ( a field-glass4 ,he is consci\s ( ! fact t !re are j s _m brick c\rses to ! foot1 t ! clapbo>ds are laid j s _m in*es to ! wea!r1 t !re are j s _m m\ld+s 9 ! belt c\rse1--t ev]y?+ 9 g5]al is v1 v ma!matical4 ,?is is n because 8 po9t ( view is too big1 b because x is too small4 ,he :o sees s mu* nev] by any *ance sees ! :ole build+4 ,let him try to ?9k broadly ( ?+s4 ,ev5 %\ld he succe$ 9 =gett+ "s ( ^! factiti\s details1 ! result w /ill be /iff en\gh1 s h>d is x to re-adju/ "o's attitude aft] manipulat+ ! ,t-squ>e4 ,i /rongly recomm5d1 z an invaluable aid t[>d su* a re-adju/m5t1 ! habit ( sket*+ f ,nature1--f ! figure dur+ ! w9t] ev5+s1 & out ( doors 9 summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,! beg9n] is apt to f9d 8 effects at fir/ r h>d & me*anical at ! be/1 because he has n yet atta9$ t fre$om ( h&l+ :i* ignores unimportant details1 sugge/s r ?an /ates1 gives int]e/+ v>iations ( l9e & tone1 & diff]5tiates textures4 ,a good "p ( ! unpleasantness ( effect w und\bt$ly be f\nd to be due to a mi/ak5 reg>d = accuracy ( /atem5t1 individual m\ld+s be+ l9$ 9 z delib]ately z 9 ! geometrical (fice draw+s1 & n an egg nor a d>t slight$4 ,take1 = example1 ! case ( an old ,colonial build+ ) its :ite cornice1 or any build+ ) :ite trimm+s4 ,see ! effect ( su* a "o 9 an elevation :]e all ! detail is drawn1 z 9 ,a1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,obs]ve t ! am\nt ( ink necess>y to express ?is detail has made ! cornice d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! draw+1 & yet ?is is q ! rev]se ( ! value :i* x w\ld h 9 ! actual build+1 see ,b4 ,to obta9 ! true value ! diff]5t m\ld+s :i* make up ! cornice %\ld be m]ely sugge/$4 ,:]e x is n a "q ( local color1 h[ev]1 ?is matt] ( elim9ation is l>gely subject to ! exig5cies ( reproduction2 ! m precisely & intimately "o attempts to r5d] detail1 ! small] ! scale ( ! te*nique requires to be1 & ! great] ! difficulty4 ,consequ5tly1 ! m ! r$uction :i* ! draw+ is likely to und]go 9 pr9t+1 ! m "o w be oblig$ to disreg>d ! f9] details4 ,^! f9] details ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be absolutely ignor$4 ,notice1 = in/ance1 ! clev] sugge/ion ( ! sculpture 9 ! admirable draw+ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,wallis1 ,fig4 #de4 ,! conv5tional draw+ ( ! faade1 ,fig4 #df1 is a f9e illu/ration ( ! decorative effect ( color obta9able by emphasiz+ ! organic l9es ( ! design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,,frank ,e4 ,,wallis ,side note3 ,foliage & ,figures ,! elem5ts 9 a p]spective draw+ :i* pres5t mo/ difficulties to ! ar*itectural draughtsman are foliage & figures4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 mo/ important accessories1 & mu/ be clev]ly h&l$4 ,x is difficult to say :i* is ! h>d] to draw1 a tree or a human figure2 & if ! /ud5t has n sket*$ mu* f ,nature ei!r w prove a /umbl+-block4 ,presum+1 !re=e1 t he has already fill$ a few sket*-books1 he _h bett] resort to ^!1 or to 8 photograph album1 :5 he ne$s figures = 8 p]spective4 ,design+ figures & trees out ( "o's inn] consci\sness is sl[ "w & n v pr(itable2 & if ! figure draughtsman may employ models1 ! ar*itect may be p]mitt$ to use photographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,,h>ry ,,allan ,,jacobs ,unhappily = ! beg9n]1 no two illu/rators cons5t to r5d] foliage1 or any?+ else = t matt]1 9 q ! same way1 & s ,i _c pres5t any au?oritative =mula = do+ s4 ,?is subject has be5 treat$1 h[ev]1 9 a previ\s *apt]1 & no?+ ne$ be add$ "h except to call att5tion to an employm5t ( foliage peculi> to ar*itectural draw+s4 ,?is is ! broad sugge/ive r5d]+ ( d>k leafage at ! sides ( a build+1 to give x relief4 ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg is f "o ( ,mr4 ,gregg's draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg ,! r5d]+ ( ! human figure ne$ n be dealt ) "u ?is head1 z figures 9 an ar*itectural subject are ( necessity relatively small1 & !re=e h to be r5d]$ v broadly4 ,c>eful draw+ is none ! less ess5tial1 h[ev]1 if _! pres5ce is to be ju/ifi$2 & badly drawn figures furni% a tempt+ t>get = ! critic ( ar*itectural pictures4 ,c]ta9ly1 x is only too evid5t t ! p usually se5 9 su* pictures are utt]ly incapable ( tak+ ! slighte/ int]e/ :atev] 9 ar*itecture1 or 9 any?+ else2 & n infrequ5tly !y seem to be ev5 m immovable objects ?an ! build+s !mselves1 s fix$ & inflexible are !y4 ,su* figures z ^! only detract f ! int]e/ ( ! draw+1 in/ead ( add+ to x1 & ! draughtsman :o has no special aptitude is wise 9 ei!r omitt+ !m altoge!r1 or 9 us+ v few1 & is p]haps /ill wis] if he entru/s ! draw+ ( ^! to "o ( 8 associates m accompli%$ 9 ?is special direction4 ,! fir/ ?+ to decide 9 ! matt] ( figures is _! arrangem5t & gr\p+1 & :5 ?is has be5 det]m9$ !y %\ld be sket*$ 9 lightly 9 p5cil4 ,9 ?is connection a few words by way ( sugge/ion may be f\nd useful4 ,be c>eful to avoid any?+ l an equal spac+ ( ! figures4 ,gr\p ! p int]e/+ly4 ,i h se5 z _m z ?irty individuals 9 a draw+1 no two ( :om seem$ to be acqua9t$1--a v unhappy condition ( affairs ev5 f a purely pictorial po9t ( view4 ,d n ov]-emphasize ! base ( a build+ by /r++ all ! figures along ! sidewalks4 ,! l9es ( ! curbs w\ld ?us conf9e & frame !m 9 unpleasantly4 ,break ! cont9uity ( ! /reet l9es ) figures or c>riages 9 ! roadway1 z 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,aft] ! figures h be5 satisfactorily arrang$1 !y ought to be c>efully drawn z to outl9e4 ,9 do+ s1 take pa9s to v>y ! po/ures1 giv+ !m action1 & avoid+ ! /iff wood51 fa%ion-plate type ( p]son s common to ar*itectural draw+s4 ,:5 ! "t comes to r5d] ^! accessories ) ! p5 7& ?is ought1 by ! way1 to be ! la/ ?+ done7 d n lose ! fre$om & bread? ( ! draw+ by dwell+ too long on !m4 ,rise sup]ior to su* details z ! patt]ns ( neckties4 ,we w n[ consid] ! application to ar*itectural subjects ( ! rem>ks on te*nique & color conta9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,side note3 ,ar*itectural ,textures ,to le>n to r5d] ! diff]5t textures ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ar*itecture1 ! /ud5t w\ld d well to exam9e & /udy ! me?ods ( prom95t illu/rators1 & !n proce$ to =get !m1 develop+ mean:ile a me?od ( 8 own4 ,x w be in/ructive = him1 h[ev]1 z %[+ ! opportunity = play ( individuality1 to notice h[ v diff]5t1 = in/ance1 is ,mr4 ,gregg's mann] ( r5d]+ brick "w to t ( ,mr4 ,railton4 ,comp>e ,figs4 #dh & #di4 ,"o is spl5didly broad1--almo/ decorative1--! o!r intimate & picturesque4 ,! "w ( bo? ^! m5 is em95tly wor?y ( /udy4 ,= ! sophi/icat$ simplicity & directness ( 8 me?od & ! almo/ sev]e consci5ti\sness ( 8 draw+1 no less ?an = 8 ma/]ly k ( black & :ite1 no saf] guide c\ld be comm5d$ to ! "y ar*itectural p5-man = ! /udy ( pr9ciples ?an ,mr4 ,gregg4 ,ar*itectural illu/ration 9 ,am]ica owes mu* to 8 influ5ce &1 inde$1 he may be said to h furni%$ x ) a gramm>4 ,take 8 draw+ ( ! ,engli% cottages1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,x is a ma/]ly piece ( p5 "w4 ,!re is n a feeble or t5tative /roke 9 ! :ole ( x4 ,! color is brilliant & ! textures are express$ ) wond]ful skill4 ,! /ud5t ought to c>efully obs]ve ! r5d]+ ( ! v>i\s ro(s4 ,notice h[ ! "* ( ! ?at* on ! second cottage diff]s f t on ! fir/1 & h[ radically ! me?od ( r5d]+ ( ei!r v>ies f t us$ on ! %+le ro( at ! end ( ! picture4 ,comp>e also ! two gable *imneys ) ea* o!r z well z ) ! old ru9 se5 ov] ! tree-tops4 ,"h is a draw+ by an ar*itectural draughtsman ( an ar*itectural actuality & n ( an artificial ab/raction4 ,?is is a fair] gr\nd on :i* to meet ! illu/rators ( ! picturesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di ,,h]b]t ,,railton ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,d4 ,a4 ,,gregg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea ,,walt] ,m4 ,,campbell ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb ,,h]b]t ,,railton ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,a4 ,f4 ,,jaccaci ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,c4 ,f4 ,,bragdon ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,,h>vey ,,ellis ,side note3 ,examples ,mr4 ,campbell's draw+1 ,fig4 #ea1 is a v good example ( ! r5d]+ ( /one textures4 ,! old masonry is capitally express$ by ! %ort irregul> l9e4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ to select "s portion ( ?is1 z well z ( ! prec$+ example to copy1 us+1 no matt] h[ small ! draw+s he may make1 a p5 n small] ?an numb] #cjc4 ,i "k ( no ar*itectural illu/rator :o hits /onework (f q s clev]ly z ,mr4 ,goodhue4 ,notice1 9 8 draw+ ( ! masonry1 9 ,fig4 #h1 h[ ! /ones are pick$ out & r5d]$ individually 9 places & h[ ?is intimate treatm5t is conf9$ to ! top ( ! t[] :]e x tells aga9/ ! textures ( ! v>i\s ro(s & h[ x is !n m]g$ 9 a broad gray tone :i* is c>ri$ to ! /reet4 ,mr4 ,railton's sket*es are full ( clev] sugge/ion = ! ar*itectural illu/rator 9 ! way ( texture4 ,figs4 #g & #eb %[ 8 free r5d]+ ( masonry4 ,! latt] is an especially v good subject = /udy4 ,obs]ve h[ well ! texture tells 9 ! high portion ( ! abutm5t by reason ( ! ?ick1 brok5 l9es4 ,= a di/ant effect ( /one texture1 ! draw+ by ,mr4 ,jaccaci1 ,fig4 #ec1 is a f9e example4 ,9 ?is ! r5d]+ is conf9$ m]ely to ! organic l9es ( ! ar*itecture1 & yet ! texture is capitally express$ by ! quality ( ! /roke1 :i* is loose & mu* brok54 ,! g5]al result is extremely crisp & pleas+4 ,= broad r5d]+ ( brick textures1 p]haps !re is no "o :o %[s su* a ma/]ly me?od z ,mr4 ,gregg4 ,z may be se5 9 8 sket* ( ! blacksmi? %op1 ,fig4 #dh1 he employs an irregul> dragg+ l9e ) a great deal ( feel+4 ,! brick panel by ,mr4 ,bragdon1 ,fig4 #ed1 is a neat piece ( "w4 ,!re is excell5t texture1 too1 9 ! picturesque draw+ by ,mr4 ,h>vey ,ellis1 ,fig4 #ee3--obs]ve ! r5d]+ ( ! r\gh brick surface at ! left side ( ! build+4 ,a m intimate treatm5t is t illu/rat$ 9 ! detail by ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,mall[s1 ! ,engli% draughts man1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,9 ?is draw+1 h[ev]1 ! edges ( ! build+ are unpleasantly h>d1 & are some:at out ( "* ) ! qua9t r5d]+ ( ! surfaces4 ,mr4 ,goodhue uses a simil> treatm5t1 &1 ,i ?9k1 r m successfully4 ,on ! :ole1 ! broad] me?od1 :]e ! texture is c>ri$ out m uni=mly1 is m to be comm5d$1 at lea/ = ! /udy ( ! beg9n]4 ,"s examples ( %+le & slate textures are illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #eg4 ,x is advisable to employ a l>g] p5 = ! %+le1 s z to ensure ! requisite co>s5ess ( effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,c4 ,e4 ,,mall[s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,side note3 ,an ,ar*itectural ,problem ,to favorably illu/rate an ar*itectural subject x w be f\nd g5]ally exp$i5t to give prom95ce to "o p>ticul> elevation 9 ! p]spective1 ! o!r be+ p]mitt$ to vani% %>ply4 ,fig4 #eh may be said to be a fairly typical problem = ! ar*itectural p5man4 ,! old build+ on ! "r1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 is n a m]e accessory1 b is an ess5tial "p ( ! picture4 ,! matt] ( surr\nd+s is ! fir/ we h to decide ^u1 & ^! ought always to be dispos$ ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> =m ( composition :i* ! subject may sugge/4 ,7 we deal+ ) ! =egr\nd build+ alone !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 adju/+ ! oval or ! diamond =m ( composition to x499 ,z x is1 ! difficulty lies 9 ! long cre/$ ro(-l9e :i* takes ! same oblique angle z ! l9e ( ! /reet1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is l9e mu/ be1 z f> z possible1 c\nt]act$4 ,n[ ! heavy ov]-hang ( ! pr9cipal ro( w naturally ca/ a %ad[ :i* w be an important l9e 9 ! composition1 s we arrange our accessories at ! "r ( ! picture 9 ref]5ce to ?is4 ,obs]ve t ! l9e ( ! eaves1 if cont9u$1 w\ld int]sect ! top ( ! gable *imney4 ,! dwell+ & ! tree !n =m a focus = ! conv]g+ l9es ( sidewalk & ro(1 ?us qualify+ ! v]tical effect ( ! build+ on ! "r4 ,z ! obliquity ( ! composition is /ill objectionable1 we decide to introduce a =egr\nd figure :i* w break up ! l9e ( ! long sidewalk1 & place x s t x w increase ! influ5ce ( "s contr>y l9e1 see ,fig4 #ei4 ,we f9d t by putt+ x a little to ! "r ( ! entrance & on a l9e ) t ( ! left sidewalk1 ! picture is pleas+ly balanc$4 ,footnote 993 ,see footnote on page #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,we are n[ ready to consid] ! disposition ( ! values4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 ^! are det]m9$ by ! s*eme ( light & %ade4 ,= ?is reason any giv5 subject may be v>i\sly treat$4 ,we d n necess>ily seek ! s*eme :i* w make ! mo/ pictorial effect1 h[ev]1 b ! "o :i* w s]ve to set (f ! build+ to ! be/ advantage4 ,x is app>5t t ! mo/ intelligible idea ( ! =m ( ! /ructure w be giv5 by %ad+ "o side2 &1 z ! front is ! m important & ! m int]e/+ elevation1 on :i* we ne$ sunlight to give expression to ! composition1 x is natural to %ade ! o!r1 ?us af=d+ a foil = ! bright effects on ! front4 ,?is bright effect w be fur!r enhanc$ if we assume t ! local color ( ! ro( is d>k] ?an t ( ! walls1 s t we c give x a gray tone1 :i* w also make ! ma9 build+ /& away f ! o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to likewise assume t ! ro( ( ! o!r build+ 7 d>k] ?an its walls1 we %\ld be oblig$ to emphasize ! objectionable ro( l9e1 & z1 9 any case1 we want a d>k effect l[] d[n on ! walls to give relief to our ma9 build+1 we w assume t ! local color ( ! old] walls is d>k] ?an t ( ! new4 ,! %ad[ ( ! ma9 cornice we w make q /rong1 emphasis be+ plac$ on ! ne>] corn]1 :i* is made almo/ black4 ,?is color is repeat$ 9 ! w9d[s1 :i*1 com+ z !y d 9 a gr\p1 are "s ( !m m fill$ 9 ?an o!rs1 to avoid an effect ( monotony4 ,! /rong note ( ! draw+ is !n giv5 by ! =egr\nd figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj ,c4 ,d4 ,m4 ,ano!r s*eme = ! treatm5t ( ?is same subject is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #fj4 ,"h1 by ! introduction ( ! tree at ! "r ( ! picture1 a triangul> composition is adopt$4 ,obs]ve t ! sidewalk & ro( l9es at ! left side ( ! build+ radiate to ! bottom & top ( ! tree respectively4 ,! %ad[ ( ! tree helps to =m ! bottom l9e ( ! triangle4 ,9 ?is case ! =egr\nd figure is omitt$1 z x w\ld h made ! triangul>ity too obvi\s4 ,9 ! color-s*eme ! tree is made ! pr9cipal d>k1 & ?is d>k is repeat$ 9 ! cornice %ad[1 w9d[s & figures z be=e4 ,! gray tone ( ! old build+ qualifies ! blackness ( ! tree1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h made too /rong a contra/ at ! edge ( ! picture1 & s detract$ f ! int]e/ ( ! ma9 build+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,decorative ,,draw+ ,9 all mod]n decorative illu/ration1 &1 inde$1 9 all dep>tm5ts ( decorative design1 ! influ5ces ( two v diff]5t & di/9ct po9ts ( view are noticeable2 ! "o dem&+ a reali/ic1 ! o!r a purely conv5tional art4 ,! logic ( ! fir/ is1 t all good pictorial art is ess5tially decorative2 t ( ! second1 t ! decorative subject mu/ be design$ 9 organic relation to ! space :i* x is to occupy1 & be s treat$ t ! design w prim>ily fulfil a purely ornam5tal function4 ,t is to say1 :atev] ( dramatic or lit]>y int]e/ ! decorative design may possess mu/ be1 z x 71 wov5 into x1 s t ! g5]al effect %all please z in/antly1 z directly1 & z indep5d5tly ( ! mean+1 z ! patt]n ( an ,ori5tal rug4 ,! =m]1 x w be se51 is an imitative1 ! latt] an inv5tive art4 ,9 ! "o1 ! elem5ts ( ! subject are r5d]$ ) all possible naturalism2 :ile1 9 ! o!r1 effects ( atmosph]e & ! accid5tal play ( light & %ade are sacrific$ to a conv5tional r5d]+1 by :i* ! design is kept flat ^u ! pap] or wall4 ,"o repres5ts ! po9t ( view ( ! pa9t] & ! pictorial illu/rator2 ! o!r t ( ! design] & ! ar*itect4 ,! second1 or conv5tional idea1 has n[ come to be widely accept$ z a true basic pr9ciple 9 decorative art4 ,side note3 ,! ,new ,decorative ,s*ool ,! idea is n by any means novel2 x has always be5 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,japanese art2 b its g5esis 0 n 9 ,japan4 ,! imm$iate inspiration ( ! new ,decorative s*ool1 z f> z x is conc]n$ ) ! decoration ( books1 at lea/1 0 f\nd 9 ! art ( ,dr]1 ,holbe91 & ! ,g]man engrav]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1--int]e/ 9 :i* p]iod has be5 lately s /imulat$ by ! ,arts & ,crafts movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,?is movem5t1 :i* may fairly be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces 9 latt]-day art1 0 begun ) ! aim ( re/or+ ^? heal?y conditions :i* obta9$ be=e ! arti/ & ! craftsman came to be two di/9ct & v mu* extrang$ work]s4 ,! activities ( ! movem5t 7 at fir/ m directly conc]n$ ) ! art ( good book-mak+1 :i* fructifi$ 9 ! fam\s ,kelmscott ,press 7an in/itution :i*1 :ile necess>ily undemocratic1 has ex]t$ a trem5d\s influ5ce on mod]n pr9t+71 & to-day !re is sc>cely any sph]e ( indu/rial art :i* has n be5 influ5c$ by ! ,arts & ,crafts impetus4 ,side note3 ,criticisms ( ! ,s*ool ,?is mod]n decorative r5aissance has a root 9 s\nd art pr9ciples1 :i* promises = x a vigor\s vitality2 & p]haps ! only s]i\s criticism :i* has be5 direct$ aga9/ x is1 t x enc\rages ar*aic crudities ( te*nique :i* ignore ! high developm5t ( ! reproductive processes ( ! pres5t day2 &1 moreov]1 t its sympa?ies t5d t[>ds m$ival life & feel+4 ,:ile su* a criticism might reasonably be sugge/$ by ! "w ( "s ( its individual adh]5ts1 x does n t\* 9 ! lea/ ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! s*ool4 ,art _c be said to sc\t mod]nity because x refuses to adju/ itself to ! e caprice ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ar*itect r despises ! me*anically p]fect brick 7v mu* to ! surprise ( ! manufactur]72 & ?\gh ! cam]a c record m ?an ! p5cil or ! bru%1 yet ! arti/ is n try+ to see m ?an he ev] did be=e4 ,!re are1 too1 _m decorative illu/rators :o1 :ile v di/9ctly confess+ _! indebt$ness to old examples2 are yet p]fectly eclectic & individual1 bo? 9 ! *oice & developm5t ( motive4 ,take1 = example1 ! v mod]n subject ( ! cycli/ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,fro/1 ,fig4 #fa4 ,!re are no ar*aisms 9 x :atev]4 ,! draw+ is z naturali/ic & j z c>eful z if x 7 design$ = a picture4 ,! %ad[s1 too1 are ca/1 giv+ an effect ( /rong outdoor light2 b ! treatm5t1 broad & beautifully simple s z to be reconcilable ) ! lett]+ :i* accompani$ x1 is well )9 conv5tional l9es4 ,t ! "* ( ! te*nical treatm5t is su* z to place no tax on ! me*anical inv5tiv5ess ( ! processman is n inexcusable ar*ology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa ,a4 ,b4 ,,fro/ ,a valuable attribute ( ?is conv5tional art is1 t x puts no b\nds to ! fancy ( ! design]4 ,x is a figurative language 9 :i* he may get away f commonplace /atem5t4 ,:at has always seem$ to me a v logical employm5t ( conv5tion appe>s 9 ! ,pun* c>toons ( ,sir ,john ,t5niel & ,mr4 ,l9dley ,samb\rne4 ,ev5 9 ^? c>toons :i* are devoid ( physical c>icature 7& !y are g5]ally free f ?is71 we see at a glance t x is ! political & n ! p]sonal relations ( ! p]son t are repres5t$2 :]eas 9 ! naturali/ic c>toons ( ,puck1 = example1 "o _c resi/ ! feel+ t p]sonalities are be+ r\ghly h&l$4 ,side note3 ,relation ,a *ief pr9ciple 9 all decorative design & treatm5t is t ( ,relation4 ,if ! space to be ornam5t$ be a book-page ! design & treatm5t mu/ be su* z to h>monize ) ! pr9t+4 ,! type mu/ be consid]$ z an elem5t 9 ! design1 &1 z ! effect ( a page ( type is broad & uni=mly flat1 ! ornam5t mu/ be made to c\nt z broad & flat likewise4 ,! same pr9ciple holds equally 9 mural decoration4 ,!re ! design ought to be subord9ate to ! g5]al effect ( ! ar*itecture4 ,! wall is n to be consid]$ m]ely z a conv5i5t place on :i* to pla/] a picture1 its /ructural purpose mu/ be reg>d$1 & ?is _c be express$ if ! design or treatm5t be purely pictorial--if vague p]spective di/ances & /rong =egr\nd acc5ts be us$ )\t symmetry or ord]1 except t ord] :i* gov]ns itself alone4 ,9 o!r words1 ! decoration mu/ be organic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb ,,alfr$ ,g4 ,,jones ,side note3 ,classes ( ,decorative ,design ,decorative illu/rations may be broadly classifi$ "u ?ree heads z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ^? :]e9 ! composition & ! treatm5t are bo? conv5tional1 z1 = example1 9 ! ex-libris by ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,jones1 ,fig4 #fb4 ,second1 :]e ! composition is naturali/ic1 & ! treatm5t only is conv5tional1 z 9 ,mr4 ,fro/'s design4 ,?ird1 :]e ! composition is decorative b n conv5tional1 & ! treatm5t is semi-natural1 z 9 ! draw+ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,appleton ,cl>k1 ,fig4 #fc4 7,! latt] subject is ( su* a "* z to l5d itself )\t conv5tion to a decorative effect2 &1 al?\gh ! figure is model$ z 9 a pictorial illu/ration1 ! organic l9es are s emphasiz$ ?r\gh\t z to pres]ve ! decorative "*1 & ! :ole keeps its place on ! page47 ,"u ?is ?ird head w\ld be includ$ ^? subjects ( a pictorial nature ^: composition & values are su* z to make !m reconcilable to a decorative use by means ( bord]s or v def9$ edges1 z 9 ! illu/ration by ,mr4 ,a4 ,campbell ,cross1 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc ,w4 ,,appleton ,,cl>k ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,a4 ,,campbell ,,cross ,side note3 ,! ,decorative ,outl9e ,ano!r ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( decorative draw+ is ! emphasiz$ ,outl9e4 ,?is may be heavy or delicate1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject or individual ta/e4 ,! designs by ,mr4 ,w4 ,ni*olson & ,mr4 ,selwyn ,image1 = in/ance1 are drawn ) a fatness ( outl9e n to be obta9$ ) any?+ b a bru%2 :ile ! outl9es ( ,m4 ,b\tet de ,monvel1 m>k$ z !y are1 are evid5tly ! "w ( a m ?an usually f9e p54 ,9 ea* case1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ is 9 keep+ ) ! scale ( ! outl9e adopt$1 s t ?is always reta9s its prop] emphasis4 ,! decorative outl9e %\ld nev] be brok51 b %\ld be kept firm1 positive1 & uni=m4 ,x may be heavy1 & yet be ri* & feel+1 z may be se5 9 ! ,mu*a design1 ,fig4#fe4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! l9e ought n to be made ) a n]v\s /roke1 b r ) a sl[1 delib]ate drag4 ,! natural wav]+ ( ! h& ne$ occasion no anxiety1 &1 inde$1 x is (t5 m helpful to ! l9e ?an o!rwise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe ,,mu*a ,p]haps !re is no m difficult ?+ to d well ?an to model ! figure :ile /ill pres]v+ ! decorative outl9e4 ,sev]al examples ( ! skilful accompli%m5t ( ?is problem are illu/rat$ "h4 ,obs]ve1 = in/ance1 h[ 9 ! qua9t ,dr]-l design by ,mr4 ,h[>d ,pyle1 ,fig4 #ff1 ! edges ( ! drap]y-folds are emphasiz$ 9 ! %ad[ by keep+ !m :ite1 & see h[ wond]fully effective ! result is4 ,! same device is also to be notic$ 9 ! book-plate design by ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,jones1 ,fig4 #fb1 z well z 9 ! m conv5tional treatm5t ( ! black figure 9 ! ,bradley po/]1 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff ,,h[>d ,,pyle ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,,w ,h4 ,,bradley ,side note3 ,color ,9 ! r5d]+ ( decorative subjects1 ! ,color %\ld be1 z mu* z possible1 design$4 ,:]eas a po/]1 :i* is made ) a view to its entire effect be+ grasp$ at once1 may be r5d]$ 9 flat masses ( color1 ! head- or tail-piece = a decorative book-page %\ld be work$ out 9 m detail1 & ! design %\ld be f9] & m v>i$ 9 color4 ,! m ! color is atta9$ by means ( patt]n1 in/ead ( by m]e irresponsible l9es1 ! m decorative is ! result4 ,obs]ve ! color-mak+ by patt]n 9 ! book-plate by ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,bill+hur/1 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a great v>iety ( textures may be obta9$ by means ( v>i$ patt]ns )\t affect+ ! bread? ( ! color-s*eme4 ,?is may be notic$ 9 ! design la/ m5tion$1 9 :i* ! textures are extremely well r5d]$1 z well z 9 ! po/] design by ,mr4 ,bradley = ! ,*ap-,book1 j ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh ,p4 ,j4 ,,bill+hur/ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi ,,begg>/aff ,,bro!rs ,! color-s*eme ought to be simple & broad4 ,no set rules c be laid d[n to gov]n its disposition1 :i* mu/ always h ref]5ce to ! :ole design4 ,! importance ( employ+ su* a broad & simple s*eme 9 decorative draw+ ne$s no bett] argum5t ?an ! effective po/] design by ! ,begg>/aff ,bro!rs1 ,fig4 #fi1 & t by ,mr4 ,p5field1 ,fig4#gj4 ,( c\rse ! m conv5tional ! design ! less reg>d ne$ be paid to any?+ l a logical disposition ( color4 ,a figure may be set aga9/ a black l&scape ) :ite trees )\t fe> ( criticism f reasonable p1 provid$ x looks effective !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj ,,edw>d ,,p5field ,side note3 ,mod]n ,decorative ,draughtsm5 ,a ^w or two1 9 conclusion1 conc]n+ "s ( ! mod]n decorative draughtsm54 ,( ^? :o "w 9 ! sixte5? c5tury mann]1 ,mr4 ,h[>d ,pyle is unque/ionably ! sup]ior te*nician4 ,8 l9e1 ma/]ly 9 its sur5ess1 is ri* & *>g$ ) feel+4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,ospovat1 "o ( ! y\ng] gr\p ( ,engli% decorators1 has also a *>m+ te*nique1 r fre] ?an t ( ,mr4 ,pyle1 & yet rem9d+ "o ( x4 ,mr4 ,l\is ,rhead is ano!r ( ! same s*ool1 ^: designs are des]v+ ( /udy4 ,! example ( 8 "w %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga--;excell5t bo? 9 color & 9 draw+--is "o ( 8 e>li] designs4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,simpson1 9 ! book-plate1 ,fig4 #gb1 %[s ! broade/ possible decorative me?od2 a me?od :i*1 :ile too broad = any?+ b a po/] or a book-label1 is j :at ! /ud5t %\ld aim at be+ able to atta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga ,,l\is ,j4 ,,rhead ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb ,j4 ,w4 ,,simpson ,"s ( ^? decorators ^: "w %[s a ,japanese influ5ce h a mo/ exquisite me?od4 ,( ^!1 t rem>kable draughtsman1 ,m4 ,b\tet de ,monvel1 easily takes ! fir/ place4 ,^? :o h _h ! good =tune to see 8 orig9al draw+s w n easily =get ! delicate beauty ( outl9e nor ! wond]fully t5d] color+ :i* di/+ui%es !m4 ,mr4 ,maxfield ,p>ri% is ano!r ma/]ly decorator :o is not$ = 8 free use ( ,japanese prec$5t z well z = ! res\rcefulness ( 8 te*nique4 ,! draw+s ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,mc,carter1 too1 execut$ z !y are 9 pure l9e1 are especially valuable to ! /ud5t ( ! p54 ,9 respect bo? ( ! design & treatm5t ( decorative subjects1 ! "w ( ! late ,aubrey ,be>dsley is m individual ?an t ( any o!r mod]n draughtsman4 ,t ( our own clev] & ecc5tric ,bradley1 :ile v cle>ly confess+ its obligations1 has yet a di/9ctive "* ( its own4 ,! "w ( ! two latt] draughts m51 h[ev]1 is n to be recomm5d$ to ! unsophi/icat$ beg9n] = imitation1 = x is likely to be m h>mful ?an o!rwise4 ,nev]!less1 by /e]+ cle> ( ! grotesque conv5tions ) :i* !y treat ! human figure1 by c>efully avoid+ ! int5se blacks 9 :i* a great deal ( _! "w ab\nds1 & by g5]ally ma9ta9+ a heal?y condition ( m9d1 mu* is to be le>n$ f a /udy ( _! peculi> me?ods4