,,laws ,by ,plato ,translat$ ,by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,introduction ,,& ,,analysis4 ,! g5u95ess ( ! ,laws is suffici5tly prov$ 7#a7 by m ?an tw5ty citations ( !m 9 ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 :o 0 resid+ at ,a!ns dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! life ( ,plato1 & :o1 hav+ left x aft] 8 dea? 7,b4,c4 #cdg71 return$ ?i!r twelve ye>s lat] 7,b4,c4 #cce72 7#b7 by ! allusion ( ,isocrates 7,oratio ad ,philippum missa1 p4#hd3 ,to m5 tais panegures9 eno*le9 kai pros apantas lege9 t\s sunpre*ontas en autais pros oud5a lege9 e/91 all omoios oi toi\toi ton logon 7sc4 spee*es 9 ! assembly7 akuroi tug*an\s9 ontes tois nomois kai tais politeiais tais upo ton sophi/on gegramm5ais47 --writ+ #cdf ,b4,c41 a ye> aft] ! dea? ( ,plato1 & probably n m ?an ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ! composition ( ! ,laws--:o speaks ( ! ,laws & ,republics writt5 by philosoph]s 7upo ton sophi/on72 7#c7 by ! ref]5ce 7,a!n47 ( ! comic poet ,alexis1 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,plato 7fl4 ,b4,c #cef-cjf71 to ! enactm5t ab\t prices1 :i* occurs 9 ,laws xi41 viz t ! same goods %\ld n be (f]$ at two prices on ! same day 7,ou gegone kreitton nomo!tes t\ pl\si\ ,ari/onik\ ti!si g> nuni nomon1 ton i*?uopolon o/is an polon t9i i*?un upotimesas apodot elattonos es eipe times1 eis to desmot]ion eu?us apage/hai t\ton1 ina d$oikotes tes axias agapos91 e tes esp]as sapr\s apantas apoph]os9 oikade4 ,me9eke1 ,frag4 ,com4 ,graec472 7#d7 by ! unanim\s voice ( lat] antiquity & ! abs5ce ( any suspicion among anci5t writ]s wor? speak+ ( to ! contr>y2 = x is n said ( ,philippus ( ,opus t he compos$ any "p ( ! ,laws1 b only t he copi$ !m out ( ! wax5 tablets1 & 0 ?\ght by "s to h writt5 ! ,ep9omis 7,diog4 ,la]t47 ,t ! longe/ & "o ( ! be/ writ+s be>+ ! "n ( ,plato %\ld be a =g]y1 ev5 if its g5u95ess 7 unsupport$ by ext]nal te/imony1 w\ld be a s+ul> ph5om5on 9 anci5t lit]ature2 & al?\gh ! critical wor? ( ! cons5sus ( late writ]s is g5]ally n to be comp>$ ) ! express te/imony ( contempor>ies1 yet a some:at great] value may be attribut$ to _! cons5t 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 because ! admission ( ! ,laws is comb9$ ) d\bts ab\t ! ,ep9omis1 a spuri\s writ+1 :i* is a k9d ( epilogue to ! l>g] "w probably ( a mu* lat] date4 ,?is %[s t ! reception ( ! ,laws 0 n altoge!r undiscrim9at+4 ,! suspicion :i* has atta*$ to ! ,laws ( ,plato 9 ! judgm5t ( "s mod]n writ]s appe>s to re/ p>tly 7#a7 on diff]5ces 9 ! /yle & =m ( ! "w1 & 7#b7 on diff]5ces ( ?\ght & op9ion :i* !y obs]ve 9 !m4 ,_! suspicion is increas$ by ! fact t ^! diff]5ces are accompani$ by resemblances z /rik+ to passages 9 o!r ,platonic writ+s4 ,!y are s5sible ( a want ( po9t 9 ! dialogue & a g5]al inf]iority 9 ! ideas1 plan1 mann]s1 & /yle4 ,!y miss ! poetical fl[1 ! dramatic v]isimilitude1 ! life & v>iety ( ! *>act]s1 ! dialectic subtlety1 ! ,attic purity1 ! lum9\s ord]1 ! exquisite urbanity2 in/ead ( :i* !y f9d tautology1 obscurity1 self-suffici5cy1 s]moniz+1 rhetorical declamation1 p$antry1 egotism1 unc\? =ms ( s5t5ces1 & peculi>ities 9 ! use ( words & idioms4 ,!y are unable to discov] any unity 9 ! pat*$1 irregul> /ructure4 ,! speculative elem5t bo? 9 gov]nm5t & education is sup]s$$ by a n>r[ economical or religi\s ve94 ,! grace & *e]fulness ( ,a!nian life h disappe>$2 & a _s ( moros5ess & religi\s intol]ance has tak5 _! place4 ,! *>m ( y\? is no long] !re2 ! mann]ism ( age makes itself unpleasantly felt4 ,! connection is (t5 imp]fect2 & !re is a want ( arrangem5t1 exhibit$ especially 9 ! enum]ation ( ! laws t[>ds ! end ( ! "w4 ,! ,laws are full ( flaws & repetitions4 ,! ,greek is 9 places v ungrammatical & intractable4 ,a cynical levity is display$ 9 "s passages1 & a tone ( disappo9tm5t & lam5tation ov] human ?+s 9 o!rs4 ,! critics seem also to obs]ve 9 !m bad imitations ( ?\ghts :i* are bett] express$ 9 ,plato's o!r writ+s4 ,la/ly1 !y wond] h[ ! m9d :i* conceiv$ ! ,republic c\ld h left ! ,critias1 ,h]mocrates1 & ,philosophus incomplete or unwritt51 & h devot$ ! la/ ye>s ( life to ! ,laws4 ,! que/ions :i* h be5 ?us indirectly sugge/$ may be consid]$ by u "u five or six heads3 ,i1 ! *>act]s2 ,,ii1 ! plan2 ,,iii1 ! /yle2 ,,iv1 ! imitations ( o!r writ+s ( ,plato2 ,v2 ! m g5]al relation ( ! ,laws to ! ,republic & ! o!r dialogues2 & ,,vi1 to ! exi/+ ,a!nian & ,sp>tan /ates4 ,i4 ,already 9 ! ,philebus ! di/9ctive "* ( ,socrates has disappe>$2 & 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,sophi/1 & ,/atesman 8 function ( *ief speak] is h&$ ov] to ! ,py?agorean philosoph] ,timaeus1 & to ! ,eleatic ,/rang]1 at ^: feet he sits1 & is sil5t4 ,m & m ,plato seems to h felt 9 8 lat] writ+s t ! "* & me?od ( ,socrates 7 no long] suit$ to be ! vehicle ( 8 own philosophy4 ,he is no long] int]rogative b dogmatic2 n 'a hesitat+ enquir]1' b "o :o speaks ) ! au?ority ( a legislator4 ,ev5 9 ! ,republic we h se5 t ! argum5t :i* is c>ri$ on by ,socrates 9 ! old /yle ) ,?rasyma*us 9 ! fir/ book1 soon passes into ! =m ( exposition4 ,9 ! ,laws he is n[h]e m5tion$4 ,yet s completely 9 ! tradition ( antiquity is ,socrates id5tifi$ ) ,plato1 t 9 ! criticism ( ! ,laws :i* we f9d 9 ! s-call$ ,politics ( ,ari/otle he is suppos$ by ! writ] /ill to be play+ 8 "p ( ! *ief speak] 7comp>e ,pol474 ,! ,laws are discuss$ by ?ree repres5tatives ( ,a!ns1 ,crete1 & ,sp>ta4 ,! ,a!nian1 z might be expect$1 is ! protagoni/ or *ief speak]1 :ile ! second place is assign$ to ! ,cretan1 :o1 z "o ( ! lead]s ( a new colony1 has a special int]e/ 9 ! conv]sation4 ,at lea/ f\r-fif?s ( ! answ]s are put into 8 m\?4 ,! ,sp>tan is e in* a soldi]1 a man ( few words himself1 bett] at de$s ?an words4 ,! ,a!nian talks to ! two o!rs1 al?\gh !y are 8 equals 9 age1 9 ! /yle ( a ma/] disc\rs+ to 8 s*ol>s2 he frequ5tly praises himself2 he ent]ta9s a v poor op9ion ( ! und]/&+ ( 8 companions4 ,c]ta9ly ! boa/fulness & rud5ess ( ! ,laws is ! rev]se ( ! ref9$ irony & c\rtesy :i* *>act]ize ! e>li] dialogues4 ,we are no long] 9 su* good company z 9 ! ,pha$rus & ,symposium4 ,mann]s are lo/ sight ( 9 ! e>ne/ness ( ! speak]s1 & dogmatic ass]tions take ! place ( poetical fancies4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ,crete1 & ! conv]sation is held 9 ! c\rse ( a walk f ,cnosus to ! cave & temple ( ,zeus1 :i* takes place on "o ( ! longe/ & hotte/ days ( ! ye>4 ,! companions />t at dawn1 & arrive at ! po9t 9 _! conv]sation :i* t]m9ates ! f\r? book1 ab\t noon4 ,! ,god to ^: temple !y are go+ is ! lawgiv] ( ,crete1 & ?is may be suppos$ to be ! v cave at :i* he gave 8 oracles to ,m9os4 ,b ! ext]nals ( ! sc5e1 :i* are briefly & in>ti/ically describ$1 soon disappe>1 & we plunge abruptly into ! subject ( ! dialogue4 ,we are rem9d$ by contra/ ( ! high] art ( ! ,pha$rus1 9 :i* ! summ]'s day1 & ! cool /ream1 & ! *irp+ ( ! gras%opp]s1 & ! fragrance ( ! agnus ca/us1 & ! leg5ds ( ! place are pres5t to ! imag9ation ?r\gh\t ! disc\rse4 ,! typical ,a!nian apologizes = ! t5d5cy ( 8 c\ntrym5 'to sp9 a long discussion out ( sl5d] mat]ials1' & 9 a simil> _s ! ,lac$aemonian ,megillus apologizes = ! ,sp>tan brevity 7comp>e ,?ucydid471 ackn[l$g+ at ! same "t t !re may be occasions :5 long disc\rses are necess>y4 ,! family ( ,megillus is ! prox5us ( ,a!ns at ,sp>ta2 & he pays a beautiful complim5t to ! ,a!nian1 significant ( ! "* ( ! "w1 :i*1 ?\gh borr[+ _m elem5ts f ,sp>ta1 is also p]vad$ by an ,a!nian _s4 ,a good ,a!nian1 he says1 is m ?an ord9>ily good1 because he is inspir$ by nature & n manufactur$ by law4 ,! love ( li/5+ :i* is attribut$ to ! ,timocrat 9 ! ,republic is also exhibit$ 9 him4 ,! ,a!nian on 8 side has a pleasure 9 speak+ to ! ,lac$aemonian ( ! /ruggle 9 :i* _! ance/ors 7 jo9tly engag$ aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,a connexion ) ,a!ns is likewise intimat$ by ! ,cretan ,cle9ias4 ,he is ! relative ( ,epim5ides1 :om1 by an ana*ronism ( a c5tury1--p]haps aris+ z ,zell] sugge/s 7,plat4 ,/ud47 out ( a confusion ( ! visit ( ,epim5ides & ,diotima 7,symp471--he describes z com+ to ,a!ns1 n aft] ! attempt ( ,cylon1 b t5 ye>s be=e ! ,p]sian w>4 ,! ,cretan & ,lac$aemonian h>dly contribute at all to ! argum5t ( :i* ! ,a!nian is ! exp\nd]2 !y only supply in=mation :5 ask$ ab\t ! in/itutions ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,a k9d ( simplicity or /upidity is ascrib$ to !m4 ,at fir/1 !y are dissatisfi$ ) ! free criticisms :i* ! ,a!nian passes ^u ! laws ( ,m9os & ,lycurgus1 b !y acquiesce 9 8 great] exp]i5ce & k ( ! _w4 ,!y admit t !re c be no objection to ! enquiry2 = 9 ! _s ( ! legislator himself1 !y are discuss+ 8 laws :5 !re are no "y m5 pres5t to li/54 ,!y are unwill+ to all[ t ! ,sp>tan & ,cretan lawgiv]s c h be5 mi/ak5 9 hon\r+ c\rage z ! fir/ "p ( virtue1 & are puzzl$ at he>+ = ! fir/ "t t ',goods are only evil to ! evil4' ,sev]al times !y are on ! po9t ( qu>rell+1 & by an ef=t le>n to re/ra9 _! natural feel+ 7comp>e ,%akespe>e1 ,h5ry ,v1 act iii4 sc4 #b74 ,9 ,book vii41 ! ,lac$aemonian expresses a mom5t>y irritation at ! accusation :i* ! ,a!nian br+s aga9/ ! ,sp>tan in/itutions1 ( enc\rag+ lic5ti\sness 9 _! wom51 b he is rem9d$ by ! ,cretan t ! p]mission to criticize !m freely has be5 giv51 & _c be retract$4 ,8 only crit]ion ( tru? is ! au?ority ( ! ,sp>tan lawgiv]2 he is 'int]e/$1' 9 ! novel speculations ( ! ,a!nian1 b incl9es to pref] ! ord9ances ( ,lycurgus4 ,! ?ree int]locutors all ( !m speak 9 ! "* ( old m51 :i* =ms a pleasant bond ( union betwe5 !m4 ,!y h ! feel+s ( old age ab\t y\?1 ab\t ! /ate1 ab\t human ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,no?+ 9 life seems to be ( mu* importance to !m2 !y are spectators r ?an actors1 & m5 9 g5]al appe> to ! ,a!nian speak] to be ! play?+s ( ! ,gods & ( circum/ances4 ,/ill !y h a fa!rly c>e ( ! "y1 & are deeply impress$ by s5tim5ts ( religion4 ,!y w\ld give confid5ce to ! ag$ by an increas+ use ( w9e1 :i*1 z !y get old]1 is to unloose _! tongues & make !m s+4 ,! prospect ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? is con/antly pres5t to !m2 ?\gh !y c h>dly be said to h ! *e]ful hope & resignation :i* animates ,socrates 9 ! ,pha$o or ,cephalus 9 ! ,republic4 ,plato appe>s to be express+ 8 own feel+s 9 rem>ks ( ?is sort4 ,= at ! "t ( writ+ ! fir/ book ( ! ,laws he 0 at lea/ sev5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 if we suppose him to allude to ! victory ( ! ,syracusans "u ,dionysius ! ,y\ng] ov] ! ,locrians1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye> #cef4 ,su* a sadness 0 ! natural effect ( decl9+ ye>s & fail+ p[]s1 :i* make m5 ask1 ',aft] all1 :at pr(it is !re 9 life8' ,!y feel t _! "w is beg9n+ to be ov]1 & are ready to say1 ',all ! _w is a /age2' or1 9 ! actual words ( ,plato1 ',let u play z good plays z we c1' ?\gh 'we mu/ be sometimes s]i\s1 :i* is n agreeable1 b necess>y4' ,^! are feel+s :i* h cross$ ! m9ds ( reflective p]sons 9 all ages1 & !re is no reason to connect ! ,laws any m ?an o!r p>ts ( ,plato's writ+s ) ! v unc]ta9 n>rative ( 8 life1 or to imag9e t ?is melan*oly tone is attributable to disappo9tm5t at hav+ fail$ to conv]t a ,sicilian tyrant into a philosoph]4 ,,ii4 ,! plan ( ! ,laws is m irregul> & has less connexion ?an any o!r ( ! writ+s ( ,plato4 ,z ,ari/otle says 9 ! ,politics1 ',! great] "p consi/s ( laws'2 9 ,books v1 vi1 xi1 xii ! dialogue almo/ entirely disappe>s4 ,l>ge portions ( !m are r ! mat]ials = a "w ?an a f9i%$ composition :i* may rank ) ! o!r ,platonic dialogues4 ,to use 8 own image1 ',"s /ones are regul>ly ins]t$ 9 ! build+2 o!rs are ly+ on ! gr\nd ready = use4' ,!re is probably tru? 9 ! tradition t ! ,laws 7 n publi%$ until aft] ! dea? ( ,plato4 ,we c easily believe t he has left imp]fections1 :i* w\ld h be5 remov$ if he _h liv$ a few ye>s long]4 ,! arrangem5t might h be5 improv$2 ! connexion ( ! argum5t might h be5 made pla9]1 & ! s5t5ces m accurately fram$4 ,some?+ also may be attribut$ to ! feebl5ess ( old age4 ,ev5 a r\gh sket* ( ! ,pha$rus or ,symposium w\ld h _h a v diff]5t look4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an int]e/ 9 possess+ "o writ+ ( ,plato :i* is 9 ! process ( creation4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to f9d a ?read ( ord] :i* w c>ry u ?r\gh ?is comp>ative disord]4 ,! fir/ f\r books are describ$ by ,plato himself z ! preface or preamble4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! conclusion t ea* law %\ld h a preamble1 ! lucky ?\ght occurs to him at ! end ( ! f\r? book t ! prec$+ disc\rse is ! preamble ( ! :ole4 ,?is preamble or introduction may be abridg$ z foll[s3-- ,! in/itutions ( ,sp>ta & ,crete are admitt$ by ! ,lac$aemonian & ,cretan to h "o aim only3 !y 7 int5d$ by ! legislator to inspire c\rage 9 w>4 ,to ?is ! ,a!nian objects t ! true lawgiv] %\ld frame 8 laws ) a view to all ! virtues & n to "o only4 ,bett] is he :o has temp]ance z well z c\rage1 ?an he :o has c\rage only2 bett] is he :o is fai?ful 9 civil broils1 ?an he :o is a good soldi] only4 ,bett]1 too1 is peace ?an w>2 ! reconciliation ?an ! defeat ( an enemy4 ,& he :o w\ld atta9 all virtue %\ld be tra9$ amid pleasures z well z pa9s4 ,h5ce !re %\ld be convivial int]c\rse among ! citiz5s1 & a man's temp]ance %\ld be te/$ 9 8 cups1 z we te/ 8 c\rage amid dang]s4 ,he %\ld h a fe> ( ! "r sort1 z well z a c\rage ( ! "r sort4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second book ! subject ( pleasure leads to education1 :i* 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( life is :olly a discipl9e imp>t$ by ! means ( pleasure & pa94 ,! discipl9e ( pleasure is implant$ *iefly by ! practice ( ! song & ! dance4 ,( ^! ! =ms %\ld be fix$1 & n all[$ to dep5d on ! fickle brea? ( ! multitude4 ,!re w be *oruses ( boys1 girls1 & gr[n-up p]sons1 & all w be he>d repeat+ ! same /ra91 t 'virtue is happ9ess4' ,"o ( !m w give ! law to ! re/2 ?is w be ! *orus ( ag$ m9/rels1 :o w s+ ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ useful ( songs4 ,!y w require a little w9e1 to mell[ ! au/]ity ( age1 & make !m am5able to ! laws4 ,aft] hav+ laid d[n z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( politics1 t peace1 & n w>1 is ! true aim ( ! legislator1 & briefly discuss$ music & fe/ive int]c\rse1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird book ,plato makes a digression1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! orig9 ( society4 ,he describes1 fir/ ( all1 ! family2 secondly1 ! patri>*al /age1 :i* is an aggregation ( families2 ?irdly1 ! f\nd+ ( regul> cities1 l ,ilium2 f\r?ly1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a milit>y & political sy/em1 l t ( ,sp>ta1 ) :i* he id5tifies ,argos & ,mess5e1 dat+ f ! return ( ! ,h]aclidae4 ,b ! aims ( /ates %\ld be good1 or else1 l ! pray] ( ,!seus1 !y may be ru9\s to !mselves4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 two out ( ?ree ( ! ,h]acleid k+doms4 ,!y did n und]/& t ! p[]s 9 a /ate %\ld be balanc$4 ,! balance ( p[]s sav$ ,sp>ta1 :ile ! excess ( tyranny 9 ,p]sia & ! excess ( lib]ty at ,a!ns h be5 ! ru9 ( bo?444,?is disc\rse on politics is sudd5ly discov]$ to h an imm$iate practical use2 = ,cle9ias ! ,cretan is ab\t to give laws to a new colony4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? book1 aft] enquir+ into ! circum/ances & situation ( ! colony1 ! ,a!nian proce$s to make fur!r reflections4 ,*ance1 & ,god1 & ! skill ( ! legislator1 all co-op]ate 9 ! =mation ( /ates4 ,& ! mo/ fav\rable condition = ! f\ndation ( a new "o is :5 ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( a virtu\s tyrant :o has ! good =tune to be ! contempor>y ( a great legislator4 ,b a virtu\s tyrant is a contradiction 9 t]ms2 we c at be/ only hope to h magi/rates :o are ! s]vants ( reason & ! law4 ,?is leads to ! enquiry1 :at is to be ! polity ( our new /ate4 ,& ! answ] is1 t we are to fe> ,god1 & hon\r our p>5ts1 & to cultivate virtue & ju/ice2 ^! are to be our fir/ pr9ciples4 ,laws mu/ be def9ite1 & we %\ld create 9 ! citiz5s a pr$isposition to obey !m4 ,! legislator w tea* z well z comm&2 & ) ?is view he w prefix preambles to 8 pr9cipal laws4 ,! fif? book comm5ces 9 a sort ( di?yramb ) ano!r & high] preamble ab\t ! hon\r due to ! s\l1 :5ce are d$uc$ ! duties ( a man to 8 p>5ts & 8 fri5ds1 to ! suppliant & /rang]4 ,he %\ld be true & j1 free f envy & excess ( all sorts1 =giv+ to crimes :i* are n incurable & are p>tly involunt>y2 & he %\ld h a true ta/e4 ,! noble/ life has ! greate/ pleasures & ! fewe/ pa9s444,hav+ f9i%$ ! preamble1 & t\*$ on "s o!r prelim9>y consid]ations1 we proce$ to ! ,laws1 beg9n+ ) ! con/itution ( ! /ate4 ,?is is n ! be/ or ideal /ate1 hav+ all ?+s common1 b only ! second-be/1 9 :i* ! l& & h\ses are to be di/ribut$ among #ejdj citiz5s divid$ into f\r classes4 ,!re is to be no gold or silv] among !m1 & !y are to h mod]ate weal?1 & to respect numb] & num]ical ord] 9 all ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! six? book1 ,plato completes 8 sket* ( ! con/itution by ! appo9tm5t ( (fic]s4 ,he expla9s ! mann] 9 :i* gu>dians ( ! law1 g5]als1 prie/s1 w>d5s ( t[n & c\ntry1 m9i/]s ( education1 & o!r magi/rates are to be appo9t$2 & also 9 :at way c\rts ( appeal are to be con/itut$1 & omissions 9 ! law to be suppli$4 ,next--& at ?is po9t ! ,laws /rictly speak+ beg9--!re foll[ enactm5ts respect+ m>riage & ! procreation ( *ildr51 respect+ prop]ty 9 slaves z well z ( o!r k9ds1 respect+ h\ses1 m>ri$ life1 common tables = m5 & wom54 ,! "q ( age 9 m>riage sugge/s ! consid]ation ( a simil> "q ab\t ! "t = hold+ (fices1 & = milit>y s]vice1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly omitt$4 ,resum+ ! ord] ( ! discussion1 :i* 0 indicat$ 9 ! previ\s book1 f m>riage & bir? we proce$ to education 9 ! sev5? book4 ,education is to beg9 at or r be=e bir?2 to be cont9u$ = a "t by mo!rs & nurses "u ! sup]vision ( ! /ate2 f9ally1 to compreh5d music & gymna/ics4 ,"u music is includ$ read+1 writ+1 play+ on ! lyre1 ari?metic1 geometry1 & a k ( a/ronomy suffici5t to pres]ve ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s f impiety 9 aft]-life4 ,gymna/ics are to be practis$ *iefly ) a view to _! use 9 w>4 ,! discussion ( education1 :i* 0 lightly t\*$ ^u 9 ,book ii1 is "h complet$4 ,! eigh? book conta9s regulations = civil life1 beg9n+ ) fe/ivals1 games1 & conte/s1 milit>y ex]cises & ! l4 ,on su* occasions ,plato seems to see "y m5 & maid5s meet+ toge!r1 & h5ce he is l$ into discuss+ ! relations ( ! sexes1 ! evil consequ5ces :i* arise out ( ! indulg5ce ( ! passions1 & ! rem$ies = !m4 ,!n he proce$s to speak ( agriculture1 ( arts & trades1 ( buy+ & sell+1 & ( =eign comm]ce4 ,! rema9+ books ( ! ,laws1 ix-xii1 are *iefly conc]n$ ) crim9al (f5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ class are plac$ (f5ces aga9/ ! ,gods1 especially sacrilege or robb]y ( temples3 next foll[ (f5ces aga9/ ! /ate1--conspiracy1 treason1 !ft4 ,! m5tion ( !fts sugge/s a di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y1 curable & incurable (f5ces4 ,proce$+ to ! great] crime ( homicide1 ,plato di/+ui%es betwe5 m]e homicide1 manslaught]1 :i* is p>tly volunt>y & p>tly involunt>y1 & murd]1 :i* arises f av>ice1 ambition1 fe>4 ,he also enum]ates murd]s by k9dr$1 murd]s by slaves1 w\nds ) or )\t int5t to kill1 w\nds inflict$ 9 ang]1 crimes ( or aga9/ slaves1 insults to p>5ts4 ,to ^!1 v>i\s modes ( purification or degrees ( puni%m5t are assign$1 & ! t]rors ( ano!r _w are also invok$ aga9/ !m4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,book x1 all acts ( viol5ce1 includ+ sacrilege1 are summ$ up 9 a s+le law4 ,! law is prec$$ by an admonition1 9 :i* ! (f5d]s are in=m$ t no "o ev] did an unholy act or said an unlawful ^w :ile he reta9$ 8 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods2 b ei!r he d5i$ _! exi/5ce1 or he believ$ t !y took no c>e ( man1 or t !y might be turn$ f _! c\rse by sacrifices & pray]s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is devot$ to ! refutation ( ^! ?ree classes ( unbeliev]s1 & concludes ) ! means to be tak5 = _! re=mation1 & ! ann\ncem5t ( _! puni%m5ts if !y cont9ue ob/9ate & imp5it5t4 ,! elev5? book is tak5 up ) laws & ) admonitions relat+ to individuals1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r )\t any exact ord]4 ,!re are laws conc]n+ deposits & ! f9d+ ( treasure2 conc]n+ slaves & fre$m52 conc]n+ retail trade1 beque/s1 divorces1 en*antm5ts1 poison+s1 magical arts1 & ! l4 ,9 ! twelf? book ! same subjects are cont9u$4 ,laws are pass$ conc]n+ violations ( milit>y discipl9e1 conc]n+ ! high (fice ( ! exam9]s & _! burial2 conc]n+ oa?s & ! violation ( !m1 & ! puni%m5ts ( ^? :o neglect _! duties z citiz5s4 ,=eign travel is !n discuss$1 & ! p]mission to be accord$ to citiz5s ( j\rney+ 9 =eign p>ts2 ! /rang]s :o may come to visit ! city are also spok5 (1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are to be receiv$4 ,laws are add$ respect+ sureties1 se>*es = prop]ty1 "r ( possession by prescription1 abduction ( witnesses1 !atrical competition1 wag+ ( private w>f>e1 & brib]y 9 (fices4 ,rules are laid d[n respect+ taxation1 respect+ economy 9 sacr$ rites1 respect+ judges1 _! duties & s5t5ces1 & respect+ sepul*ral places & c]emonies4 ,"h ! ,laws end4 ,la/ly1 a ,nocturnal ,c\ncil is in/itut$ = ! pres]vation ( ! /ate1 consi/+ ( old] & y\ng] memb]s1 :o are to exhibit 9 _! lives t virtue :i* is ! basis ( ! /ate1 to "k ! "o 9 _m1 & to be educat$ 9 div9e & e o!r k9d ( k :i* w enable !m to fulfil _! (fice4 ,,iii4 ,! /yle ( ! ,laws diff]s 9 sev]al important respects f t ( ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato3 7#a7 9 ! want ( "*1 p[]1 & lively illu/ration2 7#b7 9 ! frequ5cy ( mann]isms 7comp>e ,introduction to ! ,philebus72 7#c7 9 ! =m & rhy?m ( ! s5t5ces2 7#d7 9 ! use ( words4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m passages 7#e7 :i* are *>act]iz$ by a sort ( e?ical gr&eur2 & 7#f7 9 :i*1 p]haps1 a great] insight into human nature1 & a great] rea* ( practical wisdom is %[n1 ?an 9 any o!r ( ,plato's writ+s4 #a4 ,! disc\rse ( ! ?ree old m5 is describ$ by !mselves z an old man's game ( play4 ,yet !re is little ( ! livel9ess ( a game 9 _! mode ( treat+ ! subject4 ,!y d n ?r[ ! ball to & fro1 b two out ( ! ?ree are li/5]s to ! ?ird1 :o is con/antly ass]t+ 8 sup]ior wisdom & opportunities ( k1 & apologiz+ 7n )\t reason7 = 8 own want ( cle>ness ( spee*4 ,he w 'c>ry !m ov] ! /ream2' he w answ] = !m :5 ! argum5t is beyond _! compreh5sion2 he is afraid ( _! ignorance ( ma!matics1 & ?9ks t gymna/ic is likely to be m intelligible to !m2--he has repeat$ 8 words sev]al times1 & yet !y _c und]/& him4 ,! subject did n prop]ly take ! =m ( dialogue1 & also ! lit]>y vig\r ( ,plato _h pass$ away4 ,! old m5 speak z !y might be expect$ to speak1 & 9 ?is !re is a t\* ( dramatic tru?4 ,plato has giv5 ! ,laws t =m or want ( =m :i* indicates ! failure ( natural p[]4 ,!re is no regul> plan--none ( t consci\sness ( :at has prec$$ & :at is to foll[1 :i* makes a p]fect /yle1--b !re are sev]al attempts at a plan2 ! argum5t is 'pull$ up1' & frequ5t explanations are (f]$ :y a p>ticul> topic 0 introduc$4 ,! fictions ( ! ,laws h no long] ! v]isimilitude :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pha$rus & ! ,timaeus1 or ev5 ( ! ,/atesman4 ,we c h>dly suppose t an educat$ ,a!nian w\ld h plac$ ! visit ( ,epim5ides to ,a!ns t5 ye>s be=e ! ,p]sian w>1 or h imag9$ t a w> ) ,mess5e prev5t$ ! ,lac$aemonians f com+ to ! rescue ( ,hellas4 ,! n>rative ( ! orig9 ( ! ,dorian in/itutions1 :i* are said to h be5 due to a fe> ( ! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,assyrians1 is a plausible inv5tion1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! tale ( ! isl& ( ,atlantis & ! poem ( ,solon1 b is n accr$it$ by simil> arts ( deception4 ,! o!r /atem5t t ! ,dorians 7 ,a*aean exiles assembl$ by ,dorieus1 & ! ass]tion t ,troy 0 includ$ 9 ! ,assyrian ,empire1 h "s f\ndation 7comp>e = ! latt] po9t1 ,diod4 ,sicul474 ,nor is !re any:]e 9 ! ,laws t lively en>geia1 t vivid mise en sc5e1 :i* is z *>act]i/ic ( ,plato z ( "s mod]n noveli/s4 ,! old m5 are afraid ( ! ridicule :i* 'w fall on _! heads m ?an en\gh1' & !y d n (t5 indulge 9 a joke4 ,9 "o ( ! few :i* occur1 ! book ( ! ,laws1 if left incomplete1 is comp>$ to a mon/] w&]+ ab\t )\t a head4 ,b we no long] brea! ! atmosph]e ( hum\r :i* p]vades ! ,symposium & ! ,eu?ydemus1 9 :i* we pass )9 a few s5t5ces f ! broade/ ,ari/ophanic joke to ! subtle/ ref9em5t ( wit & fancy2 in/ead ( ?is1 9 ! ,laws an impression ( baldness & feebl5ess is (t5 left ^u our m9ds4 ,"s ( ! mo/ amus+ descriptions1 z1 = example1 ( *ildr5 ro>+ = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( life2 or ( ! ,a!nians walk+ into ! c\ntry ) fight+-cocks "u _! arms2 or ( ! slave doctor :o knocks ab\t 8 pati5ts f9ely2 & ! g5tleman doctor :o c\rte\sly p]suades !m2 or ( ! way ( keep+ ord] 9 ! !atre1 'by a h9t f a /ick1' are n>rat$ ) a commonplace gravity2 b :]e we f9d ?is sort ( dry hum\r we %all n be f> wrong 9 ?9k+ t ! writ] int5d$ to make u laugh4 ,! s]i\sness ( age takes ! place ( ! jollity ( y\?4 ,life %\ld h holidays & fe/ivals2 yet we rebuke ourselves :5 we laugh1 & take our pleasures sadly4 ,! irony ( ! e>li] dialogues1 ( :i* "s traces occur 9 ! t5? book1 is replac$ by a sev]ity :i* h>dly condesc5ds to reg>d human ?+s4 ',let u say1 if y please1 t man is ( "s acc\nt1 b ,i 0 speak+ ( him 9 comp>ison ) ,god4' ,! imag]y & illu/rations are poor 9 !mselves1 & are n assi/$ by ! surr\nd+ phraseology4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 ! ,republic1 & 9 ! e>li] dialogues1 figures ( spee* su* z '! wave1' '! drone1' '! *ase1' '! bride1' appe> & reappe> at int]vals4 ,notes are /ruck :i* are repeat$ f "t to "t1 z 9 a /ra9 ( music4 ,!re is none ( ?is subtle art 9 ! ,laws4 ,! illu/rations1 su* z ! two k9ds ( doctors1 '! ?ree k9ds ( fun]als1' ! fe> potion1 ! puppet1 ! pa9t] leav+ a successor to re/ore 8 picture1 ! 'p]son /opp+ to consid] :]e ?ree ways meet1' ! 'old laws ab\t wat] ( :i* he w n div]t ! c\rse1' c h>dly be said to d mu* cr$it to ,plato's inv5tion4 ,! citations f ! poets h lo/ t fanciful "* :i* gave !m _! *>m 9 ! e>li] dialogues4 ,we are tir$ ( images tak5 f ! arts ( navigation1 or ar*]y1 or weav+1 or pa9t+1 or m$ic9e1 or music4 ,yet ! comp>isons ( life to a trag$y1 or ( ! work+ ( m9d to ! revolution ( ! self-mov$1 or ( ! ag$ p>5t to ! image ( a ,god dwell+ 9 ! h\se1 or ! reflection t 'man is made to be ! play?+ ( ,god1 & t ?is rightly consid]$ is ! be/ ( him1' h great beauty4 #b4 ,! clums9ess ( ! /yle is exhibit$ 9 frequ5t mann]isms & repetitions4 ,! p]fection ( ! ,platonic dialogue consi/s 9 ! accuracy ) :i* ! "q & answ] are fitt$ into "o ano!r1 & ! regul>ity ) :i* ! /eps ( ! argum5t succe$ "o ano!r4 ,?is f9i% ( /yle is no long] disc]nible 9 ! ,laws4 ,!re is a want ( v>iety 9 ! answ]s2 no?+ c be drawn out ( ! respond5ts b ',yes' or ',no1' ',true1' ',to be sure1' etc42 ! insipid =ms1 ',:at d y mean8' ',to :at are y ref]r+8' are con/antly return+4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! speak] is *>g$1 or *>ges himself1 ) obscurity2 & he repeats aga9 & aga9 t he w expla9 8 views m cle>ly4 ,! process ( ?\ght :i* %\ld be lat5t 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] appe>s on ! surface4 ,9 sev]al passages ! ,a!nian praises himself 9 ! mo/ unblu%+ mann]1 v unlike ! irony ( ! e>li] dialogues1 z :5 he decl>es t '! laws are a div9e "w giv5 by "s inspiration ( ! ,gods1' & t 'y\? %\ld commit !m to memory in/ead ( ! compositions ( ! poets4' ,! prosopopoeia :i* is adopt$ by ,plato 9 ! ,protagoras & o!r dialogues is repeat$ until we gr[ we>y ( x4 ,! legislator is always address+ ! speak]s or ! y\? ( ! /ate1 & ! speak]s are con/antly mak+ addresses to ! legislator4 ,a t5d5cy to a p>adoxical mann] ( /atem5t is also obs]vable4 ',we mu/ h dr9k+1' 'we mu/ h a virtu\s tyrant'--?is is too mu* = ! dull] wits ( ! ,lac$aemonian & ,cretan1 :o at fir/ />t back 9 surprise4 ,m ?an 9 any o!r writ+ ( ,plato ! tone is hortatory2 ! laws are s]mons z well z laws2 !y are consid]$ to h a religi\s sanction1 & to re/ ^u a religi\s s5tim5t 9 ! m9d ( ! citiz5s4 ,! words ( ! ,a!nian are attribut$ to ! ,lac$aemonian & ,cretan1 :o are suppos$ to h made !m _! own1 aft] ! mann] ( ! e>li] dialogues4 ,resumptions ( subjects :i* h be5 half dispos$ ( 9 a previ\s passage con/antly occur3 ! arrangem5t has nei!r ! cle>ness ( art nor ! fre$om ( nature4 ,irrelevant rem>ks are made "h & !re1 or illu/rations us$ :i* are n prop]ly fitt$ 94 ,! dialogue is g5]ally weak & lab\r$1 & is 9 ! lat] books fairly giv5 up1 app>5tly1 because unsuit$ to ! subject ( ! "w4 ,! long spee*es or s]mons ( ! ,a!nian1 (t5 ext5d+ ov] sev]al pages1 h nev] ! grace & h>mony :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! e>li] dialogues4 ,= ,plato is incapable ( su/a9$ composition2 8 g5ius is dramatic r ?an oratorical2 he c conv]se1 b he _c make a spee*4 ,ev5 ! ,timaeus1 :i* is "o ( 8 mo/ f9i%$ works1 is full ( abrupt transitions4 ,!re is ! same k9d ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! dialogue & ! cont9u\s disc\rse ( ,plato z betwe5 ! n>rative & spee*es ( ,?ucydides4 #c4 ,! p]fection ( /yle is v>iety 9 unity1 fre$om1 ease1 cle>ness1 ! p[] ( say+ any?+1 & ( /rik+ any note 9 ! scale ( human feel+s )\t impropriety2 & su* is ! div9e gift ( language possess$ by ,plato 9 ! ,symposium & ,pha$rus4 ,f ?is !re are _m fall+s-(f 9 ! ,laws3 fir/1 9 ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ces1 :i* are rhy?mical & monoton\s1--! =mal & sophi/ical mann] ( ! age is sup]s$+ ! natural g5ius ( ,plato3 secondly1 _m ( !m are ( enorm\s l5g?1 & ! latt] end (t5 =gets ! beg9n+ ( !m1--!y seem nev] to h receiv$ ! second ?\ghts ( ! au?or2 ei!r ! emphasis is wrongly plac$1 or !re is a want ( po9t 9 a clause2 or an absolute case occurs :i* is n prop]ly sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce2 or words are aggregat$ 9 a mann] :i* fails to %[ _! relation to "o ano!r2 or ! connect+ p>ticles are omitt$ at ! beg9n+ ( s5t5ces2 ! uses ( ! relative & antec$5t are m indi/9ct1 ! *anges ( p]son & numb] m frequ5t1 examples ( pleonasm1 tautology1 & p]iphrasis1 anti!ses ( positive & negative1 false emphasis1 & o!r affectations1 are m num]\s ?an 9 ! o!r writ+s ( ,plato2 !re is also a m common & sometimes unmean+ use ( qualify+ =mulae1 os epos eipe91 kata dunam91 & ( d\ble expressions1 pante pantos1 oudame oudamos1 opos kai ope--^! are too num]\s to be attribut$ to errors 9 ! text2 aga91 !re is an ov]-curi\s adju/m5t ( v]b & p>ticiple1 n\n & epi!t1 & o!r artificial =ms ( cad5ce & expression take ! place ( natural v>iety3 ?irdly1 ! abs5ce ( metaphorical language is rem>kable--! /yle is n devoid ( ornam5t1 b ! ornam5t is ( a debas$ rhetorical k9d1 pat*$ on to in/ead ( gr[+ out ( ! subject2 !re is a great comm& ( words1 & a lab\r$ use ( !m2 =c$ attempts at metaphor occur 9 sev]al passages1--e4g4 p>o*eteue9 logois2 ta m5 os ti!m5a ta d os p>ati!m5a2 o9os kolazom5os upo nephontos et]\ !\2 ! plays on ! ^w nomos n\ dianome1 ode et>a3 f\r?ly1 !re is a fooli% extravagance ( language 9 o!r passages1--'! sw9i% ignorance ( ari?metic2' '! ju/ice & suitabl5ess ( ! disc\rse on laws2' ov]-emphasis2 'be/ ( ,greeks1' said ( all ! ,greeks1 & ! l3 fif?ly1 poor & insipid illu/rations are also common3 six?ly1 we may obs]ve an excessive use ( climax & hyp]bole1 ais*ron lege9 *re pros aut\s d\lon te kai d\l5 kai paida kai ei pos oion te ol5 t5 oikian3 dokei t\to to epit$euma kata phus9 tas p]i ta aphrodisia edonas ou monon an?ropon alla kai !rion dieph?>k5ai4 #d4 ,! peculi>ities 9 ! use ( words :i* occur 9 ! ,laws h be5 collect$ by ,zell] 7,platonis*e ,/udi57 & ,/allbaum 7,legg473 fir/1 9 ! use ( n\ns1 su* z allodemia1 ap5iautesis1 gluku?umia1 dia!t]1 ?rasux5ia1 koros1 megalonoia1 paid\rgia3 secondly1 9 ! use ( adjectives1 su* z ai/or1 biodotes1 e*?odopos1 ei!os1 *ronios1 & ( adv]bs1 su* z aniditi1 anatei1 nepoivei3 ?irdly1 9 ! use ( v]bs1 su* z a?ure91 aisse9 7aixei5 eipe971 eu!monei/hai1 p>apodize/hai1 sebe91 temele91 tetan4 ,^! words h[ev]1 z ,/allbaum rem>ks1 are =m$ accord+ to analogy1 & ne>ly all ( !m h ! support ( "s poetical or o!r au?ority4 ,zell] & ,/allbaum h also collect$ =ms ( words 9 ! ,laws1 diff]+ f ! =ms ( ! same words :i* occur 9 o!r places3 e4g4 blabos = blabe1 abios = abiotos1 a*>i/os = a*>is1 d\leios = d\likos1 paidelos = paidikos1 exagrio = exagria9o1 ile\mai = ilaskomai1 & ! ,ionic ^w sophroni/us1 mean+ 'correction4' ,zell] has not$ a fondness = sub/antives end+ 9 -ma & -sis1 su* z georgema1 diapauma1 epi?umema1 zemioma1 komodema1 omilema2 blapsis1 loidoresis1 p>aggelsis1 & o!rs2 also a use ( sub/antives 9 ! plural1 :i* are commonly f\nd only 9 ! s+ul>1 maniai1 a!otetes1 ph?onoi1 phoboi1 phuseis2 also1 a peculi> use ( prepositions 9 composition1 z 9 eneirgo1 apoblapto1 dianomo!teo1 dieiretai1 dieulabei/hai1 & o!r words2 also1 a frequ5t occurr5ce ( ! ,ionic datives plural 9 -aisi & -oisi1 p]haps us$ = ! sake ( giv+ an anci5t or ar*aic effect4 ,to ^! peculi>ities ( words he has add$ a li/ ( peculi> expressions & con/ructions4 ,among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic are ! foll[+3 a?uta pallakon sp]mata2 amorphoi edrai2 osa axiomata pros ar*ontas2 oi kata pol9 kairoi2 mu?os1 us$ 9 sev]al places ( '! disc\rse ab\t laws2' & connect$ ) ?is ! frequ5t use ( p>amu?ion & p>amu!i/hai 9 ! g5]al s5se ( 'address1' 'address+'2 aimulos eros2 ataphoi praxeis2 mu?os akephalos2 e?os eu?uporon4 ,he rem>ks also on ! frequ5t employm5t ( ! ab/ract = ! concrete2 e4g4 up]esia = up]etai1 phugai = phugades1 me*anai 9 ! s5se ( 'contriv]s1' d\leia = d\loi1 basileiai = basileis1 ma9om5a k$eumata = ganaika ma9om552 e *reia ton paidon 9 ! s5se ( 'indig5t *ildr51' & paidon ikanotes2 to e?os tes apeirias = e eio?uia apeiria2 kup>itton upse te kai kalle ?aumasia = kup>ittoi mala upselai kai kalai4 ,he fur!r notes "s curi\s uses ( ! g5itive case1 e4g4 philias omologiai1 maniai orges1 laim>giai edones1 *eimonon anupodesiai1 anosioi plegon tolmai2 & ( ! dative1 omiliai e*?rois1 nomo!siai1 anosioi plegon tolmai2 & ( ! dative omiliai e*?rois1 nomo!siai epitropois2 & also "s r uncommon p]iphrases1 ?remmata ,neil\1 xugg5netor teknon = alo*os1 ,m\ses lexis = poiesis1 zographon paides1 an?ropon sp]mata & ! l2 ! fondness = p>ticles ( limitation1 especially tis & ge1 sun tisi *>isi1 tois ge dunam5ois & ! l2 ! pleona/ic use ( tanun1 ( os1 ( os eros eipe91 ( eka/ote2 & ! p]iphra/ic use ( ! preposition p]i4 ,la/ly1 he obs]ves ! t5d5cy to hyp]bata or transpositions ( words1 & to rhy?mical uni=mity z well z grammatical irregul>ity 9 ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ces4 ,= ne>ly all ! expressions :i* are adduc$ by ,zell] z argum5ts aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,laws1 ,/allbaum f9ds "s sort ( au?ority4 ,!re is no real gr\nd = d\bt+ t ! "w 0 writt5 by ,plato1 m]ely because sev]al words occur 9 x :i* are n f\nd 9 8 o!r writ+s4 ,an imitator may pres]ve ! usual phraseology ( a writ] bett] ?an he w\ld himself4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t au?orities may be quot$ 9 support ( mo/ ( ^! uses ( words1 does n %[ t ! diction is n peculi>4 ,sev]al ( !m seem to be poetical or dialectical1 & exhibit an attempt to enl>ge ! limits ( ,greek prose by ! introduction ( ,hom]ic & tragic expressions4 ,mo/ ( !m d n appe> to h reta9$ any hold on ! lat] language ( ,greece4 ,l sev]al exp]im5ts 9 language ( ! writ]s ( ! ,elizabe?an age1 !y 7 aft]w>ds lo/2 & ?\gh occasionally f\nd 9 ,plut>* & imitators ( ,plato1 !y h n be5 accept$ by ,ari/otle or pass$ into ! common dialect ( ,greece4 #e4 ,unequal z ! ,laws are 9 /yle1 !y conta9 a few passages :i* are v gr& & noble4 ,= example1 ! address to ! poets3 ',be/ ( /rang]s1 we also are poets ( ! be/ & noble/ trag$y2 = our :ole /ate is an imitation ( ! be/ & noble/ life1 :i* we affirm to be inde$ ! v tru? ( trag$y4' ,or aga91 ! sight ( "y m5 & maid5s 9 fri5dly int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 sugge/+ ! dang]s to :i* y\? is liable f ! viol5ce ( passion2 or ! eloqu5t d5unciation ( unnatural lu/s 9 ! same passage2 or ! *>m+ ?\ght t ! be/ legislator 'ord]s w> = ! sake ( peace & n peace = ! sake ( w>2' or ! pleasant allusion1 ',o ,a!nian--inhabitant ( ,attica1 ,i w n say1 = y seem to me wor?y to be nam$ aft] ! ,goddess ,a!ne because y g back to fir/ pr9ciples2' or ! pi?y say+1 ',_m a victory has be5 & w be suicidal to ! victors1 b education is nev] suicidal2' or ! f9e expression t '! walls ( a city %\ld be all[$ to sleep 9 ! e>?1 & t we %\ld n attempt to dis9t] !m2' or ! rem>k t ',god is ! measure ( all ?+s 9 a s5se f> high] ?an any man c be2' or t 'a man %\ld be f ! fir/ a p>tak] ( ! tru?1 t he may live a true man z long z possible2' or ! pr9ciple repeat$ly laid d[n1 t '! s9s ( ! fa!rs are n to be visit$ on ! *ildr52' or ! description ( ! fun]al rites ( ^? prie/ly sages :o dep>t 9 innoc5ce2 or ! noble s5tim5t1 t we %\ld d m ju/ice to slaves ?an to equals2 or ! curi\s obs]vation1 f\nd$1 p]haps1 on 8 own exp]i5ce1 t !re are a few 'div9e m5 9 e /ate h[ev] corrupt1 ^: conv]sation is ( ine/imable value2' or ! acute rem>k1 t public op9ion is to be respect$1 because ! judgm5ts ( mank9d ab\t virtue are bett] ?an _! practice2 or ! deep religi\s & also mod]n feel+ :i* p]vades ! t5? book 7:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! argum5ts72 ! s5se ( ! duty ( liv+ z a "p ( a :ole1 & 9 dep5d5ce on ! w ( ,god1 :o takes c>e ( ! lea/ ?+s z well z ! greate/2 & ! picture ( p>5ts pray+ = _! *ildr5--n z we may say1 slightly alt]+ ! words ( ,plato1 z if !re 7 no tru? or reality 9 ! ,g5tile religions1 b z if !re 7 ! greate/--are v /rik+ to u4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! ,laws1 unlike ! ,republic1 d n exhibit an ideal /ate1 b are suppos$ to be on ! level ( human motives & feel+s2 !y are also on ! level ( ! popul> religion1 ?\gh elevat$ & purifi$3 h5ce !re is an attempt made to %[ t ! pleasant is also j4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! priority ( ! s\l to ! body1 & ( ,god to ! s\l1 is always insi/$ ^u z ! true inc5tive to virtue2 especially ) great =ce & eloqu5ce at ! comm5cem5t ( ,book v4 ,& ! "w ( legislation is c>ri$ back to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morals4 #f4 ,no o!r writ+ ( ,plato %[s s pr(\nd an insight into ! _w & into human nature z ! ,laws4 ,t 'cities w nev] cease f ill until !y are bett] gov]n$1' is ! text ( ! ,laws z well z ( ! ,/atesman & ,republic4 ,! pr9ciple t ! balance ( p[] pres]ves /ates2 ! reflection t no "o ev] pass$ 8 :ole life 9 disbelief ( ! ,gods2 ! rem>k t ! *>act]s ( m5 are be/ se5 9 convivial int]c\rse2 ! obs]vation t ! p mu/ be all[$ to %>e n only 9 ! gov]nm5t1 b 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 ! desire to make laws1 n ) a view to c\rage only1 b to all virtue2 ! cle> p]ception t education beg9s ) bir?1 or ev51 z he w\ld say1 be=e bir?2 ! attempt to purify religion2 ! mod]n reflections1 t puni%m5t is n v9dictive1 & t limits mu/ be set to ! p[] ( beque/2 ! impossibility ( undeceiv+ ! victims ( quacks & juggl]s2 ! provision = wat]1 & = o!r requirem5ts ( heal?1 & = conceal+ ! bodies ( ! dead ) z little hurt z possible to ! liv+2 above all1 p]haps1 ! di/9ct consci\sness t "u ! actual circum/ances ( mank9d ! ideal _c be c>ri$ out1 & yet may be a guid+ pr9ciple--w appe> to u1 if we rememb] t we are /ill 9 ! dawn ( politics1 to %[ a great dep? ( political wisdom4 ,,iv4 ,! ,laws ( ,plato conta9 num]\s passages :i* closely resemble o!r passages 9 8 writ+s4 ,& at fir/ sight a suspicion arises t ! repetition %[s ! unequal h& ( ! imitator4 ,= :y %\ld a writ] say ov] aga91 9 a m imp]fect =m1 :at he _h already said 9 8 mo/ f9i%$ /yle & mann]8 ,& yet x may be urg$ on ! o!r side t an au?or ^: orig9al p[]s are beg9n+ to decay w be v liable to repeat himself1 z 9 conv]sation1 s 9 books4 ,he may h =gott5 :at he _h writt5 be=e2 he may be unconsci\s ( ! decl9e ( 8 own p[]s4 ,h5ce arises a "q ( great int]e/1 be>+ on ! g5u95ess ( anci5t writ]s4 ,is !re any crit]ion by :i* we c di/+ui% ! g5u9e resemblance f ! spuri\s1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! repetition ( a ?\ght or passage by an au?or himself f ! appropriation ( x by ano!r8 ,! "q has1 p]haps1 nev] be5 fully discuss$2 &1 ?\gh a real "o1 does n admit ( a precise answ]4 ,a few g5]al consid]ations on ! subject may be (f]$3-- 7a7 ,is ! diff]5ce su* z might be expect$ to arise at diff]5t times ( life or "u diff]5t circum/ances8--,!re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 a writ]1 z he grew old]1 los+ some?+ ( 8 own orig9ality1 & fall+ m & m "u ! _s ( 8 age4 ',:at a g5ius ,i _h :5 ,i wrote t book6' 0 ! pa!tic exclamation ( a fam\s ,engli% au?or1 :5 9 old age he *anc$ to take up "o ( 8 e>ly works4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ aga9 9 8 los+ some:at ( 8 p[]s ( expression1 & becom+ less capable ( fram+ language into a h>moni\s :ole4 ,!re w\ld also be a /rong presumption t if ! v>iation ( /yle 0 uni=m1 x 0 attributable to "s natural cause1 & n to ! arts ( ! imitator4 ,! inf]iority might be ! result ( feebl5ess & ( want ( activity ( m9d4 ,b ! natural weakness ( a great au?or w\ld commonly be diff]5t f ! artificial weakness ( an imitator2 x w\ld be cont9u\s & uni=m4 ,! latt] w\ld be apt to fill 8 "w ) irregul> pat*es1 sometimes tak5 v]bally f ! writ+s ( ! au?or :om he p]sonat$1 b r>ely acquir+ 8 _s4 ,8 imitation w\ld be obvi\s1 irregul>1 sup]ficial4 ,! pat*es ( purple w\ld be easily detect$ among 8 ?readb>e & tatt]$ g>m5ts4 ,he w\ld r>ely take ! pa9s to put ! same ?\ght into o!r words4 ,!re 7 _m =g]ies 9 ,engli% lit]ature :i* atta9$ a consid]able degree ( success #ej or #ajj ye>s ago2 b x is d\btful :e!r attempts su* z ^! c\ld n[ escape detection1 if !re 7 any writ+s ( ! same au?or or ( ! same age to be comp>$ ) !m4 ,& anci5t =g]s 7 mu* less skilful ?an mod]n2 !y 7 f> f be+ ma/]s 9 ! art ( deception1 & _h r>ely any motive = be+ s4 7b7 ,b1 secondly1 ! imitator w commonly be lea/ capable ( und]/&+ or imitat+ t "p ( a great writ] :i* is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( him4 ,9 e man's writ+s !re is some?+ l himself & unlike o!rs1 :i* gives individuality4 ,to appreciate ?is lat5t quality w\ld require a k9dr$ m9d1 & m9ute /udy & obs]vation4 ,!re are a class ( simil>ities :i* may be call$ undesign$ co9cid5ces1 :i* are s remote z to be incapable ( be+ borr[$ f "o ano!r1 & yet1 :5 !y are comp>$1 f9d a natural explanation 9 _! be+ ! "w ( ! same m9d4 ,! imitator might copy ! turns ( /yle--he might repeat images or illu/rations1 b he c\ld n ent] into ! inn] circle ( ,platonic philosophy4 ,he w\ld und]/& t "p ( x :i* became popul> 9 ! next g5]ation1 z = example1 ! doctr9e ( ideas or ( numb]s3 he might approve ( communism4 ,b ! high] flights ( ,plato ab\t ! sci5ce ( dialectic1 or ! unity ( virtue1 or a p]son :o is above ! law1 w\ld be un9telligible to him4 7c7 ,! argum5t f imitation assumes a diff]5t "* :5 ! suppos$ imitations are associat$ ) o!r passages hav+ ! impress ( orig9al g5ius4 ,! /r5g? ( ! argum5t f undesign$ co9cid5ces ( /yle is mu* increas$ :5 !y are f\nd side by side ) ?\ghts & expressions :i* c only h come f a great orig9al writ]4 ,! great excell5ce1 n only ( ! :ole1 b ev5 ( ! p>ts ( writ+s1 is a /rong pro( ( _! g5u95ess--= al?\gh ! great writ] may fall bel[1 ! =g] or imitator _c rise mu* above himself4 ,:e!r we c attribute ! wor/ p>ts ( a "w to a =g] & ! be/ to a great writ]1--z = example1 9 ! case ( "s ( ,%akespe>e's plays1--dep5ds ^u ! probability t !y h be5 int]polat$1 or h be5 ! jo9t "w ( two writ]s2 & ?is c only be e/abli%$ ei!r by express evid5ce or by a comp>ison ( o!r writ+s ( ! same class4 ,if ! int]polation or d\ble au?or%ip ( ,greek writ+s 9 ! "t ( ,plato c\ld be %[n to be common1 !n a "q1 p]haps insoluble1 w\ld arise1 n :e!r ! :ole1 b :e!r p>ts ( ! ,platonic dialogues are g5u9e1 &1 if p>ts only1 :i* p>ts4 ,hebrew prophecies & ,hom]ic poems & ,laws ( ,manu may h gr[n toge!r 9 e>ly times1 b !re is no reason to ?9k t any ( ! dialogues ( ,plato is ! result ( a simil> process ( accumulation4 ,x is !re=e ra% to say ) ,onck5 7,die ,/aatslehre des ,ari/oteles7 t ! =m 9 :i* ,ari/otle knew ! ,laws ( ,plato mu/ h be5 diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y h come d[n to u4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! pr9ciples are difficult ( application4 ,yet a criticism may be wor? mak+ :i* re/s only on probabilities or impressions4 ,great disputes w arise ab\t ! m]its ( diff]5t passages1 ab\t :at is truly *>act]i/ic & orig9al or trivial & borr[$4 ,_m h ?\ght ! ,laws to be "o ( ! greate/ ( ,platonic writ+s1 :ile 9 ! judgm5t ( ,mr4 ,grote !y h>dly rise above ! level ( ! =g$ epi/les4 ,! mann] 9 :i* a writ] w\ld or w\ld n h writt5 at a p>ticul> "t ( life mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be a matt] ( conjecture4 ,b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t simil>ities ( a c]ta9 k9d1 :e!r criticism is able to detect !m or n1 may be su* z mu/ be attribut$ to an orig9al writ]1 & n to a m]e imitator4 7d7 ,apply+ ^! pr9ciples to ! case ( ! ,laws1 we h n[ to po9t out t !y conta9 ! class ( ref9$ or unconsci\s simil>ities :i* are indicative ( g5u95ess4 ,! p>allelisms are l ! repetitions ( fav\rite ?\ghts into :i* e "o is apt to fall unaw>es 9 conv]sation or 9 writ+4 ,!y are f\nd 9 a "w :i* conta9s _m beautiful & rem>kable passages4 ,we may !re=e beg9 by claim+ ?is presumption 9 _! fav\r4 ,su* undesign$ co9cid5ces1 z we may v5ture to call !m1 are ! foll[+4 ,! conception ( ju/ice z ! union ( temp]ance1 wisdom1 c\rage 7,laws2 ,republic73 ! lat5t idea ( dialectic impli$ 9 ! notion ( divid+ laws aft] ! k9ds ( virtue 7,laws72 ! approval ( ! me?od ( look+ at "o idea ga!r$ f _m ?+s1 '?an :i* a tru] 0 nev] discov]$ by any man' 7comp>e ,republic73 or aga9 ! description ( ! ,laws z p>5ts 7,laws2 ,republic73 ! assumption t religion has be5 already settl$ by ! oracle ( ,delphi 7,laws2 ,republic71 to :i* an appeal is also made 9 special cases 7,laws73 ! notion ( ! battle ) self1 a p>adox = :i* ,plato 9 a mann] apologizes bo? 9 ! ,laws & ! ,republic3 ! rem>k 7,laws7 t j m51 ev5 :5 !y are de=m$ 9 body1 may /ill be p]fectly beautiful 9 respect ( ! excell5t ju/ice ( _! m9ds 7comp>e ,republic73 ! argum5t t ideals are none ! worse because !y _c be c>ri$ out 7,laws2 ,republic73 ! ne> approa* to ! idea ( good 9 '! pr9ciple :i* is common to all ! f\r virtues1' a tru? :i* ! gu>dians mu/ be compell$ to recognize 7,laws2 comp>e ,republic73 or aga9 ! recognition by reason ( ! "r pleasure & pa91 :i* _h previ\sly be5 matt] ( habit 7,laws2 ,republic73 or ! blasphemy ( say+ t ! excell5cy ( music is to give pleasure 7,laws2 ,republic73 aga9 ! /ory ( ! ,sidonian ,cadmus 7,laws71 :i* is a v>iation ( ! ,pho5ician tale ( ! e>?-born m5 7,republic73 ! comp>ison ( philosophy to a yelp+ %e-dog1 bo? 9 ! ,republic & 9 ! ,laws3 ! rem>k t no man c practise two trades 7,laws2 ,republic73 or ! advantage ( ! middle condition 7,laws2 ,republic73 ! t5d5cy to speak ( pr9ciples z m\lds or =ms2 comp>e ! ekmageia ( song 7,laws71 & ! tupoi ( religion 7,republic73 or ! rem>k 7,laws7 t '! relaxation ( ju/ice makes _m cities out ( "o1' :i* may be comp>$ ) ! ,republic3 or ! description ( lawlessness 'creep+ 9 little by little 9 ! fa%ions ( music & ov]turn+ all ?+s1'--to u a p>adox1 b to ,plato's m9d a fix$ idea1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,laws z well z 9 ! ,republic3 or ! figure ( ! p>ts ( ! human body "u :i* ! p>ts ( ! /ate are describ$ 7,laws2 ,republic73 ! apology = delay & diffus5ess1 :i* occurs n unfrequ5tly 9 ! ,republic1 is c>ri$ to an excess 9 ! ,laws 7comp>e ,!aet473 ! rem>kable ?\ght 7,laws7 t ! s\l ( ! sun is bett] ?an ! sun1 agrees ) ! relation 9 :i* ! idea ( good /&s to ! sun 9 ! ,republic1 & ) ! sub/itution ( m9d = ! idea ( good 9 ! ,philebus3 ! passage ab\t ! tragic poets 7,laws7 agrees g5]ally ) ! treatm5t ( !m 9 ! ,republic1 b is m f9ely conceiv$1 & work$ out 9 a nobl] _s4 ,"s less] simil>ities ( ?\ght & mann] %\ld n be omitt$1 su* z ! m5tion ( ! ?irty ye>s' old /ud5ts 9 ! ,republic1 & ! fifty ye>s' old *ori/]s 9 ! ,laws2 or ! mak+ ( ! citiz5s out ( wax 7,laws7 comp>$ ) ! o!r image 7,republic72 or ! numb] ( ! tyrant 7#gbi71 :i* is ,,ne>ly equal ) ! numb] ( days & nights 9 ! ye> 7#gcj71 comp>$ ) ! 'slight correction' ( ! sacr$ numb] #ejdj1 :i* is divisible by all ! numb]s f #a to #ab except #aa1 & divisible by #aa1 if two families be d$uct$2 or once m1 we may comp>e ! ignorance ( solid geometry ( :i* he compla9s 9 ! ,republic & ! puzzle ab\t fractions ) ! difficulty 9 ! ,laws ab\t comm5surable & incomm5surable quantities--& ! malici\s emphasis on ! ^w gunaikeios 7,laws7 ) ! use ( ! same ^w 7,republic74 ,^! & simil> passages t5d to %[ t ! au?or ( ! ,republic is also ! au?or ( ! ,laws4 ,!y are e*oes ( ! same voice1 expressions ( ! same m9d1 co9cid5ces too subtle to h be5 inv5t$ by ! +5uity ( any imitator4 ,! =ce ( ! argum5t is increas$1 if we rememb] t no passage 9 ! ,laws is exactly copi$1--n[h]e d five or six words occur toge!r :i* are f\nd toge!r else:]e 9 ,plato's writ+s4 ,9 o!r dialogues ( ,plato1 z well z 9 ! ,republic1 !re are to be f\nd p>allels ) ! ,laws4 ,su* resemblances1 z we might expect1 occur *iefly 7b n exclusively7 9 ! dialogues :i*1 on o!r gr\nds1 we may suppose to be ( lat] date4 ,! puni%m5t ( evil is to be l evil m5 7,laws71 z he says also 9 ! ,!aetetus4 ,comp>e aga9 ! dep5d5ce ( trag$y & com$y on "o ano!r1 ( :i* he gives ! reason 9 ! ,laws--',= s]i\s ?+s _c be und]/ood )\t laughable1 nor opposites at all )\t opposites1 if a man is really to h intellig5ce ( ei!r'2 "h he puts =w>d ! pr9ciple :i* is ! gr\ndwork ( ! !sis ( ,socrates 9 ! ,symposium1 't ! g5ius ( trag$y is ! same z t ( com$y1 & t ! writ] ( com$y ought to be a writ] ( trag$y also4' ,!re is a tru? & "r :i* is above ,law 7,laws71 z we le>n also f ! ,/atesman4 ,t m5 are ! possession ( ! ,gods 7,laws71 is a reflection :i* likewise occurs 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,! rem>k1 :e!r s]i\s or ironical 7,laws71 t '! sons ( ! ,gods naturally believ$ 9 ! ,gods1 because !y _h ! means ( kn[+ ab\t !m1' is f\nd 9 ! ,timaeus4 ,! reign ( ,cronos1 :o is ! div9e rul] 7,laws71 is a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,/atesman4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! ,sophi/ & ,/atesman 7,soph471 ,plato1 speak+ 9 ! "* ( ! ,eleatic ,/rang]1 has already put on ! old man4 ,! madness ( ! poets1 aga91 is a fav\rite notion ( ,plato's1 :i* occurs also 9 ! ,laws1 z well z 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,ion1 & else:]e4 ,!re are traces 9 ! ,laws ( ! same desire to base speculation ^u hi/ory :i* we f9d 9 ! ,critias4 ,once m1 !re is a /rik+ p>allel ) ! p>adox ( ! ,gorgias1 t 'if y d evil1 x is bett] to be puni%$ ?an to be unpuni%$1' 9 ! ,laws3 ',to live hav+ all goods )\t ju/ice & virtue is ! greate/ ( evils if life be immortal1 b n s great if ! bad man lives b a %ort "t4' ,! po9t to be consid]$ is :e!r ^! are ! k9d ( p>allels :i* w\ld be ! "w ( an imitator4 ,w\ld a =g] h _h ! wit to select ! mo/ peculi> & *>act]i/ic ?\ghts ( ,plato2 w\ld he h caught ! _s ( 8 philosophy2 w\ld he1 in/ead ( op5ly borr[+1 h half conceal$ 8 fav\rite ideas2 w\ld he h =m$ !m into a :ole su* z ! ,laws2 w\ld he h giv5 ano!r ! cr$it :i* he might h obta9$ = himself2 w\ld he h rememb]$ & made use ( o!r passages ( ! ,platonic writ+s & h nev] deviat$ into ! phraseology ( !m8 ,)\t press+ su* argum5ts z absolutely c]ta91 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t su* a comp>ison af=ds a new gr\nd ( real weight = believ+ ! ,laws to be a g5u9e writ+ ( ,plato4 ,v4 ,! relation ( ! ,republic to ! ,laws is cle>ly set =? by ,plato 9 ! ,laws4 ,! ,republic is ! be/ /ate1 ! ,laws is ! be/ possible "u ! exi/+ conditions ( ! ,greek _w4 ,! ,republic is ! ideal1 9 :i* no man calls any?+ 8 own1 :i* may or may n h exi/$ 9 "s remote clime1 "u ! rule ( "s ,god1 or son ( a ,god 7:o c say871 b is1 at any rate1 ! patt]n ( all o!r /ates & ! exempl> ( human life4 ,! ,laws di/9ctly ackn[l$ge :at ! ,republic p>tly admits1 t ! ideal is inimitable by u1 b t we %\ld 'lift up our eyes to ! heav5s' & try to regulate our lives accord+ to ! div9e image4 ,! citiz5s are no long] to h wives & *ildr5 9 common1 & are no long] to be "u ! gov]nm5t ( philosoph]s4 ,b ! _s ( communism or communion is to cont9ue among !m1 ?\gh rev]5ce = ! sacr$ness ( ! family1 & respect ( *ildr5 = p>5ts1 n promiscu\s hym5eals1 are n[ ! f\ndation ( ! /ate2 ! sexes are to be z ne>ly on an equality z possible2 !y are to meet at common tables1 & to %>e w>like pursuits 7if ! wom5 w cons5t71 & to h a common education4 ,! legislator has tak5 ! place ( ! philosoph]1 b a c\ncil ( eld]s is reta9$1 :o are to fulfil ! duties ( ! legislator :5 he has pass$ out ( life4 ,! addition ( y\ng] p]sons to ?is c\ncil by co-optation is an improvem5t on ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,republic4 ,! s*eme ( education 9 ! ,laws is ( a f> l[] k9d ?an t :i* ,plato _h conceiv$ 9 ! ,republic4 ,!re he w\ld h 8 rul]s tra9$ 9 all k meet+ 9 ! idea ( good1 ( :i* ! diff]5t bran*es ( ma!matical sci5ce are b ! h&-maid5s or m9i/]s2 "h he treats *iefly ( popul> education1 /opp+ %ort ) ! prelim9>y sci5ces1--^! are to be /udi$ p>tly ) a view to _! practical usefulness1 :i* 9 ! ,republic he holds *eap1 & ev5 m ) a view to avoid+ impiety1 ( :i* 9 ! ,republic he says no?+2 he t\*es v lightly on dialectic1 :i* is /ill to be reta9$ = ! rul]s4 ,yet 9 ! ,laws !re rema9 traces ( ! old educational ideas4 ,he is /ill = bani%+ ! poets2 & z he f9ds ! works ( prose writ]s equally dang]\s1 he w\ld sub/itute = !m ! /udy ( 8 own laws4 ,he insi/s /rongly on ! importance ( ma!matics z an educational in/rum5t4 ,he is no m reconcil$ to ! ,greek my?ology ?an 9 ! ,republic1 ?\gh he w\ld r say no?+ ab\t x out ( a rev]5ce = antiquity2 & he is equally will+ to h rec\rse to fictions1 if !y h a moral t5d5cy4 ,8 ?\ghts recur to a gold5 age 9 :i* ! sanctity ( oa?s 0 respect$ & 9 :i* m5 liv+ ne>] ! ,gods 7 m dispos$ to believe 9 !m2 b we mu/ legislate = ! _w z x is1 n[ t ! old beliefs h pass$ away4 ,?\gh he is no long] fir$ ) dialectical en?usiasm1 he w\ld compel ! gu>dians to 'look at "o idea ga!r$ f _m ?+s1' & to 'p]ceive ! pr9ciple :i* is ! same 9 all ! f\r virtues4' ,he /ill recognizes ! enorm\s influ5ce ( music1 9 :i* e y\? is to be tra9$ = ?ree ye>s2 & he seems to attribute ! exi/+ deg5]acy ( ! ,a!nian /ate & ! laxity ( morals p>tly to musical innovation1 manife/$ 9 ! unnatural divorce ( ! in/rum5t & ! voice1 ( ! rhy?m f ! words1 & p>tly to ! influ5ce ( ! mob :o rul$ at ! !atres4 ,he assimilates ! education ( ! two sexes1 z f> z possible1 bo? 9 music & gymna/ic1 &1 z 9 ! ,republic1 he w\ld give to gymna/ic a purely milit>y "*4 ,9 m>riage1 8 object is /ill to produce ! f9e/ *ildr5 = ! /ate4 ,z 9 ! ,/atesman1 he w\ld unite 9 w$lock dissimil> natures--! passionate ) ! dull1 ! c\rage\s ) ! g5tle4 ,& ! virtu\s tyrant ( ! ,/atesman1 :o has no place 9 ! ,republic1 aga9 appe>s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all 8 writ+s1 he has ! /ronge/ s5se ( ! deg5]acy & incapacity ( ! rul]s ( 8 own "t4 ,9 ! ,laws1 ! philosoph]s1 if n bani%$1 l ! poets1 are at lea/ ignor$2 & religion takes ! place ( philosophy 9 ! regulation ( human life4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be rememb]$ t ! religion ( ,plato is co-ext5sive ) morality1 & is t purifi$ religion & my?ology ( :i* he speaks 9 ! second book ( ! ,republic4 ,!re is no real discrepancy 9 ! two works4 ,9 a practical treatise1 he speaks ( religion r ?an ( philosophy2 j z he appe>s to id5tify virtue ) pleasure1 & r seeks to f9d ! common elem5t ( ! virtues ?an to ma9ta9 8 old p>adoxical !ses t !y are "o1 or t !y are id5tical ) k4 ,! dialectic & ! idea ( good1 :i* ev5 ,glaucon 9 ! ,republic c\ld n und]/&1 w\ld be out ( place 9 a less ideal "w4 ,!re may also be a *ange 9 8 own m9d1 ! purely intellectual aspect ( philosophy hav+ a dim9i%+ int]e/ to him 9 8 old age4 ,"s confusion occurs 9 ! passage 9 :i* ,plato speaks ( ! ,republic1 occasion$ by 8 ref]5ce to a ?ird /ate1 :i* he proposes 7,d4,v47 h]eaft] to exp\nd4 ,l _m o!r ?\ghts 9 ! ,laws1 ! allusion is obscure f n be+ work$ out4 ,ari/otle 7,polit47 speaks ( a /ate :i* is nei!r ! be/ absolutely1 nor ! be/ "u exi/+ conditions1 b an imag9>y /ate1 inf]ior to ei!r1 de/itute1 z he supposes1 ( ! necess>ies ( life--app>5tly su* a beg9n+ ( primitive society z is describ$ 9 ,laws iii4 ,b x is n cle> t by ?is ! ?ird /ate ( ,plato is int5d$4 ,x is possible t ,plato may h meant by 8 ?ird /ate an hi/orical sket*1 be>+ ! same relation to ! ,laws :i* ! unf9i%$ ,critias w\ld h borne to ! ,republic2 or he may1 p]haps1 h int5d$ to describe a /ate m ne>ly approximat+ ?an ! ,laws to exi/+ ,greek /ates4 ,! ,/atesman is a m]e fragm5t :5 comp>$ ) ! ,laws1 yet comb9+ a second int]e/ ( dialectic z well z politics1 :i* is want+ 9 ! l>g] "w4 ,sev]al po9ts ( simil>ity & contra/ may be obs]v$ betwe5 !m4 ,9 "s respects ! ,/atesman is ev5 m ideal ?an ! ,republic1 look+ back to a =m] /ate ( p>adisiacal life1 9 :i* ! ,gods rul$ ov] mank9d1 z ! ,republic looks =w>d to a com+ k+dom ( philosoph]s4 ,( ?is k+dom ( ,cronos !re is also m5tion 9 ! ,laws4 ,aga91 9 ! ,/atesman1 ! ,eleatic ,/rang] rises above law to ! conception ( ! liv+ voice ( ! lawgiv]1 :o is able to provide = individual cases4 ,a simil> ?\ght is repeat$ 9 ! ,laws3 ',if 9 ! ord] ( nature1 & by div9e de/9y1 a man 7 able to appreh5d ! tru? ab\t ^! ?+s1 he w\ld h no ne$ ( laws to rule ov] him2 = !re is no law or ord] above k1 nor c m9d )\t impiety be deem$ ! subject or slave ( any1 b r ! "l ( all4' ,! union ( opposite natures1 :o =m ! w>p & ! wo( ( ! political web1 is a fav\rite ?\ght :i* occurs 9 bo? dialogues 7,laws2 ,/atesman74 ,! ,laws are confess$ly a ,second-be/1 an inf]ior ,ideal1 to :i* ,plato has rec\rse1 :5 he f9ds t ! city ( ,philosoph]s is no long] ')9 ! horizon ( practical politics4' ,b x is curi\s to obs]ve t ! high] ,ideal is always return+ 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,polit471 & t he is n mu* ne>] ! actual fact1 nor m on ! level ( ord9>y life 9 ! ,laws ?an 9 ! ,republic4 ,x is also int]e/+ to rem>k t ! new ,ideal is always fall+ away1 & t he h>dly supposes ! "o to be m capable ( be+ realiz$ ?an ! o!r4 ,human be+s are tr\blesome to manage2 & ! legislator _c adapt 8 enactm5ts to ! inf9ite v>iety ( circum/ances2 aft] all he mu/ leave ! adm9i/ration ( !m to 8 successors2 & ?\gh he w\ld h lik$ to make !m z p]man5t z !y are 9 ,egypt1 he _c escape f ! necessity ( *ange4 ,at l5g? ,plato is oblig$ to in/itute a ,nocturnal ,c\ncil :i* is suppos$ to reta9 ! m9d ( ! legislator1 & ( :i* "s ( ! memb]s are ev5 suppos$ to g abroad & inspect ! in/itutions ( =eign c\ntries1 z a f\ndation = *anges 9 _! own4 ,! _s ( su* *anges1 ?\gh avoid+ ! extravagance ( a popul> assembly1 be+ only s mu* *ange z ! cons]vative temp] ( old memb]s is likely to all[1 is nev]!less inconsi/5t ) ! fix$ness ( ,egypt :i* ,plato wi%es to impress ^u ,hell5ic in/itutions4 ,he is inconsi/5t ) himself z ! tru? beg9s to dawn ^u him t '9 ! execution ?+s = ! mo/ "p fall %ort ( our conception ( !m' 7,republic74 ,& is n ?is true ( ideals ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al8 ,we are always disappo9t$ 9 !m4 ,no?+ great c be accompli%$ 9 ! %ort space ( human life2 :]e=e also we look =w>d to ano!r 7,republic74 ,z we gr[ old1 we are s5sible t we h no p[] actively to pursue our ideals any long]4 ,we h _h our opportunity & d n aspire to be m ?an m53 we h receiv$ our 'wages & are go+ home4' ,nei!r d we despair ( ! future ( mank9d1 because we h be5 able to d s little 9 comp>ison ( ! :ole4 ,we look 9 va9 = consi/5cy ei!r 9 m5 or ?+s4 ,b we h se5 en\gh ( improvem5t 9 our own "t to ju/ify u 9 ! belief t ! _w is wor? work+ = & t a good man's life is n ?r[n away4 ,su* reflections may help u to br+ home to ourselves by inw>d sympa?y ! language ( ,plato 9 ! ,laws1 & to comb9e into some?+ l a :ole 8 v>i\s & at fir/ sight inconsi/5t utt]ances4 ,,vi4 ,! ,republic may be describ$ z ! ,sp>tan con/itution app5d$ to a gov]nm5t ( philosoph]s4 ,b 9 ! ,laws an ,a!nian elem5t is also introduc$4 ,_m enactm5ts are tak5 f ! ,a!nian2 ! f\r classes are borr[$ f ! con/itution ( ,clei/h5es1 :i* ,plato reg>ds z ! be/ =m ( ,a!nian gov]nm5t1 & ! gu>dians ( ! law be> a c]ta9 resemblance to ! ar*ons4 ,9 ! con/itution ( ! ,laws ne>ly all (fic]s are elect$ by a vote m or less popul> & by lot4 ,b ! assembly only exi/s = ! purposes ( election1 & has no legislative or executive p[]s4 ,! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil1 :i* is ! highe/ body 9 ! /ate1 has sev]al ( ! functions ( ! anci5t ,a!nian ,areopagus1 aft] :i* x appe>s to be modell$4 ,life is to we>1 z at ,a!ns1 a joy\s & fe/ive look2 !re are to be ,bac*ic *oruses1 & m5 ( mature age are enc\rag$ 9 mod]ate potations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! common meals1 ! public education1 ! crypteia are borr[$ f ,sp>ta & n f ,a!ns1 & ! sup]9t5d5ce ( private life1 :i* 0 to be practis$ by ! gov]nors1 has also its prototype 9 ,sp>ta4 ,! extravagant dislike :i* ,plato %[s bo? to a naval p[] & to extreme democracy is ! rev]se ( ,a!nian4 ,! be/-gov]n$ ,hell5ic /ates trac$ ! orig9 ( _! laws to individual lawgiv]s4 ,^! 7 real p]sons1 ?\gh we are unc]ta9 h[ f> !y orig9at$ or only modifi$ ! in/itutions :i* are ascrib$ to !m4 ,b ! lawgiv]1 ?\gh n a my?1 0 a fix$ idea 9 ! m9d ( ! ,greek1--z fix$ z ! ,trojan w> or ! e>?-born ,cadmus4 ',?is 0 :at ,solon meant or said'--0 ! =m 9 :i* ! ,a!nian express$ 8 own conception ( "r & ju/ice1 or argu$ a disput$ po9t ( law4 ,& ! con/ant ref]5ce 9 ! ,laws ( ,plato to ! lawgiv] is altoge!r 9 accordance ) ,greek modes ( ?9k+ & speak+4 ,!re is also1 z 9 ! ,republic1 a ,py?agorean elem5t4 ,! highe/ bran* ( education is ari?metic2 to "k ! ord] ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & to reconcile ! app>5t contradiction ( _! movem5ts1 is an important "p ( religion2 ! lives ( ! citiz5s are to h a common measure1 z also _! vessels & co9s2 ! great bless+ ( ! /ate is ! numb] #ejdj4 ,plato is deeply impress$ by ! antiquity ( ,egypt1 & ! un*angeabl5ess ( h] anci5t =ms ( song & dance4 ,& he is also /ruck by ! progress :i* ! ,egyptians _h made 9 ! ma!matical sci5ces--9 comp>ison ( !m ! ,greeks appe>$ to him to be little bett] ?an sw9e4 ,yet he c5sures ! ,egyptian meanness & inhospitality to /rang]s4 ,he has trac$ ! gr[? ( /ates f _! rude beg9n+s 9 a philosophical _s2 b ( any life or gr[? ( ! ,hell5ic _w 9 future ages he is sil5t4 ,he has made ! reflection t pa/ "t is ! mak] ( /ates 7,book iii472 b he does n argue f ! pa/ to ! future1 t ! process is always go+ on1 or t ! in/itutions ( nations are relative to _! /age ( civilization4 ,if he c\ld h /amp$ indelibly ^u ,hell5ic /ates ! w ( ! legislator1 he w\ld h be5 satisfi$4 ,! utmo/ :i* he expects ( future g5]ations is t !y %\ld supply ! omissions1 or correct ! errors :i* y\ng] /atesm5 detect 9 8 enactm5ts4 ,:5 in/itutions h be5 once subject$ to ?is process ( criticism1 he w\ld h !m fix$ = ev]4 ,,! ,,preamble4 ,,book ,i4 ,/rang]s1 let me ask a "q ( y--,0 a ,god or a man ! au?or ( y\r laws8 ',a ,god1 ,/rang]4 ,9 ,crete1 ,zeus is said to h be5 ! au?or ( !m2 9 ,sp>ta1 z ,megillus w tell y1 ,apollo4' ,y ,cretans believe1 z ,hom] says1 t ,m9os w5t e n9? ye> to conv]se ) 8 ,olympian sire1 & gave y laws :i* he br\ght f him4 ',yes2 & !re 0 ,rhadaman?us1 8 bro!r1 :o is reput$ among u to h be5 a mo/ righte\s judge4' ,t is a reputation wor?y ( ! son ( ,zeus4 ,& z y & ,megillus h be5 tra9$ "u ^! laws1 ,i may ask y to give me an acc\nt ( !m4 ,we c talk ab\t !m 9 our walk f ,cnosus to ! cave & temple ( ,zeus4 ,i am told t ! di/ance is consid]able1 b probably !re are %ady places "u ! trees1 :]e1 be+ no long] "y1 we may (t5 re/ & conv]se4 ',yes1 ,/rang]1 a little onw>d !re are beautiful groves ( cypresses1 & gre5 mead[s 9 :i* we may repose4' ,my fir/ "q is1 ,:y has ! law orda9$ t y %\ld h common meals1 & practise gymna/ics1 & be> arms8 ',my answ] is1 t all our in/itutions are ( a milit>y "*4 ,we lead ! life ( ! camp ev5 9 "t ( peace1 keep+ up ! organization ( an army1 & hav+ meals 9 common2 & z our c\ntry1 ow+ to its rugg$ness1 is ill-suit$ = heavy-arm$ cavalry or infantry1 our soldi]s are ar*]s1 equipp$ ) b[s & arr[s4 ,! legislator 0 "u ! idea t w> 0 ! natural /ate ( all mank9d1 & t peace is only a pret5ce2 he ?\ght t no possessions _h any value :i* 7 n secur$ aga9/ enemies4' ,& d y ?9k t sup]iority 9 w> is ! prop] aim ( gov]nm5t8 ',c]ta9ly ,i d1 & my ,sp>tan fri5d w agree ) me4' ,& are !re w>s1 n only ( /ate aga9/ /ate1 b ( village aga9/ village1 ( family aga9/ family1 ( individual aga9/ individual8 ',yes4' ,& is a man 8 own enemy8 ',!re y come to fir/ pr9ciples1 l a true vot>y ( ! goddess ,a!ne2 & ?is is all ! bett]1 = y w ! soon] recognize ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+--t all m5 ev]y:]e are ! enemies ( all1 & ea* individual ( e o!r & ( himself2 &1 fur!r1 t !re is a victory & defeat--! be/ & ! wor/--:i* ea* man su/a9s1 n at ! h&s ( ano!r1 b ( himself4' ,& does ?is ext5d to /ates & villages z well z to individuals8 ',c]ta9ly2 !re is a bett] 9 !m :i* conqu]s or is conqu]$ by ! worse4' ,:e!r ! worse ev] really conqu]s ! bett]1 is a "q :i* may be left = ! pres5t2 b y\r mean+ is1 t bad citiz5s d sometimes ov]come ! good1 & t ! /ate is !n conqu]$ by h]self1 & t :5 !y are defeat$ ! /ate is victori\s ov] h]self4 ,or1 aga91 9 a family !re may be sev]al bro!rs1 & ! bad may be a majority2 & :5 ! bad majority conqu] ! good m9ority1 ! family are worse ?an !mselves4 ,! use ( ! t]ms 'bett] or worse ?an himself or !mselves' may be d\btful1 b ab\t ! ?+ meant !re c be no dispute4 ',v true4' ,su* a /ruggle might be det]m9$ by a judge4 ,& :i* w be ! bett] judge--he :o de/roys ! worse & lets ! bett] rule1 or he :o lets ! bett] rule & makes ! o!rs volunt>ily obey2 or1 ?irdly1 he :o de/roys no "o1 b reconciles ! two p>ties8 ',! la/1 cle>ly4' ,b ! object ( su* a judge or legislator w\ld n be w>4 ',true4' ,& z !re are two k9ds ( w>1 "o )\t & "o )9 a /ate1 ( :i* ! int]nal is by f> ! worse1 w n ! legislator *iefly direct 8 att5tion to ?is latt]8 ,he w reconcile ! cont5d+ factions1 & unite !m aga9/ _! ext]nal enemies4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,e legislator w aim at ! greate/ good1 & ! greate/ good is n victory 9 w>1 :e!r civil or ext]nal1 b mutual peace & good-w1 z 9 ! body heal? is pref]able to ! purgation ( disease4 ,he :o makes w> 8 object in/ead ( peace1 or :o pursues w> except = ! sake ( peace1 is n a true /atesman4 ',& yet1 ,/rang]1 ! laws bo? ( ,crete & ,sp>ta aim entirely at w>4' ,p]haps s2 b d n let u qu>rel ab\t y\r legislators--let u be g5tle2 !y 7 9 e>ne/ q z mu* z we are1 & we mu/ try to discov] _! mean+4 ,! poet ,tyrtaeus 7y "k 8 poems 9 ,crete1 & my ,lac$aemonian fri5d is only too famili> ) !m7--he 0 an ,a!nian by bir?1 & a ,sp>tan citiz53--',well1' he says1 ',i s+ n1 ,i c>e n ab\t any man1 h[ev] ri* or happy1 unless he is brave 9 w>4' ,n[ ,i %\ld l1 9 ! "n ( u all1 to ask ! poet a "q4 ,oh ,tyrtaeus1 ,i w\ld say to him1 we agree ) y 9 prais+ ^? :o excel 9 w>1 b :i* k9d ( w> d y mean8--t dreadful w> :i* is t]m$ civil1 or ! mild] sort :i* is wag$ aga9/ =eign enemies8 ,y say t y abom9ate '^? :o are n eag] to ta/e _! enemies' blood1' & y seem to mean *iefly _! =eign enemies4 ',c]ta9ly he does4' ,b we cont5d t !re are m5 bett] f> ?an y\r h]oes1 ,tyrtaeus1 conc]n+ :om ano!r poet1 ,!ognis ! ,sicilian1 says t '9 a civil broil !y are wor? _! weight 9 gold & silv]4' ,= 9 a civil w>1 n only c\rage1 b ju/ice & temp]ance & wisdom are requir$1 & all virtue is bett] ?an a "p4 ,! m]c5>y soldi] is ready to die at 8 po/2 yet he is commonly a viol5t1 s5seless creature4 ,& ! legislator1 :e!r inspir$ or un9spir$1 w make laws ) a view to ! highe/ virtue2 & ?is is n brute c\rage1 b loyalty 9 ! h\r ( dang]4 ,! virtue ( ,tyrtaeus1 al?\gh ne$ful en\gh 9 8 own "t1 is really ( a f\r?-rate description4 ',y are degrad+ our legislator to a v l[ level4' ,nay1 we degrade n him1 b ourselves1 if we believe t ! laws ( ,lycurgus & ,m9os _h a view to w> only4 ,a div9e lawgiv] w\ld h _h reg>d to all ! diff]5t k9ds ( virtue1 & h arrang$ 8 laws 9 correspond+ classes1 & n 9 ! mod]n fa%ion1 :i* only makes !m aft] ! want ( !m is felt1--ab\t inh]itances & heiresses & assaults1 & ! l4 ,z y truly said1 virtue is ! bus9ess ( ! legislator2 b y w5t wrong :5 y ref]r$ all legislation to a "p ( virtue1 & to an inf]ior "p4 ,= ! object ( laws1 :e!r ! ,cretan or any o!r1 is to make m5 happy4 ,n[ happ9ess or good is ( two k9ds--!re are div9e & !re are human goods4 ,he :o has ! div9e has ! human add$ to him2 b he :o has lo/ ! great] is depriv$ ( bo?4 ,! less] goods are heal?1 beauty1 /r5g?1 &1 la/ly1 weal?2 n ! bl9d ,god1 ,pluto1 b "o :o has eyes to see & foll[ wisdom4 ,= m9d or wisdom is ! mo/ div9e ( all goods2 & next comes temp]ance1 & ju/ice spr+s f ! union ( wisdom & temp]ance ) c\rage1 :i* is ! f\r? or la/4 ,^! f\r prec$e o!r goods1 & ! legislator w arrange all 8 ord9ances accord+ly1 ! human go+ back to ! div9e1 & ! div9e to _! lead] m9d4 ,!re w be enactm5ts ab\t m>riage1 ab\t education1 ab\t all ! /ates & feel+s & exp]i5ces ( m5 & wom51 at e age1 9 weal & woe1 9 w> & peace2 ^u all ! law w fix a /amp ( praise & blame4 ,!re w also be regulations ab\t prop]ty & exp5diture1 ab\t contracts1 ab\t rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & f9ally ab\t fun]al rites & hon\rs ( ! dead4 ,! lawgiv] w appo9t gu>dians to preside ov] ^! ?+s2 & m9d w h>monize 8 ord9ances1 & %[ !m to be 9 agreem5t ) temp]ance & ju/ice4 ,n[ ,i want to "k :e!r ! same pr9ciples are obs]v$ 9 ! laws ( ,lycurgus & ,m9os1 or1 z ,i %\ld r say1 ( ,apollo & ,zeus4 ,we mu/ g ?r\gh ! virtues1 beg9n+ ) c\rage1 & !n we w %[ t :at has prec$$ has relation to virtue4 ',i wi%1' says ! ,lac$aemonian1 't y1 ,/rang]1 w\ld fir/ criticize ,cle9ias & ! ,cretan laws4' ,yes1 is ! reply1 & ,i w criticize y & myself1 z well z him4 ,tell me1 ,megillus1 7 n ! common meals & gymna/ic tra9+ in/itut$ by y\r legislator ) a view to w>8 ',yes2 & next 9 ! ord] ( importance comes hunt+1 & f\r? ! endurance ( pa9 9 box+ conte/s1 & 9 ! beat+s :i* are ! puni%m5t ( !ft4 ,!re is1 too1 ! s-call$ ,crypteia or secret s]vice1 9 :i* our y\? w&] ab\t ! c\ntry night & day unatt5d$1 & ev5 9 w9t] g un%od & h no b$s to lie on4 ,moreov] !y wre/le & ex]cise "u a blaz+ sun1 & !y h _m simil> cu/oms4' ,well1 b is c\rage only a combat aga9/ fe> & pa91 & n aga9/ pleasure & flatt]y8 ',aga9/ bo?1 ,i %\ld say4' ,& :i* is worse1--to be ov]come by pa91 or by pleasure8 ',! latt]4' ,b did ! lawgiv]s ( ,crete & ,sp>ta legislate = a c\rage :i* is lame ( "o leg1--able to meet ! attacks ( pa9 b n ^? ( pleasure1 or = "o :i* c meet bo?8 ',= a c\rage :i* c meet bo?1 ,i %\ld say4' ,b if s1 :]e are ! in/itutions :i* tra9 y\r citiz5s to be equally brave aga9/ pleasure & pa91 & sup]ior to enemies )9 z well z )\t8 ',we confess t we h no in/itutions wor? m5tion+ :i* are ( ?is "*4' ,i am n surpris$1 & w !re=e only reque/ =be>ance on ! "p ( u all1 9 case ! love ( tru? %\ld lead any ( u to c5sure ! laws ( ! o!rs4 ,rememb] t ,i am m 9 ! way ( he>+ criticisms ( y\r laws ?an y c be2 = 9 well-ord]$ /ates l ,crete & ,sp>ta1 al?\gh an old man may sometimes speak ( !m 9 private to a rul] or eld]1 a simil> lib]ty is n all[$ to ! "y4 ,b n[ be+ alone we %all n (f5d y\r legislator by a fri5dly exam9ation ( 8 laws4 ',take any fre$om :i* y l4' ,my fir/ obs]vation is1 t y\r lawgiv] ord]$ y to endure h>d%ips1 because he ?\ght t ^? :o _h n ?is discipl9e w\ld run away f ^? :o _h4 ,b he ought to h consid]$ fur!r1 t ^? :o _h nev] le>n$ to resi/ pleasure w\ld be equally at ! m]cy ( ^? :o _h1 & ^! are (t5 among ! wor/ ( mank9d4 ,pleasure1 l fe>1 w\ld ov]come !m & take away _! c\rage & fre$om4 ',p]haps2 b ,i mu/ n be ha/y 9 giv+ my ass5t4' ,next z to temp]ance3 :at in/itutions h y :i* are adapt$ to promote temp]ance8 ',!re are ! common meals & gymna/ic ex]cises4' ,^! are p>tly good & p>tly bad1 &1 z 9 m$ic9e1 :at is good at "o "t & = "o p]son1 is bad at ano!r "t & = ano!r p]son4 ,n[ al?\gh gymna/ics & common meals d good1 !y are also a cause ( evil 9 civil tr\bles1 & !y appe> to enc\rage unnatural love1 z has be5 %[n at ,miletus1 9 ,boeotia1 & at ,?urii4 ,& ! ,cretans are said to h inv5t$ ! tale ( ,zeus & ,ganym$e 9 ord] to ju/ify _! evil practices by ! example ( ! ,god :o 0 _! lawgiv]4 ,leav+ ! /ory1 we may obs]ve t all law has to d ) pleasure & pa92 ^! are two f\nta9s :i* are ev] fl[+ 9 human nature1 & he :o dr9ks ( !m :5 & z mu* z he ought1 is happy1 & he :o indulges 9 !m to excess1 is mis]able4 ',y may be "r1 b ,i /ill incl9e to ?9k t ! ,lac$aemonian lawgiv] did well 9 =bidd+ pleasure1 if ,i may judge f ! result4 ,= !re is no drunk5 revelry 9 ,sp>ta1 & any "o f\nd 9 a /ate ( intoxication is sev]ely puni%$2 he is n excus$ z an ,a!nian w\ld be at ,a!ns on acc\nt ( a fe/ival4 ,i myself h se5 ! ,a!nians drunk at ! ,dionysia--& at our colony1 ,t>5tum1 on a simil> occasion1 ,i h beheld ! :ole city 9 a /ate ( intoxication4' ,i admit t ^! fe/ivals %\ld be prop]ly regulat$4 ,yet ,i might reply1 ',yes1 ,sp>tans1 t is n y\r vice2 b look at home & rememb] ! lic5ti\sness ( y\r wom54' ,& to all su* accusations e "o ( u may reply 9 turn3--',wond] n1 ,/rang]2 !re are diff]5t cu/oms 9 diff]5t c\ntries4' ,n[ ?is may be a suffici5t answ]2 b we are speak+ ab\t ! wisdom ( lawgiv]s & n ab\t ! cu/oms ( m54 ,to return to ! "q ( dr9k+3 %all we h total ab/95ce1 z y h1 or h>d dr9k+1 l ! ,scy?ians & ,?racians1 or mod]ate potations l ! ,p]sians8 ',give u arms1 & we s5d all ^! nations fly+ be=e u4' ,my good fri5d1 be mode/2 victories & defeats (t5 arise f unkn[n causes1 & af=d no pro( ( ! goodness or badness ( in/itutions4 ,! /rong] ov]comes ! weak]1 z ! ,a!nians h ov]come ! ,ceans1 or ! ,syracusans ! ,locrians1 :o are1 p]haps1 ! be/ gov]n$ /ate 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,p are apt to praise or c5sure practices )\t enquir+ into ! nature ( !m4 ,?is is ! way ) dr9k3 "o p]son br+s _m witnesses1 :o s+ ! praises ( w9e2 ano!r decl>es t sob] m5 defeat drunk>ds 9 battle2 & he aga9 is refut$ 9 turn4 ,i %\ld l to conduct ! argum5t on "s o!r me?od2 = if y reg>d numb]s1 !re are two cities on "o side1 & t5 ?\s& on ! o!r4 ',i am ready to pursue any me?od :i* is likely to lead u to ! tru?4' ,let me put ! matt] ?us3 ,somebody praises ! useful qualities ( a goat2 ano!r has se5 goats runn+ ab\t wild 9 a g>d51 & blames a goat or any o!r animal :i* happ5s to be )\t a keep]4 ',h[ absurd6' ,w\ld a pilot :o is sea-sick be a good pilot8 ',no4' ,or a g5]al :o is sick & drunk ) fe> & ignorant ( w> a good g5]al8 ',a g5]al ( old wom5 he ought to be4' ,b c any "o =m an e/imate ( any society1 :i* is int5d$ to h a rul]1 & :i* he only sees 9 an unruly & lawless /ate8 ',no4' ,!re is a convivial =m ( society--is !re n8 ',yes4' ,& has ?is convivial society ev] be5 rightly ord]$8 ,( c\rse y ,sp>tans & ,cretans h nev] se5 any?+ ( ! k9d1 b ,i h _h wide exp]i5ce1 & made _m enquiries ab\t su* societies1 & h h>dly ev] f\nd any?+ "r or good 9 !m4 ',we ackn[l$ge our want ( exp]i5ce1 & desire to le>n ( y4' ,w y admit t 9 all societies !re mu/ be a lead]8 ',yes4' ,& 9 "t ( w> he mu/ be a man ( c\rage & absolutely devoid ( fe>1 if ?is be possible8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,b we are talk+ n[ ( a g5]al :o %all preside at meet+s ( fri5ds--& z ^! h a t5d5cy to be upro>i\s1 !y ought above all o!rs to h a gov]nor4 ',v good4' ,he %\ld be a sob] man & a man ( ! _w1 :o w keep1 make1 & increase ! peace ( ! society2 a drunk>d 9 *>ge ( drunk>ds w\ld be s+ul>ly =tunate if he avoid$ do+ a s]i\s mis*ief4 ',inde$ he w\ld4' ,suppose a p]son to c5sure su* meet+s--he may be "r1 b also he may h kn[n !m only 9 _! disord]ly /ate1 "u a drunk5 ma/] ( ! fea/2 & a drunk5 g5]al or pilot _c save 8 army or 8 %ips4 ',true2 b al?\gh ,i see ! advantage ( an army hav+ a good g5]al1 ,i d n equally see ! good ( a fea/ be+ well manag$4' ,if y mean to ask :at good accrues to ! /ate f ! "r tra9+ ( a s+le y\? or a s+le *orus1 ,i %\ld reply1 ',n mu*'2 b if y ask :at is ! good ( education 9 g5]al1 ,i answ]1 t education makes good m51 & t good m5 act nobly & ov]come _! enemies 9 battle4 ,victory is (t5 suicidal to ! victors1 because x creates =getfulness ( education1 b education itself is nev] suicidal4 ',y imply t ! regulation ( convivial meet+s is a "p ( education2 h[ w y prove ?is8' ,i w tell y4 ,b fir/ let me (f] a ^w ( apology4 ,we ,a!nians are always ?\ght to be fond ( talk+1 :]eas ! ,lac$aemonian is celebrat$ = brevity1 & ! ,cretan is consid]$ to be sagaci\s & res]v$4 ,n[ ,i fe> t ,i may be *>g$ ) sp9n+ a long disc\rse out ( sl5d] mat]ials4 ,= dr9k+ _c be rightly ord]$ )\t correct pr9ciples ( music1 & music runs up into education g5]ally1 & to discuss all ^! matt]s may be t$i\s2 if y l1 !re=e1 we w pass on to ano!r "p ( our subject4 ',are y aw>e1 ,a!nian1 t our family is y\r prox5us at ,sp>ta1 & t f my boyhood ,i h reg>d$ ,a!ns z a second c\ntry1 & hav+ (t5 f\ght y\r battles 9 my y\?1 ,i h become atta*$ to y1 & love ! s\nd ( ! ,attic dialect8 ,! say+ is true1 t ! be/ ,a!nians are m ?an ord9>ily good1 because !y are good by nature2 !re=e1 be assur$ t ,i %all be glad to he> y talk z mu* z y please4' ',i1 too1' adds ,cle9ias1 'h a tie :i* b9ds me to y4 ,y "k t ,epim5ides1 ! ,cretan prophet1 came & (f]$ sacrifices 9 y\r city by ! comm& ( an oracle t5 ye>s be=e ! ,p]sian w>4 ,he told ! ,a!nians t ! ,p]sian ho/ w\ld n come = t5 ye>s1 & w\ld g away aga91 hav+ suff]$ m h>m ?an !y _h inflict$4 ,n[ ,epim5ides 0 ( my family1 & :5 he visit$ ,a!ns he ent]$ into fri5d%ip ) y\r =efa!rs4' ,i see t y are will+ to li/51 & ,i h ! w to speak1 if ,i _h only ! ability4 ,b1 fir/1 ,i mu/ def9e ! nature & p[] ( education1 & by ?is road we w travel on to ! ,god ,dionysus4 ,! man :o is to be good at any?+ mu/ h e>ly tra9+2--! future build] mu/ play at build+1 & ! husb&man at digg+2 ! soldi] mu/ le>n to ride1 & ! c>p5t] to measure & use ! rule1--all ! ?\ghts & pleasures ( *ildr5 %\ld be> on _! aft]-pr(ession4--,d y agree ) me8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& we mu/ rememb] fur!r t we are speak+ ( ! education1 n ( a tra9]1 or ( ! capta9 ( a %ip1 b ( a p]fect citiz5 :o kn[s h[ to rule & h[ to obey2 & su* an education aims at virtue1 & n at weal? or /r5g? or m]e clev]ness4 ,to ! good man1 education is ( all ?+s ! mo/ preci\s1 & is also 9 con/ant ne$ ( r5ovation4 ',we agree4' ,& we h be=e agre$ t good m5 are ^? :o are able to control !mselves1 & bad m5 are ^? :o are n4 ,let me (f] y an illu/ration :i* w assi/ our argum5t4 ,man is "o2 b 9 "o & ! same man are two fooli% c\nsellors :o cont5d )9 him--pleasure & pa91 & ( ei!r he has expectations :i* we call hope & fe>2 & he is able to reason ab\t good & evil1 & reason1 :5 affirm$ by ! /ate1 becomes law4 ',we _c foll[ y4' ,let me put ! matt] 9 ano!r way3 ,e creature is a puppet ( ! ,gods--:e!r he is a m]e play?+ or has any s]i\s use we d n "k2 b ?is we d "k1 t he is drawn diff]5t ways by cords & /r+s4 ,!re is a s(t gold5 cord :i* draws him t[>ds virtue--?is is ! law ( ! /ate2 & !re are o!r cords made ( iron & h>d mat]ials draw+ him o!r ways4 ,! gold5 reason+ influ5ce has no?+ ( ! nature ( =ce1 & !re=e requires m9i/]s 9 ord] to vanqui% ! o!r pr9ciples4 ,?is expla9s ! doctr9e t cities & citiz5s bo? conqu] & are conqu]$ by !mselves4 ,! individual foll[s reason1 & ! city law1 :i* is embodi$ reason1 ei!r d]iv$ f ! ,gods or f ! legislator4 ,:5 virtue & vice are ?us di/+ui%$1 education w be bett] und]/ood1 & 9 p>ticul> ! relation ( education to convivial int]c\rse4 ,& n[ let u set w9e be=e ! puppet4 ,y admit t w9e /imulates ! passions8 ',yes4' ,& does w9e equally /imulate ! reason+ faculties8 ',no2 x br+s ! s\l back to a /ate ( *ildhood4' ,9 su* a /ate a man has ! lea/ control ov] himself1 & is1 !re=e1 wor/4 ',v true4' ,!n h[ c we believe t dr9k+ %\ld be enc\rag$8 ',y seem to ?9k t x ought to be4' ,& ,i am ready to ma9ta9 my position4 ',we %\ld l to he> y prove t a man ought to make a bea/ ( himself4' ,y are speak+ ( ! degradation ( ! s\l3 b h[ ab\t ! body8 ,w\ld any man will+ly degrade or weak5 t8 ',c]ta9ly n4' ,& yet if he goes to a doctor or a gymna/ic ma/]1 does he n make himself ill 9 ! hope ( gett+ well8 = no "o w\ld l to be always tak+ m$ic9e1 or always to be 9 tra9+4 ',true4' ,& may n convivial meet+s h a simil> rem$ial use8 ,& if s1 are !y n to be pref]r$ to o!r modes ( tra9+ because !y are pa9less8 ',b h !y any su* use8' ,let u see3 ,are !re n two k9ds ( fe>--fe> ( evil & fe> ( an evil reputation8 ',!re are4' ,! latt] k9d ( fe> is oppos$ bo? to ! fe> ( pa9 & to ! love ( pleasure4 ,?is is call$ by ! legislator rev]5ce1 & is greatly hon\r$ by him & by e good man2 :]eas confid5ce1 :i* is ! opposite quality1 is ! wor/ fault bo? ( individuals & ( /ates4 ,?is sort ( fe> or rev]5ce is "o ( ! two *ief causes ( victory 9 w>1 fe>lessness ( enemies be+ ! o!r4 ',true4' ,!n e "o %\ld be bo? fe>ful & fe>less8 ',yes4' ,! "r sort ( fe> is infus$ into a man :5 he comes face to face ) %ame1 or c[>dice1 or ! temptations ( pleasure1 & has to conqu] !m4 ,he mu/ le>n by _m trials to w9 ! victory ov] himself1 if he is ev] to be made p]fect4 ',t is reasonable en\gh4' ,& n[1 suppose t ! ,gods _h giv5 mank9d a drug1 ( :i* ! effect 0 to exagg]ate e sort ( evil & dang]1 s t ! brave/ man entirely lo/ 8 pres5ce ( m9d & became a c[>d = a "t3--w\ld su* a drug h any value8 ',b is !re su* a drug8' ,no2 b suppose t !re 72 might n ! legislator use su* a mode ( te/+ c\rage & c[>dice8 ',to be sure4' ,! legislator w\ld induce fe> 9 ord] to implant fe>lessness2 & w\ld give rew>ds or puni%m5ts to ^? :o behav$ well or ! rev]se1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! drug8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& ?is mode ( tra9+1 :e!r practis$ 9 ! case ( "o or _m1 :e!r 9 solitude or 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge company--if a man h suffici5t confid5ce 9 himself to dr9k ! potion amid 8 boon companions1 leav+ (f 9 "t & n tak+ too mu*1--w\ld be an equally good te/ ( temp]ance8 ',v true4' ,let u return to ! lawgiv] & say to him1 ',well1 lawgiv]1 no su* fe>-produc+ potion has be5 giv5 by ,god or inv5t$ by man1 b !re is a potion :i* w make m5 fe>less4' ',y mean w9e4' ,yes2 has n w9e an effect ! contr>y ( t :i* ,i 0 j n[ describ+1--fir/ mell[+ & humaniz+ a man1 & !n fill+ him ) confid5ce1 mak+ him ready to say or d any?+8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,let u n =get t !re are two qualities :i* %\ld be cultivat$ 9 ! s\l--fir/1 ! greate/ fe>lessness1 &1 secondly1 ! greate/ fe>1 :i* are bo? p>ts ( rev]5ce4 ,c\rage & fe>lessness are tra9$ amid dang]s2 b we h /ill to consid] h[ fe> is to be tra9$4 ,we desire to atta9 fe>lessness & confid5ce )\t ! insol5ce & boldness :i* commonly att5d !m4 ,= d n love1 ignorance1 av>ice1 weal?1 beauty1 /r5g?1 :ile !y /imulate c\rage1 also madd5 & intoxicate ! s\l8 ,:at bett] & m innoc5t te/ ( "* is !re ?an fe/ive int]c\rse8 ,w\ld y make a b>ga9 ) a man 9 ord] to try :e!r he is hone/8 ,or w\ld y asc]ta9 :e!r he is lic5ti\s by putt+ y\r wife or daught] into 8 h&s8 ,no "o w\ld d5y t ! te/ propos$ is fair]1 spe$i]1 & saf] ?an any o!r4 ,& su* a te/ w be p>ticul>ly useful 9 ! political sci5ce1 :i* desires to "k human natures & *>act]s4 ',v true4' ,,book ,,ii4 ,& are !re any o!r uses ( well-ord]$ potations8 ,!re are2 b 9 ord] to expla9 !m1 ,i mu/ repeat :at ,i mean by "r education2 :i*1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 dep5ds on ! due regulation ( convivial int]c\rse4 ',a high assumption4' ,i believe t virtue & vice are orig9ally pres5t to ! m9d ( *ildr5 9 ! =m ( pleasure & pa92 reason & fix$ pr9ciples come lat]1 & happy is he :o acquires !m ev5 9 decl9+ ye>s2 = he :o possesses !m is ! p]fect man4 ,:5 pleasure & pa91 & love & hate1 are rightly implant$ 9 ! yet unconsci\s s\l1 & aft] ! atta9m5t ( reason are discov]$ to be 9 h>mony ) h]1 ?is h>mony ( ! s\l is virtue1 & ! prep>atory /age1 anticipat+ reason1 ,i call education4 ,b ! f9] s5se ( pleasure & pa9 is apt to be impair$ 9 ! c\rse ( life2 & !re=e ! ,gods1 pity+ ! toils & sorr[s ( mortals1 h all[$ !m to h holidays1 & giv5 !m ! ,muses & ,apollo & ,dionysus = lead]s & playfell[s4 ,all "y creatures love motion & frolic1 & utt] s\nds ( delight2 b man only is capable ( tak+ pleasure 9 rhy?mical & h>moni\s movem5ts4 ,) ^! education beg9s2 & ! un$ucat$ is he :o has nev] kn[n ! discipl9e ( ! *orus1 & ! educat$ is he :o has4 ,! *orus is p>tly dance & p>tly song1 & !re=e ! well-educat$ mu/ s+ & dance well4 ,b :5 we say1 ',he s+s & dances well1' we mean t he s+s & dances :at is good4 ,& if he ?9ks t to be good :i* is really good1 he w h a mu* high] music & h>mony 9 him1 & be a f> great] ma/] ( imitation 9 s\nd & ge/ure ?an he :o is n ( ?is op9ion4 ',true4' ,!n1 if we "k :at is good & bad 9 song & dance1 we %all "k :at education is8 ',v true4' ,let u n[ consid] ! beauty ( figure1 melody1 song1 & dance4 ,w ! same figures or s\nds be equally well adapt$ to ! manly & ! c[>dly :5 !y are 9 tr\ble8 ',h[ c !y be1 :5 ! v col\rs ( _! faces are diff]5t8' ,figures & melodies h a rhy?m & h>mony :i* are adapt$ to ! expression ( diff]5t feel+s 7,i may rem>k1 by ! way1 t ! t]m 'col\r1' :i* is a fav\rite ^w ( music-ma/]s1 is n really applicable to music74 ,& "o class ( h>monies is ak9 to c\rage & all virtue1 ! o!r to c[>dice & all vice4 ',we agree4' ,& d all m5 equally l all dances8 ',f> o!rwise4' ,d "s figures1 !n1 appe> to be beautiful :i* are n8 ,= no "o w admit t ! =ms ( vice are m beautiful ?an ! =ms ( virtue1 or t he pref]s ! fir/ k9d to ! second4 ,& yet mo/ p]sons say t ! m]it ( music is to give pleasure4 ,b ?is is impiety4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m plausible acc\nt ( ! matt] giv5 by o!rs1 :o make _! likes or dislikes ! crit]ion ( excell5ce4 ,sometimes nature crosses habit1 or conv]sely1 & !n !y say t su* & su* fa%ions or ge/ures are pleasant1 b !y d n l to exhibit !m be=e m5 ( s5se1 al?\gh !y enjoy !m 9 private4 ',v true4' ,& d vici\s measures & /ra9s d any h>m1 or good measures any good to ! lov]s ( !m8 ',probably4' ,say1 r ',c]ta9ly'3 = ! g5tle indulg5ce :i* we (t5 %[ to vici\s m5 inevitably makes u become l !m4 ,& :at c be worse ?an ?is8 ',no?+4' ,!n 9 a well-adm9i/]$ city1 ! poet w n be all[$ to make ! songs ( ! p j z he pleases1 or to tra9 8 *oruses )\t reg>d to virtue & vice4 ',c]ta9ly n4' ,& yet he may d ?is any:]e except 9 ,egypt2 = !re ages ago !y discov]$ ! great tru? :i* ,i am n[ ass]t+1 t ! "y %\ld be educat$ 9 =ms & /ra9s ( virtue4 ,^! !y fix$ & consecrat$ 9 _! temples2 & no arti/ or musician is all[$ to deviate f !m4 ,!y are lit]ally ! same :i* !y 7 t5 ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,& ?is practice ( !irs sugge/s ! reflection t legislation ab\t music is n an impossible ?+4 ,b ! p>ticul> enactm5ts mu/ be ! "w ( ,god or ( "s ,god-inspir$ man1 z 9 ,egypt _! anci5t *ants are said to be ! composition ( ! goddess ,isis4 ,! melodies :i* h a natural tru? & correctness %\ld be embodi$ 9 a law1 & !n ! desire ( novelty is n /rong en\gh to *ange ! old fa%ions4 ,is n ! orig9 ( music z foll[s8 ,we rejoice :5 we ?9k t we prosp]1 & we ?9k t we prosp] :5 we rejoice1 & at su* times we _c re/1 b our "y m5 dance dances & s+ songs1 & our old m51 :o h lo/ ! ela/icity ( y\?1 regale !mselves ) ! memory ( ! pa/1 :ile !y contemplate ! life & activity ( ! "y4 ',mo/ true4' ,p say t he :o gives u mo/ pleasure at su* fe/ivals is to w9 ! palm3 are !y "r8 ',possibly4' ,let u n be ha/y 9 decid+1 b fir/ imag9e a fe/ival at :i* ! "l ( ! fe/ival1 hav+ assembl$ ! citiz5s1 makes a proclamation t he %all be cr[n$ victor :o gives ! mo/ pleasure1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$4 ,we w fur!r suppose t !re are exhibitions ( rhapsodi/s & musicians1 tragic & comic poets1 & ev5 m>ionette-play]s--:i* ( ! pleasure-mak]s w w98 ,%all ,i answ] = y8--! m>ionette-play]s w please ! *ildr52 y\?s w decide = com$y2 "y m51 educat$ wom51 & p 9 g5]al w pref] trag$y2 we old m5 are lov]s ( ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,n[ :i* ( !m is "r8 ,if y & ,i are ask$1 we %all c]ta9ly say t ! old m5's way ( ?9k+ ought to prevail4 ',v true4' ,s f> ,i agree ) ! _m t ! excell5ce ( music is to be measur$ by pleasure2 b !n ! pleasure mu/ be t ( ! good & educat$1 or bett] /ill1 ( "o supremely virtu\s & educat$ man4 ,! true judge mu/ h bo? wisdom & c\rage4 ,= he mu/ lead ! multitude & n be l$ by !m1 & mu/ n weakly yield to ! upro> ( ! !atre1 nor give false judgm5t out ( t m\? :i* has j appeal$ to ! ,gods4 ,! anci5t cu/om ( ,hellas1 :i* /ill prevails 9 ,italy & ,sicily1 left ! judgm5t to ! spectators1 b ?is cu/om has be5 ! ru9 ( ! poets1 :o seek only to please _! patrons1 & has degrad$ ! audi5ce by ! repres5tation ( inf]ior *>act]s4 ,:at is ! inf]5ce8 ,! same :i* we h (t5 drawn1 t education is ! tra9+ ( ! "y idea 9 :at ! law affirms & ! eld]s approve4 ,& z ! s\l ( a *ild is too "y to be tra9$ 9 e>ne/1 a k9d ( education has be5 inv5t$ :i* tempts him ) plays & songs1 z ! sick are tempt$ by pleasant meats & dr9ks4 ,& ! wise legislator w compel ! poet to express 9 8 poems noble ?\ghts 9 fitt+ words & rhy?ms4 ',b is ?is ! practice else:]e ?an 9 ,crete & ,lac$aemon8 ,9 o!r /ates1 z f> z ,i "k1 dances & music are con/antly *ang$ at ! pleasure ( ! he>]s4' ,i am afraid t ,i misl$ y2 n lik+ to be always f9d+ fault ) mank9d z !y are1 ,i describ$ !m z !y ought to be4 ,b let me und]/&3 y say t su* cu/oms exi/ among ! ,cretans & ,lac$aemonians1 & t ! re/ ( ! _w w\ld be improv$ by adopt+ !m8 ',mu* improv$4' ,& y compel y\r poets to decl>e t ! righte\s are happy1 & t ! wick$ man1 ev5 if he be z ri* z ,midas1 is unhappy8 ,or1 9 ! words ( ,tyrtaeus1 ',i s+ n1 ,i c>e n ab\t him' :o is a great w>rior n hav+ ju/ice2 if he be unju/1 ',i w\ld n h him look calmly ^u dea? or be swift] ?an ! w9d'2 & may he be depriv$ ( e good--t is1 ( e true good4 ,= ev5 if he h ! goods :i* m5 reg>d1 ^! are n really goods3 fir/ heal?2 beauty next2 ?irdly weal?2 & !re are o!rs4 ,a man may h e s5se purg$ & improv$2 he may be a tyrant1 & d :at he likes1 & live = ev]3 b y & ,i w ma9ta9 t all ^! ?+s are goods to ! j1 b to ! unju/ ! greate/ ( evils1 if life be immortal2 n s great if he live = a %ort "t only4 ,if a man _h heal? & weal?1 & p[]1 & 0 insol5t & unju/1 8 life w\ld /ill be mis]able2 he might be fair & ri*1 & d :at he lik$1 b he w\ld live basely1 & if basely evilly1 & if evilly pa9fully4 ',!re ,i _c agree ) y4' ,!n may heav5 give u ! _s ( agreem5t1 = ,i am z conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( :at ,i say z t ,crete is an isl&2 &1 if ,i 7 a lawgiv]1 ,i w\ld ex]cise a c5sor%ip ov] ! poets1 & ,i w\ld puni% !m if !y said t ! wick$ are happy1 or t inju/ice is pr(itable4 ,& ^! are n ! only matt]s 9 :i* ,i %\ld make my citiz5s talk 9 a diff]5t way to ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,if ,i ask$ ,zeus & ,apollo1 ! div9e legislators ( ,crete & ,sp>ta1--',are ! j & pleasant life ! same or n ! same'8--& !y repli$1--',n ! same'2 & ,i ask$ aga9--',:i* is ! happi]'8 ,& !y said'--',! pleasant life1' ?is is an answ] n fit = a ,god to utt]1 & !re=e ,i ought r to put ! same "q to "s legislator4 ,& if he replies ',! pleasant1' !n ,i %\ld say to him1 ',o my fa!r1 did y n tell me t ,i %\ld live z ju/ly z possible'8 & if to be j is to be happy1 :at is t pr9ciple ( happ9ess or good :i* is sup]ior to pleasure8 ,is ! approval ( gods & m5 to be deem$ good & hon\rable1 b unpleasant1 & _! disapproval ! rev]se8 ,or is ! nei!r do+ nor suff]+ evil good & hon\rable1 al?\gh n pleasant8 ,b y _c make m5 l :at is n pleasant1 & !re=e y mu/ make !m believe t ! j is pleasant4 ,! bus9ess ( ! legislator is to cle> up ?is confusion4 ,he w %[ t ! j & ! unju/ are id5tical ) ! pleasurable & ! pa9ful1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! j man1 ( ! unju/ ! rev]se4 ,& :i* is ! tru] judgm5t8 ,surely t ( ! bett] s\l4 ,= if n ! tru?1 x is ! be/ & mo/ moral ( fictions2 & ! legislator :o desires to propagate ?is useful lie1 may be enc\rag$ by rem>k+ t mank9d h believ$ ! /ory ( ,cadmus & ! dragon's tee?1 & !re=e he may be assur$ t he c make !m believe any?+1 & ne$ only consid] :at fiction w d ! greate/ good4 ,t ! happie/ is also ! holie/1 ?is %all be our /ra91 :i* %all be sung by all ?ree *oruses alike4 ,fir/ w ent] ! *oir ( *ildr51 :o w lift up _! voices on high2 & aft] !m ! "y m51 :o w pray ! ,god ,paean to be graci\s to ! y\?1 & to te/ify to ! tru? ( _! words2 !n w come ! *orus ( eld] m51 betwe5 ?irty & sixty2 &1 la/ly1 !re w be ! old m51 & !y w tell /ories en=c+ ! same virtues1 z ) ! voice ( an oracle4 ',:om d y mean by ! ?ird *orus8' ,y rememb] h[ ,i spoke at fir/ ( ! re/less nature ( "y creatures1 :o jump$ ab\t & call$ out 9 a disord]ly mann]1 & ,i said t no o!r animal atta9$ any p]ception ( rhy?m2 b t to u ! ,gods gave ,apollo & ! ,muses & ,dionysus to be our playfell[s4 ,( ! two fir/ *oruses ,i h already spok51 & ,i h n[ to speak ( ! ?ird1 or ,dionysian *orus1 :i* is compos$ ( ^? :o are betwe5 ?irty & sixty ye>s old4 ',let u he>4' ,we are agre$ 7are we n87 t m51 wom51 & *ildr5 %\ld be always *>m+ !mselves ) /ra9s ( virtue1 & t !re %\ld be a v>iety 9 ! /ra9s1 t !y may n we>y ( !m8 ,n[ ! faire/ & mo/ useful ( /ra9s w be utt]$ by ! eld] m51 & !re=e we _c let !m (f4 ,b h[ c we make !m s+8 ,= a discreet eld]ly man is a%am$ to he> ! s\nd ( 8 own voice 9 private1 & /ill m 9 public4 ,! only way is to give !m dr9k2 ?is w mell[ ! s\rness ( age4 ,no "o %\ld be all[$ to ta/e w9e until !y are eighte52 f eighte5 to ?irty !y may take a little2 b :5 !y h rea*$ =ty ye>s1 !y may be initiat$ into ! my/]y ( dr9k+4 ,?us !y w become s(t] & m impressible2 & :5 a man's he>t is w>m )9 him1 he w be m ready to *>m himself & o!rs ) song4 ,& :at songs %all he s+8 ',at ,crete & ,lac$aemon we only "k *oral songs4' ,yes2 t is because y\r way ( life is milit>y4 ,y\r "y m5 are l wild colts fe$+ 9 a h]d toge!r2 no "o takes ! individual colt & tra9s him ap>t1 & tries to give him ! qualities ( a /atesman z well z ( a soldi]4 ,he :o 0 ?us tra9$ w\ld be a great] w>rior ?an ^? ( :om ,tyrtaeus speaks1 = he w\ld be c\rage\s1 & yet he w\ld "k t c\rage 0 only f\r? 9 ! scale ( virtue4 ',once m1 ,i mu/ say1 ,/rang]1 t y run d[n our lawgiv]s4' ,n int5tionally1 my good fri5d1 b :i!r ! argum5t leads ,i foll[2 & ,i am try+ to f9d "s /yle ( poetry suitable = ^? :o dislike ! common sort4 ',v good4' ,9 all ?+s :i* h a *>m1 ei!r ?is *>m is _! good1 or !y h "s accompany+ tru? or advantage4 ,= example1 9 eat+ & dr9k+ !re is pleasure & also pr(it1 t is to say1 heal?2 & 9 le>n+ !re is a pleasure & also tru?4 ,!re is a pleasure or *>m1 too1 9 ! imitative arts1 z well z a law ( proportion or equality2 b ! pleasure :i* !y af=d1 h[ev] innoc5t1 is n ! crit]ion ( _! tru?4 ,! te/ ( pleasure _c be appli$ except to t :i* has no o!r good or evil1 no tru? or falsehood4 ,b t :i* has tru? mu/ be judg$ ( by ! /&>d ( tru?1 & !re=e imitation & proportion are to be judg$ ( by _! tru? alone4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& z music is imitative1 x is n to be judg$ by ! crit]ion ( pleasure1 & ! ,muse :om we seek is ! muse n ( pleasure b ( tru?1 = imitation has a tru?4 ',d\btless4' ,& if s1 ! judge mu/ "k :at is be+ imitat$ be=e he decides on ! quality ( ! imitation1 & he :o does n "k :at is true w n "k :at is good4 ',he w n4' ,w any "o be able to imitate ! human body1 if he does n "k ! numb]1 proportion1 col\r1 or figure ( ! limbs8 ',h[ c he8' ,b suppose we "k "s picture or figure to be an exact resemblance ( a man1 %\ld we n also require to "k :e!r ! picture is beautiful or n8 ',q "r4' ,! judge ( ! imitation is requir$ to "k1 !re=e1 fir/ ! orig9al1 secondly ! tru?1 & ?irdly ! m]it ( ! execution8 ',true4' ,!n let u n we>y 9 ! attempt to br+ music to ! /&>d ( ! ,muses & ( tru?4 ,! ,muses are n l human poets2 !y nev] spoil or mix rhy?ms or scales1 or m+le in/rum5ts & human voices1 or confuse ! mann]s & /ra9s ( m5 & wom51 or ( freem5 & slaves1 or ( rational be+s & brute animals4 ,!y d n practise ! bas] sorts ( musical arts1 su* z ! 'matur$ judgm5ts1' ( :om ,orpheus speaks1 w\ld ridicule4 ,b mod]n poets sep>ate metre f music1 & melody & rhy?m f words1 & use ! in/rum5t alone )\t ! voice4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! mean+ ( ! rhy?m & ( ! "t are n und]/ood4 ,i am endeav\r+ to %[ h[ our fifty-ye>-old *ori/]s are to be tra9$1 & :at !y are to avoid4 ,! op9ion ( ! multitude ab\t ^! matt]s is wor?less2 !y :o are only made to /ep 9 "t by %e] =ce _c be critics ( music4 ',impossible4' ,!n our newly-appo9t$ m9/rels mu/ be tra9$ 9 music suffici5tly to und]/& ! nature ( rhy?ms & sy/ems2 & !y %\ld select su* z are suitable to m5 ( _! age1 & w enable !m to give & receive innoc5t pleasure4 ,?is is a k :i* goes beyond t ei!r ( ! poets or ( _! auditors 9 g5]al4 ,= al?\gh ! poet mu/ und]/& rhy?m & music1 he ne$ n necess>ily "k :e!r ! imitation is good or n1 :i* 0 ! ?ird po9t requir$ 9 a judge2 b our *orus ( eld]s mu/ "k all ?ree1 if !y are to be ! in/ructors ( y\?4 ,& n[ we w resume ! orig9al argum5t1 :i* may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,a convivial meet+ is apt to gr[ tumultu\s z ! dr9k+ proce$s2 e man becomes light-head$1 & fancies t he c rule ! :ole _w4 ',d\btless4' ,& did we n say t ! s\ls ( ! dr9k]s1 :5 subdu$ by w9e1 are made s(t] & m malleable at ! h& ( ! legislator8 ! docility ( *ildhood returns to !m4 ,at times h[ev] !y become too valiant & disord]ly1 dr9k+ out ( _! turn1 & int]rupt+ "o ano!r4 ,& ! bus9ess ( ! legislator is to infuse into !m t div9e fe>1 :i* we call %ame1 9 opposition to ?is disord]ly boldness4 ,b 9 ord] to discipl9e !m !re mu/ be gu>dians ( ! law ( dr9k+1 & sob] g5]als :o %all take *>ge ( ! private soldi]s2 !y are z necess>y 9 dr9k+ z 9 fight+1 & he :o disobeys ^! ,dionysiac comm&]s w be equally disgrac$4 ',v good4' ,if a dr9k+ fe/ival 7 well regulat$1 m5 w\ld g away1 n z !y n[ d1 great] enemies1 b bett] fri5ds4 ,( ! greate/ gift ( ,dionysus ,i h>dly l to speak1 le/ ,i %\ld be misund]/ood4 ',:at is t8' ,accord+ to tradition ,dionysus 0 driv5 mad by 8 /epmo!r ,"h1 & 9 ord] to rev5ge himself he inspir$ mank9d ) ,bac*ic madness4 ,b ^! are /ories :i* ,i w\ld r n repeat4 ,h[ev] ,i d ackn[l$ge t all m5 are born 9 an imp]fect /ate1 & are at fir/ re/less1 irrational creatures3 ?is1 z y w rememb]1 has be5 already said by u4 ',i rememb]4' ,& t ,apollo & ! ,muses & ,dionysus gave u h>mony & rhy?m8 ',v true4' ,! o!r /ory implies t w9e 0 giv5 to puni% u & make u mad2 b we cont5d t w9e is a balm & a cure2 a spr+ ( mode/y 9 ! s\l1 & ( heal? & /r5g? 9 ! body4 ,aga91 ! "w ( ! *orus is co-ext5sive ) ! "w ( education2 rhy?m & melody answ] to ! voice1 & ! motions ( ! body correspond to all ?ree1 & ! s\nd ent]s 9 & educates ! s\l 9 virtue4 ',yes4' ,& ! movem5t :i*1 :5 pursu$ z an amusem5t1 is t]m$ danc+1 :5 /udi$ ) a view to ! improvem5t ( ! body1 becomes gymna/ic4 ,%all we n[ proce$ to speak ( ?is8 ',:at ,cretan or ,lac$aemonian w\ld approve ( y\r omitt+ gymna/ic8' ,y\r "q implies ass5t2 & y w easily und]/& a subject :i* is famili> to y4 ,gymna/ic is bas$ on ! natural t5d5cy ( e animal to rapid motion2 & man adds a s5se ( rhy?m1 :i* is awak5$ by music2 music & danc+ toge!r =m ! *oral art4 ,b be=e proce$+ ,i mu/ add a cr[n+ ^w ab\t dr9k+4 ,l o!r pleasures1 x has a lawful use2 b if a /ate or an individual is incl9$ to dr9k at w1 ,i _c all[ !m4 ,i w\ld g fur!r ?an ,crete or ,lac$aemon & h ! law ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 t no slave ( ei!r sex %\ld dr9k w9e at all1 & no soldi] :ile he is on a campaign1 & no magi/rate or (fic] :ile he is on duty1 & t no "o %\ld dr9k by daylight or on a bridal night4 ,& !re are s _m o!r occasions on :i* w9e ought to be prohibit$1 t !re w n be _m v9es gr[n or v9ey>ds requir$ 9 ! /ate4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,if a man wants to "k ! orig9 ( /ates & societies1 he %\ld behold !m f ! po9t ( view ( "t4 ,?\s&s ( cities h come into be+ & h pass$ away aga9 9 inf9ite ages1 e "o ( !m hav+ _h endless =ms ( gov]nm5t2 & if we c asc]ta9 ! cause ( ^! *anges 9 /ates1 t w probably expla9 _! orig94 ,:at d y ?9k ( anci5t traditions ab\t deluges & de/ructions ( mank9d1 & ! pres]vation ( a remnant8 ',e "o believes 9 !m4' ,!n let u suppose ! _w to h be5 de/roy$ by a deluge4 ,! survivors w\ld be hill-%eph]ds1 small sp>ks ( ! human race1 dwell+ 9 isolation1 & unacqua9t$ ) ! arts & vices ( civilization4 ,we may fur!r suppose t ! cities on ! pla9 & on ! coa/ h be5 swept away1 & t all inv5tions1 & e sort ( k1 h p]i%$4 ',:y1 if all ?+s 7 z !y n[ are1 no?+ w\ld h ev] be5 inv5t$4 ,all our fam\s discov]ies h be5 made )9 ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 & _m ( !m are b ( ye/]day4' ,yes1 ,cle9ias1 & y mu/ n =get ,epim5ides1 :o 0 really ( ye/]day2 he practis$ ! lesson ( mod]ation & ab/95ce :i* ,hesiod only prea*$4 ',true4' ,aft] ! great de/ruction we may imag9e t ! e>? 0 a des]t1 9 :i* !re 7 a h]d or two ( ox5 & a few goats1 h>dly en\gh to support ^? :o t5d$ !m2 :ile ( politics & gov]nm5ts ! survivors w\ld "k no?+4 ,& out ( ?is /ate ( ?+s h aris5 arts & laws1 & a great deal ( virtue & a great deal ( vice2 little by little ! _w has come to be :at x is4 ,at fir/1 ! few inhabitants w\ld h _h a natural fe> ( desc5d+ into ! pla9s2 al?\gh !y w\ld want to h int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 !y w\ld h a difficulty 9 gett+ ab\t1 hav+ lo/ ! arts1 & hav+ no means ( extract+ metals f ! e>?1 or ( fell+ timb]2 = ev5 if !y _h sav$ any tools1 ^! w\ld soon h be5 worn out1 & !y c\ld get no m until ! art ( metallurgy _h be5 aga9 reviv$4 ,faction & w> w\ld be ext+ui%$ among !m1 = be+ solit>y !y w\ld incl9e to be fri5dly2 & hav+ abundance ( pa/ure & pl5ty ( milk & fle%1 !y w\ld h no?+ to qu>rel ab\t4 ,we may assume t !y _h also dwell+s1 clo!s1 pott]y1 = ! weav+ & pla/ic arts d n require ! use ( metals4 ,9 ^? days !y 7 nei!r poor nor ri*1 & !re 0 no insol5ce or inju/ice among !m2 = !y 7 ( noble natures1 & liv$ up to _! pr9ciples1 & believ$ :at !y 7 told2 kn[+ no?+ ( l& or naval w>f>e1 or ( legal practices or p>ty conflicts1 !y 7 simpl] & m temp]ate1 & also m j ?an ! m5 ( our day4 ',v true4' ,i am %[+ :5ce ! ne$ ( lawgiv]s arises1 = 9 primitive ages !y nei!r _h nor want$ !m4 ,m5 liv$ accord+ to ! cu/oms ( _! fa!rs1 9 a simple mann]1 "u a patri>*al gov]nm5t1 su* z /ill exi/s bo? among ,hell5es & b>b>ians1 & is describ$ 9 ,hom] z prevail+ among ! ,cyclopes3-- ',!y h no laws1 & !y dwell 9 rocks or on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 & e "o is ! judge ( 8 wife & *ildr51 & !y d n tr\ble !mselves ab\t "o ano!r4' ',t is a *>m+ poet ( y\rs1 ?\gh ,i "k little ( him1 = 9 ,crete =eign poets are n mu* read4' ',b he is well kn[n 9 ,sp>ta1 ?\gh he describes ,ionian r ?an ,dorian mann]s1 & he seems to take y\r view ( primitive society4' ,may we n suppose t gov]nm5t arose out ( ! union ( s+le families :o surviv$ ! de/ruction1 & 7 "u ! rule ( patri>*s1 because !y _h orig9ally desc5d$ f a s+le fa!r & "m8 ',t is v probable4' ,z "t w5t on1 m5 increas$ 9 numb]1 & till$ ! gr\nd1 liv+ 9 a common habitation1 :i* !y protect$ by walls aga9/ wild bea/s2 b ! sev]al families reta9$ ! laws & cu/oms :i* !y sep>ately receiv$ f _! fir/ p>5ts4 ,!y w\ld naturally l _! own laws bett] ?an any o!rs1 & w\ld be already =m$ by !m :5 !y met 9 a common society3 ?us legislation imp]ceptibly began among !m4 ,= 9 ! next /age ! associat$ families w\ld appo9t pl5ipot5ti>ies1 :o w\ld select & pres5t to ! *iefs ^? ( all _! laws :i* !y ?\ght be/4 ,! *iefs 9 turn w\ld make a fur!r selection1 & w\ld ?us become ! lawgiv]s ( ! /ate1 :i* !y w\ld =m into an ari/ocracy or a mon>*y4 ',probably4' ,9 ! ?ird /age v>i\s o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t w\ld arise4 ,?is /ate ( society is describ$ by ,hom] 9 speak+ ( ! f\ndation ( ,d>dania1 :i*1 he says1 '0 built at ! foot ( _m-f\nta9$ ,ida1 = ,ilium1 ! city ( ! pla91 z yet 0 n4' ,"h1 z also 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,cyclopes1 ! poet by "s div9e inspiration has atta9$ tru?4 ,b to proce$ ) our tale4 ,ilium 0 built 9 a wide pla91 on a l[ hill1 :i* 0 surr\nd$ by /reams desc5d+ f ,ida4 ,?is %[s t _m ages mu/ h pass$2 = ! m5 :o rememb]$ ! deluge w\ld nev] h plac$ _! city at ! m]cy ( ! wat]s4 ,:5 mank9d began to multiply1 _m o!r cities 7 built 9 simil> situations4 ,^! cities c>ri$ on a t5 ye>s' w> aga9/ ,troy1 by sea z well z l&1 = m5 7 ceas+ to be afraid ( ! sea1 &1 9 ! meantime1 :ile ! *iefs ( ! army 7 at ,troy1 _! homes fell into confusion4 ,! y\? revolt$ & refus$ to receive _! own fa!rs2 dea?s1 murd]s1 exiles ensu$4 ,"u ! new "n ( ,dorians1 :i* !y receiv$ f _! *ief ,dorieus1 ! exiles return$3 ! re/ ( ! /ory is "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,sp>ta4 ,?us1 aft] digress+ f ! subject ( laws into music & dr9k+1 we return to ! settlem5t ( ,sp>ta1 :i* 9 laws & in/itutions is ! si/] ( ,crete4 ,we h se5 ! rise ( a fir/1 second1 & ?ird /ate1 dur+ ! lapse ( ages2 & n[ we arrive at a f\r? /ate1 & out ( ! comp>ison ( all f\r we propose to ga!r ! nature ( laws & gov]nm5ts1 & ! *anges :i* may be desirable 9 !m4 ',if1' replies ! ,sp>tan1 'our new discussion is likely to be z good z ! la/1 ,i w\ld ?9k ! longe/ day too %ort = su* an employm5t4' ,let u imag9e ! "t :5 ,lac$aemon1 & ,argos1 & ,mess5e 7 all subject1 ,megillus1 to y\r ance/ors4 ,aft]w>ds1 !y di/ribut$ ! army into ?ree portions1 & made ?ree cities--,argos1 ,mess5e1 ,lac$aemon4 ',yes4' ,tem5us 0 ! k+ ( ,argos1 ,cresphontes ( ,mess5e1 ,procles & ,eury/h5es rul$ at ,lac$aemon4 ',j s4' ,& !y all swore to assi/ any "o ( _! numb] ^: k+dom 0 subv]t$4 ',yes4' ,b did we n say t k+doms or gov]nm5ts c only be subv]t$ by !mselves8 ',t is true4' ,yes1 & ! tru? is n[ prov$ by facts3 !re 7 c]ta9 conditions ^u :i* ! ?ree k+doms 7 to assi/ "o ano!r2 ! gov]nm5t 0 to be mild & ! p ob$i5t1 & ! k+s & p 7 to unite 9 assi/+ ei!r ( ! two o!rs :5 !y 7 wrong$4 ,?is latt] condition 0 a great security4 ',cle>ly4' ,su* a provision is 9 opposition to ! common notion t ! lawgiv] %\ld make only su* laws z ! p l2 b we say t he %\ld r be l a physician1 prep>$ to effect a cure ev5 at ! co/ ( consid]able suff]+4 ',v true4' ,! e>ly lawgiv]s _h ano!r great advantage--!y 7 sav$ f ! reproa* :i* att5ds a division ( l& & ! abolition ( debts4 ,no "o c\ld qu>rel ) ! ,dorians = divid+ ! t]ritory1 & !y _h no debts ( long /&+4 ',!y _h n4' ,!n :at 0 ! reason :y _! legislation signally fail$8 ,= !re 7 ?ree k+doms1 two ( !m quickly lo/ _! orig9al con/itution4 ,t is a "q :i* we _c refuse to answ]1 if we mean to proce$ ) our old man's game ( enquir+ into laws & in/itutions4 ,& ! ,dorian in/itutions are m wor?y ( consid]ation ?an any o!r1 hav+ be5 evid5tly int5d$ to be a protection n only to ! ,peloponnese1 b to all ! ,hell5es aga9/ ! ,b>b>ians4 ,= ! capture ( ,troy by ! ,a*aeans _h giv5 great (f5ce to ! ,assyrians1 ( ^: empire x !n =m$ "p1 & !y 7 likely to retaliate4 ,accord+ly ! royal ,h]aclid bro!rs devis$ _! milit>y con/itution1 :i* 0 organis$ on a f> bett] plan ?an ! old ,trojan exp$ition2 & ! ,dorians !mselves 7 f> sup]ior to ! ,a*aeans1 :o _h tak5 "p 9 t exp$ition1 & _h be5 conqu]$ by !m4 ,su* a s*eme1 und]tak5 by m5 :o _h %>$ ) "o ano!r toils & dang]s1 sanction$ by ! ,delphian oracle1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,h]aclidae1 seem$ to h a promise ( p]man5ce4 ',naturally4' ,yet ?is has n prov$ to be ! case4 ,in/ead ( ! ?ree be+ "o1 !y h always be5 at w>2 _h !y be5 unit$1 9 accordance ) ! orig9al int5tion1 !y w\ld h be5 inv9cible4 ,& :at caus$ _! ru98 ,did y ev] obs]ve t !re are beautiful ?+s ( :i* m5 (t5 say1 ',:at wond]s !y w\ld h effect$ if rightly us$8' & yet1 aft] all1 ?is may be a mi/ake4 ,& s ,i say ( ! ,h]aclidae & _! exp$ition1 :i* ,i may p]haps h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 admir+1 b :i* nev]!less sugge/s to me ! g5]al reflection1--',:at wond]s might n /r5g? & milit>y res\rces h accompli%$1 if ! possessor _h only kn[n h[ to use !m6' ,= consid]3 if ! g5]als ( ! army _h only kn[n h[ to arrange _! =ces1 might !y n h giv5 _! subjects ev]la/+ fre$om1 & ! p[] ( do+ :at !y w\ld 9 all ! _w8 ',v true4' ,suppose a p]son to express 8 admiration ( weal? or rank1 does he n d s "u ! idea t by ! help ( ^! he c atta9 8 desires8 ,all m5 wi% to obta9 ! control ( all ?+s1 & !y are always pray+ = :at !y desire4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& we ask = our fri5ds :at !y ask = !mselves4 ',yes4' ,de> is ! son to ! fa!r1 & yet ! son1 if he is "y & fooli%1 w (t5 pray to obta9 :at ! fa!r w pray t he may n obta94 ',true4' ,& :5 ! fa!r1 9 ! heat ( y\? or ! dotage ( age1 makes "s ra% pray]1 ! son1 l ,hippolytus1 may h reason to pray t ! ^w ( 8 fa!r may be ineffectual4 ',y mean t a man %\ld pray to h "r desires1 be=e he prays t 8 desires may be fulfill$2 & t wisdom %\ld be ! fir/ object ( our pray]s8' ,yes2 & y w rememb] my say+ t wisdom %\ld be ! pr9cipal aim ( ! legislator2 b y said t def5ce 9 w> came fir/4 ,& ,i repli$1 t !re 7 f\r virtues1 :]eas y ackn[l$g$ "o only--c\rage1 & n wisdom :i* is ! guide ( all ! re/4 ,& ,i repeat--9 je/ if y l1 b ,i am will+ t y %\ld receive my words 9 e>ne/--t '! pray] ( a fool is full ( dang]4' ,i w prove to y1 if y w all[ me1 t ! ru9 ( ^? /ates 0 n caus$ by c[>dice or ignorance 9 w>1 b by ignorance ( human affairs4 ',pray proce$3 our att5tion w %[ bett] ?an complim5ts t we prize y\r words4' ,i ma9ta9 t ignorance is1 & always has be51 ! ru9 ( /ates2 :]e=e ! legislator %\ld seek to bani% x f ! /ate2 & ! greate/ ignorance is ! love ( :at is kn[n to be evil1 & ! hatr$ ( :at is kn[n to be good2 ?is is ! la/ & greate/ conflict ( pleasure & reason 9 ! s\l4 ,i say ! greate/1 because affect+ ! great] "p ( ! s\l2 = ! passions are 9 ! individual :at ! p are 9 a /ate4 ,& :5 !y become oppos$ to reason or law1 & in/ruction no long] avails--t is ! la/ & greate/ ignorance ( /ates & m54 ',i agree4' ,let ?is1 !n1 be our fir/ pr9ciple3--,t ! citiz5 :o does n "k h[ to *oose betwe5 good & evil mu/ n h au?ority1 al?\gh he possess great m5tal gifts1 & _m accompli%m5ts2 = he is really a fool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o has ?is k may be unable ei!r to read or swim2 nev]!less1 he %all be c\nt$ wise & p]mitt$ to rule4 ,= h[ c !re be wisdom :]e !re is no h>mony8--! wise man is ! savi\r1 & he :o is devoid ( wisdom is ! de/roy] ( /ates & h\seholds4 ,!re are rul]s & !re are subjects 9 /ates4 ,& ! fir/ claim to rule is t ( p>5ts to rule ov] _! *ildr52 ! second1 t ( ! noble to rule ov] ! ignoble2 ?irdly1 ! eld] mu/ gov]n ! y\ng]2 9 ! f\r? place1 ! slave mu/ obey 8 ma/]2 fif?ly1 !re is ! p[] ( ! /rong]1 :i* ! poet ,p9d> decl>es to be accord+ to nature2 six?ly1 !re is ! rule ( ! wis]1 :i* is also accord+ to nature1 z ,i mu/ in=m ,p9d>1 if he does n "k1 & is ! rule ( law ov] ob$i5t subjects4 ',mo/ true4' ,& !re is a sev5? k9d ( rule :i* ! ,gods love1--9 ?is ! rul] is elect$ by lot4 ,!n1 n[1 we playfully say to him :o fancies t x is easy to make laws3--,y see1 legislator1 ! _m & inconsi/5t claims to au?ority2 "h is a spr+ ( tr\bles :i* y mu/ /ay4 ,& fir/ ( all y mu/ help u to consid] h[ ! k+s ( ,argos & ,mess5e 9 old5 days de/roy$ _! fam\s empire--did !y =get ! say+ ( ,hesiod1 t '! half is bett] ?an ! :ole'8 ,& d we suppose t ! ignorance ( ?is tru? is less fatal to k+s ?an to peoples8 ',probably ! evil is increas$ by _! way ( life4' ,! k+s ( ^? days transgress$ ! laws & violat$ _! oa?s4 ,_! de$s 7 n 9 h>mony ) _! words1 & _! folly1 :i* seem$ to !m wisdom1 0 ! ru9 ( ! /ate4 ,& h[ c\ld ! legislator h prev5t$ ?is evil8--! rem$y is easy to see n[1 b 0 n easy to =esee at ! "t4 ',:at is ! rem$y8' ,! in/itutions ( ,sp>ta may tea* y1 ,megillus4 ,:]ev] !re is excess1 :e!r ! vessel has too l>ge a sail1 or ! body too mu* food1 or ! m9d too mu* p[]1 !re de/ruction is c]ta94 ,& simil>ly1 a man :o possesses arbitr>y p[] is soon corrupt$1 & gr[s hateful to 8 de>e/ fri5ds4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ?is evil1 ! ,god :o wat*$ ov] ,sp>ta gave y two k+s in/ead ( "o1 t !y might balance "o ano!r2 & fur!r to l[] ! pulse ( y\r body politic1 "s human wisdom1 m+l$ ) div9e p[]1 temp]$ ! /r5g? & self-suffici5cy ( y\? ) ! mod]ation ( age 9 ! in/itution ( y\r s5ate4 ,a ?ird savi\r bridl$ y\r ris+ & swell+ p[] by ephors1 :om he assimilat$ to (fic]s elect$ by lot3 & ?us ! k+ly p[] 0 pres]v$1 & became ! pres]v] ( all ! re/4 ,_h ! con/itution be5 arrang$ by ! orig9al legislators1 n ev5 ! portion ( ,ari/odemus w\ld h be5 sav$2 = !y _h no political exp]i5ce1 & imag9$ t a y\?ful _s inve/$ ) p[] c\ld be re/ra9$ by oa?s4 ,n[ t ,god has in/ruct$ u 9 ! arts ( legislation1 !re is no m]it 9 see+ all ?is1 or 9 le>n+ wisdom aft] ! ev5t4 ,b if ! com+ dang] c\ld h be5 =ese51 & ! union pres]v$1 !n no ,p]sian or o!r enemy w\ld h d>$ to attack ,hellas2 & inde$ !re 0 n s mu* cr$it to u 9 defeat+ ! enemy1 z discr$it 9 our disloyalty to "o ano!r4 ,= ( ! ?ree cities "o only f\ght on behalf ( ,hellas2 & ( ! two o!rs1 ,argos refus$ h] aid2 & ,mess5ia 0 actually at w> ) ,sp>ta3 & if ! ,lac$aemonians & ,a!nians _h n unit$1 ! ,hell5es w\ld h be5 absorb$ 9 ! ,p]sian empire1 & disp]s$ among ! b>b>ians4 ,we make ^! reflections ^u pa/ & pres5t legislators because we desire to f9d out :at o!r c\rse c\ld h be5 foll[$4 ,we 7 say+ j n[1 t a /ate c only be free & wise & h>moni\s :5 !re is a balance ( p[]s4 ,!re are _m words by :i* we express ! aims ( ! legislator1--temp]ance1 wisdom1 fri5d%ip2 b we ne$ n be di/urb$ by ! v>iety ( expression1--^! words h all ! same mean+4 ',i %\ld l to "k at :at 9 y\r op9ion ! legislator %\ld aim4' ,he> me1 !n4 ,!re are two "m =ms ( /ates--"o mon>*y1 & ! o!r democracy3 ! ,p]sians h ! fir/ 9 ! highe/ =m1 & ! ,a!nians ! second2 & no gov]nm5t c be well adm9i/]$ :i* does n include bo?4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 bo? ! ,p]sians & ,a!nians _h m ! "* ( a con/itutional /ate ?an !y n[ h4 ,9 ! days ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sians 7 freem5 z well z lords ( o!rs1 & _! soldi]s 7 free & equal1 & ! k+s us$ & hon\r$ all ! tal5t :i* !y c\ld f9d1 & s ! nation wax$ great1 because !re 0 fre$om & fri5d%ip & communion ( s\l4 ,b ,cyrus1 ?\gh a wise g5]al1 nev] tr\bl$ himself ab\t ! education ( 8 family4 ,he 0 a soldi] f 8 y\? upw>d1 & left 8 *ildr5 :o 7 born 9 ! purple to be educat$ by wom51 :o hum\r$ & spoilt !m4 ',a r>e education1 truly6' ,yes1 su* an education z pr9cesses :o _h rec5tly gr[n ri* might be expect$ to give !m 9 a c\ntry :]e ! m5 7 solely occupi$ ) w>like pursuits4 ',likely en\gh4' ,_! fa!r _h possessions ( m5 & animals1 & nev] consid]$ t ! race to :om he 0 ab\t to make !m ov] _h be5 educat$ 9 a v diff]5t s*ool1 n l ! ,p]sian %eph]d1 :o 0 well able to take c>e ( himself & 8 own4 ,he did n see t 8 *ildr5 _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! ,m$ian fa%ion1 by wom5 & eunu*s4 ,! end 0 t "o ( ! sons ( ,cyrus slew ! o!r1 & lo/ ! k+dom by 8 own folly4 ,obs]ve1 aga91 t ,d>ius1 :o re/or$ ! k+dom1 _h n receiv$ a royal education4 ,he 0 "o ( ! sev5 *iefs1 & :5 he came to ! ?rone he divid$ ! empire into sev5 prov9ces2 & he made equal laws1 & implant$ fri5d%ip among ! p4 ,h5ce 8 subjects 7 greatly atta*$ to him1 & *e]fully help$ him to ext5d 8 empire4 ,next foll[$ ,x]xes1 :o _h receiv$ ! same royal education z ,cambyses1 & met ) a simil> fate4 ,! reflection naturally occurs to u--,h[ c\ld ,d>ius1 ) all 8 exp]i5ce1 h made su* a mi/ake6 ,! ru9 ( ,x]xes 0 n a m]e accid5t1 b ! evil life :i* is g5]ally l$ by ! sons ( v ri* & royal p]sons2 & ?is is :at ! legislator has s]i\sly to consid]4 ,ju/ly may ! ,lac$aemonians be prais$ = n giv+ special hon\r to bir? or weal?2 = su* advantages are n to be highly e/eem$ )\t virtue1 & n ev5 virtue is to be e/eem$ unless x be accompani$ by temp]ance4 ',expla94' ,no "o w\ld l to live 9 ! same h\se ) a c\rage\s man :o _h no control ov] himself1 nor ) a clev] arti/ :o 0 a rogue4 ,nor c ju/ice & wisdom ev] be sep>at$ f temp]ance4 ,b consid]+ ^! qualities ) ref]5ce to ! hon\r & di%on\r :i* is to be assign$ to !m 9 /ates1 w\ld y say1 on ! o!r h&1 t temp]ance1 if exi/+ )\t ! o!r virtues 9 ! s\l1 is wor? any?+ or no?+8 ',i _c tell4' ,y h answ]$ well4 ,x w\ld be absurd to speak ( temp]ance z belong+ to ! class ( hon\rable or ( di%on\rable qualities1 because all o!r virtues 9 _! v>i\s classes require temp]ance to be add$ to !m2 hav+ ! addition1 !y are hon\r$ n 9 proportion to t1 b to _! own excell5ce4 ,& ought n ! legislator to det]m9e ^! classes8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,suppose !n t1 )\t go+ into details1 we make ?ree great classes ( !m4 ,mo/ hon\rable are ! goods ( ! s\l1 always assum+ temp]ance z a condition ( !m2 secondly1 ^? ( ! body2 ?irdly1 ext]nal possessions4 ,! legislator :o puts !m 9 ano!r ord] is do+ an unholy & unpatriotic ?+4 ,^! rem>ks 7 sugge/$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian k+s2 & to !m ,i w n[ return4 ,! ru9 ( _! empire 0 caus$ by ! loss ( fre$om & ! gr[? ( despotism2 all community ( feel+ disappe>$4 ,hatr$ & spoliation took ! place ( fri5d%ip2 ! p no long] f\ght he>tily = _! ma/]s2 ! rul]s1 f9d+ _! myriads useless on ! field ( battle1 resort$ to m]c5>ies z _! only salvation1 & 7 ?us compell$ by _! circum/ances to proclaim ! /upide/ ( falsehoods--t virtue is a trifle 9 comp>ison ( money4 ,b en\gh ( ! ,p]sians3 a diff]5t lesson is taught by ! ,a!nians1 ^: example %[s t a limit$ fre$om is f> bett] ?an an unlimit$4 ,anci5t ,a!ns1 at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian invasion1 _h su* a limit$ fre$om4 ,! p 7 divid$ into f\r classes1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( _! prop]ty1 & ! univ]sal love ( ord]1 z well z ! fe> ( ! approa*+ ho/1 made !m ob$i5t & will+ citiz5s4 ,= ,d>ius _h s5t ,datis & ,artaph]nes1 comm&+ !m "u pa9 ( dea? to subjugate ! ,eretrians & ,a!nians4 ,a report1 :e!r true or n1 came to ,a!ns t all ! ,eretrians _h be5 'nett$'2 & ! ,a!nians 9 t]ror s5t all ov] ,hellas = assi/ance4 ,none came to _! relief except ! ,lac$aemonians1 & !y arriv$ a day too late1 :5 ! battle ( ,m>a?on _h be5 already f\ght4 ,9 process ( "t ,x]xes came to ! ?rone1 & ! ,a!nians he>d ( no?+ b ! bridge ov] ! ,hellespont1 & ! canal ( ,a?os1 & ! innum]able ho/ & fleet4 ,!y knew t ^! 7 int5d$ to av5ge ! defeat ( ,m>a?on4 ,_! case seem$ desp]ate1 = !re 0 no ,hell5e likely to assi/ !m by l&1 & at sea !y 7 attack$ by m ?an a ?\s& vessels2--_! only hope1 h[ev] sl5d]1 0 9 victory2 s !y reli$ ^u !mselves & ^u ! ,gods4 ,_! common dang]1 & ! influ5ce ( _! anci5t con/itution1 greatly t5d$ to promote h>mony among !m4 ,rev]5ce & fe>--t fe> :i* ! c[>d nev] kn[s--made !m fight = _! alt>s & _! homes1 & sav$ !m f be+ disp]s$ all ov] ! _w4 ',y\r words1 ,a!nian1 are wor?y ( y\r c\ntry4' ,& y ,megillus1 :o h inh]it$ ! virtues ( y\r ance/ors1 are wor?y to he> !m4 ,let me ask y to take ! moral ( my tale4 ,! ,p]sians h lo/ _! lib]ty 9 absolute slav]y1 & we 9 absolute fre$om4 ,9 anci5t times ! ,a!nian p 7 n ! ma/]s1 b ! s]vants ( ! laws4 ',( :at laws8' ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 7 laws ab\t music1 & ! music 0 ( v>i\s k9ds3 !re 0 "o k9d :i* consi/$ ( hymns1 ano!r ( lam5tations2 !re 0 also ! paean & ! di?yramb1 & ! s-call$ 'laws' 7nomoi7 or /ra9s1 :i* 7 play$ ^u ! h>p4 ,! regulation ( su* matt]s 0 n left to ! :i/l+ & clapp+ ( ! cr[d2 !re 0 sil5ce :ile ! judges decid$1 & ! boys1 & ! audi5ce 9 g5]al1 7 kept 9 ord] by raps ( a /ick4 ,b aft] a :ile !re arose a new race ( poets1 m5 ( g5ius c]ta9ly1 h[ev] c>eless ( musical tru? & propriety1 :o made pleasure ! only crit]ion ( excell5ce4 ,t 0 a te/ :i* ! spectators c\ld apply = !mselves2 ! :ole audi5ce1 in/ead ( be+ mute1 became vocif]\s1 & a !atrocracy took ! place ( an ari/ocracy4 ,c\ld ! judges h be5 free1 !re w\ld h be5 no great h>m done2 a musical democracy w\ld h be5 well en\gh--b conceit has be5 our ru94 ,ev]ybody kn[s ev]y?+1 & is ready to say any?+2 ! age ( rev]5ce is gone1 & ! age ( irrev]5ce & lic5ti\sness has succe$$4 ',mo/ true4' ,& ) ?is fre$om comes disob$i5ce to rul]s1 p>5ts1 eld]s1--9 ! latt] days to ! law also2 ! end returns to ! beg9n+1 & ! old ,titanic nature reappe>s--m5 h no reg>d = ! ,gods or = oa?s2 & ! evils ( ! human race seem z if !y w\ld nev] cease4 ,:i!r are we runn+ away8 ,once m we mu/ pull up ! argum5t ) bit & curb1 le/1 z ! prov]b says1 we %\ld fall (f our ass4 ',good4' ,our purpose 9 :at we h be5 say+ is to prove t ! legislator ought to aim at secur+ = a /ate ?ree ?+s--fre$om1 fri5d%ip1 wisdom4 ,& we *ose two /ates2--"o 0 ! type ( fre$om1 & ! o!r ( despotism2 & we %[$ t :5 9 a mean !y atta9$ _! highe/ p]fection4 ,9 a simil> _s we spoke ( ! ,dorian exp$ition1 & ( ! settlem5t on ! hills & 9 ! pla9s ( ,troy2 & ( music1 & ! use ( w9e1 & ( all t prec$$4 ,& n[1 has our discussion be5 ( any use8 ',yes1 /rang]2 = by a s+ul> co9cid5ce ! ,cretans are ab\t to s5d out a colony1 ( :i* ! settlem5t has be5 confid$ to ! ,cnosians4 ,t5 commission]s1 ( :om ,i am "o1 are to give laws to ! coloni/s1 & we may give any :i* we please--,cretan or =eign4 ,& !re=e let u make a selection f :at has be5 said1 & !n proce$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! /ate4' ,v good3 ,i am q at y\r s]vice4 ',& ,i too1' says ,megillus4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,& n[1 :at is ?is city8 ,i d n want to "k :at is to be ! "n ( ! place 7= "s accid5t1--a riv] or a local deity1 w det]m9e t71 b :at ! situation is1 :e!r m>itime or inl&4 ',! city w be ab\t elev5 miles f ! sea4' ,are !re h>b\rs8 ',excell5t4' ,& is ! surr\nd+ c\ntry self-support+8 ',almo/4' ,any neighb\r+ /ates8 ',no2 & t is ! reason = *oos+ ! place1 :i* has be5 des]t$ f "t immemorial4' ,& is !re a fair proportion ( hill & pla9 & wood8 ',l ,crete 9 g5]al1 m hill ?an pla94' ,!n !re is "s hope = y\r citiz5s2 _h ! city be5 on ! sea1 & dep5d5t = support on o!r c\ntries1 no human p[] c\ld h pres]v$ y f corruption4 ,ev5 ! di/ance ( elev5 miles is h>dly en\gh4 ,= ! sea1 al?\gh an agreeable1 is a dang]\s companion1 & a highway ( /range morals & mann]s z well z ( comm]ce4 ,b z ! c\ntry is only mod]ately f]tile !re w be no great export trade & no great returns ( gold & silv]1 :i* are ! ru9 ( /ates4 ,is !re timb] = %ip-build+8 ',!re is no p9e1 nor mu* cypress2 & v little /one-p9e or plane wood = ! int]ior ( %ips4' ,t is good4 ',:y8' ,because ! city w n be able to imitate ! bad ways ( h] enemies4 ',:at is ! be>+ ( t rem>k8' ,to expla9 my mean+1 ,i w\ld ask y to rememb] :at we said ab\t ! ,cretan laws1 t !y _h an eye to w> only2 :]eas ,i ma9ta9$ t !y ought to h includ$ all virtue4 ,& ,i hope t y 9 y\r turn w retaliate ^u me if ,i am false to my own pr9ciple4 ,= ,i consid] t ! lawgiv] %\ld g /raight to ! m>k ( virtue & ju/ice1 & disreg>d weal? & e o!r good :5 sep>at$ f virtue4 ,:at fur!r ,i mean1 :5 ,i speak ( ! imitation ( enemies1 ,i w illu/rate by ! /ory ( ,m9os1 if our ,cretan fri5d w all[ me to m5tion x4 ,m9os1 :o 0 a great sea-k+1 impos$ ^u ! ,a!nians a cruel tribute1 = 9 ^? days !y 7 n a m>itime p[]2 !y _h no timb] = %ip-build+1 & !re=e !y c\ld n 'imitate _! enemies'2 & bett] f>1 z ,i ma9ta91 w\ld x h be5 = !m to h lo/ _m times ov] ! lives :i* !y devot$ to ! tribute ?an to h turn$ soldi]s into sailors4 ,naval w>f>e is n a v praisewor?y art2 m5 %\ld n be taught to leap on %ore1 & !n aga9 to hurry back to _! %ips1 or to f9d speci\s excuses = ?r[+ away _! arms2 bad cu/oms ought n to be gild$ ) f9e words4 ,& retreat is always bad1 z we are taught 9 ,hom]1 :5 he introduces ,odysseus1 sett+ =? to ,agamemnon ! dang] ( %ips be+ at h& :5 soldi]s are dispos$ to fly4 ,an army ( lions tra9$ 9 su* ways w\ld fly be=e a h]d ( de]4 ,fur!r1 a city :i* owes its pres]vation to a cr[d ( pilots & o>sm5 & o!r undes]v+ p]sons1 _c be/[ rew>ds ( hon\r prop]ly2 & ?is is ! ru9 ( /ates4 ',/ill1 9 ,crete we say t ! battle ( ,salamis 0 ! salvation ( ,hellas4' ,su* is ! prevail+ op9ion4 ,b ,i & ,megillus say t ! battle ( ,m>a?on began ! deliv]ance1 & t ! battle ( ,plataea complet$ x2 = ^! battles made m5 bett]1 :]eas ! battles ( ,salamis & ,artemisium made !m no bett]4 ,& we fur!r affirm t m]e exi/5ce is n ! great political good ( individuals or /ates1 b ! cont9uance ( ! be/ exi/5ce4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,let u !n endeav\r to foll[ ?is pr9ciple 9 colonization & legislation4 ,& fir/1 let me ask y :o are to be ! coloni/s8 ,may any "o come f any city ( ,crete8 ,= y w\ld surely n s5d a g5]al invitation to all ,hellas4 ,yet ,i obs]ve t 9 ,crete !re are p :o h come f ,argos & ,aeg9a & o!r places4 ',our recruits w be drawn f all ,crete1 & ( o!r ,hell5es we %\ld pref] ,peloponnesians4 ,z y obs]ve1 !re are ,argives among ! ,cretans2 moreov] ! ,gortynians1 :o are ! be/ ( all ,cretans1 h come f ,gortys 9 ,peloponnesus4' ,colonization is 9 "s ways easi] :5 ! colony goes out 9 a sw>m f "o c\ntry1 ow+ to ! pressure ( population1 or revolution1 or w>4 ,9 ?is case !re is ! advantage t ! new coloni/s h a community ( race1 language1 & laws4 ,b !n aga91 !y are less ob$i5t to ! legislator2 & (t5 !y are anxi\s to keep ! v laws & cu/oms :i* caus$ _! ru9 at home4 ,a mix$ multitude1 on ! o!r h&1 is m tractable1 al?\gh !re is a difficulty 9 mak+ !m pull toge!r4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 :i* p]fects m5's virtue m ?an legislation & colonization4 ,& yet ,i h a ^w to say :i* may seem to be depreciatory ( legislators4 ',:at is t8' ,i 0 go+ to make ! sadd5+ reflection1 t accid5ts ( all sorts are ! true legislators1--w>s & pe/il5ces & fam9es & ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( bad seasons4 ,! obs]v] w be incl9$ to say t almo/ all human ?+s are *ance2 & ?is is c]ta9ly true ab\t navigation & m$ic9e1 & ! art ( ! g5]al4 ,b !re is ano!r ?+ :i* may equally be said4 ',:at is x8' ,t ,god gov]ns all ?+s1 & t *ance & opportunity co-op]ate ) ,him4 ,& accord+ to yet a ?ird view1 art has "p ) !m1 = surely 9 a /orm x is well to h a pilot8 ,& ! same is true ( legislation3 ev5 if circum/ances are fav\rable1 a skilful lawgiv] is /ill necess>y4 ',mo/ true4' ,all arti/s w\ld pray = c]ta9 conditions "u :i* to ex]cise _! art3 & w\ld n ! legislator d ! same8 ',c]ta9ly8' ,come1 legislator1 let u say to him1 & :at are ! conditions :i* y w\ld h8 ,he w answ]1 ,grant me a city :i* is rul$ by a tyrant2 & let ! tyrant be "y1 m9dful1 tea*able1 c\rage\s1 magnanim\s2 & let him h ! insep>able condition ( all virtue1 :i* is temp]ance--n prud5ce1 b t natural temp]ance :i* is ! gift ( *ildr5 & animals1 & is h>dly reckon$ among goods--) ?is he mu/ be end[$1 if ! /ate is to acquire ! =m mo/ conducive to happ9ess 9 ! spe$ie/ mann]4 ,& ,i mu/ add "o o!r condition3 ! tyrant mu/ be =tunate1 & 8 good =tune mu/ consi/ 9 8 hav+ ! co-op]ation ( a great legislator4 ,:5 ,god has done all ?is1 ,he has done ! be/ :i* ,he c = a /ate2 n s well if ,he has giv5 !m two legislators in/ead ( "o1 & less & less well if ,he has giv5 !m a great _m4 ,an ord]ly tyranny mo/ easily passes into ! p]fect /ate2 9 ! second degree1 a mon>*y2 9 ! ?ird degree1 a democracy2 an olig>*y is wor/ ( all4 ',i d n und]/&4' ,i suppose t y h nev] se5 a city :i* is subject to a tyranny8 ',i h no desire to see "o4' ,y w\ld h se5 :at ,i am describ+1 if y ev] _h4 ,! tyrant c spe$ily *ange ! mann]s ( a /ate1 & affix ! /amp ( praise or blame on any action :i* he pleases2 = ! citiz5s readily foll[ ! example :i* he sets4 ,!re is no quick] way ( mak+ *anges2 b !re is a c\nt]balanc+ difficulty4 ,x is h>d to f9d ! div9e love ( temp]ance & ju/ice exi/+ 9 any p[]ful =m ( gov]nm5t1 :e!r 9 a mon>*y or an olig>*y4 ,9 old5 days !re 7 *iefs l ,ne/or1 :o 0 ! mo/ eloqu5t & temp]ate ( mank9d1 b !re is no "o 8 equal n[4 ,if su* an "o ev] arises among u1 bless$ w he be1 & bless$ !y :o li/5 to 8 words4 ,= :]e p[] & wisdom & temp]ance meet 9 "o1 !re are ! be/ laws & con/itutions4 ,i am endeav\r+ to %[ y h[ easy "u ! conditions suppos$1 & h[ difficult "u any o!r1 is ! task ( giv+ a city good laws4 ',h[ d y mean8' ,let u old m5 attempt to m\ld 9 words a con/itution = y\r new /ate1 z *ildr5 make figures out ( wax4 ',proce$4 ,:at con/itution %all we give--democracy1 olig>*y1 or ari/ocracy8' ,to :i* ( ^! classes1 ,megillus1 d y ref] y\r own /ate8 ',! ,sp>tan con/itution seems to me to conta9 all ^! elem5ts4 ,our /ate is a democracy & also an ari/ocracy2 ! p[] ( ! ,ephors is tyrannical1 & we h an anci5t mon>*y4' ',mu* ! same1' adds ,cle9ias1 'may be said ( ,cnosus4' ,! reason is t y h polities1 b o!r /ates are m]e aggregations ( m5 dwell+ toge!r1 :i* are nam$ aft] _! sev]al rul+ p[]s2 :]eas a /ate1 if an 'ocracy' at all1 %\ld be call$ a !ocracy4 ,a tale ( old w expla9 my mean+4 ,!re is a tradition ( a gold5 age1 9 :i* all ?+s 7 spontane\s & abundant4 ,cronos1 !n "l ( ! _w1 knew t no mortal nature c\ld endure ! temptations ( p[]1 & !re=e he appo9t$ demons or demi-gods1 :o are ( a sup]ior race1 to h dom9ion ov] man1 z man has dom9ion ov] ! animals4 ,!y took c>e ( u ) great ease & pleasure to !mselves1 & no less to u2 & ! tradition says t only :5 ,god1 & n man1 is ! rul]1 c ! human race cease f ill4 ,?is 0 ! mann] ( life :i* prevail$ "u ,cronos1 & :i* we mu/ /rive to foll[ s f> z ! pr9ciple ( immortality /ill abides 9 u & we live accord+ to law & ! dictates ( "r reason4 ,b 9 an olig>*y or democracy1 :5 ! gov]n+ pr9ciple is a?ir/ = pleasure1 ! laws are trampl$ "u foot1 & !re is no possibility ( salvation4 ,is x n (t5 said t !re are z _m =ms ( laws z !re are gov]nm5ts1 & t !y h no conc]n ei!r ) any "o virtue or ) all virtue1 b are relative to ! w ( ! gov]nm5t8 ,:i* is z mu* z to say t 'might makes "r4' ',:at d y mean8' ,i mean t gov]nm5ts enact _! own laws1 & t e gov]nm5t makes self-pres]vation its pr9cipal aim4 ,he :o transgresses ! laws is reg>d$ z an evil-do]1 & puni%$ accord+ly4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! unju/ pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t :i* we m5tion$ :5 speak+ ( ! diff]5t claims to rule4 ,we 7 agre$ t p>5ts %\ld rule _! *ildr51 ! eld] ! y\ng]1 ! noble ! ignoble4 ,b !re 7 also sev]al o!r pr9ciples1 & among !m ,p9d>'s 'law ( viol5ce4' ,to :om !n is our /ate to be entru/$8 ,= _m a gov]nm5t is only a victori\s faction :i* has a monopoly ( p[]1 & refuses any %>e to ! conqu]$1 le/ :5 !y get into (fice !y %\ld rememb] _! wrongs4 ,su* gov]nm5ts are n polities1 b p>ties2 nor are any laws good :i* are made 9 ! int]e/ ( p>ticul> classes only1 & n ( ! :ole4 ,& 9 our /ate ,i mean to prote/ aga9/ mak+ any man a rul] because he is ri*1 or /rong1 or noble4 ,b ^? :o are ob$i5t to ! laws1 & :o w9 ! victory ( ob$i5ce1 %all be promot$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,gods accord+ to ! degree ( _! ob$i5ce4 ,:5 ,i call ! rul] ! s]vant or m9i/] ( ! law1 ?is is n a m]e p>adox1 b ,i mean to say t ^u a will+ness to obey ! law ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate dep5ds4 ',truly1 ,/rang]1 y h a ke5 vision4' ,:y1 yes2 e man :5 he is old has 8 intellectual vision mo/ ke54 ,& n[ %all we call 9 our coloni/s & make a spee* to !m8 ,fri5ds1 we say to !m1 ,god holds 9 ,8 h& ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( all ?+s1 & ,he moves 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 w4 ,ju/ice always be>s ,him company1 & puni%es ^? :o fall %ort ( ,8 laws4 ,he :o w\ld be happy foll[s humbly 9 h] tra92 b he :o is lift$ up ) pride1 or weal?1 or hon\r1 or beauty1 is soon des]t$ by ,god1 &1 be+ des]t$1 he lives 9 confusion & disord]4 ,to _m he seems a great man2 b 9 a %ort "t he comes to utt] de/ruction4 ,:]e=e1 see+ ^! ?+s1 :at ought we to d or ?9k8 ',e man ought to foll[ ,god4' ,:at life1 !n1 is pleas+ to ,god8 ,!re is an old say+ t 'l agrees ) l1 measure ) measure1' & ,god ought to be our measure 9 all ?+s4 ,! temp]ate man is ! fri5d ( ,god because he is l ,him1 & ! intemp]ate man is n ,8 fri5d1 because he is n l ,him4 ,& ! conclusion is1 t ! be/ ( all ?+s = a good man is to pray & sacrifice to ! ,gods2 b ! bad man has a pollut$ s\l2 & !re=e 8 s]vice is wa/$ ^u ! ,gods1 :ile ! good are accept$ ( !m4 ,i h told y ! m>k at :i* we ought to aim4 ,y w say1 ,h[1 & ) :at weapons8 ,9 ! fir/ place we affirm1 t aft] ! ,olympian ,gods & ! ,gods ( ! /ate1 hon\r %\ld be giv5 to ! ,gods bel[1 & to !m %\ld be (f]$ ev]y?+ 9 ev5 numb]s & ( ! second *oice2 ! auspici\s odd numb]s & ev]y?+ ( ! fir/ *oice are res]v$ = ! ,gods above4 ,next demi-gods or spirits mu/ be hon\r$1 & !n h]oes1 & aft] !m family gods1 :o w be wor%ipp$ at _! local seats accord+ to law4 ,fur!r1 ! hon\r due to p>5ts %\ld n be =gott52 *ildr5 owe all t !y h to !m1 & ! debt mu/ be repaid by k9dness & att5tion 9 old age4 ,no unbecom+ ^w mu/ be utt]$ be=e !m2 = !re is an av5g+ angel :o he>s !m :5 !y are angry1 & ! *ild %\ld consid] t ! p>5t :5 he has be5 wrong$ has a "r to be angry4 ,aft] _! dea? let !m h a mod]ate fun]al1 su* z _! fa!rs h _h be=e !m2 & !re %all be an annual commemoration ( !m4 ,liv+ on ?is wise1 we %all be accept$ ( ! ,gods1 & %all pass our days 9 good hope4 ,! law w det]m9e all our v>i\s duties t[>ds relatives & fri5ds & o!r citiz5s1 & ! :ole /ate w be happy & prosp]\s4 ,b if ! legislator w\ld p]suade z well z comm&1 he w add prefaces to 8 laws :i* w pr$ispose ! citiz5s to virtue4 ,ev5 a little accompli%$ 9 ! way ( ga9+ ! he>ts ( m5 is ( great value4 ,= mo/ m5 are 9 no p>ticul> ha/e to become good4 ,z ,hesiod says3 ',long & /eep is ! fir/ half ( ! way to virtue1 ,b :5 y h rea*$ ! top ! re/ is easy4' ',^? are excell5t words4' ,yes2 b may ,i tell y ! effect :i* ! prec$+ disc\rse has _h ^u me8 ,i w express my mean+ 9 an address to ! lawgiv]3--,o lawgiv]1 if y "k :at we ought to d & say1 y c surely tell u2--y are n l ! poet1 :o1 z y 7 j n[ say+1 does n "k ! effect ( 8 own words4 ,& ! poet may reply1 t :5 he sits d[n on ! tripod ( ! ,muses he is n 9 8 "r m9d1 & t be+ a m]e imitator he may be all[$ to say all sorts ( opposite ?+s1 & _c tell :i* ( !m is true4 ,b ?is lic5ce _c be all[$ to ! lawgiv]4 ,= example1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( fun]als2 "o ( !m is excessive1 ano!r mean1 a ?ird mod]ate1 & y say t ! la/ is "r4 ,n[ if ,i _h a ri* wife1 & %e told me to bury h]1 & ,i 7 to s+ ( h] burial1 ,i %\ld praise ! extravagant k9d2 a poor man w\ld comm5d a fun]al ( ! mean] sort1 & a man ( mod]ate means w\ld pref] a mod]ate fun]al4 ,b y1 z legislator1 w\ld h to say exactly :at y meant by 'mod]ate4' ',v true4' ,& is our lawgiv] to h no preamble or int]pretation ( 8 laws1 nev] (f]+ a ^w ( advice to 8 subjects1 aft] ! mann] ( "s doctors8 ,= ( doctors are !re n two k9ds8 ,! "o g5tle & ! o!r r\gh1 doctors :o are freem5 & le>n !mselves & tea* _! pupils sci5tifically1 & doctor's assi/ants :o get _! k empirically by att5d+ on _! ma/]s8 ',( c\rse !re are4' ,& did y ev] obs]ve t ! g5tlem5 doctors practise ^u freem51 & t slave doctors conf9e !mselves to slaves8 ,! latt] g ab\t ! c\ntry or wait = ! slaves at ! disp5s>ies4 ,!y hold no p>ley ) _! pati5ts ab\t _! diseases or ! rem$ies ( !m2 !y practise by ! rule ( ?umb1 & give _! decrees 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann]4 ,:5 !y h doctor$ "o pati5t !y run (f to ano!r1 :om !y treat ) equal assurance1 _! duty be+ to relieve ! ma/] ( ! c>e ( 8 sick slaves4 ,b ! o!r doctor1 :o practises on freem51 proce$s 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,he takes c\nsel ) 8 pati5t & le>ns f him1 & nev] does any?+ until he has p]suad$ him ( :at he is do+4 ,he tru/s to influ5ce r ?an =ce4 ,n[ is n ! use ( bo? me?ods f> bett] ?an ! use ( ei!r alone8 ,& bo? toge!r may be advantage\sly employ$ by u 9 legislation4 ,we may illu/rate our proposal by an example4 ,! laws relat+ to m>riage naturally come fir/1 & !re=e we may beg9 ) !m4 ,! simple law w\ld be z foll[s3--,a man %all m>ry betwe5 ! ages ( ?irty & ?irty-five2 if he d n1 he %all be f9$ or depriv$ ( c]ta9 privileges4 ,! d\ble law w\ld add ! reason :y3 ,=asmu* z man desires immortality1 :i* he atta9s by ! procreation ( *ildr51 no "o %\ld deprive himself ( 8 %>e 9 ?is good4 ,he :o obeys ! law is blameless1 b he :o disobeys mu/ n be a ga9] by 8 celibacy2 & !re=e he %all pay a ye>ly f9e1 & %all n be all[$ to receive hon\r f ! "y4 ,t is an example ( :at ,i call ! d\ble law1 :i* may enable u to judge h[ f> ! addition ( p]suasion to ?reats is desirable4 ',lac$aemonians 9 g5]al1 ,/rang]1 are 9 fav\r ( brevity2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ,i pref] l5g?4 ,b ,cle9ias is ! real lawgiv]1 & he ought to be fir/ consult$4' ',?ank y1 ,megillus4' ,:e!r words are to be _m or few1 is a fooli% "q3--! be/ & n ! %orte/ =ms are always to be approv$4 ,& legislators h nev] ?\ght ( ! advantages :i* !y might ga9 by us+ p]suasion z well z =ce1 b tru/ to =ce only4 ,& ,i h some?+ else to say ab\t ! matt]4 ,"h h we be5 f e>ly dawn until noon1 disc\rs+ ab\t laws1 & all t we h be5 say+ is only ! preamble ( ! laws :i* we are ab\t to give4 ,i tell y ?is1 because ,i want y to obs]ve t songs & /ra9s h all ( !m preludes1 b t laws1 ?\gh call$ by ! same "n 7nomoi71 h nev] any prelude4 ,n[ ,i am dispos$ to give preludes to laws1 divid+ !m into two p>ts--"o conta9+ ! despotic comm&1 :i* ,i describ$ "u ! image ( ! slave doctor--! o!r ! p]suasive "p1 :i* ,i t]m ! preamble4 ,! legislator %\ld give preludes or preambles to 8 laws4 ',t %all be ! way 9 my colony4' ,i am glad t y agree ) me2 ?is is a matt] :i* x is important to rememb]4 ,a preamble is n always necess>y to a law3 ! lawgiv] mu/ det]m9e :5 x is ne$$1 z ! musician det]m9es :5 !re is to be a prelude to a song4 ',mo/ true3 & n[1 hav+ a preamble1 let u recomm5ce our disc\rse4' ,en\gh has be5 said ( ,gods & p>5ts1 & we may proce$ to consid] :at relates to ! citiz5s--_! s\ls1 bodies1 prop]ties1--_! occupations & amusem5ts2 & s arrive at ! nature ( education4 ,! fir/ ^w ( ! ,laws some:at abruptly introduces ! ?\ght :i* is pres5t to ! m9d ( ,plato ?r\gh\t ! "w1 namely1 t ,law is ( div9e orig94 ,9 ! words ( a great ,engli% writ]--',h] seat is ! bosom ( ,god1 h] voice ! h>mony ( ! _w4' ,?\gh ! p>ticul> laws ( ,sp>ta & ,crete _h a n>r[ & imp]fect aim1 ?is is n true ( div9e laws1 :i* are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 & n fram$ to meet ! exig5cies ( ! mom5t4 ,!y h _! natural divisions1 too1 answ]+ to ! k9ds ( virtue2 v unlike ! discordant enactm5ts ( an ,a!nian assembly or ( an ,engli% ,p>liam5t4 ,yet we may obs]ve two inconsi/5cies 9 ,plato's treatm5t ( ! subject3 fir/1 a less]1 inasmu* z he does n cle>ly di/+ui% ! ,cretan & ,sp>tan laws1 ( :i* ! exclusive aim is w>1 f ^? o!r laws ( ,zeus & ,apollo :i* are said to be div9e1 & to compreh5d all virtue4 ,secondly1 we may retort on him 8 own compla9t aga9/ ,sp>ta & ,crete1 t he has himself giv5 u a code ( laws1 :i* = ! mo/ "p h a milit>y "*2 & t we _c po9t to 'obvi\s examples ( simil> in/itutions :i* are conc]n$ ) pleasure2' at lea/ !re is only "o su*1 t :i* relates to ! regulation ( convivial int]c\rse4 ,! milit>y _s :i* is condemn$ by him 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,laws1 reappe>s 9 ! sev5? & eigh? books4 ,! m5tion ( ,m9os ! great lawgiv]1 & ( ,rhadaman?us ! righte\s adm9i/rator ( ! law1 sugge/s ! two divisions ( ! laws into enactm5ts & appo9tm5ts ( (fic]s4 ,! legislator & ! judge /& side by side1 & _! functions _c be :olly di/+ui%$4 ,= ! judge is 9 "s sort a legislator1 at any rate 9 small matt]s2 & 8 decisions gr[+ into prec$5ts1 mu/ det]m9e ! innum]able details :i* arise out ( ! conflict ( circum/ances4 ,^! ,plato proposes to leave to a y\ng] g5]ation ( legislators4 ,! action ( c\rts ( law 9 mak+ law seems to h escap$ him1 probably because ! ,a!nian law-c\rts 7 popul> assemblies2 &1 except 9 a my?ical =m1 he c h>dly be said to h _h be=e 8 eyes ! ideal ( a judge4 ,9 read+ ! ,laws ( ,plato1 or any o!r anci5t writ+ ab\t ,laws1 we %\ld consid] h[ gradual ! process is by :i* n only a legal sy/em1 b ! adm9i/ration ( a c\rt ( law1 becomes p]fect$4 ,!re are o!r subjects on :i* ,plato breaks gr\nd1 z 8 mann] is1 e>ly 9 ! "w4 ,fir/1 he gives a sket* ( ! subject ( laws2 !y are to compreh5d ! :ole ( human life1 f infancy to age1 & f bir? to dea?1 al?\gh ! propos$ plan is f> f be+ regul>ly execut$ 9 ! books :i* foll[1 p>tly ow+ to ! necessity ( describ+ ! con/itution z well z ! laws ( 8 new colony4 ,secondly1 he t\*es on ! p[] ( music1 :i* may ex]cise s great an influ5ce on ! "* ( m5 = good or evil2 he ref]s especially to ! great (f5ce--:i* he m5tions aga91 & :i* he _h condemn$ 9 ! ,republic--( v>y+ ! modes & rhy?ms1 z well z to t ( sep>at+ ! words f ! music4 ,?irdly1 he reprobates ! preval5ce ( unnatural loves 9 ,sp>ta & ,crete1 :i* he attributes to ! practice ( syssitia & gymna/ic ex]cises1 & consid]s to be almo/ insep>able f !m4 ,to ?is subject he aga9 returns 9 ! eigh? book4 ,f\r?ly1 ! virtues are affirm$ to be insep>able f "o ano!r1 ev5 if n absolutely "o2 ?is1 too1 is a pr9ciple :i* he reass]ts at ! conclusion ( ! "w4 ,z 9 ! beg9n+s ( ,plato's o!r writ+s1 we h "h sev]al 'notes' /ruck1 :i* =m ! preludes ( long] discussions1 al?\gh ! h9t is less +5i\sly giv51 & ! promise m imp]fectly fulfill$ ?an 9 ! e>li] dialogues4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 e?ics & politics has n yet dawn$ ^u ,plato's m9d4 ,to him1 law is /ill float+ 9 a region betwe5 ! two4 ,he w\ld h desir$ t all ! acts & laws ( a /ate %\ld h reg>d to all virtue4 ,b he did n see t politics & law are subject to _! own conditions1 & are di/+ui%$ f e?ics by natural diff]5ces4 ,! actions ( :i* politics take cognisance are necess>ily collective or repres5tative2 & law is limit$ to ext]nal acts :i* affect o!rs z well z ! ag5ts4 ,e?ics1 on ! o!r h&1 include ! :ole duty ( man 9 relation bo? to himself & o!rs4 ,b ,plato has nev] reflect$ on ^! diff]5ces4 ,he fancies t ! life ( ! /ate c be z easily fa%ion$ z t ( ! individual4 ,he is fav\rable to a balance ( p[]1 b nev] seems to h consid]$ t p[] might be s balanc$ z to produce an absolute immobility 9 ! /ate4 ,nor is he alive to ! evils ( conf\nd+ vice & crime2 or to ! necessity ( gov]nm5ts ab/a9+ f excessive int]f]5ce ) _! subjects4 ,yet ?is confusion ( e?ics & politics has also a bett] & a tru] side4 ,if unable to grasp "s important di/9ctions1 ,plato is at any rate seek+ to elevate ! l[] to ! high]2 he does n pull d[n ! pr9ciples ( m5 to _! practice1 or n>r[ ! conception ( ! /ate to ! imm$iate necessities ( politics4 ,political ideals ( fre$om & equality1 ( a div9e gov]nm5t :i* has be5 or w be 9 "s o!r age or c\ntry1 h greatly t5d$ to educate & ennoble ! human race4 ,& if n ! fir/ au?or ( su* ideals 7= !y are z old z ,hesiod71 ,plato has done m ?an any o!r writ] to impress !m on ! _w4 ,to ^? :o c5sure 8 idealism we may reply 9 8 own words--',he is n ! worse pa9t] :o draws a p]fectly beautiful figure1 because no su* figure ( a man c\ld ev] h exi/$' 7,republic74 ,a new ?\ght ab\t education sudd5ly occurs to him1 & = a "t ex]cises a sort ( fasc9ation ov] 8 m9d1 ?\gh 9 ! lat] books ( ! ,laws x is =gott5 or ov]look$4 ,z true c\rage is alli$ to temp]ance1 s !re mu/ be an education :i* %all tra9 mank9d to resi/ pleasure z well z to endure pa94 ,no "o c be on 8 gu>d aga9/ t ( :i* he has no exp]i5ce4 ,! p]fectly tra9$ citiz5 %\ld h be5 accu/om$ to look 8 enemy 9 ! face1 & to measure 8 /r5g? aga9/ h]4 ,?is education 9 pleasure is to be giv51 p>tly by fe/ive int]c\rse1 b *iefly by ! song & dance4 ,y\? are to le>n music & gymna/ics2 _! eld]s are to be tra9$ & te/$ at dr9k+ p>ties4 ,accord+ to ! old prov]b1 9 v9o v]itas1 !y w !n be op5 & visible to ! _w 9 _! true *>act]s2 & also !y w be m am5able to ! laws1 & m easily m\ld$ by ! h& ( ! legislator4 ,! fir/ reason is curi\s en\gh1 ?\gh n important2 ! second c h>dly be ?\ght des]v+ ( mu* att5tion4 ,yet if ,plato means to say t society is "o ( ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts ( education 9 aft]-life1 he has express$ 9 an obscure fa%ion a pr9ciple :i* is true1 & to 8 contempor>ies 0 also new4 ,t at a banquet a degree ( moral discipl9e might be ex]cis$ is an orig9al ?\ght1 b ,plato has n yet le>nt to express 8 mean+ 9 an ab/ract =m4 ,he is s5sible t mod]ation is bett] ?an total ab/95ce1 & t asceticism is b a "o-sid$ tra9+4 ,he makes ! sagaci\s rem>k1 t '^? :o are able to resi/ pleasure may (t5 be among ! wor/ ( mank9d4' ,he is z mu* aw>e z any mod]n utilit>ian t ! love ( pleasure is ! great motive ( human action4 ,?is _c be eradicat$1 & mu/ !re=e be regulat$1--! pleasure mu/ be ( ! "r sort4 ,su* reflections seem to be ! real1 ?\gh imp]fectly express$1 gr\ndwork ( ! discussion4 ,z 9 ! juxtaposition ( ! ,bac*ic madness & ! great gift ( ,dionysus1 or :]e he speaks ( ! diff]5t s5ses 9 :i* pleasure is & is n ! object ( imitative art1 or 9 ! illu/ration ( ! failure ( ! ,dorian in/itutions f ! pray] ( ,!seus1 we h to ga!r 8 mean+ z well z we c f ! connexion4 ,! feel+ ( old age is disc]nible 9 ?is z well z 9 sev]al o!r passages ( ! ,laws4 ,plato has arriv$ at ! "t :5 m5 sit /ill & look on at life2 & he is will+ to all[ himself & o!rs ! few pleasures :i* rema9 to !m4 ,w9e is to *e] !m n[ t _! limbs are old & _! blood runs cold4 ,!y are ! be/ critics ( danc+ & music1 b _c be induc$ to jo9 9 song unless !y h be5 enliv5$ by dr9k+4 ,y\? has no ne$ ( ! /imulus ( w9e1 b age c only be made "y aga9 by its invigorat+ influ5ce4 ,total ab/95ce = ! "y1 mod]ate & increas+ potations = ! old1 is ,plato's pr9ciple4 ,! fire1 ( :i* !re is too mu* 9 ! "o1 has to be br\ght to ! o!r4 ,drunk5ness1 l madness1 _h a sacr$ness & my/]y to ! ,greek2 if1 on ! "o h&1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,t>5t9es1 x degrad$ a :ole population1 x 0 also a mode ( wor%ipp+ ! god ,dionysus1 :i* 0 to be practis$ on c]ta9 occasions4 ,moreov]1 ! intoxication produc$ by ! fruit ( ! v9e 0 v diff]5t f ! gross] =ms ( drunk5ness :i* prevail among "s mod]n nations4 ,! physician 9 mod]n times w\ld re/rict ! old man's use ( w9e )9 n>r[ limits4 ,he w\ld tell u t y _c re/ore /r5g? by a /imulus4 ,w9e may call back ! vital p[]s 9 disease1 b _c re9vigorate old age4 ,9 8 maxims ( heal? & longevity1 ?\gh aw>e ( ! importance ( a simple diet1 ,plato has omitt$ to dwell on ! p]fect rule ( mod]ation4 ,8 comm5dation ( w9e is probably a pass+ fancy1 & may h aris5 out ( 8 own habits or ta/es4 ,if s1 he is n ! only philosoph] ^: !ory has be5 bas$ ^u 8 practice4 ,plato's d5ial ( w9e to ! "y & 8 approval ( x = _! eld]s has "s po9ts ( view :i* may be illu/rat$ by ! temp]ance controv]sy ( our own times4 ,w9e may be all[$ to h a religi\s z well z a fe/ive use2 x is comm5d$ bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t2 x has be5 sung ( by ne>ly all poets2 & x may be truly said to h a heal+ influ5ce bo? on body & m9d4 ,yet x is also v liable to excess & abuse1 & = ?is reason is prohibit$ by ,mahometans1 z well z ( late ye>s by _m ,*ri/ians1 no less ?an by ! anci5t ,sp>tans2 & to s\nd its praises s]i\sly seems to p>take ( ! nature ( a p>adox4 ,b we may rejo9 ) ,plato t ! abuse ( a good ?+ does n take away ! use ( x4 ,total ab/95ce1 z we (t5 say1 is n ! be/ rule1 b mod]ate indulg5ce2 & x is probably true t a temp]ate use ( w9e may contribute "s elem5ts ( "* to social life :i* we c ill af=d to lose4 ,x draws m5 out ( _! res]ve2 x helps !m to =get !mselves & to appe> z !y by nature are :5 n on _! gu>d1 & !re=e to make !m m human & great] fri5ds to _! fell[-m54 ,x gives !m a new exp]i5ce2 x tea*es !m to comb9e self-control ) a measure ( indulg5ce2 x may sometimes re/ore to !m ! simplicity ( *ildhood4 ,we entirely agree ) ,plato 9 =bidd+ ! use ( w9e to ! "y2 b :5 we are ( mature age !re are occasions on :i* we d]ive refre%m5t & /r5g? f mod]ate potations4 ,x is well to make ab/95ce ! rule1 b ! rule may sometimes admit ( an exception4 ,we are 9 a high]1 z well z 9 a l[] s5se1 ! bett] = ! use ( w9e4 ,! "q runs up into wid] ones--,:at is ! g5]al effect ( asceticism on human nature8 &1 ,mu/ !re n be a c]ta9 proportion betwe5 ! aspirations ( man & 8 p[]s8--que/ions :i* h be5 (t5 discuss$ bo? by anci5t & mod]n philosoph]s4 ,s by comp>+ ?+s old & new we may sometimes help to realize to ourselves ! mean+ ( ,plato 9 ! alt]$ circum/ances ( our own life4 ,l ! importance :i* he atta*es to fe/ive ent]ta9m5ts1 8 depreciation ( c\rage to ! f\r? place 9 ! scale ( virtue appe>s to be some:at rhetorical & exagg]at$4 ,b he is speak+ ( c\rage 9 ! l[] s5se ( ! t]m1 n z includ+ loyalty or temp]ance4 ,he does n insi/ 9 ?is passage1 z 9 ! ,protagoras1 on ! unity ( ! virtues2 or1 z 9 ! ,la*es1 on ! id5tity ( wisdom & c\rage4 ,b he says t !y all dep5d ^u _! lead] m9d1 & t1 out ( ! union ( wisdom & temp]ance ) c\rage1 spr+s ju/ice4 ,else:]e he is dispos$ to reg>d temp]ance r z a condition ( all virtue ?an z a p>ticul> virtue4 ,he g5]alizes temp]ance1 z 9 ! ,republic he g5]alizes ju/ice4 ,! nature ( ! virtues is to run up into "o ano!r1 & 9 _m passages ,plato makes b a fa9t ef=t to di/+ui% !m4 ,he /ill quotes ! poets1 some:at enl>g+1 z 8 mann] is1 or play+ ) _! mean+4 ,! m>tial poet ,tyrtaeus1 & ! olig>* ,!ognis1 furni% him ) happy illu/rations ( ! two sorts ( c\rage4 ,! fe> ( fe>1 ! division ( goods into human & div9e1 ! ackn[l$gm5t t peace & reconciliation are bett] ?an ! appeal to ! sword1 ! analysis ( temp]ance into resi/ance ( pleasure z well z endurance ( pa91 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! education :i* is suitable = a trade or pr(ession1 & = ! :ole ( life1 are important & probably new e?ical conceptions4 ,nor has ,plato =gott5 8 old p>adox 7,gorgias7 t to be puni%$ is bett] ?an to be unpuni%$1 :5 he says1 t to ! bad man dea? is ! only mitigation ( 8 evil4 ,he is n less ideal 9 _m passages ( ! ,laws ?an 9 ! ,gorgias or ,republic4 ,b 8 w+s are heavy1 & he is unequal to any su/a9$ flight4 ,!re is m attempt at dramatic effect 9 ! fir/ book ?an 9 ! lat] p>ts ( ! "w4 ,! outbur/ ( m>tial _s 9 ! ,lac$aemonian1 ',o be/ ( m5'2 ! prote/ :i* ! ,cretan makes aga9/ ! suppos$ insult to 8 lawgiv]2 ! cordial ackn[l$gm5t on ! "p ( bo? ( !m t laws %\ld n be discuss$ publicly by ^? :o live "u _! rule2 ! difficulty :i* !y alike exp]i5ce 9 foll[+ ! speculations ( ! ,a!nian1 are highly *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! second book1 ,plato pursues fur!r 8 notion ( educat+ by a "r use ( pleasure4 ,he beg9s by conceiv+ an endless p[] ( y\?ful life1 :i* is to be r$uc$ to rule & measure by h>mony & rhy?m4 ,m5 diff] f ! l[] animals 9 t !y are capable ( musical discipl9e4 ,b music1 l all art1 mu/ be truly imitative1 & imitative ( :at is true & good4 ,art & morality agree 9 reject+ pleasure z ! crit]ion ( good4 ,true art is insep>able f ! highe/ & mo/ ennobl+ ideas4 ,plato only recognizes ! id5tity ( pleasure & good :5 ! pleasure is ( ! high] k9d4 ,he is ! enemy ( 'songs )\t words1' :i* he supposes to h "s confus+ or en]vat+ effect on ! m9d ( ! he>]2 & he is also oppos$ to ! mod]n deg5]acy ( ! drama1 :i* he w\ld probably h illu/rat$1 l ,ari/ophanes1 f ,euripides & ,aga?on4 ,f ?is passage may be ga!r$ a m p]fect conception ( art ?an f any o!r ( ,plato's writ+s4 ,he und]/&s t art is at once imitative & ideal1 an exact repres5tation ( tru?1 & also a repres5tation ( ! highe/ tru?4 ,! same d\ble view ( art may be ga!r$ f a comp>ison ( ! ?ird & t5? books ( ! ,republic1 b is "h m cle>ly & po9t$ly express$4 ,we are incl9$ to suspect t bo? "h & 9 ! ,republic ,plato exagg]ates ! influ5ce really ex]cis$ by ! song & ! dance4 ,b we mu/ rememb] also ! susceptible nature ( ! ,greek1 & ! p]fection to :i* ^! arts 7 c>ri$ by him4 ,fur!r1 ! music _h a sacr$ & ,py?agorean "*2 ! dance too 0 "p ( a religi\s fe/ival4 ,& only at su* fe/ivals ! sexes m+l$ 9 public1 & ! y\?s pass$ "u ! eyes ( _! eld]s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird book1 ,plato abruptly asks ! "q1 ,:at is ! orig9 ( /ates8 ,! answ] is1 ,inf9ite "t4 ,we h already se5--9 ! ,!aetetus1 :]e he supposes t 9 ! c\rse ( ages e man has _h numb]less prog5itors1 k+s & slaves1 ,greeks & b>b>ians2 & 9 ! ,critias1 :]e he says t n9e ?\s& ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! isl& ( ,atlantis f\ght ) ,a!ns--t ,plato is no /rang] to ! conception ( long p]iods ( "t4 ,he imag9es human society to h be5 int]rupt$ by natural convulsions2 & beg9n+ f ! la/ ( ^!1 he traces ! /eps by :i* ! family has gr[n into ! /ate1 & ! orig9al scatt]$ society1 becom+ m & m civilis$1 has f9ally pass$ into milit>y organizations l ^? ( ,crete & ,sp>ta4 ,8 conception ( ! orig9 ( /ates is f> tru] 9 ! ,laws ?an 9 ! ,republic2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t "h he is giv+ an hi/orical1 !re an ideal picture ( ! gr[? ( society4 ,mod]n enquir]s1 l ,plato1 h f\nd 9 inf9ite ages ! explanation n only ( /ates1 b ( languages1 m51 animals1 ! _w itself2 l him1 also1 !y h detect$ 9 lat] in/itutions ! ve/iges ( a patri>*al /ate /ill surviv+4 ,?us f> ,plato speaks z '! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce1' :o may be ?\ght by "s div9e in/9ct to h guess$ at tru?s :i* 7 h]eaft] to be reveal$4 ,he is f> above ! vulg> notion t ,hellas is ! civiliz$ _w 7,/atesman71 or t civilization only began :5 ! ,hell5es appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,b he has no special k ( '! days be=e ! flood'2 & :5 he approa*es m hi/orical times1 9 prep>+ ! way = 8 own !ory ( mix$ gov]nm5t1 he argues p>tially & errone\sly4 ,he is desir\s ( %[+ t unlimit$ p[] is ru9\s to any /ate1 & h5ce he is l$ to attribute a tyrannical _s to ! fir/ ,dorian k+s4 ,! decay ( ,argos & ! de/ruction ( ,mess5e are adduc$ by him z a manife/ pro( ( _! failure2 & ,sp>ta1 he ?9ks1 0 only pres]v$ by ! limitations :i* ! wisdom ( successive legislators introduc$ into ! gov]nm5t4 ,b !re is no m reason to suppose t ! ,dorian rule ( life :i* 0 foll[$ at ,sp>ta ev] prevail$ 9 ,argos & ,mess5e1 ?an to assume t ,dorian in/itutions 7 fram$ to protect ! ,greeks aga9/ ! p[] ( ,assyria2 or t ! empire ( ,assyria 0 9 any way affect$ by ! ,trojan w>2 or t ! return ( ! ,h]aclidae 0 only ! return ( ,a*aean exiles1 :o receiv$ a new "n f _! lead] ,dorieus4 ,su* fancies 7 *iefly bas$1 z f> z !y _h any f\ndation1 on ! use ( analogy1 :i* play$ a great "p 9 ! dawn ( hi/orical & geographical rese>*4 ,because !re 0 a ,p]sian empire :i* 0 ! natural enemy ( ! ,greek1 !re mu/ also h be5 an ,assyrian empire1 :i* _h a simil> ho/ility2 & n only ! fable ( ! isl& ( ,atlantis1 b ! ,trojan w>1 9 ,plato's m9d d]iv$ "s features f ! ,p]sian /ruggle4 ,s ,h]odotus makes ! ,nile answ] to ! ,i/]1 & ! valley ( ! ,nile to ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,9 ! ,republic1 ,plato is fly+ 9 ! air reg>dless ( fact & possibility--9 ! ,laws1 he is mak+ hi/ory by analogy4 ,9 ! =m]1 he appe>s to be l "s mod]n philosoph]s1 absolutely devoid ( hi/orical s5se2 9 ! latt]1 he is on a level1 n ) ,?ucydides1 or ! critical hi/orians ( ,greece1 b ) ,h]odotus1 or ev5 ) ,ctesias4 ,! *ief object ( ,plato 9 trac+ ! orig9 ( society is to %[ ! po9t at :i* regul> gov]nm5t sup]s$$ ! patri>*ical au?ority1 & ! sep>ate cu/oms ( diff]5t families 7 sy/ematiz$ by legislators1 & took ! =m ( laws cons5t$ to by !m all4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! only s\nd pr9ciple on :i* any gov]nm5t c\ld be bas$ 0 a mixture or balance ( p[]4 ,! balance ( p[] sav$ ,sp>ta1 :5 ! two o!r ,h]aclid /ates fell into disord]4 ,"h is probably ! fir/ trace ( a political idea1 :i* has ex]cis$ a va/ influ5ce bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,& yet we might fairly ask1 a little p>ody+ ! language ( ,plato--,o legislator1 is unanimity only '! /ruggle = exi/5ce'2 or is ! balance ( p[]s 9 a /ate bett] ?an ! h>mony ( !m8 ,9 ! f\r? book we approa* ! realities ( politics1 & ,plato beg9s to asc5d to ! height ( 8 great argum5t4 ,! reign ( ,cronos has pass$ away1 & v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t h succe$$1 :i* are all bas$ on self-int]e/ & self-pres]vation4 ,"r & wrong1 in/ead ( be+ measur$ by ! w ( ,god1 are creat$ by ! law ( ! /ate4 ,! /ronge/ ass]tions are made ( ! purely spiritual nature ( religion--',)\t hol9ess no man is accept$ ( ,god'2 & ( ! duty ( filial ob$i5ce1--',hon\r ?y p>5ts4' ,! legislator mu/ tea* ^! precepts z well z comm& !m4 ,he is to be ! educator z well z ! lawgiv] ( future ages1 & 8 laws are !mselves to =m a "p ( ! education ( ! /ate4 ,unlike ! poet1 he mu/ be def9ite & rational2 he _c be all[$ to say "o ?+ at "o "t1 & ano!r ?+ at ano!r--he mu/ "k :at he is ab\t4 ,& yet legislation has a poetical or rhetorical elem5t1 & mu/ f9d words :i* w w+ _! way to ! he>ts ( m54 ,laws mu/ be promulgat$ be=e !y are put 9 execution1 & mank9d mu/ be reason$ ) be=e !y are puni%$4 ,! legislator1 :5 he promulgates a p>ticul> law1 w c\rte\sly entreat ^? :o are will+ to he> 8 voice4 ,^u ! rebelli\s only does ! heavy bl[ desc5d4 ,a s]mon & a law 9 "o1 bl5d+ ! secul> puni%m5t ) ! religi\s sanction1 appe>$ to ,plato a new idea :i* might h a great result 9 re=m+ ! _w4 ,! exp]im5t _h nev] be5 tri$ ( reason+ ) mank9d2 ! laws ( o!rs _h nev] _h any preambles1 & ,plato seems to h great pleasure 9 contemplat+ 8 discov]y4 ,9 ^! qua9t =ms ( ?\ght & language1 great pr9ciples ( morals & legislation are enunciat$ by him = ! fir/ "t4 ,!y all g back to m9d & ,god1 :o holds ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( all ?+s 9 ,8 h&4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! div9e & human elem5ts 9 ! _w is conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( mod]n popul> philosophy1 diff]+ n mu* 9 ! mode ( expression4 ,at fir/ sight ! legislator appe>s to be impot5t1 = all ?+s are ! sport ( *ance4 ,b we admit also t ,god gov]ns all ?+s1 & t *ance & opportunity co-op]ate ) ,him 7comp>e ! say+1 t *ance is ! "n ( ! unkn[n cause74 ,la/ly1 :ile we ackn[l$ge t ,god & *ance gov]n mank9d & provide ! conditions ( human action1 exp]i5ce w n all[ u to d5y a place to art4 ,we "k t !re is a use 9 hav+ a pilot1 ?\gh ! /orm may ov]:elm him2 & a legislator is requir$ to provide = ! happ9ess ( a /ate1 al?\gh he w pray = fav\rable conditions "u :i* he may ex]cise 8 art4 ,,book ,v4 ,he> n[1 all ye :o he>d ! laws ab\t ,gods & ance/ors3 ,( all human possessions ! s\l is mo/ div9e1 & mo/ truly a man's own4 ,= 9 e man !re are two p>ts--a bett] :i* rules1 & an inf]ior :i* s]ves2 & ! rul] is to be pref]r$ to ! s]vant4 ,:]e=e ,i bid e "o next aft] ! ,gods to hon\r 8 own s\l1 & he c only hon\r h] by mak+ h] bett]4 ,a man does n hon\r 8 s\l by flatt]y1 or gifts1 or self-indulg5ce1 or conceit ( k1 nor :5 he blames o!rs = 8 own errors2 nor :5 he indulges 9 pleasure or refuses to be> pa92 nor :5 he ?9ks t life at any price is a good1 because he fe>s ! _w bel[1 :i*1 f> f be+ an evil1 may be ! greate/ good2 nor :5 he pref]s beauty to virtue--n reflect+ t ! s\l1 :i* came f heav51 is m hon\rable ?an ! body1 :i* is e>?-born2 nor :5 he covets di%one/ ga9s1 ( :i* no am\nt is equal 9 value to virtue2--9 a ^w1 :5 he c\nts t :i* ! legislator pron\nces evil to be good1 he degrades 8 s\l1 :i* is ! div9e/ "p ( him4 ,he does n consid] t ! real puni%m5t ( evil-do+ is to gr[ l evil m51 & to %un ! conv]sation ( ! good3 & t he :o is jo9$ to su* m5 mu/ d & suff] :at !y by nature d & say to "o ano!r1 :i* suff]+ is n ju/ice b retribution4 ,= ju/ice is noble1 b retribution is only ! companion ( inju/ice4 ,& :e!r a man escapes puni%m5t or n1 he is equally mis]able2 = 9 ! "o case he is n cur$1 & 9 ! o!r case he p]i%es t ! re/ may be sav$4 ,! glory ( man is to foll[ ! bett] & improve ! inf]ior4 ,& ! s\l is t "p ( man :i* is mo/ incl9$ to avoid ! evil & dwell ) ! good4 ,:]e=e also ! s\l is second only to ! ,gods 9 hon\r1 & 9 ! ?ird place ! body is to be e/eem$1 :i* (t5 has a false hon\r4 ,= hon\r is n to be giv5 to ! fair or ! /rong1 or ! swift or ! tall1 or to ! heal?y1 any m ?an to _! opposites1 b to ! mean /ates ( all ^! habits2 & s ( prop]ty & ext]nal goods4 ,no man %\ld heap up ri*es t he may leave !m to 8 *ildr54 ,! be/ condition = !m z = ! /ate is a middle "o1 9 :i* !re is a fre$om )\t luxury4 ,& ! be/ inh]itance ( *ildr5 is mode/y4 ,b mode/y _c be implant$ by admonition only--! eld]s mu/ set ! example4 ,he :o w\ld tra9 ! "y mu/ fir/ tra9 himself4 ,he :o hon\rs 8 k9dr$ & family may fairly expect t ! ,gods w give him *ildr54 ,he :o w\ld h fri5ds mu/ ?9k mu* ( _! fav\rs to him1 & little ( 8 to !m4 ,he :o pref]s to an ,olympic1 or any o!r victory1 to w9 ! palm ( ob$i5ce to ! laws1 s]ves be/ bo? ! /ate & 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,engagem5ts ) /rang]s are to be deem$ mo/ sacr$1 because ! /rang]1 hav+ nei!r k9dr$ nor fri5ds1 is imm$iately "u ! protection ( ,zeus1 ! ,god ( /rang]s4 ,a prud5t man w n s9 aga9/ ! /rang]2 & /ill m c>efully w he avoid s9n+ aga9/ ! suppliant1 :i* is an (f5ce nev] pass$ ov] by ! ,gods4 ,i w n[ speak ( ^? p>ticul>s :i* are matt]s ( praise & blame only1 & :i*1 al?\gh n en=c$ by ! law1 greatly affect ! disposition to obey ! law4 ,tru? has ! fir/ place among ! gifts ( ,gods & m51 = tru? begets tru/2 b he is n to be tru/$ :o loves volunt>y falsehood1 & he :o loves involunt>y falsehood is a fool4 ,nei!r ! ignorant nor ! untru/wor?y man is happy2 = !y h no fri5ds 9 life1 & die unlam5t$ & unt5d$4 ,good is he :o does no inju/ice--bett] :o prev5ts o!rs f do+ any--be/ ( all :o jo9s ! rul]s 9 puni%+ inju/ice4 ,& ?is is true ( goods & virtues 9 g5]al2 he :o has & communicates !m to o!rs is ! man ( m52 he :o w\ld1 if he c\ld1 is second-be/2 he :o has !m & is jeal\s ( imp>t+ !m to o!rs is to be blam$1 b ! good or virtue :i* he has is to be valu$ /ill4 ,let e man cont5d 9 ! race )\t envy2 = ! un5vi\s man increases ! /r5g? ( ! city2 himself =emo/ 9 ! race1 he h>ms no "o ) calumny4 ,:]eas ! envi\s man is weak himself1 & drives 8 rivals to despair ) 8 sl&]s1 ?us depriv+ ! :ole city ( inc5tives to ! ex]cise ( virtue1 & t>ni%+ h] glory4 ,e man %\ld be g5tle1 b also passionate2 = he mu/ h ! _s to fight aga9/ incurable & malignant evil4 ,b ! evil :i* is rem$iable %\ld be dealt ) m 9 sorr[ ?an ang]4 ,he :o is unju/ is to be piti$ 9 any case2 = no man volunt>ily does evil or all[s evil to exi/ 9 8 s\l4 ,& !re=e he :o deals ) ! curable sort mu/ be long-suff]+ & =be>+2 b ! incurable %all h ! vials ( our wra? p\r$ out ^u him4 ,! greate/ ( all evils is self-love1 :i* is ?\ght to be natural & excusable1 & is en=c$ z a duty1 & yet is ! cause ( _m errors4 ,! lov] is bl9d$ ab\t ! belov$1 & pref]s 8 own int]e/s to tru? & "r2 b ! truly great man seeks ju/ice be=e all ?+s4 ,self-love is ! s\rce ( t ignorant conceit ( k :i* is always do+ & nev] succe$+4 ,:]e=e let e man avoid self-love1 & foll[ ! guidance ( ^? :o are bett] ?an himself4 ,!re are less] matt]s :i* a man %\ld recall to m9d2 = wisdom is l a /ream1 ev] fl[+ 9 & out1 & recollection fl[s 9 :5 k is fail+4 ,let no man ei!r laugh or grieve ov]mu*2 b let him control 8 feel+s 9 ! day ( good- or ill-=tune1 believ+ t ! ,gods w dim9i% ! evils & increase ! bless+s ( ! righte\s4 ,^! are ?\ghts :i* %\ld ev] occupy a good man's m9d2 he %\ld rememb] !m bo? 9 light] & 9 m s]i\s h\rs1 & rem9d o!rs ( !m4 ,s mu* ( div9e matt]s & ! relation ( man to ,god4 ,b man is man1 & dep5d5t on pleasure & pa92 & !re=e to acquire a true ta/e respect+ ei!r is a great matt]4 ,& :at is a true ta/e8 ,?is c only be expla9$ by a comp>ison ( "o life ) ano!r4 ,pleasure is an object ( desire1 pa9 ( avoidance2 & ! abs5ce ( pa9 is to be pref]r$ to pa91 b n to pleasure4 ,!re are inf9ite k9ds & degrees ( bo? ( !m1 & we *oose ! life :i* has m pleasure & avoid t :i* has less2 b we d n *oose t life 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( pleasure are ei!r feeble or equally balanc$ ) pa94 ,all ! lives :i* we desire are pleasant2 ! *oice ( any o!rs is due to inexp]i5ce4 ,n[ !re are f\r lives--! temp]ate1 ! rational1 ! c\rage\s1 ! heal?ful2 & to ^! let u oppose f\r o!rs--! intemp]ate1 ! fooli%1 ! c[>dly1 ! diseas$4 ,! temp]ate life has g5tle pa9s & pleasures & placid desires1 ! intemp]ate life has viol5t delights1 & /ill m viol5t desires4 ,& ! pleasures ( ! temp]ate exce$ ! pa9s1 :ile ! pa9s ( ! intemp]ate exce$ ! pleasures4 ,b if ?is is true1 none are volunt>ily intemp]ate1 b all :o lack temp]ance are ei!r ignorant or want+ 9 self-control3 = m5 always *oose ! life :i* 7z !y ?9k7 exce$s 9 pleasure4 ,! wise1 ! heal?ful1 ! c\rage\s life h a simil> advantage--!y also exce$ _! opposites 9 pleasure4 ,&1 g5]ally speak+1 ! life ( virtue is f> m pleasurable & hon\rable1 fair] & happi] f>1 ?an ! life ( vice4 ,let ?is be ! preamble ( our laws2 ! /ra9 w foll[4 ,z 9 a web ! w>p is /rong] ?an ! wo(1 s %\ld ! rul]s be /rong] ?an _! half-educat$ subjects4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t 9 ! con/itution ( a /ate !re are two p>ts1 ! appo9tm5t ( ! rul]s1 & ! laws :i* !y h to adm9i/]4 ,b1 be=e go+ fur!r1 !re are "s prelim9>y matt]s :i* h to be consid]$4 ,z ( animals1 s also ( m51 a selection mu/ be made2 ! bad bre$ mu/ be got rid (1 & ! good reta9$4 ,! legislator mu/ purify !m1 & if he be n a despot he w f9d ?is task to be a difficult "o4 ,! sev]] k9ds ( purification are practis$ :5 great (f5d]s are puni%$ by dea? or exile1 b !re is a mild] process :i* is necess>y :5 ! poor %[ a disposition to attack ! prop]ty ( ! ri*1 = !n ! legislator w s5d !m (f to ano!r l&1 "u ! "n ( a colony4 ,9 our case1 h[ev]1 we %all only ne$ to purify ! /reams be=e !y meet4 ,?is is (t5 a tr\blesome bus9ess1 b 9 !ory we may suppose ! op]ation p]=m$1 & ! desir$ purity atta9$4 ,evil m5 we w h9d] f com+1 & receive ! good z fri5ds4 ,l ! old ,h]aclid colony1 we are =tunate 9 escap+ ! abolition ( debts & ! di/ribution ( l&1 :i* are difficult & dang]\s que/ions4 ,b1 p]haps1 n[ t we are speak+ ( ! subject1 we ought to say h[1 if ! dang] exi/$1 ! legislator %\ld try to av]t x4 ,he w\ld h rec\rse to pray]s1 & tru/ to ! heal+ influ5ce ( "t4 ,he w\ld create a k9dly _s betwe5 cr$itors & debtors3 ^? :o h %\ld give to ^? :o h n1 & pov]ty %\ld be held to be r ! increase ( a man's desires ?an ! dim9ution ( 8 prop]ty4 ,good-w is ! only safe & endur+ f\ndation ( ! political society2 & ^u ?is our city %all be built4 ,! lawgiv]1 if he is wise1 w n proce$ ) ! arrangem5t ( ! /ate until all disputes ab\t prop]ty are settl$4 ,& = him to introduce fre% gr\nds ( qu>rel w\ld be madness4 ,let u n[ proce$ to ! di/ribution ( our /ate1 & det]m9e ! size ( ! t]ritory & ! numb] ( ! allotm5ts4 ,! t]ritory %\ld be suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! citiz5s 9 mod]ation1 & ! population %\ld be num]\s en\gh to def5d !mselves1 & sometimes to aid _! neighb\rs4 ,we w fix ! numb] ( citiz5s at #ejdj1 to :i* ! numb] ( h\ses & portions ( l& %all correspond4 ,let ! numb] be divid$ into two p>ts & !n into ?ree2 = x is v conv5i5t = ! purposes ( di/ribution1 & is capable ( fifty-n9e divisions1 t5 ( :i* proce$ )\t int]val f "o to t54 ,"h are numb]s en\gh = w> & peace1 & = all contracts & deal+s4 ,^! prop]ties ( numb]s are true1 & %\ld be asc]ta9$ ) a view to use4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! di/ribution ( ! l&1 a prud5t legislator w be c>eful to respect any provision = religi\s wor%ip :i* has be5 sanction$ by anci5t tradition or by ! oracles ( ,delphi1 ,dodona1 or ,ammon4 ,all sacrifices1 & alt>s1 & temples1 :atev] may be _! orig91 %\ld rema9 z !y are4 ,e division %\ld h a patron ,god or h]o2 to ^! a portion ( ! doma9 %\ld be appropriat$1 & at _! temples ! inhabitants ( ! di/ricts %\ld meet toge!r f "t to "t1 = ! sake ( mutual help & fri5d%ip4 ,all ! citiz5s ( a /ate %\ld be kn[n to "o ano!r2 = :]e m5 are 9 ! d>k ab\t ea* o!r's *>act]s1 !re c be no ju/ice or "r adm9i/ration4 ,e man %\ld be true & s+le-m9d$1 & %\ld n all[ himself to be deceiv$ by o!rs4 ,& n[ ! game op5s1 & we beg9 to move ! pieces4 ,at fir/ sight1 our con/itution may appe> s+ul> & ill-adapt$ to a legislator :o has n despotic p[]2 b on second ?\ghts w be deem$ to be1 if n ! v be/1 ! second be/4 ,= !re are ?ree =ms ( gov]nm5t1 a fir/1 a second1 & a ?ird be/1 out ( :i* ,cle9ias has n[ to *oose4 ,! fir/ & highe/ =m is t 9 :i* fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common1 includ+ wives & prop]ty1--9 :i* !y h common fe>s1 hopes1 desires1 & d n ev5 call _! eyes or _! h&s _! own4 ,?is is ! ideal /ate2 ?an :i* !re nev] c be a tru] or bett]--a /ate1 :e!r inhabit$ by ,gods or sons ( ,gods1 :i* w make ! dwell]s !re9 bless$4 ,"h is ! patt]n on :i* we mu/ ev] fix our eyes2 b we are n[ conc]n$ ) ano!r1 :i* comes next to x1 & we w aft]w>ds proce$ to a ?ird4 ,inasmu* z our citiz5s are n fitt$ ei!r by nature or education to receive ! say+1 ,fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common1 let !m reta9 _! h\ses & private prop]ty1 b use !m 9 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry1 :o is _! ,god & p>5t1 & ( ! ,gods & demigods ( ! l&4 ,_! fir/ c>e %\ld be to pres]ve ! numb] ( _! lots4 ,?is may be secur$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 :5 ! possessor ( a lot dies1 he %all leave 8 lot to 8 be/-belov$ *ild1 :o w become ! heir ( all duties & int]e/s1 & w m9i/] to ! ,gods & to ! family1 to ! liv+ & to ! dead4 ,( ! rema9+ *ildr51 ! females mu/ be giv5 9 m>riage accord+ to ! law to be h]eaft] enact$2 ! males may be assign$ to citiz5s :o h no *ildr5 ( _! own4 ,h[ to equalize families & allotm5ts w be "o ( ! *ief c>es ( ! gu>dians ( ! laws4 ,:5 p>5ts h too _m *ildr5 !y may give to ^? :o h none1 or c\ples may ab/a9 f hav+ *ildr51 or1 if !re is a want ( (fspr+1 special c>e may be tak5 to obta9 !m2 or if ! numb] ( citiz5s becomes excessive1 we may s5d away ! surplus to f\nd a colony4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a w> or plague dim9i%es ! numb] ( inhabitants1 new citiz5s mu/ be introduc$2 & ^! ought n1 if possible1 to be m5 ( l[ bir? or inf]ior tra9+2 b ev5 ,god1 x is said1 _c always fight aga9/ necessity4 ,:]e=e we w ?us address our citiz5s3--,good fri5ds1 hon\r ord] & equality1 & above all ! numb] #ejdj4 ,secondly1 respect ! orig9al division ( ! lots1 :i* mu/ n be infr+$ by buy+ & sell+1 = ! law says t ! l& :i* a man has is sacr$ & is giv5 to him by ,god4 ,& prie/s & prie/esses w (f] frequ5t sacrifices & pray t he :o ali5ates ei!r h\se or lot may receive ! puni%m5t :i* he des]ves1 & _! pray]s %all be inscrib$ on tablets ( cypress-wood = ! in/ruction ( po/]ity4 ,! gu>dians w keep a vigilant wat* ov] ! citiz5s1 & !y w puni% ^? :o disobey ,god & ! law4 ,to appreciate ! b5efit ( su* an in/itution a man requires to be well educat$2 = he c]ta9ly w n make a =tune 9 our /ate1 9 :i* all illib]al occupations are =bidd5 to freem54 ,! law also provides t no private p]son %all h gold or silv]1 except a little co9 = daily use1 :i* w n pass curr5t 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! /ate mu/ also possess a common ,hell5ic curr5cy1 b ?is is only to be us$ 9 defray+ ! exp5ses ( exp$itions1 or ( embassies1 or :ile a man is on =eign travels2 b 9 ! latt] case he mu/ deliv] up :at is ov]1 :5 he comes back1 to ! treasury 9 return = an equal am\nt ( local curr5cy1 on pa9 ( los+ ! sum 9 "q2 & he :o does n in=m aga9/ an (f5d] is to be mulct$ 9 a l sum4 ,no money is to be giv5 or tak5 z a d[ry1 or to be l5t on int]e/4 ,! law w n protect a man 9 recov]+ ei!r int]e/ or pr9cipal4 ,all ^! regulations imply t ! aim ( ! legislator is n to make ! city z ri* or z mighty z possible1 b ! be/ & happie/4 ,n[ m5 c h>dly be at ! same "t v virtu\s & v ri*4 ,& :y8 ,because he :o makes twice z mu* & saves twice z mu* z he ought1 receiv+ :]e he ought n & n sp5d+ :]e he ought1 w be at lea/ twice z ri* z he :o makes money :]e he ought1 & sp5ds :]e he ought4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an utt]ly bad man is g5]ally pr(ligate & poor1 :ile he :o acquires hone/ly1 & sp5ds :at he acquires on noble objects1 c h>dly be v ri*4 ,a v ri* man is !re=e n a good man1 & !re=e n a happy "o4 ,b ! object ( our laws is to make ! citiz5s z fri5dly & happy z possible1 :i* !y _c be if !y are always at law & injur+ ea* o!r 9 ! pursuit ( ga94 ,& !re=e we say t !re is to be no silv] or gold 9 ! /ate1 nor usury1 nor ! re>+ ( ! mean] k9ds ( live-/ock1 b only agriculture1 & only s mu* ( ?is z w n lead m5 to neglect t = ! sake ( :i* money is made1 fir/ ! s\l & aft]w>ds ! body2 nei!r ( :i* are good = mu* )\t music & gymna/ic4 ,money is to be held 9 hon\r la/ or ?ird2 ! highe/ int]e/s be+ ^? ( ! s\l1 & 9 ! second class are to be rank$ ^? ( ! body4 ,?is is ! true ord] ( legislation1 :i* w\ld be inv]t$ by plac+ heal? be=e temp]ance1 & weal? be=e heal?4 ,x might be well if e man c\ld come to ! colony hav+ equal prop]ty2 b equality is impossible1 & !re=e we mu/ avoid causes ( (f5ce by hav+ prop]ty valu$ & by equaliz+ taxation4 ,to ?is end1 let u make f\r classes 9 :i* ! citiz5s may be plac$ accord+ to ! measure ( _! orig9al prop]ty1 & ! *anges ( _! =tune4 ,! greate/ ( evils is revolution2 & ?is1 z ! law w say1 is caus$ by extremes ( pov]ty or weal?4 ,! limit ( pov]ty %all be ! lot1 :i* mu/ n be dim9i%$1 & may be increas$ fivefold1 b n m4 ,he :o exce$s ! limit mu/ give up ! excess to ! /ate2 b if he does n1 & is in=m$ aga9/1 ! surplus %all be divid$ betwe5 ! in=m] & ! ,gods1 & he %all pay a sum equal to ! surplus out ,( 8 own prop]ty4 ,all prop]ty o!r ?an ! lot mu/ be inscrib$ 9 a regi/]1 s t any disputes :i* arise may be easily det]m9$4 ,! city %all be plac$ 9 a suitable situation1 z ne>ly z possible 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 & %all be divid$ into twelve w>ds4 ,fir/1 we w erect an acropolis1 encircl$ by a wall1 )9 :i* %all be plac$ ! temples ( ,he/ia1 & ,zeus1 & ,a!ne4 ,f ?is %all be drawn l9es divid+ ! city1 & also ! c\ntry1 into twelve sections1 & ! c\ntry %all be subdivid$ into #ejdj lots4 ,ea* lot %all conta9 two p>ts1 "o at a di/ance1 ! o!r ne> ! city2 & ! di/ance ( "o "p %all be comp5sat$ by ! ne>ness ( ! o!r1 ! badness & goodness by ! great] or less size4 ,twelve lots w be assign$ to twelve ,gods1 & !y w give _! names to ! tribes4 ,! divisions ( ! city %all correspond to ^? ( ! c\ntry2 & e man %all h two habitations1 "o ne> ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 ! o!r at ! extremity4 ,! objection w naturally arise1 t all ! advantages ( :i* we h be5 speak+ w nev] concur4 ,! citiz5s w n tol]ate a settlem5t 9 :i* !y are depriv$ ( gold & silv]1 & h ! numb] ( _! families regulat$1 & ! sites ( _! h\ses fix$ by law4 ,x w be said t our city is a m]e image ( wax4 ,& ! legislator w answ]3 ',i "k x1 b ,i ma9ta9 t we ought to set =? an ideal :i* is z p]fect z possible4 ,if difficulties arise 9 ! execution ( ! plan1 we mu/ avoid !m & c>ry out ! rema9d]4 ,b ! legislator mu/ fir/ be all[$ to complete 8 idea )\t int]ruption4' ,! numb] twelve1 :i* we h *os5 = ! numb] ( division1 mu/ run ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! /ate1--phratries1 villages1 ranks ( soldi]s1 co9s1 & measures wet & dry1 :i* are all to be made comm5surable ) "o ano!r4 ,!re is no meanness 9 requir+ t ! smalle/ vessels %\ld h a common measure2 = ! divisions ( numb] are useful 9 measur+ height & dep?1 z well z s\nds & motions1 upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 or r\nd & r\nd4 ,! legislator %\ld impress on 8 citiz5s ! value ( ari?metic4 ,no in/rum5t ( education has s mu* p[]2 no?+ m t5ds to %>p5 & inspire ! dull intellect4 ,b ! legislator mu/ be c>eful to in/il a noble & g5]\s _s into ! /ud5ts1 or !y w t5d to become cunn+ r ?an wise4 ,?is may be prov$ by ! example ( ! ,egyptians & ,pho5icians1 :o1 not)/&+ _! k ( ari?metic1 are degrad$ 9 _! g5]al "*2 :e!r ?is defect 9 !m is due to "s natural cause or to a bad legislator4 ,= x is cle> t !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! p[] ( regions to produce good m53 heat & cold1 & wat] & food1 h great effects bo? on body & s\l2 & ^? spots are peculi>ly =tunate 9 :i* ! air is holy1 & ! ,gods are pleas$ to dwell4 ,to all ?is ! legislator mu/ att5d1 s f> z 9 him lies4 ,,book ,,vi4 ,& n[ we are ab\t to consid] 7#a7 ! appo9tm5t ( magi/rates2 7#b7 ! laws :i* !y w h to adm9i/] mu/ be det]m9$4 ,i may obs]ve by ! way t laws1 h[ev] good1 are useless & ev5 injuri\s unless ! magi/rates are capable ( execut+ !m4 ,& !re=e 7#a7 ! int5d$ rul]s ( our imag9>y /ate %\ld be te/$ f _! y\? upw>ds until ! "t ( _! election2 & 7#b7 ^? :o are to elect !m ought to be tra9$ 9 habits ( law1 t !y may =m a "r judgm5t ( good & bad m54 ,b un$ucat$ coloni/s1 :o are unacqua9t$ ) ea* o!r1 w n be likely to *oose well4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we d8 ,i w tell y3 ,! colony w h to be intru/$ to ! t5 commission]s1 ( :om y are "o1 & ,i w help y & !m1 :i* is my reason = inv5t+ ?is romance4 ,& ,i _c be> t ! tale %\ld g w&]+ ab\t ! _w )\t a head1--x w be su* an ugly mon/]4 ',v good4' ,yes2 & ,i w be z good z my ^w1 if ,god be graci\s & old age p]mit4 ,b let u n =get :at a c\rage\sly mad creation ?is our city is4 ',:at makes y say s8' ,:y1 surely our c\rage is %[n 9 imag9+ t ! new coloni/s w quietly receive our laws8 ,= no man likes to receive laws :5 !y are fir/ impos$3 c\ld we only wait until ^? :o _h be5 educat$ "u !m 7 gr[n up1 & ( an age to vote 9 ! public elections1 !re w\ld be f> great] reason to expect p]man5ce 9 our in/itutions4 ',v true4' ,! ,cnosian f\nd]s %\ld take ! utmo/ pa9s 9 ! matt] ( ! colony1 & 9 ! election ( ! high] (fic]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! gu>dians ( ! law4 ,! latt] %\ld be appo9t$ 9 ?is way3 ,! ,cnosians1 :o take ! lead 9 ! colony1 toge!r ) ! coloni/s1 w *oose ?irty-sev5 p]sons1 ( :om n9ete5 w be coloni/s1 & ! rema9+ eighte5 ,cnosians--y mu/ be "o ( ! eighte5 y\rself1 & become a citiz5 ( ! new /ate4 ',:y d n y & ,megillus jo9 u8' ,a!ns is pr\d1 & ,sp>ta too2 & !y are bo? a long way (f4 ,b let me proce$ ) my s*eme4 ,:5 ! /ate is p]man5tly e/abli%$1 ! mode ( election w be z foll[s3 ,all :o are s]v+1 or h s]v$1 9 ! army w be electors2 & ! election w be held 9 ! mo/ sacr$ ( ! temples4 ,! vot] w place on ! alt> a tablet1 inscrib+ !reupon ! "n ( ! c&idate :om he pref]s1 & ( 8 fa!r1 tribe1 & w>d1 writ+ at ! side ( !m 8 own "n 9 l mann]2 & he may take away any tablet :i* does n appe> writt5 to 8 m9d1 & place x 9 ! ,agora = ?irty days4 ,! #cjj :o obta9 ! greate/ numb] ( votes w be publicly ann\nc$1 & out ( !m !re w be a second election ( #ajj2 & out ( ! #ajj a ?ird & f9al election ( ?irty-sev51 accompani$ by ! solemnity ( ! electors pass+ ?r\gh victims4 ,b !n :o is to arrange all ?is8 ,!re is a common say+1 t ! beg9n+ is half ! :ole2 & ,i %\ld say a good deal m ?an half4 ',mo/ true4' ,! only way ( mak+ a beg9n+ is f ! p>5t city2 & ?\gh 9 aft] ages ! tie may be brok51 & qu>rels may arise betwe5 !m1 yet 9 e>ly days ! *ild naturally looks to ! "m = c>e & education4 ,&1 z ,i said be=e1 ! ,cnosians ought to take an int]e/ 9 ! colony1 & select #ajj eld]s ( _! own citiz5s1 to :om %all be add$ #ajj ( ! coloni/s1 to arrange & sup]vise ! fir/ elections & scrut9ies2 & :5 ! colony has be5 />t$1 ! ,cnosians may return home & leave ! coloni/s to !mselves4 ,! ?irty-sev5 magi/rates :o h be5 elect$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 %all h ! foll[+ duties3 fir/1 !y %all be gu>dians ( ! law2 secondly1 ( ! regi/]s ( prop]ty 9 ! f\r classes--n includ+ ! "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r m9ae1 :i* are all[$ z a surplus4 ,he :o is f\nd to possess :at is n ent]$ 9 ! regi/]s1 9 addition to ! confiscation ( su* prop]ty %all be proce$$ aga9/ by law1 & if he be ca/ he %all lose 8 %>e 9 ! public prop]ty & 9 di/ributions ( money2 & 8 s5t5ce %all be inscrib$ 9 "s public place4 ,! gu>dians are to cont9ue 9 (fice tw5ty ye>s only1 & to comm5ce hold+ (fice at fifty ye>s1 or if elect$ at sixty !y are n to rema9 aft] sev5ty4 ,g5]als h n[ to be elect$1 & comm&]s ( horse & brigadi]s ( foot4 ,! g5]als %all be natives ( ! city1 propos$ by ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & elect$ by ^? :o are or h be5 ( ! age = milit>y s]vice4 ,any "o may *all5ge ! p]son nom9at$ & />t ano!r c&idate1 :om he affirms ^u oa? to be bett] qualifi$4 ,! ?ree :o obta9 ! greate/ numb] ( votes %all be elect$4 ,! g5]als ?us elect$ %all propose ! taxi>*s or brigadi]s1 & ! *all5ge may be made1 & ! vot+ %all take place1 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,! elective assembly w be presid$ ov] 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & until ! prytanes & c\ncil come into be+1 by ! gu>dians ( ! law 9 "s holy place2 & !y %all divide ! citiz5s into ?ree divisions1--hoplites1 cavalry1 & ! re/ ( ! army--plac+ ea* ( !m by itself4 ,all are to vote = g5]als & cavalry (fic]s4 ,! brigadi]s are to be vot$ = only by ! hoplites4 ,next1 ! cavalry are to *oose phyl>*s = ! g5]als2 b capta9s ( ar*]s & o!r irregul> troops are to be appo9t$ by ! g5]als !mselves4 ,! cavalry-(fic]s %all be propos$ & vot$ ^u by ! same p]sons :o vote = ! g5]als4 ,! two :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes %all be lead]s ( all ! horse4 ,disputes ab\t ! vot+ may be rais$ once or twice1 b1 if a ?ird "t1 ! presid+ (fic]s %all decide4 ,! c\ncil %all consi/ ( #cfj1 :o may be conv5i5tly divid$ into f\r sections1 mak+ n9ety c\ncillors ( ea* class4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! citiz5s %all select c&idates f ! fir/ class2 & !y %all be compell$ to vote "u pa9 ( a f9e4 ,?is %all be ! bus9ess ( ! fir/ day4 ,on ! second day a simil> selection %all be made f ! second class "u ! same conditions4 ,on ! ?ird day1 c&idates %all be select$ f ! ?ird class2 b ! compulsion to vote %all only ext5d to ! vot]s ( ! fir/ ?ree classes4 ,on ! f\r? day1 memb]s ( ! c\ncil %all be select$ f ! f\r? class2 !y %all be select$ by all1 b ! compulsion to vote %all only ext5d to ! second class1 :o1 if !y d n vote1 %all pay a f9e ( triple ! am\nt :i* 0 exact$ at fir/1 & to ! fir/ class1 :o %all pay a quadruple f9e4 ,on ! fif? day1 ! names %all be exhibit$1 & out ( !m %all be *os5 by all ! citiz5s #ahj ( ea* class3 ^! are sev]ally to be r$uc$ by lot to n9ety1 & #ij x #d w =m ! c\ncil = ! ye>4 ,! mode ( election :i* has be5 describ$ is a mean betwe5 mon>*y & democracy1 & su* a mean %\ld ev] be obs]v$ 9 ! /ate4 ,= s]vants & ma/]s _c be fri5ds1 &1 al?\gh equality makes fri5d%ip1 we mu/ rememb] t !re are two sorts ( equality4 ,"o ( !m is ! rule ( numb] & measure2 b !re is also a high] equality1 :i* is ! judgm5t ( ,zeus4 ,( ?is he grants b little to mortal m52 yet t little is ! s\rce ( ! greate/ good to cities & individuals4 ,x is proportion$ to ! nature ( ea* man2 x gives m to ! bett] & less to ! inf]ior1 & is ! true political ju/ice2 to ?is we 9 our /ate desire to look1 z e legislator %\ld1 n to ! int]e/s ei!r ( tyrants or mobs4 ,b ju/ice _c always be /rictly en=c$1 & !n equity & m]cy h to be sub/itut$3 & = a simil> reason1 :5 true ju/ice w n be endur$1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! r\gh] ju/ice ( ! lot1 :i* ,god mu/ be entreat$ to guide4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal means ( pres]v+ ! /ate1 b p]petual c>e w also be requir$4 ,:5 a %ip is sail+ on ! sea1 vigilance mu/ n be relax$ night or day2 & ! vessel ( /ate is toss+ 9 a political sea1 & !re=e wat* mu/ cont9ually succe$ wat*1 & rul]s mu/ jo9 h&s ) rul]s4 ,a small body w be/ p]=m ?is duty1 & !re=e ! great] "p ( ! #cfj s5ators may be p]mitt$ to g & manage _! own affairs1 b a twelf? portion mu/ be set aside 9 ea* mon? = ! adm9i/ration ( ! /ate4 ,_! bus9ess w be to receive in=mation & answ] embassies2 also !y mu/ endeav\r to prev5t or heal int]nal disord]s2 & ) ?is object !y mu/ h ! control ( all assemblies ( ! citiz5s4 ,besides ! c\ncil1 !re mu/ be w>d5s ( ! city & ( ! agora1 :o w sup]9t5d h\ses1 ways1 h>b\rs1 m>kets1 & f\nta9s1 9 ! city & ! suburbs1 & prev5t any injury be+ done to !m by man or bea/4 ,! temples1 also1 w require prie/s & prie/esses4 ,^? :o hold ! prie/ly (fice by h]$it>y t5ure %all n be di/urb$2 b z !re w probably be few or none su* 9 a new colony1 prie/s & prie/esses %all be appo9t$ = ! ,gods :o h no s]vants4 ,"s ( ^! (fic]s %all be elect$ by vote1 "s by lot2 & all classes %all m+le 9 a fri5dly mann] at ! elections4 ,! appo9tm5t ( prie/s %\ld be left to ,god1--t is1 to ! lot2 b ! p]son elect$ mu/ prove t he is himself s\nd 9 body & ( legitimate bir?1 & t 8 family has be5 free f homicide or any o!r /a9 ( impurity4 ,prie/s & prie/esses are to be n less ?an sixty ye>s ( age1 & %all hold (fice = a ye> only4 ,! laws :i* are to regulate matt]s ( religion %all be br\ght f ,delphi1 & int]pret]s appo9t$ to sup]9t5d _! execution4 ,^! %all be elect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! twelve tribes %all be =m$ into ?ree bodies ( f\r1 ea* ( :i* %all select f\r c&idates1 & ?is %all be done ?ree times3 ( ea* twelve ?us select$ ! ?ree :o receive ! l>ge/ numb] ( votes1 n9e 9 all1 aft] und]go+ a scrut9y %all g to ,delphi1 9 ord] t ! ,god may elect "o out ( ea* triad4 ,!y %all be appo9t$ = life2 & :5 any ( !m dies1 ano!r %all be elect$ by ! f\r tribes :o made ! orig9al appo9tm5t4 ,!re %all also be treasur]s ( ! temples2 ?ree = ! great] temples1 two = ! less]1 & "o = ^? ( lea/ importance4 ,! def5ce ( ! city %\ld be committ$ to ! g5]als & o!r (fic]s ( ! army1 & to ! w>d5s ( ! city & agora4 ,! def5ce ( ! c\ntry %all be on ?is wise3--,! twelve tribes %all allot among !mselves annually ! twelve divisions ( ! c\ntry1 & ea* tribe %all appo9t five w>d5s & comm&]s ( ! wat*4 ,! five w>d5s 9 ea* division %all *oose out ( _! own tribe twelve gu>ds1 :o are to be betwe5 tw5ty-five & ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,bo? ! w>d5s & ! gu>ds are to s]ve two ye>s2 & !y %all make a r\nd ( ! divisions1 /ay+ a mon? 9 ea*4 ,!y %all g f ,we/ to ,ea/ dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & back f ,ea/ to ,we/ dur+ ! second4 ,?us !y w ga9 a p]fect k ( ! c\ntry at e season ( ! ye>4 ,:ile on s]vice1 _! fir/ duty w be to see t ! c\ntry is well protect$ by means ( =tifications & entr5*m5ts2 !y w use ! bea/s ( burd5 & ! lab\r]s :om !y f9d on ! spot1 tak+ c>e h[ev] n to int]f]e ) ! regul> c\rse ( agriculture4 ,b :ile !y ?us r5d] ! c\ntry z inaccessible z possible to enemies1 !y w also make x z accessible z possible to fri5ds by con/ruct+ & ma9ta9+ good roads4 ,!y w re/ra9 & pres]ve ! ra9 :i* comes d[n f heav51 mak+ ! b>r5 places f]tile1 & ! wet places dry4 ,!y w ornam5t ! f\nta9s ) plantations & build+s1 & provide wat] = irrigation at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,!y w lead ! /reams to ! temples & groves ( ! ,gods2 & 9 su* spots ! y\? %all make gymnasia = !mselves1 & w>m ba?s = ! ag$2 !re ! ru/ic worn ) toil w receive a k9dly welcome1 & be f> bett] treat$ ?an at ! h&s ( an unskilful doctor4 ,^! works w be bo? useful & ornam5tal2 b ! sixty w>d5s mu/ n fail to give s]i\s att5tion to o!r duties4 ,= !y mu/ wat* ov] ! di/ricts assign$ to !m1 & also act z judges4 ,9 small matt]s ! five comm&]s %all decide3 9 great] matt]s up to ?ree m9ae1 ! five comm&]s & ! twelve gu>ds4 ,l all o!r judges1 except ^? :o h ! f9al decision1 !y %all be liable to give an acc\nt4 ,if ! w>d5s impose unju/ tasks on ! villag]s1 or take by =ce _! crops or implem5ts1 or yield to flatt]y or bribes 9 decid+ suits1 let !m be publicly di%on\r$4 ,9 reg>d to any o!r wrong-do+1 if ! "q be ( a m9a1 let ! neighb\rs decide2 b if ! accus$ p]son w n submit1 tru/+ t 8 mon?ly removals w enable him to escape paym5t1 & also 9 suits ab\t a l>g] am\nt1 ! injur$ p>ty may h rec\rse to ! common c\rt2 9 ! =m] case1 if successful1 he may exact a d\ble p5alty4 ,! w>d5s & gu>ds1 :ile on _! two ye>s' s]vice1 %all live & eat toge!r1 & ! gu>d :o is abs5t f ! daily meals )\t p]mission or sleeps out at night1 %all be reg>d$ z a des]t]1 & may be puni%$ by any "o :o meets him4 ,if any ( ! comm&]s is guilty ( su* an irregul>ity1 ! :ole sixty %all h him puni%$2 & he ( !m :o scre5s him %all suff] a /ill heavi] p5alty ?an ! (f5d] himself4 ,n[ by s]vice a man le>ns to rule2 & he %\ld pride himself ^u s]v+ well ! laws & ! ,gods all 8 life1 & ^u hav+ s]v$ anci5t & hon\rable m5 9 8 y\?4 ,! twelve & ! five %\ld be _! own s]vants1 & use ! lab\r ( ! villag]s only = ! good ( ! public4 ,let !m se>* ! c\ntry ?r\gh1 & acquire a p]fect k ( e locality2 ) ?is view1 hunt+ & field sports %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,next we h to speak ( ! elections ( ! w>d5s ( ! agora & ( ! city4 ,! w>d5s ( ! city %all be ?ree 9 numb]1 & !y %all h ! c>e ( ! /reets1 roads1 build+s1 & also ( ! wat]-supply4 ,!y %all be *os5 out ( ! highe/ class1 & :5 ! numb] ( c&idates has be5 r$uc$ to six :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes1 ?ree out ( ! six %all be tak5 by lot1 &1 aft] a scrut9y1 %all be admitt$ to _! (fice4 ,! w>d5s ( ! agora %all be five 9 numb]--t5 are to be fir/ elect$1 & e "o %all vote = all ! vacant places2 ! t5 %all be aft]w>ds r$uc$ to five by lot1 z 9 ! =m] election4 ,! fir/ & second class %all be compell$ to g to ! assembly1 b n ! ?ird & f\r?1 unless !y are specially summon$4 ,! w>d5s ( ! agora %all h ! c>e ( ! temples & f\nta9s :i* are 9 ! agora1 & %all puni% ^? :o injure !m by /ripes & bonds1 if !y be slaves or /rang]s2 & by f9es1 if !y be citiz5s4 ,& ! w>d5s ( ! city %all h a simil> p[] ( inflict+ puni%m5t & f9es 9 _! own dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! next place1 !re mu/ be directors ( music & gymna/ic2 "o class ( !m sup]9t5d+ gymnasia & s*ools1 & ! att5dance & lodg+ ( ! boys & girls--! o!r hav+ to d ) conte/s ( music & gymna/ic4 ,9 musical conte/s !re %all be "o k9d ( judges ( solo s++ or play+1 :o w judge ( rhapsodi/s1 flute-play]s1 h>p-play]s & ! l1 & ano!r ( *oruses4 ,!re %all be *oruses ( m5 & boys & maid5s--"o director w be en\gh to introduce !m all1 & he %\ld n be less ?an =ty ye>s ( age2 secondly1 ( solos also !re %all be "o director1 ag$ n less ?an ?irty ye>s2 he w introduce ! competitors & give judgm5t ^u !m4 ,! director ( ! *oruses is to be elect$ 9 an assembly at :i* all :o take an int]e/ 9 music are compell$ to att5d1 & no "o else4 ,c&idates mu/ only be propos$ = _! fitness1 & oppos$ on ! gr\nd ( unfitness4 ,t5 are to be elect$ by vote1 & ! "o ( ^! on :om ! lot falls %all be director = a ye>4 ,next %all be elect$ out ( ! second & ?ird classes ! judges ( gymna/ic conte/s1 :o are to be ?ree 9 numb]1 & are to be te/$1 aft] be+ *os5 by lot out ( tw5ty :o h be5 elect$ by ! ?ree highe/ classes--^! be+ compell$ to att5d at ! election4 ,"o m9i/] rema9s1 :o w h ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( education4 ,he mu/ be n less ?an fifty ye>s old1 & be himself ! fa!r ( *ildr5 born 9 w$lock4 ,8 (fice mu/ be reg>d$ by all z ! highe/ 9 ! /ate4 ,= ! "r gr[? ( ! fir/ %oot 9 plants & animals is ! *ief cause ( matur$ p]fection4 ,man is suppos$ to be a tame animal1 b he becomes ei!r ! g5tle/ or ! fi]ce/ ( creatures1 accord+ly z he is well or ill educat$4 ,:]e=e he :o is elect$ to preside ov] education %\ld be ! be/ man possible4 ,he %all hold (fice = five ye>s1 & %all be elect$ out ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 by ! votes ( ! o!r magi/rates ) ! exception ( ! s5ate & prytanes2 & ! election %all be held by ballot 9 ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,:5 a magi/rate dies be=e 8 t]m ( (fice has expir$1 ano!r %all be elect$ 9 8 place2 &1 if ! gu>dian ( an orphan dies1 ! relations %all appo9t ano!r )9 t5 days1 or be f9$ a dra*ma a day = neglect4 ,! city :i* has no c\rts ( law w soon cease to be a city2 & a judge :o sits 9 sil5ce & leaves ! enquiry to ! litigants1 z 9 arbitrations1 is n a good judge4 ,a few judges are bett] ?an _m1 b ! few mu/ be good4 ,! matt] 9 dispute %\ld be cle>ly elicit$2 "t & exam9ation w f9d out ! tru?4 ,causes %\ld fir/ be tri$ be=e a c\rt ( neighb\rs3 if ! decision is unsatisfactory1 let !m be ref]r$ to a high] c\rt2 or1 if necess>y1 to a high] /ill1 ( :i* ! decision %all be f9al4 ,e magi/rate is a judge1 & e judge is a magi/rate1 on ! day on :i* he is decid+ ! suit4 ,?is w !re=e be an appropriate place to speak ( judges & _! functions4 ,! supreme tribunal w be t on :i* ! litigants agree2 & let !re be two o!r tribunals1 "o = public & ! o!r = private causes4 ,! high c\rt ( appeal %all be compos$ z foll[s3--,all ! (fic]s ( /ate %all meet on ! la/ day b "o ( ! ye> 9 "s temple1 & *oose = a judge ! be/ man out ( e magi/racy3 & ^? :o are elect$1 aft] !y h und]gone a scrut9y1 %all be judges ( appeal4 ,!y %all give _! decisions op5ly1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! magi/rates :o h elect$ !m2 & ! public may att5d4 ,if anybody *>ges "o ( !m ) hav+ int5tionally decid$ wrong1 he %all lay 8 accusation be=e ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & if ! judge be f\nd guilty he %all pay damages to ! ext5t ( half ! injury1 unless ! gu>dians ( ! law deem t he des]ves a sev]] puni%m5t1 9 :i* case ! judges %all assess ! p5alty4 ,z ! :ole p are injur$ by (f5ces aga9/ ! /ate1 !y %\ld %>e 9 ! trial ( !m4 ,su* causes %\ld orig9ate ) ! p & be decid$ by !m3 ! enquiry %all take place be=e any ?ree ( ! highe/ magi/rates ^u :om ! def5dant & pla9tiff c agree4 ,also 9 private suits all %\ld judge z f> z possible1 & !re=e !re %\ld be a c\rt ( law 9 e w>d2 = he :o has no %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 believes t he has no %>e 9 ! /ate4 ,! judges 9 ^! c\rts %all be elect$ by lot & give _! decision at once4 ,! f9al judgm5t 9 all cases %all re/ ) ! c\rt ( appeal4 ,& s1 hav+ done ) ! appo9tm5t ( c\rts & ! election ( (fic]s1 we w n[ make our laws4 ',y\r way ( proce$+1 ,/rang]1 is admirable4' ,!n s f> our old man's game ( play has gone (f well4 ',say1 r1 our s]i\s & noble pursuit4' ,p]haps2 b let me ask y :e!r y h ev] obs]v$ ! mann] 9 :i* pa9t]s put 9 & rub out col\r3 yet _! endless lab\r w la/ b a %ort "t1 unless !y leave beh9d !m "s successor :o w re/ore ! picture & remove its defects4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& h we n a simil> object at ! pres5t mom5t8 ,we are old ourselves1 & !re=e we mu/ leave our "w ( legislation to be improv$ & p]fect$ by ! next g5]ation2 n only mak+ laws = our gu>dians1 b mak+ !m lawgiv]s4 ',we mu/ at lea/ d our be/4' ,let u address !m z foll[s4 ,belov$ savi\rs ( ! laws1 we give y an outl9e ( legislation :i* y mu/ fill up1 accord+ to a rule :i* we w prescribe = y4 ,megillus & ,cle9ias & ,i are agre$1 & we hope t y w agree ) u 9 ?9k+1 t ! :ole en]gies ( a man %\ld be devot$ to ! atta9m5t ( manly virtue1 :e!r ?is is to be ga9$ by /udy1 or habit1 or desire1 or op9ion4 ,& r ?an accept in/itutions :i* t5d to degrade & enslave him1 he %\ld fly 8 c\ntry & endure any h>d%ip4 ,^! are our pr9ciples1 & we w\ld ask y to judge ( our laws1 & praise or blame !m1 accord+ly z !y are or are n capable ( improv+ our citiz5s4 ,& fir/ ( laws conc]n+ religion4 ,we h already said t ! numb] #ejdj has _m conv5i5t divisions3 & we took a twelf? "p ( ?is 7#dbj71 :i* is itself divisible by twelve1 = ! numb] ( ! tribe4 ,e divisor is a gift ( ,god1 & corresponds to ! mon?s ( ! ye> & to ! revolution ( ! univ]se4 ,all cities h a numb]1 b none is m =tunate ?an our own1 :i* c be divid$ by all numb]s up to #ab1 ) ! exception ( #aa1 & ev5 by #aa1 if two families are d$uct$4 ,& n[ let u divide ! /ate1 assign+ to ea* division "s ,god or demigod1 :o %all h alt>s rais$ to !m1 & sacrifices (f]$ twice a mon?2 & assemblies %all be held 9 _! hon\r1 twelve = ! tribes1 & twelve = ! city1 correspond+ to _! divisions4 ,! object ( !m w be fir/ to promote religion1 secondly to enc\rage fri5d%ip & int]c\rse betwe5 families2 = families mu/ be acqua9t$ be=e !y m>ry into "o ano!r1 or great mi/akes w occur4 ,at ^! fe/ivals !re %all be innoc5t dances ( "y m5 & maid5s1 :o may h ! opportunity ( see+ "o ano!r 9 mode/ undress4 ,to ! details ( all ?is ! ma/]s ( *oruses & ! gu>dians w att5d1 embody+ 9 laws ! results ( _! exp]i5ce2 &1 aft] t5 ye>s1 mak+ ! laws p]man5t1 ) ! cons5t ( ! legislator1 if he be alive1 or1 if he be n alive1 ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 :o %all p]fect !m & settle !m once = all4 ,at lea/1 if any fur!r *anges are requir$1 ! magi/rates mu/ take ! :ole p into c\nsel1 & obta9 ! sanction ( all ! oracles4 ,:5ev] any "o :o is betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty-five & ?irty-five wants to m>ry1 let him d s2 b fir/ let him he> ! /ra9 :i* we w address to him3-- ,my son1 y ought to m>ry1 b n 9 ord] to ga9 weal? or to avoid pov]ty2 nei!r %\ld y1 z m5 are wont to d1 *oose a wife :o is l y\rself 9 prop]ty & "*4 ,y ought to consult ! int]e/s ( ! /ate r ?an y\r own pleasure2 = by equal m>riages a society becomes unequal4 ,& yet to enact a law t ! ri* & mighty %all n m>ry ! ri* & mighty1 t ! quick %all be unit$ to ! sl[1 & ! sl[ to ! quick1 w ar\se ang] 9 "s p]sons & laught] 9 o!rs2 = !y d n und]/& t opposite elem5ts ought to be m+l$ 9 ! /ate1 z w9e %\ld be m+l$ ) wat]4 ,! object at :i* we aim mu/ !re=e be left to ! influ5ce ( public op9ion4 ,& d n =get our =m] precept1 t e "o %\ld seek to atta9 immortality & raise up a fair po/]ity to s]ve ,god4--,let ?is be ! prelude ( ! law ab\t ! duty ( m>riage4 ,b if a man w n li/51 & at ?irty-five ye>s ( age is /ill unm>ri$1 he %all pay an annual f9e3 if he be ( ! fir/ class1 #ajj dra*mas2 if ( ! second1 #gj2 if ( ! ?ird1 #fj2 & if ( ! f\r?1 #cj4 ,?is f9e %all be sacr$ to ,"h2 & if he refuse to pay1 a t5fold p5alty %all be exact$ by ! treasur] ( ,"h1 :o %all be responsible = ! paym5t4 ,fur!r1 ! unm>ri$ man %all receive no hon\r or ob$i5ce f ! "y1 & he %all n reta9 ! "r ( puni%+ o!rs4 ,a man is nei!r to give nor receive a d[ry beyond a c]ta9 fix$ sum2 9 our /ate1 = 8 consolation1 if he be poor1 let him "k t he ne$ nei!r receive nor give "o1 = e citiz5 is provid$ ) ! necess>ies ( life4 ,aga91 if ! woman is n ri*1 h] husb& w n be h] humble s]vant4 ,he :o disobeys ?is law %all pay a f9e accord+ to 8 class1 :i* %all be exact$ by ! treasur]s ( ,"h & ,zeus4 ,! betro?al ( ! p>ties %all be made by ! next ( k91 or if !re are none1 by ! gu>dians4 ,! (f]+s & c]emonies ( m>riage %all be det]m9$ by ! int]pret]s ( sacr$ rites4 ,let ! w$d+ p>ty be mod]ate2 five male & five female fri5ds1 & a l numb] ( k9sm51 w be en\gh4 ,! exp5se %\ld n exce$1 = ! fir/ class1 a m9a2 & = ! second1 half a m9a2 & %\ld be 9 l proportion = ! o!r classes4 ,extravagance is to be reg>d$ z vulg>ity & ignorance ( nuptial proprieties4 ,mu* w9e is only to be drunk at ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus1 & c]ta9ly n on ! occasion ( a m>riage4 ,! bride & bridegroom1 :o are tak+ a great /ep 9 life1 ought to h all _! wits ab\t !m2 !y %\ld be especially c>eful ( ! night on :i* ,god may give !m increase1 & :i* ?is w be none c say4 ,_! bodies & s\ls %\ld be 9 ! mo/ temp]ate condition2 !y %\ld ab/a9 f all t p>takes ( ! nature ( disease or vice1 :i* w o!rwise become h]$it>y4 ,!re is an orig9al div9ity 9 man :i* pres]ves all ?+s1 if us$ ) prop] respect4 ,he :o m>ries %\ld make "o ( ! two h\ses on ! lot ! ne/ & nurs]y ( 8 "y2 he %\ld leave 8 fa!r & "m1 & !n 8 affection = !m w be only increas$ by abs5ce4 ,he w g =? z to a colony1 & w !re re> up 8 (fspr+1 h&+ on ! tor* ( life to ano!r g5]ation4 ,ab\t prop]ty 9 g5]al !re is little difficulty1 ) ! exception ( prop]ty 9 slaves1 :i* is an in/itution ( a v d\btful "*4 ,! slav]y ( ! ,helots is approv$ by "s & condemn$ by o!rs2 & !re is "s d\bt ev5 ab\t ! slav]y ( ! ,m>i&ynians at ,h]aclea & ( ! ,!ssalian ,p5e/ae4 ,?is makes u ask1 ,:at %all we d ab\t slaves8 ,to :i* e "o w\ld agree 9 reply+1--,let u h ! be/ & mo/ atta*$ :om we c get4 ,all ( u h he>d /ories ( slaves :o h be5 bett] to _! ma/]s ?an sons or bre?r54 ,yet !re is an opposite doctr9e1 t slaves are nev] to be tru/$2 z ,hom] says1 ',slav]y takes away half a man's und]/&+4' ,& diff]5t p]sons treat !m 9 diff]5t ways3 !re are "s :o nev] tru/ !m1 & beat !m l dogs1 until !y make !m _m times m slavi% ?an !y 7 be=e2 & o!rs pursue ! opposite plan4 ,man is a tr\blesome animal1 z has be5 (t5 %[n1 ,megillus1 notably 9 ! revolts ( ! ,mess5ians2 & great mis*iefs h aris5 9 c\ntries :]e !re are l>ge bodies ( slaves ( "o nationality4 ,two rules may be giv5 = _! managem5t3 fir/ t !y %\ld n1 if possible1 be ( ! same c\ntry or h a common language2 & secondly1 t !y %\ld be treat$ by _! ma/] ) m ju/ice ev5 ?an equals1 out ( reg>d to himself q z mu* z to !m4 ,= he :o is righte\s 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 slaves1 or ( any inf]iors1 w s[ 9 !m ! se$ ( virtue4 ,ma/]s %\ld nev] je/ ) _! slaves3 ?is1 :i* is a common b fooli% practice1 increases ! difficulty & pa9fulness ( manag+ !m4 ,next z to habitations4 ,^! ought to h be5 spok5 ( be=e2 = no man c m>ry a wife1 & h slaves1 :o has n a h\se = !m to live 94 ,let u supply ! omission4 ,! temples %\ld be plac$ r\nd ! ,agora1 & ! city built 9 a circle on ! heights4 ,ne> ! temples1 :i* are holy places & ! habitations ( ! ,gods1 %\ld be build+s = ! magi/rates1 & ! c\rts ( law1 includ+ ^? 9 :i* capital (f5ces are to be tri$4 ,z to walls1 ,megillus1 ,i agree ) ,sp>ta t !y %\ld sleep 9 ! e>?2 'cold /eel is ! be/ wall1' z ! poet f9ely says4 ,besides1 h[ absurd to be s5d+ out our y\? to =tify & gu>d ! bord]s ( our c\ntry1 & !n to build a city wall1 :i* is v unheal?y1 & is apt to make p fancy t !y may run !re & re/ 9 idl5ess1 n kn[+ t true repose comes f lab\r1 & t idl5ess is only a r5ewal ( tr\ble4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ be a wall1 ! private h\ses _h bett] be s arrang$ z to =m "o wall2 ?is w h an agreeable aspect1 & ! build+ w be saf] & m def5sible4 ,^! objects %\ld be att5d$ to at ! f\ndation ( ! city4 ,! w>d5s ( ! city mu/ see t !y are c>ri$ out2 & !y mu/ also en=ce cleanl9ess1 & pres]ve ! public build+s f encroa*m5ts4 ,moreov]1 !y mu/ take c>e to let ! ra9 fl[ (f easily1 & mu/ regulate o!r matt]s conc]n+ ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( ! city4 ,if any fur!r enactm5ts prove to be necess>y1 ! gu>dians ( ! law mu/ supply !m4 ,& n[1 hav+ provid$ build+s1 & hav+ m>ri$ our citiz5s1 we w proce$ to speak ( _! mode ( life4 ,9 a well-con/itut$ /ate1 individuals _c be all[$ to live z !y please4 ,:y d ,i say ?is8 ,because ,i am go+ to enact t ! bridegroom %all n abs5t himself f ! common meals4 ,!y 7 in/itut$ orig9ally on ! occasion ( "s w>1 &1 ?\gh deem$ s+ul> :5 fir/ f\nd$1 !y h t5d$ greatly to ! security ( /ates4 ,!re 0 a difficulty 9 introduc+ !m1 b !re is no difficulty 9 !m n[4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r in/itution ab\t :i* ,i w\ld speak1 if ,i d>$4 ,i may preface my proposal by rem>k+ t disord] 9 a /ate is ! s\rce ( all evil1 & ord] ( all good4 ,n[ 9 ,sp>ta & ,crete !re are common meals = m51 & ?is1 z ,i 0 say+1 is a div9e & natural in/itution4 ,b ! wom5 are left to !mselves2 !y live 9 d>k places1 &1 be+ weak]1 & !re=e wick$]1 ?an m51 !y are at ! bottom ( a good deal m ?an half ! evil ( /ates4 ,?is mu/ be correct$1 & ! in/itution ( common meals ext5d$ to bo? sexes4 ,b1 9 ! pres5t un=tunate /ate ( op9ion1 :o w\ld d>e to e/abli% !m8 ,& /ill m1 :o c compel wom5 to eat & dr9k 9 public8 ,!y w defy ! legislator to drag !m out ( _! holes4 ,& 9 any o!r /ate su* a proposal w\ld be dr[n$ 9 clam\r1 b 9 our own ,i ?9k t ,i c %[ ! attempt to be j & reasonable4 ',!re is no?+ :i* we %\ld l to he> bett]4' ,li/51 !n2 hav+ pl5ty ( "t1 we w g back to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 :i* is an old subject ) u4 ',"r4' ,ei!r ! race ( mank9d nev] _h a beg9n+ & w nev] h an end1 or ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce man fir/ came into be+ is all b inf9ite4 ',no d\bt4' ,& 9 ?is inf9ity ( "t !re h be5 *anges ( e k9d1 bo? 9 ! ord] ( ! seasons & 9 ! gov]nm5t ( /ates & 9 ! cu/oms ( eat+ & dr9k+4 ,v9es & olives 7 at l5g? discov]$1 & ! bless+s ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ( :i* "o ,triptolemus is said to h be5 ! m9i/]2 be=e 8 "t ! animals _h be5 eat+ "o ano!r4 ,& !re are nations 9 :i* mank9d /ill sacrifice _! fell[-m51 & o!r nations 9 :i* !y lead a k9d ( ,orphic exi/5ce1 & w n sacrifice animals1 or s mu* z ta/e ( a c[--!y (f] fruits or cakes moi/5$ ) honey4 ,p]haps y w ask me :at is ! be>+ ( ^! rem>ks8 ',we w\ld gladly he>4' ,i w endeav\r to expla9 _! drift4 ,i see t ! virtue ( human life dep5ds on ! due regulation ( ?ree wants or desires4 ,! fir/ is ! desire ( meat1 ! second ( dr9k2 ^! beg9 ) bir?1 & make u disob$i5t to any voice o!r ?an t ( pleasure4 ,! ?ird & fi]ce/ & greate/ ne$ is felt late/2 ?is is love1 :i* is a madness sett+ m5's :ole nature on fire4 ,^! ?ree disord]s ( mank9d we mu/ endeav\r to re/ra9 by ?ree mighty influ5ces--fe>1 & law1 & reason1 :i*1 ) ! aid ( ! ,muses & ! ,gods ( conte/s1 may ext+ui% our lu/s4 ,b to return4 ,aft] m>riage let u proce$ to ! g5]ation ( *ildr51 & !n to _! nurture & education--?us gradually approa*+ ! subject ( syssitia4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s o!r po9ts :i* are sugge/$ by ! ?ree words--meat1 dr9k1 love4 ',proce$1' ! bride & bridegroom ought to set _! m9d on hav+ a brave (fspr+4 ,n[ a man only succe$s :5 he takes pa9s2 :]e=e ! bridegroom ought to take special c>e ( ! bride1 & ! bride ( ! bridegroom1 at ! "t :5 _! *ildr5 are ab\t to be born4 ,& let !re be a committee ( matrons :o %all meet e day at ! temple ( ,eili?yia at a "t fix$ by ! magi/rates1 & in=m aga9/ any man or woman :o does n obs]ve ! laws ( m>ri$ life4 ,! "t ( begett+ *ildr5 & ! sup]vision ( ! p>5ts %all la/ = t5 ye>s only2 if at ! expiration ( ?is p]iod !y h no *ildr51 !y may "p1 ) ! cons5t ( _! relatives & ! (ficial matrons1 & ) a due reg>d to ! int]e/s ( ei!r2 if a dispute arise1 t5 ( ! gu>dians ( ! law %all be *os5 z arbit]s4 ,! matrons %all also h p[] to ent] ! h\ses ( ! "y p1 if necess>y1 & to advise & ?reat5 !m4 ,if _! ef=ts fail1 let !m g to ! gu>dians ( ! law2 & if !y too fail1 ! (f5d]1 :e!r man or woman1 %all be =bidd5 to be pres5t at all family c]emonies4 ,if :5 ! "t = begett+ *ildr5 has ceas$1 ei!r husb& or wife h connexion ) o!rs :o are ( an age to beget *ildr51 !y %all be liable to ! same p5alties z ^? :o are /ill hav+ a family4 ,b :5 bo? p>ties h ceas$ to beget *ildr5 !re %all be no p5alties4 ,if m5 & wom5 live sob]ly1 ! enactm5ts ( law may be left to slumb]2 puni%m5t is necess>y only :5 !re is great disord] ( mann]s4 ,! fir/ ye> ( *ildr5's lives is to be regi/]$ 9 _! ance/ral temples2 ! "n ( ! ar*on ( ! ye> is to be inscrib$ on a :it$ wall 9 e phratry1 & ! names ( ! liv+ memb]s ( ! phratry close to !m1 to be eras$ at _! decease4 ,! prop] "t ( m>riage = a woman %all be f sixte5 ye>s to tw5ty2 = a man1 f ?irty to ?irty-five 7comp>e ,republic74 ,! age ( hold+ (fice = a woman is to be =ty1 = a man ?irty ye>s4 ,! "t = milit>y s]vice = a man is to be f tw5ty ye>s to sixty2 = a woman1 f ! "t t %e has ceas$ to be> *ildr5 until fifty4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,n[ t we h m>ri$ our citiz5s & br\ght _! *ildr5 into ! _w1 we h to f9d nurture & education = !m4 ,?is is a matt] ( precept r ?an ( law1 & _c be precisely regulat$ by ! legislator4 ,= m9ute regulations are apt to be transgress$1 & frequ5t transgressions impair ! habit ( ob$i5ce to ! laws4 ,i speak d>kly1 b ,i w also try to exhibit my w>es 9 ! light ( day4 ,am ,i n "r 9 say+ t a good education t5ds to ! improvem5t ( body & m9d8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& ! body is faire/ :i* gr[s up /raight & well-=m$ f ! "t ( bir?4 ',v true4' ,& we obs]ve t ! fir/ %oot ( e liv+ ?+ is ! greate/2 _m ev5 cont5d t man is n at tw5ty-five twice ! height t he 0 at five4 ',true4' ,& gr[? )\t ex]cise ( ! limbs is ! s\rce ( endless evils 9 ! body4 ',yes4' ,! body %\ld h ! mo/ ex]cise :5 gr[+ mo/4 ',:at1 ! bodies ( "y infants8' ,nay1 ! bodies ( unborn infants4 ,i %\ld l to expla9 to y ?is s+ul> k9d ( gymna/ics4 ,! ,a!nians are fond ( cock-fight+1 & ! p :o keep cocks c>ry !m ab\t 9 _! h&s or "u _! arms1 & take long walks1 to improve1 n _! own heal?1 b ! heal? ( ! birds4 ,"h is a pro( ( ! usefulness ( motion1 :e!r ( rock+1 sw++1 rid+1 or toss+ ^u ! wave2 = all ^! k9ds ( motion greatly increase /r5g? & ! p[]s ( dige/ion4 ,h5ce we inf] t our wom51 :5 !y are ) *ild1 %\ld walk ab\t & fa%ion ! embryo2 & ! *ildr51 :5 born1 %\ld be c>ri$ by /rong nurses1--!re mu/ be m ?an "o ( !m1--& %\ld n be suff]$ to walk until !y are ?ree ye>s old4 ,%all we impose p5alties = ! neglect ( ^! rules8 ,! greate/ p5alty1 t is1 ridicule1 & ! difficulty ( mak+ ! nurses d z we bid !m1 w be incurr$ by ourselves4 ',!n :y speak ( su* matt]s8' ,9 ! hope t heads ( families may le>n t ! due regulation ( !m is ! f\ndation ( law & ord] 9 ! /ate4 ,& n[1 leav+ ! body1 let u proce$ to ! s\l2 b we mu/ fir/ repeat t p]petual motion by night & by day is good = ! "y creature4 ,?is is prov$ by ! ,corybantian cure ( motion1 & by ! practice ( nurses :o rock *ildr5 9 _! arms1 lapp+ !m at ! same "t 9 sweet /ra9s4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,! affections1 bo? ( ! ,bac*antes & ( ! *ildr51 arise f fe>1 & ?is fe> is occasion$ by some?+ wrong :i* is go+ on )9 !m4 ,n[ a viol5t ext]nal commotion t5ds to calm ! viol5t int]nal "o2 x quiets ! palpitation ( ! he>t1 giv+ to ! *ildr5 sleep1 & br++ back ! ,bac*antes to _! "r m9ds by ! help ( dances & acceptable sacrifices4 ,b if fe> has su* p[]1 w n a *ild :o is always 9 a /ate ( t]ror gr[ up timid & c[>dly1 :]eas if he le>ns f ! fir/ to resi/ fe> he w develop a habit ( c\rage8 ',v true4' ,& we may say t ! use ( motion w inspire ! s\ls ( *ildr5 ) *e]fulness & !re=e ) c\rage4 ',( c\rse4' ,s(tness en]vates & irritates ! temp] ( ! "y1 & viol5ce r5d]s !m mean & misan?ropical4 ',b h[ is ! /ate to educate !m :5 !y are z yet unable to und]/& ! mean+ ( words8' ,:y1 surely !y ro> & cry1 l ! "y ( any o!r animal1 & ! nurse kn[s ! mean+ ( ^! intimations ( ! *ild's likes or dislikes1 & ! occasions :i* call !m =?4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s is pass$ by *ildr5 9 a /ate ( imp]fect articulation1 :i* is q long en\gh "t to make !m ei!r good- or ill-temp]$4 ,&1 !re=e1 dur+ ^! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 ! infant %\ld be z free z possible f fe> & pa94 ',yes1 & he %\ld h z mu* pleasure z possible4' ,!re1 ,i ?9k1 y are wrong2 = ! influ5ce ( pleasure 9 ! beg9n+ ( education is fatal4 ,a man %\ld nei!r pursue pleasure nor :olly avoid pa94 ,he %\ld embrace ! mean1 & cultivate t /ate ( calm :i* mank9d1 taught by "s inspiration1 attribute to ,god2 & he :o w\ld be l ,god %\ld nei!r be too fond ( pleasure himself1 nor %\ld he p]mit any o!r to be ?us giv52 above all1 n ! infant1 ^: "* is j 9 ! mak+4 ,x may s\nd ridicul\s1 b ,i affirm t a woman 9 h] pregnancy %\ld be c>efully t5d$1 & kept f excessive pleasures & pa9s4 ',i q agree ) y ab\t ! duty ( avoid+ extremes & foll[+ ! mean4' ,let u consid] a fur!r po9t4 ,! matt]s :i* are n[ 9 "q are g5]ally call$ cu/oms r ?an laws2 & we h already made ! reflection t1 ?\gh !y are n1 prop]ly speak+1 laws1 yet nei!r c !y be neglect$4 ,= !y fill up ! int]/ices ( law1 & are ! props & ligatures on :i* ! /r5g? ( ! :ole build+ dep5ds4 ,laws )\t cu/oms nev] la/2 & we mu/ n wond] if habit & cu/om sometimes l5g!n out our laws4 ',v true4' ,up to _! ?ird ye>1 !n1 ! life ( *ildr5 may be regulat$ by cu/oms su* z we h describ$4 ,f ?ree to six _! m9ds h to be amus$2 b !y mu/ n be all[$ to become self-will$ & spoilt4 ,if puni%m5t is necess>y1 ! same rule w hold z 9 ! case ( slaves2 !y mu/ nei!r be puni%$ 9 hot blood nor ru9$ by indulg5ce4 ,! *ildr5 ( t age w h _! own modes ( amus+ !mselves2 !y %\ld be br\ght = _! play to ! village temples1 & plac$ "u ! c>e ( nurses1 :o w be responsible to twelve matrons annually *os5 by ! wom5 :o h au?ority ov] m>riage4 ,^! %all be appo9t$1 "o out ( ea* tribe1 & _! duty %all be to keep ord] at ! meet+s3 slaves :o break ! rules laid d[n by !m1 !y %all puni% by ! help ( "s ( ! public slaves2 b citiz5s :o dispute _! au?ority %all be br\ght be=e ! magi/rates4 ,aft] six ye>s ( age !re %all be a sep>ation ( ! sexes2 ! boys w g to le>n rid+ & ! use ( arms1 & ! girls may1 if !y please1 also le>n4 ,"h ,i note a practical error 9 e>ly tra9+4 ,mo!rs & nurses fooli%ly believe t ! left h& is by nature diff]5t f ! "r1 :]eas ! left leg & foot are ackn[l$g$ to be ! same z ! "r4 ,b ! tru? is t nature made all ?+s to balance1 & ! p[] ( us+ ! left h&1 :i* is ( little importance 9 ! case ( ! plectrum ( ! lyre1 may make a great diff]5ce 9 ! art ( ! w>rior1 :o %\ld be a skill$ gymna/ & able to fight & balance himself 9 any position4 ,if a man 7 a ,bri>eus1 he %\ld use all 8 hundr$ h&s at once2 at any rate1 let ev]ybody employ ! two :i* !y h4 ,to ^! matt]s ! magi/rates1 male & female1 %\ld att5d2 ! wom5 sup]9t5d+ ! nurs+ & amusem5t ( ! *ildr51 & ! m5 sup]9t5d+ _! education1 t all ( !m1 boys & girls alike1 may be s\nd1 w9d & limb1 & n spoil ! gifts ( nature by bad habits4 ,education has two bran*es--gymna/ic1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! body2 & music1 :i* improves ! s\l4 ,& gymna/ic has two p>ts1 danc+ & wre/l+4 ,( danc+ "o k9d imitates musical recitation & aims at /atel9ess & fre$om2 ano!r k9d is conc]n$ ) ! tra9+ ( ! body1 & produces heal?1 agility1 & beauty4 ,!re is no milit>y use 9 ! complex sy/ems ( wre/l+ :i* pass "u ! names ( ,antaeus & ,c]cyon1 or 9 ! tricks ( box+1 :i* are attribut$ to ,amycus & ,epeius2 b good wre/l+ & ! habit ( extricat+ ! neck1 h&s1 & sides1 %\ld be dilig5tly le>nt & taught4 ,9 our dances imitations ( w> %\ld be practis$1 z 9 ! dances ( ! ,curetes 9 ,crete & ( ! ,dioscuri at ,sp>ta1 or z 9 ! dances 9 complete arm\r :i* 7 taught u ,a!nians by ! goddess ,a!ne4 ,y\?s :o are n yet ( an age to g to w> %\ld make religi\s processions arm$ & on horseback2 & !y %\ld also engage 9 milit>y games & conte/s4 ,^! ex]cises w be equally useful 9 peace & w>1 & w b5efit bo? /ates & families4 ,next foll[s music1 to :i* we w once m return2 & "h ,i %all v5ture to repeat my old p>adox1 t amusem5ts h great influ5ce on laws4 ,he :o has be5 taught to play at ! same games & ) ! same play?+s w be cont5t ) ! same laws4 ,!re is no great] evil 9 a /ate ?an ! _s ( innovation4 ,9 ! case ( ! seasons & w9ds1 9 ! managem5t ( our bodies & 9 ! habits ( our m9ds1 *ange is a dang]\s ?+4 ,& 9 ev]y?+ b :at is bad ! same rule holds4 ,we all v5]ate & acquiesce 9 ! laws to :i* we are accu/om$2 & if !y h cont9u$ dur+ long p]iods ( "t1 & !re is no remembrance ( _! ev] hav+ be5 o!rwise1 p are absolutely afraid to *ange !m4 ,n[ h[ c we create ?is quality ( immobility 9 ! laws8 ,i say1 by n all[+ innovations 9 ! games & plays ( *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 :o are always hav+ new plays1 :5 gr[n up w be always hav+ new laws4 ,*anges 9 m]e fa%ions are n s]i\s evils1 b *anges 9 our e/imate ( m5's *>act]s are mo/ s]i\s2 & rhy?ms & music are repres5tations ( *>act]s1 & !re=e we mu/ avoid novelties 9 dance & song4 ,= secur+ p]man5ce no bett] me?od c be imag9$ ?an t ( ! ,egyptians4 ',:at is _! me?od8' ,!y make a cal5d> = ! ye>1 arrang+ on :at days ! fe/ivals ( ! v>i\s ,gods %all be celebrat$1 & = ea* fe/ival !y consecrate an appropriate hymn & dance4 ,9 our /ate a simil> arrangem5t %all 9 ! fir/ in/ance be fram$ by c]ta9 individuals1 & aft]w>ds solemnly ratifi$ by all ! citiz5s4 ,he :o introduces o!r hymns or dances %all be exclud$ by ! prie/s & prie/esses & ! gu>dians ( ! law2 & if he refuses to submit1 he may be prosecut$ = impiety4 ,b we mu/ n be too ready to speak ab\t su* great matt]s4 ,ev5 a "y man1 :5 he he>s some?+ unaccu/om$1 /&s & looks ?is way & t1 l a travell] at a place :]e ?ree ways meet2 & at our age a man ought to be v sure ( 8 gr\nd 9 s s+ul> an argum5t4 ',v true4' ,!n1 leav+ ! subject = fur!r exam9ation at "s future "t1 let u proce$ ) our laws ab\t education1 = 9 ?is mann] we may probably ?r[ light ^u our pres5t difficulty4 ',let u d z y say4' ,! anci5ts us$ ! t]m nomoi to signify h>moni\s /ra9s1 & p]haps !y fanci$ t !re 0 a connexion betwe5 ! songs & laws ( a c\ntry4 ,& we say--,:osoev] %all transgress ! /ra9s by law e/abli%$ is a transgressor ( ! laws1 & %all be puni%$ by ! gu>dians ( ! law & by ! prie/s & prie/esses4 ',v good4' ,h[ c we legislate ab\t ^! consecrat$ /ra9s )\t incurr+ ridicule8 ,m\lds or types mu/ be fir/ fram$1 & "o ( ! types %all be--,ab/95ce f evil words at sacrifices4 ,:5 a son or bro!r blasphemes at a sacrifice !re is a s\nd ( ill-om5 he>d 9 ! family2 & _m a *orus /&s by ! alt> utt]+ inauspici\s words1 & he is cr[n$ victor :o excites ! he>]s mo/ ) lam5tations4 ,su* lam5tations %\ld be res]v$ = evil days1 & %\ld be utt]$ only by hir$ m\rn]s2 & let ! s+]s n we> circlets or ornam5ts ( gold4 ,to avoid e evil ^w1 !n1 %all be our fir/ type4 ',agre$4' ,our second law or type %all be1 t pray]s ev] accompany sacrifices2 & our ?ird1 t1 inasmu* z all pray]s are reque/s1 !y %all be only = good2 ?is ! poets mu/ be made to und]/&4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,h we n already decid$ t no gold or silv] ,plutus %all be all[$ 9 our city8 ,& did n ?is %[ t we 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! poets8 ,& may we n fe> t1 if !y are all[$ to utt] injudici\s pray]s1 !y w br+ ! greate/ mis=tunes on ! /ate8 ,& we mu/ !re=e make a law t ! poet is n to contradict ! laws or ideas ( ! /ate2 nor is he to %[ 8 poems to any private p]sons until !y h fir/ receiv$ ! imprimatur ( ! director ( education4 ,a f\r? musical law w be to ! effect t hymns & praises %all be (f]$ to ,gods1 & to h]oes & demigods4 ,/ill ano!r law w p]mit eulogies ( em95t citiz5s1 :e!r m5 or wom51 b only aft] _! dea?4 ,z to songs & dances1 we w enact z foll[s3--,!re %all be a selection made ( ! be/ anci5t musical compositions & dances2 ^! %all be *os5 by judges1 :o ought n to be less ?an fifty ye>s ( age4 ,!y w accept "s1 & reject or am5d o!rs1 = :i* purpose !y w call1 if necess>y1 ! poets !mselves into c\ncil4 ,! sev]e & ord]ly music is ! /yle 9 :i* to educate *ildr51 :o1 if !y are accu/om$ to ?is1 w deem ! opposite k9d to be illib]al1 b if !y are accu/om$ to ! o!r1 w c\nt ?is to be cold & unpleas+4 ',true4' ,fur!r1 a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! melodies ( m5 & wom54 ,nature h]self tea*es t ! gr& or manly /yle %\ld be assign$ to m51 & to wom5 ! mod]ate & temp]ate4 ,s mu* = ! subjects ( education4 ,b to :om are !y to be taught1 & :58 ,i mu/ try1 l ! %ipwright1 :o lays d[n ! keel ( a vessel1 to build a secure f\ndation = ! vessel ( ! s\l 9 h] voyage ?r\gh life4 ,human affairs are h>dly s]i\s1 & yet a sad necessity compels u to be s]i\s ab\t !m4 ,let u1 !re=e1 d our be/ to br+ ! matt] to a conclusion4 ',v good4' ,i say !n1 t ,god is ! object ( a man's mo/ s]i\s endeav\rs4 ,b man is creat$ to be ! play?+ ( ! ,gods2 & !re=e ! aim ( e "o %\ld be to pass ?r\gh life1 n 9 grim e>ne/1 b play+ at ! noble/ ( pa/imes1 9 ano!r _s f t :i* n[ prevails4 ,= ! common op9ion is1 t "w is = ! sake ( play1 w> ( peace2 :]eas 9 w> !re is nei!r amusem5t nor in/ruction wor? speak+ (4 ,! life ( peace is t :i* m5 %\ld *iefly desire to l5g!n out & improve4 ,!y %\ld live sacrific+1 s++1 & danc+1 ) ! view ( propitiat+ ,gods & h]oes4 ,i h already told y ! types ( song & dance :i* !y %\ld foll[3 & ',"s ?+s1' z ! poet well says1 'y w devise = y\rself--o!rs1 ,god w sugge/ to y4' ,^! words ( 8 may be appli$ to our pupils4 ,!y w p>tly tea* !mselves1 & p>tly w be taught by ,god1 ! art ( propitiat+ ,him2 = !y are ,8 puppets1 & h only a small portion 9 tru?4 ',y h a poor op9ion ( man4' ,no wond]1 :5 ,i comp>e him ) ,god2 b1 if y are (f5d$1 ,i w place him a little high]4 ,next foll[ ! build+ = gymnasia & s*ools2 ^! w be 9 ! mid/ ( ! city1 & outside w be rid+-s*ools & ar*]y-gr\nds4 ,9 all ( !m !re ought to be in/ructors ( ! "y1 drawn f =eign p>ts by pay1 & !y w tea* !m music & w>4 ,education %all be compulsory2 ! *ildr5 mu/ att5d s*ool1 :e!r _! p>5ts l x or n2 = !y belong to ! /ate m ?an to _! p>5ts4 ,& ,i say fur!r1 )\t hesitation1 t ! same education 9 rid+ & gymna/ic %all be giv5 bo? to m5 & wom54 ,! anci5t tradition ab\t ! ,amazons confirms my view1 & at ! pres5t day !re are myriads ( wom51 call$ ,sauromatides1 dwell+ ne> ! ,pontus1 :o practise ! art ( rid+ z well z ar*]y & ! use ( arms4 ,b if ,i am "r1 no?+ c be m fooli% ?an our mod]n fa%ion ( tra9+ m5 & wom5 diff]5tly1 :]eby ! p[] ! city is r$uc$ to a half4 ,= reflect--if wom5 are n to h ! education ( m51 "s o!r mu/ be f\nd = !m1 & :at o!r c we propose8 ,%all !y1 l ! wom5 ( ,?race1 t5d cattle & till ! gr\nd2 or1 l our own1 sp9 & weave1 & take c>e ( ! h\se8 or %all !y foll[ ! ,sp>tan cu/om1 :i* is betwe5 ! two8--!re ! maid5s %>e 9 gymna/ic ex]cises & 9 music2 & ! gr[n wom51 no long] engag$ 9 sp9n+1 weave ! web ( life1 al?\gh !y are n skill$ 9 ar*]y1 l ! ,amazons1 nor c !y imitate our w>rior goddess & c>ry %ield or spe>1 ev5 9 ! extremity ( _! c\ntry's ne$4 ,comp>$ ) our wom51 ! ,sauromatides are l m54 ,b y\r legislators1 ,megillus1 z ,i ma9ta91 only half did _! "w2 !y took c>e ( ! m51 & left ! wom5 to take c>e ( !mselves4 ',%all we suff] ! ,/rang]1 ,cle9ias1 to run d[n ,sp>ta 9 ?is way8' ',:y1 yes2 = we _c )draw ! lib]ty :i* we h already conc$$ to him4' ,:at w be ! mann] ( life ( m5 9 mod]ate circum/ances1 fre$ f ! toils ( agriculture & bus9ess1 & hav+ common tables = !mselves & _! families :i* are "u ! inspection ( magi/rates1 male & female8 ,are m5 :o h ^! in/itutions only to eat & fatt5 l bea/s8 ,if !y d1 h[ c !y escape ! fate ( a fatt$ bea/1 :i* is to be torn 9 pieces by "s o!r bea/ m valiant ?an himself8 ,true1 !irs is n ! p]fect way ( life1 = !y h n all ?+s 9 common2 b ! second be/ way ( life also conf]s great bless+s4 ,ev5 ^? :o live 9 ! second /ate h a "w to d twice z great z ! "w ( any ,py?ian or ,olympic victor2 = _! lab\r is = ! body only1 b ours bo? = body & s\l4 ,& ?is high] "w ought to be pursu$ night & day to ! exclusion ( e o!r4 ,! magi/rates :o keep ! city %\ld be wakeful1 & ! ma/] ( ! h\sehold %\ld be up e>ly & be=e all 8 s]vants2 & ! mi/ress1 too1 %\ld awak5 h] h&maid5s1 & n be awak5$ by !m4 ,mu* sleep is n requir$ ei!r = our s\ls or bodies4 ,:5 a man is asleep1 he is no bett] ?an if he 7 dead2 & he :o loves life & wisdom w take no m sleep ?an is necess>y = heal?4 ,magi/rates :o are wide awake at night are t]rible to ! bad2 b !y are hon\r$ by ! good1 & are useful to !mselves & ! /ate4 ,:5 ! morn+ dawns1 let ! boy g to s*ool4 ,z ! %eep ne$ ! %eph]d1 s ! boy ne$s a ma/]2 = he is at once ! mo/ cunn+ & ! mo/ insubord9ate ( creatures4 ,let him be tak5 away f mo!rs & nurses1 & tam$ ) bit & bridle1 be+ treat$ z a freeman 9 t he le>ns & is taught1 b z a slave 9 t he may be *a/is$ by all o!r freem52 & ! freeman :o neglects to *a/ise him %all be disgrac$4 ,all ^! matt]s w be "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,director ( ,education4 ,him we w address z foll[s3 ,we h spok5 to y1 ,o illu/ri\s tea*] ( y\?1 ( ! song1 ! "t1 & ! dance1 & ( m>tial /ra9s2 b ( ! le>n+ ( lett]s & ( prose writ+s1 & ( music1 & ( ! use ( calculation = milit>y & dome/ic purposes we h n spok51 nor yet ( ! high] use ( numb]s 9 reckon+ div9e ?+s--su* z ! revolutions ( ! />s1 or ! arrangem5ts ( days1 mon?s1 & ye>s1 ( :i* ! true calculation is necess>y 9 ord] t seasons & fe/ivals may proce$ 9 regul> c\rse1 & ar\se & enliv5 ! city1 r5d]+ to ! ,gods _! due1 & mak+ m5 "k !m bett]4 ,!re are1 we say1 _m ?+s ab\t :i* we h n z yet in/ruct$ y--& fir/1 z to read+ & music3 ,%all ! pupil be a p]fect s*ol> & musician1 or n ev5 ent] on ^! /udies8 ,he %\ld c]ta9ly ent] on bo?3--to lett]s he w apply himself f ! age ( t5 to ?irte51 & at ?irte5 he w beg9 to h&le ! lyre1 & cont9ue to le>n music until he is sixte52 no %ort] & no long] "t w be all[$1 h[ev] fond he or 8 p>5ts may be ( ! pursuit4 ,! /udy ( lett]s he %\ld c>ry to ! ext5t ( simple read+ & writ+1 b he ne$ n c>e = calligraphy & ta*ygraphy1 if 8 natural gifts d n enable him to acquire !m 9 ! ?ree ye>s4 ,& "h arises a "q z to ! le>n+ ( compositions :5 unaccompani$ ) music1 ,i mean1 prose compositions4 ,!y are a dang]\s species ( lit]ature4 ,speak !n1 ,o gu>dians ( ! law1 & tell u :at we %all d ab\t !m4 ',y seem to be 9 a difficulty4' ,yes2 x is difficult to g aga9/ ! op9ion ( all ! _w4 ',b h we n (t5 already done s8' ,v true4 ,& y imply t ! road :i* we are tak+1 ?\gh disagreeable to _m1 is approv$ by ^? ^: judgm5t is mo/ wor? hav+4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,!n ,i w\ld fir/ obs]ve t we h _m poets1 comic z well z tragic1 ) ^: compositions1 z p say1 y\? are to be imbu$ & saturat$4 ,"s w\ld h !m le>n by he>t entire poets2 o!rs pref] extracts4 ,n[ ,i believe1 & ! g5]al op9ion is1 t "s ( ! ?+s :i* !y le>n are good1 & "s bad4 ',!n h[ %all we reject "s & select o!rs8' ,a happy ?\ght occurs to me2 ?is long disc\rse ( ours is a sample ( :at we want1 & is moreov] an inspir$ "w & a k9d ( poem4 ,i am naturally pleas$ 9 reflect+ ^u all our words1 :i* appe> to me to be j ! ?+ = a "y man to he> & le>n4 ,i w\ld v5ture1 !n1 to (f] to ! ,director ( ,education ?is treatise ( laws z a patt]n = 8 guidance2 & 9 case he %\ld f9d any simil> compositions1 writt5 or oral1 ,i w\ld h him c>efully pres]ve !m1 & commit !m 9 ! fir/ place to ! tea*]s :o are will+ to le>n !m 7he %\ld turn (f ! tea*] :o refuses71 & let !m communicate ! lesson to ! "y4 ,i h said en\gh to ! tea*] ( lett]s2 & n[ we w proce$ to ! tea*] ( ! lyre4 ,he mu/ be rem9d$ ( ! advice :i* we gave to ! sexag5>ian m9/rels2 l !m he %\ld be quick to p]ceive ! rhy?ms suit$ to ! expression ( virtue1 & to reject ! opposite4 ,) a view to ! atta9m5t ( ?is object1 ! pupil & 8 in/ructor are to use ! lyre because its notes are pure2 ! voice & /r+ %\ld co9cide note = note3 nor %\ld !re be complex h>monies & contra/s ( int]vals1 or v>iations ( times or rhy?ms4 ,?ree ye>s' /udy is n long en\gh to give a k ( ^! intricacies2 & our pupils w h _m ?+s ( m importance to le>n4 ,! tunes & hymns :i* are to be consecrat$ = ea* fe/ival h be5 already det]m9$ by u4 ,hav+ giv5 ^! in/ructions to ! ,director ( ,music1 let u n[ proce$ to danc+ & gymna/ic1 :i* mu/ also be taught to boys & girls by ma/]s & mi/resses4 ,our m9i/] ( education w h a great deal to d2 & be+ an old man1 h[ w he get ?r\gh s mu* "w8 ,!re is no difficulty2--! law w provide him ) assi/ants1 male & female2 & he w consid] h[ important 8 (fice is1 & h[ great ! responsibility ( *oos+ !m4 ,= if education prosp]s1 ! vessel ( /ate sails m]rily along2 or if education fails1 ! consequ5ces are n ev5 to be m5tion$4 ,( danc+ & gymna/ics some?+ has be5 said already4 ,we include "u ! latt] milit>y ex]cises1 ! v>i\s uses ( arms1 all t relates to horseman%ip1 & milit>y evolutions & tactics4 ,!re %\ld be public tea*]s ( bo? arts1 paid by ! /ate1 & wom5 z well z m5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 !m4 ,! maid5s %\ld le>n ! arm$ dance1 & ! gr[n-up wom5 be practis$ 9 drill & ! use ( arms1 if only 9 case ( extremity1 :5 ! m5 are gone out to battle1 & !y are left to gu>d _! families4 ,birds & bea/s def5d _! "y1 b wom5 in/ead ( fight+ run to ! alt>s1 ?us degrad+ man bel[ ! level ( ! animals4 ',su* a lack ( education1 ,/rang]1 is bo? unseemly & dang]\s4' ,wre/l+ is to be pursu$ z a milit>y ex]cise1 b ! mean+ ( ?is1 & ! nature ( ! art1 c only be expla9$ :5 action is comb9$ ) words4 ,next foll[s danc+1 :i* is ( two k9ds2 imitative1 fir/1 ( ! s]i\s & beautiful2 &1 secondly1 ( ! ludicr\s & grotesque4 ,! fir/ k9d may be fur!r divid$ into ! dance ( w> & ! dance ( peace4 ,! =m] is call$ ! ,pyrrhic2 9 ?is ! movem5ts ( attack & def5ce are imitat$ 9 a direct & manly /yle1 :i* indicates /r5g? & suffici5cy ( body & m9d4 ,! latt] ( ! two1 ! dance ( peace1 is suitable to ord]ly & law-abid+ m54 ,^! mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! ,bac*ic dances :i* imitate drunk5 revelry1 & also f ! dances by :i* purifications are effect$ & my/]ies celebrat$4 ,su* dances _c be *>act]iz$ ei!r z w>like or peaceful1 & are unsuit$ to a civiliz$ /ate4 ,n[ ! dances ( peace are ( two classes3--! fir/ ( !m is ! m viol5t1 be+ an expression ( joy & triumph aft] toil & dang]2 ! o!r is m tranquil1 symboliz+ ! cont9uance & pres]vation ( good4 ,9 speak+ or s++ we naturally move our bodies1 & z we h m or less c\rage or self-control we become less or m viol5t & excit$4 ,?us f ! imitation ( words 9 ge/ures ! art ( danc+ arises4 ,n[ "o man imitates 9 an ord]ly1 ano!r 9 a disord]ly mann]3 & s ! peaceful k9ds ( dance h be5 appropriately call$ ,emmeleiai1 or dances ( ord]1 z ! w>like h be5 call$ ,pyrrhic4 ,9 ! latt] a man imitates all sorts ( bl[s & ! hurl+ ( weapons & ! avoid+ ( !m2 9 ! =m] he le>ns to be> himself gracefully & l a g5tleman4 ,! types ( ^! dances are to be fix$ by ! legislator1 & :5 ! gu>dians ( ! law h assign$ !m to ! sev]al fe/ivals1 & consecrat$ !m 9 due ord]1 no fur!r *ange %all be all[$4 ,?us mu* ( ! dances :i* are appropriate to fair =ms & noble s\ls4 ,com$y1 :i* is ! opposite ( !m1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,= ! s]i\s implies ! ludicr\s1 & opposites _c be und]/ood )\t opposites4 ,b a man ( repute w desire to avoid do+ :at is ludicr\s4 ,he %\ld leave su* p]=mances to slaves1--!y are n fit = freem52 & !re %\ld be "s elem5t ( novelty 9 !m4 ,conc]n+ trag$y1 let our law be z foll[s3 ,:5 ! inspir$ poet comes to u ) a reque/ to be admitt$ into our /ate1 we w reply 9 c\rte\s words--,we also are trag$ians & y\r rivals2 & ! drama :i* we enact is ! be/ & noble/1 be+ ! imitation ( ! true/ & noble/ life1 ) a view to :i* our /ate is ord]$4 ,& we _c all[ y to pit* y\r /age 9 ! agora1 & make y\r voices to be he>d above ours1 or suff] y to address our wom5 & *ildr5 & ! common p on opposite pr9ciples to our own4 ,come !n1 ye *ildr5 ( ! ,lydian ,muse1 & pres5t y\rselves fir/ to ! magi/rates1 & if !y decide t y\r hymns are z good or bett] ?an ours1 y %all h y\r *orus2 b if n1 n4 ,!re rema9 ?ree k9ds ( k :i* %\ld be le>nt by freem5--ari?metic1 geometry ( surfaces & ( solids1 & ?irdly1 a/ronomy4 ,few ne$ make an accurate /udy ( su* sci5ces2 & ( special /ud5ts we w speak at ano!r "t4 ,b mo/ p]sons mu/ be cont5t ) ! /udy ( !m :i* is absolutely necess>y1 & may be said to be a necessity ( t nature aga9/ :i* ,god himself is unable to cont5d4 ',:at are ^! div9e necessities ( k8' ,necessities ( a k )\t :i* nei!r gods1 nor demigods1 c gov]n mank9d4 ,& f> is he f be+ a div9e man :o _c di/+ui% "o1 two1 odd & ev52 :o _c numb] day & night1 & is ignorant ( ! revolutions ( ! sun & />s2 = to e high] k a k ( numb] is necess>y--a fool may see ?is2 h[ mu*1 is a matt] requir+ m c>eful consid]ation4 ',v true4' ,b ! legislator _c ent] into su* details1 & !re=e we mu/ def] ! m c>eful consid]ation ( ^! matt]s to ano!r occasion4 ',y seem to fe> our habitual want ( tra9+ 9 ^! subjects4' ,/ill m d ,i fe> ! dang] ( bad tra9+1 :i* is (t5 worse ?an none at all4 ',v true4' ,i ?9k t a g5tleman & a freeman may be expect$ to "k z mu* z an ,egyptian *ild4 ,9 ,egypt1 ari?metic is taught to *ildr5 9 _! sports by a di/ribution ( apples or g>l&s among a great] or less numb] ( p2 or a calculation is made ( ! v>i\s comb9ations :i* are possible among a set ( box]s or wre/l]s2 or !y di/ribute cups among ! *ildr51 sometimes ( gold1 brass1 & silv] int]m+l$1 sometimes ( "o metal only4 ,! k ( ari?metic :i* is ?us acquir$ is a great help1 ei!r to ! g5]al or to ! manag] ( a h\sehold2 :]ev] measure is employ$1 m5 are m wide-awake 9 _! deal+s1 & !y get rid ( _! ridicul\s ignorance4 ',:at d y mean8' ,i h obs]v$ ?is ignorance among my c\ntrym5--!y are l pigs--& ,i am he>tily a%am$ bo? on my own behalf & on t ( all ! ,hell5es4 ',9 :at respect8' ,let me ask y a "q4 ,y "k t !re are su* ?+s z l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?8 ',yes4' ,& ! ,hell5es imag9e t !y are comm5surable 7#a7 ) !mselves1 & 7#b7 ) ea* o!r2 :]eas !y are only comm5surable ) !mselves4 ,b if ?is is true1 !n we are 9 an un=tunate case1 & may well say to our compatriots t n to possess necess>y k is a disgrace1 ?\gh to possess su* k is no?+ v gr&4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,! discussion ( ari?metical problems is a mu* bett] amusem5t = old m5 ?an _! fav\rite game ( draughts4 ',true4' ,ma!matics1 !n1 w be "o ( ! subjects 9 :i* y\? %\ld be tra9$4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z an amusem5t1 z well z a useful & innoc5t bran* ( k2--,i ?9k t we may include !m provisionally4 ',yes2 t w be ! way4' ,! next "q is1 :e!r a/ronomy %all be made a "p ( education4 ,ab\t ! />s !re is a /range notion preval5t4 ,m5 (t5 suppose t x is impi\s to enquire into ! nature ( ,god & ! _w1 :]eas ! v rev]se is ! tru?4 ',h[ d y mean8' ,:at ,i am go+ to say may seem absurd & at v>iance ) ! usual language ( age1 & yet if true & advantage\s to ! /ate1 & pleas+ to ,god1 ought n to be )held4 ',let u he>4' ,my de> fri5d1 h[ falsely d we & all ! ,hell5es speak ab\t ! sun & moon6 ',9 :at respect8' ,we are always say+ t !y & c]ta9 ( ! o!r />s d n keep ! same pa?1 & we t]m !m planets4 ',yes2 & ,i h se5 ! morn+ & ev5+ />s g all mann] ( ways1 & ! sun & moon do+ :at we "k t !y always d4 ,b ,i wi% t y w\ld expla9 y\r mean+ fur!r4' ,y w easily und]/& :at ,i h _h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ myself1 ?\gh we are bo? ( u pa/ ! "t ( le>n+4 ',true2 b :at is ?is m>vell\s k :i* y\? are to acquire1 & ( :i* we are ignorant8' ,m5 say t ! sun1 moon1 & />s are planets or w&]]s2 b ?is is ! rev]se ( ! fact4 ,ea* ( !m moves 9 "o orbit only1 :i* is circul>1 & n 9 _m2 nor is ! swifte/ ( !m ! sl[e/1 z appe>s to human eyes4 ,:at an insult %\ld we (f] to ,olympian runn]s if we 7 to put ! fir/ la/ & ! la/ fir/6 ,& if t is a ridicul\s error 9 speak+ ( m51 h[ mu* m 9 speak+ ( ! ,gods8 ,!y _c be pleas$ at our tell+ falsehoods ab\t !m4 ',!y _c4' ,!n p %\ld at lea/ le>n s mu* ab\t !m z w enable !m to avoid impiety4 ,en\gh ( education4 ,hunt+ & simil> pursuits n[ claim our att5tion4 ,^! require = _! regulation t mixture ( law & admonition ( :i* we h (t5 spok52 e4g41 9 :at we 7 say+ ab\t ! nurture ( "y *ildr54 ,& !re=e ! :ole duty ( ! citiz5 w n consi/ 9 m]e ob$i5ce to ! laws2 he mu/ reg>d n only ! enactm5ts b also ! precepts ( ! legislator4 ,i w illu/rate my mean+ by an example4 ,( hunt+ !re are _m k9ds--hunt+ ( fi% & f[l1 man & bea/1 enemies & fri5ds2 & ! legislator c nei!r omit to speak ab\t ^! ?+s1 nor make p5al ord9ances ab\t !m all4 ',:at is he to d !n8' ,he w praise & blame hunt+1 hav+ 9 view ! discipl9e & ex]cise ( y\?4 ,& ! "y man w li/5 ob$i5tly & w reg>d 8 praises & c5sures2 nei!r pleasure nor pa9 %\ld h9d] him4 ,! legislator w express himself 9 ! =m ( a pi\s wi% = ! welf>e ( ! "y3--,o my fri5ds1 he w say1 may y nev] be induc$ to hunt = fi% 9 ! wat]s1 ei!r by day or night2 or = m51 :e!r by sea or l&4 ,nev] let ! wi% to /eal ent] into y\r m9ds2 nei!r be ye f[l]s1 :i* is n an occupation = g5tlem54 ,z to l& animals1 ! legislator w disc\rage hunt+ by night1 & also ! use ( nets & sn>es by day2 = ^! are indol5t & unmanly me?ods4 ,! only mode ( hunt+ :i* he c praise is ) horses & dogs1 runn+1 %oot+1 /rik+ at close qu>t]s4 ,en\gh ( ! prelude3 ! law %all be z foll[s3-- ,let no "o h9d] ! holy ord] ( huntsm52 b let ! nightly hunt]s :o lay sn>es & nets be ev]y:]e prohibit$4 ,let ! f[l] conf9e himself to wa/e places & to ! m\nta9s4 ,! fi%]man is also p]mitt$ to ex]cise 8 call+1 except 9 h>b\rs & sacr$ /reams1 m>%es & lakes2 9 all o!r places he may fi%1 provid$ he does n make use ( poison\s mixtures4 ,,book ,,viii4 ,next1 ) ! help ( ! ,delphian ,oracle1 we w appo9t fe/ivals & sacrifices4 ,!re %all be #cfe ( !m1 "o = e day 9 ! ye>2 & "o magi/rate1 at lea/1 %all (f] sacrifice daily accord+ to rites prescrib$ by a convocation ( prie/s & int]pret]s1 :o %all co-op]ate ) ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & supply :at ! legislator has omitt$4 ,moreov] !re %all be twelve fe/ivals to ! twelve ,gods aft] :om ! twelve tribes are nam$3 ^! %all be celebrat$ e mon? ) appropriate musical & gymna/ic conte/s4 ,!re %all also be fe/ivals = wom51 to be di/+ui%$ f ! m5's fe/ivals4 ,nor %all ! ,gods bel[ be =gott51 b !y mu/ be sep>at$ f ! ,gods above--,pluto %all h 8 own 9 ! twelf? mon?4 ,he is n ! enemy1 b ! fri5d ( man1 :o releases ! s\l f ! body1 :i* is at lea/ z good a "w z to unite !m4 ,fur!r1 ^? :o h to regulate ^! matt]s %\ld consid] t our /ate has leisure & abundance1 & wi%+ to be happy1 l an individual1 %\ld lead a good life2 = he :o leads su* a life nei!r does nor suff]s injury1 ( :i* ! fir/ is v easy1 & ! second v difficult ( atta9m5t1 & is only to be acquir$ by p]fect virtue4 ,a good city has peace1 b ! evil city is full ( w>s )9 & )\t4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( ext]nal enemies ! citiz5s %\ld practise w> at lea/ "o day 9 e mon?2 !y %\ld g out en masse1 includ+ _! wives & *ildr51 or 9 divisions1 z ! magi/rates det]m9e1 & h mimic conte/s1 imitat+ 9 a lively mann] real battles2 !y %\ld also h prizes & encomiums ( val\r1 bo? = ! victors 9 ^! conte/s1 & = ! victors 9 ! battle ( life4 ,! poet :o celebrates ! victors %\ld be fifty ye>s old at lea/1 & himself a man :o has done great de$s4 ,( su* an "o ! poems may be sung1 ev5 ?\gh he is n ! be/ ( poets4 ,to ! director ( education & ! gu>dians ( ! law %all be committ$ ! judgm5t1 & no song1 h[ev] sweet1 :i* has n be5 lic5s$ by !m %all be recit$4 ,^! regulations ab\t poetry1 & ab\t milit>y exp$itions1 apply equally to m5 & to wom54 ,! legislator may be conceiv$ to make ! foll[+ address to himself3--,) :at object am ,i tra9+ my citiz5s8 ,are !y n /riv]s = ma/]y 9 ! greate/ ( combats8 ,c]ta9ly1 w be ! reply4 ,& if !y 7 box]s or wre/l]s1 w\ld !y ?9k ( ent]+ ! li/s )\t _m days' practice8 ,w\ld !y n z f> z possible imitate all ! circum/ances ( ! conte/2 & if !y _h no "o to box )1 w\ld !y n practise on a lifeless image1 he$less ( ! laught] ( ! spectators8 ,& %all our soldi]s g out to fight = life & k9dr$ & prop]ty unprep>$1 because %am fights are ?\ght to be ridicul\s8 ,w n ! legislator require t 8 citiz5s %all practise w> daily1 p]=m+ less] ex]cises )\t arms1 :ile ! combatants on a great] scale w c>ry arms1 & take up positions1 & lie 9 ambuscade8 ,& let _! combats be n )\t dang]1 t opportunity may be giv5 = di/9ction1 & ! brave man & ! c[>d may receive _! me$ ( hon\r or disgrace4 ,if occasionally a man is kill$1 !re is no great h>m done--!re are o!rs z good z he is :o w replace him2 & ! /ate c bett] af=d to lose a few ( h] citiz5s ?an to lose ! only means ( te/+ !m4 ',we agree1 ,/rang]1 t su* w>like ex]cises are necess>y4' ,b :y are !y s r>ely practis$8 ,or r1 d we n all "k ! reasons8 ,"o ( !m 7#a7 is ! inord9ate love ( weal?4 ,?is absorbs ! s\l ( a man1 & leaves him no "t = any o!r pursuit4 ,k is valu$ by him only z x t5ds to ! atta9m5t ( weal?4 ,all is lo/ 9 ! desire ( heap+ up gold & silv]2 anybody is ready to d any?+1 "r or wrong1 = ! sake ( eat+ & dr9k+1 & ! indulg5ce ( 8 animal passions4 ',mo/ true4' ,?is is "o ( ! causes :i* prev5ts a man be+ a good soldi]1 or any?+ else :i* is good2 x conv]ts ! temp]ate & ord]ly into %opkeep]s or s]vants1 & ! brave into burgl>s or pirates4 ,_m ( ^! latt] are m5 ( ability1 & are greatly to be piti$1 because _! s\ls are hung]+ & ?ir/+ all _! lives long4 ,! bad =ms ( gov]nm5t 7#b7 are ano!r reason--democracy1 olig>*y1 tyranny1 :i*1 z ,i 0 say+1 are n /ates1 b /ates ( discord1 9 :i* ! rul]s are afraid ( _! subjects1 & !re=e d n l !m to become ri*1 or noble1 or valiant4 ,n[ our /ate w escape bo? ^! causes ( evil2 ! society is p]fectly free1 & has pl5ty ( leisure1 & is n all[$ by ! laws to be absorb$ 9 ! pursuit ( weal?2 h5ce we h an excell5t field = a p]fect education1 & = ! introduction ( m>tial pa/imes4 ,let u proce$ to describe ! "* ( ^! pa/imes4 ,all gymna/ic ex]cises 9 our /ate mu/ h a milit>y "*2 no o!r w be all[$4 ,activity & quickness are mo/ useful 9 w>2 & yet ^! qualities d n atta9 _! greate/ effici5cy unless ! competitors are arm$4 ,! runn] %\ld ent] ! li/s 9 arm\r1 & 9 ! races :i* our h]alds proclaim1 no prize is to be giv5 except to arm$ w>riors4 ,let !re be six c\rses--fir/1 ! /adium2 secondly1 ! diaulos or d\ble c\rse2 ?irdly1 ! horse c\rse2 f\r?ly1 ! long c\rse2 fif?ly1 races 7#a7 betwe5 heavy-arm$ soldi]s :o %all pass ov] sixty /adia & f9i% at a temple ( ,ares1 & 7#b7 betwe5 /ill m heavily-arm$ competitors :o run ov] smoo!r gr\nd2 six?ly1 a race = ar*]s1 :o %all run ov] hill & dale a di/ance ( a hundr$ /adia1 & _! goal %all be a temple ( ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,!re %all be ?ree conte/s ( ea* k9d--"o = boys1 ano!r = y\?s1 a ?ird = m52 ! c\rse = ! boys we w fix at half1 & t = ! y\?s at two-?irds ( ! entire l5g?4 ,wom5 %all jo9 9 ! races3 "y girls :o are n gr[n up %all run nak$2 b aft] ?irte5 !y %all be suitably dress$2 f ?irte5 to eighte5 !y %all be oblig$ to %>e 9 ^! conte/s1 & f eighte5 to tw5ty !y may if !y please & if !y are unm>ri$4 ,z to trials ( /r5g?1 s+le combats 9 arm\r1 or battles betwe5 two & two1 or ( any numb] up to t51 %all take ! place ( wre/l+ & ! heavy ex]cises4 ,& !re mu/ be umpires1 z !re are n[ 9 wre/l+1 to det]m9e :at is a fair hit & :o is conqu]or4 ,in/ead ( ! pancratium1 let !re be conte/s 9 :i* ! combatants c>ry b[s & we> light %ields & hurl javel9s & ?r[ /ones4 ,! next provision ( ! law w relate to horses1 :i*1 z we are 9 ,crete1 ne$ be r>ely us$ by u1 & *>iots nev]2 our horse-rac+ prizes w only be giv5 to s+le horses1 :e!r colts1 half-gr[n1 or full-gr[n4 ,_! rid]s are to we> arm\r1 & !re %all be a competition betwe5 m\nt$ ar*]s4 ,wom51 if !y h a m9d1 may jo9 9 ! ex]cises ( m54 ,b en\gh ( gymna/ics1 & ne>ly en\gh ( music4 ,all musical conte/s w take place at fe/ivals1 :e!r e ?ird or e fif? ye>1 :i* are to be fix$ by ! gu>dians ( ! law1 ! judges ( ! games1 & ! director ( education1 :o = ?is purpose %all become legislators & arrange times & conditions4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* su* conte/s are to be ord]$ h be5 (t5 repeat$ by ! fir/ legislator2 no m ne$ be said ( !m1 nor are ! details ( !m important4 ,b !re is ano!r subject ( ! highe/ importance1 :i*1 if possible1 %\ld be det]m9$ by ! laws1 n ( man1 b ( ,god2 or1 if a direct revelation is impossible1 !re is ne$ ( "s bold man :o1 alone aga9/ ! _w1 w speak pla9ly ( ! corruption ( human nature1 & g to w> ) ! passions ( mank9d4 ',we d n und]/& y4' ,i w try to make my mean+ pla9]4 ,9 speak+ ( education1 ,i seem$ to see "y m5 & maid5s 9 fri5dly int]c\rse ) "o ano!r2 & !re arose 9 my m9d a natural fe> ab\t a /ate1 9 :i* ! "y ( ei!r sex are well nurtur$1 & h little to d1 & occupy !mselves *iefly ) fe/ivals & dances4 ,h[ c !y be sav$ f ^? passions :i* reason =bids !m to indulge1 & :i* are ! ru9 ( s _m8 ,! prohibition ( weal?1 & ! influ5ce ( education1 & ! all-see+ eye ( ! rul]1 w alike help to promote temp]ance2 b !y w n :olly extirpate ! unnatural loves :i* h be5 ! de/ruction ( /ates2 & aga9/ ?is evil :at rem$y c be devis$8 ,lac$aemon & ,crete give no assi/ance "h2 on ! subject ( love1 z ,i may :isp] 9 y\r e>1 !y are aga9/ u4 ,suppose a p]son 7 to urge t y ought to re/ore ! natural use :i* exi/$ be=e ! days ( ,laius2 he w\ld be q "r1 b he w\ld n be support$ by public op9ion 9 ei!r ( y\r /ates4 ,or try ! matt] by ! te/ :i* we apply to all laws1--:o w say t ! p]mission ( su* ?+s t5ds to virtue8 ,w he :o is s$uc$ le>n ! habit ( c\rage2 or w ! s$uc] acquire temp]ance8 ,& w any legislator be f\nd to make su* actions legal8 ,b to judge ( ?is matt] truly1 we mu/ und]/& ! nature ( love & fri5d%ip1 :i* may take v diff]5t =ms4 ,= we speak ( fri5d%ip1 fir/1 :5 !re is "s simil>ity or equality ( virtue2 secondly1 :5 !re is "s want2 & ei!r ( ^!1 :5 9 excess1 is t]m$ love4 ,! fir/ k9d is g5tle & sociable2 ! second is fi]ce & unmanageable2 & !re is also a ?ird k9d1 :i* is ak9 to bo?1 & is "u ! dom9ion ( opposite pr9ciples4 ,! "o is ( ! body1 & has no reg>d = ! "* ( ! belov$2 b he :o is "u ! influ5ce ( ! o!r disreg>ds ! body1 & is a look] r ?an a lov]1 & desires only ) 8 s\l to be knit to ! s\l ( 8 fri5d2 :ile ! int]m$iate sort is bo? ( ! body & ( ! s\l4 ,"h are ?ree k9ds ( love3 ought ! legislator to prohibit all ( !m equally1 or to all[ ! virtu\s love to rema98 ',! latt]1 cle>ly4' ,i expect$ to ga9 y\r approval2 b ,i w res]ve ! task ( conv9c+ our fri5d ,cle9ias = ano!r occasion4 ',v good4' ,to make "r laws on ?is subject is 9 "o po9t ( view easy1 & 9 ano!r mo/ difficult2 = we "k t 9 "s cases mo/ m5 ab/a9 will+ly f int]c\rse ) ! fair4 ,! unwritt5 law :i* prohibits memb]s ( ! same family f su* int]c\rse is /rictly obey$1 & no ?\ght ( any?+ else ev] ent]s into ! m9ds ( m5 9 g5]al4 ,a little ^w puts out ! fire ( _! lu/s4 ',:at is x8' ,! decl>ation t su* ?+s are hateful to ! ,gods1 & mo/ abom9able & unholy4 ,! reason is t ev]y:]e1 9 je/ & e>ne/ alike1 ?is is ! doctr9e :i* is repeat$ to all f _! e>lie/ y\?4 ,!y see on ! /age t an ,o$ipus or a ,?ye/es or a ,mac>eus1 :5 undeceiv$1 are ready to kill !mselves4 ,!re is an und\bt$ p[] 9 public op9ion :5 no brea? is he>d adv]se to ! law2 & ! legislator :o w\ld enslave ^! enslav+ passions mu/ consecrate su* a public op9ion all ?r\gh ! city4 ',good3 b h[ c y create x8' ,a fair objection2 b ,i promis$ to try & f9d "s means ( re/ra9+ loves to _! natural objects4 ,a law :i* w\ld extirpate unnatural love z effectually z ince/ is at pres5t extirpat$1 w\ld be ! s\rce ( innum]able bless+s1 because x w\ld be 9 accordance ) nature1 & w\ld get rid ( excess 9 eat+ & dr9k+ & ( adult]ies & fr5zies1 mak+ m5 love _! wives1 & hav+ o!r excell5t effects4 ,i c imag9e t "s lu/y y\? ov]he>s :at we are say+1 & ro>s out 9 abusive t]ms t we are legislat+ = impossibilities4 ,& s a p]son might h said ( ! syssitia1 or common meals2 b ?is is refut$ by facts1 al?\gh ev5 n[ !y are n ext5d$ to wom54 ',true4' ,!re is no impossibility or sup]-humanity 9 my propos$ law1 z ,i %all endeav\r to prove4 ',d s4' ,w n a man f9d ab/95ce m easy :5 8 body is s\nd ?an :5 he is 9 ill-condition8 ',yes4' ,h we n he>d ( ,iccus ( ,t>5tum & o!r wre/l]s :o ab/a9$ :olly = a "t8 ,yet !y 7 inf9itely worse educat$ ?an our citiz5s1 & f> m lu/y 9 _! bodies4 ,& %all !y h ab/a9$ = ! sake ( an a?letic conte/1 & our citiz5s be incapable ( a simil> endurance = ! sake ( a mu* nobl] victory1--! victory ov] pleasure1 :i* is true happ9ess8 ,w n ! fe> ( impiety enable !m to conqu] t :i* _m :o 7 inf]ior to !m h conqu]$8 ',i d>e say4' ,& !re=e ! law mu/ pla9ly decl>e t our citiz5s %\ld n fall bel[ ! o!r animals1 :o live all toge!r 9 flocks1 & yet rema9 pure & *a/e until ! "t ( procreation comes1 :5 !y pair1 & are ev] aft] fai?ful to _! compact4 ,b if ! corruption ( public op9ion is too great to all[ our fir/ law to be c>ri$ out1 !n our gu>dians ( ! law mu/ turn legislators1 & try _! h& at a second law4 ,!y mu/ m9imize ! appetites1 div]t+ ! vig\r ( y\? into o!r *annels1 all[+ ! practice ( love 9 secret1 b mak+ detection %ameful4 ,?ree high] pr9ciples may be br\ght to be> on all ^! corrupt natures4 ',:at are !y8' ,religion1 hon\r1 & ! love ( ! high] qualities ( ! s\l4 ,p]haps ?is is a dream only1 yet x is ! be/ ( dreams2 & if n ! :ole1 /ill1 by ! grace ( ,god1 a "p ( :at we desire may be realiz$4 ,ei!r m5 may le>n to ab/a9 :olly f any loves1 natural or unnatural1 except ( _! w$d$ wives2 or1 at lea/1 !y may give up unnatural loves2 or1 if detect$1 !y %all be puni%$ ) loss ( citiz5%ip1 z ali5s f ! /ate 9 _! morals4 ',i entirely agree ) y1' said ,megillus1 'b ,cle9ias mu/ speak = himself4' ',i w give my op9ion by-&-by4' ,we 7 speak+ ( ! syssitia1 :i* w be a natural in/itution 9 a ,cretan colony4 ,:e!r !y %all be e/abli%$ aft] ! model ( ,crete or ,lac$aemon1 or %all be diff]5t f ei!r1 is an unimportant "q :i* may be det]m9$ )\t difficulty4 ,we may1 !re=e1 proce$ to speak ( ! mode ( life among our citiz5s1 :i* w be f> less complex ?an 9 o!r cities2 a /ate :i* is inl& & n m>itime requires only half ! numb] ( laws4 ,!re is no tr\ble ab\t trade & comm]ce1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s4 ,! legislator has only to regulate ! affairs ( husb&m5 & %eph]ds1 :i* w be easily arrang$1 n[ t ! pr9cipal que/ions1 su* z m>riage1 education1 & gov]nm5t1 h be5 settl$4 ,let u beg9 ) husb&ry3 ,fir/1 let !re be a law ( ,zeus aga9/ remov+ a neighb\r's l&m>k1 :e!r he be a citiz5 or /rang]4 ,= ?is is 'to move ! immoveable'2 & ,zeus1 ! ,god ( k9dr$1 witnesses to ! wrongs ( citiz5s1 & ,zeus1 ! ,god ( /rang]s1 to ! wrongs ( /rang]s4 ,! (f5ce ( remov+ a b\nd>y %all receive two puni%m5ts--! fir/ w be inflict$ by ! ,god himself2 ! second by ! judges4 ,9 ! next place1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 neighb\rs ab\t encroa*m5ts mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,he :o encroa*es %all pay tw(old ! am\nt ( ! injury2 ( all su* matt]s ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry %all be ! judges1 9 less] cases ! (fic]s1 & 9 great] ! :ole numb] ( !m belong+ to any "o division4 ,any injury done by cattle1 ! decoy+ ( bees1 ! c>eless fir+ ( woods1 ! plant+ unduly ne> a neighb\r's gr\nd1 %all all be visit$ ) prop] damages4 ,su* details h be5 det]m9$ by previ\s legislators1 & ne$ n n[ be mix$ up ) great] matt]s4 ,husb&m5 h _h ( old excell5t rules ab\t /reams & wat]s2 & we ne$ n 'div]t _! c\rse4' ,anybody may take wat] f a common /ream1 if he does n !reby cut (f a private spr+2 he may lead ! wat] 9 any direction1 except ?r\gh a h\se or temple1 b he mu/ d no h>m beyond ! *annel4 ,if l& is )\t wat] ! occupi] %all dig d[n to ! clay1 & if at ?is dep? he f9d no wat]1 he %all h a "r ( gett+ wat] f 8 neighb\rs = 8 h\sehold2 & if _! supply is limit$1 he %all receive f !m a measure ( wat] fix$ by ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry4 ,if !re be heavy ra9s1 ! dwell] on ! high] gr\nd mu/ n recklessly suff] ! wat] to fl[ d[n ^u a neighb\r b5ea? him1 nor mu/ he :o lives ^u l[] gr\nd or dwells 9 an adjo9+ h\se refuse an outlet4 ,if ! two p>ties _c agree1 !y %all g be=e ! w>d5s ( ! city or c\ntry1 & if a man refuse to abide by _! decision1 he %all pay d\ble ! damage :i* he has caus$4 ,9 autumn ,god gives u two boons--"o ! joy ( ,dionysus n to be laid up--! o!r to be laid up4 ,ab\t ! fruits ( autumn let ! law be z foll[s3 ,he :o ga!rs ! /or+ fruits ( autumn1 :e!r grapes or figs1 be=e ! "t ( ! v9tage1 :i* is ! ris+ ( ,arcturus1 %all pay fifty dra*mas z a f9e to ,dionysus1 if he ga!rs on 8 own gr\nd2 if on 8 neighb\r's gr\nd1 a m9a1 & two-?irds ( a m9a if on t ( any "o else4 ,! grapes or figs n us$ = /or+ a man may ga!r :5 he pleases on 8 own gr\nd1 b on t ( o!rs he mu/ pay ! p5alty ( remov+ :at he has n laid d[n4 ,if he be a slave :o has ga!r$1 he %all receive a /roke = e grape or fig4 ,a metic mu/ pur*ase ! *oice fruit2 b a /rang] may pluck = himself & 8 att5dant4 ,?is "r ( hospitality1 h[ev]1 does n ext5d to /or+ grapes4 ,a slave :o eats ( ! /or+ grapes or figs %all be beat51 & ! freeman be dismiss$ ) a w>n+4 ,pe>s1 apples1 pomegranates1 may be tak5 secretly1 b he :o is detect$ 9 ! act ( tak+ !m %all be lightly beat5 (f1 if he be n m ?an ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,! /rang] & ! eld] may p>take ( !m1 b n c>ry any away2 ! latt]1 if he does n obey ! law1 %all fail 9 ! competition ( virtue1 if anybody br+s up 8 (f5ce aga9/ him4 ,wat] is also 9 ne$ ( protection1 be+ ! greate/ elem5t ( nutrition1 &1 unlike ! o!r elem5ts--soil1 air1 & sun--:i* conspire 9 ! gr[? ( plants1 easily pollut$4 ,& !re=e he :o spoils ano!r's wat]1 :e!r 9 spr+s or res]voirs1 ei!r by tr5*+1 or !ft1 or by means ( poison\s sub/ances1 %all pay ! damage & purify ! /ream4 ,at ! gett+-9 ( ! h>ve/ ev]ybody %all h a "r ( way ov] 8 neighb\r's gr\nd1 provid$ he is c>eful to d no damage beyond ! trespass1 or if he himself w ga9 ?ree times z mu* z 8 neighb\r loses4 ,( all ?is ! magi/rates are to take cognizance1 & !y are to assess ! damage :]e ! injury does n exce$ ?ree m9ae2 cases ( great] damage c be tri$ only 9 ! public c\rts4 ,a *>ge aga9/ a magi/rate is to be ref]r$ to ! public c\rts1 & any "o :o is f\nd guilty ( decid+ corruptly %all pay tw(old to ! aggriev$ p]son4 ,matt]s ( detail relat+ to puni%m5ts & modes ( proc$ure1 & summonses1 & witnesses to summonses1 d n require ! mature wisdom ( ! ag$ legislator2 ! y\ng] g5]ation may det]m9e !m accord+ to _! exp]i5ce2 b :5 once det]m9$1 !y %all rema9 unalt]$4 ,! foll[+ are to be ! regulations respect+ h&icrafts3--,no citiz51 or s]vant ( a citiz51 is to practise !m4 ,= ! citiz5 has already an art & my/]y1 :i* is ! c>e ( ! /ate2 & no man c practise two arts1 or practise "o & sup]9t5d ano!r4 ,no smi? %\ld be a c>p5t]1 & no c>p5t]1 hav+ _m slaves :o are smi?s1 %\ld look aft] !m himself2 b let ea* man practise "o art :i* %all be 8 means ( livelihood4 ,! w>d5s ( ! city %\ld see to ?is1 puni%+ ! citiz5 :o (f5ds ) tempor>y deprival ( 8 rights--! =eign] %all be imprison$1 f9$1 exil$4 ,any disputes ab\t contracts %all be det]m9$ by ! w>d5s ( ! city up to fifty dra*mae--above t sum by ! public c\rts4 ,no cu/oms are to be exact$ ei!r on imports or exports4 ,no?+ unnecess>y is to be import$ f abroad1 :e!r = ! s]vice ( ! ,gods or = ! use ( man--nei!r purple1 nor o!r dyes1 nor frank9c5se1--& no?+ ne$$ 9 ! c\ntry is to be export$4 ,^! ?+s are to be decid$ on by ! twelve gu>dians ( ! law :o are next 9 s5iority to ! five eld]s4 ,arms & ! mat]ials ( w> are to be import$ & export$ only ) ! cons5t ( ! g5]als1 & !n only by ! /ate4 ,!re is to be no retail trade ei!r 9 ^! or any o!r articles4 ,= ! di/ribution ( ! produce ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,cretan laws af=d a rule :i* may be usefully foll[$4 ,all %all be requir$ to di/ribute corn1 gra91 animals1 & o!r valuable produce1 into twelve portions4 ,ea* ( ^! %all be subdivid$ into ?ree p>ts--"o = freem51 ano!r = s]vants1 & ! ?ird %all be sold = ! supply ( artisans1 /rang]s1 & metics4 ,^! portions mu/ be equal :e!r ! produce be mu* or little2 & ! ma/] ( a h\sehold may di/ribute ! two portions among 8 family & 8 slaves z he pleases--! rema9d] is to be measur$ out to ! animals4 ,next z to ! h\ses 9 ! c\ntry--!re %all be twelve villages1 "o 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! twelve portions2 & 9 e village !re %all be temples & an agora--also %r9es = h]oes or = any old ,magnesian deities :o l+] ab\t ! place4 ,9 e division !re %all be temples ( ,he/ia1 ,zeus1 & ,a!ne1 z well z ( ! local deity1 surr\nd$ by build+s on em95ces1 :i* w be ! gu>d-h\ses ( ! rural police4 ,! dwell+s ( ! artisans w be ?us arrang$3--,! artisans %all be =m$ into ?irte5 guilds1 "o ( :i* w be divid$ into twelve p>ts & settl$ 9 ! city2 ( ! re/ !re %all be "o 9 ea* division ( ! c\ntry4 ,& ! magi/rates w fix !m on ! spots :]e !y w cause ! lea/ inconv5i5ce & be mo/ s]viceable 9 supply+ ! wants ( ! husb&m54 ,! c>e ( ! agora w fall to ! w>d5s ( ! agora4 ,_! fir/ duty w be ! regulation ( ! temples :i* surr\nd ! m>ket-place2 & _! second to see t ! m>kets are ord]ly & t fair deal+ is obs]v$4 ,!y w also take c>e t ! sales :i* ! citiz5s are requir$ to make to /rang]s are duly execut$4 ,! law %all be1 t on ! fir/ day ( ea* mon? ! auctione]s to :om ! sale is entru/$ %all (f] gra92 & at ?is sale a twelf? "p ( ! :ole %all be expos$1 & ! =eign] %all supply 8 wants = a mon?4 ,on ! t5?1 !re %all be a sale ( liquids1 & on ! tw5ty-?ird ( animals1 sk9s1 wov5 or wooll5 /uffs1 & o!r ?+s :i* husb&m5 h to sell & =eign]s want to buy4 ,none ( ^! commodities1 any m ?an b>ley or fl\r1 or any o!r food1 may be retail$ by a citiz5 to a citiz52 b =eign]s may sell !m to "o ano!r 9 ! =eign]s' m>ket4 ,!re mu/ also be but*]s :o w sell p>ts ( animals to =eign]s & craftsm51 & _! s]vants2 & =eign]s may buy firewood :olesale ( ! commission]s ( woods1 & may sell retail to =eign]s4 ,all o!r goods mu/ be sold 9 ! m>ket1 at "s place indicat$ by ! magi/rates1 & %all be paid = on ! spot4 ,he :o gives cr$it1 & is *eat$1 w h no r$ress4 ,9 buy+ or sell+1 any excess or dim9ution ( :at ! law all[s %all be regi/]$4 ,! same rule is to be obs]v$ ab\t ! prop]ty ( metics4 ,anybody :o practises a h&icraft may come & rema9 tw5ty ye>s f ! day on :i* he is enroll$2 at ! expiration ( ?is "t he %all take :at he has & dep>t4 ,! only condition :i* is to be impos$ ^u him z ! tax ( 8 soj\rn is good conduct2 & he is n to pay any tax = be+ all[$ to buy or sell4 ,b if he wants to ext5d ! "t ( 8 soj\rn1 & has done any s]vice to ! /ate1 & he c p]suade ! c\ncil & assembly to grant 8 reque/1 he may rema94 ,! *ildr5 ( metics may also be metics2 & ! p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* !y are p]mitt$ to soj\rn1 is to c\nt1 9 _! case1 f _! fifte5? ye>4 ,no m5tion occurs 9 ! ,laws ( ! doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,! w ( ,god1 ! au?ority ( ! legislator1 & ! dignity ( ! s\l1 h tak5 _! place 9 ! m9d ( ,plato4 ,if we ask :at is t tru? or pr9ciple :i*1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 seems to h absorb$ him mo/1 l ! idea ( good 9 ! ,republic1 or ( beauty 9 ! ,symposium1 or ( ! unity ( virtue 9 ! ,protagoras1 we %\ld answ]--,! priority ( ! s\l to ! body3 8 lat] sy/em ma9ly hangs ^u ?is4 ,9 ! ,laws1 z 9 ! ,sophi/ & ,/atesman1 we pass out ( ! region ( metaphysical or transc5d5tal ideas into t ( psy*ology4 ,! op5+ ( ! fif? book1 ?\gh abrupt & unconnect$ 9 /yle1 is "o ( ! mo/ elevat$ passages 9 ,plato4 ,! religi\s feel+ :i* he seeks to diffuse ov] ! commone/ actions ( life1 ! bless$ness ( liv+ 9 ! tru?1 ! great mi/ake ( a man liv+ = himself1 ! pity z well z ang] :i* %\ld be felt at evil1 ! k9dness due to ! suppliant & ! /rang]1 h ! temp] ( ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,! rem>k t eld] m51 if !y want to educate o!rs1 %\ld beg9 by educat+ !mselves2 ! necessity ( creat+ a _s ( ob$i5ce 9 ! citiz5s2 ! desirabl5ess ( limit+ prop]ty2 ! importance ( p>o*ial di/ricts1 ea* to be plac$ "u ! protection ( "s ,god or demigod1 h almo/ ! tone ( a mod]n writ]4 ,9 _m ( 8 views ( politics1 ,plato seems to u1 l "s politicians ( our own "t1 to be half sociali/1 half cons]vative4 ,9 ! ,laws1 we rem>k a *ange 9 ! place assign$ by him to pleasure & pa94 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ev5 ! ideal sy/ems ( morals may reg>d !m3 ei!r l ! ,/oics1 & o!r ascetics1 we may say t pleasure mu/ be eradicat$2 or if ?is seems unreal to u1 we may affirm t virtue is ! true pleasure2 & !n1 z ,ari/otle says1 'to be br\ght up to take pleasure 9 :at we ought1 ex]cises a great & p>am\nt influ5ce on human life' 7,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic474 ,or z ,plato says 9 ! ,laws1 ',a man w recognize ! noble/ life z hav+ ! greate/ pleasure & ! lea/ pa91 if he h a true ta/e4' ,if we admit t pleasures diff] 9 k9d1 ! opposition betwe5 ^! two modes ( speak+ is r v]bal ?an real2 & 9 ! great] "p ( ! writ+s ( ,plato !y alt]nate ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ,republic1 ! m]e sugge/ion t pleasure may be ! *ief good1 is receiv$ by ,socrates ) a cry ( abhorr5ce2 b 9 ! ,philebus1 innoc5t pleasures v9dicate _! "r to a place 9 ! scale ( goods4 ,9 ! ,protagoras1 speak+ 9 ! p]son ( ,socrates r ?an 9 8 own1 ,plato admits ! calculation ( pleasure to be ! true basis ( e?ics1 :ile 9 ! ,pha$o he indignantly d5ies t ! ex*ange ( "o pleasure = ano!r is ! ex*ange ( virtue4 ,s wide ( ! m>k are !y :o w\ld attribute to ,plato entire consi/5cy 9 ?\ghts or words4 ,he ackn[l$ges t ! second /ate is inf]ior to ! fir/--9 ?is1 at any rate1 he is consi/5t2 & he /ill ca/s long+ eyes ^u ! ideal4 ,sev]al features ( ! fir/ are reta9$ 9 ! second3 ! education ( m5 & wom5 is to be z f> z possible ! same2 !y are to h common meals1 ?\gh sep>ate1 ! m5 by !mselves1 ! wom5 ) _! *ildr52 & !y are bo? to s]ve 9 ! army2 ! citiz5s1 if n actually communi/s1 are 9 _s communi/ic2 !y are to be lov]s ( equality2 only a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal? is p]mitt$ to !m1 & _! burd5s & also _! privileges are to be proportion$ to ?is4 ,! con/itution 9 ! ,laws is a timocracy ( weal?1 modifi$ by an ari/ocracy ( m]it4 ,yet ! political philosoph] w obs]ve t ! fir/ ( ^! two pr9ciples is fix$ & p]man5t1 :ile ! latt] is unc]ta9 & dep5d5t on ! op9ion ( ! multitude4 ,weal?1 aft] all1 plays a great "p 9 ! ,second ,republic ( ,plato4 ,l o!r politicians1 he deems t a prop]ty qualification w contribute /ability to ! /ate4 ,! f\r classes are d]iv$ f ! con/itution ( ,a!ns1 j z ! =m ( ! city1 :i* is clu/]$ ar\nd a citadel set on a hill1 is sugge/$ by ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns4 ,plato1 writ+ "u ,py?agorean influ5ces1 seems really to h suppos$ t ! well-be+ ( ! city dep5d$ almo/ z mu* on ! numb] #ejdj z on ju/ice & mod]ation4 ,b he is n prev5t$ by ,py?agoreanism f obs]v+ ! effects :i* climate & soil ex]cise on ! *>act]s ( nations4 ,he 0 d\btful 9 ! ,republic :e!r ! ideal or communi/ic /ate c\ld be realiz$1 b 0 at ! same "t prep>$ to ma9ta9 t :e!r x exi/$ or n made no diff]5ce to ! philosoph]1 :o w 9 any case regulate 8 life by x 7,republic74 ,he has n[ lo/ fai? 9 ! practicability ( 8 s*eme--he is speak+ to 'm51 & n to ,gods or sons ( ,gods' 7,laws74 ,yet he /ill ma9ta9s x to be ! true patt]n ( ! /ate1 :i* we mu/ approa* z ne>ly z possible3 z ,ari/otle says1 ',aft] hav+ creat$ a m g5]al =m ( /ate1 he gradually br+s x r\nd to ! o!r' 7,pol474 ,he does n obs]ve1 ei!r "h or 9 ! ,republic1 t 9 su* a commonweal? !re w\ld be little room = ! developm5t ( individual "*4 ,9 sev]al respects ! second /ate is an improvem5t on ! fir/1 especially 9 be+ bas$ m di/9ctly on ! dignity ( ! s\l4 ,! /&>d ( tru?1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 is z high z 9 ! ,republic2--9 "o respect high]1 = temp]ance is n[ reg>d$1 n z a virtue1 b z ! condition ( all virtue4 ,x is f9ally ackn[l$g$ t ! virtues are all "o & connect$1 & t if !y are sep>at$1 c\rage is ! l[e/ ( !m4 ,! treatm5t ( moral que/ions is less speculative b m human4 ,! idea ( good has disappe>$2 ! excell5ces ( individuals--( him :o is fai?ful 9 a civil broil1 ( ! exam9] :o is incorruptible1 are ! patt]ns to :i* ! lives ( ! citiz5s are to con=m4 ,plato is nev] we>y ( speak+ ( ! hon\r ( ! s\l1 :i* c only be hon\r$ truly by be+ improv$4 ,to make ! s\l z good z possible1 & to prep>e h] = communion ) ! ,gods 9 ano!r _w by communion ) div9e virtue 9 ?is1 is ! end ( life4 ,if ! ,republic is f> sup]ior to ! ,laws 9 =m & /yle1 & p]haps 9 rea* ( ?\ght1 ! ,laws leave on ! m9d ( ! mod]n read] mu* m /rongly ! impression ( a /ruggle aga9/ evil1 & an en?usiasm = human improvem5t4 ,:5 ,plato says t he mu/ c>ry out t "p ( 8 ideal :i* is practicable1 he does n appe> to h reflect$ t "p ( an ideal _c be deta*$ f ! :ole4 ,! great defect ( bo? 8 con/itutions is ! fix$ness :i* he seeks to impress ^u !m4 ,he _h se5 ! ,a!nian empire1 almo/ )9 ! limits ( 8 own life1 wax & wane1 b he nev] seems to h ask$ himself :at w\ld happ5 if1 a c5tury f ! "t at :i* he 0 writ+1 ! ,greek "* %\ld h z mu* *ang$ z 9 ! c5tury :i* _h prec$$4 ,he fails to p]ceive t ! great] "p ( ! political life ( a nation is n t :i* is giv5 !m by _! legislators1 b t :i* !y give !mselves4 ,he has nev] reflect$ t )\t progress !re _c be ord]1 & t m]e ord] c only be pres]v$ by an unnatural & despotic repression4 ,! possibility ( a great nation or ( an univ]sal empire aris+ nev] occurr$ to him4 ,he sees ! enfeebl$ & di/ract$ /ate ( ! ,hell5ic _w 9 8 own lat] life1 & ?9ks t ! rem$y is to make ! laws un*angeable4 ,! same want ( insight is app>5t 9 8 judgm5ts ab\t art4 ,he w\ld l to h ! =ms ( sculpture & ( music fix$ z 9 ,egypt4 ,he does n consid] t ?is w\ld be fatal to ! true pr9ciples ( art1 :i*1 z ,socrates _h himself taught1 0 to give life 7,x54 ,mem474 ,we wond] h[1 famili> z he 0 ) ! /atues ( ,pheidias1 he c\ld h endur$ ! lifeless & half-mon/r\s works ( ,egyptian sculpture4 ,! '*ants ( ,isis' 7,laws71 we might ?9k1 w\ld h be5 b>b>\s 9 an ,a!nian e>4 ,b al?\gh he is aw>e t !re are "s ?+s :i* are n s well among '! *ildr5 ( ! ,nile1' he is deeply /ruck ) ! /ability ( ,egyptian in/itutions4 ,bo? 9 politics & 9 art ,plato seems to h se5 no way ( br++ ord] out ( disord]1 except by tak+ a /ep backw>ds4 ,antiquity1 comp>$ ) ! _w 9 :i* he liv$1 _h a sacr$ness & au?ority = him3 ! m5 ( a =m] age 7 suppos$ by him to h _h a s5se ( rev]5ce :i* 0 want+ among 8 contempor>ies4 ,he c\ld imag9e ! e>ly /ages ( civilization2 he nev] ?\ght ( :at ! future might br+ =?4 ,8 exp]i5ce is conf9$ to two or ?ree c5turies1 to a few ,greek /ates1 & to an unc]ta9 report ( ,egypt & ! ,ea/4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* ! limitations ( _! k affect$ ! g5ius ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 criticism !y 7 l *ildr51 hav+ an acute vision ( ?+s :i* 7 ne> to !m1 bl9d to possibilities :i* 7 9 ! di/ance4 ,! colony is to receive f ! "m-c\ntry h] orig9al con/itution1 & "s ( ! fir/ gu>dians ( ! law4 ,! gu>dians ( ! law are to be m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 & ! presid5t ( education is to take prec$5ce ( !m all4 ,!y are to keep ! regi/]s ( prop]ty1 to make regulations = trade1 & !y are to be sup]annuat$ at sev5ty ye>s ( age4 ,sev]al que/ions ( mod]n politics1 su* z ! limitation ( prop]ty1 ! en=cem5t ( education1 ! relations ( classes1 are anticipat$ by ,plato4 ,he hopes t 9 8 /ate w be f\nd nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es2 e man hav+ ! necess>ies ( life1 he ne$ n g =tune-hunt+ 9 m>riage4 ,almo/ 9 ! _s ( ! ,gospel he w\ld say1 ',h[ h>dly c a ri* man dwell 9 a p]fect /ate4' ,= he _c be a good man :o is always ga9+ too mu* & sp5d+ too little 7,laws2 comp>e ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic474 ,plato1 ?\gh he admits weal? z a political elem5t1 w\ld d5y t mat]ial prosp]ity c be ! f\ndation ( a really great community4 ,a man's s\l1 z he (t5 says1 is m to be e/eem$ ?an 8 body2 & 8 body ?an ext]nal goods4 ,he repeats ! compla9t :i* has be5 made 9 all ages1 t ! love ( money is ! corruption ( /ates4 ,he has a sympa?y ) ?ieves & burgl>s1 '_m ( :om are m5 ( ability & greatly to be piti$1 because _! s\ls are hung]+ & ?ir/+ all _! lives long2' b he has little sympa?y ) %opkeep]s or retail]s1 al?\gh he makes ! reflection1 :i* sometimes occurs to ourselves1 t su* occupations1 if !y 7 c>ri$ on hone/ly by ! be/ m5 & wom51 w\ld be delightful & hon\rable4 ,= trad]s & artisans a mod]ate ga9 01 9 8 op9ion1 be/4 ,he has nev]1 l mod]n writ]s1 idealiz$ ! weal? ( nations1 any m ?an he has work$ out ! problems ( political economy1 :i* among ! anci5ts _h n yet gr[n into a sci5ce4 ,! isolation ( ,greek /ates1 _! con/ant w>s1 ! want ( a free indu/rial population1 & ( ! mod]n me?ods & in/rum5ts ( 'cr$it1' prev5t$ any great ext5sion ( comm]ce among !m2 & s h9d]$ !m f =m+ a !ory ( ! laws :i* regulate ! accumulation & di/ribution ( weal?4 ,! con/itution ( ! army is ari/ocratic & also democratic2 (ficial appo9tm5t is comb9$ ) popul> election4 ,! two pr9ciples are c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,! gu>dians ( ! law nom9ate g5]als out ( :om ?ree are *os5 by ^? :o are or h be5 ( ! age = milit>y s]vice2 & ! g5]als elect$ h ! nom9ation ( c]ta9 ( ! inf]ior (fic]s4 ,b if ei!r 9 ! case ( g5]als or ( ! inf]ior (fic]s any "o is ready to swe> t he kn[s ( a bett] man ?an ^? nom9at$1 he may put ! claims ( 8 c&idate to ! vote ( ! :ole army1 or ( ! division ( ! s]vice :i* he w1 if elect$1 comm&4 ,!re is a g5]al assembly1 b its functions1 except at elections1 are h>dly notic$4 ,9 ! election ( ! ,b\le1 ,plato aga9 attempts to mix ari/ocracy & democracy4 ,?is is effect$1 fir/ z 9 ! ,s]vian con/itution1 by balanc+ weal? & numb]s2 = x _c be suppos$ t ^? :o possess$ a high] qualification 7 equal 9 numb] ) ^? :o _h a l[]1 & yet !y h an equal numb] ( repres5tatives4 ,9 ! second place1 all classes are compell$ to vote 9 ! election ( s5ators f ! fir/ & second class2 b ! f\r? class is n compell$ to elect f ! ?ird1 nor ! ?ird & f\r? f ! f\r?4 ,?irdly1 out ( ! #ahj p]sons :o are ?us *os5 f ea* ( ! f\r classes1 #gbj 9 all1 #cfj are to be tak5 by lot2 ^! =m ! c\ncil = ! ye>4 ,^! political adju/m5ts ( ,plato's w be criticis$ by ! practical /atesman z be+ = ! mo/ "p fanciful & ineffectual4 ,he w obs]ve1 fir/ ( all1 t ! only real *eck on democracy is ! division into classes4 ,! second ( ! ?ree proposals1 ?\gh +5i\s1 & receiv+ "s light f ! apa?y to politics :i* is (t5 %[n by ! high] classes 9 a democracy1 w\ld h little p[] 9 times ( excitem5t & p]il1 :5 ! precaution 0 mo/ ne$$4 ,at su* political crises1 all ! l[] classes w\ld vote equally ) ! high]4 ,! subtraction ( half ! p]sons *os5 at ! fir/ election by ! *ances ( ! lot w\ld n raise ! "* ( ! s5ators1 & is op5 to ! objection ( unc]ta9ty1 :i* necess>ily att5ds ?is & simil> s*emes ( d\ble repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,nor c ! vot]s be expect$ to reta9 ! cont9u\s political int]e/ requir$ = c>ry+ out su* a proposal z ,plato's4 ,:o c\ld select #ahj p]sons ( ea* class1 fitt$ to be s5ators8 ,& :oev] 7 *os5 by ! vot] 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 8 wi%es might be neutraliz$ by ! action ( ! lot4 ,yet ! s*eme ( ,plato is n really s extravagant z ! actual con/itution ( ,a!ns1 9 :i* all ! s5ators appe> to h be5 elect$ by lot 7apo kuam\ b\leutai71 at lea/1 aft] ! revolution made by ,clei/h5es2 = ! con/itution ( ! s5ate :i* 0 e/abli%$ by ,solon probably _h "s ari/ocratic features1 ?\gh _! precise nature is unkn[n to u4 ,! anci5ts knew t election by lot 0 ! mo/ democratic ( all modes ( appo9tm5t1 seem+ to say 9 ! objectionable s5se1 t '"o man is z good z ano!r4' ,plato1 :o is desir\s ( m+l+ diff]5t elem5ts1 makes a p>tial use ( ! lot1 :i* he applies to c&idates already elect$ by vote4 ,he attempts also to devise a sy/em ( *ecks & balances su* z he supposes to h be5 int5d$ by ! anci5t legislators4 ,we are dispos$ to say to him1 z he himself says 9 a rem>kable passage1 t 'no man ev] legislates1 b accid5ts ( all sorts1 :i* legislate = u 9 all sorts ( ways4 ,! viol5ce ( w> & ! h>d necessity ( pov]ty are con/antly ov]turn+ gov]nm5ts & *ang+ laws4' ,& yet1 z he adds1 ! true legislator is /ill requir$3 he mu/ co-op]ate ) circum/ances4 ,_m ?+s :i* are ascrib$ to human =esight are ! result ( *ance4 ,anci5t1 & 9 a less degree mod]n political con/itutions1 are nev] consi/5t ) !mselves1 because !y are nev] fram$ on a s+le design1 b are add$ to f "t to "t z new elem5ts arise & ga9 ! prepond]ance 9 ! /ate4 ,we (t5 attribute to ! wisdom ( our ance/ors great political effects :i* h sprung un=ese5 f ! accid5t ( ! situation4 ,p[]1 n wisdom1 is mo/ commonly ! s\rce ( political revolutions4 ,& ! result1 z 9 ! ,roman ,republic1 ( ! co-exi/5ce ( opposite elem5ts 9 ! same /ate is1 n a balance ( p[] or an equable progress ( lib]al pr9ciples1 b a conflict ( =ces1 ( :i* "o or o!r may happ5 to be 9 ! asc5dant4 ,9 ,greek hi/ory1 z well z 9 ,plato's conception ( x1 ?is 'progression by antagonism' involves reaction3 ! ari/ocracy exp&s into democracy & returns aga9 to tyranny4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,laws may be said to consi/1 besides ! magi/rates1 ma9ly ( ?ree elem5ts1--an adm9i/rative ,c\ncil1 ! judici>y1 & ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil1 :i* is an intellectual ari/ocracy1 compos$ ( prie/s & ! t5 elde/ gu>dians ( ! law & "s y\ng] co-opt$ memb]s4 ,to ?is latt] *iefly are assign$ ! functions ( legislation1 b to be ex]cis$ ) a sp>+ h&4 ,! p[]s ( ! ord9>y c\ncil are adm9i/rative r ?an legislative4 ,! :ole numb] ( #cfj1 z 9 ! ,a!nian con/itution1 is di/ribut$ among ! mon?s ( ! ye> accord+ to ! numb] ( ! tribes4 ,n m ?an "o-twelf? is to be 9 (fice at once1 s t ! gov]nm5t w\ld be made up ( twelve adm9i/rations succe$+ "o ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,!y are to ex]cise a g5]al sup]9t5d5ce1 &1 l ! ,a!nian c\nsellors1 are to preside 9 mon?ly divisions ov] all assemblies4 ,( ! ecclesia ov] :i* !y presid$ little is said1 & t little relates to comp>atively trifl+ duties4 ,no?+ is less pres5t to ! m9d ( ,plato ?an a ,h\se ( ,commons1 c>ry+ on ye> by ye> ! "w ( legislation4 ,= he supposes ! laws to be already provid$4 ,z little w\ld he approve ( a body l ! ,roman ,s5ate4 ,! p & ! ari/ocracy alike are to be repres5t$1 n by assemblies1 b by (fic]s elect$ = "o or two ye>s1 except ! gu>dians ( ! law1 :o are elect$ = tw5ty ye>s4 ,! evils ( ?is sy/em are obvi\s4 ,if 9 any /ate1 z ,plato says 9 ! ,/atesman1 x is easi] to f9d fifty good draught-play]s ?an fifty good rul]s1 ! great] "p ( ! #cfj :o compose ! c\ncil mu/ be unfitt$ to rule4 ,! unfitness w\ld be increas$ by ! %ort p]iod dur+ :i* !y held (fice4 ,!re w\ld be no traditions ( gov]nm5t among !m1 z 9 a ,greek or ,italian olig>*y1 & no individual w\ld be responsible = any ( _! acts4 ,ev]y?+ seems to h be5 sacrific$ to a false notion ( equality1 accord+ to :i* all h a turn ( rul+ & be+ rul$4 ,9 ! con/itution ( ! ,magnesian /ate ,plato has n emancipat$ himself f ! limitations ( anci5t politics4 ,8 gov]nm5t may be describ$ z a democracy ( magi/rates elect$ by ! p4 ,he nev] tr\bles himself ab\t ! political consi/5cy ( 8 s*eme4 ,he does inde$ say t ! great] "p ( ! good ( ?is _w arises1 n f equality1 b f proportion1 :i* he calls ! judgm5t ( ,zeus 7comp>e ,ari/otle's ,di/ributive ,ju/ice71 b he h>dly makes any attempt to c>ry out ! pr9ciple 9 practice4 ,!re is no attempt to proportion repres5tation to m]it2 nor is !re any body 9 8 commonweal? :i* repres5ts ! life ei!r ( a class or ( ! :ole /ate4 ,! mann] ( appo9t+ magi/rates is tak5 *iefly f ! old democratic con/itution ( ,a!ns1 ( :i* x reta9s "s ( ! wor/ features1 su* z ! use ( ! lot1 :ile by do+ away ) ! political "* ( ! popul> assembly ! ma9spr+ ( ! ma*9e is tak5 out4 ,! gu>dians ( ! law1 ?irty-sev5 9 numb]1 ( :om ! t5 elde/ reappe> z a "p ( ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil at ! end ( ! twelf? book1 are to be elect$ by ! :ole milit>y class1 b !y are to hold (fice = tw5ty ye>s1 & w\ld !re=e h an olig>*ical r ?an a democratic "*4 ,no?+ is said ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! functions ( ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil are to be h>moniz$ ) ^? ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 or z to h[ ! ord9>y c\ncil is relat$ to x4 ,simil> pr9ciples are appli$ to inf]ior (fices4 ,to "s ! appo9tm5t is made by vote1 to o!rs by lot4 ,9 ! elections to ! prie/hood1 ,plato endeav\rs to mix or balance 9 a fri5dly mann] 'demus & n demus4' ,! commonweal? ( ! ,laws1 l ! ,republic1 _c disp5se ) a spiritual head1 :i* is ! same 9 bo?--! oracle ( ,delphi4 ,f ?is ! laws ab\t all div9e ?+s are to be d]iv$4 ,! f9al selection ( ! ,int]pret]s1 ! *oice ( an heir = a vacant lot1 ! puni%m5t = remov+ a deposit1 are also to be det]m9$ by x4 ,plato is n dispos$ to enc\rage amateur attempts to revive religion 9 /ates4 ,=1 z he says 9 ! ,laws1 ',to in/itute religi\s rites is ! "w ( a great intellig5ce4' ,?\gh ! c\ncil is fram$ on ! model ( ! ,a!nian ,b\le1 ! law c\rts ( ,plato d n equally con=m to ! patt]n ( ! ,a!nian dica/]ies4 ,plato ?9ks t ! judges %\ld speak & ask que/ions3--?is is n possible if !y are num]\s2 he w\ld1 !re=e1 h a few judges only1 b good ones4 ,he is nev]!less aw>e t bo? 9 public & private suits !re mu/ be a popul> elem5t4 ,he insi/s t ! :ole p mu/ %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice--9 public causes !y are to take ! fir/ /ep1 & ! f9al decision is to rema9 ) !m4 ,9 private suits !y are also to reta9 a %>e2 '= ! citiz5 :o has no "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is apt to ?9k t he has no %>e 9 ! /ate4 ,= ?is reason !re is to be a c\rt ( law 9 e tribe 7i4e4 = ab\t e #b1jjj citiz5s71 & ! judges are to be *os5 by lot4' ,( ! c\rts ( law he gives :at he calls a sup]ficial sket*4 ,nor1 inde$ is x easy to reconcile 8 v>i\s acc\nts ( !m4 ,x is h[ev] cle> t al?\gh "s (ficials1 l ! gu>dians ( ! law1 ! w>d5s ( ! agora1 city1 & c\ntry h p[] to inflict m9or p5alties1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is 9 ! ma9 popul>4 ,! +5i\s exp$i5t ( divid+ ! que/ions ( law & fact betwe5 a judge & jury1 :i* w\ld h enabl$ ,plato to comb9e ! popul> elem5t ) ! judicial1 did n occur to him or to any o!r anci5t political philosoph]4 ,?\gh desir\s ( limit+ ! numb] ( judges1 & !reby conf9+ ! (fice to p]sons specially fitt$ = x1 he does n seem to h und]/ood t a body ( law mu/ be =m$ by decisions z well z by legal enactm5ts4 ,he w\ld h m5 9 ! fir/ place seek ju/ice f _! fri5ds & neighb\rs1 because1 z he truly rem>ks1 !y "k be/ ! que/ions at issue2 ^! are call$ 9 ano!r passage arbit]s r ?an judges4 ,b if !y _c settle ! matt]1 x is to be ref]r$ to ! c\rts ( ! tribes1 & a high] p5alty is to be paid by ! p>ty :o is unsuccessful 9 ! suit4 ,!re is a fur!r appeal all[$ to ! select judges1 ) a fur!r increase ( p5alty4 ,! select judges are to be appo9t$ by ! magi/rates1 :o are to *oose "o f e magi/racy4 ,!y are to be elect$ annually1 & !re=e probably = a ye> only1 & are liable to be call$ to acc\nt be=e ! gu>dians ( ! law4 ,9 cases ( :i* dea? is ! p5alty1 ! trial takes place be=e a special c\rt1 :i* is compos$ ( ! gu>dians ( ! law & ( ! judges ( appeal4 ,9 treat+ ( ! subject 9 ,book ix1 he proposes to leave = ! mo/ "p ! me?ods ( proc$ure to a y\ng] g5]ation ( legislators2 ! proc$ure 9 capital causes he det]m9es himself4 ,he insi/s t ! vote ( ! judges %all be giv5 op5ly1 & be=e !y vote !y are to he> spee*es f ! pla9tiff & def5dant4 ,!y are !n to take evid5ce 9 support ( :at has be5 said1 & to exam9e witnesses4 ,! elde/ judge is to ask 8 que/ions fir/1 & !n ! second1 & !n ! ?ird4 ,! int]rogatories are to cont9ue = ?ree days1 & ! evid5ce is to be writt5 d[n4 ,app>5tly he does n expect ! judges to be pr(essional lawy]s1 any m ?an he expects ! memb]s ( ! c\ncil to be tra9$ /atesm54 ,9 =m+ m>riage connexions1 ,plato supposes t ! public int]e/ w prevail ov] private incl9ation4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ?is v %ock+ to ! notions ( ,greeks1 among :om ! feel+ ( love t[>ds ! o!r sex 0 almo/ depriv$ ( s5tim5t or romance4 ,m>ri$ life is to be regulat$ solely ) a view to ! good ( ! /ate4 ,! newly-m>ri$ c\ple are n all[$ to abs5t !mselves f _! respective syssitia1 ev5 dur+ _! honeymoon2 !y are to give _! :ole m9d to ! procreation ( *ildr52 _! duties to "o ano!r at a lat] p]iod ( life are n a matt] ab\t :i* ! /ate is equally solicit\s4 ,divorces are readily all[$ = incompatibility ( temp]4 ,z 9 ! ,republic1 physical consid]ations seem almo/ to exclude moral & social ones4 ,to mod]n feel+s !re is a degree ( co>s5ess 9 ,plato's treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,yet he also makes "s %rewd rem>ks on m>riage1 z = example1 t a man :o does n m>ry = money w n be ! humble s]vant ( 8 wife4 ,& he %[s a true conception ( ! nature ( ! family1 :5 he requires t ! newly-m>ri$ c\ple '%\ld leave _! fa!r & "m1' & h a sep>ate home4 ,he also provides aga9/ extravagance 9 m>riage fe/ivals1 :i* 9 "s /ates ( society1 = in/ance 9 ! case ( ! ,h9doos1 has be5 a social evil ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,9 treat+ ( prop]ty1 ,plato takes occasion to speak ( prop]ty 9 slaves4 ,!y are to be treat$ ) p]fect ju/ice2 b1 = _! own sake1 to be kept at a di/ance4 ,! motive is n s mu* humanity to ! slave1 ( :i* !re are h>dly any traces 7al?\gh ,plato all[s t _m 9 ! h\r ( p]il h f\nd a slave m atta*$ ?an memb]s ( _! own family71 b ! self-respect :i* ! freeman & citiz5 owes to himself 7comp>e ,republic74 ,if !y commit crimes1 !y are d\bly puni%$2 if !y in=m aga9/ illegal practices ( _! ma/]s1 !y are to receive a protection1 :i* w\ld probably be ineffectual1 f ! gu>dians ( ! law2 9 r>e cases !y are to be set free4 ,plato /ill brea!s ! _s ( ! old ,hell5ic _w1 9 :i* slav]y 0 a necessity1 because leisure mu/ be provid$ = ! citiz54 ,! education prop\nd$ 9 ! ,laws diff]s 9 sev]al po9ts f t ( ! ,republic4 ,plato seems to h reflect$ z deeply & e>ne/ly on ! importance ( infancy z ,r\sseau1 or ,jean ,paul 7comp>e ! say+ ( ! latt]--',n ! mom5t ( dea?1 b ! mom5t ( bir?1 is probably ! m important'74 ,he w\ld fix ! amusem5ts ( *ildr5 9 ! hope ( fix+ _! *>act]s 9 aft]-life4 ,9 ! _s ( ! /atesman :o said1 ',let me make ! ballads ( a c\ntry1 & ,i c>e n :o make _! laws1' ,plato w\ld say1 ',let ! amusem5ts ( *ildr5 be un*ang$1 & !y w n want to *ange ! laws4 ,! ',goddess ,h>monia' plays a great "p 9 ,plato's ideas ( education4 ,! natural re/less =ce ( life 9 *ildr51 ':o d no?+ b ro> until !y are ?ree ye>s old1' is gradually to be r$uc$ to law & ord]4 ,z 9 ! ,republic1 he fixes c]ta9 =ms 9 :i* songs are to be compos$3 7#a7 !y are to be /ra9s ( *e]fulness & good om52 7#b7 !y are to be hymns or pray]s address$ to ! ,gods2 7#c7 !y are to s+ only ( ! lawful & good4 ,! poets are aga9 expell$ or r ironically invit$ to dep>t2 & ^? :o rema9 are requir$ to submit _! poems to ! c5sor%ip ( ! magi/rates4 ,y\? are no long] compell$ to commit to memory _m ?\s& lyric & tragic ,greek v]ses2 yet1 p]haps1 a worse fate is 9 /ore = !m4 ,plato has no belief 9 'lib]ty ( prophesy+'2 & hav+ gu>d$ aga9/ ! dang]s ( lyric poetry1 he rememb]s t !re is an equal dang] 9 o!r writ+s4 ,he _c leave 8 old enemies1 ! ,sophi/s1 9 possession ( ! field2 & !re=e he proposes t y\? %all le>n by he>t1 in/ead ( ! compositions ( poets or prose writ]s1 8 own inspir$ "w on laws4 ,^!1 & music & ma!matics1 are ! *ief p>ts ( 8 education4 ,ma!matics are to be cultivat$1 n z 9 ! ,republic ) a view to ! sci5ce ( ! idea ( good1--?\gh ! high] use ( !m is n altoge!r exclud$1--b r ) a religi\s & political aim4 ,!y are a sacr$ /udy :i* tea*es m5 h[ to di/ribute ! portions ( a /ate1 & :i* is to be pursu$ 9 ord] t !y may le>n n to blaspheme ab\t a/ronomy4 ,aga9/ ?ree ma!matical errors ,plato is 9 pr(\nd e>ne/4 ,fir/1 ! error ( suppos+ t ! ?ree dim5sions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & height1 are really comm5surable ) "o ano!r4 ,! difficulty :i* he feels is analog\s to ! difficulty :i* he =m]ly felt ab\t ! connexion ( ideas1 & is equally *>act]i/ic ( anci5t philosophy3 he fixes 8 m9d on ! po9t ( diff]5ce1 & _c at ! same "t take 9 ! simil>ity4 ,secondly1 he is puzzl$ ab\t ! nature ( fractions3 9 ! ,republic1 he is dispos$ to d5y ! possibility ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?irdly1 8 optimism leads him to insi/ 7unlike ! ,spani% k+ :o ?\ght t he c\ld h improv$ on ! me*anism ( ! heav5s7 on ! p]fect or circul> movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,he appe>s to mean1 t in/ead ( reg>d+ ! />s z ov]tak+ or be+ ov]tak5 by "o ano!r1 or z planets w&]+ 9 _m pa?s1 a m compreh5sive survey ( ! heav5s w\ld enable u to inf] t !y all alike mov$ 9 a circle ar\nd a c5tre 7comp>e ,timaeus2 ,republic74 ,he probably suspect$1 ?\gh unacqua9t$ ) ! true cause1 t ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s did n agree ) ! reality3 at any rate1 8 notions ( :at 0 "r or fitt+ easily ov]p[]$ ! results ( actual obs]vation4 ,to ! e>ly a/ronom]s1 :o liv$ at ! revival ( sci5ce1 z to ,plato1 !re 0 no?+ absurd 9 a priori a/ronomy1 & !y w\ld probably h made few] real discov]ies ( !y _h foll[$ any o!r track4 7,comp>e ,introduction to ! ,republic47 ,! sci5ce ( dialectic is n[h]e m5tion$ by "n 9 ! ,laws1 nor is any?+ said ( ! education ( aft]-life4 ,! *ild is to beg9 to le>n at t5 ye>s ( age3 he is to be taught read+ & writ+ = ?ree ye>s1 f t5 to ?irte51 & no long]2 & = ?ree ye>s m1 f ?irte5 to sixte51 he is to be in/ruct$ 9 music4 ,! great fault :i* ,plato f9ds 9 ! contempor>y education is ! almo/ total ignorance ( ari?metic & a/ronomy1 9 :i* ! ,greeks w\ld d well to take a lesson f ! ,egyptians 7comp>e ,republic74 ,danc+ & wre/l+ are to h a milit>y "*1 & wom5 z well z m5 are to be taught ! use ( arms4 ,! milit>y _s :i* ,plato has va9ly endeav\r$ to expel 9 ! fir/ two books returns aga9 9 ! sev5? & eigh?4 ,he has evid5tly a sympa?y ) ! soldi]1 z well z ) ! poet1 & he is no mean ma/] ( ! art1 or at lea/ ( ! !ory1 ( w> 7comp>e ,laws2 ,republic71 ?\gh incl9+ r to ! ,sp>tan ?an to ! ,a!nian practice ( x 7,laws74 ,( a supreme or ma/] sci5ce :i* 0 to be ! 'cop+-/one' ( ! re/1 few traces appe> 9 ! ,laws4 ,he seems to h lo/ fai? 9 x1 or p]haps to h realiz$ t ! "t = su* a sci5ce _h n yet come1 & t he 0 unable to fill up ! outl9e :i* he _h sket*$4 ,!re is no requirem5t t ! gu>dians ( ! law %all be philosoph]s1 al?\gh !y are to "k ! unity ( virtue1 & ! connexion ( ! sci5ces4 ,nor are we told t ! leisure ( ! citiz5s1 :5 !y are gr[n up1 is to be devot$ to any intellectual employm5t4 ,9 ?is respect we note a fall+ (f f ! ,republic1 b also !re is '! return+ to x' ( :i* ,ari/otle speaks 9 ! ,politics4 ,! public & family duties ( ! citiz5s are to be _! ma9 bus9ess1 & ^! w\ld1 no d\bt1 take up a great deal m "t ?an 9 ! mod]n _w we are will+ to all[ to ei!r ( !m4 ,plato no long] ent]ta9s ! idea ( any regul> tra9+ to be pursu$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! /ate f eighte5 to ?irty1 or f ?irty to ?irty-five2 he has tak5 ! fir/ /ep d[nw>ds on ',con/itution ,hill' 7,republic74 ,b he ma9ta9s z e>ne/ly z ev] t 'to m5 liv+ "u ?is second polity !re rema9s ! greate/ ( all works1 ! education ( ! s\l1' & t no bye-"w %\ld be all[$ to int]f]e ) x4 ,night & day are n long en\gh = ! consummation ( x4 ,few among u are ei!r able or will+ to c>ry education into lat] life2 five or six ye>s sp5t at s*ool1 ?ree or f\r at a univ]sity1 or 9 ! prep>ation = a pr(ession1 an occasional att5dance at a lecture to :i* we are invit$ by fri5ds :5 we h an h\r to sp>e f h\se-keep+ or money-mak+--^! comprise1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! education ev5 ( ! educat$2 & !n ! lamp is ext+ui%$ 'm truly ?an ,h]acleitus' sun1 nev] to be light$ aga9' 7,republic74 ,! description :i* ,plato gives 9 ! ,republic ( ! /ate ( adult education among 8 contempor>ies may be appli$ almo/ ^w = ^w to our own age4 ,he does n h[ev] acquiesce 9 ?is widely-spread want ( a high] education2 he w\ld r seek to make e man some?+ ( a philosoph] be=e he ent]s on ! duties ( active life4 ,b 9 ! ,laws he no long] prescribes any regul> c\rse ( /udy :i* is to be pursu$ 9 mature ye>s4 ,nor does he rem>k t ! education ( aft]-life is ( ano!r k9d1 & mu/ consi/ ) ! majority ( ! _w r 9 ! improvem5t ( "* ?an 9 ! acquirem5t ( k4 ,x comes f ! /udy ( ourselves & o!r m53 f mod]ation & exp]i5ce3 f reflection on circum/ances3 f ! pursuit ( high aims3 f a "r use ( ! opportunities ( life4 ,x is ! pres]vation ( :at we h be51 & ! addition ( some?+ m4 ,! p[] ( ab/ract /udy or cont9u\s ?\ght is v r>e1 b su* a tra9+ z ?is c be giv5 by e "o to himself4 ,! s+ul> passage 9 ,book vii41 9 :i* ,plato describes life z a pa/ime1 l _m o!r passages 9 ! ,laws is imp]fectly express$4 ,two ?\ghts seem to be /ruggl+ 9 8 m9d3 fir/1 ! reflection1 to :i* he returns at ! end ( ! passage1 t m5 are play?+s or puppets1 & t ,god only is ! s]i\s aim ( human endeav\rs2 ?is sugge/s to him ! aft]?\ght t1 al?\gh play?+s1 !y are ! play?+s ( ! ,gods1 & t ?is is ! be/ ( !m4 ,! cynical1 ironical fancy ( ! mom5t ins5sibly passes into a religi\s s5tim5t4 ,9 ano!r passage he says t life is a game ( :i* ,god1 :o is ! play]1 %ifts ! pieces s z to procure ! victory ( good on ! :ole4 ,or once m3 ,trag$ies are act$ on ! /age2 b ! be/ & noble/ ( !m is ! imitation ( ! noble/ life1 :i* we affirm to be ! life ( our :ole /ate4 ,aga91 life is a *orus1 z well z a sort ( my/]y1 9 :i* we h ! ,gods = playmates4 ,m5 imag9e t w> is _! s]i\s pursuit1 & !y make w> t !y may return to _! amusem5ts4 ,b nei!r w>s nor amusem5ts are ! true satisfaction ( m51 :i* is to be f\nd only 9 ! society ( ! ,gods1 9 sacrific+ to !m & propitiat+ !m4 ,l a ,*ri/ian ascetic1 ,plato seems to suppose t life %\ld be pass$ :olly 9 ! enjoym5t ( div9e ?+s4 ,& aft] m$itat+ 9 amazem5t on ! sadness & unreality ( ! _w1 he adds1 9 a sort ( p>5!sis1 ',be *e]ful1 ,sirs' 7,%akespe>e1 ,tempe/47 ,9 "o ( ! noble/ passages ( ,plato1 he speaks ( ! relation ( ! sexes4 ,natural relations betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family h be5 e/abli%$ ( old2 a 'little ^w' has put a /op to ince/u\s connexions4 ,b unnatural unions ( ano!r k9d cont9u$ to prevail at ,crete & ,lac$aemon1 & 7 ev5 ju/ifi$ by ! example ( ! ,gods4 ,!y1 too1 might be bani%$1 if ! feel+ t !y 7 unholy & abom9able c\ld s9k into ! m9ds ( m54 ,! legislator is to cry al\d1 & sp>e n1 ',let n m5 fall bel[ ! level ( ! bea/s4' ,plato does n %r9k1 l "s mod]n philosoph]s1 f 'c>ry+ on w> aga9/ ! mightie/ lu/s ( mank9d2' nei!r does he expect to extirpate !m1 b only to conf9e !m to _! natural use & purpose1 by ! enactm5ts ( law1 & by ! influ5ce ( public op9ion4 ,he w n fe$ !m by an ov]-luxuri\s diet1 nor all[ ! heal?i] in/9cts ( ! s\l to be corrupt$ by music & poetry4 ,! prohibition ( excessive weal? is1 z he says1 a v consid]able ga9 9 ! way ( temp]ance1 nor does he all[ ( ^? en?usia/ic fri5d%ips betwe5 old] & y\ng] p]sons :i* 9 8 e>li] writ+s appe> to be allud$ to ) a c]ta9 degree ( amusem5t & )\t repro( 7comp>e ,introduction to ! ,symposium74 ,sappho & ,anacreon are celebrat$ by him 9 ! ,*>mides & ! ,pha$rus2 b !y w\ld h be5 expell$ f ! ,magnesian /ate4 ,yet he does n suppose t ! rule ( absolute purity c be en=c$ on all mank9d4 ,some?+ mu/ be conc$$ to ! weakness ( human nature4 ,he !re=e adopts a 'second legal /&>d ( hon\rable & di%on\rable1 hav+ a second /&>d ( "r4' ,he w\ld aboli% altoge!r '! connexion ( m5 ) m5444,z to wom51 if any man has to d ) any b ^? :o come into 8 h\se duly m>ri$ by sacr$ rites1 & he (f5ds publicly 9 ! face ( all mank9d1 we %all be "r 9 enact+ t he be depriv$ ( civic hon\rs & privileges4' ,b feel+ also t x is impossible :olly to control ! mightie/ passions ( mank9d1' ,plato1 l o!r legislators1 makes a compromise4 ,! (f5d] mu/ n be f\nd out2 dec5cy1 if n morality1 mu/ be respect$4 ,9 ?is he appe>s to agree ) ! practice ( all civiliz$ ages & c\ntries4 ,mu* may be truly said by ! morali/ on ! comp>ative h>m ( op5 & conceal$ vice4 ,nor d we d5y t "s moral evils are bett] turn$ out to ! light1 because1 l diseases1 :5 expos$1 !y are m easily cur$4 ,& secrecy introduces my/]y :i* enorm\sly exagg]ates _! p[]2 a m]e animal want is ?us elevat$ into a s5tim5tal ideal4 ,x may v well be t a ^w spok5 9 season ab\t ?+s :i* are commonly conceal$ may h an excell5t effect4 ,b hav+ reg>d to ! education ( y\?1 to ! innoc5ce ( *ildr51 to ! s5sibilities ( wom51 to ! dec5cies ( society1 ,plato & ! _w 9 g5]al are n wrong 9 insi/+ t "s ( ! wor/ vices1 if !y mu/ exi/1 %\ld be kept out ( sight2 ?is1 ?\gh only a second-be/ rule1 is a support to ! weakness ( human nature4 ,!re are "s ?+s :i* may be :isp]$ 9 ! closet1 b %\ld n be %\t$ on ! h\setop4 ,x may be said ( ?is1 z ( _m o!r ?+s1 t x is a great "p ( education to "k to :om !y are to be spok5 (1 & :51 & :]e4 ,,book ,,ix4 ,puni%m5ts ( (f5ces & modes ( proc$ure come next 9 ord]4 ,we h a s5se ( disgrace 9 mak+ regulations = all ! details ( crime 9 a virtu\s & well-ord]$ /ate4 ,b see+ t we are legislat+ = m5 & n = ,gods1 !re is no un*>itabl5ess 9 appreh5d+ t "s "o ( our citiz5s may h a he>t1 l ! se$ :i* has t\*$ ! ox's horn1 s h>d z to be imp5etrable to ! law4 ,let our fir/ enactm5t be direct$ aga9/ ! robb+ ( temples4 ,no well-educat$ citiz5 w be guilty ( su* a crime1 b "o ( _! s]vants1 or "s /rang]1 may1 & ) a view to him1 & at ! same "t ) a remot] eye to ! g5]al infirmity ( human nature1 ,i w lay d[n ! law1 beg9n+ ) a prelude4 ,to ! int5d+ robb] we w say--,o sir1 ! compla9t :i* tr\bles y is n human2 b "s curse has fall5 ^u y1 inh]it$ f ! crimes ( y\r ance/ors1 ( :i* y mu/ purge y\rself3 g & sacrifice to ! ,gods1 associate ) ! good1 avoid ! wick$2 & if y are cur$ ( ! fatal impulse1 well2 b if n1 ackn[l$ge dea? to be bett] ?an life1 & dep>t4 ,^! are ! acc5ts1 s(t & l[1 9 :i* we address ! w\ld-be crim9al4 ,& if he w n li/51 !n cry al\d z ) ! s\nd ( a trumpet3 ,:osoev] robs a temple1 if he be a slave or =eign] %all be br&$ 9 ! face & h&s1 & sc\rg$1 & ca/ nak$ beyond ! bord]4 ,& p]haps ?is may improve him3 = ! law aims ei!r at ! re=mation ( ! crim9al1 or ! repression ( crime4 ,no puni%m5t is design$ to inflict useless injury4 ,b if ! (f5d] be a citiz51 he mu/ be incurable1 & = him dea? is ! only fitt+ p5alty4 ,8 iniquity1 h[ev]1 %all n be visit$ on 8 *ildr51 nor %all 8 prop]ty be confiscat$4 ,z to ! exaction ( p5alties1 any p]son :o is f9$ = an (f5ce %all n be liable to pay ! f9e1 unless he h prop]ty 9 excess ( 8 lot4 ,= ! lots mu/ nev] g uncultivat$ = lack ( means2 ! gu>dians ( ! law are to provide aga9/ ?is4 ,if a f9e is inflict$ ^u a man :i* he _c pay1 & = :i* 8 fri5ds are unwill+ to give security1 he %all be imprison$ & o!rwise di%on\r$4 ,b no crim9al %all g unpuni%$3--:e!r dea?1 or imprisonm5t1 or /ripes1 or f9es1 or ! /ocks1 or bani%m5t to a remote temple1 be ! p5alty4 ,capital (f5ces %all come "u ! cognizance ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & a college ( ! be/ ( ! la/ ye>'s magi/rates4 ,! ord] ( suits & simil> details we %all leave to ! lawgiv]s ( ! future1 & only det]m9e ! mode ( vot+4 ,! judges are to sit 9 ord] ( s5iority1 & ! proce$+s %all beg9 ) ! spee*es ( ! pla9tiff & ! def5dant2 & !n ! judges1 beg9n+ ) ! elde/1 %all ask que/ions & collect evid5ce dur+ ?ree days1 :i*1 at ! end ( ea* day1 %all be deposit$ 9 writ+ "u _! seals on ! alt> ( ,he/ia2 & :5 !y h evid5ce en\gh1 aft] a solemn decl>ation t !y w decide ju/ly1 !y %all vote & end ! case4 ,! votes are to be giv5 op5ly 9 ! pres5ce ( ! citiz5s4 ,next to religion1 ! pres]vation ( ! con/itution is ! fir/ object ( ! law4 ,! greate/ enemy ( ! /ate is he :o attempts to set up a tyrant1 or bre$s plots & conspiracies2 n f> bel[ him 9 guilt is a magi/rate :o ei!r kn[+ly1 or 9 ignorance1 fails to br+ ! (f5d] to ju/ice4 ,any "o :o is good = any?+ w give in=mation aga9/ traitors4 ,! mode ( proce$+ at su* trials w be ! same z at trials = sacrilege2 ! p5alty1 dea?4 ,b nei!r 9 ?is case nor 9 any o!r is ! son to be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r1 unless fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 great-gr&fa!r1 h all ( !m be5 capitally convict$1 & !n ! family ( ! crim9al are to be s5t (f to ! c\ntry ( _! ance/or1 reta9+ _! prop]ty1 ) ! exception ( ! lot & its fixtures4 ,& t5 are to be select$ f ! y\ng] sons ( ! o!r citiz5s--"o ( :om is to be *os5 by ! oracle ( ,delphi to be heir ( ! lot4 ,our ?ird law w be a g5]al "o1 conc]n+ ! proc$ure & ! judges 9 cases ( treason4 ,z reg>ds ! rema9+ or dep>ture ( ! family ( ! (f5d]1 ! same law %all apply equally to ! traitor1 ! sacrilegi\s1 & ! conspirator4 ,a ?ief1 :e!r he /eals mu* or little1 mu/ refund twice ! am\nt1 if he c d s )\t impair+ 8 lot2 if he _c1 he mu/ g to prison until he ei!r pays ! pla9tiff1 or 9 case ( a public !ft1 ! city1 or !y agree to =give him4 ',b %\ld all k9ds ( !ft incur ! same p5alty8' ,y rem9d me ( :at ,i "k--t legislation is nev] p]fect4 ,! m5 = :om laws are n[ made may be comp>$ to ! slave :o is be+ doctor$1 accord+ to our old image1 by ! unsci5tific doctor4 ,= ! empirical practition]1 if he *ance to meet ! educat$ physician talk+ to 8 pati5t1 & ent]+ into ! philosophy ( 8 disease1 w\ld bur/ out laugh+ & say1 z doctors delight 9 do+1 ',fooli% fell[1 in/ead ( cur+ ! pati5t y are educat+ him6' ',& w\ld he n be "r8' ,p]haps2 & he might add1 t he :o disc\rses 9 our fa%ion prea*es to ! citiz5s in/ead ( legislat+ = !m4 ',true4' ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o advantage :i* we possess--t be+ amateurs only1 we may ei!r take ! mo/ ideal1 or ! mo/ necess>y & utilit>ian view4 ',b :y (f] su* an alt]native8 ,z if all our legislation mu/ be done to-day1 & no?+ put (f until ! morr[4 ,we may surely r\gh-hew our mat]ials fir/1 & %ape & place !m aft]w>ds4' ,t w be ! natural way ( proce$+4 ,!re is a fur!r po9t4 ,( all writ+s ei!r 9 prose or v]se ! writ+s ( ! legislator are ! mo/ important4 ,= x is he :o has to det]m9e ! nature ( good & evil1 & h[ !y %\ld be /udi$ ) a view to our in/ruction4 ,& is x n z disgraceful = ,solon & ,lycurgus to lay d[n false precepts ab\t ! in/itutions ( life z = ,hom] & ,tyrtaeus8 ,! laws ( /ates ought to be ! models ( writ+1 & :at is at v>iance ) !m %\ld be deem$ ridicul\s4 ,& we may fur!r imag9e !m to express ! affection & good s5se ( a fa!r or "m1 & n to be ! fiats ( a tyrant4 ',v true4' ,let u enquire m p>ticul>ly ab\t sacrilege1 !ft & o!r crimes1 = :i* we h already legislat$ 9 "p4 ,& ?is leads u to ask1 fir/ ( all1 :e!r we are agre$ or disagre$ ab\t ! nature ( ! hon\rable & j4 ',to :at are y ref]r+8' ,i w endeav\r to expla94 ,all are agre$ t ju/ice is hon\rable1 :e!r 9 m5 or ?+s1 & no "o :o ma9ta9s t a v ugly m5 :o is j1 is 9 8 m9d fair1 w\ld be ?\ght extravagant4 ',v true4' ,b if hon\r is to be attribut$ to ju/ice1 are j suff]+s hon\rable1 or only j actions8 ',:at d y mean8' ,our laws supply a case 9 po9t2 = we enact$ t ! robb] ( temples & ! traitor %\ld die2 & ?is 0 j1 b ! rev]se ( hon\rable4 ,9 ?is way does ! language ( ! _m r5d asund] ! j & hon\rable4 ',t is true4' ,b is our own language consi/5t8 ,i h already said t ! evil are involunt>ily evil2 & ! evil are ! unju/4 ,n[ ! volunt>y _c be ! involunt>y2 & if y two come to me & say1 ',!n %all we legislate = our city8' ,( c\rse1 ,i %all reply4--',!n w y di/+ui% :at crimes are volunt>y & :at involunt>y1 & %all we impose light] p5alties on ! latt]1 & heavi] on ! =m]8 ,or %all we refuse to det]m9e :at is ! mean+ ( volunt>y & involunt>y1 & ma9ta9 t our words h come d[n f heav51 & t !y %\ld be at once embodi$ 9 a law8' ,all /ates legislate "u ! idea t !re are two classes ( actions1 ! volunt>y & ! involunt>y1 b !re is great confusion ab\t !m 9 ! m9ds ( m52 & ! law c nev] act unless !y are di/+ui%$4 ,ei!r we mu/ ab/a9 f affirm+ t unju/ actions are involunt>y1 or expla9 ! mean+ ( ?is /atem5t4 ,believ+1 !n1 t acts ( inju/ice _c be divid$ into volunt>y & involunt>y1 ,i mu/ endeav\r to f9d "s o!r mode ( classify+ !m4 ,hurts are volunt>y & involunt>y1 b all hurts are n injuries3 on ! o!r h&1 a b5efit :5 wrongly conf]r$ may be an injury4 ,an act :i* gives or takes away any?+ is n simply j2 b ! legislator :o has to decide :e!r ! case is "o ( hurt or injury1 mu/ consid] ! animus ( ! ag5t2 & :5 !re is hurt1 he mu/ z f> z possible1 provide a rem$y & rep>ation3 b if !re is inju/ice1 he mu/1 :5 comp5sation has be5 made1 fur!r endeav\r to reconcile ! two p>ties4 ',excell5t4' ,:]e inju/ice1 l disease1 is rem$iable1 !re ! rem$y mu/ be appli$ 9 ^w or de$1 ) ! assi/ance ( pleasures & pa9s1 ( b\nties & p5alties1 or any o!r influ5ce :i* may inspire man ) ! love ( ju/ice1 or hatr$ ( inju/ice2 & ?is is ! noble/ "w ( law4 ,b :5 ! legislator p]ceives ! evil to be incurable1 he w consid] t ! dea? ( ! (f5d] w be a good to himself1 & 9 two ways a good to society3 fir/1 z he becomes an example to o!rs2 secondly1 because ! city w be quit ( a rogue2 & 9 su* a case1 b 9 no o!r1 ! legislator w puni% ) dea?4 ',!re is "s tru? 9 :at y say4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 t y w\ld di/+ui% m cle>ly ! diff]5ce ( injury & hurt1 & ! complications ( volunt>y & involunt>y4' ,y w admit t ang] is ( a viol5t & de/ructive nature8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& fur!r1 t pleasure is diff]5t f ang]1 & has an opposite p[]1 work+ by p]suasion & deceit8 ',yes4' ,ignorance is ! ?ird s\rce ( crimes2 ?is is ( two k9ds--simple ignorance & ignorance d\bl$ by conceit ( k2 ! latt]1 :5 accompani$ ) p[]1 is a s\rce ( t]rible errors1 b is excusable :5 only weak & *ildi%4 ',true4' ,we (t5 say t "o man ma/]s1 & ano!r is ma/]$ by pleasure & ang]4 ',j s4' ,b no "o says t "o man ma/]s1 & ano!r is ma/]$ by ignorance4 ',y are "r4' ,all ^! motives actuate m5 & sometimes drive !m 9 diff]5t ways4 ',t is s4' ,n[1 !n1 ,i am 9 a position to def9e ! nature ( j & unju/4 ,by inju/ice ,i mean ! dom9ion ( ang] & fe>1 pleasure & pa91 envy & desire1 9 ! s\l1 :e!r do+ h>m or n3 by ju/ice ,i mean ! rule ( ! op9ion ( ! be/1 :e!r 9 /ates or individuals1 ext5d+ to ! :ole ( life2 al?\gh actions done 9 error are (t5 ?\ght to be involunt>y inju/ice4 ,no controv]sy ne$ be rais$ ab\t names at pres5t2 we are only desir\s ( fix+ 9 our memories ! heads ( error4 ,& ! pa9 :i* is call$ fe> & ang] is our fir/ head ( error2 ! second is ! class ( pleasures & desires2 & ! ?ird1 ( hopes :i* aim at true op9ion ab\t ! be/2--?is latt] falls into ?ree divisions 7i4e4 7#a7 :5 accompani$ by simple ignorance1 7#b7 :5 accompani$ by conceit ( wisdom comb9$ ) p[]1 or 7#c7 ) weakness71 s t !re are 9 all five4 ,& ! laws relat+ to !m may be summ$ up "u two heads1 laws :i* deal ) acts ( op5 viol5ce & ) acts ( deceit2 to :i* may be add$ acts bo? viol5t & deceitful1 & ^! la/ %\ld be visit$ ) ! utmo/ rig\r ( ! law4 ',v prop]ly4' ,let u n[ return to ! enactm5t ( laws4 ,we h treat$ ( sacrilege1 & ( conspiracy1 & ( treason4 ,any ( ^! crimes may be committ$ by a p]son n 9 8 "r m9d1 or 9 ! second *ildhood ( old age4 ,if ?is is prov$ to be ! fact be=e ! judges1 ! p]son 9 "q %all only h to pay = ! injury1 & n be puni%$ fur!r1 unless he h on 8 h&s ! /a9 ( blood4 ,9 ?is case he %all be exil$ = a ye>1 & if he return be=e ! expiration ( ! ye>1 he %all be reta9$ 9 ! public prison two ye>s4 ,homicides may be divid$ into volunt>y & involunt>y3 & fir/ ( involunt>y homicide4 ,he :o un9t5tionally kills ano!r man at ! games or 9 milit>y ex]cises duly au?oriz$ by ! magi/rates1 :e!r dea? foll[ imm$iately or aft] an int]val1 %all be acquitt$1 subject only to ! purification requir$ by ! ,delphian ,oracle4 ,any physician ^: pati5t dies aga9/ 8 w %all 9 l mann] be acquitt$4 ,any "o :o un9t5tionally kills ! slave ( ano!r1 believ+ t he is 8 own1 ) or )\t weapons1 %all be> ! ma/] ( ! slave h>mless1 or pay a p5alty am\nt+ to twice ! value ( ! slave1 & to ?is let him add a purification great] ?an 9 ! case ( homicide at ! games4 ,if a man kill 8 own slave1 a purification only is requir$ ( him4 ,if he kill a freeman un9t5tionally1 let him also make purification2 & let him rememb] ! anci5t tradition :i* says t ! murd]$ man is indignant :5 he sees ! murd]] walk ab\t 9 8 own accu/om$ haunts1 & t he t]rifies him ) ! remembrance ( 8 crime4 ,& !re=e ! homicide %\ld keep away f 8 native l& = a ye>1 or1 if he h sla9 a /rang]1 let him avoid ! l& ( ! /rang] = a l p]iod4 ,if he complies ) ?is condition1 ! ne>e/ k9sman ( ! deceas$ %all take pity ^u him & be reconcil$ to him2 b if he refuses to rema9 9 exile1 or visits ! temples unpurifi$1 !n let ! k9sman proce$ aga9/ him1 & dem& a d\ble p5alty4 ,! k9sman :o neglects ?is duty %all himself incur ! curse1 & any "o :o likes may proce$ aga9/ him1 & compel him to leave 8 c\ntry = five ye>s4 ,if a /rang] involunt>ily kill a /rang]1 any "o may proce$ aga9/ him 9 ! same mann]3 & ! homicide1 if he be a metic1 %all be bani%$ = a ye>2 b if he be an entire /rang]1 :e!r he h murd]$ metic1 citiz51 or /rang]1 he %all be bani%$ = ev]2 & if he return1 he %all be puni%$ ) dea?1 & 8 prop]ty %all g to ! next ( k9 ( ! murd]$ man4 ,if he come back by sea aga9/ 8 w1 he %all rema9 on ! sea%ore1 wett+ 8 feet 9 ! wat] :ile he waits = a vessel to sail2 or if he be br\ght back by l&1 ! magi/rates %all s5d him unh>m$ beyond ! bord]4 ,next foll[s murd] done f ang]1 :i* is ( two k9ds--ei!r aris+ out ( a sudd5 impulse1 & att5d$ ) remorse2 or committ$ ) prem$itation1 & unatt5d$ ) remorse4 ,! cause ( bo? is ang]1 & bo? are int]m$iate betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,! "o :i* is committ$ f sudd5 impulse1 ?\gh n :olly involunt>y1 be>s ! image ( ! involunt>y1 & is !re=e ! m excusable ( ! two1 & %\ld receive a g5tl] puni%m5t4 ,! act ( him :o nurses 8 wra? is m volunt>y1 & !re=e m culpable4 ,! degree ( culpability dep5ds on ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( int5tion1 to :i* ! degree ( puni%m5t %\ld correspond4 ,= ! fir/ k9d ( murd]1 t :i* is done on a mom5t>y impulse1 let two ye>s' exile be ! p5alty2 = ! second1 t :i* is accompani$ ) malice prep5se1 ?ree4 ,:5 ! "t ( any "o's exile has expir$1 ! gu>dians %all s5d twelve judges to ! bord]s ( ! l&1 :o %all h au?ority to decide :e!r he may return or n4 ,he :o aft] return+ repeats ! (f5ce1 %all be exil$ & return no m1 &1 if he return1 %all be put to dea?1 l ! /rang] 9 a simil> case4 ,he :o 9 a fit ( ang] kills 8 own slave1 %all purify himself2 & he :o kills ano!r man's slave1 %all pay to 8 ma/] d\ble ! value4 ,any "o may proce$ aga9/ ! (f5d] if he appe> 9 public places1 n hav+ be5 purifi$2 & may br+ to trial bo? ! next ( k9 to ! dead man & ! homicide1 & compel ! "o to exact1 & ! o!r to pay1 a d\ble p5alty4 ,if a slave kill 8 ma/]1 or a freeman :o is n 8 ma/]1 9 ang]1 ! k9sm5 ( ! murd]$ p]son may d ) ! murd]] :atev] !y please1 b !y mu/ n sp>e 8 life4 ,if a fa!r or "m kill _! son or daught] 9 ang]1 let ! slay] rema9 9 exile = ?ree ye>s2 & on ! return ( ! exile let ! p>5ts sep>ate1 & no long] cont9ue to cohabit1 or h ! same sacr$ rites ) ^? :om he or %e has depriv$ ( a bro!r or si/]4 ,! same p5alty is decre$ aga9/ ! husb& :o murd]s 8 wife1 & also aga9/ ! wife :o murd]s h] husb&4 ,let !m be abs5t ?ree ye>s1 & on _! return nev] aga9 %>e 9 ! same sacr$ rites ) _! *ildr51 or sit at ! same table ) !m4 ,nor is a bro!r or si/] :o h lift$ up _! h&s aga9/ a bro!r or si/]1 ev] to come "u ! same ro( or %>e 9 ! same rites ) ^? :om !y h robb$ ( a *ild4 ,if a son feels su* hatr$ aga9/ 8 fa!r or "m z to take ! life ( ei!r ( !m1 !n1 if ! p>5t be=e dea? =give him1 he %all only suff] ! p5alty due to involunt>y homicide2 b if he be un=giv51 !re are _m laws aga9/ :i* he has (f5d$2 he is guilty ( outrage1 impiety1 sacrilege all 9 "o1 & des]ves to be put to dea? _m times ov]4 ,= if ! law w n all[ a man to kill ! au?ors ( 8 be+ ev5 9 self-def5ce1 :at o!r p5alty ?an dea? c be inflict$ ^u him :o 9 a fit ( passion wilfully slays 8 fa!r or "m8 ,if a bro!r kill a bro!r 9 self-def5ce dur+ a civil broil1 or a citiz5 a citiz51 or a slave a slave1 or a /rang] a /rang]1 let !m be free f blame1 z he is :o slays an enemy 9 battle4 ,b if a slave kill a freeman1 let him be z a p>ricide4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! =giv5ess ( ! injur$ p>ty %all acquit ! ag5ts2 & !n !y %all only be purifi$1 & rema9 9 exile = a ye>4 ,en\gh ( actions t are involunt>y1 or done 9 ang]2 let u proce$ to volunt>y & prem$itat$ actions4 ,! great s\rce ( volunt>y crime is ! desire ( money1 :i* is begott5 by evil education2 & ?is arises out ( ! false praise ( ri*es1 common bo? among ,hell5es & b>b>ians2 !y ?9k t to be ! fir/ ( goods :i* is really ! ?ird4 ,= ! body is n = ! sake ( weal?1 b weal? = ! body1 z ! body is = ! s\l4 ,if ?is 7 bett] und]/ood1 ! crime ( murd]1 ( :i* av>ice is ! *ief cause1 w\ld soon cease among m54 ,next to av>ice1 ambition is a s\rce ( crime1 tr\blesome to ! ambiti\s man himself1 z well z to ! *ief m5 ( ! /ate4 ,& next to ambition1 base fe> is a motive1 :i* has l$ _m an "o to commit murd] 9 ord] t he may get rid ( ! witnesses ( 8 crimes4 ,let ?is be said z a prelude to all enactm5ts ab\t crimes ( viol5ce2 & ! tradition mu/ n be =gott51 :i* tells t ! murd]] is puni%$ 9 ! _w bel[1 & t :5 he returns to ?is _w he meets ! fate :i* he has dealt out to o!rs4 ,if a man is det]r$ by ! prelude & ! fe> ( future puni%m5t1 he w h no ne$ ( ! law2 b 9 case he disobey1 let ! law be decl>$ aga9/ him z foll[s3--,he :o ( malice prep5se kills "o ( 8 k9dr$1 %all 9 ! fir/ place be outlaw$2 nei!r temple1 h>b\r1 nor agora %all be pollut$ by 8 pres5ce4 ,& if a k9sman ( ! deceas$ refuse to proce$ aga9/ 8 slay]1 he %all take ! curse ( pollution ^u himself1 & also be liable to be prosecut$ by any "o :o w av5ge ! dead4 ,! prosecutor1 h[ev]1 mu/ obs]ve ! cu/om>y c]emonial be=e he proce$s aga9/ ! (f5d]4 ,! details ( ^! obs]vances w be be/ det]m9$ by a conclave ( prophets & int]pret]s & gu>dians ( ! law1 & ! judges ( ! cause itself %all be ! same z 9 cases ( sacrilege4 ,he :o is convict$ %all be puni%$ ) dea?1 & n be buri$ )9 ! c\ntry ( ! murd]$ p]son4 ,he :o flies f ! law %all und]go p]petual bani%m5t2 if he return1 he may be put to dea? ) impunity by any relative ( ! murd]$ man or by any o!r citiz51 or b\nd & deliv]$ to ! magi/rates4 ,he :o accuses a man ( murd] %all dem& satisfactory bail ( ! accus$1 & if ?is is n =?com+1 ! magi/rate %all keep him 9 prison aga9/ ! day ( trial4 ,if a man commit murd] by ! h& ( ano!r1 he %all be tri$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! cases previ\sly suppos$1 b if ! (f5d] be a citiz51 8 body aft] execution %all be buri$ )9 ! l&4 ,if a slave kill a freeman1 ei!r ) 8 own h& or by contrivance1 let him be l$ ei!r to ! grave or to a place :5ce he c see ! grave ( ! murd]$ man1 & !re receive z _m /ripes at ! h& ( ! public execution] z ! p]son :o took him pleases2 & if he survive he %all be put to dea?4 ,if a slave be put out ( ! way to prev5t 8 in=m+ ( "s crime1 8 dea? %all be puni%$ l t ( a citiz54 ,if !re are any ( ^? horrible murd]s ( k9dr$ :i* sometimes occur ev5 9 well-regulat$ societies1 & ( :i* ! legislator1 h[ev] unwill+1 _c avoid tak+ cognizance1 he w repeat ! old my? ( ! div9e v5geance aga9/ ! p]petrators ( su* atrocities4 ,! my? w say t ! murd]] mu/ suff] :at he has done3 if he h sla9 8 fa!r1 he mu/ be sla9 by 8 *ildr52 if 8 "m1 he mu/ become a woman & p]i% at ! h&s ( 8 (fspr+ 9 ano!r age ( ! _w4 ,su* a preamble may t]rify him2 b if1 not)/&+1 9 "s evil h\r he murd]s fa!r or "m or bre?r5 or *ildr51 ! mode ( proce$+ %all be z foll[s3--,him :o is convict$1 ! (fic]s ( ! judges %all lead to a spot )\t ! city :]e ?ree ways meet1 & !re slay him & expose 8 body nak$2 & ea* ( ! magi/rates %all ca/ a /one ^u 8 head & ju/ify ! city1 & he %all be ?r[n unburi$ beyond ! bord]4 ,b :at %all we say ( him :o takes ! life :i* is de>e/ to him1 t is to say1 8 own2 & ?is n f any disgrace or calamity1 b f c[>dice & indol5ce8 ,! mann] ( 8 burial & ! purification ( 8 crime is a matt] = ,god & ! int]pret]s to decide & = 8 k9sm5 to execute4 ,let him1 at any rate1 be buri$ alone 9 "s uncultivat$ & nameless spot1 & be )\t "n or monum5t4 ,if a bea/ kill a man1 n 9 a public conte/1 let x be prosecut$ = murd]1 & aft] condemnation sla9 & ca/ )\t ! bord]4 ,also inanimate ?+s :i* h caus$ dea?1 except 9 ! case ( lightn+ & o!r visitations f heav51 %all be c>ri$ )\t ! bord]4 ,if ! body ( a dead man be f\nd1 & ! murd]] rema9 unkn[n1 ! trial %all take place all ! same1 & ! unkn[n murd]] %all be w>n$ n to set foot 9 ! temples or come )9 ! bord]s ( ! l&2 if discov]$1 he %all die1 & 8 body %all be ca/ out4 ,a man is ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ! life ( a burgl>1 ( a footpad1 ( a violator ( wom5 or y\?2 & he may take ! life ( ano!r ) impunity 9 def5ce ( fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 wife1 or o!r relations4 ,! nurture & education :i* are necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( m5 h be5 consid]$1 & ! puni%m5t ( acts ( viol5ce :i* de/roy life4 ,!re rema9 maim+1 w\nd+1 & ! l1 :i* admit ( a simil> division into volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,ab\t ?is class ( actions ! preamble %all be3 ,:]eas m5 w\ld be l wild bea/s unless !y obey$ ! laws1 ! fir/ duty ( citiz5s is ! c>e ( ! public int]e/s1 :i* unite & pres]ve /ates1 z private int]e/s di/ract !m4 ,a man may "k :at is = ! public good1 b if he h absolute p[]1 human nature w impel him to seek pleasure in/ead ( virtue1 & s d>kness w come ov] 8 s\l & ov] ! /ate4 ,if he _h m9d1 he w\ld h no ne$ ( law2 = m9d is ! p]fection ( law4 ,b su* a freeman1 ':om ! tru? makes free1' is h>dly to be f\nd2 & !re=e law & ord] are necess>y1 :i* are ! second-be/1 & !y regulate ?+s z !y exi/ 9 "p only1 b _c take 9 ! :ole4 ,= actions h innum]able *>act]i/ics1 :i* mu/ be p>tly det]m9$ by ! law & p>tly left to ! judge4 ,! judge mu/ det]m9e ! fact2 & to him also ! puni%m5t mu/ sometimes be left4 ,:at %all ! law prescribe1 & :at %all be left to ! judge8 ,a city is un=tunate 9 :i* ! tribunals are ei!r secret & spee*less1 or1 :at is worse1 noisy & public1 :5 ! p1 z if !y 7 9 a !atre1 clap & hoot ! v>i\s speak]s4 ,su* c\rts a legislator w\ld r n h2 b if he is compell$ to h !m1 he w speak di/9ctly1 & leave z little z possible to _! discretion4 ,b :]e ! c\rts are good1 & presid$ ov] by well-tra9$ judges1 ! p5alties to be inflict$ may be 9 a great measure left to !m2 & z !re are to be good c\rts among our coloni/s1 we ne$ n det]m9e be=eh& ! exact proportion ( ! p5alty & ! crime4 ,return+1 !n1 to our legislator1 let u indite a law ab\t w\nd+1 :i* %all run z foll[s3--,he :o w\nds ) int5t to kill1 & fails 9 8 object1 %all be tri$ z if he _h succe$$4 ,b s9ce ,god has fav\r$ bo? him & 8 victim1 in/ead ( be+ put to dea?1 he %all be all[$ to g into exile & take 8 prop]ty ) him1 ! damage due to ! suff]] hav+ be5 previ\sly e/imat$ by ! c\rt1 :i* %all be ! same z w\ld h tri$ ! case if dea? _h ensu$4 ,if a *ild %\ld int5tionally w\nd a p>5t1 or a s]vant 8 ma/]1 or bro!r or si/] w\nd bro!r or si/] ) malice prep5se1 ! p5alty %all be dea?4 ,if a husb& or wife w\nd "o ano!r ) int5t to kill1 ! p5alty :i* is inflict$ ^u !m %all be p]petual exile2 & if !y h "y *ildr51 ! gu>dians %all take c>e ( !m & adm9i/] _! prop]ty z if !y 7 orphans4 ,if !y h no *ildr51 _! k9sm5 male & female %all meet1 & aft] a consultation ) ! prie/s & gu>dians ( ! law1 %all appo9t an heir ( ! h\se2 = ! h\se & family belong to ! /ate1 be+ a #ejdj? portion ( ! :ole4 ,& ! /ate is b\nd to pres]ve h] families happy & holy2 !re=e1 :5 ! heir ( a h\se has committ$ a capital (f5ce1 or is 9 exile = life1 ! h\se is to be purifi$1 & !n ! k9sm5 ( ! h\se & ! gu>dians ( ! law are to f9d out a family :i* has a good "n & 9 :i* !re are _m sons1 & introduce "o ( !m to be ! heir & prie/ ( ! h\se4 ,he %all assume ! fa!rs & ance/ors ( ! family1 :ile ! fir/ son dies 9 di%on\r & 8 "n is blott$ out4 ,"s actions are int]m$iate betwe5 ! volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,^? done f ang] are ( ?is class4 ,if a man w\nd ano!r 9 ang]1 let him pay d\ble ! damage1 if ! injury is curable2 or f\rfold1 if curable1 & at ! same "t di%on\rable2 & f\rfold1 if incurable2 ! am\nt is to be assess$ by ! judges4 ,if ! w\nd$ p]son is r5d]$ incapable ( milit>y s]vice1 ! injur]1 besides ! o!r p5alties1 %all s]ve 9 8 /ead1 or be liable to a suit = refus+ to s]ve4 ,if bro!r w\nds bro!r1 !n _! p>5ts & k9dr$1 ( bo? sexes1 %all meet & judge ! crime4 ,! damages %all be assess$ by ! p>5ts2 & if ! am\nt fix$ by !m is disput$1 an appeal %all be made to ! male k9dr$2 or 9 ! la/ resort to ! gu>dians ( ! law4 ,p>5ts :o w\nd _! *ildr5 are to be tri$ by judges ( at lea/ sixty ye>s ( age1 :o h *ildr5 ( _! own2 & !y are to det]m9e :e!r dea?1 or "s less] puni%m5t1 is to be inflict$ ^u !m--no relatives are to take "p 9 ! trial4 ,if a slave 9 ang] smite a freeman1 he is to be deliv]$ up by 8 ma/] to ! injur$ p]son4 ,if ! ma/] suspect collusion betwe5 ! slave & ! injur$ p]son1 he may br+ ! matt] to trial3 & if he fail he %all pay ?ree times ! injury2 or if he obta9 a conviction1 ! contriv] ( ! conspiracy %all be liable to an action = kidnapp+4 ,he :o w\nds ano!r un9t5tionally %all only pay = ! actual h>m done4 ,9 all outrages & acts ( viol5ce1 ! eld] is to be m reg>d$ ?an ! y\ng]4 ,an injury done by a y\ng] man to an eld] is abom9able & hateful2 b ! y\ng] man :o is /ruck by an eld] is to be> ) him pati5tly1 consid]+ t he :o is tw5ty ye>s old] is loco p>5tis1 & rememb]+ ! rev]5ce :i* is due to ! ,gods :o preside ov] bir?4 ,let him keep 8 h&s1 too1 f ! /rang]2 in/ead ( tak+ ^u himself to *a/ise him :5 he is insol5t1 he %all br+ him be=e ! w>d5s ( ! city1 :o %all exam9e into ! case1 & if !y f9d him guilty1 %all sc\rge him ) z _m bl[s z he has giv52 or if he be innoc5t1 !y %all w>n & ?reat5 8 accus]4 ,:5 an equal /rikes an equal1 :e!r an old man an old man1 or a "y man a "y man1 let !m use only _! fi/s & h no weapons4 ,he :o be+ above =ty ye>s ( age comm5ces a fight1 or retaliates1 %all be c\nt$ mean & base4 ,to ?is preamble1 let ! law be add$3 ,if a man smite ano!r :o is 8 eld] by tw5ty ye>s or m1 let ! by/&]1 9 case he be old] ?an ! combatants1 "p !m2 or if he be y\ng] ?an ! p]son /ruck1 or ( ! same age ) him1 let him def5d him z he w\ld a fa!r or bro!r2 & let ! /rik] be br\ght to trial1 & if convict$ imprison$ = a ye> or m at ! discretion ( ! judges4 ,if a /rang] smite "o :o is 8 eld] by tw5ty ye>s or m1 he %all be imprison$ = two ye>s1 & a metic1 9 l case1 %all suff] ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,he :o is /&+ by & gives no assi/ance1 %all be puni%$ accord+ to 8 class 9 "o ( f\r p5alties--a m9a1 fifty1 ?irty1 tw5ty dra*mas4 ,! g5]als & o!r sup]ior (fic]s ( ! army %all =m ! c\rt :i* tries ?is class ( (f5ces4 ,laws are made to in/ruct ! good1 & 9 ! hope t !re may be no ne$ ( !m2 also to control ! bad1 ^: h>dness ( he>t w n be h9d]$ f crime4 ,! utt]mo/ p5alty w fall ^u ^? :o lay viol5t h&s ^u a p>5t1 hav+ no fe> ( ! ,gods above1 or ( ! puni%m5ts :i* w pursue !m 9 ! _w bel[4 ,!y are too wise 9 _! own conceits to believe 9 su* ?+s3 :]e=e ! tortures :i* await !m 9 ano!r life mu/ be anticipat$ 9 ?is4 ,let ! law be z foll[s3-- ,if a man1 be+ 9 8 "r m9d1 d>e to smite 8 fa!r & "m1 or 8 gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r1 let ! pass]-by come to ! rescue2 & if he be a metic or /rang] :o comes to ! rescue1 he %all h ! fir/ place at ! games2 or if he d n come to ! rescue1 he %all be a p]petual exile4 ,let ! citiz5 9 ! l case be prais$ or blam$1 & ! slave receive fre$om or a hundr$ /ripes4 ,! w>d5s ( ! agora1 ! city1 or ! c\ntry1 z ! case may be1 %all see to ! execution ( ! law4 ,& he :o is an inhabitant ( ! same place & is pres5t %all come to ! rescue1 or he %all fall "u a curse4 ,if a man be convict$ ( assault+ 8 p>5ts1 let him be bani%$ = ev] f ! city into ! c\ntry1 & let him ab/a9 f all sacr$ rites2 & if he d n ab/a91 let him be puni%$ by ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry2 & if he return to ! city1 let him be put to dea?4 ,if any freeman consort ) him1 let him be purifi$ be=e he returns to ! city4 ,if a slave /rike a freeman1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 let ! by/&] be oblig$ to seize & deliv] him into ! h&s ( ! injur$ p]son1 :o may inflict ^u him z _m bl[s z he pleases1 & %all !n return him to 8 ma/]4 ,! law w be z foll[s3--,! slave :o /rikes a freeman %all be b\nd by 8 ma/]1 & n set at lib]ty )\t ! cons5t ( ! p]son :om he has injur$4 ,all ^! laws apply to wom5 z well z to m54 ,,book ,x4 ,! greate/ wrongs arise out ( y\?ful insol5ce1 & ! greate/ ( all are committ$ aga9/ public temples2 !y are 9 ! second degree great :5 private rites & sepul*res are insult$2 9 ! ?ird degree1 :5 committ$ aga9/ p>5ts2 9 ! f\r? degree1 :5 !y are done aga9/ ! au?ority or prop]ty ( ! rul]s2 9 ! fif? degree1 :5 ! rights ( individuals are violat$4 ,mo/ ( ^! (f5ces h be5 already consid]$2 b !re rema9s ! "q ( admonition & puni%m5t ( (f5ces aga9/ ! ,gods4 ,let ! admonition be 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,no man :o ev] int5tionally did or said any?+ impi\s1 _h a true belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods2 b ei!r he ?\ght t !re 7 no ,gods1 or t !y did n c>e ab\t m51 or t !y 7 easily appeas$ by sacrifices & pray]s4 ',:at %all we say or d to su* p]sons8' ,my good sir1 let u fir/ he> ! je/s :i* !y 9 _! sup]iority w make ^u u4 ',:at w !y say8' ,probably some?+ ( ?is k9d3--',/rang]s y are "r 9 ?9k+ t "s ( u d n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods2 :ile o!rs ass]t t !y d n c>e = u1 & o!rs t !y are propitiat$ by pray]s & (f]+s4 ,b we want y to argue ) u be=e y ?reat52 y %\ld prove to u by reasonable evid5ce t !re are ,gods1 & t !y are too good to be brib$4 ,poets1 prie/s1 prophets1 rhetoricians1 ev5 ! be/ ( !m1 speak to u ( aton+ = evil1 & n ( avoid+ x4 ,f legislators :o pr(ess to be g5tle we ask = in/ruction1 :i* may1 at lea/1 h ! p]suasive p[] ( tru?1 if no o!r4' ,:at h y to say8 ',well1 !re is no difficulty 9 prov+ ! be+ ( ! ,gods4 ,! sun1 & e>?1 & />s1 mov+ 9 _! c\rses1 ! recurr+ seasons1 furni% pro(s ( _! exi/5ce2 & !re is ! g5]al op9ion ( mank9d4' ,i fe> t ! unbeliev]s--n t ,i c>e = _! op9ion--w despise u4 ,y are n aw>e t _! impiety proce$s1 n f s5suality1 b f ignorance tak+ ! g>b ( wisdom4 ',:at d y mean8' ,at ,a!ns !re are tales curr5t bo? 9 prose & v]se ( a k9d :i* are n tol]at$ 9 a well-regulat$ /ate l y\rs4 ,! olde/ ( !m relate ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & ! bir? & life ( ! ,gods4 ,^! n>ratives h a bad influ5ce on family relations2 b z !y are old we w let !m pass1 & consid] ano!r k9d ( tales1 inv5t$ by ! wisdom ( a y\ng] g5]ation1 :o1 if any "o argues = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods & claims t ! />s h a div9e be+1 insi/ t ^! are m]e e>? & /ones1 :i* c h no c>e ( human ?+s1 & t all !ology is a cook+ up ( words4 ,n[ :at c\rse ought we to take8 ,%all we suppose "s impi\s man to *>ge u ) assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 & make a def5ce8 ,or %all we leave ! preamble & g on to ! laws8 ',!re is no hurry1 & we h (t5 said t ! %ort] & worse me?od %\ld n be pref]r$ to ! long] & bett]4 ,! pro( t !re are ,gods :o are good1 & ! fri5ds ( ju/ice1 is ! be/ preamble ( all our laws4' ,come1 let u talk ) ! impi\s1 :o h be5 br\ght up f _! infancy 9 ! belief ( religion1 & h he>d _! own fa!rs & mo!rs pray+ = !m & talk+ ) ! ,gods z if !y 7 absolutely conv9c$ ( _! exi/5ce2 :o h se5 mank9d pro/rate 9 pray] at ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun & moon & at e turn ( =tune1 & h d>$ to despise & disbelieve all ?is4 ,c we keep our temp] ) !m1 :5 !y compel u to argue on su* a !me8 ,we mu/2 or l !m we %all g mad1 ?\gh ) m reason4 ,let u select "o ( !m & address him z foll[s3 ,o my son1 y are "y2 "t & exp]i5ce w make y *ange _m ( y\r op9ions4 ,d n be ha/y 9 =m+ a conclusion ab\t ! div9e nature2 & let me m5tion to y a fact :i* ,i "k4 ,y & y\r fri5ds are n ! fir/ or ! only p]sons :o h _h ^! notions ab\t ! ,gods4 ,!re are always a consid]able numb] :o are infect$ by !m3 ,i h kn[n _m myself1 & c assure y t no "o :o 0 an unbeliev] 9 8 y\? ev] p]si/$ till he 0 old 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,! two o!r op9ions1 fir/1 t ! ,gods exi/ & h no c>e ( m51 secondly1 t !y c>e = m51 b may be propitiat$ by sacrifices & pray]s1 may inde$ la/ ?r\gh life 9 a few in/ances1 b ev5 ?is is n common4 ,i w\ld beg ( y to be pati5t1 & le>n ! tru? ( ! legislator & o!rs2 9 ! mean "t ab/a9 f impiety4 ',s f>1 our disc\rse has gone well4' ,i w n[ speak ( a /range doctr9e1 :i* is reg>d$ by _m z ! cr[n ( philosophy4 ,!y affirm t all ?+s come into be+ ei!r by art or nature or *ance1 & t ! great] ?+s are done by nature & *ance1 & ! less] ?+s by art1 :i* receiv+ f nature ! great] creations1 m\lds & fa%ions all ^? less] works :i* are t]m$ works ( art4 ,_! mean+ is t fire1 wat]1 e>?1 & air all exi/ by nature & *ance1 & n by art2 & t out ( ^!1 accord+ to c]ta9 *ance aff9ities ( opposites1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 & ! e>? h be5 fram$1 n by any action ( m9d1 b by nature & *ance only4 ,?us1 9 _! op9ion1 ! heav5 & e>? 7 creat$1 z well z ! animals & plants4 ,art came lat]1 & is ( mortal bir?2 by h] p[] 7 inv5t$ c]ta9 images & v p>tial imitations ( ! tru?1 ( :i* k9d are ! creations ( musicians & pa9t]s3 b !y say t !re are o!r arts :i* comb9e ) nature1 & h a deep] tru?1 su* z m$ic9e1 husb&ry1 gymna/ic4 ,also ! great] "p ( politics !y imag9e to co-op]ate ) nature1 b 9 a less degree1 hav+ m ( art1 :ile legislation is decl>$ by !m to be :olly a "w ( art4 ',h[ d y mean8' ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y say t ! ,gods exi/ nei!r by nature nor by art1 b by ! laws ( /ates1 :i* are diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 & t virtue is "o ?+ by nature & ano!r by conv5tion2 & t ju/ice is altoge!r conv5tional1 made by law1 & hav+ au?ority = ! mom5t only4 ,?is is repeat$ to "y m5 by sages & poets1 & leads to impiety1 & ! pret5d$ life accord+ to nature & 9 disob$i5ce to law2 = nobody believes ! ,gods to be su* z ! law affirms4 ',h[ true6 & oh6 h[ injuri\s to /ates & to families6' ,b !n1 :at %\ld ! lawgiv] d8 ,%\ld he /& up 9 ! /ate & ?reat5 mank9d ) ! sev]e/ p5alties if !y p]si/ 9 _! unbelief1 :ile he makes no attempt to w9 !m by p]suasion8 ',nay1 ,/rang]1 ! legislator ought nev] to we>y ( try+ to p]suade ! _w t !re are ,gods2 & he %\ld decl>e t law & art exi/ by nature4' ,yes1 ,cle9ias2 b ^! are difficult & t$i\s que/ions4 ',& %all our pati5ce1 :i* 0 n exhau/$ 9 ! enquiry ab\t music or dr9k1 fail n[ t we are disc\rs+ ab\t ! ,gods8 ,!re may be a difficulty 9 fram+ laws1 b :5 writt5 d[n !y rema91 & "t & dilig5ce w make !m cle>2 if !y are useful !re w\ld be nei!r reason nor religion 9 reject+ !m on acc\nt ( _! l5g?4' ,mo/ true4 ,& ! g5]al spread ( unbelief %[s t ! legislator %\ld d some?+ 9 v9dication ( ! laws1 :5 !y are be+ und]m9$ by bad m54 ',he %\ld4' ,y agree ) me1 ,cle9ias1 t ! h]esy consi/s 9 suppos+ e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat] to be ! fir/ ( all ?+s4 ,^! ! h]etics call nature1 conceiv+ !m to be prior to ! s\l4 ',i agree4' ,y w\ld fur!r agree t natural philosophy is ! s\rce ( ?is impiety--! /udy appe>s to be pursu$ 9 a wrong way4 ',9 :at way d y mean8' ,! error consi/s 9 transpos+ fir/ & second causes4 ,!y d n see t ! s\l is be=e ! body1 & be=e all o!r ?+s1 & ! au?or & rul] ( !m all4 ,& if ! s\l is prior to ! body1 !n ! ?+s ( ! s\l are prior to ! ?+s ( ! body4 ,9 o!r words1 op9ion1 att5tion1 m9d1 art1 law1 are prior to s5sible qualities2 & ! fir/ & great] works ( creation are ! results ( art & m9d1 :]eas ! works ( nature1 z !y are improp]ly t]m$1 are second>y & subsequ5t4 ',:y d y say improp]ly8' ,because :5 !y speak ( nature !y seem to mean ! fir/ creative p[]4 ,b if ! s\l is fir/1 & n fire & air1 !n ! s\l above all ?+s may be said to exi/ by nature4 ,& ?is c only be on ! supposition t ! s\l is prior to ! body4 ,%all we try to prove t x is s8 ',by all means4' ,i fe> t ! gre5ness ( our argum5t w ludicr\sly contra/ ) ! rip5ess ( our ages4 ,b z we mu/ g into ! wat]1 & ! /ream is /rong1 ,i w fir/ attempt to cross by myself1 & if ,i arrive at ! bank1 y %all foll[4 ,rememb]+ t y are unaccu/om$ to su* discussions1 ,i w ask & answ] ! que/ions myself1 :ile y li/5 9 safety4 ,b fir/ ,i mu/ pray ! ,gods to assi/ at ! demon/ration ( _! own exi/5ce--if ev] we are to call ^u !m1 n[ is ! "t4 ,let me hold fa/ to ! rope1 & ent] into ! dep?s3 ,%all ,i put ! "q to myself 9 ?is =m8--,are all ?+s at re/1 & is no?+ 9 motion8 or are "s ?+s 9 motion1 & "s ?+s at re/8 ',! latt]4' ,& d !y move & re/1 "s 9 "o place1 "s 9 m8 ',yes4' ,!re may be 7#a7 motion 9 ! same place1 z 9 revolution on an axis1 :i* is imp>t$ swiftly to ! l>g] & sl[ly to ! less] circle2 & !re may be motion 9 diff]5t places1 hav+ sometimes 7#b7 "o c5tre ( motion & sometimes 7#c7 m4 7#d7 ,:5 bodies 9 motion come aga9/ o!r bodies :i* are at re/1 !y are divid$ by !m1 & 7#e7 :5 !y are caught betwe5 o!r bodies com+ f opposite directions !y unite ) !m2 & 7#f7 !y gr[ by union & 7#g7 wa/e by dissolution :ile _! con/itution rema9s ! same1 b are 7#h7 de/roy$ :5 _! con/itution fails4 ,!re is a gr[? f "o dim5sion to two1 & f a second to a ?ird1 :i* !n becomes p]ceptible to s5se2 ?is process is call$ g5]ation1 & ! opposite1 de/ruction4 ,we h n[ enum]at$ all possible motions ) ! exception ( two4 ',:at are !y8' ,j ! two ) :i* our enquiry is conc]n$2 = our enquiry relates to ! s\l4 ,!re is "o k9d ( motion :i* is only able to move o!r ?+s2 !re is ano!r :i* c move itself z well1 work+ 9 composition & decomposition1 by increase & dim9ution1 by g5]ation & de/ruction4 ',grant$4' 7#i7 ,t :i* moves & is mov$ by ano!r is ! n9? k9d ( motion2 7#aj7 t :i* is self-mov$ & moves o!rs is ! t5?4 ,& ?is t5? k9d ( motion is ! mightie/1 & is really ! fir/1 & is foll[$ by t :i* 0 improp]ly call$ ! n9?4 ',h[ d y mean8' ,mu/ n t :i* is mov$ by o!rs f9ally dep5d ^u t :i* is mov$ by itself8 ,no?+ c be affect$ by any transition prior to self-motion4 ,!n ! fir/ & elde/ pr9ciple ( motion1 :e!r 9 ?+s at re/ or n at re/1 w be ! pr9ciple ( self-motion2 & t :i* is mov$ by o!rs & c move o!rs w be ! second4 ',true4' ,let me ask ano!r "q3 ,:at is ! "n :i* is giv5 to self-motion :5 manife/$ 9 any mat]ial sub/ance8 ',life4' ,& s\l too is life8 ',v good4' ,& are !re n ?ree k9ds ( k--a k 7#a7 ( ! ess5ce1 7#b7 ( ! def9ition1 7#c7 ( ! "n8 ,& sometimes ! "n leads u to ask ! def9ition1 sometimes ! def9ition to ask ! "n4 ,= example1 numb] c be divid$ into equal p>ts1 & :5 ?us divid$ is t]m$ ev51 & ! def9ition ( ev5 & ! ^w 'ev5' ref] to ! same ?+4 ',v true4' ,& :at is ! def9ition ( ! ?+ :i* is nam$ 's\l'8 ,mu/ we n reply1 ',! self-mov$'8 ,& h we n prov$ t ! self-mov$ is ! s\rce ( motion 9 o!r ?+s8 ',yes4' ,& ! motion :i* is n self-mov$ w be inf]ior to ?is8 ',true4' ,& if s1 we %all be "r 9 say+ t ! s\l is prior & sup]ior to ! body1 & ! body by nature subject & inf]ior to ! s\l8 ',q "r4' ,& we agre$ t if ! s\l 0 prior to ! body1 ! ?+s ( ! s\l 7 prior to ! ?+s ( ! body8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& !re=e desires1 & mann]s1 & ?\ghts1 & true op9ions1 & recollections1 are prior to ! l5g? & bread? & =ce ( bodies4 ',to be sure4' ,9 ! next place1 we ackn[l$ge t ! s\l is ! cause ( good & evil1 j & unju/1 if we suppose h] to be ! cause ( all ?+s8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& ! s\l :i* ord]s all ?+s mu/ also ord] ! heav5s8 ',( c\rse4' ,"o s\l or m8 ,m2 = less ?an two are inconceivable1 "o good1 ! o!r evil4 ',mo/ true4' ,! s\l directs all ?+s by h] movem5ts1 :i* we call w1 consid]ation1 att5tion1 delib]ation1 op9ion true & false1 joy1 sorr[1 c\rage1 fe>1 hatr$1 love1 & simil> affections4 ,^! are ! prim>y movem5ts1 & !y receive ! second>y movem5ts ( bodies1 & guide all ?+s to increase & dim9ution1 sep>ation & union1 & to all ! qualities :i* accompany !m--cold1 hot1 heavy1 light1 h>d1 s(t1 :ite1 black1 sweet1 bitt]2 ^! & o!r su* qualities ! s\l1 h]self a goddess1 uses1 :5 truly receiv+ ! div9e m9d %e leads all ?+s rightly to _! happ9ess2 b "u ! impulse ( folly %e works out an opposite result4 ,= ! controll] ( heav5 & e>? & ! circle ( ! _w is ei!r ! wise & good s\l1 or ! fooli% & vici\s s\l1 work+ 9 !m4 ',:at d y mean8' ,if we say t ! :ole c\rse & motion ( heav5 & e>? is 9 accordance ) ! work+s & reason+s ( m9d1 cle>ly ! be/ s\l mu/ h ! c>e ( ! heav51 & guide x along t bett] way4 ',true4' ,b if ! heav5s move wildly & disord]ly1 !n !y mu/ be "u ! guidance ( ! evil s\l4 ',true aga94' ,:at is ! nature ( ! movem5t ( ! s\l8 ,we mu/ n suppose t we c see & "k ! s\l ) our bodily eyes1 any m ?an we c fix !m on ! midday sun2 x w be saf] to look at an image only4 ',h[ d y mean8' ,let u f9d among ! t5 k9ds ( motion an image ( ! motion ( ! m9d4 ,y rememb]1 z we said1 t all ?+s are divid$ into two classes2 & "s ( !m 7 mov$ & "s at re/4 ',yes4' ,& ( ^? :i* 7 mov$1 "s 7 mov$ 9 ! same place1 o!rs 9 m places ?an "o4 ',j s4' ,! motion :i* 0 9 "o place 0 circul>1 l ! motion ( a sph]ical body2 & su* a motion 9 ! same place1 & 9 ! same relations1 is an excell5t image ( ! motion ( m9d4 ',v true4' ,! motion ( ! o!r sort1 :i* has no fix$ place or mann] or relation or ord] or proportion1 is ak9 to folly & nons5se4 ',v true4' ,aft] :at has be5 said1 x is cle> t1 s9ce ! s\l c>ries r\nd all ?+s1 "s s\l :i* is ei!r v good or ! opposite c>ries r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( heav54 ,b t s\l c be no o!r ?an ! be/4 ,aga91 ! s\l c>ries r\nd ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & if ! sun has a s\l1 !n ei!r ! s\l ( ! sun is )9 & moves ! sun z ! human s\l moves ! body2 or1 secondly1 ! sun is conta9$ 9 "s ext]nal air or fire1 :i* ! s\l provides & ?r\gh :i* %e op]ates2 or1 ?irdly1 ! c\rse ( ! sun is guid$ by ! s\l act+ 9 a wond]ful mann] )\t a body4 ',yes1 9 "o ( ^? ways ! s\l mu/ guide all ?+s4' ,& ?is s\l ( ! sun1 :i* is bett] ?an ! sun1 :e!r driv+ him 9 a *>iot or employ+ any o!r ag5cy1 is by e man call$ a ,god8 ',yes1 by e man :o has any s5se4' ,& ( ! seasons1 />s1 moon1 & ye>1 9 l mann]1 x may be affirm$ t ! s\l or s\ls f :i* !y d]ive _! excell5ce are div9e2 & )\t insi/+ on ! mann] ( _! work+1 no "o c d5y t all ?+s are full ( ,gods4 ',no "o4' ,& n[ let u (f] an alt]native to him :o d5ies t !re are ,gods4 ,ei!r he mu/ %[ t ! s\l is n ! orig9 ( all ?+s1 or he mu/ live = ! future 9 ! belief t !re are ,gods4 ,next1 z to ! man :o believes 9 ! ,gods1 b refuses to ackn[l$ge t !y take c>e ( human ?+s--let him too h a ^w ( admonition4 ',be/ ( m51' we w say to him1 '"s aff9ity to ! ,gods leads y to hon\r !m & to believe 9 !m4 ,b y h he>d ! happ9ess ( wick$ m5 sung by poets & admir$ by ! _w1 & ?is has drawn y away f y\r natural piety4 ,or y h se5 ! wick$ gr[+ old 9 prosp]ity1 & leav+ great (fices to _! *ildr52 or y h wat*$ ! tyrant succe$+ 9 8 c>e] ( crime2 & consid]+ all ^! ?+s y h be5 l$ to believe 9 an irrational way t ! ,gods take no c>e ( human affairs4 ,t y\r error may n increase1 ,i w endeav\r to purify y\r s\l4' ,d y1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 make answ] = ! y\?1 & :5 we come to a difficulty1 ,i w c>ry y ov] ! wat] z ,i did be=e4 ',v good4' ,he w easily be conv9c$ t ! ,gods c>e = ! small z well z ! great2 = he he>d :at 0 said ( _! goodness & ( _! hav+ all ?+s "u _! c>e4 ',he c]ta9ly he>d4' ,!n n[ let u enquire :at is meant by ! virtue ( ! ,gods4 ,to possess m9d belongs to virtue1 & ! contr>y to vice4 ',t is :at we say4' ,& is n c\rage a "p ( virtue1 & c[>dice ( vice8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& to ! ,gods we ascribe virtues2 b idl5ess & indol5ce are n virtues4 ',( c\rse n4' ,& is ,god to be conceiv$ ( z a c>eless1 indol5t fell[1 su* z ! poet w\ld comp>e to a /+less drone8 ',impossible4' ,c we be "r 9 prais+ any "o :o c>es = great matt]s & leaves ! small to take c>e ( !mselves8 ,:e!r ,god or man1 he :o does s1 mu/ ei!r ?9k ! neglect ( su* matt]s to be ( no consequ5ce1 or he is indol5t & c>eless4 ,= surely nei!r ( !m c be *>g$ ) neglect if !y fail to att5d to some?+ :i* is beyond _! p[]8 ',c]ta9ly n4' ,& n[ we w exam9e ! two classes ( (f5d]s :o admit t !re are ,gods1 b say1--! "o t !y may be appeas$1 ! o!r t !y take no c>e ( small matt]s3 d !y n ackn[l$ge t ! ,gods are omnipot5t & omnisci5t1 & also good & p]fect8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,!n !y _c be indol5t1 = indol5ce is ! (fspr+ ( idl5ess1 & idl5ess ( c[>dice1 & !re is no c[>dice 9 ,god4 ',true4' ,if ! ,gods neglect small matt]s1 !y mu/ ei!r "k or n "k t su* ?+s are n to be reg>d$4 ,b ( c\rse !y "k t !y %\ld be reg>d$1 & kn[+1 !y _c be suppos$ to neglect _! duty1 ov]come by ! s$uctions ( pleasure or pa94 ',impossible4' ,& d n all human ?+s %>e 9 s\l1 & is n man ! mo/ religi\s ( animals & ! possession ( ! ,gods8 ,& ! ,gods1 :o are ! be/ ( own]s1 w surely take c>e ( _! prop]ty1 small or great4 ,consid] fur!r1 t ! great] ! p[] ( p]ception1 ! less ! p[] ( action4 ,= x is h>d] to see & he> ! small ?an ! great1 b easi] to control !m4 ,suppose a physician :o _h to cure a pati5t--w\ld he ev] succe$ if he att5d$ to ! great & neglect$ ! little8 ',impossible4' ,is n life made up ( littles8--! pilot1 g5]al1 h\sehold]1 /atesman1 all att5d to small matt]s2 & ! build] w tell y t l>ge /ones d n lie well )\t small ones4 ,& ,god is n inf]ior to mortal craftsm51 :o 9 proportion to _! skill are c>eful 9 ! details ( _! "w2 we mu/ n imag9e ! be/ & wise/ to be a lazy good-=-no?+1 :o we>ies ( 8 "w & hurries ov] small & easy matt]s4 ',nev]1 nev]6' ,he :o *>ges ! ,gods ) neglect has be5 =c$ to admit 8 error2 b ,i %\ld l fur!r to p]suade him t ! au?or ( all has made e "p = ! sake ( ! :ole1 & t ! smalle/ "p has an appo9t$ /ate ( action or passion1 & t ! lea/ action or passion ( any "p has a presid+ m9i/]4 ,y1 we say to him1 are a m9ute fraction ( ?is univ]se1 creat$ ) a view to ! :ole2 ! _w is n made = y1 b y = ! _w2 = ! good arti/ consid]s ! :ole fir/1 & aft]w>ds ! p>ts4 ,& y are annoy$ at n see+ h[ y & ! univ]se are all work+ toge!r = ! be/1 s f> z ! laws ( ! common creation admit4 ,! s\l und]goes _m *anges f h] contact ) bodies2 & all t ! play] does is to put ! pieces into _! "r places4 ',:at d y mean8' ,i mean t ,god acts 9 ! way :i* is simple/ & easie/4 ,_h ea* ?+ be5 =m$ )\t any reg>d to ! re/1 ! transposition ( ! ,cosmos w\ld h be5 endless2 b n[ !re is n mu* tr\ble 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,= :5 ! k+ saw ! actions ( ! liv+ s\ls & bodies1 & ! virtue & vice :i* 7 9 !m1 & ! inde/ructibility ( ! s\l & body 7al?\gh !y 7 n et]nal71 he contriv$ s to arrange !m t virtue might conqu] & vice be ov]come z f> z possible2 giv+ !m a seat & room adapt$ to !m1 b leav+ ! direction ( _! sep>ate actions to m5's own wills1 :i* make our *>act]s to be :at !y are4 ',t is v probable4' ,all ?+s :i* h a s\l possess 9 !mselves ! pr9ciple ( *ange1 & 9 *ang+ move accord+ to fate & law2 natures :i* h und]gone less] *anges move on ! surface2 b ^? :i* h *ang$ utt]ly = ! worse1 s9k into ,hades & ! inf]nal _w4 ,& 9 all great *anges = good & evil :i* are produc$ ei!r by ! w ( ! s\l or ! influ5ce ( o!rs1 !re is a *ange ( place4 ,! good s\l1 :i* has int]c\rse ) ! div9e nature1 passes into a holi] & bett] place2 & ! evil s\l1 z %e gr[s worse1 *anges h] place = ! worse4 ,?is1--z we decl>e to ! y\? :o fancies t he is neglect$ ( ! ,gods1--is ! law ( div9e ju/ice--! worse to ! worse1 ! bett] to ! bett]1 l to l1 9 life & 9 dea?4 ,& f ?is law no man w ev] boa/ t he has escap$4 ,ev5 if y say--',i am small1 & w creep into ! e>?1' or ',i am high1 & w m\nt to heav5'--y are n s small or s high t y %all n pay ! fitt+ p5alty1 ei!r "h or 9 ! _w bel[4 ,?is is also ! explanation ( ! seem+ prosp]ity ( ! wick$1 9 ^: actions z 9 a mirror y imag9$ t y saw ! neglect ( ! ,gods1 n consid]+ t !y make all ?+s contribute to ! :ole4 ,& h[ !n c\ld y =m any idea ( true happ9ess8--,if ,cle9ias & ,megillus & ,i h succe$$ 9 p]suad+ y t y "k n :at y say ab\t ! ,gods1 ,god w help y2 b if !re is /ill any defici5cy ( pro(1 he> our answ] to ! ?ird oppon5t4 ,en\gh has be5 said to prove t ! ,gods exi/ & c>e = u2 t !y c be propitiat$1 or t !y receive gifts1 is n to be all[$ or admitt$ = an in/ant4 ',let u proce$ ) ! argum5t4' ,tell me1 by ! ,gods1 ,i say1 h[ ! ,gods are to be propitiat$ by u8 ,are !y n rul]s1 :o may be comp>$ to *>iote]s1 pilots1 p]haps g5]als1 or physicians provid+ aga9/ ! assaults ( disease1 husb&m5 obs]v+ ! p]ils ( ! seasons1 %eph]ds wat*+ _! flocks8 ,to :om %all we comp>e !m8 ,we ackn[l$g$ t ! _w is full bo? ( good & evil1 b hav+ m ( evil ?an ( good4 ,!re is an immortal conflict go+ on1 9 :i* ,gods & demigods are our allies1 & we _! prop]ty2 = inju/ice & folly & wick$ness make w> 9 our s\ls ^u ju/ice & temp]ance & wisdom4 ,!re is little virtue to be f\nd on e>?2 & evil natures fawn ^u ! ,gods1 l wild bea/s ^u _! keep]s1 & believe t !y c w9 !m ov] by flatt]y & pray]s4 ,& ?is s91 :i* is t]m$ di%one/y1 is to ! s\l :at disease is to ! body1 :at pe/il5ce is to ! seasons1 :at inju/ice is to /ates4 ',q s4' ,& !y :o ma9ta9 t ! ,gods c be appeas$ mu/ say t !y =give ! s9s ( m51 if !y are all[$ to %>e 9 _! spoils2 z y might suppose wolves to mollify ! dogs by ?r[+ !m a portion ( ! prey4 ',t is ! argum5t4' ,b let u apply our images to ! ,gods--are !y ! pilots :o are won by gifts to wreck _! own %ips--or ! *>iote]s :o are brib$ to lose ! race--or ! g5]als1 or doctors1 or husb&m51 :o are p]v]t$ f _! duty--or ! dogs :o are sil5c$ by wolves8 ',god =bid4' ,are !y n r our be/ gu>dians2 & %all we suppose !m to fall %ort ev5 ( a mod]ate degree ( human or ev5 can9e virtue1 :i* w n betray ju/ice = rew>d8 ',impossible4' ,he1 !n1 :o ma9ta9s su* a doctr9e1 is ! mo/ blasphem\s ( mank9d4 ,& n[ our ?ree po9ts are prov52 & we are agre$ 7#a7 t !re are ,gods1 7#b7 t !y c>e = m51 7#c7 t !y _c be brib$ to d inju/ice4 ,i h spok5 w>mly1 f a fe> le/ ?is impiety ( !irs %\ld lead to a p]v]sion ( life4 ,& our w>m? w n h be5 9 va91 if we h succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ^! m5 to abom9ate !mselves1 & to *ange _! ways4 ',s let u hope4' ,!n n[ t ! preamble is complet$1 we w make a proclamation comm&+ ! impi\s to r5\nce _! evil ways2 & 9 case !y refuse1 ! law %all be add$3--,if a man is guilty ( impiety 9 ^w or de$1 let ! by/&] in=m ! magi/rates1 & let ! magi/rates br+ ! (f5d] be=e ! c\rt2 & if any ( ! magi/rates refuses to act1 he likewise %all be tri$ = impiety4 ,any "o :o is f\nd guilty ( su* an (f5ce %all be f9$ at ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 & %all also be puni%$ by a t]m ( imprisonm5t4 ,!re %all be ?ree prisons--"o = common (f5ces aga9/ life & prop]ty2 ano!r1 ne> by ! spot :]e ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil w assemble1 :i* is to be call$ ! ',h\se ( ,re=mation'2 ! ?ird1 to be situat$ 9 "s desolate region 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 %all be call$ by a "n indicat+ retribution4 ,!re are ?ree causes ( impiety1 & f ea* ( !m spr+ impieties ( two k9ds1 six 9 all4 ,fir/1 !re is ! impiety ( ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods2 ^! may be hone/ m51 hat]s ( evil1 :o are only dang]\s because !y talk loosely ab\t ! ,gods & make o!rs l !mselves2 b !re is also a m vici\s class1 :o are full ( craft & lic5ti\sness4 ,to ?is latt] belong div9]s1 juggl]s1 despots1 demagogues1 g5]als1 hi]ophants ( private my/]ies1 & sophi/s4 ,! fir/ class %all be only imprison$ & admoni%$4 ,! second class %\ld be put to dea?1 if !y c\ld be1 _m times ov]4 ,! two o!r sorts ( impiety1 fir/ ( ^? :o d5y ! c>e ( ! ,gods1 & secondly1 ( ^? :o affirm t !y may be propitiat$1 h simil> subdivisions1 v>y+ 9 degree ( guilt4 ,^? :o h le>nt to blaspheme f m]e ignorance %all be imprison$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,re=mation = five ye>s at lea/1 & n all[$ to see any "o b memb]s ( ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil1 :o %all conv]se ) !m t\*+ _! s\ls heal?4 ,if any ( ! prison]s come to _! "r m9d1 at ! end ( five ye>s let !m be re/or$ to sane company2 b he :o aga9 (f5ds %all die4 ,z to t class ( mon/r\s natures :o n only believe t ! ,gods are neglig5t1 or may be propitiat$1 b pret5d to practise on ! s\ls ( quick & dead1 & promise to *>m ! ,gods1 & to effect ! ru9 ( h\ses & /ates--he1 ,i say1 :o is guilty ( ^! ?+s1 %all be b\nd 9 ! c5tral prison1 & %all h no int]c\rse ) any freeman1 receiv+ only 8 daily rations ( food f ! public slaves2 & :5 he dies1 let him be ca/ beyond ! bord]2 & if any freeman assi/ to bury him1 he %all be liable to a suit = impiety4 ,b ! s9s ( ! fa!r %all n be visit$ ^u 8 *ildr51 :o1 l o!r orphans1 %all be educat$ by ! /ate4 ,fur!r1 let !re be a g5]al law :i* w h a t5d5cy to repress impiety4 ,no man %all h religi\s s]vices 9 8 h\se1 b he %all g ) 8 fri5ds to pray & sacrifice 9 ! temples4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t religi\s in/itutions c only be fram$ by a great intellig5ce4 ,b wom5 & weak m5 are always consecrat+ ! ev5t ( ! mom5t2 !y are "u ! influ5ce ( dreams & app>itions1 & !y build alt>s & temples 9 e village & 9 any place :]e !y h _h a vision4 ,! law is design$ to prev5t ?is1 & also to det] m5 f attempt+ to propitiate ! ,gods by secret sacrifices1 :i* only multiply _! s9s4 ,!re=e let ! law run3--,no "o %all h private religi\s rites2 & if a man or woman :o has n be5 previ\sly not$ = any impiety (f5d 9 ?is way1 let !m be admoni%$ to remove _! rites to a public temple2 b if ! (f5d] be "o ( ! ob/9ate sort1 he %all be br\ght to trial be=e ! gu>dians1 & if he be f\nd guilty1 let him die4 ,,book ,,xi4 ,z to deal+s betwe5 man & man1 ! pr9ciple ( !m is simple--,?\ %alt n take :at is n ?9e2 & %alt d to o!rs z ?\ w\ld/ t !y %\ld d to !e4 ,fir/1 ( treasure trove3--,may ,i nev] desire to f9d1 or lift1 if ,i f9d1 or be induc$ by ! c\nsel ( div9]s to lift1 a treasure :i* "o :o 0 n my ance/or has laid d[n2 = ,i %all n ga9 s mu* 9 money z ,i %all lose 9 virtue4 ,! say+1 ',move n ! immovable1' may be repeat$ 9 a new s5se2 & !re is a common belief :i* ass]ts t su* de$s prev5t a man f hav+ a family4 ,to him :o is c>eless ( su* consequ5ces1 &1 despis+ ! ^w ( ! wise1 takes up a treasure :i* is n 8--:at w be done by ! h& ( ! ,gods1 ,god only kn[s1--b ,i w\ld h ! fir/ p]son :o sees ! (f5d]1 in=m ! w>d5s ( ! city or ! c\ntry2 & !y %all s5d to ,delphi = a decision1 & :atev] ! oracle ord]s1 !y %all c>ry out4 ,if ! in=m] be a freeman1 he %all be hon\r$1 & if a slave1 set free2 b he :o does n in=m1 if he be a freeman1 %all be di%on\r$1 & if a slave1 %all be put to dea?4 ,if a man leave any:]e any?+ great or small1 int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 let him :o may f9d ! prop]ty deem ! deposit sacr$ to ! ,goddess ( ways4 ,& he :o appropriates ! same1 if he be a slave1 %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes2 if a freeman1 he %all pay t5fold1 & be held to h done a di%on\rable action4 ,if a p]son says t ano!r has some?+ ( 81 & ! o!r all[s t he has ! prop]ty 9 dispute1 b ma9ta9s x to be 8 own1 let ! own]%ip be prov$ out ( ! regi/]s ( prop]ty4 ,if ! prop]ty is regi/]$ z belong+ to "s "o :o is abs5t1 possession %all be giv5 to him :o (f]s suffici5t security on behalf ( ! abs5tee2 or if ! prop]ty is n regi/]$1 let x rema9 ) ! ?ree elde/ magi/rates1 & if x %\ld be an animal1 ! defeat$ p>ty mu/ pay ! co/ ( its keep4 ,a man may arre/ 8 own slave1 & he may also imprison = safe-keep+ ! runaway slave ( a fri5d4 ,any "o int]f]+ ) him mu/ produce ?ree sureties2 o!rwise1 he w be liable to an action = viol5ce1 & if he be ca/1 mu/ pay a d\ble am\nt ( damages to him f :om he has tak5 ! slave4 ,a fre$man :o does n pay due respect to 8 patron1 may also be seiz$4 ,due respect consi/s 9 go+ ?ree times a mon? to ! h\se ( 8 patron1 & (f]+ to p]=m any lawful s]vice = him2 he mu/ also m>ry z 8 ma/] pleases2 & if 8 prop]ty be great] ?an 8 ma/]'s1 he mu/ h& ov] to him ! excess4 ,a fre$man may n rema9 9 ! /ate1 except ) ! cons5t ( ! magi/rates & ( 8 ma/]1 = m ?an tw5ty ye>s2 & :5ev] 8 c5sus exce$s t ( ! ?ird class1 he mu/ 9 any case leave ! c\ntry )9 ?irty days1 tak+ 8 prop]ty ) him4 ,if he break ?is regulation1 ! p5alty %all be dea?1 & 8 prop]ty %all be confiscat$4 ,suits ab\t ^! matt]s are to be decid$ 9 ! c\rts ( ! tribes1 unless ! p>ties h settl$ ! matt] be=e a c\rt ( neighb\rs or be=e arbit]s4 ,if anybody claim a bea/1 or any?+ else1 let ! possessor ref] to ! sell] or giv] ( ! prop]ty )9 ?irty days1 if ! latt] reside 9 ! city1 or1 if ! goods h be5 receiv$ f a /rang]1 )9 five mon?s1 ( :i* ! middle mon? %all include ! summ] sol/ice4 ,all pur*ases & ex*anges are to be made 9 ! agora1 & paid = on ! spot2 ! law w n all[ cr$it to be giv54 ,no law %all protect ! money subscrib$ = clubs4 ,he :o sells any?+ ( great] value ?an fifty dra*mas %all abide 9 ! city = t5 days1 & let 8 :]eab\ts be kn[n to ! buy]1 9 case ( any reclamation4 ,:5 a slave is sold :o is subject to epilepsy1 /one1 or any o!r invisible disord]1 ! buy]1 if he be a physician or tra9]1 or if he be w>n$1 %all h no r$ress2 b 9 o!r cases )9 six mon?s1 or )9 twelve mon?s 9 epileptic disord]s1 he may br+ ! matt] be=e a jury ( physicians to be agre$ ^u by bo? p>ties2 & ! sell] :o loses ! suit1 if he be an exp]t1 %all pay twice ! price2 or if he be a private p]son1 ! b>ga9 %all be resc9d$1 & he %all simply refund4 ,if a p]son kn[+ly sells a homicide to ano!r1 :o is in=m$ ( 8 "*1 !re is no r$ress4 ,b if ! judges--:o are to be ! five y\nge/ gu>dians ( ! law--decide t ! pur*as] 0 n aw>e1 !n ! sell] is to pay ?reefold1 & to purify ! h\se ( ! buy]4 ,he :o ex*anges money = money1 or bea/ = bea/1 mu/ w>rant ei!r ( !m to be s\nd & good4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r laws1 let u h a preamble1 relat+ to all ?is class ( crime4 ,adult]ation is a k9d ( falsehood ab\t :i* ! _m commonly say t at prop] times ! practice may (t5 be "r1 b !y d n def9e at :at times4 ,b ! legislator w tell !m1 t no man %\ld invoke ! ,gods :5 he is practis+ deceit or fraud1 9 ^w or de$4 ,= he is ! enemy ( heav51 fir/1 :o swe>s falsely1 n ?9k+ ( ! ,gods by :om he swe>s1 & secondly1 he :o lies to 8 sup]iors4 7,n[ ! sup]iors are ! bett]s ( inf]iors1--! eld] ( ! y\ng]1 p>5ts ( *ildr51 m5 ( wom51 & rul]s ( subjects47 ,! trad] :o *eats 9 ! agora is a li> & is p]jur$--he respects nei!r ! "n ( ,god nor ! regulations ( ! magi/rates4 ,if aft] he>+ ?is he w /ill be di%one/1 let him li/5 to ! law3--,! sell] %all n h two prices on ! same day1 nei!r mu/ he puff 8 goods1 nor (f] to swe> ab\t !m4 ,if he break ! law1 any citiz5 n less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age may smite him4 ,if he sell adult]at$ goods1 ! slave or metic :o in=ms aga9/ him %all h ! goods2 ! citiz5 :o br+s su* a *>ge1 if he prove x1 %all (f] up ! goods 9 "q to ! ,gods ( ! agora2 or if he fail to prove x1 %all be di%on\r$4 ,he :o is detect$ 9 sell+ adult]at$ goods %all be depriv$ ( !m1 & %all receive a /ripe = e dra*ma ( _! value4 ,! w>d5s ( ! agora & ! gu>dians ( ! law %all take exp]i5c$ p]sons into c\nsel1 & draw up regulations = ! agora4 ,^! %all be inscrib$ on a column 9 front ( ! c\rt ( ! w>d5s ( ! agora4--,z to ! w>d5s ( ! city1 en\gh has be5 said already4 ,b if any omissions 9 ! law are aft]w>ds discov]$1 ! w>d5s & ! gu>dians %all supply !m1 & h !m inscrib$ aft] ! orig9al regulations on a column be=e ! c\rt ( ! w>d5s ( ! city4 ,next 9 ord] foll[s ! subject ( retail trades1 :i* 9 _! natural use are ! rev]se ( mis*iev\s2 = e man is a b5efactor :o r$uces :at is unequal to symmetry & proportion4 ,money is ! in/rum5t by :i* ?is is accompli%$1 & ! %op-keep]1 ! m]*ant1 & hotel-keep] d b supply ! wants & equalize ! possessions ( mank9d4 ,:y1 !n1 does any di%on\r atta* to a b5efic5t occupation8 ,let u consid] ! nature ( ! accusation fir/1 & !n see :e!r x c be remov$4 ',:at is y\r drift8' ,de> ,cle9ias1 !re are few m5 :o are s gift$ by nature1 & improv$ by education1 z to be able to control ! desire ( mak+ money2 or :o are sob] 9 _! wi%es & pref] mod]ation to accumulation4 ,! great majority ?9k t !y c nev] h en\gh1 & ! consequ5ce is t retail trade has become a reproa*4 ,:]eas1 h[ev] ludicr\s ! idea may seem1 if noble m5 & noble wom5 c\ld be induc$ to op5 a %op1 & to trade ^u incorruptible pr9ciples1 !n ! aspect ( ?+s w\ld *ange1 & retail trad]s w\ld be reg>d$ z nurs+ fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,9 our own day ! trad] goes & settles 9 di/ant places1 & receives ! we>y travell] hospitably at fir/1 b 9 ! end treats him z an enemy & a captive1 :om he only lib]ates = an enorm\s ransom4 ,?is is :at has br\ght retail trade into disrepute1 & aga9/ ?is ! legislator ought to provide4 ,m5 h said ( old1 t to fight aga9/ two oppon5ts is h>d2 & ! two oppon5ts ( :om ,i am ?9k+ are weal? & pov]ty--! "o corrupt+ m5 by luxury2 ! o!r1 ?r\gh mis]y1 depriv+ !m ( ! s5se ( %ame4 ,:at rem$ies c a city f9d = ?is disease8 ,fir/1 to h z few retail trad]s z possible2 secondly1 to give retail trade ov] to a class ^: corruption w n injure ! /ate2 & ?irdly1 to re/ra9 ! insol5ce & meanness ( ! retail]s4 ,let u make ! foll[+ laws3--7#a7 ,9 ! city ( ! ,magnetes none ( ! #ejdj citiz5s %all be a retail] or m]*ant1 or d any s]vice to any private p]sons :o d n equally s]ve him1 except to 8 fa!r & "m & _! fa!rs & mo!rs1 & g5]ally to 8 eld]s :o are freem51 & :om he s]ves z a freeman4 ,he :o foll[s an illib]al pursuit may be cit$ = di%on\r+ 8 family1 & kept 9 bonds = a ye>2 & if he (f5d aga91 he %all be b\nd = two ye>s2 & = e (f5ce 8 puni%m5t %all be d\bl$3 7#b7 ,e retail] %all be a metic or a =eign]3 7#c7 ,! gu>dians ( ! law %all h a special c>e ( ?is "p ( ! community1 ^: call+ exposes !m to peculi> temptations4 ,!y %all consult ) p]sons ( exp]i5ce1 & f9d out :at prices w yield ! trad]s a mod]ate pr(it1 & fix !m4 ,:5 a man does n fulfil 8 contract1 he be+ "u no legal or o!r imp$im5t1 ! case %all be br\ght be=e ! c\rt ( ! tribes1 if n previ\sly settl$ by arbitration4 ,! class ( artisans is consecrat$ to ,hephae/us & ,a!ne2 ! mak]s ( weapons to ,ares & ,a!ne3 all ( :om1 rememb]+ t ! ,gods are _! ance/ors1 %\ld be a%am$ to deceive 9 ! practice ( _! craft4 ,if any man is lazy 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 "w1 & fancies1 fooli% fell[1 t 8 patron ,god w n deal h>dly ) him1 he w be puni%$ by ! ,god2 & let ! law foll[3--,he :o fails 9 8 und]tak+ %all pay ! value1 & d ! "w gratis 9 a specifi$ "t4 ,! contractor1 l ! sell]1 is enjo9$ by law to *>ge ! simple value ( 8 "w2 9 a free city1 art %\ld be a true ?+1 & ! arti/ mu/ n practise on ! ignorance ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o has ord]$ any "w & does n pay ! workman accord+ to agreem5t1 di%on\rs ,zeus & ,a!ne1 & breaks ! bonds ( society4 ,& if he does n pay at ! "t agre$1 let him pay d\ble2 & al?\gh int]e/ is =bidd5 9 o!r cases1 let ! workman receive aft] ! expiration ( a ye> int]e/ at ! rate ( an obol a mon? = e dra*ma 7equal to #bjj p] c5t4 p] ann474 ,& we may obs]ve by ! way1 9 speak+ ( craftsm51 t if our milit>y craft d _! "w well1 ! /ate w praise ^? :o hon\r !m1 & blame ^? :o d n hon\r !m4 ,n t ! fir/ place ( hon\r is to be assign$ to ! w>rior2 a high] /ill is res]v$ = ^? :o obey ! laws4 ,mo/ ( ! deal+s betwe5 man & man are n[ settl$1 ) ! exception ( su* z relate to orphans & gu>dian%ips4 ,^! lead u to speak ( ! int5tions ( ! dy+1 ab\t :i* we mu/ make regulations4 ,i say 'mu/'2 = mank9d _c be all[$ to dispose ( _! prop]ty z !y please1 9 ways at v>iance ) "o ano!r & ) law & cu/om4 ,b a dy+ p]son is a /range be+1 & is n easily manag$2 he wants to be ma/] ( all he has1 & is apt to use angry words4 ,he w say1--',may ,i n d :at ,i w ) my own1 & give mu* to my fri5ds1 & little to my enemies8' ',!re is reason 9 t4' ,o ,cle9ias1 9 my judgm5t ! old] lawgiv]s 7 too s(t-he>t$1 & want+ 9 insight into human affairs4 ,!y 7 too ready to li/5 to ! outcry ( a dy+ man1 & h5ce !y 7 induc$ to give him an absolute p[] ( beque/4 ,b ,i w\ld say to him3--,o creature ( a day1 y "k nei!r :at is y\rs nor y\rself3 = y & y\r prop]ty are n y\r own1 b belong to y\r :ole family1 pa/ & to come1 & prop]ty & family alike belong to ! ,/ate4 ,& !re=e ,i mu/ take out ( y\r h&s ! *>ge ( :at y leave beh9d y1 ) a view to ! int]e/s ( all4 ,& ,i hope t y w n qu>rel ) u1 n[ t y are go+ ! way ( all mank9d2 we w d our be/ = y & y\rs :5 y are no long] "h4 ,let ?is be our address to ! liv+ & dy+1 & let ! law be z foll[s3--,! fa!r :o has sons %all appo9t "o ( !m to be ! heir ( ! lot2 & if he has giv5 any o!r son to be adopt$ by ano!r1 ! adoption %all also be record$2 & if he has /ill a son :o has no lot1 & has a *ance ( go+ to a colony1 he may give him :at he has m ?an ! lot2 or if he has m ?an "o son unprovid$ =1 he may divide ! money betwe5 !m4 ,a son :o has a h\se ( 8 own1 & a daught] :o is betro!d1 are n to %>e 9 ! beque/ ( money2 & ! son or daught] :o1 hav+ inh]it$ "o lot1 acquires ano!r1 is to bequea? ! new inh]itance to ! next ( k94 ,if a man h only daught]s1 he may adopt ! husb& ( any "o ( !m2 or if he h lo/ a son1 let him make m5tion ( ! circum/ance 9 8 w & adopt ano!r4 ,if he h no *ildr51 he may give away a t5? ( 8 acquir$ prop]ty to :omsoev] he likes2 b he mu/ adopt an heir to inh]it ! lot1 & may leave ! rema9d] to him4 ,also he may appo9t gu>dians = 8 *ildr52 or if he die )\t appo9t+ !m or )\t mak+ a w1 ! ne>e/ k9sm51--two on ! fa!r's & two on ! "m's side1--& "o fri5d ( ! dep>t$1 %all be appo9t$ gu>dians4 ,! fifte5 elde/ gu>dians ( ! law are to h special *>ge ( all orphans1 ! :ole numb] ( fifte5 be+ divid$ into bodies ( ?ree1 :o w succe$ "o ano!r accord+ to s5iority e ye> = five ye>s4 ,if a man dy+ inte/ate leave daught]s1 he mu/ p>don ! law :i* m>ries !m = look+1 fir/ to k9%ip1 & secondly to ! pres]vation ( ! lot4 ,! legislator _c reg>d ! "* ( ! heir1 :i* to ! fa!r is ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,! law w !re=e run z foll[s3--,if ! inte/ate leave daught]s1 husb&s are to be f\nd = !m among _! k9dr$ accord+ to ! foll[+ table ( aff9ity3 fir/1 _! fa!r's bro!rs2 secondly1 ! sons ( _! fa!r's bro!rs2 ?irdly1 ( _! fa!r's si/]s2 f\r?ly1 _! great-uncles2 fif?ly1 ! sons ( a great-uncle2 six?ly1 ! sons ( a great-aunt4 ,! k9dr$ 9 su* cases %all always be reckon$ 9 ?is way2 ! relation%ip %all proce$ upw>ds ?r\gh bro!rs & si/]s & bro!rs' & si/]s' *ildr51 & fir/ ! male l9e mu/ be tak5 & !n ! female4 ,if !re is a dispute 9 reg>d to fitness ( age = m>riage1 ?is ! judge %all decide1 aft] hav+ made an inspection ( ! y\? nak$1 & ( ! maid5 nak$ d[n to ! wai/4 ,if ! maid5 has no relations )9 ! degree ( ?ird c\s91 %e may *oose :om %e likes1 ) ! cons5t ( h] gu>dians2 or %e may ev5 select "s "o :o has gone to a colony1 & he1 if he be a k9sman1 w take ! lot by law2 if n1 he mu/ h h] gu>dians' cons5t1 z well z h]s4 ,:5 a man dies )\t *ildr5 & )\t a w1 let a "y man & a "y woman g =? f ! family & take up _! abode 9 ! desolate h\se4 ,! woman %all be select$ f ! k9dr$ 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( succession3--fir/1 a si/] ( ! deceas$2 second1 a bro!r's daught]2 ?ird1 a si/]'s daught]2 f\r?1 a fa!r's si/]2 fif?1 a daught] ( a fa!r's bro!r2 six?1 a daught] ( a fa!r's si/]4 ,= ! man ! same ord] %all be obs]v$ z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,! legislator =esees t laws ( ?is k9d w sometimes press heavily1 & t 8 int5tion _c always be fulfill$2 z = example1 :5 !re are m5tal & bodily defects 9 ! p]sons :o are enjo9$ to m>ry4 ,b he mu/ be excus$ = n be+ always able to reconcile ! g5]al pr9ciples ( public int]e/ ) ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( individuals2 & he is will+ to all[1 9 l mann]1 t ! individual _c always d :at ! lawgiv] wi%es4 ,& !n arbit]s mu/ be *os51 :o w det]m9e equitably ! cases :i* may arise "u ! law3 e4g4 a ri* c\s9 may sometimes desire a gr&] mat*1 or ! requirem5ts ( ! law c only be fulfill$ by m>ry+ a madwoman4 ,to meet su* cases let ! foll[+ law be enact$3--,if any "o comes =w>d & says t ! lawgiv]1 _h he be5 alive1 w\ld n h requir$ ! c>ry+ out ( ! law 9 a p>ticul> case1 let him g to ! fifte5 elde/ gu>dians ( ! law :o h ! c>e ( orphans2 b if he ?9ks t too mu* p[] is ?us giv5 to !m1 he may br+ ! case be=e ! c\rt ( select judges4 ,?us w orphans h a second bir?4 ,9 ord] to make _! sad condition z light z possible1 ! gu>dians ( ! law %all be _! p>5ts1 & %all be admoni%$ to take c>e ( !m4 ,& :at admonition c be m appropriate ?an ! assurance :i* we =m]ly gave1 t ! s\ls ( ! dead wat* ov] mortal affairs8 ,ab\t ?is !re are _m anci5t traditions1 :i* may be tak5 on tru/ f ! legislator4 ,let m5 fe>1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,gods above2 secondly1 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$1 :o naturally c>e = _! own desc5dants2 ?irdly1 ! ag$ liv+1 :o are quick to he> ( any neglect ( family duties1 especially 9 ! case ( orphans4 ,= !y are ! holie/ & mo/ sacr$ ( all deposits1 & ! peculi> c>e ( gu>dians & magi/rates2 & ^? :o try to br+ !m up well w contribute to _! own good & to t ( _! families4 ,he :o li/5s to ! preamble ( ! law w nev] "k ! sev]ity ( ! legislator2 b he :o disobeys1 & injures ! orphan1 w pay twice ! p5alty he w\ld h paid if ! p>5ts _h be5 alive4 ,m laws might h be5 made ab\t orphans1 did we n suppose t ! gu>dians h *ildr5 & prop]ty ( _! own :i* are protect$ by ! laws2 & ! duty ( ! gu>dian 9 our /ate is ! same z t ( a fa!r1 ?\gh 8 hon\r or disgrace is great]4 ,a legal admonition & ?reat may1 h[ev]1 be ( s]vice3 ! gu>dian ( ! orphan & ! gu>dian ( ! law :o is ov] him1 %all love ! orphan z _! own *ildr51 & take m c>e ( 8 or h] prop]ty ?an ( _! own4 ,if ! gu>dian ( ! *ild neglect 8 duty1 ! gu>dian ( ! law %all f9e him2 & ! gu>dian may also h ! magi/rate tri$ = neglect 9 ! c\rt ( select judges1 & he %all pay1 if convict$1 a d\ble p5alty4 ,fur!r1 ! gu>dian ( ! orphan :o is c>eless or di%one/ may be f9$ on ! in=mation ( any ( ! citiz5s 9 a f\rfold p5alty1 half to g to ! orphan & half to ! prosecutor ( ! suit4 ,:5 ! orphan is ( age1 if he ?9ks t he has be5 ill-us$1 8 gu>dian may be br\ght to trial by him )9 five ye>s1 & ! p5alty %all be fix$ by ! c\rt4 ,or if ! magi/rate has neglect$ ! orphan1 he %all pay damages to him2 b if he h defraud$ him1 he %all make comp5sation & also be depos$ f 8 (fice ( gu>dian ( ! law4 ,if irrem$iable diff]5ces arise betwe5 fa!rs & sons1 ! fa!r may want to r5\nce 8 son1 or ! son may indict 8 fa!r = imbecility3 su* viol5t sep>ations only take place :5 ! family are 'a bad lot'2 if only "o ( ! two p>ties is bad1 ! diff]5ces d n gr[ to s great a height4 ,b "h arises a difficulty4 ,al?\gh 9 any o!r /ate a son :o is dis9h]it$ does n cease to be a citiz51 9 ours he does2 = ! numb] ( citiz5s _c exce$ #ejdj4 ,& !re=e he :o is to suff] su* a p5alty ought to be abjur$1 n only by 8 fa!r1 b by ! :ole family4 ,! law1 !n1 %\ld run z foll[s3--,if any man's evil =tune or temp] incl9e him to dis9h]it 8 son1 let him n d s lightly or on ! in/ant2 b let him h a c\ncil ( 8 own relations & ( ! mat]nal relations ( 8 son1 & set =? to !m ! propriety ( dis9h]it+ him1 & all[ 8 son to answ]4 ,& if m ?an half ( ! k9dr$ male & female1 be+ ( full age1 condemn ! son1 let him be dis9h]it$4 ,if any o!r citiz5 desires to adopt him1 he may1 = "y m5's *>act]s (t5 *ange 9 ! c\rse ( life4 ,b if1 aft] t5 ye>s1 he rema9s unadopt$1 let him be s5t to a colony4 ,if disease1 or old age1 or evil disposition cause a man to g out ( 8 m9d1 & he is ru9+ 8 h\se & prop]ty1 & 8 son d\bts ab\t indict+ him = insanity1 let him lay ! case be=e ! elde/ gu>dians ( ! law1 & consult ) !m4 ,& if !y advise him to proce$1 & ! fa!r is decid$ to be imbecile1 he %all h no m control ov] 8 prop]ty1 b %all live h5ce=w>d l a *ild 9 ! h\se4 ,if a man & 8 wife are ( incompatible temp]s1 t5 gu>dians ( ! law & t5 ( ! matrons :o regulate m>riage %all take _! case 9 h&1 & reconcile !m1 if possible4 ,if1 h[ev]1 _! swell+ s\ls _c be pacifi$1 ! wife may try & f9d a new husb&1 & ! husb& a new wife2 probably !y are n v g5tle creatures1 & %\ld !re=e be jo9$ to mild] natures4 ,! y\ng] ( ^? :o are sep>at$ %\ld also select _! p>tn]s ) a view to ! procreation ( *ildr52 :ile ! old] %\ld seek a companion = _! decl9+ ye>s4 ,if a woman dies1 leav+ *ildr5 male or female1 ! law w advise1 b n compel1 ! wid[] to ab/a9 f a second m>riage2 if %e leave no *ildr51 he %all be compell$ to m>ry4 ,also a wid[1 if %e is n old en\gh to live hone/ly )\t m>riage1 %all m>ry aga92 & 9 case %e h no *ildr51 %e %\ld m>ry = ! sake ( !m4 ,!re is sometimes an unc]ta9ty :i* p>5t ! (fspr+ is to foll[3 9 unions ( a female slave ) a male slave1 or ) a fre$man or free man1 or ( a free woman ) a male slave1 ! (fspr+ is to belong to ! ma/]2 b if ! ma/] or mi/ress be !mselves ! p>5t ( ! *ild1 ! slave & ! *ild are to be s5t away to ano!r l&4 ,conc]n+ duty to p>5ts1 let ! preamble be z foll[s3--,we hon\r ! ,gods 9 _! lifeless images1 & believe t we ?us propitiate !m4 ,b he :o has an ag$ fa!r or "m has a liv+ image1 :i* if he *]i% x w d him f> m good ?an any /atue4 ',:at d y mean by *]i%+ !m8' ,i w tell y4 ,o$ipus & ,amyntor & ,!seus curs$ _! *ildr51 & _! curses took effect4 ,?is proves t ! ,gods he> ! curses ( p>5ts :o are wrong$2 & %all we d\bt t !y he> & fulfil _! bless+s too8' ',surely n4' ,&1 z we 7 say+1 no image is m hon\r$ by ! ,gods ?an an ag$ fa!r & "m1 to :om :5 hon\r is done1 ! ,god :o he>s _! pray]s is rejoic$1 & _! influ5ce is great] ?an t ( ! lifeless /atue2 = !y pray t good or evil may come to u 9 proportion z !y are hon\r$ or di%on\r$1 b ! /atue is sil5t4 ',excell5t4' ,good m5 are glad :5 _! p>5ts live to extreme old age1 or if !y dep>t e>ly1 lam5t _! loss2 b to bad man _! p>5ts are always t]rible4 ,:]e=e let e "o hon\r 8 p>5ts1 & if ?is preamble fails ( influ5c+ him1 let him he> ! law3--,if any "o does n take suffici5t c>e ( 8 p>5ts1 let ! aggriev$ p]son in=m ! ?ree elde/ gu>dians ( ! law & ?ree ( ! wom5 :o are conc]n$ ) m>riages4 ,wom5 up to =ty ye>s ( age1 & m5 up to ?irty1 :o ?us (f5d1 %all be beat5 & imprison$4 ,aft] t age !y are to be br\ght be=e a c\rt compos$ ( ! elde/ citiz5s1 :o may inflict any puni%m5t ^u !m :i* !y please4 ,if ! injur$ p>ty _c in=m1 let any freeman :o he>s ( ! case in=m2 a slave :o does s %all be set free1--if he be ! slave ( ! "o ( ! p>ties1 by ! magi/rate1--if own$ by ano!r1 at ! co/ ( ! /ate2 & let ! magi/rates1 take c>e t he is n wrong$ by any "o out ( rev5ge4 ,! injuries :i* "o p]son does to ano!r by ! use ( poisons are ( two k9ds2--"o affects ! body by ! employm5t ( drugs & potions2 ! o!r works on ! m9d by ! practice ( sorc]y & magic4 ,fatal cases ( ei!r sort h be5 already m5tion$2 & n[ we mu/ h a law respect+ cases :i* are n fatal4 ,!re is no use 9 argu+ ) a man ^: m9d is di/urb$ by wax5 images plac$ at 8 own door1 or on ! sepul*re ( 8 fa!r or "m1 or at a spot :]e ?ree ways meet4 ,b to ! wiz>ds !mselves we mu/ address a solemn preamble1 begg+ !m n to treat ! _w z if !y 7 *ildr51 or compel ! legislator to expose !m1 & to %[ m5 t ! poison] :o is n a physician & ! wiz>d :o is n a prophet or div9] are equally ignorant ( :at !y are do+4 ,let ! law be z foll[s3--,he :o by ! use ( poison does any injury n fatal to a man or 8 s]vants1 or any injury :e!r fatal or n to ano!r's cattle or bees1 is to be puni%$ ) dea? if he be a physician1 & if he be n a physician he is to suff] ! puni%m5t aw>d$ by ! c\rt3 & he :o injures ano!r by sorc]y1 if he be a div9] or prophet1 %all be put to dea?2 &1 if he be n a div9]1 ! c\rt %all det]m9e :at he ought to pay or suff]4 ,any "o :o injures ano!r by !ft or viol5ce %all pay damages at lea/ equal to ! injury2 & besides ! comp5sation1 a suitable puni%m5t %all be inflict$4 ,! fooli% y\? :o is ! victim ( o!rs is to h a light] puni%m5t2 he ^: folly is occasion$ by 8 own jeal\sy or desire or ang] is to suff] m heavily4 ,puni%m5t is to be inflict$1 n = ! sake ( v5geance1 = :at is done _c be undone1 b = ! sake ( prev5tion & re=mation4 ,& !re %\ld be a proportion betwe5 ! puni%m5t & ! crime1 9 :i* ! judge1 hav+ a discretion left him1 mu/1 by e/imat+ ! crime1 second ! legislator1 :o1 l a pa9t]1 furni%es outl9es = him to fill up4 ,a madman is n to g ab\t at l>ge 9 ! city1 b is to be tak5 c>e ( by 8 relatives4 ,neglect on _! "p is to be puni%$ 9 ! fir/ class by a f9e ( a hundr$ dra*mas1 & proportionally 9 ! o!rs4 ,n[ madness is ( v>i\s k9ds2 9 addition to t :i* arises f disease !re is ! madness :i* orig9ates 9 a passionate temp]am5t1 & makes m5 :5 engag$ 9 a qu>rel use f\l & abusive language aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is is intol]able 9 a well-ord]$ /ate2 & !re=e our law %all be z foll[s3--,no "o is to speak evil ( ano!r1 b :5 m5 diff] 9 op9ion !y are to in/ruct "o ano!r )\t speak+ evil4 ,nor %\ld any "o seek to r\se ! passions :i* education has calm$2 = he :o fe$s & nurses 8 wra? is apt to make ribald je/s at 8 oppon5t1 ) a loss ( "* or dignity to himself4 ,& = ?is reason no "o may use any abusive ^w 9 a temple1 or at sacrifices1 or games1 or 9 any public assembly1 & he :o (f5ds %all be c5sur$ by ! prop] magi/rate2 & ! magi/rate1 if he fail to c5sure him1 %all n claim ! prize ( virtue4 ,9 any o!r place ! angry man :o indulges 9 revil+s1 :e!r he be ! beg9n] or n1 may be *a/is$ by an eld]4 ,! revil] is always try+ to make 8 oppon5t ridicul\s2 & ! use ( ridicule 9 ang] we _c all[4 ,we =bid ! comic poet to ridicule our citiz5s1 "u a p5alty ( expulsion f ! c\ntry or a f9e ( ?ree m9ae4 ,je/ 9 :i* !re is no (f5ce may be all[$2 b ! "q ( (f5ce %all be det]m9$ by ! director ( education1 :o is to be ! lic5s] ( !atrical p]=mances4 ,! righte\s man :o is 9 adv]sity w n be all[$ to />ve 9 a well-ord]$ city2 he w nev] be a begg>4 ,nor is a man to be piti$1 m]ely because he is hungry1 unless he be temp]ate4 ,!re=e let ! law be z foll[s3--,let !re be no begg>s 9 our /ate2 & he :o begs %all be expell$ by ! magi/rates bo? f t[n & c\ntry4 ,if a slave1 male or female1 does any h>m to ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 :o is n himself a p>ty to ! h>m1 ! ma/] %all comp5sate ! injury or give up ! (f5d+ slave4 ,b if ! ma/] argue t ! *>ge has aris5 by collusion1 ) ! view ( obta9+ ! slave1 he may put ! pla9tiff on 8 trial = malpractices1 & recov] f him twice ! value ( ! slave2 or if he is ca/ he mu/ make good ! damage & deliv] up ! slave4 ,! injury done by a horse or o!r animal %all be comp5sat$ 9 l mann]4 ,a witness :o w n come ( himself may be summon$1 & if he fail 9 appe>+1 he %all be liable = any h>m :i* may ensue3 if he swe>s t he does n "k1 he may leave ! c\rt4 ,a judge :o is call$ ^u z a witness mu/ n vote4 ,a free woman1 if %e is ov] =ty1 may be> witness & plead1 &1 if %e h no husb&1 %e may also br+ an action4 ,a slave1 male or female1 & a *ild may witness & plead only 9 case ( murd]1 b !y mu/ give sureties t !y w appe> at ! trial1 if !y %\ld be *>g$ ) false witness4 ,su* *>ges mu/ be made p5d+ ! trial1 & ! accusations %all be seal$ by bo? p>ties & kept by ! magi/rates until ! trial = p]jury comes (f4 ,if a man is twice convict$ ( p]jury1 he is n to be requir$1 if ?ree times1 he is n to be all[$ to be> witness1 or1 if he p]si/s 9 be>+ witness1 is to be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,:5 m ?an half ! evid5ce is prov$ to be false !re mu/ be a new trial4 ,! be/ & noble/ ?+s 9 human life are liable to be defil$ & p]v]t$4 ,is n ju/ice ! civiliz] ( mank9d8 ,& yet ^u ! noble pr(ession ( ! advocate has come an evil "n4 ,= he is said to make ! worse appe> ! bett] cause1 & only requires money 9 return = 8 s]vices4 ,su* an art w be =bidd5 by ! legislator1 & if exi/+ among u w be reque/$ to dep>t to ano!r city4 ,to ! disob$i5t let ! voice ( ! law be he>d say+3--,he :o tries to p]v]t ju/ice 9 ! m9ds ( ! judges1 or to increase litigation1 %all be br\ght be=e ! supreme c\rt4 ,if he does s f cont5ti\sness1 let him be sil5c$ = a "t1 &1 if he (f5d aga91 put to dea?4 ,if he h act$ f a love ( ga91 let him be s5t out ( ! c\ntry if he be a =eign]1 or if he be a citiz5 let him be put to dea?4 ,,book ,,xii4 ,if a false message be tak5 to or br\ght f o!r /ates1 :e!r fri5dly or ho/ile1 by ambassadors or h]alds1 !y %all be indict$ = hav+ di%on\r$ _! sacr$ (fice1 &1 if convict$1 %all suff] a p5alty4--,/eal+ is mean2 robb]y is %ameless4 ,let no man deceive himself by ! suppos$ example ( ! ,gods1 = no ,god or son ( a ,god ev] really practis$ ei!r =ce or fraud4 ,on ?is po9t ! legislator is bett] in=m$ ?an all ! poets put toge!r4 ,he :o li/5s to him %all be = ev] happy1 b he :o w n li/5 %all h ! foll[+ law direct$ aga9/ him3--,he :o /eals mu*1 or he :o /eals little ( ! public prop]ty is des]v+ ( ! same p5alty2 = !y are bo? impell$ by ! same evil motive4 ,:5 ! law puni%es "o man m lightly ?an ano!r1 ?is is done "u ! idea1 n t he is less guilty1 b t he is m curable4 ,n[ a ?ief :o is a =eign] or slave may be curable2 b ! ?ief :o is a citiz51 & has _h ! advantages ( education1 %\ld be put to dea?1 = he is incurable4 ,mu* consid]ation & _m regulations are necess>y ab\t milit>y exp$itions2 ! great pr9cipal ( all is t no "o1 male or female1 9 w> or peace1 9 great matt]s or small1 %all be )\t a comm&]4 ,:e!r m5 /& or walk1 or drill1 or pursue1 or retreat1 or wa%1 or eat1 !y %\ld all act toge!r & 9 ob$i5ce to ord]s4 ,we %\ld practise f our y\? upw>ds ! habits ( comm& & ob$i5ce4 ,all dances1 relaxations1 endurances ( meats & dr9ks1 ( cold & heat1 & ( h>d c\*es1 %\ld h a view to w>1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to de/roy ! natural cov]+ & use ( ! head & feet by we>+ %oes & caps2 = ! head is ! "l ( ! body1 & ! feet are ! be/ ( s]vants4 ,! soldi] %\ld h ?\ghts l ^!2 & let him he> ! law3--,he :o is enroll$ %all s]ve1 & if he abs5t himself )\t leave he %all be indict$ = failure ( s]vice be=e 8 own bran* ( ! army :5 ! exp$ition returns1 & if he be f\nd guilty he %all suff] ! p5alty :i* ! c\rts aw>d1 & nev] be all[$ to cont5d = any prize ( val\r1 or to accuse ano!r ( misbehavi\r 9 milit>y matt]s4 ,des]tion %all also be tri$ & puni%$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,aft] ! c\rts = try+ failure ( s]vice & des]tion h be5 held1 ! g5]als %all hold ano!r c\rt1 9 :i* ! sev]al arms ( ! s]vice w aw>d prizes = ! exp$ition :i* has j conclud$4 ,! prize is to be a cr[n ( olive1 :i* ! victor %all (f] up at ! temple ( 8 fav\rite w> ,god444,9 any suit :i* a man br+s1 let ! indictm5t be scrupul\sly true1 = ju/ice is an hon\rable maid51 to :om falsehood is naturally hateful4 ,= example1 :5 m5 are prosecut$ = hav+ lo/ _! arms1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 by ! witnesses to di/+ui% betwe5 cases 9 :i* !y h be5 lo/ f necessity & f c[>dice4 ,if ! h]o ,patroclus _h n be5 kill$ b _h be5 br\ght back alive f ! field1 he might h be5 reproa*$ ) hav+ lo/ ! div9e arm\r4 ,& a man may lose 8 arms 9 a /orm at sea1 or f a fall1 & "u _m o!r circum/ances4 ,!re is a di/9ction ( language to be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( ! two t]ms1 '?r[] away ( a %ield' 7ripsaspis71 & 'los] ( arms' 7apoboleus oplon71 "o be+ ! volunt>y1 ! o!r ! involunt>y rel9qui%m5t ( !m4 ,let ! law !n be z foll[s3--,if any "o is ov]tak5 by ! enemy1 hav+ arms 9 8 h&s1 & he leaves !m beh9d him volunt>ily1 *oos+ base life in/ead ( hon\rable dea?1 let ju/ice be done4 ,! old leg5d ( ,ca5eus1 :o 0 *ang$ by ,poseidon f a woman into a man1 may tea* by contr>ies ! appropriate puni%m5t4 ,let ! ?r[] away ( 8 %ield be *ang$ f a man into a woman--t is to say1 let him be all 8 life out ( dang]1 & nev] aga9 be admitt$ by any comm&] into ! ranks ( 8 army2 & let him pay a heavy f9e accord+ to 8 class4 ,& any comm&] :o p]mits him to s]ve %all also be puni%$ by a f9e4 ,all magi/rates1 :atev] be _! t5ure ( (fice1 mu/ give an acc\nt ( _! magi/racy4 ,b :]e %all we f9d ! magi/rate :o is wor?y to sup]vise !m or look into _! %ort-com+s & crook$ ways8 ,! exam9] mu/ be m ?an man :o is suffici5t = ^! ?+s4 ,= ! tru? is t !re are _m causes ( ! dissolution ( /ates2 :i*1 l %ips or animals1 h _! cords1 & gird]s1 & s9ews easily relax$1 & no?+ t5ds m to _! welf>e & pres]vation ?an ! sup]vision ( !m by exam9]s :o are bett] ?an ! magi/rates2 fail+ 9 ?is !y fall to pieces1 & ea* becomes _m in/ead ( "o4 ,:]e=e let ! p meet aft] ! summ] sol/ice1 9 ! prec9cts ( ,apollo & ! ,sun1 & appo9t ?ree m5 ( n less ?an fifty ye>s ( age4 ,!y %all proce$ z foll[s3--,ea* citiz5 %all select "s "o1 n himself1 :om he ?9ks ! be/4 ,! p]sons select$ %all be r$uc$ to "o half1 :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes1 if !y are an ev5 numb]2 b if an odd numb]1 he :o has ! smalle/ numb] ( votes %all be previ\sly )drawn4 ,! vot+ %all cont9ue 9 ! same mann] until ?ree only rema92 & if ! numb] ( votes ca/ = !m be equal1 a di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird %all be made by lot4 ,! ?ree %all be cr[n$ ) an olive wrea?1 & proclamation made1 t ! city ( ! ,magnetes1 once m pres]v$ by ! ,gods1 pres5ts h] ?ree be/ m5 to ,apollo & ! ,sun1 to :om %e d$icates !m z long z _! lives answ] to ! judgm5t =m$ ( !m4 ,!y %all *oose 9 ! fir/ ye> ( _! (fice twelve exam9]s1 to cont9ue until !y are sev5ty-five ye>s ( age2 aft]w>ds ?ree %all be add$ annually4 ,:ile !y hold (fice1 !y %all dwell )9 ! prec9ct ( ! ,god4 ,!y are to divide all ! magi/racies into twelve classes1 & may apply any me?ods ( enquiry1 & inflict any puni%m5ts :i* !y please2 9 "s cases s+ly1 9 o!r cases toge!r1 ann\nc+ ! acquittal or puni%m5t ( ! magi/rate on a tablet :i* !y w place 9 ! agora4 ,a magi/rate :o has be5 condemn$ by ! exam9]s may appeal to ! select judges1 &1 if he ga9 8 suit1 may 9 turn prosecute ! exam9]s2 b if ! appellant is ca/1 8 puni%m5t %all be d\bl$1 unless he 0 previ\sly condemn$ to dea?4 ,& :at hon\rs %all be paid to ^! exam9]s1 :om ! :ole /ate c\nts wor?y ( ! rew>ds ( virtue8 ,!y %all h ! fir/ place at all sacrifices & o!r c]emonies1 & 9 all assemblies & public places2 !y %all g on sacr$ embassies1 & h ! exclusive privilege ( we>+ a cr[n ( laurel4 ,!y are prie/s ( ,apollo & ! ,sun1 & he ( _! numb] :o is judg$ fir/ %all be high prie/1 & give 8 "n to ! ye>4 ,! mann] ( _! burial1 too1 %all be diff]5t f t ( ! o!r citiz5s4 ,! col\r ( _! fun]al array %all be :ite1 &1 in/ead ( ! voice ( lam5tation1 ar\nd ! bi] %all /& a *orus ( fifte5 boys & fifte5 maid5s1 *ant+ hymns 9 hon\r ( ! deceas$ 9 alt]nate /ra9s dur+ an entire day2 & at dawn a b& ( a hundr$ y\?s %all c>ry ! bi] to ! grave1 m>*+ 9 ! g>b ( w>riors1 & ! boys 9 front ( ! bi] %all s+ _! national hymn1 :ile ! maid5s & wom5 pa/ *ild-be>+ foll[ aft]4 ,prie/s & prie/esses may also foll[1 unless ! ,py?ian oracle =bids4 ,! sepul*re %all be a vault built und]gr\nd1 :i* w la/ = ev]1 hav+ c\*es ( /one plac$ side by side2 on "o ( ^! !y %all lay ! dep>t$ sa9t1 & !n cov] ! tomb ) a m\nd1 & plant trees on e side except "o1 :]e an op5+ %all be left = o!r int]m5ts4 ,e ye> !re %all be games--musical1 gymna/ic1 or eque/rian1 9 hon\r ( ^? :o h pass$ e ordeal4 ,b if any ( !m1 aft] hav+ be5 acquitt$ on any occasion1 beg9 to %[ ! wick$ness ( human nature1 he :o pleases may br+ !m to trial be=e a c\rt compos$ ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & ( ! select judges1 & ( any ( ! exam9]s :o are alive4 ,if he be convict$ he %all be depriv$ ( 8 hon\rs1 & if ! accus] d n obta9 a fif? "p ( ! votes1 he %all pay a f9e accord+ to 8 class4 ,:at is call$ ! judgm5t ( ,rhadaman?us is suit$ to 'ages ( fai?1' b n to our days4 ,he knew t 8 contempor>ies believ$ 9 ! ,gods1 = _m ( !m 7 ! sons ( ,gods2 & he ?\ght t ! easie/ & sure/ me?od ( end+ litigation 0 to commit ! decision to ,heav54 ,9 our own day1 m5 ei!r d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,gods or _! c>e ( m51 or ma9ta9 t !y may be brib$ by att5tions & gifts2 & ! proc$ure ( ,rhadaman?us w\ld !re=e be out ( date4 ,:5 ! religi\s ideas ( mank9d *ange1 _! laws %\ld also *ange4 ,?us oa?s %\ld no long] be tak5 f pla9tiff & def5dant2 simple /atem5ts ( affirmation & d5ial %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,= !re is some?+ dreadful 9 ! ?\ght1 t ne>ly half ! citiz5s ( a /ate are p]jur$ m54 ,!re is no objection to an oa?1 :]e a man has no int]e/ 9 =swe>+ himself2 z1 = example1 :5 a judge is ab\t to give 8 decision1 or 9 vot+ at an election1 or 9 ! judgm5t ( games & conte/s4 ,b :]e !re w\ld be a premium on p]jury1 oa?s & imprecations %\ld be prohibit$ z irrelevant1 l appeals to feel+4 ,let ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice be le>n$ & taught )\t words ( evil om54 ,! oa?s ( a /rang] aga9/ a /rang] may be all[$1 because /rang]s are n p]mitt$ to become p]man5t resid5ts 9 our /ate4 ,trials 9 private causes are to be decid$ 9 ! same mann] z less] (f5ces aga9/ ! /ate4 ,! non-att5dance at a *orus or sacrifice1 or ! omission to pay a w>-tax1 may be reg>d$ z 9 ! fir/ in/ance rem$iable1 & ! default] may give security2 b if he =feits ! security1 ! goods pl$g$ %all be sold & ! money giv5 to ! /ate4 ,& = ob/9ate disob$i5ce1 ! magi/rate %all h ! p[] ( inflict+ great] p5alties4 ,a city :i* is )\t trade or comm]ce mu/ consid] :at x w d ab\t ! go+ abroad ( its own p & ! admission ( /rang]s4 ,= out ( int]c\rse ) /rang]s !re arises great confusion ( mann]s1 :i* 9 mo/ /ates is n ( any consequ5ce1 because ! confusion exi/s already2 b 9 a well-ord]$ /ate x may be a great evil4 ,yet ! absolute prohibition ( =eign travel1 or ! exclusion ( /rang]s1 is impossible1 & w\ld appe> b>b>\s to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,public op9ion %\ld nev] be lightly reg>d$1 = ! _m are n s f> wrong 9 _! judgm5ts z 9 _! lives4 ,ev5 ! wor/ ( m5 h (t5 a div9e in/9ct1 :i* enables !m to judge ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! good & bad4 ,/ates are rightly advis$ :5 !y desire to h ! praise ( m52 & ! greate/ & true/ praise is t ( virtue4 ,& our ,cretan colony %\ld1 & probably w1 h a "* = virtue1 su* z few cities h4 ,let ?is1 !n1 be our law ab\t =eign travel & ! reception ( /rang]s3--,no "o %all be all[$ to leave ! c\ntry :o is "u =ty ye>s ( age--( c\rse milit>y s]vice abroad is n includ$ 9 ?is regulation--& no "o at all except 9 a public capacity4 ,to ! ,olympic1 & ,py?ian1 & ,nemean1 & ,i/hmian games1 %all be s5t ! faire/ & be/ & brave/1 :o %all support ! dignity ( ! city 9 "t ( peace4 ,^!1 :5 !y come home1 %all tea* ! y\? ! inf]iority ( all o!r gov]nm5ts4 ,besides ^? :o g on sacr$ missions1 o!r p]sons %all be s5t out by p]mission ( ! gu>dians to /udy ! in/itutions ( =eign c\ntries4 ,= a p :i* has no exp]i5ce1 & no k ( ! *>act]s ( m5 or ! reason ( ?+s1 b lives by habit only1 c nev] be p]fectly civiliz$4 ,moreov]1 9 all /ates1 bad z well z good1 !re are holy & inspir$ m52 ^! ! citiz5 ( a well-ord]$ city %\ld be ev] seek+ out2 he %\ld g =? to f9d !m ov] sea & ov] l&1 t he may m firmly e/abli% in/itutions 9 8 own /ate :i* are good already & am5d ! bad4 ',:at w be ! be/ way ( accompli%+ su* an object8' ,9 ! fir/ place1 let ! visitor ( =eign c\ntries be betwe5 fifty & sixty ye>s ( age1 & let him be a citiz5 ( repute1 especially 9 milit>y matt]s4 ,on 8 return he %all appe> be=e ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil3 ?is is a body :i* sits f dawn to sunrise1 & includes among/ its memb]s ! prie/s :o h ga9$ ! prize ( virtue1 & ! t5 olde/ gu>dians ( ! law1 & ! director & pa/ directors ( education2 ea* ( :om has p[] to br+ ) him a y\ng] fri5d ( 8 own selection1 :o is betwe5 ?irty & =ty4 ,! assembly ?us con/itut$ %all consid] ! laws ( _! own & o!r /ates1 & ga!r in=mation relat+ to !m4 ,any?+ ( ! sort :i* is approv$ by ! eld] memb]s ( ! c\ncil %all be /udi$ ) all dilig5ce by ! y\ng]2 :o are to be specially wat*$ by ! re/ ( ! citiz5s1 & %all receive hon\r1 if !y are des]v+ ( hon\r1 or di%on\r1 if !y prove inf]ior4 ,?is is ! assembly to :i* ! visitor ( =eign c\ntries %all come & tell any?+ :i* he has he>d f o!rs 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels1 or :i* he has himself obs]v$4 ,if he be made nei!r bett] nor worse1 let him at lea/ be prais$ = 8 zeal2 & let him receive /ill m praise1 & special hon\r aft] dea?1 if he be improv$4 ,b if he be det]iorat$ by 8 travels1 let him be prohibit$ f speak+ to any "o2 & if he submit1 he may live z a private individual3 b if he be convict$ ( attempt+ to make innovations 9 education & ! laws1 let him die4 ,next1 z to ! reception ( /rang]s4 ,( ^! !re are f\r classes3--,fir/1 m]*ants1 :o1 l birds ( passage1 f9d _! way ov] ! sea at a c]ta9 "t ( ! ye>1 t !y may exhibit _! w>es4 ,^! %\ld be receiv$ 9 m>kets & public build+s )\t ! city1 by prop] (fic]s1 :o %all see t ju/ice is done !m1 & %all also wat* aga9/ any political designs :i* !y may ent]ta92 no m int]c\rse is to be held ) !m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,secondly1 !re are ! visitors at ! fe/ivals1 :o %all be ent]ta9$ by hospitable p]sons at ! temples = a reasonable "t2 ! prie/s & m9i/]s ( ! temples %all h a c>e ( !m4 ,9 small suits br\ght by !m or aga9/ !m1 ! prie/s %all be ! judges2 b 9 ! m important1 ! w>d5s ( ! agora4 ,?irdly1 !re are ambassadors ( =eign /ates2 ^! are to be hon\rably receiv$ by ! g5]als & comm&]s1 & plac$ "u ! c>e ( ! ,prytanes & ( ! p]sons ) :om !y are lodg$4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is ! philosophical /rang]1 :o1 l our own spectators1 f "t to "t goes to see :at is ri* & r>e 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,l !m he mu/ be fifty ye>s ( age3 & let him g unbidd5 to ! doors ( ! wise & ri*1 t he may le>n f !m1 & !y f him4 ,^! are ! rules ( missions into =eign c\ntries1 & ( ! reception ( /rang]s4 ,let ,zeus1 ! ,god ( hospitality1 be hon\r$2 & let n ! /rang] be exclud$1 z 9 ,egypt1 f meals & sacrifices1 or1 7z at ,sp>ta17 driv5 away by savage proclamations4 ,let gu>antees be cle>ly giv5 9 writ+ & be=e witnesses4 ,! numb] ( witnesses %all be ?ree :5 ! sum l5t is "u a ?\s& dra*mas1 or five :5 above4 ,! ag5t & pr9cipal at a fraudul5t sale %all be equally liable4 ,he :o w\ld se>* ano!r man's h\se = any?+ mu/ swe> t he expects to f9d x !re2 & he %all ent] nak$1 or hav+ on a s+le g>m5t & no girdle4 ,! own] %all place at ! disposal ( ! se>*] all 8 goods1 seal$ z well z unseal$2 if he refuse1 he %all be liable 9 d\ble ! value ( ! prop]ty1 if x %all prove to be 9 8 possession4 ,if ! own] be abs5t1 ! se>*] may c\nt]-seal ! prop]ty :i* is "u seal1 & place wat*]s4 ,if ! own] rema9 abs5t m ?an five days1 ! se>*] %all take ! magi/rates1 & op5 ! seal$ prop]ty1 & seal x up aga9 9 _! pres5ce4 ,! recov]y ( goods disput$1 except 9 ! case ( l&s & h\ses1 7ab\t :i* !re c be no dispute 9 our /ate71 is to be b>r$ by "t4 ,! public & unimpea*$ use ( any?+ = a ye> 9 ! city1 or = five ye>s 9 ! c\ntry1 or ! private possession & dome/ic use = ?ree ye>s 9 ! city1 or = t5 ye>s 9 ! c\ntry1 is to give a "r ( own]%ip4 ,b if ! possessor h ! prop]ty 9 a =eign c\ntry1 !re %all be no b> z to "t4 ,! proce$+s ( any trial are to be void1 9 :i* ei!r ! p>ties or ! witnesses1 :e!r bond or free1 h be5 prev5t$ by viol5ce f att5d+3--if a slave be prev5t$1 ! suit %all be invalid2 or if a freeman1 he :o is guilty ( ! viol5ce %all be imprison$ = a ye>1 & %all also be liable to an action = kidnapp+4 ,if "o competitor =cibly prev5ts ano!r f att5d+ at ! games1 ! o!r may be inscrib$ z victor 9 ! temples1 & ! fir/1 :e!r victor or n1 %all be liable to an action = damages4 ,! receiv] ( /ol5 goods %all und]go ! same puni%m5t z ! ?ief4 ,! receiv] ( an exile %all be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,a man ought to h ! same fri5ds & enemies z 8 c\ntry2 & he :o makes w> or peace = himself %all be put to dea?4 ,& if a p>ty 9 ! /ate make w> or peace1 _! lead]s %all be indict$ by ! g5]als1 &1 if convict$1 !y %all be put to dea?4 ,! m9i/]s & (fic]s ( a c\ntry ought n to receive gifts1 ev5 z ! rew>d ( good de$s4 ,he :o disobeys %all die4 ,) a view to taxation a man %\ld h 8 prop]ty & income valu$3 & ! gov]nm5t may1 at _! discretion1 levy ! tax ^u ! annual return1 or take a portion ( ! :ole4 ,! good man w (f] mod]ate gifts to ! ,gods2 8 l& or he>? _c be (f]$1 because !y are already consecrat$ to all ,gods4 ,gold & silv]1 :i* ar\se envy1 & ivory1 :i* is tak5 f ! dead body ( an animal1 are unsuitable (f]+s2 iron & brass are mat]ials ( w>4 ,wood & /one ( a s+le piece may be (f]$2 also wov5 "w :i* has n occupi$ "o woman m ?an a mon? 9 mak+4 ,:ite is a col\r :i* is acceptable to ! ,gods2 figures ( birds & simil> (f]+s are ! be/ ( gifts1 b !y mu/ be su* z ! pa9t] c execute 9 a day4 ,next conc]n+ lawsuits4 ,judges1 or r arbit]s1 may be agre$ ^u by ! pla9tiff & def5dant2 & if no decision is obta9$ f !m1 _! fell[-tribesm5 %all judge4 ,at ?is /age !re %all be an increase ( ! p5alty3 ! def5dant1 if he be ca/1 %all pay a fif? m ?an ! damages claim$4 ,if he fur!r p]si/1 & appeal a second "t1 ! case %all be he>d be=e ! select judges2 & he %all pay1 if defeat$1 ! p5alty & half z mu* aga94 ,& ! pursu]1 if on ! fir/ appeal he is defeat$1 %all pay "o fif? ( ! damages claim$ by him2 & if on ! second1 "o half4 ,o!r matt]s relat+ to trials1 su* z ! assignm5t ( judges to c\rts1 ! times ( sitt+1 ! numb] ( judges1 ! modes ( plead+ & proc$ure1 z we h already said1 may be det]m9$ by y\ng] legislators4 ,^! are to be ! rules ( private c\rts4 ,z reg>ds public c\rts1 _m /ates h excell5t modes ( proc$ure :i* may s]ve = models2 ^!1 :5 duly te/$ by exp]i5ce1 %\ld be ratifi$ & made p]man5t by u4 ,let ! judge be accompli%$ 9 ! laws4 ,he %\ld possess writ+s ab\t !m1 & make a /udy ( !m2 = laws are ! highe/ in/rum5t ( m5tal improvem5t1 & d]ive _! "n f m9d 7n\s1 nomos74 ,!y af=d a measure ( all c5sure & praise1 :e!r 9 v]se or prose1 9 conv]sation or 9 books1 & are an antidote to ! va9 disputes ( m5 & _! equally va9 acquiesc5ce 9 ea* o!r's op9ions4 ,! j judge1 :o imbibes _! _s1 makes ! city & himself to /& upright4 ,he e/abli%es ju/ice = ! good1 & cures ! temp]s ( ! bad1 if !y c be cur$2 b d5\nces dea?1 :i* is ! only rem$y1 to ! incurable1 ! ?reads ( ^: life _c be rev]s$4 ,:5 ! suits ( ! ye> are complet$1 execution is to foll[4 ,! c\rt is to aw>d to ! pla9tiff ! prop]ty ( ! def5dant1 if he is ca/1 res]v+ to him only 8 lot ( l&4 ,if ! pla9tiff is n satisfi$ )9 a mon?1 ! c\rt %all put into 8 h&s ! prop]ty ( ! def5dant4 ,if ! def5dant fails 9 paym5t to ! am\nt ( a dra*ma1 he %all lose ! use & protection ( ! c\rt2 or if he rebel aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! c\rt1 he %all be br\ght be=e ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & if f\nd guilty he %all be put to dea?4 ,man hav+ be5 born1 educat$1 hav+ begott5 & br\ght up *ildr51 & gone to law1 fulfils ! debt ( nature4 ,! rites :i* are to be celebrat$ aft] dea? 9 hon\r ( ! ,gods above & bel[ %all be det]m9$ by ! ,int]pret]s4 ,! dead %all be buri$ 9 uncultivat$ places1 :]e !y w be out ( ! way & d lea/ injury to ! liv+4 ,= no "o ei!r 9 life or aft] dea? has any "r to deprive o!r m5 ( ! su/5ance :i* "m e>? provides = !m4 ,no sepul*ral m\nd is to be pil$ high] ?an five m5 c raise x 9 five days1 & ! grave-/one %all n be l>g] ?an is suffici5t to conta9 an inscription ( f\r h]oic v]ses4 ,! dead are only to be expos$ = ?ree days1 :i* is long en\gh to te/ ! reality ( dea?4 ,! legislator w in/ruct ! p t ! body is a m]e %ad[ or image1 & t ! s\l1 :i* is our true be+1 is gone to give an acc\nt ( h]self be=e ! ,gods bel[4 ,:5 !y he> ?is1 ! good are full ( hope1 & ! evil are t]rifi$4 ,x is also said t n mu* c be done = any "o aft] dea?4 ,& !re=e :ile 9 life all man %\ld be help$ by _! k9dr$ to pass _! days ju/ly & holily1 t !y may dep>t 9 peace4 ,:5 a man loses a son or a bro!r1 he %\ld consid] t ! belov$ "o has gone away to fulfil 8 de/9y 9 ano!r place1 & %\ld n wa/e money ov] 8 lifeless rema9s4 ,let ! law !n ord] a mod]ate fun]al ( five m9ae = ! fir/ class1 ( ?ree = ! second1 ( two = ! ?ird1 ( "o = ! f\r?4 ,"o ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 to be select$ by ! relatives1 %all assi/ !m 9 arrang+ ! affairs ( ! deceas$4 ,!re w\ld be a want ( delicacy 9 prescrib+ t !re %\ld or %\ld n be m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,b1 at any rate1 su* m\rn+ is to be conf9$ to ! h\se2 !re mu/ be no processions 9 ! /reets1 & ! dead body %all be tak5 out ( ! city be=e daybreak4 ,regulations ab\t o!r =ms ( burial & ab\t ! non-burial ( p>ricides & o!r sacrilegi\s p]sons h already be5 laid d[n4 ,! "w ( legislation is !re=e ne>ly complet$2 its end w be f9ally accompli%$ :5 we h provid$ = ! cont9uance ( ! /ate4 ,d y rememb] ! names ( ! ,fates8 ,la*esis1 ! giv] ( ! lots1 is ! fir/ ( !m2 ,clo?o1 ! sp9/]1 ! second2 ,atropos1 ! un*ang+ "o1 is ! ?ird & la/1 :o makes ! ?reads ( ! web irrev]sible4 ,& we too want to make our laws irrev]sible1 = ! un*angeable quality 9 !m w be ! salvation ( ! /ate1 & ! s\rce ( heal? & ord] 9 ! bodies & s\ls ( our citiz5s4 ',b c su* a quality be implant$8' ,i ?9k t x may2 & at any rate we mu/ try2 =1 aft] all our lab\r1 to h be5 pil+ up a fabric :i* has no f\ndation w\ld be too ridicul\s4 ',:at f\ndation w\ld y lay8' ,we h already in/itut$ an assembly :i* 0 compos$ ( ! t5 olde/ gu>dians ( ! law1 & secondly1 ( ^? :o _h receiv$ prizes ( virtue1 & ?irdly1 ( ! travell]s :o _h gone abroad to enquire into ! laws ( o!r c\ntries4 ,moreov]1 ea* ( ! memb]s 0 to *oose a "y man1 ( n less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age1 to be approv$ by ! re/2 & !y 7 to meet at dawn1 :5 all ! _w is at leisure4 ,?is assembly w be an an*or to ! vessel ( /ate1 & provide ! means ( p]man5ce2 = ! con/itutions ( /ates1 l all o!r ?+s1 h _! prop] savi\rs1 :i* are to !m :at ! head & s\l are to ! liv+ be+4 ',h[ d y mean8' ,m9d 9 ! s\l1 & sight & he>+ 9 ! head1 or r1 ! p]fect union ( m9d & s5se1 may be ju/ly call$ e man's salvation4 ',c]ta9ly4' ,yes2 b ( :at nature is ?is union8 ,9 ! case ( a %ip1 = example1 ! s5ses ( ! sailors are add$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! pilot1 & ! two toge!r save ! %ip & ! m5 9 ! %ip4 ,aga91 ! physician & ! g5]al h _! objects2 & ! object ( ! "o is heal?1 ( ! o!r victory4 ,/ates1 too1 h _! objects1 & ! rul] mu/ und]/&1 fir/1 _! nature1 & secondly1 ! means ( atta9+ !m1 :e!r 9 laws or m54 ,! /ate :i* is want+ 9 ?is k _c be expect$ to be wise :5 ! "t = action arrives4 ,n[ :at class or in/itution is !re 9 our /ate :i* has su* a sav+ p[]8 ',i suspect t y are ref]r+ to ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil4' ,yes1 to t c\ncil :i* is to h all virtue1 & :i* %\ld aim directly at ! m>k4 ',v true4' ,! inconsi/5cy ( legislation 9 mo/ /ates is n surpris+1 :5 ! v>iety ( _! objects is consid]$4 ,"o ( !m makes _! rule ( ju/ice ! gov]nm5t ( a class2 ano!r aims at weal?2 ano!r at fre$om1 or at fre$om & p[]2 & "s :o call !mselves philosoph]s ma9ta9 t y %\ld seek = all ( !m at once4 ,b our object is unmi/akeably virtue1 & virtue is ( f\r k9ds4 ',yes2 & we said t m9d is ! *ief & rul] ( ! ?ree o!r k9ds ( virtue & ( all else4' ,true1 ,cle9ias2 & n[1 hav+ already decl>$ ! object :i* is pres5t to ! m9d ( ! pilot1 ! g5]al1 ! physician1 we w int]rogate ! m9d ( ! /atesman4 ,tell me1 ,i say1 z ! physician & g5]al h told u _! object1 :at is ! object ( ! /atesman4 ,c y tell me8 ',we _c4' ,did we n say t !re are f\r virtues--c\rage1 wisdom1 & two o!rs1 all ( :i* are call$ by ! common "n ( virtue1 & are 9 a s5se "o8 ',c]ta9ly we did4' ,! difficulty is1 n 9 und]/&+ ! diff]5ces ( ! virtues1 b 9 appreh5d+ _! unity4 ,:y d we call virtue1 :i* is a s+le ?+1 by ! two names ( wisdom & c\rage8 ,! reason is t c\rage is conc]n$ ) fe>1 & is f\nd bo? 9 *ildr5 & 9 brutes2 = ! s\l may be c\rage\s )\t reason1 b no s\l 01 or ev] w be1 wise )\t reason4 ',t is true4' ,i h expla9$ to y ! diff]5ce1 & d y 9 return expla9 to me ! unity4 ,b fir/ let u consid] :e!r any "o :o kn[s ! "n ( a ?+ )\t ! def9ition has any real k ( x4 ,is n su* k a disgrace to a man ( s5se1 especially :]e great & glori\s tru?s are conc]n$8 & c any subject be m wor?y ( ! att5tion ( our legislators ?an ! f\r virtues ( :i* we are speak+--c\rage1 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 wisdom8 ,ought n ! magi/rates & (fic]s ( ! /ate to in/ruct ! citiz5s 9 ! nature ( virtue & vice1 in/ead ( leav+ !m to be taught by "s *ance poet or sophi/8 ,a city :i* is )\t in/ruction suff]s ! usual fate ( cities 9 our day4 ,:at !n %all we d8 ,h[ %all we p]fect ! ideas ( our gu>dians ab\t virtue8 h[ %all we give our /ate a head & eyes8 ',yes1 b h[ d y apply ! figure8' ,! city w be ! body or trunk2 ! be/ ( our "y m5 w m\nt into ! head or acropolis & be our eyes2 !y w look ab\t !m1 & in=m ! eld]s1 :o are ! m9d & use ! y\ng] m5 z _! in/rum5ts3 toge!r !y w save ! /ate4 ,%all ?is be our con/itution1 or %all all be educat$ alike1 & ! special tra9+ be giv5 up8 ',t is impossible4' ,let u !n endeav\r to atta9 to "s m exact idea ( education4 ,did we n say t ! true arti/ or gu>dian ought to h an eye1 n only to ! _m1 b to ! "o1 & to ord] all ?+s ) a view to ! "o8 ,c !re be any m philosophical speculation ?an h[ to r$uce _m ?+s :i* are unlike to "o idea8 ',p]haps n4' ,say r1 ',c]ta9ly n4' ,& ! rul]s ( our div9e /ate ought to h an exact k ( ! common pr9ciple 9 c\rage1 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 wisdom1 :i* is call$ by ! "n ( virtue2 & unless we "k :e!r virtue is "o or _m1 we %all h>dly "k :at virtue is4 ,%all we contrive "s means ( engraft+ ?is k on our /ate1 or give ! matt] up8 ',any?+ r ?an t4' ,let u beg9 by mak+ an agreem5t4 ',by all means1 if we c4' ,well1 are we n agre$ t our gu>dians ought to "k1 n only h[ ! good & ! hon\rable are _m1 b also h[ !y are "o8 ',yes1 c]ta9ly4' ,! true gu>dian ( ! laws ought to "k _! tru?1 & %\ld also be able to int]pret & execute !m8 ',he %\ld4' ,& is !re any high] k ?an ! k ( ! exi/5ce & p[] ( ! ,gods8 ,! p may be excus$ = foll[+ tradition2 b ! gu>dian mu/ be able to give a reason ( ! fai? :i* is 9 him4 ,& !re are two great evid5ces ( religion--! priority ( ! s\l & ! ord] ( ! heav5s4 ,= no man ( s5se1 :5 he contemplates ! univ]se1 w be likely to sub/itute necessity = reason & w4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t ! sun & ! />s are inanimate be+s are utt]ly wrong 9 _! op9ions4 ,! m5 ( a =m] g5]ation _h a suspicion1 :i* has be5 confirm$ by lat] ?9k]s1 t ?+s inanimate c\ld nev] )\t m9d h atta9$ su* sci5tific accuracy2 & "s 7,anaxagoras7 ev5 9 ^? days v5tur$ to ass]t t m9d _h ord]$ all ?+s 9 heav52 b !y _h no idea ( ! priority ( m9d1 & !y turn$ ! _w1 or m prop]ly !mselves1 upside d[n1 & fill$ ! univ]se ) /ones1 & e>?1 & o!r inanimate bodies4 ,?is l$ to great impiety1 & ! poets said _m fooli% ?+s aga9/ ! philosoph]s1 :om !y comp>$ to 'yelp+ %e-dogs1' besides mak+ o!r abusive rem>ks4 ,no man c n[ truly wor%ip ! ,gods :o does n believe t ! s\l is et]nal1 & prior to ! body1 & ! rul] ( all bodies1 & does n p]ceive also t !re is m9d 9 ! />s2 or :o has n he>d ! connexion ( ^! ?+s ) music1 & has n h>moniz$ !m ) mann]s & laws1 giv+ a reason ( ?+s :i* are matt]s ( reason4 ,he :o is unable to acquire ?is k1 z well z ! ord9>y virtues ( a citiz51 c only be a s]vant1 & n a rul] 9 ! /ate4 ,let u !n add ano!r law to ! effect t ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil %all be a gu>d set = ! salvation ( ! /ate4 ',v good4' ,to e/abli% ?is w be our aim1 & ,i hope t o!rs besides myself w assi/4 ',let u proce$ along ! road 9 :i* ,god seems to guide u4' ,we _c1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 anticipate ! details :i* w h]eaft] be ne$$2 !y mu/ be suppli$ by exp]i5ce4 ',:at d y mean8' ,fir/ ( all a regi/] w h to be made ( all ^? ^: age1 "*1 or education w\ld qualify !m to be gu>dians4 ,! subjects :i* !y are to le>n1 & ! ord] 9 :i* !y are to be le>nt1 are my/]ies :i* _c be expla9$ be=eh&1 b n my/]ies 9 any o!r s5se4 ',if t is ! case1 :at is to be done8' ,we mu/ /ake our all on a lucky ?r[1 & ,i w %>e ! risk by /at+ my views on education4 ,& ,i w\ld h y1 ,cle9ias1 :o are ! f\nd] ( ! ,magnesian /ate1 & w obta9 ! greate/ glory if y succe$1 & w at lea/ be prais$ = y\r c\rage1 if y fail1 take especial he$ ( ?is matt]4 ,if we c only e/abli% ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil1 we w h& ov] ! city to its keep+2 none ( ! pres5t company w hesitate ab\t t4 ,our dream w !n become a reality2 & our citiz5s1 if !y are c>efully *os5 & well educat$1 w be savi\rs & gu>dians su* z ! _w hi!rto has nev] se54 ,! want ( complet5ess 9 ! ,laws becomes m app>5t 9 ! lat] books4 ,!re is less arrangem5t 9 !m1 & ! transitions are m abrupt f "o subject to ano!r4 ,yet !y conta9 sev]al noble passages1 su* z ! 'prelude to ! disc\rse conc]n+ ! hon\r & di%on\r ( p>5ts1' or ! picture ( ! dang]s att5d+ ! 'fri5dly int]c\rse ( "y m5 & maid5s ) "o ano!r1' or ! soo?+ remon/rance :i* is address$ to ! dy+ man respect+ 8 "r to d :at he w ) 8 own1 or ! f9e description ( ! burial ( ! dead4 ,! subject ( religion 9 ,book ,x is introduc$ z a prelude to (f5ces aga9/ ! ,gods1 & ?is portion ( ! "w appe>s to be execut$ 9 ,plato's be/ mann]4 ,9 ! la/ f\r books1 sev]al que/ions occur = consid]ation3 among !m are 7,i7 ! detection & puni%m5t ( (f5ces2 7,,ii7 ! nature ( ! volunt>y & involunt>y2 7,,iii7 ! argum5ts aga9/ a!ism1 & aga9/ ! op9ion t ! ,gods h no c>e ( human affairs2 7,,iv7 ! rem>ks ^u retail trade2 7,v7 ! in/itution ( ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil4 ,i4 ,a weak po9t 9 ! ,laws ( ,plato is ! am\nt ( inquisition into private life :i* is to be made by ! rul]s4 ,! magi/rate is always wat*+ & waylay+ ! citiz5s4 ,he is con/antly to receive in=mation aga9/ improprieties ( life4 ,plato does n seem to be aw>e t espionage c only h a negative effect4 ,he has n yet discov]$ ! b\nd>y l9e :i* p>ts ! doma9 ( law f t ( morality or social life4 ,m5 w n tell ( "o ano!r2 nor w he ev] be ! mo/ hon\r$ citiz51 :o gives ! mo/ frequ5t in=mation ab\t (f5d]s to ! magi/rates4 ,z 9 "s writ]s ( fiction1 s also 9 philosoph]s1 we may obs]ve ! effect ( age4 ,plato becomes m cons]vative z he gr[s old]1 & he w\ld gov]n ! _w entirely by m5 l himself1 :o are above fifty ye>s ( age2 = 9 !m he hopes to f9d a pr9ciple ( /ability4 ,he does n rem>k t1 9 de/roy+ ! fre$om he is de/roy+ also ! life ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 r$uc+ all ! citiz5s to rule & measure1 he w\ld h be5 depriv+ ! ,magnesian colony ( ^? great m5 '^: acqua9tance is beyond all price2' & he w\ld h f\nd t 9 ! wor/-gov]n$ ,hell5ic ,/ate1 !re 0 m ( a c>ri]e ouv]te = extraord9>y g5ius & virtue ?an 9 8 own4 ,plato has an evid5t dislike ( ! ,a!nian dica/]ies2 he pref]s a few judges :o take a lead+ "p 9 ! conduct ( trials to a great numb] :o only li/5 9 sil5ce4 ,he all[s ( two appeals--9 ea* case h[ev] ) an increase ( ! p5alty4 ,mod]n juri/s w\ld disapprove ( ! r$ress ( inju/ice be+ pur*as$ only at an increas+ risk2 ?\gh indirectly ! burd5 ( legal exp5ses1 :i* seems to h be5 little felt among ! ,a!nians1 has a simil> effect4 ,! love ( litigation1 :i* is a remnant ( b>b>ism q z mu* z a corruption ( civilization1 & 0 innate 9 ! ,a!nian p1 is dim9i%$ 9 ! new /ate by ! imposition ( sev]e p5alties4 ,if p]sev]$ 91 x is to be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,9 ! ,laws murd] & homicide besides be+ crimes1 are also pollutions4 ,reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 ! e/imate ( su* (f5ces is apt to dep5d on accid5tal circum/ances1 su* z ! %$d+ ( blood1 & n on ! real guilt ( ! (f5d] or ! injury done to society4 ,!y are measur$ by ! horror :i* !y ar\se 9 a b>b>\s age4 ,= !re is a sup]/ition 9 law z well z 9 religion1 & ! feel+s ( a primitive age h a traditional hold on ! mass ( ! p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,plato is innoc5t ( ! b>b>ity :i* w\ld visit ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 & he is q aw>e t puni%m5t has an eye to ! future1 & n to ! pa/4 ,comp>$ ) t ( mo/ ,european nations 9 ! la/ c5tury 8 p5al code1 ?\gh sometimes caprici\s1 is reasonable & humane4 ,a defect 9 ,plato's crim9al jurisprud5ce is 8 remission ( ! puni%m5t :5 ! homicide has obta9$ ! =giv5ess ( ! murd]$ p]son2 z if crime 7 a p]sonal affair betwe5 individuals1 & n an (f5ce aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,!re is a ridicul\s disproportion 9 8 puni%m5ts4 ,because a slave may fairly receive a bl[ = /eal+ "o fig or "o bun* ( grapes1 or a tradesman = sell+ adult]at$ goods to ! value ( "o dra*ma1 x is r h>d ^u ! slave t he %\ld receive z _m bl[s z he has tak5 grapes or figs1 or ^u ! tradesman :o has sold adult]at$ goods to ! value ( a ?\s& dra*mas t he %\ld receive a ?\s& bl[s4 ,,ii4 ,b be=e puni%m5t c be inflict$ at all1 ! legislator mu/ det]m9e ! nature ( ! volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,! great "q ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 :i* 9 mod]n times has be5 worn ?readb>e ) purely ab/ract discussion1 0 approa*$ bo? by ,plato & ,ari/otle--fir/1 f ! judicial2 secondly1 f ! sophi/ical po9t ( view4 ,!y 7 puzzl$ by ! degrees & k9ds ( crime2 !y obs]v$ also t ! law only puni%$ hurts :i* are inflict$ by a volunt>y ag5t on an involunt>y pati5t4 ,9 attempt+ to di/+ui% betwe5 hurt & injury1 ,plato says t m]e hurt is n injury2 b t a b5efit :5 done 9 a wrong _s may sometimes injure1 e4g4 :5 conf]r$ )\t reg>d to "r & wrong1 or to ! good or evil consequ5ces :i* may foll[4 ,he means to say t ! good or evil disposition ( ! ag5t is ! pr9ciple :i* *>act]izes actions2 & ?is is n suffici5tly describ$ by ! t]ms volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,y may hurt ano!r involunt>ily1 & no "o w\ld suppose t y _h injur$ him2 & y may hurt him volunt>ily1 z 9 inflict+ puni%m5t--nei!r is ?is injury2 b if y hurt him f motives ( av>ice1 ambition1 or c[>dly fe>1 ?is is injury4 ,inju/ice is also describ$ z ! victory ( desire or passion or self-conceit ov] reason1 z ju/ice is ! subord9ation ( !m to reason4 ,9 "s p>adoxical s5se ,plato is dispos$ to affirm all inju/ice to be involunt>y2 because no man w\ld d inju/ice :o knew t x nev] paid & c\ld calculate ! consequ5ces ( :at he 0 do+4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 he admits t ! di/9ction ( volunt>y & involunt>y1 tak5 9 ano!r & m obvi\s s5se1 is ! basis ( legislation4 ,8 conception ( ju/ice & inju/ice is complicat$ 7#a7 by ! want ( a di/9ction betwe5 ju/ice & virtue1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! quality :i* prim>ily reg>ds o!rs1 & ! quality 9 :i* self & o!rs are equally reg>d$2 7#b7 by ! confusion ( do+ & suff]+ ju/ice2 7#c7 by ! unwill+ness to r5\nce ! old ,socratic p>adox1 t evil is involunt>y4 ,,iii4 ,! ,laws re/ on a religi\s f\ndation2 9 ?is respect !y be> ! /amp ( primitive legislation4 ,!y d n escape ! almo/ inevitable consequ5ce ( mak+ irreligion p5al4 ,if laws are bas$ ^u religion1 ! greate/ (f5ce aga9/ !m mu/ be irreligion4 ,h5ce ! necessity = :at 9 mod]n language1 & accord+ to a di/9ction :i* ,plato w\ld sc>cely h und]/ood1 might be t]m$ p]secution4 ,b ! _s ( p]secution 9 ,plato1 unlike t ( mod]n religi\s bodies1 arises out ( ! desire to en=ce a true & simple =m ( religion1 & is direct$ aga9/ ! sup]/itions :i* t5d to degrade mank9d4 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 9 8 ,utopia1 is 9 fav\r ( tol]at+ all except ! intol]ant1 ?\gh he w\ld n promote to high (fices ^? :o disbeliev$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,plato has n advanc$ q s f> z ?is 9 ! pa? ( tol]ation4 ,b 9 judg+ ( 8 enlight5m5t1 we mu/ rememb] t ! evils ( necromancy & div9ation 7 f> great] ?an ^? ( intol]ance 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,human nature is always hav+ rec\rse to ! fir/2 b only :5 organiz$ into "s =m ( prie/hood falls into ! o!r2 al?\gh 9 primitive z 9 lat] ages ! in/itution ( a prie/hood may claim probably to be an advance on "s =m ( religion :i* prec$$4 ,! ,laws w\ld h re/$ on a s\nd] f\ndation1 if ,plato _h ev] di/9ctly realiz$ to 8 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 crime & s9 or vice4 ,( ?is1 z ( _m o!r controv]sies1 a cle> def9ition might h be5 ! end4 ,b su* a def9ition belongs to a lat] age ( philosophy4 ,! argum5ts :i* ,plato uses = ! be+ ( a ,god1 h an extremely mod]n "*3 fir/1 ! cons5sus g5tium2 secondly1 ! argum5t :i* has already be5 adduc$ 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ( ! priority ( ! self-mov$4 ,! answ] to ^? :o say t ,god 'c>es n1' is1 t ,he gov]ns by g5]al laws2 & t he :o takes c>e ( ! great w assur$ly take c>e ( ! small4 ,plato did n feel1 & has n attempt$ to consid]1 ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! special ) ! g5]al provid5ce ( ,god4 ,yet he is on ! road to a solution1 :5 he reg>ds ! _w z a :ole1 ( :i* all ! p>ts "w toge!r t[>ds ! f9al end4 ,we are surpris$ to f9d t ! scepticism1 :i* we attribute to "y m5 9 our own day1 exi/$ !n 7comp>e ,republic72 t ! ,epicureanism express$ 9 ! l9e ( ,horace 7borr[$ f ,lucretius7-- ',namque ,deos didici securum ag]e aevum1' 0 already preval5t 9 ! age ( ,plato2 & t ! t]rors ( ano!r _w 7 freely us$ 9 ord] to ga9 advantages ov] o!r m5 9 ?is4 ,! same objection :i* /ruck ! ,psalmi/--':5 ,i saw ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$'--is suppos$ to lie at ! root ( ! bett] sort ( unbelief4 ,& ! answ] is sub/antially ! same :i* ! mod]n !ologian w\ld (f]3--t ! ways ( ,god 9 ?is _w _c be ju/ifi$ unless !re be a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,yet ?is future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts is 9 ,plato's view n any addition ( happ9ess or suff]+ impos$ f )\t1 b ! p]man5ce ( good & evil 9 ! s\l3 "h he is 9 advance ( _m mod]n !ologians4 ,! ,greek1 too1 _h 8 difficulty ab\t ! exi/5ce ( evil1 :i* 9 "o solit>y passage1 rem>kable = be+ inconsi/5t ) 8 g5]al sy/em1 ,plato expla9s1 aft] ! ,magian fa%ion1 by a good & evil _s 7comp>e ,!aet41 ,/atesman74 ,?is passage is also rem>kable = be+ at v>iance ) ! g5]al optimism ( ! ,t5? ,book--n 'all ?+s are ord]$ by ,god = ! be/1' b "s ?+s by a good1 o!rs by an evil _s4 ,! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,laws pres5ts a picture ( ! /ate ( belief among ! ,greeks s+ul>ly l t ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,plato is dispos$ to attribute ! incr$ulity ( 8 own age to sev]al causes4 ,fir/1 to ! bad effect ( my?ological tales1 ( :i* he reta9s 8 disapproval2 b he has a weak side = antiquity1 & is unwill+1 z 9 ! ,republic1 :olly to proscribe !m4 ,secondly1 he rem>ks ! self-conceit ( a newly-fl$g$ g5]ation ( philosoph]s1 :o decl>e t ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 are e>? & /ones only2 & :o also ma9ta9 t ! ,gods are made by ! laws ( ! /ate4 ,?irdly1 he notes a confusion 9 ! m9ds ( m5 aris+ out ( _! mis9t]pretation ( ! appe>ances ( ! _w ar\nd !m3 !y d n always see ! righte\s rew>d$ & ! wick$ puni%$4 ,s 9 mod]n times !re are "s ^: infidelity has aris5 f d\bts ab\t ! inspiration ( anci5t writ+s2 o!rs :o h be5 made unbeliev]s by physical sci5ce1 or aga9 by ! seem+ly political "* ( religion2 :ile !re is a ?ird class to ^: m9ds ! difficulty ( 'ju/ify+ ! ways ( ,god to man' has be5 ! *ief /umbl+block4 ,plato is v mu* out ( temp] at ! impiety ( "s ( 8 contempor>ies2 yet he is det]m9$ to reason ) ! victims1 z he reg>ds !m1 ( ^! illusions be=e he puni%es !m4 ,8 answ] to ! unbeliev]s is tw(old3 fir/1 t ! s\l is prior to ! body2 secondly1 t ! rul] ( ! univ]se be+ p]fect has made all ?+s ) a view to _! p]fection4 ,! difficulties aris+ out ( anci5t sacr$ writ+s 7 f> less s]i\s 9 ! age ( ,plato ?an 9 our own4 ,we too h our popul> ,epicureanism1 :i* w\ld all[ ! _w to g on z if !re 7 no ,god4 ,:5 ! belief 9 ,him1 :e!r ( anci5t or mod]n times1 beg9s to fade away1 m5 relegate ,him1 ei!r 9 !ory or practice1 into a di/ant heav54 ,!y d n l expressly to d5y ,god :5 x is m conv5i5t to =get ,him2 & s ! !ory ( ! ,epicurean becomes ! practice ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,nor c we be said to be free f t :i* ,plato ju/ly consid]s to be ! wor/ unbelief--( ^? :o put sup]/ition 9 ! place ( true religion4 ,= ! l>g] half ( ,*ri/ians cont9ue to ass]t t ! ju/ice ( ,god may be turn$ aside by gifts1 &1 if n by ! 'od\r ( fat1 & ! sacrifice /eam+ to heav51' /ill by ano!r k9d ( sacrifice plac$ ^u ! alt>--by masses = ! quick & dead1 by disp5sations1 by build+ *ur*es1 by rites & c]emonies--by ! same means :i* ! hea!n us$1 tak+ o!r names & %apes4 ,& ! indiff]5ce ( ,epicureanism & unbelief is 9 two ways ! p>5t ( sup]/ition1 p>tly because x p]mits1 & also because x creates1 a necessity = its developm5t 9 religi\s & en?usia/ic temp]am5ts4 ,if m5 _c h a rational belief1 !y w h an irrational4 ,& h5ce ! mo/ sup]/iti\s c\ntries are also at a c]ta9 po9t ( civilization ! mo/ unbeliev+1 & ! revolution :i* takes "o direction is quickly foll[$ by a reaction 9 ! o!r4 ,s we may read 'betwe5 ! l9es' anci5t hi/ory & philosophy into mod]n1 & mod]n into anci5t4 ,:e!r we comp>e ! !ory ( ,greek philosophy ) ! ,*ri/ian religion1 or ! practice ( ! ,g5tile _w ) ! practice ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 !y w be f\nd to diff] m 9 words & less 9 reality ?an we might h suppos$4 ,! great] opposition :i* is sometimes made betwe5 !m seems to arise *iefly out ( a comp>ison ( ! ideal ( ! "o ) ! practice ( ! o!r4 ,to ! errors ( sup]/ition & unbelief ,plato opposes ! simple & natural tru? ( religion2 ! be/ & highe/1 :e!r conceiv$ 9 ! =m ( a p]son or a pr9ciple--z ! div9e m9d or z ! idea ( good--is believ$ by him to be ! basis ( human life4 ,t all ?+s are work+ toge!r = good to ! good & evil to ! evil 9 ?is or 9 "s o!r _w to :i* human actions are transf]r$1 is ! sum ( 8 fai? or !ology4 ,unlike ,socrates1 he is absolutely free f sup]/ition4 ,religion & morality are "o & indivisible to him4 ,he dislikes ! 'hea!n my?ology1' :i*1 z he significantly rem>ks1 0 n tol]at$ 9 ,crete1 & p]haps 7= ! mean+ ( 8 words is n q cle>7 at ,sp>ta4 ,he gives no enc\ragem5t to individual en?usiasm2 '! e/abli%m5t ( religion c\ld only be ! "w ( a mighty intellect4' ,l ! ,hebrews1 he prohibits private rites2 = ! avoidance ( sup]/ition1 he w\ld transf] all wor%ip ( ! ,gods to ! public temples4 ,he w\ld n h m5 & wom5 consecrat+ ! accid5ts ( _! lives4 ,he tru/s to human puni%m5ts & n to div9e judgm5ts2 ?\gh he is n unwill+ to repeat ! old tradition t c]ta9 k9ds ( di%one/y 'prev5t a man f hav+ a family4' ,he consid]s t ! 'ages ( fai?' h pass$ away & _c n[ be recall$4 ,yet he is f> f wi%+ to extirpate ! s5tim5t ( religion1 :i* he sees to be common to all mank9d--,b>b>ians z well z ,hell5es4 ,he rem>ks t no "o passes ?r\gh life )\t1 soon] or lat]1 exp]i5c+ its p[]4 ,to :i* we may add ! fur!r rem>k t ! great] ! irreligion1 ! m viol5t has (t5 be5 ! religi\s reaction4 ,x is rem>kable t ,plato's acc\nt ( m9d at ! end ( ! ,laws goes beyond ,anaxagoras1 & beyond himself 9 any ( 8 previ\s writ+s4 ,ari/otle1 9 a well-kn[n passage 7,met47 :i* is an e*o ( ! ,pha$o1 rem>ks on ! inconsi/5cy ( ,anaxagoras 9 introduc+ ! ag5cy ( m9d1 & yet hav+ rec\rse to o!r & inf]ior1 probably mat]ial causes4 ,b ,plato makes ! fur!r criticism1 t ! error ( ,anaxagoras consi/$1 n 9 d5y+ ! univ]sal ag5cy ( m9d1 b 9 d5y+ ! priority1 or1 z we %\ld say1 ! et]nity ( x4 ,yet 9 ! ,timaeus he _h himself all[$ t ,god made ! _w out ( pre-exi/+ mat]ials3 9 ! ,/atesman he says t !re 7 se$s ( evil 9 ! _w aris+ out ( ! rema9s ( a =m] *aos :i* c\ld n be got rid (2 & ev5 9 ! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,laws he has admitt$ t !re are two s\ls1 a good & evil4 ,9 ! ,m5o1 ! ,pha$rus1 & ! ,pha$o1 he _h spok5 ( ! recov]y ( ideas f a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,b n[ he has atta9$ to a cle>] po9t ( view3 he has disc>d$ ^! fancies4 ,f m$itat+ on ! priority ( ! human s\l to ! body1 he has le>nt ! nature ( s\l absolutely4 ,! p[] ( ! be/1 ( :i* he gave an intimation 9 ! ,pha$o & 9 ! ,republic1 n[1 z 9 ! ,philebus1 takes ! =m ( an intellig5ce or p]son4 ,he no long]1 l ,anaxagoras1 supposes m9d to be introduc$ at a c]ta9 "t into ! _w & to give ord] to a pre-exi/+ *aos1 b to be prior to ! *aos1 ev]la/+ & ev]mov+1 & ! s\rce ( ord] & intellig5ce 9 all ?+s4 ,?is appe>s to be ! la/ =m ( ,plato's religi\s philosophy1 :i* might almo/ be summ$ up 9 ! words ( ,kant1 '! />ry heav5 above & ! moral law )94' ,or r1 p]haps1 '! />ry heav5 above & m9d prior to ! _w4' ,,iv4 ,! rem>ks ab\t retail trade1 ab\t adult]ation1 & ab\t m5dicity1 h a v mod]n "*4 ,greek social life 0 m l our own ?an we are apt to suppose4 ,!re 0 ! same division ( ranks1 ! same ari/ocratic & democratic feel+1 &1 ev5 9 a democracy1 ! same pref]5ce = l& & = agricultural pursuits4 ,plato may be claim$ z ! fir/ free trad]1 :5 he prohibits ! imposition ( cu/oms on imports & exports1 ?\gh he 0 cle>ly n aw>e ( ! importance ( ! pr9ciple :i* he enunciat$4 ,! discr$it ( retail trade he attributes to ! rogu]ies ( trad]s1 & is incl9$ to believe t if a nobleman w\ld keep a %op1 :i* heav5 =bid6 retail trade might become hon\rable4 ,he has h>dly light$ ^u ! true reason1 :i* appe>s to be ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 buy]s & sell]s1 ! "o class be+ necess>ily 9 "s degree dep5d5t on ! o!r4 ,:5 he proposes to fix prices ':i* w\ld all[ a mod]ate ga91' & to regulate trade 9 sev]al m9ute p>ticul>s1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is is by no means s absurd 9 a city consi/+ ( #ejdj citiz5s1 9 :i* almo/ e "o w\ld "k & become kn[n to ev]ybody else1 z 9 our own va/ population4 ,among ourselves we are v f> f all[+ e man to *>ge :at he pleases4 ,( _m ?+s ! prices are fix$ by law4 ,d we n (t5 he> ( wages be+ adju/$ 9 proportion to ! pr(its ( employ]s8 ,! objection to regulat+ !m by law & ?us avoid+ ! conflicts :i* cont9ually arise betwe5 ! buy]s & sell]s ( lab\r1 is n s mu* ! undesirabl5ess z ! impossibility ( do+ s4 ,:]ev] free competition is n reconcileable ei!r ) ! ord] ( society1 or1 z 9 ! case ( adult]ation1 ) common hone/y1 ! gov]nm5t may lawfully int]f]e4 ,! only "q is1--,:e!r ! int]f]5ce w be effectual1 & :e!r ! evil ( int]f]5ce may n be great] ?an ! evil :i* is prev5t$ by x4 ,he w\ld prohibit begg>s1 because 9 a well-ord]$ /ate no good man w\ld be left to />ve4 ,?is aga9 is a prohibition :i* might h be5 easily en=c$1 = !re is no difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ ! poor :5 ! population is small4 ,9 our own times ! difficulty ( paup]ism is r5d]$ f> great]1 7#a7 by ! enorm\s numb]s1 7#b7 by ! facility ( locomotion1 7#c7 by ! increas+ t5d]ness = human life & suff]+4 ,& ! only way ( meet+ ! difficulty seems to be by mod]n nations subdivid+ !mselves into small bodies hav+ local k & act+ toge!r 9 ! _s ( anci5t communities 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol47 ,v4 ,reg>d$ z ! framework ( a polity ! ,laws are deem$ by ,plato to be a decl9e f ! ,republic1 :i* is ! dream ( 8 e>li] ye>s4 ,he n[h]e imag9es t he has rea*$ a high] po9t ( speculation4 ,he is only desc5d+ to ! level ( human ?+s1 & he (t5 returns to 8 orig9al idea4 ,= ! gu>dians ( ! ,republic1 :o 7 ! eld] citiz5s1 & 7 all suppos$ to be philosoph]s1 is n[ sub/itut$ a special body1 :o are to review & am5d ! laws1 pres]v+ ! _s ( ! legislator4 ,^! are ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil1 :o1 al?\gh !y are n specially tra9$ 9 dialectic1 are n :olly de/itute ( x2 = !y mu/ "k ! relation ( p>ticul> virtues to ! g5]al pr9ciple ( virtue4 ,plato has be5 argu+ ?r\gh\t ! ,laws t temp]ance is high] ?an c\rage1 peace ?an w>1 t ! love ( bo? mu/ ent] into ! "* ( ! good citiz54 ,& at ! end ! same ?\ght is summ$ up by him 9 an ab/ract =m4 ,! true arti/ or gu>dian mu/ be able to r$uce ! _m to ! "o1 ?an :i*1 z he says ) an en?usiasm wor?y ( ! ,pha$rus or ,philebus1 'no m philosophical me?od 0 ev] devis$ by ! wit ( man4' ,b ! s5se ( unity 9 diff]5ce c only be acquir$ by /udy2 & ,plato does n expla9 to u ! nature ( ?is /udy1 :i* we may reasonably inf]1 ?\gh !re is a rem>kable omission ( ! ^w1 to be ak9 to ! dialectic ( ! ,republic4 ,! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil is to consi/ ( ! prie/s :o h obta9$ ! rew>ds ( virtue1 ( ! t5 elde/ gu>dians ( ! law1 & ( ! director & ex-directors ( education2 ea* ( :om is to select = approval a y\ng] coadjutor4 ,to ?is c\ncil ! ',spectator1' :o is s5t to visit =eign c\ntries1 has to make 8 report4 ,x is n an adm9i/rative body1 b an assembly ( sages :o are to make legislation _! /udy4 ,plato is n altoge!r dis9cl9$ to *anges 9 ! law :]e exp]i5ce %[s !m to be necess>y2 b he is also anxi\s t ! orig9al _s ( ! con/itution %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,! ,laws ( ,plato conta9 ! late/ phase ( 8 philosophy1 %[+ 9 _m respects an advance1 & 9 o!rs a decl9e1 9 8 views ( life & ! _w4 ,8 ,!ory ( ,ideas 9 ! next g5]ation pass$ into "o ( ,numb]s1 ! nature ( :i* we ga!r *iefly f ! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle4 ,( ! speculative side ( ?is !ory !re are no traces 9 ! ,laws1 b d\btless ,plato f\nd ! practical value :i* he attribut$ to ari?metic greatly confirm$ by ! possibility ( apply+ numb] & measure to ! revolution ( ! heav5s1 & to ! regulation ( human life4 ,9 ! return to a doctr9e ( numb]s !re is a retrogression r ?an an advance2 = ! mo/ b>r5 logical ab/raction is ( a high] nature ?an numb] & figure4 ,philosophy fades away into ! di/ance2 9 ! ,laws x is conf9$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil4 ,! speculative tru? :i* 0 ! food ( ! gu>dians 9 ! ,republic1 is = ! majority ( ! citiz5s to be sup]s$$ by practical virtues4 ,! law1 :i* is ! expression ( m9d writt5 d[n1 takes ! place ( ! liv+ ^w ( ! philosoph]4 7,comp>e ! contra/ ( ,pha$rus1 & ,laws2 also ! plays on ! words n\s1 nomos1 n\ dianome2 & ! discussion 9 ! ,/atesman ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]sonal rule ( a k+ & ! imp]sonal reign ( law47 ,! ,/ate is bas$ on virtue & religion r ?an on k2 & virtue is no long] id5tifi$ ) k1 be+ ( ! common] sort1 & spok5 ( 9 ! s5se g5]ally und]/ood4 ,yet !re are _m traces ( advance z well z retrogression 9 ! ,laws ( ,plato4 ,! attempt to reconcile ! ideal ) actual life is an advance2 to 'h br\ght philosophy d[n f heav5 to e>?1' is a praise :i* may be claim$ = him z well z = 8 ma/] ,socrates4 ,& ! memb]s ( ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil are to cont9ue /ud5ts ( ! '"o 9 _m' & ( ! nature ( ,god4 ,education is ! la/ ^w ) :i* ,plato supposes ! !ory ( ! ,laws to end & ! reality to beg94 ,plato's increas+ appreciation ( ! difficulties ( human affairs1 & ( ! elem5t ( *ance :i* s l>gely influ5ces !m1 is an indication n ( a n>r[]1 b ( a matur] m9d1 :i* _h become m conv]sant ) realities4 ,nor c we fairly attribute any want ( orig9ality to him1 because he has borr[$ _m ( 8 provisions f ,sp>ta & ,a!ns4 ,laws & in/itutions gr[ out ( habits & cu/oms2 & !y h 'bett] op9ion1 bett] confirmation1' if !y h come d[n f antiquity & are n m]e lit]>y inv5tions4 ,plato w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to ackn[l$ge t ! ,book ( ,laws 0 n ! creation ( 8 fancy1 b a collection ( enactm5ts :i* _h be5 devis$ by inspir$ legislators1 l ,m9os1 ,lycurgus1 & ,solon1 to meet ! actual ne$s ( m51 & _h be5 approv$ by "t & exp]i5ce4 ,9 ord] to d ju/ice !re=e to ! design ( ! "w1 x is necess>y to exam9e h[ f> x re/s on an hi/orical f\ndation & co9cides ) ! actual laws ( ,sp>ta & ,a!ns4 ,! consid]ation ( ! hi/orical aspect ( ! ,laws has be5 res]v$ = ?is place4 ,9 work+ out ! comp>ison ! writ] has be5 greatly assi/$ by ! excell5t essays ( ,c4,f4 ,h]mann 7',de ve/igiis in/itutorum vet]um1 imprimis ,atticorum1 p] ,platonis de ,legibus libros indag&is1' & ',juris dome/ici et famili>is apud ,platonem 9 ,legibus cum vet]is ,graeciae inque primis ,a!n>um in/itutis comp>atio'3 ,m>burg1 #ahcf71 & by ,j4,b4 ,telfy's ',corpus ,juris ,attici' 7,leipzig1 #ahfh74 ,,excursus ,,on ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,plato ,,to ,,! ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,crete ,,& ,,lac$aemon ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,laws ,,& ,,con/itution ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,! ,laws ( ,plato are ess5tially ,greek3 unlike ,x5ophon's ,cyropa$ia1 !y conta9 no?+ =eign or ori5tal4 ,_! aim is to recon/ruct ! "w ( ! great lawgiv]s ( ,hellas 9 a lit]>y =m4 ,!y p>take bo? ( an ,a!nian & a ,sp>tan "*4 ,"s ( !m too are d]iv$ f ,crete1 & are appropriately transf]r$ to a ,cretan colony4 ,b ( ,crete s little is kn[n to u1 t al?\gh1 z ,montesquieu 7,esprit des ,lois7 rem>ks1 '! ,laws ( ,crete are ! orig9al ( ^? ( ,sp>ta & ! ,laws ( ,plato ! correction ( ^! latt]1' !re is only "o po9t1 viz4 ! common meals1 9 :i* !y c be comp>$4 ,mo/ ( ,plato's provisions resemble ! laws & cu/oms :i* prevail$ 9 ^! ?ree /ates 7especially 9 ! two =m]71 & :i* ! p]sonify+ in/9ct ( ! ,greeks attribut$ to ,m9os1 ,lycurgus1 & ,solon4 ,a v few p>ticul>s may h be5 borr[$ f ,zaleucus 7,cic4 de ,legibus71 & ,*>ondas1 :o is said to h fir/ made laws aga9/ p]jury 7,ari/4 ,pol47 & to h =bidd5 cr$it 7,/ob4 ,florileg41 ,gais=d74 ,"s enactm5ts are ,plato's own1 & 7 sugge/$ by 8 exp]i5ce ( defects 9 ! ,a!nian & o!r ,greek /ates4 ,! ,laws also conta9 _m less] provisions1 :i* are n f\nd 9 ! ord9>y codes ( nations1 because !y _c be prop]ly def9$1 & are !re=e bett] left to cu/om & common s5se4 ',! great] "p ( ! "w1' z ,ari/otle rem>ks 7,pol471 'is tak5 up ) laws'3 yet ?is is n :olly true1 & applies to ! latt] r ?an to ! fir/ half ( x4 ,! book re/s on an e?ical & religi\s f\ndation3 ! actual laws beg9 ) a hymn ( praise 9 hon\r ( ! s\l4 ,& ! same l(ty aspiration aft] ! good is p]petually recurr+1 especially 9 ,books ,x1 ,,xi1 ,,xii1 & :5ev] ,plato's m9d is fill$ ) 8 highe/ !mes4 ,9 prefix+ to mo/ ( 8 laws a prooemium he has two ends 9 view1 to p]suade & also to ?reat54 ,!y are to h ! sanction ( laws & ! effect ( s]mons4 ,& ,plato's ',book ( ,laws1' if describ$ 9 ! language ( mod]n philosophy1 may be said to be z mu* an e?ical & educational1 z a political or legal treatise4 ,b al?\gh ! ,laws p>take bo? ( an ,a!nian & a ,sp>tan "*1 ! elem5ts :i* are borr[$ f ei!r /ate are necess>ily v diff]5t1 because ! "* & orig9 ( ! two gov]nm5ts !mselves diff]$ s widely4 ,sp>ta 0 ! m anci5t & primitive3 ,a!ns 0 suit$ to ! wants ( a lat] /age ( society4 ,! relation ( ! two /ates to ! ,laws may be conceiv$ 9 ?is mann]3--,! f\ndation & gr\nd-plan ( ! "w are m ,sp>tan1 :ile ! sup]/ructure & details are m ,a!nian4 ,at ,a!ns ! laws 7 writt5 d[n & 7 volum9\s2 m ?an a ?\s& fragm5ts ( !m h be5 collect$ by ,telfy4 ,l ! ,roman or ,engli% law1 !y conta9$ innum]able p>ticul>s4 ,^? ( !m :i* regulat$ daily life 7 famili>ly kn[n to ! ,a!nians2 = e citiz5 0 8 own lawy]1 & also a judge1 :o decid$ ! rights ( 8 fell[-citiz5s accord+ to ! laws1 (t5 aft] he>+ spee*es f ! p>ties int]e/$ or f _! advocates4 ,x is to ,rome & n to ,a!ns t ! inv5tion ( law1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 is commonly ascrib$4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t long be=e ! times ( ! ,twelve ,tables 7,b4,c4 #dea71 regul> c\rts & =ms ( law _h exi/$ at ,a!ns & probably 9 ! ,greek colonies4 ,& we may reasonably suppose1 ?\gh )\t any express pro( ( ! fact1 t _m ,roman in/itutions & cu/oms1 l ,lat9 lit]ature & my?ology1 7 p>tly d]iv$ f ,hellas & _h imp]ceptibly drift$ f "o %ore ( ! ,ionian ,sea to ! o!r 7comp>e especially ! con/itutions ( ,s]vius ,tullius & ( ,solon74 ,x is n prov$ t ! laws ( ,sp>ta 7 9 anci5t times ei!r writt5 d[n 9 books or engrav$ on tablets ( m>ble or brass4 ,nor is x c]ta9 t1 if !y _h be51 ! ,sp>tans c\ld h read !m4 ,!y 7 anci5t cu/oms1 "s ( !m old] probably ?an ! settlem5t 9 ,laconia1 ( :i* ! orig9 is unkn[n2 !y occasionally receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,delphic oracle1 b !re 0 a /ill /rong] obligation by :i* !y 7 en=c$1--! necessity ( self-def5ce3 ! ,sp>tans 7 always liv+ 9 ! pres5ce ( _! enemies4 ,!y belong$ to an age :5 writt5 law _h n yet tak5 ! place ( cu/om & tradition4 ,! old con/itution 0 v r>ely affect$ by new enactm5ts1 & ^! only relat$ to ! duties ( ! ,k+s or ,ephors1 or ! new relations ( classes :i* arose z "t w5t on4 ,h5ce !re 0 z great a diff]5ce z c\ld well be conceiv$ betwe5 ! ,laws ( ,a!ns & ,sp>ta3 ! "o 0 ! creation ( a civiliz$ /ate1 & did n diff] 9 pr9ciple f our mod]n legislation1 ! o!r ( an age 9 :i* ! p 7 held toge!r & also kept d[n by =ce ( arms1 & :i* aft]w>ds reta9$ _m traces ( its b>b>ic orig9 'surviv+ 9 culture4' ,nev]!less ! ,lac$aemonian 0 ! ideal ( a primitive ,greek /ate4 ,accord+ to ,?ucydides x 0 ! fir/ :i* em]g$ out ( confusion & became a regul> gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 also an army devot$ to milit>y ex]cises1 b organiz$ ) a view to self-def5ce & n to conque/4 ,x 0 n quick to move or easily excit$2 b /olid1 cauti\s1 unambiti\s1 procra/9at+4 ,= _m c5turies x reta9$ ! same "* :i* 0 impress$ ^u x by ! h& ( ! legislator4 ,?is s+ul> fabric 0 p>tly ! result ( circum/ances1 p>tly ! inv5tion ( "s unkn[n individual 9 prehi/oric times1 ^: ideal ( education 0 milit>y discipl9e1 & :o1 by ! asc5d5cy ( 8 g5ius1 made a small tribe into a nation :i* became fam\s 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! o!r ,hell5es wond]$ at ! /r5g? & /ability ( 8 "w4 ,! re/ ( ,hellas1 says ,?ucydides1 und]took ! colonisation ( ,h]aclea ! m readily1 hav+ a feel+ ( security n[ t !y saw ! ,lac$aemonians tak+ "p 9 x4 ,! ,sp>tan /ate appe>s to u 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory z a vision ( arm$ m51 irresi/ible by any o!r p[] !n exi/+ 9 ! _w4 ,x c h>dly be said to h und]/ood at all ! rights or duties ( nations to "o ano!r1 or inde$ to h _h any moral pr9ciple except patriotism & ob$i5ce to comm&]s4 ,m5 7 s tra9$ to act toge!r t !y lo/ ! fre$om & spontaneity ( human life 9 cultivat+ ! qualities ( ! soldi] & rul]4 ,! ,sp>tan /ate 0 a composite body 9 :i* k+s1 nobles1 citiz5s1 p]ioeci1 artisans1 slaves1 _h to f9d a 'modus viv5di' ) "o ano!r4 ,all ( !m 7 taught "s use ( arms4 ,! /r5g? ( ! family tie 0 dim9i%$ among !m by an en=c$ abs5ce f home & by common meals4 ,sp>ta _h no life or gr[?2 no poetry or tradition ( ! pa/2 no art1 no ?\ght4 ,! ,a!nians />t$ on _! great c>e] "s c5turies lat]1 b ! ,sp>tans w\ld h be5 easily conqu]$ by !m1 if ,a!ns _h n be5 defici5t 9 ! qualities :i* con/itut$ ! /r5g? 7& also ! weakness7 ( h] rival4 ,! ideal ( ,a!ns has be5 pictur$ = all "t 9 ! spee* :i* ,?ucydides puts into ! m\? ( ,p]icles1 call$ ! ,fun]al ,oration4 ,he contra/s ! activity & fre$om & pleasantness ( ,a!nian life ) ! immobility & sev]e looks & incessant drill ( ! ,sp>tans4 ,! citiz5s ( no city 7 m v]satile1 or m readily *ang$ f l& to sea or m quickly mov$ ab\t f place to place4 ,!y 'took _! pleasures' m]rily1 & yet1 :5 ! "t = fight+ arriv$1 7 n a :it beh9d ! ,sp>tans1 :o 7 l m5 liv+ 9 a camp1 &1 ?\gh always keep+ gu>d1 7 (t5 too late = ! fray4 ,any =eign] might visit ,a!ns2 h] %ips f\nd a way to ! mo/ di/ant %ores2 ! ri*es ( ! :ole e>? p\r$ 9 ^u h]4 ,h] citiz5s _h _! !atres & fe/ivals2 !y 'provid$ _! s\ls ) _m relaxations'2 yet !y 7 n less manly ?an ! ,sp>tans or less will+ to sacrifice ?is enjoyable exi/5ce = _! c\ntry's good4 ,! ,a!nian 0 a nobl] =m ( life ?an t ( _! rivals1 a life ( music z well z ( gymna/ic1 ! life ( a citiz5 z well z ( a soldi]4 ,su* is ! picture :i* ,?ucydides has drawn ( ! ,a!nians 9 _! glory4 ,x is ! _s ( ?is life :i* ,plato w\ld infuse into ! ,magnesian /ate & :i* he seeks to comb9e ) ! common meals & gymna/ic discipl9e ( ,sp>ta4 ,! two great types ( ,a!ns & ,sp>ta _h deeply ent]$ into 8 m9d4 ,he _h he>d ( ,sp>ta at a di/ance & f common ,hell5ic fame3 he 0 a citiz5 ( ,a!ns & an ,a!nian ( noble bir?4 ,he mu/ (t5 h sat 9 ! law-c\rts1 & may h _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! duties ( (fices su* z he is e/abli%+4 ,!re is no ne$ to ask ! "q1 :5ce he d]iv$ 8 k ( ! ,laws ( ,a!ns3 !y 7 a "p ( 8 daily life4 ,_m ( 8 enactm5ts are recogniz$ to be ,a!nian laws f ! fragm5ts pres]v$ 9 ! ,orators & else:]e3 _m m w\ld be f\nd to be s if we _h bett] in=mation4 ,probably also /ill m ( !m w\ld h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! ,magnesian code1 if ! "w _h ev] be5 f9ally complet$4 ,b x seems to h come d[n to u 9 a =m :i* is p>tly f9i%$ & p>tly unf9i%$1 hav+ a beg9n+ & end1 b want+ arrangem5t 9 ! middle4 ,! ,laws answ] to ,plato's own description ( !m1 9 ! comp>ison :i* he makes ( himself & 8 two fri5ds to ga!r]s ( /ones or ! beg9n]s ( "s composite "w1 ':o are provid+ mat]ials & p>tly putt+ !m toge!r3--hav+ "s ( _! laws1 l /ones1 already fix$ 9 _! places1 :ile o!rs lie ab\t4' ,plato's own life co9cid$ ) ! p]iod at :i* ,a!ns rose to h] greate/ heights & sank to h] l[e/ dep?s4 ,x 0 impossible t he %\ld reg>d ! bless+s ( democracy 9 ! same light z ! m5 ( a =m] g5]ation1 ^: view 0 n int]cept$ by ! evil %ad[ ( ! tak+ ( ,a!ns1 & :o _h only ! glories ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis & ! adm9i/ration ( ,p]icles to look back ^u4 ,on ! o!r h& ! fame & pre/ige ( ,sp>ta1 :i* _h outliv$ s _m crimes & blund]s1 0 n altoge!r lo/ at ! end ( ! life ( ,plato4 ,h]s 0 ! only great ,hell5ic gov]nm5t :i* pres]v$ some?+ ( its anci5t =m2 & al?\gh ! ,sp>tan citiz5s 7 r$uc$ to almo/ "o-t5? ( _! orig9al numb] 7,ari/4 ,pol471 %e /ill reta9$1 until ! rise ( ,!bes & ,mac$on1 a c]ta9 au?ority & pr$om9ance due to h] f9al success 9 ! /ruggle ) ,a!ns & to ! victories :i* ,agesilaus won 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,plato1 l ,ari/otle1 _h 9 8 m9d "s =m ( a mean /ate :i* %\ld escape ! evils & secure ! advantages ( bo? ari/ocracy & democracy4 ,x may h[ev] be d\bt$ :e!r ! creation ( su* a /ate is n beyond ! legislator's art1 al?\gh !re h be5 examples 9 hi/ory ( =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :i* ?r\gh "s community ( int]e/ or ( orig91 ?r\gh a balance ( p>ties 9 ! /ate itself1 or ?r\gh ! fe> ( a common enemy1 h = a :ile pres]v$ su* a "* ( mod]ation4 ,b 9 g5]al !re arises a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( a /ate :5 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! few & ! _m has to be f\ght out4 ,no sy/em ( *ecks & balances1 su* z ,plato has devis$ 9 ! ,laws1 c\ld h giv5 equipoise & /ability to an anci5t /ate1 any m ?an ! skill ( ! legislator c\ld h )/ood ! tide ( democracy 9 ,engl& or ,france dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 or h giv5 life to ,*9a or ,india4 ,! basis ( ! ,magnesian con/itution is ! equal division ( l&4 ,9 ! new /ate1 z 9 ! ,republic1 !re 0 to be nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es4 ,e citiz5 "u all circum/ances reta9$ 8 lot1 & z mu* money z 0 necess>y = ! cultivation ( x1 & no "o 0 all[$ to accumulate prop]ty to ! am\nt ( m ?an five times ! value ( ! lot1 inclusive ( x4 ,! equal division ( l& 0 a ,sp>tan in/itution1 n kn[n to h exi/$ else:]e 9 ,hellas4 ,! m5tion ( x 9 ! ,laws ( ,plato af=ds consid]able presumption t x 0 ( anci5t orig91 & n fir/ introduc$1 z ,mr4 ,grote & o!rs h imag9$1 9 ! re=mation ( ,cleom5es ,,iii4 ,b at ,sp>ta1 if we may judge f ! frequ5t compla9ts ( ! accumulation ( prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( a few p]sons 7,ari/4 ,pol471 no provision c\ld h be5 made = ! ma9t5ance ( ! lot4 ,plut>* inde$ speaks ( a law introduc$ by ! ,ephor ,epitadeus soon aft] ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 :i* fir/ all[$ ! ,sp>tans to sell _! l& 7,agis73 b f ! mann] 9 :i* ,ari/otle ref]s to ! subject1 we %\ld imag9e ?is evil 9 ! /ate to be ( a mu* old] /&+4 ,l "s o!r c\ntries 9 :i* small proprietors h be5 num]\s1 ! orig9al equality pass$ into inequality1 &1 in/ead ( a l>ge middle class1 !re 0 probably at ,sp>ta great] disproportion 9 ! prop]ty ( ! citiz5s ?an 9 any o!r /ate ( ,hellas4 ,plato 0 aw>e ( ! dang]1 & has improv$ on ! ,sp>tan cu/om4 ,! l&1 z at ,sp>ta1 mu/ h be5 till$ by slaves1 s9ce o!r occupations 7 f\nd = ! citiz5s4 ,bodies ( "y m5 betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty-five & ?irty 7 engag$ 9 mak+ bi5nial p]egr9ations ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y & _! (fic]s are to be ! magi/rates1 police1 eng9e]s1 a$iles1 ( ! twelve di/ricts into :i* ! colony 0 divid$4 ,_! way ( life may be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,sp>tan secret police or ,crypteia1 a "n :i* ,plato freely applies to !m )\t app>5tly any consci\sness ( ! odium :i* has atta*$ to ! ^w 9 hi/ory4 ,ano!r great in/itution :i* ,plato borr[$ f ,sp>ta 7or ,crete7 is ! ,syssitia or common meals4 ,^! 7 e/abli%$ 9 bo? /ates1 & 9 "s respects 7 consid]$ by ,ari/otle to be bett] manag$ 9 ,crete ?an at ,lac$aemon 7,pol474 ,9 ! ,laws ! ,cretan cu/om appe>s to be adopt$ 7,?is is n prov$1 z ,h]mann supposes 7',de ,ve/igiis1' etc4773 t is to say1 if we may int]pret ,plato by ,ari/otle1 ! co/ ( !m 0 defray$ by ! /ate & n by ! individuals 7,ari/4 ,pol72 s t ! memb]s ( ! mess1 :o c\ld n pay _! quota1 /ill reta9$ _! rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,b ?is explanation is h>dly consi/5t ) ! ,laws1 :]e contributions to ! ,syssitia f private e/ates are expressly m5tion$4 ,plato goes fur!r ?an ! legislators ( ,sp>ta & ,crete1 & w\ld ext5d ! common meals to wom5 z well z m53 he desires to curb ! disord]s1 :i* exi/$ among ! female sex 9 bo? /ates1 by ! application to wom5 ( ! same milit>y discipl9e to :i* ! m5 7 already subject4 ,x 0 an ext5sion ( ! cu/om ( ,syssitia f :i* ! anci5t legislators %rank1 & :i* ,plato himself believ$ to be v difficult ( en=cem5t4 ,l ,sp>ta1 ! new colony 0 n to be surr\nd$ by walls1--a /ate %\ld le>n to dep5d ^u ! brav]y ( its citiz5s only--a fallacy or p>adox1 if x is n to be reg>d$ z a poetical fancy1 :i* is fairly en\gh ridicul$ by ,ari/otle 7,pol474 ,wom51 too1 mu/ be ready to assi/ 9 ! def5ce ( _! c\ntry3 !y are n to ru% to ! temples & alt>s1 b to arm !mselves ) %ield & spe>4 ,9 ! regulation ( ! ,syssitia1 9 at lea/ "o ( 8 enactm5ts respect+ prop]ty1 & 9 ! attempt to correct ! lic5ce ( wom51 ,plato %[s1 t :ile he borr[$ f ! in/itutions ( ,sp>ta & fav\r$ ! ,sp>tan mode ( life1 he also s\ght to improve ^u !m4 ,! enmity to ! sea is ano!r ,sp>tan feature :i* is transf]r$ by ,plato to ! ,magnesian /ate4 ,he did n reflect t a non-m>itime p[] w\ld always be at ! m]cy ( "o :i* _h a comm& ( ! great highway4 ,_! _m isl& homes1 ! va/ ext5t ( coa/ :i* _h to be protect$ by !m1 _! /ruggles fir/ ( all ) ! ,pho5icians & ,c>?ag9ians1 & secondly ) ! ,p]sian fleets1 =c$ ! ,greeks1 mo/ly aga9/ _! w1 to devote !mselves to ! sea4 ,! isl&]s be=e ! inhabitants ( ! cont95t1 ! m>itime cities be=e ! inl&1 ! ,cor9?ians & ,a!nians be=e ! ,sp>tans1 7 compell$ to fit out %ips3 la/ ( all ! ,sp>tans1 by ! pressure ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 7 driv5 to e/abli% a naval =ce1 :i*1 aft] ! battle ( ,aegospotami1 = m ?an a g5]ation comm&$ ! ,aegean4 ,plato1 l ! ,sp>tans1 _h a prejudice aga9/ a navy1 because he reg>d$ x z ! nurs]y ( democracy4 ,b he ei!r nev] consid]$1 or did n c>e to expla91 h[ a city1 set ^u an isl& & 'di/ant n m ?an t5 miles f ! sea1 hav+ a seabo>d provid$ ) excell5t h>b\rs1' c\ld h safely subsi/$ )\t "o4 ,nei!r ! ,sp>tans nor ! ,magnesian coloni/s 7 p]mitt$ to engage 9 trade or comm]ce4 ,9 ord] to limit _! deal+s z f> z possible to _! own c\ntry1 !y _h a sep>ate co9age2 ! ,magnesians 7 only all[$ to use ! common curr5cy ( ,hellas :5 !y travell$ abroad1 :i* !y 7 =bidd5 to d unless !y receiv$ p]mission f ! gov]nm5t4 ,l ! ,sp>tans1 ,plato 0 afraid ( ! evils :i* might be introduc$ into 8 /ate by int]c\rse ) =eign]s2 b he also %r9ks f ! utt] exclusiv5ess ( ,sp>ta1 & is n unwill+ to all[ visitors ( a suitable age & rank to come f o!r /ates to 8 own1 z he also all[s citiz5s ( 8 own /ate to g to =eign c\ntries & br+ back a report ( !m4 ,su* int]national communication seem$ to him bo? hon\rable & useful4 ,we may n[ notice "s po9ts 9 :i* ! commonweal? ( ! ,laws approximates to ! ,a!nian model4 ,^! are mu* m num]\s ?an ! previ\s class ( resemblances2 we are bett] able to comp>e ! laws ( ,plato ) ^? ( ,a!ns1 because a good deal m is kn[n to u ( ,a!ns ?an ( ,sp>ta4 ,! in=mation :i* we possess ab\t ,a!nian law1 ?\gh comp>atively full]1 is /ill fragm5t>y4 ,! s\rces f :i* our k is d]iv$ are *iefly ! foll[+3-- 7#a7 ,! ,orators1--,antiphon1 ,&ocides1 ,lysias1 ,isocrates1 ,demo/h5es1 ,aes*9es1 ,lycurgus1 & o!rs4 7#b7 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 z well z lat] writ]s1 su* z ,cic]o de ,legibus1 ,plut>*1 ,aelian1 ,pausanias4 7#c7 ,lexicograph]s1 su* z ,h>pocration1 ,pollux1 ,hesy*ius1 ,suidas1 & ! compil] ( ! ,etymologicum ,magnum1 _m ( :om are ( unc]ta9 date1 & to a great ext5t bas$ ^u "o ano!r4 ,_! writ+s ext5d altoge!r ov] m ?an eight hundr$ ye>s1 f ! second to ! t5? c5tury4 7#d7 ,! ,s*olia on ,ari/ophanes1 ,plato1 ,demo/h5es4 7#e7 ,a few inscriptions4 ,our k ( a subject d]iv$ f su* v>i\s s\rces & = ! mo/ "p ( unc]ta9 date & orig91 is necess>ily prec>i\s4 ,no critic c sep>ate ! actual laws ( ,solon f ^? :i* pass$ "u 8 "n 9 lat] ages4 ,nor d ! ,s*olia/s & ,lexicograph]s attempt to di/+ui% h[ _m ( ^! laws 7 /ill 9 =ce at ! "t :5 !y wrote1 or :5 !y fell into disuse & 7 to be f\nd 9 books only4 ,nor c we ha/ily assume t enactm5ts :i* occur 9 ! ,laws ( ,plato 7 also a "p ( ,a!nian law1 h[ev] probable ?is may appe>4 ,!re are two classes ( simil>ities betwe5 ,plato's ,laws & ^? ( ,a!ns3 7i7 ( in/itutions 7ii7 ( m9or enactm5ts4 7i7 ,! con/itution ( ! ,laws 9 its g5]al "* resembles mu* m ne>ly ! ,a!nian con/itution ( ,solon's "t ?an t :i* succe$$ x1 or ! extreme democracy :i* prevail$ 9 ,plato's own day4 ,x 0 a mean /ate :i* he hop$ to create1 equally unlike a ,syracusan tyranny or ! mob-gov]nm5t ( ! ,a!nian assembly4 ,!re are v>i\s exp$i5ts by :i* he s\ght to imp>t to x ! quality ( mod]ation4 7#a7 ,! :ole p 7 to be educat$3 !y c\ld n be all tra9$ 9 philosophy1 b !y 7 to acquire ! simple elem5ts ( music1 ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy2 !y 7 also to be subject to milit>y discipl9e1 ar*ontes kai ar*om5oi4 7#b7 ,! majority ( !m 71 or _h be5 at "s "t 9 _! lives1 magi/rates1 & _h ! exp]i5ce :i* is giv5 by (fice4 7#c7 ,! p]sons :o held ! highe/ (fices 7 to h a fur!r education1 n mu* inf]ior to t provid$ = ! gu>dians 9 ! ,republic1 ?\gh ! range ( _! /udies is n>r[$ to ! nature & divisions ( virtue3 "h _! philosophy comes to an end4 7#d7 ,! entire numb] ( ! citiz5s 7#ejdj7 r>ely1 if ev]1 assembl$1 except = purposes ( elections4 ,! :ole p 7 divid$ into f\r classes1 ea* hav+ ! "r to be repres5t$ by ! same numb] ( memb]s 9 ! ,c\ncil4 ,! result ( su* an arrangem5t w\ld be1 z 9 ! con/itution ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 to give a disproportionate %>e ( p[] to ! weal?i] classes1 :o may be suppos$ to be always mu* few] 9 numb] ?an ! poor]4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 qualifi$ by ! complicat$ sy/em ( selection by vote1 previ\s to ! f9al election by lot1 ( :i* ! object seems to be to h& ov] to ! weal?y few ! p[] ( select+ f ! _m poor1 & vice v]sa4 7#e7 ,! mo/ important body 9 ! /ate 0 ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil1 :i* is borr[$ f ! ,areopagus at ,a!ns1 z x exi/$1 or 0 suppos$ to h exi/$1 9 ! days be=e ,ephialtes & ! ,eum5ides ( ,aes*ylus1 :5 its p[] 0 undim9i%$4 ,9 "s p>ticul>s ,plato appe>s to h copi$ exactly ! cu/oms & proc$ure ( ! ,areopagus3 bo? assemblies sat at night 7,telfy74 ,!re 0 a resemblance also 9 m important matt]s4 ,l ! ,areopagus1 ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil 0 p>tly compos$ ( magi/rates & o!r /ate (ficials1 ^: t]m ( (fice _h expir$4 7#g7 ,! con/itution includ$ sev]al div]se & ev5 oppos+ elem5ts1 su* z ! ,assembly & ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil4 7#h7 ,!re 0 mu* less exclusiv5ess ?an at ,sp>ta2 ! citiz5s 7 to h an int]e/ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( neighb\r+ /ates1 & to "k :at 0 go+ on 9 ! re/ ( ! _w4--,all ^! 7 mod]at+ influ5ces4 ,a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ,a!ns & ! con/itution ( ! ,magnesian colony is ! use ( ! lot 9 ! election ( judges & o!r magi/rates4 ,t su* a mode ( election %\ld h be5 resort$ to 9 any civiliz$ /ate1 or t x %\ld h be5 transf]r$ by ,plato to an ideal or imag9>y "o1 is v s+ul> to u4 ,! mo/ extreme democracy ( mod]n times has nev] ?\ght ( leav+ gov]nm5t :olly to *ance4 ,x 0 natural t ,socrates %\ld sc(f at x1 & ask1 ',:o w\ld *oose a pilot or c>p5t] or flute-play] by lot' 7,x54 ,mem478 ,yet !re 7 _m consid]ations :i* made ?is mode ( *oice attractive bo? to ! olig>* & to ! democrat3--7#a7 ,x seem$ to recognize t "o man 0 z good z ano!r1 & t all ! memb]s ( ! gov]n+ body1 :e!r few or _m1 7 on a p]fect equality 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 7#b7 ,to ! pi\s m9d x appe>$ to be a *oice made1 n by man1 b by heav5 7comp>e ,laws74 7#c7 ,x af=d$ a protection aga9/ corruption & intrigue444,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t1 al?\gh elect$ by lot1 ! p]sons s elect$ 7 subject to a scrut9y be=e !y ent]$ on _! (fice1 & 7 !re=e liable1 aft] election1 if disqualifi$1 to be reject$ 7,laws74 ,!y 71 moreov]1 liable to be call$ to acc\nt aft] ! expiration ( _! (fice4 ,9 ! election ( c\ncillors ,plato introduces a fur!r *eck3 !y are n to be *os5 directly by lot f all ! citiz5s1 b f a select body previ\sly elect$ by vote4 ,9 ,plato's /ate at lea/1 z we may inf] f 8 sil5ce on ?is po9t1 judges & magi/rates p]=m$ _! duties )\t pay1 :i* 0 a gu>antee bo? ( _! dis9t]e/$ness & ( _! belong+ probably to ! high] class ( citiz5s 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,h5ce we are n surpris$ t ! use ( ! lot prevail$1 n only 9 ! election ( ! ,a!nian ,c\ncil1 b also 9 _m olig>*ies1 & ev5 9 ,plato's colony4 ,! evil consequ5ces ( ! lot are to a great ext5t avoid$1 if ! magi/rates s elect$ d n1 l ! dica/s at ,a!ns1 receive pay f ! /ate4 ,ano!r p>allel is t ( ! ,popul> ,assembly1 :i* at ,a!ns 0 omnipot5t1 b 9 ! ,laws has only a fad$ & second>y exi/5ce4 ,9 ,plato x 0 *iefly an elective body1 hav+ app>5tly no judicial & little political p[] entru/$ to x4 ,at ,a!ns x 0 ! ma9spr+ ( ! democracy2 x _h ! decision ( w> or peace1 ( life & dea?2 ! acts ( g5]als or /atesm5 7 au?oriz$ or condemn$ by x2 no (fice or p]son 0 above its control4 ,plato 0 f> f all[+ su* a despotic p[] to exi/ 9 8 model community1 & !re=e he m9imizes ! importance ( ! ,assembly & n>r[s its functions4 ,he probably nev] ask$ himself a "q1 :i* naturally occurs to ! mod]n read]1 :]e 0 to be ! c5tral au?ority 9 ?is new community1 & by :at supreme p[] w\ld ! diff]5ces ( inf]ior p[]s be decid$4 ,at ! same "t he magnifies & br+s into prom95ce ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil 7:i* is 9 _m respects a reflection ( ! ,areopagus71 b does n make x ! gov]n+ body ( ! /ate4 ,betwe5 ! judicial sy/em ( ! ,laws & t ( ,a!ns !re 0 v great simil>ity1 & a diff]5ce almo/ equally great4 ,plato n unfrequ5tly adopts ! details :5 he rejects ! pr9ciple4 ,at ,a!ns any citiz5 might be a judge & memb] ( ! great c\rt ( ! ,heliaea4 ,?is 0 ord9>ily subdivid$ into a numb] ( inf]ior c\rts1 b an occasion is record$ on :i* ! :ole body1 9 numb] six ?\s&1 met 9 a s+le c\rt 7,&oc4 de ,my/474 ,plato significantly rem>ks t a few judges1 if !y are good1 are bett] ?an a great numb]4 ,he also1 at lea/ 9 capital cases1 conf9es ! pla9tiff & def5dant to a s+le spee* ea*1 in/ead ( all[+ two apiece1 z 0 ! common practice at ,a!ns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 all private suits he gives two appeals1 f ! arbit]s to ! c\rts ( ! tribes1 & f ! c\rts ( ! tribes to ! f9al or supreme c\rt4 ,!re 0 no?+ answ]+ to ?is at ,a!ns4 ,! ?ree c\rts 7 appo9t$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--! arbit]s 7 to be agre$ ^u by ! p>ties to ! cause2 ! judges ( ! tribes to be elect$ by lot2 ! highe/ tribunal to be *os5 at ! end ( ea* ye> by ! great (fic]s ( /ate out ( _! own numb]--!y 7 to s]ve = a ye>1 to und]go a scrut9y1 &1 unlike ! ,a!nian judges1 to vote op5ly4 ,plato does n dwell ^u me?ods ( proc$ure3 ^! are ! less] matt]s :i* he leaves to ! y\ng] legislators4 ,9 cases ( murd] & "s o!r capital (f5ces1 ! cause 0 to be tri$ by a special tribunal1 z 0 ! cu/om at ,a!ns3 milit>y (f5ces1 too1 z at ,a!ns1 7 decid$ by ! soldi]s4 ,public causes 9 ! ,laws1 z sometimes at ,a!ns1 7 vot$ ^u by ! :ole p3 because1 z ,plato rem>ks1 !y are all equally conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,!y 7 to be previ\sly inve/igat$ by ?ree ( ! pr9cipal magi/rates4 ,he believes also t 9 private suits all %\ld take "p2 '= he :o has no %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is apt to imag9e t he has no %>e 9 ! /ate at all4' ,! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry1 l ! ,=ty at ,a!ns1 also ex]cis$ judicial p[] 9 small matt]s1 z well z ! w>d5s ( ! agora & city4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice is bett] organiz$ 9 ,plato ?an 9 an ord9>y ,greek /ate1 proce$+ m by regul> me?ods1 & be+ m re/rict$ to di/9ct duties4 ,! executive ( ,plato's ,laws1 l ! ,a!nian1 0 diff]5t f t ( a mod]n civiliz$ /ate4 ,! diff]5ce *iefly consi/s 9 ?is1 t :]eas among ourselves !re are c]ta9 p]sons or classes ( p]sons set ap>t = ! execution ( ! duties ( gov]nm5t1 9 anci5t ,greece1 z 9 all o!r communities 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t1 !y 7 n equally di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! citiz5s4 ,! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t 0 nev] s well organiz$ z 9 ! be/ mod]n /ates4 ,! judicial dep>tm5t 0 n s completely sep>at$ f ! legislative1 nor ! executive f ! judicial1 nor ! p at l>ge f ! pr(essional soldi]1 lawy]1 or prie/4 ,to ,ari/otle 7,pol47 x 0 a "q requir+ s]i\s consid]ation--,:o %\ld execute a s5t5ce8 ,!re 0 probably no body ( police to :om 7 entru/$ ! lives & prop]ties ( ! citiz5s 9 any ,hell5ic /ate4 ,h5ce x might be reasonably expect$ t e man %\ld be ! wat*man ( e o!r1 & 9 turn be wat*$ by him4 ,! anci5ts d n seem to h rememb]$ ! homely adage t1 ',:at is e man's bus9ess is no man's bus9ess1' or always to h ?\ght ( apply+ ! pr9ciple ( a division ( lab\r to ! adm9i/ration ( law & to gov]nm5t4 ,e ,a!nian 0 at "s "t or on "s occasion 9 8 life a magi/rate1 judge1 advocate1 soldi]1 sailor1 policeman4 ,he _h n necess>ily any private bus9ess2 a good deal ( 8 "t 0 tak5 up ) ! duties ( (fice & o!r public occupations4 ,s1 too1 9 ,plato's ,laws4 ,a citiz5 0 to int]f]e 9 a qu>rel1 if old] ?an ! combatants1 or to def5d ! outrag$ p>ty1 if 8 junior4 ,he 0 especially b\nd to come to ! rescue ( a p>5t :o 0 ill-treat$ by 8 *ildr54 ,he 0 also requir$ to prosecute ! murd]] ( a k9sman4 ,9 c]ta9 cases he 0 all[$ to arre/ an (f5d]4 ,he might ev5 use viol5ce to an abusive p]son4 ,any citiz5 :o 0 n less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age at times ex]cis$ a magi/]ial au?ority1 to be en=c$ ev5 by bl[s4 ,bo? 9 ! ,magnesian /ate & at ,a!ns _m ?\s& p]sons mu/ h %>$ 9 ! highe/ duties ( gov]nm5t1 if a section only ( ! ,c\ncil1 consi/+ ( ?irty or ( fifty p]sons1 z 9 ! ,laws1 or at ,a!ns aft] ! days ( ,clei/h5es1 held (fice = a mon?1 or = ?irty-five days only4 ,x 0 almo/ z if1 9 our own c\ntry1 ! ,m9i/ry or ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 to *ange e mon?4 ,! av]age ability ( ! ,a!nian & ,magnesian c\ncillors c\ld n h be5 v high1 consid]+ !re 7 s _m ( !m4 ,& yet !y 7 entru/$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! mo/ important executive duties4 ,9 ^! respects ! con/itution ( ! ,laws resembles ,a!ns f> m ?an ,sp>ta4 ,all ! citiz5s 7 to be1 n m]ely soldi]s1 b politicians & adm9i/rators4 7ii7 ,!re are num]\s m9or p>ticul>s 9 :i* ! ,laws ( ,plato resemble ^? ( ,a!ns4 ,^! are less int]e/+ ?an ! prec$+1 b !y %[ ev5 m /rik+ly h[ closely 9 ! composition ( 8 "w ,plato has foll[$ ! laws & cu/oms ( 8 own c\ntry4 7#a7 ,evid5ce4 7a7 ,at ,a!ns a *ild 0 n all[$ to give evid5ce 7,telfy74 ,plato has a simil> law3 ',a *ild %all be all[$ to give evid5ce only 9 cases ( murd]4' 7b7 ,at ,a!ns an unwill+ witness might be summon$2 b he 0 n requir$ to appe> if he 0 ready to decl>e on oa? t he knew no?+ ab\t ! matt] 9 "q 7,telfy74 ,s 9 ! ,laws4 7c7 ,a!nian law enact$ t :5 m ?an half ! witnesses 9 a case _h be5 convict$ ( p]jury1 !re 0 to be a new trial 7anadikos krisis--,telfy74 ,!re is a simil> provision 9 ! ,laws4 7d7 ,false-witness 0 puni%$ at ,a!ns by atimia & a f9e 7,telfy74 ,plato is at once m l5i5t & m sev]e3 ',if a man be twice convict$ ( false-witness1 he %all n be requir$1 & if ?rice1 he %all n be all[$ to be> witness2 & if he d>e to witness aft] he has be5 convict$ ?ree times1444he %all be puni%$ ) dea?4' 7#b7 ,murd]4 7a7 ,wilful murd] 0 puni%$ 9 ,a!nian law by dea?1 p]petual exile1 & confiscation ( prop]ty 7,telfy74 ,plato1 too1 has ! alt]native ( dea? or exile1 b he does n confiscate ! murd]]'s prop]ty4 7b7 ,! ,p>ricide 0 n all[$ to escape by go+ into exile at ,a!ns 7,telfy71 nor1 app>5tly1 9 ! ,laws4 7c7 ,a homicide1 if =giv5 by 8 victim be=e dea?1 receiv$ no puni%m5t1 ei!r at ,a!ns 7,telfy71 or 9 ! ,magnesian /ate4 ,9 bo? 7,telfy7 ! contriv] ( a murd] is puni%$ z sev]ely z ! do]2 & p]sons accus$ ( ! crime are =bidd5 to ent] temples or ! agora until !y h be5 tri$ 7,telfy74 7d7 ,at ,a!ns slaves :o kill$ _! ma/]s & 7 caught r$-h&$1 7 n to be put to dea? by ! relations ( ! murd]$ man1 b to be h&$ ov] to ! magi/rates 7,telfy74 ,s 9 ! ,laws1 ! slave :o is guilty ( wilful murd] has a public execution3 b if ! murd] is committ$ 9 ang]1 x is puni%$ by ! k9sm5 ( ! victim4 7#c7 ,involunt>y homicide4 7a7 ,! guilty p]son1 accord+ to ! ,a!nian law1 _h to g into exile1 & might n return1 until ! family ( ! man sla9 7 conciliat$4 ,!n he mu/ be purifi$ 7,telfy74 ,if he is caught be=e he has obta9$ =giv5ess1 he may be put to dea?4 ,^! enactm5ts reappe> 9 ! ,laws4 7b7 ,! curi\s provision ( ,plato1 t a /rang] :o has be5 bani%$ = involunt>y homicide & is subsequ5tly wreck$ ^u ! coa/1 mu/ 'take up 8 abode on ! sea-%ore1 wett+ 8 feet 9 ! sea1 & wat*+ = an opportunity ( sail+1' recalls ! proc$ure ( ! ,judicium ,phreatteum at ,a!ns1 accord+ to :i* an involunt>y homicide1 :o1 hav+ gone into exile1 is accus$ ( a wilful murd]1 0 tri$ at ,phreatto = ?is (f5ce 9 a boat by magi/rates on ! %ore4 7c7 ,a /ill m s+ul> law1 occurr+ bo? 9 ! ,a!nian & ,magnesian code1 enacts t a /one or o!r inanimate object :i* kills a man is to be tri$1 & ca/ ov] ! bord] 7,telfy74 7#d7 ,ju/ifiable or excusable homicide4 ,plato & ,a!nian law agree 9 mak+ homicide ju/ifiable or excusable 9 ! foll[+ cases3--7#a7 at ! games 7,telfy72 7#b7 9 w> 7,telfy72 7#c7 if ! p]son sla9 0 f\nd do+ viol5ce to a free woman 7,telfy72 7#d7 if a doctor's pati5t dies2 7#e7 9 ! case ( a robb] 7,telfy72 7#f7 9 self-def5ce 7,telfy74 7#e7 ,impiety4 ,dea? or expulsion 0 ! ,a!nian p5alty = impiety 7,telfy74 ,9 ! ,laws x is puni%$ 9 v>i\s cases by imprisonm5t = five ye>s1 = life1 & by dea?4 7#f7 ,sacrilege4 ,robb]y ( temples at ,a!ns 0 puni%$ by dea?1 refusal ( burial 9 ! l&1 & confiscation ( prop]ty 7,telfy74 ,9 ! ,laws ! citiz5 :o is guilty ( su* a crime is to 'p]i% +lori\sly & be ca/ beyond ! bord]s ( ! l&1' b 8 prop]ty is n confiscat$4 7#g7 ,sorc]y4 ,! sorc]] at ,a!ns 0 to be execut$ 7,telfy73 comp>e ,laws1 :]e x is enact$ t ! physician :o poisons & ! pr(essional sorc]] %all be puni%$ ) dea?4 7#h7 ,treason4 ,bo? at ,a!ns & 9 ! ,laws ! p5alty = treason 0 dea? 7,telfy71 & refusal ( burial 9 ! c\ntry 7,telfy74 7#i7 ,%elt]+ exiles4 ',if a man receives an exile1 he %all be puni%$ ) dea?4' ,s1 too1 9 ,a!nian law 7,telfy474 7#aj7 ,w\nd+4 ,a!nian law compell$ a man :o _h w\nd$ ano!r to g into exile2 if he return$1 he 0 to be put to dea? 7,telfy74 ,plato only puni%es ! (f5ce ) dea? :5 *ildr5 w\nd _! p>5ts or "o ano!r1 or a slave w\nds 8 ma/]4 7#aa7 ,brib]y4 ,dea? 0 ! puni%m5t = tak+ a bribe1 bo? at ,a!ns 7,telfy7 & 9 ! ,laws2 b ,a!nian law (f]$ an alt]native--! paym5t ( a f9e ( t5 times ! am\nt ( ! bribe4 7#ab7 ,!ft4 ,plato1 l ,a!nian law 7,telfy71 puni%es ! !ft ( public prop]ty by dea?2 ! !ft ( private prop]ty 9 bo? involves a f9e ( d\ble ! value ( ! /ol5 goods 7,telfy74 7#ac7 ,suicide4 ,he ':o slays him :o ( all m51 z !y say1 is 8 own be/ fri5d1' is reg>d$ 9 ! same _s by ,plato & by ,a!nian law4 ,plato w\ld h him 'buri$ +lori\sly on ! bord]s ( ! twelve portions ( ! l&1 9 su* places z are uncultivat$ & nameless1' & 'no column or inscription is to m>k ! place ( 8 int]m5t4' ,a!nian law enact$ t ! h& :i* did ! de$ %\ld be sep>at$ f ! body & be buri$ ap>t 7,telfy74 7#ad7 ,injury4 ,9 cases ( wilful injury1 ,a!nian law compell$ ! guilty p]son to pay d\ble ! damage2 9 cases ( involunt>y injury1 simple damages 7,telfy74 ,plato enacts t if a man w\nds ano!r 9 passion1 & ! w\nd is curable1 he %all pay d\ble ! damage1 if incurable or disfigur+1 f\rfold damages4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! w\nd+ is accid5tal1 he %all simply pay = ! h>m done4 7#ae7 ,treatm5t ( p>5ts4 ,a!nian law all[$ any "o to indict ano!r = neglect or illtreatm5t ( p>5ts 7,telfy74 ,s ,plato bids by/&]s assi/ a fa!r :o is assault$ by 8 son1 & all[s any "o to give in=mation aga9/ *ildr5 :o neglect _! p>5ts4 7#af7 ,execution ( s5t5ces4 ,bo? ,plato & ,a!nian law give to ! w9n] ( a suit p[] to seize ! goods ( ! los]1 if he does n pay )9 ! appo9t$ "t 7,telfy74 ,at ,a!ns ! p5alty 0 also d\bl$ 7,telfy72 n s 9 ,plato4 ,plato h[ev] puni%es contempt ( c\rt by dea?1 :i* at ,a!ns seems only to h be5 visit$ ) a fur!r f9e 7,telfy74 7#ag7 ,prop]ty4 7a7 ,bo? at ,a!ns & 9 ! ,laws a man :o has disput$ prop]ty 9 8 possession mu/ give ! "n ( ! p]son f :om he receiv$ x 7,telfy72 & any "o se>*+ = lo/ prop]ty mu/ ent] a h\se nak$ 7,telfy71 or1 z ,plato says1 'nak$1 or we>+ only a %ort tunic & )\t a girdle4 7b7 ,a!nian law1 z well z ,plato1 did n all[ a fa!r to dis9h]it 8 son )\t good reason & ! cons5t ( imp>tial p]sons 7,telfy74 ,nei!r grants to ! elde/ son any special claim on ! pat]nal e/ate 7,telfy74 ,9 ! law ( inh]itance bo? pref] males to females 7,telfy74 7c7 ,plato & ,a!nian law enact$ t a tree %\ld be plant$ at a fair di/ance f a neighb\r's prop]ty 7,telfy71 & t :5 a man c\ld n get wat]1 8 neighb\r mu/ supply him 7,telfy74 ,bo? at ,a!ns & 9 ,plato !re is a law ab\t bees1 ! =m] provid+ t a beehive mu/ be set up at n less a di/ance ?an #cjj feet f a neighb\r's 7,telfy71 & ! latt] =bidd+ ! decoy+ ( bees4 7#ah7 ,orphans4 ,a w>d mu/ proce$ aga9/ a gu>dian :om he suspects ( fraud )9 five ye>s ( ! expiration ( ! gu>dian%ip4 ,?is provision is common to ,plato & to ,a!nian law 7,telfy74 ,fur!r1 ! latt] enact$ t ! ne>e/ male relation %\ld m>ry or provide a husb& = an heiress 7,telfy71--a po9t 9 :i* ,plato foll[s x closely4 7#ai7 ,contracts4 ,plato's law t ':5 a man makes an agreem5t :i* he does n fulfil1 unless ! agreem5t be ( a nature :i* ! law or a vote ( ! assembly does n all[1 or :i* he has made "u ! influ5ce ( "s unju/ compulsion1 or :i* he is prev5t$ f fulfill+ aga9/ 8 w by "s unexpect$ *ance1--! o!r p>ty may g to law ) him1' accord+ to ,pollux 7quot$ 9 ,telfy's note7 prevail$ also at ,a!ns4 7#bj7 ,trade regulations4 7a7 ,ly+ 0 =bidd5 9 ! agora bo? by ,plato & at ,a!ns 7,telfy74 7b7 ,a!nian law all[$ an action ( recov]y aga9/ a man :o sold an uns\nd slave z s\nd 7,telfy74 ,plato's enactm5t is m explicit3 he all[s only an unskill$ p]son 7i4e4 "o :o is n a tra9] or physician7 to take proce$+s 9 su* a case4 7c7 ,plato div]ges f ,a!nian practice 9 ! disapproval ( cr$it1 & does n ev5 all[ ! supply ( goods on ! deposit ( a p]c5tage ( _! value 7,telfy74 ,he enacts t ':5 goods are ex*ang$ by buy+ & sell+1 a man %all deliv] !m & receive ! price ( !m at a fix$ place 9 ! agora1 & h done ) ! matt]1' & t 'he :o gives cr$it mu/ be satisfi$ :e!r he obta9 8 money or n1 = 9 su* ex*anges he w n be protect$ by law4 7d7 ,a!nian law =bad an extortionate rate ( int]e/ 7,telfy72 ,plato all[s int]e/ 9 "o case only--if a contractor does n receive ! price ( 8 "w )9 a ye> ( ! "t agre$--& at ! rate ( #bjj p] c5t4 p] annum = e dra*ma a mon?ly int]e/ ( an obol4 7e7 ,bo? at ,a!ns & 9 ! ,laws sales 7 to be regi/]$ 7,telfy71 z well z bir?s 7,telfy74 7#ba7 ,sumptu>y laws4 ,extravagance at w$d+s 7,telfy71 & at fun]als 7,telfy7 0 =bidd5 at ,a!ns & also 9 ! ,magnesian /ate4 ,!re rema9s ! subject ( family life1 :i* 9 ,plato's ,laws p>takes bo? ( an ,a!nian & ,sp>tan "*4 ,"u ?is head may conv5i5tly be includ$ ! condition ( wom5 & ( slaves4 ,to family life may be add$ citiz5%ip4 ,z at ,sp>ta1 m>riages are to be contract$ = ! good ( ! /ate2 & !y may be dissolv$ on ! same gr\nd1 :]e !re is a failure ( issue1--! int]e/ ( ! /ate requir+ t e "o ( ! #ejdj lots %\ld h an heir4 ,divorces are likewise p]mitt$ by ,plato :]e !re is an incompatibility ( temp]1 z at ,a!ns by mutual cons5t4 ,! duty ( hav+ *ildr5 is also en=c$ by a /ill high] motive1 express$ by ,plato 9 ! noble words3--',a man %\ld cl+ to immortality1 & leave beh9d him *ildr5's *ildr5 to be ! s]vants ( ,god 9 8 place4' ,aga91 z at ,a!ns1 ! fa!r is all[$ to put away 8 undutiful son1 b only ) ! cons5t ( imp>tial p]sons 7,telfy71 & ! only suit :i* may be br\ght by a son aga9/ a fa!r is = imbecility4 ,! class ( eld] & y\ng] m5 & wom5 are /ill to reg>d "o ano!r1 z 9 ! ,republic1 z /&+ 9 ! relation ( p>5ts & *ildr54 ,?is is a trait ( ,sp>tan "* r ?an ( ,a!nian4 ,a peculi> sanctity & t5d]ness 0 to be %[n t[>ds ! ag$2 ! p>5t or gr&p>5t /rick5 ) ye>s 0 to be lov$ & wor%ipp$ l ! image ( a ,god1 & 0 to be deem$ f> m able ?an any lifeless /atue to br+ good or ill to 8 desc5dants4 ,great c>e is to be tak5 ( orphans3 !y are entru/$ to ! fifte5 elde/ ,gu>dians ( ! ,law1 :o are to be 'lawgiv]s & fa!rs to !m n inf]ior to _! natural fa!rs1' z at ,a!ns !y 7 entru/$ to ! ,ar*ons4 ,plato wi%es to make ! mis=tune ( orphanhood z little sad to !m z possible4 ,plato1 see+ ! disord] into :i* half ! human race _h fall5 at ,a!ns & ,sp>ta1 is m9d$ to frame = !m a new rule ( life4 ,he r5\nces 8 fanciful !ory ( communism1 b /ill desires to place wom5 z f> z possible on an equality ) m54 ,!y 7 to be tra9$ 9 ! use ( arms1 !y are to live 9 public4 ,_! "t 0 p>tly tak5 up ) gymna/ic ex]cises2 !re c\ld h be5 little family or private life among !m4 ,_! lot 0 to be nei!r l t ( ,sp>tan wom51 :o 7 made h>d & common by excessive practice ( gymna/ic & ! want ( all o!r education1--nor yet l t ( ,a!nian wom51 :o1 at lea/ among ! upp] classes1 retir$ into a sort ( ori5tal seclusion1--b some?+ bett] ?an ei!r4 ,!y 7 to be ! p]fect mo!rs ( p]fect *ildr51 yet n :olly tak5 up ) ! duties ( mo!rhood1 :i* 7 to be made easy to !m z f> z possible 7comp>e ,republic71 b able to %>e 9 ! p]ils ( w> & to be ! companions ( _! husb&s4 ,"h1 m ?an any:]e else1 ! _s ( ! ,laws rev]ts to ! ,republic4 ,9 speak+ ( !m z ! companions ( _! husb&s we mu/ rememb] t x is an ,a!nian & n a ,sp>tan way ( life :i* !y are invit$ to %>e1 a life ( gaiety & brightness1 n ( au/]ity & ab/95ce1 :i* (t5 by a reaction deg5]at$ into lic5ce & grossness4 ,9 ,plato's age ! subject ( slav]y greatly int]e/$ ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m52 & h[ be/ to manage ?is 'tr\blesome piece ( goods' ex]cis$ 8 own m9d a good deal4 ,he admits t !y h (t5 be5 f\nd bett] ?an bre?r5 or sons 9 ! h\r ( dang]1 & are capable ( r5d]+ important public s]vices by in=m+ aga9/ (f5d]s--= ?is !y are to be rew>d$2 & ! ma/] :o puts a slave to dea? = ! sake ( conceal+ "s crime :i* he has committ$1 is held guilty ( murd]4 ,b !y are n always treat$ ) equal consid]ation4 ,! puni%m5ts inflict$ on !m be> no proportion to _! crimes4 ,!y are to be address$ only 9 ! language ( comm&4 ,_! ma/]s are n to je/ ) !m1 le/ !y %\ld increase ! h>d%ip ( _! lot4 ,"s privileges 7 grant$ to !m by ,a!nian law ( :i* !re is no m5tion 9 ,plato2 !y 7 all[$ to pur*ase _! fre$om f _! ma/]1 & if !y despair$ ( be+ lib]at$ by him !y c\ld dem& to be sold1 on ! *ance ( fall+ into bett] h&s4 ,b !re is no sugge/ion 9 ! ,laws t a slave :o tri$ to escape %\ld be br&$ ) ! words--kate*e me1 pheugo1 or t evid5ce %\ld be extract$ f him by torture1 t ! :ole h\sehold 0 to be execut$ if ! ma/] 0 murd]$ & ! p]petrator rema9$ undetect$3 all ^! 7 provisions ( ,a!nian law4 ,plato is m consi/5t ?an ei!r ! ,a!nians or ! ,sp>tans2 = at ,sp>ta too ! ,helots 7 treat$ 9 a mann] almo/ un9telligible to u4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y _h arms put into _! h&s1 & s]v$ 9 ! army1 n only1 z at ,plataea1 9 att5dance on _! ma/]s1 b1 aft] !y _h be5 manumitt$1 z a sep>ate body ( troops call$ ,neodamodes3 on ! o!r h&1 !y 7 ! victims ( "o ( ! greate/ crimes record$ 9 ,greek hi/ory 7,?ucyd474 ,! two great philosoph]s ( ,hellas s\ght to extricate !mselves f ?is cruel condition ( human life1 b acquiesc$ 9 ! necessity ( x4 ,a noble & pa!tic s5tim5t ( ,plato1 sugge/$ by ! ?\ght ( _! mis]y1 may be quot$ 9 ?is place3--',! "r treatm5t ( slaves is to behave prop]ly to !m1 & to d to !m1 if possible1 ev5 m ju/ice ?an to ^? :o are our equals2 = he :o naturally & g5u9ely rev]5ces ju/ice1 & hates inju/ice1 is discov]$ 9 8 deal+s ) any class ( m5 to :om he c easily be unju/4 ,& he :o 9 reg>d to ! natures & actions ( 8 slaves is undefil$ by impiety & inju/ice1 w be/ s[ ! se$s ( virtue 9 !m2 & ?is may be truly said ( e ma/]1 & tyrant1 & ( e o!r hav+ au?ority 9 relation to 8 inf]iors4' ,all ! citiz5s ( ! ,magnesian /ate 7 free & equal2 !re 0 no di/9ction ( rank among !m1 su* z is believ$ to h prevail$ at ,sp>ta4 ,_! numb] 0 a fix$ "o1 correspond+ to ! #ejdj lots4 ,"o ( ! results ( ?is is ! requirem5t t y\ng] sons or ^? :o h be5 dis9h]it$ %all g out to a colony4 ,at ,a!ns1 :]e !re 0 n ! same religi\s feel+ aga9/ increas+ ! size ( ! city1 ! numb] ( citiz5s mu/ h be5 liable to consid]able fluctuations4 ,sev]al classes ( p]sons1 :o 7 n citiz5s by bir?1 7 admitt$ to ! privilege4 ,p]petual exiles f o!r c\ntries1 p :o settl$ !re to practise a trade 7,telfy71 any "o :o _h %[n di/+ui%$ val\r 9 ! cause ( ,a!ns1 ! ,plataeans :o escap$ f ! siege1 metics & /rang]s :o (f]$ to s]ve 9 ! army1 ! slaves :o f\ght at ,arg9usae1--all ^! c\ld or did become citiz5s4 ,ev5 ^? :o 7 only on "o side ( ,a!nian p>5tage 7 at m ?an "o p]iod acc\nt$ citiz5s4 ,b at times !re seems to h aris5 a feel+ aga9/ ?is promiscu\s ext5sion ( ! citiz5 body1 an expression ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! law ( ,p]icles--mon\s ,a!nai\s e9ai t\s ek duo9 ,a!naion gegonotas 7,plut>*1 ,p]icles72 & at no "t did ! adopt$ citiz5 enjoy ! full rights ( citiz5%ip--e4g4 he might n be elect$ ar*on or to ! (fice ( prie/ 7,telfy71 al?\gh ?is prohibition did n ext5d to 8 *ildr51 if born ( a citiz5 wife4 ,plato nev] ?9ks ( mak+ ! metic1 mu* less ! slave1 a citiz54 ,8 treatm5t ( ! =m] class is at once m g5tle & m sev]e ?an t :i* prevail$ at ,a!ns4 ,he imposes ^u !m no tax b good behavi\r1 :]eas at ,a!ns !y 7 requir$ to pay twelve dra*mae p] annum1 & to h a patron3 on ! o!r h&1 he only all[s !m to reside 9 ! ,magnesian /ate on condition ( foll[+ a trade2 !y 7 requir$ to dep>t :5 _! prop]ty exce$$ t ( ! ?ird class1 & 9 any case aft] a resid5ce ( tw5ty ye>s1 unless !y c\ld %[ t !y _h conf]r$ "s great b5efit on ! /ate4 ,?is privileg$ position reflects t ( ! isoteleis at ,a!ns1 :o 7 excus$ f ! metoikion4 ,x is ,plato's greate/ concession to ! metic1 z ! be/[al ( fre$om is 8 greate/ concession to ! slave4 ,la/ly1 !re is a m g5]al po9t ( view "u :i* ! ,laws ( ,plato may be consid]$1--! pr9ciples ( ,jurisprud5ce :i* are conta9$ 9 !m4 ,^! are n =mally ann\nc$1 b are scatt]$ up & d[n1 to be obs]v$ by ! reflective read] = himself4 ,"s ( !m are only ! common pr9ciples :i* all c\rts ( ju/ice h ga!r$ f exp]i5ce2 o!rs are peculi> & *>act]i/ic4 ,t judges %\ld sit at fix$ times & he> causes 9 a regul> ord]1 t evid5ce %\ld be laid be=e !m1 t false witnesses %\ld be disall[$1 & corruption puni%$1 t def5dants %\ld be he>d be=e !y are convict$1--^! are ! rules1 n only ( ! ,hell5ic c\rts1 b ( c\rts ( law 9 all ages & c\ntries4 ,b !re are also po9ts :i* are peculi>1 & 9 :i* anci5t jurisprud5ce diff]s consid]ably f mod]n2 "s ( !m are ( great importance444,x c\ld n be said at ,a!ns1 nor 0 x ev] contemplat$ by ,plato1 t all m51 includ+ metics & slaves1 %\ld be equal '9 ! eye ( ! law4' ,!re 0 "s law = ! slave1 b n mu*2 no adequate protection 0 giv5 him aga9/ ! cruelty ( 8 ma/]444,x 0 a s+ul> privilege grant$1 bo? by ! ,a!nian & ,magnesian law1 to a murd]$ man1 t he might1 be=e he di$1 p>don 8 murd]]1 9 :i* case no legal /eps 7 aft]w>ds to be tak5 aga9/ him4 ,?is law is ! remnant ( an age 9 :i* ! puni%m5t ( (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son 0 ! conc]n r ( ! individual & 8 k9sm5 ?an ( ! /ate444,plato's division ( crimes into volunt>y & involunt>y & ^? done f passion1 only p>tially agrees ) ! di/9ction :i* mod]n law has drawn betwe5 murd] & manslaught]2 8 attempt to analyze !m is confus$ by ! ,socratic p>adox1 t ',all vice is involunt>y'444,x is s+ul> t bo? 9 ! ,laws & at ,a!ns !ft is commonly puni%$ by a tw(old re/itution ( ! article /ol54 ,! di/9ction betwe5 civil & crim9al c\rts or suits 0 n yet recogniz$444,possession gives a "r ( prop]ty aft] a c]ta9 "t444,! religi\s aspect "u :i* c]ta9 (f5ces 7 reg>d$ greatly int]f]$ ) a j & natural e/imate ( _! guilt444,z among ourselves1 ! int5t to murd] 0 di/+ui%$ by ,plato f actual murd]444,we note t bo? 9 ,plato & ! laws ( ,a!ns1 libel 9 ! m>ket-place & p]sonality 9 ! !atre 7 =bidd5444,bo? 9 ,plato & ,a!nian law1 z 9 mod]n times1 ! accomplice ( a crime is to be puni%$ z well z ! pr9cipal444,plato does n all[ a witness 9 a cause to act z a judge ( x444,oa?s are n to be tak5 by ! p>ties to a suit444,bo? at ,a!ns & 9 ,plato's ,laws capital puni%m5t = murd] 0 n to be inflict$1 if ! (f5d] 0 will+ to g into exile444,respect = ! dead1 duty t[>ds p>5ts1 are to be en=c$ by ! law z well z by public op9ion444,plato proclaims ! noble s5tim5t t ! object ( all puni%m5t is ! improvem5t ( ! (f5d]444 ,f9ally1 he repeats twice ov]1 z ) ! voice ( a prophet1 t ! crimes ( ! fa!rs are n to be visit$ ^u ! *ildr54 ,9 ?is respect he is nobly di/+ui%$ f ! ,ori5tal1 & inde$ f ! _s ( ,a!nian law 7comp>e ,telfy1--dei kai aut\s kai t\s ek t\ton atim\s e9ai71 z ! ,hebrew 9 ! age ( ,ezekial is f ! ,jewi% p ( =m] ages4 ,( all ,plato's provisions ! object is to br+ ! practice ( ! law m into h>mony ) reason & philosophy2 to secure imp>tiality1 & :ile ackn[l$g+ t e citiz5 has a "r to %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( ! c\rts to become m]e popul> assemblies4 444 ,?us we h arriv$ at ! end ( ! writ+s ( ,plato1 & at ! la/ /age ( philosophy :i* 0 really 84 ,= 9 :at foll[$1 :i* we *iefly ga!r f ! unc]ta9 intimations ( ,ari/otle1 ! _s ( ! ma/] no long] surviv$4 ,! doctr9e ( ,ideas pass$ into "o ( numb]s2 in/ead ( advanc+ f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 ! !ories ( ,plato 7 tak5 out ( _! context1 & ei!r ass]t$ or refut$ ) a provok+ lit]alism2 ! ,socratic or ,platonic elem5t 9 8 tea*+ 0 absorb$ into ! ,py?agorean or ,meg>ian4 ,8 poetry 0 conv]t$ into my/icism2 8 unsub/antial visions 7 assail$ secundum artem by ! rules ( logic4 ,8 political speculations lo/ _! int]e/ :5 ! fre$om ( ,hellas _h pass$ away4 ,( all 8 writ+s ! ,laws 7 ! fur!/ remov$ f ! traditions ( ! ,platonic s*ool 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,bo? 8 political & 8 metaphysical philosophy are = ! mo/ "p mis9t]pret$ by ,ari/otle4 ,! be/ ( him--8 love ( tru?1 & 8 'contemplation ( all "t & all exi/5ce1' 0 soone/ lo/2 & "s ( 8 greate/ ?\ghts h slept 9 ! e> ( mank9d almo/ ev] s9ce !y 7 fir/ utt]$4 ,we h foll[$ him dur+ 8 =ty or fifty ye>s ( au?or%ip1 f ! beg9n+ :5 he fir/ attempt$ to depict ! tea*+ ( ,socrates 9 a dramatic =m1 d[n to ! "t at :i* ! "* ( ,socrates _h disappe>$1 & we h ! late/ reflections ( ,plato's own m9d ^u ,hellas & ^u philosophy4 ,he1 :o 0 '! la/ ( ! poets1' 9 8 book ( ,laws writes prose only2 he has himself p>tly fall5 "u ! rhetorical influ5ces :i* 9 8 e>li] dialogues he 0 combat+4 ,! progress ( 8 writ+s is also ! hi/ory ( 8 life2 we h no o!r au!ntic life ( him4 ,!y are ! true self ( ! philosoph]1 /ripp$ ( ! accid5ts ( "t & place4 ,! great ef=t :i* he makes is1 fir/1 to realize ab/ractions1 secondly1 to connect !m4 ,9 ! attempt to realize !m1 he 0 c>ri$ into a transc5d5tal region 9 :i* he isolat$ !m f exp]i5ce1 & we pass out ( ! range ( sci5ce into poetry or fiction4 ,! fancies ( my?ology = a "t ca/ a veil ov] ! gulf :i* divides ph5om5a f onta 7,m5o1 ,pha$rus1 ,symposium1 ,pha$o74 ,9 8 return to e>? ,plato meets ) a difficulty :i* has long ceas$ to be a difficulty to u4 ,he _c und]/& h[ ^! ob/9ate1 unmanageable ideas1 resid+ alone 9 _! heav5 ( ab/raction1 c be ei!r comb9$ ) "o ano!r1 or adapt$ to ph5om5a 7,p>m5ides1 ,philebus1 ,sophi/74 ,t :i* is ! mo/ famili> process ( our own m9ds1 to him appe>$ to be ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ! dialectical art4 ,! difficulty :i* 9 8 own g5]ation ?reat5$ to be ! de/ruction ( philosophy1 he has r5d]$ unmean+ & ridicul\s4 ,= by 8 conque/s 9 ! _w ( m9d our ?\ghts are wid5$1 & he has furni%$ u ) new dialectical in/rum5ts :i* are ( great] compass & p[]4 ,we h endeav\r$ to see him z he truly 01 a great orig9al g5ius /ruggl+ ) unequal conditions ( k1 n prep>$ ) a sy/em nor evolv+ 9 a s]ies ( dialogues ideas :i* he _h long conceiv$1 b contradictory1 enquir+ z he goes along1 foll[+ ! argum5t1 fir/ f "o po9t ( view & !n f ano!r1 & !re=e arriv+ at opposite conclusions1 hov]+ ar\nd ! light1 & sometimes dazzl$ ) excess ( light1 b always mov+ 9 ! same elem5t ( ideal tru?4 ,we h se5 him also 9 8 decl9e1 :5 ! w+s ( 8 imag9ation h begun to droop1 b 8 exp]i5ce ( life rema9s1 & he turns away f ! contemplation ( ! et]nal to take a la/ sad look at human affairs4 444 ,& s hav+ br\ght into ! _w 'noble *ildr5' 7,pha$r471 he re/s f ! lab\rs ( au?or%ip4 ,m ?an two ?\s& two hundr$ ye>s h pass$ away s9ce he return$ to ! place ( ,apollo & ! ,muses4 ,yet ! e*o ( 8 words cont9ues to be he>d among m51 because ( all philosoph]s he has ! mo/ melodi\s voice4 ,he is ! inspir$ prophet or tea*] :o c nev] die1 ! only "o 9 :om ! outw>d =m adequately repres5ts ! fair s\l )92 9 :om ! ?\ghts ( all :o w5t be=e him are reflect$ & ( all :o come aft] him are p>tly anticipat$4 ,o!r tea*]s ( philosophy are dri$ up & )]$1--aft] a few c5turies !y h become du/2 b he is fre% & bloom+1 & is always begett+ new ideas 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,!y are "o-sid$ & ab/ract2 b he has _m sides ( wisdom4 ,nor is he always consi/5t ) himself1 because he is always mov+ onw>d1 & kn[s t !re are _m m ?+s 9 philosophy ?an c be express$ 9 words1 & t tru? is great] ?an consi/5cy4 ,he :o approa*es him 9 ! mo/ rev]5t _s %all reap mo/ ( ! fruit ( 8 wisdom2 he :o reads him by ! light ( anci5t comm5tators w h ! lea/ und]/&+ ( him4 ,we may see him ) ! eye ( ! m9d 9 ! groves ( ! ,academy1 or on ! banks ( ! ,ilissus1 or 9 ! /reets ( ,a!ns1 alone or walk+ ) ,socrates1 full ( ^? ?\ghts :i* h s9ce become ! common possession ( mank9d4 ,or we may comp>e him to a /atue hid away 9 "s temple ( ,zeus or ,apollo1 no long] exi/+ on e>?1 a /atue :i* has a look z ( ! ,god himself4 ,or we may once m imag9e him foll[+ 9 ano!r /ate ( be+ ! great company ( heav5 :i* he beheld ( old 9 a vision 7,pha$r474 ,s1 'p>tly trifl+1 b ) a c]ta9 degree ( s]i\sness' 7,symp471 we l+] ar\nd ! memory ( a _w :i* has pass$ away 7,pha$r474 ,,laws ,,book ,i4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,an ,a!nian ,/rang]1 ,cle9ias 7a ,cretan71 ,megillus 7a ,lac$aemonian74 ,,a!nian3 ,tell me1 ,/rang]s1 is a ,god or "s man suppos$ to be ! au?or ( y\r laws8 ,,cle9ias3 ,a ,god1 ,/rang]2 9 v tru? a ,god3 among u ,cretans he is said to h be5 ,zeus1 b 9 ,lac$aemon1 :5ce our fri5d "h comes1 ,i believe !y w\ld say t ,apollo is _! lawgiv]3 w\ld !y n1 ,megillus8 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& d y1 ,cle9ias1 believe1 z ,hom] tells1 t e n9? ye> ,m9os w5t to conv]se ) 8 ,olympian sire1 & 0 inspir$ by him to make laws = y\r cities8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 t is our tradition2 & !re 0 ,rhadaman?us1 a bro!r ( 81 ) ^: "n y are famili>2 he is reput$ to h be5 ! ju/e/ ( m51 & we ,cretans are ( op9ion t he e>n$ ?is reputation f 8 righte\s adm9i/ration ( ju/ice :5 he 0 alive4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 & a noble reputation x 01 wor?y ( a son ( ,zeus4 ,z y & ,megillus h be5 tra9$ 9 ^! in/itutions1 ,i d>e say t y w n be unwill+ to give an acc\nt ( y\r gov]nm5t & laws2 on our way we c pass ! "t pleasantly 9 talk+ ab\t !m1 = ,i am told t ! di/ance f ,cnosus to ! cave & temple ( ,zeus is consid]able2 & d\btless !re are %ady places "u ! l(ty trees1 :i* w protect u f ?is scor*+ sun4 ,be+ no long] "y1 we may (t5 /op to re/ b5ea? !m1 & get ov] ! :ole j\rney )\t difficulty1 beguil+ ! "t by conv]sation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 ,/rang]1 & if we proce$ onw>d we %all come to groves ( cypresses1 :i* are ( r>e height & beauty1 & !re are gre5 mead[s1 9 :i* we may repose & conv]se4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good1 inde$2 & /ill bett] :5 we see !m2 let u move on *e]ily4 ,,a!nian3 ,i am will+--,& fir/1 ,i want to "k :y ! law has orda9$ t y %all h common meals & gymna/ic ex]cises1 & we> arms4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ?9k1 ,/rang]1 t ! aim ( our in/itutions is easily intelligible to any "o4 ,look at ! "* ( our c\ntry3 ,crete is n l ,!ssaly1 a l>ge pla92 & = ?is reason !y h horsem5 9 ,!ssaly1 & we h runn]s--! inequality ( ! gr\nd 9 our c\ntry is m adapt$ to locomotion on foot2 b !n1 if y h runn]s y mu/ h light arms--no "o c c>ry a heavy weight :5 runn+1 & b[s & arr[s are conv5i5t because !y are light4 ,n[ all ^! regulations h be5 made ) a view to w>1 & ! legislator appe>s to me to h look$ to ?is 9 all 8 arrangem5ts3--! common meals1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 7 in/itut$ by him = a simil> reason1 because he saw t :ile !y are 9 ! field ! citiz5s are by ! nature ( ! case compell$ to take _! meals toge!r = ! sake ( mutual protection4 ,he seems to me to h ?\ght ! _w fooli% 9 n und]/&+ t all m5 are always at w> ) "o ano!r2 & if 9 w> !re ought to be common meals & c]ta9 p]sons regul>ly appo9t$ "u o!rs to protect an army1 !y %\ld be cont9u$ 9 peace4 ,= :at m5 9 g5]al t]m peace w\ld be said by him to be only a "n2 9 reality e city is 9 a natural /ate ( w> ) e o!r1 n inde$ proclaim$ by h]alds1 b ev]la/+4 ,& if y look closely1 y w f9d t ?is 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,cretan legislator2 all in/itutions1 private z well z public1 7 arrang$ by him ) a view to w>2 9 giv+ !m he 0 "u ! impression t no possessions or in/itutions are ( any value to him :o is defeat$ 9 battle2 = all ! good ?+s ( ! conqu]$ pass into ! h&s ( ! conqu]ors4 ,,a!nian3 ,y appe> to me1 ,/rang]1 to h be5 ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! ,cretan in/itutions1 & to be well in=m$ ab\t !m2 w y tell me a little m explicitly :at is ! pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t :i* y w\ld lay d[n8 ,y seem to imag9e t a well-gov]n$ /ate ought to be s ord]$ z to conqu] all o!r /ates 9 w>3 am ,i "r 9 suppos+ ?is to be y\r mean+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly2 & our ,lac$aemonian fri5d1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 w agree ) me4 ,,megillus3 ,:y1 my good fri5d1 h[ c\ld any ,lac$aemonian say any?+ else8 ,,a!nian3 ,& is :at y say applicable only to /ates1 or also to villages8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to bo? alike4 ,,a!nian3 ,! case is ! same8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& 9 ! village w !re be ! same w> ( family aga9/ family1 & ( individual aga9/ individual8 ,,cle9ias3 ,! same4 ,,a!nian3 ,& %\ld ea* man conceive himself to be 8 own enemy3--:at %all we say8 ,,cle9ias3 ,o ,a!nian ,/rang]--inhabitant ( ,attica ,i w n call y1 = y seem to des]ve r to be nam$ aft] ! goddess h]self1 because y g back to fir/ pr9ciples1--y h ?r[n a light ^u ! argum5t1 & w n[ be bett] able to und]/& :at ,i 0 j say+1--t all m5 are publicly "o ano!r's enemies1 & ea* man privately 8 own4 7,,a!nian3 ,my good sir1 :at d y mean87-- ,,cle9ias3444,moreov]1 !re is a victory & defeat--! fir/ & be/ ( victories1 ! l[e/ & wor/ ( defeats--:i* ea* man ga9s or su/a9s at ! h&s1 n ( ano!r1 b ( himself2 ?is %[s t !re is a w> aga9/ ourselves go+ on )9 e "o ( u4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u n[ rev]se ! ord] ( ! argum5t3 ,see+ t e individual is ei!r 8 own sup]ior or 8 own inf]ior1 may we say t !re is ! same pr9ciple 9 ! h\se1 ! village1 & ! /ate8 ,,cle9ias3 ,y mean t 9 ea* ( !m !re is a pr9ciple ( sup]iority or inf]iority to self8 ,,a!nian3 ,yes4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y are q "r 9 ask+ ! "q1 = !re c]ta9ly is su* a pr9ciple1 & above all 9 /ates2 & ! /ate 9 :i* ! bett] citiz5s w9 a victory ov] ! mob & ov] ! inf]ior classes may be truly said to be bett] ?an itself1 & may be ju/ly prais$1 :]e su* a victory is ga9$1 or c5sur$ 9 ! opposite case4 ,,a!nian3 ,:e!r ! bett] is ev] really conqu]$ by ! worse1 is a "q :i* requires m discussion1 & may be !re=e left = ! pres5t4 ,b ,i n[ q und]/& y\r mean+ :5 y say t citiz5s :o are ( ! same race & live 9 ! same cities may unju/ly conspire1 & hav+ ! sup]iority 9 numb]s may ov]come & enslave ! few j2 & :5 !y prevail1 ! /ate may be truly call$ its own inf]ior & !re=e bad2 & :5 !y are defeat$1 its own sup]ior & !re=e good4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y\r rem>k1 ,/rang]1 is a p>adox1 & yet we _c possibly d5y x4 ,,a!nian3 ,"h is ano!r case = consid]ation2--9 a family !re may be sev]al bro!rs1 :o are ! (fspr+ ( a s+le pair2 v possibly ! majority ( !m may be unju/1 & ! j may be 9 a m9ority4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v possibly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& y & ,i ought n to raise a "q ( words z to :e!r ?is family & h\sehold are rightly said to be sup]ior :5 !y conqu]1 & inf]ior :5 !y are conqu]$2 = we are n n[ consid]+ :at may or may n be ! prop] or cu/om>y way ( speak+1 b we are consid]+ ! natural pr9ciples ( "r & wrong 9 laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at y say1 ,/rang]1 is mo/ true4 ,,megillus3 ,q excell5t1 9 my op9ion1 z f> z we h gone4 ,,a!nian3 ,aga92 might !re n be a judge ov] ^! bre?r51 ( :om we 7 speak+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,n[1 :i* w\ld be ! bett] judge--"o :o de/roy$ ! bad & appo9t$ ! good to gov]n !mselves2 or "o :o1 :ile all[+ ! good to gov]n1 let ! bad live1 & made !m volunt>ily submit8 ,or ?ird1 ,i suppose1 9 ! scale ( excell5ce might be plac$ a judge1 :o1 f9d+ ! family di/ract$1 n only did n de/roy any "o1 b reconcil$ !m to "o ano!r = ev] aft]1 & gave !m laws :i* !y mutually obs]v$1 & 0 able to keep !m fri5ds4 ,,cle9ias3 ,! la/ w\ld be by f> ! be/ sort ( judge & legislator4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet ! aim ( all ! laws :i* he gave w\ld be ! rev]se ( w>4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& w he :o con/itutes ! /ate & ord]s ! life ( man h 9 view ext]nal w>1 or t k9d ( inte/9e w> call$ civil1 :i* no "o1 if he c\ld prev5t1 w\ld l to h occurr+ 9 8 own /ate2 & :5 occurr+1 e "o w\ld wi% to be quit ( z soon z possible8 ,,cle9ias3 ,he w\ld h ! latt] *iefly 9 view4 ,,a!nian3 ,& w\ld he pref] t ?is civil w> %\ld be t]m9at$ by ! de/ruction ( "o ( ! p>ties1 & by ! victory ( ! o!r1 or t peace & fri5d%ip %\ld be re-e/abli%$1 & t1 be+ reconcil$1 !y %\ld give _! att5tion to =eign enemies8 ,,cle9ias3 ,e "o w\ld desire ! latt] 9 ! case ( 8 own /ate4 ,,a!nian3 ,& w\ld n t also be ! desire ( ! legislator8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& w\ld n e "o always make laws = ! sake ( ! be/8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,b w>1 :e!r ext]nal or civil1 is n ! be/1 & ! ne$ ( ei!r is to be deprecat$2 b peace ) "o ano!r1 & good w1 are be/4 ,nor is ! victory ( ! /ate ov] itself to be reg>d$ z a really good ?+1 b z a necessity2 a man might z well say t ! body 0 9 ! be/ /ate :5 sick & purg$ by m$ic9e1 =gett+ t !re is also a /ate ( ! body :i* ne$s no purge4 ,& 9 l mann] no "o c be a true /atesman1 :e!r he aims at ! happ9ess ( ! individual or /ate1 :o looks only1 or fir/ ( all1 to ext]nal w>f>e2 nor w he ev] be a s\nd legislator :o ord]s peace = ! sake ( w>1 & n w> = ! sake ( peace4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i suppose t !re is tru?1 ,/rang]1 9 t rem>k ( y\rs2 & yet ,i am greatly mi/ak5 if w> is n ! entire aim & object ( our own in/itutions1 & also ( ! ,lac$aemonian4 ,,a!nian3 ,i d>e say2 b !re is no reason :y we %\ld rudely qu>rel ) "o ano!r ab\t y\r legislators1 in/ead ( g5tly que/ion+ !m1 see+ t bo? we & !y are equally 9 e>ne/4 ,please foll[ me & ! argum5t closely3--,& fir/ ,i w put =w>d ,tyrtaeus1 an ,a!nian by bir?1 b also a ,sp>tan citiz51 :o ( all m5 0 mo/ eag] ab\t w>3 ,well1 he says1 ',i s+ n1 ,i c>e n1 ab\t any man1 ev5 if he 7 ! ri*e/ ( m51 & possess$ e good 7& !n he gives a :ole li/ ( !m71 if he be n at all times a brave w>rior4' ,i imag9e t y1 too1 mu/ h he>d 8 poems2 our ,lac$aemonian fri5d has probably he>d m ?an en\gh ( !m4 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& !y h f\nd _! way f ,lac$aemon to ,crete4 ,,a!nian3 ,come n[ & let u all jo9 9 ask+ ?is "q ( ,tyrtaeus3 ,o mo/ div9e poet1 we w say to him1 ! excell5t praise :i* y h be/[$ on ^? :o excel 9 w> suffici5tly proves t y are wise & good1 & ,i & ,megillus & ,cle9ias ( ,cnosus d1 z ,i believe1 entirely agree ) y4 ,b we %\ld l to be q sure t we are speak+ ( ! same m52 tell u1 !n1 d y agree ) u 9 ?9k+ t !re are two k9ds ( w>2 or :at w\ld y say8 ,a f> inf]ior man to ,tyrtaeus w\ld h no difficulty 9 reply+ q truly1 t w> is ( two k9ds1--"o :i* is univ]sally call$ civil w>1 & is1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 ( all w>s ! wor/2 ! o!r1 z we %\ld all admit1 9 :i* we fall out ) o!r nations :o are ( a diff]5t race1 is a f> mild] =m ( w>f>e4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly1 f> mild]4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 n[1 :5 y praise & blame w> 9 ?is high-fl[n /ra91 :om are y prais+ or blam+1 & to :i* k9d ( w> are y ref]r+8 ,i suppose t y mu/ mean =eign w>1 if ,i am to judge f expressions ( y\rs 9 :i* y say t y abom9ate ^? ',:o refuse to look ^u fields ( blood1 & w n draw ne> & /rike at _! enemies4' ,& we %all naturally g on to say to him1--,y1 ,tyrtaeus1 z x seems1 praise ^? :o di/+ui% !mselves 9 ext]nal & =eign w>2 & he mu/ admit ?is4 ,,cle9ias3 ,evid5tly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!y are good2 b we say t !re are /ill bett] m5 ^: virtue is display$ 9 ! greate/ ( all battles4 ,& we too h a poet :om we summon z a witness1 ,!ognis1 citiz5 ( ,meg>a 9 ,sicily3 ',cyrnus1' he says1 'he :o is fai?ful 9 a civil broil is wor? 8 weight 9 gold & silv]4' ,& su* an "o is f> bett]1 z we affirm1 ?an ! o!r 9 a m difficult k9d ( w>1 mu* 9 ! same degree z ju/ice & temp]ance & wisdom1 :5 unit$ ) c\rage1 are bett] ?an c\rage only2 = a man _c be fai?ful & good 9 civil /rife )\t hav+ all virtue4 ,b 9 ! w> ( :i* ,tyrtaeus speaks1 _m a m]c5>y soldi] w take 8 /& & be ready to die at 8 po/1 & yet !y are g5]ally & almo/ )\t exception insol5t1 unju/1 viol5t m51 & ! mo/ s5seless ( human be+s4 ,y w ask :at ! conclusion is1 & :at ,i am seek+ to prove3 ,i ma9ta9 t ! div9e legislator ( ,crete1 l any o!r :o is wor?y ( consid]ation1 w always & above all ?+s 9 mak+ laws h reg>d to ! greate/ virtue2 :i*1 accord+ to ,!ognis1 is loyalty 9 ! h\r ( dang]1 & may be truly call$ p]fect ju/ice4 ,:]eas1 t virtue :i* ,tyrtaeus highly praises is well en\gh1 & 0 prais$ by ! poet at ! "r "t1 yet 9 place & dignity may be said to be only f\r? rate 7i4e41 x ranks aft] ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & wisdom474 ,,cle9ias3 ,/rang]1 we are degrad+ our inspir$ lawgiv] to a rank :i* is f> b5ea? him4 ,,a!nian3 ,nay1 ,i ?9k t we degrade n him b ourselves1 if we imag9e t ,lycurgus & ,m9os laid d[n laws bo? 9 ,lac$aemon & ,crete ma9ly ) a view to w>4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at ought we to say !n8 ,,a!nian3 ,:at tru? & :at ju/ice require ( u1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 :5 speak+ 9 behalf ( div9e excell5ce2--t ! legislator :5 mak+ 8 laws _h 9 view n a "p only1 & ?is ! l[e/ "p ( virtue1 b all virtue1 & t he devis$ classes ( laws answ]+ to ! k9ds ( virtue2 n 9 ! way 9 :i* mod]n inv5tors ( laws make ! classes1 = !y only inve/igate & (f] laws :5ev] a want is felt1 & "o man has a class ( laws ab\t allotm5ts & heiresses1 ano!r ab\t assaults2 o!rs ab\t t5 ?\s& o!r su* matt]s4 ,b we ma9ta9 t ! "r way ( exam9+ into laws is to proce$ z we h n[ done1 & ,i admir$ ! _s ( y\r exposition2 = y 7 q "r 9 beg9n+ ) virtue1 & say+ t ?is 0 ! aim ( ! giv] ( ! law1 b ,i ?\ght t y w5t wrong :5 y add$ t all 8 legislation _h a view only to a "p1 & ! lea/ "p ( virtue1 & ?is call$ =? my subsequ5t rem>ks4 ,w y all[ me !n to expla9 h[ ,i %\ld h lik$ to h he>d y exp\nd ! matt]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,y ought to h said1 ,/rang]--,! ,cretan laws are ) reason fam\s among ! ,hell5es2 = !y fulfil ! object ( laws1 :i* is to make ^? :o use !m happy2 & !y conf] e sort ( good4 ,n[ goods are ( two k9ds3 !re are human & !re are div9e goods1 & ! human hang ^u ! div9e2 & ! /ate :i* atta9s ! great]1 at ! same "t acquires ! less1 or1 n hav+ ! great]1 has nei!r4 ,( ! less] goods ! fir/ is heal?1 ! second beauty1 ! ?ird /r5g?1 includ+ swiftness 9 runn+ & bodily agility g5]ally1 & ! f\r? is weal?1 n ! bl9d god 7,pluto71 b "o :o is ke5 ( sight1 if only he has wisdom = 8 companion4 ,= wisdom is *ief & lead] ( ! div9e class ( goods1 & next foll[s temp]ance2 & f ! union ( ^! two ) c\rage spr+s ju/ice1 & f\r? 9 ! scale ( virtue is c\rage4 ,all ^! naturally take prec$5ce ( ! o!r goods1 & ?is is ! ord] 9 :i* ! legislator mu/ place !m1 & aft] !m he w enjo9 ! re/ ( 8 ord9ances on ! citiz5s ) a view to ^!1 ! human look+ to ! div9e1 & ! div9e look+ to _! lead] m9d4 ,"s ( 8 ord9ances w relate to contracts ( m>riage :i* !y make "o ) ano!r1 & !n to ! procreation & education ( *ildr51 bo? male & female2 ! duty ( ! lawgiv] w be to take *>ge ( 8 citiz5s1 9 y\? & age1 & at e "t ( life1 & to give !m puni%m5ts & rew>ds2 & 9 ref]5ce to all _! int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 he ought to consid] _! pa9s & pleasures & desires1 & ! vehem5ce ( all _! passions2 he %\ld keep a wat* ov] !m1 & blame & praise !m rightly by ! m\? ( ! laws !mselves4 ,also ) reg>d to ang] & t]ror1 & ! o!r p]turbations ( ! s\l1 :i* arise out ( mis=tune1 & ! deliv]ances f !m :i* prosp]ity br+s1 & ! exp]i5ces :i* come to m5 9 diseases1 or 9 w>1 or pov]ty1 or ! opposite ( ^!2 9 all ^! /ates he %\ld det]m9e & tea* :at is ! good & evil ( ! condition ( ea*4 ,9 ! next place1 ! legislator has to be c>eful h[ ! citiz5s make _! money & 9 :at way !y sp5d x1 & to h an eye to _! mutual contracts & dissolutions ( contracts1 :e!r volunt>y or involunt>y3 he %\ld see h[ !y ord] all ?is1 & consid] :]e ju/ice z well z inju/ice is f\nd or is want+ 9 _! sev]al deal+s ) "o ano!r2 & hon\r ^? :o obey ! law1 & impose fix$ p5alties on ^? :o disobey1 until ! r\nd ( civil life is end$1 & ! "t has come = ! consid]ation ( ! prop] fun]al rites & hon\rs ( ! dead4 ,& ! lawgiv] review+ 8 "w1 w appo9t gu>dians to preside ov] ^! ?+s1--"s :o walk by intellig5ce1 o!rs by true op9ion only1 & !n m9d w b9d toge!r all 8 ord9ances & %[ !m to be 9 h>mony ) temp]ance & ju/ice1 & n ) weal? or ambition4 ,?is is ! _s1 ,/rang]1 9 :i* ,i 0 & am desir\s t y %\ld pursue ! subject4 ,& ,i want to "k ! nature ( all ^! ?+s1 & h[ !y are arrang$ 9 ! laws ( ,zeus1 z !y are t]m$1 & 9 ^? ( ! ,py?ian ,apollo1 :i* ,m9os & ,lycurgus gave2 & h[ ! ord] ( !m is discov]$ to 8 eyes1 :o has exp]i5ce 9 laws ga9$ ei!r by /udy or habit1 al?\gh !y are f> f be+ self-evid5t to ! re/ ( mank9d l ourselves4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ %all we proce$1 ,/rang]8 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?9k t we mu/ beg9 aga9 z be=e1 & fir/ consid] ! habit ( c\rage2 & !n we w g on & discuss ano!r & !n ano!r =m ( virtue1 if y please4 ,9 ?is way we %all h a model ( ! :ole2 & ) ^! & simil> disc\rses we w beguile ! way4 ,& :5 we h gone ?r\gh all ! virtues1 we w %[1 by ! grace ( ,god1 t ! in/itutions ( :i* ,i 0 speak+ look to virtue4 ,,megillus3 ,v good2 & suppose t y fir/ criticize ?is prais] ( ,zeus & ! laws ( ,crete4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w try to criticize y & myself1 z well z him1 = ! argum5t is a common conc]n4 ,tell me1--7 n fir/ ! syssitia1 & secondly ! gymnasia1 inv5t$ by y\r legislator ) a view to w>8 ,,megillus3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at comes ?ird1 & :at f\r?8 ,= t1 ,i ?9k1 is ! sort ( enum]ation :i* ought to be made ( ! rema9+ p>ts ( virtue1 no matt] :e!r y call !m p>ts or :at _! "n is1 provid$ ! mean+ is cle>4 ,,megillus3 ,!n ,i1 or any o!r ,lac$aemonian1 w\ld reply t hunt+ is ?ird 9 ord]4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u see if we c discov] :at comes f\r? & fif?4 ,,megillus3 ,i ?9k t ,i c get z f> z ! f\r? head1 :i* is ! frequ5t endurance ( pa91 exhibit$ among u ,sp>tans 9 c]ta9 h&-to-h& fights2 also 9 /eal+ ) ! prospect ( gett+ a good beat+2 !re is1 too1 ! s-call$ ,crypteia1 or secret s]vice1 9 :i* wond]ful endurance is %[n1--our p w&] ov] ! :ole c\ntry by day & by night1 & ev5 9 w9t] h n a %oe to _! foot1 & are )\t b$s to lie ^u1 & h to att5d ^u !mselves4 ,m>vell\s1 too1 is ! endurance :i* our citiz5s %[ 9 _! nak$ ex]cises1 cont5d+ aga9/ ! viol5t summ] heat2 & !re are _m simil> practices1 to speak ( :i* 9 detail w\ld be endless4 ,,a!nian3 ,excell5t1 ,o ,lac$aemonian ,/rang]4 ,b h[ ought we to def9e c\rage8 ,is x to be reg>d$ only z a combat aga9/ fe>s & pa9s1 or also aga9/ desires & pleasures1 & aga9/ flatt]ies2 :i* ex]cise su* a trem5d\s p[]1 t !y make ! he>ts ev5 ( respectable citiz5s to melt l wax8 ,,megillus3 ,i %\ld say ! latt]4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 :at prec$$1 z y w rememb]1 our ,cnosian fri5d 0 speak+ ( a man or a city be+ inf]ior to !mselves3--,7 y n1 ,cle9ias8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i 04 ,,a!nian3 ,n[1 :i* is 9 ! true/ s5se inf]ior1 ! man :o is ov]come by pleasure or by pa98 ,,cle9ias3 ,i %\ld say ! man :o is ov]come by pleasure2 = all m5 deem him to be inf]ior 9 a m disgraceful s5se1 ?an ! o!r :o is ov]come by pa94 ,,a!nian3 ,b surely ! lawgiv]s ( ,crete & ,lac$aemon h n legislat$ = a c\rage :i* is lame ( "o leg1 able only to meet attacks :i* come f ! left1 b impot5t aga9/ ! insidi\s flatt]ies :i* come f ! "r8 ,,cle9ias3 ,able to meet bo?1 ,i %\ld say4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let me once m ask1 :at in/itutions h y 9 ei!r ( y\r /ates :i* give a ta/e ( pleasures1 & d n avoid !m any m ?an !y avoid pa9s2 b :i* set a p]son 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 & compel or induce him by ! prospect ( rew>d to get ! bett] ( !m8 ,:]e is an ord9ance ab\t pleasure simil> to t ab\t pa9 to be f\nd 9 y\r laws8 ,tell me :at !re is ( ?is nature among y3--,:at is !re :i* makes y\r citiz5 equally brave aga9/ pleasure & pa91 conqu]+ :at !y ought to conqu]1 & sup]ior to ! enemies :o are mo/ dang]\s & ne>e/ home8 ,,megillus3 ,i 0 able to tell y1 ,/rang]1 _m laws :i* 7 direct$ aga9/ pa92 b ,i d n "k t ,i c po9t out any great or obvi\s examples ( simil> in/itutions :i* are conc]n$ ) pleasure2 !re are "s less] provisions1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i might m5tion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,nei!r c ,i %[ any?+ ( t sort :i* is at all equally prom95t 9 ! ,cretan laws4 ,,a!nian3 ,no wond]1 my de> fri5ds2 & if1 z is v likely1 9 our se>* aft] ! true & good1 "o ( u may h to c5sure ! laws ( ! o!rs1 we mu/ n be (f5d$1 b take k9dly :at ano!r says4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y are q "r1 ,a!nian ,/rang]1 & we w d z y say4 ,,a!nian3 ,at our "t ( life1 ,cle9ias1 !re %\ld be no feel+ ( irritation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w n at pres5t det]m9e :e!r he :o c5sures ! ,cretan or ,lac$aemonian polities is "r or wrong4 ,b ,i believe t ,i c tell bett] ?an ei!r ( y :at ! _m say ab\t !m4 ,= assum+ t y h reasonably good laws1 "o ( ! be/ ( !m w be ! law =bidd+ any "y m5 to enquire :i* ( !m are "r or wrong2 b ) "o m\? & "o voice !y mu/ all agree t ! laws are all good1 = !y came f ,god2 & any "o :o says ! contr>y is n to be li/5$ to4 ,b an old man :o rem>ks any defect 9 y\r laws may communicate 8 obs]vation to a rul] or to an equal 9 ye>s :5 no "y man is pres5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly s1 ,/rang]2 & l a div9]1 al?\gh n !re at ! "t1 y seem to me q to h hit ! mean+ ( ! legislator1 & to say :at is mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,z !re are no "y m5 pres5t1 & ! legislator has giv5 old m5 free lic5ce1 !re w be no impropriety 9 our discuss+ ^! v matt]s n[ t we are alone4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,& !re=e y may be z free z y l 9 y\r c5sure ( our laws1 = !re is no discr$it 9 kn[+ :at is wrong2 he :o receives :at is said 9 a g5]\s & fri5dly _s w be all ! bett] = x4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good2 h[ev]1 ,i am n go+ to say any?+ aga9/ y\r laws until to ! be/ ( my ability ,i h exam9$ !m1 b ,i am go+ to raise d\bts ab\t !m4 ,= y are ! only p kn[n to u1 :e!r ,greek or b>b>ian1 :om ! legislator comm&$ to es*ew all great pleasures & amusem5ts & nev] to t\* !m2 :]eas 9 ! matt] ( pa9s or fe>s :i* we h j be5 discuss+1 he ?\ght t !y :o f infancy _h always avoid$ pa9s & fe>s & sorr[s1 :5 !y 7 compell$ to face !m w\ld run away f ^? :o 7 h>d5$ 9 !m1 & w\ld become _! subjects4 ,n[ ! legislator ought to h consid]$ t ?is 0 equally true ( pleasure2 he %\ld h said to himself1 t if our citiz5s are f _! y\? upw>d unacqua9t$ ) ! greate/ pleasures1 & unus$ to endure amid ! temptations ( pleasure1 & are n discipl9$ to refra9 f all ?+s evil1 ! sweet feel+ ( pleasure w ov]come !m j z fe> w\ld ov]come ! =m] class2 & 9 ano!r1 & ev5 a worse mann]1 !y w be ! slaves ( ^? :o are able to endure amid pleasures1 & h _h ! opportunity ( enjoy+ !m1 !y be+ (t5 ! wor/ ( mank9d4 ,"o half ( _! s\ls w be a slave1 ! o!r half free2 & !y w n be wor?y to be call$ 9 ! true s5se m5 & freem54 ,tell me :e!r y ass5t to my words8 ,,cle9ias3 ,on fir/ he>+1 :at y say appe>s to be ! tru?2 b to be ha/y 9 com+ to a conclusion ab\t su* important matt]s w\ld be v *ildi% & simple4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose1 ,cle9ias & ,megillus1 t we consid] ! virtue :i* foll[s next ( ^? :i* we int5d$ to discuss 7= aft] c\rage comes temp]ance71 :at in/itutions %all we f9d relat+ to temp]ance1 ei!r 9 ,crete or ,lac$aemon1 :i*1 l y\r milit>y in/itutions1 diff] f ^? ( any ord9>y /ate4 ,,megillus3 ,t is n an easy "q to answ]2 /ill ,i %\ld say t ! common meals & gymna/ic ex]cises h be5 excell5tly devis$ = ! promotion bo? ( temp]ance & c\rage4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re seems to be a difficulty1 ,/rang]1 ) reg>d to /ates1 9 mak+ words & facts co9cide s t !re c be no dispute ab\t !m4 ,z 9 ! human body1 ! regim5 :i* does good 9 "o way does h>m 9 ano!r2 & we c h>dly say t any "o c\rse ( treatm5t is adapt$ to a p>ticul> con/itution4 ,n[ ! gymnasia & common meals d a great deal ( good1 & yet !y are a s\rce ( evil 9 civil tr\bles2 z is %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,milesian1 & ,boeotian1 & ,?urian y\?1 among :om ^! in/itutions seem always to h _h a t5d5cy to degrade ! anci5t & natural cu/om ( love bel[ ! level1 n only ( man1 b ( ! bea/s4 ,! *>ge may be fairly br\ght aga9/ y\r cities above all o!rs1 & is true also ( mo/ o!r /ates :i* especially cultivate gymna/ics4 ,:e!r su* matt]s are to be reg>d$ je/+ly or s]i\sly1 ,i ?9k t ! pleasure is to be deem$ natural :i* arises out ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & wom52 b t ! int]c\rse ( m5 ) m51 or ( wom5 ) wom51 is contr>y to nature1 & t ! bold attempt 0 orig9ally due to unbridl$ lu/4 ,! ,cretans are always accus$ ( hav+ inv5t$ ! /ory ( ,ganym$e & ,zeus because !y want$ to ju/ify !mselves 9 ! enjoym5t ( unnatural pleasures by ! practice ( ! god :om !y believe to h be5 _! lawgiv]4 ,leav+ ! /ory1 we may obs]ve t any speculation ab\t laws turns almo/ entirely on pleasure & pa91 bo? 9 /ates & 9 individuals3 ^! are two f\nta9s :i* nature lets fl[1 & he :o draws f !m :]e & :51 & z mu* z he ought1 is happy2 & ?is holds ( m5 & animals--( individuals z well z /ates2 & he :o indulges 9 !m ignorantly & at ! wrong "t1 is ! rev]se ( happy4 ,,megillus3 ,i admit1 ,/rang]1 t y\r words are well spok51 & ,i h>dly "k :at to say 9 answ] to y2 b /ill ,i ?9k t ! ,sp>tan lawgiv] 0 q "r 9 =bidd+ pleasure4 ,( ! ,cretan laws1 ,i %all leave ! def5ce to my ,cnosian fri5d4 ,b ! laws ( ,sp>ta1 9 z f> z !y relate to pleasure1 appe> to me to be ! be/ 9 ! _w2 = t :i* leads mank9d 9 g5]al into ! wilde/ pleasure & lic5ce1 & e o!r folly1 ! law has clean driv5 out2 & nei!r 9 ! c\ntry nor 9 t[ns :i* are "u ! control ( ,sp>ta1 w y f9d revelries & ! _m incitem5ts ( e k9d ( pleasure :i* accompany !m2 & any "o :o meets a drunk5 & disord]ly p]son1 w imm$iately h him mo/ sev]ely puni%$1 & w n let him (f on any pret5ce1 n ev5 at ! "t ( a ,dionysiac fe/ival2 al?\gh ,i h rem>k$ t ?is may happ5 at y\r p]=mances 'on ! c>t1' z !y are call$2 & among our ,t>5t9e coloni/s ,i h se5 ! :ole city drunk at a ,dionysiac fe/ival2 b no?+ ( ! sort happ5s among u4 ,,a!nian3 ,o ,lac$aemonian ,/rang]1 ^! fe/ivities are praisewor?y :]e !re is a _s ( endurance1 b are v s5seless :5 !y are "u no regulations4 ,9 ord] to retaliate1 an ,a!nian has only to po9t out ! lic5ce :i* exi/s among y\r wom54 ,to all su* accusations1 :e!r !y are br\ght aga9/ ! ,t>5t9es1 or u1 or y1 !re is "o answ] :i* exon]ates ! practice 9 "q f impropriety4 ,:5 a /rang] expresses wond] at ! s+ul>ity ( :at he sees1 any inhabitant w naturally answ] him3--,wond] n1 ,o /rang]2 ?is is our cu/om1 & y may v likely h "s o!r cu/om ab\t ! same ?+s4 ,n[ we are speak+1 my fri5ds1 n ab\t m5 9 g5]al1 b ab\t ! m]its & defects ( ! lawgiv]s !mselves4 ,let u !n disc\rse a little m at l5g? ab\t intoxication1 :i* is a v important subject1 & w s]i\sly task ! discrim9ation ( ! legislator4 ,i am n speak+ ( dr9k+1 or n dr9k+1 w9e at all1 b ( intoxication4 ,are we to foll[ ! cu/om ( ! ,scy?ians1 & ,p]sians1 & ,c>?ag9ians1 & ,celts1 & ,ib]ians1 & ,?racians1 :o are all w>like nations1 or t ( y\r c\ntrym51 = !y1 z y say1 altoge!r ab/a98 ,b ! ,scy?ians & ,?racians1 bo? m5 & wom51 dr9k unmix$ w9e1 :i* !y p\r on _! g>m5ts1 & ?is !y ?9k a happy & glori\s in/itution4 ,! ,p]sians1 aga91 are mu* giv5 to o!r practices ( luxury :i* y reject1 b !y h m mod]ation 9 !m ?an ! ,?racians & ,scy?ians4 ,,megillus3 ,o be/ ( m51 we h only to take arms into our h&s1 & we s5d all ^! nations fly+ be=e u4 ,,a!nian3 ,nay1 my good fri5d1 d n say t2 !re h be51 z !re always w be1 flights & pursuits ( :i* no acc\nt c be giv51 & !re=e we _c say t victory or defeat 9 battle af=ds m ?an a d\btful pro( ( ! goodness or badness ( in/itutions4 ,= :5 ! great] /ates conqu] & enslave ! less]1 z ! ,syracusans h done ! ,locrians1 :o appe> to be ! be/-gov]n$ p 9 _! "p ( ! _w1 or z ! ,a!nians h done ! ,ceans 7& !re are t5 ?\s& o!r in/ances ( ! same sort ( ?+71 all ?is is n to ! po9t2 let u endeav\r r to =m a conclusion ab\t ea* in/itution 9 itself & say no?+1 at pres5t1 ( victories & defeats4 ,let u only say t su* & su* a cu/om is hon\rable1 & ano!r n4 ,& fir/ p]mit me to tell y h[ good & bad are to be e/imat$ 9 ref]5ce to ^! v matt]s4 ,,megillus3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,all ^? :o are ready at a mom5t's notice to praise or c5sure any practice :i* is matt] ( discussion1 seem to me to proce$ 9 a wrong way4 ,let me give y an illu/ration ( :at ,i mean3--,y may suppose a p]son to be prais+ :eat z a good k9d ( food1 :]eupon ano!r p]son in/antly blames :eat1 )\t ev] enquir+ into its effect or use1 or 9 :at way1 or to :om1 or ) :at1 or 9 :at /ate & h[1 :eat is to be giv54 ,& t is j :at we are do+ 9 ?is discussion4 ,at ! v m5tion ( ! ^w intoxication1 "o side is ready ) _! praises & ! o!r ) _! c5sures2 :i* is absurd4 ,= ei!r side adduce _! witnesses & approv]s1 & "s ( u ?9k t we speak ) au?ority because we h _m witnesses2 & o!rs because !y see ^? :o ab/a9 conqu]+ 9 battle1 & ?is aga9 is disput$ by u4 ,n[ ,i _c say t ,i %all be satisfi$1 if we g on discuss+ ea* ( ! rema9+ laws 9 ! same way4 ,& ab\t ?is v po9t ( intoxication ,i %\ld l to speak 9 ano!r way1 :i* ,i hold to be ! "r "o2 = if numb] is to be ! crit]ion1 are !re n myriads ^u myriads ( nations ready to dispute ! po9t ) y1 :o are only two cities8 ,,megillus3 ,i %all gladly welcome any me?od ( enquiry :i* is "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,let me put ! matt] ?us3--,suppose a p]son to praise ! keep+ ( goats1 & ! creatures !mselves z capital ?+s to h1 & !n "s "o :o _h se5 goats fe$+ )\t a goa!rd 9 cultivat$ spots1 & do+ mis*ief1 7 to c5sure a goat or any o!r animal :o has no keep]1 or a bad keep]1 w\ld !re be any s5se or ju/ice 9 su* c5sure8 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,does a capta9 require only to h nautical k 9 ord] to be a good capta91 :e!r he is sea-sick or n8 ,:at d y say8 ,,megillus3 ,i say t he is n a good capta9 if1 al?\gh he h nautical skill1 he is liable to sea-sickness4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! comm&] ( an army8 ,w he be able to comm& m]ely because he has milit>y skill if he be a c[>d1 :o1 :5 dang] comes1 is sick & drunk ) fe>8 ,,megillus3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at if besides be+ a c[>d he has no skill8 ,,megillus3 ,he is a mis]able fell[1 n fit to be a comm&] ( m51 b only ( old wom54 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( "s "o :o blames or praises any sort ( meet+ :i* is int5d$ by nature to h a rul]1 & is well en\gh :5 "u 8 presid5cy8 ,! critic1 h[ev]1 has nev] se5 ! society meet+ toge!r at an ord]ly fea/ "u ! control ( a presid5t1 b always )\t a rul] or ) a bad "o3--:5 obs]v]s ( ?is class praise or blame su* meet+s1 are we to suppose t :at !y say is ( any value8 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly n1 if !y h nev] se5 or be5 pres5t at su* a meet+ :5 rightly ord]$4 ,,a!nian3 ,reflect2 may n banquet]s & banquets be said to con/itute a k9d ( meet+8 ,,megillus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,& did any "o ev] see ?is sort ( convivial meet+ rightly ord]$8 ,( c\rse y two w answ] t y h nev] se5 !m at all1 because !y are n cu/om>y or lawful 9 y\r c\ntry2 b ,i h come across _m ( !m 9 _m diff]5t places1 & moreov] ,i h made enquiries ab\t !m :]ev] ,i w5t1 z ,i may say1 & nev] did ,i see or he> ( any?+ ( ! k9d :i* 0 c>ri$ on altoge!r rightly2 9 "s few p>ticul>s !y might be "r1 b 9 g5]al !y 7 utt]ly wrong4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean1 ,/rang]1 by ?is rem>k8 ,expla94 ,= we1 z y say1 f our inexp]i5ce 9 su* matt]s1 might v likely n "k1 ev5 if !y came 9 our way1 :at 0 "r or wrong 9 su* societies4 ,,a!nian3 ,likely en\gh2 !n let me try to be y\r in/ructor3 ,y w\ld ackn[l$ge1 w\ld y n1 t 9 all ga!r+s ( mank9d1 ( :atev] sort1 !re ought to be a lead]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we 7 say+ j n[1 t :5 m5 are at w> ! lead] ought to be a brave man8 ,,cle9ias3 ,we 74 ,,a!nian3 ,! brave man is less likely ?an ! c[>d to be di/urb$ by fe>s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t aga9 is true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& if !re 7 a possibility ( hav+ a g5]al ( an army :o 0 absolutely fe>less & imp]turbable1 %\ld we n by all means appo9t him8 ,,cle9ias3 ,assur$ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we are speak+ n ( a g5]al :o is to comm& an army1 :5 foe meets foe 9 "t ( w>1 b ( "o :o is to regulate meet+s ( ano!r sort1 :5 fri5d meets fri5d 9 "t ( peace4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& t sort ( meet+1 if att5d$ ) drunk5ness1 is apt to be unquiet4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly2 ! rev]se ( quiet4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ! revell]s z well z ! soldi]s w require a rul]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure2 no m5 m s4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we ought1 if possible1 to provide !m ) a quiet rul]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,& he %\ld be a man :o und]/&s society2 = 8 duty is to pres]ve ! fri5dly feel+s :i* exi/ among ! company at ! "t1 & to increase !m = ! future by 8 use ( ! occasion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,mu/ we n appo9t a sob] man & a wise to be our ma/] ( ! revels8 ,= if ! rul] ( dr9k]s be himself "y & drunk51 & n ov]-wise1 only by "s special good =tune w he be sav$ f do+ "s great evil4 ,,cle9ias3 ,x w be by a s+ul> good =tune t he is sav$4 ,,a!nian3 ,n[ suppose su* associations to be fram$ 9 ! be/ way possible 9 /ates1 & t "s "o blames ! v fact ( _! exi/5ce--he may v likely be "r4 ,b if he blames a practice :i* he only sees v mu* mismanag$1 he %[s 9 ! fir/ place t he is n aw>e ( ! mismanagem5t1 & also n aw>e t ev]y?+ done 9 ?is way w turn out to be wrong1 because done )\t ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a sob] rul]4 ,d y n see t a drunk5 pilot or a drunk5 rul] ( any sort w ru9 %ip1 *>iot1 army--any?+1 9 %ort1 ( :i* he has ! direction8 ,,cle9ias3 ,! la/ rem>k is v true1 ,/rang]2 & ,i see q cle>ly ! advantage ( an army hav+ a good lead]--he w give victory 9 w> to 8 foll[]s1 :i* is a v great advantage2 & s ( o!r ?+s4 ,b ,i d n see any simil> advantage :i* ei!r individuals or /ates ga9 f ! good managem5t ( a fea/2 & ,i want y to tell me :at great good w be effect$1 suppos+ t ?is dr9k+ ord9ance is duly e/abli%$4 ,,a!nian3 ,if y mean to ask :at great good accrues to ! /ate f ! "r tra9+ ( a s+le y\?1 or ( a s+le *orus--:5 ! "q is put 9 t =m1 we _c d5y t ! good is n v great 9 any p>ticul> in/ance4 ,b if y ask :at is ! good ( education 9 g5]al1 ! answ] is easy--t education makes good m51 & t good m5 act nobly1 & conqu] _! enemies 9 battle1 because !y are good4 ,education c]ta9ly gives victory1 al?\gh victory sometimes produces =getfulness ( education2 = _m h gr[n insol5t f victory 9 w>1 & ?is insol5ce has eng5d]$ 9 !m innum]able evils2 & _m a victory has be5 & w be suicidal to ! victors2 b education is nev] suicidal4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y seem to imply1 my fri5d1 t convivial meet+s1 :5 rightly ord]$1 are an important elem5t ( education4 ,,a!nian3 ,c]ta9ly ,i d4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& c y %[ t :at y h be5 say+ is true8 ,,a!nian3 ,to be absolutely sure ( ! tru? ( matt]s conc]n+ :i* !re are _m op9ions1 is an attribute ( ! ,gods n giv5 to man1 ,/rang]2 b ,i %all be v happy to tell y :at ,i ?9k1 especially z we are n[ propos+ to ent] on a discussion conc]n+ laws & con/itutions4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y\r op9ion1 ,/rang]1 ab\t ! que/ions :i* are n[ be+ rais$1 is precisely :at we want to he>4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good2 ,i w try to f9d a way ( expla9+ my mean+1 & y %all try to h ! gift ( und]/&+ me4 ,b fir/ let me make an apology4 ,! ,a!nian citiz5 is reput$ among all ! ,hell5es to be a great talk]1 :]eas ,sp>ta is r5[n$ = brevity1 & ! ,cretans h m wit ?an words4 ,n[ ,i am afraid ( appe>+ to elicit a v long disc\rse out ( v small mat]ials4 ,= dr9k+ inde$ may appe> to be a slight matt]1 & yet is "o :i* _c be rightly ord]$ accord+ to nature1 )\t correct pr9ciples ( music2 ^! are necess>y to any cle> or satisfactory treatm5t ( ! subject1 & music aga9 runs up into education g5]ally1 & !re is mu* to be said ab\t all ?is4 ,:at w\ld y say !n to leav+ ^! matt]s = ! pres5t1 & pass+ on to "s o!r "q ( law8 ,,megillus3 ,o ,a!nian ,/rang]1 let me tell y :at p]haps y d n "k1 t our family is ! prox5us ( y\r /ate4 ,i imag9e t f _! e>lie/ y\? all boys1 :5 !y are told t !y are ! prox5i ( a p>ticul> /ate1 feel k9dly t[>ds _! second c\ntry2 & ?is has c]ta9ly be5 my own feel+4 ,i c well rememb] f ! days ( my boyhood1 h[1 :5 any ,lac$aemonians prais$ or blam$ ! ,a!nians1 !y us$ to say to me1--',see1 ,megillus1 h[ ill or h[ well1' z ! case might be1 'has y\r /ate treat$ u'2 & hav+ always _h to fight y\r battles aga9/ detractors :5 ,i he>d y assail$1 ,i became w>mly atta*$ to y4 ,& ,i always l to he> ! ,a!nian tongue spok52 ! common say+ is q true1 t a good ,a!nian is m ?an ord9>ily good1 = he is ! only man :o is freely & g5u9ely good by ! div9e inspiration ( 8 own nature1 & is n manufactur$4 ,!re=e be assur$ t ,i %all l to he> y say :atev] y h to say4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 ,/rang]2 & :5 y h he>d me speak1 say boldly :at is 9 y\r ?\ghts4 ,let me rem9d y ( a tie :i* unites y to ,crete4 ,y mu/ h he>d "h ! /ory ( ! prophet ,epim5ides1 :o 0 ( my family1 & came to ,a!ns t5 ye>s be=e ! ,p]sian w>1 9 accordance ) ! response ( ! ,oracle1 & (f]$ c]ta9 sacrifices :i* ! ,god comm&$4 ,! ,a!nians 7 at t "t 9 dread ( ! ,p]sian invasion2 & he said t = t5 ye>s !y w\ld n come1 & t :5 !y came1 !y w\ld g away aga9 )\t accompli%+ any ( _! objects1 & w\ld suff] m evil ?an !y inflict$4 ,at t "t my =efa!rs =m$ ties ( hospitality ) y2 ?us anci5t is ! fri5d%ip :i* ,i & my p>5ts h _h = y4 ,,a!nian3 ,y seem to be q ready to li/52 & ,i am also ready to p]=m z mu* z ,i c ( an almo/ impossible task1 :i* ,i w nev]!less attempt4 ,at ! outset ( ! discussion1 let me def9e ! nature & p[] ( education2 = ?is is ! way by :i* our argum5t mu/ travel onw>ds to ! ,god ,dionysus4 ,,cle9ias3 ,let u proce$1 if y please4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n1 if ,i tell y :at are my notions ( education1 w y consid] :e!r !y satisfy y8 ,,cle9ias3 ,let u he>4 ,,a!nian3 ,accord+ to my view1 any "o :o w\ld be good at any?+ mu/ practise t ?+ f 8 y\? upw>ds1 bo? 9 sport & e>ne/1 9 its sev]al bran*es3 = example1 he :o is to be a good build]1 %\ld play at build+ *ildr5's h\ses2 he :o is to be a good husb&man1 at till+ ! gr\nd2 & ^? :o h ! c>e ( _! education %\ld provide !m :5 "y ) mimic tools4 ,!y %\ld le>n be=eh& ! k :i* !y w aft]w>ds require = _! art4 ,= example1 ! future c>p5t] %\ld le>n to measure or apply ! l9e 9 play2 & ! future w>rior %\ld le>n rid+1 or "s o!r ex]cise1 = amusem5t1 & ! tea*] %\ld endeav\r to direct ! *ildr5's incl9ations & pleasures1 by ! help ( amusem5ts1 to _! f9al aim 9 life4 ,! mo/ important "p ( education is "r tra9+ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! s\l ( ! *ild 9 8 play %\ld be guid$ to ! love ( t sort ( excell5ce 9 :i* :5 he gr[s up to manhood he w h to be p]fect$4 ,d y agree ) me ?us f>8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let u n leave ! mean+ ( education ambigu\s or ill-def9$4 ,at pres5t1 :5 we speak 9 t]ms ( praise or blame ab\t ! br++-up ( ea* p]son1 we call "o man educat$ & ano!r un$ucat$1 al?\gh ! un$ucat$ man may be sometimes v well educat$ = ! call+ ( a retail trad]1 or ( a capta9 ( a %ip1 & ! l4 ,= we are n speak+ ( education 9 ?is n>r[] s5se1 b ( t o!r education 9 virtue f y\? upw>ds1 :i* makes a man eag]ly pursue ! ideal p]fection ( citiz5%ip1 & tea*es him h[ rightly to rule & h[ to obey4 ,?is is ! only education :i*1 ^u our view1 des]ves ! "n2 t o!r sort ( tra9+1 :i* aims at ! acquisition ( weal? or bodily /r5g?1 or m]e clev]ness ap>t f intellig5ce & ju/ice1 is mean & illib]al1 & is n wor?y to be call$ education at all4 ,b let u n qu>rel ) "o ano!r ab\t a ^w1 provid$ t ! proposition :i* has j be5 grant$ hold good3 to wit1 t ^? :o are rightly educat$ g5]ally become good m54 ,nei!r mu/ we ca/ a slight ^u education1 :i* is ! fir/ & faire/ ?+ t ! be/ ( m5 c ev] h1 & :i*1 ?\gh liable to take a wrong direction1 is capable ( re=mation4 ,& ?is "w ( re=mation is ! great bus9ess ( e man :ile he lives4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true2 & we entirely agree ) y4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we agre$ be=e t !y are good m5 :o are able to rule !mselves1 & bad m5 :o are n4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y are q "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,let me n[ proce$1 if ,i c1 to cle> up ! subject a little fur!r by an illu/ration :i* ,i w (f] y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,d we n consid] ea* ( ourselves to be "o8 ,,cle9ias3 ,we d4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ea* "o ( u has 9 8 bosom two c\nsellors1 bo? fooli% & also antagoni/ic2 ( :i* we call ! "o pleasure1 & ! o!r pa94 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,also !re are op9ions ab\t ! future1 :i* h ! g5]al "n ( expectations2 & ! specific "n ( fe>1 :5 ! expectation is ( pa92 & ( hope1 :5 ( pleasure2 & fur!r1 !re is reflection ab\t ! good or evil ( !m1 & ?is1 :5 embodi$ 9 a decree by ! ,/ate1 is call$ ,law4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i am h>dly able to foll[ y2 proce$1 h[ev]1 z if ,i 74 ,,megillus3 ,i am 9 ! l case4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u look at ! matt] ?us3 ,may we n conceive ea* ( u liv+ be+s to be a puppet ( ! ,gods1 ei!r _! play?+ only1 or creat$ ) a purpose--:i* ( ! two we _c c]ta9ly "k8 ,b we d "k1 t ^! affections 9 u are l cords & /r+s1 :i* pull u diff]5t & opposite ways1 & to opposite actions2 & h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 virtue & vice4 ,accord+ to ! argum5t !re is "o among ^! cords :i* e man ought to grasp & nev] let g1 b to pull ) x aga9/ all ! re/2 & ?is is ! sacr$ & gold5 cord ( reason1 call$ by u ! common law ( ! ,/ate2 !re are o!rs :i* are h>d & ( iron1 b ?is "o is s(t because gold52 & !re are sev]al o!r k9ds4 ,n[ we ought always to coop]ate ) ! lead ( ! be/1 :i* is law4 ,= inasmu* z reason is beautiful & g5tle1 & n viol5t1 h] rule mu/ ne$s h m9i/]s 9 ord] to help ! gold5 pr9ciple 9 vanqui%+ ! o!r pr9ciples4 ,& ?us ! moral ( ! tale ab\t our be+ puppets w n h be5 lo/1 & ! mean+ ( ! expression 'sup]ior or inf]ior to a man's self' w become cle>]2 & ! individual1 atta9+ to "r reason 9 ?is matt] ( pull+ ! /r+s ( ! puppet1 %\ld live accord+ to its rule2 :ile ! city1 receiv+ ! same f "s god or f "o :o has k ( ^! ?+s1 %\ld embody x 9 a law1 to be h] guide 9 h] deal+s ) h]self & ) o!r /ates4 ,9 ?is way virtue & vice w be m cle>ly di/+ui%$ by u4 ,& :5 !y h become cle>]1 education & o!r in/itutions w 9 l mann] become cle>]2 & 9 p>ticul> t "q ( convivial ent]ta9m5t1 :i* may seem1 p]haps1 to h be5 a v trifl+ matt]1 & to h tak5 a great _m m words ?an 7 necess>y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! !me may turn out n to be unwor?y ( ! l5g? ( disc\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good2 let u proce$ ) any enquiry :i* really be>s on our pres5t object4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose t we give ?is puppet ( ours dr9k1--:at w be ! effect on him8 ,,cle9ias3 ,hav+ :at 9 view d y ask t "q8 ,,a!nian3 ,no?+ z yet2 b ,i ask g5]ally1 :5 ! puppet is br\ght to ! dr9k1 :at sort ( result is likely to foll[4 ,i w endeav\r to expla9 my mean+ m cle>ly3 :at ,i am n[ ask+ is ?is--,does ! dr9k+ ( w9e height5 & increase pleasures & pa9s1 & passions & loves8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v greatly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& are p]ception & memory1 & op9ion & prud5ce1 height5$ & increas$8 ,d n ^! qualities entirely des]t a man if he becomes saturat$ ) dr9k8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 !y entirely des]t him4 ,,a!nian3 ,does he n return to ! /ate ( s\l 9 :i* he 0 :5 a "y *ild8 ,,cle9ias3 ,he does4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n at t "t he w h ! lea/ control ov] himself8 ,,cle9ias3 ,! lea/4 ,,a!nian3 ,& w he n be 9 a mo/ wret*$ plight8 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ wret*$4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n only an old man b also a drunk>d becomes a second "t a *ild8 ,,cle9ias3 ,well said1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,is !re any argum5t :i* w prove to u t we ought to enc\rage ! ta/e = dr9k+ in/ead ( do+ all we c to avoid x8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i suppose t !re is2 y at any rate1 7 j n[ say+ t y 7 ready to ma9ta9 su* a doctr9e4 ,,a!nian3 ,true1 ,i 02 & ,i am ready /ill1 see+ t y h bo? decl>$ t y are anxi\s to he> me4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure we are1 if only = ! /rang5ess ( ! p>adox1 :i* ass]ts t a man ought ( 8 own accord to plunge into utt] degradation4 ,,a!nian3 ,are y speak+ ( ! s\l8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at w\ld y say ab\t ! body1 my fri5d8 ,are y n surpris$ at any "o ( 8 own accord br++ ^u himself de=mity1 leanness1 ugl9ess1 decrepitude8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,yet :5 a man goes ( 8 own accord to a doctor's %op1 & takes m$ic9e1 is he n aw>e t soon1 & = _m days aft]w>ds1 he w be 9 a /ate ( body :i* he w\ld die r ?an accept z ! p]man5t condition ( 8 life8 ,are n ^? :o tra9 9 gymnasia1 at fir/ beg9n+ r$uc$ to a /ate ( weakness8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 all t is well kn[n4 ,,a!nian3 ,also t !y g ( _! own accord = ! sake ( ! subsequ5t b5efit8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we may conceive ?is to be true 9 ! same way ( o!r practices8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! same view may be tak5 ( ! pa/ime ( dr9k+ w9e1 if we are "r 9 suppos+ t ! same good effect foll[s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,if su* convivialities %\ld turn out to h any advantage equal 9 importance to t ( gymna/ic1 !y are 9 _! v nature to be pref]r$ to m]e bodily ex]cise1 inasmu* z !y h no accompanim5t ( pa94 ,,cle9ias3 ,true2 b ,i h>dly ?9k t we %all be able to discov] any su* b5efits to be d]iv$ f !m4 ,,a!nian3 ,t is j :at we mu/ endeav\r to %[4 ,& let me ask y a "q3--,d we n di/+ui% two k9ds ( fe>1 :i* are v diff]5t8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is ! fe> ( expect$ evil4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& !re is ! fe> ( an evil reputation2 we are afraid ( be+ ?\ght evil1 because we d or say "s di%on\rable ?+1 :i* fe> we & all m5 t]m %ame4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,^! are ! two fe>s1 z ,i call$ !m2 "o ( :i* is ! opposite ( pa9 & o!r fe>s1 & ! opposite also ( ! greate/ & mo/ num]\s sort ( pleasures4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& does n ! legislator & e "o :o is good = any?+1 hold ?is fe> 9 ! greate/ hon\r8 ,?is is :at he t]ms rev]5ce1 & ! confid5ce :i* is ! rev]se ( ?is he t]ms insol5ce2 & ! latt] he always deems to be a v great evil bo? to individuals & to /ates4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,does n ?is k9d ( fe> pres]ve u 9 _m important ways8 ,:at is !re :i* s surely gives victory & safety 9 w>8 ,= !re are two ?+s :i* give victory--confid5ce be=e enemies1 & fe> ( disgrace be=e fri5ds4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re are4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ea* ( u %\ld be fe>less & also fe>ful2 & :y we %\ld be ei!r has n[ be5 det]m9$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :5 we want to make any "o fe>less1 we & ! law br+ him face to face ) _m fe>s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,cle>ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :5 we want to make him rightly fe>ful1 mu/ we n introduce him to %ameless pleasures1 & tra9 him to take up arms aga9/ !m1 & to ov]come !m8 ,or does ?is pr9ciple apply to c\rage only1 & mu/ he :o w\ld be p]fect 9 val\r fight aga9/ & ov]come 8 own natural "*1--s9ce if he be unpractis$ & inexp]i5c$ 9 su* conflicts1 he w n be half ! man :i* he might h be51--& are we to suppose1 t ) temp]ance x is o!rwise1 & t he :o has nev] f\ght ) ! %ameless & unrighte\s temptations ( 8 pleasures & lu/s1 & conqu]$ !m1 9 e>ne/ & 9 play1 by ^w1 de$1 & act1 w /ill be p]fectly temp]ate8 ,,cle9ias3 ,a mo/ unlikely supposition4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose t "s ,god _h giv5 a fe>-potion to m51 & t ! m a man drank ( ?is ! m he reg>d$ himself at e draught z a *ild ( mis=tune1 & t he fe>$ ev]y?+ happ5+ or ab\t to happ5 to him2 & t at la/ ! mo/ c\rage\s ( m5 utt]ly lo/ 8 pres5ce ( m9d = a "t1 & only came to himself aga9 :5 he _h slept (f ! influ5ce ( ! draught4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b has su* a draught1 ,/rang]1 ev] really be5 kn[n among m58 ,,a!nian3 ,no2 b1 if !re _h be51 might n su* a draught h be5 ( use to ! legislator z a te/ ( c\rage8 ,might we n g & say to him1 ',o legislator1 :e!r y are legislat+ = ! ,cretan1 or = any o!r /ate1 w\ld y n l to h a t\*/one ( ! c\rage & c[>dice ( y\r citiz5s8' ,,cle9ias3 ',i %\ld1' w be ! answ] ( e "o4 ,,a!nian3 ',& y w\ld r h a t\*/one 9 :i* !re is no risk & no great dang] ?an ! rev]se8' ,,cle9ias3 ,9 t proposition e "o may safely agree4 ,,a!nian3 ',& 9 ord] to make use ( ! draught1 y w\ld lead !m amid ^! imag9>y t]rors1 & prove !m1 :5 ! affection ( fe> 0 work+ ^u !m1 & compel !m to be fe>less1 exhort+ & admoni%+ !m2 & also hon\r+ !m1 b di%on\r+ any "o :o w n be p]suad$ by y to be 9 all respects su* z y comm& him2 & if he und]w5t ! trial well & manfully1 y w\ld let him g unsca!d2 b if ill1 y w\ld inflict a puni%m5t ^u him8 ,or w\ld y ab/a9 f us+ ! potion altoge!r1 al?\gh y h no reason = ab/a9+8' ,,cle9ias3 ,he w\ld be c]ta91 ,/rang]1 to use ! potion4 ,,a!nian3 ,?is w\ld be a mode ( te/+ & tra9+ :i* w\ld be wond]fully easy 9 comp>ison ) ^? n[ 9 use1 & might be appli$ to a s+le p]son1 or to a few1 or inde$ to any numb]2 & he w\ld d well :o provid$ himself ) ! potion only1 r ?an ) any numb] ( o!r ?+s1 :e!r he pref]r$ to be by himself 9 solitude1 & !re cont5d ) 8 fe>s1 because he 0 a%am$ to be se5 by ! eye ( man until he 0 p]fect2 or tru/+ to ! =ce ( 8 own nature & habits1 & believ+ t he _h be5 already discipl9$ suffici5tly1 he did n hesitate to tra9 himself 9 company ) any numb] ( o!rs1 & display 8 p[] 9 conqu]+ ! irresi/ible *ange effect$ by ! draught--8 virtue be+ su*1 t he nev] 9 any in/ance fell into any great unseeml9ess1 b 0 always himself1 & left (f be=e he arriv$ at ! la/ cup1 fe>+ t he1 l all o!r m51 might be ov]come by ! potion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 ,/rang]1 9 t la/ case1 too1 he might equally %[ 8 self-control4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u return to ! lawgiv]1 & say to him3--',well1 lawgiv]1 !re is c]ta9ly no su* fe>-potion :i* man has ei!r receiv$ f ! ,gods or himself discov]$2 = wit*craft has no place at our bo>d4 ,b is !re any potion :i* might s]ve z a te/ ( ov]boldness & excessive & indiscreet boa/+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i suppose t he w say1 ,yes1--mean+ t w9e is su* a potion4 ,,a!nian3 ,is n ! effect ( ?is q ! opposite ( ! effect ( ! o!r8 ,:5 a man dr9ks w9e he beg9s to be bett] pleas$ ) himself1 & ! m he dr9ks ! m he is fill$ full ( brave hopes1 & conceit ( 8 p[]1 & at la/ ! /r+ ( 8 tongue is loos5$1 & fancy+ himself wise1 he is brimm+ ov] ) lawlessness1 & has no m fe> or respect1 & is ready to d or say any?+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ?9k t e "o w admit ! tru? ( y\r description4 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,n[1 let u rememb]1 z we 7 say+1 t !re are two ?+s :i* %\ld be cultivat$ 9 ! s\l3 fir/1 ! greate/ c\rage2 secondly1 ! greate/ fe>-- ,,cle9ias3 ,:i* y said to be *>act]i/ic ( rev]5ce1 if ,i am n mi/ak54 ,,a!nian3 ,?ank y = rem9d+ me4 ,b n[1 z ! habit ( c\rage & fe>lessness is to be tra9$ amid fe>s1 let u consid] :e!r ! opposite quality is n also to be tra9$ among opposites4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is probably ! case4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re are times & seasons at :i* we are by nature m ?an commonly valiant & bold2 n[ we ought to tra9 ourselves on ^! occasions to be z free f impud5ce & %amelessness z possible1 & to be afraid to say or suff] or d any?+ t is base4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,are n ! mom5ts 9 :i* we are apt to be bold & %ameless su* z ^!8--:5 we are "u ! influ5ce ( ang]1 love1 pride1 ignorance1 av>ice1 c[>dice8 or :5 weal?1 beauty1 /r5g?1 & all ! intoxicat+ work+s ( pleasure madd5 u8 ,:at is bett] adapt$ ?an ! fe/ive use ( w9e1 9 ! fir/ place to te/1 & 9 ! second place to tra9 ! "* ( a man1 if c>e be tak5 9 ! use ( x8 ,:at is !re *eap]1 or m innoc5t8 ,= d b consid] :i* is ! great] risk3--,w\ld y r te/ a man ( a morose & savage nature1 :i* is ! s\rce ( t5 ?\s& acts ( inju/ice1 by mak+ b>ga9s ) him at a risk to y\rself1 or by hav+ him z a companion at ! fe/ival ( ,dionysus8 ,or w\ld y1 if y want$ to apply a t\*/one to a man :o is prone to love1 entru/ y\r wife1 or y\r sons1 or daught]s to him1 p]ill+ y\r de>e/ int]e/s 9 ord] to h a view ( ! condition ( 8 s\l8 ,i might m5tion numb]less cases1 9 :i* ! advantage w\ld be manife/ ( gett+ to "k a "* 9 sport1 & )\t pay+ de>ly = exp]i5ce4 ,& ,i d n believe t ei!r a ,cretan1 or any o!r man1 w d\bt t su* a te/ is a fair te/1 & saf]1 *eap]1 & spe$i] ?an any o!r4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is c]ta9ly true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ?is k ( ! natures & habits ( m5's s\ls w be ( ! greate/ use 9 t art :i* has ! managem5t ( !m2 & t art1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is politics4 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly s4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ we h to consid] :e!r ! insight into human nature is ! only b5efit d]iv$ f well-ord]$ potations1 or :e!r !re are n o!r advantages great & mu* to be desir$4 ,! argum5t seems to imply t !re are4 ,b h[ & 9 :at way ^! are to be atta9$1 w h to be consid]$ att5tively1 or we may be entangl$ 9 error4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,let me once m recall our doctr9e ( "r education2 :i*1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 dep5ds on ! due regulation ( convivial int]c\rse4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y talk r gr&ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,pleasure & pa9 ,i ma9ta9 to be ! fir/ p]ceptions ( *ildr51 & ,i say t !y are ! =ms "u :i* virtue & vice are orig9ally pres5t to !m4 ,z to wisdom & true & fix$ op9ions1 happy is ! man :o acquires !m1 ev5 :5 decl9+ 9 ye>s2 & we may say t he :o possesses !m1 & ! bless+s :i* are conta9$ 9 !m1 is a p]fect man4 ,n[ ,i mean by education t tra9+ :i* is giv5 by suitable habits to ! fir/ in/9cts ( virtue 9 *ildr52--:5 pleasure1 & fri5d%ip1 & pa91 & hatr$1 are rightly implant$ 9 s\ls n yet capable ( und]/&+ ! nature ( !m1 & :o f9d !m1 aft] !y h atta9$ reason1 to be 9 h>mony ) h]4 ,?is h>mony ( ! s\l1 tak5 z a :ole1 is virtue2 b ! p>ticul> tra9+ 9 respect ( pleasure & pa91 :i* leads y always to hate :at y ought to hate1 & love :at y ought to love f ! beg9n+ ( life to ! end1 may be sep>at$ (f2 &1 9 my view1 w be rightly call$ education4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ?9k1 ,/rang]1 t y are q "r 9 all t y h said & are say+ ab\t education4 ,,a!nian3 ,i am glad to he> t y agree ) me2 =1 inde$1 ! discipl9e ( pleasure & pa9 :i*1 :5 rightly ord]$1 is a pr9ciple ( education1 has be5 (t5 relax$ & corrupt$ 9 human life4 ,& ! ,gods1 pity+ ! toils :i* our race is born to und]go1 h appo9t$ holy fe/ivals1 :]e9 m5 alt]nate re/ ) lab\r2 & h giv5 !m ! ,muses & ,apollo1 ! lead] ( ! ,muses1 & ,dionysus1 to be companions 9 _! revels1 t !y may improve _! education by tak+ "p 9 ! fe/ivals ( ! ,gods1 & ) _! help4 ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r a common say+ is 9 our op9ion true to nature or n4 ,= m5 say t ! "y ( all creatures _c be quiet 9 _! bodies or 9 _! voices2 !y are always want+ to move & cry out2 "s leap+ & skipp+1 & ov]fl[+ ) sportiv5ess & delight at some?+1 o!rs utt]+ all sorts ( cries4 ,b1 :]eas ! animals h no p]ception ( ord] or disord] 9 _! movem5ts1 t is1 ( rhy?m or h>mony1 z !y are call$1 to u1 ! ,gods1 :o1 z we say1 h be5 appo9t$ to be our companions 9 ! dance1 h giv5 ! pleasurable s5se ( h>mony & rhy?m2 & s !y /ir u into life1 & we foll[ !m1 jo9+ h&s toge!r 9 dances & songs2 & ^! !y call *oruses1 :i* is a t]m naturally expressive ( *e]fulness4 ,%all we beg91 !n1 ) ! ackn[l$gm5t t education is fir/ giv5 ?r\gh ,apollo & ! ,muses8 ,:at d y say8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ass5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! un$ucat$ is he :o has n be5 tra9$ 9 ! *orus1 & ! educat$ is he :o has be5 well tra9$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! *orus is made up ( two p>ts1 dance & song8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n he :o is well educat$ w be able to s+ & dance well8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i suppose t he w4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u see2 :at are we say+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,he s+s well & dances well2 n[ mu/ we add t he s+s :at is good & dances :at is good8 ,,cle9ias3 ,let u make ! addition4 ,,a!nian3 ,we w suppose t he kn[s ! good to be good1 & ! bad to be bad1 & makes use ( !m accord+ly3 :i* n[ is ! bett] tra9$ 9 danc+ & music--he :o is able to move 8 body & to use 8 voice 9 :at is und]/ood to be ! "r mann]1 b has no delight 9 good or hatr$ ( evil2 or he :o is incorrect 9 ge/ure & voice1 b is "r 9 8 s5se ( pleasure & pa91 & welcomes :at is good1 & is (f5d$ at :at is evil8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re is a great diff]5ce1 ,/rang]1 9 ! two k9ds ( education4 ,,a!nian3 ,if we ?ree "k :at is good 9 song & dance1 !n we truly "k also :o is educat$ & :o is un$ucat$2 b if n1 !n we c]ta9ly %all n "k :]e9 lies ! safegu>d ( education1 & :e!r !re is any or n4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u foll[ ! sc5t l h\nds1 & g 9 pursuit ( beauty ( figure1 & melody1 & song1 & dance2 if ^! escape u1 !re w be no use 9 talk+ ab\t true education1 :e!r ,hell5ic or b>b>ian4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at is beauty ( figure1 or beautiful melody8 ,:5 a manly s\l is 9 tr\ble1 & :5 a c[>dly s\l is 9 simil> case1 are !y likely to use ! same figures & ge/ures1 or to give utt]ance to ! same s\nds8 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ c !y1 :5 ! v col\rs ( _! faces diff]8 ,,a!nian3 ,good1 my fri5d2 ,i may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 9 pass+1 t 9 music !re c]ta9ly are figures & !re are melodies3 & music is conc]n$ ) h>mony & rhy?m1 s t y may speak ( a melody or figure hav+ good rhy?m or good h>mony--! t]m is correct en\gh2 b to speak metaphorically ( a melody or figure hav+ a 'good col\r1' z ! ma/]s ( *oruses d1 is n all[able1 al?\gh y c speak ( ! melodies or figures ( ! brave & ! c[>d1 prais+ ! "o & c5sur+ ! o!r4 ,& n to be t$i\s1 let u say t ! figures & melodies :i* are expressive ( virtue ( s\l or body1 or ( images ( virtue1 are )\t exception good1 & ^? :i* are expressive ( vice are ! rev]se ( good4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y\r sugge/ion is excell5t2 & let u answ] t ^! ?+s are s4 ,,a!nian3 ,once m1 are all ( u equally delight$ ) e sort ( dance8 ,,cle9ias3 ,f> o!rwise4 ,,a!nian3 ,:at1 !n1 leads u a/ray8 ,are beautiful ?+s n ! same to u all1 or are !y ! same 9 !mselves1 b n 9 our op9ion ( !m8 ,= no "o w admit t =ms ( vice 9 ! dance are m beautiful ?an =ms ( virtue1 or t he himself delights 9 ! =ms ( vice1 & o!rs 9 a muse ( ano!r "*4 ,& yet mo/ p]sons say1 t ! excell5ce ( music is to give pleasure to our s\ls4 ,b ?is is intol]able & blasphem\s2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a mu* m plausible acc\nt ( ! delusion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,! adaptation ( art to ! *>act]s ( m54 ,*oric movem5ts are imitations ( mann]s occurr+ 9 v>i\s actions1 =tunes1 dispositions1--ea* p>ticul> is imitat$1 & ^? to :om ! words1 or songs1 or dances are suit$1 ei!r by nature or habit or bo?1 _c help feel+ pleasure 9 !m & applaud+ !m1 & call+ !m beautiful4 ,b ^? ^: natures1 or ways1 or habits are unsuit$ to !m1 _c delight 9 !m or applaud !m1 & !y call !m base4 ,!re are o!rs1 aga91 ^: natures are "r & _! habits wrong1 or ^: habits are "r & _! natures wrong1 & !y praise "o ?+1 b are pleas$ at ano!r4 ,= !y say t all ^! imitations are pleasant1 b n good4 ,& 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :om !y ?9k wise1 !y are a%am$ ( danc+ & s++ 9 ! bas] mann]1 or ( delib]ately l5d+ any c\nt5ance to su* proce$+s2 & yet1 !y h a secret pleasure 9 !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is any h>m done to ! lov] ( vici\s dances or songs1 or any good done to ! approv] ( ! opposite sort ( pleasure8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ?9k t !re is4 ,,a!nian3 ',i ?9k' is n ! ^w1 b ,i w\ld say1 r1 ',i am c]ta94' ,= mu/ !y n h ! same effect z :5 a man associates ) bad *>act]s1 :om he likes & approves r ?an dislikes1 & only c5sures playfully because he has a suspicion ( 8 own badness8 ,9 t case1 he :o takes pleasure 9 !m w surely become l ^? 9 :om he takes pleasure1 ev5 ?\gh he be a%am$ to praise !m4 ,& :at great] good or evil c any de/9y ev] make u und]go8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i "k ( none4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n 9 a city :i* has good laws1 or 9 future ages is to h !m1 be>+ 9 m9d ! in/ruction & amusem5t :i* are giv5 by music1 c we suppose t ! poets are to be all[$ to tea* 9 ! dance any?+ :i* !y !mselves l1 9 ! way ( rhy?m1 or melody1 or words1 to ! "y *ildr5 ( any well-condition$ p>5ts8 ,is ! poet to tra9 8 *oruses z he pleases1 )\t ref]5ce to virtue or vice8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is surely q unreasonable1 & is n to be ?\ght (4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet he may d ?is 9 almo/ any /ate ) ! exception ( ,egypt4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& :at are ! laws ab\t music & danc+ 9 ,egypt8 ,,a!nian3 ,y w wond] :5 ,i tell y3 ,long ago !y appe> to h recogniz$ ! v pr9ciple ( :i* we are n[ speak+--t _! "y citiz5s mu/ be habituat$ to =ms & /ra9s ( virtue4 ,^! !y fix$1 & exhibit$ ! patt]ns ( !m 9 _! temples2 & no pa9t] or arti/ is all[$ to innovate ^u !m1 or to leave ! traditional =ms & inv5t new ones4 ,to ?is day1 no alt]ation is all[$ ei!r 9 ^! arts1 or 9 music at all4 ,& y w f9d t _! works ( art are pa9t$ or m\ld$ 9 ! same =ms :i* !y _h t5 ?\s& ye>s ago2--?is is lit]ally true & no exagg]ation1--_! anci5t pa9t+s & sculptures are n a :it bett] or worse ?an ! "w ( to-day1 b are made ) j ! same skill4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ extraord9>y6 ,,a!nian3 ,i %\ld r say1 ,h[ /atesmanlike1 h[ wor?y ( a legislator6 ,i "k t o!r ?+s 9 ,egypt are n s well4 ,b :at ,i am tell+ y ab\t music is true & des]v+ ( consid]ation1 because %[+ t a lawgiv] may in/itute melodies :i* h a natural tru? & correctness )\t any fe> ( failure4 ,to d ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ! "w ( ,god1 or ( a div9e p]son2 9 ,egypt !y h a tradition t _! anci5t *ants :i* h be5 pres]v$ = s _m ages are ! composition ( ! ,goddess ,isis4 ,& !re=e1 z ,i 0 say+1 if a p]son c only f9d 9 any way ! natural melodies1 he may confid5tly embody !m 9 a fix$ & legal =m4 ,= ! love ( novelty :i* arises out ( pleasure 9 ! new & we>9ess ( ! old1 has n /r5g? en\gh to corrupt ! consecrat$ song & dance1 "u ! plea t !y h become antiquat$4 ,at any rate1 !y are f> f be+ corrupt$ 9 ,egypt4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y\r argum5ts seem to prove y\r po9t4 ,,a!nian3 ,may we n confid5tly say t ! true use ( music & ( *oral fe/ivities is z foll[s3 ,we rejoice :5 we ?9k t we prosp]1 & aga9 we ?9k t we prosp] :5 we rejoice8 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :5 rejoic+ 9 our good =tune1 we are unable to be /ill8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,our "y m5 break =? into danc+ & s++1 & we :o are _! eld]s deem t we are fulfill+ our "p 9 life :5 we look on at !m4 ,hav+ lo/ our agility1 we delight 9 _! sports & m]ry-mak+1 because we love to ?9k ( our =m] selves2 & gladly in/itute conte/s = ^? :o are able to awak5 9 u ! memory ( our y\?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,is x altoge!r unmean+ to say1 z ! common p d ab\t fe/ivals1 t he %\ld be adjudg$ ! wise/ ( m51 & ! w9n] ( ! palm1 :o gives u ! greate/ am\nt ( pleasure & mir?8 ,= on su* occasions1 & :5 mir? is ! ord] ( ! day1 ought n he to be hon\r$ mo/1 &1 z ,i 0 say+1 be> ! palm1 :o gives mo/ mir? to ! greate/ numb]8 ,n[ is ?is a true way ( speak+ or ( act+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,possibly4 ,,a!nian3 ,b1 my de> fri5d1 let u di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t cases1 & n be ha/y 9 =m+ a judgm5t3 ,"o way ( consid]+ ! "q w be to imag9e a fe/ival at :i* !re are ent]ta9m5ts ( all sorts1 includ+ gymna/ic1 musical1 & eque/rian conte/s3 ! citiz5s are assembl$2 prizes are (f]$1 & proclamation is made t any "o :o likes may ent] ! li/s1 & t he is to be> ! palm :o gives ! mo/ pleasure to ! spectators--!re is to be no regulation ab\t ! mann] h[2 b he :o is mo/ successful 9 giv+ pleasure is to be cr[n$ victor1 & deem$ to be ! pleasante/ ( ! c&idates3 ,:at is likely to be ! result ( su* a proclamation8 ,,cle9ias3 ,9 :at respect8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re w\ld be v>i\s exhibitions3 "o man1 l ,hom]1 w exhibit a rhapsody1 ano!r a p]=mance on ! lute2 "o w h a trag$y1 & ano!r a com$y4 ,nor w\ld !re be any?+ a/oni%+ 9 "s "o imag9+ t he c\ld ga9 ! prize by exhibit+ a puppet-%[4 ,suppose ^! competitors to meet1 & n ^! only1 b innum]able o!rs z well--c y tell me :o ought to be ! victor8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i d n see h[ any "o c answ] y1 or pret5d to "k1 unless he has he>d ) 8 own e>s ! sev]al competitors2 ! "q is absurd4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n1 if nei!r ( y c answ]1 %all ,i answ] ?is "q :i* y deem s absurd8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,if v small *ildr5 are to det]m9e ! "q1 !y w decide = ! puppet %[4 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,! old] *ildr5 w be advocates ( com$y2 educat$ wom51 & "y m51 & p 9 g5]al1 w fav\r trag$y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v likely4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ,i believe t we old m5 w\ld h ! greate/ pleasure 9 he>+ a rhapsodi/ recite well ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 or "o ( ! ,hesiodic poems1 & w\ld aw>d ! victory to him4 ,b1 :o w\ld really be ! victor8--t is ! "q4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,cle>ly y & ,i w h to decl>e t ^? :om we old m5 adjudge victors ought to w92 = our ways are f> & away bett] ?an any :i* at pres5t exi/ any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,?us f> ,i too %\ld agree ) ! _m1 t ! excell5ce ( music is to be measur$ by pleasure4 ,b ! pleasure mu/ n be t ( *ance p]sons2 ! faire/ music is t :i* delights ! be/ & be/ educat$1 & especially t :i* delights ! "o man :o is pre-em95t 9 virtue & education4 ,& !re=e ! judges mu/ be m5 ( "*1 = !y w require bo? wisdom & c\rage2 ! true judge mu/ n draw 8 inspiration f ! !atre1 nor ought he to be unn]v$ by ! clam\r ( ! _m & 8 own incapacity2 nor aga91 kn[+ ! tru?1 ought he ?r\gh c[>dice & unmanl9ess c>elessly to deliv] a ly+ judgm5t1 ) ! v same lips :i* h j appeal$ to ! ,gods be=e he judg$4 ,he is sitt+ n z ! disciple ( ! !atre1 b1 9 8 prop] place1 z _! in/ructor1 & he ought to be ! enemy ( all p&]+ to ! pleasure ( ! spectators4 ,! anci5t & common cu/om ( ,hellas1 :i* /ill prevails 9 ,italy & ,sicily1 did c]ta9ly leave ! judgm5t to ! body ( spectators1 :o det]m9$ ! victor by %[ ( h&s4 ,b ?is cu/om has be5 ! de/ruction ( ! poets2 = !y are n[ 9 ! habit ( compos+ ) a view to please ! bad ta/e ( _! judges1 & ! result is t ! spectators in/ruct !mselves2--& also x has be5 ! ru9 ( ! !atre2 !y ought to be hav+ *>act]s put be=e !m bett] ?an _! own1 & s receiv+ a high] pleasure1 b n[ by _! own act ! opposite result foll[s4 ,:at inf]5ce is to be drawn f all ?is8 ,%all ,i tell y8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,! inf]5ce at :i* we arrive = ! ?ird or f\r? "t is1 t education is ! con/ra9+ & direct+ ( y\? t[>ds t "r reason1 :i* ! law affirms1 & :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! elde/ & be/ has agre$ to be truly "r4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t ! s\l ( ! *ild may n be habituat$ to feel joy & sorr[ 9 a mann] at v>iance ) ! law1 & ^? :o obey ! law1 b may r foll[ ! law & rejoice & sorr[ at ! same ?+s z ! ag$--9 ord]1 ,i say1 to produce ?is effect1 *ants appe> to h be5 inv5t$1 :i* really en*ant1 & are design$ to implant t h>mony ( :i* we speak4 ,&1 because ! m9d ( ! *ild is incapable ( endur+ s]i\s tra9+1 !y are call$ plays & songs1 & are p]=m$ 9 play2 j z :5 m5 are sick & ail+ 9 _! bodies1 _! att5dants give !m :olesome diet 9 pleasant meats & dr9ks1 b un:olesome diet 9 disagreeable ?+s1 9 ord] t !y may le>n1 z !y ought1 to l ! "o1 & to dislike ! o!r4 ,& simil>ly ! true legislator w p]suade1 &1 if he _c p]suade1 w compel ! poet to express1 z he ought1 by fair & noble words1 9 8 rhy?ms1 ! figures1 & 9 8 melodies1 ! music ( temp]ate & brave & 9 e way good m54 ,,cle9ias3 ,b d y really imag9e1 ,/rang]1 t ?is is ! way 9 :i* poets g5]ally compose 9 ,/ates at ! pres5t day8 ,z f> z ,i c obs]ve1 except among u & among ! ,lac$aemonians1 !re are no regulations l ^? ( :i* y speak2 9 o!r places novelties are always be+ introduc$ 9 danc+ & 9 music1 g5]ally n "u ! au?ority ( any law1 b at ! in/igation ( lawless pleasures2 & ^! pleasures are s f> f be+ ! same1 z y describe ! ,egyptian to be1 or hav+ ! same pr9ciples1 t !y are nev] ! same4 ,,a!nian3 ,mo/ true1 ,cle9ias2 & ,i d>esay t ,i may h express$ myself obscurely1 & s l$ y to imag9e t ,i 0 speak+ ( "s really exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 :]eas ,i 0 only say+ :at regulations ,i w\ld l to h ab\t music2 & h5ce !re occurr$ a misappreh5sion on y\r "p4 ,= :5 evils are f> gone & irrem$iable1 ! task ( c5sur+ !m is nev] pleasant1 al?\gh at times necess>y4 ,b z we d n really diff]1 w y let me ask y :e!r y consid] su* in/itutions to be m preval5t among ! ,cretans & ,lac$aemonians ?an among ! o!r ,hell5es8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly !y are4 ,,a!nian3 ,& if !y 7 ext5d$ to ! o!r ,hell5es1 w\ld x be an improvem5t on ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,a v great improvem5t1 if ! cu/oms :i* prevail among !m 7 su* z prevail among u & ! ,lac$aemonians1 & su* z y 7 j n[ say+ ought to prevail4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u see :e!r we und]/& "o ano!r3--,are n ! pr9ciples ( education & music :i* prevail among y z foll[s3 y compel y\r poets to say t ! good man1 if he be temp]ate & j1 is =tunate & happy2 & ?is :e!r he be great & /rong or small & weak1 & :e!r he be ri* or poor2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if he h a weal? pass+ t ( ,c9yras or ,midas1 & be unju/1 he is wret*$ & lives 9 mis]y8 ,z ! poet says1 & ) tru?3 ,i s+ n1 ,i c>e n ab\t him :o accompli%es all noble ?+s1 n hav+ ju/ice2 let him :o 'draws ne> & /ret*es out 8 h& aga9/ 8 enemies be a j man4' ,b if he be unju/1 ,i w\ld n h him 'look calmly ^u bloody dea?1' nor 'surpass 9 swiftness ! ,?racian ,boreas2' & let no o!r ?+ t is call$ good ev] be 84 ,= ! goods ( :i* ! _m speak are n really good3 fir/ 9 ! catalogue is plac$ heal?1 beauty next1 weal? ?ird2 & !n innum]able o!rs1 z = example to h a ke5 eye or a quick e>1 & 9 g5]al to h all ! s5ses p]fect2 or1 aga91 to be a tyrant & d z y l2 & ! f9al consummation ( happ9ess is to h acquir$ all ^! ?+s1 & :5 y h acquir$ !m to become at once immortal4 ,b y & ,i say1 t :ile to ! j & holy all ^! ?+s are ! be/ ( possessions1 to ! unju/ !y are all1 includ+ ev5 heal?1 ! greate/ ( evils4 ,= 9 tru?1 to h sight1 & he>+1 & ! use ( ! s5ses1 or to live at all )\t ju/ice & virtue1 ev5 ?\gh a man be ri* 9 all ! s-call$ goods ( =tune1 is ! greate/ ( evils1 if life be immortal2 b n s great1 if ! bad man lives only a v %ort "t4 ,^! are ! tru?s :i*1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 y w p]suade or compel y\r poets to utt] ) suitable accompanim5ts ( h>mony & rhy?m1 & 9 ^! !y mu/ tra9 up y\r y\?4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,= ,i pla9ly decl>e t evils z !y are t]m$ are goods to ! unju/1 & only evils to ! j1 & t goods are truly good to ! good1 b evil to ! evil4 ,let me ask aga91 ,are y & ,i agre$ ab\t ?is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ?9k t we p>tly agree & p>tly d n4 ,,a!nian3 ,:5 a man has heal? & weal? & a tyranny :i* la/s1 & :5 he is pre-em95t 9 /r5g? & c\rage1 & has ! gift ( immortality1 & none ( ! s-call$ evils :i* c\nt]-balance ^! goods1 b only ! inju/ice & insol5ce ( 8 own nature--( su* an "o y are1 ,i suspect1 unwill+ to believe t he is mis]able r ?an happy4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,once m3 ,suppose t he be valiant & /rong1 & h&some & ri*1 & does ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life :atev] he likes1 /ill1 if he be unrighte\s & insol5t1 w\ld n bo? ( y agree t he w ( necessity live basely8 ,y w surely grant s mu*8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& an evil life too8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i am n equally dispos$ to grant t4 ,,a!nian3 ,w he n live pa9fully & to 8 own disadvantage8 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ c ,i possibly say s8 ,,a!nian3 ,h[6 ,!n may ,heav5 make u to be ( "o m9d1 = n[ we are ( two4 ,to me1 de> ,cle9ias1 ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+ is z pla9 z ! fact t ,crete is an isl&4 ,&1 if ,i 7 a lawgiv]1 ,i w\ld try to make ! poets & all ! citiz5s speak 9 ?is /ra91 & ,i w\ld inflict ! heavie/ p5alties on any "o 9 all ! l& :o %\ld d>e to say t !re are bad m5 :o lead pleasant lives1 or t ! pr(itable & ga9ful is "o ?+1 & ! j ano!r2 & !re are _m o!r matt]s ab\t :i* ,i %\ld make my citiz5s speak 9 a mann] diff]5t f ! ,cretans & ,lac$aemonians ( ?is age1 & ,i may say1 inde$1 f ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,= tell me1 my good fri5ds1 by ,zeus & ,apollo tell me1 if ,i 7 to ask ^! same ,gods :o 7 y\r legislators1--,is n ! mo/ j life also ! pleasante/8 or are !re two lives1 "o ( :i* is ! ju/e/ & ! o!r ! pleasante/8--& !y 7 to reply t !re are two2 & !reupon ,i proce$$ to ask1 7t w\ld be ! "r way ( pursu+ ! enquiry71 ,:i* are ! happi]--^? :o lead ! ju/e/1 or ^? :o lead ! pleasante/ life8 & !y repli$1 ,^? :o lead ! pleasante/--t w\ld be a v /range answ]1 :i* ,i %\ld n l to put into ! m\? ( ! ,gods4 ,! words w come ) m propriety f ! lips ( fa!rs & legislators1 & !re=e ,i w repeat my =m] que/ions to "o ( !m1 & suppose him to say aga9 t he :o leads ! pleasante/ life is ! happie/4 ,& to t ,i rejo93--,o my fa!r1 did y n wi% me to live z happily z possible8 ,& yet y also nev] ceas$ tell+ me t ,i %\ld live z ju/ly z possible4 ,n[1 "h ! giv] ( ! rule1 :e!r he be legislator or fa!r1 w be 9 a dilemma1 & w 9 va9 endeav\r to be consi/5t ) himself4 ,b if he 7 to decl>e t ! ju/e/ life is also ! happie/1 e "o he>+ him w\ld enquire1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 :at is t good & noble pr9ciple 9 life :i* ! law approves1 & :i* is sup]ior to pleasure4 ,= :at good c ! j man h :i* is sep>at$ f pleasure8 ,%all we say t glory & fame1 com+ f ,gods & m51 ?\gh good & noble1 are nev]!less unpleasant1 & infamy pleasant8 ,c]ta9ly n1 sweet legislator4 ,or %all we say t ! n-do+ ( wrong & !re be+ no wrong done is good & hon\rable1 al?\gh !re is no pleasure 9 x1 & t ! do+ wrong is pleasant1 b evil & base8 ,,cle9ias3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,! view :i* id5tifies ! pleasant & ! pleasant & ! j & ! good & ! noble has an excell5t moral & religi\s t5d5cy4 ,& ! opposite view is mo/ at v>iance ) ! designs ( ! legislator1 & is1 9 8 op9ion1 infam\s2 = no "o1 if he c help1 w be p]suad$ to d t :i* gives him m pa9 ?an pleasure4 ,b z di/ant prospects are apt to make u dizzy1 especially 9 *ildhood1 ! legislator w try to purge away ! d>kness & exhibit ! tru?2 he w p]suade ! citiz5s1 9 "s way or o!r1 by cu/oms & praises & words1 t j & unju/ are %ad[s only1 & t inju/ice1 :i* seems oppos$ to ju/ice1 :5 contemplat$ by ! unju/ & evil man appe>s pleasant & ! j mo/ unpleasant2 b t f ! j man's po9t ( view1 ! v opposite is ! appe>ance ( bo? ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :i* may be suppos$ to be ! tru] judgm5t--t ( ! inf]ior or ( ! bett] s\l8 ,,cle9ias3 ,surely1 t ( ! bett] s\l4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ! unju/ life mu/ n only be m base & deprav$1 b also m unpleasant ?an ! j & holy life8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t seems to be impli$ 9 ! pres5t argum5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ev5 suppos+ ?is 7 o!rwise1 & n z ! argum5t has prov51 /ill ! lawgiv]1 :o is wor? any?+1 if he ev] v5tures to tell a lie to ! "y = _! good1 c\ld n inv5t a m useful lie ?an ?is1 or "o :i* w h a bett] effect 9 mak+ !m d :at is "r1 n on compulsion b volunt>ily4 ,,cle9ias3 ,tru?1 ,/rang]1 is a noble ?+ & a la/+1 b a ?+ ( :i* m5 are h>d to be p]suad$4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet ! /ory ( ! ,sidonian ,cadmus1 :i* is s improbable1 has be5 readily believ$1 & also innum]able o!r tales4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is t /ory8 ,,a!nian3 ,! /ory ( arm$ m5 spr++ up aft] ! s[+ ( tee?1 :i* ! legislator may take z a pro( t he c p]suade ! m9ds ( ! "y ( any?+2 s t he has only to reflect & f9d out :at belief w be ( ! greate/ public advantage1 & !n use all 8 ef=ts to make ! :ole community utt] "o & ! same ^w 9 _! songs & tales & disc\rses all _! life long4 ,b if y d n agree ) me1 !re is no reason :y y %\ld n argue on ! o!r side4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i d n see t any argum5t c fairly be rais$ by ei!r ( u aga9/ :at y are n[ say+4 ,,a!nian3 ,! next sugge/ion :i* ,i h to (f] is1 t all our ?ree *oruses %all s+ to ! "y & t5d] s\ls ( *ildr51 recit+ 9 _! /ra9s all ! noble ?\ghts ( :i* we h already spok51 or are ab\t to speak2 & ! sum ( !m %all be1 t ! life :i* is by ! ,gods deem$ to be ! happie/ is also ! be/2--we %all affirm ?is to be a mo/ c]ta9 tru?2 & ! m9ds ( our "y disciples w be m likely to receive ^! words ( ours ?an any o!rs :i* we might address to !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ass5t to :at y say4 ,,a!nian3 ,fir/ w ent] 9 _! natural ord] ! sacr$ *oir compos$ ( *ildr51 :i* is to s+ lu/ily ! heav5-taught lay to ! :ole city4 ,next w foll[ ! *oir ( "y m5 "u ! age ( ?irty1 :o w call ^u ! ,god ,paean to te/ify to ! tru? ( _! words1 & w pray him to be graci\s to ! y\? & to turn _! he>ts4 ,?irdly1 ! *oir ( eld] m51 :o are f ?irty to sixty ye>s ( age1 w also s+4 ,!re rema9 ^? :o are too old to s+1 & !y w tell /ories1 illu/rat+ ! same virtues1 z ) ! voice ( an oracle4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:o are ^? :o compose ! ?ird *oir1 ,/rang]8 = ,i d n cle>ly und]/& :at y mean to say ab\t !m4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet almo/ all t ,i h be5 say+ has be5 said ) a view to !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,w y try to be a little pla9]8 ,,a!nian3 ,i 0 speak+ at ! comm5cem5t ( our disc\rse1 z y w rememb]1 ( ! fi]y nature ( "y creatures3 ,i said t !y 7 unable to keep quiet ei!r 9 limb or voice1 & t !y call$ out & jump$ ab\t 9 a disord]ly mann]2 & t no o!r animal atta9$ to any p]ception ( ord]1 b man only4 ,n[ ! ord] ( motion is call$ rhy?m1 & ! ord] ( ! voice1 9 :i* high & l[ are duly m+l$1 is call$ h>mony2 & bo? toge!r are t]m$ *oric song4 ,& ,i said t ! ,gods _h pity on u1 & gave u ,apollo & ! ,muses to be our playfell[s & lead]s 9 ! dance2 & ,dionysus1 z ,i d>e say t y w rememb]1 0 ! ?ird4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i q rememb]4 ,,a!nian3 ,?us f> ,i h spok5 ( ! *orus ( ,apollo & ! ,muses1 & ,i h /ill to speak ( ! rema9+ *orus1 :i* is t ( ,dionysus4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ is t arrang$8 ,!re is some?+ /range1 at any rate on fir/ he>+1 9 a ,dionysiac *orus ( old m51 if y really mean t ^? :o are above ?irty1 & may be fifty1 or f fifty to sixty ye>s ( age1 are to dance 9 8 hon\r4 ,,a!nian3 ,v true2 & !re=e x mu/ be %[n t !re is good reason = ! proposal4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,are we agre$ ?us f>8 ,,cle9ias3 ,ab\t :at8 ,,a!nian3 ,t e man & boy1 slave & free1 bo? sexes1 & ! :ole city1 %\ld nev] cease *>m+ !mselves ) ! /ra9s ( :i* we h spok52 & t !re %\ld be e sort ( *ange & v>iation ( !m 9 ord] to take away ! effect ( sam5ess1 s t ! s+]s may always receive pleasure f _! hymns1 & may nev] we>y ( !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,e "o w agree4 ,,a!nian3 ,:]e1 !n1 w t be/ "p ( our city :i*1 by reason ( age & intellig5ce1 has ! greate/ influ5ce1 s+ ^! faire/ ( /ra9s1 :i* are to d s mu* good8 ,%all we be s fooli% z to let !m (f :o w\ld give u ! mo/ beautiful & also ! mo/ useful ( songs8 ,,cle9ias3 ,b1 says ! argum5t1 we _c let !m (f4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n h[ c we c>ry out our purpose ) decorum8 ,w ?is be ! way8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,:5 a man is advanc+ 9 ye>s1 he is afraid & reluctant to s+2--he has no pleasure 9 8 own p]=mances2 & if compulsion is us$1 he w be m & m a%am$1 ! old] & m discreet he gr[s2--is n ?is true8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 & w he n be yet m a%am$ if he has to /& up & s+ 9 ! !atre to a mix$ audi5ce8--& if moreov] :5 he is requir$ to d s1 l ! o!r *oirs :o cont5d = prizes1 & h be5 tra9$ "u a s++ ma/]1 he is p9*$ & hungry1 he w c]ta9ly h a feel+ ( %ame & discom=t :i* w make him v unwill+ to exhibit4 ,,cle9ias3 ,no d\bt4 ,,a!nian3 ,h[1 !n1 %all we reassure him1 & get him to s+8 ,%all we beg9 by enact+ t boys %all n ta/e w9e at all until !y are eighte5 ye>s ( age2 we w tell !m t fire mu/ n be p\r$ ^u fire1 :e!r 9 ! body or 9 ! s\l1 until !y beg9 to g to "w--?is is a precaution :i* has to be tak5 aga9/ ! excitabl5ess ( y\?2--aft]w>ds !y may ta/e w9e 9 mod]ation up to ! age ( ?irty1 b :ile a man is "y he %\ld ab/a9 altoge!r f intoxication & f excess ( w9e2 :51 at l5g?1 he has rea*$ =ty ye>s1 aft] d9n] at a public mess1 he may invite n only ! o!r ,gods1 b ,dionysus above all1 to ! my/]y & fe/ivity ( ! eld] m51 mak+ use ( ! w9e :i* he has giv5 m5 to light5 ! s\rness ( old age2 t 9 age we may r5ew our y\?1 & =get our sorr[s2 & also 9 ord] t ! nature ( ! s\l1 l iron melt$ 9 ! fire1 may become s(t] & s m impressible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 w n any "o :o is ?us mell[$ be m ready & less a%am$ to s+--,i d n say be=e a l>ge audi5ce1 b be=e a mod]ate company2 nor yet among /rang]s1 b among 8 famili>s1 &1 z we h (t5 said1 to *ant1 & to en*ant8 ,,cle9ias3 ,he w be f> m ready4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re w be no impropriety 9 our us+ su* a me?od ( p]suad+ !m to jo9 ) u 9 song4 ,,cle9ias3 ,none at all4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at /ra9 w !y s+1 & :at muse w !y hymn8 ,! /ra9 %\ld cle>ly be "o suitable to !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at /ra9 is suitable = h]oes8 ,%all !y s+ a *oric /ra98 ,,cle9ias3 ,truly1 ,/rang]1 we ( ,crete & ,lac$aemon "k no /ra9 o!r ?an t :i* we h le>nt & be5 accu/om$ to s+ 9 our *orus4 ,,a!nian3 ,i d>e say2 = y h nev] acquir$ ! k ( ! mo/ beautiful k9d ( song1 9 y\r milit>y way ( life1 :i* is modell$ aft] ! camp1 & is n l t ( dwell]s 9 cities2 & y h y\r "y m5 h]d+ & fe$+ toge!r l "y colts4 ,no "o takes 8 own individual colt & drags him away f 8 fell[s aga9/ 8 w1 rag+ & foam+1 & gives him a groom to att5d to him alone1 & tra9s & rubs him d[n privately1 & gives him ! qualities 9 education :i* w make him n only a good soldi]1 b also a gov]nor ( a /ate & ( cities4 ,su* an "o1 z we said at fir/1 w\ld be a great] w>rior ?an he ( :om ,tyrtaeus s+s2 & he w\ld hon\r c\rage ev]y:]e1 b always z ! f\r?1 & n z ! fir/ "p ( virtue1 ei!r 9 individuals or /ates4 ,,cle9ias3 ,once m1 ,/rang]1 ,i mu/ compla9 t y depreciate our lawgiv]s4 ,,a!nian3 ,n int5tionally1 if at all1 my good fri5d2 b :i!r ! argum5t leads1 ?i!r let u foll[2 = if !re be inde$ "s /ra9 ( song m beautiful ?an t ( ! *oruses or ! public !atres1 ,i %\ld l to imp>t x to ^? :o1 z we say1 are a%am$ ( ^!1 & want to h ! be/4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,:5 ?+s h an accompany+ *>m1 ei!r ! be/ ?+ 9 !m is ?is v *>m1 or !re is "s rightness or utility possess$ by !m2--= example1 ,i %\ld say t eat+ & dr9k+1 & ! use ( food 9 g5]al1 h an accompany+ *>m :i* we call pleasure2 b t ?is rightness & utility is j ! heal?fulness ( ! ?+s s]v$ up to u1 :i* is _! true rightness4 ,,cle9ias3 ,j s4 ,,a!nian3 ,?us1 too1 ,i %\ld say t le>n+ has a c]ta9 accompany+ *>m :i* is ! pleasure2 b t ! "r & ! pr(itable1 ! good & ! noble1 are qualities :i* ! tru? gives to x4 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& s 9 ! imitative arts--if !y succe$ 9 mak+ lik5esses1 & are accompani$ by pleasure1 may n _! works be said to h a *>m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,b equal proportions1 :e!r ( quality or quantity1 & n pleasure1 speak+ g5]ally1 w\ld give !m tru? or rightness4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n t only c be rightly judg$ by ! /&>d ( pleasure1 :i* makes or furni%es no utility or tru? or lik5ess1 nor on ! o!r h& is productive ( any hurtful quality1 b exi/s solely = ! sake ( ! accompany+ *>m2 & ! t]m 'pleasure' is mo/ appropriately appli$ to x :5 ^! o!r qualities are abs5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y are speak+ ( h>mless pleasure1 are y n8 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & ?is ,i t]m amusem5t1 :5 do+ nei!r h>m nor good 9 any degree wor? speak+ (4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 if su* be our pr9ciples1 we mu/ ass]t t imitation is n to be judg$ ( by pleasure & false op9ion2 & ?is is true ( all equality1 = ! equal is n equal or ! symmetrical symmetrical1 because somebody ?9ks or likes some?+1 b !y are to be judg$ ( by ! /&>d ( tru?1 & by no o!r :atev]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,d we n reg>d all music z repres5tative & imitative8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 :5 any "o says t music is to be judg$ ( by pleasure1 8 doctr9e _c be admitt$2 & if !re be any music ( :i* pleasure is ! crit]ion1 su* music is n to be s\ght out or deem$ to h any real excell5ce1 b only t o!r k9d ( music :i* is an imitation ( ! good4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ^? :o seek = ! be/ k9d ( song & music ought n to seek = t :i* is pleasant1 b = t :i* is true2 & ! tru? ( imitation consi/s1 z we 7 say+1 9 r5d]+ ! ?+ imitat$ accord+ to quantity & quality4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& e "o w admit t musical compositions are all imitative & repres5tative4 ,w n poets & spectators & actors all agree 9 ?is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!y w4 ,,a!nian3 ,surely !n he :o w\ld judge correctly mu/ "k :at ea* composition is2 = if he does n "k :at is ! "* & mean+ ( ! piece1 & :at x repres5ts1 he w nev] disc]n :e!r ! int5tion is true or false4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,& w he :o does n "k :at is true be able to di/+ui% :at is good & bad8 ,my /atem5t is n v cle>2 b p]haps y w und]/& me bett] if ,i put ! matt] 9 ano!r way4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re are t5 ?\s& lik5esses ( objects ( sight8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& c he :o does n "k :at ! exact object is :i* is imitat$1 ev] "k :e!r ! resemblance is tru?fully execut$8 ,i mean1 = example1 :e!r a /atue has ! proportions ( a body1 & ! true situation ( ! p>ts2 :at ^? proportions are1 & h[ ! p>ts fit into "o ano!r 9 due ord]2 also _! col\rs & con=mations1 or :e!r ?is is all confus$ 9 ! execution3 d y ?9k t any "o c "k ab\t ?is1 :o does n "k :at ! animal is :i* has be5 imitat$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,b ev5 if we "k t ! ?+ pictur$ or sculptur$ is a man1 :o has receiv$ at ! h& ( ! arti/ all 8 prop] p>ts & col\rs & %apes1 mu/ we n also "k :e!r ! "w is beautiful or 9 any respect defici5t 9 beauty8 ,,cle9ias3 ,if ?is 7 n requir$1 ,/rang]1 we %\ld all ( u be judges ( beauty4 ,,a!nian3 ,v true2 & may we n say t 9 ev]y?+ imitat$1 :e!r 9 draw+1 music1 or any o!r art1 he :o is to be a compet5t judge mu/ possess ?ree ?+s2--he mu/ "k1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( :at ! imitation is2 secondly1 he mu/ "k t x is true2 & ?irdly1 t x has be5 well execut$ 9 words & melodies & rhy?ms8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let u n fa9t 9 discuss+ ! peculi> difficulty ( music4 ,music is m celebrat$ ?an any o!r k9d ( imitation1 & !re=e requires ! greate/ c>e ( !m all4 ,= if a man makes a mi/ake "h1 he may d himself ! greate/ injury by welcom+ evil dispositions1 & ! mi/ake may be v difficult to disc]n1 because ! poets are arti/s v inf]ior 9 "* to ! ,muses !mselves1 :o w\ld nev] fall into ! mon/r\s error ( assign+ to ! words ( m5 ! ge/ures & songs ( wom52 nor aft] comb9+ ! melodies ) ! ge/ures ( freem5 w\ld !y add on ! rhy?ms ( slaves & m5 ( ! bas] sort2 nor1 beg9n+ ) ! rhy?ms & ge/ures ( freem51 w\ld !y assign to !m a melody or words :i* are ( an opposite "*2 nor w\ld !y mix up ! voices & s\nds ( animals & ( m5 & in/rum5ts1 & e o!r sort ( noise1 z if !y 7 all "o4 ,b human poets are fond ( introduc+ ?is sort ( inconsi/5t mixture1 & s make !mselves ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o1 z ,orpheus says1 'are ripe = true pleasure4' ,! exp]i5c$ see all ?is confusion1 & yet ! poets g on & make /ill fur!r havoc by sep>at+ ! rhy?m & ! figure ( ! dance f ! melody1 sett+ b>e words to metre1 & also sep>at+ ! melody & ! rhy?m f ! words1 us+ ! lyre or ! flute alone4 ,= :5 !re are no words1 x is v difficult to recognize ! mean+ ( ! h>mony & rhy?m1 or to see t any wor?y object is imitat$ by !m4 ,& we mu/ ackn[l$ge t all ?is sort ( ?+1 :i* aims only at swiftness & smoo?ness & a bruti% noise1 & uses ! flute & ! lyre n z ! m]e accompanim5ts ( ! dance & song1 is exce$+ly co>se & ta/eless4 ,! use ( ei!r in/rum5t1 :5 unaccompani$1 leads to e sort ( irregul>ity & trick]y4 ,?is is all rational en\gh4 ,b we are consid]+ n h[ our *ori/]s1 :o are f ?irty to fifty ye>s ( age1 & may be ov] fifty1 are n to use ! ,muses1 b h[ !y are to use !m4 ,& ! consid]ations :i* we h urg$ seem to %[ 9 :at way ^! fifty ye>s' old *ori/]s :o are to s+1 may be expect$ to be bett] tra9$4 ,= !y ne$ to h a quick p]ception & k ( h>monies & rhy?ms2 o!rwise1 h[ c !y ev] "k :e!r a melody w\ld be rightly sung to ! ,dorian mode1 or to ! rhy?m :i* ! poet has assign$ to x8 ,,cle9ias3 ,cle>ly !y _c4 ,,a!nian3 ,! _m are ridicul\s 9 imag9+ t !y "k :at is 9 prop] h>mony & rhy?m1 & :at is n1 :5 !y c only be made to s+ & /ep 9 rhy?m by =ce2 x nev] occurs to !m t !y are ignorant ( :at !y are do+4 ,n[ e melody is "r :5 x has suitable h>mony & rhy?m1 & wrong :5 unsuitable4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is mo/ c]ta94 ,,a!nian3 ,b c a man :o does n "k a ?+1 z we 7 say+1 "k t ! ?+ is "r8 ,,cle9ias3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[1 z w\ld appe>1 we are mak+ ! discov]y t our newly-appo9t$ *ori/]s1 :om we h]eby invite &1 al?\gh !y are _! own ma/]s1 compel to s+1 mu/ be educat$ to su* an ext5t z to be able to foll[ ! /eps ( ! rhy?m & ! notes ( ! song1 t !y may "k ! h>monies & rhy?ms1 & be able to select :at are suitable = m5 ( _! age & "* to s+2 & may s+ !m1 & h innoc5t pleasure f _! own p]=mance1 & also lead y\ng] m5 to welcome ) dutiful delight good dispositions4 ,hav+ su* tra9+1 !y w atta9 a m accurate k ?an falls to ! lot ( ! common p1 or ev5 ( ! poets !mselves4 ,= ! poet ne$ n "k ! ?ird po9t1 viz41 :e!r ! imitation is good or n1 ?\gh he c h>dly help kn[+ ! laws ( melody & rhy?m4 ,b ! ag$ *orus mu/ "k all ! ?ree1 t !y may *oose ! be/1 & t :i* is ne>e/ to ! be/2 = o!rwise !y w nev] be able to *>m ! s\ls ( "y m5 9 ! way ( virtue4 ,& n[ ! orig9al design ( ! argum5t :i* 0 int5d$ to br+ eloqu5t aid to ! ,*orus ( ,dionysus1 has be5 accompli%$ to ! be/ ( our ability1 & let u see :e!r we 7 "r3--,i %\ld imag9e t a dr9k+ assembly is likely to become m & m tumultu\s z ! dr9k+ goes on3 ?is1 z we 7 say+ at fir/1 w c]ta9ly be ! case4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,e man has a m ?an natural elevation2 8 he>t is glad )9 him1 & he w say any?+ & w be re/ra9$ by nobody at su* a "t2 he fancies t he is able to rule ov] himself & all mank9d4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,7 we n say+ t on su* occasions ! s\ls ( ! dr9k]s become l iron heat$ 9 ! fire1 & gr[ s(t] & y\ng]1 & are easily m\ld$ by him :o kn[s h[ to educate & fa%ion !m1 j z :5 !y 7 "y1 & t ?is fa%ion] ( !m is ! same :o prescrib$ = !m 9 ! days ( _! y\?1 viz41 ! good legislator2 & t he ought to enact laws ( ! banquet1 :i*1 :5 a man is confid5t1 bold1 & impud5t1 & unwill+ to wait 8 turn & h 8 %>e ( sil5ce & spee*1 & dr9k+ & music1 w *ange 8 "* into ! opposite--su* laws z w infuse into him a j & noble fe>1 :i* w take up arms at ! approa* ( insol5ce1 be+ t div9e fe> :i* we h call$ rev]5ce & %ame8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! gu>dians ( ^! laws & fell[-work]s ) !m are ! calm & sob] g5]als ( ! dr9k]s2 & )\t _! help !re is great] difficulty 9 fight+ aga9/ dr9k ?an 9 fight+ aga9/ enemies :5 ! comm&] ( an army is n himself calm2 & he :o is unwill+ to obey !m & ! comm&]s ( ,dionysiac fea/s :o are m ?an sixty ye>s ( age1 %all suff] a disgrace z great z he :o disobeys milit>y lead]s1 or ev5 great]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,"r4 ,,a!nian3 ,if1 !n1 dr9k+ & amusem5t 7 regulat$ 9 ?is way1 w\ld n ! companions ( our revels be improv$8 !y w\ld "p bett] fri5ds ?an !y 71 & n1 z n[1 enemies4 ,_! :ole int]c\rse w\ld be regulat$ by law & obs]vant ( x1 & ! sob] w\ld be ! lead]s ( ! drunk54 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ?9k s too1 if dr9k+ 7 regulat$ z y propose4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u n !n simply c5sure ! gift ( ,dionysus z bad & unfit to be receiv$ into ! ,/ate4 ,= w9e has _m excell5ces1 & "o pre-em95t "o1 ab\t :i* !re is a difficulty 9 speak+ to ! _m1 f a fe> ( _! misconceiv+ & misund]/&+ :at is said4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is a tradition or /ory1 :i* has someh[ crept ab\t ! _w1 t ,dionysus 0 robb$ ( 8 wits by 8 /epmo!r ,"h1 & t out ( rev5ge he inspires ,bac*ic furies & danc+ madnesses 9 o!rs2 = :i* reason he gave m5 w9e4 ,su* traditions conc]n+ ! ,gods ,i leave to ^? :o ?9k t !y may be safely utt]$ 7comp>e ,eu?yph42 ,republic72 ,i only "k t no animal at bir? is mature or p]fect 9 intellig5ce2 & 9 ! int]m$iate p]iod1 9 :i* he has n yet acquir$ 8 own prop] s5se1 he rages & ro>s )\t rhyme or reason2 & :5 he has once got on 8 legs he jumps ab\t )\t rhyme or reason2 & ?is1 z y w rememb]1 has be5 already said by u to be ! orig9 ( music & gymna/ic4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure1 ,i rememb]4 ,,a!nian3 ,& did we n say t ! s5se ( h>mony & rhy?m sprang f ?is beg9n+ among m51 & t ,apollo & ! ,muses & ,dionysus 7 ! ,gods :om we _h to ?ank = !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,! o!r /ory impli$ t w9e 0 giv5 man out ( rev5ge1 & 9 ord] to make him mad2 b our pres5t doctr9e1 on ! contr>y1 is1 t w9e 0 giv5 him z a balm1 & 9 ord] to implant mode/y 9 ! s\l1 & heal? & /r5g? 9 ! body4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t1 ,/rang]1 is precisely :at 0 said4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n half ! subject may n[ be consid]$ to h be5 discuss$2 %all we proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! o!r half8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is ! o!r half1 & h[ d y divide ! subject8 ,,a!nian3 ,! :ole *oral art is also 9 our view ! :ole ( education2 & ( ?is art1 rhy?ms & h>monies =m ! "p :i* has to d ) ! voice4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,! movem5t ( ! body has rhy?m 9 common ) ! movem5t ( ! voice1 b ge/ure is peculi> to x1 :]eas song is simply ! movem5t ( ! voice4 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! s\nd ( ! voice :i* rea*es & educates ! s\l1 we h v5tur$ to t]m music4 ,,cle9ias3 ,we 7 "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! movem5t ( ! body1 :5 reg>d$ z an amusem5t1 we t]m$ danc+2 b :5 ext5d$ & pursu$ ) a view to ! excell5ce ( ! body1 ?is sci5tific tra9+ may be call$ gymna/ic4 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,music1 :i* 0 "o half ( ! *oral art1 may be said to h be5 completely discuss$4 ,%all we proce$ to ! o!r half or n8 ,:at w\ld y l8 ,,cle9ias3 ,my good fri5d1 :5 y are talk+ ) a ,cretan & ,lac$aemonian1 & we h discuss$ music & n gymna/ic1 :at answ] are ei!r ( u likely to make to su* an enquiry8 ,,a!nian3 ,an answ] is conta9$ 9 y\r "q2 & ,i und]/& & accept :at y say n only z an answ]1 b also z a comm& to proce$ ) gymna/ic4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y q und]/& me2 d z y say4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w2 & !re w n be any difficulty 9 speak+ intelligibly to y ab\t a subject ) :i* bo? ( y are f> m famili> ?an ) music4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re w n4 ,,a!nian3 ,is n ! orig9 ( gymna/ics1 too1 to be s\ght 9 ! t5d5cy to rapid motion :i* exi/s 9 all animals2 man1 z we 7 say+1 hav+ atta9$ ! s5se ( rhy?m1 creat$ & inv5t$ danc+2 & melody ar\s+ & awak5+ rhy?m1 bo? unit$ =m$ ! *oral art8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& "o "p ( ?is subject has be5 already discuss$ by u1 & !re /ill rema9s ano!r to be discuss$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,i h fir/ a f9al ^w to add to my disc\rse ab\t dr9k1 if y w all[ me to d s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at m h y to say8 ,,a!nian3 ,i %\ld say t if a city s]i\sly means to adopt ! practice ( dr9k+ "u due regulation & ) a view to ! en=cem5t ( temp]ance1 & 9 l mann]1 & on ! same pr9ciple1 w all[ ( o!r pleasures1 design+ to ga9 ! victory ov] !m--9 ?is way all ( !m may be us$4 ,b if ! ,/ate makes dr9k+ an amusem5t only1 & :oev] likes may dr9k :5ev] he likes1 & ) :om he likes1 & add to ?is any o!r indulg5ces1 ,i %all nev] agree or all[ t ?is city or ?is man %\ld practise dr9k+4 ,i w\ld g fur!r ?an ! ,cretans & ,lac$aemonians1 & am dispos$ r to ! law ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 t no "o :ile he is on a campaign %\ld be all[$ to ta/e w9e at all1 b t he %\ld dr9k wat] dur+ all t "t1 & t 9 ! city no slave1 male or female1 %\ld ev] dr9k w9e2 & t no magi/rates %\ld dr9k dur+ _! ye> ( (fice1 nor %\ld pilots ( vessels or judges :ile on duty ta/e w9e at all1 nor any "o :o is go+ to hold a consultation ab\t any matt] ( importance2 nor 9 ! day-"t at all1 unless 9 consequ5ce ( ex]cise or z m$ic9e2 nor aga9 at night1 :5 any "o1 ei!r man or woman1 is m9d$ to get *ildr54 ,!re are numb]less o!r cases also 9 :i* ^? :o h good s5se & good laws ought n to dr9k w9e1 s t if :at ,i say is true1 no city w ne$ _m v9ey>ds4 ,_! husb&ry & _! way ( life 9 g5]al w foll[ an appo9t$ ord]1 & _! cultivation ( ! v9e w be ! mo/ limit$ & ! lea/ common ( _! employm5ts4 ,& ?is1 ,/rang]1 %all be ! cr[n ( my disc\rse ab\t w9e1 if y agree4 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t3 we agree4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,a!nian3 ,en\gh ( ?is4 ,& :at1 !n1 is to be reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t8 ,w n a man be able to judge ( x be/ f a po9t ( view 9 :i* he may behold ! progress ( /ates & _! transitions to good or evil8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean t he might wat* !m f ! po9t ( view ( "t1 & obs]ve ! *anges :i* take place 9 !m dur+ inf9ite ages4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ s8 ,,a!nian3 ,:y1 d y ?9k t y c reckon ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce cities fir/ exi/$ & m5 7 citiz5s ( !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,h>dly4 ,,a!nian3 ,b are sure t x mu/ be va/ & incalculable8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& h n ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( cities come into be+ dur+ ?is p]iod & z _m p]i%$8 ,& has n ea* ( !m _h e =m ( gov]nm5t _m times ov]1 n[ gr[+ l>g]1 n[ small]1 & aga9 improv+ or decl9+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ^! *anges2 = t w probably expla9 ! fir/ orig9 & developm5t ( =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,y %all endeav\r to imp>t y\r ?\ghts to u1 & we w make an ef=t to und]/& y4 ,,a!nian3 ,d y believe t !re is any tru? 9 anci5t traditions8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at traditions8 ,,a!nian3 ,! traditions ab\t ! _m de/ructions ( mank9d :i* h be5 occasion$ by deluges & pe/il5ces1 & 9 _m o!r ways1 & ( ! survival ( a remnant8 ,,cle9ias3 ,e "o is dispos$ to believe !m4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u consid] "o ( !m1 t :i* 0 caus$ by ! fam\s deluge4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are we to obs]ve ab\t x8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean to say t ^? :o !n escap$ w\ld only be hill %eph]ds1--small sp>ks ( ! human race pres]v$ on ! tops ( m\nta9s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,cle>ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,su* survivors w\ld necess>ily be unacqua9t$ ) ! arts & ! v>i\s devices :i* are sugge/$ to ! dwell]s 9 cities by int]e/ or ambition1 & ) all ! wrongs :i* !y contrive aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t ! cities 9 ! pla9 & on ! sea-coa/ 7 utt]ly de/roy$ at t "t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,w\ld n all implem5ts h !n p]i%$ & e o!r excell5t inv5tion ( political or any o!r sort ( wisdom h utt]ly disappe>$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:y1 yes1 my fri5d2 & if ?+s _h always cont9u$ z !y are at pres5t ord]$1 h[ c\ld any discov]y h ev] be5 made ev5 9 ! lea/ p>ticul>8 ,= x is evid5t t ! arts 7 unkn[n dur+ t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,& no m ?an a ?\s& or two ?\s& ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! discov]ies ( ,da$alus1 ,orpheus & ,palam$es1--s9ce ,m>syas & ,olympus inv5t$ music1 & ,amphion ! lyre--n to speak ( numb]less o!r inv5tions :i* are b ( ye/]day4 ,,a!nian3 ,h y =gott51 ,cle9ias1 ! "n ( a fri5d :o is really ( ye/]day8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i suppose t y mean ,epim5ides4 ,,a!nian3 ,! same1 my fri5d2 he does inde$ f> ov]leap ! heads ( all mank9d by 8 inv5tion2 = he c>ri$ out 9 practice1 z y decl>e1 :at ( old ,hesiod 7,works & ,days7 only prea*$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 accord+ to our tradition4 ,,a!nian3 ,aft] ! great de/ruction1 may we n suppose t ! /ate ( man 0 some?+ ( ?is sort3--,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s !re 0 a fe>ful illimitable des]t & a va/ expanse ( l&2 a h]d or two ( ox5 w\ld be ! only survivors ( ! animal _w2 & !re might be a few goats1 ^! too h>dly en\gh to ma9ta9 ! %eph]ds :o t5d$ !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ( cities or gov]nm5ts or legislation1 ab\t :i* we are n[ talk+1 d y suppose t !y c\ld h any recollection at all8 ,,cle9ias3 ,none :atev]4 ,,a!nian3 ,& out ( ?is /ate ( ?+s has !re n sprung all t we n[ are & h3 cities & gov]nm5ts1 & arts & laws1 & a great deal ( vice & a great deal ( virtue8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,:y1 my good fri5d1 h[ c we possibly suppose t ^? :o knew no?+ ( all ! good & evil ( cities c\ld h atta9$ _! full developm5t1 :e!r ( virtue or ( vice8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i und]/& y\r mean+1 & y are q "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,b1 z "t advanc$ & ! race multipli$1 ! _w came to be :at ! _w is4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,d\btless ! *ange 0 n made all 9 a mom5t1 b little by little1 dur+ a v long p]iod ( "t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,a highly probable supposition4 ,,a!nian3 ,at fir/1 !y w\ld h a natural fe> r++ 9 _! e>s :i* w\ld prev5t _! desc5d+ f ! heights into ! pla94 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,! fewness ( ! survivors at t "t w\ld h made !m all ! m desir\s ( see+ "o ano!r2 b !n ! means ( travell+ ei!r by l& or sea _h be5 almo/ entirely lo/1 z ,i may say1 ) ! loss ( ! arts1 & !re 0 great difficulty 9 gett+ at "o ano!r2 = iron & brass & all metals 7 jumbl$ toge!r & _h disappe>$ 9 ! *aos2 nor 0 !re any possibility ( extract+ ore f !m2 & !y _h sc>cely any means ( fell+ timb]4 ,ev5 if y suppose t "s implem5ts might h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! m\nta9s1 !y mu/ quickly h worn out & vani%$1 & !re w\ld be no m ( !m until ! art ( metallurgy _h aga9 reviv$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re c\ld n h be54 ,,a!nian3 ,9 h[ _m g5]ations w\ld ?is be atta9$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,cle>ly1 n = _m g5]ations4 ,,a!nian3 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 & = "s "t aft]w>ds1 all ! arts :i* require iron & brass & ! l w\ld disappe>4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,faction & w> w\ld also h di$ out 9 ^? days1 & = _m reasons4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ w\ld t be8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! desolation ( ^! primitive m5 w\ld create 9 !m a feel+ ( affection & goodwill t[>ds "o ano!r2 &1 secondly1 !y w\ld h no occasion to qu>rel ab\t _! subsi/5ce1 = !y w\ld h pa/ure 9 abundance1 except j at fir/1 & 9 "s p>ticul> cases2 & f _! pa/ure-l& !y w\ld obta9 ! great] "p ( _! food 9 a primitive age1 hav+ pl5ty ( milk & fle%2 moreov] !y w\ld procure o!r food by ! *ase1 n to be despis$ ei!r 9 quantity or quality4 ,!y w\ld also h abundance ( clo?+1 & b$d+1 & dwell+s1 & ut5sils ei!r capable ( /&+ on ! fire or n2 = ! pla/ic & weav+ arts d n require any use ( iron3 & ,god has giv5 ^! two arts to man 9 ord] to provide him ) all su* ?+s1 t1 :5 r$uc$ to ! la/ extremity1 ! human race may /ill gr[ & increase4 ,h5ce 9 ^? days mank9d 7 n v poor2 nor 0 pov]ty a cause ( diff]5ce among !m2 & ri* !y c\ld n h be51 hav+ nei!r gold nor silv]3--su* at t "t 0 _! condition4 ,& ! community :i* has nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es w always h ! noble/ pr9ciples2 9 x !re is no insol5ce or inju/ice1 nor1 aga91 are !re any cont5tions or envy+s4 ,& !re=e !y 7 good1 & also because !y 7 :at is call$ simple-m9d$2 & :5 !y 7 told ab\t good & evil1 !y 9 _! simplicity believ$ :at !y he>d to be v tru? & practis$ x4 ,no "o _h ! wit to suspect ano!r ( a falsehood1 z m5 d n[2 b :at !y he>d ab\t ,gods & m5 !y believ$ to be true1 & liv$ accord+ly2 & !re=e !y 7 9 all respects su* z we h describ$ !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t q accords ) my views1 & ) ^? ( my fri5d "h4 ,,a!nian3 ,w\ld n _m g5]ations liv+ on 9 a simple mann]1 al?\gh rud]1 p]haps1 & m ignorant ( ! arts g5]ally1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ^? ( l& or naval w>f>e1 & likewise ( o!r arts1 t]m$ 9 cities legal practices & p>ty conflicts1 & includ+ all conceivable ways ( hurt+ "o ano!r 9 ^w & de$2--al?\gh inf]ior to ^? :o liv$ be=e ! deluge1 or to ! m5 ( our day 9 ^! respects1 w\ld !y n1 ,i say1 be simpl] & m manly1 & also m temp]ate & altoge!r m j8 ,! reason has be5 already expla9$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,i %\ld wi% y to und]/& t :at has prec$$ & :at is ab\t to foll[1 has be51 & w be said1 ) ! int5tion ( expla9+ :at ne$ ! m5 ( t "t _h ( laws1 & :o 0 _! lawgiv]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& ?us f> :at y h said has be5 v well said4 ,,a!nian3 ,!y c\ld h>dly h want$ lawgiv]s z yet2 no?+ ( t sort 0 likely to h exi/$ 9 _! days1 = !y _h no lett]s at ?is e>ly p]iod2 !y liv$ by habit & ! cu/oms ( _! ance/ors1 z !y are call$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,probably4 ,,a!nian3 ,b !re 0 already exi/+ a =m ( gov]nm5t :i*1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is g5]ally t]m$ a lord%ip1 & ?is /ill rema9s 9 _m places1 bo? among ,hell5es & b>b>ians 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol471 & is ! gov]nm5t :i* is decl>$ by ,hom] to h prevail$ among ! ,cyclopes3-- ',!y h nei!r c\ncils nor judgm5ts1 b !y dwell 9 holl[ caves on ! tops ( high m\nta9s1 & e "o gives law to 8 wife & *ildr51 & !y d n busy !mselves ab\t "o ano!r4' 7,odyss47 ,,cle9ias3 ,t seems to be a *>m+ poet ( y\rs2 ,i h read "s o!r v]ses ( 81 :i* are v clev]2 b ,i d n "k mu* ( him1 = =eign poets are v little read among ! ,cretans4 ,,megillus3 ,b !y are 9 ,lac$aemon1 & he appe>s to be ! pr9ce ( !m all2 ! mann] ( life1 h[ev]1 :i* he describes is n ,sp>tan1 b r ,ionian1 & he seems q to confirm :at y are say+1 :5 he traces up ! anci5t /ate ( mank9d by ! help ( tradition to b>b>ism4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 he does confirm x2 & we may accept 8 witness to ! fact t su* =ms ( gov]nm5t sometimes arise4 ,,cle9ias3 ,we may4 ,,a!nian3 ,& 7 n su* /ates compos$ ( m5 :o _h be5 disp]s$ 9 s+le habitations & families by ! pov]ty :i* att5d$ ! deva/ations2 & did n ! elde/ !n rule among !m1 because ) !m gov]nm5t orig9at$ 9 ! au?ority ( a fa!r & a "m1 :om1 l a flock ( birds1 !y foll[$1 =m+ "o troop "u ! patri>*al rule & sov]eignty ( _! p>5ts1 :i* ( all sov]eignties is ! mo/ j8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,aft] ?is !y came toge!r 9 great] numb]s1 & increas$ ! size ( _! cities1 & betook !mselves to husb&ry1 fir/ ( all at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 & made enclosures ( loose walls & works ( def5ce1 9 ord] to keep (f wild bea/s2 ?us creat+ a s+le l>ge & common habitation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes2 at lea/ we may suppose s4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is ano!r ?+ :i* w\ld probably happ54 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,:5 ^! l>g] habitations grew up out ( ! less] orig9al ones1 ea* ( ! less] ones w\ld survive 9 ! l>g]2 e family w\ld be "u ! rule ( ! elde/1 &1 ow+ to _! sep>ation f "o ano!r1 w\ld h peculi> cu/oms 9 ?+s div9e & human1 :i* !y w\ld h receiv$ f _! sev]al p>5ts :o _h educat$ !m2 & ^! cu/oms w\ld incl9e !m to ord]1 :5 ! p>5ts _h ! elem5t ( ord] 9 _! nature1 & to c\rage1 :5 !y _h ! elem5t ( c\rage4 ,& !y w\ld naturally /amp ^u _! *ildr51 & ^u _! *ildr5's *ildr51 _! own lik+s2 &1 z we are say+1 !y w\ld f9d _! way into ! l>g] society1 hav+ already _! own peculi> laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& e man surely likes 8 own laws be/1 & ! laws ( o!rs n s well4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[ we seem to h /umbl$ ^u ! beg9n+s ( legislation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,! next /ep w be t ^! p]sons :o h met toge!r1 w select "s arbit]s1 :o w review ! laws ( all ( !m1 & w publicly pres5t su* z !y approve to ! *iefs :o lead ! tribes1 & :o are 9 a mann] _! k+s1 all[+ !m to *oose ^? :i* !y ?9k be/4 ,^! p]sons w !mselves be call$ legislators1 & w appo9t ! magi/rates1 fram+ "s sort ( ari/ocracy1 or p]haps mon>*y1 out ( ! dyna/ies or lord%ips1 & 9 ?is alt]$ /ate ( ! gov]nm5t !y w live4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 t w\ld be ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 n[ let u speak ( a ?ird =m ( gov]nm5t1 9 :i* all o!r =ms & conditions ( polities & cities concur4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is t8 ,,a!nian3 ,! =m :i* 9 fact ,hom] indicates z foll[+ ! second4 ,?is ?ird =m arose :51 z he says1 ,d>danus f\nd$ ,d>dania3-- ',= n z yet _h ! holy ,ilium be5 built on ! pla9 to be a city ( speak+ m52 b !y 7 /ill dwell+ at ! foot ( _m-f\nta9$ ,ida4' ,= inde$1 9 ^! v]ses1 & 9 :at he said ( ! ,cyclopes1 he speaks ! words ( ,god & nature2 = poets are a div9e race1 & (t5 9 _! /ra9s1 by ! aid ( ! ,muses & ! ,graces1 !y atta9 tru?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[ let u proce$ ) ! re/ ( our tale1 :i* w probably be f\nd to illu/rate 9 "s degree our propos$ design3--,%all we d s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,ilium 0 built1 :5 !y desc5d$ f ! m\nta91 9 a l>ge & fair pla91 on a sort ( l[ hill1 wat]$ by _m riv]s desc5d+ f ,ida4 ,,cle9ias3 ,su* is ! tradition4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we mu/ suppose ?is ev5t to h tak5 place _m ages aft] ! deluge8 ,,a!nian3 ,a m>vell\s =getfulness ( ! =m] de/ruction w\ld appe> to h come ov] !m1 :5 !y plac$ _! t[n "r "u num]\s /reams fl[+ f ! heights1 tru/+ = _! security to n v high hills1 ei!r4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re mu/ h be5 a long int]val1 cle>ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,&1 z population increas$1 _m o!r cities w\ld beg9 to be inhabit$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,d\btless4 ,,a!nian3 ,^? cities made w> aga9/ ,troy--by sea z well z l&--= at t "t m5 7 ceas+ to be afraid ( ! sea4 ,,cle9ias3 ,cle>ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,! ,a*aeans rema9$ t5 ye>s1 & ov]?rew ,troy4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& dur+ ! t5 ye>s 9 :i* ! ,a*aeans 7 besieg+ ,ilium1 ! homes ( ! besieg]s 7 fall+ into an evil plight4 ,_! y\? revolt$2 & :5 ! soldi]s return$ to _! own cities & families1 !y did n receive !m prop]ly1 & z !y ought to h done1 & num]\s dea?s1 murd]s1 exiles1 7 ! consequ5ce4 ,! exiles came aga91 "u a new "n1 no long] ,a*aeans1 b ,dorians1--a "n :i* !y d]iv$ f ,dorieus2 = x 0 he :o ga!r$ !m toge!r4 ,! re/ ( ! /ory is told by y ,lac$aemonians z "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,sp>ta4 ,,megillus3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,?us1 aft] digress+ f ! orig9al subject ( laws into music & dr9k+-b\ts1 ! argum5t has1 provid5tially1 come back to ! same po9t1 & pres5ts to u ano!r h&le4 ,= we h rea*$ ! settlem5t ( ,lac$aemon2 :i*1 z y truly say1 is 9 laws & 9 in/itutions ! si/] ( ,crete4 ,& we are all ! bett] = ! digression1 because we h gone ?r\gh v>i\s gov]nm5ts & settlem5ts1 & h be5 pres5t at ! f\ndation ( a fir/1 second1 & ?ird /ate1 succe$+ "o ano!r 9 inf9ite "t4 ,& n[ !re appe>s on ! horizon a f\r? /ate or nation :i* 0 once 9 process ( settlem5t & has cont9u$ settl$ to ?is day4 ,if1 out ( all ?is1 we are able to disc]n :at is well or ill settl$1 & :at laws are ! salvation & :at are ! de/ruction ( cities1 & :at *anges w\ld make a /ate happy1 ,o ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 we may n[ beg9 aga91 unless we h "s fault to f9d ) ! previ\s discussion4 ,,megillus3 ,if "s ,god1 ,/rang]1 w\ld promise u t our new enquiry ab\t legislation w\ld be z good & full z ! pres5t1 ,i w\ld g a great way to he> su* ano!r1 & w\ld ?9k t a day z long z ?is--& we are n[ approa*+ ! longe/ day ( ! ye>--0 too %ort = ! discussion4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ,i suppose t we mu/ consid] ?is subject8 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u place ourselves 9 ?\ght at ! mom5t :5 ,lac$aemon & ,argos & ,mess5e & ! re/ ( ! ,peloponnesus 7 all 9 complete subjection1 ,megillus1 to y\r ance/ors2 = aft]w>ds1 z ! leg5d in=ms u1 !y divid$ _! army into ?ree portions1 & settl$ ?ree cities1 ,argos1 ,mess5e1 ,lac$aemon4 ,,megillus3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,tem5us 0 ! k+ ( ,argos1 ,cresphontes ( ,mess5e1 ,procles & ,eury/h5es ( ,lac$aemon4 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,to ^! k+s all ! m5 ( t day made oa? t !y w\ld assi/ !m1 if any "o subv]t$ _! k+dom4 ,,megillus3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,b c a k+%ip be de/roy$1 or 0 any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t ev] de/roy$1 by any b ! rul]s !mselves8 ,no inde$1 by ,zeus4 ,h we already =gott5 :at 0 said a little :ile ago8 ,,megillus3 ,no4 ,,a!nian3 ,& may we n n[ fur!r confirm :at 0 !n m5tion$8 ,= we h come ^u facts :i* h br\ght u back aga9 to ! same pr9ciple2 s t1 9 resum+ ! discussion1 we %all n be enquir+ ab\t an empty !ory1 b ab\t ev5ts :i* actually happ5$4 ,! case 0 z foll[s3--,?ree royal h]oes made oa? to ?ree cities :i* 7 "u a k+ly gov]nm5t1 & ! cities to ! k+s1 t bo? rul]s & subjects %\ld gov]n & be gov]n$ accord+ to ! laws :i* 7 common to all ( !m3 ! rul]s promis$ t z "t & ! race w5t =w>d !y w\ld n make _! rule m arbitr>y2 & ! subjects said t1 if ! rul]s obs]v$ ^! conditions1 !y w\ld nev] subv]t or p]mit o!rs to subv]t ^? k+doms2 ! k+s 7 to assi/ k+s & peoples :5 injur$1 & ! peoples 7 to assi/ peoples & k+s 9 l mann]4 ,is n ?is ! fact8 ,,megillus3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! ?ree /ates to :om ^! laws 7 giv51 :e!r _! k+s or any o!rs 7 ! au?ors ( !m1 _h !re=e ! greate/ security = ! ma9t5ance ( _! con/itutions8 ,,megillus3 ,:at security8 ,,a!nian3 ,t ! o!r two /ates 7 always to come to ! rescue aga9/ a rebelli\s ?ird4 ,,megillus3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,_m p]sons say t legislators ought to impose su* laws z ! mass ( ! p w be ready to receive2 b ?is is j z if "o 7 to comm& gymna/ic ma/]s or physicians to treat or cure _! pupils or pati5ts 9 an agreeable mann]4 ,,megillus3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,:]eas ! physician may (t5 be too happy if he c re/ore heal?1 & make ! body :ole1 )\t any v great infliction ( pa94 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re 0 also ano!r advantage possess$ by ! m5 ( t day1 :i* greatly light5$ ! task ( pass+ laws4 ,,megillus3 ,:at advantage8 ,,a!nian3 ,! legislators ( t day1 :5 !y equaliz$ prop]ty1 escap$ ! great accusation :i* g5]ally arises 9 legislation1 if a p]son attempts to di/urb ! possession ( l&1 or to aboli% debts1 because he sees t )\t ?is re=m !re c nev] be any real equality4 ,n[1 9 g5]al1 :5 ! legislator attempts to make a new settlem5t ( su* matt]s1 e "o meets him ) ! cry1 t 'he is n to di/urb ve/$ int]e/s1'--decl>+ ) imprecations t he is introduc+ agr>ian laws & cancell+ ( debts1 until a man is at 8 wits' end2 :]eas no "o c\ld qu>rel ) ! ,dorians = di/ribut+ ! l&1--!re 0 no?+ to h9d] !m2 & z = debts1 !y _h none :i* 7 consid]able or ( old /&+4 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,b !n1 my good fri5ds1 :y did ! settlem5t & legislation ( _! c\ntry turn out s badly8 ,,megillus3 ,h[ d y mean2 & :y d y blame !m8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re 7 ?ree k+doms1 & ( ^!1 two quickly corrupt$ _! orig9al con/itution & laws1 & ! only "o :i* rema9$ 0 ! ,sp>tan4 ,,megillus3 ,! "q :i* y ask is n easily answ]$4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet mu/ be answ]$ :5 we are enquir+ ab\t laws1 ?is be+ our old man's sob] game ( play1 :]eby we beguile ! way1 z ,i 0 say+ :5 we fir/ set out on our j\rney4 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly2 & we mu/ f9d out :y ?is 04 ,,a!nian3 ,:at laws are m wor?y ( our att5tion ?an ^? :i* h regulat$ su* cities8 or :at settlem5ts ( /ates are great] or m fam\s8 ,,megillus3 ,i "k ( none4 ,,a!nian3 ,c we d\bt t y\r ance/ors int5d$ ^! in/itutions n only = ! protection ( ,peloponnesus1 b ( all ! ,hell5es1 9 case !y 7 attack$ by ! b>b>ian8 ,= ! inhabitants ( ! region ab\t ,ilium1 :5 !y provok$ by _! insol5ce ! ,trojan w>1 reli$ ^u ! p[] ( ! ,assyrians & ! ,empire ( ,n9us1 :i* /ill exi/$ & _h a great pre/ige2 ! p ( ^? days fe>+ ! unit$ ,assyrian ,empire j z we n[ fe> ! ,great ,k+4 ,& ! second capture ( ,troy 0 a s]i\s (f5ce aga9/ !m1 because ,troy 0 a portion ( ! ,assyrian ,empire4 ,to meet ! dang] ! s+le army 0 di/ribut$ betwe5 ?ree cities by ! royal bro!rs1 sons ( ,h]acles1--a fair device1 z x seem$1 & a f> bett] arrangem5t ?an ! exp$ition aga9/ ,troy4 ,=1 fir/ly1 ! p ( t day _h1 z !y ?\ght1 9 ! ,h]aclidae bett] lead]s ?an ! ,pelopidae2 9 ! next place1 !y consid]$ t _! army 0 sup]ior 9 val\r to t :i* w5t aga9/ ,troy2 =1 al?\gh ! latt] conqu]$ ! ,trojans1 !y 7 !mselves conqu]$ by ! ,h]aclidae--,a*aeans by ,dorians4 ,may we n suppose t ?is 0 ! int5tion ) :i* ! m5 ( ^? days fram$ ! con/itutions ( _! /ates8 ,,megillus3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& w\ld n m5 :o _h %>$ ) "o ano!r _m dang]s1 & 7 gov]n$ by a s+le race ( royal bro!rs1 & _h tak5 ! advice ( oracles1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! ,delphian ,apollo1 be likely to ?9k t su* /ates w\ld be firmly & la/+ly e/abli%$8 ,,megillus3 ,( c\rse !y w\ld4 ,,a!nian3 ,yet ^! in/itutions1 ( :i* su* great expectations 7 ent]ta9$1 seem to h all rapidly vani%$ away2 ) ! exception1 z ,i 0 say+1 ( t small "p ( !m :i* exi/$ 9 y\r l&4 ,& ?is ?ird "p has nev] to ?is day ceas$ w>r+ aga9/ ! two o!rs2 :]eas1 if ! orig9al idea _h be5 c>ri$ out1 & !y _h agre$ to be "o1 _! p[] w\ld h be5 inv9cible 9 w>4 ,,megillus3 ,no d\bt4 ,,a!nian3 ,b :at 0 ! ru9 ( ?is glori\s conf$]acy8 ,"h is a subject well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly1 no "o w ev] f9d m /rik+ in/ances ( laws or gov]nm5ts be+ ! salvation or de/ruction ( great & noble int]e/s1 ?an are "h pres5t$ to 8 view4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[ we seem to h happily arriv$ at a real & important "q4 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,did y nev] rem>k1 sage fri5d1 t all m51 & we ourselves at ?is mom5t1 (t5 fancy t !y see "s beautiful ?+ :i* might h effect$ wond]s if any "o _h only kn[n h[ to make a "r use ( x 9 "s way2 & yet ?is mode ( look+ at ?+s may turn out aft] all to be a mi/ake1 & n accord+ to nature1 ei!r 9 our own case or 9 any o!r8 ,,megillus3 ,to :at are y ref]r+1 & :at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( my own admiration ( ! a=esaid ,h]acleid exp$ition1 :i* 0 s noble1 & might h _h su* wond]ful results = ! ,hell5es1 if only rightly us$2 & ,i 0 j laugh+ at myself4 ,,megillus3 ,b 7 y n "r & wise 9 speak+ z y did1 & we 9 ass5t+ to y8 ,,a!nian3 ,p]haps2 & yet ,i _c help obs]v+ t any "o :o sees any?+ great or p[]ful1 imm$iately has ! feel+ t--',if ! own] only knew h[ to use 8 great & noble possession1 h[ happy w\ld he be1 & :at great results w\ld he a*ieve6' ,,megillus3 ,& w\ld he n be ju/ifi$8 ,,a!nian3 ,reflect2 9 :at po9t ( view does ?is sort ( praise appe> j3 ,fir/1 9 ref]5ce to ! "q 9 h&3--,if ! !n comm&]s _h kn[n h[ to arrange _! army prop]ly1 h[ w\ld !y h atta9$ success8 ,w\ld n ?is h be5 ! way8 ,!y w\ld h b\nd !m all firmly toge!r & pres]v$ !m = ev]1 giv+ !m fre$om & dom9ion at pleasure1 comb9$ ) ! p[] ( do+ 9 ! :ole _w1 ,hell5ic & b>b>ian1 :atev] !y & _! desc5dants desir$4 ,:at o!r aim w\ld !y h _h8 ,,megillus3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose any "o 7 9 ! same way to express 8 admiration at ! sight ( great weal? or family hon\r1 or ! l1 he w\ld praise !m "u ! idea t ?r\gh !m he w\ld atta9 ei!r all or ! great] & *ief "p ( :at he desires4 ,,megillus3 ,he w\ld4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 n[1 & does n ! argum5t %[ t !re is "o common desire ( all mank9d8 ,,megillus3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,! desire :i* a man has1 t all ?+s1 if possible1--at any rate1 ?+s human1--may come to pass 9 accordance ) 8 s\l's desire4 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& hav+ ?is desire always1 & at e "t ( life1 9 y\?1 9 manhood1 9 age1 he _c help always pray+ = ! fulfilm5t ( x4 ,,megillus3 ,no d\bt4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we jo9 9 ! pray]s ( our fri5ds1 & ask = !m :at !y ask = !mselves4 ,,megillus3 ,we d4 ,,a!nian3 ,de> is ! son to ! fa!r--! y\ng] to ! eld]4 ,,megillus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet ! son (t5 prays to obta9 ?+s :i* ! fa!r prays t he may n obta94 ,,megillus3 ,:5 ! son is "y & fooli%1 y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 or :5 ! fa!r1 9 ! dotage ( age or ! heat ( y\?1 hav+ no s5se ( "r & ju/ice1 prays ) f]v\r1 "u ! influ5ce ( feel+s ak9 to ^? ( ,!seus :5 he curs$ ! un=tunate ,hippolytus1 d y imag9e t ! son1 hav+ a s5se ( "r & ju/ice1 w jo9 9 8 fa!r's pray]s8 ,,megillus3 ,i und]/& y to mean t a man %\ld n desire or be 9 a hurry to h all ?+s accord+ to 8 wi%1 = 8 wi% may be at v>iance ) 8 reason4 ,b e /ate & e individual ought to pray & /rive = wisdom4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & ,i rememb]1 & y w rememb]1 :at ,i said at fir/1 t a /atesman & legislator ought to orda9 laws ) a view to wisdom2 :ile y 7 argu+ t ! good lawgiv] ought to ord] all ) a view to w>4 ,& to ?is ,i repli$ t !re 7 f\r virtues1 b t ^u y\r view "o ( !m only 0 ! aim ( legislation2 :]eas y ought to reg>d all virtue1 & especially t :i* comes fir/1 & is ! lead] ( all ! re/--,i mean wisdom & m9d & op9ion1 hav+ affection & desire 9 _! tra94 ,& n[ ! argum5t returns to ! same po9t1 & ,i say once m1 9 je/ if y l1 or 9 e>ne/ if y l1 t ! pray] ( a fool is full ( dang]1 be+ likely to end 9 ! opposite ( :at he desires4 ,& if y w\ld r receive my words 9 e>ne/1 ,i am will+ t y %\ld2 & y w f9d1 ,i suspect1 z ,i h said already1 t n c[>dice 0 ! cause ( ! ru9 ( ! ,dorian k+s & ( _! :ole design1 nor ignorance ( milit>y matt]s1 ei!r on ! "p ( ! rul]s or ( _! subjects2 b _! mis=tunes 7 due to _! g5]al deg5]acy1 & especially to _! ignorance ( ! mo/ important human affairs4 ,t 0 !n1 & is /ill1 & always w be ! case1 z ,i w endeav\r1 if y w all[ me1 to make out & demon/rate z well z ,i am able to y :o are my fri5ds1 9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,pray g on1 ,/rang]2--complim5ts are tr\blesome1 b we w %[1 n 9 ^w b 9 de$1 h[ greatly we prize y\r words1 = we w give !m our be/ att5tion2 & t is ! way 9 :i* a freeman be/ %[s 8 approval or disapproval4 ,,megillus3 ,excell5t1 ,cle9ias2 let u d z y say4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means1 if ,heav5 wills4 ,g on4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n1 proce$+ 9 ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 ,i say t ! greate/ ignorance 0 ! ru9 ( ! ,dorian p[]1 & t n[1 z !n1 ignorance is ru94 ,& if ?is be true1 ! legislator mu/ endeav\r to implant wisdom 9 /ates1 & bani% ignorance to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is evid5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[ consid] :at is really ! greate/ ignorance4 ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y & ,megillus w\ld agree ) me 9 :at ,i am ab\t to say2 = my op9ion is-- ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,t ! greate/ ignorance is :5 a man hates t :i* he nev]!less ?9ks to be good & noble1 & loves & embraces t :i* he kn[s to be unrighte\s & evil4 ,?is disagreem5t betwe5 ! s5se ( pleasure & ! judgm5t ( reason 9 ! s\l is1 9 my op9ion1 ! wor/ ignorance2 & also ! greate/1 because affect+ ! great mass ( ! human s\l2 = ! pr9ciple :i* feels pleasure & pa9 9 ! individual is l ! mass or populace 9 a /ate4 ,& :5 ! s\l is oppos$ to k1 or op9ion1 or reason1 :i* are h] natural lords1 t ,i call folly1 j z 9 ! /ate1 :5 ! multitude refuses to obey _! rul]s & ! laws2 or1 aga91 9 ! individual1 :5 fair reason+s h _! habitation 9 ! s\l & yet d no good1 b r ! rev]se ( good4 ,all ^! cases ,i t]m ! wor/ ignorance1 :e!r 9 individuals or 9 /ates4 ,y w und]/&1 ,/rang]1 t ,i am speak+ ( some?+ :i* is v diff]5t f ! ignorance ( h&icraftsm54 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 my fri5d1 we und]/& & agree4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place decl>e & affirm t ! citiz5 :o does n "k ^! ?+s ought nev] to h any k9d ( au?ority entru/$ to him3 he mu/ be /igmatiz$ z ignorant1 ev5 ?\gh he be v]s$ 9 calculation & skill$ 9 all sorts ( accompli%m5ts1 & feats ( m5tal dext]ity2 & ! opposite are to be call$ wise1 ev5 al?\gh1 9 ! words ( ! prov]b1 !y "k nei!r h[ to read nor h[ to swim2 & to !m1 z to m5 ( s5se1 au?ority is to be committ$4 ,=1 ,o my fri5ds1 h[ c !re be ! lea/ %ad[ ( wisdom :5 !re is no h>mony8 ,!re is none2 b ! noble/ & greate/ ( h>monies may be truly said to be ! greate/ wisdom2 & ( ?is he is a p>tak] :o lives accord+ to reason2 :]eas he :o is devoid ( reason is ! de/roy] ( 8 h\se & ! v opposite ( a savi\r ( ! /ate3 he is utt]ly ignorant ( political wisdom4 ,let ?is1 !n1 z ,i 0 say+1 be laid d[n by u4 ,,cle9ias3 ,let x be s laid d[n4 ,,a!nian3 ,i suppose t !re mu/ be rul]s & subjects 9 /ates8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at are ! pr9ciples on :i* m5 rule & obey 9 cities1 :e!r great or small2 & simil>ly 9 families8 ,:at are !y1 & h[ _m 9 numb]8 ,is !re n "o claim ( au?ority :i* is always j1--t ( fa!rs & mo!rs & 9 g5]al ( prog5itors to rule ov] _! (fspr+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re is4 ,,a!nian3 ,next foll[s ! pr9ciple t ! noble %\ld rule ov] ! ignoble2 &1 ?irdly1 t ! eld] %\ld rule & ! y\ng] obey8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,&1 f\r?ly1 t slaves %\ld be rul$1 & _! ma/]s rule8 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,fif?ly1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 comes ! pr9ciple t ! /rong] %all rule1 & ! weak] be rul$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is a rule n to be disobey$4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 & a rule :i* prevails v widely among all creatures1 & is accord+ to nature1 z ! ,!ban poet ,p9d> once said2 & ! six? pr9ciple1 & ! greate/ ( all1 is1 t ! wise %\ld lead & comm&1 & ! ignorant foll[ & obey2 & yet1 ,o ?\ mo/ wise ,p9d>1 z ,i %\ld reply him1 ?is surely is n contr>y to nature1 b accord+ to nature1 be+ ! rule ( law ov] will+ subjects1 & n a rule ( compulsion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is a sev5? k9d ( rule :i* is aw>d$ by lot1 & is de> to ! ,gods & a tok5 ( good =tune3 he on :om ! lot falls is a rul]1 & he :o fails 9 obta9+ ! lot goes away & is ! subject2 & ?is we affirm to be q j4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ',!n n[1' z we say playfully to any ( ^? :o lightly und]take ! mak+ ( laws1 'y see1 legislator1 ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 h[ _m !y are1 & t !y are naturally oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,!re we h discov]$ a f\nta9-head ( s$itions1 to :i* y mu/ att5d4 ,&1 fir/1 we w ask y to consid] ) u1 h[ & 9 :at respect ! k+s ( ,argos & ,mess5e violat$ ^! our maxims1 & ru9$ !mselves & ! great & fam\s ,hell5ic p[] ( ! old5 "t4 ,0 x because !y did n "k h[ wisely ,hesiod spoke :5 he said t ! half is (t5 m ?an ! :ole8 ,8 mean+ 01 t :5 to take ! :ole w\ld be dang]\s1 & to take ! half w\ld be ! safe & mod]ate c\rse1 !n ! mod]ate or bett] 0 m ?an ! immod]ate or worse4' ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& may we suppose ?is immod]ate _s to be m fatal :5 f\nd among k+s ?an :5 among peoples8 ,,cle9ias3 ,! probability is t ignorance w be a disord] especially preval5t among k+s1 because !y lead a pr\d & luxuri\s life4 ,,a!nian3 ,is x n palpable t ! *ief aim ( ! k+s ( t "t 0 to get ! bett] ( ! e/abli%$ laws1 & t !y 7 n 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples :i* !y _h agre$ to obs]ve by ^w & oa?8 ,?is want ( h>mony may h _h ! appe>ance ( wisdom1 b 0 really1 z we ass]t1 ! greate/ ignorance1 & utt]ly ov]?rew ! :ole empire by dissonance & h>% discord4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v likely4 ,,a!nian3 ,good2 & :at measures ought ! legislator to h !n tak5 9 ord] to av]t ?is calamity8 ,truly !re is no great wisdom 9 kn[+1 & no great difficulty 9 tell+1 aft] ! evil has happ5$2 b to h =ese5 ! rem$y at ! "t w\ld h tak5 a mu* wis] head ?an ours4 ,,megillus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,any "o :o looks at :at has occurr$ ) y ,lac$aemonians1 ,megillus1 may easily "k & may easily say :at ought to h be5 done at t "t4 ,,megillus3 ,speak a little m cle>ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,no?+ c be cle>] ?an ! obs]vation :i* ,i am ab\t to make4 ,,megillus3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,t if any "o gives too great a p[] to any?+1 too l>ge a sail to a vessel1 too mu* food to ! body1 too mu* au?ority to ! m9d1 & does n obs]ve ! mean1 ev]y?+ is ov]?r[n1 &1 9 ! wantonness ( excess1 runs 9 ! "o case to disord]s1 & 9 ! o!r to inju/ice1 :i* is ! *ild ( excess4 ,i mean to say1 my de> fri5ds1 t !re is no s\l ( man1 "y & irresponsible1 :o w be able to su/a9 ! temptation ( arbitr>y p[]--no "o :o w n1 "u su* circum/ances1 become fill$ ) folly1 t wor/ ( diseases1 & be hat$ by 8 ne>e/ & de>e/ fri5ds3 :5 ?is happ5s 8 k+dom is und]m9$1 & all 8 p[] vani%es f him4 ,& great legislators :o "k ! mean %\ld take he$ ( ! dang]4 ,z f> z we c guess at ?is di/ance ( "t1 :at happ5$ 0 z foll[s3-- ,,megillus3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,a ,god1 :o wat*$ ov] ,sp>ta1 see+ into ! future1 gave y two families ( k+s in/ead ( "o2 & ?us br\ght y m )9 ! limits ( mod]ation4 ,9 ! next place1 "s human wisdom m+l$ ) div9e p[]1 obs]v+ t ! con/itution ( y\r gov]nm5t 0 /ill fev]i% & excit$1 temp]$ y\r inborn /r5g? & pride ( bir? ) ! mod]ation :i* comes ( age1 mak+ ! p[] ( y\r tw5ty-eight eld]s equal ) t ( ! k+s 9 ! mo/ important matt]s4 ,b y\r ?ird savi\r1 p]ceiv+ t y\r gov]nm5t 0 /ill swell+ & foam+1 & desir\s to impose a curb ^u x1 in/itut$ ! ,ephors1 ^: p[] he made to resemble t ( magi/rates elect$ by lot2 & by ?is arrangem5t ! k+ly (fice1 be+ comp\nd$ ( ! "r elem5ts & duly mod]at$1 0 pres]v$1 & 0 ! means ( pres]v+ all ! re/4 ,s9ce1 if !re _h be5 only ! orig9al legislators1 ,tem5us1 ,cresphontes1 & _! contempor>ies1 z f> z !y 7 conc]n$ n ev5 ! portion ( ,ari/odemus w\ld h be5 pres]v$2 = !y _h no prop] exp]i5ce 9 legislation1 or !y w\ld surely n h imag9$ t oa?s w\ld mod]ate a y\?ful _s inve/$ ) a p[] :i* might be conv]t$ into a tyranny4 ,n[ t ,god has in/ruct$ u :at sort ( gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 or w be la/+1 !re is no wisdom1 z ,i h already said1 9 judg+ aft] ! ev5t2 !re is no difficulty 9 le>n+ f an example :i* has already occurr$4 ,b if any "o c\ld h =ese5 all ?is at ! "t1 & _h be5 able to mod]ate ! gov]nm5t ( ! ?ree k+doms & unite !m into "o1 he might h sav$ all ! excell5t in/itutions :i* 7 !n conceiv$2 & no ,p]sian or any o!r armam5t w\ld h d>$ to attack u1 or w\ld h reg>d$ ,hellas z a p[] to be despis$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re 0 small cr$it to u1 ,cle9ias1 9 defeat+ !m2 & ! discr$it 01 n t ! conqu]ors did n w9 glori\s victories bo? by l& & sea1 b :at1 9 my op9ion1 br\ght discr$it 01 fir/ ( all1 ! circum/ance t ( ! ?ree cities "o only f\ght on behalf ( ,hellas1 & ! two o!rs 7 s utt]ly good = no?+ t ! "o 0 wag+ a mighty w> aga9/ ,lac$aemon1 & 0 ?us prev5t+ h] f r5d]+ assi/ance1 :ile ! city ( ,argos1 :i* _h ! prec$5ce at ! "t ( ! di/ribution1 :5 ask$ to aid 9 repell+ ! b>b>ian1 w\ld n answ] to ! call1 or give aid4 ,_m ?+s might be told ab\t ,hellas 9 connexion ) t w> :i* are f> f hon\rable2 nor1 inde$1 c we rightly say t ,hellas repell$ ! invad]2 = ! tru? is1 t unless ! ,a!nians & ,lac$aemonians1 act+ 9 conc]t1 _h w>d$ (f ! imp5d+ yoke1 all ! tribes ( ,hellas w\ld h be5 fus$ 9 a *aos ( ,hell5es m+l+ ) "o ano!r1 ( b>b>ians m+l+ ) ,hell5es1 & ,hell5es ) b>b>ians2 j z nations :o are n[ subject to ! ,p]sian p[]1 ow+ to unnatural sep>ations & comb9ations ( !m1 are disp]s$ & scatt]$1 & live mis]ably4 ,^!1 ,cle9ias & ,megillus1 are ! reproa*es :i* we h to make aga9/ /atesm5 & legislators1 z !y are call$1 pa/ & pres5t1 if we w\ld analyse ! causes ( _! failure1 & f9d out :at else might h be5 done4 ,we said1 = in/ance1 j n[1 t !re ought to be no great & unmix$ p[]s2 & ?is 0 "u ! idea t a /ate ought to be free & wise & h>moni\s1 & t a legislator ought to legislate ) a view to ?is end4 ,nor is !re any reason to be surpris$ at our cont9ually propos+ aims = ! legislator :i* appe> n to be always ! same2 b we %\ld consid] :5 we say t temp]ance is to be ! aim1 or wisdom is to be ! aim1 or fri5d%ip is to be ! aim1 t all ^! aims are really ! same2 & if s1 a v>iety 9 ! modes ( expression ought n to di/urb u4 ,,cle9ias3 ,let u resume ! argum5t 9 t _s4 ,& n[1 speak+ ( fri5d%ip & wisdom & fre$om1 ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me at :at1 9 y\r op9ion1 ! legislator %\ld aim4 ,,a!nian3 ,he> me1 !n3 !re are two "m =ms ( /ates f :i* ! re/ may be truly said to be d]iv$2 & "o ( !m may be call$ mon>*y & ! o!r democracy3 ! ,p]sians h ! highe/ =m ( ! "o1 & we ( ! o!r2 almo/ all ! re/1 z ,i 0 say+1 are v>iations ( ^!4 ,n[1 if y are to h lib]ty & ! comb9ation ( fri5d%ip ) wisdom1 y mu/ h bo? ^! =ms ( gov]nm5t 9 a measure2 ! argum5t emphatically decl>es t no city c be well gov]n$ :i* is n made up ( bo?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,nei!r ! "o1 if x be exclusively & excessively atta*$ to mon>*y1 nor ! o!r1 if x be simil>ly atta*$ to fre$om1 obs]ves mod]ation2 b y\r /ates1 ! ,laconian & ,cretan1 h m ( x2 & ! same 0 ! case ) ! ,a!nians & ,p]sians ( old "t1 b n[ !y h less4 ,%all ,i tell y :y8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means1 if x w t5d to elucidate our subject4 ,,a!nian3 ,he>1 !n3--,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,p]sians _h m ( ! /ate :i* is a mean betwe5 slav]y & fre$om4 ,9 ! reign ( ,cyrus !y 7 freem5 & also lords ( _m o!rs3 ! rul]s gave a %>e ( fre$om to ! subjects1 & be+ treat$ z equals1 ! soldi]s 7 on bett] t]ms ) _! g5]als1 & %[$ !mselves m ready 9 ! h\r ( dang]4 ,& if !re 0 any wise man among !m1 :o 0 able to give good c\nsel1 he imp>t$ 8 wisdom to ! public2 = ! k+ 0 n jeal\s1 b all[$ him full lib]ty ( spee*1 & gave hon\r to ^? :o c\ld advise him 9 any matt]4 ,& ! nation wax$ 9 all respects1 because !re 0 fre$om & fri5d%ip & communion ( m9d among !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t c]ta9ly appe>s to h be5 ! case4 ,,a!nian3 ,h[1 !n1 0 ?is advantage lo/ "u ,cambyses1 & aga9 recov]$ "u ,d>ius8 ,%all ,i try to div9e8 ,,cle9ias3 ,! enquiry1 no d\bt1 has a be>+ ^u our subject4 ,,a!nian3 ,i imag9e t ,cyrus1 ?\gh a great & patriotic g5]al1 _h nev] giv5 8 m9d to education1 & nev] att5d$ to ! ord] ( 8 h\sehold4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at makes y say s8 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?9k t f 8 y\? upw>ds he 0 a soldi]1 & entru/$ ! education ( 8 *ildr5 to ! wom52 & !y br\ght !m up f _! *ildhood z ! fav\rites ( =tune1 :o 7 bless$ already1 & ne$$ no m bless+s4 ,!y ?\ght t !y 7 happy en\gh1 & t no "o %\ld be all[$ to oppose !m 9 any way1 & !y compell$ e "o to praise all t !y said or did4 ,?is 0 h[ !y br\ght !m up4 ,,cle9ias3 ,a spl5did education truly6 ,,a!nian3 ,su* an "o z wom5 7 likely to give !m1 & especially pr9cesses :o _h rec5tly gr[n ri*1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m51 too1 :o 7 occupi$ 9 w>s & dang]s1 & _h no "t to look aft] !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at w\ld y expect8 ,,a!nian3 ,_! fa!r _h possessions ( cattle & %eep1 & _m h]ds ( m5 & o!r animals1 b he did n consid] t ^? to :om he 0 ab\t to make !m ov] 7 n tra9$ 9 8 own call+1 :i* 0 ,p]sian2 = ! ,p]sians are %eph]ds--sons ( a rugg$ l&1 :i* is a /]n "m1 & well fitt$ to produce a /urdy race able to live 9 ! op5 air & g )\t sleep1 & also to fight1 if fight+ is requir$ 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,he did n obs]ve t 8 sons 7 tra9$ diff]5tly2 ?r\gh ! s-call$ bless+ ( be+ royal !y 7 educat$ 9 ! ,m$ian fa%ion by wom5 & eunu*s1 :i* l$ to _! becom+ su* z p d become :5 !y are br\ght up unreprov$4 ,& s1 aft] ! dea? ( ,cyrus1 8 sons1 9 ! fulness ( luxury & lic5ce1 took ! k+dom1 & fir/ "o slew ! o!r because he c\ld n endure a rival2 &1 aft]w>ds1 ! slay] himself1 mad ) w9e & brutality1 lo/ 8 k+dom ?r\gh ! ,m$es & ! ,eunu*1 z !y call$ him1 :o despis$ ! folly ( ,cambyses4 ,,cle9ias3 ,s runs ! tale1 & su* probably 7 ! facts4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & ! tradition says1 t ! empire came back to ! ,p]sians1 ?r\gh ,d>ius & ! sev5 *iefs4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u note ! re/ ( ! /ory4 ,obs]ve1 t ,d>ius 0 n ! son ( a k+1 & _h n receiv$ a luxuri\s education4 ,:5 he came to ! ?rone1 be+ "o ( ! sev51 he divid$ ! c\ntry into sev5 portions1 & ( ?is arrangem5t !re are "s %ad[y traces /ill rema9+2 he made laws ^u ! pr9ciple ( introduc+ univ]sal equality 9 ! ord] ( ! /ate1 & he embodi$ 9 8 laws ! settlem5t ( ! tribute :i* ,cyrus promis$1--?us creat+ a feel+ ( fri5d%ip & community among all ! ,p]sians1 & atta*+ ! p to him ) money & gifts4 ,h5ce 8 armies *e]fully acquir$ = him c\ntries z l>ge z ^? :i* ,cyrus _h left beh9d him4 ,d>ius 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,x]xes2 & he aga9 0 br\ght up 9 ! royal & luxuri\s fa%ion4 ,might we n mo/ ju/ly say3 ',o ,d>ius1 h[ came y to br+ up ,x]xes 9 ! same way 9 :i* ,cyrus br\ght up ,cambyses1 & n to see 8 fatal mi/ake8' ,= ,x]xes1 be+ ! creation ( ! same education1 met ) mu* ! same =tune z ,cambyses2 & f t "t until n[ !re has nev] be5 a really great k+ among ! ,p]sians1 al?\gh !y are all call$ ,great4 ,& _! deg5]acy is n to be attribut$ to *ance1 z ,i ma9ta92 ! reason is r ! evil life :i* is g5]ally l$ by ! sons ( v ri* & royal p]sons2 = nev] w boy or man1 "y or old1 excel 9 virtue1 :o has be5 ?us educat$4 ,& ?is1 ,i say1 is :at ! legislator has to consid]1 & :at at ! pres5t mom5t has to be consid]$ by u4 ,ju/ly may y1 ,o ,lac$aemonians1 be prais$1 9 t y d n give special hon\r or a special education to weal? r ?an to pov]ty1 or to a royal r ?an to a private /ation1 :]e ! div9e & inspir$ lawgiv] has n orig9ally comm&$ !m to be giv54 ,= no man ought to h pre-em95t hon\r 9 a /ate because he surpasses o!rs 9 weal?1 any m ?an because he is swift ( foot or fair or /rong1 unless he h "s virtue 9 him2 nor ev5 if he h virtue1 unless he h ?is p>ticul> virtue ( temp]ance4 ,,megillus3 ,:at d y mean1 ,/rang]8 ,,a!nian3 ,i suppose t c\rage is a "p ( virtue8 ,,megillus3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 n[ he> & judge = y\rself3--,w\ld y l to h = a fell[-lodg] or neighb\r a v c\rage\s man1 :o _h no control ov] himself8 ,,megillus3 ,heav5 =bid6 ,,a!nian3 ,or an arti/1 :o 0 clev] 9 8 pr(ession1 b a rogue8 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,& surely ju/ice does n gr[ ap>t f temp]ance8 ,,megillus3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,any m ?an our patt]n wise man1 :om we exhibit$ z hav+ 8 pleasures & pa9s 9 accordance ) & correspond+ to true reason1 c be intemp]ate8 ,,megillus3 ,no4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is a fur!r consid]ation relat+ to ! due & undue aw>d ( hon\rs 9 /ates4 ,,megillus3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r temp]ance )\t ! o!r virtues1 exi/+ alone 9 ! s\l ( man1 is rightly to be prais$ or blam$8 ,,megillus3 ,i _c tell4 ,,a!nian3 ,& t is ! be/ answ]2 = :i*ev] alt]native y _h *os51 ,i ?9k t y w\ld h gone wrong4 ,,megillus3 ,i am =tunate4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good2 a quality1 :i* is a m]e app5dage ( ?+s :i* c be prais$ or blam$1 does n des]ve an expression ( op9ion1 b is be/ pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,,megillus3 ,y are speak+ ( temp]ance8 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 b ( ! o!r virtues1 t :i* hav+ ?is app5dage is also mo/ b5eficial1 w be mo/ des]v+ ( hon\r1 & next t :i* is b5eficial 9 ! next degree2 & s ea* ( !m w be rightly hon\r$ accord+ to a regul> ord]4 ,,megillus3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ought n ! legislator to det]m9e ^! classes8 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly he %\ld4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose t we leave to him ! arrangem5t ( details4 ,b ! g5]al division ( laws accord+ to _! importance into a fir/ & second & ?ird class1 we :o are lov]s ( law may make ourselves4 ,,megillus3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,we ma9ta91 !n1 t a ,/ate :i* w\ld be safe & happy1 z f> z ! nature ( man all[s1 mu/ & ought to di/ribute hon\r & di%on\r 9 ! "r way4 ,& ! "r way is to place ! goods ( ! s\l fir/ & highe/ 9 ! scale1 always assum+ temp]ance to be ! condition ( !m2 & to assign ! second place to ! goods ( ! body2 & ! ?ird place to money & prop]ty4 ,& if any legislator or /ate dep>ts f ?is rule by giv+ money ! place ( hon\r1 or 9 any way pref]r+ t :i* is really la/1 may we n say1 t he or ! /ate is do+ an unholy & unpatriotic ?+8 ,,megillus3 ,yes2 let t be pla9ly decl>$4 ,,a!nian3 ,! consid]ation ( ! ,p]sian gov]nm5ts l$ u ?us f> to enl>ge4 ,we rem>k$ t ! ,p]sians grew worse & worse4 ,& we affirm ! reason ( ?is to h be51 t !y too mu* dim9i%$ ! fre$om ( ! p1 & introduc$ too mu* ( despotism1 & s de/roy$ fri5d%ip & community ( feel+4 ,& :5 !re is an end ( ^!1 no long] d ! gov]nors gov]n on behalf ( _! subjects or ( ! p1 b on behalf ( !mselves2 & if !y ?9k t !y c ga9 ev] s small an advantage = !mselves1 !y deva/ate cities1 & s5d fire & desolation among fri5dly races4 ,& z !y hate ru?lessly & horribly1 s are !y hat$2 & :5 !y want ! p to fight = !m1 !y f9d no community ( feel+ or will+ness to risk _! lives on _! behalf2 _! untold myriads are useless to !m on ! field ( battle1 & !y ?9k t _! salvation dep5ds on ! employm5t ( m]c5>ies & /rang]s :om !y hire1 z if !y 7 9 want ( m m54 ,& !y _c help be+ /upid1 s9ce !y proclaim by _! actions t ! ord9>y di/9ctions ( "r & wrong :i* are made 9 a /ate are a trifle1 :5 comp>$ ) gold & silv]4 ,,megillus3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ en\gh ( ! ,p]sians1 & _! pres5t mal-adm9i/ration ( _! gov]nm5t1 :i* is ow+ to ! excess ( slav]y & despotism among !m4 ,,megillus3 ,good4 ,,a!nian3 ,next1 we mu/ pass 9 review ! gov]nm5t ( ,attica 9 l mann]1 & f ?is %[ t entire fre$om & ! abs5ce ( all sup]ior au?ority is n by any means s good z gov]nm5t by o!rs :5 prop]ly limit$1 :i* 0 our anci5t ,a!nian con/itution at ! "t :5 ! ,p]sians made _! attack on ,hellas1 or1 speak+ m correctly1 on ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe4 ,!re 7 f\r classes1 arrang$ accord+ to a prop]ty c5sus1 & rev]5ce 0 our que5 & mi/ress1 & made u will+ to live 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws :i* !n prevail$4 ,also ! va/ness ( ! ,p]sian armam5t1 bo? by sea & on l&1 caus$ a helpless t]ror1 :i* made u m & m ! s]vants ( our rul]s & ( ! laws2 & = all ^! reasons an exce$+ h>mony prevail$ among u4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s be=e ! naval engagem5t at ,salamis1 ,datis came1 lead+ a ,p]sian ho/ by comm& ( ,d>ius1 :i* 0 expressly direct$ aga9/ ! ,a!nians & ,eretrians1 hav+ ord]s to c>ry !m away captive2 & ^! ord]s he 0 to execute "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,n[ ,datis & 8 myriads soon became complete ma/]s ( ,eretria1 & he s5t a fe>ful report to ,a!ns t no ,eretrian _h escap$ him2 = ! soldi]s ( ,datis _h jo9$ h&s & nett$ ! :ole ( ,eretria4 ,& ?is report1 :e!r well or ill f\nd$1 0 t]rible to all ! ,hell5es1 & above all to ! ,a!nians1 & !y dispat*$ embassies 9 all directions1 b no "o 0 will+ to come to _! relief1 ) ! exception ( ! ,lac$aemonians2 & !y1 ei!r because !y 7 deta9$ by ! ,mess5ian w>1 :i* 0 !n go+ on1 or = "s o!r reason ( :i* we are n told1 came a day too late = ! battle ( ,m>a?on4 ,aft] a :ile1 ! news arriv$ ( mighty prep>ations be+ made1 & innum]able ?reats came f ! k+4 ,!n1 z "t w5t on1 a rum\r rea*$ u t ,d>ius _h di$1 & t 8 son1 :o 0 "y & hot-head$1 _h come to ! ?rone & 0 p]si/+ 9 8 design4 ,! ,a!nians 7 "u ! impression t ! :ole exp$ition 0 direct$ aga9/ !m1 9 consequ5ce ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on2 & he>+ ( ! bridge ov] ! ,hellespont1 & ! canal ( ,a?os1 & ! ho/ ( %ips1 consid]+ t !re 0 no salvation = !m ei!r by l& or by sea1 = !re 0 no "o to help !m1 & rememb]+ t 9 ! fir/ exp$ition1 :5 ! ,p]sians de/roy$ ,eretria1 no "o came to _! help1 or w\ld risk ! dang] ( an alliance ) !m1 !y ?\ght t ?is w\ld happ5 aga91 at lea/ on l&2 nor1 :5 !y look$ to ! sea1 c\ld !y descry any hope ( salvation2 = !y 7 attack$ by a ?\s& vessels & m4 ,"o *ance ( safety rema9$1 slight inde$ & desp]ate1 b _! only "o4 ,!y saw t on ! =m] occasion !y _h ga9$ a seem+ly impossible victory1 & borne up by ?is hope1 !y f\nd t _! only refuge 0 9 !mselves & 9 ! ,gods4 ,all ^! ?+s creat$ 9 !m ! _s ( fri5d%ip2 !re 0 ! fe> ( ! mom5t1 & !re 0 t high] fe>1 :i* !y _h acquir$ by ob$i5ce to _! anci5t laws1 & :i* ,i h sev]al times 9 ! prec$+ disc\rse call$ rev]5ce1 ( :i* ! good man ought to be a will+ s]vant1 & ( :i* ! c[>d is indep5d5t & fe>less4 ,if ?is fe> _h n possess$ !m1 !y w\ld nev] h met ! enemy1 or def5d$ _! temples & sepul*res & _! c\ntry1 & ev]y?+ t 0 ne> & de> to !m1 z !y did2 b little by little !y w\ld h be5 all scatt]$ & disp]s$4 ,,megillus3 ,y\r words1 ,a!nian1 are q true1 & wor?y ( y\rself & ( y\r c\ntry4 ,,a!nian3 ,!y are true1 ,megillus2 & to y1 :o h inh]it$ ! virtues ( y\r ance/ors1 ,i may prop]ly speak ( ! actions ( t day4 ,& ,i w\ld wi% y & ,cle9ias to consid] :e!r my words h n also a be>+ on legislation2 = ,i am n disc\rs+ only = ! pleasure ( talk+1 b = ! argum5t's sake4 ,please to rem>k t ! exp]i5ce bo? ( ourselves & ! ,p]sians 01 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! same2 = z !y l$ _! p into utt] s]vitude1 s we too l$ ours into all fre$om4 ,& n[1 h[ %all we proce$8 = ,i w\ld l y to obs]ve t our previ\s argum5ts h good deal to say = !mselves4 ,,megillus3 ,true2 b ,i wi% t y w\ld give u a full] explanation4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w4 ,"u ! anci5t laws1 my fri5ds1 ! p 0 n z n[ ! ma/]1 b r ! will+ s]vant ( ! laws4 ,,megillus3 ,:at laws d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u speak ( ! laws ab\t music1--t is to say1 su* music z !n exi/$--9 ord] t we may trace ! gr[? ( ! excess ( fre$om f ! beg9n+4 ,n[ music 0 e>ly divid$ among u into c]ta9 k9ds & mann]s4 ,"o sort consi/$ ( pray]s to ! ,gods1 :i* 7 call$ hymns2 & !re 0 ano!r & opposite sort call$ lam5tations1 & ano!r t]m$ paeans1 & ano!r1 celebrat+ ! bir? ( ,dionysus1 call$1 ,i believe1 'di?yrambs4' ,& !y us$ ! actual ^w 'laws1' or nomoi1 = ano!r k9d ( song2 & to ?is !y add$ ! t]m 'ci?>o$ic4' ,all ^! & o!rs 7 duly di/+ui%$1 nor 7 ! p]=m]s all[$ to confuse "o /yle ( music ) ano!r4 ,& ! au?ority :i* det]m9$ & gave judgm5t1 & puni%$ ! disob$i5t1 0 n express$ 9 a hiss1 nor 9 ! mo/ unmusical %\ts ( ! multitude1 z 9 our days1 nor 9 applause & clapp+ ( h&s4 ,b ! directors ( public in/ruction insi/$ t ! spectators %\ld li/5 9 sil5ce to ! end2 & boys & _! tutors1 & ! multitude 9 g5]al1 7 kept quiet by a h9t f a /ick4 ,su* 0 ! good ord] :i* ! multitude 7 will+ to obs]ve2 !y w\ld nev] h d>$ to give judgm5t by noisy cries4 ,& !n1 z "t w5t on1 ! poets !mselves introduc$ ! reign ( vulg> & lawless innovation4 ,!y 7 m5 ( g5ius1 b !y _h no p]ception ( :at is j & lawful 9 music2 rag+ l ,bac*anals & possess$ ) inord9ate delights--m+l+ lam5tations ) hymns1 & paeans ) di?yrambs2 imitat+ ! s\nds ( ! flute on ! lyre1 & mak+ "o g5]al confusion2 ignorantly affirm+ t music has no tru?1 &1 :e!r good or bad1 c only be judg$ ( rightly by ! pleasure ( ! he>] 7comp>e ,republic74 ,& by compos+ su* lic5ti\s works1 & add+ to !m words z lic5ti\s1 !y h inspir$ ! multitude ) lawlessness & boldness1 & made !m fancy t !y c judge = !mselves ab\t melody & song4 ,& 9 ?is way ! !atres f be+ mute h become vocal1 z ?\gh !y _h und]/&+ ( good & bad 9 music & poetry2 & in/ead ( an ari/ocracy1 an evil sort ( !atrocracy has gr[n up 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,= if ! democracy :i* judg$ _h only consi/$ ( educat$ p]sons1 no fatal h>m w\ld h be5 done2 b 9 music !re fir/ arose ! univ]sal conceit ( omnisci5ce & g5]al lawlessness2--fre$om came foll[+ aft]w>ds1 & m51 fancy+ t !y knew :at !y did n "k1 _h no long] any fe>1 & ! abs5ce ( fe> begets %amelessness4 ,= :at is ?is %amelessness1 :i* is s evil a ?+1 b ! insol5t refusal to reg>d ! op9ion ( ! bett] by reason ( an ov]-d>+ sort ( lib]ty8 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,consequ5t ^u ?is fre$om comes ! o!r fre$om1 ( disob$i5ce to rul]s 7comp>e ,republic72 & !n ! attempt to escape ! control & exhortation ( fa!r1 "m1 eld]s1 & :5 ne> ! end1 ! control ( ! laws also2 & at ! v end !re is ! contempt ( oa?s & pl$ges1 & no reg>d at all = ! ,gods1--h]e9 !y exhibit & imitate ! old s-call$ ,titanic nature1 & come to ! same po9t z ! ,titans :5 !y rebell$ aga9/ ,god1 lead+ a life ( endless evils4 ,b :y h ,i said all ?is8 ,i ask1 because ! argum5t ought to be pull$ up f "t to "t1 & n be all[$ to run away1 b held ) bit & bridle1 & !n we %all n1 z ! prov]b says1 fall (f our ass4 ,let u !n once m ask ! "q1 ,to :at end has all ?is be5 said8 ,,megillus3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,?is1 !n1 has be5 said = ! sake-- ,,megillus3 ,( :at8 ,,a!nian3 ,we 7 ma9ta9+ t ! lawgiv] ought to h ?ree ?+s 9 view3 fir/1 t ! city = :i* he legislates %\ld be free2 & secondly1 be at unity ) h]self2 & ?irdly1 %\ld h und]/&+2--^! 7 our pr9ciples1 7 !y n8 ,,megillus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,) a view to ?is we select$ two k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 ! "o ! mo/ despotic1 & ! o!r ! mo/ free2 & n[ we are consid]+ :i* ( !m is ! "r =m3 we took a mean 9 bo? cases1 ( despotism 9 ! "o1 & ( lib]ty 9 ! o!r1 & we saw t 9 a mean !y atta9$ _! p]fection2 b t :5 !y 7 c>ri$ to ! extreme ( ei!r1 slav]y or lic5ce1 nei!r p>ty 7 ! ga9]s4 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& t 0 our reason = consid]+ ! settlem5t ( ! ,dorian army1 & ( ! city built by ,d>danus at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! removal ( cities to ! sea%ore1 & ( our m5tion ( ! fir/ m51 :o 7 ! survivors ( ! deluge4 ,& all t 0 previ\sly said ab\t music & dr9k+1 & :at prec$$1 0 said ) ! view ( see+ h[ a /ate might be be/ adm9i/]$1 & h[ an individual might be/ ord] 8 own life4 ,& n[1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 h[ c we put to ! pro( ! value ( our words8 ,,cle9ias3 ,/rang]1 ,i ?9k t ,i see h[ a pro( ( _! value may be obta9$4 ,?is discussion ( ours appe>s to me to h be5 s+ul>ly =tunate1 & j :at ,i at ?is mom5t want2 mo/ auspici\sly h y & my fri5d ,megillus come 9 my way4 ,= ,i w tell y :at has happ5$ to me2 & ,i reg>d ! co9cid5ce z a sort ( om54 ,! great] "p ( ,crete is go+ to s5d out a colony1 & !y h entru/$ ! managem5t ( ! affair to ! ,cnosians2 & ! ,cnosian gov]nm5t to me & n9e o!rs4 ,& !y desire u to give !m any laws :i* we please1 :e!r tak5 f ! ,cretan model or f any o!r2 & !y d n m9d ab\t _! be+ =eign if !y are bett]4 ,grant me !n ?is fav\r1 :i* w also be a ga9 to y\rselves3--,let u make a selection f :at has be5 said1 & !n let u imag9e a ,/ate ( :i* we w suppose ourselves to be ! orig9al f\nd]s4 ,?us we %all proce$ ) our enquiry1 &1 at ! same "t1 ,i may h ! use ( ! framework :i* y are con/ruct+1 = ! city :i* is 9 contemplation4 ,,a!nian3 ,good news1 ,cle9ias2 if ,megillus has no objection1 y may be sure t ,i w d all 9 my p[] to please y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,?ank y4 ,,megillus3 ,& s w ,i4 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t2 & n[ let u beg9 to frame ! ,/ate4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[1 :at w ?is city be8 ,i d n mean to ask :at is or w h]eaft] be ! "n ( ! place2 t may be det]m9$ by ! accid5t ( locality or ( ! orig9al settlem5t--a riv] or f\nta91 or "s local deity may give ! sanction ( a "n to ! newly-f\nd$ city2 b ,i d want to "k :at ! situation is1 :e!r m>itime or inl&4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i %\ld imag9e1 ,/rang]1 t ! city ( :i* we are speak+ is ab\t eighty /adia di/ant f ! sea4 ,,a!nian3 ,& are !re h>b\rs on ! seabo>d8 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t h>b\rs1 ,/rang]2 !re c\ld n be bett]4 ,,a!nian3 ,alas6 :at a prospect6 ,& is ! surr\nd+ c\ntry productive1 or 9 ne$ ( importations8 ,,cle9ias3 ,h>dly 9 ne$ ( any?+4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is !re any neighb\r+ ,/ate8 ,,cle9ias3 ,none :atev]1 & t is ! reason = select+ ! place2 9 days ( old1 !re 0 a migration ( ! inhabitants1 & ! region has be5 des]t$ f "t immemorial4 ,,a!nian3 ,& has ! place a fair proportion ( hill1 & pla91 & wood8 ,,cle9ias3 ,l ! re/ ( ,crete 9 t4 ,,a!nian3 ,y mean to say t !re is m rock ?an pla98 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n !re is "s hope t y\r citiz5s may be virtu\s3 _h y be5 on ! sea1 & well provid$ ) h>b\rs1 & an import+ r ?an a produc+ c\ntry1 "s mighty savi\r w\ld h be5 ne$$1 & lawgiv]s m ?an mortal1 if y 7 ev] to h a *ance ( pres]v+ y\r /ate f deg5]acy & discordance ( mann]s 7comp>e ,ar4 ,pol474 ,b !re is com=t 9 ! eighty /adia2 al?\gh ! sea is too ne>1 especially if1 z y say1 ! h>b\rs are s good4 ,/ill we may be cont5t4 ,! sea is pleasant en\gh z a daily companion1 b has inde$ also a bitt] & bracki% quality2 fill+ ! /reets ) m]*ants & %opkeep]s1 & begett+ 9 ! s\ls ( m5 unc]ta9 & unfai?ful ways--mak+ ! /ate unfri5dly & unfai?ful bo? to h] own citiz5s1 & also to o!r nations4 ,!re is a consolation1 !re=e1 9 ! c\ntry produc+ all ?+s at home2 & yet1 ow+ to ! rugg$ness ( ! soil1 n provid+ any?+ 9 great abundance4 ,_h !re be5 abundance1 !re might h be5 a great export trade1 & a great return ( gold & silv]2 :i*1 z we may safely affirm1 has ! mo/ fatal results on a ,/ate ^: aim is ! atta9m5t ( j & noble s5tim5ts3 ?is 0 said by u1 if y rememb]1 9 ! previ\s discussion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i rememb]1 & am ( op9ion t we bo? 7 & are 9 ! "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 b let me ask1 h[ is ! c\ntry suppli$ ) timb] = %ip-build+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re is no fir ( any consequ5ce1 nor p9e1 & n mu* cypress2 & y w f9d v little /one-p9e or plane-wood1 :i* %ipwrights always require = ! int]ior ( %ips4 ,,a!nian3 ,^! are also natural advantages4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:y s8 ,,a!nian3 ,because no city ought to be easily able to imitate its enemies 9 :at is mis*iev\s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ does t be> ^u any ( ! matt]s ( :i* we h be5 speak+8 ,,a!nian3 ,rememb]1 my good fri5d1 :at ,i said at fir/ ab\t ! ,cretan laws1 t !y look$ to "o ?+ only1 & ?is1 z y bo? agre$1 0 w>2 & ,i repli$ t su* laws1 9 s f> z !y t5d$ to promote virtue1 7 good2 b 9 t !y reg>d$ a "p only1 & n ! :ole ( virtue1 ,i disapprov$ ( !m4 ,& n[ ,i hope t y 9 y\r turn w foll[ & wat* me if ,i legislate ) a view to any?+ b virtue1 or ) a view to a "p ( virtue only4 ,= ,i consid] t ! true lawgiv]1 l an ar*]1 aims only at t on :i* "s et]nal beauty is always att5d+1 & dismisses ev]y?+ else1 :e!r weal? or any o!r b5efit1 :5 sep>at$ f virtue4 ,i 0 say+ t ! imitation ( enemies 0 a bad ?+2 & ,i 0 ?9k+ ( a case 9 :i* a m>itime p are h>ass$ by enemies1 z ! ,a!nians 7 by ,m9os 7,i d n speak f any desire to recall pa/ grievances72 b he1 z we "k1 0 a great naval pot5tate1 :o compell$ ! inhabitants ( ,attica to pay him a cruel tribute2 & 9 ^? days !y _h no %ips ( w> z !y n[ h1 nor 0 ! c\ntry fill$ ) %ip-timb]1 & !re=e !y c\ld n readily build !m4 ,h5ce !y c\ld n le>n h[ to imitate _! enemy at sea1 & 9 ?is way1 becom+ sailors !mselves1 directly repel _! enemies4 ,bett] = !m to h lo/ _m times ov] ! sev5 y\?s1 ?an t heavy-arm$ & /ation>y troops %\ld h be5 turn$ into sailors1 & accu/om$ to be (t5 leap+ on %ore1 & aga9 to come runn+ back to _! %ips2 or %\ld h fanci$ t !re 0 no disgrace 9 n await+ ! attack ( an enemy & dy+ boldly2 & t !re 7 good reasons1 & pl5ty ( !m1 = a man ?r[+ away 8 arms1 & betak+ himself to flight1--:i* is n di%on\rable1 z p say1 at c]ta9 times4 ,?is is ! language ( naval w>f>e1 & is any?+ b wor?y ( extraord9>y praise4 ,= we %\ld n tea* bad habits1 lea/ ( all to ! be/ "p ( ! citiz5s4 ,y may le>n ! evil ( su* a practice f ,hom]1 by :om ,odysseus is introduc$1 rebuk+ ,agamemnon1 because he desires to draw d[n ! %ips to ! sea at a "t :5 ! ,a*aeans are h>d press$ by ! ,trojans1--he gets angry ) him1 & says3 ',:o1 at a "t :5 ! battle is 9 full cry1 bidde/ to drag ! well-b5*$ %ips into ! sea1 t ! pray]s ( ! ,trojans may be accompli%$ yet m1 & high ru9 fall ^u u4 ,= ! ,a*aeans w n ma9ta9 ! battle1 :5 ! %ips are drawn into ! sea1 b !y w look beh9d & w cease f /rife2 9 t ! c\nsel :i* y give w prove injuri\s4' ,y see t he q knew triremes on ! sea1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( fight+ m51 to be an evil2--lions might be tra9$ 9 t way to fly f a h]d ( de]4 ,moreov]1 naval p[]s :i* owe _! safety to %ips1 d n give hon\r to t sort ( w>like excell5ce :i* is mo/ des]v+ ( x4 ,= he :o owes 8 safety to ! pilot & ! capta91 & ! o>sman1 & all sorts ( r inf]ior p]sons1 _c rightly give hon\r to :om hon\r is due4 ,b h[ c a /ate be 9 a "r condition :i* _c ju/ly aw>d hon\r8 ,,cle9ias3 ,x is h>dly possible1 ,i admit2 & yet1 ,/rang]1 we ,cretans are 9 ! habit ( say+ t ! battle ( ,salamis 0 ! salvation ( ,hellas4 ,,a!nian3 ,:y1 yes2 & t is an op9ion :i* is widely spread bo? among ,hell5es & b>b>ians4 ,b ,megillus & ,i say r1 t ! battle ( ,m>a?on 0 ! beg9n+1 & ! battle ( ,plataea ! completion1 ( ! great deliv]ance1 & t ^! battles by l& made ! ,hell5es bett]2 :]eas ! sea-fights ( ,salamis & ,artemisium--= ,i may z well put !m bo? toge!r--made !m no bett]1 if ,i may say s )\t (f5ce ab\t ! battles :i* help$ to save u4 ,& 9 e/imat+ ! goodness ( a /ate1 we reg>d bo? ! situation ( ! c\ntry & ! ord] ( ! laws1 consid]+ t ! m]e pres]vation & cont9uance ( life is n ! mo/ hon\rable ?+ = m51 z ! vulg> ?9k1 b ! cont9uance ( ! be/ life1 :ile we live2 & t aga91 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is a rem>k :i* has be5 made already4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n we h only to ask1 :e!r we are tak+ ! c\rse :i* we ackn[l$ge to be ! be/ = ! settlem5t & legislation ( /ates4 ,,cle9ias3 ,! be/ by f>4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ let me proce$ to ano!r "q3 ,:o are to be ! coloni/s8 ,may any "o come out ( all ,crete2 & is ! idea t ! population 9 ! sev]al /ates is too num]\s = ! means ( subsi/5ce8 ,= ,i suppose t y are n go+ to s5d out a g5]al invitation to any ,hell5e :o likes to come4 ,& yet ,i obs]ve t to y\r c\ntry settl]s h come f ,argos & ,aeg9a & o!r p>ts ( ,hellas4 ,tell me1 !n1 :5ce d y draw y\r recruits 9 ! pres5t ent]prise8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!y w come f all ,crete2 & ( o!r ,hell5es1 ,peloponnesians w be mo/ acceptable4 ,=1 z y truly obs]ve1 !re are ,cretans ( ,argive desc5t2 & ! race ( ,cretans :i* has ! highe/ "* at ! pres5t day is ! ,gortynian1 & ?is has come f ,gortys 9 ! ,peloponnesus4 ,,a!nian3 ,cities f9d colonization 9 "s respects easi] if ! coloni/s are "o race1 :i* l a sw>m ( bees is s5t out f a s+le c\ntry1 ei!r :5 fri5ds leave fri5ds1 ow+ to "s pressure ( population or o!r simil> necessity1 or :5 a portion ( a /ate is driv5 by factions to emigrate4 ,& !re h be5 :ole cities :i* h tak5 flight :5 utt]ly conqu]$ by a sup]ior p[] 9 w>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 :i* is 9 "o way an advantage to ! coloni/ or legislator1 9 ano!r po9t ( view creates a difficulty4 ,!re is an elem5t ( fri5d%ip 9 ! community ( race1 & language1 & laws1 & 9 common temples & rites ( wor%ip2 b colonies :i* are ( ?is homog5e\s sort are apt to kick aga9/ any laws or any =m ( con/itution diff]+ f t :i* !y _h at home2 & al?\gh ! badness ( _! own laws may h be5 ! cause ( ! factions :i* prevail$ among !m1 yet f ! =ce ( habit !y w\ld fa9 pres]ve ! v cu/oms :i* 7 _! ru91 & ! lead] ( ! colony1 :o is _! legislator1 f9ds !m tr\blesome & rebelli\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conflux ( sev]al populations might be m dispos$ to li/5 to new laws2 b !n1 to make !m comb9e & pull toge!r1 z !y say ( horses1 is a mo/ difficult task1 & ! "w ( ye>s4 ,& yet !re is no?+ :i* t5ds m to ! improvem5t ( mank9d ?an legislation & colonization4 ,,cle9ias3 ,no d\bt2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :y y say s4 ,,a!nian3 ,my good fri5d1 ,i am afraid t ! c\rse ( my speculations is lead+ me to say some?+ depreciatory ( legislators2 b if ! ^w be to ! purpose1 !re c be no h>m4 ,& yet1 :y am ,i disquiet$1 = ,i believe t ! same pr9ciple applies equally to all human ?+s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to :at are y ref]r+8 ,,a!nian3 ,i 0 go+ to say t man nev] legislates1 b accid5ts ( all sorts1 :i* legislate = u 9 all sorts ( ways4 ,! viol5ce ( w> & ! h>d necessity ( pov]ty are con/antly ov]turn+ gov]nm5ts & *ang+ laws4 ,& ! p[] ( disease has (t5 caus$ innovations 9 ! /ate1 :5 !re h be5 pe/il5ces1 or :5 !re has be5 a succession ( bad seasons cont9u+ dur+ _m ye>s4 ,any "o :o sees all ?is1 naturally ru%es to ! conclusion ( :i* ,i 0 speak+1 t no mortal legislates 9 any?+1 b t 9 human affairs *ance is almo/ ev]y?+4 ,& ?is may be said ( ! arts ( ! sailor1 & ! pilot1 & ! physician1 & ! g5]al1 & may seem to be well said2 & yet !re is ano!r ?+ :i* may be said ) equal tru? ( all ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,t ,god gov]ns all ?+s1 & t *ance & opportunity co-op]ate ) ,him 9 ! gov]nm5t ( human affairs4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ?ird & less extreme view1 t art %\ld be !re also2 = ,i %\ld say t 9 a /orm !re mu/ surely be a great advantage 9 hav+ ! aid ( ! pilot's art4 ,y w\ld agree8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& does n a l pr9ciple apply to legislation z well z to o!r ?+s3 ev5 suppos+ all ! conditions to be fav\rable :i* are ne$$ = ! happ9ess ( ! /ate1 yet ! true legislator mu/ f "t to "t appe> on ! sc5e8 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ea* case ! arti/ w\ld be able to pray rightly = c]ta9 conditions1 & if ^! 7 grant$ by =tune1 he w\ld !n only require to ex]cise 8 art8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& all ! o!r arti/s j n[ m5tion$1 if !y 7 bidd5 to (f] up ea* _! special pray]1 w\ld d s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! legislator w\ld d likewise8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i believe t he w\ld4 ,,a!nian3 ',come1 legislator1' we w say to him2 ':at are ! conditions :i* y require 9 a /ate be=e y c organize x8' ,h[ ought he to answ] ?is "q8 ,%all ,i give 8 answ]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,he w say--',give me a /ate :i* is gov]n$ by a tyrant1 & let ! tyrant be "y & h a good memory2 let him be quick at le>n+1 & ( a c\rage\s & noble nature2 let him h t quality :i*1 z ,i said be=e1 is ! insep>able companion ( all ! o!r p>ts ( virtue1 if !re is to be any good 9 !m4' ,,cle9ias3 ,i suppose1 ,megillus1 t ?is companion virtue ( :i* ! ,/rang] speaks1 mu/ be temp]ance8 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 ,cle9ias1 temp]ance 9 ! vulg> s5se2 n t :i* 9 ! =c$ & exagg]at$ language ( "s philosoph]s is call$ prud5ce1 b t :i* is ! natural gift ( *ildr5 & animals1 ( :om "s live cont95tly & o!rs incont95tly1 b :5 isolat$1 01 z we said1 h>dly wor? reckon+ 9 ! catalogue ( goods4 ,i ?9k t y mu/ und]/& my mean+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n our tyrant mu/ h ?is z well z ! o!r qualities1 if ! /ate is to acquire 9 ! be/ mann] & 9 ! %orte/ "t ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* is mo/ conducive to happ9ess2 = !re nei!r is nor ev] w be a bett] or spe$i] way ( e/abli%+ a polity ?an by a tyranny4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by :at possible argum5ts1 ,/rang]1 c any man p]suade himself ( su* a mon/r\s doctr9e8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is surely no difficulty 9 see+1 ,cle9ias1 :at is 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( nature8 ,,cle9ias3 ,y w\ld assume1 z y say1 a tyrant :o 0 "y1 temp]ate1 quick at le>n+1 hav+ a good memory1 c\rage\s1 ( a noble nature8 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & y mu/ add =tunate2 & 8 good =tune mu/ be t he is ! contempor>y ( a great legislator1 & t "s happy *ance br+s !m toge!r4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ,god has done all t he ev] does = a /ate :i* he desires to be em95tly prosp]\s2 ,he has done second be/ = a /ate 9 :i* !re are two su* rul]s1 & ?ird be/ = a /ate 9 :i* !re are ?ree4 ,! difficulty increases ) ! increase1 & dim9i%es ) ! dim9ution ( ! numb]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y mean to say1 ,i suppose1 t ! be/ gov]nm5t is produc$ f a tyranny1 & orig9ates 9 a good lawgiv] & an ord]ly tyrant1 & t ! *ange f su* a tyranny into a p]fect =m ( gov]nm5t takes place mo/ easily2 less easily :5 f an olig>*y2 &1 9 ! ?ird degree1 f a democracy3 is n t y\r mean+8 ,,a!nian3 ,n s2 ,i mean r to say t ! *ange is be/ made out ( a tyranny2 & secondly1 out ( a mon>*y2 & ?irdly1 out ( "s sort ( democracy3 f\r?1 9 ! capacity = improvem5t1 comes olig>*y1 :i* has ! greate/ difficulty 9 admitt+ ( su* a *ange1 because ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( a numb] ( pot5tates4 ,i am suppos+ t ! legislator is by nature ( ! true sort1 & t 8 /r5g? is unit$ ) t ( ! *ief m5 ( ! /ate2 & :5 ! rul+ elem5t is num]ically small1 & at ! same "t v /rong1 z 9 a tyranny1 !re ! *ange is likely to be easie/ & mo/ rapid4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[8 ,i d n und]/&4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet ,i h repeat$ :at ,i am say+ a good _m times2 b ,i suppose t y h nev] se5 a city :i* is "u a tyranny8 ,,cle9ias3 ,no1 & ,i _c say t ,i h any great desire to see "o4 ,,a!nian3 ,& yet1 :]e !re is a tyranny1 y might c]ta9ly see t ( :i* ,i am n[ speak+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean t y might see h[1 )\t tr\ble & 9 no v long p]iod ( "t1 ! tyrant1 if he wi%es1 c *ange ! mann]s ( a /ate3 he has only to g 9 ! direction ( virtue or ( vice1 :i*ev] he pref]s1 he himself indicat+ by 8 example ! l9es ( conduct1 prais+ & rew>d+ "s actions & reprov+ o!rs1 & degrad+ ^? :o disobey4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b h[ c we imag9e t ! citiz5s 9 g5]al w at once foll[ ! example set to !m2 & h[ c he h ?is p[] bo? ( p]suad+ & ( compell+ !m8 ,,a!nian3 ,let no "o1 my fri5ds1 p]suade u t !re is any quick] & easi] way 9 :i* /ates *ange _! laws ?an :5 ! rul]s lead3 su* *anges nev] h1 nor ev] w1 come to pass 9 any o!r way4 ,! real impossibility or difficulty is ( ano!r sort1 & is r>ely surm\nt$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages2 b :5 once x is surm\nt$1 t5 ?\s& or r all bless+s foll[4 ,,cle9ias3 ,( :at are y speak+8 ,,a!nian3 ,! difficulty is to f9d ! div9e love ( temp]ate & j in/itutions exi/+ 9 any p[]ful =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :e!r 9 a mon>*y or olig>*y ( weal? or ( bir?4 ,y might z well hope to reproduce ! "* ( ,ne/or1 :o is said to h excell$ all m5 9 ! p[] ( spee*1 & yet m 9 8 temp]ance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! tradition1 0 9 ! times ( ,troy2 9 our own days !re is no?+ ( ! sort2 b if su* an "o ei!r has or ev] %all come into be+1 or is n[ among u1 bless$ is he & bless$ are !y :o he> ! wise words t fl[ f 8 lips4 ,& ?is may be said ( p[] 9 g5]al3 ,:5 ! supreme p[] 9 man co9cides ) ! greate/ wisdom & temp]ance1 !n ! be/ laws & ! be/ con/itution come into be+2 b 9 no o!r way4 ,& let :at ,i h be5 say+ be reg>d$ z a k9d ( sacr$ leg5d or oracle1 & let ?is be our pro( t1 9 "o po9t ( view1 !re may be a difficulty = a city to h good laws1 b t !re is ano!r po9t ( view 9 :i* no?+ c be easi] or soon] effect$1 grant+ our supposition4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,let u try to amuse ourselves1 old boys z we are1 by m\ld+ 9 words ! laws :i* are suitable to y\r /ate4 ,,cle9ias3 ,let u proce$ )\t delay4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let u invoke ,god at ! settlem5t ( our /ate2 may ,he he> & be propiti\s to u1 & come & set 9 ord] ! ,/ate & ! laws6 ,,cle9ias3 ,may ,he come6 ,,a!nian3 ,b :at =m ( polity are we go+ to give ! city8 ,,cle9ias3 ,tell u :at y mean a little m cle>ly4 ,d y mean "s =m ( democracy1 or olig>*y1 or ari/ocracy1 or mon>*y8 ,= we _c suppose t y w\ld include tyranny4 ,,a!nian3 ,:i* ( y w fir/ tell me to :i* ( ^! classes 8 own gov]nm5t is to be ref]r$8 ,,megillus3 ,ought ,i to answ] fir/1 s9ce ,i am ! eld]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,p]haps y %\ld4 ,,megillus3 ,& yet1 ,/rang]1 ,i p]ceive t ,i _c say1 )\t m ?\ght1 :at ,i %\ld call ! gov]nm5t ( ,lac$aemon1 = x seems to me to be l a tyranny1--! p[] ( our ,ephors is m>vell\sly tyrannical2 & sometimes x appe>s to me to be ( all cities ! mo/ democratical2 & :o c reasonably d5y t x is an ari/ocracy 7comp>e ,ar4 ,pol478 ,we h also a mon>*y :i* is held = life1 & is said by all mank9d1 & n by ourselves only1 to be ! mo/ anci5t ( all mon>*ies2 &1 !re=e1 :5 ask$ on a sudd51 ,i _c precisely say :i* =m ( gov]nm5t ! ,sp>tan is4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i am 9 ! same difficulty1 ,megillus2 = ,i d n feel confid5t t ! polity ( ,cnosus is any ( ^!4 ,,a!nian3 ,! reason is1 my excell5t fri5ds1 t y really h polities1 b ! /ates ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+ are m]ely aggregations ( m5 dwell+ 9 cities :o are ! subjects & s]vants ( a "p ( _! own /ate1 & ea* ( !m is nam$ aft] ! dom9ant p[]2 !y are n polities at all4 ,b if /ates are to be nam$ aft] _! rul]s1 ! true /ate ought to be call$ by ! "n ( ! ,god :o rules ov] wise m54 ,,cle9ias3 ,& :o is ?is ,god8 ,,a!nian3 ,may ,i /ill make use ( fable to "s ext5t1 9 ! hope t ,i may be bett] able to answ] y\r "q3 %all ,i8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! primeval _w1 & a long :ile be=e ! cities came into be+ ^: settlem5ts we h describ$1 !re is said to h be5 9 ! "t ( ,cronos a bless$ rule & life1 ( :i* ! be/-ord]$ ( exi/+ /ates is a copy 7comp>e ,/atesman74 ,,cle9ias3 ,x w be v necess>y to he> ab\t t4 ,,a!nian3 ,i q agree ) y2 & !re=e ,i h introduc$ ! subject4 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ appropriately2 & s9ce ! tale is to ! po9t1 y w d well 9 giv+ u ! :ole /ory4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w d z y sugge/4 ,!re is a tradition ( ! happy life ( mank9d 9 days :5 all ?+s 7 spontane\s & abundant4 ,& ( ?is ! reason is said to h be5 z foll[s3--,cronos knew :at we ourselves 7 decl>+1 t no human nature inve/$ ) supreme p[] is able to ord] human affairs & n ov]fl[ ) insol5ce & wrong4 ,:i* reflection l$ him to appo9t n m5 b demigods1 :o are ( a high] & m div9e race1 to be ! k+s & rul]s ( our cities2 he did z we d ) flocks ( %eep & o!r tame animals4 ,= we d n appo9t ox5 to be ! lords ( ox51 or goats ( goats2 b we ourselves are a sup]ior race1 & rule ov] !m4 ,9 l mann] ,god1 9 ,8 love ( mank9d1 plac$ ov] u ! demons1 :o are a sup]ior race1 & !y ) great ease & pleasure to !mselves1 & no less to u1 tak+ c>e ( u & giv+ u peace & rev]5ce & ord] & ju/ice nev] fail+1 made ! tribes ( m5 happy & unit$4 ,& ?is tradition1 :i* is true1 decl>es t cities ( :i* "s mortal man & n ,god is ! rul]1 h no escape f evils & toils4 ,/ill we mu/ d all t we c to imitate ! life :i* is said to h exi/$ 9 ! days ( ,cronos1 &1 z f> z ! pr9ciple ( immortality dwells 9 u1 to t we mu/ he>k51 bo? 9 private & public life1 & regulate our cities & h\ses accord+ to law1 mean+ by ! v t]m 'law1' ! di/ribution ( m9d4 ,b if ei!r a s+le p]son or an olig>*y or a democracy has a s\l eag] aft] pleasures & desires--want+ to be fill$ ) !m1 yet reta9+ none ( !m1 & p]petually afflict$ ) an endless & insatiable disord]2 & ?is evil _s1 hav+ fir/ trampl$ ! laws "u foot1 becomes ! ma/] ei!r ( a /ate or ( an individual1--!n1 z ,i 0 say+1 salvation is hopeless4 ,& n[1 ,cle9ias1 we h to consid] :e!r y w or w n accept ?is tale ( m9e4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly we w4 ,,a!nian3 ,y are aw>e1--are y n8--t !re are (t5 said to be z _m =ms ( laws z !re are ( gov]nm5ts1 & ( ! latt] we h already m5tion$ all ^? :i* are commonly recogniz$4 ,n[ y mu/ reg>d ?is z a matt] ( fir/-rate importance4 ,= :at is to be ! /&>d ( j & unju/1 is once m ! po9t at issue4 ,m5 say t ! law ought n to reg>d ei!r milit>y virtue1 or virtue 9 g5]al1 b only ! int]e/s & p[] & pres]vation ( ! e/abli%$ =m ( gov]nm5t2 ?is is ?\ght by !m to be ! be/ way ( express+ ! natural def9ition ( ju/ice4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[8 ,,a!nian3 ,ju/ice is said by !m to be ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] 7,republic74 ,,cle9ias3 ,speak pla9]4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w3--',surely1' !y say1 '! gov]n+ p[] makes :atev] laws h au?ority 9 any /ate'8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ',well1' !y w\ld add1 '& d y suppose t tyranny or democracy1 or any o!r conqu]+ p[]1 does n make ! cont9uance ( ! p[] :i* is possess$ by !m ! fir/ or pr9cipal object ( _! laws'8 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ c !y h any o!r8 ,,a!nian3 ',& :oev] transgresses ^! laws is puni%$ z an evil-do] by ! legislator1 :o calls ! laws j'8 ,,cle9ias3 ,naturally4 ,,a!nian3 ',?is1 !n1 is always ! mode & fa%ion 9 :i* ju/ice exi/s4' ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly1 if !y are correct 9 _! view4 ,,a!nian3 ,:y1 yes1 ?is is "o ( ^? false pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t to :i* we 7 ref]r+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:i* d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,^? :i* we 7 exam9+ :5 we spoke ( :o ought to gov]n :om4 ,did we n arrive at ! conclusion t p>5ts ought to gov]n _! *ildr51 & ! eld] ! y\ng]1 & ! noble ! ignoble8 ,& !re 7 _m o!r pr9ciples1 if y rememb]1 & !y 7 n always consi/5t4 ,"o pr9ciple 0 ?is v pr9ciple ( might1 & we said t ,p9d> consid]$ viol5ce natural & ju/ifi$ x4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes2 ,i rememb]4 ,,a!nian3 ,consid]1 !n1 to :om our /ate is to be entru/$4 ,= !re is a ?+ :i* has occurr$ times )\t numb] 9 /ates-- ,,cle9ias3 ,:at ?+8 ,,a!nian3 ,t :5 !re has be5 a conte/ = p[]1 ^? :o ga9 ! upp] h& s entirely monopolize ! gov]nm5t1 z to refuse all %>e to ! defeat$ p>ty & _! desc5dants--!y live wat*+ "o ano!r1 ! rul+ class be+ 9 p]petual fe> t "s "o :o has a recollection ( =m] wrongs w come into p[] & rise up aga9/ !m4 ,n[1 accord+ to our view1 su* gov]nm5ts are n polities at all1 nor are laws "r :i* are pass$ = ! good ( p>ticul> classes & n = ! good ( ! :ole /ate4 ,/ates :i* h su* laws are n polities b p>ties1 & _! notions ( ju/ice are simply unmean+4 ,i say ?is1 because ,i am go+ to ass]t t we mu/ n entru/ ! gov]nm5t 9 y\r /ate to any "o because he is ri*1 or because he possesses any o!r advantage1 su* z /r5g?1 or /ature1 or aga9 bir?3 b he :o is mo/ ob$i5t to ! laws ( ! /ate1 he %all w9 ! palm2 & to him :o is victori\s 9 ! fir/ degree %all be giv5 ! highe/ (fice & *ief m9i/ry ( ! gods2 & ! second to him :o be>s ! second palm2 & on a simil> pr9ciple %all all ! o!r (fices be assign$ to ^? :o come next 9 ord]4 ,& :5 ,i call ! rul]s s]vants or m9i/]s ( ! law1 ,i give !m ?is "n n = ! sake ( novelty1 b because ,i c]ta9ly believe t ^u su* s]vice or m9i/ry dep5ds ! well- or ill-be+ ( ! /ate4 ,= t /ate 9 :i* ! law is subject & has no au?ority1 ,i p]ceive to be on ! highway to ru92 b ,i see t ! /ate 9 :i* ! law is above ! rul]s1 & ! rul]s are ! inf]iors ( ! law1 has salvation1 & e bless+ :i* ! ,gods c conf]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,truly1 ,/rang]1 y see ) ! ke5 vision ( age4 ,,a!nian3 ,:y1 yes2 e man :5 he is "y has t sort ( vision dulle/1 & :5 he is old ke5e/4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[1 :at is to be ! next /ep8 ,may we n suppose ! coloni/s to h arriv$1 & proce$ to make our spee* to !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ',fri5ds1' we say to !m1--',god1 z ! old tradition decl>es1 hold+ 9 8 h& ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( all t is1 travels accord+ to ,8 nature 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 end4 ,ju/ice always accompanies ,him1 & is ! puni%] ( ^? :o fall %ort ( ! div9e law4 ,to ju/ice1 he :o w\ld be happy holds fa/1 & foll[s 9 h] company ) all humility & ord]2 b he :o is lift$ up ) pride1 or elat$ by weal? or rank1 or beauty1 :o is "y & fooli%1 & has a s\l hot ) insol5ce1 & ?9ks t he has no ne$ ( any guide or rul]1 b is able himself to be ! guide ( o!rs1 he1 ,i say1 is left des]t$ ( ,god2 & be+ ?us des]t$1 he takes to him o!rs :o are l himself1 & dances ab\t1 ?r[+ all ?+s into confusion1 & _m ?9k t he is a great man1 b 9 a %ort "t he pays a p5alty :i* ju/ice _c b approve1 & is utt]ly de/roy$1 & 8 family & city ) him4 ,:]e=e1 see+ t human ?+s are ?us ord]$1 :at %\ld a wise man d or ?9k1 or n d or ?9k'8 ,,cle9ias3 ,e man ought to make up 8 m9d t he w be "o ( ! foll[]s ( ,god2 !re c be no d\bt ( t4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n :at life is agreeable to ,god1 & becom+ 9 ,8 foll[]s8 ,"o only1 express$ once = all 9 ! old say+ t 'l agrees ) l1 ) measure measure1' b ?+s :i* h no measure agree nei!r ) !mselves nor ) ! ?+s :i* h4 ,n[ ,god ought to be to u ! measure ( all ?+s1 & n man 7comp>e ,crat42 ,!aet471 z m5 commonly say 7,protagoras73 ! words are f> m true ( ,him4 ,& he :o w\ld be de> to ,god mu/1 z f> z is possible1 be l ,him & su* z ,he is4 ,:]e=e ! temp]ate man is ! fri5d ( ,god1 = he is l ,him2 & ! intemp]ate man is unlike ,him1 & diff]5t f ,him1 & unju/4 ,& ! same applies to o!r ?+s2 & ?is is ! conclusion1 :i* is also ! noble/ & true/ ( all say+s1--t = ! good man to (f] sacrifice to ! ,gods1 & hold conv]se ) !m by means ( pray]s & (f]+s & e k9d ( s]vice1 is ! noble/ & be/ ( all ?+s1 & also ! mo/ conducive to a happy life1 & v fit & meet4 ,b ) ! bad man1 ! opposite ( ?is is true3 = ! bad man has an impure s\l1 :]eas ! good is pure2 & f "o :o is pollut$1 nei!r a good man nor ,god c )\t impropriety receive gifts4 ,:]e=e ! unholy d only wa/e _! mu* s]vice ^u ! ,gods1 b :5 (f]$ by any holy man1 su* s]vice is mo/ acceptable to !m4 ,?is is ! m>k at :i* we ought to aim4 ,b :at weapons %all we use1 & h[ %all we direct !m8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we affirm t next aft] ! ,olympian ,gods & ! ,gods ( ! ,/ate1 hon\r %\ld be giv5 to ! ,gods bel[2 !y %\ld receive ev]y?+ 9 ev5 numb]s1 & ( ! second *oice1 & ill om51 :ile ! odd numb]s1 & ! fir/ *oice1 & ! ?+s ( lucky om51 are giv5 to ! ,gods above1 by him :o w\ld rightly hit ! m>k ( piety4 ,next to ^! ,gods1 a wise man w d s]vice to ! demons or spirits1 & !n to ! h]oes1 & aft] !m w foll[ ! private & ance/ral ,gods1 :o are wor%ipp$ z ! law prescribes 9 ! places :i* are sacr$ to !m4 ,next comes ! hon\r ( liv+ p>5ts1 to :om1 z is meet1 we h to pay ! fir/ & greate/ & olde/ ( all debts1 consid]+ t all :i* a man has belongs to ^? :o gave him bir? & br\ght him up1 & t he mu/ d all t he c to m9i/] to !m1 fir/1 9 8 prop]ty1 secondly1 9 8 p]son1 & ?irdly1 9 8 s\l1 9 return = ! endless c>e & travail :i* !y be/[$ ^u him ( old1 9 ! days ( 8 infancy1 & :i* he is n[ to pay back to !m :5 !y are old & 9 ! extremity ( _! ne$4 ,& all 8 life long he ought nev] to utt]1 or to h utt]$1 an unbecom+ ^w to !m2 = ( light & fleet+ words ! p5alty is mo/ sev]e2 ,nemesis1 ! mess5g] ( ju/ice1 is appo9t$ to wat* ov] all su* matt]s4 ,:5 !y are angry & want to satisfy _! feel+s 9 ^w or de$1 he %\ld give way to !m2 = a fa!r :o ?9ks t he has be5 wrong$ by 8 son may be reasonably expect$ to be v angry4 ,at _! dea?1 ! mo/ mod]ate fun]al is be/1 nei!r exce$+ ! cu/om>y exp5se1 nor yet fall+ %ort ( ! hon\r :i* has be5 usually %[n by ! =m] g5]ation to _! p>5ts4 ,& let a man n =get to pay ! ye>ly tribute ( respect to ! dead1 hon\r+ !m *iefly by omitt+ no?+ t conduces to a p]petual remembrance ( !m1 & giv+ a reasonable portion ( 8 =tune to ! dead4 ,do+ ?is1 & liv+ aft] ?is mann]1 we %all receive our rew>d f ! ,gods & ^? :o are above u 7i4e4 ! demons72 & we %all sp5d our days = ! mo/ "p 9 good hope4 ,& h[ a man ought to ord] :at relates to 8 desc5dants & 8 k9dr$ & fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s1 & ! rites ( hospitality taught by ,heav51 & ! int]c\rse :i* arises out ( all ^! duties1 ) a view to ! embelli%m5t & ord]ly regulation ( 8 own life--^! ?+s1 ,i say1 ! laws1 z we proce$ ) !m1 w accompli%1 p>tly p]suad+1 & p>tly :5 natures d n yield to ! p]suasion ( cu/om1 *a/is+ !m by might & "r1 & w ?us r5d] our /ate1 if ! ,gods co-op]ate ) u1 prosp]\s & happy4 ,b ( :at has to be said1 & mu/ be said by ! legislator :o is ( my way ( ?9k+1 & yet1 if said 9 ! =m ( law1 w\ld be out ( place--( ?is ,i ?9k t he may give a sample = ! in/ruction ( himself & ( ^? = :om he is legislat+2 & !n :51 z f> z he is able1 he has gone ?r\gh all ! prelim9>ies1 he may proce$ to ! "w ( legislation4 ,n[1 :at w be ! =m ( su* prefaces8 ,!re may be a difficulty 9 includ+ or describ+ !m all "u a s+le =m1 b ,i ?9k t we may get "s notion ( !m if we c gu>antee "o ?+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is t8 ,,a!nian3 ,i %\ld wi% ! citiz5s to be z readily p]suad$ to virtue z possible2 ?is w surely be ! aim ( ! legislator 9 all 8 laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,! proposal appe>s to me to be ( "s value2 & ,i ?9k t a p]son w li/5 ) m g5tl5ess & good-w to ! precepts address$ to him by ! legislator1 :5 8 s\l is n altoge!r unprep>$ to receive !m4 ,ev5 a little done 9 ! way ( conciliation ga9s 8 e>1 & is always wor? hav+4 ,= !re is no great incl9ation or read9ess on ! "p ( mank9d to be made z good1 or z quickly good1 z possible4 ,! case ( ! _m proves ! wisdom ( ,hesiod1 :o says t ! road to wick$ness is smoo? & c be travell$ )\t p]spir+1 because x is s v %ort3 ',b be=e virtue ! immortal ,gods h plac$ ! sweat ( lab\r1 & long & /eep is ! way ?i!r1 & rugg$ at fir/2 b :5 y h rea*$ ! top1 al?\gh difficult be=e1 x is !n easy4' 7,works & ,days47 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes2 & he c]ta9ly speaks well4 ,,a!nian3 ,v true3 & n[ let me tell y ! effect :i* ! prec$+ disc\rse has _h ^u me4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose t we h a little conv]sation ) ! legislator1 & say to him--',o1 legislator1 speak2 if y "k :at we ought to say & d1 y c surely tell4' ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse he c4 ,,a!nian3 ',did we n he> y j n[ say+1 t ! legislator ought n to all[ ! poets to d :at !y lik$8 ,= t !y w\ld n "k 9 :i* ( _! words !y w5t aga9/ ! laws1 to ! hurt ( ! /ate4' ,,cle9ias3 ,t is true4 ,,a!nian3 ,may we n fairly make answ] to him on behalf ( ! poets8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at answ] %all we make to him8 ,,a!nian3 ,t ! poet1 accord+ to ! tradition :i* has ev] prevail$ among u1 & is accept$ ( all m51 :5 he sits d[n on ! tripod ( ! muse1 is n 9 8 "r m9d2 l a f\nta91 he all[s to fl[ out freely :atev] comes 91 & 8 art be+ imitative1 he is (t5 compell$ to repres5t m5 ( opposite dispositions1 & ?us to contradict himself2 nei!r c he tell :e!r !re is m tru? 9 "o ?+ t he has said ?an 9 ano!r4 ,?is is n ! case 9 a law2 ! legislator mu/ give n two rules ab\t ! same ?+1 b "o only4 ,take an example f :at y h j be5 say+4 ,( ?ree k9ds ( fun]als1 !re is "o :i* is too extravagant1 ano!r is too nigg>dly1 ! ?ird 9 a mean2 & y *oose & approve & ord] ! la/ )\t qualification4 ,b if ,i _h an extremely ri* wife1 & %e bade me bury h] & describe h] burial 9 a poem1 ,i %\ld praise ! extravagant sort2 & a poor mis]ly man1 :o _h n mu* money to sp5d1 w\ld approve ( ! nigg>dly2 & ! man ( mod]ate means1 :o 0 himself mod]ate1 w\ld praise a mod]ate fun]al4 ,n[ y 9 ! capacity ( legislator mu/ n b>ely say 'a mod]ate fun]al1' b y mu/ def9e :at mod]ation is1 & h[ mu*2 unless y are def9ite1 y mu/ n suppose t y are speak+ a language t c become law4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is our legislator to h no preface to 8 laws1 b to say at once ,d ?is1 avoid t--& !n hold+ ! p5alty 9 t]rorem1 to g on to ano!r law2 (f]+ nev] a ^w ( advice or exhortation to ^? = :om he is legislat+1 aft] ! mann] ( "s doctors8 ,= ( doctors1 z ,i may rem9d y1 "s h a g5tl]1 o!rs a rud] me?od ( cure2 & z *ildr5 ask ! doctor to be g5tle ) !m1 s we w ask ! legislator to cure our disord]s ) ! g5tle/ rem$ies4 ,:at ,i mean to say is1 t besides doctors !re are doctors' s]vants1 :o are also /yl$ doctors4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :e!r !y are slaves or freem5 makes no diff]5ce2 !y acquire _! k ( m$ic9e by obey+ & obs]v+ _! ma/]s2 empirically & n accord+ to ! natural way ( le>n+1 z ! mann] ( freem5 is1 :o h le>n$ sci5tifically !mselves ! art :i* !y imp>t sci5tifically to _! pupils4 ,y are aw>e t !re are ^! two classes ( doctors8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,& did y ev] obs]ve t !re are two classes ( pati5ts 9 /ates1 slaves & freem52 & ! slave doctors run ab\t & cure ! slaves1 or wait = !m 9 ! disp5s>ies--practition]s ( ?is sort nev] talk to _! pati5ts individually1 or let !m talk ab\t _! own individual compla9ts8 ,! slave doctor prescribes :at m]e exp]i5ce sugge/s1 z if he _h exact k2 & :5 he has giv5 8 ord]s1 l a tyrant1 he ru%es (f ) equal assurance to "s o!r s]vant :o is ill2 & s he relieves ! ma/] ( ! h\se ( ! c>e ( 8 invalid slaves4 ,b ! o!r doctor1 :o is a freeman1 att5ds & practices ^u freem52 & he c>ries 8 enquiries f> back1 & goes into ! nature ( ! disord]2 he ent]s into disc\rse ) ! pati5t & ) 8 fri5ds1 & is at once gett+ in=mation f ! sick man1 & also in/ruct+ him z f> z he is able1 & he w n prescribe = him until he has fir/ conv9c$ him2 at la/1 :5 he has br\ght ! pati5t m & m "u 8 p]suasive influ5ces & set him on ! road to heal?1 he attempts to effect a cure4 ,n[ :i* is ! bett] way ( proce$+ 9 a physician & 9 a tra9]8 ,is he ! bett] :o accompli%es 8 ends 9 a d\ble way1 or he :o works 9 "o way1 & t ! rud] & inf]ior8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i %\ld say1 ,/rang]1 t ! d\ble way is f> bett]4 ,,a!nian3 ,%\ld y l to see an example ( ! d\ble & s+le me?od 9 legislation8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld4 ,,a!nian3 ,:at w be our fir/ law8 ,w n ! legislator1 obs]v+ ! ord] ( nature1 beg9 by mak+ regulations = /ates ab\t bir?s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,he w4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 all /ates ! bir? ( *ildr5 goes back to ! connexion ( m>riage8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,&1 accord+ to ! true ord]1 ! laws relat+ to m>riage %\ld be ^? :i* are fir/ det]m9$ 9 e /ate8 ,,cle9ias3 ,q s4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let me fir/ give ! law ( m>riage 9 a simple =m2 x may run z foll[s3--,a man %all m>ry betwe5 ! ages ( ?irty & ?irty-five1 or1 if he does n1 he %all pay su* & su* a f9e1 or %all suff] ! loss ( su* & su* privileges4 ,?is w\ld be ! simple law ab\t m>riage4 ,! d\ble law w\ld run ?us3--,a man %all m>ry betwe5 ! ages ( ?irty & ?irty-five1 consid]+ t 9 a mann] ! human race naturally p>takes ( immortality1 :i* e man is by nature incl9$ to desire to ! utmo/2 = ! desire ( e man t he may become fam\s1 & n lie 9 ! grave )\t a "n1 is only ! love ( cont9uance4 ,n[ mank9d are coeval ) all "t1 & are ev] foll[+1 & w ev] foll[1 ! c\rse ( "t2 & s !y are immortal1 because !y leave *ildr5's *ildr5 beh9d !m1 & p>take ( immortality 9 ! unity ( g5]ation4 ,& = a man volunt>ily to deprive himself ( ?is gift1 z he delib]ately does :o w n h a wife or *ildr51 is impiety4 ,he :o obeys ! law %all be free1 & %all pay no f9e2 b he :o is disob$i5t1 & does n m>ry1 :5 he has arriv$ at ! age ( ?irty-five1 %all pay a ye>ly f9e ( a c]ta9 am\nt1 9 ord] t he may n imag9e 8 celibacy to br+ ease & pr(it to him2 & he %all n %>e 9 ! hon\rs :i* ! "y m5 9 ! /ate give to ! ag$4 ,comp>+ n[ ! two =ms ( ! law1 y w be able to arrive at a judgm5t ab\t any o!r laws--:e!r !y %\ld be d\ble 9 l5g? ev5 :5 %orte/1 because !y h to p]suade z well z ?reat51 or :e!r !y %all only ?reat5 & be ( half ! l5g?4 ,,megillus3 ,! %ort] =m1 ,/rang]1 w\ld be m 9 accordance ) ,lac$aemonian cu/om2 al?\gh1 = my own "p1 if any "o 7 to ask me :i* ,i myself pref] 9 ! /ate1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly det]m9e 9 fav\r ( ! long]2 & ,i w\ld h e law made aft] ! same patt]n1 if ,i _h to *oose4 ,b ,i ?9k t ,cle9ias is ! p]son to be consult$1 = 8 is ! /ate :i* is go+ to use ^! laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,?ank y1 ,megillus4 ,,a!nian3 ,:e!r1 9 ! ab/ract1 words are to be _m or few1 is a v fooli% "q2 ! be/ =m1 & n ! %orte/1 is to be approv$2 nor is l5g? at all to be reg>d$4 ,( ! two =ms ( law :i* h be5 recit$1 ! "o is n only twice z good 9 practical usefulness z ! o!r1 b ! case is l t ( ! two k9ds ( doctors1 :i* ,i 0 j n[ m5tion+4 ,& yet legislators nev] appe> to h consid]$ t !y h two in/rum5ts :i* !y might use 9 legislation--p]suasion & =ce2 = 9 deal+ ) ! rude & un$ucat$ multitude1 !y use ! "o only z f> z !y c2 !y d n m+le p]suasion ) co]cion1 b employ =ce pure & simple4 ,moreov]1 !re is a ?ird po9t1 sweet fri5ds1 :i* ought to be1 & nev] is1 reg>d$ 9 our exi/+ laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,a po9t aris+ out ( our previ\s discussion1 :i* comes into my m9d 9 "s my/]i\s way4 ,all ?is "t1 f e>ly dawn until noon1 h we be5 talk+ ab\t laws 9 ?is *>m+ retreat3 n[ we are go+ to promulgate our laws1 & :at has prec$$ 0 only ! prelude ( !m4 ,:y d ,i m5tion ?is8 ,= ?is reason3--,because all disc\rses & vocal ex]cises h preludes & ov]tures1 :i* are a sort ( arti/ic beg9n+s int5d$ to help ! /ra9 :i* is to be p]=m$2 lyric measures & music ( e o!r k9d h preludes fram$ ) wond]ful c>e4 ,b ( ! tru] & high] /ra9 ( law & politics1 no "o has ev] yet utt]$ any prelude1 or compos$ or publi%$ any1 z ?\gh !re 0 no su* ?+ 9 nature4 ,:]eas our pres5t discussion seems to me to imply t !re is2--^! d\ble laws1 ( :i* we 7 speak+1 are n exactly d\ble1 b !y are 9 two p>ts1 ! law & ! prelude ( ! law4 ,! arbitr>y comm&1 :i* 0 comp>$ to ! comm&s ( doctors1 :om we describ$ z ( ! mean] sort1 0 ! law pure & simple2 & t :i* prec$$1 & 0 describ$ by our fri5d "h z be+ hortatory only1 01 al?\gh 9 fact1 an exhortation1 likewise analog\s to ! preamble ( a disc\rse4 ,= ,i imag9e t all ?is language ( conciliation1 :i* ! legislator has be5 utt]+ 9 ! preface ( ! law1 0 int5d$ to create good-w 9 ! p]son :om he address$1 9 ord] t1 by reason ( ?is good-w1 he might m intellig5tly receive 8 comm&1 t is to say1 ! law4 ,& !re=e1 9 my way ( speak+1 ?is is m rightly describ$ z ! preamble ?an z ! matt] ( ! law4 ,& ,i mu/ fur!r proce$ to obs]ve1 t to all 8 laws1 & to ea* sep>ately1 ! legislator %\ld prefix a preamble2 he %\ld rememb] h[ great w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 accord+ z !y h1 or h n1 su* preambles1 z 9 ! case already giv54 ,,cle9ias3 ,! lawgiv]1 if he asks my op9ion1 w c]ta9ly legislate 9 ! =m :i* y advise4 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?9k t y are "r1 ,cle9ias1 9 affirm+ t all laws h preambles1 & t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is "w ( legislation e s+le law %\ld h a suitable preamble at ! beg9n+2 = t :i* is to foll[ is mo/ important1 & x makes all ! diff]5ce :e!r we cle>ly rememb] ! preambles or n4 ,yet we %\ld be wrong 9 requir+ t all laws1 small & great alike1 %\ld h preambles ( ! same k9d1 any m ?an all songs or spee*es2 al?\gh !y may be natural to all1 !y are n always necess>y1 & :e!r !y are to be employ$ or n has 9 ea* case to be left to ! judgm5t ( ! speak] or ! musician1 or1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ( ! lawgiv]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t ,i ?9k is mo/ true4 ,& n[1 ,/rang]1 )\t delay let u return to ! argum5t1 &1 z p say 9 play1 make a second & bett] beg9n+1 if y please1 ) ! pr9ciples :i* we h be5 lay+ d[n1 :i* we nev] ?\ght ( reg>d+ z a preamble be=e1 b ( :i* we may n[ make a preamble1 & n m]ely consid] !m to be *ance topics ( disc\rse4 ,let u ackn[l$ge1 !n1 t we h a preamble4 ,ab\t ! hon\r ( ! ,gods & ! respect ( p>5ts1 en\gh has be5 already said2 & we may proce$ to ! topics :i* foll[ next 9 ord]1 until ! preamble is deem$ by y to be complete2 & aft] t y %all g ?r\gh ! laws !mselves4 ,,a!nian3 ,i und]/& y to mean t we h made a suffici5t preamble ab\t ,gods & demigods1 & ab\t p>5ts liv+ or dead2 & n[ y w\ld h u br+ ! re/ ( ! subject into ! light ( day8 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,aft] ?is1 z is meet & = ! int]e/ ( u all1 ,i ! speak]1 & y ! li/5]s1 w try to e/imate all t relates to ! s\ls & bodies & prop]ties ( ! citiz5s1 z reg>ds bo? _! occupations & amusem5ts1 & ?us arrive1 z f> z 9 u lies1 at ! nature ( education4 ,^! !n are ! topics :i* foll[ next 9 ord]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,book ,v4 ,,a!nian3 ,li/51 all ye :o h j n[ he>d ! laws ab\t ,gods1 & ab\t our de> =efa!rs3--,( all ! ?+s :i* a man has1 next to ! ,gods1 8 s\l is ! mo/ div9e & mo/ truly 8 own4 ,n[ 9 e man !re are two p>ts3 ! bett] & sup]ior1 :i* rules1 & ! worse & inf]ior1 :i* s]ves2 & ! rul+ "p ( him is always to be pref]r$ to ! subject4 ,:]e=e ,i am "r 9 bidd+ e "o next to ! ,gods1 :o are our ma/]s1 & ^? :o 9 ord] foll[ !m 7i4e4 ! demons71 to hon\r 8 own s\l1 :i* e "o seems to hon\r1 b no "o hon\rs z he ought2 = hon\r is a div9e good1 & no evil ?+ is hon\rable2 & he :o ?9ks t he c hon\r ! s\l by ^w or gift1 or any sort ( compliance1 )\t mak+ h] 9 any way bett]1 seems to hon\r h]1 b hon\rs h] n at all4 ,= example1 e man1 f 8 v boyhood1 fancies t he is able to "k ev]y?+1 & ?9ks t he hon\rs 8 s\l by prais+ h]1 & he is v ready to let h] d :atev] %e may l4 ,b ,i mean to say t 9 act+ ?us he injures 8 s\l1 & is f> f hon\r+ h]2 :]eas1 9 our op9ion1 he ought to hon\r h] z second only to ! ,gods4 ,aga91 :5 a man ?9ks t o!rs are to be blam$1 & n himself1 = ! errors :i* he has committ$ f "t to "t1 & ! _m & great evils :i* befell him 9 consequ5ce1 & is always fancy+ himself to be exempt & innoc5t1 he is "u ! idea t he is hon\r+ 8 s\l2 :]eas ! v rev]se is ! fact1 = he is really injur+ h]4 ,& :51 disreg>d+ ! ^w & approval ( ! legislator1 he indulges 9 pleasure1 !n aga9 he is f> f hon\r+ h]2 he only di%on\rs h]1 & fills h] full ( evil & remorse2 or :5 he does n endure to ! end ! lab\rs & fe>s & sorr[s & pa9s :i* ! legislator approves1 b gives way be=e !m1 !n1 by yield+1 he does n hon\r ! s\l1 b by all su* conduct he makes h] to be di%on\rable2 nor :5 he ?9ks t life at any price is a good1 does he hon\r h]1 b yet once m he di%on\rs h]2 = ! s\l hav+ a notion t ! _w bel[ is all evil1 he yields to h]1 & does n resi/ & tea* or conv9ce h] t1 = aught %e kn[s1 ! _w ( ! ,gods bel[1 in/ead ( be+ evil1 may be ! greate/ ( all goods4 ,aga91 :5 any "o pref]s beauty to virtue1 :at is ?is b ! real & utt] di%on\r ( ! s\l8 ,= su* a pref]5ce implies t ! body is m hon\rable ?an ! s\l2 & ?is is false1 = !re is no?+ ( e>?ly bir? :i* is m hon\rable ?an ! heav5ly1 & he :o ?9ks o!rwise ( ! s\l has no idea h[ greatly he und]values ?is wond]ful possession2 nor1 aga91 :5 a p]son is will+1 or n unwill+1 to acquire di%one/ ga9s1 does he !n hon\r 8 s\l ) gifts--f> o!rwise2 he sells h] glory & hon\r = a small piece ( gold2 b all ! gold :i* is "u or ^u ! e>? is n en\gh to give 9 ex*ange = virtue4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i may say t he :o does n e/imate ! base & evil1 ! good & noble1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! legislator1 & ab/a9 9 e possible way f ! "o & practise ! o!r to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 does n "k t 9 all ^! respects he is mo/ f\lly & disgracefully abus+ 8 s\l1 :i* is ! div9e/ "p ( man2 = no "o1 z ,i may say1 ev] consid]s t :i* is decl>$ to be ! greate/ p5alty ( evil-do+--namely1 to gr[ into ! lik5ess ( bad m51 & gr[+ l !m to fly f ! conv]sation ( ! good1 & be cut (f f !m1 & cleave to & foll[ aft] ! company ( ! bad4 ,& he :o is jo9$ to !m mu/ d & suff] :at su* m5 by nature d & say to "o ano!r1--a suff]+ :i* is n ju/ice b retribution2 = ju/ice & ! j are noble1 :]eas retribution is ! suff]+ :i* waits ^u inju/ice2 & :e!r a man escape or endure ?is1 he is mis]able1--9 ! =m] case1 because he is n cur$2 :ile 9 ! latt]1 he p]i%es 9 ord] t ! re/ ( mank9d may be sav$4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 our glory is to foll[ ! bett] & improve ! inf]ior1 :i* is susceptible ( improvem5t1 z f> z ?is is possible4 ,& ( all human possessions1 ! s\l is by nature mo/ incl9$ to avoid ! evil1 & track out & f9d ! *ief good2 :i* :5 a man has f\nd1 he %\ld take up 8 abode ) x dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,:]e=e ! s\l also is second 7or next to ,god7 9 hon\r2 & ?ird1 z e "o w p]ceive1 comes ! hon\r ( ! body 9 natural ord]4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ?is1 we h next to consid] t !re is a natural hon\r ( ! body1 & t ( hon\rs "s are true & "s are c\nt]feit4 ,to decide :i* are :i* is ! bus9ess ( ! legislator2 & he1 ,i suspect1 w\ld intimate t !y are z foll[s3--,hon\r is n to be giv5 to ! fair body1 or to ! /rong or ! swift or ! tall1 or to ! heal?y body 7al?\gh _m may ?9k o!rwise71 any m ?an to _! opposites2 b ! mean /ates ( all ^! habits are by f> ! safe/ & mo/ mod]ate2 = ! "o extreme makes ! s\l bragg>t & insol5t1 & ! o!r1 illib]al & base2 & money1 & prop]ty1 & di/9ction all g to ! same tune4 ,! excess ( any ( ^! ?+s is apt to be a s\rce ( hatr$s & divisions among /ates & individuals2 & ! defect ( !m is commonly a cause ( slav]y4 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i w\ld n h any "o fond ( heap+ up ri*es = ! sake ( 8 *ildr51 9 ord] t he may leave !m z ri* z possible4 ,= ! possession ( great weal? is ( no use1 ei!r to !m or to ! /ate4 ,! condition ( y\? :i* is free f flatt]y1 & at ! same "t n 9 ne$ ( ! necess>ies ( life1 is ! be/ & mo/ h>moni\s ( all1 be+ 9 accord & agreem5t ) our nature1 & mak+ life to be mo/ entirely free f sorr[4 ,let p>5ts1 !n1 bequea? to _! *ildr5 n a heap ( ri*es1 b ! _s ( rev]5ce4 ,we1 inde$1 fancy t !y w inh]it rev]5ce f u1 if we rebuke !m :5 !y %[ a want ( rev]5ce4 ,b ?is quality is n really imp>t$ to !m by ! pres5t /yle ( admonition1 :i* only tells !m t ! "y ought always to be rev]5tial4 ,a s5sible legislator w r exhort ! eld]s to rev]5ce ! y\ng]1 & above all to take he$ t no "y man sees or he>s "o ( !mselves do+ or say+ any?+ disgraceful2 = :]e old m5 h no %ame1 !re "y m5 w mo/ c]ta9ly be devoid ( rev]5ce4 ,! be/ way ( tra9+ ! "y is to tra9 y\rself at ! same "t2 n to admoni% !m1 b to be always c>ry+ out y\r own admonitions 9 practice4 ,he :o hon\rs 8 k9dr$1 & rev]es ^? :o %>e 9 ! same ,gods & are ( ! same blood & family1 may fairly expect t ! ,gods :o preside ov] g5]ation w be propiti\s to him1 & w quick5 8 se$4 ,& he :o deems ! s]vices :i* 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances d = him1 great] & m important ?an !y !mselves deem !m1 & 8 own fav\rs to !m less ?an !irs to him1 w h _! good-w 9 ! int]c\rse ( life4 ,& surely 9 8 relations to ! /ate & 8 fell[ citiz5s1 he is by f> ! be/1 :o r ?an ! ,olympic or any o!r victory ( peace or w>1 desires to w9 ! palm ( ob$i5ce to ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 & :o1 ( all mank9d1 is ! p]son reput$ to h obey$ !m be/ ?r\gh life4 ,9 8 relations to /rang]s1 a man %\ld consid] t a contract is a mo/ holy ?+1 & t all conc]ns & wrongs ( /rang]s are m directly dep5d5t on ! protection ( ,god1 ?an wrongs done to citiz5s2 = ! /rang]1 hav+ no k9dr$ & fri5ds1 is m to be piti$ by ,gods & m54 ,:]e=e1 also1 he :o is mo/ able to av5ge him is mo/ zeal\s 9 8 cause2 & he :o is mo/ able is ! g5ius & ! god ( ! /rang]1 :o foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ,zeus1 ! god ( /rang]s4 ,& = ?is reason1 he :o has a sp>k ( caution 9 him1 w d 8 be/ to pass ?r\gh life )\t s9n+ aga9/ ! /rang]4 ,& ( (f5ces committ$1 :e!r aga9/ /rang]s or fell[-c\ntrym51 t aga9/ suppliants is ! greate/4 ,= ! ,god :o witness$ to ! agreem5t made ) ! suppliant1 becomes 9 a special mann] ! gu>dian ( ! suff]]2 & he w c]ta9ly n suff] unav5g$4 ,?us we h fairly describ$ ! mann] 9 :i* a man is to act ab\t 8 p>5ts1 & himself1 & 8 own affairs2 & 9 relation to ! /ate1 & 8 fri5ds1 & k9dr$1 bo? 9 :at conc]ns 8 own c\ntrym51 & 9 :at conc]ns ! /rang]4 ,we w n[ consid] :at mann] ( man he mu/ be :o w\ld be/ pass ?r\gh life 9 respect ( ^? o!r ?+s :i* are n matt]s ( law1 b ( praise & blame only2 9 :i* praise & blame educate a man1 & make him m tractable & am5able to ! laws :i* are ab\t to be impos$4 ,tru? is ! beg9n+ ( e good ?+1 bo? to ,gods & m52 & he :o w\ld be bless$ & happy1 %\ld be f ! fir/ a p>tak] ( ! tru?1 t he may live a true man z long z possible1 = !n he c be tru/$2 b he is n to be tru/$ :o loves volunt>y falsehood1 & he :o loves involunt>y falsehood is a fool4 ,nei!r condition is enviable1 = ! untru/wor?y & ignorant has no fri5d1 & z "t advances he becomes kn[n1 & lays up 9 /ore = himself isolation 9 crabb$ age :5 life is on ! wane3 s t1 :e!r 8 *ildr5 or fri5ds are alive or n1 he is equally solit>y4--,wor?y ( hon\r is he :o does no inju/ice1 & ( m ?an tw(old hon\r1 if he n only does no inju/ice himself1 b h9d]s o!rs f do+ any2 ! fir/ may c\nt z "o man1 ! second is wor? _m m51 because he in=ms ! rul]s ( ! inju/ice ( o!rs4 ,& yet m highly to be e/eem$ is he :o co-op]ates ) ! rul]s 9 correct+ ! citiz5s z f> z he c--he %all be proclaim$ ! great & p]fect citiz51 & be> away ! palm ( virtue4 ,! same praise may be giv5 ab\t temp]ance & wisdom1 & all o!r goods :i* may be imp>t$ to o!rs1 z well z acquir$ by a man = himself2 he :o imp>ts !m %all be hon\r$ z ! man ( m51 & he :o is will+1 yet is n able1 may be all[$ ! second place2 b he :o is jeal\s & w n1 if he c help1 all[ o!rs to p>take 9 a fri5dly way ( any good1 is des]v+ ( blame3 ! good1 h[ev]1 :i* he has1 is n to be und]valu$ by u because x is possess$ by him1 b mu/ be acquir$ by u also to ! utmo/ ( our p[]4 ,let e man1 !n1 freely /rive = ! prize ( virtue1 & let !re be no envy4 ,= ! un5vi\s nature increases ! greatness ( /ates--he himself cont5ds 9 ! race1 bla/+ ! fair fame ( no man2 b ! envi\s1 :o ?9ks t he ought to get ! bett] by defam+ o!rs1 is less en]getic himself 9 ! pursuit ( true virtue1 & r$uces 8 rivals to despair by 8 unju/ sl&]s ( !m4 ,& s he makes ! :ole city to ent] ! ar5a untra9$ 9 ! practice ( virtue1 & dim9i%es h] glory z f> z 9 him lies4 ,n[ e man %\ld be valiant1 b he %\ld also be g5tle4 ,f ! cruel1 or h>dly curable1 or altoge!r incurable acts ( inju/ice done to him by o!rs1 a man c only escape by fight+ & def5d+ himself & conqu]+1 & by nev] ceas+ to puni% !m2 & no man :o is n ( a noble _s is able to accompli% ?is4 ,z to ! actions ( ^? :o d evil1 b ^: evil is curable1 9 ! fir/ place1 let u rememb] t ! unju/ man is n unju/ ( 8 own free w4 ,= no man ( 8 own free w w\ld *oose to possess ! greate/ ( evils1 & lea/ ( all 9 ! mo/ hon\rable "p ( himself4 ,& ! s\l1 z we said1 is ( a tru? deem$ by all m5 ! mo/ hon\rable4 ,9 ! s\l1 !n1 :i* is ! mo/ hon\rable "p ( him1 no "o1 if he c\ld help1 w\ld admit1 or all[ to cont9ue ! greate/ ( evils 7comp>e ,republic74 ,! unrighte\s & vici\s are always to be piti$ 9 any case2 & "o c af=d to =give z well z pity him :o is curable1 & refra9 & calm "o's ang]1 n gett+ into a passion1 l a woman1 & nurs+ ill-feel+4 ,b ^u him :o is incapable ( re=mation & :olly evil1 ! vials ( our wra? %\ld be p\r$ out2 :]e=e ,i say t good m5 ought1 :5 occasion dem&s1 to be bo? g5tle & passionate4 ,( all evils ! greate/ is "o :i* 9 ! s\ls ( mo/ m5 is innate1 & :i* a man is always excus+ 9 himself & nev] correct+2 ,i mean1 :at is express$ 9 ! say+ t ',e man by nature is & ought to be 8 own fri5d4' ,:]eas ! excessive love ( self is 9 reality ! s\rce to ea* man ( all (f5ces2 = ! lov] is bl9d$ ab\t ! belov$1 s t he judges wrongly ( ! j1 ! good1 & ! hon\rable1 & ?9ks t he ought always to pref] himself to ! tru?4 ,b he :o w\ld be a great man ought to reg>d1 n himself or 8 int]e/s1 b :at is j1 :e!r ! j act be 8 own or t ( ano!r4 ,?r\gh a simil> error m5 are induc$ to fancy t _! own ignorance is wisdom1 & ?us we :o may be truly said to "k no?+1 ?9k t we "k all ?+s2 & because we w n let o!rs act = u 9 :at we d n "k1 we are compell$ to act amiss ourselves4 ,:]e=e let e man avoid excess ( self-love1 & condesc5d to foll[ a bett] man ?an himself1 n all[+ any false %ame to /& 9 ! way4 ,!re are also m9or precepts :i* are (t5 repeat$1 & are q z useful2 a man %\ld recollect !m & rem9d himself ( !m4 ,= :5 a /ream is fl[+ out1 !re %\ld be wat] fl[+ 9 too2 & recollection fl[s 9 :ile wisdom is dep>t+4 ,!re=e ,i say t a man %\ld refra9 f excess ei!r ( laught] or te>s1 & %\ld exhort 8 neighb\r to d ! same2 he %\ld veil 8 immod]ate sorr[ or joy1 & seek to behave ) propriety1 :e!r ! g5ius ( 8 good =tune rema9s ) him1 or :e!r at ! crisis ( 8 fate1 :5 he seems to be m\nt+ high & /eep places1 ! ,gods oppose him 9 "s ( 8 ent]prises4 ,/ill he may ev] hope1 9 ! case ( good m51 t :atev] afflictions are to befall !m 9 ! future ,god w less51 & t pres5t evils ,he w *ange = ! bett]2 & z to ! goods :i* are ! opposite ( ^! evils1 he w n d\bt t !y w be add$ to !m1 & t !y w be =tunate4 ,su* %\ld be m5's hopes1 & su* %\ld be ! exhortations ) :i* !y admoni% "o ano!r1 nev] los+ an opportunity1 b on e occasion di/9ctly rem9d+ !mselves & o!rs ( all ^! ?+s1 bo? 9 je/ & e>ne/4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said ( div9e matt]s1 bo? z t\*+ ! practices :i* m5 ought to foll[1 & z to ! sort ( p]sons :o !y ought sev]ally to be4 ,b ( human ?+s we h n z yet spok51 & we mu/2 = to m5 we are disc\rs+ & n to ,gods4 ,pleasures & pa9s & desires are a "p ( human nature1 & on !m e mortal be+ mu/ ( necessity hang & dep5d ) ! mo/ eag] int]e/4 ,& !re=e we mu/ praise ! noble/ life1 n only z ! faire/ 9 appe>ance1 b z be+ "o :i*1 if a man w only ta/e1 & n1 :ile /ill 9 8 y\?1 des]t = ano!r1 he w f9d to surpass also 9 ! v ?+ :i* we all ( u desire1--,i mean 9 hav+ a great] am\nt ( pleasure & less ( pa9 dur+ ! :ole ( life4 ,& ?is w be pla91 if a man has a true ta/e ( !m1 z w be quickly & cle>ly se54 ,b :at is a true ta/e8 ,t we h to le>n f ! argum5t--! po9t be+ :at is accord+ to nature1 & :at is n accord+ to nature4 ,"o life mu/ be comp>$ ) ano!r1 ! m pleasurable ) ! m pa9ful1 aft] ?is mann]3--,we desire to h pleasure1 b we nei!r desire nor *oose pa92 & ! neutral /ate we are ready to take 9 ex*ange1 n = pleasure b = pa92 & we also wi% = less pa9 & great] pleasure1 b less pleasure & great] pa9 we d n wi% =2 & an equal balance ( ei!r we _c v5ture to ass]t t we %\ld desire4 ,& all ^! diff] or d n diff] sev]ally 9 numb] & magnitude & int5sity & equality1 & 9 ! opposites ( ^! :5 reg>d$ z objects ( *oice1 9 relation to desire4 ,& su* be+ ! necess>y ord] ( ?+s1 we wi% = t life 9 :i* !re are _m great & int5se elem5ts ( pleasure & pa91 & 9 :i* ! pleasures are 9 excess1 & d n wi% = t 9 :i* ! opposites exce$2 nor1 aga91 d we wi% = t 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( ei!r are small & few & feeble1 & ! pa9s exce$4 ,& :51 z ,i said be=e1 !re is a balance ( pleasure & pa9 9 life1 ?is is to be reg>d$ by u z ! balanc$ life2 :ile o!r lives are pref]r$ by u because !y exce$ 9 :at we l1 or are reject$ by u because !y exce$ 9 :at we dislike4 ,all ! lives ( m5 may be reg>d$ by u z b\nd up 9 ^!1 & we mu/ also consid] :at sort ( lives we by nature desire4 ,& if we wi% = any o!rs1 ,i say t we desire !m only ?r\gh "s ignorance & inexp]i5ce ( ! lives :i* actually exi/4 ,n[1 :at lives are !y1 & h[ _m 9 :i*1 hav+ se>*$ out & beheld ! objects ( w & desire & _! opposites1 & mak+ ( !m a law1 *oos+1 ,i say1 ! de> & ! pleasant & ! be/ & noble/1 a man may live 9 ! happie/ way possible8 ,let u say t ! temp]ate life is "o k9d ( life1 & ! rational ano!r1 & ! c\rage\s ano!r1 & ! heal?ful ano!r2 & to ^! f\r let u oppose f\r o!r lives--! fooli%1 ! c[>dly1 ! intemp]ate1 ! diseas$4 ,he :o kn[s ! temp]ate life w describe x z 9 all ?+s g5tle1 hav+ g5tle pa9s & g5tle pleasures1 & placid desires & loves n insane2 :]eas ! intemp]ate life is impetu\s 9 all ?+s1 & has viol5t pa9s & pleasures1 & vehem5t & /++ desires1 & loves utt]ly insane2 & 9 ! temp]ate life ! pleasures exce$ ! pa9s1 b 9 ! intemp]ate life ! pa9s exce$ ! pleasures 9 greatness & numb] & frequ5cy4 ,h5ce "o ( ! two lives is naturally & necess>ily m pleasant & ! o!r m pa9ful1 & he :o w\ld live pleasantly _c possibly *oose to live intemp]ately4 ,& if ?is is true1 ! inf]5ce cle>ly is t no man is volunt>ily intemp]ate2 b t ! :ole multitude ( m5 lack temp]ance 9 _! lives1 ei!r f ignorance1 or f want ( self-control1 or bo?4 ,& ! same holds ( ! diseas$ & heal?y life2 !y bo? h pleasures & pa9s1 b 9 heal? ! pleasure exce$s ! pa91 & 9 sickness ! pa9 exce$s ! pleasure4 ,n[ our int5tion 9 *oos+ ! lives is n t ! pa9ful %\ld exce$1 b ! life 9 :i* pa9 is exce$$ by pleasure we h det]m9$ to be ! m pleasant life4 ,& we %\ld say t ! temp]ate life has ! elem5ts bo? ( pleasure & pa9 few] & small] & less frequ5t ?an ! intemp]ate1 & ! wise life ?an ! fooli% life1 & ! life ( c\rage ?an ! life ( c[>dice2 "o ( ea* pair exce$+ 9 pleasure & ! o!r 9 pa91 ! c\rage\s surpass+ ! c[>dly1 & ! wise exce$+ ! fooli%4 ,& s ! "o class ( lives exce$s ! o!r class 9 pleasure2 ! temp]ate & c\rage\s & wise & heal?y exce$ ! c[>dly & fooli% & intemp]ate & diseas$ lives2 & g5]ally speak+1 t :i* has any virtue1 :e!r ( body or s\l1 is pleasant] ?an ! vici\s life1 & f> sup]ior 9 beauty & rectitude & excell5ce & reputation1 & causes him :o lives accord+ly to be inf9itely happi] ?an ! opposite4 ,en\gh ( ! preamble2 & n[ ! laws %\ld foll[2 or1 to speak m correctly1 an outl9e ( !m4 ,z1 !n1 9 ! case ( a web or any o!r tissue1 ! w>p & ! wo( _c be made ( ! same mat]ials 7comp>e ,/atesman71 b ! w>p is necess>ily sup]ior z be+ /rong]1 & hav+ a c]ta9 "* ( firmness1 :]eas ! wo( is s(t] & has a prop] degree ( ela/icity2--9 a simil> mann] ^? :o are to hold great (fices 9 /ates1 %\ld be di/+ui%$ truly 9 ea* case f ^? :o h be5 b sl5d]ly prov5 by education4 ,let u suppose t !re are two p>ts 9 ! con/itution ( a /ate--"o ! creation ( (fices1 ! o!r ! laws :i* are assign$ to !m to adm9i/]4 ,b1 be=e all ?is1 comes ! foll[+ consid]ation3--,! %eph]d or h]dsman1 or bre$] ( horses or ! l1 :5 he has receiv$ 8 animals w n beg9 to tra9 !m until he has fir/ purifi$ !m 9 a mann] :i* befits a community ( animals2 he w divide ! heal?y & unheal?y1 & ! good bre$ & ! bad bre$1 & w s5d away ! unheal?y & badly br$ to o!r h]ds1 & t5d ! re/1 reflect+ t 8 lab\rs w be va9 & h no effect1 ei!r on ! s\ls or bodies ( ^? :om nature & ill nurture h corrupt$1 & t !y w involve 9 de/ruction ! pure & heal?y nature & be+ ( e o!r animal1 if he %\ld neglect to purify !m4 ,n[ ! case ( o!r animals is n s important--!y are only wor? introduc+ = ! sake ( illu/ration2 b :at relates to man is ( ! highe/ importance2 & ! legislator %\ld make enquiries1 & indicate :at is prop] = ea* "o 9 ! way ( purification & ( any o!r proc$ure4 ,take1 = example1 ! purification ( a city--!re are _m k9ds ( purification1 "s easi] & o!rs m difficult2 & "s ( !m1 & ! be/ & mo/ difficult ( !m1 ! legislator1 if he be also a despot1 may be able to effect2 b ! legislator1 :o1 n be+ a despot1 sets up a new gov]nm5t & laws1 ev5 if he attempt ! milde/ ( purgations1 may ?9k himself happy if he c complete 8 "w4 ,! be/ k9d ( purification is pa9ful1 l simil> cures 9 m$ic9e1 involv+ righte\s puni%m5t & inflict+ dea? or exile 9 ! la/ resort4 ,= 9 ?is way we commonly dispose ( great s9n]s :o are incurable1 & are ! greate/ injury ( ! :ole /ate4 ,b ! mild] =m ( purification is z foll[s3--:5 m5 :o h no?+1 & are 9 want ( food1 %[ a disposition to foll[ _! lead]s 9 an attack on ! prop]ty ( ! ri*--^!1 :o are ! natural plague ( ! /ate1 are s5t away by ! legislator 9 a fri5dly _s z f> z he is able2 & ?is dismissal ( !m is euphemi/ically t]m$ a colony4 ,& e legislator %\ld contrive to d ?is at once4 ,our pres5t case1 h[ev]1 is peculi>4 ,= !re is no ne$ to devise any colony or purify+ sep>ation "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* we are plac$4 ,b z1 :5 _m /reams fl[ toge!r f _m s\rces1 :e!r spr+s or m\nta9 torr5ts1 into a s+le lake1 we ought to att5d & take c>e t ! conflu5t wat]s %\ld be p]fectly cle>1 & 9 ord] to effect ?is1 %\ld pump & draw (f & div]t impurities1 s 9 e political arrangem5t !re may be tr\ble & dang]4 ,b1 see+ t we are n[ only disc\rs+ & n act+1 let our selection be suppos$ to be complet$1 & ! desir$ purity atta9$4 ,t\*+ evil m51 :o want to jo9 & be citiz5s ( our /ate1 aft] we h te/$ !m by e sort ( p]suasion & = a suffici5t "t1 we w prev5t !m f com+2 b ! good we w to ! utmo/ ( our ability receive z fri5ds ) op5 arms4 ,ano!r piece ( good =tune mu/ n be =gott51 :i*1 z we 7 say+1 ! ,h]aclid colony _h1 & :i* is also ours1--t we h escap$ division ( l& & ! abolition ( debts2 = ^! are always a s\rce ( dang]\s cont5tion1 & a city :i* is driv5 by necessity to legislate ^u su* matt]s c nei!r all[ ! old ways to cont9ue1 nor yet v5ture to alt] !m4 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to pray]s1 s to speak1 & hope t a slight *ange may be cauti\sly effect$ 9 a l5g? ( "t4 ,& su* a *ange c be accompli%$ by ^? :o h abundance ( l&1 & hav+ also _m debtors1 are will+1 9 a k9dly _s1 to %>e ) ^? :o are 9 want1 sometimes remitt+ & sometimes giv+1 hold+ fa/ 9 a pa? ( mod]ation1 & deem+ pov]ty to be ! increase ( a man's desires & n ! dim9ution ( 8 prop]ty4 ,= ?is is ! great beg9n+ ( salvation to a /ate1 & ^u ?is la/+ basis may be erect$ aft]w>ds :atev] political ord] is suitable "u ! circum/ances2 b if ! *ange be bas$ ^u an uns\nd pr9ciple1 ! future adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry w be full ( difficulties4 ,t is a dang] :i*1 z ,i am say+1 is escap$ by u1 & yet we _h bett] say h[1 if we _h n escap$1 we might h escap$2 & we may v5ture n[ to ass]t t no o!r way ( escape1 :e!r n>r[ or broad1 c be devis$ b fre$om f av>ice & a s5se ( ju/ice--^u ?is rock our city %all be built2 = !re ought to be no disputes among citiz5s ab\t prop]ty4 ,if !re are qu>rels ( long /&+ among !m1 no legislator ( any degree ( s5se w proce$ a /ep 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! /ate until !y are settl$4 ,b t !y to :om ,god has giv51 z ,he has to u1 to be ! f\nd]s ( a new /ate z yet free f enmity--t !y %\ld create !mselves enmities by _! mode ( di/ribut+ l&s & h\ses1 w\ld be sup]human folly & wick$ness4 ,h[ !n c we rightly ord] ! di/ribution ( ! l&8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! numb] ( ! citiz5s has to be det]m9$1 & also ! numb] & size ( ! divisions into :i* !y w h to be =m$2 & ! l& & ! h\ses w !n h to be apportion$ by u z fairly z we c4 ,! numb] ( citiz5s c only be e/imat$ satisfactorily 9 relation to ! t]ritory & ! neighb\r+ /ates4 ,! t]ritory mu/ be suffici5t to ma9ta9 a c]ta9 numb] ( inhabitants 9 a mod]ate way ( life--m ?an ?is is n requir$2 & ! numb] ( citiz5s %\ld be suffici5t to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! inju/ice ( _! neighb\rs1 & also to give !m ! p[] ( r5d]+ effici5t aid to _! neighb\rs :5 !y are wrong$4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 a survey ( _!'s & _! neighb\rs' t]ritory1 we w det]m9e ! limits ( !m 9 fact z well z 9 !ory4 ,& n[1 let u proce$ to legislate ) a view to p]fect+ ! =m & outl9e ( our /ate4 ,! numb] ( our citiz5s %all be #ejdj--?is w be a conv5i5t numb]2 & ^! %all be own]s ( ! l& & protectors ( ! allotm5t4 ,! h\ses & ! l& w be divid$ 9 ! same way1 s t e man may correspond to a lot4 ,let ! :ole numb] be fir/ divid$ into two p>ts1 & !n into ?ree2 & ! numb] is fur!r capable ( be+ divid$ into f\r or five p>ts1 or any numb] ( p>ts up to t54 ,e legislator ought to "k s mu* ari?metic z to be able to tell :at numb] is mo/ likely to be useful to all cities2 & we are go+ to take t numb] :i* conta9s ! greate/ & mo/ regul> & unbrok5 s]ies ( divisions4 ,! :ole ( numb] has e possible division1 & ! numb] #ejdj c be divid$ by exactly fifty-n9e divisors1 & t5 ( ^! proce$ )\t int]val f "o to t53 ?is w furni% numb]s = w> & peace1 & = all contracts & deal+s1 includ+ taxes & divisions ( ! l&4 ,^! prop]ties ( numb] %\ld be asc]ta9$ at leisure by ^? :o are b\nd by law to "k !m2 = !y are true1 & %\ld be proclaim$ at ! f\ndation ( ! city1 ) a view to use4 ,:e!r ! legislator is e/abli%+ a new /ate or re/or+ an old & decay$ "o1 9 respect ( ,gods & temples1--! temples :i* are to be built 9 ea* city1 & ! ,gods or demi-gods aft] :om !y are to be call$1--if he be a man ( s5se1 he w make no *ange 9 any?+ :i* ! oracle ( ,delphi1 or ,dodona1 or ! ,god ,ammon1 or any anci5t tradition has sanction$ 9 :atev] mann]1 :e!r by app>itions or reput$ inspiration ( ,heav51 9 ob$i5ce to :i* mank9d h e/abli%$ sacrifices 9 connexion ) my/ic rites1 ei!r orig9at+ on ! spot1 or d]iv$ f ,tyrrh5ia or ,cyprus or "s o!r place1 & on ! /r5g? ( :i* traditions !y h consecrat$ oracles & images1 & alt>s & temples1 & portion$ out a sacr$ doma9 = ea* ( !m4 ,! lea/ "p ( all ^! ought n to be di/urb$ by ! legislator2 b he %\ld assign to ! sev]al di/ricts "s ,god1 or demi-god1 or h]o1 &1 9 ! di/ribution ( ! soil1 %\ld give to ^! fir/ _! *os5 doma9 & all ?+s fitt+1 t ! inhabitants ( ! sev]al di/ricts may meet at fix$ times1 & t !y may readily supply _! v>i\s wants1 & ent]ta9 "o ano!r ) sacrifices1 & become fri5ds & acqua9tances2 = !re is no great] good 9 a /ate ?an t ! citiz5s %\ld be kn[n to "o ano!r4 ,:5 n light b d>kness & ignorance ( ea* o!r's *>act]s prevails among !m1 no "o w receive ! hon\r ( :i* he is des]v+1 or ! p[] or ! ju/ice to :i* he is fairly entitl$3 :]e=e1 9 e /ate1 above all ?+s1 e man %\ld take he$ t he h no deceit 9 him1 b t he be always true & simple2 & t no deceitful p]son take any advantage ( him4 ,! next move 9 our pa/ime ( legislation1 l ! )drawal ( ! /one f ! holy l9e 9 ! game ( draughts1 be+ an unusual "o1 w probably excite wond] :5 m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,& yet1 if a man w only reflect & weigh ! matt] ) c>e1 he w see t our city is ord]$ 9 a mann] :i*1 if n ! be/1 is ! second be/4 ,p]haps also "s "o may n approve ?is =m1 because he ?9ks t su* a con/itution is ill adapt$ to a legislator :o has n despotic p[]4 ,! tru? is1 t !re are ?ree =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! be/1 ! second & ! ?ird be/1 :i* we may j m5tion1 & !n leave ! selection to ! rul] ( ! settlem5t4 ,foll[+ ?is me?od 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 let u speak ( ! /ates :i* are respectively fir/1 second1 & ?ird 9 excell5ce1 & !n we w leave ! *oice to ,cle9ias n[1 or to any "o else :o may h]eaft] h to make a simil> *oice among con/itutions1 & may desire to give to 8 /ate "s feature :i* is cong5ial to him & :i* he approves 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,! fir/ & highe/ =m ( ! /ate & ( ! gov]nm5t & ( ! law is t 9 :i* !re prevails mo/ widely ! anci5t say+1 t ',fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common4' ,:e!r !re is any:]e n[1 or w ev] be1 ?is communion ( wom5 & *ildr5 & ( prop]ty1 9 :i* ! private & individual is altoge!r bani%$ f life1 & ?+s :i* are by nature private1 su* z eyes & e>s & h&s1 h become common1 & 9 "s way see & he> & act 9 common1 & all m5 express praise & blame & feel joy & sorr[ on ! same occasions1 & :atev] laws !re are unite ! city to ! utmo/ 7comp>e ,republic71--:e!r all ?is is possible or n1 ,i say t no man1 act+ ^u any o!r pr9ciple1 w ev] con/itute a /ate :i* w be tru] or bett] or m exalt$ 9 virtue4 ,:e!r su* a /ate is gov]n$ by ,gods or sons ( ,gods1 "o1 or m ?an "o1 happy are ! m5 :o1 liv+ aft] ?is mann]1 dwell !re2 & !re=e to ?is we are to look = ! patt]n ( ! /ate1 & to cl+ to ?is1 & to seek ) all our might = "o :i* is l ?is4 ,! /ate :i* we h n[ 9 h&1 :5 creat$1 w be ne>e/ to immortality & ! only "o :i* takes ! second place2 & aft] t1 by ! grace ( ,god1 we w complete ! ?ird "o4 ,& we w beg9 by speak+ ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! second4 ,let ! citiz5s at once di/ribute _! l& & h\ses1 & n till ! l& 9 common1 s9ce a community ( goods goes beyond _! propos$ orig91 & nurture1 & education4 ,b 9 mak+ ! di/ribution1 let ! sev]al possessors feel t _! p>ticul> lots also belong to ! :ole city2 & see+ t ! e>? is _! p>5t1 let !m t5d h] m c>efully ?an *ildr5 d _! "m4 ,= %e is a goddess & _! que51 & !y are h] mortal subjects4 ,su* also are ! feel+s :i* !y ought to ent]ta9 to ! ,gods & demi-gods ( ! c\ntry4 ,& 9 ord] t ! di/ribution may always rema91 !y ought to consid] fur!r t ! pres5t numb] ( families %\ld be always reta9$1 & nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$4 ,?is may be secur$ = ! :ole city 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,let ! possessor ( a lot leave ! "o ( 8 *ildr5 :o is 8 be/ belov$1 & "o only1 to be ! heir ( 8 dwell+1 & 8 successor 9 ! duty ( m9i/]+ to ! ,gods1 ! /ate & ! family1 z well ! liv+ memb]s ( x z ^? :o are dep>t$ :5 he comes into ! inh]itance2 b ( 8 o!r *ildr51 if he h m ?an "o1 he %all give ! females 9 m>riage accord+ to ! law to be h]eaft] enact$1 & ! males he %all di/ribute z sons to ^? citiz5s :o h no *ildr51 & are dispos$ to receive !m2 or if !re %\ld be none su*1 & p>ticul> individuals h too _m *ildr51 male or female1 or too few1 z 9 ! case ( b>r5ness--9 all ^! cases let ! highe/ & mo/ hon\rable magi/racy creat$ by u judge & det]m9e :at is to be done ) ! r$undant or defici5t1 & devise a means t ! numb] ( #ejdj h\ses %all always rema9 ! same4 ,!re are _m ways ( regulat+ numb]s2 = !y 9 :om g5]ation is afflu5t may be made to refra9 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol471 &1 on ! o!r h&1 special c>e may be tak5 to increase ! numb] ( bir?s by rew>ds & /igmas1 or we may meet ! evil by ! eld] m5 giv+ advice & adm9i/]+ rebuke to ! y\ng]--9 ?is way ! object may be atta9$4 ,& if aft] all !re be v great difficulty ab\t ! equal pres]vation ( ! #ejdj h\ses1 & !re be an excess ( citiz5s1 ow+ to ! too great love ( ^? :o live toge!r1 & we are at our wits' end1 !re is /ill ! old device (t5 m5tion$ by u ( s5d+ out a colony1 :i* w "p fri5ds ) u1 & be compos$ ( suitable p]sons4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re come a wave be>+ a deluge ( disease1 or a plague ( w>1 & ! inhabitants become mu* few] ?an ! appo9t$ numb] by reason ( b]eavem5t1 we ought n to introduce citiz5s ( spuri\s bir? & education1 if ?is c be avoid$2 b ev5 ,god is said n to be able to fight aga9/ necessity4 ,:]e=e let u suppose ?is 'high argum5t' ( ours to address u 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,be/ ( m51 cease n to hon\r accord+ to nature simil>ity & equality & sam5ess & agreem5t1 z reg>ds numb] & e good & noble quality4 ,&1 above all1 obs]ve ! a=esaid numb] #ejdj ?r\gh\t life2 9 ! second place1 d n disp>age ! small & mode/ proportions ( ! inh]itances :i* y receiv$ 9 ! di/ribution1 by buy+ & sell+ !m to "o ano!r4 ,= !n nei!r w ! ,god :o gave y ! lot be y\r fri5d1 nor w ! legislator2 & inde$ ! law decl>es to ! disob$i5t t ^! are ! t]ms ^u :i* he may or may n take ! lot4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! e>? z he is in=m$ is sacr$ to ! ,gods2 & 9 ! next place1 prie/s & prie/esses w (f] up pray]s ov] a fir/1 & second1 & ev5 a ?ird sacrifice1 t he :o buys or sells ! h\ses or l&s :i* he has receiv$1 may suff] ! puni%m5t :i* he des]ves2 & ^! _! pray]s !y %all write d[n 9 ! temples1 on tablets ( cypress-wood1 = ! in/ruction ( po/]ity4 ,moreov] !y w set a wat* ov] all ^! ?+s1 t !y may be obs]v$2--! magi/racy :i* has ! %>pe/ eyes %all keep wat* t any infr+em5t ( ^! comm&s may be discov]$ & puni%$ z (f5ces bo? aga9/ ! law & ! ,god4 ,h[ great is ! b5efit ( su* an ord9ance to all ^? cities1 :i* obey & are adm9i/]$ accord+ly1 no bad man c ev] "k1 z ! old prov]b says2 b only a man ( exp]i5ce & good habits4 ,= 9 su* an ord] ( ?+s !re w n be mu* opportunity = mak+ money2 no man ei!r ought1 or inde$ w be all[$1 to ex]cise any ignoble occupation1 ( :i* ! vulg>ity is a matt] ( reproa* to a freeman1 & %\ld nev] want to acquire ri*es by any su* means4 ,fur!r1 ! law enjo9s t no private man %all be all[$ to possess gold & silv]1 b only co9 = daily use1 :i* is almo/ necess>y 9 deal+ ) artisans1 & = paym5t ( hirel+s1 :e!r slaves or immigrants1 by all ^? p]sons :o require ! use ( !m4 ,:]e=e our citiz5s1 z we say1 %\ld h a co9 pass+ curr5t among !mselves1 b n accept$ among ! re/ ( mank9d2 ) a view1 h[ev]1 to exp$itions & j\rneys to o!r l&s1--= embassies1 or = any o!r occasion :i* may arise ( s5d+ out a h]ald1 ! /ate mu/ also possess a common ,hell5ic curr5cy4 ,if a private p]son is ev] oblig$ to g abroad1 let him h ! cons5t ( ! magi/rates & g2 & if :5 he returns he has any =eign money rema9+1 let him give ! surplus back to ! treasury1 & receive a correspond+ sum 9 ! local curr5cy4 ,& if he is discov]$ to appropriate x1 let x be confiscat$1 & let him :o kn[s & does n in=m be subject to curse & di%on\r equally him :o br\ght ! money1 & also to a f9e n less 9 am\nt ?an ! =eign money :i* has be5 br\ght back4 ,9 m>ry+ & giv+ 9 m>riage1 no "o %all give or receive any d[ry at all2 & no "o %all deposit money ) ano!r :om he does n tru/ z a fri5d1 nor %all he l5d money ^u int]e/2 & ! borr[] %\ld be "u no obligation to repay ei!r capital or int]e/4 ,t ^! pr9ciples are be/1 any "o may see :o comp>es !m ) ! fir/ pr9ciple & int5tion ( a /ate4 ,! int5tion1 z we affirm1 ( a reasonable /atesman1 is n :at ! _m decl>e to be ! object ( a good legislator1 namely1 t ! /ate = ! true int]e/s ( :i* he is advis+ %\ld be z great & z ri* z possible1 & %\ld possess gold & silv]1 & h ! greate/ empire by sea & l&2--?is !y imag9e to be ! real object ( legislation1 at ! same "t add+1 inconsi/5tly1 t ! true legislator desires to h ! city ! be/ & happie/ possible4 ,b !y d n see t "s ( ^! ?+s are possible1 & "s ( !m are impossible2 & he :o ord]s ! /ate w desire :at is possible1 & w n indulge 9 va9 wi%es or attempts to accompli% t :i* is impossible4 ,! citiz5 mu/ inde$ be happy & good1 & ! legislator w seek to make him s2 b v ri* & v good at ! same "t he _c be1 n1 at lea/1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! _m speak ( ri*es4 ,= !y mean by '! ri*' ! few :o h ! mo/ valuable possessions1 al?\gh ! own] ( !m may q well be a rogue4 ,& if ?is is true1 ,i c nev] ass5t to ! doctr9e t ! ri* man w be happy--he mu/ be good z well z ri*4 ,& good 9 a high degree1 & ri* 9 a high degree at ! same "t1 he _c be4 ,"s "o w ask1 :y n8 ,& we %all answ]--,because acquisitions :i* come f s\rces :i* are j & unju/ indiff]5tly1 are m ?an d\ble ^? :i* come f j s\rces only2 & ! sums :i* are exp5d$ nei!r hon\rably nor disgracefully1 are only half z great z ^? :i* are exp5d$ hon\rably & on hon\rable purposes4 ,?us1 if ! "o acquires d\ble & sp5ds half1 ! o!r :o is 9 ! opposite case & is a good man _c possibly be weal?i] ?an he4 ,! fir/--,i am speak+ ( ! sav] & n ( ! sp5d]--is n always bad2 he may inde$ 9 "s cases be utt]ly bad1 b1 z ,i 0 say+1 a good man he nev] is4 ,= he :o receives money unju/ly z well z ju/ly1 & sp5ds nei!r nor unju/ly1 w be a ri* man if he be also ?rifty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! utt]ly bad is 9 g5]al pr(ligate1 & !re=e v poor2 :ile he :o sp5ds on noble objects1 & acquires weal? by j means only1 c h>dly be rem>kable = ri*es1 any m ?an he c be v poor4 ,our /atem5t1 !n1 is true1 t ! v ri* are n good1 &1 if !y are n good1 !y are n happy4 ,b ! int5tion ( our laws 01 t ! citiz5s %\ld be z happy z may be1 & z fri5dly z possible to "o ano!r4 ,& m5 :o are always at law ) "o ano!r1 & among/ :om !re are _m wrongs done1 c nev] be fri5ds to "o ano!r1 b only ^? among :om crimes & lawsuits are few & slight4 ,!re=e we say t gold & silv] ought n to be all[$ 9 ! city1 nor mu* ( ! vulg> sort ( trade :i* is c>ri$ on by l5d+ money1 or re>+ ! mean] k9ds ( live /ock2 b only ! produce ( agriculture1 & only s mu* ( ?is z w n compel u 9 pursu+ x to neglect t = ! sake ( :i* ri*es exi/--,i mean1 s\l & body1 :i* )\t gymna/ics1 & )\t education1 w nev] be wor? any?+2 & !re=e1 z we h said n once b _m times1 ! c>e ( ri*es %\ld h ! la/ place 9 our ?\ghts4 ,= !re are 9 all ?ree ?+s ab\t :i* e man has an int]e/2 & ! int]e/ ab\t money1 :5 rightly reg>d$1 is ! ?ird & l[e/ ( !m3 midway comes ! int]e/ ( ! body2 &1 fir/ ( all1 t ( ! s\l2 & ! /ate :i* we are describ+ w h be5 rightly con/itut$ if x orda9s hon\rs accord+ to ?is scale4 ,b if1 9 any ( ! laws :i* h be5 orda9$1 heal? has be5 pref]r$ to temp]ance1 or weal? to heal? & temp]ate habits1 t law mu/ cle>ly be wrong4 ,:]e=e1 also1 ! legislator ought (t5 to impress ^u himself ! "q--',:at d ,i want8' & ',d ,i atta9 my aim1 or d ,i miss ! m>k8' ,9 ?is way1 & 9 ?is way only1 he may acquit himself & free o!rs f ! "w ( legislation4 ,let ! allottee !n hold 8 lot ^u ! conditions :i* we h m5tion$4 ,x w\ld be well t e man %\ld come to ! colony hav+ all ?+s equal2 b see+ t ?is is n possible1 & "o man w h great] possessions ?an ano!r1 = _m reasons & 9 p>ticul> 9 ord] to pres]ve equality 9 special crises ( ! /ate1 qualifications ( prop]ty mu/ be unequal1 9 ord] t (fices & contributions & di/ributions may be proportion$ to ! value ( ea* p]son's weal?1 & n solely to ! virtue ( 8 ance/ors or himself1 nor yet to ! /r5g? & beauty ( 8 p]son1 b also to ! measure ( 8 weal? or pov]ty2 & s by a law ( inequality1 :i* w be 9 proportion to 8 weal?1 he w receive hon\rs & (fices z equally z possible1 & !re w be no qu>rels & disputes4 ,to :i* end !re %\ld be f\r diff]5t /&>ds appo9t$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( prop]ty3 !re %\ld be a fir/ & a second & a ?ird & a f\r? class1 9 :i* ! citiz5s w be plac$1 & !y w be call$ by ^! or simil> names3 !y may cont9ue 9 ! same rank1 or pass into ano!r 9 any individual case1 on becom+ ri*] f be+ poor]1 or poor] f be+ ri*]4 ,! =m ( law :i* ,i %\ld propose z ! natural sequel w\ld be z foll[s3--,9 a /ate :i* is desir\s ( be+ sav$ f ! greate/ ( all plagues--n faction1 b r di/raction2--!re %\ld exi/ among ! citiz5s nei!r extreme pov]ty1 nor1 aga91 excess ( weal?1 = bo? are productive ( bo? ^! evils4 ,n[ ! legislator %\ld det]m9e :at is to be ! limit ( pov]ty or weal?4 ,let ! limit ( pov]ty be ! value ( ! lot2 ?is ought to be pres]v$1 & no rul]1 nor any "o else :o aspires aft] a reputation = virtue1 w all[ ! lot to be impair$ 9 any case4 ,?is ! legislator gives z a measure1 & he w p]mit a man to acquire d\ble or triple1 or z mu* z f\r times ! am\nt ( ?is 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,b if a p]son h yet great] ri*es1 :e!r he has f\nd !m1 or !y h be5 giv5 to him1 or he has made !m 9 bus9ess1 or has acquir$ by any /roke ( =tune t :i* is 9 excess ( ! measure1 if he give back ! surplus to ! /ate1 & to ! ,gods :o are ! patrons ( ! /ate1 he %all suff] no p5alty or loss ( reputation2 b if he disobeys ?is our law1 any "o :o likes may in=m aga9/ him & receive half ! value ( ! excess1 & ! del9qu5t %all pay a sum equal to ! excess out ( 8 own prop]ty1 & ! o!r half ( ! excess %all belong to ! ,gods4 ,& let e possession ( e man1 ) ! exception ( ! lot1 be publicly regi/]$ be=e ! magi/rates :om ! law appo9ts1 s t all suits ab\t money may be easy & q simple4 ,! next ?+ to be not$ is1 t ! city %\ld be plac$ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry2 we %\ld *oose a place :i* possesses :at is suitable = a city1 & ?is may easily be imag9$ & describ$4 ,!n we w divide ! city into twelve portions1 fir/ f\nd+ temples to ,he/ia1 to ,zeus & to ,a!ne1 9 a spot :i* we w call ! ,acropolis1 & surr\nd ) a circul> wall1 mak+ ! division ( ! entire city & c\ntry radiate f ?is po9t4 ,! twelve portions %all be equaliz$ by ! provision t ^? :i* are ( good l& %all be small]1 :ile ^? ( inf]ior quality %all be l>g]4 ,! numb] ( ! lots %all be #ejdj1 & ea* ( !m %all be divid$ into two1 & e allotm5t %all be compos$ ( two su* sections2 "o ( l& ne> ! city1 ! o!r ( l& :i* is at a di/ance 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,?is arrangem5t %all be c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! section :i* is ne> ! city %all be add$ to t :i* is on ! bord]s1 & =m "o lot1 & ! portion :i* is next ne>e/ %all be add$ to ! portion :i* is next f>!/2 & s ( ! re/4 ,moreov]1 9 ! two sections ( ! lots ! same pr9ciple ( equalization ( ! soil ought to be ma9ta9$2 ! badness & goodness %all be comp5sat$ by m & less4 ,& ! legislator %all divide ! citiz5s into twelve p>ts1 & arrange ! re/ ( _! prop]ty1 z f> z possible1 s z to =m twelve equal p>ts2 & !re %all be a regi/ration ( all4 ,aft] ?is !y %all assign twelve lots to twelve ,gods1 & call !m by _! names1 & d$icate to ea* ,god _! sev]al portions1 & call ! tribes aft] !m4 ,& !y %all di/ribute ! twelve divisions ( ! city 9 ! same way 9 :i* !y divid$ ! c\ntry2 & e man %all h two habitations1 "o 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 & ! o!r at ! extremity4 ,en\gh ( ! mann] ( settlem5t4 ,n[ we ought by all means to consid] t !re c nev] be su* a happy concurr5ce ( circum/ances z we h describ$2 nei!r c all ?+s co9cide z !y are want$4 ,m5 :o w n take (f5ce at su* a mode ( liv+ toge!r1 & w endure all _! life long to h _! prop]ty fix$ at a mod]ate limit1 & to beget *ildr5 9 accordance ) our ord9ances1 & w all[ !mselves to be depriv$ ( gold & o!r ?+s :i* ! legislator1 z is evid5t f ^! enactm5ts1 w c]ta9ly =bid !m2 & w endure1 fur!r1 ! situation ( ! l& ) ! city 9 ! middle & dwell+s r\nd ab\t2--all ?is is z if ! legislator 7 tell+ 8 dreams1 or mak+ a city & citiz5s ( wax4 ,!re is tru? 9 ^! objections1 & !re=e e "o %\ld take to he>t :at ,i am go+ to say4 ,once m1 !n1 ! legislator %all appe> & address u3--',o my fri5ds1' he w say to u1 'd n suppose me ignorant t !re is a c]ta9 degree ( tru? 9 y\r words2 b ,i am ( op9ion t1 9 matt]s :i* are n pres5t b future1 he :o exhibits a patt]n ( t at :i* he aims1 %\ld 9 no?+ fall %ort ( ! faire/ & true/2 & t if he f9ds any "p ( ?is "w impossible ( execution he %\ld avoid & n execute x1 b he %\ld contrive to c>ry out t :i* is ne>e/ & mo/ ak9 to x2 y mu/ all[ ! legislator to p]fect 8 design1 & :5 x is p]fect$1 y %\ld jo9 ) him 9 consid]+ :at "p ( 8 legislation is exp$i5t & :at w ar\se opposition2 = surely ! arti/ :o is to be deem$ wor?y ( any reg>d at all1 ought always to make 8 "w self-consi/5t4' ,hav+ det]m9$ t !re is to be a di/ribution into twelve p>ts1 let u n[ see 9 :at way ?is may be accompli%$4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ t ! twelve p>ts admit ( ! greate/ numb] ( divisions ( t :i* !y include1 or 9 see+ ! o!r numb]s :i* are consequ5t ^u !m1 & are produc$ out ( !m up to #ejdj2 :]e=e ! law ought to ord] phratries & demes & villages1 & also milit>y ranks & movem5ts1 z well z co9s & measures1 dry & liquid1 & weights1 s z to be comm5surable & agreeable to "o ano!r4 ,nor %\ld we fe> ! appe>ance ( m9ut5ess1 if ! law comm&s t all ! vessels :i* a man possesses %\ld h a common measure1 :5 we consid] g5]ally t ! divisions & v>iations ( numb]s h a use 9 respect ( all ! v>iations ( :i* !y are susceptible1 bo? 9 !mselves & z measures ( height & dep?1 & 9 all s\nds1 & 9 motions1 z well ^? :i* proce$ 9 a /raight direction1 upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 z 9 ^? :i* g r\nd & r\nd4 ,! legislator is to consid] all ^! ?+s & to bid ! citiz5s1 z f> z possible1 n to lose sight ( num]ical ord]2 = no s+le in/rum5t ( y\?ful education has su* mighty p[]1 bo? z reg>ds dome/ic economy & politics1 & 9 ! arts1 z ! /udy ( ari?metic4 ,above all1 ari?metic /irs up him :o is by nature sleepy & dull1 & makes him quick to le>n1 ret5tive1 %rewd1 & aid$ by art div9e he makes progress q beyond 8 natural p[]s 7comp>e ,republic74 ,all su* ?+s1 if only ! legislator1 by o!r laws & in/itutions1 c bani% meanness & covet\sness f ! s\ls ( m51 s t !y c use !m prop]ly & to _! own good1 w be excell5t & suitable in/rum5ts ( education4 ,b if he _c1 he w un9t5tionally create 9 !m1 in/ead ( wisdom1 ! habit ( craft1 :i* evil t5d5cy may be obs]v$ 9 ! ,egyptians & ,pho5icians1 & _m o!r races1 ?r\gh ! g5]al vulg>ity ( _! pursuits & acquisitions1 :e!r "s unwor?y legislator ( !irs has be5 ! cause1 or "s imp$im5t ( *ance or nature4 ,= we mu/ n fail to obs]ve1 ,o ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 t !re is a diff]5ce 9 places1 & t "s beget bett] m5 & o!rs worse2 & we mu/ legislate accord+ly4 ,"s places are subject to /range & fatal influ5ces by reason ( div]se w9ds & viol5t heats1 "s by reason ( wat]s2 or1 aga91 f ! "* ( ! food giv5 by ! e>?1 :i* n only affects ! bodies ( m5 = good or evil1 b produces simil> results 9 _! s\ls4 ,& 9 all su* qualities ^? spots excel 9 :i* !re is a div9e inspiration1 & 9 :i* ! demigods h _! appo9t$ lots1 & are propiti\s1 n adv]se1 to ! settl]s 9 !m4 ,to all ^! matt]s ! legislator1 if he h any s5se 9 him1 w att5d z f> z man c1 & frame 8 laws accord+ly4 ,& ?is is :at y1 ,cle9ias1 mu/ d1 & to matt]s ( ?is k9d y mu/ turn y\r m9d s9ce y are go+ to colonize a new c\ntry4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y\r words1 ,a!nian ,/rang]1 are excell5t1 & ,i w d z y say4 ,,book ,,vi4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ hav+ made an end ( ! prelim9>ies we w proce$ to ! appo9tm5t ( magi/racies4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! ord]+ ( a /ate !re are two p>ts3 fir/1 ! numb] ( ! magi/racies1 & ! mode ( e/abli%+ !m2 &1 secondly1 :5 !y h be5 e/abli%$1 laws aga9 w h to be provid$ = ea* ( !m1 suitable 9 nature & numb]4 ,b be=e elect+ ! magi/rates let u /op a little & say a ^w 9 season ab\t ! election ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at h y got to say8 ,,a!nian3 ,?is is :at ,i h to say2--e "o c see1 t al?\gh ! "w ( legislation is a mo/ important matt]1 yet if a well-ord]$ city sup]add to good laws unsuitable (fices1 n only w !re be no use 9 hav+ ! good laws1--n only w !y be ridicul\s & useless1 b ! greate/ political injury & evil w accrue f !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[1 my fri5d1 let u obs]ve :at w happ5 9 ! con/itution ( out int5d$ /ate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y w ackn[l$ge t ^? :o are duly appo9t$ to magi/]ial p[]1 & _! families1 %\ld sev]ally h giv5 satisfactory pro( ( :at !y are1 f y\? upw>d until ! "t ( election2 9 ! next place1 ^? :o are to elect %\ld h be5 tra9$ 9 habits ( law1 & be well educat$1 t !y may h a "r judgm5t1 & may be able to select or reject m5 :om !y approve or disapprove1 z !y are wor?y ( ei!r4 ,b h[ c we imag9e t ^? :o are br\ght toge!r = ! fir/ "t1 & are /rang]s to "o ano!r1 & also un$ucat$1 w avoid mak+ mi/akes 9 ! *oice ( magi/rates8 ,,cle9ias3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,! matt] is s]i\s1 & excuses w n s]ve ! turn4 ,i w tell y1 !n1 :at y & ,i w h to d1 s9ce y1 z y tell me1 ) n9e o!rs1 h (f]$ to settle ! new /ate on behalf ( ! p ( ,crete1 & ,i am to help y by ! inv5tion ( ! pres5t romance4 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld n l to leave ! tale w&]+ all ov] ! _w )\t a head2--a headless mon/] is su* a hide\s ?+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & ,i w be z good z my ^w4 ,,cle9ias3 ,let u by all means d z y propose4 ,,a!nian3 ,t we w1 by ! grace ( ,god1 if old age w only p]mit u4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b ,god w be graci\s4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & "u 8 guidance let u consid] a fur!r po9t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,let u rememb] :at a c\rage\sly mad & d>+ creation ?is our city is4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at _h y 9 y\r m9d :5 y said t8 ,,a!nian3 ,i _h 9 my m9d ! free & easy mann] 9 :i* we are orda9+ t ! inexp]i5c$ coloni/s %all receive our laws4 ,n[ a man ne$ n be v wise1 ,cle9ias1 9 ord] to see t no "o c easily receive laws at _! fir/ imposition4 ,b if we c\ld anyh[ wait until ^? :o h be5 imbu$ ) !m f *ildhood1 & h be5 nurtur$ 9 !m1 & become habituat$ to !m1 take _! "p 9 ! public elections ( ! /ate2 ,i say1 if ?is c\ld be accompli%$1 & rightly accompli%$ by any way or contrivance--!n1 ,i ?9k t !re w\ld be v little dang]1 at ! end ( ! "t1 ( a /ate ?us tra9$ n be+ p]man5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,a reasonable supposition4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let u consid] if we c f9d any way out ( ! difficulty2 = ,i ma9ta91 ,cle9ias1 t ! ,cnosians1 above all ! o!r ,cretans1 %\ld n be satisfi$ ) b>ely dis*>g+ _! duty to ! colony1 b !y ought to take ! utmo/ pa9s to e/abli% ! (fices :i* are fir/ creat$ by !m 9 ! be/ & sure/ mann]4 ,above all1 ?is applies to ! selection ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 :o mu/ be *os5 fir/ ( all1 & ) ! greate/ c>e2 ! o!rs are ( less importance4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at me?od c we devise ( elect+ !m8 ,,a!nian3 ,?is w be ! me?od3--,sons ( ! ,cretans1 ,i %all say to !m1 inasmu* z ! ,cnosians h prec$5ce ov] ! o!r /ates1 !y %\ld1 9 common ) ^? :o jo9 ?is settlem5t1 *oose a body ( ?irty-sev5 9 all1 n9ete5 ( !m be+ tak5 f ! settl]s1 & ! rema9d] f ! citiz5s ( ,cnosus4 ,( ^! latt] ! ,cnosians %all make a pres5t to y\r colony1 & y y\rself %all be "o ( ! eighte51 & %all become a citiz5 ( ! new /ate2 & if y & !y _c be p]suad$ to g1 ! ,cnosians may fairly use a little viol5ce 9 ord] to make y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b :y1 ,/rang]1 d n y & ,megillus take a "p 9 our new city8 ,,a!nian3 ,o1 ,cle9ias1 ,a!ns is pr\d1 & ,sp>ta too2 & !y are bo? a long way (f4 ,b y & likewise ! o!r coloni/s are conv5i5tly situat$ z y describe4 ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! way 9 :i* ! new citiz5s may be be/ manag$ "u pres5t circum/ances2 b 9 aft]-ages1 if ! city cont9ues to exi/1 let ! election be on ?is wise4 ,all :o are horse or foot soldi]s1 or h se5 milit>y s]vice at ! prop] ages :5 !y 7 sev]ally fitt$ = x 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol471 %all %>e 9 ! election ( magi/rates2 & ! election %all be held 9 :atev] temple ! /ate deems mo/ v5]able1 & e "o %all c>ry 8 vote to ! alt> ( ! ,god1 writ+ d[n on a tablet ! "n ( ! p]son = :om he votes1 & 8 fa!r's "n1 & 8 tribe1 & w>d2 & at ! side he %all write 8 own "n 9 l mann]4 ,any "o :o pleases may take away any tablet :i* he does n ?9k prop]ly fill$ up1 & exhibit x 9 ! ,agora = a p]iod ( n less ?an ?irty days4 ,! tablets :i* are judg$ to be fir/1 to ! numb] ( #cjj1 %all be %[n by ! magi/rates to ! :ole city1 & ! citiz5s %all 9 l mann] select f ^! ! c&idates :om !y pref]2 & ?is second selection1 to ! numb] ( #ajj1 %all be aga9 exhibit$ to ! citiz5s2 9 ! ?ird1 let any "o :o pleases select :om he pleases out ( ! #ajj1 walk+ ?r\gh ! p>ts ( victims1 & let !m *oose = magi/rates & proclaim ! sev5-&-?irty :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes4 ,b :o1 ,cle9ias & ,megillus1 w ord] = u 9 ! colony all ?is matt] ( ! magi/rates1 & ! scrut9ies ( !m8 ,if we reflect1 we %all see t cities :i* are 9 process ( con/ruction l ours mu/ h "s su* p]sons1 :o _c possibly be elect$ be=e !re are any magi/rates2 & yet !y mu/ be elect$ 9 "s way1 & !y are n to be inf]ior m51 b ! be/ possible4 ,= z ! prov]b says1 'a good beg9n+ is half ! bus9ess'2 & 'to h begun well' is prais$ by all1 & 9 my op9ion is a great deal m ?an half ! bus9ess1 & has nev] be5 prais$ by any "o en\gh4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let u recognize ! difficulty1 & make cle> to our own m9ds h[ ! beg9n+ is to be accompli%$4 ,!re is only "o proposal :i* ,i h to (f]1 & t is "o :i*1 "u our circum/ances1 is bo? necess>y & exp$i5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,i ma9ta9 t ?is colony ( ours has a fa!r & "m1 :o are no o!r ?an ! coloniz+ /ate4 ,well ,i "k t _m colonies h be51 & w be1 at enmity ) _! p>5ts4 ,b 9 e>ly days ! *ild1 z 9 a family1 loves & is belov$2 ev5 if !re come a "t lat] :5 ! tie is brok51 /ill1 :ile he is 9 want ( education1 he naturally loves 8 p>5ts & is belov$ by !m1 & flies to 8 relatives = protection1 & f9ds 9 !m 8 only natural allies 9 "t ( ne$2 & ?is p>5tal feel+ already exi/s 9 ! ,cnosians1 z is %[n by _! c>e ( ! new city2 & !re is a simil> feel+ on ! "p ( ! "y city t[>ds ,cnosus4 ,& ,i repeat :at ,i 0 say+--= !re is no h>m 9 repeat+ a good ?+--t ! ,cnosians %\ld take a common int]e/ 9 all ^! matt]s1 & *oose1 z f> z !y c1 ! elde/ & be/ ( ! coloni/s1 to ! numb] ( n less ?an a hundr$2 & let !re be ano!r hundr$ ( ! ,cnosians !mselves4 ,^!1 ,i say1 on _! arrival1 %\ld h a jo9t c>e t ! magi/rates %\ld be appo9t$ accord+ to law1 & t :5 !y are appo9t$ !y %\ld und]go a scrut9y4 ,:5 ?is has be5 effect$1 ! ,cnosians %all return home1 & ! new city d ! be/ %e c = h] own pres]vation & happ9ess4 ,i w\ld h ! sev5-&-?irty n[1 & 9 all future "t1 *os5 to fulfil ! foll[+ duties3--,let !m1 9 ! fir/ place1 be ! gu>dians ( ! law2 &1 secondly1 ( ! regi/]s 9 :i* ea* "o regi/]s be=e ! magi/rate ! am\nt ( 8 prop]ty1 except+ f\r m9ae :i* are all[$ to citiz5s ( ! fir/ class1 ?ree all[$ to ! second1 two to ! ?ird1 & a s+le m9a to ! f\r?4 ,& if any "o1 despis+ ! laws = ! sake ( ga91 be f\nd to possess any?+ m :i* has n be5 regi/]$1 let all t he has 9 excess be confiscat$1 & let him be liable to a suit :i* %all be ! rev]se ( hon\rable or =tunate4 ,& let any "o :o w1 indict him on ! *>ge ( lov+ base ga9s1 & proce$ aga9/ him be=e ! gu>dians ( ! law4 ,& if he be ca/1 let him lose 8 %>e ( ! public possessions1 & :5 !re is any public di/ribution1 let him h no?+ b 8 orig9al lot2 & let him be writt5 d[n a condemn$ man z long z he lives1 9 "s place 9 :i* any "o :o pleases c read ab\t 8 (f5ces4 ,! gu>dian ( ! law %all n hold (fice long] ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & %all n be less ?an fifty ye>s ( age :5 he is elect$2 or if he is elect$ :5 he is sixty ye>s ( age1 he %all hold (fice = t5 ye>s only2 & ^u ! same pr9ciple1 he mu/ n imag9e t he w be p]mitt$ to hold su* an important (fice z t ( gu>dian ( ! laws aft] he is sev5ty ye>s ( age1 if he live s long4 ,^! are ! ?ree fir/ ord9ances ab\t ! gu>dians ( ! law2 z ! "w ( legislation progresses1 ea* law 9 turn w assign to !m _! fur!r duties4 ,& n[ we may proce$ 9 ord] to speak ( ! election ( o!r (fic]s2 = g5]als h to be elect$1 & ^! aga9 mu/ h _! m9i/]s1 comm&]s1 & colonels ( horse1 & comm&]s ( brigades ( foot1 :o w\ld be m rightly call$ by _! popul> "n ( brigadi]s4 ,! gu>dians ( ! law %all propose z g5]als m5 :o are natives ( ! city1 & a selection f ! c&idates propos$ %all be made by ^? :o are or h be5 ( ! age = milit>y s]vice4 ,& if "o :o is n propos$ is ?\ght by somebody to be bett] ?an "o :o is1 let him "n :om he pref]s 9 ! place ( :om1 & make oa? t he is bett]1 & propose him2 & :i*ev] ( !m is approv$ by vote %all be admitt$ to ! f9al selection2 & ! ?ree :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes %all be appo9t$ g5]als1 & sup]9t5d5ts ( milit>y affairs1 aft] previ\sly und]go+ a scrut9y1 l ! gu>dians ( ! law4 ,& let ! g5]als ?us elect$ propose twelve brigadi]s1 "o = ea* tribe2 & !re %all be a "r ( c\nt]-proposal z 9 ! case ( ! g5]als1 & ! vot+ & decision %all take place 9 ! same way4 ,until ! prytanes & c\ncil are elect$1 ! gu>dians ( ! law %all conv5e ! assembly 9 "s holy spot :i* is suitable to ! purpose1 plac+ ! hoplites by !mselves1 & ! cavalry by !mselves1 & 9 a ?ird division all ! re/ ( ! army4 ,all are to vote = ! g5]als 7& = ! colonels ( horse71 b ! brigadi]s are to be vot$ = only by ^? :o c>ry %ields 7i4e4 ! hoplites74 ,let ! body ( cavalry *oose phyl>*s = ! g5]als2 b capta9s ( light troops1 or ar*]s1 or any o!r division ( ! army1 %all be appo9t$ by ! g5]als = !mselves4 ,!re only rema9s ! appo9tm5t ( (fic]s ( cavalry3 ^! %all be propos$ by ! same p]sons :o propos$ ! g5]als1 & ! election & ! c\nt]-proposal ( o!r c&idates %all be arrang$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( ! g5]als1 & let ! cavalry vote & ! infantry look on at ! election2 ! two :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes %all be ! lead]s ( all ! horse4 ,disputes ab\t ! vot+ may be rais$ once or twice2 b if ! dispute be rais$ a ?ird "t1 ! (fic]s :o preside at ! sev]al elections %all decide4 ,! c\ncil %all consi/ ( #cj x #ab memb]s--#cfj w be a conv5i5t numb] = sub-division4 ,if we divide ! :ole numb] into f\r p>ts ( n9ety ea*1 we get n9ety c\nsellors = ea* class4 ,fir/1 all ! citiz5s %all select c&idates f ! fir/ class2 !y %all be compell$ to vote1 &1 if !y d n1 %all be duly f9$4 ,:5 ! c&idates h be5 select$1 "s "o %all m>k !m d[n2 ?is %all be ! bus9ess ( ! fir/ day4 ,& on ! foll[+ day1 c&idates %all be select$ f ! second class 9 ! same mann] & "u ! same conditions z on ! previ\s day2 & on ! ?ird day a selection %all be made f ! ?ird class1 at :i* e "o may1 if he likes vote1 & ! ?ree fir/ classes %all be compell$ to vote2 b ! f\r? & l[e/ class %all be "u no compulsion1 & any memb] ( ?is class :o does n vote %all n be puni%$4 ,on ! f\r? day c&idates %all be select$ f ! f\r? & smalle/ class2 !y %all be select$ by all1 b he :o is ( ! f\r? class %all suff] no p5alty1 nor he :o is ( ! ?ird1 if he be n will+ to vote2 b he :o is ( ! fir/ or second class1 if he does n vote %all be puni%$2--he :o is ( ! second class %all pay a f9e ( triple ! am\nt :i* 0 exact$ at fir/1 & he :o is ( ! fir/ class quadruple4 ,on ! fif? day ! rul]s %all br+ out ! names not$ d[n1 = all ! citiz5s to see1 & e man %all *oose out ( !m1 "u pa91 if he d n1 ( suff]+ ! fir/ p5alty2 & :5 !y h *os5 #ahj out ( ea* ( ! classes1 !y %all *oose "o-half ( !m by lot1 :o %all und]go a scrut9y3--,^! are to =m ! c\ncil = ! ye>4 ,! mode ( election :i* has be5 describ$ is 9 a mean betwe5 mon>*y & democracy1 & su* a mean ! /ate ought always to obs]ve2 = s]vants & ma/]s nev] c be fri5ds1 nor good & bad1 m]ely because !y are decl>$ to h equal privileges4 ,= to unequals equals become unequal1 if !y are n h>monis$ by measure2 & bo? by reason ( equality1 & by reason ( inequality1 cities are fill$ ) s$itions4 ,! old say+1 t 'equality makes fri5d%ip1' is happy & also true2 b !re is obscurity & confusion z to :at sort ( equality is meant4 ,= !re are two equalities :i* are call$ by ! same "n1 b are 9 reality 9 _m ways almo/ ! opposite ( "o ano!r2 "o ( !m may be introduc$ )\t difficulty1 by any /ate or any legislator 9 ! di/ribution ( hon\rs3 ?is is ! rule ( measure1 weight1 & numb]1 :i* regulates & apportions !m4 ,b !re is ano!r equality1 ( a bett] & high] k9d1 :i* is n s easily recogniz$4 ,?is is ! judgm5t ( ,zeus2 among m5 x avails b little2 t little1 h[ev]1 is ! s\rce ( ! greate/ good to individuals & /ates4 ,= x gives to ! great] m1 & to ! inf]ior less & 9 proportion to ! nature ( ea*2 &1 above all1 great] hon\r always to ! great] virtue1 & to ! less less2 & to ei!r 9 proportion to _! respective measure ( virtue & education4 ,& ?is is ju/ice1 & is ev] ! true pr9ciple ( /ates1 at :i* we ought to aim1 & accord+ to ?is rule ord] ! new city :i* is n[ be+ f\nd$1 & any o!r city :i* may be h]eaft] f\nd$4 ,to ?is ! legislator %\ld look1--n to ! int]e/s ( tyrants "o or m1 or to ! p[] ( ! p1 b to ju/ice always2 :i*1 z ,i 0 say+1 is ! di/ribution ( natural equality among unequals 9 ea* case4 ,b !re are times at :i* e /ate is compell$ to use ! words1 'j1' 'equal1' 9 a second>y s5se1 9 ! hope ( escap+ 9 "s degree f factions4 ,= equity & indulg5ce are infractions ( ! p]fect & /rict rule ( ju/ice4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y we are oblig$ to use ! equality ( ! lot1 9 ord] to avoid ! discont5t ( ! p2 & s we invoke ,god & =tune 9 our pray]s1 & beg t !y !mselves w direct ! lot ) a view to supreme ju/ice4 ,& !re=e1 al?\gh we are compell$ to use bo? equalities1 we %\ld use t into :i* ! elem5t ( *ance ent]s z seldom z possible4 ,?us1 ,o my fri5ds1 & = ! reasons giv51 %\ld a /ate act :i* w\ld endure & be sav$4 ,b z a %ip sail+ on ! sea has to be wat*$ night & day1 9 l mann] a city also is sail+ on a sea ( politics1 & is liable to all sorts ( insidi\s assaults2 & !re=e f morn+ to night1 & f night to morn+1 rul]s mu/ jo9 h&s ) rul]s1 & wat*]s ) wat*]s1 receiv+ & giv+ up _! tru/ 9 a p]petual succession4 ,n[ a multitude c nev] fulfil a duty ( ?is sort ) any?+ l en]gy4 ,moreov]1 ! great] numb] ( ! s5ators w h to be left dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye> to ord] _! conc]ns at _! own homes4 ,!y w !re=e h to be arrang$ 9 twelve portions1 answ]+ to ! twelve mon?s1 & furni% gu>dians ( ! /ate1 ea* portion = a s+le mon?4 ,_! bus9ess is to be at h& & receive any =eign] or citiz5 :o comes to !m1 :e!r to give in=mation1 or to put "o ( ^? que/ions1 to :i*1 :5 ask$ by o!r cities1 a city %\ld give an answ]1 & to :i*1 if %e ask !m h]self1 %e %\ld receive an answ]2 or aga91 :5 !re is a likelihood ( int]nal commotions1 :i* are always liable to happ5 9 "s =m or o!r1 !y w1 if !y c1 prev5t _! occurr+2 or if !y h already occurr$1 w lose no "t 9 mak+ !m kn[n to ! city1 & heal+ ! evil4 ,:]e=e1 also1 ?is :i* is ! presid+ body ( ! /ate ought always to h ! control ( _! assemblies1 & ( ! dissolutions ( !m1 ord9>y z well z extraord9>y4 ,all ?is is to be ord]$ by ! twelf? "p ( ! c\ncil1 :i* is always to keep wat* toge!r ) ! o!r (fic]s ( ! /ate dur+ "o portion ( ! ye>1 & to re/ dur+ ! rema9+ elev5 portions4 ,?us w ! city be fairly ord]$4 ,& n[1 :o is to h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! c\ntry1 & :at %all be ! arrangem5t8 ,see+ t ! :ole city & ! entire c\ntry h be5 bo? ( !m divid$ into twelve portions1 ought !re n to be appo9t$ sup]9t5d5ts ( ! /reets ( ! city1 & ( ! h\ses1 & build+s1 & h>b\rs1 & ! agora1 & f\nta9s1 & sacr$ doma9s1 & temples1 & ! l8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure !re ought4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u assume1 !n1 t !re ought to be s]vants ( ! temples1 & prie/s & prie/esses4 ,!re mu/ also be sup]9t5d5ts ( roads & build+s1 :o w h a c>e ( m51 t !y may d no h>m1 & also ( bea/s1 bo? )9 ! enclosure & 9 ! suburbs4 ,?ree k9ds ( (fic]s w ?us h to be appo9t$1 9 ord] t ! city may be suitably provid$ accord+ to h] ne$s4 ,^? :o h ! c>e ( ! city %all be call$ w>d5s ( ! city2 & ^? :o h ! c>e ( ! agora %all be call$ w>d5s ( ! agora2 & ^? :o h ! c>e ( ! temples %all be call$ prie/s4 ,^? :o hold h]$it>y (fices z prie/s or prie/esses1 %all n be di/urb$2 b if !re be few or none su*1 z is probable at ! f\ndation ( a new city1 prie/s & prie/esses %all be appo9t$ to be s]vants ( ! ,gods :o h no s]vants4 ,"s ( our (fic]s %all be elect$1 & o!rs appo9t$ by lot1 ^? :o are ( ! p & ^? :o are n ( ! p m+l+ 9 a fri5dly mann] 9 e place & city1 t ! /ate may be z f> z possible ( "o m9d4 ,! (fic]s ( ! temples %all be appo9t$ by lot2 9 ?is way _! election w be committ$ to ,god1 t ,he may d :at is agreeable to ,him4 ,& he :o obta9s a lot %all und]go a scrut9y1 fir/1 z to :e!r he is s\nd ( body & ( legitimate bir?2 & 9 ! second place1 9 ord] to %[ t he is ( a p]fectly pure family1 n /a9$ ) homicide or any simil> impiety 9 8 own p]son1 & also t 8 fa!r & "m h l$ a simil> un/a9$ life4 ,n[ ! laws ab\t all div9e ?+s %\ld be br\ght f ,delphi1 & int]pret]s appo9t$1 "u ^: direction !y %\ld be us$4 ,! t5ure ( ! prie/hood %\ld always be = a ye> & no long]2 & he :o w duly execute ! sacr$ (fice1 accord+ to ! laws ( religion1 mu/ be n less ?an sixty ye>s ( age--! laws %all be ! same ab\t prie/esses4 ,z = ! int]pret]s1 !y %all be appo9t$ ?us3--,let ! twelve tribes be di/ribut$ into gr\ps ( f\r1 & let ea* gr\p select f\r1 "o out ( ea* tribe )9 ! gr\p1 ?ree times2 & let ! ?ree :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes 7out ( ! twelve appo9t$ by ea* gr\p71 aft] und]go+ a scrut9y1 n9e 9 all1 be s5t to ,delphi1 9 ord] t ! ,god may return "o out ( ea* triad2 _! age %all be ! same z t ( ! prie/s1 & ! scrut9y ( !m %all be conduct$ 9 ! same mann]2 let !m be int]pret]s = life1 & :5 any "o dies let ! f\r tribes select ano!r f ! tribe ( ! deceas$4 ,moreov]1 besides prie/s & int]pret]s1 !re mu/ be treasur]s1 :o w take *>ge ( ! prop]ty ( ! sev]al temples1 & ( ! sacr$ doma9s1 & %all h au?ority ov] ! produce & ! lett+ ( !m2 & ?ree ( !m %all be *os5 f ! highe/ classes = ! great] temples1 & two = ! less]1 & "o = ! lea/ ( all2 ! mann] ( _! election & ! scrut9y ( !m %all be ! same z t ( ! g5]als4 ,?is %all be ! ord] ( ! temples4 ,let ev]y?+ h a gu>d z f> z possible4 ,let ! def5ce ( ! city be commit$ to ! g5]als1 & taxi>*s1 & hipp>*s1 & phyl>*s1 & prytanes1 & ! w>d5s ( ! city1 & ( ! agora1 :5 ! election ( !m has be5 complet$4 ,! def5ce ( ! c\ntry %all be provid$ = z foll[s3--,! entire l& has be5 already di/ribut$ into twelve z ne>ly z possible equal p>ts1 & let ! tribe allott$ to a division provide annually = x five w>d5s ( ! c\ntry & comm&]s ( ! wat*2 & let ea* body ( five h ! p[] ( select+ twelve o!rs out ( ! y\? ( _! own tribe1--^! %all be n less ?an tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 & n m ?an ?irty4 ,& let !re be allott$ to !m sev]ally e mon? ! v>i\s di/ricts1 9 ord] t !y may all acquire k & exp]i5ce ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! t]m ( s]vice = comm&]s & = wat*]s %all cont9ue dur+ two ye>s4 ,aft] hav+ _h _! /ations allott$ to !m1 !y w g f place to place 9 regul> ord]1 mak+ _! r\nd f left to "r z _! comm&]s direct !m2 7:5 ,i speak ( go+ to ! "r1 ,i mean t !y are to g to ! ea/74 ,& at ! comm5cem5t ( ! second ye>1 9 ord] t z _m z possible ( ! gu>ds may n only get a k ( ! c\ntry at any "o season ( ! ye>1 b may also h exp]i5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* diff]5t places are affect$ at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 _! !n comm&]s %all lead !m aga9 t[>ds ! left1 f place to place 9 succession1 until !y h complet$ ! second ye>4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> o!r w>d5s ( ! c\ntry %all be *os5 & comm&]s ( ! wat*1 five = ea* division1 :o are to be ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! b&s ( twelve4 ,:ile on s]vice at ea* /ation1 _! att5tion %all be direct$ to ! foll[+ po9ts3--,9 ! fir/ place1 !y %all see t ! c\ntry is well protect$ aga9/ enemies2 !y %all tr5* & dig :]ev] ?is is requir$1 &1 z f> z !y c1 !y %all by =tifications keep (f ! evil-dispos$1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f do+ any h>m to ! c\ntry or ! prop]ty2 !y %all use ! bea/s ( burd5 & ! lab\r]s :om !y f9d on ! spot3 ^! w be _! in/rum5ts :om !y w sup]9t5d1 tak+ !m1 z f> z possible1 at ! times :5 !y are n engag$ 9 _! regul> bus9ess4 ,!y %all make e "p ( ! c\ntry inaccessible to enemies1 & z accessible z possible to fri5ds 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol472 !re %all be ways = man & bea/s ( burd5 & = cattle1 & !y %all take c>e to h !m always z smoo? z !y c2 & %all provide aga9/ ! ra9s do+ h>m in/ead ( good to ! l&1 :5 !y come d[n f ! m\nta9s into ! holl[ dells2 & %all keep 9 ! ov]fl[ by ! help ( works & dit*es1 9 ord] t ! valleys1 receiv+ & dr9k+ up ! ra9 f heav51 & provid+ f\nta9s & /reams 9 ! fields & regions :i* lie und]nea?1 may furni% ev5 to ! dry places pl5ty ( good wat]4 ,! f\nta9s ( wat]1 :e!r ( riv]s or ( spr+s1 %all be ornam5t$ ) plantations & build+s = beauty2 & let !m br+ toge!r ! /reams 9 subt]rane\s *annels1 & make all ?+s pl5te\s2 & if !re be a sacr$ grove or d$icat$ prec9ct 9 ! neighb\rhood1 !y %all conduct ! wat] to ! actual temples ( ! ,gods1 & s beautify !m at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,ev]y:]e 9 su* places ! y\? %all make gymnasia = !mselves1 & w>m ba?s = ! ag$1 plac+ by !m abundance ( dry wood1 = ! b5efit ( ^? lab\r+ "u disease--!re ! we>y frame ( ! ru/ic1 worn ) toil1 w receive a k9dly welcome1 f> bett] ?an he w\ld at ! h&s ( a n ov]-wise doctor4 ,! build+ ( ^! & ! l works w be useful & ornam5tal2 !y w provide a pleas+ amusem5t1 b !y w be a s]i\s employm5t too2 = ! sixty w>d5s w h to gu>d _! sev]al divisions1 n only ) a view to enemies1 b also ) an eye to pr(ess+ fri5ds4 ,:5 a qu>rel arises among neighb\rs or citiz5s1 & any "o :e!r slave or freeman wrongs ano!r1 let ! five w>d5s decide small matt]s on _! own au?ority2 b :]e ! *>ge aga9/ ano!r relates to great] matt]s1 ! sev5te5 compos$ ( ! fives & twelves1 %all det]m9e any *>ges :i* "o man br+s aga9/ ano!r1 n involv+ m ?an ?ree m9ae4 ,e judge & magi/rate %all be liable to give an acc\nt ( 8 conduct 9 (fice1 except ^? :o1 l k+s1 h ! f9al decision4 ,moreov]1 z reg>ds ! a=esaid w>d5s ( ! c\ntry1 if !y d any wrong to ^? ( :om !y h ! c>e1 :e!r by impos+ ^u !m unequal tasks1 or by tak+ ! produce ( ! soil or implem5ts ( husb&ry )\t _! cons5t2 also if !y receive any?+ 9 ! way ( a bribe1 or decide suits unju/ly1 or if !y yield to ! influ5ces ( flatt]y1 let !m be publicly di%on\r$2 & 9 reg>d to any o!r wrong :i* !y d to ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 if ! "q be ( a m9a1 let !m submit to ! decision ( ! villag]s 9 ! neighb\rhood2 b 9 suits ( great] am\nt1 or 9 case ( less]1 if !y refuse to submit1 tru/+ t _! mon?ly removal into ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry w enable !m to escape--9 su* cases ! injur$ p>ty may br+ 8 suit 9 ! common c\rt1 & if he obta9 a v]dict he may exact f ! def5dant1 :o refus$ to submit1 a d\ble p5alty4 ,! w>d5s & ! ov]se]s ( ! c\ntry1 :ile on _! two ye>s' s]vice1 %all h common meals at _! sev]al /ations1 & %all all live toge!r2 & he :o is abs5t f ! common meal1 or sleeps out1 if only = "o day or night1 unless by ord] ( 8 comm&]s1 or by reason ( absolute necessity1 if ! five d5\nce him & inscribe 8 "n 9 ! agora z n hav+ kept 8 gu>d1 let him be deem$ to h betray$ ! city1 z f> z lay 9 8 p[]1 & let him be disgrac$ & beat5 ) impunity by any "o :o meets him & is will+ to puni% him4 ,if any ( ! comm&]s is guilty ( su* an irregul>ity1 ! :ole company ( sixty %all see to x1 & he :o is cognisant ( ! (f5ce1 & does n br+ ! (f5d] to trial1 %all be am5able to ! same laws z ! y\ng] (f5d] himself1 & %all pay a heavi] f9e1 & be incapable ( ev] comm&+ ! "y4 ,! gu>dians ( ! law are to be c>eful inspectors ( ^! matt]s1 & %all ei!r prev5t or puni% (f5d]s4 ,e man %\ld rememb] ! univ]sal rule1 t he :o is n a good s]vant w n be a good ma/]2 a man %\ld pride himself m ^u s]v+ well ?an ^u comm&+ well3 fir/ ^u s]v+ ! laws1 :i* is also ! s]vice ( ! ,gods2 9 ! second place1 ^u hav+ s]v$ anci5t & hon\rable m5 9 ! days ( 8 y\?4 ,fur!rmore1 dur+ ! two ye>s 9 :i* any "o is a w>d5 ( ! c\ntry1 8 daily food ought to be ( a simple & humble k9d4 ,:5 ! twelve h be5 *os51 let !m & ! five meet toge!r1 & det]m9e t !y w be _! own s]vants1 &1 l s]vants1 w n h o!r slaves & s]vants = _! own use1 nei!r w !y use ^? ( ! villag]s & husb&m5 = _! private advantage1 b = ! public s]vice only2 & 9 g5]al !y %\ld make up _! m9ds to live indep5d5tly by !mselves1 s]vants ( ea* o!r & ( !mselves4 ,fur!r1 at all seasons ( ! ye>1 summ] & w9t] alike1 let !m be "u arms & survey m9utely ! :ole c\ntry2 ?us !y w at once keep gu>d1 & at ! same "t acquire a p]fect k ( e locality4 ,!re c be no m important k9d ( in=mation ?an ! exact k ( a man's own c\ntry2 & = ?is z well z = m g5]al reasons ( pleasure & advantage1 hunt+ ) dogs & o!r k9ds ( sports %\ld be pursu$ by ! "y4 ,! s]vice to :om ?is is committ$ may be call$ ! secret police or w>d5s ( ! c\ntry2 ! "n does n mu* signify1 b e "o :o has ! safety ( ! /ate at he>t w use 8 utmo/ dilig5ce 9 ?is s]vice4 ,aft] ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry1 we h to speak ( ! election ( w>d5s ( ! agora & ( ! city4 ,! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry 7 sixty 9 numb]1 & ! w>d5s ( ! city w be ?ree1 & w divide ! twelve p>ts ( ! city into ?ree2 l ! =m]1 !y %all h c>e ( ! ways1 & ( ! diff]5t high roads :i* lead out ( ! c\ntry into ! city1 & ( ! build+s1 t !y may be all made accord+ to law2--also ( ! wat]s1 :i* ! gu>dians ( ! supply pres]ve & convey to !m1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y may rea* ! f\nta9s pure & abundant1 & be bo? an ornam5t & a b5efit to ! city4 ,^! also %\ld be m5 ( influ5ce1 & at leisure to take c>e ( ! public int]e/4 ,let e man propose z w>d5 ( ! city any "o :om he likes out ( ! highe/ class1 & :5 ! vote has be5 giv5 on !m1 & ! numb] is r$uc$ to ! six :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes1 let ! elect+ (fic]s *oose by lot ?ree out ( ! six1 & :5 !y h und]gone a scrut9y let !m hold (fice accord+ to ! laws laid d[n = !m4 ,next1 let ! w>d5s ( ! agora be elect$ 9 l mann]1 out ( ! fir/ & second class1 five 9 numb]3 t5 are to be fir/ elect$1 & out ( ! t5 five are to be *os5 by lot1 z 9 ! election ( ! w>d5s ( ! city3--^! :5 !y h und]gone a scrut9y are to be decl>$ magi/rates4 ,e "o %all vote = e "o1 & he :o w n vote1 if he be in=m$ aga9/ be=e ! magi/rates1 %all be f9$ fifty dra*mae1 & %all also be deem$ a bad citiz54 ,let any "o :o likes g to ! assembly & to ! g5]al c\ncil2 x %all be compulsory to g on citiz5s ( ! fir/ & second class1 & !y %all pay a f9e ( t5 dra*mae if !y be f\nd n answ]+ to _! names at ! assembly4 ,b ! ?ird & f\r? class %all be "u no compulsion1 & %all be let (f )\t a f9e1 unless ! magi/rates h comm&$ all to be pres5t1 9 consequ5ce ( "s urg5t necessity4 ,! w>d5s ( ! agora %all obs]ve ! ord] appo9t$ by law = ! agora1 & %all h ! *>ge ( ! temples & f\nta9s :i* are 9 ! agora2 & !y %all see t no "o injures any?+1 & puni% him :o does1 ) /ripes & bonds1 if he be a slave or /rang]2 b if he be a citiz5 :o misbehaves 9 ?is way1 !y %all h ! p[] !mselves ( inflict+ a f9e ^u him to ! am\nt ( a hundr$ dra*mae1 or ) ! cons5t ( ! w>d5s ( ! city up to d\ble t am\nt4 ,& let ! w>d5s ( ! city h a simil> p[] ( impos+ puni%m5ts & f9es 9 _! own dep>tm5t2 & let !m impose f9es by _! own dep>tm5t2 & let !m impose f9es by _! own au?ority1 up to a m9a1 or up to two m9ae ) ! cons5t ( ! w>d5s ( ! agora4 ,9 ! next place1 x w be prop] to appo9t directors ( music & gymna/ic1 two k9ds ( ea*--( ! "o k9d ! bus9ess w be education1 ( ! o!r1 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( conte/s4 ,9 speak+ ( education1 ! law means to speak ( ^? :o h ! c>e ( ord] & in/ruction 9 gymnasia & s*ools1 & ( ! go+ to s*ool1 & ( s*ool build+s = boys & girls2 & 9 speak+ ( conte/s1 ! law ref]s to ! judges ( gymna/ics & ( music2 ^! aga9 are divid$ into two classes1 ! "o hav+ to d ) music1 ! o!r ) gymna/ics2 & ! same :o judge ( ! gymna/ic conte/s ( m51 %all judge ( horses2 b 9 music !re %all be "o set ( judges ( solo s++1 & ( imitation--,i mean ( rhapsodi/s1 play]s on ! h>p1 ! flute & ! l1 & ano!r :o %all judge ( *oral song4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ *oose directors = ! *oruses ( boys1 & m51 & maid5s1 :om !y %all foll[ 9 ! amusem5t ( ! dance1 & = our o!r musical arrangem5ts2--"o director w be en\gh = ! *oruses1 & he %\ld be n less ?an =ty ye>s ( age4 ,"o director w also be en\gh to introduce ! solo s+]s1 & to give judgm5t on ! competitors1 & he ought n to be less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,! director & manag] ( ! *oruses %all be elect$ aft] ! foll[+ mann]3--,let any p]sons :o commonly take an int]e/ 9 su* matt]s g to ! meet+1 & be f9$ if !y d n g 7! gu>dians ( ! law %all judge ( _! fault71 b ^? :o h no int]e/ %all n be compell$4 ,! elector %all propose z director "s "o :o und]/&s music1 & he 9 ! scrut9y may be *all5g$ on ! "o "p by ^? :o say he has no skill1 & def5d$ on ! o!r h& by ^? :o say t he has4 ,t5 are to be elect$ by vote1 & he ( ! t5 :o is *os5 by lot %all und]go a scrut9y1 & lead ! *oruses = a ye> accord+ to law4 ,& 9 l mann] ! competitor :o w9s ! lot %all be lead] ( ! solo & conc]t music = t ye>2 & he :o is ?us elect$ %all deliv] ! aw>d to ! judges4 ,9 ! next place1 we h to *oose judges 9 ! conte/s ( horses & ( m52 ^! %all be select$ f ! ?ird & also f ! second class ( citiz5s1 & ?ree fir/ classes %all be compell$ to g to ! election1 b ! l[e/ may /ay away ) impunity2 & let !re be ?ree elect$ by lot out ( ! tw5ty :o h be5 *os5 previ\sly1 & !y mu/ also h ! vote & approval ( ! exam9]s4 ,b if any "o is reject$ 9 ! scrut9y at any ballot or decision1 o!rs %all be *os5 9 ! same mann]1 & und]go a simil> scrut9y4 ,!re rema9s ! m9i/] ( ! education ( y\?1 male & female2 he too w rule accord+ to law2 "o su* m9i/] w be suffici5t1 & he mu/ be fifty ye>s old1 & h *ildr5 lawfully begott51 bo? boys & girls by pref]5ce1 at any rate1 "o or ! o!r4 ,he :o is elect$1 & he :o is ! elector1 %\ld consid] t ( all ! great (fices ( /ate ?is is ! greate/2 = ! fir/ %oot ( any plant1 if x makes a good />t t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( its natural excell5ce1 has ! greate/ effect on its maturity2 & ?is is n only true ( plants1 b ( animals wild & tame1 & also ( m54 ,man1 z we say1 is a tame or civiliz$ animal2 nev]!less1 he requires prop] in/ruction & a =tunate nature1 & !n ( all animals he becomes ! mo/ div9e & mo/ civiliz$ 7,ari/4 ,pol472 b if he be insuffici5tly or ill educat$ he is ! mo/ savage ( e>?ly creatures4 ,:]e=e ! legislator ought n to all[ ! education ( *ildr5 to become a second>y or accid5tal matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he :o w\ld be rightly provid5t ab\t !m1 %\ld beg9 by tak+ c>e t he is elect$1 :o ( all ! citiz5s is 9 e way be/2 him ! legislator %all d 8 utmo/ to appo9t gu>dian & sup]9t5d5t4 ,to ?is end all ! magi/rates1 ) ! exception ( ! c\ncil & prytanes1 %all g to ! temple ( ,apollo1 & elect by ballot him ( ! gu>dians ( ! law :om !y sev]ally ?9k w be ! be/ sup]9t5d5t ( education4 ,& he :o has ! greate/ numb] ( votes1 aft] he has und]gone a scrut9y at ! h&s ( all ! magi/rates :o h be5 8 electors1 ) ! exception ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1--%all hold (fice = five ye>s2 & 9 ! six? ye> let ano!r be *os5 9 l mann] to fill 8 (fice4 ,if any "o dies :ile he is hold+ a public (fice1 & m ?an ?irty days be=e 8 t]m ( (fice expires1 let ^? ^: bus9ess x is elect ano!r to ! (fice 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,& if any "o :o is entru/$ ) orphans dies1 let ! relations bo? on ! fa!r's & "m's side1 :o are resid+ at home1 includ+ c\s9s1 appo9t ano!r gu>dian )9 t5 days1 or be f9$ a dra*ma a day = neglect to d s4 ,a city :i* has no regul> c\rts ( law ceases to be a city2 & aga91 if a judge is sil5t & says no m 9 prelim9>y proce$+s ?an ! litigants1 z is ! case 9 arbitrations1 he w nev] be able to decide ju/ly2 :]e=e a multitude ( judges w n easily judge well1 nor a few if !y are bad4 ,! po9t 9 dispute betwe5 ! p>ties %\ld be made cle>2 & "t1 & delib]ation1 & repeat$ exam9ation1 greatly t5d to cle> up d\bts4 ,= ?is reason1 he :o goes to law ) ano!r1 %\ld g fir/ ( all to 8 neighb\rs & fri5ds :o "k be/ ! que/ions at issue4 ,& if he be unable to obta9 f !m a satisfactory decision1 let him h rec\rse to ano!r c\rt2 & if ! two c\rts _c settle ! matt]1 let a ?ird put an end to ! suit4 ,n[ ! e/abli%m5t ( c\rts ( ju/ice may be reg>d$ z a *oice ( magi/rates1 = e magi/rate mu/ also be a judge ( "s ?+s2 & ! judge1 ?\gh he be n a magi/rate1 yet 9 c]ta9 respects is a v important magi/rate on ! day on :i* he is det]m9+ a suit4 ,reg>d+ !n ! judges also z magi/rates1 let u say :o are fit to be judges1 & ( :at !y are to be judges1 & h[ _m ( !m are to judge 9 ea* suit4 ,let t be ! supreme tribunal :i* ! litigants appo9t 9 common = !mselves1 *oos+ c]ta9 p]sons by agreem5t4 ,& let !re be two o!r tribunals3 "o = private causes1 :5 a citiz5 accuses ano!r ( wrong+ him & wi%es to get a decision2 ! o!r = public causes1 9 :i* "s citiz5 is ( op9ion t ! public has be5 wrong$ by an individual1 & is will+ to v9dicate ! common int]e/s4 ,& we mu/ n =get to m5tion h[ ! judges are to be qualifi$1 & :o !y are to be4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let !re be a tribunal op5 to all private p]sons :o are try+ causes "o aga9/ ano!r = ! ?ird "t1 & let ?is be compos$ z foll[s3--,all ! (fic]s ( /ate1 z well annual z ^? hold+ (fice = a long] p]iod1 :5 ! new ye> is ab\t to comm5ce1 9 ! mon? foll[+ aft] ! summ] sol/ice1 on ! la/ day b "o ( ! ye>1 %all meet 9 "s temple1 & call+ ,god to witness1 %all d$icate "o judge f e magi/racy to be _! fir/-fruits1 *oos+ 9 ea* (fice him :o seems to !m to be ! be/1 & :om !y deem likely to decide ! causes ( 8 fell[-citiz5s dur+ ! ensu+ ye> 9 ! be/ & holie/ mann]4 ,& :5 ! election is complet$1 a scrut9y %all be held 9 ! pres5ce ( ! electors !mselves1 & if any "o be reject$ ano!r %all be *os5 9 ! same mann]4 ,^? :o h und]gone ! scrut9y %all judge ! causes ( ^? :o h decl9$ ! inf]ior c\rts1 & %all give _! vote op5ly4 ,! c\ncillors & o!r magi/rates :o h elect$ !m %all be requir$ to be he>]s & spectators ( ! causes2 & any "o else may be pres5t :o pleases4 ,if "o man *>ges ano!r ) hav+ int5tionally decid$ wrong1 let him g to ! gu>dians ( ! law & lay 8 accusation be=e !m1 & he :o is f\nd guilty 9 su* a case %all pay damages to ! injur$ p>ty equal to half ! injury2 b if he %all appe> to des]ve a great] p5alty1 ! judges %all det]m9e :at additional puni%m5t he %all suff]1 & h[ mu* m he ought to pay to ! public treasury1 & to ! p>ty :o br\ght ! suit4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( (f5ces aga9/ ! /ate1 ! p ought to p>ticipate1 = :5 any "o wrongs ! /ate all are wrong$1 & may reasonably compla9 if !y are n all[$ to %>e 9 ! decision4 ,su* causes ought to orig9ate ) ! p1 & ! ought also to h ! f9al decision ( !m1 b ! trial ( !m %all take place be=e ?ree ( ! highe/ magi/rates1 ^u :om ! pla9tiff & ! def5dant %all agree2 & if !y are n able to come to an agreem5t !mselves1 ! c\ncil %all *oose "o ( ! two propos$4 ,& 9 private suits1 too1 z f> z is possible1 all %\ld h a %>e2 = he :o has no %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 is apt to imag9e t he has no %>e 9 ! /ate at all4 ,& = ?is reason !re %all be a c\rt ( law 9 e tribe1 & ! judges %all be *os5 by lot2--!y %all give _! decisions at once1 & %all be inaccessible to entreaties4 ,! f9al judgm5t %all re/ ) t c\rt :i*1 z we ma9ta91 has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! mo/ incorruptible =m ( :i* human ?+s admit3 ?is %all be ! c\rt e/abli%$ = ^? :o are unable to get rid ( _! suits ei!r 9 ! c\rts ( neighb\rs or ( ! tribes4 ,?us mu* ( ! c\rts ( law1 :i*1 z ,i 0 say+1 _c be precisely def9$ ei!r z be+ or n be+ (fices2 a sup]ficial sket* has be5 giv5 ( !m1 9 :i* "s ?+s h be5 told & o!rs omitt$4 ,= ! "r place ( an exact /atem5t ( ! laws respect+ suits1 "u _! sev]al heads1 w be at ! end ( ! body ( legislation2--let u !n expect !m at ! end4 ,hi!rto our legislation has be5 *iefly occupi$ ) ! appo9tm5t ( (fices4 ,p]fect unity & exactness1 ext5d+ to ! :ole & e p>ticul> ( political adm9i/ration1 _c be atta9$ to ! full1 until ! discussion %all h a beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 & is complete 9 e "p4 ,at pres5t we h rea*$ ! election ( magi/rates1 & ?is may be reg>d$ z a suffici5t t]m9ation ( :at prec$$4 ,& n[ !re ne$ no long] be any delay or hesitation 9 beg9n+ ! "w ( legislation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i l :at y h said1 ,/rang]2 & ,i p>ticul>ly l y\r mann] ( tack+ on ! beg9n+ ( y\r new disc\rse to ! end ( ! =m] "o4 ,,a!nian3 ,?us f>1 !n1 ! old m5's rational pa/ime has gone (f well4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y mean1 ,i suppose1 _! s]i\s & noble pursuit8 ,,a!nian3 ,p]haps2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y & ,i are agre$ ab\t a c]ta9 ?+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,ab\t :at ?+8 ,,a!nian3 ,y "k ! endless lab\r :i* pa9t]s exp5d ^u _! pictures--!y are always putt+ 9 or tak+ out col\rs1 or :atev] be ! t]m :i* arti/s employ2 !y seem z if !y w\ld nev] cease t\*+ up _! works1 :i* are always be+ made bright] & m beautiful4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i "k some?+ ( ^! matt]s f report1 al?\gh ,i h nev] _h any great acqua9tance ) ! art4 ,,a!nian3 ,no matt]2 we may make use ( ! illu/ration not)/&+3--,suppose t "s "o _h a m9d to pa9t a figure 9 ! mo/ beautiful mann]1 9 ! hope t 8 "w in/ead ( los+ w\ld always improve z "t w5t on--d y n see t be+ a mortal1 unless he leaves "s "o to succe$ him :o w correct ! flaws :i* "t may introduce1 & be able to add :at is left imp]fect ?r\gh ! defect ( ! arti/1 & :o w fur!r bright5 up & improve ! picture1 all 8 great lab\r w la/ b a %ort "t8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is n ! aim ( ! legislator simil>8 ,fir/1 he desires t 8 laws %\ld be writt5 d[n ) all possible exactness2 9 ! second place1 z "t goes on & he has made an actual trial ( 8 decrees1 w he n f9d omissions8 ,d y imag9e t !re ev] 0 a legislator s fooli% z n to "k t _m ?+s are necess>ily omitt$1 :i* "s "o com+ aft] him mu/ correct1 if ! con/itution & ! ord] ( gov]nm5t is n to det]iorate1 b to improve 9 ! /ate :i* he has e/abli%$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,assur$ly1 t is ! sort ( ?+ :i* e "o w\ld desire4 ,,a!nian3 ,& if any "o possesses any means ( accompli%+ ?is by ^w or de$1 or has any way great or small by :i* he c tea* a p]son to und]/& h[ he c ma9ta9 & am5d ! laws1 he %\ld f9i% :at he has to say1 & n leave ! "w incomplete4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is n ?is :at y & ,i h to d at ! pres5t mom5t8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at h we to d8 ,,a!nian3 ,z we are ab\t to legislate & h *os5 our gu>dians ( ! law1 & are ourselves 9 ! ev5+ ( life1 & !y z comp>$ ) u are "y m51 we ought n only to legislate = !m1 b to endeav\r to make !m n only gu>dians ( ! law b legislators !mselves1 z f> z ?is is possible4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly2 if we c4 ,,a!nian3 ,at any rate1 we mu/ d our be/4 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,we w say to !m--,o fri5ds & savi\rs ( our laws1 9 lay+ d[n any law1 !re are _m p>ticul>s :i* we %all omit1 & ?is _c be help$2 at ! same "t1 we w d our utmo/ to describe :at is important1 & w give an outl9e :i* y %all fill up4 ,& ,i w expla9 on :at pr9ciple y are to act4 ,megillus & ,cle9ias & ,i h (t5 spok5 to "o ano!r t\*+ ^! matt]s1 & we are ( op9ion t we h spok5 well4 ,& we hope t y w be ( ! same m9d ) u1 & become our disciples1 & keep 9 view ! ?+s :i* 9 our unit$ op9ion ! legislator & gu>dian ( ! law ought to keep 9 view4 ,!re 0 "o ma9 po9t ab\t :i* we 7 agre$--t a man's :ole en]gies ?r\gh\t life %\ld be devot$ to ! acquisition ( ! virtue prop] to a man1 :e!r ?is 0 to be ga9$ by /udy1 or habit1 or "s mode ( acquisition1 or desire1 or op9ion1 or k--& ?is applies equally to m5 & wom51 old & "y--! aim ( all %\ld always be su* z ,i h describ$2 any?+ :i* may be an imp$im5t1 ! good man ought to %[ t he utt]ly disreg>ds4 ,& if at la/ necessity pla9ly compels him to be an outlaw f 8 native l&1 r ?an b[ 8 neck to ! yoke ( slav]y & be rul$ by inf]iors1 & he has to fly1 an exile he mu/ be & endure all su* trials1 r ?an accept ano!r =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is likely to make m5 worse4 ,^! are our orig9al pr9ciples2 & d y n[1 fix+ y\r eyes ^u ! /&>d ( :at a man & a citiz5 ought or ought n to be1 praise & blame ! laws--blame ^? :i* h n ?is p[] ( mak+ ! citiz5 bett]1 b embrace ^? :i* h2 & ) gladness receive & live 9 !m2 bidd+ a long f>ewell to o!r in/itutions :i* aim at goods1 z !y are t]m$1 ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,let u proce$ to ano!r class ( laws1 beg9n+ ) _! f\ndation 9 religion4 ,& we mu/ fir/ return to ! numb] #ejdj--! entire numb] _h1 & has1 a great _m conv5i5t divisions1 & ! numb] ( ! tribes :i* 0 a twelf? "p ( ! :ole1 be+ correctly =m$ by #ba x #bj 7#ejdj_/7ba x #bj71 i4e41 #ejdj_/dbj #ab71 also has !m4 ,& n only is ! :ole numb] divisible by twelve1 b also ! numb] ( ea* tribe is divisible by twelve4 ,n[ e portion %\ld be reg>d$ by u z a sacr$ gift ( ,heav51 correspond+ to ! mon?s & to ! revolution ( ! univ]se 7comp>e ,tim474 ,e city has a guid+ & sacr$ pr9ciple giv5 by nature1 b 9 "s ! division or di/ribution has be5 m "r ?an 9 o!rs1 & has be5 m sacr$ & =tunate4 ,9 our op9ion1 no?+ c be m "r ?an ! selection ( ! numb] #ejdj1 :i* may be divid$ by all numb]s f "o to twelve ) ! s+le exception ( elev51 & t admits ( a v easy correction2 = if1 turn+ to ! divid5d 7#ejdj71 we d$uct two families1 ! defect 9 ! division is cur$4 ,& ! tru? ( ?is may be easily prov$ :5 we h leisure4 ,b = ! pres5t1 tru/+ to ! m]e ass]tion ( ?is pr9ciple1 let u divide ! /ate2 & assign+ to ea* portion "s ,god or son ( a ,god1 let u give !m alt>s & sacr$ rites1 & at ! alt>s let u hold assemblies = sacrifice twice 9 ! mon?--twelve assemblies = ! tribes1 & twelve = ! city1 accord+ to _! divisions2 ! fir/ 9 hon\r ( ! ,gods & div9e ?+s1 & ! second to promote fri5d%ip & 'bett] acqua9tance1' z ! phrase is1 & e sort ( good fell[%ip ) "o ano!r4 ,= p mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ^? into ^: families & :om !y m>ry & ) ^? to :om !y give 9 m>riage2 9 su* matt]s1 z f> z possible1 a man %\ld deem x all important to avoid a mi/ake1 & ) ?is s]i\s purpose let games be in/itut$ 7comp>e ,republic7 9 :i* y\?s & maid5s %all dance toge!r1 see+ "o ano!r & be+ se5 nak$1 at a prop] age1 & on a suitable occasion1 n transgress+ ! rules ( mode/y4 ,! directors ( *oruses w be ! sup]9t5d5ts & regulators ( ^! games1 & !y1 toge!r ) ! gu>dians ( ! law1 w legislate 9 any matt]s :i* we h omitt$2 =1 z we said1 :]e !re are num]\s & m9ute details1 ! legislator mu/ leave out some?+4 ,& ! annual (fic]s :o h exp]i5ce1 & "k :at is want$1 mu/ make arrangem5ts & improvem5ts ye> by ye>1 until su* enactm5ts & provisions are suffici5tly det]m9$4 ,a t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce ( sacrifices & dances1 if ext5d+ to all p>ticul>s1 w be q suffici5t2 & if ! legislator be alive !y %all communicate ) him1 b if he be dead !n ! sev]al (fic]s %all ref] ! omissions :i* come "u _! notice to ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & correct !m1 until all is p]fect2 & f t "t !re %all be no m *ange1 & !y %all e/abli% & use ! new laws ) ! o!rs :i* ! legislator orig9ally gave !m1 & ( :i* !y are nev]1 if !y c help1 to *ange aught2 or1 if "s necessity ov]takes !m1 ! magi/rates mu/ be call$ into c\nsel1 & ! :ole p1 & !y mu/ g to all ! oracles ( ! ,gods2 & if !y are all agre$1 9 t case !y may make ! *ange1 b if !y are n agre$1 by no mann] ( means1 & any "o :o diss5ts %all prevail1 z ! law orda9s4 ,:5ev] any "o ov] tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 hav+ se5 & be5 se5 by o!rs1 believes himself to h f\nd a m>riage connexion :i* is to 8 m9d1 & suitable = ! procreation ( *ildr51 let him m>ry if he be /ill "u ! age ( five-&-?irty ye>s2 b let him fir/ he> h[ he ought to seek aft] :at is suitable & appropriate 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,=1 z ,cle9ias says1 e law %\ld h a suitable prelude4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y recollect at ! "r mom5t1 ,/rang]1 & d n miss ! opportunity :i* ! argum5t af=ds ( say+ a ^w 9 season4 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?ank y4 ,we w say to him :o is born ( good p>5ts--,o my son1 y ought to make su* a m>riage z wise m5 w\ld approve4 ,n[ !y w\ld advise y nei!r to avoid a poor m>riage1 nor specially to desire a ri* "o2 b if o!r ?+s are equal1 always to hon\r inf]iors1 & ) !m to =m connexions2--?is w be = ! b5efit ( ! city & ( ! families :i* are unit$2 = ! equable & symmetrical t5ds inf9itely m to virtue ?an ! unmix$4 ,& he :o is consci\s ( be+ too head/rong1 & c>ri$ away m ?an is fitt+ 9 all 8 actions1 ought to desire to become ! relation ( ord]ly p>5ts2 & he :o is ( ! opposite temp] ought to seek ! opposite alliance4 ,let !re be "o ^w conc]n+ all m>riages3--,e man %all foll[1 n aft] ! m>riage :i* is mo/ pleas+ to himself1 b aft] t :i* is mo/ b5eficial to ! /ate4 ,= someh[ e "o is by nature prone to t :i* is like/ to himself1 & 9 ?is way ! :ole city becomes unequal 9 prop]ty & 9 disposition2 & h5ce !re arise 9 mo/ /ates ! v results :i* we lea/ desire to happ54 ,n[1 to add to ! law an express provision1 n only t ! ri* man %all n m>ry into ! ri* family1 nor ! p[]ful into ! family ( ! p[]ful1 b t ! sl[] natures %all be compell$ to ent] into m>riage ) ! quick]1 & ! quick] ) ! sl[]1 may awak5 ang] z well z laught] 9 ! m9ds ( _m2 = !re is a difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ t ! city ought to be well m+l$ l a cup1 9 :i* ! madd5+ w9e is hot & fi]y1 b :5 *a/5$ by a sob]] ,god1 receives a fair associate & becomes an excell5t & temp]ate dr9k 7comp>e ,/atesman74 ,yet 9 m>riage no "o is able to see t ! same result occurs4 ,:]e=e also ! law mu/ let alone su* matt]s1 b we %\ld try to *>m ! spirits ( m5 into believ+ ! equability ( _! *ildr5's disposition to be ( m importance ?an equality 9 excessive =tune :5 !y m>ry2 & him :o is too desir\s ( mak+ a ri* m>riage we %\ld endeav\r to turn aside by reproa*es1 n1 h[ev]1 by any compulsion ( writt5 law4 ,let ?is !n be our exhortation conc]n+ m>riage1 & let u rememb] :at 0 said be=e--t a man %\ld cl+ to immortality1 & leave beh9d him *ildr5's *ildr5 to be ! s]vants ( ,god 9 8 place = ev]4 ,all ?is & mu* m may be truly said by way ( prelude ab\t ! duty ( m>riage4 ,b if a man w n li/51 & rema9s unsocial & ali5 among 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & is /ill unm>ri$ at ?irty-five ye>s ( age1 let him pay a ye>ly f9e2--he :o ( ! highe/ class %all pay a f9e ( a hundr$ dra*mae1 & he :o is ( ! second class a f9e ( sev5ty dra*mae2 ! ?ird class %all pay sixty dra*mae1 & ! f\r? ?irty dra*mae1 & let ! money be sacr$ to ,"h2 he :o does n pay ! f9e annually %all owe t5 times ! sum1 :i* ! treasur] ( ! goddess %all exact2 & if he fails 9 do+ s1 let him be answ]able & give an acc\nt ( ! money at 8 audit4 ,he :o refuses to m>ry %all be ?us puni%$ 9 money1 & also be depriv$ ( all hon\r :i* ! y\ng] %[ to ! eld]2 let no "y man volunt>ily obey him1 &1 if he attempt to puni% any "o1 let e "o come to ! rescue & def5d ! injur$ p]son1 & he :o is pres5t & does n come to ! rescue1 %all be pron\nc$ by ! law to be a c[>d & a bad citiz54 ,( ! m>riage portion ,i h already spok52 & aga9 ,i say = ! in/ruction ( poor m5 t he :o nei!r gives nor receives a d[ry on acc\nt ( pov]ty1 has a comp5sation2 = ! citiz5s ( our /ate are provid$ ) ! necess>ies ( life1 & wives w be less likely to be insol5t1 & husb&s to be mean & subs]vi5t to !m on acc\nt ( prop]ty4 ,& he :o obeys ?is law w d a noble action2 b he :o w n obey1 & gives or receives m ?an fifty dra*mae z ! price ( ! m>riage g>m5ts if he be ( ! l[e/1 or m ?an a m9a1 or a m9a-&-a-half1 if he be ( ! ?ird or second classes1 or two m9ae if he be ( ! highe/ class1 %all owe to ! public treasury a simil> sum1 & t :i* is giv5 or receiv$ %all be sacr$ to ,"h & ,zeus2 & let ! treasur]s ( ^! ,gods exact ! money1 z 0 said be=e ab\t ! unm>ri$--t ! treasur]s ( ,"h 7 to exact ! money1 or pay ! f9e !mselves4 ,! betro?al by a fa!r %all be valid 9 ! fir/ degree1 t by a gr&fa!r 9 ! second degree1 & 9 ! ?ird degree1 betro?al by bro!rs :o h ! same fa!r2 b if !re are none ( ^! alive1 ! betro?al by a "m %all be valid 9 l mann]2 9 cases ( unexampl$ fatality1 ! next ( k9 & ! gu>dians %all h au?ority4 ,:at are to be ! rites be=e m>riages1 or any o!r sacr$ acts1 relat+ ei!r to future1 pres5t1 or pa/ m>riages1 %all be ref]r$ to ! int]pret]s2 & he :o foll[s _! advice may be satisfi$4 ,t\*+ ! m>riage fe/ival1 !y %all assemble n m ?an five male & five female fri5ds ( bo? families2 & a l numb] ( memb]s ( ! family ( ei!r sex1 & no man %all sp5d m ?an 8 means w all[2 he :o is ( ! ri*e/ class may sp5d a m9a1--he :o is ( ! second1 half a m9a1 & 9 ! same proportion z ! c5sus ( ea* decreases3 all m5 %all praise him :o is ob$i5t to ! law2 b he :o is disob$i5t %all be puni%$ by ! gu>dians ( ! law z a man want+ 9 true ta/e1 & un9/ruct$ 9 ! laws ( bridal song4 ,drunk5ness is always improp]1 except at ! fe/ivals ( ! ,god :o gave w9e2 & peculi>ly dang]\s1 :5 a man is engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( m>riage2 at su* a crisis ( _! lives a bride & bridegroom ought to h all _! wits ab\t !m--!y ought to take c>e t _! (fspr+ may be born ( reasonable be+s2 = on :at day or night ,heav5 w give !m increase1 :o c say8 ,moreov]1 !y ought n to begett+ *ildr5 :5 _! bodies are dissipat$ by intoxication1 b _! (fspr+ %\ld be compact & solid1 quiet & comp\nd$ prop]ly2 :]eas ! drunk>d is all abroad 9 all 8 actions1 & beside himself bo? 9 body & s\l4 ,:]e=e1 also1 ! drunk5 man is bad & un/eady 9 s[+ ! se$ ( increase1 & is likely to beget (fspr+ :o w be un/able & untru/wor?y1 & _c be expect$ to walk /raight ei!r 9 body or m9d4 ,h5ce dur+ ! :ole ye> & all 8 life long1 & especially :ile he is begett+ *ildr51 he ought to take c>e & n int5tionally d :at is injuri\s to heal?1 or :at involves insol5ce & wrong2 = he _c help leav+ ! impression ( himself on ! s\ls & bodies ( 8 (fspr+1 & he begets *ildr5 9 e way inf]ior4 ,& especially on ! day & night ( m>riage %\ld a man ab/a9 f su* ?+s4 ,= ! beg9n+1 :i* is also a ,god dwell+ 9 man1 pres]ves all ?+s1 if x meet ) prop] respect f ea* individual4 ,he :o m>ries is fur!r to consid]1 t "o ( ! two h\ses 9 ! lot is ! ne/ & nurs]y ( 8 "y1 & !re he is to m>ry & make a home = himself & br+ up 8 *ildr51 go+ away f 8 fa!r & "m4 ,= 9 fri5d%ips !re mu/ be "s degree ( desire1 9 ord] to cem5t & b9d toge!r div]sities ( "*2 b excessive int]c\rse n hav+ ! desire :i* is creat$ by "t1 ins5sibly dissolves fri5d%ips f a feel+ ( satiety2 :]e=e a man & 8 wife %all leave to 8 & h] fa!r & "m _! own dwell+-places1 & !mselves g z to a colony & dwell !re1 & visit & be visit$ by _! p>5ts2 & !y %all beget & br+ up *ildr51 h&+ on ! tor* ( life f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & wor%ipp+ ! ,gods accord+ to law = ev]4 ,9 ! next place1 we h to consid] :at sort ( prop]ty w be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,!re is no difficulty ei!r 9 und]/&+ or acquir+ mo/ k9ds ( prop]ty1 b !re is great difficulty 9 :at relates to slaves4 ,& ! reason is1 t we speak ab\t !m 9 a way :i* is "r & :i* is n "r2 = :at we say ab\t our slaves is consi/5t & also inconsi/5t ) our practice ab\t !m4 ,,megillus3 ,i d n und]/&1 ,/rang]1 :at y mean4 ,,a!nian3 ,i am n surpris$1 ,megillus1 = ! /ate ( ! ,helots among ! ,lac$aemonians is ( all ,hell5ic =ms ( slav]y ! mo/ controv]t$ & disput$ ab\t1 "s approv+ & "s condemn+ x2 !re is less dispute ab\t ! slav]y :i* exi/s among ! ,h]acleots1 :o h subjugat$ ! ,m>i&ynians1 & ab\t ! ,!ssalian ,p5e/ae4 ,look+ at ^! & ! l examples1 :at ought we to d conc]n+ prop]ty 9 slaves8 ,i made a rem>k1 9 pass+1 :i* naturally elicit$ a "q ab\t my mean+ f y4 ,x 0 ?is3--,we "k t all w\ld agree t we %\ld h ! be/ & mo/ atta*$ slaves :om we c get4 ,= _m a man has f\nd 8 slaves bett] 9 e way ?an bre?r5 or sons1 & _m times !y h sav$ ! lives & prop]ty ( _! ma/]s & _! :ole h\se--su* tales are well kn[n4 ,,megillus3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,b may we n also say t ! s\l ( ! slave is utt]ly corrupt1 & t no man ( s5se ought to tru/ !m8 ,& ! wise/ ( our poets1 speak+ ( ,zeus1 says3 ',f>-see+ ,zeus takes away half ! und]/&+ ( m5 :om ! day ( slav]y subdues4' ,diff]5t p]sons h got ^! two diff]5t notions ( slaves 9 _! m9ds--"s ( !m utt]ly di/ru/ _! s]vants1 &1 z if !y 7 wild bea/s1 *a/ise !m ) goads & :ips1 & make _! s\ls ?ree times1 or r _m times1 z slavi% z !y 7 be=e2--& o!rs d j ! opposite4 ,,megillus3 ,true4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!n :at are we to d 9 our own c\ntry1 ,/rang]1 see+ t !re are su* diff]5ces 9 ! treatm5t ( slaves by _! own]s8 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 ,cle9ias1 !re c be no d\bt t man is a tr\blesome animal1 & !re=e he is n v manageable1 nor likely to become s1 :5 y attempt to introduce ! necess>y division ( slave1 & freeman1 & ma/]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is obvi\s4 ,,a!nian3 ,he is a tr\blesome piece ( goods1 z has be5 (t5 %[n by ! frequ5t revolts ( ! ,mess5ians1 & ! great mis*iefs :i* happ5 9 /ates hav+ _m slaves :o speak ! same language1 & ! num]\s robb]ies & lawless life ( ! ,italian b&itti1 z !y are call$4 ,a man :o consid]s all ?is is fairly at a loss4 ,two rem$ies alone rema9 to u1--n to h ! slaves ( ! same c\ntry1 nor if possible1 speak+ ! same language 7comp>e ,aris4 ,pol472 9 ?is way !y w m easily be held 9 subjection3 secondly1 we %\ld t5d !m c>efully1 n only out ( reg>d to !m1 b yet m out ( respect to ourselves4 ,& ! "r treatm5t ( slaves is to behave prop]ly to !m1 & to d to !m1 if possible1 ev5 m ju/ice ?an to ^? :o are our equals2 = he :o naturally & g5u9ely rev]5ces ju/ice1 & hates inju/ice1 is discov]$ 9 8 deal+s ) any class ( m5 to :om he c easily be unju/4 ,& he :o 9 reg>d to ! natures & actions ( 8 slaves is undefil$ by impiety & inju/ice1 w be/ s[ ! se$s ( virtue 9 !m2 & ?is may be truly said ( e ma/]1 & tyrant1 & ( e o!r hav+ au?ority 9 relation to 8 inf]iors4 ,slaves ought to be puni%$ z !y des]ve1 & n admoni%$ z if !y 7 freem51 :i* w only make !m conceit$4 ,! language us$ to a s]vant ought always to be t ( a comm& 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol471 & we ought n to je/ ) !m1 :e!r !y are males or females--?is is a fooli% way :i* _m p h ( sett+ up _! slaves1 & mak+ ! life ( s]vitude m disagreeable bo? = !m & = _! ma/]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,n[ t ea* ( ! citiz5s is provid$1 z f> z possible1 ) a suffici5t numb] ( suitable slaves :o c help him 9 :at he has to d1 we may next proce$ to describe _! dwell+s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,! city be+ new & hi!rto un9habit$1 c>e ought to be tak5 ( all ! build+s1 & ! mann] ( build+ ea* ( !m1 & also ( ! temples & walls4 ,^!1 ,cle9ias1 7 matt]s :i* prop]ly came be=e ! m>riages2--b1 z we are only talk+1 !re is no objection to *ang+ ! ord]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our plan ( legislation is ev] to take effect1 !n ! h\se %all prec$e ! m>riage if ,god s w1 & aft]w>ds we w come to ! regulations ab\t m>riage2 b at pres5t we are only describ+ ^! matt]s 9 a g5]al outl9e4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,! temples are to be plac$ all r\nd ! agora1 & ! :ole city built on ! heights 9 a circle 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol471 = ! sake ( def5ce & = ! sake ( purity4 ,ne> ! temples are to be plac$ build+s = ! magi/rates & ! c\rts ( law2 9 ^! pla9tiff & def5dant w receive _! due1 & ! places w be reg>d$ z mo/ holy1 p>tly because !y h to d ) holy ?+s3 & p>tly because !y are ! dwell+-places ( holy ,gods3 & 9 !m w be held ! c\rts 9 :i* cases ( homicide & o!r trials ( capital (f5ces may fitly take place4 ,z to ! walls1 ,megillus1 ,i agree ) ,sp>ta 9 ?9k+ t !y %\ld be all[$ to sleep 9 ! e>?1 & t we %\ld n attempt to dis9t] !m 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol472 !re is a poetical say+1 :i* is f9ely express$1 t 'walls ought to be ( /eel & iron1 & n ( e>?2' besides1 h[ ridicul\s ( u to be s5d+ out our "y m5 annually into ! c\ntry to dig & to tr5*1 & to keep (f ! enemy by =tifications1 "u ! idea t !y are n to be all[$ to set foot 9 our t]ritory1 & !n1 t we %\ld surr\nd ourselves ) a wall1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 is by no means conducive to ! heal? ( cities1 & is also apt to produce a c]ta9 effem9acy 9 ! m9ds ( ! inhabitants1 invit+ m5 to run ?i!r in/ead ( repell+ _! enemies1 & lead+ !m to imag9e t _! safety is due n to _! keep+ gu>d day & night1 b t :5 !y are protect$ by walls & gates1 !n !y may sleep 9 safety2 z if !y 7 n meant to lab\r1 & did n "k t true repose comes f lab\r1 & t disgraceful indol5ce & a c>eless temp] ( m9d is only ! r5ewal ( tr\ble4 ,b if m5 mu/ h walls1 ! private h\ses ought to be s arrang$ f ! fir/ t ! :ole city may be "o wall1 hav+ all ! h\ses capable ( def5ce by reason ( _! uni=mity & equality t[>ds ! /reets 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,! =m ( ! city be+ t ( a s+le dwell+ w h an agreeable aspect1 & be+ easily gu>d$ w be inf9itely bett] = security4 ,until ! orig9al build+ is complet$1 ^! %\ld be ! pr9cipal objects ( ! inhabitants2 & ! w>d5s ( ! city %\ld sup]9t5d ! "w1 & %\ld impose a f9e on him :o is neglig5t2 & 9 all t relates to ! city !y %\ld h a c>e ( cleanl9ess1 & n all[ a private p]son to encroa* ^u any public prop]ty ei!r by build+s or excavations4 ,fur!r1 !y ought to take c>e t ! ra9s f heav5 fl[ (f easily1 & ( any o!r matt]s :i* may h to be adm9i/]$ ei!r )9 or )\t ! city4 ,! gu>dians ( ! law %all pass any fur!r enactm5ts :i* _! exp]i5ce may %[ to be necess>y1 & supply any o!r po9ts 9 :i* ! law may be defici5t4 ,& n[ t ^! matt]s1 & ! build+s ab\t ! agora1 & ! gymnasia1 & places ( in/ruction1 & !atres1 are all ready & wait+ = s*ol>s & spectators1 let u proce$ to ! subjects :i* foll[ m>riage 9 ! ord] ( legislation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,assum+ t m>riages exi/ already1 ,cle9ias1 ! mode ( life dur+ ! ye> aft] m>riage1 be=e *ildr5 are born1 w foll[ next 9 ord]4 ,9 :at way bride & bridegroom ought to live 9 a city :i* is to be sup]ior to o!r cities1 is a matt] n at all easy = u to det]m9e4 ,!re h be5 _m difficulties already1 b ?is w be ! greate/ ( !m1 & ! mo/ disagreeable to ! _m4 ,/ill ,i _c b say :at appe>s to me to be "r & true1 ,cle9ias4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,he :o imag9es t he c give laws = ! public conduct ( /ates1 :ile he leaves ! private life ( citiz5s :olly to take c>e ( itself2 :o ?9ks t individuals may pass ! day z !y please1 & t !re is no necessity ( ord] 9 all ?+s2 he1 ,i say1 :o gives up ! control ( _! private lives1 & supposes t !y w con=m to law 9 _! common & public life1 is mak+ a great mi/ake4 ,:y h ,i made ?is rem>k8 ,:y1 because ,i am go+ to enact t ! bridegrooms %\ld live at ! common tables1 j z !y did be=e m>riage4 ,?is 0 a s+ul>ity :5 fir/ enact$ by ! legislator 9 y\r p>ts ( ! _w1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 z ,i %\ld suppose1 on ! occasion ( "s w> or o!r simil> dang]1 :i* caus$ ! pass+ ( ! law1 & :i* w\ld be likely to occur 9 ?9ly-peopl$ places1 & 9 times ( pressure4 ,b :5 m5 _h once tri$ & be5 accu/om$ to a common table1 exp]i5ce %[$ t ! in/itution greatly conduc$ to security2 & 9 "s su* mann] ! cu/om ( hav+ common tables arose among y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,likely en\gh4 ,,a!nian3 ,i said t !re may h be5 s+ul>ity & dang] 9 impos+ su* a cu/om at fir/1 b t n[ !re is n ! same difficulty4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r in/itution :i* is ! natural sequel to ?is1 & w\ld be excell5t1 if x exi/$ any:]e1 b at pres5t x does n4 ,! in/itution ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak is n easily describ$ or execut$2 & w\ld be l ! legislator 'comb+ wool into ! fire1' z p say1 or p]=m+ any o!r impossible & useless feat4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is ! cause1 ,/rang]1 ( ?is extreme hesitation8 ,,a!nian3 ,y %all he> )\t any fruitless loss ( "t4 ,t :i* has law & ord] 9 a /ate is ! cause ( e good1 b t :i* is disord]$ or ill-ord]$ is (t5 ! ru9 ( t :i* is well-ord]$2 & at ?is po9t ! argum5t is n[ wait+4 ,= ) y1 ,cle9ias & ,megillus1 ! common tables ( m5 are1 z ,i said1 a heav5-born & admirable in/itution1 b y are mi/ak5 9 leav+ ! wom5 unregulat$ by law4 ,!y h no simil> in/itution ( public tables 9 ! light ( day1 & j t "p ( ! human race :i* is by nature prone to secrecy & /eal? on acc\nt ( _! weakness--,i mean ! female sex--has be5 left )\t regulation by ! legislator1 :i* is a great mi/ake4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is neglect1 _m ?+s h gr[n lax among y1 :i* might h be5 f> bett]1 if !y _h be5 only regulat$ by law2 = ! neglect ( regulations ab\t wom5 may n only be reg>d$ z a neglect ( half ! entire matt] 7,ari/4 ,pol471 b 9 proportion z woman's nature is inf]ior to t ( m5 9 capacity = virtue1 9 t degree ! consequ5ce ( su* neglect is m ?an twice z important4 ,! c>eful consid]ation ( ?is matt]1 & ! arrang+ & ord]+ on a common pr9ciple ( all our in/itutions relat+ bo? to m5 & wom51 greatly conduces to ! happ9ess ( ! /ate4 ,b at pres5t1 su* is ! un=tunate condition ( mank9d1 t no man ( s5se w ev5 v5ture to speak ( common tables 9 places & cities 9 :i* !y h nev] be5 e/abli%$ at all2 & h[ c any "o avoid be+ utt]ly ridicul\s1 :o attempts to compel wom5 to %[ 9 public h[ mu* !y eat & dr9k8 ,!re is no?+ at :i* ! sex is m likely to take (f5ce4 ,= wom5 are accu/om$ to creep into d>k places1 & :5 dragg$ out into ! light !y w ex]t _! utmo/ p[]s ( resi/ance1 & be f> too mu* = ! legislator4 ,& !re=e1 z ,i said be=e1 9 mo/ places !y w n endure to h ! tru? spok5 )\t rais+ a trem5d\s outcry1 b 9 ?is /ate p]haps !y may4 ,& if we may assume t our :ole discussion ab\t ! /ate has n be5 m]e idle talk1 ,i %\ld l to prove to y1 if y w cons5t to li/51 t ?is in/itution is good & prop]2 b if y _h r n1 ,i w refra94 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re is no?+ :i* we %\ld bo? ( u l bett]1 ,/rang]1 ?an to he> :at y h to say4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good2 & y mu/ n be surpris$ if ,i g back a little1 = we h pl5ty ( leisure1 & !re is no?+ to prev5t u f consid]+ 9 e po9t ( view ! subject ( law4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let u return once m to :at we 7 say+ at fir/4 ,e man %\ld und]/& t ! human race ei!r _h no beg9n+ at all1 & w nev] h an end1 b always w be & has be52 or t x began an imm5se :ile ago4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 & h !re n be5 con/itutions & de/ructions ( /ates1 & all sorts ( pursuits bo? ord]ly & disord]ly1 & div]se desires ( meats & dr9ks always1 & 9 all ! _w1 & all sorts ( *anges ( ! seasons 9 :i* animals may be expect$ to h und]gone innum]able trans=mations ( !mselves8 ,,cle9ias3 ,no d\bt4 ,,a!nian3 ,& may we n suppose t v9es appe>$1 :i* _h previ\sly no exi/5ce1 & also olives1 & ! gifts ( ,demet] & h] daught]1 ( :i* "o ,triptolemus 0 ! m9i/]1 & t1 be=e ^! exi/$1 animals took to dev\r+ ea* o!r z !y d /ill8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,aga91 ! practice ( m5 sacrific+ "o ano!r /ill exi/s among _m nations2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we he> ( o!r human be+s :o did n ev5 v5ture to ta/e ! fle% ( a c[ & _h no animal sacrifices1 b only cakes & fruits dipp$ 9 honey1 & simil> pure (f]+s1 b no fle% ( animals2 f ^! !y ab/a9$ "u ! idea t !y ought n to eat !m1 & might n /a9 ! alt>s ( ! ,gods ) blood4 ,= 9 ^? days m5 are said to h liv$ a sort ( ,orphic life1 hav+ ! use ( all lifeless ?+s1 b ab/a9+ f all liv+ ?+s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,su* has be5 ! con/ant tradition1 & is v likely true4 ,,a!nian3 ,"s "o might say to u1 ,:at is ! drift ( all ?is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,a v p]t95t "q1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,& !re=e ,i w endeav\r1 ,cle9ias1 if ,i c1 to draw ! natural inf]5ce4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,i see t among m5 all ?+s dep5d ^u ?ree wants & desires1 ( :i* ! end is virtue1 if !y are rightly l$ by !m1 or ! opposite if wrongly4 ,n[ ^! are eat+ & dr9k+1 :i* beg9 at bir?--e animal has a natural desire = !m1 & is viol5tly excit$1 & rebels aga9/ him :o says t he mu/ n satisfy all 8 pleasures & appetites1 & get rid ( all ! correspond+ pa9s--& ! ?ird & greate/ & %>pe/ want & desire breaks out la/1 & is ! fire ( sexual lu/1 :i* k9dles 9 m5 e species ( wantonness & madness4 ,& ^! ?ree disord]s we mu/ endeav\r to ma/] by ! ?ree great pr9ciples ( fe> & law & "r reason2 turn+ !m away f t :i* is call$ pleasante/ to ! be/1 us+ ! ,muses & ! ,gods :o preside ov] conte/s to ext+ui% _! increase & influx4 ,b to return3--,aft] m>riage let u speak ( ! bir? ( *ildr51 & aft] _! bir? ( _! nurture & education4 ,9 ! c\rse ( discussion ! sev]al laws w be p]fect$1 & we %all at la/ arrive at ! common tables4 ,:e!r su* associations are to be conf9$ to m51 or ext5d$ to wom5 also1 we %all see bett] :5 we approa* & take a ne>] view ( !m2 & we may !n det]m9e :at previ\s in/itutions are requir$ & w h to prec$e !m4 ,z ,i said be=e1 we %all see !m m 9 detail1 & %all be bett] able to lay d[n ! laws :i* are prop] or suit$ to !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u keep 9 m9d ! words :i* h n[ be5 spok52 = h]eaft] !re may be ne$ ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y bid u keep 9 m9d8 ,,a!nian3 ,t :i* we compreh5d$ "u ! ?ree words--fir/1 eat+1 secondly1 dr9k+1 ?irdly1 ! excitem5t ( love4 ,,cle9ias3 ,we %all be sure to rememb]1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good4 ,!n let u n[ proce$ to m>riage1 & tea* p]sons 9 :at way !y %all beget *ildr51 ?reat5+ !m1 if !y disobey1 ) ! t]rors ( ! law4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,! bride & bridegroom %\ld consid] t !y are to produce = ! /ate ! be/ & faire/ specim5s ( *ildr5 :i* !y c4 ,n[ all m5 :o are associat$ 9 any action always succe$ :5 !y att5d & give _! m9d to :at !y are do+1 b :5 !y d n give _! m9d or h no m9d1 !y fail2 :]e=e let ! bridegroom give 8 m9d to ! bride & to ! begett+ ( *ildr51 & ! bride 9 l mann] give h] m9d to ! bridegroom1 & p>ticul>ly at ! "t :5 _! *ildr5 are n yet born4 ,& let ! wom5 :om we h *os5 be ! ov]se]s ( su* matt]s1 & let !m 9 :atev] numb]1 l>ge or small1 & at :atev] "t ! magi/rates may comm&1 assemble e day 9 ! temple ( ,eilei?yia dur+ a ?ird "p ( ! day1 & be+ !re assembl$1 let !m in=m "o ano!r ( any "o :om !y see1 :e!r man or woman1 ( ^? :o are begett+ *ildr51 disreg>d+ ! ord9ances giv5 at ! "t :5 ! nuptial sacrifices & c]emonies 7 p]=m$4 ,let ! begett+ ( *ildr5 & ! sup]vision ( ^? :o are begett+ !m cont9ue t5 ye>s & no long]1 dur+ ! "t :5 m>riage is fruitful4 ,b if any cont9ue )\t *ildr5 up to ?is "t1 let !m take c\nsel ) _! k9dr$ & ) ! wom5 hold+ ! (fice ( ov]se] & be divorc$ = _! mutual b5efit4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any dispute arises ab\t :at is prop] & = ! int]e/ ( ei!r p>ty1 !y %all *oose t5 ( ! gu>dians ( ! law & abide by _! p]mission & appo9tm5t4 ,! wom5 :o preside ov] ^! matt]s %all ent] into ! h\ses ( ! "y1 & p>tly by admonitions & p>tly by ?reats make !m give ov] _! folly & error3 if !y p]si/1 let ! wom5 g & tell ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & ! gu>dians %all prev5t !m4 ,b if !y too _c prev5t !m1 !y %all br+ ! matt] be=e ! p2 & let !m write up _! names & make oa? t !y _c re=m su* & su* an "o2 & let him :o is ?us writt5 up1 if he _c 9 a c\rt ( law convict ^? :o h inscrib$ 8 "n1 be depriv$ ( ! privileges ( a citiz5 9 ! foll[+ respects3--let him n g to w$d+s nor to ! ?anksgiv+s aft] ! bir? ( *ildr52 & if he g1 let any "o :o pleases /rike him ) impunity2 & let ! same regulations hold ab\t wom53 let n a woman be all[$ to appe> abroad1 or receive hon\r1 or g to nuptial & bir?day fe/ivals1 if %e 9 l mann] be writt5 up z act+ disord]ly & _c obta9 a v]dict4 ,& if1 :5 !y !mselves h done begett+ *ildr5 accord+ to ! law1 a man or woman h connexion ) ano!r man or woman :o are /ill begett+ *ildr51 let ! same p5alties be inflict$ ^u !m z ^u ^? :o are /ill hav+ a family2 & :5 ! "t = procreation has pass$ let ! man or woman :o refra9s 9 su* matt]s be held 9 e/eem1 & let ^? :o d n refra9 be held 9 ! contr>y ( e/eem--t is to say1 dise/eem4 ,n[1 if ! great] "p ( mank9d behave mode/ly1 ! enactm5ts ( law may be left to slumb]2 b1 if !y are disord]ly1 ! enactm5ts hav+ be5 pass$1 let !m be c>ri$ into execution4 ,to e man ! fir/ ye> is ! beg9n+ ( life1 & ! "t ( bir? ought to be writt5 d[n 9 ! temples ( _! fa!rs z ! beg9n+ ( exi/5ce to e *ild1 :e!r boy or girl4 ,let e phratria h inscrib$ on a :it$ wall ! names ( ! successive ar*ons by :om ! ye>s are reckon$4 ,& ne> to !m let ! liv+ memb]s ( ! phratria be inscrib$1 & :5 !y dep>t life let !m be eras$4 ,! limit ( m>riageable ages = a woman %all be f sixte5 to tw5ty ye>s at ! longe/1--= a man1 f ?irty to ?irty-five ye>s2 & let a woman hold (fice at =ty1 & a man at ?irty ye>s4 ,let a man g out to w> f tw5ty to sixty ye>s1 & = a woman1 if !re appe> any ne$ to make use ( h] 9 milit>y s]vice1 let ! "t ( s]vice be aft] %e %all h br\ght =? *ildr5 up to fifty ye>s ( age2 & let reg>d be _h to :at is possible & suitable to ea*4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,& n[1 assum+ *ildr5 ( bo? sexes to h be5 born1 x w be prop] = u to consid]1 9 ! next place1 _! nurture & education2 ?is _c be left altoge!r unnotic$1 & yet may be ?\ght a subject fitt$ r = precept & admonition ?an = law4 ,9 private life !re are _m little ?+s1 n always app>5t1 aris+ out ( ! pleasures & pa9s & desires ( individuals1 :i* run c\nt] to ! int5tion ( ! legislator1 & make ! *>act]s ( ! citiz5s v>i\s & dissimil>3--?is is an evil 9 /ates2 = by reason ( _! smallness & frequ5t occurr5ce1 !re w\ld be an unseeml9ess & want ( propriety 9 mak+ !m p5al by law2 & if made p5al1 !y are ! de/ruction ( ! writt5 law because mank9d get ! habit ( frequ5tly transgress+ ! law 9 small matt]s4 ,! result is t y _c legislate ab\t !m1 & /ill less c y be sil5t4 ,i speak some:at d>kly1 b ,i %all endeav\r also to br+ my w>es into ! light ( day1 = ,i ackn[l$ge t at pres5t !re is a want ( cle>ness 9 :at ,i am say+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian4 ,am ,i n "r 9 ma9ta9+ t a good education is t :i* t5ds mo/ to ! improvem5t ( m9d & body8 ,,cle9ias3 ,und\bt$ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& no?+ c be pla9] ?an t ! faire/ bodies are ^? :i* gr[ up f infancy 9 ! be/ & /raighte/ mann]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& d we n fur!r obs]ve t ! fir/ %oot ( e liv+ ?+ is by f> ! greate/ & fulle/8 ,_m w ev5 cont5d t a man at tw5ty-five does n rea* twice ! height :i* he atta9$ at five4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 & is n rapid gr[? )\t prop] & abundant ex]cise ! s\rce endless evils 9 ! body8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! body %\ld h ! mo/ ex]cise :5 x receives mo/ n\ri%m5t8 ,,cle9ias3 ,b1 ,/rang]1 are we to impose ?is great am\nt ( ex]cise ^u newly-born infants8 ,,a!nian3 ,nay1 r on ! bodies ( infants /ill unborn4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean1 my good sir8 ,9 ! process ( ge/ation8 ,,a!nian3 ,exactly4 ,i am n at all surpris$ t y h nev] he>d ( ?is v peculi> sort ( gymna/ic appli$ to su* little creatures1 :i*1 al?\gh /range1 ,i w endeav\r to expla9 to y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,! practice is m easy = u to und]/& ?an = y1 by reason ( c]ta9 amusem5ts :i* are c>ri$ to excess by u at ,a!ns4 ,n only boys1 b (t5 old] p]sons1 are 9 ! habit ( keep+ quails & cocks 7comp>e ,republic71 :i* !y tra9 to fight "o ano!r4 ,& !y are f> f ?9k+ t ! conte/s 9 :i* !y /ir !m up to fight ) "o ano!r are suffici5t ex]cise2 =1 9 addition to ?is1 !y c>ry !m ab\t tuck$ b5ea? _! armpits1 hold+ ! small] birds 9 _! h&s1 ! l>g] "u _! arms1 & g = a walk ( a great _m miles = ! sake ( heal?1 t is to say1 n _! own heal?1 b ! heal? ( ! birds2 :]eby !y prove to any intellig5t p]son1 t all bodies are b5efit$ by %ak+s & movem5ts1 :5 !y are mov$ )\t we>9ess1 :e!r ! motion proce$s f !mselves1 or is caus$ by a sw+1 or at sea1 or on horseback1 or by o!r bodies 9 :atev] way mov+1 & t ?us ga9+ ! ma/]y ov] food & dr9k1 !y are able to imp>t beauty & heal? & /r5g?4 ,b admitt+ all ?is1 :at foll[s8 ,%all we make a ridicul\s law t ! pregnant woman %all walk ab\t & fa%ion ! embryo )9 z we fa%ion wax be=e x h>d5s1 & aft] bir? swa! ! infant = two ye>s8 ,suppose t we compel nurses1 "u p5alty ( a legal f9e1 to be always c>ry+ ! *ildr5 some:]e or o!r1 ei!r to ! temples1 or into ! c\ntry1 or to _! relations' h\ses1 until !y are well able to /&1 & to take c>e t _! limbs are n di/ort$ by lean+ on !m :5 !y are too "y 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol471--!y %\ld cont9ue to c>ry !m until ! infant has complet$ its ?ird ye>2 ! nurses %\ld be /rong1 & !re %\ld be m ?an "o ( !m4 ,%all ^! be our rules1 & %all we impose a p5alty = ! neglect ( !m8 ,no1 no2 ! p5alty ( :i* we 7 speak+ w fall ^u our own heads m ?an en\gh4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at p5alty8 ,,a!nian3 ,ridicule1 & ! difficulty ( gett+ ! fem99e & s]vant-l dispositions ( ! nurses to comply4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!n :y 0 !re any ne$ to speak ( ! matt] at all8 ,,a!nian3 ,! reason is1 t ma/]s & freem5 9 /ates1 :5 !y he> ( x1 are v likely to arrive at a true conviction t )\t due regulation ( private life 9 cities1 /ability 9 ! lay+ d[n ( laws is h>dly to be expect$ 7comp>e ,republic72 & he :o makes ?is reflection may himself adopt ! laws j n[ m5tion$1 &1 adopt+ !m1 may ord] 8 h\se & /ate well & be happy4 ,,cle9ias3 ,likely en\gh4 ,,a!nian3 ,& !re=e let u proce$ ) our legislation until we h det]m9$ ! ex]cises :i* are suit$ to ! s\ls ( "y *ildr51 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* we h begun to g ?r\gh ! rules relat+ to _! bodies4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u assume1 !n1 z a fir/ pr9ciple 9 relation bo? to ! body & s\l ( v "y creatures1 t nurs+ & mov+ ab\t by day & night is good = !m all1 & t ! y\ng] !y are1 ! m !y w ne$ x 7comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol472 infants %\ld live1 if t 7 possible1 z if !y 7 always rock+ at sea4 ,?is is ! lesson :i* we may ga!r f ! exp]i5ce ( nurses1 & likewise f ! use ( ! rem$y ( motion 9 ! rites ( ! ,corybantes2 = :5 mo!rs want _! re/less *ildr5 to g to sleep !y d n employ re/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 motion--rock+ !m 9 _! arms2 nor d !y give !m sil5ce1 b !y s+ to !m & lap !m 9 sweet /ra9s2 & ! ,bac*ic wom5 are cur$ ( _! fr5zy 9 ! same mann] by ! use ( ! dance & ( music4 ,,cle9ias3 ,well1 ,/rang]1 & :at is ! reason ( ?is8 ,,a!nian3 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,! affection bo? ( ! ,bac*antes & ( ! *ildr5 is an emotion ( fe>1 :i* spr+s out ( an evil habit ( ! s\l4 ,& :5 "s "o applies ext]nal agitation to affections ( ?is sort1 ! motion com+ f )\t gets ! bett] ( ! t]rible & viol5t int]nal "o1 & produces a peace & calm 9 ! s\l1 & quiets ! re/less palpitation ( ! he>t1 :i* is a ?+ mu* to be desir$1 s5d+ ! *ildr5 to sleep1 & mak+ ! ,bac*antes1 al?\gh !y rema9 awake1 to dance to ! pipe ) ! help ( ! ,gods to :om !y (f] acceptable sacrifices1 & produc+ 9 !m a s\nd m9d1 :i* takes ! place ( _! fr5zy4 ,&1 to express :at ,i mean 9 a ^w1 !re is a good deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ?is treatm5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,b if fe> has su* a p[] we ought to inf] f ^! facts1 t e s\l :i* f y\? upw>d has be5 famili> ) fe>s1 w be made m liable to fe> 7comp>e ,republic71 & e "o w all[ t ?is is ! way to =m a habit ( c[>dice & n ( c\rage4 ,,cle9ias3 ,no d\bt4 ,,a!nian3 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! habit ( ov]com+1 f our y\? upw>ds1 ! fe>s & t]rors :i* beset u1 may be said to be an ex]cise ( c\rage4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we may say t ! use ( ex]cise & motion 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( life greatly contributes to create a "p ( virtue 9 ! s\l4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,fur!r1 a *e]ful temp]1 or ! rev]se1 may be reg>d$ z hav+ mu* to d ) high _s on ! "o h&1 or ) c[>dice on ! o!r4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[ we mu/ endeav\r to %[ h[ & to :at ext5t we may1 if we please1 )\t difficulty implant ei!r "* 9 ! "y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is a common op9ion1 t luxury makes ! disposition ( y\? discont5t$ & irascible & vehem5tly excit$ by trifles2 t on ! o!r h& excessive & savage s]vitude makes m5 mean & abject1 & hat]s ( _! k9d1 & !re=e makes !m undesirable associates4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b h[ mu/ ! /ate educate ^? :o d n z yet und]/& ! language ( ! c\ntry1 & are !re=e incapable ( appreciat+ any sort ( in/ruction8 ,,a!nian3 ,i w tell y h[3--,e animal t is born is wont to utt] "s cry1 & ?is is especially ! case ) man1 & he is also affect$ ) ! incl9ation to weep m ?an any o!r animal4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,d n nurses1 :5 !y want to "k :at an infant desires1 judge by ^! signs8--:5 any?+ is br\ght to ! infant & he is sil5t1 !n he is suppos$ to be pleas$1 b1 :5 he weeps & cries out1 !n he is n pleas$4 ,= te>s & cries are ! inauspici\s signs by :i* *ildr5 %[ :at !y love & hate4 ,n[ ! "t :i* is ?us sp5t is no less ?an ?ree ye>s1 & is a v consid]able portion ( life to be pass$ ill or well4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,does n ! discont5t$ & ungraci\s nature appe> to y to be full ( lam5tations & sorr[s m ?an a good man ought to be8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 b if dur+ ^! ?ree ye>s e possible c>e 7 tak5 t our nursl+ %\ld h z little ( sorr[ & fe>1 & 9 g5]al ( pa9 z 0 possible1 might we n expect 9 e>ly *ildhood to make 8 s\l m g5tle & *e]ful8 7,comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol47 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure1 ,/rang]--m especially if we c\ld procure him a v>iety ( pleasures4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re ,i c no long] agree1 ,cle9ias3 y amaze me4 ,to br+ him up 9 su* a way w\ld be 8 utt] ru92 = ! beg9n+ is always ! mo/ critical "p ( education4 ,let u see :e!r ,i am "r4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,! po9t ab\t :i* y & ,i diff] is ( great importance1 & ,i hope t y1 ,megillus1 w help to decide betwe5 u4 ,= ,i ma9ta9 t ! true life %\ld nei!r seek = pleasures1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 entirely avoid pa9s1 b %\ld embrace ! middle /ate 7comp>e ,republic71 :i* ,i j spoke ( z g5tle & b5ign1 & is a /ate :i* we by "s div9e presage & inspiration rightly ascribe to ,god4 ,n[1 ,i say1 he among m51 too1 :o w\ld be div9e ought to pursue aft] ?is mean habit--he %\ld n ru% headlong into pleasures1 = he w n be free f pa9s2 nor %\ld we all[ any "o1 "y or old1 male or female1 to be ?us giv5 any m ?an ourselves1 & lea/ ( all ! newly-born infant1 = 9 infancy m ?an at any o!r "t ! "* is engra9$ by habit4 ,nay1 m1 if ,i 7 n afraid ( appe>+ to be ridicul\s1 ,i w\ld say t a woman dur+ h] ye> ( pregnancy %\ld ( all wom5 be mo/ c>efully t5d$1 & kept f viol5t or excessive pleasures & pa9s1 & %\ld at t "t cultivate g5tl5ess & b5evol5ce & k9dness4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y ne$ n ask ,megillus1 ,/rang]1 :i* ( u has mo/ truly spok52 = ,i myself agree t all m5 ought to avoid ! life ( unm+l$ pa9 or pleasure1 & pursue always a middle c\rse4 ,& hav+ spok5 well1 may ,i add t y h be5 well answ]$8 ,,a!nian3 ,v good1 ,cle9ias2 & n[ let u all ?ree consid] a fur!r po9t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,t all ! matt]s :i* we are n[ describ+ are commonly call$ by ! g5]al "n ( unwritt5 cu/oms1 & :at are t]m$ ! laws ( our ance/ors are all ( simil> nature4 ,& ! reflection :i* lately arose 9 our m9ds1 t we c nei!r call ^! ?+s laws1 nor yet leave !m unm5tion$1 is ju/ifi$2 = !y are ! bonds ( ! :ole /ate1 & come 9 betwe5 ! writt5 laws :i* are or are h]eaft] to be laid d[n2 !y are j ance/ral cu/oms ( great antiquity1 :i*1 if !y are rightly ord]$ & made habitual1 %ield & pres]ve ! previ\sly exi/+ writt5 law2 b if !y dep>t f "r & fall into disord]1 !n !y are l ! props ( build]s :i* slip away out ( _! place & cause a univ]sal ru9--"o "p drags ano!r d[n1 & ! fair sup]-/ructure falls because ! old f\ndations are und]m9$4 ,reflect+ ^u ?is1 ,cle9ias1 y ought to b9d toge!r ! new /ate 9 e possible way1 omitt+ no?+1 :e!r great or small1 ( :at are call$ laws or mann]s or pursuits1 = by ^! means a city is b\nd toge!r1 & all ^! ?+s are only la/+ :5 !y dep5d ^u "o ano!r2 &1 !re=e1 we mu/ n wond] if we f9d t _m app>5tly trifl+ cu/oms or usages come p\r+ 9 & l5g!n+ out our laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true3 we are dispos$ to agree ) y4 ,,a!nian3 ,up to ! age ( ?ree ye>s1 :e!r ( boy or girl1 if a p]son /rictly c>ries out our previ\s regulations & makes !m a pr9cipal aim1 he w d mu* = ! advantage ( ! "y creatures4 ,b at ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & ev5 six ye>s ! *ildi% nature w require sports2 n[ is ! "t to get rid ( self-w 9 him1 puni%+ him1 b n s z to disgrace him4 ,we 7 say+ ab\t slaves1 t we ought nei!r to add insult to puni%m5t s z to ang] !m1 nor yet to leave !m unpuni%$ le/ !y become self-will$2 & a l rule is to be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! free-born4 ,*ildr5 at t age h c]ta9 natural modes ( amusem5t :i* !y f9d out = !mselves :5 !y meet4 ,& all ! *ildr5 :o are betwe5 ! ages ( ?ree & six ought to meet at ! temples ( ! villages1 ! sev]al families ( a village unit+ on "o spot4 ,! nurses are to see t ! *ildr5 behave prop]ly & ord]ly--!y !mselves & all _! companies are to be "u ! control ( twelve matrons1 "o = ea* company1 :o are annually select$ to inspect !m f ! wom5 previ\sly m5tion$ i4e4 ! wom5 :o h au?ority ov] m>riage1 :om ! gu>dians ( ! law appo9t4 ,^! matrons %all be *os5 by ! wom5 :o h au?ority ov] m>riage1 "o out ( ea* tribe2 all are to be ( ! same age2 & let ea* ( !m1 z soon z %e is appo9t$1 hold (fice & g to ! temples e day1 puni%+ all (f5d]s1 male or female1 :o are slaves or /rang]s1 by ! help ( "s ( ! public slaves2 b if any citiz5 disputes ! puni%m5t1 let h] br+ him be=e ! w>d5s ( ! city2 or1 if !re be no dispute1 let h] puni% him h]self4 ,aft] ! age ( six ye>s ! "t has arriv$ = ! sep>ation ( ! sexes--let boys live ) boys1 & girls 9 l mann] ) girls4 ,n[ !y mu/ beg9 to le>n--! boys go+ to tea*]s ( horseman%ip & ! use ( ! b[1 ! javel91 & sl+1 & ! girls too1 if !y d n object1 at any rate until !y "k h[ to manage ^! weapons1 & especially h[ to h&le heavy arms2 = ,i may note1 t ! practice :i* n[ prevails is almo/ univ]sally misund]/ood4 ,,cle9ias3 ,9 :at respect8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 t ! "r & left h& are suppos$ to be by nature diff]5tly suit$ = our v>i\s uses ( !m2 :]eas no diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! use ( ! feet & ! l[] limbs2 b 9 ! use ( ! h&s we are1 z x 71 maim$ by ! folly ( nurses & mo!rs2 = al?\gh our sev]al limbs are by nature balanc$1 we create a diff]5ce 9 !m by bad habit4 ,9 "s cases ?is is ( no consequ5ce1 z1 = example1 :5 we hold ! lyre 9 ! left h&1 & ! plectrum 9 ! "r1 b x is d[nright folly to make ! same di/9ction 9 o!r cases4 ,! cu/om ( ! ,scy?ians proves our error2 = !y n only hold ! b[ f !m ) ! left h& & draw ! arr[ to !m ) _! "r1 b use ei!r h& = bo? purposes4 ,& !re are _m simil> examples 9 *>iote]+ & o!r ?+s1 f :i* we may le>n t ^? :o make ! left side weak] ?an ! "r act contr>y to nature4 ,9 ! case ( ! plectrum1 :i* is ( horn only1 & simil> in/rum5ts1 z ,i 0 say+1 x is ( no consequ5ce1 b makes a great diff]5ce1 & may be ( v great importance to ! w>rior :o has to use iron weapons1 b[s & javel9s1 & ! l2 above all1 :5 9 heavy arm\r1 he has to fight aga9/ heavy arm\r4 ,& !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o has le>nt & "o :o has n1 & betwe5 "o :o has be5 tra9$ 9 gymna/ic ex]cises & "o :o has n be54 ,= z he :o is p]fectly skill$ 9 ! ,pancratium or box+ or wre/l+1 is n unable to fight f 8 left side1 & does n limp & draggle 9 confusion :5 8 oppon5t makes him *ange 8 position1 s 9 heavy-arm$ fight+1 & 9 all o!r ?+s1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! l holds--he :o has ^! d\ble p[]s ( attack & def5ce ought n 9 any case to leave !m ei!r unus$ or untra9$1 if he c help2 & if a p]son _h ! nature ( ,g]yon or ,bri>eus he ought to be able ) 8 hundr$ h&s to ?r[ a hundr$ d>ts4 ,n[1 ! magi/rates1 male & female1 %\ld see to all ^! ?+s1 ! wom5 sup]9t5d+ ! nurs+ & amusem5ts ( ! *ildr51 & ! m5 sup]9t5d+ _! education1 t all ( !m1 boys & girls alike1 may be s\nd h& & foot1 & may n1 if !y c help1 spoil ! gifts ( nature by bad habits4 ,education has two bran*es--"o ( gymna/ic1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! body1 & ! o!r ( music1 :i* is design$ = ! improvem5t ( ! s\l4 ,& gymna/ic has also two bran*es--danc+ & wre/l+2 & "o sort ( danc+ imitates musical recitation1 & aims at pres]v+ dignity & fre$om1 ! o!r aims at produc+ heal?1 agility1 & beauty 9 ! limbs & p>ts ( ! body1 giv+ ! prop] flexion & ext5sion to ea* ( !m1 a h>moni\s motion be+ diffus$ ev]y:]e1 & =m+ a suitable accompanim5t to ! dance4 ,z reg>ds wre/l+1 ! tricks :i* ,antaeus & ,c]cyon devis$ 9 _! sy/ems out ( a va9 _s ( competition1 or ! tricks ( box+ :i* ,epeius or ,amycus inv5t$1 are useless & unsuitable = w>1 & d n des]ve to h mu* said ab\t !m2 b ! art ( wre/l+ erect & keep+ free ! neck & h&s & sides1 work+ ) en]gy & con/ancy1 ) a compos$ /r5g?1 = ! sake ( heal?--^! are always useful1 & are n to be neglect$1 b to be enjo9$ alike on ma/]s & s*ol>s1 :5 we rea* t "p ( legislation2 & we w desire ! "o to give _! in/ructions freely1 & ! o!rs to receive !m ?ankfully4 ,nor1 aga91 mu/ we omit suitable imitations ( w> 9 our *oruses2 "h 9 ,crete y h ! arm$ dances ( ! ,curetes1 & ! ,lac$aemonians h ^? ( ! ,dioscuri4 ,& our virg9 lady1 delight+ 9 ! amusem5t ( ! dance1 ?\ght x n fit to amuse h]self ) empty h&s2 %e mu/ be clo!d 9 a complete suit ( arm\r1 & 9 ?is attire g ?r\gh ! dance2 & y\?s & maid5s %\ld 9 e respect imitate h]1 e/eem+ highly ! fav\r ( ! ,goddess1 bo? ) a view to ! necessities ( w>1 & to fe/ive occasions3 x w be "r also = ! boys1 until su* "t z !y g out to w>1 to make processions & supplications to all ! ,gods 9 goodly array1 arm$ & on horseback1 9 dances & m>*es1 fa/ or sl[1 (f]+ up pray]s to ! ,gods & to ! sons ( ,gods2 & also engag+ 9 conte/s & preludes ( conte/s1 if at all1 ) ^! objects4 ,= ^! sorts ( ex]cises1 & no o!rs1 are useful bo? 9 peace & w>1 & are b5eficial alike to /ates & to private h\ses4 ,b o!r lab\rs & sports & ex]cises ( ! body are unwor?y ( freem51 ,o ,megillus & ,cle9ias4 ,i h n[ completely describ$ ! k9d ( gymna/ic :i* ,i said at fir/ ought to be describ$2 if y "k ( any bett]1 w y communicate y\r ?\ghts8 ,,cle9ias3 ,x is n easy1 ,/rang]1 to put aside ^! pr9ciples ( gymna/ic & wre/l+ & to enunciate bett] ones4 ,,a!nian3 ,n[ we mu/ say :at has yet to be said ab\t ! gifts ( ! ,muses & ( ,apollo3 be=e1 we fanci$ t we _h said all1 & t gymna/ic alone rema9$2 b n[ we see cle>ly :at po9ts h be5 omitt$1 & %\ld be fir/ proclaim$2 ( ^!1 !n1 let u proce$ to speak4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,let me tell y once m--al?\gh y h he>d me say ! same be=e--t caution mu/ be always ex]cis$1 bo? by ! speak] & by ! he>]1 ab\t any?+ t is v s+ul> & unusual4 ,= my tale is "o :i* _m a man w\ld be afraid to tell1 & yet ,i h a confid5ce :i* makes me g on4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at h y to say1 ,/rang]8 ,,a!nian3 ,i say t 9 /ates g5]ally no "o has obs]v$ t ! plays ( *ildhood h a great deal to d ) ! p]man5ce or want ( p]man5ce 9 legislation4 ,= :5 plays are ord]$ ) a view to *ildr5 hav+ ! same plays1 & amus+ !mselves aft] ! same mann]1 & f9d+ delight 9 ! same play?+s1 ! m solemn in/itutions ( ! /ate are all[$ to rema9 undi/urb$4 ,:]eas if sports are di/urb$1 & innovations are made 9 !m1 & !y con/antly *ange1 & ! "y nev] speak ( _! hav+ ! same lik+s1 or ! same e/abli%$ notions ( good & bad ta/e1 ei!r 9 ! be>+ ( _! bodies or 9 _! dress1 b he :o devises some?+ new & out ( ! way 9 figures & col\rs & ! l is held 9 special hon\r1 we may truly say t no great] evil c happ5 9 a /ate2 = he :o *anges ! sports is secretly *ang+ ! mann]s ( ! "y1 & mak+ ! old to be di%on\r$ among !m & ! new to be hon\r$4 ,& ,i affirm t !re is no?+ :i* is a great] injury to all /ates ?an say+ or ?9k+ ?us4 ,w y he> me tell h[ great ,i deem ! evil to be8 ,,cle9ias3 ,y mean ! evil ( blam+ antiquity 9 /ates8 ,,a!nian3 ,exactly4 ,,cle9ias3 ,if y are speak+ ( t1 y w f9d 9 u he>]s :o are dispos$ to receive :at y say n unfav\rably b mo/ fav\rably4 ,,a!nian3 ,i %\ld expect s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n1 let u give all ! great] he$ to "o ano!r's words4 ,! argum5t affirms t any *ange :atev] except f evil is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all ?+s2 ?is is true 9 ! case ( ! seasons & ( ! w9ds1 9 ! managem5t ( our bodies & ! habits ( our m9ds--true ( all ?+s except1 z ,i said be=e1 ( ! bad4 ,he :o looks at ! con/itution ( individuals accu/om$ to eat any sort ( meat1 or dr9k any dr9k1 or to d any "w :i* !y c get1 may see t !y are at fir/ disord]$ by !m1 b aft]w>ds1 z "t goes on1 _! bodies gr[ adapt$ to !m1 & !y le>n to "k & l v>iety1 & h good heal? & enjoym5t ( life2 & if ev] aft]w>ds !y are conf9$ aga9 to a sup]ior diet1 at fir/ !y are tr\bl$ ) disord]s1 & ) difficulty become habituat$ to _! new food4 ,a simil> pr9ciple we may imag9e to hold good ab\t ! m9ds ( m5 & ! natures ( _! s\ls4 ,= :5 !y h be5 br\ght up 9 c]ta9 laws1 :i* by "s ,div9e ,provid5ce h rema9$ un*ang$ dur+ long ages1 s t no "o has any memory or tradition ( _! ev] hav+ be5 o!rwise ?an !y are1 !n e "o is afraid & a%am$ to *ange t :i* is e/abli%$4 ,! legislator mu/ someh[ f9d a way ( implant+ ?is rev]5ce = antiquity1 & ,i w\ld propose ! foll[+ way3 ,p are apt to fancy1 z ,i 0 say+ be=e1 t :5 ! plays ( *ildr5 are alt]$ !y are m]ely plays1 n see+ t ! mo/ s]i\s & detrim5tal consequ5ces arise out ( ! *ange2 & !y readily comply ) ! *ild's wi%es in/ead ( det]r+ him1 n consid]+ t ^! *ildr5 :o make innovations 9 _! games1 :5 !y gr[ up to be m51 w be diff]5t f ! la/ g5]ation ( *ildr51 &1 be+ diff]5t1 w desire a diff]5t sort ( life1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ?is desire w want o!r in/itutions & laws2 & no "o ( !m reflects t !re w foll[ :at ,i j n[ call$ ! greate/ ( evils to /ates4 ,*anges 9 bodily fa%ions are no su* s]i\s evils1 b frequ5t *anges 9 ! praise & c5sure ( mann]s are ! greate/ ( evils1 & require ! utmo/ prevision4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ d we /ill hold to our =m] ass]tion1 t rhy?ms & music 9 g5]al are imitations ( good & evil *>act]s 9 m58 ,:at say y8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is ! only doctr9e :i* we c admit4 ,,a!nian3 ,mu/ we n1 !n1 try 9 e possible way to prev5t our y\? f ev5 desir+ to imitate new modes ei!r 9 dance or song8 nor mu/ any "o be all[$ to (f] !m v>ieties ( pleasures4 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,c any ( u imag9e a bett] mode ( effect+ ?is object ?an t ( ! ,egyptians8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is _! me?od8 ,,a!nian3 ,to consecrate e sort ( dance or melody4 ,fir/ we %\ld orda9 fe/ivals--calculat+ = ! ye> :at !y ought to be1 & at :at "t1 & 9 hon\r ( :at ,gods1 sons ( ,gods1 & h]oes !y ought to be celebrat$2 &1 9 ! next place1 :at hymns ought to be sung at ! sev]al sacrifices1 & ) :at dances ! p>ticul> fe/ival is to be hon\r$4 ,?is has to be arrang$ at fir/ by c]ta9 p]sons1 &1 :5 arrang$1 ! :ole assembly ( ! citiz5s are to (f] sacrifices & libations to ! ,fates & all ! o!r ,gods1 & to consecrate ! sev]al odes to ,gods & h]oes3 & if any "o (f]s any o!r hymns or dances to any "o ( ! ,gods1 ! prie/s & prie/esses1 act+ 9 conc]t ) ! gu>dians ( ! law1 %all1 ) ! sanction ( religion & ! law1 exclude him1 & he :o is exclud$1 if he d n submit1 %all be liable all 8 life long to h a suit ( impiety br\ght aga9/ him by any "o :o likes4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ?is subject1 let u rememb] :at is due to ourselves4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to :at are y ref]r+8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean t any "y man1 & mu* m any old "o1 :5 he sees or he>s any?+ /range or unaccu/om$1 does n at once run to embrace ! p>adox1 b he /&s consid]+1 l a p]son :o is at a place :]e ?ree pa?s meet1 & does n v well "k 8 way--he may be alone or he may be walk+ ) o!rs1 & he w say to himself & !m1 ',:i* is ! way8' & w n move =w>d until he is satisfi$ t he is go+ "r4 ,& ?is is :at we mu/ d 9 ! pres5t in/ance3 ,a /range discussion on ! subject ( law has aris51 :i* requires ! utmo/ consid]ation1 & we %\ld n at our age be too ready to speak ab\t su* great matt]s1 or be confid5t t we c say any?+ c]ta9 all 9 a mom5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n we w all[ "t = reflection1 & decide :5 we h giv5 ! subject suffici5t consid]ation4 ,b t we may n be h9d]$ f complet+ ! natural arrangem5t ( our laws1 let u proce$ to ! conclusion ( !m 9 due ord]2 = v possibly1 if ,god w1 ! exposition ( !m1 :5 complet$1 may ?r[ light on our pres5t p]plexity4 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t1 ,/rang]2 let u d z y propose4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u !n affirm ! p>adox t /ra9s ( music are our laws 7nomoi71 & ?is latt] be+ ! "n :i* ! anci5ts gave to lyric songs1 !y probably w\ld n h v mu* object$ to our propos$ application ( ! ^w4 ,"s "o1 ei!r asleep or awake1 mu/ h _h a dreamy suspicion ( _! nature4 ,& let our decree be z foll[s3 ,no "o 9 s++ or danc+ %all (f5d aga9/ public & consecrat$ models1 & ! g5]al fa%ion among ! y\?1 any m ?an he w\ld (f5d aga9/ any o!r law4 ,& he :o obs]ves ?is law %all be blameless2 b he :o is disob$i5t1 z ,i 0 say+1 %all be puni%$ by ! gu>dians ( ! laws1 & by ! prie/s & prie/esses4 ,suppose t we imag9e ?is to be our law4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,c any "o :o makes su* laws escape ridicule8 ,let u see4 ,i ?9k t our only safety w be 9 fir/ fram+ c]ta9 models = compos]s4 ,"o ( ^! models %all be z foll[s3 ,if :5 a sacrifice is go+ on1 & ! victims are be+ burnt accord+ to law--if1 ,i say1 any "o :o may be a son or bro!r1 /&+ by ano!r at ! alt> & ov] ! victims1 horribly blasphemes1 w n 8 words inspire despond5cy & evil om5s & =ebod+s 9 ! m9d ( 8 fa!r & ( 8 o!r k9sm58 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ?is is j :at takes place 9 almo/ all our cities4 ,a magi/rate (f]s a public sacrifice1 & !re come 9 n "o b _m *oruses1 :o take up a position a little way f ! alt>1 & f "t to "t p\r =? all sorts ( horrible blasphemies on ! sacr$ rites1 excit+ ! s\ls ( ! audi5ce ) words & rhy?ms & melodies mo/ sorr[ful to he>2 & he :o at ! mom5t :5 ! city is (f]+ sacrifice makes ! citiz5s weep mo/1 c>ries away ! palm ( victory4 ,n[1 ought we n to =bid su* /ra9s z ^!8 ,& if ev] our citiz5s mu/ he> su* lam5tations1 !n on "s unble/ & inauspici\s day let !re be *oruses ( =eign & hir$ m9/rels1 l ^? hirel+s :o accompany ! dep>t$ at fun]als ) b>b>\s ,c>ian *ants4 ,t is ! sort ( ?+ :i* w be appropriate if we h su* /ra9s at all2 & let ! app>el ( ! s+]s be1 n circlets & ornam5ts ( gold1 b ! rev]se4 ,en\gh ( all ?is4 ,i w simply ask once m :e!r we %all lay d[n z "o ( our pr9ciples ( song-- ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,t we %\ld avoid e ^w ( evil om52 let t k9d ( song :i* is ( good om5 be he>d ev]y:]e & always 9 our /ate4 ,i ne$ h>dly ask aga91 b %all assume t y agree ) me4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means2 t law is approv$ by ! suffrages ( u all4 ,,a!nian3 ,b :at %all be our next musical law or type8 ,ought n pray]s to be (f]$ up to ! ,gods :5 we sacrifice8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& our ?ird law1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 w be to ! effect t our poets1 und]/&+ pray]s to be reque/s :i* we make to ! ,gods1 w take especial he$ t !y d n by mi/ake ask = evil in/ead ( good4 ,to make su* a pray] w\ld surely be too ridicul\s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,7 we n a little :ile ago q conv9c$ t no silv] or gold5 ,plutus %\ld dwell 9 our /ate8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at has x be5 ! object ( our argum5t to %[8 ,did we n imply t ! poets are n always q capable ( kn[+ :at is good or evil8 ,& if "o ( !m utt]s a mi/ak5 pray] 9 song or words1 he w make our citiz5s pray = ! opposite ( :at is good 9 matt]s ( ! highe/ import2 ?an :i*1 z ,i 0 say+1 !re c be few great] mi/akes4 ,%all we !n propose z "o ( our laws & models relat+ to ! ,muses-- ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 w y expla9 ! law m precisely8 ,,a!nian3 ,%all we make a law t ! poet %all compose no?+ contr>y to ! ideas ( ! lawful1 or j1 or beautiful1 or good1 :i* are all[$ 9 ! /ate8 nor %all he be p]mitt$ to communicate 8 compositions to any private individuals1 until he %all h %[n !m to ! appo9t$ judges & ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & !y are satisfi$ ) !m4 ,z to ! p]sons :om we appo9t to be our legislators ab\t music & z to ! director ( education1 ^! h be5 already indicat$4 ,once m !n1 z ,i h ask$ m ?an once1 %all ?is be our ?ird law1 & type1 & model--,:at d y say8 ,,cle9ias3 ,let x be s1 by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n x w be prop] to h hymns & praises ( ! ,gods1 int]m+l$ ) pray]s2 & aft] ! ,gods pray]s & praises %\ld be (f]$ 9 l mann] to demigods & h]oes1 suitable to _! sev]al *>act]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! next place !re w be no objection to a law1 t citiz5s :o are dep>t$ & h done good & en]getic de$s1 ei!r ) _! s\ls or ) _! bodies1 & h be5 ob$i5t to ! laws1 %\ld receive eulogies2 ?is w be v fitt+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,b to hon\r ) hymns & panegyrics ^? :o are /ill alive is n safe2 a man %\ld run 8 c\rse1 & make a fair end+1 & !n we w praise him2 & let praise be giv5 equally to wom5 z well z m5 :o h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 virtue4 ,! ord] ( songs & dances %all be z foll[s3 ,!re are _m anci5t musical compositions & dances :i* are excell5t1 & f ^! ! newly-f\nd$ city may freely select :at is prop] & suitable2 & !y %all *oose judges ( n less ?an fifty ye>s ( age1 :o %all make ! selection1 & any ( ! old poems :i* !y deem suffici5t !y %all include2 any t are defici5t or altoge!r unsuitable1 !y %all ei!r utt]ly ?r[ aside1 or exam9e & am5d1 tak+ into _! c\nsel poets & musicians1 & mak+ use ( _! poetical g5ius2 b expla9+ to !m ! wi%es ( ! legislator 9 ord] t !y may regulate danc+1 music1 & all *oral /ra9s1 accord+ to ! m9d ( ! judges2 & n all[+ !m to indulge1 except 9 "s few matt]s1 _! individual pleasures & fancies4 ,n[ ! irregul> /ra9 ( music is always made t5 ?\s& times bett] by atta9+ to law & ord]1 & reject+ ! honey$ ,muse--n h[ev] t we mean :olly to exclude pleasure1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( all music4 ,& if a man be br\ght up f *ildhood to ! age ( discretion & maturity 9 ! use ( ! ord]ly & sev]e music1 :5 he he>s ! opposite he dete/s x1 & calls x illib]al2 b if tra9$ 9 ! sweet & vulg> music1 he deems ! sev]] k9d cold & displeas+4 ,s t1 z ,i 0 say+ be=e1 :ile he :o he>s !m ga9s no m pleasure f ! "o ?an f ! o!r1 ! "o has ! advantage ( mak+ ^? :o are tra9$ 9 x bett] m51 :]eas ! o!r makes !m worse4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,aga91 we mu/ di/+ui% & det]m9e on "s g5]al pr9ciple :at songs are suitable to wom51 & :at to m51 & mu/ assign to !m _! prop] melodies & rhy?ms4 ,x is %ock+ = a :ole h>mony to be inh>monical1 or = a rhy?m to be unrhy?mical1 & ?is w happ5 :5 ! melody is inappropriate to !m4 ,& !re=e ! legislator mu/ assign to ^! also _! =ms4 ,n[ bo? sexes h melodies & rhy?ms :i* ( necessity belong to !m2 & ^? ( wom5 are cle>ly en\gh indicat$ by _! natural diff]5ce4 ,! gr&1 & t :i* t5ds to c\rage1 may be fairly call$ manly2 b t :i* incl9es to mod]ation & temp]ance1 may be decl>$ bo? 9 law & 9 ord9>y spee* to be ! m womanly quality4 ,?is1 !n1 w be ! g5]al ord] ( !m4 ,let u n[ speak ( ! mann] ( tea*+ & imp>t+ !m1 & ! p]sons to :om1 & ! "t :51 !y are sev]ally to be imp>t$4 ,z ! %ipwright fir/ lays d[n ! l9es ( ! keel1 & ?us1 z x 71 draws ! %ip 9 outl9e1 s d ,i seek to di/+ui% ! patt]ns ( life1 & lay d[n _! keels accord+ to ! nature ( diff]5t m5's s\ls2 seek+ truly to consid] by :at means1 & 9 :at ways1 we may g ?r\gh ! voyage ( life be/4 ,n[ human affairs are h>dly wor? consid]+ 9 e>ne/1 & yet we mu/ be 9 e>ne/ ab\t !m--a sad necessity con/ra9s u4 ,& hav+ got ?us f>1 !re w be a fitness 9 our complet+ ! matt]1 if we c only f9d "s suitable me?od ( do+ s4 ,b :at d ,i mean8 ,"s "o may ask ?is v "q1 & q rightly1 too4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,i say t ab\t s]i\s matt]s a man %\ld be s]i\s1 & ab\t a matt] :i* is n s]i\s he %\ld n be s]i\s2 & t ,god is ! natural & wor?y object ( our mo/ s]i\s & bless$ endeav\rs1 = man1 z ,i said be=e1 is made to be ! play?+ ( ,god1 & ?is1 truly consid]$1 is ! be/ ( him2 :]e=e also e man & woman %\ld walk s]i\sly1 & pass life 9 ! noble/ ( pa/imes1 & be ( ano!r m9d f :at !y are at pres5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,9 :at respect8 ,,a!nian3 ,at pres5t !y ?9k t _! s]i\s pursuits %\ld be = ! sake ( _! sports1 = !y deem w> a s]i\s pursuit1 :i* mu/ be manag$ well = ! sake ( peace2 b ! tru? is1 t !re nei!r is1 nor has be51 nor ev] w be1 ei!r amusem5t or in/ruction 9 any degree wor? speak+ ( 9 w>1 :i* is nev]!less deem$ by u to be ! mo/ s]i\s ( our pursuits4 ,& !re=e1 z we say1 e "o ( u %\ld live ! life ( peace z long & z well z he c4 ,& :at is ! "r way ( liv+8 ,are we to live 9 sports always8 ,if s1 9 :at k9d ( sports8 ,we ought to live sacrific+1 & s++1 & danc+1 & !n a man w be able to propitiate ! ,gods1 & to def5d himself aga9/ 8 enemies & conqu] !m 9 battle4 ,! type ( song or dance by :i* he w propitiate !m has be5 describ$1 & ! pa?s along :i* he is to proce$ h be5 cut = him4 ,he w g =w>d 9 ! _s ( ! poet3 ',telema*us1 "s ?+s ?\ wilt ?yself f9d 9 ?y he>t1 b o!r ?+s ,god w sugge/2 = ,i deem t ?\ wa/ n born or br\ght up )\t ! w ( ! ,gods4' ,& ?is ought to be ! view ( our alumni2 !y ought to ?9k t :at has be5 said is en\gh = !m1 & t any o!r ?+s _! ,g5ius & ,god w sugge/ to !m--he w tell !m to :om1 & :51 & to :at ,gods sev]ally !y are to sacrifice & p]=m dances1 & h[ !y may propitiate ! deities1 & live accord+ to ! appo9tm5t ( nature2 be+ = ! mo/ "p puppets1 b hav+ "s little %>e ( reality4 ,,megillus3 ,y h a l[ op9ion ( mank9d1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,nay1 ,megillus1 be n amaz$1 b =give me3 ,i 0 comp>+ !m ) ! ,gods2 & "u t feel+ ,i spoke4 ,let u grant1 if y wi%1 t ! human race is n to be despis$1 b is wor?y ( "s consid]ation4 ,next foll[ ! build+s = gymnasia & s*ools op5 to all2 ^! are to be 9 ?ree places 9 ! mid/ ( ! city2 & outside ! city & 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 also 9 ?ree places1 !re %all be s*ools = horse ex]cise1 & l>ge gr\nds arrang$ ) a view to ar*]y & ! ?r[+ ( missiles1 at :i* "y m5 may le>n & practise4 ,( ^! m5tion has already be5 made2 & if ! m5tion be n suffici5tly explicit1 let u speak fur!r ( !m & embody !m 9 laws4 ,9 ^! sev]al s*ools let !re be dwell+s = tea*]s1 :o %all be br\ght f =eign p>ts by pay1 & let !m tea* ^? :o att5d ! s*ools ! art ( w> & ! art ( music1 & ! *ildr5 %all come n only if _! p>5ts please1 b if !y d n please2 !re %all be compulsory education1 z ! say+ is1 ( all & sundry1 z f> z ?is is possible2 & ! pupils %all be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! /ate r ?an to _! p>5ts4 ,my law w\ld apply to females z well z males2 !y %all bo? g ?r\gh ! same ex]cises4 ,i ass]t )\t fe> ( contradiction t gymna/ic & horseman%ip are z suitable to wom5 z to m54 ,( ! tru? ( ?is ,i am p]suad$ f anci5t tradition1 & at ! pres5t day !re are said to be c\ntless myriads ( wom5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,black ,sea1 call$ ,sauromatides1 :o n only ride on horseback l m51 b h enjo9$ ^u !m ! use ( b[s & o!r weapons equally ) ! m54 ,& ,i fur!r affirm1 t if ^! ?+s are possible1 no?+ c be m absurd ?an ! practice :i* prevails 9 our own c\ntry1 ( m5 & wom5 n foll[+ ! same pursuits ) all _! /r5g? & ) "o m9d1 = ?us ! /ate1 in/ead ( be+ a :ole1 is r$uc$ to a half1 b has ! same impo/s to pay & ! same toils to und]go2 & :at c be a great] mi/ake = any legislator to make ?an ?is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true2 yet mu* ( :at has be5 ass]t$ by u1 ,/rang]1 is contr>y to ! cu/om ( /ates2 /ill1 9 say+ t ! disc\rse %\ld be all[$ to proce$1 & t :5 ! discussion is complet$1 we %\ld *oose :at seems be/1 y spoke v prop]ly1 & ,i n[ feel compunction = :at ,i h said4 ,tell me1 !n1 :at y w\ld next wi% to say4 ,,a!nian3 ,i %\ld wi% to say1 ,cle9ias1 z ,i said be=e1 t if ! possibility ( ^! ?+s 7 n suffici5tly prov5 9 fact1 !n !re might be an objection to ! argum5t1 b ! fact be+ z ,i h said1 he :o rejects ! law mu/ f9d "s o!r gr\nd ( objection2 &1 fail+ ?is1 our exhortation w /ill hold good1 nor w any "o d5y t wom5 ought to %>e z f> z possible 9 education & 9 o!r ways ) m54 ,= consid]2 if wom5 d n %>e 9 _! :ole life ) m51 !n !y mu/ h "s o!r ord] ( life4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at arrangem5t ( life to be f\nd any:]e is pref]able to ?is community :i* we are n[ assign+ to !m8 ,%all we pref] t :i* is adopt$ by ! ,?racians & _m o!r races :o use _! wom5 to till ! gr\nd & to be %eph]ds ( _! h]ds & flocks1 & to m9i/] to !m l slaves8 ,or %all we d z we & p 9 our "p ( ! _w d--gett+ toge!r1 z ! phrase is1 all our goods & *attels into "o dwell+1 we entru/ !m to our wom51 :o are ! /ew>ds ( !m1 & :o also preside ov] ! %uttles & ! :ole art ( sp9n+8 ,or %all we take a middle c\rse1 z 9 ,lac$aemon1 ,megillus--lett+ ! girls %>e 9 gymna/ic & music1 :ile ! gr[n-up wom51 no long] employ$ 9 sp9n+ wool1 are h>d at "w weav+ ! web ( life1 :i* w be no *eap or mean employm5t1 & 9 ! duty ( s]v+ & tak+ c>e ( ! h\sehold & br++ up ! *ildr51 9 :i* !y w obs]ve a sort ( mean1 n p>ticipat+ 9 ! toils ( w>2 & if !re 7 any necessity t !y %\ld fight = _! city & families1 unlike ! ,amazons1 !y w\ld be unable to take "p 9 ar*]y or any o!r skill$ use ( missiles1 nor c\ld !y1 aft] ! example ( ! ,goddess1 c>ry %ield or spe>1 or /& up nobly = _! c\ntry :5 x 0 be+ de/roy$1 & /rike t]ror into _! enemies1 if only because !y 7 se5 9 regul> ord]8 ,liv+ z !y d1 !y w\ld nev] d>e at all to imitate ! ,sauromatides1 :o1 :5 comp>$ ) ord9>y wom51 w\ld appe> to be l m54 ,let him :o w1 praise y\r legislators1 b ,i mu/ say :at ,i ?9k4 ,! legislator ought to be :ole & p]fect1 & n half a man only2 he ought n to let ! female sex live s(tly & wa/e money & h no ord] ( life1 :ile he takes ! utmo/ c>e ( ! male sex1 & leaves half ( life only ble/ ) happ9ess1 :5 he might h made ! :ole /ate happy4 ,,megillus3 ,:at %all we d1 ,cle9ias8 ,%all we all[ a /rang] to run d[n ,sp>ta 9 ?is fa%ion8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes2 = z we h giv5 him lib]ty ( spee* we mu/ let him g on until we h p]fect$ ! "w ( legislation4 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[ ,i may proce$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,:at w be ! mann] ( life among m5 :o may be suppos$ to h _! food & clo?+ provid$ = !m 9 mod]ation1 & :o h entru/$ ! practice ( ! arts to o!rs1 & ^: husb&ry committ$ to slaves pay+ a "p ( ! produce1 br+s !m a return suffici5t = m5 liv+ temp]ately2 :o1 moreov]1 h common tables 9 :i* ! m5 are plac$ ap>t1 & ne> !m are ! common tables ( _! families1 ( _! daught]s & mo!rs1 :i* day by day1 ! (fic]s1 male & female1 are to inspect--!y %all see to ! behavi\r ( ! company1 & s dismiss !m2 aft] :i* ! presid+ magi/rate & 8 att5dants %all hon\r ) libations ^? ,gods to :om t day & night are d$icat$1 & !n g home8 ,to m5 ^: lives are ?us ord]$1 is !re no "w rema9+ to be done :i* is necess>y & fitt+1 b %all ea* "o ( !m live fatt5+ l a bea/8 ,su* a life is nei!r j nor hon\rable1 nor c he :o lives x fail ( meet+ 8 due2 & ! due rew>d ( ! idle fatt$ bea/ is t he %\ld be torn 9 pieces by "s o!r valiant bea/ ^: fatness is worn d[n by brave de$s & toil4 ,^! regulations1 if we duly consid] !m1 w nev] be exactly c>ri$ into execution "u pres5t circum/ances1 nor z long z wom5 & *ildr5 & h\ses & all o!r ?+s are ! private prop]ty ( individuals2 b if we c atta9 ! second-be/ =m ( polity1 we %all be v well (f4 ,& to m5 liv+ "u ?is second polity !re rema9s a "w to be accompli%$ :i* is f> f be+ small or insignificant1 b is ! greate/ ( all works1 & orda9$ by ! appo9tm5t ( righte\s law4 ,= ! life :i* may be truly said to be conc]n$ ) ! virtue ( body & s\l is twice1 or m ?an twice1 z full ( toil & tr\ble z ! pursuit aft] ,py?ian & ,olympic victories1 :i* deb>s a man f e employm5t ( life4 ,= !re ought to be no bye-"w int]f]+ ) ! great] "w ( provid+ ! necess>y ex]cise & n\ri%m5t = ! body1 & in/ruction & education = ! s\l4 ,night & day are n long en\gh = ! accompli%m5t ( _! p]fection & consummation2 & !re=e to ?is end all freem5 ought to arrange ! way 9 :i* !y w sp5d _! "t dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! day1 f morn+ till ev5+ & f ev5+ till ! morn+ ( ! next sunrise4 ,!re may seem to be "s impropriety 9 ! legislator det]m9+ m9utely ! numb]less details ( ! managem5t ( ! h\se1 includ+ su* p>ticul>s z ! duty ( wakefulness 9 ^? :o are to be p]petual wat*m5 ( ! :ole city2 = t any citiz5 %\ld cont9ue dur+ ! :ole ( any night 9 sleep1 in/ead ( be+ se5 by all 8 s]vants1 always ! fir/ to awake & get up--?is1 :e!r ! regulation is to be call$ a law or only a practice1 %\ld be deem$ base & unwor?y ( a freeman2 also t ! mi/ress ( ! h\se %\ld be awak5$ by h] h&-maid5s in/ead ( h]self fir/ awak5+ !m1 is :at ! slaves1 male & female1 & ! s]v+-boys1 &1 if t 7 possible1 ev]ybody & ev]y?+ 9 ! h\se %\ld reg>d z base4 ,if !y rise e>ly1 !y may all ( !m d mu* ( _! public & ( _! h\sehold bus9ess1 z magi/rates 9 ! city1 & ma/]s & mi/resses 9 _! private h\ses1 be=e ! sun is up4 ,mu* sleep is n requir$ by nature1 ei!r = our s\ls or bodies1 or = ! actions :i* !y p]=m4 ,= no "o :o is asleep is good = any?+1 any m ?an if he 7 dead2 b he ( u :o has ! mo/ reg>d = life & reason keeps awake z long z he c1 res]v+ only s mu* "t = sleep z is exp$i5t = heal?2 & mu* sleep is n requir$1 if ! habit ( mod]ation be once rightly =m$4 ,magi/rates 9 /ates :o keep awake at night are t]rible to ! bad1 :e!r enemies or citiz5s1 & are hon\r$ & rev]5c$ by ! j & temp]ate1 & are useful to !mselves & to ! :ole /ate4 ,a night :i* is pass$ 9 su* a mann]1 9 addition to all ! above-m5tion$ advantages1 infuses a sort ( c\rage into ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s4 ,:5 ! day breaks1 ! "t has arriv$ = y\? to g to _! s*oolma/]s4 ,n[ nei!r %eep nor any o!r animals c live )\t a %eph]d1 nor c *ildr5 be left )\t tutors1 or slaves )\t ma/]s4 ,& ( all animals ! boy is ! mo/ unmanageable1 inasmu* z he has ! f\nta9 ( reason 9 him n yet regulat$2 he is ! mo/ insidi\s1 %>p-witt$1 & insubord9ate ( animals4 ,:]e=e he mu/ be b\nd ) _m bridles2 9 ! fir/ place1 :5 he gets away f mo!rs & nurses1 he mu/ be "u ! managem5t ( tutors on acc\nt ( 8 *ildi%ness & fooli%ness2 !n1 aga91 be+ a freeman1 he mu/ be controll$ by tea*]s1 no matt] :at !y tea*1 & by /udies2 b he is also a slave1 & 9 t reg>d any freeman :o comes 9 8 way may puni% him & 8 tutor & 8 in/ructor1 if any ( !m does any?+ wrong2 & he :o comes across him & does n inflict ^u him ! puni%m5t :i* he des]ves1 %all incur ! greate/ disgrace2 & let ! gu>dian ( ! law1 :o is ! director ( education1 see to him :o com+ 9 ! way ( ! (f5ces :i* we h m5tion$1 does n *a/ise !m :5 he ought1 or *a/ises !m 9 a way :i* he ought n2 let him keep a %>p look-out1 & take especial c>e ( ! tra9+ ( our *ildr51 direct+ _! natures1 & always turn+ !m to good accord+ to ! law4 ,b h[ c our law suffici5tly tra9 ! director ( education himself2 = z yet all has be5 imp]fect1 & no?+ has be5 said ei!r cle> or satisfactory8 ,n[1 z f> z possible1 ! law ought to leave no?+ to him1 b to expla9 ev]y?+1 t he may be an int]pret] & tutor to o!rs4 ,ab\t dances & music & *oral /ra9s1 ,i h already spok5 bo? z to ! "* ( ! selection ( !m1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are to be am5d$ & consecrat$4 ,b we h n z yet spok51 ,o illu/ri\s gu>dian ( education1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* y\r pupils are to use ^? /ra9s :i* are writt5 9 prose1 al?\gh y h be5 in=m$ :at m>tial /ra9s !y are to le>n & practise2 :at relates 9 ! fir/ place to ! le>n+ ( lett]s1 & secondly1 to ! lyre1 & also to calculation1 :i*1 z we 7 say+1 is ne$ful = !m all to le>n1 & any o!r ?+s :i* are requir$ ) a view to w> & ! managem5t ( h\se & city1 &1 look+ to ! same object1 :at is useful 9 ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies--! />s & sun & moon1 & ! v>i\s regulations ab\t ^! matt]s :i* are necess>y = ! :ole /ate--,i am speak+ ( ! arrangem5ts ( days 9 p]iods ( mon?s1 & ( mon?s 9 ye>s1 :i* are to be obs]v$1 9 ord] t seasons & sacrifices & fe/ivals may h _! regul> & natural ord]1 & keep ! city alive & awake1 ! ,gods receiv+ ! hon\rs due to !m1 & m5 hav+ a bett] und]/&+ ab\t !m3 all ^! ?+s1 ,o my fri5d1 h n yet be5 suffici5tly decl>$ to y by ! legislator4 ,att5d1 !n1 to :at ,i am n[ go+ to say3 ,we 7 tell+ y1 9 ! fir/ place1 t y 7 n suffici5tly in=m$ ab\t lett]s1 & ! objection 0 to ?is effect--t y 7 nev] told :e!r he :o 0 meant to be a respectable citiz5 %\ld apply himself 9 detail to t sort ( le>n+1 or n apply himself at all2 & ! same rem>k holds good ( ! /udy ( ! lyre4 ,b n[ we say t he ought to att5d to !m4 ,a fair "t = a boy ( t5 ye>s old to sp5d 9 lett]s is ?ree ye>s2 ! age ( ?irte5 is ! prop] "t = him to beg9 to h&le ! lyre1 & he may cont9ue at ?is = ano!r ?ree ye>s1 nei!r m nor less1 & :e!r 8 fa!r or himself l or dislike ! /udy1 he is n to be all[$ to sp5d m or less "t 9 le>n+ music ?an ! law all[s4 ,& let him :o disobeys ! law be depriv$ ( ^? y\?ful hon\rs ( :i* we %all h]eaft] speak4 ,he>1 h[ev]1 fir/ ( all1 :at ! "y ought to le>n 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( life1 & :at _! in/ructors ought to tea* !m4 ,!y ought to be occupi$ ) _! lett]s until !y are able to read & write2 b ! acquisition ( p]fect beauty or quickness 9 writ+1 if nature has n /imulat$ !m to acquire ^! accompli%m5ts 9 ! giv5 numb] ( ye>s1 !y %\ld let alone4 ,& z to ! le>n+ ( compositions committ$ to writ+ :i* are n set to ! lyre1 :e!r metrical or )\t rhy?mical divisions1 compositions 9 prose1 z !y are t]m$1 hav+ no rhy?m or h>mony--see+ h[ dang]\s are ! writ+s h&$ d[n to u by _m writ]s ( ?is class--:at w y d ) !m1 ,o mo/ excell5t gu>dians ( ! law8 or h[ c ! lawgiv] rightly direct y ab\t !m8 ,i believe t he w be 9 great difficulty4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at tr\bles y1 ,/rang]8 & :y are y s p]plex$ 9 y\r m9d8 ,,a!nian3 ,y naturally ask1 ,cle9ias1 & to y & ,megillus1 :o are my p>tn]s 9 ! "w ( legislation1 ,i mu/ /ate ! m difficult z well z ! easi] p>ts ( ! task4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to :at d y ref] 9 ?is in/ance8 ,,a!nian3 ,i w tell y4 ,!re is a difficulty 9 oppos+ _m myriads ( m\?s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,well1 & h we n already oppos$ ! popul> voice 9 _m important enactm5ts8 ,,a!nian3 ,t is q true2 & y mean to imply t ! road :i* we are tak+ may be disagreeable to "s b is agreeable to z _m o!rs1 or if n to z _m1 at any rate to p]sons n inf]ior to ! o!rs1 & 9 company ) !m y bid me1 at :atev] risk1 to proce$ along ! pa? ( legislation :i* has op5$ out ( our pres5t disc\rse1 & to be ( good *e]1 & n to fa9t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ,i d n fa9t2 ,i say1 inde$1 t we h a great _m poets writ+ 9 hexamet]1 trimet]1 & all sorts ( measures--"s :o are s]i\s1 o!rs :o aim only at rais+ a laugh--& all mank9d decl>e t ! y\? :o are rightly educat$ %\ld be br\ght up 9 !m & saturat$ ) !m2 "s insi/ t !y %\ld be con/antly he>+ !m read al\d1 & always le>n+ !m1 s z to get by he>t entire poets2 :ile o!rs select *oice passages & long spee*es1 & make comp5diums ( !m1 say+ t ^! ought to be committ$ to memory1 if a man is to be made good & wise by exp]i5ce & le>n+ ( _m ?+s4 ,& y want me n[ to tell !m pla9ly 9 :at !y are "r & 9 :at !y are wrong4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,,a!nian3 ,b h[ c ,i 9 "o ^w rightly compreh5d all ( !m8 ,i am ( op9ion1 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 !re is a g5]al agreem5t1 t e "o ( ^! poets has said _m ?+s well & _m ?+s ! rev]se ( well2 & if ?is be true1 !n ,i d affirm t mu* le>n+ is dang]\s to y\?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ w\ld y advise ! gu>dian ( ! law to act8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 :at respect8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i mean to :at patt]n %\ld he look z 8 guide 9 p]mitt+ ! "y to le>n "s ?+s & =bidd+ !m to le>n o!rs4 ,d n %r9k f answ]+4 ,,a!nian3 ,my good ,cle9ias1 ,i r ?9k t ,i am =tunate4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ s8 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?9k t ,i am n :olly 9 want ( a patt]n1 = :5 ,i consid] ! words :i* we h spok5 f e>ly dawn until n[1 & :i*1 z ,i believe1 h be5 inspir$ by ,heav51 !y appe> to me to be q l a poem4 ,:5 ,i reflect$ ^u all ^! words ( ours1 ,i naturally felt pleasure1 = ( all ! disc\rses :i* ,i h ev] le>nt or he>d1 ei!r 9 poetry or prose1 ?is seem$ to me to be ! ju/e/1 & mo/ suitable = "y m5 to he>2 ,i _c imag9e any bett] patt]n ?an ?is :i* ! gu>dian ( ! law :o is also ! director ( education c h4 ,he _c d bett] ?an advise ! tea*]s to tea* ! "y ^! words & any :i* are ( a l nature1 if he %\ld happ5 to f9d !m1 ei!r 9 poetry or prose1 or if he come across unwritt5 disc\rses ak9 to ours1 he %\ld c]ta9ly pres]ve !m1 & commit !m to writ+4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 he %all con/ra9 ! tea*]s !mselves to le>n & approve !m1 & any ( !m :o w n1 %all n be employ$ by him1 b ^? :om he f9ds agree+ 9 8 judgm5t1 he %all make use ( & %all commit to !m ! in/ruction & education ( y\?4 ,& "h & on ?is wise let my fanciful tale ab\t lett]s & tea*]s ( lett]s come to an end4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i d n ?9k1 ,/rang]1 t we h w&]$ out ( ! propos$ limits ( ! argum5t2 b :e!r we are "r or n 9 our :ole conception1 ,i _c be v c]ta94 ,,a!nian3 ,! tru?1 ,cle9ias1 may be expect$ to become cle>] :51 z we h (t5 said1 we arrive at ! end ( ! :ole discussion ab\t laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ t we h done ) ! tea*] ( lett]s1 ! tea*] ( ! lyre has to receive ord]s f u4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?9k t we h only to recollect our previ\s discussions1 & we %all be able to give suitable regulations t\*+ all ?is "p ( in/ruction & education to ! tea*]s ( ! lyre4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,,a!nian3 ,we 7 say+1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 t ! sixty ye>s old *ori/]s ( ,dionysus 7 to be specially quick 9 _! p]ceptions ( rhy?m & musical composition1 t !y might be able to di/+ui% good & bad imitation1 t is to say1 ! imitation ( ! good or bad s\l :5 "u ! influ5ce ( passion1 reject+ ! "o & display+ ! o!r 9 hymns & songs1 *>m+ ! s\ls ( y\?1 & invit+ !m to foll[ & atta9 virtue by ! way ( imitation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ) ?is view ! tea*] & ! le>n] ought to use ! s\nds ( ! lyre1 because its notes are pure1 ! play] :o tea*es & 8 pupil r5d]+ note = note 9 unison2 b complexity1 & v>iation ( notes1 :5 ! /r+s give "o s\nd & ! poet or compos] ( ! melody gives ano!r--also :5 !y make concords & h>monies 9 :i* less] & great] int]vals1 sl[ & quick1 or high & l[ notes1 are comb9$--or1 aga91 :5 !y make complex v>iations ( rhy?ms1 :i* !y adapt to ! notes ( ! lyre--all t sort ( ?+ is n suit$ to ^? :o h to acquire spe$y & useful k ( music 9 ?ree ye>s2 = opposite pr9ciples are confus+1 & create a difficulty 9 le>n+1 & our "y m5 %\ld le>n quickly1 & _! m]e necess>y acquirem5ts are n few or trifl+1 z w be %[n 9 due c\rse4 ,let ! director ( education att5d to ! pr9ciples conc]n+ music :i* we are lay+ d[n4 ,z to ! songs & words !mselves :i* ! ma/]s ( *oruses are to tea* & ! "* ( !m1 !y h be5 already describ$ by u1 & are ! same :i*1 :5 consecrat$ & adapt$ to ! diff]5t fe/ivals1 we said 7 to b5efit cities by af=d+ !m an innoc5t amusem5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t1 aga91 is true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let him :o has be5 elect$ a director ( music receive ^! rules f u z conta9+ ! v tru?2 & may he prosp] 9 8 (fice6 ,let u n[ proce$ to lay d[n o!r rules 9 addition to ! prec$+ ab\t danc+ & gymna/ic ex]cise 9 g5]al4 ,hav+ said :at rema9$ to be said ab\t ! tea*+ ( music1 let u speak 9 l mann] ab\t gymna/ic4 ,= boys & girls ought to le>n to dance & practise gymna/ic ex]cises--ought !y n8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ! boys ought to h danc+ ma/]s1 & ! girls danc+ mi/resses to ex]cise !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n once m let u summon him :o has ! *ief conc]n 9 ! bus9ess1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( y\? i4e4 ! director ( education2 he w h pl5ty to d1 if he is to h ! *>ge ( music & gymna/ic4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b h[ w an old man be able to att5d to su* great *>ges8 ,,a!nian3 ,o my fri5d1 !re w be no difficulty1 = ! law has already giv5 & w give him p]mission to select z 8 assi/ants 9 ?is *>ge any citiz5s1 male or female1 :om he desires2 & he w "k :om he ought to *oose1 & w be anxi\s n to make a mi/ake1 f a due s5se ( responsibility1 & f a consci\sness ( ! importance ( 8 (fice1 & also because he w consid] t if "y m5 h be5 & are well br\ght up1 !n all ?+s g swimm+ly1 b if n1 x is n meet to say1 nor d we say1 :at w foll[1 le/ ! reg>d]s ( om5s %\ld take al>m ab\t our infant /ate4 ,_m ?+s h be5 said by u ab\t danc+ & ab\t gymna/ic movem5ts 9 g5]al2 = we include "u gymna/ics all milit>y ex]cises1 su* z ar*]y1 & all hurl+ ( weapons1 & ! use ( ! light %ield1 & all fight+ ) heavy arms1 & milit>y evolutions1 & movem5ts ( armies1 & encamp+s1 & all t relates to horseman%ip4 ,( all ^! ?+s !re ought to be public tea*]s1 receiv+ pay f ! /ate1 & _! pupils %\ld be ! m5 & boys 9 ! /ate1 & also ! girls & wom51 :o are to "k all ^! ?+s4 ,:ile !y are yet girls !y %\ld h practis$ danc+ 9 arms & ! :ole art ( fight+--:5 gr[n-up wom51 !y %\ld apply !mselves to evolutions & tactics1 & ! mode ( gr\nd+ & tak+ up arms2 if = no o!r reason1 yet 9 case ! :ole milit>y =ce %\ld h to leave ! city & c>ry on op]ations ( w> outside1 t ^? :o w h to gu>d ! "y & ! re/ ( ! city may be equal to ! task2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 enemies1 :e!r b>b>ian or ,hell5ic1 come f )\t ) mighty =ce & make a viol5t assault ^u !m1 & ?us compel !m to fight = ! possession ( ! city1 :i* is f> f be+ an impossibility1 great w\ld be ! disgrace to ! /ate1 if ! wom5 _h be5 s mis]ably tra9$ t !y c\ld n fight = _! "y1 z birds w1 aga9/ any creature h[ev] /rong1 & die or und]go any dang]1 b mu/ in/antly ru% to ! temples & cr[d at ! alt>s & %r9es1 & br+ ^u human nature ! reproa*1 t ( all animals man is ! mo/ c[>dly6 ,,cle9ias3 ,su* a want ( education1 ,/rang]1 is c]ta9ly an unseemly ?+ to happ5 9 a /ate1 z well z a great mis=tune4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose t we c>ry our law to ! ext5t ( say+ t wom5 ought n to neglect milit>y matt]s1 b t all citiz5s1 male & female alike1 %all att5d to !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i q agree4 ,,a!nian3 ,( wre/l+ we h spok5 9 "p1 b ( :at ,i %\ld call ! mo/ important "p we h n spok51 & _c easily speak )\t %[+ at ! same "t by ge/ure z well z 9 ^w :at we mean2 :5 ^w & action comb9e1 & n till !n1 we %all expla9 cle>ly :at has be5 said1 po9t+ out t ( all movem5ts wre/l+ is mo/ ak9 to ! milit>y art1 & is to be pursu$ = ! sake ( ?is1 & n ?is = ! sake ( wre/l+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,en\gh ( wre/l+2 we w n[ proce$ to speak ( o!r movem5ts ( ! body4 ,su* motion may be 9 g5]al call$ danc+1 & is ( two k9ds3 "o ( nobl] figures1 imitat+ ! hon\rable1 ! o!r ( ! m ignoble figures1 imitat+ ! mean2 & ( bo? ^! !re are two fur!r subdivisions4 ,( ! s]i\s1 "o k9d is ( ^? engag$ 9 w> & vehem5t action1 & is ! ex]cise ( a noble p]son & a manly he>t2 ! o!r exhibits a temp]ate s\l 9 ! enjoym5t ( prosp]ity & mode/ pleasures1 & may be truly call$ & is ! dance ( peace4 ,! w>rior dance is diff]5t f ! peaceful "o1 & may be rightly t]m$ ,pyrrhic2 ?is imitates ! modes ( avoid+ bl[s & missiles by dropp+ or giv+ way1 or spr++ aside1 or ris+ up or fall+ d[n2 also ! opposite po/ures :i* are ^? ( action1 z1 = example1 ! imitation ( ar*]y & ! hurl+ ( javel9s1 & ( all sorts ( bl[s4 ,& :5 ! imitation is ( brave bodies & s\ls1 & ! action is direct & muscul>1 giv+ = ! mo/ "p a /raight movem5t to ! limbs ( ! body--t1 ,i say1 is ! true sort2 b ! opposite is n "r4 ,9 ! dance ( peace :at we h to consid] is :e!r a man be>s himself naturally & gracefully1 & aft] ! mann] ( m5 :o duly con=m to ! law4 ,b be=e proce$+ ,i mu/ di/+ui% ! danc+ ab\t :i* !re is any d\bt1 f t ab\t :i* !re is no d\bt4 ,:i* is ! d\btful k9d1 & h[ are ! two to be di/+ui%$8 ,!re are dances ( ! ,bac*ic sort1 bo? ^? 9 :i*1 z !y say1 !y imitate drunk5 m51 & :i* are nam$ aft] ! ,nymphs1 & ,pan1 & ,sil5uses1 & ,satyrs2 & also ^? 9 :i* purifications are made or my/]ies celebrat$--all ?is sort ( danc+ _c be rightly def9$ z hav+ ei!r a peaceful or a w>like "*1 or inde$ z hav+ any mean+ :atev]1 & may1 ,i ?9k1 be mo/ truly describ$ z di/9ct f ! w>like dance1 & di/9ct f ! peaceful1 & n suit$ = a city at all4 ,!re let x lie2 & s leav+ x to lie1 we w proce$ to ! dances ( w> & peace1 = ) ^! we are und\bt$ly conc]n$4 ,n[ ! unw>like muse1 :i* hon\rs 9 dance ! ,gods & ! sons ( ! ,gods1 is entirely associat$ ) ! consci\sness ( prosp]ity2 ?is class may be subdivid$ into two less] classes1 ( :i* "o is expressive ( an escape f "s lab\r or dang] into good1 & has great] pleasures1 ! o!r expressive ( pres]vation & increase ( =m] good1 9 :i* ! pleasure is less excit+--9 all ^! cases1 e man :5 ! pleasure is great]1 moves 8 body m1 & less :5 ! pleasure is less2 &1 aga91 if he be m ord]ly & has le>n$ c\rage f discipl9e he moves less1 b if he be a c[>d1 & has no tra9+ or self-control1 he makes great] & m viol5t movem5ts1 & 9 g5]al :5 he is speak+ or s++ he is n altoge!r able to keep 8 body /ill2 & s out ( ! imitation ( words 9 ge/ures ! :ole art ( danc+ has aris54 ,& 9 ^! v>i\s k9ds ( imitation "o man moves 9 an ord]ly1 ano!r 9 a disord]ly mann]2 & z ! anci5ts may be obs]v$ to h giv5 _m names :i* are accord+ to nature & des]v+ ( praise1 s !re is an excell5t "o :i* !y h giv5 to ! dances ( m5 :o 9 _! times ( prosp]ity are mod]ate 9 _! pleasures--! giv] ( names1 :oev] he 01 assign$ to !m a v true1 & poetical1 & rational "n1 :5 he call$ !m ,emmeleiai1 or dances ( ord]1 ?us e/abli%+ two k9ds ( dances ( ! nobl] sort1 ! dance ( w> :i* he call$ ! ,pyrrhic1 & ! dance ( peace :i* he call$ ,emmeleia1 or ! dance ( ord]2 giv+ to ea* _! appropriate & becom+ "n4 ,^! ?+s ! legislator %\ld indicate 9 g5]al outl9e1 & ! gu>dian ( ! law %\ld enquire into !m & se>* !m out1 comb9+ danc+ ) music1 & assign+ to ! sev]al sacrificial fea/s t :i* is suitable to !m2 & :5 he has consecrat$ all ( !m 9 due ord]1 he %all = ! future *ange no?+1 :e!r ( dance or song4 ,!nce=w>d ! city & ! citiz5s %all cont9ue to h ! same pleasures1 !mselves be+ z f> z possible alike1 & %all live well & happily4 ,i h describ$ ! dances :i* are appropriate to noble bodies & g5]\s s\ls4 ,b x is necess>y also to consid] & "k uncomely p]sons & ?\ghts1 & ^? :i* are int5d$ to produce laught] 9 com$y1 & h a comic "* 9 respect ( /yle1 song1 & dance1 & ( ! imitations :i* ^! af=d4 ,= s]i\s ?+s _c be und]/ood )\t laughable ?+s1 nor opposites at all )\t opposites1 if a man is really to h intellig5ce ( ei!r2 b he _c c>ry out bo? 9 action1 if he is to h any degree ( virtue4 ,& = ?is v reason he %\ld le>n !m bo?1 9 ord] t he may n 9 ignorance d or say any?+ :i* is ridicul\s & out ( place--he %\ld comm& slaves & hir$ /rang]s to imitate su* ?+s1 b he %\ld nev] take any s]i\s int]e/ 9 !m himself1 nor %\ld any freeman or freewoman be discov]$ tak+ pa9s to le>n !m2 & !re %\ld always be "s elem5t ( novelty 9 ! imitation4 ,let ^! !n be laid d[n1 bo? 9 law & 9 our disc\rse1 z ! regulations ( laughable amusem5ts :i* are g5]ally call$ com$y4 ,&1 if any ( ! s]i\s poets1 z !y are t]m$1 :o write trag$y1 come to u & say--',o /rang]s1 may we g to y\r city & c\ntry or may we n1 & %all we br+ ) u our poetry--:at is y\r w ab\t ^! matt]s8'--h[ %all we answ] ! div9e m58 ,i ?9k t our answ] %\ld be z foll[s3 ,be/ ( /rang]s1 we w say to !m1 we also accord+ to our ability are tragic poets1 & our trag$y is ! be/ & noble/2 = our :ole /ate is an imitation ( ! be/ & noble/ life1 :i* we affirm to be inde$ ! v tru? ( trag$y4 ,y are poets & we are poets1 bo? mak]s ( ! same /ra9s1 rivals & antagoni/s 9 ! noble/ ( dramas1 :i* true law c alone p]fect1 z our hope is4 ,d n !n suppose t we %all all 9 a mom5t all[ y to erect y\r /age 9 ! agora1 or introduce ! fair voices ( y\r actors1 speak+ above our own1 & p]mit y to h>angue our wom5 & *ildr51 & ! common p1 ab\t our in/itutions1 9 language o!r ?an our own1 & v (t5 ! opposite ( our own4 ,= a /ate w\ld be mad :i* gave y ?is lic5ce1 until ! magi/rates _h det]m9$ :e!r y\r poetry might be recit$1 & 0 fit = publication or n4 ,:]e=e1 ,o ye sons & scions ( ! s(t] ,muses1 fir/ ( all %[ y\r songs to ! magi/rates1 & let !m comp>e !m ) our own1 & if !y are ! same or bett] we w give y a *orus2 b if n1 !n1 my fri5ds1 we _c4 ,let ^!1 !n1 be ! cu/oms orda9$ by law ab\t all dances & ! tea*+ ( !m1 & let matt]s relat+ to slaves be sep>at$ f ^? relat+ to ma/]s1 if y d n object4 ,,cle9ias3 ,we c h no hesitation 9 ass5t+ :5 y put ! matt] ?us4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re /ill rema9 ?ree /udies suitable = freem54 ,ari?metic is "o ( !m2 ! measurem5t ( l5g?1 surface1 & dep? is ! second2 & ! ?ird has to d ) ! revolutions ( ! />s 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,n e "o has ne$ to toil ?r\gh all ^! ?+s 9 a /rictly sci5tific mann]1 b only a few1 & :o !y are to be we w h]eaft] indicate at ! end1 :i* w be ! prop] place2 n to "k :at is necess>y = mank9d 9 g5]al1 & :at is ! tru?1 is disgraceful to e "o3 & yet to ent] into ^! matt]s m9utely is nei!r easy1 nor at all possible = e "o2 b !re is some?+ 9 !m :i* is necess>y & _c be set aside1 & probably he :o made ! prov]b ab\t ,god orig9ally _h ?is 9 view :5 he said1 t 'n ev5 ,god himself c fight aga9/ necessity2' he meant1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 div9e necessity2 = z to ! human necessities ( :i* ! _m speak1 :5 !y talk 9 ?is mann]1 no?+ c be m ridicul\s ?an su* an application ( ! words4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& :at necessities ( k are !re1 ,/rang]1 :i* are div9e & n human8 ,,a!nian3 ,i conceive !m to be ^? ( :i* he :o has no use nor any k at all _c be a ,god1 or demi-god1 or h]o to mank9d1 or able to take any s]i\s ?\ght or *>ge ( !m4 ,& v unlike a div9e man w\ld he be1 :o is unable to c\nt "o1 two1 ?ree1 or to di/+ui% odd & ev5 numb]s1 or is unable to c\nt at all1 or reckon night & day1 & :o is totally unacqua9t$ ) ! revolution ( ! sun & moon1 & ! o!r />s4 ,!re w\ld be great folly 9 suppos+ t all ^! are n necess>y p>ts ( k to him :o int5ds to "k any?+ ab\t ! highe/ k9ds ( k2 b :i* ^! are1 & h[ _m !re are ( !m1 & :5 !y are to be le>n$1 & :at is to be le>n$ toge!r & :at ap>t1 & ! :ole correlation ( !m1 mu/ be rightly appreh5d$ fir/2 & ^! lead+ ! way we may proce$ to ! o!r p>ts ( k4 ,= s necessity gr\nd$ 9 nature con/ra9s u1 aga9/ :i* we say t no ,god cont5ds1 or ev] w cont5d4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i ?9k1 ,/rang]1 t :at y h n[ said is v true & agreeable to nature4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 ,cle9ias1 t is s4 ,b x is difficult = ! legislator to beg9 ) ^! /udies2 at a m conv5i5t "t we w make regulations = !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y seem1 ,/rang]1 to be afraid ( our habitual ignorance ( ! subject3 !re is no reason :y t %\ld prev5t y f speak+ out4 ,,a!nian3 ,i c]ta9ly am afraid ( ! difficulties to :i* y allude1 b ,i am /ill m afraid ( ^? :o apply !mselves to ?is sort ( k1 & apply !mselves badly4 ,= entire ignorance is n s t]rible or extreme an evil1 & is f> f be+ ! greate/ ( all2 too mu* clev]ness & too mu* le>n+1 accompani$ ) an ill br++ up1 are f> m fatal4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,all freem5 ,i conceive1 %\ld le>n z mu* ( ^! bran*es ( k z e *ild 9 ,egypt is taught :5 he le>ns ! alphabet4 ,9 t c\ntry ari?metical games h be5 inv5t$ = ! use ( m]e *ildr51 :i* !y le>n z a pleasure & amusem5t4 ,!y h to di/ribute apples & g>l&s1 us+ ! same numb] sometimes = a l>g] & sometimes = a less] numb] ( p]sons2 & !y arrange pugili/s & wre/l]s z !y pair toge!r by lot or rema9 ov]1 & %[ h[ _! turns come 9 natural ord]4 ,ano!r mode ( amus+ !m is to di/ribute vessels1 sometimes ( gold1 brass1 silv]1 & ! l1 int]mix$ ) "o ano!r1 sometimes ( "o metal only2 z ,i 0 say+ !y adapt to _! amusem5t ! numb]s 9 common use1 & 9 ?is way make m intelligible to _! pupils ! arrangem5ts & movem5ts ( armies & exp$itions1 & 9 ! managem5t ( a h\sehold !y make p m useful to !mselves1 & m wide awake2 & aga9 9 measurem5ts ( ?+s :i* h l5g?1 & bread?1 & dep?1 !y free u f t natural ignorance ( all ^! ?+s :i* is s ludicr\s & disgraceful4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at k9d ( ignorance d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,o my de> ,cle9ias1 ,i1 l y\rself1 h late 9 life he>d ) amazem5t ( our ignorance 9 ^! matt]s2 to me we appe> to be m l pigs ?an m51 & ,i am q a%am$1 n only ( myself1 b ( all ,hell5es4 ,,cle9ias3 ,ab\t :at8 ,say1 ,/rang]1 :at y mean4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w2 or r ,i w %[ y my mean+ by a "q1 & d y please to answ] me3 ,y "k1 ,i suppose1 :at l5g? is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at bread? is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,& y "k t ^! are two di/9ct ?+s1 & t !re is a ?ird ?+ call$ dep?8 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,& d n all ^! seem to y to be comm5surable ) !mselves8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,t is to say1 l5g? is naturally comm5surable ) l5g?1 & bread? ) bread?1 & dep? 9 l mann] ) dep?8 ,,cle9ias3 ,und\bt$ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,b if "s ?+s are comm5surable & o!rs :olly incomm5surable1 & y ?9k t all ?+s are comm5surable1 :at is y\r position 9 reg>d to !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,cle>ly1 f> f good4 ,,a!nian3 ,conc]n+ l5g? & bread? :5 comp>$ ) dep?1 or bread? & l5g? :5 comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 are n all ! ,hell5es agre$ t ^! are comm5surable ) "o ano!r 9 "s way8 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,b if !y are absolutely incomm5surable1 & yet all ( u reg>d !m z comm5surable1 h we n reason to be a%am$ ( our compatriots2 & might we n say to !m3 ,o ye be/ ( ,hell5es1 is n ?is "o ( ! ?+s ( :i* we 7 say+ t n to "k !m is disgraceful1 & ( :i* to h a b>e k only is no great di/9ction8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& !re are o!r ?+s ak9 to ^!1 9 :i* !re spr+ up o!r errors ( ! same family4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,! natures ( comm5surable & incomm5surable quantities 9 _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,a man :o is good = any?+ ought to be able1 :5 he ?9ks1 to di/+ui% !m2 & diff]5t p]sons %\ld compete ) "o ano!r 9 ask+ que/ions1 :i* w be a f> bett] & m graceful way ( pass+ _! "t ?an ! old man's game ( draughts4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i d>e say2 & ^! pa/imes are n s v unlike a game ( draughts4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ^!1 z ,i ma9ta91 ,cle9ias1 are ! /udies :i* our y\? ought to le>n1 = !y are innoc5t & n difficult2 ! le>n+ ( !m w be an amusem5t1 & !y w b5efit ! /ate4 ,if any "o is ( ano!r m9d1 let him say :at he has to say4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n if ^! /udies are su* z we ma9ta91 we w include !m2 if n1 !y %all be exclud$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,assur$ly3 b may we n n[1 ,/rang]1 prescribe ^! /udies z necess>y1 & s fill up ! lacunae ( our laws8 ,,a!nian3 ,!y %all be reg>d$ z pl$ges :i* may be h]eaft] r$eem$ & remov$ f our /ate1 if !y d n please ei!r u :o give !m1 or y :o accept !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,a fair condition4 ,,a!nian3 ,next let u see :e!r we are or are n will+ t ! /udy ( a/ronomy %all be propos$ = our y\?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,"h occurs a /range ph5om5on1 :i* c]ta9ly _c 9 any po9t ( view be tol]at$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to :at are y ref]r+8 ,,a!nian3 ,m5 say t we ought n to enquire into ! supreme ,god & ! nature ( ! univ]se1 nor busy ourselves 9 se>*+ out ! causes ( ?+s1 & t su* enquiries are impi\s2 :]eas ! v opposite is ! tru?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,p]haps :at ,i am say+ may seem p>adoxical1 & at v>iance ) ! usual language ( age4 ,b :5 any "o has any good & true notion :i* is = ! advantage ( ! /ate & 9 e way acceptable to ,god1 he _c ab/a9 f express+ x4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y\r words are reasonable en\gh2 b %all we f9d any good or true notion ab\t ! />s8 ,,a!nian3 ,my good fri5ds1 at ?is h\r all ( u ,hell5es tell lies1 if ,i may use su* an expression1 ab\t ^? great ,gods1 ! ,sun & ! ,moon4 ,,cle9ias3 ,lies ( :at nature8 ,,a!nian3 ,we say t !y & div]s o!r />s d n keep ! same pa?1 & we call !m planets or w&]]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true1 ,/rang]2 & 9 ! c\rse ( my life ,i h (t5 myself se5 ! morn+ /> & ! ev5+ /> & div]s o!rs n mov+ 9 _! accu/om$ c\rse1 b w&]+ out ( _! pa? 9 all mann] ( ways1 & ,i h se5 ! sun & moon do+ :at we all "k t !y d4 ,,a!nian3 ,j s1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias2 & ,i ma9ta9 t our citiz5s & our y\? ought to le>n ab\t ! nature ( ! ,gods 9 heav51 s f> z to be able to (f] sacrifices & pray to !m 9 pi\s language1 & n to blaspheme ab\t !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re y are "r1 if su* a k be only atta9able2 & if we are wrong 9 our mode ( speak+ n[1 & c be bett] in/ruct$ & le>n to use bett] language1 !n ,i q agree ) y t su* a degree ( k z w enable u to speak rightly %\ld be acquir$ by u4 ,& n[ d y try to expla9 to u y\r :ole mean+1 & we1 on our "p1 w endeav\r to und]/& y4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is "s difficulty 9 und]/&+ my mean+1 b n a v great "o1 nor w any great l5g? ( "t be requir$4 ,& ( ?is ,i am myself a pro(2 = ,i did n "k ^! ?+s long ago1 nor 9 ! days ( my y\?1 & yet ,i c expla9 !m to y 9 a brief space ( "t2 :]eas if !y _h be5 difficult ,i c\ld c]ta9ly nev] h expla9$ !m all1 old z ,i am1 to old m5 l y\rselves4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true2 b :at is ?is /udy :i* y describe z wond]ful & fitt+ = y\? to le>n1 b ( :i* we are ignorant8 ,try & expla9 ! nature ( x to u z cle>ly z y c4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w4 ,=1 ,o my good fri5ds1 t o!r doctr9e ab\t ! w&]+ ( ! sun & ! moon & ! o!r />s is n ! tru?1 b ! v rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,ea* ( !m moves 9 ! same pa?--n 9 _m pa?s1 b 9 "o only1 :i* is circul>1 & ! v>ieties are only app>5t4 ,nor are we "r 9 suppos+ t ! swifte/ ( !m is ! sl[e/1 nor conv]sely1 t ! sl[e/ is ! quicke/4 ,& if :at ,i say is true1 only j imag9e t we _h a simil> notion ab\t horses runn+ at ,olympia1 or ab\t m5 :o ran 9 ! long c\rse1 & t we address$ ! swifte/ z ! sl[e/ & ! sl[e/ z ! swifte/1 & sang ! praises ( ! vanqui%$ z ?\gh he 7 ! victor--9 t case our praises w\ld n be true1 nor v agreeable to ! runn]s1 ?\gh !y be b m52 & n[1 to commit ! same error ab\t ! ,gods :i* w\ld h be5 ludicr\s & errone\s 9 ! case ( m5--is n t ludicr\s & errone\s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,worse ?an ludicr\s1 ,i %\ld say4 ,,a!nian3 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,gods _c l u to be spread+ a false report ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ true1 if su* is ! fact4 ,,a!nian3 ,& if we c %[ t su* is really ! fact1 !n all ^! matt]s ought to be le>n$ s f> z is necess>y = ! avoidance ( impiety2 b if we _c1 !y may be let alone1 & let ?is be our decision4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,en\gh ( laws relat+ to education & le>n+4 ,b hunt+ & simil> pursuits 9 l mann] claim our att5tion4 ,= ! legislator appe>s to h a duty impos$ ^u him :i* goes beyond m]e legislation4 ,!re is some?+ ov] & above law :i* lies 9 a region betwe5 admonition & law1 & has sev]al times occurr$ to u 9 ! c\rse ( discussion2 = example1 9 ! education ( v "y *ildr5 !re 7 ?+s1 z we ma9ta91 :i* are n to be def9$1 & to reg>d !m z matt]s ( positive law is a great absurdity4 ,n[1 our laws & ! :ole con/itution ( our /ate hav+ be5 ?us del9eat$1 ! praise ( ! virtu\s citiz5 is n complete :5 he is describ$ z ! p]son :o s]ves ! laws be/ & obeys !m mo/1 b ! high] =m ( praise is t :i* describes him z ! good citiz5 :o passes ?r\gh life undefil$ & is ob$i5t to ! words ( ! legislator1 bo? :5 he is giv+ laws & :5 he assigns praise & blame4 ,?is is ! true/ ^w t c be spok5 9 praise ( a citiz52 & ! true legislator ought n only to write 8 laws1 b also to int]weave ) !m all su* ?+s z seem to him hon\rable & di%on\rable4 ,& ! p]fect citiz5 ought to seek to /r5g!n ^! no less ?an ! pr9ciples ( law :i* are sanction$ by puni%m5ts4 ,i w adduce an example :i* w cle> up my mean+1 & w be a sort ( witness to my words4 ,hunt+ is ( wide ext5t1 & has a "n "u :i* _m ?+s are includ$1 = !re is a hunt+ ( creatures 9 ! wat]1 & ( creatures 9 ! air1 & !re is a great deal ( hunt+ ( l& animals ( all k9ds1 & n ( wild bea/s only4 ,! hunt+ aft] man is also wor?y ( consid]ation2 !re is ! hunt+ aft] him 9 w>1 & !re is (t5 a hunt+ aft] him 9 ! way ( fri5d%ip1 :i* is prais$ & also blam$2 & !re is ?iev+1 & ! hunt+ :i* is practis$ by robb]s1 & t ( armies aga9/ armies4 ,n[ ! legislator1 9 lay+ d[n laws ab\t hunt+1 c nei!r ab/a9 f not+ ^! ?+s1 nor c he make ?reat5+ ord9ances :i* w assign rules & p5alties ab\t all ( !m4 ,:at is he to d8 ,he w h to praise & blame hunt+ ) a view to ! ex]cise & pursuits ( y\?4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "y man mu/ li/5 ob$i5tly2 nei!r pleasure nor pa9 %\ld h9d] him1 & he %\ld reg>d z 8 /&>d ( action ! praises & injunctions ( ! legislator r ?an ! puni%m5ts :i* he imposes by law4 ,?is be+ premis$1 !re w foll[ next 9 ord] mod]ate praise & c5sure ( hunt+2 ! praise be+ assign$ to t k9d :i* w make ! s\ls ( "y m5 bett]1 & ! c5sure to t :i* has ! opposite effect4 ,& n[ let u address "y m5 9 ! =m ( a pray] = _! welf>e3 ,o fri5ds1 we w say to !m1 may no desire or love ( hunt+ 9 ! sea1 or ( angl+ or ( cat*+ ! creatures 9 ! wat]s1 ev] take possession ( y1 ei!r :5 y are awake or :5 y are asleep1 by hook or ) weels1 :i* latt] is a v lazy contrivance2 & let n any desire ( cat*+ m5 & ( piracy by sea ent] into y\r s\ls & make y cruel & lawless hunt]s4 ,& z to ! desire ( ?iev+ 9 t[n or c\ntry1 may x nev] ent] into y\r mo/ pass+ ?\ghts2 nor let ! insidi\s fancy ( cat*+ birds1 :i* is h>dly wor?y ( freem51 come into ! head ( any y\?4 ,!re rema9s !re=e = our a?letes only ! hunt+ & cat*+ ( l& animals1 ( :i* ! "o sort is call$ hunt+ by night1 9 :i* ! hunt]s sleep 9 turn & are lazy2 ?is is n to be comm5d$ any m ?an t :i* has int]vals ( re/1 9 :i* ! wild /r5g? ( bea/s is subdu$ by nets & sn>es1 & n by ! victory ( a labori\s _s4 ,?us1 only ! be/ k9d ( hunt+ is all[$ at all--t ( quadrup$s1 :i* is c>ri$ on ) horses & dogs & m5's own p]sons1 & !y get ! victory ov] ! animals by runn+ !m d[n & /rik+ !m & hurl+ at !m1 ^? :o h a c>e ( godlike manhood tak+ !m ) _! own h&s4 ,! praise & blame :i* is assign$ to all ^! ?+s has n[ be5 decl>$2 & let ! law be z foll[s3 ,let no "o h9d] ^! :o v]ily are sacr$ hunt]s f foll[+ ! *ase :]ev] & :i!rsoev] !y w2 b ! hunt] by night1 :o tru/s to 8 nets & g9s1 %all n be all[$ to hunt any:]e4 ,! f[l] 9 ! m\nta9s & wa/e places %all be p]mitt$1 b on cultivat$ gr\nd & on consecrat$ wilds he %all n be p]mitt$2 & any "o :o meets him may /op him4 ,z to ! hunt] 9 wat]s1 he may hunt any:]e except 9 h>b\rs or sacr$ /reams or m>%es or pools1 provid$ only t he d n pollute ! wat] ) poison\s juices4 ,& n[ we may say t all our enactm5ts ab\t education are complete4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,book ,,viii4 ,,a!nian3 ,next1 ) ! help ( ! ,delphian oracle1 we h to in/itute fe/ivals & make laws ab\t !m1 & to det]m9e :at sacrifices w be = ! good ( ! city1 & to :at ,gods !y %all be (f]$2 b :5 !y %all be (f]$1 & h[ (t51 may be p>tly regulat$ by u4 ,,cle9ias3 ,! numb]--yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n we w fir/ det]m9e ! numb]2 & let ! :ole numb] be #cfe--"o = e day--s t "o magi/rate at lea/ w sacrifice daily to "s ,god or demi-god on behalf ( ! city1 & ! citiz5s1 & _! possessions4 ,& ! int]pret]s1 & prie/s1 & prie/esses1 & prophets %all meet1 &1 9 company ) ! gu>dians ( ! law1 orda9 ^? ?+s :i* ! legislator ( necessity omits2 & ,i may rem>k t !y are ! v p]sons :o ought to take note ( :at is omitt$4 ,! law w say t !re are twelve fea/s d$icat$ to ! twelve ,gods1 aft] :om ! sev]al tribes are nam$2 & t to ea* ( !m !y %all sacrifice e mon?1 & appo9t *oruses1 & musical & gymna/ic conte/s1 assign+ !m s z to suit ! ,gods & seasons ( ! ye>4 ,& !y %all h fe/ivals = wom51 di/+ui%+ ^? :i* ought to be sep>at$ f ! m5's fe/ivals1 & ^? :i* ought n4 ,fur!r1 !y %all n confuse ! inf]nal deities & _! rites ) ! ,gods :o are t]m$ heav5ly & _! rites1 b %all sep>ate !m1 giv+ to ,pluto 8 own 9 ! twelf? mon?1 :i* is sacr$ to him1 accord+ to ! law4 ,to su* a deity w>like m5 %\ld ent]ta9 no av]sion1 b !y %\ld hon\r him z be+ always ! be/ fri5d ( man4 ,= ! connexion ( s\l & body is no way bett] ?an ! dissolution ( !m1 z ,i am ready to ma9ta9 q s]i\sly4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o w\ld regulate ^! matt]s rightly %\ld consid]1 t our city among exi/+ cities has no fell[1 ei!r 9 respect ( leisure or comm& ( ! necess>ies ( life1 & t l an individual %e ought to live happily4 ,& ^? :o w\ld live happily %\ld 9 ! fir/ place d no wrong to "o ano!r1 & ought n !mselves to be wrong$ by o!rs2 to atta9 ! fir/ is n difficult1 b !re is great difficulty 9 acquir+ ! p[] ( n be+ wrong$4 ,no man c be p]fectly secure aga9/ wrong1 unless he has become p]fectly good2 & cities are l individuals 9 ?is1 = a city if good has a life ( peace1 b if evil1 a life ( w> )9 & )\t4 ,:]e=e ! citiz5s ought to practise w>--n 9 "t ( w>1 b r :ile !y are at peace4 ,& e city :i* has any s5se1 %\ld take ! field at lea/ = "o day 9 e mon?1 & = m if ! magi/rates ?9k fit1 hav+ no reg>d to w9t] cold or summ] heat2 & !y %\ld g out en masse1 includ+ _! wives & _! *ildr51 :5 ! magi/rates det]m9e to lead =? ! :ole p1 or 9 sep>ate portions :5 summon$ by !m2 & !y %\ld always provide t !re %\ld be games & sacrificial fea/s1 & !y %\ld h t\rnam5ts1 imitat+ 9 z lively a mann] z !y c real battles4 ,& !y %\ld di/ribute prizes ( victory & val\r to ! competitors1 pass+ c5sures & encomiums on "o ano!r accord+ to ! *>act]s :i* !y be> 9 ! conte/s & 9 _! :ole life1 hon\r+ him :o seems to be ! be/1 & blam+ him :o is ! opposite4 ,& let poets celebrate ! victors--n h[ev] e poet1 b only "o :o 9 ! fir/ place is n less ?an fifty ye>s ( age2 nor %\ld he be "o :o1 al?\gh he may h musical & poetical gifts1 has nev] 9 8 life done any noble or illu/ri\s action2 b ^? :o are !mselves good & also hon\rable 9 ! /ate1 creators ( noble actions--let _! poems be sung1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n v musical4 ,& let ! judgm5t ( !m re/ ) ! in/ructor ( y\? & ! o!r gu>dians ( ! laws1 :o %all give !m ?is privilege1 & !y alone %all be free to s+2 b ! re/ ( ! _w %all n h ?is lib]ty4 ,nor %all any "o d>e to s+ a song :i* has n be5 approv$ by ! judgm5t ( ! gu>dians ( ! laws1 n ev5 if 8 /ra9 be sweet] ?an ! songs ( ,?amyras & ,orpheus2 b only su* poems z h be5 judg$ sacr$ & d$icat$ to ! ,gods1 & su* z are ! works ( good m51 9 :i* praise or blame has be5 aw>d$ & :i* h be5 deem$ to fulfil _! design fairly4 ,! regulations ab\t w>1 & ab\t lib]ty ( spee* 9 poetry1 ought to apply equally to m5 & wom54 ,! legislator may be suppos$ to argue ! "q 9 8 own m9d3 ,:o are my citiz5s = :om ,i h set 9 ord] ! city8 ,are !y n competitors 9 ! greate/ ( all conte/s1 & h !y n innum]able rivals8 ,to be sure1 w be ! natural reply4 ,well1 b if we 7 tra9+ box]s1 or pancratia/s1 or any o!r sort ( a?letes1 w\ld !y nev] meet until ! h\r ( conte/ arriv$2 & %\ld we d no?+ to prep>e ourselves previ\sly by daily practice8 ,surely1 if we 7 box]s1 we %\ld h be5 le>n+ to fight = _m days be=e1 & ex]cis+ ourselves 9 imitat+ all ^? bl[s & w>ds :i* we 7 int5d+ to use 9 ! h\r ( conflict2 & 9 ord] t we might come z ne> to reality z possible1 in/ead ( ce/uses we %\ld put on box+-gloves1 t ! bl[s & ! w>ds might be practis$ by u to ! utmo/ ( our p[]4 ,& if !re 7 a lack ( competitors1 ! ridicule ( fools w\ld n det] u f hang+ up a lifeless image & practis+ at t4 ,or if we _h no adv]s>y at all1 animate or inanimate1 %\ld we n v5ture 9 ! de>? ( antagoni/s to sp> by ourselves8 ,9 :at o!r mann] c\ld we ev] /udy ! art ( self-def5ce8 ,,cle9ias3 ,! way :i* y m5tion1 ,/rang]1 w\ld be ! only way4 ,,a!nian3 ,& %all ! w>riors ( our city1 :o are de/9$ :5 occasion calls to ent] ! greate/ ( all conte/s1 & to fight = _! lives1 & _! *ildr51 & _! prop]ty1 & ! :ole city1 be worse prep>$ ?an box]s8 ,& w ! legislator1 because he is afraid t _! practis+ ) "o ano!r may appe> to "s ridicul\s1 ab/a9 f comm&+ !m to g out & fight2 w he n orda9 t soldi]s %all p]=m less] ex]cises )\t arms e day1 mak+ danc+ & all gymna/ic t5d to ?is end2 & also w he n require t !y %all practise "s gymna/ic ex]cises1 great] z well z less]1 z (t5 z e mon?2 & t !y %all h conte/s "o ) ano!r 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 seiz+ ^u po/s & ly+ 9 ambu%1 & imitat+ 9 e respect ! reality ( w>2 fight+ ) box+-gloves & hurl+ javel9s1 & us+ weapons some:at dang]\s1 & z ne>ly z possible l ! true ones1 9 ord] t ! sport may n be altoge!r )\t fe>1 b may h t]rors & to a c]ta9 degree %[ ! man :o has & :o has n c\rage2 & t ! hon\r & di%on\r :i* are assign$ to !m respectively1 may prep>e ! :ole city = ! true conflict ( life8 ,if any "o dies 9 ^! mimic conte/s1 ! homicide is involunt>y1 & we w make ! slay]1 :5 he has be5 purifi$ accord+ to law1 to be pure ( blood1 consid]+ t if a few m5 %\ld die1 o!rs z good z !y w be born2 b t if fe> is dead1 !n ! citiz5s w nev] f9d a te/ ( sup]ior & inf]ior natures1 :i* is a f> great] evil to ! /ate ?an ! loss ( a few4 ,,cle9ias3 ,we are q agre$1 ,/rang]1 t we %\ld legislate ab\t su* ?+s1 & t ! :ole /ate %\ld practise !m4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at is ! reason t dances & conte/s ( ?is sort h>dly ev] exi/ 9 /ates1 at lea/ n to any ext5t wor? speak+ (8 ,is ?is due to ! ignorance ( mank9d & _! legislators8 ,,cle9ias3 ,p]haps4 ,,a!nian3 ,c]ta9ly n1 sweet ,cle9ias2 !re are two causes1 :i* are q en\gh to acc\nt = ! defici5cy4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,"o cause is ! love ( weal?1 :i* :olly absorbs m51 & nev] = a mom5t all[s !m to ?9k ( any?+ b _! own private possessions2 on ?is ! s\l ( e citiz5 hangs susp5d$1 & c att5d to no?+ b 8 daily ga92 mank9d are ready to le>n any bran* ( k1 & to foll[ any pursuit :i* t5ds to ?is end1 & !y laugh at e o!r3 t is "o reason :y a city w n be 9 e>ne/ ab\t su* conte/s or any o!r good & hon\rable pursuit4 ,b f an insatiable love ( gold & silv]1 e man w /oop to any art or contrivance1 seemly or unseemly1 9 ! hope ( becom+ ri*2 & w make no objection to p]=m+ any action1 holy1 or unholy & utt]ly base2 if only l a bea/ he h ! p[] ( eat+ & dr9k+ all k9ds ( ?+s1 & procur+ = himself 9 e sort ( way ! gratification ( 8 lu/s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,let ?is1 !n1 be deem$ "o ( ! causes :i* prev5t /ates f pursu+ 9 an effici5t mann] ! art ( w>1 or any o!r noble aim1 b makes ! ord]ly & temp]ate "p ( mank9d into m]*ants1 & capta9s ( %ips1 & s]vants1 & conv]ts ! valiant sort into ?ieves & burgl>s1 & robb]s ( temples1 & viol5t1 tyrannical p]sons2 _m ( :om are n )\t ability1 b !y are un=tunate4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,mu/ n !y be truly un=tunate ^: s\ls are compell$ to pass ?r\gh life always hung]+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!n t is "o cause1 ,/rang]2 b y spoke ( ano!r4 ,,a!nian3 ,?ank y = rem9d+ me4 ,,cle9ias3 ,! insatiable lifelong love ( weal?1 z y 7 say+1 is "o cause :i* absorbs mank9d1 & prev5ts !m f rightly practis+ ! arts ( w>3 ,grant$2 & n[ tell me1 :at is ! o!r8 ,,a!nian3 ,d y imag9e t ,i delay because ,i am 9 a p]plexity8 ,,cle9ias3 ,no2 b we ?9k t y are too sev]e ^u ! money-lov+ temp]1 ( :i* y seem 9 ! pres5t discussion to h a peculi> dislike4 ,,a!nian3 ,t is a v fair rebuke1 ,cle9ias2 & ,i w n[ proce$ to ! second cause4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,i say t gov]nm5ts are a cause--democracy1 olig>*y1 tyranny1 conc]n+ :i* ,i h (t5 spok5 9 ! previ\s disc\rse2 or r gov]nm5ts !y are n1 = none ( !m ex]cises a volunt>y rule ov] volunt>y subjects2 b !y may be truly call$ /ates ( discord1 9 :i* :ile ! gov]nm5t is volunt>y1 ! subjects always obey aga9/ _! w1 & h to be co]c$2 & ! rul] fe>s ! subject1 & w n1 if he c help1 all[ him to become ei!r noble1 or ri*1 or /rong1 or valiant1 or w>like at all4 ,^! two are ! *ief causes ( almo/ all evils1 & ( ! evils ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ !y are notably ! causes4 ,b our /ate has escap$ bo? ( !m2 = h] citiz5s h ! greate/ leisure1 & !y are n subject to "o ano!r1 & w1 ,i ?9k1 be made by ^! laws ! rev]se ( lov]s ( money4 ,su* a con/itution may be reasonably suppos$ to be ! only "o exi/+ :i* w accept ! education :i* we h describ$1 & ! m>tial pa/imes :i* h be5 p]fect$ accord+ to our idea4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n next we mu/ rememb]1 ab\t all gymna/ic conte/s1 t only ! w>like sort ( !m are to be practis$ & to h prizes ( victory2 & ^? :i* are n milit>y are to be giv5 up4 ,! milit>y sort _h bett] be completely describ$ & e/abli%$ by law2 & fir/1 let u speak ( runn+ & swiftness4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,c]ta9ly ! mo/ milit>y ( all qualities is g5]al activity ( body1 :e!r ( foot or h&4 ,= escap+ or = captur+ an enemy1 quickness ( foot is requir$2 b h&-to-h& conflict & combat ne$ vig\r & /r5g?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,nei!r ( !m c atta9 _! greate/ effici5cy )\t arms4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ c !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,!n our h]ald1 9 accordance ) ! prevail+ practice1 w fir/ summon ! runn]--he w appe> arm$1 = to an un>m$ competitor we w n give a prize4 ,& he %all ent] fir/ :o is to run ! s+le c\rse be>+ arms2 next1 he :o is to run ! d\ble c\rse2 ?ird1 he :o is to run ! horse-c\rse2 & f\r?ly1 he :o is to run ! long c\rse2 ! fif? :om we />t1 %all be ! fir/ s5t =? 9 heavy arm\r1 & %all run a c\rse ( sixty /adia to "s temple ( ,ares--& we w s5d =? ano!r1 :om we w /yle ! m heavily arm$1 to run ov] smoo!r gr\nd4 ,!re rema9s ! ar*]2 & he %all run 9 ! full equipm5ts ( an ar*] a di/ance ( #ajj /adia ov] m\nta9s1 & across e sort ( c\ntry1 to a temple ( ,apollo & ,artemis2 ?is %all be ! ord] ( ! conte/1 & we w wait = !m until !y return1 & w give a prize to ! conqu]or 9 ea*4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u suppose t !re are ?ree k9ds ( conte/s--"o ( boys1 ano!r ( be>dless y\?s1 & a ?ird ( m54 ,= ! y\?s we w fix ! l5g? ( ! conte/ at two-?irds1 & = ! boys at half ( ! entire c\rse1 :e!r !y cont5d z ar*]s or z heavy-arm$4 ,t\*+ ! wom51 let ! girls :o are n gr[n up compete nak$ 9 ! /adium & ! d\ble c\rse1 & ! horse-c\rse & ! long c\rse1 & let !m run on ! race-gr\nd itself2 ^? :o are ?irte5 ye>s ( age & upw>ds until _! m>riage %all cont9ue to %>e 9 conte/s if !y are n m ?an tw5ty1 & %all be compell$ to run up to eighte52 & !y %all desc5d into ! ar5a 9 suitable dresses4 ,let ^! be ! regulations ab\t conte/s 9 runn+ bo? = m5 & wom54 ,respect+ conte/s ( /r5g?1 in/ead ( wre/l+ & simil> conte/s ( ! heavi] sort1 we w in/itute conflicts 9 arm\r ( "o aga9/ "o1 & two aga9/ two1 & s on up to t5 aga9/ t54 ,z to :at a man ought n to suff] or d1 & to :at ext5t1 9 ord] to ga9 ! victory--z 9 wre/l+1 ! ma/]s ( ! art h laid d[n :at is fair & :at is n fair1 s 9 fight+ 9 arm\r--we ought to call 9 skilful p]sons1 :o %all judge = u & be our assessors 9 ! "w ( legislation2 !y %all say :o des]ves to be victor 9 combats ( ?is sort1 & :at he is n to d or h done to him1 & 9 l mann] :at rule det]m9es :o is defeat$2 & let ^! ord9ances apply to wom5 until !y are m>ri$ z well z to m54 ,! pancration %all h a c\nt]p>t 9 a combat ( ! light-arm$2 !y %all cont5d ) b[s & ) light %ields & ) javel9s & 9 ! ?r[+ ( /ones by sl+s & by h&3 & laws %all be made ab\t x1 & rew>ds & prizes giv5 to him :o be/ fulfils ! ord9ances ( ! law4 ,next 9 ord] we %all h to legislate ab\t ! horse conte/s4 ,n[ we d n ne$ _m horses1 = !y _c be ( mu* use 9 a c\ntry l ,crete1 & h5ce we naturally d n take great pa9s ab\t ! re>+ ( !m or ab\t horse races4 ,!re is no "o :o keeps a *>iot among u1 & any rivalry 9 su* matt]s w\ld be altoge!r out ( place2 !re w\ld be no s5se nor any %ad[ ( s5se 9 in/itut+ conte/s :i* are n aft] ! mann] ( our c\ntry4 ,& !re=e we give our prizes = s+le horses--= colts :o h n yet ca/ _! tee?1 & = ^? :o are int]m$iate1 & = ! full-gr[n horses !mselves2 & ?us our eque/rian games w accord ) ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,let !m h conflict & rivalry 9 ^! matt]s 9 accordance ) ! law1 & let ! colonels & g5]als ( horse decide toge!r ab\t all c\rses & ab\t ! arm$ competitors 9 !m4 ,b we h no?+ to say to ! un>m$ ei!r 9 gymna/ic ex]cises or 9 ^! conte/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,cretan b[man or javel9-man :o fights 9 arm\r on horseback is useful1 & !re=e we may z well place a competition ( ?is sort among our amusem5ts4 ,wom5 are n to be =c$ to compete by laws & ord9ances2 b if f previ\s tra9+ !y h acquir$ ! habit & are /rong en\gh & l to take "p1 let !m d s1 girls z well z boys1 & no blame to !m4 ,?us ! competition 9 gymna/ic & ! mode ( le>n+ x h be5 describ$2 & we h spok5 also ( ! toils ( ! conte/1 & ( daily ex]cises "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ma/]s4 ,likewise1 :at relates to music has be51 = ! mo/ "p1 complet$4 ,b z to rhapsodes & ! l1 & ! conte/s ( *oruses :i* are to p]=m at fea/s1 all ?is %all be arrang$ :5 ! mon?s & days & ye>s h be5 appo9t$ = ,gods & demi-gods1 :e!r e ?ird ye>1 or aga9 e fif? ye>1 or 9 :atev] way or mann] ! ,gods may put into m5's m9ds ! di/ribution & ord] ( !m4 ,at ! same "t1 we may expect t ! musical conte/s w be celebrat$ 9 _! turn by ! comm& ( ! judges & ! director ( education & ! gu>dians ( ! law meet+ toge!r = ?is purpose1 & !mselves becom+ legislators ( ! times & nature & conditions ( ! *oral conte/s & ( danc+ 9 g5]al4 ,:at !y ought sev]ally to be 9 language & song1 & 9 ! admixture ( h>mony ) rhy?m & ! dance1 has be5 (t5 decl>$ by ! orig9al legislator2 & 8 successors ought to foll[ him1 mak+ ! games & sacrifices duly to correspond at fitt+ times1 & appo9t+ public fe/ivals4 ,x is n difficult to det]m9e h[ ^! & ! l matt]s may h a regul> ord]2 nor1 aga91 w ! alt]ation ( !m d any great good or h>m to ! /ate4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r matt] ( great importance & difficulty1 conc]n+ :i* ,god %\ld legislate1 if !re 7 any possibility ( obta9+ f ,him an ord9ance ab\t x4 ,b see+ t div9e aid is n to be _h1 !re appe>s to be a ne$ ( "s bold man :o specially hon\rs pla9ness ( spee*1 & w say outright :at he ?9ks be/ = ! city & citiz5s--orda9+ :at is good & conv5i5t = ! :ole /ate amid ! corruptions ( human s\ls1 oppos+ ! mightie/ lu/s1 & hav+ no man 8 help] b himself /&+ alone & foll[+ reason only4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is ?is1 ,/rang]1 t y are say+8 ,= we d n z yet und]/& y\r mean+4 ,,a!nian3 ,v likely2 ,i w endeav\r to expla9 myself m cle>ly4 ,:5 ,i came to ! subject ( education1 ,i beheld "y m5 & maid5s hold+ fri5dly int]c\rse ) "o ano!r4 ,& !re naturally arose 9 my m9d a sort ( appreh5sion--,i c\ld n help ?9k+ h[ "o is to deal ) a city 9 :i* y\?s & maid5s are well nurtur$1 & h no?+ to d1 & are n und]go+ ! excessive & s]vile toils :i* ext+ui% wantonness1 & ^: only c>es dur+ _! :ole life are sacrifices & fe/ivals & dances4 ,h[1 9 su* a /ate z ?is1 w !y ab/a9 f desires :i* ?ru/ _m a man & woman into p]dition2 & f :i* reason1 assum+ ! functions ( law1 comm&s !m to ab/a98 ,! ord9ances already made may possibly get ! bett] ( mo/ ( ^! desires2 ! prohibition ( excessive weal? is a v consid]able ga9 9 ! direction ( temp]ance1 & ! :ole education ( our y\? imposes a law ( mod]ation on !m2 moreov]1 ! eye ( ! rul]s is requir$ always to wat* ov] ! "y1 & nev] to lose sight ( !m2 & ^! provisions d1 z f> z human means c effect any?+1 ex]cise a regulat+ influ5ce ^u ! desires 9 g5]al4 ,b h[ c we take precautions aga9/ ! unnatural loves ( ei!r sex1 f :i* innum]able evils h come ^u individuals & cities8 ,h[ %all we devise a rem$y & way ( escape out ( s great a dang]8 ,truly1 ,cle9ias1 "h is a difficulty4 ,9 _m ways ,crete & ,lac$aemon furni% a great help to ^? :o make peculi> laws2 b 9 ! matt] ( love1 z we are alone1 ,i mu/ confess t !y are q aga9/ u4 ,= if any "o foll[+ nature %\ld lay d[n ! law :i* exi/$ be=e ! days ( ,laius1 & d5\nce ^! lu/s z contr>y to nature1 adduc+ ! animals z a pro( t su* unions 7 mon/r\s1 he might prove 8 po9t1 b he w\ld be :olly at v>iance ) ! cu/om ( y\r /ates4 ,fur!r1 !y are repugnant to a pr9ciple :i* we say t a legislator %\ld always obs]ve2 = we are always enquir+ :i* ( our enactm5ts t5ds to virtue & :i* n4 ,& suppose we grant t ^! loves are acc\nt$ by law to ! hon\rable1 or at lea/ n disgraceful1 9 :at degree w !y contribute to virtue8 ,w su* passions implant 9 ! s\l ( him :o is s$uc$ ! habit ( c\rage1 or 9 ! s\l ( ! s$uc] ! pr9ciple ( temp]ance8 ,:o w ev] believe ?is8 or r1 :o w n blame ! effem9acy ( him :o yields to pleasures & is unable to hold out aga9/ !m8 ,w n all m5 c5sure z womanly him :o imitates ! woman8 ,& :o w\ld ev] ?9k ( e/abli%+ su* a practice by law8 c]ta9ly no "o :o _h 9 8 m9d ! image ( true law4 ,h[ c we prove t :at ,i am say+ is true8 ,he :o w\ld rightly consid] ^! matt]s mu/ see ! nature ( fri5d%ip & desire1 & ( ^! s-call$ loves1 = !y are ( two k9ds1 & out ( ! two arises a ?ird k9d1 hav+ ! same "n2 & ?is simil>ity ( "n causes all ! difficulty & obscurity4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ is t8 ,,a!nian3 ,de> is ! l 9 virtue to ! l1 & ! equal to ! equal2 de> also1 ?\gh unlike1 is he :o has abundance to him :o is 9 want4 ,& :5 ei!r ( ^! fri5d%ips becomes excessive1 we t]m ! excess love4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,! fri5d%ip :i* arises f contr>ies is horrible & co>se1 & has (t5 no tie ( communion2 b t :i* arises f lik5ess is g5tle1 & has a tie ( communion :i* la/s ?r\gh life4 ,z to ! mix$ sort :i* is made up ( !m bo?1 !re is1 fir/ ( all1 a difficulty 9 det]m9+ :at he :o is possess$ by ?is ?ird love desires2 moreov]1 he is drawn diff]5t ways1 & is 9 d\bt betwe5 ! two pr9ciples2 ! "o exhort+ him to enjoy ! beauty ( y\?1 & ! o!r =bidd+ him4 ,= ! "o is a lov] ( ! body1 & hung]s aft] beauty1 l ripe fruit1 & w\ld fa9 satisfy himself )\t any reg>d to ! "* ( ! belov$2 ! o!r holds ! desire ( ! body to be a second>y matt]1 & look+ r ?an lov+ & ) 8 s\l desir+ ! s\l ( ! o!r 9 a becom+ mann]1 reg>ds ! satisfaction ( ! bodily love z wantonness2 he rev]5ces & respects temp]ance & c\rage & magnanimity & wisdom1 & wi%es to live *a/ely ) ! *a/e object ( 8 affection4 ,n[ ! sort ( love :i* is made up ( ! o!r two is t :i* we h describ$ z ! ?ird4 ,see+ !n t !re are ^! ?ree sorts ( love1 ought ! law to prohibit & =bid !m all to exi/ among u8 ,is x n r cle> t we %\ld wi% to h 9 ! /ate ! love :i* is ( virtue & :i* desires ! belov$ y\? to be ! be/ possible2 & ! o!r two1 if possible1 we %\ld h9d]8 ,:at d y say1 fri5d ,megillus8 ,,megillus3 ,i ?9k1 ,/rang]1 t y are p]fectly "r 9 :at y h be5 n[ say+4 ,a!nian3 ,i knew well1 my fri5d1 t ,i %\ld obta9 y\r ass5t1 :i* ,i accept1 & !re=e h no ne$ to analyze y\r cu/om any fur!r4 ,cle9ias %all be prevail$ ^u to give me 8 ass5t at "s o!r "t4 ,en\gh ( ?is2 & n[ let u proce$ to ! laws4 ,,megillus3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,^u reflection ,i see a way ( impos+ ! law1 :i*1 9 "o respect1 is easy1 b1 9 ano!r1 is ( ! utmo/ difficulty4 ,,megillus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,we are all aw>e t mo/ m51 9 spite ( _! lawless natures1 are v /rictly & precisely re/ra9$ f int]c\rse ) ! fair1 & ?is is n at all aga9/ _! w1 b entirely ) _! w4 ,,megillus3 ,:5 d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,:5 any "o has a bro!r or si/] :o is fair2 & ab\t a son or daught] ! same unwritt5 law holds1 & is a mo/ p]fect safegu>d1 s t no op5 or secret connexion ev] takes place betwe5 !m4 ,nor does ! ?\ght ( su* a ?+ ev] ent] at all into ! m9ds ( mo/ ( !m4 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,does n a little ^w ext+ui% all pleasures ( t sort8 ,,megillus3 ,:at ^w8 ,,a!nian3 ,! decl>ation t !y are unholy1 hat$ ( ,god1 & mo/ infam\s2 & is n ! reason ( ?is t no "o has ev] said ! opposite1 b e "o f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood has he>d m5 speak+ 9 ! same mann] ab\t !m always & ev]y:]e1 :e!r 9 com$y or 9 ! grav] language ( trag$y8 ,:5 ! poet introduces on ! /age a ,?ye/es or an ,o$ipus1 or a ,mac>eus hav+ secret int]c\rse ) 8 si/]1 he repres5ts him1 :5 f\nd out1 ready to kill himself z ! p5alty ( 8 s94 ,,megillus3 ,y are v "r 9 say+ t tradition1 if no brea? ( opposition ev] assails x1 has a m>vell\s p[]4 ,,a!nian3 ,am ,i n also "r 9 say+ t ! legislator :o wants to ma/] any ( ! passions :i* ma/] man may easily "k h[ to subdue !m8 ,he w consecrate ! tradition ( _! evil "* among all1 slaves & freem51 wom5 & *ildr51 ?r\gh\t ! city3 t w be ! sure/ f\ndation ( ! law :i* he c make4 ,,megillus3 ,yes2 b w he ev] succe$ 9 mak+ all mank9d use ! same language ab\t !m8 ,,a!nian3 ,a good objection2 b 0 ,i n j n[ say+ t ,i _h a way to make m5 use natural love & ab/a9 f unnatural1 n int5tionally de/roy+ ! se$s ( human increase1 or s[+ !m 9 /ony places1 9 :i* !y w take no root2 & t ,i w\ld comm& !m to ab/a9 too f any female field ( increase 9 :i* t :i* is s[n is n likely to gr[8 ,n[ if a law to ?is effect c\ld only be made p]petual1 & ga9 an au?ority su* z already prev5ts int]c\rse ( p>5ts & *ildr5--su* a law1 ext5d+ to o!r s5sual desires1 & conqu]+ !m1 w\ld be ! s\rce ( t5 ?\s& bless+s4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 mod]ation is ! appo9tm5t ( nature1 & det]s m5 f all fr5zy & madness ( love1 & f all adult]ies & immod]ate use ( meats & dr9ks1 & makes !m good fri5ds to _! own wives4 ,& innum]able o!r b5efits w\ld result if su* a law c\ld only be en=c$4 ,i c imag9e "s lu/y y\? :o is /&+ by1 & :o1 on he>+ ?is enactm5t1 decl>es 9 scurril\s t]ms t we are mak+ fooli% & impossible laws1 & fills ! _w ) 8 outcry4 ,& !re=e ,i said t ,i knew a way ( enact+ & p]petuat+ su* a law1 :i* 0 v easy 9 "o respect1 b 9 ano!r mo/ difficult4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 see+ t su* a law is possible1 & 9 :at way2 =1 z ,i 0 say+1 ! ord9ance once consecrat$ w\ld ma/] ! s\l ( e man1 & t]rify him into ob$i5ce4 ,b matt]s h n[ come to su* a pass t ev5 !n ! desir$ result seems z if x c\ld n be atta9$1 j z ! cont9uance ( an entire /ate 9 ! practice ( common meals is also deem$ impossible4 ,& al?\gh ?is latt] is p>tly disprov5 by ! fact ( _! exi/5ce among y1 /ill ev5 9 y\r cities ! common meals ( wom5 w\ld be reg>d$ z unnatural & impossible4 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( ! rebelli\sness ( ! human he>t :5 ,i said t ! p]man5t e/abli%m5t ( ^! ?+s is v difficult4 ,,megillus3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,%all ,i try & f9d "s sort ( p]suasive argum5t :i* w prove to y t su* enactm5ts are possible1 & n beyond human nature8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,is a man m likely to ab/a9 f ! pleasures ( love & to d :at he is bidd5 ab\t !m1 :5 8 body is 9 a good condition1 or :5 he is 9 an ill condition1 & out ( tra9+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,he w be f> m temp]ate :5 he is 9 tra9+4 ,,a!nian3 ,& h we n he>d ( ,iccus ( ,t>5tum1 :o1 ) a view to ! ,olympic & o!r conte/s1 9 8 zeal = 8 art1 & also because he 0 ( a manly & temp]ate disposition1 nev] _h any connexion ) a woman or a y\? dur+ ! :ole "t ( 8 tra9+8 ,& ! same is said ( ,crison & ,a/ylus & ,diopompus & _m o!rs2 & yet1 ,cle9ias1 !y 7 f> worse educat$ 9 _! m9ds ?an y\r & my citiz5s1 & 9 _! bodies f> m lu/y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,no d\bt ?is fact has be5 (t5 affirm$ positively by ! anci5ts ( ^! a?letes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& _h !y ! c\rage to ab/a9 f :at is ord9>ily deem$ a pleasure = ! sake ( a victory 9 wre/l+1 runn+1 & ! l2 & %all our "y m5 be incapable ( a simil> endurance = ! sake ( a mu* nobl] victory1 :i* is ! noble/ ( all1 z f _! y\? upw>ds we w tell !m1 *>m+ !m1 z we hope1 into ! belief ( ?is by tales & say+s & songs8 ,,cle9ias3 ,( :at victory are y speak+8 ,,a!nian3 ,( ! victory ov] pleasure1 :i* if !y w91 !y w live happily2 or if !y are conqu]$1 ! rev]se ( happily4 ,&1 fur!r1 may we n suppose t ! fe> ( impiety w enable !m to ma/] t :i* o!r inf]ior p h ma/]$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i d>e say4 ,,a!nian3 ,& s9ce we h rea*$ ?is po9t 9 our legislation1 & h fall5 into a difficulty by reason ( ! vices ( mank9d1 ,i affirm t our ord9ance %\ld simply run 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,our citiz5s ought n to fall bel[ ! nature ( birds & bea/s 9 g5]al1 :o are born 9 great multitudes1 & yet rema9 until ! age = procreation virg9 & unm>ri$1 b :5 !y h rea*$ ! prop] "t ( life are c\pl$1 male & female1 & lov+ly pair toge!r1 & live ! re/ ( _! lives 9 hol9ess & innoc5ce1 abid+ firmly 9 _! orig9al compact3 surely1 we w say to !m1 y %\ld be bett] ?an ! animals4 ,b if !y are corrupt$ by ! o!r ,hell5es & ! common practice ( b>b>ians1 & !y see ) _! eyes & he> ) _! e>s ( ! s-call$ free love ev]y:]e prevail+ among !m1 & !y !mselves are n able to get ! bett] ( ! temptation1 ! gu>dians ( ! law1 ex]cis+ ! functions ( lawgiv]s1 %all devise a second law aga9/ !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& :at law w\ld y advise !m to pass if ?is "o fail$8 ,,a!nian3 ,cle>ly1 ,cle9ias1 ! "o :i* w\ld naturally foll[4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is t8 ,,a!nian3 ,our citiz5s %\ld n all[ pleasures to /r5g!n ) indulg5ce1 b %\ld by toil div]t ! alim5t & exub]ance ( !m into o!r p>ts ( ! body2 & ?is w happ5 if no immode/y be all[$ 9 ! practice ( love4 ,!n !y w be a%am$ ( frequ5t int]c\rse1 & !y w f9d pleasure1 if seldom enjoy$1 to be a less imp]i\s mi/ress4 ,!y %\ld n be f\nd out do+ any?+ ( ! sort4 ,concealm5t %all be hon\rable1 & sanction$ by cu/om & made law by unwritt5 prescription2 on ! o!r h&1 to be detect$ %all be e/eem$ di%on\rable1 b n1 to ab/a9 :olly4 ,9 ?is way !re w be a second legal /&>d ( hon\rable & di%on\rable1 involv+ a second notion ( "r4 ,?ree pr9ciples w compreh5d all ^? corrupt natures :om we call inf]ior to !mselves1 & :o =m b "o class1 & w compel !m n to transgress4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,! pr9ciple ( piety1 ! love ( hon\r1 & ! desire ( beauty1 n 9 ! body b 9 ! s\l4 ,^! are1 p]haps1 romantic aspirations2 b !y are ! noble/ ( aspirations1 if !y c\ld only be realis$ 9 all /ates1 &1 ,god will+1 9 ! matt] ( love we may be able to en=ce "o ( two ?+s--ei!r t no "o %all v5ture to t\* any p]son ( ! freeborn or noble class except 8 w$d$ wife1 or s[ ! unconsecrat$ & ba/>d se$ among h>lots1 or 9 b>r5 & unnatural lu/s2 or at lea/ we may aboli% altoge!r ! connection ( m5 ) m52 & z to wom51 if any man has to d ) any b ^? :o come into 8 h\se duly m>ri$ by sacr$ rites1 :e!r !y be b\ght or acquir$ 9 any o!r way1 & he (f5ds publicly 9 ! face ( all mank9d1 we %all be "r 9 enact+ t he be depriv$ ( civic hon\rs & privileges1 & be deem$ to be1 z he truly is1 a /rang]4 ,let ?is law1 !n1 :e!r x is "o1 or ought r to be call$ two1 be laid d[n respect+ love 9 g5]al1 & ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes :i* arises out ( ! desires1 :e!r rightly or wrongly indulg$4 ,,megillus3 ,i1 = my "p1 ,/rang]1 w\ld gladly receive ?is law4 ,cle9ias %all speak = himself1 & tell y :at is 8 op9ion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i w1 ,megillus1 :5 an opportunity (f]s2 at pres5t1 ,i ?9k t we _h bett] all[ ! ,/rang] to proce$ ) 8 laws4 ,,megillus3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,we _h got ab\t z f> z ! e/abli%m5t ( ! common tables1 :i* 9 mo/ places w\ld be difficult1 b 9 ,crete no "o w\ld ?9k ( introduc+ any o!r cu/om4 ,!re might arise a "q ab\t ! mann] ( !m--:e!r !y %all be su* z !y are "h 9 ,crete1 or su* z !y are 9 ,lac$aemon--or is !re a ?ird k9d :i* may be bett] ?an ei!r ( !m8 ,! answ] to ?is "q might be easily discov]$1 b ! discov]y w\ld d no great good1 = at pres5t !y are v well ord]$4 ,leav+ ! common tables1 we may !re=e proce$ to ! means ( provid+ food4 ,n[1 9 cities ! means ( life are ga9$ 9 _m ways & f div]s s\rces1 & 9 g5]al f two s\rces1 :]eas our city has only "o4 ,= mo/ ( ! ,hell5es obta9 _! food f sea & l&1 b our citiz5s f l& only4 ,& ?is makes ! task ( ! legislator less difficult--half z _m laws w be en\gh1 & mu* less ?an half2 & !y w be ( a k9d bett] suit$ to free m54 ,= he has no?+ to d ) laws ab\t %ip[n]s & m]*ants & retail]s & inn-keep]s & tax collectors & m9es & moneyl5d+ & comp\nd int]e/ & innum]able o!r ?+s--bidd+ good-bye to ^!1 he gives laws to husb&m5 & %eph]ds & bee-keep]s1 & to ! gu>dians & sup]9t5d5ts ( _! implem5ts2 & he has already legislat$ = great] matt]s1 z = example1 respect+ m>riage & ! procreation & nurture ( *ildr51 & = education1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( (fices--& n[ he mu/ direct 8 laws to ^? :o provide food & lab\r 9 prep>+ x4 ,let u fir/ ( all1 !n1 h a class ( laws :i* %all be call$ ! laws ( husb&m54 ,& let ! fir/ ( !m be ! law ( ,zeus1 ! ,god ( b\nd>ies4 ,let no "o %ift ! b\nd>y l9e ei!r ( a fell[-citiz5 :o is a neighb\r1 or1 if he dwells at ! extremity ( ! l&1 ( any /rang] :o is cont]m9\s ) him1 consid]+ t ?is is truly 'to move ! immovable1' & e "o %\ld be m will+ to move ! l>ge/ rock :i* is n a l&m>k1 ?an ! lea/ /one :i* is ! sworn m>k ( fri5d%ip & hatr$ betwe5 neighb\rs2 = ,zeus1 ! god ( k9dr$1 is ! witness ( ! citiz51 & ,zeus1 ! god ( /rang]s1 ( ! /rang]1 & :5 ar\s$1 t]rible are ! w>s :i* !y /ir up4 ,he :o obeys ! law w nev] "k ! fatal consequ5ces ( disob$i5ce1 b he :o despises ! law %all be liable to a d\ble p5alty1 ! fir/ com+ f ! ,gods1 & ! second f ! law4 ,= let no "o wilfully remove ! b\nd>ies ( 8 neighb\r's l&1 & if any "o does1 let him :o w in=m ! l&[n]s1 & let !m br+ him into c\rt1 & if he be convict$ ( re-divid+ ! l& by /eal? or by =ce1 let ! c\rt det]m9e :at he ought to suff] or pay4 ,9 ! next place1 _m small injuries done by neighb\rs to "o ano!r1 ?r\gh _! multiplication1 may cause a weight ( enmity1 & make neighb\rhood a v disagreeable & bitt] ?+4 ,:]e=e a man ought to be v c>eful ( committ+ any (f5ce aga9/ 8 neighb\r1 & especially ( encroa*+ on 8 neighb\r's l&2 = any man may easily d h>m1 b n e man c d good to ano!r4 ,he :o encroa*es on 8 neighb\r's l&1 & transgresses 8 b\nd>ies1 %all make good ! damage1 &1 to cure him ( 8 impud5ce & also ( 8 meanness1 he %all pay a d\ble p5alty to ! injur$ p>ty4 ,( ^! & ! l matt]s ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry %all take cognizance1 & be ! judges ( !m & assessors ( ! damage2 9 ! m important cases1 z has be5 already said1 ! :ole numb] ( !m belong+ to any "o ( ! twelve divisions %all decide1 & 9 ! less] cases ! comm&]s3 or1 aga91 if any "o pa/ures 8 cattle on 8 neighb\r's l&1 !y %all see ! injury1 & adjudge ! p5alty4 ,& if any "o1 by decoy+ ! bees1 gets possession ( ano!r's sw>ms1 & draws !m to himself by mak+ noises1 he %all pay ! damage2 or if any "o sets fire to 8 own wood & takes no c>e ( 8 neighb\r's prop]ty1 he %all be f9$ at ! discretion ( ! magi/rates4 ,& if 9 plant+ he does n leave a fair di/ance betwe5 8 own & 8 neighb\r's l&1 he %all be puni%$1 9 accordance ) ! enactm5ts ( _m lawgiv]s1 :i* we may use1 n deem+ x necess>y t ! great legislator ( our /ate %\ld det]m9e all ! trifles :i* might be decid$ by any body2 = example1 husb&m5 h _h ( old excell5t laws ab\t wat]s1 & !re is no reason :y we %\ld propose to div]t _! c\rse3 ,he :o likes may draw wat] f ! f\nta9-head ( ! common /ream on to 8 own l&1 if he d n cut (f ! spr+ :i* cle>ly belongs to "s o!r own]2 & he may take ! wat] 9 any direction :i* he pleases1 except ?r\gh a h\se or temple or sepul*re1 b he mu/ be c>eful to d no h>m beyond ! *annel4 ,& if !re be 9 any place a natural dryness ( ! e>?1 :i* keeps 9 ! ra9 f heav51 & causes a defici5cy 9 ! supply ( wat]1 let him dig d[n on 8 own l& z f> z ! clay1 & if at ?is dep? he f9ds no wat]1 let him obta9 wat] f 8 neighb\rs1 z mu* z is requir$ = 8 s]vants' dr9k+1 & if 8 neighb\rs1 too1 are limit$ 9 _! supply1 let him h a fix$ measure1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is he %all receive ea* day1 & on ^! t]ms h a %>e ( 8 neighb\rs' wat]4 ,if !re be heavy ra91 & "o ( ^? on ! l[] gr\nd injures "s till] ( ! upp] gr\nd1 or "s "o :o has a common wall1 by refus+ to give !m an outlet = wat]2 or1 aga91 if "s "o liv+ on ! high] gr\nd recklessly lets (f ! wat] on 8 l[] neighb\r1 & !y _c come to t]ms ) "o ano!r1 let him :o w call 9 a w>d5 ( ! city1 if he be 9 ! city1 or if he be 9 ! c\ntry1 a w>d5 ( ! c\ntry1 & let him obta9 a decision det]m9+ :at ea* ( !m is to d4 ,& he :o w n abide by ! decision %all suff] = 8 malignant & morose temp]1 & pay a f9e to ! injur$ p>ty1 equival5t to d\ble ! value ( ! injury1 because he 0 unwill+ to submit to ! magi/rates4 ,n[ ! p>ticipation ( fruits %all be ord]$ on ?is wise4 ,! goddess ( ,autumn has two graci\s gifts3 "o ! joy ( ,dionysus :i* is n treasur$ up2 ! o!r1 :i* nature int5ds to be /or$4 ,let ?is be ! law1 !n1 conc]n+ ! fruits ( autumn3 ,he :o ta/es ! common or /or+ fruits ( autumn1 :e!r grapes or figs1 be=e ! season ( v9tage :i* co9cides ) ,arcturus1 ei!r on 8 own l& or on t ( o!rs--let him pay fifty dra*mae1 :i* %all be sacr$ to ,dionysus1 if he pluck !m f 8 own l&2 & if f 8 neighb\r's l&1 a m9a1 & if f any o!rs'1 two-?irds ( a m9a4 ,& he :o w\ld ga!r ! '*oice' grapes or ! '*oice' figs1 z !y are n[ t]m$1 if he take !m (f 8 own l&1 let him pluck !m h[ & :5 he likes2 b if he take !m f ! gr\nd ( o!rs )\t _! leave1 let him 9 t case be always puni%$ 9 accordance ) ! law :i* orda9s t he %\ld n move :at he has n laid d[n4 ,& if a slave t\*es any fruit ( ?is sort1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! own] ( ! l&1 he %all be beat5 ) z _m bl[s z !re are grapes on ! bun*1 or figs on ! fig-tree4 ,let a metic pur*ase ! '*oice' autumnal fruit1 & !n1 if he pleases1 he may ga!r x2 b if a /rang] is pass+ along ! road1 & desires to eat1 let him take ( ! '*oice' grape = himself & a s+le foll[] )\t paym5t1 z a tribute ( hospitality4 ,! law h[ev] =bids /rang]s f %>+ 9 ! sort :i* is n us$ = eat+2 & if any "o1 :e!r he be ma/] or slave1 takes ( !m 9 ignorance1 let ! slave be beat51 & ! freeman dismiss$ ) admonitions1 & in/ruct$ to take ( ! o!r autumnal fruits :i* are unfit = mak+ rais9s & w9e1 or = lay+ by z dri$ figs4 ,z to pe>s1 & apples1 & pomegranates1 & simil> fruits1 !re %all be no disgrace 9 tak+ !m secretly2 b he :o is caught1 if he be ( less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age1 %all be /ruck & beat5 (f1 b n w\nd$2 & no freeman %all h any "r ( satisfaction = su* bl[s4 ,( ^! fruits ! /rang] may p>take1 j z he may ( ! fruits ( autumn4 ,& if an eld]1 :o is m ?an ?irty ye>s ( age1 eat ( !m on ! spot1 let him1 l ! /rang]1 be all[$ to p>take ( all su* fruits1 b he mu/ c>ry away no?+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he w n obey ! law1 let him run ! risk ( fail+ 9 ! competition ( virtue1 9 case any "o takes notice ( 8 actions be=e ! judges at ! "t4 ,wat] is ! greate/ elem5t ( nutrition 9 g>d5s1 b is easily pollut$4 ,y _c poison ! soil1 or ! sun1 or ! air1 :i* are ! o!r elem5ts ( nutrition 9 plants1 or div]t !m1 or /eal !m2 b all ^! ?+s may v likely happ5 9 reg>d to wat]1 :i* mu/ !re=e be protect$ by law4 ,& let ?is be ! law3 ,if any "o int5tionally pollutes ! wat] ( ano!r1 :e!r ! wat] ( a spr+1 or collect$ 9 res]voirs1 ei!r by poison\s sub/ances1 or by digg+1 or by !ft1 let ! injur$ p>ty br+ ! cause be=e ! w>d5s ( ! city1 & claim 9 writ+ ! value ( ! loss2 if ! accus$ be f\nd guilty ( injur+ ! wat] by delet]i\s sub/ances1 let him n only pay damages1 b purify ! /ream or ! ci/]n :i* conta9s ! wat]1 9 su* mann] z ! laws ( ! int]pret]s ord] ! purification to be made by ! (f5d] 9 ea* case4 ,) respect to ! ga!r+ 9 ( ! fruits ( ! soil1 let a man1 if he pleases1 c>ry 8 own fruits ?r\gh any place 9 :i* he ei!r does no h>m to any "o1 or himself ga9s ?ree times z mu* z 8 neighb\r loses4 ,n[ ( ^! ?+s ! magi/rates %\ld be cognizant1 z ( all o!r ?+s 9 :i* a man int5tionally does injury to ano!r or to ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 by fraud or =ce1 9 ! use :i* he makes ( 8 own prop]ty4 ,all ^! matt]s a man %\ld lay be=e ! magi/rates1 & receive damages1 suppos+ ! injury to be n m ?an ?ree m9ae2 or if he h a *>ge aga9/ ano!r :i* involves a l>g] am\nt1 let him br+ 8 suit into ! public c\rts & h ! evil-do] puni%$4 ,b if any ( ! magi/rates appe> to adjudge ! p5alties :i* he imposes 9 an unju/ _s1 let him be liable to pay d\ble to ! injur$ p>ty4 ,any "o may br+ ! (f5ces ( magi/rates1 9 any p>ticul> case1 be=e ! public c\rts4 ,!re are innum]able little matt]s relat+ to ! modes ( puni%m5t1 & applications = suits1 & summonses & ! witnesses to summonses--= example1 :e!r two witnesses %\ld be requir$ = a summons1 or h[ _m--& all su* details1 :i* _c be omitt$ 9 legislation1 b are b5ea? ! wisdom ( an ag$ legislator4 ,^! less] matt]s1 z !y inde$ are 9 comp>ison ) ! great] ones1 let a y\ng] g5]ation regulate by law1 aft] ! patt]ns :i* h prec$$1 & accord+ to _! own exp]i5ce ( ! usefulness & necessity ( su* laws2 & :5 !y are duly regulat$ let !re be no alt]ation1 b let ! citiz5s live 9 ! obs]vance ( !m4 ,n[ ( artisans1 let ! regulations be z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let no citiz5 or s]vant ( a citiz5 be occupi$ 9 h&icraft arts2 = he :o is to secure & pres]ve ! public ord] ( ! /ate1 has an art :i* requires mu* /udy & _m k9ds ( k1 & does n admit ( be+ made a second>y occupation2 & h>dly any human be+ is capable ( pursu+ two pr(essions or two arts rightly1 or ( practis+ "o art himself1 & sup]9t5d+ "s "o else :o is practis+ ano!r4 ,let ?is1 !n1 be our fir/ pr9ciple 9 ! /ate3 ,no "o :o is a smi? %all also be a c>p5t]1 & if he be a c>p5t]1 he %all n sup]9t5d ! smi?'s art r ?an 8 own1 "u ! pretext t 9 sup]9t5d+ _m s]vants :o are work+ = him1 he is likely to sup]9t5d !m bett]1 because m rev5ue w accrue to him f !m ?an f 8 own art2 b let e man 9 ! /ate h "o art1 & get 8 liv+ by t4 ,let ! w>d5s ( ! city lab\r to ma9ta9 ?is law1 & if any citiz5 incl9e to any o!r art r ?an ! /udy ( virtue1 let !m puni% him ) disgrace & infamy1 until !y br+ him back into 8 own "r c\rse2 & if any /rang] pr(ess two arts1 let !m *a/ise him ) bonds & money p5alties1 & expulsion f ! /ate1 until !y compel him to be "o only & n _m4 ,b z t\*+ paym5ts = hire1 & contracts ( "w1 or 9 case any "o does wrong to any ( ! citiz5s1 or !y d wrong to any o!r1 up to fifty dra*mae1 let ! w>d5s ( ! city decide ! case2 b if a great] am\nt be involv$1 !n let ! public c\rts decide accord+ to law4 ,let no "o pay any duty ei!r on ! importation or exportation ( goods2 & z to frank9c5se & simil> p]fumes1 us$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,gods1 :i* come f abroad1 & purple & o!r dyes :i* are n produc$ 9 ! c\ntry1 or ! mat]ials ( any art :i* h to be import$1 & :i* are n necess>y--no "o %\ld import !m2 nor1 aga91 %\ld any "o export any?+ :i* is want$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,( all ^! ?+s let !re be inspectors & sup]9t5d5ts1 tak5 f ! gu>dians ( ! law2 & !y %all be ! twelve next 9 ord] to ! five s5iors4 ,conc]n+ arms1 & all implem5ts :i* are requir$ = milit>y purposes1 if !re be ne$ ( introduc+ any art1 or plant1 or metal1 or *a9s ( any k9d1 or animals = use 9 w>1 let ! comm&]s ( ! horse & ! g5]als h au?ority ov] _! importation & exportation2 ! city %all s5d !m out & also receive !m1 & ! gu>dians ( ! law %all make fit & prop] laws ab\t !m4 ,b let !re be no retail trade = ! sake ( moneymak+1 ei!r 9 ^! or any o!r articles1 9 ! city or c\ntry at all4 ,) respect to food & ! di/ribution ( ! produce ( ! c\ntry1 ! "r & prop] way seems to be ne>ly t :i* is ! cu/om ( ,crete2 = all %\ld be requir$ to di/ribute ! fruits ( ! soil into twelve p>ts1 & 9 ?is way consume !m4 ,let ! twelf? portion ( ea* z = in/ance ( :eat & b>ley1 to :i* ! re/ ( ! fruits ( ! e>? %all be add$1 z well z ! animals :i* are = sale 9 ea* ( ! twelve divisions1 be divid$ 9 due proportion into ?ree p>ts2 "o "p = freem51 ano!r = _! s]vants1 & a ?ird = craftsm5 & 9 g5]al = /rang]s1 :e!r soj\rn]s :o may be dwell+ 9 ! city1 & l o!r m5 mu/ live1 or ^? :o come on "s bus9ess :i* !y h ) ! /ate1 or ) "s individual4 ,let only ?is ?ird "p ( all necess>ies be requir$ to be sold2 out ( ! o!r two-?irds no "o %all be compell$ to sell4 ,& h[ w !y be be/ di/ribut$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we see cle>ly t ! di/ribution w be ( equals 9 "o po9t ( view1 & 9 ano!r po9t ( view ( unequals4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean t ! e>? ( necessity produces & n\ri%es ! v>i\s articles ( food1 sometimes bett] & sometimes worse4 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,su* be+ ! case1 let no "o ( ! ?ree portions be great] ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two--nei!r t :i* is assign$ to ma/]s or to slaves1 nor aga9 t ( ! /rang]2 b let ! di/ribution to all be equal & alike1 & let e citiz5 take 8 two portions & di/ribute !m among slaves & freem51 he hav+ p[] to det]m9e ! quantity & quality4 ,& :at rema9s he %all di/ribute by measure & numb] among ! animals :o h to be su/a9$ f ! e>?1 tak+ ! :ole numb] ( !m4 ,9 ! second place1 our citiz5s %\ld h sep>ate h\ses duly ord]$2 & ?is w be ! ord] prop] = m5 l !m4 ,!re %all be twelve hamlets1 "o 9 ! middle ( ea* twelf? portion1 & 9 ea* hamlet !y %all fir/ set ap>t a m>ket-place1 & ! temples ( ! ,gods1 & ( _! att5dant demi-gods2 & if !re be any local deities ( ! ,magnetes1 or holy seats ( o!r anci5t deities1 ^: memory has be5 pres]v$1 to ^! let !m pay _! anci5t hon\rs4 ,b ,he/ia1 & ,zeus1 & ,a!ne w h temples ev]y:]e toge!r ) ! ,god :o presides 9 ea* ( ! twelve di/ricts4 ,& ! fir/ erection ( h\ses %all be ar\nd ^! temples1 :]e ! gr\nd is highe/1 9 ord] to provide ! safe/ & mo/ def5sible place ( retreat = ! gu>ds4 ,all ! re/ ( ! c\ntry !y %all settle 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!y %all make ?irte5 divisions ( ! craftsm52 "o ( !m !y %all e/abli% 9 ! city1 & ?is1 aga91 !y %all subdivide into twelve less] divisions1 among ! twelve di/ricts ( ! city1 & ! rema9d] %all be di/ribut$ 9 ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t2 & 9 ea* village !y %all settle v>i\s classes ( craftsm51 ) a view to ! conv5i5ce ( ! husb&m54 ,& ! *ief (fic]s ( ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry %all sup]9t5d all ^! matt]s1 & see h[ _m ( !m1 & :i* class ( !m1 ea* place requires2 & fix !m :]e !y are likely to be lea/ tr\blesome1 & mo/ useful to ! husb&man4 ,& ! w>d5s ( ! city %all see to simil> matt]s 9 ! city4 ,n[ ! w>d5s ( ! agora ought to see to ! details ( ! agora4 ,_! fir/ c>e1 aft] ! temples :i* are 9 ! agora h be5 se5 to1 %\ld be to prev5t any "o f do+ any wrong 9 deal+s betwe5 man & man2 9 ! second place1 z be+ inspectors ( temp]ance & viol5ce1 !y %\ld *a/ise him :o requires *a/isem5t4 ,t\*+ articles ( sale1 !y %\ld fir/ see :e!r ! articles :i* ! citiz5s are "u regulations to sell to /rang]s are sold to !m1 z ! law orda9s4 ,& let ! law be z foll[s3 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?1 ! p]sons 9 *>ge1 :oev] !y are1 :e!r /rang]s or slaves1 :o h ! *>ge on behalf ( ! citiz5s1 %all produce to ! /rang]s ! portion :i* falls to !m1 9 ! fir/ place1 a twelf? portion ( ! corn--! /rang] %all pur*ase corn = ! :ole mon?1 & o!r c]eals1 on ! fir/ m>ket day2 & on ! t5? day ( ! mon? ! "o p>ty %all sell1 & ! o!r buy1 liquids suffici5t to la/ dur+ ! :ole mon?2 & on ! tw5ty-?ird day !re %all be a sale ( animals by ^? :o are will+ to sell to ! p :o want to buy1 & ( implem5ts & o!r ?+s :i* husb&m5 sell1 7su* z sk9s & all k9ds ( clo?+1 ei!r wov5 or made ( felt & o!r goods ( ! same sort7 & :i* /rang]s are compell$ to buy & pur*ase ( o!rs4 ,z to ! retail trade 9 ^! ?+s1 :e!r ( b>ley or :eat set ap>t = meal & fl\r1 or any o!r k9d ( food1 no "o %all sell !m to citiz5s or _! slaves1 nor %all any "o buy ( a citiz52 b let ! /rang] sell !m 9 ! m>ket ( /rang]s1 to artisans & _! slaves1 mak+ an ex*ange ( w9e & food1 :i* is commonly call$ retail trade4 ,& but*]s %all (f] = sale p>ts ( dismemb]$ animals to ! /rang]s1 & artisans1 & _! s]vants4 ,let any /rang] :o likes buy fuel f day to day :olesale1 f ^? :o h ! c>e ( x 9 ! c\ntry1 & let him sell to ! /rang]s z mu* z he pleases & :5 he pleases4 ,z to o!r goods & implem5ts :i* are likely to be want$1 !y %all sell !m 9 ! common m>ket1 at any place :i* ! gu>dians ( ! law & ! w>d5s ( ! m>ket & city1 *oos+ accord+ to _! judgm5t1 %all det]m9e2 at su* places !y %all ex*ange money = goods1 & goods = money1 nei!r p>ty giv+ cr$it to ! o!r2 & he :o gives cr$it mu/ be satisfi$1 :e!r he obta9 8 money or n1 = 9 su* ex*anges he w n be protect$ by law4 ,b :5ev] prop]ty has be5 b\ght or sold1 great] 9 quantity or value ?an is all[$ by ! law1 :i* has det]m9$ )9 :at limits a man may increase & dim9i% 8 possessions1 let ! excess be regi/]$ 9 ! books ( ! gu>dians ( ! law2 or 9 case ( dim9ution1 let !re be an erasure made4 ,& let ! same rule be obs]v$ ab\t ! regi/ration ( ! prop]ty ( ! metics4 ,any "o :o likes may come & be a metic on c]ta9 conditions2 a =eign]1 if he likes1 & is able to settle1 may dwell 9 ! l&1 b he mu/ practise an art1 & n abide m ?an tw5ty ye>s f ! "t at :i* he has regi/]$ himself2 & he %all pay no soj\rn]'s tax1 h[ev] small1 except good conduct1 nor any o!r tax = buy+ & sell+4 ,b :5 ! tw5ty ye>s h expir$1 he %all take 8 prop]ty ) him & dep>t4 ,& if 9 ! c\rse ( ^! ye>s he %\ld *ance to di/+ui% himself by any consid]able b5efit :i* he conf]s on ! /ate1 & he ?9ks t he c p]suade ! c\ncil & assembly1 ei!r to grant him delay 9 leav+ ! c\ntry1 or to all[ him to rema9 = ! :ole ( 8 life1 let him g & p]suade ! city1 & :atev] !y ass5t to at 8 in/ance %all take effect4 ,= ! *ildr5 ( ! metics1 be+ artisans1 & ( fifte5 ye>s ( age1 let ! "t ( _! soj\rn comm5ce aft] _! fifte5? ye>2 & let !m rema9 = tw5ty ye>s1 & !n g :]e !y l2 b any ( !m :o wi%es to rema91 may d s1 if he c p]suade ! c\ncil & assembly4 ,& if he dep>t1 let him erase all ! entries :i* h be5 made by him 9 ! regi/] kept by ! magi/rates4 ,,book ,,ix4 ,next to all ! matt]s :i* h prec$$ 9 ! natural ord] ( legislation w come suits ( law4 ,( suits ^? :i* relate to agriculture h be5 already describ$1 b ! m important h n be5 describ$4 ,hav+ m5tion$ !m sev]ally "u _! usual names1 we w proce$ to say :at puni%m5ts are to be inflict$ = ea* (f5ce1 & :o are to be ! judges ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is a s5se ( disgrace 9 legislat+1 z we are ab\t to d1 = all ! details ( crime 9 a /ate :i*1 z we say1 is to be well regulat$ & w be p]fectly adapt$ to ! practice ( virtue4 ,to assume t 9 su* a /ate !re w arise "s "o :o w be guilty ( crimes z he9\s z any :i* are ev] p]petrat$ 9 o!r /ates1 & t we mu/ legislate = him by anticipation1 & ?reat5 & make laws aga9/ him if he %\ld arise1 9 ord] to det] him1 & puni% 8 acts1 "u ! idea t he w arise--?is1 z ,i 0 say+1 is 9 a mann] disgraceful4 ,yet see+ t we are n l ! anci5t legislators1 :o gave laws to h]oes & sons ( gods1 be+1 accord+ to ! popul> belief1 !mselves ! (fspr+ ( ! gods1 & legislat+ = o!rs1 :o 7 also ! *ildr5 ( div9e p>5ts1 b t we are only m5 :o are legislat+ = ! sons ( m51 !re is no un*>itabl5ess 9 appreh5d+ t "s "o ( our citiz5s may be l a se$ :i* has t\*$ ! ox's horn1 hav+ a he>t s h>d t x _c be s(t5$ any m ?an ^? se$s c be s(t5$ by fire4 ,among our citiz5s !re may be ^? :o _c be subdu$ by all ! /r5g? ( ! laws2 & = _! sake1 ?\gh an ungraci\s task1 ,i w proclaim my fir/ law ab\t ! robb+ ( temples1 9 case any "o %\ld d>e to commit su* a crime4 ,i d n expect or imag9e t any well-br\ght-up citiz5 w ev] take ! infection1 b _! s]vants1 & /rang]s1 & /rang]s' s]vants may be guilty ( _m impieties4 ,& ) a view to !m especially1 & yet n )\t a provid5t eye to ! weakness ( human nature g5]ally1 ,i w proclaim ! law ab\t robb]s ( temples & simil> incurable1 or almo/ incurable1 crim9als4 ,hav+ already agre$ t su* enactm5ts ought always to h a %ort prelude1 we may speak to ! crim9al1 :om "s torm5t+ desire by night & by day tempts to g & rob a temple1 ! fewe/ possible words ( admonition & exhortation3 ,o sir1 we w say to him1 ! impulse :i* moves y to rob temples is n an ord9>y human malady1 nor yet a visitation ( heav51 b a madness :i* is begott5 9 a man f anci5t & unexpiat$ crimes ( 8 race1 an ev]-recurr+ curse--aga9/ ?is y mu/ gu>d ) all y\r might1 & h[ y are to gu>d we w expla9 to y4 ,:5 any su* ?\ght comes into y\r m9d1 g & p]=m expiations1 g z a suppliant to ! temples ( ! ,gods :o av]t evils1 g to ! society ( ^? :o are call$ good m5 among y2 he> !m tell & y\rself try to repeat aft] !m1 t e man %\ld hon\r ! noble & ! j4 ,fly f ! company ( ! wick$--fly & turn n back2 & if y\r disord] is light5$ by ^! rem$ies1 well & good1 b if n1 !n ackn[l$ge dea? to be nobl] ?an life1 & dep>t h5ce4 ,su* are ! preludes :i* we s+ to all :o h ?\ghts ( unholy & treasonable actions1 & to him :o he>k5s to !m ! law has no?+ to say4 ,b to him :o is disob$i5t :5 ! prelude is ov]1 cry ) a l\d voice--,he :o is tak5 9 ! act ( robb+ temples1 if he be a slave or /rang]1 %all h 8 evil de$ engrav5 on 8 face & h&s1 & %all be beat5 ) z _m /ripes z may seem good to ! judges1 & be ca/ nak$ beyond ! bord]s ( ! l&4 ,& if he suff]s ?is puni%m5t he w probably return to 8 "r m9d & be improv$2 = no p5alty :i* ! law inflicts is design$ = evil1 b always makes him :o suff]s ei!r bett] or n s mu* worse z he w\ld h be54 ,b if any citiz5 be f\nd guilty ( any great or unm5tionable wrong1 ei!r 9 relation to ! ,gods1 or 8 p>5ts1 or ! /ate1 let ! judge deem him to be incurable1 rememb]+ t aft] receiv+ su* an excell5t education & tra9+ f y\? upw>d1 he has n ab/a9$ f ! greate/ ( crimes4 ,8 puni%m5t %all be dea?1 :i* to him w be ! lea/ ( evils2 & 8 example w b5efit o!rs1 if he p]i% +lori\sly1 & be ca/ beyond ! bord]s ( ! l&4 ,b let 8 *ildr5 & family1 if !y avoid ! ways ( _! fa!r1 h glory1 & let hon\rable m5tion be made ( !m1 z hav+ nobly & manfully escap$ out ( evil into good4 ,none ( !m %\ld h _! goods confiscat$ to ! /ate1 = ! lots ( ! citiz5s ought always to cont9ue ! same & equal4 ,t\*+ ! exaction ( p5alties1 :5 a man appe>s to h done any?+ :i* des]ves a f9e1 he %all pay ! f9e1 if he h any?+ 9 excess ( ! lot :i* is assign$ to him2 b m ?an t he %all n pay4 ,& to secure exactness1 let ! gu>dians ( ! law ref] to ! regi/]s1 & in=m ! judges ( ! precise tru?1 9 ord] t none ( ! lots may g uncultivat$ = want ( money4 ,b if any "o seems to des]ve a great] p5alty1 let him und]go a long & public imprisonm5t & be di%on\r$1 unless "s ( 8 fri5ds are will+ to be surety = him1 & lib]ate him by assi/+ him to pay ! f9e4 ,no crim9al %all g unpuni%$1 n ev5 = a s+le (f5ce1 nor if he h fl$ ! c\ntry2 b let ! p5alty be accord+ to 8 des]ts--dea?1 or bonds1 or bl[s1 or degrad+ places ( sitt+ or /&+1 or removal to "s temple on ! bord]s ( ! l&2 or let him pay f9es1 z we said be=e4 ,9 cases ( dea?1 let ! judges be ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & a c\rt select$ by m]it f ! la/ ye>'s magi/rates4 ,b h[ ! causes are to be br\ght into c\rt1 h[ ! summonses are to be s]v$1 & ! l1 ^! ?+s may be left to ! y\ng] g5]ation ( legislators to det]m9e2 ! mann] ( vot+ we mu/ det]m9e ourselves4 ,let ! vote be giv5 op5ly2 b be=e !y come to ! vote let ! judges sit 9 ord] ( s5iority ov] aga9/ pla9tiff & def5dant1 & let all ! citiz5s :o c sp>e "t he> & take a s]i\s int]e/ 9 li/5+ to su* causes4 ,fir/ ( all ! pla9tiff %all make "o spee*1 & !n ! def5dant %all make ano!r2 & aft] ! spee*es h be5 made ! elde/ judge %all beg9 to exam9e ! p>ties1 & proce$ to make an adequate enquiry into :at has be5 said2 & aft] ! olde/ has spok51 ! re/ %all proce$ 9 ord] to exam9e ei!r p>ty z to :at he f9ds defective 9 ! evid5ce1 :e!r ( /atem5t or omission2 & he :o has no?+ to ask %all h& ov] ! exam9ation to ano!r4 ,& on s mu* ( :at has be5 said z is to ! purpose all ! judges %all set _! seals1 & place ! writ+s on ! alt> ( ,he/ia4 ,on ! next day !y %all meet aga91 & 9 l mann] put _! que/ions & g ?r\gh ! cause1 & aga9 set _! seals ^u ! evid5ce2 & :5 !y h ?ree times done ?is1 & h _h witnesses & evid5ce en\gh1 !y %all ea* ( !m give a holy vote1 aft] promis+ by ,he/ia t !y w decide ju/ly & truly to ! utmo/ ( _! p[]2 & s !y %all put an end to ! suit4 ,next1 aft] :at relates to ! ,gods1 foll[s :at relates to ! dissolution ( ! /ate3 ,:oev] by p]mitt+ a man to p[] enslaves ! laws1 & subjects ! city to factions1 us+ viol5ce & /irr+ up s$ition contr>y to law1 him we w deem ! greate/ enemy ( ! :ole /ate4 ,b he :o takes no "p 9 su* proce$+s1 &1 be+ "o ( ! *ief magi/rates ( ! /ate1 has no k ( treason1 or1 hav+ k ( x1 by reason ( c[>dice does n int]f]e on behalf ( 8 c\ntry1 su* an "o we mu/ consid] ne>ly z bad4 ,e man :o is wor? any?+ w in=m ! magi/rates1 & br+ ! conspirator to trial = mak+ a viol5t & illegal attempt to *ange ! gov]nm5t4 ,! judges ( su* cases %all be ! same z ( ! robb]s ( temples2 & let ! :ole proce$+ be c>ri$ on 9 ! same way1 & ! vote ( ! majority condemn to dea?4 ,b let !re be a g5]al rule1 t ! disgrace & puni%m5t ( ! fa!r is n to be visit$ on ! *ildr51 except 9 ! case ( "s "o ^: fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & great-gr&fa!r h successively und]gone ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,su* p]sons ! city %all s5d away ) all _! possessions to ! city & c\ntry ( _! ance/ors1 reta9+ only & :olly _! appo9t$ lot4 ,& out ( ! citiz5s :o h m ?an "o son ( n less ?an t5 ye>s ( age1 !y %all select t5 :om _! fa!r or gr&fa!r by ! "m's or fa!r's side %all appo9t1 & let !m s5d to ,delphi ! names ( ^? :o are select$1 & him :om ! ,god *ooses !y %all e/abli% z heir ( ! h\se :i* has fail$2 & may he h bett] =tune ?an 8 pr$ecessors6 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,once m let !re be a ?ird g5]al law respect+ ! judges :o are to give judgm5t1 & ! mann] ( conduct+ suits aga9/ ^? :o are tri$ on an accusation ( treason2 & z conc]n+ ! rema9+ or dep>ture ( _! desc5dants--!re %all be "o law = all ?ree1 = ! traitor1 & ! robb] ( temples1 & ! subv]t] by viol5ce ( ! laws ( ! /ate4 ,= a ?ief1 :e!r he /eal mu* or little1 let !re be "o law1 & "o puni%m5t = all alike3 9 ! fir/ place1 let him pay d\ble ! am\nt ( ! !ft if he be convict$1 & if he h s mu* ov] & above ! allotm5t--if he h n1 he %all be b\nd until he pay ! p5alty1 or p]suade him :o has obta9$ ! s5t5ce aga9/ him to =give him4 ,b if a p]son be convict$ ( a !ft aga9/ ! /ate1 !n if he c p]suade ! city1 or if he w pay back twice ! am\nt ( ! !ft1 he %all be set free f 8 bonds4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at makes y say1 ,/rang]1 t a !ft is all "o1 :e!r ! ?ief may h tak5 mu* or little1 & ei!r f sacr$ or secul> places--& ^! are n ! only diff]5ces 9 !fts--see+1 !n1 t !y are ( _m k9ds1 ought n ! legislator to adapt himself to !m1 & impose ^u !m entirely diff]5t p5alties8 ,,a!nian3 ,excell5t4 ,i 0 runn+ on too fa/1 ,cle9ias1 & y imp+$ ^u me1 & br\ght me to my s5ses1 rem9d+ me ( :at1 inde$1 _h occurr$ to my m9d already1 t legislation 0 nev] yet rightly work$ out1 z ,i may say 9 pass+4 ,d y rememb] ! image 9 :i* ,i lik5$ ! m5 = :om laws are n[ made to slaves :o are doctor$ by slaves8 ,= ( ?is y may be v sure1 t if "o ( ^? empirical physicians1 :o practise m$ic9e )\t sci5ce1 7 to come ^u ! g5tleman physician talk+ to 8 g5tleman pati5t1 & us+ ! language almo/ ( philosophy1 beg9n+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! disease & disc\rs+ ab\t ! :ole nature ( ! body1 he w\ld bur/ into a he>ty laugh--he w\ld say :at mo/ ( ^? :o are call$ doctors always h at _! tongue's end3 ,fooli% fell[1 he w\ld say1 y are n heal+ ! sick man1 b y are educat+ him2 & he does n want to be made a doctor1 b to get well4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& w\ld he n be "r8 ,,a!nian3 ,p]haps he w\ld2 & he might rem>k ^u u1 t he :o disc\rses ab\t laws1 z we are n[ do+1 is giv+ ! citiz5s education & n laws2 t w\ld be r a tell+ obs]vation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,b we are =tunate4 ,,cle9ias3 ,9 :at way8 ,,a!nian3 ,inasmu* z we are n compell$ to give laws1 b we may take into consid]ation e =m ( gov]nm5t1 & asc]ta9 :at is be/ & :at is mo/ ne$ful1 & h[ !y may bo? be c>ri$ into execution2 & we may also1 if we please1 at ?is v mom5t *oose :at is be/1 or1 if we pref]1 :at is mo/ necess>y--:i* %all we d8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re is some?+ ridicul\s1 ,/rang]1 9 our propos+ su* an alt]native1 z if we 7 legislators1 simply b\nd "u "s great necessity :i* _c be def]r$ to ! morr[4 ,b we1 z ,i may by ! grace ( ,heav5 affirm1 l ga!r]s ( /ones or beg9n]s ( "s composite "w1 may ga!r a heap ( mat]ials1 & out ( ?is1 at our leisure1 select :at is suitable = our project$ con/ruction4 ,let u !n suppose ourselves to be at leisure1 n ( necessity build+1 b r l m5 :o are p>tly provid+ mat]ials1 & p>tly putt+ !m toge!r4 ,& we may truly say t "s ( our laws1 l /ones1 are already fix$ 9 _! places1 & o!rs lie at h&4 ,,a!nian3 ,c]ta9ly1 9 t case1 ,cle9ias1 our view ( law w be m 9 accordance ) nature4 ,= !re is ano!r matt] affect+ legislators1 :i* ,i mu/ e>ne/ly entreat y to consid]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re are _m writ+s to be f\nd 9 cities1 & among !m !re are disc\rses compos$ by legislators z well z by o!r p]sons4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,%all we give he$ r to ! writ+s ( ^? o!rs--poets & ! l1 :o ei!r 9 metre or out ( metre h record$ _! advice ab\t ! conduct ( life1 & n to ! writ+s ( legislators8 or %all we give he$ to !m above all8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes2 to !m f> above all o!rs4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ought ! legislator alone among writ]s to )hold 8 op9ion ab\t ! beautiful1 ! good1 & ! j1 & n to tea* :at !y are1 & h[ !y are to be pursu$ by ^? :o int5d to be happy8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is x disgraceful = ,hom] & ,tyrtaeus & o!r poets to lay d[n evil precepts 9 _! writ+s respect+ life & ! pursuits ( m51 b n s disgraceful = ,lycurgus & ,solon & o!rs :o 7 legislators z well z writ]s8 ,is x n true t ( all ! writ+s to be f\nd 9 cities1 ^? :i* relate to laws1 :5 y unfold & read !m1 ought to be by f> ! noble/ & ! be/8 & %\ld n o!r writ+s ei!r agree ) !m1 or if !y disagree1 be deem$ ridicul\s8 ,we %\ld consid] :e!r ! laws ( /ates ought n to h ! "* ( lov+ & wise p>5ts1 r ?an ( tyrants & ma/]s1 :o comm& & ?reat51 &1 aft] writ+ _! decrees on walls1 g _! ways2 & :e!r1 9 disc\rs+ ( laws1 we %\ld n take ! g5tl] view ( !m :i* may or may n be atta9able--at any rate1 we w %[ our read9ess to ent]ta9 su* a view1 & be prep>$ to und]go :atev] may be ! result4 ,& may ! result be good1 & if ,god be graci\s1 x w be good6 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t2 let u d z y say4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n we w n[ consid] accurately1 z we propos$1 :at relates to robb]s ( temples1 & all k9ds ( !fts1 & (f5ces 9 g5]al2 & we mu/ n be annoy$ if1 9 ! c\rse ( legislation1 we h enact$ "s ?+s1 & h n made up our m9ds ab\t "s o!rs2 = z yet we are n legislators1 b we may soon be4 ,let u1 if y please1 consid] ^! matt]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,conc]n+ all ?+s hon\rable & j1 let u !n endeav\r to asc]ta9 h[ f> we are consi/5t ) ourselves1 & h[ f> we are inconsi/5t1 & h[ f> ! _m1 f :om at any rate we %\ld pr(ess a desire to diff]1 agree & disagree among !mselves4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are ! inconsi/5cies :i* y obs]ve 9 u8 ,,a!nian3 ,i w endeav\r to expla94 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 we are all agre$ t ju/ice1 & j m5 & ?+s & actions1 are all fair1 &1 if a p]son 7 to ma9ta9 t j m51 ev5 :5 !y are de=m$ 9 body1 are /ill p]fectly beautiful 9 respect ( ! excell5t ju/ice ( _! m9ds1 no "o w\ld say t !re 0 any inconsi/5cy 9 ?is4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!y w\ld be q "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,p]haps2 b let u consid] fur!r1 t if all ?+s :i* are j are fair & hon\rable1 9 ! t]m 'all' we mu/ include j suff]+s :i* are ! correlatives ( j actions4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& :at is ! inf]5ce8 ,,a!nian3 ,! inf]5ce is1 t a j action 9 p>tak+ ( ! j p>takes also 9 ! same degree ( ! fair & hon\rable4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& mu/ n a suff]+ :i* p>takes ( ! j pr9ciple be admitt$ to be 9 ! same degree fair & hon\rable1 if ! argum5t is consi/5tly c>ri$ out8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,b !n if we admit suff]+ to be j & yet di%on\rable1 & ! t]m 'di%on\rable' is appli$ to ju/ice1 w n ! j & ! hon\rable disagree8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,a ?+ n difficult to und]/&2 ! laws :i* h be5 already enact$ w\ld seem to ann\nce pr9ciples directly oppos$ to :at we are say+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to :at8 ,,a!nian3 ,we _h enact$1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t ! robb] ( temples1 & he :o 0 ! enemy ( law & ord]1 might ju/ly be put to dea?1 & we 7 proce$+ to make div]s o!r enactm5ts ( a simil> nature4 ,b we /opp$ %ort1 because we saw t ^! suff]+s are inf9ite 9 numb] & degree1 & t !y are1 at once1 ! mo/ j & also ! mo/ di%on\rable ( all suff]+s4 ,& if ?is be true1 are n ! j & ! hon\rable at "o "t all ! same1 & at ano!r "t 9 ! mo/ diametrical opposition8 ,,cle9ias3 ,su* appe>s to be ! case4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ?is discordant & inconsi/5t fa%ion does ! language ( ! _m r5d asund] ! hon\rable & j4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[1 ,cle9ias1 let u see h[ f> we ourselves are consi/5t ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,consi/5t 9 :at8 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?9k t ,i h cle>ly /at$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ! discussion1 b if ,i did n1 let me n[ /ate-- ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,t all bad m5 are always involunt>ily bad2 & f ?is ,i mu/ proce$ to draw a fur!r inf]5ce4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,t ! unju/ man may be bad1 b t he is bad aga9/ 8 w4 ,n[ t an action :i* is volunt>y %\ld be done involunt>ily is a contradiction2 :]e=e he :o ma9ta9s t inju/ice is involunt>y w deem t ! unju/ does inju/ice involunt>ily4 ,i too admit t all m5 d inju/ice involunt>ily1 & if any cont5ti\s or disputati\s p]son says t m5 are unju/ aga9/ _! w1 & yet t _m d inju/ice will+ly1 ,i d n agree ) him4 ,b1 !n1 h[ c ,i avoid be+ inconsi/5t ) myself1 if y1 ,cle9ias1 & y1 ,megillus1 say to me--,well1 ,/rang]1 if all ?is be z y say1 h[ ab\t legislat+ = ! city ( ! ,magnetes--%all we legislate or n--:at d y advise8 ,c]ta9ly we w1 ,i %\ld reply4 ,!n w y det]m9e = !m :at are volunt>y & :at are involunt>y crimes1 & %all we make ! puni%m5ts great] ( volunt>y errors & crimes & less = ! involunt>y8 or %all we make ! puni%m5t ( all to be alike1 "u ! idea t !re is no su* ?+ z volunt>y crime8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good1 ,/rang]2 & :at %all we say 9 answ] to ^! objections8 ,,a!nian3 ,t is a v fair "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u-- ,,cle9ias3 ,d :at8 ,,a!nian3 ,let u rememb] :at has be5 well said by u already1 t our ideas ( ju/ice are 9 ! highe/ degree confus$ & contradictory4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 let u proce$ to ask ourselves once m :e!r we h discov]$ a way out ( ! difficulty4 ,h we ev] det]m9$ 9 :at respect ^! two classes ( actions diff] f "o ano!r8 ,= 9 all /ates & by all legislators :atsoev]1 two k9ds ( actions h be5 di/+ui%$--! "o1 volunt>y1 ! o!r1 involunt>y2 & !y h legislat$ ab\t !m accord+ly4 ,b %all ?is new ^w ( ours1 l an oracle ( ,god1 be only spok51 & get away )\t giv+ any explanation or v]ification ( itself8 ,h[ c a ^w n und]/ood be ! basis ( legislation8 ,impossible4 ,be=e proce$+ to legislate1 !n1 we mu/ prove t !y are two1 & :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t :5 we impose ! p5alty ^u ei!r1 e "o may und]/& our proposal1 & be able 9 "s way to judge :e!r ! p5alty is fitly or unfitly inflict$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i agree ) y1 ,/rang]2 = "o ( two ?+s is c]ta93 ei!r we mu/ n say t all unju/ acts are involunt>y1 or we mu/ %[ ! mean+ & tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,( ^! two alt]natives1 ! "o is q intol]able--n to speak :at ,i believe to be ! tru? w\ld be to me unlawful & unholy4 ,b if acts ( inju/ice _c be divid$ into volunt>y & involunt>y1 ,i mu/ endeav\r to f9d "s o!r di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true1 ,/rang]2 !re _c be two op9ions among u ^u t po9t4 ,,a!nian3 ,reflect1 !n2 !re are hurts ( v>i\s k9ds done by ! citiz5s to "o ano!r 9 ! int]c\rse ( life1 af=d+ pl5tiful examples bo? ( ! volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,i w\ld n h any "o suppose t all ^! hurts are injuries1 & t ^! injuries are ( two k9ds--"o1 volunt>y1 & ! o!r1 involunt>y2 = ! involunt>y hurts ( all m5 are q z _m & z great z ! volunt>y4 ,& please to consid] :e!r ,i am "r or q wrong 9 :at ,i am go+ to say2 = ,i d5y1 ,cle9ias & ,megillus1 t he :o h>ms ano!r involunt>ily does him an injury involunt>ily1 nor %\ld ,i legislate ab\t su* an act "u ! idea t ,i am legislat+ = an involunt>y injury4 ,b ,i %\ld r say t su* a hurt1 :e!r great or small1 is n an injury at all2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,i am "r1 :5 a b5efit is wrongly conf]r$1 ! au?or ( ! b5efit may (t5 be said to injure4 ,= ,i ma9ta91 ,o my fri5ds1 t ! m]e giv+ or tak+ away ( any?+ is n to be describ$ ei!r z j or unju/2 b ! legislator has to consid] :e!r mank9d d good or h>m to "o ano!r out ( a j pr9ciple & int5tion4 ,on ! di/9ction betwe5 inju/ice & hurt he mu/ fix 8 eye2 & :5 !re is hurt1 he mu/1 z f> z he c1 make ! hurt good by law1 & save t :i* is ru9$1 & raise up t :i* is fall51 & make t :i* is dead or w\nd$ :ole4 ,& :5 comp5sation has be5 giv5 = inju/ice1 ! law mu/ always seek to w9 ov] ! do]s & suff]]s ( ! sev]al hurts f feel+s ( enmity to ^? ( fri5d%ip4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n z to unju/ hurts 7& ga9s also1 suppos+ ! inju/ice to br+ ga971 ( ^! we may heal z _m z are capable ( be+ heal$1 reg>d+ !m z diseases ( ! s\l2 & ! cure ( inju/ice w take ! foll[+ direction4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at direction8 ,,a!nian3 ,:5 any "o commits any inju/ice1 small or great1 ! law w admoni% & compel him ei!r nev] at all to d ! l aga91 or nev] volunt>ily1 or at any rate 9 a f> less degree2 & he mu/ 9 addition pay = ! hurt4 ,:e!r ! end is to be atta9$ by ^w or action1 ) pleasure or pa91 by giv+ or tak+ away privileges1 by means ( f9es or gifts1 or 9 :atsoev] way ! law %all proce$ to make a man hate inju/ice1 & love or n hate ! nature ( ! j--?is is q ! noble/ "w ( law4 ,b if ! legislator sees any "o :o is incurable1 = him he w appo9t a law & a p5alty4 ,he kn[s q well t to su* m5 !mselves !re is no pr(it 9 ! cont9uance ( _! lives1 & t !y w\ld d a d\ble good to ! re/ ( mank9d if !y w\ld take _! dep>ture1 inasmu* z !y w\ld be an example to o!r m5 n to (f5d1 & !y w\ld relieve ! city ( bad citiz5s4 ,9 su* cases1 & 9 su* cases only1 ! legislator ought to inflict dea? z ! puni%m5t ( (f5ces4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at y h said appe>s to me to be v reasonable1 b w y fav\r me by /at+ a little m cle>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 hurt & inju/ice1 & ! v>i\s complications ( ! volunt>y & involunt>y :i* ent] into !m8 ,,a!nian3 ,i w endeav\r to d z y wi%3 ,conc]n+ ! s\l1 ?us mu* w\ld be g5]ally said & all[$1 t "o elem5t 9 h] nature is passion1 :i* may be describ$ ei!r z a /ate or a "p ( h]1 & is h>d to be /riv5 aga9/ & cont5d$ )1 & by irrational =ce ov]turns _m ?+s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& pleasure is n ! same ) passion1 b has an opposite p[]1 work+ h] w by p]suasion & by ! =ce ( deceit 9 all ?+s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,a man may truly say t ignorance is a ?ird cause ( crimes4 ,ignorance1 h[ev]1 may be conv5i5tly divid$ by ! legislator into two sorts3 !re is simple ignorance1 :i* is ! s\rce ( light] (f5ces1 & d\ble ignorance1 :i* is accompani$ by a conceit ( wisdom2 & he :o is "u ! influ5ce ( ! latt] fancies t he kn[s all ab\t matt]s ( :i* he kn[s no?+4 ,?is second k9d ( ignorance1 :5 possess$ ( p[] & /r5g?1 w be held by ! legislator to be ! s\rce ( great & mon/r\s crimes1 b :5 att5d$ ) weakness1 w only result 9 ! errors ( *ildr5 & old m52 & ^! he w treat z errors1 & w make laws accord+ly = ^? :o commit !m1 :i* w be ! milde/ & mo/ m]ciful ( all laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y are p]fectly "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,we all ( u rem>k ( "o man t he is sup]ior to pleasure & passion1 & ( ano!r t he is inf]ior to !m2 & ?is is true4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,b no "o 0 ev] yet he>d to say t "o ( u is sup]ior & ano!r inf]ior to ignorance4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,we are speak+ ( motives :i* incite m5 to ! fulfilm5t ( _! w2 al?\gh an individual may be (t5 drawn by !m 9 opposite directions at ! same "t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 (t54 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ ,i c def9e to y cle>ly1 & )\t ambiguity1 :at ,i mean by ! j & unju/1 accord+ to my notion ( !m3 ,:5 ang] & fe>1 & pleasure & pa91 & jeal\sies & desires1 tyrannize ov] ! s\l1 :e!r !y d any h>m or n--,i call all ?is inju/ice4 ,b :5 ! op9ion ( ! be/1 9 :atev] "p ( human nature /ates or individuals may suppose t to dwell1 has dom9ion 9 ! s\l & ord]s ! life ( e man1 ev5 if x be sometimes mi/ak51 yet :at is done 9 accordance !re)1 & ! pr9ciple 9 individuals :i* obeys ?is rule1 & is be/ = ! :ole life ( man1 is to be call$ j2 al?\gh ! hurt done by mi/ake is ?\ght by _m to be involunt>y inju/ice4 ,leav+ ! "q ( names1 ab\t :i* we are n go+ to qu>rel1 & hav+ already del9eat$ ?ree s\rces ( error1 we may beg9 by recall+ !m some:at m vividly to our memory3 ,"o ( !m 0 ( ! pa9ful sort1 :i* we d5om9ate ang] & fe>4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re 0 a second consi/+ ( pleasures & desires1 & a ?ird ( hopes1 :i* aim$ at true op9ion ab\t ! be/4 ,! latt] be+ subdivid$ into ?ree1 we n[ get five s\rces ( actions1 & = ^! five we w make laws ( two k9ds4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are ! two k9ds8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is "o k9d ( actions done by viol5ce & 9 ! light ( day1 & ano!r k9d ( actions :i* are done 9 d>kness & ) secret deceit1 or sometimes bo? ) viol5ce & deceit2 ! laws conc]n+ ^! la/ ought to h a "* ( sev]ity4 ,,cle9ias3 ,naturally4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[ let u return f ?is digression & complete ! "w ( legislation4 ,laws h be5 already enact$ by u conc]n+ ! robb]s ( ! ,gods1 & conc]n+ traitors1 & also conc]n+ ^? :o corrupt ! laws = ! purpose ( subv]t+ ! gov]nm5t4 ,a man may v likely commit "s ( ^! crimes1 ei!r 9 a /ate ( madness or :5 affect$ by disease1 or "u ! influ5ce ( extreme old age1 or 9 a fit ( *ildi% wantonness1 himself no bett] ?an a *ild4 ,& if ?is be made evid5t to ! judges elect$ to try ! cause1 on ! appeal ( ! crim9al or 8 advocate1 & he be judg$ to h be5 9 ?is /ate :5 he committ$ ! (f5ce1 he %all simply pay = ! hurt :i* he may h done to ano!r2 b he %all be exempt f o!r p5alties1 unless he h sla9 "s "o1 & h on 8 h&s ! /a9 ( blood4 ,& 9 t case he %all g to ano!r l& & c\ntry1 & !re dwell = a ye>2 & if he return be=e ! expiration ( ! "t :i* ! law appo9ts1 or ev5 set 8 foot at all on 8 native l&1 he %all be b\nd by ! gu>dians ( ! law 9 ! public prison = two ye>s1 & !n g free4 ,hav+ begun to speak ( homicide1 let u endeav\r to lay d[n laws conc]n+ e diff]5t k9d ( homicide2 &1 fir/ ( all1 conc]n+ viol5t & involunt>y homicides4 ,if any "o 9 an a?letic conte/1 & at ! public games1 involunt>ily kills a fri5d1 & he dies ei!r at ! "t or aft]w>ds ( ! bl[s :i* he has receiv$2 or if ! l mis=tune happ5s to any "o 9 w>1 or milit>y ex]cises1 or mimic conte/s ( :i* ! magi/rates enjo9 ! practice1 :e!r ) or )\t arms1 :5 he has be5 purifi$ accord+ to ! law br\ght f ,delphi relat+ to ^! matt]s1 he %all be innoc5t4 ,& s 9 ! case ( physicians3 if _! pati5t dies aga9/ _! w1 !y %all be held guiltless by ! law4 ,& if "o slay ano!r ) 8 own h&1 b un9t5tionally1 :e!r he be un>m$ or h "s in/rum5t or d>t 9 8 h&2 or if he kill him by adm9i/]+ food or dr9k1 or by ! application ( fire or cold1 or by suffocat+ him1 :e!r he d ! de$ by 8 own h&1 or by ! ag5cy ( o!rs1 he %all be deem$ ! ag5t1 & %all suff] "o ( ! foll[+ p5alties3 ,if he kill ! slave ( ano!r 9 ! belief t he is 8 own1 he %all be> ! ma/] ( ! dead man h>mless f loss1 or %all pay a p5alty ( twice ! value ( ! dead man1 :i* ! judges %all assess2 b purifications mu/ be us$ great] & m num]\s ?an = ^? :o committ$ homicide at ! games--:at !y are to be1 ! int]pret]s :om ! ,god appo9ts %all be au?oris$ to decl>e4 ,& if a man kills 8 own slave1 :5 he has be5 purifi$ accord+ to law1 he %all be quit ( ! homicide4 ,& if a man kills a freeman un9t5tionally1 he %all und]go ! same purification z he did :o kill$ ! slave4 ,b let him n =get also a tale ( old5 "t1 :i* is to ?is effect3 ,he :o has suff]$ a viol5t end1 :5 newly dead1 if he has _h ! s\l ( a freeman 9 life1 is angry ) ! au?or ( 8 dea?2 & be+ himself full ( fe> & panic by reason ( 8 viol5t end1 :5 he sees 8 murd]] walk+ ab\t 9 8 own accu/om$ haunts1 he is /rick5 ) t]ror & becomes disord]$1 & ?is disord] ( 81 aid$ by ! guilty recollection ( ! o!r1 is communicat$ by him ) ov]:elm+ =ce to ! murd]] & 8 de$s4 ,:]e=e also ! murd]] mu/ g out ( ! way ( 8 victim = ! entire p]iod ( a ye>1 & n himself be f\nd 9 any spot :i* 0 famili> to him ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,& if ! dead man be a /rang]1 ! homicide %all be kept f ! c\ntry ( ! /rang] dur+ a l p]iod4 ,if any "o volunt>ily obeys ?is law1 ! next ( k9 to ! deceas$1 see+ all t has happ5$1 %all take pity on him1 & make peace ) him1 & %[ him all g5tl5ess4 ,b if any "o is disob$i5t1 & ei!r v5tures to g to any ( ! temples & sacrifice unpurifi$1 or w n cont9ue 9 exile dur+ ! appo9t$ "t1 ! next ( k9 to ! deceas$ %all proce$ aga9/ him = murd]2 & if he be convict$1 e "p ( 8 puni%m5t %all be d\bl$4 ,& if ! next ( k9 d n proce$ aga9/ ! p]petrator ( ! crime1 !n ! pollution %all be deem$ to fall ^u 8 own head--! murd]$ man w fix ! guilt ^u 8 k9sman1 & he :o has a m9d to proce$ aga9/ him may compel him to be abs5t f 8 c\ntry dur+ five ye>s1 accord+ to law4 ,if a /rang] un9t5tionally kill a /rang] :o is dwell+ 9 ! city1 he :o likes %all prosecute ! cause accord+ to ! same rules4 ,if he be a metic1 let him be abs5t = a ye>1 or if he be an entire /rang]1 9 addition to ! purification1 :e!r he h sla9 a /rang]1 or a metic1 or a citiz51 he %all be bani%$ = life f ! c\ntry :i* is 9 possession ( our laws4 ,& if he return contr>y to law1 let ! gu>dians ( ! law puni% him ) dea?2 & let !m h& ov] 8 prop]ty1 if he h any1 to him :o is next ( k9 to ! suff]]4 ,& if he be wreck$1 & driv5 on ! coa/ aga9/ 8 w1 he %all take up 8 abode on ! sea%ore1 wett+ 8 feet 9 ! sea1 & wat*+ = an opportunity ( sail+2 b if he be br\ght by l&1 & is n 8 own ma/]1 let ! magi/rate :om he fir/ comes across 9 ! city1 release him & s5d him unh>m$ ov] ! bord]4 ,if any "o slays a freeman ) 8 own h&1 & ! de$ be done 9 passion1 9 ! case ( su* actions we mu/ beg9 by mak+ a di/9ction4 ,= a de$ is done f passion ei!r :5 m5 sudd5ly1 & )\t int5tion to kill1 cause ! dea? ( ano!r by bl[s & ! l on a mom5t>y impulse1 & are sorry = ! de$ imm$iately aft]w>ds2 or aga91 :5 aft] hav+ be5 insult$ 9 de$ or ^w1 m5 pursue rev5ge1 & kill a p]son int5tionally1 & are n sorry = ! act4 ,&1 !re=e1 we mu/ assume t ^! homicides are ( two k9ds1 bo? ( !m aris+ f passion1 :i* may be ju/ly said to be 9 a mean betwe5 ! volunt>y & involunt>y2 at ! same "t1 !y are nei!r ( !m any?+ m ?an a lik5ess or %ad[ ( ei!r4 ,he :o treasures up 8 ang]1 & av5ges himself1 n imm$iately & at ! mom5t1 b ) insidi\s design1 & aft] an int]val1 is l ! volunt>y2 b he :o does n treasure up 8 ang]1 & takes v5geance on ! in/ant1 & )\t malice prep5se1 approa*es to ! involunt>y2 & yet ev5 he is n altoge!r involunt>y1 b is only ! image or %ad[ ( ! involunt>y2 :]e=e ab\t homicides committ$ 9 hot blood1 !re is a difficulty 9 det]m9+ :e!r 9 legislat+ we %all reckon !m z volunt>y or z p>tly involunt>y4 ,! be/ & true/ view is to reg>d !m respectively z lik5esses only ( ! volunt>y & involunt>y1 & to di/+ui% !m accord+ly z !y are done ) or )\t prem$itation4 ,& we %\ld make ! p5alties heavi] = ^? :o commit homicide ) angry prem$itation1 & light] = ^? :o d n prem$itate1 b smite ^u ! in/ant2 = t :i* is l a great] evil %\ld be puni%$ m sev]ely1 & t :i* is l a less evil %\ld be puni%$ less sev]ely3 ?is %all be ! rule ( our laws4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u proce$3 ,if any "o slays a freeman ) 8 own h&1 & ! de$ be done 9 a mom5t ( ang]1 & )\t prem$itation1 let ! (f5d] suff] 9 o!r respects z ! involunt>y homicide w\ld h suff]$1 & also und]go an exile ( two ye>s1 t he may le>n to s*ool 8 passions4 ,b he :o slays ano!r f passion1 yet ) prem$itation1 %all 9 o!r respects suff] z ! =m]2 & to ?is %all be add$ an exile ( ?ree in/ead ( two ye>s--8 puni%m5t is to be long] because 8 passion is great]4 ,! mann] ( _! return %all be on ?is wise3 7& "h ! law has difficulty 9 det]m9+ exactly2 = 9 "s cases ! murd]] :o is judg$ by ! law to be ! worse may really be ! less cruel1 & he :o is judg$ ! less cruel may be really ! worse1 & may h execut$ ! murd] 9 a m savage mann]1 :]eas ! o!r may h be5 g5tl]4 ,b 9 g5]al ! degrees ( guilt w be su* z we h describ$ !m4 ,( all ^! ?+s ! gu>dians ( ! law mu/ take cognizance73 ,:5 a homicide ( ei!r k9d has complet$ 8 t]m ( exile1 ! gu>dians %all s5d twelve judges to ! bord]s ( ! l&2 ^! dur+ ! int]val %all h in=m$ !mselves ( ! actions ( ! crim9als1 & !y %all judge respect+ _! p>don & reception2 & ! homicides %all abide by _! judgm5t4 ,b if aft] !y h return$ home1 any "o ( !m 9 a mom5t ( ang] repeats ! de$1 let him be an exile1 & return no m2 or if he returns1 let him suff] z ! /rang] 0 to suff] 9 a simil> case4 ,he :o kills 8 own slave %all und]go a purification1 b if he kills ! slave ( ano!r 9 ang]1 he %all pay twice ! am\nt ( ! loss to 8 own]4 ,& if any homicide is disob$i5t to ! law1 & )\t purification pollutes ! agora1 or ! games1 or ! temples1 he :o pleases may br+ to trial ! next ( k9 to ! dead man = p]mitt+ him1 & ! murd]] ) him1 & may compel ! "o to exact & ! o!r to suff] a d\ble am\nt ( f9es & purifications2 & ! accus] %all himself receive ! f9e 9 accordance ) ! law4 ,if a slave 9 a fit ( passion kills 8 ma/]1 ! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$ man may d ) ! murd]] 7provid$ only !y d n sp>e 8 life7 :atev] !y please1 & !y w be pure2 or if he kills a freeman1 :o is n 8 ma/]1 ! own] %all give up ! slave to ! relatives ( ! deceas$1 & !y %all be "u an obligation to put him to dea?1 b ?is may be done 9 any mann] :i* !y please4 ,& if 7:i* is a r>e occurr5ce1 b does sometimes happ57 a fa!r or a "m 9 a mom5t ( passion slays a son or daught] by bl[s1 or "s o!r viol5ce1 ! slay] %all und]go ! same purification z 9 o!r cases1 & be exil$ dur+ ?ree ye>s2 b :5 ! exile returns ! wife %all sep>ate f ! husb&1 & ! husb& f ! wife1 & !y %all nev] aft]w>ds beget *ildr5 toge!r1 or live "u ! same ro(1 or p>take ( ! same sacr$ rites ) ^? :om !y h depriv$ ( a *ild or ( a bro!r4 ,& he :o is impi\s & disob$i5t 9 su* a case %all be br\ght to trial = impiety by any "o :o pleases4 ,if 9 a fit ( ang] a husb& kills 8 w$d$ wife1 or ! wife h] husb&1 ! slay] %all und]go ! same purification1 & ! t]m ( exile %all be ?ree ye>s4 ,& :5 he :o has committ$ any su* crime returns1 let him h no communication 9 sacr$ rites ) 8 *ildr51 nei!r let him sit at ! same table ) !m1 & ! fa!r or son :o disobeys %all be liable to be br\ght to trial = impiety by any "o :o pleases4 ,if a bro!r or a si/] 9 a fit ( passion kills a bro!r or a si/]1 !y %all und]go purification & exile1 z 0 ! case ) p>5ts :o kill$ _! (fspr+3 !y %all n come "u ! same ro(1 or %>e 9 ! sacr$ rites ( ^? :om !y h depriv$ ( _! bre?r51 or ( _! *ildr54 ,& he :o is disob$i5t %all be ju/ly liable to ! law conc]n+ impiety1 :i* relates to ^! matt]s4 ,if any "o is s viol5t 9 8 passion aga9/ 8 p>5ts1 t 9 ! madness ( 8 ang] he d>es to kill "o ( !m1 if ! murd]$ p]son be=e dy+ freely =gives ! murd]]1 let him und]go ! purification :i* is assign$ to ^? :o h be5 guilty ( involunt>y homicide1 & d z !y d1 & he %all be pure4 ,b if he be n acquitt$1 ! p]petrator ( su* a de$ %all be am5able to _m laws--he %all be am5able to ! extreme puni%m5ts = assault1 & impiety1 & robb+ ( temples1 = he has robb$ 8 p>5t ( life2 & if a man c\ld be sla9 m ?an once1 mo/ ju/ly w\ld he :o 9 a fit ( passion has sla9 fa!r or "m1 und]go _m dea?s4 ,h[ c he1 :om1 alone ( all m51 ev5 9 def5ce ( 8 life1 & :5 ab\t to suff] dea? at ! h&s ( 8 p>5ts1 no law w all[ to kill 8 fa!r or 8 "m :o are ! au?ors ( 8 be+1 & :om ! legislator w comm& to endure any extremity r ?an d ?is--h[ c he1 ,i say1 lawfully receive any o!r puni%m5t8 ,let dea? !n be ! appo9t$ puni%m5t ( him :o 9 a fit ( passion slays 8 fa!r or 8 "m4 ,b if bro!r kills bro!r 9 a civil broil1 or "u o!r l circum/ances1 if ! o!r has begun1 & he only def5ds himself1 let him be free f guilt1 z he w\ld be if he _h sla9 an enemy2 & ! same rule w apply if a citiz5 kill a citiz51 or a /rang] a /rang]4 ,or if a /rang] kill a citiz5 or a citiz5 a /rang] 9 self-def5ce1 let him be free f guilt 9 l mann]2 & s 9 ! case ( a slave :o has kill$ a slave2 b if a slave h kill$ a freeman 9 self-def5ce1 let him be subject to ! same law z he :o has kill$ a fa!r2 & let ! law ab\t ! remission ( p5alties 9 ! case ( p>ricide apply equally to e o!r remission4 ,:5ev] any suff]] ( 8 own accord remits ! guilt ( homicide to ano!r1 "u ! idea t 8 act 0 involunt>y1 let ! p]petrator ( ! de$ und]go a purification & rema9 9 exile = a ye>1 accord+ to law4 ,en\gh has be5 said ( murd]s viol5t & involunt>y & committ$ 9 passion3 we h n[ to speak ( volunt>y crimes done ) inju/ice ( e k9d & ) prem$itation1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( pleasures1 & desires1 & jeal\sies4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u fir/ speak1 z f> z we are able1 ( _! v>i\s k9ds4 ,! greate/ cause ( !m is lu/1 :i* gets ! ma/]y ( ! s\l madd5$ by desire2 & ?is is mo/ commonly f\nd to exi/ :]e ! passion reigns :i* is /ronge/ & mo/ preval5t among ! mass ( mank9d3 ,i mean :]e ! p[] ( weal? bre$s endless desires ( nev]-to-be-satisfi$ acquisition1 orig9at+ 9 natural disposition1 & a mis]able want ( education4 ,( ?is want ( education1 ! false praise ( weal? :i* is bruit$ ab\t bo? among ,hell5es & b>b>ians is ! cause2 !y deem t to be ! fir/ ( goods :i* 9 reality is only ! ?ird4 ,& 9 ?is way !y wrong bo? po/]ity & !mselves1 = no?+ c be nobl] & bett] ?an t ! tru? ab\t weal? %\ld be spok5 9 all /ates--namely1 t ri*es are = ! sake ( ! body1 z ! body is = ! sake ( ! s\l4 ,!y are good1 & weal? is int5d$ by nature to be = ! sake ( !m1 & is !re=e inf]ior to !m bo?1 & ?ird 9 ord] ( excell5ce4 ,?is argum5t tea*es u t he :o w\ld be happy ought n to seek to be ri*1 or r he %\ld seek to be ri* ju/ly & temp]ately1 & !n !re w\ld be no murd]s 9 /ates requir+ to be purg$ away by o!r murd]s4 ,b n[1 z ,i said at fir/1 av>ice is ! *iefe/ cause & s\rce ( ! wor/ trials = volunt>y homicide4 ,a second cause is ambition3 ?is creates jeal\sies1 :i* are tr\blesome companions1 above all to ! jeal\s man himself1 & 9 a less degree to ! *iefs ( ! /ate4 ,& a ?ird cause is c[>dly & unju/ fe>1 :i* has be5 ! occasion ( _m murd]s4 ,:5 a man is do+ or has done some?+ :i* he desires t no "o %\ld "k him to be do+ or to h done1 he w take ! life ( ^? :o are likely to in=m ( su* ?+s1 if he h no o!r means ( gett+ rid ( !m4 ,let ?is be said z a prelude conc]n+ crimes ( viol5ce 9 g5]al2 & ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion a tradition :i* is firmly believ$ by _m1 & has be5 receiv$ by !m f ^? :o are le>n$ 9 ! my/]ies3 !y say t su* de$s w be puni%$ 9 ! _w bel[1 & also t :5 ! p]petrators return to ?is _w !y w pay ! natural p5alty :i* is due to ! suff]]1 & end _! lives 9 l mann] by ! h& ( ano!r4 ,if he :o is ab\t to commit murd] believes ?is1 & is made by ! m]e prelude to dread su* a p5alty1 !re is no ne$ to proce$ ) ! proclamation ( ! law4 ,b if he w n li/51 let ! foll[+ law be decl>$ & regi/]$ aga9/ him3 ,:oev] %all wrongfully & ( design slay ) 8 own h& any ( 8 k9sm51 %all 9 ! fir/ place be depriv$ ( legal privileges2 & he %all n pollute ! temples1 or ! agora1 or ! h>b\rs1 or any o!r place ( meet+1 :e!r he is =bidd5 ( m5 or n2 = ! law1 :i* repres5ts ! :ole /ate1 =bids him1 & always is & w be 9 ! attitude ( =bidd+ him4 ,& if a c\s9 or ne>] relative ( ! deceas$1 :e!r on ! male or female side1 does n prosecute ! homicide :5 he ought1 & h him proclaim$ an outlaw1 he %all 9 ! fir/ place be involv$ 9 ! pollution1 & incur ! hatr$ ( ! ,gods1 ev5 z ! curse ( ! law /irs up ! voices ( m5 aga9/ him2 & 9 ! second place he %all be liable to be prosecut$ by any "o :o is will+ to inflict retribution on behalf ( ! dead4 ,& he :o w\ld av5ge a murd] %all obs]ve all ! precaution>y c]emonies ( lavation1 & any o!rs :i* ! ,god comm&s 9 cases ( ?is k9d4 ,let him h proclamation made1 & !n g =? & compel ! p]petrator to suff] ! execution ( ju/ice accord+ to ! law4 ,n[ ! legislator may easily %[ t ^! ?+s mu/ be accompli%$ by pray]s & sacrifices to c]ta9 ,gods1 :o are conc]n$ ) ! prev5tion ( murd]s 9 /ates4 ,b :o ^! ,gods are1 & :at %\ld be ! true mann] ( in/itut+ su* trials ) due reg>d to religion1 ! gu>dians ( ! law1 aid$ by ! int]pret]s1 & ! prophets1 & ! ,god1 %all det]m9e1 & :5 !y h det]m9$ let !m c>ry on ! prosecution at law4 ,! cause %all h ! same judges :o are appo9t$ to decide 9 ! case ( ^? :o plund] temples4 ,let him :o is convict$ be puni%$ ) dea?1 & let him n be buri$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! murd]$ man1 = ?is w\ld be %ameless z well z impi\s4 ,b if he fly & w n /& 8 trial1 let him fly = ev]2 or1 if he set foot any:]e on any "p ( ! murd]$ man's c\ntry1 let any relation ( ! deceas$1 or any o!r citiz5 :o may fir/ happ5 to meet ) him1 kill him ) impunity1 or b9d & deliv] him to ^? among ! judges ( ! case :o are magi/rates1 t !y may put him to dea?4 ,& let ! prosecutor dem& surety ( him :om he prosecutes2 ?ree sureties suffici5t 9 ! op9ion ( ! magi/rates :o try ! cause %all be provid$ by him1 & !y %all und]take to produce him at ! trial4 ,b if he be unwill+ or unable to provide sureties1 !n ! magi/rates %all take him & keep him 9 bonds1 & produce him at ! day ( trial4 ,if a man d n commit a murd] ) 8 own h&1 b contrives ! dea? ( ano!r1 & is ! au?or ( ! de$ 9 int5tion & design1 & he cont9ues to dwell 9 ! city1 hav+ 8 s\l n pure ( ! guilt ( murd]1 let him be tri$ 9 ! same way1 except 9 :at relates to ! sureties2 & also1 if he be f\nd guilty1 8 body aft] execution may h burial 9 8 native l&1 b 9 all o!r respects 8 case %all be z ! =m]2 & :e!r a /rang] %all kill a citiz51 or a citiz5 a /rang]1 or a slave a slave1 !re %all be no diff]5ce z t\*+ murd] by "o's own h& or by contrivance1 except 9 ! matt] ( sureties2 & ^!1 z has be5 said1 %all be requir$ ( ! actual murd]] only1 & he :o br+s ! accusation %all b9d !m ov] at ! "t4 ,if a slave be convict$ ( slay+ a freeman volunt>ily1 ei!r by 8 own h& or by contrivance1 let ! public execution] take him 9 ! direction ( ! sepul*re1 to a place :5ce he c see ! tomb ( ! dead man1 & inflict ^u him z _m /ripes z ! p]son :o caught him ord]s1 & if he survive1 let him put him to dea?4 ,& if any "o kills a slave :o has done no wrong1 because he is afraid t he may in=m ( "s base & evil de$s ( 8 own1 or = any simil> reason1 9 su* a case let him pay ! p5alty ( murd]1 z he w\ld h done if he _h sla9 a citiz54 ,!re are ?+s ab\t :i* x is t]rible & unpleasant to legislate1 b impossible n to legislate4 ,if1 = example1 !re %\ld be murd]s ( k9sm51 ei!r p]petrat$ by ! h&s ( k9sm51 or by _! contrivance1 volunt>y & purely malici\s1 :i* mo/ (t5 happ5 9 ill-regulat$ & ill-educat$ /ates1 & may p]haps occur ev5 9 a c\ntry :]e a man w\ld n expect to f9d !m1 we mu/ repeat once m ! tale :i* we n>rat$ a little :ile ago1 9 ! hope t he :o he>s u w be ! m dispos$ to ab/a9 volunt>ily on ^! gr\nds f murd]s :i* are utt]ly abom9able4 ,= ! my?1 or say+1 or :atev] we ought to call x1 has be5 pla9ly set =? by prie/s ( old2 !y h pron\nc$ t ! ju/ice :i* gu>ds & av5ges ! blood ( k9dr$1 foll[s ! law ( retaliation1 & orda9s t he :o has done any murd]\s act %\ld ( necessity suff] t :i* he has done4 ,he :o has sla9 a fa!r %all himself be sla9 at "s "t or o!r by 8 *ildr5--if a "m1 he %all ( necessity take a woman's nature1 & lose 8 life at ! h&s ( 8 (fspr+ 9 aft] ages2 = :]e ! blood ( a family has be5 pollut$ !re is no o!r purification1 nor c ! pollution be wa%$ out until ! homicidal s\l :i* did ! de$ has giv5 life = life1 & has propitiat$ & laid to sleep ! wra? ( ! :ole family4 ,^! are ! retributions ( ,heav51 & by su* puni%m5ts m5 %\ld be det]r$4 ,b if !y are n det]r$1 & any "o %\ld be incit$ by "s fatality to deprive 8 fa!r1 or "m1 or bre?r51 or *ildr51 ( life volunt>ily & ( purpose1 = him ! e>?ly lawgiv] legislates z foll[s3 ,!re %all be ! same proclamations ab\t outlawry1 & !re %all be ! same sureties :i* h be5 enact$ 9 ! =m] cases4 ,b 9 8 case1 if he be convict$1 ! s]vants ( ! judges & ! magi/rates %all slay him at an appo9t$ place )\t ! city :]e ?ree ways meet1 & !re expose 8 body nak$1 & ea* ( ! magi/rates on behalf ( ! :ole city %all take a /one & ca/ x ^u ! head ( ! dead man1 & s deliv] ! city f pollution2 aft] t1 !y %all be> him to ! bord]s ( ! l&1 & ca/ him =? unburi$1 accord+ to law4 ,& :at %all he suff] :o slays him :o ( all m51 z !y say1 is 8 own be/ fri5d8 ,i mean ! suicide1 :o deprives himself by viol5ce ( 8 appo9t$ %>e ( life1 n because ! law ( ! /ate requires him1 nor yet "u ! compulsion ( "s pa9ful & inevitable mis=tune :i* has come ^u him1 nor because he has _h to suff] f irrem$iable & intol]able %ame1 b :o f slo? or want ( manl9ess imposes ^u himself an unju/ p5alty4 ,= him1 :at c]emonies !re are to be ( purification & burial ,god kn[s1 & ab\t ^! ! next ( k9 %\ld enquire ( ! int]pret]s & ( ! laws !reto relat+1 & d accord+ to _! injunctions4 ,!y :o meet _! dea? 9 ?is way %all be buri$ alone1 & none %all be laid by _! side2 !y %all be buri$ +lori\sly 9 ! bord]s ( ! twelve portions ( ! l&1 9 su* places z are uncultivat$ & nameless1 & no column or inscription %all m>k ! place ( _! int]m5t4 ,& if a bea/ ( burd5 or o!r animal cause ! dea? ( any "o1 except 9 ! case ( any?+ ( t k9d happ5+ to a competitor 9 ! public conte/s1 ! k9sm5 ( ! deceas$ %all prosecute ! slay] = murd]1 & ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry1 su*1 & s _m z ! k9sm5 appo9t1 %all try ! cause1 & let ! bea/ :5 condemn$ be sla9 by !m1 & let !m ca/ x beyond ! bord]s4 ,& if any lifeless ?+ deprive a man ( life1 except 9 ! case ( a ?und]bolt or o!r fatal d>t s5t f ! ,gods--:e!r a man is kill$ by lifeless objects fall+ ^u him1 or by 8 fall+ ^u !m1 ! ne>e/ ( k9 %all appo9t ! ne>e/ neighb\r to be a judge1 & !reby acquit himself & ! :ole family ( guilt4 ,& he %all ca/ =? ! guilty ?+ beyond ! bord]1 z has be5 said ab\t ! animals4 ,if a man is f\nd dead1 & 8 murd]] be unkn[n1 & aft] a dilig5t se>* _c be detect$1 !re %all be ! same proclamation z 9 ! previ\s cases1 & ! same int]dict on ! murd]]2 & hav+ proce$$ aga9/ him1 !y %all proclaim 9 ! agora by a h]ald1 t he :o has sla9 su* & su* a p]son1 & has be5 convict$ ( murd]1 %all n set 8 foot 9 ! temples1 nor at all 9 ! c\ntry ( ! murd]$ man1 & if he appe>s & is discov]$1 he %all die1 & be ca/ =? unburi$ beyond ! bord]4 ,let ?is "o law !n be laid d[n by u ab\t murd]2 & let cases ( ?is sort be s reg>d$4 ,& n[ let u say 9 :at cases & "u :at circum/ances ! murd]] is rightly free f guilt3 ,if a man cat* a ?ief com+ into 8 h\se by night to /eal1 & he take & kill him1 or if he slay a footpad 9 self-def5ce1 he %all be guiltless4 ,& any "o :o does viol5ce to a free woman or a y\?1 %all be sla9 ) impunity by ! injur$ p]son1 or by 8 or h] fa!r or bro!rs or sons4 ,if a man f9d 8 wife suff]+ viol5ce1 he may kill ! violator1 & be guiltless 9 ! eye ( ! law2 or if a p]son kill ano!r 9 w>d+ (f dea? f 8 fa!r or "m or *ildr5 or bre?r5 or wife :o are do+ no wrong1 he %all assur$ly be guiltless4 ,?us mu* z to ! nurture & education ( ! liv+ s\l ( man1 hav+ :i*1 he c1 & )\t :i*1 if he un=tunately be )\t !m1 he _c live2 & also conc]n+ ! puni%m5ts :i* are to be inflict$ = viol5t dea?s1 let ?us mu* be enact$4 ,( ! nurture & education ( ! body we h spok5 be=e1 & next 9 ord] we h to speak ( de$s ( viol5ce1 volunt>y & involunt>y1 :i* m5 d to "o ano!r2 ^! we w n[ di/+ui%1 z f> z we are able1 accord+ to _! nature & numb]1 & det]m9e :at w be ! suitable p5alties ( ea*1 & s assign to !m _! prop] place 9 ! s]ies ( our enactm5ts4 ,! poore/ legislator w h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ t w\nds & mutilations aris+ out ( w\nds %\ld foll[ next 9 ord] aft] dea?s4 ,let w\nds be divid$ z homicides 7 divid$--into ^? :i* are involunt>y1 & :i* are giv5 9 passion or f fe>1 & ^? inflict$ volunt>ily & ) prem$itation4 ,conc]n+ all ?is1 we mu/ make "s su* proclamation z ! foll[+3 ,mank9d mu/ h laws1 & con=m to !m1 or _! life w\ld be z bad z t ( ! mo/ savage bea/4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t no man's nature is able to "k :at is be/ = human society2 or kn[+1 always able & will+ to d :at is be/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a difficulty 9 appreh5d+ t ! true art ( politics is conc]n$1 n ) private b ) public good 7= public good b9ds toge!r /ates1 b private only di/racts !m72 & t bo? ! public & private good z well ( individuals z ( /ates is great] :5 ! /ate & n ! individual is fir/ consid]$4 ,9 ! second place1 al?\gh a p]son kn[s 9 ! ab/ract t ?is is true1 yet if he be possess$ ( absolute & irresponsible p[]1 he w nev] rema9 firm 9 8 pr9ciples or p]si/ 9 reg>d+ ! public good z prim>y 9 ! /ate1 & ! private good z second>y4 ,human nature w be always draw+ him into av>ice & selfi%ness1 avoid+ pa9 & pursu+ pleasure )\t any reason1 & w br+ ^! to ! front1 obscur+ ! ju/] & bett]2 & s work+ d>kness 9 8 s\l w at la/ fill ) evils bo? him & ! :ole city4 ,= if a man 7 born s div9ely gift$ t he c\ld naturally appreh5d ! tru?1 he w\ld h no ne$ ( laws to rule ov] him2 = !re is no law or ord] :i* is above k1 nor c m9d1 )\t impiety1 be deem$ ! subject or slave ( any man1 b r ! "l ( all4 ,i speak ( m9d1 true & free1 & 9 h>mony ) nature4 ,b !n !re is no su* m9d any:]e1 or at lea/ n mu*2 & !re=e we mu/ *oose law & ord]1 :i* are second be/4 ,^! look at ?+s z !y exi/ = ! mo/ "p only1 & are unable to survey ! :ole ( !m4 ,& !re=e ,i h spok5 z ,i h4 ,& n[ we w det]m9e :at p5alty he ought to pay or suff] :o has hurt or w\nd$ ano!r4 ,any "o may easily imag9e ! que/ions :i* h to be ask$ 9 all su* cases3 ,:at did he w\nd1 or :om1 or h[1 or :58 = !re are innum]able p>ticul>s ( ?is sort :i* greatly v>y f "o ano!r4 ,& to all[ c\rts ( law to det]m9e all ^! ?+s1 or n to det]m9e any ( !m1 is alike impossible4 ,!re is "o p>ticul> :i* !y mu/ det]m9e 9 all cases--! "q ( fact4 ,& !n1 aga91 t ! legislator %\ld n p]mit !m to det]m9e :at puni%m5t is to be inflict$ 9 any ( ^! cases1 b %\ld himself decide ab\t all ( !m1 small or great1 is next to impossible4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!n :at is to be ! inf]5ce8 ,,a!nian3 ,! inf]5ce is1 t "s ?+s %\ld be left to c\rts ( law2 o!rs ! legislator mu/ decide = himself4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& :at ought ! legislator to decide1 & :at ought he to leave to ! c\rts ( law8 ,,a!nian3 ,i may reply1 t 9 a /ate 9 :i* ! c\rts are bad & mute1 because ! judges conceal _! op9ions & decide causes cl&e/9ely2 or :at is worse1 :5 !y are disord]ly & noisy1 z 9 a !atre1 clapp+ or hoot+ 9 turn ?is or t orator--,i say t !n !re is a v s]i\s evil1 :i* affects ! :ole /ate4 ,un=tunate is ! necessity ( hav+ to legislate = su* c\rts1 b :]e ! necessity exi/s1 ! legislator %\ld only all[ !m to orda9 ! p5alties = ! smalle/ (f5ces2 if ! /ate = :i* he is legislat+ be ( ?is "*1 he mu/ take mo/ matt]s into 8 own h&s & speak di/9ctly4 ,b :5 a /ate has good c\rts1 & ! judges are well tra9$ & scrupul\sly te/$1 ! det]m9ation ( ! p5alties or puni%m5ts :i* %all be inflict$ on ! guilty may fairly & ) advantage be left to !m4 ,& we are n to be blam$ = n legislat+ conc]n+ all t l>ge class ( matt]s :i* judges f> worse educat$ ?an ours w\ld be able to det]m9e1 assign+ to ea* (f5ce :at is due bo? to ! p]petrator & to ! suff]]4 ,we believe ^? = :om we are legislat+ to be be/ able to judge1 & !re=e to !m ! great] "p may be left4 ,at ! same "t1 z ,i h (t5 said1 we %\ld exhibit to ! judges1 z we h done1 ! outl9e & =m ( ! puni%m5ts to be inflict$1 & !n !y w n transgress ! j rule4 ,t 0 an excell5t practice1 :i* we obs]v$ be=e1 & :i* n[ t we are resum+ ! "w ( legislation1 may ) advantage be repeat$ by u4 ,let ! enactm5t ab\t w\nd+ be 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,if any "o has a purpose & int5tion to slay ano!r :o is n 8 enemy1 & :om ! law does n p]mit him to slay1 & he w\nds him1 b is unable to kill him1 he :o _h ! int5t & has w\nd$ him is n to be piti$--he des]ves no consid]ation1 b %\ld be reg>d$ z a murd]] & be tri$ = murd]4 ,/ill hav+ respect to ! =tune :i* has 9 a mann] fav\r$ him1 & to ! provid5ce :i* 9 pity to him & to ! w\nd$ man sav$ ! "o f a fatal bl[1 & ! o!r f an accurs$ fate & calamity--z a ?ank-(f]+ to ?is deity1 & 9 ord] n to oppose 8 w--9 su* a case ! law w remit ! puni%m5t ( dea?1 & only compel ! (f5d] to emigrate to a neighb\r+ city = ! re/ ( 8 life1 :]e he %all rema9 9 ! enjoym5t ( all 8 possessions4 ,b if he h injur$ ! w\nd$ man1 he %all make su* comp5sation = ! injury z ! c\rt decid+ ! cause %all assess1 & ! same judges %all decide :o w\ld h decid$ if ! man _h di$ ( 8 w\nds4 ,& if a *ild int5tionally w\nd 8 p>5ts1 or a s]vant 8 ma/]1 dea? %all be ! p5alty4 ,& if a bro!r or a si/] int5tionally w\nd a bro!r or a si/]1 & is f\nd guilty1 dea? %all be ! p5alty4 ,& if a husb& w\nd a wife1 or a wife a husb&1 ) int5t to kill1 let him or h] und]go p]petual exile2 if !y h sons or daught]s :o are /ill "y1 ! gu>dians %all take c>e ( _! prop]ty1 & h *>ge ( ! *ildr5 z orphans4 ,if _! sons are gr[n up1 !y %all be "u no obligation to support ! exil$ p>5t1 b !y %all possess ! prop]ty !mselves4 ,& if he :o meets ) su* a mis=tune has no *ildr51 ! k9dr$ ( ! exil$ man to ! degree ( sons ( c\s9s1 bo? on ! male & female side1 %all meet toge!r1 & aft] tak+ c\nsel ) ! gu>dians ( ! law & ! prie/s1 %all appo9t a #ejdj? citiz5 to be ! heir ( ! h\se1 consid]+ & reason+ t no h\se ( all ! #ejdj belongs to ! inhabitant or to ! :ole family1 b is ! public & private prop]ty ( ! /ate4 ,n[ ! /ate %\ld seek to h its h\ses z holy & happy z possible4 ,& if any "o ( ! h\ses be un=tunate1 & /a9$ ) impiety1 & ! own] leave no po/]ity1 b dies unm>ri$1 or m>ri$ & *ildless1 hav+ suff]$ dea? z ! p5alty ( murd] or "s o!r crime committ$ aga9/ ! ,gods or aga9/ 8 fell[-citiz5s1 ( :i* dea? is ! p5alty di/9ctly laid d[n 9 ! law2 or if any ( ! citiz5s be 9 p]petual exile1 & also *ildless1 t h\se %all fir/ ( all be purifi$ & und]go expiation accord+ to law2 & !n let ! k9sm5 ( ! h\se1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 & ! gu>dians ( ! law1 meet & consid] :at family !re is 9 ! /ate :i* is ( ! highe/ repute = virtue & also = good =tune1 9 :i* !re are a numb] ( sons2 f t family let !m take "o & introduce him to ! fa!r & =efa!rs ( ! dead man z _! son1 &1 = ! sake ( ! om51 let him be call$ s1 t he may be ! cont9u] ( _! family1 ! keep] ( _! he>?1 & ! m9i/] ( _! sacr$ rites ) bett] =tune ?an 8 fa!r _h2 & :5 !y h made ?is supplication1 !y %all make him heir accord+ to law1 & ! (f5d+ p]son !y %all leave nameless & *ildless & portionless :5 calamities su* z ^! ov]take him4 ,n[ ! b\nd>ies ( "s ?+s d n t\* "o ano!r1 b !re is a bord]l& :i* comes 9 betwe51 prev5t+ !m f t\*+4 ,& we 7 say+ t actions done f passion are ( ?is nature1 & come 9 betwe5 ! volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,if a p]son be convict$ ( hav+ inflict$ w\nds 9 a passion1 9 ! fir/ place he %all pay twice ! am\nt ( ! injury1 if ! w\nd be curable1 or1 if incurable1 f\r times ! am\nt ( ! injury2 or if ! w\nd be curable1 & at ! same "t cause great & notable disgrace to ! w\nd$ p]son1 he %all pay f\rfold4 ,& :5ev] any "o 9 w\nd+ ano!r injures n only ! suff]]1 b also ! city1 & makes him incapable ( def5d+ 8 c\ntry aga9/ ! enemy1 he1 besides ! o!r p5alties1 %all pay a p5alty = ! loss :i* ! /ate has incurr$4 ,& ! p5alty %all be1 t 9 addition to 8 own times ( s]vice1 he %all s]ve on behalf ( ! disabl$ p]son1 & %all take 8 place 9 w>2 or1 if he refuse1 he %all be liable to be convict$ by law ( refusal to s]ve4 ,! comp5sation = ! injury1 :e!r to be tw(old or ?reefold or f\rfold1 %all be fix$ by ! judges :o convict him4 ,& if1 9 l mann]1 a bro!r w\nds a bro!r1 ! p>5ts & k9dr$ ( ei!r sex1 includ+ ! *ildr5 ( c\s9s1 :e!r on ! male or female side1 %all meet1 & :5 !y h judg$ ! cause1 !y %all entru/ ! assessm5t ( damages to ! p>5ts1 z is natural2 & if ! e/imate be disput$1 !n ! k9sm5 on ! male side %all make ! e/imate1 or if !y _c1 !y %all commit ! matt] to ! gu>dians ( ! law4 ,& :5 simil> *>ges ( w\nd+ are br\ght by *ildr5 aga9/ _! p>5ts1 ^? :o are m ?an sixty ye>s ( age1 hav+ *ildr5 ( _! own1 n adopt$1 %all be requir$ to decide2 & if any "o is convict$1 !y %all det]m9e :e!r he or %e ought to die1 or suff] "s o!r puni%m5t ei!r great] ?an dea?1 or1 at any rate1 n mu* less4 ,a k9sman ( ! (f5d] %all n be all[$ to judge ! cause1 n ev5 if he be ( ! age :i* is prescrib$ by ! law4 ,if a slave 9 a fit ( ang] w\nd a freeman1 ! own] ( ! slave %all give him up to ! w\nd$ man1 :o may d z he pleases ) him1 & if he d n give him up he %all himself make good ! injury4 ,& if any "o says t ! slave & ! w\nd$ man are conspir+ toge!r1 let him argue ! po9t1 & if he is ca/1 he %all pay = ! wrong ?ree times ov]1 b if he ga9s 8 case1 ! freeman :o conspir$ ) ! slave %all be liable to an action = kidnapp+4 ,& if any "o un9t5tionally w\nds ano!r he %all simply pay = ! h>m1 = no legislator is able to control *ance4 ,9 su* a case ! judges %all be ! same z ^? :o are appo9t$ 9 ! case ( *ildr5 su+ _! p>5ts2 & !y %all e/imate ! am\nt ( ! injury4 ,all ! prec$+ injuries & e k9d ( assault are de$s ( viol5ce2 & e man1 woman1 or *ild ought to consid] t ! eld] has ! prec$5ce ( ! y\ng] 9 hon\r1 bo? among ! ,gods & also among m5 :o w\ld live 9 security & happ9ess4 ,:]e=e x is a f\l ?+ & hateful to ! ,gods to see an eld] man assault$ by a y\ng] 9 ! city1 & x is reasonable t a "y man :5 /ruck by an eld] %\ld lightly endure 8 ang]1 lay+ up 9 /ore = himself a l hon\r :5 he is old4 ,let ?is be ! law3 ,e "o %all rev]5ce 8 eld] 9 ^w & de$2 he %all respect any "o :o is tw5ty ye>s old] ?an himself1 :e!r male or female1 reg>d+ him or h] z 8 fa!r or "m2 & he %all ab/a9 f lay+ h&s on any "o :o is ( an age to h be5 8 fa!r or "m1 out ( rev]5ce to ! ,gods :o preside ov] bir?2 simil>ly he %all keep 8 h&s f a /rang]1 :e!r he be an old inhabitant or newly arriv$2 he %all n v5ture to correct su* an "o by bl[s1 ei!r z ! aggressor or 9 self-def5ce4 ,if he ?9ks t "s /rang] has /ruck him out ( wantonness or insol5ce1 & ought to be puni%$1 he %all take him to ! w>d5s ( ! city1 b let him n /rike him1 t ! /rang] may be kept f> away f ! possibility ( lift+ up 8 h& aga9/ a citiz51 & let ! w>d5s ( ! city take ! (f5d] & exam9e him1 n =gett+ _! duty to ! ,god ( ,/rang]s1 & 9 case ! /rang] appe>s to h /ruck ! citiz5 unju/ly1 let !m inflict ^u him z _m bl[s ) ! sc\rge z he 0 himself inflict$1 & quell 8 presumption4 ,b if he be innoc5t1 !y %all ?reat5 & rebuke ! man :o arre/$ him1 & let !m bo? g4 ,if a p]son /rikes ano!r ( ! same age or some:at old] ?an himself1 :o has no *ildr51 :e!r he be an old man :o /rikes an old man or a "y man :o /rikes a "y man1 let ! p]son /ruck def5d himself 9 ! natural way )\t a weapon & ) 8 h&s only4 ,he :o1 be+ m ?an =ty ye>s ( age1 d>es to fight ) ano!r1 :e!r he be ! aggressor or 9 self-def5ce1 %all be reg>d$ z rude & ill-mann]$ & slavi%--?is w be a disgraceful puni%m5t1 & !re=e suitable to him4 ,! ob$i5t nature w readily yield to su* exhortations1 b ! disob$i5t1 :o he$s n ! prelude1 %all h ! law ready = him3 ,if any man smite ano!r :o is old] ?an himself1 ei!r by tw5ty or by m ye>s1 9 ! fir/ place1 he :o is at h&1 n be+ y\ng] ?an ! combatants1 nor _! equal 9 age1 %all sep>ate !m1 or be disgrac$ accord+ to law2 b if he be ! equal 9 age ( ! p]son :o is /ruck or y\ng]1 he %all def5d ! p]son injur$ z he w\ld a bro!r or fa!r or /ill old] relative4 ,fur!r1 let him :o d>es to smite an eld] be tri$ = assault1 z ,i h said1 & if he be f\nd guilty1 let him be imprison$ = a p]iod ( n less ?an a ye>1 or if ! judges approve ( a long] p]iod1 _! decision %all be f9al4 ,b if a /rang] or metic smite "o :o is old] by tw5ty ye>s or m1 ! same law %all hold ab\t ! by/&]s assi/+1 & he :o is f\nd guilty 9 su* a suit1 if he be a /rang] b n resid5t1 %all be imprison$ dur+ a p]iod ( two ye>s2 & a metic :o disobeys ! laws %all be imprison$ = ?ree ye>s1 unless ! c\rt assign him a long] t]m4 ,& let him :o 0 pres5t 9 any ( ^! cases & did n assi/ accord+ to law be puni%$1 if he be ( ! highe/ class1 by pay+ a f9e ( a m9a2 or if he be ( ! second class1 ( fifty dra*mas2 or if ( ! ?ird class1 by a f9e ( ?irty dra*mas2 or if he be ( ! f\r? class1 by a f9e ( tw5ty dra*mas2 & ! g5]als & taxi>*s & phyl>*s & hipp>*s %all =m ! c\rt 9 su* cases4 ,laws are p>tly fram$ = ! sake ( good m51 9 ord] to in/ruct !m h[ !y may live on fri5dly t]ms ) "o ano!r1 & p>tly = ! sake ( ^? :o refuse to be in/ruct$1 ^: _s _c be subdu$1 or s(t5$1 or h9d]$ f plung+ into evil4 ,^! are ! p]sons :o cause ! ^w to be spok5 :i* ,i am ab\t to utt]2 = !m ! legislator legislates ( necessity1 & 9 ! hope t !re may be no ne$ ( 8 laws4 ,he :o %all d>e to lay viol5t h&s ^u 8 fa!r or "m1 or any /ill old] relative1 hav+ no fe> ei!r ( ! wra? ( ! ,gods above1 or ( ! puni%m5ts t are spok5 ( 9 ! _w bel[1 b transgresses 9 contempt ( anci5t & univ]sal traditions z ?\gh he 7 too wise to believe 9 !m1 requires "s extreme measure ( prev5tion4 ,n[ dea? is n ! wor/ t c happ5 to m52 f> worse are ! puni%m5ts :i* are said to pursue !m 9 ! _w bel[4 ,b al?\gh !y are mo/ true tales1 !y "w on su* s\ls no prev5tion2 = if !y _h any effect !re w\ld be no slay]s ( mo!rs1 or impi\s h&s lift$ up aga9/ p>5ts2 & !re=e ! puni%m5ts ( ?is _w :i* are inflict$ dur+ life ought n 9 su* cases to fall %ort1 if possible1 ( ! t]rors ( ! _w bel[4 ,let our enactm5t !n be z foll[s3 ,if a man d>e to /rike 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 or _! fa!rs or mo!rs1 he be+ at ! "t ( s\nd m9d1 !n let any "o :o is at h& come to ! rescue z has be5 already said1 & ! metic or /rang] :o comes to ! rescue %all be call$ to ! fir/ place 9 ! games2 b if he d n come he %all suff] ! puni%m5t ( p]petual exile4 ,he :o is n a metic1 if he comes to ! rescue1 %all h praise1 & if he d n come1 blame4 ,& if a slave come to ! rescue1 let him be made free1 b if he d n come to ! rescue1 let him receive #ajj /rokes ( ! :ip1 by ord] ( ! w>d5s ( ! agora1 if ! occurr5ce take place 9 ! agora2 or if some:]e 9 ! city beyond ! limits ( ! agora1 any w>d5 ( ! city :o is 9 resid5ce %all puni% him2 or if 9 ! c\ntry1 !n ! comm&]s ( ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ^? :o are ne> at ! "t be inhabitants ( ! same place1 :e!r !y be y\?s1 or m51 or wom51 let !m come to ! rescue & d5\nce him z ! impi\s "o2 & he :o does n come to ! rescue %all fall "u ! curse ( ,zeus1 ! ,god ( k9dr$ & ( ance/ors1 accord+ to law4 ,& if any "o is f\nd guilty ( assault+ a p>5t1 let him 9 ! fir/ place be =ev] bani%$ f ! city into ! c\ntry1 & let him ab/a9 f ! temples2 & if he d n ab/a91 ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry %all puni% him ) bl[s1 or 9 any way :i* !y please1 & if he return he %all be put to dea?4 ,& if any freeman eat or dr9k1 or h any o!r sort ( int]c\rse ) him1 or only meet+ him h volunt>ily t\*$ him1 he %all n ent] into any temple1 nor into ! agora1 nor into ! city1 until he is purifi$2 = he %\ld consid] t he has become ta9t$ by a curse4 ,& if he disobeys ! law1 & pollutes ! city & ! temples contr>y to law1 & "o ( ! magi/rates sees him & does n indict him1 :5 he gives 9 8 acc\nt ?is omission %all be a mo/ s]i\s *>ge4 ,if a slave /rike a freeman1 :e!r a /rang] or a citiz51 let any "o :o is pres5t come to ! rescue1 or pay ! p5alty already m5tion$2 & let ! by/&]s b9d him1 & deliv] him up to ! injur$ p]son1 & he receiv+ him %all put him 9 *a9s1 & inflict on him z _m /ripes z he pleases2 b hav+ puni%$ him he mu/ surr5d] him to 8 ma/] accord+ to law1 & n deprive him ( 8 prop]ty4 ,let ! law be z foll[s3 ,! slave :o /rikes a freeman1 n at ! comm& ( ! magi/rates1 8 own] %all receive b\nd f ! man :om he has /rick51 & n release him until ! slave has p]suad$ ! man :om he has /rick5 t he ought to be releas$4 ,& let !re be ! same laws ab\t wom5 9 relation to wom51 & ab\t m5 & wom5 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,,book ,x4 ,& n[ hav+ spok5 ( assaults1 let u sum up all acts ( viol5ce "u a s+le law1 :i* %all be z foll[s3 ,no "o %all take or c>ry away any ( 8 neighb\r's goods1 nei!r %all he use any?+ :i* is 8 neighb\r's )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]2 = ^! are ! (f5ces :i* are & h be51 & w ev] be1 ! s\rce ( all ! a=esaid evils4 ,! greate/ ( !m are excesses & insol5ces ( y\?1 & are (f5ces aga9/ ! greate/ :5 !y are done aga9/ religion2 & especially great :5 9 violation ( public & holy rites1 or ( ! p>tly-common rites 9 :i* tribes & phratries %>e2 & 9 ! second degree great :5 !y are committ$ aga9/ private rites & sepul*res1 & 9 ! ?ird degree 7n to repeat ! acts =m]ly m5tion$71 :5 insults are (f]$ to p>5ts2 ! f\r? k9d ( viol5ce is :5 any "o1 reg>dless ( ! au?ority ( ! rul]s1 takes or c>ries away or makes use ( any?+ :i* belongs to !m1 n hav+ _! cons5t2 & ! fif? k9d is :5 ! violation ( ! civil rights ( an individual dem&s rep>ation4 ,!re %\ld be a common law embrac+ all ^! cases4 ,= we h already said 9 g5]al t]ms :at %all be ! puni%m5t ( sacrilege1 :e!r fraudul5t or viol5t1 & n[ we h to det]m9e :at is to be ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o speak or act insol5tly t[>d ! ,gods4 ,b fir/ we mu/ give !m an admonition :i* may be 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,no "o :o 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws believ$ t !re 7 ,gods1 ev] int5tionally did any unholy act1 or utt]$ any unlawful ^w2 b he :o did mu/ h suppos$ "o ( ?ree ?+s--ei!r t !y did n exi/--:i* is ! fir/ possibility1 or secondly1 t1 if !y did1 !y took no c>e ( man1 or ?irdly1 t !y 7 easily appeas$ & turn$ aside f _! purpose by sacrifices & pray]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at %all we say or d to ^! p]sons8 ,,a!nian3 ,my good fri5d1 let u fir/ he> ! je/s :i* ,i suspect t !y 9 _! sup]iority w utt] aga9/ u4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at je/s8 ,,a!nian3 ,!y w make "s irrev]5t spee* ( ?is sort3 ',o inhabitants ( ,a!ns1 & ,sp>ta1 & ,cnosus1' !y w reply1 '9 t y speak truly2 = "s ( u d5y ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 :ile o!rs1 z y say1 are ( op9ion t !y d n c>e ab\t u2 & o!rs t !y are turn$ f _! c\rse by gifts4 ,n[ we h a "r to claim1 z y y\rself all[$1 9 ! matt] ( laws1 t be=e y are h>d ^u u & ?reat5 u1 y %\ld argue ) u & conv9ce u--y %\ld fir/ attempt to tea* & p]suade u t !re are ,gods by reasonable evid5ces1 & also t !y are too good to be unrighte\s1 or to be propitiat$1 or turn$ f _! c\rse by gifts4 ,= :5 we he> su* ?+s said ( !m by ^? :o are e/eem$ to be ! be/ ( poets1 & orators1 & prophets1 & prie/s1 & by innum]able o!rs1 ! ?\ghts ( mo/ ( u are n set ^u ab/a9+ f unrighte\s acts1 b ^u do+ !m & aton+ = !m4 ,:5 lawgiv]s pr(ess t !y are g5tle & n /]n1 we ?9k t !y %\ld fir/ ( all use p]suasion to u1 & %[ u ! exi/5ce ( ,gods1 if n 9 a bett] mann] ?an o!r m51 at any rate 9 a tru]2 & :o kn[s b t we %all he>k5 to y8 ,if !n our reque/ is a fair "o1 please to accept our *all5ge4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b is !re any difficulty 9 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods8 ,,a!nian3 ,h[ w\ld y prove x8 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! e>? & ! sun1 & ! />s & ! univ]se1 & ! fair ord] ( ! seasons1 & ! division ( !m into ye>s & mon?s1 furni% pro(s ( _! exi/5ce1 & also !re is ! fact t all ,hell5es & b>b>ians believe 9 !m4 ,,a!nian3 ,i fe>1 my sweet fri5d1 ?\gh ,i w n say t ,i mu* reg>d1 ! contempt ) :i* ! pr(ane w be likely to assail u4 ,= y d n und]/& ! nature ( _! compla9t1 & y fancy t !y ru% into impiety only f a love ( s5sual pleasure4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:y1 ,/rang]1 :at o!r reason is !re8 ,,a!nian3 ,"o :i* y :o live 9 a diff]5t atmosph]e w\ld nev] guess4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,a v griev\s sort ( ignorance :i* is imag9$ to be ! greate/ wisdom4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,at ,a!ns !re are tales pres]v$ 9 writ+ :i* ! virtue ( y\r /ate1 z ,i am in=m$1 refuses to admit4 ,!y speak ( ! ,gods 9 prose z well z v]se1 & ! olde/ ( !m tell ( ! orig9 ( ! heav5s & ( ! _w1 & n f> f ! beg9n+ ( _! /ory !y proce$ to n>rate ! bir? ( ! ,gods1 & h[ aft] !y 7 born !y behav$ to "o ano!r4 ,:e!r ^! /ories h 9 o!r ways a good or a bad influ5ce1 ,i %\ld n l to be sev]e ^u !m1 because !y are anci5t2 b1 look+ at !m ) ref]5ce to ! duties ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts1 ,i _c praise !m1 or ?9k t !y are useful1 or at all true4 ,( ! words ( ! anci5ts ,i h no?+ m to say2 & ,i %\ld wi% to say ( !m only :at is pleas+ to ! ,gods4 ,b z to our y\ng] g5]ation & _! wisdom1 ,i _c let !m (f :5 !y d mis*ief4 ,= d b m>k ! effect ( _! words3 :5 y & ,i argue = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 & produce ! sun1 moon1 />s1 & e>?1 claim+ = !m a div9e be+1 if we w\ld li/5 to ! a=esaid philosoph]s we %\ld say t !y are e>? & /ones only1 :i* c h no c>e at all ( human affairs1 & t all religion is a cook+ up ( words & a make-believe4 ,,cle9ias3 ,"o su* tea*]1 ,o /rang]1 w\ld be bad en\gh1 & y imply t !re are _m ( !m1 :i* is worse4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n2 :at %all we say or d8 ,%all we assume t "s "o is accus+ u among unholy m51 :o are try+ to escape f ! effect ( our legislation2 & t !y say ( u--,h[ dreadful t y %\ld legislate on ! supposition t !re are ,gods6 ,%all we make a def5ce ( ourselves8 or %all we leave !m & return to our laws1 le/ ! prelude %\ld become long] ?an ! law8 ,= ! disc\rse w c]ta9ly ext5d to great l5g?1 if we are to treat ! impi\sly dispos$ z !y desire1 p>tly demon/rat+ to !m at "s l5g? ! ?+s ( :i* !y dem& an explanation1 p>tly mak+ !m afraid or dissatisfi$1 & !n proce$ to ! requisite enactm5ts4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 ,/rang]2 b !n h[ (t5 h we repeat$ already t on ! pres5t occasion !re is no reason :y brevity %\ld be pref]r$ to l5g?2 = :o is 'at our heels8' z ! say+ goes1 & x w\ld be paltry & ridicul\s to pref] ! %ort] to ! bett]4 ,x is a matt] ( no small consequ5ce1 9 "s way or o!r to prove t !re are ,gods1 & t !y are good1 & reg>d ju/ice m ?an m5 d4 ,! demon/ration ( ?is w\ld be ! be/ & noble/ prelude ( all our laws4 ,& !re=e1 )\t impati5ce1 & )\t hurry1 let u unres]v$ly consid] ! :ole matt]1 summon+ up all ! p[] ( p]suasion :i* we possess4 ,,a!nian3 ,see+ y ?us 9 e>ne/1 ,i w\ld fa9 (f] up a pray] t ,i may succe$3 b ,i mu/ proce$ at once4 ,:o c be calm :5 he is call$ ^u to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods8 ,:o c avoid hat+ & abhorr+ ! m5 :o are & h be5 ! cause ( ?is argum5t2 ,i speak ( ^? :o w n believe ! tales :i* !y h he>d z babes & suckl+s f _! mo!rs & nurses1 repeat$ by !m bo? 9 je/ & e>ne/1 l *>ms1 :o h also he>d !m 9 ! sacrificial pray]s1 & se5 sights accompany+ !m--sights & s\nds delightful to *ildr5--& _! p>5ts dur+ ! sacrifices %[+ an int5se e>ne/ness on behalf ( _! *ildr5 & ( !mselves1 & ) eag] int]e/ talk+ to ! ,gods1 & besee*+ !m1 z ?\gh !y 7 firmly conv9c$ ( _! exi/5ce2 :o likewise see & he> ! pro/rations & invocations :i* are made by ,hell5es & b>b>ians at ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun & moon1 9 all ! vicissitudes ( life1 n z if !y ?\ght t !re 7 no ,gods1 b z if !re c\ld be no d\bt ( _! exi/5ce1 & no suspicion ( _! non-exi/5ce2 :5 m51 kn[+ all ^! ?+s1 despise !m on no real gr\nds1 z w\ld be admitt$ by all :o h any p>ticle ( intellig5ce1 & :5 !y =ce u to say :at we are n[ say+1 h[ c any "o 9 g5tle t]ms remon/rate ) ! l ( !m1 :5 he has to beg9 by prov+ to !m ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,gods8 ,yet ! attempt mu/ be made2 = x w\ld be unseemly t "o half ( mank9d %\ld g mad 9 _! lu/ ( pleasure1 & ! o!r half 9 _! indignation at su* p]sons4 ,our address to ^! lo/ & p]v]t$ natures %\ld n be spok5 9 passion2 let u suppose ourselves to select "s "o ( !m1 & g5tly reason ) him1 smo!r+ our ang]3 ,o my son1 we w say to him1 y are "y1 & ! advance ( "t w make y rev]se _m ( ! op9ions :i* y n[ hold4 ,wait a:ile1 & d n attempt to judge at pres5t ( ! highe/ ?+s2 & t is ! highe/ ( :i* y n[ ?9k no?+--to "k ! ,gods rightly & to live accord+ly4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place let me indicate to y "o po9t :i* is ( great importance1 & ab\t :i* ,i _c be deceiv$3 ,y & y\r fri5ds are n ! fir/ :o h held ?is op9ion ab\t ! ,gods4 ,!re h always be5 p]sons m or less num]\s :o h _h ! same disord]4 ,i h kn[n _m ( !m1 & c tell y1 t no "o :o _h tak5 up 9 y\? ?is op9ion1 t ! ,gods d n exi/1 ev] cont9u$ 9 ! same until he 0 old2 ! two o!r notions c]ta9ly d cont9ue 9 "s cases1 b n 9 _m2 ! notion1 ,i mean1 t ! ,gods exi/1 b take no he$ ( human ?+s1 & ! o!r notion t !y d take he$ ( !m1 b are easily propitiat$ ) sacrifices & pray]s4 ,z to ! op9ion ab\t ! ,gods :i* may "s day become cle> to y1 ,i advise y to wait & consid] if x be true or n2 ask ( o!rs1 & above all ( ! legislator4 ,9 ! meantime take c>e t y d n (f5d aga9/ ! ,gods4 ,= ! duty ( ! legislator is & always w be to tea* y ! tru? ( ^! matt]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,our address1 ,/rang]1 ?us f>1 is excell5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,q true1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 b ,i am afraid t we h unconsci\sly light$ on a /range doctr9e4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at doctr9e d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,! wise/ ( all doctr9es1 9 ! op9ion ( _m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i wi% t y w\ld speak pla9]4 ,,a!nian3 ,! doctr9e t all ?+s d become1 h become1 & w become1 "s by nature1 "s by art1 & "s by *ance4 ,,cle9ias3 ,is n t true8 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 philosoph]s are probably "r2 at any rate we may z well foll[ 9 _! track1 & exam9e :at is ! mean+ ( !m & _! disciples4 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,!y say t ! greate/ & faire/ ?+s are ! "w ( nature & ( *ance1 ! less] ( art1 :i*1 receiv+ f nature ! great] & primeval creations1 m\lds & fa%ions all ^? less] works :i* are g5]ally t]m$ artificial4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ is t8 ,,a!nian3 ,i w expla9 my mean+ /ill m cle>ly4 ,!y say t fire & wat]1 & e>? & air1 all exi/ by nature & *ance1 & none ( !m by art1 & t z to ! bodies :i* come next 9 ord]--e>?1 & sun1 & moon1 & />s--!y h be5 creat$ by means ( ^! absolutely inanimate exi/5ces4 ,! elem5ts are sev]ally mov$ by *ance & "s inh]5t =ce accord+ to c]ta9 aff9ities among !m--( hot ) cold1 or ( dry ) moi/1 or ( s(t ) h>d1 & accord+ to all ! o!r accid5tal admixtures ( opposites :i* h be5 =m$ by necessity4 ,aft] ?is fa%ion & 9 ?is mann] ! :ole heav5 has be5 creat$1 & all t is 9 ! heav51 z well z animals & all plants1 & all ! seasons come f ^! elem5ts1 n by ! action ( m9d1 z !y say1 or ( any ,god1 or f art1 b z ,i 0 say+1 by nature & *ance only4 ,art sprang up aft]w>ds & out ( ^!1 mortal & ( mortal bir?1 & produc$ 9 play c]ta9 images & v p>tial imitations ( ! tru?1 hav+ an aff9ity to "o ano!r1 su* z music & pa9t+ create & _! companion arts4 ,& !re are o!r arts :i* h a s]i\s purpose1 & ^! co-op]ate ) nature1 su*1 = example1 z m$ic9e1 & husb&ry1 & gymna/ic4 ,& !y say t politics co-op]ate ) nature1 b 9 a less degree1 & h m ( art2 also t legislation is entirely a "w ( art1 & is bas$ on assumptions :i* are n true4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 my de> fri5d1 ^! p w\ld say t ! ,gods exi/ n by nature1 b by art1 & by ! laws ( /ates1 :i* are diff]5t 9 diff]5t places1 accord+ to ! agreem5t ( ^? :o make !m2 & t ! hon\rable is "o ?+ by nature & ano!r ?+ by law1 & t ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice h no exi/5ce at all 9 nature1 b t mank9d are always disput+ ab\t !m & alt]+ !m2 & t ! alt]ations :i* are made by art & by law h no basis 9 nature1 b are ( au?ority = ! mom5t & at ! "t at :i* !y are made4 ,^!1 my fri5ds1 are ! say+s ( wise m51 poets & prose writ]s1 :i* f9d a way into ! m9ds ( y\?4 ,!y are told by !m t ! highe/ "r is might1 & 9 ?is way ! "y fall into impieties1 "u ! idea t ! ,gods are n su* z ! law bids !m imag9e2 & h5ce arise factions1 ^! philosoph]s invit+ !m to lead a true life accord+ to nature1 t is1 to live 9 real dom9ion ov] o!rs1 & n 9 legal subjection to !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at a dreadful picture1 ,/rang]1 h y giv51 & h[ great is ! injury :i* is ?us inflict$ on "y m5 to ! ru9 bo? ( /ates & families6 ,,a!nian3 ,true1 ,cle9ias2 b !n :at %\ld ! lawgiv] d :5 ?is evil is ( long /&+8 %\ld he only rise up 9 ! /ate & ?reat5 all mank9d1 proclaim+ t if !y w n say & ?9k t ! ,gods are su* z ! law orda9s 7& ?is may be ext5d$ g5]ally to ! hon\rable1 ! j1 & to all ! highe/ ?+s1 & to all t relates to virtue & vice71 & if !y w n make _! actions con=m to ! copy :i* ! law gives !m1 !n he :o refuses to obey ! law %all die1 or suff] /ripes & bonds1 or privation ( citiz5%ip1 or 9 "s cases be puni%$ by loss ( prop]ty & exile8 ,%\ld he n r1 :5 he is mak+ laws = m51 at ! same "t infuse ! _s ( p]suasion into 8 words1 & mitigate ! sev]ity ( !m z f> z he c8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:y1 ,/rang]1 if su* p]suasion be at all possible1 !n a legislator :o has any?+ 9 him ought nev] to we>y ( p]suad+ m52 he ought to leave no?+ unsaid 9 support ( ! anci5t op9ion t !re are ,gods1 & ( all ^? o!r tru?s :i* y 7 j n[ m5tion+2 he ought to support ! law & also art1 & ackn[l$ge t bo? alike exi/ by nature1 & no less ?an nature1 if !y are ! creations ( m9d 9 accordance ) "r reason1 z y appe> to me to ma9ta91 & ,i am dispos$ to agree ) y 9 ?9k+4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 my en?usia/ic ,cle9ias2 b are n ^! ?+s :5 spok5 to a multitude h>d to be und]/ood1 n to m5tion t !y take up a dismal l5g? ( "t8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:y1 ,/rang]1 %all we1 ^: pati5ce fail$ n :5 dr9k+ or music 7 ! !mes ( disc\rse1 we>y n[ ( disc\rs+ ab\t ! ,gods1 & ab\t div9e ?+s8 ,& ! greate/ help to rational legislation is t ! laws :5 once writt5 d[n are always at re/2 !y c be put to ! te/ at any future "t1 & !re=e1 if on fir/ he>+ !y seem difficult1 !re is no reason = appreh5sion ab\t !m1 because any man h[ev] dull c g ov] !m & consid] !m aga9 & aga92 nor if !y are t$i\s b useful1 is !re any reason or religion1 z x seems to me1 9 any man refus+ to ma9ta9 ! pr9ciples ( !m to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]4 ,,megillus3 ,/rang]1 ,i l :at ,cle9ias is say+4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 ,megillus1 & we %\ld d z he proposes2 = if impi\s disc\rses 7 n scatt]$1 z ,i may say1 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ = any v9dication ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods--b see+ t !y are spread f> & wide1 su* argum5ts are ne$$2 & :o %\ld come to ! rescue ( ! greate/ laws1 :5 !y are be+ und]m9$ by bad m51 b ! legislator himself8 ,,megillus3 ,!re is no m prop] *ampion ( !m4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n1 tell me1 ,cle9ias--= ,i mu/ ask y to be my p>tn]--does n he :o talks 9 ?is way conceive fire & wat] & e>? & air to be ! fir/ elem5ts ( all ?+s8 ^! he calls nature1 & out ( ^! he supposes ! s\l to be =m$ aft]w>ds2 & ?is is n a m]e conjecture ( ours ab\t 8 mean+1 b is :at he really means4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 by ,heav51 we h discov]$ ! s\rce ( ?is va9 op9ion ( all ^? physical inve/igators2 & ,i w\ld h y exam9e _! argum5ts ) ! utmo/ c>e1 = _! impiety is a v s]i\s matt]2 !y n only make a bad & mi/ak5 use ( argum5t1 b !y lead away ! m9ds ( o!rs3 t is my op9ion ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y are "r2 b ,i %\ld l to "k h[ ?is happ5s4 ,,a!nian3 ,i fe> t ! argum5t may seem s+ul>4 ,,cle9ias3 ,d n hesitate1 ,/rang]2 ,i see t y are afraid ( su* a discussion c>ry+ y beyond ! limits ( legislation4 ,b if !re be no o!r way ( %[+ our agreem5t 9 ! belief t !re are ,gods1 ( :om ! law is said n[ to approve1 let u take ?is way1 my good sir4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ,i suppose t ,i mu/ repeat ! s+ul> argum5t ( ^? :o manufacture ! s\l accord+ to _! own impi\s notions2 !y affirm t :i* is ! fir/ cause ( ! g5]ation & de/ruction ( all ?+s1 to be n fir/1 b la/1 & t :i* is la/ to be fir/1 & h5ce !y h fall5 into error ab\t ! true nature ( ! ,gods4 ,,cle9ias3 ,/ill ,i d n und]/& y4 ,,a!nian3 ,ne>ly all ( !m1 my fri5ds1 seem to be ignorant ( ! nature & p[] ( ! s\l1 especially 9 :at relates to h] orig93 !y d n "k t %e is among ! fir/ ( ?+s1 & be=e all bodies1 & is ! *ief au?or ( _! *anges & transpositions4 ,& if ?is is true1 & if ! s\l is old] ?an ! body1 mu/ n ! ?+s :i* are ( ! s\l's k9dr$ be ( necessity prior to ^? :i* app]ta9 to ! body8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ?\ght & att5tion & m9d & art & law w be prior to t :i* is h>d & s(t & heavy & light2 & ! great & primitive works & actions w be works ( art2 !y w be ! fir/1 & aft] !m w come nature & works ( nature1 :i* h[ev] is a wrong t]m = m5 to apply to !m2 ^! w foll[1 & w be "u ! gov]nm5t ( art & m9d4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b :y is ! ^w 'nature' wrong8 ,,a!nian3 ,because ^? :o use ! t]m mean to say t nature is ! fir/ creative p[]2 b if ! s\l turn out to be ! primeval elem5t1 & n fire or air1 !n 9 ! true/ s5se & beyond o!r ?+s ! s\l may be said to exi/ by nature2 & ?is w\ld be true if y prov$ t ! s\l is old] ?an ! body1 b n o!rwise4 ,,cle9ias3 ,y are q "r4 ,,a!nian3 ,%all we1 !n1 take ?is z ! next po9t to :i* our att5tion %\ld be direct$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,by all means4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u be on our gu>d le/ ?is mo/ deceptive argum5t ) its y\?ful looks1 beguil+ u old m51 give u ! slip & make a laugh+-/ock ( u4 ,:o kn[s b we may be aim+ at ! great]1 & fail ( atta9+ ! less]8 ,suppose t we ?ree h to pass a rapid riv]1 & ,i1 be+ ! y\nge/ ( ! ?ree & exp]i5c$ 9 riv]s1 take ^u me ! duty ( mak+ ! attempt fir/ by myself2 leav+ y 9 safety on ! bank1 ,i am to exam9e :e!r ! riv] is passable by old] m5 l y\rselves1 & if su* appe>s to be ! case !n ,i %all invite y to foll[1 & my exp]i5ce w help to convey y across2 b if ! riv] is impassable by y1 !n !re w h be5 no dang] to anybody b myself--w\ld n t seem to be a v fair proposal8 ,i mean to say t ! argum5t 9 prospect is likely to be too mu* = y1 out ( y\r dep? & beyond y\r /r5g?1 & ,i %\ld be afraid t ! /ream ( my que/ions might create 9 y :o are n 9 ! habit ( answ]+1 gidd9ess & confusion ( m9d1 & h5ce a feel+ ( unpleasantness & unsuitabl5ess might arise4 ,i ?9k !re=e t ,i _h bett] fir/ ask ! que/ions & !n answ] !m myself :ile y li/5 9 safety2 9 t way ,i c c>ry on ! argum5t until ,i h complet$ ! pro( t ! s\l is prior to ! body4 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t1 ,/rang]1 & ,i hope t y w d z y propose4 ,,a!nian3 ,come1 !n1 & if ev] we are to call ^u ! ,gods1 let u call ^u !m n[ 9 all s]i\sness to come to ! demon/ration ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,& s hold+ fa/ to ! rope we w v5ture ^u ! dep?s ( ! argum5t4 ,:5 que/ions ( ?is sort are ask$ ( me1 my safe/ answ] w\ld appe> to be z foll[s3 ,"s "o says to me1 ',o ,/rang]1 are all ?+s at re/ & no?+ 9 motion1 or is ! exact opposite ( ?is true1 or are "s ?+s 9 motion & o!rs at re/8' ,to ?is ,i %all reply t "s ?+s are 9 motion & o!rs at re/4 ',& d n ?+s :i* move move 9 a place1 & are n ! ?+s :i* are at re/ at re/ 9 a place8' ,c]ta9ly4 ',& "s move or re/ 9 "o place & "s 9 m places ?an "o8' ,y mean to say1 we %all rejo91 t ^? ?+s :i* re/ at ! c5tre move 9 "o place1 j z ! circumf]5ce goes r\nd ( globes :i* are said to be at re/8 ',yes4' ,& we obs]ve t1 9 ! revolution1 ! motion :i* c>ries r\nd ! l>g] & ! less] circle at ! same "t is proportionally di/ribut$ to great] & small]1 & is great] & small] 9 a c]ta9 proportion4 ,"h is a wond] :i* might be ?\ght an impossibility1 t ! same motion %\ld imp>t swiftness & sl[ness 9 due proportion to l>g] & less] circles4 ',v true4' ,& :5 y speak ( bodies mov+ 9 _m places1 y seem to me to mean ^? :i* move f "o place to ano!r1 & sometimes h "o c5tre ( motion & sometimes m ?an "o because !y turn ^u _! axis2 & :5ev] !y meet any?+1 if x be /ation>y1 !y are divid$ by x2 b if !y get 9 ! mid/ betwe5 bodies :i* are approa*+ & mov+ t[>ds ! same spot f opposite directions1 !y unite ) !m4 ',i admit ! tru? ( :at y are say+4' ,also :5 !y unite !y gr[1 & :5 !y are divid$ !y wa/e away--t is1 suppos+ ! con/itution ( ea* to rema91 or if t fails1 !n !re is a second reason ( _! dissolution4 ',& :5 are all ?+s creat$ & h[8' ,cle>ly1 !y are creat$ :5 ! fir/ pr9ciple receives increase & atta9s to ! second dim5sion1 & f ?is arrives at ! "o :i* is neighb\r to ?is1 & aft] rea*+ ! ?ird becomes p]ceptible to s5se4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is ?us *ang+ & mov+ is 9 process ( g5]ation2 only :5 at re/ has x real exi/5ce1 b :5 pass+ into ano!r /ate x is de/roy$ utt]ly4 ,h we n m5tion$ all motions t !re are1 & compreh5d$ !m "u _! k9ds & numb]$ !m ) ! exception1 my fri5ds1 ( two8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:i* are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,j ! two1 ) :i* our pres5t enquiry is conc]n$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,speak pla9]4 ,,a!nian3 ,i suppose t our enquiry has ref]5ce to ! s\l8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u assume t !re is a motion able to move o!r ?+s1 b n to move itself2 t is "o k9d2 & !re is ano!r k9d :i* c move itself z well z o!r ?+s1 work+ 9 composition & decomposition1 by increase & dim9ution & g5]ation & de/ruction--t is also "o ( ! _m k9ds ( motion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,grant$4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we w assume t :i* moves o!r1 & is *ang$ by o!r1 to be ! n9?1 & t :i* *anges itself & o!rs1 & is co9cid5t ) e action & e passion1 & is ! true pr9ciple ( *ange & motion 9 all t is--t we %all be incl9$ to call ! t5?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :i* ( ^! t5 motions ought we to pref] z be+ ! mightie/ & mo/ effici5t8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i mu/ say t ! motion :i* is able to move itself is t5 ?\s& times sup]ior to all ! o!rs4 ,,a!nian3 ,v good2 b may ,i make "o or two corrections 9 :at ,i h be5 say+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,:5 ,i spoke ( ! t5? sort ( motion1 t 0 n q correct4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at 0 ! error8 ,,a!nian3 ,accord+ to ! true ord]1 ! t5? 0 really ! fir/ 9 g5]ation & p[]2 !n foll[s ! second1 :i* 0 /rangely en\gh t]m$ ! n9? by u4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean ?is3 :5 "o ?+ *anges ano!r1 & t ano!r1 ( su* w !re be any prim>y *ang+ elem5t8 ,h[ c a ?+ :i* is mov$ by ano!r ev] be ! beg9n+ ( *ange8 ,impossible4 ,b :5 ! self-mov$ *anges o!r1 & t aga9 o!r1 & ?us ?\s&s ^u t5s ( ?\s&s ( bodies are set 9 motion1 mu/ n ! beg9n+ ( all ?is motion be ! *ange ( ! self-mov+ pr9ciple8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true1 & ,i q agree4 ,,a!nian3 ,or1 to put ! "q 9 ano!r way1 mak+ answ] to ourselves3 ,if1 z mo/ ( ^! philosoph]s h ! audacity to affirm1 all ?+s 7 at re/ 9 "o mass1 :i* ( ! above-m5tion$ pr9ciples ( motion w\ld fir/ spr+ up among !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,cle>ly ! self-mov+2 = !re c\ld be no *ange 9 !m aris+ out ( any ext]nal cause2 ! *ange mu/ fir/ take place 9 !mselves4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n we mu/ say t self-motion be+ ! orig9 ( all motions1 & ! fir/ :i* arises among ?+s at re/ z well z among ?+s 9 motion1 is ! elde/ & mightie/ pr9ciple ( *ange1 & t :i* is *ang$ by ano!r & yet moves o!r is second4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,at ?is /age ( ! argum5t let u put a "q4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at "q8 ,,a!nian3 ,if we 7 to see ?is p[] exi/+ 9 any e>?y1 wat]y1 or fi]y sub/ance1 simple or comp\nd--h[ %\ld we describe x8 ,,cle9ias3 ,y mean to ask :e!r we %\ld call su* a self-mov+ p[] life8 ,,a!nian3 ,i d4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly we %\ld4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :5 we see s\l 9 any?+1 mu/ we n d ! same--mu/ we n admit t ?is is life8 ,,cle9ias3 ,we mu/4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[1 ,i besee* y1 reflect--y w\ld admit t we h a ?reefold k ( ?+s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean t we "k ! ess5ce1 & t we "k ! def9ition ( ! ess5ce1 & ! "n--^! are ! ?ree2 & !re are two que/ions :i* may be rais$ ab\t any?+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ two8 ,,a!nian3 ,sometimes a p]son may give ! "n & ask ! def9ition2 or he may give ! def9ition & ask ! "n4 ,i may illu/rate :at ,i mean 9 ?is way4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[8 ,,a!nian3 ,numb] l "s o!r ?+s is capable ( be+ divid$ into equal p>ts2 :5 ?us divid$1 numb] is nam$ 'ev51' & ! def9ition ( ! "n 'ev5' is 'numb] divisible into two equal p>ts'8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean1 t :5 we are ask$ ab\t ! def9ition & give ! "n1 or :5 we are ask$ ab\t ! "n & give ! def9ition--9 ei!r case1 :e!r we give "n or def9ition1 we speak ( ! same ?+1 call+ 'ev5' ! numb] :i* is divid$ into two equal p>ts4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at is ! def9ition ( t :i* is nam$ 's\l'8 ,c we conceive ( any o!r ?an t :i* has be5 already giv5--! motion :i* c move itself8 ,,cle9ias3 ,y mean to say t ! ess5ce :i* is def9$ z ! self-mov$ is ! same ) t :i* has ! "n s\l8 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & if ?is is true1 d we /ill ma9ta9 t !re is any?+ want+ 9 ! pro( t ! s\l is ! fir/ orig9 & mov+ p[] ( all t is1 or has become1 or w be1 & _! contr>ies1 :5 %e has be5 cle>ly %[n to be ! s\rce ( *ange & motion 9 all ?+s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n2 ! s\l z be+ ! s\rce ( motion1 has be5 mo/ satisfactorily %[n to be ! olde/ ( all ?+s4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is n t motion :i* is produc$ 9 ano!r1 by reason ( ano!r1 b nev] has any self-mov+ p[] at all1 be+ 9 tru? ! *ange ( an inanimate body1 to be reckon$ second1 or by any l[] numb] :i* y may pref]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,exactly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n we are "r1 & speak ! mo/ p]fect & absolute tru?1 :5 we say t ! s\l is prior to ! body1 & t ! body is second & comes aft]w>ds1 & is born to obey ! s\l1 :i* is ! rul]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,no?+ c be m true4 ,,a!nian3 ,d y rememb] our old admission1 t if ! s\l 0 prior to ! body ! ?+s ( ! s\l 7 also prior to ^? ( ! body8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n *>act]s & mann]s1 & wi%es & reason+s1 & true op9ions1 & reflections1 & recollections are prior to l5g? & bread? & dep? & /r5g? ( bodies1 if ! s\l is prior to ! body4 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! next place1 we mu/ n ( necessity admit t ! s\l is ! cause ( good & evil1 base & hon\rable1 j & unju/1 & ( all o!r opposites1 if we suppose h] to be ! cause ( all ?+s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,we mu/4 ,,a!nian3 ,& z ! s\l ord]s & inhabits all ?+s t move1 h[ev] mov+1 mu/ we n say t %e ord]s also ! heav5s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,a!nian3 ,"o s\l or m8 ,m ?an "o--,i w answ] = y2 at any rate1 we mu/ n suppose t !re are less ?an two--"o ! au?or ( good1 & ! o!r ( evil4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 v true2 ! s\l !n directs all ?+s 9 heav51 & e>?1 & sea by h] movem5ts1 & ^! are describ$ by ! t]ms--w1 consid]ation1 att5tion1 delib]ation1 op9ion true & false1 joy & sorr[1 confid5ce1 fe>1 hatr$1 love1 & o!r prim>y motions ak9 to ^!2 :i* aga9 receive ! second>y motions ( corporeal sub/ances1 & guide all ?+s to gr[? & decay1 to composition & decomposition1 & to ! qualities :i* accompany !m1 su* z heat & cold1 heav9ess & lightness1 h>dness & s(tness1 blackness & :it5ess1 bitt]ness & sweetness1 & all ^? o!r qualities :i* ! s\l uses1 h]self a goddess1 :5 truly receiv+ ! div9e m9d %e discipl9es all ?+s rightly to _! happ9ess2 b :5 %e is ! companion ( folly1 %e does ! v contr>y ( all ?is4 ,%all we assume s mu*1 or d we /ill ent]ta9 d\bts8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re is no room at all = d\bt4 ,,a!nian3 ,%all we say !n t x is ! s\l :i* controls heav5 & e>?1 & ! :ole _w8 t x is a pr9ciple ( wisdom & virtue1 or a pr9ciple :i* has nei!r wisdom nor virtue8 ,suppose t we make answ] z foll[s3 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ w\ld y answ]8 ,,a!nian3 ,if1 my fri5d1 we say t ! :ole pa? & movem5t ( heav51 & ( all t is !re91 is by nature ak9 to ! movem5t & revolution & calculation ( m9d1 & proce$s by k9dr$ laws1 !n1 z is pla91 we mu/ say t ! be/ s\l takes c>e ( ! _w & guides x along ! good pa?4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,b if ! _w moves wildly & irregul>ly1 !n ! evil s\l guides x4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true aga94 ,,a!nian3 ,( :at nature is ! movem5t ( m9d8 ,to ?is "q x is n easy to give an intellig5t answ]2 & !re=e ,i ought to assi/ y 9 fram+ "o4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n let u n answ] z if we w\ld look /raight at ! sun1 mak+ ourselves d>kness at midday--,i mean z if we 7 "u ! impression t we c\ld see ) mortal eyes1 or "k adequately ! nature ( m9d--x w be saf] to look at ! image only4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,let u select ( ! t5 motions ! "o :i* m9d *iefly resembles2 ?is ,i w br+ to y\r recollection1 & w !n make ! answ] on behalf ( u all4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t w be excell5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,y w surely rememb] our say+ t all ?+s 7 ei!r at re/ or 9 motion8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i d4 ,,a!nian3 ,& t ( ?+s 9 motion "s 7 mov+ 9 "o place1 & o!rs 9 m ?an "o8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,( ^! two k9ds ( motion1 t :i* moves 9 "o place mu/ move ab\t a c5tre l globes made 9 a la!1 & is mo/ entirely ak9 & simil> to ! circul> movem5t ( m9d4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 say+ t bo? m9d & ! motion :i* is 9 "o place move 9 ! same & l mann]1 9 & ab\t ! same1 & 9 relation to ! same1 & accord+ to "o proportion & ord]1 & are l ! motion ( a globe1 we inv5t$ a fair image1 :i* does no discr$it to our +5uity4 ,,cle9ias3 ,x does u great cr$it4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! motion ( ! o!r sort :i* is n aft] ! same mann]1 nor 9 ! same1 nor ab\t ! same1 nor 9 relation to ! same1 nor 9 "o place1 nor 9 ord]1 nor accord+ to any rule or proportion1 may be said to be ak9 to s5selessness & folly8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 aft] :at has be5 said1 !re is no difficulty 9 di/9ctly /at+1 t s9ce s\l c>ries all ?+s r\nd1 ei!r ! be/ s\l or ! contr>y mu/ ( necessity c>ry r\nd & ord] & arrange ! revolution ( ! heav54 ,,cle9ias3 ,& judg+ f :at has be5 said1 ,/rang]1 !re w\ld be impiety 9 ass]t+ t any b ! mo/ p]fect s\l or s\ls c>ries r\nd ! heav5s4 ,,a!nian3 ,y h und]/ood my mean+ "r well1 ,cle9ias1 & n[ let me ask y ano!r "q4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are y go+ to ask8 ,,a!nian3 ,if ! s\l c>ries r\nd ! sun & moon1 & ! o!r />s1 does %e n c>ry r\nd ea* individual ( !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ( "o ( !m let u speak1 & ! same argum5t w apply to all4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:i* w y take8 ,,a!nian3 ,e "o sees ! body ( ! sun1 b no "o sees 8 s\l1 nor ! s\l ( any o!r body liv+ or dead2 & yet !re is great reason to believe t ?is nature1 unp]ceiv$ by any ( our s5ses1 is circumfus$ ar\nd !m all1 b is p]ceiv$ by m9d2 & !re=e by m9d & reflection only let u appreh5d ! foll[+ po9t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is t8 ,,a!nian3 ,if ! s\l c>ries r\nd ! sun1 we %all n be f> wrong 9 suppos+ "o ( ?ree alt]natives4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,ei!r ! s\l :i* moves ! sun ?is way & t1 resides )9 ! circul> & visible body1 l ! s\l :i* c>ries u ab\t e way2 or ! s\l provides h]self ) an ext]nal body ( fire or air1 z "s affirm1 & viol5tly propels body by body2 or ?irdly1 %e is )\t su* a body1 b guides ! sun by "s extraord9>y & wond]ful p[]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 ! s\l c only ord] all ?+s 9 "o ( ^! ?ree ways4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ?is s\l ( ! sun1 :i* is !re=e bett] ?an ! sun1 :e!r tak+ ! sun ab\t 9 a *>iot to give light to m51 or act+ f )\t1 or 9 :atev] way1 ought by e man to be deem$ a ,god4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 by e man :o has ! lea/ p>ticle ( s5se4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ( ! />s too1 & ( ! moon1 & ( ! ye>s & mon?s & seasons1 mu/ we n say 9 l mann]1 t s9ce a s\l or s\ls hav+ e sort ( excell5ce are ! causes ( all ( !m1 ^? s\ls are ,gods1 :e!r !y are liv+ be+s & reside 9 bodies1 & 9 ?is way ord] ! :ole heav51 or :atev] be ! place & mode ( _! exi/5ce--& w any "o :o admits all ?is v5ture to d5y t all ?+s are full ( ,gods8 ,,cle9ias3 ,no "o1 ,/rang]1 w\ld be su* a madman4 ,,a!nian3 ,& n[1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 let u (f] t]ms to him :o has hi!rto d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 & leave him4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at t]ms8 ,,a!nian3 ,ei!r he %all tea* u t we 7 wrong 9 say+ t ! s\l is ! orig9al ( all ?+s1 & argu+ accord+ly2 or1 if he be n able to say any?+ bett]1 !n he mu/ yield to u & live = ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 ! belief t !re are ,gods4 ,let u see1 !n1 :e!r we h said en\gh or n en\gh to ^? :o d5y t !re are ,gods4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly1 q en\gh1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n to !m we w say no m4 ,& n[ we are to address him :o1 believ+ t !re are ,gods1 believes also t !y take no he$ ( human affairs3 ,to him we say--,o ?\ be/ ( m51 9 believ+ t !re are ,gods y are l$ by "s aff9ity to !m1 :i* attracts y t[>ds y\r k9dr$ & makes y hon\r & believe 9 !m4 ,b ! =tunes ( evil & unrighte\s m5 9 private z well z public life1 :i*1 ?\gh n really happy1 are wrongly c\nt$ happy 9 ! judgm5t ( m51 & are celebrat$ bo? by poets & prose writ]s--^! draw y aside f y\r natural piety4 ,p]haps y h se5 impi\s m5 gr[+ old & leav+ _! *ildr5's *ildr5 9 high (fices1 & _! prosp]ity %akes y\r fai?--y h kn[n or he>d or be5 y\rself an eyewitness ( _m mon/r\s impieties1 & h beheld m5 by su* crim9al means f small beg9n+s atta9+ to sov]eignty & ! p9nacle ( greatness2 & consid]+ all ^! ?+s y d n l to accuse ! ,gods ( !m1 because !y are y\r relatives2 & s f "s want ( reason+ p[]1 & also f an unwill+ness to f9d fault ) !m1 y h come to believe t !y exi/ inde$1 b h no ?\ght or c>e ( human ?+s4 ,n[1 t y\r pres5t evil op9ion may n gr[ to /ill great] impiety1 & t we may if possible use argum5ts :i* may conjure away ! evil be=e x arrives1 we w add ano!r argum5t to t orig9ally address$ to him :o utt]ly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,& d y1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 answ] = ! "y man z y did be=e2 & if any imp$im5t comes 9 our way1 ,i w take ! ^w out ( y\r m\?s1 & c>ry y ov] ! riv] z ,i did j n[4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good2 d z y say1 & we w help y z well z we c4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re w probably be no difficulty 9 prov+ to him t ! ,gods c>e ab\t ! small z well z ab\t ! great4 ,= he 0 pres5t & he>d :at 0 said1 t !y are p]fectly good1 & t ! c>e ( all ?+s is mo/ entirely natural to !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,no d\bt he he>d t4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u consid] toge!r 9 ! next place :at we mean by ?is virtue :i* we ascribe to !m4 ,surely we %\ld say t to be temp]ate & to possess m9d belongs to virtue1 & ! contr>y to vice8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes2 & c\rage is a "p ( virtue1 & c[>dice ( vice8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! "o is hon\rable1 & ! o!r di%on\rable8 ,,cle9ias3 ,to be sure4 ,,a!nian3 ,& ! "o1 l o!r mean] ?+s1 is a human quality1 b ! ,gods h no "p 9 any?+ ( ! sort8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t aga9 is :at ev]ybody w admit4 ,,a!nian3 ,b d we imag9e c>elessness & idl5ess & luxury to be virtues8 ,:at d y ?9k8 ,,cle9ias3 ,decid$ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,!y rank "u ! opposite class8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& _! opposites1 !re=e1 w\ld fall "u ! opposite class8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,b are we to suppose t "o :o possesses all ^! good qualities w be luxuri\s & he$less & idle1 l ^? :om ! poet comp>es to /+less drones8 ,,cle9ias3 ,& ! comp>ison is a mo/ j "o4 ,,a!nian3 ,surely ,god mu/ n be suppos$ to h a nature :i* ,he ,himself hates8 he :o d>es to say ?is sort ( ?+ mu/ n be tol]at$ = a mom5t4 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse n4 ,h[ c\ld he h8 ,,a!nian3 ,%\ld we n on any pr9ciple be entirely mi/ak5 9 prais+ any "o :o has "s special bus9ess entru/$ to him1 if he h a m9d :i* takes c>e ( great matt]s & no c>e ( small ones8 ,reflect2 he :o acts 9 ?is way1 :e!r he be ,god or man1 mu/ act f "o ( two pr9ciples4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,ei!r he mu/ ?9k t ! neglect ( ! small matt]s is ( no consequ5ce to ! :ole1 or if he kn[s t !y are ( consequ5ce1 & he neglects !m1 8 neglect mu/ be attribut$ to c>elessness & indol5ce4 ,is !re any o!r way 9 :i* 8 neglect c be expla9$8 ,= surely1 :5 x is impossible = him to take c>e ( all1 he is n neglig5t if he fails to att5d to ^! ?+s great or small1 :i* a ,god or "s inf]ior be+ might be want+ 9 /r5g? or capacity to manage8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,n[1 !n1 let u exam9e ! (f5d]s1 :o bo? alike confess t !re are ,gods1 b ) a diff]5ce--! "o say+ t !y may be appeas$1 & ! o!r t !y h no c>e ( small matt]s3 !re are ?ree ( u & two ( !m1 & we w say to !m--,9 ! fir/ place1 y bo? ackn[l$ge t ! ,gods he> & see & "k all ?+s1 & t no?+ c escape !m :i* is matt] ( s5se & k3 d y admit ?is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,& d y admit also t !y h all p[] :i* mortals & immortals c h8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!y w1 ( c\rse1 admit ?is also4 ,,a!nian3 ,& surely we ?ree & !y two--five 9 all--h ackn[l$g$ t !y are good & p]fect8 ,,cle9ias3 ,assur$ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,b1 if !y are su* z we conceive !m to be1 c we possibly suppose t !y ev] act 9 ! _s ( c>elessness & indol5ce8 ,= 9 u inactivity is ! *ild ( c[>dice1 & c>elessness ( inactivity & indol5ce4 ,,cle9ias3 ,mo/ true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n f inactivity & c>elessness is any ,god ev] neglig5t2 = !re is no c[>dice 9 !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n ! alt]native :i* rema9s is1 t if ! ,gods neglect ! light] & less] conc]ns ( ! univ]se1 !y neglect !m because !y "k t !y ought n to c>e ab\t su* matt]s--:at o!r alt]native is !re b ! opposite ( _! kn[+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!re is none4 ,,a!nian3 ,&1 ,o mo/ excell5t & be/ ( m51 d ,i und]/& y to mean t !y are c>eless because !y are ignorant1 & d n "k t !y ought to take c>e1 or t !y "k1 & yet l ! meane/ sort ( m51 kn[+ ! bett]1 *oose ! worse because !y are ov]come by pleasures & pa9s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,d n all human ?+s p>take ( ! nature ( s\l8 ,& is n man ! mo/ religi\s ( all animals8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is n to be d5i$4 ,,a!nian3 ,& we ackn[l$ge t all mortal creatures are ! prop]ty ( ! ,gods1 to :om also ! :ole ( heav5 belongs8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,&1 !re=e1 :e!r a p]son says t ^! ?+s are to ! ,gods great or small--9 ei!r case x w\ld n be natural = ! ,gods :o own u1 & :o are ! mo/ c>eful & ! be/ ( own]s1 to neglect u4 ,!re is also a fur!r consid]ation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,s5sation & p[] are 9 an inv]se ratio to ea* o!r 9 respect to _! ease & difficulty4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean t !re is great] difficulty 9 see+ & he>+ ! small ?an ! great1 b m facility 9 mov+ & controll+ & tak+ c>e ( small & unimportant ?+s ?an ( _! opposites4 ,,cle9ias3 ,f> m4 ,,a!nian3 ,suppose ! case ( a physician :o is will+ & able to cure "s liv+ ?+ z a :ole--h[ w ! :ole f>e at 8 h&s if he takes c>e only ( ! great] & neglects ! p>ts :i* are less]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,decid$ly n well4 ,,a!nian3 ,no bett] w\ld be ! result ) pilots or g5]als1 or h\sehold]s or /atesm51 or any o!r su* class1 if !y neglect$ ! small & reg>d$ only ! great--z ! build]s say1 ! l>g] /ones d n lie well )\t ! less]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,( c\rse n4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u n1 !n1 deem ,god inf]ior to human workm51 :o1 9 proportion to _! skill1 f9i% & p]fect _! works1 small z well z great1 by "o & ! same art2 or t ,god1 ! wise/ ( be+s1 :o is bo? will+ & able to take c>e1 is l a lazy good-=-no?+1 or a c[>d1 :o turns 8 back ^u lab\r & gives no ?\ght to small] & easi] matt]s1 b to ! great] only4 ,,cle9ias3 ,nev]1 ,/rang]1 let u admit a supposition ab\t ! ,gods :i* is bo? impi\s & false4 ,,a!nian3 ,i ?9k t we h n[ argu$ en\gh ) him :o delights to accuse ! ,gods ( neglect4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes4 ,,a!nian3 ,he has be5 =c$ to ackn[l$ge t he is 9 error1 b he /ill seems to me to ne$ "s words ( consolation4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at consolation w y (f] him8 ,,a!nian3 ,let u say to ! y\?3 ,! rul] ( ! univ]se has ord]$ all ?+s ) a view to ! excell5ce & pres]vation ( ! :ole1 & ea* "p1 z f> z may be1 has an action & passion appropriate to x4 ,ov] ^!1 d[n to ! lea/ fraction ( !m1 m9i/]s h be5 appo9t$ to preside1 :o h wr\ght out _! p]fection ) inf9itesimal exactness4 ,& "o ( ^! portions ( ! univ]se is ?9e own1 unhappy man1 :i*1 h[ev] little1 contributes to ! :ole2 & y d n seem to be aw>e t ?is & e o!r creation is = ! sake ( ! :ole1 & 9 ord] t ! life ( ! :ole may be bless$2 & t y are creat$ = ! sake ( ! :ole1 & n ! :ole = ! sake ( y4 ,= e physician & e skill$ arti/ does all ?+s = ! sake ( ! :ole1 direct+ 8 ef=t t[>ds ! common good1 execut+ ! "p = ! sake ( ! :ole1 & n ! :ole = ! sake ( ! "p4 ,& y are annoy$ because y are ignorant h[ :at is be/ = y happ5s to y & to ! univ]se1 z f> z ! laws ( ! common creation admit4 ,n[1 z ! s\l comb9+ fir/ ) "o body & !n ) ano!r und]goes all sorts ( *anges1 ei!r ( h]self1 or ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ano!r s\l1 all t rema9s to ! play] ( ! game is t he %\ld %ift ! pieces2 s5d+ ! bett] nature to ! bett] place1 & ! worse to ! worse1 & s assign+ to !m _! prop] portion4 ,,cle9ias3 ,9 :at way d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 a way :i* may be suppos$ to make ! c>e ( all ?+s easy to ! ,gods4 ,if any "o 7 to =m or fa%ion all ?+s )\t any reg>d to ! :ole--if1 = example1 he =m$ a liv+ elem5t ( wat] out ( fire1 in/ead ( =m+ _m ?+s out ( "o or "o out ( _m 9 regul> ord] atta9+ to a fir/ or second or ?ird bir?1 ! transmutation w\ld h be5 inf9ite2 b n[ ! rul] ( ! _w has a wond]fully easy task4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ s8 ,,a!nian3 ,i w expla93 ,:5 ! k+ saw t our actions _h life1 & t !re 0 mu* virtue 9 !m & mu* vice1 & t ! s\l & body1 al?\gh n1 l ! ,gods ( popul> op9ion1 et]nal1 yet hav+ once come into exi/5ce1 7 inde/ructible 7= if ei!r ( !m _h be5 de/roy$1 !re w\ld h be5 no g5]ation ( liv+ be+s72 & :5 he obs]v$ t ! good ( ! s\l 0 ev] by nature design$ to pr(it m51 & ! evil to h>m !m--he1 see+ all ?is1 contriv$ s to place ea* ( ! p>ts t _! position might 9 ! easie/ & be/ mann] procure ! victory ( good & ! defeat ( evil 9 ! :ole4 ,& he contriv$ a g5]al plan by :i* a ?+ ( a c]ta9 nature f\nd a c]ta9 seat & room4 ,b ! =mation ( qualities he left to ! wills ( individuals4 ,= e "o ( u is made pretty mu* :at he is by ! b5t ( 8 desires & ! nature ( 8 s\l4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 t is probably true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n all ?+s :i* h a s\l *ange1 & possess 9 !mselves a pr9ciple ( *ange1 & 9 *ang+ move accord+ to law & to ! ord] ( de/9y3 natures :i* h und]gone a less] *ange move less & on ! e>?'s surface1 b ^? :i* h suff]$ m *ange & h become m crim9al s9k into ! abyss1 t is to say1 into ,hades & o!r places 9 ! _w bel[1 ( :i* ! v names t]rify m51 & :i* !y picture to !mselves z 9 a dream1 bo? :ile alive & :5 releas$ f ! body4 ,& :5ev] ! s\l receives m ( good or evil f h] own en]gy & ! /rong influ5ce ( o!rs--:5 %e has communion ) div9e virtue & becomes div9e1 %e is c>ri$ into ano!r & bett] place1 :i* is p]fect 9 hol9ess2 b :5 %e has communion ) evil1 !n %e also *anges ! place ( h] life4 ',?is is ! ju/ice ( ! ,gods :o inhabit ,olympus4' ,o y\? or "y man1 :o fancy t y are neglect$ by ! ,gods1 "k t if y become worse y %all g to ! worse s\ls1 or if bett] to ! bett]1 & 9 e succession ( life & dea? y w d & suff] :at l may fitly suff] at ! h&s ( l4 ,?is is ! ju/ice ( heav51 :i* nei!r y nor any o!r un=tunate w ev] glory 9 escap+1 & :i* ! orda9+ p[]s h specially orda9$2 take good he$ !re(1 = x w be sure to take he$ ( y4 ,if y say3 ,i am small & w creep into ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 or ,i am high & w fly up to heav51 y are n s small or s high b t y %all pay ! fitt+ p5alty1 ei!r "h or 9 ! _w bel[ or 9 "s /ill m savage place :i!r y %all be convey$4 ,?is is also ! explanation ( ! fate ( ^? :om y saw1 :o _h done unholy & evil de$s1 & f small beg9n+s _h gr[n great1 & y fanci$ t f be+ mis]able !y _h become happy2 & 9 _! actions1 z 9 a mirror1 y seem$ to see ! univ]sal neglect ( ! ,gods1 n kn[+ h[ !y make all ?+s "w toge!r & contribute to ! great :ole4 ,& ?9ke/ ?\1 bold man1 t ?\ ne$e/ n to "k ?is8 he :o kn[s x n c nev] =m any true idea ( ! happ9ess or unhapp9ess ( life or hold any rational disc\rse respect+ ei!r4 ,if ,cle9ias & ?is our rev]5d company succe$ 9 prov+ to y t y "k n :at y say ( ! ,gods1 !n w ,god help y2 b %\ld y desire to he> m1 li/5 to :at we say to ! ?ird oppon5t1 if y h any und]/&+ :atsoev]4 ,= ,i ?9k t we h suffici5tly prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 & t !y c>e = m53 ,! o!r notion t !y are appeas$ by ! wick$1 & take gifts1 is :at we mu/ n conc$e to any "o1 & :at e man %\ld disprove to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good2 let u d z y say4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n1 by ! ,gods !mselves ,i conjure y to tell me--if !y are to be propitiat$1 h[ are !y to be propitiat$8 ,:o are !y1 & :at is _! nature8 ,mu/ !y n be at lea/ rul]s :o h to ord] unceas+ly ! :ole heav58 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& to :at e>?ly rul]s c !y be comp>$1 or :o to !m8 ,h[ 9 ! less c we f9d an image ( ! great]8 ,are !y *>iote]s ( cont5d+ pairs ( /e$s1 or pilots ( vessels8 ,p]haps !y might be comp>$ to ! g5]als ( armies1 or !y might be lik5$ to physicians provid+ aga9/ ! diseases :i* make w> ^u ! body1 or to husb&m5 obs]v+ anxi\sly ! effects ( ! seasons on ! gr[? ( plants2 or p]haps to %eph]ds ( flocks4 ,= z we ackn[l$ge ! _w to be full ( _m goods & also ( evils1 & ( m evils ?an goods1 !re is1 z we affirm1 an immortal conflict go+ on among u1 :i* requires m>vell\s wat*fulness2 & 9 t conflict ! ,gods & demigods are our allies1 & we are _! prop]ty4 ,inju/ice & insol5ce & folly are ! de/ruction ( u1 & ju/ice & temp]ance & wisdom are our salvation2 & ! place ( ^! latt] is 9 ! life ( ! ,gods1 al?\gh "s ve/ige ( !m may occasionally be disc]n$ among mank9d4 ,b ^u ?is e>? we "k t !re dwell s\ls possess+ an unju/ _s1 :o may be comp>$ to brute animals1 :i* fawn ^u _! keep]s1 :e!r dogs or %eph]ds1 or ! be/ & mo/ p]fect ma/]s2 = !y 9 l mann]1 z ! voices ( ! wick$ decl>e1 prevail by flatt]y & pray]s & incantations1 & are all[$ to make _! ga9s ) impunity4 ,& ?is s91 :i* is t]m$ di%one/y1 is an evil ( ! same k9d z :at is t]m$ disease 9 liv+ bodies or pe/il5ce 9 ye>s or seasons ( ! ye>1 & 9 cities & gov]nm5ts has ano!r "n1 :i* is inju/ice4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,:at else c he say :o decl>es t ! ,gods are always l5i5t to ! do]s ( unju/ acts1 if !y divide ! spoil ) !m8 ,z if wolves 7 to toss a portion ( _! prey to ! dogs1 & !y1 mollifi$ by ! gift1 suff]$ !m to te> ! flocks4 ,mu/ n he :o ma9ta9s t ! ,gods c be propitiat$ argue ?us8 ,,cle9ias3 ,precisely s4 ,,a!nian3 ,& to :i* ( ! above-m5tion$ classes ( gu>dians w\ld any man comp>e ! ,gods )\t absurdity8 ,w he say t !y are l pilots1 :o are !mselves turn$ away f _! duty by 'libations ( w9e & ! sav\r ( fat1' & at la/ ov]turn bo? %ip & sailors8 ,,cle9ias3 ,assur$ly n4 ,,a!nian3 ,& surely !y are n l *>iote]s :o are brib$ to give up ! victory to o!r *>iots8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t w\ld be a fe>ful image ( ! ,gods4 ,,a!nian3 ,nor are !y l g5]als1 or physicians1 or husb&m51 or %eph]ds2 & no "o w\ld comp>e !m to dogs :o h be5 sil5c$ by wolves4 ,,cle9ias3 ,a ?+ n to be spok5 (4 ,,a!nian3 ,& are n all ! ,gods ! *iefe/ ( all gu>dians1 & d !y n gu>d our highe/ int]e/s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes2 ! *iefe/4 ,,a!nian3 ,& %all we say t ^? :o gu>d our noble/ int]e/s1 & are ! be/ ( gu>dians1 are inf]ior 9 virtue to dogs1 & to m5 ev5 ( mod]ate excell5ce1 :o w\ld nev] betray ju/ice = ! sake ( gifts :i* unju/ m5 impi\sly (f] !m8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n2 nor is su* a notion to be endur$1 & he :o holds ?is op9ion may be fairly s+l$ out & *>act]iz$ z ( all impi\s m5 ! wick$e/ & mo/ impi\s4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n are ! ?ree ass]tions--t ! ,gods exi/1 & t !y take c>e ( m51 & t !y c nev] be p]suad$ to d inju/ice1 n[ suffici5tly demon/rat$8 ,may we say t !y are8 ,,cle9ias3 ,y h our entire ass5t to y\r words4 ,,a!nian3 ,i h spok5 ) vehem5ce because ,i am zeal\s aga9/ evil m52 & ,i w tell y1 de> ,cle9ias1 :y ,i am s4 ,i w\ld n h ! wick$ ?9k t1 hav+ ! sup]iority 9 argum5t1 !y may d z !y please & act accord+ to _! v>i\s imag9ations ab\t ! ,gods2 & ?is zeal has l$ me to speak too vehem5tly2 b if we h at all succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ! m5 to hate !mselves & love _! opposites1 ! prelude ( our laws ab\t impiety w n h be5 spok5 9 va94 ,,cle9ias3 ,s let u hope2 & ev5 if we h fail$1 ! /yle ( our argum5t w n discr$it ! lawgiv]4 ,,a!nian3 ,aft] ! prelude %all foll[ a disc\rse1 :i* w be ! int]pret] ( ! law2 ?is %all proclaim to all impi\s p]sons t !y mu/ dep>t f _! ways & g ov] to ! pi\s4 ,& to ^? :o disobey1 let ! law ab\t impiety be z foll[s3 ,if a man is guilty ( any impiety 9 ^w or de$1 any "o :o happ5s to be pres5t %all give in=mation to ! magi/rates1 9 aid ( ! law2 & let ! magi/rates :o fir/ receive ! in=mation br+ him be=e ! appo9t$ c\rt accord+ to ! law2 & if a magi/rate1 aft] receiv+ in=mation1 refuses to act1 he %all be tri$ = impiety at ! in/ance ( any "o :o is will+ to v9dicate ! laws2 & if any "o be ca/1 ! c\rt %all e/imate ! puni%m5t ( ea* act ( impiety2 & let all su* crim9als be imprison$4 ,!re %all be ?ree prisons 9 ! /ate3 ! fir/ ( !m is to be ! common prison 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! agora = ! safe-keep+ ( ! g5]ality ( (f5d]s2 ano!r is to be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! nocturnal c\ncil1 & is to be call$ ! ',h\se ( ,re=mation'2 ano!r1 to be situat$ 9 "s wild & desolate region 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 %all be call$ by "s "n expressive ( retribution4 ,n[1 m5 fall into impiety f ?ree causes1 :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 & f ea* ( ^! causes arise two sorts ( impiety1 9 all six1 :i* are wor? di/+ui%+1 & %\ld n all h ! same puni%m5t4 ,= he :o does n believe 9 ! ,gods1 & yet has a righte\s nature1 hates ! wick$ & dislikes & refuses to d inju/ice1 & avoids unrighte\s m51 & loves ! righte\s4 ,b !y :o besides believ+ t ! _w is devoid ( ,gods are intemp]ate1 & h at ! same "t good memories & quick wits1 are worse2 al?\gh bo? ( !m are unbeliev]s1 mu* less injury is done by ! "o ?an by ! o!r4 ,! "o may talk loosely ab\t ! ,gods & ab\t sacrifices & oa?s1 & p]haps by laugh+ at o!r m5 he may make !m l himself1 if he be n puni%$4 ,b ! o!r :o holds ! same op9ions & is call$ a clev] man1 is full ( /ratagem & deceit--m5 ( ?is class deal 9 prophecy & juggl]y ( all k9ds1 & out ( _! ranks sometimes come tyrants & demagogues & g5]als & hi]ophants ( private my/]ies & ! ,sophi/s1 z !y are t]m$1 ) _! +5i\s devices4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( unbeliev]s1 b two only = :om legislation is requir$2 "o ! hypocritical sort1 ^: crime is des]v+ ( dea? _m times ov]1 :ile ! o!r ne$s only bonds & admonition4 ,9 l mann] also ! notion t ! ,gods take no ?\ght ( m5 produces two o!r sorts ( crimes1 & ! notion t !y may be propitiat$ produces two m4 ,assum+ ^! divisions1 let ^? :o h be5 made :at !y are only f want ( und]/&+1 & n f malice or an evil nature1 be plac$ by ! judge 9 ! ,h\se ( ,re=mation1 & ord]$ to suff] imprisonm5t dur+ a p]iod ( n less ?an five ye>s4 ,& 9 ! meantime let !m h no int]c\rse ) ! o!r citiz5s1 except ) memb]s ( ! nocturnal c\ncil1 & ) !m let !m conv]se ) a view to ! improvem5t ( _! s\l's heal?4 ,& :5 ! "t ( _! imprisonm5t has expir$1 if any ( !m be ( s\nd m9d let him be re/or$ to sane company1 b if n1 & if he be condemn$ a second "t1 let him be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,z to t class ( mon/r\s natures :o n only believe t !re are no ,gods1 or t !y are neglig5t1 or to be propitiat$1 b 9 contempt ( mank9d conjure ! s\ls ( ! liv+ & say t !y c conjure ! dead & promise to *>m ! ,gods ) sacrifices & pray]s1 & w utt]ly ov]?r[ individuals & :ole h\ses & /ates = ! sake ( money--let him :o is guilty ( any ( ^! ?+s be condemn$ by ! c\rt to be b\nd accord+ to law 9 ! prison :i* is 9 ! c5tre ( ! l&1 & let no freeman ev] approa* him1 b let him receive ! rations ( food appo9t$ by ! gu>dians ( ! law f ! h&s ( ! public slaves2 & :5 he is dead let him be ca/ beyond ! bord]s unburi$1 & if any freeman assi/ 9 bury+ him1 let him pay ! p5alty ( impiety to any "o :o is will+ to br+ a suit aga9/ him4 ,b if he leaves beh9d him *ildr5 :o are fit to be citiz5s1 let ! gu>dians ( orphans take c>e ( !m1 j z !y w\ld ( any o!r orphans1 f ! day on :i* _! fa!r is convict$4 ,9 all ^! cases !re %\ld be "o law1 :i* w make m5 9 g5]al less liable to transgress 9 ^w or de$1 & less fooli%1 because !y w n be all[$ to practise religi\s rites contr>y to law4 ,& let ?is be ! simple =m ( ! law3 ,no man %all h sacr$ rites 9 a private h\se4 ,:5 he w\ld sacrifice1 let him g to ! temples & h& ov] 8 (f]+s to ! prie/s & prie/esses1 :o see to ! sanctity ( su* ?+s1 & let him pray himself1 & let any "o :o pleases jo9 ) him 9 pray]4 ,! reason ( ?is is z foll[s3 ,gods & temples are n easily in/itut$1 & to e/abli% !m rightly is ! "w ( a mighty intellect4 ,& wom5 especially1 & m5 too1 :5 !y are sick or 9 dang]1 or 9 any sort ( difficulty1 or aga9 on _! receiv+ any good =tune1 h a way ( consecrat+ ! occasion1 v[+ sacrifices1 & promis+ %r9es to ,gods1 demigods1 & sons ( ,gods2 & :5 !y are awak5$ by t]rible app>itions & dreams or rememb] visions1 !y f9d 9 alt>s & temples ! rem$ies ( !m1 & w fill e h\se & village ) !m1 plac+ !m 9 ! op5 air1 or :]ev] !y may h _h su* visions2 & ) a view to all ^! cases we %\ld obey ! law4 ,! law has also reg>d to ! impi\s1 & w\ld n h !m fancy t by ! secret p]=mance ( ^! actions--by rais+ temples & by build+ alt>s 9 private h\ses1 !y c propitiate ! ,god secretly ) sacrifices & pray]s1 :ile !y are really multiply+ _! crimes inf9itely1 br++ guilt f heav5 ^u !mselves1 & also ^u ^? :o p]mit !m1 & :o are bett] m5 ?an !y are2 & ! consequ5ce is t ! :ole /ate reaps ! fruit ( _! impiety1 :i*1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 is des]v$4 ,assur$ly ,god w n blame ! legislator1 :o w enact ! foll[+ law3 ,no "o %all possess %r9es ( ! ,gods 9 private h\ses1 & he :o is f\nd to possess !m1 & p]=m any sacr$ rites n publicly au?oris$--suppos+ ! (f5d] to be "s man or woman :o is n guilty ( any o!r great & impi\s crime--%all be in=m$ aga9/ by him :o is acqua9t$ ) ! fact1 :i* %all be ann\nc$ by him to ! gu>dians ( ! law2 & let !m issue ord]s t he or %e %all c>ry away _! private rites to ! public temples1 & if !y d n p]suade !m1 let !m inflict a p5alty on !m until !y comply4 ,& if a p]son be prov5 guilty ( impiety1 n m]ely f *ildi% levity1 b su* z gr[n-up m5 may be guilty (1 :e!r he h sacrific$ publicly or privately to any ,gods1 let him be puni%$ ) dea?1 = 8 sacrifice is impure4 ,:e!r ! de$ has be5 done 9 e>ne/1 or only f *ildi% levity1 let ! gu>dians ( ! law det]m9e1 be=e !y br+ ! matt] into c\rt & prosecute ! (f5d] = impiety4 ,,book ,,xi4 ,9 ! next place1 deal+s betwe5 man & man require to be suitably regulat$4 ,! pr9ciple ( !m is v simple3 ,?\ %alt n1 if ?\ can/ help1 t\* t :i* is m9e1 or remove ! lea/ ?+ :i* belongs to me )\t my cons5t2 & may ,i be ( a s\nd m9d1 & d to o!rs z ,i w\ld t !y %\ld d to me4 ,fir/1 let u speak ( treasure-trove3 ,may ,i nev] pray ! ,gods to f9d ! hidd5 treasure1 :i* ano!r has laid up = himself & 8 family1 he n be+ "o ( my ance/ors1 nor lift1 if ,i %\ld f9d1 su* a treasure4 ,& may ,i nev] h any deal+s ) ^? :o are call$ div9]s1 & :o 9 any way or mann] c\nsel me to take up ! deposit entru/$ to ! e>?1 = ,i %\ld n ga9 s mu* 9 ! increase ( my possessions1 if ,i take up ! prize1 z ,i %\ld gr[ 9 ju/ice & virtue ( s\l1 if ,i ab/a92 & ?is w be a bett] possession to me ?an ! o!r 9 a bett] "p ( myself2 = ! possession ( ju/ice 9 ! s\l is pref]able to ! possession ( weal?4 ,& ( _m ?+s x is well said--',move n ! immovables1' & ?is may be reg>d$ z "o ( !m4 ,& we %all d well to believe ! common tradition :i* says1 t su* de$s prev5t a man f hav+ a family4 ,n[ z to him :o is c>eless ab\t hav+ *ildr5 & reg>dless ( ! legislator1 tak+ up t :i* nei!r he deposit$1 nor any ance/or ( 81 )\t ! cons5t ( ! depositor1 violat+ ! simple/ & noble/ ( laws :i* 0 ! enactm5t ( no mean man3 ',take n up t :i* 0 n laid d[n by !e'--( him1 ,i say1 :o despises ^! two legislators1 & takes up1 n "s small matt] :i* he has n deposit$1 b p]haps a great heap ( treasure1 :at he ought to suff] at ! h&s ( ! ,gods1 ,god only kn[s2 b ,i w\ld h ! fir/ p]son :o sees him g & tell ! w>d5s ( ! city1 if ! occurr5ce has tak5 place 9 ! city1 or if ! occurr5ce has tak5 place 9 ! agora he %all tell ! w>d5s ( ! agora1 or if 9 ! c\ntry he %all tell ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry & _! comm&]s4 ,:5 in=mation has be5 receiv$ ! city %all s5d to ,delphi1 &1 :atev] ! ,god answ]s ab\t ! money & ! remov] ( ! money1 t ! city %all d 9 ob$i5ce to ! oracle2 ! in=m]1 if he be a freeman1 %all h ! hon\r ( do+ rightly1 & he :o in=ms n1 ! di%on\r ( do+ wrongly2 & if he be a slave :o gives in=mation1 let him be fre$1 z he ought to be1 by ! /ate1 :i* %all give 8 ma/] ! price ( him2 b if he d n in=m he %all be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,next 9 ord] %all foll[ a simil> law1 :i* %all apply equally to matt]s great & small3 ,if a man happ5s to leave beh9d him "s "p ( 8 prop]ty1 :e!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 let him :o may come ^u ! left prop]ty suff] x to rema91 reflect+ t su* ?+s are "u ! protection ( ! ,goddess ( ways1 & are d$icat$ to h] by ! law4 ,b if any "o defies ! law1 & takes ! prop]ty home ) him1 let him1 if ! ?+ is ( little wor?1 & ! man :o takes x a slave1 be beat5 ) _m /ripes by him :o meets him1 be+ a p]son ( n less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,or if he be a freeman1 9 addition to be+ ?\ght a mean p]son & a despis] ( ! laws1 let him pay t5 times ! value ( ! treasure :i* he has mov$ to ! leav]4 ,& if "s "o accuses ano!r ( hav+ any?+ :i* belongs to him1 :e!r little or mu*1 & ! o!r admits t he has ?is ?+1 b d5ies t ! prop]ty 9 dispute belongs to ! o!r1 if ! prop]ty be regi/]$ ) ! magi/rates accord+ to law1 ! claimant %all summon ! possessor1 :o %all br+ x be=e ! magi/rates2 & :5 x is br\ght into c\rt1 if x be regi/]$ 9 ! public regi/]s1 to :i* ( ! litigants x belong$1 let him take x & g 8 way4 ,or if ! prop]ty be regi/]$ z belong+ to "s "o :o is n pres5t1 :oev] w (f] suffici5t surety on behalf ( ! abs5t p]son t he w give x up to him1 %all take x away z ! repres5tative ( ! o!r4 ,b if ! prop]ty :i* is deposit$ be n regi/]$ ) ! magi/rates1 let x rema9 until ! "t ( trial ) ?ree ( ! elde/ ( ! magi/rates2 & if x be an animal :i* is deposit$1 !n he :o loses ! suit %all pay ! magi/rates = its keep1 & !y %all det]m9e ! cause )9 ?ree days4 ,any "o :o is ( s\nd m9d may arre/ 8 own slave1 & d ) him :atev] he w ( su* ?+s z are lawful2 & he may arre/ ! runaway slave ( any ( 8 fri5ds or k9dr$ ) a view to 8 safe-keep+4 ,& if any "o takes away him :o is be+ c>ri$ (f z a slave1 int5d+ to lib]ate him1 he :o is c>ry+ him (f %all let him g2 b he :o takes him away %all give ?ree suffici5t sureties2 & if he give !m1 & n )\t giv+ !m1 he may take him away1 b if he take him away aft] any o!r mann] he %all be deem$ guilty ( viol5ce1 & be+ convict$ %all pay z a p5alty d\ble ! am\nt ( ! damages claim$ to him :o has be5 depriv$ ( ! slave4 ,any man may also c>ry (f a fre$man1 if he d n pay respect or suffici5t respect to him :o fre$ him4 ,n[ ! respect %all be1 t ! fre$man g ?ree times 9 ! mon? to ! he>? ( ! p]son :o fre$ him1 & (f] to d :atev] he ought1 s f> z he c2 & he %all agree to make su* a m>riage z 8 =m] ma/] approves4 ,he %all n be p]mitt$ to h m prop]ty ?an he :o gave him lib]ty1 & :at m he has %all belong to 8 ma/]4 ,! fre$man %all n rema9 9 ! /ate m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 b l o!r =eign]s %all g away1 tak+ 8 entire prop]ty ) him1 unless he has ! cons5t ( ! magi/rates & ( 8 =m] ma/] to rema94 ,if a fre$man or any o!r /rang] has a prop]ty great] ?an ! c5sus ( ! ?ird class1 at ! expiration ( ?irty days f ! day on :i* ?is comes to pass1 he %all take t :i* is 8 & g 8 way1 & 9 ?is case he %all n be all[$ to rema9 any long] by ! magi/rates4 ,& if any "o disobeys ?is regulation1 & is br\ght into c\rt & convict$1 he %all be puni%$ ) dea?1 & 8 prop]ty %all be confiscat$4 ,suits ab\t ^! matt]s %all take place be=e ! tribes1 unless ! pla9tiff & def5dant h got rid ( ! accusation ei!r be=e _! neighb\rs or be=e judges *os5 by !m4 ,if a man lay claim to any animal or any?+ else :i* he decl>es to be 81 let ! possessor ref] to ! sell] or to "s hone/ & tru/wor?y p]son1 :o has giv51 or 9 "s legitimate way made ov] ! prop]ty to him2 if he be a citiz5 or a metic1 soj\rn+ 9 ! city1 )9 ?irty days1 or1 if ! prop]ty h be5 deliv]$ to him by a /rang]1 )9 five mon?s1 ( :i* ! middle mon? %all include ! summ] sol/ice4 ,:5 goods are ex*ang$ by sell+ & buy+1 a man %all deliv] !m1 & receive ! price ( !m1 at a fix$ place 9 ! agora1 & h done ) ! matt]2 b he %all n buy or sell any:]e else1 nor give cr$it4 ,& if 9 any o!r mann] or 9 any o!r place !re be an ex*ange ( "o ?+ = ano!r1 & ! sell] give cr$it to ! man :o buys f him1 he mu/ d ?is on ! und]/&+ t ! law gives no protection 9 cases ( ?+s sold n 9 accordance ) ^! regulations4 ,aga91 z to contributions1 any man :o likes may g ab\t collect+ contributions z a fri5d among fri5ds1 b if any diff]5ce arises ab\t ! collection1 he is to act on ! und]/&+ t ! law gives no protection 9 su* cases4 ,he :o sells any?+ above ! value ( fifty dra*mas %all be requir$ to rema9 9 ! city = t5 days1 & ! pur*as] %all be in=m$ ( ! h\se ( ! sell]1 ) a view to ! sort ( *>ges :i* are apt to arise 9 su* cases1 & ! re/itutions :i* ! law all[s4 ,& let legal re/itution be on ?is wise3 ,if a man sells a slave :o is 9 a consumption1 or :o has ! disease ( ! /one1 or ( /rangury1 or epilepsy1 or "s o!r t$i\s & incurable disord] ( body or m9d1 :i* is n disc]nible to ! ord9>y man1 if ! pur*as] be a physician or tra9]1 he %all h no "r ( re/itution2 nor %all !re be any "r ( re/itution if ! sell] has told ! tru? be=eh& to ! buy]4 ,b if a skill$ p]son sells to ano!r :o is n skill$1 let ! buy] appeal = re/itution )9 six mon?s1 except 9 ! case ( epilepsy1 & !n ! appeal may be made )9 a ye>4 ,! cause %all be det]m9$ by su* physicians z ! p>ties may agree to *oose2 & ! def5dant1 if he lose ! suit1 %all pay d\ble ! price at :i* he sold4 ,if a private p]son sell to ano!r private p]son1 he %all h ! "r ( re/itution1 & ! decision %all be giv5 z be=e1 b ! def5dant1 if he be ca/1 %all only pay back ! price ( ! slave4 ,if a p]son sells a homicide to ano!r1 & !y bo? "k ( ! fact1 let !re be no re/itution 9 su* a case1 b if he d n "k ( ! fact1 !re %all be a "r ( re/itution1 :5ev] ! buy] makes ! discov]y2 & ! decision %all re/ ) ! five y\nge/ gu>dians ( ! law1 & if ! decision be t ! sell] 0 cognisant ( ! fact1 he %all purify ! h\se ( ! pur*as]1 accord+ to ! law ( ! int]pret]s1 & %all pay back ?ree times ! pur*ase-money4 ,if a man ex*anges ei!r money = money1 or any?+ :atev] = any?+ else1 ei!r ) or )\t life1 let him give & receive !m g5u9e & unadult]at$1 9 accordance ) ! law4 ,& let u h a prelude ab\t all ?is sort ( rogu]y1 l ! preludes ( our o!r laws4 ,e man %\ld reg>d adult]ation z ( "o & ! same class ) falsehood & deceit1 conc]n+ :i* ! _m are too fond ( say+ t at prop] times & places ! practice may (t5 be "r4 ,b !y leave ! occasion1 & ! :51 & ! :]e1 undef9$ & unsettl$1 & f ?is want ( def9it5ess 9 _! language !y d a great deal ( h>m to !mselves & to o!rs4 ,n[ a legislator ought n to leave ! matt] undet]m9$2 he ought to prescribe "s limit1 ei!r great] or less4 ,let ?is be ! rule prescrib$3 ,no "o %all call ! ,gods to witness1 :5 he says or does any?+ false or deceitful or di%one/1 unless he w\ld be ! mo/ hateful ( mank9d to !m4 ,& he is mo/ hateful to !m :o takes a false oa?1 & pays no he$ to ! ,gods2 & 9 ! next degree1 he :o tells a falsehood 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 sup]iors4 ,n[ bett] m5 are ! sup]iors ( worse m51 & 9 g5]al eld]s are ! sup]iors ( ! "y2 :]e=e also p>5ts are ! sup]iors ( _! (fspr+1 & m5 ( wom5 & *ildr51 & rul]s ( _! subjects2 = all m5 ought to rev]5ce any "o :o is 9 any position ( au?ority1 & especially ^? :o are 9 /ate (fices4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ,i h spok5 ( ^! matt]s4 ,= e "o :o is guilty ( adult]ation 9 ! agora tells a falsehood1 & deceives1 & :5 he invokes ! ,gods1 accord+ to ! cu/oms & cautions ( ! w>d5s ( ! agora1 he does b swe> )\t any respect = ,god or man4 ,c]ta9ly1 x is an excell5t rule n lightly to defile ! names ( ! ,gods1 aft] ! fa%ion ( m5 9 g5]al1 :o c>e little ab\t piety & purity 9 _! religi\s actions4 ,b if a man w n con=m to ?is rule1 let ! law be z foll[s3 ,he :o sells any?+ 9 ! agora %all n ask two prices = t :i* he sells1 b he %all ask "o price1 & if he d n obta9 ?is1 he %all take away 8 goods2 & on t day he %all n value !m ei!r at m or less2 & !re %all be no prais+ ( any goods1 or oa? tak5 ab\t !m4 ,if a p]son disobeys ?is comm&1 any citiz5 :o is pres5t1 n be+ less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age1 may ) impunity *a/ise & beat ! swe>]1 b if in/ead ( obey+ ! laws he takes no he$1 he %all be liable to ! *>ge ( hav+ betray$ !m4 ,if a man sells any adult]at$ goods & w n obey ^! regulations1 he :o kn[s & c prove ! fact1 & does prove x 9 ! pres5ce ( ! magi/rates1 if he be a slave or a metic1 %all h ! adult]at$ goods2 b if he be a citiz51 & d n pursue ! *>ge1 he %all be call$ a rogue1 & deem$ to h robb$ ! ,gods ( ! agora2 or if he proves ! *>ge1 he %all d$icate ! goods to ! ,gods ( ! agora4 ,he :o is prov$ to h sold any adult]at$ goods1 9 addition to los+ ! goods !mselves1 %all be beat5 ) /ripes--a /ripe = a dra*ma1 accord+ to ! price ( ! goods2 & ! h]ald %all proclaim 9 ! agora ! (f5ce = :i* he is go+ to be beat54 ,! w>d5s ( ! agora & ! gu>dians ( ! law %all obta9 in=mation f exp]i5c$ p]sons ab\t ! rogu]ies & adult]ations ( ! sell]s1 & %all write up :at ! sell] ought & ought n to d 9 ea* case2 & let !m inscribe _! laws on a column 9 front ( ! c\rt ( ! w>d5s ( ! agora1 t !y may be cle> in/ructors ( ^? :o h bus9ess 9 ! agora4 ,en\gh has be5 said 9 :at has prec$$ ab\t ! w>d5s ( ! city1 & if any?+ seems to be want+1 let !m communicate ) ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & write d[n ! omission1 & place on a column 9 ! c\rt ( ! w>d5s ( ! city ! prim>y & second>y regulations :i* are laid d[n = !m ab\t _! (fice4 ,aft] ! practices ( adult]ation naturally foll[ ! practices ( retail trade4 ,conc]n+ ^!1 we w fir/ ( all give a ^w ( c\nsel & reason1 & ! law %all come aft]w>ds4 ,retail trade 9 a city is n by nature int5d$ to d any h>m1 b q ! contr>y2 = is n he a b5efactor :o r$uces ! inequalities & incomm5surabilities ( goods to equality & common measure8 ,& ?is is :at ! p[] ( money accompli%es1 & ! m]*ant may be said to be appo9t$ = ?is purpose4 ,! hirel+ & ! tav]n-keep]1 & _m o!r occupations1 "s ( !m m & o!rs less seemly--all alike h ?is object--!y seek to satisfy our ne$s & equalize our possessions4 ,let u !n endeav\r to see :at has br\ght retail trade into ill-od\r1 & :]e9 lies ! di%on\r & unseeml9ess ( x1 9 ord] t if n entirely1 we may yet p>tially1 cure ! evil by legislation4 ,to effect ?is is no easy matt]1 & requires a great deal ( virtue4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,de> ,cle9ias1 ! class ( m5 is small--!y mu/ h be5 r>ely gift$ by nature1 & tra9$ by education--:o1 :5 assail$ by wants & desires1 are able to hold out & obs]ve mod]ation1 & :5 !y might make a great deal ( money are sob] 9 _! wi%es1 & pref] a mod]ate to a l>ge ga94 ,b ! mass ( mank9d are ! v opposite3 _! desires are unb\nd$1 & :5 !y might ga9 9 mod]ation !y pref] ga9s )\t limit2 :]e=e all t relates to retail trade1 & m]*&ise1 & ! keep+ ( tav]ns1 is d5\nc$ & numb]$ among di%on\rable ?+s4 ,= if :at ,i tru/ may nev] be & w n be1 we 7 to compel1 if ,i may v5ture to say a ridicul\s ?+1 ! be/ m5 ev]y:]e to keep tav]ns = a "t1 or c>ry on retail trade1 or d any?+ ( t sort2 or if1 9 consequ5ce ( "s fate or necessity1 ! be/ wom5 7 compell$ to foll[ simil> call+s1 !n we %\ld "k h[ agreeable & pleasant all ^! ?+s are2 & if all su* occupations 7 manag$ on incorrupt pr9ciples1 !y w\ld be hon\r$ z we hon\r a "m or a nurse4 ,b n[ t a man goes to des]t places & builds h\ses :i* c only be rea*$ by long j\rneys1 = ! sake ( retail trade1 & receives /rang]s :o are 9 ne$ at ! welcome re/+-place1 & gives !m peace & calm :5 !y are toss$ by ! /orm1 or cool %ade 9 ! heat2 & !n in/ead ( behav+ to !m z fri5ds1 & %[+ ! duties ( hospitality to 8 gue/s1 treats !m z enemies & captives :o are at 8 m]cy1 & w n release !m until !y h paid ! mo/ unju/1 abom9able1 & extortionate ransom--^! are ! sort ( practises1 & f\l evils !y are1 :i* ca/ a reproa* ^u ! succ\r ( adv]sity4 ,& ! legislator ought always to be devis+ a rem$y = evils ( ?is nature4 ,!re is an anci5t say+1 :i* is also a true "o--',to fight aga9/ two oppon5ts is a difficult ?+1' z is se5 9 diseases & 9 _m o!r cases4 ,& 9 ?is case also ! w> is aga9/ two enemies--weal? & pov]ty2 "o ( :om corrupts ! s\l ( man ) luxury1 :ile ! o!r drives him by pa9 into utt] %amelessness4 ,:at rem$y c a city ( s5se f9d aga9/ ?is disease8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y mu/ h z few retail trad]s z possible2 & 9 ! second place1 !y mu/ assign ! occupation to t class ( m5 ^: corruption w be ! lea/ injury to ! /ate2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 !y mu/ devise "s way :]eby ! foll[]s ( ^! occupations !mselves w n readily fall into habits ( unbridl$ %amelessness & meanness4 ,aft] ?is preface let our law run z foll[s1 & may =tune fav\r u3 ,no l&[n] among ! ,magnetes1 ^: city ! ,god is re/or+ & resettl+--no "o1 t is1 ( ! #ejdj families1 %all become a retail trad] ei!r volunt>ily or involunt>ily2 nei!r %all he be a m]*ant1 or d any s]vice = private p]sons unless !y equally s]ve him1 except = 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 & _! fa!rs & mo!rs2 & 9 g5]al = 8 eld]s :o are freem51 & :om he s]ves z a freeman4 ,n[ x is difficult to det]m9e accurately ! ?+s :i* are wor?y or unwor?y ( a freeman1 b let ^? :o h obta9$ ! prize ( virtue give judgm5t ab\t !m 9 accordance ) _! feel+s ( "r & wrong4 ,he :o 9 any way %>es 9 ! illib]ality ( retail trades may be indict$ = di%on\r+ 8 race by any "o :o likes1 be=e ^? :o h be5 judg$ to be ! fir/ 9 virtue2 & if he appe> to ?r[ dirt ^u 8 fa!r's h\se by an unwor?y occupation1 let him be imprison$ = a ye> & ab/a9 f t sort ( ?+2 & if he repeat ! (f5ce1 = two ye>s2 & e "t t he is convict$ let ! l5g? ( 8 imprisonm5t be d\bl$4 ,?is %all be ! second law3 ,he :o engages 9 retail trade mu/ be ei!r a metic or a /rang]4 ,& a ?ird law %all be3 ,9 ord] t ! retail trad] :o dwells 9 our city may be z good or z little bad z possible1 ! gu>dians ( ! law %all rememb] t !y are n only gu>dians ( ^? :o may be easily wat*$ & prev5t$ f becom+ lawless or bad1 because !y are well-born & br$2 b /ill m %\ld !y h a wat* ov] ^? :o are ( ano!r sort1 & foll[ pursuits :i* h a v /rong t5d5cy to make m5 bad4 ,&1 !re=e1 9 respect ( ! multif>i\s occupations ( retail trade1 t is to say1 9 respect ( su* ( !m z are all[$ to rema91 because !y seem to be q necess>y 9 a /ate--ab\t ^! ! gu>dians ( ! law %\ld meet & take c\nsel ) ^? :o h exp]i5ce ( ! sev]al k9ds ( retail trade1 z we be=e comm&$ conc]n+ adult]ation 7:i* is a matt] ak9 to ?is71 & :5 !y meet !y %all consid] :at am\nt ( receipts1 aft] d$uct+ exp5ses1 w produce a mod]ate ga9 to ! retail trades1 & !y %all fix 9 writ+ & /rictly ma9ta9 :at !y f9d to be ! "r p]c5tage ( pr(it2 ?is %all be se5 to by ! w>d5s ( ! agora1 & by ! w>d5s ( ! city1 & by ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry4 ,& s retail trade w b5efit e "o1 & d ! lea/ possible injury to ^? 9 ! /ate :o practise x4 ,:5 a man makes an agreem5t :i* he does n fulfil1 unless ! agreem5t be ( a nature :i* ! law or a vote ( ! assembly does n all[1 or :i* he has made "u ! influ5ce ( "s unju/ compulsion1 or :i* he is prev5t$ f fulfill+ aga9/ 8 w by "s unexpect$ *ance1 ! o!r p>ty may g to law ) him 9 ! c\rts ( ! tribes1 = n hav+ complet$ 8 agreem5t1 if ! p>ties are n able previ\sly to come to t]ms be=e arbit]s or be=e _! neighb\rs4 ,! class ( craftsm5 :o h furni%$ human life ) ! arts is d$icat$ to ,hephae/us & ,a!ne2 & !re is a class ( craftsm5 :o pres]ve ! works ( all craftsm5 by arts ( def5ce1 ! vot>ies ( ,ares & ,a!ne1 to :i* div9ities !y too are rightly d$icat$4 ,all ^! cont9ue ?r\gh life s]v+ ! c\ntry & ! p2 "s ( !m are lead]s 9 battle2 o!rs make = hire implem5ts & works1 & !y ought n to deceive 9 su* matt]s1 out ( respect to ! ,gods :o are _! ance/ors4 ,if any craftsman ?r\gh indol5ce omit to execute 8 "w 9 a giv5 "t1 n rev]5c+ ! ,god :o gives him ! means ( life1 b consid]+1 fooli% fell[1 t he is 8 own ,god & w let him (f easily1 9 ! fir/ place1 he %all suff] at ! h&s ( ! ,god1 & 9 ! second place1 ! law %all foll[ 9 a simil> _s4 ,he %all owe to him :o contract$ ) him ! price ( ! works :i* he has fail$ 9 p]=m+1 & he %all beg9 aga9 & execute !m gratis 9 ! giv5 "t4 ,:5 a man und]takes a "w1 ! law gives him ! same advice :i* 0 giv5 to ! sell]1 t he %\ld n attempt to raise ! price1 b simply ask ! value2 ?is ! law enjo9s also on ! contractor2 = ! craftsman assur$ly kn[s ! value ( 8 "w4 ,:]e=e1 9 free /ates ! man ( art ought n to attempt to impose ^u private individuals by ! help ( 8 art1 :i* is by nature a true ?+2 & he :o is wrong$ 9 a matt] ( ?is sort1 %all h a "r ( action aga9/ ! p>ty :o has wrong$ him4 ,& if any "o lets out "w to a craftsman1 & does n pay him duly accord+ to ! lawful agreem5t1 disreg>d+ ,zeus ! gu>dian ( ! city & ,a!ne1 :o are ! p>tn]s ( ! /ate1 & ov]?r[s ! f\ndations ( society = ! sake ( a little ga91 9 8 case let ! law & ! ,gods ma9ta9 ! common bonds ( ! /ate4 ,& let him :o1 hav+ already receiv$ ! "w 9 ex*ange1 does n pay ! price 9 ! "t agre$1 pay d\ble ! price2 & if a ye> has elaps$1 al?\gh int]e/ is n to be tak5 on loans1 yet = e dra*ma :i* he owes to ! contractor let him pay a mon?ly int]e/ ( an obol4 ,suits ab\t ^! matt]s are to be decid$ by ! c\rts ( ! tribes2 & by ! way1 s9ce we h m5tion$ craftsm5 at all1 we mu/ n =get t o!r craft ( w>1 9 :i* g5]als & tacticians are ! craftsm51 :o und]take volunt>ily or involunt>ily ! "w ( our safety1 z o!r craftsm5 und]take o!r public works--if !y execute _! "w well ! law w nev] tire ( prais+ him :o gives !m ^? hon\rs :i* are ! j rew>ds ( ! soldi]2 b if any "o1 hav+ already receiv$ ! b5efit ( any noble s]vice 9 w>1 does n make ! due return ( hon\r1 ! law w blame him4 ,let ?is !n be ! law1 hav+ an +r$i5t ( praise1 n compell+ b advis+ ! great body ( ! citiz5s to hon\r ! brave m5 :o are ! savi\rs ( ! :ole /ate1 :e!r by _! c\rage or by _! milit>y skill--!y %\ld hon\r !m1 ,i say1 9 ! second place2 = ! fir/ & highe/ tribute ( respect is to be giv5 to ^? :o are able above o!r m5 to hon\r ! words ( good legislators4 ,! great] "p ( ! deal+s betwe5 man & man h be5 n[ regulat$ by u ) ! exception ( ^? t relate to orphans & ! sup]vision ( orphans by _! gu>dians4 ,^! foll[ next 9 ord]1 & mu/ be regulat$ 9 "s way4 ,b to arrive at !m we mu/ beg9 ) ! te/am5t>y wi%es ( ! dy+ & ! case ( ^? :o may h happ5$ to die inte/ate4 ,:5 ,i said1 ,cle9ias1 t we mu/ regulate !m1 ,i _h 9 my m9d ! difficulty & p]plexity 9 :i* all su* matt]s are involv$4 ,y _c leave !m unregulat$1 = individuals w\ld make regulations at v>iance ) "o ano!r1 & repugnant to ! laws & habits ( ! liv+ & to _! own previ\s habits1 if a p]son 7 simply all[$ to make any w :i* he pleas$1 & ?is 7 to take effect 9 :atev] /ate he may h be5 at ! end ( 8 life2 = mo/ ( u lose our s5ses 9 a mann]1 & feel cru%$ :5 we ?9k t we are ab\t to die4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean1 ,/rang]8 ,,a!nian3 ,o ,cle9ias1 a man :5 he is ab\t to die is an intractable creature1 & is apt to use language :i* causes a great deal ( anxiety & tr\ble to ! legislator4 ,,cle9ias3 ,9 :at way8 ,,a!nian3 ,he wants to h ! entire control ( all 8 prop]ty1 & w use angry words4 ,,cle9ias3 ,su* z :at8 ,,a!nian3 ,o ye ,gods1 he w say1 h[ mon/r\s t ,i am n all[$ to give1 or n to give1 my own to :om ,i w--less to him :o has be5 bad to me1 & m to him :o has be5 good to me1 & ^: badness & goodness h be5 te/$ by me 9 "t ( sickness or 9 old age & 9 e o!r sort ( =tune6 ,,cle9ias3 ,well1 ,/rang]1 & may he n v fairly say s8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 my op9ion1 ,cle9ias1 ! anci5t legislators 7 too good-natur$1 & made laws )\t suffici5t obs]vation or consid]ation ( human ?+s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean1 my fri5d1 t !y 7 afraid ( ! te/ator's reproa*es1 & s !y pass$ a law to ! effect t a man %\ld be all[$ to dispose ( 8 prop]ty 9 all respects z he lik$2 b y & ,i1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 w h some?+ bett] to say to our dep>t+ citiz5s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at8 ,,a!nian3 ,o my fri5ds1 we w say to !m1 h>d is x = y1 :o are creatures ( a day1 to "k :at is y\rs--h>d too1 z ! ,delphic oracle says1 to "k y\rselves at ?is h\r4 ,n[ ,i1 z ! legislator1 reg>d y & y\r possessions1 n z belong+ to y\rselves1 b z belong+ to y\r :ole family1 bo? pa/ & future1 & yet m d ,i reg>d bo? family & possessions z belong+ to ! /ate2 :]e=e1 if "s "o /eals ^u y ) flatt]y1 :5 y are toss$ on ! sea ( disease or old age1 & p]suades y to dispose ( y\r prop]ty 9 a way t is n = ! be/1 ,i w n1 if ,i c help1 all[ ?is2 b ,i w legislate ) a view to ! :ole1 consid]+ :at is be/ bo? = ! /ate & = ! family1 e/eem+ z ,i ought ! feel+s ( an individual at a l[] rate2 & ,i hope t y w dep>t 9 peace & k9dness t[>ds u1 z y are go+ ! way ( all mank9d2 & we w imp>tially take c>e ( all y\r conc]ns1 n neglect+ any ( !m1 if we c possibly help4 ,let ?is be our prelude & consolation to ! liv+ & dy+1 ,cle9ias1 & let ! law be z foll[s3 ,he :o makes a disposition 9 a te/am5t1 if he be ! fa!r ( a family1 %all fir/ ( all inscribe z 8 heir any "o ( 8 sons :om he may ?9k fit2 & if he gives any ( 8 *ildr5 to be adopt$ by ano!r citiz51 let ! adoption be inscrib$4 ,& if he has a son rema9+ ov] & above :o has n be5 adopt$ ^u any lot1 & :o may be expect$ to be s5t out to a colony accord+ to law1 to him 8 fa!r may give z mu* z he pleases ( ! re/ ( 8 prop]ty1 ) ! exception ( ! pat]nal lot & ! fixtures on ! lot4 ,& if !re are o!r sons1 let him di/ribute among !m :at !re is m ?an ! lot 9 su* portions z he pleases4 ,& if "o ( ! sons has already a h\se ( 8 own1 he %all n give him ( ! money1 nor %all he give money to a daught] :o has be5 betro!d1 b if %e is n betro!d he may give h] money4 ,& if any ( ! sons or daught]s %all be f\nd to h ano!r lot ( l& 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* has accru$ aft] ! te/am5t has be5 made1 !y %all leave ! lot :i* !y h inh]it$ to ! heir ( ! man :o has made ! w4 ,if ! te/ator has no sons1 b only daught]s1 let him *oose ! husb& ( any "o ( 8 daught]s :om he pleases1 & leave & inscribe him z 8 son & heir4 ,& if a man h lo/ 8 son1 :5 he 0 a *ild1 & be=e he c\ld be reckon$ among gr[n up m51 :e!r 8 own or an adopt$ son1 let ! te/ator make m5tion ( ! circum/ance & inscribe :om he w to be 8 second son 9 hope ( bett] =tune4 ,if ! te/ator has no *ildr5 at all1 he may select & give to any "o :om he pleases ! t5? "p ( ! prop]ty :i* he has acquir$2 b let him n be blam$ if he gives all ! re/ to 8 adopt$ son1 & makes a fri5d ( him accord+ to ! law4 ,if ! sons ( a man require gu>dians1 & ! fa!r :5 he dies leaves a w appo9t+ gu>dians1 ^? :o h be5 nam$ by him1 :oev] !y are & :atev] _! numb] be1 if !y are able & will+ to take *>ge ( ! *ildr51 %all be recognis$ accord+ to ! provisions ( ! w4 ,b if he dies & has made no w1 or a w 9 :i* he has appo9t$ no gu>dians1 !n ! next ( k91 two on ! fa!r's & two on ! "m's side1 & "o ( ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$1 %all h ! au?ority ( gu>dians1 :om ! gu>dians ( ! law %all appo9t :5 ! orphans require gu>dians4 ,& ! fifte5 elde/ gu>dians ( ! law %all h ! :ole c>e & *>ge ( ! orphans1 divid$ into ?rees accord+ to s5iority--a body ( ?ree = "o ye>1 & !n ano!r body ( ?ree = ! next ye>1 until ! cycle ( ! five p]iods is complete2 & ?is1 z f> z possible1 is to cont9ue always4 ,if a man dies1 hav+ made no w at all1 & leaves sons :o require ! c>e ( gu>dians1 !y %all %>e 9 ! protection :i* is af=d$ by ^! laws4 ,& if a man dy+ by "s unexpect$ fate leaves daught]s beh9d him1 let him p>don ! legislator if :5 he gives !m 9 m>riage1 he h a reg>d only to two out ( ?ree conditions--ne>ness ( k9 & ! pres]vation ( ! lot1 & omits ! ?ird condition1 :i* a fa!r w\ld naturally consid]1 = he w\ld *oose out ( all ! citiz5s a son = himself1 & a husb& = 8 daught]1 ) a view to 8 "* & disposition--! fa!r1 ,i say1 %all =give ! legislator if he disreg>ds ?is1 :i* to him is an impossible consid]ation4 ,let ! law ab\t ^! matt]s :]e practicable be z foll[s3 ,if a man dies )\t mak+ a w1 & leaves beh9d him daught]s1 let 8 bro!r1 be+ ! son ( ! same fa!r or ( ! same "m1 hav+ no lot1 m>ry ! daught] & h ! lot ( ! dead man4 ,& if he h no bro!r1 b only a bro!r's son1 9 l mann] let !m m>ry1 if !y be ( a suitable age2 & if !re be n ev5 a bro!r's son1 b only ! son ( a si/]1 let !m d likewise1 & s 9 ! f\r? degree1 if !re be only ! te/ator's fa!r's bro!r1 or 9 ! fif? degree1 8 fa!r's bro!r's son1 or 9 ! six? degree1 ! *ild ( 8 fa!r's si/]4 ,let k9dr$ be always reckon$ 9 ?is way3 if a p]son leaves daught]s ! relation%ip %all proce$ upw>ds ?r\gh bro!rs & si/]s1 & bro!rs' & si/]s' *ildr51 & fir/ ! males %all come1 & aft] !m ! females 9 ! same family4 ,! judge %all consid] & det]m9e ! suitabl5ess or unsuitabl5ess ( age 9 m>riage2 he %all make an inspection ( ! males nak$1 & ( ! wom5 nak$ d[n to ! navel4 ,& if !re be a lack ( k9sm5 9 a family ext5d+ to gr&*ildr5 ( a bro!r1 or to ! gr&*ildr5 ( a gr&fa!r's *ildr51 ! maid5 may *oose ) ! cons5t ( h] gu>dians any "o ( ! citiz5s :o is will+ & :om %e wills1 & he %all be ! heir ( ! dead man1 & ! husb& ( 8 daught]4 ,circum/ances v>y1 & !re may sometimes be a /ill great] lack ( relations )9 ! limits ( ! /ate2 & if any maid5 has no k9dr$ liv+ 9 ! city1 & !re is "s "o :o has be5 s5t out to a colony1 & %e is dispos$ to make him ! heir ( h] fa!r's possessions1 if he be inde$ ( h] k9dr$1 let him proce$ to take ! lot accord+ to ! regulation ( ! law2 b if he be n ( h] k9dr$1 %e hav+ no k9sm5 )9 ! city1 & he be *os5 by ! daught] ( ! dead man1 & emp[]$ to m>ry by ! gu>dians1 let him return home & take ! lot ( him :o di$ inte/ate4 ,& if a man has no *ildr51 ei!r male or female1 & dies )\t mak+ a w1 let ! previ\s law 9 g5]al hold2 & let a man & a woman g =? f ! family & %>e ! des]t$ h\se1 & let ! lot belong absolutely to !m2 & let ! heiress 9 ! fir/ degree be a si/]1 & 9 a second degree a daught] ( a bro!r1 & 9 ! ?ird1 a daught] ( a si/]1 9 ! f\r? degree ! si/] ( a fa!r1 & 9 ! fif? degree ! daught] ( a fa!r's bro!r1 & 9 a six? degree ( a fa!r's si/]2 & ^! %all dwell ) _! male k9sm51 accord+ to ! degree ( relation%ip & "r1 z we enact$ be=e4 ,n[ we mu/ n conceal f ourselves t su* laws are apt to be oppressive & t !re may sometimes be a h>d%ip 9 ! lawgiv] comm&+ ! k9sman ( ! dead man to m>ry 8 relation2 he may be ?\ght n to h consid]$ ! innum]able h9drances :i* may arise among m5 9 ! execution ( su* ord9ances2 = !re may be cases 9 :i* ! p>ties refuse to obey1 & are ready to d any?+ r ?an m>ry1 :5 !re is "s bodily or m5tal malady or defect among ^? :o are bidd5 to m>ry or be m>ri$4 ,p]sons may fancy t ! legislator nev] ?\ght ( ?is1 b !y are mi/ak52 :]e=e let u make a common prelude on behalf ( ! lawgiv] & ( 8 subjects1 ! law begg+ ! latt] to =give ! legislator1 9 t he1 hav+ to take c>e ( ! common weal1 _c ord] at ! same "t ! v>i\s circum/ances ( individuals1 & begg+ him to p>don !m if naturally !y are sometimes unable to fulfil ! act :i* he 9 8 ignorance imposes ^u !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& h[1 ,/rang]1 c we act mo/ fairly "u ! circum/ances8 ,,a!nian3 ,!re mu/ be arbit]s *os5 to deal ) su* laws & ! subjects ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i mean to say1 t a case may occur 9 :i* ! nephew1 hav+ a ri* fa!r1 w be unwill+ to m>ry ! daught] ( 8 uncle2 he w h a feel+ ( pride1 & he w wi% to look high]4 ,& !re are cases 9 :i* ! legislator w be impos+ ^u him ! greate/ calamity1 & he w be compell$ to disobey ! law1 if he is requir$1 = example1 to take a wife :o is mad1 or has "s o!r t]rible malady ( s\l or body1 su* z makes life intol]able to ! suff]]4 ,!n let :at we are say+ conc]n+ ^! cases be embodi$ 9 a law3 ,if any "o f9ds fault ) ! e/abli%$ laws respect+ te/am5ts1 bo? z to o!r matt]s & especially 9 :at relates to m>riage1 & ass]ts t ! legislator1 if he 7 alive & pres5t1 w\ld n compel him to obey--t is to say1 w\ld n compel ^? :o are by our law requir$ to m>ry or be giv5 9 m>riage1 to d ei!r--& "s k9sman or gu>dian dispute ?is1 ! reply is t ! legislator left fifte5 ( ! gu>dians ( ! law to be arbit]s & fa!rs ( orphans1 male or female1 & to !m let ! disputants h rec\rse1 & by _! aid det]m9e any matt]s ( ! k9d1 admitt+ _! decision to be f9al4 ,b if any "o ?9ks t too great p[] is ?us giv5 to ! gu>dians ( ! law1 let him br+ 8 adv]s>ies into ! c\rt ( ! select judges1 & !re h ! po9ts 9 dispute det]m9$4 ,& he :o loses ! cause %all h c5sure & blame f ! legislator1 :i*1 by a man ( s5se1 is felt to be a p5alty f> heavi] ?an a great loss ( money4 ,?us w orphan *ildr5 h a second bir?4 ,aft] _! fir/ bir? we spoke ( _! nurture & education1 & aft] _! second bir?1 :5 !y h lo/ _! p>5ts1 we ought to take measures t ! mis=tune ( orphanhood may be z little sad to !m z possible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we say t ! gu>dians ( ! law are lawgiv]s & fa!rs to !m1 n inf]ior to _! natural fa!rs4 ,moreov]1 !y %all take *>ge ( !m ye> by ye> z ( _! own k9dr$2 & we h giv5 bo? to !m & to ! *ildr5's own gu>dians z suitable admonition conc]n+ ! nurture ( orphans4 ,& we seem to h spok5 opportunely 9 our =m] disc\rse1 :5 we said t ! s\ls ( ! dead h ! p[] aft] dea? ( tak+ an int]e/ 9 human affairs1 ab\t :i* !re are _m tales & traditions1 long inde$1 b true2 & see+ t !y are s _m & s anci5t1 we mu/ believe !m1 & we mu/ also believe ! lawgiv]s1 :o tell u t ^! ?+s are true1 if !y are n to be reg>d$ z utt] fools4 ,b if ^! ?+s are really s1 9 ! fir/ place m5 %\ld h a fe> ( ! ,gods above1 :o reg>d ! lonel9ess ( ! orphans2 & 9 ! second place ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$1 :o by nature incl9e to take an especial c>e ( _! own *ildr51 & are fri5dly to ^? :o hon\r1 & unfri5dly to ^? :o di%on\r !m4 ,m5 %\ld also fe> ! s\ls ( ! liv+ :o are ag$ & high 9 hon\r2 :]ev] a city is well ord]$ & prosp]\s1 _! desc5dants *]i% !m1 & s live happily2 old p]sons are quick to see & he> all t relates to !m1 & are propiti\s to ^? :o are j 9 ! fulfilm5t ( su* duties1 & !y puni% ^? :o wrong ! orphan & ! desolate1 consid]+ t !y are ! greate/ & mo/ sacr$ ( tru/s4 ,to all :i* matt]s ! gu>dian & magi/rate ought to apply 8 m9d1 if he has any1 & take he$ ( ! nurture & education ( ! orphans1 seek+ 9 e possible way to d !m good1 = he is mak+ a contribution to 8 own good & t ( 8 *ildr54 ,he :o obeys ! tale :i* prec$es ! law1 & does no wrong to an orphan1 w nev] exp]i5ce ! wra? ( ! legislator4 ,b he :o is disob$i5t1 & wrongs any "o :o is b]eft ( fa!r or "m1 %all pay twice ! p5alty :i* he w\ld h paid if he _h wrong$ "o ^: p>5ts _h be5 alive4 ,z t\*+ o!r legislation conc]n+ gu>dians 9 _! relation to orphans1 or conc]n+ magi/rates & _! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! gu>dians1 if !y did n possess examples ( ! mann] 9 :i* *ildr5 ( freem5 w\ld be br\ght up 9 ! br++ up ( _! own *ildr51 & ( ! c>e ( _! prop]ty 9 ! c>e ( _! own1 or if !y _h n j laws fairly /at$ ab\t ^! v ?+s--!re w\ld h be5 reason 9 mak+ laws = !m1 "u ! idea t !y 7 a peculi> class1 & we might di/+ui% & make sep>ate rules = ! life ( ^? :o are orphans & ( ^? :o are n orphans4 ,b z ! case /&s1 ! condition ( orphans ) u is n diff]5t f ! case ( ^? :o h a fa!r1 ?\gh 9 reg>d to hon\r & di%on\r1 & ! att5tion giv5 to !m1 ! two are n usually plac$ ^u a level4 ,:]e=e1 t\*+ ! legislation ab\t orphans1 ! law speaks 9 s]i\s acc5ts1 bo? ( p]suasion & ?reat5+1 & su* a ?reat z ! foll[+ w be by no means out ( place3 ,he :o is ! gu>dian ( an orphan ( ei!r sex1 & he among ! gu>dians ( ! law to :om ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ?is gu>dian has be5 assign$1 %all love ! un=tunate orphan z ?\gh he 7 8 own *ild1 & he %all be z c>eful & dilig5t 9 ! managem5t ( 8 possessions z he w\ld be if !y 7 8 own1 or ev5 m c>eful & dilig5t4 ,let e "o :o has ! c>e ( an orphan obs]ve ?is law4 ,b any "o :o acts contr>y to ! law on ^! matt]s1 if he be a gu>dian ( ! *ild1 may be f9$ by a magi/rate1 or1 if he be himself a magi/rate1 ! gu>dian may br+ him be=e ! c\rt ( select judges1 & puni% him1 if convict$1 by exact+ a f9e ( d\ble ! am\nt ( t inflict$ by ! c\rt4 ,& if a gu>dian appe>s to ! relations ( ! orphan1 or to any o!r citiz51 to act neglig5tly or di%one/ly1 let !m br+ him be=e ! same c\rt1 & :atev] damages are giv5 aga9/ him1 let him pay f\rfold1 & let half belong to ! orphan & half to him :o procur$ ! conviction4 ,if any orphan arrives at ye>s ( discretion1 & ?9ks t he has be5 ill-us$ by 8 gu>dians1 let him )9 five ye>s ( ! expiration ( ! gu>dian%ip be all[$ to br+ !m to trial2 & if any ( !m be convict$1 ! c\rt %all det]m9e :at he %all pay or suff]4 ,& if a magi/rate %all appe> to h wrong$ ! orphan by neglect1 & he be convict$1 let ! c\rt det]m9e :at he %all suff] or pay to ! orphan1 & if !re be di%one/y 9 addition to neglect1 besides pay+ ! f9e1 let him be depos$ f 8 (fice ( gu>dian ( ! law1 & let ! /ate appo9t ano!r gu>dian ( ! law = ! city & = ! c\ntry 9 8 room4 ,great] diff]5ces ?an !re ought to be sometimes arise betwe5 fa!rs & sons1 on ! "p ei!r ( fa!rs :o w be ( op9ion t ! legislator %\ld enact t !y may1 if !y wi%1 lawfully r5\nce _! son by ! proclamation ( a h]ald 9 ! face ( ! _w1 or ( sons :o ?9k t !y %\ld be all[$ to indict _! fa!rs on ! *>ge ( imbecility :5 !y are disabl$ by disease or old age4 ,^! ?+s only happ51 z a matt] ( fact1 :]e ! natures ( m5 are utt]ly bad2 = :]e only half is bad1 z1 = example1 if ! fa!r be n bad1 b ! son be bad1 or conv]sely1 no great calamity is ! result ( su* an am\nt ( hatr$ z ?is4 ,9 ano!r /ate1 a son dis[n$ by 8 fa!r w\ld n ( necessity cease to be a citiz51 b 9 our /ate1 ( :i* ^! are to be ! laws1 ! dis9h]it$ mu/ necess>ily emigrate into ano!r c\ntry1 = no addition c be made ev5 ( a s+le family to ! #ejdj h\seholds2 &1 !re=e1 he :o des]ves to suff] ^! ?+s mu/ be r5\nc$ n only by 8 fa!r1 :o is a s+le p]son1 b by ! :ole family1 & :at is done 9 ^! cases mu/ be regulat$ by "s su* law z ! foll[+3 ,he :o 9 ! sad disord] ( 8 s\l has a m9d1 ju/ly or unju/ly1 to expel f 8 family a son :om he has begott5 & br\ght up1 %all n lightly or at once execute 8 purpose2 b fir/ ( all he %all collect toge!r 8 own k9sm51 ext5d+ to c\s9s1 & 9 l mann] 8 son's k9sm5 by ! "m's side1 & 9 _! pres5ce he %all accuse 8 son1 sett+ =? t he des]ves at ! h&s ( !m all to be dismiss$ f ! family2 & ! son %all be all[$ to address !m 9 a simil> mann]1 & %[ t he does n des]ve to suff] any ( ^! ?+s4 ,& if ! fa!r p]suades !m1 & obta9s ! suffrages ( m ?an half ( 8 k9dr$1 exclusive ( ! fa!r & "m & ! (f5d] himself--,i say1 if he obta9s m ?an half ! suffrages ( all ! o!r gr[n-up memb]s ( ! family1 ( bo? sexes1 ! fa!r %all be p]mitt$ to put away 8 son1 b n o!rwise4 ,& if any o!r citiz5 is will+ to adopt ! son :o is put away1 no law %all h9d] him2 = ! *>act]s ( "y m5 are subject to _m *anges 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives4 ,& if he has be5 put away1 & 9 a p]iod ( t5 ye>s no "o is will+ to adopt him1 let ^? :o h ! c>e ( ! sup]abundant population :i* is s5t out into colonies1 see to him1 9 ord] t he may be suitably provid$ = 9 ! colony4 ,& if disease or age or h>%ness ( temp]1 or all ^! toge!r1 makes a man to be m out ( 8 m9d ?an ! re/ ( ! _w are--b ?is is n obs]vable1 except to ^? :o live ) him--& he1 be+ ma/] ( 8 prop]ty1 is ! ru9 ( ! h\se1 & 8 son d\bts & hesitates ab\t indict+ 8 fa!r = insanity1 let ! law 9 t case orda9 t he %all fir/ ( all g to ! elde/ gu>dians ( ! law & tell !m ( 8 fa!r's mis=tune1 & !y %all duly look into ! matt]1 & take c\nsel z to :e!r he %all indict him or n4 ,& if !y advise him to proce$1 !y %all be bo? 8 witnesses & 8 advocates2 & if ! fa!r is ca/1 he %all h5ce=? be incapable ( ord]+ ! lea/ p>ticul> ( 8 life2 let him be z a *ild dwell+ 9 ! h\se = ! rema9d] ( 8 days4 ,& if a man & 8 wife h an un=tunate incompatibility ( temp]1 t5 ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 :o are imp>tial1 & t5 ( ! wom5 :o regulate m>riages1 %all look to ! matt]1 & if !y are able to reconcile !m !y %all be =mally reconcil$2 b if _! s\ls are too mu* toss$ ) passion1 !y %all endeav\r to f9d o!r p>tn]s4 ,n[ !y are n likely to h v g5tle temp]s2 &1 !re=e1 we mu/ endeav\r to associate ) !m deep] & s(t] natures4 ,^? :o h no *ildr51 or only a few1 at ! "t ( _! sep>ation1 %\ld *oose _! new p>tn]s ) a view to ! procreation ( *ildr52 b ^? :o h a suffici5t numb] ( *ildr5 %\ld sep>ate & m>ry aga9 9 ord] t !y may h "s "o to gr[ old ) & t ! pair may take c>e ( "o ano!r 9 age4 ,if a woman dies1 leav+ *ildr51 male or female1 ! law w advise r ?an compel ! husb& to br+ up ! *ildr5 )\t introduc+ into ! h\se a /epmo!r4 ,b if he h no *ildr51 !n he %all be compell$ to m>ry until he has begott5 a suffici5t numb] ( sons to 8 family & to ! /ate4 ,& if a man dies leav+ a suffici5t numb] ( *ildr51 ! "m ( 8 *ildr5 %all rema9 ) !m & br+ !m up4 ,b if %e appe>s to be too "y to live virtu\sly )\t a husb&1 let h] relations communicate ) ! wom5 :o sup]9t5d m>riage1 & let bo? toge!r d :at !y ?9k be/ 9 ^! matt]s2 if !re is a lack ( *ildr51 let ! *oice be made ) a view to hav+ !m2 two *ildr51 "o ( ei!r sex1 %all be deem$ suffici5t 9 ! eye ( ! law4 ,:5 a *ild is admitt$ to be ! (fspr+ ( c]ta9 p>5ts & is ackn[l$g$ by !m1 b !re is ne$ ( a decision z to :i* p>5t ! *ild is to foll[--9 case a female slave h int]c\rse ) a male slave1 or ) a freeman or fre$man1 ! (fspr+ %all always belong to ! ma/] ( ! female slave4 ,aga91 if a free woman h int]c\rse ) a male slave1 ! (fspr+ %all belong to ! ma/] ( ! slave2 b if a *ild be born ei!r ( a slave by h] ma/]1 or ( 8 mi/ress by a slave--& ?is be prov5--! (fspr+ ( ! woman & its fa!r %all be s5t away by ! wom5 :o sup]9t5d m>riage into ano!r c\ntry1 & ! gu>dians ( ! law %all s5d away ! (fspr+ ( ! man & its "m4 ,nei!r ,god1 nor a man :o has und]/&+1 w ev] advise any "o to neglect 8 p>5ts4 ,to a disc\rse conc]n+ ! hon\r & di%on\r ( p>5ts1 a prelude su* z ! foll[+1 ab\t ! s]vice ( ! ,gods1 w be a suitable introduction3 ,!re are anci5t cu/oms ab\t ! ,gods :i* are univ]sal1 & !y are ( two k9ds3 "s ( ! ,gods we see ) our eyes & we hon\r !m1 ( o!rs we hon\r ! images1 rais+ /atues ( !m :i* we adore2 & ?\gh !y are lifeless1 yet we imag9e t ! liv+ ,gods h a good w & gratitude to u on ?is acc\nt4 ,n[1 if a man has a fa!r or "m1 or _! fa!rs or mo!rs treasur$ up 9 8 h\se /rick5 9 ye>s1 let him consid] t no /atue c be m pot5t to grant 8 reque/s ?an !y are1 :o are sitt+ at 8 he>?1 if only he kn[s h[ to %[ true s]vice to !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& :at d y call ! true mode ( s]vice8 ,,a!nian3 ,i w tell y1 ,o my fri5d1 = su* ?+s are wor? li/5+ to4 ,,cle9ias3 ,proce$4 ,,a!nian3 ,o$ipus1 z tradition says1 :5 di%on\r$ by 8 sons1 invok$ on !m curses :i* e "o decl>es to h be5 he>d & ratifi$ by ! ,gods1 & ,amyntor 9 8 wra? invok$ curses on 8 son ,pho5ix1 & ,!seus ^u ,hippolytus1 & innum]able o!rs h also call$ d[n wra? ^u _! *ildr51 :5ce x is cle> t ! ,gods li/5 to ! imprecations ( p>5ts2 = ! curses ( p>5ts are1 z !y ought to be1 mighty aga9/ _! *ildr5 z no o!rs are4 ,& %all we suppose t ! pray]s ( a fa!r or "m :o is specially di%on\r$ by 8 or h] *ildr51 are he>d by ! ,gods 9 accordance ) nature2 & t if a p>5t is hon\r$ by !m1 & 9 ! gladness ( 8 he>t e>ne/ly entreats ! ,gods 9 8 pray]s to d !m good1 he is n equally he>d1 & t !y d n m9i/] to 8 reque/8 ,if n1 !y w\ld be v unju/ m9i/]s ( good1 & t we affirm to be contr>y to _! nature4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,may we n ?9k1 z ,i 0 say+ j n[1 t we c possess no image :i* is m hon\r$ by ! ,gods1 ?an t ( a fa!r or gr&fa!r1 or ( a "m /rick5 9 ye>s8 :om :5 a man hon\rs1 ! he>t ( ! ,god rejoices1 & he is ready to answ] _! pray]s4 ,&1 truly1 ! figure ( an ance/or is a wond]ful ?+1 f> high] ?an t ( a lifeless image4 ,= ! liv+1 :5 !y are hon\r$ by u1 jo9 9 our pray]s1 & :5 !y are di%on\r$1 !y utt] imprecations aga9/ u2 b lifeless objects d nei!r4 ,& !re=e1 if a man makes a "r use ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r & o!r ag$ relations1 he w h images :i* above all o!rs w w9 him ! fav\r ( ! ,gods4 ,,cle9ias3 ,excell5t4 ,,a!nian3 ,e man ( any und]/&+ fe>s & respects ! pray]s ( p>5ts1 kn[+ well t _m times & to _m p]sons !y h be5 accompli%$4 ,n[ ^! ?+s be+ ?us ord]$ by nature1 good m5 ?9k x a bless+ f heav5 if _! p>5ts live to old age & rea* ! utmo/ limit ( human life1 or if tak5 away be=e _! "t !y are deeply regrett$ by !m2 b to bad m5 p>5ts are always a cause ( t]ror4 ,:]e=e let e man hon\r ) e sort ( lawful hon\r 8 own p>5ts1 agreeably to :at has n[ be5 said4 ,b if ?is prelude be an unmean+ s\nd 9 ! e>s ( any "o1 let ! law foll[1 :i* may be rightly impos$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,if any "o 9 ?is city be n suffici5tly c>eful ( 8 p>5ts1 & d n reg>d & gratify 9 e respect _! wi%es m ?an ^? ( 8 sons & ( 8 o!r (fspr+ or ( himself--let him :o exp]i5ces ?is sort ( treatm5t ei!r come himself1 or s5d "s "o to in=m ! ?ree elde/ gu>dians ( ! law1 & ?ree ( ! wom5 :o h ! c>e ( m>riages2 & let !m look to ! matt] & puni% y\?ful evil-do]s ) /ripes & bonds if !y are "u ?irty ye>s ( age1 t is to say1 if !y be m51 or if !y be wom51 let !m und]go ! same puni%m5t up to =ty ye>s ( age4 ,b if1 :5 !y are /ill m advanc$ 9 ye>s1 !y cont9ue ! same neglect ( _! p>5ts1 & d any hurt to any ( !m1 let !m be br\ght be=e a c\rt 9 :i* e s+le "o ( ! elde/ citiz5s %all be ! judges1 & if ! (f5d] be convict$1 let ! c\rt det]m9e :at he ought to pay or suff]1 & any p5alty may be impos$ on him :i* a man c pay or suff]4 ,if ! p]son :o has be5 wrong$ be unable to in=m ! magi/rates1 let any freeman :o he>s ( 8 case in=m1 & if he d n1 he %all be deem$ base1 & %all be liable to h a suit = damage br\ght aga9/ him by any "o :o likes4 ,& if a slave in=m1 he %all receive fre$om2 & if he be ! slave ( ! injur] or injur$ p>ty1 he %all be set free by ! magi/rates1 or if he belong to any o!r citiz51 ! public %all pay a price on 8 behalf to ! own]2 & let ! magi/rates take he$ t no "o wrongs him out ( rev5ge1 because he has giv5 in=mation4 ,cases 9 :i* "o man injures ano!r by poisons1 & :i* prove fatal1 h be5 already discuss$2 b ab\t o!r cases 9 :i* a p]son int5tionally & ( malice h>ms ano!r ) meats1 or dr9ks1 or o9tm5ts1 no?+ has z yet be5 det]m9$4 ,= !re are two k9ds ( poisons us$ among m51 :i* _c cle>ly be di/+ui%$4 ,!re is ! k9d j n[ explicitly m5tion$1 :i* injures bodies by ! use ( o!r bodies accord+ to a natural law2 !re is also ano!r k9d :i* p]suades ! m d>+ class t !y c d injury by sorc]ies1 & incantations1 & magic knots1 z !y are t]m$1 & makes o!rs believe t !y above all p]sons are injur$ by ! p[]s ( ! magician4 ,n[ x is n easy to "k ! nature ( all ^! ?+s2 nor if a man d "k c he readily p]suade o!rs to believe him4 ,& :5 m5 are di/urb$ 9 _! m9ds at ! sight ( wax5 images fix$ ei!r at _! doors1 or 9 a place :]e ?ree ways meet1 or on ! sepul*res ( p>5ts1 !re is no use 9 try+ to p]suade !m t !y %\ld despise all su* ?+s because !y h no c]ta9 k ab\t !m4 ,b we mu/ h a law 9 two p>ts1 conc]n+ poison+1 9 :i*ev] ( ! two ways ! attempt is made1 & we mu/ entreat1 & exhort1 & advise m5 n to h rec\rse to su* practises1 by :i* !y sc>e ! multitude out ( _! wits1 z if !y 7 *ildr51 compell+ ! legislator & ! judge to heal ! fe>s :i* ! sorc]] ar\ses1 & to tell !m 9 ! fir/ place1 t he :o attempts to poison or en*ant o!rs kn[s n :at he is do+1 ei!r z reg>ds ! body 7unless he has a k ( m$ic9e71 or z reg>ds 8 en*antm5ts 7unless he happ5s to be a prophet or div9]74 ,let ! law1 !n1 run z foll[s ab\t poison+ or wit*craft3 ,he :o employs poison to d any injury1 n fatal1 to a man himself1 or to 8 s]vants1 or any injury1 :e!r fatal or n1 to 8 cattle or 8 bees1 if he be a physician1 & be convict$ ( poison+1 %all be puni%$ ) dea?2 or if he be a private p]son1 ! c\rt %all det]m9e :at he is to pay or suff]4 ,b he :o seems to be ! sort ( man :o injures o!rs by magic knots1 or en*antm5ts1 or incantations1 or any ( ! l practices1 if he be a prophet or div9]1 let him die2 & if1 n be+ a prophet1 he be convict$ ( wit*craft1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 let ! c\rt fix :at he ought to pay or suff]4 ,:5 a man does ano!r any injury by !ft or viol5ce1 = ! great] injury let him pay great] damages to ! injur$ man1 & less = ! small] injury2 b 9 all cases1 :atev] ! injury may h be51 z mu* z w comp5sate ! loss4 ,& besides ! comp5sation ( ! wrong1 let a man pay a fur!r p5alty = ! *a/isem5t ( 8 (f5ce3 he :o has done ! wrong in/igat$ by ! folly ( ano!r1 ?r\gh ! ligh!>t$ness ( y\? or ! l1 %all pay a light] p5alty2 b he :o has injur$ ano!r ?r\gh 8 own folly1 :5 ov]come by pleasure or pa91 9 c[>dly fe>1 or lu/1 or envy1 or implacable ang]1 %all endure a heavi] puni%m5t4 ,n t he is puni%$ because he did wrong1 = t :i* is done c nev] be undone1 b 9 ord] t 9 future times1 he1 & ^? :o see him correct$1 may utt]ly hate inju/ice1 or at any rate abate mu* ( _! evil-do+4 ,hav+ an eye to all ^! ?+s1 ! law1 l a good ar*]1 %\ld aim at ! "r measure ( puni%m5t1 & 9 all cases at ! des]v$ puni%m5t4 ,9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is ! judge %all be a fell[-work] ) ! legislator1 :5ev] ! law leaves to him to det]m9e :at ! (f5d] %all suff] or pay2 & ! legislator1 l a pa9t]1 %all give a r\gh sket* ( ! cases 9 :i* ! law is to be appli$4 ,?is is :at we mu/ d1 ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 9 ! be/ & faire/ mann] t we c1 say+ :at ! puni%m5ts are to be ( all actions ( !ft & viol5ce1 & giv+ laws ( su* a k9d z ! ,gods & sons ( ,gods w\ld h u give4 ,if a man is mad he %all n be at l>ge 9 ! city1 b 8 relations %all keep him at home 9 any way :i* !y c2 or if n1 let !m pay a p5alty--he :o is ( ! highe/ class %all pay a p5alty ( "o hundr$ dra*mas1 :e!r he be a slave or a freeman :om he neglects2 & he ( ! second class %all pay f\r-fif?s ( a m9a2 & he ( ! ?ird class ?ree-fif?s2 & he ( ! f\r? class two-fif?s4 ,n[ !re are _m sorts ( madness1 "s aris+ out ( disease1 :i* we h already m5tion$2 & !re are o!r k9ds1 :i* orig9ate 9 an evil & passionate temp]am5t1 & are increas$ by bad education2 out ( a slight qu>rel ?is class ( madm5 w (t5 raise a /orm ( abuse aga9/ "o ano!r1 & no?+ ( t sort ought to be all[$ to occur 9 a well-ord]$ /ate4 ,let ?is1 !n1 be ! law ab\t abuse1 :i* %all relate to all cases3 ,no "o %all speak evil ( ano!r2 & :5 a man disputes ) ano!r he %all tea* & le>n ( ! disputant & ! company1 b he %all ab/a9 f evil-speak+2 = out ( ! imprecations :i* m5 utt] aga9/ "o ano!r1 & ! fem99e habit ( ca/+ asp]sions on "o ano!r1 & us+ f\l names1 out ( words light z air1 9 v de$ ! greate/ enmities & hatr$s spr+ up4 ,= ! speak] gratifies 8 ang]1 :i* is an ungraci\s elem5t ( 8 nature2 & nurs+ up 8 wra? by ! ent]ta9m5t ( evil ?\ghts1 & exac]bat+ t "p ( 8 s\l :i* 0 =m]ly civilis$ by education1 he lives 9 a /ate ( savag5ess & moros5ess1 & pays a bitt] p5alty = 8 ang]4 ,& 9 su* cases almo/ all m5 take to say+ some?+ ridicul\s ab\t _! oppon5t1 & !re is no man :o is 9 ! habit ( laugh+ at ano!r :o does n miss virtue & e>ne/ness altoge!r1 or lose ! bett] half ( greatness4 ,:]e=e let no "o utt] any taunt+ ^w at a temple1 or at ! public sacrifices1 or at ! games1 or 9 ! agora1 or 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 or 9 any public assembly4 ,& let ! magi/rate :o presides on ^! occasions *a/ise an (f5d]1 & he %all be blameless2 b if he fails 9 do+ s1 he %all n claim ! prize ( virtue2 = he is "o :o he$s n ! laws1 & does n d :at ! legislator comm&s4 ,& if 9 any o!r place any "o indulges 9 ^! sort ( revil+s1 :e!r he has begun ! qu>rel or is only retaliat+1 let any eld] :o is pres5t support ! law1 & control ) bl[s ^? :o indulge 9 passion1 :i* is ano!r great evil2 & if he d n1 let him be liable to pay ! appo9t$ p5alty4 ,& we say n[1 t he :o deals 9 reproa*es aga9/ o!rs _c reproa* !m )\t attempt+ to ridicule !m2 & ?is1 :5 done 9 a mom5t ( ang]1 is :at we make matt] ( reproa* aga9/ him4 ,b !n1 d we admit into our /ate ! comic writ]s :o are s fond ( mak+ mank9d ridicul\s1 if !y attempt 9 a good-natur$ mann] to turn ! laugh aga9/ our citiz5s8 or d we draw ! di/9ction ( je/ & e>ne/1 & all[ a man to make use ( ridicule 9 je/ & )\t ang] ab\t any ?+ or p]son2 ?\gh z we 7 say+1 n if he be angry & h a set purpose8 ,we =bid e>ne/--t is unalt]ably fix$2 b we h /ill to say :o are to be sanction$ or n to be sanction$ by ! law 9 ! employm5t ( innoc5t hum\r4 ,a comic poet1 or mak] ( iambic or satirical lyric v]se1 %all n be p]mitt$ to ridicule any ( ! citiz5s1 ei!r by ^w or lik5ess1 ei!r 9 ang] or )\t ang]4 ,& if any "o is disob$i5t1 ! judges %all ei!r at once expel him f ! c\ntry1 or he %all pay a f9e ( ?ree m9ae1 :i* %all be d$icat$ to ! ,god :o presides ov] ! conte/s4 ,^? only :o h receiv$ p]mission %all be all[$ to write v]ses at "o ano!r1 b !y %all be )\t ang] & 9 je/2 9 ang] & 9 s]i\s e>ne/ !y %all n be all[$4 ,! decision ( ?is matt] %all be left to ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! g5]al education ( ! "y1 & :atev] he may lic5se1 ! writ] %all be all[$ to produce1 & :atev] he rejects let n ! poet himself exhibit1 or ev] tea* anybody else1 slave or freeman1 "u ! p5alty ( be+ di%on\r$1 & held disob$i5t to ! laws4 ,n[ he is n to be piti$ :o is hungry1 or :o suff]s any bodily pa91 b he :o is temp]ate1 or has "s o!r virtue1 or "p ( a virtue1 & at ! same "t suff]s f mis=tune2 x w\ld be an extraord9>y ?+ if su* an "o1 :e!r slave or freeman1 7 utt]ly =sak5 & fell into ! extremes ( pov]ty 9 any tol]ably well-ord]$ city or gov]nm5t4 ,:]e=e ! legislator may safely make a law applicable to su* cases 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,let !re be no begg>s 9 our /ate2 & if anybody begs1 seek+ to pick up a livelihood by unavail+ pray]s1 let ! w>d5s ( ! agora turn him out ( ! agora1 & ! w>d5s ( ! city out ( ! city1 & ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry s5d him out ( any o!r p>ts ( ! l& across ! bord]1 9 ord] t ! l& may be cle>$ ( ?is sort ( animal4 ,if a slave ( ei!r sex injure any?+1 :i* is n 8 or h] own1 ?r\gh inexp]i5ce1 or "s improp] practice1 & ! p]son :o suff]s damage be n himself 9 "p to blame1 ! ma/] ( ! slave :o has done ! h>m %all ei!r make full satisfaction1 or give up ! slave :o has done ! injury4 ,b if ! ma/] argue t ! *>ge has aris5 by collusion betwe5 ! injur$ p>ty & ! injur]1 ) ! view ( obta9+ ! slave1 let him sue ! p]son1 :o says t he has be5 injur$1 = malpractices4 ,& if he ga9 a conviction1 let him receive d\ble ! value :i* ! c\rt fixes z ! price ( ! slave2 & if he lose 8 suit1 let him make am5ds = ! injury1 & give up ! slave4 ,& if a bea/ ( burd51 or horse1 or dog1 or any o!r animal1 injure ! prop]ty ( a neighb\r1 ! own] %all 9 l mann] pay = ! injury4 ,if any man refuses to be a witness1 he :o wants him %all summon him1 & he :o is summon$ %all come to ! trial2 & if he kn[s & is will+ to be> witness1 let him be> witness1 b if he says he does n "k let him swe> by ! ?ree div9ities ,zeus1 & ,apollo1 & ,!mis1 t he does n1 & h no m to d ) ! cause4 ,& he :o is summon$ to give witness & does n answ] to 8 summon]1 %all be liable = ! h>m :i* ensues accord+ to law4 ,& if a p]son calls up z a witness any "o :o is act+ z a judge1 let him give 8 witness1 b he %all n aft]w>ds vote 9 ! cause4 ,a free woman may give h] witness & plead1 if %e be m ?an =ty ye>s ( age1 & may br+ an action if %e h no husb&2 b if h] husb& be alive %e %all only be all[$ to be> witness4 ,a slave ( ei!r sex & a *ild %all be all[$ to give evid5ce & to plead1 b only 9 cases ( murd]2 & !y mu/ produce suffici5t sureties t !y w c]ta9ly rema9 until ! trial1 9 case !y %\ld be *>g$ ) false witness4 ,& ei!r ( ! p>ties 9 a cause may br+ an accusation ( p]jury aga9/ witnesses1 t\*+ _! evid5ce 9 :ole or 9 "p1 if he ass]ts t su* evid5ce has be5 giv52 b ! accusation mu/ be br\ght previ\s to ! f9al decision ( ! cause4 ,! magi/rates %all pres]ve ! accusations ( false witness1 & h !m kept "u ! seal ( bo? p>ties1 & produce !m on ! day :5 ! trial = false witness takes place4 ,if a man be twice convict$ ( false witness1 he %all n be requir$1 & if ?rice1 he %all n be all[$ to be> witness2 & if he d>e to witness aft] he has be5 convict$ ?ree times1 let any "o :o pleases in=m aga9/ him to ! magi/rates1 & let ! magi/rates h& him ov] to ! c\rt1 & if he be convict$ he %all be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,& 9 any case 9 :i* ! evid5ce is rightly f\nd to be false1 & yet to h giv5 ! victory to him :o w9s ! suit1 & m ?an half ! witnesses are condemn$1 ! decision :i* 0 ga9$ by ^! means %all be resc9d$1 & !re %all be a discussion & a decision z to :e!r ! suit 0 det]m9$ by t false evid5ce or n2 & 9 :i*ev] way ! decision may be giv51 ! previ\s suit %all be det]m9$ accord+ly4 ,!re are _m noble ?+s 9 human life1 b to mo/ ( !m atta* evils :i* are fat$ to corrupt & spoil !m4 ,is n ju/ice noble1 :i* has be5 ! civilis] ( humanity8 ,h[ !n c ! advocate ( ju/ice be o!r ?an noble8 ,& yet ^u ?is pr(ession :i* is pres5t$ to u "u ! fair "n ( art has come an evil reputation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are told t by +5i\s pleas & ! help ( an advocate ! law enables a man to w9 a p>ticul> cause1 :e!r j or unju/2 & t bo? ! art1 & ! p[] ( spee* :i* is !reby imp>t$1 are at ! s]vice ( him :o is will+ to pay = !m4 ,n[ 9 our /ate ?is s-call$ art1 :e!r really an art or only an exp]i5ce & practice de/itute ( any art1 ought if possible nev] to come into exi/5ce1 or if exi/+ among u %\ld li/5 to ! reque/ ( ! legislator & g away into ano!r l&1 & n speak contr>y to ju/ice4 ,if ! (f5d]s obey we say no m2 b = ^? :o disobey1 ! voice ( ! law is z foll[s3 ,if any "o ?9ks t he w p]v]t ! p[] ( ju/ice 9 ! m9ds ( ! judges1 & unseasonably litigate or advocate1 let any "o :o likes indict him = malpractices ( law & di%one/ advocacy1 & let him be judg$ 9 ! c\rt ( select judges2 & if he be convict$1 let ! c\rt det]m9e :e!r he may be suppos$ to act f a love ( money or f cont5ti\sness4 ,& if he is suppos$ to act f cont5ti\sness1 ! c\rt %all fix a "t dur+ :i* he %all n be all[$ to in/itute or plead a cause2 & if he is suppos$ to act z he does f love ( money1 9 case he be a /rang]1 he %all leave ! c\ntry1 & nev] return "u p5alty ( dea?2 b if he be a citiz51 he %all die1 because he is a lov] ( money1 9 :atev] mann] ga9$2 & equally1 if he be judg$ to h act$ m ?an once f cont5ti\sness1 he %all die4 ,,book ,,xii4 ,if a h]ald or an ambassador c>ry a false message f our city to any o!r1 or br+ back a false message f ! city to :i* he is s5t1 or be prov$ to h br\ght back1 :e!r f fri5ds or enemies1 9 8 capacity ( h]ald or ambassador1 :at !y h nev] said1 let him be indict$ = hav+ violat$1 contr>y to ! law1 ! comm&s & duties impos$ ^u him by ,h]mes & ,zeus1 & let !re be a p5alty fix$1 :i* he %all suff] or pay if he be convict$4 ,!ft is a mean1 & robb]y a %ameless ?+2 & none ( ! sons ( ,zeus delight 9 fraud & viol5ce1 or ev] practis$ ei!r4 ,:]e=e let no "o be delud$ by poets or my?olog]s into a mi/ak5 belief ( su* ?+s1 nor let him suppose1 :5 he ?ieves or is guilty ( viol5ce1 t he is do+ no?+ base1 b only :at ! ,gods !mselves d4 ,= su* tales are untrue & improbable2 & he :o /eals or robs contr>y to ! law1 is nev] ei!r a ,god or ! son ( a ,god2 ( ?is ! legislator ought to be bett] in=m$ ?an all ! poets put toge!r4 ,happy is he & may he be = ev] happy1 :o is p]suad$ & li/5s to our words2 b he :o disobeys %all h to cont5d aga9/ ! foll[+ law3 ,if a man /eal any?+ belong+ to ! public1 :e!r t :i* he /eals be mu* or little1 he %all h ! same puni%m5t4 ,= he :o /eals a little /eals ) ! same wi% z he :o /eals mu*1 b ) less p[]1 & he :o takes up a great] am\nt1 n hav+ deposit$ x1 is :olly unju/4 ,:]e=e ! law is n dispos$ to inflict a less p5alty on ! "o ?an on ! o!r because 8 !ft is less1 b on ! gr\nd t ! ?ief may possibly be 9 "o case /ill curable1 & may 9 ano!r case be incurable4 ,if any "o convict 9 a c\rt ( law a /rang] or a slave ( a !ft ( public prop]ty1 let ! c\rt det]m9e :at puni%m5t he %all suff]1 or :at p5alty he %all pay1 be>+ 9 m9d t he is probably n incurable4 ,b ! citiz5 :o has be5 br\ght up z our citiz5s w h be51 if he be f\nd guilty ( robb+ 8 c\ntry by fraud or viol5ce1 :e!r he be caught 9 ! act or n1 %all be puni%$ ) dea?2 = he is incurable4 ,n[ = exp$itions ( w> mu* consid]ation & _m laws are requir$2 ! great pr9ciple ( all is t no "o ( ei!r sex %\ld be )\t a comm&]2 nor %\ld ! m9d ( any "o be accu/om$ to d any?+1 ei!r 9 je/ or e>ne/1 ( 8 own motion1 b 9 w> & 9 peace he %\ld look to & foll[ 8 lead]1 ev5 9 ! lea/ ?+s be+ "u 8 guidance2 = example1 he %\ld /& or move1 or ex]cise1 or wa%1 or take 8 meals1 or get up 9 ! night to keep gu>d & deliv] messages :5 he is bidd52 & 9 ! h\r ( dang] he %\ld n pursue & n retreat except by ord] ( 8 sup]ior2 & 9 a ^w1 n tea* ! s\l or accu/om h] to "k or und]/& h[ to d any?+ ap>t f o!rs4 ,( all soldi]s ! life %\ld be always & 9 all ?+s z f> z possible 9 common & toge!r2 !re nei!r is nor ev] w be a high]1 or bett]1 or m sci5tific pr9ciple ?an ?is = ! atta9m5t ( salvation & victory 9 w>4 ,& we ought 9 "t ( peace f y\? upw>ds to practise ?is habit ( comm&+ o!rs1 & ( be+ comm&$ by o!rs2 an>*y %\ld h no place 9 ! life ( man or ( ! bea/s :o are subject to man4 ,i may add t all dances ought to be p]=m$ ) a view to milit>y excell5ce2 & agility & ease %\ld be cultivat$ = ! same object1 & also endurance ( ! want ( meats & dr9ks1 & ( w9t] cold & summ] heat1 & ( h>d c\*es2 &1 above all1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to de/roy ! peculi> qualities ( ! head & ! feet by surr\nd+ !m ) extrane\s cov]+s1 & s h9d]+ _! natural gr[? ( hair & soles4 ,= ^! are ! extremities1 & ( all ! p>ts ( ! body1 :e!r !y are pres]v$ or n is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce2 ! "o is ! s]vant ( ! :ole body1 & ! o!r ! ma/]1 9 :om all ! rul+ s5ses are by nature set4 ,let ! "y m5 imag9e t he he>s 9 :at has prec$$ ! praises ( ! milit>y life2 ! law %all be z foll[s3 ,he %all s]ve 9 w> :o is on ! roll or appo9t$ to "s special s]vice1 & if any "o is abs5t f c[>dice1 & )\t ! leave ( ! g5]als1 he %all be indict$ be=e ! milit>y comm&]s = failure ( s]vice :5 ! army comes home2 & ! soldi]s %all be 8 judges2 ! heavy-arm$1 & ! cavalry1 & ! o!r arms ( ! s]vice %all =m sep>ate c\rts2 & !y %all br+ ! heavy-arm$ be=e ! heavy-arm$1 & ! horsem5 be=e ! horsem51 & ! o!rs 9 l mann] be=e _! pe]s2 & he :o is f\nd guilty %all nev] be all[$ to compete = any prize ( val\r1 or indict ano!r = n s]v+ on an exp$ition1 or be an accus] at all 9 any milit>y matt]s4 ,moreov]1 ! c\rt %all fur!r det]m9e :at puni%m5t he %all suff]1 or :at p5alty he %all pay4 ,:5 ! suits = failure ( s]vice are complet$1 ! lead]s ( ! sev]al k9ds ( troops %all aga9 hold an assembly1 & !y %all adjudge ! prizes ( val\r2 & he :o likes se>*+ = judgm5t 9 8 own bran* ( ! s]vice1 say+ no?+ ab\t any =m] exp$ition1 nor produc+ any pro( or witnesses to confirm 8 /atem5t1 b speak+ only ( ! pres5t occasion4 ,! cr[n ( victory %all be an olive wrea? :i* ! victor %all (f] up at ! temple ( any w>-god :om he likes1 add+ an inscription = a te/imony to la/ dur+ life1 t su* an "o has receiv$ ! fir/1 ! second1 or ! ?ird prize4 ,if any "o goes on an exp$ition1 & returns home be=e ! appo9t$ "t1 :5 ! g5]als h n )drawn ! army1 he %all be indict$ = des]tion be=e ! same p]sons :o took cognizance ( failure ( s]vice1 & if he be f\nd guilty1 ! same puni%m5t %all be inflict$ on him4 ,n[ e man :o is engag$ 9 any suit ought to be v c>eful ( br++ false witness aga9/ any "o1 ei!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 if he c help2 = ju/ice is truly said to be an hon\rable maid51 & falsehood is naturally repugnant to hon\r & ju/ice4 ,a witness ought to be v c>eful n to s9 aga9/ ju/ice1 z = example 9 :at relates to ! ?r[+ away ( arms--he mu/ di/+ui% ! ?r[+ !m away :5 necess>y1 & n make t a reproa*1 or br+ an action aga9/ "s innoc5t p]son on t acc\nt4 ,to make ! di/9ction may be difficult2 b /ill ! law mu/ attempt to def9e ! diff]5t k9ds 9 "s way4 ,let me endeav\r to expla9 my mean+ by an anci5t tale3 ,if ,patroclus _h be5 br\ght to ! t5t /ill alive b )\t 8 arms 7& ?is has happ5$ to innum]able p]sons71 ! orig9al arms1 :i* ! poet says 7 pres5t$ to ,peleus by ! ,gods z a nuptial gift :5 he m>ri$ ,!tis1 rema9+ 9 ! h&s ( ,hector1 !n ! base spirits ( t day might h reproa*$ ! son ( ,m5oetius ) hav+ ca/ away 8 arms4 ,aga91 !re is ! case ( ^? :o h be5 ?r[n d[n precipices & lo/ _! arms2 & ( ^? :o at sea1 & 9 /ormy places1 h be5 sudd5ly ov]:elm$ by floods ( wat]2 & !re are numb]less ?+s ( ?is k9d :i* "o might adduce by way ( ext5uation1 & ) ! view ( ju/ify+ a mis=tune :i* is easily misrepres5t$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 endeav\r to divide to ! be/ ( our p[] ! great] & m s]i\s evil f ! less]4 ,& a di/9ction may be drawn 9 ! use ( t]ms ( reproa*4 ,a man does n always des]ve to be call$ ! ?r[] away ( 8 %ield2 he may be only ! los] ( 8 arms4 ,= !re is a great or r absolute diff]5ce betwe5 him :o is depriv$ ( 8 arms by a suffici5t =ce1 & him :o volunt>ily lets 8 %ield g4 ,let ! law !n be z foll[s3 ,if a p]son hav+ arms is ov]tak5 by ! enemy & does n turn r\nd & def5d himself1 b lets !m g volunt>ily or ?r[s !m away1 *oos+ a base life & a swift escape r ?an a c\rage\s & noble & bless$ dea?--9 su* a case ( ! ?r[+ away ( arms let ju/ice be done1 b ! judge ne$ take no note ( ! case j n[ m5tion$2 = ! bad m5 ought always to be puni%$1 9 ! hope t he may be improv$1 b n ! un=tunate1 = !re is no advantage 9 t4 ,& :at %all be ! puni%m5t suit$ to him :o has ?r[n away 8 weapons ( def5ce8 ,tradition says t ,ca5eus1 ! ,!ssalian1 0 *ang$ by a ,god f a woman into a man2 b ! conv]se miracle _c n[ be wr\ght1 or no puni%m5t w\ld be m prop] ?an t ! man :o ?r[s away 8 %ield %\ld be *ang$ into a woman4 ,?is h[ev] is impossible1 & !re=e let u make a law z ne>ly l ?is z we c--t he :o loves 8 life too well %all be 9 no dang] = ! rema9d] ( 8 days1 b %all live = ev] "u ! /igma ( c[>dice4 ,& let ! law be 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,:5 a man is f\nd guilty ( disgracefully ?r[+ away 8 arms 9 w>1 no g5]al or milit>y (fic] %all all[ him to s]ve z a soldi]1 or give him any place at all 9 ! ranks ( soldi]s2 & ! (fic] :o gives ! c[>d any place1 %all suff] a p5alty :i* ! public exam9] %all exact ( him2 & if he be ( ! highe/ class1 he %all pay a ?\s& dra*mae2 or if he be ( ! second class1 five m9ae2 or if he be ( ! ?ird1 ?ree m9ae2 or if he be ( ! f\r? class1 "o m9a4 ,& he :o is f\nd guilty ( c[>dice1 %all n only be dismiss$ f manly dang]s1 :i* is a disgrace appropriate to 8 nature1 b he %all pay a ?\s& dra*mae1 if he be ( ! highe/ class1 & five m9ae if he be ( ! second class1 & ?ree if he be ( ! ?ird class1 & a m9a1 l ! prec$+1 if he be ( ! f\r? class4 ,:at regulations w be prop] ab\t exam9]s1 see+ t "s ( our magi/rates are elect$ by lot1 & = a ye>1 & "s = a long] "t & f select$ p]sons8 ,( su* magi/rates1 :o w be a suffici5t c5sor or exam9]1 if any ( !m1 weigh$ d[n by ! pressure ( (fice or 8 own inability to support ! dignity ( 8 (fice1 be guilty ( any crook$ practice8 ,x is by no means easy to f9d a magi/rate :o excels o!r magi/rates 9 virtue1 b /ill we mu/ endeav\r to discov] "s c5sor or exam9] :o is m ?an man4 ,= ! tru? is1 t !re are _m elem5ts ( dissolution 9 a /ate1 z !re are also 9 a %ip1 or 9 an animal2 !y all h _! cords1 & gird]s1 & s9ews--"o nature diffus$ 9 _m places1 & call$ by _m names2 & ! (fice ( exam9] is a mo/ important elem5t 9 ! pres]vation & dissolution ( /ates4 ,= if ! exam9]s are bett] ?an ! magi/rates1 & _! duty is fulfill$ ju/ly & )\t blame1 !n ! :ole /ate & c\ntry fl\ri%es & is happy2 b if ! exam9ation ( ! magi/rates is c>ri$ on 9 a wrong way1 !n1 by ! relaxation ( t ju/ice :i* is ! unit+ pr9ciple ( all con/itutions1 e p[] 9 ! /ate is r5t asund] f e o!r2 !y no long] incl9e 9 ! same direction1 b fill ! city ) faction1 & make _m cities out ( "o1 & soon br+ all to de/ruction4 ,:]e=e ! exam9]s ought to be admirable 9 e sort ( virtue4 ,let u inv5t a mode ( creat+ !m1 :i* %all be z foll[s3 ,e ye>1 aft] ! summ] sol/ice1 ! :ole city %all meet 9 ! common prec9cts ( ,helios & ,apollo1 & %all pres5t to ! ,god ?ree m5 out ( _! own numb] 9 ! mann] foll[+3 ,ea* citiz5 %all select1 n himself1 b "s o!r citiz5 :om he deems 9 e way ! be/1 & :o is n less ?an fifty ye>s ( age4 ,& out ( ! select$ p]sons :o h ! greate/ numb] ( votes1 !y %all make a fur!r selection until !y r$uce !m to "o-half1 if !y are an ev5 numb]2 b if !y are n an ev5 numb]1 !y %all subtract ! "o :o has ! smalle/ numb] ( votes1 & make !m an ev5 numb]1 & !n leave ! half :i* h ! great] numb] ( votes4 ,& if two p]sons h an equal numb] ( votes1 & ?us increase ! numb] beyond "o-half1 !y %all )draw ! y\ng] ( ! two & d away ! excess2 & !n includ+ all ! re/ !y %all aga9 vote1 until !re are left ?ree hav+ an unequal numb] ( votes4 ,b if all ! ?ree1 or two out ( ! ?ree1 h equal votes1 let !m commit ! election to good fate & =tune1 & sep>ate (f by lot ! fir/1 & ! second1 & ! ?ird2 ^! !y %all cr[n ) an olive wrea? & give !m ! prize ( excell5ce1 at ! same "t proclaim+ to all ! _w t ! city ( ! ,magnetes1 by ! provid5ce ( ! ,gods1 is aga9 pres]v$1 & pres5ts to ! ,sun & to ,apollo h] ?ree be/ m5 z fir/-fruits1 to be a common (f]+ to !m1 accord+ to ! anci5t law1 z long z _! lives answ] to ! judgm5t =m$ ( !m4 ,& ^! %all appo9t 9 _! fir/ ye> twelve exam9]s1 to cont9ue until ea* has complet$ sev5ty-five ye>s1 to :om ?ree %all aft]w>ds be add$ ye>ly2 & let ^! divide all ! magi/racies into twelve p>ts1 & prove ! hold]s ( !m by e sort ( te/ to :i* a freeman may be subject$2 & let !m live :ile !y hold (fice 9 ! prec9ct ( ,helios & ,apollo1 9 :i* !y 7 *os51 & let ea* "o =m a judgm5t ( "s ?+s individually1 & ( o!rs 9 company ) 8 colleagues2 & let him place a writ+ 9 ! agora ab\t ea* magi/racy1 & :at ! magi/rate ought to suff] or pay1 accord+ to ! decision ( ! exam9]s4 ,& if a magi/rate does n admit t he has be5 ju/ly judg$1 let him br+ ! exam9]s be=e ! select judges1 & if he be acquitt$ by _! decision1 let him1 if he w1 accuse ! exam9]s !mselves2 if1 h[ev]1 he be convict$1 & h be5 condemn$ to dea? by ! exam9]s1 let him die 7& ( c\rse he c only die once73 b any o!r p5alties :i* admit ( be+ d\bl$ let him suff] twice ov]4 ,& n[ let u pass "u review ! exam9]s !mselves2 :at w _! exam9ation be1 & h[ conduct$8 ,dur+ ! life ( ^! m51 :om ! :ole /ate c\nts wor?y ( ! rew>ds ( virtue1 !y %all h ! fir/ seat at all public assemblies1 & at all ,hell5ic sacrifices & sacr$ missions1 & o!r public & holy c]emonies 9 :i* !y %>e4 ,! *iefs ( ea* sacr$ mission %all be select$ f !m1 & !y only ( all ! citiz5s %all be adorn$ ) a cr[n ( laurel2 !y %all all be prie/s ( ,apollo & ,helios2 & "o ( !m1 :o is judg$ fir/ ( ! prie/s creat$ 9 t ye>1 %all be high prie/2 & !y %all write up 8 "n 9 ea* ye> to be a measure ( "t z long z ! city la/s2 & aft] _! dea? !y %all be laid out & c>ri$ to ! grave & entomb$ 9 a mann] diff]5t f ! o!r citiz5s4 ,!y %all be deck$ 9 a robe all ( :ite1 & !re %all be no cry+ or lam5tation ov] !m2 b a *orus ( fifte5 maid5s1 & ano!r ( boys1 %all /& ar\nd ! bi] on ei!r side1 hymn+ ! praises ( ! dep>t$ prie/s 9 alt]nate responses1 decl>+ _! bless$ness 9 song all day long2 & at dawn a hundr$ ( ! y\?s :o practise gymna/ic ex]cises1 & :om ! relations ( ! dep>t$ %all *oose1 %all c>ry ! bi] to ! sepul*re1 ! "y m5 m>*+ fir/1 dress$ 9 ! g>b ( w>riors--! cavalry ) _! horses1 ! heavy-arm$ ) _! arms1 & ! o!rs 9 l mann]4 ,& boys ne> ! bi] & 9 front ( x %all s+ _! national hymn1 & maid5s %all foll[ beh9d1 & ) !m ! wom5 :o h pass$ ! age ( *ild-be>+2 next1 al?\gh !y are int]dict$ f o!r burials1 let prie/s & prie/esses foll[1 unless ! ,py?ian oracle =bid !m2 = ?is burial is free f pollution4 ,! place ( burial %all be an oblong vault$ *amb] und]gr\nd1 con/ruct$ ( tufa1 :i* w la/ = ev]1 hav+ /one c\*es plac$ side by side4 ,& "h !y w lay ! bless$ p]son1 & cov] ! sepul*re ) a circul> m\nd ( e>? & plant a grove ( trees ar\nd on e side b "o2 & on t side ! sepul*re %all be all[$ to ext5d = ev]1 & a new m\nd w n be requir$4 ,e ye> !y %all h conte/s 9 music & gymna/ics1 & 9 horseman%ip1 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,^! are ! hon\rs :i* %all be giv5 to ^? :o at ! exam9ation are f\nd blameless2 b if any ( !m1 tru/+ to ! scrut9y be+ ov]1 %\ld1 aft] ! judgm5t has be5 giv51 manife/ ! wick$ness ( human nature1 let ! law orda9 t he :o pleases %all indict him1 & let ! cause be tri$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! c\rt %all be compos$ ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & to !m ! surviv+ exam9]s %all be add$1 z well z ! c\rt ( select judges2 & let ! pursu] lay 8 indictm5t 9 ?is =m--he %all say t s-&-s is unwor?y ( ! prize ( virtue & ( 8 (fice2 & if ! def5dant be convict$ let him be depriv$ ( 8 (fice1 & ( ! burial1 & ( ! o!r hon\rs giv5 him4 ,b if ! prosecutor d n obta9 ! fif? "p ( ! votes1 let him1 if he be ( ! fir/-class1 pay twelve m9ae1 & eight if he be ( ! second class1 & six if he be ( ! ?ird class1 & two m9ae if he be ( ! f\r? class4 ,! s-call$ decision ( ,rhadaman?us is wor?y ( all admiration4 ,he knew t ! m5 ( 8 own "t believ$ & _h no d\bt t !re 7 ,gods1 :i* 0 a reasonable belief 9 ^? days1 because mo/ m5 7 ! sons ( ,gods1 & accord+ to tradition he 0 "o himself4 ,he appe>s to h ?\ght t he ought to commit judgm5t to no man1 b to ! ,gods only1 & 9 ?is way suits 7 simply & spe$ily decid$ by him4 ,= he made ! two p>ties take an oa? respect+ ! po9ts 9 dispute1 & s got rid ( ! matt] spe$ily & safely4 ,b n[ t a c]ta9 portion ( mank9d d n believe at all 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 & o!rs imag9e t !y h no c>e ( u1 & ! op9ion ( mo/ m51 & ( ! wor/ m51 is t 9 return = a small sacrifice & a few flatt]+ words !y w be _! accomplices 9 purlo9+ l>ge sums & save !m f _m t]rible puni%m5ts1 ! way ( ,rhadaman?us is no long] suit$ to ! ne$s ( ju/ice2 = z ! op9ions ( m5 ab\t ! ,gods are *ang$1 ! laws %\ld also be *ang$--9 ! grant+ ( suits a rational legislation ought to d away ) ! oa?s ( ! p>ties on ei!r side--he :o obta9s leave to br+ an action %\ld write d[n ! *>ges1 b %\ld n add an oa?2 & ! def5dant 9 l mann] %\ld give 8 d5ial to ! magi/rates 9 writ+1 & n swe>2 = x is a dreadful ?+ to "k1 :5 _m lawsuits are go+ on 9 a /ate1 t almo/ half ! p :o meet "o ano!r q unconc]n$ly at ! public meals & 9 o!r companies & relations ( private life are p]jur$4 ,let ! law1 !n1 be z foll[s3 ,a judge :o is ab\t to give judgm5t %all take an oa?1 & he :o is *oos+ magi/rates = ! /ate %all ei!r vote on oa? or ) a vot+ tablet :i* he br+s f a temple2 s too ! judge ( dances & ( all music1 & ! sup]9t5d5ts & umpires ( gymna/ic & eque/rian conte/s1 & any matt]s 9 :i*1 z f> z m5 c judge1 !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by a false oa?2 b all cases 9 :i* a d5ial confirm$ by an oa? cle>ly results 9 a great advantage to ! tak] ( ! oa?1 %all be decid$ )\t ! oa? ( ! p>ties to ! suit1 & ! presid+ judges %all n p]mit ei!r ( !m to use an oa? = ! sake ( p]suad+1 nor to call d[n curses on himself & 8 race1 nor to use unseemly supplications or womani% lam5ts4 ,b !y %all ev] be tea*+ & le>n+ :at is j 9 auspici\s words2 & he :o does o!rwise %all be suppos$ to speak beside ! po9t1 & ! judges %all aga9 br+ him back to ! "q at issue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 /rang]s 9 _! deal+s ) /rang]s %all z at pres5t h p[] to give & receive oa?s1 = !y w n (t5 gr[ old 9 ! city or leave a fry ( "y ones l !mselves to be ! sons & heirs ( ! l&4 ,z to ! initiation ( private suits1 let ! mann] ( decid+ causes betwe5 all citiz5s be ! same z 9 cases 9 :i* any freeman is disob$i5t to ! /ate 9 m9or matt]s1 ( :i* ! p5alty is n /ripes1 imprisonm5t1 or dea?4 ,b z reg>ds att5dance at *oruses or processions or o!r %[s1 & z reg>ds public s]vices1 :e!r ! celebration ( sacrifice 9 peace1 or ! paym5t ( contributions 9 w>--9 all ^! cases1 fir/ comes ! necessity ( provid+ a rem$y = ! loss2 & by ^? :o w n obey1 !re %all be security giv5 to ! (fic]s :om ! city & ! law emp[] to exact ! sum due2 & if !y =feit _! security1 let ! goods :i* !y h pl$g$ be sold & ! money giv5 to ! city2 b if !y ought to pay a l>g] sum1 ! sev]al magi/rates %all impose ^u ! disob$i5t a suitable p5alty1 & br+ !m be=e ! c\rt1 until !y are will+ to d :at !y are ord]$4 ,n[ a /ate :i* makes money f ! cultivation ( ! soil only1 & has no =eign trade1 mu/ consid] :at x w d ab\t ! emigration ( its own p to o!r c\ntries1 & ! reception ( /rang]s f else:]e4 ,ab\t ^! matt]s ! legislator has to consid]1 & he w beg9 by try+ to p]suade m5 z f> z he c4 ,! int]c\rse ( cities ) "o ano!r is apt to create a confusion ( mann]s2 /rang]s are always sugge/+ novelties to /rang]s4 ,:5 /ates are well gov]n$ by good laws ! mixture causes ! greate/ possible injury2 b see+ t mo/ cities are ! rev]se ( well-ord]$1 ! confusion :i* arises 9 !m f ! reception ( /rang]s1 & f ! citiz5s !mselves ru%+ (f into o!r cities1 :5 any "o ei!r "y or old desires to travel any:]e abroad at :atev] "t1 is ( no consequ5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! refusal ( /ates to receive o!rs1 & = _! own citiz5s nev] to g to o!r places1 is an utt] impossibility1 & to ! re/ ( ! _w is likely to appe> ru?less & uncivilis$2 x is a practice adopt$ by p :o use h>% words1 su* z x5elasia or bani%m5t ( /rang]s1 & :o h h>% & morose ways1 z m5 ?9k4 ,& to be ?\ght or n to be ?\ght well ( by ! re/ ( ! _w is no light matt]2 = ! _m are n s f> wrong 9 _! judgm5t ( :o are bad & :o are good1 z !y are remov$ f ! nature ( virtue 9 !mselves4 ,ev5 bad m5 h a div9e in/9ct :i* guesses rightly1 & v _m :o are utt]ly deprav$ =m correct notions & judgm5ts ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! good & bad4 ,& ! g5]ality ( cities are q "r 9 exhort+ u to value a good reputation 9 ! _w1 = !re is no tru? great] & m important ?an ?is--t he :o is really good 7,i am speak+ ( ! m5 :o w\ld be p]fect7 seeks = reputation )1 b n )\t1 ! reality ( goodness4 ,& our ,cretan colony ought also to acquire ! faire/ & noble/ reputation = virtue f o!r m52 & !re is e reason to expect t1 if ! reality answ]s to ! idea1 %e w be "o ( ! few well-ord]$ cities :i* ! sun & ! o!r ,gods behold4 ,:]e=e1 9 ! matt] ( j\rneys to o!r c\ntries & ! reception ( /rang]s1 we enact z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let no "o be all[$ to g any:]e at all into a =eign c\ntry :o is less ?an =ty ye>s ( age2 & no "o %all g 9 a private capacity1 b only 9 "s public "o1 z a h]ald1 or on an embassy1 or on a sacr$ mission4 ,go+ abroad on an exp$ition or 9 w> is n to be includ$ among travels ( ! class au?oris$ by ! /ate4 ,to ,apollo at ,delphi & to ,zeus at ,olympia & to ,nemea & to ! ,i/hmus1 citiz5s %\ld be s5t to take "p 9 ! sacrifices & games !re d$icat$ to ! ,gods2 & !y %\ld s5d z _m z possible1 & ! be/ & faire/ t c be f\nd1 & !y w make ! city r5[n$ at holy meet+s 9 "t ( peace1 procur+ a glory :i* %all be ! conv]se ( t :i* is ga9$ 9 w>2 & :5 !y come home !y %all tea* ! "y t ! in/itutions ( o!r /ates are inf]ior to _! own4 ,& !y %all s5d spectators ( ano!r sort1 if !y h ! cons5t ( ! gu>dians1 be+ su* citiz5s z desire to look a little m at leisure at ! do+s ( o!r m52 & ^! no law %all h9d]4 ,= a city :i* has no exp]i5ce ( good & bad m5 or int]c\rse ) !m1 c nev] be ?or\ghly & p]fectly civilis$1 nor1 aga91 c ! citiz5s ( a city prop]ly obs]ve ! laws by habit only1 & )\t an intellig5t und]/&+ ( !m4 ,& !re always are 9 ! _w a few inspir$ m5 ^: acqua9tance is beyond price1 & :o spr+ up q z mu* 9 ill-ord]$ z 9 well-ord]$ cities4 ,^! are !y :om ! citiz5s ( a well-ord]$ city %\ld be ev] seek+ out1 go+ =? ov] sea & ov] l& to f9d him :o is incorruptible--t he may e/abli% m firmly in/itutions 9 8 own /ate :i* are good already1 & am5d :at is defici5t2 = )\t ?is exam9ation & enquiry a city w nev] cont9ue p]fect any m ?an if ! exam9ation is ill-conduct$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ c we h an exam9ation & also a good "o8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ?is way3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 our spectator %all be ( n less ?an fifty ye>s ( age2 he mu/ be a man ( reputation1 especially 9 w>1 if he is to exhibit to o!r cities a model ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 b :5 he is m ?an sixty ye>s ( age he %all no long] cont9ue 9 8 (fice ( spectator4 ,& :5 he has c>ri$ on 8 inspection dur+ z _m out ( ! t5 ye>s ( 8 (fice z he pleases1 on 8 return home let him g to ! assembly ( ^? :o review ! laws4 ,?is %all be a mix$ body ( "y & old m51 :o %all be requir$ to meet daily betwe5 ! h\r ( dawn & ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,!y %all consi/1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ! prie/s :o h obta9$ ! rew>ds ( virtue2 &1 9 ! second place1 ( gu>dians ( ! law1 ! t5 elde/ be+ *os52 ! g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( education %all also be a memb]1 z well z ! la/ appo9t$ z ^? :o h be5 releas$ f ! (fice2 & ea* ( !m %all take ) him z 8 companion a "y man1 :omsoev] he *ooses1 betwe5 ! ages ( ?irty & =ty4 ,^! %all be always hold+ conv]sation & disc\rse ab\t ! laws ( _! own city or ab\t any specially good ones :i* !y may he> to be exi/+ else:]e2 also ab\t k9ds ( k :i* may appe> to be ( use & w ?r[ light ^u ! exam9ation1 or ( :i* ! want w make ! subject ( laws d>k & unc]ta9 to !m4 ,any k ( ?is sort :i* ! eld]s approve1 ! y\ng] m5 %all le>n ) all dilig5ce2 & if any "o ( ^? :o h be5 invit$ appe> to be unwor?y1 ! :ole assembly %all blame him :o invit$ him4 ,! re/ ( ! city %all wat* ov] ^? among ! "y m5 :o di/+ui% !mselves1 hav+ an eye ^u !m1 & especially hon\r+ !m if !y succe$1 b di%on\r+ !m above ! re/ if !y turn out to be inf]ior4 ,?is is ! assembly to :i* he :o has visit$ ! in/itutions ( o!r m51 on 8 return home %all /raightway g1 & if he h discov]$ any "o :o has any?+ to say ab\t ! enactm5t ( laws or education or nurture1 or if he h himself made any obs]vations1 let him communicate 8 discov]ies to ! :ole assembly4 ,& if he be se5 to h come home nei!r bett] nor worse1 let him be prais$ at any rate = 8 en?usiasm2 & if he be mu* bett]1 let him be prais$ s mu* ! m2 & n only :ile he lives b aft] 8 dea? let ! assembly hon\r him ) fitt+ hon\rs4 ,b if on 8 return home he appe> to h be5 corrupt$1 pret5d+ to be wise :5 he is n1 let him hold no communication ) any "o1 :e!r "y or old2 & if he w he>k5 to ! rul]s1 !n he %all be p]mitt$ to live z a private individual2 b if he w n1 let him die1 if he be convict$ 9 a c\rt ( law ( int]f]+ ab\t education & ! laws4 ,& if he des]ve to be indict$1 & none ( ! magi/rates indict him1 let t be c\nt$ z a disgrace to !m :5 ! rew>ds ( virtue are decid$4 ,let su* be ! "* ( ! p]son :o goes abroad1 & let him g abroad "u ^! conditions4 ,9 ! next place1 ! /rang] :o comes f abroad %\ld be receiv$ 9 a fri5dly _s4 ,n[ !re are f\r k9ds ( /rang]s1 ( :om we mu/ make "s m5tion--! fir/ is he :o comes & /ays ?r\gh\t ! summ]2 ?is class are l birds ( passage1 tak+ w+ 9 pursuit ( comm]ce1 & fly+ ov] ! sea to o!r cities1 :ile ! season la/s2 he %all be receiv$ 9 m>ket-places & h>b\rs & public build+s1 ne> ! city b outside1 by ^? magi/rates :o are appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ^! matt]s2 & !y %all take c>e t a /rang]1 :oev] he be1 duly receives ju/ice2 b he %all n be all[$ to make any innovation4 ,!y %all hold ! int]c\rse ) him :i* is necess>y1 & ?is %all be z little z possible4 ,! second k9d is j a spectator :o comes to see ) 8 eyes & he> ) 8 e>s ! fe/ivals ( ! ,muses2 su* ought to h ent]ta9m5t provid$ !m at ! temples by hospitable p]sons1 & ! prie/s & m9i/]s ( ! temples %\ld see & att5d to !m4 ,b !y %\ld n rema9 m ?an a reasonable "t2 let !m see & he> t = ! sake ( :i* !y came1 & !n g away1 nei!r hav+ suff]$ nor done any h>m4 ,! prie/s %all be _! judges1 if any ( !m receive or d any wrong up to ! sum ( fifty dra*mae1 b if any great] *>ge be br\ght1 9 su* cases ! suit %all come be=e ! w>d5s ( ! agora4 ,! ?ird k9d ( /rang] is he :o comes on "s public bus9ess f ano!r l&1 & is to be receiv$ ) public hon\rs4 ,he is to be receiv$ only by ! g5]als & comm&]s ( horse & foot1 & ! ho/ by :om he is ent]ta9$1 9 conjunction ) ! ,prytanes1 %all h ! sole *>ge ( :at conc]ns him4 ,!re is a f\r? class ( p]sons answ]+ to our spectators1 :o come f ano!r l& to look at ours4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* visits w be r>e1 & ! visitor %\ld be at lea/ fifty ye>s ( age2 he may possibly be want+ to see some?+ t is ri* & r>e 9 o!r /ates1 or himself to %[ some?+ 9 l mann] to ano!r city4 ,let su* an "o1 !n1 g unbidd5 to ! doors ( ! wise & ri*1 be+ "o ( !m himself3 let him g1 = example1 to ! h\se ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( education1 confid5t t he is a fitt+ gue/ ( su* a ho/1 or let him g to ! h\se ( "s ( ^? :o h ga9$ ! prize ( virtue & hold disc\rse ) !m1 bo? le>n+ f !m1 & also tea*+ !m2 & :5 he has se5 & he>d all1 he %all dep>t1 z a fri5d tak+ leave ( fri5ds1 & be hon\r$ by !m ) gifts & suitable tributes ( respect4 ,^! are ! cu/oms1 accord+ to :i* our city %\ld receive all /rang]s ( ei!r sex :o come f o!r c\ntries1 & %\ld s5d =? h] own citiz5s1 %[+ respect to ,zeus1 ! ,god ( hospitality1 n =bidd+ /rang]s at meals & sacrifices1 z is ! mann] :i* prevails among ! *ildr5 ( ! ,nile1 nor driv+ !m away by savage proclamations4 ,:5 a man becomes surety1 let him give ! security 9 a di/9ct =m1 ackn[l$g+ ! :ole transaction 9 a writt5 docum5t1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( n less ?an ?ree witnesses if ! sum be "u a ?\s& dra*mae1 & ( n less ?an five witnesses if ! sum be above a ?\s& dra*mae4 ,! ag5t ( a di%one/ or untru/wor?y sell] %all himself be responsible2 bo? ! ag5t & ! pr9cipal %all be equally liable4 ,if a p]son wi%es to f9d any?+ 9 ! h\se ( ano!r1 he %all ent] nak$1 or we>+ only a %ort tunic & )\t a girdle1 hav+ fir/ tak5 an oa? by ! cu/om>y ,gods t he expects to f9d x !re2 he %all !n make 8 se>*1 & ! o!r %all ?r[ op5 8 h\se & all[ him to se>* ?+s bo? seal$ & unseal$4 ,& if a p]son w n all[ ! se>*] to make 8 se>*1 he :o is prev5t$ %all g to law ) him1 e/imat+ ! value ( ! goods aft] :i* he is se>*+1 & if ! o!r be convict$ he %all pay twice ! value ( ! article4 ,if ! ma/] be abs5t f home1 ! dwell]s 9 ! h\se %all let him se>* ! unseal$ prop]ty1 & on ! seal$ prop]ty ! se>*] %all set ano!r seal1 & %all appo9t any "o :om he likes to gu>d !m dur+ five days2 & if ! ma/] ( ! h\se be abs5t dur+ a long] "t1 he %all take ) him ! w>d5s ( ! city1 & s make 8 se>*1 op5+ ! seal$ prop]ty z well z ! unseal$1 & !n1 toge!r ) ! memb]s ( ! family & ! w>d5s ( ! city1 he %all seal !m up aga9 z !y 7 be=e4 ,!re %all be a limit ( "t 9 ! case ( disput$ ?+s1 & he :o has _h possession ( !m dur+ a c]ta9 "t %all no long] be liable to be di/urb$4 ,z to h\ses & l&s !re c be no dispute 9 ?is /ate ( ours2 b if a man has any o!r possessions :i* he has us$ & op5ly %[n 9 ! city & 9 ! agora & 9 ! temples1 & no "o has put 9 a claim to !m1 & "s "o says t he 0 look+ = !m dur+ ?is "t1 & ! possessor is prov$ to h made no concealm5t1 if !y h cont9u$ = a ye>1 ! "o hav+ ! goods & ! o!r look+ = !m1 ! claim ( ! seek] %all n be all[$ aft] ! expiration ( ! ye>2 or if he does n use or %[ ! lo/ prop]ty 9 ! m>ket or 9 ! city1 b only 9 ! c\ntry1 & no "o (f]s himself z ! own] dur+ five ye>s1 at ! expiration ( ! five ye>s ! claim %all be b>r$ = ev] aft]2 or if he uses !m 9 ! city b )9 ! h\se1 !n ! appo9t$ "t ( claim+ ! goods %all be ?ree ye>s1 or t5 ye>s if he has !m 9 ! c\ntry 9 private4 ,& if he has !m 9 ano!r l&1 !re %all be no limit ( "t or prescription1 b :5ev] ! own] f9ds !m he may claim !m4 ,if any "o prev5ts ano!r by =ce f be+ pres5t at a trial1 :e!r a pr9cipal p>ty or 8 witnesses2 if ! p]son prev5t$ be a slave1 :e!r 8 own or belong+ to ano!r1 ! suit %all be incomplete & invalid2 b if he :o is prev5t$ be a freeman1 besides ! suit be+ incomplete1 ! o!r :o has prev5t$ him %all be imprison$ = a ye>1 & %all be prosecut$ = kidnapp+ by any "o :o pleases4 ,& if any "o h9d]s by =ce a rival competitor 9 gymna/ic or music1 or any o!r sort ( conte/1 f be+ pres5t at ! conte/1 let him :o has a m9d in=m ! presid+ judges1 & !y %all lib]ate him :o is desir\s ( compet+2 & if !y are n able1 & he :o h9d]s ! o!r f compet+ w9s ! prize1 !n !y %all give ! prize ( victory to him :o is prev5t$1 & inscribe him z ! conqu]or 9 any temples :i* he pleases2 & he :o h9d]s ! o!r %all n be p]mitt$ to make any (f]+ or inscription hav+ ref]5ce to t conte/1 & 9 any case he %all be liable = damages1 :e!r he be defeat$ or :e!r he conqu]4 ,if any "o kn[+ly receives any?+ :i* has be5 /ol51 he %all und]go ! same puni%m5t z ! ?ief1 & if a man receives an exile he %all be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,e man %\ld reg>d ! fri5d & enemy ( ! /ate z 8 own fri5d & enemy2 & if any "o makes peace or w> ) ano!r on 8 own acc\nt1 & )\t ! au?ority ( ! /ate1 he1 l ! receiv] ( ! exile1 %all und]go ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,& if any fraction ( ! city decl>e w> or peace aga9/ any1 ! g5]als %all indict ! au?ors ( ?is proce$+1 & if !y are convict$ dea? %all be ! p5alty4 ,^? :o s]ve _! c\ntry ought to s]ve )\t receiv+ gifts1 & !re ought to be no excus+ or approv+ ! say+1 ',m5 %\ld receive gifts z ! rew>d ( good1 b n ( evil de$s'2 = to "k :i* we are do+1 & to /& fa/ by our k1 is no easy matt]4 ,! safe/ c\rse is to obey ! law :i* says1 ',d no s]vice = a bribe1' & let him :o disobeys1 if he be convict$1 simply die4 ,) a view to taxation1 = v>i\s reasons1 e man ought to h _h 8 prop]ty valu$3 & ! tribesm5 %\ld likewise br+ a regi/] ( ! ye>ly produce to ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry1 t 9 ?is way !re may be two valuations2 & ! public (fic]s may use annually :i*ev] on consid]ation !y deem ! be/1 :e!r !y pref] to take a c]ta9 portion ( ! :ole value1 or ( ! annual rev5ue1 aft] subtract+ :at is paid to ! common tables4 ,t\*+ (f]+s to ! ,gods1 a mod]ate man %\ld obs]ve mod]ation 9 :at he (f]s4 ,n[ ! l& & ! he>? ( ! h\se ( all m5 is sacr$ to all ,gods2 :]e=e let no man d$icate !m a second "t to ! ,gods4 ,gold & silv]1 :e!r possess$ by private p]sons or 9 temples1 are 9 o!r cities provocative ( envy1 & ivory1 ! product ( a dead body1 is n a prop] (f]+2 brass & iron1 aga91 are in/rum5ts ( w>2 b ( wood let a man br+ :at (f]+ he likes1 provid$ x be a s+le block1 & 9 l mann] ( /one1 to ! public temples2 ( wov5 "w let him n (f] m ?an "o woman c execute 9 a mon?4 ,:ite is a col\r suitable to ! ,gods1 especially 9 wov5 works1 b dyes %\ld only be us$ = ! adornm5ts ( w>4 ,! mo/ div9e ( gifts are birds & images1 & !y %\ld be su* z "o pa9t] c execute 9 a s+le day4 ,& let all o!r (f]+s foll[ a simil> rule4 ,n[ t ! :ole city has be5 divid$ into p>ts ( :i* ! nature & numb] h be5 describ$1 & laws h be5 giv5 ab\t all ! mo/ important contracts z f> z ?is 0 possible1 ! next ?+ w be to h ju/ice done4 ,! fir/ ( ! c\rts %all consi/ ( elect$ judges1 :o %all be *os5 by ! pla9tiff & ! def5dant 9 common3 ^! %all be call$ arbit]s r ?an judges4 ,& 9 ! second c\rt !re %all be judges ( ! villages & tribes correspond+ to ! twelvefold division ( ! l&1 & be=e ^! ! litigants %all g to cont5d = great] damages1 if ! suit be n decid$ be=e ! fir/ judges2 ! def5dant1 if he be defeat$ ! second "t1 %all pay a fif? m ?an ! damages m5tion$ 9 ! indictm5t2 & if he f9d fault ) 8 judges & w\ld try a ?ird "t1 let him c>ry ! suit be=e ! select judges1 & if he be aga9 defeat$1 let him pay ! :ole ( ! damages & half z mu* aga94 ,& ! pla9tiff1 if :5 defeat$ be=e ! fir/ judges he p]si/ 9 go+ on to ! second1 %all if he w9s receive 9 addition to ! damages a fif? "p m1 & if defeat$ he %all pay a l sum2 b if he is n satisfi$ ) ! previ\s decision1 & w insi/ on proce$+ to a ?ird c\rt1 !n if he w9 he %all receive f ! def5dant ! am\nt ( ! damages &1 z ,i said be=e1 half z mu* aga91 & ! pla9tiff1 if he lose1 %all pay half ( ! damages claim$4 ,n[ ! assignm5t by lot ( judges to c\rts & ! completion ( ! numb] ( !m1 & ! appo9tm5t ( s]vants to ! diff]5t magi/rates1 & ! times at :i* ! sev]al causes %\ld be he>d1 & ! vot+s & delays1 & all ! ?+s t necess>ily conc]n suits1 & ! ord] ( causes1 & ! "t 9 :i* answ]s h to be put 9 & p>ties are to appe>--( ^! & o!r ?+s ak9 to ^! we h inde$ already spok51 b !re is no h>m 9 repeat+ :at is "r twice or ?rice3 ,all less] & easi] matt]s :i* ! eld] legislator has omitt$ may be suppli$ by ! y\ng] "o4 ,private c\rts w be suffici5tly regulat$ 9 ?is way1 & ! public & /ate c\rts1 & ^? :i* ! magi/rates mu/ use 9 ! adm9i/ration ( _! sev]al (fices1 exi/ 9 _m o!r /ates4 ,_m v respectable in/itutions ( ?is sort h be5 fram$ by good m51 & f !m ! gu>dians ( ! law may by reflection d]ive :at is necess>y = ! ord] ( our new /ate1 consid]+ & correct+ !m1 & br++ !m to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce1 until e detail appe>s to be satisfactorily det]m9$2 & !n putt+ ! f9al seal ^u !m1 & mak+ !m irrev]sible1 !y %all use !m = ev] aft]w>ds4 ,z to :at relates to ! sil5ce ( judges & ! ab/95ce f words ( evil om5 & ! rev]se1 & ! diff]5t notions ( ! j & good & hon\rable :i* exi/ 9 our own z comp>$ ) o!r /ates1 !y h be5 p>tly m5tion$ already1 & ano!r "p ( !m w be m5tion$ h]eaft] z we draw ne> ! end4 ,to all ^! matt]s he :o w\ld be an equal judge %all ju/ly look1 & he %all possess writ+s ab\t !m t he may le>n !m4 ,= ( all k9ds ( k ! k ( good laws has ! greate/ p[] ( improv+ ! le>n]2 o!rwise !re w\ld be no mean+ 9 ! div9e & admirable law possess+ a "n ak9 to m9d 7n\s1 nomos74 ,& ( all o!r words1 su* z ! praises & c5sures ( individuals :i* occur 9 poetry & also 9 prose1 :e!r writt5 d[n or utt]$ 9 daily conv]sation1 :e!r m5 dispute ab\t !m 9 ! _s ( cont5tion or weakly ass5t to !m1 z is (t5 ! case--( all ^! ! "o sure te/ is ! writ+s ( ! legislator1 :i* ! righte\s judge ought to h 9 8 m9d z ! antidote ( all o!r words1 & ?us make himself & ! city /& upright1 procur+ = ! good ! cont9uance & increase ( ju/ice1 & = ! bad1 on ! o!r h&1 a conv]sion f ignorance & intemp]ance1 & 9 g5]al f all unrighte\sness1 z f> z _! evil m9ds c be heal$1 b to ^? ^: web ( life is 9 reality f9i%$1 giv+ dea?1 :i* is ! only rem$y = s\ls 9 _! condition1 z ,i may say truly aga9 & aga94 ,& su* judges & *iefs ( judges w be wor?y ( receiv+ praise f ! :ole city4 ,:5 ! suits ( ! ye> are complet$ ! foll[+ laws %all regulate _! execution3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! judge %all assign to ! p>ty :o w9s ! suit ! :ole prop]ty ( him :o loses1 ) ! exception ( m]e necess>ies1 & ! assignm5t %all be made ?r\gh ! h]ald imm$iately aft] ea* decision 9 ! he>+ ( ! judges2 & :5 ! mon? arrives foll[+ ! mon? 9 :i* ! c\rts are sitt+1 7unless ! ga9] ( ! suit has be5 previ\sly satisfi$7 ! c\rt %all foll[ up ! case1 & h& ov] to ! w9n] ! goods ( ! los]2 b if !y f9d t he has n ! means ( pay+1 & ! sum defici5t is n less ?an a dra*ma1 ! insolv5t p]son %all n h any "r ( go+ to law ) any o!r man until he h satisfi$ ! debt ( ! w9n+ p>ty2 b o!r p]sons %all /ill h ! "r ( br++ suits aga9/ him4 ,& if any "o aft] he is condemn$ refuses to ackn[l$ge ! au?ority :i* condemn$ him1 let ! magi/rates :o are ?us depriv$ ( _! au?ority br+ him be=e ! c\rt ( ! gu>dians ( ! law1 & if he be ca/1 let him be puni%$ ) dea?1 z a subv]t] ( ! :ole /ate & ( ! laws4 ,?us a man is born & br\ght up1 & aft] ?is mann] he begets & br+s up 8 own *ildr51 & has 8 %>e ( deal+s ) o!r m51 & suff]s if he has done wrong to any "o1 & receives satisfaction if he has be5 wrong$1 & s at l5g? 9 due "t he gr[s old "u ! protection ( ! laws1 & 8 end comes 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,conc]n+ ! dead ( ei!r sex1 ! religi\s c]emonies :i* may fitt+ly be p]=m$1 :e!r app]ta9+ to ! ,gods ( ! "u-_w or ( ?is1 %all be decid$ by ! int]pret]s ) absolute au?ority4 ,_! sepul*res are n to be 9 places :i* are fit = cultivation1 & !re %all be no monum5ts 9 su* spots1 ei!r l>ge or small1 b !y %all occupy t "p ( ! c\ntry :i* is naturally adapt$ = receiv+ & conceal+ ! bodies ( ! dead ) z little hurt z possible to ! liv+4 ,no man1 liv+ or dead1 %all deprive ! liv+ ( ! su/5ance :i* ! e>?1 _! fo/]-p>5t1 is naturally incl9$ to provide = !m4 ,& let n ! m\nd be pil$ high] ?an w\ld be ! "w ( five m5 complet$ 9 five days2 nor %all ! /one :i* is plac$ ov] ! spot be l>g] ?an w\ld be suffici5t to receive ! praises ( ! dead includ$ 9 f\r h]oic l9es4 ,nor %all ! lay+ out ( ! dead 9 ! h\se cont9ue = a long] "t ?an is suffici5t to di/+ui% betwe5 him :o is 9 a trance only & him :o is really dead1 & speak+ g5]ally1 ! ?ird day aft] dea? w be a fair "t = c>ry+ out ! body to ! sepul*re4 ,n[ we mu/ believe ! legislator :5 he tells u t ! s\l is 9 all respects sup]ior to ! body1 & t ev5 9 life :at makes ea* "o ( u to be :at we are is only ! s\l2 & t ! body foll[s u ab\t 9 ! lik5ess ( ea* ( u1 & !re=e1 :5 we are dead1 ! bodies ( ! dead are q rightly said to be our %ades or images2 = ! true & immortal be+ ( ea* "o ( u :i* is call$ ! s\l goes on h] way to o!r ,gods1 be=e !m to give an acc\nt--:i* is an inspir+ hope to ! good1 b v t]rible to ! bad1 z ! laws ( our fa!rs tell u2 & !y also say t n mu* c be done 9 ! way ( help+ a man aft] he is dead4 ,b ! liv+--he %\ld be help$ by all 8 k9dr$1 t :ile 9 life he may be ! holie/ & ju/e/ ( m51 & aft] dea? may h no great s9s to be puni%$ 9 ! _w bel[4 ,if ?is be true1 a man ought n to wa/e 8 sub/ance "u ! idea t all ?is lifeless mass ( fle% :i* is 9 process ( burial is connect$ ) him2 he %\ld consid] t ! son1 or bro!r1 or ! belov$ "o1 :oev] he may be1 :om he ?9ks he is lay+ 9 ! e>?1 has gone away to complete & fulfil 8 own de/9y1 & t 8 duty is rightly to ord] ! pres5t1 & to sp5d mod]ately on ! lifeless alt> ( ! ,gods bel[4 ,b ! legislator does n int5d mod]ation to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( meanness4 ,let ! law1 !n1 be z foll[s3 ,! exp5diture on ! entire fun]al ( him :o is ( ! highe/ class1 %all n exce$ five m9ae2 & = him :o is ( ! second class1 ?ree m9ae1 & = him :o is ( ! ?ird class1 two m9ae1 & = him :o is ( ! f\r? class1 "o m9a1 w be a fair limit ( exp5se4 ,! gu>dians ( ! law ought to take especial c>e ( ! diff]5t ages ( life1 :e!r *ildhood1 or manhood1 or any o!r age4 ,& at ! end ( all1 let !re be "s "o gu>dian ( ! law presid+1 :o %all be *os5 by ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ to sup]9t5d1 & let x be glory to him to manage ) fairness & mod]ation :at relates to ! dead1 & a discr$it to him if !y are n well manag$4 ,let ! lay+ out & o!r c]emonies be 9 accordance ) cu/om1 b to ! /atesman :o adopts cu/om z 8 law we mu/ give way 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s4 ,x w\ld be mon/r\s = example t he %\ld comm& any man to weep or ab/a9 f weep+ ov] ! dead2 b he may =bid cries ( lam5tation1 & n all[ ! voice ( ! m\rn] to be he>d outside ! h\se2 also1 he may =bid ! br++ ( ! dead body into ! op5 /reets1 or ! processions ( m\rn]s 9 ! /reets1 & may require t be=e daybreak !y %\ld be outside ! city4 ,let ^!1 !n1 be our laws relat+ to su* matt]s1 & let him :o obeys be free f p5alty2 b he :o disobeys ev5 a s+le gu>dian ( ! law %all be puni%$ by !m all ) a fitt+ p5alty4 ,o!r modes ( burial1 or aga9 ! d5ial ( burial1 :i* is to be refus$ 9 ! case ( robb]s ( temples & p>ricides & ! l1 h be5 devis$ & are embodi$ 9 ! prec$+ laws1 s t n[ our "w ( legislation is pretty ne>ly at an end2 b 9 all cases ! end does n consi/ 9 do+ some?+ or acquir+ some?+ or e/abli%+ some?+--! end w be atta9$ & f9ally accompli%$1 :5 we h provid$ = ! p]fect & la/+ cont9uance ( our in/itutions2 until !n our creation is incomplete4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is v good1 ,/rang]2 b ,i wi% y w\ld tell me m cle>ly :at y mean4 ,,a!nian3 ,o ,cle9ias1 _m ?+s ( old "t 7 well said & sung2 & ! say+ ab\t ! ,fates 0 "o ( !m4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at is x8 ,,a!nian3 ,! say+ t ,la*esis or ! giv] ( ! lots is ! fir/ ( !m1 & t ,clo?o or ! sp9/] is ! second ( !m1 & t ,atropos or ! un*ang+ "o is ! ?ird ( !m2 & t %e is ! pres]v] ( ! ?+s :i* we h spok51 & :i* h be5 comp>$ 9 a figure to ?+s wov5 by fire1 !y bo? 7i4e4 ,atropos & ! fire7 produc+ ! quality ( un*angeabl5ess4 ,i am speak+ ( ! ?+s :i* 9 a /ate & gov]nm5t give n only heal? & salvation to ! body1 b law1 or r pres]vation ( ! law1 9 ! s\l2 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ?is seems to be /ill want+ 9 our laws3 we h /ill to see h[ we c implant 9 !m ?is irrev]sible nature4 ,,cle9ias3 ,x w be no small matt] if we c only discov] h[ su* a nature c be implant$ 9 any?+4 ,,a!nian3 ,b x c]ta9ly c be2 s mu* ,i cle>ly see4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!n let u n ?9k ( desi/+ until we h imp>t$ ?is quality to our laws2 = x is ridicul\s1 aft] a great deal ( lab\r has be5 sp5t1 to place a ?+ at la/ on an insecure f\ndation4 ,,a!nian3 ,i approve ( y\r sugge/ion1 & am q ( ! same m9d ) y4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good3 ,& n[ :at1 accord+ to y1 is to be ! salvation ( our gov]nm5t & ( our laws1 & h[ is x to be effect$8 ,,a!nian3 ,7 we n say+ t !re mu/ be 9 our city a c\ncil :i* 0 to be ( ?is sort3 ,! t5 olde/ gu>dians ( ! law1 & all ^? :o h obta9$ prizes ( virtue1 7 to meet 9 ! same assembly1 & ! c\ncil 0 also to include ^? :o _h visit$ =eign c\ntries 9 ! hope ( he>+ some?+ t might be ( use 9 ! pres]vation ( ! laws1 & :o1 hav+ come safely home1 & hav+ be5 te/$ 9 ^! same matt]s1 _h prov$ !mselves to be wor?y to take "p 9 ! assembly--ea* ( ! memb]s 0 to select "s "y man ( n less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age1 he himself judg+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance :e!r ! "y man 0 wor?y by nature & education1 & !n sugge/+ him to ! o!rs1 & if he seem$ to !m also to be wor?y !y 7 to adopt him2 b if n1 ! decision at :i* !y arriv$ 0 to be kept a secret f ! citiz5s at l>ge1 &1 m especially1 f ! reject$ c&idate4 ,! meet+ ( ! c\ncil 0 to be held e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 ev]ybody 0 mo/ at leisure f all o!r bus9ess1 :e!r public or private--0 n some?+ ( ?is sort said by u be=e8 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 return+ to ! c\ncil1 ,i w\ld say fur!r1 t if we let x d[n to be ! an*or ( ! /ate1 our city1 hav+ ev]y?+ :i* is suitable to h]1 w pres]ve all t we wi% to pres]ve4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,n[ is ! "t = me to speak ! tru? 9 all e>ne/ness4 ,,cle9ias3 ,well said1 & ,i hope t y w fulfil y\r int5tion4 ,,a!nian3 ,"k1 ,cle9ias1 t ev]y?+1 9 all t x does1 has a natural savi\r1 z ( an animal ! s\l & ! head are ! *ief savi\rs4 ,,cle9ias3 ,once m1 :at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,! well-be+ ( ^? two is obvi\sly ! pres]vation ( e liv+ ?+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ is t8 ,,a!nian3 ,! s\l1 besides o!r ?+s1 conta9s m9d1 & ! head1 besides o!r ?+s1 conta9s sight & he>+2 & ! m9d1 m+l+ ) ! noble/ ( ! s5ses1 & becom+ "o ) !m1 may be truly call$ ! salvation ( all4 ,,cle9ias3 ,yes1 q s4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes1 inde$2 b ) :at is t intellect conc]n$ :i*1 m+l+ ) ! s5ses1 is ! salvation ( %ips 9 /orms z well z 9 fair wea!r8 ,9 a %ip1 :5 ! pilot & ! sailors unite _! p]ceptions ) ! pilot+ m9d1 d !y n save bo? !mselves & _! craft8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,we d n want _m illu/rations ab\t su* matt]s3 ,:at aim w\ld ! g5]al ( an army1 or :at aim w\ld a physician propose to himself1 if he 7 seek+ to atta9 salvation8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v good4 ,,a!nian3 ,does n ! g5]al aim at victory & sup]iority 9 w>1 & d n ! physician & 8 assi/ants aim at produc+ heal? 9 ! body8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& a physician :o is ignorant ab\t ! body1 t is to say1 :o kn[s n t :i* we j n[ call$ heal?1 or a g5]al :o kn[s n victory1 or any o!rs :o are ignorant ( ! p>ticul>s ( ! arts :i* we m5tion$1 _c be said to h und]/&+ ab\t any ( ^! matt]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!y _c4 ,,a!nian3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! /ate8 ,if a p]son proves to be ignorant ( ! aim to :i* ! /atesman %\ld look1 ought he1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be call$ a rul] at all2 & fur!r1 w he ev] be able to pres]ve t ( :i* he does n ev5 "k ! aim8 ,,cle9ias3 ,impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,& !re=e1 if our settlem5t ( ! c\ntry is to be p]fect1 we ought to h "s in/itution1 :i*1 z ,i 0 say+1 w tell :at is ! aim ( ! /ate1 & w in=m u h[ we are to atta9 ?is1 & :at law or :at man w advise u to t end4 ,any /ate :i* has no su* in/itution is likely to be devoid ( m9d & s5se1 & 9 all h] actions w proce$ by m]e *ance4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,9 :i*1 !n1 ( ! p>ts or in/itutions ( ! /ate is any su* gu>dian p[] to be f\nd8 ,c we say8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i am n q c]ta91 ,/rang]2 b ,i h a suspicion t y are ref]r+ to ! assembly :i* y j n[ said 0 to meet at night4 ,,a!nian3 ,y und]/& me p]fectly1 ,cle9ias2 & we mu/ assume1 z ! argum5t implies1 t ?is c\ncil possesses all virtue2 & ! beg9n+ ( virtue is n to make mi/akes by guess+ _m ?+s1 b to look /eadily at "o ?+1 & on ?is to fix all our aims4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q true4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n n[ we %all see :y !re is no?+ wond]ful 9 /ates go+ a/ray--! reason is t _! legislators h su* diff]5t aims2 nor is !re any?+ wond]ful 9 "s lay+ d[n z _! rule ( ju/ice1 t c]ta9 individuals %\ld be> rule 9 ! /ate1 :e!r !y be good or bad1 & o!rs t ! citiz5s %\ld be ri*1 n c>+ :e!r !y are ! slaves ( o!r m5 or n4 ,! t5d5cy ( o!rs1 aga91 is t[>ds fre$om2 & "s legislate ) a view to two ?+s at once--!y want to be at ! same "t free & ! lords ( o!r /ates2 b ! wise/ m51 z !y deem !mselves to be1 look to all ^! & simil> aims1 & !re is no "o ( !m :i* !y exclusively hon\r1 & to :i* !y w\ld h all ?+s look4 ,,cle9ias3 ,!n1 ,/rang]1 our =m] ass]tion w hold2 = we 7 say+ t laws g5]ally %\ld look to "o ?+ only2 & ?is1 z we admitt$1 0 rightly said to be virtue4 ,,a!nian3 ,yes4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& we said t virtue 0 ( f\r k9ds8 ,,a!nian3 ,q true4 ,,cle9ias3 ,& t m9d 0 ! lead] ( ! f\r1 & t to h] ! ?ree o!r virtues & all o!r ?+s ought to h reg>d8 ,,a!nian3 ,y foll[ me capitally1 ,cle9ias1 & ,i w\ld ask y to foll[ me to ! end1 = we h already said t ! m9d ( ! pilot1 ! m9d ( ! physician & ( ! g5]al look to t "o ?+ to :i* !y ought to look2 & n[ we may turn to m9d political1 ( :i*1 z ( a human creature1 we w ask a "q3 ,o wond]ful be+1 & to :at are y look+8 ,! physician is able to tell 8 s+le aim 9 life1 b y1 ! sup]ior1 z y decl>e y\rself to be1 ( all intellig5t be+s1 :5 y are ask$ are n able to tell4 ,c y1 ,megillus1 & y1 ,cle9ias1 say di/9ctly :at is ! aim ( m9d political1 9 return = ! _m explanations ( ?+s :i* ,i h giv5 y8 ,,cle9ias3 ,we _c1 ,/rang]4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 b ought we n to desire to see x1 & to see :]e x is to be f\nd8 ,,cle9ias3 ,= example1 :]e8 ,,a!nian3 ,= example1 we 7 say+ t !re are f\r k9ds ( virtue1 & z !re are f\r ( !m1 ea* ( !m mu/ be "o4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& fur!r1 all f\r ( !m we call "o2 = we say t c\rage is virtue1 & t prud5ce is virtue1 & ! same ( ! two o!rs1 z if !y 7 9 reality n _m b "o1 t is1 virtue4 ,,cle9ias3 ,q s4 ,,a!nian3 ,!re is no difficulty 9 see+ 9 :at way ! two diff] f "o ano!r1 & h receiv$ two names1 & s ( ! re/4 ,b !re is m difficulty 9 expla9+ :y we call ^! two & ! re/ ( !m by ! s+le "n ( virtue4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,i h no difficulty 9 expla9+ :at ,i mean4 ,let u di/ribute ! subject into que/ions & answ]s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,once m1 :at d y mean8 ,,a!nian3 ,ask me :at is t "o ?+ :i* ,i call virtue1 & !n aga9 speak ( z two1 "o "p be+ c\rage & ! o!r wisdom4 ,i w tell y h[ t occurs3 ,"o ( !m has to d ) fe>2 9 ?is ! bea/s also p>ticipate1 & q "y *ildr5--,i mean c\rage2 = a c\rage\s temp] is a gift ( nature & n ( reason4 ,b )\t reason !re nev] has be51 or is1 or w be a wise & und]/&+ s\l2 x is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,,cle9ias3 ,t is true4 ,,a!nian3 ,i h n[ told y 9 :at way ! two are diff]5t1 & d y 9 return tell me 9 :at way !y are "o & ! same4 ,suppose t ,i ask y 9 :at way ! f\r are "o1 & :5 y h answ]$ me1 y w h a "r to ask ( me 9 return 9 :at way !y are f\r2 & !n let u proce$ to enquire :e!r 9 ! case ( ?+s :i* h a "n & also a def9ition to !m1 true k consi/s 9 kn[+ ! "n only & n ! def9ition4 ,c he :o is good = any?+ be ignorant ( all ?is )\t discr$it :]e great & glori\s tru?s are conc]n$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,i suppose n4 ,,a!nian3 ,& is !re any?+ great] to ! legislator & ! gu>dian ( ! law1 & to him :o ?9ks t he excels all o!r m5 9 virtue1 & has won ! palm ( excell5ce1 ?an ^! v qualities ( :i* we are n[ speak+--c\rage1 temp]ance1 wisdom1 ju/ice8 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ c !re be any?+ great]8 ,,a!nian3 ,& ought n ! int]pret]s1 ! tea*]s1 ! lawgiv]s1 ! gu>dians ( ! o!r citiz5s1 to excel ! re/ ( mank9d1 & p]fectly to %[ him :o desires to le>n & "k or ^: evil actions require to be puni%$ & reprov$1 :at is ! nature ( virtue & vice8 ,or %all "s poet :o has f\nd 8 way into ! city1 or "s *ance p]son :o pret5ds to be an in/ructor ( y\?1 %[ himself to be bett] ?an him :o has won ! prize = e virtue8 ,& c we wond] t :5 ! gu>dians are n adequate 9 spee* or action1 & h no adequate k ( virtue1 ! city be+ ungu>d$ %\ld exp]i5ce ! common fate ( cities 9 our day8 ,,cle9ias3 ,wond]6 no4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 !n1 mu/ we d z we said8 ,or c we give our gu>dians a m precise k ( virtue 9 spee* & action ?an ! _m h8 or is !re any way 9 :i* our city c be made to resemble ! head & s5ses ( rational be+s because possess+ su* a gu>dian p[]8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at1 ,/rang]1 is ! drift ( y\r comp>ison8 ,,a!nian3 ,d we n see t ! city is ! trunk1 & are n ! y\ng] gu>dians1 :o are *os5 = _! natural gifts1 plac$ 9 ! head ( ! /ate1 hav+ _! s\ls all full ( eyes1 ) :i* !y look ab\t ! :ole city8 ,!y keep wat* & h& ov] _! p]ceptions to ! memory1 & in=m ! eld]s ( all t happ5s 9 ! city2 & ^? :om we comp>$ to ! m9d1 because !y h _m wise ?\ghts--t is to say1 ! old m5--take c\nsel1 & mak+ use ( ! y\ng] m5 z _! m9i/]s1 & advis+ ) !m--9 ?is way bo? toge!r truly pres]ve ! :ole /ate3 ,%all ?is or "s o!r be ! ord] ( our /ate8 ,are all our citiz5s to be equal 9 acquirem5ts1 or %all !re be special p]sons among !m :o h receiv$ a m c>eful tra9+ & education8 ,,cle9ias3 ,t !y %\ld be equal1 my good sir1 is impossible4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n we ought to proce$ to "s m exact tra9+ ?an any :i* has prec$$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,& mu/ n t ( :i* we are 9 ne$ be ! "o to :i* we 7 j n[ allud+8 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true4 ,,a!nian3 ,did we n say t ! workman or gu>dian1 if he be p]fect 9 e respect1 ought n only to be able to see ! _m aims1 b he %\ld press onw>d to ! "o8 ,?is he %\ld "k1 & kn[+1 ord] all ?+s ) a view to x4 ,,cle9ias3 ,true4 ,,a!nian3 ,& c any "o h a m exact way ( consid]+ or contemplat+ any?+1 ?an ! be+ able to look at "o idea ga!r$ f _m diff]5t ?+s8 ,,cle9ias3 ,p]haps n4 ,,a!nian3 ,n ',p]haps n1' b ',c]ta9ly n1' my good sir1 is ! "r answ]4 ,!re nev] has be5 a tru] me?od ?an ?is discov]$ by any man4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i b[ to y\r au?ority1 ,/rang]2 let u proce$ 9 ! way :i* y propose4 ,,a!nian3 ,!n1 z w\ld appe>1 we mu/ compel ! gu>dians ( our div9e /ate to p]ceive1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at t pr9ciple is :i* is ! same 9 all ! f\r--! same1 z we affirm1 9 c\rage & 9 temp]ance1 & 9 ju/ice & 9 prud5ce1 & :i*1 be+ "o1 we call z we ought1 by ! s+le "n ( virtue4 ,to ?is1 my fri5ds1 we w1 if y please1 hold fa/1 & n let g until we h suffici5tly expla9$ :at t is to :i* we are to look1 :e!r to be reg>d$ z "o1 or z a :ole1 or z bo?1 or 9 :atev] way4 ,are we likely ev] to be 9 a virtu\s condition1 if we _c tell :e!r virtue is _m1 or f\r1 or "o8 ,c]ta9ly1 if we take c\nsel among ourselves1 we %all 9 "s way contrive t ?is pr9ciple has a place among/ u2 b if y h made up y\r m9d t we %\ld let ! matt] alone1 we w4 ,,cle9ias3 ,we mu/ n1 ,/rang]1 by ! ,god ( /rang]s ,i swe> t we mu/ n1 = 9 our op9ion y speak mo/ truly2 b we %\ld l to "k h[ y w accompli% y\r purpose4 ,,a!nian3 ,wait a little be=e y ask2 & let u1 fir/ ( all1 be q agre$ ) "o ano!r t ! purpose has to be accompli%$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly1 x ought to be1 if x c be4 ,,a!nian3 ,well1 & ab\t ! good & ! hon\rable1 are we to take ! same view8 ,are our gu>dians only to "k t ea* ( !m is _m1 or also h[ & 9 :at way !y are "o8 ,,cle9ias3 ,!y mu/ consid] also 9 :at s5se !y are "o4 ,,a!nian3 ,& are !y to consid] only1 & to be unable to set =? :at !y ?9k8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly n2 t w\ld be ! /ate ( a slave4 ,,a!nian3 ,& may n ! same be said ( all good ?+s--t ! true gu>dians ( ! laws ought to "k ! tru? ab\t !m1 & to be able to int]pret !m 9 words1 & c>ry !m out 9 action1 judg+ ( :at is & ( :at is n well1 accord+ to nature8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,a!nian3 ,is n ! k ( ! ,gods :i* we h set =? ) s mu* zeal "o ( ! noble/ sorts ( k--to "k t !y are1 & "k h[ great is _! p[]1 z f> z 9 man lies8 ,we d inde$ excuse ! mass ( ! citiz5s1 :o only foll[ ! voice ( ! laws1 b we refuse to admit z gu>dians any :o d n lab\r to obta9 e possible evid5ce t !re is respect+ ! ,gods2 our city is =bidd5 & n all[$ to *oose z a gu>dian ( ! law1 or to place 9 ! select ord] ( virtue1 him :o is n an inspir$ man1 & has n lab\r$ at ^! ?+s4 ,,cle9ias3 ,x is c]ta9ly j1 z y say1 t he :o is indol5t ab\t su* matt]s or incapable %\ld be reject$1 & t ?+s hon\rable %\ld be put away f him4 ,,a!nian3 ,are we assur$ t !re are two ?+s :i* lead m5 to believe 9 ! ,gods1 z we h already /at$8 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at are !y8 ,,a!nian3 ,"o is ! argum5t ab\t ! s\l1 :i* has be5 already m5tion$--t x is ! elde/ & mo/ div9e ( all ?+s1 to :i* motion atta9+ g5]ation gives p]petual exi/5ce2 ! o!r 0 an argum5t f ! ord] ( ! motion ( ! />s1 & ( all ?+s "u ! dom9ion ( ! m9d :i* ord]$ ! univ]se4 ,if a man look ^u ! _w n lightly or ignorantly1 !re 0 nev] any "o s godless :o did n exp]i5ce an effect opposite to t :i* ! _m imag9e4 ,= !y ?9k t ^? :o h&le ^! matt]s by ! help ( a/ronomy1 & ! accompany+ arts ( demon/ration1 may become godless1 because !y see1 z f> z !y c see1 ?+s happ5+ by necessity1 & n by an intellig5t w accompli%+ good4 ,,cle9ias3 ,b :at is ! fact8 ,,a!nian3 ,j ! opposite1 z ,i said1 ( ! op9ion :i* once prevail$ among m51 t ! sun & />s are )\t s\l4 ,ev5 9 ^? days m5 wond]$ ab\t !m1 & t :i* is n[ asc]ta9$ 0 !n conjectur$ by "s :o _h a m exact k ( !m--t if !y _h be5 ?+s )\t s\l1 & _h no m9d1 !y c\ld nev] h mov$ ) num]ical exactness s wond]ful2 & ev5 at t "t "s v5tur$ to haz>d ! conjecture t m9d 0 ! ord]] ( ! univ]se4 ,b ^! same p]sons aga9 mi/ak+ ! nature ( ! s\l1 :i* !y conceiv$ to be y\ng] & n old] ?an ! body1 once m ov]turn$ ! _w1 or r1 ,i %\ld say1 !mselves2 = ! bodies :i* !y saw mov+ 9 heav5 all appe>$ to be full ( /ones1 & e>?1 & _m o!r lifeless sub/ances1 & to ^! !y assign$ ! causes ( all ?+s4 ,su* /udies gave rise to mu* a!ism & p]plexity1 & ! poets took occasion to be abusive--comp>+ ! philosoph]s to %e-dogs utt]+ va9 h[l+s1 & talk+ o!r nons5se ( ! same sort4 ,b n[1 z ,i said1 ! case is rev]s$4 ,,cle9ias3 ,h[ s8 ,,a!nian3 ,no man c be a true wor%ipp] ( ! ,gods :o does n "k ^! two pr9ciples--t ! s\l is ! elde/ ( all ?+s :i* are born1 & is immortal & rules ov] all bodies2 moreov]1 z ,i h n[ said sev]al times1 he :o has n contemplat$ ! m9d ( nature :i* is said to exi/ 9 ! />s1 & gone ?r\gh ! previ\s tra9+1 & se5 ! connexion ( music ) ^! ?+s1 & h>moniz$ !m all ) laws & in/itutions1 is n able to give a reason ( su* ?+s z h a reason4 ,& he :o is unable to acquire ?is 9 addition to ! ord9>y virtues ( a citiz51 c h>dly be a good rul] ( a :ole /ate2 b he %\ld be ! subord9ate ( o!r rul]s4 ,:]e=e1 ,cle9ias & ,megillus1 let u consid] :e!r we may n add to all ! o!r laws :i* we h discuss$ ?is fur!r "o--t ! nocturnal assembly ( ! magi/rates1 :i* has also %>$ 9 ! :ole s*eme ( education propos$ by u1 %all be a gu>d set accord+ to law = ! salvation ( ! /ate4 ,%all we propose ?is8 ,,cle9ias3 ,c]ta9ly1 my good fri5d1 we w if ! ?+ is 9 any degree possible4 ,,a!nian3 ,let u make a common ef=t to ga9 su* an object2 = ,i too w gladly %>e 9 ! attempt4 ,( ^! matt]s ,i h _h mu* exp]i5ce1 & h (t5 consid]$ !m1 & ,i d>e say t ,i %all be able to f9d o!rs :o w also help4 ,,cle9ias3 ,i agree1 ,/rang]1 t we %\ld proce$ along ! road 9 :i* ,god is guid+ u2 & h[ we c proce$ rightly has n[ to be inve/igat$ & expla9$4 ,,a!nian3 ,o ,megillus & ,cle9ias1 ab\t ^! matt]s we _c legislate fur!r until ! c\ncil is con/itut$2 :5 t is done1 !n we w det]m9e :at au?ority !y %all h ( _! own2 b ! explanation ( h[ ?is is all to be ord]$ w\ld only be giv5 rightly 9 a long disc\rse4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at d y mean1 & :at new ?+ is ?is8 ,,a!nian3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a li/ w\ld h to be made out ( ^? :o by _! ages & /udies & dispositions & habits are well fitt$ = ! duty ( a gu>dian4 ,9 ! next place1 x w n be easy = !m to discov] !mselves :at !y ought to le>n1 or become ! disciple ( "o :o has already made ! discov]y4 ,fur!rmore1 to write d[n ! times at :i*1 & dur+ :i*1 !y ought to receive ! sev]al k9ds ( in/ruction1 w\ld be a va9 ?+2 = ! le>n]s !mselves d n "k :at is le>n$ to advantage until ! k :i* is ! result ( le>n+ has f\nd a place 9 ! s\l ( ea*4 ,& s ^! details1 al?\gh !y c\ld n be truly said to be secret1 might be said to be incapable ( be+ /at$ be=eh&1 because :5 /at$ !y w\ld h no mean+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,:at !n are we to d1 ,/rang]1 "u ^! circum/ances8 ,,a!nian3 ,z ! prov]b says1 ! answ] is no secret1 b op5 to all ( u3 ,we mu/ risk ! :ole on ! *ance ( ?r[+1 z !y say1 ?rice six or ?rice ace1 & ,i am will+ to %>e ) y ! dang] by /at+ & expla9+ to y my views ab\t education & nurture1 :i* is ! "q com+ to ! surface aga94 ,! dang] is n a slight or ord9>y "o1 & ,i w\ld advise y1 ,cle9ias1 9 p>ticul>1 to see to ! matt]2 = if y ord] rightly ! city ( ! ,magnetes1 or :atev] "n ,god may give x1 y w obta9 ! greate/ glory2 or at any rate y w be ?\ght ! mo/ c\rage\s ( m5 9 ! e/imation ( po/]ity4 ,de> companions1 if ?is our div9e assembly c only be e/abli%$1 to !m we w h& ov] ! city2 none ( ! pres5t company ( legislators1 z ,i may call !m1 w\ld hesitate ab\t t4 ,& ! /ate w be p]fect$ & become a wak+ reality1 :i* a little :ile ago we attempt$ to create z a dream & 9 idea only1 m+l+ toge!r reason & m9d 9 "o image1 9 ! hope t our citiz5s might be duly m+l$ & rightly educat$2 & be+ educat$1 & dwell+ 9 ! citadel ( ! l&1 might become p]fect gu>dians1 su* z we h nev] se5 9 all our previ\s life1 by reason ( ! sav+ virtue :i* is 9 !m4 ,,megillus3 ,de> ,cle9ias1 aft] all t has be5 said1 ei!r we mu/ deta9 ! ,/rang]1 & by supplications & 9 all mann] ( ways make him %>e 9 ! f\ndation ( ! city1 or we mu/ give up ! und]tak+4 ,,cle9ias3 ,v true1 ,megillus2 & y mu/ jo9 ) me 9 deta9+ him4 ,,megillus3 ,i w4